bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Effect of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment on Gingival Health: An Observational Study
Authors: Kumar Vasu , Singh Purushottam , Arora Vishal Kumar , Kaur Sukhpreet , Sarin Sahil , Singh Harmeet 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Prime components of fixed orthodontic treatments decrease the self-cleansing ability of the tongue and the cheeks leading to an increase in production of bacterial plaque. Hence, the present study was undertaken for assessing the effect of fixed orthodontic treatment on gingival health.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 120 patients who were scheduled orthodontic treatment were enrolled. Complete data records of all the patients were recorded. Intra- and extraoral radiographs were obtained and photographic records were noted in separate pro forma. Complete intraoral examination of all the patients was carried out for recording visible plaque, any inflammation (visible clinically), and gingival recession. Based on the assessment of gingival texture and capillary transparency, analysis of gingival biotype was done. Follow-up records were assessed.

Results:
The mean visible plaque value before treatment and after treatment was found to be 3.11 and 5.81, respectively. The mean visible inflammation value before treatment and after treatment was found to be 2.89 and 15.43, respectively. The mean gingival recession score value before treatment and after treatment was found to be 0.19 and 0.383, respectively. A significant increase in the visible plaque value, visible inflammation value, and gingival recession score was observed posttreatment. While comparing the gingival biotype, it was seen that in both the maxillary and mandibular arches, there was an increase in the thick gingival biotype while there was a decrease in thin maxillary biotype.

Conclusion:
There is a significant increase in plaque accumulation, inflammation, and gingival recession following fixed orthodontic treatment. Hence, during the course of orthodontic treatment, regular oral prophylaxis should be done.
Evaluation of Oral Hygiene Status among 12–14-Year-Old School Children
Authors: Jaiswal Deepesh , Kalia Preeti , Hiremath Shilpa , Singh Abhay Kumar , Pani Pooja , Kumar Nishant 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Oral diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis are common among population. The present study was conducted to assess dental caries status and oral hygiene practice among school children.

Materials and Methods:
This school-based study was conducted on 520 children of age group of 12–14 years of both genders. Location, education, and employment status of parents, use of toothbrush, frequency of brushing, dental floss, total number of meals in a day, number of snacks between meals and sugar consumption, and decayed, missing, filled teeth were recorded.

Results:
There were 266 males and 254 females. Age group 12 years had 80 males and 90 females, 13 years had 70 males and 60 females, and 14 years had 116 males and 104 females. Ninety-six males and 110 females were from urban and 170 males and 144 females were from rural. The mean plaque score in 12-year male children was 0.61 ± 0.32, in 13-year children was 0.68 ± 0.45, and in 14 years was 0.74 ± 0.48. In males, the mean plaque score was 0.70 ± 0.38 and in females was 0.66 ± 0.42. In children from urban area, the mean plaque score was 0.62 ± 0.34 and from rural area was 0.74 ± 0.40. Four hundred and eighteen children were using toothpaste and they had plaque score of 0.76 and 102 children were using floss and they had plaque score of 0.89. Three hundred and twenty children were brushing once, 90 twice, and 110 irregular and there mean plaque score was 0.70, 0.61, and 0.76, respectively. The difference was significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Authors found that oral health status of children consuming high sugar, more snacks per day, and brushing occasionally was poor.
Reliability of Modified Hertels Exophthalmometer as an Intraoperative Tool for Assessment of Relative Globe Position in Orbital/Zygomatic Fracture
Authors: Subramanian Abinaya , Kumar K. Santhosh , V. Giri G.V. , Ravindran C. , Azariah Emmanuel , Ramakrishnan Madhumita 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Axial globe position assessment is commonly carried out with Hertels Exophthalmometer. Hertels requires an intact lateral orbital rim for its placement, which is often fractured in zygomatic fractures. Hence, to overcome this problem, we have modified the instrument for its application in zygomatic/orbital fractures. Reliability of this Modified Hertels Exopthalmometer has been already validated in normal healthy patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of the Modified Hertels Exophthalmometer in pateints with zygomatic/orbital fracture.

Materials and Methods:
This is a prospective study carried out between April 2015 and October 2017, including 20 patients with a mean age of 34 years. Enophthalmos was measured using Modified Hertels in patients with unilateral orbital/zygomatic fracture indicated for surgical intervention by a single observer. The data was collected and statistically analyzed. Paired sample t-test was done to compare the preoperative exophthalmometer reading with readings at different time points.

Results:
A statistically significant difference was noted (P = 0.031) among the variables of Modified Hertels. We believe this instrument to be of practical use in the assessment of enophthalmos/exophthalmos in patients with lateral orbital trauma, surgery or disease and also precludes the use of rim-based exophthalmometry and other modifications of same.
Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticle Gel as an Intracanal Medicament in Combination with Other Medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis: An In vitro Study
Authors: Nayyar Pranav , Sethi Achla , Thakur Divyangana , Khullar Sanjana , Gayati Sunya , Adarsh Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Bacteria and their by-products are responsible for various pulpal and periapical infections which can be classified as biofilm-mediated infections. Recently, nanoparticles have been introduced to decrease the bacterial load in endodontic infections.

Aim and Objectives:
The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles alone and combination of silver nanoparticles with calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis.

Materials and Methods:
A pure culture of E. faecalis was used as the test microorganism. After 24 h of incubation the bacterial colonies were isolated and suspended in 5 ml of infusion broth followed by incubation at 37°C for 4 h. 0.5 McFarland of the bacterial suspension was prepared and then cultured on Mueller–Hinton agar culture medium with the help of a sterile swab. In each culture plate, five wells were created with a sterile pipette for placement of the samples.

Results:
Statistically significant difference in the antibacterial effect of the combination of silver nanocure gel with various medicaments was observed when compared to the effect of silver nanocure gel alone. Silver nanocure gel in combination with calcium hydroxide (Group B) was more efficacious as compared to silver nanocure gel alone (Group A) (P < 0.001). Antibacterial activity of silver nanocure gel in combination with chlorhexidine (Group C) was also significantly higher than silver nanocure gel alone (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The present study is an in vitro study, in which we concluded that the combination of all the intracanal medicaments is the best among for elimination of E. faecalis biofilm from the root canal. The above findings need to be tested in vivo also.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrix against Root Canal Microflora
Authors: Singh Pinky , Dey Subhra , Pandey Vinisha , Abhas Arora , Sharan Suprabha , Kharat Neetu 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Binding of such proteins with a developing fibrin mesh or to the extracellular matrix has the ability to create chemotactic gradients aiding the recruitment of stem cells, thereby, stimulating cell migration and differentiation this may promotes repair and regeneration. There is a unique concept in platelet concentrates called platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRFM) which is processed using higher attraction without the utilization of bovine thrombin.

Aim and Objectives:
The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal effects of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and PRFM against root canal microflora.

Materials and Methods:
Blood samples were taken from 20 adults, age ranging from 20 to 40 years who were systemically healthy, nonsmokers with no symptoms of infection, or on antibiotics at least 3 months before experiments. The procedures and the protocols involved in the study were accepted by the Institutional Ethical Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from the donors and patients. Approximately 10 ml of blood was collected from each donor. 5 ml of blood was used for the preparation of PRF and 5 ml for PRFM.

Results:
The antifungal scores among the groups. The highest antifungal scores were seen in metapex followed by PRF and PRFM group. Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to check the statistical difference among the groups, and there was a statistically significant difference seen among the groups (P = 0.00). The antibacterial scores among the groups. The highest antibacterial scores were seen in Metapex followed by PRF group and PRFM group Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to check the statistical difference among the groups, and there was a statistically significant difference seen among the groups.

Conclusion:
PRF demonstrated antibacterial activity against passage isolates but had no antifungal efficacy. This antibacterial property may be a valuable adjunct when using PRF for regenerative procedures in endodontics. Both PRF and PRFM have to be analyzed for antimicrobial properties for extended duration and various other clinical strains with larger sample size.
Preservation of Alveolar Ridge using Graft Material after Tooth Extraction: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Kumar Kunal , Singh Revati , Mugal Vishal , Dhingra Nikhil , Priyadarshni Priyanka , Bandgar Subhash 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The alveolar process is a tooth-dependent structure, and hence, removal of teeth results in the alteration of alveolar process. To alter bone remodeling after dental extraction, various techniques have been put forward for ridge preservation.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the changes of hard and soft tissues in postextraction socket after the application of bone graft material.

Materials and Methods:
Healthy patients of sample size of 40 were selected who underwent the extraction of anterior tooth irrespective of the arch, from premolar of one side to another, with the exception of incisors in mandible. Twenty patients were randomly selected as the control group and other 20 as the experimental group using an allograft bone material, i.e., beta-tricalcium phosphate to fill the socket. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was done as baseline preoperative and postoperative at 14 weeks after the extraction. CBCTs data help in recording linear and volumetric measurements which was performed by calibrated examiners to record all the measurements. After measurements, digital planning of dental implants was performed.

Results:
Forty participants were selected, in which 20 patients each were as the experimental and control groups. No significant difference was found at basal line at any of the cases. At follow-up of 14 weeks, statistical significance was seen in buccal and lingual plate height in the experimental group, and no significant difference was seen in the control group.(P = 0.023).

Conclusions:
This study clearly points out that an alveolar ridge preservation technique provides therapeutic benefit by limiting bone resorption in comparison to extraction alone.
Clinico-microbiological Efficacy of Indocyanine Green as a Novel Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy among Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Split-mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Karmakar Shaswata , Prakash Shobha , Jagadeson Mahesh , Namachivayam Arunkumar , Das Dipanjan , Sarkar Sabourni 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
Conventional nonsurgical periodontal therapy, i.e., scaling and root planing (SRP), is not sufficient to completely eradicate the microorganisms present in dental plaque biofilm due to the incapability of instruments to reach the inaccessible areas of a tooth with anatomical variations. Hence, to increase the effectiveness of SRP, many adjunctive treatment strategies are proposed, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the clinical and microbiological efficacy of PDT using Indocyanine green (ICG) as a novel photosensitizer for the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty individuals who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were enrolled for this randomized controlled clinical trial using split-mouth design. Treatment sites from each individual were randomly allocated into two groups: SRP was done for the sites of the control group and an additional session of PDT using ICG was performed for the sites of the test group. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from both the sites and sent for quantitative analysis of Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Probing pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and count of all the three microorganisms were assessed at baseline and after 3 months.

Results:
After 3 months, PD and CAL showed statistically significant improvement in the test sites (P < 0.001) compared to the control sites. However, the differences in the microbiological parameters were statistically nonsignificant between the groups.

Conclusion:
ICG as a photosensitizer may enhance the outcomes of SRP and can be used for PDT for the nonsurgical management of periodontal diseases.
Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Tongue Volume in Different Dentoskeletal Patterns – A Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Study
Authors: Grover Seema , Sidhu Maninder Singh , Singaraju Gowri Sankar , Dabas Ashish , Dogra Namrata , Midha Munish 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The aim of this study is to evaluate tongue volume using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) and its correlation to different growth patterns in patients.

Materials and Methods:
Sixty preorthodontic records of CBCT scans of subjects ranging from 14 to 25 age group from retrospective data of department were selected for the study. Patients were classified into three groups based on angle FMA; Group I (n = 20) with average growth pattern (FMA 22°–28°); Group II (n = 20) vertical growth pattern (FMA >28°); Group III (n = 25) horizontal growth pattern (FMA <20°). Tongue volume evaluation was done using Myrian® Software. Dentoskeletal features and parameters related to archform such as palatal vault depth, interpremolar, and intermolar distance were evaluated in all the subjects. ANOVA test was used for intergroup comparison of tongue volume and dentoskeletal parameters in all three groups. Correlation of the tongue volume to dentoskeletal parameters was done using Pearson's correlation test.

Results:
Mean tongue volume in Group I was 66.10 cm3, Group II, 66.04 cm3 and Group III was 66.72 cm3. There was a statistically significant correlation (P < 0.5) of tongue volume with palatal vault width, maxillary length, and mandibular interpremolar and intermolar distance among dentoskeletal parameters.

Conclusion:
Tongue volume was found equal in all groups despite the variation in growth patterns. Skeletal differences leading to different growth patterns were found to be related to mandibular morphology. The results indicate the indirect role of the tongue in causing malocclusion in orthodontic patients.
Assessment of Marginal Integrity and Color Stability of Provisional Restoration Fabricated from Different Autopolymerizing Acrylic Resins – A Comparative Study
Authors: Jafar Abdulla Mohamed Usman , Dafer Al Wadei Mohammed Hussain , El-Patal Mohamed Abd-Ellatif , Sam George , Abokhlifa Yousef H. , Thorat Ashutosh 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The present study is aimed to assess the marginal integrity and color stability of provisional restorations fabricated from different autopolymerizing acrylic resins.

Materials and Methods:
Totally, 60 provisional crowns were fabricated. A mandibular first molar artificial typodont was mounted on a base of dental stone. The mandibular first molar which was mounted was prepared for full cast crown, using the tooth preparation standard principles with shoulder finish line of 1 mm and taper 6°. There were 20 samples in each acrylic resin group: Group I: Polyvinyl-ethyl methacrylate resin, Group II: Autopolymerizing bis-acrylic material, and Group III: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) autopolymerizing resin. Crowns were verified for marginal adaptation using stereomicroscope at a ×40. The color stability was measured using spectrophotometer poststaining period.

Results:
Autopolymerizing bis-acrylic material group showed minimum mean vertical marginal discrepancy (128.68 ± 18.036 μm) followed by PMMA autopolymerizing resin group (147.49 ± 20.128 μm) and polyvinyl-ethyl methacrylate resin group (172.89 ± 22.118 μm). Analysis of variance demonstrated a statistically significant difference between different autopolymerizing acrylic resins. The color change values did not show any significant difference between the groups on numerous comparisons between different autopolymerizing acrylic resin groups. A statistically significant difference was seen between Groups I and II, Groups I and III, and Groups II and III (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
This study concluded that the autopolymerizing bis-acrylic material demonstrated significantly improved marginal integrity when compared to PMMA autopolymerizing resin and polyvinyl-ethyl methacrylate resin.
Assessment of Oral Health-Care Needs for Patients under Palliative Care
Authors: Singh Atul Kumar , Mishra Rahul , Kumar Harsh , Priya Leena , Choudhary Harsha Vardhan , Kumar Kunal 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Patients under palliative care and their caregivers often ignore the dental treatment and oral hygiene needs as a result of which they face many day to day problems, which include difficulty in chewing, halitosis, and dry mouth eventually deteriorating the quality of life.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to understand the oral needs and oral health-related concerns of the patients under palliative care.

Methodology:
A total of eight patients agreed to enroll in the study. A detailed interview with oral examination, including Sillness and Loe Plaque Index and Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (dmft) Index, was recorded. Patients were also given the treatment needed if willing for the same.

Results:
In our study, we observed that the mean dmft scores of dentulous patients were 7.96 ± 3.35, and mean plaque score was 1.75 ± 2.12, which was significantly higher and further highlights the need for dental treatment.

Conclusion:
The patients under palliative care have many oral problems such as dry mouth, difficulty in eating, halitosis which needs to be addressed; hence, dental health plays an important role in improving the quality of life of these patients.
Managing Anticoagulant Patients Undergoing Dental Extraction by using Hemostatic Agent: Tranexamic Acid Mouthrinse
Authors: Jaiswal Pragya , Agrawal Raghav , Gandhi Aniruddh , Jain Arvind , Kumar Abhishek , Rela Rathi 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Patient who is on antiplatelet therapy had an impaired fibrin formation which leads to fibrinolysis which is the main reason behind postextraction bleeding.

Objectives:
The aim of the study is to manage anticoagulated patient who has to undergo dental extraction by using hemostatic agent and the objective is to rule out potential risk factor which may trigger bleeding.

Methods:
One hundred patients with anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and having International Normalized Ratio (INR) in-between 1.9 and 3.5 were selected. Postextraction instruction use 5 ml of 10% tranexamic acid mouthrinse four times a day for next 7 days was suggested. All demographic data, history of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, details of bleeding, and treatment requirement were recorded to identify potential risk factor.

Results:
Of 100 subjects, 16 were reported postextraction bleeding on days 1 and 2 which was controlled by tranexamic acid pressure pack. Bleeding from extraction socket of 10 patients was stopped by gelatin foam. No life-threatening risk was observed. In patients with age group of 41–60 years whose INR value was ≥2.5, the number of teeth undergoing extraction, whose bleeding time was increased, and were on long duration of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy might increase the risk of bleeding.

Conclusion:
Use of tranexamic acid mouthrinse after extraction is an effective way to control bleeding on patients who are under antiplatelet therapy with at therapeutic INR level is a secure and allowable method of minimizing postextraction oozing.
A Confocal Microscopic Study on Percentage Penetration of Different Sealers into Dentin
Authors: D’Costa Vivian Flourish , Rodrigues Amadeus Leroy , Bangera Madhu Keshava , Bhat Purnima A. , Rai Raunak Umesh 
Published: June 2021

Context:
Three-dimensional seal of the root canal space has always been challenging. The incorporation of gutta-percha and sealer prevents microleakage by bacteria, ensuring a shielded root canal space. However, the penetration of sealer to various depths within the root canal has always been looked with curiosity.

Aims:
Thus, the present in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate the percentage and average depth of penetration of Endoflas F. S., AH Plus, and Epiphany sealers into dentinal tubules among the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the roots following obturation with a lateral compaction technique using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.

Settings and Design:
The study is an in vitro randomized control trial.

Subjects and Methods:
Thirty sound central incisors were decoronated at the level of the cementoenamel junction. Working length determination was done followed by a meticulous cleaning, shaping, and under copious irrigation. The teeth were then randomly divided into three groups: Endoflas FS sealer, AH Plus sealer, and Epiphany sealer. On fluorescence treatment, the teeth were sectioned at the midpoint of coronal, middle, and apical third of each root and viewed under confocal laser scanning microscope.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and the significant difference between groups was analyzed with post hoc Tukey test.

Results:
Epiphany sealer provided with better percentage and depth penetration in comparison to Endoflas FS and AH Plus sealers. Furthermore, the coronal third of the root had better percentage and sealer penetration than the middle and apical thirds.

Conclusions:
Sealers tend to provide a firm bond between the tooth and the gutta-percha. They bind, lubricate, and seal the gutta-percha cones to fill the accessory canals. Within the limitations of this study, the superior flow and enhanced setting time Epihany sealers provide better percentage and depth of penetration than AH Plus and Endoflas FS.