bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘We make a mistake with shoes [that's no problem] but… not with baby milk’: Facilitators of good and poor practice in distribution of infant formula in the 2014–2016 refugee crisis in Europe
Authors: Gribble Karleen D. , Palmquist Aunchalee E. L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies Operational Guidance (OG‐IFE) gives direction on providing aid to meet infants' and young children's feeding needs in emergencies. Because of the risks associated with formula feeding, the OG‐IFE provides limited circumstances when infant formula should be provided in aid. However, distributions against this guidance are common, reducing breastfeeding so risking increased infant morbidity and mortality. This study sought to identify factors that contributed to following (‘good practice’) or not following (‘poor practice’) the OG‐IFE regarding infant formula distribution in the 2014–16 refugee crisis in Europe. Thirty‐three individuals who supported, coordinated, or implemented infant feeding support in the Crisis were interviewed regarding their experiences and views. Reflexive thematic analysis of transcribed interviews was undertaken. It was identified that presence of breastfeeding support, presence of properly implemented formula feeding programmes, understanding that maternal choice to formula feed should be considered within the risk context of the emergency, and positive personal experiences of breastfeeding contributed to good practice. Presence of infant formula donations, absence of properly managed formula feeding programmes, belief that maternal choice to formula feed is paramount and should be facilitated, and personal experience of insurmountable breastfeeding challenges and/or formula feeding contributed to poor practice. Governments, humanitarian organisations, and donors should ensure that infant and young child feeding in emergencies preparedness and programmes are adequately resourced. Emergency responders should be appropriately trained with training including infant feeding experience debriefing. Health and emergency organisations should provide maternity protections enabling employees to breastfeed as recommended.
TRACING THREADS OF HISTORY: Rediscovering Indonesian Textiles at the Brooklyn Museum
Authors: Bill Meghan 
Published: November 2021

abstractChoices that admit things to, or omit things from, museum collections rely on institutional and individual assumptions about value, ownership, skill, history, and people. Historical decisions about what was worth collecting, how collections should be organized, who would oversee collections care, and what uses collections could serve reverberate through the years, affecting museums’ abilities to research, exhibit, and engage collections. Using recent research into one Balineseslendangin the Brooklyn Museum’s collection, this essay examines how the Museum’s frameworks and curatorial assumptions enabled the neglect of nearly 200 Indonesian textiles for decades. It examines how the Museum parsed collection categories, how Indonesian textiles complicated and confounded those categories, and how the ensuing inattention inadvertently enabled a well‐preserved collection. By attempting to weave the textiles’ collecting histories into narratives of their embedded colonial and institutional histories, it hopes to rekindle their usefulness for scholars, for communities, and for the Museum.
Evolutionary innovations through gain and loss of genes in the ectomycorrhizal Boletales
Authors: Wu Gang , Miyauchi Shingo , Morin Emmanuelle , Kuo Alan , Drula Elodie , Varga Torda , Kohler Annegret , Feng Bang , Cao Yang , Lipzen Anna , Daum Christopher , Hundley Hope , Pangilinan Jasmyn , Johnson Jenifer , Barry Kerrie , LaButti Kurt , Ng Vivian , Ahrendt Steven , Min Byoungnam , Choi In‐Geol , Park Hongjae , Plett Jonathan M. , Magnuson Jon , Spatafora Joseph W. , Nagy László G. , Henrissat Bernard , Grigoriev Igor V. , Yang Zhu‐Liang , Xu Jianping , Martin Francis M. 
Published: November 2021

Summary

We aimed to identify genomic traits of transitions to ectomycorrhizal ecology within the Boletales by comparing the genomes of 21 symbiotrophic species with their saprotrophic brown‐rot relatives.

Gene duplication rate is constant along the backbone of Boletales phylogeny with large loss events in several lineages, while gene family expansion sharply increased in the late Miocene, mostly in the Boletaceae.

Ectomycorrhizal Boletales have a reduced set of plant cell‐wall‐degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) compared with their brown‐rot relatives. However, the various lineages retain distinct sets of PCWDEs, suggesting that, over their evolutionary history, symbiotic Boletales have become functionally diverse. A smaller PCWDE repertoire was found in Sclerodermatineae. The gene repertoire of several lignocellulose oxidoreductases (e.g. laccases) is similar in brown‐rot and ectomycorrhizal species, suggesting that symbiotic Boletales are capable of mild lignocellulose decomposition. Transposable element (TE) proliferation contributed to the higher evolutionary rate of genes encoding effector‐like small secreted proteins, proteases, and lipases. On the other hand, we showed that the loss of secreted CAZymes was not related to TE activity but to DNA decay.

This study provides novel insights on our understanding of the mechanisms influencing the evolutionary diversification of symbiotic boletes.
Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of human studies
Authors: Stratakis Nikos , Rock Sarah , La Merrill Michele A. , Saez Marc , Robinson Oliver , Fecht Daniela , Vrijheid Martine , Valvi Damaskini , Conti David V. , McConnell Rob , Chatzi Vaia Lida 
Published: November 2021

SummaryWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the associations between prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and childhood obesity. We focused on organochlorines (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE], hexachlorobenzene [HCB], and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]), perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) that are the POPs more widely studied in environmental birth cohorts so far. We search two databases (PubMed and Embase) through July/09/2021 and identified 33 studies reporting associations with prenatal organochlorine exposure, 21 studies reporting associations with prenatal PFAS, and five studies reporting associations with prenatal PBDEs. We conducted a qualitative review. Additionally, we performed random‐effects meta‐analyses of POP exposures, with data estimates from at least three prospective studies, and BMI‐z. Prenatal DDE and HCB levels were associated with higher BMI z‐score in childhood (beta: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.21; I2: 28.1% per study‐specific log increase of DDE and beta: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.53; I2: 31.9% per study‐specific log increase of HCB). No significant associations between PCB‐153, PFOA, PFOS, or pentaPBDEs with childhood BMI were found in meta‐analyses. In individual studies, there was inconclusive evidence that POP levels were positively associated with other obesity indicators (e.g., waist circumference).
AN EARLY 3D‐MAP OF A TERRITORY? THE BRONZE AGE CARVED SLAB FROM SAINT‐BÉLEC, LEUHAN (BRITTANY, FRANCE)
Authors: Nicolas Clément , Pailler Yvan , Stéphan Pierre , Pierson Julie , Aubry Laurent , Le Gall Bernard , Lacombe Vincent , Rolet Joël 
Published: November 2021

SummaryWhile early maps are known from all over the world, the key questions always involve: what exactly do they show? And what spatial extent do they cover? In this context, we recently used 3D‐modelling to re‐examine a carved stone slab datable to the Early Bronze Age (c.2150–1600 BC) that was found at Saint‐Bélec in Brittany. We show that the surface of the slab had been shaped in three dimensions to represent the relief of the surrounding landscape in which it was found, while several engraved motifs on it evoke contemporary structures known archaeologically. We argue that the Saint‐Bélec slab represents an area ofc.545 km2corresponding to the extent of a prehistoric political entity. The carving and subsequent burying of the slab can be linked to the postulated rise and fall of hierarchical societies and raises many wider questions about socio‐economic structures in temperate Europe at that time.
Defending Wittgenstein’s Remarks on Cantor from Putnam
Authors: Wheeler Samuel J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHilary Putnam published an article in 2007 titled “Wittgenstein and the Real Numbers”, in which he attempted to show that Wittgenstein did not take several major developments in mathematics seriously, nor did he understand their true significance. Putnam claims that Wittgenstein’s “ignorance” is the cause of his failure to recognise the importance of these developments, and that Wittgenstein ends up putting forward his own philosophical theses. I intend to show that Putnam suffers from a deep misunderstanding about Wittgenstein’s remarks on Cantor, and that Wittgenstein does not go against his claim that in philosophy “we may not advance any kind of theory.”
Public access, private land, and spatial politics: The geographical importance of the right of way in Coventry, England
Authors: Thorogood Joe , Hastie Alex , Hill‐Butler Charley 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe rights that guarantee public passage across private land are known as rights of way. In this paper, we argue that rights of way are a literal manifestation of a politics of space. The paper's purpose is to suggest rights of way are central to issues surrounding social and spatial inequality, specifically with regards to public access to urban and rural space. They are a neglected topic in geographical research, despite their relevance to many sub‐branches, including landscape studies, urban natures, GIS, and open‐source geospatial research. Rights of way in England and Wales are currently facing their biggest legal threat to date. On 1 January 2026, unregistered rights of way are set to be extinguished. Path extinguishment threatens thousands of kilometres of footpaths, bridleways, restricted byways, and byways open to all traffic. The paper concludes by examining how geographical approaches help reveal the cultural and historical value of two at‐risk footpaths in Coventry, England.
Hypoglycemia and presumptive rhabdomyolysis secondary to lisdexamfetamine toxicosis in 3 cats
Authors: Crecraft Catherine , Prittie Jennifer , Mastrocco Alicia 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical course and novel biochemical changes in 3 cats with lisdexamfetamine (LDX) toxicosis.Series SummaryThree cats presented with LDX exposure and initially displayed typical clinical signs of amphetamine toxicosis. However, over the course of hospitalization, hypoglycemia and markedly elevated creatine kinase levels consistent with rhabdomyolysis ensued. All cats were treated with sedatives including phenothiazines and dexmedetomidine. Two cats were hospitalized for 4 days and 1 for 5 days. All cats survived.New or Unique Information ProvidedThis is the first case series in cats that reports the novel biochemical changes of delayed hypoglycemia and elevated creatine kinase several days into hospitalization for the treatment of LDX toxicity. The development of delayed clinical signs suggests reconsideration of established hospitalization guidelines for amphetamine ingestion in cats.
Evaluation of Testing Uncertainties for the Impact Resistance of Machine Guards
Authors: Landi Luca , Uhlmann Eckart , Hörl Robert , Thom Simon , Gigliotti Giuseppe , Stecconi Alessandro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Machine guards provide protection against the ejection of parts during operation, such as chips or workpiece fragments. They are considered safe if the impact resistance is at least as high as the resulting projectile energy in the worst case of damage. To protect the machine operator, the impact resistance of machine guards is determined according to ISO standards. The bisection method can be used to determine the impact resistance through impact tests. However, this method is inaccurate for a small number of impact tests and does not indicate uncertainties in the determination. Moreover, the result of testing is validated in different ways depending on the standard utilized for testing. Relevant uncertainties affecting impact testing and a new probabilistic approach for assessing the impact resistance using the Recht and Ipson equation are presented. With multiple impact tests at different initial velocities a Recht and Ipson best-fit curve and a confidence interval for a ballistic limit can be obtained, which is used to determine the impact resistance by defining a velocity reduction coefficient. This method can be applied to any machine guard made of ductile material. This paper validates the Recht and Ipson method by performing impact tests with a standardized 2.5 kg projectile on polycarbonate sheets of different thicknesses. Determination of the ballistic limit showed good agreement with experimental results. With the ballistic limits, the velocity reduction coefficients have been found to determine the impact resistances. Therefore, an alternative method for standardized tests to determine the impact resistance was found.
Easy Task and Choice: Motivational Interventions Facilitate Motor Skill Learning in Children
Authors: Mousavi Seyyed Mohammadreza , Iwatsuki Takehiro 
Published: November 2021

Expectancies for success and autonomy support have been shown to facilitate motor learning and enhance motor performance. The purpose of the study was to examine whether we replicated (a) enhanced expectancies and autonomy support intervention enhanced motor skill learning in children, and (b) identified the underlying psychological mechanism. Sixty children kicked soccer balls with their dominant leg to a squared area target. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: enhanced expectancies and autonomy support (EE/AS), enhanced expectancies (EE), autonomy support (AS), or control (CON) groups. Participants learning the skill were or were not provided enhanced expectation instructions by making the task success easier and provided an opportunity to choose one of the three colored balls during their practice. Two days later, they performed retention and transfer tests. Results indicated that the EE/AS group had the highest scores, with main effects of autonomy support being significant and enhanced expectancies being marginally significant for the retention test and significant for the transfer test. The EE/AS group had the highest self-efficacy and perceived choice scores. Therefore, having high expectancies for success and being autonomous were important ingredients for facilitating motor skill learning in children.
Deep-water deposits of the Eocene Tyee Formation, Oregon
Authors: Gaillot* Gwladys T. , Sweet Michael L. , Santra Manasij 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The Eocene Tyee Formation of west central Oregon, USA, records deposition in a forearc basin. With outcrop exposures of fluvial/deltaic to shelf and submarine fan depositional environments and known sediment sourcing constrained by detrital zircon dating and mineralogy linked to the Idaho Batholith, it is possible to place deposits of the Tyee Formation in a source-to-sink context. A research program carried out by the Department of Geological Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin and ExxonMobil Research Company’s Clastic Stratigraphy Group has reconstructed the Eocene continental margin from shelf to slope to basin floor using outcrop and subsurface data. This work allows us to put observations of individual outcrops into a basin-scale context. This field trip will visit examples of depositional environments across the entire preserved source-to-sink system, but it will focus on the deep-water deposits of the Tyee Formation that range from slope channels to proximal and distal basin-floor fans. High-quality roadcuts reveal the geometry of slope channel-fills in both depositional strike and dip orientations. Thick, sand-rich medial fan deposits show vertical amalgamation and a high degree of lateral continuity of sandstones and mudstones. Distal fan facies with both classic Bouma-type turbidites and combined flow or slurry deposits are well exposed along a series of new roadcuts east of Newport, Oregon. The larger basin-scale context of the Tyee Formation is illustrated at a quarry in the northern end of the basin where the contact between the oceanic crust of the underlying Siletzia terrane and submarine fan deposits of the Tyee Formation is exposed. The Tyee Formation provides an excellent opportunity to see the facies and three-dimensional geometry of deep-water deposits, and to show how these deposits can be used to help reconstruct ancient continental margins.
Management of a large outbreak of COVID-19 at a British Army training centre: lessons for the future
Authors: Routledge Matthew , Lyon J , Vincent C , Gordon Clarke A , Shawcross K , Turpin C , Cormack H , Robson S C , Beckett A , Glaysher S , Cook K , Fearn C , Goudarzi S , Hutley E J , Ross D 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has posed major challenges for infection control within training centres, both civilian and military. Here we present a narrative review of an outbreak that occurred at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS) in January–March 2021, in the context of the circulating, highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7.MethodsTesting for SARS-CoV-2 was performed using a combination of reverse transcriptase PCR and Lateral Flow Devices (LFDs). Testing and isolation procedures were conducted in line with a pre-established symptom stratification system. Genomic sequencing was performed on 10 sample isolates.ResultsBy the end of the outbreak, 185 cases (153 Officer Cadets, 32 permanent staff) had contracted confirmed COVID-19. This represented 15% of the total RMAS population. This resulted in 0 deaths and 0 hospitalisations, but due to necessary isolation procedures did represent an estimated 12 959 person-days of lost training. 9 of 10 (90%) of sequenced isolates had a reportable lineage. All of those reported were found to be the Alpha lineage B.1.1.7.ConclusionsWe discuss the key lessons learnt from the after-action review by the Incident Management Team. These include the importance of multidisciplinary working, the utility of sync matrices to monitor outbreaks in real time, issues around Officer Cadets reporting symptoms, timing of high-risk training activities, infrastructure and use of LFDs. COVID-19 represents a vital learning opportunity to minimise the impact of potential future pandemics, which may produce considerably higher morbidity and mortality in military populations.
Development and validation of multivariable prediction models for adverse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with IBD
Authors: Sperger John , Shah Kushal S , Lu Minxin , Zhang Xian , Ungaro Ryan C , Brenner Erica J , Agrawal Manasi , Colombel Jean-Frédéric , Kappelman Michael D , Kosorok Michael R 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesDevelop an individualised prognostic risk prediction tool for predicting the probability of adverse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Design and settingThis study developed and validated prognostic penalised logistic regression models using reports to the international Surveillance Epidemiology of Coronavirus Under Research Exclusion for Inflammatory Bowel Disease voluntary registry from March to October 2020. Model development was done using a training data set (85% of cases reported 13 March–15 September 2020), and model validation was conducted using a test data set (the remaining 15% of cases plus all cases reported 16 September–20 October 2020).ParticipantsWe included 2709 cases from 59 countries (mean age 41.2 years (SD 18), 50.2% male). All submitted cases after removing duplicates were included.Primary and secondary outcome measuresCOVID-19 related: (1) Hospitalisation+: composite outcome of hospitalisation, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation or death; (2) Intensive Care Unit+ (ICU+): composite outcome of ICU admission, mechanical ventilation or death; (3) Death. We assessed the resulting models’ discrimination using the area under the curve of the receiver operator characteristic curves and reported the corresponding 95% CIs.ResultsOf the submitted cases, a total of 633 (24%) were hospitalised, 137 (5%) were admitted to the ICU or intubated and 69 (3%) died. 2009 patients comprised the training set and 700 the test set. The models demonstrated excellent discrimination, with a test set area under the curve (95% CI) of 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) for Hospitalisation+, 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) for ICU+ and 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) for Death. Age, comorbidities, corticosteroid use and male gender were associated with a higher risk of death, while the use of biological therapies was associated with a lower risk.ConclusionsPrognostic models can effectively predict who is at higher risk for COVID-19-related adverse outcomes in a population of patients with IBD. A free online risk calculator (https://covidibd.org/covid-19-risk-calculator/) is available for healthcare providers to facilitate discussion of risks due to COVID-19 with patients with IBD.
Current trends in the application of causal inference methods to pooled longitudinal non-randomised data: a protocol for a methodological systematic review
Authors: Yeboah Edmund , Mauer Nicole Sibilla , Hufstedler Heather , Carr Sinclair , Matthay Ellicott C , Maxwell Lauren , Rahman Sabahat , Debray Thomas , de Jong Valentijn M T , Campbell Harlan , Gustafson Paul , Jänisch Thomas , Bärnighausen Till 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionCausal methods have been adopted and adapted across health disciplines, particularly for the analysis of single studies. However, the sample sizes necessary to best inform decision-making are often not attainable with single studies, making pooled individual-level data analysis invaluable for public health efforts. Researchers commonly implement causal methods prevailing in their home disciplines, and how these are selected, evaluated, implemented and reported may vary widely. To our knowledge, no article has yet evaluated trends in the implementation and reporting of causal methods in studies leveraging individual-level data pooled from several studies. We undertake this review to uncover patterns in the implementation and reporting of causal methods used across disciplines in research focused on health outcomes. We will investigate variations in methods to infer causality used across disciplines, time and geography and identify gaps in reporting of methods to inform the development of reporting standards and the conversation required to effect change.Methods and analysisWe will search four databases (EBSCO, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science) using a search strategy developed with librarians from three universities (Heidelberg University, Harvard University, and University of California, San Francisco). The search strategy includes terms such as ‘pool*’, ‘harmoniz*’, ‘cohort*’, ‘observational’, variations on ‘individual-level data’. Four reviewers will independently screen articles using Covidence and extract data from included articles. The extracted data will be analysed descriptively in tables and graphically to reveal the pattern in methods implementation and reporting. This protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020143148).Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval was required as only publicly available data were used. The results will be submitted as a manuscript to a peer-reviewed journal, disseminated in conferences if relevant, and published as part of doctoral dissertations in Global Health at the Heidelberg University Hospital.