bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf and root attributes as growth and phosphorus uptake determinants in two grass species from South America’s natural grasslands
Authors: Marques Anderson Cesar Ramos , Quadros Fernando Luiz Ferreira de , Brunetto Gustavo , Ferigolo Leticia Frizzo , Schwalbert Raissa , Del Frari Bianca Knebel , Fernandes Gíllian Santos , Nicoloso Fernando Teixeira 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPhosphorus uptake by grass species from natural South American grasslands can change depending on root and leaf attributes capable of determining higher, or lower, relative growth rate. The aim of the current study is to investigate whether leaf and root attributes capable of determining leaf and root area production in native C4 grass species Axonopus affinis and Andropogon lateralis are related to higher relative growth rate (RGR), P uptake capacity (maximum P influx; Imax) and concentration. Species grown in 2-litre pots with added nutrition solution were subjected to two treatments, namely 5 μM P l−1 and 30 μM P l−1. Solution aliquots (10 ml) were collected for 30 hours at the end of the study to determine P concentrations. RGR was 3.6 and 2.8 times higher in A. affinis than in A. lateralis in treatments with 5 μM P and 30 μM P. Axonopus affinis recorded the highest P concentration in leaf tissue. This outcome was associated with Imax 85% higher in A. affinis. High RGR was associated with larger leaf and root surface area per dry mass unit, as well as with high P influx capacity and with higher affinity transporters. These species often prevail in areas accounting for greater natural fertility and are more responsive to phosphate fertilization.
Uncertainty and dispute resolution for blockchain and smart contract institutions
Authors: Howell Bronwyn E. , Potgieter Petrus H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSmart contracts have been proposed as a means of revolutionizing transacting between human actors and contributing to blockchain platforms substituting for many current institutions. However, the technical nature of blockchain platforms and smart contracts requires levels of certainty and foresight sufficient for contracts to be complete. We examine the technical and economic characteristics of blockchains and smart contracts to identify sources of uncertainty that may pose challenges to the ability of these technologies to displace existing institutional arrangements, in particular, the courts and other arbitration arrangements. Despite the development of alternative automated blockchain institutions such as the Kleros dispute resolution system, the case for smart contracts and blockchain applications to supplant real-world institutions remains weak. Inherent incompleteness due to limits to information availability, human cognition, and communication means that traditional contract governance institutions will continue to complement blockchain smart contract governance arrangements. The more complex and unique the transaction, the higher the value at risk, the harder to anticipate and precisely specify contingencies and measure and observe outcomes. Furthermore, the longer the time frame between agreement and execution, the less likely it is that smart contracting will be more efficient than traditional contracting.
Signal distortions in circular dielectric waveguides at mm-wave frequencies
Authors: Meyer Andre , Schneider Martin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite the great progress in data transmission systems using dielectric waveguides (DWGs) in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency band (30–300 GHz), the signal distortions caused by DWGs have not yet been fully understood. However, such investigations would help to optimize DWGs as a transmission channel in order to further increase data rate and transmission distance of such systems without the need for more complex transceivers. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed study of the expected signal distortions caused by frequency-dependent attenuation and frequency-dependent group delay of circular DWGs at mm-wave frequencies. Based on a low-complexity digital transmission system, the effects of DWGs on the signal-to-noise ratio and the intersymbol interference at the receiver are evaluated. The figures and equations given in this paper allow the reader to easily calculate the channel properties and signal distortions for a wide range of circular DWGs without the need of finite element method solver or other time-consuming numerical simulations. Finally, design recommendations are given to minimize signal distortions for transmitting signals along DWGs.
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders for Indigenous Australians: a population-based birth cohort study
Authors: Ogilvie James M. , Tzoumakis Stacy , Allard Troy , Thompson Carleen , Kisely Steve , Stewart Anna 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Aims
Limited information exists about the prevalence of psychiatric illness for Indigenous Australians. This study examines the prevalence of diagnosed psychiatric disorders in Indigenous Australians and compares this to non-Indigenous Australians. The aims were to: (1) determine prevalence rates for psychiatric diagnoses for Indigenous Australians admitted to hospital; and (2) examine whether the profile of psychiatric diagnoses for Indigenous Australians was different compared with non-Indigenous Australians.

Methods
A birth cohort design was adopted, with the population consisting of 45 141 individuals born in the Australian State of Queensland in 1990 (6.3% Indigenous). Linked administrative data from Queensland Health hospital admissions were used to identify psychiatric diagnoses from age 4/5 to 23/24 years. Crude lifetime prevalence rates of psychiatric diagnoses for Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals were derived from the hospital admissions data. The cumulative incidence of psychiatric diagnoses was modelled separately for Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals. Logistic regression was used to model differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous psychiatric presentations while controlling for sociodemographic characteristics.

Results
There were 2783 (6.2%) individuals in the cohort with a diagnosed psychiatric disorder from a hospital admission. The prevalence of any psychiatric diagnosis at age 23/24 years was 17.2% (491) for Indigenous Australians compared with 5.4% (2292) for non-Indigenous Australians. Indigenous individuals were diagnosed earlier, with overrepresentation in psychiatric illness becoming more pronounced with age. Indigenous individuals were overrepresented in almost all categories of psychiatric disorder and this was most pronounced for substance use disorders (SUDs) (12.2 v. 2.6% of Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals, respectively). Differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in the likelihood of psychiatric disorders were not statistically significant after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, except for SUDs.

Conclusions
There is significant inequality in psychiatric morbidity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians across most forms of psychiatric illness that is evident from an early age and becomes more pronounced with age. SUDs are particularly prevalent, highlighting the importance of appropriate interventions to prevent and address these problems. Inequalities in mental health may be driven by socioeconomic disadvantage experienced by Indigenous individuals.
Quantifying Errors in Observationally Based Estimates of Ocean Carbon Sink Variability
Authors: Gloege Lucas , McKinley Galen A. , Landschützer Peter , Fay Amanda R. , Frölicher Thomas L. , Fyfe John C. , Ilyina Tatiana , Jones Steve , Lovenduski Nicole S. , Rodgers Keith B. , Schlunegger Sarah , Takano Yohei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReducing uncertainty in the global carbon budget requires better quantification of ocean CO2 uptake and its temporal variability. Several methodologies for reconstructing air‐sea CO2 exchange from pCO2 observations indicate larger decadal variability than estimated using ocean models. We develop a new application of multiple Large Ensemble Earth system models to assess these reconstructions' ability to estimate spatiotemporal variability. With our Large Ensemble Testbed, pCO2 fields from 25 ensemble members each of four independent Earth system models are subsampled as the observations and the reconstruction is performed as it would be with real‐world observations. The power of a testbed is that the perfect reconstruction is known for each of the original model fields; thus, reconstruction skill can be comprehensively assessed. We find that a neural‐network approach can skillfully reconstruct air‐sea CO2 fluxes when it is trained with sufficient data. Flux bias is low for the global mean and Northern Hemisphere, but can be regionally high in the Southern Hemisphere. The phase and amplitude of the seasonal cycle are accurately reconstructed outside of the tropics, but longer‐term variations are reconstructed with only moderate skill. For Southern Ocean decadal variability, insufficient sampling leads to a 31% (15%:58%, interquartile range) overestimation of amplitude, and phasing is only moderately correlated with known truth (r = 0.54 [0.46:0.63]). Globally, the amplitude of decadal variability is overestimated by 21% (3%:34%). Machine learning, when supplied with sufficient data, can skillfully reconstruct ocean properties. However, data sparsity remains a fundamental limitation to quantification of decadal variability in the ocean carbon sink.
Influencing Indicators and Spatial Variation of Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence in Shandong, China: A Framework for Using Data‐Driven and Spatial Methods
Authors: Li Yizhuo , Fei Teng , Wang Jian , Nicholas Stephen , Li Jun , Xu Lizheng , Huang Yanran , Li Hanqi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo control and prevent the risk of diabetes, diabetes studies have identified the need to better understand and evaluate the associations between influencing indicators and the prevalence of diabetes. One constraint has been that influencing indicators have been selected mainly based on subjective judgment and tested using traditional statistical modeling methods. We proposed a framework new to diabetes studies using data‐driven and spatial methods to identify the most significant influential determinants of diabetes automatically and estimated their relationships. We used data from diabetes mellitus patients' health insurance records in Shandong province, China, and collected influencing indicators of diabetes prevalence at the county level in the sociodemographic, economic, education, and geographical environment domains. We specified a framework to identify automatically the most influential determinants of diabetes, and then established the relationship between these selected influencing indicators and diabetes prevalence. Our autocorrelation results showed that the diabetes prevalence in 12 Shandong cities was significantly clustered (Moran'sI = 0.328,p < 0.01). In total, 17 significant influencing indicators were selected by executing binary linear regressions and lasso regressions. The spatial error regressions in different subgroups were subject to different diabetes indicators. Some positive indicators existed significantly like per capita fruit production and other indicators correlated with diabetes prevalence negatively like the proportion of green space. Diabetes prevalence was mainly subjected to the joint effects of influencing indicators. This framework can help public health officials to inform the implementation of improved treatment and policies to attenuate diabetes diseases.
Configuration of the Earth’s Magnetotail Current Sheet
Authors: Artemyev Anton , Lu San , El‐Alaoui Mostafa , Lin Yu , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Runov Andrei , Vasko Ivan , Zelenyi Lev , Russell Christopher 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe spatial scale and intensity of Earth’s magnetotail current sheet determine the magnetotail configuration, which is critical to one of the most energetically powerful phenomena in the Earth’s magnetosphere, substorms. In the absence of statistical information about plasma currents, theories of the magnetotail current sheets were mostly based on the isotropic stress balance. Such models suggest that thin current sheets cannot be long and should have strong plasma pressure gradients along the magnetotail. Using Magnetospheric Multiscale and THEMIS observations and global simulations, we explore realistic configuration of the magnetotail current sheet. We find that the magnetotail current sheet is thinner than expected from theories that assume isotropic stress balance. Observed plasma pressure gradients in thin current sheets are insufficiently strong (i.e., current sheets are too long) to balance the magnetic field line tension force. Therefore, pressure anisotropy is essential in the configuration of thin current sheets where instability precedes substorm onset.
Grain Size Variations Record Segregation of Residual Melts in Slow‐Spreading Oceanic Crust (Atlantis Bank, 57°E Southwest Indian Ridge)
Authors: Ferrando C. , France L. , Basch V. , Sanfilippo A. , Tribuzio R. , Boulanger M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBeneath slow‐spreading ridges, melt bodies are generally considered to represent ephemeral magma reservoirs filled with crystal mushes. Formation of the oceanic crust requires at least partial extraction of melts from these crystal mushes. However, melts collection and extraction are processes yet to be fully constrained. We investigate olivine gabbros from the plutonic section recovered at the IODP Hole U1473A, in the Atlantis Bank Oceanic Core Complex (Southwest Indian Ridge), to unravel (i) the process of melt migration through lower crustal crystal mushes, and (ii) the collection and segregation of melts forming discrete microgabbro intervals. Throughout the Hole, fine‐ to coarse‐grained intervals are widespread in olivine gabbros. Along the contacts, coarse‐grained minerals display resorbed grain boundaries against the fine‐grained minerals, suggesting partial dissolution by the melt crystallizing the fine‐grained material. Coarse‐grained plagioclase and clinopyroxene are zoned, showing progressive chemical evolution from more primitive crystal cores to more evolved crystal rims. Fine‐grained minerals are unzoned and chemically similar to rims of coarse‐grained minerals, indicating a genetic relationship. We attribute significant enrichments in the most incompatible elements of plagioclase and clinopyroxene to a magma evolution process associated with reactive melt migration. As temperature decreased, melts residual from the reactive processes were segregated in magma pockets that ultimately crystallize the fine‐grained intervals (microgabbros). We document, for the first time, that these microgabbros are crystallization products of melts modified by reactive melt migration; the melts were extracted from the crystal mush and accumulated into discrete melt‐rich zones. This process could have promoted partial extraction of those melts that in turn potentially contribute to Mid Ocean Ridge Basalts erupted at the seafloor.
The Horizontal Slab Beneath East Asia and Its Subdued Surface Dynamic Response
Authors: Liu Shaofeng , Ma Pengfei , Zhang Bo , Gurnis Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe kinematics of plate tectonics, deformation, and dynamic topography are strong indicators of coupling between plates and the mantle. East Asia is characterized by the presence of an unusually large horizontal slab that lies within the mantle transition zone. How this feature evolved and is linked to plate tectonics, deformation, and topography is poorly understood. Here, we show four‐dimensional geodynamic modeling results constrained by a new deforming plate reconstruction that fits mantle architecture inferred from seismic tomography. We find that the subducted western Pacific slab was progressively torn by the Philippine Sea plate rotating clockwise during the Miocene and that northwestward mantle flow contributed to shaping the horizontal slab during subduction, leading to dynamic subsidence along the East Asia margin. The rather subdued change in dynamic topography, predicted from those models that fit the horizontal slab in the mantle, is consistent with the variation in residual topography, recorded in the stratigraphy, within only about ±200 m over the last 50 Myr during a period of no large marine inundation or retreat. The tectonics and topography of East Asia strongly contrast with those of Southeast Asia and are reflective of slabs ephemerally stagnating in the mantle below East Asia while avalanching into the lower mantle below Southeast Asia.
New Uppermost Mantle Pn Velocity and Anisotropy Model of the Eastern Caribbean
Authors: Lü Yan , Liu Jiaqi , He Yuhui , Guan Yurui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUsing the Pn tomography method and new ISC‐EHB data, we obtained a new Pn velocity and anisotropy model of the uppermost mantle in eastern Caribbean. The consistency between the Pn fast directions and SKS splitting fast wave directions indicates that the anisotropic structure of the uppermost mantle in the area of the collisional plate boundary is the main cause of shear‐wave splitting. The results show that the seismic velocity of uppermost mantle beneath the Aves Ridge is not anomalous, implying that this area is no longer affected by the upwelling of mantle material. We observe high Pn velocities in the uppermost mantle beneath eastern Caribbean Sea, which are higher than in the deeper parts (100–200 km in depth) of the upper mantle; comparing these results with similar findings in the Japan Sea at the northwestern Pacific subduction zone, we believe the uppermost mantle beneath the back‐arc region is not or little affected by hot material from the deeper mantle.
Eddy‐Driven Transport of Particulate Organic Carbon‐Rich Coastal Water Off the West Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Castelao Renato M. , Dinniman Michael S. , Amos Caitlin M. , Klinck John M. , Medeiros Patricia M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Southern Ocean is characterized by high eddy activity and high particulate organic carbon (POC) content during summer, especially near Antarctica. Because it encircles the globe, it provides a pathway for inter‐basin exchange. Here, we use satellite observations and a high‐resolution ocean model to quantify offshore transport of coastal water rich in POC off the West Antarctic Peninsula. We show that nonlinear cyclonic eddies generated near the coast often trap coastal water rich in POC during formation before propagating offshore. As a result, cyclones found offshore that were generated near the coast have on average higher POC content in their interior than cyclones generated locally offshore. This results in a POC enrichment of 5.7 ± 3.0 Gg C year−1 in offshore waters off the Peninsula. Actual POC enrichment is likely substantially larger, since about half of the volume transport of coastal water is driven by small eddies that are missed by observations.
Surface Ozone in the Yangtze River Delta, China: A Synthesis of Basic Features, Meteorological Driving Factors, and Health Impacts
Authors: Zhan Chenchao , Xie Min , Liu Jane , Wang Tijian , Xu Meng , Chen Bing , Li Shu , Zhuang Bingliang , Li Mengmeng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOzone (O3) is of great importance to air quality in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China. Focusing on surface O3 in the YRD, its spatiotemporal characteristics, meteorological driving factors, and health impacts are investigated based on surface O3 observations in this study. We find that from 2015 to 2019, most cities failed to meet the national standards and O3 pollution mainly occurred in warm seasons (April‐September). Surface O3 in the YRD increased in the recent years, so did tropospheric column O3. Spatially, surface shows a significant positive autocorrelation over the YRD except for 2019, and high O3 values mainly gather in the central of the YRD. The first two empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of O3 accounted for 37.4% and 20.0% of the total variance in O3, respectively, with their spatial patterns characterized by the same phase and west and east contrast, respectively. The EOF1 is related to the change in radiation and the EOF2 is attributed to regional transport by prevailing westerly wind. Downward UV radiation, temperature and u wind are crucial factors. The premature mortality caused by O3 for respiratory disease in the YRD is estimated to be 5,889 cases per year. Furthermore, we find that premature mortality is more sensitive to O3 concentration than population, suggesting that controlling peak O3 concentration can bring great health benefits.
Reply to the Comment by Bábek et al. on Hypogenic Versus Epigenic Origin of Deep Underwater Caves Illustrated by the Hranice Abyss (Czech Republic)—The World’s Deepest Freshwater Cave: Can the Hranice Abyss, the Deepest Underwater Cave in the World, Really Reach 1 km Depth?
Authors: Kadlec Jaroslav , Klanica Radek , Tábořík Petr , Mrlina Jan , Valenta Jan , Kováčiková Světlana , Hill Graham J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractComment by Bábek et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005916) is concerning the interpretation of realized geophysical measurements. Since, to our knowledge, Klanica et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005663) conducted the deepest geophysical surveys in the area, a scale of work was probably misunderstood within the interpretation of our results. Second, a large number of objections arise from the comment about the post‐Badenian geological development at the eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif. However, evidence for the time when particular geological processes took place is not definite and our conclusions of our study can be related to early Badenian age.
Extreme Precipitation Across Adjacent Burned and Unburned Watersheds Reveals Impacts of Low Severity Wildfire on Debris‐Flow Processes
Authors: McGuire Luke A. , Youberg Ann M. , Rengers Francis K. , Abramson Nathan S. , Ganesh Indujaa , Gorr Alexander N. , Hoch Olivia , Johnson Justin C. , Lamom Patt , Prescott Alexander B. , Zanetell Jessica , Fenerty Brendan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn steep landscapes, wildfire‐induced changes to soil and vegetation can lead to extreme and hazardous geomorphic responses, including debris flows. The wildfire‐induced mechanisms that lead to heightened geomorphic responses, however, depend on many site‐specific factors including regional climate, vegetation, soil texture, and soil burn severity. As climate and land use change drive changes in fire regime, there is an increasing need to understand how fire alters geomorphic responses, particularly in areas where fire has been historically infrequent. Here, we examine differences in the initiation, magnitude, and particle‐size distribution of debris flows that initiated within the area burned by the 2019 Woodbury Fire in central Arizona, USA, and those that initiated in a nearby unburned area. Despite similar rainfall intensities, unburned watersheds were less likely to produce debris flows. Debris flows in unburned areas initiated from both runoff and shallow landslides, while debris flows only initiated from runoff‐related processes in the burned area. The grain‐size distribution making up the matrix of debris‐flow deposits within the burned area generally had a lower ratio of sand to silt relative to debris flows that initiated in the unburned area, though there were no systematic differences in the coarse fraction of debris‐flow sediment between burned and unburned areas. Results help expand our ability to predict postwildfire debris‐flow activity in a wider range of settings, specifically the Sonoran Desert ecoregion, and provide general insight into the impact of wildfire on geomorphic processes in steep terrain.