bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Lactase Persistence Adaptation in European Dogs
Authors: Liu Yan-Hu , Wang Lu , Zhang Zhiguo , Otecko Newton O , Khederzadeh Saber , Dai Yongqin , Liang Bin , Wang Guo-Dong , Zhang Ya-Ping 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Coexistence and cooperation between dogs and humans over thousands of years have supported convergent evolutionary processes in the two species. Previous studies found that Eurasian dogs evolved into a distinct geographic cluster. In this study, we used the genomes of 242 European dogs, 38 Southeast Asian indigenous (SEAI) dogs, and 41 gray wolves to identify adaptation of European dogs . We report 86 unique positively selected genes in European dogs, among which is LCT (lactase). LCT encodes lactase, which is fundamental for the digestion of lactose. We found that an A-to-G mutation (chr19:38,609,592) is almost fixed in Middle Eastern and European dogs. The results of two-dimensional site frequency spectrum (2D SFS) support that the mutation is under soft sweep . We inferred that the onset of positive selection of the mutation is shorter than 6,535 years and behind the well-developed dairy economy in central Europe. It increases the expression of LCT by reducing its binding with ZEB1, which would enhance dog’s ability to digest milk-based diets. Our study uncovers the genetic basis of convergent evolution between humans and dogs with respect to diet, emphasizing the import of the dog as a biomedical model for studying mechanisms of the digestive system.
Calling differentially methylated regions from whole genome bisulphite sequencing with DMRcate
Authors: Peters Timothy J , Buckley Michael J , Chen Yunshun , Smyth Gordon K , Goodnow Christopher C , Clark Susan J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Whole genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) permits the genome-wide study of single molecule methylation patterns. One of the key goals of mammalian cell-type identity studies, in both normal differentiation and disease, is to locate differential methylation patterns across the genome. We discuss the most desirable characteristics for DML (differentially methylated locus) and DMR (differentially methylated region) detection tools in a genome-wide context and choose a set of statistical methods that fully or partially satisfy these considerations to compare for benchmarking. Our data simulation strategy is both biologically informed—employing distribution parameters derived from large-scale consortium datasets—and thorough. We report DML detection ability with respect to coverage, group methylation difference, sample size, variability and covariate size, both marginally and jointly, and exhaustively with respect to parameter combination. We also benchmark these methods on FDR control and computational time. We use this result to backend and introduce an expanded version of DMRcate: an existing DMR detection tool for microarray data that we have extended to now call DMRs from WGBS data. We compare DMRcate to a set of alternative DMR callers using a similarly realistic simulation strategy. We find DMRcate and RADmeth are the best predictors of DMRs, and conclusively find DMRcate the fastest.
Decadent Theater
Authors: Eltis Sos 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Decadence, an unhealthy deviation from an undefined norm, is necessarily in the eye of the beholder, and this was never more apparent than in theatrical representations of the modern woman. Through analyzing the performance history and reception of two fin-de-siècle plays centered on a rebellious woman—Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler (1891) and Sudermann’s Magda (1893)—this article examines the instability of the notion of decadence as applied to the heroines of avant-garde drama. As professionals, themselves negotiating assumptions about their sexual and moral status as public performers, the actresses who chose to perform these roles were well aware of the artistic and moral debates that surrounded them. Their performances can thus be understood as active interventions in debates about literary, cultural, and social notions of decadence and the role of women within them.
Ecology
Authors: Denisoff Dennis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The modern decadent tradition began to form around the same time that ecology emerged as a recognized scientific field. The essentialist biologism at the historical root of decadence meshed with the interest that cultural theorists and artists of the nineteenth century had in models of society as an organically coherent, self-regulating system. Turning to conceptions of decay in Charles Baudelaire’s poetry and Oscar Wilde’s novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890/1891), this article addresses the authors’ ecological understanding of themselves as humans and as artists, and of the place of decadent aesthetics within the biological world itself. This essay foregrounds not the scientific knowledge the authors had regarding decay, fungi, or rot, but the ontological perspective through which ecological models of engagement and influence permeate their decadent works.
Turkey
Authors: Dolcerocca Özen Nergis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article considers late nineteenth-century Ottoman literature, concentrating specifically on the tension between the poetics of the avant-garde “New Literature” (1896–1901) and the poetics of conservative modernizers, spearheaded by the prominent Tanzimat author Ahmet Midhat. In calling for experimentation with traditional Ottoman poetic forms and a new mode of composition using an uncompromisingly elaborate style, the avant-gardists sought to capture the fin-de-siècle spirit in the Ottoman Empire, overwhelmed by the sense of decline and urgency for modernization. What unites the different decadent practices of the time is the objective to challenge the communicative language of systematic modernization by pursuing aesthetic autonomy. The conservative modernizers, politically committed to social and cultural reforms, attacked these authors for being decadent and excessively influenced by French literature, initiating what later came to be known as the “decadence controversy,” which became part of the larger historical question of modernization and westernization.
Blackness, Jazz, and Globalization
Authors: Johnson Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The globalization of jazz was also the globalization of black US popular culture. This essay discloses, and provides a model for, the ambiguous dynamics of popular music migrations and the race politics that frame them. In diasporic destinations, those politics are generated by cultural histories very different from that of the United States, and which also exhibit their own synchronic and diachronic heterogeneities, thus introducing distinctive local complexities. In the context of the black-centered jazz canon, these circumstances have produced regional jazz narratives that are derived from the US model, but with often radically different inflections from place to place, and over time. Apart from documenting the perennial ubiquity of the blackness/jazz nexus, the study identifies a broad historical trajectory, in which the focus shifted from African American blackness to a pan-African model that anticipated the World Music phenomenon.
Rock Art Modification and its Ritualized and Relational Contexts
Authors: Brady Liam M. , Gunn Robert G. , Goldhahn Joakim 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Australia has some of the most complex and extensive examples of modified rock art (e.g., superimposed, re-painted, re-drawn, re-pecked) in the world. Typically used to document style-based chronological sequences and address questions of meaning and intention, less well known are the relational networks within which these ritual modification practices are embedded. In this article we explore the ritual rock art modification relationship to further highlight the value of a ritual-based approach to access and enhance understanding of modified rock art. Central to this approach is the idea that modified motifs do not exist in isolation—their placement, the actions, rules, and structures linked to the modification process, along with the surrounding landscape, are all part of relational networks that extend across multiple social and cultural realms. By identifying key themes associated with this ritual practice, we explore relational qualities to further understand the ritual rock art relationship to broaden archaeological and ethnographic understanding of rock art.
Sexual Stigma: Markedness, Taboo, Containment, and Emergence
Authors: Black Steven P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of research on language and sexual stigma. Sexual stigma is defined as the sociolinguistic and psychological process by which a person or group’s physiological characteristics, cultural and linguistic practices, and/or identities become marked as polluted or taboo. The chapter suggests that sexual stigma tends to target those people or groups associated with practices felt to threaten ideologically normative social reproduction, which is encoded in conventions of linguistic markedness. Sexual stigma is linked to the fluid boundaries between grammatically encoded markedness and discursive indexicality as normative categories emerge in interpersonal encounters. The chapter addresses four key topics in the study of language and sexual stigma: sociolinguistic markedness; taboo and threats to ideologies of social reproduction; avoidance and indirection as strategies of linguistic containment of threats; and emergent sexualities.
Categorization and Indexicality in Language and Sexuality Research
Authors: Canakis Costas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
While categorization and indexicality have been a recurring theme in language and sexuality research, and forms of talk are understood as indexically related to social practices and categories in specific contexts, the dynamic character of categorization is less often acknowledged. Although few, if any, linguists would subscribe to an Aristotelian, static view of categorization, language and sexuality research has rarely engaged with the insights provided by prototype theory into linguistic categorization. This chapter intends to show that although categories are motivated, binding, and potentially wounding, they are flexible and subject to change, as are their indexical relations. Categorization is inevitable, but the specific categories we employ are historical constructs and thereby negotiable and redefinable. It is argued that understanding categorization and indexicality as dynamic can contribute to language and sexuality research, especially to the queer linguistic critique of categories with respect to the normative discourses sustaining them.
Deuteronomy and the Pentateuch
Authors: Bautch Richard J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This diachronic study of Deuteronomy and the Pentateuch begins in the seventh century and extends to the fourth century, or the late Persian period. It explores four distinct phases of textualization, during which existing blocks of Deuteronomic tradition were developed further and integrated with other materials. The inflection point came when Deuteronomic and Priestly texts were merged, first as a Hexateuch and shortly thereafter as a literary collection of five books with a distinctive theology as well as claims to authority. Scholars describe this final stage of textualization as the Pentateuchal Redaction, with its focus the last chapter of Deuteronomy.
The Socioeconomic World of Deuteronomy
Authors: Richter Sandra Lynn 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The question of the social location(s) of the book of Deuteronomy remains critical to the academic discussion of the book. The thesis of this chapter is that the economic features embedded in the book have much to contribute to the discussion. Toward this end, this chapter surveys the archaeologically reconstructed economies of Israel in the Iron Age and the Persian period, identifying diagnostic features of each in rural and urban areas, and juxtaposes those features to the contents of Urdeuteronomium (defined as Deut 4:44–27:26). There is particular attention to issues involving currency. The objective is to further refine the Sitz im Leben from which the book emerges.
Ethnomusicology of the Creative Process
Authors: Olivier Emmanuelle 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical history of ethnomusicology of the creative process, from the first works on oral-tradition societies and their “instinct of variation” to the most recent reflections on transcultural music and digital audio production. It shows that the question of creative process extends throughout the history of ethnomusicology and reflects the vitality of debate within the discipline. The chapter includes references from different ethnomusicological currents or schools of thought, both English- and French-speaking, from countries of the North as well as countries of the South. All these references are situated within the major social science research paradigms that have nourished ethnomusicology throughout its history.
Labor XI
Authors: Salapata Gina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Apples of the Hesperides is the most complex and fascinating Labor of Heracles. Because it is well attested in both literary and visual sources, we can follow its evolution and transformations through the centuries from a narrative to a more symbolic representation of the myth. Heracles had to fetch the golden apples from the divine garden of the Hesperides, situated beyond the limits of the known world and assimilated in popular belief with Elysion and the Isles of the Blessed. There are two main versions of how Heracles managed to obtain the apples, equally well attested in literature and art, and apparently running parallel to each other: he either picked them himself after slaying the guarding serpent; or he was helped by the sky-bearing Titan Atlas, who fetched them for him while Heracles relieved him from the burden of heavens. In other variants, known through the iconographic tradition, Heracles either deceives or is helped by the Hesperides. Even though no sources specify that the golden apples conferred immortality or youth, their divine associations and location in the paradise-like garden of the gods relate to Heracles’ attainment of immortality and the pleasures of a blessed afterlife.
The Argonauts
Authors: Hunter Richard 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the representation of Heracles in the Argonautic narratives of Apollonius Rhodius and Theocritus, Idyll 13. Particular attention is paid to the importance to the subsequent tradition of the divine Heracles of Odyssey 11 and to how the model of Heracles became important for ruler cult and Ptolemaic ideology. The chapter considers Heracles’ relations with Hylas, both of them being lost to the Argonautic expedition on the outward voyage, and to Heracles’ difference from the other Argonauts; whereas the expedition is presented as a model of Greek solidarity and homonoia, Heracles is both a civilizer and benefactor of mankind and a difficult, solitary hero who does not easily embody communal values.
Auge and Telephus
Authors: Griffiths Emma 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Heracles’ role as the father of Telephus involves significant elements for our understanding of the wider myth. The conception of Telephus is variously depicted as a “rape” or a “seduction” of Auge and starts a chain of events that portray Heracles as a caring father who rescues his abandoned child, providing a model for the Roman foundation myth. It also projects Heracles’ role in the First Trojan War into the Second. The story unfolds across several different locations in the Mediterranean, from Arcadia to king Teuthras’ kingdom in Mysia, and indicates Heracles’ role as a connecting figure for historical and cultural societies.
Tragedy
Authors: Lloyd Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Heracles is the central character in Sophocles’ Trachiniae and Euripides’ Heracles, and a secondary character in Euripides’ Alcestis and Sophocles’ Philoctetes. This chapter discusses these plays in detail, as well as summarizing references to Heracles in other surviving Greek tragedies and discussing what is known of his roles in lost plays. It also briefly discusses Seneca’s Hercules Furens and Hercules Oetaeus. It takes issue with Michael Silk’s argument that Heracles’ anomalous (god-man) status made him unsuitable for tragedy. The two great tragic moments in Heracles’ story were his madness and the end of his life. Euripides offers a comprehensive account of his career up to the killing of his family, while Sophocles’ focus on the sack of Oechalia and its consequences gave him the opportunity to portray another of the mighty but ambiguous heroes who feature in all his surviving plays.
Comedy
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Heracles appeared in Greek and Roman comedy from the early fifth to the second century BC, and beyond. Comedy drew on myths from his birth to his apotheosis, featuring the Labors, among them the journey to the Underworld. Rich comic material was drawn from Heracles as a man of violence and as a master of sacrifice, the latter leading to themes of massive meat consumption, appetite, and ultimately the comic stock figure of the hungry parasite. The comic imagination also exploited his large sexual appetite, extending his fecundity from tragic myth to human sexual encounters in later comedy. Tragic myth often lurks explicitly behind comic versions of Heracles.
Classical Art
Authors: Smith Amy C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As Panhellenic and local hero, semidivinity or god, Heracles received reverence across Greece and served as patron divinity in many locales. The frequency and survival of his images from across the Greek and Roman worlds unsurprisingly surpasses that of all other mythic figures. After all, he appealed to all genders and strata of society, ranging from slaves to rulers, for example, Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens; the kings of Pontus; and Caracalla. While Heracles’ role in Classical art (archaic Greece through the Roman Empire) is therefore immense, this chapter surveys his appearances in three diverse spheres of activity, namely sport, politics, and the private realm, including music and sexuality.
Hercules, Caesar, and the Roman Emperors
Authors: Loar Matthew P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter schematizes the different ways that Roman emperors, their surrogates, and their detractors deployed Hercules as a way of framing, authorizing, or delegitimizing imperial rule. In looking at the evidence from Augustus to the Tetrarchs, it identifies three primary relationships that Roman emperors occupied or were seen to occupy relative to Hercules: like Augustus, they could be viewed as similar to Hercules; like Commodus, they could claim to be identical with Hercules; or, like the Tetrarchs, they could self-fashion as simply associated with Hercules. The best emperors therefore merely sought a connection with Hercules, while the worst longed to collapse the distinction between emperor and hero to become Hercules himself.
The Early Christian Heracles
Authors: Eppinger Alexandra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a summary of the role of Hercules in late antique art and literature, with a special focus on how Christian clergy and laypersons perceived the hero. Using literary texts and archaeological finds as source material, it shows that Hercules was still ubiquitous in late antiquity, even though there was a quantitative decline of depictions of the hero in comparison with earlier periods. Both daily life and the sepulchral sphere are considered; examples of relevant archaeological finds include the mosaics from the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina, the cycle of reliefs of Hercules’ deeds from the villa of Chiragan (France), and the wall paintings in the catacomb on the Via Latina in Rome. Additionally, the late antique stage as a space where people were confronted with the Hercules myth in the form of highly popular pantomimes is addressed. The chapter concludes with a section on the treatment of Hercules in apologetic literature, with a focus on Lactantius and Tertullian; in this context, the topos of the hero’s effeminate behavior at Omphale’s court in particular is considered.
Labor VII
Authors: Ogden Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The tradition of Heracles’ Cretan Bull Labor is reviewed, with attention to literary and iconographic sources, and the richest of the former supplied in quotation. After capturing the marauding fiery bull, Heracles rides it across the ocean back to Argos. As a fire-breather, the bull is aligned with others of Heracles’ Labor-animals, the Mares of Diomede and the Hydra, and also with the creatures faced by other quest-heroes, the fiery bulls of Colchis encountered by Jason, and the Lycian Chimaera encountered by Bellerophon. The tradition’s principal means of elaborating this Labor came via the bull’s identification with other great mythological bulls, namely those of Europa and Pasiphae, both variously associated with Crete, and also with the Marathonian bull captured by Theseus.
Labor IV
Authors: Ogden Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The tradition of Heracles’ Erymanthian Boar Labor is reviewed, with attention to literary and iconographic sources, and the richest of the former supplied in quotation. Having cornered the Boar in a snowdrift, Heracles brings it back to Argos, either by trundling it or carrying it supine over his shoulder. When he arrives with it, Eurystheus, terrified by the creature, hides in a bronze storage jar (pithos) buried in the ground. In art, Heracles threatens to dump the animal on top of Eurystheus in his jar. The Labor serves as the insertion-point in Heracles’ cycle both for his brief Argonautic adventure and for his encounter with Pholus, his wine, and the ensuing battle with the centaurs. The Pholus episode also contains the striking motif of a storage-jar buried in the earth.
Mexico and World War II
Authors: Jones Halbert 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
World War II had a significant impact on the trajectory of postrevolutionary Mexican development. Pressure from the United States for collaboration in defense efforts and the ambivalence of the Mexican public toward an active role in the conflict posed challenges. Yet the crisis atmosphere created by the war allowed the country’s leaders to insist upon a policy of national unity. The Ávila Camacho administration was thus able to maintain a broad political coalition as it took Mexico formally into the war on the side of the Allies in 1942 and then gradually expanded the scope of the country’s participation in the conflict. Wartime conditions prompted Mexico to expand its capacities and make new demands on citizens; they served as well to accelerate the professionalization and depoliticization of the armed forces. In economic terms, the war disrupted trade with Europe but spurred US demand for the strategic outputs of Mexican mines and farms and Mexican labor. The unavailability of previously imported goods provided an impetus for a process of industrialization that would continue into the postwar period, but many workers saw their living standards fall as wartime inflation eroded their real wages. Mexico emerged from the war with a claim to regional leadership, much-improved relations with Washington, a rapidly growing industrial sector, and a political landscape considerably more stable and consolidated than it had been in the two decades immediately following the Mexican Revolution.