bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting maximal oxygen uptake from a 3-minute progressive knee-ups and step test
Authors: Chung Yu-Chun , Huang Ching-Yu , Wu Huey-June , Kan Nai-Wen , Ho Chin-Shan , Huang Chi-Chang , Chen Hung-Ting 
Published: March 2021

Background
Cardiorespiratory fitness assessment is crucial for diagnosing health risks and assessing interventions. Direct measurement of maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2 max) yields more objective and accurate results, but it is practical only in a laboratory setting. We therefore investigated whether a 3-min progressive knee-up and step (3MPKS) test can be used to estimate peak oxygen uptake in these settings.

Method
The data of 166 healthy adult participants were analyzed. We conducted a V̇O2 max test and a subsequent 3MPKS exercise test, in a balanced order, a week later. In a multivariate regression model, sex; age; relative V̇O2 max; body mass index (BMI); body fat percentage (BF); resting heart rate (HR0); and heart rates at the beginning as well as at the first, second, third, and fourth minutes (denoted by HR0, HR1, HR2, HR3, and HR4, respectively) during a step test were used as predictors. Moreover, R2 and standard error of estimate (SEE) were used to evaluate the accuracy of various body composition models in predicting V̇O2max.

Results
The predicted and actual V̇O2 max values were significantly correlated (BF% model: R2 = 0.624, SEE = 4.982; BMI model: R2 = 0.567, SEE = 5.153). The BF% model yielded more accurate predictions, and the model predictors were sex, age, BF%, HR0, ΔHR3−HR0, and ΔHR3−HR4.

Conclusion
In our study, involving Taiwanese adults, we constructed and verified a model to predict V̇O2 max, which indicates cardiorespiratory fitness. This model had the predictors sex, age, body composition, and heart rate changes during a step test. Our 3MPKS test has the potential to be widely used in epidemiological research to measure V̇O2 max and other health-related parameters.
Divergent morphological responses to millennia of climate change in two species of bats from Hall’s Cave, Texas, USA
Authors: Moroz Molly , Jackson Illiam S.C. , Ramirez Daniel , Kemp Melissa E. 
Published: March 2021

How species will respond to ongoing and future climate change is one of the most important questions facing biodiversity scientists today. The fossil record provides unparalleled insight into past ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change, but the resource remains virtually untapped for many organisms. We use geometric morphometrics and a 25,000 year fossil record to quantify changes in body size and mandible shape through time and across climate regimes for two bat species present in Quaternary paleontological deposits of central Texas: Myotis velifer, a bat distributed throughout the Southwestern US and Mexico that is still found in central Texas today, and Eptesicus fuscus, a bat widely distributed throughout North America that has been extirpated in central Texas. Because of ecogeographic rules like Bergmann’s rule, which posits that endotherms are larger in colder environments, we hypothesized that both species were larger during cooler time intervals. Additionally, we hypothesized that both species would show variation in dental morphology across the studied sequence as a response to climate change. While we found a decrease in centroid size–a proxy for ­­body size–through time for both species, we could not establish a clear relationship between centroid size and temperature alone. However, we did find that specimens from drier environments were significantly larger than those from wetter ones. Furthermore, we found significant dental shape variation between environments reflecting different temperature levels for both species. Yet only M. velifer exhibited significant variation between environments of varying precipitation levels. This result was surprising because present-day populations of E. fuscus are highly variable across both temperature and precipitation gradients. We determined that the morphological change experienced by M. velifer through time, and between warmer and cooler temperatures, was associated with the coronoid process, condylar process, and the mandibular symphysis. These parts play a pivotal role in bite force, so changes in these features might relate to changes in diet. We show that long-term datasets derived from fossil material provide invaluable insight not only into the validity of ecogeographic rules, but also into the adaptive capacities of extant taxa when faced with environmental changes. Our results highlight diverging responses to a variety of climate factors that are relevant to consider in biodiversity research given ongoing global change.
Highly Selective Au/ZnO via Colloidal Deposition for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol: Evidence of AuZn Role
Authors: Bahruji Hasliza , Almalki Mshaal , Abdullah Norli 
Published: March 2021

Gold, Au nanoparticles were deposited on ZnO, Al2O3, and Ga2O3 via colloidal method in order to investigate the role of support for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Au/ZnO was also produced using impregnation method to investigate the effect of colloidal method to improve methanol selectivity. Au/ZnO produced via sol immobilization showed high selectivity towards methanol meanwhile impregnation method produced Au/ZnO catalyst with high selectivity towards CO. The CO2 conversion was also influenced by the amount of Au weight loading. Au nanoparticles with average diameter of 3.5 nm exhibited 4% of CO2 conversion with 72% of methanol selectivity at 250 °C and 20 bar. The formation of AuZn alloy was identified as active sites for selective CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Segregation of Zn from ZnO to form AuZn alloy increased the number of surface oxygen vacancy for CO2 adsorption to form formate intermediates. The formate was stabilized on AuZn alloy for further hydrogenation to form methanol. The use of Al2O3 and Ga2O3 inhibited the formation of Au alloy, and therefore reduced methanol production. Au/Al2O3 showed 77% selectivity to methane, meanwhile Au/Ga2O3 produced 100% selectivity towards CO. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Safety and efficacy of unilateral and bilateral pallidotomy for primary dystonia
Authors: Horisawa Shiro , Fukui Atsushi , Takeda Nobuhiko , Kawamata Takakazu , Taira Takaomi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveAblation of the globus pallidus internus (pallidotomy) is an effective surgical intervention for dystonia. However, the current literature on the efficacy and safety of pallidotomy for dystonia is derived only from single‐case reports and small cohort studies.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed patients with primary dystonia who underwent pallidotomy at our institution between 2014 and 2019. Neurological conditions were evaluated using the Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS, range: 0–120). We evaluated the total BFMDRS score and each subitem score (nine body regions) in the patients who underwent unilateral and bilateral pallidotomy before surgery and at last available follow‐up. Moreover, postoperative complications were analyzed.ResultsWe found that 69 and 20 patients underwent unilateral and bilateral pallidotomy respectively. The mean age at dystonia onset was 40.4 ± 15.2 years. The mean clinical follow‐up period was 17.2 ± 11.6 months. Unilateral pallidotomy significantly improved the total BFMDRS score from 11.2 ± 14.7 preoperatively to 5.4 ± 7.6 at last available follow‐up (51.8% improvement, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant and independent improvement in all midline BFMDRS subitems, including eyes, mouth, speech/swallow, and neck, after unilateral pallidotomy. Bilateral pallidotomy significantly improved the total BFMDRS score from 14.6 ± 10.2 preoperatively to 3.8 ± 8.2 at last available follow‐up (74.0% improvement, p < 0.001). However, bilateral pallidotomy induced medically refractory parkinsonism (postural instability and gait disturbance) in five patients, dysarthria in three patients, and dysphagia in one patient.InterpretationUnilateral radiofrequency pallidotomy remains a viable treatment option for patients with some forms of dystonia. Bilateral pallidotomy cannot be recommended due to unacceptably high complication rates.
Parameter identification forWiener‐finite impulse response system with output data of missing completely at random mechanism and time delay
Authors: Jin Qibing , Wang Zeyu , Cai Wu , Zhang Yuming 
Published: March 2021

SummaryIn this paper, the parameter estimation issue of Wiener system with random time delay and missing output data is studied. The linear part of Wiener system is described by Finite Impulse Response (FIR) model. The mathematical formula of the Expectation Maximum algorithm to identify Wiener‐FIR system that contains the random time delay and the nonlinear output data in missing completely at random mechanism is derived, which is never considered before. To obtain the unmeasurable intermediate variable in Wiener‐FIR system, the idea of auxiliary model is adopted. The time delay and system parameters can be estimated simultaneously by this method. Numerical example and the identification of water tank system example are carried out, the effectiveness of the algorithm is proved.
Revealing the Synergy of Cation and Anion Vacancies on Improving Overall Water Splitting Kinetics
Authors: Liu Yang , Bui Huong T. D. , Jadhav Amol R. , Yang Taehun , Saqlain Shahid , Luo Yongguang , Yu Jianmin , Kumar Ashwani , Wang Hongdan , Wang Lingling , Bui Viet Q. , Kim Min Gyu , Kim Young Dok , Lee Hyoyoung 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe exact understanding for each promotional role of cation and anion vacancies in bifunctional water splitting activity will assist in the development of an efficient activation strategy of inert catalysts. Herein, systematic first‐principles computations demonstrate that the synergy of anion–oxygen and cation–manganese vacancies (VO and VMn) in manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets results in abnormal local lattice distortion and electronic modulation. Such alterations enrich the accessible active centers, increase conductivity, enhance the water dissociation step, and favor intermediate adsorption–desorption, consequently promoting HER and OER kinetics. As proof of concept, robust electrocatalysts, MnO2 ultrathin nanosheets doped with dual vacancies (DV–MnO2) are obtained via a maturely chemical strategy. Detailed characterizations confirm the cation vacancies‐VMn contribute to enhanced conductivity and anion vacancies‐VO enrich the active centers with optimized local electronic configurations, consistent with the simulative predictions. As expected, DV–MnO2 exhibits exceptional bifunctionality with the strong assistance of synergetic dual vacancies which act as abundant “hot spots” for active multiple intermediates. Leading to a lower cell voltage (1.55 V) in alkali electrolyte is required to reach 10 mA cm−2 for the overall water splitting system. These atomic‐level insights on synergetic DV can favor the development of activating strategy from inert electrocatalysts.
Fluid‐Dynamics‐Processed Highly Stretchable, Conductive, and Printable Graphene Inks for Real‐Time Monitoring Sweat during Stretching Exercise
Authors: Park Hong Jun , Jeong Jae‐Min , Son Seon Gyu , Kim Seo Jin , Lee Minkyung , Kim Hyo Jeong , Jeong Jihun , Hwang Sung Yeon , Park Jeyoung , Eom Youngho , Choi Bong Gill 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith the development of wearable electronics, the use of engineered functional inks with printing technologies has attracted attention owing to its potential for applications in low‐cost, high‐throughput, and high‐performance devices. However, the improvement in conductivity and stretchability in the mass production of inks is still a challenge for practical use in wearable applications. Herein, a scalable and efficient fluid dynamics process that produces highly stretchable, conductive, and printable inks containing a high concentration of graphene is reported. The resulting inks, in which the uniform incorporation of exfoliated graphene flakes into a viscoelastic thermoplastic polyurethane is employed, facilitated the screen‐printing process, resulting in high conductivity and excellent electromechanical stability. The electrochemical analysis of a stretchable sodium ion sensor based on a serpentine‐structured pattern results in excellent electrochemical sensing performance even under strong fatigue tests performed by repeated stretching (300% strain) and release cycles. To demonstrate the practical use of the proposed stretchable conductor, on‐body tests are carried out in real‐time to monitor the sweat produced by a volunteer during simultaneous physical stretching and stationary cycling. These functional graphene inks have attractive performance and offer exciting potential for a wide range of flexible and wearable electronic applications.
High‐Throughput One‐Photon Excitation Pathway in 0D/3D Heterojunctions for Visible‐Light Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Bo , Peng Wei , Zhang Jing , Lian Ji‐Chun , Huang Tao , Cheng Na , Luo Ziyu , Huang Wei‐Qing , Hu Wangyu , Pan Anlian , Jiang Lang , Huang Gui‐Fang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe development of an effective one‐photon excitation pathway to improve the charge‐carrier separation and mobility of semiconductors, which have been proven to be favorable for heterogeneous catalysis, is highly desirable but remains a great challenge. Herein, a high‐throughput one‐photon excitation pathway is reported by constructing 0D carbon dots/3D porous carbon nitride nanovesicles (denoted as CDs/PCN NVs) heterostructures for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. In particular, the optimum CDs/PCN NVs heterostructures exhibit an impressive performance of 14.022 mmol h−1 g−1, which is 56.54 times higher than that of pristine CN. Detailed characterization reveals that the improved performance is primarily attributed to the high‐throughput and one‐photon excitation pathway. The former could be attributed to a great deal of CDs with high charge‐carrier mobility coupled to PCN NVs, which enable more electrons to be photoexcited via the broad absorption response, and the multiple reflection of incident light owing to the porous nanovesicle structure with shortened route of carriers migrating toward the surface; the latter would lead to the photoinduced holes and electrons accumulated at the valence band of PCN NVs and surface of CDs, respectively, achieving an effective spatial separation. The high‐throughput one‐photon excitation pathway demonstrated here may provide insights into the development of nanocomposites for various related applications.
Biomineralization Directed by Prenucleated Calcium and Phosphorus Nanoclusters Improving Mechanical Properties and Osteogenic Potential of Antheraea pernyi Silk Fibroin‐Based Artificial Periosteum
Authors: Shuai Yajun , Lu Huan , Lv Ruyin , Wang Jie , Wan Quan , Mao Chuanbin , Yang Mingying 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe use of biomacromolecules as templates to control the nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals to prepare bioactive materials is a valuable approach in bone tissue engineering. Here, an artificial periosteum is prepared by biomineralizing Antheraea pernyi fibroin (AF) membrane with prenucleated nanoclusters, which can promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induce the formation of bone matrix protein in vivo. To achieve this, a biologically inspired prenucleated calcium and phosphorus nanocluster mineralization system is designed to nucleate and generate hydroxyapatite crystals on the surface of the AF membrane. This biomineralization process provides AF membranes with improved elastic modulus and tensile strength. Subsequently, cell viability assay, hemolysis test, and H&E staining show that the mineralized AF (MAF) membranes has good cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and histocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the MAF membranes significantly promote osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in the absence of osteogenic inducer in vitro. Experiments in vivo demonstrate that bone‐related matrix proteins are highly expressed in MAF groups with or without MSCs seeded. Therefore, the use of bioinspired prenucleated nanoclusters to prepare artificial periosteum based on biomineralized AF membrane is a promising strategy in the field of bone tissue engineering.
Programmable Design and Performance of Modular Magnetic Microswimmers
Authors: Pauer Christoph , du Roure Olivia , Heuvingh Julien , Liedl Tim , Tavacoli Joe 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSynthetic biomimetic microswimmers are promising agents for in vivo healthcare and important frameworks to advance the understanding of locomotion strategies and collective motion at the microscopic scale. Nevertheless, constructing these devices with design flexibility and in large numbers remains a challenge. Here, a step toward meeting this challenge is taken by assembling such swimmers via the programmed shape and arrangement of superparamagnetic micromodules. The method's capacity for design flexibility is demonstrated through the assembly of a variety of swimmer architectures. On their actuation, strokes characterized by a balance of viscous and magnetic forces are found in all cases, but swimmers formed from a series of size‐graded triangular modules swim quicker than more traditional designs comprising a circular “head” and a slender tail. Linking performance to design, rules are extracted informing the construction of a second‐generation swimmer with a short tail and an elongated head optimized for speed. Its fast locomotion is attributed to a stroke that better breaks beating symmetry and an ability to beat fully with flex at high frequencies. Finally, production at scale is demonstrated through the assembly and swimming of a flock of the triangle‐based architectures to reveal four types of swimmer couplings.
Porous Ionic Liquids: Structure, Stability, and Gas Absorption Mechanisms
Authors: Avila Jocasta , Červinka Ctirad , Dugas Pierre‐Yves , Pádua Agílio A. H. , Costa Gomes Margarida 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPorous ionic liquids prepared from phosphonium‐based ionic liquids and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are fluid in large ranges of temperature including ambient. It is shown that the ion pairs are too voluminous to enter the pores of the MOF, so the porous liquids remain several months as suspensions with permanent free volume, capable of absorbing large quantities of gases. The increase in gas absorption, when compared with the pure ionic liquids, is proportional to the amount of porous solid in suspension. Structural features of the MOFs and of the ionic liquids are maintained in the suspensions. Thermodynamic analysis and molecular simulations show that the driving force for gas absorption by the porous ionic liquids is energetic as well as structural being controlled by gas‐solid affinity or by the porous liquid free volume. The enthalpy of gas absorption allows easy regeneration of the porous liquid in all cases. The dissolved gases fluidify the porous ionic liquids, different gases having distinct effects on mass transport. The molecular mechanisms that explain the stability of the suspensions and their capacity for gas absorption are identified and point toward easy design rules that will enable numerous applications of these innovative materials as reaction or separation media.
Food Sensors: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Weston Max , Geng Shu , Chandrawati Rona 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFood sensors have been developed for quality monitoring and contaminant detection to improve food management. Despite the alarming rates of food waste and food‐related illness, few food sensor technologies are utilized and translated into commercial products. This review aims to explore challenges and opportunities relating to sensor translation by first documenting recent advances in state‐of‐the‐art optical and electronic food sensors that target common analytes including temperature, humidity, pH, gases, pesticides, and pathogens. Promising sensors are designed with careful consideration of the chemistry of the contaminant or quality marker which they detect and the inherent challenges of analyte recognition in complex food samples. Recent advances focus on the incorporation of sensors into materials and devices for food packaging and processing. Challenges and opportunities for food sensor translation are then identified and discussed including the complexity of and natural variation in food products, different causes of food spoilage, the food–sensor interface, signal processing and governing legislation. For the successful translation of sensors into ubiquitous features on food products, these issues must be addressed through material and design advances.
2D Layered Materials for Ultraviolet Photodetection: A Review
Authors: Kaushik Shuchi , Singh Rajendra 
Published: March 2021

Abstract2D layered materials (2DLMs) have revolutionized the field of optoelectronics owing to their exceptional properties of strong light–matter interaction, atomic‐level thickness, flexibility, and ability to form van der Waals heterostructures. Most of the research in this area is based on narrow bandgap materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides, which are ideal for fabricating visible and infrared photodetectors. However, utilizing the benefits of 2D materials for the detection of ultraviolet light requires focus on newly emerging wide bandgap 2DLMs. In the present review, an attempt is made to highlight the significance of wide bandgap 2DLMs for fabricating state‐of‐the‐art ultraviolet photodetectors. In this review, first, the fundamentals of photodetectors, including various sensing mechanisms, are discussed. After describing the growth techniques briefly, the readers are introduced to the role of 2DLMs in ultraviolet photodetection based on their bandgap distribution. This is followed by a comprehensive review of the structure, properties and ultraviolet photodetectors based on various 2DLM families including main group metal chalcogenides (GaS, GaSe, GeS2), metal oxides (MoO3), metal halides (PbI2), metal phosphorus trichalcogenides (NiPS3, MnPS3) and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN). Finally, the review is summarized and the authors’ perspective is given on the challenges and upcoming development in this field.
2D Materials Enabled Next‐Generation Integrated Optoelectronics: from Fabrication to Applications
Authors: Cheng Zhao , Cao Rui , Wei Kangkang , Yao Yuhan , Liu Xinyu , Kang Jianlong , Dong Jianji , Shi Zhe , Zhang Han , Zhang Xinliang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract2D materials, such as graphene, black phosphorous and transition metal dichalcogenides, have gained persistent attention in the past few years thanks to their unique properties for optoelectronics. More importantly, introducing 2D materials into silicon photonic devices will greatly promote the performance of optoelectronic devices, including improvement of response speed, reduction of energy consumption, and simplification of fabrication process. Moreover, 2D materials meet the requirements of complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor compatible silicon photonic manufacturing. A comprehensive overview and evaluation of state‐of‐the‐art 2D photonic integrated devices for telecommunication applications is provided, including light sources, optical modulators, and photodetectors. Optimized by unique structures such as photonic crystal waveguide, slot waveguide, and microring resonator, these 2D material‐based photonic devices can be further improved in light‐matter interactions, providing a powerful design for silicon photonic integrated circuits.