bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perturbation of ATG16L1 function impairs the biogenesis of Salmonella and Coxiella replication vacuoles
Authors: Lau Nicole , Thomas David R. , Lee Yi Wei , Knodler Leigh A. , Newton Hayley J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAnti‐bacterial autophagy, known as xenophagy, is a host innate immune response that targets invading pathogens for degradation. Some intracellular bacteria, such as the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), utilize effector proteins to interfere with autophagy. One such S. Typhimurium effector, SopF, inhibits recruitment of ATG16L1 to damaged Salmonella‐containing vacuoles (SCVs), thereby inhibiting the host xenophagic response. SopF is also required to maintain the integrity of the SCV during the early stages of infection. Here we show disruption of the SopF‐ATG16L1 interaction leads to an increased proportion of cytosolic S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, SopF was utilized as a molecular tool to examine the requirement for ATG16L1 in the intracellular lifestyle of Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that requires a functional autophagy pathway to replicate efficiently and form a single, spacious vacuole called the Coxiella‐containing vacuole (CCV). ATG16L1 is required for CCV expansion and fusion but does not influence C. burnetii replication. In contrast, SopF did not affect CCV formation or replication, demonstrating that the contribution of ATG16L1 to CCV biogenesis is via its role in autophagy, not xenophagy. This study highlights the diverse capabilities of bacterial effector proteins to dissect the molecular details of host–pathogen interactions.
Psychotropics use and occurrence of falls in hospitalized patients: A matched case‐control study
Authors: Morishita Chihiro , Ichiki Masahiko , Shimura Akiyoshi , Ishibashi Yoshiki , Inubuse Atsuo , Masuya Jiro , Inoue Takeshi 
Published: December 2021

AimSeveral studies have suggested the use of psychotropics as a possible risk factor for falling. However, there were several limitations to these previous studies, such as the use of data obtained from administrative databases and the lack of information about the time interval between psychotropics use and falling. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the association between psychotropics use and falling in hospitalized patients, using reliable data collected from medical records.MethodsA matched (age, sex, and inpatient department) case‐control study of patients hospitalized at Tokyo Medical University Hospital was performed using the new‐user design, based on data extracted from medical records. The outcome was the occurrence of falls. The use of four classes of psychotropics (antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and hypnotics) was compared between 254 cases (patients who experienced falls) and 254 controls (patients without falls). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to clarify the associations between falling and the use of these psychotropics.ResultsUnivariable analyses demonstrated that the use of every class of psychotropic was statistically significantly associated with falling. Moreover, the association of the use of hypnotics with falls remained significant in the multivariable logistic regression model built including potential confounding factors, such as age, sex, inpatient department, body mass index, fall risk score measured by a fall risk assessment sheet completed on hospital admission, and the use of other classes of psychotropics.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the use of hypnotics may be a risk factor for falling in hospitalized patients.
Annotating OGC web feature services automatically for generating geospatial knowledge graphs
Authors: Saquicela Victor , Vilches‐Blázquez Luis M. , Freire Renán , Corcho Oscar 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Spatial Data Infrastructure initiatives are now broadly developed and deployed. However, while plenty of tools use them, some tasks are still complex to perform by non‐expert users, such as finding, accessing, and using some of their related OGC Web Services (OWS). One of the main reasons for these challenges is associated with semantic heterogeneity within these services. This entails a lack of proper descriptions and requires knowledge about data structure and domain‐specific query languages to discover and retrieve these services. Semantic annotations of OWS play a crucial role in achieving semantic interoperability and addressing these associated challenges. In this article we describe an approach for enabling the automatic generation of semantic annotations of Web Feature Services (WFS) at their three request levels (GetCapabilities,DescribeFeatureType, andGetFeature), which are used to generate knowledge graphs. This approach uses various external services, ontological resources (POSM, DBpedia, GeoSPARQL, GeoNames, anddatos.ign.esvocabularies), and knowledge bases (DBpedia anddatos.ign.es). Moreover, this approach enables us to validate annotations obtained as a previous step to generating geospatial knowledge graphs. Additionally, we present our proposal through an application case and assess it using a representative set of 21 WFS services, achieving an average of 46.70% annotations, of which 22.29% and 35.52% were validated using DBpedia anddatos.ign.esinitiatives, respectively. This shows the feasibility of our approach to generate knowledge graphs from WFS services in an automatic way.
Back to the Golden Age: Saul Kripke's Naming and Necessity and Twenty‐First Century Philosophy
Authors: Bianchi Andrea 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I try to outline what I take to be Naming and Necessity's fundamental legacy to my generation and those that follow, and the new perspectives it has opened up for twenty‐first century philosophy. The discussion is subdivided into three sections, concerning respectively philosophy of language, metaphysics, and metaphilosophy. The general unifying theme is that Naming and Necessity is helping philosophy to recover a Golden Age, by freeing it from the strictures coming from the empiricist and Kantian traditions and reconnecting it to the world and the objects that populate it. Because of this, in the concluding paragraph I tentatively suggest that Kripke's philosophy may be seen as a sui generis form of naturalism.
Sexual risk behavior questions: Understanding and mitigating donor discomfort
Authors: Haw Jennie , Woo Hyunjin , Kohut Taylor , Fisher William 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundBlood operators are working to improve donor screening and eligibility for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM), and trans and nonbinary donors. Many consider screening all donors for specific sexual risk behaviors to be a more equitable approach that maintains the safety of the blood supply. Feasibility considerations with this change include ensuring donor understanding of additional sexual behavior questions and minimizing donor loss due to discomfort.Study design and methodsQualitative one‐on‐one interviews were conducted with Canadian whole blood and plasma donors (N = 40). A thematic analysis was conducted to assess participants' understandings of the questions, examine their comfort/discomfort, and identify strategies to mitigate donor discomfort.ResultsAll participants understood what the sexual behavior questions were asking and thought the questions were appropriate. Themes related to comfort/discomfort include: their expectations of donor screening, social norms that they bring to donation, whether their answer felt like personal disclosure, knowing the reasons for the question, trusting confidentiality, confidence in knowing their sexual partner's behavior, and potential for the question to be discriminatory. Strategies to mitigate discomfort include: providing an explanation for the questions, forewarning donors of these questions, reducing ambiguity, and using a self‐administered questionnaire.ConclusionWhile many blood operators and regulators view the move to sexual behavior–based screening for all donors as a significant paradigmatic shift, donors may not perceive additional sexual behavior questions as a significant change to their donation experience. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies to mitigate donor discomfort.
Effect of milk protein content in Toddler formula on later BMI and obesity risk: protocol of the multicentre randomised controlled Toddler Milk Intervention (ToMI) trial
Authors: Grote Veit , Jaeger Vanessa , Escribano Joaquin , Zaragoza Marta , Gispert Mariona , Grathwohl Dominik , Koletzko Berthold 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionReduction of milk protein content in infant formula provided during the first year of life has been shown to reduce early weight gain and obesity later in life. While rapid weight gain during the first 2 years of life is one of the strongest early predictors of obesity, the role of animal protein intake beyond the first year of life is unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the role of milk protein during the second year of life in healthy children on weight gain and obesity risk in preschool age.Methods and analysisThis randomised, double-blinded study enrolled 1618 children aged 11.5–13.5 months in Spain and Germany into two groups receiving isocaloric toddler milk with differing protein content during the second year of life. The experimental formula contains 1.5 g/100 kcal and the control formula 6.15 g/100 kcal protein and otherwise equal formula composition, except for modified fat content to achieve equal energy density. The primary endpoint is body mass index (BMI)-for-age z-score at the age of 24 months adjusted for BMI at 12 months of age. The children are followed until 6 years of age.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the ethical committees of the LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany (Nr. 555-15) and at Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain (Ref. CEIm IISPV 013/2016). We aim at publishing results in peer-reviewed journals and sharing of results with study participants.Trial registration numberNCT02907502.
Identifying and delineating the type 2 diabetes population in the Netherlands using an all-payer claims database: characteristics, healthcare utilisation and expenditures
Authors: Geurten Rose J , Elissen Arianne M J , Bilo Henk J G , Struijs Jeroen N , van Tilburg Chantal , Ruwaard Dirk 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesWe aimed to identify and delineate the Dutch type 2 diabetes population and the distribution of healthcare utilisation and expenditures across the health system from 2016 to 2018 using an all-payer claims database.DesignRetrospective observational cohort study based on an all-payer claims database of the Dutch population.SettingThe Netherlands.ParticipantsThe whole Dutch type 2 diabetes population (n=900 522 in 2018), determined based on bundled payment codes for integrated diabetes care and medication use indicating type 2 diabetes.Outcome measuresAnnual prevalence of type 2 diabetes, comorbidities and characteristics of the type 2 diabetes population, as well as the distribution of healthcare utilisation and expenditures were analysed descriptively.ResultsIn 2018, 900 522 people (6.5% of adults) were identified as having type 2 diabetes. The most common comorbidity in the population was heart disease (12.1%). Additionally, 16.2% and 5.6% of patients received specialised care for microvascular and macrovascular diabetes-related complications, respectively. Most patients with type 2 diabetes received pharmaceutical care (99.1%), medical specialist care (97.0%) and general practitioner consultations (90.5%). In total, €8173 million, 9.4% of total healthcare expenditures, was reimbursed for the type 2 diabetes population. Medical specialist care accounted for the largest share of spending (38.1%), followed by district nursing (12.4%), and pharmaceutical care (11.5%).ConclusionsAll-payer claims databases can be used to delineate healthcare use: this insight can inform health policy and practice and, thereby, support better decisions to promote long-term sustainability of healthcare systems. The healthcare utilisation of the Dutch type 2 diabetes population is distributed across the health system and utilisation of medical specialist care is high. This is likely to be due to presence of concurrent morbidities and complications. Therefore, a shift from a disease-specific approach to a person-centred and integrated care approach could be beneficial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Ratio of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases among ascertained SARS-CoV-2 infections in different regions and population groups in 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis including 130 123 infections from 241 studies
Authors: Chen Xiao , Huang Ziyue , Wang Jingxuan , Zhao Shi , Wong Martin Chi-Sang , Chong Ka Chun , He Daihai , Li Jinhui 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionAsymptomatic infection of SARS-CoV-2 may lead to silent community transmission and compromise the COVID-19 pandemic control measures. We aimed to estimate the rate of asymptomatic COVID-19 from published studies and compare this rate among different regions and patient groups.MethodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, electronic databases including Medline, Embase, PubMed and three Chinese electronic databases (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI], WanFang Data and China Science, and Technology Journal Database [VIP]) were searched for literature published from 1 November 2019 to 31 December 2020. Original investigations with sample size (or number of subjects) not less than five were included for further analyses. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to different study types, study periods, geographical regions and patient demographics. The STATA (V.14.0) command ‘metaprop’ was implemented to conduct a meta-analysis of the pooled rate estimates of asymptomatic infections with exact binomial and score test-based 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsA total of 130 123 ascertained COVID-19 infections from 241 studies were included in this meta-analysis, including 31 411 asymptomatic infections. The overall rate of asymptomatic infections was 23.6% (18.5%–29.1%) and 21.7% (16.8%–27.0%) before and after excluding presymptomatic cases, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that significantly higher in pregnant women (48.8%, 28.9%–68.9%), children (32.1%, 24.2%–40.5%), and studies reporting screening programmes (36.0%, 24.6%–48.1%) conducted on or after 1 March 2020 (42.5%, 33.4%–51.9%). In terms of geographical region, the rate was the highest in Africa (64.3%, 56.7%–71.6%), followed by America (40.0%, 27.4%–53.3%), Europe (28.1%, 19.0%–38.1%) and Asia (18.1%, 13.2%–23.5%).ConclusionWe approximated that one-fifth of COVID-19 infections are asymptomatic throughout the course of infection. Public health policies targeting these high-risk groups may be recommended to achieve early identification and more stringent containment of the pandemic.
Neonatal morbidity among African refugee women in Israel: a case–control study
Authors: Ovental Amit , Doyev Reut , Mangel Laurence , Herzlich Jacky , Hadanny Amir , Marom Ronella 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesReports on neonatal morbidity (NM) among refugees in developed countries remain inconsistent. We aimed to compare NM among infants of African refugees in Israel to the native population based on a large population sample.DesignA case–control study.SettingA tertiary hospital in Israel.ParticipantsData on hospital-based live births of refugee women and their newborns who were born in 2014 and 2017 were retrieved from medical records. Perinatal and neonatal data were compared between the refugee group and the native residents matched for gestational age and year of birth as well as within the refugee group.Primary outcomePrevalence of NM among African refugees in Israel.ResultsNewborns delivered by 357 refugee women (mean age 30.2 years) and 357 controls (mean age 32.2 years) were analysed. Both groups were similar for the newborns’ weight and gestational age. There were no significant differences in NM between the groups. A within-refugee comparison conducted between 2014 and 2017 yielded significant differences in birth weight (3051.4 vs 3373.6 gr, p<0.001, 95% CI (198.3 to 446.2), d=0.56), the number of twin deliveries (10 vs 4, p=0.002, Φ=0.173), the number of neonates evaluated as small for gestational age (15 vs 10, p=0.003, Φ=0.167) and the use of human milk (71% vs 93%, p<0.001, Φ=−0.298).ConclusionsWe conclude that NM among neonates born to refugee mothers was not higher than that of neonates born to native Israeli mothers. We suggest that successful implementation of health policies for refugees has improved their accessibility to mother–child health services.
Spectrum of COVID-19 clinical characteristics among patients presenting to the primary healthcare in Qatar during the early stages of the pandemic: a retrospective multicentre cross-sectional study
Authors: Ismail Mansoura , Joudeh Anwar , Al-Dahshan Ayman , Alsaadi Muna Mehdar , Al Abdulla Samya , Selim Nagah Abdel Aziz 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesTo describe clinical characteristics and laboratory investigations of patients with COVID-19 diagnosed in primary care in Qatar and to assess predictors of hospitalisation.DesignA retrospective cross-sectional study.Setting and participants3515 confirmed patients with COVID-19 diagnosed in any of the 27 primary healthcare centres in Qatar between 9 April 2020 and 30 June 2020.Main outcome measuresDemographic characteristics, comorbidities, contact tracing, clinical and laboratory data, in addition to patient disposition at the time of diagnosisResultsMean age of patients was 35.5 years (±14.7). 2285 patients (65.0%) were males, 961 patients (27.3%) had a history of concomitant comorbidity and 640 patients (18.2%) were asymptomatic. Adult patients (19–64 years old) were more likely to report symptoms than children or elderly. Fever and cough were the most frequently documented symptoms affecting 1874 patients (46.7%) and 1318 patients (37.5%), respectively. Most patients had normal vital signs at presentation; however, patients who were subsequently hospitalised had higher median temperature than non-hospitalised patients (37.7°C, IQR: 37.0°C–38.4°C, and 37.2°C, IQR: 36.8°C–37.8°C, respectively). Hospitalised patients had significantly higher C reactive protein (CRP) (median CRP: 20 mg/L, IQR: 5.0–61.2 mg/L) than non-hospitalised patients (median CRP: 4.6 mg/L, IQR: 1.7–11.50 mg/L), and lower median absolute lymphocyte count (1.5×103/µL, IQR: 1.1×103/µL–2.1×103/µL, and 1.8×103/µL, IQR: 1.3×103/µL–2.4×103/µL, respectively). Predictors of hospitalisation were increasing age (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.614, 95% CI 1.281 to 5.332 for age between 50 years and 64 years, and AOR: 3.892, 95% CI 1.646 to 9.204 for age ≥65 years), presence of two or more comorbidities (AOR: 2.628; 95% CI 1.802 to 3.832) and presence of symptoms (AOR: 1.982: 95% CI 1.342 to 2.928).ConclusionThe majority of COVID-19 cases diagnosed in primary healthcare in Qatar were symptomatic. Most cases had normal vital signs and laboratory results at presentation. Predictors of hospitalisation were increasing age, the presence of symptoms and having two or more comorbidities.
Mobile app for prolonged grief among bereaved parents: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Eklund Rakel , Eisma Maarten C , Boelen Paul A , Arnberg Filip K , Sveen Josefin 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionBereaved parents, who have lost a child, have an elevated risk to develop mental health problems, yet, few studies have evaluated the effect of psychosocial interventions developed for bereaved parents. Cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT), both face to face or digitally delivered, has shown to be an effective intervention for prolonged grief symptoms. Self-help mobile apps offer various advantages and studies show improved mental health after app interventions. No app has yet been evaluated targeting prolonged grief in bereaved parents. Therefore, the aim of this planned study is to develop and examine the effectiveness of a CBT-based mobile app, calledMy Grief,in reducing symptoms of prolonged grief, as well as other psychological symptoms, in bereaved parents. Another aim is to assess users’ experiences and adverse events ofMy Grief.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a two-armed randomised waitlist-controlled trial. Parents living in Sweden, who lost a child between one and ten years ago, with elevated symptoms of prolonged grief, will be recruited to participate in the trial. The content ofMy Griefcovers four main domains (Learn; Self-monitoring; Exercises; Get support) and builds on principles of CBT and the proven-effectivePTSD Coachapp. Participants in the intervention group will fill out online questionnaires at baseline and at 3, 6 and 12 months follow-ups, and the waitlist-controls at baseline and at 3 months. The primary outcome will be prolonged grief symptoms at the 3 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes are post-traumatic stress and depression symptoms, quality of life and cognitive behavioural variables (ie, avoidance, rumination, negative cognitions).Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been received from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (project no. 2021-00770). If the app is shown to be effective, the app will be made publicly accessible on app stores, so that it can benefit other bereaved parents.Trial registration numberNCT04552717.
Patient outcomes and cost savings associated with hospital safe nurse staffing legislation: an observational study
Authors: Lasater Karen B , Aiken Linda H , Sloane Douglas , French Rachel , Martin Brendan , Alexander Maryann , McHugh Matthew D 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate variation in Illinois hospital nurse staffing ratios and to determine whether higher nurse workloads are associated with mortality and length of stay for patients, and cost outcomes for hospitals.DesignCross-sectional analysis of multiple data sources including a 2020 survey of nurses linked to patient outcomes data.Setting: 87 acute care hospitals in Illinois.Participants210 493 Medicare patients, 65 years and older, who were hospitalised in a study hospital. 1391 registered nurses employed in direct patient care on a medical–surgical unit in a study hospital.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcomes were 30-day mortality and length of stay. Deaths avoided and cost savings to hospitals were predicted based on results from regression estimates if hospitals were to have staffed at a 4:1 ratio during the study period. Cost savings were computed from reductions in lengths of stay using cost-to-charge ratios.ResultsPatient-to-nurse staffing ratios on medical-surgical units ranged from 4.2 to 7.6 (mean=5.4; SD=0.7). After adjusting for hospital and patient characteristics, the odds of 30-day mortality for each patient increased by 16% for each additional patient in the average nurse’s workload (95% CI 1.04 to 1.28; p=0.006). The odds of staying in the hospital a day longer at all intervals increased by 5% for each additional patient in the nurse’s workload (95% CI 1.00 to 1.09, p=0.041). If study hospitals staffed at a 4:1 ratio during the 1-year study period, more than 1595 deaths would have been avoided and hospitals would have collectively saved over $117 million.ConclusionsPatient-to-nurse staffing ratios vary considerably across Illinois hospitals. If nurses in Illinois hospital medical–surgical units cared for no more than four patients each, thousands of deaths could be avoided, and patients would experience shorter lengths of stay, resulting in cost-savings for hospitals.