bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROTOCOL: The effectiveness of social protection interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries: An evidence and gap map
Authors: Thimmappa Latha , Saran Ashrita , D'Souza Sonia R. B. , V. Binil 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis evidence and gap map will provide an overview of the existing systematic reviews and impact evaluations on the key outcome domains and interventions aimed at improving social protection among people living in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The specific objectives of this map are to: (1) Develop a clear framework of types of interventions and outcomes related to the effectiveness of interventions on social protection for people in LMICs. (2) Map available systematic reviews and primary studies on the effectiveness of interventions on social protection for people in LMICs. (3) Provide a structured and accessible collection of existing evidence and identifying gaps in the available evidence on social protection intervention, thereby helping to inform the research agendas of funders and other organisations.
Singlet Oxygen Oxidation of the Radical Cations of 8‐Oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine and Its 9‐Methyl Analogue: Dynamics, Potential Energy Surface, and Products Mediated by C5‐O2‐Addition
Authors: Moe May Myat , Tsai Midas , Liu Jianbo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract8‐Oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (OG) is the most common DNA lesion. Notably, OG becomes more susceptible to oxidative damage than the undamaged nucleoside, forming mutagenic products in vivo. Herein the reactions of singlet O2 with the radical cations of 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (OG.+) and 9‐methyl‐8‐oxoguanine (9MOG.+) were investigated using ion‐molecule scattering mass spectrometry, from which barrierless, exothermic O2‐addition products were detected for both reaction systems. Corroborated by static reaction potential energy surface constructed using multi‐reference CASPT2 theory and molecular dynamics simulated in the presence of the reactants′ kinetic and internal energies, the C5‐terminal O2‐addition was pinpointed as the most probable reaction pathway. By elucidating the reaction mechanism, kinetics and dynamics, and reaction products and energetics, this work constitutes the first report unraveling the synergetic damage of OG by ionizing radiation and singlet O2.
Hydraulic architecture and internal water storage of Japanese cypress using measurements of sap flow and water potential
Authors: Kamakura Mai , Tsuruta Kenji , Azuma Wakan A. , Kosugi Yoshiko 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe studied the hydraulic architecture and internal water storage of a 60‐year‐old Japanese cypress tree (Chamaecyparis obtusa) by concurrent measurements of sap flow rates (u) and in situ water potential (Ψ) of the soil, stem, branches and leaves along the hydraulic system over a year. Distal organs such as lateral branches and leaves showed lower Ψ than that of stem throughout the year, and the lowest hydraulic conductance (K) was shown between the upper stem and lateral branches. Compared to water flow in the upper stem, latent heat flux (lE) began increasing at approximately 1 h earlier in the morning and ceased at 0.5–1 h earlier in the evening, coinciding with variations in solar radiation and vapour pressure deficits. We also observed a distinct time lag (~2 h) in u and Ψ between the basal and upper portions of the stem in the morning and evening. Although lE, u and Ψ peaked near noon in both the basal and upper portions of the stem, the two parameters exhibited different diurnal curves. These differences suggest that water stored in the stem and foliage is withdrawn in the morning, prior to water uptake from the soil, whereas differences in the evening point to recharge of it. Although the contribution of stem water storage was approximately 5% of daily transpiration, it is possible that hydraulic architecture of C. obtusa maintains the water transport efficiency on the outermost layer of the canopy where high transpiration demand.
Snowier winters extend autumn availability of high‐quality forage for caribou in Arctic Alaska
Authors: Richert J. C. , Leffler A. J. , Spalinger D. E. , Welker J. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCaribou (Rangifer tarandus) rely on the short Arctic growing season to restore body condition, support the demands of lactation, and prepare for the long arctic winter, making them susceptible to even small changes in forage availability or quality. Body condition in the summer and autumn is linked to winter survival rates and fecundity in cows, critical factors in the productivity of caribou populations. Climate change predictions of warmer and wetter northern winters suggest increased snowfall over Alaska's North Slope, which has recently been verified between 1995 and 2017. However, a comprehensive analysis of how deeper snow will affect caribou forage quality is absent across Alaska. In this study, we quantify how snow depth alters the quality and seasonality of caribou forage using a long‐term (24 yr) International Tundra Experiment snow depth manipulation to evaluate how winter climate change scenarios may affect tussock tundra systems in northern Alaska. Deeper snow in prior winters leads to increases in growing season leaf N and digestible protein (DP) in deciduous shrubs (Salix spp. and Betula spp.) and graminoids (Carex spp. and Eriophorum spp.), but not evergreen dwarf shrubs (Rhododendron spp. and Vaccinium spp.). Dry matter digestibility varied among species with small differences (<5%) associated with snow depth. Most striking was the discovery that deeper snow in the prior winter increased the duration of DP levels above the minimum threshold for protein gain in caribou by as much as 25 d in Salix pulchra and 6–9 d in Betula nana and Carex bigelowii in late summer and early autumn. Consequently, deeper winter snow may provide an extended window of opportunity for foraging and the accumulation of lean body mass and fat reserves which promote winter survival and successful calving the following spring and potentially improve the productivity of caribou in northern Alaska.
Comparing diazonium modified and unmodified activated carbon cloths for energy storage in supercapacitors
Authors: Subrata Arnold , Webster Richard D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractActivated carbon cloths (ACCs) were chemically modified with anthraquinone (AQ) groups and the resulting AQ‐modified ACCs were characterized and tested for their potential use in supercapacitors. At modest scan rates and current densities, AQ‐modified ACCs were found to store and release less charge than unmodified ACCs, under conditions where equivalent series resistance (ESR) is not minimized.
Long‐term anticholinergic, benzodiazepine and Z‐drug use in community‐dwelling older adults: What is the impact on cognitive and neuropsychological performance?
Authors: Dyer Adam H. , Laird Eamon , Hoey Leane , Hughes Catherine F. , McNulty Helene , Ward Mary , Strain J. J. , Molloy Anne M. , Cunningham Conal , McCarroll Kevin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term use of anticholinergics, benzodiazepines and related drugs (or “Z‐drugs”) have been associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. However, the relationship of these medications with cognitive function and domain‐specific neuropsychological performance in older adults without dementia, is unclear.Methods5135 older adults (74.0 ± 8.3 years; 67.4% female) without a diagnosis of dementia were recruited in Ireland to the Trinity‐Ulster‐Department of Agriculture (TUDA) study. Detailed cognitive and neuropsychological assessment was conducted using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS).ResultsA total of 44% (2259 of 5153) used either a potential or definite anticholinergic medication. Overall, 9.7% (n = 500) used a definite anticholinergic medication. Regular benzodiazepine use was reported by 7% (n = 363), whilst 7.5% (n = 387) used a “Z‐drug”. Use of definite, but not potential anticholinergic medication was associated with poorer performance on all three assessments (β: −0.09; 95% CI: −0.14, −0.03, p = 0.002 for MMSE; β: −0.04; 95% CI: −0.06, −0.02; p < 0.001 for FAB; β: −4.15; 95% CI: −5.64, −2.66; p < 0.001 for RBANS) in addition to all domains of the RBANS. Regular benzodiazepine use was also associated with poorer neuropsychological test performance, especially in Immediate Memory (β: −4.98; 95% CI: −6.81, −3.15; p < 0.001) and Attention (β: −6.81; 95% CI: −8.60, −5.03; p < 0.001) RBANS domains.ConclusionsRegular use of definite anticholinergic medications and benzodiazepines, but not potential anticholinergics or “Z‐drugs”, was associated with poorer overall and domain‐specific neuropsychological performance in older adults.
Alternative perspectives: Relations between belief reasoning and ambiguous figure perception in bilingual children
Authors: Stegall‐Rodriguez Sarah E. , Weimer Amy A. , Rice Warnell Katherine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRepresentational theory of mind—the ability to represent others' mental states and understand that these beliefs can be different from one's own and reality—emerges in early childhood alongside other meta‐representational abilities, such as understanding that an image can be perceived in multiple ways. Limited research has suggested that individual differences in theory of mind and pictorial meta‐representation are correlated—pointing to domain‐general meta‐representation—but these links might be due to associated abilities such as inhibitory control. To assess this possibility, the present study examines the relationship between belief reasoning and ambiguous figure perception in a low‐income sample of bilingual children (aged 4.5–8.5 years), as bilingualism has been linked to meta‐representational skills and executive function. Partialing out age and inhibitory control, belief reasoning and ambiguous figure perception were significantly correlated, suggesting that performance on these tasks involves a general meta‐representational capacity apart from common executive function demands.
Lead metal biosorption and isotherms studies by metal‐resistant Bacillus strain MRS‐2 bacterium
Authors: Hoyle‐Gardner Jada , Jones Winslow , Badisa Veera L. D. , Mwashote Benjamin , Ibeanusi Victor , Gaines Treasure , Lowenthal Hannah , Tucker Landon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, lead (Pb) biosorption studies in aqueous solution were performed with metal‐resistant Bacillus strain MRS‐2 (ATCC 55674) bacterium which was previously isolated from wastewater plant. It showed minimum inhibition concentration of 300 ppm Pb on the nutrient agar plates. Pb biosorption using MRS‐2 bacteria was investigated under different parameters such as pH, temperature, biomass dosage, initial Pb concentration, contact time, and type of biomass by batch experiments. Pb concentration was analyzed through Inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry. The rate of biosorption (Q) and Pb biosorption capacity (qe) were calculated for above mentioned parameters. It was observed that Pb precipitates by itself from the solution at pH 2 and 8 or above without bacteria and precipitation did not increase even in the presence of bacteria. The results showed that the highest biosorption rate and biosorption capacity (mg/g) were observed at pH 7, 25°C, 2‐h contact time with live bacteria. The highest biosorption rate was observed at 1.5 g/L biomass dose and 5 ppm initial Pb concentration, whereas the highest Pb biosorption capacity was observed at 0.25 g/L biomass dose and 12.5 ppm initial Pb concentration. It was observed that Pb biosorption by live bacteria occurred through adsorption on cell surface. In this study, the biosorption isotherm analysis favored the Langmuir isotherm model indicating monolayer biosorption. This Bacillus strain showed higher Pb biosorption capacity than most of the previously reported Bacillus strains. In conclusion, this study indicates that the Bacillus MRS‐2 strain can be used to remove Pb from industrial wastewaters in an ecofriendly approach.
Agency as Interspecies, Collective and Embedded Endeavour: Ponies and People in Northern England 1916–1950
Authors: Wadham Helen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAnimals are increasingly acknowledged as historical agents. There are calls for more critical approaches that explore how this agency—often shared with humans—is embedded within wider relations of power. This paper responds by employing Critical Theory, particularly the ideas of Jurgen Habermas, to explore how interspecies agency is shaped and constrained by its broader socioeconomic context. Empirical illustrations are drawn from the experiences of Dales ponies and people in the early twentieth century, who found themselves navigating the growing commodification of their shared lifeworld. The findings suggest the outcome of this process of “colonisation” was not inevitable. Rather, just as the demise of the ponies seemed unstoppable, their shared communicative relations re‐emerged powerfully during the harsh winter of 1947. The paper asks what this means for our understanding of the apparently irrevocable decline of horsepower and how we might better understand horses’ own experiences of such events and processes.
Implementation of a perioperative‐enhanced recovery protocol in patients undergoing open gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Authors: Blumenthaler Alisa N. , Robinson Kristen A. , Kruse Brittany C. , Munder Kathryn , Ikoma Naruhiko , Mansfield Paul F. , Gottumukkala Vijaya , Kapoor Ravish , Badgwell Brian D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare surgical outcomes before and after implementation of an enhanced recovery protocol (ERP) in gastrectomy for gastric cancer.MethodsWe included patients who underwent open gastrectomy for gastric cancer before (January 2016 to September 2018) or after (October 2018 to September 2020) ERP implementation. The primary outcome was the postoperative length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included 90‐day readmission rates and Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ 3 complications.ResultsOne hundred patients underwent gastrectomy before (pre‐ERP group) and 52 underwent gastrectomy after (ERP group) protocol implementation. Demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics were similar. The median (interquartile range) postoperative LOS was shorter in the ERP group (7.0 days [6.0–8.0] vs. 8.0 days [7.0–11.0]; p < 0.001). The ERP group had similar rates of readmission (33% vs. 24%; p = 0.34) and grade ≥ 3 complications (19% vs. 19%; p = 1.0) compared to the pre‐ERP group, but experienced lower rates of surgical wound complications (0% vs. 19%; p < 0.001). Rates of other complications were similar.ConclusionsImplementation of an ERP in patients undergoing open gastrectomy for gastric cancer is feasible and safe and has the potential to decrease postoperative LOS without increasing complication rates.
Working in a Dutch nursing home during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Experiences and lessons learned
Authors: Rutten Johanna E.R. , Backhaus Ramona , PH Hamers Jan , Verbeek Hilde 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsTo gain insight into how direct care staff in Dutch nursing homes experienced work during the COVID‐19 pandemic.DesignA qualitative study consisting of semi‐structured, face‐to‐face focus groups was conducted using “the active dialogue approach”.MethodsParticipants (n = 29) were care staff from four care teams at Dutch nursing homes. Teams were selected based on the number of COVID‐19 infections amongst residents. Data were analysed with conventional content analysis.ResultsThemes emerging from the data were the loss of (daily) working structure, interference between work and private life for direct care staff, the importance of social support by the team and a leader, and the effects on relationship‐centred care of the measures. Results offer concrete implications for similar situations in the future: psychological support on‐site; autonomy in daily work of care staff; an active role of a manger on the work floor and the importance of relationship‐centred care.
Stress management strategies and quality of life in undergraduate nursing and midwifery students in Poland: A pilot study
Authors: Kowalska Wiesława , Szwamel Katarzyna 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo establish the level of the quality of life (QOL) and its determinants in nursing and midwifery students, evaluate stress management strategies and find the correlation between the frequency of specific strategies and the QOL.DesignDiagnostic survey.MethodsThe study was conducted in June 2019. Two hundred thirty‐four undergraduate students were examined with the use of Mini‐Cope Inventory of Stress Management Measurement (Mini‐Cope) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument Brief Form.ResultsThe average QOL of the respondents was found as good (4.06 ± 0.73). The students graded their QOL in the social relationship domain the highest (15.98 ± 2.97) and the lowest in the physical health domain (14.38 ± 2.75). The QOL was influenced by material status and the source of income. In stressful situations, the respondents most commonly used Active Coping (2.09 ± 0.57) and Seeking Emotional Support (2.09 ± 0.77) strategies. The latter correlated most positively with the QOL in social relationship (r = .514, p < .001) and environmental (r = .387, p < .001) domains.
Study on the improvement of dispersibility and orientation control of fluorocarbon‐modified single‐walled carbon nanotubes in a fluorinated polymer matrix
Authors: Hayasaki Takuto , Yamada Yuna , Kai Xu , Almarasy Ahmed A. , Akasaka Shuichi , Fujimori Atsuhiro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA technique for improving the dispersibility of fluorocarbon‐modified, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in fluorinated polymers was investigated. Furthermore, we aimed to achieve uniaxial orientation of SWCNT aggregates via a simple high‐temperature drawing method to yield fluoropolymer‐based nanocomposites containing uniform dispersed SWCNTs. Highly water‐repellent SWCNTs were mixed with phase‐separable fluorinated polymers by the chemical modification of their surfaces with fluorocarbons. Introducing a fluorinated phosphonic acid surfactant with a high‐sublimation temperature as the third component to improve dispersibility in the polymer matrix resulted in an innovative improvement. The uniform dispersed SWCNTs in the matrix improved the crystallinity, crystallization temperature, and mechanical characteristics of the composites. The high‐temperature uniaxial orientation of the composite material reduced differences in the physical properties in the polymer due to differences in the initial dispersibility. This effect was expected since the drawing process promoted the deagglomeration of SWCNTs in the matrix. However, optimal physical properties were observed in SWCNT‐oriented composite samples with an excellent initial dispersion.
Medium‐term absorption kinetics and thermal stability analysis of hybrid fiber metal laminate and experimental investigations on its physical and tensile properties
Authors: M Saravana Kumar , M Vasumathi , S Rashia Begum , Pulikkalparambil Harikrishnan , Siengchin Suchart , Pruncu Catalin I. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFiber metal laminates (FML) are promising material candidates in several applications such as aerospace, marine, and construction industries due to their high strength, impact resistance, corrosion resistance, and fatigue properties. However, these materials have a negative impact on the environment due to their higher carbon footprint. This problem could be overcome by hybridizing carbon material with natural biodegradable materials. It is assumed that the higher moisture absorption and lower thermal properties of such materials may affect the long‐term stability of the FML. Hence, an attempt is made in this work to evaluate their stability potential by investigating the influence of the addition of natural jute fiber in carbon reinforced aluminum laminate (CARALL) on FML and report their physical effect of stacking sequence on dynamic, mechanical, and thermal properties. In addition, the medium‐term absorption kinetics of jute fiber hybridized CARALL, that is, carbon‐jute reinforced aluminum laminate (CAJRALL) were performed. The results show that the tensile load bearing capacity of all the immersed laminates decreases at the end of 2 weeks of immersion. Further, CAJRALL was found to possess moderate thermal stability by yielding fewer thermal residues on burning. Finally, the outcome of dynamic mechanical analysis of the hybridized FML reveals that they are capable of storing relatively higher elastic and viscous energies under dynamic conditions with increased damping capability when compared to CARALL. From this study, it is worth to point out that hybridization of CARALL with jute fiber plays a pivotal role in improving environmental friendliness with a lower impact on the overall material properties.
Thermally Stable and Low‐Sensitive Aluminized Explosives with Improved Detonation Performance
Authors: He Songwei , Tan Kaiyuan , Song Qingguan , He Guansong , Cao Wei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTwo new types of aluminized explosives TATB/HMX/Al and LLM‐105/Al were formulated and compared with the formerly reported TATB/Al explosives in terms of thermal stability, mechanical sensitivity, and detonation performance. Firstly, the heat of the explosion was measured and two formulations were selected as the investigated samples. Next the thermal stability was studied by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) and thermal cook‐off tests. Then the impact and friction sensitivity were measured, and finally the detonation performance was characterized by cylinder tests and particle velocity measurements of the detonation reaction zone. From the calorimetric data, the new types of explosives increase the heat of the explosion significantly. In terms of thermal stability, LLM‐105/Al=65/30 is more stable than TATB/HMX/Al=50/15/30, but both of them are inferior to TATB/Al=70/25. The impact sensitivity of the two new explosives is higher than that of TATB/Al=70/25, and all of the samples are insensitive to friction. For detonation performance, both of the two new samples are superior to TATB/Al=70/25, and LLM‐105/Al=65/30 exhibits the best performance that it has the highest Gurney energy, detonation velocity, and detonation pressure. Conclusions about how to use those aluminized explosives to generate optimal effects are drawn.