bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Certain Insects
Authors: Malhotra S. K. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A comprehensive study of the thoracic neurones of fifth instar and immature adults of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forsk., and of adults of the water-bug, Laccotrephes rubra Fabr., has been made by employing the latest cytological techniques and phasecontrast microscopy. The mitochondria are seen as granules stainable in life with Janus green. Alignment of granules into filamentous mitochondria has also been observed in fixed preparations. The Golgi bodies (lipochondria of Shafiq) are sudanophil, osmio-phil, and argentophil spheroids. The bigger spheroids show a duplex structure. There is a chromophil, cortical, lipid component, which may be in the form of a complete ring (Schistocerca) or in the form of one or two granules or a crescent (Laccotrephes), and a chromophobe medulla stainable with the basic dyes, neutral red and methylene blue. The smaller Golgi bodies in Schistocerca show a homogeneous structure. The Golgi bodies have not been observed to be engaged in any secretory activity. Neurofibrillae have been observed in the neurones of the insects studied.
The Origin of the Spermatophoric Mass of the Sand Crab, Hippa pacifica
Authors: Matthews Donald C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Hippa pacifica, mitotic division of germinal epithelial cells produces primary spermatocytes which, as sustentacular-like cells appear, divide meiotically to form spermatids. Concurrently as spermatids metamorphose into spermatozoa, germinal epithelial cells renew their activity and again produce primary spermatocytes which, as they fill the sacculus, expel the spermatozoa. A continuous spermatogenic mass enters the vas deferens, where an enveloping secretion from the epithelial cells bounding the lumen forms a thin sheath to the sperm mass. The lumen (viewed in cross-section) becomes keyhole-shaped and a secretion from a wedge-shaped group of cells bounded by two deep crypts both surrounds the sheathed sperm mass and forms a ribbon-like supporting stalk and a broad, basal foot. As the lumen again becomes circular (in cross-section), a secretion from the epithelial cells surrounds the completed spermatophore and forms the homogeneous matrix. The spermatophore of H. pacifica is both macruran-like, because of its continuous, highly convoluted sperm mass, and anomuran-like, because of its raised spermatophore and broad foot. Neither the anomuran-like spermatophore of a macruran, Parrabicus antarcticus, nor the macruran-like spermatophore of an anomuran, Hippa pacifica, justifies the inference that these two animals occupy a systematic position intermediate between the Macrura and the Anomura, but rather illustrates the need for consideration of many characters before postulating relationships.
Studies of Serpulid Tube Formation: II. The Calcium-secreting Glands in the Peristomium of Spirorbis, Hydroides, and Serpula
Authors: Hedley R. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Descriptions of the calcium-secreting glands, which produce the calcareous component of the tubes, are given for Spirorbis, Hydroides, and Serpula. In Hydroides the gland is a simple tubule. The gland in Spirorbis is tubular but the gland-cells have unusual extensions which project into the lumen. In the centre of these extensions there is always a strongly basiphil substance. In Serpula the glands are tubulo-racemose or compound tubular, similar to those in Pomatoceros.
In addition to the calcium-secreting glands in Serpula there are two ventral calcium sacs in the posterior part of the peristomium which secrete calcareous material. The sac wall has a peculiar structure, being non-cellular and consisting of two layers, one basiphil the other acidophil. In the acidophil part two layers are seen, one fibrous and the other optically homogenous in which numerous small bodies are found.
A Histochemical Study of the Organic Matrix of Hen Egg-Shells
Authors: Simkiss K. , Tyler C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A study of the organic material of the hen egg-shell has been made by the use of recognized histochemical techniques.
It has been found that, in the so-called spongy layer of the shell, the organic matrix consists of a protein / acid mucopolysaccharide complex. The organic material of the mammillary layer appears to be more concentrated in a central core, and is somewhat different in that it contains fat and a reducing substance.
The protein / acid mucopolysaccharide complex is a collagen-like material, but is probably not collagen itself because the protein portion is low in hydroxyprob’ne and the acid mucopolysaccharide is most likely mucoitin and not chondroitin sulphuric acid.
The results are discussed in relation to shell calcification and it is suggested that the protein / acid mucopolysaccharide complex is first firmly attached to the keratin of the membrane, but once this is accomplished it links on to material of its own kind. Calcification proceeds simultaneously, but near the points of contact with the membrane (i.e. in the core of each mammilla) calcification is not so intense as it is in the rest of the shell.
The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Helix aspersa and Limnaea stagnalis
Authors: Chou J. T. Y. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
1. The only cytoplasmic inclusions visible in the living neurone are lipid globules and mitochondria.
2. In both Helix and Limnaea there are three kinds of lipid globules, as follows :
(a) large globules, yellowish from their carotinoid content;
(b) smaller globules, easily coloured by vital dyes ;
(c) small globules, not colourable by vital dyes.
3. The crescents and rings (‘dictyosomes’) seen in ‘Golgi’ preparations appear to be formed by the deposition of silver or osmium on the distorted contents of the smaller globules that are easily coloured by the vital dyes.
4. No crescents or rings are seen in the cytoplasm of the living cell.
5. The mitochondria are long, thin threads.
Observations on Photophores and Luminescence in the Teleost Porichthys
Authors: Nicol J. A. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Porichthys myriaster is a shallow-water teleost possessing numerous photophores on head and trunk. These are embedded in the dermis and consist of a lens, layer of photogenic cells, and reflecting sheath. The photophore receives a nerve and bloodvessels which proceed to the photogenic tissue. The photogenic cells are finely granular and stain poorly. Luminescence in the living fish was evoked by electrical excitation and injection of adrenaline. When the nerve-cord was stimulated by electric shocks, the photophores lit up after a latent period of 7-10 sec. With localized stimulation a response was still obtained from all the photophores of the body after transection of the nerve-cord and arrest of circulation. Injection of adrenaline into the heart caused widespread luminescence in 2 min. The pattern of innervation of the photophores in teleosts suggests an autonomic supply. It is concluded that the photophores of Porichthys are probably innervated by the sympathetic system. Efferent fibres may be adrenergic. If the adrenals are involved, their effect is secondary, following nervous excitation.
A Morphological and Histochemical Study of the Oocytes of the Fish, Ophiocephalus punctatus, with particular Reference to Lipids
Authors: Chopra H. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The cytoplasmic inclusions of the growing oocytes of the fish, Ophiocephalus punctatus, have been studied both morphologically and histochemically. It has been observed that the non-yolky oocytes of early stages consist of granules of two types, namely the mitochondria and the lipid granules of first category (L1). The mitochondria are smaller granules, and they are found to be protein in nature with traces of lipids. The bigger granules (L1) consist of phospholipids only; they correspond to the so-called ‘Golgi bodies’ of earlier workers on fish oocytes. The yolk found in the late oocytes is of two types. The first type of yolk globules, which appear with the approach of the breeding season, consist of lipids only, and have been described as lipid bodies of the second category (L2). At first they are spheres consisting of phospholipids and triglycerides, but in the mature eggs they are transformed into big fat globules containing triglycerides only. The second type of yolk, which appears later, is in the form of spheres, rich in proteins and lipoproteins. Lastly there is ‘vacuolar yolk’, rich in carbohydrates and proteins; this develops in vacuoles.
Histochemical Observations on the Cortical Region of the Oocytes of Rana pipiens
Authors: Rosenbaum R. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The cortical cytoplasm of the developing oocyte of Rana pipiens has been investigated by cytochemical means. Particular emphasis is placed on the nature and distribution of polysaccharide protein complexes. With toluidine blue O, both living and fixed mature oocytes were found to possess a distinct metachromatic region just under the developing vitelline membrane. Younger oocytes, at the previtelline-stage, did not exhibit metachromasia in this region. Comparative studies suggested a similarity of oocyte cortical metachromasia to that of mucoitin sulphuric acid. Oxidation by periodic acid and staining with the Schiff reagent or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine or both, demonstrated reactive granules located in the cortex of both young and mature oocytes. The presence of more than one polysaccharide component was suggested. Hydrolysis with trypsin and chymotrypsin indicated that the proteins in the ectoplasmic region were more readily digestible than those in the endoplasm.
Some Cytological Features of Epididymal Cells in the Rat
Authors: Reid B. L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Living material was photographed by phase-contrast miscroscopy. Fixed material was stained for mitochondria or post-osmicated.
The findings show a close conformity between the pictures in living and fixed cells, except that the so-called Golgi apparatus, whilst very apparent in some zones by both techniques, in other zones is well represented after osmication but not in the living cell. Reasons for this are proposed.
Studies by earlier workers on the mitochondrial pattern are confirmed. There is an increased density and decreased length of rods down the length of the epididymal duct. The relationship of the chondriome to the osmiophil material varies in the different zones; in some, close association with permeation is found, while in others the separation is complete.
General observations upon living epididymal cells are recorded. These include the effects of different suspending media and the changes undergone by the cells after their isolation. A close study has been made of the free (stereociliated) border of the cells.
Histochemical and Morphological Studies of the Lipids in Oogenesis. I. Periplaneta americana
Authors: Nath Vishwa , Gupta Brij L. , Lal Bachan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Three kinds of lipid bodies have been described in the oogenesis of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana: (i) L1 bodies, present in the earliest oocyte, which persist till the oocyte measures approximately 0·5 mm and contain phospholipids only, possibly having more lecithins than cephalins; (ii) L2 bodies, which first arise in the oocyte measuring 0·4 mm and have a complete or incomplete sheath of phospholipids sur-rounding a medulla of triglycerides (rather highly saturated); (iii) L3 bodies, which are the only type of lipids present in the oocytes measuring more than 0-65 mm and consist of triglycerides only (rather highly saturated). Some of the larger L3 bodies give a ‘ringed’ or ‘crescentic’ appearance in Sudan black when used at room temperatures (12° C to 40° C) but appear mostly solid when this colouring agent is used at 6o° C. Mitochondria, which remain as fine granules throughout the course of oogenesis, contain proteins and phospholipids. They seem to have some lipids which are masked normally but are unmasked after acetone extraction, with a resulting increase in sudanophilia. Yolk globules appear in the oocytes measuring approximately 0 ·5 mm. They contain a protein-carbohydrate complex. The bacterioid objects described by earlier workers have been shown to contain phospholipids and free fatty acids. They possibly play an active role in the lipid synthesis of the cell.
The Co-ordination of Growth in the Tracheal System of Insects
Authors: Locke M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The tracheae in Rhodnius and many other insects are parallel-sided tubes which branch in such a way that the cross-section of the diffusion path remains constant. Growth in length results mainly from stretching the trachea in the preceding instar. Growth in diameter of the tracheae varies with feeding and the organ supplied. The proportions of the tracheal system are maintained by co-ordination of the growth of the main tracheae and new terminal branches. This is brought about by the property of tracheae which enables them to react to stimuli for growth only upon the spiracle side of the point of application. The stimuli for growth probably originate from the tissues and from the nodes. They determine first the diameter of the tracheae farthest away; that is, the tracheae begin to form at the spiracles. The nodes controlling the diameter of the lateral tracheae are influenced by the blood.
Growth in the tracheal system of Tenebrio larvae varies inversely with the oxygen tension both above and below atmospheric.
Observations on the Innervation of the Integument of Amphioxus, Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Authors: Lele P. P. , Palmer Elisabeth , Weddell G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper the pattern of innervation of one of the simplest forms of skin, the integument of amphioxus (covering the dorsal fin in the middle third of the animal) is compared and contrasted with that of the cornea and of the skin in man.
An account is given of the results of stimulation experiments in which the integument in this region was irradiated with infra-red rays.
The observations which have been made can be summarized briefly as follows:
No neuro-epithelial cells were encountered in the epidermis in the region chosen for study. Evidence is given which suggests that the nuclei along the course of the nerve-trunks which combine to form the ‘dorsal roots’ of the nerve-cord are not those of the first sensory neurone. They appear to be analogous to the Schwann-cell nuclei of vertebrates. The ratio of epidermal cells to parent sensory axons in randomly selected metameres of integument in the selected region is as low as 7:1. From this it has been calculated that the density of innervation is comparable with that in the cornea and in the skin of vertebrates. Every epidermal cell has two or more terminal filaments ending in relationship to it. Pre-terminal axons from parent axons of different diameters are widely and apparently randomly scattered beneath the epidermis. Each and every epidermal cell is related to terminals which approach from different directions and serve more than one parent axon. The patterned arrangement of the nerves serving the integument of amphioxus is comparable with that observed in the skin of teleost fish, in the cornea of a number of vertebrate species, and in the skin of man. The nerves in the integument in the selected region can transduce non-injurious infra-red stimuli, although the stimuli were of a kind not normally encountered by the animal in its natural habitat. In the light of these observations and of experimental observations in man (Weddell, 1955; Lele and Weddell, 1956; Weddell, 1957), it is difficult to subscribe to the notion that information concerning the environment is transmitted to the central nervous system from the skin by a restricted series of nerves having terminals which only transduce stimuli having quite specific physical attributes. Rather, it seems likely that information reaches the central nervous system in the form of a space-time pattern of action potentials from endings which are either more or less available to a range of stimuli having different physical characteristics. In other words, different stimuli must evoke different patterns of activity, which are analysed by the central nervous system acting in a role of an analogue as opposed to a digital computer.
The Nature and Origin of Yolk
Authors: Rogers Brambell F. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The advance of modern cytology has necessitated the division of the cytoplasmic inclusions into two groups, the protoplasmic inclusions or living organellæ capable of spontaneous growth, division and movement within the cell, and the deutoplasmic inclusions or non-living reserve materials of the cell built up by the activity of the living protoplasm, representing a stage in the anabolic processes of the cell. The Golgi apparatus and the mitochondria both belong to the former group and appear, in the present state of our knowledge, to be specially associated with cell anabolism and often, if not always, in oögenesis with the special case of yolk formation. Sometimes the yolk is produced indirectly by the action of these organellæ, at other times either the Golgi elements or the mitochondria swell up and themselves transform into yolk spheres. In the latter case it is difficult to decide whether an element at any given stage of the transformation process should be considered a deutoplasmic or a protoplasmic body.
The Effect of Salts on the Anal Gills of the Mosquito Larva
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While studying the function of the anal gills of the mosquito larva (Wigglesworth, 1932) I had occasion to observe the effects of certain electrolytes upon them, and these effects seemed sufficiently unusual to deserve separate study. Their curious character is due, no doubt, to the unusual structure of the cells in question, but it is possible that some of these observations may throw light upon the behaviour of other types of cell in the animal body. In any case it will be desirable to record them before discussing the function of the so-called anal gills themselves.
The Adaptation of Mosquito Larvae to Salt Water
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is well known that the larvae of certain mosquitoes can thrive both in fresh water and in water of a high degree of salinity, while the larvae of other mosquitoes are quickly killed by salt water ; and that such differences may exist even between local races of the same species (Evans, 1931). It is evident that we have here to deal with a physiological adaptation, and it was the object of the present work to discover what the nature of this adaptation might be.
The physiological properties of larvae of the yellow-fever mosquito (Aedes (Stegomyia) argenteus Poir), which were accustomed to salt water, have been compared with those same properties in normal larvae. It so happens that this particular larva is unable to tolerate very salt water ; but it is probable that the relatively small degree of resistance which it can acquire is of the same kind as that occurring in more tolerant species, and therefore the mechanism of this resistance may throw light upon the general problem.
Induction by the Primitive Streak and its Derivatives in the Chick
Authors: Waddington C. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTIt has recently been shown (Waddington, 1932) that in the chick embryo a developing primitive streak can cause any ectoderm lying above it (provided only that the ectoderm is of the right age) to differentiate into a neural plate. It was shown that in all successful cases the grafted primitive streak had yielded both neural tissue and mesoderm, but that in some specimens the grafted neural tissue was very small in amount and was not in contact with the host ectoderm, and from this fact it was concluded that the mesoderm is capable of acting as an organiser in the absence of neural tissue. The first specimen to be described in this paper confirms this conclusion, since in this case the grafted tissue has given rise only to mesoderm, and this uncontaminated mesoderm has induced the formation of a neural plate from the host ectoderm.
Carbon Dioxide as A Sex-Determining Factor in Moina Macrocopa
Authors: Stuart C. A. , Cooper H. J. , Coady Harriet 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The role of food and metabolic products in the control of sex in Cladocera has received considerable attention in the last one or two decades. Practically all the evidence favouring excretory substances as sex-controlling agents has been derived from the fact that crowded mothers produce a much higher percentage of male young than isolated mothers. It is self-evident that crowding Cladocera must favour the accumulation of metabolic products, but the results of crowding cannot be confined solely to the accumulation of the animals’ waste products. Food must also be considered as contributing to any effects that the crowding may have on the sex of the young produced by crowded mothers. The work of Woltereck (1911), Tauson (1930), Stuart and co-workers (1929, 1931 a, b, c, d, 1932 a, b) and numerous others on food has led many investigators to conclude that, of the two factors in question, food is the more important sex-controlling agent under ordinary conditions.
Intracellular Oxidation-Reduction Studies
Authors: Chambers Robert , Beck Lyle V. , Green David E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a previous communication (1) of this series on the permeability of Echinoderm eggs to the oxidation-reduction indicators of the Clark and Cohen series it was observed that none of the sulphonic acid indicators entered the eggs whereas all the others of the series penetrated with ease. Moreover, it was shown that any possible extracellular oxidation-reduction reaction of Echinoderm eggs, or, for that matter, of sea water, is of negligible importance compared with the reaction inside the cells. It followed that the sulphonated indicators can serve their purpose only when the permeability factor is ruled out, viz. in micro-injection studies, and in immersion experiments with cytolysed material.
Observations on the Functions of the Alimentary Canal in Fowls
Authors: Henry K. M. , Macdonald A. J. , Magee H. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The work recorded in this paper is a continuation and amplification of the study of alimentary function in the fowl begun by MacOwan and Magee (1931) and, like it, deals with the passage of food through, and the absorption of carbohydrates from, the digestive tract. The technique employed in the study of these questions was varied, and it has, accordingly, been found convenient for descriptive purposes to divide the paper into two parts.
Metabolic Changes Associated with Endocrine Activity and the Reproductive Cycle in Xenopus Laevis
Authors: Zwarenstein H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The ease and rapidity with which the whole pituitary or part of the gland can be removed in Xenopus laevis, the low post-operative mortality and the fact that the animals survive the operation for more than two years, suggested an investigation into the relation between the pituitary and several metabolic variables. In a previous paper (Shapiro and Zwarenstein, 1933) the effect of hypophysectomy on the calcium content of the serum was reported. The prominent part played by the pituitary in regulating the water-salt content of the tissues was suggested by the work of Stehle (1926) on the diuretic-antidiuretic action of pituitary extracts. In Xenopus the low level of serum calcium which occurred as a result of pituitary re-moval was never associated with tetanic symptoms. These considerations and the well-known antagonism between calcium and potassium in all biological phenomena suggested an enquiry into the effects of hypophysectomy on serum potassium.