bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elementary gas‐phase reactions of radical species during chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide using CH3SiCl3
Authors: Sato Noboru , Funato Yuichi , Shima Kohei , Sugiura Hidetoshi , Fukushima Yasuyuki , Momose Takeshi , Koshi Mitsuo , Shimogaki Yukihiro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe established a kinetic model (the UT2017 model) for chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide (SiC) from methyltrichlorosilane (CH3SiCl3, MTS)/H2, and quantitatively identified CH2SiCl3 as one of the SiC film‐forming species. In a previous study, we established a kinetic model (the UT2014 model), which reproduced the overall decomposition of MTS, but had not validated it in terms of radicals. In the present study, we first validated the UT2014 model by comparing it with the experimental results of radical production from MTS by Lemieux et al, without H2 present. The UT2014 model did not reproduce the production of CH2Cl from MTS at 1247°C. We found that the reactions of CH2SiCl3 isomerization to CH2ClSiCl2 and CH2ClSiCl2 decomposition to CH2Cl and SiCl2 were important for the production of CH2Cl from MTS. We re‐calculated those constants in pressure‐dependent formulas using the Rice‐Ramsperger‐Kassel‐Marcus method at the CBS‐QB3 level. These chemistries were added to the UT2014 model to yield the UT2017 model, which reproduced the production of radicals, including CH2Cl. Finally, using the UT2017 model, we simulated the gas composition under typical SiC chemical vapor infiltration conditions, which comprised mainly MTS and H2. A comparison of the simulation results with the partial pressure of film‐forming species in our previous report suggested that CH2SiCl3 was the possible film‐forming species of SiC from MTS/H2. For quantitative verification, we estimated the distribution of the partial pressure of CH2SiCl3 in our reactor while considering the consumption of CH2SiCl3 on the SiC surface. The values from this simulation result were almost identical to our experimental results for all positions in the reactor. Thus, we showed quantitatively that CH2SiCl3 is the film‐forming species of SiC.
Longitudinal Assessment of Frailty and Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Thomas Carissa M. , Sklar Michael C. , Su Jie , Xu Wei , De Almeida John R. , Alibhai Shabbir M. H. , Goldstein David P. 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo understand changes in frailty and quality of life (QOL) in frail versus non‐frail patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer (HNC).MethodsProspective cohort study of patients (median age 67 (50, 88)) with HNC undergoing surgery from December 2011 to April 2014. Fried's Frailty Index, Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES‐13), and comprehensive QOL assessments (EORTC QLQ‐C30 and HN35) were completed at baseline and 3, 6, and 12‐month post‐operative visits. Change in frailty and QOL over time was compared between frailty groups (non‐frail (score 0), pre‐frail (score 1–2), and frail (score 3–5)) using a mixed effects model. Predictors of long‐term elevated frailty (12 months > baseline) were analyzed using logistic regression.ResultsThe study had 108 patients classified as non‐frail (47%), 104 pre‐frail (mean (SD) 1.3 (0.4), 45%), and 17 frail (3.4 (0.6); 7%). Frailty score decreased significantly for frail patients 3 months post‐operatively (2.1 (1.0); P = .002) and remained significantly lower than baseline at 6 and 12 months (2.1 (1.4); P = .0008 and 2.2 (1.5); P = .005, respectively) while frailty score increased for non‐frail patients at 3 months (1.1 (1.0); P < .001) and then decreased. Forty‐eight patients (21%) had long‐term elevated frailty, with baseline frailty and marital status identified as predictors on univariate analysis. The frail population had significantly worse QOL scores at baseline, which persisted 12 months post‐operatively.ConclusionsFrail patients demonstrate a decrease in frailty score following surgical treatment of HNC. Frail patients have significantly worse QOL scores on longitudinal assessment and would benefit from supportive services throughout their care.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2232–E2242, 2021
Drug‐Induced Sleep Endoscopy and Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation Outcomes: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Huyett Phillip , Kent David T. , D'Agostino Mark A. , Green Katherine K. , Soose Ryan J. , Kaffenberger Thomas M. , Woodson B Tucker , Huntley Colin , Boon Maurits S. , Heiser Clemens , Birk Amelie , Suurna Maria V. , Lin Ho‐Sheng , Waxman Jonathan A. , Kezirian Eric J. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine the association between findings of blinded reviews of preoperative drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) and outcomes of hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Study DesignCohort study.MethodsA retrospective, multicenter cohort study of 343 adults who underwent treatment of OSA with HNS from 10 academic medical centers was performed. Preoperative DISE videos were scored by four blinded reviewers using the VOTE Classification and evaluation of a possible primary structure contributing to airway obstruction. Consensus DISE findings were examined for an association with surgical outcomes based on therapy titration polysomnogram (tPSG). Treatment response was defined by a decrease of ≥50% in the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) to <15 events/hour.ResultsStudy participants (76% male, 60.4 ± 11.0 years old) had a body mass index of 29.2 ± 3.6 kg/m2. AHI decreased (35.6 ± 15.2 to 11.0 ± 14.1 events/hour; P < .001) on the tPSG, with a 72.6% response rate. Complete palate obstruction (vs. none) was associated with the greatest difference in AHI improvement (−26.8 ± 14.9 vs. −19.2 ± 12.8, P = .02). Complete (vs. partial/none) tongue‐related obstruction was associated with increased odds of treatment response (78% vs. 68%, P = .043). Complete (vs. partial/none) oropharyngeal lateral wall‐related obstruction was associated with lower odds of surgical response (58% vs. 74%, P = .042).ConclusionsThe DISE finding of primary tongue contribution to airway obstruction was associated with better outcomes, whereas the opposite was true for the oropharyngeal lateral walls. This study suggests that the role for DISE in counseling candidates for HNS extends beyond solely for excluding complete concentric collapse related to the velum.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:1676–1682, 2021
Dorsal Augmentation Using Crushed Autologous Costal Cartilage in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Lee Ho Jun , Bukhari Sumaiyah , Jang Yong Ju 
Published: January 2021

Objective/HypothesisFor dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty, autologous costal cartilage can be used in many different forms, including its crushed form. While only few studies have reported the outcome of dorsal augmentation using the crushed autologous costal cartilage, the current study aims to evaluate the outcome of such usage.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsThe records of 38 patients were reviewed retrospectively. The study period was from 2006 to 2016. All enrolled patients underwent rhinoplasty that includes dorsal augmentation using crushed autologous costal cartilage. Three facial plastic surgeons evaluated the outcome using pre‐ and postoperative facial photographs. Patients' satisfaction was also analyzed. Anthropometric measurement was performed, and postoperative complications were investigated.ResultsOur cohort included 19 primary and 19 revision cases. The mean age of the patients was 31.0 years. Mean postoperative follow‐up period was 36.1 months. According to facial plastic surgeons' evaluation, excellent, good, fair, poor aesthetic outcomes were achieved in 15 (39.5%), 18 (47.4%), 5 (13.1%), 0 (0.0%) cases, respectively. Patients were very satisfied, satisfied, moderate, dissatisfied in 16 (42.1%), 15 (39.5%), 6 (15.8%), 1 (2.6%) cases, respectively. Heights of the dorsum and radix were significantly increased after surgery (for each, p < 0.05). There were 11 cases (28.9%) of complications on the dorsum, four surface irregularity, five resorptions, and two cases of short nose deformity.ConclusionsOne can augment the nasal dorsum significantly with crushed autologous costal cartilage. But considering high rate of recipient site complications, this method may better be used as an alternative technique when surgical situations are indicated.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2181–E2187, 2021
Plant community distribution induced by microtopography due to soil cracks developed in overgrazed alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Niu Yujie , Yang Siwei , Zhu Huimin , Zhou Jianwei , Chu Bin , Ma Sujie , Hua Rui , Wang Ting , Hua Limin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMicrotopographic variation is a common feature of natural ecosystems. On the Tibetan Plateau, this variation includes soil cracking that influences the dynamics of soil nutrients and seed trapping, which further affect species distributions. Despite their importance, cracks in alpine meadows have rarely been reported, and the effects of cracks on soil properties and plant distribution are poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of microtopography induced by cracking on the soil properties, seed trapping, and plant community composition of crack mosaics in alpine meadows. The study focused on healed cracks that can recover from winter cracking and have not yet become irreversibly degraded. The results showed that the number of seeds in the healed cracks was significantly greater than that in the raised areas, by 2.37‐times. The soil chemical parameters in the healed cracks were significantly higher than those in the raised areas. There were also significant differences in the soil physical parameters between these two positions of the mosaic. Differences in species richness and importance values, and their dynamics (2013–2018), were correlated with these two spatial positions in the crack mosaics. Soil physical and chemical parameters together explained 71% of the plant community composition on the crack mosaics, and the interaction effect explained 52.4%. To some extent, crack mosaics composed of microtopography units favour the conservation of water and nutrients in the healed‐crack portion of the mosaic. We propose that cutting kobresia lawns will facilitate the repair of ecological processes and initiate a natural recovery in overgrazed alpine meadows.
Effects of land use changes on the nonlinear trends of net primary productivity in arid and semiarid areas, China
Authors: Liu Huiyu , Cao Li , Jia Junhe , Gong Haibo , Qi Xiangzhen , Xu Xiaojuan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMonitoring the nonlinear trend of net primary productivity (NPP) is essential for assessing the changes of ecosystems quality. Land use change caused by human activities is considered to be a key factor leading to vegetation changes. However, how land use change impacts the nonlinear trend of NPP has not yet been determined. This article analyzed the nonlinear trend of NPP in arid and semiarid areas of China during in the period 1982–2015 based on the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method and elucidated the effects of land use changes on the nonlinear trends of NPP. The results revealed that: (a) With the EEMD method, although monotonic increase was the main type of the trend of NPP (28.40 %), trend reversals from increase to decrease and from decrease to increase accounted for 13.52 and 20.90 % of the study area, respectively. (b) Although vegetation in most types of land use has been improved a lot, it has not been improved significantly in forest areas and changed from improvement to degradation in some forest and urban land areas. (c) Urbanization limited vegetation recovery but other land use changes generally favoured vegetation improvement. Although afforestation improved vegetation, there was a considerable area of the forest converted from nonforest threatened by the changes from improvement to degradation due to water limitation. Overall, nonlinear trend analysis can reveal the hidden trend reversals to prevent the overestimation or underestimation of the risk of vegetation degradation and is conducive to accurate assessment of the effects of land use changes on vegetation trends.
Use of Google Trends to evaluate for environmental variations in search terms for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Authors: Sen Josh R. , Tampio Alex J. F. , Cavanaugh Shaelyn M. , Nicholas Brian D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective(s)Climate variables are implied in the pathogenesis of certain otologic diseases, including benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Using internet search data obtained through Google Trends (GT), we explored the relationship between climate patterns and symptom search frequencies for BPPV. We hypothesized that increased latitude, as a proxy for decreased sunlight exposure, would lead to increase in BPPV symptom searches.MethodsGT searches for symptoms related to BPPV were obtained for five U.S. cities of different latitudes via the Google Trends online interface. Comparisons were made using SPSS via ANOVA analysis. Figures were made using Microsoft Excel.ResultsSearches for BPPV‐related symptoms increased with increasing latitude. BPPV‐related symptoms did show seasonal variations, but not in predictable manners.Conclusion(s)GT may be a viable research tool when comparing geographical differences in searches, but may be less sensitive in detecting time dependent changes. We offer suggestions as to how big data tools may be altered for research purposes.Level of EvidenceNA.
Trait‐based approach using in situ copepod images reveals contrasting ecological patterns across an Arctic ice melt zone
Authors: Vilgrain Laure , Maps Frédéric , Picheral Marc , Babin Marcel , Aubry Cyril , Irisson Jean‐Olivier , Ayata Sakina‐Dorothée 
Published: January 2021

AbstractImaging techniques are increasingly used in ecology studies, producing vast quantities of data. Inferring functional traits from individual images can provide original insights on ecosystem processes. Morphological traits are, as other functional traits, individual characteristics influencing an organism's fitness. We measured them from in situ image data to study an Arctic zooplankton community during sea ice break‐up. Morphological descriptors (e.g., area, lightness, complexity) were automatically measured on ∼ 28,000 individual copepod images from a high‐resolution underwater camera deployed at more than 150 sampling sites across the ice‐edge. A statistically‐defined morphological space allowed synthesizing morphological information into interpretable and continuous traits (size, opacity, and appendages visibility). This novel approach provides theoretical and methodological advantages because it gives access to both inter‐ and intra‐specific variability by automatically analyzing a large dataset of individual images. The spatial distribution of morphological traits revealed that large copepods are associated with ice‐covered waters, while open waters host smaller individuals. In those ice‐free waters, copepods also seem to feed more actively, as suggested by the increased visibility of their appendages. These traits distributions are likely explained by bottom‐up control: high phytoplankton concentrations in the well‐lit open waters encourages individuals to actively feed and stimulates the development of small copepod stages. Furthermore, copepods located at the ice edge were opaquer, presumably because of full guts or an increase in red pigmentation. Our morphological trait‐based approach revealed ecological patterns that would have been inaccessible otherwise, including color and posture variations of copepods associated with ice‐edge environments in Arctic ecosystems.
Autonomous in situ calibration of ion‐sensitive field effect transistor pH sensors
Authors: Bresnahan Philip J. , Takeshita Yuichiro , Wirth Taylor , Martz Todd R. , Cyronak Tyler , Albright Rebecca , Wolfe Kennedy , Warren Joseph K. , Mertz Keaton 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIon‐sensitive field effect transistor‐based pH sensors have been shown to perform well in high frequency and long‐term ocean sampling regimes. The Honeywell Durafet is widely used due to its stability, fast response, and characterization over a large range of oceanic conditions. However, potentiometric pH monitoring is inherently complicated by the fact that the sensors require careful calibration. Offsets in calibration coefficients have been observed when comparing laboratory to field‐based calibrations and prior work has led to the recommendation that an in situ calibration be performed based on comparison to discrete samples. Here, we describe our work toward a self‐calibration apparatus integrated into a SeapHOx pH, dissolved oxygen, and CTD sensor package. This Self‐Calibrating SeapHOx is capable of autonomously recording calibration values from a high quality, traceable, primary reference standard: equimolar tris buffer. The Self‐Calibrating SeapHOx's functionality was demonstrated in a 6‐d test in a seawater tank at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (La Jolla, California, U.S.A.) and was successfully deployed for 2 weeks on a shallow, coral reef flat (Lizard Island, Australia). During the latter deployment, the tris‐based self‐calibration using 15 on‐board samples exhibited superior reproducibility to the standard spectrophotometric pH‐based calibration using > 100 discrete samples. Standard deviations of calibration pH using tris ranged from 0.002 to 0.005 whereas they ranged from 0.006 to 0.009 for the standard spectrophotometric pH‐based method; the two independent calibration methods resulted in a mean pH difference of 0.008. We anticipate that the Self‐Calibrating SeapHOx will be capable of autonomously providing climate quality pH data, directly linked to a primary seawater pH standard, and with improvements over standard calibration techniques.
Compact Dual‐Band Multi‐Focal Diffractive Lenses
Authors: Britton Wesley A. , Chen Yuyao , Sgrignuoli Fabrizio , Dal Negro Luca 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of dual‐band multi‐focal diffractive microlenses with sub‐wavelength thickness and the capability to simultaneously focus visible and near‐infrared spectral bands at two different focal positions. This technology utilizes high‐index and low‐loss sputtered hydrogenated amorphous Si, enabling a sub‐wavelength thickness of only 235 nm. Moreover, the proposed flat lens concept is polarization insensitive and can be readily designed to operate across any desired wavelength regime. Imaging under unpolarized broadband illumination with independent focal planes for two targeted spectral bands is experimentally demonstrated, enabling the encoding of the depth information of a sample into different spectral images. In addition, with a small footprint of only 100 µm and a minimum feature size of 400 nm, the proposed dual‐band multi‐focal diffractive microlenses can be readily integrated with vertical detector arrays to simultaneously concentrate and spectrally select electromagnetic radiation. This approach provides novel opportunities for spectroscopic and multispectral imaging systems with advanced detector architectures.
Programmable Controls to Scattering Properties of a Radiation Array
Authors: Li Si Jia , Li Yun Bo , Zhang Lei , Luo Zhang Jie , Han Bo Wen , Li Rui Qi , Cao Xiang Yu , Cheng Qiang , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractElectromagnetic (EM) waves have been widely applied in wireless communications, radar detection, navigation, and target recognition. Radiation and scattering are two common behaviors in the EM community, but it remains a long‐standing challenge to control them in a dynamical way, especially using a single, low‐cost, and compact hardware. Here, a promising solution is proposed by combining a programmable metasurface with a radiation array, which can manipulate the scattering properties, digitally and in real‐time, and exhibit different radiation modes simultaneously. More advantageous over previous investigations with the fixed radiation‐scattering performance, a field‐programmable gate array is introduced to extend, realize, and verify the multiple functions of the meta‐microstructure (MMS). As a proof‐of‐concept, multiple functions, including polarization conversion, scattering beam manipulation, diffusion scattering, radar cross‐section reduction, EM waves radiation, and vortex beam generation, have been adequately demonstrated by the MMS prototype.
Multifunctional Sutures with Temperature Sensing and Infection Control
Authors: Houshyar Shadi , Bhattacharyya Amitava , Khalid Asma , Rifai Aaqil , Dekiwadia Chaitali , Kumar G. Sathish , Tran Phong A. , Fox Kate 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe next‐generation sutures should provide in situ monitoring of wound condition such as temperature while reducing surgical site infection during wound closure. In this study, functionalized nanodiamond (FND) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) are incorporated to develop a new multifunctional suture with such capabilities. Incorporation of FND and rGO into PCL enhances its tensile strength by about 43% and toughness by 35%. The sutures show temperature sensing capability in the range of 25–40 °C based on the shift in zero‐splitting frequency of the nitrogen‐vacancy (NV–) centers in FND via optically detected magnetic resonance, paving the way for potential detection of infection or excessive inflammation in healing wounds. The suture surface readily coats with antibiotics to reduce bacterial infection risk to the wounds. The new suture thus is promising in monitoring and supporting wound closure.
Polyimide‐Based Composite Film Synergistically Modulated via a Nano–Micro Multidimensional Filler System toward Insulation Flexible Device Applications
Authors: Zhao He , Yin Jinghua , Liu Xiaoxu , Feng Yu , Liu Yuanyuan , Li Jialong , Li Yanpeng , Yue Dong , Zhu Congcong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExcellent overall performance, including high breakdown strength, brilliant flexibility, and fine mechanical properties, are hard to achieve simultaneously in polymer‐based composites. It is a challenge to improve the electrical properties of the polyimide (PI)‐based composites and to restrain the degradation of mechanical properties even at high doping content. Herein, PI/boron nitride nanosheets (BNNs)‐titanate nanotubes (TNs) ternary composite films are designed via interfacial construction of BNNs‐induced partial orientation TNs with uniform dispersion process, achieving high breakdown strength (175.3 kV mm–1), excellent tensile strength (163 MPa), large elongation at break (67%), and outstanding storage modulus (3023 MPa). Micro‐sized one‐dimensional TNs and nano‐sized two‐dimensional BNNs form a spatial network structure through hydrogen bonding, which can significantly inhibit the degradation of the mechanical and electrical properties of the composites. The orientation of TNs induced by BNNs and interface behavior between nanofillers and PI matrix are investigated and theoretical analysis using the finite element simulation is carried out to demonstrate the influence of BNNs on the electrical performance of the composites. This work can shed light for designing of high insulation and superior mechanical strength functional materials.