bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging incidence trends of eosinophilic esophagitis over 25 years: Results of a nationwide register‐based pathology cohort
Authors: de Rooij Willemijn E. , Barendsen Marielle E. , Warners Marijn J. , van Rhijn Bram D. , Verheij Joanne , Bruggink Annette H. , Bredenoord Albert J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRationaleEosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has emerged from a case‐reportable illness in the early 1990s to a distinct clinicopathological entity. Increasing worldwide incidences have been observed, although due to various study designs estimates are inconsistent.AimTo determine population‐based annual incidence rates over a time period of 25 years.MethodsA nationwide register‐based pathology (PALGA) search was performed to identify reports describing esophageal eosinophilia between 1995 and 2019. EoE was identified if the diagnosis was confirmed by the pathologist. Crude incidence rates were estimated by the number of new EoE cases per year and matched with population data.ResultsBetween 1995 and 2019, 7361 unique patients’ reports mentioned esophageal eosinophilia, of these 4061 were classified as EoE (71% male, mean age 37.9 ± 18.4 years). In total, 639 (16%) children (<18 years) were diagnosed. The EoE incidence increased from 0.01 in 1995 (95% CI: 0.0 – 0.04) to 3.16 (95% CI: 2.90 – 3.44) per 100.000 inhabitants in 2019. EoE was significantly more prevalent in males (OR 2.48 | 95% CI: 2.32 – 2.65; vs. females p < 0.001) and adults (OR 1.42 | 95% CI: 1.31 – 1.55; vs. children p < 0.001). Highest incidences were observed in 2019, being 4.37 (95% CI: 3.94 – 4.84) vs. 1.97 (95% CI: 1.68 – 2.29) per 100.000 males and females, respectively (p < 0.001). No seasonal variation was observed.ConclusionOver the past quarter century, the annual rates of newly diagnosed EoE patients raised dramatically and this increase has not reached a deceleration yet.
Esophageal hypervigilance is prevalent across gastroesophageal reflux disease presentations
Authors: Guadagnoli Livia , Yadlapati Rena , Taft Tiffany , Pandolfino John E. , Tye Michael , Keefer Laurie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need to identify factors outside of abnormal reflux that contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Esophageal hypervigilance is a psychological process impacting symptom experience in esophageal disease. However, little is known about the presence of hypervigilance in GERD phenotypes, especially in those with abnormal acid exposure or symptom index scores. The primary aim was to assess differences in self‐reported esophageal hypervigilance across different GERD presentations. The secondary aim was to evaluate esophageal hypervigilance as a predictor of symptom severity.MethodsWe conducted retrospective data analyses on a cohort of adult patients with reflux symptoms that underwent 96‐hour wireless pH monitoring from 9/2015 to 9/2017. Patients were stratified into groups based on the number of days they exhibited positive acid exposure time (AET; 0 days, 1–2 days, 3+ days), and symptom index scores (SI; 0 days, 1‐day, 2+ days). Esophageal hypervigilance and anxiety, and symptom frequency and severity were assessed between groups.Key ResultsA total of 123 AET cases and 116 SI cases were included for analysis. Esophageal hypervigilance and anxiety scores did not significantly differ based on the number of days of positive AET (p = 0.311) or SI (p = 0.118). Symptom severity and perceived symptom frequency differed between groups. Hypervigilance significantly predicted symptom severity, when controlling for symptom‐specific anxiety.ConclusionsEsophageal hypervigilance is persistent across patients with reflux, irrespective of acid burden and symptom index, and significantly predicts symptom severity. Hypervigilance should be considered as an independent factor contributing to esophageal symptom perception.
Root growth responses to mechanical impedance are regulated by a network of ROS, ethylene and auxin signalling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jacobsen Amy G. R. , Jervis George , Xu Jian , Topping Jennifer F. , Lindsey Keith 
Published: January 2021

Summary

The growth and development of root systems is influenced by mechanical properties of the substrate in which the plants grow. Mechanical impedance, such as by compacted soil, can reduce root elongation and limit crop productivity.

To understand better the mechanisms involved in plant root responses to mechanical impedance stress, we investigated changes in the root transcriptome and hormone signalling responses of Arabidopsis to artificial root barrier systems in vitro.

We demonstrate that upon encountering a barrier, reduced Arabidopsis root growth and a characteristic ‘step‐like’ growth pattern is due to a reduction in cell elongation associated with changes in signalling gene expression. Data from RNA‐sequencing combined with reporter line and mutant studies identified essential roles for reactive oxygen species, ethylene and auxin signalling during the barrier response.

We propose a model in which early responses to mechanical impedance include reactive oxygen signalling integrated with ethylene and auxin responses to mediate root growth changes. Inhibition of ethylene responses allows improved growth in response to root impedance, an observation that may inform future crop breeding programmes.
Auxilin‐like protein MoSwa2 promotes effector secretion and virulence as a clathrin uncoating factor in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Liu Muxing , Hu Jiexiong , Zhang Ao , Dai Ying , Chen Weizhong , He Yanglan , Zhang Haifeng , Zheng Xiaobo , Zhang Zhengguang 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Plant pathogens exploit the extracellular matrix (ECM) to inhibit host immunity during their interactions with the host. The formation of ECM involves a series of continuous steps of vesicular transport events.

To understand how such vesicle trafficking impacts ECM and virulence in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, we characterised MoSwa2, a previously identified actin‐regulating kinase MoArk1 interacting protein, as an orthologue of the auxilin‐like clathrin uncoating factor Swa2 of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We found that MoSwa2 functions as an uncoating factor of the coat protein complex II (COPII) via an interaction with the COPII subunit MoSec24‐2. Loss of MoSwa2 led to a deficiency in the secretion of extracellular proteins, resulting in both restricted growth of invasive hyphae and reduced inhibition of host immunity. Additionally, extracellular fluid (ECF) proteome analysis revealed that MoSwa2‐regulated extracellular proteins include many redox proteins such as the berberine bridge enzyme‐like (BBE‐like) protein MoSef1. We further found that MoSef1 functions as an apoplastic virulent factor that inhibits the host immune response.

Our studies revealed a novel function of a COPII uncoating factor in vesicular transport that is critical in the suppression of host immunity and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
New fluorescent auxin probes visualise tissue‐specific and subcellular distributions of auxin in Arabidopsis
Authors: Pařízková Barbora , Žukauskaitė Asta , Vain Thomas , Grones Peter , Raggi Sara , Kubeš Martin F. , Kieffer Martin , Doyle Siamsa M. , Strnad Miroslav , Kepinski Stefan , Napier Richard , Doležal Karel , Robert Stéphanie , Novák Ondřej 
Published: January 2021

Summary

In a world that will rely increasingly on efficient plant growth for sufficient food, it is important to learn about natural mechanisms of phytohormone action. In this work, the introduction of a fluorophore to an auxin molecule represents a sensitive and non‐invasive method to directly visualise auxin localisation with high spatiotemporal resolution.

The state‐of‐the‐art multidisciplinary approaches of genetic and chemical biology analysis together with live cell imaging, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) methods were employed for the characterisation of auxin‐related biological activity, distribution and stability of the presented compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Despite partial metabolisation in vivo, these fluorescent auxins display an uneven and dynamic distribution leading to the formation of fluorescence maxima in tissues known to concentrate natural auxin, such as the concave side of the apical hook. Importantly, their distribution is altered in response to different exogenous stimuli in both roots and shoots. Moreover, we characterised the subcellular localisation of the fluorescent auxin analogues as being present in the endoplasmic reticulum and endosomes.

Our work provides powerful tools to visualise auxin distribution within different plant tissues at cellular or subcellular levels and in response to internal and environmental stimuli during plant development.
Impact of flour fortification with calcium on calcium intake: a simulation study in seven countries
Authors: Cormick Gabriela , Betran Ana Pilar , Romero Iris B. , García‐Casal María Nieves , Perez Surya M. , Gibbons Luz , Belizán José M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCalcium intake is low in many countries, especially in low‐income countries. Our objective was to perform a simulation exercise on the impact, effectiveness, and safety of a flour fortification strategy using the Intake Modelling, Assessment, and Planning Program. Modeling of calcium fortification scenarios was performed with available dietary intake databases from Argentina, Bangladesh, Italy, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Uganda, Zambia, and the United States. This theoretical exercise showed that simulating a fortification with 156 mg of calcium per 100 g of flour would decrease the prevalence of low calcium intake, and less than 2% of the individuals would exceed the recommended calcium upper limit (UL) in Argentina, Italy, Uganda, and Zambia. Bangladesh and the Lao PDR showed little impact, as flour intake is uncommon. By contrast, in the United States, this strategy would lead to some population groups exceeding the UL. This exercise should be replicated and adapted to each country, taking into account the updated prevalence of calcium inadequacy, flour consumption, and technical compatibility between calcium and the flour‐type candidate for fortification. A fortification plan should consider the impact on all age groups to avoid the risk of exceeding the upper levels of calcium intake.
Influence of AMY1A copy number variations on obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A review of the evidence
Authors: Hariharan Rohit , Mousa Aya , de Courten Barbora 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe rising incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is contributing to the escalating burden of disease globally. These metabolic disorders are closely linked with diet and in particular with carbohydrate consumption; hence, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms that influence carbohydrate metabolism. Amylase, the enzyme responsible for the digestion of starch, is coded by the genes AMY1A, AMY1B, and AMY1C (salivary amylase) and AMY2A and AMY2B (pancreatic amylase). Previous studies demonstrate wide variations in AMY1A copy numbers, which can be attributed to several genetic, nutritional, and geographical diversities seen in populations globally. Current literature suggests that AMY1A copy number variations are important in obesity and other cardiometabolic disorders through their effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis, inflammatory markers, and the gut microbiome. This review synthesizes the available evidence to improve understanding of the role of AMY1A in obesity and related cardiometabolic risk factors and disorders including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk and inflammation, and the gut microbiome.
Novel Strategy of Curettage and Adjuvant Microwave Therapy for the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone in Extremities: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ke Jin , Cheng Shi , Yao Meng‐yu , Chu Xiao , Wang Ming , Zeng Xiao‐long , Yang Tao , Zhang Chi , Zhong Hua , Zhang Yu 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate whether curettage with adjuvant microwave therapy was successful in the treatment of giant cell tumor of the bone (GCTB) in extremities, especially for GCTB with pathological fractures and GCTB of the distal radius.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 54 cases of GCTB of the extremities treated by curettage with adjuvant microwave therapy between 2007 and 2019. Five patients were lost to follow up and excluded from the study. A total of 33 male and 21 female patients were included in this study. Patients were aged 15–57 years (mean 29.72 ± 10.48 years). Among these patients, there were 10 cases of GCTB with pathological fractures and eight cases of GCTB of the distal radius; one of these cases was combined with a pathological fracture. Comprehensive imaging examinations (X‐rays [including lesion site and chest], CT, MRI, emission computed tomography, and pathology examination) of all patients were reviewed. The clinical staging of these patients were evaluated radiologically using the Campanacci classification system based on the extent of spread of the tumor. All patients underwent curettage with adjuvant microwave therapy. Clinical and imaging evaluations were performed in all cases to check for recurrence or metastasis. Lower limb and upper limber function were assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score (MSTS), and wrist function was assessed according to the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score. Data on surgical‐related complications were recorded.ResultsAll cases were followed up for 24–126 months (mean 60.69 ± 29.61 months). There were 24 patients with a Campanacci grade of 3 and 30 with a Campanacci grade of 2. The 52 patients were continuously disease‐free. The local recurrence rate was 3.70% (2 patients). One patient had recurrence in the proximal femur, and the other developed in soft tissue of the calf muscle. No recurrence occurred for GCTB of the distal radius. One recurrence occurred in a GCTB with pathological fractures. The intervals were 9 and 28 months, respectively. The cases of recurrence all had a Campanacci grade of 3 (8.33%). The median MSTS among the 54 patients was 27.67 ± 3.81. The mean wrist function DASH score was 8.30 ± 2.53. The mean MSTS was 28.67 ± 1.63 and 26.71 ± 5.49 for patients with GCTB of the distal radius and for those with pathological fractures, respectively. In comparing patients with and without pathological fractures, there was no significant difference in the MSTS functional score. Five patients had complications after the surgery.ConclusionCurettage with adjuvant microwave ablation therapy provided favorable local control and satisfactory functional outcomes in the treatment of GCTB, especially for cases with pathological fractures and those with GCTB of the distal radius.
Prevalence of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis in Middle‐Aged People in Beijing Community
Authors: He Da , Li Zu‐chang , Zhang Tian‐yu , Cheng Xiao‐guang , Tian Wei 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveLumbar spondylolisthesis (LS) is a common lumbar disease, and the prevalence of LS in different countries or regions was not consistent in the past. This study intends to make statistics on the prevalence of lumbar spondylolisthesis in middle‐aged people in Beijing community.MethodsThis is an epidemiological study. 4548 people in Beijing community aged 50 to 64 years were recruited from the local communities by advertisements placed in housing estates and community centres for people to take part in a prospective cohort study from August from September 2013 to March 2014. There is no intervention on the subjects. RadiAnt DICOM Viewer is adopted to read the lateral CT positioning images of all the studied objects, adjust the image as bone window, observe and evaluate the slide of L1 to L5 vertebra in the lateral CT positioning image.ResultsAmong the 4,548 subjects included in the study, 2,490 (54.75%) were male and 2,058 (45.25%) were female. A total of 785 subjects had lumbar spondylolisthesis, with a total incidence of 17.26%. There was no significant difference between prevalence of males and females in the subgroup 50‐54 years old (13.55% males / 12.53% females) and 55‐59 years old (14.77% males / 14.93% females). But the prevalence of LS in 60‐64 years old females (28.57%) increased significantly, compared with 55‐59 years old females (14.93%) and 60‐64 years old males (18.76%). There were 847 levels that had slipped, L5S1 > L4/5 > L3/4 > L2/3 > L1/2. The retrolisthesis was the most, accounting for 61.51% (521/847), and the anterolisthesis was 38.49% (326/847), including anterolisthesis gradeI for 95.71% (312/326), anterolisthesis gradeII for 4.29% (14/326). Neither of anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis presented more than grade III. Among all the subjects, 318 had anterolisthesis, with a total incidence of 6.99%, and 467 subjects only had retrolisthesis.ConclusionThe total prevalence of LS in the middle‐aged people in Beijing community was 17.26%, 15.98% in males and 18.80% in females, and women are more likely to suffer from LS after 60 years old.
Trends in the use, complications, and costs of permanent pacemakers in Australia: A nationwide study from 2008 to 2017
Authors: Westaway Samuel , Nye Elsbeth , Gallagher Celine , Tu Samuel J. , Clarke Nicholas , Hanna‐Rivero Nicole , Emami Mehrdad , Kadhim Kadhim , Pitman Bradley M. , Mahajan Rajiv , Lau Dennis H. , Young Glenn D. , Sanders Prashanthan , Wong Christopher X. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize contemporary pacemaker procedure trends.MethodsNationwide analysis of pacemaker procedures and costs between 2008 and 2017 in Australia. The main outcome measures were total, age‐ and gender‐specific implant, replacement, and complication rates, and costs.ResultsPacemaker implants increased from 12,153 to 17,862. Implantation rates rose from 55.3 to 72.6 per 100,000, a 2.8% annual increase (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.028; 95% CI, 1.02–1.04; p < .001). Pacemaker implants in the 80+ age group were 17.37‐times higher than the < 50 group (95% CI 16.24–18.59; p < .001), and in males were 1.48‐times higher than in females (95% CI 1.42–1.55; p < .001). However, there were similar increases according to age (p = .10) and gender (p = .68) over the study period. Left ventricular lead rates were stable (IRR 0.995; 95% CI 0.98–1.01; p = .53). Generator replacements decreased from 20.5 to 18.3 per 100,000 (IRR 0.975; 95% CI 0.97–0.98; p < .001). Although procedures for generator‐related complications were stable (IRR 0.995; 95% CI 0.98–1.01; p = .54), those for lead‐related complications decreased (IRR 0.985; 95% CI 0.98–0.99; p < .001). Rates for all pacemaker procedures were consistently greater in males (p < .001). Although annual costs of all pacemaker procedures increased from $178 million to $329 million, inflation‐adjusted costs were more stable, rising from $294 million to $329 million.ConclusionsIncreasing demand for pacemaker implants is driven by the ageing population and rising rates across all ages, while replacement and complication procedure rates appeared more stable. Males have consistently greater pacemaker procedure rates than females. Our findings have significant clinical and public health implications for healthcare resource planning.
The role of VvMYBA2r and VvMYBA2w alleles of the MYBA2 locus in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis for molecular breeding of grape (Vitis spp.) skin coloration
Authors: Jiu Songtao , Guan Le , Leng Xiangpeng , Zhang Kekun , Haider Muhammad Salman , Yu Xiang , Zhu Xudong , Zheng Ting , Ge Mengqing , Wang Chen , Jia Haifeng , Shangguan Lingfei , Zhang Caixi , Tang Xiaoping , Abdullah Muhammad , Javed Hafiz Umer , Han Jian , Dong Zhigang , Fang Jinggui 
Published: January 2021

SummaryIn grape, MYBA1 and MYBA2 at the colour locus are the major genetic determinants of grape skin colour, and the mutation of two functional genes (VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2) from these loci leads to white skin colour. This study aimed to elucidate the regulation of grape berry coloration by isolating and characterizing VvMYBA2w and VvMYBA2r alleles. The overexpression of VvMYBA2r up‐regulated the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and resulted in higher anthocyanin accumulation in transgenic tobacco than wild‐type (WT) plants, especially in flowers. However, the ectopic expression of VvMYBA2w inactivated the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and could not cause obvious phenotypic modulation in transgenic tobacco. Unlike in VvMYBA2r, CA dinucleotide deletion shortened the C‐terminal transactivation region and disrupted the transcriptional activation activity of VvMYBA2w. The results indicated that VvMYBA2r positively regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis by forming the VvMYBA2r‐VvMYCA1‐VvWDR1 complex, and VvWDR1 enhanced anthocyanin accumulation by interacting with the VvMYBA2r‐VvMYCA1 complex; however, R44L substitution abolished the interaction of VvMYBA2w with VvMYCA1. Meanwhile, both R44L substitution and CA dinucleotide deletion seriously affected the efficacy of VvMYBA2w to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, and the two non‐synonymous mutations were additive in their effects. Investigation of the colour density and MYB haplotypes of 213 grape germplasms revealed that dark‐skinned varieties tended to contain HapC‐N and HapE2, whereas red‐skinned varieties contained high frequencies of HapB and HapC‐Rs. Regarding ploidy, the higher the number of functional alleles present in a variety, the darker was the skin colour. In summary, this study provides insight into the roles of VvMYBA2r and VvMYBA2w alleles and lays the foundation for the molecular breeding of grape varieties with different skin colour.
Divergent improvement of two cultivated allotetraploid cotton species
Authors: Fang Lei , Zhao Ting , Hu Yan , Si Zhanfeng , Zhu Xiefei , Han Zegang , Liu Guizhen , Wang Sen , Ju Longzhen , Guo Menglan , Mei Huan , Wang Luyao , Qi Bowen , Wang Heng , Guan Xueying , Zhang Tianzhen 
Published: January 2021

SummaryInterspecific genomic variation can provide a genetic basis for local adaptation and domestication. A series of studies have presented its role of interspecific haplotypes and introgressions in adaptive traits, but few studies have addressed their role in improving agronomic character. Two allotetraploid Gossypium species, Gossypium barbadense (Gb) and G. hirsutum (Gh) originating from the Americas, are cultivated independently. Here, through sequencing and the comparison of one GWAS panel in 229 Gb accessions and two GWAS panels in 491 Gh accessions, we found that most associated loci or functional haplotypes for agronomic traits were highly divergent, representing the strong divergent improvement between Gb and Gh. Using a comprehensive interspecific haplotype map, we revealed that six interspecific introgressions from Gh to Gb were significantly associated with the phenotypic performance of Gb, which could explain 5%–40% of phenotypic variation in yield and fibre qualities. In addition, three introgressions overlapped with six associated loci in Gb, indicating that these introgression regions were under further selection and stabilized during improvement. A single interspecific introgression often possessed yield‐increasing potential but decreased fibre qualities, or the opposite, making it difficult to simultaneously improve yield and fibre qualities. Our study not only has proved the importance of interspecific functional haplotypes or introgressions in the divergent improvement of Gb and Gh, but also supports their potential value in further human‐mediated hybridization or precision breeding.