bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Static visual predator recognition in jumping spiders
Authors: Rößler Daniela C. , De Agrò Massimo , Kim Kris , Shamble Paul S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Visually detecting, recognizing and responding appropriately to predators increases survival. Failure to detect a predator or long decision time carries high and potentially fatal costs. Consequently, many animals show general anti‐predatory responses towards threatening stimuli, for example, looming objects. However, in the context of lurking or stalking predators, visual recognition is based on static visual cues, making this task computationally demanding.

Jumping spiders (Salticidae) have superb vision and are excellent predators but they can equally fall prey to other jumping spiders. In a hierarchical decision‐making setup, we tested whether the common zebra jumping spider Salticus scenicus can visually recognize stationary predators. We measured the spiders’ behavioural responses towards predator (naturally co‐occurring, non‐co‐occurring and artificial) and non‐predator objects as well as towards objects with modified features.

Our experiments show that salticids demonstrate a robust, fast and repeatable ‘freeze and retreat’ behaviour when presented with stationary predators, but not similarly sized non‐predator objects. Anti‐predator responses were triggered by co‐occurring and non‐co‐occurring salticid predators, as well as by 3D‐printed salticid models (based on micro‐CT scans), suggesting a generalized predator detection/classification. Using modified 3D‐printed models, we found evidence that eyes act as an important cue. However, eyes alone did not explain the responses, suggesting that underlying processes rely on multiple rather than single features.

To address the role of learning and memory, we tested newly emerged spiderlings and found the same behavioural responses towards predator objects suggesting an innate response. The ability of jumping spiders to innately recognize a non‐moving threat is surprising in terms of underlying cognitive processes and the evolution thereof.

Escaping from a predator before an attack has been launched likely carries sufficient selective benefits. From a cognitive perspective, the overlap of static visual characteristics between salticid predators, prey and conspecifics invites further questions considering the mechanisms of such nuanced visual discrimination and categorization in animals with complex vision but relatively small nervous systems.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Balancing natural forest regrowth and tree planting to ensure social fairness and compliance with environmental policies
Authors: Gastauer Markus , Miazaki Angela Silva , Crouzeilles Renato , Tavares Paulo André , Lino Eric D. S. M. , Rodrigues Ricardo Ribeiro 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

The environmental benefits and lower implementation costs of (assisted) natural forest regrowth (NFR) compared to tree planting qualify it as a viable strategy to scale up forest restoration. However, NFR is not suitable in all places, because the potential for forest regeneration depends on the socio‐environmental context and differs greatly over space and time. Therefore, it is critical to quantify the potential contribution of NFR for reaching forest restoration targets and complying with environmental policies.

Here, we quantify the socio‐environmental consequences of NFR by considering four targets differing in restored area in the Atlantic Forest (6, 8, 15 and 22 Mha). We quantified the compliance with environmental policies, expected distribution of natural and restored vegetation within the biome and social fairness (distribution of restoration efforts and costs within small, medium and large‐sized properties) of two hypothetical forest restoration scenarios.

We show that large‐scale forest restoration prioritizing the areas with the highest potential for NFR (Scenario I) allows us to comply with one‐third of the current environmental debt in the Atlantic Forest. Furthermore, this scenario disproportionately burdens specific types of land use, increases socioeconomic inequalities and concentrates restoration activities in regions in which the natural vegetation cover is already high.

By contrast, Scenario II—eradicating the environmental debt that results from environmental policies, then prioritizing areas with the lowest overall restoration costs until reaching the restoration targets—is socially fairer and maximizes compliance with environmental policies. Its outcomes are more homogeneously distributed among counties and small, medium and large‐sized properties from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Despite doubling the implementation costs, the lower overall restoration costs in Scenario II result from significantly lower opportunity costs than in Scenario I.

Synthesis and application. The environmental, social and economic outputs of large‐scale forest restoration in the Atlantic Forest can be maximized when NFR and tree planting are balanced (Scenario II). To achieve compliance with forest restoration commitments, we thus advocate for the site‐specific selection of the best forest restoration strategy to guarantee social fairness and compliance with environmental policies at minimum overall restoration costs.
Thiosulfate oxidation in sulfur‐reducing Shewanella oneidensis and its unexpected influences on the cytochrome c content
Authors: Yu Qingzi , Sun Weining , Gao Haichun 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThiosulfate, an important form of sulfur compounds, can serve as both electron donor and acceptor in various microorganisms. In Shewanella oneidensis, a bacterium renowned for respiratory versatility, thiosulfate reduction has long been recognized but whether it can catalyse thiosulfate oxidation remains elusive. In this study, we discovered that S. oneidensis is capable of thiosulfate oxidation, a process specifically catalysed by two periplasmic cytochrome c (cyt c) proteins, TsdA and TsdB, which act as the catalytic subunit and the electron transfer subunit respectively. In the presence of oxygen, oxidation of thiosulfate has priority over reduction. Intriguingly, thiosulfate oxidation negatively regulates the cyt c content in S. oneidensis cells, largely by reducing intracellular levels of cAMP, which as the cofactor modulates activity of global regulator Crp required for transcription of many cyt c genes. This unexpected finding provides an additional dimension to interplays between the respiration regulator and the respiratory pathways in S. oneidensis. Moreover, the data presented here identified S. oneidensis as the first bacterium known to date owning both functional thiosulfate reductase and dehydrogenase, and importantly, genomics analyses suggested that the number of bacterial species possessing this feature is rather limited.
The learning, compliance, and psychological costs of applying for the Disability Support Pension
Authors: Collie Alex , Sheehan Luke , McAllister Ashley , Grant Genevieve 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Disability Support Pension (DSP) provides financial support to more than 750,000 Australians with permanent physical, intellectual or psychiatric impairments that prevent them from engaging in employment. We sought to characterise the information, compliance and psychological costs of applying for the DSP. A cohort of 518 DSP applicants and recipients completed a questionnaire capturing medical, disability, benefit and demographic data. The questionnaire also included an Administrative Burden (AB) scale that was co‐developed with disability advocates and people with lived experience of DSP processes. Most respondents reported high or very high scores on three sub‐scales assessing information, compliance and psychological costs. In logistic regression models, DSP applicants reported greater costs than DSP recipients across all three scales. People with poorer health‐related quality of life, younger age and less education reported higher costs, consistent with the observation of an inequitable distribution of administrative burden in AB theory. All three scales had acceptable reliability. Study findings suggest that DSP applicants find the application process challenging and stressful. These effects are more pronounced in people who have applied for the DSP than those currently receiving the DSP, and in those with lower human capital.
Research advance in gas detection of volatile organic compounds released in rice quality deterioration process
Authors: Liu Kewei , Zhang Chao , Xu Jinyong , Liu Qiaoquan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRice quality deterioration will cause grievous waste of stored grain and various food safety problems. Gas detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by deterioration is a nondestructive detection method to judge rice quality and alleviate rice spoilage. This review discussed the research advance of VOCs detection in terms of nondestructive detection methods of rice quality deterioration, applications of VOCs in grain detection, inspection of characteristic gas produced during rice spoilage, rice deterioration prevention and control, and detection of VOCs released by rice mildew and insect attack. According to the main causes of rice quality deterioration and major sources of VOCs with off‐odor generated during rice storage, deterioration can be divided into mold and insect infection. The results of literature manifested that researches mainly focused on the infection of Aspergillus in the mildew process and the attack of certain pests in recent years, thus the research scope was limited. In this paper, the gas detection methods combined with the chemometrics to qualitatively analyze the VOCs, as well as the correlation with the number of colonies and insects were further studied based on the common dominant strains during rice mildew, that is, Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi, and the common pests during storage, that is, Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica. Furthermore, this paper pointed out that the quantitative determination of characteristic VOCs, the numeration relationship between VOCs and the degree of mildew and insect infestation, the further expansion of detection range, and the application of degraded rice should be the spotlight of future research.
Synthetic co‐culture of autotrophic Clostridium carboxidivorans and chain elongating Clostridium kluyveri monitored by flow cytometry
Authors: Bäumler Miriam , Schneider Martina , Ehrenreich Armin , Liebl Wolfgang , Weuster‐Botz Dirk 
Published: October 2021

SummarySyngas fermentation with acetogens is known to produce mainly acetate and ethanol efficiently. Co‐cultures with chain elongating bacteria making use of these products are a promising approach to produce longer‐chain alcohols. Synthetic co‐cultures with identical initial cell concentrations of Clostridium carboxidivorans and Clostridium kluyveri were studied in batch‐operated stirred‐tank bioreactors with continuous CO/CO2‐gassing and monitoring of the cell counts of both clostridia by flow cytometry after fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH‐FC). At 800 mbar CO, chain elongation activity was observed at pH 6.0, although growth of C. kluyveri was restricted. Organic acids produced by C. kluyveri were reduced by C. carboxidivorans to the corresponding alcohols butanol and hexanol. This resulted in a threefold increase in final butanol concentration and enabled hexanol production compared with a mono‐culture of C. carboxidivorans. At 100 mbar CO, growth of C. kluyveri was improved; however, the capacity of C. carboxidivorans to form alcohols was reduced. Because of the accumulation of organic acids, a constant decay of C. carboxidivorans was observed. The measurement of individual cell concentrations in co‐culture established in this study may serve as an effective tool for knowledge‐based identification of optimum process conditions for enhanced formation of longer‐chain alcohols by clostridial co‐cultures.
Multisite species‐level roadkill across years reveals challenges and opportunities for monitoring and mitigation
Authors: Dávila‐Orozco Guillermo , Sendoya Sebastian Felipe , Kindel Andreas , Dias Rafael Antunes 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUnderstanding spatiotemporal patterns of roadkill is challenging but essential for mitigation. Spatiotemporal roadkill patterns are seldom studied for single species at broad scales. We evaluated the spatiotemporal variation of roadkill of the water snake Helicops infrataeniatus (Squamata, Dipsadidae) in three Brazilian roads stretching 540 km and spanning up to 6 years of monitoring. We modelled the effect of sampling effort, evaluation scale and sample size on hotspot location over the years and evaluated hotspot persistence between roads at different evaluation scales. We also assessed the annual variability of roadkill hot moments within roads and tested if fatality was synchronous between roads. We correlated hotspots obtained with different evaluation scales and levels of sampling effort with those in a reference dataset built with fatality events from all sampling years. Coarser evaluation scales had a positive effect on correlation values, but the interaction between evaluation scale and sampling effort and the main effect of the latter differed between roads. Hotspot persistence over the years differed with road identity and increased with evaluation scales. Hot moments changed annually within roads and were concentrated in the warmest seasons of the year. Despite the ephemerality of hotspots within roads, fatality was synchronous between roads. Spatiotemporal variation of roadkills may reflect environmental, behavioural or populational changes at multiple scales. We suggest that both permanent and temporal mitigation strategies may be used according to spatiotemporal characteristics of hotspots. Our study exemplifies how synchrony studies can provide clues to understand roadkill patterns and improve mitigation planning at regional scales.
Risk factors for myocardial injury at admission of 325 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Shanghai, China
Authors: Mei Xue , Ji Yuanyuan , Qian Zhiping , Ling Yun , Zhu Hui , Zhao Xingcheng , Shen Fang , Xu Qingnian , Zhang Zhengguo , Cheng Xingxia , Liu Yu , Guo Hongying , Zou Ying , Wang Jiefei , Zhang Yuyi , Xu Lie , Lu Hongzhou 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveMyocardial injury leads to higher mortality in COVID‐19, but the causes and risk factors are variable. We evaluated the potential risk factors for myocardial injury in COVID‐19 patients to improve treatment strategies and reduce mortality.MethodsThis retrospective analysis enrolled 325 COVID‐19 patients in Shanghai, China.ResultsThe median age in our cohort was 51 [range 15‐88] years, 26 (8%) were critically ill, and 177 patients (19.7%) had myocardial injury. The myocardial injury group comprised older, more critically ill patients with hypertension, other comorbidities, history of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker use, lower peripheral blood lymphocyte count and higher D‐dimer levels. Binary logistic regression analysis identified only age was an independent risk factor for myocardial injury (odds ratio 1.019; 95% confidence interval 1.003‐1.036; age increase by 1 year = myocardial injury risk increase by 1.9%).ConclusionsOlder age was associated with a higher incidence of myocardial injury for COVID‐19 patients.
Responding to rural allied health workforce challenges in the public health system: Evaluation of the Allied Health Rural Generalist Pathway pilot in western New South Wales
Authors: McMaster Ellen , Reid Tegan , Farquhar Emily , McMaster Duncan , Buckley David , Green Elyce 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe Allied Health Rural Generalist Pathway pilot aimed to improve consistent access to physiotherapy services in rural communities using the “grow own” workforce strategy and existing resources.DesignA summative evaluation of the quality improvement project used to implement the Allied Health Rural Generalist Pathway was completed. A mixed method design was used and included focus groups and a framework analysis.ParticipantsThe temporary redesign of specific workforce resources created “development” positions. A shared same‐discipline supervisor resource supported five early‐career physiotherapists, the participants.SettingThe project was undertaken in rural New South Wales in the public health system.Main outcome measuresThe main outcome measures included a number of chronically vacant physiotherapy positions and stakeholder satisfaction.ResultsTargeted vacancies were filled, services sustained with minimal service gaps and mean retention rate of 2.9 years. A statistically significant increase in service activity to patients in rural locations occurred as a result of the intervention (R‐squared 29%, P < .05). Four out of five early career physiotherapists fulfilled terms of their contract and secured senior positions within the region. Whilst participants developed professionally, they did not complete the tertiary education component.ConclusionsThe Allied Health Rural Generalist multi‐factorial approach supported recruitment, retention and capacity building within the targeted discipline of the allied health workforce. Patient need was met. The rural pipeline capacity was developed. The pathway was complementary of existing NSW Health systems. Systemic change is needed to overcome inefficiencies experienced during implementation and to ensure sustainability. Further research to develop discipline‐specific clinical training guidance through the stages of a rural allied health professionals’ career may be helpful.
Arranged Marriage Often Subverts Offspring Mate Choice: An HRAF‐Based Study
Authors: Agey Elizabeth , Morris Addison , Chandy Maya , Gaulin Steven J. C. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTIn many species, females and males form long‐term mating bonds, but marriage—and especially arranged marriage—are uniquely human traits. While marriage practices impact many cultural phenomena, they also can have evolutionary (i.e., fitness) consequences. Strongly felt but not necessarily conscious mating preferences presumably evolved because they provide fitness benefits compared to random mating, and this prediction has been supported by experimental animal studies. Arranged marriage might similarly reduce fitness in humans, but only if parents regularly choose different mates for their offspring than offspring would choose for themselves. Here we report a broad ethnographic survey exploring whether parents and offspring disagree over partner choice in arranged marriages. Using the Human Relations Area Files, we reviewed 543 ethnographies to assess the relative frequencies of parent–offspring agreement and disagreement over partner choice, the reasons for disagreement, and the outcomes of disagreement. In all world areas, parents and offspring overwhelmingly choose different partners. Parents and offspring disagreed over fitness‐relevant traits of the potential spouse, and both parties sometimes used extreme methods to influence outcomes. These findings suggest that arranged marriages may be useful for studying the effects of mate choice in humans and for assessing the unique dynamics of human mating systems. [parent–offspring conflict, mate choice, cross‐cultural]
The mediating role of tolerance for psychological pain in the relationship of childhood trauma to suicidal ideation in individuals with a substance use disorder
Authors: Martins Luís C. , Campos Rui C. , Morujão Inês S. 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesThe association between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation has been well documented in several populations, including individuals with a substance use disorder (SUD). However, a gap still exists in the literature regarding the mechanisms by which childhood trauma later impacts suicide risk. This cross‐sectional study tested the effect of childhood trauma on suicidal ideation, as well as the mediating effect of tolerance for psychological pain (managing the pain and enduring the pain) in that relationship, controlling for the effect of depressive symptoms, in individuals with a SUD.MethodsA sample of 102 adults with a SUD participated in the study. Path analysis by structural equation modelling tested a mediation model.ResultsDepressive symptoms and lower levels of managing the pain were found to fully mediate the association between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation.ConclusionsOur results suggest that depressive symptoms and a lack of ability to manage psychological pain contribute towards explaining why traumatic childhood experiences may result in suicidal cognitions in individuals with SUDs. Moreover, they have relevant implications for prevention and clinical interventions regarding suicidal ideation in this population.Practitioner points

Childhood trauma relates to suicidal ideation in individuals with a substance use disorder.

Depressive symptoms contribute towards explaining why traumatic childhood experiences may result in suicidal cognitions.

A lack of ability to manage psychological pain also contributes towards explaining this relationship.

The obtained results have relevant implications for the prevention of and clinical intervention for suicidal ideation in SUD individuals.
Student mental health in higher education: the contextual influence of “cuts, competition & comparison”
Authors: Thompson Miles , Pawson Chris , Delfino Arianna , Saunders Alex , Parker Holly 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundThe mental health of students in UK higher education (HE) is receiving increased attention, and support services for students are under increased pressure.AimsDrawing on ecological systems theory (EST), this study sought to explore possible contextual influences, over time, on student distress within HE.Method and SamplesWe conducted a two‐stage Delphi study, first asking UK professionals (n = 236) from primary, secondary, further education, and HE to provide possible reasons for increases in student distress. The material was reduced to 58 representative statements across all sectors with a further 10 specific to HE. In stage 2, 89 participants rated each statement in terms of whether it: (1) takes place and (2) contributes to distress.ResultsThe results suggest multiple contextual influences potentially contributing to student distress. They can be summarized using the words: cuts, competition, and comparison. Education professionals in our sample reported that, upstream from HE, pressures on schools and colleges have led to a narrowing of curricula, with a more singular focus on assessment. Reduced teaching teams and pressurized staff unintentionally embed an assessment focus within students who unhelpfully compare themselves with peers while also struggling with wider societal cuts, austerity, and political uncertainty.ConclusionsThe discussion draws on the peer‐reviewed literature and relevant reports, discussing them in the context of EST, finding considerable support for these influences. The potential importance of adopting a contextual approach and incorporating this knowledge into the way we understand and tackle students’ distress and their preparedness for HE is discussed.