bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Economic Community of West African States
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the international parliamentarization of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS was founded in 1975 without an international parliamentary institution (IPI). An IPI was only created in 1993 in the context of general treaty reform. In particular, the democratization process in the region, the promotion of pan-African community building and the example of other successful regional organizations motivated the initiative for an ECOWAS Parliament. Moreover, the ECOWAS Parliament represents an attempt by elites to strengthen the links between the international organization and the citizens. However, the ECOWAS Parliament took until 2001 to become operational and did not have legislative functions until 2017.
The East African Community
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The East African Community (EAC) was established in 1967, abolished ten years later, and re-established in 1999. In both cases, it included an international parliamentary institution, the East African Legislative Assembly (EALA). EALA is remarkable for its far-reaching legislative competencies. The EALA is best explained by a combination of diffusion and purpose. The chapter argues that the EAC builds on colonial institutions for the East African region, which were oriented towards establishing a federation and had always featured a legislative assembly. Member states followed this organizational template in both 1967 and 1999. Democratization, while not a cause of EALA itself, is shown to play a role in strengthening EALA in the 1999 treaty.
The Rise of International Parliaments
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book and presents its key findings and takeaways. It reiterates the argument of strategic legitimation in international organizations: that governments establish international parliamentary institutions to pay tribute to global norms of democratic governance and legitimate international organizations that have become both more powerful and contested. It further summarizes the key empirical results of the book and highlights that the rise of international parliaments originates in the combination and interplay of two different constellations and processes: supranational regional integration (combining region-building purpose with high international authority) and international diffusion. The chapter goes on to assess the case study evidence on the legitimacy benefit of ‘recognition’ that international parliamentarization provides to states and their international organizations. Finally, it discusses the implications of the analysis for the study of institutional design, comparative regionalism, and global, cosmopolitan democracy.
The Cancer Problem
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This book offers the first medical, cultural, and social history of cancer in nineteenth-century Britain. The Cancer Problem begins by looking at a community of doctors and patients who lived and worked in the streets surrounding The Middlesex Hospital in London. It follows in their footsteps as they walked the labyrinthine lanes and passages that branched off Tottenham Court Road; then, through seven chapters, its focus expands to successively include the rivers, lakes, and forests of England, the mountains, poverty, and hunger of the four nations of the British Isles, the reluctant and resistant inhabitants of the British Empire, and the networks of scientists and doctors spread across Europe and North America. It argues that it was in the nineteenth century that cancer acquired the unique emotional, symbolic, and politicized status it maintains today. Through an interrogation of the construction, deployment, and emotional consequences of the disease’s incurability, this book reframes our conceptualization of the relationship between medicine and modern life and reshapes our understanding of chronic and incurable maladies, both past and present.
Counting and Mapping Cancer
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the practice of collecting cancer statistics and examines the meanings and implications of the nascent idea of the ‘cancer epidemic’ in the mid-nineteenth century. In response to the supposed increasing incidence of cancer, some medical men sought strategies beyond the clinic to elucidate the evasive malady. The continued therapeutic futility with respect to cancer provoked a diversification of investigative efforts, and elements of the medical community refocused on the disease’s causes, prevention, transmission, and potential communication. This chapter explores the ways in which practitioners interested in cancer—little-known characters like Alfred Haviland, Charles H. Moore, and Charles E. Green—mapped cancer incidence, understood the disease to be produced by rural environs, and conceptualized the disease spatially and according to scale.
Making Cancer Modern
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses and assesses the medical practitioners and social commentators who searched for an explanation for the new ‘cancer epidemic’ in Victorian Britain. While Chapters 5 and 6 looked at medical men who, using a range of techniques and technologies, attempted to decode the aetiology of cancer and explain and arrest its expansion, the limited success of these efforts prompted some observers to suggest that perhaps the origin of malignancy could be found in the very fabric of modern society. If it was not latent in the landscape, nor a waxing and waning infectious disease, then maybe cancer’s increasing incidence was a sign of some change in the bodies and lifestyles of the nation and its inhabitants.
Non-deviant Causation
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The problem of deviant causation has long vexed causalist accounts of action. This chapter argues that an account of non-deviant causation can be developed by leveraging insights from the author’s account of control. In order to understand what happens when non-deviant causation happens, it develops the notion of a comprehensive set of circumstances. This is a set of circumstances that is derived by building a causal model that includes an agent, a plan, and the agent’s location in a particular situation. What is special about the model is that it gets the causal parameters of the particular situation right. Non-deviant causation then turns out to be the normal production of behavior that is, for the agent, normal given the plan and across the comprehensive set of circumstances. After developing this account, this chapter discusses a range of problem cases for it, examines an alternative account due to Wayne Wu, and discusses how the account fares against some complaints drawn from relevant literature.
Varietals of Control’s Exercise
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter first offers a clear explication of control’s exercise. It then briefly discusses control over omissions, before turning to a discussion of different varietals of control. So, in particular, voluntary control is central to several debates in philosophy. No acceptable account exists. This chapter extends the account of control to offer an explication of voluntary control. It then discusses this account in light of Alfred Mele’s recent work on direct control. Finally, this chapter offers an explication of a notion that is important to many who think and write about free will. This is the notion of what is “up to” an agent. The explication turns on the notion of voluntary control.
Democratic Design
Authors: Saward Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The twenty-first century poses serious challenges to democratic ideals and institutions. Democratic Design argues that to respond effectively—to remake and renew democracy––democrats need to think and work in new ways, using a new and versatile toolkit of concepts and practices. Drawing together, and moving beyond, the best of existing theories and models, the author builds, defends, and illustrates the democratic design framework—a new set of tools for politicians, reformers, and observers to explore creative and hybrid forms of democracy. The book encourages idealism and practicality, demanding special attention to the history and politics of diverse countries and contexts. Bringing theory and practice into close conversation, the chapter fuses insights of design thinking and the future of politics and government, showing how a comprehensive and robust approach to rethinking democratic governance is both feasible and essential.
Son of the Heartland
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Anderson’s parents come from academic families in Indiana. Phil and his sister Grace grew up in Urbana, Illinois because their father was a plant pathologist at the University of Illinois (UI). Mother Elsie demanded academic excellence and respect for others. Father Harry was a model of integrity, a fact displayed during the so-called Krebiozen affair. The Depression affected the family relatively little and Phil acquired his lifelong liberal politics from a UI social group called the Saturday Hikers. At age twelve, he accompanies his family to Europe (a sabbatical for his father) where they observe the rise of Nazism. Phil attends and excels at the University High School where he enjoys math, tennis, and speed skating, but not physics. He wins a National Scholarship to attend Harvard University with a plan to major in mathematics.
Making Waves
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sixteen-year-old Phil Anderson does not fit in well with the prep school boys at Harvard, but he finds a congenial study group (including future historian of science Thomas Kuhn) and does well academically. The beginning of World War II causes him to change his major to Electronic Physics. His class graduates in three years so they can contribute to the war effort. Anderson does his service as a radar (microwave) engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory where he learns quantum mechanics, learns he is probably not suited for experimental work, and grows up socially. John Van Vleck visits NRL and helps convince Anderson to return to Harvard for graduate school.
First Fruits
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Anderson thrives in graduate school where he begins a career-long friendly rivalry with Walter Kohn. He consciously chooses not to work with superstar theorist Julian Schwinger and pursues a PhD supervised by John Van Vleck. His thesis problem is a quantum mechanical calculation of the microwave absorption spectrum of small molecules. His social time is spent almost exclusively with non-physics graduate students, including the mathematician-comedic songwriter Tom Lehrer. He meets Joyce Gothwaite during a vacation trip home and only a short time passes before they marry in Boston and she becomes pregnant. Daughter Susan is born and Anderson completes his thesis work quickly. Money is tight.
The Pope of Condensed Matter Physics
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of Anderson’s life at the top of the theoretical condensed matter world. He became very influential at Bell Labs and retired as a Consulting Director of the Physical Science Laboratory. He moved his half-time professorship from Cambridge to Princeton in 1975, but it took a decade to break down the resistance there to condensed matter physics. He was heavily involved with the Aspen Center and turned down an offer of the Directorship of the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara. He wrote the magisterial “Basic Notions of Condensed Matter Physics” but was widely regarded as a poor classroom instructor. His Nobel Prize gave him a platform to oppose the ABM and Star Wars ballistic missile systems, and the Superconducting Super Collider.
The Problem of a Lifetime
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Anderson is the only theorist who answers questions at a news conference at the 1987 March Meeting of the American Physical Society (the “Woodstock of Physics”) where most physicists learned details about the newly discovered high-temperature cuprate superconductors, which lose all resistance at temperatures not very far below room temperature. He had just proposed a radical non-BCS theory which attributed superconductivity in these materials to a “resonating valence bond” description of a doped Mott insulator using a model first proposed by John Hubbard. He spent the next twenty years trying to convince his colleagues of the correctness of this theory, with only limited success.
Four Facts About Science
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter is an exploration of Anderson’s philosophy of science based on the contents of his article in a British newspaper, “Four Facts Everyone Ought to Know about Science.” These are: (1) science is not democratic; (2) computers will not replace scientists; (3) statistical methods are missed and often misunderstood; and (4) good science has aesthetic qualities. Anderson aimed to alert the public about the inaccurate and misleading information they were constantly subjected to by uncritical journalists, agenda-driven political pundits, social critics of science, religious fundamentalists, and publicity-seeking professional scientists. He describes science as an interconnected web and discusses Bayesian statistics.
The Many Ages of the Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
From its origins in the Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950, the Court of Justice of the European Union has developed into a legal leviathan, exercising a profound influence on the Union through its widely studied case law. That case law has been lauded and criticized in equal measure. Some see it as bold and ingenious, while others consider it the product of a rogue court. Who were the individuals who made the early Court tick? What were the obstacles the Court had to overcome in order to achieve its current status? Why were the Member States slow to grasp the significance of the Court’s work? What is the relationship between the Court and the General Court, created by the Council in 1988 to alleviate the pressure imposed on the Court itself by its growing case load? This chapter addresses these questions in their temporal, political, and geopolitical context.
Judicial Legitimacy in the European Union
Authors: Komárek Jan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter begins with some reflections on the concept of legitimacy, as it is used in the debates on the EU and its judicial system, particularly the ECJ. In the following section, it seeks to present a framework for studying the ECJ’s legitimacy, which does justice to its dual role: to decide particular cases and at the same time to fulfil much wider functions in the EU political system. The third section then focuses on the perennial problem of judicial legitimacy in the Western legal tradition: how to legitimize creative moments of judicial interpretation of law, which are at the same time unavoidable and deeply problematic for what is sometimes called the liberal doctrine of politics. The fourth section looks in some detail at the recent turn to semantic pragmatism and its relationship to the democratic theory and discusses some of its shortcomings.
Cicero
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This engagingly written book offers an innovative account of Cicero’s treatment of key political ideas: liberty and equality, government, law, cosmopolitanism and imperialism, republican virtues, and ethical decision-making in politics. Cicero (106–43 BC) is well known as a major participant in the turbulent politics of the last three decades of the Roman Republic. But he was a political thinker, too, influential for many centuries on the Western intellectual and cultural tradition. His theoretical writings stand as the first surviving attempt to articulate a philosophical rationale for republicanism. They were not written in isolation either from the stances he took in his political oratory of the period, or from his discussions in his voluminous correspondence with friends and acquaintances of immediate political issues or questions of character or behaviour. The book situates the intimate interrelationships between Cicero’s writings in all these modes within the historical context of a fracturing traditional Roman political order, while exhibiting the continuing attractions of his conceptual landscape, as well as some of its limitations as a response to the crisis that was engulfing Rome.
An exploration of referees’ comments published in open peer review journals: The characteristics of review language and the association between review scrutiny and citations
Authors: Wolfram Dietmar , Wang Peiling , Abuzahra Fuad 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Journals that adopt open peer review (OPR), where review reports of published articles are publicly available, provide an opportunity to study both review content characteristics and quantitative aspects of the overall review process. This study investigates two areas relevant to the quality assessment of manuscript reviews. First, do journal policies for reviewers to identify themselves influence how reviewers evaluate the merits of a manuscript based on the relative frequency of hedging terms and research-related terms appearing in their reviews? Second, is there an association between the number of reviews/reviewers and the manuscript’s research impact once published as measured by citations? We selected reviews for articles published in 17 OPR journals from 2017 to 2018 to examine the incidence of reviewers’ uses of hedging terms and research-related terms. The results suggest that there was little difference in the relative use of hedging term usage regardless of whether reviewers were required to identify themselves or if this was optional, indicating that the use of hedging in review contents was not influenced by journal requirements for reviewers to identify themselves. There was a larger difference observed for research-related terminology. We compared the total number of reviews for a manuscript, rounds of revisions, and the number of reviewers with the number of Web of Science citations the article received since publication. The findings reveal that scrutiny by more reviewers or conducting more reviews or rounds of review do not result in more impactful papers for most of the journals studied. Implications for peer review practice are discussed.
Simulated Participants as Health Care Providers: An Innovative Approach to Interprofessional Simulation
Authors: Ross Jennifer Gunberg , Meakim Colleen H. , Hohenleitner Stacy Grant , Prieto Patricia , Solnick Arlene , Yates Kathleen Williams , Qi Bing Bing 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
With the increased attention to patient safety and quality care in health care, it is imperative that prelicensure health care provider students are taught to collaborate effectively to decrease medical errors. For this project, simulated participants were utilized as health care providers for a simulation in a stand-alone nursing school without affiliation to a medical or allied health school. Both simulated participants and students reacted positively to the experience. This project demonstrated that utilizing simulated participants to portray health care providers in simulation scenarios is a feasible and well-received method of providing learning experiences that emphasize the importance of collaboration.
Untethered Lecture Capture: Stimulating Educational Affordances Through Technology-Enhanced Teaching
Authors: Krautscheid Lorretta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Untethered Lecture Capture (ULC) permits faculty to be freely mobile in the classroom (untethered) and synchronously create reusable learning media assets (lecture capture) through mobile technology resources. Integrating the cognitive theory of multimedia instruction with ULC creates affordances that facilitate learning. Anecdotal student comments indicate ULC supports accessibility, enhances personalized self-paced learning, and creates opportunities for academic success. Untethered faculty teach among students, enhancing in-class focus, time-on-task, and student-faculty engagement. Although all students may benefit from ULC teaching strategies, first-generation students and students whose first language is not English reported increased confidence, coupled with decreased stress.
Full-Time Faculty in Clinical and Basic Science Departments by Sex and Underrepresented in Medicine Status: A 40-Year Review
Authors: Xierali Imam M. , Nivet Marc A. , Rayburn William F. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose
To assess the changing diversity of faculty in specific clinical and basic science departments, stratified by sex and underrepresented in medicine (URM) status, at all Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME)-accredited medical schools.

Method
In this retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study, the authors used data from the Association of American Medical Colleges Faculty Roster (data pulled in October 2019) to identify trends in clinical department faculty and in basic science department faculty by sex and URM status. They included full-time faculty at all LCME-accredited medical schools from 1979 to 2018. They compared the proportions of faculty across separate departments according to sex and URM status, and they used 2-independent-sample t test and simple linear regressions for statistical comparisons.

Results
The number of full-time faculty increased from 49,909 in 1979 to 175,326 in 2018. The largest increase occurred in clinical departments, where the number of faculty increased from 38,726 to 155,677 (a fourfold increase). The number of faculty in basic science departments increased from 11,183 to 19,649 (a 1.8-fold increase). The proportions of faculty who were non-URM females (compared with non-URM males, URM females, and URM males) increased the most—from 14.4% (5,595 of 38,726) to 37.6% (58,478 of 155,677) for clinical departments, and from 14.9% (1,669 of 11,183) to 33.0% (6,485 of 19,649) for basic science departments. Growth was steady but slow among URM faculty, especially for Black males; the absolute number of male URM faculty remained low in both basic science and clinical departments. The proportions of females and URM faculty were highest in the departments of obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, and family medicine.

Conclusions
The substantial increase in faculty, especially in clinical departments, has led to greater diversity, but mostly among non-URM females. The rise of URM male and URM female faculty has been minimal.