bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Alicyclic 2-Methylenethiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolinone Derivatives via Base-Promoted Cascade Reactions
Authors: Palkó Márta , El Haimer Mohamed , Faragó Tünde , Schelz Zsuzsanna , Zupkó István 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of alicyclic 2-methylenethiazolo[2,3-b]quinazo­l­inones is performed via base-promoted cascade reactions, starting from either alicyclic β-amino propargylamides using carbon disulfide, or from alicyclic ethyl 2-isothiocyanatocarboxylates by addition of propargylamine. In both cases the cascade reaction proceeds by way of a favoured 5-exo-dig process during the second ring closure, as confirmed by full NMR spectroscopic assignments. Moreover, a high-yielding retro­-Diels–Alder (RDA) reaction is performed on the norbornene derivatives leading to 2-methylene-2H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5(3H)-ones. The obtained compounds exert modest antiproliferative activities against a panel of human gynaecological cancer cell lines.
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy: Our Experience with Combined Therapy
Authors: Kumar Sudesh , Joshi Amit , Tuli Rajeev , Chauhan Narvir 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objective Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is an important cause of severe vision impairment after sustaining a closed head injury. This study describes the safety and efficacy of combined therapy in the management of TON.
Methods A retrospective analysis of 23 consecutive cases of unilateral TON managed with combined therapy (steroid and surgery) were performed. Statistical analysis of patient characteristic, timing of vision loss, radiological and intraoperative findings, and pre- and post-treatment vision were compared to assess the prognostic factors.
Results Seventeen patients (85%) had vision improvement with combined therapy. Three patients (15%), who recorded no improvement, initially presented with no perception of light, and loss was sudden and immediate. With steroids, 9 patients improved, all of them presented with perception of light (PL) or better and vision improved to (6/6 in five, 6/9 in one, 6/18 in 3). Eleven patients (6 PL–ve and 5 PL + ve after failed steroid therapy) underwent endoscopic optic nerve decompression and eight had improvement in vision. The status of vision at presentation was only statically significant prognostic factor (p < 0.02). Others prognostic factors, for example, time of starting treatment, surgery, and presence of fracture in optic canal, were not found statistically significant (p > 0.05). There were no significant intra- and postoperative complications.
Conclusion Combined therapy is safe and effective in management of TON. Mild form injury with some preserved vision at presentation respond well to steroids, while endoscopic nerve decompression should be reserved in cases with failed steroid therapy.
Vanishing White Matter Disease Presenting as Acute Febrile Encephalopathy: Case Report
Authors: Goswami Jyotindra Narayan , K.P Shijith , Simalti Ashish Kumar , Patnaik Saroj Kumar 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA 3.5-year-old male child patient with mild developmental delay presented with history of acute onset fever, encephalopathy, and dyskinesia. The patient was investigated for common etiologies and was managed supportively. His neuroimaging was suggestive of vanishing white matter (VWM) disease which was confirmed by clinical exome sequencing. The child had an eventful hospital stay followed by near-total recovery after 4 weeks. The case attempts to sensitize readers about the current perspectives pertaining to VWM disease.
“Our migrant” and “the other migrant”: migration discourse in the Albanian media, 2015–2018
Authors: Dhëmbo Elona , Çaro Erka , Hoxha Julia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe expansion of research on migration over recent decades has neglected sending and transit countries. Whether in terms of their internal development, their diaspora policy, their shift from primarily sending countries to (potential) transit or destination countries, or the issue of return migration and reintegration into home societies – all these topics deserve further exploration. This paper seeks to redress this by examining Albania, a sending country with almost a third of its population living externally, and which is recently shifting to a transit and potential destination country. Media discourse on migration was analysed, recalling its power to reflect as well as shape public opinion. Employing a quantitative approach, media discourse on migrants from 2015 to 2018 was examined. Some 55 web-based media were identified, along with twenty TV channels, 61 TV programs, and 317 articles. A qualitative analysis was then used to detect the tone of the discourse and gain a deeper understanding of the messages conveyed. Results showed that migration from the perspective of a sending country has dominated Albanian media discourse over the monitoring period. Major identified issues include: migration and demographic challenges, migration and multiculturalism in societies receiving Albanian migrants, and asylum seeking as a recent trend in Albanian emigration often standing in the way of potential Albanian EU membership. The regional migration “crisis” and the potential of Albania becoming a transit or destination country for refugees has only gained limited attention. The binary of “our migrant” versus “the other migrant” became a key distinction.
Three-dimensional chemical-state imaging with reflection-mode soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Suzuki-Sakamaki M. , Amemiya K. 
Published: December 2021

In this study, a method for reflection-mode soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy was developed to realize three-dimensional chemical-state imaging. Soft x rays from a pinhole were reflected by the sample, and the magnified image was observed with a two-dimensional detector. This technique was applied to a Co film with an Au-island-covered surface to obtain the surface chemical state images with a spatial resolution of several tens of micrometers. Furthermore, the soft x-ray reflection spectra within and outside the Au layer were extracted from the images by changing the photon energy. Distinct differences were observed at the Co absorption edge. By considering anomalous x-ray scattering around the Co L-edges in the simulation, the reflection spectrum near the absorption edge in the nm depth resolution was reproduced. In the region without the Au layer, the results were well reproduced, assuming that 4 nm CoO was formed at the surface. These results demonstrate the feasibility of three-dimensional imaging of the chemical states in multilayer films.
A compact extreme ultraviolet high-throughput spectrometer based on the multilayer varied-line-spacing grating
Authors: Yang Xiaowei , Weng Tsu-Chien 
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we propose a compact extreme ultraviolet high-throughput spectrometer covering the 50–70 eV energy band. The key element in this spectrometer is a multilayer varied-line-spacing grating that operates in near-normal incidence geometry. The spectrometer can obtain one order of magnitude higher throughput compared to the traditional grazing incidence grating spectrometer in this energy band. The spectrum collection time and sample radiation damage can be largely reduced using the presented design.
Variation in a worldwide collection of fennel (
Authors: Hosseini Elaheh , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Ehtemam Mohammad Hossein , Ghanadian Mustafa 
Published: December 2021

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an old medicinal plant and has been commonly used as a traditional food and medicine. This study aimed to evaluate genetic variation for agro-morphological traits and essential oil content and components in a worldwide collection of bitter fennel (F. vulgare var. vulgare). We examined production stability of different accessions, and identified associations between traits in order to find the best criteria for use in future breeding programs. The study evaluated 33 bitter fennel accessions from 11 countries in the field for morphological characters across 4 years (2015–18), and for important phytochemical characters in 2 years (2015 and 2016). Comparisons across years revealed varied responses from fennel genotypes. Highest mean production was observed in the third year, and highest essential oil content in the second year. Based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, trans-anethole (59.86–78.82% of total oil content), estragole (3.61–24.39%), fenchone (9.58–18.26%) and limonene (0.52–3.66%) were detected as major essential oil components in the studied germplasm. Based on principal component and cluster analysis, genotypes were grouped into different clusters. Classification of genotypes was mainly in agreement with available information regarding their origins. The results support available information on the history of human establishments and the introduction of fennel from Mediterranean gene pools to other regions in ancient times. The negative correlation between some essential oil components indicates that some components are isomers and this could limit the simultaneous selection of components. Superior genotypes were identified in the studied germplasm, which can be used for future breeding programs with specific purposes.
The geometry of decision-making in individuals and collectives
Authors: Sridhar Vivek H. , Li Liang , Gorbonos Dan , Nagy Máté , Schell Bianca R. , Sorochkin Timothy , Gov Nir S. , Couzin Iain D. 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceAlmost all animals must make decisions on the move. Here, employing an approach that integrates theory and high-throughput experiments (using state-of-the-art virtual reality), we reveal that there exist fundamental geometrical principles that result from the inherent interplay between movement and organisms’ internal representation of space. Specifically, we find that animals spontaneously reduce the world into a series of sequential binary decisions, a response that facilitates effective decision-making and is robust both to the number of options available and to context, such as whether options are static (e.g., refuges) or mobile (e.g., other animals). We present evidence that these same principles, hitherto overlooked, apply across scales of biological organization, from individual to collective decision-making.
Evolution of variable lymphocyte receptor B antibody loci in jawless vertebrates
Authors: Das Sabyasachi , Rast Jonathan P. , Li Jianxu , Kadota Mitsutaka , Donald John A. , Kuraku Shigehiro , Hirano Masayuki , Cooper Max D. 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceJawless vertebrates, lampreys and hagfish, use three types of variable leucine-rich repeat proteins as antigen receptors: VLRB on B-like cells and VLRA or VLRC on T-like lymphocytes. In their incomplete germline status, theVLRBgenes in different lamprey species uniquely possess long noncoding intervening regions, which contain different sets of transposable elements and potential donor cassettes. Phylogenetic analysis of the germlineVLRgenes reveals ongoing evolution over the last 250 million y. Comparative assessment of genomic sequences in two lamprey species yields a detailed map of theirVLRBloci. The use of this map, together with an analysis of cassette usage in a large repertoire of expressedVLRBs, supports a fragmented Lego-like model ofVLRBassembly.
Constraining the number of horizons with energy conditions
Authors: Yang Run-Qiu , Cai Rong-Gen , Li Li 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We show that the number of horizons of static black holes can be strongly constrained by energy conditions of matter fields. After a careful clarification on the ‘interior’ of a black hole, we prove that if the interior of a static black hole satisfies strong energy condition or null energy condition, there is at most one non-degenerated inner Killing horizon behind the non-degenerated event horizon. Our result offers some universal restrictions on the number of horizons. Interestingly and importantly, it also suggests that matter not only promotes the formation of event horizon but also prevents the appearance of multiple horizons inside black holes. Furthermore, using the geometrical construction, we obtain a radially conserved quantity which is valid for general static spacetimes.
Spin wave propagation and nonreciprocity in metallic magnonic quasi-crystals
Authors: Manago Takashi , Fujii Kanta , Kasahara Kenji , Nakayama Kazuyuki 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The characteristics of spin waves (SWs) propagating in Fibonacci magnonic quasi-crystals (MQCs) were investigated in micromagnetic simulations. The SWs feel 1/3 of the characteristic Fibonacci sequence length as a period, and mini band gaps reflected by MQCs are formed. The effect of the MQC on the SW’s propagation becomes prominent above the first band gap frequency. The properties of SWs in MQCs generally depend on the propagation direction, because SWs feel different structures depending on the direction. Therefore, the nonreciprocity (NR) characteristics becomes complex. The NR characteristics change at every band gap frequency and hence across the frequency regions defined by them. In particular, some frequency regions have almost no NR, while others have enhanced NR and some have even negative NR. These characteristics seem to provide a new way to control NR.
Influence of different O2/H2O ratios on He atmospheric pressure plasma jet impinging on a dielectric surface
Authors: Liu Jie , Wang Lijun , Lin Xin , Zhang Runming 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric fluid model is built to investigate the effect of different O2 and H2O admixture on the plasma dynamics and the distribution of reactive species in He atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). The increase of O2:H2O ratio slows down both the intensity and the propagation speed of the ionization wave. Due to the decrease of both H2O ionization rate and H2O Penning ionization as well as the stronger electronegativity of O2, the increase of O2:H2O ratio results in a significant reduction of electron density in the APPJ, which restricts the occurrence of electron collision ionization reactions and inhibits the propagation of plasma. The excitation energy loss of O2 is not the reason for the weakening of the plasma ionization wave. The densities of O2
+, O− and O2
− increase with the rise of O2 admixture while H2O+ decreases due to the decrease of electron density and H2O concentration. OH− density is affected by both the increase of O− and the decrease of H2O so it shows a peak in the case of O2:H2O = 7:3. O is mainly produced by the excitation reactions and the electron recombination reaction (e + O2
+ → 2O), which is directly related to the O2 concentration. OH is mainly produced by e + H2O → e + H + OH so the OH density decreases due to the decrease of electron density and H2O concentration with the increase of O2:H2O ratio. On the dielectric surface, when the propagation of the streamer extinguishes, O flux shows an upward trend while the OH flux decreases, and the propagation distance of O and OH decreases with the increase of O2:H2O ratio.
Influence of B/N co-doping on electrical and photoluminescence properties of CVD grown homoepitaxial diamond films
Authors: Kunuku Srinivasu , Ficek Mateusz , Wieloszynska Aleksandra , Tamulewicz-Szwajkowska Magdalena , Gajewski Krzysztof , Sawczak Miroslaw , Lewkowicz Aneta , Ryl Jacek , Gotszalk Tedor , Bogdanowicz Robert 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBoron doped diamond (BDD) has great potential in electrical, and electrochemical sensing applications. The growth parameters, substrates, and synthesis method play a vital role in the preparation of semiconducting BDD to metallic BDD. Doping of other elements along with boron (B) into diamond demonstrated improved efficacy of B doping and exceptional properties. In the present study, B and nitrogen (N) co-doped diamond has been synthesized on single crystalline diamond (SCD) IIa and SCD Ib substrates in a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition process. The B/N co-doping into CVD diamond has been conducted at constant N flow of N/C ∼ 0.02 with three different B/C doping concentrations of B/C ∼ 2500 ppm, 5000 ppm, 7500 ppm. Atomic force microscopy topography depicted the flat and smooth surface with low surface roughness for low B doping, whereas surface features like hillock structures and un-epitaxial diamond crystals with high surface roughness were observed for high B doping concentrations. KPFM measurements revealed that the work function (4.74–4.94 eV) has not varied significantly for CVD diamond synthesized with different B/C concentrations. Raman spectroscopy measurements described the growth of high-quality diamond and photoluminescence studies revealed the formation of high-density nitrogen-vacancy centers in CVD diamond layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed the successful B doping and the increase in N doping with B doping concentration. The room temperature electrical resistance measurements of CVD diamond layers (B/C ∼ 7500 ppm) have shown the low resistance value ∼9.29 Ω for CVD diamond/SCD IIa, and the resistance value ∼16.55 Ω for CVD diamond/SCD Ib samples.
Visualizing rheological mechanism of magnetorheological fluids
Authors: Shen Yurui , Hua Dezheng , Liu Xinhua , Li Weihua , Krolczyk Grzegorz , Li Zhixiong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In order to study the rheological properties of aqueous magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) from microscopic point of view, an experimental observation method based on fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope is proposed to clearly shown the chain shape of magnetic particles. Firstly, the mathematical model of the magnetic particles is established in a magnetic field using the magnetic dipole theory, and the MRFs with different volume fraction and different magnetic fields are investigated. Furthermore, an aqueous MRFs experiment is prepared, in which the magnetic particles are combined with Alexa 488 fluorescent probe. On this basis, an observation method is innovatively developed using two-dimensional and three-dimensional image analysis by the fluorescence confocal microscope. The rheological mechanism of the aqueous MRFs is investigated using four different types of MRFs in an external magnetic field. The analysis results demonstrate that the simulation and experimental rheological properties of the MRFs are consistent with the magnetic dipole theory. Moreover, the proposed method is able to real-time observe the rheological process of the MRFs with a very high resolution, which ensures the correctness of the analysis result of the rheological mechanism.
A design method for metamaterials: 3D transversely isotropic lattice structures with tunable auxeticity
Authors: Peng Xiang-Long , Bargmann Swantje 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A method for designing 3D transversely isotropic auxetic lattice structures is proposed. Based on it, two new auxetic structures have been designed. Systematically, their effective elastic properties are investigated computationally and analytically in all loading directions. The effective Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratios within the transverse plane and those along the longitudinal direction are widely tunable by tailoring the structural geometry. Both structures exhibit transverse and longitudinal auxeticities concurrently as well as separately. The proposed auxetic structures expand the existing auxetic material space in terms of elastic anisotropy.
Stochastic forcing of the 2D boundary layer by DBD plasma actuator
Authors: Moralev Ivan , Popov Ilya , Selivonin Igor , Ustinov Maxim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The paper describes the results of the parametric study of the broadband velocity pulsations, induced by DBD plasma actuator in 2D subsonic boundary layer. The presented data include the analysis of the disturbance growth at various pressure gradients. It is assumed that the broadband pulsations are composed of the elementary disturbances, induced by an individual microdischarges, wandering along the electrode edge. These disturbances have a streak-like structure in a near field, and evolve into a fan of packets of Tollmien-Schliechting waves as one moves downstream. The streamwise length, needed for transition to modal behavior, depends on the stability properties of the boundary layer.
Measurements of electron number density and temperature in a supersonic plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Pashchina A S 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe results of experimental studies of the shock-wave region of the supersonic plasma jet flow formed by a pulsed capillary discharge with a polymeric wall are presented. Using optical emission spectroscopy of high spatial resolution, a detailed picture of the evolution of the radial profiles of the electron number density and temperature along the initial section of an underexpanded plasma jet, starting from the capillary outlet and ending with the flow stagnation zone, has been obtained. It was found that the profiles of the electron number density and temperature reflect all the features of the shock-wave flow region, tracing the influence of intercepting, central and reflected shock waves.
Influence of the position and energy of local rapid heating of the supersonic gas flow on the position of the separation point on the surface of airfoil
Authors: Saveliev A S 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUsing numerical simulation, the study of the process of rapid local energy release in supersonic flow in a two-dimensional unsteady case and the process of separation point shift by a gas-dynamic perturbation caused by the energy input into the flow were carried out. The flow around the airfoil was modeled as laminar, and local heat release as a instantaneous isochoric process without changing the gas density. The value of energy input and the place of gas heating on the surface of the airfoil were varied. The cases of initiation of energy input at a certain distance before and after the initial position of the separation point, as well as immediately before the separation point, were considered. During obtained flow patterns processing, the displacement of the separation point position downstream, the time of this displacement, the position and size of the separation region with reattachment and the lifetime of this flow zone were determined. The obtained data can help to choose a strategy for initiating energy input in a repetitively pulsed regime, as well as in a regime of a variable position of energy release on the surface of a body, streamlined by compressible gas flow.
Chemical method for reducing the concentration of electrons in the plasma behind a strong shock wave
Authors: Baryshnikov A S , Bezverhny N O 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper it is shown theoretically using computational methods that the addition of phosphorus-containing substances during the shock wave leads to a decrease in the concentration of electrons at temperatures in the front of shock wave 300 K and behind it of 6000 – 13000° K. Shock wave Mack number is high up to 14. The density is about of 0.35 – 0.7 kg/m3.
Role of pressure waves in the heating of the end-gas in HCCI engine with activation by pulsed corona discharge
Authors: Dobrovolskaya A S , Filimonova E A , Bityurin V A , Bocharov A N 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper we present numerical research of pressure waves influence on the end-gas in HCCI engine with discharge activation. It is shown that there is certain promotion of exothermic chemical reactions by pressure waves. That leads to the slight heating of the end-gas, but mainly the end-gas is heated due to the compression in the process of combustion wave propagation.