bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removing Children
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the rising belief that the state could provide superior guardianship to abusive parents and that it should remove children from the company of dangerous adults. The prison-reform movement helped lead the way by proposing the removal of children from the company of corrupting adults and placing them in reformatories. These reformatories were to replace abuse and corruption with love and redemption and were increasingly organized along the lines of surrogate, and improved, families. Reformers across the world and in Spain also started to encourage visitors to the poor to intervene in family life and separate children from dangerous parents and adults. Social Catholics determined to move beyond charity work and to solve social problems became particularly attracted to this family visiting work. This work also offered Catholic women a chance to stake a claim for a public role in the defence of children and motherhood.
Hardening Francoist Attitudes towards Political Opponents
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
During the Spanish Civil War, a bitter debate over which side better protected or represented a profound threat to children led to harsher attitudes towards opponents and campaigns to ‘rescue’ children from the clutches of those presented as a danger. Government supporters charged that Francoists allowed children to witness executions behind the lines, while they protected youngsters from the criminal bombardment of civilians behind the lines. For their part, Francoists claimed that only they could protect youngsters from the barbarians on the left. Increasingly, Francoists hoped to win back the ‘souls’ of children ‘corrupted’ by ‘Reds’. The Francoists campaigned strongly for children evacuated overseas or to other parts of Spain to be returned from ‘Reds’ and to be re-educated as ‘Spaniards’. Catholics played an especially important role in these campaigns and in re-education initiatives, and this outlook would become part and parcel of the thinking of juvenile-court staff.
Defending an Ability Analysis of Control
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, a defence of the ability analysis of control proposed in chapter six is offered. The chapter begins by outlining some advantages of the analysis; briefly, not only does it explain the deep connection that appears to exist between freedom, moral responsibility, and the ability to do otherwise, it captures our judgements regarding moral responsibility in a wide range of tricky cases. The chapter then examines how to understand the ‘ceteris paribus’ clause in the ability analysis of control, and defends the proposed asymmetry between praise and blameworthy actions. By so doing, the chapter also ties the previous discussion of control more overtly to issues regarding moral responsibility.
The Problem of Unfairness
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, a significant objection to contextualist theories of moral responsibility is examined, ‘the problem of unfairness’. After outlining the problem, reasons are offered to support the claim that moving to an invariant analysis of moral responsibility is unwarranted. It is argued that there is good reason, independent of contextualism, to divorce the concept of moral responsibility from that of blame, when the latter is construed as entailing harmful treatment of others. Even if this is denied, however, inter-agential judgements of moral responsibility can still be rendered fair. Consequently, a contextualist theory of moral responsibility can be retained whilst avoiding the problem of unfairness. This undercuts a significant motivation for endorsing an amelioration of our concept of moral responsibility, in either the direction of invariant compatibilism or that of invariant incompatibilism.
Keats Amid the Alien Corn
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins, from a religious reference in the ‘Ode to a Nightingale’, to explore Keats’s experience of home and belonging. It develops a close reading of the Ode, by developing comparison with Yeats’s ‘Sailing to Byzantium’, and through discussion of related texts including works by Hazlitt, Malthus, and Burke. Keats’s own lack of Christian belief, and general absence of functional biblical reference in the poetry, is contrasted with his use of Anglican-derived imagery throughout the Odes. His unusual reference to the Book of Ruth in the Nightingale Ode is considered in light of the biographical reality of his restless short life, in which Keats enjoyed no settled personal home after childhood. These issues are related to the theme of immortality through the art of poetry.
Keats Meets Coleridge
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the impact on Keats of his only meeting with Coleridge in April 1819. Beginning with an analysis of Keats’s famous account of the meeting, the essay reviews its background in Keats’s medical training and in his prior knowledge of Coleridge’s work. The different life stages of the two writers are contrasted. There is discussion of the possible content of Coleridge’s conversation as recalled by Keats, particularly in the effect on Keats’s poetic ambition in the moment immediately preceding composition of the Odes. The ‘Ode to Psyche’ is characterized by a newly suggestive consciousness of philosophical concepts, including Coleridgean interest in the paradox of conscious reflection on the activity of thinking. A possible influence on the Ode by Biographia Literaria is proposed.
Shelley and his Contemporaries
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the extent of Shelley’s fame and notoriety while he was alive. The period before his move to Italy in early 1818 was mainly isolated, but he was nevertheless known about in the privileged circles into which he was born—a landed aristocratic family, Eton, and Oxford. His eccentricity and strong views set him apart from his own class, but the extremity and free expression of his radicalism also alienated fellow radicals. In poetic terms he was astute in recognizing those contemporaries of lasting value. Specific attention is given to Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Thomas Moore. The years in Italy were also isolated except for the period of the ‘Pisan Circle’. Keats and Byron are an important presence in Shelley’s later work, rather than overt influences.
Shelley’s Doubles
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The contradictions of Shelley’s radical politics and his aristocratic birth and upbringing place him as a potential victim of the revolutionary change he envisages and wishes for. He embodies some of the qualities which his own social critique deplores. This imports a quasi-suicidal logic into his work, where his influence is felt to be most effective once emancipated from his living person and social identity. This contradiction is explored in analysis of passages from Prometheus Unbound, and then in a sustained reading of Julian and Maddalo, where the central figure of the ‘madman’ throws into relief the civilized, gentlemanly manners of the Shelley/Byron characters. The contrast between ‘civilized’ and ‘mad’ is represented not simply in thematic terms but as a contrast in poetic styles.
Sources for political conversations in Late Republican Rome
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 considers Cicero’s letters, which are the main source of this book. These letters are exceptional since they were largely written shortly after conversations took place and, although they underwent several processes of selection throughout their transmission, they were not rewritten and are deprived of hindsight bias. Thus, they provide us with an insider’s perspective on conversations and politics, transmitting the political uncertainty of the period. This contrasts with how later historians, from Nicolaus of Damascus onwards, depicted political conversations during the Roman Republic, paying attention to other elements and markers, such as non-verbal gestures, instead of focusing (as Cicero did) on the impressions from conversations, feelings, and speculations about the future.
How to have conversations
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses the question of the social aspects of conversation. It studies how young Romans learnt the dynamics and workings of conversation and personal meetings during their tirocinium fori, and later by entering into a network of conversation. It discusses how this path could be different for young men from Italian towns and for the scions from the political aristocracy. The Roman practice of political conversation and meeting had customs and social expectations that had to be met and mastered; otherwise one would run the risk of social condemnation and political failure. Conversations, as we will see, were thus anchored in sociability: they could take place anywhere, but dinners constituted a habitual setting for them. This chapter will also study two other settings that could be related to political conversations: the senaculum and consilia.
The role of non-senatorial actors in conversations and meetings
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 posits an important hypothesis for this book: senators could not reach everybody for many reasons, so they were surrounded by a wide spectrum of people, non-senatorial actors who intervened in conversations with several degrees of agency and thus played an important role in the transmission of information and, therefore, in politics. The chapter focuses mainly on two groups: freedmen and elite women; finally, it questions the role of courtesans within this system. Elite women did not intervene in politics exclusively in their own realm; instead, their role in conversations attests to their inclusion within the broader network of conversations and the circulation of information that sustained Roman politics. Trusted liberti also played a relevant role. Even those actors with a lower degree of agency were not mere mouthpieces who parroted words that they had been taught. These actors played a limited role in institutional politics. However, they were a sine quibus non within the sphere of extra-institutional politics.
The Senate from an extra-institutional point of view
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 studies how conversations and meetings impacted political deliberation and deal-making in the Senate, thus fusing extra-institutional and institutional politics. How did senators look for support and probe each other regarding specific issues? How did preparatory conversations work? It is a fact of life, in ancient Rome as nowadays, that the written text of a decision does not fully reflect the previous groundwork, negotiations, and discussions that led to it. The study of Atticus allows us to consider the role and influence of non-senatorial actors. The aim of this chapter is not to claim that a certain measure was enacted because A and B had a conversation during a dinner or because someone secured the support of C and D during a quick chat in the Forum or in a corner of the Senate house (although such actions are described). Going beyond the micro-scale and specific instances, the interest of this study is to analyse how these actions illuminate our understanding of how the Roman political system worked in practice. This chapterargues that the role of conversations and meetings did not mean that all was decided beforehand; a senator could gather support for a draft of a law or a policy through previous conversations, but he still had to defend it and fight for it in public institutions (the Senate, contiones, and assemblies), without always being able to guarantee success beforehand.
Possessing Reasons
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
To possess a fact as a reason is to be able to act in light of it. This chapter asks what it is to possess a reason so understood. First, it defends the idea that to possess a fact as a reason a person must know it. Second, it shows that knowledge of a fact that is a reason is not enough to possess it. In addition, its status as a reason must in some sense be apparent to the person. This chapter develops the modal account of reasons in a way that captures this thought. What makes a fact a reason is that there is correlation between it and some way in which it is right to act in nearby metaphysically possible worlds. A person does not possess it unless that correlation also holds in nearby epistemically possible worlds. The chapter unpacks and defends this idea.
Liberal Democracy and Its Discontent
Authors: Mény Yves 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
There is unanimous agreement about the growing discontent vis-à-vis liberal democracy. Despite a considerable diversity of its manifestations, the disenchantment with democracy, its institutions as well as its policies is universal. The disease has contaminated every democratic system: those recently set up as well as consolidated democracies such as the UK and USA; rich countries as well as less affluent ones; social-democratic regimes as well as neoliberal ones; federal as well as centralized states. This new trend is well consolidated. Thirty years after the fall of the Soviet regimes, the naïve belief that there was no alternative to liberal democracy has faded away. This chapter argues that the crisis is not a mere effect of the post-2008 financial collapse but rather a consequence of three processes. First is the incremental but deep transformation of what we call democracy over the past 50 years. We have a single word (democracy) to label systems which have gone through a profound transformation and which, at the end, do not fit with democracy’s ideals, hopes, and expectations. The second process is the shaking of the very foundations of the past equilibrium based on a compromise between two conflicting values: the power of the people, on one hand, and the liberal limitations on the people’s capacity to act, decide, and control, on the other. The new equilibrium reached after many years of slow evolution is characterized by a serious imbalance between the popular input and the checks and balances, contributing to the frustration of those who are, in theory, the ‘sovereign’. Third is the increasing discrepancy between democratic systems and institutions that have developed exclusively within the Westphalian nation-state, and policies that are more and more framed by or dependent upon global actors. Finally, the failure of the European Union to tackle the so-called ‘democratic deficit’ has disillusioned those who had dreamed of reconciling democratic processes and policies with supranational institutions, flows, and actors. The populist outburst in both its anarchic and authoritarian versions, while fuelling discontent, might become a mere ‘impasse’. There is, indeed, ‘only a single bed for two dreams’ and some new balance between the contradicting values of democracy and liberalism has to be established for the future.
The Quest for European Autonomy
Authors: Tocci Nathalie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In his In Defence of Europe, Loukas Tsoukalis posits that globalization and European integration are two sides of the same coin. Both are premised on the gains in peace and prosperity to be reaped by openness and interdependence. Hence, the twin crises of globalization and European integration are not merely closely intertwined; their fundamentally similar natures mean the latter has been unable to control the excesses of the former. Moreover, the European project has been undergirded by an international liberal order resting on US hegemony. As that order has started to crack, with the USA unable and unwilling to sustain the system that it was decisive in establishing, and other global powers challenging its core norms, the EU’s vulnerabilities are coming to the fore. For decades, the EU has pursued its internal and international policies insulated from geopolitical encroachments. Today, Europeans find themselves exposed to the vulnerabilities of asymmetric interdependence, lacking not the capabilities but rather the psychological predisposition and political willingness to act together. Appreciating this predicament, several European leaders have called for European sovereignty, power, and autonomy. Underpinning these slogans is the recognition that if Europeans are to stand up to Trump, Putin, and Xi, and manage the epochal challenges stemming from demography, climate change, and the digital age, they can only do so together. This chapter concludes by outlining what European sovereignty and autonomy may mean, notably in the economic, digital, and defence fields, and why meeting the challenge of autonomy is existential for the European project.
The Moral Habitat
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Moral Habitat is a book in three parts that begins with an investigation of three understudied imperfect duties which together offer some important and challenging insights about moral requirements and moral agency: that our duties only make sense as a system; that actions can be morally wrong to do and yet not be impermissible; and that there are motive-dependent duties. In Part Two, these insights are used to launch a substantial reinterpretation of Kant’s ethics as a system of duties, juridical and ethical, perfect and imperfect, that can incorporate what we learn from imperfect duties and do much more. The system of duties provides the structure for what I call a moral habitat: a made environment, created by and for free and equal persons living together. It is a dynamic system, with duties from the juridical and ethical spheres shaping and being affected by each other, each level further interpreting the system’s core anti-subordination value initiated in Kant’s account of innate right. The structure of an imperfect duty is exhibited in a detailed account of the duty of beneficence, including its latitude of application and demandingness. Part Three takes up some implications and applications of the moral habitat idea. Its topics range from the adjustments to the system that would come with recognizing a human right to housing to meta-ethical issues about objectivity and our responsibility for moral change. The upshot is a transformative, holistic agent- and institution-centered, account of Kantian morality.
Due Care
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the imperfect duty of non-negligence or due care. It is a complex secondary duty that regulates the performance of primary duties. Its norms of attention and execution are responsive to a primary duty’s interpreted value. Due care often requires motivational capacities that track moral value across complex circumstances of action—a claim inconsistent with a dictum that duties cannot impose requirements that depend on motive. Middle Work 3 argues that the dictum depends on a rejectable view of motive, one modeled on a modular account of simple desires. The idea of a system motive is introduced as an affective organization that make an agent responsive to a region of value. This makes a moral motive an agential response to moral value and moral agency a motive-involved competence. We can then have a motive-involved duty without having a duty to have a motive.
A Dynamic System
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Part Three of the book investigates the practical and theoretical consequences for the Kantian moral habitat of having as its moral structure a system of juridical and ethical duties principles that is dynamic, empirically responsive, and so subject to change. Although the moral theory is based in a priori principle, it requires a pragmatics. This is illustrated by arguments about public education, about state-supported elder care, and about the moral challenge of homelessness (discussed in detail in Chapter 10).
Game Data Science
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Canossa Alessandro , Nguyen Truong-Huy D. , Drachen Anders 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book is aimed at giving readers an introduction to the practical side of game data science and thus can be used a textbook for game analytics or game user research class or as a reference to self learners and enthusiasts. Game data science is a term that we use to denote a process composed of methods and techniques by which an analyst or a data scientist can make sense of data to allow decision makers in a game company to make informed decisions. This process involves: statistical analysis, visualization, abstraction of low-level data, machine learning and sequence data modeling. The book introduces different methods borrowing from different fields including human computer interaction, machine learning, and data science, focusing on methods and techniques used by both industry and researchers within the field of games. The book examples and case studies specifically focus on gameplay log data. The book takes a practical stance on the subject by discussing theoretical foundation, practical approaches, and delves deeply into the different techniques proposed and used through labs, examples, and comprehensive surveys of various case studies from both industry and academia. Topics range from simple approaches to more advanced ones. No prior knowledge is required. The book is developed to be self contained and can be used as a good way to introduce the reader to data science and how it is applied to the filed of games.
Song of the Earth
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book is a scientific, historical, and philosophical narrative for general readers that explores the relationship between humans and the Earth and the geologic principles of time, plate tectonics, and change in life forms. Illustrated with striking historical maps, figures, and pictures, this comprehensive work can be read as a thrilling biography of the Earth itself, including narrative sections on the lives of pioneering geologists; the reality and sublimity of geologic time; the birth, destruction, and rebirth of the planet and its atmosphere over repeated cycles spanning some 4-plus billion years; the science underlying both mountain building and oceanic evolution; the influence of climate change and species extinction on the development of the Earth; and the interplay between not only how Earth has influenced life but how life, in turn, has distinctly shaped our planet.
Geologic Time
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Geologists first unraveled the geologic time scale by relative age-dating, discussed in the last chapter. Once geologists sorted out the order of rock units, subsequent advances in methodologies, detailed in this chapter, by chronometric and numerical means based on radioisotopes, other atomic measures, and quantitative techniques, were employed to measure time. Many minerals and rocks have “clocks” within them that can be used to pin down the actual age of the particular geologic sample or the age of boundaries between formal units of the geologic time scale. This chapter explains how geologists decipher those clocks and determine the ages of rocks by numerical age-dating. The history of radioisotopes is tracked, starting with Ernest Rutherford and Pierre and Marie Curie. The modern geologic time scale is depicted and expanded upon, along with why it is essential for geologic maps and how the time scale can help with people-sized problems and challenges faced on the Earth.