bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangling cause and consequence: genetic dissection of the DANGEROUS MIX2 risk locus, and activation of the DM2h NLR in autoimmunity
Authors: Ordon Jana , Martin Patrick , Erickson Jessica Lee , Ferik Filiz , Balcke Gerd , Bonas Ulla , Stuttmann Johannes 
Published: February 2021

SummaryNucleotide‐binding domain–leucine‐rich repeat‐type immune receptors (NLRs) protect plants against pathogenic microbes through intracellular detection of effector proteins. However, this comes at a cost, as NLRs can also induce detrimental autoimmunity in genetic interactions with foreign alleles. This may occur when independently evolved genomes are combined in inter‐ or intraspecific crosses, or when foreign alleles are introduced by mutagenesis or transgenesis. Most autoimmunity‐inducing NLRs are encoded within highly variable NLR gene clusters with no known immune functions, which were termed autoimmune risk loci. Whether risk NLRs differ from sensor NLRs operating in natural pathogen resistance and how risk NLRs are activated in autoimmunity is unknown. Here, we analyzed the DANGEROUS MIX2 risk locus, a major autoimmunity hotspot in Arabidopsis thaliana. By gene editing and heterologous expression, we show that a single gene, DM2h, is necessary and sufficient for autoimmune induction in three independent cases of autoimmunity in accession Landsberg erecta. We focus on autoimmunity provoked by an EDS1‐yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)NLS fusion protein to characterize DM2h functionally and determine features of EDS1‐YFPNLS activating the immune receptor. Our data suggest that risk NLRs function in a manner reminiscent of sensor NLRs, while autoimmunity‐inducing properties of EDS1‐YFPNLS in this context are unrelated to the protein's functions as an immune regulator. We propose that autoimmunity, at least in some cases, may be caused by spurious, stochastic interactions of foreign alleles with coincidentally matching risk NLRs.
Impact of body weight on hemoglobin increments in adult red blood cell transfusion
Authors: Lo Brian D. , Cho Brian C. , Hensley Nadia B. , Cruz Nicolas C. , Gehrie Eric A. , Frank Steven M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThough weight is a major consideration when transfusing blood in pediatric patients, it is generally not considered when dosing transfusions in adults. We hypothesized that the change in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is inversely proportional to body weight when transfusing red blood cells (RBC) in adults.MethodsA total of 13,620 adult surgical patients at our institution were assessed in this retrospective cohort study (2009–2016). Patients were stratified based on total body weight (kg): 40–59.9 (16.6%), 60–79.9 (40.4%), 80–99.9 (28.8%), 100–119.9 (11.3%), and 120–139.9 (2.9%). The primary outcome was the change in Hb per RBC unit transfused. Subgroup analyses were performed after stratification by sex (male/female) and the total number of RBC units received (1/2/≥3 units). Multivariable models were used to assess the association between weight and change in Hb.ResultsAs patients' body weight increased, there was a decrease in the mean change in Hb per RBC unit transfused (40–59.9 kg: 0.85 g/dL, 60–79.9 kg: 0.73 g/dL, 80–99.9 kg: 0.66 g/dL, 100–119.9 kg: 0.60 g/dL, 120–139.9 kg: 0.55 g/dL; p < .0001). This corresponded with a 35% difference in the change in Hb between the lowest and highest weight categories on univariate analysis. Similar trends were seen after subgroup stratification. On multivariable analysis, for every 20 kg increase in patient weight, there was a ~6.5% decrease in the change in Hb per RBC unit transfused (p < .0001).ConclusionsPatient body weight differentially impacts the change in Hb after RBC transfusion. These findings justify incorporating body weight into the clinical decision‐making process when transfusing blood in adult surgical patients.
The use of fluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography as an effective method for staging in dogs with primary appendicular osteosarcoma
Authors: Crooks Clifton , Randall Elissa , Griffin Lynn 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has been utilized in veterinary medicine to improve the detection and characterization of primary, recurrent, and secondary neoplasms; but its use as a staging tool for dogs diagnosed with appendicular osteosarcoma has not been published. The purpose of this retrospective, case series, descriptive study was to detail the use of18F‐FDG PET/CT for staging a population of dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma, report the detection rate of secondary neoplastic lesions, and compare findings with published detection rates for other historically used imaging modalities. Seventy‐one client‐owned dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of appendicular osteosarcoma and staged with a whole‐body18F‐FDG PET/CT scan near the time of initial diagnosis were included. Each PET/CT study was re‐evaluated for malignancy distinct from the primary disease entity based on a collective qualitative and quantitative assessment of18F‐FDG uptake, CT appearance, and contrast enhancement characteristics. Following re‐evaluation of each study, information pertaining to tissue sampling performed on identified lesions was retrieved from the medical record when available. Staging with18F‐FDG PET/CT identified 17 of 71 (23.9%) and 12 of 71 (16.3%) dogs with a high suspicion or confirmation of a metastatic or comorbid malignant neoplasm respectively, with eight of 71 (11.3%) having both metastatic and comorbid lesions. The results of this study are suggestive that18F‐FDG PET/CT is effective in identifying both osseous and soft tissue secondary neoplastic lesions in dogs afflicted with appendicular osteosarcoma, yielding an increased detection rate of all lesions compared those previously reported for skeletal scintigraphy or whole‐body CT.
Diagnostic accuracy of positive oral contrast in abdominal computed tomography for non-traumatic pathologies: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Winner Catherine , Mander Gordon T.W. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of positive oral contrast versus no oral contrast for common, non-traumatic computed tomography abdominal indications in adults.

Introduction:
Positive oral contrast is regularly administered to patients to drink prior to computed tomography scans of the abdomen and pelvis. The purpose of the preparation is to improve visualization of the bowel, however, technological advances in scanner design may mean positive oral contrast is no longer required.

Inclusion criteria:
Eligible studies will consider the use of positive oral contrast in non-traumatic indications for computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis to include appendicitis, bowel obstruction, diverticulitis, intestinal neoplasms and metastasis (screening or staging), or acute abdomen. The review will use the discharge diagnosis as the reference standard. Studies that describe adult patients (18+) and published from 2000 on will be considered.

Methods:
MEDLINE Complete, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus will be searched, along with Google Scholar and numerous radiology college websites. Screening of potential titles and abstracts, retrieval of full-text studies, assessment of methodological quality, and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. Meta-analyses will be performed, if possible, and a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Summary of Findings presented.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO (CRD42020184285)
An Experimental Towing Tank for Small Models
Authors: Davidson Kenneth S. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper considers the relationship between the resistances of small models of surface vessels as obtained in a towing tank, and the resistances of the corresponding full-size hulls. Tests of the bare model hulls are compared with tests of the same models roughened at the bow by applying narrow strips of comparatively coarse sand. The effects of the artificial stimulation of turbulence caused by this roughening, both in hastening the transition from laminar to turbulent friction and in altering the point of separation of the boundary layer, are discussed. Resistance curves for full-size hulls, as developed from tank tests of their models made with induced turbulence, are compared with direct measurements of full-size resistances, as obtained in open-water tests of the full-size hulls. The test results are presented graphically, and the work of other investigators in the field is included.
Stability of Rectangular Plates Under Shear and Bending Forces
Authors: Way Stewart 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The author first discusses the problem of a plane, simply supported rectangular plate loaded by shearing forces in the plane of the plate on all four edges. There are two stiffeners attached one third and two thirds of the way along the plate. The critical load is calculated for various stiffener rigidities. Also, the rigidity necessary to keep the stiffeners straight when the plate buckles is found. This stiffener rigidity is found to be slightly larger than that necessary for a plate with one stiffener and the same panel dimensions as the plate with two stiffeners.
The second problem discussed by the author is that of a plane, simply supported rectangular plate loaded by uniformly distributed edge shearing forces in the plane of the plate and linearly distributed tension and compression in the plane of the plate at the ends. The end forces vary from tension hσo, at one corner to—hσo, at the other corner, so that their resultant is a bending moment. The presence of the edge shearing forces is found to diminish the critical bending stress in this case. Calculations are made for various magnitudes of bending and shearing forces for plates of various proportions.
Stresses in Symmetrically Loaded Hemispherical Shells Having Tapered Edges
Authors: Hollister S. C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The author points out that when a thin hemispherical shell is fixed at the edge and subjected to internal pressure, bending stresses are set up in a meridional element near the edge of the shell. Where these bending stresses are large, the shell can be improved by a uniform tapering of the shell thickness near the edge. The author supplies methods of solving for stresses in such a shell with a thickened periphery when the shell is subjected to internal pressure and fixed at its edge, when it is only partially restrained at its edge, and when the shell is loaded symmetrically to its axis of rotation, but in a manner other than by internal pressure.
A Theory of Sharp-Edged Orifices
Authors: Howland W. E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The author presents a figure in which the coefficient of discharge Cd, velocity Cv, and contraction Cc determined by several investigators are plotted logarithmically as points against Reynolds’ numbers. Curves for the coefficients drawn by the author, based on theoretical considerations, show good agreement with the experimental data, thus throwing some light upon the basic phenomena of the discharge of sharp-edged orifices. The variation of the coefficient of discharge of a circular orifice as a function of the Reynolds number is explained as a purely viscous phenomenon for low Reynolds numbers, and by means of a momentum analysis for higher speeds. The analysis presented by the author leads to the development of several formulas for the discharge coefficient, which formulas are in fair agreement with experimental results.
Stress Systems in a Circular Disk Under Radial Forces
Authors: Mindlin Raymond D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The transformation of inversion is employed in this paper to generalize a particular solution obtained by Michell (1), for plane stress in a circular disk. In Michell’s solution the disk is loaded in its plane with a pair of equal and opposite forces; one at the center of the disk and the other on the periphery as shown in Fig. 1. In the transformed state, the force in the interior of the disk is no longer at the center, as shown in Fig. 3 and represented by Equation [9]. By simple superposition, the transformed solution is extended to include any self-equilibrating system of radial forces applied in the plane of the disk as shown in Fig. 6b.
The transformation would involve only straightforward calculation were it not for the fact that the disk is multiply connected. This condition is caused by the presence of a singularity in the interior of the disk at the point of application of the force. In the inversion of plane stress in a multiply connected plate, the displacement functions for the transformed state are not necessarily single-valued even though they may have arisen from single-valued displacements in the original plate. This difficulty is overcome by the introduction of suitable functions which remove the many valued terms in the displacements, but do not disturb the stress conditions on the boundaries of the transformed disk.
The solution is shown to include, as particular cases two well-known problems: (a) A disk loaded on its periphery by forces acting along a diameter as shown in Fig. 4; and (b) a semi-infinite plate loaded near its edge by a force normal to the boundary as shown in Fig. 5.
Torsion of Rectangular Tubes
Authors: Hovgaard William 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper is a report on experiments with the torsion of rectangular mild-steel tubes undertaken to test the correctness of the now generally accepted theory of R. Bredt, based on a hydrodynamical analogy. The angles of torsion were determined, and the strains were measured with Huggenberger tensometers. While most of the strains were measured on the external surface of the tubes, internal strains were measured in one tube. The observed angles of torsion were found to be in fair agreement with the theory, but the shearing stresses on the external surface were much higher and those on the internal surface much lower than the theoretical stresses. Breakdown of the tubes occurred while the theoretical shearing stress was still far below the yield point in shearing of the material. It appears that the theory does not give a true picture of the stress distribution after plastic flow has occurred at the re-entrant corners, and as this may happen very early, dependent on the radius of the fillets, the theory may in some cases lead to a dangerous overestimate of the strength of such tubes.
Fatigue Life of Tapered Roller Bearings
Authors: Clinedinst William O. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper develops a general fatigue expression, together with a series of formulas covering contact stresses. The general equation is applied to the individual parts of the bearing and mathematical expressions for the radial and thrust capacities are developed for all operating conditions. Using the equation covering the radial capacity of a rotating cone as a basis, equivalent loading formulas are developed to cover other operating conditions. The use and limitations of the various formulas are discussed, together with the effect of materials, surface finishes, and manufacturing tolerances on bearing life.
Modern Aids to Vibration Study
Authors: Hull E. H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Many advantages are pointed out for the portable cathode-ray oscillograph combined with an electrical vibration pickup for general vibration study. Representative types chosen from the three principal classes of vibration pickups (displacement, velocity, and acceleration) are described. The particular uses for these several types of pickup and their assembly with oscillographs and amplifiers are described as well as experimental methods for determining frequency and phase.
The paper concludes with a description of the use of this assembled apparatus in the following four vibration problems: detection of out-of-round journals and other extraneous causes of vibration when balancing large machines; comparison of the residual sources of vibration in well-balanced ball-bearing high-speed motors; measurement of commutator roughness; and the investigation of high-frequency noise in small single-phase motors.
The Stability of a Clamped Elliptic Plate Under Uniform Compression
Authors: Voinovsky-Krieger S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The energy criterion of stability, investigated by G. N. Bryan and S. Timoshenko, has been applied with great success to numerous problems of buckling of thin elastic plates submitted to compressive or shearing forces in their own plane. The cases discussed up to the present have concerned almost exclusively rectangular plates, this form of the plate being practically the most important. The application of the energy method to plates bounded curvilinearly will now be illustrated by the case of the elliptic plate.
Natural Frequencies of Uniform Cantilever Beams of Symmetrical Cross Section
Authors: Jacobsen Lydik S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
During the last ten years numerous observations of vibrational periods of buildings have been made, especially by the Seismological Division of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in California. Even before the results of these observations were available it was recognized that the factors influencing the periods of buildings are many and involved, and that a rational approach to the problem must necessarily ignore a number of the factors. The debatable question has been, and perhaps still is: Which of the factors must not be ignored?
If the discussion be restricted to apply to multistory buildings of relatively symmetrical plan, there is a temptation to consider the buildings cantilever beams planted in or on an elastic ground. However, a multistory building is not necessarily a slender structure. For this reason the degree to which flexural and shearing distortions of the cantilever beam representing the building assume importance for the period determinations is not obvious quantitatively. Similarly, the type of ground deformation or elastic yielding that must be considered varies with the slenderness of the building as well as with the type of foundation and ground.
The present study attempts to show that a rational treatment of the problem becomes greatly involved and therefore impractical if too many factors have to be taken into account. Moreover, the study enables the investigator to form an intelligent estimate of the relative importance of the influence on the periods of the factors that he is forced to neglect.
Stress Model of a Complete Airship Structure
Authors: Donnell L. H. , Shaw E. L. , Potthoff W. C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The authors discuss considerations in designing stress models in general, and the construction, rigging, and testing of an airship model in particular. A new type of girder representation is described, having the unusual advantages of varying the axial, bending, and torsional characteristics independently, and of incorporating convenient and sensitive means for measuring the corresponding stresses. Tests on a separate braced-ring model are compared with theory, and appear to be in good agreement. Similar tests on a duplicate ring in the complete model show the influence of the surrounding structure.
Backfill of Radioactive Waste Disposal: Feasibility Study of Argillite/Bentonite (COx/MX80) Pellets
Authors: Tyri Danai , Ly Bui Quoc Huy , Nader François , Djeran-Maigre Irini , Robinet Jean-Claude , Zghondi Jad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A pelletized solution composed of COx argillite and MX80 bentonite is examined as backfill for the deep geological disposal of radioactive waste (Cigéo project). The implementation is studied in terms of installation and hydration conditions as well as their influence on the hydromechanical behavior of the mixture. In the beginning, the optimum grain size distribution (GSD) of pellets assembly is determined to minimize initial voids. A series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations on ternary samples made of spheres is carried out, investigating the optimal conditions in terms of sizes and proportions. Density maximization occurs when the maximum diameter is the dominant size, while minimum and medium diameters are following. As optimum GSD, sizes of 16 mm, 10 mm, and 4 mm in 60%, 10%, and 30% respectively are chosen. The pelletization of the selected sizes is optimized using an adapted tablet machine to carry out the pellet fabrication. A detailed analysis of influential parameters related to the machine accessories and the inserted raw materials is presented. After modifications, quasi-spherical pellets presenting a density of at least 1.95 Mg/m3 are produced. COx/MX80 pellets hydromechanical response is indirectly assessed by studying the swelling potential of COx/MX80 powdered mixtures at equivalent emplaced densities. The influence of density, stress, and MX80 content on swelling is obtained.
Feature-Based CAPP System for the Machining of Dies
Authors: Mawussi Kwamivi , Bernard Alain 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The manufacturing of dies holds an important place in the manufacturing process of rough parts because it shows the validation of design tasks and determines the production of parts. This manufacturing can be conducted by: copying from master models, electro-discharge or chip removing machining. In the last two cases, the machining of a die or an electrode is based on the manufacturing preparation which is an essential function. When realizing this function, the information required for the machining stage are generated in relation with the design or definition data.
In this paper we propose an original method to automatically generate the machining process of dies (or electrodes). This method, which is applied as part of the manufacturing preparation function, is based on the “machining state” concept and the association of machining knowledge to the sets of complex features. The machining knowledge are specified according to the know-how of mouldmakers and the complex features are defined in the design model of the (or the electrode).
Computation of Radiative Heat Transfer in a Cylindrical Enclosure
Authors: Fu Huiyu , Veshagh Ali 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A radiative heat transfer model for cylindrical enclosure in which the gas and temperature are axi-symmetrically distributed was developed using the zone method of analysis. A rigorous numerical integration scheme was devised to calculate various types of direct exchange areas between different zones. The radiative heat transfer between gas zones and that between gas zones and surface zones could therefore be computed accurately based upon distributions of gas temperature and absorption coefficient.
This radiation model was used to compute the radiative heat transfer in a diesel engine combustion chamber. Extensive soot data obtained via a sampling valve were used to calculate the gas absorption coefficient. An attempt was also made to allow for the radiation from the non-luminous gases, i.e. carbon dioxide and water vapour. Temperature distribution was obtained from a multi-zone combustion model. Results showed that the radiative heat transfer to the combustion chamber walls was negligible during the early stage of combustion, but represented a significant part of the total heat transfer when it reached its peak value. The results also showed the importance of radiative heat transfer between the various gas zones in the combustion chamber.