bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explicit structure-preserving geometric particle-in-cell algorithm in curvilinear orthogonal coordinate systems and its applications to whole-device 6D kinetic simulations of tokamak physics
Authors: XIAO Jianyuan , QIN Hong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Explicit structure-preserving geometric particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm in curvilinear orthogonal coordinate systems is developed. The work reported represents a further development of the structure-preserving geometric PIC algorithm achieving the goal of practical applications in magnetic fusion research. The algorithm is constructed by discretizing the field theory for the system of charged particles and electromagnetic field using Whitney forms, discrete exterior calculus, and explicit non-canonical symplectic integration. In addition to the truncated infinitely dimensional symplectic structure, the algorithm preserves exactly many important physical symmetries and conservation laws, such as local energy conservation, gauge symmetry and the corresponding local charge conservation. As a result, the algorithm possesses the long-term accuracy and fidelity required for first-principles-based simulations of the multiscale tokamak physics. The algorithm has been implemented in the SymPIC code, which is designed for high-efficiency massively-parallel PIC simulations in modern clusters. The code has been applied to carry out whole-device 6D kinetic simulation studies of tokamak physics. A self-consistent kinetic steady state for fusion plasma in the tokamak geometry is numerically found with a predominately diagonal and anisotropic pressure tensor. The state also admits a steady-state sub-sonic ion flow in the range of 10 km s−1, agreeing with experimental observations and analytical calculations Kinetic ballooning instability in the self-consistent kinetic steady state is simulated. It is shown that high-n ballooning modes have larger growth rates than low-n global modes, and in the nonlinear phase the modes saturate approximately in 5 ion transit times at the 2% level by the E × B flow generated by the instability. These results are consistent with early and recent electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulations.
Pathogenic Mutations and Atypical Flow Cytometric Findings Characterize the Majority of Unclassifiable Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Authors: Li Yanchun , Beck Rose C , Moore Erika M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) are a group of rare and heterogeneous hematopoietic disorders that frequently present a diagnostic challenge. Here we present our institutional experience with next-generation sequencing (NGS), together with morphologic, flow cytometric, and cytogenetic evaluation, in the diagnosis of MDS/MPN, with particular emphasis on MDS/MPN unclassifiable (MPN-U).

Methods
We evaluated the morphologic, flow cytometric, cytogenetic, and molecular characteristics of all MDS/MPN cases that underwent NGS at our institution between April 2016 and February 2019.

Results
Thirty-seven cases of MDS/MPN were identified, including 14 cases of MDS/MPN-U. Ninety-seven percent harbored mutations and immunophenotypic aberrancies (36/37), while only 38% had cytogenetic abnormalities (12/32). The MDS/MPN-U group had the highest rate of myeloblast phenotypic abnormalities and had a high mutation rate of approximately 2.7 mutated genes per case, most commonly in JAK2, SRSF2, and ASXL1.

Conclusions
No single ancillary study was abnormal in every case, but all cases had at least one abnormal finding, demonstrating the usefulness of a multiparameter approach to the diagnosis of MDS/MPN. Although a few specific mutations were found exclusively in MDS/MPN-U and JAK2 mutations were most prevalent, larger studies are needed to determine whether MDS/MPN-U has a mutational “fingerprint,” which may aid in diagnosis and targeted therapy.
Evaluation of Sensitivity in Specific Points of the Areola and Nipple of Patients Submitted to Reduction Mammoplasty With Periareolar Dermis Release: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: de Sá Jairo Zacchê , Lopes Priscila , Santa-Cruz Fernando , de Oliveira Rodrigues Amanda Estelita , Santos Daniela Moura , de Andrade Aguiar José Lamartine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
To date, studies on periareolar dermis release have recorded the areola sensitivity as a mean. Despite being clinically reported by patients, specific points of the areola may present sensitivities not detected when researchers only consider mean values.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine the pressure sensitivity at specific points of the nipple-areola complex and compare these values with the mean value measured in the areolas of patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty with periareolar dermis release.

Methods
This is a prospective, randomized controlled trial of 39 consecutive patients (78 breasts) who underwent surgery for treatment of breast hypertrophy; the same surgical technique was used for all patients. In each patient, 1 breast was assigned to a control group and the other to an experimental group. The periareolar dermis release was performed in the experimental group (39 breasts). Pressure sensitivity was tested with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments on the papilla and at 4 specific points of the areola. The evaluations were conducted preoperatively and at 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 1 year postoperatively.

Results
The group comparisons show a statistically significant difference in sensitivity at the medial point of the areola and in the papilla at 3 weeks postoperation. This difference disappeared in the 1-year evaluation. This recovery profile also occurs when areola sensitivity corresponds to a mean value. The sensitivity significantly decreased at the lower point of the areola up to 1 year postoperation in the control and experimental groups.

Conclusions
The periareolar dermis release did not compromise the pressure sensitivity at the points evaluated in the nipple-areola complex. The mean areola sensitivity differed from the sensitivity at the lower point of the areola.

Level of Evidence: 4
A Minimally Nonanthropocentric Economics: What Is It, Is It Necessary, and Can It Avert the Biodiversity Crisis?
Authors: Vucetich John A , Damania Richard , Cushman Sam A , Macdonald Ewan A , Burnham Dawn , Offer-Westort Thomas , Bruskotter Jeremy T , Feltz Adam , Eeden Lily Van , Macdonald David W 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn important line of scholarship concludes that stemming the biodiversity crisis requires widespread nonanthropocentric modes of action and decision-making. In this regard, knowing what would even constitute a nonanthropocentric economic decision-making framework is hobbled by failing to recognize a conflation in the taxonomy of capital as supposed by traditional (anthropocentric) economics. We explain how natural capital (a basic category in anthropocentric economies) conflates natural capital without intrinsic value and natural capital with intrinsic value. Recognizing this conflation allowed us to identify instances of quantitative analyses that have elements of nonanthropocentrism but that seem not to have been previously recognized as such. We also explore inescapable consequences of recognizing this conflation, including the need to better understand how economic decision-making should take account for interspecies distributive justice and human well-being. That second need augments independent calls by economists and policy experts to take better account of human well-being.
Prognostic value and reversibility of liver stiffness in patients undergoing tricuspid annuloplasty
Authors: Chen Yan , Chan Yap-Hang , Wu Mei-Zhen , Yu Yu-Juan , Ren Qing-Wen , Lam Yui-Ming , Seto Wai-Kay , Yuen Man-Fung , Chan Albert Chi-Yan , Lau Chu-Pak , Tse Hung-Fat , Yiu Kai-Hang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Liver stiffness (LS) assessed by transient elastography is associated with adverse events in patients with heart failure. However, the predictive value of LS for adverse outcome is uncertain in patients undergoing tricuspid annuloplasty (TA). This study sought to evaluate the prognostic value and reversibility of LS in patients undergoing TA during left-sided valve surgery.

Methods and results
A total of 158 patients who underwent TA were prospectively evaluated. Patients were divided into three groups according to tertile of LS. Adverse outcome was defined as heart failure that required hospital admission or all-cause mortality following TA. The median LS was 13.9 (inter-quartile range 8.1–22.3) kPa and independently correlated positively with tricuspid regurgitation (TR) severity, inferior vena cava diameter and negatively with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. During a median follow-up of 31 months, 49 adverse events occurred. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that LS was an independent predictor of adverse events. Significant improvement in LS at 1-year post-TA (13.1–7.8 kPa, P &lt; 0.01) was noted only in patients who had no adverse events, not in those who experienced heart failure (17.1–14.2 kPa, P = 0.87) and seems to be linked to an absence of TR recurrence.

Conclusions
This study demonstrated that LS is predictive of adverse outcome and is reversible in patients undergoing TA without TR recurrence at 1 year. These findings suggest that assessing LS, an integrative correlate of right heart condition, may aid the pre-operative risk assessment of candidate for heart surgery including TA.
Near, Far, Wherever You Are: Distance and Proximity in International Criminal Law
Authors: Clements Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As the International Criminal Court (ICC) nears its 20th year in operation, many international criminal law practitioners and scholars are asking: where is the ICC today in relation to its original promise to end impunity for the world’s worst crimes? Baked into that question are themes of the court’s distance and proximity, temporal and spatial, professional and existential. Where is the ICC located along the historic ‘arc of justice’ and how might we push it further along that path? How does the prosecutor’s refrain that the ICC is a ‘court of law’ that must keep away from political entanglements affect its interaction with domestic actors? What do practitioners and scholars mean when they encourage the ICC to ‘get closer’ to atrocity situations, whether through better communication, cooperation or in situ proceedings? These questions prompt reflection on the ICC’s distance from, and proximity to, the atrocity space through an analysis of three recent monographs on the ICC and Africa. Reviewing these contributions in law, political science and anthropology, this review essay gauges the multiple planes of distance and proximity on which international criminal law advocates operate. These planes turn out to play an important part in ordering global justice, particularly the spaces and subjects of atrocities as sites of anti-impunity work.
Endovascular occlusion balloon-related thrombosis during transvenous lead extraction
Authors: Pothineni Naga Venkata K , Tschabrunn Cory M , Carrillo Roger , Schaller Robert D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of balloon-related thrombosis (BRT) in patients undergoing transvenous lead extraction (TLE). Use of an endovascular occlusion balloon has improved outcomes of superior vena cava injuries during TLE. Its thrombogenicity in clinical practice is unknown.

Methods and results
We prospectively evaluated consecutive patients undergoing prophylactic balloon placement during TLE utilizing two procedural workflows: one with the balloon within the inferior vena cava during the entire case (standard cohort) and one limiting the balloon’s dwell time (abbreviated cohort). Intracardiac echocardiography was used to evaluate for significant BRT (thrombus &gt; 1 cm) after TLE. Forty-two patients (21 in each group) were included. Age, left ventricular ejection fraction, procedural indication, number of leads, and lead dwell time were similar between the groups. Balloon dwell time was significantly longer in the standard group (128 ± 74 vs. 25 ± 18 min, P &lt; 0.001) as was BRT (14/21 vs. 1/21, P &lt; 0.001). Mean thrombus length and width in the standard group was 3.99 ± 1.40 and 0.45 ± 0.16 cm, respectively and 5.2 × 0.4 cm in one patient in the abbreviated group. Between patients with and without BRT in the standard group, balloon dwell times were similar (113 ± 64 vs. 156 ± 88 min, P = 0.21). One patient in the standard group had a pulmonary embolism on post-operative Day 3 and was initiated on oral anticoagulation.

Conclusion
Prophylactic balloon placement for the entirety of the case is associated with a high incidence of BRT; a finding that is decreased when an abbreviated workflow is utilized.
Persistence and adherence to non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation across five Western European countries
Authors: Komen Joris J , Pottegård Anton , Mantel-Teeuwisse Aukje K , Forslund Tomas , Hjemdahl Paul , Wettermark Björn , Hellfritzsch Maja , Hallas Jesper , Olesen Morten , Bennie Marion , Mueller Tanja , Voss Annemarie , Schink Tania , Haug Ulrike , Kollhorst Bianca , Karlstad Øystein , Kjerpeseth Lars J , Klungel Olaf H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Aims
To assess persistence and adherence to non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in five Western European healthcare settings.

Methods and results
We conducted a multi-country observational cohort study, including 559 445 AF patients initiating NOAC therapy from Stockholm (Sweden), Denmark, Scotland, Norway, and Germany between 2011 and 2018. Patients were followed from their first prescription until they switched to a vitamin K antagonist, emigrated, died, or the end of follow-up. We measured persistence and adherence over time and defined adequate adherence as medication possession rate ≥90% among persistent patients only.

Results
Overall, persistence declined to 82% after 1 year and to 63% after 5 years. When including restarters of NOAC treatment, 85% of the patients were treated with NOACs after 5 years. The proportion of patients with adequate adherence remained above 80% throughout follow-up. Persistence and adherence were similar between countries and was higher in patients starting treatment in later years. Both first year persistence and adherence were lower with dabigatran (persistence: 77%, adherence: 65%) compared with apixaban (86% and 75%) and rivaroxaban (83% and 75%) and were statistically lower after adjusting for patient characteristics. Adherence and persistence with dabigatran remained lower throughout follow-up.

Conclusion
Persistence and adherence were high among NOAC users in five Western European healthcare settings and increased in later years. Dabigatran use was associated with slightly lower persistence and adherence compared with apixaban and rivaroxaban.
Polar motion resonance in the prograde diurnal band
Authors: Nurul Huda I , Bizouard C , Allain D , Lambert S 
Published: March 2021

Summary
Until now, the polar motion resonance (PMR) complex frequency has been determined in the seasonal and retrograde diurnal band of the polar motion. In this study, this resonance is studied in the prograde diurnal band, where polar motion is mainly composed of periodic terms caused by the diurnal oceanic tide. The resonance parameters (period and quality factor) are encompassed in the frequency transfer function between generating tidal potential and polar motion, and can be estimated accordingly. To this aim, we gather three published sets of prograde diurnal terms determined from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), to which we append our own estimates based upon a processing of the VLBI delays over the period 1990–2020. Then, by fitting the PMR parameters so that the prograde diurnal terms match the corresponding components of the tide generating potential, we obtained a resonance period of about 401 d and an equivalent quality factor of −22, differing from those reigning in the seasonal band (PPMR ≈ 431 d; QPMR ≈ 56–255) and in the retrograde diurnal band (PPMR ≈ 380 d; QPMR ≈ −10). Our estimates confirm strikingly the theoretical prediction derived from the tidal ocean angular momentum derived from the FES 2014 ocean tide model.
Fragile X premutation rCGG repeats impair synaptic growth and synaptic transmission atDrosophilalarval neuromuscular junction
Authors: Bhat Sajad A , Yousuf Aadil , Mushtaq Zeeshan , Kumar Vimlesh , Qurashi Abrar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease that develops in some premutation (PM) carriers of the FMR1 gene with alleles bearing 55–200 CGG repeats. The discovery of a broad spectrum of clinical and cell-developmental abnormalities among PM carriers with or without FXTAS and in model systems suggests that neurodegeneration seen in FXTAS could be the inevitable end-result of pathophysiological processes set during early development. Hence, it is imperative to trace early PM-induced pathological abnormalities. Previous studies have shown that transgenic Drosophila carrying PM-length CGG repeats are sufficient to cause neurodegeneration. Here, we used the same transgenic model to understand the effect of CGG repeats on the structure and function of the developing nervous system. We show that presynaptic expression of CGG repeats restricts synaptic growth, reduces the number of synaptic boutons, leads to aberrant presynaptic varicosities, and impairs synaptic transmission at the larval neuromuscular junctions. The postsynaptic analysis shows that both glutamate receptors and subsynaptic reticulum proteins were normal. However, a high percentage of boutons show a reduced density of Bruchpilot protein, a key component of presynaptic active zones required for vesicle release. The electrophysiological analysis shows a significant reduction in quantal content, a measure of total synaptic vesicles released per excitation potential. Together, these findings suggest that synapse perturbation caused by riboCGG (rCGG) repeats mediates presynaptically during larval neuromuscular junction development. We also suggest that the stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase protein Basket and CIDE-N protein Drep-2 positively mediate Bruchpilot active zone defects caused by rCGG repeats.
Gain initial endorsement from the core: market entry, initial partners, and embeddedness in the venture capital market
Authors: Wang Pengfei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study draws attention to the embedding process of market entrants, by examining the initial and subsequent partnerships of de alio entrants versus de novo entrants. Although de alio entrants have access to superior resources from their parents, they may encounter more resistance from the market as they project impure identity, introduce different logics, and pose greater competitive threats. Analyzing a sample of new entrants in the venture capital market, we find that while de alio entrants are less likely to establish initial partnerships with mainstream incumbents (i.e. receiving an overall initial resistance from the market), they are more likely than de novo entrants to establish ties with high-status incumbents (i.e. gaining more initial endorsement from the core). Results also show that initial network positions allow de alio entrants to sustain gaining prestigious endorsement in the later period, and at the same time to offset the overall resistance from mainstream incumbents. Our findings contribute to the literature on market entry and corporate demography.
Genome-wide analysis of urogenital and respiratory multidrug-resistant Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Authors: Sierra Yanik , González-Díaz Aida , Carrera-Salinas Anna , Berbel Dàmaris , Vázquez-Sánchez Daniel Antonio , Tubau Fe , Cubero Meritxell , Garmendia Junkal , Càmara Jordi , Ayats Josefina , Ardanuy Carmen , Marti Sara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To characterize the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the prevalence of the polysaccharide capsule among urogenital and respiratory Haemophilus parainfluenzae isolates.

Methods
Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by microdilution. Fifty-five MDR strains were subjected to WGS and were phylogenetically compared with all the available H. parainfluenzae genomes from the NCBI database. The identification of the capsular bexA gene was performed by PCR in 266 non-MDR strains.

Results
In 31 of the 42 ampicillin-resistant strains, blaTEM-1 located within Tn3 was identified. β-Lactamase-negative cefuroxime-resistant strains (n = 12) presented PBP3 substitutions. The catS gene (n = 14), the tet(M)-MEGA element (n = 18) and FolA substitutions (I95L and F154V/S) (n = 41) were associated with resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline plus macrolides, and co-trimoxazole, respectively. Thirty-seven isolates had a Tn10 harbouring tet(B)/(C)/(D)/(R) genes with (n = 15) or without (n = 22) catA2. Putative transposons (Tn7076–Tn7079), including aminoglycoside and co-trimoxazole resistance genes, were identified in 10 strains (18.2%). These transposons were integrated into three new integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), which also included the resistance-associated transposons Tn3 and Tn10. The capsular operon was found only in the urogenital isolates (18/154, 11.7%), but no phylogenetic clustering was observed. The capsular operons identified were similar to those of Haemophilus influenzae serotype c and Haemophilus sputorum type 2.

Conclusions
The identification of ICEs with up to three resistance-associated transposons suggests that these transferable elements play an important role in the acquisition of multidrug resistance in H. parainfluenzae. Moreover, the presence of polysaccharide capsules in some of these urogenital isolates is a cause for concern.
Serum INHB levels and ACE gene I/D polymorphism with increased risk for unexplained infertility
Authors: Turan T , Pekel A , Duvan Z C İ , Gönenç A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has a significant role in the angiogenesis of ovarian endothelium and the resumption of meiosis and folicular growth. However, there is no any study concerning ACE polymorphism and unexplained infertility (UI). The main aim of this study is that both identify ACE polymorphism and measure the serum ACE, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin-B (INHB) levels in UI patients and controls in Turkish population. Forty-seven UI patients and 41 controls were involved in this study. To determine the ACE polymorphisms, DNA isolation and PCR were performed. Then, serum ACE, AMH and INHB levels were measured spectrophotometrically. Patients with UI had significantly higher serum INHB levels compared with controls (P &lt; 0.05). Serum ACE levels were decreased, compared to controls; however, the decrease was not significant. Serum AMH levels did not significantly differ from controls. When the relationship was analysed between ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and infertility risk, and ID genotype was chosen as reference, it was found to be 2.33 times more risk of UI than the women have DD genotype [DD versus ID: odds ratio = 2.33, 95% confidence interval (0.88–6.19); P = 0.086]. This finding indicates that DD genotype may be high risk for UI. Further studies are warranted to confirm this finding, especially with a larger population.