bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fusion‐Induced Growth of Biomimetic Polymersomes: Behavior of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐Poly(ethylene oxide) Vesicles in Saline Solutions Under High Agitation
Authors: Marušič Nika , Zhao Ziliang , Otrin Lado , Dimova Rumiana , Ivanov Ivan , Sundmacher Kai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGiant unilamellar vesicles serve as membrane models and primitive mockups of natural cells. With respect to the latter use, amphiphilic polymers can be used to replace phospholipids in order to introduce certain favorable properties, ultimately allowing for the creation of truly synthetic cells. These new properties also enable the employment of new preparation procedures that are incompatible with the natural amphiphiles. Whereas the growth of lipid compartments to micrometer dimensions has been well established, growth of their synthetic analogs remains underexplored. Here, the influence of experimental parameters like salt type/concentration and magnitude of agitation on the fusion of nanometer‐sized vesicles made of poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐poly(ethylene oxide) graft copolymer (PDMS‐g‐PEO) is investigated in detail. To this end, dynamic light scattering, microscopy, and membrane mixing assays are employed, and the process at different time and length scales is analyzed. This optimized method is used as an easy tool to obtain giant vesicles, equipped with membrane and cytosolic biomachinery, in the presence of salts at physiological concentrations.
A CT‐less approach to quantitative PET imaging using the LSO intrinsic radiation for long‐axial FOV PET scanners
Authors: Teimoorisichani Mohammadreza , Panin Vladimir , Rothfuss Harold , Sari Hasan , Rominger Axel , Conti Maurizio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeLong‐axial field‐of‐view (FOV) positron emission tomography (PET) scanners have gained a lot of interest in the recent years. Such scanners provide increased sensitivity and enable unique imaging opportunities that were not previously feasible. Benefiting from the high sensitivity of a long‐axial FOV PET scanner, we studied a computed tomography (CT)–less reconstruction algorithm for the Siemens Biograph Vision Quadra with an axial FOV of 106 cm.MethodsIn this work, the background radiation from radioisotope lutetium‐176 in the scintillators was used to create an initial estimate of the attenuation maps. Then, joint activity and attenuation reconstruction algorithms were used to create an improved attenuation map of the object. The final attenuation maps were then used to reconstruct quantitative PET images, which were compared against CT‐based PET images. The proposed method was evaluated on data from three patients who underwent a flurodeoxyglucouse PET scan.ResultsSegmentation of the PET images of the three studied patients showed an average quantitative error of 6.5%–8.3% across all studied organs when using attenuation maps from maximum likelihood estimation of attenuation and activity and 5.3%–6.6% when using attenuation maps from maximum likelihood estimation of activity and attenuation correction coefficients.ConclusionsBenefiting from the background radiation of lutetium‐based scintillators, a quantitative CT‐less PET imaging technique was evaluated in this work.
Technical note: Experimental determination of the effective point of measurement of the PTW‐31010 ionization chamber in proton and carbon ion beams
Authors: Barna Sandra , Resch Andreas Franz , Puchalska Monika , Georg Dietmar , Palmans Hugo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeThe accurate knowledge of the effective point of measurement (Peff) is particularly important for measurements in proximity to high dose gradients such as in the distal fall‐off of particle beams. For plane‐parallel ionization chambers (ICs), Peff is well known and located at the center of the inner surface of the entrance window. For cylindrical ICs, Peff is shifted from the chamber's center toward the beam source. According to IAEA TRS‐398, this shift can be calculated as 0.75·rcyl for light ions with rcyl being the radius of the cavity. For proton beams and in absence of a dose gradient, no shift is recommended. We have experimentally determined Peff for the 0.125 cc Semiflex IC in both proton and carbon ion beams.MethodsThe first method consisted of simultaneous irradiation of a plane‐parallel IC and the Semiflex in a 4‐cm wide spread‐out Bragg peak. In the second method, a single‐energy beam was used, and both ICs were positioned successively at the same measurement depths. For both approaches, the shift of the distal edge of the depth ionization distributions recorded by the two chambers at different reference points was used to calculate Peff of the Semiflex. Both methods were applied in carbon ion beams, and only the latter was applied in proton beams.ResultsBoth methods yielded a similar Peff for carbon ions, 0.88·rcyl, and 0.84·rcyl, which results in a difference of only 0.1 mm. The difference to the recommended value of 0.75·rcyl is 0.4 and 0.3 mm, respectively, which is larger than the positioning uncertainty. In the proton beam, a Peff of 0.92·rcyl was obtained.ConclusionsThe Peff for the 0.125 cc Semiflex IC is shifted further from the cavity center as recommended by IAEA TRS‐398 for light ions, with the shift for proton beams being even larger than for carbon ion beams.
Theoretical studies on the g factors, optical absorption, and their concentration variations for Mo5+ in 40PbO–(10 − x)Y2O3–50P2O5:xMoO3 glass
Authors: Zhou Hong‐Fei , Dong Hui‐Ning , Wang Yi‐Ming , Liu Xu‐Sheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOn the basis of the higher order perturbation formulas of g factors for a 4d1 group in tetragonally compressed octahedra, the g factors, optical absorption, local structure, and their concentration dependences of pentavalent molybdenum in 40PbO–(10 − x)Y2O3–50P2O5:xMoO3 (1 ≤ x ≤ 5 mol%) glass are uniformly investigated. The experimental optical absorption spectra and g factors for Mo5+ at various concentrations x are reasonably regenerated by using the reasonable exponential concentration functions of the cubic field parameter Dq, covalent factor N, and relative tetragonal compression ratio ρ. The tetragonal compression ratio ρ due to the Jahn–Teller effect was found in the range of 3.8% to 4.2%. The decreasing trend of Dq and N and the increasing trend of ρ with concentration can be interpreted as the fact that the variations of MoO3 and Y2O3 concentrations lead to the modulations of local structure and electron cloud distribution around Mo5+, associated with the adjustment of the glass network. The concentration dependence of optical basicity is also analyzed for the above glass systems.
Degradation of silicone‐based materials as a driving force for recyclability
Authors: Rupasinghe Buddhima , Furgal Joseph C 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSiloxane polymers are an important industrial commodity based on the structure –(R2–Si–O)–. Scission of the siloxane bond is essential, as it is the first step leading to polymerization or the depolymerization of polymers into smaller units for potential recycling. These highly condition‐specific reactions selectively trigger whether polymerization or breakdowns occur and have been extensively studied over the past 80 years. However, studies to recycle siloxanes are still in their infancy. Traditional methods to synthesize silicones involve high capital‐intensive and environmental costs using carbothermal reduction. These reactions cause the excessive release of global warming gases such as CO2 and other pollutants into the environment. Therefore, being able to reuse and recycle them in a meaningful manner is highly sought. As a result, ways to controllably rupture the siloxane bond into known products have been a goal of siloxane researchers since the 1950s. Hydrolysis, catalytic depolymerization, thermal depolymerization and radical extractions are the main approaches to imbue the scission of the siloxane bond, resulting in a slew of products, including new polymers, cyclics or monomeric silanes. The present review summarizes the available published data on the degradation and depolymerization of polysiloxanes published up to July 2021. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Diamide insecticide resistance in transgenic Drosophila and Sf9‐cells expressing a full‐length diamondback moth ryanodine receptor carrying an I4790M mutation
Authors: Richardson Ewan , Homem Rafael A , Troczka Bartlomiej J , George Christopher H , Ebbinghaus‐Kintscher Ulrich , Williamson Martin S , Nauen Ralf , Davies TG Emyr 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDResistance to diamide insecticides in Lepidoptera is known to be caused primarily by amino acid changes on the ryanodine receptor (RyR). Recently, two new target site mutations, G4946V and I4790M, have emerged in populations of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, as well as in other lepidopteran species, and both mutations have been shown empirically to decrease diamide efficacy. Here, we quantify the impact of the I4790M mutation on diamide activation of the receptor, as compared to alterations at the G4946 locus.RESULTSI4790M when introduced into P. xylostella RyR expressed in an insect‐derived Sf9 cell line was found to mediate just a ten‐fold reduction in chlorantraniliprole efficacy (compared to 104‐ and 146‐fold reductions for the G4946E and G4946V variants, respectively), whilst in the field its presence is associated with a ≥150‐fold reduction. I4790M‐mediated resistance to flubendiamide was estimated to be >24‐fold. When the entire coding sequence of P. xylostella RyR was integrated into Drosophila melanogaster, the I4790M variant conferred ~4.4‐fold resistance to chlorantraniliprole and 22‐fold resistance to flubendiamide in the 3rd instar larvae, confirming that it imparts only a moderate level of resistance to diamide insecticides. Although the I4790M substitution appears to bear no fitness costs in terms of the flies' reproductive capacity, when assessed in a noncompetitive environment, it does, however, have potentially major impacts on mobility at both the larval and adult stages.CONCLUSIONSI4790M imparts only a moderate level of resistance to diamide insecticides and potentially confers significant fitness costs to the insect.
Improved Scalable Synthesis of Clinical Candidate KZR‐616, a Selective Immunoproteasome Inhibitor
Authors: Almaliti Jehad , Fajtová Pavla , O'Donoghue Anthony J. , AlHindy Momen , Gerwick William H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractKZR‐616 is a selective immunoproteasome inhibitor that is under clinical evaluation for the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). KZR‐616 represents a first‐in‐class drug candidate for the treatment of autoimmune diseases targeting the immunoproteasome. Laboratory replication of the published synthetic route of KZR‐616 resulted in an inseparable mixture of enantiomers and diastereomers. Herein, we describe a stereoselective and scalable synthetic pathway for KZR‐616 that avoids laborious separation of enantiomeric mixtures of amino acids. Moreover, the new route provides KZR‐616 in higher overall yield (42.8 %), did not require a chiral chromatographic purification step, and the final product was obtained in high purity. The synthesized compound was evaluated for inhibition of human immunoproteasome and constitutive proteasome and found to target the β1 and β5 subunits of the immunoproteasome with higher potency than the equivalent subunits of the constitutive proteasome. Therefore, we have confirmed that KZR‐616, synthesized using this new method, is an immunoproteasome selective inhibitor.
Teaching ‘Register Overlap:’ A Proposal for a Translingual Pedagogy to Support Spanish and English Academic Register Learning
Authors: Phillips Galloway Emily , Meston Heather M. , Aguilar Gladys 
Published: November 2021

AbstractClassrooms are not always linguistically permeable, and instruction focused on bolstering English reading comprehension too often neglects students’ additional linguistic resources in languages other than English. However, to the task of comprehending English text, multilingual readers bring a host of communicative resources across multiple languages. Indeed, recent studies have found that students educated concurrently in Spanish and English within bilingual schools possess positively correlated Spanish and English academic register resources, with academic register knowledge in each language making unique contributions toward explaining variability in these dual‐language learners’ English reading comprehension. This recent research offers the tantalizing insight that teaching students to notice overlaps in communicative expectations and linguistic patterns—or register overlaps—across Spanish and English academic registers should receive greater focus. Here, to speak to classroom application, we offer suggestions for how educators might use equivalent Spanish and English metalanguages—or language to talk about language—to highlight register overlaps in Spanish and English academic text. We contend that this purposeful noticing of register overlaps can deepen students’ awareness of the linguistic resources available to them for comprehending academic texts and support them in developing critical metalinguistic awareness, or the skills and habits of mind needed to critically consider how registers have been naturalized and are subject to change. This article supports educators to enact one aspect of translingual pedagogy that builds on students’ observations about the language of school in order to increase linguistic flexibility, awareness, and criticality.
The evolving battle between yellow rust and wheat: implications for global food security
Authors: Bouvet Laura , Holdgate Sarah , James Lucy , Thomas Jane , Mackay Ian J. , Cockram James 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a global commodity, and its production is a key component underpinning worldwide food security. Yellow rust, also known as stripe rust, is a wheat disease caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici (Pst), and results in yield losses in most wheat growing areas. Recently, the rapid global spread of genetically diverse sexually derived Pst races, which have now largely replaced the previous clonally propagated slowly evolving endemic populations, has resulted in further challenges for the protection of global wheat yields. However, advances in the application of genomics approaches, in both the host and pathogen, combined with classical genetic approaches, pathogen and disease monitoring, provide resources to help increase the rate of genetic gain for yellow rust resistance via wheat breeding while reducing the carbon footprint of the crop. Here we review key elements in the evolving battle between the pathogen and host, with a focus on solutions to help protect future wheat production from this globally important disease.
The diagnostic accuracy of MRI in determining the relations between paraclinoid aneurysms and the cavernous sinus
Authors: Fernandes Sérgio Tadeu , Doria-Netto Hugo Leonardo , Alves Raphael Vicente , Lapate Renan Luiz , Ferreira Nelson Paes Fortes Diniz , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen , Solla Davi Jorge Fontoura , Yamaki Vitor Nagai , Figueiredo Eberval Gadelha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The location of paraclinoid aneurysms is determinant for evaluation of its intradural compartment and risk of SAH after rupture. Advanced MRI techniques have provided clear visualization of the distal dural ring (DDR) to determine whether an aneurysm is intracavernous, transitional or intradural for decision-making. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in predicting whether a paraclinoid aneurysm is intracavernous, transitional or intradural.

Methods
We conducted a prospective cohort between January 2014 and December 2018. Patients with paraclinoid aneurysms underwent 3D fast spin-echo MRI sequence before surgical treatment. The DDR was the landmark for MRI characterization of the aneurysms as follow: (i) Intradural; (ii) Transitional; and (iii) Intracavernous. The MRI sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios were determined compared to the intraoperative findings. We also evaluated the intertechnique agreement using the Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ) for dichotomous classifications (cavernous vs non-cavernous).

Results
Twenty patients were included in the cohort. The accuracy of MRI showed a sensitivity of 86.7% (95%CI:59.5–98.3) and specificity of 90.0% (95%CI:55.5–99.8). Analyzing only patients without history of SAH, accuracy test improved with a sensitivity of 92.3% (95%CI:63.9–99.8) and specificity reached 100% (95%CI: 63–100). Values of Cohen’s kappa (κ), intertechnique agreement was considered substantial for dichotomous classifications (κ = 0.754; p < 0.001). For patients without previous SAH, intertechnique agreement was even more coincident for the dichotomous classification (κ = 0.901; p < 0.001).

Conclusion
3D fast spin-echo MRI sequence is a reliable and useful technique for determining the location of paraclinoid aneurysms in relation to the cavernous sinus, particularly for patients with no history of SAH.
Correlation between immune-related adverse events and the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Qian , Wang Wei , Yuan Qi , Li Li , Wang Yu-Chao , Chi Chuan-Zhen , Xu Chun-Hua 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Objective
Anti-programmed cell death-1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors have been proved to have a significant clinical efficacy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Many studies have demonstrated that immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are significantly correlated with clinical efficacy, but the results are not consistent. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the associations between irAEs and efficacy.

Methods
Comprehensive searches were conducted on PubMed and EMBASE database. The HR and 95% CI were used to assess the associations between immune-related adverse events and efficacy of overall survival and progression-free survival. Subgroup analyses were performed based on irAEs type and grade of irAEs. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed by Q test, I2, and funnel plot.

Results
Compared with non-irAEs, the development of irAEs was significantly improved PFS and OS (PFS: HR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.51–0.60, p < 0.001; OS: HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.68–0.81, p < 0.001). In the subgroup analyses, the occurrence of endocrine irAEs, gastrointestinal irAEs, skin lesions and low-grade irAEs was also significantly correlated with the efficacy. Additionally, the association between severe-grade irAEs and survival benefits on PFS was significant, but not on OS.

Conclusions
The results indicated that the occurrence of irAEs was significantly associated with a better efficacy in the treatment of NSCLC, especially endocrine, gastrointestinal, skin and low-grade irAEs.
Robustness of future atmospheric circulation changes over the EURO-CORDEX domain
Authors: Ozturk Tugba , Matte Dominic , Christensen Jens Hesselbjerg 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEuropean climate is associated with variability and changes in the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation. In this study, we aim to investigate potential future change in circulation over Europe by using the EURO-CORDEX regional climate projections at 0.11° grid mesh. In particular, we analyze future change in 500-hPa geopotential height (Gph), 500-hPa wind speed and mean sea level pressure (MSLP) addressing different warming levels of 1 °C, 2 °C and 3 °C, respectively. Simple scaling with the global mean temperature change is applied to the regional climate projections for monthly mean 500-hPa Gph and 500-hPa wind speed. Results from the ensemble mean of individual models show a robust increase in 500-hPa Gph and MSLP in winter over Mediterranean and Central Europe, indicating an intensification of anticyclonic circulation. This circulation change emerges robustly in most simulations within the coming decade. There are also enhanced westerlies which transport warm and moist air to the Mediterranean and Central Europe in winter and spring. It is also clear that, models showing different responses to circulation depend very much on the global climate model ensemble member in which they are nested. For all seasons, particularly autumn, the ensemble mean is much more correlated with the end of the century than most of the individual models. In general, the emergence of a scaled pattern appears rather quickly.
Blue–Yellow VEP with Projector-Stimulation in Glaucoma
Authors: Dussan Molinos Laura , Huchzermeyer Cord , Lämmer Robert , Kremers Jan , Horn Folkert K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background and aim
In the past, increased latencies of the blue-on-yellow pattern visually evoked potentials (BY-VEP), which predominantly originate in the koniocellular pathway, have proven to be a sensitive biomarker for early glaucoma. However, a complex experimental setup based on an optical bench was necessary to obtain these measurements because computer screens lack sufficient temporal, spatial, spectral, and luminance resolution. Here, we evaluated the diagnostic value of a novel setup based on a commercially available video projector.

Methods
BY-VEPs were recorded in 126 participants (42 healthy control participants, 12 patients with ocular hypertension, 17 with “preperimetric” glaucoma, and 55 with perimetric glaucoma). Stimuli were created with a video projector (DLP technology) by rear projection of a blue checkerboard pattern (460 nm) for 200 ms (onset) superimposed on a bright yellow background (574 nm), followed by an offset interval where only the background was active. Thus, predominantly S-cones were stimulated while L- and M-cone responses were suppressed by light adaptation. Times of stimulus onset to VEP onset-trough (N-peak time) and offset-peak (P-peak time) were analyzed after age-correction based on linear regression in the normal participants.

Results
The resulting BY-VEPs were quite similar to those obtained in the past with the optical bench: pattern-onset generated a negative deflection of the VEP, whereas the offset-response was dominated by a positive component. N-peak times were significantly increased in glaucoma patients (preperimetric 136.1 ± 10 ms, p < 0.05; perimetric 153.1 ± 17.8 ms, p < 0.001) compared with normal participants (123.6 ± 7.7 ms). Furthermore, they were significantly correlated with disease severity as determined by visual field losses retinal nerve fiber thinning (Spearman R = –0.7, p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Video projectors can be used to create optical stimuli with high temporal and spatial resolution, thus potentially enabling sophisticated electrophysiological measurements in clinical practice. BY-VEPs based on such a projector had a high diagnostic value for detection of early glaucoma.
Registration of study

Registration site: www.clinicaltrials.gov
Trial registration number: NCT00494923.