bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-5 Diet is more powerful than age in shaping the rumen bacterial community and function of dairy cattle
Authors: Hao YangYi , Huang Shuai , Li Shengli 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective was to understand the effects of diet and age on the rumen bacterial community and function, 48 dairy cattle were selected. Rumen fluid samples were collected from each animal at 1.5 (1.5M, milk and starter diet, n=8), 6 (6M, starter and oat grass, n=8), 9 (9M, high fiber diet, n=8), 18 (18M, high fiber diet, n=8), 23 (23M, high fiber diet, n=8) and 27 (27M, high grain diet, n=8) months old. The acetate/propionate ratio (A/P) at M9, M18, and M23 were significantly higher than M27 and M1.5 (P &lt; 0.05), while the A/P at M6 was lower than others (P &lt; 0.05). The total volatile fatty acid at M23 and M27 was higher than others (P &lt; 0.05). The urease at M18 was significantly lower than M1.5, M6, and M9 (P &lt; 0.05), and the xylanase at M18 was significantly higher than M1.5, M23, and M27 (P &lt; 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing data and the Linear discriminant analysis showed that thirty-three bacteria were identified as biomarkers among ages and diets. The age and diet contributed 7.98% and 32.49% to the rumen bacteria community using the variation partitioning approach analysis. The norank_f_p-251-o5 was significantly and positively correlated with age (r = 0.83, P &lt; 0.01), while Eubacterium was significantly and negatively correlated with age (r = -0.84, P &lt; 0.01). Dietary fiber showed a strong correlation (r &gt; 0.80, P &lt; 0.01) with Lachnospiraceae, NK4A214_group, Saccharofermentans, Clostridia, Pseudobutyrivibrio Bacteroidales_UCG-001. These genera also negatively correlated with dietary crude protein and starch (r &lt; - 0.80, P &lt; 0.01). All these bacteria were significantly correlated with A/P, acetate, and urease (r &gt; 0.5, P &lt; 0.05). These findings collectively indicated that diet drives the great ability to shape the rumen bacteria community and function than age.
PSIX-1 Canadian Vytelle technology for determining residual feed intake in raising Qazaq Aqbas bull calves
Authors: Tilepova Assel , Matakbayev Dauren , Bissembayev Anuarbek T 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Selection for residual feed intake (RFI) allows you to reduce feed costs and increase productivity of beef cattle. An increase in feed productivity by 10% can lead to an increase in profits by 43%, raising livestock with a low RFI can reduce feed intake by 12%, reduce methane emissions by 30%, and manure reduction by 17%. To obtain reliable trial results when determining the RFI, it is necessary to ensure the following conditions: 1) the same age of animals 2) the exchange of pedigree data between users of the system, which makes it possible to compare the EPDs within Vytelle Systems. Objects of research:QazaqAqbas bull calves (n = 46) at the age of 10–12 months in ZhanaBerekeLLP in Akmola region of Kazakhstan. Trial results confirm that residual feed intake in group 1 varied from -0.81 to 1.11, in group 2 - from -0.80 to 1.09. The RFI Rank was higher in group 1 (12.5). RADG in group 1 was at the level of -0.57 ... 0.58, in group 2 - -0.58 ... 1.13. According to the numerical rating of the animal (RADG Rank), the average value in group 1 was 12.5, in group 2 - 11.5. The average live weight at the beginning (START WT.) and end (END WT.) in the first group was 254.16 and 287.62 kg, in the second group 239.99 and 273.09 kg. The ADG in two groups was at the same level - 0.70 and 0.69 kg. The average Dry Matter Intake per day by animals during the trial was higher in the first group - 4.15, in the second group it was 3.65. For the first time in Kazakhstan national QazaqAqbas breed is tested for RFI, RADG, ADG, DMI, Raw F:G, Adj F:G.
PSVII-15 Effects of electrolyzed reduced water on intake, digestion and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef cattle
Authors: Bell Natasha L , Gonzalez Daisy A , DeLeon Kendrah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The effect of electrolyzed reduced water consumption by cattle is not well defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of electrolyzed reduced water on intake, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), ORP and pH in four ruminally cannulated steers (4 Bos taurus; 317 kg BW). Steers were subjected to a two period (14 d), two treatment crossover design. Treatment included: 1) standard water (CON; pH = 7.0 ± 1.0) or 2) electrolyzed reduced water (ERW; pH = 9.0 ± 1.0). The project comprised of two studies where the effects of ERW were observed for steers consuming a roughage diet (phase 1) or concentrate diet (phase 2). During Phase 1, animals were provided bermudagrass hay ad libitum. A 14 d transition period followed phase 1 to allow transition of diets. In phase 2, animals were maintained on a concentrate diet. During each period, d 1–8 served as a treatment adaptation phase, d 9–13 allowed for measures of intake and digestion, and rumen fluid was collected at h 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 after feeding on d 14 for VFA, pH and ORP analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Intake, digestion, and ruminal fermentation parameters were not different for CON vs ERW steers (P ≥ 0.06). Analysis of VFA data have not been finalized and will be reported later. Results indicate that ERW has no effect on intake, digestion or ruminal fermentation parameters of steers consuming roughage or concentrate diets.
PSVII-21 Canadian Vytelle technology for determining residual feed intake epdsin raising Qazaq Aqbas bull calves
Authors: Matakbayev Dauren , Tilepova Assel , Bissembayev Anuarbek T 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Abstract reviews the experience of implementing Vytelle technology in ZhanaBereke LLP, Akmola region in Kazakhstan. The trial objects are Qazaq Aqbas bull calves: group 1 aged 10–11 months (n = 22), group 2 aged 11–12 months (n = 24). Data analysis showed that more reliable Residual Feed Intake calculated for each individual animal on the basis of their phenotypes and information on pedigree, were found in group 1. The average RFI EPD for group 1 is -0.0607, for group 2 is -0.0297. The RFI% Rank in terms of RFI EPD for both trial groups varied within 4 ... 96%. However, the average RFI% Rank was lower in the first group (45%) compared to the second group (56%). From which it follows that the RFI EPD is higher in group 1. Average Daily Gain EPDs (ADG EPD) higher in group 1 -0.0018. A higher ADG EPDs indicate a more cost-effective metric. The ADG% Rank in terms of ADG EPD for group 1 varied within 1 ... 62%, for group 2: 1 ... 63%. The average ADG% Rank was slightly lower in the first group (30%) compared to the second group (33%). From the presented data, it follows that the breeding valueaccording to the ADG EPD is higher in group 1. The average Dry Matter Intake by animals per day during the trial (DMI EPD) is equal to -0,0600 in the first group, and -0,0292 in the second group. The DMI% RANK in terms of DMI EPD for group 1 varied within 31 ... 93%, for group 2: 38 ... 96%. The DMI% RANK was lower in the first group (60%) compared to the second group (67%). Summarizing the above, we can conclude that selection for this characteristic is less effective, work will continue to increase this indicator.
PSVII-25 Amount of colostrum feeding impacts performance and potential colostrum biomarkers at arrival at the rearing facility in unweaned male dairy beef calves
Authors: Pisoni Lucía , Bassols Anna , Saco Yolanda , Gomez Nestor , Pujols Joan , Devant Maria , Marti Sonia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Eighty-two newborn unweaned Holstein bull calves (43.3 ± 0.86 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of the amount of colostrum feeding on performance and potential colostrum feeding on serum biomarkers. Immediately after calves were born, calves were randomly distributed to well colostrated treatment (WC; n = 49) where calves were fed 4 L of colostrum in less than 2 h after birth and 2 L of colostrum in each of the following 3 feedings; or poor colostrated (PC; n = 33) where calves were fed 2 L of colostrum only once in less than 2 h after birth. At d 14 of age calves were submitted to an assembly center situation for 4 d and transported for 19 h to the rearing farm. Forty-eight hours and 18 d after birth a blood sample was collected to analyze alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholesterol (CHO), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Calves were weighed (BW) after birth, before transport and at arrival. Data were analyzed using mixed models. At 48 h, serum concentration of ALP, GGT were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for WC compared with PC calves, showing that the difference in the amount of colostrum applied as a treatment was successful. The BW losses from birth to arrival were greater for PC calves (-2.3 ± 0.41 kg) compared with WC calves (-0.02 ± 0.41 kg). Shrink during transport did not differ between treatments. At arrival (d 18) no differences on serum ALP or CHO were observed. However, serum concentration of GGT was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for WC calves compared with PC calves (127.2 ± 9.09 U/L and 55.7 ± 8.95 U/L, respectively). Increasing the amount of colostrum fed to the calves reduces the postnatal weight losses and GGT might be an indicator of colostrum feeding at arrival in calves of 18 d of age.
PSVII-12 The effects of parity and diet on the rumen function and apparent digestibility in dairy cattle
Authors: Hao YangYi , Huang Shuai , Li Shengli 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The primiparity and multiparity dairy cattle were fed in the same diet and different barn in the scaled farm because heifer has a lower social hierarchy. There is little attention to the rumen function difference of these cattle. Here we selected thirty-two dairy cattle and separated them into four groups: prime-prepartum (PP), prime-lactation (PL), multi-prepartum (MP), and multi-lactation (ML) (n=8). The PP and MP groups were given high-roughage diets, and the other two groups were given high-grain diets. The rumen fluid and feces were sampled from each animal. The rumen fluid enzyme activity, fermentation profile, and apparent digestibility were analyzed using SAS’s PROC MIXED model (SAS version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). β-glucosidase and amylase were affected by the parity and diet (P &lt; 0.05). Cellulase was affected by the parity, and dehydrogenase was affected by parity and diet interaction (P &lt; 0.05). Rumen pH, NH3-N, microbial crude protein (MCP), isovalerate, and acetate/propionate (A/P) were affected by parity (P &lt; 0.05). MCP and volatile fatty acid were affected by the diets (P &lt; 0.05). The rumen pH, acetate, propionate, and butyrate were affected by parity and diet interaction (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) were affected by the diet and the interaction of diet and parity (P &lt; 0.05). The CP and EE apparent digestibility were only affected by the parity (P &lt; 0.05). Our results indicated beside the diet, the parity also affected the rumen function and apparent digestibility. Although the dairy cattle in the same physical stage, the parity effects on the rumen function and digestibility should be considered when making the diet formula.
PSVII-17 Use of a dimethyl carbonate extraction for rumen fluid volatile fatty acid quantification by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry
Authors: Foote Andrew P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Analysis of rumen fluid volatile fatty acids (VFA) is typically conducted by injecting acidified aqueous rumen fluid into a gas chromatograph (GC) with a flame ignition detector (FID). Water in GC samples can lead to poor peak shape and to contamination of inlets, potentially causing sample carryover. Aqueous methods are not well suited for use in mass spectrometer (MS) detector systems. The objective of this project was to validate a dimethyl carbonate (DMC) extraction process and GCMS method for rumen VFA analysis. To perform the extraction, 100 µL of sample, KHSO4 (50 g/L), and 2-ethylbutyrate (internal standard; 0.86 mM) are added to a microcentrifuge tube (in order) followed by 1 mL of DMC. The mixture is thoroughly vortexed and centrifuged. The organic layer (top) is removed and placed in a GC vial. The DMC extract is injected (0.5 µL) into an Agilent 5977B GCMS (8:1 split injection) with a polar DB-FFAP column. The column was held at 105°C for 5 min, increased at 10°C/min to 150°C, then 65°C/min to 240°C, and held constant for 10 min. The assay is linear for acetate from approximately 2 mM to at least 130 mM and covers the expected values of rumen concentrations for the other VFA. Recovery of VFA from spiked rumen fluid was tested at three concentrations in rumen fluid from steers fed a finishing diet or grazing wheat pasture. Recovery was not affected by the diet of the animals (P &gt; 0.19) or the amount of VFA spiked (P &gt; 0.27) and averaged 99.9% for all VFA, with valerate being the lowest (95.9%). Including the 10 min hold at 240°C at the end of each run prevented carryover from sample to sample. This method appears to perform well in a GCMS system and accurately and precisely quantify rumen fluid VFA.
PSVII-24 Blend of essential oils plus 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 as alternative to the use monensin on growth performance and dietary energetics in feedlot cattle raised under high ambient temperature
Authors: Mendoza-Cortés Daniel , Ramos-Méndez Jorge L , Félix-Bernal Adrián , Estrada-Angulo Alfredo , Franco Manuel , Vasconcellos Guilherme S , Acedo Tiago S , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Perdigão Alexandre , Barreras Alberto , Plascencia Alejandro , Urías-Estrada Jesús 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ninety young crossbreed bulls (approximately 25% Zebu breeding with the remainder represented by continental and British breeds in various proportions, initial weight=228.04±7.06 kg) were used in a 84-day feeding trial to assess the effects of treatments in feedlot cattle fed transition diets during high ambient temperatures. Treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn-based diets (average 1.95 Mcal ENm/kg) supplemented with: 1) 20 mg monensin/kg diet (MON, Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN], and 2) 100 mg of blend of essential oils /kg diet plus 0.1 mg 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3/kg diet (EO+HyD; CRINA® Ruminants and HyD®, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland). Both dry matter intake (DMI) and climatic variables were measured daily and the temperature humidity index (THI) was estimated. Daily maximal THI remained over 80 during the whole trial (avg. THI = 82.67). Cattle supplemented with EO+HyD increased average daily gain in 8.7% (1.446 vs. 1.320 kg/day, P &lt; 0.01), gain-to-fed ratio in 4.5% (0.199 vs. 0.190; P = 0.03), final weight in 10.05 kg (349.48 vs. 339.43; P = 0.04) and tended (P = 0.07) to shown greater dietary net energy (2.5%) and observed-to-expected dietary NE ratio (3%). Even when EO+HyD tended to increase (4.3%; P = 0.06) DM intake, intake pattern variation were not different (P = 0.38) between MON and EO+HyD (Figure 1). Then, difference in ADG and final BW between MON and EO+HyD was not only a reflection of difference in energy intake, was also caused by difference in efficiency of energy utilization during conditions of high ambient temperature (a reduction of 7% in the estimated increase of coefficient of maintenance by heat load). Results indicate that supplementation with a combination of essential oil blend plus 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 can have greater beneficial effects than supplemental monensin on daily weight gain, final weight and feed intake during initiation-transition phase of cattle raised under high ambient temperature.
PSX-B-9 Effect of trace mineral sources in the supplement for grazing cattle on ruminal bacteria diversity
Authors: Cidrini Iorrano A , Ferreira Igor M , Oliveira Karla , Granja-Salcedo Yury , Lage Josiane F , Siqueira Gustavo , Resende Flavio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The rumen soluble Cu and Zn can affect the rumen microbial populations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of trace mineral sources (Cu and Zn) in the supplement of grazing steers on ruminal bacteria diversity. Eight rumen cannulated Nellore steers (541 kg ± 18 kg BW) were distributed in a randomized block design in individual paddocks of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Steers were supplemented during 101 days between dry to rainy season at 5 g/kg BW with commercial supplement (25% CP) containing Cu (40 mg/ kg) and Zn (148 mg/kg) in the inorganic (Control) or hydroxy (HDX; Micronutrients Inc., IN) source. Samples of ruminal content were collected before supplementation at day 97 of experimental period and the total DNA extracted by commercial kit (Quick-DNA Fecal/Soil Microbe Miniprep). The V3/V4 regions of 16SrRNA gene was sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq, using the Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME v.1.9.1) to filter reads and determine Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Data were compared using an unpaired Wilcoxon test in R. A total of 293 OTUs were identified at genus level. The HDX resulted in a higher ruminal abundance of Corynebacterium 1 (P = 0.01), Prevotella 1 (P = 0.01), Lachnoclostridium 10 (P = 0.02), Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group (P = 0.03), Lachnospiraceae UCG-008 (P = 0.03), Streptococcus (P = 0.02), Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 (P = 0.01), Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 (P = 0.01), Ruminococcus 1 (P = 0.04), Coprococcus 1 (P = 0.04), Mogibacterium (P = 0.02), Selenomonas 1 (P = 0.02), Anaerovibrio (P = 0.03), Methylobacterium (P = 0.02), Treponema 2 (P = 0.02), Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group (P = 0.03), Ruminococcaceae; uncultured rumen bacterium (P = 0.02) and Eubacterium hallii group (P = 0.05), and lower abundance of Fibrobacter (P = 0.04), Butyrivibrio 2 (P = 0.05), Anaerotruncus (P = 0.03), Ruminiclostridium 5 (P = 0.03), Anaerorhabdus furcosa group (P = 0.02) and Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-004 (P = 0.01). The use of HDX in the supplement for grazing cattle between dry to rainy season increase the ruminal abundance of bacteria, mainly into Firmicutes phylum with important structural and non-structural carbohydrates degradation functions.
PSX-B-2 Effect of feedlot days on intake and performance of Nellore heifers
Authors: Ferreira Igor M , Cidrini Iorrano A , Souza William , Abreu Mateus I , Prados Laura F , Lage Josiane F , Siqueira Gustavo , Resende Flávio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of feedlot days (FD) on intake (DMI) and performance of Nellore heifers. Fifty-one Nellore heifers [325±19.3 kg of body weight (BW); 16±1 months], blocked by initial BW and stratified by carcass ultrasound, were divided into three treatments: 45, 75 or 105 FD; and placed in 18 pens [17 heifers/treatment; 6 pens/treatment (5 pens with 3 heifers and 1 pen with 2 heifers)]. The animals were fed ad libitum allowing 3% of refusals. The diet consisted of corn silage, ground corn, soybean meal, protected fat and minerals. The adaptation diet [16% CP and 79% TDN; roughage:concentrate (R:C) = 44:56] was offered from day 1 to 15 and the finishing diet from day 16 to 105 (14.5 % CP and 86% TDN; R:C = 25:75). At the end of each FD, heifers were weighted to obtain the shrunk final BW and slaughtered in the same slaughterhouse. The final BW and hot carcass weight (HCW) were greater (linear effect; P ≤ 0.01), respectively, for heifers on 105FD (442 and 244 kg) compared to 75FD (411 and 228 kg) and 45FD (374 and 206 kg). The DMI, backfat thickness and longissimus area increased over FD (linear effect; P ≤ 0.01; 45FD = 7.10 kg/d, 5.05 mm and 64.3 cm2; 75FD = 7.68 kg/d, 5.69 mm and 68.5 cm2 and 105FD=7.79 kg/d, 7.04 mm and 73.3 cm2). The FD did not affect carcass gain (P = 0.38) and feed efficiency based on carcass gain (P = 0.84). However, total carcass gain increased over FD (linear effect; P ≤ 0.01; 29, 51.4 and 75.9 kg, respectively to treatments 45, 75 and 105 FD). In conclusion, the feedlot days increase the BW, backfat thickness and longissimus area. However, the feed efficiency based on carcass gain does not reduce when the heifers are submitted for a long time on feedlot.
PSX-B-6 Effect of slow-release urea on gas production, fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in an artificial rumen system
Authors: Guo Yongmei , Xiao Ling , Yan Sumei , Jin Long , Alexander Trevor , Yang Wenzhu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of slow-release urea (SRU) on gas production, fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis using artificial rumen system. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications of each treatment. The treatments were control diet (no SRU), control diet supplemented with 0.28% (U28), 0.56% SRU (U56) or control diet that was added by 1.5% more corn grain and substituted with 0.35% SRU for 1.85% soybean meal (U35-SBM). The diets were formulated to be isoenergetic (1.71 NEL Mcal/kg), but protein concentration was lower (15.48 vs. 16.24%) and starch concentration was higher (28.2 vs. 27.1%) with U35-SBM than other three treatments. Experimental period consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Rumen inoculum was obtained from three ruminally fistulated Angus cows fed the same diet to the substrate incubated. Gas production (L/d) was lower (P = 0.02) with U35-SBM (1.51) than control (1.79) or U28 (1.92); however, methane production was not affected by treatments (average, 47 mg/d). Dry matter digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.01) with U35-SBM (78.5%) than other treatments (74.6%), which had no differences in DM digestibility. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production did not differ among treatments (average, 53.1 mmol/d), but increasing SRU supplementation linearly (P &lt; 0.01) decreased molar proportion of propionate from 27.0 to 25.7% and linearly (P &lt; 0.01) increased acetate to propionate ratio from 1.69 to 1.78. The ammonia nitrogen (N) linearly (P &lt; 0.01) increased from 7.70 to 10.25 mmol/L with increasing SRU addition. Microbial protein synthesis was greater (P = 0.03) with SRU treatments (average, 83.9 mg N/d) than control (78.9 mg N/d). The present results demonstrated the benefits to add the SRU in dairy cow diet for improving ruminal digestibility and microbial protein synthesis.