Transcriptomic profiling of mitochondrial dysfunction induced apoptosis in accelerated cardiovascular disease
Authors: Xu Frank , Guan Fengying , Halim Arvin , Ho Lilun , Lim Kenneth , Lu Tzongshi 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionVascular calcification is a significant contributor to accelerated cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We previously reported that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) induction can inhibit human aortic smooth muscle cell (HA‐SMC) calcification in CKD. In addition, our data indicated mitochondrial complexes II, IV, NADH cytochrome c reductase (NCCR), succinate cytochrome c reductase (SCCR), and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activities were preserved by HSP70 induction leading to reduced apoptosis. Apoptosis occurs with either receptor mediated extrinsic pathway or the mitochondrial‐dependent intrinsic pathway. The molecular mechanisms of HSP70 vasculo‐protective effects involving mitochondrial dysfunction induced apoptosis are currently unknown.HypothesisThe goal of the present study was to investigate the transcriptomic profile of genes involved in mitochondrial function and vasculo‐protective mechanisms of HSPs in apoptosis induced vascular calcification.MethodsHuman arteries were collected from healthy and CKD patients. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) was treated in calcification medium (CM: 5mM β‐glycerolphosphate and 5mM CaCl2) in time‐course experiments (0–48 hours), in vitro. Total RNA from human arteries and HAECs was extracted using the Nucleospin RNA isolation kit. cDNA was synthesized and fragmented using SMART‐seq2 and Nextera XT (Illumina), respectively to generate libraries for sequencing on Hi‐seq 2000 (Illumina). Five million single‐ended raw reads from each sample were mapped to the human reference genome consortium GRCh38 by Burrows‐Wheeler Aligner (BWA). Gene analysis were performed by the combinations of fold‐changes on log 2 ratio, and p value < 0.05.ResultsIn healthy human arteries, we found that HSPA5 (fold change, FC, 3.85), HSPA1 (FC=3.64), and HSPA9 (FC=3.85) expression was preserved and Bcl2 associated Athanogene 1 (BAG1) (FC=7.44) was upregulated. However, mitochondrial fusion regulation genes MFN1 (FC=1.83) and OPA1 (FC=2.33) were down‐regulated in CKD arteries together with downregulation of downstream anti‐apoptotic gene Bcl2 (FC=4.52) and up‐regulation of pro‐apoptotic gene BAX (FC=2.77) and P53 (FC=5.35). Lastly, caspase 3 (FC=2.6) and cytochrome c (FC=2.29) expression were significantly increased in CKD arteries compared to control. In the primary HAECs, our data indicates that BAG1 was significantly increased at 6 hours prior to upregulation of Bcl2 at 12 hours in HAECs after CM treatment. BAG1 is a co‐chaperone for heat‐shock protein 70 (HSP70) that coordinates signals for cell growth in response to stress. Stress respondent genes, DNAJB6 (HSP40) and HSPA5 (HSP70 member5) was significantly increased at 24 hours and 12 hours respectively in CM‐treated HAECs.ConclusionComplex differential gene regulation involving preservation of mitochondrial function and cell apoptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of accelerated vascular calcification. Decreased HSPs in CKD arteries may play the key role in mitochondrial dysfunction induced endothelial cells' apoptosis, which further leading to vascular calcification. Our findings may serve to inform the rational development of therapeutic strategies for vascular calcification involving therapeutic targeting of HSPs.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.