bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ketamine for Bipolar Depression: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bahji Anees , Zarate Carlos A , Vazquez Gustavo H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Ketamine appears to have a therapeutic role in certain mental disorders, most notably unipolar major depressive disorder. However, its efficacy in bipolar depression is less clear. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and tolerability of ketamine for bipolar depression.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review of experimental studies using ketamine for the treatment of bipolar depression. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register for relevant studies published since each database’s inception. We synthesized evidence regarding efficacy (improvement in depression rating scores) and tolerability (adverse events, dissociation, dropouts) across studies.

Results
We identified 6 studies, with 135 participants (53% female; 44.7 years; standard deviation, 11.7 years). All studies used 0.5 mg/kg of add-on intravenous racemic ketamine, with the number of doses ranging from 1 to 6; all participants continued a mood-stabilizing agent. The overall proportion achieving a response (defined as those having a reduction in their baseline depression severity of at least 50%) was 61% for those receiving ketamine and 5% for those receiving a placebo. The overall response rates varied from 52% to 80% across studies. Ketamine was reasonably well tolerated; however, 2 participants (1 receiving ketamine and 1 receiving placebo) developed manic symptoms. Some participants developed significant dissociative symptoms at the 40-minute mark following ketamine infusion in 2 trials.

Conclusions
There is some preliminary evidence supporting use of intravenous racemic ketamine to treat adults with bipolar depression. There is a need for additional studies exploring longer-term outcomes and alterative formulations of ketamine.
Antibacterial use in the age of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Angell Kathleen E , Lawler James V , Hewlett Angela L , Rupp Mark E , Bergman Scott J , Van Schooneveld Trevor C , Broadhurst M Jana , Brett-Major David M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Balancing the use of antibacterial therapy against selection for resistance in this pandemic era has introduced both questions and guidelines. In this project, we explored how prescription of empirical antibacterial therapy differs between those with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Methods
Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether COVID-19 status and other factors play a role in the prescription of antibacterial therapy in an inpatient setting at a large referral academic medical centre. Further analysis was conducted to determine whether these factors differ between those testing positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2.

Results
Of 405 patients in the cohort, 175 received antibacterial therapy and 296 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. A positive SARS-CoV-2 test carried an OR of 0.3 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.49) for receiving antibacterial treatment in the first 48 h after admission (P &lt; 0.0001) adjusting for age and procalcitonin results. Patients were 1% and 3% less likely to receive antibacterials for every year increase in age in the overall group and among those testing negative for SARS-CoV-2, respectively. Younger age was found to impact use of antibacterial therapy in both the overall analysis as well as the SARS-CoV-2 negative subgroup (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01). High procalcitonin values were found to be associated with increased antibacterial therapy use in both the overall and stratified analyses.

Conclusions
Antibacterial therapy prescription differs by COVID-19 disease status, and procalcitonin results are most highly associated with antibacterial use across strata.
A Fatal Case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Combined With Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Wier Julian , Lacey Alexandra , Yenikomshian Haig , Gillenwater Justin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This case report describes a case of fatal toxic epidermal necrolysis complicated by both vanishing bile duct syndrome and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due to Influenza B infection. Here we highlight the potential for complex morbidity secondary to underlying autoimmune hypersensitivity. Furthermore, the stepwise progression of these pathologies is noted, with the initial epidermal lesions first progressing to cholestatic injury and then subsequently to the hematologic manifestations.
Optimization of a Larval Sampling Method for Monitoring Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Blueberries
Authors: Van Timmeren Steven , Davis Amelia R , Isaacs Rufus 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Managing spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), in fruit crops is complicated by the unreliability of currently available traps for monitoring adult flies, combined with the difficulty of detecting larval infestation before fruit damage is apparent. A simple method to extract larvae from fruit in liquid, strain the solution, then count them in a coffee filter was developed recently for use in integrated pest management programs. Here, we present a series of experiments conducted to improve fruit sampling by making it faster, less expensive, and more accurate. The volume of blueberries sampled (59–473 ml) did not significantly affect the detection of second and third instars, but we found that 118-ml samples were best for detecting the smallest larvae. These small instars were more detectable when berries were lightly squeezed before immersion, whereas larger instars were similarly detectable without using this step. We also found that immersing fruit for 30 min was sufficient before counting larvae, and similar numbers of larvae were found in the filter using room temperature water rather than a salt solution. The process of filtering, detection, and counting larvae took only 2–4 min per sample to process, depending on larval density. Using a microscope to count the larvae was consistently the best approach for detecting D. suzukii larvae. Based on these results, we discuss how fruit sampling can be streamlined within IPM programs, so growers and their advisors can improve control and reduce the cost of monitoring this invasive pest.
MHC Reflects Fine-Scale Habitat Structure in White-Tailed Eagles,Haliaeetus albicilla
Authors: Minias Piotr , Janiszewska Aleksandra , Pikus Ewa , Zadworny Tomasz , Anderwald Dariusz 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes code for key immune receptors responsible for recognition of intra- and extracellular pathogens (MHC class I and class II, respectively). It was hypothesized that MHC polymorphism can be maintained via fluctuating selection resulting from between-habitat variation in pathogen regimes. We examined associations between MHC class I and class II genes and habitat structure in an apex avian predator, the white-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla. We genotyped MHC class I and class II genes in ca. 150 white-tailed eagle chicks from nearly 100 nesting territories distributed across 3 distinct populations in Poland. Habitat structure was quantified at the level of foraging territories and directly at the nest sites. We found strong support for associations of habitat traits with diversity and allelic composition at the MHC class II. Forest area within territory and forest productivity were identified as the major habitat predictors of MHC class II polymorphism, whereas other habitat traits (distance to nearest open water, grassland, and water area within territory or understory presence) showed fewer associations with class II alleles. In contrast, there was little support for associations between MHC class I genes and habitat structure. All significant associations were apparent at the within-population level rather than between populations. Our results suggest that extracellular (rather than intracellular) pathogens may exert much stronger selective pressure on the white-tailed eagle. Associations of habitat structure with MHC class II may reflect fluctuating (balancing) selection, which maintains MHC diversity within populations.
The Family Borreliaceae (Spirochaetales), a Diverse Group in Two Genera of Tick-Borne Spirochetes of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles
Authors: Barbour Alan G , Gupta Radhey S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Spirochetes of the family Borreliaceae are, with one exception, tick-borne pathogens of a variety of vertebrates. The family at present comprises two genera: Borrelia (Swellengrebel), which includes the agents of relapsing fever, avian spirochetosis, and bovine borreliosis, and Borreliella (Gupta et al.), which includes the agents of Lyme disease and was formerly known as ‘Borrelia burgdorferi sensulato complex’. The two genera are distinguished not only by their disease associations but also biological features in the tick vector, including tissue location in unfed ticks and transovarial transmission. Borrelia species transmitted by argasid (soft) ticks tend to have more exclusive relationships with their tick vectors than do other Borrelia species and all Borreliella species that have ixodid (hard) ticks as vectors. The division of genera is supported by phylogenomic evidence from whole genomes and by several specific molecular markers. These distinguishing phylogenetic criteria also applied to three new species or isolates of Borrelia that were discovered in ixodid ticks of reptiles, a monotreme, and birds. Although the deep branching of the family from other spirochetes has been a challenge for inferences about evolution of the family, the discovery of related microorganisms in the gut microbiota of other arachnids suggests an ancestral origin for the family as symbionts of ticks and other arachnids.
Incentivizing Private Antitrust Enforcement to Promote Leniency Applications
Authors: Lai Sinchit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Both leniency programs and private antitrust enforcement are essential in combating cartels. The literature demonstrates that society benefits from both increased private actions and leniency applications. However, the present view is that private enforcement discourages cartel members from seeking leniency. Proponents of this view blame follow-on civil actions in the wake of successful public antitrust enforcement cases. This concern hinders the development of private antitrust enforcement. Nevertheless, the literature that expresses such a concern fails to consider standalone civil actions’ impact. Building on a game theory model of leniency programs by Professor Joseph E. Harrington, this article reinvestigates the relationship between the two seemingly contradictory procedural devices of leniency programs and private enforcement. Considering a revised leniency game, this article reveals that incentivizing private antitrust enforcement does not necessarily discourage leniency applications. Accordingly, this article proposes ways for legislators to use private enforcement as a tool to promote leniency applications.
The ancestral duplicated DL/CRC orthologs, PeDL1 and PeDL2, function in orchid reproductive organ innovation
Authors: Chen You-Yi , Hsiao Yu-Yun , Li Chung-I , Yeh Chuan-Ming , Mitsuda Nobutaka , Yang Hong-Xing , Chiu Chi-Chou , Chang Song-Bin , Liu Zhong-Jian , Tsai Wen-Chieh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Orchid gynostemium, the fused organ of the androecium and gynoecium, and ovule development are unique developmental processes. Two DROOPING LEAF/CRABS CLAW (DL/CRC) genes, PeDL1 and PeDL2, were identified from the Phalaenopsis orchid genome and functionally characterized. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the most recent common ancestor of orchids contained the duplicated DL/CRC-like genes. Temporal and spatial expression analysis indicated that PeDL genes are specifically expressed in the gynostemium and at the early stages of ovule development. Both PeDLs could partially complement an Arabidopsis crc-1 mutant. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of PeDL1 and PeDL2 affected the number of protuberant ovule initials differentiated from the placenta. Transient overexpression of PeDL1 in Phalaenopsis orchids caused abnormal development of ovule and stigmatic cavity of gynostemium. PeDL1, but not PeDL2, could form a heterodimer with Phalaenopsis equestris CINCINNATA 8 (PeCIN8). Paralogous retention and subsequent divergence of the gene sequences of PeDL1 and PeDL2 in P. equestris might result in the differentiation of function and protein behaviors. These results reveal that the ancestral duplicated DL/CRC-like genes play important roles in orchid reproductive organ innovation.
Different repartition of the cryptic species of black aspergilli according to the anatomical sites in human infections, in a French University hospital
Authors: Gits-Muselli Maud , Hamane Samia , Verillaud Benjamin , Cherpin Elisa , Denis Blandine , Bondeelle Louise , Touratier Sophie , Alanio Alexandre , Garcia-Hermoso Dea , Bretagne Stéphane 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBlack aspergilli of the section Nigri are rarely differentiated at the species level when originating from human specimens. We wondered whether some cryptic species could be more frequently observed in some clinical entities. We analyzed the 198 black isolates consecutively collected from the external ear canal (EEC; n = 66), respiratory specimens (n = 99), and environment (n = 33). DNA was extracted and species identification was performed upon the partial calmodulin gene. We identified by decreasing frequency: Aspergillus welwitschiae (35.3%), Aspergillus tubingensis (34.3%), Aspergillus niger (17.2%), Aspergillus luchuensis (4%), Aspergillus aff. welwitschiae (3%), Aspergillus neoniger (2%), Aspergillus piperis (1.5%), Aspergillus japonicus (1.0%), Aspergillus vadensis (0.5%), and two Aspergillus tubingensis clade (1%). The distribution of the three main cryptic species was different between EEC and respiratory samples (P &lt; 0.001) but not different between respiratory and environment samples (P = 0.264). Aspergillus welwitschiae was more often associated with EEC (54.5%), whereas A. tubingensis and A. niger were predominant in respiratory samples (39.4 and 26.3%, respectively). Among the 99 respiratory isolates, only 10 were deemed responsible for probable invasive aspergillosis, of which six were mixed with other pathogenic moulds. This study shows the interest to pursue the identification of clinical isolates in the Aspergillus section Nigri to unravel some specific associations with clinical entities. The association of A. welwitschiae with otomycosis suggests a better fitness to infect/colonize the ear canal. Also, members of the Aspergillus section Nigri alone are rarely responsible for invasive aspergillosis.Lay summaryWe analyzed 198 black aspergilli isolates collected from different samples type to determine their species identification. We observe a different distribution of species between ear canal and respiratory samples (P &lt; 0.001), suggesting a better fitness of A. welwitschiae to infect the ear canal.
Giant molecular cloud formation at the interface of colliding supershells in the large magellanic cloud
Authors: Fujii Kosuke , Mizuno Norikazu , Dawson J R , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Torii Kazufumi , Onishi Toshikazu , Kawamura Akiko , Muller Erik , Minamidani Tetsuhiro , Tsuge Kisetsu , Fukui Yasuo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the H i envelope of the young, massive GMCs in the star-forming regions N48 and N49, which are located within the high column density H i ridge between two kpc-scale supergiant shells, LMC 4 and LMC 5. New long-baseline H i 21 cm line observations with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) were combined with archival shorter baseline data and single dish data from the Parkes telescope, for a final synthesized beam size of 24.75 arcsec by 20.48 arcsec, which corresponds to a spatial resolution of ∼6 pc in the LMC. It is newly revealed that the H i gas is highly filamentary and that the molecular clumps are distributed along filamentary H i features. In total 39 filamentary features are identified and their typical width is ∼21 (8–49) [pc]. We propose a scenario in which the GMCs were formed via gravitational instabilities in atomic gas which was initially accumulated by the two shells and then further compressed by their collision. This suggests that GMC formation involves the filamentary nature of the atomic medium.
The evolution of the mass–metallicity relations from the VANDELS survey and the gaea semi-analytic model
Authors: Fontanot Fabio , Calabrò Antonello , Talia Margherita , Mannucci Filippo , Castellano Marco , Cresci Giovanni , De Lucia Gabriella , Gallazzi Anna , Hirschmann Michaela , Pentericci Laura , Xie Lizhi , Amorin Ricardo , Bolzonella Micol , Bongiorno Angela , Cucciati Olga , Cullen Fergus , Fynbo Johan P U , Hathi Nimish , Hibon Pascale , McLure Ross J , Pozzetti Lucia 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this work, we study the evolution of the mass–metallicity relations (MZRs) as predicted by the GAlaxy Evolution and Assembly (gaea) semi-analytic model. We contrast these predictions with recent results from the VANDELS survey, which allows us to expand the accessible redshift range for the stellar MZR up to z ∼ 3.5. We complement our study by considering the evolution of the gas-phase MZR in the same redshift range. We show that gaea is able to reproduce the observed evolution of the z &lt; 3.5 gas-phase MZR and z &lt; 0.7 stellar MZR, while it overpredicts the stellar metallicity at z ∼ 3.5. Furthermore, gaea also reproduces the so-called fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) between gas-phase metallicity, stellar mass, and star formation rate (SFR). In particular, the gas-phase FMR in gaea is already in place at z ∼ 5 and shows almost no evolution at lower redshift. gaea predicts the existence of a stellar FMR that is, however, characterized by a relevant redshift evolution, although its shape follows closely the gas-phase FMR. We also report additional unsolved tensions between model and data: the overall normalization of the predicted MZR agrees with observations only within ∼0.1 dex; the largest discrepancies are seen at z ∼ 3.5 where models tend to slightly overpredict observed metallicities; the slope of the predicted MZR at fixed SFR is too steep below a few M⊙ yr−1. Finally, we provide model predictions for the evolution of the MZRs at higher redshifts, which would be useful in the context of future surveys, like those that will be performed with James Webb Space Telescope.
What controls the UV-to-X-ray continuum shape in quasars?
Authors: Timlin III John D , Brandt W N , Laor Ari 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an investigation of the interdependence of the optical-to-X-ray spectral slope (αox), the  He ii equivalent-width (EW), and the monochromatic luminosity at 2500 Å (L2500). The values of αox and  He ii EW are indicators of the strength/shape of the quasar ionizing continuum, from the ultraviolet (UV; 1500–2500 Å), through the extreme ultraviolet (EUV; 300–50 Å), to the  X-ray (2 keV) regime. For this investigation, we measure the  He ii EW of 206 radioquiet quasars devoid of broad absorption lines that have high-quality spectral observations of the UV and 2 keV X-rays. The sample spans wide redshift (≈0.13–3.5) and luminosity (log(L2500) ≈ 29.2–32.5 erg s−1 Hz−1) ranges. We recover the well-known αox–L2500 and  He ii EW–L2500 anticorrelations, and we find a similarly strong correlation between αox and  He ii EW, and thus the overall spectral shape from the UV, through the EUV, to the  X-ray regime is largely set by luminosity. A significant αox– He ii EW correlation remains after removing the contribution of L2500 from each quantity, and thus the emission in the EUV and the X-rays are also directly tied. This set of relations is surprising, since the UV, EUV, and  X-ray emission are expected to be formed in three physically distinct regions. Our results indicate the presence of a redshift-independent physical mechanism that couples the continuum emission from these three different regions, and thus controls the overall continuum shape from the UV to the  X-ray regime.
KIC 5359678: a detached eclipsing binary with starspots
Authors: Wang Jiaxin , Fu Jianning , Niu Hubiao , Pan Yang , Li Chunqian , Zong Weikai , Hou Yonghui 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the detached eclipsing binary, KIC 5359678, with starspot modulation using the high-quality Kepler photometry and LAMOST spectroscopy. The phoebe model, optimal for this binary, reveals that this system is a circular detached binary, composed of two F-type main-sequence stars. The masses and radii of the primary and the secondary are M1 = 1.31 ± 0.05 M⊙, R1 = 1.52 ± 0.04 R⊙, M2 = 1.12 ± 0.04 M⊙, and R2 = 1.05 ± 0.06 R⊙, respectively. The age of this binary is estimated to be about 2 Gyr, a value much longer than the synchronization time-scale of 17.8 Myr. The residuals of light curves show quasi-sinusoidal signals, which could be induced by starspots. We apply autocorrelation function analysis on the out-of-eclipse residuals and find that the spot with rotational period close to the orbital period, while, the decay time-scale of starspots is longer than that on the single stars with the same temperature, period range, and rms scatter. A two-starspot model is adopted to fit the signals with two-dip pattern, whose result shows that the longitude decreases with time.
The splashback boundary of haloes in hydrodynamic simulations
Authors: O’Neil Stephanie , Barnes David J , Vogelsberger Mark , Diemer Benedikt 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The splashback radius, Rsp, is a physically motivated halo boundary that separates infalling and collapsed matter of haloes. We study Rsp in the hydrodynamic and dark matter-only IllustrisTNG simulations. The most commonly adopted signature of Rsp is the radius at which the radial density profiles are steepest. Therefore, we explicitly optimize our density profile fit to the profile slope and find that this leads to a $\sim 5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ larger radius compared to other optimizations. We calculate Rsp for haloes with masses between 1013 and 15 M⊙ as a function of halo mass, accretion rate, and redshift. Rsp decreases with mass and with redshift for haloes of similar M200 m in agreement with previous work. We also find that Rsp/R200 m decreases with halo accretion rate. We apply our analysis to dark matter, gas, and satellite galaxies associated with haloes to investigate the observational potential of Rsp. The radius of steepest slope in gas profiles is consistently smaller than the value calculated from dark matter profiles. The steepest slope in galaxy profiles, which are often used in observations, tends to agree with dark matter profiles but is lower for less massive haloes. We compare Rsp in hydrodynamic and N-body dark matter-only simulations and do not find a significant difference caused by the addition of baryonic physics. Thus, results from dark matter-only simulations should be applicable to realistic haloes.
A constraint on light primordial black holes from the interstellar medium temperature
Authors: Kim Hyungjin 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Primordial black holes are a viable dark matter candidate. They decay via Hawking evaporation. Energetic particles from the Hawking radiation interact with interstellar gas, depositing their energy as heat and ionization. For a sufficiently high Hawking temperature, fast electrons produced by black holes deposit a substantial fraction of energy as heat through the Coulomb interaction. Using the dwarf galaxy Leo T, we place an upper bound on the fraction of primordial black hole dark matter. For $M \lt 5 \times 10^{-17}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, our bound is competitive with or stronger than other bounds.