bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinematics of whip spider pedipalps: a 3D comparative morpho‐functional approach
Authors: SCHMIDT Michel , MELZER Roland R. , BICKNELL Russell D. C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAmblypygi are tropical and subtropical ambush predators that use elongated, raptorial pedipalps for different activities. Although pedipalp use in predation and courtship has been explored in videographyin vivoanalyses, kinematicex vivoexamination of these appendages has not been conducted. Here, we rectify this lack of data by using micro‐CT scans to 3D‐kinematically model the appendage morphology and the range of motion (ROM) of the joints forDamon mediusandHeterophrynus elaphus. We illustrate the successful application of this technique to terrestrial euarthropods in determining the maximum ROM values for each pedipalp joint. We also note that, in life, these values would be lower due to motion restricting structures like tendons, arthrodial membranes, and muscles. We further compare our maximum values obtained here with data from video‐based motion analyses. The ROM of each joint shows the greatest flexibility in the femur‐tibia joint (140–150°), the lowest in the basitarsus‐claw joint (35–40°). ROM in the tibia‐basitarsus joint is markedly distinct (D. medius: 44°;H. elaphus: 105°). This disparity reflects howH. elaphususes the joint in the capture basket, whileD. mediususes the femur‐tibia joint to form the capture basket. We further illustrate notable vertical motion of theH. elaphuspedipalp compared toD. medius. This difference reflects the retro‐ventral trochanter apophysis ofH. elaphus. Our study opens the possibility to further whip spider kinematic understanding. Examination of other taxa using this approach will result in a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological significance and ethological implications of this unique arachnid group.
Bridging the gap between microbial limits and extremes in space: space microbial biotechnology in the next 15 years
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryThe establishment of a permanent human settlement in space is one of humanity’s ambitions. To achieve this, microorganisms will be used to carry out many functions such as recycling, food and pharmaceutical production, mining and other processes. However, the physical and chemical extremes in all locations beyond Earth exceed known growth limits of microbial life. Making microbes more tolerant of a greater range of extraterrestrial extremes will not produce organisms that can grow in unmodified extraterrestrial environments since in many of them not even liquid water can exist. However, by narrowing the gap, the engineering demands on bioindustrial processes can be reduced and greater robustness can be incorporated into the biological component. I identify and describe these required microbial biotechnological modifications and speculate on long‐term possibilities such as microbial biotechnology on Saturn’s moon Titan to support a human presence in the outer Solar System and bioprocessing of asteroids. A challenge for space microbial biotechnology in the coming decades is to narrow the microbial gap by systemically identifying the genes required to do this and incorporating them into microbial systems that can be used to carry out bioindustrial processes of interest.
Effects of within‐ and between‐person assessments of alcohol expectancies and valuations on use and consequences moderated by sex
Authors: Schultz Nicole R. , Graupensperger Scott , Lostutter Ty W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlcohol expectancies (AE; beliefs about the likelihood of outcomes) and valuations (beliefs about the desirability of outcomes) may help explain alcohol use by young adults. However, it remains unclear how variability in AE and valuations over time are related to alcohol‐related outcomes, and whether these associations are moderated by sex. The current study addressed these gaps in knowledge by examining within‐person variability among positive and negative AEs, valuations, and alcohol‐related outcomes over a 12‐month period.MethodsData were collected from 433 college students (Mage = 20.06; 59.81% women) who completed surveys at 4 timepoints: at baseline and 3‐month, 6‐month, and 12‐month follow‐up.ResultsWe found substantial within‐person variability in both AE and valuations (intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 50% to 66%), and differences in variability by sex, with women showing more variability than men. Multilevel models revealed that weekly drinking was significantly higher at timepoints in which participants held relatively greater AE for sociability, sexuality, and risk/aggression, but lower when participants expected greater effects on self‐perception. Weekly drinking was also higher when participants reported more favorable valuation of risk/aggression. Participants experienced significantly more negative consequences at timepoints in which they held relatively greater AE for sexuality and self‐perception. No AEs were associated with a reduced likelihood of negative consequences. Participants experienced more negative consequences at timepoints in which they reported more favorable valuation of self‐perception No valuations were associated with fewer consequences. Several between‐ and within‐person associations were moderated by sex.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that AE and valuations are dynamic, that young adults’ beliefs about the effects of alcohol varied over time, and that both negative and positive AE and valuations may be important correlates of alcohol use and consequences. These findings have implications for interventions designed to challenge expectancies and valuations with the goal of reducing alcohol use and associated consequences.
Prevalence of problematic Internet use and its association with quality of life among undergraduate nursing students in the later stage of COVID‐19 pandemic era in China
Authors: Cai Hong , Xi Hai‐Tao , Zhu Qianqian , Wang Zhiwen , Han Lin , Liu Shuo , Bai Wei , Zhao Yan‐Jie , Chen Li , Ge Zong‐Mei , Ji Mengmeng , Zhang Hongyan , Yang Bing Xiang , Chen Pan , Cheung Teris , Ungvari Gabor S. , An Fengrong , Xiang Yu‐Tao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe prevalence of problematic Internet use (PIU) in the post‐COVID‐19 pandemic era is not known. This cross‐sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of PIU among baccalaureate nursing students (hereafter: nursing students) in the post‐COVID‐19 era.MethodsA total of 1070 nursing students were consecutively invited to participate in this study from the nursing schools of five universities. PIU and quality of life (QOL) were assessed using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Version (WHOQOL‐BREF), respectively. t Tests, χ2, tests, and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to compare basic demographic and clinical characteristics between participants with and without PIU. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine independent correlates.ResultsThe prevalence of PIU was 23.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.7%–25.8%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that second‐ (p = .024) and third‐year (p = .012) students were more likely to suffer from PIU compared with first year students. Students with more severe depressive (p = .014) and anxiety symptoms (p = .011) were independently and significantly associated with more severe PIU. After controlling for covariates, nursing students with PIU had a lower overall QOL score (p = .002).Conclusion and Scientific SignificanceProblematic Internet use (PIU) was common among nursing students in the post‐COVID‐19 era. Considering the negative impact of PIU on QOL and academic performance, regular screening should be conducted and effective interventions implemented for nursing students with PIU. This was the first study on the prevalence of PIU among nursing students in the post‐COVID‐19 era. The findings of this study could help health professionals and education authorities to understand the patterns of PIU and its influence on QOL among nursing students and to allocate health resources and develop effective measures to reduce the risk of PIU in this population.
Age and signal strength‐related changes in vessel density in the choroid and the retina: an OCT angiography study of the macula and optic disc
Authors: Dastiridou Anna , Kassos Ioannis , Samouilidou Maria , Koutali Despoina , Mataftsi Asimina , Androudi Sofia , Ziakas Nikolaos 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effects of ageing and signal strength index (SSI) on vessel density (VD) measurements of the radial peripapillary capillaries (RPC) in the optic disc, the retinal superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexi and the choriocapillaris (CC) of the macular area using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT‐A) imaging.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 138 eyes from 77 healthy participants. High‐definition (HD) disc Angio scan (4.5X4.5 mm) and HD Angio retina scan (6X6 mm) were acquired. Whole image (WI) VDs, inside disc (ID) VD and global and hemifield peripapillary RPC VDs were evaluated from the Angio Disc scans. Global and hemifield VD for the SCP, DCP and CC slab in the macula area were also recorded across different age groups.ResultsMean age was 48.2 ± 15.0 years (range 25‐82 years). Signal strength index (SSI) was 71.6 ± 7.6 in the macula and 74.6 ± 9.2 in the disc OCT‐A image. VD for both SCP and DCP decreased by 0.084% and 0.188%/year (both p < 0.001). WI VD and ID VD also decreased by 0.037%/year (p = 0.005) and 0.092%/year (p < 0.001). Peripapillary RPC VD did not change with age or SSI. The effect of SSI was significant in SCP, DCP, WI RPC, ID RPC and CC VD. In the generalized estimating equation model testing for both SSI and age, SSI remained significant against SCP, DCP and ID RPC.ConclusionWith ageing, a decrease in VD in the SCP, DCP, WI and ID RPC, as well as in SSI, is seen. SSI and age are associated with VD changes, but only SSI is the significant variable that explains the variation in the retina microvasculature in the macula and the optic disc in multivariate analysis. In the CC, a larger SSI was associated with a lower VD. These findings underscore the importance of controlling for SSI in future studies using OCT‐A.
Substantial long‐term loss of alpha and gamma diversity of lake invertebrates in a landscape exposed to a drying climate
Authors: Atkinson S. T. , Cale D. , Pinder A. , Chambers J. M. , Halse S. A. , Robson Belinda J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMany regions across the globe are shifting to more arid climates. For shallow lakes, decreasing rainfall volume and timing, changing regional wind patterns and increased evaporation rates alter water regimes so that dry periods occur more frequently and for longer. Drier conditions may affect fauna directly and indirectly through altered physicochemical conditions in lakes. Although many studies have predicted negative effects of such changes on aquatic biodiversity, empirical studies demonstrating these effects are rare. Global warming has caused severe climatic drying in southwestern Australia since the 1970s, so we aimed to determine whether lakes in this region showed impacts on lake hydroperiod, water quality, and α, β and γ diversity of lake invertebrates from 1998 to 2011. Seventeen lakes across a range of salinities were sampled biennially in spring in the Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions of Western Australia. Multivariate analyses were used to identify changes in α, β and γ diversity and examine patterns in physicochemical data. Salinity and average rainfall partially explained patterns in invertebrate richness and assemblage composition. Climatic drying was associated with significant declines in lake depth, increased frequency of dry periods, and reduced α and γ diversity (γ declined from ~300 to ~100 taxa from 1998 to 2011 in the 17 wetlands). In contrast, β diversity remained consistently high, because each lake retained a distinct fauna. Mean α diversity per‐lake declined both in lakes that dried and lakes that did not dry out, but lakes which retained a greater proportion of their maximum depth retained more α diversity. Accumulated losses in α diversity caused the decline in γ diversity likely through shrinking habitat area, fewer stepping stones for dispersal and loss of specific habitat types. Biodiversity loss is thus likely from lakes in drying regions globally. Management actions will need to sustain water depth in lakes to prevent biodiversity loss.
Identification ofksg1mutation showing long‐lived phenotype in fission yeast
Authors: Matsui Kotaro , Okamoto Keisuke , Hasegawa Tomoka , Ohtsuka Hokuto , Shimasaki Takafumi , Ihara Kunio , Goto Yuhei , Aoki Kazuhiro , Aiba Hirofumi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFission yeast is a good model organism for the study of lifespan. To elucidate the mechanism, we screened for long‐lived mutants. We found a nonsense mutation in theksg1+gene, which encodes an ortholog of mammalian PDK1 (phosphoinositide‐dependent protein kinase). The mutation was in the PH domain of Ksg1 and caused defect in membrane localization and protein stability. Analysis of theksg1mutant revealed that the reduced amounts and/or activity of the Ksg1 protein are responsible for the increased lifespan. Ksg1 is essential for growth and known to phosphorylate multiple substrates, but the substrate responsible for the long‐lived phenotype ofksg1mutation is not yet known. Genetic analysis showed that deletion ofpck2suppressed the long‐lived phenotype ofksg1mutant, suggesting that Pck2 might be involved in the lifespan extension caused byksg1mutation.
Effect of red wine or its polyphenols on induced apical periodontitis in rats
Authors: Dal‐Fabbro Renan , Cosme‐Silva Leopoldo , Rezende Silva Martins de Oliveira Fernanda , Capalbo Letícia Cabrera , Plazza Flávia Alfredo , Ervolino Edilson , Cintra Luciano Tavares Angelo , Gomes‐Filho João Eduardo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of red wine consumption or its polyphenols on the inflammation/resorption processes associated with apical periodontitis in rats.MethodologyThirty‐two three‐month‐old Wistar rats had apical periodontitis induced in four first molars and were then arranged into four groups: control (C)—rats with apical periodontitis; wine (W)—rats with apical periodontitis receiving 4.28 ml/kg of red wine; resveratrol+quercetin (R+Q)—rats with apical periodontitis receiving 4.28 ml/kg of a solution containing 1.00 mg/L of quercetin and 0.86 mg/L of resveratrol and alcohol (ALC)—rats with apical periodontitis receiving the alcoholic dose contained in the wine. The oral gavage treatments were administered daily, from day 0 to day 45. On the 15th day, apical periodontitis was induced, and on the 45th day, the animals were euthanized. Histological, immunohistochemical (RANKL, OPG, TRAP, IL‐10, TNF‐⍺ and IL‐1β) and micro‐computed tomography for bone resorption analysis were performed in the jaws. The Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's test was performed for nonparametric data, and the anova with Tukey's test for parametric data, p < .05.ResultsThe median score of the inflammatory process was significantly lower in the R+Q group (1) compared to the C (2) (p = .0305) and ALC (3) (p = .0003) groups, and not different from the W (1.5) group. The immunolabeling for OPG was significantly higher in the R+Q group (p = .0054) compared to all groups; the same was observed for IL‐10 (p = .0185), different from groups C and ALC. The R+Q group had the lowest TRAP cell count (p < .0001), followed by the W group, both inferior to C and ALC groups. The lowest bone resorption value was in the R+Q group (0.50mm3 ± 0.21mm3), significantly lower (p = .0292) than the C group (0.88mm3 ± 0.10mm3). The W group (0.60 mm3 ± 0.25 mm3) and R+Q group had less bone resorption compared to the ALC group (0.97 mm3 ± 0.22 mm3), p = .0297 and p = .0042, respectively.ConclusionRed wine administration to rats for 15 days before induction of apical periodontitis decreased inflammation, TRAP marking and periapical bone resorption compared to alcohol. Resveratrol‐quercetin administration reduced the inflammatory process in apical periodontitis, periapical bone resorption, and altered the OPG, IL‐10 and TRAP expression compared to C and ALC groups.
Laser pyrolyzed organosilazane‐based Al/ZrO2 composite coating on stainless steel: Resulting microstructure and mechanical properties
Authors: Horcher Alexander , Tangermann‐Gerk Katja , Krenkel Walter , Schmidt Michael , Bordia Rajendra K. , Motz Günter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractProtective ceramic‐based coatings are frequently the most suitable solutions for problems like corrosion and wear. It has been shown that the precursor technology is suitable for the preparation of ceramic coatings by pyrolysis in a furnace. However, the required high temperature for the preparation of the ceramic coatings limits this approach to high temperature‐resistant substrates. A very innovative approach to overcome this restriction is the use of laser radiation as a thermal source for the pyrolysis of the preceramic polymer. In this paper, we report on a coating system, for steel substrates, consisting of a polysilazane (Durazane 2250) bond coat and a hard and dense top‐coat composed of an organosilazane (Durazane 1800) with tetragonal ZrO2 particles and aluminum flakes as fillers pyrolyzed using Nd:YVO4 laser. The aluminum fillers led to a significant increase in absorption of the laser energy leading to the formation of a dense coating with a thickness up to 20 μm and a mainly cellular/columnar‐dendritic microstructure. The microstructure, mechanical, and tribological behaviors of these composite coatings are reported and compared to those of laser pyrolyzed glass/ZrO2‐filled polysilazane‐based coatings reported in the literature.
Impact of coinfection status and comorbidity on disease severity in adult emergency department patients with influenza B
Authors: Zapf Alexander J. , Hardick Justin , McBryde Breana , Sauer Lauren M. , Fenstermacher Katherine Z. J. , Ricketts Erin P. , Lin Yi‐Chin , Chen Kuan‐Fu , Hsieh Yu‐Hsiang , Dugas Andrea , Shaw‐Saliba Kathryn , Pekosz Andrew , Gaydos Charlotte A. , Rothman Richard E. ,   Emergency Department National Network Influenza Investigators
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundInfluenza B accounts for approximately one fourth of the seasonal influenza burden. However, research on the importance of influenza B has received less attention compared to influenza A. We sought to describe the association of both coinfections and comorbidities with disease severity among adults presenting to emergency departments (ED) with influenza B.MethodsNasopharyngeal samples from patients found to be influenza B positive in four US and three Taiwanese ED over four consecutive influenza seasons (2014–2018) were tested for coinfections with the ePlex RP RUO panel. Multivariable logistic regressions were fitted to model adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for two severity outcomes separately: hospitalization and pneumonia diagnosis. Adjusting for demographic factors, underlying health conditions, and the National Early Warning Score (NEWS), we estimated the association of upper respiratory coinfections and comorbidity with disease severity (including hospitalization or pneumonia).ResultsAmongst all influenza B positive individuals (n = 446), presence of another upper respiratory pathogen was associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization (aOR = 2.99 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.14–7.85, p = 0.026]) and pneumonia (aOR = 2.27 [95% CI: 1.25–4.09, p = 0.007]). Chronic lung diseases (CLD) were the strongest predictor for hospitalization (aOR = 3.43 [95% CI: 2.98–3.95, p < 0.001]), but not for pneumonia (aOR = 1.73 [95% CI: 0.80–3.78, p = 0.166]).ConclusionAmongst ED patients infected with influenza B, the presence of other upper respiratory pathogens was independently associated with both hospitalization and pneumonia; presence of CLD was also associated with hospitalization. These findings may be informative for ED clinician's in managing patients infected with influenza B.
Fabrication of dense SiSiC ceramics by a hybrid additive manufacturing process
Authors: Pelanconi Marco , Bianchi Giovanni , Colombo Paolo , Ortona Alberto 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this work, we report the fabrication of Silicon infiltrated Silicon Carbide (SiSiC) components by a hybrid additive manufacturing process. Selective laser sintering of polyamide powders was used to 3D print a polymeric preform with controlled relative density, which allows manufacturing geometrically complex parts with small features. Preceramic polymer infiltration with a silicon carbide precursor followed by pyrolysis (PIP) was used to convert the preform into an amorphous SiC ceramic, and five PIP cycles were performed to increase the relative density of the part. The final densification was achieved via liquid silicon infiltration (LSI) at 1500°C, obtaining a SiSiC ceramic component without change of size and shape distortion. The crystallization of the previously generated SiC phase, with associated volume change, allowed to fully infiltrate the part leading to an almost fully dense material consisting of β‐SiC and Si in the volume fraction of 45% and 55% respectively. The advantage of this approach is the possibility of manufacturing SiSiC ceramics directly from the preceramic precursor, without the need of adding ceramic powder to the infiltrating solution. This can be seen as an alternative AM approach to Binder jetting and direct ink writing for the production of templates to be further processed by silicon infiltration.
Relaxed selection on male mitochondrial genes in DUI bivalves eases the need for mitonuclear coevolution
Authors: Maeda Gerald P. , Iannello Mariangela , McConie Hunter J. , Ghiselli Fabrizio , Havird Justin C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMitonuclear coevolution is an important prerequisite for efficient energy production in eukaryotes. However, many bivalve taxa experience doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) and have sex‐specific mitochondrial (mt) genomes, providing a challenge for mitonuclear coevolution. We examined possible mechanisms to reconcile mitonuclear coevolution with DUI. No nuclear‐encoded, sex‐specific OXPHOS paralogs were found in the DUI clam Ruditapes philippinarum, refuting OXPHOS paralogy as a solution in this species. It is also unlikely that mt changes causing disruption of nuclear interactions are strongly selected against because sex‐specific mt‐residues or those under positive selection in M mt genes were not depleted for contacting nuclear‐encoded residues. However, M genomes showed consistently higher dN/dS ratios compared to putatively ancestral F genomes in all mt OXPHOS genes and across all DUI species. Further analyses indicated that this was consistently due to relaxed, not positive selection on M vs. F mt OXPHOS genes. Similarly, selection was relaxed on the F genome of DUI species compared to species with strict maternal inheritance. Coupled with recent physiological and molecular evolution studies, we suggest that relaxed selection on M mt function limits the need to maintain mitonuclear interactions in M genomes compared to F genomes. We discuss our findings with regard to OXPHOS function and the origin of DUI.