bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Youth are redrawing the map’: temporalities and terrains of the hustle economy in Mathare, Nairobi
Authors: Thieme Tatiana 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article examines the temporalities and terrains of the home-grown hustle economy of Mathare, one of the oldest and largest informal settlements in Nairobi. It builds on my previous work mobilizing the notion of ‘hustle’ to ground the narratives of struggle, opportunity and place-making expressed by youth whose livelihood strategies have centred around neighbourhood-based informal waste labour in order to assert claims to their local environment. Drawing on three ethnographic portraits and over a decade of longitudinal ethnographic research, the article shows how hustling connects to and evolves with particular generational and gendered identities, revealing the shifting demands on ‘older’ versus ‘younger’ youth. As everyday lives are mired in constant uncertainty, youth occupy a ‘precarious present’, caught in a state of suspension but also well versed in adapting to adversity and shaping local politics of provisioning in the absence of formal structures of support. The article sheds light on local logics of wealth redistribution among youth who belong to the same neighbourhood but whose claims to particular resources shift over time. The article demonstrates how hustling in Mathare sits at the nexus of agentive economic, environmental, political and social struggles, as youth on the urban periphery manage waste in their neighbourhoods to negotiate their place but also their time in the city.
‘Madmen, womanizers, and thieves’: moral disorder and the cultural text of refugee encampment in Kenya
Authors: Brankamp Hanno 
Published: January 2021

AbstractKenya's refugee camps have evoked spectacular imaginaries of terrorism and humanitarian crisis. Drawing on everyday discourses and shared knowledges among camp administrators, this article reveals that these geopolitical narratives are underwritten locally by more generalized concerns about the imagined ‘otherness’ and moral degeneracy of the displaced. Refugees are thus portrayed as criminals and crooks, sexually deviant and idle, as well as ‘mad’ and uncivilized. Together, these tropes constitute a cultural text of encampment that reproduces postcolonial imaginings of difference and engrains the notion that ‘refugeeness’ equates to a state of ‘moral disorder’. The article is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Kakuma refugee camp in north-western Kenya's Turkana county. It argues that the discursive production of refugees as immoral subjects not only has practical effects for the actions of government officials and aid workers but rekindles a binary colonial mapping of the world into ‘civilized’ and ‘uncivilized’ spaces. These social imaginaries and banal discourses illustrate that the camp has not just a political but also animaginativegeography. Kakuma camp is hereby doubly excluded: from the modernity that humanitarianism ostensibly embodies and from the imagined moral community of Kenya.
SUMS OF FOUR SQUARES WITH A CERTAIN RESTRICTION
Authors: SHE YUE-FENG , WU HAI-LIANG 
Published: January 2021

AbstractZ.-W. Sun [‘Refining Lagrange’s four-square theorem’, J. Number Theory175 (2017), 169–190] conjectured that
every positive integer n can be written as
$ x^2+y^2+z^2+w^2\ (x,y,z,w\in \mathbb {N}=\{0,1,\ldots \})$
with

$x+3y$
a square and also as

$n=x^2+y^2+z^2+w^2\ (x,y,z,w \in \mathbb {Z})$
with

$x+3y\in \{4^k:k\in \mathbb {N}\}$
. In this paper, we confirm these conjectures via the arithmetic theory of ternary quadratic forms.
Effects of energy balance on appetite and physiological mediators of appetite during strenuous physical activity: secondary analysis of a randomised crossover trial
Authors: Karl J. Philip , Hatch-McChesney Adrienne , Allen Jillian T. , Fagnant Heather S. , Radcliffe Patrick N. , Finlayson Graham , Gwin Jess A. , Margolis Lee M. , Hennigar Stephen R. , McClung James P. , Pasiakos Stefan M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEnergy deficit is common during prolonged periods of strenuous physical activity and limited sleep, but the extent to which appetite suppression contributes is unclear. The aim of this randomised crossover study was to determine the effects of energy balance on appetite and physiological mediators of appetite during a 72-h period of high physical activity energy expenditure (about 9·6 MJ/d (2300 kcal/d)) and limited sleep designed to simulate military operations (SUSOPS). Ten men consumed an energy-balanced diet while sedentary for 1 d (REST) followed by energy-balanced (BAL) and energy-deficient (DEF) controlled diets during SUSOPS. Appetite ratings, gastric emptying time (GET) and appetite-mediating hormone concentrations were measured. Energy balance was positive during BAL (18 (sd 20) %) and negative during DEF (–43 (sd 9) %). Relative to REST, hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption ratings were all higher during DEF (26 (sd 40) %, 56 (sd 71) %, 28 (sd 34) %, respectively) and lower during BAL (–55 (sd 25) %, −52 (sd 27) %, −54 (sd 21) %, respectively; Pcondition < 0·05). Fullness ratings did not differ from REST during DEF, but were 65 (sd 61) % higher during BAL (Pcondition < 0·05). Regression analyses predicted hunger and prospective consumption would be reduced and fullness increased if energy balance was maintained during SUSOPS, and energy deficits of ≥25 % would be required to elicit increases in appetite. Between-condition differences in GET and appetite-mediating hormones identified slowed gastric emptying, increased anorexigenic hormone concentrations and decreased fasting acylated ghrelin concentrations as potential mechanisms of appetite suppression. Findings suggest that physiological responses that suppress appetite may deter energy balance from being achieved during prolonged periods of strenuous activity and limited sleep.
Frontier Dynamics: Reflections on Evangelical and Tablighi Missions in Central Asia
Authors: Pelkmans Mathijs 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMissionaries have flocked to the Kyrgyz Republic ever since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Evangelical-Pentecostal and Tablighi missions have been particularly active on what they conceive of as a fertile post-atheist frontier. But as these missions project their message of truth onto the frontier, the dangers of the frontier may overwhelm them. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork amongst foreign and local Tablighis and evangelical-Pentecostals, this article formulates an analytic of the frontier that highlights the affective and relational characteristics of missionary activities and their effects. This analytic explains why and how missionaries are attracted to the frontier, as well as some of the successes and failures of their expansionist efforts. In doing so, the article reveals the potency of instability, a feature that is particularly evident in missionary work, but also resonates with other frontier situations.
MicroRNA expression profile in patients with cystic echinococcosis and identification of possible cellular pathways
Authors: Orsten S. , Baysal İ. , Yabanoglu-Ciftci S. , Ciftci T. , Azizova A. , Akinci D. , Akyon Y. , Akhan O. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected tropical disease, caused by metacestode (larval) form of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (sl) in humans. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, stable, tissue-specific RNA molecules encoded by the genome that are not translated into proteins. Circulating miRNA expression profiles vary in health and disease. The aim of this study is to determine the altered cellular pathways in CE by comparing the miRNA profiles of controls and CE patients with active or inactive cysts. Following abdominal ultrasonography (US) examination, 20 patients diagnosed with active CE (CE1, CE2, CE3a and CE3b) or inactive CE (CE4 and CE5) and three healthy controls were included in the study. The expression profiles of 372 biologically relevant human miRNAs were investigated in serum samples from CE patients and healthy controls with miScript miRNA HC PCR Array. Compared with the control group, expression of 6 miRNAs (hsa-miR-4659a-5p, hsa-miR-4518, hsa-miR-3977, hsa-miR-4692, hsa-miR-181b-3p, hsa-miR-4491) and one miRNA (hsa-miR-4687-5p) were found to be downregulated in CE patients with active and inactive cysts, respectively (p < 0.05). For downregulated miRNAs in this study, predicted targets were found to be associated mainly with cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell-cell interactions and cell cycle regulation. Further studies in this direction may elucidate the pathogenesis of human CE and the relationship between CE and other pathologies.
Teacher perceptions of A-level music: tension, dilemmas and decline
Authors: Whittaker Adam 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA-level music, a qualification taken most often in English and Welsh school contexts around the age of 18, has been a long-standing feature of the musical training of many musicians. Historically bound up with Western European Art Music, the qualification has somewhat broadened its horizons in recent times, though with mixed success in opening up new ways of thinking about music. Recent research has highlighted the seemingly precarious nature of A-level music in many English schools. The reasons for this picture of decline are highly complex and difficult to disentangle, and are part of a much broader diminishing of creative subjects in the school curriculum. Decreasing numbers of A-level music entries run somewhat counter to popular policy discourse, which celebrates flagship announcements of £79 million given to Music Education Hubs in 2019–2020, and 2018 survey results that reported more than 700,000 children learning to play a musical instrument through music hub provision. However, behind these headlines, although there are many children having the opportunity to learn a musical instrument, few continue through to A-level and beyond. Despite its declining numbers, A-level music is recognised as a valuable qualification amongst music teachers, offering something distinct from graded music examinations and other Level 3 musical qualifications. This article presents the results of a recent nationwide survey of A-level music teachers to offer an insight into teacher perceptions of current A-level music specifications, the extent to which it prepares students for entry into higher musical education, and its appropriateness for aspiring young musicians.
Infant temperament, early-childhood parenting, and early-adolescent development: Testing alternative models of Parenting × Temperament interaction
Authors: Zhang Xiaoya , Sayler Kristina , Hartman Sarah , Belsky Jay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHere we evaluate whether infant difficult temperament (6 months) functions as a vulnerability or more general plasticity factor when investigating effects of early-childhood parenting (8–42 months) on both positive and negative early-adolescent socioemotional development (age 8–11 years). Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, N = 14,541) and a re-parameterized model-testing approach to distinguish alternative person × environment conceptual models, results indicated that temperament × parenting interacted in predicting externalizing (i.e., hyperactivity, conduct problems), but not other behavior (i.e., emotional symptoms, peer problems), in a (weak) differential susceptibility manner. While more and less supportive parenting predicted, respectively, fewer and more behavior problems, it did so more strongly for children who were more difficult as infants.
When voters favour the social investment welfare state
Authors: Brazzill Marc , Magara Hideko , Yanai Yuki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe investigate when voters favour social investment. Welfare states have transformed their core policies as a result of low economic growth and fiscal pressures. The social investment strategy, such as broader education provision and promotion of women's employment, aims at shifting the economy from the traditional Keynesian welfare state to the high-productivity economy by encouraging long-term and inclusive human capital formation. Social investment is popular among citizens in many developed economies, especially in the EU where governments promote social investment as part of their welfare policy packages. However, in Japan, the term ‘social investment’ is rarely used in policy discussions. Consequently, we ask what levels of voter support social investment policies have in such an environment; which voter characteristics are associated with social investment support; and whether voter support for social investment differs when placed in a broader policy context. To answer these questions, we conducted an online survey with a conjoint experiment. Our data analysis shows that social investment policies are popular among Japanese people, despite a lack of familiarity with the concept of social investment. We find that social libertarians and female respondents are more likely than social authoritarians and male respondents to support social investment. In addition, there is some evidence that higher income voters are favourable to social investment policies. Furthermore, voter support for social investment depends on the policy context. Support becomes weaker when social investment policies are presented in combination with decreasing levels of social security spending. Our results highlight what kinds of social investment policies could be achieved without damaging electoral fortunes.
Variance of Bottom Water Temperature at the Continental Margin of the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Huang Peng‐Qi , Cen Xian‐Rong , Guo Shuang‐Xi , Lu Yuan‐Zheng , Zhou Sheng‐Qi , Qiu Xue‐Lin , Zhang Jia‐Zheng , Wu Zhong‐Liang , Han Guang‐Hui 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHigh‐resolution temperature variation was examined about 40 days near the ocean bottom at 20 sites within an area of 110 × 120 km2 close to the continental margin of the northern South China Sea (depth ≈ 4,000 m). The monitoring depth (0.5 m above the bottom) was presumably within the lower part of the bottom mixed layer, compared to its median thickness of 63 m. At all sites, the bottom water had temperature variance less than 0.01°C, and it alternatively varied in the near‐quiescent and internal wave states with time interval of diurnal period or even longer. Spectra of temperature variation showed that diurnal frequency dominated over the internal wave band. At different sites, the transition between internal wave band of scaling −2 and the inertial subrange turbulence of scaling −5/3 cannot easily be discriminated, attributed to the different intermittent presences of internal waves (tides). However, the resolved viscous‐convective and viscous‐diffusive subranges in the temperature spectrum provide the opportunity to evaluate the thermal (χ) and kinetic energy (ɛ) dissipation rates near the ocean bottom at each site. Close to a seamount, χ and ɛ were inferred to be about 1.2 × 10−12 °C2s−1 and 7.2 × 10−10 m2s−3, respectively, and they were strongly modulated by the diurnal internal tides. In the flat abyssal plain, χ and ɛ were much weaker, about at 3.2 × 10−14 °C2s−1 and 1.7 × 10−11 m2s−3, respectively. The spatial distribution of the nominal thermal χ, kinetic energy ɛ and the turbulent diffusivity Kρ indicated that they varied in the ranges [3.9 × 10−15 1.9 × 10−12] °C2s−1, [2.0 × 10−12 1.1 × 10−9] m2s−3, and [8.3 × 10−6 5.2 × 10−3] m2s−1, respectively, representing the different influences of internal waves and local topography.
Seismicity and Pn Velocity Structure of Central West Antarctica
Authors: Lucas Erica M. , Nyblade Andrew A. , Lloyd Andrew J. , Aster Richard C. , Wiens Douglas A. , O'Donnell John Paul , Stuart Graham W. , Wilson Terry J. , Dalziel Ian W. D. , Winberry J. Paul , Huerta Audrey D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe have located 117 previously undetected seismic events mainly occurring between 2015 and 2017 that originated from glacial, tectonic, and volcanic processes in central West Antarctica using data recorded on Polar Earth Observing Network (POLENET/ANET) and UK Antarctic Network (UKANET) seismic stations. The seismic events, with local magnitudes (ML) ranging from 1.1 to 3.5, are predominantly clustered in four geographic regions; the Ellsworth Mountains, Thwaites Glacier, Pine Island Glacier, and Mount Takahe. Eighteen of the events are in the Ellsworth Mountains and can be attributed to a mixture of glacial and tectonic processes. The largest event noted in this study was a mid‐crustal (∼19 km focal depth; ML 3.5) normal mechanism earthquake beneath Thwaites Glacier. We also located 91 glacial events near the grounding zones of Thwaites Glacier and Pine Island Glacier that are predominantly associated with time periods of significant calving activity. Eight events, likely arising from volcano‐tectonic processes, occurred beneath Mount Takahe. Using Pn travel times from the seismic events, we find laterally variable uppermost mantle structure in central West Antarctica. On average, the Ellsworth Mountains are underlain by a faster mantle lid (VPn = ∼8.4 km/s) compared to the Amundsen Sea Embayment region (VPn = ∼8.1 km/s). Within the Amundsen Sea Embayment itself, we find mantle lid velocities ranging from ∼8.05 to 8.18 km/s. Laterally heterogeneous uppermost mantle structure, indicative of variable thermal and rheological structure, likely influences both geothermal heat flux and glacial isostatic adjustment spatial patterns and rates within central West Antarctica.
Solar Activity of the Past 100 Years Inferred From 10Be in Ice Cores—Implications for Long‐Term Solar Activity Reconstructions
Authors: Zheng Minjie , Adolphi Florian , Sjolte Jesper , Aldahan Ala , Possnert Göran , Wu Mousong , Chen Peng , Muscheler Raimund 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDifferences between 10Be records from Greenland and Antarctica over the last 100 years have led to different conclusions about past changes in solar activity. The reasons for this disagreement remain unresolved. We analyze a seasonally resolved 10Be record from a firn core (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling [NEEM] ice core project) in Northwestern Greenland for 1887–2002. By comparing the NEEM data to 10Be data from the NGRIP and Dye3 ice cores, we find that the Dye3 data after 1958 are significantly lower. These low values lead to a normalization problem in solar reconstructions when connecting 10Be variations to modern observations. Excluding these data strongly reduces the differences between solar reconstructions over the last 2,000 years based on Greenland and Antarctic 10Be data. Furthermore, 10Be records from polar regions and group sunspot numbers do not support a substantial increase in solar activity for the 1937–1950 period as proposed by previous extensions of the neutron monitor data.
A High Resolution, Three‐Dimensional View of the D‐28 Calving Event From Amery Ice Shelf With ICESat‐2 and Satellite Imagery
Authors: Walker Catherine C. , Becker Maya K. , Fricker Helen A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTabular calving events occur from Antarctica's large ice shelves only every few decades, and are preceded by rift propagation. We used high‐resolution imagery and ICESat‐2 data to determine the propagation rates for the three active rifts on Amery Ice Shelf (AIS; T1, T2, and E3) and observe the calving of D‐28 on September 25, 2019 along T1. AIS front advance accelerated downstream of T1 in the years before calving, possibly increasing stress at the rift tip. T1 experienced significant acceleration for 12 days before calving, coinciding with a jump in propagation of E3. ICESat‐2's high resolution and repeat acquisitions every 91 days allowed for analysis of the ice front before and after calving, and rift detection where it was not visible in imagery as a ∼1 m surface depression, suggesting that it propagates as a basal fracture. Our results show that ICESat‐2 can provide process‐scale information about iceberg calving.
The Leading Modes of Asian Summer Monsoon Variability as Pulses of Atmospheric Energy Flow
Authors: Lu Jian , Xue Daokai , Leung L. Ruby , Liu Fukai , Song Fengfei , Harrop Bryce , Zhou Wenyu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMonsoon rainfall anomalies are often organized into dynamical modes that are more predictable than rainfall at specific locations. Here, a linear response function (LRF) is constructed to extract the neutral modes (NM) of the dynamical atmospheric system and their optimal forcing that govern precipitation variability, providing a dynamical underpinning for the empirically derived, recurrent rainfall patterns. The leading mode (NM1) features a shift in the Atlantic ITCZ, a drying over the Indian Ocean and Indian subcontinent, and a “South‐Flood‐North Drought (SFND)” pattern over Eastern China, a pattern inferable from changes in the atmospheric energy flow forced by the corresponding optimal forcing and further amplified by the water vapor and cloud feedbacks. Moreover, the slow evolving component of the NM1 in response to CO2 forcing can be skillfully predicted by running the ocean heat uptake through the LRF, implicating a deterministic ocean dynamic source for the NM1‐like trend under climate warming.
Application of the Monte Carlo Method in Modeling Dusty Gas, Dust in Plasma, and Energetic Ions in Planetary, Magnetospheric, and Heliospheric Environments
Authors: Tenishev Valeriy , Shou Yinsi , Borovikov Dmitry , Lee Yuni , Fougere Nicolas , Michael Adam , Combi Michael R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTypical planetary and planetary satellite exospheres are in nonequilibrium conditions, which means that a distribution function that describes these environments is far from Maxwellian. It is even more true when considering transportation of energetic ions in planetary magnetospheres, making it necessary to solve the Boltzmann equation in order to capture kinetic effects when modeling evolution of the distribution function describing such environments. Among various numerical methods, the Monte Carlo approach is one of the most used one for solving kinetic equations. That is because of the relative simplicity of implementing and a high degree of flexibility in including new physical processes specific to a particular simulated environment. Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator (AMPS) was developed as a general‐purpose code for solving the Boltzmann equation in conditions typical for planetary and planetary satellite exospheres. Later, the code was generalized for modeling dusty gas, dust, and plasma, and for simulating transportation of solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays in planetary magnetospheres. Here, we present a brief overview of the design, list the implemented physics models, and outline the modeling capabilities of AMPS. The latter is supported by several examples of prior applications of the code.