bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody profiling of patients with prostate cancer reveals differences in antibody signatures among disease stages
Authors: Potluri Hemanth K , Ng Tun Lee , Newton Michael A , Zhang Jin , Maher Christopher A , Nelson Peter S , McNeel Douglas G 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundPrevious studies of prostate cancer autoantibodies have largely focused on diagnostic applications. So far, there have been no reports attempting to more comprehensively profile the landscape of prostate cancer-associated antibodies. Specifically, it is unknown whether the quantity of antibodies or the types of proteins recognized change with disease progression.MethodsA peptide microarray spanning the amino acid sequences of the gene products of 1611 prostate cancer-associated genes was synthesized. Serum samples from healthy male volunteers (n=15) and patients with prostate cancer (n=85) were used to probe the array. These samples included patients with various clinical stages of disease: newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer (n=15), castration-sensitive non-metastatic prostate cancer (nmCSPC, n=40), castration-resistant non-metastatic prostate cancer (n=15) and castration-resistant metastatic disease (n=15). The patients with nmCSPC received treatment with either standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or an antitumor DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase. Serial sera samples from these individuals were also used to probe the array, to secondarily determine whether this approach could be used to detect treatment-related changes.ResultsWe demonstrated that this peptide array yielded highly reproducible measurements of serum IgG levels. We found that the overall number of antibody responses did not increase with disease burden. However, the composition of recognized proteins shifted with clinical stage of disease. Our analysis revealed that the largest difference was between patients with castration-sensitive and castration-resistant disease. Patients with castration-resistant disease recognized more proteins associated with nucleic acid binding and gene regulation compared with men in other groups. Our longitudinal data showed that treatments can elicit antibodies detectable by this array, and notably vaccine-treated patients developed increased responses to more proteins over the course of treatment than did ADT-treated patients.ConclusionsThis study represents the largest survey of prostate cancer-associated antibodies to date. We have been able to characterize the classes of proteins recognized by patients and determine how they change with disease burden. Our findings further demonstrate the potential of this platform for measuring antigen spread and studying responses to immunomodulatory therapies.
Suicide in welfare support workers: a retrospective mortality study in Australia 2001–2016
Authors: Maheen Humaira , Dimov Stefanie , Spittal Matthew J , King Tania L 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesEmployees working in the welfare and healthcare industry have poorer mental health than other occupational groups; however, there has been little examination of suicide among this group. In this study, we examined suicide rates among welfare support workers and compared them to other occupations in Australia.MethodsWe used data from the National Coroners Information System to obtain suicide deaths between the years 2001 and 2016. Using the Australian standard population from 2001 and Census data from 2006, 2011 and 2016, we calculated age-standardised suicide rates and rate ratios to compare suicide rates across different occupational groups.ResultsOverall, the age-standardised suicide rate of welfare support workers was 8.6 per 100 000 people. The gender-stratified results show that male welfare support workers have a high suicide rate (23.8 per 100 000 people) which is similar to male social workers and nurses (25.4 per 100 000). After adjusting for age and year of death, both males (rate ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.78) and female welfare support workers (rate ratio 1.49, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.86) have higher suicide rate ratios compared with the reference group (excluding occupations from the comparison groups).ConclusionThe age-standardised suicide rates of male welfare support workers are comparable to occupations which have been identified as high-risk occupations for suicide. Both female and male welfare support workers are at elevated risk of suicide compared with other occupations. Further research is required to understand the drivers of the elevated risk in this group.
Incorporating age improves the Glasgow Coma Scale score for predicting mortality from traumatic brain injury
Authors: Salottolo Kristin , Panchal Ripul , Madayag Robert M , Dhakal Laxmi , Rosenberg William , Banton Kaysie L , Hamilton David , Bar-Or David 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundThe Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score has been adapted into categories of severity (mild, moderate, and severe) and are ubiquitous in the trauma setting. This study sought to revise the GCS categories to account for an interaction by age and to determine the discrimination of the revised categories compared with the standard GCS categories.MethodsThe American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank registry was used to identify patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI; ICD-9 codes 850–854.19) who were admitted to participating trauma centers from 2010 to 2015. The primary exposure variables were GCS score and age, categorized by decade (teens, 20s, 30s…, 80s). In-hospital mortality was the primary outcome for examining TBI severity/prognostication. Logistic regression was used to calculate the conditional probability of death by age decade and GCS in a development dataset (75% of patients). These probabilities were used to create a points-based revision of the GCS, categorized as low (mild), moderate, and high (severe). Performance of the revised versus standard GCS categories was compared in the validation dataset using area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curves.ResultsThe final population included 539,032 patients with TBI. Age modified the performance of the GCS, resulting in a novel categorization schema for each age decile. For patients in their 50s, performance of the revised GCS categories mirrored the standard GCS categorization (3–8, 9–12, 13–15); all other revised GCS categories were heavily modified by age. Model validation demonstrated the revised GCS categories statistically significantly outperformed the standard GCS categories at predicting mortality (AUC: 0.800 vs 0.755, p<0.001). The revised GCS categorization also outperformed the standard GCS categories for mortality within pre-specified subpopulations: blunt mechanism, isolated TBI, falls, non-transferred patients.DiscussionWe propose the revised age-adjusted GCS categories will improve severity assessment and provide a more uniform early prognostic indicator of mortality following traumatic brain injury.Level of evidenceIII epidemiologic/prognostic.
Decreased adult trauma admission volumes and changing injury patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic at 85 trauma centers in a multistate healthcare system
Authors: Berg Gina M , Wyse Ransom J , Morse Jennifer L , Chipko John , Garland Jeneva M , Slivinski Andrea , Lieser Mark , Biswas Saptarshi , Carrick Matthew M , Rhodes Heather , Acuna David , Watts Dorraine D , Wilson Nina Y , Shen Yan , Deas Shenequa , Fakhry Samir M 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundReports indicate social distancing guidelines and other effects of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted trauma patient volumes and injury patterns. This report is the first analysis of a large trauma network describing the extent of these impacts. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient volumes, demographics, injury characteristics, and outcomes.MethodsFor this descriptive, multicenter study from a large, multistate hospital network, data were collected from the system-wide centralized trauma registry and retrospectively reviewed to retrieve patient information including volume, demographics, and outcomes. For comparison, patient data from January through May of 2020 and January through May of 2019 were extracted.ResultsA total of 12 395 trauma patients (56% men, 79% white, mean age 59 years) from 85 trauma centers were included. The first 5 months of 2020 revealed a substantial decrease in volume, which began in February and continued into June. Further analysis revealed an absolute decrease of 32.5% in patient volume in April 2020 compared with April 2019 (4997 from 7398; p<0.0001). Motor vehicle collisions decreased 49.7% (628 from 1249). There was a statistically significant increase in injury severity score (9.0 vs. 8.3; p<0.001). As a proportion of the total trauma population, blunt injuries decreased 3.1% (87.3 from 90.5) and penetrating injuries increased 2.7% (10.0 from 7.3; p<0.001). A significant increase was found in the proportion of patients who did not survive to discharge (3.6% vs. 2.8%; p=0.010; absolute decrease: 181 from 207).DiscussionEarly phases of the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with a 32.5% decrease in trauma patient volumes and altered injury patterns at 85 trauma centers in a multistate system. This preliminary observational study describes the initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and warrants further investigation.Level of evidenceLevel II (therapeutic/care management).
A simple model for viscoelastic crack propagation
Authors: Persson B. N. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
When a crack propagates in a viscoelastic solid, energy dissipation can occur very far from the crack tip where the stress field may be very different from the $$r^{-1/2}$$

r

-
1
/
2

singular form expected close to the crack tip. Most theories of crack propagation focus on the near crack tip region. Remarkable, here I show that a simple theory which does not account for the nature of the stress field in the near crack tip region results in a crack propagation energy in semiquantitative agreement with a theory based on the stress field in the near crack tip region. I consider both opening and closing crack propagation and show that for closing crack propagation in viscoelastic solids, some energy dissipation processes must occur in the crack tip process zone. The theory is illustrated by new experimental results for the adhesive interaction between a silica glass ball and a silicone rubber surface.

Graphic abstract
Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Sleep Duration, and Associated Mediators With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Authors: Souza Silvana P. , Santos Ronaldo B. , Santos Itamar S. , Parise Barbara K. , Giatti Soraya , Aielo Aline N. , Cunha Lorenna F. , Silva Wagner A. , Bortolotto Luiz A. , Lorenzi-Filho Geraldo , Lotufo Paulo A. , Bensenor Isabela M. , Drager Luciano F. 
Published: February 2021

Objective:
To elucidate the independent associations of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and sleep duration (SD) as well as the potential inflammatory and metabolic mediators on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in a large cohort of adults.

Approach and Results:

Consecutive participants from the ELSA-Brasil performed a clinical evaluation, sleep study, 1-week actigraphy for defining SD and CIMT using standard techniques. Gamma regression models were used to explore the association between OSA and SD with CIMT. Mediation analysis was performed using the mediation R package. A total of 2009 participants were included in the main analysis. As compared with no OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] <5 events/hour; n=613), patients with mild (AHI, 5–14.9; n=741), moderate (AHI, 15–29.9; n=389), and severe OSA (AHI ≥30 events/hour; n=266) presented a progressive CIMT increase (0.690 [0.610–0.790], 0.760 [0.650–0.890], 0.810 [0.700–0.940], and 0.820 [0.720–0.958] mm;
P
<0.001). In contrast, CIMTs were similar for those with SD <6 hours (0.760 [0.650–0.888]), 6 to 8 hours (0.750 [0.640–0.880]) and >8 hours (0.740 [0.670–0.900]). All forms of OSA were independently associated with CIMT (mild: β: 0.019, SE 0.008;
P
=0.022; moderate: β: 0.025, SE 0.011;
P
=0.022; severe OSA: β: 0.040, SE 0.013;
P
=0.002). Moreover, the association of AHI with CIMT was mediated by increased C-reactive protein and triglycerides (
P
<0.01). SD did not interact with OSA in the association with CIMT.

Conclusions:
OSA is independently associated with increased CIMT in a dose-response relationship. This association is partially mediated by inflammation and dyslipidemia. In contrast, SD is not associated nor interacted with OSA to increase CIMT.
Pivotal Study of a Novel Motor-Driven Endoscopic Ablation System
Authors: Schmidt Boris , Petru Jan , Chun K.R. Julian , Sediva Lucie , Bordignon Stefano , Chen Shaojie , Neuzil Petr 
Published: February 2021

Background:
The HeartLight endoscopic ablation system has proven similar efficacy as radiofrequency guided pulmonary vein (PV) isolation in prospective randomized studies though longer procedure times were reported. Recently, the option of a new ablation mode (RAPID) was added, during which the laser arc generator is swept around the PV antrum by an integrated motor drive at a predefined speed for continuous ablation. We sought to determine the performance of the new endoscopic ablation system (X3).

Methods:
The study was prospective, 2-center, and historically controlled (comparison to pivotal HeartLight study). The primary end point was ablation time (time from insertion of the X3 catheter to the end of the last 30-minute wait period). Transtelephonic monitoring was performed from 90 days to 12 months after ablation.

Results:

A total of 60 patients were enrolled at 2 centers. Except one, all PVs were treated with RAPID mode. Acute PV isolation was achieved in 225/228 of these PVs (98.7%). The ablation time was significantly shorter with X3 than in the HeartLight study (77.3±25.8 versus 173.8±46.6 min;
P
<0.0001). Procedure time and fluoroscopy time were also significantly shorter (103.7±32.3 versus 236.0±52.8 min;
P
<0.0001; 6.9±3.5 versus 35.6±18.2;
P
<0.0001). PV isolation after the first circular lesion was achieved in 91.6% of PVs (206/225). Two strokes and one late pericardial effusion were noted in the treatment group that were not deemed device related. The 6-month and 12-month atrial fibrillation–free rates for X3 compare favorably with the rates reported for HeartLight, 89.5% versus 75.0% and 71.9% versus 61.1%, respectively.

Conclusions:
The novel X3 generation endoscopic ablation system allows for rapid PV isolation by continuous lesion deployment. This was associated with a significant reduction in ablation and procedure times while maintaining the safety and chronic effectiveness in comparison to historical controls.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03470636.
Getting Tough? The Effects of Discretionary Principal Discipline on Student Outcomes
Authors: Sorensen Lucy C. , Bushway Shawn D. , Gifford Elizabeth J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nationwide, school principals are given wide discretion to use disciplinary tools like suspension and expulsion to create a safe learning environment. There is legitimate concern that this power can have negative consequences, particularly for the students who are excluded. This study uses linked disciplinary, education, and criminal justice records from 2008 to 2016 in North Carolina to examine the impact of principal-driven disciplinary decisions on middle school student outcomes. We find that when principals are more likely to remove students, this leads to reductions in reported rates of minor student misconduct. However, this deterrence comes at a high cost—these harsher principals generate more juvenile justice complaints and reduce high school graduation rates for all students in their schools. Students who commit minor disciplinary infractions in a school with a harsh principal suffer additional declines in attendance and test scores. Finally, principals exhibiting racial bias in their disciplinary decisions also widen educational gaps between white and black students.
Measuring the Effect of Student Loans on College Persistence
Authors: Card David , Solis Alex 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Governments around the world use grant and loan programs to ease the financial constraints that contribute to socioeconomic gaps in college completion. A growing body of research assesses the impact of grants; less is known about how loan programs affect persistence and degree completion. We use detailed administrative data from Chile to provide rigorous regression discontinuity-based evidence on the impacts of loan eligibility for university students who retake the national admission test after their first year of studies. Those who score above a certain threshold become eligible for loans covering around 85 percent of tuition costs for the duration of their program. We find that access to loans increases by 20 percentage points the fraction who return to university for a second year, with two thirds of the effect arising from a reduction in transfers to vocational colleges and one third from a decline in the share who stop postsecondary schooling altogether. The longer-run impacts are smaller but remain highly significant, with a 12 percentage point impact on the fraction of marginally eligible retakers who complete a bachelor's degree.
Intact Proactive Motor Inhibition after Unilateral Prefrontal Cortex or Basal Ganglia Lesions
Authors: Liebrand Matthias , Solbakk Anne-Kristin , Funderud Ingrid , Buades-Rotger Macià , Knight Robert T. , Krämer Ulrike M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Previous research provided evidence for the critical importance of the PFC and BG for reactive motor inhibition, that is, when actions are cancelled in response to external signals. Less is known about the role of the PFC and BG in proactive motor inhibition, referring to preparation for an upcoming stop signal. In this study, patients with unilateral lesions to the BG or lateral PFC performed in a cued go/no-go task, whereas their EEG was recorded. The paradigm called for cue-based preparation for upcoming, lateralized no-go signals. Based on previous findings, we focused on EEG indices of cognitive control (prefrontal beta), motor preparation (sensorimotor mu/beta, contingent negative variation [CNV]), and preparatory attention (occipital alpha, CNV). On a behavioral level, no differences between patients and controls were found, suggesting an intact ability to proactively prepare for motor inhibition. Patients showed an altered preparatory CNV effect, but no other differences in electrophysiological activity related to proactive and reactive motor inhibition. Our results suggest a context-dependent role of BG and PFC structures in motor inhibition, being critical in reactive, unpredictable contexts, but less so in situations where one can prepare for stopping on a short timescale.
Synchronization between Keyboard Typing and Neural Oscillations
Authors: Duprez Joan , Stokkermans Mitchel , Drijvers Linda , Cohen Michael X. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Rhythmic neural activity synchronizes with certain rhythmic behaviors, such as breathing, sniffing, saccades, and speech. The extent to which neural oscillations synchronize with higher-level and more complex behaviors is largely unknown. Here, we investigated electrophysiological synchronization with keyboard typing, which is an omnipresent behavior daily engaged by an uncountably large number of people. Keyboard typing is rhythmic, with frequency characteristics roughly the same as neural oscillatory dynamics associated with cognitive control, notably through midfrontal theta (4–7 Hz) oscillations. We tested the hypothesis that synchronization occurs between typing and midfrontal theta and breaks down when errors are committed. Thirty healthy participants typed words and sentences on a keyboard without visual feedback, while EEG was recorded. Typing rhythmicity was investigated by interkeystroke interval analyses and by a kernel density estimation method. We used a multivariate spatial filtering technique to investigate frequency-specific synchronization between typing and neuronal oscillations. Our results demonstrate theta rhythmicity in typing (around 6.5 Hz) through the two different behavioral analyses. Synchronization between typing and neuronal oscillations occurred at frequencies ranging from 4 to 15 Hz, but to a larger extent for lower frequencies. However, peak synchronization frequency was idiosyncratic across participants, therefore not specific to theta nor to midfrontal regions, and correlated somewhat with peak typing frequency. Errors and trials associated with stronger cognitive control were not associated with changes in synchronization at any frequency. As a whole, this study shows that brain–behavior synchronization does occur during keyboard typing but is not specific to midfrontal theta.
Virtues and the Book of Rites
Authors: Pang-White Ann A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper explores the meaning of Confucian de 德 (often translated as virtue) in the Book of Rites  《禮記》. Using intertextual discussions with texts supplemented by the Analects《論語》, the Mengzi  《孟子》, and the Xunzi《荀子》, I argue that ritual (li 禮) and virtue are closely interrelated. Without ritual, virtue is raw. Without virtue, ritual is barren. De’s interrelationship with ritual is central to Confucian ethics. Ritual is constitutive for all Confucian virtues. This central thesis coupled with subsequent features such as de’s aesthetic dimension and thick interpersonal relationships demonstrate that the Confucian de has multilayered meanings that cannot be fully captured by either the contemporary concept of virtue or the Aristotelian idea of arête.
Meloidogyne enterolobii, a threat to crop production with particular reference to sub-Saharan Africa: an extensive, critical and updated review
Authors: Collett Raymond Lesley , Marais Mariette , Daneel Mieke , Rashidifard Milad , Fourie Hendrika 
Published: February 2021

Summary
Crop damage inflicted by Meloidogyne enterolobii justifies an updated literature review focusing on recent discoveries about its identification, biology and management. Since its description in 1983, M. enterolobii has become a pest of great concern, particularly due to its virulence, which renders controlling this nematode pest a challenge. The global distribution of M. enteroblii is summarised, with emphasis placed on limited research done for the species in sub-Saharan Africa where food production and security is threatened by root-knot nematode parasitism. Novel advances in methods used to detect M. enterolobii are touched upon, especially the improvement in advanced molecular techniques that complements shortcomings in morphology and morphometic approaches. Despite these exciting developments, the employment of effective management strategies to combat the species remains problematic. Future research on various aspects of M. enterolobii is crucial, with focus to be placed on the use of available resources to contain damage caused by this species.