bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Cobalt Precipitation for the Synthesis of Precursors for Cathode Materials of Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Lavergne-Bril Anna-Caroline , Peralta David , Maldivi Pascale , Colin Jean-Francois , Celle Caroline , Patoux Sebastien 
Published: July 2021

Due to the increase in energy storage for consumer electronics, stationary application and above all for electrical vehicles, the manufacturing of Li-ion batteries has dramatically increased in the past few years. Unfortunately, cathode materials still often use cobalt, and consequently, an increase of 10% per year of the world’s cobalt consumption has been observed. Li-ion batteries represent 60% of the use of extracted cobalt today (more than 80% expected in 2030), which is classified as a critical material since 2011 by the European Commission. Battery grade cobalt is produced by only few countries. 60% is provided by the Democratic Republic of Congo. In order to avoid reliance on cobalt supplying, European industry should have to develop alternative solution.
We present here a new way to extract cobalt from a solution of battery-waste materials. Through a one-step process, it is possible to recover the cobalt, selectively, in a solution composed in majority of cobalt, nickel and manganese.
The goal of the process is to form a cobalt-based Metal Organic Framework compounds (MOF) from a multi-metals based solution. The contact of a well-designed ligand with model multi-metallic solution of nickel, manganese and cobalt, under specific conditions, creates a precipitate, which is recovered by centrifugation or filtration. The XRD analysis of the resulting material demonstrates a crystalline structure, and its ICP analysis shows up to 99% of cobalt composition of the metallic nodes of the material. The same process with a real battery waste solution enables the formation of a precipitate made of 94% of cobalt (among the metallic centers).
The resulting MOF can be used as a precursor for synthetizing cathode materials. In order to complete the described closed-loop concept, it is indeed possible to assemble a coin-cell from those products. The well define crystalline structure of the MOF makes them suitable for other industrial application, such as separation or catalysis (open-loop concept).
We are focusing on better understanding of this selectivity process. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are performed, as a tool to evaluate the energy of the different complexes in solution at all states of the nucleation and growth of the MOF. Moreover, the ligand used can form a MOF with each of the metals present in solution. Some nickel and manganese phases (more or less soluble) are involved during the process as a function of the reaction conditions. Identifying their nature and formation is another axis for the understanding of the presented work. Modelling these phenomena could help to determine the reaction that occurs, how the selectivity happens, and why the growing material is made of cobalt only (no other metal).
Temperature and Stability Study of All Oxynitride-Based Asymmetric Supercapacitor
Authors: Kumar U. Naveen , Ghosh Sourav , Jeevandoss C.R. , Gangavarapu Ranga Rao , Thomas Tiju 
Published: July 2021

Supercapacitors (SCs) or electrochemical capacitors are of substantial utility due to their high-power density, moderate energy density, fast charge-discharge rates, long cycle life (~105 cycles), and environmental friendliness. In the past decade, due to the demands of the electrochemical energy storage sector, there has been a quest for novel supercapacitor electrode materials that offer champion storage characteristics. Recently, transition metal oxynitrides (TMONs) have gained much attention as electrode materials for supercapacitor (SC) applications due to their unique properties such as high electronic conductivity,wettability, corrosion resistance, and chemical robustness. Nanostructuring strategies of TMONs open up fresh avenues for energy storage. Various transition metal oxides (TMO) and metal nitrides (TMN) have been explored as electrode materials for SC applications. TMOs and TMNs are prone to poor cyclability and rate capabilities. Hence, there is a value of exploring intermediate transition oxynitride compounds (TMONs) in place of pure TMOs and TMNs.
In this work, a simple and scalable soft urea method is used to synthesize chromium oxynitride (CrOxNy) and cerium oxynitride (CeOxNy) nanoparticles in the place of the conventional ammonothermal method. These nanoparticles are used to fabricate asymmetric coin cell devices, where CeOxNy is used as a positive electrode and CrOxNy is used as negative electrode material. The fabricated asymmetric device is subjected to electrochemical characterization techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), leakage current analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). From GCD measurement, It reveals that the device exhibits an areal capacitance of 21.48 mF cm-2 at 0.3 mA cm-2, cycled up to 105 cycles at room temperature (25 oC). Further, an asymmetric device is tested at different temperatures (-5 oC, 0 oC, 25 oC, and 50 oC) using an environmental climate chamber to validate the real-time application. The areal capacitance of the device at different temperature is compared and it shows that 11.28 mF cm-2, 12.67 mF cm-2 , 21.48 mF cm-2 , and 8.96 mF cm-2 at -5 oC, 0 oC, 25 oC, and 50 oC respectively. The device retains 41.8% of its areal capacitance even at high temperature (50 oC) when compared with room temperature (25 oC). The temperature-based study provides the promising nature of the fabricated device, and the performance has attributed to the stability of both oxynitride electrode material even at extremely low (-5 oC) and high temperature (50 oC).

Figure 1
Up- and Down-Converting Photons in Molecular Carbon Materials
Authors: Guldi Dirk 
Published: July 2021

The Shockley-Queisser limit places an upper bound on solar conversion efficiency for a single p-n junction solar cell at slightly more than 30%. To surpass this limit, multi-exciton generation is being explored in inorganic semiconductors, while singlet fission (SF) is being investigated in arrays of conjugated organic molecules. In an optimal SF process, the lowest singlet excited state of one molecule (S1) that is positioned next to a second molecule in its ground state (S0) is down-converted into two triplet excited states (T1) each residing on one of the two adjacent molecules. The two triplet states initially form a correlated pair state 1(T1T1), which then evolves into two separated triplet states (T1 + T1). As such, the energetic requirement for SF is E(S1) ≥ 2 ´ E(T1).
We have set our focus in recent years on intramolecular SF in molecular carbon materials and their studies in solution rather than on intermolecular SF investigations in crystalline films.
Implicit in intramolecular SF is a resonant, direct excitation of the SF material. In dimers of molecular carbon materials linked by a myriad of molecular spacers, SF takes place with quantum yields of up to 200%. In addition, all key intermediates in the SF process, including the formation and decay of a quintet state that precedes formation of the pentacene triplet excitons, have been identified. This approach is, however, limited to the part of the solar spectrum, where, for example, the dimers of carbon materials feature a significant absorption cross-section. To employ the remaining part of the solar spectrum necessitates non-resonant, indirect excitation of the SF materials via either up- or down-conversion. For example, the up-conversion approach is realized with singlet excited states , which are accessed by two-photon absorptions (TPA). TPA is then followed in the second step of the sequence by an intramolecular SF – similar to what is seen upon resonant, direct excitation. Quite different is the down-conversion approach, which is based on an intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and thereby the (photo)activation of the SF material. FRET requires the use of a complementary absorbing chromophore and enables funneling its excited state energy unidirectionally to the SF performing pentacene dimer. Again, SF completes the reaction sequence.
Simultaneously Improving Solution Processing and Electronic Doping in Carbon Nanotube Thermoelectrics
Authors: Campoy-Quiles Mariano 
Published: July 2021

Thermoelectrics are solid state devices that convert waste heat into electricity. Their abundancy and low toxicity makes carbon materials good candidates for thermoelectric applications requiring large areas and operation at low to medium temperatures [1]. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer generally good electrical conductivity, which is a must for thermoelectrics. While their Seebeck coefficient can also be high, it has been shown to decrease as the conductivity increases. Optimum performance, therefore, requires a fine tuned doping level in order to find the sweet spot. On the other side, CNTs are often difficult to process, which may limit its applicability for this type of applications.
In this invited talk, I will present two different strategies that our group is using in order to simultaneously improve processing capabilities and control doping level. First we will discuss the use of composites of CNTs and highly soluble polymers. Electron withdrawing or donating polymers, such as PEI and P3HT, respectively, help disperse the CNTs and simultaneously dope the CNT p- or n-type [2,3]. Alternatively, the use of bacteria to produce composites of cellulose and CNTs provides additional means of producing high performing composites [4]. Finally, I will describe our latest work on the use of alkali metals to form real CNT solutions and simultaneously produce stable n-doping of the resulting buckypapers [5].
[1] Will organic thermoelectrics get hot? M. Campoy-Quiles, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 377, 20180352 (2019).
[2] Photoinduced p- to n-type Switching in Thermoelectric Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites, B. Dörling, J. D. Ryan, J. D. Craddock, A. Sorrentino, A. El Basaty, A. Gomez, M. Garriga, E. Pereiro, J. E. Anthony, M. C. Weisenberger, A. R. Goñi, C. Müller and M. Campoy-Quiles, Advanced Materials, 28, 2782 (2016).
[3] Investigating thermoelectric stability under encapsulation using PEI‐Doped CNT films as a model system, F. Abdallah, L. Ciammaruchi, A. Jiménez‐Arguijo, E.S.M. Duraia, H.S. Ragab, B. Dörling and M. Campoy‐Quiles, Advanced Materials Technologies, 5, 2000256 (2020).
[4] Farming thermoelectric paper, D. Abol-Fotouh, B. Dörling, O. Zapata-Arteaga, X. Rodríguez-Martínez, A. Gómez, J. S. Reparaz, A. Laromaine, A. Roig and M. Campoy-Quiles, Energy and Enviromental Science, 12, 716-726 (2019).
[5] Soluble Alkali-Metal CNT Salts for n-type Thermoelectric Composites, B. Dörling, X. Rodríguez-Martínez, I. Álvarez-Corzo, M. Campoy-Quiles, submitted (2021).
(Invited) Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Paranthaman Mariappan 
Published: July 2021

The main goal of this research is to develop carbon nanostructures for next generation energy storage applications. The tailored morphology of the end-of-life tire rubber with a sulfonation process followed by pyrolysis yielded a high-quality nanostructured carbon and the applicability of these hard carbons was demonstrated in energy storage applications. We will report on our recent neutron studies on the surface chemistry of the carbon material, vibrational spectroscopy of the molecular structure, chemical bonding such as C-H bonding, and intermolecular interactions of the carbon materials. In addition, we will also report our recent success with tire-derived carbon with either tin oxide or antimony/antimony oxide based composites as a low-cost, environmentally benign, and high capacity anode material for energy storage applications.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSM
The research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division.
(Invited) Advances in Pyrolyzed Polymeric Sulfur Cathodes for Low-Cost Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Shen , Liu Haodong , Wu Zhaohui , Holoubek John , Xing Xing , Liu Ping 
Published: July 2021

Sulfur is a highly desirable cathode material for lithium batteries but its complex reaction mechanisms involving soluble species have limited its cycle life. When sulfur exists as a very short chain or substituted function groups on aromatic rings, the dissolution process appears to be mitigated, leading to a long cycle life. A good example is Sulfurized-poly(acrylonitrile) (SPAN), which is synthesized by pyrolyzing a mixture of PAN and elemental S at 300-500oC. SPAN is essentially a nitrogen doped carbon host for sulfur and has shown exceptional cycling stabilities in common carbonate electrolytes.
We have recently launched an intensive effort to advance the Li/SPAN battery technology to an energy density of > 300 Wh/kg. Its exceptional cycle life and low cost will make the technology a promising choice for electric vehicle applications. In this talk, we will review several interrelated efforts to realize this goal: 1) searching for SPAN-like materials with higher S loading and higher capacities by tuning N:C:S ratios with different polymer and sulfur precursors; 2) improving the packing density of SPAN particles in the cathode by controlling particle shape and size using new synthesis approaches. A highlight is a um-sized, platelet-like morphology that greatly increase packing densities; 3) developing a solvent-free homogenous chemical lithiation method for the synthesis of lithium containing SPAN. The lithiated SPAN can greatly reduce the irreversible capacity loss during the first discharge cycle and minimize the volume change associated with the initial lithiation process; and 4) continuing the development of new electrolyte compositions that can further improve the lithium metal anode efficiency without sacrificing SPAN cycle life. These studies hold the promise to enable a practical, low-cost and long-life Li/S battery.
Carbon Materials Derived from an Array of Zeolitic-Imidazolate Frameworks and Their Applications in Capacitive Deionization
Authors: Wang Hao , Liu Di-Jia 
Published: July 2021

Capacitive deionization (CDI) represents one of the most thermodynamically efficient technologies for brackish water desalination, and its performance is highly dependent on the intrinsic properties of carbon materials. Ideally, CDI carbons should have high ion-accessible surface area, high porosity for ion mobility, great hydrophilic properties, excellent corrosion tolerance and good processability. Pyrolysis of precursory zeolitic-imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) serves as a promising way to produce carbonaceous materials with great compositional and structural tunability.
In this work, we systematically prepared an array of ZIFs (Zn(ligand)2) with different side-chain substitutions, which upon pyrolysis gave rise to carbon materials with variable elemental compositions, surface properties, wettability and graphitization levels; all are impacting the CDI performance. Zn(4abIm)2-C afforded the best salt adsorption capacity, while Zn(mIm)2-C showed the best overall salt adsorption capacity and rate; both exceeded the performance of the commercial carbon blacks.
After careful correlation between the structures and the electrochemical results, it has been demonstrated that the CDI salt adsorption capacity increases with the carbon’s double layer capacitance. Additionally, graphitization level is significantly correlated with the CDI charge efficiency and energy consumption with more electronic conductive higher charge efficiency and lower energy consumption, which provides new insights to the field.
Incidence and Clinical Significance of Worsening Tricuspid Regurgitation Following Surgical or Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Analysis From the PARTNER IIA Trial
Authors: Cremer Paul C. , Wang Tom Kai Ming , Rodriguez L. Leonardo , Lindman Brian R. , Zhang Yiran , Zajarias Alan , Hahn Rebecca T. , Lerakis Stamatios , Malaisrie S. Chris , Douglas Pamela S. , Pibarot Philippe , Svensson Lars G. , Kapadia Samir , Leon Martin B. , Jaber Wael A. ,   on behalf of the PARTNER II Investigators
Published: July 2021

Background:
Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is recommended for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. However, the incidence of worsening tricuspid regurgitation (TR) following transcatheter compared with surgical AVR (TAVR, SAVR), and the impact of worsening TR on outcomes, is ill-defined. Accordingly, among patients randomized to TAVR or SAVR, we describe the differential incidence of worsening TR and its association with survival.

Methods:
From the PARTNER IIA trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves IIA), 1334 patients were included with baseline and 30-day postprocedure core-lab echocardiograms. Worsening TR was defined as deterioration of ≥1 grade from baseline to 30 days. Outcomes included cardiovascular and all-cause death between 30 days and 2 years. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify associations with worsening TR; survival analyses were performed to assess associations with mortality.

Results:
Worsening TR occurred in 17.3% (125/721) of TAVR and 27.0% (165/611) of SAVR patients. On multivariable analysis, SAVR (odds ratio, 2.09 [95% CI, 1.40–3.11]), female sex (odds ratio, 2.22 [95% CI, 1.44–3.42]), atrial fibrillation (odds ratio, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.03–2.51]), and right ventricular enlargement (odds ratio, 2.25 [95% CI, 1.17–4.31]) were associated with worsening TR. Cardiovascular and all-cause death occurred in 9.0% (26/290) and 17.9% (52/290) of patients with worsening TR, compared with 4.8% (50/1042) and 10.9% (114/1042) without worsening TR, respectively. In patients with worsening TR, cardiovascular and all-cause death were similar in TAVR compared with SAVR, (hazard ratio, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.55–2.16]) and (hazard ratio, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.62–1.87]), respectively. After adjustment, worsening TR was independently associated with cardiovascular (hazard ratio, 3.62 [95% CI, 2.08–6.29]) and all-cause death (hazard ratio, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.37–3.27]).

Conclusions:
Worsening TR is associated with female sex, atrial fibrillation, right ventricular enlargement, and SAVR. Regardless of mode of AVR, worsening TR is similarly associated with a poor prognosis. Future studies should focus on whether preventing or treating worsening TR improves outcomes.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01314313.
Marijuana Use and the Risk of Early Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Dutta Tara , Ryan Kathleen A. , Thompson Oluwatosin , Lopez Haley , Fecteau Natalie , Sparks Mary J. , Chaturvedi Seemant , Cronin Carolyn , Mehndiratta Prachi , Nunez Gonzalez Joel R. , Phipps Michael , Wozniak Marcella , McArdle Patrick F. , Kittner Steven J. , Cole John W. 
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose:
Few studies have examined the dose-response and temporal relationships between marijuana use and ischemic stroke while controlling for important confounders, including the amount of tobacco smoking. The purpose of our study was to address these knowledge gaps.

Methods:
A population-based case-control study with 1090 cases and 1152 controls was used to investigate the relationship of marijuana use and early-onset ischemic stroke. Cases were first-ever ischemic stroke between the ages of 15 and 49 identified from 59 hospitals in the Baltimore-Washington region. Controls obtained by random digit dialing from the same geographic region were frequency-matched to cases by age, sex, region of residence and, except for the initial study phase, race. After excluding subjects with cocaine and other vasoactive substance use, the final study sample consisted of 751 cases and 813 controls. All participants underwent standardized interviews to characterize stroke risk factors and marijuana use. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between marijuana use and risk of ischemic stroke, adjusting for age, sex, race, study phase, the amount of current tobacco smoking, current alcohol use, hypertension, and diabetes.

Results:
After adjusting for other risk factors, including the amount of current tobacco smoking, marijuana use was not associated with ischemic stroke, regardless of the timing of use in relationship to the stroke, including ever use, use within 30 days, and use within 24 hours. There was a nonsignificant trend towards increased stroke risk among those who smoked marijuana at least once a week (odds ratio, 1.9 [95% CI, 0.8–4.9]).

Conclusions:
These analyses do not demonstrate an association between marijuana use and an increased risk of early-onset ischemic stroke, although statistical power was limited for assessing the association among very heavy users.
Optic Tract Shrinkage Limits Visual Restoration After Occipital Stroke
Authors: Fahrenthold Berkeley K. , Cavanaugh Matthew R. , Jang Subin , Murphy Allison J. , Ajina Sara , Bridge Holly , Huxlin Krystel R. 
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose:
Damage to the adult primary visual cortex (V1) causes vision loss in the contralateral visual hemifield, initiating a process of trans-synaptic retrograde degeneration. The present study examined functional implications of this process, asking if degeneration impacted the amount of visual recovery attainable from visual restoration training in chronic patients, and if restoration training impacted optic tract (OT) shrinkage.

Methods:
Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure OT volumes bilaterally in 36 patients with unilateral occipital stroke. From OT volumes, we computed laterality indices (LI), estimating the stroke-induced OT shrinkage in each case. A subset of these chronic patients (n=14, 13±6 months poststroke) underwent an average of nearly 1 year of daily visual restoration training, which repeatedly stimulated vision in their blind field. The amount of visual field recovery was quantified using Humphrey perimetry, and post training magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the impact of training on OT shrinkage.

Results:
OT LI was correlated with time since stroke: it was close to 0 (no measurable OT shrinkage) in subacute participants (<6 months poststroke) while chronic participants (>6 months poststroke) exhibited LI >0, but with significant variability. Visual training did not systematically alter LI, but chronic patients with baseline LI≈0 (no OT shrinkage) exhibited greater visual field recovery than those with LI>0.

Conclusions:
Unilateral OT shrinkage becomes detectable with magnetic resonance imaging by ≈7 months poststroke, albeit with significant interindividual variability. Although visual restoration training did not alter the amount of degeneration already sustained, OT shrinkage appeared to serve as a biomarker of the potential for training-induced visual recovery in chronic cortically blind patients.
Living Death: Imagined History and the Tarrant Manifesto
Authors: Harwood Max 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This essay analyses the manifesto of terrorist Brenton Tarrant, the perpetrator of the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings. Reading Tarrant’s manifesto (The Great Replacement) as a cultural artefact of digital white nationalism, it is possible to identify a specific worldview and emotional subjectivity that is also shared with the actions and writing of Anders Breivik, the perpetrator of the 2011 Oslo and Utøya massacre. After examining both terrorists’ manifestos, their biographical particulars and drawing from ethnographic research into the online communities that Tarrant frequented, a shared phenomenological framework emerges. This framework is presented as ‘the imagined past and present’ of the Replacement Theory terrorist. This essay will address these white nationalist imaginings via a cultural exegesis of Tarrant’s and Breivik’s manifestos, as well as an analysis of their comparable monastic aesthetic or ‘living death’ in the lead up to their attacks.