bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nicht Wissen ist auch Macht. Zur Gesprächsdynamik der Eingangsszene in PlatonsKratylos
Authors: Winter Kathrin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the introductory scene of Plato’sCratylusa power game takes place that is based on an asymmetrical distribution of knowledge and which determines the dynamics of the communication. Since Cratylus claims to have greater knowledge than Hermogenes, he puts his discussion partner in an inferior position. Hermogenes strives to balance out this power differential by different strategies. One such strategy is that of including Socrates in the discussion. Socrates reacts to the power differential that Cratylus has built up in a different way from Hermogenes: by the fact that he claims no knowledge for himself but even rejects any knowledge, he succeeds in gaining a position superior to Cratylus and Hermogenes.
Nationale Empfehlungen für Bewegung und Bewegungsförderung bei Diabetes
Authors: Geidl Wolfgang , Abu-Omar Karim , Pfeifer Klaus 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag stellt die nationalen Empfehlungen für Bewegung und Bewegungsförderung für Menschen mit Typ 2-Diabetes vor. Diese sollten pro Woche möglichst 150 Minuten moderate oder 75 Minuten intensive Ausdaueraktivitäten erzielen; muskelkräftigende Aktivitäten sollten an mindestens zwei Tagen pro Woche durchgeführt werden. Bewegungsförderung gelingt für diese Zielgruppe, wenn sie theoriebasierte, passgenaue Maßnahmen nutzt (z.B. Bewegungsberatungen) und Bewegungsverhalten isoliert fördert.
Digitale Prävention des Typ-2-Diabetes
Authors: Kulzer Bernhard 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Angesichts der deutlichen Zunahme der Anzahl von Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes und der bislang nur mäßigen Erfolge der Präventionsbemühungen, können digitale Präventionsangebote eine wichtige Unterstützung darstellen. Diese können den Kenntnisstand über Typ-2-Diabetes und Präventionsmöglichkeiten, das Screening und die Diagnose verbessern und einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Prävention des Typ-2-Diabetes leisten.
Diabetes mellitus – die stille Pandemie
Authors: Neu Andreas 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Schätzungen zufolge werden im Jahr 2040 rund zwölf Millionen Menschen in Deutschland an Diabetes mellitus erkrankt sein. Um die steigende Zahl an Neuerkrankungen einzudämmen und die Versorgung sicherzustellen, verabschiedete der Deutsche Bundestag 2020 die Nationale Diabetesstrategie. Die Strategie muss jedoch mit konkreten Maßnahmen ausdifferenziert werden. Die Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG) hat hierfür zentrale Handlungsfelder identifiziert, die die Versorgung, Nachwuchsgewinnung und Prävention maßgeblich stärken.
Time consistency for scalar multivariate risk measures
Authors: Feinstein Zachary , Rudloff Birgit 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present results on dynamic multivariate scalar risk measures, which arise in markets with transaction costs and systemic risk.
Dual representations of such risk measures are presented. These are then used to obtain the main results of this paper on time consistency; namely, an equivalent recursive formulation of multivariate scalar risk measures to multiportfolio time consistency. We are motivated to study time consistency of multivariate scalar risk measures as the superhedging risk measure in markets with transaction costs (with a single eligible asset) (Jouini and Kallal (1995), Löhne and Rudloff (2014), Roux and Zastawniak (2016)) does not satisfy the usual scalar concept of time consistency. In fact, as demonstrated in (Feinstein and Rudloff (2021)), scalar risk measures with the same scalarization weight at all times would not be time consistent in general. The deduced recursive relation for the scalarizations of multiportfolio time consistent set-valued risk measures provided in this paper requires consideration of the entire family of scalarizations. In this way we develop a direct notion of a “moving scalarization” for scalar time consistency that corroborates recent research on scalarizations of dynamic multi-objective problems
(Karnam, Ma and Zhang (2017), Kováčová and Rudloff (2021)).
Decomposing and deducing the Coordinate Structure Constraint
Authors: Oda Hiromune 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe article shows that the Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC) can be violated in a number of languages and establishes a novel cross-linguistic generalization regarding languages that allow violations of the CSC. A phase-based deduction of this generalization is then provided under a particular contextual approach to phases. In addition, based on the cross-linguistic data regarding violations of the CSC, it is argued that the CSC should be separated into two conditions: (i) the ban on extractionofa conjunct, and (ii) the ban on extractionout ofa conjunct. This means that the whole coordinate structure (ConjP) as well as individual conjuncts are islands independently of each other. The article also addresses the long-standing debate regarding where in the grammar the CSC applies, arguing that the two different conditions that result from the separation of the traditional CSC ((i) and (ii) above) are deduced from different mechanisms in the architecture of the grammar: one is a purely syntactic condition, and the other is an interface condition.
Sustained delivery of neurotrophic factors to treat spinal cord injury
Authors: Muheremu Aikeremujiang , Shu Li , Liang Jing , Aili Abudunaibi , Jiang Kan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in tremendous physical and psychological harm and a series of socioeconomic problems. Although neurons in the spinal cord need neurotrophic factors for their survival and development to reestablish their connections with their original targets, endogenous neurotrophic factors are scarce and the sustainable delivery of exogeneous neurotrophic factors is challenging. The widely studied neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, nerve growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor have a relatively short cycle that is not sufficient enough for functionally significant neural regeneration after SCI. In the past decades, scholars have tried a variety of cellular and viral vehicles as well as tissue engineering scaffolds to safely and sustainably deliver those necessary neurotrophic factors to the injury site, and achieved satisfactory neural repair and functional recovery on many occasions. Here, we review the neurotrophic factors that have been used in trials to treat SCI, and vehicles that were commonly used for their sustained delivery.
New Method for Internal Pore-Water Pressure Measurements
Authors: Liang Yawu , Beier Nicholas , Sego D. C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The triaxial test is the most common procedure performed in a geotechnical laboratory to investigate the mechanical behavior of soils. However, often only global pore-water pressure (pwp) is measured at the bottom of specimen during conventional triaxial tests, which cannot detect the variation in internal pwp values to represent the true effective stress path adjacent to the failure surface. Here, a modified triaxial testing apparatus capable of measuring internal pwp within the soil using a filterless rigid piezometer (FRP) is outlined. To validate the effectiveness and capability of this novel test method, a series of consolidated undrained tests were conducted on saturated loose and dense sand. The FRP measurements provide a reliable pwp response, especially at pressures above 400 kPa where the FRPs have a faster response than the base transducer. Moreover, the internal pwp measured by FRPs during the initiation of shearing in loose sand can capture the rapid development of excess pwp before liquefaction or failure. The results also show that there are increases of 25 % in average peak strength of the loose specimen and 8 % in average residual strength of the dense specimen with internal pwp measurement, respectively, compared with only global pwp measurement because of the FRP installation. However, FRP installation appears to have no apparent effect on average peak strength of the dense specimen and average residual strength of the loose specimen. The new triaxial testing method can be applied to study the response and distribution of pwp at specific zones within the soil.
DSCAM Deficiency Leads to Premature Spine Maturation and Autism-like Behaviors
Authors: Chen Peng , Liu Ziyang , Zhang Qian , Lin Dong , Song Lu , Liu Jianghong , Jiao Hui-Feng , Lai Xinsheng , Zou Suqi , Wang Shunqi , Zhou Tian , Li Bao-Ming , Zhu Li , Pan Bing-Xing , Fei Erkang 
Published: November 2021

Mutations in some cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) cause abnormal synapse formation and maturation, and serve as one of the potential mechanisms of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Recently,DSCAM(Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule) was found to be a high-risk gene for autism. However, it is still unclear how DSCAM contributes to ASD. Here, we show that DSCAM expression was downregulated following synapse maturation, and that DSCAM deficiency caused accelerated dendritic spine maturation during early postnatal development. Mechanistically, the extracellular domain of DSCAM interacts with neuroligin1 (NLGN1) to block the NLGN1-neurexin1β (NRXN1β) interaction. DSCAM extracellular domain was able to rescue spine overmaturation inDSCAMknockdown neurons. Precocious spines in DSCAM-deficient mice showed increased glutamatergic transmission in the developing cortex and induced autism-like behaviors, such as social novelty deficits and repetitive behaviors. Thus, DSCAM might be a repressor that prevents premature spine maturation and excessive glutamatergic transmission, and its deficiency could lead to autism-like behaviors. Our study provides new insight into the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of ASDs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDSCAMis not only associated with Down syndrome but is also a strong autism risk gene based on large-scale sequencing analysis. However, it remains unknown exactly how DSCAM contributes to autism. In mice, either neuron- and astrocyte-specific or pyramidal neuron-specific DSCAM deficiencies resulted in autism-like behaviors and enhanced spatial memory. In addition, DSCAM knockout or knockdown in pyramidal neurons led to increased dendritic spine maturation. Mechanistically, the extracellular domain of DSCAM binds to NLGN1 and inhibits NLGN1-NRXN1β interaction, which can rescue abnormal spine maturation induced by DSCAM deficiency. Our research demonstrates that DSCAM negatively modulates spine maturation, and that DSCAM deficiency leads to excessive spine maturation and autism-like behaviors, thus providing new insight into a potential pathophysiological mechanism of autism.
How Do You Feel the Rhythm: Dynamic Motor-Auditory Interactions Are Involved in the Imagination of Hierarchical Timing
Authors: Cheng Tzu-Han Zoe , Creel Sarah C. , Iversen John R. 
Published: November 2021

Predicting and organizing patterns of events is important for humans to survive in a dynamically changing world. The motor system has been proposed to be actively, and necessarily, engaged in not only the production but the perception of rhythm by organizing hierarchical timing that influences auditory responses. It is not yet well understood how the motor system interacts with the auditory system to perceive and maintain hierarchical structure in time. This study investigated the dynamic interaction between auditory and motor functional sources during the perception and imagination of musical meters. We pursued this using a novel method combining high-density EEG, EMG, and motion capture with independent component analysis to separate motor and auditory activity during meter imagery while robustly controlling against covert movement. We demonstrated that endogenous brain activity in both auditory and motor functional sources reflects the imagination of binary and ternary meters in the absence of corresponding acoustic cues or overt movement at the meter rate. We found clear evidence for hypothesized motor-to-auditory information flow at the beat rate in all conditions, suggesting a role for top-down influence of the motor system on auditory processing of beat-based rhythms, and reflecting an auditory-motor system with tight reciprocal informational coupling. These findings align with and further extend a set of motor hypotheses from beat perception to hierarchical meter imagination, adding supporting evidence to active engagement of the motor system in auditory processing, which may more broadly speak to the neural mechanisms of temporal processing in other human cognitive functions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHumans live in a world full of hierarchically structured temporal information, the accurate perception of which is essential for understanding speech and music. Music provides a window into the brain mechanisms of time perception, enabling us to examine how the brain groups musical beats into, for example a march or waltz. Using a novel paradigm combining measurement of electrical brain activity with data-driven analysis, this study directly investigates motor-auditory connectivity during meter imagination. Findings highlight the importance of the motor system in the active imagination of meter. This study sheds new light on a fundamental form of perception by demonstrating how auditory-motor interaction may support hierarchical timing processing, which may have clinical implications for speech and motor rehabilitation.
Preservation of Eye Movements in Parkinson's Disease Is Stimulus- and Task-Specific
Authors: Fooken Jolande , Patel Pooja , Jones Christina B. , McKeown Martin J. , Spering Miriam 
Published: November 2021

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that includes motor impairments, such as tremor, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Although eye movement deficits are commonly found in saccade and pursuit tasks, preservation of oculomotor function has also been reported. Here we investigate specific task and stimulus conditions under which oculomotor function in PD is preserved. Sixteen PD patients and 18 healthy, age-matched controls completed a battery of movement tasks that included stationary or moving targets eliciting reactive or deliberate eye movements: pro-saccades, anti-saccades, visually guided pursuit, and rapid go/no-go manual interception. Compared with controls, patients demonstrated systematic impairments in tasks with stationary targets: pro-saccades were hypometric and anti-saccades were incorrectly initiated toward the cued target in ∼35% of trials compared with 14% errors in controls. In patients, task errors were linked to short latency saccades, indicating abnormalities in inhibitory control. However, patients' eye movements in response to dynamic targets were relatively preserved. PD patients were able to track and predict a disappearing moving target and make quick go/no-go decisions as accurately as controls. Patients' interceptive hand movements were slower on average but initiated earlier, indicating adaptive processes to compensate for motor slowing. We conclude that PD patients demonstrate stimulus and task dependency of oculomotor impairments, and we propose that preservation of eye and hand movement function in PD is linked to a separate functional pathway through the superior colliculus-brainstem loop that bypasses the fronto-basal ganglia network. Our results demonstrate that studying oculomotor and hand movement function in PD can support disease diagnosis and further our understanding of disease progression and dynamics.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEye movements are a promising clinical tool to aid in the diagnosis of movement disorders and to monitor disease progression. Although Parkinson's disease (PD) patients show some oculomotor abnormalities, it is not clear whether previously described eye movement impairments are task-specific. We assessed eye movements in PD under different visual (stationary vs moving targets) and movement (reactive vs deliberate) conditions. We demonstrate that PD patients are able to accurately track moving objects but make inaccurate eye movements toward stationary targets. The preservation of eye movements toward dynamic stimuli might enable patients to accurately act on the predicted motion path of the moving target. These results can inform the development of tools for the rehabilitation or maintenance of functional performance.
Long-term mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with unilateral primary aldosteronism after targeted treatments
Authors: Wu Vin-Cent , Wang Shuo-Meng , Huang Kuo-How , Tsai Yao Chou , Chan Chieh-Kai , Yang Shao-Yu , Lin Lian-Yu , Chang Chin-Chen , Lu Ching-Chu , Lin Yen-Hung , Chen Yung-Ming , Chueh Jeff S 
Published: December 2021

Objective
Long-term outcomes (especially mortality and/or major cardiovascular events (MACE)) of the unilateral primary aldosteronism (uPA) patients who underwent medical or surgery-targeted treatment, relative to those with essential hypertension (EH), have been scarcely reported.

Design and settings
Using the prospectively designed observational Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation cohort, we identified 858 uPA cases among 1220 primary aldosteronism patients and another 1210 EH controls.

Exposures
Operated uPA patients were grouped via their 1-year post-therapy statuses.

Results
Primary Aldosteronism Surgical Outcome clinical complete success (hypertension remission) was achieved in 272 (49.9%) of 545 surgically treated uPA patients. After follow-up for 6.3 ± 4.0 years, both hypertension-remissive (hazard ratio (HR): 0.54; P  < 0.001) and not-cured (HR: 0.61; P  < 0.001) uPA patients showed a lower risk of all-cause mortality than that of EH controls; whereas the not-cured group had a higher risk of incident MACE (sub-hazard ratio (sHR), 1.41; P = 0.037) but similar atrial fibrillation (Af) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA)-treated uPA patients had higher risks of MACE (sHR: 1.38; P = 0.033), Af (sHR:1.62, P = 0.049), and CHF (sHR: 1.44; P = 0.048) than those of EH controls, with mortality as a competing risk. Using inverse probability of treatment-weighted matching and counting adrenalectomy as a time-varying factor, treatment with adrenalectomy was associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.57; P = 0.035), MACE (HR: 0.67; P = 0.037), and CHF (HR: 0.49; P = 0.005) compared to those of MRA therapy.

Conclusions
Adrenalectomy, independent of post-surgical hypertension remission, was associated with lower all-cause mortality of uPA patients, compared to that of EH patients. We further documented a more beneficial effect of adrenalectomy over MRA treatment on long-term mortality, MACE, and CHF in uPA patients.
La independencia de Centroamérica y la influencia extranjera
Authors: Puente-Martín Carlos 
Published: December 2021

The main target of the article is to understand the evolution of the independence process of the colonies of the Spanish Empire in Central America. It is suggested not only the influence of liberal ideas from Europe after the French Revolution of 1789 but also the example of the independence of the United States. The independence process in Central America was a peaceful movement in contrast to the military confrontations with the royalist troops of the Spanish Monarchy elsewhere. The importance of the participation of the military and politicians in the struggle for independence is underlined, but the participation of the most basic religious establishment, the priests, was of great importance. The legal texts of the Independence Acts of 1821 and 1823 and the Act of the Annexation of Central America to the Mexican Empire are used to assess the role played by the popular will during the independence process against the influence of other foreign States. A reflection on the influence of the United States foreign policy and, especially, of the Monroe Doctrine marks the difference between independence and sovereignty in the independence process of the Central American provinces. The geopolitical importance of the region attracted the interest not only of the European powers, especially Great Britain, but also the United States during the period covered by this article. The political, economic, and social instability that followed the independence process was used by the North American giant to open a waterway that would allow the communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, contributing to the expansion of a new kind of imperialism
Fragmentación y bifurcación en el Sistema Internacional Pos COVID-19: Las implicaciones para Centroamérica
Authors: López-Ramírez Alexander , Segura-Ramírez Luis Diego 
Published: December 2021

The contemporary era is characterized by two attributes that determine it: fragmentation in the management of the international system and bifurcation of alternatives represented by key actors of the system. These phenomena explain the tensions between China and the United States, the absence of a global system administrator (hegemonic actor), and the emergence of intermediate powers that have gained greater visibility in the context of the pandemic. This new systematic context is presented in the Central American region as a new strategic the challenge, since it has acquired greater preponderance as a zone of influence, but at the same time there is a growing fragmentation within its countries, the potential for cooperation and conflict creates important opportunities but also threats that must be addressed in a timely manner to avoid past mistakes.
General Properties of Higher-Spin Fermion Interaction Currents and Their Test in πN-Scattering
Authors: Kulish Yu.V. , Rybachuk E.V. 
Published: December 2021

The currents of higher-spin fermion interactions with zero- and half-spin particles are derived. They can be used for the N*(J) ↔ Nπ-transitions (N*(J) is thenucleon resonance with the J spin). In accordance with the theorem on currents and fields, the spin-tensors of these currents are traceless, and their products with the γ-matrices and the higher-spin fermion momentum vanish, similarly to the field spin-tensors. Such currents are derived explicitly for J=3/2and 5/2. It is shown that, in the present approach, the scale dimension of a higher spin fermion propagator equals to –1 for any J ≥ 1/2. The calculations indicate that the off-mass-shell N* contributions to the s-channel amplitudes correspond to J = JπN only ( JπN is the total angular momentum of the πN-system). As contrast, in the usually exploited approaches, such non-zero amplitudes correspond to 1/2 ≤ JπN ≤ J. In particular, the usually exploited approaches give non-zero off-mass-shell contributions of the ∆(1232)-resonance to the amplitudes S31, P31( JπN = 1/2) and P33, D33(JπN = 3/2), but our approach – to P33 and D33 only. The comparison of these results with the data of the partial wave analysis on the S31-amplitude in the ∆(1232)-region shows the better agreement for the present approach.