bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shoulder-Abduction Angle and Trapezius Muscle Activity During Scapular-Retraction Exercise
Authors: Kara Dilara , Harput Gulcan , Duzgun Irem 
Published: April 2021

Context
Scapular-retraction exercises are often prescribed to enhance scapular stabilization.

Objective
To investigate upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), and lower trapezius (LT) activities and UT/MT and UT/LT ratios during scapular-retraction exercises with elastic resistance at different shoulder-abduction angles.

Design
Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting
Biomechanical analysis laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
Thirty-five asymptomatic individuals.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Surface electromyography was used to evaluate UT, MT, and LT activities during the scapular-retraction exercise at 0°, 45°, 90°, and 120° of shoulder abduction.

Results
The mean muscle activity ranged from 15.8% to 54.7% maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for UT, 30.5% to 51.6% MVIC for MT, and 21.4% to 25.5% MVIC for LT. A significant muscle × angle interaction was found (P &lt; .001). Post hoc analysis revealed that the MT was more activated than the UT and LT during both retraction at 0° (P &lt; .001 and P = .01, respectively) and 120° (P = .03 and P = .002, respectively). During retraction at 45° and 90°, the LT generated less activity than the UT (P = .02 and P = .03, respectively) and MT (P &lt; .001 and P = .002, respectively). Further, UT/MT and UT/LT ratios during retraction at 0° were lower than at 45° (P = .03 and P = .001, respectively) and 90° (P &lt; .001 and P &lt; .001, respectively). Retraction at 90° resulted in a higher UT/LT ratio than at 45° (P = .004) and 120° (P = .004).

Conclusions
Due to less UT relative to MT activity, retraction at 0°, 45°, and 120° can be preferable in early shoulder training or rehabilitation. Additionally, retraction at 90° was the most effective exercise in activating all parts of the trapezius muscle.
Changes in the Health of Adolescent Athletes: A Comparison of Health Measures Collected Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: McGuine Timothy A. , Biese Kevin M. , Petrovska Labina , Hetzel Scott J. , Reardon Claudia L. , Kliethermes Stephanie , Bell David R. , Brooks Alison , Watson Andrew M. 
Published: April 2021

Context
In spring 2020, schools closed to in-person teaching and sports were cancelled to control the transmission of COVID-19. The changes that affected the physical and mental health among young athletes during this time remain unknown.

Objective
To identify changes in the health (mental health, physical activity, and quality of life) of athletes that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Sample recruited via social media.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 3243 Wisconsin adolescent athletes (age = 16.2 ± 1.2 years, 58% female) were surveyed in May 2020 (During COVID-19). Measures for this cohort were compared with previously reported data for Wisconsin adolescent athletes (n = 5231; age = 15.7 ± 1.2 years, 47% female) collected in 2016 to 2018 (PreCOVID-19).

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Demographic information included sex, grade, and sport(s) played. Health assessments included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item to identify depression symptoms, the Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale to gauge physical activity, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 to evaluate health-related quality of life. Univariable comparisons of these variables between groups were conducted via t or χ2 tests. Means and 95% CIs for each group were estimated using survey-weighted analysis-of-variance models.

Results
Compared with preCOVID-19 participants, a larger proportion of During COVID-19 participants reported moderate to severe levels of depression (9.7% versus 32.9%, P &lt; .001). Scores of the During COVID-19 participants were 50% lower (worse) on the Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (mean [95% CI] = 12.2 [11.9, 12.5] versus 24.7 [24.5, 24.9], P &lt; .001) and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 compared with the PreCOVID-19 participants (78.4 [78.0, 78.8] versus 90.9 [90.5, 91.3], P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescent athletes described increased symptoms of depression, decreased physical activity, and decreased quality of life compared with adolescent athletes in previous years.
Assessment of Correlation Between Presence of Red Complex Bacterias and Periodontitis
Authors: Singh Malvika 
Published: April 2021

Context:
Oral cavity offers diverse habitats to various species of different microorganisms; some of them under certain conditions cause loss of connective tissue and bone ultimately leading to periodontitis. Once such complex of bacteria often referred to as red complex bacteria consist of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia have been regarded as the one associated with severe form of periodontitis. With increasing advances in the field of medicine N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA) test, a modern chairside paraclinical method has been designed to detect the presence of one or more such bacteria. Aim: The aim of the study was to detect the presence of red complex bacteria in patients suffering from various forms of periodontitis using BANA test kit.

Aims:
The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the presence of red complex bacteria and the severity of periodontal disease.

Settings and Design:
A total of 150 patients suffering from various forms of periodontitis were selected for the study.

Subjects and Methods:
These were divided into three groups – Group I: mild periodontitis, Group II: moderate periodontitis, and Group III: severe periodontitis. Microbial parameters were recorded using BANA test.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Mann–Whitney test and Pearson's Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.

Results:
Group III had significantly greater percentage of BANA-positive sites, followed by Group II and Group I.

Conclusions:
There is a positive correlation between the presence of red complex bacteria and the severity of periodontitis.
Sealing Ability of Zinc Oxide–Eugenol and Zinc Oxide–Aloe vera Combination as a Root Canal Sealer
Authors: Mehreen Kulsum N. , Borthakur Bikash Jyoti , Swathika B. , Ganesan S. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Zinc oxide–eugenol is the most commonly used sealer. However, it has irritating and cytotoxic effects. Therefore, research in this field was being carried out to develop newer root canal sealers. Aloe vera gel is known for its medicinal properties. Thus, an attempt has been made to replace eugenol with Aloe vera.

Aims:
To compare the sealing ability of zinc oxide–eugenol and zinc oxide–Aloe vera, as a root canal sealer by in vitro scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty freshly extracted single-rooted anterior teeth were selected and randomly divided into two equal groups. Access cavities were prepared, and canals were irrigated and instrumented followed by obturated with a zinc oxide–eugenol sealer and gutta-percha for Group I, whereas for Group II, zinc oxide–Aloe vera sealer was used with gutta-percha. The teeth were longitudinally split into two halves and subjected to SEM analysis to assess interface between obturating material and dentin.

Statistical Analysis:
Data obtained were analyzed by Student's t-test.

Results and Conclusions:
Zinc oxide–Aloe vera showed significantly better sealability as compared to zinc oxide–eugenol sealer (P ≤ 0.05). The analyzed data revealed that zinc oxide–Aloe vera as a root canal sealer is a better alternative to zinc oxide–eugenol.
Evaluation of Physician Burnout Syndrome among Pediatric Resident Doctors in Nigeria
Authors: Ikenna Ndu K. , Ewenitie Eki-Udoko F. , Chidiebere Osuorah D. I. , Uchenna Ekwochi , Isaac Asinobi N. , Ezinne Nwaneli I. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Medical practice and education are known to lead to emotional and mental exhaustion as well as physical tiredness among healthcare workers. This study analyzed the prevalence and factors associated with physician burnout syndrome (PBS) among resident doctors in paediatric across Nigeria.

Methodology:
This cross-sectional study was conducted among paediatric resident doctors across Nigeria using the public welfare questionnaire of the American Welfare Association comprising 28 questions related to sleep affectation, energy levels, personal relationships, professional relationships, quality of job environment, and work satisfaction.

Results:
117 residents were enrolled with varying degrees of burnout. The mean PBS score was 75.3 ± 19.1 with minimum and maximum scores of 32 and 125, respectively. The prevalence of Grades 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 PBSs was 3.7%, 4.9%, 28.1%, 42.7%, and 18.3%, respectively, while 63.4% of respondents exhibited signs of symptomatic PBS. The residents' rank (P = 0.05) was significantly associated with the prevalence of symptomatic PBS, while age (P = 0.567), gender (P = 0.755), number of years in training (P = 0.411), marital status (P = 0.173), number of children (P = 0.974), religion (P = 0.09), and prior knowledge of PBS (P = 0.719) had no association with the development of symptomatic PBS among surveyed resident doctors.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of PBS is high among paediatric resident doctors. There is an urgent need for the postgraduate medical colleges in collaboration with the Ministry of Health to formulate programmes that will help to balance social and professional lives among paediatric resident doctors in Nigeria.
Profile of Nonhypertensive Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Traders in the Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Ukweh Ofonime Nkechinyere , Oparah Sidney K. , Ukweh Ikechukwu Henry , Iya-Benson Joy N. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
The global burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is mainly driven by modifiable risk factors, with sub-Saharan Africa as the region to bear the brunt of the increasing burden. Emphasis has been on hypertension while side-lining the others to variable extents. Furthermore, the work environment, which plays an important role in the social life of adults has received less attention. This study aimed to identify nonhypertensive modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among traders in an urban market in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, we collected data on demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk profile from eligible traders at Marian market, using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The anthropometric and blood sugar measurements of the participants were duly obtained.

Results:
A hundred and fifty-one traders comprising 97 (64.2%) females and 54 (35.8%) participated in the study. Physical inactivity (58.3%), obesity (33.1%), risky alcohol consumption (17.9%), diabetes (9.9%), and cigarette smoking (2%) were the identified modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. A greater proportion of the females was obese compared to the males (P = 0.009), whereas the males had greater proportions with physical inactivity (P = 0.003), risky alcohol consumption (P = 0.026), and cigarette smoking (P = 0.022).

Conclusion:
The proportion of nonhypertensive cardiovascular risk factors was high in the traders, with physical inactivity, obesity, and risky alcohol consumption identified as the most prevalent. Preventive measures to mitigate the increasing burden of CVDs should be extended to traders.
Penile Fracture in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Ogbetere Friday Emeakpor , Otobo Odezi Fidelis 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Penile fracture is an uncommon genitourinary emergency due to an abrupt trauma to an erect penis. Urgent exploration and repair of tunica albuginea tear is advocated. This study aimed to assess the etiology, presentation, location of the tear, and management outcome of penile fracture in two tertiary hospitals in southern Nigeria.

Patients and Methods:
Data were obtained retrospectively from the patients' health records in the two tertiary hospitals from April 2009 to March 2019. Their biodata, mechanism of injury, injury-to-presentation time, clinical features, location of the injury, the treatment offered, duration of hospital admission, and follow-up were studied.

Results:
Thirteen patients aged 22–54 years (mean 34.0 years) were treated within the 10-year study period. Ten (76.9%) had tertiary education, while 7 (53.8%) were married. Heterosexual intercourse accounted for penile fracture in 12 (92.3%) patients while rolling over an erect penis in bed in 1 (7.7%) case. Male-dominant sex position (n = 9; 69.2%) was the most predominant. In 8 (61.5%) patients, girlfriends/mistresses were involved. Most patients (n = 9; 69.2%) presented within 24 h, while one came after 7 days. All patients presented with penile pain, crackling sound, sudden detumescence, swelling, and penile deformity. The left corpus cavernosum was affected in 9 (69.2%) patients. Three patients (23.1%) had associated urethral injuries. All patients had surgical exploration and repair with minimal complications. Average hospital admission and follow-up duration were 6.7 days and 9.3 months, respectively.

Conclusion:
Heterosexual intercourse was the predominant cause of penile fracture in our study. Surgical management gave excellent outcomes even in delayed presentation.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Psychosocial Wellbeing of Dental Therapists in Nigeria
Authors: Umeizudike Kehinde Adesola , Ayanbadejo Patricia Omowunmi , Omidiran Debola Onaolapo , Ogundana Ayodele Charles , Akaji Ezi Abigail , Cardoso Janet Titilayo , Igbokoyi Adeyemi Victor 
Published: April 2021

Background:
The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, as a highly contagious infection transmitted via droplets, and person-to-person contact. Airborne and aerosol transmission have also been implicated. Aerosol generating procedures such as scaling and polishing may increase the risk for developing COVID-19 in dental clinics, and may thus place some psychological strain on dental therapists. This study aimed to determine the psychosocial effect of COVID-19 on dental therapists in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was carried out following ethical approval from the institutional Ethics Committee. Data collection was through self-administered online questionnaires and included socio-demographic characteristics. Psychosocial well-being was assessed using a five-point Likert scale that assessed the level of worry. Scores were summed up to obtain the mean (range 5–25). Statistical significance was set at a level of P ≤ 0.05.

Results:
The 192 respondents had a mean age of 28.0 ± 7.2 years, 96.9% were aware of COVID-19. Sixteen (8.3%) participants reported at least one medical condition. The mean psychosocial-wellbeing score was 18.4 ± 4.9. Most (90.1%) were worried about the COVID-19 pandemic, while 76% were severely worried about getting infected with COVID-19 in the dental clinic, and 72.9% were severely worried about the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the clinic. Participants with self-reported medical conditions had a slightly higher psychosocial score (18.6 vs. 18.4), but this was not significant (P = 0.902).

Conclusion:
The psychosocial effect of the COVID-19 pandemic was considerable on the dental therapists. The provision of PPE, training on Infection Prevention and Control, and psychosocial support will reduce the psychosocial effect of COVID-19 on dental therapists in Nigeria as they are willing to ensure patients' safety.
Patterns of Antimicrobial Use in a Specialized Surgical Hospital in Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Nnadozie Ugochukwu Uzodimma , Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David , Maduba Charles Chidiebele , Onah Ifeanyichukwu I. , Igwe-Okomiso Dorothy , Ogbonnaya Iheuko S. , Onah Cosmas Kenan , Okoye Patric Chukwuemeka , Versporten Ann , Goossens Herman 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Antimicrobial resistance remains a growing global health menace. One of the key actions to curb this menace by the World Health Organization is antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). A prescription protocol is one of the cost-effective AMS interventions in surgery. This study determines the patterns of antimicrobial usage in a hospital specialized in orthopedic and plastic surgeries care in Nigeria.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was carried out at National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu, a tertiary hospital specialized in orthopedic and plastic surgeries in Southeast Nigeria in May 2019. All the inpatients were included in the study. A standardized tool for point prevalence survey was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Epi Info version 7.2.4.

Results:
A total of 127 inpatients participated in the survey with 387 antimicrobial encounters. The most common reasons for antimicrobial use were for the treatment of community-acquired infections (65.0%) and prophylaxis (29.4%). The decision for their use was made majorly on an empirical basis (92.4%). The reasons for antimicrobial prescriptions were documented in the majority (97.5%) of the cases and stop review dates in all (100%) of the prescriptions. Ceftriaxone (25.7%), tinidazole (21.9%), and metronidazole (14.6%) were the commonest antimicrobials prescribed among the patients.

Conclusion:
Orthopedic and plastic surgery practices require tailored prophylactic antibiotic regimens in the tropics due to peculiarities of both the specialties and the subregion. The claim that existing protocols in the temperate regions may apply in the tropics has been questioned due to the microbial profile on the tropics.
Kinerja Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa Kabupaten Gianyar dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat
Authors: Prabawati Ni Putu Anik , Ni Wayan Supriliyani  
Published: April 2021

Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja dari Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa Kabupaten Gianyar dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat di lingkungan kabupaten Gianyar. Mengetahui program-program yang dilaksanakan dalam memperdaya masyarakat serta realisasi program tersebut. Dalam mendapatkan data-data tersebut, maka penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, dengan menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan desa telah melaksanakan kinerja sesuai dengan ketentuan indikator pengukuran kinerja dalam memberdayakan masyarakat. Terdapat berbagai jenis program pengembangan dan pemberdayaan yang dilaksanakan untuk mendorong perkembangan industri kreatif dalam masyarakat. Simpulan dari penelitian ini ialah kinerja Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa sudah efektif dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat di lingkungan Kabupaten Gianyar. Implikasi Penelitian ini ialah agar dapat dijadikan acuan oleh para pelaksana kegiatan pemberdayaan dalam memaksimalkan potensi daerahnya masing-masing.
Kata Kunci: Kesejahteraan; Masyarakat; Pemberdayaan
Peran Daerah Dalam Mengimplementasikan Program Sebagai Upaya Perlindungan Tindak Kekerasan Terhadap Anak Di Kabupaten Karimun Dalam Mewujukan Kota Layak Anak
Authors: Indrawan Indrawan 
Published: April 2021

Anak merupakan aset sekaligus generasi penerus bangsa, sudah seharusnya pemerintah daerah mengambil langkah Stategis untuk memenuhi perlindungan anak yang berkelanjutan. Pemerintah daerah sebagai perwakilan pemerintah yang pertama kali bersentuhan lansung dengan anak, harusnya mempunyai langkah Strategis yang langsung menyentuh akar persoalan terhadap anak, konsep pemenuhan perlindungan anak yang berkelanjutan oleh pemerintah daerah. Perlindungan anak ini merupakan bagian dari yang tidak terpisahkan didalam konstitutional Indonesia pun hal ini jelas diutarakan, jangan sampai dengan lemahnya perlindungan anak, akan membawa dampak kehancuran bagi kemajuan dan perkembangan bangsa Indonesia. Karena bangsa ini kedepannya terletak di tangan seorang anak-anak indonesia
Quality Metrics measurement for Hybrid Systems (Aspect Oriented Programming – Object Oriented Programming)
Authors: Ghareb Mazen Ismaeel , Allen Gary 
Published: April 2021

This paper explores a new framework for calculating hybrid system metrics using software quality metrics aspect-oriented and object-oriented programming. Software metrics for qualitative and quantitative measurement is a mix of static and dynamic software metrics. It is noticed from the literature survey that to date, most of the architecture considered only the evaluation focused on static metrics for aspect-oriented applications. In our work, we mainly discussed the collection of static parameters , long with AspectJ-specific dynamic software metrics.The structure may provide a new direction for research while predicting software attributes because earlier dynamic metrics were ignored when evaluating quality attributes such as maintainability, reliability, and understandability of Asepect Oriented software. Dynamic metrics based on the fundamentals of software engineering are equally crucial for software analysis as are static metrics. A similar concept is borrowed with the introduction of dynamic software metrics to implement aspect-riented software development.Currently, we only propose a structure and model using static and dynamic parameters to test the aspect-oriented method, but we still need to validate the proposed approach.
LA APROBACIÓN O CONVALIDACIÓN POR NORMA CON RANGO DE LEY DE PROYECTOS SOMETIDOS A EVALUACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y SU CONTROL DE VALIDEZ A LA LUZ DE LA JURISPRUDENCIA DEL TJUE
Authors: PERNAS GARCÍA JUAN JOSÉ 
Published: April 2021

la Ley 21/2013, de 9 de diciembre, de evaluación ambiental excluye de su ámbito de aplicación «los proyectos detallados aprobados específicamente por Ley», dando así aplicación a una de las previsiones de la Directiva 2011/92. De acuerdo con la Directiva 2011/92 y la jurisprudencia del TJUtjuE, la evaluación ambiental de estos proyectos debe llevarse a cabo en el marco del trámite parlamentario de aprobación de la ley. La jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia exige que las condiciones de aplicación de esta posibilidad de sustitución del procedimiento administrativo de evaluación ambiental y, en consecuencia, la consecución de los objetivos de evaluación ambiental a través del procedimiento legislativo sean objeto de control por vía de recurso. El artículo analiza la doctrina del Tribunal contenida en las sentencias de 18 de octubre de 2011, caso Boxus, y de 16 de febrero de 2012, caso Solvay.
ingurumen-ebaluazioari buruzko abenduaren 9ko 21/2013 Legeak bere aplikazio-esparrutik kanpo uzten ditu «legez berariaz onartutako proiektu zehatzak», horrela 2011/92 Zuzentarauaren aurreikuspenetako bat aplikatzeko modua ezarriz. 2011/92 Zuzentarauaren eta EBJ Aren jurisprudentziaren arabera, proiektu horien ingurumen-ebaluazioa legea onartzeko parlamentuko tramitearen esparruan egin behar da. Ingurumen-ebaluazioaren helburuak administrazio-prozeduraren ordez prozedura legegilearen bidez egiteko aukera hori aplikatzeko, EBJ Aren jurisprudentziak exijitzen du ingurumen-ebaluazioaren helburuak betetzen direla errekurtso bidez kontrolatzeko aukera egotea. Artikuluan Tribunalaren doktrina aztertu da bi kasutan: 2011ko urriaren 18ko Boxus kasua, eta 2012ko otsailaren 16ko Solvay kasua.
Act 21/2013 of December 9th of environmental assessment excludes «projects the details of which are specifically adopted by a legislative act», thereby meeting one of the provisions of Directive 2011/92. In accordance with Directive 2011/92 and the ECJ caselaw, the enviromental assessment of these projects should be carried out within the framework of the parliamentary work process of adoption of a legislative act. The ECJ caselaw requires that the conditions for applying this option of substituting the administrative procedure of enviromental assessment and accordingly the achievement of the enviromental assessment objectives through the legislative process may be subject to scrutiny by way of a judicial review procedure. This article analyzes the ECJ doctrine in cases Boxus from October 18th of 2011 and Solvay from February 16th of 2012.