bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving an All-Aluminum Car Crashworthiness Using Numerical Simulations: The Ferrari F360 Modena Experience
Authors: Carcioffi Carlo , Gobetto Enrico , Puppini Roberto , Smeriglio Paolo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The new Ferrari F360 Modena features an innovative, all-aluminum made, body structure: sand-casting posts are connected by extruded components to realize an effective space-frame, which improves by 40% both the torsional and the bending stiffness of its steel predecessor.
Also the F360 crashworthiness took benefits by the use of aluminum extruded components: this material, indeed, features an energy absorption per mass unit capability double than steel, allowing lower deformation spaces without increasing sections.
By the way, the crashworthiness of an all-aluminum body can be affected by the presence of heat affected zone due to MIG continuous welding: the loss of mechanical characteristics of the parent metal is function of various parameters.
The present work, conducted with the expertise of Fiat Research Center - Vehicle Department, would describe how the structural behavior of an aluminum body can be simulated in numerical crash tests, based on finite element models.
The present methodology has been applied to simulate frontal and side crash according to current European Safety Standards (EC 96/79 and EC96/27), plus rear crash according to FMVSS301: the comparison with following experimental tests showed a good correlation with the deformation patterns predicted by simulation.
Crash Optimization of an Aluminum Foam-Filled Front Side Rail
Authors: Kim Heung-Soo , Wierzbicki Tomasz , Tho C. H. , Yang R. J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This research uses aluminum foam and numerical optimization method to improve vehicle energy absorption. The front part of the rail where axial compression is dominant and three parts where global bending collapse is dominant, were reinforced by filling empty sections with aluminum foam. The existing sheet metal reinforcing elements were removed. The nonlinear explicit finite element code PAM-CRASH was used to carry out the crash simulations. Two single-objective optimization problems were performed for the aluminum foam-filled front side rail of a passenger car under impact condition to maximize the specific energy absorption, i.e., to maximize the internal energy and minimize the component weight simultaneously. The crash optimization problems were solved by using a sequential quadratic programming method, where the required functions are approximated by using design of experiments (DOE) and response surface method (RSM). In addition, the trigger on the front part of the rail was redesigned so that the peak wall force response was reduced dramatically while maintaining the required resistance in low speed crash. The results show that about 40% increase in energy absorbed and 30% increase in specific energy absorption were obtained. This research demonstrates a new way of achieving large increase in the energy absorption while maintaining high weight efficiency in crashworthiness analysis using lightweight metallic core such as aluminum foam or honeycomb.
Effect of Cerebral Vasculatures on the Mechanical Response of Brain Tissue: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Omori Kiyoshi , Zhang Liying , Yang King H. , King Albert I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a significant portion of all injuries occurring as a result of automotive, motorcycle and sports related injuries. Over the years, a large amount of literature has been devoted to an increased understanding of clinical symptoms, pathological evidence and injury biomechanics for such injuries. However, the precise causal mechanism, which accounts for complex mechanical interactions and responses in an anatomical structure as complex as the brain, is not fully understood.
Development of an Improved Dummy Head for Use in Helmet Certification Tests
Authors: van den Bosch Eric H. L. A. , Leensen Martijn W. B. M. , Klomp Nancy H. M. , Sauren Fons A. A. H. J. , Wismans Jac S. H. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
First order improvements to the rigid headform, used in current helmet certification tests, are made by introducing a skull and brain structure. In developing the new headform certain requirements were taken into consideration. The new headform appears to meet all requirements but one. The 200 mm drop test with Hybrid-III skin padding on the anvil resulted in too low resultant linear head accelerations. Using a stiffer, more realistic padding on the anvil resulted in a resultant linear head acceleration which satisfies the requirements (100 – 150 g).
The padding plays an important role in the evaluation process. Because of the deformable skull, a fairly stiff padding has to be used in order to let the resultant linear head acceleration satisfy the requirements. In contrast to the 200 mm drop test experiments, the padding properties of the skin are of no importance when an EPS padding is placed between the skin and the anvil.
Static and Dynamic Mechanical and Failure Properties of Human Cerebral Vessels
Authors: Monson Kenneth L. , Barbaro Nicholas M. , Goldsmith Werner , Manley Geoffrey 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Blood vessels on the cortical surface of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum are frequently damaged in head impact, such as occurs in falls, contact sports, or vehicular collisions. An understanding of the mechanical behavior of these arteries and veins, as well as their limiting loads, is required for a proper understanding and modeling of such traumatic processes—as well as providing substantial assistance in preventive measures and even diagnosis and treatment. Measurements have been performed to obtain the quasi-static and dynamic axial stress-strain characteristics up to and including failure of cortical arteries and veins resected from the temporal lobes of living humans. Results show a notable difference in the behavior of arteries and veins, and somewhat smaller differences — in some cases inconclusive — between static and dynamic comportment. A critical difference between this investigation and the few previous studies of cerebral vessels is the examination of vessel properties under conditions as close as possible to those of the living human, in contrast to studies substantially subsequent to the acquisition of the samples, such as autopsy material, which are reputed to exhibit substantially different properties.
One-Dimensional Mixed Poroelastic-Transport-Swelling (MPHETS) Finite Element Models for Soft Tissues
Authors: Nichol Jason W. , Simon Bruce R. , Williams Stuart K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A hydrated soft tissue structure can be viewed as a poroelastic transport model, or specifically a porous, incompressible, fibrous solid matrix, which is saturated by an incompressible fluid (water) containing both positively and negatively charged species. We present a one-dimensional finite element model (FEM), derived from a Mixed-Poro-HyperElastic-Transport-Swelling (MPHETS)model. This FEM can be used to model various soft tissues, such as arteries, and provides a powerful tool to study coupled ion transport under various mechanical loading and water/ species flow conditions.
Preliminary Study of Vascular Endothelial Ca2+ Response to Elevated Temperature
Authors: Schen Aaron , Xu Lisa X. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The thermal regulation of tissue is controlled by the sympathetically mediated redistribution of cardiac output and change in local flow resistance of arterioles. The diameter change of the vessel from its resting level is governed by the state of the contractile proteins in vascular smooth muscle which can be influenced by the concentration of free cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) in the vascular endothelial cells (Falcone, 1995).
Properties of HEMA and MMA Polymer for Introducing it as an Interface Material Between Prosthesis and Bone Cement in THR
Authors: Aggarwal Sanjay , Tekawade Avinash , Chew Larry , Nicholson David , Belfield Kevin , Raab Simon 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Modern hip replacements were developed in the late 1950s and have since evolved in surgical approaches, implants, and postoperative care. Consequently, surgeons use a wide variety of methods to implant more than 120000 total hip prostheses in the United States per year (National Institute of Health, 1994).
Comparision of Cup Anteversion and Tilt Effects on Dislocation Propensity for Small-Head-Size Total Hip Replacements
Authors: Nadzadi Mark E. , Pedersen Douglas R. , Callaghan John J. , Brown Thomas D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
While dislocation is a leading cause of total hip replacement failure, empirical observations far outnumber systematic laboratory examinations of this phenomenon. A previously validated three-dimensional, non-linear, contact finite element model was used to study how surgical placement affects dislocation propensity. The computational model employed a widely used 22mm modular system, and examined range of motion prior to impingement as well as peak moment developed to resist dislocation under a typical leg-crossing maneuver. Results were compared to a previous study of an otherwise similar 26mm modular head system, using the same formulation. Similar trends occurred. Increasing tilt and/or anteversion increased both the range of motion and the peak resisting moment, while apparent stiffness seemed to be unaffected. Further, impingement range of motion was independent of head size, but peak resisting moment was nearly 25% less for the 22mm head sizes.
Three Indentor FEA to Identify Tumors Within Soft Tissue
Authors: Ladeji-Osias Jumoke O. , Langrana Noshir A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Monthly examination of the breast continues to be recommended by the American Cancer Society. In order to obtain a better understanding of multi-force palpation, FEA was undertaken. Three forces were applied simultaneously to the surface of a soft tissue model with an included tumor. The effect of tumor size on the surface displacement was measured. The results demonstrate that three indentor analysis provides realistic information on surface deformation.
Design and Evaluation of Tissue Engineered Arteries
Authors: Ku David N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Tissue engineered vascular substitutes have the potential to be used for treatment of clinically advanced atherosclerotic disease. Design considerations for a tissue engineered vascular substitutes include physiologic levels of flow, low thrombogenicity, and adaptation to changes in flow demands. Some of these attributes may be evaluated using less expensive bench top methods before proceeding to in vivo testing. We have recently developed several methods for determining flow, thrombogenicity, and adaptation in tissue engineered arteries.
Relationship Between Orientation Angle in Intracellular Stress Fibers and Range of Uniaxial Cyclic Stretch
Authors: Yamada Hiroshi , Takemasa Tohru , Yamaguchi Takami 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We hypothesized an avoidance of deformation and a limit of sensitivity of cell response to the mechanical stimulus for the orientation of stress fibers in cultured cells on a silicone membrane which was subjected to a uniaxial cyclic stretch. We compared the theoretical prediction with the experimental result of stress fibers in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells under various ranges of uniaxial cyclic stretch (Takemasa et al. 1998). The results showed that the proposed hypothesis predicted the orientation of stress fibers under various ranges of cyclic stretch well.
Transient Behavior of Seated Human Body During Input From Caudophalad Acceleration
Authors: Lam Paul C. , Mawasha P. Ruby , Conway Ted 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study, is to investigate the dynamic transient response of a four degree-of-freedom lumped parameter model of the seated human body subjected to caudocephalad loading (acceleration from tail to head). The caudocephalad loading used in the model simulated the ejection process of a seated pilot from a high-speed aircraft. During ejection, ejection velocities are high and are developed over short distances hence, the accelerations are also high (10–40 g’s). The model indicates that even though acceleration is applied over short time duration (typically less than 0.25 seconds), serious bodily injury can result due to high dynamic load factor for the frequency range of body resonances.
In Vitro Testing of Posterior Cervical Lateral Mass Plating Systems: Comparison of Constrained Versus Semi-Constrained Screw-Slot Connections
Authors: DiAngelo Denis J. , McVay Bobby J. , Olney Kristine M. , Foley Kevin T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Interspinous or facet wiring has been the standard treatment for posterior cervical spine instability secondary to trauma or decompression (Wellmann et al., 1998). However, wire techniques may be limited when posterior elements are deficient or fractured. Alternative methods, such as posterior lateral mass plate fixation, may restore the stability of the affected region and promote fusion (Wellmann et al., 1998). The objective of the study was to determine if lateral mass plate fixation restored the stability of a reconstructed posterior destabilized cervical spine and to compare the biomechanical stability of two lateral mass plate designs: plates with screws constrained in slots (SCS) versus plates with screws unconstrained and free to translate in slots (SUS). Two posterior destabilized conditions were studied: a one-level (C4-C5) model and a two-level (C4-C6) model in which all posterior ligaments were sectioned.
Kinematics of the Cervical Spine: Path of the Instant Axis of Rotation in Flexion and Extension
Authors: DiAngelo Denis J. , Vossel Keith , Foley Kevin T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Previous Biomechanical Measures of Vertebral Kinematics.
White and Panjabi (1990) have suggested that the Instant Axis of Rotation (IAR) be used to describe the 2-D motion of a vertebral body. However, the location of the IAR for the cervical spine varies amongst spine researchers. White and Panjabi (1990) have suggested the IAR of each vertebra is located in the anterior region of the subjacent vertebra; Porterfield and Derosa (1995) suggest it is located in the mid-region of the subjacent vertebra; and Mameren et al. (1992) found it to lay in the central region of the vertebral body being tracked. Goel and Winterbottom (1991) stated that during flexion and extension, the axis of rotation is located somewhere within the vertebral body itself. Unfortunately, no accurate calculations of the IAR paths of the cervical spine exist; typical vertebral measurements only include the rotational components. Estimation of the vertebrae’s IAR location in vitro depends on the experimental set-up (motion and loading mechanics), anatomical structure, mathematical reduction technique, and accuracy of the measurement equipment. Crisco et al. (1994) determined the theoretical error in calculating the location of the IAR as a function of the measurement system specifications and the placement of the markers on the spinal body. Conventional tracking systems having translational resolutions of 0.1mm to 0.05mm were found to calculate the location of the IAR to within 7mm to 10mm, respectively. This error became significantly larger as the resolution of the measurement system dropped off. Most investigators only calculate the rotational components of a body’s motion and seldom calculate the error involved in their mathematical analysis. Furthermore, overall head movement is often reported (i.e., C0 to T1), but smaller flexion-extension movements of individual spinal bodies are either void in the literature or suspect to large theoretical errors. The objective of the study was to determine the IAR of the sub-axial cervical vertebral bodies under physiological flexion and extension conditions in vitro.
Does the Orientation of a Limberg Flap Matter?
Authors: Coley Lisa M. , Dolovich Allan T. , Watson L. Glen , Valnicek Stan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Limberg flap is a standard surgical procedure for closing skin wounds. Finite element analyses were used to investigate how the orientation of the flap, relative to the direction of maximum natural tension in the skin, affects the stresses produced.
Potential Benefits of Bronchoconstriction and Thick Airway Mucus
Authors: Krumpe Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Wheezes and sputum production are two hallmarks of lung disease. Both are associated with airway obstruction and increased work of breathing. Why should our species invest such a considerable amount of genetic material in the support of airway changes that are viewed as evidence of pathological lung disease? Perhaps bronchoconstriction and thick airway mucous provide advantages in defense of airway clearance that outweighs the mechanical cost of airway obstruction.
Simulation of Respiratory System for Identifying Airway Occlusion
Authors: Al-Jumaily A. M. , Mithraratne P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Respiratory disorders are common in both developed and developing countries. Many of these disorders are directly connected to constrictions in the airways of the human respiratory system. Asthma and bronchitis are typical examples that arise from the constriction of airways. The respiratory system consists of a series of branching tubes which become narrower, shorter and more numerous as they penetrate deeper into the lung. This branching network found within the multiple succussive bifurcation of the pulmonary tree has received theoretical attention [1]. Several attempts have been made to investigate the characteristics of healthy and unhealthy lungs. Some of them theoretical [2–5] while others are experimental [6,7]. The acoustical approach has been considered as one of the leading theoretical approaches to date. This approach is based on linking the acoustical impedance between the branches by using recursive formulae [2]. None of the available references has investigated the effect of occlusions in a branch on the behaviour of the whole respiratory system. Further, the work reported on the dynamic modelling of the respiratory system has overlooked, with the exception of [5], mechanical and physical properties of the airway walls, which are believed to have a considerable impact on the overall dynamics of the system.
Roof Strength: A Factor in Rollover Injuries
Authors: Syson Stephen R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recently, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported that injuries and fatalities in rollover continue to be a serious problem out of proportion with the relative frequency of such incidents. (Summers, 1997) On average, 7,797 annual rollover involved fatalities were reported by the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), between 1988 and 1994. There were also between 43,000 and 58,000 annual rollover involved incapacitating injuries between 1988 and 1994, as reported by NASS GES. Approximately 16 percent of serious injuries to passenger car occupants and 42 percent of serious injuries to light truck occupants occurred in vehicles that rolled over. Light trucks, including vans, experienced the highest rollover involvement rate, 25.9 percent, compared to 15.3 percent for passenger cars.
Experimental Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Compressive Behavior Changes Over Time
Authors: Kim Jesse G. , Lim Tae-Hong , Renner Susan M. , Fujiwara Atsushi , Nuyen Cahn , Yoon Taekhoon , An Howard S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Changes in axial compressive behavior of the intervertebral disc resulting from annulus stab wound were investigated using rabbit discs. Results of this study clearly showed that stabbing incision could cause disc degeneration with losses in disc height, elastic modulus, and energy dissipation capacity in 8 weeks after injury. Disc specimens obtained at 12 weeks after stab incision showed no further changes in disc height and axial compressive behavior from those found in 8 week specimens.
Linking Measurements of Coronary Flow Reserve in Patients During Angioplasty Procedures to Myocardial Perfusion Using Computational Hemodynamics
Authors: Banerjee Rupak K. , Back Lloyd H. , Back Martin R. , Cho Young I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Computational hemodynamics was used to determine the connection between measurements of coronary flow reserve (CFR) and myocardial perfusion in patients with obstructive disease during angioplasty. The 32 patient group (Wilson et al. 1988) had single-vessel, single-lesions with either unstable angina pectoris or stable angina, but no known abnormalities that might affect the vasodilator capacity of the arteriolar vasculature.
The patients’ maximal vasodilation-distal perfusion pressure curve (CFR- P ˜ r h ) was uniquely determined by the intersections of measured values of CFR and computed values of P ˜ r h for the native and residual lesions after percutaneous transluminal coronary balloon angioplasty (PTCA) supplying blood to the same vasculature. Extrapolation of this nearly linear curve to its origin gave a zero-flow mean pressure P ˜ r o of about 20 mm Hg, close to a value of 18 mm Hg known to be associated with ischemia in the subendocardium of dog hearts (Bache and Schwartz, 1982). The corresponding value of P ˜ r h of about 55 mm Hg in the native lesions coincided with the level proposed by Brown et al. 1984 to cause ischemia in the subendocardium of human hearts.
The Linear and Weakly-Nonlinear Stability of a Core Annular Flow in a Corrugated Tube
Authors: Wei Hsien-Hung , Rumschitzki David S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Both linear and weakly nonlinear stability of a core annular flow in a corrugated tube in the limit of thin film and small corrugation are examined. Asymptotic techniques are used to derive the corrugated base flow and corresponding linear and weakly nonlinear stability equations. Interesting features show that the corrugation interaction can excite linear instability, but the nonlinearity still can suppress such instability in the weakly nonlinear regime.
Evaluation of a Torsion Exercise Device for Space Station
Authors: Todd Beth A. , Swindle Stephanie H. , Dunavant Randall J. , Harrison Justin F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An exercise device for use on Space Station was instrumented to determine the force and position of the exerciser. The device was tested in both 1-G and 0-G environments. Differences were found in the performance of the exercise in the two environments. Additionally significant variation was found in the load settings.
A Probabilistic Approach to the Modeling of Fatigue in Gamma-Based Titanium Aluminides
Authors: Lou J. , Shen W. , Soboyejo W. O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a statistical framework for the modeling of fatigue in gamma-based titanium aluminide intermetallics. Following an initial description of the physics of fatigue crack growth, a deterministic fracture mechanics model is presented for the estimation approaches are of fatigue life. This is used as a basis for the development of a probabilistic model for the estimation of fatigue life due to variabilities in the initial flow size. The predicted variabilities are compared with measured variabilities from multiple fatigue life experiments performed on three cast lamellar gamma alloys. The implications of the results are then discussed for the estimation of material reliability in gamma-based titanium aluminide intermetallics.