bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holocene Environments in Northeast Africa
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the geography, hydrology, and climate of NE Africa, with particular reference to the complex interactions between river regime, climate, the biota, and human settlement. During the Early (11.7–8.2 ka) and Middle Holocene (8.2–4.2 ka) the climate was far less arid than today across the Nile basin, including Nubia, albeit with sporadic dry phases. Climatic desiccation set in during the Late Holocene (4.2 ka to present), with minor wet phases. Intervals when the Nile flow regime was apparently shifting from high to low flow and flood plain incision have provisional ages of ca. 8.15–7.75 ka, 6.4–6.15 ka, 5.7–5.45 ka, 4.7–4.25 ka, 3.35–2.9 ka, 2.8–2.55 ka, and 1600 ce. In the Kerma area of Nubia there were two periods of relatively dense human occupation in the earlier part of the Holocene from 10 ka to 8 ka and from 7 ka to 6 ka, with two significant gaps in the archaeological record at 7.5–7.1 ka and 6.0–5.4 ka, that coincided with very low levels in Lake Challa, a maar lake on the eastern flank of Mt Kilimanjaro, near the Ugandan headwaters of the White Nile.
The Napatan Neo-Kushite State 1
Authors: Williams Bruce Beyer 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEgyptian authority in Nubia evaporated at the end of the 20th Dynasty. For three centuries to ca. 750 bce, little remains of occupation or social organization. Recent research has identified occupation, continuing New Kingdom sites, and sites of new groups. The inscription of a queen regnant, Katimala, shows persisting Egyptian institutions and their naturalization. By 750 bce, Kush consolidated and its ruler, Kashta, acquired the area of Thebes in Egypt without evidence of struggle. His son, Piankhy, overcame an attack by northern rulers to control the entire country, initiating revival in Egypt and monumental civilization in Kush. However, the Kushite-Egyptian state soon confronted Assyrian aggression whose large-scale assaults replaced the Kushites with the Saite dynasty. For half a century Kush continued along monumental lines, marked by royal sculptures, inscriptions, palatial architecture, and a great trading center near Gebel Barkal. However, Psamtek II, Saite ruler of Egypt’s great campaign ended Kushite ambitions to the north.
Kush in the Wider World During the Kerma Period
Authors: Williams Bruce Beyer 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe culture that emerged at Kerma in the mid-3rd millennium bce rapidly spread as far north as the Second Cataract and to the south where upstream it affected the contemporary culture of the Fourth Cataract. By the time of the Egyptian 6th Dynasty, ca. 2400 bce, the northern area was united under one ruler. After Egypt took control of Lower Nubia from a brief dynasty who styled themselves as pharaohs, Kush was a rival, subject to repeated campaigning, and the proximate cause of a huge fortification complex the Egyptians built at the Second Cataract. Sometime after 1750 bce Kush became supreme, first in northern Nubia, then the area of the Fourth Cataract, becoming a multi-ethnic empire. Kush allied with the Hyksos, then ruling northern Egypt, and led troops from as far as the Horn of Africa to campaign into Egypt. Resurgent Egypt gave priority to campaigns against Kush, subjugating it completely by or shortly after 1500 bce, but Kush had led the way toward political unity and pharaonic culture in Nubia that would endure.
Agreement in Languages of the Caucasus
Authors: Foley Steven 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe three language families indigenous to the Caucasus exhibit a range of diverse, unusual, and highly complex agreement phenomena. Nakh-Daghestanian languages are dominated by ergative-aligned gender agreement in which the absolutive argument controls agreement on the verb, and potentially other clausal elements like adverbs or even pronouns. Special agreement patterns like long-distance and biabsolutive agreement emerge in certain syntactic configurations. Northwest Caucasian is polysynthetic; its verbs register features from each of their arguments in a distinct templatic slot. These languages also have special agreement for arguments that undergo A̅-extraction. Kartvelian agreement is not straightforwardly linked to syntactic roles, and morphemes exhibit many complex blocking relationships. Dative-subject constructions “invert” the normal morpheme–role mappings, adding another dimension of complexity to the languages’ agreement systems. This chapter describes typologically and theoretically notable agreement phenomena found in these three language families, highlighting micro- and macro-variation, drawing parallels to other language families, and citing relevant theoretical and experimental studies. For reference, the chapter concludes with an appendix of agreement paradigms.
Social and Ecological Impacts of Conquest and Colonization in New Spain
Authors: Candiani Vera S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Throughout continental New Spain—both the Mesoamerican heartland and the arid regions later conquered by the United States—colonization brought environmental changes through the social and political regimes that it deployed. Indigenous demographic decline, exotic organisms, mining, and relations of property and production in agriculture and pastoralism affected socioecosystems and transformed landscapes over time. Beyond the individual and aggregate impacts of biological invasions or the fact of newcomers’ presence, key research questions are how, through whom, and with what technological packages and logics the changes penetrated and became imbricated in preexisting socioecologies following the conquest.
Hispanic appropriation of Amerindian landesque capital between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries might be compared to that of Christian colonists of Iberia as they took Muslim productive and urban landscapes between the twelfth and sixteenth: it allowed Spanish settlers to seize the opportunity when it came to extracting and generating wealth from newfound lands. This wealth was sustained by a pluriethnic peasantry whose persistence paradoxically also hindered the complete capitalist transformation of relations of property, production, and exchange of nature. The landscapes that resulted were not just variously Hispanized but also variously wrested from local, subsistence, communal control, indigenous or otherwise.
Myth and Reality of the Mexican Miracle, 1946–1982
Authors: Alexander Ryan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the decades after World War II, from the start of the Cold War to the Latin American debt crisis of 1982, Mexico’s authoritarian government, dominated by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, or PRI), made industrialization its top priority. The shift toward a manufacturing-based economy produced robust economic growth, rapid urbanization, and an array of structural changes.
Simultaneously, the revolutionary efforts of the 1920s and 1930s to improve the material conditions of blue-collar workers and the rural poor were suspended or even reversed. Industrial growth took priority over increasing workers’ wages; modernist residential districts in the capital city took priority over collective ejidos in the countryside; universities took priority over rural schoolhouses; and a consumerist culture took priority over revolutionary cultural nationalism.
Throughout the 1960s, many foreign and domestic observers agreed that the nation served as a model of Third World development: state-led capitalism, which combined industrial protectionism, resource nationalization, social expenditure, and foreign investment, had created an economic miracle and avoided political extremism in favor of stability. After the massacre of protesting students in the capital just days before the 1968 Olympic games, however, scholarly assessments soured. Subsequently, more evidence of political violence, media manipulation, and official corruption surfaced, leading to a crisis of political legitimacy. These sentiments were aggravated by mounting public debt, severe inequality, growing inflation, and periodic balance-of-payments crises, culminating in the region-wide collapse of 1982. The onset of a new reality, commonly called the neoliberal era, exposed the myths of the miracle as it drew to a close.
“The Beauteous Terrorist”
Authors: Siljak Ana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Based partly on sensationalized journalistic accounts of the lives of famous Russian terrorists, such as Vera Zasulich, and partly on the memoirs of radicals such as Sergei Kravchinksii, English-language novels at the turn of the nineteenth century depicted female terrorists as fascinating and, for the most part, beautiful. Embodying seemingly contradictory gender characteristics, female terrorists were described as both ruthless and compassionate, violent and kind. Given the supposedly tyrannical nature of the Russian regime, their revolutionary devotion was fully justified. Therefore, despite the need to adopt masculine bravery and heroism, they were still fully feminine, and often alluring. They became heroines, or “beauteous terrorists.”
Epilogue
Authors: Verhoeven Claudia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This epilogue proposes a conceptual apparatus to explain the paradoxical fact that, as the chapters in this volume amply demonstrate, terrorism’s shocking acts of violence mean simultaneously to immobilize and mobilize its targets’ intellectual and aesthetic functions. It excavates a strand in the history of philosophy—from Plato to Burke, Arendt, Benjamin, and Rancière—that sees shock not as leading to the paralysis of our capacity to perceive and understand events, but rather as being related to thaumazein (wonder, amazement) and theoria. This philosophical understanding of shock not only grounds the logic of terrorism, especially in its classical incarnation as “propaganda of the deed,” but also exposes the roots of a counterlogic that can activate the kind of knowledge required for the development of a genuinely historical theory of terrorism.
The Ethics of Stigma in Medical Male Circumcision Initiatives Involving Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Rennie Stuart , Gilbertson Adam , Hallfors Denise , Luseno Winnie K 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOngoing global efforts to circumcise adolescent and adult males to reduce their risk of acquiring HIV constitute the largest public health prevention initiative, using surgical means, in human history. Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) programs in Africa have significantly altered social norms related to male circumcision among previously non-circumcising groups and groups that have practiced traditional (non-medical) circumcision. One consequence of this change is the stigmatization of males who, for whatever reason, remain uncircumcised. This paper discusses the ethics of stigma with regard to uncircumcised adolescent males in global VMMC programs, particularly in certain recruitment, demand creation and social norm interventions. Grounded in our own experiences gained while conducting HIV-related ethics research with adolescents in Kenya, we argue that use of explicit or implicit stigma to increase the number of VMMC volunteers is unethical from a public health ethics perspective, particularly in campaigns that leverage social norms of masculinity. Ongoing global efforts to circumcise adolescent and adult males to reduce their risk of acquiring HIV constitute the largest public health prevention initiative, using surgical means, in human history. VMMC programs in Africa have significantly altered social norms related to male circumcision among previously non-circumcising groups and groups that have practiced traditional (non-medical) circumcision. One consequence of this change is the stigmatization of males who, for whatever reason, remain uncircumcised. This paper discusses the ethics of stigma with regard to uncircumcised adolescent males in global VMMC programs, particularly in certain recruitment, demand creation and social norm interventions. Grounded in our own experiences gained while conducting HIV-related ethics research with adolescents in Kenya, we argue that use of explicit or implicit stigma to increase the number of VMMC volunteers is unethical from a public health ethics perspective, particularly in campaigns that leverage social norms of masculinity.
Did people’s behavior after receiving negative COVID-19 tests contribute to the spread?
Authors: Robertson Leon S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Testing on demand for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is hypothesized to increase spread of the virus as some persons who test negative falsely assume that they can engage in activities that increase spread.

Methods
Daily new COVID-19 hospitalization counts through 2020 from 25 countries that reported testing and hospitalizations were studied by regression of logarithms of new hospitalizations 14 days out against log(new hospitalizations on a given day), log(negative tests), log(positivity rate) and days since the first hospitalizations were reported. The regression coefficients were examined separately for periods in countries that were following three different testing policies.

Results
Corrected for the other factors, negative test numbers when tested on demand and tested if symptomatic only are associated with an increase in hospitalizations 14 days after the tests. When only the symptomatic and more vulnerable are tested, negative tests are associated with fewer hospitalizations 2 weeks out.

Conclusions
A policy of testing only vulnerable populations, whether symptomatic or not, appears to avoid spreading the virus as a result of testing policy. False confidence of reduced risk among those who test negative may have contributed to the spread in countries that allowed testing on demand or testing only those who claimed to have symptoms.
Roles of the MPFC and insula in impression management under social observation
Authors: Yoon Leehyun , Kim Kwangwook , Jung Daehyun , Kim Hackjin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
People often engage in impression management by presenting themselves and others as socially desirable. However, specific behavioral manifestations and underlying neural mechanisms of impression management remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the neural mechanism of impression management during self- and friend-evaluation. Only participants assigned to the observation (OBS) group, not the control (CON) group, were informed that their responses would be monitored. They answered how well positive and negative trait adjectives described themselves or their friends. The behavioral results showed that the OBS group was more likely to reject negative traits for self-evaluation and to accept positive traits for friend-evaluation. An independent study revealed that demoting negative traits for oneself and promoting positive traits for a friend helps manage one’s impression. In parallel with the behavioral results, in the OBS vs the CON group, the rostromedial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC) and anterior insula (AI) activity showed a greater increase as the negativity of negatively valenced adjectives increased during self-evaluation and also showed a greater increase as the positivity of positively valenced adjectives increased during friend-evaluation. The present study suggests that rmPFC and AI are critically involved in impression management, promoting socially desirable target evaluations under social observation.
Amphibioplanidae: a new branch and family on the phylogenetic tree of the triclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), represented by a species from Sardinian caves with a remarkable lifestyle
Authors: Stocchino Giacinta Angela , Dols-Serrate Daniel , Sluys Ronald , Riutort Marta , Onnis Carlo , Manconi Renata 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study we document the phylogenetic position and the anatomical and ecological characteristics of a new taxon of cave-dwelling triclad flatworms. This species from the Mediterranean island of Sardinia (Italy) forms a separate branch on the phylogenetic tree of the planarians for which we proposed a new genus and placed it in a new family. Molecular analysis reveals a sister-group relationship between this new family, Amphibioplanidae, and the family Dimarcusidae of the suborder Cavernicola, together constituting the sister-group of the suborder Maricola. The new species Amphibioplana onnisi Stocchino & Sluys, sp. nov. is slender and furnished with an epidermis that is abundantly and uniformly provided with cilia and rhabdites. The pharynx presents an oesophageal projection pointing into the pharynx lumen. Ovaries are located far behind the brain. A relatively long common oviduct opens into the diverticulum of the bursal canal. The probursal copulatory bursa is lined with a highly vacuolated, syncytial epithelium. The habitat of this species is formed by groundwater in microcrevices of the epikarst and temporary cave pools, but the animals can survive in a basically terrestrial environment, thus exhibiting an amphibious lifestyle. Some tentative scenarios are discussed for the evolution of the new taxon and for the presence of the new species in three separate caves in Sardinia.
Anxiety in Residents in China: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Multicenter Study
Authors: Bai Song , Chang Qing , Yao Da , Zhang Yixiao , Wu Bin , Zhao Yuhong 
Published: January 2021

Purpose
To explore the prevalence of major anxiety and its associated risk factors in residents in China.

Method
This multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to February 2020; 1,343 residents from 8 hospitals in Northeast China were included in the final analysis (effective response rate of 86.48%). Demographic characteristics, dietary habits, life-related factors, work-related factors, and psychological characteristics were collected from participants via a self-reported questionnaire. This questionnaire measured sleep quality, physical activity, anxiety, perceived organizational support, psychological capital, and burnout. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were determined using binary logistic regression. Cutoff values and the area under the curve were calculated for risk factors using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results
Of participants, 441 (32.80%) reported anxiety symptoms and 133 (9.90%) reported major anxiety symptoms. Four independent risk factors for major anxiety were identified: poor sleep quality (OR = 1.282, P < .001) and 3 dimensions of burnout: higher emotional exhaustion (OR = 1.085, P < .001), higher depersonalization (OR = 1.064, P = .002), and reduced personal accomplishment (OR = 0.951, P < .001). The optimal cutoff values for these risk factors were 7, 10, 9, and 22 scores, respectively.

Conclusions
This study found a considerable prevalence of major anxiety symptoms in residents in China and identified poor sleep quality and higher levels of burnout as having a close association with major anxiety. These findings enrich the existing literature on anxiety and demonstrate a critical need for additional studies that investigate intervention strategies to improve sleep quality and combat burnout, which could improve the mental health of residents.
Distribution and Predictors of Initial Glaucoma Care Among Ophthalmologists and Optometrists: A Population-based Study
Authors: Quinn Matthew P. , Johnson Davin , Whitehead Marlo , Gill Sudeep S. , Campbell Robert J. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate evolution in the distribution of new glaucoma patients between ophthalmologists and optometrists, and to examine factors predicting provider type, in the context of expansion in the scope of optometry practice.

Patients and Methods:
A population-based study was undertaken using validated datasets in Ontario, Canada from 2007 to 2018, encompassing time before and after optometry practice scope expansion in 2011. All patients aged 66 and older receiving a glaucoma suspect diagnosis or first-line therapy for glaucoma from ophthalmologists or optometrists were enrolled. Predictors of provider type were evaluated using logistic regression.

Results:
From 2007 to 2018, 401,560 patients received initial glaucoma care, including 303,440 by ophthalmologists and 98,120 by optometrists. Population rates of glaucoma suspect diagnosis increased for both providers over the study period. The rate of therapy initiation increased annually among optometrists after 2011, while the rate remained stable over that period among ophthalmologists. By 2018, 88% of patients initiating therapy and 59% of patients first diagnosed as a glaucoma suspect received that care from ophthalmologists. In the final study year, therapy initiations per provider were lower among optometrists (median: 2/provider; interquartile range: 1 to 3) than among ophthalmologists (median: 26.5/provider, interquartile range: 10 to 53). Patients were more likely to receive care from an ophthalmologist than an optometrist if they were older, had higher ocular or systemic comorbidity, or lived in urban settings.

Conclusions:
Optometrists have a large and growing role in diagnosing glaucoma suspects; however, despite scope expansion, optometrists play a much smaller role in initiating glaucoma therapy.
Extravasation Volume at Computed Tomography Angiography Correlates With Bleeding Rate and Prognosis in Patients With Overt Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Tse Justin R. , Shen Jody , Shah Rajesh , Fleischmann Dominik , Kamaya Aya 
Published: January 2021

Objective
Despite the identification of active extravasation on computed tomography angiography (CTA) in patients with overt gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), a large proportion do not have active bleeding or require hemostatic therapy at endoscopy, catheter angiography, or surgery. The objective of our proof-of-concept study was to improve triage of patients with GIB by correlating extravasation volume of first-pass CTA with bleeding rate and clinical outcomes.

Materials and Methods
All patients who presented with overt GIB and active extravasation on CTA from January 2014 to July 2019 were reviewed in this retrospective, institutional review board–approved and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant study. Extravasation volume was assessed using 3-dimensional software and correlated with hemostatic therapy (primary endpoint) and with intraprocedural bleeding, blood transfusions, and mortality as secondary endpoints using logistic regression models (P < 0.0125 indicating statistical significance). Odds ratios were used to determine the effect size of a threshold extravasation volume. Quantitative data (extravasation volume, aorta attenuation, extravasation attenuation and time) were input into a mathematical model to calculate bleeding rate.

Results
Fifty consecutive patients including 6 (12%) upper, 18 (36%) small bowel, and 26 (52%) lower GIB met inclusion criteria. Forty-two underwent catheter angiography, endoscopy, or surgery; 16 had intraprocedural active bleeding, and 24 required hemostatic therapy. Higher extravasation volumes correlated with hemostatic therapy (P = 0.007), intraprocedural active bleeding (P = 0.003), and massive transfusion (P = 0.0001), but not mortality (P = 0.936). Using a threshold volume of 0.80 mL or greater, the odds ratio of hemostatic therapy was 8.1 (95% confidence interval, 2.1–26), active bleeding was 11.8 (2.6–45), and massive transfusion was 18 (2.3–65). With mathematical modeling, extravasation volume had a direct and linear relationship with bleeding rate, and the lowest calculated detectable bleeding rate with CTA was less than 0.1 mL/min.

Conclusions
Larger extravasation volumes correlate with higher bleeding rates and may identify patients who require hemostatic therapy, have intraprocedural bleeding, and require blood transfusions. Current CTAs can detect bleeding rates less than 0.1 mL/min.