bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Component Layout and Geometry Design of Mechanical Systems: Configuration Network and its Viewing Control
Authors: Fujita Kikuo , Akagi Shinsuke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A Framework of computational design method and model is proposed for layout and geometry design of complicated mechanical systems, which is named “configuration network and its viewing control”. In the method, a design object is represented with a set of declarative relationships among various elements of a system, that is, configurations, which is gradually extended from schematic structure to exact layout and geometry through design process. Since a whole of such configurations forms a too complicated network to compute all together, how to view subparts is controlled based on levels of granularity and width of scope range. Such a configuration network is made to grow and refined through embodying geometry and layout corresponding to a focused subpart with a numerical optimization procedure. The framework has also an ability to flexibly integrate with engineering analysis. Moreover, a design system is implemented with an object-oriented programming technique, and it is applied to a design problem of air conditioner units in order to show the validity and effectiveness of the framework.
Parametric Continuity and Smooth Motion Interpolation
Authors: Srinivasan Lakshmi N. , Ge Q. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the design of a second derivative continuous (C2) motion that interpolates through a given set of configurations of an object. It derives conditions for blending two motion segments with C2 continuity and develops an algorithm for constructing a C2 composite Bézier type motion that has similarities to Beta-splines in the field of Computer Aided Geometric Design. A criteria for evaluating the smoothness of motion is established and is used to synthesize “globally smooth” motions. The results have applications in trajectory generation in robotics, mechanical systems animation and CAD/CAM.
Application of Bond Graphs in Rectilinear Modelling of Lumped Parameter Torsional Vibratory Systems
Authors: Abhary Kazem 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Solution of complex lumped parameter torsional vibratory systems via the Holzer’s method and the Transfer Matrix method is not only lengthy and cumbersome, but the presence of damping prohibits the application of the former and exceedingly prolongs the application of the latter. In this paper, the problem has been approached through establishing the rectilinear model of the torsional system and bond graphs have been used as a medium to transform the torsional system into its rectilinear model. The model has been proven to follow a simple pattern and to be very rapidly constructible, irrespective of the complexity of the system.
On the Design of Spatial 4C Mechanisms for Rigid-Body Guidance Through 4 Positions
Authors: Larochelle Pierre M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a procedure for determining the fixed and moving congruences associated with four finitely separated spatial positions. Furthermore, a methodology is derived for selecting the lines from the congruences which define the joint axes of a 4C mechanism. The result is a design procedure for performing the kinematic dimensional synthesis of spatial 4C mechanisms for four position rigid body guidance.
Associated with four finitely separated positions in space are a fixed and a moving congruence. These congruences are a two dimensional set of lines, where each line defines the axis of a cylindrical joint that guides a body through the four prescribed positions. In order to uniquely determine a 4C mechanism from the congruences four free parameters must be specified. We present procedures for determining these free design parameters which result in mechanisms with joint axes that are nearest to some desired location. Moreover, included is a detailed numerical example illustrating the design process.
A Complex Number Approach to the Generation of the Cubic of Stationary Curvature
Authors: Johnson L. G. , Chase T. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A complex number approach to generating the cubic of stationary curvature (CSC) has been developed. The approach provides a closed form solution for generating points on the curve. The new approach eliminates the need for considering the Euler-Savary equation and centrode curvature as intermediate steps for obtaining points on the curve. Furthermore, the method guarantees that the points will be generated in their natural sequence and it simultaneously produces points on the centerpoint and circlepoint curves. The method can be applied to analyze an existing linkage or to synthesize a linkage to produce a coupler curve with specified stationary curvature at one position. Two analysis and one synthesis examples are provided.
A Real Time Solution to the Forward Kinematic Problem of a General Spherical Three-Degree-of-Freedom Parallel Manipulator
Authors: Boudreau Roger 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a real time solution to the forward kinematic problem of a general spherical three-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulator is presented using polynomial learning networks. These networks learn the forward kinematic problem based on a database of input-output examples. After the learning process has been achieved, the networks exhibit very little error when presented with inputs which were not part of the learning database. The computation time required to compute the forward kinematics is very small since the networks consist only of additions and multiplications.
Probabilistic Optimum Design of Compact Spur Gear Sets
Authors: Onwubiko Chinyere , Onyebueke Landon , Chen Feng C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Several methods have been proposed in the past for optimum design of spur gears. These methods have utilized deterministic design optimization techniques to obtain what could be considered satisfactory design parameters. At least two problems arise with the results of the deterministic approach; the inability to deal with uncertainties in material properties and over conservative design. On the other hand, probabilistic analysis methodology seeks to account for the uncertainties in material properties, loading conditions and disparate failure models.
This paper discusses the application of probabilistic design methodology to the design of compact gear set. This is done by minimizing the gear center distance while constrained by the allowable surface pressure and bending stress. A comparison of the results of compact gear design using both deterministic and probabilistic methodologies is presented. The results indicate that deterministic method though satisfactory does not provide the designer enough information to make vast design decisions. The deterministic method provides only one value of the center distance while the probabilistic method provides the designer a range of choices. In fact, a designer is provided a wide range of design options depending on a desired level of reliability.
A Design Process Model That Unifies General Design Theory and Empirical Findings
Authors: Tomiyama Tetsuo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a new design process model that unifies theoretical results of General Design Theory (GDT) and empirical findings obtained from design experiments. It first reviews the design process models that were developed within theoretical work on GDT. Then, we describe experimental work on design based on protocol analysis, which resulted in a cognitive design process model from which further a computable design process model was derived. While these experimental results are supposed to support the theoretical conclusions obtained from GDT, we could also find out incompatibilities. We then propose a new design process model, called the refinement design process model, that can unify both theoretical results of GDT and experimental finding obtained from design experiments. The refinement model has better agreements with experimental findings and suggests various issues as a guiding principle to develop a future, advanced CAD system that helps a designer to focus on functional information. We propose and illustrate the concepts of such an advanced CAD system equipped with intensive design knowledge, called a computational framework for knowledge intensive engineering.
The Virtual Corporation: Simulating Real World Collaborative Design in a University Setting
Authors: Shah Jami J. , Sadowsky John S. , Macia Narcico F. , Woodfill Marvin C. , Wilson A. Fritz 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A unique experiment is in progress for teaching design and manufacturing across the curriculum. Funded by the ARPA-Technology Reinvestment Program, and monitored by NSF, an organization called The Virtual Corporation was created to simulate inter-disciplinary product development in a large manufacturing company geared towards consumer products. Students registered in senior project classes in several engineering and business departments became the virtual employees of the company participating in design, manufacturing, and marketing in this simulated industrial setting. The product chosen was a robot for outdoor applications: autonomous, self-navigated, all-terrain, electric vehicle. This paper examines the methodology used, the educational goals achieved, and the lessons learnt from this one year experiment. Sufficient information is provided to enable duplicating this experiment elsewhere.
Protocol Analysis As a Research Technique for Analysing Design Activity
Authors: Dorst Kees , Cross Nigel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper offers a review of protocol analysis as a research technique for the investigation of design activity. It draws particularly on the results of a special international research workshop on protocol analysis of design activity, held in Delft, The Netherlands, in September 1994. The paper identifies major themes and issues in the use of protocol analysis arising from the workshop.
A Taxonomy of Decomposition Strategies Based on Structures, Behaviors, and Goals
Authors: Koopman Philip J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Designs are often decomposed into subdesigns in a divide-and-conquer approach to dealing with complexity. A wide variety of strategies are in common use for accomplishing decomposition. This paper describes a taxonomy of decomposition strategies based on the design attributes of structures, behaviors, and goals as an aid to understanding when each different strategy may be appropriate. The taxonomy is descriptive rather than prescriptive; it concentrates on providing a common ground for representing both business-driven and technically-driven design decisions. An example is presented that suggests hierarchically layering diverse decomposition strategies can accommodate diverse designs and design processes.
A Design Environment for the Design of Micromachines
Authors: Huber Ralf , Grabowski Hans , Kiriyama Takashi , Yoneda Sigeru , Johnson Aylmer , Burgess Stuart 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Micromachine technology has developed in recent years significantly and become an outstanding research field with remarkable results. In the past, several new products resulted, mainly related with sensors, actuators, and medical apparatus. The characteristics of micromachines are given by the interaction of miniaturised mechanical and electronic components, which are manufactured by methods originally developed for semiconductor production. These characteristics of micromachines are taken as occasion to investigate the possibilities of supporting the micromachine design process with knowledge based systems.
After a short introduction into knowledge based design systems and design methodologies, a case study on the micromachine design is presented. We will mainly examine the conceptual design stage based on the methodological design. From the case study, specific requirements for a design environment to support the micromachine design process are derived. These requirements are compared with the capabilities offered by today’s concepts for advanced design systems such as SYSFUND. Then, the necessary enhancement for SYSFUND that was found in the process of knowledge representation is described. Finally an extended concept for a micromachine design environment is discussed.
Understanding Emotion in Sound
Authors: Fukuda Shuichi , Matsuura Yoshifusa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The conventional sound recognition pursues meaning of a sound by analytical approach. But a human can recognize the emotional feelings of a speaker no matter what language he or she may use. There seems to be 2 kinds of such expressions. One is truly emotional at heart and another is to convey how he or she feels as a message. This work is aimed at understanding such messages of the emotional feelings of a speaker. Our preliminary work demonstrated that anger can be extracted from sound and characterized by noting the pitch frequency and the amplitude variation using cepstrum method.
Design Projects in a Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum
Authors: Jordan R. L. Alan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Design oriented “capstone” courses for senior students have enjoyed renewed popularity in recent years. However, incorporating design projects as part of lower level laboratory courses is not as widely practiced. This paper discusses the authors’ experience using design projects in four freshman/sophomore level mechanical engineering technology courses. In a mechanics of materials course, the students have been required to design a structure for an overhead granary, and a device to upright a large electrical transformer. In a fluid power course, students have been required to size and select components and create a schematic for a small machine. In a machine elements course, students have designed a commercial lawn mower and a ribbon printing machine.
Students in a production drawing class have designed and produced a set of working drawings for a stamping die, and have worked with a machine elements class as the documentation personnel on a concurrent engineering project. The projects all require problem definition, data research and collection, analysis of the required components, minimum sizing verses commercially available parts, and a schematic or full set of drawings. The desired outcomes are an increased level of interest, involvement, and to help the students make the transition between theory and practice.
Graduates of technology programs are involved in design after either an associate degree or a bachelors degree. These graduates will either assist engineers in the design process; or, be responsible for their own designs. The technologist must understand how the theory is applied to the solution of design problems. Design projects are utilized as a means of applying the theory learned in the courses and exposing the students to real life problem solving.
This paper will discuss some of the above named projects; how they are presented, how the students are involved, and the results. Some of the lessons learned will be presented. Reports are a major part of all the design projects. This paper will discuss how progress and final reports are utilized in these projects.
Virtual Reality System for the Evaluation of Complex Mechanical Systems
Authors: Bahr B. , Li G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Industrial applications include problems where a particularly complex motion of the mechanical system needs to be designed, analyzed and verified. Computer simulation is one of the chief means to support these goals. This paper presents a virtual reality based simulation system for design, evaluation, and verification of the complex motion of mechanical systems. The realistic visualization and immersion of the system enables an engineer to evaluate the behavior of an existing mechanical system in an intuitive and natural-like way. It is also useful in the design and development of new mechanical systems since potential mistakes can be easily found in virtual environments before actual production.
Distributed-Parameter Design of Virtual Source Thermal Processing Methods
Authors: Doumanidis Charalabos , Fourligkas Nikolaos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In thermal manufacturing methods, visualization of the thermally generated distributions of material structure and properties in the products forms the basis for the development of a methodology for off-line design of the process conditions in virtual-source thermal techniques. These are implemented by timesharing a single heat source, scanning the external surface of the processed part to generate a flexible heat input distribution, and thus a specified temperature field yielding the desired thermal quality of the product. A numerical simulation of generic thermal processing is developed, integrating a solid conduction description to a flow model in molten regions. This computational model is validated by a comparative thermal study and is used for the design of the virtual source power and trajectory in rapid prototyping of laminated objects with specified geometric tolerances. Virtual-source processing based on real-time control with infrared thermal feedback is currently simulated for other thermal manufacturing processes.
Tree Search Based Algorithms for Tolerance and Process Selections
Authors: Qu G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a tree search based method to select tolerance values and processes for mechanical assemblies. Design constraint is a set of interrelated tolerance loops. The problem is to decide what tolerance, or equivalently, which manufacturing process, is to be allocated to each feature so as to minimize the cost of assembly within assembly tolerance constraints. With the properties of tolerance stackups, the global constraints are decomposed into a set of local constraints. Progressive application of the set of local constraints with sorting will dramatically prune the search tree and control its growth in both depth and width. Comparing to the zero-one for tolerance selection, these special purpose algorithms greatly reduce the search space and more efficient.
Virtual Prototyping of Die Design: Part One — Theory and Formulation
Authors: Wuerger David , Gadh Rajit 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An important step in the design of dies for near-net-shape manufacturing processes is the determination of the die-open direction. The current research provides a computer-based approach to automatically determine the set of possible die-open directions for a given part. Computer-synthesized die design is often referred to as “Virtual Prototyping”. It has been determined in this research that certain features, called concavity features on a part, restrict the directions along which the die for a part may open, and are therefore used to determine the set of all possible die-open directions for a given part. Once the possible die-open directions are determined, a designer or a keyboard input system may decide which of these directions are usable.
Existence, Uniqueness and Asymptotic Behaviour for a Non-Linear Beam Equation
Authors: Boertjens G. Judith , van Horssen Wim T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The use of perturbation methods for fourth order PDE’s has not yet been examined extensively. Usually approximating power series are applied, which are truncated to one or two modes. Very little — or nothing — is said about the relation between this approximation and the exact solution. In this paper initial boundary value problems for the following equation will be discussed:
w t t + w x x x x + ϵ ( u ( π , t ) − u ( 0 , t ) + ∫ 0 π w x 2 d x ) w x x = ϵ g ( x , t , w , w t ) .
This equation can be regarded as a model describing wind-induced oscillations of flexible structures like elastic beams, where the small term on the right hand side of the equation represents the windforce acting on the structure. Existence and uniqueness for solutions of these problems will be discussed, as well as finding approximations using a multiple time-scale method. Finally the asymptotic validity of these approximations will be considered.
Non-Linear Effects in Transient Dynamic Analysis of Flexible Multibody Systems
Authors: Pascal Madeleine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Some open questions arising in the dynamical formulation of systems of hinge-connected flexible bodies are discussed. The first one deals with the choice of the “floating reference frame” associated to a body under-going large rigid body motions but small elastic deformations. The second one is concerned by the so-called geometric stiffening (or centrifugal stiffening) effects. It is shown that in the most cases, these effects have to be taken into account only for slender bodies like beams or plates when they are subjected to axial or inplane forces.
The last problem is concerned by the eventual appearance of higher order terms in the kinetic energy of the system for large rates and large accelerations.
An Analytical Study of Stability of Periodic Systems by Poincaré Mappings
Authors: Guttalu Ramesh S. , Flashner Henryk 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Poincaré map (point mapping) analysis approach is used to investigate the stability of multivariable periodic dynamical systems. The approach presented here is based on a procedure to obtain an analytical expression for the period-to-period mapping description of system’s dynamics. It also allows to find analytical dependence of point mapping on system’s parameters. Analytical stability and bifurcation condition are then determined and expressed as functional relations between various system parameters. The approach is applied to investigate the parametric stability of flap motion of a rotor. It is shown that the proposed approach provides very accurate results when compared with direct numerical results which are assumed to be an “exact solution” for the purpose of this study. It is also demonstrated that the point mapping method yields more accurate results than the widely used classical perturbation analysis. To emphasize the applicability of the method for studying higher order systems, bifurcation and stability analysis of a two degree-of-freedom cantilever beam subjected to harmonic base motion is performed. The results of our analysis exhibit an excellent agreement with the “exact” (numerical integration) solution. The ability to perform analytical stability studies of systems with multiple degrees-of-freedom is an important feature of the proposed approach since most existing analysis methods are applicable to single degree-of-freedom systems. Extension of these methods to higher dimensional systems is not straightforward, and is usually very cumbersome.
Micro-Chaotic Behavior of Digitally Controlled Machines
Authors: Enikov Eniko , Stépán Gábor 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The desired stationary motions of machines are often unstable. Human operator or computer control may be needed to stabilize these machines. An important common feature of both analog and digital controllers, is the time delay which is introduced into the system. Even when these delayed systems should be stable, the experiments show small stochastic oscillations around the desired motion. In case of the stabilization of an inverted pendulum, the analysis of the equation of motion shows that chaotic vibrations occur around the equilibrium even when stochastic effects related to human control are not present. In advanced design work of digitally controlled machines, it is vital to know the characteristics of this chaotic behavior. The estimation of the distribution of vibration amplitudes and the frequency range should be available at the design stage. This initiates the analysis of the so-called micro-chaos or μ-chaos.