bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) in drinking water: emerging concerns and current issue
Authors: Shen Yucheng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBPs) has always been one of the most concerned disinfection by-products (DBPs) in recent years. The toxicity of regulated DBPs is generally less than that of N-DBPs, which have been widely detected in finished drinking water. Despite the fact that N-DBPs are highly toxic, there are currently no N-DBPS species officially regulated by governments around the world. This paper provides a review of the formation mechanism and precursors of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products in drinking water treatment. Also, the spcieces and inducing factors of N-DBPs were summarized. The data were mainly collected from 2000-2002 and 2006-2007 US Survey in effluents of US WTPs. Because nitrogen source is a prerequisite for the formation of nitrogen-DBP in drinking water, the occurrence of N-DBPS may increase due to the influence of sewage and algae blooms on water sources. Chloramine disinfection are used in most of developed countries for preferred secondary disinfection to reduce the formation of chlorine-related by-products, but this increases the formation potential of N-DBPs. Furthermore, the safety control of N-DBPs and suggestions for the further exploration of for efficient drinking water are discussed. Coagulation and filtration are not very effective in removing precursors (such as amino acids) of N-DBPs and the precursors need to be removed before disinfection.
A Novel Design of Energy-Saving and Prefabricated House System for Rural Area of Northwest China
Authors: Song Ge , Guo Liang , Wu Mengzhuo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This research proposes a novel type of rural house design that combines a prefabricated steel frame and EPS cavity blocks as exterior envelop. It has the advantages of low energy consumption, moderate cost, and low assembly difficulty, so as to meet the sustainable development goals of rural areas of China, where status quo of industrialization and economic development is at relatively low level. The article introduces the prefabricated structural features of the system, a semi-industrial construction process, features of refined room modules design based on the size of furniture and residents need at different level, and an automated combination of room modules to house mode with the aid of computer programs to save design time and better meet residents needs. It satisfies China’s goal of improving the liveability of rural areas and vigorously developing new prefabricated building systems. Finally, the article looks forward to the future research and development direction.
High fidelity, discrete element method simulation of magnetorheological fluids using accurate particle size distributions in LIGGGHTS extended with mutual dipole method
Authors: Leps Thomas , Hartzell Christine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We simulate magnetorheological fluids (MRF) using open source LIGGGHTS soft sphere discrete element method code, extended by us to include a mutual dipole magnetic model. Our simulations take advantage of the many pair forces available in the LIGGGHTS framework, including SJKR cohesion, friction, and rolling resistance. In addition, we have included an uncoupled, Couette flow background carrier fluid. The simulated particles in this work are polydisperse, with distributions made to match the distributions used to produce magnetorheological fluids in literature, increasing the fidelity of the simulations. Using the accurate particle size distributions, high heritage contact models, and an uncoupled fluid model, we are able to match experimental MRF yield stress results more closely than with monodisperse simulations.
A review of the techniques for the mold manufacturing of micro/nanostructures for precision glass molding
Authors: Zhou Tianfeng , He Yupeng , Wang Tianxing , Zhu Zhanchen , Xu Ruzhen , Yu Qian , Zhao Bin , Zhao Wenxiang , Liu Peng , Wang Xibin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Micro/nanostructured components play an important role in micro-optics and optical engineering, tribology and surface engineering, and biological and biomedical engineering, among other fields. Precision glass molding technology is the most efficient method of manufacturing micro/nanostructured glass components, the premise of which is meld manufacturing with complementary micro/nanostructures. Numerous mold manufacturing methods have been developed to fabricate extremely small and high-quality micro/nanostructures to satisfy the demands of functional micro/nanostructured glass components for various applications. Moreover, the service performance of the mold should also be carefully considered. This paper reviews a variety of technologies for manufacturing micro/nanostructured molds. The authors begin with an introduction of the extreme requirements of mold materials. The following section provides a detailed survey of the existing micro/nanostructured mold manufacturing techniques and their corresponding mold materials, including nonmechanical and mechanical methods. This paper concludes with a detailed discussion of the authors recent research on nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) mold manufacturing and its service performance.
Programmable robotized ‘transfer-and-jet’ printing for large, 3D curved electronics on complex surfaces
Authors: Huang YongAn , Wu Hao , Zhu Chen , Xiong Wennan , Chen Furong , Xiao Lin , Liu Jianpeng , Wang Kaixin , Li Huayang , Ye Dong , Duan Yongqing , Chen Jiankui , Yang Hua , Li Wenlong , Bai Kun , Yin Zhouping , Ding Han 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Large, 3D curved electronics are a trend of the microelectronic industry due to their unique ability to conformally coexist with complex surfaces while retaining the electronic functions of 2D planar integrated circuit technologies. However, these curved electronics present great challenges to the fabrication processes. Here, we propose a reconfigurable, mask-free, conformal fabrication strategy with a robot-like system, called robotized ‘transfer-and-jet’ printing, to assemble diverse electronic devices on complex surfaces. This novel method is a ground-breaking advance with the unique capability to integrate rigid chips, flexible electronics, and conformal circuits on complex surfaces. Critically, each process, including transfer printing, inkjet printing, and plasma treating, are mask-free, digitalized, and programmable. The robotization techniques, including measurement, surface reconstruction and localization, and path programming, break through the fundamental constraints of 2D planar microfabrication in the context of geometric shape and size. The transfer printing begins with the laser lift-off of rigid chips or flexible electronics from donor substrates, which are then transferred onto a curved surface via a dexterous robotic palm. Then the robotic electrohydrodynamic printing directly writes submicrometer structures on the curved surface. Their permutation and combination allow versatile conformal microfabrication. Finally, robotized hybrid printing is utilized to successfully fabricate a conformal heater and antenna on a spherical surface and a flexible smart sensing skin on a winged model, where the curved circuit, flexible capacitive and piezoelectric sensor arrays, and rigid digital–analog conversion chips are assembled. Robotized hybrid printing is an innovative printing technology, enabling additive, noncontact and digital microfabrication for 3D curved electronics.
Genital Self-Image and Aesthetic Genital Surgeries: Novel Perspectives Across the Cisgender and Transgender Spectrum
Authors: Sharp Gemma 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Genital-focused body image concerns or negative genital self-image are a common experience across the gender spectrum, including among cisgender and transgender populations. Such concerns can result in lower psychological and sexual well-being. In this article, it is proposed that the development of genital self-image concerns may be partly explained by the theoretical framework of cisgenderism. This theory proposes that there are only 2 genders—men and women—and these are dictated solely by the appearance of the genitals. Any deviation from these 2 categories can result in discrimination, which particularly impacts transgender individuals. An increasing number of cisgender and transgender people are seeking out aesthetic genital procedures to alleviate genital self-image concerns (and gender dysphoria in transgender populations). The growing body of research suggests that cisgender and transgender men and women are relatively satisfied with the results of their genital procedures. However, this research is limited by a lack of standardized and validated patient-reported measures to evaluate surgical outcomes. Furthermore, despite negative genital self-image being a key motivator for surgery, it is often not included as an outcome measure. In this article, recommendations are proposed for conducting higher-quality evaluation studies of aesthetic genital procedures in cisgender and transgender populations. Moreover, future research and clinical directions are suggested to assist transgender men and women who choose not to undergo genital gender-confirming surgery. The vast majority of transgender individuals do not have this surgery and so are in great need of support in managing their gender dysphoria and negative genital self-image.
Why signal if you are not attractive? Courtship synchrony in a fiddler crab
Authors: Harrison Lauren M , Melo Gabriela C , Perez Daniela M , Backwell Patricia R Y 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Synchronized male courtship signals are puzzling because males generally compete with each other for females. Male Austruca mjoebergi fiddler crabs wave in synchrony to attract females, but, all else being equal, females have a strong preference for “leader” males that can produce waves before other males (“followers”). So why do followers participate in synchrony? Here, we experimentally investigate three explanations for why followers might wave in synchrony: 1) followers obtain a small proportion of matings, 2) followers are more likely than a leader to attract females if they are positioned closer to her than is the leader, and 3) synchrony functions as a long-distance visual signal that attracts females so there is a net benefit to synchrony for all males. Using robotic male crabs, we found that females show a strong preference for leading males, but followers obtain a “better-than-nothing” proportion of mates. We also showed that closer proximity of a follower to the female did not affect her preference for leaders, although being a leader increased a male’s success when he was further from the female than were rival males. Finally, females were more likely to approach a distant group if there was a leader present, suggesting that followers do benefit from participating in synchrony.
RNF8 is not required for histone-to-protamine exchange in spermiogenesis
Authors: Abe Hironori , Meduri Rajyalakshmi , Li Ziwei , Andreassen Paul R , Namekawa Satoshi H 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
While an E3 ubiquitin ligase, RNF8, was initially reported to be required for histone-to-protamine exchange in spermiogenesis, we subsequently demonstrated that RNF8 is not involved in this process. Nevertheless, reflecting a lingering misunderstanding in the field, a growing number of studies have continued to postulate a requirement for RNF8 in the histone-to-protamine exchange. For example, a recent study claimed that a mouse PIWI protein, MIWI, controls RNF8-mediated histone-to-protamine exchange. Here, confirming our earlier conclusions, we show that RNF8 is required neither for the establishment of histone H4K16 acetylation, which is an initial step in histone removal during spermiogenesis, nor for the incorporation of two protamine proteins, PRM1 and PRM2. Thus, whereas RNF8 mediates ubiquitination of H2A on the sex chromosomes in meiosis, during the prior stage of spermatogenesis, our genetic evidence underscores that RNF8 is not involved in histone-to-protamine exchange.
Deontic Fallacies and the Arguments against Conscientious Objections
Authors: Napier Stephen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe respect for one’s conscience is rooted in a broader respect for the human person. The conscience represents a person’s ability to identify the values and goods that inform her moral identity. Ignoring or overriding a person’s conscience can lead to significant moral and emotional distress. Refusals to respect a person’s conscientious objection to cases of killing are a source of incisive distress, since judgments that it is impermissible to kill so-and-so are typically held very strongly and serve as central moral commitments in one’s moral identity. I think it is wrong for a college basketball coach to pay his players, but I think it is really wrong to kill people. This article argues that any and all arguments for not respecting a conscientious objection to abortion commit a deontic fallacy. Briefly, arguments for the permissibility of abortion are structurally such that abortion is at best permissible, not obligatory. Now, arguments to justify overriding or ignoring a person’s objection to performing action (α) must understand action (α) as being obligatory. Thus, arguments for ignoring conscientious objections to performing abortion are incongruent with the actual philosophical justifications for abortion. Such arguments, then, commit a deontic fallacy.
Treatment practices and outcomes in incident peritoneal dialysis patients: the Swedish Renal Registry 2006–2015
Authors: Xu Hong , Lindholm Bengt , Lundström Ulrika Hahn , Heimbürger Olof , Stendahl Maria , Rydell Helena , Segelmark Mårten , Carrero Juan-Jesus , Evans Marie 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Therapeutic developments have contributed to markedly improved clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis (PD) during the 1990s and 2000s. We investigated whether recent advances in PD treatment are implemented in routine Swedish care and whether their implementation parallels improved patient outcomes.

Methods
We conducted an observational study of 3122 patients initiating PD in Sweden from 2006 to 2015. We evaluated trends of treatment practices (medications, PD-related procedures) and outcomes [patient survival, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), peritonitis, transfer to haemodialysis (HD) and kidney transplantation] and analysed associations of changes of treatment practices with changes in outcomes.

Results
Over the 10-year period, demographics (mean age 63 years, 33% women) and comorbidities remained essentially stable. There were changes in clinical characteristics (body mass index and diastolic blood pressure increased), prescribed drugs (calcium channel blockers, non-calcium phosphate binders and cinacalcet increased and the use of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors, erythropoietin and iron decreased) and dialysis treatment (increased use of automated PD, icodextrin and assisted PD). The standardized 1- and 2-year mortality and MACE risk did not change over the period. Compared with the general population, the risk of 1-year mortality was 4.1 times higher in 2006–2007 and remained stable throughout follow-up. However, the standardized 1- and 2-year peritonitis rate decreased and the incidence of kidney transplantation increased while transfers to HD did not change.

Conclusions
Over the last decade, treatment advances in PD patients were accompanied by a substantial decline in peritonitis frequency and an increased rate of kidney transplantations, while 1- and 2-year survival and MACE risk did not change.
Evaluation of the preventive effect of two concentrations of xylitol varnish versus fluoride varnish on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zarif Najafi Hooman , Shavakhi Mojgan , Pakshir Hamid Reza 
Published: July 2021

Summary

Background
The highly prevalent white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets necessitate introducing preventive materials without relying on patient compliance.

Objective
To evaluate the antidemineralizing effect of two concentrations of xylitol varnish.

Trial design
Triple-blind, four-arm, parallel-group, single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial.

Methods
A total of 120 orthodontic patients were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 30), using a computer-generated randomized block list. The treatment groups were: 10% xylitol, 20% xylitol, 5% fluoride, and placebo. Tooth demineralization was measured with DIAGNOdent at T1 (before treatment), followed by varnish application. At T2 (third month), the varnish was re-applied, and at the third (T2) and sixth (T3) months, and after treatment (T4), the demineralization was measured. The white spot lesion frequency was assessed visually after treatment. The participants, the clinician, and data assessors were all blinded to group assignments.

Results
A total of 115 patients underwent per-protocol analyses. At T2, the mean DIAGNOdent numbers in the fluoride and 10% xylitol groups were significantly lower than the placebo group (P = 0.00), with a mean difference of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.15–1.10) and 0.5 (95% CI, 0.04–0.95), respectively. At T3, the fluoride and 10% xylitol groups had significantly lower mineral loss than the placebo group (P=0.046) with a mean difference of 0.52 (95% CI, 0.14–0.89) in the fluoride and 0.45 (95% CI, 0.03–0.86) in the 10% xylitol groups, respectively. However, at T4, only the mean for the 10% xylitol group was significantly different (P=0.049) from the placebo group, with a mean difference of 1.18 (95% CI, 0.42–1.93). Visual assessment showed that after treatment, the prevalence of white spot lesions in the fluoride (P=0.03) and 10% xylitol (P=0.00) groups was less than the placebo group with the odds ratio of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.46–0.96) and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.28–0.64), respectively.

Conclusion
The 10% xylitol varnish short-term effects on caries control were significantly greater than 20% xylitol varnish and placebo but similar to fluoride varnish. However, the 10% xylitol long-term effect was almost better than fluoride varnish.

Trial registration
The protocol was registered at IRCT.ir under the code IRCT20180913041032N1.
Guadagni in Handel’s London: the formation of a voice
Authors: Howard Patricia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Guadagni’s first visit to London spanned seven years, from the autumn of 1748 to summer 1755. He arrived from the Veneto as an inexperienced singer at the outset of his career, having been expelled from the Cappella di Sant’ Antonio in Padua after a mere six months’ employment, and, in the subsequent season, taken a couple of ‘third man’ roles in an undistinguished opera company. In London he quickly developed his career, securing leading roles in Crosa’s touring opera buffa company and appearing regularly in concerts both in London and in provincial festivals. But by far the most significant activity was his contribution, from 1750, to Handel’s oratorio series. For six Lenten seasons, Handel’s music dominated Guadagni’s repertory, both in London and in Dublin. Although Handel created only two roles specifically for him, he adapted many others to suit his voice, with Guadagni taking over either those originally written for female voices, including the contralto Susanna Cibber and the mezzo-soprano Giulia Galli, or those which had been performed by his fellow castratos Andreoni and Senesino; in addition, his concert repertory included solos and duets taken from Handel’s operas and oratorios. Having arrived in England a raw and untested novice, Guadagni left an accomplished soloist, going on to take ‘first man’ roles throughout Europe. This article examines the music written for, assigned to and chosen by Guadagni, to trace the part played by Handel’s music in forming the singer at the outset of his career, and argues that Handel was, in his turn, well served by Guadagni’s distinctive vocal talents.
Frailty and cardiovascular outcomes in the National Health and Aging Trends Study
Authors: Damluji Abdulla A , Chung Shang-En , Xue Qian-Li , Hasan Rani K , Moscucci Mauro , Forman Daniel E , Bandeen-Roche Karen , Batchelor Wayne , Walston Jeremy D , Resar Jon R , Gerstenblith Gary 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Aims
Physical frailty is a commonly encountered geriatric syndrome among older adults without coronary heart disease (CHD). The impact of frailty on the incidence of long-term cardiovascular outcomes is not known.We aimed to evaluate the long-term association of frailty, measured by the Fried frailty phenotype, with all-cause-mortality and MACE among older adults without a history of CHD at baseline in the National Health and Aging Trends Study.

Methods and Results
We used the National Health and Aging Trends Study, a prospective cohort study linked to a Medicare sample. Participants with a prior history of CHD were excluded. Frailty was measured during the baseline visit using the Fried physical frailty phenotype. Cardiovascular outcomes were assessed during a 6-year follow-up.
Of the 4656 study participants, 3259 (70%) had no history of CHD 1 year prior to their baseline visit. Compared to those without frailty, subjects with frailty were older (mean age 82.1 vs. 75.1 years, P &lt; 0.001), more likely to be female (68.3% vs. 54.9%, P &lt; 0.001), and belong to an ethnic minority. The prevalence of hypertension, falls, disability, anxiety/depression, and multimorbidity was much higher in the frail and pre-frail than the non-frail participants. In a Cox time-to-event multivariable model and during 6-year follow-up, the incidences of death and of each individual cardiovascular outcomes were all significantly higher in the frail than in the non-frail patients including major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) [hazard ratio (HR) 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53, 2.06], death (HR 2.70, 95% CI 2.16, 3.38), acute myocardial infarction (HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.31, 2.90), stroke (HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.34, 2.17), peripheral vascular disease (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.44, 2.27), and coronary artery disease (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.11, 1.65).

Conclusion
In patients without CHD, frailty is a risk factor for the development of MACEs. Efforts to identify frailty in patients without CHD and interventions to limit or reverse frailty status are needed and, if successful, may limit subsequent adverse cardiovascular events.