bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hanging glacier avalanche (Raunthigad - Rishiganga) and Debris flow disaster of 7th February 2021, Uttarakhand, India, A Preliminary assessment
Authors: Thayyen Renoj J , Mishra P.K , Jain Sanjay K. , Wani John Mohd , Singh Hemant , Singh Mritunjay K. , Yadav Bankim 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A catastrophic debris flow in the Rishiganga and Dhauli ganga river in Uttarakhand, India on 7th February 2021 left a trail of disaster. Around 200 people lost their lives, two hydro-power project were badly damaged and a bridge across the Rishiganga River was washed off in the event. Study shows that the debris flow is caused due detachment of 0.59 km2 right lobe of a hanging glacier and resultant ice-rock avalanche. This right lobe of the glacier was located over a mountain slope having an average slope of 35o at 4700–5555 m a.s.l. and travelled 12.4 km before hitting the infrastructure projects. Role of precipitation, snow cover, land surface temperature and permafrost processes were investigated for identifying causes of the event. Since 2012, monsoon precipitation and mean annual land surface temperature (LST) showed significant increasing trend. Snow cover during monsoon months showed increasing trend and September, October and November experienced decreasing trend at glacier elevations. Mean annual LST increased from − 0.3 oC in 2012 to a peak of 0.4 oC in 2016. Central lobe of the glacier advanced during this period and eventually fell off in 2016 suggesting that the LST warming forced reduction of frictional drag at the interface facilitating it advancement and eventual dislodgement. Permafrost modelling suggest warm permafrost below 50 m and conditions favorable for intense frost cracking at to 10–15 m. At ~ 40 m depth, the delayed response of 2012–2016 warming produced peak positive temperature conditions by December and probably facilitated the formation of thin film of water at the deeper layers acting as a lubricant for glacier sliding. It is also suggested that the increase in summer precipitation might have forced thickening of the accumulation area and thereby increasing the shear stress for sliding of the glacier. It is proposed that the recent change in the weather conditions in the region is primarily responsible for this event through geological, glaciological and permafrost processes. Flood modeling study suggest a flood volume of ~ 10 MCM generating 24.5 m flow depth at the bridge site with 12.7 m/s flow velocity. The event highlighted the need for improved monitoring of the cryospheric areas of the Himalaya to capture the early warning signs for better preparedness.
Model Order Reduction based on Direct Normal Form: Application to Large Finite Element MEMS Structures Featuring Internal Resonance
Authors: Opreni Andrea , Vizzaccaro Alessandra , Frangi Attilio , Touzé Cyril 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Dimensionality reduction in mechanical vibratory systems poses challenges for distributed structures including geometric nonlinearities, mainly because of the lack of invariance of the linear subspaces. A reduction method based on direct normal form computation for large finite element (FE) models is here detailed. The main advantage resides in operating directly from the physical space, hence avoiding the computation of the complete eigenfunctions spectrum. Explicit solutions are given, thus enabling a fully non-intrusive version of the reduction method. The reduced dynamics is obtained from the normal form of the geometrically nonlinear mechanical problem, free of non-resonant monomials, and truncated to the selected master coordinates, thus making a direct link with the parametrisation of invariant manifolds. The method is fully expressed with a complex-valued formalism by detailing the homological equations in a systematic manner, and the link with real-valued expressions is established. A special emphasis is put on the treatment of second-order internal resonances and the specific case of a 1:2 resonance is made explicit. Finally, applications to large-scale models of Micro-Electro-Mechanical structures featuring 1:2 and 1:3 resonances are reported, along with considerations on computational efficiency.
Achieving Macroscale Liquid Superlubricity Using Lubricant Mixtures of Glycerol and Diols
Authors: Ma Qiang , Wang Wei , Dong Guangneng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Friction and wear are ubiquitous in moving mechanical systems, and achieving vanishing friction and wear could significantly improve energy efficiency and extend the service life of mechanical components. In this paper, various diols, viz. ethylene glycol (EG), 1,3-propanediol (13-PD), and 1,2-propdiol (12-PD), have been selected to be mixed with glycerol for superlubricity performance. The results show that the lubricant mixture of EG and glycerol (EG/glycerol) and the mixture of 13-PD and glycerol (13-PD/glycerol) are effective in providing superlow friction (COF < 0.01) for steel tribopairs under ambient atmosphere environment with little surface damage caused. However, 12-PD, which exhibits the same chemical formula as 13-PD except for the configuration of hydroxyl groups, is ineffective for superlubrication. Furthermore, compared with 13-PD, EG is more efficient in preparing superlubric lubricants. Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation results show that the superlow friction realized by the lubricant mixtures of glycerol and diols is related to their intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interaction and the adsorbed formation of adsorbed molecular layers. The intermolecular interaction could affect the rheological property of lubricant mixtures and the hydrodynamic lubricant film-forming capability at the interface, while the quality of the adsorbed molecular layers determines the passivating efficiency for asperity interactions between opposite surfaces. Due to the atomic structure difference, EG is the most desirable diol for this objective, followed by 13-PD, while 12-PD is ineffective. These findings could help enable the rational design of novel lubricants for superlubricating performance and push the development of liquid superlubricity for future engineering applications.
Characterization of Three GADs from Bacillus spp. for Efficient γ-Aminobutyric Acid Production
Authors: Sun Lei , Bai Yingguo , Zhang Xiu , Zhou Cheng , Zhang Jie , Su Xiaoyun , Luo Huiying , Yao Bin , Wang Yuan , Tu Tao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
BackgroundGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important bio-product used in pharmaceuticals and functional foods and as a precursor of the biodegradable plastic polyamide 4. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) converts l-glutamate (l-Glu) into GABA via decarboxylation. Compared with other methods, develop a bioconversion platform to produce GABA is of considerable interest for industrial use.ResultsThree GAD genes were identified from three Bacillus strains and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The optimal reaction temperature and pH values for three enzymes were 40 °C and 5.0, respectively. Of the GADs, GADZ11 had the highest catalytic efficiency towards l-Glu (2.19 mM− 1·s− 1). The engineered E. coli strain that expressed GADZ11 was used as a whole-cell biocatalyst for the production of GABA. After repeated use 8 times, the cells produced GABA with an average molar conversion rate of 97% within 8 h.ConclusionsThree recombinant GADs from Bacillus strains have been conducted functional identification. And engineered E. coli strain heterologous expressing GADZ1, GADZ11, and GADZ20 could accomplish the biosynthesis of l-Glu to GABA in a buffer-free reaction at a high l-Glu concentration. The novel engineered E. coli strain has the potential to be a cost-effective biotransformation platform for the industrial production of GABA.
Analysis the characteristic of energy and damage of coal-rock composite structure under cycle loading
Authors: Li Tan , Chen Guangbo , Qin Zhongcheng , Li Qinghai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The stability of coal-rock composite structures is of great significance to coal mine safety production. To study the stability and deformation failure characteristics of the coal-rock composite structure, the uniaxial cyclic loading tests of the coal-rock composite structures with different coal-rock height ratios were carried out. Lithology and coal-rock height ratio play an important role in the energy dissipation of coal-rock composite structures. The higher the coal-rock height ratio, the greater the average elastic energy and dissipated energy produced per cycle of coal-rock composite structures, the smaller the total elastic energy and dissipated energy produced in the process of cyclic loading. Based on the difference of damage variables calculated by dissipative energy method and acoustic emission method, a more sensitive joint calculation method for calculating damage variable was proposed. The joint damage variable calculation method can more accurately and sensitively reflect the damage of coal-rock composite structure under cyclic loading. The macroscopic crack first appears in the coal specimen in the coal-rock composite structure, the degree of broken coal specimens in the composite structure is inversely proportional to the coal-rock height ratio. The strength and deformation characteristics of the coal-rock composite structure are mainly affected by coal sample in the composite structure.
Making it normal for ‘new’ enrollments: Effect of institutional and pandemic influence on selecting an engineering institution under the COVID-19 pandemic situation
Authors: Mahajan Prashant , Patil Vaishali 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced Indian engineering institutions (EIs) to bring their previous half-shut shades completely down. Fetching new admissions to EI campuses during the pandemic has become a ‘now or never’ situation for EIs. During crisis situations, institutions have struggled to return to the normal track. The pandemic has drastically changed students’ behavior and family preferences due to mental stress and the emotional life attached to it. Consequently, it becomes a prerequisite, and emergencies need to examine the choice characteristics influencing the selection of EI during the COVID-19 pandemic situation.The purpose of this study is to critically examine institutional influence and pandemic influence due to COVID-19 that affects students’ choice about an engineering institution (EI) and consequently to explore relationships between institutional and pandemic influence. The findings of this quantitative research, conducted through a self-reported survey, have revealed that institutional and pandemic influence have governed EI choice under the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, pandemic influence is positively affected by institutional influence. The study demonstrated that EIs will have to reposition themselves to normalize pandemic influence by tuning institutional characteristics that regulate situational influence and new enrollments. It can be yardstick for policy makers to attract new enrollments under pandemic situations.
Portable Multicolor LED-Based System for the Photobiomodulation Therapy on Wound Healing Process In Vitro
Authors: Topaloglu Nermin , Balkaya Ufuk , Çevik Ziyşan Buse Yaralı 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Photobiomodulation is a practical and non-invasive treatment that triggers cell proliferation, cell differentiation, wound healing, new tissue formation, inflammation and pain reduction with low-level light therapy. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are energy-saving, affordable and safe alternatives to laser devices which are recently preferred in photobiomodulation. Although the wavelengths between 600–700 nm are most preferred ones, there is a lack of practical optical systems which study this mechanism in vitro with different wavelengths simultaneously. In this study, a portable and remotely controlled multicolor LED-based system was designed and tested on the wound healing process of human keratinocytes by irradiating the cells homogenously with 3 different wavelengths (460–475 nm as blue, 515–535 nm as green, and 585–595 nm as orange) on different experimental groups at the same time. Its proliferative and wound healing effect was evaluated with cell viability (MTT) analysis and cell migration (scratch) assay, respectively. It was observed that orange-LEDs were designated as the most triggering wavelength in terms of cell proliferation. Also, it was revealed with this device that different wavelengths can reach the intended accelerated wound healing process, so this optical system will be an advantageous design for future practical photobiomodulation studies in vitro.
Modern Russian oil and gas policy and its features in the Russian-Chinese cooperation in the gas sector
Authors: Stennikov V. A. , Golovshchikov V. О. , Romanovich E. A. 
Published: March 2021

This article presents a research study in the field of formation and implementation of Russian oil and gas policy, which has a decisive role in the development and functioning of the country's energy sector, its energy security, as well as for increasing revenues. The current relations between actors in the European gas market, which is expected to remain an important sector in Russian economy in the medium term, are assessed in the contexts of the risks and threats experienced by gas exporters. The role and place of the Russian Federation in gas export to China as an important element of the Russian Eastern Gas Policy and Energy Security Doctrine is discussed. Following an analysis of information from official sources, research publications and reports presented in the mass media, a substantiation of the urgency of the problem and the directions of its solution is given. The conducted study revealed that the oil and gas sector in Russia remains the most important component of the country's fuel and energy complex. Stable export of oil and gas is key for the oil and gas industry, contributing to the country's energy security. It is noted that, in the medium term, Russia will preserve at least 30% of the European gas market. At the same time, the energy policy of the European Union, anti-Russian economic sanctions and the excess of gas supply over demand are forcing Russia to significantly reduce the cost of exported gas in order to maintain its segment in the European gas market. The forecasted risks and threats to the "western vector" of the Russian gas policy determine the necessity to diversify gas export markets. In this regard, it seems reasonable to implement of the "Eastern Gas Policy" as an element of the energy strategy in the eastern regions, aimed at the widespread use of natural gas for domestic needs and export supplies. The emerging strategic partnership with China is determined not only by the energy partnership, which is acquiring new initiatives, but is also characterised by a wider sphere of relations, including economic and political cooperation. At the same time, economic cooperation in the gas sector is aimed primarily at ensuring the possibility of diversifying gas supplies to Chinese regions having a developed demand. In the current financial and economic situation in the energy market in the western direction, Russia is often forced to accept China’s conditions. The research results demonstrate that the Russian oil and gas complex retains key positions in the country's energy sector and economy. Currently, the process of active spatial development of the fuel and energy complex in the East of the country is observed, while in the long run both the “western” and “eastern” vectors of Russia's gas policy remain. Strengthening trade, economic and political cooperation between Russia and China in the medium and long term will lead to a significant increase in energy cooperation on mutually beneficial conditions.
First report of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, infecting Juncus microcephalus in Brazil
Authors: Bellé Cristiano , dos Santos Paulo Sergio , Kaspary Tiago Edu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Juncus microcephalus plants showing symptoms of root-knot nematode infestation were observed in the municipality of Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Based on morphological observation, esterase phenotypes, and molecular analyses of rDNA-ITS and D2-D3 regions of 28S rDNA, the causal agent of the observed symptoms was identified as Meloidogyne graminicola. Pathogenicity of M. graminicola was confirmed by fulfilling modified Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. graminicola in J. microcephalus in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Xiphinemella esseri Chitwood, 1957 (Dorylaimida: Leptonchidae) from Florida, with the first molecular study of the genus
Authors: Álvarez-Ortega Sergio , Subbotin Sergei A. , Inserra Renato N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A population of Xiphinemella esseri, recently collected under the canopy of associated live oak trees in north Florida, was studied and described with an integrative approach, including the first molecular study of the genus. This Florida population is characterized by its 2.30 to 3.32 mm long body, labial disc well developed, lip region offset by constriction, and 16.5 to 17.5 μm broad, odontostyle 46 to 49 μm long with minute aperture, neck 288 to 296 μm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 28 to 30% of total neck length, uterus a tripartite tube-like structure, pars refringens vaginae absent, vulva transverse (V = 45.4-49.7%), tail short and rounded (18-28 μm, c = 94-158, c′ = 0.6-0.9), spicules 41 to 45 μm long, and 8 to 10 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements bearing hiatus. The phylogenetic analysis inferred from the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene and 18S rRNA gene sequences showed that X. esseri clustered with other dorylaims from the family Leptonchidae. A brief discussion about the distribution and biological considerations of X. esseri is also provided.
Coupling the Xinanjiang model and wavelet-based random forests method for improved daily streamflow simulation
Authors: Wang Jian , Bao Weimin , Gao Qianyu , Si Wei , Sun Yiqun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDaily streamflow modeling is an important tool for water resources management and flood mitigation. This study compared the performance of the Xinanjiang (XAJ) model and random forests (RF) method in a daily streamflow simulation, and proposed several hybrid models based on the XAJ model, wavelet analysis, and RF method (including XAJ-RF model, WRF model, and XAJ-WRF model). The proposed methods were applied to Shiquan station, located in the Upper Han River basin in China. Five performance measures (NSE, RMSE, PBIAS, MAE, and R) were adopted to evaluate the modeling accuracy. Results showed that XAJ-RF model had a relatively higher level of accuracy than that of the XAJ model and the RF model. Compared to the RF and XAJ-RF models, the performance statistics of WRF and XAJ-WRF were better. The results indicated that the coupled XAJ-RF model can be effectively applied and provide a useful alternative for daily streamflow modeling and the application of wavelet analysis contributed to the increasing accuracy of streamflow modeling. Moreover, 14 wavelet functions from various families were tested to analyze the impact of various mother wavelets on the XAJ-WRF model.
Kolaviron Ameliorates 7, 12-Dimethylbenzanthracene - Induced Mammary Damage
Authors: Muhammad Aliyu , Suleiman Rabiatu B. , Umara Ismaila A. , Ibrahima Mohammed A. , Erukainure Ochuko L. , Forcados Gilead E. , Katsayal Sanusi B. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Kolaviron (KV) is a flavonoid-rich portion obtained from Garcinia kola seeds with a
number of reported pharmacological effects. However, its ameliorative effects on 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene
(DMBA)-induced mammary damage has not been fully investigated, despite the reported use of the seeds in the
treatment of inflammatory related disorders.

Objective:
To evaluate the ameliorative effects of KV on DMBA-induced mammary damage in female Wistar
rats.

Methods:
Forty-nine (49) female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into seven groups of seven rats each.
DMBA was administered orally to rats in five of the groups as a single dose of 80 mg/kg body wt while the
remaining two groups received the vehicle. The rats were palpated weekly for 3 months to monitor tumor
formation. After 3 months of DMBA administration, 1 ml of blood was collected to assay for estrogen receptor-
α (ER-α) level. Thereafter, the vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) was daily administered to the negative control and
positive control groups for the 14 days duration of the experiment while three groups were each given a daily oral
dose of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body wt of KV for the duration of the experiment. The last DMBA-induced
group received 10 mg/kg body wt of the standard drug tamoxifen twice a week, and the remaining DMBA-free
group received 200 mg/kg body wt KV. Subsequently, the animals were humanely sacrificed, and ER-α, sialic
acids, sialidase, sialyltransferase levels were assayed in blood and mammary tissues followed by
histopathological examinations.

Results:
Significantly higher levels of estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), formation of lobular neoplastic cells, epithelial
hyperplasia, lymphocyte infiltration, and increased sialylation were detected in DMBA-induced rats. Treatment
with KV at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in ER-α level, free
serum sialic acid (21.1%), the total sialic acid level of the mammary tissue (21.57%), sialyltransferase activity
(30.83%) as well as mRNA level of the sialyltransferase gene (ST3Gal1) were observed after KV interventions.

Conclusion:
The findings suggest that KV could be further explored in targeting DMBA-induced mammary
damage implicated in mammary carcinogenesis.
Physical Exercise and Yoga: As an Alternative Approach Towards
COVID-19 Management
Authors: Kumar Saurabh , Sudha Sakshi , Chopra Madhu , Khan Famida , Sharma Kanupriya 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), a highly contagious ssRNA +Ve sense
virus that emerged in late 2019, has created a global panic. With no effective therapy available, the
virus has significantly affected the world population causing millions of death. Therefore, it is the
utmost need to look towards all the possible strategies to benefit the community.

Objectives:
In view of the current global pandemic, we tried to discuss the potential benefits of two
cost-effective alternative approaches, i.e., physical exercise and yoga.

Method:
The editorial is based on a literature search available on PubMed, Google Scholar, and
WHO portal. Search terminologies include “yoga,” “physical exercise,” “COVID-19,” “viral infections,”
and a combination of these words.

Results:
A literature search defines yoga and physical exercise efficacy in different viral diseases,
including HIV, influenza, and HSV. It ameliorates the quality of life (QoL) by improving both the
physical and mental well-being of an individual. This is mainly done by promoting the better functioning
of the immune system (increases CD4+ and CD8+ cells and reduces pro-inflammatory response).

Conclusions:
Regular involvement of these activities in day-to-day life may limit latent virus reactivations
and reduce infection chances.