bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiesel Production from Castor oil in the Presence of Lipase/ Functionalized Mesoporous SBA-15
Authors: Davoodimehr Arash , Nematian Tahereh , shakeri alireza , Ghaemi Nasser 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
BackgroundEnzyme immobilization is efficient tool to reduce enzymatic processes cost and improve catalyst stability. The enzymatic catalytic transesterification reaction of castor oil was studied for the production of biodiesel. In this research, castor seeds oil was extracted and used along with methanol as substrates for enzymatic transesterification reaction. Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) immobilized on calcium alginate (Ca-Alg) and mesoporous SBA-15 supports identified, and its potential was investigated for used as the reaction catalyst.ResultsThe mesoporous SBA-15 supports with a high specific surface area (519.25 m2/g) and the pore diameter (83.2 Å) was suitable for immobilization of the PPL with 4.6⨯2.6⨯1.1 nm3 dimensions. The effect of temperature, biocatalyst concentration, methanol/oil molar ratio and water content on biodiesel conversion were investigated in presents of PPL immobilized on mesoporous SBA-15-OH-NH2-GA. The biodiesel conversion in the presence of PPL immobilized on SBA-15-OH-NH2-GA and Ca-Alg was calculated 88.6% and 77.65% in optimal conditions respectively. Conclusions The result indicate that castor plant has a very high potential for use in the future of the biodiesel industry as a substrate for transesterification reaction. The biodiesel production efficiency is higher when the PPL is immobilized on the SBA-15-OH-NH2-GA toward than conditions that immobilized on the Ca-Alg.
Predictors of the Demand for Dental Appointments in Primary Health Care: A National Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Melo Estêvão Azevedo , Probst Livia Fernandes , Guerra Luciane Miranda , Tagliaferro Elaine Pereira Silva , De-Carli Alessandro Diogo , Pereira Antonio Carlos 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background

Aiming to reverse the current impact of oral diseases, which are among the most prevalent diseases worldwide, it is necessary that public dental services act in an integrated manner within the Health System, particularly with the primary care services. However, even inside availability scenarios in health care, the use of dental services is determined by complex phenomena related to the individual, the environment and practices in which care is offered. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the predictors of the demand for dental care in Primary Health Care Units (PHC) with Oral Health Teams (OHTs).
Methods

The present is a cross-sectional analytical study that used data from the external assessment of the third cycle of the National Program for Improving Access and Quality in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB, Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica), carried out between 2017 and 2018, in Brazil. The final sample consisted of 85,231 patients and 22,475 Oral Health teams (OHTs). The outcome variable was the fact that the user requested a dental appointment at the Health Unit. A multilevel analysis was carried out to verify the association between individual variables (related to users) and contextual variables (related to the OHTs) in relation to the outcome.
Results

In the final model, of the variables at the individual level, the patient's age over 43 years (OR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.96–2.10) was the one that had the greatest effect on the outcome. In turn, among the contextual variables related to the teams, the ones with the greatest effect on the outcome were 'oral health teams that assisted no more than a single family health team' (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.23–1.36) or 'those in which the dental form constitutes the user's medical record' (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.15–1.26) were predictors of the demand for a dental appointment in Primary Health Care.
Conclusion

It can be concluded that individual and contextual issues interfere in the demand for dental care. Oral health planning must consider an active search for patients with profiles that do not favor the spontaneous demand for oral health care, such as being older, male gender and non-white ethnicity. It is also concluded that the oral health teams that worked in line with the Brasil Sorridente guidelines are the teams most often sought after by the users.
Characterization of Priming, Induced Resistance, and Tolerance to Spodoptera Frugiperda by Silicon Fertilization in Maize Genotypes
Authors: Sousa Amanda Cristina Guimarães , de Souza Bruno Henrique Sardinha , Marchiori Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro , Bôas Lissa Vasconcellos Vilas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is considered the main defoliating insect pest of maize in many countries. Silicon (Si) applied to plants has been shown to increase the resistance to insects, especially in grasses such as maize. This study characterized the effects of Si fertilization regarding priming, induced resistance, and tolerance to FAW in a landrace variety and hybrid of maize. Si was applied in soil of potted-plants as H4SiO4 at 2 t ha− 1 when maize plants were at V2 stage, and when they reached V3 two FAW neonates were infested in the plants whorls. Plants at V4 were reinfested with a 4th-instar larva that was kept feeding until V5 stage. Concentrations of H2O2 and malondialdehyde were used as proxies of injury and oxidative stress, and activities of antioxidant enzymes were related to Si-induced responses on plants growth, and FAW injury and performance. As main results, there was reduced FAW injury and larval weight gain in Si-treated plants subjected to herbivory. Greater root dry mass was observed in the landrace variety with Si and without herbivory. Landrace plants showed higher shoot weights than the hybrid under FAW infestation. Si-fertilized plants showed higher H2O2 concentrations. The highest peroxidase activities occurred in Si-treated plants without herbivory, and the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were highest in Si-treated plants without herbivory or herbivory-injured plants without Si. These results are important for characterizing the Si-induced defense effects in maize to FAW, which can benefit the strategic use of Si in integrated pest management.
CSF PGRN May be Associated With Postoperative Delirium After Knee Replacement in Elderly Patients: A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study in the PNDABLE Study
Authors: Wang Bin , Lin Xu , Sun XiuJie , Liu Fang hao , Tao He , Deng XIYuan , Lin Yanan , Dong Rui , Bi Yanlin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) represents a serious complication following anesthesia and surgical procedures for patients undergoing surgical intervention. At present, there is no effective index to predict the occurrence of POD ,so the aim of this study was to validate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PGRN could predict the occurrence of POD.Methods: We conducted a prospective nested case-control and 1:1 matched (on age, diagnosis, American Society of Anesthesiologist’ (ASA) physical status, duration of surgery, and intraoperative blood loss) study. A total of 600 Han Chinese patients over the age of 65~ 90 who underwent unilateral total knee arthroplasty were included in the PNDABLE study from June 2020 to November 2020. POD cases and non-POD controls were selected from using Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) on the first, second, third and seventh (or before discharge) postoperative days. Delirium severity was measured by the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS). In the six month, cognitive function was assessed with the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life brief version (WHOQOLBREF). CSF PGRN and core biomarkers were measured by ELISA using the microplate reader. The associations of CSF PGRN levels with POD risk and CSF core biomarkers (Aβ1–42, Aβ1–40 ,T-tau and P-tau)were assessed. The effect of CSF PGRN on predicting POD occurrence was evaluated with the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC).Results: POD incidence was 9.7% (53/545). There were significant differences in preoperative CSF PGRN concentration between POD patients and non-POD (P<0.001), and CSF PGRN levels decreased with age, as demonstrated by a significantly negative correlation. CSF PGRN levels decrease with CAM scores and MDAS scores, as demonstrated by significantly negative correlations(r=-0.692, P=0.001; r=-0.435, P=0.001). There were positive associations of CSF PGRN with Aβ1–42 (β = 0.756, P < 0.001) , Aβ1–40 (β =0.637, P < 0.001) and negative associations of CSF PGRN with T-tau (β = -0.716, P < 0.001) and P-tau (β = -0.739, P < 0.001) in POD patients. The ROC curve analysis of PGRN showed that PGRN concentrations had high diagnostic value for POD.Conclusions: Aβ pathology is associated with increasing in CSF PGRN whereas Tau pathology and neurodegeneration is associated with decreasing in CSF PGRN in POD patients.CSF PGRN can predict the occurrence of POD in elderly patients．Clinical Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier ChiCTR2000033439.
Modulation of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Attenuates Microvascular Hyperpermeability in Ovine Model of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Sepsis
Authors: Fukuda Satoshi , Niimi Yosuke , Hirasawa Yasutaka , Manyeza Ennert R. , Garner C. Edwin , Southan Garry , Salzman Andrew L. , Prough Donald S. , Enkhbaatar Perenlei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Sepsis is one of the most frequent causes of death in the ICU, and microvascular hyperpermeability caused by oxidative/nitrosative stress plays an important role in tissue edema leading to multi-organ dysfunctions and increased mortality. This study tested the efficacy of a novel compound R-107, a modulator of oxidative/nitrosative stress, in an ovine model of sepsis. We hypothesized that R-107 effectively ameliorates the severity of microvascular hyperpermeability and preserves multi-organ function.Methods: Sepsis was induced in twenty-two adult female Merino sheep by intravenous infusion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1x1010 CFUs) for 60 minutes. After injury, animals were allocated into the following groups: 1) Control: intramuscular injection (IM) of saline, n=13; and 2) Treatment: IM of 50 mg/kg R-107, n=9. The IM treatment was given after the completion of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa injection. Animals were placed on a mechanical ventilator, fluid resuscitated, and monitored for 24 hours in a conscious state. Results: R-107 treatment attenuated 24-hour mortality (11 vs. 30%). R-107 significantly reduced fluid requirement (15 – 24 hours, p<0.05), net fluid balance (9 – 24 hours, p<0.05), and water content in lung, heart, and kidney (p=0.02, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively) compared to control. R-107 treatment significantly delayed the onset of positive qSOFA (3.3 vs. 6.8 hours, p=0.04), and significantly decreased lung injury score and modified sheep SOFA score at 24 hours (p=0.01 and 0.04). The R-107 treatment group had significantly lower arterial lactate (21 – 24 hours, p<0.05), shed syndecan-1 (3 – 6 hours, p<0.05), and interleukin-6 (6 – 12 hours, p<0.05) levels in plasma, and significantly attenuated lung tissue 3-nitrotyrosine and vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression (p=0.03 and 0.002) compared to control. There was no adverse effect observed during R-107 treatment.Conclusions: Modulation of oxidative/nitrosative stress by R-107 reduced lung tissue vascular endothelial growth factor-A, plasma shed syndecan-1, and interleukin-6 and attenuated severe microvascular hyperpermeability resulting in improved multi-organ function and survival in Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis.
The consequences of inaction on carbon dioxide removal
Authors: Galán-Martín Ángel , Vázquez Daniel , Cobo Selene , Dowell Niall Mac , Caballero José , Gosalbez Gonzalo Guillen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be essential to meet the climate targets, so enabling its deployment at the right time will be decisive. Here, we investigate the still poorly understood implications of delaying CDR actions, focusing on integrating direct air capture and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (DACCS and BECCS) into the European Union power mix. Under an indicative target of − 50 Gt of net CO2 by 2100, delayed CDR would cost an extra of 0.12 − 0.19 trillion EUR per year of inaction. Moreover, postponing CDR beyond mid-century would substantially reduce the removal potential to almost half (− 35.60 Gt CO2) due to the underused biomass and land resources and the maximum technology diffusion speed. The effective design of BECCS and DACCS systems calls for long-term planning starting from now and aligned with the evolving power systems. Our quantitative analysis of the consequences of inaction on CDR —with climate targets at risk and fair CDR contributions at stake —should help to break the current impasse and incentivize early actions worldwide.
Enhanced Sunlight Photocatalytic Activity and Biosafety of Marine-Driven Synthesized Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: A Future prospect
Authors: Safat Somayeh , Buazar Foad , Matroodi Soheila , Albukhaty Salim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This contribution presents the biosynthesis, physiochemical properties, and biological activity of biogenic CeO2 NPs using, for the first time, marine oyster extract as an effective and rich source of bioreducing and capping/stabilizing agents in a one-pot recipe. CeO2 NPs formation was initially confirmed through the color change from light green to pale yellow and subsequently, their corresponding absorption peak was spectroscopically observed at 310 nm with an optical band-gap of 4.67 eV using the DR-UV technique. Further, XRD and Raman analyses indicated that nanoceria possessed face-centered cubic arrangements without any impurities, having an average crystallite size of 10 nm. TEM and histogram results revealed that biogenic CeO2 NPs was approximately spherical in shape with a median particle size of 15±1 nm. The presence of various bioorganic substances on the surface of nanoparticles was deduced by FTIR and TGA results. It is found that marine-based nanoceria shows no cytotoxic effect on the cell, thus indicating their enhanced biocompatibility and biosafety to living organisms. In contrast, nanoceria demonstrated as an effective bactericidal agent toward pathogens. Visible light-activated CeO2 nanocatalyst revealed rapid photodegradation of methylene blue. Owing to simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly nature, this novel marine biosynthetic route paves the way for prospective applications of nanoparticles in various areas of bioscience.
Configuration of Flowsheet and Reagent Dosage for Gilsonite Flotation Towards the Ultra-Low-Ash Concentrate
Authors: Bahrami Ataallah , Kazemi Fatemeh , Mirmohammadi Mirsaleh , Ghorbani Yousef , Farajzadeh Saghar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Gilsonite is a natural occurrence of bitumen and consists of a complex structure of organic compounds. Gilsonite has a wide variety of applications in the industry, including the manufacture of electrodes, paints and resins, as well as the production of asphalt and roof-waterproofing material. Ash content of gilsonite is a determining parameter for its application in some industries (e.g., ash content <5% as an additive in drilling fluids, Resins). In this study, a process mineralogy approach used in order to design an optimal flotation circuit for the production of gilsonite concentrate with ultra-low ash content (<5%) from gilsonite ore with an average ash content of 15%. According to mineralogical studies, carbonates and clay minerals are the main associated impurities (more than 90 vol.%). Furthermore, sulfur was observed in two forms of mineral (pyrite and marcasite) and organic in the structure of gilsonite. Most of these impurities are interlocked with gilsonite in size fractions smaller than 105 µm. In addition, the size of +105 µm to 420 µm has a higher pure gilsonite (approximately 90%) than other size fractions. The effect of different reagent regime on the production of low ash content concentration in gilsonite flotation are investigated. Based on the results, 400 g/ton of kerosene collector led to the production of a concentrate with the lowest amount of ash (6.36%) in the rougher stage. In addition, the highest amount of recovery (80.83%) were obtained in gilsonite flotation with kerosene collector. The use of depressants in the rougher stage increased the gilsonite recovery by 3.5% and slightly reduced the ash content (less than 0.20%) of gilsonite concentrate. In general, gilsonite flotation with 400 g/ton kerosene collector, 100 g/ton from a mixture of sodium silicate, tannic acid, sulfuric acid and sodium cyanide depressants, and the use of 100 g/ton MIBC resulted in the production of a concentrate with the lowest amount of ash (6.36%) in the rougher flotation stage. Cleaner and recleaner flotation for the rougher flotation concentrate resulted in a product with an ash content of 4.89% and recovery of 86.75%. Due to the interlocking of gilsonite with impurities in size fractions smaller than 105 µm, it is better to re-grinding the concentrate of rougher stage then flotation done in the cleaner and recleaner stages. Finally, flowsheet has been proposed to produce gilsonite with the least ash.
Assessing Health System Factors Affecting Access and Delivery of IPTp-SP and ITN to Pregnant Women Attending ANC Clinics in Ghana-A Quantitative Study
Authors: De-Gaulle Virtue Fiawokome , Magnussen Pascal , Kamgno Joseph , Mbacham Wilfred , Orish Verner Ndudiri , Tagbor Harry 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Malaria interventions including use of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine as Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp-SP) and distribution of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) have been implemented through ante-natal clinic (ANC) services in Ghana. Yet, the high ANC attendance is not commensurate with the uptake of these interventions, with missed opportunities to deliver the interventions. This study sought to assess the health system factors affecting access and delivery of IPTp-SP and ITN as defined by the Ghana Malaria Policy Guideline to eligible pregnant women attending ANC clinic sessions.Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Volta Region of Ghana, with data collected across three levels of health care delivery facilities, including hospitals, health centres and Community-Based Health Planning Service (CHPS) compounds. Data collection included structured observation checklists to document the communication and interaction between the ANC health staff and pregnant women. Additionally, structured questionnaires were used to elicit information on cadre, trainings attended, knowledge and delivery practices of health workers on IPTp-SP and ITN. Stata 16 was used for data analysis, and a defined delivery algorithm was used to compute appropriate and inappropriate delivery practices, using the Ghana policy directive as a guide. Predictors of appropriate delivery were determined using logistic regression analysis. Results: Approximately 97% of the 680 ANC observations had complete information for analysis. Of these, 78% (511) were eligible for IPTp-SP after excluding women who have less than 16 weeks of gestation, G6PD deficient, malaria positive and have taken 5 doses of IPTp-SP prior to day of observation. Appropriate delivery of IPTp-SP was 76% (390). Despite the availability of SP, 15% (75) of all eligible women were not offered the medication and 37% (44) of inappropriate delivery was due to stock out. ITNs were appropriately delivered to 59% (139) out of 237 eligible women. Thirty-two percent (77) of eligible women, mostly continuing ANC clients, were not given ITN despite stock availability. Conclusions: IPTp-SP was appropriately delivered to 76% of clients as compared to 59% in the case of ITN. Despite stock availability, IPTp-SP and ITN were not delivered to some eligible women. This highlights health worker related factors influencing delivery.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Rotating Spatial Closures for Managing Fisheries
Authors: Chen Renfei , Hastings Alan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Marine reserves are becoming an increasingly important tool in fisheries management. Particularly for species with relatively sedentary adults, the basic approach taken is to permanently close areas to fishing which allows species to recover inside the reserve and export larvae outside the reserve which eventually can be harvested. Two key issues are insuring the movement of larvae outside the reserve to support fisheries and the sociological and economic impact of permanent closures. An alternative approach that deals with these issues is rotating spatial closures which have been implemented for some fisheries. What has been missing is a general analysis of the relative impact of permanent closures versus rotating closures on fisheries yield that could be used to provide general principles to guide management. Using a simplified model with clear assumptions, we show that the approach that provides a higher yield depends on both dispersal and the fraction of the coastline in marine reserves. With high larval retention and small rotational fraction rotating closures are superior and the optimal rate of rotation cannot be too slow or too fast. These results provide quantitative guidelines in cases where decisions must be made in the face of limited data as well as providing a framework for more detailed analyses in cases where more data is available.
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Guided Pleural Biopsy Improves Diagnostic Confidence in Multidisciplinary Diagnosis of Pleural Lesions: A 3-year Prospective Study
Authors: Sun Wenwen , Zhou Yiming , Yang Cong , Dong Zhengwei , Zhang ZheMin , Wang Yin , Fan Lin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and safety of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) guided biopsy in the diagnosis of pleural lesions.Method: A prospective study was conducted on patients with undiagnosed pleural lesions. Patients who met the inclusion criteria received pleural biopsy guided by CEUS to obtain specimens, followed by histomathological and etiological examinations. After treatment and follow-up, surgical thoracoscopy was performed for cases of undefinite diagnosis.Result: A total of 460 patients were finally included. CEUS showed internal necrosis in 72.17% cases and peripheral obvious vessels 55.43% cases , both of which were significantly higher than the conventional ultrasound imaged (P 0.00). The diagnostic accuracy through CEUS guided biopsy sampling was 98.91% (455/460). The etiological diagnostic yield achieved 88.82% (278/313) in infectious lesions. In 330 cases combined pleural effusion, CEUS guided biopsy increased the diagnostic yield from 60.30 % (199 /330 ) to 98.36 % (325 /330) in all cases (P 0.00）, from 15.56 % (14/90) to 94.44% (85/90) in malignant lesions ( P 0.00）and from 77.08 %（185/240）to 100%（240/240, P 0.00) in infectious lesions. No serious adverse events occurred. Conclusion: CEUS guided biopsy provides a minimally invasive、 effective and safe diagnostic biopsy method for pleural lesions.Clinical Trials Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000029749 ( ChiCTR, www.chictr.org.cn )