bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age and sex are associated with the plasma lipidome: findings from the GOLDN study
Authors: Slade Emily , Irvin Marguerite R. , Xie Kevin , Arnett Donna K. , Claas Steven A. , Kind Tobias , Fardo David W. , Graf Gregory A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundDeveloping an understanding of the biochemistry of aging in both sexes is critical for managing disease throughout the lifespan. Lipidomic associations with age and sex have been reported, but prior studies are limited by measurements in serum rather than plasma or by participants taking lipid-lowering medications.MethodsOur study included lipidomic data from 980 participants aged 18–87 years old from the Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN). Participants were off lipid-lowering medications for at least 4 weeks, and signal intensities of 413 known lipid species were measured in plasma. We examined linear age and sex associations with signal intensity of (a) 413 lipid species; (b) 6 lipid classes (glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, fatty acids, and acylcarnitines); and (c) 15 lipid subclasses; as well as with the particle sizes of three lipoproteins.ResultsSignificant age associations were identified in 4 classes, 11 subclasses, 147 species, and particle size of one lipoprotein while significant sex differences were identified in 5 classes, 12 subclasses, 248 species, and particle sizes of two lipoproteins. For many lipid species (n = 97), age-related associations were significantly different between males and females. Age*sex interaction effects were most prevalent among phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, and triglycerides.ConclusionWe identified several lipid species, subclasses, and classes that differ by age and sex; these lipid phenotypes may serve as useful biomarkers for lipid changes and associated cardiovascular risk with aging in the future. Future studies of age-related changes throughout the adult lifespan of both sexes are warranted.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT00083369; May 21, 2004.
Deletion of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) alters the responses of glial cells in white matter to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion
Authors: Suzuki Kaoru , Shinohara Mitsuru , Uno Yoshihiro , Tashiro Yoshitaka , Gheni Ghupurjan , Yamamoto Miho , Fukumori Akio , Shindo Akihiko , Mashimo Tomoji , Tomimoto Hidekazu , Sato Naoyuki 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundSubcortical ischemic vascular dementia, one of the major subtypes of vascular dementia, is characterized by lacunar infarcts and white matter lesions caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. In this study, we used a mouse model of bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) to investigate the role of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2), an antiproliferation gene, in the white matter glial response to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.MethodsBtg2−/−mice and littermate wild-type control mice underwent BCAS or sham operation. Behavior phenotypes were assessed by open-field test and Morris water maze test. Brain tissues were analyzed for the degree of white matter lesions and glial changes. To further confirm the effects ofBtg2deletion on proliferation of glial cells in vitro, BrdU incorporation was investigated in mixed glial cells derived from wild-type andBtg2−/−mice.ResultsRelative to wild-type mice with or without BCAS, BCAS-treatedBtg2−/−mice exhibited elevated spontaneous locomotor activity and poorer spatial learning ability. Although the severities of white matter lesions did not significantly differ between wild-type andBtg2−/−mice after BCAS, the immunoreactivities of GFAP, a marker of astrocytes, and Mac2, a marker of activated microglia and macrophages, in the white matter of the optic tract were higher in BCAS-treatedBtg2−/−mice than in BCAS-treated wild-type mice. The expression level ofGfapwas also significantly elevated in BCAS-treatedBtg2−/−mice. In vitro analysis showed that BrdU incorporation in mixed glial cells in response to inflammatory stimulation associated with cerebral hypoperfusion was higher inBtg2−/−mice than in wild-type mice.ConclusionBTG2 negatively regulates glial cell proliferation in response to cerebral hypoperfusion, resulting in behavioral changes.
Barriers and drivers to stakeholder engagement in global mental health projects
Authors: Murphy Jill , Qureshi Onaiza , Endale Tarik , Esponda Georgina Miguel , Pathare Soumitra , Eaton Julian , De Silva Mary , Ryan Grace 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Engagement with diverse stakeholders, including policy makers, care providers and service users and communities, is essential for successful implementation of global mental health interventions. Despite being a fundamental factor in the implementation process, evidence about challenges and drivers to stakeholder engagement is limited in the global mental health literature.

Methods
We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 29 recipients of Grand Challenges Canada Global Mental Health funding to assess barriers and drivers to global mental health implementation across a portfolio of projects. We used framework analysis to identify key themes related to implementation barriers and drivers. This paper reports on barriers and drivers to stakeholder engagement, with results related to capacity development and service delivery reported elsewhere in this journal.

Results
Barriers and drivers to stakeholder engagement were identified across four themes: (1) Contextual Considerations, (2) Resources, (3) Participation, Uptake and Empowerment, and (4) Stigma. While complex contextual challenges create barriers, mechanisms such as formative research can facilitate a deeper contextual understanding that supports effective implementation planning. Limited financial and human resources and competing priorities can lead to substantial challenges. Investing in and leveraging existing local resources and expertise can help to mitigate these barriers. The challenge of achieving active participation from stakeholders and diverging expectations about the nature of participation were identified as barriers, while providing opportunities for meaningful participation and empowerment acted as drivers. Stigma at the institutional, community and individual level was also identified as a substantial barrier to engagement.

Conclusion
The findings of this study are relevant to implementers in global mental health. They also have implications for global mental health funding agencies and policy organizations, who can support improved stakeholder engagement by investing in high-quality formative research, supporting capacity building for policy engagement, investing in longer-term funding schemes to support sustainable partnerships and scale-up, thus fostering successful engagement and supporting effective implementation of global mental health innovations.
Professional stakeholder’s views of adolescent weight management programmes: a qualitative study
Authors: Jones Helen M. , Oyebode Oyinlola , Melendez-Torres G. J. , Al-Khudairy Lena 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objective
Family-based multi-component weight management programmes are recommended for adolescents with obesity in England and Wales, however, these programmes suffer from poor uptake and high attrition rates. This study aimed to gather the views of professional stakeholders in a UK weight management programme to identify potential areas to target to improve engagement and success for such programmes.

Results
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with those involved in the commissioning, referral, coordination or delivery of a weight management programme (n = 11). Interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Three main categories developed: professional support, tailoring and intervention content. Participants recognised the importance of support from experienced professionals, as well as family and peers. There was agreement that longer-term support was needed for adolescents with obesity; suggestions included integrating follow-up support with schools and leisure services. Emotional and psychological support must be prioritised. Having a variety of delivery modes, such as group and one to one, particularly in the home environment, were recommended. Stakeholders agreed that weight management programmes for adolescents need to be more proactive at incorporating technology. By acting on the views of those that work closely with adolescents, engagement with weight management programmes may be improved.
On the geophysical processes impacting palaeo-sea-level observations
Authors: Yokoyama Yusuke , Purcell Anthony 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPast sea-level change represents the large-scale state of global climate, reflecting the waxing and waning of global ice sheets and the corresponding effect on ocean volume. Recent developments in sampling and analytical methods enable us to more precisely reconstruct past sea-level changes using geological indicators dated by radiometric methods. However, ice-volume changes alone cannot wholly account for these observations of local, relative sea-level change because of various geophysical factors including glacio-hydro-isostatic adjustments (GIA). The mechanisms behind GIA cannot be ignored when reconstructing global ice volume, yet they remain poorly understood within the general sea-level community. In this paper, various geophysical factors affecting sea-level observations are discussed and the details and impacts of these processes on estimates of past ice volumes are introduced.
Tunnel engineering for modulating the substrate preference in cytochrome P450BsβHI
Authors: Meng Shuaiqi , An Ruipeng , Li Zhongyu , Schwaneberg Ulrich , Ji Yu , Davari Mehdi D. , Wang Fang , Wang Meng , Qin Meng , Nie Kaili , Liu Luo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn active site is normally located inside enzymes, hence substrates should go through a tunnel to access the active site. Tunnel engineering is a powerful strategy for refining the catalytic properties of enzymes. Here, P450BsβHI (Q85H/V170I) derived from hydroxylase P450Bsβ from Bacillus subtilis was chosen as the study model, which is reported as a potential decarboxylase. However, this enzyme showed low decarboxylase activity towards long-chain fatty acids. Here, a tunnel engineering campaign was performed for modulating the substrate preference and improving the decarboxylation activity of P450BsβHI. The finally obtained BsβHI-F79A variant had a 15.2-fold improved conversion for palmitic acid; BsβHI-F173V variant had a 3.9-fold improved conversion for pentadecanoic acid. The study demonstrates how the substrate preference can be modulated by tunnel engineering strategy.
Biotransformation of soy whey into a novel functional beverage by Cordyceps militaris SN-18
Authors: Dai Yiqiang , Zhou Jianzhong , Wang Lixia , Dong Mingsheng , Xia Xiudong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Soy whey, a liquid nutritional by-product of soybean manufacture, is rich in proteins, oligosaccharides and isoflavones. Soy whey can be used to produce functional beverages, instead of discarding it as a waste. In this study, unfermented soy whey (USW) and Cordyceps militaris SN-18-fermented soy whey (FSW) were investigated and compared for their physicochemical and functional properties by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and DNA damage assay. Results show that C. militaris SN-18 fermentation could increase the contents of essential amino acids, total phenolic and flavonoid and isoflavone aglycones and eliminate the oligosaccharides in soy whey. Furthermore, C. militaris SN-18 could significantly enhance the ABTS radical scavenging ability, reducing power and ferric reducing power of soy whey, and its fermented products could prominently attenuate Fenton reaction-induced DNA damage. These findings indicate that soy whey can potentially be converted into a novel soy functional beverage by C. militaris SN-18 fermentation.

Graphical abstract
Epistemological deliberation: the challenges of producing evidence-based guidelines on lifestyle habits
Authors: Lagerlöf Helena , Zuiderent-Jerak Teun , Sager Morten 
Published: April 2021

Background: Promotion of healthy behaviour is increasingly highlighted worldwide as a way to improve public health, prevent disease incidence, and decrease long-term costs for healthcare. In Sweden the National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW) used the well-established format of national guidelines to facilitate a more widespread use of approaches for promotion of healthy lifestyle habits in healthcare.
Aims and objectives: The aim of this case study was to explore the tensions between public health knowledge and the tenets of evidence-based medicine (EBM) in the creation of national guidelines on lifestyle habits.
Methods: Based on data from interviews with guideline professionals and the collected documents of the national guidelines, we examine how NBHW negotiated the conflicts between public health knowledge and the format of national guidelines. An analytical model based on approaches from the sociology of standardisation is used to explore the ramifications of these negotiations.
Findings: In line with findings in the sociology of standardisation, we show how conflicts between public health knowledge and the format of national guidelines result in both having to yield on certain points. This, we claim, results in compromise, but perhaps also compromised notions of validity and causality.
Discussion and conclusion: This case offers important learning about the general compatibility of public health and currently dominant methods of EBM. Important crossroads are outlined, concerning how validity and causality are configured in public health guidelines and how these require extensive epistemological deliberation.
The Cinema of Louis Malle: Transatlantic Auteur, Philippe Met, ed. (2018)
Authors: Dekens Evan 
Published: April 2021

Review of: The Cinema of Louis Malle: Transatlantic Auteur, Philippe Met, ed. (2018)
New York: Columbia University Press, 272pp.,
ISBN 9780231188715 (pbk), $32.00,
ISBN 9780231188708 (hbk), $105.00,
ISBN 9780231851268 (ebk), $31.99
Urban Noir: New York and Los Angeles in Shadow and Light, James J. Ward and Cynthia J. Miller, eds. (2017)
Authors: Spillane Ashley R. 
Published: April 2021

Review of: Urban Noir: New York and Los Angeles in Shadow and Light, James J. Ward and Cynthia J. Miller, eds. (2017)
Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 254pp.,
ISBN: 9781442278325 (hbk), $90.00
Wes Anderson’s Symbolic Storyworld: A Semiotic Analysis, Warren Buckland (2018)
Authors: Outlaw Olivia 
Published: April 2021

Review of: Wes Anderson’s Symbolic Storyworld: A Semiotic Analysis, Warren Buckland (2018)
New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 224pp.,
ISBN: 9781501316524 (hbk), $115.00
Medical and dental hidden treasures and secrets of 2700-year-old Egyptian mummy: Osirmose - the doorkeeper of the Temple of Re.
Authors: Olszewski Raphael , Hastir Jean-Philippe , Tilleux Caroline , Delvaux Luc , Danse Etienne 
Published: April 2021

Objective: To perform a ‘virtual autopsy’ on the Egyptian mummy and to study, understand, and interpret three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scan images of Osirmose’s mummy with a multidisciplinary team composed of radiologists, archaeologists, and oral and maxillofacial surgeon.
Material and methods: We studied the Osirmose’s mummy, the doorkeeper of the Temple of Re, who lived during the XXVth dynasty. His mummy belongs to the Royal Museum of Art and History (Inv. E.5889). We performed a high resolution CT scanning of Osirmose’s mummy. We also 3D printed the upper maxilla of the mummy and a tooth found in the oesophagus with a clinically validated low-cost 3D printer.
Results: We confirmed the male sex of the mummy. We found the heart, aorta, and kidneys inside the mummy’s body. Brain excerebration was performed through the right ethmoid bone pathway. A wood stick embedded in the dura mater tissue was found inside the skull. The orbicularis oculi muscle, internal canthus, optical nerves, and calcified eye were still present. Artificial eyes were added above the stuffing of eye globes. The skull and face were embalmed with multiple layers of inner bandages in a sophisticated manner. The wear of maxillary teeth was asymmetrical and more pronounced on the maxilla. We discovered three anomalies of the upper maxilla: 1) a rectangular hole on the palatine side of tooth n°26 (the palatine root of tooth n°26 was missing), 2) an indentation at a right angle palatine to tooth n°27, and 3) a semilunar shape of edges around the osteolytic lesion distal and palatine to tooth n°28.
Conclusions: The present study provides the first evidence of a tooth removal site, and of oral surgery procedures previously conducted in a 2700-year-old Egyptian embalmed mummy. We found traces of dental root removal, and the opening of a tooth-related osteolytic lesion before the person’s death. The multidisciplinary team, the use of a high resolution 3D CT scan and a 3D-printed model of the upper maxilla helped in this discovery.
A review on the clinical trials of repurposing therapeutic drugs, mechanisms and preventive measures against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Ikonne Eleazer U. , Ikpeazu Victor O. , Ugbogu Ositadinma C. , Emmanuel Okezie , Nwakuche Ikechukwu P. , Iweala Emeka J. , Ugbogu Eziuche A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmittable pathogenic viral infection that causes a disease known as COVID-19. It is a pandemic and public health challenge ravaging the world today. Unfortunately, with the daily increase of infected individuals, there is no known drug approved for the treatment of COVID-19. However, there are therapeutic drugs with the potentials to inhibit endocytic pathways, suppress ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activities, and reduce the replication of SARS-CoV-2. These drugs modifications are aimed at reducing inflammation, time of recovery, and number of deaths. This review is aimed at providing updated information on the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, preventive measures and therapeutic drugs used against SARS-CoV-2. The finding of this review revealed that some of these drugs are transmembrane protease, serine 2, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors with the capacity to block the entrance/replication of SARS-CoV-2 in a host cell and therefore, may be promising in preventing the spread and mortality of SARS-CoV-2. However, these drugs may cause detrimental health effects such as toxic and non-efficacy issues. Therefore great caution should be employed by health professionals when prescribing these drugs to COVID-19 patients.
Analysis of Progressive Failure between Soil and Structure Interface in the Direct Shear Test Using a New Method
Authors: Gan Fei , Bi Jing , Cao Teng , Liu Pengfei , Wang Chaolin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the trend of landslide disasters increases year by year with the rapid development of economic construction. The landslide caused massive casualties and economic losses. In this paper, a new kind of stress-displacement sensor, which can monitor the stress and displacement of local points on the contact surface, is developed. A large indoor direct shear test of the contact surface between red clay in Chongqing and structure is carried out by using this sensor. Furthermore, stress and deformation response evolution characteristics of the contact surface under shear loads and different soil compactness and normal stress are discussed. The shear failure of the contact surface between soil and structure is characterized by progressive failure; the normal stress of the contact surface and the compaction degree of the soil has a significant influence on the progressive failure. The test results indicate that the peak stress along the shear direction of the contact surfaces shows obvious inhomogeneity features. Considering the progressive failure characteristics of soil, the shear strength parameters obtained by the traditional large direct shear test underestimated the soil shear strength before the peak shear stress of shear curves. Then, in the post-peak shear stress stage (post-failure zone), the residual strength obtained by large direct shear tests represents the real residual strength of the soil.
New Prediction Model of Tempered Martensite Hardnesses for Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel
Authors: Hassan Azzam D. , Jabbar Murtadha Abbas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Several experimental formulas have been proposed by many researchers to estimate the tempered martensite hardness of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel under different tempering conditions. The objective of the present study was to develop a new mathematical model to estimate the tempered martensite hardness and the tensile strength for low-alloy steels under different tempering conditions with enhanced accuracy. The experimental results of previous research were relied on to develop the new mathematical models. A best fit for the tempered martensite hardness model has been developed by adding a factor of correlation obtained from the difference (error) between the hardness values measured by literature and the calculated hardness values from the tempered martensite hardness model. Moreover, the best equation that feature the value of this difference was presented as a function of the tempering temperature. The new model considered the combined parameters, which are tempering conditions (temperature and time) and the parameters of alloy elements. The proposed model has been examined and compared with the experimental results of a previous research and was shown to provide a good reasonable approximation with mean percentage error between the measured and calculated of hardness values was 0.89% and 0.79% for holding time of 2 and 48 h, respectively. Furthermore, it was concluded that the hardness feature is affected significantly by tempering parameters and the parameters of alloy elements. The hardness showed also decreasing in values with increasing the tempering temperature and holding. Also, the proposed equation for the tensile strength and area reduction have been written as a function of the tempering temperature.
Processing of ZrB2- and HfB2-Based Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Materials: A Review
Authors: Sonber J. K. , Murthy T. S. R. Ch. , Majumdar Sanjib , Kain Vivekanand 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
ZrB2 and HfB2 are leading materials in the category of ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs). UHTCs are a group of ceramic materials that can withstand ultra-high temperature (&gt;2,000°C) in oxidizing conditions. Such a high temperature will be encountered by future hypersonic reentry vehicles. Future reentry vehicles will have sharp edges to improve aerodynamic performance. The sharp leading edges will cause higher surface temperature than that of the actual blunt-edged vehicles. The sharp edges have less surface area to dissipate heat and thus the temperature gets increased. To withstand the intense heat generated when these vehicles reenter the earth’s upper atmosphere, UHTC materials are needed. UHTC materials are composed of borides of early transition metals. From the larger list of borides, ZrB2 and HfB2 have received the most attention as potential candidates for leading edge materials because their oxidation resistance is superior to that of other borides because of the stability of the ZrO2 and HfO2 scales that form on these materials at elevated temperatures in oxidizing environments. Processing of these materials is very difficult because these materials are very refractory in nature. Powder synthesis usually involves high-temperature solid state reactions. Dense bodies are generally produced by hot pressing and spark plasma sintering. For coating preparation, plasma spray, chemical vapor deposition, and physical vapor deposition is used. All these processing methods for ZrB2 and HfB2 are difficult because of the involvement of very high temperatures. In this review, the present state of the knowledge on processes employed for powder synthesis, fabrication of dense bodies, and coating processes is discussed. The advantages, limitations, and challenges in the different processing methods are addressed.