bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vibration Suppression in Turning Using a Kalman Estimator–Based Feedforward Controller
Authors: ElSinawi Ameen H. , Kashani Reza 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Vibration suppression of the tool results in improved surface texture, dimensional accuracy and enhanced productivity in machining operations. The vibration of the machine tool structure, as well as the tool/workpiece interaction are the main contributors to the tool vibration. In light of this, abating the tool vibration can be approached by isolating the tool from the machine structure in the presence of a random process representing the tool/workpiece interaction. An active tool holder capable of isolating the cutting tool from the vibration of the machine tool structure is constructed. Vibration isolation is accomplished by means of a novel, Kalman estimator–based control strategy, a high bandwidth magnetostrictive actuator, and two accelerometers. The proposed control technique focuses on lowering the transmitted force to the tool that is subject to the machine structure vibration (base excitation) in presence of cutting process disturbance. The important aspect of this control strategy is that, while it is designed based on a full order model of the plant, its implementation is reduced to the realization of a second order estimator irrespective of the order of the plant model. Machining experiments showed that up to 30% improvement in surface roughness of the workpiece has been achieved using the proposed technique.
Lapping Control of Hard Disk Drive Heads: Part I—Modeling
Authors: Mei Youping , Stelson Kim A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Bar lapping is a key process in fabricating computer hard disk drive heads. The purpose is to remove a small amount of material in a way that minimizes the stripe height variation across the bar. This article presents the first part of this study: establishing a method of simulating the material removal process. The Preston model is identified to be a reasonable constitutive relationship relating lapping rate to pressure and relative velocity. A pressure estimation method is established based on the modified beam on elastic foundation model (MBOEF) to incorporate the effect of surface shape. Simulation is conducted based on the proposed constitutive relationship and MBOEF. Results show good agreement with production observations. Hence the simulation model can serve as a tool to identify the structure of the lapping control model in the second part of this study.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Basic Mechanics
Authors: Auslander David M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An approach is suggested for a methodology associated with basic mechanics that greatly enlarges the scope of problems accessible to students and professionals. A numerical approach based on Newtonian point-mass mechanics and pseudo-rigid bodies brings problems such as three-dimensional dynamics and constrained motions into the arena of basic mechanics. Because solutions of almost any problems of interest require computation, integrated study of physics, math, and computation is essential. An object-oriented computational approach is extremely useful since all models can be expressed with the same set of basic elements.
A Simulation-Based Synthesis Method for Engineering Systems That Contain Active Elements
Authors: Connolly Thomas J. , Longoria Raul G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Model-based simulation makes extensive use of a growing number of analysis tools that facilitate the design cycle, especially for complex systems. Changes to a model either to increase fidelity (more complex) or to investigate design modifications can be accomplished using a synthesis methodology. An automated or semi-automated approach can be a valuable tool in system design by providing a designer with feasible strategies, while ruling out others.
This paper explores the use of classical synthesis techniques developed for electrical network theory, with particular interest to systems containing active elements. Active elements imply power flow into a system, and in many cases active devices can provide weight savings, simplify a design that contains only passive elements, or even introduce cost savings. This methodology is proposed for guiding the design of systems with actuators, for example, or for systems in which it is desired to replace existing passive components with one or more active elements (active retrofits). The synthesis method is combined with numerical simulation to generate an operating envelope for active devices. The method yields recommended physical realizations, and detailed modeling will lead to more refined system development.
Laser-Based Depth Recovery for Fine Positioning of a Microrobot
Authors: Buerkle Axel , Fatikow Sergej 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
There is an increasing interest in performing assembly of microsystems (i.e. non-destructive transportation, precise manipulation, and exact positioning of microcomponents) by flexible microrobots. A microrobot-based microassembly desktop station is being developed at the University of Karlsruhe. Several prototypes of piezoelectric driven microrobots and a design of the flexible microassembly desktop station were already presented. In this paper, new implementation results of a computer vision based automatic control system of a mobile microrobot with an integrated flexible manipulator are discussed. The operations of the robot manipulator take place under a microscope equipped with a CCD-camera. A major drawback of this system is its lack of depth information. For this reason, the sensor system has been enhanced by a line laser, using laser triangulation. The set-up of the modified sensor system is described. The measuring principle is based on a method called sheet of light triangulation, a variation of standard triangulation. This approach is described in detail; its advantages and limitations are discussed.
Prototyping Millirobots Using Dextrous Microassembly and Folding
Authors: Shimada E. , Thompson J. A. , Yan J. , Wood R. , Fearing R. S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses two processes for rapidly prototyping micromechanical systems: first microassembly, and second, laser cutting of thin sheets and folding. Sub-millimeter rigid blocks can be dextrously manipulated using two 1 DOF fingers and an XYZ micro-positioning stage. Algorithms for micro-part manipulation use open-loop compliant grasps combined with slip to align microparts, which can then be adhesively bonded. Strong, lightweight structures with low friction flexural joints can be readily laser cut, then folded. Potentially, thermally driven actuators can be simply integrated with flexural structures to build fingers for part manipulation.
Effects of Physical Bandwidth on Perception of Virtual Gratings
Authors: Wall Steven A. , Harwin William S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
When exploring a virtual environment using a point interaction type force feedback interface, users are forced to adopt a method of “temporal encoding” in order to classify textured surfaces, due to the lack of spatially distributed cues on the fingerpad. Dynamic modelling of haptic interfaces suggests that high spatial frequency information may be attenuated, such that discrimination of stimuli by human users is restricted by the performance of the device. Subjects were asked to judge the orientation of virtual gratings, using a conventional PHANToM interface and one augmented with a dedicated high frequency actuated end-effector. A significant increase in discrimination performance was found for the higher bandwidth interface.
Roughness Perception of Haptically Displayed Fractal Surfaces
Authors: Costa Michael A. , Cutkosky Mark R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Surface profiles were generated by a fractal algorithm and haptically rendered on a force feedback joystick. Subjects were asked to use the joystick to explore pairs of surfaces and report to the experimenter which of the surfaces they felt was rougher. Surfaces were characterized by their root mean square (RMS) amplitude and their fractal dimension. The most important factor affecting the perceived roughness of the fractal surfaces was the RMS amplitude of the surface. When comparing surfaces of fractal dimension 1.2–1.35 it was found that the fractal dimension was negatively correlated with perceived roughness.
Frequency Dependence of Compliance Contrast Detection
Authors: Dhruv Neel , Tendick Frank 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Psychophysical experiments were performed to investigate the haptic perception of objects with varying compliance over their surfaces. Perception of compliance contrast is important in interaction with soft environments, as in teleoperative surgery. Simulated surfaces were presented using a haptic interface in virtual environments. An adaptive 2–down, 1–up procedure was used to determine thresholds for compliance contrast detection at a range of spatial frequencies. The maximum effective temporal frequencies of compliance change, due to the subjects’ action of scanning the surfaces, were calculated. Force contrast detection thresholds were determined at a range of temporal frequencies to investigate the reliance of compliance contrast detection on force cues. Compliance and force discrimination thresholds were determined in order to compare with low frequency contrast thresholds. Compliance and force contrast detection thresholds were found to be 2% and 1% above 1/2 cyc/cm and 20 Hz, respectively. Both were significantly smaller than respective compliance and force discrimination thresholds and low frequency contrast detection thresholds. It appears that the improvement in compliance contrast detection sensitivity is due to subjects being more sensitive to force contrast at higher temporal frequencies. By changing environment exploration strategies or limb impedance, subjects may be able to change their sensitivity to object compliance contrast.
Time Delay Compensation and Stability Issues in Teleoperation
Authors: Caradima Carmen M. , Wang David W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The stability of teleoperation over the Internet is a growing research area. The unknown time delays of the data transmission, however, compromise performance and stability. It is assumed in this work that force information is not available which is the case for most commercial haptic devices. This paper examines two approaches to this challenging problem. The first approach focuses on using Kalman filters to predict, at the local haptic device, the present state of the remote haptic device. In this way, the time delays can be made to seem as if they did not exist. Simulation results are presented on experimental data to verify this technique. The second approach is to employ haptic devices which are mechanically designed to have linear dynamics. It is shown that our proposed feedback configuration is stable for all gains, up to a maximum time delay which can be precomputed. Experimental results are presented.
Fatigue Properties of Cu-Cr In-Situ Composite
Authors: Masuda Chitoshi , Tanaka Yoshihisa 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The new electrical conductive material, Cu-15wt%Cr in-situ composite, was developed for the application of lead frame, high field magnet and trolley wire. The Cu-Cr composite was fabricated by casting method in vacuum and forged, solution-treated, and cold drawn (η = 4.66 and 6.94). In this paper the cold drawn Cu-Cr composite was tested under cyclic loading at room temperature in comparison to the data for pure copper. The fatigue stresses decreased with increasing the number of cycles to failure and the double -knees were not seen on the S-N curves for both alloys as in other face centered cubic materials such as aluminum alloys and high strength steels, such as spring steels and carburized steels. The fatigue strength of Cu-Cr composite is double that for pure copper. The fatigue strength of Cu-Cr composite with cold drawing at η = 6.94 is higher than that at η = 4.66 tested under an axial loading (R = 0.1). On the fatigue fracture surface, the fatigue crack initiated from the un-dissolved chromium particle situated beneath the specimen surface and the crack direction was changed along the chromium fiber. In order to improve the fatigue strength of Cu-Cr composite it is very important that the size and amount of un-dissolved chromium particles would be reduced.
Numerical Analysis of the Mechanical Behaviors of Bolted Joint Under Thermal Load
Authors: Fukuoka Toshimichi , Xu Quantuo , Yoshida Kentaro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A bolted joint is frequently used in practical applications under thermal load, such as in internal combustion engines, steam and gas turbines, pressure vessels, etc. In order to accurately evaluate the thermal stresses thus produced, the effects of thermal contact resistance at the interface and the heat flow through small gaps, which exist around the bolted joint, must be taken into account. An empirical equation for the thermal contact co-efficient at the interface composed of similar materials was presented in a previous paper. In this study, the thermal contact coefficient is measured for the case of dissimilar materials using the same procedure. Further, a simple equation for apparent thermal contact coefficient is proposed to calculate the amount of heat flow through small gaps. By incorporating the effects of such contact resistance into the finite element formulation, thermal behaviors of a bolted joint with typical configuration are to be analyzed as elastic contact problems in the transient temperature field. It is shown that among various factors, coefficient of linear expansion has a dominant effect on the variations of bolt stress.
Aliasing Effects on Nodal Acceleration Output From Nonlinear Finite Element Simulations
Authors: Neal Mark O. , Lin Chin-Hsu , Wang J. T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Nodal acceleration output from nonlinear finite element crash simulations often contains high frequency components. If this output is not sampled frequently enough the high frequency components will be aliased and the resulting acceleration output will be inaccurate. It is recommended in this paper that a low-pass filter be installed in the crashworthiness finite element codes which would remove the high frequency components of the nodal accelerations before they are sampled for output. This would completely eliminate aliasing error in acceleration output. Prior to this installation, there are several options for reducing the effects of aliasing on acceleration output. One option is to request very high sampling rates for acceleration output; however this will result in very large output files. Another option is to calculate the accelerations by differentiating the output velocities. This option, which effectively is an averaging filter acting on the accelerations, is available in the finite element code DYNA3D. The properties of this filter are examined in this paper and it is shown that this filter is very effective in reducing the effects of aliasing on acceleration output, although it should not be expected to completely eliminate potential aliasing problems. Finally, guidelines are presented for selecting nodes and sampling rates based on local natural frequencies that will reduce the effect of aliasing of the acceleration output.
Study of Aortic Ruptures Using a Finite Element Model
Authors: Zhang Ning , Yang King H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A three-dimensional finite element model of the human thorax has been developed to study the mechanism of aortic rupture due to blunt impacts. The model has been validated against data from pendulum tests in both frontal and lateral directions. Effective stresses of the aortic inner wall were predicted in four different regions that are most likely to rupture. The aortic isthmus, clinically the most frequently ruptured site, was found to have the highest magnitude of stress among four locations in both frontal and side impact simulations. It is hypothesized that bending of the aortic arch posteriorly and stretching of the aortic arch laterally lead to biaxial tension at the aortic isthmus during blunt impact, which may help to explain the mechanism of injury in aortic ruptures.
A Biomechanical Evaluation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Response to Rotational Loads
Authors: Zeminski Jennifer , Kanamori Akihiro , Yagi Masayoshi , Debski Richard E. , Fu Freddie H. , Woo Savio L.-Y. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A successful reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) after its injury should restore the kinematics of the intact knee, as well as reproduce the in-situ force in this ligament. While ACL reconstruction has been successful to limit anterior tibial translation under anterior loads applied to the tibia (1, 2), the same cannot be said about more complex loading conditions that include valgus and internal tibial torques.
On the Calculation of Fluid Shear Stresses at the Wall of Dilated Large Arteries: Part II—Application to 3D Computational Models
Authors: Finol Ender A. , Amon Cristina H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Experimental and numerical investigations of pulsatile flows in artery models have been numerous during the last two decades. For 3D artery models, numerical predictions of wall shear stresses can be rather difficult to make due to the six independent stress tensor components that may be evaluated at any particular time during the blood flow pulse. The only 3D numerical study of blood flow in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs) known to the authors is that of Taylor and Yamaguchi (1994), in which iso-shear stress contours are reported for an asymmetric aneurysm model. However, the projection of these stresses at the aneurysm wall is not reported. This paper presents an extension of the plane stress formulation outlined in Part I, combined with a transformation of the stress tensor, as an alternative procedure for the calculation of wall shear stresses in 3D dilated artery models, with application to asymmetric aneurysms.
A Paradigm for Functional Tissue Engineering
Authors: Butler David L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Clinicians, biologists, and engineers face difficult challenges in engineering effective, cell-based composites for repair of orthopaedic and cardiovascular tissues. Whether repairing articular cartilage, bone, or blood vessel, the demands placed on the surgical implants can threaten the long-term success of the procedure. In 1998, the US National Committee on Biomechanics addressed this problem by suggesting a new paradigm for tissue engineering called “functional tissue engineering” or FTE. FTE seeks to address several important questions. What are the biomechanical demands placed upon the normal tissue and hence the tissue engineered implant after surgery? What parameters should a tissue engineer design into the implant before surgery? And what biomechanical parameters should the tissue engineer track to determine if the resulting repair is successful? To illustrate the principles, this presentation will discuss tendon repair as a model system for functional tissue engineering.
Engineered Alignment in Arteries and Valves Fabricated From Cell-Contracted Biopolymers
Authors: Tranquillo Robert T. , Neidert Michael R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
While mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves (mhv and bhv) have made a dramatic impact since their introduction in the 1960’s, the 10 year mortality after replacement is 30–55%, with reoperation rates of 2–4%/year because of mechanical failure (mhv), bleeding and thromboembolic complications (mhv and bhv), and calcification (bhv). Autografts and allografts, while more successful, fall far short in supply. The need is particularly great for juveniles since neither mhv nor bhv have the capacity to grow. Thus, there is great interest in developing a new generation of tissue engineered heart valves (Anderson, 1995).
Biaxial Mechanical Behavior of Aneurysmal and Nonaneurysmal Human Abdominal Aorta: Preliminary Results
Authors: Vorp David A. , Sacks Michael S. , Schiro Brian J. , Makaroun Michel S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is currently the 13th leading cause of death in the US and represents a mechanical failure of the diseased aortic wall. Therefore, accurate estimation of the wall stress distribution in AAA may be a clinically useful tool to predict their risk of rupture [1]. A necessary precursor to an accurate stress analysis is an appropriate representation of the constitutive behavior of the AAA wall. Many previous biomechanical analyses of AAA have employed a linearly elastic constitutive behavior [2,3]. However, we have shown that the AAA wall is nonlinearly elastic [4] and undergoes large strain in-vivo [5]. With this as motivation, we recently developed an isotropic, nonlinearly elastic, large strain constitutive model for AAA wall based on uniaxial tensile testing data [6]. The assumption of isotropy was not validated, however. Utilization of an isotropic material symmetry in models of anisotropic structures may lead to significant errors in stress distribution [7]. Indeed, experiments suggest that the nonaneurysmal aorta is anisotropic (orthotropic) [8,9], but the material symmetry of AAA is not presently known. Moreover, most of the previous work investigating the material symmetry of aorta has been performed on animal tissue. To evaluate the anisotropy of aortic tissue, biaxial experimentation is necessary. There has been very little published work involving the biaxial experimentation of human aortic tissue, and none for AAA tissue. We present here a preliminary evaluation of the biaxial mechanical behavior of human aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal abdominal aorta.
Vertebral Motions During Flexion-Distraction Treatment for Low Back Pain
Authors: Gudavalli M. R. , Cox J. M. , Cramer G. D. , Baker J. A. , Patwardhan A. G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents kinematics data of spinal motion during a low back treatment procedure known as flexion-distraction procedure. In this procedure the patient is positioned in a prone position on a specially developed table, and the doctor of chiropractic applies manual loads and motions with the assistance of the table to create traction and flexion effects at the joint of interest (Most often L5-S1 and L4-L5). A total of nine unembalmed cadavers were used for this study. The motions were measured using OPTOTRAK a three-dimensional optoelectronic motion measuring system. Infrared markers were attached to rods that were inserted into the L4, L5, and S1 vertebrae. The relative motions were computed using in-house developed computer software. The results showed that the vertebral motions were created at each of the joints creating flexion and traction motions as the major components. The other motions were small compared to flexion and axial translation.
Motion of the Meniscus During Passive Knee Flexion Predicted by a 3D Finite Element Model Based on MR Imaging
Authors: Zhang Heng , Totterman Saara M. S. , Perucchio Renato , Lerner Amy L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A complete understanding of joint kinematics is important to the study of general locomotion, the diagnosis of abnormal joint behavior resulting from disease or injury, the quantitative assessment of treatment and the design of better prosthetic devices. The knee motion during passive flexion or specific activities, such as walking, running and stair climbing, has been studied to understand the knee kinematics. However, in most investigations the kinematic joint behavior was averaged over a range of specimens or subjects. Very few studies have been done to focus on the kinematics of an individual joint and its meniscus. The goal of our study is to explore the derivation of knee motion from magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data and to predict the kinematic behavior of the normal meniscus under passive knee flexion by finite element modeling.