bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracking industrial fishing activities in African waters from space
Authors: Li Mi‐Ling , Ota Yoshitaka , Underwood Philip J. , Reygondeau Gabriel , Seto Katherine , Lam Vicky W. Y. , Kroodsma David , Cheung William W. L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMarine fisheries in African waters contribute substantially to food security and local economies in African coastal nations. Recently, there are growing concerns about the sustainability of living marine resources in these countries’ exclusive economic zones (EEZs) due to increased risks from climate change, pollution and potential over‐exploitation of fisheries resources by non‐African (foreign) countries. To effectively manage fishing activities and sustain marine resources in African waters, we need useful tools for characterizing the fishing activities in African waters. Here, we assess the utility of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) derived data for describing the spatial characteristics of African and foreign industrial fishing activities within the EEZs of African coastal nations. The results show that the AIS‐derived spatial pattern of industrial fishing activities in African waters is consistent with that of industrial catches derived from the Sea Around Us database. Across African EEZs, the spatial correlations between primary productivity and fishing effort highly vary by gear types, which emphasizes the importance of investigating specific fishing strategies when studying the effects of bottom‐up drivers on fishing effort. We find an EEZ‐specific spatial pattern for fishing efforts across African waters and identify some socioeconomic, political and geographic factors that likely affect the decision of fleets to fish in specific African EEZs. We conclude that AIS‐derived fishing data can be a useful complementary tool for characterizing the spatial pattern of industrial fishing efforts in African waters.
Geographies of cultural industries across the global urban system
Authors: Yin Miao , Derudder Ben 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper reviews the research literature analysing the uneven geographical distribution of cultural industries across the global urban system. We begin by discussing the two major conceptual links between cultural industries and urban economies: (1) production processes becoming more flexible and specialised, and (2) the symbolic‐oriented and place‐rooted identities of cultural products. This has provided the backcloth for a wide‐ranging urban‐geographical research agenda exploring cultural industries, and here the focus is on how these industries are unevenly distributed, implemented and shaped across the global urban system. Cultural industries' dependence on a large pool of creative labour, extensive local networks of suppliers, access to tacit knowledge, and synergies based on spatial proximity all strengthen their agglomeration in a limited number of major metropolitan areas. However, the cultural economy also increasingly thrives in a range of smaller and remote cities as these have succeeded integrating into global cultural production networks and/or carved out a niche in increasingly differentiated consumer markets. In addition, because the economic importance of cultural production is expanding rapidly across the globe, we are seeing an increasingly polycentric urban geography with new global cultural centres emerging on the map.
Black British female managers—The silent catastrophe
Authors: Miller Denise A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe researcher examined the experiences of Black British female managers (BBFM) who worked for Children and Young People's Services (CYPS) operating in the UK. The following research questions guided this study: How do Black British female managers experience racial microaggressions and how do they cope with it? Purposive and theoretical sampling were used to recruit 10 BBFM who worked for CYPS and who had similar demographic characteristics (i.e., racial/ethnic background and managerial experience). Interview transcripts were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006a). Over 200 codes were identified and extracted from individual interview transcripts. Organizing the codes into categories resulted in five themes that highlighted the challenging practices that BBFM perceived thwarted their careers (i.e., The Organizational Culture, On the Outside Looking In, Stereotype Threat, Prejudice, and Discrimination and Institutional Racism and Espoused Practice vs. Reality), and one theme that described their coping strategies (i.e., The Silent Catastrophe). Although the study is centered on a multisectorial sample, two main conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, gendered racism curtails the career development of BBFM in ways that are not experienced by their White counterparts. Second, BBFM perceive that their experiences in CYPS was fundamentally negatively disproportionate and aversive. The implication is that CYPS leaders must give racial and gender equality, diversity and inclusion greater priority.
UV‐irradiation influence on free radical formation and radical scavenging ability of caffeic acid—EPR, UV‐Vis, and colorimetric examination
Authors: Bogacz Adam , Stec Małgorzata , Ramos Paweł , Pilawa Barbara 
Published: April 2021

AbstractElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, UV‐Vis spectrophotometry, and colorimetric analysis, were used to examine nonirradiated and UV‐irradiated caffeic acid. In this work free radical formation during UV‐irradiation of caffeic acid and the effect of UV‐irradiation on its radical scavenging ability, were studied. The influence of time of UV‐irradiation on these problems was evaluated. EPR spectra of free radicals in caffeic acid and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylo‐hydrazyl (DPPH) were measured. DPPH was used as the model free radical reference to test antioxidative properties of caffeic acid. Amplitudes, linewidths, integral intensities, and g‐factors were analyzed. Free radical concentrations were determined by comparing of the EPR spectra of caffeic acid and ultramarine—the paramagnetic reference. Free radicals were found (~1018 spin/g) in all the UV‐irradiated samples independent on irradiation time. Free radical concentrations in caffeic acid increased with increasing of irradiation time. Analysis of spectral shape for different microwave powers pointed out that free radicals system in UV‐irradiated caffeic acid was complex. Nonirradiated and UV‐irradiated caffeic acid as antioxidants strongly interacted with free radicals and EPR signals of DPPH were highly quenched. UV‐irradiation increased interactions of caffeic acid with free radicals, and this effect increased with increasing of irradiation time.Practical ApplicationThe performed studies indications that caffeic acid should not be storage exposed to UV. UV‐irradiation formed free radicals in caffeic acid and changed its antioxidative properties as radical scavenging ability. Free radical concentrations in caffeic acid increased with increased UV irradiation time. UV‐irradiation causes a change of color in caffeic acid. The change of color and formation of free radicals in caffeic acid during UV‐irradiation can indicate the destruction of the chemical structure of tested samples.
A comparison of intestinal parasite infections and activity budgets in three free‐ranging vs. enclosure‐housed lemur species (Lemur catta,Varecia rubra, andEulemur mongoz)
Authors: Achorn Angela , Winking Jeffrey 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study examines how range size affects intestinal parasite infections, and how such infections affect activity budgets in captive lemurs. There were no differences in parasite richness or intensity attributable to habitat type. However, there was a strong suggestion that parasite loads reduce activity levels.
When seed becomes capital: Commercialization of Bt cotton in Pakistan
Authors: Rana Muhammad Ahsan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe multinational Monsanto effectively used a (non‐existent) patent in Pakistan to block approval of locally developed genetically modified (GM) cotton seeds during 2002–2010, despite their immense popularity with farmers. Monsanto also (unsuccessfully) tried to negotiate an arrangement with the Pakistani government that would create the conditions under which Monsanto could operate without subjecting itself to market vicissitudes. The Pakistani government denied biosafety approval to local GM seeds, but biosafety concerns were just a mask to cover government's reluctance to infringe Monsanto's patent. Thus, farmers could now purchase new seeds only from the informal market where quality assurance was lacking. They were dispossessed of their right to legally buy, use, and save new seeds. Farmers' dispossession was a prerequisite to their purchase of Monsanto's seed. The seed had to become capital, so that its use was possible only within capitalist relations of production. This paper provides empirical evidence of a continuing process of dispossession through a combination of state power and market institutions.
Thoracoabdominal asynchrony associates with exercise intolerance in fibrotic interstitial lung diseases
Authors: Santana Pauliane Vieira , Cardenas Leticia Zumpano , Ferreira Jeferson George , de Carvalho Carlos Roberto Ribeiro , de Albuquerque André Luis Pereira , Caruso Pedro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe precise coordination of respiratory muscles during exercise minimizes work of breathing and avoids exercise intolerance. Fibrotic interstitial lung disease (f‐ILD) patients are exercise‐intolerant. We assessed whether respiratory muscle incoordination and thoracoabdominal asynchrony (TAA) occur in f‐ILD during exercise, and their relationship with pulmonary function and exercise performance.MethodsWe compared breathing pattern, respiratory mechanics, TAA and respiratory muscle recruitment in 31 f‐ILD patients and 31 healthy subjects at rest and during incremental cycle exercise. TAA was defined as phase angle (PhAng) >20°.ResultsDuring exercise, when compared with controls, f‐ILD patients presented increased and early recruitment of inspiratory rib cage muscle (p < 0.05), and an increase in PhAng, indicating TAA. TAA was more frequent in f‐ILD patients than in controls, both at 50% of the maximum workload (42.3% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.01) and at the peak (53.8% vs. 23%, p = 0.02). Compared with f‐ILD patients without TAA, f‐ILD patients with TAA had lower lung volumes (forced vital capacity, p < 0.01), greater dyspnoea (Medical Research Council > 2 in 64.3%, p = 0.02), worse exercise performance (lower maximal work rate % predicted, p = 0.03; lower tidal volume, p = 0.03; greater desaturation and dyspnoea, p < 0.01) and presented higher oesophageal inspiratory pressures with lower gastric inspiratory pressures and higher recruitment of scalene (p < 0.05).ConclusionExercise induces TAA and higher recruitment of inspiratory accessory muscle in ILD patients. TAA during exercise occurred in more severely restricted ILD patients and was associated with exertional dyspnoea, desaturation and limited exercise performance.
Import competition and industry location in a small‐country model of productivity growth
Authors: Davis Colin , Hashimoto Ken‐ichi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study how import competition affects the regional concentration of industry location in a small open economy with two regions. Industry concentration is linked with firm‐level investment in process innovation through an import competition effect that is increasing in the market share of imported goods and the productivity differential of domestic firms with the rest of the world. We show that increased import competition, through a larger number of imported goods or a faster international rate of productivity growth, leads to greater regional industry concentration by reducing domestic market entry and decreasing the relative productivity of domestic firms.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Reframing Confederate Monuments: Memory, Power, and Identity
Authors: Evans Jocelyn J. , Lees William B. 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveThis article highlights the contours of the Confederate monument debate, frames the contributions to the special issue, and underscores important emergent themes from the collection as a whole.MethodBy way of introduction, we articulate and examine the issue of Confederate monument contestation in terms of three concurrent debates and then provide theoretical synthesis across the various scholarly contributions presented in this special issue.ResultsSeveral themes emerge. Memorials are rhetorical and evocative by design, articulating messages of memory, identity, and power. They are part of a broader living narrative giving cultural shape to the city and its inhabitants. Contesting them is part of a transitional justice process required of a society moving from racial oppression and marginalization toward racial equality and social justice.ConclusionsThe contemporary debate over Confederate monuments holds deep theoretical implications for scholars across the disciplines of the arts, social sciences, and humanities. Consequently, the academy is significantly positioned to speak to this debate through its various avenues of community engagement.
Effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination in chronic HCV patients after successful generic direct acting antiviral therapy: significance of isolated hepatitis B core antibodies
Authors: Abd El‐Wahab Ekram W. , Metwally Mohammed , Lotfy Nesma 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivePrevious reports show conflicting results regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine efficacy in Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals and in those with isolated hepatitis B core antibodies (HBcAb). We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of HBV vaccine and identify possible factors that may contribute to hyporesponsivness in HCV‐treated patients, including those with isolated HBcAb.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study with 118 enrolled chronic HCV patients who followed a 12‐week regimen of direct acting antivirals (DAAs) and were evaluated for HBV serological markers. Eventually, 98 received appropriate HBV vaccination and were assessed for response.ResultsA total of 57.1% were vaccine responders although only 5.1% achieved a seroprotective level of HBsAb titre. The response rate was significantly lower among treated HCV patients with isolated HBcAb [2 (5.6%) vs. 40 (64.5%) respectively]. On multivariate analysis, advanced age [OR (95% CI) = 1.09 (1.02–1.17)] and presence of isolated HbcAb [OR (95% CI) = 39.59 (7.98–196.63)] were predictors of vaccine non‐response. In our cost‐effectiveness models, the cost of HBV serological screening was less than the nationally adopted non‐screening approach. A model ratifying reinforced vaccination in non‐responder HBcAb seropositive HCV patients would incur extra cost.ConclusionHyporesponsiveness to the HBV vaccination is frequent in chronic HCV patients even after achieving SVR following DAAs. Although there is no consensus on the clinical management of patients with isolated HBcAb, our cost‐effectiveness options may support decision‐making for better clinical benefit and proper health investments.
The illustration of dinosaur tracks through time
Authors: Goldstein Donald H. , Getty Patrick 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Dinosaur tracks have been illustrated since they were first found. The earliest illustrations depicted dinosaur tracks as the work of mythical beings. With the advent of scientific inquiry into dinosaur tracks in the nineteenth century, natural explanations were sought for the fossil tracks. Illustrations of the period were relatively realistic but were influenced by then-current beliefs and were constrained by the artists’ skills and by what scientists considered salient. In the mid-nineteenth century, the first photographs were used for the scientific study of fossil tracks. Photography eliminated some limitations of artistic talent and showed complete specimens, not just aspects that were deemed salient. The ability to compare and name similar tracks from disparate authors and places became easier. Advances in photography, laser scanning, optical scanning and lidar, and the ability to manipulate images with computers, have enabled the modern synthesis of illustrating dinosaur tracks, which combines many types of images. With each advance and the adoption of newer technologies, the older methods have not been retired. Rather, we have continued to see new uses for old methods and an integration of illustrative styles.
For Patrick. Your friendship and your vision will be so deeply missed.
A Unified Approach to Disjoining Pressure in Liquid and Vapor Interlayer within the Framework of the Density Functional Theory
Authors: Shchekin A. K. , Gosteva L. A. , Lebedeva T. S. , Tat’yanenko D. V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The classical density functional theory makes it possible to explicitly calculate the local density profiles, the components of the pressure tensor, and the thicknesses of thin interlayers between a lyophilic or lyophobic solid surface and, accordingly, gas or liquid phases at different values of the chemical potentials of the phases. Within the framework of a unified approach based on the gradient approximation of the classical density functional theory, it has been shown that, at certain values of parameters characterizing the wettability or nonwettability of a solid, equilibrium liquid films or vapor layers of a uniform thickness are formed around a spherical particle, if its surface is lyophilic or lyophobic, respectively. Mechanical and thermodynamic definitions have been given for the disjoining pressure in the spherical liquid or vapor interlayer around a solid particle, and the agreement between the definitions has been proven by calculations at different interlayer thicknesses and particle radii. It has been shown that the disjoining pressure in a vapor interlayer around a nanosized lyophobic particle decreases with an increase in particle radius, with this phenomenon being opposite to the situation with liquid films.
Can synthetic data be a proxy for real clinical trial data? A validation study
Authors: Azizi Zahra , Zheng Chaoyi , Mosquera Lucy , Pilote Louise , El Emam Khaled 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesThere are increasing requirements to make research data, especially clinical trial data, more broadly available for secondary analyses. However, data availability remains a challenge due to complex privacy requirements. This challenge can potentially be addressed using synthetic data.SettingReplication of a published stage III colon cancer trial secondary analysis using synthetic data generated by a machine learning method.ParticipantsThere were 1543 patients in the control arm that were included in our analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAnalyses from a study published on the real dataset were replicated on synthetic data to investigate the relationship between bowel obstruction and event-free survival. Information theoretic metrics were used to compare the univariate distributions between real and synthetic data. Percentage CI overlap was used to assess the similarity in the size of the bivariate relationships, and similarly for the multivariate Cox models derived from the two datasets.ResultsAnalysis results were similar between the real and synthetic datasets. The univariate distributions were within 1% of difference on an information theoretic metric. All of the bivariate relationships had CI overlap on the tau statistic above 50%. The main conclusion from the published study, that lack of bowel obstruction has a strong impact on survival, was replicated directionally and the HR CI overlap between the real and synthetic data was 61% for overall survival (real data: HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.2; synthetic data: HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.44 to 2.87) and 86% for disease-free survival (real data: HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.95; synthetic data: HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.1).ConclusionsThe high concordance between the analytical results and conclusions from synthetic and real data suggests that synthetic data can be used as a reasonable proxy for real clinical trial datasets.Trial registration numberNCT00079274.
Prevalence and risk factors of children’s dental anxiety in China: a longitudinal study
Authors: Gao Shuo , Lu Jiaxuan , Li Pei , Yu Dongsheng , Zhao Wei 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesDental anxiety remains widespread among children, may continue into adulthood and affect their oral health-related quality of life and clinical management. The aim of the study was to explore the trend of children’s dental anxiety over time and potential risk factors.DesignLongitudinal study.MethodsChildren aged between 5 and 12 years were investigated with the Chinese version of face version of Children’s Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and Frankl Behavior Rating scale from 2008 to 2017, and influential factors were explored.ResultsClinical data were available from 1061 children, including 533 (50.2%) male participants and 528 (49.8%) female participants. The total CFSS-DS scores ranged from 16 to 66, with a mean of 24.8±10.3. The prevalence of dental anxiety is 11.59%. No significant differences in total CFSS-DS scores between girls and boys were found. According to the Frankl scale, 238 children were allocated to the uncooperative group and the remaining 823 children were allocated to the cooperative group. Scores of CFSS-DS were negatively correlated with the clinical behaviour level of Frankl. Children aged 11–12 years old had significantly decreased scores compared with other age groups, and there was a decline in the scores of the group aged 8–10 years old over time. The factor analysis divided 15 items of CFSS-DS into four factors, and the total scores of ‘less invasive oral procedures’ items belonging to factor III decreased significantly over time in the group aged 8–10 years old.ConclusionsAge is a significant determinant for children’s dental anxiety, and dental anxiety outcomes have improved for Chinese children aged 8–10 years. This study is one of the few reports on changes of children’s dental anxiety in a new era of information, but the results may be extrapolated to other populations with caution.