bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis on En-Mass Retraction of Maxillary Anterior Teeth With the Clear Aligner Technique
Authors: Xiang Xiaosong , Bai Yujing , Wei Xiaodong , Ji Yuebai , Yu Yunyun , Cang Song 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objective

This study aimed to investigate the biomechanics effects during en⁃mass retraction of maxillary anterior teeth with the clear aligner (CA) system by three⁃dimensional finite element method, which provides a theoretical basis for orthodontics and CA exploitation.
Methods

Cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) was used to scan a normal occlusion adult volunteer who meeting the modeling standards from the Hospital of Stomatology Nankai University. A finite element model including maxillary teeth, periodontal ligament (PDL),alveolar bone and CA was established by Mimics 17.0, Geomagic Studio 12.0, and UG NX software packages. The analysis of material properties of the model set the contact, constraint, and load was performed using the ANSYS Workbench 19.0. CA was employed to simulate the 0.2 mm en⁃mass retraction of anterior teeth and analyze the results.
Results

The movement of anterior teeth with an inclination of the lingual and distal crown was observed to have the tendency overbite increasing and the posterior teeth tending to incline mesially. The maximum displacement of the central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, second premolar, and first molar were 0.320, 0.290, 0.287, 0.350, and 0.230 mm, respectively. The stress distribution of PDL and alveolar fossa were concentrated in the neck and apical areas of teeth. The stress distribution of PDL on both sides of the extraction space was broad which consistent with the trend of tooth movement. The entire CA had a tendency of dislocation༌displacement and deformation. The CA showed stress concentration at the junction of adjacent teeth and the joints of the posterior teeth were the main stress concentration areas.
Conclusion

To achieve en⁃mass retraction of maxillary anterior teeth with the CA system, we should pay attention to the orthodontic optimization design, the retraction procedure of torque, intrusion and anchorage protection of posterior teeth, and the CA retention.
Standardization of a Polymerase Chain Reaction Protocol for Detecting Antimicrobial Peptides in Anopheles Darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes from the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Santos Erian , Santos Ana Cecília Feio dos , Pires Luciana Letícia da Costa , Casseb Samir Mansour Moraes , Holanda Gustavo Moraes , Sucupira Izis Mônica Carvalho , Cruz Ana Cecília Ribeiro , Santos Eduardo José Melo dos , Póvoa Marinete Marins 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are proteins of the innate immune system that can limit infections of the malaria-carrying parasite Plasmodium, which develops inside anopheline mosquitoes, the human malaria vectors. Despite this, studies on Brazilian Amazon species of anopheline mosquitoes are still needed. The aim of the study is to develop a standard molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to detect the AMPs cecropin A (CecA) and defensin from Anopheles darlingi to support studies involving their detection and amplification and better understanding of the roles of these peptides in the Anopheles-Plasmodium interaction. Methods: The collection of anopheline mosquitoes was carried out in three municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon: Altamira and Peixe-Boi, in the state of Pará, and Cruzeiro do Sul, in the state of Acre. The primers were built based on the sequences available in GenBank, and PCR followed standard protocols with different annealing temperatures tested. The PCR products were purified and then sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method. Results: CecA and defensin amplification were standardized with annealing temperatures of 59ºC and 55ºC, respectively. The amplified products and sequencing demonstrated the good quality of both primer sets. Conclusions: For the first time, a standardized molecular technique for detecting AMPs was described in An. darlingi, a mosquito species from the Brazilian Amazon, supporting future studies aiming to understand the interactions of this species and the action of these peptides during infection and providing important molecular markers for the control of human malaria.
Sjögren's Syndrome in Children: About 15 Cases in Guinea Conakry
Authors: Condé Kaba , Guelngar carlos othon , Barry Mamadou Ciré , Atakla Hugues Ghislain , Mohamed Awada , Cissé Fodé 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objectives- Sjögren's syndrome is difficult to diagnose in the African context. It is rarely reported in children in Black Africa. We report a series of 15 cases of Sjögren’s syndrome in order to clarify the particularities of this condition in children.Methods- This 2-year retrospective study focused on children under 16 years of age with a male predominance who were followed for AS in the rheumatology and pediatrics departments. Patient data were collected and analyzed using STATA/SE version 11.2 software. Anonymity and respect for ethical rules were the norm. There was no link between patients and researchers.Results- The average age of the patients was 11 years with extremes of 5 to 15 years. An anamnesis revealing dry mouth was found in more than half of the cases, i.e. in 10 (66.7%) patients. The clinical examination found oral ulceration and periodontitis in equal proportions, i.e. 6 (40%). The immunological assessment and the biopsy of the accessory salivary glands were used as diagnostic evidence in the 15 patients according to the American-European criteria of 2002.Conclusion- Sjögren's syndrome is a rare entity in pediatrics. It is difficult to diagnose in pediatrics and its severity is linked to the occurrence of visceral and lymphomatous late dry syndrome. Rapid diagnosis and the use of a synthetic antimalarial drug (Hydroxychloroquine) increases the hope of a cure.
Female Fatality due to Cholera was Higher than Male. Studies of Four Cholera Epidemics in the Poznań Province in the Second Half of the 19th Century.
Authors: LICZBIŃSKA GRAŻYNA , Králík Miroslav 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Males and females differ in terms of patterns of morbidity and mortality resulting from diseases.Objectives: It has been tested whether cholera epidemics killed selectively by sex in historical populations. Four cholera epidemics in the Poznań Province: 1852, 1855, 1866, and 1873 have been studied.Data sources: Data have been derived from death registers of the selected parishes located on the territory of the Poznań Province. In total, the information about 34, 655 individual cases, with the causes of deaths recognized, has been used, encompassing 18,243 males and 16,325 females. Methods: The daily and weekly incidences of cholera deaths have been counted for epidemics in 1852, 1855, 1866 and 1873. The relations of male-to-female deaths numbers by epidemiological weeks have been computed. The sex ratio at death (SRD) and sex ratio at death from cholera (SRDCh) have been calculated. The differences between the theoretical and empirical distributions in the numbers of male and female deaths, deaths from cholera, SRD and SRDCh have been examined. Results: More females than males died in the periods of cholera epidemics than in non- epidemic ones. The values of SRDCh during the earlier epidemics (1852, 1855) and later epidemics (1866, 1873) were 0.91 and 0.97, respectively. A significant variances in the sex-specific death ratio have been observed between the cholera epidemics periods (SRD=0.89) and non-epidemic periods (SRD=1.13) in Poznań.Conclusions: The gender-specific cholera death rates could have been related to the division of social roles between women and men. Women more frequently than men had contact with contaminated water, e.g. when preparing and cooking meals, feeding, caring for and washing children and caring for sick family members.
Trends of Hyperuricemia Prevalence among the Urban and Rural Chinese Populations&nbsp;of the Southeast Coastal Region During the Years 2014-2018: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Zhu Xu-xin , Hu Min-hua , Yang Pei-xuan , Wu Chun-na , Chen Yong-song , Li Li-ping 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a tremendous health problem worldwide. Data on the trends of HUA prevalence in China is limited. Therefore, we assessed this trend among the urban and rural Chinese populations of the southeast coastal region during 2014-2018. Methods: This hospital-based retrospective study lasted 5 years. Data on physical measures and fasting blood parameters from 210,825 health checkup subjects from urban and rural tertiary hospitals during 2014-2018 were extracted to investigate the trends of serum uric acid (SUA) levels and HUA prevalence and to compare them between urban and rural areas, stratified by year, age, and sex. Results: Both SUA (395.49±102.29 μmol/L) levels and HUA prevalence (37.87%) were high in this population. Mean SUA levels among urban subjects increased from 382.54±91.17 μmol/L in 2014 to 407.38±103.97 μmol/L in 2018, and from 367.75±90.76 μmol/L to 398.42±104.6 μmol/L in rural subjects. Similarly, urban HUA prevalence increased from 32.87% to 42.41%, and rural from 27.81% to 38.81%. Both SUA levels and HUA prevalence were higher in urban than in rural areas (397.59±103.01 μmol/L vs 388.03±99.34 μmol/L and 38.70% vs 34.89%, respectively, P<0.01) and higher in men than women (437.87±93.98 μmol/L vs 338.21±83.43 μmol/L and 54.78% vs 15.00%, respectively, P<0.01). Both SUA levels (P<0.01) and HUA prevalence (P<0.01) increased with advancing age in urban areas, while seemingly decreasing and remaining stable after the age of 50 years in rural areas. Although both SUA levels (P<0.001) and HUA prevalence (P<0.001) showed a downward trend in men and an upward trend in women after age 40 in both areas, men had greater disease burden than women. Conclusions: This is the first investigation of SUA levels and HUA prevalence trends among the urban and rural Chinese population of the southeast coastal region. Increases in both SUA levels and HUA prevalence were observed in both areas during 2014-2018. Although there was a downward trend in men and an upward trend in women of the SUA levels and the HUA prevalence, men had higher disease burden. Attention should be paid and effective measures should be taken to lower the HUA prevalence for men in this population. Keywords: Serum uric acid, Hyperuricemia, Prevalence, Trends
Tsunami Generation Potential of a Strike-slip Fault Tip in the Westernmost Mediterranean
Authors: Estrada F. , González-Vida J. M. , Peláez J. A. , Galindo-Zaldívar J. , Ortega S. , Macías J. , Vázquez J. T. , Ercilla G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Tsunamis are triggered by sudden seafloor displacements, and usually originate from seismic activity at faults. Nevertheless, strike-slip faults are usually disregarded as major triggers, as they are thought to be capable of generating only moderate seafloor deformation; accordingly, the tsunamigenic potential of the vertical throw at the tips of strike-slip faults is not thought to be significant. We found the active dextral NW-SE Averroes Fault in the central Alboran Sea (westernmost Mediterranean) has a historical vertical throw of up to 5.4 m at its northwestern tip corresponding to an earthquake of Mw 7.0. We modelled the tsunamigenic potential of this seafloor deformation by Tsunami-HySEA software using the Coulomb 3.3 code. Waves propagating on two main branches reach highly populated sectors of the Iberian coast with maximum arrival heights of 6 m within 21 and 35 min, which is too quick for current early-warning systems to operate successfully. These findings suggest that the tsunamigenic potential of strike-slip faults is more important than previously thought, and justify the re-evaluation of tsunami early-warning systems worldwide.
Disentangling Syntrophic Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Methanogenesis Through Electrochemical Stimulation, Omics, and Machine Learning
Authors: Yuan Heyang , Wang Xuehao , Lin Tzu-Yu , Kim Jinha , Liu Wen-Tso 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Interspecies hydrogen transfer (IHT) and direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) are two syntrophy models for methanogenesis. Their relative importance in methanogenic environments is still unclear. Our recent discovery of a novel species Candidatus Geobacter eutrophica with the genetic potential of IHT and DIET may serve as a model species to address this knowledge gap. Results: To experimentally demonstrate its DIET ability, we performed electrochemical enrichment of Ca. G. eutrophica-dominating communities under 0 and 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl based on the presumption that DIET and extracellular electron transfer (EET) share similar metabolic pathways. After three batches of enrichment, acetate accumulated in all reactors, while propionate was detected only in the electrochemical reactors. Four dominant fermentative bacteria were identified in the core population, and metatranscriptomics analysis suggested that they were responsible for the degradation of fructose and ethanol to propionate, propanol, acetate, and H2. Geobacter OTU650, which was phylogenetically close to Ca. G. eutrophica, was outcompeted in the control but remained abundant and active under electrochemical stimulation. The results thus confirmed Ca. G. eutrophica’s EET ability. The high-quality draft genome (completeness 99.4%, contamination 0.6%) further showed high phylogenomic similarity with Ca. G. eutrophica, and the genes encoding outer membrane cytochromes and enzymes for hydrogen metabolism were actively expressed. Redundancy analysis and a Bayesian network constructed with the core population predicted the importance of Ca. G. eutrophica-related OTU650 to methane production. The Bayesian network modeling approach was also applied to the genes encoding enzymes for alcohol metabolism, hydrogen metabolism, EET, and methanogenesis. Methane production could not be accurately predicted when the genes for IHT were in silico knocked out, inferring its more important role in methanogenesis.Conclusions: Ca. G. eutrophica is electroactive and simultaneously performs IHT and DIET. The results from the metatranscriptomic analysis have provided valuable information for enrichment and isolation of Ca. G. eutrophica. IHT is predicted to have a stronger impact on methane production than DIET in the electrochemical reactors. The genomics-enabled machine learning modeling approach can provide predictive insights into the importance of IHT and DIET.
Race/Ethnicity, Delay of Adjuvant Chemotherapy Initiation Following Breast Cancer Surgery and Associated Patient Survival: An Analysis of the United States National Cancer Database 2004-2016
Authors: Desai Raj Piyush , Narayan Aditya , Hsiao Sabrina , Balkrishnan Rajesh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Introduction: The relationship between survival and time to the start of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) among breast cancer patients is unclear. Most breast cancer patients start adjuvant chemotherapy within a few weeks after surgery, but it is still unclear whether a delay in the initiation of chemotherapy will lead to adverse outcomes.Methods: Women diagnosed between 2004 and 2016 with invasive breast cancer (stages I-III) and treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy were selected from the National Cancer Database (n= 443,100). We evaluated factors associated with prolonged time to start adjuvant chemotherapy (≥60, ≥90, and ≥120 days after surgical resection) using multivariable log binomial models to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs. Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the effect of delay on survival.Results: The average time to adjuvant chemotherapy was 47.93 days (±29.17 days). Non-Hispanic African American patients had higher risk of 60-day delay (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.38 to 1.43), 90-day delay (RR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.50 to 1.60), and 120-day delay (RR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.61 to 1.78) compared with non-Hispanic white patients. Early initiation of chemotherapy, less than 1 month (RR, 0.893; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.92), 1-2 month (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.82), and 2-3 month (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84 to 0.90); was associated with decreased overall mortality. Non-Hispanic African Americans (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.19) were associated with increased overall mortality compared to non-Hispanic whites. Conclusion: Black breast cancer patients experience clinically relevant delays in the initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy more often than white patients, which may in part explain the increased mortality observed among black patients. Efforts should be made to reduce the time to surgery when possible to enhance overall survival.
Trends in Opioid Prescribing Following Statewide PDMP Implementation: The Pennsylvania Experience
Authors: Miller Chaim , Ilyas Asif 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: The opioid epidemic is a major public health crisis in the United States. Legislators have enacted various strategies to combat this crisis, including the implementation of statewide prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP). These PDMPs are electronic databases that collect and analyze patient prescription data on controlled substances allowing physicians to review prior prescriptions before prescribing. Objective: To determine opioid prescribing patterns after implementation of a statewide PDMP in Pennsylvania. Methods: After IRB approval, PDMP data was obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Data obtained included: drug name, days supplied, refill count, and partially filled prescriptions. The study timeline was 3 years, from first quarter 2017 through first quarter 2020.Results: Over the three years post implementation of a PDMP, Pennsylvania saw a 33% decrease in overall quantity of opioid pills prescribed (677,194 absolute), a 9% decrease in partially filled prescriptions (5,821 absolute), and an 18% decrease in the authorized refill (525 absolute). There also was a larger rate of decrease in prescriptions for more than seven days compared to prescriptions for less than seven days (43% vs 27%). However, the rate of decrease in opioid pills prescribed lessened from 14% in the first two years post implementation, to 10% from in the third year. The decrease in opioids partially filled for the first two years averaged 14% per year, while it increased by 23% in the third year. There also was an 8% average decrease in the rate of refills for opioids prescribed for the two years post implementation, while it was only 3% in the third year. Conclusion: There was a 33% decrease in overall quantity of opioid pills prescribed in the three years after the implementation of a PDMP. The first two years after implementation saw the largest decreases in prescribing habits, which slowed in the third year. More data is needed to show the long-term effects of implementing a statewide PDMP.
Construction of NiMoS3/BC heterostructure photoanodes and optimization of light scattering to improve the photovoltaic performance of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)
Authors: Sumathi T , Fredricka Sonia A , Deepa G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the last two decades, dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gotten a lot of attention from researchers and have progressed quickly. To promote commercialization and large-scale application of DSSCs, their efficiency should be increased. This paper details significant advancements in advanced NiMoS3/BC nanocomposites for improving photoanodes and DSSC conversion efficiencies. The fabricated electrode samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman, UV, PL and BET to explore the structural, morphological and optical properties. A significant reduction band gap with enhanced light absorption and rapid prevention of electron hole pair was explored by UV-DRS and PL studies. The photocurrent density-voltage (J-V) and IPCE characteristics were analyzed for assembled solar cell. The NiMoS3/BC (NMSC5) nanocomposite DSSC showed a PCE of 8.85%, far higher than that of the NiMoS3 (2.45%) and a PCE value equivalent to Pt CE (4.79 %). The enhanced PCE of the proposed electrodes are also discussed in scientifically.
Personal Electronic Records of Medications (PERMs) for Medication Reconciliation at Care Transitions: A Rapid Realist Review
Authors: Waldron Catherine , Cahill Joan , Cromie Sam , Delaney Tim , Kennelly Sean P. , Pevnick Joshua M. , Grimes Tamasine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Medication reconciliation (MedRec), a process to reduce medication error at care transitions, is labour- and resource-intensive and time-consuming. Use of Personal Electronic Records of Medications (PERMs) in health information systems to support MedRec have proven challenging. Relatively little is known about the design, use or implementation of PERMs at care transitions that impacts on MedRec in the ‘real world’. To respond to this gap in knowledge we undertook a rapid realist review (RRR). The aim was to develop theories to explain how, why, when, where and for whom PERMs are designed, implemented or used in practice at care transitions that impacts on MedRec. Methodology: We used realist methodology and undertook the RRR between August 2020 and February 2021. We collaborated with experts in the field to identify key themes. Articles were sourced from four databases (Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL Complete and OpenGrey) to contribute to the theory development. Quality assessment, screening and data extraction using NVivo was completed. Contexts, mechanisms and outcomes configurations were identified and synthesised. The experts considered these theories for relevance and practicality and suggested refinements. Results: Ten provisional theories were identified from 19 articles. Some theories relate to the design (T2 Inclusive design, T3 PERMs complement existing good processes, T7 Interoperability), some relate to the implementation (T5 Tailored training, T9 Positive impact of legislation or governance), some relate to use (T6 Support and on-demand training) and others relate iteratively to all stages of the process (T1 Engage stakeholders, T4 Build trust, T8 Resource investment, T10 Patients as users of PERMs). Conclusions: This RRR has allowed additional valuable data to be extracted from existing primary research, with minimal resources, that may impact positively on future developments in this area. The theories are interdependent to a greater or lesser extent; several or all of the theories may need to be in play to collectively impact on the design, implementation or use of PERMs for MedRec at care transitions. These theories should now be incorporated into an intervention and evaluated to further test their validity.