bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: A PREVENTIVE APPROACH
Authors: Wyatt Gertrud L. 
Published: December 2021

From 4 to 9% of elementary school children with normal to superior intelligence exhibit symptoms of developmental speech and language disorders, such as: stuttering (or stammering);* severely defective articulation in the absence of hearing loss; and finally the syndrome of multiple perceptual, motor, and language disorder. These developmental deviations or disorders interfere markedly with early school adaptation. If no adequate help is forthcoming the symptoms may increase in severity and interfere with the achievement and social adaptation of the children concerned. The sex ratio reported has been, as a rule, 75% boys to 25% girls.
The importance of the preschool years for language development has been established in many studies.1, 2 McCarthy referred to the "amazingly rapid acquisition of an extremely complex system of symbolic habits by young children,"1 while Penfield and Roberts3 mentioned the "biological time table for language learning," and assumed that the most intensive learning occurs between 2 and 4 years of age.
Studies in language development carried out earlier in the century were mostly normative, focusing upon the number of different sounds and words mastered by the majority of children at a given age1, 4, 5 Thus we expect the "average" child to begin using his first words between 10 and 18 months of age, to master approximately 300 words at age 2, and approximately 1,000 words at age 3. In a more recent study, Templin compared her findings concerning children's learning of consonant sounds with those of other investigators.6 The pediatrician, trying to evaluate a child's stage of language development may want to know what specific sounds a child should be able to master at what particular age.
HEMODYNAMIC ADAPTATIONS IN THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: Gessner Ira , Krovetz L. J. , Benson R. W. , Prystowsky H. , Stenger V. , Eitzman D. V. 
Published: December 2021

The dye dilution technique can provide useful information regarding the newborn cardiovascular system if attention is paid to certain limitations imposed by the peculiarities of the age group being studied. It is necessary that an accurate dye injection system be used and that analysis of the dye curves be done in specified manners.
All the newborns studied had a left-to-right shunt present during the first 2 hours of life. The size of the shunt was relatively constant, averaging 35%, and was not influenced by route of delivery. Although not proven by our studies, it seems probable that this shunt is through the ductus arteriosus. A right-to-left shunt, also presumed to be at the ductal level, was present in all babies up to the age of 40 minutes. After the age of 60 minutes, the majority no longer demonstrate such a shunt.
The average left ventricular output for the entire group was 3.9 1/min/m2. Left ventricular output and right ventricular output were both significantly greater in babies delivered vaginally than in those delivered by cesarean section, the difference being most marked at age 60 minutes. Since the size of the left-to-right shunt was the same for both groups, pulmonary blood flow was also higher in vaginally delivered babies. The significance of these important physiologic findings in terms of neonatal pathology, has not been determined.
Simple Method for Entering Scalp Veins for Venous Blood Samples or Venoclysis
Authors: KAUFMAN HERBERT S. 
Published: December 2021

The dangers of venipuncture by an experienced pediatrician are minimal. Nevertheless, some slight risk does attend femoral or jugular vein puncture; moreover, many parents recoil from witnessing femoral blood samples being taken from their healthy child. Many techniques have been described and although laboratory microprocedures may be performed by the "heel-stick" method, many tests require more blood. Anke has modified the technique of Manús and has noted a preference for the scalp veins over other peripheral vessels.Our method for obtaining blood samples requires even less material and does not involve the somewhat hazardous pressure on both jugular veins.
PROCEDURE
Red Urine
Authors: SCHOEN AUSTIN H. 
Published: December 2021

In regard to the article by S. Levin on page 135 of the July, 1965, issue of Pediatrics, it might be well to advise your readers that the phenomenon he mentions is unlikely to occur in the United States.
According to the FDA, Rhodamine B is not listed for use in foods in the United States. However, this dye may be used in drugs since it is provisionally listed for such use.
Under the circumstances, it is unlikely that physicians will encounter the red urine mentioned by Dr. Levin as being common in South Africa due to the use of this particular dye in foods and candies.
BONE GROWTH AND METABOLIC STUDIES OF PREMATURE INFANTS TREATED WITH HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: Chiumello G. , Vaccari A. , Sereni F. 
Published: December 2021

The influence of exogenous human growth hormone on growth and metabolism of premature infants was observed.
It was not possible to register any increase of linear bone growth after hormone administration; concomitantly urinary hydroxyproline excretion did not change significantly.
Nitrogen balance studies indicated a sharp increase of nitrogen retention, due to a reduced urinary excretion, in all infants. Calcium and phosphorus balances rose in three out of four premature infants treated with growth hormone, but the characteristic STH calciuric action of STH was not observed. Furthermore, STH failed to induce any significant increase in NEFA serum concentration of premature infants.
It may therefore be concluded that the metabolic response of premature infants to STH differs consistently from that normally observed in more mature subjects.
A HISTOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IN A CASE OF POMPE'S DISEASE (GLYCOGENOSIS II)
Authors: Cardiff Robert Darrell 
Published: December 2021

1. A case of Pompe's disease (glycogenosis II) without biochemically or histochemically demonstrable alpha-glucosidase activity is described.
2. Histochemical studies of skeletal muscle suggested that the glycogen is frequently stored as an acid mucopolysaccharide.
3. Electron microscopic studies revealed that the major glycogen deposits in most tissue were within membrane-limited sacs. Striated muscle was an exception because major deposits were frequently extrasaccular.
4. The findings in this case are discussed in relation to current concepts of Pompe's disease. In view of the extrasaccular glycogen deposits in skeletal muscle, it is suggested that an extralysosomal factor plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Pompe's disease.
EVALUATION OF MUMPS VACCINE GIVEN AFTER EXPOSURE TO MUMPS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EXPOSED ADULT
Authors: Meyer Mary B. , Stifler William C. , Joseph J. Mehsen 
Published: December 2021

A critical evaluation of inactivated mumps vaccine, given to adults after exposure to mumps, was sponsored by the Maryland Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics and was carried out by a member of the Department of Epidemiology of the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, selected practicing pediatricians, and the Virology laboratory of the Maryland State Health Department. The study subjects were parents, seen when their children had mumps, who had not themselves had clinical mumps. In a part of the study, selection of subjects for vaccination was by a random method.
Among all parents with negative histories, 21/330 or 6.4% had definite clinical mumps. Among 176 vaccinees, 14 had mumps (8%). Among 153 controls 6 had mumps (3.9%).
Evaluation of tests for susceptibility indicated that no one with a neutralizing antibody titer of 1-8 or greater came down with mumps. Among controls, all mumps occurred in parents with titers of less than 1-2.
Hemagglutination inhibition titers were poorly correlated with immunity, and were not well correlated with neutralizing antibody at low titers. Therefore the HI test is not a reliable method for identifying susceptibles. Although a critical evaluation of the skin test was not made, two vaccinated individuals with positive skin tests came down with mumps. Skin test results did not correlate well with neutralizing antibody titers.
Mumps attack rates among exposed parents with negative histories were relatively low, and were lower among fathers than among mothers (5% and 10% respectively). The use of inactivated mumps vaccine in exposed parents is not recommended both for this reason and because of the lack of evidence for any efficacy.
IMPLANTATION OF CHARDACK-GREATBATCH ADJUSTABLE RATE AND CURRENT PACEMAKER IN A 4-MONTH-OLD INFANT
Authors: Martin Marie Vitória , Lime Adauto Barbosa , Almeida Cyro S. , Geretto Pedro , Nero Renato Del , Monfort Jose , Santos Rubens de G. , Felipozzi Hugo J. 
Published: December 2021

The implantation of a definitive pacemaker in a 4-month, 11-day-old infant with congenital heart block, has been described. Following her first syncopal episode, signs of heart failure became increasingly worse and after unsuccessful hospital clinical treatment for one month the Chardack-Greatbatch adjustable rate and current pace maker was implanted, with a heart rate settled at 100, or slightly below the P-wave rate of the baby.
There was rapid improvement of the signs of heart failure, with beginning of weight gain and discontinuation of diuretics. She was discharged on the thirteenth postoperative day and the follow-up examination 3 weeks after the operation disclosed a baby with good color and a heart rate of 100, gaining weight, and without signs of heart failure. In spite of these encouraging results, it is realized that a much longer period will be required to establish the success of this treatment.
During surgery she was suspected of having a corrected transposition of the great vessels and possibly an associated septal defect. Further investigation of her associated malformation has been deferred to a more suitable opportunity.
Platelet Survival Studies in Aldrich Syndrome
Authors: KRVIT WILLIAM , YUNIS EDMUND , WHITE JAMES G. 
Published: December 2021

1. Normal platelets were transfused into 4 patients with Aldrich syndrome. The response in platelet count indicated that little destruction of platelets was occurring. The survival of platelets was considered to be normal. Plasma transfusion alone did not correct the platelet counts. Platelet antibodies were not detected in two of these patients.
2. For control studies, normal platelets were transfused into two patients with amegakaryocytotic congenital thrombocytopenia and sex-linked recessive (non-Aldrich) familial thrombocytopenia. Their survival was normal.
Similarly, normal platelets were transfused into three patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Minimal increase in platelets and no significant length of survival of platelets was seen.
The thrombocytopenia of Aldrich syndrome was considered to be due to a defect in procduction and/or release of platelets.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: WHITTEN CHARLES F. 
Published: December 2021

In our report (Pediatrics, 36:322, 1965), we indicated that the outlook for the use of desferrioxamine in the treatment of acute iron poisoning was encouraging, but that caution needed to be exercised in the selection of the rate of administration. The evidence cited was as follows:
1. Two children with acute iron poisoning developed hypotension which could be attributed to the infusion of desferrioxamine.
2. Hypotension occurred consistently in dogs given a high intravenous dose of desferrioxamine rapidly.
VITAMIN B6 DEPENDENCY SYNDROMES: THEIR LARGER SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: SCRIVER CHARLES R. 
Published: December 2021

DURING the past decade, the molecular biologist has shown us how mutation in the informational code of the gene is eventually translated into an alteration, either in the primary structure of a protein catalyst or in the rate of synthesis of the catalyst. In either case, the function of the catalyst is impaired and the phenotype of the organism is changed.
Another, albeit less remarkable, advance in knowledge during the past decade both enhances our view of molecular biology and directly benefits the care of our patients. In 1954 two papers appeared in this journal describing a new cause of convulsions in infancy.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO THE SOMATIC ANTIGEN OF SALMONELLA NEWPORT IN PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Gotoff Samuel P. , Cochran William D. 
Published: December 2021

Antibody to the somatic antigen of S. newport was demonstrated by the hemagglutination technique in the sera of 11 premature infants 1 to 2 months old following a nursery outbreak of gastroenteritis. By ultracentrifugal analysis of selected sera from infected infants the antibody activity was exclusively associated with the rapidly sedimenting (19S) gamma M globulin fraction. Although antibody activity was found in the rapidly sedimenting fraction in all maternal sera tested, some antibody activity was also found in the slowly sadimenting immunoglobulin fractions in sera from 2 of 7 mothers suggesting recent or intensive antigenic stimulation. This evidence, coupled with a recent history of gastroenteritis, suggests that one of the mothers may have been the source of the epidemic. The low or absent antibody titers in the infants of these two mothers suggests that the antibody response may have been suppressed by the placental transfer of maternal slowly sedimenting antibody.
The usual sequence of immunoglobulin response to protein antigens is contrasted with the response to the somatic antigen of Gram-negative bacteria, and the role of serum antibody in immunity to Gramnegative bacteria is discussed.
ARTERIAL AND VENOUS BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSES DURING A REDUCTION IN BLOOD VOLUME AND HYPOXIA AND HYPERCAPNIA IN INFANTS DURING THE FIRST TWO DAYS OF LIFE
Authors: Young Maureen , Cottom Dennis 
Published: December 2021

In 46 normal full-term infants (0.5-36.5 hours of age) the mean systolic pressure in the lower aorta, catheterized through the umbilical artery, was 70 S.D. ± 8 mm Hg and the mean diastolic pressure 44 S.D. ± 7 mm Hg. The mean venous pressure in the thoracic inferior vena cava, catheterized through the umbilical vein and ductus venosus was 1.4 S.D. ± 2 cm H2O. Higher pressures were recorded in the portal sinus. The mean arterial O2 tension in the lower aorta was 84 S.D. ± 13 mm Hg and the mean CO2 tension 37 S.D. ± 7 mm Hg. The mean rectal temperature was 36.2 S.D. ± 0.7°C.
Arterial pressure tracings recorded during, and in the recovery period following, a 10% reduction in blood volume suggest that vasomoter baroreceptor responses to a reduction in pulse pressure are not very active during the first 2 days of life. Cardiac responses are more active.
In contrast to the adult, passive tipping of the newborn infant into the head-up position caused little change in the inferior vena cava pressure or in the arterial pressure.
An increase in intratracheal pressure of 7-10 cm H2O caused immediate bradycardia. Frequently the heart rate was halved but little fall in mean pressure occurred over 10 seconds.
Breathing hypoxic mixtures caused hypotension and tachycardia. Hypotension was observed with no change in heart rate when the arterial CO2 was raised simultaneously.
Differences in blood volume distribution, and the relative size of the circulatory beds under reflex and chemical control, possibly share with the apparent unresponsiveness of the peripheral vessels in causing the differences in responses observed between the infant and the adult.
CONTROL OF A SINGLE SOURCE NURSERY EPIDEMIC DUE TO SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: McCormack Regina C. , Kunin Calvin M. 
Published: December 2021

Colonization of infants in a newborn nursery was suspected when S. marcescens was grown in cultures from six newborns with urinary tract infection, omphalitis, and balanitis. Umbilical culture of newborns in the nursery revealed S. marcescens in 20 of 31 (64.5%) infants. Extensive culture of personnel and equipment in the delivery room and the general and premature nurseries, however, failed to reveal the organism, with two exceptions. One was the presence of a pure, heavy growth of S. marcescens in 4 of 5 plastic bottles employed to apply saline to umbilical cords and a mixed growth of this and other organisms in suction tubing in the nursery. Within 6 days after removal of the plastic bottles, only 2 of 22 newborns were colonized and no new cases were found after 2 weeks. Almost all those colonized lost the organism within 4 weeks after discharge from the hospital. No familial spread occurred except for colonization of the breast of 2 of 9 nursing mothers.
These data are presented as an example of a single source, readily controlled epidemic due to a saprophytic organism associated with disease in a small number of infants. The importance of environmental contamination in nursery epidemics due to gram-negative bacilli, many of which are particularly virulent in the newborn, is discussed.
STUDIES ON MIMEAE ORGANISMS AS RELATED TO INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Donald William D. 
Published: December 2021

The frequency of isolation of Mimeae organisms from the skin, upper respiratory tract, and rectal swabs of children has been presented. These organisms (Mima polymorpha and Herellea species) were cultured from 9.5% of 200 axillary cultures. They were cultured from only 1% of 500 throat and nasopharyngeal cultures and were not isolated from rectal swabs of 200 children.
By the use of the hemagglutination test antibody to two Mimeae organisms has been demonstrated in a majority of adults and children over 1 year of age. There is apparently very poor transfer of these antibodies from the mother to her offspring.
CHRONIC NASOPHARYNGEAL OBSTRUCTION AS A CAUSE OF CARDIOMEGALY, COR PULMONALE, AND PULMONARY EDEMA
Authors: Luke Mary Jane , Mehrizi Ali , Folger Gordon M. , Rowe Richard D. 
Published: December 2021

Partial airway obstruction and respiratory abnormality due to enlargement of tonsils and adenoids is a well-recognized clinical entity, but the cardiorespiratory changes which severe chronic obstruction may cause have not been widely documented. Four patients with severe nasopharyngeal obstruction have been observed to have cardiorespiratory complications ranging from moderate cardiac enlargement and right ventricular hypertrophy to cor pulmonale and pulmonary edema. Hemodynamic studies showed swings in pulmonary artery and aortic pressures; pCO2 was varyingly elevated in arterialized capillary blood.
It is believed that hypoxia leads to increased pulmonary resistance and elevated pulmonary artery pressure which, over a period of months, results in right heart hypertrophy and failure. Furthermore, hypoxia may contribute to the development of pulmonary edema in a manner similar to that which occurs at high altitudes. Wide swings in intrathoracic pressure also probably played an important role in the etiology of pulmonary edema. Individual susceptibility to hypoxia and pressure changes is suspected to be an important etiologic factor.
The problem of chronic upper airway obstruction caused by tremendously enlarged tonsils and adenoids in children warrants further investigation and more widespread recognition as being potentially dangerous from cardiorespiratory standpoints.
SCINTILLATION SCANNING IN PEDIATRICS
Authors: Kay Chester , Freeman Leonard , Avnet Norman 
Published: December 2021

Organ scanning is one of the newer, more exciting developments in radiology. The principles of liver, cardiac, renal, and brain scanning and their application to pediatrics are discussed. Estimates of dose delivered to the whole body and target organs are presented. The doses are usually lower than from commonly performed gastrointestinal or urographic radiographic examinations.
Organ scanning can be used in pediatrics in the same manner as any procedure entailing a potential risk. One must weigh the potential risk with the information that can be derived from the procedure.
Disease in Infancy and Childhood, ed. 5, by Richard W. B. Ellis, M.D., and Ross G. Mitchell, M.D. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1965, 712 pp., $14.50
Authors: Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

In 1951 Professor Ellis of Edinburgh published the first edition of his popular and respected introduction to clinical pediatrics. Now, 14 years and four editions later a new edition appears under dual authorship for the first time. Professor Ross Mitchell of Aberdeen now shares responsibility for the text.
In reading through this new edition no marked changes are found. The order of contents follows the excellent arrangement of the past editions. There are minor alterations such as removing the discussion of diabetes mellitus from the chapter on disorders of growth and development and placing it more correctly in the chapter concerned with disorders of metabolism and storage.
Lettre to the Editor
Authors: Coleman Allan B. 
Published: December 2021

For the Academy Committee, Dr. Coleman commented as follows: Dr. Stotzer's point is well taken. Perhaps we are all guilty of becoming too familiar with hexachlorophene in soaps, deodorants, and even in at least one brand of toothpaste so as to breed carelessness. Another near fatality in the current literature (Pilapil, V. R.: Amer. J. Dis. Child., 111: 333, 1966) occurred after a dispensing error.
The wide use of this substance, particularly in the form of Phisohex, makes the paucity of seriously poisoned children a point requiring comment.
INTRAUTERINE GROWTH IN ACTIVE TISSUE MASS OF THE HUMAN FETUS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE UNDERGROWN BABY
Authors: Sinclair John C. , Silverman William A. 
Published: December 2021

Oxygen consumption of babies born after various lengths of gestation, measured between 2 to 10 days of post-natal life under resting, thermoneutral conditions, has been used as an index of intrauterine growth in "active tissue mass." A curve was constructed describing the median increase in oxygen consumption with increasing gestational age in babies who had experienced usual rates of growth in utero.
Babies who have grown normally in utero exhibit, with increasing birth weight and with increasing gestational age, an increase in oxygen consumption per kilogram birth weight. This phenomenon is proposed to result from changes in fetal body composition with increasing maturity whereby the cell mass constitutes an increasing percentage of total body weight as length of gestation increases.
Babies who have been undergrown in utero consume, as a group, more oxygen per kilogram body weight than do normally grown babies of similar birth weight; the degree of hypermetabolism is correlated with the degree of undergrowth. Undergrown babies, as a group, do not have a higher oxygen consumption per kilogram than normally grown babies of similar gestational age, although there is a tendency for those most undergrown to be hypermetabolic even for duration of gestation.
The relative hypermetabolism of undergrown neonates is proposed to depend on a dual etiology: a cell mass/body weight ratio characteristic of maturity rather than size, and, in the most undergrown subjects, an increased cell number/cell mass ratio as would occur with reduction in cell size. A model is developed which relates observations by others of changes in organ size and cell size, in malnutrition, to the present metabolic measurements.
Additional observations include external dimension—oxygen consumption relationship, colon—skin temperature gradients, and acid-base parameters, in babies either normally grown or undergrown in utero. Further study is needed of increments in oxygen consumption during the neonatal period in these two kinds of babies.