bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Text and Stemma of ‘To Sr H: W: Going into Venice:’
Authors: Dickson Donald R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The text of Donne’s verse letter to Sir Henry Wotton on his appointment as ambassador to Venice, beginning ‘After those reverent papers’, published in the Variorum edition of the verse letters (2018) is based on Trinity College, Dublin Ms. 877 (Variorum siglum DT1). While the Variorum text resembles most of the printed versions of the poem, I argue that it differs considerably from what Donne likely presented to Wotton as he left England for his embassy in 1604. I base my argument principally upon bibliographic evidence found in the Burley Ms. (Variorum siglum LR1), which was compiled mainly during Wotton’s first embassy (1604–1610). Below the copy of HWVenice (Variorum short form) in this manuscript, the scribe recorded a prose postscript that in all likelihood was taken from the now lost original holograph among Wotton’s personal papers in Venice. No other copy of HWVenice includes this postscript, a fact leaving little doubt that the LR1 text of the poem and its postscript stand closer to Donne’s own hand than any other surviving witness. After analysing the stemma published in the Variorum, I propose a more likely stemma and a more authoritative text for HWVenice.
Patient and rheumatologist perspectives on tapering DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis: a qualitative study
Authors: Hazlewood Glen S , Loyola-Sanchez Adalberto , Bykerk Vivian , Hull Pauline M , Marshall Deborah , Pham Tram , Barber Claire E H , Barnabe Cheryl , Sirois Alexandra , Pope Janet , Schieir Orit , Richards Dawn , Proulx Laurie , Bartlett Susan J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To understand the perspectives of patients and rheumatologists for tapering DMARDs in RA.

Methods
Using semi-structured interview guides, we conducted individual interviews and focus groups with RA patients and rheumatologists, which were audiotaped and transcribed. We conducted a pragmatic thematic analysis to identify major themes, comparing and contrasting different views on DMARD tapering between patients and rheumatologists.

Results
We recruited 28 adult patients with RA (64% women; disease duration 1–54 y) and 23 rheumatologists (52% women). Attitudes across both groups towards tapering DMARDs were ambivalent, ranging from wary to enthusiastic. Both groups expressed concerns, particularly the inability to ‘recapture’ the same level of disease control, while also acknowledging potential positive outcomes such as reduced drug harms. Patient tapering perspectives (whether to and when) changed over time and commonly included non-biologic DMARDs. Patient preferences were influenced by lived experiences, side effects, previous tapering experiences, disease trajectory, remission duration and current life roles. Rheumatologists’ perspectives varied on timing and patient profile to initiate tapering, and were informed by both data and clinical experience. Patients expressed interest in shared decision-making (SDM) and close monitoring during tapering, with ready access to their health-care team if problems arose. Rheumatologists were generally open to tapering (not stopping), though sometimes only when requested by their patients.

Conclusion
The perspectives of patients and rheumatologists on tapering DMARDs in RA vary and evolve over time. Rheumatologists should periodically discuss DMARD tapering with patients as part of SDM, and ensure monitoring and flare management plans are in place.
Altered CD4+ T cell and cytokine levels in peripheral blood and skin samples from systemic sclerosis patients and IL-35 in CD4+ T cell growth
Authors: Yang Chenxi , Lei Ling , Pan Jie , Zhao Cheng , Wen Jing , Qin Fang , Dong Fei , Wei Wanling 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study explored the role of IL-35 in CD4+ T lymphocyte and human skin fibroblast (HSF) activity and cytokine levels in systemic sclerosis.

Methods
Blood and skin biopsies were collected from 41 patients and 39 healthy controls to assess CD4+ T lymphocytes and IL-35-related factors. CD4+ T lymphocytes were co-cultured with HSFs, recombinant human IL-35 and IL-35 mAb to evaluate the cell viability, activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes and HSF cells.

Results
The proportion of blood Th1/Th2 was lower and Th17/Treg was higher in patients than in controls (P &lt; 0.05). IL-35 and IL-17A levels were higher and IFN-γ, IL-10 and TGF-β levels were lower in patients than in controls. IL-17A, forkhead box P3, TGF-β1 and collagen type I (COL-1) mRNA and phospho (p)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and p-STAT4 were higher in skin tissues from patients than in those from controls (P &lt; 0.05). IL-6 levels were higher, whereas IL-10 levels were lower in cell culture supernatants. α-Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and COL-1 proteins and Ki67 positivity were higher in CD4+ T + HSF cells from patients than in those from controls. Recombinant human IL-35 treatment inhibited proliferation (P &lt; 0.001), but increased IL-10 and decreased IL-17A, α-SMA and COL-1 secretion into the conditioned medium of CD4+ T lymphocytes + HSFs from patients compared with those from controls. IL-35 mAb blocked the effects of IL-35 in CD4+ T + HSF cells (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
IL-35 plays an inhibitory role in CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation but induces Treg cell differentiation by STAT1 signalling activation, HSF proliferation and collagen expression in systemic sclerosis.
The Salience of Religion Under an Atheist State: Implications for Subjective Well-Being in Contemporary China
Authors: Luo Weixiang , Chen Feinian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We examine the linkage between religious involvement and life satisfaction among adults in contemporary China, a largely nonreligious society. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (2012, 2014, and 2016), we conduct latent class analysis by using four indicators of religious involvement, including membership of religious groups, types of religion, frequency of participation, and evaluation of importance of religion in life. We classify the sample into four latent classes: (1) the pure nonreligious, (2) the nonreligious, but with some spirituality, (3) Chinese-religion adherent, and (4) organized religion adherent. Results from our fixed-effect models show that Chinese-religion and organized-religion adherents have higher levels of life satisfaction than those with no religious beliefs. Moreover, the disadvantaged groups benefit more from religious involvement in China, as evidenced by the stronger positive effect of religious adherence found among rural residents and individuals in the lowest income quartile. We discuss the benefits of religion both in terms of its public/social and private/intrinsic aspects and situate our findings in the larger social context of China.
The imperfections in statistics: Interpretations of causes of infant death in the Netherlands, 1875–1899
Authors: van den Boomen Nynke 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Mortality research benefits greatly from current digitisation efforts to make historical cause-of-death statistics available on a large scale. However, the use of these sources is notoriously difficult. Reclassification systems based on the present-day standard of the International Classification of Diseases have made the comparison of causes of death over space and time considerably easier. Yet they do not necessarily uncover the imperfections hidden in the original sources. In this study, a data set on causes of death amongst infants, based on recently digitised Dutch municipal cause-of-death registers published during the period between 1875 and 1899, takes centre stage. This study explores this unique source, its origins and the potential limitations its use may have for historical research on mortality in general and infant mortality, in particular, emphasising the ongoing need to carefully consider the historical context of these sources, particularly when they are used in quantitative studies.
“Distant Toleration”: The Politics of Solidarity Work among Turkish and Syrian Women in Southern Turkey
Authors: Dağtaş Seçil , Can Şule 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article examines the politics of solidarity with and among refugee women in Turkey’s southern borderlands. Drawing on ethnographic research in Hatay, we focus on Syrian- and Turkish-led women’s organizations, whose solidarity work contextually entangles organized acts of care and support with social hierarchies, tensions, and mutual distance. These gendered social spaces complicate the scholarly critiques of depoliticization in refugee assistance by governmental and civil society organizations, and the charity–solidarity distinction on which such critiques often rely. They require a rethinking of solidarity with refugee women beyond the terms of right-based political activism.
The Influence of Nutrients Intake during Pregnancy on Baby’s Birth Weight: A Systematic Review
Authors: Souza Rafaela Cristina Vieira e , Miranda Cristianny , Ferreira Larissa Bueno , dos Santos Luana Caroline 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background and Objective
Maternal food intake during pregnancy can substantially interfere in the baby’s anthropometric measurements at birth. Our objective was to perform a systematic review that investigate the influence of nutrient intake via food during pregnancy on the baby’s anthropometric measurements at birth.

Methods
A search was performed without time limits on CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases and manual on studies references. All nutrients and baby’s anthropometric measurements at birth were included as descriptors.

Results
Thirty articles were included, the majority of prospective cohort studies, with 15.39 (2.36) quality points (maximum value: 22). Thirty-six results of associations were found, of which 17 studies had direct associations between nutrient intake and birth outcomes. Inverse associations were identified in 8 studies and 11 articles showed no significant associations in all analyses. Maternal food intake of vitamin C, calcium and magnesium during pregnancy seems to have a positive influence on the baby's birth weight, while carbohydrates intake have an inverse association with the same outcome.

Conclusion
It is suggested that vitamin C, calcium, magnesium and carbohydrates influence on baby’s birth weight. So, these specific nutrients need more attention to the consumption, in addition to carried out new studies, with robust methodologies for measuring maternal food consumption and considering the several factors that can interfere in this assessment.

Registration
This review has been registered to the PROSPERO (International prospective register of systematic reviews) (ID: CRD42020167889).
Cross-scale dynamics and the evolutionary emergence of infectious diseases
Authors: Schreiber Sebastian J , Ke Ruian , Loverdo Claude , Park Miran , Ahsan Prianna , Lloyd-Smith James O 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhen emerging pathogens encounter new host species for which they are poorly adapted, they must evolve to escape extinction. Pathogens experience selection on traits at multiple scales, including replication rates within host individuals and transmissibility between hosts. We analyze a stochastic model linking pathogen growth and competition within individuals to transmission between individuals. Our analysis reveals a new factor, the cross-scale reproductive number of a mutant virion, that quantifies how quickly mutant strains increase in frequency when they initially appear in the infected host population. This cross-scale reproductive number combines with viral mutation rates, single-strain reproductive numbers, and transmission bottleneck width to determine the likelihood of evolutionary emergence, and whether evolution occurs swiftly or gradually within chains of transmission. We find that wider transmission bottlenecks facilitate emergence of pathogens with short-term infections, but hinder emergence of pathogens exhibiting cross-scale selective conflict and long-term infections. Our results provide a framework to advance the integration of laboratory, clinical, and field data in the context of evolutionary theory, laying the foundation for a new generation of evidence-based risk assessment of emergence threats.
The evolutionary dynamics of viruses: virion release strategies, time delays and fitness minima
Authors: Lord Jennifer S , Bonsall Michael B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Viruses exhibit a diverse array of strategies for infecting host cells and for virion release after replication. Cell exit strategies generally involve either budding from the cell membrane or killing the host cell. The conditions under which either is at a selective advantage is a key question in the evolutionary theory of viruses, with the outcome having potentially important impacts on the course of infection and pathogenicity. Although a plethora of external factors will influence the fitness of either strategy; here, we focus just on the effects of the physical properties of the system. We develop theoretical approaches to assess the effects of the time delays between initial infection and virion release. We show that the length of the delay before apoptosis is an important trait in virus evolutionary dynamics. Our results show that for a fixed time to apoptosis, intermediate delays lead to virus fitness that is lower than short times to apoptosis — leading to an apoptotic strategy — and long times to apoptosis — leading to a budding strategy at the between-cell level. At fitness minima, selection is expected to be disruptive and the potential for adaptive radiation in virus strategies is feasible. Hence, the physical properties of the system are sufficient to explain the existence of both budding and virus-induced apoptosis. The fitness functions presented here provide a formal basis for further work focusing on the evolutionary implications of trade-offs between time delays, intracellular replication and resulting mutation rates.
English-As-A-Second-Language (ESL) Nursing Students’ Academic Integration: A Review of Literature
Authors: Sailsman Sonique 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

AIM
The purpose of this literature review is to provide nurse educators with the evidence necessary to support future research and expansion of programs for English-as-a-second-language (ESL) nursing students.

BACKGROUND
Nursing education has expanded significantly in response to the Institute of Medicine’s 2010 call for an increase in the number of baccalaureate-prepared nurses. The demographics of nursing students have also grown to include those who are ethnically and linguistically diverse. This literature review presents a robust compilation of evidence providing insight into the integration experience of nursing students from diverse cultural and language backgrounds.

METHOD
Peer-reviewed articles, along with other seminal sources, were identified.

RESULTS
The evidence highlights student challenges with academic language, cultural stressors, and faculty support.

CONCLUSION
Findings indicate that ESL nursing students experience challenges with academic integration. Future research can provide insight into how these students navigate specific learning environments.
Rapid Dissemination of a COVID-19 Airway Management Simulation Using a Train-the-Trainers Curriculum
Authors: Peterson William J. , Munzer Brendan W. , Tucker Ryan V. , Losman Eve D. , Harvey Carrie , Hatton Colman , Sefa Nana , Bassin Ben S. , Hsu Cindy H. 
Published: April 2021

Problem
The most effective way to train clinicians to safely don and doff personal protective equipment (PPE) and perform aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), such as intubations, is unknown when clinician educators are unavailable, as they have been during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proper PPE and airway management techniques are critical to prevent the transmission of respiratory illnesses such as COVID-19.

Approach
In March 2020, the authors implemented a structured train-the-trainers curriculum to teach PPE techniques and a modified airway management algorithm for suspected COVID-19 patients. A single emergency medicine physician trainer taught 17 subsequent emergency medicine and critical care physician trainers the proper PPE and airway management techniques. The initial trainer and 7 of the subsequent trainers then instructed 99 other emergency medicine resident and attending physicians using in situ simulation. Trainers and learners completed retrospective pre–post surveys to assess their comfort teaching the material and performing the techniques, respectively.

Outcomes
The surveys demonstrated a significant increase in the trainers’ comfort in teaching simulation-based education, from 4.00 to 4.53 on a 5-point Likert scale (P < .005), and in teaching the airway management techniques through simulation, from 2.47 to 4.47 (P < .001). There was no difference in the change in comfort level between those learners who were taught by the initial trainer and those who were taught by the subsequent trainers. These results suggest that the subsequent trainers were as effective in teaching the simulation material as the initial trainer.

Next Steps
Work is ongoing to investigate clinician- and patient-specific outcomes, including PPE adherence, appropriate AGP performance, complication rate, and learners’ skill retention. Future work will focus on implementing similar train-the-trainers strategies for other health professions, specialties, and high-risk or rare procedures.
The Content Quality of YouTube Videos for Professional Medical Education: A Systematic Review
Authors: Helming Andrew G. , Adler David S. , Keltner Case , Igelman Austin D. , Woodworth Glenn E. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
To evaluate the content quality of YouTube videos intended for professional medical education based on quality rating tool (QRT) scores and determine if video characteristics, engagement metrics, or author type are associated with quality.

Method
The authors searched 7 databases for English-language studies about the quality of YouTube videos intended for professional medical education from each database’s inception through April 2019. To be included, studies had to be published in 2005 (when YouTube was created) or later. Studies were classified according to the type of QRT used: externally validated, internally validated, or limited global. Study information and video characteristics and engagement metrics were extracted. Videos were classified by video author type.

Results
Thirty-one studies were included in this review. Three studies used externally validated QRTs, 20 used internally validated QRTs, and 13 used limited global QRTs. Studies using externally validated QRTs had average scores/total possible scores of 1.3/4, 26/80, and 1.7/5. Among the 18 studies using internally validated QRTs, from which an average percentage of total possible QRT score could be computed or extracted, the average score was 44% (range: 9%–71%). Videos with academic-physician authors had higher internally validated QRT mean scores (46%) than those with nonacademic-physician or other authors (26%; P < .05).

Conclusions
The authors found a wide variation in QRT scores of videos, with many low QRT scores. While videos authored by academic-physicians were of higher quality on average, their quality still varied significantly. Video characteristics and engagement metrics were found to be unreliable surrogate measures of video quality. A lack of unifying grading criteria for video content quality, poor search algorithm optimization, and insufficient peer review or controls on submitted videos likely contributed to the overall poor quality of YouTube videos that could be used for professional medical education.
The disruptive physician and impact on the culture of safety
Authors: Wright Crystal 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
The disruptive physician is a growing problem in medicine. All too often, physician behavior negatively impacts the delivery of quality patient care. The hostile environment that certain behaviors create makes it difficult for team members advocate for their patients. It is imperative that physician practices develop and an understanding of how to identify the disruptive physician to maintain patient safety.

Recent findings
Disruptive physicians can damage team morale by creating a psychologically unsafe working environment. Healthcare organizations must be committed to ensuring that all team members can function effectively in their work environments. The leaders of healthcare organizations must be acutely aware of what constitutes disruptive behavior and act proactively to eliminate such behaviors. Disruptive physicians should be made acutely aware that their behavior is deemed unacceptable and efforts at correcting such behavior are imperative.

Summary
The practice of medicine is multifaceted. It is imperative that the assurance of psychological safety is met to meet the standards of high quality and safe care for patients.
Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery – an update
Authors: Szczeklik Wojciech , Fronczek Jakub 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
After successfully reducing mortality in the operating room, the time has come for anesthesiologists to conquer postoperative complications. This review aims to raise awareness about myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS), its definition, diagnosis, clinical importance, and treatment.

Recent findings
MINS, defined as an elevated postoperative troponin judged to be due to myocardial ischemia (with or without ischemic features), occurs in up to one in five patients having noncardiac surgery and is responsible for 16% of all postoperative deaths within 30 days of surgery. New evidence on risk factors, etiology, potential prevention strategies, treatment options, and the economic impact of MINS highlights the actionability of perioperative clinicians in caring for adult patients who are considered to be at risk of cardiovascular complications.

Summary
Millions of patients safely going through surgery suffer MINS and die shortly after the procedure every year. Without a structured approach to predicting, preventing, diagnosing, and treating MINS, we lose the opportunity to provide our patients with the best chance of deriving benefit from noncardiac surgery. The perioperative community needs to come together, appreciate the clinical relevance of MINS, and step up with high-quality research in the future.
Advances in anesthetic and obstetric management of patients with placenta accreta spectrum
Authors: Merrill Jessica , Sultan Pervez , Sharawi Nadir 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
The incidence of placenta accreta spectrum is increasing and it is a leading cause of peripartum hysterectomy and massive postpartum hemorrhage. The purpose of the present article is to provide a contemporary overview of placenta accreta spectrum pertinent to the obstetric anesthesiologist.

Recent findings
Recent changes in the terminology used to report invasive placentation were proposed to clarify diagnostic criteria and guidelines for use in clinical practice. Reduced morbidity is associated with scheduled preterm delivery in a center of excellence using a multidisciplinary team approach. Neuraxial anesthesia as a primary technique is increasingly being used despite the known risk of major bleeding. The use of viscoelastic testing and endovascular interventions may aid hemostatic resuscitation and improve outcomes.

Summary
Accurate diagnosis and early antenatal planning among team members are essential. Obstetric anesthesiologists should be prepared to manage a massive hemorrhage, transfusion, and associated coagulopathy. Increasingly, viscoelastic tests are being used to assess coagulation status and the ability to interpret these results is required to guide the transfusion regimen. Balloon occlusion of the abdominal aorta has been proposed as an intervention that could improve outcomes in women with placenta accreta spectrum, but high-quality safety and efficacy data are lacking.