bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informal Markets
Authors: Jakobi Anja P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Informal markets have often been conceived primarily as a problem in developing countries, while they are also a frequent element of developed economies and global economic exchange. This article analyzes informal markets from an International Political Economy (IPE) perspective, examining two substantially different understandings of informal markets and related research: From the first perspective, analyses focus on how informal markets relate to formal markets, how large the informal market is, and what kind of deviation exists between the formal and informal sector. The second perspective analyzes informal markets against the background of illegal markets and crime. In a first step, the article elaborates on the many varieties and definitions of informal markets. In a second step, the article details explanations for the rise of informal markets. Research typically analyzes the local and national level of informal markets, less so international and transnational linkages, and IPE can contribute to this research substantially. In a third step, the article discusses the methodological challenges linked to assessing the existence and size of informal markets, and the fourth section presents different policies on how informal markets are governed. The concluding section outlines areas for further IPE research on informal markets.
Process Tracing and International Political Economy
Authors: Checkel Jeffrey T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As a methodological choice, process tracing and qualitative International Political Economy (IPE) would seem a natural fit. These scholars employ case study research designs and theorize in terms of processes and mechanisms—a combination that leads to process tracing as a key method. Yet, in qualitative IPE, one sees little process tracing; or better said, it is there, but only partly operationalized or used implicitly. Surveying the contemporary qualitative IPE literature, this chapter advances two arguments. First, these scholars utilize a narrative style that hides their methods, including process tracing. The result is an empirics–method disconnect, where readers are unsure how data for the narrative was gathered and causal inferences or interpretive understandings gleaned from it. Second, qualitative IPE scholars should do their process tracing better. However, in making this methodological move they should resist the temptation to pull process tracing “off the shelf” and use it. Rather, they should address three cutting-edge issues for process tracers: transparency and formalization; within process-tracing methods; and developing a robust interpretive variant.
The Ethics of Sex Robots
Authors: Sterri Aksel , Earp Brian D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
What, if anything, is wrong with having sex with a robot? For the sake of this chapter, we will assume that sexbots are ‘mere’ machines that are reliably identifiable as such, despite their human-like appearance and behaviour. Under these stipulations, sexbots themselves can no more be harmed, morally speaking, than your dishwasher. However, there may still be something wrong about the production, distribution, and use of such sexbots. In this chapter, we examine whether sex with robots is intrinsically or instrumentally wrong and critically assess different regulatory responses. We defend a harm reduction approach to sexbot regulation, analogous to the approach that has been considered in other areas, concerning, for example, drugs and sex work.
Star burst in W 49 N presumably induced by cloud–cloud collision
Authors: Miyawaki Ryosuke , Hayashi Masahiko , Hasegawa Tetsuo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We present high-resolution observations of CS (J = 1–0), H13CO+ (J = 1–0), and SiO (v = 0: J = 1–0) lines, together with the 49 GHz and 86 GHz continuum emissions, toward W 49 N carried out with the Nobeyama Millimeter Array. We identified 11 CS, eight H13CO+, and six SiO clumps with radii of 0.1–0.5 pc. The CS and H13CO+ clumps are mainly divided into two velocity components, one at 4 km s−1 and the other at 12 km s−1, while the SiO clumps have velocities between the two components. The SiO emission is distributed toward the ultracompact H ii (UCHII) ring, where the 4 km s−1 component clumps of CS and H13CO+ also exist. The 12 km s−1 component clumps of CS are detected at the east and west of the UCHII ring with an apparent hole toward the ring. The clump masses vary from 4.4 × 102 M$_\odot$ to 4.9 × 104 M$_\odot$ with the mean values of 0.94 × 104 M$_\odot$, 0.88 × 104 M$_\odot$, and 2.2 × 104 M$_\odot$ for the CS, H13CO+, and SiO clumps, respectively. The total masses derived from CS, H13CO+, and SiO clumps are 1.0 × 105 M$_\odot$, 0.70 × 105 M$_\odot$, and 1.3 × 105 M$_\odot$, respectively, which agree well with the corresponding virial masses of 0.71 × 105 M$_\odot$, 1.3 × 105 M$_\odot$, and 0.88 × 105 M$_\odot$, respectively. The average molecular hydrogen densities of the clumps are 0.90 × 106 cm−3, 1.4 × 106 cm−3, and 7.6 × 106 cm−3 for the CS, H13CO+, and SiO clumps, respectively. The density derived from the SiO clumps seems significantly higher than those from the others, probably because the SiO emission is produced in high-density shocked regions. The free-fall time scale of the clumps is estimated to be ∼3 × 104 yr, which gives an accretion rate of 3 × 10−3–1 M$_\odot$ yr−1 on to a stellar core. The observed clumps are, if they are undergoing free-fall, capable of producing dozens of massive stars in the next 105 yr. We propose a view that two pre-existing clouds with radial velocities of 4 km s−1 and 12 km s−1 collided with each other almost face-on to produce the observed clumps with intermediate velocities and triggered the burst of massive star formation in W 49 N.
bHLH11 inhibits bHLH IVc proteins by recruiting the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED corepressors
Authors: Li Yang , Lei Rihua , Pu Mengna , Cai Yuerong , Lu Chengkai , Li Zhifang , Liang Gang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Iron (Fe) homeostasis is essential for plant growth and development. Many transcription factors (TFs) play pivotal roles in the maintenance of Fe homeostasis. bHLH11 is a negative TF that regulates Fe homeostasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we generated two loss-of-function bhlh11 mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which display enhanced sensitivity to excess Fe, increased Fe accumulation, and elevated expression of Fe deficiency responsive genes. Levels of bHLH11 protein, localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, decreased in response to Fe deficiency. Co-expression assays indicated that bHLH IVc TFs (bHLH34, bHLH104, bHLH105, and bHLH115) facilitate the nuclear accumulation of bHLH11. Further analysis indicated that bHLH11 represses the transactivity of bHLH IVc TFs toward bHLH Ib genes (bHLH38, bHLH39, bHLH100, and bHLH101). The two ethylene response factor-associated amphiphilic repression motifs of bHLH11 provided the repression function by recruiting the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPRs) corepressors. Correspondingly, the expression of Fe uptake genes increased in the tpr1 tpr4 tpl mutant. Moreover, genetic analysis revealed that bHLH11 has functions independent of FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. This study provides insights into the complicated Fe homeostasis signaling network.
PTOX-dependent safety valve does not oxidize P700 during photosynthetic induction in the Arabidopsis pgr5 mutant
Authors: Zhou Qi , Wang Caijuan , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Shikanai Toshiharu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) accepts electrons from plastoquinol to reduce molecular oxygen to water. We introduced the gene encoding Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr)PTOX2 into the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) wild-type (WT) and proton gradient regulation5 (pgr5) mutant defective in cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI). The accumulation of CrPTOX2 only mildly affected photosynthetic electron transport in the WT background during steady-state photosynthesis but partly complemented the induction of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) in the pgr5 background. During the induction of photosynthesis by actinic light (AL) of 130 µmol photons m−2 s−1, the high level of PSII yield (Y(II)) was induced immediately after the onset of AL in WT plants accumulating CrPTOX2. NPQ was more rapidly induced in the transgenic plants than in WT plants. P700 was also oxidized immediately after the onset of AL. Although CrPTOX2 does not directly induce a proton concentration gradient (ΔpH) across the thylakoid membrane, the coupled reaction of PSII generated ΔpH to induce NPQ and the downregulation of the cytochrome b6f complex. Rapid induction of Y(II) and NPQ was also observed in the pgr5 plants accumulating CrPTOX2. In contrast to the WT background, P700 was not oxidized in the pgr5 background. Although the thylakoid lumen was acidified by CrPTOX2, PGR5 was essential for oxidizing P700. In addition to acidification of the thylakoid lumen to downregulate the cytochrome b6f complex (donor-side regulation), PGR5 may be required for draining electrons from PSI by transferring them to the plastoquinone pool. We propose a reevaluation of the contribution of this acceptor-side regulation by PGR5 in the photoprotection of PSI.
Trauma-Informed Sexual Assault Investigations Training: Lessons Learned Attempting to Enhance Sexual Assault-Related Understanding and Reduce Rape Myth Beliefs and Burnout among Police Officers
Authors: Lathan Emma C , Langhinrichsen-Rohling Jennifer , Stefurak James Tres , Duncan Jessica , Selwyn Candice N 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The City of Mobile Police Department’s (MPD) multidisciplinary Sexual Assault Kit Initiative team sought to identify and amend factors that theoretically contribute to high rates of sexual assault case attrition. First, the current study examined cross-sectional relations among officers’ rape myth endorsement, perceived understanding of trauma-informed sexual assault investigations, and burnout level. Second, using a cohort-based longitudinal design, this study assessed the effectiveness of MPD’s department-wide adoption of a professional development module in increasing self-reported understanding of trauma-informed investigations and reducing rape myth beliefs and burnout (T1, n = 331; T2, n = 229). Rape myth beliefs differed by burnout type and level. Officers with clinically high levels of emotional exhaustion or depersonalization reported greater rape myth acceptance and estimates of falsely reported rapes than those with average or low levels of emotional exhaustion or depersonalization. Officers with a high sense of personal accomplishment endorsed lower rape myth acceptance than but similar false reporting estimates to officers with average or clinically low levels of personal accomplishment. Months post-training, officers endorsed greater perceived understanding of trauma-informed sexual assault investigations. However, reductions in officers’ rape myth beliefs or burnout were not detected; on average, officers reported increased burnout at T2 regardless of whether training attendance was confirmed. Effective ways to achieve and sustain rape myth reductions while preventing and reducing burnout are needed.
Moon and Tide: A New Interpretation of Exeter Riddle 22 Based on the Medieval Science of Computus
Authors: Mogford Neville 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Exeter Riddle 22 tells the story of how 60 riders and 15 horses are unable to cross a body of water until a ‘wægn’ (‘wagon’) miraculously transports them to the other shore. Several solutions have been proposed, but none are entirely satisfactory. This article uses medieval scientific lore, as well as the medieval coastal landscape and comparative readings of Old English, Latin and Old Norse texts, to propose a new solution explaining all aspects of the riddle—the full moon. Riddle 22 requires not only an awareness of the relationship between the lunar and tidal cycles, but also a knowledge of the computistical formulae that were taught in monastic schools. The horses and the riders represent the hours of moonlight and the ‘wægn’ represents the moon itself. Additionally, the riddle draws upon images of the coastal landscape, as the riddle also depicts the crossing of a tidal causeway. Solving the riddle in this way is a transformative experience for the scientifically literate reader, who comes to recognize—as per Augustine—that prosaic, repeatable events in nature are everyday miracles.
High-level taxonomic splitting in allopatric taxa causes confusion downstream: a revision of the nudibranch family Сoryphellidae
Authors: Ekimova Irina , Valdés Ángel , Malaquias Manuel António E , Rauch Cessa , Chichvarkhin Anton , Mikhlina Anna , Antokhina Tatiana , Chichvarkhina Olga , Schepetov Dimitry 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Conformity of trans-Arctic Coryphellidae genera with the most recent revised taxonomy for the group was tested. Both morphological and molecular data were used to compare more than 200 specimens from various localities in the North Pacific, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. The molecular study included four markers (COI, 16S, H3 and 28S) and implemented Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic approaches. Species delimitation was investigated with automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD), Poisson tree processes (PTP) and generalized mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) methods. The inter- and intraspecific divergence were studied using the TCS-based haplotype analysis and calculation of p-distances. Morphological analysis included standard anatomical techniques and scanning electron microscopy. Based on integrative analysis, we conclude that Coryphella verrucosa and C. pseudoverrucosa represent a single species (C. verrucosa), which is highly heterogeneous at morphological and molecular levels. For Microchlamylla gracilis and M. amabilis, their synonymization under the name M. gracilis is suggested, but increased sample size is needed for further clarification of their identities. Finally, the amphiboreal species Borealea nobilis and the North Pacific B. sanamyanae are distinct species displaying secondary sympatry in the north-west Pacific. Based on these results, we propose a new classification system for the family Coryphellidae uniting all currently considered genera in the single genus Coryphella, and suggest a new approach for further revision of Flabellinidae s.l. taxa.
What Is Important to Patients Who Are Recovering From an Open Tibial Fracture? A Qualitative Study
Authors: Nightingale Jessica , Shu'an Kyle Lin , Scammell Brigitte E. , Leighton Paul , Ollivere Ben J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Open tibial fracture research has traditionally focused on surgical techniques; however, despite technological advances, outcomes from these injuries remain poor, with patients facing a sustained reduced quality of life. Research has rarely asked patients what is important to them after an open tibial fracture, and this question could potentially offer great insight into how to support patients. A qualitative study may assist in our understanding of this subject.

Questions/purposes
We asked: (1) What common themes did patients who have experienced open tibial fractures share? (2) What stresses and coping strategies did those patients articulate? (3) What sources for acquiring coping strategies did patients say they benefited from?

Methods
Semistructured interviews were conducted with patients who had sustained an open tibial fracture between January 1, 2016 and January 1, 2019. All participants were recruited from a Level 1 trauma center in England, and 26 participants were included. The mean age was 44 ± 17 years, and 77% (20 of 26) were men. The patients’ injuries ranged in severity, and they had a range of treatments and complications. Transcripts were analyzed using framework analysis, with codes subsequently organized into themes and subthemes.

Results
Four themes were identified, which included recouping physical mobility, values around treatment, fears about poor recovery, and coping strategies to reduce psychological burden. Coping strategies were important in mitigating the psychological burden of injury. Task-focused coping strategies were preferred by patients and perceived as taking a proactive approach to recovery. Healthcare practitioners, and others with lived experience were able to educate patients on coping, but such resources were scant and therefore probably less accessible to those with the greatest need.

Conclusion
Most individuals fail to return to previous activities, and it is unlikely that improvements in surgical techniques will make major improvements in patient outcomes in the near future. Investment in psychosocial support could potentially improve patient experience and outcomes. Digital information platforms and group rehabilitation clinics were identified as potential avenues for development that could offer individuals better psychosocial support with minimal additional burden for surgeons.

Level of Evidence
Level IV, therapeutic study.
Association of Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) +22 G->A (rs73598374) Genotype in Latino Adult Obese
Authors: Martiniuk Frank , Tchou-Wong Kam-Meng , Chen Angela , Wong Alexander H. , Cribb Esme , Smolenski Gilbert , Yocum Kyle , Barangan Anna , Lo Kahmun , Watt Melissa , Fagan Ian , Nadas Arthur , O’Koren Chelsea , Francois Fritz 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTObesity is a health burden that currently affects over 13% of the global adult population, consisting of over 650 million adults. Obesity is evaluated based on a body mass index (BMI) scale, which is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Adults with a BMI greater than 30kg/m2 are considered to be obese while adults with a BMI greater than 40kg/m2 are considered morbidly obese. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a polymorphic enzyme that plays an important role in both immune functions and the regulation of intracellular and extracellular concentrations of adenosine. Three alleles of the ADA gene (ADA1, ADA2, ADA6) are associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). ADA2/6 may increase susceptibility to DM1 in females. Given the evidence linking obesity with DM1, we wanted to determine whether a correlation exists between ADA2 allele and obesity. The ADA2 (+22 G->A, rs73598374) SNP changes the amino acid at position 8 from aspartic acid (Asp8)(D) to asparagine (Asn)(N). In this study, we present significant evidence of association between the ADA2 allele and obesity or BMIs greater than 25 in the Latino adult but not in the Caucasian population and therefore, may be a risk for obesity and its complications such as DM1.
Modeling Clinical Trial Attrition Using Machine Intelligence: A driver analytics case study using 1,325 trials representing one million patients
Authors: Hutchison Emmette , Zhang Youyi , Nampally Sreenath , Neelufer Imran Khan , Malkov Vlad , Weatherall Jim , Khan Faisal , Shameer Khader 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe amount of time and resources invested in bringing novel therapeutics to market has increased year over year with fewer successful treatments reaching patients. In the lifecycle of drug development, the clinical phase is a major contributor to this decreasing efficiency in the development of clinical trials. One major barrier to the successful execution of a randomized control trial (RCT) is the attrition of patients who no longer participate in a trial either following enrollment or randomization. To address this problem, we have assembled a unique dataset by integrating multiple public databases including ClinicalTrials.gov and Aggregate Analysis of ClincalTrials.gov (AACT) to assemble a trial sponsor-independent dataset. This data spans 20 years of clinical trials and over 1 million patients (3,175 cohorts consisting of 1,020,085 patients and 79 curated features) in the respiratory domain and enabled a data-driven approach to identify top features influencing patient attrition in a trial. Top Features included Duration of Trial, Duration of Treatment, Indication, and Number of Adverse Events. We evaluated multiple machine learning models and found the best performance on the Test Set with Random Forest (Test subset: n=637 cohorts; RMSE 6.64). We envisage that our work will enable clinical trial sponsors to optimize trial run time by better anticipating and correcting for potential patient attrition using patient-centric strategies to improve patient engagement, thus enabling new therapies to be delivered to patients more quickly.
Pulmonary thromboembolism in COVID-19 Patients on CT Pulmonary Angiography - A Single-Centre Retrospective Cohort Study in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Saeed Ghufran Aref , Gaba Waqar H , Kareem Adi Abd Al , Marshoodi Reima Al , Mazrouei Safaa Al , Shah Asad R 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeOur aim is to identify the prevalence and distribution of pulmonary thromboembolism in COVID-19 infected patients in our hospital.Materials and MethodsData of all patients with COVID-19 infection either on RT-PCR testing or non-contrast high resolution CT(HRCT) who had CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) from April to June 2020 were included. 133 patients were initially included in the study, 7 were excluded leaving a total number of 126 patients.ResultsTwenty (15.8%) patients had evidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) on CTPA with mean age of 50 years (ranging 31-85) with 95% males. The mean D-dimer was 5.61mcg/mL among the PE-negative and 14.49 mcg/mL in the PE-positive groups respectively. Among the patients with evidence of pulmonary embolism on CTPA almost half required admission to intensive care unit in comparison to only one-fifth with negative CTPA. One-fourth died among the PE positive group with only 5% died among the PE negative group. There was a 33% reduction in the development of PE in the COVID-19 patients who had received low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) prior to their CTPA study versus those who had not.ConclusionD dimers correlate well with the incidence of pulmonary embolism among COVID-19 patients. Our data suggest that majority of our patients, developed pulmonary embolisms within 5 days into their hospital stay, accounting to almost two thirds of all positive cases diagnosed by CTPA. Those with PE among COVID-19 patients have high chances of ICU admission and mortality. Use of thromboprophylaxis early on might reduce the incidence of PE.