bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Fei Xiaotong to Shi Zhengyi: The Chinese Economic Anthropology Pioneers’ Academic Essentials
Authors: Tian Robert Guang 
Published: November 2021

In China, economic anthropology started relatively later compared with that in the West; however, under the guidance of Marxist theory and based on the needs of China's economic development, it gradually formed unique advantages in its development process. In China's economic and social development practice, Fei Xiaotong and Shi Zhengyi, among other pioneers, creatively applied the economic anthropological paradigm to solve the specific issues, starting from the local characteristics, and completed some excellent academic results. This paper probes and analyzes the scholarly contributions of the pioneers of Chinese economic anthropology; especially, it takes Marxist economics as the starting point to examine Professor Shi Zhengyi's theoretical contributions to the development of Chinese economic anthropology and its practical significance.
Brain to Mind: Creation of the Virtual World
Authors: Mukundan C. R. , Kamarajan C. 
Published: November 2021

The human brain has developed the capability for routine sensory-motor monitoring and controls, present in all living beings, and additional skills for symbolic and verbal expressions of all sensory-motor activities and emotional experiences. Each brain could monitor and become aware of its own thoughts and emotions, all of which constitute the “mind”. Each person mentally creates verbal and symbolic expressions related to all sensory-motor activities and emotional experiences, and what one proposes to carry out. Each human being mentally creates an immensely enriched virtual mental world, and they succeed in physically realizing most of them. Different parts of the human brain contribute to different types of processing of incoming signals and retrieved signals already stored in the brain and the newly created and modified ideas are stored and used by the individual. The ideas and signals stored create emotional arousal, which the individual may experience and may make use of while dealing with the world and the individuals and other items of the which the individual may encounter in life. The ideas created within the brain may be played repeatedly and when the individual listens to his/her own ideas, the person becomes aware of the ideas. Normally awareness develops during the creation of new ideas, and during their retrieval. Oneself becoming aware or conscious of own ideas and the ideas expressed by others could develop an extensive knowledge base and may help in all planning and action executions, with others and materials of the world that one may encounter face to face or during their retrieval periods. The knowledge base has helped man to enhance the same, as well as, create new entities, which has been a routine human contribution during each person’s life. The emotions aroused during such interactions with the persons who may present ideas or own retrieved ideas are experienced by the self, who may express the emotionally loaded words or actions to others. The mind decides the world one lives in and mentally shares the realities one faces during one’s life period. Living is the process when one could share the same realities and the world, and could have experiences of the same and express own emotional reactions towards those realities.
Taliban Soft or Hard Makes No Difference
Authors: Dnes Antony 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article examines whether a softer Taliban leadership will lead to a new regime similar or different from earlier experience. The application of signaling models of group formation predicts that even if the leadership is more willing to operate within international expectations of governance, the Taliban will lose fighters to more fundamentalist terrorist organizations. The loss will cut into the Taliban ranks because of incentives to invest in hardening militant skills.
Neural Representations of Food-Related Attributes in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex during Choice Deliberation in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Xue Alice M. , Foerde Karin , Walsh B. Timothy , Steinglass Joanna E. , Shohamy Daphna , Bakkour Akram 
Published: November 2021

Decisions about what to eat recruit the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and involve the evaluation of food-related attributes such as taste and health. These attributes are used differently by healthy individuals and patients with disordered eating behavior, but it is unclear whether these attributes are decodable from activity in the OFC in both groups and whether neural representations of these attributes are differentially related to decisions about food. We used fMRI combined with behavioral tasks to investigate the representation of taste and health attributes in the human OFC and the role of these representations in food choices in healthy women and women with anorexia nervosa (AN). We found that subjective ratings of tastiness and healthiness could be decoded from patterns of activity in the OFC in both groups. However, health-related patterns of activity in the OFC were more related to the magnitude of choice preferences among patients with AN than healthy individuals. These findings suggest that maladaptive decision-making in AN is associated with more consideration of health information represented by the OFC during deliberation about what to eat.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAn open question about the OFC is whether it supports the evaluation of food-related attributes during deliberation about what to eat. We found that healthiness and tastiness information was decodable from patterns of neural activity in the OFC in both patients with AN and healthy controls. Critically, neural representations of health were more strongly related to choices in patients with AN, suggesting that maladaptive overconsideration of healthiness during deliberation about what to eat is related to activity in the OFC. More broadly, these results show that activity in the human OFC is associated with the evaluation of relevant attributes during value-based decision-making. These findings may also guide future research into the development of treatments for AN.
A Cortico-Cortical Pathway Targets Inhibitory Interneurons and Modulates Paw Movement during Locomotion in Mice
Authors: Chang Chia-wei , Zhao Meiling , Grudzien Samantha , Oginsky Max , Yang Yexin , Kwon Sung Eun 
Published: November 2021

The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is important for the control of movement as it encodes sensory input from the body periphery and external environment during ongoing movement. Mouse S1 consists of several distinct sensorimotor subnetworks that receive topographically organized corticocortical inputs from distant sensorimotor areas, including the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) and primary motor cortex (M1). The role of the vibrissal S1 area and associated cortical connections during active sensing is well documented, but whether (and if so, how) non-whisker S1 areas are involved in movement control remains relatively unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that unilateral silencing of the non-whisker S1 area in both male and female mice disrupts hind paw movement during locomotion on a rotarod and a runway. S2 and M1 provide major long-range inputs to this S1 area. Silencing S2→non-whisker S1 projections alters the hind paw orientation during locomotion, whereas manipulation of the M1 projection has little effect. Using patch-clamp recordings in brain slices from male and female mice, we show that S2 projection preferentially innervates inhibitory interneuron subtypes. We conclude that interneuron-mediated S2–S1 corticocortical interactions are critical for efficient locomotion.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSomatosensory cortex participates in controlling rhythmic movements, such as whisking and walking, but the neural circuitry underlying movement control by somatosensory cortex remains relatively unexplored. We uncover a corticocortical circuit in primary somatosensory cortex that regulates paw orientation during locomotion in mice. We identify neuronal elements that comprise these cortical pathways using pharmacology, behavioral assays, and circuit-mapping methods.
Modulation of Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Additively Promotes Rewiring of Corticospinal Circuits after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Nakamura Yuka , Ueno Masaki , Niehaus Jesse K. , Lang Richard A. , Zheng Yi , Yoshida Yutaka 
Published: November 2021

Axon regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is limited by both a decreased intrinsic ability of neurons to grow axons and the growth-hindering effects of extrinsic inhibitory molecules expressed around the lesion. Deletion ofphosphatase and tensin homolog(Pten) augments mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and enhances the intrinsic regenerative response of injured corticospinal neurons after SCI. Because of the variety of growth-restrictive extrinsic molecules, it remains unclear how inhibition of conserved inhibitory signaling elements would affect axon regeneration and rewiring after SCI. Moreover, it remains unknown how a combinatorial approach to modulate both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms can enhance regeneration and rewiring after SCI. In the present study, we deletedRhoAandRhoC, which encode small GTPases that mediate growth inhibition signals of a variety of extrinsic molecules, to remove global extrinsic pathways.RhoA/RhoCdouble deletion in mice suppressed retraction or dieback of corticospinal axons after SCI. In contrast,Ptendeletion increased regrowth of corticospinal axons into the lesion core. Although deletion of bothRhoAandPtendid not promote axon regrowth across the lesion or motor recovery, it additively promoted rewiring of corticospinal circuits connecting the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and hindlimb muscles. Our genetic findings, therefore, reveal that a combinatorial approach to modulate both intrinsic and extrinsic factors can additively promote neural circuit rewiring after SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSCI often causes severe motor deficits because of damage to the corticospinal tract (CST), the major neural pathway for voluntary movements. Regeneration of CST axons is required to reconstruct motor circuits and restore functions; however, a lower intrinsic ability to grow axons and extrinsic inhibitory molecules severely limit axon regeneration in the CNS. Here, we investigated whether suppression of extrinsic inhibitory cues by genetic deletion ofRhoas well as enhancement of the intrinsic pathway by deletion ofPtencould enable axon regrowth and rewiring of the CST after SCI. We show that simultaneous elimination of extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways can additively promote axon sprouting and rewiring of the corticospinal circuits. Our data demonstrate a potential molecular approach to reconstruct motor pathways after SCI.
A secondary qualitative analysis exploring the emotional and physical challenges of living with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hadjiconstantinou Michelle , Eborall Helen , Troughton Jacqui , Robertson Noelle , Khunti Kamlesh , Davies Melanie J 
Published: November 2021

Background: Many feel that their new identity as ‘someone living with diabetes’ does not fit with their biography. Some individuals may be able to re-assess life goals, adapt their identity and adjust to living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). For others, the biographical disruption experienced with their condition may negatively affect their emotional well-being and identity.
Aim: To conceptualise and explore the emotional challenges experienced living with T2DM, using biographical disruption as analytical references.
Design and setting: Secondary qualitative analysis of data collected from 31 semi-structured interviews.
Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with people with T2DM in England. Data analysis was informed by constant comparative techniques.
Results: People with T2DM undergo a cognitive process when their biography suddenly becomes interrupted. Suboptimal T2DM can bring a feeling of loss of control over one’s future, and loss of independence. What used to be perceived as ‘normal’ is now perceived as something that requires regular management, negatively impacting their daily routine and ability to carry out activities that once used to be effortless.
Conclusions: Living with T2DM that is socially stigmatised can lead to poor well-being and may disturb one’s life biography. Strategies must take place to bring awareness to healthcare professionals of the impact and disruption that T2DM can have on an individual’s biography, identity and diabetes management.
Kewenangan Atribusi, Delegasi dan Mandat
Authors: GANDARA MOH 
Published: November 2021

Penyusunan jurnal ini ingin memaparkan hal yang terkait dengan kewenangan atribusi, delegasi dan mandat. Teori dimaksud merupakan sistem wewenang yang diberikan oleh negara dan diatur demi menjalankan dan menciptakan pemerintah yang baik. ada dalam system kewenangan dalam peraturan undang-undang dalam system pemerintahan di Indonesia. Begitu juga dengan pembatasan kewenangan yang dikaitkan dengan masa atau waktu dan batasan berlakunya wilayah kewenangan dan cakupan bidang atau materi kewenangan. Sengketa kewenangan diselesaikan oleh intern pejabat pemerintahan terakhir oleh presiden, dan apabila tidak menghasilkan mupakat diselesaikan oleh mahkamah konstitusi dan undang-undang. Menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Larangan penyalahgunaan kewenang yaitu melewati wewenang, bertindak sewenang-wenang, tindakan diluar cakupan wewenang, mencampuradukan wewenang, diluar masa jabatan atau batas waktu berlakunya kewenangan, diluar batas wilayah tidak sah dan dapat dibatalkan oleh putusan pengadilan. pengawasan oleh intern pemerintah dan dapat mengajukan ke pengadilan tinggi TUN, putusan dari Pengadilan TUN bersipat final dan mengikat.
Legal Policy On Rights and Issues of Refugees in India
Authors: Mundhe Rohidas 
Published: November 2021

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in India, there are 70.8 million people who were forcibly displaced worldwide. Of these 41.3 million people displaced internally, 25.9 million were refugees, 3.9 million were stateless and 3.5 million were asylum seekers. Even if we live in the 21st century, it is a very sad situation where millions of people are deprived of their natural rights around the world. They experience various types of discrimination and torture based on race, religion, nationality, language, place of birth, membership of certain social groups or political opinion. Aiming to analyze the legal policies implemented by the Indian government for refugees, this research used juridical normative method with qualitative approach, literature yuridis normati and field studies, resulting in India having adopted an open door refugee policy without limiting itself to any legal framework and accommodating millions of refugees from various countries.
Tahap Pelaksanaan Tradisi Mombesara dalam Perkawinan Adat Suku Tolaki
Authors: Ramlin Ramlin 
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh data dan informasi yang jelas tentang tradisi mombesara melalui kalo sara dalam perkawinan adat suku Tolaki. Manfaat penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memperkaya literatur tertulis budaya suku Tolaki, sebagai pedoman praktis dalam perkawinan adat suku Tolaki, melestarikan budaya perkawinan adat suku Tolaki dan dapat menjadi bahan perbandingan para peneliti selanjutnya. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan yakni peneliti secara langsung mengumpulkan data dan informasi dari informan dilapangan. Data penelitian ini adalah data yang dituturkan oleh juru bicara adat (pabitara), pemangku adat (puutobu), dan pemerintah setempat (pamarenda). Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah bersumber dari beberapa informan (pabitara). Menggunakan metode penelitian Kualitatif, Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik perekaman, simak catat dan teknik elisitasi. Sedangkan teknik analisis datanya adalah teknik analisis deskriptif yaitu menguraikan setiap ungkapan yang digunakan oleh pabitara pada saat upacara adat perkawinan berlangsung. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah (1) pelaksanaan tradisi mombesara dalam perkawinan adat suku Tolaki, (2) mombesara moawo pesuko/moawo niwule, (3) mombesara mesokey, (4) mombesara mepoteeniako, (5) mombesara mowea, (6) mombesara mowindahako.
Transient increased immunoglobulin levels in a hyper-IgM syndrome patient with COVID-19 infection
Authors: Safarirad Molood , Ganji Ali Abbaszadeh , Nazari Farzad , Yazdani Reza , Abolhassani Hassan , Vosughi Motlagh Ahmad 
Published: November 2021

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected millions of people around the world. This zoonotic-enveloped virus is primarily transmitted through inhalation. Infected people are commonly asymptomatic or manifest mild symptoms, including fever, cough, diarrhea, and fatigue. However, it may lead to severe patterns associated with multiple organ failure in individuals with an impaired immune system.
Objective: Here we report a 7-year-old girl with hyper-immunoglobulin M (IgM) (HIgM) phenotype, admitted to the hospital emergency department with fever, cough, and pneumonia symptoms because of the COVID-19 infection. Coronavirus infection was confirmed by a positive real-time polymerase chain reaction test. Surprisingly, serum levels of both IgG and IgA of the patient were transiently normalized during the COVID-19 infection when tested prior to the monthly injection of intravenous immunoglobulin. After she recovered from the COVID infection, her immunoglobulin levels returned to the primary stage and she demonstrated HIgM phenotype.
Conclusion: Since this transient increase in the levels of immunoglobulins was solely observed during the COVID-19 infection, and no other infectious episodes were diagnosed in the patient, clarifying the exact cause would help to understand in a better manner the implications and specification of humoral immunity in patients with primary antibody deficiencies.
Plumbagin attenuates high glucose-induced trophoblast cell apoptosis and insulin resistance via activating AKT/mTOR pathway
Authors: Zhang Yilin , Ni Guantai , Yang Hongying 
Published: November 2021

Plumbagin, a bioactive phytoconstituent, is isolated from the root of Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbagin possesses antidiabetic effect to mediate glucose homeostasis, wound healing and diabetic nephropathy. However, the involvement of plumbagin in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has not been reported yet. Trophoblast cell line (HTR8/SVneo) was incubated with high glucose to establish cell model of GDM. Cell viability and proliferation were detected by MTT and EdU staining. Flow cytometry was used to investigate cell apoptosis. Cell viability of HTR8/SVneo was reduced by high glucose or incubation of plumbagin. Plumbagin restored reduced cell viability and proliferation of HTR8/SVneo induced by high glucose. Plumbagin attenuated high glucose-induced cell apoptosis in HTR8/SVneo cells through upregulation of Bcl-2 and down-regulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9. Protein expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), insulin receptor (INSR)-B and INSR substrate (IRS1) was decreased in high glucose-induced HTR8/SVneo but increased by plumbagin. The suppressive effects of high glucose on phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR in HTR8/SVneo were reversed by plumbagin. Plumbagin improved high glucose-induced cell apoptosis and insulin resistance of HTR8/SVneo through activation of AKT/mTOR pathway, suggesting that plumbagin might be used as a potential strategy for the prevention of GDM.
Contribución al conocimiento florístico de la Sierra de los Cardos, Susticacán, Zacatecas, México
Authors: Hurtado-Reveles Leopoldo , Burgos-Hernández Mireya , Vázquez-Sánchez Monserrat , López-Acosta Juan Carlos 
Published: November 2021

Background: The Sierra de los Cardos is one of the main mountainous areas of Zacatecas. It is located in a transition enclave between physiographic provinces, with a wide environmental heterogeneity that makes it extremely important in biological terms. Despite this, the area has not been botanically explored.
Questions: Which and how many families, genera, and species of vascular plants does the Sierra de los Cardos host in the municipality of Susticacán? Are there any threatened or endemic species? If so, how many and which ones?
Studied species: Vascular flora
Study site and dates: Sierra de los Cardos, Susticacán, Zacatecas. 2019-2020
Methods: A floristic inventory was carried out by the quadrant method. The specimens were determined with the support of specialized literature and corroboration with specimens from herbaria.
Results: 74 families, 212 genera, and 341 species were identified. The families Asteraceae (75 species), Poaceae (38), and Fabaceae (27), and the genera Muhlenbergia (12 species), Quercus (10), Ipomoea, and Stevia (8) were the richest in species. 116 endemic species of Mexico were identified, two at risk, six introduced, and 16 new state records. According to the habit, herbs (264 species) dominate, followed by shrubs (55) and trees (22).
Conclusions: The Sierra de los Cardos in the municipality of Susticacán presents an important floristic richness that, including the new records, endemic and endangered species, highlights the need of including the area in conservation strategies and continuing botanical explorations both at local as well as at the state level.
Menopausal hormone therapy affects quality of life in multimorbid late postmenopausal women
Authors: Izmozherova N. V. , Popov A. A. , Oboskalova T. A. , Bakhtin V. M. , Verkhoturtseva A. V. , Vikhareva A. A. , Safyanik E. A. , Taranov V. E. 
Published: November 2021

Aim: to evaluate an impact of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on late postmenopausal multimorbid women’s quality of life (QoL).Materials and Methods. 132 late postmenopausal women were enrolled to the study and were divided into two groups: group 1 consisted of 66 subjects with moderate multimorbidity and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) < 3; group 2 (66 patients) had high multimorbidity (CCI ≥ 3). Women receiving or not MHT were subdivided in both groups. SF-36 questionnaire was used to assess QoL, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) – for evaluating emotional status, MMSE test (Mini-Mental State Examination) – for cognition evaluation. Modified Menopausal Index (MMI) was calculated as well.Results. Women with a low level of comorbidity who had previously received MHT have a significantly higher QoL. The median age for subjects was 69 [65; 71] years, median CCI score was 3.5 [2.5; 5.0]. In addition, in group 2 there were found significantly lower physical functioning (p < 0.001), role-physical functioning (p = 0.028), physical health (p = 0.002) domains, as well as more severe persistent menopausal symptoms (p = 0.011) and depression (p = 0.043). History of MHT in group 1 was associated with higher levels of physical functioning (p = 0.033) and role-physical functioning (p = 0.023), whereas in group 2 MHT was associated with better cognition (p = 0.028) and lower depression symptoms compared with those lacking history of MHT.Conclusion. Multimorbidity in late postmenopausal women was associated with impaired QoL physical domains. MHT allows to effectively improve QoL in women with moderate multimorbidity and to protect cognitive state to higher level as well as reduce depression symptoms in women with severe multimorbidity.