bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Sino-Turkic verbal functional expressions
Authors: Lim An-King 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTurkic conquest and rule of China since 386 CE for nearly two hundred years had exerted its profound and long-lasting influence on many levels of Chinese society. Turkic sinification policy had induced the Xianbei National Language (XNL), which was Turkic language with selected set of Chinese characters for phonetic spelling. XNL, being spelt in Chinese characters, managed to function in Turkic-Chinese code-mixing in the bilingual communities as evidenced in bianwen變文. Because of the Turkic politico-socio-economical dominance, some the Turkic elements in the code-mixing eventually gained prominance and have become permanent part of the northern vernacular, predecessor of modern Mandarin. This paper discusses twelve such Turkic-rooted verbal functional expressions: (1). The causative-passivequ取; (2). Transitive passivesha殺,sha煞,si死; (3). Causativedou鬥,dou逗; (4). Continuativehai還,que卻; (5). Resultativeque卻; (6). Reflexivenə呢(7). Positive indirectivemo shi莫是; (8). Negative indirectivebu dao不道; (9). Future participlecai才,cai纔; (10). Conditionalyao shi要是,yao要,yao bu shi要不是; (11). INDUCE-basenong弄; (12). The speech quote verbdao道.
Advances in modelling electron energy loss spectra from first principles
Authors: Nicholls Rebecca J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Electron energy loss (EEL) spectroscopy carried out within a (scanning) transmission electron microscope can provide chemical and bonding information with atomic resolution. The information that lies within the spectrum can be difficult to extract, and often reference spectra are used to identify atomic bonding environments. First principles simulations are able to relate features in spectra to atomistic models and are particularly important in the interpretation of spectra where there are no appropriate bulk references, such as those from nanomaterials or interfaces. This paper reviews the recent developments in first principles simulations of EEL spectra and highlights the potential for advances in our understanding of materials.
Advances in nanomaterials for heterogeneous photocatalysis
Authors: Thongam Debika Devi , Chaturvedi Harsh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPhotocatalysis method for environmental applications has been using for a long time. This review article traces back the origin of catalysis, its classification and journey of development to heterogeneous photocatalysis and the article’s novelty is in the simplicity, and easily understandable language, designed for the beginners. These heterogeneous photocatalysts are grouped into eleven different categories. As the paper is focused on photocatalysis, an insight on fundamental principles and mechanisms of photocatalysis are explained systematically with schematic illustrations and reactions that take place during redox- oxidation and reduction reactions in photocatalysis. With an approach towards utilizing green energy and expanding the photocatalyst’ absorption wavelength range towards the visible regime, bandgap engineering techniques by adopting doping and hetero-structures are explained with examples of different materials. In addition, dominating factors of photocatalysis reaction viz. composition of a heterogeneous photocatalyst, doping, hetero-structures, pH, surface defects on photocatalysis reaction are explored, focussing on variable charge transfer mechanisms. The main influencing factor in generating reactive oxygen species is pH of the photocatalysis reaction and are studied indetail. The effect of alkalinity or acidity in catalyst surfaces and molecular interaction depending upon the point zero charges of the photocatalyst are discussed. For the better study of catalyst properties, careful analysis and study is a much-needed field as a scope for further improvement. Hence, this article will guide a beginner to understand the photocatalysis topic with ease.
Antimicrobial coating of fabric by biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Panchakavya
Authors: Ukkund Shareefraza J , Adarsh D P , Nair Haritha , Manasa Jyothi , Krishna Swathi , Naveen Rashika , Jacob Sanjana , Shettar Anusha B , Badiuddin Aliya F , Nellerichale Abhinaya 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized biologically by means of microbes and plants since they offer eco-friendly, non-toxic and uniform nanoparticles, though many researchers have done major work on biosynthesis there is very less research carried out on synthesis of nanoparticles by Panchakavya. Panchakavya is an Indian eco friendly fertilizer. Silver nitrate is treated with panchakavya to synthesize silver nanoparticles where in panchakavya acts as a reducing agent. The synthesized silver nanoparticles are monitored by UV-spectrophotometer then subjected to structural and morphological studies by XRD, SEM and AFM and silver nanoparticles of size 20–35 nm were obtained. The silver nanoparticles are then used against napkins containing urine sample for antimicrobial studies. Then the napkins are examined for the growth of colonies by carrying out bacterial culture method. The comparison study was done between the napkin without silver nanoparticles and with silver nanoparticles by using colony counting process. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles were traced for two weeks and found same activity which was shown initially. Hence antimicrobial activity of AgNPs lasted even after weeks in napkin used.
Generalized versions of reverse Young inequalities
Authors: Gumus Ibrahim 
Published: March 2021

In this note, we obtain generalized versions of reverse Young inequalities as follows: For

a

1

,

a

2

,
…
,

a

n

∈

[
m
,
M
]

a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{n}\in \left [ m,M\right ]

with

M
≥
m
>
0

M\geq m>0

\[

v

1

a

1

+

v

2

a

2

+
⋯
+

v

n

a

n

≤
S

(

M
m

)

a

1

v

1

a

2

v

2

…

a

n

v

n

v_{1}a_{1}+v_{2}a_{2}+\cdots +v_{n}a_{n}\leq S\left ( \frac {M}{m}\right ) a_{1}^{v_{1}}a_{2}^{v_{2}}\ldots a_{n}^{v_{n}}

\]
and
\[

v

1

a

1

+

v

2

a

2

+
⋯
+

v

n

a

n

≤

max

a

i

∈

[
m
,
M
]

S

(

a

i

a

j

)

L

(

a

i
,

a

j

)

+

a

1

v

1

a

2

v

2

…

a

n

v

n

v_{1}a_{1}+v_{2}a_{2}+\cdots +v_{n}a_{n}\leq \underset {a_{i}\in \left [ m,M\right ] }{\max }S\left ( \frac {a_{i}}{a_{j}}\right ) L\left ( a_{i,}a_{j}\right ) +a_{1}^{v_{1}}a_{2}^{v_{2}}\ldots a_{n}^{v_{n}}

\]
where

S

(
⋅
)

S\left ( \cdot \right )

is Specht’s ratio,

L

(

a

i
,

a

j

)

L\left ( a_{i,}a_{j}\right )

is logarithmic mean and

v

i

∈

[
0
,
1
]

v_{i}\in \left [ 0,1\right ]

such that

v

1

+

v

2

+
⋯
+

v

n

=
1.

v_{1}+v_{2}+\cdots +v_{n}=1.

Unlike the proof methods used in the articles on Young’s inequality, the proofs of this study are obtained through first order conditions for constrained optimization problems.
On the minimal free resolution of symbolic powers of cover ideals of graphs
Authors: Seyed Fakhari S. A. 
Published: March 2021

For any graph

G
G

, assume that

J
(
G
)

J(G)

is the cover ideal of

G
G

. Let

J
(
G

)

(
k
)

J(G)^{(k)}

denote the

k
k

th symbolic power of

J
(
G
)

J(G)

. We characterize all graphs

G
G

with the property that

J
(
G

)

(
k
)

J(G)^{(k)}

has a linear resolution for some (equivalently, for all) integer

k
≥
2

k\geq 2

. Moreover, it is shown that for any graph

G
G

, the sequence

(

r
e
g

(
J
(
G

)

(
k
)

)

)

k
=
1

∞

\big ({\mathrm {reg}}(J(G)^{(k)})\big )_{k=1}^{\infty }

is nondecreasing. Furthermore, we compute the largest degree of minimal generators of

J
(
G

)

(
k
)

J(G)^{(k)}

when

G
G

is either an unmixed of a claw-free graph.
Pithy Persuasion: Engagement in 3 Minute Thesis Presentations
Authors: Hyland Ken , (Joanna) Zou Hang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Academic communication crucially involves readers, or hearers, buying into an argument. The audience has to be hooked, involved and led to a desired conclusion, and this is perhaps no more urgent than in a Three Minute Thesis presentation (3MT). In this competitive environment, doctoral students present their research using only one static slide in just 180 seconds. Speakers are advised to tell a ‘story’ but they must still draw on familiar ways of ensuring their hearers can make connections in their presentation and be willing to accept their argument. In this paper we apply Hyland (2005a) engagement framework to a corpus of 120 3MT presentations to explore how academics establish interpersonal rapport with non-specialist audiences. We find engagement to be a useful analytical tool in this monologic speech context and discover disciplinary preferences in the use of engagement features. Our findings have important implications for postgraduate speaking and for EAP teachers preparing students to orally present their research.
A Comprehensive Approach to Asian Upper Eyelid Ptosis Correction: The Levator Musculo-Aponeurotic Junction Formula
Authors: Wong Chin-Ho , Hsieh Michael Ku Hung , Mendelson Bryan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The unique anatomy of the Asian upper eyelid requires specific adaptation to the levator advancement technique for ptosis correction to achieve predictable and reproducible outcomes.

Objectives
The levator musculo-aponeurotic junction was employed as they key landmark. With a formula developed by the authors, the location of fixation relative to this landmark can be predicted preoperatively. The authors’ clinical experience and outcomes with this technique are presented.

Methods
Inclusion criteria were Asian patients with mild to severe ptosis with at least fair levator function. Patients with acquired or congenital ptosis and primary and revisional cases were all included. The location for placement of the advancement sutures was measured from the musculo-aponeurotic junction of the upper eyelid levator. This distance was determined by a formula that considers (1) the amount of elevation of the upper eyelid margin needed, (2) the degree of compensatory brow elevation present, and (3) eye dominance.

Results
A total 156 Asian patients were included in this prospective study. Of these, 148 were bilateral and 8 were unilateral corrections. The technique was predictable with resolution of symptoms of eyelid ptosis post-surgery and good long-term symmetry of the palpebral aperture and crisp upper eyelid creases. The formula for estimating the fixation point on the levator was accurate to within ±1 mm in the majority of patients. The aperture revision rate was 2%.

Conclusions
This novel technique provides a predictable and reliable approach for upper eyelid ptosis correction in Asian patients.

Level of Evidence: 4
Compact and evenly distributed k-mer binning for genomic sequences
Authors: Nyström-Persson Johan , Keeble-Gagnère Gabriel , Zawad Niamat 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Motivation
The processing of k-mers (subsequences of length k) is at the foundation of many sequence processing algorithms in bioinformatics, including k-mer counting for genome size estimation, genome assembly, and taxonomic classification for metagenomics. Minimizers—ordered m-mers where m &lt; k—are often used to group k-mers into bins as a first step in such processing. However, minimizers are known to generate bins of very different sizes, which can pose challenges for distributed and parallel processing, as well as generally increase memory requirements. Furthermore, although various minimizer orderings have been proposed, their practical value for improving tool efficiency has not yet been fully explored.

Results
We present Discount, a distributed k-mer counting tool based on Apache Spark, which we use to investigate the behaviour of various minimizer orderings in practice when applied to metagenomics data. Using this tool, we then introduce the universal frequency ordering, a new combination of frequency-sampled minimizers and universal k-mer hitting sets, which yields both evenly distributed binning and small bin sizes. We show that this ordering allows Discount to perform distributed k-mer counting on a large dataset in as little as 1/8 of the memory of comparable approaches, making it the most efficient out-of-core distributed k-mer counting method available.

Availability and implementation
Discount is GPL licensed and available at https://github.com/jtnystrom/discount. The data underlying this article are available in the article and in its online supplementary material.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase increases regulatory T cells in humans
Authors: Wiese Teresa , Dennstädt Fabio , Hollmann Claudia , Stonawski Saskia , Wurst Catherina , Fink Julian , Gorte Erika , Mandasari Putri , Domschke Katharina , Hommers Leif , Vanhove Bernard , Schumacher Fabian , Kleuser Burkhard , Seibel Jürgen , Rohr Jan , Buttmann Mathias , Menke Andreas , Schneider-Schaulies Jürgen , Beyersdorf Niklas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Genetic deficiency for acid sphingomyelinase or its pharmacological inhibition has been shown to increase Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell frequencies among CD4+ T cells in mice. We now investigated whether pharmacological targeting of the acid sphingomyelinase, which catalyzes the cleavage of sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine, also allows to manipulate relative CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell frequencies in humans. Pharmacological acid sphingomyelinase inhibition with antidepressants like sertraline, but not those without an inhibitory effect on acid sphingomyelinase activity like citalopram, increased the frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cell among human CD4+ T cells in vitro. In an observational prospective clinical study with patients suffering from major depression, we observed that acid sphingomyelinase-inhibiting antidepressants induced a stronger relative increase in the frequency of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in peripheral blood than acid sphingomyelinase-non- or weakly inhibiting antidepressants. This was particularly true for CD45RA− CD25high effector CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Mechanistically, our data indicate that the positive effect of acid sphingomyelinase inhibition on CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells required CD28 co-stimulation, suggesting that enhanced CD28 co-stimulation was the driver of the observed increase in the frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells among human CD4+ T cells. In summary, the widely induced pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase activity in patients leads to an increase in Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell frequencies among CD4+ T cells in humans both in vivo and in vitro.
Cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis is associated with alterations in the functional connectivity of monoamine circuits
Authors: Cercignani Mara , Dipasquale Ottavia , Bogdan Iulia , Carandini Tiziana , Scott James , Rashid Waqar , Sabri Osama , Hesse Swen , Rullmann Michael , Lopiano Leonardo , Veronese Mattia , Martins Daniel , Bozzali Marco 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fatigue is a highly prevalent and debilitating symptom in multiple sclerosis, but currently the available treatment options have limited efficacy. The development of innovative and efficacious targeted treatments for fatigue in multiple sclerosis has been marred by the limited knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. One of the hypotheses postulates that multiple sclerosis pathology might cause reduced monoaminergic release in the central nervous system with consequences on motivation, mood and attention. Here, we applied the recently developed Receptor-Enriched Analysis of Functional Connectivity by Targets method to investigate whether patients with high and low fatigue differ in the functional connectivity (FC) of the monoamine circuits in the brain. We recruited 55 patients with multiple sclerosis, which were then classified as highly fatigued or mildly fatigued based on their scores on the cognitive sub-scale of the Modified Fatigue Impact scale. We acquired resting-state functional MRI scans and derived individual maps of connectivity associated with the distribution of the dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin transporters as measured by positron emission tomography. We found that patients with high fatigue present decreased noradrenaline transporter (NAT)-enriched connectivity in several frontal and prefrontal areas when compared to those with lower fatigue. The NAT-enriched FC predicted negatively individual cognitive fatigue scores. Our findings support the idea that alterations in the catecholaminergic functional circuits underlie fatigue in multiple sclerosis and identify the NAT as a putative therapeutic target directed to pathophysiology.
Charles Byrne, Last Victim of the Bodysnatchers: the Legal Case for Burial
Authors: Lowth Mary 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The retention and display of the remains of Charles Byrne, an Irishman with acromegaly, by the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons has been contentious for some years, and the moral case for his release for burial has been repeatedly made. This article makes the legal case through five arguments. The first three concern common law rights and duties; Byrne’s right to burial, the duty of the State to ensure his burial where others do not, and the right of his friends to assume that duty. The fourth concerns Byrne’s common law right to direct his disposal, and, related to this, not to be retained and displayed. The fifth, which underpins the rest, is that Byrne is not, and has never been property, and it is in fact intuitively and legally arguable that he, like other corpses, remains a person. The article finally outlines three options available to those wishing to ensure Byrne finally has the burial at sea that he sought to ensure in 1783.
High Versus Low Ligation of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery During Rectal Resection for Cancer: Oncological Outcomes After Three Years of Follow-Up From the HIGHLOW Trial
Authors: Mari Giulio M. , Crippa Jacopo , Achilli Pietro , Montroni Isacco , Ugolini Giampaolo , Taffurelli Giovanni , Cocozza Eugenio , Borroni Giacomo , Valenti Francesco , Roscio Francesco , Ferrari Giovanni , Origi Matteo , Zuliani Walter , Pugliese Raffaele , Costanzi Andrea T. M. , Fingherut Abe , Maggioni Dario 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
To determine the disease-free survival (DFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence in patients who underwent laparoscopic low anterior rectal resection with total mesorectal excision (TME) with either high or low ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).

Background:
The level of IMA ligation during anterior rectal resection with TME is still a matter of debate, especially in terms of oncological adequacy.

Methods:
Between June 2014 and December 2016, patients scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic low anterior resection (LAR) and TME in 6 Italian nonacademic hospitals were randomized into 2 groups in the HIGHLOW Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02153801) according to the level of IMA ligation: high ligation (HL) versus low ligation (LL). DFS, DSS, and recurrence were inquired. Recurrence was determined at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and every 6 months thereafter. Patients and tumor characteristics as well as surgical outcomes were analyzed to identify risk factors for recurrence.

Results:
One hundred ninety-six patients from the HIGHLOW trial were analyzed. Median follow-up for DFS was 40.6 (interquartile range [IQR], 6–64.7) and 40 (IQR, 7.6–67.8), while median follow-up for DSS was 41.2 (IQR, 10.7–64.7) and 42.7 (IQR, 6–67.6) in the HL and LL groups, respectively. The 3-year DFS rate of HL and LL patients was 82.2% and 82.1% (P = 0.874), respectively. The 3-year DSS for HL and LL patients was 92.1% and 93.4% (P = 0.897), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the local recurrence rate (2% HL vs 2.1% LL), in the regional recurrence rate (3% HL vs 2.1% LL), and in the distant recurrence rate (12.9% HL vs 13.7% LL). Multivariate analysis found conversion to open surgery (hazard ratio [HR], 3.68; P = 0.001) and higher stage of disease (HR, 7.73; P < 0.001) to be significant determinant for DFS.

Conclusions:
The level of inferior mesenteric artery ligation during LAR and TME for rectal cancer does not affect DFS, DSS, and recurrence.
Why the Hips Remain Stable When the Spine Strays: A Deeper Analysis of the Relationship Between Hip Displacement and Severe Scoliosis in Patients With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Hadad Matthew J. , Xu Amy L. , Bryant Barry R. , Andrade Nicholas S. , Hoon Alexander H. , Sponseller Paul D. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Many patients with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy (CP) and severe scoliosis develop hip displacement, whereas others do not. We investigated demographic characteristics, risk factors for CP, and imaging findings associated with nondisplaced hips in patients with CP and severe scoliosis.

Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed records of 229 patients with spastic quadriplegic CP and severe scoliosis who presented for treatment at our US academic tertiary care hospital between August 2005 and September 2015. Demographic characteristics, risk factors for CP, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were documented. Patients were classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level 4 or higher, with 58% at GMFCS level 5.3. Displaced hips (n=181 patients) were defined as a migration percentage of ≥30% or previous surgery for hip displacement/adductor contractures. Patients who did not meet these criteria were classified as nondisplaced (n=48 patients). We used univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression to determine associations between patient factors and hip displacement (alpha=0.05).

Results:
Patients born at term (≥37 wk) had 2.5 times the odds [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-5.0] of having nondisplaced hips compared with patients born prematurely. Females had 2.0 times the odds (95% CI: 1.0-3.9) of having nondisplaced hips compared with males. Patients with normal brain MRI findings had 9.6 times the odds (95% CI: 2.3-41) of having nondisplaced hips compared with patients with abnormal findings. Hip displacement was not associated with race (P>0.05).

Conclusions:
Gestational age 37 weeks or above, female sex, and normal brain MRI findings are independently associated with nondisplaced hips in patients with spastic quadriplegic CP and severe scoliosis. These findings direct attention to characteristics that may place patients at greater risk of displacement. Future work may influence preventative screening practices and improve patient counseling regarding the risk of hip displacement.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.