bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)–Specific Antibodies in Pregnant Women and Subsequent Risk of RSV Hospitalization in Young Infants
Authors: Koivisto Karoliina , Nieminen Tea , Mejias Asuncion , Capella Gonzalez Cristina , Ye Fang , Mertz Sara , Peeples Mark , Ramilo Octavio , Saxén Harri 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
The fusion (F) glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents the major neutralizing antigen, and antibodies against the pre-F conformation have the most potent neutralizing activity. This study aimed to assess the correlation between maternal antibody titers against the pre-F, post-F, and G glycoproteins and the child’s risk of developing severe RSV bronchiolitis early in infancy.

Methods
We identified previously healthy term infants &lt;3 months of age hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis from December 2015 to March 2016. We measured IgG antibody titers to pre-F, post-F, and G proteins in maternal sera obtained at 9–12 weeks of pregnancy of these hospitalized infants’ mothers (n = 94) and compared them with serum antibody titers of control pregnant mothers (n = 130) whose children were not hospitalized.

Results
All maternal samples (n = 224) had detectable pre-F antibodies. Pre-F antibody titers were significantly lower in mothers whose infants were hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis compared with those mothers whose infants were not hospitalized (23.9 [range (or antibody titer range), 1.4–273.7] µg/L vs 30.6 [XXX, 3.4–220.0] µg/L; P = .0026). There were no significant differences in maternal post-F and G antibody titers between hospitalized and nonhospitalized infants.

Conclusions
Our findings indicate that maternal pre-F antibodies are fundamental for providing immune protection to the infant.
Discrepancy in sustained efficacy and resistance emergence under human-simulated exposure of cefiderocol against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia between in vitro chemostat and in vivo murine infection models
Authors: Gill Christian M , Abdelraouf Kamilia , Oota Merime , Nakamura Rio , Kuroiwa Miho , Gahara Yoshinari , Takemura Miki , Yamano Yoshinori , Nicolau David P 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The present study evaluated the sustained kill and the potential for resistance development of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia exposed to a human-simulated exposure of cefiderocol over 72 h in in vitro and in vivo infection models.

Methods
A total of seven S. maltophilia isolates with cefiderocol MICs of 0.03–0.5 mg/L were utilized. The sustained bactericidal activity compared with the initial inoculum and the appearance of resistance after the 72 h treatment were evaluated in both an in vitro chemostat model (four strains) and an in vivo murine thigh infection model (six strains) under the human-simulated exposure of cefiderocol (2 g every 8 h as a 3 h infusion).

Results
In the in vitro model, regrowth was observed for three of four tested isolates and resistance emergence (&gt;2-dilution MIC increase) was observed for all of the four test isolates. Conversely, sustained killing over 72 h and no resistance emergence were observed for all of the six tested isolates in the in vivo models. The mechanism of all resistant isolates that appeared only in the in vitro chemostat studies was a mutation in the tonB-exbB-exbD region, which contributes to the energy transduction on the iron transporters.

Conclusions
The discrepancy in the sustained efficacy and resistance emergence between in vivo and in vitro models appears to be due to the resistance acquisition mechanism caused by mutation in the tonB-exbB-exbD region developing in the enriched media utilized in vitro. These studies reveal the in vivo bactericidal activity and the low potential for development of resistance among Stenotrophomonas evaluated under human-simulated exposures.
Dual-scopic robotic thymectomy for a large thymic malignant tumor
Authors: Yanagiya Masahiro , Hiyama Noriko , Matsumoto Jun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Minimally invasive surgery for large thymic malignant tumors remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate dual-scopic robotic thymectomy for a challenging malignant thymic tumor. An asymptomatic 70-year-old woman clinically diagnosed with a large thymic malignant tumor invading the left phrenic nerve and pericardium underwent surgery. After dissecting the left phrenic nerve and pericardium under left unilateral video-assisted thoracic surgery, a robotic subxiphoid approach was conducted to achieve complete thymectomy. During robotic surgery, the large tumor sometimes limited the surgical view. To overcome this limitation, we added a conventional thoracoscope and utilized both images of the conventional thoracoscopic view and robotic camera via TilePro display to achieve complete resection of the thymic epithelial tumor. The patient was discharged with no complications except left phrenic palsy. The pathological diagnosis was a thymic neuroendocrine tumor invading the left phrenic nerve. This approach is potentially useful in surgery for challenging thymic malignant tumors.
How does post-flowering heat impact grain growth and its determining processes in wheat?
Authors: Girousse Christine , Inchboard Lauren , Deswarte Jean-Charles , Chenu Karine 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Wheat grain yield is anticipated to suffer from the increased temperatures expected under climate change. In particular, the effects of post-anthesis temperatures on grain growth and development must be better understood in order to improve crop models. Grain growth and development involve several processes, and we hypothesized that some of the most important processes, namely grain dry biomass and water accumulation, grain volume expansion, and endosperm cell proliferation, will have different thermal sensitivity. To assess this, we established temperature–response curves of these processes for steady post-anthesis temperatures between 15 °C and 36 °C. From anthesis to maturity, grain dry mass, water mass, volume, and endosperm cell number were monitored, whilst considering grain temperature. Different sensitivities to heat of these various processes were revealed. The rate of grain dry biomass accumulation increased linearly up to 25 °C, while the reciprocal of its duration increased linearly up to at least 32 °C. In contrast, the growth rates of traits contributing to grain expansion, such as increase in grain volume and cell numbers, had higher optimum temperatures, while the reciprocal of their durations were significantly lower. These temperature–response curves can contribute to improve current crop models, and allow targeting of specific mechanisms for genetic and genomic studies.
Transcriptional up-regulation of host-specific terpene metabolism in aphid-induced galls of Pistacia palaestina
Authors: Davidovich-Rikanati Rachel , Bar Einat , Hivert Gal , Huang Xing-Qi , Hoppen-Tonial Carolina , Khankin Vered , Rand Karin , Abofreih Amal , Muhlemann Joelle K , Marchese José Abramo , Shotland Yoram , Dudareva Natalia , Inbar Moshe , Lewinsohn Efraim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Galling insects gain food and shelter by inducing specialized anatomical structures in their plant hosts. Such galls often accumulate plant defensive metabolites protecting the inhabiting insects from predation. We previously found that, despite a marked natural chemopolymorphism in natural populations of Pistacia palaestina, the monoterpene content in Baizongia pistaciae-induced galls is substantially higher than in leaves of their hosts. Here we show a general up-regulation of key structural genes in both the plastidial and cytosolic terpene biosynthetic pathways in galls as compared with non-colonized leaves. Novel prenyltransferases and terpene synthases were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli to reveal their biochemical function. Individual Pistacia trees exhibiting chemopolymorphism in terpene compositions displayed differential up-regulation of selected terpene synthase genes, and the metabolites generated by their gene products in vitro corresponded to the monoterpenes accumulated by each tree. Our results delineate molecular mechanisms responsible for the formation of enhanced monoterpene in galls and the observed intraspecific monoterpene chemodiversity displayed in P. palaestina. We demonstrate that gall-inhabiting aphids transcriptionally reprogram their host terpene pathways by up-regulating tree-specific genes, boosting the accumulation of plant defensive compounds for the protection of colonizing insects.
Discovery and origins of giant optical nebulae surrounding quasar PKS 0454−22
Authors: Helton Jakob M , Johnson Sean D , Greene Jenny E , Chen Hsiao-Wen 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We report optical integral-field spectroscopy in the field of one of the most luminous quasars in the z &lt; 1 Universe, PKS 0454−22, with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer. These data enable the discovery of three large ionized nebulae emitting in [O ii], H β, and [O iii] with projected areas of 1720, 1520, and 130 pkpc2, which we refer to as N1, N2, and N3, respectively. N1 spatially and kinematically surrounds the quasar host and five nearby galaxies. The morphology and kinematics of N1 are most consistent with stripped interstellar medium resulting from ongoing interactions. Its ionization properties can be explained by quasar photoionization. N2 spatially and kinematically surrounds two galaxies that are at projected distances of d ≈ 90 pkpc and line-of-sight velocities of Δv ≈+1410 km s−1 from the quasar. The morphology and kinematics of N2 are also consistent with stripped interstellar medium. However, its ionization state requires additional ionization sources beyond the quasar, likely from fast shocks as it moves through the hot halo associated with a galaxy overdensity around the quasar. N3 is not coincident with any galaxies with secure redshifts, and may arise from a cool gas structure in the intragroup medium or a dwarf galaxy. These large ionized nebulae demonstrate that interactions can produce cool gas structures on halo scales, while also possibly facilitating quasar fueling. The growing availability of wide-area integral field spectroscopic data will continue to reveal the morphologies, kinematics, and conditions of the gas flows, which may fuel galaxy and black hole growth.
A computational method for rotating, multilayer spheroids with internal jumps
Authors: Basillais B , Huré J-M 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We discuss the structure of differentially rotating, multilayer spheroids containing mass–density jumps and rotational discontinuities at the interfaces. The study is based upon a scale-free, numerical method. Polytropic equations of state and cylindrical rotation profiles are assumed. The Bernoulli equation and the Poisson equation for the gravitational potential are solved for each layer separately on a common computational grid. The two-layer (core-envelope) case is first investigated in detail. We find that the core and the envelope are not, in general, homothetical in shape (cores are more than spherical than the envelope). Besides, the occurrence of a mass–density jump all along the interface is prone to a rotational discontinuity (unless the polytropic indices are the same). In particular, for given rotation laws, the mass–density jump is not uniform along the interface. Tests, trends and examples (e.g. false bipolytrope, critical rotation, degenerate configurations) are given. Next, we consider the general case of systems made of ${\cal L}\gt 2$ layers. This includes the full equation set, the virial equation, a comprehensive step-by-step procedure, and two examples of tripolytropic systems. The properties observed in the two-layer case hold for any pairs of adjacent layers. In spite of a different internal structure, two multilayer configurations can share the same mass, same axial ratio, same size, and same surface velocity (which is measured through a degeneracy parameter). Applications concern the determination of the interior of planets, exoplanets, stars, and compact objects.
Assessing tension metrics with dark energy survey and Planck data
Authors: Lemos P , Raveri M , Campos A , Park Y , Chang C , Weaverdyck N , Huterer D , Liddle A R , Blazek J , Cawthon R , Choi A , DeRose J , Dodelson S , Doux C , Gatti M , Gruen D , Harrison I , Krause E , Lahav O , MacCrann N , Muir J , Prat J , Rau M M , Rollins R P , Samuroff S , Zuntz J , Aguena M , Allam S , Annis J , Avila S , Bacon D , Bernstein G M , Bertin E , Brooks D , Burke D L , Carnero Rosell A , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Castander F J , Conselice C , Costanzi M , Crocce M , Pereira M E S , Davis T M , De Vicente J , Desai S , Diehl H T , Doel P , Eckert K , Eifler T F , Elvin-Poole J , Everett S , Evrard A E , Ferrero I , Ferté A , Flaugher B , Fosalba P , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gerdes D W , Giannantonio T , Gruendl R A , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Hartley W G , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , Hoyle B , Huff E M , James D J , Jarvis M , Lima M , Maia M A G , March M , Marshall J L , Martini P , Melchior P , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Mohr J J , Morgan R , Myles J , Ogando R L C , Palmese A , Pandey S , Paz-Chinchón F , Plazas Malagón A A , Rodriguez-Monroy M , Roodman A , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Schubnell M , Secco L F , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Smith M , Soares-Santos M , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Thomas D , To C , Troxel M A , Varga T N , Weller J , Wester W ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTQuantifying tensions – inconsistencies amongst measurements of cosmological parameters by different experiments – has emerged as a crucial part of modern cosmological data analysis. Statistically significant tensions between two experiments or cosmological probes may indicate new physics extending beyond the standard cosmological model and need to be promptly identified. We apply several tension estimators proposed in the literature to the dark energy survey (DES) large-scale structure measurement and Planck cosmic microwave background data. We first evaluate the responsiveness of these metrics to an input tension artificially introduced between the two, using synthetic DES data. We then apply the metrics to the comparison of Planck and actual DES Year 1 data. We find that the parameter differences, Eigentension, and Suspiciousness metrics all yield similar results on both simulated and real data, while the Bayes ratio is inconsistent with the rest due to its dependence on the prior volume. Using these metrics, we calculate the tension between DES Year 1 3 × 2pt and Planck, finding the surveys to be in ∼2.3σ tension under the ΛCDM paradigm. This suite of metrics provides a toolset for robustly testing tensions in the DES Year 3 data and beyond.
Galaxy and mass assembly (GAMA): the clustering of galaxy groups
Authors: Riggs S D , Barbhuiyan R W Y M , Loveday J , Brough S , Holwerda B W , Hopkins A M , Phillipps S 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We explore the clustering of galaxy groups in the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey to investigate the dependence of group bias and profile on separation scale and group mass. Due to the inherent uncertainty in estimating the group selection function, and hence the group autocorrelation function, we instead measure the projected galaxy–group cross-correlation function. We find that the group profile has a strong dependence on scale and group mass on scales $r_\bot \lesssim 1 h^{-1}$. We also find evidence that the most massive groups live in extended, overdense, structures. In the first application of marked clustering statistics to groups, we find that group-mass marked clustering peaks on scales comparable to the typical group radius of r⊥ ≈ 0.5 h−1. While massive galaxies are associated with massive groups, the marked statistics show no indication of galaxy mass segregation within groups. We show similar results from the IllustrisTNG simulations and the L-Galaxies model, although L-Galaxies shows an enhanced bias and galaxy mass dependence on small scales.
Merging filaments I: a race against collapse
Authors: Hoemann Elena , Heigl Stefan , Burkert Andreas 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
The interstellar medium is characterized by an intricate filamentary network that exhibits complex structures. These show a variety of different shapes (e.g. junctions, rings, etc.) deviating strongly from the usually assumed cylindrical shape. A possible formation mechanism are filament mergers that we analyse in this study. Indeed, the proximity of filaments in networks suggests mergers to be rather likely. As the merger has to be faster than the end dominated collapse of the filament along its major axis, we expect three possible results: (a) The filaments collapse before a merger can happen, (b) the merged filamentary complex shows already signs of cores at the edges, or (c) the filaments merge into a structure which is not end-dominated. We develop an analytic formula for the merging and core-formation time-scale at the edge and validate our model via hydrodynamical simulations with the adaptive-mesh-refinement-code ramses. This allows us to predict the outcome of a filament merger, given different initial conditions which are the initial distance and the respective line-masses of each filament as well as their relative velocities.
A spectrally stratified hot accretion flow in the hard state of MAXI J1820+070
Authors: Dziełak Marta A , De Marco Barbara , Zdziarski Andrzej A 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the structure of the accretion flow in the hard state of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 with NICER data. The power spectra show broad-band variability which can be fit with four Lorentzian components peaking at different time-scales. Extracting power spectra as a function of energy enables the energy spectra of these different power spectral components to be reconstructed. We found significant spectral differences among Lorentzians, with the one corresponding to the shortest variability time-scales displaying the hardest spectrum. Both the variability spectra and the time-averaged spectrum are well-modelled by a disc blackbody and thermal Comptonization, but the presence of (at least) two Comptonization zones with different temperatures and optical depths is required. The disc blackbody component is highly variable, but only in the variability components peaking at the longest time-scales ($\lower.5ex\hbox{$\,\, \buildrel\gt \over \sim \,\,$}1$ s). The seed photons for the spectrally harder zone come predominantly from the softer Comptonization zone. Our results require the accretion flow in this source to be structured, and cannot be described by a single Comptonization region upscattering disc blackbody photons, and reflection from the disc.
Globular cluster numbers in dark matter haloes in a dual formation scenario: an empirical model within emerge
Authors: Valenzuela Lucas M , Moster Benjamin P , Remus Rhea-Silvia , O’Leary Joseph A , Burkert Andreas 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an empirical model for the number of globular clusters (GCs) in galaxies based on recent data showing a tight relationship between dark matter halo virial masses and GC numbers. While a simple base model forming GCs in low-mass haloes reproduces this relation, we show that a second formation pathway for GCs is needed to account for observed younger GC populations. We confirm previous works that reported the observed linear correlation as being a consequence of hierarchical merging and its insensitivity to the exact GC formation processes at higher virial masses, even for a dual formation scenario. We find that the scatter of the linear relation is strongly correlated with the relative amount of smooth accretion: the more dark matter is smoothly accreted, the fewer GCs a halo has compared to other haloes of the same mass. This scatter is smaller than that introduced by halo mass measurements, indicating that the number of GCs in a galaxy is a good tracer for its dark matter mass. Smooth accretion is also the reason for a lower average dark matter mass per GC in low-mass haloes. Finally, we successfully reproduce the observed general trend of GCs being old and the tendency of more massive haloes hosting older GC systems. Including the second GC formation mechanism through gas-rich mergers leads to a more realistic variety of GC age distributions and also introduces an age inversion in the halo virial mass range log Mvir/M⊙ = 11–13.
Comparative potency analysis of whole smoke solutions in the bacterial reverse mutation test
Authors: Meng Fanxue , Mei Nan , Yan Jian , Guo Xiaoqing , Richter Patricia A , Chen Tao , De Mamata 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Short-term in vitro genotoxicity assays are useful tools to assess whether new and emerging tobacco products potentially have reduced toxicity. We previously demonstrated that potency ranking by benchmark dose (BMD) analysis quantitatively identifies differences among several known carcinogens and toxic chemicals representing different chemical classes found in cigarette smoke. In this study, six whole smoke solution (WSS) samples containing both the particulate and gas phases of tobacco smoke were generated from two commercial cigarette brands under different smoking-machine regimens. Sixty test cigarettes of each brand were machine-smoked according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) puffing protocol. In addition, either 60 or 20 test cigarettes of each brand were machine-smoked with the Canadian Intense (CI) puffing protocol. All six WSSs were evaluated in the bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test using Salmonella typhimurium strains, in the presence or absence of S9 metabolic activation. The resulting S9-mediated mutagenic concentration–responses for the four WSSs from 60 cigarettes were then compared using BMD modelling analysis and the mutagenic potency expressed as number of revertants per μl of the WSS. The quantitative approaches resulted in a similar rank order of mutagenic potency for the Ames test in both TA98 and TA100. Under the conditions of this study, these results indicate that quantitative analysis of the Ames test data can discriminate between the mutagenic potencies of WSSs on the basis of smoking-machine regimen (ISO vs. CI), and cigarette product (differences in smoke chemistry).