bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight-for-height is associated with an overestimation of thinness burden in comparison to BMI-for-age in under-5 populations with high stunting prevalence
Authors: Naga Rajeev L , Saini Monika , Kumar Ashish , Sinha Sikha , Osmond Clive , Sachdev Harshpal Singh 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Thinness at &lt;5 years of age, also known as wasting, is used to assess the nutritional status of populations for programmatic purposes. Thinness may be defined when either weight-for-height or body-mass-index-for-age (BMI-for-age) are below –2 SD of the respective World Health Organization standards. These definitions were compared for quantifying the burden of thinness.

Methods
Theoretical consequences of ignoring age were evaluated by comparing, at varying height-for-age z-scores, the age- and sex-specific cut-offs of BMI that would define thinness with these two metrics. Thinness prevalence was then compared in simulated populations (short, intermediate and tall) and real-life data sets from research and the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) in India.

Results
In short (–2 SD) children, the BMI cut-offs with weight-for-height criteria were higher in comparison to BMI-for-age after 1 year of age but lower at earlier ages. In Indian research and NFHS-4 data sets (short populations), thinness prevalence with weight-for-height was lower from 0.5 to 1 years but higher at subsequent ages. The absolute difference (weight-for-height – BMI-for-age) for 0.5–5 years was 4.6% (15.9–11.3%) and 2.2% (19.2–17.0%), respectively; this attenuated in the 0–5 years age group. The discrepancy was higher in boys and maximal for stunted children, reducing with increasing stature. In simulated data sets from intermediate and tall populations, there were no meaningful differences.

Conclusions
The two definitions produce cut-offs, and hence estimates of thinness, that differ with the age, sex and height of children. The relative invariance, with age and stature, of the BMI-for-age thinness definition favours its use as the preferred index for programmatic purposes.
MR1, an immunological periscope of cellular metabolism
Authors: Chancellor Andrew , Vacchini Alessandro , De Libero Gennaro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe discovery that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule 1 (MR1) presents microbial antigens to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells was a significant scientific milestone in the last decade. Surveillance for foreign metabolically derived antigens added a new class of target structures for immune recognition. The recent identification of a second family of MR1-restricted T cells, called MR1T cells, which show self-reactivity suggests the microbial antigens characterized so far may only represent a handful of the potential structures presented by MR1. Furthermore, the reactivity of MR1T cells towards tumours and not healthy cells indicates tight regulation in the generation of self-antigens and in MR1 expression and antigen loading. These novel and exciting observations invite consideration of new perspectives of MR1-restricted antigen presentation and its wider role within immunity and disease.
Standard ganciclovir dosing results in slow decline of cytomegalovirus viral loads
Authors: Märtson Anne-Grete , Sturkenboom Marieke G. G. , Knoester Marjolein , van der Werf Tjip S. , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C. , Hope William ,   GATEWAY-1 Study Consortium, Edwina Angela E. , Burgerhof Johannes G. M. , Berger Stefan P. , de Joode Anoek , Damman Kevin , Verschuuren Erik A. M. , Blokzijl Hans , Bakker Martijn , Touw Daan J. , rtson Anne-Grete Mä , Sturkenboom Marieke G. G. , Knoester Marjolein , van der Werf Tjip S. , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause severe disease, including rejection in transplant recipients. Ganciclovir and its oral prodrug valganciclovir have been used as first-line therapy for CMV disease in transplant recipients. The exposure targets of ganciclovir are not exactly known, and toxicity and resistance have interfered with ganciclovir therapy.

Objectives
To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ganciclovir in transplant recipients.

Methods
We used patient data from a previous observational study on ganciclovir therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in prophylaxis and therapy. The ganciclovir concentrations and CMV viral loads were determined during routine clinical care. The PK/PD population modelling and simulations were done with non-parametric methodology using the Pmetrics program.

Results
Eighty-five patients were included in the PK modelling. The final PK model was a two-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. A subset of 17 patients on CMV therapy were included in the PD modelling. A median of 4 (range 2–8) viral loads were obtained per patient. A simulation of 10 000 patients showed that an approximately 1 log10 reduction of CMV viral load will be observed after 12.5 days at the current recommended dose.

Conclusions
The developed linked PK/PD population model and subsequent PD simulations showed slow decline of CMV viral load and it appears that dosing of (val)ganciclovir in this study might have been inadequate to achieve fast reduction of viral load. It is clear that further studies are needed to specify the PD effects of ganciclovir by performing systematic measurements of both ganciclovir concentrations and CMV viral loads.
Patient Safety Culture in Burn Care Units from the Perspectives of Healthcare Providers: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Moghimian Maryam , Farzi Sedigheh , Farzi Kolsoum , Tarrahi Mohammad Javad , Ghasemi Hossein , Jafari Fatemeh , Bighamian Safoura 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Creating a positive patient safety culture is a key step in the improvement of patient safety in healthcare settings. Patient safety culture (PSC) is a set of shared attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions about patient safety (PS) among healthcare providers. This study aimed to assess PSC in burn care units from the perspectives of healthcare providers. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2020 in the units of a specialty burn center. Participants were 213 healthcare providers recruited to the study through a census. A demographic questionnaire and the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture were used for data collection. Data were managed using the SPSS16 software and were summarized using the measures of descriptive statistics. The mean of positive responses to PSC items was 51.22%, denoting a moderate-level PSC. The lowest and the highest dimensional mean scores were related to the no punitive response to error dimension (mean: 12.36%) and the teamwork within departments dimension (mean: 73.25%), respectively. Almost half of the participants (49.3%) reported acceptable PS level in their workplace and 69.5% of them had not reported any error during the past 12 months before the study. Given the great vulnerability of patients with burn injuries in clinical settings, improving PSC, particularly in the no punitive response to error dimension, is essential to encourage healthcare providers for reporting their errors and thereby, to enhance PS. For quality care delivery, healthcare providers in burn care units need a safe workplace, adequate managerial support, a blame-free PSC, and an incentive error reporting system to readily report their errors.
Gender Equality in the Decision-Making Processes of Post-War Societies: Evidence from Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Bagheri Saeed 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
During the war with Islamic State in northern Iraq (2014–17), a notable number of Kurdish women joined the Peshmerga (Iraqi-Kurdish fighters), the military forces of the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) in an effort to prevent Islamic State’s advance into the oil-rich city of Kirkuk. Besides causing international resonance, the presence of women fighters was publicized by the KRG as a sign of modernity and gender equality. However, once the war ended, in the peace negotiations between the KRG and the Iraqi central government, the role of Kurdish women was drastically reduced. By examining the events that took place in Kirkuk before and after Islamic State and the diplomatic follow-up, this article analyses the role of women in a war to peace transition, focusing specifically on the power-sharing process to ensure that their effective and equal participation in decision-making is respected. The article provides an insight into respect for international human rights law, management of gender equality and the role of women in legal and political systems against the backdrop of the clash over Kirkuk and a complex power-sharing process in post-war Iraq.
Two new species ofPeromyscus(Cricetidae: Neotominae) from the Transverse Volcanic Belt of Mexico
Authors: Bradley Robert D , Ordóñez-Garza Nicté , Thompson Cody W , Wright Emily A , Ceballos Gerardo , Kilpatrick C William , Schmidly David J 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSpecimens of the Peromyscus boylii species group distributed in the western and northeastern montane regions of Michoacán, México, historically have been assigned to P. levipes. Previous studies indicated that these specimens possessed mitochondrial DNA haplotypes that were distinct from both P. levipes and P. kilpatricki, a recently named species in the P. boylii species group from northeastern Michoacán and western Morelos. Herein karyotypic, DNA sequence, and morphological data were analyzed from those populations to evaluate their taxonomic affinity. Karyotypic data indicated that individuals from western Michoacán (Dos Aguas and Aguililla) and from a newly discovered population in northeastern Michoacán (Zinapécuaro) were chromosomally similar to P. carletoni (FN = 68) but distinct from other taxa assigned to the P. boylii species group. Analyses of cranial characteristics indicated that, relative to other species in the P. boylii species group, two morphologically distinct groups were present that corresponded to the Dos Aguas/Aguililla and Zinapécuaro populations, respectively. The latter population, although represented by a small sample size (n = 5 specimens), appeared to exhibit some trenchant morphological distinctions compared with other cryptic species in the P. boylii group. Phylogenetic analyses (parsimony, Bayesian, and likelihood) of DNA sequences obtained from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene indicated that although the individuals from Dos Aguas/Aguililla and Zinapécuaro formed a sister group relationship, they formed monophyletic clades that differed genetically (2.54%)—a level approaching that seen between other sister species of Peromyscus. Further, the Dos Aguas/Aguililla and Zinapécuaro clade was more closely aligned with a clade containing representatives of P. carletoni and P. levipes instead of with those from closer geographic proximities (P. kilpatricki) located in eastern Michoacán. Together, these results indicated that these two populations seemingly represent two undescribed species in the P. boylii species group for which we propose the names Peromyscus greenbaumi for populations in western Michoacán (circa Dos Aguas and Aguililla) and Peromyscus ensinki for populations in northeastern Michoacán (circa Zinapécuaro).
Future Applications of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Infectious Diseases Diagnostics
Authors: Haslam David B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has the theoretical capacity to detect any microbe present in a host. mNGS also has the potential to infer a pathogen’s phenotypic characteristics, including the ability to colonize humans, cause disease, and resist treatment. Concurrent host nucleic acid sequencing can assess the infected individual’s physiological state, including characterization and appropriateness of the immune response. When the pathogen cannot be identified, host RNA sequencing may help infer the organism’s nature. While the full promise of mNGS remains far from realization, the potential ability to identify all microbes in a complex clinical sample, assess each organism’s virulence and antibiotic susceptibility traits, and simultaneously characterize the host’s response to infection provide opportunities for mNGS to supplant existing technologies and become the primary method of infectious diseases diagnostics.
Needle insufflation into the liver as a cause of massive gas embolus and CVA
Authors: McIntosh Pamela G , Andrew Chris G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Laparoscopy is being applied more frequently and in broader applications. Complications of this technique are infrequent, and rare among them are gas emboli due to insufflation. This paper describes a 65-year-old obese female presenting for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy who suffered a cerebral vascular accident after Veress needle insertion into undiagnosed severe fatty liver led to a massive gas embolus. Our patient experienced immediate cardiac compromise and acute monoparesis. Intra-operative transesophageal echocardiogram revealed copious air in the right atria and ventricle. A needle track within the liver was visible on a post-operative computerized tomography scan. The patient made a full recovery, but this acts as a reminder to be vigilant for potential complications of laparoscopy and highlights challenges of laparoscopic entry in the severely obese.
Finding our way home: A theory and pedagogy of anti-colonial Q-mapping
Authors: Gairola Rahul K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This brief-report details my experiences teaching critical theory at the intersection of race/ class/ gender/ sexuality/ nationality through analogue mapping exercises from my tutorial room at Murdoch University in Western Australia to a group mapping project at the 2018 Digital Humanities Summer Institute (DHSI) at the University of Victoria, Canada (UVic). Given the proximity of both countries to the history of the British Empire and current affiliation of both with the Commonwealth, my report details teaching efforts to mediate against a “pedagogy of the digitally oppressed.” In drawing on the formative concept offered by Brazilian educator-theorist Paulo Freire, I juxtapose the analogue mapping exercises through interposed lens of postcolonial, race, and queer theory. Recognizing the dominant ideologies encoded within technology, I narrate the process in which team members and I from the QDH: Queer Digital Humanities seminar produced participatory, de-centralized maps as counter sites of identity to the colonialist spaces and insignias on the UVic campus. I conclude with collective queer of colour principles which undergird the DHSI exercise, which is a modality of what might best be described as “anti-colonial Q-mapping.”
The impact of metallicity on nova populations
Authors: Kemp Alex J , Karakas Amanda I , Casey Andrew R , Kobayashi Chiaki , Izzard Robert G 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The metallicity of a star affects its evolution in a variety of ways, changing stellar radii, luminosities, lifetimes, and remnant properties. In this work, we use the population synthesis code binary_c to study how metallicity affects novae in the context of binary stellar evolution. We compute a 16-point grid of metallicities ranging from Z = 10−4 to 0.03, presenting distributions of nova white dwarf masses, accretion rates, delay-times, and initial system properties at the two extremes of our 16-point metallicity grid. We find a clear anticorrelation between metallicity and the number of novae produced, with the number of novae at Z = 0.03 roughly half that at Z = 10−4. The white dwarf mass distribution has a strong systematic variation with metallicity, while the shape of the accretion rate distribution is relatively insensitive. We compute a current nova rate of approximately 33 novae per year for the Milky Way, a result consistent with observational estimates relying on extra-Galactic novae but an under-prediction relative to observational estimates relying on Galactic novae. However, the shape of our predicted Galactic white dwarf mass distribution differs significantly to existing observationally derived distributions, likely due to our underlying physical assumptions. In M31, we compute a current nova rate of approximately 36 novae per year, under-predicting the most recent observational estimate of $65^{+15}_{-16}$. Finally, we conclude that when making predictions about currently observable nova rates in spiral galaxies, or stellar environments where star formation has ceased in the distant past, metallicity can likely be considered of secondary importance compared to uncertainties in binary stellar evolution.
Five per cent measurements of the growth rate from simulation-based modelling of redshift-space clustering in BOSS LOWZ
Authors: Lange Johannes U , Hearin Andrew P , Leauthaud Alexie , van den Bosch Frank C , Guo Hong , DeRose Joseph 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
We use a simulation-based modelling approach to analyse the anisotropic clustering of the BOSS LOWZ sample over the radial range $0.4 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{Mpc}$ to $63 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{Mpc}$, significantly extending what is possible with a purely analytic modelling framework. Our full-scale analysis yields constraints on the growth of structure that are a factor of two more stringent than any other study on large scales at similar redshifts. We infer fσ8 = 0.471 ± 0.024 at $z$ ≈ 0.25, and fσ8 = 0.430 ± 0.025 at $z$ ≈ 0.40; the corresponding ΛCDM predictions of the Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) analysis are 0.470 ± 0.006 and 0.476 ± 0.005, respectively. Our results are thus consistent with Planck, but also follow the trend seen in previous low-redshift measurements of fσ8 falling slightly below the ΛCDM + CMB prediction. We find that small- and large-radial scales yield mutually consistent values of fσ8, but there are 1−2.5σ hints of small scales ($\lt 10 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{Mpc}$) preferring lower values for fσ8 relative to larger scales. We analyse the constraining power of the full range of radial scales, finding that most of the multipole information about fσ8 is contained in the scales $2 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{Mpc}\lesssim s \lesssim 20 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{Mpc}$. Evidently, once the cosmological information of the quasi-to-nonlinear regime has been harvested, large-scale modes contain only modest additional information about structure growth. Finally, we compare predictions for the galaxy–galaxy lensing amplitude of the two samples against measurements from SDSS and assess the lensing-is-low effect in light of our findings.
Multifidelity emulation for the matter power spectrum using Gaussian processes
Authors: Ho Ming-Feng , Bird Simeon , Shelton Christian R 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
We present methods for emulating the matter power spectrum by combining information from cosmological N-body simulations at different resolutions. An emulator allows estimation of simulation output by interpolating across the parameter space of a limited number of simulations. We present the first implementation in cosmology of multifidelity emulation, where many low-resolution simulations are combined with a few high-resolution simulations to achieve an increased emulation accuracy. The power spectrum’s dependence on cosmology is learned from the low-resolution simulations, which are in turn calibrated using high-resolution simulations. We show that our multifidelity emulator predicts high-fidelity (HF) counterparts to percent-level relative accuracy when using only three HF simulations and outperforms a single-fidelity emulator that uses 11 simulations, although we do not attempt to produce a converged emulator with high absolute accuracy. With a fixed number of HF training simulations, we show that our multifidelity emulator is ≃100 times better than a single-fidelity emulator at $k \le 2 \, h\textrm {Mpc}{^{-1}}$, and ≃20 times better at $3 \le k \lt 6.4 \, h\textrm {Mpc}{^{-1}}$. Multifidelity emulation is fast to train, using only a simple modification to standard Gaussian processes. Our proposed emulator shows a new way to predict non-linear scales by fusing simulations from different fidelities.
On the detection of multiple shock fronts in A1914 using deep Chandra X-ray observations
Authors: Rahaman Majidul , Raja Ramij , Datta Abhirup 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Here, we report the new detection of three shock fronts using archival Chandra X-ray observations in Abell 1914, which also hosts a radio halo, a radio phoenix, and a head–tail galaxy. In this study, we report the X-ray shock front at the position of the radio phoenix, which further strengthens the scenario that radio phoenix traces old plasma that gets lit up when compressed by shock passage. We further analyse the thermodynamic structure of the cluster in detail. We create temperature maps of A1914 using three different techniques, namely adaptive circular binning, weighted Voronoi tessellations, and contour binning method. These thermodynamic maps, along with the pseudo-pressure and the pseudo-entropy maps for the cluster, are evidence of disturbed morphology produced by multiple merger events. These merger events create cluster-wide turbulence, which may reaccelerate the relativistic particles and result in a radio halo within the cluster. Further, comparing X-ray and radio images reveals that the radio halo is contained within two X-ray shock fronts. Our analysis suggests that A1914 has both equatorial shock and axial shock within the cluster’s intracluster medium. We proposed a dual merging scenario based on the shock position and analysis of the thermodynamic maps obtained from the deeper Chandra X-ray observations.
Population Genomics of Wall Lizards Reflects the Dynamic History of the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Yang Weizhao , Feiner Nathalie , Salvi Daniele , Laakkonen Hanna , Jablonski Daniel , Pinho Catarina , Carretero Miguel A , Sacchi Roberto , Zuffi Marco A L , Scali Stefano , Plavos Konstantinos , Pafilis Panayiotis , Poulakakis Nikos , Lymberakis Petros , Jandzik David , Schulte Ulrich , Aubret Fabien , Badiane Arnaud , Perez i de Lanuza Guillem , Abalos Javier , While Geoffrey M , Uller Tobias 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Mediterranean Basin has experienced extensive change in geology and climate over the past six million years. Yet, the relative importance of key geological events for the distribution and genetic structure of the Mediterranean fauna remains poorly understood. Here, we use population genomic and phylogenomic analyses to establish the evolutionary history and genetic structure of common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis). This species is particularly informative because, in contrast to other Mediterranean lizards, it is widespread across the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan Peninsulas, and in extra-Mediterranean regions. We found strong support for six major lineages within P. muralis, which were largely discordant with the phylogenetic relationship of mitochondrial DNA. The most recent common ancestor of extant P. muralis was likely distributed in the Italian Peninsula, and experienced an “Out-of-Italy” expansion following the Messinian salinity crisis (∼5 Mya), resulting in the differentiation into the extant lineages on the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan Peninsulas. Introgression analysis revealed that both inter- and intraspecific gene flows have been pervasive throughout the evolutionary history of P. muralis. For example, the Southern Italy lineage has a hybrid origin, formed through admixture between the Central Italy lineage and an ancient lineage that was the sister to all other P. muralis. More recent genetic differentiation is associated with the onset of the Quaternary glaciations, which influenced population dynamics and genetic diversity of contemporary lineages. These results demonstrate the pervasive role of Mediterranean geology and climate for the evolutionary history and population genetic structure of extant species.