bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translanguaging patterns in everyday urban conversations in Cameroon
Authors: Ambele Eric A. , Watson Todd Richard 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This study analyses the translanguaging patterns of urban Cameroonians’ linguistic choices (e.g. lexical or phonological) in everyday conversations in Cameroon. Using observation and audio-recordings of 20 naturally occurring conversations as data, a descriptive corpus-based methodology was adopted for analysis. The quantitative approach utilises AntConc (Version 3.5.8) with descriptive analytical tools to identify the speakers’ idiolectal choices in meaning-making translanguaging patterns. The results revealed salient patterns of the speakers’ deployed lexical, grammatical, morphological, phonological and syntactical forms as an integrated system of language. It revealed the speakers preference for polysemous words (e.g. repe) over less polysemous words (e.g. father); choice for shorter lexical words (e.g. man) over longer words (e.g. manpikin); a preference for specialised gender-neutral markers (e.g. ih, which refers to both male and female) over gender-specific forms (e.g. he/she); a preference for voiceless interdental fricatives (e.g. dem, dey) over voiced interdental fricatives (e.g. them, they) and where the choice of inflectional morpheme expressing tense (e.g. ed) is one that can either be omitted or added to a word, the presence of this inflectional morpheme is sometimes fairly used. Such results have practical implications for understanding peoples’ language use as a translanguaging act in bi/multilingual contexts.
A Relational Account of Moral Normativity: The Neo-Kantian Notion of We-Subject
Authors: Redaelli Roberto 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to provide a relational explanation of the sources of moral normativity, within a Neo-Kantian framework. To this purpose, the key notions employed are those of we-society and stance-taking, developed by Neo-Kantian philosopher Heinrich Rickert. Specifically, by resorting to such notions, the paper attempts to overcome two limits ascribed to the theory of moral normativity of Ch. Korsgaard: namely W. Smith’s objection of solipsism and S. Crowell’s problem of non-deliberate action, whereby Ch. Korsgaard’s identification of the source of normativity in reflection would lead her theory to a form of solipsism and to failing to explain actions based on so-called ‘mindless coping’. In tackling these objections, the paper outlines a Rickertian inspired theory, according to which the sources of moral normativity can be explained on the basis of the heterological I-You relationship, which is the foundation of the we-society intended as a set of values, patterns of expectations, tacit consents, and procedural knowledge.
Individual Responsibility under Systemic Corruption: A Coercion-Based View
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Bagnoli Carla 
Published: August 2021

AbstractShould officeholders be held individually responsible for submitting to systemically corrupt institutional practices? We draw a structural analogy between individual action under coercive threat and individual participation in systemic corruption, and we argue that officeholders who submit to corrupt institutional practices are not excused by the existence of a systemic coercive threat. Even when they have good personal reasons to accept the threat, they remain individually morally assessable and, in the circumstances, they are also individually blameworthy for actions performed in their institutional capacity.
Brief exposure of skin to near-infrared laser augments early vaccine responses
Authors: Yokomizo Shinya , Katagiri Wataru , Maki Yohei , Sano Tomoya , Inoue Kazumasa , Fukushi Masahiro , Atochin Dmitriy N. , Kushibiki Toshihiro , Kawana Akihiko , Kimizuka Yoshifumi , Kashiwagi Satoshi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Rapid establishment of herd immunity with vaccination is effective to combat emerging infectious diseases. Although the incorporation of adjuvant and intradermal (ID) injection could augment early responses to the vaccine, the current chemical or biological adjuvants are inappropriate for this purpose with their side effects and high reactogenicity in the skin. Recently, a near-infrared (NIR) laser has been shown to augment the immune response to ID vaccination and could be alternatively used for mass vaccination programs. Here, we determined the effect of NIR laser as well as licensed chemical adjuvants on the immunogenicity 1, 2, and 4 weeks after ID influenza vaccination in mice. The NIR laser adjuvant augmented early antibody responses, while the widely used alum adjuvant induced significantly delayed responses. In addition, the oil-in-water and alum adjuvants, but not the NIR laser, elicited escalated TH2 responses with allergenic immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses. The effect of the NIR laser was significantly suppressed in the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) knockout mice, suggesting a critical role of the cluster of differentiation 103+ (CD103)+ dendritic cells. The current preliminary study suggests that NIR laser adjuvant is an alternative strategy to chemical and biological agents to timely combat emerging infectious diseases. Moreover, its immunomodulatory property could be used to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy for allergy and cancer.
Practical Esotericism and Tikkun Olam: two modern renditions of a medieval mystical idea
Authors: West Joel 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper I look at a specific Hebrew religious term, Tikkun Olam, to examine the manner in which it signifies differently in two specific cases. While we understand that meaning is carried in both denotation and connotation, and while a genealogy of meaning is often useful to understand the manner in which meaning has changed across time, this paper recounts the manner in which a single word may signify differently synchronically, at a single point in history.
Correlation between Stiffness and Fatigue Behavior at Asphalt Mastic and Asphalt Mixture Level
Authors: Steineder Michael , Donev Valentin , Hofko Bernhard , Eberhardsteiner Lukas 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Performance-based tests on asphalt mix level to assess performance behavior are already state of the art, including the fatigue test with the 4-point bending beam. However, this test method requires high effort in material, time, and manpower, making it less practical for routine quality control. This study aims to partially substitute the performance-based tests on asphalt mix level with a practical test method on asphalt mastic level. The tests on asphalt mastic level were carried out with a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) by time sweep tests on hyperbolic specimens. Fourteen different asphalt mixtures and the corresponding asphalt mastic mixtures were tested. We used a wide range of different asphalt binders and types of aggregates to extend the validity range of the developed model. Correlations between the asphalt mastic performance and asphalt mix performance were investigated using simple and multiple linear regression models. The correlations show that the dynamic modulus |E*|30Hz at asphalt mix level can be linked to the complex shear modulus |G*|initial at mastic level by a simple linear regression model. On the other hand, no correlation could be found between the phase angles of both mix levels. However, the characteristic fatigue value of the asphalt mix ε6 can be linked with high accuracy (R² = 0.92) to the characteristic fatigue value τ6 and complex shear modulus |G*|initial of the asphalt mastic using a multiple linear regression model. In summary, a reliable prediction of the fatigue behavior and stiffness of an asphalt mixture through simple fatigue tests with the DSR on asphalt mastic is feasible.
Dynamics of morphological, immunological and histological changes in microsporіа in guinea pigs
Authors: Kisera Y. V. , Martyniv Y. V. , Gutyj B. V. 
Published: August 2021

Microsporіа affect different species of animals and humans. The high contagiousness of the pathogen determines the relevance of research into this disease. Microsporum canis is the pathogen that most often causes microsporia. Weakened functions of the immune system and violation of the epithelial barrier of the skin are a favourable factor that causes microspores. The main source of infection is cats, which are involved in the storage and transmission of the pathogen. To clarify the dynamics of morphological, immunological and histological changes in microsporia, blood and skin studies of guinea pigs infected with M. canis were carried out. The animals were divided into two groups of 6 guinea pigs (healthy and sick). Test material (blood and skin) was taken from clinically healthy and sick animals 21 and 42 days after infection. The number of erythrocytes and leukocytes was determined by counting them in the Goryaev chamber, the hemoglobin content – by the method of cyanide hemoglobin. The leukogram was derived based on the counting and differentiation of 200 leukocyte cells in blood smears. Material for histological examination (pieces of skin) was fixed in 10–12% cooled solution of neutral formalin, followed by pouring in paraffin according to the scheme proposed by G. A. Merkulov. The obtained results demonstrated that leukocytosis developed in guinea pigs with microsporia on the 21st and 42nd days; the number of rod-shaped neutrophils increased, that of segmental neutrophils decreased, and that of ESR increased. The immune response to the course of microsporia was manifested in an increase in the percentage of T-lymphocytes, T-suppressors and a decrease in T-helper cells and an increase in T-killers compared with healthy animals. Histological examination showed that on the 21st day after infection, hyphae and spores of the fungus M. canis were localized in the skin. There is swelling of the dermis, stratification of collagen fibers and the accumulation of inflammatory infiltrates around the hair follicles. On the 42nd day, the infiltration spread and dystrophic changes in the skin occurred in the form of desquamation of the epidermis and the formation of acanthosis and hyperkeratosis on the surface of the dermis. The conducted research will allow further assessment of the course of microsporia under the action of various drugs and help establish the most effective method of treatment.
Effects of duration and conditions of storage on germination of seeds of Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: Lapirov A. G. , Belyakov E. A. , Lebedeva O. A. 
Published: August 2021

Choosing optimum conditions for plants of the Pedicularis genus to productively germinate and undergo the initial stages of development is currently a relevant problem in the search of solutions to successfully grow these taxa. For the experiments, seeds of Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum L. (Lamiales, Orobanchaceae) were collected in the first decade of September in the vicinity of Chashnitskoe Lake. The study of specifics of germination of seeds and the initial stages of the development of P. sceptrum-carolinum was carried out in controlled laboratory conditions in a climate chamber with illumination (1,200–1,500 lux, photoperiod of 9/15, temperature of 23–25 °С). After a month-long storage of seeds in their fruit capsules in the laboratory conditions, the greatest germination (83.3–93.3%) was achieved after their subsequent dry maintenance (taken out of the fruits) in a refrigerator at the temperature of +2…+3 ºС for 3 or 6 months. Lower values of final germination were obtained after maintaining dry seeds at the temperature of –24…–28 ºС for 3 months. Increasing periods of such storage up to six months led to decrease in the final germination and energy of germination. After-ripening lasting different periods provided lower values of the two most important parameters – final germination and energy of germination, even in cases of quite long periods of dry storage in the laboratory. The initial stages of the development of plants from seeds of P. sceptrum-carolinum, which had undergone 3-month stratification in a refrigerator, were studied during the period of 2.0 (2.5) months in different conditions: Petri dishes on moistened filter paper, and in glass vessels with settled tap water, in soil in a plastic container (pure groups of sowed seeds) and also in soil sown together with seeds of Avena sativa L., with seeds put singly into a plastic block of 9 cassettes. The study revealed morphological differences in plants that had developed over the two-months growth, in each variant of the experiment. We recorded fragmentary development of haustorial hairs on the lateral roots of the plants in the pure sown group and also the haustorium in the group sown together with common oat. We achieved no further development and the plants died. The plants grew for a longer period (2.5 months) in the pure sown groups, which then died as well. The study we performed may be a basis for preparing successful introduction and cultivation of P. sceptrum-carolinum, which would be an important source of preservation of a species that raises concerns on account of the rapid decreases in its populations, narrowing of its range and rare occurrence.
Altering maize (Zea mays) seedlings’ growth and lignification processes by action of novel synthesized compounds
Authors: Lykholat Y. V. , Khromykh N. O. , Didur O. O. , Gaponov O. O. , Nazarenko M. M. , Lykholat T. Y. 
Published: August 2021

Effective management of the course of crop vegetation and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses is a prerequisite for stable grain production and requires replenishment of the arsenal of plant growth regulators. The effect of novel synthesized cage amides on maize seedlings morphogenesis has been tested. Seeds of a mid-early maize hybrid 'DN Galatea' after the pre-sowing treatment with 0.01% solutions of test compounds were grown in distilled water. The roots and shoots sections of 10-day-old maize seedlings were stained with phloroglucinol solution to reveal the lignin-containing anatomical structures. The effects of nine different test compounds, exceeding the well-known effects of the phytohormone auxin, promoted the maize seedlings’ linear growth, increased wet weight of roots and shoots, and dry biomass accumulation both in seedlings roots and shoots. Several test compounds activated the dry weight accumulation process without significantly affecting the root and shoot length. In the maize seedlings’ roots, an increase in the diameter and number of the xylem vessels was found, as well as an increase in the lignin-containing layer thickness of the endoderm cells in the root cortex. In the maize seedlings’ shoots, the test compounds caused an increase in the thickness of the lignin-containing outer layer of the seedlings’ first leaf. In general, the test compounds’ effect on seedling roots can potentially enhance root formation; increase efficiency of the roots water-conducting system and the tissues’ strength, thus reducing the likelihood of root lodging in maize plants. The effects of the test compounds revealed in the seedlings’ shoots reflect the activation of the shoots’ structure formation and may have a positive value for enhancing the strength of the plant stems and counteracting the stem lodging of the maize plants.
VIAJE DEL RECUERDO. FRAGMENTOS DE LA HISTORIA DEL FERROCARRIL AL PACÍFICO DE COSTA RICA
Authors: Agüero García Javier 
Published: August 2021

Recibido: 16-10-2019Aprobado: 29-11-2019
RESUMEN
El presente ensayo aborda aspectos del Ferrocarril al Pacífico, dentro de la perspectiva histórica, con la finalidad de valorar su significado patrimonial, tanto en la cultura como el ámbito institucional. Se inicia con la descripción de la etapa constructiva de esta importante vía de comunicación, proceso iniciado en 1897; se pasa luego a la electrificación, como piedra angular de la modernización; para finalmente pasar al abordaje de las locomotoras, verdaderos caballos de acero que hicieron posible el transporte de mercancías y de pasajeros. Concluye con una reflexión acerca del significado de la empresa ferroviaria estatal,baluarte del desarrollo económico, social e institucional del país, resumida en los atributos de rapidez, economía, seguridad y eficiencia.
BOLETOS DE CAFÉ Y FICHAS DE EMPRESAS: HERENCIAS COLECCIONABLES
Authors: Vargas Zamora José A 
Published: August 2021

Recibido: 18-10-2019
Aprobado: 29-11-2019
RESUMEN
En Costa Rica, a mediados del siglo XIX hubo un incremento significativo de nuevas plantaciones de café. La necesidad de pagar a los trabajadores, junto con la escasez de moneda de plata de baja denominación, forzó la introducción de una forma privada de pago temporal, los boletos de café, que eran entregados a los trabajadores por cada unidad de café recolectado y luego eran cambiados por dinero usualmente al final de la semana. A fines del siglo XIX la apertura del ferrocarril a la costa Caribe y el desarrollo de plantaciones de banano a lo largo de la vía férrea, promovió la introducción de otra forma de pago privada, las fichas de comisariato, que eran cambiables por abarrotes o utensilios en locales comerciales a lo largo de la vía férrea. En este trabajo analizamos las diferencias y usos de esas dos formas de pago, aportamos ejemplos de ambas y hacemos sugerencias para el estudio y preservación de esta herencia histórica.
JESÚS JIMÉNEZ EN ESTAMPILLAS DE PRINCIPIOS DEL SIGLO XX
Authors: Brenes Tencio Guillermo A. 
Published: August 2021

Recibido: 24-01-2020
Aprobado: 27-03-2020
RESUMEN
Los sellos postales son un tipo de imágenes todavía muy poco exploradas en los trabajos históricos en Costa Rica. El presente artículo estudia la iconografía del presidente costarricense Jesús Jiménez Zamora (1823-1897) en tres sellos postales o estampillas que circularon en Costa Rica a principios del siglo XX. Con este propósito se ha partido de los postulados teóricos y metodológicos propuestos por el historiador de arte Erwin Panofsky para enfrentarse al análisis de las imágenes.
LA IMAGEN DE LA ORALIDAD EN LOS PERROS HAMBRIENTOS DE CIRO ALEGRÍA
Authors: Cerino Córdova Kristian Antonio 
Published: August 2021

Recibido: 01-05-2020
Aprobado: 29-05-2020
Este artículo es un acercamiento a la noción de oralidad a través de un análisis y lectura de la novela Los perros hambrientos, de Ciro Alegría, escritor peruano. Se argumenta, ante todo, con el trabajo de diversos críticos literarios que han hecho un abordaje de la obra narrativa de Alegría, también autor de La serpiente de oro y El mundo es ancho y ajeno. Es importante conocer, en el texto, la esencia de los efectos de esta oralidad presente en la literatura latinoamericana, y en especial, de la literatura peruana. Los perros hambrientos es una obra tejida alrededor del discurso oral y de los relatos de la comarca andina. Simón Robles, personaje y artífice de los cuentos orales, es el engrane en la construcción de esta obra alegriana publicada en Santiago de Chile, en 1938.
Efficiency and safety of various dual antiplatelet therapy strategies in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention due to myocardial infarction
Authors: Aksentiev S. B. , Solovieva A. V. , Yunevich D. S. 
Published: August 2021

Aim. To compare the efficacy and safety of prasugrel, ticagrelor, or clopidogrel as part of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) due to myocardial infarction (MI).Material and methods. The observational study included 74 patients who underwent PCI due to MI within the first 24 hours after the onset. The patients were devided into 3 groups: group 1 — patients who received ticagrelor as part of DAPT; group 2 — clopidogrel, group 3 — prasugrel. The follow-up period was 28 days. To assess the efficacy and safety of therapy, a composite endpoint was assessed (death + nonfatal recurrent MI (and/or stent rethrombosis) + nonfatal ischemic stroke (IS). Additional secondary endpoints were any moderate and severe (major) bleeding according to the GUSTO and/or TIMI scales. We assessed the incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias, an opening of an infarct-related coronary artery (IRCA), and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI).Results. The analysis showed no significant differences in the cumulative incidence of adverse outcomes in the study groups within 28 days. The prevalence of secondary endpoints over a 28-day follow-up period was 3,1% in the ticagrelor group and 5,9% in the clopidogrel group, while no moderate and life-threatening bleeding was recorded in the prasugrel group during. There were no significant differences in the incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias, opening of an IRCA, and non-STEMI between the groups.Conclusion. The obtained results suggest the comparable efficacy and safety profiles of prasugrel, ticagrelor and clopidogrel as a part of DAPT in patients undergoing PCI due to MI. There were no significant differences in endpoint event rates. In particular, prasugrel has been shown to be as effective and safe as ticagrelor.
Electroanatomic substrate of atrial fibrillation in patients after COVID-19
Authors: Osadchy An. M. , Semenyuta V. V. , Kamenev A. V. , Shcherbak S. G. , Lebedev D. S. 
Published: August 2021

Aim. To determine the features of left atrial electroanatomic structure and the arrhythmia substrate in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Material and methods. The pilot study included 20 patients with AF who underwent catheter radiofrequency ablation. Ten patients had COVID-19 and 10 patients were included as a control group. AF substrate was identified using anatomic and bipolar mapping. Zones with following amplitudes were analyzed: <0,25 mV, <0,5 mV, from 0,5 to 0,75 mV inclusive, and >0,75 mV. Left atrial volume was determined based on anatomic map.Results. The groups were homogeneous in AF type, number of patients after prior pulmonary vein isolation, and heart rate during mapping. In the COVID-19 group, there was a higher area of fibrous zones with an amplitude of <0,25 mV (51,5±16,6% vs 29,1±16,1% in the control group, p=0,007), <0,5 mV (76,7±11,5% vs 45,6±22,7% in the control group, p=0,001) and a lower area of intact myocardium with an amplitude >0,75 mV (11,6±8,0% vs 45,0±25,0% in the control group, p=0,001). In 7 COVID-19 patients, the posterior wall was isolated due to low-amplitude zones. Of these, three patients underwent surgery for the first time. According to ROC analysis, in patients after COVID-19, fibrous tissue (<0,5 mV) occupies more than half of the area, while normal tissue (>0,75 mV) — ~30% or less.Conclusion. This study shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause left atrial remodeling in the form of diffuse fibrosis. The arrhythmia substrate in patients after COVID-19 can be localized not only in pulmonary vein mouths, but also in other left atrial areas. This must be taken into account before ablation, even if the procedure is being performed for the first time. It is recommended to perform amplitude mapping for all patients who have had SARS-CoV-2 infection in order to identify fibrous zones and plan the operation extent.