bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
وقت انتقال تبعة الهلاك في البيوع الدولية دراسة وفقا" لإحكام القانون العراقي واتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لعقود البيع الدولي للبضائع ( فيينا 1980 )
Authors: جودة عبد الله عبد السادة , امين خالص نافع 
Published: April 2021

تتـــناول هــــذه الدراســـة موضــــوع وقت انتقـــال تبعة الهـــــلاك فــــي البيـــــوع الدوليـــة الذي تعرفه اتفاقية فيينا للبيع الدولي للبضائع باسم انتقال المخاطر وقد أخذ القانون المدني العراقي بالقبض كأساس " لانتقال التبعة من عهدة البائع إلى ضمان المشتري، وهذا التعبير استقاه المشرع من الفقه الإسلامي، وهو في مقابلة التسلم في التشريعات الوضعية، ولا يشترط في القبض أن يكون قد تم حقيقة أي بحيازة البضاعة فعلا" من المشتري بل يكفي مجرد حصول التخلية بين المبيع والمشتري على وجه يستطيع المشتري أن يقبضه بدون حائل، أما قانون التجارة العراقي رقم30 لسنة 1984 فقد نظم أحكام انتقال التبعة في البيع الدولي، وقد اقتبس أحكامه من قواعد الانكوتيرمز لسنه 1980، أما بصدد اتفاقية فيينا للبيع الدولي للبضائع فإنها تفرق في تحديد وقت انتقال التبعة بحسب ما كان عقد البيع مقترنا" بعملية نقل البضاعة أم لا . ففي الحالة الأولى تنتقل التبعة بتسليم البضاعة إلى الناقل الأول بشرط أن يكون مستقلا"، أما في الحالة الثانية فإنها تشترط لانتقال التبعة التسلم الفعلي من المشتري، أو عند إخلال هذا الأخير بتسلم البضاعة . كما أن الاتفاقية تتناول حالة تحديد الطرف الذي يتحمل تبعة الهلاك في الأحوال التي يتم فيها بيع البضاعه اثناء نقلها
Inverse problem approach to evaluate quadratic Zeeman effect for an atomic fountain frequency standard KRISS-F1
Authors: Park Young-Ho , Eon Park Sang , Lee Sangmin , Heo Myoung-Sun , Yong Kwon Taeg , Hong Hyun-Gue , Lee Sang-Bum 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The evaluation of the quadratic Zeeman shift in atomic fountain frequency standards requires information on the magnetic field distribution along the drift region. Plotting Zeeman frequencies against various launching heights provides the temporally averaged magnetic field values seen by the flying atoms. Using those data, we were able to deduce a reasonable field map by taking the approach of solving an inverse problem. We employed a regularization method after establishing a linear set of equations. The analysis enabled us to evaluate the quadratic Zeeman shift and its uncertainty against various launching heights. Our method encompasses and generalizes the deconvolution method. This paper covers the mathematical tricks to solve the inverse problem and its application to the atomic fountain frequency standard KRISS-F1.
Facile fabrication for a stable interface in 2D materials/graphene van der Waals heterostructure
Authors: Du Hyewon , Kim Seonyeong , Kim Taekwang , Shin Somyeong , Song Hyeon-kyo , Kim Hansung , Kang Dain , Woo Yun Sung , Seo Sunae 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to fully utilize the excellent electrical properties of graphene as an electrode, it is essential to preserve the nature of pristine graphene. However, structural defects or polymer residues during the conventional fabrication steps are inevitable, severely limiting device performance. To overcome these issues, we used a seamless lateral graphene–graphene oxide (GO)-graphene layer fabricated by oxidation scanning probe lithography as electrodes of the MoS2 field-effect transistor. We demonstrated residue-free and flawless graphene surfaces and furthermore GO interlayer between the MoS2 and gate dielectric reduces interface roughness and screens interface traps, leading to improved electron injection and carrier mobility.
Application of PSAK 109 In Organization of Zakat Managers (OPZ) In Sragen District (Baznas, Lazisnu, Lazismu, And Lazku)
Authors: Sari Jelita Mustika , Titisari Kartika Hendra , Nurlaela Siti 
Published: April 2021

This study aims to determine and analyze how the application of zakat and infaq / alms accounting in zakat management organizations in Sragen regency. This type of research is qualitative research. The population and sample used are zakat management organizations in Sragen district, by taking a sample using purposive sampling technique and obtained 4 zakat management organizations with comparative descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate that not all zakat management organizations in Sragen regency have applied zakat and infaq / alms accounting in accordance with SFAS 109. LAZISNU and LAZISMU have applied but for LAZISNU it is not yet complete because reports on changes in assets under management and notes on financial statements are not made. While BAZNAS and LAZKU have not made financial reports, they only present reports on receipt and distribution of funds.
Keywords: SFAS 109; Alms; Charity; Financial Statements
The Effect of Accounting Information Systems and Internal Control Systems on The Quality of Financial Statements at BPKAD
Authors: Kania Kania , Tanjung Abdul Hafiz 
Published: April 2021

The Effect of Accounting Information Systems and Internal Control Systems on the Quality of Financial Statements at BPKAD Bandung
The dependent variable in this study is the Quality of Financial Statements. This study uses a sample through the process of dividing the population into strata or what is called stratified random sampling. The data in this study are primary data obtained from distributing questionnaires directly to employees who are directly involved in making financial reports. The results of the study partially show the information system and internal control system have an effect on the quality of the report.
Evaluasi Dan Perancangan Tata Letak Fasilitas Produksi Menggunakan Metode Analisis Craft (Studi Kasus Pabrik Pembuatan Bakso Jalan Brenggolo Kediri)
Authors: Baladraf Thabed Tholib , Fitri Salsabila Nanda Sintya , Harisah Dina , Sudarmono Tri Riwayati 
Published: April 2021

Layout merupakan salah satu poin penting dalam merancang sistem produksi. Semakin jauh jarak antar departemen maka semakin tinggi biaya penanganan bahan dan semakin rendah produktivitas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode analisis CRAFT (Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique) sehingga mendapatkan solusi yang optimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan di pabrik pembuatan bakso Jalan Brenggolo Kediri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dan memberikan alternatif perubahan tata letak pada pabrik pembuatan bakso Jalan Brenggolo Kediri dengan menggunakan metode CRAFT dan dilanjutkan dengan menentukan alternatif perubahan tata letak yang paling efisien. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan dua alternatif perubahan tata letak yang diusulkan guna memperbaiki tata letak fasilitas pabrik pembuatan bakso. Layout awal membutuhkan cost sebesar Rp. 6.210.880, alternatif pertama menunjukkan cost sebesar Rp. 5.353.920, alternatif kedua menunjukkan cost sebesar Rp. 5.274.117. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa usulan alternatif pertama dapat menghemat cots sebesar 13,8% dan alternatif kedua dapatÂ menghemat cost sebesar 15,1%.
Pengukuran Efisiensi Waktu Proses Produksi Pada Setiap Stasiun Kerja Pembuatan Keramik Model Guci Ukuran Tinggi 80 cm. (Studi Kasus Pada Home Industri Jaya Ceramik Yogyakarta)
Authors: Asih Puji 
Published: April 2021

Perkembangan teknologi produksi yang meningkat Â diseluruh industri akan mengakibatkan Â produktivitasÂ dan efisiensi waktu proses akan meningkat .Â Perkembangan teknologi produksiÂ terjadi hampir diseluruh industri , akibat perkembangan ini biasanya akan Â berdampak pada penempatan tenaga kerja yang harus sesuai dengan kebutuhan pekerjaan pada setiap stasiun kerja.Â Â Â Penempatan tenaga kerja yang sesuai menjadiÂ komponen yang signifikan dalam menyelesaikan perkerjaan dan efisiensi proses produksi . Penelitian dengan Judul Pengukuran Efisiensi Waktu Proses Produksi Pada Setiap Stasiun Kerja Pembuatan Keramik Model Guci Ukuran Tinggi 80 cm, bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu baku dan efisiensi pada setiap stasiun kerja dan efisiensi lintasan produksiÂ pembuatan keramik.Proses Produksi pembuatan keramik dibagi menjadi 4 stasiun kerja yaitu stasiun pembentukan keramik mentah ,stasiun pembakaran ,stasiun pengecekan Â dan stasiun Â pengecatan. Â Untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan pada Â setiap stasiun kerja tersebut memerlukan waktu yang berbeda-beda Â sehinggaÂ waktu baku dan efisiensi proses produksi juga berbeda-beda. Â Pengukuran waktu baku pada setiap stasiun kerja Â dapat diketahui, Â maka efisiensi waktu proses produksi dan efisiensi lintasan produksi Â dapat diketahui.Efisiensi yang dapat dicapai pada setiap stasiun kerja yang terbesar adalah pada stasiun kerja pembakaran mencapai 100 %, sedangkan efisiensi pada stasiun kerja yang lain masih rendah pada stasiun pembentukan 30,30 %, stasiun pengecekan dan penggosokan 26,20 % dan stasiun pengecatan 23,40%. Selanjutnya secara keseluruhan efisiensi lintasan produksi yang dapat dicapai masih rendah yaitu sebesar 30,86 %.Â
Bioverse: A Simulation Framework to Assess the Statistical Power of Future Biosignature Surveys
Authors: Bixel Alex , Apai Dániel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Next-generation space observatories will conduct the first systematic surveys of terrestrial exoplanet atmospheres and search for evidence of life beyond Earth. While in-depth observations of the nearest habitable worlds may yield enticing results, there are fundamental questions about planetary habitability and evolution that can only be answered through population-level studies of dozens to hundreds of terrestrial planets. To determine the requirements for next-generation observatories to address these questions, we have developed Bioverse. Bioverse combines existing knowledge of exoplanet statistics with a survey simulation and hypothesis testing framework to determine whether proposed space-based direct imaging and transit-spectroscopy surveys will be capable of detecting various hypothetical statistical relationships between the properties of terrestrial exoplanets. Following a description of the code, we apply Bioverse to determine whether an ambitious direct imaging or transit survey would be able to determine the extent of the circumstellar habitable zone and study the evolution of Earth-like planets. Given recent evidence that Earth-sized habitable zone planets are likely much rarer than previously believed, we find that space missions with large search volumes will be necessary to study the population of terrestrial and habitable worlds. Moving forward, Bioverse provides a methodology for performing trade studies of future observatory concepts to maximize their ability to address population-level questions, including and beyond the specific examples explored here.
High-resolution CARMA Observation of Molecular Gas in the North America and Pelican Nebulae
Authors: Kong Shuo , Arce Héctor G. , Carpenter John M. , Bally John , Ossenkopf-Okada Volker , Sánchez-Monge Álvaro , Sargent Anneila I. , Suri Sümeyye , McGehee Peregrine , Lis Dariusz C. , Klessen Ralf S. , Mairs Steve , Zucker Catherine , Smith Rowan J. , Nakamura Fumitaka , Pillai Thushara G. S. , Kauffmann Jens , Zhang Shaobo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present the first results from a CARMA high-resolution 12CO(1-0), 13CO(1-0), and C18O(1-0) molecular line survey of the North America and Pelican (NAP) Nebulae. CARMA observations have been combined with single-dish data from the Purple Mountain 13.7 m telescope, to add short spacings and to produce high-dynamic-range images. We find that the molecular gas is predominantly shaped by the W80 H ii bubble, driven by an O star. Several bright rims noted in the observation are probably remnant molecular clouds, heated and stripped by the massive star. Matching these rims in molecular lines and optical images, we construct a model of the three-dimensional structure of the NAP complex. Two groups of molecular clumps/filaments are on the near side of the bubble: one is being pushed toward us, whereas the other is moving toward the bubble. Another group is on the far side of the bubble, and moving away. The young stellar objects in the Gulf region reside in three different clusters, each hosted by a cloud from one of the three molecular clump groups. Although all gas content in the NAP is impacted by feedback from the central O star, some regions show no signs of star formation, while other areas clearly exhibit star formation activity. Additional molecular gas being carved by feedback includes cometary structures in the Pelican Head region, and the boomerang features at the boundary of the Gulf region. The results show that the NAP complex is an ideal place for the study of feedback effects on star formation.
A Gaussian Process Regression Reveals No Evidence for Planets Orbiting Kapteyn’s Star
Authors: Bortle Anna , Fausey Hallie , Ji Jinbiao , Dodson-Robinson Sarah , Ramirez Delgado Victor , Gizis John 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Radial–velocity (RV) planet searches are often polluted by signals caused by gas motion at the star’s surface. Stellar activity can mimic or mask changes in the RVs caused by orbiting planets, resulting in false positives or missed detections. Here we use Gaussian process regression to disentangle the contradictory reports of planets versus rotation artifacts from Kapteyn’s star. To model rotation, we use joint quasiperiodic kernels for the RV and Hα signals, requiring that their periods and correlation timescales be the same. We find that the rotation period of Kapteyn’s star is 125 days, while the characteristic active-region lifetime is 694 days. Adding a planet to the RV model produces a best-fit orbital period of 100 yr, or 10 times the observing time baseline, indicating that the observed RVs are best explained by star rotation only. We also find no significant periodic signals in residual RV data sets constructed by subtracting off realizations of the best-fit rotation model and conclude that both previously reported “planets” are artifacts of the star’s rotation and activity. Our results highlight the pitfalls of using sinusoids to model quasiperiodic rotation signals.
The Stars Kepler Missed: Investigating the Kepler Target Selection Function Using Gaia DR2
Authors: Wolniewicz Linnea M. , Berger Travis A. , Huber Daniel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Kepler Mission revolutionized exoplanet science and stellar astrophysics by obtaining highly precise photometry of over 200,000 stars over 4 yr. A critical piece of information to exploit Kepler data is its selection function, since all targets had to be selected from a sample of half a million stars on the Kepler CCDs using limited information. Here we use Gaia DR2 to reconstruct the Kepler selection function and explore possible biases with respect to evolutionary state, stellar multiplicity, and kinematics. We find that the Kepler target selection is nearly complete for stars brighter than Kp < 14 mag and was effective at selecting main-sequence stars, with the fraction of observed stars decreasing from 95% to 60% between 14 < Kp < 16 mag. We find that the observed fraction for subgiant stars is only 10% lower, confirming that a significant number of subgiants selected for observation were believed to be main-sequence stars. Conversely we find a strong selection bias against low-luminosity red giant stars (R ≈ 3–5R
⊙, T
eff ≈ 5500 K), dropping from 90% at Kp = 14 mag to below 30% at Kp = 16 mag, confirming that the target selection was efficient at distinguishing dwarfs from giants. We compare the Gaia Re-normalized Unit Weight Error (RUWE) values of the observed and nonobserved main-sequence stars and find a difference in elevated (>1.2) RUWE values at ∼σ significance, suggesting that the Kepler target selection shows some bias against either close or wide binaries. We furthermore use the Gaia proper motions to show that the Kepler selection function was unbiased with respect to kinematics.
An Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Survey of Chemistry in Disks around M4–M5 Stars
Authors: Pegues Jamila , Öberg Karin I. , Bergner Jennifer B. , Huang Jane , Pascucci Ilaria , Teague Richard , Andrews Sean M. , Bergin Edwin A. , Cleeves L. Ilsedore , Guzmán Viviana V. , Long Feng , Qi Chunhua , Wilner David J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
M-stars are the most common hosts of planetary systems in the Galaxy. Protoplanetary disks around M-stars thus offer a prime opportunity to study the chemistry of planet-forming environments. We present an Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array survey of molecular line emission toward a sample of five protoplanetary disks around M4–M5 stars (FP Tau, J0432+1827, J1100-7619, J1545-3417, and Sz 69). These observations can resolve chemical structures down to tens of astronomical units. Molecular lines of 12CO, 13CO, C18O, C2H, and HCN are detected toward all five disks. Lines of H2CO and DCN are detected toward 2/5 and 1/5 disks, respectively. For disks with resolved C18O, C2H, HCN, and H2CO emission, we observe substructures similar to those previously found in disks around solar-type stars (e.g., rings, holes, and plateaus). C2H and HCN excitation conditions estimated interior to the pebble disk edge for the bright disk J1100-7619 are consistent with previous measurements around solar-type stars. The correlation previously found between C2H and HCN fluxes for solar-type disks extends to our M4–M5 disk sample, but the typical C2H/HCN ratio is higher for the M4–M5 disk sample. This latter finding is reminiscent of the hydrocarbon enhancements found by previous observational infrared surveys in the innermost (<10 au) regions of M-star disks, which is intriguing since our disk-averaged fluxes are heavily influenced by flux levels in the outermost disk, exterior to the pebble disk edge. Overall, most of the observable chemistry at 10–100 au appears similar for solar-type and M4–M5 disks, but hydrocarbons may be more abundant around the cooler stars.
Validation of Global EUV Wave MHD Simulations and Observational Techniques
Authors: Downs Cooper , Warmuth Alexander , Long David M. , Bloomfield D. Shaun , Kwon Ryun-Young , Veronig Astrid M. , Vourlidas Angelos , Vršnak Bojan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Global EUV waves remain a controversial phenomenon more than 20 yr after their discovery by SOHO/EIT. Although consensus is growing in the community that they are most likely large-amplitude waves or shocks, the wide variety of observations and techniques used to identify and analyze them have led to disagreements regarding their physical properties and interpretation. Here, we use a 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of the solar corona to simulate an EUV wave event on 2009 February 13 to enable a detailed validation of the various commonly used detection and analysis techniques of global EUV waves. The simulated event exhibits comparable behavior to that of a real EUV wave event, with similar kinematic behavior and plasma parameter evolution. The kinematics of the wave are estimated via visual identification and profile analysis, with both approaches providing comparable results. We find that projection effects can affect the derived kinematics of the wave, due to the variation in fast-mode wave speed with height in the corona. Coronal seismology techniques typically used for estimates of the coronal magnetic field are also tested and found to estimate fast-mode speeds comparable to those of the model. Plasma density and temperature variations of the wave front are also derived using a regularized inversion approach and found to be consistent with observed wave events. These results indicate that global waves are best interpreted as large-amplitude waves and that they can be used to probe the coronal medium using well-defined analysis techniques.
The QuaStar Survey: Detecting Hidden Low-velocity Gas in the Milky Way’s Circumgalactic Medium
Authors: Bish Hannah V. , Werk Jessica K. , Peek Joshua , Zheng Yong , Putman Mary 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
From our position embedded within the Milky Way’s interstellar medium, we have limited ability to detect gas at low relative velocities in the extended Galactic halo because those spectral lines are blended with much stronger signals from dense foreground gas. As a result, the content of the Milky Way’s circumgalactic medium (CGM) is poorly constrained at ∣v
LSR∣ ≲150 km s−1. To overcome this complication, the QuaStar survey applies a spectral differencing technique using paired quasar−star sight lines to measure the obscured content of the Milky Way’s CGM for the first time. We present measurements of the C iv doublet (λ
λ1548, 1550), a rest-frame UV metal line transition, detected in Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph spectra of 30 halo-star/quasar pairs evenly distributed across the sky at Galactic latitudes ∣b∣ > 30°. The 30 halo stars have well-constrained distances (d ≈ 5–14 kpc) and are paired with quasars separated by <2.°8. We argue that the difference in absorption between the quasar and stellar sight lines originates primarily in the Milky Way’s extended CGM beyond ∼10 kpc. For the Milky Way’s extended, low-velocity CGM (∣v∣ <150 km s−1), we place an upper limit on the mean C iv column density of

Δ
log

N

LVCGM

< 13.39 and find a covering fraction of

f

C

IV
,
LVCGM

(
log
N
>
13.65
)

=

20% [6/30], a value significantly lower than the covering fraction for star-forming galaxies at low redshift. Our results suggest either that the bulk of Milky Way’s C iv -traced CGM lies at low Galactic latitudes or that the Milky Way’s CGM is lacking in warm, ionized material compared to low-redshift (z < 0.1) star-forming galaxy halos.
Deciphering Star Cluster Evolution by Shape Morphology
Authors: Hu Qingshun , Zhang Yu , Esamdin Ali , Liu Jinzhong , Zeng Xiangyun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We analyze the morphological evolution of open clusters and provide shape parameters for 265 open clusters. The results show that the overall shape of sample clusters becomes more elliptical as they grow older, while their core remains circular or slightly trending to circular. There is a negative correlation of the ellipticities with the number of members of the sample clusters. A significant negative correlation between the overall ellipticities and masses is also detected for the sample clusters with log(age/year) ≥8, suggesting that the overall shapes of the clusters are possibly influenced by the number of members and masses, in addition to the external forces and the surrounding environment. For most young sample clusters, the radial stratification degree of the short-axis direction is greater than that of the long, implying that the radial stratification degree in the two directions within the young sample cluster may be unevenly affected by an internal evolutionary process. Older sample clusters exhibit lower stratification in the tangential direction, which possibly means those clusters may continue to survive for a long time at a low level of stratification. Our analysis shows that the overall shape of the sample clusters may be more susceptible to the influence of Galactic tides toward the Galactic center than the shear forces embedded in Galactic differential rotation. By analyzing the distribution of the ages and number of members of star clusters, we suggest that NGC 6791 may originate from superclusters.
Elasticity of a Sintered Contact between Dust Grains
Authors: Sirono Sin-iti , Kudo Daiki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The collisional growth of dust grains in a protoplanetary nebula is impacted by sintering because this increases the elasticity of the neck between dust grains. The high elasticity of a neck can lead to bouncing and not sticking of dust aggregates. This hinders the formation of planetesimals, and dust aggregates accumulate at a particular location in a protoplanetary nebula. Following sintering, the key parameter is the elasticity of a neck between dust grains. This study determined elasticity using numerical simulation and laboratory experiments. Elasticity was substantially smaller than that of a previous model, in which it was assumed that only the neck between grains was deformed. However, the results of this study demonstrated a change is negligible in the sticking efficiency of sintered dust aggregates compared to the results in a previous study.