bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S‐nitrosoglutathione reductase maintains mitochondrial homeostasis by promoting clearance of damaged mitochondria in porcine preimplantation embryos
Authors: Niu Ying‐Jie , Zhou Dongjie , Cui Xiang‐Shun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesS‐nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), a protein denitrosylase, protects the mitochondria from mitochondrial nitrosative stress. Mammalian preimplantation embryos are mitochondria‐rich, but the effects of GSNOR on mitochondrial function in preimplantation embryos are not well‐studied. In the present study, we investigate whether GSNOR plays a role in mitochondrial regulation during porcine preimplantation embryo development.Materials and MethodsGSNOR dsRNA was employed to knock down the expression of GSNOR, and Nω‐Nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L‐NAME), a pan‐NOS inhibitor, was used to prevent protein S‐nitrosylation. Mitochondrial amount and function in embryo development were assessed by performing immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, fluorescent probe and real‐time reverse transcription PCR.ResultsGSNOR knock‐down significantly impaired blastocyst formation and quality and markedly induced the increase in protein S‐nitrosylation. Notably, GSNOR knock‐down‐induced overproduction of S‐nitrosylation caused mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, mitochondria‐derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase and ATP deficiency. Interestingly, GSNOR knock‐down‐induced total mitochondrial amount increase, but the ratio of active mitochondria reduction, suggesting that the damaged mitochondria were accumulated and mitochondrial clearance was inhibited. In addition, damaged mitochondria produced more ROS, and caused DNA damage and apoptosis. Importantly, supplementation with L‐NAME reverses the increase in S‐nitrosylation, accumulation of damaged mitochondria, and oxidative stress‐induced cell death. Interestingly, autophagy was downregulated after GSNOR knock‐down, but reversed by L‐NAME treatment. Thus, GSNOR maintains mitochondrial homeostasis by promoting autophagy and the clearing of damaged mitochondria in porcine preimplantation embryos.
Molecular characterization and functional analysis of akt‐1 in pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Zhou Lifeng , Ji Jingjing , Zhu Najie , Guo Kai , Tang Jia , Bai Liqun , Yu Hongshi , Hu Jiafu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, which leads to the devastation of millions of hectares of pine trees worldwide. Protein kinase B (AKT) is a structurally conserved serine/threonine kinase with a pleckstrin homology domain and a kinase domain, and it plays versatile biological roles across different animal kingdoms. We, therefore, investigated the molecular characteristics and biological function of akt‐1 in B. xylophilus (Bxy‐akt‐1). In propagative stages, reverse transcription quantitative real‐time PCR revealed that Bxy‐akt‐1 expression gradually increased during embryogenesis, reaching the highest level at the second‐stage juvenile (J2), and then steadily decreased from J3 to adults. Intriguingly, the expression of Bxy‐akt‐1 was significantly higher in males than in females. Moreover, the expression level of Bxy‐akt‐1 in dispersal third‐stage dauer larvae (DL3) was higher than that in J2, but it decreased to normal level in DL4. Bxy‐akt‐1 promoter::gfp reporter constructed in Caenorhabditis elegans was utilized to mimic the spatio‐temporal expression pattern of Bxy‐akt‐1. The results showed that Bxy‐akt‐1 was broadly expressed in the hypodermis around the head during embryogenesis and was mainly expressed in the muscle cells of pharynx, vulva, tail and nerve systems in post‐embryonic stages. Abnormal embryos were observed, and the hatching rate was significantly decreased after Bxy‐akt‐1 was knocked down in B. xylophilus, but no constitutive developmental arrest of dauer larvae was observed. The results indicated that Bxy‐akt‐1 is indispensable for embryogenesis, but might not play a significant role in controlling dauer entry, as in C. elegans.
First report of Exobasidium camelliae associated with fruit galls on Camellia japonica in Korea
Authors: Park Ji‐Hyun , Jung Bok‐Nam , Choi Byung‐Ki , Shin Hyeon‐Dong 
Published: January 2021

SummaryA previously unknown Exobasidium disease was observed on the fruits of Camellia japonica in Korea. The associated fungus was identified as Exobasidium camelliae based on morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer and large‐subunit rDNA sequence analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. camelliae on C. japonica in Korea.
[18F]FDG PET may differentiate cerebral amyloid angiopathy from Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Bergeret Sébastien , Queneau Mathieu , Rodallec Mathieu , Curis Emmanuel , Dumurgier Julien , Hugon Jacques , Paquet Claire , Farid Karim , Baron Jean‐Claude 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a frequent cause of both intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Diagnosis relies on the Boston criteria, which use magnetic resonance imaging markers including ≥2 exclusively lobar cerebral microbleeds (lCMBs). Although amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) may provide molecular diagnosis, its specificity relative to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is limited due to the prevalence of positive amyloid PET in cognitively normal elderly. Using early‐phase 11C‐Pittsburgh compound B as surrogate for tissue perfusion, a significantly lower occipital/posterior cingulate (O/PC) tracer uptake ratio in probable CAA relative to AD was recently reported, consistent with histopathological lesion distribution. We tested whether this finding could be reproduced using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐PET, a widely available modality that correlates well with early‐phase amyloid PET in both healthy subjects and AD.MethodsFrom a large memory clinic database, we retrospectively included 14 patients with probable CAA (Boston criteria) and 21 patients with no lCMB fulfilling AD criteria including cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. In all, [18F]FDG‐PET/computed tomography (CT) was available as part of routine care. No subject had a clinical history of ICH. Regional standardized [18F]FDG uptake values normalized to the pons (standard uptake value ratio [SUVr]) were obtained, and the O/PC ratio was calculated.ResultsThe SUVr O/PC ratio was significantly lower in CAA versus AD (1.02 ± 0.14 vs. 1.19 ± 0.18, respectively; p = 0.024).ConclusionsDespite the small sample, our findings are consistent with the previous early‐phase amyloid PET study. Thus, [18F]FDG‐PET may help differentiate CAA from AD, particularly in cases of amyloid PET positivity. Larger prospective studies, including in CAA‐related ICH, are however warranted.
Exploding head syndrome (a.k.a. episodic cranial sensory shock) responds to single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Puledda Francesca , Moreno‐Ajona David , Goadsby Peter J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe present the case of a patient with a sleep disturbance attributed to the exploding head syndrome, recently redefined as episodic cranial sensory shock. The patient, who suffered with concomitant migraine, was treated for headache prevention with daily single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS). Following treatment, he reported a significant reduction in the episodes of exploding head syndrome, albeit not of his migraine. Neurologists could consider sTMS in the management of patients troubled by episodic cranial sensory shock, as it is a safe and noninvasive treatment that might provide benefit for this benign but occasionally bothersome parasomnia.
Crystal waters on the nine polyproline type II helical bundle springtail antifreeze protein fromGranisotoma rainierimatch the ice lattice
Authors: Scholl Connor L. , Tsuda Sakae , Graham Laurie A. , Davies Peter L. 
Published: January 2021

A springtail (Collembola) identified asGranisotoma rainieriwas collected from snow in Hokkaido, Japan, in late winter when nighttime temperatures were below zero. Extracts of these arthropods showed antifreeze activity by shaping ice crystals and stopping their growth. The glycine‐rich proteins responsible for this freezing point depression were isolated by ice‐affinity purification and had principal masses of ~ 6.9 and 9.6 kDa. We identified a transcript for a 9.6‐kDa component and produced it as a His‐tagged recombinant protein for structural analysis. Its crystal structure was solved to a resolution of 1.21 Å and revealed a polyproline type II helical bundle, similar to the six‐helixHypogastrura harveyiAFP, but with nine helices organized into two layers held together by an extensive network of hydrogen bonds. One of the layers is flat, regular, and hydrophobic and likely serves as the ice‐binding side. Although this surface makes close protein–protein contacts with its symmetry mate in the crystal, it has bound chains of waters present that resemble those on the basal and primary prism planes of ice. Molecular dynamic simulations indicate most of these crystal waters would preferentially occupy these sites if exposed to bulk solvent in the absence of the symmetry mate. These prepositioned waters lend further support to the ice‐binding mechanism in which AFPs organize ice‐like waters on one surface to adsorb to ice.DatabasesStructural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession number7JJV. Transcript data are available in GenBank under accession numbers MT780727, MT780728, MT780729, MT780730, MT780731 and MT985982.
Variable amplitude fatigue behavior and modeling of cast aluminum
Authors: Nourian‐Avval Ahmad , Fatemi Ali 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMost of the research reported in the literature on cast aluminum alloys is related to constant amplitude loading, while in most applications such components are subjected to variable amplitude loading conditions. In this work, fatigue performance of high pressure die cast (HPDC) A356‐T6 aluminum alloy is evaluated using a real industrial load spectrum. Mean stress effect was also studied by conducting variable amplitude fatigue tests under two different mean stress conditions. Fatigue life estimations were performed following S‐N approach as well as fracture mechanics approach using direct summation method as well as FASTRAN program assuming the defects as initial cracks. The size of fatal defects measured from fracture surfaces as well as the maximum defect size estimated by extreme value statistics were used in fatigue life estimations. The results of life estimations are compared and discussed with reference to the experimental results.
On a stakeholder model of corporate governance
Authors: Karpoff Jonathan M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRationales for a stakeholder model of corporate governance are based on enlightened self‐interest, moral imperative, and/or externalities. Of these, the externalities rationale holds the most promise to justify a stakeholder focus. Recent evidence, however, indicates that the benefits of a stakeholder focus are limited because the social costs of many corporate activities already are internalized. Potential benefits also must be weighed against the costs, which include increased potential for conflict, waste, and managerial self‐dealing. I conclude by advocating for the traditional governance model based on shareholder interests, with allowance for managers to deviate from this model in limited circumstances when the external impacts on other stakeholders are large. To constrain managerial opportunism, such deviations should be defended with a new type of double bottom line reporting, which augments traditional financial reporting with a statement of the social benefits of any deviations from shareholder value maximization.
Potential impact of climate change on northern shrimp habitats and connectivity on the Newfoundland and Labrador continental shelves
Authors: Le Corre Nicolas , Pepin Pierre , Han Guoqi , Ma Zhimin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe effect of climate change on ocean circulation and environmental conditions will likely impact important fisheries species which have a limited habitat range and a prolonged larval dispersal phase. Based on projections from a regional scale ice‐ocean model (RCP 8.5 scenario), we investigated the spatial distribution variability of the bentho‐pelagic northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) preferred depth and thermal habitat and larval settlement patterns in the Newfoundland and Labrador waters for the next 70 years. Our projections of ocean temperature revealed the persistence of major shelf‐scale temperature features, but a gradual increase of bottom water temperatures by more than 4°C by 2090. Such warming led to an expansion of the potentially suitable habitat for northern shrimp from 2010 to 2050 prior to a decline and shift towards more coastal and southern areas from 2060 to 2090. The modification of the northern shrimp suitable habitat distribution, associated with changes in the ocean circulation features, affected the settlement patterns from larval dispersal simulations and the temperatures encountered by larvae. During the projection period, historically important areas were mostly negatively impacted in terms of suitable habitat and settlement potential, whereas areas that had been less important in the past (e.g., the north and the shallow area to the south) were projected to receive more settlers in comparison with the historical period. Our study demonstrated the important role of shelf‐scale processes in determining larval connectivity and suggests that regional scale ocean models are needed to assess potential impacts of climate change on fisheries and ecosystems.
Patterns of SATB2 and p16 reactivity aid in the distinction of atypical polypoid adenomyoma from myoinvasive endometrioid carcinoma and benign adenomyomatous polyp on endometrial sampling
Authors: Worrell Helen I , Sciallis Andrew P , Skala Stephanie L 
Published: January 2021

AimsAtypical polypoid adenomyoma (APAM) is an uncommon uterine lesion composed of complex endometrioid glands with frequent squamous morular metaplasia and fibromuscular stroma. On endometrial curettage, biopsy or polypectomy specimens, the admixture of endometrioid glands and smooth muscle raises the differential diagnosis of myoinvasive endometrioid carcinoma. Reproductive‐age APAM patients may opt for fertility preservation, whereas myoinvasive carcinoma is treated surgically. One previous study reported an incidental finding that the stroma of APAM, in contrast to that of other polypoid lesions, was SATB2‐positive. APAM has also been reported to show increased stromal p16 staining. We aimed to assess whether SATB2 and p16 are useful stains for the distinction of APAM from myoinvasive carcinoma and benign adenomyomatous polyps.Methods and resultsCases of ‘atypical polypoid adenomyoma’ (n = 32), ‘adenomyomatous polyp’ (n = 39) and ‘myoinvasive endometrioid carcinoma’ (n = 30) were identified. Morphological features were assessed, along with the intensity and extent of SATB2 and p16 staining in the stromal component of each lesion. SATB2 expression was seen in the stromal components of 30 of 32 (94%) APAMs, versus none of 39 (0%) benign adenomyomatous polyps and five of 30 (17%) myoinvasive endometrioid carcinomas. Stromal p16 expression was seen in 31 of 31 (100%) APAMs, versus 20 of 39 (51%) benign adenomyomatous polyps and 12 of 30 (40%) myoinvasive endometrioid carcinomas.ConclusionsPatchy to diffuse SATB2 and block‐type p16 staining of fibromuscular stroma separating atypical endometrioid glands is more consistent with APAM than with myoinvasive endometrioid carcinoma. These stains are potentially useful adjuncts to careful morphological evaluation of endometrial biopsies/curettings.
Regulation of nursing professionals in Cambodia: strategies to overcome underpinning challenges
Authors: Matsuoka S. , Fujita N. , Koto‐Shimada K. , Zwi A.B. 
Published: January 2021

AimsTo elucidate (i) the challenges and constraints in the development and implementation of the regulatory framework for nursing professionals in Cambodia and (ii) the specific strategies adopted to address the challenges experienced in Cambodia.IntroductionThe health workforce will be critical to achieving the health‐related and wider Sustainable Development Goals in the years up to 2030.BackgroundIn 2006, the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations signed a Mutual Recognition Arrangement in relation to nursing services in the region with the main aim of facilitating the mobility of nursing professionals between countries. To ensure the competency of the health workforce and the quality and safety of health services, member states are required to establish an appropriate regulatory framework.MethodsThis is a qualitative descriptive study. Eighteen key informant interviews were conducted in Cambodia in 2018. Walt and Gilson’s policy analysis model was applied to organize and synthesize the data.FindingsMajor challenges were identified such as conceptual and cultural issues, limited capacity of Cambodian stakeholders and an unstandardized system with limited coordination.DiscussionIn Cambodia, the nursing regulatory environment has expanded greatly over the last decade. Strategies adopted were ‘political leadership’, optimal utilization of ‘outsider’s capacity’, strengthening ‘insider’s capacity’, and ‘dedicated consultation and collaboration and consensus building’ involving all players.Implications for nursing and health policiesPolicymakers in similar resource‐limited countries could apply and adapt similar strategic efforts when formulating and implementing health policies, legislation and regulations. ‘Outsiders’, in this case, represented by development partners can play a vital role in the process, but should not be leading the charge. They should be aligned with national priority to support recipient countries. It is imperative for these countries and development partners to invest in increasing the quantity and quality of nursing leaders who can develop and advance regulatory functions.
New evidences suggesting that the central endothelium of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) presents features of peripheral endothelium
Authors: He Zhiguo , Vaïtinadapoulé Hanielle , Poinard Sylvain , Perrache Chantal , Gain Philippe , Thuret Gilles , Mascarelli Frederic 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeMost recent studies about FECD highlighted its complex and heterogeneous genetic background. Yet, the sequence of cellular mechanisms leading to the formation of Descemet excrescents (Guttae), endothelial cell (EC) death and loss of pumping functions remains poorly understood.AimTo present new phenotypic characteristics of ECs observed in late onset FCED, opening new perspectives in understanding its pathogenesis.MethodsThirty corneal central buttons were collected from FECD patients during graft. They were compared with fresh normal corneas (body donation to Sciences), and with 10 whole corneas with early stage of FECD (discarded from our eye bank). The morphology of ECs and of guttae, the expression of EC markers, of stem cell markers, of proliferation marker and of extracellular matrix was studied using the immunostaining of flat mount of corneas.ResultsCentral ECs of FECD specimens and extreme peripheral ECs of fresh corneas shared common features: weaker expression of the usual CE markers (Na/K ATPase, ZO‐1, COXIV, CD166, N‐cadherin), expression of mesenchymal stem cells markers (nestin, c‐Myc, CD44), presence of proliferating cells (Ki67), presence of numerous dead cells (Ethidium), numerous cells containing pigments, isolated and confluent guttae, thicker Descemet membrane (DM), and localization of collagen I, IV, V and VIII. In corneas with early stages of FECD, the peripheral radial rows of EC and Descemet striae normally observed in healthy corneas were here significantly enlarged.ConclusionsThese new features of ECs and DM suggest that central ECs of FECD acquire or retain characteristics of peripheral ECs of healthy corneas, corresponding to less differentiated cells. We, therefore, suggest a new physiopathology mechanism involving the abnormal dedifferentiation of ECs in the centre of the cornea, resulting in the slow formation of the plaque‐like endothelial structure, typical of FCED.
Scatter measurement in the human eye based on a Shack‐Hartmann wavefront aberrometer with extended field of view
Authors: Schramm Stefan , Solf Benjamin , Klee Sascha 
Published: January 2021

PurposeForward scattered light from the anterior segment of the human eye can be measured by Shack‐Hartmann (SH) wavefront aberrometers with limited visual angle (approx.1°). We developed a novel system that allows a measurement of forward scattered light based on the reconstruction of the Point Spread Function (PSF) of an extended field of view up to 11.1°.MethodsFor proof of principle of our new optic design, we studied 12 young healthy subjects (20–40 year). 21 SH‐images with different stop diameters in a range of 0.7–11.1° were captured from the right eye. Therefore, we used a mechanical variable aperture as variable field stop which is conventionally used as a pinhole aperture for suppressing scatter and reflections. For each image, the average of the intensities of the subapertures images and the average intensity of the pupil area are calculated. The resulting 21 intensities represent integral values of the PSF which is consequently reconstructed by derivation with respect to the visual angle. Based on the reconstructed PSF, a stray light parameter Log(IS) is calculated. Scatter Filters (Tiffen BPM1, BPM2) were positioned in front of the subjects eyes, to evaluate our new optic design for increased stray light conditions. For statistical analysis, the stray light parameters Log(IS) were compared to Log(ISC) parameters measured by C‐Quant for normal and increased stray light conditions and the scatter density of the filters SDF using Spearman‐Rho‐correlation. Bonferroni corrected Wilcoxon tests were performed to compare Log(IS) for normal and increased stray light conditions.ResultsLog(IS) at 11.1° is significantly correlated with SDF (r = 0.809; p < 0.01) and Log(ISC) (r = 0.683; p < 0.01). The comparison of the filter groups showing significant differences of Log(IS).ConclusionsOur novel measurement technique allows for objective stray light analysis of visual angles up to 11.1 degrees and could be a useful extension to SH‐wavefront‐aberrometers.