bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orchestrated sandboxed containers, unikernels, and virtual machines for isolation‐enhanced multitenant workloads and serverless computing in cloud
Authors: Mavridis Ilias , Karatza Helen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractContainers emerge as the prevalent virtualization technology in cloud computing. Containers are more light‐weight and agile compared to traditional virtual machines (VMs), since they provide virtualization at the operating system level. There are specific factors driving the container adoption in cloud, however, the main disadvantage of container‐based virtualization technologies is poor isolation. To address isolation and security‐related issues, new container runtimes appeared. In this study we present and evaluate the most common security‐oriented runtimes, Kata, gVisor and Nabla, running with Docker, Containerd, and CRI‐O. We deploy containers for all the aforementioned container solutions, as well as the default Kubernetes runtime runc, on a Kubernetes cluster and additionally on a Docker node. Moreover, in a similar way to containers, we deploy and evaluate unikernels and security‐oriented lightweight Linux‐based VMs running on Kubernetes cluster. To evaluate container runtimes, we take under consideration Firecracker microVM too. To automate the deployment of high isolated containers and VMs on Kubernetes clusters, we have developed our own tool. Finally, we recognize the increasing interest on Function‐as‐a‐Service and other serverless architectures. In the same direction with these emerging cloud computing services, we have extended the Kubeless serverless framework to support security‐oriented container runtimes.
Problem complexity and narratives in Moscow's waste controversy
Authors: Schlaufer Caroline , Khaynatskaya Tatiana , Pilkina Marina , Loseva Victoria , Rajhans Sanjay Kumar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPublic problems are not complex per se but are defined as such. This article explores how problem definition in terms of complexity is strategically used in narratives to expand or contain a policy conflict. We draw on the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) to examine how actors use narratives to define problems and link these problems to solutions and characters. Empirically, we examine narratives used in the Moscow waste management debate by drawing on content analysis of online texts and interviews. The results show that government actors seek to contain conflict by assigning less complexity to the waste problem than nongovernmental actors, who expand conflict by defining the waste problem as politically complex. Narratives with high problem complexity include many victims and villains and propose multifaceted and institutional solutions, while narratives with low problem complexity focus on technocratic solutions. Implications for the Russian waste controversy and the NPF are discussed.
Education and austerity in the European Union from an autism perspective: Policy mapping in Ireland, Portugal, Italy, and Greece
Authors: van Kessel Robin , Siepmann Ines , Capucha Luis , Paschalis Apostolos Kavaliotis , Brayne Carol , Baron‐Cohen Simon , Czabanowska Katarzyna , Roman‐Urrestarazu Andres 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study explores how autism and education policy are affected by austerity measures in Ireland, Portugal, Italy, and Greece by using a path dependence analysis. The implementation of mixed mainstream classrooms and improvements to infrastructure coincided with the ratification of inclusive education policy. Austerity measures appeared temporally associated with furthering of integration and inclusion policy for all countries under study, potentially due to the economic incentives of an integrated system. This trend is especially visible in Ireland, Portugal, and Greece, whereas lesser so in Italy. Even though the initial focus of this analysis was autism, the findings are applicable to the general area of special education needs due to the non‐specific nature of national policies.
Elucidating the reactivity and nature of active sites for tin phthalocyanine during CO2 reduction
Authors: Acharjya Subrato , Chen Jiacheng , Zhu Minghui , Peng Chong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractImmobilized tin phthalocyanine dichloride (SnPcCl2) was prepared by refluxing SnPcCl2 and hydroxyl‐functionalized carbon nanotubes in DMF with the addition of triethylamine, which exhibited minimal aggregation and approximately 2–3 folds improvement in activity towards CO2 electroreduction compared to the physically mixed SnPcCl2/CNT hybrid. Cyclic voltammetry analysis and in situ UV‐vis spectra revealed that metallic tin is the active site for CO2 electroreduction, and the redox behavior of Sn0 is affected by the adjacent demetallized macrocycles. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of bone‐modifying agents in myeloma bone disease
Authors: Lu Huifang , Pundole Xerxes , Lee Hans C. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTBone disease is common in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), which manifests as bone pain and skeletal‐related events (SREs) such as pathological fractures and spinal cord compression. Myeloma bone disease (MBD) can adversely affect the quality of life of patients and have negative effects on morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of MBD is complex, and several factors are involved in the dysregulation of bone metabolism and uncoupling of bone remodeling, which result in net bone loss and devastating SREs. Broadly speaking, elevated osteoclast activity, suppressed osteoblast activity, and an aberrant marrow microenvironment play a role in MBD. Interaction of MM cells with the main bone cell osteocytes also promote further bone destruction. This review focuses on the role of bone‐modifying agents in the prevention and treatment of MBD. The mainstay of MBD prevention are antiresorptive agents, bisphosphonates and denosumab. However, these agents do not play a direct role in bone formation and repair of existing MBD. Newer agents with anabolic effects such as anti‐sclerostin antibodies, parathyroid hormone, anti‐Dickkopf‐1 antibodies, and others have shown potential in repair of MBD lesions. With the development of several new agents, the treatment landscape of MBD is likely to evolve in the coming years. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Evasive subspaces
Authors: Bartoli Daniele , Csajbók Bence , Marino Giuseppe , Trombetti Rocco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLet denote an ‐dimensional vector space over , the finite field of elements. Then is also an ‐dimension vector space over . An ‐subspace of is ‐evasive if it meets the ‐dimensional ‐subspaces of in ‐subspaces of dimension at most . The ‐evasive subspaces are known as scattered and they have been intensively studied in finite geometry, their maximum size has been proved to be when is even or . We investigate the maximum size of ‐evasive subspaces, study two duality relations among them and provide various constructions. In particular, we present the first examples, for infinitely many values of , of maximum scattered subspaces when and . We obtain these examples in characteristics 2, 3 and 5.
Prospective cohort study on the incidence and risk factors of emergency home visits among Japanese home care patients
Authors: Kato Koki , Tomita Masaya , Kato Moe , Goto Takaaki , Nishizono Kyukei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundPopulation aging requires more physician home visits, and various measures need to be taken to reduce the burden on visiting physicians. However, the incidence and associated factors of burdensome emergency home visits remain unclear. We aimed to reveal the incidences of emergency home visits among cancer and noncancer patients and examine how visiting nurses affect those.MethodsWe performed a prospective cohort study across three clinics in Japan and enrolled the patients receiving home visits within a 3‐month study period. We calculated the incidence rates using person‐time at risk and conducted a Cox regression in the analysis of risks for emergency home visits.ResultsA total of 278 patients were analyzed. The incidences of emergency home visits among the overall, the cancer, and the noncancer home care patients were 1.61, 7.23, and 1.37 per 10 person‐months, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios of a cancer‐bearing state and visiting nurse service use were 4.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.60–8.52) and 1.85 (95% CI, 1.77–1.94), respectively.ConclusionsThe incidence of emergency home visits among cancer patients was around five times greater than noncancer patients. Our study did not demonstrate that visiting nurses prevent emergency home visits. Further studies are needed to clarify how visiting nurses reduce physicians' burden.
The influence of mechanical characteristics on the performance of optical laminating materials in automotive applications
Authors: Lee Seung‐A , Kim Young Jun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo enhance display performance in automotive applications subjected to harsh conditions, silicone polymer was used to address crucial interfacial issues such as touch mura and yellow mura in optical stack design. Mura refers to luminance non‐uniformity of a display device. Five different siloxane polymer compositions were prepared as optical laminating materials with different mechanical characteristics, such as hardness, shear modulus, and damping factor. The structures of the polymers were adjusted by varying the H/vinyl ratio, hydrogen source ratio between crosslinks, and terminal‐group reaction. To investigate the influence of mechanical properties on the performance of the polymers as laminating materials for displays, they were used as a lamination layer between a touch screen panel and liquid crystal display (LCD) module. The devices' capacity to handle thermal stress under thermal shock conditions and degree of luminance non‐uniformity associated with touch action were assessed.
Universal Strain‐Life Curve Exponents for Thermoplastics and Elastomers under Tension‐Tension and Torsion
Authors: Hirschberg Valerian , Faust Lorenz , Wilhelm Manfred , Rodrigue Denis 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe fatigue behavior of 28 amorphous and semi‐crystalline thermoplastic polymers and elastomers is tested under strain controlled sinusoidal tension‐tension (TT) and torsion (T) at room temperature and analyzed via strain‐life (total strain amplitude versus fatigue lifetime) and crack propagation rate versus total strain amplitude curves, analogous to Paris’ law. Investigating fatigue is extremely time‐ and resources consuming, so universal relationships between the exponents of the strain‐life power‐law and material properties are of high importance. For a brittle failure mechanism (I), the strain‐life curves are found to have fixed exponents of BTT,I = −0.27 and BT,I = −0.22, respectively, while the crack propagation versus strain amplitude in TT has an exponent of mda/dN,I = 4. For ductile failure (II), fixed strain‐life curve exponents in TT of BTT,II = −0.35 and in torsion of BT,II = −0.48 with mda/dN,II = 2.8 are obtained. In torsion, most semi‐crystalline polymers show brittle and ductile failure depending on the applied strain amplitude, so the strain‐life curve exponent changes accordingly. The universal exponents for strain‐life and crack growth‐strain amplitude curves offer a significant simplification to rapidly estimate, predict, and simulate the fatigue behavior of polymers.
Shoulder pain and ultrasound findings: A comparison study of wheelchair athletes, nonathletic wheelchair users, and nonwheelchair users
Authors: Soo Hoo Jennifer A. , Kim Hyungtaek , Fram Julia , Lin Yen‐Sheng , Page Christopher , Easthausen Imaani , Jayabalan Prakash 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundShoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal concerns in manual wheelchair users including among athletes. However, there is a paucity of research characterizing both shoulder pain and shoulder pathology in this population.ObjectiveTo characterize and compare the prevalence of current shoulder pain and ultrasound metrics of shoulder pathology between wheelchair athletes, nonathletic wheelchair users, and nonwheelchair users.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingChicago‐area adaptive sport teams/programs and musculoskeletal clinics.ParticipantsThirty‐four wheelchair athletes, six nonathletic wheelchair users, and 12 nonwheelchair users.MethodsSelf‐reported shoulder pain was assessed by questionnaire and Wheelchair User Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Shoulder physiology and pathology were assessed by physical and ultrasound evaluation of both shoulders by a sports medicine physician.Main Outcome MeasuresQuestionnaire outcomes: Prevalence of current shoulder pain, total WUSPI score. Physical examination outcomes: total Physical Examination of Shoulder Scale (PESS) score. Sonographic outcomes: Acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and presence of shoulder pathology.ResultsThe majority of wheelchair athletes (68%) and nonathletic wheelchair users (67%) experienced shoulder pain since using a manual wheelchair. Wheelchair basketball players had a mean WUPSI score of 17.2 (SD = 21.8), and athletes participating in handcycling, sled hockey, and quad rugby had mean scores of 4.91 (SD = 8.32), 7.76 (SD = 13.1), and 4.29 (SD = 7.75), respectively. Shoulder pathology was observed in 14 of 31 (45%) wheelchair athletes and 4 of 6 (67%) nonathletic wheelchair users (p = .41).ConclusionsAlthough wheelchair use is a risk factor for shoulder pain, participation in amateur wheelchair sports may not be associated with increased risk of shoulder pain. It is possible that overhead sports such as wheelchair basketball may define a unique high‐risk group. Further study is needed to examine this relationship and to determine whether there are differences between specific wheelchair sports.
Prediction of the kinetic stability of N‐alkyl‐X‐pyridinium ions in dichloromethane
Authors: Matić Mirela , Denegri Bernard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGeometries of 20 N‐[4,4′‐bis (dimethylamino)benzhydryl]‐X‐pyridinium ions (DMABh‐X‐pyridinium ions) and of corresponding heterolytic transition structures have been optimized at the M06‐2X/6‐311+G(2d,p) level of theory in the presence of the IEFPCM model with dichloromethane as a solvent. Using the optimized geometries, free energies of activation (∆G‡model) for the model heterolysis of the DMABh‐X‐pyridinium ions in dichloromethane at 20°C have been obtained. A very good correlation between ∆G‡model values for the model heterolysis of five reference DMABh‐X‐pyridinium ions and literature ∆G‡ values for the heterolysis of the same ions in dichloromethane (r = 0.992) validates the procedure for predicting experimental reactivities of the ions (∆G‡calc) in dichloromethane. Accordingly, the correlation has been employed to obtain predicted free energies of activation (∆G‡calc) for heterolyses of other 15 DMABh‐X‐pyridinium ions in dichloromethane from corresponding ∆G‡model values. The high quality of the whole set of the predicted reactivities is confirmed by a very good correlation plot of log kcalc (obtained from ∆G‡calc) versus σ (r = 0.995). Using the previously established correlation equation log k = sf (Ef + Nf), predicted nucleofugality parameters (Nfcalc), which quantitatively describe leaving group abilities, have been determined for various X‐pyridines in dichloromethane, and now can be used not only for comparing leaving group abilities of X‐pyridines with those of other leaving groups on the existing nucleofugality (Nf) scale but also for estimating the reactivity, that is, the kinetic stability, of diverse N‐alkyl‐X‐pyridinium ions in dichloromethane at 20°C.
The Sensitivity of PBX 9502 to Drilling Operations
Authors: Clark Raimi M. , Brinkman Jacob , Neuber Andreas A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPolymer‐bonded explosive (PBX) 9502 (95 % TATB, 5 % Kel F‐800 by weight) is dry‐drilled on a CNC milling machine and its thermomechanical response to varying feed rates, drilling speeds, and peck depths with 4 mm and 5 mm diameter drill bits is investigated. The tested samples are affixed to a force sensor that enables recording temporally resolved cutting forces and torques, and a drill‐embedded thermocouple yields local temperature data. From the data, an empirical relationship between temperature changes and feed per revolution is developed, which reveals reduced temperatures in higher feed per revolution regimes for PBX 9502. The observed relationship allows extrapolating to temperatures for other hole diameters, indicating increased temperature for smaller diameter drilling across the board. Additional testing was performed with PBX 9501 (95 % HMX, 2.5 % Estane®, 2.5 % BDNPA/BDNPF by weight), albeit over a reduced parameter space, which revealed the opposite behavior for the feed per revolution temperature dependence. It is concluded that both PBX 9502 and PBX 9501 can be dry‐drilled efficiently beyond the limits of presently applicable US‐DOE standards, where cutting interface temperatures remain far below material critical temperatures. Finally, data reveals that coolant usage in the drilling process for these materials provides a wide safety margin.
Review on Colloidal Quantum Dots Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Authors: Kim Andrew , Hosseinmardi Alireza , Annamalai Pratheep K. , Kumar Pawan , Patel Rajkumar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLuminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) have recently gained popularity as an effective solution to increase solar energy conversion. Utilizing LSCs together with solar cells can generate more energy at a lower cost than using only solar cells. LSCs operate by utilizing luminophores, molecules that absorb incident solar irradiation and re‐emit photons, and waveguides that redirect emitted photons to the edges of a glass or polymer slab at high concentrations. Many quantum dots (QDs) have been the focus of much research as luminophores for LSCs, owing to their high quantum yields (QYs), controllable absorption/emission spectra, good stability, and ease of synthesis. Various QDs, such as CdSe, PbS, CdS, AgInS2, Si, and C, have been modified to enhance their optical performances in LSCs, often measured by their optical efficiencies, internal/external quantum efficiencies, and power conversion efficiencies. This review appraises the latest developments in colloidal QDs—basic QDs, doped QDs, core/shell QDs, hybrid QDs, and Si‐based QD—for their applications in LSCs. Other factors that enhance an LSC's efficiency, such as altering the polymer matrix and using distributed Bragg reflectors, are discussed. The development of highly efficient, QD‐based LSCs will be essential for increasing solar energy production worldwide.
The role of small extracellular vesicles in cerebral and myocardial ischemia—Molecular signals, treatment targets, and future clinical translation
Authors: Zheng Xuan , Hermann Dirk M. , Bähr Mathias , Doeppner Thorsten R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe heart and the brain mutually interact with each other, forming a functional axis that is disturbed under conditions of ischemia. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) show great potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Due to heart-brain interactions, therapeutic actions of EVs in the brain and the heart cannot be regarded in an isolated way. Effects in each of the two organs reciprocally influence the outcome of the other. Stem cell-derived EVs modulate a large number of signaling pathways in both tissues. Upon ischemia, EVs prevent delayed injury, promote angiogenesis, enhance parenchymal remodeling, and enable functional tissue recovery. The therapeutic effects greatly depend on EV cargos, among which are noncoding RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, which modulate cell signaling in a differential way that not always corresponds to each other in the two tissues. Interestingly, the same miRNA or protein localized in EVs can modulate different signaling pathways in the ischemic heart and brain, which may have diverse consequences for disease outcomes. Paying careful attention to unveiling these underlying mechanisms may provide new insights into tissue remodeling processes and identify targets for ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction therapies. Some of these mechanisms are discussed in this concise review, and consequences for the clinical translation of EVs are presented.
Potential applications of deep learning in single-cell RNA sequencing analysis for cell therapy and regenerative medicine
Authors: Yan Ruojin , Fan Chunmei , Yin Zi , Wang Tingzhang , Chen Xiao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
When used in cell therapy and regenerative medicine strategies, stem cells have potential to treat many previously incurable diseases. However, current application methods using stem cells are underdeveloped, as these cells are used directly regardless of their culture medium and subgroup. For example, when using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cell therapy, researchers do not consider their source and culture method nor their application angle and function (soft tissue regeneration, hard tissue regeneration, suppression of immune function, or promotion of immune function). By combining machine learning methods (such as deep learning) with data sets obtained through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology, we can discover the hidden structure of these cells, predict their effects more accurately, and effectively use subpopulations with differentiation potential for stem cell therapy. scRNA-seq technology has changed the study of transcription, because it can express single-cell genes with single-cell anatomical resolution. However, this powerful technology is sensitive to biological and technical noise. The subsequent data analysis can be computationally difficult for a variety of reasons, such as denoising single cell data, reducing dimensionality, imputing missing values, and accounting for the zero-inflated nature. In this review, we discussed how deep learning methods combined with scRNA-seq data for research, how to interpret scRNA-seq data in more depth, improve the follow-up analysis of stem cells, identify potential subgroups, and promote the implementation of cell therapy and regenerative medicine measures.
(Z)‐Selective Hydrosilylation and Hydroboration of Terminal Alkynes Enabled by Ruthenium Complexes with an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand
Authors: Mutoh Yuichiro , Yamamoto Kensuke , Mohara Yusei , Saito Shinichi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMetal‐catalyzed trans‐1,2‐hydrosilylations and hydroborations of terminal alkynes that generate synthetically valuable (Z)‐alkenylsilanes and (Z)‐alkenylboranes remain challenging due to the (E)‐selective nature of the reactions and the formation of the thermodynamically unfavorable (Z)‐isomer. The development of new, efficient catalytic systems for the (Z)‐selective hydrosilylation and hydroboration of terminal alkynes is thus highly desirable from a fundamental perspective as it would deepen our understanding of the metal‐catalyzed (Z)‐selective hydrosilylation and hydroboration of terminal alkynes. This personal account describes our research for developing a ruthenium complex that can efficiently catalyze the hydrosilylation and hydroboration of terminal alkynes, and for exploring the factors controlling (Z)‐selectivity of the reactions. Our effort into the activation of B‐protected boronic acids, R−B(dan) (dan=naphthalene‐1,8‐diaminato), that was believed not to participate in Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling, is also discussed.