bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative recovery of patients with differential requirements for sevoflurane after abdominal surgery
Authors: Li Jia , Wei Yi Yong , Zhang Dong Hang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An association between animals and volatile anaesthetic requirements has been shown; however, evidence related to the postoperative outcome of human patients is lacking. Our aim was to investigate whether there is a difference in the requirement for sevoflurane among people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.
We observed 390 adult patients who underwent gastrointestinal surgery with an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of I or II with an expected surgery duration of > 2 hours. We used the bispectral index (BIS) to guide the regulation of end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (ETsevo). The mean ETsevo from 20 minutes after endotracheal intubation to 2 hours after the start of surgery was calculated for all patients. Differential sevoflurane requirements were identified according to ETsevo. The BIS, ETsevo, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, dose of sufentanil and cisatracurium, tracheal extubation time, incidence of intraoperative awareness, and incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting were compared between patients with a low requirement for sevoflurane (group L) and patients with a high requirement for sevoflurane (group H).
The mean ETsevo of the 390 patients was 1.55% ± 0.26%. Based on our definition, patients with an ETsevo of < 1.29% were allocated to the low requirement group (group L; n = 69), while patients with an ETsevo of > 1.81% were allocated to the high requirement group (group H; n = 78). The ETsevo of group L was significantly lower than the ETsevo of group H (1.29% ± 0.014% vs 1.82% ± 0.017%, P < .001). There was no significant difference in the ETsevo, BIS, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, dose of sufentanil and cisatracurium, tracheal extubation time, incidence of intraoperative awareness, and incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. The tracheal extubation time in the L group was significantly shorter than that in the H group. No intraoperative awareness occurred.
There was a significant difference in the requirement for sevoflurane in adult patients. The tracheal extubation time in group L was significantly shorter than that in group H.
Efficacy of acupuncture for persistent and intractable hiccups
Authors: Zhang Yu , Jiang Xudong , Wang Zhijie , He Mingming , Lv Zimeng , Yuan Qing , Qin Weixun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
Persistent and intractable hiccups are a common clinical symptom that cause considerable physical pain to patients and severely damage their quality of lives. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that acupuncture applied at acupoints dominated by Cuanzhu (BL2) can be used as one of the nonpharmacological therapies for controlling intractable hiccups. However, there is insufficient evidence evaluating the safety and effectiveness of those interventions. Therefore, this study is intended to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide evidence for a further study investigating alternative treatment options for persistent and intractable hiccups.

Methods and Analysis:
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adult patients aged >18 years who meet the criteria for intractable hiccup diagnosis will be included, regardless of gender, nationality, and education level. Eight electronic databases will be searched, including 4 Chinese databases (CNKI, SinoMed, Wanfang Database, and Chinese Scientific Journal Database), 4 English databases (Web of Science, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library), from their date of establishment to September 2020. Two independent reviewers will evaluate the title summary for each RCT. Disagreements will be discussed with a third commentator. Data integration, heterogeneity analysis, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis, will be performed using R-3.3.2 software. The RevMan 5.3 software will be used for the meta-analysis, and the “risk of bias” assessment will be conducted based on the methodological quality of the included trials recommended by the Cochrane Handbook 5.1. The quality evaluation of this study will be completed by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).

Results:
This study will summarize all the selected trials aimed at estimating the effectiveness, as well as safety, of applying acupuncture at acupoints dominated by Cuanzhu (BL2) to persistent and intractable hiccups.

Conclusions:
This systematic review will provide evidence to assess the validity and safety of applying acupuncture at acupoints dominated by Cuanzhu (BL2) for persistent and intractable hiccups, which may provide clinicians with more choices in the treatment of this disease.

PROSPERO registration number:
CRD42020114900.
BRAF V600E mutation as a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to ALK inhibition in ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sui Aixia , Song Huiling , Li Yitong , Guo Litao , Wang Kai , Yuan Mingming , Chen Rongrong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Rationale:
Patients with lung adenocarcinoma harboring EML4-ALK rearrangements respond well to multiple ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, the tumor will invariably progress due to acquired resistance. Comprehensive genomic profiling appears to be a promising strategy to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of ALK-TKIs resistance.

Patient concerns:
A patient with right lung adenocarcinoma harboring an ALK rearrangement received targeted therapy with multiple ALK-TKIs. He sought for follow-up treatment after his disease progressed again.

Diagnosis:
The patient had a tumor diagnosed with stage I (T1bN0M0) lung adenocarcinoma.

Interventions:
Due to the surgical contraindication, the patient did not undergo surgical resection. Instead, he received crizotinib as the first-line therapy with the progression-free survival of 20 months. Then he switched to alectinib treatment, however the disease rapidly progressed again.

Outcomes:
Next-generation sequencing was performed and revealed that 7 somatic mutations were identified. Among them, 2 mutations, ALK I1171T and BRAF V600E, may be responsible for the resistance of this patient to ALK-TKIs. BRAF V600E mutation may explain the patient's resistance to lorlatinib.

Lessons:
We present a case of ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma with acquired resistance to ALK inhibition, in which the BRAF V600E mutation is a novel resistance mechanism. This provides evidence that BRAF V600E mutation is one mechanism of ALK-TKI resistance.
Exercise interventions for post-stroke depression
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Yi , Yu Jing , Zhang Qin , Wang Xiaoyan , Zhang Yongqing , Gao Yongli , Ye Lei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric complications after stroke and is associated with increased risk of death and poor functional outcomes. Strong evidence shows that exercise has benefits for depression. However, it is not clear whether exercise has benefits specifically for PSD. This study aims to explore the effects of exercise on PSD and to establish safe and effective exercise prescriptions.

Methods and analysis:
The PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE, databases will be searched using prespecified search strategies. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized prospective controlled cohort studies regarding exercise for PSD will be included. The primary outcomes are depression scale and stroke outcome. The secondary outcomes are the occurrence of adverse events, cognitive function, quality of life indices, and the expression of nerve cell factors. The methodological quality of each study will be evaluated by the physiotherapy evidence database scale. The heterogeneity will be evaluated using the I
2 test. If I
2 > 50%, random effects models will be used in the analysis; otherwise, fixed effects models will be used to pool the data.

Results:
This study will assess the efficacy and safety of exercise for PSD.

Conclusions:
Our findings will be helpful for clinicians to re-examine the clinical decision-making in the treatment of PSD, by assessing the efficacy of a promising treatment modality for patients with PSD.

Ethics and dissemination:
Ethical approval is not required because this study is a secondary analysis. The results of this study will be disseminated through journals and academic exchanges.

Systematic review registration number:
INPLASY202110100.
Causes of Renal Allograft Injury in Recipients With Normal Donor-derived Cell-free DNA
Authors: Xie Wen Yan , Kim Kevin , Goussous Naeem , Drachenberg Cinthia B. , Scalea Joseph R. , Weir Matthew R. , Bromberg Jonathan S. 
Published: March 2021

Background.
Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) is a noninvasive biomarker for the early detection of organ transplant rejection and other causes of graft injury. For nonrejection renal injuries, there is little information about the performance characteristics of this biomarker. We highlight some of the possible causes of kidney injury that may arise in patients with normal dd-cfDNA levels.

Methods.
We performed a retrospective analysis of solitary renal transplant cases between January 2017 and November 2019. Those who had an abnormal laboratory or pathological finding within 1 mo of a normal dd-cfDNA test were selected. Subgroups were stratified for those who had normal or abnormal/rising serum creatinine, and differences between the groups were analyzed.

Results.
Of 414 individuals who received a kidney transplant, 24 (7.5%) had a total of 41 normal dd-cfDNA values and 51 abnormal laboratory tests or histologic findings. The most common graft-injuring event was BK virus viremia (24 of 51). Other abnormal findings included urinary traction infections (n = 4), CMV viremia (n = 4), and biopsies demonstrating antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) (n = 2), T cell–mediated rejection (n = 1), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (n = 2), nondonor-specific antibody chronic AMR (n = 1), and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (n = 7). Subgroup analysis of those with normal dd-cfDNA and normal/stable versus abnormal/rising creatinine showed that BK virus viremia was the most common abnormal finding in both groups at 53% and 38% respectively. On biopsy, 1 case of acute T cell–mediated rejection (1B and 2B) was seen with normal/stable creatinine, whereas 1 of nonspecific C4d focally positive and 1 of nondonor-specific antibody AMR were seen with abnormal/rising creatinine.

Conclusions.
Low levels of serum dd-cfDNA do not preclude detection of active graft-injuring events and that subclinical injuries may be developing. Context is important in the interpretation of dd-cfDNA, so renal biopsy remains a part of the diagnostic pathway for allograft dysfunction and maintenance of allograft health.
Comparing Vaccination Strategies in Canada Under Different Assumptions
Authors: Ruse Timothy 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThis paper estimates the outcomes of two different COVID-19 vaccination strategies in Canada for the mRNA vaccines currently approved for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), modelled on the vaccination and effectiveness of the Pfizer vaccine which is likely to be more widely administered in Canada. The first strategy is the manufacturer recommended standard of two doses (two-dose strategy) given within 21 days apart versus a strategy of giving a larger group a single dose of vaccine (first-dose-for-most strategy) by delaying the second injection.Three parameters are varied in the course of 36 estimation scenarios of the population-level effects of the two vaccination strategies. The first is the effectiveness of a single dose of vaccine at preventing disease, the second is the effectiveness of the vaccine at preventing transmission of the virus, and the third is the rate of transmission of the virus during the course of the simulations.Over the course of the different scenarios, the first-dose-for-most strategy was superior in reducing disease transmission in all scenarios where vaccination is assumed to have an effect on viral transmission. The results for fatalities was mixed, with the first-dose-for-most strategy being superior in cases where a higher first-dose effectiveness at preventing disease was assumed.Finally, in the best-guess scenarios where a 75% reduction in disease transmission and a 92.6% effectiveness at preventing disease from a single dose were used, the first-dose-for-most strategy was superior in a situation with reduced vaccine doses available, and switching to the first-dose-for-most strategy earlier helped to prevent a higher proportion of cases and deaths.
Self-reported symptoms, self-reported viral testing result and seroprevalence of SARS CoV-2 among a community sample in Essex County New Jersey: A brief report
Authors: Raymond Henry F. , Datta Pratik , Ukey Rahul , Wang Peng , Martino Richard J. , Krause Kristen D. , Rosmarin-DeStefano Corey , Pinter Abraham , Halkitis Perry N. , Gennaro Maria L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has rapidly spread globally beginning in late 2019. Early areas impacted by this pandemic in the US include Essex County, New Jersey. Beyond understanding the prevalence of active infections and deaths, it is important to understand the true burden of infection in the community, as indicated by seroprevalence of antibodies directed to the virus. Understanding the spectrum of disease is key to the effectiveness of primary prevention and control measures and the design of interventions against transmission of infection.MethodsWe utilized venue-based-sampling (VBS), implemented by a community partner, to sample members of the community in Essex County. In VBS the venues are randomized as a proxy for randomizing the attendees of the venues. We asked standard demographic questions, questions about symptoms and PCR testing and previous antibody testing. Participants provide a blood sample collected by finger stick with the Neoteryx Mitra Collection device. Samples were tested using a novel ELISA based approached developed by our team.ResultsFrom September 15, 2020 to December 22, 2020, we conducted 92 randomly selected sampling events where we approached 1349 individuals for screening. Of these, 924 consented and had complete data for analysis. Only 6.5% of the sample reported any COVID-19 like symptoms while 45.9% had sought out a COVID-19 test. In total 13 (1.4%) participants received a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result. While 33 participants (2.6%) sought a SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, only 0.5% of the sample reported a positive antibody result. Testing in this study identified 83 (9.0%) participants positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.ConclusionWe recruited a large sample of the population of Essex County, New Jersey using VBS, electronic surveys, novel sample collection and lab methods. Our findings suggest that the burden of SARS-Cov-2 is slightly more than six times than that suggested by PCR testing. This burden is higher than most estimates obtained through studies of remnant blood samples from hospitals (4.2%), samples from staff at a public-school system (2.9%), and residents of a California county recruited with targeted Facebook ads (1.5%). (9-11) Moreover, with only 6.5% of the sample reporting any COVID-19-like symptoms, our finding suggests that the number of asymptomatic persons may be close to 1.5 times greater than anyone reporting symptoms.
Stem canker caused byPhomopsis spp. induces changes in polyamine levels and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in pecan leaves
Authors: Mantz Guillermo Martin , Rossi Franco Ruben , Viretto Pablo Esteban , Noelting María Cristina , Maiale Santiago Javier 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTPecan plants are attacked by the fungusPhomopsis spp.that causes stem canker, a serious and emerging disease in commercial orchards. Stem canker, which has been reported in several countries, negatively affects tree canopy health, eventually leading to production losses. The purpose of this study was to inquire into the physiology of pecan plants under stem canker attack byPhomopsis spp. To this end, pecan plants were inoculated with an isolate ofPhomopsis spp.and several parameters, such as polyamines, proline, sugars, starch, chlorophyll fluorescence and canopy temperature were analysed. Under artificial inoculation, a high disease incidence was observed with symptoms similar to those in plants showing stem canker under field conditions. Furthermore, the infected stem showed dead tissue with brown necrotic discolouration in the xylem tissue. The free polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were detected and their levels decreased as leaves aged in the infected plants with respect to the controls. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, such as Sm, ψEO, and QbRC decreased under plant infection and therefore the K-band increased. Canopy temperature and proline content increased in the infected plants with respect to the controls while sugar content decreased. These data suggest that stem canker caused byPhomopsis spp.induces physiological changes that are similar to those observed in plants under drought stress. To our knowledge, this is the first study that documents the physiological and biochemical effects derived from pecan-Phomopsisinteraction.
NKX2-1 controls lung cancer progression by inducing DUSP6 to dampen ERK activity
Authors: Ingram Kelley , Samson Shiela C. , Zewdu Rediet , Zitnay Rebecca G. , Snyder Eric L. , Mendoza Michelle C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death, with unclear mechanisms driving the transition to aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. The RAS→RAF→MEK→ERK pathway is hyper-activated in ∼50% of human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). An initial activating mutation induces homeostatic feedback mechanisms that limit ERK activity. Additional, undefined genetic hits overcome the feedback, leading to high ERK activity that drives malignant progression. At detection, the majority of LUADs express the homeobox transcription factor NKX2-1, which also limits malignant progression. NKX2-1 constrains LUAD, in part, by maintaining a well-differentiated state with features of pulmonary identity. We asked if loss of NKX2-1 might also contribute to the release of ERK activity that drives tumor progression. Using human tissue samples and cell lines, xenografts, and genetic mouse models, we show that NKX2-1 induces the ERK phosphatase DUSP6. In tumor cells from late-stage LUAD with silencedNKX2-1, re-introduction of NKX2-1 induces DUSP6 and inhibits cell proliferation and migration and tumor growth and metastasis. CRISPR knockout studies show that DUSP6 is necessary for NKX2-1-mediated inhibition of tumor progressionin vivo. Further, DUSP6 expression is sufficient to inhibit RAS-driven LUAD. We conclude thatNKX2-1silencing, and therebyDUSP6downregulation, is a mechanism by which early LUAD can unleash ERK hyperactivation for tumor progression.
Sod1 Integrates Oxygen Availability to Redox Regulate NADPH Production and the Thiol Redoxome
Authors: Montllor-Albalate Claudia , Kim Hyojung , Jonke Alex P. , Torres Matthew P. , Reddi Amit R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1) is a highly conserved and abundant antioxidant enzyme that detoxifies superoxide (O2⸱-) by catalyzing its conversion to dioxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). UsingSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand mammalian cells, we discovered that a major new aspect of the antioxidant function of Sod1 is to integrate O2availability to promote NADPH production. The mechanism involves Sod1-derived H2O2oxidatively inactivating the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which in turn re-routes carbohydrate flux to the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) to generate NADPH. The aerobic oxidation of GAPDH is exclusively dependent on and rate-limited by Sod1. Thus, Sod1 senses O2via O2⸱-to balance glycolytic and oxPPP flux, through control of GAPDH activity, for adaptation to life in air. Importantly, this new mechanism for Sod1 antioxidant activity requires the bulk of cellular Sod1, unlike for its role in protection against O2⸱-toxicity, which only requires < 1% of total Sod1. Using mass spectrometry, we identified proteome-wide targets of Sod1-dependent redox signaling, including numerous metabolic enzymes. Altogether, Sod1-derived H2O2is important for antioxidant defense and a master regulator of metabolism and the thiol redoxome.Significance StatementCu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1) is a key antioxidant enzyme and its importance is underscored by the fact that its ablation in cell and animal models results in oxidative stress, metabolic defects, and reductions in cell proliferation, viability, and lifespan. Curiously, Sod1 detoxifies superoxide radicals (O2⸱-) in a manner that produces an oxidant as a byproduct, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While much is known about the necessity of scavenging O2⸱-, it is less clear what the physiological roles of Sod1-derived H2O2are. Herein, we discovered that Sod1-derived H2O2plays a very important role in antioxidant defense by stimulating the production of NADPH, a vital cellular reductant required for ROS scavenging enzymes, as well as redox regulating a large network of enzymes.
Climate and genetic diversity change in mammals during the Late Quaternary
Authors: Theodoridis Spyros , Flórez-Rodríguez Alexander , Truelsen Ditte M. , Giampoudakis Konstantinos , Garcia Raquel A. , Singarayer Joy , Valdes Paul , Rahbek Carsten , Marske Katharine A. , Nogués-Bravo David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConservation decisions and future scenarios are in need of past baselines on climate change impacts in biodiversity. Although we know that climate change has contributed to diversity shifts in some mammals1,2,3,4,5,6,7, previous research often assumed that climate change is invariable across species’ ranges. We are therefore still ignorant of the true rates of climate change experienced by species assemblages over the last millennia, their impacts on intraspecific diversity, and how they compare to future climate change projections. Here, we use more than 9,000 Late Quaternary records, including fossils and ancient and modern DNA sequences, millennial-scale paleoclimatic reconstructions over the last 50,000 years and future climate change projections to document rates of climate change velocity and dynamics in genetic diversity experienced by an assemblage of 16 extinct and extant Holarctic mammal species. Extinct megafauna experienced velocities more than 15 times faster than the extant species, up to 15.2 km per decade. Notably, extant large-bodied grazers lost almost a 65% of their pool of genetic diversity since the Late Pleistocene, which indicates reduced ability to adapt to on-going global change. Additionally, mammal species experienced overall climate change velocities slower than that projected for the end of the 21stcentury but punctuated by comparable fast climate change episodes. Our results provide baselines on the impacts of ongoing and future climate change on the diversity of mammal species.