bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Soft String Vs Stiff String Models Application in Torque and Drag Analysis
Authors: Ohia Nnaemeka Princewill , Ekwueme Stanley Toochukwu , Achumba Gabriel Ifeanyi , Okereke Ndubuisi Okechukwu , Nwankwo Ifeanyi Valerian , Nnwanwe Onyebuchi Ivan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Torque and drag models estimate downhole forces, torques and moments acting in wellbores and drillstring elements during drilling and completion operations. A comparison was made between soft string and stiff string torque and drag model using conventional survey data. Survey data needed for torque and drag modeling are provided by field surveys. Field survey can be conventional survey or continuous survey. Conventional survey is carried out every 90 to 100ft interval or more and only gives a partial representation of the actual wellpath, micro-doglegs and micro-tortuosities may not be fully captured with this survey. Continuous survey is carried out between 1 to 5ft intervals of the wellbore using high resolution survey tools and captures more the micro-doglegs and micro-tortuosities but more expensive than the conventional survey. Torque and drag simulations were performed using both Soft and Stiff String models for comparison using a novel software package. Data provided includes deviational survey data from conventional survey, drillstring/BHA data, and fluid rheological data. The torque and drag simulation produced results for hook loads and buckling while running-in-hole (RIH) and pulling-out-of-hole (POOH). Results from this study show that prior to buckling, results from soft string and stiff string model are almost identical with minimal differences within the range of 0.8% to 1.6% and these were achieved as open-hole friction factors (CHFF) from 0.1 to 0.25. High buckling risk was detected for OHFF of 0.3. When buckling occurs, the differences in results between the two models become very apparent. This paper showed that in order to use stiff string torque and drag model for a more realistic, representative and more accurate pre-buckling and post-buckling operations in a highly deviated well, a high resolution continuous survey is needed; this will capture more readily, the micro-doglegs and micro-tortuosities in the wellbore paths.
Effecting a Pneumatic Operated Assembly, for an Improved Oil Recovery IOR, in Onshore Wells
Authors: Ishaya, Wakili Abednego 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
As hydrocarbon formation continues, owing to its natural sourcing, technologies have continually emerged on how these hydrocarbons can be effectively produced at a commercial benchmark. Asides its natural drive system, the enhanced oil recovery methods have been one key approach that has been effected towards increasing hydrocarbon's production rate, from its reservoirs. The natural reservoir energy has allowed for about 10% production of original oil in place. And, extending a field's productive life by employing the secondary recovery has further improved production to 20 to 40%, with EOR amounting to about 30 to 60% production.
This however, would tell of the impending need towards further developments on increasing upon this production rate. Hence, the approach on using a pneumatic operated assembly with considerations made on onshore wells. This paper seeks to depict a focal on "Pneumatic IOR (Improved Oil Recovery)" as a method to be effected for onshore wells towards improving its productivity.
The pneumatic system uses compressed air, contained in a cylinder - through specialized tubing, alongside pressure control systems, that helps regulate the flow and amount of the compressed air; to propel a metallic bar that will act on the reservoir surface. A force of impact, which will induce vibrations inwards, is generated. The mechanical motion of the metal bars for which this compressed air acts upon will provide the travel force, which when it acts on the reservoir surface of interest, will induce geologic stresses. This stresses and vibrations are important constituents in increasing pressure, downhole. Thereby, enabling fluid flow upwards through the wellbore to the surface.
And, this will proffer the necessary physics, needed for pressure development downhole, which will be of importance in improving Oil Recovery.
Analysis of Critical Buckling Loads For Tool-Jointed Drillstrings in Deviated Wellbores
Authors: Ohia Nnaemeka Princewill , Ekwueme Stanley Toochukwu , Achumba Gabriel Ifeanyi , Okereke Ndubuisi Okechukwu , Nwankwo Ifeanyi Valerian , Nnwanwe Onyebuchi Ivan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Excessive torque and drag, buckling and shear forces on downhole strings and tubulars are often encountered in the drilling of longer reach or deviational wells. Buckling of drillstring and BHA occurs in drillstring mainly due to high compressive forces. A point may be reached where these compressive forces rise and exceed the critical buckling loads leading to buckling of the drillstring/BHA or tubulars. This study focuses on the evaluation of the effect of tool-joint on the buckling of drillstrings for highly deviated wells. Tool-joint in pipes changes the pipes geometry in the wellbore thus affecting its hydraulics, orientation and stress distribution. A notable error will arise when straight pipe (with uniform outside diameter (OD) models are used to model pipes with end couplings and connections (such as tool joints). These errors may impact critical buckling loads, buckling initiation points, and post-buckling analysis of the pipe or BHA, thus affecting the success of drilling and completion operations. Torque and drag simulation and analysis was carried out for drillstring and BHA components in 9 5/8 in casing and 8.5 in open-hole sections to determine buckling loads. Two cases were considered; case 1 investigated the modeling and definition of buckling conditions for single straight body drillstrings and case 2 evaluated the buckling conditions for tool-jointed pipes. The result shows that buckling in tool-jointed pipes follows similar trend to that of straight body pipes with sinusoidal or lateral buckling being initiated first, and gradually progresses to helical buckling on increased axial force transfer. Furthermore, from the comparison of the results from two cases considered, it was observed that the presence tool-joint in the pipes led to a critical buckling load of 5.8% for sinusoidal buckling modes. The paper suggests that higher compressive force is needed to buckle the tool-jointed ends of the drillstring than the straight ends.
Modeling the Pressure Transverse for Foam Drilling Operation in Vertical Well
Authors: Fadairo Adesina , Adeyemi Gbadegesin , Ling Kegang , Rasouli Vamegh , Iroko Adedayo , Olayinka Samuel Babatunde , Gbadamosi Olumide 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Pressure transverse in foam drilling operation is sensitive and difficult to predict particular at the start of flow that follows the unavoidable shut in due to inevitable procedure of stop and proceed arising from re-connection of additional drilling pipe to further drill depth. The practice in drilling may not enable the flow to attain steadiness flow region before running in the length of drill pipe. Most existing models in the literature for predicting pressure transverse in foam drilling operation only captured the steadiness flow region of the foam drilling operation by keeping out restriction terms induced by accumulation and kinetic for simplicity sake, hence unsteadiness flow region experienced during foam drilling operation was rarely modelled. It is highly expedient to derive a model that evident the unsteadiness region in order to accurately predict pressure transverse, hence sufficiently analyses the well stability during foam drilling operation.
In this study, a model for forecasting pressure transverse in foam drilling operation was established considering restriction term caused by accumulation and kinetic that constitute for accurate formulation of hydraulic model that govern flow of foam during underbalanced drilling. By applying the proposed model to a case study reported in literature, pressure transverse at unsteadiness flow region for foam drilling operation can be quantitatively estimated and analyzed. The result obtained in a case study carried out indicates high variance in pressure as function time at the beginning of flow in foam drilling where unsteadiness is promoted before matching up closely with the results obtained from the existing Guo et al 2003 model at the steadiness flow region. The new model has a better accuracy with a percentage error of 0.74% and 6.4% as compared to previous models by Guo et al 2003. The proposed model make possible for drilling engineer to take decision with larger precision during hydraulic design of foam drilling operation and guaranteeing well stability in complex drilling system.
Assessment of Conflict Management in Niger Delta and Implications for Sustainable Development of Oil and Gas in Nigeria
Authors: Oruwari Humphrey Otombosoba 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Nigerian oil and gas industry have over the years witnessed incessant conflicts between the stakeholders, particularly the host communities in Niger Delta region and the oil and gas companies in partnership with the Federal Government. Conflict which is here defined as manifestation of disagreement between individual and groups arising from differing and mutually incompatible interests has both positive and negative effects depending on how it was managed. Managing conflicts is all about limiting the negative aspects. The study examined conflicts management in Nigeria oil and gas industry and how best the positive elements of conflicts can be maximally exploited for the mutual benefit of both oil and gas company and the host communities in Niger Delta. The study adopted the multidisciplinary approach, literature review, case study and relied on secondary sources using analytical method of data analysis. The study findings revealed that the major factors that precipitate conflicts between the oil and gas industry and host communities in Niger Delta include economic, social, political, and ecological factors. There are available strategies that can be used in conflict management. These include avoiding, accommodating, or smoothing, competing, or forcing, compromising, and collaborating. Any of these strategies can be used to manage conflict depending on the situation, the environment factor, and the nature of the conflict. The problem is that the oil and gas companies in partnership with the Nigerian government often adopted the wrong approach in dealing with the conflict with host communities, using avoiding or forcing strategies. The study recommends collaboration strategy which ensues long term-term solution to mutual benefits.
Impact of Public Health on Oil Production Operation Expenditure – Case Study: Covid-19 Era Expenses in Nigeria Oil & Gas Industry
Authors: Ugolo Jerry Obaro 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Oil price is primarily determined by global supply and demand forces as well as governments policies and action or inaction of institutions like OPEC. However, in recent times, it has become evident that public health is a vital factor influencing demand and in turn oil price. In US, oil price reached a negative value for the first time in history by April 2020.
Personnel and public health have been shown to have profound effect on operational expenditure (OPEX) of organizations, this in turn affecting the profitability of such organizations. Extra measures involving cost, had to be taken by organizations all over the world to ensure health and safety of their personnel in their sites. In Nigeria, effect of covid-19 measures for companies were, shut in of production, declaration of force majeure on ongoing contracts, slashing of costs, suspension on evaluation of future projects, profile assets for sale, remote/tele working, etc. Huge costs were also incurred as a part of corporate social responsibility for host communities/states where they operate. The consequential outcome is that there are reports of lower than planned profitability and liquidity positions.
This paper examines action taken during this covid crisis and their impact on the financial status of their organizations. Using a quantitative and descriptive research design, an online survey has been used to gather information from respondents from different oil and gas companies of cost incurred by them. Secondary data was also obtained from quarterly reports of some companies of the oil majors to show their profitability comparing Q1-Q4 of 2019 and 2020. The paper also appraises action and inaction by corporate/government bodies to stimulate economic growth and help its personnel/citizenry. An attempt is also made to glean experience and lessons from organization that lived through the periods being examined.
Control to Assurance – A Re-Imagined Health Safety and Environment HSE Leadership in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Okenyi Kingsley , Ogbodu Ejiro , Apena Abayomi , Olagunju Olalekan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The importance of HSE in oil and gas activities especially in drilling operations cannot be overemphasized. Over the years, many systems of how to reduce and eliminate HSE challenges in our operations have been implemented. These systems keep changing to meet goal zero target.
Despite the implementation and the published advances in HSE approaches and tools, HSE performance continues to be at least one incident above target which is Goal Zero. This paper is focused on identifying if the Best Value Approach (BVA) can be modified into a HSE leadership model to help HSE leaders, frontline barrier leaders with delivering GOAL ZERO.
This paper specifically focuses on identifying the unique practice of the BVA that has generated a significant amount of documented high-performance results in the procurement of services and project management. This paper will translate this proven performance to HSE leadership. The paper will match this theory with a current HSE leadership practice of Assist and Assure in Shell. The aim, match theory to practice and then to theory and then produce a concept that will help HSE leaders optimise the implementation of the Assist and Assure Process.
Integrated Approach to Produced Water Disposal Management in a Brown Field: Safeguarding Production, Reducing Cost, Managing Deferment & Reducing HSSE Exposure
Authors: Ogbunude Basil , Obot Aniekan , Sa'ad Abdul-Wahab , Maxwell-Amgbaduba Sunday , Agbor Etta , Tafida Maryam , Okereke Onyedikachi , Mude Jonathan , Gogo Oforiokuma 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Often, the production of oil and gas from underground reservoirs is accompanied by produced water which generally increases with time for a matured field, attributable to natural water encroachment, bottom water ingress, coning effect due to higher production rates, channeling effects, etc. This trend poses a production challenge with respect to increased OPEX cost and environmental considerations of treatment/handling and disposal of the produced water considering the late life performance characterized by low reward margins. Hence, produced water management solutions that reduce OPEX cost is key to extending the field life whilst ensuring a positive cash flow for the asset.
SK field is located in the Swamp Area of the Niger Delta, with a capacity of 1.1Bcf gas plant supplying gas to a nearby LNG plant. Oil and gas production from the field is evacuated via the liquid and gas trunk lines respectively. Due to the incessant tampering with oil delivery lines and environmental impact of spillage, the condensate is spiked through the gas trunk line to the LNG plant. Largely, the water/effluent contained in the tank is evacuated through the liquid line. Based on the availability of the liquid line (ca. 40%-60%), the produced water is a constraint to gas production with estimated tank endurance time (ca. 8 days at 500MMscfd). This leads to creaming of gas production and indeed gas deferments due to produced water management, making it difficult to meet the contractual supply obligation to the LNG plant.
An interim solution adopted was to barge the produced water to the oil and gas export terminal, with an associated OPEX cost of ca. US$2Mln/month. Upon further review of an alternate barging option, this option was considered too expensive, inefficient and unsustainable with inherent HSSE exposure. Therefore, a produced water re-injection project was scoped and executed as a viable alternative to produced water management. This option was supported by the Regulators as a preferred option for produced water management for the industry.
Data-Driven Insights from Nigeria's Natural Gas Data Using PowerBI
Authors: Adejola Adenike , Iledare Omowumi , Nnadili Paraclete 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Each year, the Nigerian gas industry churns out big data on all channels of its value chain. The data is collated, analyzed, and reported by government agencies, corporate companies, institutions, and even academia. Some of these reports are the NNPC and DPR annual oil and gas reports. The annual oil and gas reports contain data tables, charts, and data driven insights. Considering the growing uncertainty in business intelligence triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and the fast-paced 4th industrial revolution, the future of data reporting, analyzing, and presentation is also experiencing a new normal. Oil and gas stakeholders desire quick data-driven and actionable insights to reduce business risks caused by the impacts of these key drivers. This article explores and presents the use of Power BI on Nigerian gas data from 2000 to 2018. It extracts data on demand, production, utilization, gas flare volumes, export, current infrastructure capacity, domestic gas supply, and other relevant data categories. The collated data is developed into a dataset by appending and merging tables from the different reports. This data is prepared, and model relationships are created to answers questions on demand, production, infrastructure, and sustainability of the Nigerian Gas market. Empirical results show that new insights can be obtained from the dataset using new tools and a thoughtful data design process. These insights are presented on a dashboard where key takeaways for quick business decisions and policy implementations are easily assessed. The method is proposed as the future of annual energy reporting. It is also a continuous improvement process that can be applied by all oil and gas stakeholders in their data architecture.
Emotional Intelligence: A Modern Approach to Health and Safety in the Oil and Gas Industry, Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic in Work Environments, and Solutions to Enhance Work Deliverability - A Case Study of Nigeria
Authors: Osuala Justice , Obuh Matilda 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Assurance of reliable public health and safety of/in work environments patently depends on the Emotional Intelligence (EI) of workers. EI, which is the ability to understand and regulate emotions of one-self and others, is one of the uncommonly utilized strategies to optimizing deliverability in workplaces. Work pressure can never be overemphasized, as when not managed effectively, can retard compliance to industry set rules, integrity, and values, as well as distort deliverability of workers. The oil and gas sector were not left out in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic which did not only affect the economy of the global oil market, but also, jeopardized the health and safety of its workers and the environment at large. This paper highlights Emotional Intelligence (EI) as a method to curb the negative effects which the pandemic has caused. It further positions Affability as a must-have skill for oil and gas workers for the purpose of assuring health and safety in work environments. Conceptual and critical thinking processes were utilized to introduce and prioritize Affability as an aspect of EI to proffering solutions to threats regarding safe and workable environment in the industry. Using SPSS, a comprehensive analytical result was generated for 102 oil and gas workers in Nigeria, who took an Emotional Intelligence test compiled by Global Leadership Foundation. A mean of 45.35% was calculated with 57% of 102 scoring below %50. A critical observation indicates that, EI among oil and gas workers was unreliable. This is due to unawareness to effectiveness of developing affable skills to combat safety and health threats in work environments. In an informative way, this paper introduces Affability as a core aspect of Emotional Intelligence and its effectual contribution to promoting a healthy and safe oil and gas work environment.
An Approach for Exploring the Application of the Flow Zone Index Concept in Describing Petrophysical Properties Using Available SCAL Data Relative Permeability
Authors: Enaworu Efeoghene , Pritchard Tim , Davies Sarah J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a unique approach for exploring the Flow Zone Index (FZI) concept using available relative permeability data. It proposes an innovative routine for relating the FZI parameter to saturation end-points of relative permeability data and produces a better model for relative permeability curves. In addition, this paper shows distinct wettabilities for various core samples and validated functions between FZI and residual oil saturation (Sor), irreducible water saturation (Swi), maximum oil allowed to flow (Kro, max), maximum water allowed to flow (Krw, max),and mobile/recoverable oil (100-Swi-Sor).
The wettability of the core samples were defined using cross-plots of relative permeability of oil (Kro), relative permeability of water (Krw), and water saturation (Sw). After classifying the data sets into their respective wettabilities based on these criteria, a stepwise non-linear regression analysis was undertaken to develop realistic correlations between the FZI parameter, initial water saturation and end-point relative permeability parameters. In addition, a correlation using Corey's type generalised model was developed using relative permeability data, with new power law constants and well defined curves. Other parameters, including Sor, Swi, Kro, max, Krw,max and mobile oil, were plotted against FZI and correlations developed for them showed unique well behaved plots with the exception of the Sor plot. A possible theory to explain this unexpected behaviour of the FZI Vs Sor cross plot was noted and discussed.
These derived functions and established relationships between the FZI term and other petrophysical parameters such as permeability, porosity, water saturation, relative permeability and residual oil saturation can be applied to other wells or reservoir models where these key parameters are already known or unknown.
These distinctive established correlations could be employed in the proper characterization of a reservoir as well as predicting and ground truthing petrophysical properties.