bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayes risk, elicitability, and the Expected Shortfall
Authors: Embrechts Paul , Mao Tiantian , Wang Qiuqi , Wang Ruodu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMotivated by recent advances on elicitability of risk measures and practical considerations of risk optimization, we introduce the notions of Bayes pairs and Bayes risk measures. Bayes risk measures are the counterpart of elicitable risk measures, extensively studied in the recent literature. The Expected Shortfall (ES) is the most important coherent risk measure in both industry practice and academic research in finance, insurance, risk management, and engineering. One of our central results is that under a continuity condition, ES is the only class of coherent Bayes risk measures. We further show that entropic risk measures are the only risk measures which are both elicitable and Bayes. Several other theoretical properties and open questions on Bayes risk measures are discussed.
Resisting the muddy notion of the ‘Inclusionary Other’: A re/turn to the philosophical underpinnings of Othering's construction
Authors: Krabbe Janina S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe notion of ‘Inclusionary Othering,’ in garnering uptake within diverse nursing spheres, muddies a critical understanding of Othering by obscuring the colonial production, exploitation and perpetuation of the Other for economic and political gain. The ongoing genocide of Indigenous women and girls in Canada is a direct manifestation of the Othering process and in response to the report's Calls for Justice, it is an apt time to re‐enliven the conversation of the process of Othering's philosophical construction. The purpose of this article is to re/turn to the philosophical underpinnings of the process of Othering in hopes of enlivening a new wave of resistance within nursing and elsewhere to the means by which the Other is constructed as well as to the notion of Inclusionary Othering itself. Perhaps this re/turn to the philosophy of Edward Said and Sylvia Wynter can result in further thwarting the Othering construct by highlighting its colonial construction and usher in a pragmatic shift, increasing critical engagement with the construct as well as inspiring a re/newed resistance toward Othering in nursing practice.
Amitraz toxicosis in 3 dogs after being in a rice field
Authors: Epstein Steven E. , Poppenga Robert , Stump Sam 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical course and novel biochemical findings in 3 dogs with amitraz toxicosis.Case Series SummaryThree Labrador Retrievers developed acute onset obtundation to stupor after being in a rice field. On admittance to the hospital, they all displayed bradycardia, hyperglycemia, hyperlactatemia, respiratory acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. All clinical signs resolved in 18–48 hours with supportive care. One dog represented with similar clinical signs and biochemical abnormalities 3 days after discharge following spending time in a different rice field owned by the same owner. Toxicological analysis of serum from all 3 dogs and vomitus from 1 dog returned positive for amitraz and one of its metabolites.New or Unique Information ProvidedThis is the first case series of dogs with confirmed amitraz toxicosis following an environmental exposure. Novel biochemical findings of hyperlactatemia, respiratory acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis were documented in all 3 dogs. Clinicians should be concerned for amitraz toxicosis when presented with an animal with the constellation of signs including decreased mental status, bradycardia, and hyperglycemia, particularly if relevant acid–base abnormalities are also detected.
Back stable Schubert calculus
Authors: Lam Thomas , Lee Seung Jin , Shimozono Mark 
Published: April 2021

We study the back stable Schubert calculus of the infinite flag variety. Our main results are:–a formula for back stable (double) Schubert classes expressing them in terms of a symmetric function part and a finite part;–a novel definition of double and triple Stanley symmetric functions;–a proof of the positivity of double Edelman–Greene coefficients generalizing the results of Edelman–Greene and Lascoux–Schützenberger;–the definition of a new class ofbumplesspipedreams, giving new formulae for double Schubert polynomials, back stable double Schubert polynomials, and a new form of the Edelman–Greene insertion algorithm;–the construction of the Peterson subalgebra of the infinite nilHecke algebra, extending work of Peterson in the affine case;–equivariant Pieri rules for the homology of the infinite Grassmannian;–homology divided difference operators that create the equivariant homology Schubert classes of the infinite Grassmannian.
Ready for Anything?
Authors: Gonzalez Carlos M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Stories of using 3D printing to respond to the pandemic throw a spotlight on additive manufacturing and its potential for fast, flexible production of critically needed parts. Whether it was face shields, nasopharyngeal swabs, or respiratory masks, additive manufacturing rose to the challenge to fill in the gap caused by a disrupted supply chain. Now, some industry observers are starting to ask whether 3D printing could be the future of manufacturing.
Catalyzing a Solution
Authors: Marco J. Castaldi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To meet the ambitious targets ahead of us, all possible processes and technologies must be considered to ensure end-of-life plastics are not disposed in landfills. Chemical recycling can repurpose used plastics into new products, including new plastics, industrial products, and transportation fuels. In addition to creating new products, these technologies keep these plastic materials circulating within the existing infrastructure and economy.
Juvenile Individuals of Opahs (Lampridae) from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Notes on the Systematics and Distribution of Opahs, Including the Description of a New Subgenus, Paralampris subgen. nov.
Authors: Kukuev E. I. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Juvenile specimens of opahs (Lampridae) from the Southwest Atlantic, southeastern Pacific Ocean, and Gulf of Guinea are described. A taxonomic review of the composition of the family Lampridae is carried out, taking into account the recent revision of opah species of the genus Lampris and our own data. A new subgenus, Paralampris subgen. nov., has been identified.
Implications of COVID-19 infection on patients with uveitis under biologic treatment
Authors: AlBloushi Abdulrahman F , Alfawaz Abdullah M , Abu El Asrar Ahmed M 
Published: April 2021

Background/aimsTo investigate the incidence, severity of COVID-19 infection and the outcomes in patients with uveitis treated with biologic agents during COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsIn this prospective study, we included all patients with uveitis treated with biologic agents and tested for COVID-19 infection between May 2020 and October 2020.ResultsA total of 59 patients were identified. Behçet’s disease was the most common diagnosis (64.4%). Infliximab was the most frequent biologic agent used (61%). Nine (15.3%) patients were tested positive for COVID-19. None of the patients with positive COVID-19 test developed any COVID-19-related symptoms during follow-up. Of the nine patients with positive COVID-19 test, only two patients had uveitis flare-up after the biologic suspension.ConclusionUveitis patients under biologic therapy can be silent carriers for COVID-19.
Evaluation of qPCR on blood and skin microbiopsies, peripheral blood buffy coat smear, and urine antigen ELISA for diagnosis and test of cure for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-coinfected patients in India: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Owen Sophie I , Burza Sakib , Kumar Shiril , Verma Neena , Mahajan Raman , Harshana Amit , Pandey Krishna , Cloots Kristien , Adams Emily , Das Pradeep 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionHIV coinfection presents a challenge for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Invasive splenic or bone marrow aspiration with microscopic visualisation ofLeishmaniaparasites remains the gold standard for diagnosis of VL in HIV-coinfected patients. Furthermore, a test of cure by splenic or bone marrow aspiration is required as patients with VL-HIV infection are at a high risk of treatment failure. However, there remain financial, implementation and safety costs to these invasive techniques which severely limit their use under field conditions.Methods and analysisWe aim to evaluate blood and skin qPCR, peripheral blood buffy coat smear microscopy and urine antigen ELISA as non-invasive or minimally invasive alternatives for diagnosis and post-treatment test of cure for VL in HIV-coinfected patients in India, using a sample of 91 patients with parasitologically confirmed symptomatic VL-HIV infection.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for this study has been granted by The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, The Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, the University of Antwerp and the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science in Patna. Any future publications will be published in open access journals.Trial registration numberCTRI/2019/03/017908.
Psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic in low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of older persons in Thailand
Authors: Pothisiri Wiraporn , Vicerra Paolo Miguel Manalang 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 situation in Thailand was controlled with various social measures. Much of the information covered in the media and in studies focused on the public health and economic aspects of the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the psychological well-being of older people, which is important especially in an ageing society categorised as low income or middle income due to the limits of economic and healthcare resources.SettingThe impact of COVID-19 on older persons in Thailand, an online survey, taken across nine provinces within the five regions of the country.ParticipantsInformation was collected from 1230 adults aged at least 60 years old.If an older person was illiterate, unable to access the internet or had a disability preventing them from responding to the survey, an intermediary residing in the community conducted the survey interview.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe analysis focused on the worries of older adults and the factors associated with psychological distress experienced during the pandemic using logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe majority of people aged at least 60 years old experienced psychological distress during COVID-19. Employment loss (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.38), inadequate income (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.44) and debt incursion (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.57 to 4.80) were detrimental to psychological well-being. The negative changes in the perception of their health status (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.99) and decreased life satisfaction (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.87) also weighed on older Thais. The protective factors for psychological well-being were residing in rural areas (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.61) and being married (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.01).ConclusionObserving the concerns of the older population is important for introducing policies that can alleviate their precarious financial and health statuses.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in tear fluid
Authors: Muyldermans Astrid , Bjerke Maria , Demuyser Thomas , De Geyter Deborah , Wybo Ingrid , Soetens Oriane , Weets Ilse , Kuijpers Robert , Allard Sabine D , Piérard Denis , Raus Peter P M 
Published: April 2021

Background/aimsSARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious. More evidence concerning extrapulmonary transmission routes such as the eyes is urgently needed. Although the humoral immune response is important in the viral containment, the local response in tears has not yet been studied. The aim of our study was twofold: to assess the prevalence of both SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in tear fluid.MethodsIn a first series, nasopharyngeal sampling and tear sampling by Schirmer test strips were performed in 26 acutely ill patients with COVID-19 to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription PCR. In a second series, IgG and IgA responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in serum and tear fluid of convalescent individuals (n=22) were compared with control individuals (n=15) by ELISA.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in tears of 7/26 (26.9%) patients with COVID-19. None of them had ocular symptoms. Convalescent individuals displayed a significant higher ratio of IgG (p<0.0001) and IgA (p=0.0068) in tears compared with control individuals. A sensitivity of 77.3% and specificity of 93.3% was observed for IgG, and 59.1% and 100% for IgA.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and a local IgG and IgA immune response in tear fluid. These data confirm the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through tear fluid and the importance of the eye as a first defence against SARS-CoV-2, indicating the potential of tears as a non-invasive surrogate for serum in monitoring the host immune response.
Control of PD-L1 expression in CLL-cells by stromal triggering of the Notch-c-Myc-EZH2 oncogenic signaling axis
Authors: Böttcher Martin , Bruns Heiko , Völkl Simon , Lu Junyan , Chartomatsidou Elisavet , Papakonstantinou Nikos , Mentz Kristin , Büttner-Herold Maike , Zenz Thorsten , Herling Marco , Huber Wolfgang , Ghia Paolo , Stamatopoulos Kostas , Mackensen Andreas , Mougiakakos Dimitrios 
Published: April 2021

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults. Emerging data suggest that CLL-cells efficiently evade immunosurveillance. T-cell deficiencies in CLL include immuno(metabolic) exhaustion that is achieved by inhibitory molecules, with programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling emerging as a major underlying mechanism. Moreover, CLL-cells are characterized by a close and recurrent interaction with their stromal niches in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Here, they receive nurturing signals within a well-protected environment. We could previously show that the interaction of CLL-cells with stroma leads to c-Myc activation that is followed by metabolic adaptations. Recent data indicate that c-Myc also controls expression of the immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1. Therefore, we sought out to determine the role of stromal contact for the CLL-cells’ PD-L1 expression and thus their immuno-evasive phenotype.To do so, we analyzed PD-L1 expression on CLL cell (subsets) in untreated patients and on healthy donor-derived B-cells. Impact of stromal contact on PD-L1 expression on CLL-cells and the underlying signaling pathways were assessed in well-established in vitro niche models. Ex vivo and in vitro findings were validated in the Eµ-TCL1 transgenic CLL mouse model.We found increased PD-L1 expression on CLL-cells as compared with B-cells that was further enhanced in a cell-to-cell contact-dependent manner by stromal cells. In fact, circulating recent stromal-niche emigrants displayed higher PD-L1 levels than long-time circulating CLL-cells. Using our in vitro niche model, we show that a novel Notch-c-Myc-enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) signaling axis controls PD-L1 upregulation. Ultimately, elevated PD-L1 levels conferred increased resistance towards activated autologous T-cells.In summary, our findings support the notion that the CLL microenvironment contributes to immune escape variants. In addition, several targetable molecules (eg, Notch or EZH2) could be exploited in view of improving immune responses in patients with CLL, which warrants further in-depth investigation.
Dissecting leadership education and assessment in surgery
Authors: Morad Raimand , Kumar Hemant , Snelling Iain 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe importance of leadership is well recognised within surgery owing to the heavily teamwork dependent nature and uniquely dynamic working environment of the operating room. Teaching and assessment methods of leadership within UK surgical training has arguably lacked credence in comparison to the more tangible technical clinical competencies due to the fact that the daily tasks of surgeons are multifaceted and cannot be simplified into a tick-box exercise. As such, some surgical trainees perceive themselves to be minimally competent in their leadership ability. The new surgical curricula planned to be implemented by the Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme in August 2021 aims to address this by shifting leadership training and assessment towards an outcome-based approach, rather than a competency-based approach, with an emphasis on the role of the professional judgement of trainers as well as trainee self-reflection. This article explores these proposed changes by framing them within the context of the wider literature pertaining to surgical leadership education.
LABEC, the INFN ion beam laboratory of nuclear techniques for environment and cultural heritage
Authors: Chiari M. , Barone S. , Bombini A. , Calzolai G. , Carraresi L. , Castelli L. , Czelusniak C. , Fedi M. E. , Gelli N. , Giambi F. , Giardi F. , Giuntini L. , Lagomarsino S. , Liccioli L. , Lucarelli F. , Manetti M. , Massi M. , Mazzinghi A. , Nava S. , Ottanelli P. , Sciortino S. , Ruberto C. , Sodi L. , Taccetti F. , Mandò P. A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe LABEC laboratory, the INFN ion beam laboratory of nuclear techniques for environment and cultural heritage, located in the Scientific and Technological Campus of the University of Florence in Sesto Fiorentino, started its operational activities in 2004, after INFN decided in 2001 to provide our applied nuclear physics group with a large laboratory dedicated to applications of accelerator-related analytical techniques, based on a new 3 MV Tandetron accelerator. The new accelerator greatly improved the performance of existing Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) applications (for which we were using since the 1980s an old single-ended Van de Graaff accelerator) and in addition allowed to start a novel activity of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), in particular for 14C dating. Switching between IBA and AMS operation became very easy and fast, which allowed us high flexibility in programming the activities, mainly focused on studies of cultural heritage and atmospheric aerosol composition, but including also applications to biology, geology, material science and forensics, ion implantation, tests of radiation damage to components, detector performance tests and low-energy nuclear physics. This paper describes the facilities presently available in the LABEC laboratory, their technical features and some success stories of recent applications.
Nampt Potentiates Antioxidant Defense in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Oka Shin-ichi , Byun Jaemin , Huang Chun-yang , Imai Nobushige , Ralda Guersom , Zhai Peiyong , Xu Xiaoyong , Kashyap Sanchita , Warren Junco S. , Alan Maschek John , Tippetts Trevor S. , Tong Mingming , Venkatesh Sundararajan , Ikeda Yoshiyuki , Mizushima Wataru , Kashihara Toshihide , Sadoshima Junichi 
Published: April 2021

Rationale:
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is accompanied by increased production of NADH, predominantly through oxidation of fatty acids and consequent increases in oxidative stress. The role of Nampt (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase), the rate-limiting enzyme of the salvage pathway of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis, in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy is poorly understood.

Objective:
We investigated the role of endogenous and exogenous Nampt during the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy in response to high-fat diet (HFD) consumption and in the context of oxidative stress.

Methods and Results:

HFD consumption upregulated endogenous Nampt, and HFD-induced cardiac diastolic dysfunction, fibrosis, apoptosis, and proinflammatory signaling were alleviated in transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Nampt. The alleviation of diastolic dysfunction observed in these mice was abolished by inhibition of NADP(H) production via NADK (NAD kinase) inhibition. Nampt overexpression decreased oxidation of GSH (glutathione) and Trx1 (thioredoxin 1) targets, dityrosine, and the accumulation of toxic lipids, including ceramides and diglycerides, in the presence of HFD consumption. Nampt overexpression upregulated not only NAD
+
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) but also NADP
+
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and NADPH in the heart and in cultured cardiomyocytes, which, in turn, stimulated the glutathione and Trx1 systems and alleviated oxidative stress in the heart induced by HFD consumption. In cultured cardiomyocytes, Nampt-induced upregulation of NADPH was abolished in the presence of NADK knockdown, whereas that of NAD
+
was not. Nampt overexpression attenuated H
2
O
2
-induced oxidative inhibition of Prdx1 (peroxiredoxin 1) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) in an NADK-dependent manner in cultured cardiomyocytes. Nampt overexpression also attenuated H
2
O
2
-induced cell death, an effect that was partly abolished by inhibition of NADK, Trx1, or glutathione synthesis. In contrast, oxidative stress and the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy in response to HFD consumption were exacerbated in Nampt heterozygous knockout (Nampt
+/−
) mice.

Conclusions:

Nampt-mediated production of NAD
+
protects against oxidative stress, in part, through the NADPH-dependent reducing system, thereby alleviating the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy in response to HFD consumption.
Spending on Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the United States: 1996 to 2016
Authors: Birger Maxwell , Kaldjian Alexander S. , Roth Gregory A. , Moran Andrew E. , Dieleman Joseph L. , Bellows Brandon K. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Spending on cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors (cardiovascular spending) accounts for a significant portion of overall US health care spending. Our objective was to describe US adult cardiovascular spending patterns in 2016, changes from 1996 to 2016, and factors associated with changes over time.

Methods:
We extracted information on adult cardiovascular spending from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s disease expenditure project, which combines data on insurance claims, emergency department and ambulatory care visits, inpatient and nursing care facility stays, and drug prescriptions to estimate >85% of all US health care spending. Cardiovascular spending (2016 US dollars) was stratified by age, sex, type of care, payer, and cardiovascular cause. Time trend and decomposition analyses quantified contributions of epidemiology, service price and intensity (spending per unit of utilization, eg, spending per inpatient bed-day), and population growth and aging to the increase in cardiovascular spending from 1996 to 2016.

Results:
Adult cardiovascular spending increased from $212 billion in 1996 to $320 billion in 2016, a period when the US population increased by >52 million people, and median age increased from 33.2 to 36.9 years. Over this period, public insurance was responsible for the majority of cardiovascular spending (54%), followed by private insurance (37%) and out-of-pocket spending (9%). Health services for ischemic heart disease ($80 billion) and hypertension ($71 billion) led to the most spending in 2016. Increased spending between 1996 and 2016 was primarily driven by treatment of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atrial fibrillation/flutter, for which spending rose by $42 billion, $18 billion, and $16 billion, respectively. Increasing service price and intensity alone were associated with a 51%, or $88 billion, cardiovascular spending increase from 1996 to 2016, whereas changes in disease prevalence were associated with a 37%, or $36 billion, spending reduction over the same period, after taking into account population growth and population aging.

Conclusions:
US adult cardiovascular spending increased by >$100 billion from 1996 to 2016. Policies tailored to control service price and intensity and preferentially reimburse higher quality care could help counteract future spending increases caused by population aging and growth.