bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Change and Expectations for the Future of the Planet
Authors: Vermeulen Karla 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Climate Change and Expectations for the Future of the Planet” discusses one of the more amorphous stressors for Generation Disaster as it’s difficult to measure the psychological impact of a chronic problem like climate change. Many emerging adults recognize the problem and experience varying levels of stress about it, sometimes referred to as “eco-anxiety,” and many are actively engaged in combating its effects. Others consider it a lower priority than the many acute stressors they’re trying to manage, but in general younger generations express far more concern about the problem than their elders. The chapter explores these reactions and the efforts of some emerging adults to cope with a stressor many feel they unfairly inherited.
Pornography and Public Health
Authors: Rothman Emily F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Pornography and Public Health explores the scientific evidence that helps answer the question: “Is sexually explicit media causing epidemic harm to human health?” It situates this question in the context of historical concerns that sex and sexuality have the power to radicalize people and legal cases that have defined obscenity in the United States. It reveals how pornography came to be considered a public health crisis in multiple US states despite a lack of support and involvement of any governmental public health agency. It also reviews peer-reviewed scientific findings that address whether pornography contributes to epidemics of sexual assault, intimate partner violence, human trafficking, child sexual exploitation, the dissolution of intimate relationships, eating disorders and body dissatisfaction, and compulsive use. Further, it discusses working conditions for pornography performers and outlines possible methods for improving them. It suggests that public health frameworks and tools can be applied meaningfully to analyses of pornography’s impact on health. This title is written for emerging public health advocates.
Problematic Pornography Use
Authors: Rothman Emily F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The idea that pornography can be addictive or that people may compulsively use pornography was not a focal point of the so-called sex wars of the 1970s and 1980s. Now the contention that there is an epidemic of problematic pornography use is a pillar of the argument that pornography is a public health crisis. Scholars disagree about whether problematic use is an addiction or is better characterized as a compulsive use disorder. This chapter describes the research evidence about the prevalence, correlates, and consequences of problematic pornography use, discusses treatment options, and encourages collaboration with the networks of people who describe themselves as porn addicted or in recovery from porn addiction.
Child Sexual Abuse Imagery
Authors: Rothman Emily F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Child pornography, also called “child sexual abuse imagery” and “child exploitation material,” is a serious public health problem. This chapter reviews what qualifies as child pornography in the United States, its prevalence, how it is made and disseminated, who views it, and whether seeing it is associated with child sexual abuse perpetration. The topic of self-produced child pornography is also addressed. The chapter explains the historical link between anti-child pornography activism and anti-gay rights activism, and cautions public health professionals that, historically, outrage about child pornography has been used to galvanize people and further repressive agendas. The chapter argues that child pornography prevention strategies need to be carefully devised, in partnership with a wide range of stakeholders, and should be studied for effectiveness and unintended consequences.
Pornography and Human Trafficking
Authors: Rothman Emily F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Human trafficking is an insidious public health problem that may be worsened by the constant demand for new pornography, but sex workers’ rights—including the rights of pornography performers—are not always served by anti-trafficking efforts. This chapter provides a definition of human trafficking, reviews three main arguments about how pornography may influence human trafficking, and encourages public health professionals to value anecdotal information from both sex workers’ rights advocates and human trafficking survivors to move toward better science and evidence-informed decision-making.
The Benefits of Pornography
Authors: Rothman Emily F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evidence that pornography can have a positive influence on individual’s sexual wellness, mental health, relationships, body acceptance, self-esteem, sexual knowledge, increase safer sex behavior, and self-acceptance in gay, lesbian, bisexual and other sexual minority individuals. For some people there are undoubtedly benefits of having access to erotic material, viewing pornography, and using pornography in the context of their relationship or for masturbation. And yet: this should not be misconstrued as conclusive evidence that “porn is good” or that we have no reason for continuing to investigate its potential harms. The research that finds that there are selected benefits of some pornography use by some people highlights the need for public health, public policy and other professionals to resist the tendency to oversimplify.
Imaging God
Authors: Wilson Brittany E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with the biblical prohibition against visual representations of God and Jewish idol polemic. The chapter problematizes the assumed link between divine images and divine invisibility by looking at how idol polemic actually functions in ancient texts and at how Luke couches his own critique of idolatry. Luke’s critique mainly stems from his wider disparagement of Greco-Roman “polytheism,” not from an adherence to the abstract idea of God’s invisibility. Moreover, Luke also describes Israel’s God in anthropomorphic terms. Luke, like many Jews and Christians at this time, is thus wary of visual representations of the divine in the form of material images, but he verbally “images” the God of Israel as an embodied God.
Seeing the Light
Authors: Wilson Brittany E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins to develop the idea that one of the ways in which God can become manifest is in material flesh, specifically Jesus’s material flesh. The chapter approaches this issue from the angle of early Christian depictions of Jesus’s divinity and specifically Jesus’s epiphanic appearances in Luke’s Gospel. In his Gospel, Luke identifies Jesus as a light (a common subject of epiphanies) and depicts Jesus appearing in an epiphanic manner during his ministry and beyond, especially in the scenes involving his transfiguration and resurrection appearances. In these instances, Jesus’s form takes on an elusive quality that is typical of epiphanies, especially with respect to how his body is seen. Here Jesus’s body is visible yet also veiled, and these paradoxical encounters, the chapter argues, are a key way in which Luke aligns Jesus with God and the divine realm more broadly.
Understanding, Managing, and Communicating Credit Fundamentals
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Moldogaziev Tima T. , Espinosa Salvador 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter probes the informational content of city credit ratings: what the credit ratings are, why city policymakers should care about credit ratings, and how city policymakers may evaluate credit ratings and make use of their informational content. By explicitly showcasing 12 cities from different contexts, this chapter conducts a comparative evaluation of core credit quality fundamentals for these cases. This analysis looks at the economic, fiscal, debt and financial management, and governance factors that policymakers may leverage to proactively manage the city’s underlying credit quality. It asks: How can policymakers manage city credit fundamentals to leverage access to capital market options? What are the elements of credit quality information that city policymakers may signal? What can city policymakers do to improve their agency? The results give tools to city policymakers to announce their market readiness, regardless of, and perhaps even undeterred by, the context of governance institutions in which the city is nested.
Subnational Government Capital Financing
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Moldogaziev Tima T. , Espinosa Salvador 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book argues that capital markets can be an important source of financing for subnational governments across the globe as they face decentralization of governance systems and increased demand for infrastructure at the local level. The central argument is that information resolution at both the national-level and the city-level is critical for the success of subnational capital markets. Furthermore, the chapter argues that subnational governments can and must become competent actors with regards to both top-down (national to local governments) and outside-in (financial sector firms to local governments) transactions and pressures. This chapter presents city policymakers with options for capital market access when both system credit contractibility and underlying credit quality vary by offering a typology of alternatives for capital financing. The chapter recommends policies that establish contractibility and credit quality assessment mechanisms and concludes with recommendations for future research.
Larvae and Direct Development
Authors: Strathmann Richard R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractModes of development of marine crustaceans and other marine invertebrates include presence or absence of a larval stage, of larval feeding, and of maternal protection of offspring. These different developmental modes impose different compromises (trade-offs) between the number of offspring and their size or the extent of maternal protection. Crustaceans differ from many marine animals in not shedding eggs prior to fertilization, which eliminates the complication of selection on size of eggs as a target for sperm. Features shared with marine invertebrates of several phyla include rare and ancient origins of feeding larvae, irreversible losses of a feeding larval stage, a constraint on brooding imposed by embryos’ need for oxygen, and possible benefits from slower development of protected embryos. Crustaceans differ, however, in having a diverse exoskeletal tool kit that has provided unusual capabilities. Nauplii and zoeae are diverse in form, behavior, and habitat, despite each being nominally one type of larva. Nauplii, as feeding larvae, have adapted to both the benthos and plankton. Settling stages (cyprids and decapodids) with enhanced speed have evolved twice. Some very large adults can supply their large broods with oxygen. Capacity for defense of offspring and home has led a few times to eusociality. The need to molt to grow and change form imposes episodic risk and growth and, in some cases, links evolution of egg size and size at metamorphosis. Crustaceans’ diverse life histories enable comparisons with broad implications for marine invertebrates: opportunity for dispersal is similar for larvae and adults of some crustaceans, demonstrating that marine larvae need not be adaptations for dispersal; development from very small eggs is enabled by less equipment needed for first larval feeding and also by postlarval stages being parasites; eggs shed into the water suffer greater mortality than planktonic larvae or brooded eggs, yet some planktonic crustaceans depend on benthic resting eggs for persistence of populations; larvae escape predation in diverse ways, and bigger larvae are not consistently safer; predation near the seafloor makes settlement a risky stage. Parallels with other taxa are numerous, but the crustacean exoskeletal tool kit has conferred unusual evolutionary opportunities and constraints. Even among marine crustaceans, however, evolutionary options for life histories differ among clades because of rare evolutionary origins of traits of larvae and mothers and biased evolutionary transitions in those traits.
Fulvia
Authors: Schultz Celia E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Fulvia: Playing for Power at the End of the Roman Republic is the first full-length biography focused solely on Fulvia, daughter of Sempronia and Bambalio, who is best known as the wife of Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony). Born into a less prestigious branch of an aristocratic Roman clan in the last decades of the Roman Republic, Fulvia first rose to prominence as the wife of P. Clodius Pulcher, scion of one of the city’s most powerful families and one of its most infamous and scandalous politicians. In the aftermath of his murder, Fulvia refused to shrink from the glare of public scrutiny and helped to prosecute the man responsible. Later, as the wife of Antonius, she was the most powerful woman in Rome, at one point even taking an active role in the military conflict between Antonius’s allies and Octavian, the future emperor Augustus. Her husbands’ enemies painted her as domineering, vicious, greedy, and petty—a caricature of woman who pushed against the boundary of female propriety, a woman about whom there was “nothing feminine except her form.” This biography peels away the invective to reveal a strong-willed, independent woman who was, by many traditional measures, a successful Roman matrona: she was never single for long, her husbands flourished, her children were many, and there was barely a whiff of sexual impropriety about her. On top of all that, Fulvia proved herself, over and over again, to be a valuable asset, a shrewd political ally, and a fearless defender of her family’s interests.
Life with Curio and Antonius
Authors: Schultz Celia E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Fulvia’s second, brief marriage was to C. Scribonius Curio, who moved in the same social circle as Clodius and who had been an ardent supporter of his in the aftermath of the Bona Dea scandal. As the alliance between Pompey and Caesar broke down in the late 50s, Curio worked ardently to remain neutral, but he finally threw in his lot with Caesar after Pompey’s allies blocked his efforts to negotiate a peaceful settlement. Curio died in north Africa, fighting for Caesar in the Civil War, leaving Fulvia to raise their son. Her third marriage, this time to M. Antonius, produced another two sons. She once again brought respectability and stability to her husband, whose career had suffered from a series of missteps. He seems to have been smitten with Fulvia, even giving up his mistress Volumnia (the actress known as Cytheris) to please her.
Fulvia’s Final Act
Authors: Schultz Celia E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The assassination of Caesar left Antonius as the most powerful man in Rome. Fulvia and her children shared in his fortunes. Fulvia herself became a target of the political invective of Antonius’s enemy, Cicero, and she profited from the proscriptions that the triumvirs unleashed on Rome. While Antonius was in the East, Fulvia helped lead a group of Antonius’s allies in the capital. As relations between Antonius’s brother, Lucius, and Octavian devolved into the Perusine War, Fulvia worked to persuade Antonian generals to come Lucius’s aid and even raised troops to help lift the siege of Perusia. This lies at the base of stories that she strapped on a sword and waged war herself. Even though the Antonians lost the war, Octavian dared not harm Fulvia. Her importance to Antonius is underscored by the massive escort his generals provided for her as she left Italy. She died in Greece shortly thereafter.
Military Sociology
Authors: Barany Zoltan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses issues germane to military sociology and focuses on explaining how sociocultural factors sap the effectiveness of Gulf armies. The first portion of the chapter is devoted to the social and regional backgrounds of enlisted members of the armed forces and explores the reasons for the introduction of mandatory military service in Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE. The following section is dedicated to a comprehensive appraisal of the officer corps from cadets to generals, examining their career trajectories and education at home and abroad. The chapter then explores the age-old practice of Gulf rulers to utilize the services of contract soldiers (aka mercenaries) and foreign advisers. The chapter’s last part focuses on sociocultural issues from education to decision-making and the pervasive influence of tribalism.
Beginnings
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of British musical theatre. The first known British musical was dramatist John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728), which centers on an anti-hero, Macheath, who was surrounded by enemies and allies grouped in twos. The music is not original because Gay pasted his lyrics onto pre-existing folk and popular tunes known as “ballads,” therefore making Gay's work a ballad opera. It was the flash success of The Beggar's Opera that led the manager of Lincoln’s Inn, John Rich, to build Covent Garden. The chapter looks at a more famous ballad opera, Allan Ramsay's The Gentle Shepherd (1725). The chapter then looks at genres such as the comic opera, the burletta, the extravaganza, the pantomime, and the burlesque.
Gilbert and Sullivan
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Richard D'Oyly Carte's “Gilbert and Sullivan” (G & S) program, which was named after W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan. Carte's G & S program combined the appeal of superb craftsmanship with that of fresh material, replacing the previous derivative nature of extravaganza and burlesque. First of all, Carte commissioned Trial By Jury, G & S's only one-act production. It was a miniature comic opera. This led to the famous series of shows, now all with spoken dialogue, that changed the course of the Anglophone musical. However, by his involvement with Gilbert and Sullivan Carte had tasked himself weightily, as he now faced years of delicate diplomacy, keeping the act together when Gilbert got too prickly or Sullivan felt unappreciated. Next, Carte recruited G & S performers into the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. The aim was to tour internationally in the G & S canon and this tradition lasted for over one hundred years. The business became a family business. After Carte retired the business was managed by his son Rupert, and then by Rupert's daughter Bridget, before disbanding in 1982, albeit with sporadic initiatives thereafter. The chapter finally looks into more detail at the G & S canon, including titles such as The Pirates Of Penzance (1879) and Patience (1881).
Imagine the Duchess’ Feelings
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the work of Noël Coward, and presents a list of his musicals. Perusing the list, we can note that Bitter Sweet (1929) is the only classic. This is so more for its superb score than its functional book, which was full of snobby folk fussing over etiquette. The elements that are most memorable about Coward's musicals, are the songs, especially the witty lyrics. This chapter argues that no one in the world of the West End theatre besides W. S. Gilbert rivals Coward for his lyrics. Ironically, there is little wit in the scripts of Coward's musicals, the wit is to be found only in the lyrics and some of the revue sketches. Coward's revue songs emphasize his musical-comedy side, while his story shows tilt toward operetta in whole or part. This irony could be a result of Coward's musical illiteracy: he composed but could not write anything down. For most of his career, he used hired secretaries to help organize the music.
Behind the Times
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Sandy Wilson and Julian Slade, who had a number of things in common. They both first appeared in the early 1950s, wrote shows originating outside the West End, seemed unaffected by the American influence, and had one outstanding hit (respectively, The Boy Friend and Salad Days). However, the two are unalike each other in important ways. Wilson was the sole author of his shows, while Slade had collaborators, especially actress Dorothy Reynolds, who co-wrote most of Slade’s best-known titles. Wilson enjoyed basing songs on earlier models, while Slade rarely used pastiche. Slade's musicals are innocent and sweet-hearted while Wilson's are worldly, satiric, and cynical. Thus, Slade's Salad Days (1954) is the perfection of lovable twaddle while Wilson's The Boy Friend (1953) is an analysis of lovable twaddle, a resuscitation of the twenties musical to ask what it was made of.
Getting Beyond the Apemen
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains why a new story of human evolution is needed, and also lays the foundations of the story told in this book. One of the reasons we need a new story is that previous stories have concentrated on what our male ancestors were doing. Since survival is most at risk in the first years of life, it makes much more sense to concentrate on children and their mothers than on adult males. A brief account of the history of ideas in evolution by natural selection and human evolution provides readers with a background in evolutionary processes. Humans are a product of evolution, but we are not like other animals, because we are connected and readily share complex information. We are unique and our evolution was the result of a unique evolutionary process. To understand ourselves in evolutionary terms, it’s necessary to consider two intertwined evolutionary processes—genes and culture.
Early Humans (About 1.5 Million Years Ago)
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
By a million and a half years ago, there were humans with skeletons that were very similar to our human skeleton. They moved around as we do, and their diet was more like our diet. Some of them had skulls that held a brain quite a bit bigger than the brains of our earlier ancestors, but even the largest was considerably smaller than our brain. Humans from this time traveled from Africa into Eurasia. Children with larger brains needed to be fed more food, probably more food than mothers could get on their own, even if they helped one another. It seems likely, therefore, that males lived in the family groups with the mothers and youngsters, helping to find food and fight off predators. The authors argue that the kind of cooperation and culture we see in these humans suggests that they already had language, but it could have been much simpler than the language we use.
Building Today’s World
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Once they were equipped with the social tools that allowed them to maintain greater connectedness, there was no looking back for our ancestors. They evolved much more complex cultures. Once the planet started to warm up and ice started to melt, humans could start to inhabit more of the land surface. As climate variability diminished and stable vegetation zones and habitats began to form, humans started to settle and become expert at exploiting a certain territory. If a group of families developed the knowledge and skills that allowed them to exploit a territory, there was no benefit in sharing that information with people outside the group. So instead of maintaining connections and sharing, people became tribal and, in many cases, territorial. Over thousands of years, families and tribes interacted and formed alliances, and their alliances broke down. But the general trend was for greater connectedness, increasingly complex cultures, and greater success. The human population grew.