bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cryo-EM Effect: Structural Biology of Neurodegenerative Disease Proteostasis Factors
Authors: Creekmore Benjamin C , Chang Yi-Wei , Lee Edward B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins. This protein aggregation suggests that abnormal proteostasis contributes to aging-related neurodegeneration. A better fundamental understanding of proteins that regulate proteostasis may provide insight into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease and may perhaps reveal novel therapeutic opportunities. The 26S proteasome is the key effector of the ubiquitin-proteasome system responsible for degrading polyubiquitinated proteins. However, additional factors, such as valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97/Cdc48) and C9orf72, play a role in regulation and trafficking of substrates through the normal proteostasis systems of a cell. Nonhuman AAA+ ATPases, such as the disaggregase Hsp104, also provide insights into the biochemical processes that regulate protein aggregation. X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures not bound to substrate have provided meaningful information about the 26S proteasome, VCP, and Hsp104. However, recent cryo-EM structures bound to substrate have provided new information about the function and mechanism of these proteostasis factors. Cryo-EM and cryo-electron tomography data combined with biochemical data have also increased the understanding of C9orf72 and its role in maintaining proteostasis. These structural insights provide a foundation for understanding proteostasis mechanisms with near-atomic resolution upon which insights can be gleaned regarding the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
Asymmetry of Hippocampal Tau Pathology in Primary Age-Related Tauopathy and Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Walker Jamie M , Fudym Yelena , Farrell Kurt , Iida Megan A , Bieniek Kevin F , Seshadri Sudha , White Charles L , Crary John F , Richardson Timothy E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Primary age-related tauopathy (PART) is a neurodegenerative entity defined as neurofibrillary degeneration generally restricted to the medial temporal region (Braak stage I–IV) with complete or near absence of diffuse and neuritic plaques. Symptoms range in severity but are generally milder and later in onset than in Alzheimer disease (AD). Recently, an early predilection for neurofibrillary degeneration in the hippocampal CA2 subregion has been demonstrated in PART, whereas AD neuropathologic change (ADNC) typically displays relative sparing of CA2 until later stages. In this study, we utilized a semiquantitative scoring system to evaluate asymmetry of neurofibrillary degeneration between left and right hippocampi in 67 PART cases and 17 ADNC cases. 49% of PART cases demonstrated asymmetric findings in at least one hippocampal subregion, and 79% of the asymmetric cases displayed some degree of CA2 asymmetry. Additionally, 19% of cases revealed a difference in Braak score between the right and left hippocampi. There was a significant difference in CA2 neurofibrillary degeneration (p = 0.0006) and CA2/CA1 ratio (p &lt; 0.0001) when comparing the contralateral sides, but neither right nor left was more consistently affected. These data show the importance of analyzing bilateral hippocampi in the diagnostic evaluation of PART and potentially of other neurodegenerative diseases.
Effects of Robinia pseudoacacia on the undergrowth of herbaceous plants and soil properties in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Guo Qian , Wen Zhongming , Zheng Cheng , Li Wei , Fan Yongming , Zhu Duoju 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Aims
The introduction of Robinia pseudoacacia (RP) has some effects on undergrowth herbaceous plants (UH), soil properties and their relationships, which may be related to the vegetation zone. However, few studies have tested effects of RP on UH and soil over a large-scale area of the Loess Plateau.

Methods
The study area consisted of three vegetation zones (the steppe, forest-steppe and forest zone). Two canopy plant types were selected: RP stands and adjacent native vegetation. We measured five leaf functional traits: leaf carbon content (LC), leaf nitrogen content (LN), leaf phosphorus content (LP), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf tissue density (LTD). The functional diversity, species diversity and community-weighted mean (CWM) traits were calculated.

Important Findings
(i) CWM.LN, CWM.LP and CWM.SLA increased significantly, whereas CWM.LC and CWM.LTD decreased significantly in the three vegetation zones, compared with the native communities. (ii) Species diversity, functional diversity and community biomass decreased in the steppe zone, increased in the forest zone, and did not differ significantly in the forest-steppe zone. (iii) We found only soil organic carbon (P &lt; 0.05) and soil total nitrogen (P &lt; 0.05) in the forest zone decreased significantly compared with the native plots. (iv) The relationship between UH and soil properties was affected by RP and the vegetation zone. Overall, the effect of RP on UH and soil properties was associated with the vegetation zone. This result is of great significance to the planning of restoration and reconstruction of artificial forests in the Loess Plateau.
Impingement by a polymyomatous uterus: a rare cause of large bowel obstruction
Authors: Andersen Lalita M , Bong Christopher Y S , Burstow Matthew J , Yuide Peter J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A primiparous female developed acute large bowel obstruction Day 1 post lower segment Caesarean section. Initially presumed to be post-operative ileus, increasing abdominal pain and distension over the next 24 h prompted a surgical consult. Computed tomography imaging demonstrated an abrupt transition point of the large bowel behind a polymyomatous uterus. Although this case resolved with vigorous patient mobilization, literature review reveals previous cases resolving only after intraoperative mobilization of the uterus. It is distinct from ileus as bowel sounds are present, onset is abrupt, progression is rapid and mobilization of the uterus causes immediate resolution. This condition is likely to be more common than the literature would suggest, its scarcity partially due to the reluctance to image young females especially during pregnancy.
Tissue-type specific accumulation of the plastoglobular proteome, transcriptional networks, and plastoglobular functions
Authors: Michel Elena J S , Ponnala Lalit , van Wijk Klaas J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlastoglobules are dynamic protein–lipid microcompartments in plastids enriched for isoprenoid-derived metabolites. Chloroplast plastoglobules support formation, remodeling, and controlled dismantling of thylakoids during developmental transitions and environmental responses. However, the specific molecular functions of most plastoglobule proteins are still poorly understood. This review harnesses recent co-mRNA expression data from combined microarray and RNA-seq information in ATTED-II on an updated inventory of 34 PG proteins, as well as proteomics data across 30 Arabidopsis tissue types from ATHENA. Hierarchical clustering based on relative abundance for the plastoglobule proteins across non-photosynthetic and photosynthetic tissue types showed their coordinated protein accumulation across Arabidopsis parts, tissue types, development, and senescence. Evaluation of mRNA-based forced networks at different coefficient thresholds identified a central hub with seven plastoglobule proteins and four peripheral modules. Enrichment of specific nuclear transcription factors (e.g. Golden2-like) and support for crosstalk between plastoglobules and the plastid gene expression was observed, and specific ABC1 kinases appear part of a light signaling network. Examples of other specific findings are that FBN7b is involved with upstream steps of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and that ABC1K9 is involved in starch metabolism. This review provides new insights into the functions of plastoglobule proteins and an improved framework for experimental studies.
Possible Effects on VA Outpatient Care of Expanding Medicaid: Implications of Having Access to Overlapping Publicly Funded Health Care Services
Authors: O’Mahen Patrick N , Petersen Laura A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Because veterans who use Veterans Health Administration (VA) health care retain VA eligibility while enrolling in Medicaid, increasing Medicaid eligibility may create improved health system access but also create unique challenges for the quality and coordination of health care for veterans. We analyze how pre-Affordable Care Act (ACA) state Medicaid expansions influence VA and Medicaid-funded outpatient care utilization.

Materials and Methods
This study uses Difference-in-difference analysis to evaluate association between pre-ACA 2001 Medicaid expansions and VA utilization in a natural experiment. Veterans aged 18-64 years living in a study state during the study period were the participants. Dependent variables included participants’ proportion of outpatient care received at the VA, whether a participant recorded care with both Medicaid and the VA, and total outpatient utilization. We analyzed changes between two states that expanded Medicaid in 2001 against three similar states that did not from 1999 to 2006. We adjusted for age, non-White race, gender, disease burden, and distance to VA facilities. This study was approved by the Baylor College of Medicine Institutional Review Board (IRB), protocol number H-40441.

Results
In total, 346,364 VA-enrolled veterans lived in the five study states during the time of our study, 70,987 of whom were enrolled in Medicaid for at least 1 month. For low-income veterans, Medicaid expansion was associated with a 2.88 percentage-point decline in the VA proportion of outpatient services (99% CI −3.26 to −2.49), and a 2.07-point increase (1.80 to 2.35) in the percentage of patients using both VA and Medicaid services. Results also showed small increases in total (VA plus Medicaid) annual per-capita outpatient visits among low-income veterans. We estimate that this corresponds to an annual reduction of 80,338 VA visits across study states (66,155-94,521).

Conclusions
This study shows usage shifts when Medicaid expansion allows veterans to gain access to non-VA care. It highlights increased potential for care-coordination challenges among VA patients as states implement ACA Medicaid expansion and policymakers consider additional public health insurance options, as well as programs like CHOICE and the MISSION Act that increase veteran choices of traditional VA and community care providers.
The Use of Whole Blood Transfusion During Non-Traumatic Resuscitation
Authors: Nowadly Craig D , Fisher Andrew D , Borgman Matthew A , Mdaki Kennedy S , Hill Ronnie L , Nicholson Susannah E , Bynum James A , Schauer Steven G 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundEvidence from military populations showed that resuscitation using whole blood (WB), as opposed to component therapies, may provide additional survival benefits to traumatically injured patients. However, there is a paucity of data available for the use of WB in uninjured patients requiring transfusion. We sought to describe the use of WB in non-trauma patients at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC).Materials and MethodsBetween January and December 2019, the BAMC ClinComp electronic medical record system was reviewed for all patients admitted to the hospital who received at least one unit of WB during this time period. Patients were sorted based on their primary admission diagnosis. Patients with a primary trauma-based admission were excluded.ResultsOne hundred patients were identified who received at least one unit of WB with a primary non-trauma admission diagnosis. Patients, on average, received 1,064 mL (750–2,458 mL) of WB but received higher volumes of component therapy. Obstetric/gynecologic (OBGYN) indications represented the largest percentage of non-trauma patients who received WB (23%), followed by hematologic/oncologic indications (16%).ConclusionIn this retrospective study, WB was most commonly used for OBGYN-associated bleeding. As WB becomes more widespread across the USA for use in traumatically injured patients, it is likely that WB will be more commonly used for non-trauma patients. More outcome data are required to safely expand the indications for WB use beyond trauma.
Application of Damage Control Tactics and Transpapillary Biliary Decompression for Organ-Preserving Surgical Management of Liver Injury in Combat Patient
Authors: Khomenko Igor , Tsema Ievgen , Humeniuk Kostiantyn , Makarov Heorhii , Rahushyn Dmytro , Yarynych Yurii , Sotnikov Artur , Slobodianyk Viktor , Shypilov Serhii , Dubenko Dmytro , Barabanchyk Olena , Dinets Andrii 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The combat penetrating gunshot injury is frequently associated with damage to the liver. Bile leak and external biliary fistula (EBF) are common complications. Biliary decompression is commonly applied for the management of EBF. Also, little is known about the features of combat trauma and its management in ongoing hybrid warfare in East Ukraine.
A 23-year-old male was diagnosed with thoracoabdominal penetrating gunshot wound (GSW) by a high-energy multiple metal projectile. Damage control tactics were applied at all four levels of military medical care. Biliary decompression was achieved by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and the placement of biliary stents. Occlusion of the stent was treated by stent replacement, and scheduled ERCP was performed. Partial EBF was diagnosed from the main wound defect of the liver and closed without surgical interventions on the 34th day after the injury.
A combination of operative and nonoperative techniques for the management of the combat GSW to the liver is effective along with the application of damage control tactics. A scheduled ERCP application is an effective approach for the management of EBF, and liver resection could be avoided. A successful biliary decompression was achieved by the transpapillary intervention with the installation of stents. Stent occlusion could be diagnosed in the early post-traumatic period, which is effectively managed by scheduled ERCP as well as stent replacement with a large diameter as close as possible to the place of bile leak.
Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers
Authors: Mullie Patrick , Maes Pieter , van Veelen Laurens , Van Tiggelen Damien , Clarys Peter 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers.

Methods
Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass.

Results
Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level.

Conclusions
Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.
Alleged Allergy to Penicillin and Isolation Issues: Toward New Practices for French Navy?
Authors: Chartois Cyprien , Valois Aude , Paleiron Nicolas , Rivière Emilie , Elie Bertrand , Pontis Julien 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionAccording to the literature, 8% of the population claim to have an allergy to penicillin. Allergy tests show that 90% of these patients tolerate this molecule. Physicians working in the French Navy are faced with situations of real isolation and only have a limited number of antibiotics on board, the majority of which are penicillins. They must anticipate the risks linked to the prescription of antibiotics before the mission. However, there is no French recommendation, either military or civilian, intended for general practitioners clarifying the management and allergy assessments of patients alleging a history of allergy to penicillin. This study is the first to evaluate the professional practices of French military practitioners taking care of these patients. The main objective was to evaluate the proportion of sailors who reported an allergy to penicillin and who have never been referred for a consultation with an allergist, by studying the medical files of all the submariners working on the submersible ballistic nuclear submarines squadron in Brest. The secondary objective was to compare these data with the practices of Navy doctors by means of questionnaires.Material and methodsOur work is composed of two parts: monocentric study of the digital and paper medical files of Brest submariners (n = 814) looking for allergist consultation reports in cases alleging an allergy to penicillin, then comparison with a multicentric collection of all Navy doctors’ practices collected by an anonymized questionnaire (n = 37 out of 53 practicing at the time of the study).ResultsForty-seven subjects out of 814 alleged an allergy to penicillin (5.8%). Among them, only 12 (25.5%) had undergone allergy tests, of which 3 (6.4%) were confirmed to be allergic, with no cross-reaction between β-lactam antibiotics. Yet, according to the questionnaire, 25 doctors (67%) report referring their patients to an allergist and 16 (43%) report having had difficulties at sea in connection with the prescription of antibiotics for these patients.ConclusionsA study of medical records shows that the allergic risk is not anticipated for 74.5% of patients labeled allergic, despite the difficulties encountered at sea. Standardization of practices within the French Navy is necessary to avoid the prescription of second-line antibiotics, less effective and sometimes unavailable on board, and to improve patient safety in isolation situations. In agreement with French military allergists, we propose, in this article, guidelines for a systematic exploration of allegations of allergy to penicillin in the French Navy.
Large Intra-Abdominal Desmoid Tumor in a Deployed Soldier Initially Presented With Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: Perdue Matthew J , Umar Mohamad , Walker Jerimiah D , Kelly Martin 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTDiarrhea is a common condition seen among soldiers in both garrison and deployed environments. Although the vast majority of soldiers with diarrhea will recover uneventfully with supportive care, clinicians should also maintain suspicion for less common causes and perform a thorough physical exam. We report the case of a young, healthy soldier with chronic diarrhea and progressively worsening abdominal distention that began during his deployment to Honduras who was subsequently found to have a large intra-abdominal desmoid tumor. Desmoid tumor is a rare and benign neoplasm that typically appears on the extremity, abdominal wall, intra-abdominal space, and occasionally in the chest wall. This tumor may be associated with abdominal distension and gastrointestinal complaints. A large tumor can compress organs, causing local tissue damage and, in rare cases, death.
Analytic expressions for geometric cross-sections of fractal dust aggregates
Authors: Tazaki Ryo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In protoplanetary discs and planetary atmospheres, dust grains coagulate to form fractal dust aggregates. The geometric cross-section of these aggregates is a crucial parameter characterizing aerodynamical friction, collision rates, and opacities. However, numerical measurements of the cross-section are often time consuming as aggregates exhibit complex shapes. In this study, we derive a novel analytic expression for geometric cross-sections of fractal aggregates. If an aggregate consists of N monomers of radius R0, its geometric cross-section G is expressed as $G=AN\pi R_0^2/[1+(N-1)\tilde{\sigma }]$, where $\tilde{\sigma }$ is an overlapping efficiency, and A is a numerical factor connecting the analytic expression to the small non-fractal cluster limit. The overlapping efficiency depends on the fractal dimension, fractal prefactor, and N of the aggregate, and its analytic expression is derived as well. The analytic expressions successfully reproduce numerically measured cross-sections of aggregates. We also find that our expressions are compatible with the mean-field light scattering theory of aggregates in the geometrical optics limit. The analytic expressions greatly simplify an otherwise tedious calculation and will be useful in model calculations of fractal grain growth in protoplanetary discs and planetary atmospheres.
Gamma-rays from ultracompact minihaloes: effects on the Earth’s atmosphere and links to mass extinction events
Authors: Sarkis M , Beck G , Thomas B C 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Recent studies of the effects on the Earth’s atmosphere by astrophysical sources, such as nearby gamma-ray bursts or supernovae, have shown that these events could lead to severe changes in atmospheric composition. Depletion of ozone, the most notable of these changes, is extremely dangerous to living organisms as any decrease in ozone levels leads to an increase in the irradiance of harmful solar radiation at the Earth’s surface. In this work, we consider dark matter as an astrophysical source of gamma-rays, by the annihilation and decay of weakly interacting massive particles found within dark compact halo objects known as ultracompact minihaloes (UCMHs). We calculate the fluence of gamma-rays produced in this way and simulate the resulting changes to terrestrial ozone levels using the Goddard Space Flight Center 2D Atmospheric Model. We then calculate the rate at which such events would occur, using estimates for the mass distribution of these haloes within the Milky Way. We find that the ozone depletion from UCMHs can be significant, and even of similar magnitude to the levels which have been linked to the cause of the Late-Ordovician mass extinction event. However, we also find that the rate of such extinction-level events due to UCMHs is markedly lower than for other astrophysical phenomena. This suggests that, while dark compact objects such as UCMHs could have had an impact on the Earth’s biosphere, events such as gamma-ray bursts or supernovae seem a more likely source of these effects.