bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft power „kínai módra”
Authors: Csikó Anna 
Published: January 2021

This paper introduces and examines Confucius Institutes (CI) as part of China’s soft power – with a special focus on the problems regarding the CI’s in Hungary. I also intend to analyse what kind of picture of the CI’s the mediapresents and how realistic this image is. I will discuss in two separate chapters the most serious accusations made against the CI’s (spreading Chinese propaganda, violation of human rights and academic freedom and spying forChina) because I consider that these topics provide valuable insights into the considerable influence exercised by the media even in the case of assessing educational and cultural institutions. The term “soft power” was introduced by Joseph Nye in 1990, referring to the ability to make the image of one’s country desirable abroad by using culture, ideology or institutions. But China had already discovered in the 80s how important culture and language can be as means to obtain power without recourse to “hard” methods. In 1987 China established Hanban; the first experimental CI was set up in 2004 in Uzbekistan and the first official CI was founded in South Korea in the same year. As of April, 2020 there are 540 CI’s world-wide, according to Hanban’s website, which clearly indicates that the CI’s are hugely successful. In Hungary there are currently 5 CI’s.
Effort fiscal en Afrique subsaharienne : les résultats d’une nouvelle base de données
Authors: Caldeira Émilie , Compaore Ali , Dama Alou Adessé , Mansour Mario , Rota-Graziosi Grégoire 
Published: January 2021

Cet article propose (i) une nouvelle base de données des recettes fiscales de 42 pays d’Afrique subsaharienne sur la période 1980-2015, (ii) une estimation de l’effort fiscal pour ces pays et (iii) une réplication d’estimations précédentes de l’effort fiscal. La base de données provient des statistiques du Département Afrique du Fond Monétaire International (FMI). Elle distingue les recettes fiscales issues du secteur des ressources naturelles des autres secteurs de l’économie. Sur la période étudiée, les recettes fiscales (hors ressources naturelles) des pays étudiés s’élèvent en moyenne à 13,2 % du PIB, l’effort fiscal moyen est estimé à 0,57. En d’autres termes, ces pays pourraient atteindre un ratio recettes fiscales sur PIB de 23,2 % si tout leur potentiel fiscal était exploité. Comme dans les analyses précédentes, le niveau de développement des pays apprécié par le revenu par habitant, leur développement financier et leur ouverture commerciale améliorent les recettes fiscales, alors que la dotation en ressources naturelles et le poids du secteur agricole réduisent celles-ci. Finalement, au-delà de l’originalité de la base de données elle-même et des résultats empiriques, ce travail contribue explicitement au principe de réplication en proposant une application en ligne ( https://data.cerdi.uca.fr/taxeffort/ ). Codes JEL : H20, O11, O23.
Agencements et indexicalités : signifier la subjectivation politique
Authors: Canut Cécile 
Published: January 2021

Comment se dit la subjectivation politique ? L’émancipation est-elle observable dans le langagier ? Comment l’appréhender d’un point de vue sociolinguistique ? À partir d’une recherche entamée depuis plus de dix années en Bulgarie au sein d’un quartier dit « tsigane », cet article tente de répondre à ces questions en articulant deux approches : l’anthropologie linguistique américaine, et plus précisément la métapragmatique initiée par Michael Silverstein, et la théorisation de l’agencement proposée par Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari. Il en résulte que, mise en exergue par le biais de l’analyse du rôle de l’indexicalisation, la subjectivation se pose en termes de rapports émergeant d’agencements, eux-mêmes issus de changements de positionnements à même de produire des transformations sociales. C’est donc par la mise en jeu permanente des indices et des contextes, leurs redéfinitions et leur création, que des significations nouvelles émergent.
Un monde privé sous contrainte
Authors: Millet Mathias , Thin Daniel 
Published: January 2021

Cet article interroge, à partir du cas de familles populaires ayant un enfant en rupture scolaire et pris en charge par un dispositif relais, la manière dont l’école intervient dans la structuration des rapports aux institutions auxquelles elles ont affaire. Il interroge les répercussions que les épreuves durables de la scolarité et les actions de prise en charge qui en découlent peuvent avoir sur les dimensions « privées » de ces vies familiales (et les pratiques éducatives qui relèvent en temps ordinaire des prérogatives parentales) en étant ainsi travaillées par les dimensions « publiques » de l’intervention institutionnelle (susceptible de s’arroger un droit de regard sur les pratiques socialisatrices par exemple). Il questionne ainsi les transformations que ces prises en charge peuvent générer dans les pratiques et représentations familiales de l’école, ainsi que la façon dont la multiplication des interventions institutionnelles qui accompagnent souvent les prises en charge des ruptures scolaires peut conduire les familles à jouer des différentes logiques institutionnelles à l’œuvre et à y puiser des ressources dans la contrainte.
Imperfect Credibility versus No Credibility of Optimal Monetary Policy
Authors: Chatelain Jean-Bernard , Ralf Kirsten 
Published: January 2021

Une crédibilité minimale de la banque centrale, avec une probabilité non nulle de ne pas revenir sur son engagement, est une condition nécessaire pour ancrer les anticipations d’inflation et garantir le retour de l’inflation vers sa cible de long terme. En revanche, l’absence complète de crédibilité, avec la certitude que la banque centrale reviendra sur son engagement (« discrétion optimale »), implique une bifurcation de la dynamique de l’inflation vers des trajectoires déflationnistes ou hyperinflationnistes. Dans l’exemple de la courbe de Phillips des nouveaux keynésiens, la politique optimale à très faible crédibilité impose une réponse de l’instrument de politique monétaire aux écarts de l’inflation de signe opposé à la politique de discrétion optimale, ce qui explique cette bifurcation.
Les principes du sens commun face à la norme de l’évidence
Authors: Thébert Angélique 
Published: January 2021

Quiconque veut croire de manière appropriée devrait obéir à la règle de l’évidence qui veut que l’on croie que p si et seulement si l’on a des raisons suffisantes de croire qu’il est vrai que p . En tout autre cas, le doute s’impose. Pourtant, il existe des croyances qui ne respectent pas cette règle : les principes du sens commun. Même si nous croyons en eux sans disposer de raisons suffisantes pour attester de leur vérité, cette attitude n’est pas intellectuellement illégitime. Ainsi, nous sommes en droit de croire que nos pouvoirs intellectuels sont fiables, à défaut de disposer de raisons suffisantes, et même en dépit de raisons de douter. Nous n’avons pas à choisir entre la suspension du jugement et la thèse fidéiste selon laquelle les principes du sens commun relèvent de la foi, conçue comme étant distincte des croyances. L’idée de Reid que les principes du sens commun sont des croyances authentiques en lesquelles nous avons confiance ou foi permet d’échapper à ce dilemme : la foi n’est pas une réponse au doute, un saut qu’on décide de faire faute de mieux. C’est une foi primitive, sans laquelle on ne peut pas évaluer l’évidence. Il en résulte que 1) une telle foi peut être conservée en dépit de raisons de douter, car elle n’est pas acquise du fait de raisons et 2) la compatibilité avec les principes du sens commun est une règle doxastique qui a priorité sur la règle de l’évidence.
Five-Year Occurrence and Management of Central Toxic Keratopathy After Femtosecond Laser–Assisted LASIK
Authors: Moshirfar Majid , Hall MacGregor N. , West William B. , McCabe Shannon E. , Miller Chase M. , West David G. , Shmunes Kathryn M. , Hoopes Phillip C. 
Published: January 2021

PURPOSE:
To report the 5-year occurrence, management, and outcomes of 12 eyes diagnosed as having central toxic keratopathy (CTK) after femtosecond laser–assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK).

METHODS:
A retrospective chart review was conducted on 20,622 FS-LASIK procedures performed at a single site from January 2015 to December 2019 to identify patients diagnosed as having central toxic keratopathy. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, refraction, and imaging were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS:
CTK occurred in 12 eyes of 8 patients after FSLASIK. A total of 75% of eyes were diagnosed during an outbreak that happened over 2 months and the remaining 25% were considered sporadic. Five eyes were treated with flap lift and irrigation and 7 eyes were treated non-surgically. The average time to resolution of CTK in eyes that underwent flap lift and irrigation was 53 days compared to 33 days in eyes treated non-surgically. All 5 eyes treated with flap lift and irrigation ultimately achieved uncorrected distance visual acuity of 0.1 logMAR or better, whereas only 3 of 7 eyes treated non-surgically achieved the same. At the final postoperative visit, the eyes treated with flap lift and irrigation measured on average 14 µm thinner and 1.60 diopters (D) flatter than the expected postoperative pachymetry and keratometry, respectively. Those treated non-surgically were on average 28 µm thinner and 1.70 D flatter than expected.

CONCLUSIONS:
CTK is a rare complication of FS-LASIK but can occur in clusters. Although management of CTK is debated, flap lift and irrigation may lead to better visual acuity and refractive and anatomic outcomes in some cases.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2021;37(1):25–31.]
Risk Evaluation of Human Corneal Stromal Lenticules From SMILE for Reuse
Authors: Shang Yanfeng , Li Yu , Wang Zhiqun , Sun Xuguang , Zhang Fengju 
Published: January 2021

PURPOSE:To investigate the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of human corneal stromal lenticules from small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).METHODS:Serological testing was completed prior to sample collection to rule out infectious diseases. Pathogens herpes simplex viruses (HSV) type 1 and type 2 were screened for by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and bacteria, fungi, andAcanthamoebafrom 128 lenticules of 64 patients were cultured. A total of 132 lenticules from 93 patients were randomly assigned to the fresh group, −78 °C anhydrous glycerol preservation group (glycerol group), and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate decellularization group (SDS group) in pairs and detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, transmission electron microscopy, transmittance, and nanoindentation.RESULTS:The fresh lenticules were all negative for HSV-1, HSV-2, bacteria, fungi, andAcanthamoeba. HLA-I A/B/C and HLA-II DR antigens were all expressed in fresh lenticules but were clearly reduced after preservation at −78 °C in anhydrous glycerol or decellularization in 0.1% SDS. The collagen fibers of the lenticules in the fresh group were regularly arranged, and the keratocytes were intact. The fibers in the glycerol group were regularly arranged, and the integrity of keratocytes was destroyed. The fibers in the SDS group were disordered and had no cellular structure. The transmittance and Young's modulus were highest in the fresh group, lower in the glycerol group, and lowest in the SDS group.CONCLUSIONS:Risk of infection is low, but risk of rejection exists on the reuse of fresh human corneal stromal lenticules from SMILE. Anhydrous glycerol preservation at −78 °C is an ideal method for reducing antigens without damaging the structure and function of lenticules.[J Refract Surg. 2021;37(1):32–40.]
Gamification for Science Learning Media Challenges of Teacher and Expectations of Students
Authors: Lutfi Achmad , Hidayah Rusly 
Published: January 2021

<p>The purpose of this research is to determine the response of teachers and students towards the use of computer-based games as a medium for learning Sciences. Data were obtained from students of two ninth-grade classes of Junior high school in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, through observation, questionnaire, and interviews. Science learning on atomic subjects was carried out by each science teacher, while students used computerized games and worksheets. The results showed that 87.50% to 100% of students supported the use of computer-based games as a science learning media to achieve the specified target. Meanwhile, teachers believe that the use of this technique is very good because it enables students to play and learn. Therefore it has the ability to prevent them from participating in uneducational games.</p><p> </p>
« Ils ont transformé la divinité Yuma en Dieu ! »
Authors: Vandenhelsken Mélanie 
Published: January 2021

Cet article porte sur les transformations récentes des rituels limbu au Sikkim et discute en particulier le désaccord entre, d’une part, un nouveau mouvement religieux appelé yumaism, centré sur le culte d’une jeune femme considérée comme une réincarnation de la divinité domestique des Limbu Yuma, et, d’autre part, ceux qui considèrent le chamanisme comme unique représentant de la tradition limbu. Ce désaccord reflète non seulement des conceptions divergentes de l’« identité » religieuse des Limbu, ainsi que de la définition et du rôle des frontières ethniques, mais aussi une valorisation différente de la question de l’autochtonie des Limbu au Sikkim. Rappelant l’association de Yuma au pouvoir népalais et à l’hindouisation des Limbu du Nord-Est népalais mise en avant par Philippe Sagant, cette situation révèle une nouvelle forme d’opposition à un culte à Yuma renouvelé, qui illustre la tension entre l’ancrage dans le territoire limbu et l’adhésion à des réseaux religieux et politiques élargis.
Honorary Authorships in the Ophthalmological Literature
Authors: Hardjosantoso Hannah C , Dahi Yalda , Verhemel Alex , Dahi Ingri , Gadjradj Pravesh S. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
To report the prevalence of honorary authorship (HA) among different journals in the ophthalmological literature

Methods:
An online survey was conducted among corresponding authors of six journals with the highest impact factors in the ophthalmological field. The survey consists of questions regarding (1) demographics, (2) awareness of authorship guidelines, and (3) application of authorship guidelines on their current surveyed article. Furthermore, respondents were asked if they felt that according to their understanding of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJEs) guidelines, a coauthor on their current article did not deserve authorship (perceived HA). Furthermore, respondents were asked if coauthors performed solely nonauthor tasks (ICMJE-defined HA).

Results:
Out of the 1688 surveys sent, 333 were returned, leading to a response rate of 19.7%. Eighty-four and a half percent of all respondents were aware of the ICMJE guidelines. When deciding on order of authorship, most authors decided as a group (43.8%), followed by the senior author deciding (30.1%), and 77 articles were decided by the first author (23.4%). When asked if respondents believed that any of their coauthors did not make sufficient contributions to be included as an author, 8.8% affirmed. One hundred and thirty-one respondents stated that any of their coauthors performed only one or more nonauthor tasks, making the rate of ICMJE-defined HA 39.8%.

Conclusions:
HA is present throughout all journals surveyed despite endorsement of the ICMJE guidelines by these same journals. The discrepancy between self-perceived HA and ICMJE-defined HA suggests the necessity for modifications to our authorship system or a contemporary revision to the ICMJE guidelines.
Artifacts in Macular Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Bazvand Fatemeh , Ghassemi Fariba 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
To identify and explain different artifacts in macular optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Methods:
For this comprehensive review, a PubMed and Google Scholar (January 1995–October 2018) search was conducted by the researchers, using the keywords such as OCT, artifacts, artefact, and macula.

Results:
We reviewed the main OCT artifacts including software break-down or misidentification of retinal layers, incomplete segmentation error, complete segmentation failure, mirror artifact (inverted artifact), cut edge artifact, degraded image scan, out-of-register artifact, off-center artifact, motion artifact, foveal duplication, segmentation shift, blink artifact, static or fixed image artifact, linear artifact, and perfluorocarbon liquid-producing artifact.

Conclusions:
There are various artifacts in OCT image scans. The identification of these artifacts may help in accurate interpretations of OCT images in clinical settings that can affect the diagnosis and management of different retinal disorders.
Optimization of Slash and Clear Community-Directed Control of Simulium damnosum Sensu Stricto in Northern Uganda
Authors: Jacob Benjamin , Loum Denis , Munu Denis , Lakwo Thomson , Byamukama Edson , Habomugisha Peace , Cupp Eddie W. , Unnasch Thomas R. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTOnchocerciasis, caused by infection with Onchocerca volvulus, has been targeted for elimination by 2030. Currently, onchocerciasis elimination programs rely primarily on mass distribution of ivermectin. However, ivermectin alone may not be sufficient to achieve elimination in some circumstances, and additional tools may be needed. Vector control has been used as a tool to control onchocerciasis, but vector control using insecticides is expensive and ecologically detrimental. Community-directed removal of the trailing vegetation black fly larval attachment sites (slash and clear) has been shown to dramatically reduce vector biting densities. Here, we report studies to optimize the slash and clear process. Conducting slash and clear interventions at Simulium damnosum sensu stricto breeding sites located within 2 km of afflicted communities resulted in a 95% reduction in vector biting. Extending slash and clear further than 2 km resulted in no further decrease. A single intervention conducted at the first half of the rainy season resulted in a 97% reduction in biting rate, whereas an intervention conducted at the end of the rainy season resulted in a 94% reduction. Vector numbers in any of the intervention villages did not fully recover by the start of the following rainy season. These results suggest that slash and clear may offer an inexpensive and effective way to augment ivermectin distribution in the effort to eliminate onchocerciasis in Africa.
Molecular Identification of Parasites Causing Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Panama
Authors: Miranda Aracelis del C. , González Kadir A. , Samudio Franklyn , Pineda Vanessa J. , Calzada José E. , Capitan-Barrios Zeuz , Jiménez Ana , Castillo Juan , Mendoza Yaxelis , Suárez José A. , Ortiz Betsi , Méndez Juan , Pascale Juan M. , Grögl Max , Sosa Néstor , Saldaña Azael 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTIsolates from 475 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients from three endemic regions were studied by three typing techniques. The molecular analysis from lesion scrapings based on hsp70 PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) showed that 78.1% (371/475) restriction patterns corresponded to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis, 19% (90/475) to Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, and 3.0% (14/475) to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Promastigotes isolated by culture from lesions of 228 patients (48.0%, 228/475) were identified by multi-locus enzyme electrophoresis. Of them, 95.2% (217/228) were typified as L. (V.) panamensis, 1.3% (3/228) as L. (V.) guyanensis, 2.2% (5/228) as L. (V.) braziliensis, and 1.3% (3/228) as hybrids (L. [V.] braziliensis/L. [V.] panamensis). However, a partial sequencing analysis of the hsp70 gene from 77 selected samples showed 16.9% (13/77) typified as L. (V.) panamensis, 68.8% (53/77) as Leishmania (V.) sp., 1, 3.9% (3/77) as L. (V.) guyanensis, 1.3% (1/77) as L. (V.) braziliensis outlier, 2.6% (2/77) as Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi, 2.6% as (2/77) Leishmania (V.) sp., and 2 and 3.9% (3/77) hybrid isolates of L. (V.) braziliensis/L. (V.) guyanensis. These results confirm L. (V.) panamensis as the predominant species and cause of CL lesions in Panama and that L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, and L. (V.) naiffi are circulating to a lower degree. Furthermore, the determination of parasite isolates belonging to atypical clusters and hybrid isolates suggests the circulation of genetic variants with important implications for the epidemiology and clinical follow-up of CL in Panama. No evidence of the existence of parasites of the Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana complex in Panamanian territory was found in this study.
The Hajj and COVID-19: How the Pandemic Shaped the World’s Largest Religious Gathering
Authors: Hashim Hashim Talib , Babar Maryam Salma , Essar Mohammad Yasir , Ramadhan Mustafa Ahmed , Ahmad Shoaib 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThe Hajj pilgrimage, one of the five pillars of Islam, is held in Saudi Arabia in the second week of Dhu’l-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the world’s largest mass gatherings, constituting more than 2.5 million Muslim pilgrims from more than 180 countries. The COVID-19 pandemic posed a significant public health threat for such mass gatherings. Thus, a health risk assessment for the 2020 Hajj was held by the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health and the WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, which concluded that foreign pilgrims should be excluded from the 2020 Hajj and that the number of pilgrims should be significantly reduced. Timely decisions allowed the Saudi government to conduct the Hajj, despite an initial postponement. However, the number of pilgrims was significantly downscaled, and extensive new protocols were set in place because of the pandemic. This article aims to shed light on the challenges faced and efforts made by Saudi Arabia to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 during the religious proceedings of the Hajj.
The effect of graphite composition on polyaniline film performance for formalin gas sensor
Authors: A. Akbar S. , Mardhiah A. , Saidi N. , Lelifajri D. 
Published: January 2021

The invention of formalin gas sensors based on polyaniline (PANI) has been developed which arranged by PANI|graphite composite form. The reaction between amine and formaldehyde produced a Schiff base that alters the resistance of PANI film as a function of formaldehyde concentration. The response of the sensor was measured in variations of graphite composition with 3%, 10%, and 25%. The results showed similar patterns in all concentrations of formalin. However, the sensor response at 10% and 25% graphite decreased dramatically. The formalin with concentration 400 ppm shown the response with 3% graphite was 1.62 times greater than 25%. Addition of too much graphite makes the absorption area on the PANI surface becomes less because the graphite covered it. In this case, the sensor performance was still stable and functional, but the measured resistance seems smaller because the sensor conductivity level more dominated by graphite. Therefore, composites of polyaniline and graphite can be used as sensors to detect the presence of formaldehyde gas.

KEY WORDS: Formalin, Graphite, Polyaniline, Resistance, Sensors

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(3), 597-604.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i3.14