bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflector Antennas
Authors: Schejbal Vladimir 
Published: August 2021

AbstractReflector antennas have been still one of the best solutions to requirements for cost effective, high gain, high performance antenna systems and therefore have been used in various areas of electrical engineering, ranging from telecommunications and radars to deep‐space exploration and radio astronomy. Consequently, the majority of radar, ground station and spacecraft high gain antennas are reflector antennas. Different types are used such as plane, corner, singly and doubly curved, and single and multiple reflectors. That depend on applications, frequencies, polarizations, resulting radiation patterns, etc. Basic theoretical principles, analytical methods, numerical simulations, experimental results and various practical issues, which can facilitate the design of reflector antennas, are described. The more general design uses geometrical and physical optics. The generalized diffraction synthesis technique can be utilized to produce various radiation patterns such as pencil‐beams and contoured beams, and to enhance the radiation characteristics of an existing canonical or distorted system. The reliability and accuracy of analytical/numerical techniques have allowed employment of commercial or customized computer programs in the performance evaluation and design of reflector antennas considering various parameters such as sidelobe levels at far‐angular regions and cross‐polarization control.
Technical Overview of ATSC 3.0 – Next‐Generation Terrestrial Broadcasting
Authors: Noland Madeleine , Whitaker Jerry 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article describes the next‐generation terrestrial broadcast transmission system developed by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) known as “ATSC 3.0.” The goals of ATSC 3.0 are to improve the television viewing experience with higher audio and video quality, compression efficiency, robust transmission for reception on both fixed and mobile devices, and more accessibility, personalization, and interactivity. ATSC is also addressing changing consumer behavior and preferences, providing TV content on a wide variety of devices. Furthermore, ATSC is working to add value to the broadcast service platform, extending its reach and adding new business models – all without the restriction of backward compatibility with the legacy system.
Environmental Epidemiology
Authors: Keller Joshua P. , Anderson G. Brooke 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Environmental epidemiology encompasses a wide array of topics related to the study and evaluation of the environmental determinants of diseases in human populations. Environmental exposures include pollutant substances, such as asbestos, lead, and fine particulate matter, and environmental stressors such as heat and noise. This article provides examples of the different study designs used in environmental epidemiology: descriptive clustering of observational data, analyses of large administrative cohorts, case–control designs, cohort studies, and environmental intervention trials. We provide an overview of approaches to exposure assessment in environmental health studies and the role of measurement error. Throughout, we discuss challenges in identifying causal relationships between environmental exposures and health outcomes.
Recent Advances on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Electrochemical Energy Conversion
Authors: Wu Xin , Zhang Huabin , Zhang Jian , Lou Xiong Wen (David) 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) hold great promise for electrochemical energy conversion technologies in view of their unique structural features associated with the layered structure and ultrathin thickness. Because the inert basal plane accounts for the majority of a TMDC's bulk, activation of the basal plane sites is necessary to fully exploit the intrinsic potential of TMDCs. Here, recent advances on TMDCs‐based hybrids/composites with greatly enhanced electrochemical activity are reviewed. After a summary of the synthesis of TMDCs with different sizes and morphologies, comprehensive in‐plane activation strategies are described in detail, mainly including in‐plane‐modification‐induced phase transformation, surface‐layer modulation, and interlayer modification/coupling. Simultaneously, the underlying mechanisms for improved electrochemical activities are highlighted. Finally, the strategic evaluation on further research directions of TMDCs in‐plane activation is featured. This work would shed some light on future design trends of TMDCs‐based functional materials for electrochemical energy‐related applications.
Optimal fine fescue mixture seeding dates in the northern United States
Authors: Braun Ross C. , Patton Aaron J. , Watkins Eric , Hollman Andrew B. , Murphy James A. , Park Bradley S. , Kowalewski Alexander R. , Braithwaite Emily T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractResearch is lacking on best establishment practices of fine fescues (Festuca spp.), such as optimal seeding timings, which are well known for other cool‐season turfgrasses. Our objective was to document establishment and determine optimal seeding timings for mixed stand of fine fescue in multiple cool‐season climate zones in the United States. From 2019 to 2020, an experiment was replicated across four locations in the northern United States to investigate nine monthly fine fescue mixture seeding timings from March through November. Fine fescue seedling emergence typically hastened as temperatures increased during the growing season, and emergence required 6.1–9.4 d when soil temperatures were within a range of 15–25 °C. Final grid count data across multiple sites indicated that seeding fine fescues in August, September, and at times, July, will likely produce the best establishment with the lowest weed infestation pressure, and there may be more flexibility in seeding timings in a Mediterranean climate, such as Oregon. Seeding fine fescues in the early‐spring or late‐autumn can be more unreliable because of greater likelihood of weed infestation, suboptimal growing conditions, and potential of a late‐autumn seeding to act as an unintended dormant seeding. Results indicate the weed invasion pressure of specific weeds will vary depending life cycle of weed and seeding time of year. Overall, seeding a fine fescue mixture in August or September will increase likelihood of success in cool‐season climate zones in the United States with a wider seeding window when planting in Mediterranean climates.
Fodder biomass, nutritive value, and grain yield of dual‐purpose improved cereal crops in Burkina Faso
Authors: Zampaligré Nouhoun , Yoda Gildas , Delma Jethro , Sanfo Abroulaye , Balehegn Mulubrhan , Rios Esteban , Dubeux José C. , Boote Ken , Adesogan Adegbola T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn Burkina Faso, availability of quality feed is the major constraint on livestock productivity. Adoption of improved cereal cultivars among farmers could enhance fodder supply. This study assessed the potential for improved cereal cultivars to provide food and feed. The study sites were located in the Köppen climate Zone B (Katchari and Saria) and Köppen climate Zone A (Farakoba) in Burkina Faso (Beck et al., 2018). Five cultivars of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], nine cultivars of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and four cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.) were grown during two rainy seasons. Grain yield and forage biomass were assessed, and samples analyzed for nutritive value using near infrared spectrometry (NIRS). For pearl millet, MISARI‐1 produced greatest grain yield (1.7, 2.2, and 2.6 Mg DM ha–1, for Katchari (Zone B), Saria (Zone B), and Farakoba (Zone A), respectively) and its fodder biomass averaged 4.0 Mg DM ha–1 across sites. For sorghum, Sariasso‐14, Sariasso‐16, and ICSV1049, produced the greatest grain yield in Saria (Zone B) (1.2–1.6 Mg DM ha–1) and Farakoba (Zone A) (1.1–1.9 Mg DM ha–1). Sorghum cultivars SF15, M67‐M2, and Ponta negra produced more than 5.0 Mg DM ha–1 of fodder across locations. Maize cultivars only differed in fodder biomass, with cultivar Wari producing 4.3 Mg DM ha–1 in Farakoba. The stover of the three species had high fiber, low digestibility, and crude protein concentration ranged from 40 to 94 g kg–1. Fodders from dual‐purpose cereals are valuable feed resources for crop–livestock systems in the Sahel region. Adoption of improved food–feed cultivars has potential to increase fodder productivity and feed quality for livestock, enhancing livelihood of small‐holder farmers in Burkina Faso.
Effect of fertilizer inputs on productivity and herbage quality of native pasture in degraded tropical grasslands
Authors: Bedaso Nebi H. , Bezabih Melkamu , Zewdu Kelkay Tessema , Adie Aberra , Khan Nazir A. , Jones Chris S. , Mekonnen Kindu , Wolde‐meskel Endalkachew 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe practice of applying fertilizer inputs on an unimproved natural pasture is limited in tropical grasslands. A study was conducted to evaluate the response of degraded natural pasturelands in terms of species composition, forage yield, and quality to the application of different types of fertilizer. The study was conducted in two districts in the central Rift Valley of Ethiopia with contrasting agroecologies. The treatments were control (no application of fertilizer), commercial fertilizer (50 kg urea ha–1 and 100 kg diammonium phosphate [DAP] ha–1), cattle manure (7.5 t ha–1), wood ash (3 t ha–1), and lime (7.5 t ha–1). Soil physical properties were not altered following application of the treatments, but chemical properties, including soil pH (P < .01), electroconductivity (EC) (P < .001), total nitrogen (TN), and P (P < .001) were affected. Soil TN increased from 0.11 to 0.32% following the application of cattle manure. The pH increased from 5.9 to 7.3 with wood ash application. Herbage dry matter (DM) yield increased (P < .001) from 1.88 to 6.65 t ha–1 with chemical fertilizer. The herbage crude protein content increased (P < .01) from 96 to 157 g kg–1 with manure application. On the other hand, the neutral detergent fiber tended to decrease (P < .05) following manure application. Partial cost‐benefit analysis indicated a positive economic gain from the direct sale of pasture hay for all treatments except for lime. The results indicated that fertilizer inputs offer feasible options to improve pasture productivity and enable rural farmers to benefit from their land resources.
A unified approach to multiscenario sensor network design for data reconciliation
Authors: Wei Jiawen , Zhang Qi , Yuan Zhihong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe design of sensor networks for chemical plants is an important and complex task. In the context of data reconciliation, there are several desiderata for a sensor network, such as observability, redundancy (including hardware redundancy), and estimation precision, as well as good performance in the process optimization conducted after data reconciliation. While each of these aspects has been considered in the literature, there is no published method that addresses all of them simultaneously. In this work, we develop such a unified approach while also considering the performance of the selected sensor network across multiple operating scenarios. We formulate the problem as a mixed‐integer nonlinear program and highlight the benefits of the proposed integrated model in three computational case studies. In particular, the results show that hardware redundancy can lead to improved performance at the same sensor cost and that a multiscenario approach can be crucial in achieving overall optimality.
The clinical outcomes and genomic landscapes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with E2A‐PBX1: A 10‐year retrospective study
Authors: Zhou Biqi , Chu Xinran , Tian Hong , Liu Tianhui , Liu Hong , Gao Wei , Chen Suning , Hu Shaoyan , Wu Depei , Xu Yang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe clinical outcomes and genomic features of E2A‐PBX1 (TCF3‐PBX1)‐positive B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) patients remain unclear. A total of 137 patients carrying E2A‐PBX1 among 3164 B‐ALL patients between 2009 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) rates of the whole cohort were 68.6% and 61.0%, respectively. Age [DFS, p = 0.037; cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), p = 0.005] and the level of minimal residual disease (MRD) after induction chemotherapy (OS, p = 0.020; DFS, p = 0.002; CIR, p = 0.006) were independent risk factors. In adolescents/adults, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) at first complete remission (CR1) significantly improved the 5‐year prognosis (OS, p < 0.001; DFS, p < 0.001; CIR, p < 0.001). Haploidentical HSCT decreased the CIR compared with human leukocyte antigen‐matched HSCT in adolescents/adults (p = 0.017). Mutations in PBX1, PAX5, CTCF and SETD2, amplification of AKT3, and deletion of CDKN2A/B were common in the total cohort, while transcriptome differences were found in the cell cycle, nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling pathway and transcriptional regulation by TP53 between adolescents/adults and children. Patients with multiple subclones at diagnosis tended to have unfavorable 3‐year prognoses (DFS, p = 0.010; CIR, p = 0.021). Leukemia clones with DNA repair gene mutations showed aggressive and treatment‐refractory phenotypes in this subtype of ALL. Our study indicated that age, the level of MRD and DNA repair gene mutations were associated with E2A‐PBX1‐positive B‐ALL outcomes. Allo‐HSCT, especially haploidentical HSCT, could improve the prognosis of adolescent/adult patients.
Whole genome sequencing identifies pathogenic RNU4ATAC variants in a child with recurrent encephalitis, microcephaly, and normal stature
Authors: McMillan Hugh J. , Davila Jorge , Osmond Matt , Chakraborty Pranesh ,   Care4Rare Canada Consortium, Boycott Kym M. , Dyment David A. , Kernohan Kristin D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBiallelic pathogenic variants in RNU4ATAC have been linked to microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 (MOPD1). Although children with MOPD1 have been reported to show profound, life‐limiting clinical decompensation at the time of a febrile illness, these episodes including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings have not been well characterized. We present acute MRI brain findings for a 10‐year‐old girl with homozygous variants in RNU4ATAC (NR_023343.1) n.55G>A, who presented with two episodes of clinical decompensation associated with a febrile illness in early childhood. The pathogenic variants were identified by whole genome sequencing as RNU4ATAC is not captured in most exome products. Her MRI of the brain revealed symmetric, diffusion restriction of the deep gray nuclei that initially pointed to a mitochondrial disease or acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Her phenotype included microcephaly and profound cognitive impairment that can be seen with MOPD1. However, she did not demonstrate clinical or radiographic evidence of a spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia or “primordial dwarfism” that is characteristic of this disease. As such, the predominant neurological presentation of this child represents an atypical variant of RNU4ATAC‐associated disease and should be a diagnostic consideration for geneticists and neurologists caring for children, particularly in the event of an acute clinical decline.
Photocatalytic C−F Bond Activation of Fluoroarenes, gem‐Difluoroalkenes and Trifluoromethylarenes
Authors: Xu Wengang , Zhang Qiao , Shao Qi , Xia Congjian , Wu Mingbo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFluorine‐containing compounds have been widely applied on pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. The synthetic methodology for the introduction of fluorine into organic motifs has witnessed dramatically development recently. Selective C−F bond activation and functionalization of the easily accessible fluorinated compounds has provided an efficient way to synthesize novel fluorinated products and degradate the extremely stable fluorinated pollutants. As the development of photocatalytic organic transformations, the light induced direct C−F bond activation under mild conditions leading to the production of various functionalities has become one of the most advanced and efficient methodologies available. This minireview summarizes the recent development of the photocatalytic C−F bond activations of fluorinated compounds, including fluoroarenes, gem‐difluoroalkenes and trifluoromethylarenes, and intends to illustrate the readers a comprehensive introduction of this research topic via demonstrating the representative examples and detailed mechanism according to reaction types for the C−F bond transformations.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Deaminative Cross‐Coupling of Disulfides with Katritzky Pryidium Salts to Construct Sulfides
Authors: Li Qiu‐Li , Guo Li‐Yun , Shi Jie , Xiang Tong‐Xu , Li Qing , He Ke‐Han , Wang Bi‐Qin , Feng Chun , Pan Fei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of thioether or selenoether through the cross‐coupling of C−S or C−Se bond is a high attractive research area due to the prevalence of thioether or selenoether in pharmaceutically active compounds, bioactive natural compounds, agrochemicals, and functional materials. Herein, a novel and general method has been developed for the construction of C−S or C−Se bonds using Katritzky pyridinium salts with disulfides or diselenides in the presence of nickel catalyst. This procedure exhibits remarkable functional group tolerance. Under mild reaction condition, a variety of thioethers and selenoethers is successfully and efficiently obtained through deaminative cross‐coupling.
Local Ordering of Molten Salts at NiO Crystal Interfaces Promotes High‐Index Faceting
Authors: Cheula Raffaele , Susman Mariano D. , West David H. , Chinta Sivadinarayana , Rimer Jeffrey D. , Maestri Matteo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGiven the strong influence of surface structure on the reactivity of heterogeneous catalysts, understanding the mechanisms that control crystal morphology is an important component of designing catalytic materials with targeted shape and functionality. Herein, we employ density functional theory to examine the impact of growth media on NiO crystal faceting in line with experimental findings, showing that molten‐salt synthesis in alkali chlorides (KCl, LiCl, and NaCl) imposes shape selectivity on NiO particles. We find that the production of NiO octahedra is attributed to the dissociative adsorption of H2O, whereas the formation of trapezohedral particles is associated with the control of the growth kinetics exerted by ordered salt structures on high‐index facets. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that growth inhibition of metal‐oxide facets occurs by a localized ordering of molten salts at the crystal–solvent interface. These findings provide new molecular‐level insight on kinetics and thermodynamics of molten‐salt synthesis as a predictive route to shape‐engineer metal‐oxide crystals.
Ball‐Milling‐Enabled Reactivity of Manganese Metal**
Authors: Nicholson William I. , Howard Joseph L. , Magri Giuseppina , Seastram Alex C. , Khan Adam , Bolt Robert R. A. , Morrill Louis C. , Richards Emma , Browne Duncan L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEfforts to generate organomanganese reagents under ball‐milling conditions have led to the serendipitous discovery that manganese metal can mediate the reductive dimerization of arylidene malonates. The newly uncovered process has been optimized and its mechanism explored using CV measurements, radical trapping experiments, EPR spectroscopy, and solution control reactions. This unique reactivity can also be translated to solution whereupon pre‐milling of the manganese is required.
Zn2+‐Coordination‐Driven RNA Assembly with Retained Integrity and Biological Functions
Authors: Zou Zhen , He Libei , Deng Xiangxi , Wang Huangxiang , Huang Ziyun , Xue Qian , Qing Zhihe , Lei Yanli , Yang Ronghua , Liu Juewen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMetal‐coordination‐directed biomolecule crosslinking in nature has been used for synthesizing various biopolymers, including DNA, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides. However, the RNA biopolymer has been avoided so far, as due to the poor stability of the RNA molecules, the formation of a biopolymer may alter the biological function of the molecules. Herein, for the first time, we report Zn2+‐driven RNA self‐assembly forming spherical nanoparticles while retaining the integrity and biological function of RNA. Various functional RNAs of different compositions, shapes, and lengths from 20 to nearly 1000 nucleotides were used, highlighting the versatility of this approach. The assembled nanospheres possess a superior RNA‐loading efficiency, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. In‐vitro and in‐vivo evaluation demonstrated mRNA delivery for expressing GFP proteins, and microRNA delivery to triple‐negative breast cancer. This coordination‐directed self‐assembly behavior amplifies the horizons of RNA coordination chemistry and the application scope of RNA‐based therapeutics.
Passive Smoking Throughout the Life Course and the Risk of Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis in Adulthood Among Women
Authors: Yoshida Kazuki , Wang Jiaqi , Malspeis Susan , Marchand Nathalie , Lu Bing , Prisco Lauren C. , Martin Lily W. , Ford Julia A. , Costenbader Karen H. , Karlson Elizabeth W. , Sparks Jeffrey A. 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate passive smoking throughout the life course and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while accounting for personal smoking.MethodsWe analyzed the Nurses’ Health Study II prospective cohort, using information collected via biennial questionnaires. We assessed the influence of 1) maternal smoking during pregnancy (in utero exposure), 2) childhood parental smoking, and 3) years lived with smokers since age 18. Incident RA and serostatus were determined by medical record review. Using the marginal structural model framework, we estimated the controlled direct effect of each passive smoking exposure on adult incident RA risk by serologic phenotype, controlling for early‐life factors and time‐updated adulthood factors including personal smoking.ResultsAmong 90,923 women, we identified 532 incident RA cases (66% seropositive) during a median of 27.7 years of follow‐up. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with RA after adjustment for confounders, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.25 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.03–1.52), but not after accounting for subsequent smoking exposures. Childhood parental smoking was associated with seropositive RA after adjustment for confounders (HR 1.41 [95% CI 1.08–1.83]). In the controlled direct effect analyses, childhood parental smoking was associated with seropositive RA (HR 1.75 [95% CI 1.03–2.98]) after controlling for adulthood personal smoking, and the association was accentuated among ever smokers (HR 2.18 [95% CI 1.23–3.88]). There was no significant association of adulthood passive smoking with RA (HR 1.30 for ≥20 years of living with a smoker versus none [95% CI 0.97–1.74]).ConclusionWe found a potential direct influence of childhood parental smoking on adult‐onset incident seropositive RA even after controlling for adulthood personal smoking.