bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial resistance in commensal opportunistic pathogens isolated from non-sterile sites can be an effective proxy for surveillance in bloodstream infections
Authors: Vihta Karina-Doris , Gordon Nicola Claire , Stoesser Nicole , Quan T. Phuong , Tyrrell Carina S. B. , Vongsouvath Manivanh , Ashley Elizabeth A. , Chansamouth Vilada , Turner Paul , Ling Clare L. , Eyre David W. , White Nicholas J. , Crook Derrick , Peto Tim E. A. , Walker Ann Sarah 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in bloodstream infections (BSIs) is challenging in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) given limited laboratory capacity. Other specimens are easier to collect and process and are more likely to be culture-positive. In 8102 E. coli BSIs, 322,087 E. coli urinary tract infections, 6952 S. aureus BSIs and 112,074 S. aureus non-sterile site cultures from Oxfordshire (1998–2018), and other (55,296 isolates) rarer commensal opportunistic pathogens, antibiotic resistance trends over time in blood were strongly associated with those in other specimens (maximum cross-correlation per drug 0.51–0.99). Resistance prevalence was congruent across drug-years for each species (276/312 (88%) species-drug-years with prevalence within ± 10% between blood/other isolates). Results were similar across multiple countries in high/middle/low income-settings in the independent ATLAS dataset (103,559 isolates, 2004–2017) and three further LMIC hospitals/programmes (6154 isolates, 2008–2019). AMR in commensal opportunistic pathogens cultured from BSIs is strongly associated with AMR in commensal opportunistic pathogens cultured from non-sterile sites over calendar time, suggesting the latter could be used as an effective proxy for AMR surveillance in BSIs.
Predictors of hypoxemia in type-B acute aortic syndrome: a retrospective study
Authors: Tamura Yudai , Tamura Yuichi , Kametani Motoko , Minami Yoshiaki , Nakayama Tomoko , Takagi Daisuke , Unoki Takashi , Yamamuro Megumi , Kawamura Akio , Sakamoto Tomohiro , Sawamura Tadashi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAcute aortic syndrome (AAS) can be life-threatening owing to a variety of complications, and it is managed in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although Stanford type-B AAS may involve hypoxemia, its predictors are not yet clearly understood. We studied clinical factors and imaging parameters for predicting hypoxemia after the onset of type-B AAS. We retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed with type-B AAS in our hospital between January 2012 and April 2020. We defined hypoxemia as PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 within 7 days after AAS onset and used logistic regression analysis to evaluate prognostic factors for hypoxemia. We analyzed 224 consecutive patients (140 males, mean age 70 ± 14 years) from a total cohort of 267 patients. Among these, 53 (23.7%) had hypoxemia. The hypoxemia group had longer ICU and hospital stays compared with the non-hypoxemia group (median 20 vs. 16 days, respectively; p = 0.039 and median 7 vs. 5 days, respectively; p < 0.001). Male sex (odds ratio [OR] 2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–6.63; p = 0.014), obesity (OR 2.36; 95% CI 1.13–4.97; p = 0.023), patent false lumen (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.09–4.99; p = 0.029), and high D-dimer level (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00–1.02; p = 0.047) were independently associated with hypoxemia by multivariate logistic analysis. This study showed a significant difference in duration of ICU and hospital stays between patients with and without hypoxemia. Furthermore, male sex, obesity, patent false lumen, and high D-dimer level may be significantly associated with hypoxemia in patients with type-B AAS.
Hepatoprotective effects of Cassiae Semen on mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on gut microbiota
Authors: Luo Hanyan , Wu Hongwei , Wang Lixia , Xiao Shuiming , Lu Yaqi , Liu Cong , Yu Xiankuo , Zhang Xiao , Wang Zhuju , Tang Liying 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCassiae Semen (CS), the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. and C. tora L, have a long medicinal history in China, with suggestions for it to relieve constipation and exert hepatoprotective effects. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were used to study the hepatoprotective effects of CS. The relationship between gut microbiota and hepatoprotective effect mechanisms mediated by CS extracts, the total aglycone extracts of CS, rubrofusarin-6-β-gentiobioside, and aurantio-obtusin were examined. Our data indicate that CS extracts and components confer a protective effect by ameliorating lipid accumulation, intestinal barrier damage, liver damage, and inflammation on HFD-induced liver injury. Meanwhile, fecal microbe transplantation exerted the pharmacological effect of CS on HFD-fed mice; however, the efficacy of CS was inhibited or eliminated by antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. In conclusion, the therapeutic effects of CS on NAFLD were closely related to the gut microbiota, suggesting a role for TCM in treating disease.
Reserpine improves Enterobacteriaceae resistance in chicken intestine via neuro-immunometabolic signaling and MEK1/2 activation
Authors: Redweik Graham A. J. , Kogut Michael H. , Arsenault Ryan J. , Lyte Mark , Mellata Melha 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSalmonella enterica persist in the chicken gut by suppressing inflammatory responses via expansion of intestinal regulatory T cells (Tregs). In humans, T cell activation is controlled by neurochemical signaling in Tregs; however, whether similar neuroimmunological signaling occurs in chickens is currently unknown. In this study, we explore the role of the neuroimmunological axis in intestinal Salmonella resistance using the drug reserpine, which disrupts intracellular storage of catecholamines like norepinephrine. Following reserpine treatment, norepinephrine release was increased in both ceca explant media and Tregs. Similarly, Salmonella killing was greater in reserpine-treated explants, and oral reserpine treatment reduced the level of intestinal Salmonella Typhimurium and other Enterobacteriaceae in vivo. These antimicrobial responses were linked to an increase in antimicrobial peptide and IL-2 gene expression as well as a decrease in CTLA-4 gene expression. Globally, reserpine treatment led to phosphorylative changes in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the mitogen-associated protein kinase 2(MEK2). Exogenous norepinephrine treatment alone increased Salmonella resistance, and reserpine-induced antimicrobial responses were blocked using beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitors, suggesting norepinephrine signaling is crucial in this mechanism. Furthermore, EGF treatment reversed reserpine-induced antimicrobial responses, whereas mTOR inhibition increased antimicrobial activities, confirming the roles of metabolic signaling in these responses. Finally, MEK1/2 inhibition suppressed reserpine, norepinephrine, and mTOR-induced antimicrobial responses. Overall, this study demonstrates a central role for MEK1/2 activity in reserpine induced neuro-immunometabolic signaling and subsequent antimicrobial responses in the chicken intestine, providing a means of reducing bacterial colonization in chickens to improve food safety.
Soil microbial trait-based strategies drive metabolic efficiency along an altitude gradient
Authors: Feng Jiao , Zeng Xiao-Min , Zhang Qianggong , Zhou Xin-Quan , Liu Yu-Rong , Huang Qiaoyun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Trait-based approaches provide a candidate framework for linking soil microbial community to ecosystem processes, yet how the trade-offs in different microbial traits regulate the community-level metabolic efficiency remains unknown. Herein we assessed the roles of the microbial taxa with particular trait strategies in mediating soil microbial metabolic efficiency along an altitude gradient on the Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that soil microbial metabolic efficiency declined with increasing altitude, as indicated by the increasing metabolic quotient (microbial respiration per unit biomass, qCO2) and decreasing carbon use efficiency (CUE). Both qCO2 and CUE were predominantly predicted by microbial physiological and taxonomic attributes after considering key environmental factors including soil pH, substrate quantity and quality. Specifically, the reduced metabolic efficiency was associated with higher investment into nutrient (particularly for phosphorus) acquisitions via enzymes. Furthermore, we identified key microbial assemblies selected by harsh environments (low substrate quality and temperature) as important predictors of metabolic efficiency. These results suggest that particular microbial assemblies adapted to nutrient limited and cold habitats, but at the expense of lower metabolic efficient at higher altitude. Our findings provide a candidate mechanism underlying community-level metabolic efficiency, which has important implications for microbial-mediated processes such as carbon dynamics under global climate changes.
Probabilistic power flow computation using nested point estimate method
Authors: Xiao Qing , Wu Lianghong , Chen Chaoyang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe probabilistic power flow (PPF) computation involves quantifying and propagating uncertainty over hundreds of variables. Zhao's point estimate method (PEM) has been widely used for PPF computation, and the computational burden increases linearly with respect to the number of PPF inputs. In this paper, Zhao's PEM is reformulated as the Kronecker product of Gauss‐Hermite quadrature and an identity matrix. Following this formulation, a new PEM termed Nested PEM is developed based on Hadamard matrix, which can reduce the computational burden nearly by half relative to Zhao's PEM. In order to consider the dependence among PPF inputs, the extended generalized lambda distribution (EGLD) is employed to model marginal distributions of correlated PPF inputs, and the ‐copula is introduced to map PPF problem to the independent standard normal space. Finally, case studies are conducted on a modified IEEE 118‐bus system to illustrate the proposed PEM.
Carina High-contrast Imaging Project for massive Stars (CHIPS)
Authors: Rainot A. , Reggiani M. , Sana H. , Bodensteiner J. , Absil O. 
Published: December 2021

Context.Most massive stars belong to multiple systems, yet the formation process leading to such high multiplicity remains insufficiently understood. To help constrain the different formation scenarios that exist, insights into the low-mass end of the companion mass function of such stars is crucial. However, this is a challenging endeavour as (sub-)solar mass companions at angular separations (ρ) below 1″ (corresponding to 1000–3000 au in nearby young open clusters and OB associations) are difficult to detect due to the large brightness contrast with the central star.Aims.With the Carina High-contrast Imaging Project of massive Stars (CHIPS), we aim to obtain statistically significant constraints on the presence and properties of low-mass companions around massive stars in a previously unreachable observing window (Δmag ≳ 10 atρ ≲ 1″). In the second paper of the series, we focus on the Trumpler 14 cluster, which harbours some of the youngest and most massive O-type stars in the Milky Way.Methods.We obtained VLT-SPHERE observations of seven O-type objects in Trumpler 14 using IRDIFS_EXT mode. These provide us with a 12″ × 12″ field of view (approximately ((3 × 3)×104au) centred on each O star and allow us to search for companions at separations larger than 0″​​.15 (approx. 360 au) and down to magnitude contrast > 10 mag in the near-infrared. We used angular and spectral differential imaging along with Point Spread Function (PSF) fitting to detect sources and measure their flux relative to that of the central object. We then used grids of ATLAS9 and PHOENIX Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) atmosphere models combined with (pre-)main-sequence evolutionary tracks to estimate the mass of the detected candidate companions.Results.We detected 211 sources with near-infrared magnitude contrast in the range of 2–12. Given the large surface number density of stars in Trumpler 14, one cannot reliably distinguish between cluster members and genuine companions for most of the detected sources. The closest companion, at only 0″​​.26, is characterised as a 1.4M⊙star with an age of 0.6 Myr, in excellent agreement with previous age estimates for Tr 14. The mass function peaks at about 0.4M⊙and presents a dearth of stars in the 0.5–0.8M⊙mass range compared to previous estimates of the initial mass function in Tr 14. While statistically significant, part of these differences may result from contamination of theK-band fluxes by circumstellar material.Conclusions.SPHERE is clearly suitable to probe the low-mass end of the mass function in the vicinity of massive stars. Follow-up SPHERE observations to obtain the full Y to K spectral energy distribution would allow for better constraints on the masses of the detected sources, and to confirm (or invalidate) the curious mass function that we derived for low-mass stars in the vicinity of the O-type objects in Trumpler 14.
C60+ diffuse interstellar band correlations and environmental variations
Authors: Schlarmann Leander , Foing Bernard , Cami Jan , Fan Haoyu 
Published: December 2021

Context. The diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are absorption features seen in the spectra of astronomical objects that arise in the interstellar medium. Today, more than 500 DIBs have been observed, mostly in the optical and near-infrared wavelengths. The origin of the DIBs is unclear; only ionised buckminsterfullerene, C60+, has been identified as a viable candidate for two strong and three weaker DIBs.
Aims. We investigate the correlations between the strengths of the two strongest C60+ DIBs as well as their environmental behaviour.
Methods. We analysed measurements of the strengths of the two C60+ DIBs at 9577 and 9633 Å for 26 lines of sight. We used two different methods, including Monte Carlo simulations, to study their correlations and the influence of measurement errors on the correlation coefficients. We examined how the strength of the C60+ DIBs changes as a result of different environmental conditions, as measured by the concentration of H/H2 and the strength of the ambient UV radiation.
Results. In contrast to results recently reported by Galazutdinov et al. (2021, AJ, 161, 127), we find a high correlation between the strengths of the C60+ DIBs. We also discovered that the behaviour of the correlated C60+ bands is quite distinct from other DIBs at 5780, 5797, and 6203 Å in different environments.
Herausforderungen bei der Influenzadiagnostik in einem Schweinebetrieb – ein Fallbericht
Authors: Unterweger Christine , Debeerst Stephanie , Klingler Eva , Auer Angelika , Redlberger-Fritz Monika , Stadler Julia , Pesch Stefan , Lillie-Jaschniski Kathrin , Ladinig Andrea 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungIn einem Jungsauenerzeugerbetrieb in Niederösterreich traten über mehrere Jahre hinweg gehäuft Atemwegserkrankungen bei Jungsauen aus Eigenremontierung nach Einstallung in die Altsauenherde auf. Im Herbst 2019 wurden zudem Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen in Form von Spätaborten und Umrauschen beobachtet. Bei der Untersuchung von Nasentupfern mittels PCR auf Influenza-A-Virus (IAV) konnte bei 3 Jungsauen mit respiratorischer Symptomatik und Fieber der IAV-Subtyp H1avN1 nachgewiesen werden. Die Untersuchung der Serumproben dieser Tiere an 2 Zeitpunkten im Abstand von 3 Wochen ergab jedoch keinen Nachweis von Antikörpern im Hämagglutinationshemmtest (HAH), der standardmäßig im Labor verwendet wurde. Auch bei der Untersuchung von Sauen weiterer Altersgruppen waren keine eindeutigen Antikörpertiter gegenüber H1avN1 detektierbar. Nach Erweiterung des diagnostischen Panels des HAH um 7 H1avN1-Testantigene konnte eine Serokonversion um bis zu 3 Titerstufen bei den PCR-positiven Sauen gegenüber 2 verschiedenen H1avN1-Isolaten gemessen werden. Darüber hinaus ließen sich auch bei der Mehrzahl der restlichen untersuchten Altersgruppen hohe Antikörpertiter gegen diese beiden H1avN1-Teststämme nachweisen. Nach Anwendung des europaweit zugelassenen trivalenten Influenzaimpfstoffs konnte das klinische Erscheinungsbild in der Herde deutlich verbessert werden. Der Fallbericht verdeutlicht, dass für eine zielgerichtete Influenzadiagnostik der direkte und der indirekte Erregernachweis kombiniert verwendet werden sollten. Zudem wurde gezeigt, dass die kontinuierliche Anpassung von Testantigenen an die im Feld zirkulierenden Isolate überaus entscheidend für die Aussagekraft des HAH wäre.
Cobalt-Catalyzed Glaser-type Homocoupling Reaction
Authors: Han Jun-Fa , Guo Peng , Ye Ke-Yin , Chen Lin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA highly efficient cobalt-catalyzed homocoupling of terminal alkynes with di-tert-butyldiaziridinone as the oxidant has been developed. The protocol tolerates a wide array of terminal alkynes, both activated and unactivated alkynes, to afford the corresponding conjugated 1,3-diynes. The mild reaction conditions further allow late-stage homocoupling of alkynes derived from complex natural products.
Toothbrush-Dentifrice Abrasion of Dental Sealants: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Sangpanya Angkhana , Fuangtharnthip Pornpoj , Nimmanon Vanida , Pachimsawat Praewpat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objective This study sought to investigate the toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion of dental sealants.
Materials and Methods Weight loss (∆W) and depth loss (∆D) were used as abrasion indicators. Sealant samples from nine products were soaked in dentifrice slurry and abraded by using a toothbrushing machine with a brushing force of 300 g. The mean percentages of ∆W and mean values of ∆D after 24,000 and 48,000 strokes of brushing were compared by using paired t-test. A comparison of these mean values among sealant products was performed by using one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison analysis (Scheffe's test).
Results Abrasive wear was observed in all sealants. Teethmate F-1 (Kuraray Noritake, Tokyo, Japan)—a fluoride-releasing unfilled sealant—exhibited the maximum abrasive wear, with ∆W and ∆D values of 1.14% ± 0.37% and 12.84 ± 4.28 µm, respectively. Delton (Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States), a light-cured unfilled sealant, showed the minimum abrasive wear, with ∆W and ∆D values of 0.41% ± 0.09% and 2.93 ± 1.23 µm, respectively. No statistical differences were observed among unfilled sealants except when compared with Teethmate F-1. Similarly, no differences were observed when comparing among filled sealants and flowable composite.
Conclusion Abrasive wear occurred in all sealants after brushing with dentifrice. Almost all unfilled sealants showed less wear compared with both filled sealants and flowable composite. However, the low abrasive values of all sealants after brushing with dentifrice implied that there is no clinical significance to this finding.
How to Report: Hip MRI
Authors: Cheung King Kenneth , Griffith James Francis 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWriting a good magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hip report requires a sound understanding of hip anatomy, imaging, and related pathologies. The structures of the hip most prone to pathology are the articular surfaces, labrum, subchondral bone, and gluteal tendons. Particular attention should be paid to abnormal hip morphology that is relatively common and can manifest as internal or external hip derangement. It is essential to appreciate and report the specific features of each pathology that carry clinical significance to aid patient management. This article is aimed at trainee radiologists and those less experienced with reporting hip MRI, focusing on the essential features to comment on and providing examples of terminology to use and MR images to illustrate these features.
Measurement Performance of Activity Measurements with Newer Generation of Apple Watch in Wheelchair Users with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Benning Nils-Hendrik , Knaup Petra , Rupp Rüdiger 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background The level of physical activity (PA) of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) has an impact on long-term complications. Currently, PA is mostly assessed by interviews. Wearable activity trackers are promising tools to objectively measure PA under everyday conditions. The only off-the-shelf, wearable activity tracker with specific measures for wheelchair users is the Apple Watch.
Objectives This study analyzes the measurement performance of Apple Watch Series 4 for wheelchair users and compares it with an earlier generation of the device.
Methods Fifteen participants with subacute SCI during their first in-patient phase followed a test course using their wheelchair. The number of wheelchair pushes was counted manually by visual inspection and with the Apple Watch. Difference between the Apple Watch and the rater was analyzed with mean absolute percent error (MAPE) and a Bland–Altman plot. To compare the measurement error of Series 4 and an older generation of the device a t-test was calculated using data for Series 1 from a former study.
Results The average of differences was 12.33 pushes (n = 15), whereas participants pushed the wheelchair 138.4 times on average (range 86–271 pushes). The range of difference and the Bland–Altman plot indicate an overestimation by Apple Watch. MAPE is 9.20% and the t-test, testing for an effect of Series 4 on the percentage of error compared with Series 1, was significant with p < 0.05.
Conclusion Series 4 shows a significant improvement in measurement performance compared with Series 1. Series 4 can be considered as a promising data source to capture the number of wheelchair pushes on even grounds. Future research should analyze the long-term measurement performance during everyday conditions of Series 4.
A high temperature cell for investigating interfacial structure on the molecular scale in molten salt/alloy systems
Authors: Browning James F. , Seo Joohyun , Wenzel John F. , Veith Gabriel M. , Doucet Mathieu , Ivanov Alexander S. , Halstenberg Phillip , Lynn Gary , Dai Sheng 
Published: December 2021

In this work, we describe the design and development of an in situ neutron reflectometry cell for high temperature investigations of structural changes occurring at the interface between inorganic salts, in their molten state up to 800 °C, and corrosion resistant alloys or other surfaces. In the cell, a molten salt is confined by an annular ring of single crystal sapphire constrained between the sample substrate and a sapphire plate using two gold O-rings, enclosing a liquid salt volume of 20 ml, along with a dynamic cell volume to accommodate expansion of the liquid with heating. As a test case for the cell, we report on an in situ neutron reflectometry measurement of the interface between a eutectic salt mixture of MgCl2–KCl (32:68 molar ratio) and a single crystal sapphire substrate at 450 °C, resulting in the formation of a 60 Å layer having a scattering length density of 1.72 × 10−6 Å−2. While the origin of this layer is uncertain, it is likely to have resulted from the salt reacting with an existing impurity layer on the sapphire substrate.