bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A generalized theory of separable effects in competing event settings
Authors: Stensrud Mats J. , Hernán Miguel A. , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric J , Robins James M. , Didelez Vanessa , Young Jessica G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn competing event settings, a counterfactual contrast of cause-specific cumulative incidences quantifies the total causal effect of a treatment on the event of interest. However, effects of treatment on the competing event may indirectly contribute to this total effect, complicating its interpretation. We previously proposed the separable effects to define direct and indirect effects of the treatment on the event of interest. This definition was given in a simple setting, where the treatment was decomposed into two components acting along two separate causal pathways. Here we generalize the notion of separable effects, allowing for interpretation, identification and estimation in a wide variety of settings. We propose and discuss a definition of separable effects that is applicable to general time-varying structures, where the separable effects can still be meaningfully interpreted as effects of modified treatments, even when they cannot be regarded as direct and indirect effects. For these settings we derive weaker conditions for identification of separable effects in studies where decomposed, or otherwise modified, treatments are not yet available; in particular, these conditions allow for time-varying common causes of the event of interest, the competing events and loss to follow-up. We also propose semi-parametric weighted estimators that are straightforward to implement. We stress that unlike previous definitions of direct and indirect effects, the separable effects can be subject to empirical scrutiny in future studies.
Why do Spanish households separate their e-waste for proper disposal? An econometric analysis
Authors: Arbués Fernando , Villanúa Inmaculada 
Published: September 2021

AbstractImproving e-waste separate collection rates is of the utmost importance to achieve the environmental targets set in the Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the factors influencing the intentions of Spanish households to separate their e-waste for proper disposal. To this end, we carry out an econometric analysis revealing that the preoccupation with environmental issues is an endogenous regressor, so a bivariate model is required to avoid inconsistent results. The analysis shows that environmental concern and the origin of the individuals are relevant factors that influence the e-waste separation decision. Additionally, we observe an interaction between age and city size, so the effect of one of these factors on the probability of separating e-waste depends on the other factor. Another important result is that several socio-economic variables and knowledge of environmental issues only indirectly affect attitudes, by way of environmental concern. In summary, this study offers a useful methodology to policymakers who have to deal with e-waste management, allowing them to identify the priority groups on which should be focused, as well as to design specific measures tailored to their characteristics.
Challenges in using soil carbon modelling in LCA of agricultural products—the devil is in the detail
Authors: Joensuu Katri , Rimhanen Karoliina , Heusala Hannele , Saarinen Merja , Usva Kirsi , Leinonen Ilkka , Palosuo Taru 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Currently, there is no consensus on how the impacts of land use on the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks would be best quantified within life cycle assessments (LCA) of agricultural products. The impacts of different decisions were tested within a model-based assessment of soil carbon changes on the life cycle global warming impact for spring wheat produced in two example regions in Finland (Southwest Finland and Northern Savonia) on mineral fields.

Methods
Global warming impact for spring wheat was assessed, including CO2 emissions due to the SOC change. The SOC change assessment was made with the soil carbon model Yasso07. The effects of assumptions on land use history were tested, i.e. the initialisation of the model and time horizon of the analysis (20 or 100 years) on the SOC change estimates. Other greenhouse gas emissions contributing to the global warming impact of spring wheat production were assessed using general LCA methodology taking into account the greenhouse gas emissions caused by the production of input materials and fuels, as well as direct and indirect N2O emissions from the soil due to fertilising and the decomposition of crop residues and organic matter, nitrogen leaching and volatilisation and lime application.

Results and discussion
The selection of the model initialisation method and timeframe remarkably affected the SOC change estimates. The global warming impact of wheat production, without accounting for SOC changes, was 0.68 and 0.89 kg CO2-eq/kg yield in Southwest Finland and Northern Savonia, respectively. The impact of SOC stock changes on the total global warming impact varied from –4 to 5% in Southwest Finland and from 5 to 21% in Northern Savonia, depending on the assumptions used to initialise the model or the timeframe applied in the analysis. Adding a cover crop as a means to increase the SOC stock removed between –67 and –26% of the total global warming impact in both regions.

Conclusions
It is essential that all the decisions made in the analysis are transparently reported and communicated. The choice of assumptions regarding the reference state, model initialisation and time horizon of the assessment period should be made based on the scope and goal definition of the LCA study.
Human motion capture for movement limitation analysis using an RGB-D camera in spondyloarthritis: a validation study
Authors: Trinidad-Fernández Manuel , Cuesta-Vargas Antonio , Vaes Peter , Beckwée David , Moreno Francisco-Ángel , González-Jiménez Javier , Fernández-Nebro Antonio , Manrique-Arija Sara , Ureña-Garnica Inmaculada , González-Sánchez Manuel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA human motion capture system using an RGB-D camera could be a good option to understand the trunk limitations in spondyloarthritis. The aim of this study is to validate a human motion capture system using an RGB-D camera to analyse trunk movement limitations in spondyloarthritis patients. Cross-sectional study was performed where spondyloarthritis patients were diagnosed with a rheumatologist. The RGB-D camera analysed the kinematics of each participant during seven functional tasks based on rheumatologic assessment. The OpenNI2 library collected the depth data, the NiTE2 middleware detected a virtual skeleton and the MRPT library recorded the trunk positions. The gold standard was registered using an inertial measurement unit. The outcome variables were angular displacement, angular velocity and lineal acceleration of the trunk. Criterion validity and the reliability were calculated. Seventeen subjects (54.35 (11.75) years) were measured. The Bending task obtained moderate results in validity (r = 0.55–0.62) and successful results in reliability (ICC = 0.80–0.88) and validity and reliability of angular kinematic results in Chair task were moderate and (r = 0.60–0.74, ICC = 0.61–0.72). The kinematic results in Timed Up and Go test were less consistent. The RGB-D camera was documented to be a reliable tool to assess the movement limitations in spondyloarthritis depending on the functional tasks: Bending task. Chair task needs further research and the TUG analysis was not validated.
Graphical abstract
Comparation of both systems, required software for camera analysis, outcomes and final results of validity and reliability of each test.
Stress bei Studierenden mit und ohne Nebenjob
Authors: Heuse Silke , Risius Uda-Mareke 
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Fragestellung
Studierende sind mit einer Vielzahl von Herausforderungen konfrontiert und erleben nicht selten ein hohes Maß an Stress. Wie kann das Verständnis von Stress-Mindsets, also verschiedenen Sichtweisen auf Stress, zur Reduktion von Stress beitragen? Dies soll die vorliegende Studie herausfinden. Als besondere Herausforderung wird dabei die Notwendigkeit vieler Studierender, durch einen Nebenjob ihr Studium zu finanzieren, berücksichtigt.

Methoden
Im Rahmen dieser Querschnittsstudie wurden N = 195 Studierende mit einem Onlinefragebogen zu ihrem Stresserleben, Stress-Mindsets und Nebentätigkeit befragt. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels Korrelations- und Moderationsanalysen.

Ergebnisse
Es zeigt sich ein erhöhtes Maß an Stresserleben der Studierenden. Ein Mindset, dass Stress förderlich für die eigene Leistungsfähigkeit und Gesundheit sein kann, ging mit einem geringeren Maß an Stress einher. Nebenjobs erwiesen sich als Puffer für die negativen Auswirkungen eines schädlichen Stress-Mindsets auf das Stresserleben der Studierenden.

Schlussfolgerung
Stress ist aus dem Leben von Studierenden nicht wegzudenken. Daher ist es umso wichtiger zu wissen, wie Stress beeinflusst und genutzt werden kann. Mit einer Sichtweise, dass Stress förderlich ist, werden Stressoren als weniger aversiv erlebt. Dies sollten sich zukünftige Programme zur Stressreduktion von Studierenden zunutze machen.
A Case Study of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Plant on Board a Cruise Ship
Authors: Micoli Luca , Coppola Tommaso , Turco Maria 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe work is a case study of a cruise ship supplied by liquefied natural gas (LNG) and equipped with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). It is supposed that a 20 MW SOFC plant is installed on-board to supply hotel loads and assisting three dual-fuel (DF) diesel/LNG generator sets. LNG consumption and emissions are estimated both for the SOFC plant and DF generator sets. It results that the use of LNG-SOFC plant in comparison to DF generator sets allows to limit significantly the SOx, CO, NOx, PM emissions and to reduce the emission of CO2 by about 11%. A prediction of the weight and volume of the SOFC plant is conducted and a preliminary modification of the general arrangement of the cruise ship is suggested, according to the latest international rules. It results that the SOFC plant is heavier and occupies more volume on board than a DF gen-set; nevertheless, these features do not affect the floating and the stability of the cruise ship.
Implementation-related research in mathematics education: the search for identity
Authors: Koichu Boris , Aguilar Mario Sánchez , Misfeldt Morten 
Published: September 2021

AbstractImplementation has always been a paramount concern of mathematics education, but only recently has the conceptualizing and theorizing work on implementation as a phenomenon begun in our field. In this survey paper, we conduct a hermeneutic review of mathematics education research identified as related to the implementation problematics. The first cycle of the review is based on examples of studies published in mathematics education journals during the last 40 years. It is organized according to five reasons for developing implementation research. The second cycle concerns 15 papers included in this special issue and is organized by four themes, as follows: objects of implementation, stakeholders in implementation, implementation vs. scaling up, and implementability of mathematics education research. The paper is concluded with a refined glossary of implementation-related terms and suggestions for future research.
Rare Treatments for Rare Dyslipidemias: New Perspectives in the Treatment of Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) and Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (FCS)
Authors: D’Erasmo Laura , Bini Simone , Arca Marcello 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
This review aims to summarize the most recent published literature concerning lomitapide and volanesorsen that are approved for the use in HoFH and FCS patients, respectively. Moreover, it will briefly revise the published evidence on novel, non-approved treatments that are under evaluation for the management of these rare forms of dyslipidemias

Recent Findings
The definition of rare dyslipidemias identifies a large number of severe disorders of lipid metabolism of genetic origin. Among them were homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) (OMIM #143890) and familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) (OMIM #238600), which are characterized by a markedly impaired cholesterol- and triglyceride-containing lipoproteins metabolism. They are being particularly associated with poor health outcomes and quality of life. Considering the severity of these diseases, common lipid-lowering drugs are often ineffective or do not allow to achieve the recommended lipid targets to prevent the development of complications. Nowadays, several new drugs have been found to effectively treat HoFH and FCS with an acceptable safety profile.

Summary
Treating patients with HoFH and FCS remains very challenging. However, novel treatment options are emerging and might be considered in addition to conventional therapy for managing these diseases. These novel drugs will possibly change the natural history of these two rare and life-threatening diseases.
Performance Evaluation of Policy-Based SQL Query Classification for Data-Privacy Compliance
Authors: Schwab Peter K. , Röckl Jonas , Langohr Maximilian S. , Meyer-Wegener Klaus 
Published: September 2021

AbstractData science must respect privacy in many situations. We have built a query repository with automatic SQL query classification according to data-privacy directives. It can intercept queries that violate the directives, since a JDBC proxy driver inserted between the end-users’ SQL tooling and the target data consults the repository for the compliance of each query. Still, this slows down query processing. This paper presents two optimizations implemented to increase classification performance and describes a measurement environment that allows quantifying the induced performance overhead. We present measurement results and show that our optimized implementation significantly reduces classification latency. The query metadata (QM) is stored in both relational and graph-based databases. Whereas query classification can be done in a few ms on average using relational QM, a graph-based classification is orders of magnitude more expensive at 137 ms on average. However, the graphs contain more precise information, and thus in some cases the final decision requires to check them, too. Our optimizations considerably reduce the number of graph-based classifications and, thus, decrease the latency to 0.35 ms in$$87\%$$87%of the classification cases.
Trinitarian charity: Aquinas and Lombard on charity and the Holy Spirit
Authors: Ogle Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper examines Aquinas’ reception of Peter Lombard's disputed thesis that the charity with which we love God and neighbour is not a virtue, but rather the Holy Spirit himself. Through a close reading of the four passages where Aquinas engages directly with the thesis, I show how this reception evolved over the course of his career, such that he gradually came to incorporate the trinitarian insight underlying Lombard's thesis into his doctrine of created charity. Although this doctrine is often viewed as an outright rejection of Lombard's thesis, I argue that it is in fact a substantial development of it that was made possible by Aquinas’ assimilation of Aristotelian naturalism.
Are active labour market policies effective for the older unemployed? A meta-evaluation
Authors: Orfao Guillermo , Malo Miguel Á. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe present a meta-evaluation of the literature on the impacts of active labour market policies for unemployed people over 50, extracting 82 impacts for analysis. The meta-evaluation includes only impact evaluations that examine both a group of beneficiaries and a control group of comparable non-beneficiaries. On average, we find that active policies have a slightly negative effect (−0.8 percentage points) on the probability of unemployed people over 50 finding a job and that this negative effect disappears 24 months after policy implementation. However, this effect is very different when disaggregated by policy type. Direct job creation policies have a clear negative effect (−3.9 percentage points), and training policies have a positive average effect, either in isolation (2.4 percentage points) or when combined with search assistance or counselling (1.7 percentage points). We also find slight differences by gender, with the effect of active policies being greater for women than for men. These results have important implications, given that the European Commission and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development have made active policies the cornerstone of their efforts to improve the re-employment of older people. Our results support training policies, either in isolation or in combination with search assistance and counselling. The greatest impacts are obtained after 12 months of policy implementation.
Aspects of change in New York City English short-a
Authors: Haddican Bill , Newman Michael , Cutler Cecelia , Tortora Christina 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on change in the “short-a system” of New York City English (NYCE). Recent results suggest that a complex set of tensing rules traditionally described for NYCE are being replaced by several simpler systems. This article reports on a study of this change using a recently developed large audio-aligned parsed speech corpus (CoNYCE). This change is similar to the simplification reported for Philadelphia by Labov et al. (2016). Unlike in the Philadelphia case, however, our results do not show evidence of a single abstract process of change. Our findings, rather, suggest at least two separate changes in the community—one affecting short-a in prenasal contexts and a second affecting pre-oral obstruent contexts. In addition, the results suggest an additional independent process of lowering and retraction affecting short-a sounds in contexts not targeted by the process of phonological reorganization, that is, “trap-backing.”
Les exclamatives en comment dans le cinéma de banlieue: une étude variationniste
Authors: Dekhissi Laurie 
Published: September 2021

RésuméDans cet article, nous analysons la variation dans l’emploi des exclamatives en QU-,1 qui ont pour marqueur exclamatif qu’est-ce que, ce que, comme et comment. Pour ce faire, nous adoptons l’approche variationniste et nous avons recours à un corpus de 45 films du cinéma de banlieue dont seulement 24 témoignent de la présence d’exclamatives en QU-. Ces 24 films couvrent la période de 1991 à 2019. Nous avons récolté 75 occurrences de phrases exclamatives correspondant à la variable étudiée, prononcées uniquement par des locuteurs vivant dans des cités HLM. Les résultats obtenus montrent la forte fréquence d’utilisation du marqueur comment (61 occurrences) par rapport aux autres marqueurs plus couramment rencontrés dans le français parlé du quotidien et qui est, par conséquent, au centre de notre attention dans cette étude.
Molecular identification and phylogenetics of local pearl millet cultivars using internal-transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA
Authors: Almutairi Zainab M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLocal cultivars of pearl millet in Saudi Arabia are known to tolerate extreme heat and drought stress. In the current study, the sequences of internal-transcribed spacers (ITSs) of six pearl millet cultivars were sequenced and analysed to investigate the genetic diversity among the local cultivars. The nucleotide polymorphism, secondary structures and phylogenetics were analysed for ITS sequences of the six local cultivars. The obtained sequences were 772–774 base pairs (bp) in length, including complete sequences of the ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 region and partial sequences of 18S and 26S rRNA. The nucleotide diversity among cultivars was higher in ITS2 sequences than ITS1 sequences. The ITS2 had four variable nucleotide sites in three native cultivars, whereas the ITS1 contained one base insertion. The secondary structures of the ITS1 and 5.8S region were highly conserved among the six cultivars and contained some motifs that are conserved across Viridiplantae. However, the ITS2 secondary structure for the two native cultivars, Sayah and Jazan, was distinct from the other cultivars, which confirms the applicability of the ITS2 sequence in distinguishing between genetically close taxa. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis of the six investigated cultivars and 31 pearl millet accessions from the NCBI database showed close relationships between the local accessions and NCBI accessions from India and France. However, the local cultivar Sayah appeared to be distinct from the other cultivars in the phylogenetic trees. This study provides insights into the polymorphism within local pearl millet cultivars which is important for the identification and conservation of these cultivars.
Chloroform (CHCl3) Emissions From Coastal Antarctic Tundra
Authors: Zhang Wanying , Jiao Yi , Zhu Renbin , Rhew Robert C. , Sun Bowen , Dai Haitao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this study, the first in situ static‐chamber measurements were conducted at coastal Antarctica tundra for CHCl3 fluxes, which showed that CHCl3 was naturally emitted from the Antarctic tundra at 35 ± 27 nmol m−2 d−1, comparable to other reported important natural sources. Significantly, enhanced CHCl3 emission rates (66 ± 20 nmol m−2 d−1) were observed from ornithogenic soil on the island populated with penguins, which was rich in organic matter and halides coming from penguin excrements. It is estimated that Antarctic tundra emits up to 0.1 Gg CHCl3 per year, which is an important source for regional atmospheric CHCl3. Laboratory‐based incubations suggested that organic carbon and chlorine inputs by penguins may stimulate O2 dependent microbial‐mediated CHCl3 emission from the Antarctic tundra, and all tundra soils showed the maximum CHCl3 emission at 4°C. The strength of this CHCl3 source is also expected to change in response to Antarctic warming.
Critical Aquifer Overdraft Accelerates Degradation of Groundwater Quality in California's Central Valley During Drought
Authors: Levy Zeno F. , Jurgens Bryant C. , Burow Karen R. , Voss Stefan A. , Faulkner Kirsten E. , Arroyo‐Lopez Jose A. , Fram Miranda S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDrought‐induced pumpage has precipitated dramatic groundwater‐level declines in California's Central Valley over the past 30 yr, but the impacts of aquifer overdraft on water quality are poorly understood. This study coupled over 160,000 measurements of nitrate from ∼6,000 public‐supply wells with a 30 yr reconstruction of groundwater levels throughout the Central Valley to evaluate dynamic relations between aquifer exploitation and resource quality. We find that long‐term rates of groundwater‐level decline and water‐quality degradation in critically overdrafted basins accelerate by respective factors of 2–3 and 3–5 during drought, followed by brief reversals during wetter periods. Episodic water‐quality degradation can occur during drought where increased pumpage draws shallow, contaminated groundwater down to depth zones tapped by long‐screened production wells. These data show, for the first time, a direct linkage between climate‐mediated aquifer pumpage and groundwater quality on a regional scale.