bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet quality in community dwelling obese women following a behavioral‐based diet, tai chi, and resistance training intervention (1026.7)
Authors: Taetzsch Amy , Lobuono Dara , Quintanilla Dinah , Maris Stephen , Letendre Jonathan , Picard Allison , Mahler Leslie , Xu Furong , Delmonico Matthew , Lofgren Ingrid 
Published: June 2021

Up to 48% of older adults may be at increased nutrition risk. This is a concern as the number of older adults is projected to double by 2030 and obesity is suspected to rise to over 20% in the same population. The purpose of this analysis is to examine the impact of a diet and exercise intervention on diet quality in obese women in an urban setting. There were 26 women with mean age of 65.3 ± 8.1 years and BMI of 38.0 ±4.6 kg/m2 who completed a community based diet and exercise intervention. Seventeen women, 65% African‐American, were assigned to the intervention group (EXD) and participated in 12 weeks of Tai Chi (TC), resistance training (RT), and behavioral based diet intervention. Nine women were assigned to the control group (CON). The Dietary Screening Tool (DST) was used to assess diet quality; higher scores indicate better quality. Using an independent t‐test the EXD group had a significantly higher diet quality compared to the CON group (66.5 ± 10.2 vs. 53.5 ± 13.8; p=0.025) at post ‐intervention. Results from this analysis indicate that a behaviorally‐based diet, TC, and RT intervention may result in improved diet quality, however further research is needed.Grant Funding Source: College of Environment and Life Sciences Community Access to Research and Extension Services, USDA
Effect of the porcine IGF2 intron3 G3072A substitution on development and growth of skeletal muscle (1033.4)
Authors: Clark Daniel , Clark Diana , Beever John , Dilger Anna 
Published: June 2021

A previously identified SNP that disrupts a binding site for a repressor, ZBED6, within intron 3 of the maternally imprinted IGF2 gene, (IGF2 G3072A) results in increased muscle but decreased fat accumulation in swine. Our objective was to determine how this mutation alters gene expression and muscle fiber types during prenatal and postnatal growth. Sows (AA) were bred to a heterozygous (AG) boar. For fetal samples, sows were euthanized at 60 and 90 days of gestation to obtain fetuses. Male and female pigs were also euthanized at birth (0d), weaning (21d), and at a market weight (175d). At 175d, muscle weights were increased approximately 5‐10% (P < 0.01) in pigs with paternal A compared to G alleles. As expected, IGF2 expression was increased 1.5 ‐ 4.5 fold (P < 0.05) in pigs possessing paternal A compared to G alleles at 0d, 21d and 175d. Unexpectedly, IGF2 expression tended to have a 1.5 fold increase (P < 0.10) in fetuses with paternal A compared to G alleles at 90 days of gestation. IGF2 was not different (P > 0.10) in fetuses at 60 days of gestation. At all time points, IGF1 expression was not affected (P > 0.10) by IGF2 allele. Myostatin, ZBED6, IGF1R, IGF2R, and Myosin Heavy Chains (1, 2a, 2x, 2b) expression were also not affected (P > 0.1) by IGF2 allele at 175d. These data suggest that increased IGF2, and not increased IGF1, is directly responsible for increased muscle weights observed in market weight animals.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIFA
Eicosapentaenoic acid regulates brown adipose tissue gene expression and metabolism in high fat fed mice (1037.5)
Authors: Pahlavani Mandanna , Kalupahana Nishan , LeMieux Monique , Aljawadi Arwa , Scoggin Shane , Claycombe Kate , Moustaid‐Moussa Naima 
Published: June 2021

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic tissue, a key regulator of energy balance and a potential therapeutic target for obesity. We previously reported that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduced high fat (HF) diet‐induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice, independent of energy intake. We hypothesized that these effects are mediated in part by BAT thermogenesis. Using mice fed HF or HF‐EPA diets for 11 weeks, we demonstrated that BAT from HF‐EPA mice expressed higher mRNA levels of thermogenic genes such as fibronectin type lll domain containing 5 (FNDC5), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), compared to HF mice. EPA also induced expression of angiotensinogen (Agt) gene and other genes related to insulin sensitivity such as Glut 1 while downregulating arachidonate 5‐lipoxygenase (ALOX5), an inflammatory biomarker. At the protein level, EPA upregulated uncoupling protein (UCP) and downregulated fatty acid synthase (FAS). Thus, EPA exerts dual effects on adipose tissue depots, by reducing WAT inflammation and lipid accumulation, while activating BAT thermogenesis and reducing lipogenesis. In conclusion, EPA exerts differential tissue specific effects to reduce obesity‐associated metabolic disorders. Further molecular studies in cultured brown adipocytes are being conducted to dissect direct effects of EPA on brown fat.Grant Funding Source: Supported by AHA, USDA and TTU
Enhance intestinal lymphatic transport of lipophilic bioactive food components by nanoemulsion delivery system (1044.16)
Authors: Yao Mingfei , Zheng Jinkai , McClements David , Xiao Hang 
Published: June 2021

One way to enhance bioavailability of lipophilic nutraceuticals is to facilitate their intestinal lymphatic transport. We studied the effects of triglycerides‐based nanoemulsion delivery systems with different fatty acid chain lengths on the intestinal lymphatic transport of a highly lipophilic flavonoid, 5‐demethylnobiletin (5DN). 5DN was encapsulated in medium chain triglycerides (MCT) or long chain triglycerides (LCT) based nanoemulsions. These systems were subject to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion model. The resulted mixed micelle phase that contained bioaccessible portion of 5ND was applied to Caco‐2 monolayer cell model that mimics intestinal absorption. We observed that 30% of 5DN underwent intestinal lymphatic transport when 5DN was encapsulated in LCT‐based emulsion, while only 5% of 5DN underwent intestinal lymphatic transport in case of MCT‐based emulsion. Moreover, much more Apo B protein was secreted in the enterocytes by the stimulation of the digesta produced from LCT‐based emulsion in comparison to MCT‐based emulsion. This suggested more chylomicrons were formed in the enterocytes as the result of digestion of LCT‐based emulsion. In conclusion, we demonstrated that LCT‐based emulsion was more potent in enhancing the bioavailability of lipophilic components through increased lymphatic transport in comparison to MCT‐based emulsion.Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA
Biotransformation of citrus polymethoxyflavones in rats and mice (1044.22)
Authors: Zheng Jinkai , Song Minyue , Qiu Peiju , Dong Ping , Cai Xiaokun , Xiao Hang 
Published: June 2021

Biotransformation plays important roles in dictating biological activities of orally ingested agents including all bioactive food compounds. We investigated biotransformation of four representative citrus polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), i.e. nobiletin, tangeretin, 5‐demethylnobiletin and 5‐demethyltangeretin in both rats and mice after long‐term oral consumption. Four PMFs were administered individually to rats and mice through diet at different doses for 10‐20 weeks. Their feces and urine were collected in metabolic cages. Utilizing NMR, MS and HPLC techniques, we identified more than 20 metabolites of these PMFs in the fecal and urine samples. We optimized the extraction and HPLC analysis conditions so that we can simultaneously quantify all PMFs and their metabolites in a single HPLC run with high sensitivity. Our results showed that all four PMFs underwent extensive demethylation reaction followed by conjugation reactions (mainly sulfation and glucuronidatioin). However, the ratios between conjugated and unconjugated metabolites in the feces and urine are largely different. Cell culture studies demonstrated that metabolites in feces had much stronger anti‐cancer and anti‐inflammatory effects in comparison with those from urine, which was contributed to certain unconjugated fecal metabolites. Our results warrant further investigation on the effects of fecal metabolites on colon health.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH, AICR and USDA
Chronic hypoxia suppresses muscarinic‐induced contractility in ovine pulmonary arteries (1089.17)
Authors: Giang Michael , Paez Ricardo , Kim Joon , Blood Quintin , Longo Lawerence , Wilson Sean 
Published: June 2021

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR)‐ arterial relaxation is often used to test for a functional endothelium, but some show it can cause constriction. The present studies tested the hypothesis that mAChR activation contracts pulmonary arteries (PA) with intact endothelium and examined age and altitude effects on mAChR activation. This hypothesis was tested by performing wire myography on endothelium intact as well as denuded PA from chronic hypoxic (CH) term‐fetal and adult sheep that lived at 3,200 m for >100 days or normoxic sheep that lived at 720 m. Dose‐dependent contraction to carbachol (CCH; 1nM‐100 μM), a mAChR agonist and bradykinin (BK; 10 pM‐1 μM) were examined in phenylephrine preconstricted PA (PE; 10 μM). CCH caused a dose‐dependent contraction of PA from adult sheep, while fetal PA contracted to a lesser extent. BK (1 μM) relaxed CCH constricted PA, showing the endothelium was functional. Chronic hypoxia suppressed mAChR‐ contraction of denuded PA in fetuses and adults. M2 receptors dominated in fetus, while M3 receptors were central in adult, suggesting a developmental isoform switch. Because parasympathetic nerve activation contracts airways through mAChR activation potentially there is co‐constriction of associated PA. This mAChR contraction of PA may provide a novel mechanism that matches ventilation to perfusion in the lung.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NSF MRI923559, NIH HD‐69746, P01HD31226,R01HD3807,P20MD6988,LLUSOM, Macpherson Society
Hyperoxia increases free radical production in rat brain slices in the dorsal CO2‐chemosensitive area of the caudal medulla oblongata (1092.5)
Authors: Ciarlone Geoffrey , Dean Jay 
Published: June 2021

Hyperoxia stimulates breathing and activates putative CO2 chemoreceptor neurons in the caudal solitary complex (cSC). We have previously shown that 95%O2‐the typical level of control O2 used for brain slice studies‐establishes an abnormally high tissue pO2 throughout the slice and is a powerful stimulant of neuronal activity in the cSC when using a lower level of control O2 (40%). Likewise, hyperbaric O2 has similar stimulatory effects on firing rate of cSC neurons, particularly CO2‐excited neurons, which are mimicked by chemical oxidants and abolished by antioxidants. Now we test the hypothesis that 95%O2 increases the rate of production of reactive O2 and N2 species in the cSC in slices maintained in 40%O2 (control). Fluorescence microscopy was used to measure the rate of superoxide (⋅O2‐, DHE) and nitric oxide (⋅NO, DAF‐FM DA) production. Our findings show that the rates of ⋅O2 and ⋅NO production increased, respectively, in 95%O2 vs. 40%O2, but only in the presence of NOS and SOD inhibitors (to prevent consumption of ⋅O2‐ by its reactions with ⋅NO and SOD) or SOD mimetics (to prevent consumption of ⋅NO by its reaction with ⋅O2‐). We conclude that 1) using 95%O2 in slices produces an enhanced redox and nitrosative environment that modulates excitability of cSC neurons, including CO2‐chemosensitive neurons; and 2) measurement of ⋅O2‐ using DHE or ⋅NO using DAF‐FM DA is affected (blunted) by downstream reactions that consume the reactive species of interest.Grant Funding Source: ONR
Urea protects Caenorhabditis elegans against hypertonic stress: a genetic model for cellular responses to urea? (1099.7)
Authors: Perez Esteban , Choe Keith 
Published: June 2021

Urea is a cell‐permeable nitrogenous waste product that denatures macromolecules and causes cellular stress at high concentrations. However, urea accumulates in the mammalian renal medulla as a part of the urine concentrating mechanism and in elasmobranch fish to balance the high osmolarity of seawater. Although high concentrations of urea can be detrimental, pre‐exposure of mammalian cells to moderate concentrations promotes resistance to high concentrations of the impermeable osmolyte NaCl in addition to high urea. Although the mechanisms of this conditioning are poorly defined, studies to date indicate that they are largely distinct from pathways activated by high levels of NaCl. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can tolerate extremely high levels of NaCl and other impermeable osmolytes in part by accumulating the organic osmolyte glycerol and by modulating protein translation. Here, we conducted a series of experiments investigating the effects of urea in C. elegans to determine if this genetically tractable system might be useful for defining protective mechanisms. We find that C. elegans can tolerate extremely high levels of urea (~600 mM) and that pre‐exposure to moderate urea promotes resistance to high urea and high NaCl. Therefore, the general protective effects of moderate urea levels appear to be highly conserved and therefore amenable to genetic analysis in C. elegans. Our ongoing studies include determining if the mechanisms of urea protection in C. elegans are distinct from those initiated by NaCl.Grant Funding Source: NSF Grant IOS1120130 to KPC
The development of dive capacity in northern elephant seal pups during the post‐weaning fast (1100.14)
Authors: Somo Derek , Ensminger David , Sharick Jeffrey , Kanatous Shane , Crocker Daniel 
Published: June 2021

The post‐weaning fast (PWF) in seals has been associated with development of the physiological and behavioral capacity to perform the breath‐hold dives which characterize at‐sea behavior in these species. Previous studies in juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) indicate that the duration of the PWF varies substantially with body reserves at weaning, and many suggest that the terrestrial PWF enables juveniles to develop the physiological capacity to dive before initiating independent foraging at sea. However, few studies have examined the effect of magnitude of body reserves at weaning on development of dive capacity. We measured energy reserves at weaning and made longitudinal measurements of components of blood and muscle oxygen stores, thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones, iron status markers, muscle metabolic enzyme activities, and field metabolic rate in northern elephant seal pups during the first 8 weeks of the PWF. Our objective was to assess the impacts of body reserves at weaning on the rate of development during the first 8 weeks of the PWF. Although myoglobin concentration, a critical determinant of the muscle oxygen store, increases during the first eight weeks of the PWF, other key components of aerobic diving capacity do not increase during this same time period. When the magnitude of body reserves at weaning impacted the measured parameters of aerobic dive capacity, pups with smaller body reserves at weaning tended to exhibit greater cumulative increases across the PWF. Pups with smaller body reserves at weaning develop greater mass specific oxygen storage capacity during the first 8 weeks of the PWF. However, the greatest changes in dive capacity may occur near the end of the fast or after juveniles have left the natal rookery to initiate independent foraging.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NSF
Baseline hematology in Tursiops truncatus (Atlantic bottlenose dolphins), Roatan, Honduras (1100.16)
Authors: Pogue Connor , Maiden Tracina 
Published: June 2021

Hematology studies are key tools in determining the health status of marine mammals in captive and wild populations. Large variations from average values in blood chemistry can mean illness or stress caused by disease, handling, or a combination of environmental factors. However, few comprehensive hematology studies have been done on marine mammals (Fair, 2006). This study examines baseline blood chemistry in open‐water captive Tursiops truncatus (Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins). A complete blood panel was taken for general health examinations from the dolphins located at the Anthony’s Key Resort facility in Roatan, Honduras from 2003‐2013. The Anthony’s Key Resort dolphin enclosure is an open water pin that is part of the Atlantic Ocean. Hematological samples were taken on a regular basis in order to monitor chemistry changes in the dolphin population located at the facility. Standard ranges of blood chemistry for the dolphins at this facility were obtained by calculating averages from all standard values throughout the tested population. Mathematical calculations were used to find trends in the data based on the ages of the individuals to create baseline values for blood chemistry in the dolphin population. The data was separated by age of the dolphins at the time of the sample in order to minimize the effects that age has on the variability of blood chemistry. Values obtained include the mean and standard deviation of the following: white blood cells, neutrophils (banded and segmented), lymphocytes, eosinophils, etc. The data obtained from this study, along with other studies, is crucial in determining general blood chemistry parameters for Tursiops truncatus. This information can be used to aid researchers in monitoring the health status of wild, captive, and open‐water captive populations of Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins.Grant Funding Source: NSF# 1118679 Collaborative Research: Community College Undergraduate Research Initiative (CCURI)
Regulation of avian PPAR activity by dietary fatty acids (1101.11)
Authors: Hamilton Angelica , Ly Jennifer , Corder Keely , Schaeffer Paul , Huss Janice 
Published: June 2021

Migratory birds undergo metabolic remodeling, including increased adiposity and skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation, in preparation for long‐distance flight. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are lipid‐activated nuclear receptors that regulate lipid metabolic pathways overlapping those altered in migrating birds. To examine whether PPARs regulate adaptive metabolic changes in response to fattening, we used Gray Catbird as the focal species. PPAR isoforms cloned from catbird share high amino acid identity with mammalian homologs (% vs mouse): gcPPARα (83.8%), gcPPARδ (83.5%), gcPPARγ (85.3%). We tested whether gcPPARs activate fatty acid (FA) utilization genes using Lpl and Cpt1b promoter‐luciferase reporters in cells. Saturated and unsaturated C‐16 and C‐18 FAs are enriched in adipose of migrating birds. In C2C12 myocytes gcPPARα was most robustly activated by the saturated FAs, 18:0 stearic (+60%) and 16:0 palmitic (+50%); while gcPPARδ showed greater activation by 18:1 oleic (+80%), an unsaturated FA. In CV1 cells gcPPARγ was most responsive to 20:5 eicosapentaenoic (+60%) and 18:2 linoeic acid (+40%), similar to mouse PPARγ. Overexpression of PPARs increased lipid droplets in cells suggesting enhanced fatty acid uptake and/or oxidation. Differential FA effects on gcPPARs may mediate selective activation of metabolic gene programs in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.Grant Funding Source: NSF IOS‐1257455
Muscle oxygen saturation during hyperthermic central hypovolemia (1104.21)
Authors: Schlader Zachary , Rivas Eric , Kennedy Naomi , Kern Jena , Soller Babs , Convertino Victor , Crandall Craig 
Published: June 2021

During normothermia, a reduction in near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) derived muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) is an indicator of central hypovolemia. Hyperthermia reduces tolerance to central hypovolemia. This study tested the hypothesis that reductions in NIRS derived SmO2 would be similar throughout normothermic and hyperthermic central hypovolemia to pre‐syncope. Ten healthy males (32 ± 5 y) underwent central hypovolemia via progressive lower‐body negative pressure (LBNP) to pre‐syncope during normothermia and hyperthermia (+1.2 ± 0.1°C increase in internal temperature). NIRS derived SmO2 (Reflectance Medical Inc.) was measured throughout and analyzed as the absolute change from pre‐LBNP. Hyperthermia reduced (P<0.001) LBNP tolerance by 38 ± 19%. Pre‐LBNP SmO2 was similar (P=0.654) between normothermia (74.1 ± 5.0%) and hyperthermia (72.6 ± 6.9%). SmO2 decreased (P<0.001) throughout LBNP, but the absolute reduction from pre‐LBNP to pre‐syncope was greater (P=0.018) during normothermia (‐10.0 ± 5.7%) than during hyperthermia (‐5.7 ± 4.5%). These data indicate that hyperthermia influences the magnitude of the reduction in NIRS derived SmO2 during central hypovolemia to pre‐syncope. However, a potentially confounding influence of hyperthermia‐induced increases in skin blood flow affecting the NIRS derived SmO2 signal cannot be discounted.Grant Funding Source: DOD Grant 110475007
Active and passive heat stress similarly compromises tolerance to a simulated hemorrhagic challenge (1104.22)
Authors: Pearson James , Lucas Rebekah , Schlader Zachary , Zhao Jiexiu , Gagnon Daniel , Crandall Craig 
Published: June 2021

Passive heat stress increases core and skin temperatures and reduces tolerance to simulated hemorrhage, as assessed via lower body negative pressure (LBNP). It is unknown whether exercise induced heat stress reduces LBNP tolerance to a similar extent relative to passive heat stress. Eight males (32 ± 7 yrs, 176 ± 8 cm, 77.0 ± 9.8 kg) underwent LBNP to pre‐syncope on three separate and randomized occasions: passive heat stress and two occasions of exercise induced heat stress where skin temperature was moderate (~36°C, Active 36) or warm (~38°C, Active 38). LBNP tolerance was quantified using the cumulative stress index (CSI). Prior to LBNP, increases in core temperature were similar in all trials (1.18 ± 0.20°C; P < 0.05), and while mean skin temperature was similar between passive heat stress (38.2 ± 0.5°C) and Active 38 (38.2 ± 0.8°C; P = 0.90) both trials were greater compared to Active 36 (36.6 ± 0.5°C; P < 0.05). LBNP tolerance was not different between passive heat stress and Active 38 (383 ± 223 and 322 ± 178 CSI; P = 0.12) but both were similarly reduced relative to the Active 36 (516 ± 147 CSI, both P < 0.05). At pre‐syncope mean arterial pressure and heart rate were not different between trials. These data suggest that tolerance to a simulated hemorrhagic challenge is similar following passive and exercise induced heat stress when skin temperatures are similarly elevated.Grant Funding Source: DOD: W81XWH‐09‐2‐0194 and NIH: HL61388