bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statin Initiation and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Skajaa Nils , Bakos Istvan , Horváth-Puhó Erzsébet , Henderson Victor W. , Lash Timothy L. , Sørensen Henrik Toft 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The evidence of an association between statins and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is heterogeneous and inconclusive.

Methods:
We performed a population-based cohort study consisting of 974,304 statin initiators ≥40 years of age and 1,948,606 matched general population comparators identified from Danish, nationwide registries (1996–2016). We computed incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) of a first-time hospital-based diagnosis of ALS. HRs were controlled for sex, birth year, calendar year, medically diagnosed comorbidities, and concomitant medications.

Results:
During a median follow-up of 7.7 years, 852 ALS events occurred among statin initiators (11.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.6, 12.1] events per 100,000 person-years) and 1,679 among noninitiators (11.4 [95% CI = 10.9, 12.0] events per 100,000 person years). The overall adjusted HR indicated a slight association between statin initiation and ALS (1.11 [95% CI = 1.00, 1.23]. In the first year after initiation, the HR was 1.40 (95% CI = 1.09, 1.79) for both sexes combined, 1.00 (95% CI = 0.70, 1.42) for men, and 1.92 (95% CI = 1.30, 2.82) for women. The associations diminished to approximately null after the first year of follow-up for both sexes combined and for men, but point estimates were above 1 for women until 10 years after initiation.

Conclusions:
Statin initiation was largely unassociated with ALS diagnosis but was associated with an elevated risk of ALS in women, especially in the first year after initiation. The association could be explained by reverse causation, detection bias, early neurotoxic effects of statins that affect women more than men, or a combination thereof.
Validation of a Claims-based Algorithm to Identify Pregestational Diabetes Among Pregnant Women in the United States
Authors: Wood Mollie E. , Chen Szu-Ta , Huybrechts Krista F. , Bateman Brian T. , Gray Kathryn J. , Seely Ellen W. , Zhu Yanmin , Mogun Helen , Patorno Elisabetta , Hernández-Díaz Sonia 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Identifying pregestational diabetes in pregnant women using administrative claims databases is important for studies of the safety of antidiabetic treatment in pregnancy, but limited data are available on the validity of case-identifying algorithms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of an administrative claims-based algorithm to identify pregestational diabetes.

Methods:
Using a cohort of pregnant women nested within the Medicaid Analytic Extract (MAX) database, we developed an algorithm to identify pregestational type 1 and type 2 diabetes, distinct from gestational diabetes. Within a single large healthcare system in the Boston area, we identified women who delivered an infant between 2000 and 2010 and were covered by Medicaid, and linked their electronic health records to their Medicaid claims within MAX. Medical records were reviewed by two physicians blinded to the algorithm classification to confirm or rule out pregestational diabetes, with disagreements resolved by discussion. We calculated positive predictive values with 95% confidence intervals using the medical record as the reference standard.

Results:
We identified 49 pregnancies classified by the claims-based algorithm as pregestational diabetes that were linked to the electronic health records and had records available for review. The PPV for any pregestational diabetes was 92% [95% confidence interval (CI) 82%, 97%], type 2 diabetes 87% (68%, 95%), and type 1 diabetes 57% (37%, 75%).

Conclusions:
The claims-based algorithm for pregestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes performed well; however, the PPV was low for type 1 diabetes.
Hypophysitis from immune checkpoint inhibitors: challenges in diagnosis and management
Authors: Kotwal Anupam 
Published: June 2021

Purpose of review
This review will summarize the most recent and pertinent evidence regarding immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced hypophysitis to describe diagnostic and management algorithm with the help of a case report.

Recent findings
Hypophysitis is the most common endocrine adverse event from CTLA-4 inhibitors and much less with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Its pathophysiology appears to be lymphocytic, predominantly affecting the anterior pituitary. The utility of high-dose glucocorticoids for treatment has been questioned, as they do not influence recovery of hypopituitarism and may reduce survival. A survival benefit with hypophysitis has been suggested.

Summary
The nonspecific nature of symptoms underlies the importance of clinical and hormonal monitoring especially in the first 6 months of CTLA-4 inhibitor cancer therapy. Adrenal insufficiency can be a diagnostic and management challenge, which persists in most cases; hence, a multidisciplinary team of oncologists and endocrinologists is essential for providing high-quality care to these patients. High-dose glucocorticoids should be reserved for mass effect or optic chiasm impingement. The ICI may need to be temporarily withheld but not discontinued. A survival advantage in cancer patients that develop ICI-induced hypophysitis may be a silver lining, especially as ICIs are being investigated for advanced endocrine malignancies.
Insulin Concentration in Human Milk in the First Ten Days Postpartum
Authors: Mank Elise , van Toledo Letty , Heijboer Annemieke C. , van den Akker Chris H.P. , van Goudoever Johannes B. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTBackground & objectives:Human milk (HM) is better tolerated than formula in preterm infants. Insulin, which is naturally present in HM but not in formula, has been suggested as a key factor for feeding tolerance, as it appears to stimulate intestinal maturation. Its precise concentrations during the early postnatal period, however, remains unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the natural timecourse of the HM insulin concentration during the first ten days postpartum. The effect of preterm delivery, maternal obesity, and diurnal rhythm were also assessed.Method:HM was collected from 31 non‐diabetic mothers (21 preterm [gestational age (GA) < 37 weeks]; 10 at‐term [GA ≥ 37 weeks]) on ≥ 4 time‐points per day during the first five days, and once on the tenth day postpartum.Results:The HM insulin concentration declined rapidly within the first three days postpartum (day 1: 516 [312–1058] pmol/L; day 3: 157 [87–299] pmol/L), after which the concentration remained relatively stable. The insulin concentrations were higher in HM from obese mothers than from non‐obese mothers (P < 0.001). Preterm delivery did not significantly affect HM insulin concentrations when adjusted for maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index category (P = 0.270). Diurnal rhythm was characterized by an insulin concentration decline throughout the night (P = 0.001), followed by an increase in the morning (P = 0.001).Conclusion:The HM insulin concentration declines rapidly in the first three days postpartum, follows a diurnal rhythm, and is higher in obese mothers compared to non‐obese mothers. HM insulin concentrations are not affected by preterm delivery.
Radiation-Induced Meningioma in a Case of Medulloblastoma Treated 11 Years Ago—Detected on 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT
Authors: Dev Indraja D. , Puranik Ameya D. , Rangarajan Venkatesh , Gupta Tejpal , Purandare Nilendu C. , Agrawal Archi , Shah Sneha 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Medulloblastomas, especially the sonic hedgehog subgroup, are treated aggressively with surgery and chemoradiotherapy, as they are associated with high local site recurrence rate and poor overall survival. Radiation-induced meningioma is the most common delayed complication of craniospinal irradiation. This needs to be differentiated from meningeal or ependymal metastases as the later need aggressive management. We report one such rare case, in a patient who completed treatment for medulloblastoma 11 years ago, was in remission, and now presented with dural-based lesions.
An Innovation of Postsurgical Nasal Retainer in a Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patient
Authors: Phannarus Krisadi , Jaijakul Siraya 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Postoperative nasal asymmetry is a notable problem following primary cleft lip repair and cleft rhinoplasty in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Postsurgical nasal retainer could play an essential role in maintaining the corrected position of the nose during the healing process. However, the manufactured retainers are usually not affordable, nor individualized. The authors report the efficacy of our custom-made postoperative nasal retainer, made from an oxygen nasal cannula, acrylic resin, and orthodontic wire made of stainless steel, in a patient with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.
A Distinct Technique of Intermaxillary Fixation Screw Application to Condylar Process to Fracture Reduction in Open Approach of Condylar Fracture Treatment
Authors: Yildiz Kemalettin , Yeniocak Ali , Ergün Selma Sönmez , Canter Halil Ibrahim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The aim of this letter is to present the surgical experience obtained from a patient, in whom the proximal segment was better manipulated for precise alignment after application of the intermaxillary fixation screw.
Mini-Incision Eyelidplasty in Single Eye to Correct Congenital Upper Eyelid Crease Asymmetry
Authors: Ninghua Liu , Aijuan He , Dan Wu , Nan Song 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
This study aims to evaluate the clinical effect of mini-incision double eyelidplasty in single eye for correcting congenital upper eyelid crease asymmetry.

Methods:
Mini-incision double eyelidplasty was performed on 24 patients in single eye to treat congenital upper eyelid crease asymmetry between May 2016 and September 2018. The postoperative surgical results were classified as “excellent,” “fair,” and “poor.” The subjective satisfaction and incidence of complications were documented.

Results:
The mean patient age at the time of surgery was 24.6 ± 3.1 years (21–28 years), and the mean follow-up time was 15.4 ± 8.7 (12–34 months). All patients showed “excellent” surgical outcomes according to symmetry of upper eyelid creases. All patients are “very satisfied” with the cosmetic outcomes. There were no cases of recurrence or other complications.

Conclusions:
Mini-incision double eyelidplasty method in single eye was effective and endurable in the treatment of congenital upper eyelid crease asymmetry. The recovery rate was fast, and no cases of upper eyelid crease disappearance were observed in this study.
Trends in Surgical Patents Held by Surgeons From 1993 to 2018
Authors: Slatnick Brianna L. , Truche Paul , Wu Kyle C. , Crum Robert , Yang Alexander , Durgin Jonathan , Kim Heung Bae , Demehri Farokh R. 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
This study aims to quantify the number of patent-holding surgeons and determine their specialty demographics.

Summary Background Data:
The number of intellectual property filings related to surgery has exponentially increased over the past 40 years, yet surgeon inventor status among these inventions remains poorly defined.

Methods:
A query of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Patent Full-Text and Image Database was performed over the years 1993 to 2018. Patents related to surgery were defined as surgical devices, implantables, dressings, introducers, and sterilization equipment based on Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) code. Inventor names were cross-indexed with names of active Fellows in the American College of Surgeons (FACS) as of 2019. Surgeon inventors were identified and differences between specialty and sex were evaluated.

Results:
A total of 275,260 patents related to surgery were issued over the study period. The number of surgical patents has increased by 462% from 4593 per year to 21,241 per year. A total of 9008 patents were held by a total of 2164 surgeons (4% of FACS). This represents 3.3% of all surgical patents with a mean of 5 patents (range 1–346) per patent-holding surgeon. Specialties with the largest number of patent holders include neurosurgery (9%) and orthopedic surgery (8%). Ninety-seven percent of patent-holding surgeons were male.

Conclusions:
3.3% of patents related to surgery involve a surgeon inventor, and although the number of surgical patents has shown an exponential increase, surgeon involvement in these inventions has grown minimally. Surgical innovation training may offer an opportunity to reduce these discrepancies and increase surgeon involvement as patent holders.
SARS-CoV-2 During Abdominal Operations: Are Surgeons at Risk?
Authors: Romero-Velez Gustavo , Rodriguez Quintero Jorge H. , Pereira Xavier , Nussbaum Jeffrey E. , McAuliffe John C. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The safety of surgery in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive patients remains unclear. On the basis of data from other viral diseases, it has been assumed that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has the potential risk of transmission during surgery. The presence of the virus within the peritoneal fluid and the peritoneal tissues is not known.

Materials and Methods:
This is a prospective cross-sectional study including adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 who underwent surgery at a single institution. Using specific real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 was determined in abdominal fluid samples.

Results:
Six patients with COVID-19 underwent abdominal surgery. Five patients were asymptomatic, and 1 had severe disease. SARS-CoV-2 was tested in 20 different samples, all of which resulted negative.

Conclusions:
SARS-CoV-2 was not found in the peritoneal cavity of 6 patients undergoing abdominal surgery. The risk of transmissibility of COVID-19 during surgery is still unclear.
Succinylcholine is Equally Efficient as Rocuronium Bromide in terms of Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE)During Off Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Single Centre Study
Authors: Mudgalkar Nikhil , kandi venkata ramana 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionRapid and safe endotracheal intubation is of paramount importance in the general anaesthesia practices. Safety of such practices while performing surgical procedures in people with critical coronary lesions assumes increased significance.The use of succinylcholine and rocuronium are common but the association with the application of these medications and concomitant haemodynamic changes on major adverse cardiac events (MACE) has not been adequately studied. The aim of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of succinylcholine in comparison with rocuronium for MACE in cardiac surgical population.MethodsRetrospective analysis of data collected from administrative and surgical databases of a tertiary care centre. The patients were divided in two groups,wherein the Group A constituted patients who belonged to succinylcholine and Group B represents the patients who were treated with rocuronium.The baseline demographic characteristics, MACE including intubation difficulty score and Cormack Lahne grade of intubation were recorded.ResultsA total of 134 patients were included in the study. Baseline characters were similar in both the groups. There were 2 deaths in the succinylcholine group while 3 in the rocuronium group. The MACE was not statistically significant (p= 0.0505) in both groups. Cormack Lahane scale and intubation difficulty scale were similar in both groups.ConclusionSuccinylcholine was found to be equally efficient and safe in comparison with rocuronium in terms of MACE during coronary artery bypass surgery.
Community Organizing for Indigenous People in the Philippines: A Proposed Approach
Authors: Bamba Jailah , Candelario Cristela , Gabuya Rosarie , Manongdo Lhearnie 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTCognizant of the special needs of indigenous people in the Philippines, the Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 was established to promote and protect their rights. Over the years, a number of community organizing efforts for the improvement of these communities were conducted by stakeholders from the private and public sectors. However, resistance has been reported due to poor understanding and integration of these indigenous populations’ varied cultures and traditions. This study aims to describe the predominant principles and frameworks used for community organizing among indigenous people. Specifically, it seeks to propose a community organizing approach that is culturally sensitive and appropriate for indigenous communities in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas in the Philippines. A systematic review was conducted on four databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar) by four independent researchers. Inclusion criteria involved studies about community organizing protocols in the Philippines, published in peer-reviewed journals from 2010-2020, and written in the English language. Assessment of the quality of included studies was done using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) checklist, and narrative synthesis was employed to summarize and report the findings. Thirteen studies met our inclusion criteria out of a total of fifty-five articles searched. Based on the evidence, our proposed approach builds on Groundwork, Indigenous Capacity Building, Community Participation and Ownership, Mobilization, and Sustainability. We highlight the emphasis of harnessing indigenous knowledge and Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation to involve them in all steps of the planning and decision-making processes. Furthermore, we distill tools and methodologies that could strengthen and precipitate successful community organizing endeavors.
Functional food consumption among older consumers in Malaysia: a Health Belief Model perspective
Authors: Febian Flaviana Ivy , Syed Annuar Sharifah Nurafizah , Memon Mumtaz Ali 
Published: June 2021

PurposeFunctional foods and their association with health benefits and disease risk reduction open a promising possibility for consumers to pursue a healthier lifestyle and extend their life expectancy. This study aims to investigate the effect of perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers and intention to consume functional food among older consumers.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from Malaysian older consumers using a structured questionnaire. A total of 250 usable questionnaires were used for final data analysis. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the collected data.FindingsThe results show that perceived barriers and cue to action significantly affect older consumers' intention to consume functional foods. Nevertheless, perceived susceptibility does not influence older consumers' intention to consume functional food.Originality/valueThis study broadens our understanding of older consumers' intention to consume functional food. Importantly, the present study is one of the first studies that extend the application of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in the context of functional food consumption. The findings of the study provide pragmatic insights for both practitioners and researchers.
Oil revenue and agriculture value-added in oil-exporting countries: does the role of real exchange rate matter?
Authors: Abdlaziz Rizgar Abdlkarim , Naseem N.A.M. , Slesman Ly 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the contingent roles real effective exchange rates (REERs) play in mediating the effects of oil revenue on the agriculture sector value-added in 25 major and minor oil-exporting (MIOEC) countries during the period of 1975–2014.Design/methodology/approachThe panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimator proposed by Pesaran et al. (1999) was relied upon to achieve the objectives of the study. This estimator involves a pool of small cross-sectional units over a long-time span that covers for 25 oil-exporting countries over 39 years (1975–2014).FindingsThis paper reveals the following findings. Firstly, oil revenue has a direct negative effect on agricultural value-added in the short- and long-term. This finding holds for full sample and subsamples of major oil-exporting (MAOEC) and MIOEC countries. Further assessment reveals that the magnitude of the impact is larger for MAOEC than that of the MIOEC. Secondly, the finding for the long-run effect shows that the contingent effect of real exchange rate on the nexus between oil revenue and agricultural value-added is negative and statistically significant at the conventional level for the full sample. This suggests that, in the long-run, the appreciation in real exchange rates exacerbate the negative marginal effects of oil revenue on agricultural value-added in all oil-exporting countries. However, when sub-samples of MAOEC and MIOEC are considered, the contingent effect disappeared (become insignificant) in MAOEC while it is positive and statistically significant in MIOEC. Thus, in the long-run, the appreciation in real exchange rates diminishes the negative marginal effects of oil revenue on agricultural value-added in MIOEC. While oil revenue has a direct negative effect, its effect is also moderated by the variations in REERs in MIOEC in the long-run. Finally, in the short-run, fluctuations in the real exchange rate do not matter for the nexus of oil revenue and agriculture sector in these countries whether minor or MAOEC countries.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the debate in the empirical literature on the Dutch disease effect and “oil curse”. Using the appropriate panel ARDL empirical framework, it provides evidence on how exchange rate variations in the oil-exporting countries influence the nature of the effects of the oil revenue on agricultural sectors in the long-run but not in the short-run. Contingent effects of REERs only appear to exist in MIOEC in the long-run.
“It's not as simple as something like sugar”: values and conflict in the UK meat tax debate
Authors: Simmonds Philippa , Vallgårda Signild 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThis paper qualitatively explores arguments in the UK meat tax debate, including how they align with values from specific political ideologies and perspectives on sustainable food security.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a scoping media analysis of articles published over 1 year in six leading UK newspapers, followed by semi-structured interviews with ten key stakeholders in late 2019. The authors identified categories of arguments, distilled the core conflicts and analysed how arguments reflected different ideas about human nature, the role of the state and solutions to food system challenges.FindingsArguments were categorised into five major topics: climate change and environment; human health; effects on animals; fairness; and acceptability of government intervention. Pro-meat tax arguments often aligned with modern liberal ideology, and sometimes echoed demand restraint or food system transformation perspectives on sustainable food security. Arguments against meat taxes were more likely to align with the efficiency perspective or classical liberal ideology.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first interpretive analyses of this controversial suggested policy. Despite having similarities with other debates around taxation – particularly taxes on sugar sweetened beverages – the meat tax debate contains unique complexities due to the prominence of environmental arguments, and differing values pertaining to animal welfare and rights. This study highlights the need for policy research exploring values, in addition to quantitative evidence.