bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deutschland am Scheidepunkt – eine aktive Verteidigungs- und Bündnispolitik ist überfällig
Authors: Colby Elbridge 
Published: August 2021

Kurzfassung
Seit den 1990er Jahren bis in die jüngste Vergangenheit waren die USA und ihr Militär weitaus stärker als jeder andere Staat. Sie konnten mit jeder plausibel erscheinenden Bedrohung für ihr weltweites Bündnisnetzwerk nahezu aus eigener Kraft umgehen und planten für Szenarien, in denen es darum ging, gleichzeitig Angriffe auf mehrere Verbündete in verschiedenen Regionen der Welt abzuwehren. Der Aufstieg Chinas zur Supermacht hat die amerikanische und damit transatlantische Verteidigungsplanung jedoch grundlegend verändert. Heute müssen die USA mit einem Gegner rechnen, der sie militärisch mit einer gewissen Wahrscheinlichkeit in Asien, einem der wichtigsten Operationsgebiete der Welt, besiegen könnte. Bereits in der National Defense Strategie von 2018 sind sie daher von ihrem „Zwei-Kriege-Planungsstandard“ gegen „Schurkenstaaten“ abgewichen, um sich auf das Gewinnen eines Krieges gegen eine Großmacht – nämlich China – zu konzentrieren. Gleichzeitig hat der Aufstieg Chinas nicht die Bedrohung beseitigt, die von Russland für die europäischen NATO-Staaten ausgeht. Diese Entwicklungen werden sehr unmittelbare, ja dramatische Folgen für die Sicherheit Europas haben: In einem Krieg mit Russland, müssten die USA ihr militärisches Engagement begrenzen, um in Asien nicht zu große Risiken einzugehen und dadurch opportunistischen Angriffen Chinas etwa gegen Taiwan Tür und Tor zu öffnen. Dies dürfte eine erhebliche und wachsende Lücke in Europas Verteidigung nach sich ziehen, die von den europäischen NATO-Staaten gefüllt werden muss. Deutschland kommt hierbei eine Schlüsselposition zu. Der Beitrag zeigt diese Zusammenhänge auf und arbeitet die besondere Rolle der Bundesrepublik heraus. Er kommt zu dem Schluss, dass Deutschland eine Führungsrolle bei der konventionelle Verteidigung Europas – insbesondere der östlichen NATO-Staaten und Skandinaviens – zu kommt. Sollten sich die europäischen Verbündeten, speziell Deutschland, weiterhin weigern, ihre Verteidigungsanstrengungen zu erhöhen, werden die USA das Sicherheitsvakuum in Europa kaum füllen, sondern eher die Risiken akzeptieren, die eine solche Verweigerung für die Sicherheit Europas mit sich bringt.
TiO2 nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning technique and degradation of MO dye under UV light
Authors: Thakur Naveen , Thakur Nikesh , Bhullar Viplove , Sharma Saurabh , Mahajan Aman , Kumar Kuldeep , Sharma Davinder Pal , Pathak Dinesh 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning to optimize the photocatalytic action efficiency. The synthesis of the fibers was carried out at four different wt% concentrations: 8, 9, 10 & 11% of polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The TiO2 fibers were further calcined at 700 °C to get powder form. The uncalcinated and calcined TiO2 nanofibers were characterized by using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the rutile phase of the calcined TiO2nanofibers in powder form with a crystallite size of 34–38 nm. The surface morphology of the uncalcinated and calcined TiO2 nanofibers was examined by SEM and the fiber diameter found to be 360–540 nm. The optical bandgap of the calcined TiO2 nanofibers was found in the range of 3.29–3.24 eV. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 nanofibers as examined for uncalcinated and calcined nanofibers, methyl orange (MO) dye degraded up to 98 and 78%, respectively in 180 min under the exposure of UV light. Uncalcinated TiO2 nanofibers were found more suitable for degradation of MO dye as compared to calcined nanofibers.
Injury Prevention Exercises for Reduced Incidence of Injuries in Combat Soldiers
Authors: Steinberg Nili , Bar-Sela Shelly , Moran Uria , Pantanowitz Michal , Waddington Gordon , Adams Roger , Svorai Band Shani , Funk Shany 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Steinberg, N, Bar-Sela, S, Moran, U, Pantanowitz, M, Waddington, G, Adams, R, Band, SS, and Funk, S. Injury prevention exercises for reduced incidence of injuries in combat soldiers. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3128–3138, 2021—The aim of this study was to determine the influence of an “all-cause injury” prevention program, focused on static-to-dynamic transitions, on injury prevalence in a military commanders course. Two cohorts of male infantry commanders were recruited (intervention [INT group], n = 196 and controls [CO group], n = 169) and tracked by a physiotherapist, who recorded any injuries that occurred during the 14-week course. Soldiers were tested precourse, midcourse, and postcourse for anthropometrics, proprioception ability, and dynamic postural balance (DPB). The INT group performed injury prevention exercises for 5 minutes, 3 times a week, and the CO group continued with their routine physical fitness sessions. The prevalence of injuries reported to the physiotherapist during the course was significantly lower for the INT group compared with the CO group (14.8 and 34.3%, respectively, p < 0.001). Similarly, rates of injury in the INT group were significantly lower than in the CO group (p < 0.001; hazard = 2.53, 95% confidence interval = 1.62–3.95). Precourse proprioception ability was significantly lower in those that became injured during the commanders course, irrespective of the group. Likewise, for DPB parameters, the injured subjects in both groups had significantly lower precourse scores than the noninjured subjects. From pretesting to midtesting, the injured soldiers in the INT group improved their ability up to the level of the noninjured subjects. A reduced prevalence of injuries was found for soldiers who completed the injury prevention program. Because the subjects soldiers injured on the course had reduced somatosensory abilities at the outset, and as these abilities can be improved by static-to-dynamic exercises, identifying at-risk soldiers and providing them with appropriate strategies for improvement beforehand is indicated.
In VivoCalcium Imaging Visualizes Incision-Induced Primary Afferent Sensitization and Its Amelioration by Capsaicin Pretreatment
Authors: Ishida Hirotake , Zhang Yan , Gomez Ruben , Shannonhouse John , Son Hyeonwi , Banik Ratan , Kim Yu Shin 
Published: August 2021

Previous studies have shown that infiltration of capsaicin into the surgical site can prevent incision-induced spontaneous pain like behaviors and heat hyperalgesia. In the present study, we aimed to monitor primary sensory neuron Ca2+activity in the intact dorsal root ganglia (DRG) using Pirt-GCaMP3 male and female mice pretreated with capsaicin or vehicle before the plantar incision. Intraplantar injection of capsaicin (0.05%) significantly attenuated spontaneous pain, mechanical, and heat hypersensitivity after plantar incision. The Ca2+response inin vivoDRG and inin situspinal cord was significantly enhanced in the ipsilateral side compared with contralateral side or naive control. Primary sensory nerve fiber length was significantly decreased in the incision skin area in capsaicin-pretreated animals detected by immunohistochemistry and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) staining. Thus, capsaicin pretreatment attenuates incisional pain by suppressing Ca2+response because of degeneration of primary sensory nerve fibers in the skin.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPostoperative surgery pain is a major health and economic problem worldwide with ∼235 million major surgical procedures annually. Approximately 50% of these patients report uncontrolled or poorly controlled postoperative pain. However, mechanistic studies of postoperative surgery pain in primary sensory neurons have been limited toin vitromodels or small numbers of neurons. Using an innovative, distinctive, and interdisciplinaryin vivopopulational dorsal root ganglia (DRG) imaging (>1800 neurons/DRG) approach, we revealed increased DRG neuronal Ca2+activity from postoperative pain mouse model. This indicates widespread DRG primary sensory neuron plasticity. Increased neuronal Ca2+activity occurs among various sizes of neurons but mostly in small-diameter and medium-diameter nociceptors. Capsaicin pretreatment as a therapeutic option significantly attenuates Ca2+activity and postoperative pain.
Chemogenetic Activation of Cortical Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Reverses Noise-Induced Impairments in Gap Detection
Authors: Masri Samer , Chan Nakayla , Marsh Tyler , Zinsmaier Alexander , Schaub David , Zhang Li , Wang Weihua , Bao Shaowen 
Published: August 2021

Exposure to loud noises not only leads to trauma and loss of output from the ear but also alters downstream central auditory circuits. A perceptual consequence of noise-induced central auditory disruption is impairment in gap-induced prepulse inhibition, also known as gap detection. Recent studies have implicated cortical parvalbumin (PV)-positive inhibitory interneurons in gap detection and prepulse inhibition. Here, we show that exposure to loud noises specifically reduces the density of cortical PV but not somatostatin (SOM)-positive interneurons in the primary auditory cortex in mice (C57BL/6) of both sexes. Optogenetic activation of PV neurons produced less cortical inhibition in noise-exposed than sham-exposed animals, indicative of reduced PV neuron function. Activation of SOM neurons resulted in similar levels of cortical inhibition in noise- and sham-exposed groups. Furthermore, chemogenetic activation of PV neurons with the hM3-based designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs completely reversed the impairments in gap detection for noise-exposed animals. These results support the notions that cortical PV neurons encode gap in sound and that PV neuron dysfunction contributes to noise-induced impairment in gap detection.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNoise-induced hearing loss contributes to a range of central auditory processing deficits (CAPDs). The mechanisms underlying noise-induced CAPDs are still poorly understood. Here we show that exposure to loud noises results in dysfunction of PV-positive but not somatostatin-positive inhibitory interneurons in the primary auditory cortex. In addition, cortical PV inhibitory neurons in noise-exposed animals had reduced expression of glutamic acid decarboxylases and weakened inhibition on cortical activity. Noise exposure resulted in impaired gap detection, indicative of disrupted temporal sound processing and possibly tinnitus. We found that chemogenetic activation of cortical PV inhibitory interneurons alleviated the deficits in gap detection. These results implicate PV neuron dysfunction as a mechanism for noise-induced CAPDs.
An Integrated Primary Care Initiative for Child Health in Northern Togo
Authors: Fiori Kevin P. , Lauria Molly E. , Singer Amanda W. , Jones Heidi E. , Belli Hayley M. , Aylward Patrick T. , Agoro Sibabe , Gbeleou Sesso , Sowu Etonam , Grunitzky-Bekele Meskerem , Singham Goodwin Alicia , Morrison Melissa , Ekouevi Didier K. , Hirschhorn Lisa R. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVES
To determine if the Integrated Community-Based Health Systems-Strengthening (ICBHSS) initiative was effective in expanding health coverage, improving care quality, and reducing child mortality in Togo.

METHODS
Population-representative cross-sectional household surveys adapted from the Demographic Household Survey and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys were conducted at baseline (2015) and then annually (2016–2020) in 4 ICBHSS catchment sites in Kara, Togo. The primary outcome was under-5 mortality, with health service coverage and health-seeking behavior as secondary outcomes. Costing analyses were calculated by using “top-down” methodology with audited financial statements and programmatic data.

RESULTS
There were 10 022 household surveys completed from 2015 to 2020. At baseline (2015), under-5 mortality was 51.1 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35.5–66.8), and at the study end period (2020), under-5 mortality was 35.8 (95% CI: 23.4–48.2). From 2015 to 2020, home-based treatment by a community health worker increased from 24.1% (95% CI: 21.9%–26.4%) to 45.7% (95% CI: 43.3%–48.2%), and respondents reporting prenatal care in the first trimester likewise increased (37.5% to 50.1%). Among respondents who sought care for a child with fever, presenting for care within 1 day increased from 51.9% (95% CI: 47.1%–56.6%) in 2015 to 80.3% (95% CI: 74.6%–85.0%) in 2020. The estimated annual additional intervention cost was $8.84 per person.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that the ICBHSS initiative, a bundle of evidence-based interventions implemented with a community-based strategy, improves care access and quality and was associated with reduction in child mortality.
Cells and building structures. Part II. The loadbearing units in cells of the building – The cells in the loadbearing elements of the building
Authors: Lámer Géza 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this study, the relationship between the structure of the supporting frame and cells is addressed.
The possible arrangements of the four primary structural elements – foundation, walls and pillars, slabs, roof – in global form as well as in a single cell are looked at. The types of connections of each support member to the support elements below are examined. In line with this, the layout and possible structure of the foundation, and the possible layout of walls and pillars as well as slab is reviewed. The main possibilities for structural design of the roof structure are outlined.
Using the concepts of cells, and arrangement and division of cells there is given some applications. The different building types that can be interpreted using arrangement of cells as well as some applications are shown.
Hybrid Vector Autoregression Feedforward Neural Network with Genetic Algorithm Model for Forecasting Space-Time Pollution Data
Authors: Caraka Rezzy Eko , Chen Rung Ching , Yasin Hasbi , Suhartono Suhartono , Lee Youngjo , Pardamean Bens 
Published: August 2021

The exposure rate to air pollution in most urban cities is really a major concern because it results to a life-threatening consequence for human health and wellbeing. Furthermore, the accurate estimation and continuous forecasting of pollution levels is a very complicated task. In this paper, one of the space-temporal models, a vector autoregressive (VAR) with neural network (NN) and genetic algorithm (GA) was proposed and enhanced. The VAR could tackle the issue of multivariate time series, NN for nonlinearity, and GA for parameter estimation determination. Therefore, the model could be used to make predictions, such as the information of series and location data. The applied methods were on the pollution data, including NOX, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2 in Taipei, Hsinchu, Taichung, and Kaohsiung. The metaheuristics genetic algorithm was used to enhance the proposed methods during the experiments. In conclusion, the VAR-NN-GA gives a good accuracy when metric evaluation is used. Furthermore, the methods can be used to determine the phenomena of 10 years air pollution in Taiwan.
Relationship between Shear Velocities Recorded by Microtremor Observations and Seismic Cone Penetration Test Results
Authors: Putra Rusnardi Rahmat , Kiyono J. , Vanapalli Sai K. , Ono Y. 
Published: August 2021

This research proposes a relationship between two methods such as a numerical approach by conducting a microtremor array observation and field survey by using the seismic cone penetration test unit (SCPTu). A database of shear-wave velocity (Vs) measurements was established using the microtremor array technique and seismic cone penetration test unit (SCPTu) on high-quality samples of rock and soft soil in Padang city, Indonesia. The study also demonstrates that the Vs values obtained from the different methods are consistent with the microtremor array technique. This technique may thus be deemed a valuable tool, as it can be used in engineering practice with confidence. Comparison of the Vs for different soils at the first layer between the microtremor array observation results and the SCPTu results exhibited the microtremor array method is unable to determine the Vs at the layer where its Vs changes dramatically, such as at the same layer as station UNP at 2 to 3.5m deep.
Simultaneous inversion for earthquake location and velocity structure beneath central Costa Rica
Authors: Protti Marino , Schwartz Susan Y. , Zandt George 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe have imaged the complex crustal and upper mantle structure beneath central Costa Rica using P-wave arrival times from locally recorded earthquakes. Thurber's (1983) iterative inversion method is used to simultaneously estimate velocities along a three-dimensional grid and hypocentral parameters of local earthquakes. Our data consist of over 12,000 arrival times from more than 1300 earthquakes recorded by stations of a permanent seismographic network in Costa Rica. Our resulting velocity model correlates well with mapped geologic units at very shallow depth and with tectonic features at greater depth. We find low velocities (4.0 to 4.8 km/sec) in the shallow crust (above 10 km) near the active volcanoes and associated with a NW-SE trending late Cretaceous to late Tertiary sedimentary basin southeast of Herradura peninsula. High velocities (5.4 to 5.7 km/sec) in the shallow crust correlate with outcrops of late Jurassic to early Tertiary ultramafic ophiolitic units and with basic Tertiary volcanic units. At depths between 20 and 30 km, high velocities (6.8 to 7.2 km/sec) are associated with the subducting Cocos plate under Costa Rica and two prominent low-velocity bodies (6.3 to 6.5 km/sec) are present about 30 km trenchward of the volcanic arc and along the projection of the aseismic Cocos Ridge as it subducts beneath Costa Rica. The thickened oceanic crust of the Cocos Ridge is most likely responsible for its low velocities. The deep low-velocity anomaly located trenchward of the axis of the volcanoes may indicate the presence of a low-density intrusive resulting from an earlier phase of magmatism, possibly the late Miocene episode that produced the Talamanca intrusive complex.
Precariously balanced rocks and ground-motion maps for Southern California
Authors: Brune James N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGroups of precariously balanced rocks are effectively low-resolution strong-motion seismoscopes that have been operating on solid rock outcrops for thousands of years and, once the methodology has been developed, can provide important information about seismic risk. In one zone, near Victorville, only 30 km from the nearest point on the San Andreas fault, more than 50 precarious rocks have been documented. Widespread rock varnish suggests that many of these rocks have been in their current unstable positions for thousands of years. We have established the mechanical basis for rough estimates of the horizontal accelerations necessary to topple these rocks, using field observations and numerical and physical modeling. To verify that zones of precarious rocks do not occur near historic earthquakes, searches using binoculars were made along roads, with occasional foot surveys, near large earthquakes. Based on these reconnaissance searches, we conclude that no precarious rock zones are found within 15 km of zones of high-energy release of historic large earthquakes. To document the occurrence of precarious rocks in southern California, road surveys were carried out along major roads. Four zones of precarious rocks and seven other zones of somewhat less precarious rocks have been documented.Published probabilistic ground-motion maps for southern California are compared with the occurrence of zones of precarious and semi-precarious rocks. The results are encouraging and suggest that eventually, studies of precarious rocks will provide important constraints on the assumptions on which the maps are based. Results from studies of precarious rocks may eventually provide important information for siting and design of sensitive structures such as hospitals and power plants. Precarious rocks give a direct indication of past ground shaking, in contrast to the indirect inference provided by fault-trenching studies, which may be subject to uncertainties in the actual time history of slip due to the fault (e.g., fault creep, “slow” earthquakes, or unknown dynamic stress drop). It is concluded that precarious rocks warrant further study and quantitative analysis.
Seismic response of a hill: The example of Tarzana, California
Authors: Bouchon Michel , Barker Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Northridge, California, earthquake that strongly shook the city of Los Angeles in January 1994, produced one of the highest ground accelerations ever recorded in an earthquake, at a site located on top of a small hill in Tarzana, about 6 km south of the epicenter. The subsequent study of aftershock recordings obtained by a dense seismic array deployed on the hill a few days after the earthquake showed the existence of a strong amplification at stations located at the top of the hill, relative to stations near the base (Spudich et al., 1996). Resonances and polarization rotations were also observed. We investigate in this study the role that the topography of the site played on the observed ground motions and accelerations. To this aim, we perform numerical simulations and study the response of the three-dimensional topography of the site to incident shear waves polarized in different directions. The method used is a boundary integral equation scheme in which the Green's functions are calculated by the discrete wavenumber method. The results obtained show that the topography of the site, though quite gentle (the hill is less than 20-m high), strongly affects the ground motions in the frequency range between 2 and 15 Hz. Many of the observed characteristics of the seismic response at Tarzana are explained in part by its topography: the consistent amplification of ground motion at and near the top of the hill, the directional seismic response of the hill that results in a strong amplification of the ground motion transverse to the direction of elongation of the hill, the existence of a fundamental transverse oscillatory resonance mode of the hill at 3 to 5 Hz, the rotation of the polarization of ground motion, and the spatial variation of amplification over the hill at the fundamental resonance mode. The seismic response of the topography, however, does not fully explain the amplitude of the effects observed. The three-dimensional geological structure of the site must in some way amplify the effect of the topography to produce the observed seismic response. In spite of not being as strong as the observed effect, the topographic effect of the site is considerable. The ground motion is amplified by factors ranging from 30% to 100% at some locations in the frequency range from 2 to 15 Hz. Rapid spatial variations of ground-shaking intensities can take place over distance scales of a few tens of meters at high frequency. Finally, the results of the simulation indicate that the topography of the site amplified the large east-west accelerations recorded there during the Northridge mainshock by 30% to 40%.