bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Resistance Training on Intermuscular Adipose Tissue in Older Adults at Risk of Mobility Limitations
Authors: Cook Summer , Meyer Ashley , LaRoche Dain , Manini Todd 
Published: June 2021

High levels of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) in older adults are associated with muscle weakness and mobility limitations. This study determined if IMAT levels in older adults at risk of mobility limitations can be reduced following 12‐weeks of high‐load (HL)or low‐load blood flow restricted (BFR) resistance training. Twenty‐seven older adults (77.6 + 8.9 years; 27.3 +2.7 kg·m‐2) with low quadriceps muscle strength were randomly assigned to twice weekly sessions of HL (70% one repetition maximum, 1RM), BFR (30% 1RM coupled with a vascular restriction of 1.5 times systolic blood pressure at the proximal thigh) or attention control (CON) for 12‐weeks. HL and BFR groups engaged in three sets of leg extension, leg press, and leg curl training to muscular failure. The CON group performed light upper body resistance training that was not expected to result in muscle adaptations. T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were conducted to measure the volumes of skeletal muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and IMAT in the thigh region before and after training. Following training, there were no differences in IMAT (P=0.22) and there were no differences in IMAT response between groups (P=0.38). SAT did not change over time (P=0.33) and there were no differences in SAT response between groups (P=0.39). Muscle volume significantly increased in the BFR group only (~5%; P=0.03) and was unchanged in the HL (~1.4%; P=0.18) and CON (~0.1; P=0.84). Twelve weeks of HL or BFR resistance training did not affect IMAT levels in older adults but it did improve muscle volume only after BFR training.Supported by NIH grant 1R15 A6040700‐01A1.
α‐actinin‐3 deficiency is associated with increased exercise performance and training‐induced changes in mitochondrial respiration in humans
Authors: Yan Xu , Eynon Nir , Papadimitriou Ioannis , Kuang Jujiao , Tirosh Oren , O'Keefe Lannie , Anderson Mitchell , North Kathryn , Bishop David 
Published: June 2021

Deﬁciency of α‐actinin‐3 protein, as a consequence of the ACTN3 577XX genotype, has been shown to influence exercise performance. However, little is known about how α‐actinin‐3 deficiency influences training response in humans.AimTo investigate the influence of α‐actinin‐3 deficiency on performance outcomes and mitochondrial respiration following High‐Intensity Interval Training (HIIT).MethodsTwelve moderately‐trained Caucasian males (7 XX and 5 RR) were recruited, with matched body mass index (BMI). Following baseline tests, participants underwent 4 weeks of HIIT. 20km time‐trial (20km TT), and graded exercise test (GXT), to assess peak oxygen uptake (VO2Peak) and the Lactate threshold (LT), were performed pre and post training. A muscle biopsy was taken pre and post training, and analysed for in situ mitochondrial respiration.ResultsThe XX participants had higher VO2peak at baseline (50.05 vs 44.07 ml kg‐1 min‐1 for XX and RR). Moreover, the XX participants finished the 20 km TT faster (40 min 20 s vs 42 min 25 s). Following 4 weeks of HIIT, the XX participants showed a greater increase in maximal mitochondrial respiration (Vmax) (XX = 19.20 vs RR = 8.24 pmol s−1 mg−1 ww).
imageFurthermore, the XX participants showed higher increase in LT (XX = 26.1 W vs RR=23.1 W), and VO2peak (XX = 3.10 vs RR = 2.80 ml kg‐1 min‐1).ConclusionThese preliminary results indicate that α‐actinin‐3 deficient individuals had better endurance capacity, which could be resulted from higher maximal mitochondrial respiration after training.
Effects of Telephone Intervention on Inflammatory Cytokines Following Summer Lifestyle Intervention Program
Authors: Solis Leslie , Ponte Luis , Martinez Diego , Park Daniel , Park Kyung‐Shin 
Published: June 2021

Inflammatory cytokines are useful biomarkers in predicting developing diseases in adulthood like cardiovascular disease and may be positively affected by physical activity and weight loss, but may regress without follow‐up intervention.PURPOSETo determine the effects of a 10 month telephone follow‐up after an 8 week summer lifestyle intervention (SLI) on inflammatory cytokines, body composition and physical fitness in obese Hispanic children.METHODS41 overweight or obese students (9‐14yrs) participated in 8 week SLI. After summer camp, students were randomly assigned to two groups: 10 month follow‐up telephone intervention (TI) and control (CON). Blood samples were obtained before (PRE), a week after (POST) and 10 months following the 8 week summer intervention (YEAR) to measure levels of TNF‐α, CRP, and adiponectin.RESULTS8 weeks of SLI significantly improved levels of inflammatory cytokines (P values: PRE vs. POST for all variables were < .03) in both groups. While the improvement in CON returned to PRE values during follow‐up period, TI statistically maintained changes up to 10 months with follow‐up telephone intervention: TNF‐α (PRE:62.7±1.34pg/mL®POST:48.6±1.42®YEAR:53.4±1.25, Mean±SE, P value: PRE vs. YEAR=.0034), CRP (594.6±90.8ng/mL®415.2±102.1®498.3±101.3, P=.022), and adiponectin (8.9±1.47ug/mL®11.4±1.7®10.7±1.6, P=0.046).CONCLUSION8 weeks of SLI reduced levels of TNF‐α and CRP while elevating levels of adiponectin in Hispanic children. Results indicate that telephone intervention is an effective secondary medium in maintaining changes of inflammatory cytokines obtained from intensive treatment.
CT, PET and MRI in Experimental Barometric Physiology
Authors: Hansen Kasper , Schmidt Nikolaj , Pedersen Michael 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionDivers are exposed to extreme changes in pressure during their underwater endeavour at the risk of developing adverse symptoms during/after decompression, collectively known as decompression sickness (DCS), which in severe cases is a potentially disabling or life‐threatening condition. However, many underlying physiological phenomena attributed to DCS are currently unknown, possibly because it is intrinsically difficult to study model animals during the actual pressurisation and decompression event. We have developed a preclinical pressure chamber system compatible with CT, PET and MRI scanners, which are capable of non‐invasive visualisation of morphology and physiological processes.MethodFirst, modality‐appropriate phantoms were examined with CT, PET and MRI during pressurisation up to 10 ata (90 meters of water). Secondly, 15 anaesthetised rats (6 control, 9 pressurised) rats were MRI scanned before, during pressurisation to 7 ata for 45 min, and repeatedly during 240 minutes after a decompression of 0.5 ata/min. Concurrently, ultrasound of the pulmonary artery was performed to monitor bubble‐development; a traditional marker for DCS severity.ResultsThe acquired image signal from pressurised CT and PET phantoms were unchanged, but pressure per se had a significant but weak negative effect on the longitudinal (r1) and transverse (r2) relativity of degassed MRI phantoms. The simulated pressure chamber dive induced significant changes in basic MRI‐parameters measured in rat brain.ConclusionWe have demonstrated a system capable of performing non‐invasive in vivo measurements on a rodent model during pressurisation up to 10 ata. We believe the system could become promising for basic research in barometric physiology and medicine.
Fetoplacental Vascular Resistance is Elevated by Experimental Diabetes and Hypoxia
Authors: Hampl Vaclav , Kafka Petr , Kratzerová Tereza , Vajnerová Olga 
Published: June 2021

Acute and chronic hypoxia during the last part of pregnancy increases fetoplacental vascular resistance (Hampl & Jakoubek, Physiol Res 58: S87, 2009). Hypoxic hypoperfusion of the fetal side of the placenta is commonly considered causative in the syndrome of impaired fetal growth. Since maternal diabetes is a well‐known factor affecting fetal growth, we tested the hypothesis that maternal diabetes affects fetoplacental vascular resistance. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg i.p.) on day 14 of pregnancy (term = 21 days). One of the placentae from each dam was prepared on day 20 and both its maternal and fetal side was perfused ex vivo with Krebs solution while fetoplacental perfusion pressure (FPPP) was measured. At constant flow rate (1 ml/min), FPPP was higher by 14% in the diabetic (D) than in the control (C) placentae (26 vs. 22 mmHg, P>0.05). Acute hypoxia increased FPPP in C (by 22%, P>0.001) and significantly less so in D (by 8%, P>0.05). During acute hypoxia FPPP did not differ between C and D. The results were similar in a different model of diabetes (100 mg/kg streptozotocin given on second postantal day to future mothers). Using this model, we also found that diabetes markedly potentiated the rise in fetoplacental vascular resistance caused by chronic hypoxia (10% O2 for the last week of pregnancy). These data indicate that experimental diabetes increases fetoplacental vascular resistance to a similar extent as acute hypoxia and potentiates the effect of chronic hypoxia.Supported by Grant Agency of the Czech Republic grant # 13‐01710S.
Perfluorooctanoic Acid‐Induced Progesterone Synthesis Inhibition is Associated with Decreased Expression of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) mRNA but Not p450 Side‐Chain Cleavage mRNA in hCG‐Stimulated mLTC‐1 Cells
Authors: Miller E , Tadros S , Cannon J 
Published: June 2021

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an environmentally persistent synthetic fluoropolymer that has been identified as an endocrine disruptor. Although its mechanism of action remains largely unknown, it has been suggested to decrease steroidogenesis. The aims of this study were to determine if PFOA decreases progesterone (P4) synthesis in stimulated Mouse Leydig Tumor (mLTC‐1) cells and which steroidogenic enzymes are involved. Cells were treated with PFOA (100nm ‐ 100μM) for 24h before stimulation for 4h with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or forskolin. Cell viability was measured using the CellTiter‐Blue® Cell Viability Assay. The effects of PFOA on P4 production were assessed by ELISA. The expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), p450 side‐chain cleavage (p450scc), and the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) were determined by real‐time PCR. Cells treated with 100μM PFOA for 24h showed an 86% reduction in hCG‐induced P4 synthesis compared to untreated cells. To ensure that this decline was not due to diminished LHR expression (mRNA levels were decreased in PFOA‐treated cells), cells were also stimulated with forskolin. Similar results were obtained. There was no significant decrease in cell viability. There was no significant difference in levels of p450scc mRNA between PFOA‐stimulated and unstimulated cells. However, the levels of StAR mRNA levels were markedly declined in cells treated with 100μM PFOA. These data show inhibition of steroidogenesis in PFOA‐treated mLTC‐1 cells and an associated decrease in the expression of LHR and StAR mRNA. Funding: Center for Undergraduate Research and Dept of Biological Sciences, GRU
Surgical treatment of phimosis with congenital epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Lozovoy V. , Lozovaya E. , Dosanova A 
Published: June 2021

Congenital epidermolysis bullosa is a rare disease. The main symptom of the disease is the formation of bubbles, even after minor mechanical trauma to the skin. The severity of disease is reduced to the period of puberty. Extreme difficulties arise in the case of additional diseases that require surgical intervention. Physician should choose a rational type of tactics of the patient treatment in order to eliminate the pathological process with minimal aggravation of the patient's condition on the underlying disease.Child G., 4 months entered on 16.09.11 complaining of the presence of the skin all over the body and limbs ulcers covered with crusts, at different stages of healing, difficult urinating. He is observed by a dermatologist with a diagnosis of “congenital epidermolysis bullosa”. Surgeon in outpatient terms performed the autopsy of education, treatment, subsequently observed the formation of scar phimosis with difficult urinating. Foreskin deformed, expressed edema and hyperemia of tissues, hole of the foreskin is narrowed due to the formed scar here ‐ the continuing phase of wound healing with the development of granulation growths. Surgical intervention for emergency indications was performed to resolve acute urinary retention, restore of spontaneous urination ‐ circular excision of the foreskin with the removal of the pathological process leading to the development of urinary retention, it was used during the operation a principle of minimal soft tissue injury with the exception of the forceps, clamp to hold penis in position used gauze soaked in glycerine.ResultsThe child was discharged on the 6th day in a satisfactory condition. He is examined in a month ‐ no complications noted, the process of urination is not broken. (Valeologia j. №3 2014)
The Role of Pre‐recorded Lecture to Replace Live‐Lecture on Student Performance
Authors: Hadgu Rim , Huynh Sophia , Lee Kunhee , Albert Michelle , Rehman Mariam , Mussig Zachary , Gaebelein Claude , Gopalan Chaya 
Published: June 2021

There has been a sudden increase of reliance on pre‐recorded lectures (PRL) as a source of learning in higher education today. In this study, we compared student performance between live‐lecture (LL) and PRL.Sixty Introductory Physiology students at St. Louis College of Pharmacy gave informed consent to participate in this study. Two lectures were pre‐recorded to replace LL. We compared individual performance by separating exam questions into PRL and LL. LL had an average of 78.2% on relevant questions while PRL yielded an average of 74.5%. The pattern of test performance was similar for both groups and the proportion of each group passing was 85% for LL and 80% for PRL. Subsequently, these questions were separated into two subgroups: memory questions (MQ) and comprehension questions (CQ). The mean performance of the participating students for PRL‐MQ was 81% and LL‐MQ was 72% and was not statistically significant. On the other hand, the mean for PRL‐CQ was 55%, and LL‐CQ was 78%, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study suggests that students that attend LL perform better on higher‐order processing questions. Although PRL can be used to supplement lectures, our findings highlight the importance of teacher interaction to attain a deeper understanding of content.
Increasing Knowledge Retention Through Self‐Regulation in Medical Students
Authors: Johannessen Molly , Winston Kalman 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesSelf‐regulation theory has been linked to optimal functioning in learners across a diverse range of disciplines and content areas, and has been effective within several areas of medical education. This study was designed to utilize self‐explanation and calibration of knowledge as a form of self‐regulation to improve knowledge retention.MethodsUtilizing a four‐tier multiple‐choice formative‐assessment instrument, students (n=850) were given the opportunity to increase their knowledge retention on difficult physiology concepts. This formative assessment was offered post‐lecture as a means to increase student learning. Evaluation of subsequent exam performances and the types of self‐explanation given were compared between three student groups: those who completed no multiple‐choice questions (MCQs); MCQs only; and MCQs plus confidence calibration and self‐explanation, to evaluate the hypothesis that self‐regulation increases learning.Results and ConclusionsThe well‐acknowledged educational benefits of test‐enhanced learning were reconfirmed with this study: the use of practice formative assessments alone improved subsequent exam performance (+2‐4%, effect size: >0.2). The study further demonstrated that self‐explanation and calibration of confidence added an additional educational benefit above these formative assessments alone (+2‐5%, es: >0.2), thus demonstrating that the additional cyclic process of self‐regulation may be a valuable tool to aid learning and knowledge retention within medical education.
The Role of Medical Student's Feed Back in Undergraduate Gross Anatomy Teaching
Authors: Anand Mahindra Kumar , Gaur Uma , Lakhani Chintan , Chudhari Manisha , Sarvanan P 
Published: June 2021

Teaching the subject of gross anatomy to undergraduate students has always been challenging as it lays the foundation for the subsequent understanding of clinical teaching. It requires constant evaluation along with updating and remodeling to prepare an appropriate and effective clinical based, integrated gross anatomy curriculum. Feedback obtained from students is an essential tool in the process of evaluation of teaching and learning in any institution. Analysis of feedback from students along with inputs from teachers and reflections of teaching bodies help to achieve appropriate modifications in the course content and teaching methods.This study was conducted in the form of an anonymous survey. Six hundred medical students, belonging to the 3rd to 9th semester participated in this study. A questionnaire was circulated amongst them during college hours. The questions in the questionnaire were based on the course content, methods of teaching, quality of teaching, teaching tools, mode of assessment of students and suggestions to improve the quality of the curriculum in relation to gross anatomy. Majority (99%) of the students were willing to participate in the survey and gave their honest opinion. It was noted that though majority of the students liked the subject and the course content, they did not like the methods and tools of teaching. A large number of students (89%) suggested that evaluation should be conducted for each course at the end of the semester.Evaluation and feedback by students can play an important role in modification, reconstruction and delivery of an effective, integrated gross anatomy course.
Implementation & Evaluation of Anatomy Teaching Associate Program
Authors: Makeeva Valeria , Resuehr David 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionRepeated attempts to establish an anatomy TA‐program at UABSOM in 2011 and 2012 using fourth‐year medical students have been unsuccessful due to low enrollment. We hypothesized that the root cause was too inflexible program scheduling for fourth year students' required activities.MethodsWe converted previously required two weeks of class time into 25 hours of “face time” – training for labs and teaching. Our TA's selected any 6 dissections to teach from 23 total occurring during the 10‐month span between August and May.TA's were co‐enrolled in the present course and their remaining requirements.ResultsWe achieved full enrollment (24 TA's) in our first “pilot year.” 12 (50%) TA's completed voluntary survey evaluations. Importantly, 83.3% of TA's agreed or strongly agreed that flexibility of the TA program weighed into their decision to sign up. Surveys also divulged that the TA‐program was highly rated and mutually benefitted all involved parties, TA's, students taught and professors.Discussion/SignificanceAny course in a higher education setting suffering from low student participation due to curricular constraints may convert class time to “face time” and thereby make previously inaccessible educational opportunities available to students. Source of Research SupportDept. of Cell, Dev. and Int. Bio at the UABSOM*Ethics approval for project evaluation was obtained from the UAB Institutional Review Board (IRB, E131015008).
Femoral Neck Anteversion: Estimation in Bones of South Indian Origin and Clinical Significance
Authors: Krishnamurthy Ashwin , Chettiar Ganesh , Saralaya Vasudha 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the average angle of Femoral Neck Anteversion (FNA) in bones of South Indian population.Methods: One hundred and fifty intact dry femur bones belonging to 78 males (63 Right & 15 Left) and 72 females (36 Right and 36 Left) were chosen for the study. The FNA, angle between a transverse line that passes through bicondylar plane of the distal end of femur and an imaginary line passing through the center of femoral head and neck were evaluated by Kingsley Olmsted method and the results statistically analyzed.Results: The mean FNA of the bones observed was 12.860+ 7.380. The mean measurements in the male and female bones was 14.110+ 6.190 and 11.50+ 8.320. It was observed that in 58% of bones the FNA was 11‐200, in 24% it was 0‐ 100, in 12% it was 21‐ 300 and in 9% bones the femoral neck was retroverted.ConclusionThe cause for variation in measurement of FNA can be multifactorial and has important implications in arthroplasties and evaluation of pathology of hip. The values of the present study add to the data on FNA as it is known to increase in conditions like Perthe's disease, cerebral palsy, postural defects etc and is known to decrease in toing out and rickety chondrodystrophy.
Genome Wide Association Study of Dental Arch Form and Occlusal Relationships in the Mixed Dentition Stage
Authors: Miller Steven , Shaffer John , Marazita Mary , Levy Steven , Warren John , Hartsfield James , Moreno Lina 
Published: June 2021

Dental arch form has been a major subject of investigation in the dental sciences, however, little is known about the genetic etiology of arch form and arch occlusal relationships. This study seeks to examine the potential genetic underpinnings of dental arch form and malocclusion. A sample of n=272 dental casts of the mixed dentition stage (around age 9) were scanned and landmarked to capture data pertaining to dental arches shape and position and then subjected to principal components analysis (PCA) to identify the most important aspects of phenotypic variation. These PC scores were then correlated with whole‐genome association data for a subset of n=210 individuals to identify potential relationships between dental arch form and the genome. Phenotypic variation captured through PCA identified antero‐posterior (AP) discrepancies between the maxillary and mandibular arch (PC1 – 24.2% variation) as well as arch width variation (PC2 – 15.8%) and AP discrepancies with variation in the curve of Spee (PC3 – 14.9%). Suggestive relationships between PRKD1 and PC1 (p=7.11E‐06), RBFOX1 and PC2 (p=8.06E‐06) as well as DACH1 and PC3 (3.27E‐06) were found. This study is among the first to identify variation in dental arch shape and position that may be related to variants in these genes.Support: Carver Charitable Trust #12‐4058 and NIH 2 UL1 TR000442, 1T90DE023520, R01‐DE09551 and U01‐DE018903