bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreases in markers of monocyte/macrophage activation after hepatitis C eradication in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected women
Authors: French Audrey L. , Grennan Dara , Daubert Elizabeth , Seaberg Eric C. , Peters Marion , Augenbraun Michael , Fischl Margaret , Kassaye Seble , Franco Ricardo , Kuniholm Mark , Adimora Adaora A. , Workowski Kimberly , Weber Kathleen M. 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
Eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV disease decreases liver and non-liver-related morbidity and mortality. Elevated markers of monocyte/macrophage activation (soluble CD163 and sCD14) are associated with excess non-AIDS morbidity and mortality in HIV. We examined the effect of HCV eradication on these markers in relation to change in hepatic fibrosis.

Design:
A nested substudy within a longitudinal observational cohort

Methods:
We studied 126 HIV/HCV-coinfected women successfully treated for HCV, with undetectable HCV RNA at least 12 weeks after therapy completion. sCD163 and sCD14 were measured in serum collected before and after HCV eradication. Results were correlated with changes in markers of hepatic fibrosis.

Results:
Mean age of participants was 56.3 years, mean CD4+ cell count was 615, and 72% had suppressed HIV RNA. After treatment, sCD163 and sCD14 levels significantly decreased from pre-treatment levels in unadjusted analyses. After adjusting for age, race, hepatic fibrosis status, baseline HCV RNA, CD4 count and HIV RNA status, cigarette smoking, and alcohol use, the decreases in sCD163 and sCD14 remained significant. Decrease in pre-treatment to post-treatment sCD163 were significantly positively correlated with changes in FIB-4 (r = 0.250, P = 0.005) and APRI (r = 0.262, P = 0.003); similarly decrease in sCD14 was significantly positively correlated with changes in FIB-4 (r = 0.333, P = 0.0001) and APRI (r = 0.457, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:
HCV eradication is associated with significant reductions in monocyte/macrophage activation markers that correlate with reductions in markers of hepatic fibrosis. These findings support broad access to and early initiation of HCV treatment in order to decrease immune activation and improve health in HIV-infected persons.
Normal structural brain development in adolescents treated for perinatally acquired HIV: a longitudinal imaging study
Authors: Van den Hof Malon , Jellema Pien E.J. , ter Haar Anne Marleen , Scherpbier Henriette J. , Schrantee Anouk , Kaiser Antonia , Caan Matthan W.A. , Majoie Charles B.L.M. , Reiss Peter , Wit Ferdinand W.N.M. , Mutsaerts Henk-Jan M.M. , Pajkrt Dasja 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
Cross-sectional studies, including one from our NOVICE cohort [Neurological Visual and Cognitive performance in children with treated perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) compared with matched HIV-negative controls], have revealed that the brains of children with PHIV have lower white matter and grey matter volumes, more white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and poorer white matter integrity. This longitudinal study investigates whether these differences change over time.

Methods:
We approached all NOVICE participants to repeat MRI after 4.6 ± 0.3 years, measuring total white matter and grey matter volume, WMH volume and white matter integrity, obtained by T1-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), respectively. We compared rates of change between groups using multivariable linear mixed effects models, adjusted for sex and age at enrolment. We investigated determinants of developmental deviation, and explored associations with cognitive development.

Results:
Twenty out of 31 (65%) PHIV-positive, and 20 out of 37 (54%) HIV-negative participants underwent follow-up MRI. Groups did not significantly differ in terms of age and sex. Over time, we found no statistically different changes between groups for white matter and WMH volumes, and for white matter integrity (P > 0.1). Total grey matter volume decreased significantly less in PHIV [group∗time 10 ml, 95% confidence interval −1 to 20, P = 0.078], but this difference in rate of change lost statistical significance after additional adjustment for height (group∗time 9 ml, 95% confidence interval −2 to 20, P = 0.112). We found no HIV-associated determinants for potential reduced grey matter pruning, nor associations with cognitive development.

Conclusion:
While using long-term antiretroviral treatment, structural brain development of adolescents growing up with perinatally acquired HIV appears largely normal.
Comparison of predictors for terminal disease progression in simian immunodeficiency virus/simian-HIV-infected rhesus macaques
Authors: Takahashi Naofumi , Ardeshir Amir , Holder Gerard E. , Cai Yanhui , Sugimoto Chie , Mori Kazuyasu , Araínga Mariluz , He Ziyuan , Fukuyo Yayoi , Kim Woong-Ki , Didier Elizabeth S. , Kuroda Marcelo J. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
CD4+ T-cell decline and increasing virus levels are considered hallmarks of HIV/AIDS pathogenesis but we previously demonstrated in rhesus macaques that tissue macrophage destruction by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection associated with increased monocyte turnover also appear to impact pathogenesis. It remains unclear, however, which factors best predict onset of terminal disease progression and survival time. The objective of this study, therefore, was to directly compare these co-variates of infection for predicting survival times in retrospective studies of SIV/simian-HIV (SHIV)-infected adult rhesus macaques

Methods:
Rhesus macaques were infected with various strains of SIV/SHIV and evaluated longitudinally for monocyte turnover, CD4+ T-cell loss, plasma viral load, and SIV/SHIV strain. Correlation analyses and machine learning algorithm modeling were applied to compare relative contributions of each of the co-variates to survival time.

Results:
All animals with AIDS-related clinical signs requiring euthanasia exhibited increased monocyte turnover regardless of CD4+ T-cell level, viral strain, or plasma viral load. Regression analyses and machine learning algorithms indicated a stronger correlation and contribution between increased monocyte turnover and reduced survival time than between CD4+ T-cell decline, plasma viral load, or virus strain and reduced survival time. Decision tree modeling categorized monocyte turnover of 13.2% as the initial significant threshold that best predicted decreased survival time.

Conclusion:
These results demonstrate that monocytes/macrophages significantly affect HIV/SIV pathogenesis outcomes. Monocyte turnover analyses are not currently feasible in humans, so there is a need to identify surrogate biomarkers reflecting tissue macrophage damage that predict HIV infection disease progression.
Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in hospitalizations among persons with HIV in the United States and Canada, 2005–2015
Authors: Davy-Mendez Thibaut , Napravnik Sonia , Eron Joseph J. , Cole Stephen R. , Van Duin David , Wohl David A. , Gebo Kelly A. , Moore Richard D. , Althoff Keri N. , Poteat Tonia , Gill M. John , Horberg Michael A. , Silverberg Michael J. , Nanditha Ni Gusti Ayu , Thorne Jennifer E. , Berry Stephen A. 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To examine recent trends and differences in all-cause and cause-specific hospitalization rates by race, ethnicity, and gender among persons with HIV (PWH) in the United States and Canada.

Design:
HIV clinical cohort consortium.

Methods:
We followed PWH at least 18 years old in care 2005–2015 in six clinical cohorts. We used modified Clinical Classifications Software to categorize hospital discharge diagnoses. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust variances to compare racial and ethnic groups, stratified by gender, adjusted for cohort, calendar year, injection drug use history, and annually updated age, CD4+, and HIV viral load.

Results:
Among 27 085 patients (122 566 person-years), 80% were cisgender men, 1% transgender, 43% White, 33% Black, 17% Hispanic of any race, and 1% Indigenous. Unadjusted all-cause hospitalization rates were higher for Black [IRR 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–1.61] and Indigenous (1.99, 1.44–2.74) versus White cisgender men, and for Indigenous versus White cisgender women (2.55, 1.68–3.89). Unadjusted AIDS-related hospitalization rates were also higher for Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous versus White cisgender men (all P < 0.05). Transgender patients had 1.50 times (1.05–2.14) and cisgender women 1.37 times (1.26–1.48) the unadjusted hospitalization rate of cisgender men. In adjusted analyses, among both cisgender men and women, Black patients had higher rates of cardiovascular and renal/genitourinary hospitalizations compared to Whites (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Black, Hispanic, Indigenous, women, and transgender PWH in the United States and Canada experienced substantially higher hospitalization rates than White patients and cisgender men, respectively. Disparities likely have several causes, including differences in virologic suppression and chronic conditions such as diabetes and renal disease.
Comparative Study of Anthropometric Nasal Anslysis Based on Han Nationality Young Female Adults in Central China
Authors: Weiliang Zeng , Wei Wang , Lili Guo 
Published: March 2021

Background:
The data of nasal anthropometric measurements could help surgeons perform preoperative or postoperative assessments and decide surgical strategies of the nose plastic surgery and related cosmetic rhinoplasty. The aim of the study was to describe the average values of the nasal anthropometric measurements in Han Nationality young female population in Central China.

Methods:
All 430 Han Chinese young females were obtained for this study, and their anthropometric features were measured including weight, height, 11 items of linear distance and 4 angles. Seven proportion indices of the soft tissue of the external nose were determined. Related results were compared with the result of other available literature about nasal anthropometry in Han Nationality young females from different regions of China and the other racial/ethnic nasal anthropometry in the world populations.

Results:
The means of the linear measurements of the external nose in this study were as follows: nasal height (48.9 mm), nasal bridge length (43.3 mm), morphological facial height (110.4 mm), facial width (125.1 mm), intercanthal width (35.9 mm), nasal tip protrusion (21.1 mm), nasal width (35.5 mm), nasal ala length (27.9 mm), nasal ala thickness (4.1 mm), columella height (8.9 mm), columella width (6.0 mm). The means of the angular measurements of the nose were as follows: nasofrontal angle (143.3 degree), nasofacial angle (34.1 degree), nasal tip angle (80.4 degree), nasolabial angle (97.3 degree).

Conclusions:
There were regional differences of the external nasal anthropometric of the Han Nationality young female adults in China and the racial/ethnic differences of that compared with the some races/ethnic around the world. This study could provide credible and objective reference material for plastic and maxillofacial surgeons for the external nasal soft tissue evaluation and planning of the cosmetic nasal surgery in the Han Nationality young female adults in Central China.
Finite Element Analysis of Two- and Three-Dimensional Fixation in Treating Mandibular Symphyseal Fracture Combined With Bilateral Condylar Intracapsular Fractures
Authors: Zhou Wei , Rong Qiguo , An Jingang , Zhang Yi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare through finite element analysis two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) fixation in the treatment of mandibular symphyseal fracture combined with bilateral condylar intracapsular fractures. The authors created 2 fixation models for the above fracture, and analyzed the stress and displacement in the mandible and fixation materials under 3 loading conditions. The von Mises stress of the mandible and plates peaked during lateral occlusion, and was lowest during central occlusion. In all conditions, stresses in the fixation materials did not exceed the yield stress of titanium. The inferior border of the symphyseal fracture segments showed opposing displacements, and the mandible tended to widen in the 2D fixation model. However, the fracture displacement did not exceed 150 μm for either fixation method. The results suggested that after well reduction and fixation of condylar intracapsular fractures, either 2D or 3D fixation for symphyseal fracture can provide adequately strong fixation. Compared with 2D fixation, 3D fixation has more advantages in controlling the mandibular width and preventing the fixation materials from enduring excessive stress.
Single Free Flap for Large Defects in Head and Neck Reconstruction, Double Paddle Anterolateral Thigh Flap
Authors: Mohammadi Shabahang , Mohseni Mohammad , Mohebbi Saleh , Lotfi Maryam 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of double skin paddle anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) to reconstruction of through and through oral cavity defect due to cancer surgery.
A prospective review was performed of patients referred to Firoozgar and Erfan hospitals with oral cavity defects with two or more oral cavity subunits and skin simultaneously involvement and immediate reconstruction using double-skin paddle ALT flap at the same time of tumor ablation from January 2019 to November 2020.
A total number of 6 patients was evaluated. The mean area of skin paddle was 110.4 cm2 and 92.8 cm2 in distal and proximal paddle respectively. Except one patient was complicated and expired in hospital admission, the remaining 5 patients got fully oral intake and completely survived flaps with primarily closed donor site. Tumor recurrence was not found in the mean follow-up time of 12 months.
The double skin paddle anterolateral thigh flap serves as an efficient reconstruction technique in complex and perforating oral cavity defects with the same functional outcome and the same flap related complications as conventional ALT flap.
Prevalence of Dentofacial Injuries and Concussions Among College Athletes and Their Perceptions of Mouthguards
Authors: Stanbouly Dani , Stanbouly Rami , Lee Kevin C. , Chuang Sung-Kiang 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of dento-facial injuries and concussions among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) division 1 college athletes and their perceptions of mouth-guards and their protection role in injury prevention.

Materials and methods:
A specific survey regarding the experiences of dento-facial injuries and concussions, attitudes towards the mouthguards, and knowledge of dental first aid was distributed to 682 NCAA division I college athletes registered at Columbia University. The independent predictor variable was sport type (contact versus noncontact). The dependent outcome variables were dental injury rate, facial injury rate, concussion rate, mouthguard use, knowledge of dental first aid. Chi-squared and independent sample tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results:
The mean age of the athletes was 19.4 years (range: 17 to 22). 107 (47.6%) athletes were male. Only 62 (27.6%) athletes reported mouthguard use during gameplay. The most popular choice of mouthguard was the mouth-molded type (56.7%). Mouthguard use was significantly more prevalent among contact sport athletes (43.3% versus 1.2%; P < 0.01). Contact sport athletes were more likely to experience dental injuries (14.3% versus 0.0%; P < 0.01)., facial injuries (35.0% versus 6.2%; p < 0.01), and concussions (32.6% versus 2.4%; P < 0.01) relative to noncontact sport athletes. No significant difference was identified between contact and noncontact sport athletes with regards to knowledge of dental first aid.

Conclusions:
Contact sport athletes are significantly more inclined to suffer dento-facial injuries and concussions relative to noncontact sport athletes. Thus, mouthguard use and knowledge of dental first aid should be particularly reinforced amongst contact sport athletes.
Study on the Efficacy of Peracetic Acid Disinfectant (Type III) on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Disinfection
Authors: Zhang Nan , Guo Jianqiang , Liu Lan , Wu Honglei , Gu Jiaoyang 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the disinfection efficacy of peracetic acid disinfectant (Type III) on gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Methods:
Endoscopes were disinfected, respectively, by 2% glutaraldehyde and peracetic acid disinfectant (Type III) according to the procedures stipulated by the 2016 version of “Regulation for cleaning and disinfection technique of flexible endoscope,” then samples were collected through biopsy channel at the specified steps. The bacterial count and pathogenic bacteria of these samples were detected, and hepatitis B virus surface antigen, hepatitis C virus antibody, and Treponemiapallidum antibody were detected by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay in peracetic acid disinfectant (Type III) group. The samples from the peracetic acid disinfectant (Type III) group were collected for 5 days continuously.

Results:
In total, 56 gastroscopes and 16 colonoscopes were disinfected by 2% glutaraldehyde (GA Group), 46 gastroscopes, and 15 colonoscopes were disinfected by peracetic acid disinfectant (Type III) (PAA Group). After disinfection, the bacterial count was significantly reduced in the 2 groups (P<0.05). In terms of the qualified rate of gastroscopes and total qualified rate, the PAA Group was better than GA Group [the qualified rate of gastroscopes: 97.83% (45/46) vs. 92.86% (52/56), P>0.05; total qualified rate: 98.36% (60/61) vs. 94.44% (68/72), P>0.05], the qualified rate of colonoscopes in the 2 groups were both 100.00% (15/15, 16/16). After disinfecting by peracetic acid disinfectant (Type III), hepatitis B virus surface antigen, anti-hepatitis C virus, and Treponemiapallidum antibody were negative. In term of colonies number detected for 5 days continuously, there was no significant difference at different collection steps (P>0.05).

Conclusions:
Peracetic acid disinfectant (Type III) can be well applied to clinical with meeting the standard of high-level disinfection for gastrointestinal endoscopy, and after disinfecting by peracetic acid disinfectant (Type III), there was no obvious bacterial residue in the biopsy channel.
Neurosyphilis and Lyme neuroborreliosis
Authors: Dersch Rick , Singh Ameeta E. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
Neurosyphilis (NS) and Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) are spirochetal diseases with distinct clinical manifestations. The diagnosis of NS remains challenging due to imperfect diagnostic criteria and testing modalities. With LNB, misconceptions about diagnosis and treatment lead to considerable morbidity and drug related adverse effects.

Recent findings
Although studies continue investigating alternate approaches and new diagnostic tests for NS, few data exist to change current approaches to diagnosis, management or follow up. In the diagnosis of LNB, the chemokine CXCL13 shows promising diagnostic accuracy. A systematic review discourages the use of cell-based assays when investigating Lyme disease. Clinical studies show no benefit from extended antibiotic treatment for patients with unspecific symptoms labelled as having Lyme disease.

Summary
The diagnosis of NS may be delayed due to a lack of specificity of findings, low suspicion for syphilis, and/or similarities in presentation to other diseases. A high index of suspicion for syphilis is required provide timely diagnosis and management of NS. Fortunately, penicillin remains the treatment of choice. Overdiagnosis and overtreatment in patients labelled as having Lyme disease can be avoided by an evidence-based approach towards diagnosis and treatment.
Medication overuse headache
Authors: Green Mark W. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
Medication overuse headache (MOH)is a disabling problem worldwide with areas of controversy regarding its cause. This article reviews the recent ideas regarding the development of this disorder and its effective management.

Recent findings
It has been proposed that all acute migraine medications can lead to MOH, with differences in the propensity of different agents to cause the problem. Early data suggests that gepants, which are small-molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists used for the acute treatment of migraine, may be an exception. Recent studies show that practitioners and the general public are still largely unaware of the problem of medication overuse and its damaging effects.

Summary
MOH is an accepted concept of an increase in headaches driven by the frequent administration of acute antimigraine drugs. The impressions of providers, and studies documenting the concept may be flawed. Although it is likely that MOH does occur, and restricting the amount of acute medications is necessary to prevent it, it is also possible that increasing amounts of acute medications are simply a reflection of poorly controlled headaches, rather than a cause. Objective markers need to be developed to identify those who have MOH, which does not include all with chronic migraine, and to use these markers in diagnosis and management, particularly in those patients where the frequent acute drugs might only be a reflection of frequent headaches, rather than a cause.
Predicting disability worsening in relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Simmons Sarah B. , Schippling Sven , Giovannoni Gavin , Ontaneda Daniel 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a clinically heterogeneous disease, which complicates expectant management as well as treatment decisions. This review provides an overview of both well established and emerging predictors of disability worsening, including clinical factors, imaging factors, biomarkers and treatment strategies.

Recent findings
In addition to well known clinical predictors (age, male sex, clinical presentation, relapse behaviour), smoking, obesity, vascular and psychiatric comorbidities are associated with subsequent disability worsening in persons with MS. A number of imaging features are predictive of disability worsening and are present to varying degrees in relapsing and progressive forms of MS. These include brain volumes, spinal cord atrophy, lesion volumes and optical coherence tomography features. Cerebrospinal and more recently blood biomarkers including neurofilament light show promise as more easily attainable biomarkers of future disability accumulation. Importantly, recent observational studies suggest that initiation of early-intensive therapy, as opposed to escalation based on breakthrough disease, is associated with decreased accumulation of disability overall, although randomized controlled trials investigating this question are underway.

Summary
Understanding risk factors associated with disability progression can help to both counsel patients and enhance the clinician's availability to provide evidence-based treatment recommendations.