bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding, infant gut microbiota, and early childhood overweight (637.4)
Authors: Azad Meghan , Konya Theodore , Guttman David , Field Catherine , Sears Malcolm , Becker Allan , Scott James , Kozyrskyj Anita 
Published: June 2021

RATIONALE: Breastfeeding may be protective against obesity, but existing evidence is inconsistent. The gut microbiota, which itself is shaped by breastfeeding and other early‐life exposures, may also contribute to the development of obesity.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breastfeeding is protective against early childhood overweight, and to explore related associations with the gut microbiota.METHODS: The study involved 346 full term infants from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) national birth cohort. Mothers reported breastfeeding by standardized questionnaire, and child overweight was defined by weight‐for‐length z‐score (WFLz) according to World Health Organization standards. In a subset of 158 infants, the gut microbiota was characterized by Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples collected at 3 months.RESULTS: Breastfeeding rates (any breastfeeding) were 81%, 73%, and 46% at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. By 12 months, 16% of children were at risk for overweight (> 85th percentile WFLz). After adjusting for birth mode and maternal overweight, breastfeeding >6 months was associated with a significantly lower risk of child overweight (OR 0.35, 95%CI 0.18‐0.68). Gut microbiota composition and diversity were strongly influenced by breastfeeding (p<0.01 by permutational multivariate ANOVA), and were also associated with child overweight: breastfeeding promoted lower diversity and decreased abundance of Clostridiales (both p<0.01), characteristics which subsequently predicted a reduced risk of overweight (both p<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that breastfeeding beyond 6 months protects against early childhood overweight, possibly by modifying the gut microbiota. These findings are relevant to infant nutrition‐based obesity prevention strategies. Future research will incorporate extended microbiota analyses, detailed nutrition assessments, and longitudinal measures of obesity throughout childhood.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Candian Institutes of Health Research and AllerGen NCE.
Intestinal microbiota of preterm infants differ between sites and over time: a comparison of two large neonatal intensive care units (637.8)
Authors: Taft Diana , Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Schibler Kurt , Yu Zhuoteng , Newburg David , Ward Doyle , Morrow Ardythe 
Published: June 2021

Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) differ in their rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis. Intestinal microbiota are implicated in these diseases, but the microbiota of different NICUs have not been compared. To address this, we included 90 infants <29 weeks gestational age with stool samples collected during week 2 of life who survived free of NEC and sepsis. Infants were enrolled at either Good Samaritan Hospital (GSH) in Cincinnati or University of Alabama Birmingham Medical Center (UAB) in 2010‐2011. The 16s rRNA gene in DNA from stool samples was sequenced with universal primers by Illumina MiSeq. Resulting operational taxonomic unit tables were analyzed for differences between hospitals by year and delivery mode using linear discriminant analysis effect size algorithm (p<0.05). A major shift occurred in the microbiota of UAB infants between 2010 and 2011 with a significant increase in Firmicutes in 2011 ‐ coinciding with a hospital move. At GSH, only minor shifts in microbiota occurred by year. Microbiota differed between the NICUs, with significantly more phylum Bacteroidetes present at UAB in 2011; other differences depended upon delivery mode and year. We conclude that colonizing microbiota differ by NICU and over time. Multi‐site, longitudinal studies of preterm microbiota are needed to assess the impact of intestinal microbiota on conditions affecting preterm infants.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIAID contract no. HHSN272200900018C; NICHD R01 HD059140; and NIEHS T32 ES010957
Characterization of the Loucy cell line as a model for human peripheral γδ T cells (638.5)
Authors: Dai Xiaoshuang , Stanilka Joy , Percival Susan 
Published: June 2021

As unique innate‐like lymphocytes, γδ T cells make up a small proportion of circulating T cells. Up to now, there is no widely accepted cell line model for human γδ T cell. Our aim was to investigate whether Loucy cell line shares similarities with γδ T cells derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). First, 95% of Loucy cells express the unique γδ T cell receptor (TCR). Second, most Loucy cells were double negative for CD4 and CD8, like most peripheral γδ T cells. Third, Loucy cells express TLR2, like peripheral γδ T cells. At the functional level, Loucy cells proliferated in response to isopentenyl pyrophosphate, a known phosphoantigen for γδ T cell proliferation. Activated Loucy cells express CD69 on cell surface, similar to γδ T cells in activated mixed PBMC cultures. Unlike peripheral γδ T cells, Loucy cell did not express NKG2D. TCR Vδ gene usage in Loucy cells is mainly Vδ3 and to a lesser extent Vδ1, while Vδ2Vγ9 T cells dominate in blood. In addition, 95% of Loucy cells were CD45RO+ (memory), whereas γδ T cells in PBMC were 45% CD45RO+ and 52% CD45RA+ (naive). The only cytokine detected from PHA‐L‐stimulated Loucy cells was TGF‐β, whereas peripheral γδ T cells produce many more cytokines. These results suggest that Loucy cells have many characteristics similar to γδ T cells in PBMC, and this cell line, for some aspects of γδ T cell function, may be useful as an in vitro model for human γδ T cells.Grant Funding Source: Funded in part by UF AES
Cocaine use increases oxidative stress (mitochondria‐specific 8‐oxo‐hydroxy‐guanosine (8‐oxo‐dg) and oxidized glutathione) in HIV infection: mechanism of hepatic fibrogenesis (639.9)
Authors: Campa Adriana , Sherman Kenneth , Greer Pedro , Stewart Tiffanie , Martinez Sabrina , Fleetwood Christina , Ramamoorthy Venkataraghavan , Dizon Kimberly , Li Yinghui , Baum Marianna 
Published: June 2021

Objective: Cocaine is hepatotoxic in animal models. We examined the effect of cocaine on oxidative stress as one of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis.Methods: With consent we followed 266 HIV+ adults from the MASH cohort for one year using urine toxicology, questionnaires on cocaine and alcohol use. Fib‐4, CD4 cell count, viral load, mitochondrial 8‐oxo‐DG and glutathione were obtained.Results: Cocaine was used by 29% of the cohort and 85.2% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Mean age was 47.2 years, 64% were male, and 70.3% African American. Cocaine users had lower ART use (78% vs. 88%, P=0.05), higher viral load (2.76±1.28 vs.2.38±1.1 log10 copies/mL, P=0.0196) and lower BMI (26.4±5.6 vs. 28±5.1 kg/m2, P=0.026) than non‐users. Over one year, using Mixed Models, cocaine users had faster liver fibrosis progression using FIB‐4 (OR=2.52, 95%CI 1.15, 5.54, P=0.021), increased 8‐oxo‐DG (β=0.051, SE=0.02, P=0.047) and oxidized glutathione (β=2.18, SE=1.08, P=0.044), adjusting for gender, age, ART, CD4 count, BMI and alcohol.Conclusions: Cocaine use increases oxidative stress independent of alcohol, ART and CD4 count, linking cocaine use with the mechanisms for liver fibrosis.Funded by: NIDA and NIAAA
Type of snack influences body composition and glycemia in overweight humans (640.1)
Authors: Clayton Zachary , Fusco Elizabeth , Kass Lisa , Carpenter Jennifer , Hooshmand Shirin , Hong Mee Young , Kern Mark 
Published: June 2021

The effect of different snack foods on fat mass/distribution, glucose and insulin were assessed. Thirty‐five adult men and women (age: 36.5 + 11.4, BMI: 32.8 + 7.1 kg/m2) consumed a whole food (dried plums) or refined (low‐fat muffins) snack twice daily for eight weeks. Test foods provided 100 kcal per feeding and were similar in macronutrients but differed in fiber and other food constituents. Body composition and fat distribution were assessed at zero and eight weeks via bioelectrical impedance analysis, air displacement plethysmography, and dual x‐ray absorptiometry, which were used to estimate total fat mass via a four‐compartment model. Blood was collected at baseline and eight weeks and analyzed for glucose and insulin. Fat mass and android:gynoid fat distribution tended to be lower in the dried plum intervention, (p=.06 and.08, respectively), while no effects on total body weight were detected. Glucose was elevated (p<.05) during the muffin trial with no difference observed for the dried plum trial. No difference was observed for fasting insulin within or between groups. Results demonstrate that dried plums may be advantageous at promoting positive alterations in body composition and glycemia.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the California Dried Plum Board
Effect of exercise on body composition and cholesterol in adult Nigerian females (640.11)
Authors: Onimawo Ignatius , Ekwe Cordelia 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: The emergence of obesity and overweight is becoming a problem of great concerns particularly among women knowing that non‐communicable diseases have been linked to these conditions.Objectives: The study was designed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on body composition and cholesterol.Methods: Subjects were selected on voluntary basis and only those who were either obese or overweight were selected. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ambrose Alli University Ethical Committee on human studies. There were three groups in the cross ‐sectional study namely the exercising group (Tc), twice exercising group (Tt) and non exercising groups (C). On the whole 21 (twenty one) participated in the Tc and Tt, while 46 (forty six) participated in the non‐exercising group (C). The three studies took place simultaneously and cover a period of 2 (two) months. The first study was on body composition and body cholesterol. Anthropometric method was employed alongside the measurement of skin fold thickness. Skin fold thickness was measured at triceps, biceps, sub scapular, abdominal and supraillac sites. Waist hip measurement, body weight and height were also measured.Results: Exercise during the period did not significantly reduce the body weight of the subjects but body fat decreased. When compared with the C group the Tc and Tt groups had reductions in LDL cholesterol due to the aerobic exercise they were involved in. The triglycerides levels were not reduced by exercise but rather showed significant increases (81.44+47.6mg/dl vs 97.52+92mg/dl for Tc and 98.38+43mg/dl for Tt). Also exercise contributed significantly to increase in HDL cholesterol particularly for the Tt group compared to C‐group (which is the control group).Conclusion: The results of this study reaffirm that regular exercise is beneficial to the reduction of LDL thus improve health.
High blood pressure in overweight and obese adolescents (641.18)
Authors: Koebnick Corinna , Black Mary Helen , Wu Jun , Martinez Mayra , Smith Ning , Kuizon Beatriz , Cuan David , Young Deborah , Lawrence Jean , Jacobsen Steven 
Published: June 2021

General screening for high blood pressure in asymptomatic adolescents remains controversial. A reasonable strategy is to screen those who are high risk. The present study aimed to identify optimal body mass index (BMI) thresholds as a marker for high‐risk youth to predict hypertension prevalence. In a cross‐sectional study, adolescents aged 12‐17 years (n=139,073) enrolled in an integrated prepaid health plan in 2007‐2009 were classified according to their BMI and hypertension status. BMI and blood pressure were obtained from electronic medical records. In overweight, and moderately and extremely obese adolescents, the prevalence of hypertension was 2.1%, 4.1% and 9.6%, respectively, compared to 0.8% in normal weight adolescents. The prevalence ratios (95% CIs) of hypertension adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity for normal weight, overweight, moderate obesity and extreme obesity were 1.00 (Reference), 2.68 (2.39‐3.00), 5.29(4.76‐5.87), and 12.44 (11.27‐13.74), respectively. The prevalence of hypertension was best predicted by a BMI‐for‐age 蠅94th percentile. Our results suggest that a rational approach to screening might be to target overweight and obese adolescents.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH‐NIDDK
Relationship between waist‐height index and body adiposity index with cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with obesity (641.5)
Authors: Romero‐Velarde Enrique , Alvarez‐Roman Yussani , Fonseca‐Reyes Salvador , Stein Katja , Troyo‐Sanroman Rogelio , Aguirre‐Salas Liuba 
Published: June 2021

Objective. To evaluate the association of waist‐height index (WHI) and the body adiposity index (BAI) with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in children and adolescents with obesity. Methods. Cross‐sectional study in 40 subjects with obesity (BMI 蠅 2.0 SD). Body weight, height, waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC), blood pressure, serum glucose and insulin (HOMA), total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerideswere measured. WHI (WC/ height) and BAI (HC/height1.5 ‐18) were calculated. Body composition was assessed by DEXA. Simple correlation between CVRF and anthropometric measures were performed. Mean values of biochemical and anthropometric variables were compared between subjects with WHI> vs <0.6 with the Student t test. The protocol was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee.Results. Mean age 11.8 ± 1.8 years. Mean values of BMI (2.95 ± 0.8 SD), WHI (0.63 ± 0.07) and BAI (35.8 ± 5.7%). The WHI showed positive and better correlation than BAI with the percentage of body fat by DEXA (r = 0.81 vs 0.75; P <0.001) and abdominal fat (r = 0.79 vs 0.54; P <0.001). Mean values of insulin, HOMA, weight, WC, HC and BMI were higher in subjects with WHI> 0.6 (p <0.05); whereas HDL was borderline (p = 0.06).Conclusions. In children and adolescents with obesity the WHI is better than the BAI to identify subjects with abdominal adiposity and CVRF; the WHI cutoff of 0.6 is suitable to identify subjects with cardiovascular risk.
The resolution of elevated liver enzymes with elimination of sugar‐sweetened beverages independent of weight loss (641.6)
Authors: Khandalavala Birgit , Nirmalraj Maya , Geske Jenenne 
Published: June 2021

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly prevalent and detected in 70% of metabolic syndrome patients. Consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) contributes to increased ectopic fat accumulation in the liver. A similar association with a worldwide increase of diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease is reported.SSB contribute to low satiety resulting in increased energy intake. They are a primary source of added sugar consumption globally. Regular soft drinks cause fat to collect in the liver increasing lipogenesis, and diet soft drinks have the potential to raise insulin resistance and inflammation.A retrospective case series of 17 patients from a suburban primary care clinic setting was conducted. During routine examinations, weight and BMI were recorded of patients who had metabolic syndrome with elevated liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). All patients were noted to be consuming varying amounts of SSB and were specifically instructed to abstain completely. Follow up was scheduled within the month and varied between 1 and 5 months. Reversal of elevated liver enzymes was recorded even in 7 patients without weight loss (Figure 1).Targeting SSB consumption is highly effective and needs to be a priority not only in the clinical setting but as a global health initiative.Figure 1

Descriptive Statistics

N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation

weight_loss
17
‐20.0
4.0
‐5.588
6.5078

BMI
17
25.0
51.0
35.471
7.4843

Age
17
28.0
63.0
44.588
11.2698

time
17
1.0
5.0
1.971
1.1246

ChangeAST
17
‐67.0
‐3.0
‐20.000
17.6918

ChangeALT
17
‐163.0
7.0
‐31.647
37.7524

Valid N (listwise)
17

WtLossCat

Frequency
Percent

Valid
No Change in Weight
6
35.3

Lost Weight
10
58.8

Gained Weight
1
5.9

Total
17
100.0
Association between ABCA1 R230C polymorphism and biochemical parameters in subjects with metabolic syndrome (641.7)
Authors: Castaño‐Jameson Marisol , Guevara Martha , Flores Adriana , Medina Isabel , Ayala Brenda , Aguilar Miriam , Orozco Ximena , Jimenez Edith , Vazquez Natalia , Vazquez Natalia , Ordaz Guillermo , Tovar Armando , Torres Nimbe 
Published: June 2021

It has been demonstrated that almost 20% of the Mexican population has the presence ABCA1 R230C polymorphism that is associated with obesity and low HDL concentration. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the presence of the R230C polymorphism in the ABCA1 gene and the biochemical parameters in subjects with metabolic syndrome. We studied 700 Mexican subjects (139 men, 561 women). The number of participants with MS was 270, from this 60 subjects (22%) had the R230 C polymorphism. Interestingly, subjects with MS and the R230C showed lower serum HDL‐C concentration than tthose with the R230R (p>0.0001). Thus, the presence of this polymorphism increase the susceptibility to have low HDL cholesterol, one of the components of the metabolic syndrome.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Medix (to NT) and , CONACYT 181685 (to MG)
Effects of nopales intake on cardiometabolic disease risk factors among moderately hypercholesterolemic adults (642.4)
Authors: Pereira Pignotti Giselle , Hook Ginger , Ghan Emily , Vega‐López Sonia 
Published: June 2021

Nopales (prickly pear cactus pads) are commonly regarded as a medicinal plant for glycemic and cholesterol control. The efficacy of a 2‐wk intervention with 2 cups/d of nopales or cucumber (control) on lipoprotein profile, fasting glucose (FG) and insulin was assessed in a randomized crossover trial among 16 adults (5 male; 46±14 y; BMI=31.4±5.7 kg/m2) with moderate hypercholesterolemia (LDL‐C=137±21 mg/dL), but otherwise healthy. There were no significant differences in energy intake between cucumber and nopales phases (1657±610 kcal vs.1645±508 kcal, respectively). There were no differences in macronutrient intake (data not shown), although soluble fiber tended to be greater in the nopales phase (6.6±1.6 g) than the cucumber phase (5.8±1.9 g; p=0.097). No significant differences were observed for total cholesterol (201±32 mg/dL vs. 197±27 mg/dL; p=0.227), LDL‐C (137±29 mg/dL vs. 132±20 mg/dL; p=0.358), HDL‐C (46±16 mg/dL vs. 44±15 mg/dL; p=0.351), triglycerides (173±108 mg/dL vs.190±117 mg/dL; p=0.210), glucose (99±8 mg/dL vs. 98±11 mg/dL; p=0.193), or insulin (21±10 mg/dL vs. 20±9 mg/dL; p=0.380) between cucumber and nopales phases, respectively. LDL peak diameter and cholesterol distribution in LDL and HDL subfractions were not different between phases (data not shown). These data does not support the purported benefits of nopales at doses of 2 cups/d for 2‐wk on markers of cardiometabolic risk.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Arizona Board of Regents and ASU Graduate Research Support Program
Effects of restraint and contrast ultrasound imaging on Hsp70 expression in cholesterol‐fed rabbit aorta (643.11)
Authors: Smith Brendon , Miller Rita , O'Brien William , Erdman John 
Published: June 2021

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging (US) is enhanced by the use of circulating microbubble contrast agents (UCAs), but the interactions between US, UCAs, and vascular tissue are not well understood. We hypothesized that US with UCA would stress the vascular tissue and increase levels of Hsp70, a cellular stress protein. Male New Zealand White rabbits (n=32) were fed a standard chow diet (n=4) or a 1% cholesterol, 10% fat and 0.11% magnesium diet (n=28). At 21 days, 24 rabbits on cholesterol diet were either exposed to US (3.2 MHz f/3 transducer, 2.1 MPa, Mechanical Index=1.17, 10 Hz pulse repetition frequency, 1.6 µs pulse duration, 2 min exposure duration at 4 sites) using the UCA Definity (1x concentration, 1 mL/min) or sham exposed using a saline control (n=12 per group). Four rabbits on cholesterol diet and the four on chow diet served as cage controls, and were not exposed to ultrasound or restrained for blood sample collection. Animals were euthanized 24 hours after exposure and aortas quickly isolated and snap‐frozen in liquid nitrogen. Aorta lysates from the area of US exposure were analyzed for Hsp70 protein level by Western blot. Blood plasma was analyzed for cholesterol and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), a marker of endothelial function. Plasma total cholesterol levels increased to an average of 705 mg/dL. Restraint (p<0.001 by ANOVA), but not US with UCA or cholesterol feeding, significantly increased Hsp70.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH R37EB002641 and the Beckman Institute Graduate Fellowship
Amino‐acid seric profiles in obese and normal women with normal non‐complicated pregnancies (643.9)
Authors: Ceballos‐Angeles Armida , Pruneda‐Padilla Yunuen , Ibarra‐González Isabel , Vela‐Amieva Marcela , Vadillo‐Ortega Felipe , Vadillo‐Ortega Felipe , Palacios‐González Berenice 
Published: June 2021

During normal pregnancy, metabolic change occurs leading to weight gain and insulin resistance. Obesity has been considered a metabolic disruptor that harms evolution of pregnancy, however few information is available to understand the mechanisms of damage of obesity in pregnancy. We decided to study amino acid profiles of obese women in order to obtain preliminary information comparing normal weight women along pregnancy. Women were selected according to pregestational BMI and two groups were analyzed: 1. BMI 蠄 24.9 (NWP) and 2. BMI 蠅30(OP).Results. Alanine concentrations were significantly higher in the second trimester and there was a significant increase in the gluconeogenic and ketogenic amino acid concentrations in OP group. Glucose concentration was significantly higher and there was an inverse correlation between leucine and valine with glucose concentrations in the OP group. A progressive decrease in the seric urea concentrations in the OP group was found. In conclusion, high levels of serum glucose in the OP group may be associated to increase channeling of aminoacids to gluconeogenesis derived from the reduction of oxidative degradation of these compounds. However, these striking changes related to the presence of increased adiposity coexisted with a normal pregnancy. A better knowledge of the limits of this metabolic plasticity may aid to identify specific changes associated to abnormal evolution of pregnancy.
Vitamin A status and body composition in Mexican lactating women from rural and urban areas using the stable isotope “dose to the mother” technique (645.11)
Authors: Lopez‐Teros Veronica , Limón‐Miró Ana Teresa , Villegas‐Valle Rosa Consuelo , Antúnez‐Román Lesley Evelyn , Tortoledo‐Ortiz Orlando , Astiazaran‐Garcia Humberto , Valencia Mauro 
Published: June 2021

Objective: To assess the association between breast milk vitamin A (VA) concentration and body composition in lactating Mexican women from rural and urban areas. Methods: Milk production was assessed with the dose to the mother method (DTM), briefly deuterated water is administered to the mother and the appearance of the isotope is measured in the breastfed child’s and mother’s saliva; deuterium enrichment (stable isotope) is analyzed by FTIR, and additional to breast milk production we can also assess the mother’s body composition. Breast milk (BM) retinol was determined by HPLC and the cutoff to define VA deficiency was 1.05 µmol/L. Results: Subjects were 27 and 32 women from urban and rural areas of northwest Mexico, respectively. 53% of women had VA deficiency, and prevalence was similar for both areas (P=0.735). BM retinol concentration was lower for the rural area (P=0.038). When using WHO cutoff points for body fat percentage for non‐lactating women, 63 % and 56% of the study subjects had increased body fat. There was a tendency in reduction of BM Retinol when body fat increases (r= ‐ 0.251; P=0.055). Conclusion: Increase in body fat has a negative impact on BM retinol concentration of lactating women from rural and urban areas of northwest Mexico.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Universidad de Sonora