bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining predictive models using Shapley values and non-parametric vine copulas
Authors: Aas Kjersti , Nagler Thomas , Jullum Martin , Løland Anders 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper the goal is to explain predictions from complex machine learning models. One method that has become very popular during the last few years is Shapley values. The original development of Shapley values for prediction explanation relied on the assumption that the features being described were independent. If the features in reality are dependent this may lead to incorrect explanations. Hence, there have recently been attempts of appropriately modelling/estimating the dependence between the features. Although the previously proposed methods clearly outperform the traditional approach assuming independence, they have their weaknesses. In this paper we propose two new approaches for modelling the dependence between the features. Both approaches are based on vine copulas, which are flexible tools for modelling multivariate non-Gaussian distributions able to characterise a wide range of complex dependencies. The performance of the proposed methods is evaluated on simulated data sets and a real data set. The experiments demonstrate that the vine copula approaches give more accurate approximations to the true Shapley values than their competitors.
Quality control of ultrasonography markers for Down’s syndrome screening: a retrospective study by the laboratory
Authors: Badal Blanca , Ballesteros Antonieta , Crespo Miriam , Morell-Garcia Daniel , Bauçà Josep Miquel , Pastor Maria , Ruiz de Gopegui Rosa , Martín Inmaculada 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Quality control of ultrasonography markers is necessary to ensure greater efficacy of prenatal aneuploidy screening. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of the crown-rump length (CRL) and nuchal translucence (NT) measurement accuracy by the laboratory according to quality indicators.

Methods
Retrospective observational study on 4,908 single-foetus pregnant women who underwent prenatal aneuploidy screening in the first trimester of pregnancy. Euploid foetuses with CRL between 45 and 84 mm were included, while those with NT≥3.5 mm were excluded. CRL measurement was considered to be accurate if the median multiples of the median (MoM) for pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was between 0.90 and 1.10. Fifteen sonographers participated in the study, six of whom comprised the control group. Systematic error for a sonographer was considered when CRL measurement was greater than ±2 mm with respect to the control group. Quality for NT was assured by means of the WHIRI method and each sonographer cumulative sum control chart (CUSUM).

Results
For CRL accuracy, five sonographers underestimated the measurements, while another four overestimated them, with no statistical differences. For smaller sized foetuses, all sonographers met the established specifications. Regarding NT control, three sonographers did not meet the quality criteria for the median MoM. All sonographers met the specifications for the logarithmic standard deviation of the NT MoM levels. Thirteen sonographers met the CUSUM specifications.

Conclusions
Evaluation of a quality control of ultrasonography parameters by laboratory professionals is necessary to avoid under- or overestimation tendencies for CRL and NT measurements. CUSUM is a useful tool for the immediate correction of errors in NT measurements.
Evaluation of glutathione reductase activity in colon tissue of patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Lorestani Shima , Bahari Ali , Asadi Mahdi , Zahedi Avval Farnaz 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is known as one of the most common irritating gastrointestinal disorders. The mechanism behind IBS is still under investigation and it is thought that it may arose from multi factors among which free radicals have been previously mentioned. Studies have found an association between oxidative stress and IBS; however, little is known about the mechanisms and oxidative stress components status during IBS. One of the key factors playing a central role in oxidative stress network is glutathione reductase (GR). Here we report the GR activity in colon tissue samples during IBS to explore a part of contributing components in IBS pathogenesis.

Methods
The GR enzyme activity was measured in 15 active IBS colon biopsy samples and was compared to our best available age and sex matched colorectal tissue samples from normal marginal tissue of resected colon cancers (n=15). The enzyme activity in the two groups was determined and compared using a commercial GR Assay Kit (Cayman chemical).

Results
A significant decrease in GR activity among IBS tissue samples was observed compared to anatomically normal marginal colon tissue samples (p=0.007).

Conclusions
Lower GR activity may increase oxidized glutathione there by in turn could contribute as a main component in oxidative stress network. The lower GR activity results in hampered defense mechanism against produced free radical species. This finding may clarify a part of IBS pathogenesis.
Investigation of the effect of training on serotonin, melatonin and hematologic parameters in adolescent basketball players
Authors: Kocahan Sayad , Dundar Aykut , Onderci Muhittin , Yilmaz Yucehan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Exercise can improve both health and mood. Some beneficial effects of exercise are attributed to endocrine status. This study aims to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of basketball training on melatonin, serotonin, and hematologic parameters in basketball players.

Methods
The experimental group was selected form 34 healthy young boys, aged between 13 and 16 years old. The participants were randomly assigned to the control group (n=17) and the exercise group (n=17). The exercise program consisted of 2 h/day aerobic activity of basketball training in 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Venous blood was taken on the day before experiment (pre-exercise) and on the day following the last exercise (post-exercise) and hormone levels were detected by ELISA.

Results
Serotonin and melatonin levels significantly increased in the post-exercise group compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Exercise caused increase in WBC, RBC, HCT and Hb levels (p<0.05) while did not alter PLT, MCH, and PCT levels (p>0.05). This study indicates that an eight weeks-long regular aerobic exercise increased melatonin and serotonin levels, and also altered some hematological parameters.

Conclusions
In conclusion, it is believed that improvement in levels of serotonin, melatonin, and hematological parameters after eight weeks of regular basketball training in basketball players could be attributed to beneficial effects of exercise. Investigation in other branches of sports and in different gender and age groups would make contribution into exercise physiology and training science.
Delay-Dependent Stability Conditions for Non-autonomous Functional Differential Equations with Several Delays in a Banach Space
Authors: Gil’ Michael 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Let Bj
(t) (j = 1,..., m) and B(t, τ) (t ≥ 0, 0 ≤ τ ≤ 1) be bounded variable operators in a Banach space. We consider the equation

u
′

(
t
)

=

∑

k
=
1

m

B

k

(
t
)

u

(

t
-

h

k

(
t
)

)

+

∫
0
1

B

(

t
,
τ

)

u

(

t
-

h

0

(
τ
)

)

d
τ

(

t
≥
0

)

,

u'\left( t \right) = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^m {{B_k}\left( t \right)u\left( {t - {h_k}\left( t \right)} \right)} + \int\limits_0^1 {B\left( {t,\tau } \right)u\left( {t - {h_0}\left( \tau \right)} \right)d\tau \,\,\,\,\left( {t \ge 0} \right),}

where hk
(t) (t ≥ 0; k = 1, ..., m) and h
0(τ) are continuous nonnegative bounded functions. Explicit delay-dependent exponential stability conditions for that equation are established. Applications to integro-differential equations with delay are also discussed
Track and Trace, and Other Collaborative Art/Archaeology Bubbles in the Phygital Pandemic
Authors: Reilly Paul , Dawson Ian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper describes our creative responses to a surface assemblage (a scatter) of lithic artefacts encountered on either side of a worn track across a field early on in the pandemic. Our art/archaeology response takes place within a phygital nexus in which artefacts or assemblages can be instantiated either physically or digitally, or both. In the nexus we create, connect and explore an ontological multiplicity of – more or less – physical and digital skeuomorphs and other more standard forms of records for sharing (i.e. Latour’s immutable mobiles, such as photographs), but rendered with radically different properties and affordances, at different scales, with different apparatus. These include interactive Reflectance Transformation Images, graphical surface models, machine intelligence style transfer, and 3D prints, all of which were produced in a variety of isolated analytical “bubble” settings and transmitted to and from (both digitally and physically) a home office in an isolated Hampshire village and a home studio in a London suburb. Our approach is to describe, diffractively, the ontological shifts and itineraries associated with some of these objects and assess how this assemblage came to matter as an art/archaeology installation. Ultimately, some of these deterritorialised, (re)colourised, affective, biodegradable, and diffractively born metamorphic instars, now inscribed with new meanings, are returned to the original findspot of the lithics to be (re)discovered.
Networks in the mind – what communities reveal about the structure of the lexicon
Authors: Kovács László , Bóta András , Hajdu László , Krész Miklós 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The mental lexicon stores words and information about words. The lexicon is seen by many researchers as a network, where lexical units are nodes and the different links between the units are connections. Based on the analysis of a word association network, in this article we show that different kinds of associative connections exist in the mental lexicon. Our analysis is based on a word association database from the agglutinative language Hungarian. We use communities – closely knit groups – of the lexicon to provide evidence for the existence and coexistence of different connections. We search for communities in the database using two different algorithms, enabling us to see the overlapping (a word belongs to multiple communities) and non-overlapping (a word belongs to only one community) community structures. Our results show that the network of the lexicon is organized by semantic, phonetic, syntactic and grammatical connections, but encyclopedic knowledge and individual experiences are also shaping the associative structure. We also show that words may be connected not just by one, but more types of connections at the same time.
On the spectrum of linear combinations of finitely many diagonalizable matrices that mutually commute
Authors: Kişi Emre , Sarduvan Murat , Özdemir Halim , Kalaycı Nurgül 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe propose an algorithm, which is based on the method given by Kişi and Özdemir in [Math Commun, 23 (2018) 61], to handle the problem of when a linear combination matrixX=∑i=1mciXiX = \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^m {{c_i}{X_i}}is a matrix such that its spectrum is a subset of a particular set, whereci,i= 1, 2, ...,m, are nonzero scalars andXi,i= 1, 2, ...,m, are mutually commuting diagonalizable matrices. Besides, Mathematica implementation codes of the algorithm are also provided. The problems of characterizing all situations in which a linear combination of some special matrices, e.g. the matrices that coincide with some of their powers, is also a special matrix can easily be solved via the algorithm by choosing of the spectra of the matricesXandXi,i= 1, 2, ...,m, as subsets of some particular sets. Nine of the open problems in the literature are solved by utilizing the algorithm. The results of the four of them, i.e. cubicity of linear combinations of two commuting cubic matrices, quadripotency of linear combinations of two commuting quadripotent matrices, tripotency of linear combinations of three mutually commuting tripotent matrices, and tripotency of linear combinations of four mutually commuting involutive matrices, are presented explicitly in this work. Due to the length of their presentations, the results of the five of them, i.e. quadraticity of linear combinations of three or four mutually commuting quadratic matrices, cubicity of linear combinations of three mutually commuting cubic matrices, quadripotency of linear combinations of three mutually commuting quadripotent matrices, and tripotency of linear combinations of four mutually commuting tripotent matrices, are given as program outputs only. The results obtained are extensions and/or generalizations of some of the results in the literature.
Lepidium sativum as candidate against excitotoxicity in retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Al-Dbass Abeer , Amina Musarat , Al Musayeib Nawal M. , El-Anssary Amira A. , Bhat Ramesa Shafi , Fahmy Rania , Alhamdan Majd M. , El-Ansary Afaf 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is considered one of the major causes of retinal ganglion cell death in many retinal diseases. Retinal ganglion cell degeneration causes severe blindness since visual signals from the eye to the brain are conducted only through retinal ganglion cells. Objective: We aimed to explore the potential ameliorative effects of L. sativum against glutamate excitotoxicity-induced retinal ganglion cell damage. Methods: Pure retinal ganglion cells were divided into a control group (untreated); L. sativum-treated groups in which retinal ganglion cells were treated with 5, 10, 50, or 100 µg/mL L. sativum seed extract for 2 h; glutamate-treated groups in which cells were treated with 5, 10, 50, or 100 µM glutamate for 48 h; and L. sativum/glutamate groups [pretreatment with L. sativum for 2 h (50 or 100 µg/mL) before glutamate treatment at 100 µM for 48 h]. Cell damage was assessed by comet assay and cell viability was by MTT test. Results: Tailed DNA, tail length, and tail moment of the 50 and 100 mM glutamate-treated groups were significantly greater than those of the blank control group, while the L. sativum-treated groups demonstrated nonsignificantly different tailed DNA, tail length, and tail moment compared with the blank control group, but significantly lower values compared with the glutamate-treated groups. Conclusion: L. sativum ameliorated the cell viability in retinal ganglion cells after high-concentration glutamate exposure. L. sativum seed extracts were efficient anti-excitotoxic and antioxidant agent that might improve the clinical presentation of many neurological disorders.
Hydrogenation and Dopant Concentration-Dependent Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Synthesized Manganese/Aluminum–Codoped Anatase Nanoparticles
Authors: Dakhel A. A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the present work, titanium oxide (TiO2) codoped with 2 at % and 5 at % manganese/aluminum nanoparticle samples were synthesized by a coprecipitation method. The effects of manganese/aluminum dopant concentrations and hydrogenation temperatures on the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were studied. The investigation was aimed at considering manganese dopant ions as the foundation of stable magnetic properties and using Al3+ ions to supply itinerant electrons to study and synthesize a dilute magnetic semiconductor based on TiO2. The synthesized doped nanopowders were studied by several methods: X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements. It was established that the Anatase structure was the main structure of the synthesized codoped powders. The dopant and the hydrogenation did not introduce qualitative change in the phase structure of the powder. It was found that the hydrogenation increased the crystallite size, and the high-temperature hydrogenation (500°C) deteriorated the crystalline structures. The optical study was aimed at investigating the formation of F+-centers. The shift in the optical absorption edge was explained in terms of the Urbach and Moss-Burstein effects. The magnetic energy parameter was calculated to compare the strength of the resulting room-temperature ferromagnetic ordering in the samples. The greatest saturation magnetization parameter was 0.005 μB/manganese for the sample with the lower studied doping level (2 %) and hydrogenated (H) at low temperature (400°C); TiO2: 2 % manganese: aluminum–H (hydrogenated). The magnetic saturation magnetization was lowered for a higher doping level and higher hydrogenation temperature (500°C).
Buschke-LÃ¶wenstein tumour (BLT)/giant condyloma acuminatum (GCA): An immunopathogenesis insight
Authors: Christopher Paulus Mario , Kosim Hartono , Wijaya Ratna Sari , Suhardi Silvi , Wijayadi Linda Julianti 
Published: June 2021

Buschke LÃ¶wenstein tumor (BLT)/giant condyloma acuminatum is a rare variant ofÂ sexually transmitted infection caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 and 11. HPV has its viral factors that exist to avoid immune surveillance and control through 1) infecting only the basal layer of the epithelium, 2) downregulation of host immunity, 3) suppression of proinflammatory proteins essential for viral clearance. The incidence of BLT/GCA is estimated to be 0.1% in the general population, with males having 2.7 times increased risk than females.Â BLT/GCA is characterized by verrucous tumor or palpable cauliflower-likemass, exophytic growth, flesh-colored, and uneven surface. The definitive diagnosis of BLT/GCA is typical morphology along with histopathological examination, and/or viral serotyping. Treatment of BLT/GCA requires a multidisciplinary approach, determined based on age, the extent of the lesion, organ involvement, and organ location.
Negative correlation between interleukin-2 (IL-2) serum with bacterial index in leprosy
Authors: Putri Patricia Dian , Rusyati Luh Made Mas , Adiguna Made Swastika 
Published: June 2021

Background: Leprosy is strongly influenced by the host immunity response. One of the cytokines that play a role in cellular immunity is IL-2. IL-2 will stimulate macrophages to activate phagocytosis and form granulomas, and this occurs in the tuberculoid type of leprosy.Objective: Aim of this study was to verify the IL-2 serum levels are negatively correlated or not with bacterial index in leprosy.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional observational analytic study involving 50 leprosy subjects (41 MB and 9 PB types). Study was conducted at Dermatolovenerology Polyclinic of Sanglah General Hospital from December 2019 to March 2020. Sample was taken using a consecutive sampling method. IL-2 serum levels were measured by ELISA.Â Result: The mean of IL-2 serum in PB was 75.53Â±10.32 pg/mL and in MB was 37.59Â±17.13 pg/mL. Strong negative correlation (r= -0.67; p<0.001) between serum IL-2 levels with bacterial index (CI 95%= 25.96â€“49.93; p<0.001) was found. Every 1 pg/mL increase in IL-2 serum levels will be accompanied by a decrease in the bacterial index of 0.039 and vice versa. Determinant coefficient shows that 42.2% of bacterial index affected by the IL-2 serum levels. Low IL-2 serum levels were the risk factor of high bacterial index 2.8 times (PR= 2.8; CI 95%= 1.444â€“5.519; p<0.001).Conclusion: IL-2 serum levels were found to be higher in PB than MB. There was a negative correlation between IL-2 serum levels with bacterial index. Low IL-2 serum levels were the risk factor of a high bacterial index in leprosy patients.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) : A review of the literature
Authors: Dewi Lidya Trisna 
Published: June 2021

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is the second most common cause of vaginitis after bacterial vaginosis. VVC often occurs in women of reproductive age (20-40 years). Risk factors for VVC can be divided into two, such as host factors (pregnancy, hormone replacement, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, antibiotics, use of glucocorticoids, genetic influences) and behavioral factors (oralÂ Â contraceptives, cotraceptives and also some sexual habits, hygiene, and clothes that are used). To diagnose VVC in a person, evaluation from anamnesis and clinical manifestation can be conducted. It can also be confirmed by laboratory examination. The management based on the classification. Uncomplicated VVC is most effectively treated with topical azoles, but a single dose of fluconazole can also be given orally. Treatment of VVC with complications can be given fluconazole 150 mg for 3 days or topical azole for 7 days. However, when the VVC case that caused by Candida non-albicans not responding to conventional treatment such as antimycotics, the Â Â amphotericin B can be given to cure the disease. VVC caused by Candida glabrata can be given topical boric acid or flucytosine. This article consists of several theoretical references that has been viewed to have a better understanding regarding candidiasis vulvovaginitis.Â
Tracheostomy in upper airway obstruction on a COVID-19 patient
Authors: Jaafar Rohaizam Japar , Yahaya Zakinah , Mohamad Yunus Mohd Razif , Mat Baki Marina 
Published: June 2021

Background: Â Stridor due to upper airway obstruction in a COVID-19 positive patient is a big challenge to the medical team, especially anesthetists and otolaryngologists. In this condition, performing aerosol-generating procedures (AGP) is time-sensitive and increases virus transmission risk. The dilemma of treating a stridorous patient with laryngeal carcinoma and concurrent COVID-19 positive with pneumonia is possibly become a new normal in this era.Case Report: A 66-year-old male, chronic smoker, completed six days of in-patient treatment for community-acquired pneumonia when the RT-PCR for COVID-19 was found to be negative. He was seen in the otorhinolaryngology (ORL) clinic two weeks later due to hoarseness for two months associated with worsening shortness of breath and cough. He had soft stridor at rest and was mildly tachypnoeic. Flexible endoscopy revealed a mass on the right immobile vocal cord with a small glottic airway. A repeat nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 on the same day was positive. A detailed discussion involving a multidisciplinary team lead to the decision to secure the patient's airway by first intubating him with a small endotracheal tube and followed by tracheostomy in the same setting. Here, the experience in managing upper airway obstruction due to laryngeal carcinoma (at least T3) in a patient with stage 4 COVID-19 is presented and discussed. The challenges emerged due to the inevitable series of AGPs that need to be performed. Multidisciplinary team involvement comprises ORL surgeon, anesthetist, infectious disease, and respiratory physician is pertinent. Â Conclusion:Â This is the first case in the literature on a stridorous COVID-19 positive patient with laryngeal carcinoma that requires emergency tracheostomy. The case highlights the challenges and decision-making in managing such cases that are supposed to be straightforward before the COVID-19 pandemic era. This shall be the new normal for otorhinolaryngologists, anesthetists, and maybe any other specialties who deal with AGPs.