bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From “no clear winner” to an effective Explainable Artificial Intelligence process: An empirical journey
Authors: Dodge Jonathan , Anderson Andrew , Khanna Roli , Irvine Jed , Dikkala Rupika , Lam Kin‐Ho , Tabatabai Delyar , Ruangrotsakun Anita , Shureih Zeyad , Kahng Minsuk , Fern Alan , Burnett Margaret 
Published: July 2021

Abstract“In what circumstances would you want this AI to make decisions on your behalf?” We have been investigating how to enable a user of an Artificial Intelligence‐powered system to answer questions like this through a series of empirical studies, a group of which we summarize here. We began the series by (a) comparing four explanation configurations of saliency explanations and/or reward explanations. From this study we learned that, although some configurations had significant strengths, no one configuration was a clear “winner.” This result led us to hypothesize that one reason for the low success rates Explainable AI (XAI) research has in enabling users to create a coherent mental model is that the AI itself does not have a coherent model. This hypothesis led us to (b) build a model‐based agent, to compare explaining it with explaining a model‐free agent. Our results were encouraging, but we then realized that participants' cognitive energy was being sapped by having to create not only a mental model, but also a process by which to create that mental model. This realization led us to (c) create such a process (which we term After‐Action Review for AI or “AAR/AI”) for them, integrate it into the explanation environment, and compare participants' success with AAR/AI scaffolding vs without it. Our AAR/AI studies' results showed that AAR/AI participants were more effective assessing the AI than non‐AAR/AI participants, with significantly better precision and significantly better recall at finding the AI's reasoning flaws.
Examining Support for University‐to‐Police Reporting Policies for Sexual Assault: The Role of Survivors’ Consent
Authors: Holland Kathryn J. , Cipriano Allison E. , Goodman‐Williams Rachael , Diede Alex S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn several states, bills have been introduced that require universities to report sexual assaults to law enforcement. Opponents argue that such policies can compel survivors to disclose against their will, stripping survivors of autonomy and harming campus communities. We used a mixed method approach to examine people’s support for reporting policies that do and do not consider survivor consent: compelled police disclosure (requires a report regardless of victim consent) and consented police disclosure (requires a report if the victim consents). We examined individual characteristics and attitudes associated with support for these approaches (i.e., had experienced sexual assault, trust in police). Participants (1,045 adults in the United States) were randomly assigned to read one of three policy statements, and we collected quantitative and qualitative survey data. Participants were less supportive of compelled police disclosure than consented police disclosure. People who supported compelled disclosure frequently focused on the crime and potential social benefits, were more likely to be non‐victims, and held greater trust in the police. People who supported consented disclosure focused on the victim’s needs, were more likely to be survivors, and held less trust in the police. Survivor consent should be considered in the discussion of university‐to‐police reporting policies for sexual assault.
Impact of healthcare services on thyroid cancer incidence among World Trade Center‐exposed rescue and recovery workers
Authors: Goldfarb David G. , Colbeth Hilary L. , Skerker Molly , Webber Mayris P. , Prezant David J. , Dasaro Christopher R. , Todd Andrew C. , Kristjansson Dana , Li Jiehui , Brackbill Robert M. , Farfel Mark R. , Cone James E. , Yung Janette , Kahn Amy R. , Qiao Baozhen , Schymura Maria J. , Boffetta Paolo , Hall Charles B. , Zeig‐Owens Rachel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundA recent study of World Trade Center (WTC)‐exposed firefighters and emergency medical service workers demonstrated that elevated thyroid cancer incidence may be attributable to frequent medical testing, resulting in the identification of asymptomatic tumors. We expand on that study by comparing the incidence of thyroid cancer among three groups: WTC‐exposed rescue/recovery workers enrolled in a New York State (NYS) WTC‐medical monitoring and treatment program (MMTP); WTC‐exposed rescue/recovery workers not enrolled in an MMTP (non‐MMTP); and the NYS population.MethodsPerson‐time began on 9/12/2001 or at enrollment in a WTC cohort and ended at death or on 12/31/2015. Cancer data were obtained through linkages with 13 state cancer registries. We used Poisson regression to estimate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MMTP and non‐MMTP participants. NYS rates were used as the reference. To estimate potential changes over time in WTC‐associated risk, change points in RRs were estimated using profile likelihood.ResultsThe thyroid cancer incidence rate among MMTP participants was more than twice that of NYS population rates (RR = 2.31; 95% CI = 2.00–2.68). Non‐MMTP participants had a risk similar to NYS (RR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.72–1.28). We observed no change points in the follow‐up period.ConclusionOur findings support the hypothesis that no‐cost screening (a benefit provided by WTC‐MMTPs) is associated with elevated identification of thyroid cancer. Given the high survival rate for thyroid cancer, it is important to weigh the costs and benefits of treatment, as many of these cancers were asymptomatic and may have been detected incidentally.
Snakebite and local envenomation by Boiruna maculata treated without antivenom
Authors: Terashige Shou , Nishiyama Takashi , Takeshima Shigeto , Hatanaka Kosuke , Sugiura Takao , Sasa Ruka , Higashiyama Daishi , Tanaka Fumika 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundWhen snake breeders are bitten by rare snakes, deciding whether to administer snake antivenom can be challenging.Case PresentationA 50‐year‐old man was bitten on the right finger by Boiruna maculata. The next day, his right upper limb exhibited pronounced local manifestations of envenomation. At the first consultation, a dark purple bleeding spot and a necrotic site were present under the fang marks at the bitten finger and his affected limb showed extensive swelling and redness. Snake antivenom was not administered because it was difficult to identify the snake and obtain the antivenom. We performed the pressure immobilization technique to his limb. The patient’s symptoms peaked in severity on the second day of illness. He was discharged with marked improvement.ConclusionsWe have experienced a case of snakebite envenomation by Boiruna maculata.
The effect of prehospital intravenous access in traumatic shock: a Japanese nationwide cohort study
Authors: Nagasawa Hiroki , Shibahashi Keita , Omori Kazuhiko , Yanagawa Youichi 
Published: July 2021

AimWe aimed to evaluate effect of prehospital intravenous (IV) access on mortality in traumatic shock using a large nationwide dataset.MethodsWe used the Japan Trauma Data Bank to identify adults (≥18 years) with a systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg at the trauma scene and were directly transported to the hospital between 2010 and 2019. We compared patients who had prehospital IV access (IV (+)) or not (IV (−)), using propensity score‐matched analysis, and 1:1 nearest‐neighbor matching without replacement. Standardized mean difference was used to evaluate the match balance between the two matched groups; a standardized mean difference >0.1 was considered a significant imbalance. Primary outcome was 72‐h mortality.ResultsPropensity scores matching generated 479 pairs from 5,857 patients. No significant between group differences occurred in 72‐h mortality (7.8 versus 8.8%; difference, −1.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.5–4.5%), 28‐day mortality (11.8 versus 11.3%; 95% CI: −4.6–3.6%), blood transfusion administration within 24 h (55.3 versus 49.1%; 95% CI: −0.1–12.6%), prehospital time (56.3 versus 53.0 min; 95% CI: −1.8–8.4 min), and cardiopulmonary arrest on hospital arrival (1.3 versus 1.3%; 95% CI: −1.4–1.4%). However, significantly higher systolic blood pressure on hospital arrival was found in the IV (+) than in the IV (−) group (104.6 versus 100.1 mm Hg; 95% CI: 0.3‐8.7 mm Hg).ConclusionWe found no significant effect of establishing IV access in the prehospital setting on survival outcomes of patients with traumatic shock.
Synthesis of mononuclear and dinuclear palladium (II) complexes containing oxadithioether ligands and their catalytic activities in norbornene polymerization
Authors: Suslov Dmitry S. , Abramov Zorikto D. , Babenko Ilya A. , Bezborodov Viktor A. , Borodina Tatyana N. , Bykov Mikhail V. , Pakhomova Marina V. , Smirnov Vladimir I. , Suchkova Anastasia V. , Ratovskii Gennadii V. , Ushakov Igor A. , Vilms Alexey I. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Pd (II) complexes trans‐[PdCl2(μ‐L)]2 and [Pd(acac)(L)][BF4] (L = RS(CH2)2O(CH2)2SR, R = Me, Et, nPr, iPr, nBu, iBu, n‐hexyl, benzyl) were obtained through the reaction of Pd(cod)Cl2 or [Pd(acac)(MeCN)2][BF4] with one equivalent of oxadithioether (L). The structural features of these complexes were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. The complexes di‐μ‐(2,10‐dimethyl‐6‐oxa‐3,9‐dithiaundecane‐κ2S,S′)‐bis[trans‐dichloropalladium (II)] and (acetylacetonate‐κ2O,O′)(2,10‐dimethyl‐6‐oxa‐3,9‐dithiaundecane‐κ2S,S′)palladium (II) tetrafluoroborate were characterized by X‐ray diffractometry. The X‐ray structures of each complex indicate an axial M–O interaction formed by the endodentate conformation of the oxadithioether ligand. Palladium (II) dichloride complexes with oxadithioethers were demonstrated to have a 16‐membered dinuclear structure with a trans‐configured S2PdCl2 fragment. In the case of cationic palladium acetylacetonate complexes, only mononuclear complexes with a cis configuration of the oxadithioether fragment were observed. Variable temperature 1H and 13C NMR studies of the complexes demonstrate dynamic bonding of the oxadithioether ligands consistent with the presence of diastereoisomers that differ in the orientation of the S‐R groups along with both endodentate and exodentate bonding modes in solution. FTIR studies of the complexes indicate the presence of isomers in the solid state. The palladium catalyst precursors trans‐[PdCl2(μ‐L)]2 and [Pd (acac)(L)][BF4] were found to be active in the addition polymerization of norbornene. In the presence of cocatalysts, such as diisobutylaluminum chloride and boron trifluoride etherate, Pd (II) complexes exhibited activities in the range of 105 to 107 g of polymer (mol of Pd)−1 h−1. The catalyst systems showed good thermostability with a high activity of 1.43 × 107 g of polymer (mol of Pd)−1 h−1 at 75°C. These complexes are examples of Pd (II) complexes bearing thioether ligands, which are rarely observed in the field of olefin polymerization.
Elevated levels of cortisol, brain‐derived neurotropic factor and tissue plasminogen activator in male children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Bozkurt Hasan , Şimşek Şeref , Şahin Serkan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeveral studies demonstrated biological effects of cortisol, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on human metabolism and central nervous system. Our study investigated the serum levels of tPA along with BDNF and cortisol in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Thirty three male children with ASD ranging in age from 2 to 15 years were selected for the study group and 27 age‐matched healthy male children were selected for the control group. The ASD severity was determined by the score on the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). The mean cortisol levels for the study group and the control group were 79.1 ± 30.2 ng/ml and 60.0 ± 25.1 ng/ml, respectively. The mean BDNF levels for the study group and the control group were 5.9 ± 2.8 ng/ml and 3.7 ± 1.8 ng/ml, respectively. The mean tPA levels for the study group and the control group were 32.9 ± 18.5 ng/ml and 25.5 ± 15.1 ng/ml, respectively. Cortisol, BDNF and tPA levels were significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant effect in terms of age, ABC total and subscale scores on serum cortisol, BDNF and tPA levels in the study group (p > 0.05). It may be suggested that elevations may indicate a role in the pathogenesis of ASD or it may be the case that ASD may alter the levels or pathways of these metabolic factors.Lay SummaryThe underlying mechanism or a specific metabolic target relevant to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not yet been identified. Cortisol, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) have biological effects on neuroplasticity but little is known about the role of cortisol and tPA‐BDNF pathway in ASD. In the present study focused on male children with ASD, we have found higher blood levels of cortisol, BDNF and tPA than their healthy peers. This is the first clinical study to evaluate the serum tPA levels along with BDNF and cortisol in ASD. The results suggest that several neurotrophic and other related markers should be born in mind while examining children with ASD.
Technology and counselling in Africa: Reflections from MSc counselling students at a selected university in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mtemeri Jeofrey , Madhovi Yvonne , Mutambara Julia , Maziti Emmanuel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCounselling is a field that is growing in Africa. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of technology‐mediated counselling in an African setting. The use of technology in counselling needs to be pursued and commercialised as technology use has potential to grow the field of counselling. The study made use of the qualitative research approach and the phenomenological research design. Data were collected through semi‐structured interviews. Participants of the study were purposively selected as the researchers required experienced counsellors. Data were thematically analysed. Results of the study revealed that virtual counselling was already in place in Zimbabwe. Virtual counselling allowed counsellors to reach clients from remote areas through phone calls, short message service (SMS), WhatsApp and video calling. The results also revealed that a variety of challenges were encountered. Problems of connectivity, poor network, delayed feedback and infringement of privacy were highlighted by counsellors. The study concluded that improving the counselling standards in virtual counselling may eradicate some of the challenges. It is recommended that counsellors be trained to improve on virtual counselling competency and accountability.
Neo‐clerodane Diterpenoids with Hypoglycemic Effects in Vivo from the Aerial Parts of Salvia hispanica L.
Authors: Fan Min , Wang Ting , Peng Li‐Yan , Huang Jun‐Shang , Wu Xing‐De , Wang He‐Yao , Zhao Qin‐Shi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA new neo‐clerodane diterpenoid, salvihispin H (1), and six known ones (2–7) were identified from the aerial parts of Salvia hispanica L. The structure and absolute configuration of 1 were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic (1H, 13C, and 2D NMR, and HR‐ESI‐MS) and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The anti‐diabetic effects of salvihispin H (1) and salvifaricin (2) were evaluated in diabetic db/db mice. The data showed that 1 and 2 could significantly reduce fasting blood glucose level and improve insulin resistance, and compound 1 exerted glucose‐lowering effect more quickly than metformin. In addition, 1 and 2 could also reduce serum TG level in db/db mice. These results demonstrated that compounds 1 and 2 could be considered as potent candidates for the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Implementing competency‐based education in multiple programs: A workshop to structure and monitor programs' priorities using ADDIE
Authors: Lafleur Alexandre , Babin Marie‐Julie , Michaud‐Couture Claudie , Lacasse Miriam , Giguère Yves , Cantat Adrien , Allen Christyne , Gingras Nathalie 
Published: July 2021

AbstractContextAll Canadian postgraduate medical programs are implementing the major components of competency‐based education. To do so, our institution had to provide individualized training and monitoring for all our programs.InnovationWe organized half‐day workshops with four work sessions: core competencies, competency portfolio, curriculum mapping, and competence committee. Program teams decided their priority tasks after each work session. We classified tasks into ADDIE pedagogical design stages (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). We conducted interviews at 12 months.ResultsPrograms (n = 29) prioritized mainly tasks of Design (37% of tasks), Development (24%) and Analysis (21%). At 12‐month follow‐up (n = 17), 20% of the tasks were initiated, 22% reached a higher stage, 33% reaching Implementation/Evaluation. Programs needed material and financial resources for Analysis/Development tasks, and faculty training for Implementation/Evaluation tasks.ConclusionWork sessions provided a structure to commit to priority tasks. Their classification into ADDIE stages systematized the monitoring and the search for solutions.
Experimental and computational study on the enantioseparation of four chiral fluoroquinolones by capillary electrophoresis with sulfated‐β‐cyclodextrin as chiral selector
Authors: Ma Qianyun , Cong Wei , Liu Ye , Geng Zikai , Lin Ying , Wang Zhaokun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work, enantioseparation of four chiral fluoroquinolones (FQs), namely, ofloxacin, gemifloxacin, lomefloxacin, and gatifloxacin, was achieved by capillary electrophoresis with sulfated‐β‐cyclodextrin (S‐β‐CD) as chiral selector. Factors affecting the enantiomeric resolution, such as the concentrations of S‐β‐CD, BGE pH conditions, and the buffer types and concentrations, were optimized and discussed. A BGE consisting of 30 g/L S‐β‐CD and 30‐mM phosphate at pH 4.0 was found fit for enantiomeric resolution of ofloxacin and gemifloxacin, while the same BGE at pH 3.0 was suitable for enantioseparation of lomefloxacin and gatifloxacin. The pH‐dependent experiments showed that separation resolutions of four FQs enantiomers were significantly affected by BGE pH, which was thought to be related with the varying electrostatic attraction between the enantiomers and chiral selector. To verify this speculation, molecular docking studies were used for further investigation of the enantiomeric recognition mechanism of S‐β‐CD. Molecular model indicated that hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bond were involved in host‐guest inclusion, but the electrostatic attraction enhanced the chiral discrimination by increasing the difference in binding energy between individual enantiomers and S‐β‐CD. This work provided a further insight into the chiral recognition mechanisms of CD derivatives.
Treatment of oil‐based drill cuttings by hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Li Jing , Jiao Yanjun , Luo Qin , Hu Weixin , Fang Shenwen , Tang Chunling , Liu Qiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDuring the exploitation of shale gas, there are many oil‐based drill cuttings (OBDC) produced, which are hazardous waste. In this paper, the characteristics of OBDC were analyzed and 25 hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared as extractants for treating OBDC. The results showed that the DES formed by lauric acid and thymol had the highest extraction efficiency. The significant parameters of the extraction process were studied by using total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) as an index and the rational extraction conditions were recommended as follows: 0.8:1 mole ratio of lauric acid to thymol, 10:1 mass ratio of DES to OBDC, and 1 h extraction time at 60°C. The TPH of OBDC can be decreased from 14.75 to 0.87 wt.% at this recommended condition. The high extraction efficiency was also confirmed by energy dispersive spectrum results of treated OBDC. In addition, the lauric acid/thymol DES can be recycled and the TPH was still smaller than 1% after three cycles. This research suggests that hydrophobic DES extraction is an effective technology for TPH removal from OBDC.
Comprehensive monitoring of industrial processes using multivariable characteristics evaluation and subspace decomposition
Authors: Li Shuai , Zhou Xiaofeng , Shi Haibo , Pan Fucheng , Li Xin , Zhang Yichi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGaussianity, non‐Gaussianity, linearity, and nonlinearity generally coexist within industrial process variables, and should be taken into account simultaneously for process modelling with monitoring. This paper presents a comprehensive monitoring method of industrial processes using multivariable characteristics evaluation and subspace decomposition. First, a multivariable characteristics evaluation method is presented to divide the process variables into the Gaussian linear, Gaussian nonlinear, non‐Gaussian linear, and non‐Gaussian nonlinear subspaces. Second, the PCA‐ICA‐KPCA‐KICA‐based multivariable subspace decomposition is proposed for process modelling. Furthermore, comprehensive monitoring is developed and final results are combined using comprehensive statistics. By multivariable characteristics evaluation and subspace decomposition, the proposed method could evaluate and seek the multivariable characteristics and enhance the performance of process monitoring. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed comprehensive monitoring method are demonstrated by a numerical system and the benchmark Tennessee Eastman (TE) process.
Enhanced regained permeability and fluid flowback from tight sandstone and carbonate oil reservoirs with unique flowback chemistry
Authors: Saini Rajesh K. , Crane Brady , Shimek Nicole R. , Wang Weiran , Cooper Brent 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLarge amounts of aqueous‐based fluids used in hydraulic fracturing of tight formations are not fully recovered immediately after treatment, resulting in increased water saturation, water blockage, clay swelling, reduced relative permeability, and long‐lasting formation damage that impedes production. To enhance flowback fluid recovery, nano‐emulsion based flowback aids were developed for oil‐bearing sandstone and carbonate formations. The flowback aids were formulated using a blend of high‐temperature stable ester‐based solvents, alcohols, and surfactants to form optically clear nano‐emulsions. All the developed flowback aids demonstrated low surface tension (22–30 mN/m) and interfacial tension (<6 mN/m), which is necessary for reducing capillary pressure. The particle size of the nano‐emulsions was found to be 5–15 nm. The flowback aids were able to prevent the formation of the emulsion with crude oil. It has been found that nano‐emulsions formulated using non‐ionic and anionic surfactants worked better for sandstone, whereas non‐ionic and cationic surfactant‐based formulations worked better for carbonate. These formulations not only provide quick aqueous fluid displacement in column tests but also greatly enhance the rate of oil flow in core flow experiments conducted with broken slickwater fracturing fluids. It was determined that in the absence of a flowback aid, the regained permeability was around 40%, whereas with flowback aids it was increased to 65%–75%. The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of flowback enhancers to quickly recover the injected aqueous fracturing fluid, thereby reducing water saturation, which in turn enhances productivity, and shows the benefit of applying chemistry for low permeability oil reservoirs.