bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Participation of glutamatergic and nitrergic systems in the striatal dopamine release induced by isatin, a MAO inhibitor
Authors: Faro Lilian R. F. , Justo Lorenzo , Gómez Raquel , Durán Rafael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIsatin is a biofactor with different biochemical and pharmacological properties whose effects attract much attention because it is an endogenous inhibitor of the monoamine oxidase in the brain. When exogenously administrated, isatin increases dopamine levels in intact and denervated striatum of rats, an effect that could indicate its potential as a therapeutic agent in Parkinson disease. However, the neurochemical mechanisms by which isatin increases dopamine in the striatum are poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluate the role of the glutamatergic and nitrergic systems in the isatin‐induced dopamine release from rat striatum. Our findings show that the intrastriatal administration of 10 mM isatin significantly increases the in vivo release of dopamine (1,104.7% ± 97.1%), and the amino acids glutamate (428.7% ± 127%) and taurine (221% ± 22%) from rat striatum measured by brain microdialysis. The pretreatment with MK‐801 (500 µM) or AP5 (650 µM) (glutamatergic NMDA receptors antagonists) significantly reduces the effect of isatin on dopamine release by 52% and 70.5%, respectively. The administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, L‐NAME (100 µM) or 7‐NI (100 µM) also decreases the isatin‐induced dopamine release by 77% and 42%, respectively. These results show that isatin, in addition to increasing dopamine release, also increases glutamate levels, and possibly activates NMDA receptors and nitric oxide production, which can promote a further increase in the dopamine release.
Elevated carbon dioxide reduces a common soybean leaf endophyte
Authors: Christian Natalie , Espino Basurto Baldemar , Toussaint Amber , Xu Xinyan , Ainsworth Elizabeth A. , Busby Posy E. , Heath Katy D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFree‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments have elucidated how climate change affects plant physiology and production. However, we lack a predictive understanding of how climate change alters interactions between plants and endophytes, critical microbial mediators of plant physiology and ecology. We leveraged the SoyFACE facility to examine how elevated [CO2] affected soybean (Glycine max) leaf endophyte communities in the field. Endophyte community composition changed under elevated [CO2], including a decrease in the abundance of a common endophyte, Methylobacterium sp. Moreover, Methylobacterium abundance was negatively correlated with co‐occurring fungal endophytes. We then assessed how Methylobacterium affected the growth of co‐occurring endophytic fungi in vitro. Methylobacterium antagonized most co‐occurring fungal endophytes in vitro, particularly when it was more established in culture before fungal introduction. Variation in fungal response to Methylobacterium within a single fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was comparable to inter‐OTU variation. Finally, fungi isolated from elevated vs. ambient [CO2] plots differed in colony growth and response to Methylobacterium, suggesting that increasing [CO2] may affect fungal traits and interactions within the microbiome. By combining in situ and in vitro studies, we show that elevated [CO2] decreases the abundance of a common bacterial endophyte that interacts strongly with co‐occurring fungal endophytes. We suggest that endophyte responses to global climate change will have important but largely unexplored implications for both agricultural and natural systems.
Urbanization minimizes the effects of plant traits on soil provisioned ecosystem services across climatic regions
Authors: Kotze D. Johan , Ghosh Subhadip , Hui Nan , Jumpponen Ari , Lee Benjamin P. Y.‐H. , Lu Changyi , Lum Shawn , Pouyat Richard , Szlavecz Katalin , Wardle David A. , Yesilonis Ian , Zheng Bangxiao , Setälä Heikki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn increasingly urbanized world is one of the most prominent examples of global environmental change. Across the globe, urban parks are designed and managed in a similar way, resulting in visually pleasing expansions of lawn interspersed with individually planted trees of varying appearances and functional traits. These large urban greenspaces have the capacity to provide various ecosystem services, including those associated with soil physicochemical properties. Our aim was to explore whether soil properties in urban parks diverge underneath vegetation producing labile or recalcitrant litter, and whether the impact is affected by climatic zone (from a boreal to temperate to tropical city). We also compared these properties to those in (semi)natural forests outside the cities to assess the influence of urbanization on plant‐trait effects. We showed that vegetation type affected percentage soil organic matter (OM), total carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N), but inconsistently across climatic zones. Plant‐trait effects were particularly weak in old parks in the boreal and temperate zones, whereas in young parks in these zones, soils underneath the two tree types accumulated significantly more OM, C and N compared to lawns. Within climatic zones, anthropogenic drivers dominated natural ones, with consistently lower values of organic‐matter‐related soil properties under trees producing labile or recalcitrant litter in parks compared to forests. The dominating effect of urbanization is also reflected in its ability to homogenize soil properties in parks across the three cities, especially in lawn soils and soils under trees irrespective of functional trait. Our study demonstrates that soil functions that relate to carbon and nitrogen dynamics—even in old urban greenspaces where plant–soil interactions have a long history—clearly diverged from those in natural ecosystems, implying a long‐lasting influence of anthropogenic drivers on soil ecosystem services.
Ethylene‐regulated leaf lifespan explains divergent responses of plant productivity to warming among three hydrologically different growing seasons
Authors: Ren Haiyan , Han Guodong , Li Mai‐He , Gao Cuiping , Jiang Lin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLeaf senescence is known to be regulated by the plant hormone ethylene, but how leaf lifespan responds to global environmental change and links to ecosystem‐level responses remains largely unexplored. Here we investigated the effects of climate warming and nitrogen addition on plant functional traits, plant hormone ethylene and net primary production in a 13‐year field experiment in a desert steppe. Across the last 3 years of the experiment (2016–2018), plant productivity increased under warming only in 2016, when there was above normal precipitation, but consistently increased with nitrogen addition. Warming enhanced net photosynthesis, leaf nitrogen and ethylene production and reduced leaf lifespan in 2016 (a wet year), but not in 2017 (a drought year); the effect of warming in 2018 (a year with normal precipitation) was opposite to 2016, likely due to the below‐normal precipitation in the mid‐growing season in 2018. Nitrogen addition led to increases in leaf nitrogen, ethylene production and net photosynthesis, and declines in leaf lifespan in 2016 and 2018, but not in 2017. The ethylene‐regulated lifespan was further evidenced by the addition of CoCl2 (an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) that reduced ethylene production and prolonged lifespan. Structural equation modeling showed that leaf lifespan had a negative effect on plant productivity, both directly and indirectly via its negative effect on net photosynthesis, across all 3 years. Our results demonstrate the divergent responses of leaf lifespan and, in turn, plant productivity to warming under inter‐annual and intra‐annual precipitation variation, thus linking plant hormone production, functional traits and ecosystem functioning in the face of global environmental change.
Occurrence and management of severe bleeding episodes in patients with hereditary factor X deficiency
Authors: Tarantino Michael D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVitamin K–dependent factor X (FX) plays an important role in thrombin formation, and a deficiency in FX can cause impaired coagulation, the severity of which is usually correlated with the degree of deficiency. Due to the critical role that FX plays in the coagulation cascade, FX deficiency is associated with a higher risk of bleeding than deficiencies in other coagulation factors. Patients with the hereditary autosomal‐recessive homozygous form of FX deficiency, which occurs in approximately 1:1,000,000 individuals worldwide, are often diagnosed when they present with spontaneous life‐threatening haemorrhage (most often intracranial haemorrhage) during the first month of life. In addition to central nervous system bleeds, other severe bleeding types experienced by such patients may include umbilical cord bleeding, gastrointestinal or pulmonary haemorrhage, intramuscular haematomas and/or haemarthrosis. Delayed treatment or inadequate replacement of FX may result in developmental delays, musculoskeletal disabilities or death. The high risk of recurrent severe bleeding necessitates prophylactic replacement therapy for many individuals with severe FX deficiency. Available products for replacement therapy include plasma‐derived FX concentrate and prothrombin complex concentrates. Fresh‐frozen plasma may be used when concentrates are not available but is a less efficient means of FX replacement. This article reviews the literature on severe bleeding in individuals with hereditary FX deficiency and discusses current treatment options.
South Korean first‐tier suppliers in apparel global value chains: Upgrading and labour implications in the Asian context
Authors: KWON Hyunji , CHUNG Sun Wook , LEE Joonkoo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article traces the historical development of apparel suppliers in the Republic of Korea, particularly the rise of first‐tier suppliers (FTSs). Using the cases of two leading FTSs, the authors examine how they expanded their international presence, especially in Asia, to become large multinationals. Particular attention is paid to the development of these FTSs during the period following the global financial crisis of the late 2000s. This article investigates whether, having rapidly grown to become partners handling a complex business environment, they now occupy a strategic position in the reconfigured apparel global value chains. It also examines their responses to labour issues, considering what their upgrading implies for workers.
The labour market fallout of COVID‐19: Who endures, who doesn't and what are the implications for inequality
Authors: SOARES Sergei , BERG Janine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGovernment responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic have differed in scope and design, with important implications for the labour market as a whole but also for specific groups of workers. Using labour force survey data from seven middle‐ and high‐income countries, this article analyses transitions in the labour market in the first two quarters of 2020 and compares them with transitions in the previous year. The authors find that governments that favoured wage subsidies over other forms of income support were able to lessen labour market volatility, but that in all seven countries studied the COVID‐19 pandemic exacerbated labour market inequalities.
NLRP7: From inflammasome regulation to human disease
Authors: Carriere Jessica , Dorfleutner Andrea , Stehlik Christian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD) and leucine‐rich repeat (LRR)‐containing receptors or NOD‐like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, which sense conserved microbial patterns and host‐derived danger signals to elicit innate immune responses. The activation of several prototypic NLRs, including NLR and pyrin domain (PYD) containing (NLRP) 1, NLRP3 and NLR and caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing (NLRC) 4, results in the assembly of inflammasomes, which are large, cytoplasmic multiprotein signalling platforms responsible for the maturation and release of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐18, and for the induction of a specialized form of inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. However, the function of other members of the NLR family, including NLRP7, are less well understood. NLRP7 has been linked to innate immune signalling, but its precise role is still controversial as it has been shown to positively and negatively affect inflammasome responses. Inflammasomes are essential for homeostasis and host defence, but inappropriate inflammasome responses due to hereditary mutations and somatic mosaicism in inflammasome components and defective regulation have been linked to a broad spectrum of human diseases. A compelling connection between NLRP7 mutations and reproductive diseases, and in particular molar pregnancy, has been established. However, the molecular mechanisms by which NLRP7 mutations contribute to reproductive diseases are largely unknown. In this review, we focus on NLRP7 and discuss the current evidence of its role in inflammasome regulation and its implication in human reproductive diseases.
TLR2 dimer‐specific ligands selectively activate protein kinase C isoforms in Leishmania infection
Authors: Mukherjee Arkajyoti , Roy Sayoni , Patidar Ashok , Bodhale Neelam , Dandapat Jagneswar , Saha Bhaskar , Sarkar Arup 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOf the thirteen Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) in mice, TLR2 has a unique ability of forming heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6. Such associations lead to selective cellular signalling and cellular responses such as cytokine expression. One of the signalling intermediates is protein kinase C (PKC); of which, eight isoforms are expressed in macrophages. Leishmania—a protozoan parasite that resides and replicates in macrophages—selectively modulates PKC‐α, PKC‐β, PKC‐δ and PKC‐ζ isoforms in macrophages. As TLR2 plays significant roles in Leishmania infection, we examined whether these PKC isoforms play selective roles in TLR2 signalling and TLR2‐induced anti‐leishmanial functions. We observed that the TLR2 ligands—Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), PGN (TLR2/2) and FSL (TLR2/6)—differentially phosphorylated and translocated PKC‐α, PKC‐β, PKC‐δ and PKC‐ζ isoforms to cell membrane in uninfected and L. major‐infected macrophages. The PKC isoform‐specific inhibitors differentially altered IL‐10 and IL‐12 expression, Th1 and Th2 responses and anti‐leishmanial effects in macrophages and in BALB/c mice. While PKC isoforms’ inhibitors had insignificant effects on the Pam3CSK4‐induced anti‐leishmanial functions, PGN‐induced pro‐leishmanial effects were enhanced by PKC‐(α + β) inhibitors, whereas PKC‐(δ + ζ) inhibitors enhanced the anti‐leishmanial effects of FSL. These results indicated that the ligand‐induced TLR2 dimerization triggered differential dose‐dependent and kinetic profiles of PKC isoform activation and that selective targeting of PKC isoforms using their respective inhibitors in combination significantly modulated TLR2‐induced anti‐leishmanial functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of TLR2 dimer signalling through PKC isoforms and TLR2‐induced PKC isoform‐targeted anti‐leishmanial therapy.
Post‐transplant cyclophosphamide limits reactive donor T cells and delays the development of graft‐versus‐host disease in a humanized mouse model
Authors: Adhikary Sam R. , Cuthbertson Peter , Nicholson Leigh , Bird Katrina M. , Sligar Chloe , Hu Min , O'Connell Philip J. , Sluyter Ronald , Alexander Stephen I. , Watson Debbie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGraft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) that develops when donor T cells in the graft become reactive against the host. Post‐transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) is increasingly used in mismatched allo‐HSCT, but how PTCy impacts donor T cells and reduces GVHD is unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of PTCy on reactive human donor T cells and GVHD development in a preclinical humanized mouse model. Immunodeficient NOD‐scid‐IL2Rγnull mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 20 × 106 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stained with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) (day 0). Mice were subsequently injected (i.p.) with PTCy (33 mg kg−1) (PTCy‐mice) or saline (saline‐mice) (days 3 and 4). Mice were assessed for T‐cell depletion on day 6 and monitored for GVHD for up to 10 weeks. Flow cytometric analysis of livers at day 6 revealed lower proportions of reactive (CFSElow) human (h) CD3+ T cells in PTCy‐mice compared with saline‐mice. Over 10 weeks, PTCy‐mice showed reduced weight loss and clinical GVHD, with prolonged survival and reduced histological liver GVHD compared with saline‐mice. PTCy‐mice also demonstrated increased splenic hCD4+:hCD8+ T‐cell ratios and reduced splenic Tregs (hCD4+ hCD25+ hCD127lo) compared with saline‐mice. This study demonstrates that PTCy reduces GVHD in a preclinical humanized mouse model. This corresponded to depletion of reactive human donor T cells, but fewer human Tregs.
The social impact of COVID‐19 as perceived by the employees of a UK mental health service
Authors: Eddy Clare M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study explored the perceptions of NHS employees working within a UK mental health trust in relation to the social impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Questioning focussed on social isolation and desire to interact with others before and since COVID‐19; effects of safety measures including personal protective equipment and social distancing; and perceived influences of the pandemic on service users and social aspects of service delivery. All employees at an English NHS mental health service were invited to complete an anonymous online questionnaire (July–September 2020), resulting in 464 completed questionnaires. Response frequencies were summed across the total sample, and the influence of patient contact, age, and vulnerability to COVID‐19 were explored using pairwise comparisons. Approximately two thirds of employees felt there had been a fundamental change in how they felt about interacting with others, and many had lost confidence in their ability to relate emotionally to others. Respondents were keen to adhere to safety guidance, but the majority believed that face masks and social distancing could have a detrimental effect on communication and rapport within the workplace. Other concerns included passing on the virus, social isolation of employees and service users, and a reduction in community services. COVID‐19 safety measures may impact morale, communication, empathy, and the provision of client‐centred care. More generally, the pandemic has changed the attitudes of mental health workers towards social interaction, with younger employees reporting more mental health difficulties that may be linked to concerns about longer term social change.
Dental health status and hygiene in children with cerebral palsy: A matched case‐control study
Authors: Aburahma Samah K. , Mhanna Asmaa , Al‐Mousa Saba , Al‐Nusair Jowan , Al Habashneh Rola 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildren with cerebral palsy (CP) are at risk for oral pathology and parafunctional habits, and are reliant on caregivers for oral hygiene.AimTo evaluate oral hygiene habits and oral examination findings among a group of children with CP and a healthy age– and gender‐matched control group.DesignA comparative, cross‐sectional study, consisting of a questionnaire component and a standard dental examination component, each applied to both groups.ResultsEighty‐three children with CP and 84 healthy children were included. Parents of children with CP were more likely to be of low educational level and lack a professional line of occupation (P < .05). Children with CP were less likely to be responsible for oral hygiene maintenance, adhere to toothbrushing, or receive procedural dental care (P < .001). Food packing and drooling were significantly more likely in children with CP. Malocclusion type III was more prevalent among children with CP, as was higher gingival index and gingival enlargement index—horizontal component (P < .001). There were no differences in caries experience between the CP and control groups.ConclusionsChildren with CP have suboptimal oral hygiene habits, limited access to procedural dental care, higher parafunctional habits, and increased periodontal pathology.
Micro‐CT evaluation of ‘danger zone’ and microcrack formation in mesial root canals of primary teeth with single‐file rotary and reciprocating systems
Authors: Yüksel Burcu Nihan , Öncü Ayşenur , Çelİkten Berkan , Bİlecenoğlu Burak , Orhan Ayşe Işıl , Orhan Kaan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough single‐file rotary systems are accepted in the field of paediatric dentistry in terms of providing time advantage, research works continue due to the variable anatomical structure of the root canal.AimThis study aimed to evaluate rotary systems in different kinematics in terms of microcracks and the shaping of the danger zone in primary molars by micro‐CT.DesignThe mesial canals of primary molars (n = 30) were used. Root canals in each group (n = 10) were prepared with single‐file rotary systems (One Shape®, OS; XP‐endo® Shaper, XP‐ES; WaveOne Gold, WOG). The images were evaluated for dentin thickness in the danger zone and microcrack formation.ResultsWOG caused the highest dentin reduction in the danger zone area. OS led to significantly less dentin reduction than XP‐ES and WOG (P < .05). The XP‐ES showed the highest number of microcracks (P < .05). No statistically significant difference was found between WOG and OS (P > .05). In all systems, more microcracks were observed in the middle third than coronal and apical.ConclusionWithin the limitations of this study, the rotary systems were superior to reciprocating in terms of shaping ability in the danger zone. It is thought that further studies with different systems should be designed considering the anatomical variations and chemical composition of primary teeth.
Dietary practices among children with early childhood caries and the associated factors: A qualitative study
Authors: Shrikrishna Suprabha Baranya , Shenoy Ramya , Mahabala Karuna Yermunja , Nayak Anupama Panakaje , Rao Arathi , D'Souza Violet 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundParents play a vital role in their children's dietary habits. A comprehensive understanding of the perspectives of parents of children with early childhood caries (ECC) is required for prevention program planning.AimTo describe the parental perspective of the dietary habits of children with ECC.DesignIn this descriptive qualitative study, the participants were parents of children with ECC receiving routine dental care. Data were collected through focus groups using an interview guide. Data were analyzed manually using the content analysis method.ResultsFive focus groups involving 27 participants were conducted. Two main categories emerged: cariogenic food literacy and factors that affect food choices. Most of the participants knew that sugary foods are responsible for tooth decay. Parents felt that children's snacking habits were influenced by multiple factors, such as family environment, peers, commercials on television or the Internet, and affordability of food.ConclusionsParents are not able to translate their knowledge into action to modify their children's diet as they may lack self‐efficacy and feel pressured by their children, the media and the environment in which they live. Motivational interviewing of parents and governmental and school policies to reduce sugary food consumption may be required.