bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REDUCTION OF MORTALITY FROM RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME OF PREMATURITY WITH EARLY ADMINISTRATION OF INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE AND SODIUM BICARBONATE
Authors: Usher Robert 
Published: December 2021

In a controlled series evaluation of early administration of intravenous glucose and sodium bicarbonate, the mortality rate among 35 treated premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome was 17%, while among 35 controls it was 37% (p = 0.06). The mortality rate was similarly reduced among the total number of premature infants who have been treated by the author for this condition over the past five years: 24/118, or 20%, mortality with early intravenous therapy versus 38/94, or 42%, mortality with conventional therapy (p&lt;0.01). Intravenous therapy had little or no effect in premature infants weighing less than 1,500 gm.
With this therapy for respiratory distress syndrome, the mortality rate among 736 premature infants consecutively delivered at two hospitals was exceptionally low—5.7% of infants weighing 1,001 to 2,500 gm.
There was no evidence that the therapy operated to reduce mortality by lessening the respiratory distress process, which was equally severe among treated and untreated infants. The fluids administered to these infants did not produce heart failure or fluid overload. Sudden collapse which may have been due to reactive hypoglycemia sometimes resulted, however, when intravenous therapy was stopped before the infant was receiving adequate enteral feedings.
It is concluded that early administration of intravenous glucose and sodium bicarbonate to premature infants with respiratory distress (hyaline membrane) syndrome can reduce the mortality rate by two-thirds among those who weigh more than 1,500 gm.
Corticosteroid Treatment of Croup
Authors: EDEN ALVIN N. , LARKIN VINCENT DE PAUL 
Published: December 2021

The value of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute croup has not been clearly established. Martensson et al., Novik, and Coffin have claimed that the course of the disease has been shortened while Leegaard and Turner and Morgan do not feel that the corticosteroids affect its course. The review by Hawkins allowed no conclusions. To resolve this question, a double blind study was conducted on a random sampling of fifty (50) hospital cases of acute croup.
Materials and Methods
Fifty patients were admitted to the hospital for the treatment of acute "croup." All patients with acute respiratory infections characterized by hoarseness, inspiratory stridor, and a barking cough were included.
V. FORCED FLOW RATES
Authors: DeMuth George R. , Howatt William F. , Hill Bruce 
Published: December 2021

1. Data from normal subjects on the peak expiratory flow rate, the peak inspiratory flow rate, and the flow rate at the point where half the vital capacity has been expired (E50), have been obtained as part of a longitudinal study of the growth of lung function in school children.
2. The peak flow rates grow in a manner similar to that of the lung volumes.
3. The E50, in contradistinction, grows in a manner similar to airway conductance (the reciprocal of airway resistance).
4. Longitudinal studies of the peak flow rates indicate that individuals tend to maintain their positions in relation to the group.
5. A theoretical postulation of the forced flow-volume relationship has been suggested. According to this postulation the lungs of the normal subject empty as a unit or nearly so. The flow (after the initial acceleration) at any point in time is dependent on his vital capacity and an emptying factor. This emptying factor decreases somewhat with increasing body size. This is more evident in the girls.
6. In the patient with airway obstructive disease (as asthma) the lung can be thought of as composed of multiple units in parallel with varying amounts of reduction in their emptying factor.
7. The theoretical advantages of clinical tests based upon flow in the mid or later portions of the forced expiration have been given.
THE FAMILY HISTORY OF SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA
Authors: Lorber John 
Published: December 2021

1. The family histories of 722 infants who were born with spina bifida cystica were studied.
2. The index cases were referred for surgical treatment and were not selected in any way from the genetic point of view.
3. Intensive inquiries were made to obtain a complete family pedigree, including a prospective follow-up of siblings born after the index case.
4. Of 1,256 siblings 85 or 6.8% had gross malformation of the central nervous system: spina bifida cystica in 54, anencephaly in 22, and uncomplicated hydrocephalus in 9.
5. Of 306 children born after the index case 25 (8%) or 1 in 12 were affected.
6. There was a progressive increase in multiple cases in the family with increasing family size. In sibships of five or more, multiple cases occurred in 24.1%.
7. In 118 families cases of gross malformation of the central nervous system were known to have occurred among members of the family other than siblings. Cases occurred in three generations.
8. It is possible that spina bifida cystica might be a recessively inherited condition.
RENAL RADIOLOGIC CHANGES IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Authors: Plunket Daniel C. , Leiken Sanford L. , LoPresti Joseph M. 
Published: December 2021

Excretory urography in 18 children with sickle cell anemia revealed a high incidence of renal enlargement and collecting system deformity. Sterile pyuria and modest elevations of blood urea nitrogen were less common findings. With one exception none of the patients had histories of genitourinary symptoms or signs.
It is probable that the majority of kidney damage in sickle cell states, including the changes noted here, is the result of intravascular sickling in the renal medulla. The findings herein reported emphasize that gross medullary damage is not necessarily attended by genitourinary signs in sickle cell disease.
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD: PRESENT UNDERSTANDING AND PROSPECTS FOR PREVENTION
Authors: Chanock Robert M. , Parrott Robert H. 
Published: December 2021

DURING the past ten years there has been an exponential increase in our understanding of the etiology and epidemiology of acute respiratory disease. Unfortunately development of the means for control of these illnesses has not kept pace with etiologic or epidemiologic understanding. In this presentation an attempt will he made to summarize the role of a number of viruses and mycoplasmas in acute respiratory disease of infancy and childhood. In addition the ecology of such infections will be discussed, particularly those aspects of infection which have relevance to the problem of immunoprophylaxis.
Much of the information to be discussed is derived from studies at the Children's Hospital of D.C. and the Junior Village Welfare Nursery of D.C. In many instances similar findings have been reported from other localities so that the conclusions which can be drawn from the Washington, D.C., studies would appear to have more than local significance. Since the Washington D.C., studies represent the longest continuous inquiry into the nature of acute pediatric respiratory disease primary emphasis will be placed on the interpretation of these findings.
Bacteria
Although group A beta hemolytic streptococci play an important role in upper respiratory tract disease it would appear that these organisms are relatively unimportant in the more serious types of illness in which lower respiratory tract involvement occurs. The careful studies of Babe, Beem, and co-workers indicate that pathogenic bacteria are not important primary etiologic agents in lower respiratory tract disease of infancy and childhood. For this reason major emphasis in this presentation will be given to the role of viruses and mycoplasmas in respiratory disease.
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE, MENTAL RETARDATION, AND GROWTH FAILURE
Authors: O'Connell Edward J. , Feldt Robert H. , Stickler Gunnar B. 
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study was to re-affirm our clinical impression that non-institutionalized children whose head circumference was below minus 2 standard deviations were mentally subnormal and frequently had growth failure. A group of 134 children with a head circumference below minus 2 standard deviations from the mean were studied, and all but one were mentally subnormal. The most severe mental retardation was noted in the group of children with a head circumference of minus 4 standard deviations or below. We found, as have others, that children with mental retardation have height and weights below the expected norm and that children with a head circumference below minus 2 standard deviations have even lower mean heights and weights.
The head circumference of 31 children with growth failure and normal intelligence was normal for age and sex, therefore disproving the concept that the abnormally small child has a proportionally small head. In the child with growth failure, should the head be proportionally small (below minus 2 standard deviations), mental subnormality should be suspected.
We feel that the head circumference measurement has taken on new clinical significance in that our data support its use in suspecting the association of mental subnormality in children with growth failure and a head circumference of below minus 2 standard deviations from the mean for age and sex.
PRIMARY PULMONARY VASCULAR OBSTRUCTION IN CHILDREN
Authors: Thilenius Otto G. , Nadas Alexander S. , Jockin Hubert 
Published: December 2021

1. Nine patients with primary pulmonary vascular obstruction observed at the Children's Hospital Medical Center between 1953 and 1963 are presented.
2. The clinical profile is quite uniform and corresponds well with the 26 pediatric patients reported in the literature. Symptoms begin predominately under 3 years of age and consist principally of consequences of low cardiac output, including fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and syncope. Signs are those of pulmonary artery hypertension leading to right-sided congestive failure. Death, often instantaneous, occurs usually within 1 year after onset of symptoms.
3. Findings at cardiac catheterization consist of pulmonary artery hypertension (exceeding systemic pressures), low cardiac output, pulmonary vascular obstruction, and a normal pulmonary capillary mean pressure. There are no left to right shunts present; a small right to left shunt at the atrial level (patent foramen ovale at autopsy was seen once.
4. Etiologic clues were not discovered. Detailed family histories are compatible with the possibility of a recessive trait. Familial incidence is reported.
5. No effective therapy is available.
Pharmacology of Respiratory Distress
Authors: DIAMOND EUGENE F. , DEYOUNG VERNON R. 
Published: December 2021

We found the "Preliminary Report on the Pulmonary Hypoperfusion Syndrome" by Chu, et al. (Pediatrics 35:733) a most erudite and provocative approach to better understanding of neonatal respiratory distress.
We were particularly interested in the use of acetyl choline to dilate the pulmonary vessels. Although the authors used only acetyl choline, oxygen, and sodium bicarbonate to relieve vasoconstriction, they suggest that "it may be that another cholinergic, antiadrenergic, or gangliono-plegic drug will be more convenient and successful."
An Unusual Cause of Bromidrosis
Authors: GOLDING IRVIN M. 
Published: December 2021

Bromidrosis or osmidrosis is the term which denotes a malodrous condition of human perspiration. It is usually a local condition, but may be generalized. The most commonly encountered form of local bromidrosis results from the decomposition of organic matter on the skin surface via the enzymatic action of certain bacteria and/or fungi which thrive in the. presence of sweat. This decomposition alters the constituents of sweat, the lipids of the sebum, and the protein components of hydrated keratin.
Generalized bromidrosis may have a variety of causes. It may come about due to substances present in the native sweat, or it may be "idiopathic" and caused by certain substances which normally are not present in the sweat or at best in small quantities.
BREAST-FEEDING IN BOSTON
Authors: Salber Eva J. , Feinleib Manning 
Published: December 2021

Incidence of breast-feeding has been examined in 2,233 women who gave birth to babies in hospitals in Boston, Brookline, and Newton in August or September, 1963. Information on breast-feeding was obtained from the mothers by mailed questionnaires and by telephone.
Twenty-two per cent of the mothers attempted breast-feeding. Five per cent of the total population breast-fed their babies for 6 months or more.
Sex and birth weight of babies do not affect frequency of breast-feeding.
Social class is found to be the most important variable affecting incidence of breast feeding. Women who are married to students exhibit the highest incidence of breast-feeding (69.3%). Upper social class women breast-feed more frequently (39.8%) than women in lower social classes (13.6%). Students do not show any variation in breast-feeding patterns by age of mother, parity, or birthplace, but these variables do influence the breast-feeding patterns of women in other social classes.
Croup—Emergency Treatment
Authors: MARION GILLES 
Published: December 2021

There is continuing discussion in medical journals about the doubtful value of cortisone for the treatment of "croup." My point is that everyone seems to have forgotten the tremendous value of antihistamines.
In the past 10 years, I have not had to admit to hospital more than two cases of "croup," and these because they vomited all oral medication that was given. Even though croup or laryngo-tracheitis is subdivided into various types: viral, bacterial, spasmodic, supraglottic, subglottic, etc., the clinical response to treatment has been excellent in all of my patients.
GASTRIC RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC DISEASE IN INFANTS
Authors: Avery Gordon B. , Randolph Judson G. , Weaver Thomas 
Published: December 2021

1. A method of gastric analysis has been developed for the study of newborn infants. Results obtained with this method have shown it to reflect more accurately the ongoing secretory activity of the stomach. Previous methods of sampling left significant and varying amounts of acidity behind in the stomach rendering much of the available data inconclusive.
2. For the first time, gastric function has been correlated with specific disease states in the infant.
3. The volume, pH, total acidity, chloride content, and pepsin activity have been found to vary independently of one another.
4. Pneumonia and bronchiolitis, two conditions producing compromised respiratory function, were characterized by decreased total acidity, a more alkaline pH, and decreased pepsin activity.
5. Infants with short gut after bowel resection displayed highly significant increases in total gastric acidity and rate of acid formation, and a lower gastric pH.
6. Infants with acyanotic congenital heart disease showed significantly decreased pepsin content and increased chloride concentration despite normal acidity. Conversely, the few infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease studied had decreased volume of gastric juice and rate of acid formation.
The Pediatrician and the Distribution of Pediatric Care
Authors: PARTIN JOHN 
Published: December 2021

I was struck by the cogency of David Toll's remarks in the last issue of Pediatrics. He has identified this decade as a pivotal decade in the development of American pediatrics and he has rightly indicated the special competence of the pediatric practitioner to lead and advise in which must eventually be looked upon as a revolution in American medical practice.
Pediatricians must take the lead in this time of change by rendering expert opinion, delineating problems, and establishing priorities after consultation with experts from all relevant sectors of our increasingly complex society.
MUCOID IMPACTION OF THE BRONCHI IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: Waring William W. , Brunt C. Hal , Hilman Bettina C. 
Published: December 2021

Mucoid impaction of the bronchi (MIB) is an unusual complication of adult asthma. In a review of 675 serial chest radiographs of 68 children and 2 adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), opacifications consistent with the diagnosis of MIB have been noted in 22 children and 1 adult, an overall incidence of 33%.
The lesion of MIB in CF is a bronchusrelated complex of branched finger-like or nodular densities due to progressive distention of bronchi with tenacious mucopus. It is most commonly observed in the right upper lobe. Although it may spontaneously disappear, it tends to recur. Persistence of MIB for periods longer than 1 month can be related to subsequent bronchiectasis in the same segment. Clinical diagnosis is totally dependent on radiographic recognition, since symptoms and signs are characteristically lacking or non-specific. Atelectasis does not occur, probably because of collateral ventilation from adjacent uninvolved lung. Certain apparent differences have been noted between the adult (asthma) and childhood (CF) forms of MIB.
Planigraphic and bronchographic studies in selected patients confirm the intrabronchial location of this process. Bronchial lavage is effective in washing out some impactions that have not responded to more conventional mucolytic and physical therapy.
Recognition of MIB in a roentgenogram of a child should be considered presumptive evidence of CF, since similar opacifications are very rarely seen in children with other diseases. We believe that (1) progressive MIB at a subsegmental level is the major cause of bronchiectasis in CF and (2) secondary collateral ventilation may be the major cause of obstructive overinflation of the lungs in CF.
IN VITRO SENSITIVITY STUDIES OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE—TYPABLE AND NON-TYPABLE STRAINS
Authors: Sell Sarah H. Wood 
Published: December 2021

In vitro tube sensitivity tests for 106 strains of H. influenzae (42 type b, 34 other types, and 30 non-typable) were performed in Levinthal's broth with erythromycin, tetracycline, cephaloridine, triple-sulfa and triple-sulfa plus erythromycin.
Non-typable strains were more sensitive to triple-sulfa than were the typable groups with similar reactions for b and the other types. At 10 mg/100 ml, about 40% of non-typable and 20% typable strains were inhibited.
Similar patterns of sensitivity were noted for type b, other types, and non-typable strains for the antibiotics tested.
Two drugs, tetracycline and erythromycin, were effective within the therapeutic ranges, while cephaloridine and triplesulfa were less efficient in this series.
The addition of triple-sulfa to erythromycin increased the efficiency of the latter by one tube in the doubling-dilution series, the significance of which is doubtful.
CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
Authors: GARD SVEN , MAGNUSSON J. HENNING , WAHLGREN F. , GILLE GUNNAR 
Published: December 2021

An account is given of congenital toxoplasmosis in a child who died at the age of 43 days. The patient, who was somnolent from birth, showed the following symptoms: bilateral microphthalmia and chronic bilateral uveitis; considerable hydrocephalus internus, mainly symmetric, cerebral calcifications and pronounced typical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid, hypoprothrombinemia and eosinophilia; enlargement of the liver and spleen; marked lability of the body temperature with wide variations.
The postmortem findings, both macroscopic and microscopic, were typical in every respect, with pronounced necrotic encephalitis in the cerebrum and characteristic foci of granulomata in the brainstem and the spinal cord. Toxoplasma in the form of pseudocysts were demonstrated in the affected parts of the brain.
Typical Toxoplasma were isolated from the spinal fluid on three occasions, from material obtained by liver biopsy and from pieces of brain and spleen removed at autopsy.
Serum from the patient as well as from the mother gave a positive neutralization test in rabbits. The in vitro dye test according to Sabin and Feldman yielded a positive result with a high titer value.
The strain of Toxoplasma isolated ("G. L.") seems to be serologically identical with the American strains "RH" and "LM."
Round Table Discussion
Authors: COSTELLO MAURICE J. 
Published: December 2021

Chairman Costello: The management of vascular nevi is of great interest to the pediatrician. He more than any other specialist, including the general practitioner, is first consulted regarding the advisability of treating a hemangioma and as to the best method of treatment which will insure a good therapeutic and cosmetic result. Since there appears to be no unanimity of opinion regarding these points, it was thought that a round table discussion by a small group would help us envision a better approach to this interesting and important problem.
Permit me to preface my remarks by stating that some pediatricians believe that the dermatologist and radiologist are apt to treat hemangiomas too early and that there are hemangiomas treated which would have disappeared spontaneously, this latter thought being influenced to a great extent by the report of Lister who claimed that superficial hemangiomas will disappear completely in the great majority of cases. The dermatologist and radiologist, on the other hand, believe that the pediatrician in some instances, because of the opinion expressed above, permits too long a time to elapse before treatment is instituted, thereby losing the golden opportunity for effective rapid permanent cure of these hemangiomas. There are arguments to be advanced in the substantiation of both opinions, and it is for this reason that we hope by free and open discussion to arrive at a more accurate answer to the questions which have been raised.
In this brief presentation it is hoped that I will be able to place in sharp relief all the important aspects of heredity or familial incidence of these lesions, the time of their occurrence, the types, their behavior and significance, the indicated type of therapy, and the results which may be accomplished in. their proper treatment.
PROLONGED HYPERTENSION FOLLOWING CESSATION OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE THERAPY IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: Marks James F. , Fink Chester W. 
Published: December 2021

Three children with the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia developed hypertension during the course of therapy with desoxycorticosterone (DOC). The hypertension persisted for a much longer period of time than could be explained by the usual duration of the pharmacological action of the medication.
The three children received DOC trimethylacetate. In none could other causes of hypertension be implicated. No other cases of persistent hypertension in children related to DOC administration were found.
A DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY OF CHILDREN'S SCRIBBLINGS
Authors: Baker Harry , Kellogg Rhoda 
Published: December 2021

Pediatricians have always been alert to the study of the various phases of child development. Yet, for some reason we have continued to neglect childhood scribblings as an obvious facet important to pediatric study. We now have available to us some beginning insights into child art. Some of the implications of this work have been mentioned in this paper.
Certainly we should take a long look at the accepted psychological and psychiatric drawing tests which are currently used to study and assess children's mental development and childhood's emotional ills.
We should acquaint parents with the child's need to have access to scribbling experiences without adult interference. It may be that we have at hand a simple tool by means of which we can help prevent the development of reading problems in some children.
It is premature to suggest that in the study of adult phosphenes and childhood scribblings we have a tool for the study of developing neuronal patterns (and all that this implies), but the common denominators found in all child art deserve intensive scientific study.