bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Subject Matter of Metaethics
Authors: Sinclair Neil 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Moral practice is picked out by a distinctive moral terminology as used in discourse, thought, and action-guidance. One mark of this use is that it serves to give recommendations for action whose force is independent of the desires of both judger and subject. The task of metaethics is to provide a systematic account of the metasemantics, psychology, metaphysics, and epistemology of moral practice. This will involve, at least, an account of those facts about our uses of moral expressions in virtue of which they have the meanings they do. Metaethical theories are to be judged by their ability to accommodate (that is, make purpose-relative sense of) the important forms and assumptions of moral practice, within the terms of our wider understanding of the world and our place in it. I take this understanding to be provided by naturalism, although this is a working assumption rather than an indubitable axiom.
Practical Expressivism, Morality’s Function, and Moral Attitudes
Authors: Sinclair Neil 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Practical expressivism is the view that moral judgements do not offer moral descriptions or express moral beliefs but do express moral attitudes. The conventionally-enshrined purpose of this expression is the interpersonal coordination of attitudes and action. More generally the function of moral practice is to produce, test, refine, and sustain mutually beneficial patterns of coordination through a distinctive, linguistic, means of collective problem-solving, viz. moral discussion. This purpose suggests that moral attitudes are typically stable, reflectively endorsed, general attitudinally ascended states of approval and/or disapproval.
Mind-Independent Moral Truths and Categorical Moral Reasons
Authors: Sinclair Neil 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Moral practice embodies the assumptions that moral truths are mind-independent and moral reasons are categorical. According to the practical expressivist account, both assumptions can be understood as claims about the application conditions of moral terms. In both cases, the practical expressivist goes on to understand these claims to voice positions about which moral sensibilities agents ought to adopt. The former voices the claim that agents ought not form their moral attitudes on the basis of their own endorsement of those attitudes; the latter that agents ought not form their structured-approvals purely on the basis of the existing desires of the target agent. In both cases, these substantive moral positions are also constitutive of competence with moral concepts, since agents who generally denied them would not be able to use those concepts to coordinate in the ways distinctive of morality.
Privatizing Welfare Services
Authors: Jordahl Henrik , Blix Mårten 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Swedish welfare state is known for providing extensive services to its citizens. Much less well known is that a fair amount of the services are delivered by private for-profit firms. The first steps of privatization were taken in the mid-1980s for childcare services at the municipal level, and the government often found itself scrambling to introduce regulation afterwards. Other sectors were subsequently privatized, most notably through an extensive voucher scheme to provide choice in compulsory and upper-secondary education. A key question throughout this process has been how to maintain the Swedish egalitarian ethos while undergoing extensive privatization. How has the country managed to reap the benefits from market forces without endangering equitable outcomes? The Swedish system is no middle road between socialism and capitalism. Instead, it is more akin to a large-scale laboratory for institutional design with lessons that should be of broad relevance to other countries aiming to get high-quality welfare services while containing costs. Focusing on what others can learn from Sweden, the book makes accessible original research on schools, health care, and elderly care. The privatization of service production has occurred despite major political controversy between two competing visions for the welfare state. Successful experiments have spread organically to neighbouring municipalities. What was done well in this process and what were the mistakes? The book addresses the fundamental economic challenges, the trends of the future, and the implications for institutional design
Quasi-Markets
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the conceptual foundations of introducing market forces in the public sector, drawing on pioneering work by the British academic Julian Le Grand. Creating market-like conditions in tax-financed welfare services (so-called quasi-markets) is a way to empower users and introduce competition among providers. Ideally, service provision will be efficient, responsive, equitable, and of high quality. Such ideal outcomes are, however, far from guaranteed to materialize. A crucial and defining characteristic of quasi-markets is that the end-users do not pay for the services consumed. As a result, care needs to be taken that the incentives of the buyer (the public sector) and the sellers (private firms) are properly aligned. The chapter also brings out the main challenges for quality and contract design that are discussed in depth in later chapters. A fundamental challenge for the government is to assess and monitor quality in welfare services, be they provided directly by the public sector or by the private sector.
Controlling Public Spending and Striving for Efficiency
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Extensive welfare services require corresponding revenue. Large spending commitments imply that Sweden’s public sector finances are particularly sensitive to changing trends in demography and hours worked. A particular concern is that productivity growth in labour-intensive services is relatively difficult to uphold, the so-called Baumol effect. Increasing costs and spending pose a severe risk to the welfare state, but a risk that should be possible to handle. Though Sweden’s public finances remain among the strongest in the OECD, it will be a delicate balance to increase spending on welfare services at the desired rate. A continued focus on improving public sector efficiency will need to be coupled by a suitable balance between tax-funded services and parts that people will have to pay for privately.
Introduction
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Throughout the dialogues Plato contrasts epistêmê, a superior kind of cognition, with doxa, an inferior one. It is widely assumed that Plato is discussing knowledge and belief. But many of his epistemological views are so hard to construe as views about knowledge and belief that it is worth questioning this assumption. Moreover, the history of Plato scholarship shows us that the assumption is quite recent. Once we accept that Plato’s central epistemological concepts may be radically different from ours, however, we must reassess his whole project: what is he doing when he does epistemology, and what is his epistemology about? The project of the book is to answer these questions by taking as a starting point what is arguably the most radical difference between Plato’s epistemology and ours: his claim, in the Republic and other dialogues, that epistêmê is of being and doxa of something inferior.
Epistêmê Is of What Is
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
If Plato’s epistemology is indeed objects-based, then he conceives of epistêmê first and foremost as the cognition of a certain kind of object. What is this object? We find a clear answer in the powers argument: epistêmê is of what is, or being. Indeed throughout the dialogues Plato treats this claim as a basic principle, something that everyone will accept. But this may seem an unhelpful answer, for Plato’s talk of being is famously ambiguous, and much debated. I will argue that there is nonetheless a general characterization available: in contexts relevant to the correlation of epistêmê with being, regardless of what ‘being’ or variants mean, the label ‘being’ serves a common function: it privileges certain items above others. The key notion should be understood as the ontologically superior, or of what really is, by contrast with things that have some derivative or inferior status. Epistêmê’s defining object is Being in this sense.
Conclusion
Authors: Mauldin Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study has explored how Barth and Bonhoeffer provide resources for a chastened defense of the politics of liberal modernity. This chastened defense acknowledges the tensions inherent in modern politics, including the potential for violence and terror in the utopian strand of modern thought. For Barth and Bonhoeffer, a theological account of history liberates politics from salvation history. These theologians saw the hopes of the modern age shipwrecked during their lifetimes. Yet even in the midst of this crisis, they sought neither the retrieval of a premodern synthesis, nor the supersession of modern politics by some postmodern alternative. The goal of this study has been to show how Barth and Bonhoeffer responded to the crisis of modernity in their own historical context, avoiding despair as well as the temptations of political utopia.
Non-Factualism about Composite Objects (or Why There’s No Fact of the Matter Whether Any Material Objects Exist)
Authors: Balaguer Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides an argument for a non-factualist view of the composite-object question; i.e., it argues that there’s no fact of the matter whether there are any such things as composite objects like tables and rocks and cats (where a composite object is an object that has proper parts). In addition, this chapter explains how the argument can be extended to establish the much more general (and much more radical) conclusion that there’s no fact of the matter whether there are any material objects at all—including mereological simples (i.e., objects that don’t have any proper parts). The argument proceeds by undermining the necessitarian and contingentist views of the composite-object question; so, roughly speaking, the idea is that there isn’t a fact of the matter about the existence of composite objects like tables because there isn’t a necessary fact about this and there also isn’t a contingent fact about it.
Non-Factualism about Abstract Objects
Authors: Balaguer Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 provides an argument for a non-factualist view of the abstract-object question; in other words, it argues that there’s no fact of the matter whether there are any such things as abstract objects like numbers and sets and propositions (where an abstract object is a non-physical, non-mental, unextended, acausal, non-spatiotemporal object). Roughly speaking, the argument proceeds by showing that the sentence ‘There are abstract objects’ is catastrophically unclear and indeterminate—i.e., that it’s so unclear that it doesn’t have any truth conditions and, hence, doesn’t have a truth value. In addition, the chapter also argues against necessitarian versions of platonism and anti-platonism.
Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Balaguer Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 argues that neo-positivists can endorse scientistic views of conceptual-analysis questions—i.e., questions like ‘What is free will?’, ‘What is a person?’, and so on. Very roughly, scientism about a question Q is the view that Q is an ordinary empirical-scientific question about some aspect of physical reality. This chapter argues for scientism about conceptual-analysis questions by arguing that these questions are completely settled by physical-empirical facts about us—in particular, by psychological facts about what we mean by our words. This is an important part of the neo-positivist argument; for in connection with almost all metaphysical questions, one of the main subquestions that neo-positivists need to address is (or is something like) a conceptual-analysis question. So if neo-positivists can endorse scientistic views of all conceptual-analysis questions, then this simplifies things for them considerably (it makes it much easier for them to motivate neo-positivist views of specific metaphysical questions).
Widespread Non-Factualism
Authors: Balaguer Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 briefly explains how we could go about arguing for neo-positivist views of several different metaphysical questions. The chapter focuses mostly on cases in which neo-positivists endorse non-factualist views of the central controversial subquestions—e.g., questions about Aristotelean properties, tropes, coincident objects, essential properties, non-natural moral facts, and certain kinds of facts about grounding and Lewis-Sider-style joints in reality. But the chapter also briefly addresses some cases in which neo-positivists endorse scientistic views, rather than non-factualist views, of the central controversial subquestions—e.g., questions about libertarian free will, non-Humean causation, Lewisian possible worlds, and immaterial Cartesian souls.
The Archive
Authors: Earlie Paul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Derrida’s writings on the archive and, more particularly, his reflections on the archive of psychoanalysis. Although texts such as Mal d’archive (Archive Fever) have often been held as heralding a ‘theoretical’ turn in archival studies, Derrida’s writings on the archive continually question the limitations of any theory, concept, or science of the archive. Part of the archive’s resistance to conceptualization lies in its relationship to what calls Derrida ‘originary technicity’, a structure which concerns not only the material space of paper but also the psyche as a mnemic archive and the virtual or digital archive. If a firm distinction between these three types of archive can never be guaranteed, this indistinction has important consequences for psychoanalytic therapy and for the ‘positive’ science of history. The latter is explored here through Derrida’s reading of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi’s Freud’s Moses: Judaism Terminable and Interminable. For Derrida, the archive’s structural resistance to interpretation—what he elsewhere calls its ‘absolute secrecy’—means that it is always the site of passionate investments. Freud’s account of the psyche as a space of archival preservation already suggests this imbrication of affect and technicity, as Derrida shows in his reading of Freud’s Delusion and Dream in Jensen’s Gradiva.
Due Diligence in International Anti-terrorism Law
Authors: Österdahl Inger 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the content of the due diligence principle in the area of anti-terrorism law. It emphasises that the substance of potential due diligence obligations in the area of anti-terrorism law is largely unexplored and they are not mapped. With a particular focus on UN Security Council Resolution 2396 of 2017, the chapter analyses whether a minimum consensus on required state measures against terrorism, such as criminalisation, international cooperation, or information sharing, can be detected. To that end, the chapter examines the language of the Security Council Resolution as an indicator of varying degrees of obligation of due diligence requirements in this field.
Due Diligence in World Bank Project Financing
Authors: Desierto Diane A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses due diligence practices of institutional lenders, such as the World Bank and other multilateral development banks, in the course of international project financing. Such due diligence practices include taking into account country risks, political risks, environmental risks, and social risks. The chapter lays particular focus on the Sustainability Framework of the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group which provides the international benchmark practices for the assessment of environmental and social risks. The chapter traces the Framework’s influence on the Equator Principles on Environmental and Social Risk Management adopted by other international private and public financial institutions for international project financing. It argues that due diligence in the area of international project finance may be headed towards possible convergence with international human rights obligations, particularly with environmental and social treaty commitments of States.
Enabling Change
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a pragmatic perspective on enabling the changes needed to substantially enhance failure management practices. The behavioral and social nature of human decision making is reviewed. Decision-making vignettes are provided to illustrate the general human phenomena of interest. Societal views and practices of system maintenance are considered. Broader perspectives on economic, legal, political, and social aspects of change are reviewed. Numerous examples of computational approaches to change are summarized.
Grothendieck Fibrations
Authors: Johnson Niles , Yau Donald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, Grothendieck fibrations are defined, and the Grothendieck Fibration Theorem is proved. After discussing some basic definitions, properties, and examples of fibrations, this chapter constructs a 2-monad and proves in detail that its pseudo algebras are precisely cloven fibrations. Moreover, the strict algebras of this 2-monad are shown to be precisely split fibrations.
“Psychoanalysis and Laxatives,” or Democracy in America
Authors: Nadel Ira 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Roth and misogyny, highlighted by attacks by Vivian Gornick, Claire Bloom, and Carmen Callil initiate this chapter and its persistent question: did Roth treat women only as one-dimensional sex objects or as fully rounded personalities with agency and power? Roth’s response, in a series of private documents, argues that women, at least in his life, were always respected and treated equally. He itemizes the key women in his professional career, from his early agent Candida Donadio through such late friendships such as Janet Malcolm, Judith Thurman, Zadie Smith, and Nicole Krauss. The issue of Roth and his father and the writing of Patrimony and the function of writing in the midst of trauma expand the chapter, plus his unparalleled productivity in the 1990s. The focus is on Operation Shylock, Sabbath’s Theater, and the American Trilogy—all this against the background of untangling himself from Claire Bloom, complicated by illness and depression. The impact and misrepresentations in Bloom’s Leaving a Doll’s House, however, complicated by Roth’s contradictory behavior with Bloom, created difficulties, personally and professionally. The increasing presence of death in his writing noted in Sabbath’s Theater and I Married a Communist shape the final pages as Roth’s evolving American identity comes into focus.
Quintet, or The Jersey Style
Authors: Nadel Ira 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Roth’s late re-creation of the past, from Everyman to Nemesis is the focus of the chapter which begins with the causes for his look back and the emergence of a sustained melancholic tone to his writing presented in shorter fictions. The development of a “Jersey style” soon appears in his late works, preferring transparency and direct language instead of the embellished, piled-on prose of syntactic complexity seen earlier. An important discussion of The Plot Against America and its meaning for Roth and his readers shapes the center of the chapter, with a focus on children in the novel, equal in importance to its politics. His relationship with a new companion assisted in completing the novel, although he was constantly challenged by severe back pain which led to a back operation on 2002; heart problems requiring a series of stents also arose. And friends were dying: Bellow in 2005, Styron in 2006, Kitaj in 2007, and his brother in 2009. A consideration of the last three novels—Indignation, The Humbling, and Nemesis—precedes commentary on Roth’s final preparation of materials for his official biographer.
Coda: “It’s a Miserable Life”
Authors: Nadel Ira 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with Roth’s comic assessment of his own career as an author shared with a young writer and then analyzes his final volume, the essay collection Why Write? It then examines how he spent his time after he gave up writing fiction, while noting his final public reading on 8 May 2014 in New York. His death in New York on 22 May 2018 and the international reaction to the news follows. His funeral at Bard College in May 2018 and his memorial service held at the New York Public Library on 25 September 2018 were occasions to honor and remember the writer. His efforts to complete his personal story, even from the grave, via instructions to his biographer and others. He always meant to be in control.
In situ automated imaging, using the Plankton Imager, captures temporal variations in mesozooplankton using the Celtic Sea as a case study
Authors: Scott James , Pitois Sophie , Close Hayden , Almeida Nevena , Culverhouse Phil , Tilbury Julian , Malin Gill 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Plankton Imager (PI) is an underway semi-automated, high-speed imaging instrument, which takes images of all passing particles and classifies the mesozooplankton present. We used data (temperature, salinity and mesozooplankton abundance) collected in the Celtic Sea in spring and autumn from 2016 to 2019 to assess the ability of the PI to describe temporal changes in the mesozooplankton community and to capture the seasonality of individual taxa. The description obtained using the PI identified both seasonal and interannual changes in the mesozooplankton community. Variation was higher between years than seasons due to the large variation in the community between years in autumn, attributed to the breaking down of summer stratification. The spring community was consistent between years. The seasonality of taxa broadly adhered to those presented in the literature. This demonstrates the PI as a robust method to describe the mesozooplankton community. Finally, the potential future applications and how to make best use of the PI are discussed.
Motif-based endomembrane trafficking
Authors: Arora Deepanksha , Damme Daniёl Van 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEndomembrane trafficking, which allows proteins and lipids to flow between the different endomembrane compartments, largely occurs by vesicle-mediated transport. Transmembrane proteins intended for transport are concentrated into a vesicle or carrier by undulation of a donor membrane. This is followed by vesicle scission, uncoating, and finally, fusion at the target membrane. Three major trafficking pathways operate inside eukaryotic cells: anterograde, retrograde, and endocytic. Each pathway involves a unique set of machinery and coat proteins that pack the transmembrane proteins, along with their associated lipids, into specific carriers. Adaptor and coatomer complexes are major facilitators that function in anterograde transport and in endocytosis. These complexes recognize the transmembrane cargoes destined for transport and recruit the coat proteins that help form the carriers. These complexes use either linear motifs or posttranslational modifications to recognize the cargoes, which are then packaged and delivered along the trafficking pathways. In this review, we focus on the different trafficking complexes that share a common evolutionary branch in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and we discuss up-to-date knowledge about the cargo recognition motifs they use.