bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Anthropometric Parameters with Blood Pressure and Blood Glucose among Ellisras Children
Authors: Matshipi Moloko , James Siweya Hlengani , Joanna Makgae Phuti 
Published: April 2021

Obesity as directly measured by anthropometric parameters has been demonstrated to be associated with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are common risk factors for CVD. The study aimed at assessing the relationship between blood pressure, blood glucose and anthropometric parameters in Ellisras children. A total of 492 children aged 6 to 11 years, participated in the study. Neck circumference, waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured using standard procedures. Linear regression showed significant association (P < 0.05) of anthropometric parameters (except waist-to-height ratio) with blood pressure. Fasting blood glucose was significantly associated with neck circumference when adjusted for age and gender. Positive correlation was found for systolic blood pressure with neck and waist circumference and body mass index in both genders and for diastolic blood pressure, the correlation was only found in boys. Fasting blood glucose was negatively correlated with neck circumference. Waist circumference (P = 0.025, β = 1.208, 95% CI = 1.017–1.285) was better than BMI (P = 0.046, β = 1.340, 95% CI = 1.005–1.788) in predicting elevated systolic blood pressure. These findings suggest that it is crucial to manage anthropometric parameters in the Ellisras community in order to decelerate the increase of hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
Analysis of Liquid Cooling in Microchannels Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Authors: Boobalan Chitra , Ganesh Sudha , Rangaswamy Parthiban 
Published: April 2021

Liquid cooling is an extremely successful process to remove excess heat generated, with the usual procedure of heat transfer using coolant in desktop PCs. In this regard, heat transfer with minimal size equipment can be achieved by the addition of nanosized solid particles to the base fluid. The hybrid nanofluid is synthesized by dispersing the synthesized mono nanofluid in a volume fraction of 0.2 iron oxide with 0.8 fractions of graphene nanofluid to form a graphene/iron oxide combination. These nanoparticles increase the heat transfer coefficient as they have high thermal conductivity when compared to conventional heat transfer fluids like water or ethylene glycol. Stability is increased and sedimentation is reduced because of the large surface area of a nanoparticle. FLUENT, the most widely used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package, based on the finite volume method, and is used to run the thermal simulations for estimating the base temperature of the heat sink. The scope of this chapter is to find the base temperature of the heat sink using simulations. The experimentally measured base temperature is 310.01 K and in the simulation, it is 310.81 K for the flow rate of 0.75LPM. All the simulated surface temperatures are compared with experimentally determined temperatures for simulation validation.
IL-17 Biological Effects and Signaling Mechanisms in Human Leukemia U937 Cells
Authors: Evans Adunyah Samuel , Akomeah Richard , K.N. Arthur Fareed , S. Cooper Roland , C.M. Williams Joshua 
Published: April 2021

Human Interlekin-17 is produced by memory activated CD4+ T cells and other cells. It was initially considered unique in that its specific receptor is distinct from other cytokine receptors. IL-17 receptor is ubiquitously expressed by different cells including T cells. IL-17 plays a role in regulating growth, immune response and pro-inflammatory responses. It regulates differentiation of a subset of Th0 cells into Th-17 cells, which produce IL-17-induced cytokines. The IL-17R belongs to type 1 cytokine receptors. IL-17 belongs to a superfamily of its own, which includes IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17E and IL-17F. These members of IL-17 superfamily have some sequence homology but bind to different receptors. Prior to this investigation, limited information existed on the effects of IL-17A in human leukemia cell lines. Our results show that IL-17A promotes growth, anti-apoptotic effects, chemotaxis, cytokine expression and transcriptional factor activation in leukemia cells. IL-17A activates multiple signaling pathways including PI-3 K, Jak–STAT, Raf-ERK1/2 and SRC kinase pathways, which mediate different biological effects of IL-17A in leukemia cells. Our findings implicate IL-17A in leukemia cell growth and survival, supporting potential leukemia therapy via development of anti-IL-17A drugs. This chapter focuses on IL-17A, herein referred to as IL-17.
L’intelligence artificielle ou le bouleversement de la représentation
Authors: Maffei Maud 
Published: April 2021

Aujourd’hui, les artistes interrogent à différents niveaux les enjeux de l’intelligence artificielle sur nos vies, poursuivant un thème en fait millénaire : l’effroi et la fascination face aux capacités des machines que produit l’humain.
Dans la continuation de l’art génératif des années 1960, les oeuvres utilisant l’intelligence artificielle aujourd’hui s’interrogent sur les enjeux actuels de ses sophistications algorithmiques : notamment la place du hasard que cette technologie implique et les espaces-temps infinis qu’elle produit, nous donnant à voir une multiplicité de mondes possibles. À travers l’analyse des oeuvres des artistes Hito Steyerl, Gregory Chatonsky et Trevor Paglen, Maud Maffei voit l’intelligence artificielle comme une sorte de cristal où les réels se démultiplient, s’imbriquent, se réverbèrent les uns sur les autres. Les réalités alternatives que ces artistes nous dévoilent dans notre présent peuvent nous aider à le comprendre, le penser, l’anticiper. Elles nous ramènent aussi aux forces les plus essentielles de l’intelligence humaine face à la machine : l’esprit critique et la capacité à changer les règles de tout système.
The Promise of Access
Authors: Greene Daniel 
Published: April 2021

Why simple technological solutions to complex social issues continue to appeal to politicians and professionals who should (and often do) know better.
Why do we keep trying to solve poverty with technology? What makes us feel that we need to learn to code—or else? In The Promise of Access, Daniel Greene argues that the problem of poverty became a problem of technology in order to manage the contradictions of a changing economy. Greene shows how the digital divide emerged as a policy problem and why simple technological solutions to complex social issues continue to appeal to politicians and professionals who should (and often do) know better.
Greene shows why it is so hard to get rid of the idea—which he terms the access doctrine—that the problem of poverty can be solved with the right tools and the right skills. This way of thinking is so ingrained that is adopted by organizations that fight poverty—which often refashion themselves to resemble technology startups. Drawing on years of fieldwork, Greene explores how this plays out in the real world, examining organizational change in technology startups, public libraries, and a charter school in Washington, DC. He finds that as the libraries and school pursue technological solutions, they win praise and funding but also marginalize and alienate the populations they serve. Greene calls for new political alliances that can change the terms on which we understand technology and fight poverty.
People Count
Authors: Landau Susan 
Published: April 2021

An introduction to the technology of contact tracing and its usefulness for public health, considering questions of efficacy, equity, and privacy.
How do you stop a pandemic before a vaccine arrives? Contact tracing is key, the first step in a process that has proven effective: trace, test, and isolate. Smartphones can collect some of the information required by contact tracers—not just where you've been but also who's been near you. Can we repurpose the tracking technology that we carry with us—devices with GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and social media connectivity—to serve public health in a pandemic? In People Count, cybersecurity expert Susan Landau looks at some of the apps developed for contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic, finding that issues of effectiveness and equity intersect.
Landau explains the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of a range of technological interventions, including dongles in Singapore that collect proximity information; India's biometric national identity system; Harvard University's experiment, TraceFi; and China's surveillance network. Other nations rejected China-style surveillance in favor of systems based on Bluetooth, GPS, and cell towers, but Landau explains the limitations of these technologies. She also reports that many current apps appear to be premised on a model of middle-class income and a job that can be done remotely. How can they be effective when low-income communities and front-line workers are the ones who are hit hardest by the virus? COVID-19 will not be our last pandemic; we need to get this essential method of infection control right.
Making in America
Authors: Berger Suzanne , MIT Task Force on Production in the Innovation Economy  
Published: April 2021

How America can rebuild its industrial landscape to sustain an innovative economy.
America is the world leader in innovation, but many of the innovative ideas that are hatched in American start-ups, labs, and companies end up going abroad to reach commercial scale. Apple, the superstar of innovation, locates its production in China (yet still reaps most of its profits in the United States). When innovation does not find the capital, skills, and expertise it needs to come to market in the United States, what does it mean for economic growth and job creation? Inspired by the MIT Made in America project of the 1980s, Making in America brings experts from across MIT to focus on a critical problem for the country.
MIT scientists, engineers, social scientists, and management experts visited more than 250 firms in the United States, Germany, and China. In companies across America—from big defense contractors to small machine shops and new technology start-ups—these experts tried to learn how we can rebuild the industrial landscape to sustain an innovative economy. At each stop, they asked this basic question: “When you have a new idea, how do you get it into the market?” They found gaping holes and missing pieces in the industrial ecosystem.
Even in an Internet-connected world, proximity to innovation and users matters for industry. Making in America describes ways to strengthen this connection, including public-private collaborations, new government-initiated manufacturing innovation institutes, and industry/community college projects. If we can learn from these ongoing experiments in linking innovation to production, American manufacturing could have a renaissance.
Demographic Predictors of Cultural Practices Regarding Female Genital Mutilation among Married Women in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Authors: Omaka-Amari Lois N. , Obande-Ogbuinya Edith N. , Aleke Christian O. , Eunice Afoke N. , Nwafor Jude N. , Nwankwo Onyechi , Igwenyi Precious I. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Peoples’ life and quality of health are usually dependent on the cultural practices and norms of the community.
Objectives: This study investigated Female Genital Mutilation Practices and Associated Factors among Married Women in the Ebonyi State of Nigeria.
Methods: The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The study was conducted from August 2019 to January 2020. Out of 260 questionnaires distributed, only 7 copies were discarded and a total of 253 women were drawn for the study through multi-stage sampling technique. Frequency, percentage, and logistics regression were the statistical tools used for data analysis.
Results: The majority of the participants: aged 25-34 years (37.9%); Christians (76.3%); urban dwellers (50.2%); had tertiary education (36.4%); had 3-4 children (32.0%); and were in business (29.2%) respectively. The cultural practices regarding FGM among married women in Ebonyi State were high (60.5%). Also, the majority of the participants (67.7%) were circumcised. Age by birth, religious affiliation, location, level of education, number of children, and occupation were predictors of the cultural practice of FGM with obvious variations. There is no significant difference existed with respect to religious affiliation, level of education, number of children, and occupation (P-value>0.05) while the difference was observed on the age by birth and location (P-value<0.05).
Conclusion: The high cultural practice of FGM is influenced by certain demographic predictors. Thus, there is a need for the Ebonyi State government in collaboration with other health agencies to adopt effective interventions, public health enlightenment, and mass education focusing on the negative consequences of FGM practices.
ANALISA PENGARUH PERCEIVED EASE OF USE TERHADAP BEHAVIOR INTENTION MELALUI PERCEIVED USEFULNESS SEBAGAI MEDIA INTERVENING PADA DIGITAL PAYMENT OVO
Authors: Muliadi Michaela Louisa , Japarianto Edwin 
Published: April 2021

Kemajuan teknologi serta informasi membuat segala sesuatu menjadi lebih mudah untuk dilakukan sehingga menyebabkan adanya perubahan gaya hidup masyarakat. Salah satu penerapan perkembangan teknologi yang terjadi di Indonesia yaitu munculnya perusahaan FinTech (financial technology) yang telah menciptakan metode pembayaran baru yaitu melalui E-Wallet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh dari perceived ease of use terhadap behavior intention dengan perceived usefulness sebagai variabel intervening pada E-Wallet OVO. Hasil dari penelitian ini membuktikkan bahwa kemudahan serta manfaat yang dirasakan individu dalam menggunakan teknologi informasi akan memicu timbulnya niat individu untuk menggunakan teknologi informasi tersebut.
Treatment planning of volumetric modulated arc therapy and positioning optimization for hippocampal‐avoidance prophylactic cranial irradiation
Authors: Fu Qi , Chen Deqi , Yan Hui , Chen Jiayun , Zhu Ji , Yan Lingling , Xu Yingjie , Deng Lei , Men Kuo , Dai Jianrong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundHippocampal‐avoidance prophylactic cranial irradiation (HA‐PCI) offers potential neurocognitive benefits but raises technical challenges to treatment planning. This study aims to improve the conventional planning method using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique and investigate a better patient’s head positioning to achieve a high quality of HA‐PCI treatment plans.MethodsThe improved planning method set a wide expansion of hippocampus as a special region for dose decline. The whole brain target was divided into two parts according to whether the slice included hippocampus and their optimization objectives were set separately. Four coplanar full arcs with partial field sizes were employed to deliver radiation dose to different parts of the target. The collimator angle for all arcs was 90°. Tilting patient’s head was achieved by rotating CT images. The improved planning method and tilted head positioning were verified using datasets from 16 patients previously treated with HA‐PCI using helical tomotherapy (HT).ResultsFor the improved VMAT plans, the max and mean doses to hippocampus were 7.88 Gy and 6.32 Gy, respectively, significantly lower than those for the conventional VMAT plans (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the improved planning method significantly improved the plan quality. Compared to the HT plans, the improved VMAT plans result in similar mean dose to hippocampus (P > 0.1) but lower max dose (P < 0.02). Besides, the target coverage was the highest for the improved VMAT plans. The tilted head positioning further reduced the max and mean doses to hippocampus (P < 0.05), significantly decreased the max dose to lens (P < 0.001) and resulted in higher plan quality as compared to nontilted head positioning.ConclusionsThe improved planning method enables the VMAT plans to meet the clinical requirements of HA‐PCI treatment with high plan quality and convenience. The tilted head positioning provides superior dosimetric advantages over the nontilted head positioning, which is recommended for clinical application.
Progresses on Novel B‐Site Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Lin Weixi , Hu Xiaowen , Mo Liyi , Jiang Xiaofang , Xing Xiaobo , Shui Lingling , Priya Shashank , Wang Kai , Zhou Guofu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHalide perovskite materials have emerged as a new type of optoelectronic materials serving as key active layer for next‐generation photovoltaics, light‐emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors. Manipulating the crystal size toward the so‐called perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) will endow new properties due to quantum confinement and ligand effect. However, like their bulk crystalline film, the lead toxicity is still one of decisive concerns that holds‐back their public acceptance. Design of lead‐free (LF) PNCs requires efforts on replacing the B‐site element with other metal candidates from the periodic table. In the past half‐decade, hundreds of new LF PNCs have been developed with various sizes, subdimensionalities, ligands, and electron/quantum confinements, as well as wide applications. Although the lead‐based perovskites still dominate the ongoing research fields, the LF PNCs can have a large potential if novel nonlead B‐site element is introduced to render new type of LF PNCs material that is more stable, less toxic, and more efficient in device performance. In this review, recent progresses on the LF PNCs are revisited to seek these opportunities. The paper is organized in subtopics on material structures, synthesis, properties, and their state‐of‐the‐art applications of different LF PNCs, coupled with an in‐depth discussion on the perspectives and challenges.
Europium Hydroxide Nanorods Mitigate Hind Limb Ischemia in Wistar Rats
Authors: Nethi Susheel Kumar , Barui Ayan Kumar , Jhelum Priya , Basuthakur Papia , Bollu Vishnu Sravan , Reddy Bommana Raghunath , Chakravarty Sumana , Patra Chitta Ranjan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLack of adequate blood supply to the limb extremities results in critical limb ischemia (CLI) and subsequent tissue death. Conventional approaches for CLI treatment include bypass surgery and angioplasty, which achieved limited clinical success due to their complex invasiveness. Of late, growth factor and cell‐based therapies emerged as alternative treatment strategies for CLI. However, these strategies could not achieve much success due to the associated drawbacks. Earlier, this study group develops europium hydroxide nanorods (EHN) which demonstrates potential proangiogenic (stimulating new blood vessel growth) properties. Recently it is shown that EHN could ameliorate the myocardial ischemia in Wistar rats by promoting therapeutic angiogenesis and mitigate cadmium‐induced vascular toxicity. Considering the importance of revascularization in managing CLI, it is hypothesized that the proangiogenic EHN might be useful for its effective treatment. Hence, in the present study, the therapeutic efficacy of EHN is comprehensively evaluated in the hind limb ischemia model of Wistar rats. The EHN‐administered ischemic rats exhibit improved motility, enhanced blood flow to the ischemic limb along with increased expression of angiogenic factors. Additionally, toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies of EHN in mice demonstrate their nontoxic nature, suggesting the feasibility of their practical clinical application for CLI treatment.
Molecular and Macroscopic Therapeutic Systems for Cytokine‐Based Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Jin Seung Mo , Lee Sang Nam , Yoo Yeon Jeong , Lim Yong Taik 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCytokines are proteins that mediate and regulate inflammation and immune responses in the body. While several cytokines have been investigated as antitumor agents in multiple clinical trials due to their potent immunomodulatory activities, the unfavorable pharmacokinetics of recombinant cytokines resulted in substantial side effects and a low therapeutic index. Because these factors have hampered the further development of cytokine‐based immunotherapy, bioengineered technologies that can enhance therapeutic efficacy and lower systemic toxicities are in high demand. In this review, the molecular modification of cytokines and delivery system for the spatiotemporal distribution of exogenous cytokines as well as macroscopic delivery systems for endogenous cytokine production based on gene therapy and immunomodulator‐mediated therapy will be discussed.
Photodynamic‐Chemodynamic Cascade Reactions for Efficient Drug Delivery and Enhanced Combination Therapy
Authors: Wang Sheng , Yu Guocan , Yang Weijing , Wang Zhantong , Jacobson Orit , Tian Rui , Deng Hongzhang , Lin Lisen , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNanomedicines with photodynamic therapy and reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐triggered drug release capabilities are promising for cancer therapy. However, most of the nanomedicines based on ROS‐responsive nanocarriers still suffer from serious ROS consumption during the triggered drug release process. Herein, a photodynamic‐chemodynamic cascade strategy for the design of drug delivery nanosystem is proposed. A doxorubicin hydrochloride‐loaded ROS‐responsive polymersome (DOX‐RPS) is prepared via the self‐assembly of amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(linoleic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol)‐(2‐(1‐hexyloxyethyl)‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐α)‐iron chelate (PEG‐HPPH‐Fe). The RPS can effectively deliver a drug to tumor site through passive targeting effect. Upon laser irradiation, the photosensitizer HPPH can efficiently generate ROS, which further causes in situ oxidation of linoleic acid chain and subsequent RPS structural destruction, permitting triggered drug release. Intriguingly, catalyzed by HPPH‐Fe, ROS will be regenerated from linoleic acid peroxide through a chemodynamic process. Therefore, ROS‐triggered drug release can be achieved without ROS over‐consumption. The in vitro and in vivo results confirmed ROS generation, triggered drug release behavior, and potent antitumor effect of the DOX‐RPS. This photodynamic‐chemodynamic cascade strategy provides a promising approach for enhanced combination therapy.
Deionization shocks in crossflow
Authors: Schlumpberger Sven , Smith Raymond B. , Tian Huanhuan , Mani Ali , Bazant Martin Z. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractShock electrodialysis is a recently developed electrochemical water treatment method that shows promise for water deionization and ionic separations. Although simple models and scaling laws have been proposed, a predictive theory has not yet emerged to fit experimental data and enable system design. Here, we extend and analyze existing “leaky membrane” models for the canonical case of a steady shock in crossflow, as in recent experimental prototypes. Two‐dimensional numerical solutions are compared with analytical boundary‐layer approximations and experimental data. The boundary‐layer theory accurately reproduces the simulation results for desalination, and both models predict the data collapse of the desalination factor with dimensionless current, scaled to the incoming convective flux of cations. The numerical simulation also predicts the water recovery increase with current. Nevertheless, neither approach can quantitatively fit the transition from normal to over‐limiting current, which suggests gaps in our understanding of extreme electrokinetic phenomena in porous media.