bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning With and Without Feedback in Children With Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Arbel Yael , Fitzpatrick Isabel , He Xinyi 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
Intervention provided to school-age children with developmental language disorder often relies on the provision of performance feedback, yet it is unclear whether children with this disorder benefit from feedback-based learning. The study evaluates the effect of performance feedback on learning in children with developmental language disorder.

Method
Thirteen 8- to 12-year-old children with developmental language disorder and 14 age- and gender-matched children with typical language development completed two learning tasks whose objective was to pair nonword novel names with novel objects. The two tasks differed in the presence of performance feedback to guide learning. Learning outcomes on immediate and follow-up tests were compared between the feedback-based and feedback-free tasks. Additionally, an electrophysiological marker of feedback processing was compared between children with and without developmental language disorder.

Results

Children with developmental language disorder demonstrated poorer learning outcomes on both tasks when compared with their peers, but both groups achieved better accuracy on the
feedback-free
task when compared with the
feedback-based
task. Within the feedback-based task, children were more likely to repeat a correct response than to change it after positive feedback but were as likely to repeat an error as they were to correct it after receiving negative feedback. While children with typical language elicited a feedback-related negativity with greater amplitude to negative feedback, this event-related potential had no amplitude differences between positive and negative feedback in children with developmental language disorder.

Conclusions
Findings indicate that 8- to 12-year-old children benefit more from a feedback-free learning environment and that negative feedback is not as effective as positive feedback in facilitating learning in children. The behavioral and electrophysiological data provide evidence that feedback processing is impaired in children with developmental language disorders. Future research should evaluate feedback-based learning in children with this disorder using other learning paradigms.
The Palatal Closure Efficiency Index: A New Speaker-Centered Aerodynamic Metric for the Evaluation of Velopharyngeal Function During Speech
Authors: Zajac David J. , Powell Juliana , Perotta Laura 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
Pressure-flow testing provides clinicians with estimates of velopharyngeal (VP) gap size during speech production. Traditionally, adequacy of VP function has been based on absolute area criteria. This clinical focus article provides a brief overview of pressure-flow testing and introduces the palatal closure efficiency index, a speaker-centered metric to interpret findings.

Conclusions
The palatal closure efficiency index provides information on a speaker's ability to achieve VP closure during oral plosives relative to his/her own VP opening during a nasal consonant. This approach provides both clinicians and patients with more meaningful information to interpret pressure-flow findings for both diagnostic and treatment outcome purposes.
Energy partition in a confined flare with an extreme-ultraviolet late phase
Authors: Zhang Q. M. , Cheng J. X. , Dai Y. , Tam K. V. , Xu A. A. 
Published: April 2021

Aims. In this paper, we reanalyze the M1.2 confined flare with a large extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) late phase on 2011 September 9, with a focus on its energy partition.
Methods. The flare was observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The three-dimensional (3D) magnetic fields of the active region 11283 prior to the flare were obtained using nonlinear force free field modeling and the vector magnetograms observed by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the SDO. Properties of the nonthermal electrons injected into the chromosphere were obtained from the hard X-ray observations of the Ramaty Hight Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). Soft X-ray fluxes of the flare were recorded by the GOES spacecraft. Irradiance in 1−70 Å and 70−370 Å were measured by the EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) on board the SDO. We calculated various energy components of the flare.
Results. The radiation (∼5.4 × 1030 erg) in 1−70 Å is nearly eleven times larger than the radiation in 70−370 Å, and is nearly 180 times larger than the radiation in 1−8 Å. The peak thermal energy of the post-flare loops is estimated to be (1.7−1.8) × 1030 erg based on a simplified schematic cartoon. Based on previous results of the enthalpy-based thermal evolution of loops (EBTEL) simulation, the energy inputs in the main flaring loops and late-phase loops are (1.5−3.8) × 1029 erg and 7.7 × 1029 erg, respectively. The nonthermal energy ((1.7−2.2) × 1030 erg) of the flare-accelerated electrons is comparable to the peak thermal energy and is sufficient to provide the energy input of the main flaring loops and late-phase loops. The magnetic free energy (9.1 × 1031 erg) before flare is large enough to provide the heating requirement and radiation, indicating that the magnetic free energy is sufficient to power the flare.
Star formation around three co-moving HAeBe stars in the Cepheus Flare
Authors: Saha P. , Maheswar G. , Mathew B. , Kamath U. S. 
Published: April 2021

Context. The presence of three more Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) candidates in the Cepheus Flare within a 1.5° radius centered on HD 200775 suggests that star formation is prevalent in a wider region of the LDN 1147/1158, LDN 1172/1174, and LDN 1177 clouds. A number of young stellar objects (YSOs) are found to be distributed toward these cloud complexes along with the HAeBe stars. Various star formation studies clearly indicate ongoing low-mass star formation inside the clouds of this region. Sources associated with less near-infrared excess and less Hα emission raise the possibility that more low-mass YSOs, which were not identified in previous studies, are present in this region.
Aims. The aim is to conduct a search for additional young sources that are kinematically associated with the previously known YSOs and to characterize their properties.
Methods. Based on the Gaia DR2 distances and proper motions, we found that the HAeBe candidates BD+68°1118, HD 200775, and PV Cep are all spatially and kinematically associated with previously known YSOs. Based on the Gaia DR2 data, we identified a number of co-moving sources around BD+68°1118. These sources are characterized using optical and near-infrared color-color and color-magnitude diagrams.
Results. We estimated a distance of 340 ± 7 pc to the whole association that contains BD+68°1118, HD 200775, and PV Cep. Based on the distance and proper motions of all the known YSOs, a total of 74 additional co-moving sources are found in this region, of which 39 form a loose association surrounding BD+68°1118. These sources are predominantly M-type sources with ages of ∼10 Myr and no or very little near-infrared excess emission. The distribution of co-moving sources around BD+68°1118 is much more scattered than that of sources found around HD 200775. The positive expansion coefficients obtained via the projected internal motions of the sources surrounding BD+68°1118 and HD 200775 show that the co-moving sources are in a state of expansion with respect to their HAeBe stars. A spatio-temporal gradient of these sources toward the center of the Cepheus Flare Shell supports the concept of star formation triggered by external impacts.
A search for radio emission from double-neutron star merger GW190425 using Apertif
Authors: Boersma O. M. , van Leeuwen J. , Adams E. A. K. , Adebahr B. , Kutkin A. , Oosterloo T. , de Blok W. J. G. , van den Brink R. , Coolen A. H. W. M. , Connor L. , Damstra S. , Dénes H. , Hess K. M. , van der Hulst J. M. , Hut B. , Ivashina M. , Loose G. M. , Lucero D. M. , Maan Y. , Mika Á. , Moss V. A. , Mulder H. , Oostrum L. C. , Ruiter M. , van der Schuur D. , Smits R. , Vermaas N. J. , Vohl D. , Ziemke J. 
Published: April 2021

Context. Detection of the electromagnetic emission from coalescing binary neutron stars (BNS) is important for understanding the merger and afterglow.
Aims. We present a search for a radio counterpart to the gravitational-wave (GW) source GW190425, a BNS merger, using Apertif on the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT).
Methods. We observed a field of high probability in the associated localisation region for three epochs at ΔT = 68, 90, 109 d post merger. We identified all sources that exhibit flux variations consistent with the expected afterglow emission of GW190425. We also looked for possible transients. These are sources that are only present in one epoch. In addition, we quantified our ability to search for radio afterglows in the fourth and future observing runs of the GW detector network using Monte Carlo simulations.
Results. We found 25 afterglow candidates based on their variability. None of these could be associated with a possible host galaxy at the luminosity distance of GW190425. We also found 55 transient afterglow candidates that were only detected in one epoch. All of these candidates turned out to be image artefacts. In the fourth observing run, we predict that up to three afterglows will be detectable by Apertif.
Conclusions. While we did not find a source related to the afterglow emission of GW190425, the search validates our methods for future searches of radio afterglows.
Aktuelles zu den häufigen Schwindelsyndromen: Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Zwergal Andreas , Dieterich Marianne 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDie 8 häufigsten Schwindelsyndrome liegen über 70% aller Schwindelpräsentationen zugrunde. Bei den akuten (meist einzeitigen) Schwindelsyndromen sind die akute unilaterale Vestibulopathie und der vestibuläre Schlaganfall von besonderer Bedeutung, bei den episodischen Schwindelerkrankungen der gutartige Lagerungsschwindel, der Morbus Menière und die vestibuläre Migräne und bei chronischem Schwindel die bilaterale Vestibulopathie/Presbyvestibulopathie, der funktionelle Schwindel und der zerebelläre Schwindel. In der letzten Dekade wurden für die häufigsten Schwindelsyndrome international konsentierte diagnostische Kriterien und Krankheitsbezeichnungen erarbeitet, die einfach im klinischen Alltag angewendet werden können. Die diagnostischen Leitlinien beruhen überwiegend auf einer gezielten Anamnese (Beginn, Dauer, Verlauf, Trigger, Begleitsymptome), klinischen Untersuchung und wenigen apparativen Verfahren zur Diagnosesicherung (vor allem mittels Videookulographie und Audiometrie). Die Therapie der häufigen Schwindelsyndrome basiert in der Regel auf einer Kombination aus physikalischen Verfahren (Lagerungsmanöver, multimodales Gleichgewichtstraining) und pharmakologischen Prinzipien (u.a. Kortikosteroide, Antiepileptika, Antidepressiva, Kaliumkanalblockern, plastizitätsfördernde Medikamente). Allerdings fehlt meist eine hochwertige Evidenz aus prospektiven und kontrollierten Studien. In der klinischen Praxis lassen sich die häufigen Schwindelsyndrome oft effektiv behandeln, sodass eine Chronifizierung oder sekundäre Komorbidität (durch Immobilität, Stürze oder psychiatrische Erkrankungen wie Angst oder Depression) vermieden werden kann.
Syntheses of Heterocycle-2,3-Fused Indoline and Azaindoline ­Derivatives
Authors: Nishi Takahide , Mishima Naoki , Kato Haruna , Yamada Koji 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe describe a practical method for synthesizing heterocycle-2,3-fused indoline or azaindoline derivatives through haloetherification and cyclization. We applied this method in syntheses of six- to eight-membered heterocycle-2,3-fused indoline and azaindoline derivatives. These derivatives, which contain sp3-hybridized carbons, might be useful as new scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
Excision of Colloid Cyst through Interhemispheric, Transcallosal, Transcavum, Interfornicial Approach
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Sadashiva Nishanth 
Published: April 2021

AbstractColloid cysts (CC) occur predominantly in the midline with majority involving roof of the third ventricle. In cases of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), the surgeon can lose orientation when normal intraventricular structures are not encountered during surgery. We report a patient with CSP, who underwent right frontal parasagittal craniotomy, interhemispheric, transcallosal approach to reach the lesion. Lesion may not be seen in its usual location of foramen of Monroe, and entering the cavum may be confusing because no intraventricular landmarks will be seen. Excision of the cyst through the cavum usually requires interfornicial approach, and this structure must be separated gently to avoid injury.
Twin Vaginal Deliveries in Labor Rooms: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Mei Jenny Y. , Mallampati Divya , Pluym Ilina D. , Han Christina S. , Afshar Yalda 
Published: April 2021

Objective Twin vaginal deliveries (VDs) are often performed in the operating room (OR) given the theoretical risk of conversion to cesarean delivery (CD) for the aftercoming twin. We aim to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of performing VDs for twin gestations in the labor and delivery room (LDR) versus OR.
Study Design We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision-analysis model that compared the costs and effectiveness of two strategies of twin deliveries undergoing a trial of labor: (1) intended delivery in the LDR and 2) delivery in the OR. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess strength and validity of the model. Primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) defined as cost needed to gain 1 quality-adjusted life year (QALY).
Results In the base-case scenario, where 7% of deliveries resulted in conversion to CD for twin B, attempting to deliver twins in the LDR was the most cost-effective strategy. For every QALY gained by delivering in the OR, 243,335 USD would need to be spent (ICER). In univariate sensitivity analyses, the most cost-effective strategy shifted to delivering in the OR when the following was true: (1) probability of successful VD was less than 86%, (2) probability of neonatal morbidity after emergent CD exceeded 3.5%, (3) cost of VD in an LDR exceeded 10,500 USD, (4) cost of CD was less than 10,000 USD, or (5) probability of neonatal death from emergent CD exceeded 2.8%. Assuming a willingness to pay of 100,000 USD per neonatal QALY gained, attempted VD in the LDR was cost effective in 51% of simulations in the Monte Carlo analysis.
Conclusion Twin VDs in the LDR are cost effective based on current neonatal outcome data, taking into account gestational age and associated morbidity. Further investigation is needed to elucidate impact of cost and outcomes on optimal utilization of resources.
Key Points
Does Fetal Growth Adequacy Affect the Nutritional Composition of Mothers' Milk?: A Historical Cohort Study
Authors: Correia Lia , Cardoso Manuela , Papoila Ana Luísa , Alves Marta , Virella Daniel , Ramalho Renata , Pereira Paula , Macedo Israel , Tomé Teresa , Cohen Álvaro , Pereira-da-Silva Luís 
Published: April 2021

Objective The study aimed to assess the association between intrauterine growth of preterm infants and energy and macronutrient contents in their mothers' milk.
Study Design A historical cohort of mothers of preterm infants was assessed according to offspring's intrauterine growth. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) was defined as small-for-gestational age or appropriate for gestational age with fetal growth deceleration. During the first 4 weeks after delivery, the composition of daily pool samples of mothers' milk was measured by using a mid-infrared human milk analyzer. Explanatory models for milk energy, true protein, total carbohydrate, and fat contents were obtained by generalized additive mixed effects regression models.
Results In total, 127 milk samples were analyzed from 73 mothers who delivered 92 neonates. Energy content was significantly higher in mothers with chronic hypertension (average: +6.28 kcal/dL; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54–12.01; p = 0.034) and for extremely preterm compared with very preterm infants (average: +5.95 kcal/dL; 95% CI: 2.16–9.73; p = 0.003), and weakly associated with single pregnancies (average: +3.38 kcal/dL; 95% CI: 0.07–6.83; p = 0.057). True protein content was significantly higher in mothers with chronic hypertension (average: +0.91 g/dL; 95% CI: 0.63–1.19; p < 0.001) and with hypertension induced by pregnancy (average: +0.25 g/dL, 95% CI: 0.07–0.44; p = 0.007), and for extremely preterm compared with very and moderate preterm infants (average: +0.19; 95% CI: 0.01–0.38; p = 0.043 and +0.28 g/dL; 95% CI: 0.05–0.51; p = 0.017, respectively). Fat content was weakly and negatively associated with FGR, both in SGA infants and AGA infants with fetal growth deceleration (average: −0.44 g/dL; 95% CI: −0.92 to −0.05; p = 0.079 and average: −0.36 g/dL; 95% CI: −0.74 to −0.02; p = 0.066, respectively).
Conclusion Energy and macronutrient contents in mothers' milk of preterm infants was significantly and positively associated with the degree of prematurity and hypertension. The hypothesis that the composition of milk is associated with FGR was not demonstrated.
Key Points
Meloidogyne ethiopica (Root-knot nematode).
Authors: Carneiro Regina Maria Dechechi Gomes , Carneiro Marina Dechechi Gomes 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

M. ethiopica is a polyphagous pest and classed as a tropical and temperate root-knot nematode (RKN) species (Strajnar et al., 2011). M. ethiopica is considered a damaging species as it can multiply on many different types of plants (including both dicotyledons and monocotyledons). Originally considered a tropical species, it has been shown to survive outdoors in temperate areas also. The distribution in Africa is unknown. Only in Chile is it considered an invasive nematode. In Chile it occurs over a range of ca 1000 km and has been detected from the Copiapó valley, ca 800 km north of Santiago, to Talca, ca 250 km south of Santiago and it is found on grapevine (Vitis vinifera), kiwi (Actinida deliciosa C.) and potatoes in 80% of samples (Carneiro et al., 2007) collected in this area. It was introduced in Brazil from Chile on kiwi seedlings, and despite not being invasive in Brazil it has caused serious economic problems to grapevine in Chile (Carneiro et al., 2007). Recently, this species has also been recorded on asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) in Peru (Murga-Gutierrezet al., 2012). In Europe it has been detected only in Slovenia, on greenhouse tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) (Širca et al., 2004). It was added to the EPPO Alert List in 2011.
Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense.
Authors: Liefting Lia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Phytoplasmas are wall-less, phloem-limited unculturable bacteria that are naturally spread by sap-sucking insects. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', subgroup 16SrXII-B, is associated with a wide range of diseases in Australia and New Zealand. Important commercial crop hosts of 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' include grapevine, papaya and strawberry. This phytoplasma is associated with rapid death of its papaya and cabbage tree hosts. In New Zealand, the insect vectors have been confirmed to be the endemic Cixiid planthoppers, Zeoliarus atkinsoni and Z. oppositus, while in Australia no vector has yet been determined, although the leafhopper, Orosius argentatus, has been implicated. Long distance spread of the phytoplasma is possible through infected vegetative propagating material. 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' is on the A1 list of regulated organisms for Canada and Bahrain, and is listed as a quarantine pest for the USA.
Thermal design and optimization of high-pressure helium heat exchanger
Authors: Xie SY , Lyu BK , Xu D , Li LF 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Helium at a temperature of 20K and high pressure is widely used as a gas source for cryogenic products. In the past, helium was usually cooled by liquid hydrogen immersion. This method needs to consume lots of liquid hydrogen and has poor safety. The cooling time is also too long. This paper designs a high-pressure helium heat exchanger to obtain and store helium with 20K at 35MPa required by a certain system. The heat exchanger can not only meet the gas requirements but also can control the cooling time within 48 hours.
Time-Dependent Ginzburg-Landau Simulation of Critical Current Density Including z-axis Anisotropy
Authors: Yonezuka Rina , Hamada Yusei , Kamiji Kazunori , Otabe Edmund Soji , Mawatari Yasunori , Matsuno Tetsuya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, the three-dimensional time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations were numerically solved to visualize the motion of the flux lines in a superconductor under a transverse magnetic field. Pins were inserted into a superconducting rectangular parallelepiped, and the magnetic field dependence of the normalized critical current density Jc
was calculated. Anisotropy y<sub>Z</sub> of different magnitudes was introduced along the direction of the magnetic field (z-axis). Different pin shapes and orientations were also considered: columnar pins aligned parallel to the direction of either the magnetic field or the current flow, spherical pins, and a planar pin in the field-current plane. For the columnar pins aligned parallel to the field (along the flux lines), J
c showed almost no dependence on y<sub>Z</sub>. Additionally, a peak in the Jc -B c
urve for this pin geometry was observed at normalized magnetic field, B= 0.4 for all considered y<sub>z</sub>. In contrast, J
c was dependent on y<sub>Z</sub> for the columnar pins aligned parallel to the current flow (perpendicular to the flux lines) and the spherical pins. At low magnetic fields (B= 0.1), J
c increased with increasing y<sub>Z</sub> in both these cases. In the case of the planar pin, J
c showed no dependence on y<sub>Z</sub>. In conclusion, when a pin was inserted parallel to the normalized magnetic field B, Jc
did not decrease even when the z-axis anisotropy y<sub>Z</sub> was large.
The Characteristics and Optimal Implementation of Mating Disruption in Managing Pest Insect Population
Authors: Fitri I R , Bakhtiar T , Hanum F , Kusnanto A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Conventional pesticide application is the most common method in dealing with pests. However, the application of conventional pesticide has a considerable drawback to the environment and the agricultural sector in the long run. Therefore, a more environmentally friendly pest control method is needed. Mating disruption is one of the alternative methods available. This paper discusses the characteristics and the optimal implementation of a mating disruption using optimal control approach. A generic insect life cycle model is examined and modified to add mating disruption as a dynamic control method. 4th order Runge-Kutta method and forward-backwards sweep method was used to numerically solve the control problem. An illustrative comparison between the implementation of constant control and dynamic control was also given for a variety of scenarios. From the simulations, it was found that mating disruption generates a large amount of benefit when it is fully effective. When it has imperfect effectiveness in disrupting the mating process, mating disruption will generate significantly less benefit. The optimal control approach reduces the application cost significantly while still preserving the benefit.