bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergent contributions of living roots to turnover of different soil organic carbon pools and their links to plant traits
Authors: Huang Junsheng , Liu Weixing , Pan Shengnan , Wang Zhe , Yang Sen , Jia Zhou , Wang Zhenhua , Deng Meifeng , Yang Lu , Liu Chao , Chang Pengfei , Liu Lingli 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Rhizodeposits and root litter contribute critically to soil organic carbon (SOC) formation and decomposition. This root‐induced SOC turnover shows great interspecific variations. Bulk SOC consists of diverse functional pools differing in formation and stabilization. Yet, it remains unclear which plant traits regulate the effects of living roots on the turnover of different SOC pools across species.

By performing 13CO2 continuous labelling of six grassland species for a growing season in a climate‐controlled chamber, we quantified the contributions of living roots to the dynamics of the fast‐cycling particulate organic C and the slow‐cycling mineral‐associated organic C, and explored their relations to plant traits.

The results showed that new root‐derived SOC varied more than threefold among the six species. The variation in new root‐derived SOC was best explained by the ratio of shoot to root biomass. Plant species with higher shoot:root ratio formed more new root‐derived SOC. Most of the root‐derived C (72%) was incorporated into the particulate organic C pool. All species caused positive rhizosphere priming effects (RPE), which varied sevenfold across species. Among plant traits, specific root length was the best predictor of interspecific variations in the RPE, with greater RPE associated with higher specific root length. Most of the RPE (70%) occurred in the mineral‐associated organic C pool. Our results also showed that most plant species caused more old SOC decomposition via the RPE than new SOC formation, leading to net SOC losses, especially for the mineral‐associated organic C pool.

Overall, we provide novel insights into the effects of plant traits on root‐induced turnover of particulate and mineral‐associated organic C. Our findings should be valuable for understanding how specific plant traits regulate SOC accumulation and stabilization.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Dog in the matrix: Envisioning countrywide connectivity conservation for an endangered carnivore
Authors: Rodrigues Ryan G. , Srivathsa Arjun , Vasudev Divya 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Elevated rates of anthropogenic impacts on land‐use regimes have pushed terrestrial megafauna to the brink of extinction. Consequently, it is critical to adopt conservation approaches that safeguard individual populations while retaining connectivity among these populations. Conserving spatially structured populations of imperiled species at large scales is often complex; and the past decades have therefore seen a rise in spatial conservation prioritization exercises aimed at shaping landscape‐scale conservation programmes.

We present a framework for informing nationwide connectivity conservation, linking ecological and administrative scales, to maximize relevance for management. We assessed connectivity of the endangered dhole Cuon alpinus among 155 potential source populations across India using a data‐driven approach combined with graph and circuit theory. We used clustering algorithms to identify ecologically meaningful conservation landscapes; within each landscape, we identified priority source populations based on their connectedness and quantified pixel‐specific habitat accessibility. We superimposed administrative boundaries on our findings to provide conservation recommendations at this management‐relevant scale.

We first mapped potential dhole movement across India. Dhole populations fell within three primary clusters—Western and Eastern Ghats (WEG), Central Indian Landscape (CIL) and North‐East India (NEI)—of which NEI had the highest forest cover, most diffuse connectivity and lowest human density, while WEG had the highest protected area coverage and overall connectedness. Within each conservation landscape, we evaluated the relative importance of Protected Areas and accessibility to high‐quality patches. Parts of the Eastern Ghats had low habitat accessibility, yet high potential for dhole landscape connectivity. In 114 identified administrative units of priority for habitat restoration, we highlight those with low accessibility, that is, areas where restoration needs to be spatially targeted for maximum benefits.

Synthesis and applications. We make recommendations for spatially informed habitat restoration to enhance dhole connectivity in India, highlighting the importance of improving matrix permeability where dhole movement is currently restricted. More broadly, the framework we present is useful across species and management contexts, as it combines spatial and administrative scales to make ecologically informed assessments of high relevance to management. Synergistically integrating species ecology, threats and administrative considerations in connectivity conservation plans can enhance success of species conservation programmes.
Community‐level responses of African carnivores to prescribed burning
Authors: Gigliotti Laura C. , Curveira‐Santos Gonçalo , Slotow Rob , Sholto‐Douglas Craig , Swanepoel Lourens H. , Jachowski David S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFires are common in many ecosystems world‐wide, and are frequently used as a management tool. Although the responses of herbivores to fire have been well‐studied, the responses of carnivores to fire remain unclear. In particular, post‐fire habitat changes, and the associated changes in prey availability, might affect the coexistence or competition of carnivore species within the larger carnivore community, but few studies have focused on how fires influence multiple carnivore species simultaneously.Using South African carnivores as our focal community, we explored relative changes in carnivore intensity of use in post‐fire landscapes associated with hypothesized changes in prey availability and top‐down suppression.We monitored carnivore intensity of use in relation to prescribed burning using camera traps, with a Before‐After‐Control‐Impact study design. We analysed the camera trap data using community N‐mixture models to understand how individual species, as well as the carnivore guild as a whole, respond to burning.Changes in carnivore intensity of use in response to prescribed burns were not uniform; however, no species decreased the intensity of use of post‐fire landscapes. The apex predator, the lionPanthera leo, increased the use of prey‐rich burnt areas, but other large carnivore species exhibited neutral responses to fire despite the associated prey increase. Responses of medium‐ and small‐sized carnivores were species specific, and included both neutral and positive responses. Positive responses to fire by lions and herbivores were short‐lived, and did not persist a year after burning occurred.Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that fire does not promote carnivore coexistence by creating conditions for all carnivores to increase the use of burned areas, but that it also likely does not result in spatial avoidance of subordinate predators. Instead, fires might cause a suppression of opportunities for subordinate large carnivores because they need to avoid the apex predator, rather than take advantage of short‐term increased hunting opportunities in recently burned areas. Our results highlight the complexity of understanding species‐specific and community‐level responses of carnivores to fire, and overlooked the ecological effects of its use as a management tool.
Nepal's hydropower development: Predicament and dilemma in policy‐making
Authors: Zou Xiaolong , Pradhan Sheela , Mukhia Anmol 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNepal, the world's second most water‐rich country, nevertheless struggles to provide sufficient domestic electricity. Despite Nepal's potential to become the hydropower source for South Asia, it still relies heavily on importing electricity from India. This paper investigates why Nepal's hydropower capacity is inadequately utilized from both domestic and international perspectives and finds that domestic factors such as geo‐climate features, weak infrastructure, political instability, and institutional deficiencies significantly hinder Nepal's hydropower development. From an international perspective, Nepal's geopolitical bonds and energy dependency with India and the regional power‐sharing configuration have significantly influenced its hydropower policy‐making. Furthermore, this paper proposes how Nepal could sustainably develop its hydropower for self‐sufficiency by establishing better policy instruments, attracting foreign investments, and upgrading its electricity infrastructure.
Crime under lockdown: The impact of COVID‐19 on citizen security in the city of Buenos Aires
Authors: Perez‐Vincent Santiago M. , Schargrodsky Ernesto , García Mejía Mauricio 
Published: October 2021

Research SummaryThis paper studies the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown on criminal activity in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Following quarantine restrictions, we find a large, significant, robust, and immediate decline in property crime reported to official agencies, police arrests, and crime reported in victimization surveys. We observe no significant change in homicides, and a significant increase in arrests for “resistance to authorities”. The decrease in criminal activity was greater in business and transportation areas, but still large in commercial and residential areas (including informal settlements). After the sharp and immediate fall, crime recovered but, by the end of 2020, it had not reached its initial levels. The arrest data additionally shows a reduction in the distance from the detainee's address to the crime location, and a fall in the number of detainees from outside the City of Buenos Aires. Crime became more local as mobility was restricted.Policy ImplicationsWe find no evidence that the reduction in the number of detainees from outside the City of Buenos Aires led to a displacement of crimeto suburban areas. This result aligns with the hypothesis that focalized place‐based interventions have the potential to reduce overall crime rates. Moreover, the increase in arrests for "resistance to authorities" at the checkpoints set up during the lockdown shows that the enforcement of mobility restrictions can cause frictions between citizens and police, negatively affecting police's legitimacy. We also find that the increased government presence for the provision of health and social services in informal settlements during the pandemic led, as a positive externality, to an additional decrease in crime.
Prevalence of food insecurity in community‐dwelling people living with severe mental illness
Authors: Tripodi Elise , Jarman Rebecca , Morell Rachel , Teasdale Scott B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimThe present study aimed to measure the prevalence and severity of food insecurity in people with a severe mental illness, defined as schizophrenia and related psychoses, and bipolar disorder; and explore relationships between food insecurity status, and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study recruited community‐dwelling people with severe mental illness receiving clozapine and/or a long‐acting injectable antipsychotic medication within three mental health services in Sydney, Australia. Participants completed the 18‐item Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. Sociodemographic and medical information was obtained from participants' medical records. Independent samples t‐test and chi‐square analyses were used to test for between group differences based on food insecurity status. Binary logistic regression analyses adjusting for age and gender were used to determine the odds ratio.ResultsOne‐hundred and eighty‐eight people completed the assessment: 63% were male, mean age was 49.2 ± 12.4 years, and the majority (85%) had a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Food insecurity was detected in 31% of participants. Of those who were food insecure, 12% were classified as severe, 13% as moderate and 7% as mild. Tobacco smoking was higher in food insecure people compared to food secure people (odds ratio = 3.1, 95% CI 1.3 to 7.1, p = 0.01). Food insecurity status was not associated with demographic, diagnostic or other clinical data.ConclusionsFood insecurity is highly prevalent among community‐dwelling people with severe mental illness receiving clozapine and/or long‐acting injectable antipsychotic medication. Food security screening should be considered as routine care for this population group.
Prevalence, correlates, and consequences of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a clinical sample of adults with tramadol use in Egypt
Authors: Bassiony Medhat M. , Salah El‐Deen Ghada M. , Ameen Noha , Mahdy Rehab S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesMany studies investigated the association between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) but none focused on the association between ADHD and nonmedical prescription opioids such as tramadol. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, correlates, and consequences of co‐occurrence of ADHD and tramadol use among adults.MethodsThis study included 122 Egyptian adults with opioid use disorders attributed to tramadol (N = 122). Participants were recruited from the psychiatric outpatient clinic and inpatient unit of Zagazig University Hospital, Egypt. ADHD and SUDs were assessed by using the Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale (ASRS—v 1.1) and SCID‐I criteria of DSM‐5, respectively. All participants were screened for drugs by urinalysis.ResultsForty percent of the participants used tramadol alone, whereas the remaining used it with other substances, such as alcohol (51.6%) and cannabis (48.4%). Thirty‐eight cases (31%) had adult ADHD and most of them had inattentive or mixed types. Adults with tramadol use and ADHD were more likely to have a younger age of onset of tramadol use, use a higher dose of tramadol, and use it for a longer duration than those with tramadol use without ADHD.Conclusions and DiscussionADHD in adults with tramadol use is common and is associated with early‐onset, high dose, and long duration of tramadol use.Scientific SignificanceThis is the first study to investigate the co‐occurrence of ADHD and tramadol misuse among adults.
Management of submacular massive haemorrhage in age‐related macular degeneration: comparison between subretinal transplant of human amniotic membrane and subretinal injection of tissue plasminogen activator
Authors: Caporossi Tomaso , Bacherini Daniela , Governatori Lorenzo , Oliverio Leandro , Di Leo Laura , Tartaro Ruggero , Rizzo Stanislao 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.PurposeMacular neovascularization (MNV) can complicate age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and lead to severe visual acuity reduction. Massive submacular haemorrhage (SMH) is a sight‐threatening complication of MNV and a challenge in the management of complications related to MNV in AMD since the effects of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor treatment alone are insufficient. Here, we evaluate the different postoperative outcomes of patients affected by MNV complicated by SMH that underwent subretinal implant of human amniotic membrane (hAM) or subretinal injection of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).MethodsThis is a retrospective, consecutive, comparative, non‐randomized interventional study. We included 44 eyes of 44 patients affected by AMD complicated by MNV and SMH. Twenty‐two eyes underwent a pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), SMH and neovascular membrane removal, with a subretinal implant of hAM and silicone oil, and 22 eyes underwent PPV, subretinal injection of tPA, and 20% sulphur hexafluoride. The primary study outcome was visual acuity improvement. Secondary outcomes were postoperative complications, and MNV recurrence and optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐Angiography parameters correlated with best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA).ResultsMean preoperative BCVA was 1.9 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) in the amniotic membrane‐group and 2 logMAR in the tPA‐group. The mean final BCVA values were 1.25 and 1.4 logMAR, respectively, with a statistically significant difference. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐Angiography scan was be used to evaluate the retinal vascularization in the treated eye.ConclusionBoth techniques report similar VA improvements and postoperative complications. However, transplantation of hAM seems to have a significant benefit in inhibiting MNV recurrence.
Spectra in low‐rank localized layers (SpeLLL) for interpretable time–frequency analysis
Authors: Tuft Marie , Hall Martica H. , Krafty Robert T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe time‐varying frequency characteristics of many biomedical time series contain important scientific information. However, the high‐dimensional nature of the time‐varying power spectrum as a surface in time and frequency limits its direct use by applied researchers and clinicians for elucidating complex mechanisms. In this article, we introduce a new approach to time–frequency analysis that decomposes the time‐varying power spectrum in to orthogonal rank‐one layers in time and frequency to provide a parsimonious representation that illustrates relationships between power at different times and frequencies. The approach can be used in fully nonparametric analyses or in semiparametric analyses that account for exogenous information and time‐varying covariates. An estimation procedure is formulated within a penalized reduced‐rank regression framework that provides estimates of layers that are interpretable as power localized within time blocks and frequency bands. Empirical properties of the procedure are illustrated in simulation studies and its practical use is demonstrated through an analysis of heart rate variability during sleep.
Adult mental health service engagement with patients who are parents: Evidence from 15 English mental health trusts
Authors: Dunn Abby , Startup Helen , Cartwright‐Hatton Sam 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesAscertaining whether mental health service users have children is a clinical requirement in UK health services, and acknowledgement of a patient’s parenting role is necessary to enable engagement with their parenting experience and to facilitate support, both of which are associated with improved outcomes for the parent–child dyad. The current study sought to investigate the practice of mental health practitioners working in UK adult mental health services with regard to the following: Ascertaining whether patients have children; engagement with the parenting role of patients; engagement with the construct of ‘think patient as parent’.MethodsSelf‐report online/paper survey of 1105 multi‐disciplinary adult mental health practitioners working in 15 mental health trusts in England.ResultsA quarter of adult mental health practitioners did not routinely ascertain whether patients had dependent children. Less than half of practitioners engaged with the parenting experience or the potential impact of parental mental health on children.ConclusionsThe parenting role of patients is not routinely captured by large numbers of practitioners working in adult mental health settings. This is despite it being a mandatory requirement and an integral component of the systematic care of the adult, and preventative care for the offspring. Failure to engage with patients who are parents is a missed opportunity with profound downstream public health implications. The practice deficits identified in this study should be viewed in terms of broader structural failures to address the intergenerational transmission of poor mental health.Practitioner points

Some parents who have mental health difficulties may struggle to provide appropriate and effective care to their children. The parenting role can also exacerbate mental health difficulties.

Identification of dependent children is a mandatory component of adult mental health clinical practice and is necessary to understand a parent’s support needs.

A quarter of adult mental health practitioners are failing to do so. A missed opportunity to engage with the support needs of the parent–child dyad.
Illness representations and psychological outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Arrato Nicole A. , Valentine Thomas R. , Byrd John C. , Jones Jeffrey A. , Maddocks Kami J. , Woyach Jennifer A. , Andersen Barbara L. 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesChronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a lifelong cancer with subtle symptoms. Treatment is not curative and often involves repeated relapses and retreatments. Illness perceptions – cognitive and emotional representations of illness stimuli – were studied in CLL patients to: 1) identify illness perception ‘profiles’ prior to treatment; and 2) test whether profile membership predicts psychological responses 12 months later as treatment continued.DesignCLL patients (N = 259), randomized to one of four cancer treatment trials testing targeted therapy, were assessed before starting treatment and at 12 months.MethodsThe Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) assessed perceived consequences, timeline, personal/treatment control, identity, comprehension, concern, and emotions toward CLL. Psychological outcomes were depressive symptoms (PHQ‐9/BDI‐II), negative mood (POMS), and cancer stress (IES‐R). Latent profile analysis (LPA) determined number of profiles and differential BIPQ items for each profile. Multilevel models tested profiles as predictors of 12‐month psychological outcomes.ResultsLPA selected the three‐profile model, with profiles revealing Low (n = 150; 57.9%), Moderate (n = 21; 8.1%), and High‐impact (n = 88; 34.0%) illness representations. Profiles were defined by differences in consequences, identity, concern, and emotions. Profile membership predicted all psychological outcomes (ps<.038). Low‐impact profile patients endorsed minimal psychological symptoms; High‐impact profile patients reported substantial symptoms.ConclusionsResults of the first CLL illness representation study provide directions for future clinical efforts. By identifying differences among patients’ perceptions of CLL consequences, symptom burden, concerns, and emotional responses, an at‐risk patient group might receive tailored psychological treatment. Treatments may address negative perceptions, to reduce psychological risk associated with chronic cancer.