bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dialectical Implementation of Contractual Obligation in Light of the Spread of the coronavirus COVID19 Pandemic between Force Majeure and Unforeseen: A Comparative Study
Authors: Alnimer Raed Mohammed Flieh 
Published: April 2021

The paper seeks to examine the situations that have arisen with the global spread of Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on the implementation of contractual obligations. This is in light of the fact that governments have been taking multiple measures, for instance issuing orders regarding the closure of unnecessary activities in order to mitigate the spread of coronavirus COVID-19. The fast progression of this pandemic meant that contractual parties have not been capable of being in line with the terms stipulated in the contract because of multiple factors, such as government actions, the implementation of social distancing, the lack of infrastructure in areas such as ports and terminals, or supply chain implications. Thus, legal questions emerged which will be addressed with reference to Bahraini legislation, along with the presenting of suggestions to overcome such issues using analytical method and comparative approach.
Late Referral of Eisenmenger Syndrome in Pregnancy at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya
Authors: Ali Abdat Amira , Yusuf Muhammad 
Published: April 2021

Background: Pregnancy with Eisenmenger syndrome is an obstetric problem which numbers keep rising every year. The cases require specific,decisive,and multidisciplinary approach.The unavailability of accurate diagnostic procedures, as well as the national consensus that has not been agreed on, all contributes to the increasing number of late referral that cause morbidity and the high risk of mortality. Purpose: To know number and cause of late referral cases with Eisenmenger syndrome at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya in 2018-2019. Methods: Retrospective study by using medical records data of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya on January 2018- December 2019. Result: There are 18 cases of Eisenmenger syndrome from January 2018 to December 2019. Approximately 3 cases are timely referral while 15 cases are late referral cases. From those 15 late referral cases, about 12 cases (80%) are pregnant. Based on the risk factors, 73% of the patients have a congenital heart disease (Atrial septal defect) and severe pulmonary hypertension. In the postpartum referral cases group, 3 cases were referred because of suspected heart disease postpartum. Nearly all of the late referred cases have a bad prognosis those maternal deaths. There were 7 maternal deaths caused by cardiogenic shock. Regarding the source of referral, the majority of referred pregnant patient comes from out of Surabaya (73%), while for the postpartum patient, 13 % was referred from out of Surabaya. According to the referral types, the majority of the late referral cases are emergency referral (73%), as for the postpartum referral, 20% are emergency referral. Conclusion: The number of late referral in Eisenmenger syndrome in Dr. Soetomo general hospital is still high. Further socialization and trainings regarding the early detection and management of Eisenmenger syndrome is still very much needed.
Batch Electrocoagulation Process for Removal of Chromium from Tannery Wastewater
Authors: Hasan Md Anik , Hashem Md Abul , Arman Md Navid , Momen Md Abdul 
Published: April 2021

This study was aimed to investigate the chromium removal from the tannery wastewater through electrocoagulation. The zinc and copper plates were used as electrodes for the electrocoagulation process. The effectiveness of the electrocoagulation for chromium removal efficiency was examined investigating various parameters: applied voltage, time, and current density. In batch experiment, 500 mL chromium-containing wastewater was used for electrocoagulation. Chromium content in the raw wastewater and after treatment at optimized conditions was 340.1 and 6.9 mg/L, respectively. The efficiency of chromium removal and reduction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was at 98.0 and 64.6%, accordingly. Although total dissolved solids (TDS) was slightly increased. The increment of current density enhances forming zinc hydroxide which causes the damage of electrodes. Electrocoagulation is an effective technique to remove chromium from the wastewater especially from the tannery wastewater.
Journal of Engineering Science 12(1), 2021, 29-34
Verification of APHRODITE Precipitation Data Set in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Md Atiqul , Ahmed Asif , Munir Md Munirujjaman , Khandakar Zarif Zaman 
Published: April 2021

We investigated the preformance of Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation (APHRODITE) of water resources precipitation products in Bangladesh taking rain gauge data as reference for a 3-year period (2003-2005). Various statistical and categorical indices such as coefficient of correlation (CC), bias, relative bias (RB), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), probability of detection (POD), and false alarm ratio (FAR), were applied to measure the performance of the product. With CC value of 0.85, bias of 0.91, RB of -9.5%, MAE of 7.7 mm, and RMSE of 15.2 mm the product tended to underestimate rainfall values during the study period. Although, the POD score of 1.00 demonstrated very good skill in detecting the occurrence of rainfall events, FAR value of 0.25 indicated a considerable amount of false alarms. Moreover, as the precipitation threshold increased, the underestimation became more prominent over the study region. Analysis on the basis of location of the rain gauges also showed that APHRODITE consistently underestimated rainfall values with the increase of extreme rainfall thresholds.
Journal of Engineering Science 12(1), 2021, 51-56
The Effect of Fire on the Strength of Concrete Material
Authors: Mahmud HM Iqbal , Raju Md Kawser Babu , Hosen Md Lokman 
Published: April 2021

Structural members exposed to fire may damage considerably, lose their durability, and even collapse due to the failure of the members. This work presents the results of an experimental investigation of the effect of fire on the strength of concrete. Cylindrical and beam specimens were prepared and burnt in the fire for one hour. In both cases, two systems were followed for cooling the samples, (i) natural cooling in the air (ii) forced cooling in the water. Afterwards, the compressive and flexural strength of the specimens were determined. The result shows that the strength of concrete was considerably reduced due to burning in fire. The compressive strength of cylindrical specimens was decreased by 44% and 60%, respectively, for the natural and forced cooling of the specimens. In the case of beam samples, the flexural strength was decreased60% and 69%, respectively, for the natural and forced cooled specimens. This research also reveals that the specimen cooled in air showed better performance compared to that cooled in water.
Journal of Engineering Science 12(1), 2021, 63-68
Sulfate and Chloride Resistance Properties of Portland Cement Blends
Authors: Morshed Abu Zakir , Hashi Suraiya , Biswas Nitai , Sadik Miftaul 
Published: April 2021

About 53% area of Bangladesh is alluvial deposited and affected by sulfate, salinity and chloride in water and soil. Existing sulfate and chloride can severely damage the building in coastal regions. In this paper durability of cement is evaluated on the basis of strength of mortar cube, concrete cylinder test. Besides the sulfate resistance is measured by change of length of the mortar bar specimens during exposure to sulfate solution and the attacking chloride properties by Rapid chloride ion penetration test using OPC, PCC, 20% FA, 30% FA and 40% FA. The strength was observed in cube sample about 40.65, 37.2MPa after 13 weeks in sulfate solution and linear expansion was obtained about 0.28% and 0.133% for OPC and PCC cement with reference to the water. The compressive strength of the cylindrical specimens was about 16.96, 18.34 MPa for OPC and PCC, respectively at the age of 28 days. The permeability of chloride ion of OPC sample was 22.8% higher than the PCC at this age.
Journal of Engineering Science 12(1), 2021, 69-75
The Relationship between University Students' Nutritional Status, Cardio-Metabolic Biomarkers and Physical Activity Levels
Authors: İÇEN Hayrunisa , GÜNEŞ Fatma 
Published: April 2021

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between nutritional status, cardiometabolic biomarkers and physical activity levels in university students.
Methods: Firstly, fasting plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were analyzed from participants’ blood samples, and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values were calculated after measuring fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Participants’ weight, height, percentage of body fat, waist and hip circumference were measuredand body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)and a questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics were applied to participants. Energy and nutrient intakes were calculated from participants’24-hour dietary recall records. The statistical analysis of data was performed with SPSS version 21 software. For statistical significance, the total type-1 error level was determined as 5%.
Results: Most of the participants' energy, dietary fibre, vitamins D and B1, folate, calcium and iron intakes were below recommended levels.HDL-C level was shown to be negatively correlated with total fat and saturated fatty acid intake (p
Single-session treatment of bilateral, tandem, internal carotid artery aneurysms with pipeline flex with shield technology
Authors: Filep Rares Cristian , Marginean Lucian , Bloj Andrei Florin , Szikora Istvan 
Published: April 2021

The treatment of intracranial aneurysms (IA) has been transformed by the development of flow-diversion (FD) devices. Initially, these revolutionary devices were conceived for giant and fusiform aneurysms located on the internal carotid artery (ICA). Technological improvements have expanded their indications. Distal middle cerebral, anterior cerebral artery aneurysms, or even posterior fossa aneurysms can now benefit from this technology. One other category of aneurysms that can be treated is multiple IA’s.
Multiple IA’s are encountered in approximately one-quarter of patients presenting with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Endovascular management of such cases is complex, requiring different devices and treatment strategies to secure all lesions. FD’s can be successfully employed to reconstruct vessels, which harbour more than one aneurysm, especially multiple ICA lesions. Multiple aneurysms located on both ICA’s are generically known as tandem aneurysms.
We present the case of a patient with tandem aneurysms located on both intracranial internal carotid arteries that we treated simultaneously with the Pipeline Flex with Shield Technology in one single session. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature so far.
Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage as an initial presentation of a choriocarcinoma
Authors: Mustafa Maher Khashea , Matti Wamedh E. , Kadhum Hussain J. , Alsubaihawi Zahraa A. , Kareem Zahraa M. , Al-Sharshahi Zahraa F. , Hoz Samer S. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Choriocarcinoma is a rare gestational trophoblastic neoplasm with a high risk of pulmonary, hepatic, and, rarely, cerebral metastasis. We report a rare case of intracerebral haemorrhage as an initial manifestation of metastatic choriocarcinoma.
Case presentation: A 33-year-old female with a history of multiple abortions, ectopic pregnancy, and complete hydatidiform mole presented with a disturbed level of consciousness. Emergency brain computed tomography (CT) scan revealed an intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and a left frontoparietal, non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) with a significant midline shift. The patient underwent emergency evacuation of the hematoma and histological evaluation revealed choriocarcinoma. Later investigations revealed evidence of systemic metastasis. The patient underwent chemoradiotherapy and recovered well.
Conclusion: Metastatic choriocarcinoma should always be in the differential of non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage in a female child-bearing age. Also, the pathological diagnosis should always be performed in cases of ICH of an unknown source.
Radiological features of the intracranial extra-skeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
Authors: Abdallah Anas , Çınar İrfan 
Published: April 2021

Background: Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas are the most malignant form of chondrosarcomas. They have mostly affected bones. Rarely, these tumors can be intracranial extraskeletal (IEMC) that originates from the meninges or parenchyma.
Methods and Materials: We presented two IEMC patients who were treated at our institutions and followed up for the long-term. To understand the radiological features of IEMC, we conducted a systematic literature review for previously reported series and cases of IEMCs.
Results: We surgically treated two young males with IEMC initially diagnosed at their age of 18 and 20 years. The patients initially treated with gross total resection (GTR) and GTR followed by radiotherapy, and followed-up for 218 and 73 months, respectively. With both patients, we obtained 83 reported IEMC patients from the literature. Among them, only 30 cases were reported with their radiological MRI details. The mean age of the reported cases was 24.5±16.0 years (2 months–71 years). Female predominance was 54.2%. The mean progression-free and overall survivals were 27.9 and 39.0 months, respectively. Most IEMCs showed a partially calcified mass on roentgenography and a highly vascular mass on angiography. On T1WIs, IEMCs almost show hypo- to isointensity and intense heterogeneous enhancement after administering a contrast substance. On T2WIs, IEMCs show iso- to hyperintensity.
Conclusions: IEMCs usually show dural attachment without a net dural tail sign and a well-identified brimmed vascular nodule on TOF-MRA. This nodule appears as a prominent blooming on SWI. TOF-MRA and SWI images can help in the radiological diagnosis of IEMCs.
Intracranial hydatid disease
Authors: Gautam S.N. , Acharya Jigmisha , Jain Banesh , Panchariya Piyush Kumar 
Published: April 2021

Background: Echinococcosis also known as hydatid disease is an endemic zoonotic disease with growing public health concern with an estimated financial burden of US Dollars 193,539,740 annually. Its definitive host being carnivores and man being an accidental intermediate host. The most common organ affected is the liver, the brain is involved in about 2% of cases. Intracranial hydatid carries high morbidity owing to pressure effect and a slow-growing hence the diagnosis is often delayed. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, medical management being reserved for selected cases.
Materials and method: A retrospective analysis of all the cases of intracranial hydatid disease managed at our department was done from 2013 to 2020 and data were analysed.
Results: A total of 6 cases were found with an incidence of 1.33% of all intracranial space-occupying lesions during the study period with male to female ratio of 5:1, mean age at presentation 21.2 years, 4 out of 6 patient in the pediatric age group, cyst localised mainly in middle cerebral artery territory, mostly solitary but multiple in one case, all cases managed surgically with preoperative rupture in one case, recurrence noted in another one, Albendazole was given to cases only with rupture or recurrence.
Conclusions: Intracranial hydatid disease should be suspected in all non-enhancing cystic brain lesions especially in endemic regions and all patients should have preferably surgical excision using the “Dowling technique” with medical management reserved for inaccessible lesions, patients unfit for surgery, rupture and recurrent cases. Its high time when public health strategies should also be focussed on prevention and control of disease with appropriate measure at the community level.
Endoscopic lumbar discectomy using side viewing conical working tube
Authors: Kaif Mohammad , Yadav Kuldeep , Kumar Rakesh , Singh Deepak Kumar 
Published: April 2021

Objective: The paradigm of surgical therapy for spinal disease especially for lumbar disc herniation has gradually shifted from traditional open surgeries to minimally invasive spinal surgeries. Endoscopic discectomy has been performed widely using various devices and techniques. In this study, we present our experience of endoscopic discectomy using a unique device with separate side viewing channel.
Methods: 26 patients of lumbar disc herniation treated between March 2015 to April 2018 using the unique conical working tube with separate side-viewing endoscopic channel have been retrospectively analysed. Their preoperative and postoperative Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Macnab scores were used to evaluate the outcome with a mean follow up of 37.04 months.
Results: There were 18 males and 08 females with age ranging from 19-72 years (mean-38.4 years). The follow up ranged from 25 months to 60 months with a mean of 37.04 months. The mean preoperative ODI score was 72.4 which decreased to a mean of 7.6 and the outcome evaluated by Macnab criteria was 65.3% excellent, 19.2 % good, 11.5% fair, 3.8% poor. 1 patient underwent a second surgery. None of the patients had to change their occupation postoperatively. Complications occurred were dural tear in 1 patient and transient foot paresis in 1 which improved spontaneously.
Conclusion: Endoscopic discectomy using conical working tube is a safe and effective technique for lumbar disc prolapse. The long term results are comparable to conventional techniques.
دور المحكمة الاتحادية العليا في عقلنة النظام البرلماني العراقي وفقاً لدستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005
Authors: كريم صلاح حسن , يونس مها بهجت 
Published: April 2021

تعد تقنية العقلنة ([i]) تقنية تطويرية للنظام البرلماني تعمل على معالجة الانحرافات التي يمكن ان تحدث لهذا النظام سواء بفعل النظرية او نتيجة للممارسة السياسية، ولعل اول من تحدث بموضوع (البرلمانية المعقلنة) الفقيه الدستوري الروسي الاصل (بوريس ميركن) في فترة مابين الحربين العالميتين (الاولى والثانية) واراد بها تقوية مركز الحكومة لمواجهة البرلمان، وقد اخذ بها واضعوا القانون الاساسي الالماني 1949، فاشترطوا ان يكون حجب الثقة من الحكومة حجبا بناءً على الرغم من اسبقية المشرع الدستوري الالماني في عقلنة برلمانيته الا ان وضوح وبروز هذه التقنية كان على يد المشرع الدستوري الفرنسي في دستور ديغول 1958، وقد جعل المشرع الدستوري الفرنسي منها تقنية لتحجيم البرلمان تشريعيا ورقابيا في مقابل توسيع الاختصاص التشريعي للحكومة وتعزيز مركز رئيس الدولة وجعله حاكما وحكما بين السلطات، لصرامة العقلنة الديغولية فقد ظهرت في فرنسا اتجاهات تتبنى اطروحة الجمهورية السادسة المناهضة لجمهورية الجنرال الخامسة، وقد سعى المجلس الدستوري من جانبه الى التخفيف من شدة العقلنة البرلمانية، فقد ذهب في العديد من قراراته الى توسيع الاختصاص التشريعي للبرلمان، وذلك من خلال تفسير المادة (34) من الدستور تفسيرا واسعا.
[i] يعرف بعض الفقه العقلنة البرلمانية، بأنها تعني إعتماد مؤسسات دستورية وتوزيع الصلاحيات فيما بينها وتنظيم العلاقات القائمة بين هذه المؤسسات بما يؤدي الى أنتظام عمل المؤسسات الدستورية واستقرارها وفاعليتها، والحيلولة دون تعرضها لحالة شلل او جمود. انظر الى: د. عصام سليمان، الانظمة البرلمانية بين النظرية والتطبيق، منشورات الحلبي الحقوقية، ط1، 2010، ص 117.
وسائل مكافحة جريمة تمويل الإرهاب دولياً
Authors: منجل سارة خميس , داود صباح سامي 
Published: April 2021

إن الاهتمام الدولي بمكافحة تمويل الإرهاب كان واحدا من أهم التحولات المنهجية للاستراتيجية الدولية الحديثة للوقاية من جريمة الإرهاب وقد مر الاهتمام الدولي بتمويل الإرهاب بفترات متعددة، على أعتبار أن عمليات التمويل لم تكن في سلم أولويات المجتمع الدولي، الا ان الأحداث والظروف التي مر بها العالم قد أدت إلى أن ينتبه المجتمع الدولي إلى أن هناك أدوات تساعد الإرهابين ومن اهمها الأداة المالية وهي التمويل، وهو ما دفع مجلس الأمن والجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة والمنظمات الإقليمية إلى إصدار القرارات الملزمة، ووضع الاتفاقيات الدولية التي من شأنها مكافحة جريمة تمويل الإرهاب، وبذل جهوداً لانشاء أجهزة دولية مختصة في مكافحتها .
المرافق الادارية المختصة بتحقيق الامن الدوائي
Authors: فاضل مريم صباح , حمزة وليد مرزة 
Published: April 2021

من المعروف ان الاثر الاقتصادي للأدوية لا يستهان به باعتبارها ركيزة للدخل القومي لما تجنيه صناعتها من ارباح تسهم في التنمية الصناعية, كما ان الاثر الصحي الذي تحدثه الادوية لا يمكن ان يستخف به او يقلل من شأنه, اذ يموت بالفعل الكثير من الافراد في مختلف البلدان المنخفضة والمتوسطة الدخل بسبب صعوبة توفير الادوية الاساسية المأمونة والفعالة لهم او عدم قدرتهم على شرائها ان توفرت لتمكنهم من العلاج وإنقاذ حياتهم.
مما يتطلب وضع سياسات واستراتيجيات لإنقاذ ارواح الافراد وذلك من خلال البحث في مفهوم الامن الدوائي لتوفير افضل مستوى ممكن من الرعاية الصحية الحديثة المدعومة بالسياسات الدوائية السليمة والتشريعات الوطنية والاتفاقيات الاقليمية والدولية والموارد التقنية والتدريبات المهنية.
نبحث في الموضوع عن اهمية الدور الذي يقع على عاتق السلطات الادارية المختصة بتحقيق وحماية الامن الدوائي وسعيها اللازم في دعم الصناعات الدوائية الوطنية وتنظيم الاستيراد والاشراف والرقابة عليهما ومتابعة سلسلة توريد الادوية لحين وصولها الى المستهلك.
أساس انتقال المخاطر في عقود التجارة الدولية
Authors: خندان شذى عبد الجبار , حسين أكرم محمد 
Published: April 2021

قد تتعرض البضاعة المبيعة اثناء مرحلة نقلها من دولة البائع الى دولة المشتري الى مخاطر، سواء كانت تلك المخاطر برية أو بحرية أو جوية مما يؤدي تحققها الى هلاك البضاعة بصورة كلية أو جزئية، أو تلفها، كما لو هلكت بسبب غرق الباخرة أو اصطدامها بأخرى في عرض البحر، أو ان يكون سبب الهلاك أو التلف راجعاً الى حدوث حريق، كما في حالة سقوط شرارة على البضاعة، وكانت البضاعة عبارة عن مادة قابلة للاحتراق. ويترتب على ذلك ان يتحمل مسؤولية تلك المخاطر أحد الطرفين، وينبغي لتحديد الطرف المسؤول تحديد لحظة معينة يتم بموجبها انتقال المخاطر، وقد كان هناك اختلاف في التشريعات سواء على المستوى الوطني أو على المستوى الدولي حول تحديد الأساس الذي تنتقل بموجبه المخاطر.
وتم تسليط الضوء في هذا البحث على أساس انتقال المخاطر في عقود التجارة الدولية من خلال تقسيمه الى ثلاثة مباحث، عالجنا في الأول تعريف المخاطر، وبحثنا في الثاني أساس انتقال المخاطر في القوانين الوطنية، أما الثالث فقد خصص لأساس انتقال المخاطر في قواعد التجارة الدولية، ثم ختمنا البحث بأهم النتائج التي توصلنا اليها والتوصيات.
الجهة المختصة بحل اشكاليات تنازع الاختصاص بين القضاء الإداري والعادي في العراق
Authors: مهدي مروة موفق , جعفر رشا محمد 
Published: April 2021

يقصد بتنازع الاختصاص من الناحية القانونية تنازع جهتين قضائيتين بخصوص النظر في موضوع معين كالتنازع الذي يحصل بين القضاء العادي والقضاء الاداري في الدول التي تأخذ بنظام القضاء المزدوج كما ان التنازع يحصل بين محكمتين تتبعان نظاماً قضائياً واحداً اي بين جهات القضاء الاداري ذاتها أو بين جهات القضاء العادي فيما بينها، كما قد يحصل التنازع في الدول التي تتبنى النظام الاتحادي الذي يكون من مظاهره ثنائية النظام القضائي الذي يعد من اهم اسباب تنازع الاختصاص القضائي في الدول الاتحادية ، ومن المعروف ان العراق اصبح من دول القضاء المزدوج بصدور قانون رقم (106) لسنة 1989 التعديل الثاني لقانون مجلس الدولة رقم 65 لسنة 1979، و تبنى النظام الاتحادي بموجب قانون ادارة الدولة للمرحلة الانتقالية في عام 2004 و دستور 2005 ، لذلك فقد استدرك المشرع من خلال تجارب الدول التي تأخذ بنظام القضاء المزدوج احتمالية حدوث تنازع الاختصاص بين جهتي القضاء العادي والقضاء الاداري واناط مهمة الفصل فيه الى (هيئة تعين المرجع) ومنح المحكمة الادارية العليا اختصاص الفصل محكمة القضاء الاداري ومحكمة قضاء الموظفين، بينما اوكل دستور 2005 اختصاص الفصل في تنازع الاختصاص بين القضاء الاتحادي والقضاء في الاقليم الى المحكمة الاتحادية العليا حيث اشار الى اختصاصها في الفصل في تنازع الاختصاص بين القضاء الاتحادي والهيئات القضائية للأقاليم والمحافظات غير المنتظمة في اقليم والفصل في تنازع الاختصاص فيما بين الهيئات القضائيةللاقليم او المحافظات غير المنتظمة في اقليم .
ويسلط هذا البحث الضوء على التعريف بتنازع الاختصاص في العراق والجهة المختصة بحله من خلال تحليل النصوص القانونية والقرارات التطبيقية المتعلقة بالموضوع .