bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resource Use During Pediatric Venipuncture With Virtual Reality: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial
Authors: Canares Therese L. , Parrish Carisa , Santos Christine , Badawi Alia , Stewart Alyssa , Kleinman Keith , Psoter Kevin J. , McGuire Joseph F. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVES
Virtual reality (VR) therapy is growing in use and popularity during pediatric medical procedures. Currently, data that describe the hospital resources used during pediatric procedures with off-the-shelf VR games that are not tailored to medical procedures are lacking. In this study, we aimed to characterize procedural resources associated with VR use during venipuncture in a pediatric emergency department.

METHODS
This was a secondary analysis of a 2-arm randomized, controlled pilot trial with an external group. Resource use was evaluated in 3 groups: child life (CL)-supported VR engagement, CL support without VR, and a reference group that received no intervention (ie, no CL and no VR).

RESULTS
The study sample (N = 55) included the following: 15 patients randomly assigned to VR, 20 patients randomly assigned to CL, and 20 patients in the reference group. There was a significant difference in procedure duration, with the VR group exhibiting the longest duration compared with the CL and reference groups (P = .01).

CONCLUSIONS
Longer procedure times associated with VR use during venipunctures (4–6 minutes on average) may be attributed to pauses to troubleshoot VR games not tailored for medical procedures. Although they are inexpensive and accessible, nontailored VR games may warrant the need for dedicated staff to provide restraint and/or assistance to navigate the VR application. In this study, we offer a protocol on the application of nontailored VR games for pediatric procedures. For those considering a VR program in an inpatient setting, the benefits of pain/anxiety reduction must be weighed against the resources needed, including device costs, staff availability, and increased procedure duration.
National Trends of Acute Osteomyelitis and Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Children
Authors: Shaikh Nadia , Umscheid Jacob , Rizvi Syed , Bhatt Parth , Vasudeva Rhythm , Yagnik Priyank , Bhatt Neel , Donda Keyur , Dapaah-Siakwan Frederick 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVES
Although a growing body of evidence suggests that early transition to oral antimicrobial therapy is equally efficacious to prolonged intravenous antibiotics for treatment of acute pediatric osteomyelitis, little is known about the pediatric trends in peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placements. Using a national database, we examined incidence rates of pediatric hospitalizations for acute osteomyelitis in the United States from 2007 through 2016, as well as the trends in PICC placement, length of stay (LOS), and cost associated with these hospitalizations.

METHODS
This was a retrospective, serial cross-sectional study of the National Inpatient Sample database from 2007 through 2016. Patients ≤18 years of age with acute osteomyelitis were identified by using appropriate diagnostic codes. Outcomes measured included PICC placement rate, LOS, and inflation-adjusted hospitalization costs. Weighted analysis was reported, and a hierarchical regression model was used to analyze predictors.

RESULTS
The annual incidence of acute osteomyelitis increased from 1.0 to 1.8 per 100 000 children from 2007 to 08 to 2015 to 16 (P &lt; .0001), whereas PICC placement rates decreased from 58.8% to 5.9% (P &lt; .0001). Overall, changes in LOS and inflation-adjusted hospital costs were not statistically significant. PICC placements and sepsis were important predictors of increased LOS and hospital costs.

CONCLUSIONS
Although PICC placement rates for acute osteomyelitis significantly decreased in the face of increased incidence of acute osteomyelitis in children, LOS and hospital costs for all hospitalizations remained stable. However, patients receiving PICC placements had longer LOS. Further studies are needed to explore the long-term outcomes of reduced PICC use.
The Potential for Improving the Population Health Effectiveness of Screening: A Simulation Study
Authors: Gardner William , Bevans Katherine , Kelleher Kelly J. 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Screening interventions in pediatric primary care often have limited effects on patients’ health. Using simulation, we examined what conditions must hold for screening to improve population health outcomes, using screening for depression in adolescence as an example.

METHODS
Through simulation, we varied parameters describing the working recognition and treatment of depression in primary care. The outcome measure was the effect of universal screening on adolescent population mental health, expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible effect. Through simulations, we randomly selected parameter values from the ranges of possible values identified from studies of care delivery in real-world pediatric settings.

RESULTS
We examined the comparative effectiveness of universal screening over assessment as usual in 10 000 simulations. Screening achieved a median of 4.2% of the possible improvement in population mental health (average: 4.8%). Screening had more impact on population health with a higher sensitivity of the screen, lower false-positive rate, higher percentage screened, and higher probability of treatment, given the recognition of depression. However, even at the best levels of each of these parameters, screening usually achieved &lt;10% of the possible effect.

CONCLUSIONS
The many points at which the mental health care delivery process breaks down limit the population health effects of universal screening in primary care. Screening should be evaluated in the context of a realistic model of health care system functioning. We need to identify health care system structures and processes that strengthen the population effectiveness of screening or consider alternate solutions outside of primary care.
The Practice of Village Governance: Comparing traditional form of Desa and Cultural Form of Nagari
Authors: Muhammad Muhammad 
Published: July 2021

Indonesia has been implementing a more in-depth decentralisation system encouraging village governance since 2014. Since then, village governments have been given more autonomy on governing village fund to further encourage village development. This paper aims to compare two forms of village (desa and nagari) in terms of the practice of village governance. Using Lowndes and Sullivan’s framework of neighbourhood governance, this study suggests all types of neighbourhood governance has been practiced in both forms. Although village government type is more significant in both forms, the social rationale is more significant in nagari because of the cultural aspect. Furthermore, this paper seeks to identify the potentials and challenges of village governance. This is mainly based on the comparation of the implementation of village governance in both forms of village.
Earthquake prediction—1982 overview
Authors: Allen Clarence R. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Short-term earthquake prediction represents a more difficult scientific problem than most of us thought 5 yr ago when the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program commenced, and our progress has not been as rapid as initially hoped. At this point, reasons can be cited for both encouragement and discouragement. Despite slow progress, the goal of short-term prediction remains realistic, and research should continue vigorously, albeit with some changes in scientific strategy. In contrast, progress in long-term prediction and hazard evaluation has been far more rapid than initially envisaged.
A theoretical study of the radiation from small strikeslip earthquakes at close distances
Authors: Campillo Michel , Bouchon Michel 
Published: July 2021

abstractWe present a study of the seismic radiation of a physically realistic source model—the circular crack model of Madariaga—at close distance range and for vertically heterogeneous crustal structures. We use this model to represent the source of small strike-slip earthquakes. We show that the characteristics of the radiated seismic spectra, like the corner frequency, are strongly affected by the presence of the free surface and by crustal layering, and that they can be considerably different from the ones of the homogeneous-medium far-field solution. The vertical and radial displacement spectra are the most strongly affected. We use this source model to calculate the decay of peak ground velocity with epicentral distance and source depth for small strike-slip earthquakes in California. For distances between 10 and 80 km, the peak horizontal velocity decay is of the form r−1.25 for a 4-km hypocentral depth and r−1.65 for deeper sources. The predominance of supercritically reflected arrivals beyond epicentral distances of 70 to 80 km produces a sharp change in the rate of decay of the ground motion. For most of the cases considered, the peak ground velocity increases between 80 and 100 km. We also show that the S-wave velocity in the source layer is the lower limit of phase velocities associated with significant ground motion.
Modeling some empirical vertical componentLgrelations
Authors: Herrmann Robert B. , Kijko Andrzej 
Published: July 2021

abstractHigher mode surface wave theory is used to model the vertical component Lg wave observed in eastern North America at regional distances. Tests of the model are made to determine whether it is capable of describing empirical spectral scaling laws, spatial attenuation, and peak time domain Lg amplitudes. It is found that a simple crustal model and a rough estimate of crustal Qβ are all that are required to accomplish this. Good results are obtained if the average crustal Qβ is equated to the coda Q of the same frequency.
The near-source ground motion of the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake, California, earthquake
Authors: Liu Hsui-Lin , Helmberger Donald V. 
Published: July 2021

abstractA finite fault striking N24°W and extending to a depth of 10 km is proposed to explain the strong ground motion data for the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake, California, earthquake (ML = 5.9). Our source model suggests that right-lateral faulting initiated at a depth of 8 km and ruptured toward the south with a velocity of 2.8 km/sec. This unilateral rupture can explain the large displacement recorded south of the epicenter. However, the waveform coherency across an array south and southwest of the epicenter suggests that the rupture length is less than 6 km. The maximum dislocation is about 120 cm in a small area near the hypocenter, and the total moment is estimated to be 3.5 ×1024 dyne-cm. An abrupt stopping phase which corresponds to a deceleration of right-lateral motion can explain the high peak acceleration recorded at array station 6. The stress drop in the hypocentral area is about 140 bars; the average stress drop over the entire rupture surface is 30 bars. The preferred finite-source model can predict the Pn1 waveforms and the beginning features in the teleseismic seismograms. No clear arrivals can be observed in the near-source data for the possible second and third smaller events suggested by Nabelek (personal communication).
Simplified estimation of seismic moment from seismograms
Authors: Bolt Bruce A. , Herraiz Miguel 
Published: July 2021

abstractThis study proposes a method to estimate the seismic moment of regional and local earthquakes based on simple measurements made directly on Wood-Anderson seismograms. The method parallels the routine estimation of local magnitude in observatory work. The relation used islog M o = a + b log ( C × D × Δ p )where C is the maximum peak-to-peak amplitude read on a Wood-Anderson seismogram, D is the duration between the S arrival and the onset with amplitude C/d, Δ is epicentral distance, and a, b, p, and d are constants. The form of the logarithmic term is suggested by the analytical expression for moment (Keilis-Borok, 1960).Least-squares fits were made to data from 73 Wood-Anderson records of 16 central California earthquakes with seismic moments already evaluated independently from spectral analysis or broadband displacement records. The values p = 1, d, = 3 proved appropriate and subsequent regression yieldedlog M o = ( 16.74 ± 0.20 ) + ( 1.22 ± 0.14 ) log ( C × D × Δ )where Mo is dyne-cm, C in millimeters, D in seconds, and Δ in kilometers.The corresponding moment-magnitude relation islog M o = ( 17.92 ± 1.02 ) + ( 1.11 ± 0.15 ) M L ,for 3 ≦ ML ≦ 6.2.The latter fit is close to an earlier empirical result (Johnson and McEvilly, 1974) for central California based on fewer cases and a different range of magnitude (2.4 ≦ ML ≦ 5.1).
Fundamentals of generalized rigidity matrices for multi-layered media
Authors: Biot Maurice A. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Rigidity matrices for multi-layered media are derived for isotropic and orthotropic layers by a simple direct procedure which brings to light their fundamental mathematical structure. The method was introduced many years ago by the author in the more general context of dynamics and stability of multi-layers under initial stress. Other earlier results are also briefly recalled such as the derivation of three-dimensional solutions from plane strain modes, the effect of initial stresses, gravity, and couple stresses for thinly laminated layers. The extension of the same mathematical structure and symmetry to viscoelastic media is valid as a consequence of fundamental principles in linear irreversible thermodynamics.
A teleseism-specific detection algorithm for single short-period traces
Authors: Evans John R. , Allen Stephen S. 
Published: July 2021

abstractAn algorithm for microprocessor-controlled seismographic recorders is described which reliably detects major phases from earthquakes more than 3° from the sensor but rejects noise events and most earthquakes closer than 3°. Unusually large earthquakes within 3° also are detected. The algorithm is applicable to field studies using triggered seismographs to record teleseismic P waves, to worldwide network automation, and to scanning records for teleseisms. It uses two band-pass filtered data streams evolved from a single short-period vertical-component seismometer to differentiate (low-frequency) teleseisms from other signals; the low-frequency band (0.5 to 2.0 Hz) declares “triggers” while the high-frequency band (3.0 to 8.0 Hz) inhibits any of these triggers generated by broadband signals such as local earthquakes. Locally generated noise is usually high frequency and does not excite the low-frequency band. A 16-bit fixed-word-length implementation of this algorithm detected 82 per cent of good P phases (readable to ±0.25 sec) occurring more than 20° from the seismograph, and 50 per cent of earthquakes between 3° and 20°, in a test data set comprising 23 hr of data in 93 segments. The same implementation of the algorithm rejected most noise and 91 per cent of earthquakes within 3° of the seismograph.
Deformation near the junction of the creeping and locked segments of the San Andreas fault, Cholame Valley, California (1970-1980)
Authors: Slawson W. F. , Savage J. C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe have constructed a simple dislocation model of the San Andreas fault near Cholame, California, that reproduces the observed deformation of nearby geodetic networks as well as the transition from quasi-continuous slip (fault creep) to a no-slip (locked) condition on the surface trace. The model is specified by the slip rates imposed on the fault surface. Slip on the surface trace is given by the observed fault creep rates, and slip at depths greater than 12.6 km is taken to 30 mm/yr along the entire length of the fault (i.e., beneath creeping and locked sections alike). Slip at intermediate depths is assigned by a rather arbitrary extrapolation of the surface creep values. This postulated distribution of slip on the fault is tested by using it in a dislocation model to predict the deformation in two geodetic networks, a trilateration network (20-km aperture), and a 20-km-long level line. The calculated deformation of the trilateration network agrees with the observed deformation within the observational error. Agreement between the predicted and observed elevation changes along the level line was satisfactory in the sense that the predicted values were below the level of detection, and the observed changes were not significant.
On an improved method to obtain the moment tensor and depth of earthquakes from the amplitude spectrum of Rayleigh waves
Authors: Romanowicz Barbara , Suárez Gerardo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA new method is presented to invert for the moment tensor and depth using the amplitude spectra of vertical-component Rayleigh waves in the period range 20 to 100 sec. The technique follows a similar approach to that suggested by Romanowicz (1982a) to invert for the moment tensor from the complex spectra of Rayleigh waves and presents some distinct advantages to the method proposed originally by Mendiguren (1977). It eliminates some biases and errors in the data arising, for example, from inaccurate propagation corrections. Furthermore, it is substantially faster computationally and permits us to study independently the variance reduction as a function of depth of each of the momenttensor elements, resulting in better focal depth resolution. The method is applied to three earthquakes in the Tien Shan Mountains of Central Asia, the Eastern Cordillera of Peru, and the Gibbs Transform fault in the North Atlantic. In all three cases, the results of the moment-tensor inversion agree with those determined using long-period body-wave modeling.
Inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic waveform data for the fault rupture history of the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake
Authors: Hartzell Stephen H. , Heaton Thomas H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA least-squares point-by-point inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic body waves is used to infer the fault rupture history of the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake. The Imperial fault is represented by a plane embedded in a half-space where the elastic properties vary with depth. The inversion yields both the spatial and temporal variations in dislocation on the fault plane for both right-lateral strike-slip and normal dip-slip components of motion. Inversions are run for different fault dips and for both constant and variable rupture velocity models. Effects of different data sets are also investigated. Inversions are compared which use the strong ground motions alone, the teleseismic body waves alone, and simultaneously the strong ground motion and teleseismic records. The inversions are stabilized by adding both smoothing and positivity constraints.The moment is estimated to be 5.0 × 1025 dyne-cm and the fault dip 90° ± 5°. Dislocation in the hypocentral region south of the United States-Mexican border is relatively small and almost dies out near the border. Dislocation then increases sharply north of the border to a maximum of about 2 m under Interstate 8. Dipslip motion is minor compared to strike-slip motion and is concentrated in the sediments. The best-fitting constant rupture velocity is 80 per cent of the local shear-wave velocity. However, there is a suggestion that the rupture front accelerated from the hypocenter northward. The 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake can be characterized as a magnitude 5 earthquake at the hypocenter which then grew into or triggered a magnitude 6 earthquake north of the border.
Seismic signals preceding the explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, on 18 May 1980
Authors: Qamar Anthony , St. Lawrence William , Moore Johnnie N. , Kendrick George 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe intense seismic activity which preceded the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, released 2 to 3 × 1018 ergs/day in earthquakes that did not correlate temporally with phreatic eruptions which occurred during the same period. Although the b value and amplitude ratios (long-period/short-period) of the earthquakes vary with time, there are no definitive precursors to the 18 May earthquake and eruption. A Mogi type II frequency-magnitude relation, with critical magnitude Mc = 4.6, constrains the characteristic dimension of the highly stressed region under Mount St. Helens to approximately 3 km, preceding the eruption. A major increase in seismic energy release and a decrease in b value around 1 April 1980 may indicate the first major influx of magma into the upper portion of the volcano.Seismic waves from low-frequency volcanic earthquake have large periods at all epicentral distances. Recordings of volcanic earthquakes from 2 to 4 April 1980 at sites 4 to 9 km from Mount St. Helens show two predominant periods of 0.55 and 1.0 sec. We speculate that seismic signals from the low-frequency volcanic earthquakes have a tectonic origin, but may be modified by pressure oscillations in nearby magma.
Elastic analysis of the Imperial County Services Building
Authors: Pardoen Gerard C. , Moss Peter J. , Carr Athol J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper* presents the results of an elastic structural analysis of the Imperial County Services Building in El Centro, California. This analysis is of particular significance because the Imperial County Services Building suffered major structural damage during the October 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, and the building's response was recorded on permanently installed strong motion accelerographs.
* The abbreviations used are: a = fraction of distance to centroid; A′s = area of compression steel; b = beam width; C=0.05/3T; d = distance of tension steel from beam surface; d′ = distance of compression steel from beam surface; Fj = force at jth level; f′c = concrete compressive strength; f′s = stress of compression steel at ultimate moment; FT = portion of V considered concentrated at the top of the structure (equal to 0 for the ICSB); hj = height above the base of the level j; K = ductility factor; Mu = ultimate moment; n = number of levels to the uppermost level in the main portion of the structure; T = building period; V = base shear; wj = portion of the total dead load which is loaded at level j; W = total dead weight of the structure; Z = zone factor.
A test of foreshock occurrence in the central Aleutian Island Arc
Authors: Bowman J. Roger , Kisslinger Carl 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA statistical method for estimating the occurrence of foreshocks to larger earthquakes using local seismicity data is applied to the catalog of earthquakes from a local seismograph network near Adak, Alaska. Foreshocks are defined in a restricted sense as earthquakes preceding larger earthquakes within a critical time calculated from the mean time between successive earthquakes in the volume surrounding the target event. The threshold of completeness of the earthquake catalog is estimated as duration magnitude Md2.2. A low-magnitude cutoff on the catalog of Md2.5 was used to minimize potential bias from variations in weather and instrumentation condition. About 6 to 10 per cent of 51 main shocks of mb ≧ 4.5 in the Adak thrust zone were preceded by detectable earthquakes satisfying this statistical definition for foreshocks. As many as 14 percent of mb ≧ 5.0 earthquakes may have been preceded by detectable earthquakes satisfying this definition. An estimate of foreshock occurrence using as background the seismicity rate in the 4 months preceding larger earthquakes indicates a slightly higher rate of occurrence. The volume around the target events which showed foreshock activity is used to infer the size of a zone of preparation for larger earthquakes in the Adak area. The data are consistent with a zone of preparation whose size is a linear function of target-event magnitude. The size of the zone of preparation ranges from 20 to 45 km in radius for body-wave magnitudes 4.0 to 5.7.