bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« L’Allemagne paiera » (1918-1932)
Authors: Touzé Vincent 
Published: September 2021

Les réparations allemandes destinées aux pays vainqueurs de la Première Guerre mondiale constituent une brève histoire qui s’étend de 1918 à 1932. Bien que courte, cette période est intense en événements politiques et économiques qui vont faire du Traité de Versailles un échec, ou tout du moins, un armistice prolongé jusqu’au retour des premières hostilités de 1939. Cet article essaie de comprendre comment la résolution du choc de réallocation d’actifs/passifs provoqué par la Première Guerre mondiale – les Alliés se sont fortement endettés auprès des Américains ; l’Allemagne doit s’acquitter d’une lourde obligation de réparations – a animé la période de l’entre-deux-guerres. L’article revient sur les attentes politiques et économiques au moment de la rédaction du traité de paix. Il montre également comment la question du paiement des réparations a été liée à celle du règlement des dettes interalliées conduisant à des stratégies non coordonnées et finalement à l’abandon des créances. Enfin, est développée dans cet article, de façon inédite, une analyse cliométrique contrefactuelle à l’aide d’un modèle simple de finances publiques intertemporelles qui donne une mesure du besoin budgétaire et de l’impact intergénérationnel qu’aurait pu avoir le paiement des réparations s’il avait été intégralement honoré.
L’application du droit de la mer à la mer Noire et à la mer Caspienne
Authors: Ortolland Didier 
Published: September 2021

Le droit de la mer distingue les mers fermées, comme la mer Noire, des mers totalement enclavées, comme la mer Caspienne. Ces deux espaces maritimes ont donc des régimes juridiques différents et ont connu des évolutions historiques et stratégiques distinctes. Pour la Russie, la mer Noire et les détroits turcs constituent un axe de pénétration vers le sud, mais il s’agit également de protéger le flanc méridional de la Russie. Il est donc primordial pour Moscou de contrôler les détroits seul ou avec la Turquie. La mer Caspienne ne représentait guère de menaces pour Moscou sous la domination de laquelle elle était placée jusqu’à la disparition de l’URSS. En raison de sa qualité de mer totalement enclavée, le droit de la mer n’y est pas applicable ; néanmoins, les cinq États riverains ont adopté un statut juridique qui s’inspire quelque peu des dispositions de ce droit.
Risk Factors of Crashes Involving Motorcycles in Sri Lanka
Authors: Amarasingha N. 
Published: September 2021

Motorcycle is among the most popular and important modes of land transportation in tropical developing countries like Sri Lanka. Yet, research on the effect of motorcycles on traffic safety in Sri Lanka is limited. Investigation of the risk factors and contributory causes of motorcycle crashes using data sourced from Police records was the objective of this research. Police-reported crash data in Sri Lanka contain details of crashes at all severity levels that got reported, together with their corresponding different conditions, including environment, roadway, rider, and vehicle characteristics, throughout the country. Investigating the odds-ratios, the risk factors for motorcycle crashes could be identified in developing the potential counter-measures to improve traffic safety. In Sri Lanka, during 2009-2013, more than 200,000 of motorcycle crashes have been reported. The predominant crash conditions associated with motorcycles were driving on rural roadways, during weekdays, and riding newer motorcycles. The odds-ratios indicated that riding a motorcycle on dry surface conditions, on urban roads, and using safety helmets would be much safer. The results of the study add new insights to the traffic safety literature in regard to improving road safety in Sri Lanka.
Transport Logistics: Redefining Logistics in Transport
Authors: Kumarage A. S. 
Published: September 2021

The terms Transport and Logistics have historically been used independently of one another. While the meaning of transport relates to the critical function of providing mobility, the understanding of logistics varies sharply between its different application contexts, from Military Logistics in early stages to its current application in Supply Chains referred to as Business Logistics. Logistics is generally understood as the processes associated with handling goods within a supply chain from its raw material supply to production to consumption, including its Transport during the multiple segments of the journey. Transport research also treats Logistics as those activities that support consuming transport itself as a means of satisfying mobility requirements but again mainly confined to the movement of goods. The recent emergence of 'Transport & Logistics' in academia and research further confuses the scientific study of mobility issues. However, this understanding is less obfuscating in industry, as each employs it in its specific context and understands it differently. This paper proposes the term Transport Logistics to identify the logistics associated with the different forms of transport provision. The etymology of terms Transport and Logistics have been consulted in its deduction. The paper concludes that passenger transport and goods transport have similar logistics activities to understand them as a single field of study. Moreover, the paper asserts that Logistics is a well-defined rational and logical process that can solve a difficult or complex transport problem.
Accuracy of computer-assisted surgery in immediate implant placement
Authors: Báez-Marrero Nicole , Rafel José Luis , Rodríguez-Cárdenas Yalil Augusto , Aliaga-Del Castillo Aron , Dias-Da Silveira Heraldo Luis , Arriola-Guillén Luis Ernesto 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
Computer-guided surgery has been increased in recent years. Nonetheless, few data are available on the validation of this technique for immediate implant placement. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of computer-guided surgery in immediate implant placement.

Materials and Methods:
Cone-beam computed tomography scans (CBCTs) and virtual models were obtained of eight fresh pigs hemi-mandibles to perform the digital planning of implants placement. Fifteen implants were simulated, and surgical guides were designed to transfer the digital planning to the surgical procedure. Postsurgical CBCTs were performed to compare the position of the planned implants versus the real implant position. Paired t-test and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to assess the mean differences and correlations in each outcome variable evaluated twice by one experienced researcher. Furthermore, variations were compared with the results reported in the scientific literature using a one-sample t-test P < 0.05.

Results:
The measurements of the outcome variables (implants position at the neck and apex level and the angular deviation) showed significant reproducibility (mean difference-0.01 mm, 0.07 mm, and 0.30°, respectively, P > 0.05). The ICC values ranged from 0.888 to 0.949. Furthermore, the mean deviation was 1.43 mm at the implant neck, 2.19 mm at the apex, and 6.81° for the angular deviation. Similarly, significant differences (P < 0.05) were found at the neck and angular deviation when comparing the results with values reported in the literature.

Conclusions:
Although some variations were observed, they did not have a clinically significant impact. Therefore, computer-guided surgery could be satisfactorily used in immediate implants placement.
Scanning electron microscope analysis of working ends of standard and modified Gracey curettes
Authors: Nimmanon Vanida , Phetphan Warapa , Buranachad Naiyana , Nimmanon Thirayost 
Published: September 2021

Context:
Gracey curettes are the most frequently used manual instruments in periodontal treatments.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate morphology of working ends of standard and modified Gracey curettes no. 1–2.

Materials and Methods:
Using scanning electron microscopy, four batches of unused standard curettes from seven manufacturers and modified curettes from 6 manufacturers were investigated for blade length, blade width, blade thickness, toe morphology, surface roughness, and cutting-edge morphology.

Results:
Working ends of the standard Gracey curettes were longer than the modified ones, with mean lengths of 5.65 ± 0.68 and 4.42 ± 0.82 mm, respectively. However, both standard and modified Gracey curettes had comparable widths and thicknesses, with the mean width of 0.86 mm and the mean thickness of 0.71 mm. Most samples had acceptably symmetrical toes, except those from three manufacturers which had unacceptable toes with angulations. Moreover, only two manufacturers produced curettes with smooth blades on all their surfaces. In addition, sharp or functional wire edges were seen in cutting edges of curettes from three manufacturers.

Conclusions:
Working ends of standard and modified Gracey curettes could have different morphological features if they were from different manufacturers or different batches. It is suggested that dentists or dental hygienists make a purchase decision based on their knowledge on morphology of a good curette in relation to its intended use in dental practice, rather than their familiarity or the curette's price. Furthermore, the curette needs to be examined using a widely available magnifying device when possible.
Konstipasi Fungsional pada Anak
Authors: Kadim Muzal 
Published: September 2021

Konstipasi pada anak merupakan masalah kesehatan yang sering diabaikan. Konstipasi fungsional pada anak berdampak negatif, baik untuk anak maupun keluarga mereka, karena dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup, serta berdampak pada biaya perawatan kesehatan. Diagnosis konstipasi fungsional ditegakkan berdasarkan kriteria Roma IV. Prevalens konstipasi fungsional berhubungan dengan geografis, kebiasaan dan jenis makanan, serta paparan peristiwa kehidupan yang membuat stres anak. Meskipun sebagian besar konstipasi pada anak adalah fungsional, namun harus disingkirkan suatu kelainan organik dengan mencari adanya tanda bahaya.
The Impact of Kagan’s Cooperative Learning Structure (KCLS) on Grade 9 Students towards English Language Learning
Authors: Thinley  , Dorji Kezang , Ghalley Dil Maya , Tshering Dawa 
Published: September 2021

English subject has become very important in the context of Bhutanese education system. Owing to its importance in the era of modernization, the education ministry of Bhutan is providing professional development program in a form of training and workshops for all the English teachers to grow oneself professionally. Therefore the purposes of this study were to examine the learning achievement and investigate opinions of grade 9 Bhutanese students towards English subject by incorporating Kagans Cooperative Learning Structure (KCLS). The study was an experimental research and consisted of two groups pre-test post-test design at Kamji Central School under Chhuka district, Bhutan. A cluster random sampling was used to select two sections out of three sections with 38 students each in the experimental and the control groups. The quantitative data was analyzed using a pre-test and post-test scores while students’ reflective journal was analyzed using a coding system.The findings of the study showed a remarkable difference in the post-test scores. The mean scores of the control group and of the experimental group were 9.5 and 11.5 respectively. In addition,the student’s reflective journals revealed that the Kagans Cooperative Learning structure (KCLS) was interesting, provided with equal opportunities,enhanced active participation, and the brain breaks and cheers helped them keep themselves alert and boost retention level of learning.
To Make the Wounded Whole
Authors: Royles Dan 
Published: September 2021

In the decades since it was identified in 1981, HIV/AIDS has devastated African American communities. Members of those communities mobilized to fight the epidemic and its consequences from the beginning of the AIDS activist movement. They struggled not only to overcome the stigma and denial surrounding a “white gay disease” in Black America, but also to bring resources to struggling communities that were often dismissed as too “hard to reach.” To Make the Wounded Whole offers the first history of African American AIDS activism in all of its depth and breadth. Dan Royles introduces a diverse constellation of activists, including medical professionals, Black gay intellectuals, church pastors, Nation of Islam leaders, recovering drug users, and Black feminists who pursued a wide array of grassroots approaches to slow the epidemic's spread and address its impacts. Through interlinked stories from Philadelphia and Atlanta to South Africa and back again, Royles documents the diverse, creative, and global work of African American activists in the decades-long battle against HIV/AIDS.
O COORDENADOR E A HIDROCEFALIA: UM ELO ENTRE O ATENDIMENTO EDUCACIONAL ESPECIALIZADO, DOCENTES, COORDENADORES E A EQUIPE DE SAÚDE
Authors: Silva Luiz Flávio da , Melo Rosângela Maria Marinho de , Silva Alexandro Lucas da , Santos Allison José dos , Oliveira Leandro Rafael Cunha de , Coutinho Diogenes José Gusmão 
Published: September 2021

O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a importância do coordenador e a hidrocefalia: um elo entre o atendimento educacional especializado, docentes, coordenadores e a equipe de saúde. A palavra hidrocefalia se define como dilatação das cavidades ventriculares cerebrais, ocasionado por um aumento de volume da pressão do líquido céfalo raquidiano (LCR). Ocorre o crescimento excessivo do perímetro cefálico, decorrendo em fontanelas tensas, vômitos, cefaléia, déficits cognitivos e visuais. O procedimento cirúrgico consiste na introdução de um dreno, sendo mais utilizado ventrículo-peritoneal, onde os riscos de infecção estão ressaltados. A fisioterapia dever ser realizada freqüentemente, com objetivo de ajudar na habilidade e movimento da criança. A assistência prestada à criança portadora desta doença deve ser realizada com sólido conhecimento técnico-científico, para que as ações sejam praticadas de forma segura. Considerando a importância da assistência do coordenador, docente, AEE, enfermeiro e outros profissionais neste caso da área de saúde frente a está patologia, objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, descrever as ações do coordenador, docente, AEE, enfermeiro e outros profissionais durante a assistência ao portador de hidroceefalia. Neste contexto, cabe ao coordenador, docente, AEE, enfermeiro e outros profissinais elaborar e implementar estratégia que venha melhorar não somente o quadro clínico da doença, bem como promover a saúde e adaptação dessas crianças. Esta pesquisa tratar-se de um trabalho de revisão bibliográfica.
The response of the Amazon ecosystem to the photosynthetically active radiation fields: integrating impacts of biomass burning aerosol and clouds in the NASA GEOS Earth system model
Authors: Bian Huisheng , Lee Eunjee , Koster Randal D. , Barahona Donifan , Chin Mian , Colarco Peter R. , Darmenov Anton , Mahanama Sarith , Manyin Michael , Norris Peter , Shilling John , Yu Hongbin , Zeng Fanwei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The Amazon experiences fires every year, and the resulting biomass burning
aerosols, together with cloud particles, influence the penetration of
sunlight through the atmosphere, increasing the ratio of diffuse to direct
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the vegetation canopy and
thereby potentially increasing ecosystem productivity. In this study, we use
the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model with coupled aerosol,
cloud, radiation, and ecosystem modules to investigate the impact of Amazon
biomass burning aerosols on ecosystem productivity, as well as the role of
the Amazon's clouds in tempering this impact. The study focuses on a
7-year period (2010–2016) during which the Amazon experienced a variety
of dynamic environments (e.g., La Niña, normal years, and El Niño).
The direct radiative impact of biomass burning aerosols on ecosystem
productivity – called here the aerosol diffuse radiation fertilization
effect – is found to increase Amazonian gross primary production (GPP) by
2.6 % via a 3.8 % increase in diffuse PAR (DFPAR) despite a 5.4 %
decrease in direct PAR (DRPAR) on multiyear average during burning seasons.
On a monthly basis, this increase in GPP can be as large as 9.9 %
(occurring in August 2010). Consequently, the net primary production (NPP)
in the Amazon is increased by 1.5 %, or ∼92 Tg C yr−1 –
equivalent to ∼37 % of the average carbon lost due to
Amazon fires over the 7 years considered. Clouds, however, strongly
regulate the effectiveness of the aerosol diffuse radiation fertilization
effect. The efficiency of this fertilization effect is the highest in
cloud-free conditions and linearly decreases with increasing cloud amount
until the cloud fraction reaches ∼0.8, at which point the
aerosol-influenced light changes from being a stimulator to an inhibitor of
plant growth. Nevertheless, interannual changes in the overall strength of
the aerosol diffuse radiation fertilization effect are primarily controlled
by the large interannual changes in biomass burning aerosols rather than by
changes in cloudiness during the studied period.
A role for genre-based pedagogy in academic writing instruction?: an EAP perspective
Authors: Bruce Ian 
Published: September 2021

In this paper I discuss the use of genre as a theoretical construct in academic writing instruction in the context of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses. I begin by considering the notion of discourse competence as a concept that accounts for the knowledge elements and skills employed by expert academic writers, and then consider genre as a way of operationalizing the different elements of discourse competence knowledge for the purpose of writing instruction. I review briefly the diversity of approaches to theorizing genre knowledge, and then present the dual social genre/cognitive genre approach that I have used as a basis for research and course design in an EAP context. I exemplify this model by summarizing the key elements of two studies of research genres in which I have used this model. I conclude with a brief theoretical discussion of the issue of construct validity in relation to using the concept of genre in research that relates to writing instruction.
Aneignungsverfahren und Funktion lateinischer Hymnentexte im pietistischen Lied
Authors: Eschenbach Gunilla 
Published: September 2021

Lateinische Lieder in frühen pietistischen Gesangbüchern beziehen sich sowohl auf die Hymnendichtung als auch auf den Choralgesang. Zum lutherischen Kirchenlied fehlt die Entsprechung, doch sind Bezüge zur Andachtsmusik des 17. Jahrhunderts festzustellen. Die protestantische Andachtsmusik dieser Zeit knüpft direkt an lateinische und italienische Vorbilder an. Sowohl die imitatio als auch die aemulatio italienischer Muster findet im pietistischen Lied ihre Fortsetzung. Einige Rezeptionsspuren dieses konfessionsübergreifenden Kulturtransfers werden aufgezeigt, auch wird der Frage nach der Beliebtheit italienischer Hymnen nachgegangen.
bms online (Staral, Susanne)
Alphorntöne als Vehikel musikästhetischer Reflexion
Authors: Rennicke Rafael 
Published: September 2021

Das Phänomen Erinnerung steht seit mehreren Jahren im Fokus geisteswissenschaftlicher Forschung. Eine musikwissenschaftliche Untersuchung aber, die den Zusammenhang von Musik und Erinnerung von Grund auf beleuchtet, gibt es bisher nicht. Ausgehend von Jean-Jacques Rousseau zeigt sich, dass das Erinnern im Musik-Erleben mithin genauso denk- und reflexionswürdig ist wie das Erinnern in der Musik und die während des Hörens geweckte Erinnerung ebenso bedeutsam wie die musikalisch ins Werk gesetzte. Ein Passus aus Rousseaus "Dictionnaire de musique" (1768) darf hierfür im Hinblick auf das Nachdenken über den Zusammenhang von Musik und Erinnerung den Rang eines Gründungsdokuments beanspruchen. Er verweist auf ein Phänomen, dessen exzeptionelle Bedeutung für das Musikverständnis und das künstlerische Denken im 19. Jahrhundert noch gar nicht recht ins Blickfeld der Musikwissenschaft getreten ist: die Wirkung des Schweizer Kuhreigens (Ranz des vaches). Alphorntöne und der mit ihnen fast untrennbar verbundene Kuhreigen war in das musikalische Denken der Jahrzehnte um 1800 gleichsam verstrickt. An ihnen entzündete sich die Diskussion einer neuen Hierarchie der Sinne sowie in der Folge eine neue Wahrnehmung des musikalischen Tones, und so avancierten sie zu einer Quelle ästhetischer Einsicht, zum Katalysator einer neuen Musikanschauung. Die romantische Kuhreigen-Erfahrung repräsentiert damit einen der Schlüsselmomente in der Empfindungs- und Ideengeschichte des beginnenden 19. Jahrhunderts.
bms online (Cornelia Schöntube)
Richard Wagners Begriff der "dichterisch-musikalischen Periode"
Authors: Kleinertz Rainer 
Published: September 2021

Gemessen am Gesamtumfang des Schrifttums über Wagner nehmen Studien zu grundsätzlichen Fragen der Analyse von "Form" / "Formen" seiner Musik einen zahlenmäßig untergeordneten Rang ein. Dies könnte nicht zuletzt auch ein Problem der Begrifflichkeit sein, mit der sich das Spezifische der Musik Wagners überhaupt beschreiben ließe. Neben dem Begriff "Motiv" beziehungsweise "Leitmotiv" ist derjenige der "dichterisch-musikalischen Periode" der einzige von Wagner geprägte Begriff. Seiner Bedeutung für die Analyse von Wagners Werken wird im Folgenden nachgegangen. - Ausgehend von Wagners Verwendung von Begriffen wie "Versmelodie" und "Tonart" wird zunächst herausgearbeitet, dass in seinen Opern "musikalische Modulation" stets in Verbindung mit dem Versinhalt auf Empfindungen zurückleitet. Aus entsprechend sprachlich motivierten Modulationen aus einer Grundtonart heraus eröffnen sich neue Möglichkeiten des musikalischen Ausdrucks. Im nächsten Schritt werden Auffassungen von Wagners Periodenbegriff in der Forschungsliteratur erörtert (Alfred Lorenz, Carl Dahlhaus, Peter Petersen, Thomas S. Grey, Werner Breig). Diese werden anhand von Wagners Opern (insbesondere "Der Ring des Nibelungen") sowie den musiktheoretischen Äußerungen des Komponisten (vor allem in "Oper und Drama") auf ihre Tragfähigkeit überprüft. Dabei wird festgehalten, dass das Problem der Motivation von Modulationen durch das Drama für Wagner ein zentrales harmonisches Effektmittel war. Bereits in "Oper und Drama" betonte er, dass der Musiker bei Versen gleicher Empfindung keinen Grund habe, die Tonart zu verlassen. Diesen Grund liefert erst der Wechsel der Empfindungen, die er in seinen Ausführungen zur "dichterisch-musikalischen Periode" formuliert. Der von Wagner geprägte Begriff taugt nicht nur zu Beschreibung einzelner, tonal mehr oder weniger geschlossener Gebilde, sondern vermag auch das Bewusstsein für ein Grundprinzip Wagners im "Ring" zu schärfen: die aus dem "Drama" motivierte Modulation.
bms online (Beatrix Obal)
Neue Ermittlungen zur Geschichte des sogenannten "Dresdner Amen"
Authors: Poppe Gerhard 
Published: September 2021

Wenige Wochen vor der Uraufführung des "Parsifal" am 26. Juli 1882 im Bayreuther Festspielhaus wurde erstmals öffentlich registriert, dass Richward Wagner für das Gralsthema einen kurzen vierstimmigen Satz verwendet hatte, der bald als "Dresdner Amen" eine überregionale Bekanntheit erreichte. In der Liturgie der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Sachsens war dieser Satz bis in die 1950er Jahre an normalen Sonntagen nach dem abschließenden Segen gebräuchlich und wurde in den entsprechenden Formularen meist "Altes Dresdner Amen" genannt. Es werden verschiedene Stationen der Verwendung und der kompositorischen Rezeption des Amen dargestellt und ermittelt, wo seine Herkunft vermutet werden kann und auf welchen Wegen es überliefert wurde.
bms online (Cornelia Schöntube)