bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Ramsay scale for invasive procedures under deep sedation in pediatrics
Authors: Lozano‐Díaz David , Valdivielso Serna Alberto , Garrido Palomo Ramón , Arias‐Arias Ángel , Tárraga López Pedro J. , Martínez Gutiérrez Andrés 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Ramsay scale is the most widely used scale during pediatric procedures although it has not been formally validated.ObjectiveTo validate the Ramsay scale during invasive procedures under sedation in pediatrics.MethodsA prospective analytic study was conducted in two hospitals. All patients ≥6 months that were undergoing invasive procedures under sedation were enrolled. All were recorded, and these videos were edited and randomized. 150 videos were scored by four observers (a pediatrician, a pediatric intensive care unit nurse, an anesthetist, and an operating room nurse). All videos were scored with the Ramsay scale and University of Michigan Sedation Scale. Observers were blinded to drug administration. Construct validity was measured through Wilcoxon test paired samples after administration of sedatives. Criterion validity, intra‐observer reliability, and interobserver correlation were evaluated by comparing the scores of the scales using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Interobserver agreement was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient. To assess test‐retest reliability, 50 videos were randomly selected and reevaluated.ResultsSixty‐five patients were included. Construct validity was demonstrated through changes in the Ramsay scale scoring after administration of sedatives (p < .0001). Regarding criterion validity, the Ramsay scale had a high correlation with the UMSS (ρ = 0.621). Intra‐observer agreement was ρ = 0.884. The Ramsay scale showed interobserver reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94 when comparing it with the University of Michigan Sedation Scale. Internal consistency was α = 0.91. Regarding applicability, in our study, it was applied in two hospitals in different areas by four professionals from distinct categories.ConclusionsThe Ramsay scale is valid, reliable, and applicable to monitoring sedation for invasive procedures under deep sedation in pediatrics.
Differences in pediatric versus adult clinical trial characteristics for atopic dermatitis
Authors: Agnihotri Gaurav , Lio Peter A. , Lee Kachiu C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a growing burden in all ages. The aim of this study was to compare trial characteristics between pediatric and adult AD trials.MethodsData were collected from ClinicalTrials.gov on AD therapeutic trials completed between 2003 and 2019. The trials were classified as pediatrics (mean or median age <18 years of the experimental group participants) or adults. The trials with and without results on ClinicalTrials.gov were searched on PubMed for further data collection.ResultsOf 210 trials, 50 (24%) were pediatric trials [mean age: 8.2 ± 4.3 years (SD)] and 160 (76%) were adult trials [mean age 35.2 ± 5.7 years (SD)]. Pediatric and adult trials were equally likely to be randomized controlled trials; however, pediatric trials were more likely to be open‐label trials (P < .001) and have no comparator (P < .001). Adult trials were more likely to be industry‐funded (95% vs. 80%, P = .001). Any evaluation of drug safety was more likely present in adult trials (83% vs. 60%, P = .001). In trials examining AD severity as an outcome, the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) predominated in adult trials (51% vs. 29%, P < .05) and Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) in pediatric trials (25% vs. 10%, P < .05).ConclusionThe results highlight differences in trial design between pediatric and adult AD trials and show a lack of standardization in trial design.
Female advantage in gynodioecious plants: A meta‐analysis focused on seed quality
Authors: Varga S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

In gynodioecious systems, female plants must counteract the selective disadvantage of not passing genes via pollen production, as hermaphrodites can. Theory predicts that females must produce more or better‐quality seeds than hermaphrodites in order to be maintained within the same population. This female advantage has been widely measured and reported for seed number, but whether female advantage is gained through the production of better seeds remains relatively under‐studied.

Here, a meta‐analysis approach was used to investigate whether females in gynodioecious species produce seeds of better quality than hermaphrodites (measured as seed mass, seed nutrient content, seed germinability and seedling survival and performance) in addition to achieving a larger seed production. In total, 50 studies were included, reporting traits for 34 gynodioecious species in 17 different families.

Female advantage was significant for seed number and seed germination, but was not detected for seed mass, seed nutrient content or seedling performance.

A female advantage in seed number was corroborated in this meta‐analysis, which together with better seed germination, may explain maintenance of female plants within gynodioecious populations.
Ghrelin antagonist D‐Lys3‐GHRP‐6 counteract ghrelin effects in bovine cumulus‐oocytes complexes matured in vitro
Authors: Carranza‐Martín Ana C. , Nikoloff Noelia , Anchordoquy J. Patricio , Anchordoquy J. Mateo , Relling Alejandro E. , Furnus Cecilia C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGhrelin is a gut hormone related to energy balance and reproductive functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ghrelin antagonist D‐Lys3‐GHRP‐6 (GA) as a potential agent that prevents ghrelin effects during bovine oocyte maturation on progesterone production, cumulus cell (CC) viability, CC DNA damage and embryo development and hatching rates. Ghrelin's potential to induce oxidative stress in cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COC) was also evaluated. COCs were cultured for 24 hr in medium without supplementation (C) or supplemented with 60 pM ghrelin (Ghrelin60), Ghrelin60 + 20 pM GA (GA20), Ghrelin60 + 60 pM GA (GA60) or Ghrelin60 + 100 pM GA (GA100) for experiment I. For experiment II, C and Ghrelin60 treatments were used. Differences between C and Ghrelin60 and the linear or quadratic association between GAs on Ghrelin60 were evaluated. Results demonstrated that Ghrelin60 increased progesterone concentration, reduced CC viability, induced CC DNA damage and decreased blastocyst and hatching rate compared with C (p < .05). GA20, GA60 and GA100 had a linear effect on CC genetic damage index (p ≤ .05) and a quadratic effect on CC viability (p < .01). GA20 counteracted the low hatching rate produced by Ghrelin60. However, GAs did not counteract progesterone concentration and blastocyst rate (p ≥ .21). GRH60 did not differ from C in the oxidative status (p ≥ .19). Our study highlights that GA could prevent the negative effects of ghrelin during bovine IVM.
Late Quaternary sedimentary evolution of the distal Galician continental margin (north‐west Iberian Peninsula) based on palaeoclimatic, palaeoproductivity and diagenetic evidence
Authors: López‐Pérez Ángel Enrique , Rubio Belén , Rey Daniel , Plaza‐Morlote Maider 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDeep‐sea sediments record palaeoenvironmental and oceanographic changes over time through variations in their magnetochemical and sedimentological properties. This study presents the Late Quaternary sedimentary reconstruction of three sediment cores extracted from a source‐to‐sink sedimentary system located in a high marginal platform of the north‐west Iberian Margin. The aim of this reconstruction is to explore the palaeoclimatic, palaeoproductivity and diagenetic changes over the last 172 cal ka bp attending to geochemical, magnetic and sedimentological variations. The record is comprised of four sedimentary units consisting of pelagic, hemipelagic and detrital facies, the latter associated with ice‐rafted debris events at Heinrich Stadials. These findings allowed the reconstruction of the lithostratigraphy attending to climatic changes, covering the last eleven Heinrich Stadials. These units and facies successions are controlled by the superposition of the Milankovitch and Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles. Low sedimentation rates have been reported, especially during cold periods. Palaeoproductivity was assessed using total organic carbon and calcium carbonate content, together with biogenic barium (Babio) and organic phosphorus (Porg), both calculated via total digestion analysis using standard calculations. Mass accumulation rates for total organic carbon, Babio and Porg were calculated. Furthermore, a sequential extraction was performed to explore the different phases of the barium within sediments: biogenic barite (Babar), barium associated with iron and manganese oxides (Baox) and Ba associated with aluminosilicates (Badet). Results display a limitation in the use of the biogenic barium and phosphorus and mass accumulation rates, suggesting detrital Ba (Badetr) contribution during Heinrich Stadials, which could mask the calculations. In contrast, only calcium carbonate fluctuates attending to glacial/interglacial cycles. Regarding some diagenetic proxies (i.e. Mn, Mn/Fe and Mn/Ti), they reveal oxidation fronts of different generations, suggesting that the early diagenesis has not reached steady‐state, because the redoxcline fluctuates. This fact suggests an erosional activity that causes the continuous oxygenation of the sediment and non‐steady‐state conditions.
Applying the trans‐contextual model to promote sport injury prevention behaviors among secondary school students
Authors: Lee Alfred S. Y. , Standage Martyn , Hagger Martin S. , Chan Derwin K. C. 
Published: June 2021

The current study tested the effects of an intervention based on the trans‐contextual model (TCM) on secondary school PE students’ sport injury prevention behavior and on theory‐based motivational and social cognition mediators. Participants were PE students (N = 1168; Mage = 13.322 ± 1.045, range = 12–16; female = 51.721%) who participated in a 3‐month cluster‐randomized controlled trial. Schools were randomly assigned to a treatment group, in which PE teachers received training to be more supportive of psychological needs in teaching sport injury prevention, or a control group, in which PE teachers received no training. Participants completed survey measures of TCM variables and self‐reported sport injury prevention behavior at baseline and at 3‐month post‐intervention follow‐up. The proposed TCM model exhibited adequate fit with the data, χ2 = 143.080 (df = 19), CFI = 0.956, TLI = 0.916, RMSEA = 0.078 (90% CI = 0.066–0.090), and SRMR = 0.058. We found positive, statistically significant direct intervention effects on changes in perceived psychological need support (β = 0.064, p = 0.020). We also found positive, significant direct (β = 0.086–0.599, p < 0.001) and indirect (β = 0.002–0.027, p = 0.020–0.032) intervention effects on changes in TCM variables and behaviors to prevent sport injuries. Our findings support the TCM as a useful framework for building an intervention for promoting sport injury prevention behaviors among secondary school students.
Teaching statistics and data science in England's schools
Authors: Davies Neville , Sheldon Neil 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn 2003, Holmes [The Statistician 52, Part 4, (2003), 439–474] reviewed 50 years of teaching statistics in English schools and drew out many lessons for more effective teaching. We consider the current relevance of several of these lessons and whether we have learned from them. Many national reports have been published about teaching statistics with few of their recommendations being implemented. There have been rapid developments in the methodology of, and technology used by, statistics at all levels outside schools. These have led to the accelerated development of the use of statistics and related disciplines such as data science (DS). In schools, we have not seen as much progress in teaching, learning, assessing, or communicating these subjects. We consider reasons for lack of progress in pedagogy and make our own recommendations to get schools to catch up with the exciting developments in the practice and communication of statistics and DS.
When Fear Shrinks the Brain: A Computational Model of the Effects of Posttraumatic Stress on Hippocampal Volume
Authors: Smith Briana M. , Thomasson Madison , Yang Yuxue Cher , Sibert Catherine , Stocco Andrea 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder often characterized by the unwanted re‐experiencing of a traumatic event through nightmares, flashbacks, and/or intrusive memories. This paper presents a neurocomputational model using the ACT‐R cognitive architecture that simulates intrusive memory retrieval following a potentially traumatic event (PTE) and predicts hippocampal volume changes observed in PTSD. Memory intrusions were captured in the ACT‐R rational analysis framework by weighting the posterior probability of re‐encoding traumatic events into memory with an emotional intensity termIto capture the degree to which an event was perceived as dangerous or traumatic. It is hypothesized that (1) increasing the intensityIof a PTE will increase the odds of memory intrusions, and (2) increased frequency of intrusions will result in a concurrent decrease in hippocampal size. A series of simulations were run and it was found thatIhad a significant effect on the probability of experiencing traumatic memory intrusions following a PTE. The model also found thatIwas a significant predictor of hippocampal volume reduction, where the mean and range of simulated volume loss match results of existing meta‐analyses. The authors believe that this is the first model to both describe traumatic memory retrieval and provide a mechanistic account of changes in hippocampal volume, capturing one plausible link between PTSD and hippocampal volume.
Self-Induced Vibrations
Authors: Baker J. G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A “self-induced” vibration is defined as a phenomenon in which the alternating forces furnishing the energy to the vibration are controlled by the motion, in contradistinction to a “forced” vibration, where the force depends on time only. The following are examples of self-induced vibrations: (1) All bowed string or blown musical instruments, (2) the vacuum-tube oscillator, (3) fluttering of valves in air or water lines, (4) nosing of locomotives and street cars, (5) airplane-wing flutter, (6) certain cases of hunting of generators, and (7) certain cases of vibration of transmission lines due to wind. In physics and electrical engineering self-induced vibrations are common and often very useful, whereas most mechanical or machinery vibrations do not fall in this classification, since unbalance forces and other alternating forces unaffected by the motion are very common. Kimball and Newkirk were the first to call attention to and to explain self-induced vibration phenomena capable of causing serious mechanical difficulties. This paper discusses methods of studying self-induced vibrations and describes several representative cases that have been studied by the author and his colleagues in the last few years.
Response Effects Due to Polygonal Representation of Pores in Porous Media Thermal Models
Authors: Irick Kevin W. , Fathi Nima 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Physics models — such as thermal, structural, and fluid models — of engineering systems often incorporate a geometric aspect such that the model resembles the shape of the true system that it represents. However, the physical domain of the model is only a geometric representation of the true system, where geometric features are often simplified for convenience in model construction and to avoid added computational expense to running simulations. The process of simplifying or neglecting different aspects of the system geometry is sometimes referred to as “defeaturing.” Typically, modelers will choose to remove small features from the system model, such as fillets, holes, and fasteners. This simplification process can introduce inherent error into the computational model.Asimilar event can even take place when a computational mesh is generated, where smooth, curved features are represented by jagged, sharp geometries. The geometric representation and feature fidelity in a model can play a significant role in a corresponding simulation’s computational solution. In this paper, a porous material system — represented by a single porous unit cell — is considered. The system of interest is a two-dimensional square cell with a centered circular pore, ranging in porosity from 1% to 78%. However, the circular pore was represented geometrically by a series of regular polygons with number of sides ranging from 3 to 100. The system response quantity under investigation was the dimensionless effective thermal conductivity, k*, of the porous unit cell. The results show significant change in the resulting k* value depending on the number of polygon sides used to represent the circular pore. In order to mitigate the convolution of discretization error with this type of model form error, a series of five systematically refined meshes was used for each pore representation. Using the finite element method (FEM), the heat equation was solved numerically across the porous unit cell domain. Code verification was performed using the Method of Manufactured Solutions (MMS) to assess the order of accuracy of the implemented FEM. Likewise, solution verification was performed to estimate the numerical uncertainty due to discretization in the problem of interest. Specifically, a modern grid convergence index (GCI) approach was employed to estimate the numerical uncertainty on the systematically refined meshes. The results of the analyses presented in this paper illustrate the importance of understanding the effects of geometric representation in engineering models and can help to predict some model form error introduced by the model geometry.
Discretization Error Estimation in Subsonic, Transonic and Supersonic Flows of an Inviscid Fluid Over a Bump
Authors: Eça Luís , Silva Cristiano , Muralha João , Klaij Christiaan , Toxopeus Serge , Hoekstra Martin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a solution verification exercise for the simulation of subsonic, transonic and supersonic flows of an inviscid fluid over a circular arc (bump). Numerical simulations are performed with a pressure-based, single-phase compressible flow solver. Sets of geometrically similar grids covering a wide range of refinement ratios have been generated. The goal of these grids is twofold: obtain a reference solution from power series expansion fits applied to the finest grids; check the numerical uncertainties obtained from coarse grids that do not guarantee monotonic convergence of the quantities of interest.
The results show that even with very fine grids it is not straightforward to define a reference solution from power series expansions. The level of discretization errors required to obtain reliable reference solutions implies iterative errors reduced to machine accuracy, which may be extremely time consuming even in two-dimensional inviscid flows. Quantitative assessment of the estimated uncertainties for coarse grids depends on the selected reference solution.
Asymmetrical Heat Distribution Pattern in Miniature Heat Sinks Due to Conjugate Heat Transfer
Authors: Pourghasemi Mahyar , Fathi Nima 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to investigate the conjugate heat transfer of water within microchannel heat sinks. Validation process is performed through comparison between obtained numerical results and experimental data. The global deviation grid convergence index (GCI) is used to conduct solution verification and calculate observed order of accuracy. Conducted numerical analyses include hydraulic diameter range of 206–330 µm, aspect ratio of 1–4 and Reynolds numbers of 300 to 850. Heat is observed to distribute non-uniformly among microchannel side and bottom walls due to conjugate heat transfer. Results show that over 93% of heat is transferred to water through microchannel side walls at the aspect ratio of 4. It is observed that the heat distribution is more non-uniform destruction while microchannel aspect ratio gets larger.
Eating Behaviors Among Male Bodybuilders and Runners: Application of the Trans-Contextual Model of Motivation
Authors: Chaba Lisa , Scoffier-Mériaux Stéphanie , d’Arripe-Longueville Fabienne , Lentillon-Kaestner Vanessa 
Published: June 2021

This article focuses on two popular sports that can put male athletes at risk of developing an eating disorder: bodybuilding and running. Bodybuilders concentrate on gaining muscle mass and runners on leaning body mass. Based on the trans-contextual model of motivation, this study aimed to better understand the psychological mechanisms underlying eating disorders in these athletes. In all, 272 male bodybuilders and 217 male runners completed measures of sport motivation, theory of planned behavior variables (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention to gain muscle mass/lean body mass), and eating disorders (dieting, control, and bulimia behaviors). The results revealed satisfactory fit indices for both samples. Autonomous and controlled motivations for sport were positively directly and indirectly related to eating disorders in these athletes. This motivational mechanism needs more in-depth investigation, and motivational profiles might help distinguish athletes with and without eating disorders.
Increasing demand for school counselling through a lay counsellor-delivered classroom sensitisation intervention: a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial in New Delhi, India
Authors: Parikh Rachana , Hoogendoorn Adriaan , Michelson Daniel , Ruwaard Jeroen , Sharma Rhea , Bhat Bhargav , Malik Kanika , Sahu Rooplata , Cuijpers Pim , Patel Vikram 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionWe evaluated a classroom-based sensitisation intervention that was designed to reduce demand-side barriers affecting referrals to a school counselling programme. The sensitisation intervention was offered in the context of a host trial evaluating a low-intensity problem-solving treatment for common adolescent mental health problems.MethodsWe conducted a stepped-wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial with 70 classes in 6 secondary schools serving low-income communities in New Delhi, India.The classes were randomised to receive a classroom sensitisation session involving a brief video presentation and moderated group discussion, delivered by a lay counsellor over one class period (intervention condition, IC), in two steps of 4 weeks each. The control condition (CC) was whole-school sensitisation (teacher-meetings and whole-school activities such as poster displays). The primary outcome was the proportion of students referred into the host trial. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of students who met mental health caseness criteria and the proportion of self-referred adolescents.ResultsBetween 20 August 2018 and 9 December 2018, 835 students (23.3% of all students) were referred into the host trial. The referred sample included 591 boys (70.8%), and had a mean age of 15.8 years, SD=0.06; 194 students (31.8% of 610 with complete data) met mental health caseness criteria. The proportion of students referred in each trial conditionwas significantly higher in the IC (IC=21.7%, CC=1.5%, OR=111.36, 95% CI 35.56 to 348.77, p<0.001). The proportion of self-referred participants was also higher in the IC (IC=98.1%, CC=89.1%, Pearson χ2(1)=16.92, p<0.001). Although the proportion of referred students meeting caseness criteria was similar in both conditions (IC=32.0% vs CC=28.1%), the proportion weighted for the total student population was substantially higher in the IC (IC=5.2%, CC=0.3%, OR=52.39, 95% CI 12.49 to 219.66,p<0.001).ConclusionA single, lay counsellor-delivered, classroom sensitisation session increased psychological help-seeking for common mental health problems among secondary school pupils from urban, low-income communities in India.Trial registration numberNCT03633916.