bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo evaluation of out-of-field dose in 18 MV pelvic radiotherapy using a simplified female MIRD phantom
Authors: Geraily Ghazale , Elmtalab Soheil , Mohammadi Najmeh , Alirezaei Zahra , Martinez-Ovalle S A , Jabbari Iraj , Vega-Carrillo Hector Rene , Karimi Amir Hossein 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study was devoted to determining the unwanted dose due to scattered photons to the out-of-field organs and subsequently estimate the risk of secondary cancers in the patients undergoing pelvic radiotherapy. A typical 18 MV Medical Linear Accelerator (Varian Clinac 2100 C/D) was modeled using MCNPX®code to simulate pelvic radiotherapy with four treatment fields: anterior-posterior, posterior-anterior, right lateral, left lateral. Dose evaluation was performed inside Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) revised female phantom. The average photon equivalent dose in out-of-field organs is 8.53 mSv Gy−1, ranging from 0.17 to 72.11 mSv Gy−1, respectively, for the organs far from the Planning Treatment Volume (Brain) and those close to the treatment field (Colon). Evidence showed that colon with 4.3049% and thyroid with 0.0020% have the highest and lowest risk of secondary cancer, respectively. Accordingly, this study introduced the colon as an organ with a high risk of secondary cancer which should be paid more attention in the follow-up of patients undergoing pelvic radiotherapy. The authors believe that this simple Monte Carlo (MC) model can be also used in other radiotherapy plans and mathematical phantoms with different ages (from childhood to adults) to estimate the out-of-field dose. The extractable information by this simple MC model can be also employed for providing libraries for user-friendly applications (e.g. ‘.apk’) which in turn increase the public knowledge about fatal cancer risk after radiotherapy and subsequently decrease the concerns in this regard among the public.
Efficient hyperparameter-tuned machine learning approach for estimation of supercapacitor performance attributes
Authors: Ahmed Syed Ishtiyaq , Radhakrishnan Sreevatsan , Nair Binoy B , Thiruvengadathan Rajagopalan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRecent years have witnessed the rise of supercapacitor as effective energy storage device. Specifically, carbon-based electrodes have been experimentally well studied and used in the fabrication of supercapacitors due to their excellent electrochemical properties. Recent publications have reported the use of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to study the correlation between the structural features of electrodes and supercapacitor performance metrics. However, the poor R-squared values (i.e., large deviations from the ideal value of unity) and large RMSE values reported in these works reflect the lack of accurate models’ development. This work reports the development and utilization of highly tuned and efficient ML models using hyperparameter tuning, that give insights into correlation between the structural features of electrodes and supercapacitor performance metrics namely specific capacitance, power density and energy density. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) models have been employed to predict the various in-operando performance metrics of carbon-based supercapacitors based on three input features such as mesopore surface area, micropore surface area and scan rate. Experimentally measured values of these parameters used for training and testing these two models have been extracted from a set of research papers reported in literature. The optimization techniques and various tuning methodologies adopted for identifying model hyperparameters are discussed in this paper. The R2values obtained for prediction of specific capacitance, power density and energy density using RF model are in the range from 0.8612 to 0.9353 respectively, while the RMSE values of the above parameters are 18.651, 0.2732 and 0.5764 for respective input parameters. Similarly, the R2values obtained for prediction of specific capacitance, power density and energy density using ANN model are in the range from 0.9211 to 0.9644 respectively, while the RMSE values of the above parameters are 18.132, 0.1601 and 0.5764 for respective input parameters. Thus, the highly tuned ANN and RF models depict higher R-squared and lower RMSE values in comparison to those previously reported in literature, thereby demonstrating the importance of hyperparameter tuning and optimization in building accurate and reliable computational models.
Endangered Cultus Lake sockeye salmon exhibit genomic evidence of hypoxic and thermal stresses while rearing in degrading freshwater lacustrine critical habitat
Authors: Akbarzadeh Arash , Selbie Daniel T , Pon Lucas B , Miller Kristina M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Water quality degradation due to lake eutrophication and climate change contributes to the risk of extirpation for the endangered Cultus Lake sockeye salmon. Sockeye salmon juveniles experience both low-oxygen water in profundal lake habitats and elevated temperatures above the thermocline during diel vertical migrations in summer and fall when the lake is thermally stratified. We used a transcriptomic tool (Salmon Fit-Chip) to determine whether salmon were experiencing thermal and/or hypoxic stress during this period. The results showed that over one-third of the fish were responding to either hypoxic (35.5%) or thermal stress (40.9%) during periods when these environmental stressors were pronounced within the lake, but not during periods when profundal dissolved oxygen was elevated and the water column was isothermal and cool. The most consistent signs of hypoxic stress occurred during July (52.2%) and September (44.4%). A total of 25.7% of individual fish sampled during months when both stressors were occurring (July, September, October) showed signatures of both stressors. When a combination of hypoxic and thermal stress biomarkers was applied, 92% of fish showed evidence of one or both stressors; hence, for at least several months of the year, most sockeye salmon juveniles in Cultus Lake are experiencing anthropogenically environmentally induced stress. We also detected the presence of pathogenic ciliate Ichthyoptherius multifiliis in the gill tissue of juveniles, with a higher infection signal in Cultus Lake compared to juveniles from nearby Chilliwack Lake. These data provide powerful new evidence that Cultus Lake sockeye salmon, which experience relatively lower juvenile survival than Chilliwack sockeye salmon, are more compromised by stress and carry a higher level of infection of at least one pathogenic agent. Thus, we hypothesize that the cumulative or synergistic interplay between stressors and diseases, clearly documented to be occurring within Cultus Lake, are contributing to increased mortality of endangered sockeye salmon.
Predictors of self-compassion in endometriosis: the role of psychological health and endometriosis symptom burden
Authors: Van Niekerk L , Johnstone L , Matthewson M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
What is the relationship between self-compassion, endometriosis-related symptoms and psychological health in women with symptomatic endometriosis?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Decreased self-compassion is associated with increased psychological distress, extended diagnostic delay and varies according to individual endometriosis-symptom profile.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Existing research indicates that endometriosis is associated with reduced psychological health and varied endometriosis-related symptom profiles. Examining the level of self-compassion reported by women with endometriosis is important as greater self-compassion has been found to improve psychological well-being in several chronic health populations.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
This study utilized a cross-sectional survey design to explore the relationship between self-compassion, psychological health and endometriosis-related symptoms (n = 318).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Women with a self-reported diagnosis of endometriosis were recruited via online advertising through social media platforms. Demographic and endometriosis-specific information (e.g. disease stage, diagnostic delay, symptom experience) was collected in addition to psychological health and self-compassion. Psychological health was measured by the PROMIS Emotional Distress and Anxiety short forms and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15). Self-compassion was measured by the Self-Compassion Scale (26-item). Independent t-tests, bivariate correlations and linear regression analyses explored the relationship between specific endometriosis-related symptoms, psychological health and self-compassion.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that psychological symptoms accounted for the greatest variance in levels of self-compassion in the current sample. Depression and anxiety were found to be significant negative predictors of self-compassion. Notable symptoms that were significant in the final model were the presence of dysmenorrhea, lower back pain, dyspareunia, pain after sexual intercourse, fatigue and nausea.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
The cross-sectional nature of the findings prevents direct findings of causality. The information pertaining to endometriosis was self-report in nature and was not medically verified.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
These preliminary findings indicate the importance of clinical interventions aimed at enhancing self-compassion and the importance of individual case conceptualization and treatment planning based on endometriosis-related symptomatic profiles.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(s)
The study was not associated with research funding. Author L.V.N. is a member of the Endometriosis Australia Clinical Advisory Committee.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.
Surgical approach to three pediatric patients with ovarian tumors: laparoscopic excision using a specimen retrieval bag
Authors: Tatekawa Yukihiro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We report our experience with three pediatric patients with ovarian tumors who underwent laparoscopic excision using a specimen retrieval bag. Patient 1 was a 12-year-old girl with a left ovarian tumor. The tumor was laparoscopically placed in a specimen retrieval bag and removed through a suprapubic incision without content spillage. Patient 2 was a 14-year-old girl with a left ovarian tumor. The tumor was laparoscopically placed in a specimen retrieval bag. The contents of the tumor were aspirated, and the tumor was removed without content spillage. Patient 3 was a 13-year-old girl with bilateral large ovarian tumors. After releasing torsion of the left-sided mass, each tumor was laparoscopically placed in a specimen retrieval bag and excised. Peritoneal lavage was performed due to content spillage. The pathologic findings confirmed mature teratomas in all patients. All three girls have been doing well without evidence of chemical peritonitis or recurrence.
Bladder preservation in urothelial carcinoma: current trends and future directions
Authors: Goodstein Taylor , Wang Shang-Jui , Lee Cheryl T. 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
To provide a contemporary rationale for bladder preservation as a treatment strategy for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Although the standard of care for this important and serious clinical condition has been radical cystectomy augmented with neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy, it is associated with substantial morbidity and quality of life (QoL) implications. This article explores the bladder sparing alternatives to radical cystectomy and urinary diversion to assist Urologists, Medical Oncologists, and Palliative Care providers in their informed decision making with patients.

Recent findings
Bladder sparing strategies such as partial cystectomy and trimodality therapy offer long-term cancer outcomes comparable to radical cystectomy in carefully selected patients. Moreover, the toxicity profile in patients, having improved over time, is acceptable, including a low risk of salvage cystectomy.

Summary
Bladder preservation therapy offers an alternative to radical cystectomy. In some patients, it can be done with curative intent and in others it can assist with symptom palliation. Bladder preservation can maintain QoL and provide similar oncologic outcomes to radical surgery, although randomized controlled trials have not been performed. Understanding patient selection is a critical step in balancing bladder preservation and cancer survival.
A perspective on information optimality in a neural circuit
Authors: Robert Friedman 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has a relatively simple neural system for analysis of information transmission from sensory organ to muscle fiber. Therefore, an example of a neural circuit is analyzed that originates in the nematode worm, and a method is applied for measuring its information flow efficiency by use of a model of logic gates. This model-based approach is useful where the assumptions of a logic gate design are applicable. It is also an useful approach where there are competing mathematical models for explaining the role of a neural circuit since the logic gate model can estimate the computational complexity of a network, and distinguish which of the mathematical models require fewer computations. In addition, for generalization of the concept of information optimality in biological systems, there is an extensive discussion of its role in the genetic-based pathways of organisms.
The UK COVID-19 furlough scheme and associations with smoking, alcohol consumption and vaping: evidence from 8 UK longitudinal population surveys
Authors: Green Michael J. , Maddock Jane , Di Gessa Giorgio , Wielgoszewska Bożena , Parsons Sam , Griffith Gareth J , Croft Jazz , Stevenson Anna J. , Huggins Charlotte F. , Booth Charlotte , Wels Jacques , Silverwood Richard J. , Patalay Praveetha , Hughes Alun D. , Chaturvedi Nishi , Howe Laura D , Fitzsimons Emla , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal , Ploubidis George B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundDisruptions to employment status can impact smoking and alcohol consumption. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the UK implemented a furlough scheme to prevent job loss. We examine how furlough was associated with participants’ smoking, vaping and alcohol consumption behaviours in the early stages of the pandemic.MethodsData were from 27,841 participants in eight UK adult longitudinal surveys. Participants self-reported employment status and current smoking, current vaping and drinking alcohol (>4 days/week or 5+ drinks per typical occasion) both before and during the pandemic (April-July 2020). Risk ratios were estimated within each study using modified Poisson regression, adjusting for a range of potential confounders, including pre-pandemic behaviour. Findings were synthesised using random effects meta-analysis. Sub-group analyses were used to identify whether associations differed by gender, age or education.ResultsCompared to stable employment, neither furlough, no longer being employed, nor stable unemployment were associated with smoking, vaping or drinking, following adjustment for pre-pandemic characteristics. However, some sex differences in these associations were observed, with stable unemployment associated with smoking for women (ARR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.00-1.82; I2: 47%) but not men (0.84; 95% CI: 0.67-1.05; I2: 0%). No longer being employed was associated with vaping among women (ARR=2.74; 95% CI: 1.59-4.72; I2: 0%) but not men (ARR=1.25; 95% CI: 0.83-1.87; I2: 0%). There was little indication of associations with drinking differing by age, gender or education.ConclusionsWe found no clear evidence of furlough or unemployment having adverse impacts on smoking, vaping or drinking behaviours during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK, with differences in risk compared to those who remained employed largely explained by pre-pandemic characteristics.
Opponent learning with different representations in the cortico-basal ganglia circuits
Authors: Morita Kenji , Shimomura Kanji , Kawaguchi Yasuo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia (BG) have been suggested to learn mainly from positive and negative feedbacks, respectively. Since these pathways unevenly receive inputs from different cortical neuron types and/or regions, they may preferentially use different state/action representations. We explored whether such combined use of different representations coupled with appetitive or aversive learning has computational benefits. We simulated reward learning tasks in dynamic environments, and examined the performance of animal modeled as an agent equipped with two learning systems, each of which used individual representation (IR) or successor representation (SR) of states. With varying the combination of IR or SR and also the learning rates from positive and negative reward prediction errors (RPEs) in each system, we found that combination of an SR-based system learning mainly from positive RPEs and an IR-based system learning mainly from negative RPEs could achieve good performance, as compared to other combinations, in many situations. The architecture of such a combination provides a novel coherent explanation for the functional significance and underlying mechanism of diverse findings about the cortico-BG circuits. These results suggest that combining different representations with appetitive and aversive learning is an effective learning strategy adopted by the brain.
SARS-CoV-2 mechanistic correlates of protection: insight from modelling response to vaccines
Authors: Alexandre Marie , Marlin Romain , Prague Mélanie , Coleon Séverin , Kahlaoui Nidhal , Cardinaud Sylvain , Naninck Thibaut , Delache Benoit , Surenaud Mathieu , Galhaut Mathilde , Dereuddre-Bosquet Nathalie , Cavarelli Mariangela , Maisonnasse Pauline , Centlivre Mireille , Lacabaratz Christine , Wiedemann Aurelie , Zurawski Sandra , Zurawski Gerard , Schwartz Olivier , Sanders Rogier W , Le Grand Roger , Levy Yves , Thiébaut Rodolphe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe definition of correlates of protection is critical for the development of next generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms. Here, we propose a new framework for identifying mechanistic correlates of protection based on mathematical modelling of viral dynamics and data mining of immunological markers. The application to three different studies in non-human primates evaluating SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on CD40-targeting, two-component spike nanoparticle and mRNA 1273 identifies and quantifies two main mechanisms that are a decrease of rate of cell infection and an increase in clearance of infected cells. Inhibition of RBD binding to ACE2 appears to be a robust mechanistic correlate of protection across the three vaccine platforms although not capturing the whole biological vaccine effect. The model shows that RBD/ACE2 binding inhibition represents a strong mechanism of protection which required significant reduction in blocking potency to effectively compromise the control of viral replication.One Sentence SummaryA framework for modelling the immune control of viral dynamics is applied to quantify the effect of several SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms and to define mechanistic correlates of protection.
Multilevel neural gradients reflect transdiagnostic effects of major psychiatric conditions on cortical morphology
Authors: Park Bo-yong , Kebets Valeria , Larivière Sara , Hettwer Meike D. , Paquola Casey , van Rooij Daan , Buitelaar Jan , Franke Barbara , Hoogman Martine , Schmaal Lianne , Veltman Dick J. , van den Heuvel Odile , Stein Dan J. , Andreassen Ole A. , Ching Christopher R. K. , Turner Jessica , van Erp Theo G. M. , Evans Alan C. , Dagher Alain , Thomopoulos Sophia I. , Thompson Paul M. , Valk Sofie L. , Kirschner Matthias , Bernhardt Boris C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIt is increasingly recognized that multiple psychiatric conditions are underpinned by shared neural pathways, affecting similar brain systems. Here, we assessed i) shared dimensions of alterations in cortical morphology across six major psychiatric conditions (autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) and ii) carried out a multiscale neural contextualization, by cross-referencing shared anomalies against cortical myeloarchitecture and cytoarchitecture, as well as connectome and neurotransmitter organization. Pooling disease-related effects on MRI-based cortical thickness measures across six ENIGMA working groups, including a total of 28,546 participants (12,876 patients and 15,670 controls), we computed a shared disease dimension on cortical morphology using principal component analysis that described a sensory-fugal pattern with paralimbic regions showing the most consistent abnormalities across conditions. The shared disease dimension was closely related to cortical gradients of microstructure and intrinsic connectivity, as well as neurotransmitter systems, specifically serotonin and dopamine. Our findings embed the shared effects of major psychiatric conditions on brain structure in multiple scales of brain organization and may provide novel insights into neural mechanisms into transdiagnostic vulnerability.
A novel mechanism of Euonymine inhibits in-stent restenosis through enhancing contractile phenotype of VSMCs by targeting AKT1 and p38MAPK
Authors: Zhang Li , Tao Yi Ting , Hu Qin , Yang Ren Hua , Jia Jia , Jin Hao Nan , Yang Yong Zhao , Yang Yan , Yu Ming Yang , Wang Yu Ting , Shi Jia Ning , Yu Dan , Tang Guang Ping , Xu Jie , Xiong Bao , Shen Zhi Qiang , Yu Zhuo , Qin Hong Tao , Chen Peng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the inhibitory effects of Euonymine on in-stent restenosis (ISR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced proliferation, migration, and pro-apoptotic of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro, and its potential mechanisms. Euonymine is a monomer component extracted from Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl) Hutch. Using in vitro models of rabbit carotid balloon injury and porcine atherosclerotic coronary implantation, we confirmed that Euonymine inhibited ISR after PCI. Furthermore, Euonymine inhibited VSMC phenotypic transformation by targeting AKT1 to regulate the PTEN/AKT1/m TOR signaling pathway, with exertion of anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and pro-apoptotic effects on ox-LDL-induced cell injury model. Additionally, the study demonstrated that Euonymine induced apoptosis of VSMCs via the p38MAPK-related mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway. Collectively, these findings indicated that Euonymine drug-eluting stents inhibited ISR after PCI by targeting AKT1 and p38MAPK to enhance the contractile phenotype of VSMCs to prevent intimal hyperplasia development. This provides insights into a potential therapeutic strategy involving the beneficial effect of Euonymine drug-eluting stent on ISR.