bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical review of the publications on the genotoxicology of aluminium salts: 1990–2018
Authors: Jenkinson Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Since the mid-1970s, there have been many reports that purport to implicate aluminium in the aetiology of neurodegenerative disease. After several decades of research, the role of aluminium in such disease remains controversial and is not the subject of this review. However, if aluminium is implicated in such disease then it follows that there must be a toxicological mechanism or mode of action, and many researchers have investigated various potential mechanisms including the involvement of oxidative damage, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. This paper reviews many of the publications of studies using various salts of aluminium and various genotoxicity end points, both in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on oxidative damage. The conclusion of this review is that the majority, if not all, of the publications that report positive results have serious technical flaws and/or implausible findings and consequently should contribute little or no weight to a weight of evidence (WoE) argument. There are many high-quality, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-compliant genotoxicity studies, that follow relevant OECD test guidelines and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) integrated mutagenicity testing strategy, on several salts of aluminium; all demonstrate clear negative results for both in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity. In addition, the claim for an oxidative mode of action for aluminium can be shown to be spurious. This review concludes that there are no reliable studies that demonstrate a potential for genotoxicity, or oxidative mode of action, for aluminium.
Extent of radiological response does not reflect survival in primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: van der Meulen Matthijs , Postma Alida A , Smits Marion , Bakunina Katerina , Minnema Monique C , Seute Tatjana , Cull Gavin , Enting Roelien H , van der Poel Marjolein , Stevens Wendy B C , Brandsma Dieta , Beeker Aart , Doorduijn Jeanette K , Issa Samar , van den Bent Martin J , Bromberg Jacoline E C 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
In primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), small enhancing lesions can persist after treatment. It is unknown whether a difference in response category (complete response [CR], complete response unconfirmed [CRu], or partial response [PR]) reflects survival. We aimed to determine the value of a central radiology review on response assessment and whether the extent of response influenced progression-free and/or overall survival.

Methods
All patients in the HOVON 105/ALLG NHL 24 study with at least a baseline MRI and one MRI made for response evaluation available for central review were included. Tumor measurements were done by 2 independent central reviewers, disagreements were adjudicated by a third reviewer. Crude agreement and interobserver agreement (Cohen's kappa) were calculated. Differences in progression-free and overall survival between different categories of response at the end-of-protocol-treatment were assessed by the log-rank test in a landmark survival-analysis.

Results
Agreement between the central reviewers was 61.7% and between local and central response assessment was 63.0%. Cohen's kappa's, which corrects for expected agreement, were 0.44 and 0.46 (moderate), respectively. Progression agreement or not was 93.3% (kappa 0.87) between local and central response assessment. There were no significant differences in progression-free and overall survival between patients with CR, CRu, or PR at the end-of-protocol-treatment, according to both local and central response assessment.

Conclusions
Reliability of response assessment (CR/CRu/PR) is moderate even by central radiology review and these response categories do not reliably predict survival. Therefore, primary outcome in PCNSL studies should be survival rather than CR or CR/CRu-rate.
Players in the Migration Game
Authors: Morris Irwin L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Migratory patterns have long played a significant role in southern politics. Scholars often cite the in-migration of young, well-educated Republicans in the last half of the 20th century as a key factor in the growth of southern Republicanism. Today, movers—those who have changed cities of residence in the last few years—still tend to be young and relatively well educated, but now they are significantly more likely to be progressive and much more likely to identify as Democrats than non-movers. Their migration has a direct impact on the places they are moving to (those locales that are growing) and the places they are leaving (those that tend to be declining). The growing places are becoming more progressive because these progressive movers have arrived. In those southern areas that movers are vacating, conservatism and Republican support (at least among whites) is growing.
Migrant Magnets: How Movers Change the Politics of Their New Homes and the Places They Leave: The Cases of People of Blacks and Latinos
Authors: Morris Irwin L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Just as at predicts movers influence the partisan attachments and ideological orientations of white stayers, movers and stayers theory leads us to expect stayers of color to respond to movers and the broader population growth (and decline) their migratory patterns produce. However, the effects on people of color are likely to be subtler than the effects among white stayers. Likewise, people of color are likely to respond differently to community decline than whites because their baseline attachments to the Democratic Party are much stronger. African American stayers in declining communities maintain their attachment to the Democratic Party rather than shifting toward the Democratic Party rather than the Republican Party. In high-growth areas, African American stayers also become more ideologically progressive. While results for Latinos are more muted, the strikingly large proportion of Latino stayers in high-growth communities—and high-growth states—suggests they will be an increasingly important facet of 21st-century southern politics.
I-FAST Trauma and Frames
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cultural, family, and professional frames and narratives are identified and discussed as they pertain to trauma. How all of these types of frames and narratives can reinforce and exacerbate trauma symptoms is explored. How integrative family and systems treatment (I-FAST) utilizes strengths-based frames in working with trauma survivors and their families is described. Several case examples are outlined with family frames tracked and frames offered to set the stage for treatment.
Record Labels
Authors: Robin William 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the 1990s, Bang on a Can jumped from releasing albums on the academic label Composers Recordings, Inc. to signing a contract with the major label Sony Classical. Their path emblematized an unusual moment in recording contemporary music: after Nonesuch’s 1992 recording of Henryk Górecki’s Symphony No. 3 became extraordinarily popular, major labels looked to contemporary music as a means to reach new listeners. Whereas new music had previously been the provenance of noncommercial labels like CRI, major labels began investing in new composers and new institutions like Bang on a Can in the hopes of turning new profits. From Sony, Bang on a Can jumped to Philips’s Point Music and released their rendition of Brian Eno’s Music for Airports, an album designed to reach new rock audience; and from there, amidst the industry tumult of the late 1990s, they struck out on their own with the independent label Cantaloupe Music.
Bretton Woods Cassandra
Authors: Maes Ivo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In 1951, Robert Triffin became a professor at Yale. By the end of the 1950s, Triffin became more and more worried about the international reserve position of the United States due to the country’s gold losses and the increase in dollar liabilities. In his view, the continued deterioration in the US net reserve position would undermine foreigners’ confidence in the dollar as a safe medium for reserve accumulation. So, the gold exchange standard was not sustainable, as argued in his famous dilemma. Triffin thus established his reputation as the Cassandra who predicted the end of Bretton Woods. However, he was an optimistic Cassandra. He sought a more international solution for the world liquidity problem, a true internationalization of the foreign exchange component of the world’s international reserves. This chapter also pays attention to life in Yale and Triffin’s reaction to the Vietnam War.
An Equal Place?
Authors: Cummings Scott L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter considers how local movements to make Los Angeles a more equal place—one in which marginalized workers have greater protections, better wages and benefits, and a larger voice in the workplace and politics—have depended on a new generation of lawyers, embedded in local networks and committed to local action, who have negotiated an equal place of their own in advancing economic justice campaigns. It does so by exploring the larger contributions of the book’s five case studies: assessing what they teach about the meaning of equality both as a process and an outcome of legal advocacy in the contemporary American metropolis. To do so, the chapter offers two perspectives on local legal mobilization, one empirical and the other theoretical. First, from an empirical perspective, it synthesizes evidence from the case studies to evaluate the central role that lawyers have played in the struggle for economic justice in Los Angeles—and how their leadership has contributed to regulatory change strengthening workers’ economic rights and political representation. Second, from a theoretical perspective, the chapter reflects on the book’s lessons for the study of lawyering, labor, and local government law, drawing attention to how the L.A. campaigns inform critical normative aspirations within each field—the possibility of reviving progressive lawyering to address the challenges of neoliberalism, rehabilitating federal labor law to contest economic inequality, and reimagining local government law as a catalyst for national reform.
Stages of Nomadism: Honeymooners, Visa Runners, and Resident Nomads
Authors: Woldoff Rachael A. , Litchfield Robert C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes the stages of digital nomadism through the lens of three vignettes. The first, focused on honeymooners testing out the location-independent lifestyle, features Pauline, a twenty-eight-year-old who arrived in Bali two months after quitting a high-pressure Manhattan job in the music industry. The second vignette illustrates visa runners, who “run” to another country to receive an entry stamp before returning in order to extend their stay past the sixty days allowed on a typical visit visa. It profiles Lucy, a media content creator, who left her job in London to work as a freelancer based in Bali. The final vignette illuminates the lives of resident nomads who have been in Bali for over a year and have no immediate plans to leave. This vignette tells the story of Lorelei and Norman, a couple who moved to Bali in 2014 and have reinvented their lives through online entrepreneurship.
Conclusion
Authors: Woldoff Rachael A. , Litchfield Robert C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Disillusioned knowledge workers move around the world to get away from places they find toxic. However, they find that place matters. Even these digital nomads, who value freedom and mobility above nearly all else, seek places where they can build face-to-face community with like-minded others. Digital nomads reject the bargain offered to today’s creative professionals in world class cities, believing it to be too damaging to the values they hold dear. They have created a community where they believe they can reach their full human potential. This chapter summarizes findings, discusses their relevance for theories about community and the creative class, and offers insights about the future of work and cities.
The Case for Phosphorus
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As this chapter explains, one approach to evaluate nutrient limitation is to compare nutrient concentrations with the Redfield ratio. Alfred Redfield had no formal background in oceanography, yet he made one of the most fundamental discoveries in the field. He found that the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in marine microorganisms is the same as the ratio of the two elements in nutrients dissolved in the oceans. Because of work with the ratio, the current Hypoxia Action Plan for the Gulf of Mexico mentions phosphorus as well as nitrogen. In the Baltic Sea, it was argued that the focus should be solely on phosphorus to limit toxic cyanobacterial blooms, but other work demonstrates the importance of limiting nitrogen for minimizing eutrophication. Once considered to be a dead lake, Lake Erie improved after the construction of wastewater-treatment plants and the banning of phosphorus-rich detergents, as the chapter shows. But the lake continues to have problems with hypoxia and harmful algal blooms, because of continuing inputs of phosphate and organic nitrogen. The chapter ends by arguing that both nitrogen and phosphorus must be considered in efforts to solve the dead-zone problem.
Orchestration
Authors: Reilly James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Orchestration explores the origins, operations, and effectiveness of China’s distinctive “orchestration” approach to economic statecraft. It describes how China engages in economic statecraft, explains why China uses this approach, and identifies when Beijing’s efforts are most effective. The first two chapters trace how China’s unique historical experiences and complex political-economic structures led to Beijing’s orchestration approach. Today, Chinese leaders deploy incentives and innovative policies to mobilize a vast array of companies, banks, and local officials to rapidly expand trade and investment with targeted countries around the world. China’s economic statecraft thus requires only a light touch. Four chapters comparing China’s economic statecraft across Europe, and in Myanmar and North Korea, reveal Beijing’s orchestration in action. Policymakers combined delegation with incentives, encouraged participation by regional authorities and enterprises, and facilitated interest alignment among implementing actors to successfully mobilize domestic actors. When problems with enterprise malfeasance, policy stretching, and moral hazards emerged, central leaders adroitly reversed course. Despite successful implementation, Beijing’s economic statecraft exacerbated populist anxieties, undermining China’s foreign policy goals. The policy implications for countries targeted by China’s economic statecraft are thus broadly reassuring. Orchestration concludes by laying a foundation for future studies in comparative economic statecraft.
Introduction
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The introduction uses the stories of Andrue Berding, Walking Earth, and Red Dog to showcase the diversity of experiences that surround the Canada–US border. These accounts highlight the principal historical issues this book addresses: the colonial nature of the border, its uneven application, and the expansiveness of its enforcement. The introduction also outlines how the Canada–US border grew over more than a century in response to regional concerns related to Indigenous power, Chinese immigration, political angling, and natural resources. If the Canada–US border is remembered today as the “world’s longest undefended border,” that outcome was not preordained. It required that both countries learned to hide more than a hundred years of violence, anxiety, and dispute in order to do so.
Recasting Roles
Authors: Autesserre Séverine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter Six explains how people who work in war zones can learn from the success stories presented throughout the book. Building on the stories of remarkable individuals and organizations from various parts of the world, it offers concrete ideas that can inspire readers and give them models to follow. The chapter first identifies the main characteristics of effective peacebuilders (whether donors, diplomats, United Nations peacekeepers, non-governmental organization staff members, or grassroots activists), and explains how outsiders can best help host populations resolve conflicts. It then recognizes the need for international involvement, emphasizing the value that foreigners have as outsiders in conflict zones while acknowledging the challenges that their presence poses, and discussing the benefits and limitations of relying on local elites and ordinary citizens. Throughout, this chapter advocates for a different, more effective approach to building peace—both from the bottom up and from the top down.
Choosing among Implausible Leaders
Authors: Drahos Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
China is an implausible leader for the globalization of a bio-digital energy paradigm, but the United States and European Union are even less plausible candidates. The chapter shows how the fracking revolution has turned the United States into an energy-secure fossil fuel superpower. No US president can close down the fossil fuel industry. The New Green Deal is unlikely to have much impact on US politics and is only of modest interest to Wall Street. The European Union’s Energy Union initiative is important. But the European Union’s leadership of the bio-digital energy paradigm is hampered by the different energy and industrial interests of its members. Despite China’s corruption problems, it is the least implausible leader of an energy revolution. China’s improved standard-setting capacities are outlined. The chapter concludes by discussing China’s pressure-driving mechanism, a distinctive tool of governance that allows China to overcome problems of fragmentation in its system.
The Unitary Executive
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the theory of the unitary executive and its deployment in the Trump presidency afgainst the specter of a Deep State. The theory asserts that the president possesses all the executive power, that the incumbent alone is the executive branch. The idea is that anything less than complete control over administration by that individual risks an obfuscation of responsibility, clouding the judgments on presidential performance that “the people” get to deliver retrospectively in the next election. This reading of the Constitution is often joined to a strikingly plebiscitary conception of American democracy. This chapter takes up two issues of special interest. The first is an alternative “republican reading” of the Constitution which anticipates inter-branch collaboration in the control of administrative power. The second is the relationship between the vesting clause of Article II, on which the unitary theory is based, and the selection procedure, which has changed radically since its original constitutional formulation. The chapter concludes by pointing to the distortions of constitutional meaning introduced by joining an expansive reading of the vesting clause to contemporary selection mechanisms.
The Politics of Federal Prosecution
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Federal prosecutors have immense power and discretion to decide when to bring criminal charges, what plea bargains to offer, and how to implement the federal government’s legal priorities in their districts. While U.S. Attorneys take pains to emphasize their independence, we know relatively little about the extent to which politics colors federal prosecutorial staffing and decision-making. The Politics of Federal Prosecution draws upon a wealth of data from 1990s to the present to examine the interplay of political factors and federal prosecution. First, the authors find that congressional and presidential politics affect who becomes federal prosecutors and how long those individuals serve. Second, the book demonstrates that signals of presidential and congressional preferences, along with local priorities, affect key prosecutorial decisions: whether to bring prosecutions, how to approach plea bargaining negotiations, and when to utilize criminal asset forfeiture to cripple criminal activities. In short, the book demonstrates that politics affects the behavior of U.S. Attorneys at nearly every stage of their service.
1837
Authors: Werth Paul W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Historians often think of Russia before the 1860s in terms of conservative stasis, when the ‘gendarme of Europe’ secured order beyond the country’s borders and entrenched the autocratic system at home. This book offers a profoundly different vision of Russia under Nicholas I. Drawing on an extensive array of sources, it reveals that many of modern Russia’s most distinctive and outstanding features can be traced back to an inconspicuous but exceptional year. Russia became what it did, in no small measure, because of 1837. The catalogue of the year’s noteworthy occurrences extends from the realms of culture, religion, and ideas to those of empire, politics, and industry. Exploring these diverse issues and connecting seemingly divergent historical actors, Paul W. Werth reveals that the 1830s in Russia were a period of striking dynamism and consequence, and that 1837 was pivotal for the country’s entry into the modern age. From the romantic death of Russia’s greatest poet, Alexander Pushkin, in January to a colossal fire at the Winter Palace in December, Russia experienced much that was astonishing in 1837: the railway and provincial press appeared, Russian opera made its debut, Orthodoxy pushed westward, the first Romanov visited Siberia—and much else besides. The cumulative effect was profound. The country’s integration accelerated, and a Russian nation began to emerge, embodied in new institutions and practices, within the larger empire. The result was a quiet revolution, after which Russia would never be the same.
Orthodoxy Marches West
Authors: Werth Paul W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
On New Year’s Day 1837, what might appear to be an insignificant change in bureaucratic procedure actually signified a major step in effecting one of history’s most striking examples of confessional engineering and in terminating the existence of an entire church within the Russian empire. Formally proclaimed in 1839, the union of the Greek Catholic (Uniate) Church with Orthodoxy pushed the boundary between Western and Eastern Christianity substantially westward, and played a key role both in consolidating a single Orthodox Russian nation and in binding territories previously acquired from Poland to Russia’s central provinces. The audacious project had begun a decade or so earlier, but 1837 represented a decisive moment in this process.
Sexperts and Legal Experts
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter situates the expertise of the praeceptor amoris (‘teacher of love’) in the context of the rise of the Roman jurists in the early Principate. The autonomy of jurisprudence in the schools of law goes hand in hand with the independence of sexuality in Ovid’s school of love. The bulk of the chapter explores the juridico-discursive nature of Ovid’s Ars amatoria and includes a discussion of Ovid’s account of Tiresias (Metamorphoses 3) that highlights the confluence of amatory and juridical expertise. It explores the deep interconnections between the didactic discourses of jurists and love poets. Since both Ovid’s innovative laws of love and Augustus’ legal reforms make female sexuality the centre of attention, the chapter focuses on the ways in which both Ovid and Augustus aim to fashion women in the image of their desires.