bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of inappropriate complementary feeding practices on the nutritional status of children aged 6-24 months in urban Moshi, Northern Tanzania: Cohort study
Authors: Masuke Rachel , Msuya Sia E. , Mahande Johnson M. , Diarz Ester J. , Stray-Pedersen Babill , Jahanpour Ola , Mgongo Melina 
Published: May 2021

Introduction
Childhood undernutrition is a major public health problem especially in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). The prevalence of early introduction of complementary feeding, low meal frequency, and low dietary diversity are frequent in LMICs. The effect of inappropriate complementary feeding practices on the nutritional status of children is not well documented in East African countries including Tanzania. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the effect of inappropriate complementary feeding practices on the nutritional status of children aged 6–24 months in urban Moshi, Tanzania.

Methodology
A retrospective cohort study was done using the Pasua and Majengo cohorts of mother-child pairs in urban Moshi who were enrolled from 2002 to 2017. About 3355 mother-child pairs were included in the analysis. Appropriate complementary feeding practices were assessed using WHO IYFP indicators such as age at introduction of solid, semi-solid, or soft foods, minimum dietary diversity, and minimum meal frequency. Nutritional status (stunting, wasting, and underweight) was determined. Multilevel modeling was applied to obtain the effect of inappropriate complementary feeding practices on the nutritional status of children and to account for the clustering effect of mothers and children and the correlation of repeated measures within each child.

Results
Majority of the children (91.2%) were given soft/semi-solid/solid foods before six months of age, 40.3percent had low meal frequency, and 74percent had low dietary diversity. Early introduction of complementary food at age 0–1 month was statistically significantly associated with higher risks of wasting and underweight (ARR 2.9, 95%CI 1.3–6.3; and ARR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–5.1 respectively). Children with low minimum meal frequency had higher risks of stunting, wasting, and underweight (ARR 2.9, 95%CI 2.3–3.6; ARR 1.9, 95%CI 1.5–2.5 and ARR 1.9, 95%CI 1.5–2.4 respectively). Children with low minimum dietary diversity were more likely to be stunted than is the case with their peers who received the minimum dietary diversity (ARR 1.3, 95% CI 1.01–1.6).

Conclusion
There were a high proportion of children, which were fed inappropriately; Inappropriate complementary feeding practices predisposed children to undernutrition. Our study supports the introduction of complementary feeding, providing minimum dietary diversity, and minimum feeding frequency at six months of age as important in improving the nutritional status of the children.
Mouth-nose masks impair the visual field of healthy eyes
Authors: Weber Annika , Hohberger Bettina , Bergua Antonio 
Published: May 2021

Background
Mouth-nose masks have been requested to prevent the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of the present study was to investigate, if wearing a mouth-nose mask impairs the visual field function in normals.

Methods
Thirty eyes of 30 subjects were recruited for the present study. White-on-white perimetry (OCTOPUS 900; 90°) was done and sensitivity was analysed in 14 defined test points (P1-P14, inferior visual field) under 3 different test conditions while the subjects were wearing a mouth-nose mask: (I) 1.5 cm under the lower eyelid, nose clip not used (position1.5cm_no_clip); (II) 1.5 cm under the lower eyelid, nose clip correctly positioned (position1.5cm_with_clip); (III) 0.5 cm under the lower eyelid, nose clip correctly positioned (position0.5cm_with_clip). All data were compared to sensitivity without wearing a mouth-nose mask (reference). Mean Δ was calculated, being the difference between the results of each test condition and reference, respectively.

Results
Sensitivity was significantly different between position1.5cm_no_clip and reference at 10 test points (p<0.05). Sensitivity at test point P7 was significantly different between position1.5cm_with_clip and position0.5cm_with_clip compared to reference (p<0.001), respectively. Mean Δ increased while wearing a mask at P7: position1.5cm_with_clip (-8.3 dB ± 7.3 dB) < position0.5cm_with_clip (-11.3 dB ± 9.5 dB) < position1.5cm_no_clip (-20.1 dB ± 7.6 dB).

Conclusion
Visual field function was observed to be significantly impaired in the inferior-nasal sector while persons were wearing a mouth-nose mask, especially when the nose clip was not correctly used.
Applying time series analyses on continuous accelerometry data—A clinical example in older adults with and without cognitive impairment
Authors: Rackoll Torsten , Neumann Konrad , Passmann Sven , Grittner Ulrike , Külzow Nadine , Ladenbauer Julia , Flöel Agnes 
Published: May 2021

Introduction
Many clinical studies reporting accelerometry data use sum score measures such as percentage of time spent in moderate to vigorous activity which do not provide insight into differences in activity patterns over 24 hours, and thus do not adequately depict circadian activity patterns. Here, we present an improved functional data analysis approach to model activity patterns and circadian rhythms from accelerometer data. As a use case, we demonstrated its application in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and age-matched healthy older volunteers (HOV).

Methods
Data of two studies were pooled for this analysis. Following baseline cognitive assessment participants were provided with accelerometers for seven consecutive days. A function on scalar regression (FoSR) approach was used to analyze 24 hours accelerometer data.

Results
Information on 48 HOV (mean age 65 SD 6 years) and 18 patients with MCI (mean age 70, SD 8 years) were available for this analysis. MCI patients displayed slightly lower activity in the morning hours (minimum relative activity at 6:05 am: -41.3%, 95% CI -64.7 to -2.5%, p = 0.031) and in the evening (minimum relative activity at 21:40 am: -48.4%, 95% CI -68.5 to 15.4%, p = 0.001) as compared to HOV after adjusting for age and sex.

Discussion
Using a novel approach of FoSR, we found timeframes with lower activity levels in MCI patients compared to HOV which were not evident if sum scores of amount of activity were used, possibly indicating that changes in circadian rhythmicity in neurodegenerative disease are detectable using easy-to-administer accelerometry.

Clinical trials
Effects of Brain Stimulation During Nocturnal Sleep on Memory Consolidation in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairments, ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT01782391. Effects of Brain Stimulation During a Daytime Nap on Memory Consolidation in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment, ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT01782365.
Severe acute respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2: Can it be detected in the retina?
Authors: Bayyoud Tarek , Iftner Angelika , Iftner Thomas , Bartz-Schmidt Karl Ulrich , Ziemssen Focke , Bösmüller Hans , Fend Falko , Rohrbach Jens Martin , Ueffing Marius , Schindler Michael , Thaler Sebastian 
Published: May 2021

Background/Objectives
The systemic organ involvement of SARS-CoV-2 needs to be thoroughly investigated including the possibility of an ocular reservoir in humans. To examine retinal tissues and vitreous for histopathology and SARS-CoV-2 presence with regard to possible effects on the human retina and/ or vitreous. We performed histopathological analyses and quantitative (q)RT-PCR-testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA on retinal tissues and vitreous of COVID-19 postmortem donors.

Subjects/Methods
Included in this study were 10 eyes of 5 deceased COVID-19 patients. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed via pharyngeal swabs and broncho-alveolar fluids. The highest level of personal protective equipment (PPE) and measures was employed during fluid-tissue procurement and preparation. Histopathological examinations and qRT-PCR-testing were carried out for all retinal tissues and vitreous fluids.

Results
The histopathological examinations revealed no signs of morphologically identifiable retinal inflammation or vessel occlusions based on hematoxylin and eosin stains. By qRT-PCRs, we detected no significant level of viral RNA in human retina and vitreous.

Conclusions
In this study, no significant level of SARS-CoV-2-RNA was detected in the human retinal and vitreous fluid samples of deceased COVID-19 patients. Histopathological examinations confirmed no morphological sign of damage to retinal vasculature or tissues. Further studies are needed to confirm or refute the results.
New Approach to Melt Pressure Determination during Screw Channel Flow
Authors: Steller R. , Iwko J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Basic equations describing steady, two-directional, isothermal and fully developed drag-pressure flow of generalized Newtonian fluid between parallel plates assumed as the appropriate flow model in flat, shallow screw channel, are given. It is shown that the flow output for any generalized Newtonian fluid in the two-directional case can be described by a simple expression with a few parameters depending in a complicated way on pressure gradient, channel geometry and constants of the constitutive model. The expression is also valid for unidirectional flow as the limiting case of the two-directional flow. The parameters must be determined as a rule with numerical methods. To simplify the practical calculations, a few (semi)analytical methods of parameters determination for unidirectional power law flow are discussed first. These methods make possible to calculate analytically the pressure gradient for known output that is typical of screw flow characterization. The results obtained for the unidirectional flow 1-D were generalized to describe the two-directional flow 2-D, which takes into account both longitudinal and transverse velocity components. The generalization is based on translation and dilation of the 1-D flow characteristics by introducing a few additional parameters, which are only dependent on the helix angle and power law exponent. It was found a very good agreement between exact numerical and approximate ( semi)analytical characteristics for both flows.
Acute Respiratory Illnesses in Children in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Prospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Haddadin Zaid , Schuster Jennifer E. , Spieker Andrew J. , Rahman Herdi , Blozinski Anna , Stewart Laura , Campbell Angela P. , Lively Joana Y. , Michaels Marian G. , Williams John V. , Boom Julie A. , Sahni Leila C. , Staat Mary , McNeal Monica , Selvarangan Rangaraj , Harrison Christopher J. , Weinberg Geoffrey A. , Szilagyi Peter G. , Englund Janet A. , Klein Eileen J. , Curns Aaron T. , Rha Brian , Langley Gayle E. , Hall Aron J. , Patel Manish M. , Halasa Natasha B. 
Published: May 2021

OBJECTIVES
Nonpharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 likely have a role in decreasing viral acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs). We aimed to assess the frequency of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza ARIs before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

METHODS
This study was a prospective, multicenter, population-based ARI surveillance, including children seen in the emergency departments and inpatient settings in 7 US cities for ARI. Respiratory samples were collected and evaluated by molecular testing. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the association between community mitigation and number of eligible and proportion of RSV and influenza cases.

RESULTS
Overall, 45 759 children were eligible; 25 415 were enrolled and tested; 25% and 14% were RSV-positive and influenza-positive, respectively. In 2020, we noted a decrease in eligible and enrolled ARI subjects after community mitigation measures were introduced, with no RSV or influenza detection from April 5, 2020, to April 30, 2020. Compared with 2016–2019, there was an average of 10.6 fewer eligible ARI cases per week per site and 63.9% and 45.8% lower odds of patients testing positive for RSV and influenza, respectively, during the 2020 community mitigation period. In all sites except Seattle, the proportions of positive tests for RSV and influenza in the 2020 community mitigation period were lower than predicted.

CONCLUSIONS
Between March and April 2020, rapid declines in ARI cases and the proportions of RSV and influenza in children were consistently noted across 7 US cities, which could be attributable to community mitigation measures against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
On Self-Adjoint Linear Relations
Authors: Berkics Péter 
Published: May 2021

A linear operator on a Hilbert space , in the classical approach of von Neumann, must be symmetric to guarantee self-adjointness. However, it can be shown that the symmetry could be omitted by using a criterion for the graph of the operator and the adjoint of the graph. Namely, S is shown to be densely defined and closed if and only if .In a more general setup, we can consider relations instead of operators and we prove that in this situation a similar result holds. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a linear relation to be densely defined and self-adjoint.
Successful treatment of epilepsia partialis continua with perampanel: two pediatric cases
Authors: Mir Ali , Almudhry Montaha , Al‐Ghamdi Fouad , Bashir Shahid 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEpilepsia partialis continua (EPC) is a form of focal motor status epilepticus, associated with multiple etiologies. Etiology‐specific treatments, such as hemispherotomy for Rasmussen encephalitis, lesionectomy for focal cortical dysplasia, and metabolic correction for non‐ketotic hyperglycemia, have proven to be efficacious in treating EPC, but, in general, EPC is difficult to treat and often drug‐resistant, and there is little evidence to guide therapy. We report the successful treatment of EPC with perampanel in two pediatric patients. The first patient was a 12‐year‐old boy with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) who started to have EPC around the age of 10 years, characterized by left hemifacial myoclonic twitches and hemi‐body jerks that were almost continuous throughout the day and disappeared during sleep. He had failed several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The EPC stopped within three days of initiating perampanel. The second patient was a six‐year‐old boy withPOLG‐related mitochondrial disease who presented to the emergency room with continuous jerky movements of the right arm and face after a trivial head injury. After failing several AEDs, including a midazolam drip, the EPC was controlled with perampanel. Both patients showed dramatic improvement and continue to show sustained efficacy after around five months of follow‐up. Based on our observations, perampanel, which has a unique mechanism of action, appears to be a promising therapeutic option for treating EPC. [Published with video sequence].
Depression in patients with epilepsy during the COVID‐19 pandemic based on longitudinal self‐reporting
Authors: Sun Lingqi , Mo Qianning , Sun Hongbin , Niu Yulong , Si Yang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective. The current study screened major depression in people with epilepsy (PWE) during the epidemic of the novel coronavirus‐related disease COVID‐19, in order to identify whether the outbreak generated negative psychological impact on PWE.Methods. A Chinese version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (C‐NDDI‐E), a self‐reporting depression inventory, was applied for rapid detection of major depression. Assessment was carried out online during three different periods (prior to, during, and after the outbreak of COVID‐19), with the aim of identifying changes in prevalence of depression and associated risk factors.Results. A total of 158 PWE were recruited into the study (48.7% female). The questionnaire completion rates were 94.3% and 70.9% during and after the outbreak, respectively. The prevalence of depression prior to the epidemic, as the baseline, was 34.8% and increased to 42.3% during the period of the epidemic. Towards the end of the outbreak, the prevalence declined towards the baseline (36.6%). Factors such as living alone (OR = 4.022, 95% CI: 1.158‐13.971, P = 0.028) and active seizures before the epidemic (OR = 2.993, 95% CI: 1.197‐7.486, P = 0.019) were associated with depression during the epidemic. Monotherapy appeared to be protective against depression (OR = 0. 105, 95% CI: 0.047‐0.235, P <0.001).Significance. Our results suggest that the pandemic exerts negative influence on PWE's mental health. Depression is one of the common psychological disorders that needs greater attention during this extraordinary period.
Evaluation of EEG training curricula for non‐specialist clinicians: a systematic qualitative review
Authors: Kander Veena , Hardman Joanne , Wilmshurst Jo M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective. Neurologists and epileptologists are scarce in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). Whilst electroencephalograms (EEGs) are becoming more available in the region, interpretation is typically undertaken by non‐specialist clinicians with limited or no training. This is a systematic review of the peer‐reviewed literature on EEG training of non‐specialist clinicians worldwide, assessing the efficacy of the training methodology and the curricula content.Methods. The published literature was searched for papers relating to EEG training of non‐specialist clinicians worldwide (1/01/1989‐30/06/2020). All regions of the world were included and assessed for content on efficacy of curricula and potential adaptability or applicability to resource‐poor settings. The grey literature was searched using ProQuest and Primo databases and references from review articles. The websites of the International League Against Epilepsy, International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiologist, American Academy of Neurology and World Federation of Neurology were reviewed for reports (non‐peer reviewed) which described roll‐out and impact of novel EEG training curricula.Results. There was limited data. From 2,613 articles, 15 complied with the study question. Ten studies were performed on cross‐speciality clinicians, four on neurology registrars and one on a combination of healthcare workers. There was diversity of curricula models used. The studies themselves lacked consistency and directness. A few training programs were trialled in low‐middle‐income countries (LMICs) and paediatric training was included in only two. An ideal training curriculum was not evident nor evaluated for resource‐poor settings. However, diverse teaching models were reported and set the foundations for further development of EEG training curricula for non‐specialist clinicians.Significance. There is a lack of access to education in EEG training and interpretation for non‐specialist clinicians in LMICs. Existing models need to be expanded or adapted and evaluated for this population group.
Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy (MOGHE): a widespread disease with an apparently focal epilepsy
Authors: Seetharam Raghavendra , Nooraine Javeria , Mhatre Radhika , Ramachandran Jaychandran , Iyer Rajesh B. , Mahadevan Anita 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy (MOGHE) is a recently recognized, highly epileptogenic, distinct histopathological entity in drug‐resistant epilepsy that primarily involves the frontal lobes. Surgical outcomes in MOGHE are variable. Although the diagnosis is based on histopathology, high‐resolution MRI helps to differentiate MOGHE preoperatively from other forms of cortical malformations (i.e., mMCD II and FCD IIa). We discuss the clinical, electrographic, radiological and histopathological characteristics of MOGHE in two patients who underwent evaluation for drug‐resistant epilepsy followed by electrocorticography‐based resection. Both patients presented with childhood‐onset refractory frontal lobe epilepsy with a high seizure burden. Interictal epileptiform discharges were widespread. PET abnormalities were disproportionate to the MRI findings. Cognitive impairment, persistent epileptiform discharges on post‐resection electrocorticography and sub‐optimal surgical outcomes suggest that MOGHE is a widespread pathology in focal epilepsy.
Nanocomposite material like advanced sorbent materials for carbon dioxide capture
Authors: Zhumagaliyeva А. , Gargiulo V. , Doszhanov Ye. , Alfe M. 
Published: May 2021

In this work carbonized rice husk was used as carbon-based solid matrix in the preparation of composite materials modified with Fe3O4 particles. Aim of this study is to exploit the advantages and shortcomings of using a real biomass as starting material for the preparation of sorbents for CO2 capture applications. Sorption capacity of the obtained composite materials was tested on fixed-bed microreactor.
MODELLING THE CONDITIONAL CO-MOVEMENTS OF PAKISTAN AND INTERNATIONAL STOCK MARKETS
Authors: Pirzado Ali Akbar , Qureshi Naeem Ahmed , Jaoti Imran Khan , Arain Komal , Buriro Riaz Ali 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of the study: This study assesses and evaluates the conditional co-movements and dynamic conditional correlation of the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) with other Stock Market.
Methodology: DCC-GARCH model has been applied due to its feasibility to model the covariance as a function of correlation and variance together.
Main findings: The findings of the research suggest that the Pakistani Stock Exchange (PSX) is highly volatile compared to two other selected stock markets. In-sample fitting, the study has selected the DCC-GARCH (1, 1) model based on information criterion, conversely, the criterion used for out-of-sample forecast evaluation such as MSFE, RMSFE, MAPE, selected the DCC (2,1)-GARCH (1,1).
Application of the study: This study is very useful for the Pakistan stock market and other international selected stocks markets until and unless the government of Pakistan and other governments will devise new policies which may open new opportunities to investors.
Novelty/ Originality of the study: This study has a great potential in the Pakistani stock market to offer investors to several foreign and domestic investors, allowing them to hold Pakistan as well as foreign and local stocks all major benefits.
Idiossincrasias na construção da rabeca em Pernambuco: o caso de Airon Galindo, Caruaru-PE
Authors: Estrada Erasmo , Ventura de Morais Jorge 
Published: May 2021

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar as práticas artesanais do construtor de rabecas Airon Galindo desde a perspectiva da sociologia e da organologia. Tomando como ponto de partida uma entrevista com o construtor, aspectos relacionados à produção de suas rabecas – elaboradas com materiais descartados provenientes de embalagens de madeira de aparelhos importados – são analisados a partir de uma sociologia das práticas sociais, particularmente os conceitos de conhecimentos tácitos e práticos e de conhecimento pelo corpo (Theodore Schatzki, Richard Sennett e Pierre Bourdieu). A discussão é complementada com uma descrição dos processos de construção usados por Galindo. Devido ao fato de Galindo optar por mudar o modelo dos seus instrumentos de tempos em tempos, a estrutura dos mesmos é descrita apenas em linhas gerais. A organologia de um instrumento, porém, é apresentada de forma detalhada, o que permite tanto documentar as características específicas deste instrumento em particular como revelar as idiossincrasias do construtor e o impacto destas na funcionalidade do instrumento. As informações derivadas desta análise podem futuramente servir como referência para o estudo dos instrumentos de outros construtores, o que permitirá construir um detalhado panorama da rabeca em Pernambuco.