bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological profile of patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: an analysis of the Uganda National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Surveillance Data, 2014–2018
Authors: Bahizi Gloria , Majwala Robert Kaos , Kisaka Stevens , Nyombi Abdunoor , Musisi Kenneth , Kwesiga Benon , Bulage Lilian , Ario Alex Riolexus , Turyahabwe Stavia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), including rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB, or RR-TB with additional isoniazid resistance), presents challenges to TB control. In Uganda, the GeneXpert test provides point-of-care testing for TB and rifampicin resistance. Patients identified with RR-TB receive culture-based drug susceptibility testing (DST) to identify additional resistance, if any. There are few data on the epidemiological profiles of current DR-TB patients in Uganda. We described patients with RR-TB in Uganda and assessed the trends of RR-TB to inform TB control interventions.

Methods
We identified patients with RR-TB whose samples were referred for culture and DST during 2014–2018 from routinely-generated laboratory surveillance data at the Uganda National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory. Data on patient demographics and drug sensitivity profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were abstracted. Population data were obtained from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics to calculate incidence. Descriptive epidemiology was performed, and logistic regression used to assess trends.

Results
We identified 1474 patients whose mean age was 36 ± 17 years. Overall incidence was 3.8/100,000 population. Males were more affected by RR-TB than females (4.9 vs. 2.7/100,000, p ≤ 0.01). Geographically, Northern Uganda was the most affected region (IR = 6.9/100,000) followed by the Central region (IR = 5.01/100,000). The overall population incidence of RR-TB increased by 20% over the evaluation period (OR = 1.2; 95% CI 1.15–1.23); RR-TB in new TB cases increased by 35% (OR = 1.35; 95% CI 1.3–1.4) and by 7% in previously-treated cases (OR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.0–1.1). Of the 1474 patients with RR-TB, 923 (63%) were culture-positive of whom 670 (72%) had full DST available. Based on the DST results, 522/670 (78%) had MDR-TB.

Conclusion
Between 2014 and 2018, the incidence of RR-TB increased especially among newly-diagnosed TB patients. We recommend intensified efforts and screening for early diagnosis especially among previously treated patients. Mechanisms should be in put to ensure that all patients with RR-TB obtain DST.
Neglected Tarlov cysts: a case of a Tarlov cyst with spermatorrhea
Authors: Sun Pan , Xu Wangbing , Ye Yongxiang , Zhong Faming , Wan Xuan , Li Yong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Tarlov cysts are a commonly misdiagnosed condition, which can present with many rare symptoms. We report a case of a Tarlov cyst with spermatorrhea and review the pertinent literature.

Case presentation
A 42-year-old male patient had a history of spermatorrhea for > 10 years, but was incorrectly diagnosed as the patient and the doctors consistently mistook the symptoms for a genitourinary disease. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that two cysts in the sacral canal. The diagnosis was Tarlov cyst. We performed surgery to remove the cyst and the symptoms of spermatorrhea disappeared after the operation.

Conclusions
This case demonstrates that orthopedics and urologists should improve their understanding of Tarlov cysts to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment.
Building science through questions in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) classrooms
Authors: Tagnin Laura , Ní Ríordáin Máire 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
The growing population of students that are learning science through a Content and Language Integrated Learning approach (CLIL) has led to concerns about these students’ ability to fully participate in a rich classroom discourse to develop content knowledge. A lack of information about science development through classroom discourse in CLIL settings brought us to focus on the questions teachers ask in upper secondary CLIL biology classrooms. Our aim was to understand how these questions effect science content learning opportunities. A multiple-case study design was implemented to examine and understand the complexities of teacher-student interactions. Data were collected in three case studies, each located in a different school (two in Germany and one in Italy), where CLIL senior secondary science classrooms were observed and audio-recorded. Classroom talk transcripts were analyzed using a mixed methods approach to discourse analysis.

Results
Findings suggest that a teacher’s strategic use of questions has the potential to promote both science understanding and science language development. Questioning contingent on students’ answers was observed to both promote content understanding and to lessen the linguistic demand on CLIL students by splitting both reasoning processes and language production into more manageable units. In addition, a higher level of cognitive engagement was present only when students managed to participate in the classroom discourse with answers longer than single utterances. To allow students to actively participate in the classroom discourse, teachers were observed adopting and promoting translanguaging practices, that is, the flexible use of more than one linguistic code. Furthermore, teachers asked language-related questions that promoted both understanding and use of disciplinary language.

Conclusions
The questioning practices observed in this study offer both practitioners and researchers ways of understanding issues of content access in upper secondary CLIL science classrooms. We recommend STEM teachers in CLIL settings not to oversimplify the linguistic demand on students, as this leads to an oversimplification of content. To lessen the linguistic barriers, practical strategies are recommended to support both cognitively and linguistically productive questioning in STEM CLIL classrooms.
Moringa oleifera
gum based silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles: green synthesis, characterization and their antibacterial potential against MRSA
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Munir Hira , Ismail Hammad 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background

Herein, we first time used the gum
Moringa oleifera
as reducing and capping agent for successful synthesis of silver nitrate and zinc oxide nanoparticles(NPs) through green synthesis approach. This study was aimed to check antibacterial activities of synthesized NPs against multidrug resistant bacteria
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA).

Methods

Aqueous solutions of AgNO
3
and purified gum powder were mixed with 1:1 ratio, autoclaved at 120
o
C for 2 min. NPs pellet collected after centrifugation at 10,000 g for 20 min. ZnO NPs were prepared by mixing purified gum powder and metal salt with1:1 ratio, heated (70
o
C) and stirred at 100 rpm for 4 h followed by centrifugation at 10,000
g
for 20 min. Pellet was washed and calcinated at 400
o
C for 4 h. Antibacterial potential against
E. coli, S. aureus
and
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) was assessed by widely used Kirby-Bauer antibiotic susceptibility test.

Results

Optical observation of colour change from transparent to dark and
UV-Visible
analysis confirmed the synthesis of NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of prepared nonmaterial revealed the characteristic AgNPs and ZnO stretch vibrations at wave number of 523 cm
− 1
and 471 cm
− 1
resectively. Crystalline nature of AgNPs and ZnO NPs was confirmed by x-ray diffraction pattern with clear sharp Peaks. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed good surface morphology of AgNPs and ZnO NPs with 50nm and 60nm size respectively. AgNPs and ZnO NPs exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against
E. coli
(with zone of inhibition of 21 ± 02mm and 22 ± 03mm) and
S.aureus
( with zone of inhibition of 20 ± 03mm and 21 ± 02mm) while good activity was observed against “super bug”
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) with 16 ± 03mm ad 17 ± 02mm zone if inhibitions respectively.

Conclusions
This novel addition of Moringa Gum based nanoparticles will open new dimensions in the field of nanomedicine and pharmaceutics especially against MDR bacterial strains.
Both intermuscular fat and LVEF decline promote heart failure symptoms in cancer survivors
Authors: Reding Kerryn W. , O’Connell Nathaniel S. , D’Agostino Ralph B. , Hundley William , Lucas Alexander R. , Ladd Amy C. , Jordan Jennifer H. , Heiston Emily M. , Ge Yaorong , Hundley W. Gregory 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Approximately 20% of cancer survivors treated with chemotherapy experience worsening heart failure (HF) symptoms post-cancer treatment. While research has predominantly investigated the role of cardiotoxic treatments, much less attention has focused on other risk factors, such as adiposity. However, emerging data in cancer survivors indicates that adiposity may also impact a variety of cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: In a prospective study of 62 patients diagnosed with cancer followed for 24 months from cancer diagnosis through to survivorship (post-cancer treatment), we ascertained baseline fat depots including intermuscular fat (IMF) of the erector spinae muscles; and pre- and post-cancer treatment left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and HF symptoms at baseline and 24-months, respectively. Linear regression was used to model independent variables in relation to HF symptoms at 24-months.

Results
Baseline IMF and LVEF change over 24-months significantly interacted to predict HF score at 24-months. The highest HF symptom score was observed for participants who experienced high IMF at baseline and a high decline in LVEF over 24-months (HF score = 11.0) versus all other categories of baseline IMF and LVEF change.

Conclusions
Together IMF and LVEF decline may play an important role in the worsening of HF symptoms in cancer survivors. The finding that IMF at cancer diagnosis led to elevated HF scores post-treatment suggests that IMF may be a potential target for intervention studies.
A review of the ethnomedicinal, antimicrobial, and phytochemical properties of Musa paradisiaca (plantain)
Authors: Ajijolakewu Kamoldeen Abiodun , Ayoola Abiodun Saheed , Agbabiaka Tariq Oluwakunmi , Zakariyah Folashade Rahmat , Ahmed Nike Risikat , Oyedele Olusegun Julius , Sani Alhasan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
More people—in both developing and developed countries—now use, and are favourably disposed to, traditional medicine. Musa paradisiaca (plantain) is used extensively in traditional medicine across continents. In this review, we investigated the scientific justification of this extensive usage.

Main body
Generally, several studies validate usage in infectious diseases, but limited antiviral and in vivo reports exist. The mechanistic elicitation of antimicrobial activity has similarly not been ascertained. Contrarily, data abound from rigorous studies on physiological conditions. Activity across categories is tied to the potent phytosterols duo of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol; and the triterpenes viz. cycloeucalenone, 24-methylene-cycloartanol, and 31-norcyclolaudenone; present in plantain. Toxicity studies, while finite, suggest general safety and tolerance.

Conclusions
Findings in the studies reviewed projects plantain as a veritable source for drug bioprospecting that will be of benefit to scientific research and pharmaceutical industries.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management
Authors: Claahsen - van der Grinten Hedi L , Speiser Phyllis W , Ahmed S Faisal , Arlt Wiebke , Auchus Richard J , Falhammar Henrik , Flück Christa E , Guasti Leonardo , Huebner Angela , Kortmann Barbara B M , Krone Nils , Merke Deborah P , Miller Walter L , Nordenström Anna , Reisch Nicole , Sandberg David E , Stikkelbroeck Nike M M L , Touraine Philippe , Utari Agustini , Wudy Stefan A , White Perrin C 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting cortisol biosynthesis. Reduced activity of an enzyme required for cortisol production leads to chronic overstimulation of the adrenal cortex and accumulation of precursors proximal to the blocked enzymatic step. The most common form of CAH is caused by steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency due to mutations in CYP21A2. Since the last publication summarizing CAH in Endocrine Reviews in 2000, there have been numerous new developments. These include more detailed understanding of steroidogenic pathways, refinements in neonatal screening, improved diagnostic measurements utilizing chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled with steroid profiling, and improved genotyping methods. Clinical trials of alternative medications and modes of delivery have been recently completed or are under way. Genetic and cell-based treatments are being explored. A large body of data concerning long-term outcomes in patients affected by CAH, including psychosexual well-being, has been enhanced by the establishment of disease registries. This review provides the reader with current insights in CAH with special attention to these new developments.
Roles of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 of Mesangial Cells in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: Wakisaka Masanori , Nakamura Kuniyuki , Nakano Toshiaki , Kitazono Takanari 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We have been studying the presence of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in mesangial cells and pericytes since 1992. Recent large placebo-controlled studies of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have reported desirable effects of the inhibitors on the diabetic kidney and the diabetic heart. Most studies have indicated that these effects of SGLT2 inhibitors could be mediated by the tubuloglomerular feedback system. However, a recent study about urine sodium excretion in the presence of an SGLT2 inhibitor did not show any increases in urine sodium excretion. A very small dose of an SGLT2 inhibitor did not inhibit SGLT2 at the S1 segment of proximal tubules. Moreover, SGLT2 inhibition protects against progression in chronic kidney disease with and without type 2 diabetes. In these circumstances, the tubuloglomerular feedback hypothesis involves several theoretical concerns that must be clarified. The presence of SGLT2 in mesangial cells seems to be very important for diabetic nephropathy. We now propose a novel mechanism by which the desirable effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on diabetic nephropathy are derived from the direct effect on SGLT2 expressed in mesangial cells.
Parafibromin Abnormalities in Ossifying Fibroma
Authors: Costa-Guda Jessica , Pandya Chetanya , Strahl Maya , Taik Patricia , Sebra Robert , Chen Rong , Uzilov Andrew V , Arnold Andrew 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ossifying fibromas are very rare tumors that are sometimes seen as part of the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome (HPT-JT), which is caused by inactivating mutations of the HRPT2/CDC73 tumor suppressor gene. CDC73 mutations have been identified in a subset of sporadic cases but aberrant expression of the encoded protein, parafibromin, has not been demonstrated in ossifying fibroma. We sought to determine if loss of parafibromin regularly contributes to the development of sporadic, nonsyndromic ossifying fibroma. We examined a series of 9 ossifying fibromas, including ossifying, cemento-ossifying, and juvenile active variants, for parafibromin protein expression by immunohistochemistry and for CDC73 sequence abnormalities by Sanger sequencing and/or targeted AmpliSeq panel sequencing. Four ossifying fibromas showed a complete absence of nuclear parafibromin expression; loss of parafibromin expression was coupled with aberrant cytoplasmic parafibromin expression in 1 case. CDC73 mutations were detected in 2 cases with aberrant parafibromin expression. These results provide novel evidence, at the level of protein expression, that loss of the parathyroid CDC73/parafibromin tumor suppressor may play a role in the pathogenesis of a subset of ossifying fibromas.
THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON STUDENTS BEHAVIOUR DURING ONLINE LEARNING AT PELANGI KASIH ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN JAKARTAv
Authors: Meriana Tju , Angelius Domes Angelius , - Yanna , Sihotang Hotmaulina 
Published: May 2021

This study aims to determine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on students’ behaviour during online learning. This research was conducted at Pelangi Kasih Elementary School, Jakarta. Respondents were grade 6 students, total of 102 respondents, consisting of 53 girls and 49 boys. The study used is quantitative and exploratory method with an descriptive analisys. The results showed that students behaviours are able to be formed successfully during online learning when teachers and parents communicate authentically more often and work together more cooperatively, and the high unfulfilled needs of interaction among students can affect their psychosocial issues.
Effect of Chemical Components of Asphalt Binders on Fatigue Resistance of Binder and Asphalt Mixtures in High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Mixtures
Authors: Daryaee Daryoosh , Vamegh Mostafa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, correlations between the chemical components and fatigue parameters of the binder blends containing reclaimed asphalt binder (RAB) were evaluated. Fatigue resistance of RAB-containing binder blends were evaluated by dynamic shear rheometer and linear amplitude sweep tests. Chemical components of asphalt binders were determined by saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene fractionation test. Furthermore, four-point beam fatigue test was utilized for evaluating the fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement. Based on the obtained results, strong correlations between chemical parameters of the binder and fatigue life of asphalt binders and mixtures were established.
Inheritance Pattern of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) Disease Resistance in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
Authors: Vadivel K. , Manivannan N. , Mahalingam A. , Satya V.K. , Ragul S. 
Published: May 2021

Background: Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease is the most destructive disease in blackgram. Development of MYMV resistant varieties is one of the best possible solutions to avoid the yield reduction in blackgram. There are conflicting reports on the genetics of resistance to MYMV disease claiming that it is controlled by both dominant and recessive genes. Hence the present study was aimed to understand the inheritance pattern of the MYMV disease resistance in eight crosses of blackgram. Methods: Parents, F1 and F2 generation of eight cross combinations were raised during July - Sep, 2018 at National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban, Tamil Nadu. An infector row of CO 5 was raised to intensify the MYMV disease pressure after every eight rows. Based on disease incidence on 60th day after sowing, two phenotypic classes were formed among F2 plants with the scales of (1 to 3) as resistant phenotype and (4 to 9) as susceptible phenotype. The goodness of fit to Mendelian segregation ratio for MYMV disease resistance in the segregating population was tested by Chi square test (Stansfield, 1991). Result: The MYMV disease incidence was tri-genically controlled with inhibitory gene action in four crosses viz., MDU 1 x Mash 114, CO5 x Mash 114, MDU 1 x VBN 6 and CO 5 x VBN 6. Complementary gene action with two genes was observed in four crosses viz., MDU 1 x Mash 1008, CO 5 x Mash 1008, MDU 1 x VBN 8 and CO 5 x VBN 8. Differences in number of genes were observed due to the presence of recessive inhibitory gene in both male and female parents of the crosses which had complementary gene action for MYMV disease. The putative gene symbols assigned for the six genotypes viz., S1S1S2S2ii (MDU 1 and CO 5), s1s1s2s2II (Mash 114 and VBN 6) and s1s1s2s2ii (Mash 1008 and VBN 8), respectively.
Application of the lyophilization system for preparation of reference materials for composition of nutrition products
Authors: Medvedevskikh M. Y. , Vostrikova N. L. , Sergeeva A. S. , Studenok V. V. 
Published: May 2021

The article presents the application of the lyophilization system for preparation of reference materials (RM) for composition of nutritive products samples. The purpose of the research was the development of lyophilization procedure of RM for composition of poultry meat samples preparation with certified values of mass fraction of moisture, nitrogen (protein) and fat.The poultry meat of two types was used as the primary material for RM for poultry meat composition preparation -1) white meat (chicken breast); 2) red meat (chicken thigh). The procedure included pounding, boiling, freezing and lyophilisation (syn. freeze drying). The researches for homogeneity were implemented with hot air dryer standard system from the State primary standard GET 173-2017. Measurement of nitrogen (protein) mass fraction was performed on State secondary standard GVET176-1-2010. Measurements of fat mass fraction were performed with accordance to State Primary Reference Measurement Procedure.The total time of lyophilization process for samples № 1 and № 2 was 19 and 28 hours, respectively. The total mass loss for sample № 1 was about 63 %, for sample № 2 was about 65 %. The difference in material moisture mass fraction values of materials dried on different trays of freeze dryer was statistically significant, i. e., material was non-homogeneous. To obtain a homogeneous material, an additional homogenization procedure was performed: grinding in a laboratory mill, sieving through a sieve, thorough mixing and conditioning. The certified values of moisture, nitrogen, protein, fat mass fraction for the sample № 1 were accordingly 4,5 %, 14,74 %, 92,1 %, 7,9 %. The same values in the same sequence were 6,3 %, 12,21 %, 76,3 %, 23,8 %.The procedure of lyophilisation was developed for production of reference materials for composition of boiled and freeze-dried poultry meat. The usage of this lyophilisation system allowed to ensure a RM expiration date of six months at ambient temperature of (7±3) °C and relative humidity no more than 60 %. The Reference Materials for composition of boiled and freeze-dried poultry meat was added into Register of certified RMs under № GSO 11276-2019 by the results.
Feed reference materials in the system of metrological support of agro-industrial complex laboratories
Authors: Stupakova G. A. , Dengina S. A. , Ignatyeva E. E. , Shchipletsova T. I. , Mitrofanov D. K. 
Published: May 2021

The authors provided information about the developed matrix feed reference materials, certified for quality, nutritional value and toxicological contamination indicators for metrological support of analytical work in the article to confirm the compliance of products with requirements of national standards. Information on the stages of development of feed reference materials (selection and preparation of reference material, studies of heterogeneity and stability of feed reference material) is presented. There are demonstrated the results of reference materials certification according to certified indicators, their correctness confirmed by the results of thirty accredited laboratories.The developed reference material of sunflower meal is registered in the State Register of approved types of reference materials under the number GSO 11612-2020. Reference materials of the composition of toasted soybean feed meal and complete feed for poultry (broilers) are approved as Industry-Specific by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Department of Plant Production, Mechanization, Chemicalization and Plant Protection).Feed reference materials are intended for metrological support of agro-industrial complex laboratories.