bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADP-ribosylation of RNA and DNA: fromin vitrocharacterization toin vivofunction
Authors: Weixler Lisa , Schäringer Katja , Momoh Jeffrey , Lüscher Bernhard , Feijs Karla L H , Žaja Roko 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe functionality of DNA, RNA and proteins is altered dynamically in response to physiological and pathological cues, partly achieved by their modification. While the modification of proteins with ADP-ribose has been well studied, nucleic acids were only recently identified as substrates for ADP-ribosylation by mammalian enzymes. RNA and DNA can be ADP-ribosylated by specific ADP-ribosyltransferases such as PARP1–3, PARP10 and tRNA 2′-phosphotransferase (TRPT1). Evidence suggests that these enzymes display different preferences towards different oligonucleotides. These reactions are reversed by ADP-ribosylhydrolases of the macrodomain and ARH families, such as MACROD1, TARG1, PARG, ARH1 and ARH3. Most findings derive from in vitro experiments using recombinant components, leaving the relevance of this modification in cells unclear. In this Survey and Summary, we provide an overview of the enzymes that ADP-ribosylate nucleic acids, the reversing hydrolases, and the substrates’ requirements. Drawing on data available for other organisms, such as pierisin1 from cabbage butterflies and the bacterial toxin–antitoxin system DarT–DarG, we discuss possible functions for nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation in mammals. Hypothesized roles for nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation include functions in DNA damage repair, in antiviral immunity or as non-conventional RNA cap. Lastly, we assess various methods potentially suitable for future studies of nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation.
The Shifting South
Authors: Morris Irwin L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Generations ago, “Solid South” stood for the Democratic dominance of southern politics. By the turn of the 21st century, Republicans had taken hold of the South. Today, we are seeing the beginning of another regional political transformation, this time in the progressive direction. As population growth occurs, it has a direct impact on the growth of attachment to the Democratic Party and its candidates. The demographic and political identities of movers—whether they come from outside the South or not—are propelling this political sea change. The migratory patterns of movers that determine local and state population growth are changing the South. When movers flock to an area, they alter the politics of long-term residents, stayers. Movers also alter the politics of the places they leave. This growth is changing state-level politics as well as local politics. Movers and Stayers explains why this is happening and what it means for southern politics.
Academics
Authors: Robin William 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
David Lang, Michael Gordon, and Julia Wolfe’s studies at Yale in the 1980s provided an experience fairly unusual for a graduate program in composition: it prepared them for careers in the musical marketplace, rather than remaining in the academy. The three composers had varied biographies prior to Yale, but had all experienced the vestiges of the Cold War musical avant-garde in their previous academic settings. Under the tutelage of Jacob Druckman and Martin Bresnick at Yale, though, the three composers explored musical minimalism and developed a professionalized mindset. They also flirted with the experimental hijinks of the undergraduate collective Sheep’s Clothing, an important precursor to Bang on a Can’s marathons, while avoiding its leftist politics. Despite Bang on a Can’s renegade tendencies, it is clear that their underlying ethos grew directly out of, rather than against, their Ivy League training.
Festivals
Authors: Robin William 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
When Bang on a Can mounted their first festival in 1987, they charted a familiar path: young avant-gardists who, fed up with the status quo, sought to remold the world in their own image. The organization’s scheme was two-fold: a marketplace-oriented agenda to build a non-specialist audience for new music that they felt was missing from the uptown academic and downtown experimental scenes; and an aesthetic agenda aimed toward dissolving the uptown-downtown binary itself. These two goals had ideological and practical components, ones explored by delving into how the trio shaped what they chose to program and how they staged their early festivals, as well as examining contemporaneous institutions such as the ensemble Speculum Musicae, the venue Experimental Intermedia, and the festival New Music America.
To Believe in Siri
Authors: Natale Simone 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
AI voice assistants are based on software that enters into dialogue with users through speech in order to provide replies to the users’ queries or execute tasks such as sending emails, searching on the web, or turning on a lamp. Every assistant is represented as an individual character or persona (e.g., “Siri” or “Alexa”) that despite being nonhuman can be imagined and interacted with as such. Focusing on the cases of Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant, this chapter argues that voice assistants activate an ambivalent relationship with users, giving them the illusion of control in their interactions with the assistants while at the same time withdrawing them from actual control over the computing systems that lie behind these interfaces. The chapter illustrates how this is made possible at the interface level by mechanisms of projection that expect users to contribute to the construction of the assistant as a persona, and how this construction ultimately conceals the networked computing systems administered by the powerful corporations who developed these tools.
Rire as Release and Rapport
Authors: Rogers Jillian C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that Jean Cocteau’s interwar musical-theatrical endeavors with “Les Six” were significant sites for coping with postwar trauma. Letters, diaries, memoirs, and performance reviews illustrate that pieces like Le Bœuf sur le toit et Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel offered traumatized playwrights, musicians, and audience members opportunities for bodily pleasure and laughter. Examination of archival sources—from period texts on laughter to accounts of humor’s importance for front-line soldiers as well as Dada and Surrealist artists—reveals that absurdist interwar musical theater was intertwined with contemporary ideas concerning the importance of laughter as a tool for emotional release, social bonding, and political expression. Analysis of the music, scenario, choreography, and stage design of Le Bœuf and Les Mariés illuminates that Cocteau and his collaborators incited laughter by drawing on common tropes that resonated with broad audiences, and through staging inside jokes based on real-life instances of music making.
Conclusion
Authors: Rogers Jillian C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This short final chapter closes Resonant Recoveries by proposing touch as a useful concept for understanding and summing up the relationships that existed between trauma and music for those living during and after World War I. By underlining the importance of music making in creating opportunities for touching others emotionally in the wake of the war’s traumas, this conclusion asserts that music making offered ways for musicians to care for one another in powerful ways, even within an interwar French context that failed to acknowledge trauma and its effects.
H. P. Blavatsky’s Early Reception of Hindu Philosophy
Authors: Rudbøg Tim , Sand Erik Reenberg 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky is generally recognized as one of the major popularizers of Eastern philosophy in the West, yet not much detailed work on her specific use and knowledge of Hindu philosophy exists. This chapter explores the way the notion of the “six schools of Hindu philosophy” was used and received in Blavatsky’s early work, such as Isis Unveiled (1877) and during her time in India before the publication of The Secret Doctrine (1888). It shows how Blavatsky’s work was a part of the Oriental Renaissance in the sense that the East, here the notion of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, clearly became a part of her esoteric tradition, but also that Hindu philosophy ultimately became just one aspect to be integrated into the syncretistic project of Theosophy, which in many respects framed the continued Oriental Renaissance in the West.
The Unsteady Economic Basis of Russian Power
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the Russian economy as a means of international power projection. It refutes the idea that it is a clear brake on Russia under Putin’s global ambitions. Although the Russian economy is still far too dependent on oil and gas revenues, there has been some modest diversification, and it has grown slowly even under sanctions imposed since 2014 by the United States and Europe. Still, there has been too little investment in the development of new technologies and in Russian higher education, and too often state enterprises are used as instruments in Russian foreign policy under Putin’s autocracy.
The Domestic Determinants of Russia’s Resurrection
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the purposes of Russian power projection abroad under the regime of Vladimir Putin. The chapter reviews the various dimensions of Russian power in international politics, including its geographic domain in its immediate neighborhood and globally, as well as areas where Russian policy influence is particularly weighty. The chapter then looks briefly at different means of Russian power, like economy, conventional and nuclear defense capabilities, and human capital. It concludes that Russia is never as weak as it seems. Although it is not necessarily “the strongest” in all areas of international politics, Putin’s Russia has considerable usable power resources for the purposes of its leadership. The chapter then looks at the purposes of Russian power projection abroad. It looks first at realist arguments that insist Russia has national interests that any Russian regime would defend. These interests, according to this argument, are historically and geographically determined. Any Russian leader would seek to defend what is described as a “traditional sphere of influence.” In contrast, the author argues that Putin’s patronal autocracy has come to behave more aggressively in building and using Russia’s formidable power resources in order to maintain social stability for the sake of the regime’s survival. In this way, the chapter links Russian domestic politics to its foreign policies under Putin.
Defense of the Scientific Hypothesis
Authors: Alger Bradley E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book explains and defends the scientific hypothesis. Explanation is needed to counteract the misinformation and misunderstanding about the hypothesis that even scientists have concerning its nature and place in the tapestry of modern science. A survey revealed that most biological scientists receive little or no formal training in scientific thinking. Defense is needed because the hypothesis is under attack by critics who claim it is irrelevant to science. Defense is important, too, because the hypothesis is perhaps the major element in scientific thinking, and familiarity with it is necessary for an understanding of modern science and scientific thinking. The public needs to understand the hypothesis in order to appreciate and evaluate scientific controversies (e.g., global climate change, vaccine safety, etc.). The first chapters thoroughly describe and analyze in elementary terms the scientific hypothesis and examine various kinds of science. Following chapters that review the hypothesis in the context of the Reproducibility Crisis and present survey data, two chapters assess cognitive matters that affect the hypothesis. In a series of chapters, the book makes practical and policy recommendations for teaching and learning about the hypothesis. The final chapter considers two possible futures for the hypothesis in science as the Big Data revolution looms: in one scenario, the hypothesis is displaced by the Big Data Mindset that forgoes understanding in favor of correlation and prediction. In the other, robotic science incorporates the hypothesis into mechanized laboratories guided by artificial intelligence. An epilogue envisions a third way—the Centaur Scientist, a symbiotic relationship of human scientists and computers.
Expenses of Sovereignty
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
When criminal law and command failed, federal officials came to rely on federal finance to try to secure peace between Natives and U.S. citizens, as this chapter depicts. Both Native and white claimants demanded that the federal government compensate them for the violence they suffered at each others’ hands. Increasingly, the federal government did so, paying both Natives and whites for the constant murders, horse thefts, and abduction of enslaved human property that plagued both federal territories. Still more money went to the territories to satisfy Native leaders’ expectations for what federal officials called “presents” and to fund the expensive military “protection” that territorial citizens demanded. Federal officials reluctantly spent these increasingly large sums of money to secure the doubtful allegiances of these borderlands residents; their goal was to foster dependence on the federal government. Arguably, they failed. Native leaders espoused a gendered rhetoric of poverty and weakness, but they successfully extracted federal funds precisely because of their considerable power. Constitutionally, the territories were dependencies of the United States, but territorial citizens rejected any suggestion of subordination, demanding vast sums for militia actions—even when at odds with federal law—as part of the federal government’s obligation to protect its citizens. In the process, both sets of claimants relied on the federal government as the venue to make claims and redress grievances. But only Natives were tagged with the dependent label even as their white neighbors proved far more effective at extracting federal largesse, prefiguring later dynamics in the rise of the national welfare state.
Quantized Rotational Motion in a Plane
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The angular momentum for the simplified case of a particle rotating in a fixed plane is treated. The ‘perimeter model’ is the analogue of the one-dimensional particle in a box (PiaB), with the particle moving on a circle with fixed radius. This requires cyclic – or periodic – boundary conditions. It is shown that the quantum perimeter model results can be obtained by re-interpreting the coordinate of the linear PiaB and by considering the periodic boundary conditions. The eigenvalue pattern leads to a 4n+2 Huckel rule. Next, the chapter discusses hindered rotations, such as the rotation of a methyl group around a C-C bond. The solutions to the hindered rotation problem combine features of the harmonic oscillator at low energies, with features of the perimeter model at high energies.
Hydrogen-like Atoms
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how the electronic Schrodinger equation (SE) is solved for a hydrogen-like atom, i.e. an electron moving in the field of a fixed point-like nucleus with charge number Z. The hydrogen atom corresponds to Z = 1. The potential in atomic units is –Z/r, with r being the distance of the electron from the nucleus. The SE is not separable in Cartesian coordinates, but in spherical polar coordinates it separates into a radial equation and an angular momentum equation. The bound states have a total energy of –Z2/(2n2), with n = nr + ℓ being the principal quantum number (q.n.), ℓ = 0,1,2,… the angular momentum q.n., and nr = 1,2,3,… being a radial q.n. Each state for a given ℓ is 2ℓ+1-fold degenerate, with the components labelled by the projection q.n. mℓ. The wavefunctions for mℓ ≠ 0 are complex, but real linear combinations can be formed. This gives the atomic orbitals known from general and organic chemistry. Different ways of visualizing the real wavefunctions are discussed, e.g. as iso-surfaces.
Paradise Paradox: Constructing a Digital Nomad Community
Authors: Woldoff Rachael A. , Litchfield Robert C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the paradox of self-initiated “location-independent” nomads in search of a face-to-face community but also a community with minimal obligations. Research has examined how technology has transformed work and social relationships in physical and virtual communities. The chapter reviews this literature and adds to it by explaining how digital nomads construct place-based communities. Though specialized online networks can provide access to like-minded individuals, it is lonely to work on a laptop in physical isolation. Digital nomads respond to the shortcomings of both traditional and online communities by living in digital nomad hubs characterized by both fluidity and intimacy. These two characteristics of nomad hubs make this a new type of place-based community that violates many traditional views found in the sociological literature, which tend to emphasize kin networks, permanent residency, and social contracts and obligations tied to various institutions.
Conclusion
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter reviews the findings of the preceding theoretical and empirical chapters before moving to a broader assessment of what insights a focus on vicarious identity might provide in a context of significant change and uncertainty in international politics. The chapter argues that the proliferation of practices of vicarious identification and vicarious identity promotion are likely to be connected to the relative prevalence of competing fantasies of world order, fantasies variously characterizing the nature of international politics in terms of autonomous units, a bloc-based system, or a normative world order.
The Many Meanings of the Secular
Authors: Baker Joseph O. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The increase in the percentage of Americans who claim no religious affiliation has sparked renewed debates about processes of secularization. Too often, however, these discussions overlook nonreligious diversity, and all religious “nones” are assumed to be homogeneous. Using the 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey, this chapter details the many different ways theistic nonbelief and religious non-affiliation can overlap and diverge. It then uses cluster analysis to condense this diversity into the categories that are the most similar in socio-demographic, political, and religious characteristics. When possible, atheists, agnostics, and non-affiliated thesis should be treated as distinct categories in social surveys. The chapter also provides basic guidelines for researchers about how best to measure, categorize, and analyze nonreligion. Overall, it is imperative for scholars, journalists, and the public more broadly to account for the diversity of secularities when analyzing and discussing patterns and trends in religious non-affiliation.
Developmental Perspectives on Youth Religious Non-Affiliation
Authors: Hardy Sam A. , Longo Gregory S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a developmental perspective on historical increases in youth non-affiliation. First, it describes changes that happen in religiousness across adolescence, focusing on quantitative and qualitative changes. In terms of quantitative changes, generally, religiousness declines across adolescence. In terms of qualitative changes, a sizable minority of youth leave religion during adolescence. Second, the chapter explains these changes, focusing on individual and contextual predictors of quantitative and qualitative changes. In terms of individual predictors, it focuses on gender, ethnicity, personality, behavior, and various dimensions of religiousness. In terms of contextual predictors, it focuses on the family, the religious community, and peers. Third, the chapter identifies ways parents and religious leaders might be able to optimize adolescent religious development. Its suggestions are grounded in self-determination theory, which articulates characteristics of developmental contexts that may help or hinder internalization of religiousness. Finally, the chapter connects individual religious development to historical trends.
Russia
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how Russia’s pursuit of territorial expansion and gray zone tactics in Georgia and Ukraine can be seen as part of its overall strategy to preserve and expand its market power in the natural gas market. As the predominant gas supplier to many European countries, Russia’s state-owned gas company, Gazprom, has price-setting capabilities that the Russian state can exploit to extract rents and exert political leverage internationally. As part of its overall strategy to block potential competitors and secure its control over the transit of gas to European consumers, Russia has perpetuated territorial disputes with neighboring Georgia and Ukraine. Given its high level of economic interdependence with the European Union, Russia has largely refrained from escalating these disputes militarily and has instead relied upon strategic delay to achieve its market power goals.
Hegel's Value
Authors: Moyar Dean 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It has long been recognized that Hegel’s Philosophy of Right offers the only systematic alternative to the dominant social contract tradition in modern political philosophy. The difficulty has been to characterize Hegel’s view of justice as having the same kind of intuitive appeal that has made social contract theory, with its voluntary consent and assignment of rights and privileges, such an attractive model. Hegel’s Value argues that Hegelian justice depends on a proper understanding of Hegel’s theory of value and on the model of life through which the overall conception of value, the Good, is operationalized. Through an examination of key episodes in Phenomenology of Spirit and a detailed reading of the entire Philosophy of Right, Hegel’s Value shows how Hegel develops his account of justice through an inferentialist method whereby the content of right unfolds into increasingly thick normative structures. The theory of value that Hegel develops in tandem with the account of right relies on a productive unity of self-consciousness and life, of pure thinking and the natural drives. The book argues that Hegel’s expressive account of the free will enables him to theorize rights not simply as abstract claims, but rather as realizations of value in social contexts of mutual recognition. Hegel’s account of justice is a living system of institutions centered on a close relation of the economic and political spheres and on an understanding of the law as developing through practices of public reason.
Backing the Bio-Digital Energy Paradigm?
Authors: Drahos Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The transition that China and the rest of world needs this century is to a postcircular economy in which service to ecosystems becomes a primary value, much as it has been in the cultures of indigenous people. This primary value has to be tied to the construction of a bio-digital energy innovation paradigm. China has taken steps toward the circular economy. Much more will be needed to construct the bio-digital energy paradigm. From the history of the coal innovation paradigm, the chapter extracts four lessons. First, energy transformations take longer than you think. Second, constructing the energy innovation paradigm involves more than putting a price on carbon. Third, incremental innovation can kill you. Fourth, don’t delay disruptive innovation by giving it to the market alone.