bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sweetpotato Genotypes ‘CIP BRS Nuti’ and ‘Canadense’ Are Resistant toMeloidogyne incognita,M.javanica, andM.enterolobii
Authors: Mello Alexandre F. S. , Silva Gabriela , de Sousa Raquel L. , Barbosa Alexandre V. S. , Nakasu Erich Y. T. , Silva Giovani O. , Biscaia Danielle , Pinheiro Jadir B. 
Published: November 2021

Sweetpotato is a staple crop in Brazil presenting a smaller number of pathogens and diseases in comparison with other root and tuberous crops. Root-knot nematodes are among the most serious sweetpotato root pathogens. The impact of these pathogens also extends to succeeding crops. Because in Brazil, it is common to cultivate more than one crop per season, this problem is rapidly disseminated. The aim of this study was to assess the resistance of two sweetpotato clones and four commercial sweetpotato genotypes to three different Meloidogyne species. Assays were performed under greenhouse and field conditions. ‘CIP BRS Nuti’ and ‘Canadense’ were resistant to Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, and M. enterolobii under greenhouse conditions. This finding was obtained based on the reproduction factor < 0.2, meaning that the initial population of 5,000 nematodes was reduced to <1,000 individuals after 90 days of inoculation. Tomato and sweetpotato cultivar Beauregard, known to be susceptible to the three nematode species, were highly damaged by the pathogens. Similar results were also observed under field conditions. To our knowledge, ‘CIP BRS Nuti’ and ‘Canadense’ are the first South American commercial cultivars with triple nematode resistance.
Diversity of Fusarium spp. Associated with Wheat Node and Grain in Representative Sites Across the Western Canadian Prairies
Authors: Hafez Mohamed , Gourlie Ryan , Telfer Melissa , Schatz Nicola , Turkington Thomas K. , Beres Brian , Aboukhaddour Reem 
Published: November 2021

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) are major wheat diseases. Populations of FHB and FCRR pathogens are highly dynamic, and shifts in these populations in different regions is reported. Analyzing fungal populations associated with wheat node and grain tissues collected from different regions can provide useful information and predict diseases that might affect subsequent crops and effective disease management practices. In this study, wheat node and grain samples were collected from four representative sites across the western Canadian prairies in the 2018 growing season to characterize the major Fusarium spp. and other mycobiota associated with wheat in these regions. In total, 994 fungal isolates were recovered, and based on culture and molecular diagnostic methods, three genera constituted over 90% of all fungal isolates, namely Alternaria (39.6%), Fusarium (27.8%), and Parastagonospora (23.9%). A quantitative PCR (qPCR) diagnostic toolkit was developed to quantify the most frequently isolated Fusarium spp. in infected wheat tissues: Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. poae. This qPCR specificity was validated in silico, in vitro, and in planta and proved specific to the target species. The qPCR results showed that F. graminearum was not detected frequently from wheat node and grain samples collected from four locations in this study. F. poae was the most abundant Fusarium species in grain samples in all tested locations. However, in node samples, F. culmorum (Beaverlodge and Scott) and F. avenaceum (Lacombe and Lethbridge) were the most abundant species. Trichothecene genotyping showed that the 3ADON is the most dominant trichothecene genotype (68%), followed by type-A trichothecenes (29.5%), whereas the 15ADON trichothecene genotype was least dominant (2.5%) and the NIV genotype was not detected. Moreover, a total of 129 translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1α) sequences from nine Fusarium spp. were compared at the haplotype level to evaluate genetic variability and distribution. F. avenaceum and F. poae exhibited higher diversity as reflected by higher number of haplotypes present in these two species compared with the rest.
Nurses' House—for Nurses
Authors: Todd Betsy 
Published: November 2021

Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times.
This month's article, from January 1939, describes Nurses' House in Long Island, New York, where nurses could stay for “fun or rest, or just plain comfort and content.” The home was a legacy of Emily H. Bourne, who was known primarily for her support of the blind and for building what is now the New Bedford Whaling Museum in Massachusetts. Bourne (who was not a nurse) left money in her will for the purchase of a mansion where nurses could come to rest and relax between cases.
The home was sold in 1959 to create a fund for nurses in need. Today, Nurses' House is a nonprofit, nurse-managed, national service organization that provides short-term financial assistance to nurses in all 50 states. For more on nurses' well-being—especially relevant amid a global pandemic—see this month's original research article, “Well-Being and Resilience Among Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.”—Betsy Todd, MPH, RN
Secondary Medication Administration and IV Smart Pump Setup
Authors: Giuliano Karen K. , Blake Jeannine W. C. , Butterfield Robert 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT:
Secondary infusion by large-volume IV smart pump is used extensively in the acute care setting for one-time or intermittent administration of medications such as antibiotics, electrolyte replacements, and some oncology drugs. Consistent and accurate delivery of secondary medications requires a full understanding of the system and setup requirements. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for nurses to find a secondary medication only partially administered when their programming should have resulted in a complete infusion. This article discusses the technical requirements that every nurse should know when administering secondary medications using an IV smart pump.
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen vs. Noninvasive Ventilation or Conventional Oxygen Therapy in Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: November 2021

According to this study:

Compared with noninvasive ventilation, high-flow nasal oxygen used in the initial management of acute respiratory failure may improve several clinical outcomes.Compared with conventional oxygen therapy, high-flow nasal oxygen used in postextubation management may reduce reintubations and improve patient comfort.
Second Primary Malignancies in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia; Skin, Solid Organ, Haematological, and Richter’s Syndrome
Authors: Shen Yandong , Coyle Luke , Kerridge Ian , Stevenson William , Arthur Christopher , McKinlay Naomi , Fay Keith , Ward Christopher , Greenwood Matthew , Best O. Giles , Solterbeck Ann , Guminski Alexander , Shumack Stephen , Mulligan Stephen P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is invariably accompanied by some degree of immune failure. CLL patients have a high rate of second primary malignancy (SPM) compared to the general population. We comprehensively documented the incidence of all forms of SPM including skin cancer (SC), solid organ malignancy (SOM), second haematological malignancy (SHM), and separately Richter’s Syndrome (RS) across all therapy eras. Among the 517 CLL/SLL patients, the overall incidence of SPMs with competing risks were SC 31.07%, SOM 25.99%, SHM 5.19% and RS 7.55%. Melanoma accounted for 30.3% of SC. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), including 8 metastatic SCCs, was 1.8 times more than basal cell carcinoma (BCC), a reversal of the typical BCC:SCC ratio. The most common SOM were prostate (6.4%) and breast (4.5%). SHM included 7 acute myeloid leukaemia and 5 myelodysplasia of which 8 were therapy-related. SPMs are a major health burden with 44.9% of CLL patients with at least one, and apart from SC, associated with significantly reduced overall survival. Dramatic improvements in CLL treatment and survival have occurred with immunochemotherapy and targeted therapies but mitigating SPM burden will be important to sustain further progress.
Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: outcome, risk factors and vaccine efficacy in a Scottish cohort
Authors: McKeigue Paul M , McAllister David A , Robertson Chris , Stockton Diane , Colhoun Helen M ,   for the PHS COVID-19 Epidemiology and Research Cell
Published: November 2021

SummaryBackgroundThe objective of this study was to investigate how protection against COVID-19 conferred by previous infection is modified by vaccination.MethodsIn a cohort of all 152655 individuals in Scotland alive at 90 days after a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 (confirmed by cycle threshold < 30, or two tests) followed till 22 September 2021, rate ratios for reinfection were estimated with calendar time or tests as timescale.FindingsRates of detected and hospitalised reinfection with COVID-19 while unvaccinated were respectively 6.8 (95% CI 6.4 to 7.2) and 0.18 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.25) per 1000 person-months. These rates were respectively 68% and 74% lower than in a matched cohort of individuals who had not previously tested positive. Efficacy of two doses of vaccine in those with previous infection was estimated as as 84% (95 percent CI 81% to 86%) against detected reinfection and 71% (95 percent CI 29% to 88%) against hospitalised or fatal reinfection. The rate of detected reinfection after two doses of vaccine was 1.35 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.78) times higher in those vaccinated before first infection than in those unvaccinated at first infection.InterpretationThe combination of natural infection and vaccination provides maximal protection against new infection with SARS-CoV-2: prior vaccination does not impair this protection.FundingNo specific funding was received for this work.Research in contextEvidence before this studyIn a recent systematic review of cohort studies reported up to July 2021, the average reduction in COVID-19 infection rates in those with previous infection compared with those without evidence of previous infection was 90%. There is little information about the protective effect of previous infection against severe COVID-19, or about how the protective effects of previous infection against reinfection and severe disease are modified by vaccination.What this paper addsIn unvaccinated individuals the protection against hospitalised COVID-19 conferred by previous infection is similar to that induced by vaccination. In those with previous infection, vaccination reduces the rates of reinfection and hospitalised COVID-19 by about 70%.Implications of all the available evidenceThe combination of natural infection and vaccination provides maximal protection against COVID-19: prior vaccination does not seriously impair this protection.
Vaccination strategies in structured populations under partial immunity and reinfection
Authors: Rodriguez-Maroto Gabriel , Atienza-Diez Iker , Ares Saúl , Manrubia Susanna 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOptimal protocols of vaccine administration to minimize the effects of infectious diseases depend on a number of variables that admit different degrees of control. Examples include the characteristics of the disease and how it impacts on different groups of individuals as a function of sex, age or socioeconomic status, its transmission mode, or the demographic structure of the affected population. Here we introduce a compartmental model of infection propagation with vaccination and reinfection and analyse the effect that variations on the rates of these two processes have on the progression of the disease and on the number of fatalities. The population is split into two groups to highlight the overall effects on disease caused by different relationships between vaccine administration and various demographic structures. We show that optimal administration protocols depend on the vaccination rate, a variable severely conditioned by vaccine supply and acceptance. As a practical example, we study COVID-19 dynamics in various countries using real demographic data. The model can be easily applied to any other disease and demographic structure through a suitable estimation of parameter values. Simulations of the general model can be carried out at this interactive webpage [1].Author summaryVaccination campaigns can have varying degrees of success in minimizing the effects of an infectious disease. It is often very difficult to assess a priori the importance and effect of different relevant factors. To gain insight into this problem, we present a model of infection propagation with vaccination and use it to study the effects of vaccination rate and population structure. We find that when the disease affects in different ways distinct population groups, the best vaccination strategy depends non-trivially on the rate at which vaccines can be administered. The application of our analysis to COVID-19 reveals that, in countries with aged populations, the best strategy is always to vaccinate first the elderly, while for youthful populations maximizing vaccination rate regardless of other considerations may save more lives.
SARS-CoV-2 within-host and in-vitro genomic variability and sub-genomic RNA levels indicate differences in viral expression between clinical and in-vitro cohorts
Authors: Agius Jessica E. , Johnson-Mackinnon Jessica C. , Fong Winkie , Gall Mailie , Lam Connie , Basile Kerri M. , Kok Jen , Arnott Alicia , Sintchenko Vitali , Rockett Rebecca J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundLow frequency intrahost single nucleotide variants (iSNVs) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been increasingly recognised as predictive indicators of positive selection. Particularly as growing numbers of SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest (VOI) and concern (VOC) emerge. However, the dynamics of subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) expression and its impact on genomic diversity and infection outcome remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate and quantify iSNVs and sgRNA expression in single and longitudinally sampled cohorts over the course of mild and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection benchmarked against an in-vitro infection model.MethodsTwo clinical cohorts of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in New South Wales, Australia collected between March 2020 and August 2021 were sequenced. Longitudinal samples from cases hospitalised due to SARS-CoV-2 infection (severe) were analysed and compared with cases that presented with SARS-CoV-2 symptoms but were not hospitalised (mild). SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity profiles were also examined from daily sampling of culture experiments for three SARS-CoV-2 variants (Lineage A, B.1.351, and B.1.617.2) cultured in VeroE6 C1008 cells (n = 33).ResultsISNVs were detected in 83% (19/23) of the mild cohort cases and 100% (16/16) of the severe cohort cases. SNP profiles remained relatively fixed over time, with an average of 1.66 SNPs gained or lost and an average of 4.2 and 5.9 low frequency variants per patient were detected in severe and mild infection, respectively. SgRNA was detected in 100% (25/25) of the mild genomes and 92% (24/26) of the severe genomes. Total sgRNA expressed across all genes in the mild cohort was significantly higher than that of the severe cohort. Significantly higher expression levels were detected in the spike and the nucleocapsid genes. There was significantly less sgRNA detected in the culture cohort than the clinical.Discussion and ConclusionsThe positions and frequencies of iSNVs in the severe and mild infection cohorts were dynamic overtime, highlighting the importance of continual monitoring, particularly during community outbreaks where multiple SARS-Cov-2 variants may co-circulate. SgRNA levels can vary across patients and the overall level of sgRNA reads compared to genomic RNA can be less than 1%. The relative contribution of sgRNA to the severity of illness warrants further investigation given the level of variation between genomes. Further monitoring of sgRNAs will improve the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 evolution and the effectiveness of therapeutic and public health containment measures during the pandemic.
Characterization of the immune resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant and the immunity induced by Mu infection
Authors: Uriu Keiya , Cárdenas Paúl , Muñoz Erika , Barragan Veronica , Kosugi Yusuke , Shirakawa Kotaro , Takaori-Kondo Akifumi ,   Ecuador-COVID19 Consortium,   The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium, Sato Kei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe have revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant is highly resistant to COVID-19 convalescent sera and vaccine sera.1 However, it remains unclear how the immune resistance of the Mu variant is determined. Also, although the Mu variant is highly resistant to the sera obtained from COVID-19 convalescent during early pandemic (i.e., infected with prototypic virus) and vaccinated individuals (i.e., immunized based on prototypic virus), it was unaddressed how the convalescent sera from Mu-infected individuals function. In this study, we revealed that the two mutations in the spike protein of Mu variant, YY144-145TSN and E484K, are responsible for the potent immune resistance of Mu variant. Additionally, we showed that the convalescent sera obtained from the Mu-infected individuals can be broadly antiviral against the Mu variant as well as other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern/interest. Our findings suggest that developing novel vaccines based on the Mu variant can be more effective against a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 against SARS-CoV-2 household transmission: a prospective cohort study in England
Authors: Clifford Samuel , Waight Pauline , Hackman Jada , Hué Stephane , Gower Charlotte M , Kirsebom Freja CM , Skarnes Catriona , Letley Louise , Bernal Jamie Lopez , Andrews Nick , Flasche Stefan , Miller Elizabeth 
Published: November 2021

SummaryBackgroundThe ability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to protect against infection and onward transmission determines whether immunisation can control global circulation. We estimated effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines against acquisition and transmission of the Alpha and Delta variants in a prospective household study in England.MethodsAdult index cases in the community and their household contacts took oral-nasal swabs on days 1, 3 and 7 after enrolment. Swabs were tested by RT-qPCR with genomic sequencing conducted on a subset. We used Bayesian logistic regression to infer vaccine effectiveness against acquisition and transmission, adjusted for age, vaccination history and variant.FindingsBetween 2 February 2021 and 10 September 2021 213 index cases and 312 contacts were followed up. After excluding households lacking genomic proximity (N=2) or with unlikely serial intervals (N=16), 195 households with 278 contacts remained of whom 113 (41%) became PCR positive. Delta lineages had 1.64 times the risk (95% Credible Interval: 1.15 – 2.44) of transmission than Alpha; contacts older than 18 years were 1.19 times (1.04 - 1.52) more likely to acquire infection than children. Effectiveness of two doses of BNT162b2 against transmission of Delta was 31% (−3%, 61%) and 42% (14%, 69%) for ChAdOx1, similar to their effectiveness for Alpha. Protection against infection with Alpha was higher than for Delta, 71% (12%,95%) vs 24% (−2%, 64%) respectively for BNT162b2 and 26% (−39%, 73%) vs 14% (−5%, 46%) respectively for ChAdOx1.InterpretationBNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 reduce transmission of the Delta variant from breakthrough infections in the household setting though their protection against infection is low.FundingThis study was funded by the UK Health Security Agency (formerly Public Health England) as part of the COVID-19 response.
Uptake of Covid-19 preventive measures among 10 immigrant ethnic groups in Norway
Authors: Gele Abdi , Sheikh Naima Said , Kour Prabhjot , Qureshi Samera A 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundA pessimistic view of the impact of Covid-19 on immigrants has generated an interest in exploring the role of socio-economic and cultural factors on excess infection, hospitalization and death among immigrants. Nowhere in the world is such interest more palpable than in Western countries, including Norway. An expanding amount of literature has demonstrated that preexisting socio-economic inequalities have affected Covid-19 control programs through a disruption of immigrants’ uptake to preventive measures. Nonetheless, until very recently, no qualitative research has been conducted to address the impact of socio-economic and socio-cultural factors on immigrants’ uptake on preventive measures of Covid-19 in Norway.MethodsAn interview-based qualitative study consisting of 88 participants (49 women and 39 men) from 10 immigrant ethnic groups were carried out. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling and snowballing. In-depth interviews were held through telephone or online for those who have experience in the use of zoom or teams. Data were analyzed using thematic analysisResultsWe found that participants’ attitudes toward the pandemic in general, and more specifically their adherence to preventive measures, have increased over time. However, the number of barriers that hinder immigrants from adhering to preventive measures were identified and classified more broadly into three main subthemes: 1) socio-economic barriers; 2) socio-cultural barriers, and 3) other barriers. Socio-economic barriers include overcrowded households, working in first-line jobs, education and language. Socio-cultural barriers include collectivist culture, religious fatalism and risk perception toward the pandemic.ConclusionTo reduce the health inequality that arises from overcrowded housing, there is a need for a long-term strategy to help improve the housing situation of low-income immigrant families that live in overcrowded households. In addition, increasing health literacy and more generally, the integration of immigrants, may also reduce the effect of socio-cultural factors on an immigrant’s uptake of preventive measures.