bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and applications of surface-modified magnetic nanoparticles: progress and future prospects
Authors: García-Merino Belén , Bringas Eugenio , Ortiz Inmaculada 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The growing use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) demands cost-effective methods for their synthesis that allow proper control of particle size and size distribution. The unique properties of MNPs include high specific surface area, ease of functionalization, chemical stability and superparamagnetic behavior, with applications in catalysis, data and energy storage, environmental remediation and biomedicine. This review highlights breakthroughs in the use of MNPs since their initial introduction in biomedicine to the latest challenging applications; special attention is paid to the importance of proper coating and functionalization of the particle surface, which dictates the specific properties for each application. Starting from the first report following LaMer’s theory in 1950, this review discusses and analyzes methods of synthesizing MNPs, with an emphasis on functionality and applications. However, several hurdles, such as the design of reactors with suitable geometries, appropriate control of operating conditions and, in particular, reproducibility and scalability, continue to prevent many applications from reaching the market. The most recent strategy, the use of microfluidics to achieve continuous and controlled synthesis of MNPs, is therefore thoroughly analyzed. This review is the first to survey continuous microfluidic coating or functionalization of particles, including challenging properties and applications.
The representation of gappy sentences in four-valued semantics
Authors: Martínez-Fernández José , Martí Genoveva 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThree-valued logics are standardly used to formalize gappy languages, i.e., interpreted languages in which sentences can be true, false or neither. A three-valued logic that assigns the same truth value to all gappy sentences is, in our view, insufficient to capture important semantic differences between them. In this paper we will argue that there are two different kinds of pathologies that should be treated separately and we defend the usefulness of a four-valued logic to represent adequately these two types of gappy sentences. Our purpose is to begin the formal exploration of the four-valued logics that could be used to represent the phenomena in question and to show that these phenomena are present in natural language, at least according to some semantic theories of natural language.
Evaluation of new sulfathiazole derivatives as antiproliferative agents
Authors: Yurttaş Leyla , Akalin Çiftçi Gülşen , Temel Halide Edip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Sulfonamide group is an important scaffold used for generating new building blocks with diverse biological activities. Considering priority of the sulfonamide structure, seven new sulfathiazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity, in this study.

Materials and methods
Compounds 2a–g were synthesized using a two-step synthetic procedure starting from commercially available sulfathiazole. The antiproliferative activity of the compounds was investigated against A549 and NIH/3T3 cell lines by MTT assay, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and cathepsin inhibition tests.

Results
Compound 2b bearing triazole ring exhibited highest inhibitory activity (IC50: 12.33 μg/mL) with selective profile which was better than cisplatin and it also inhibited MMP-9 with 53.67% percentage. Compounds 2c and 2e inhibited cathepsin L with percentages of 62.75 and 57.25%, whereas cathepsin D was poorly inhibited by the compounds.

Conclusions
Target compounds exhibited high to moderate antiproliferative activity and they displayed higher MMP-9 inhibition than cathepsin inhibition activity. 2b and 2e were identified as the most active compounds when evaluated, biologically.
Bentonite Suspension Filtration and its Electro-Kinetics in the Presence of Additives
Authors: Farag R. M. , Salem A. M. , El-Midany A. A. , El-Mofty S. E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Invasion of fluids into porous media during drilling can lead to irreparable damage and reduced well productivity. Hence, minimizing the filtration loss of the drilling fluid into the formation is very important. The stability of colloidal suspensions plays a crucial role in controlling the interfacial forces and consequently on minimizing the filtration. The zeta potential is an indicator of the stability of colloids with respect to their electrostatic interactions. In this study, the rheological properties of bentonite suspensions are investigated with and without additives. The starch and CMC were used as additives to enhance the rheological properties of bentonite. The effects of these additives on the drilling fluid filtration were examined. Zeta-potential, viscosity, gel strength and yield point were measured to characterize the extent to which control of the filtration loss of the drilling fluids can be achieved. The zeta-potential and the amount of filtration loss of water-bentonite suspensions were correlated. Finally, the results showed that the addition of either starch or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) enhances the filtration properties of water-bentonite suspensions.
Application of Newly Synthesized Sulfobetaine Based on Sweet Almond Oil in Bath Liquids for Sensitive Skin
Authors: Klimaszewska Emilia , Wieczorek Daria , Seweryn Artur , Ogorzałek Marta 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Three formulations for bath liquids were developed, differing in the type of amphoteric surfactant applied. The formulations used Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Cocamidpropyl Hydroxide and newly synthesized sulfobetaine based on sweet almond oil (Oleicamidopropyl Sultaine). The molecular structure of the surfactant used in the manufactured formulations has a negatively charged sulfonate group and a positively charged quaternary nitrogen atom. Such molecular structures suggest that the functional properties of this substance are mild. Based on the research, it was found that the bath fluid containing the newly synthesized sulfobetaine based on sweet almond oil had the lowest zein number, the lowest pH increase of bovine albumin solution and the lowest ability to emulsify fatty dirt. This indicates a very low irritant effect of the tested bath liquid.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Class of Zwitterionic Fluorocarbon Surfactants Based on Perfluorobutyl
Authors: Jia Xuhong , Huang Rui , Yang Xiaoguang , Tao Wan , Zhu Xinhua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its derivatives had been banned due to their potential environmental hazards, although they possessed excellent surface activity. An effective method to solve this problem was to shorten the fluorocarbon chain of these surfactants from C°H17 to C4F9. As previous studies had shown, zwitterionic surfactants possess higher surface activity but have lower toxicity compared to other types of surfactants. In view of this, a class of novel zwitterionic fluorocarbon surfactants (n-CFNA-Br) with perfluorobutyl moiety was synthesized in this work. Their structures were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR and MS. The results showed that all synthesized n-CFNA-Br had almost the same minimum surface tension, but their critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreased with increasing length of hydrophobic carbon chain. In pure water, the surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) of the four n-CFNA-Br were about 20 mN/m, and the CMC values were 7.73 mmol/L for 1-CFNA-Br, 4.70 mmol/L for 2-CFNA-Br, 4.13 mmol/L for 3-CFNA-Br, and 3.36 mmol/L for 4-CFNA-Br, indicating high efficiency and effectiveness. In 0.1 mol/L NaCl, the CMC values reduced to less than half of the CMC values measured in the pure aqueous surfactant solution, while the surface tensions γCMC remained almost unchanged, indicating good salinity tolerance of the synthesized surfactants. The acidic surfactant solutions exhibited similar CMC values to the saline solutions, but the surface tension γCMC increased slightly to 25 mN/m. However, further investigation showed that the n-CFNA-Br surfactants exhibited poor surface activity in alkaline solution (0.1 mol/L NaOH). In the pH range of 6.6 to 10.4, white precipitates appeared in the surfactant solutions after some time, indicating that the n-CFNA-Br are not suitable for use in alkaline systems with pH greater than 6.6.
Effects of Laundering on Moisture Management and Air Permeability of Different Chitosan Treated Nylon 6,6 Elastane Fabrics Using EDTA and Triton X-100
Authors: Varan Nilüfer Yıldız , Çaydamlı Yavuz 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of washing fabrics (nylon 6.6 powernet knitted fabrics with 30% spandex) treated with chitosan on their moisture management and air permeability. The knitted fabrics were treated with three different solutions of chitosan and dimethylol dihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU); in addition to chitosan and DMDHEU, one solution contained the complexing agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the other contained the nonionic surfactant and penetration agent octylphenol ethoxylate. The three solutions were compared in terms of their effect on moisture management and air permeability properties. Nylon fabrics treated and washed with these solutions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Nylon fabrics treated with chitosan and DMDHEU showed the potential to transfer liquid moisture to the lower layer and keep the layer next to the skin dry after 20 washes.
Preparation of Silicone Emulsion Defoamer with Easy Separation of Magnetic Hydrophobic Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Shengdi , Chen Hongling 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To prepare lyophobic magnetic nanoparticles (LMNs) with core/shell structure to be applied in silicone emulsion defoamer, magnetic nanoparticles covered with silica (MNS) were prepared in a one-step process from FeCl3 · 6H2O, FeCl2 · 4H2O and tetraethyl orthosilicate and then modified with poly (methylhydrosiloxane). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and contact angle tests were performed to characterize the nano-particles, and the droplets of the defoamer emulsion were observed with a microscope. The foam breaking and foam inhibition properties of the defoamer and the magnetic separation of the particles were observed and recorded by a camera. It was found that the silicone emulsion defoamer exhibited good foam breaking and foam inhibition properties for foaming systems with anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants, respectively. The solid particles in the defoamer could be easily separated from the defoamed systems by a magnet.
Interfacial Behaviour of Saponin Based Surfactant for Potential Application in Cleaning
Authors: Rajput Gajendra , Pandya Niki , Soni Darshan , Vala Harshal , Modi Jainik 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Amphiphilic molecules reduce the surface tension of the aqueous medium and are widely used in industrial and domestic applications due to this property. Nowadays, amphiphilic molecules on a natural basis are in great demand to replace synthetic surfactants and thus contribute to the reduction of environmental problems. Approximately 60% of the material based on surfactants end up in seawater, which is dangerous for aquatic life. We are proposing a new type of material, which is a surfactant on a natural basis, biodegradable and an environmentally friendly alternative. Here we focus on tea saponin and study its properties such as surface tension, foaming, skin mildness, cleanability. Tea is naturally acidic, reduces the surface tension to 31.4 mN/m, has a greater foaming power, is ultra-mild to skin, and has excellent cleaning properties. The results show that tea has excellent surface activity, which is why tea can be used as a green substitute for synthetic surfactants.
La «Nemesi» düreriana:Un manifesto della Translatio artium verso il Nord
Authors: Filippi Elena 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In ca. 1502, Dürer created an engraving known to history with the title The Great Fortune, which is considered one of his first artistic peaks given its technical mastery and compositional power. The piece bears witness to an important chapter of the artist’s relationship with Antiquity and with the graphic proposals of his contemporary Italian colleagues. Owing to the research that arose from the important 2012 exhibition Der frühe Dürer, this study intends to shed light on the reasons for which this artwork should be re-evaluated as an expression of the ‘new awareness’ of Nuremberg’s cultural environment of the time, so much so that it expresses this specific environment’s eager desire for self-affirmation. Dürer’s engraving became a manifesto of the translatio artis et sapientiae in the North. The various elements that constitute the original compositional idea must therefore be considered within the specific context that promoted its creation. To this end, it is also necessary to reflect upon the actual title, the name by which the artist himself referred to his work: Nemesis.
Allegory and Analogy in Menzel’s The Iron Rolling Mill
Authors: Maskarinec Malika 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Adolph Menzel’s Das Eisenwalzwerk, or Moderne Cyklopen (The Iron Rolling Mill, or Modern Cyclopes) from 1875 depicts an analogy central to nineteenth- century thought, namely, that between the human motor and the combustion engine. The painting visualizes the differing rhythms of these two “machines” and the entropy produced as a result of that difference. The painting’s reflection on labor also elaborates an allegory of the activity of painting. Such an allegorical reading, motivated by particular attention to the objects placed in the painting’s foreground, entails a reevaluation of Menzel’s self-understanding and of the changing nature of allegory in nineteenth- century painting. In this instance, allegory operates not through identification but by means of analogy.
Karikatur als Kriegsdienst: Aby Warburgs »neuer Stil zwischen Wort und Bild«, 1914–1918
Authors: McEwan Dorothea 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article attempts to throw a light on Warburg’s little-known engagement in political caricature during World War I. Though deemed unfit for military service, Warburg was eager to contribute to the German war effort. Perceiving Allied war propaganda as anti-German lies, he recorded what he considered its half-truths and falsehoods in his Kriegskartothek, or war archive. But Warburg, as indicated by his involvement with the short-lived La Guerra del 1914: Rivista illustrata in the early stages of the war, kept looking for a more active role in influencing public opinion: From privately commenting on the output of the Allied press, he went on to offering his own ideas for political caricatures to leading artists like Olaf Gulbransson and Max Slevogt, and to well-established satirical journals such as Simplicissimus and Kladderadatsch.
Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing in Bidirectional Tests of Pile Foundations
Authors: Gao Luchao , Dai Guoliang , Wan Zhihui , Zhu Mingxing , Gong Weiming 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technique has emerged as a new strain monitoring technique in civil engineering applications. In this paper, based on the principle of the FBG technique and the bidirectional test method, FBG sensors and conventional vibrating wire strain gauges (VWSGs) were employed to monitor the strain variation law of a pile under different loads and analyze the relationship between the side resistance and pile-soil relative displacement of soil layers in bidirectional field testing of a large-diameter cast in situ pile. Four field bidirectional test cases of cast in situ piles, prestressed high-strength concrete (PHC) and steel pipe pile, and pile-base post-grouting pile are presented. The applicability and stability of the FBG sensing technique were verified by analyzing the side resistance distribution and bearing capacity. The results showed that FBG sensors can remove the influence because of residual force and the effect of temperature change and concrete expansion photosensitive material provides an improved sensitivity to the external environment compared with a VWSG. The strain and side resistance variation tendency of the cast in situ pile were consistent between the two kinds of sensors. The FBG sensing technique had high test accuracy in the four bidirectional O-cell field test cases of the cast in situ pile, PHC and steel pipe pile, and pile-base post-grouting pile. The pile-base post-grouting technique is an effective procedure that was implemented to increase the ultimate bearing capacity. The research results of this paper reveal a new strain monitoring technique for the bidirectional test method of pile foundations and represent a new test method for measuring the bearing capacity of PHC and steel pipe piles that has a remarkable application value in practical engineering.
Simulation Research on Innovation Ecosystem Performance of Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: Qing Yan , Renyong Hou , Jian Luo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper uses the system dynamics method to construct a system dynamics model of three submodules: innovation direct interaction within the direct subject, innovation direct subject and innovation indirect subject interaction, and innovation direct subject and innovation environment interaction. By designing five types of scenario simulation analysis, the Anylogic software is used to simulate the innovation ecosystem of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and to explore the key factors affecting the urban agglomeration innovation ecosystem. The favorable inspiration for the efficient management of the Yangtze River mid-city urban agglomeration innovation ecosystem is obtained.
Effects of Prepared Carbon Nanofibers on Properties of Emulsified Asphalt
Authors: Fan Suying , Li Chixuan , Xu Tao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To prepare new carbon nanofiber (CNF) for improving properties of emulsified asphalt, CNF-I were first prepared by chemical vapor deposition method. Then the microstructure morphology, specific surface area, pore size distribution, and crystal structure of prepared CNF-I were characterized and compared with those of commercial CNF-II using a field emission scanning electron microscope, automatic specific surface area and aperture distribution instrument, and X-ray diffractometer, respectively. Also, CNF-I and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) latex were utilized to prepare composite modified emulsified asphalt (CS/MEA) and its evaporated residue (ER) samples. Then basic properties of CS/MEA were tested, the dispersity of CNF-I and SBS modifier particles in ER were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope, and the thermal properties of ER were discussed by using a differential scanning calorimeter. Test results indicate that prepared CNF-I shows cleaner microscopic surface morphology and lower agglomeration degree. The purity and graphitization degree of CNF-I are higher than those of CNF-II, so that the atomic interlaminar force of CNF-I is stronger and the crystal structure is tighter. These improve the surface activity and bonding performance of CNF-I with asphalt. Therefore, CNF-I is selected as a modifier to reinforce emulsified asphalt. Next, basic properties of CS/MEA meet relevant technical requirements. The addition of CNF-I decreases the penetration but increases the softening point of ER. The ductility is first increased and then decreased and reaches the maximum value at the CNF-I content of 0.05 weight percent (wt%). Further, CNF-I forms a spatial network structure in ER and improves the swelling degree of SBS, which causes the phase structure of ER to become more stable. However, when the CNF-I content is higher than 0.05 wt %, the agglomeration occurs to decrease properties of emulsified asphalt. It is found that prepared CNF-I improves properties of emulsified asphalt at the CNF-I content of 0.05 wt %, which is proposed to develop new CS/MEA.
A Quantitative Approach for Thermal Characterization of Phase Change Materials
Authors: Agarwala Swati , Narayan Prabhu K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A quantitative method for the calculation of phase change parameters of salt-based phase change materials (PCMs) has been proposed. This technique involves the estimation of mold-salt interfacial heat flux by solving Fourier’s law of heat conduction within the salt and using it for the calculation of phase change enthalpy of salt PCMs. Radial heat transfer was ensured by keeping the length to diameter (L/D) ratio of the mold equal to 5. The proposed method eliminates any drawbacks involved with sample size, reference material, the baseline fitting calculations, and the errors introduced due to the selection of solidification points. Pure salt PCMs such as potassium nitrate (KNO3), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), and solar salt mixture (60 wt. % NaNO3 + 40 wt. % KNO3) were used for validation of this technique. The thermal behaviors of the salt and the mold during solidification of the salt sample were analyzed, and solidification characteristics such as cooling rate, solidification time, and phase change enthalpy of PCMs were determined.
Density and Its Role in Predicting Interphase Characteristics and Dispersion in Poly(Lactic Acid) – Particulate Fillers Composites
Authors: Rane Ajay Vasudeo , Kanny Krishnan , Pandurangan Mohan Turup , Thomas Sabu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Density measurements (i.e., physical magnitude) are quick, efficient, and crucial in determining the structure and quality of solid materials. For polymer composites, properties tend to increase, decrease, or both with density. In this work, poly(lactic acid) composites (PLAC) filled with carbon black (CB), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared using the dissolution–dispersion method (DD) and oligomeric–dispersion method (OD). To study the hybrid effect, PLAC with 2.5 weight percent (wt%) CB + MWCNTs (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0wt%) and 2.5wt% CB + CNFs (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0wt%) were prepared using DD and OD. Density measurements were performed on PLAC to determine the extent of dispersion and interphase characteristics. PLAC prepared by OD showed an increase in density values in comparison to DD, irrespective of the filler.
Design of CO2-Based Cooling System for Machining of Ti-6Al-4V Using Joule–Thomson Effect
Authors: Mahapatro Khirod , Mahendra Gaurav , Markandeya Abhishek , Vamsi Krishna P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
High cutting temperatures are reported in the machining process because of a large amount of generated heat, which reduces the dimensional accuracy and quality of the machined surface. This paper presents a new methodology to design a carbon dioxide (CO2)-based cooling system in which the cooling effect is produced by using the Joule–Thomson effect during machining of Ti-6Al-4V. The finite element method and computational fluid dynamics are used to predict the tooltip temperature in machining, supply conditions of the coolant, and design parameters. The theoretical heat transfer rate of the tool and workpiece is compared with the simulated value to validate the model. After the validation, the turning experiments of dry machining and CO2-cooled machining are performed under constant cutting parameters. In this experimentation, the coolant supply conditions used are taken from the simulation. From the experimental results, it is observed that the CO2 cooling system provides a reduction in cutting temperature (46.66 %), flank wear (10 %), and surface roughness (46 %) compared with dry machining. However, cutting force is increased (about 33.33 %) because of the pressurized CO2 gas focused on the cutting tool.