bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Take a Fresh Look at Existing Hazard Analysis Data to Assess Safety Instrumented System Needs
Authors: Chadwell G. Bradley 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Many traditional methods for assessing Safety Instrumented Systems (SISs) focus on controlling individual hazards on a scenario-by-scenario basis. In these existing approaches, engineers use a hazard analysis, or other form of risk assessment, to evaluate each potential accident scenario to determine the need for a SIS. While comprehensive, such methods can result in more SISs being defined than are necessary.
This paper describes an approach for SISs using existing hazard analysis data from a new perspective. The approach goes beyond traditional scenario-by-scenario methods by explicitly considering the process as a whole. A major benefit is the potential to optimize resources by identifying the minimum set of SISs required to address all the hazards present in the process. Hence, this method can reduce capital expenditures, as well as testing and inspection requirements. This paper discusses the practicalities of taking a global perspective of a process in defining SIS requirements. Additionally, the concept of Importance Measures, used for prioritizing efforts to control and reduce risk, is extended to prioritizing and optimizing SIS selection from a risk-based perspective.
Risk Based Inspection (RBI) Within a Mechanical Integrity System: Leveraging Your Mechanical Integrity System
Authors: Boult Mark , de Regt Cees 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Implementing a Mechanical Integrity (MI) system provides immediate benefits. This paper identifies some of those benefits, and looks at ways you can leverage your MI system by using its information and data. Means for gaining greater benefit include Risk Based Inspection (RBI), Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) studies, Root Cause Analysis, plus other assessments. This paper discusses where these assessments fit into the MI system and their effectiveness. An RBI study description is included that demonstrates the effectiveness of using MI data and information to reap additional benefits. The outcome of the study was an immediate financial improvement of $1,600,000 by canceling an internal inspection and they by avoiding a one-day facility shutdown. This equated to an immediate return on investment of 16:1. Additional other savings were also identified. The project team estimated that the computerized MI records halved the effort to complete the study, providing an additional saving to the company of $100,000.
Computer Program PRAISE: Uncertainty Analysis of Heat Exchanger Three-Dimensional Flow Speed Model
Authors: Islamov Rustam , Ustinov Vasily 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The main thrust of the Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) model is to assess the spectrum possible scenarios (sequences of events) that can lead undesirable consequences. However, there is no guarantee that all possible scenarios have been identified and properly assessed. This lack of completeness introduces an uncertainty in the results and conclusions of the analysis. Even for scenarios, which have been identified, the event sequence and system logic models do not precisely represent reality. There are uncertainties introduced by the relative inadequacy of the conceptual models, the mathematical models, the numerical approximations, the coding errors and the computational limits.
Design, Fabrication and Characterization of a New Magnetic Microsensor Using Plasma Hall Effect
Authors: Seo Young Ho , Han Ki-Ho , Cho Young-Ho 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper is the first attempt to use the plasma Hall effect for magnetic field detection. The plasma Hall microsensor measures the Hall voltage induced by AC plasma electrons. In a theoretical analysis, we develop an analytical model of the plasma Hall sensor in order to express the plasma Hall voltage as a function of electrode geometry, magnetic field, plasma discharge field and chamber pressure. On this basis, we have designed and fabricated a new class of magnetic microsensors using AC neon plasma. In the experimental study, we have measured the plasma Hall voltage for varying five different conditions, including the frequency and magnitude of magnetic field, the frequency and magnitude of plasma discharge voltage, and the neon pressure. The plasma Hall microsensors show a magnetic field sensitivity of 8.87±0.18mvV/G with 4.48% nonlinearity. The experimental results agree well with those estimated from the theoretical analysis, thus verifying the feasibility of the plasma Hall device for a new class of magnetic microsensor.
Design, Fabrication and Testing of Laterally Driven Electrostatic Motors Employing Walking Motion and Mechanical Leverage
Authors: Tas N. R. , Molenaar R. , Sonnenberg T. , Baartman J. P. , Koster M. P. , Elwenspoek M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the design, fabrication and testing of laterally driven linear electrostatic micromotors. The motors employ mechanical leverage with the aim to increase the force from the order of 1 μN up to the order of 0.1 mN, in combination with walking motion to increase the stroke to virtually unlimited. Three designs have been made and tested. Although walking motion has been shown to be feasible in MEMS technology, improvement of the clamping is needed to benefit from the use of levers to increase the generated force.
Bulk Silicon Machined Micro-Electro-Mechanical (MEM) Devices Movable in Optic Immersion Fluids
Authors: Madanagopal K. V. , Tien Norman C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We report on the fabrication, testing and modeling of spring suspended, bulk-silicon micromachined devices that are movable by electrostatic actuation in optic immersion liquids. The devices are designed to have smooth sidewall surfaces that can serve as optical reflecting elements. The devices are found to move about 23 1μm under 25V DC excitation.
A Nonlinear Dynamics Model of a Microelectromechanical Vibrating Wheel Gyroscope
Authors: Feng Z. C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Microelectromechanical gyroscopes (micro gyros) sense the rotational input to the device by measuring the mechanical deformation on a vibrating structure caused by Coriolis forces. To utilize the magnification factor at mechanical resonances, the frequency of the electrostatic excitation and the natural frequencies of the structure are closely matched. Recently, it has been reported that as the mismatch decreases, the device operation becomes more and more unstable. This paper presents a nonlinear dynamics model of a microelectromechanical vibrating wheel gyroscope to obtain quantitative prediction on the instability related to the mismatch. Under the assumption of small motions, weakly nonlinearity is incorporated into the model. The nonlinear terms introduce coupling between two linearly independent modes, namely the drive mode and the sense mode. The method of averaging is applied to further reduce the coupled equations of motion. In the averaged equations, the periodic motions become fixed points in the amplitude and phase variables. Stability analysis of the fixed points leads to the criterion for the mismatch in terms of the gyro geometric design. Since current micro gyros are designed to maximize the sensitivity by utilizing the mechanical magnification effect at the resonances, the occurence of modal coupling is a very likely event. Our analysis indicates that such occurences can lead to the energy transfer from the drive mode to the sense mode. Consequently, the sensor will give non-zero output even when there is no rotational input to the sensor.
A New Al2O3/GaAs Deformable Mirrors for Tunable Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Lin Chien-chung , Martin Wayne A. , Harris James S. , Chan Edward Keat Leem 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new Al2O3/GaAs distributed Bragg reflector is demonstrated using surface micromachining technology. This new type of structure can be integrated into vertical cavity tunable optoelectronic devices which will have a major impact on future wavelength division multiplexing communication systems. Numerical analysis of the top structure is performed and comparison between different structures is made. A new post-growth tuning voltage adjustment is also developed. This type of movable mirror with adjustable mechanical properties will be very important for adaptive optics and optoelectronic devices.
The Moving Liquid Mirror (MLM) Spatial Light Modulator: Simulation and Measurement of the Optical Performance
Authors: Wolter Alexander , Kunze Detlef , Doleschal Wolfgang , Lakner Hubert , Zimmer Günter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Spatial light modulators (SLM) are electro-optical devices employed as optical pattern generators in applications like projection displays, direct-writing systems for photolithographic patterning, adaptive optics or optical signal processing.
Here we report on the “moving liquid mirror” (MLM) as a new micromechanical actuator technology based on a deformable oil film on an aluminum mirror with electrode structure. The actuator is suitable for integration on a silicon backplane as CMOS-addressing circuit. Thus production in standard CMOS-technology is possible.
A theoretical analysis of the device behavior is given, and the results of simulations are presented. Measurements on passive devices show good agreement with the simulations.
Finally, active MLM-devices have been fabricated. Images can be programmed into the devices and observed under a microscope (figure 1).
The Kinematics of Bend-Induced Stirring in Micro-Conduits
Authors: Yi Mingqiang , Bau Haim H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The absence of turbulence and the difficulty associated with introducing moving stirrers into microfluidic systems make the mixing problem in microdevices challenging. We studied theoretically steady, laminar, incompressible flow through a sequence of conduits with rectangular cross-sections aligned to form 90° with each other. The feasibility of taking advantage of bend-induced vortices to stir the fluid and enhance the mixing process was evaluated. Since at very low Reynolds numbers the bend-induced vortices decay rapidly, it was necessary to utilize a large number of bends to achieve the desired effects. Since it is not practical to directly simulate the flow through a large number of bends, we borrowed Jones et. al.’s (1989) idea of constructing a two-dimensional map to project fluid particles from a cross-section upstream of the bend to a cross-section downstream of the bend. This map was then applied repetitively to trace particle trajectories in various bend arrangements. Under certain conditions, chaotic advection was observed.
Diagnosis of MEMS Packages Using Speckle Correlation Method: An Application in Pressure Sensor Packaging
Authors: Yan Xiantao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Cracked glass beads embedded in the plastic housing material of fuel vapor pressure sensors have been observed after a few hundreds of cycles of thermal shock test. In order to diagnose the root cause of the cracked glass bead, the speckle correlation method is used to in-situ measure the thermal deformation field on the surface of the glass bead. Measurements are taken at 130°C, 26°C and −40°C. The speckle patterns at different temperature are recorded digitally by a CCD camera with a resolution of 1024×1024 pixels. Every two sequential speckle patterns are compared to yield the displacement field of the sample. Then the strain fields are calculated by a finite deformation formulation. Results reveal that the material made of the glass bead is highly non-uniform, and there exists a highly tensile strain zone on the surface of the glass bead. This is correlated with the location of cracking in the bead. Moreover, there is a sliding zone along the boundary of the glass bead, which may result in leakage. As a replacement for glass bead, a metal bead embedded in housing material is examined. Experimental results show that strain level in the metal bead is lower than that in the glass bead, which will reduce disturbance on the sensor part. In addition to that, there are no potential cracking and leakage problems in the pressure sensor applications. Therefore, the metal bead is recommended for future pressure sensor applications.
MEMS Post-Packaging by Localized Heating
Authors: Lin Liwei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This work addresses important post-packaging issues for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and introduces specific research directions by means of localized heating and bonding. MEMS packaging has become a major research subject due to the stringent packaging requirements in the emerging filed of MEMS. Establishing a versatile post-packaging process not only advances the field scientifically but also helps product commercialization in industry. An innovative post-packaging approach by localized heating and bonding is proposed and presented in this paper. Various post-packaging processes are demonstrated, including an integrated LPCVD (Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition) sealing process, localized silicon-gold eutectic bonding, localized silicon-glass fusion bonding, localized solder bonding and localized CVD bonding processes.
Complex Biological Fluid Flow Through Microfabricated Polysilicon Microneedles
Authors: Zahn Jeffrey D. , Liepmann Dorian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Microneedles can be used for sample extraction or injection for biomedical applications. It is important to understand how complex biological fluids behave within the needles because non-newtonian effects are associated with fluid flow of concentrated biological solutions.
Different concentrations of sheep blood diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were investigated in different planar needle geometries. Only slight shear thinning behavior was observed, and only slight changes in apparent viscosity were recorded even at higher hematocrit levels. This is hypothesized to be a result of the Fahraeus effect in which cells are excluded from the wall regions in small channels. Microneedles with complex features clogged easily whereas needles with larger hydraulic radii allowed higher concentrations of blood to flow through them. However, at higher hematocrit levels (&gt;25%) even the lower resistance needle clogged. Further investigations are needed to correlate how geometry affects flow of complex cellular suspensions.
Non-Silicon Mass Production of Micromachined Biosensors
Authors: Lu Yumin , Madou Marc , Crumly William , Jensen Eric 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Sophisticated integrated circuit processing of silicon materials has been promoted as the optimum methodology for miniaturized mechanical and chemical sensors for over two decades. However, in micro biomedical applications, advantages of using Si are often not as clear as in mechanical sensors. The high cost of Si, difficulties in packaging, need for modularity and biocompatibility all encourage investigation of non-silicon materials and semi-continuous processing. Metal/polymer hybrid structures are preferred as the substrate materials in this application.
The two manufacturing techniques demonstrated here involve non-silicon materials and a modular methodology. They are based on robust printed circuit board and flexible printed circuit [FPC] high volume fabrication techniques using polyimide base films for millimeter scale devices and photoreactive dry film resists for sub-millimeter devices. The core concept shared between the designs is a structure having sensor sites and their electrical contacts on opposing sides of the substrate. This separation of fluid chemistry on one side and dry electrical contact on the other improves reliability, ultimate packaging simplicity, and ease of use. Chemical sensors fabricated by each of these processes as well as the corresponding sensor performance are presented.
The two-sided paradigm improves upon single-sided devices by allowing simpler, smaller and higher-yield fabrication of multi-purpose sensor arrays. Finished product yield is additionally enhanced by modularity. That is, each sensor type is created on it’s own sheet, independent of the other sensor types. At final assembly, many sensors of different types can be cut from different sheets and combined into any desired array configuration using contemporary pick and place equipment. A schematic of the two-sided sensor structure is shown in Figure 1.
The first approach by Packard-Hughes Interconnect, OSU and Microbionics Inc. for creating these structures is shown in Figure 2. In this case a method of fabricating high volume FPC with integrated contacts (Gold Dot Technology) is leveraged to create a biosensor that can be produced in volumes of greater than a quarter million per batch and at a low assembled cost.
A second approach explored by OSU, and Microbionics Inc. has been demonstrated to reduce the sensor size to below 100 μm at similar costs. This is accomplished as shown in Figure 3 by defining the sensor geometry in dry photoresist sheets using a simplified two-layer alignment technique that requires exposure from only one side.
Selection of the appropriate technique is application dependent. Preliminary results of potassium ion and chloride sensors are presented.
What Is Needed for Teamworking in the 21st Century
Authors: Fukuda Shuichi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
How teamworking would play an important role in the 21st century and what are needed to realize it are discussed in this paper. It is pointed out that for teamworking in the 21st century, the identification and coordination of a strategic goal between different people with different background are the prerequisite for realizing true collaboration. And to share a strategic goal, images will play very important roles so that a methodology toward image based design must be developed and established.
Multiscale Analysis of Trabecular Bone
Authors: Bouyge Frederic , Jasiuk Iwona 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Bone has a complex hierarchical structure. We study trabecular bone as a multi-scale material. In particular, we distinguish the following scales: nanostructural (collagen fibrils and apatite crystals), microscale (single laminae and laminated structure), mesoscale (random network of struts), and macroscale. We first present experimental observations and an overview of existing theoretical models of bone. Then, we construct a hierarchical model to predict elastic properties of trabecular bone.
Performance Predictor for Thin-Wall Plastic Parts Produced by Injection Molding
Authors: Wang H. P. , Ramaswamy Sreeganesh , Dris Irene , Perry Erin M. , Gao Dominic 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a numerical simulation tool that is able to predict the processing window for thin-wall plastic parts made by the injection molding process. This performance predictor links the processing conditions (filling time, resin inlet melt temperature, and so on) to the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of the part, using empirical data developed for the thermal and shear degradation behavior of the resin. Usage of such a performance predictor will help to expedite the long process development cycle time and to reduce the potentially expensive tooling costs associated with the thin-wall segment of the plastics business.
Process Stability in Multilayer Sheet Extrusion
Authors: Upadhyay R. K. , Tryson Glen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Calendering of multi-layer sheets is an excellent process for production of sheets and films for thermoformable feedstocks. The quality of the sheet surface and throughput rate are strongly affected by thermal and adhesive properties of constituent materials and temperatures of individual layers and nip-rolls. We conducted a set of experiments that allows us to relate process conditions to sheet quality and develop mathematical functions for process optimization. In addition, we have developed a physics-based model to calculate transient thermal distribution in the sheet and adhesive strength between rolls and sheet surface. Model predictions of temperature are in good agreement with actual surface temperature measurement. The model can be used to relate quality characteristics to thermal gradients and adhesive strength and can become a useful tool for development the of optimum process envelope for highest throughput.
Modeling and Vibration Feedback Control of Rotating Tapered Beams Incorporating Adaptive Capabilities
Authors: Na Sungsoo , Librescu Liviu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of the modeling and vibration control of tapered rotating blades modeled as thin-walled beams and incorporating adaptive capabilities. The blade model incorporates non-classical features such as anisotropy, transverse shear, secondary warping and includes the centrifugal and Coriolis force fields.
For the non-adaptive system, a thorough validation and assessment of a number of nonclassical features including the taper characteristics is accomplished. The adaptive capabilities are provided by a system of piezoactuators bonded or embedded into the structure and spread over the entire span of the beam.
Based on the converse piezoelectric effect, the piezoactuators produce a localized strain field in response to a voltage and consequently, a change of the dynamic response characteristics is induced. A combined feedback control law relating the piezoelectrically induced transversal bending moment at the beam tip with the kinematical response quantities appropriately selected is used and the beneficial effects upon the closed-loop dynamic characteristics of the blade are highlighted.
Comparative Study of S2 Glass Plain and Twill Woven Composites Under Fatigue Loading
Authors: Kelkar Ajit D. , Shenoy Sunil S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Woven composites have good properties in mutually orthogonal directions, more balanced properties than unidirectional laminates and have better impact resistance. The use of these composites for primary structural applications in place of conventional laminated composites has been increased considerably in the recent years. They are being manufactured by using new processes such as Resin Infusion (VARIM) and Resin Transfer Molding (RTM). These new processes are low cost, affordable and suitable for high volume manufacturing environment. One of the popular plain woven composites is fabricated using S2-Glass and SC-15 resin system components by using Resin Infusion (VARIM) process. These woven composites are being evaluated for Integral Armor applications. These components are expected to be under fatigue loading. To assess the feasibility of this material manufactured through Resin Infusion (VARIM), it is very important to understand the fatigue behavior of these composite materials. The present study provides comparison of the performance evaluation of plain and twill woven composite material for Integral Armor applications. Tension-Compression (R = −1) fatigue experiments were performed. All the fatigue tests are performed at 1 Hz frequency. S-N diagram and stiffness degradation over the fatigue life of the specimens were obtained.