bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visible spectroscopy of highly charged tungsten ions with the JET charge exchange diagnostic
Authors: Thorman Alex , Litherland-Smith Edward , Menmuir Sheena , Hawkes Nick , O’Mullane Martin , Delabie Ephrem , Lomanowski Bart , Fontdecaba Josep Maria , Scully Shane 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Since the installation of the ITER-like wall on the JET tokamak, visible emission from a broad range of tungsten charge states has complicated plasma ion temperature and toroidal rotation measurements. A plethora of charge exchange transitions, from ions up to W56+, and 21 suspected magnetic dipole transitions have been observed. In particular W39+ and W46+ charge exchange emission contaminates the long-established carbon measurement at 529 nm. Fortunately the wavelength and relative intensity of the tungsten charge exchange lines is predictable and their influence can be mitigated when they are included in the spectral fit. Neon based charge exchange measurements at 525 nm are now preferred on JET since the ITER-like wall, however in this case an unidentified tungsten magnetic dipole transition contaminates the spectrum when the electron temperature is low.
Fuel cells as a future of automotive industry: A review of current developments
Authors: Andriyashin S N , Shurov N I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fuel cells are more and more applied in the automotive industry in recent decades. This applies to both special equipment, such as forklifts, and personal automobiles. They are already serious competitors for BEVs (battery electric vehicles) and will likely compete with ICE (internal combustion engine) vehicles in the future. This study provides an overview of the latest developments in the use of fuel cells in transport.
Computer simulation of a power source based on a bipolar pulse shaper for magnetron sputtering systems
Authors: Tyufanova AA 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The research object is a pulsed bipolar power supply based on a bipolar pulse shaper of increased frequency for magnetron sputtering systems. The research subject is the electrophysical and electromagnetic processes occurring in the bipolar pulse shaper when it is operated with a magnetron sputtering system, as well as the control characteristics. The purpose of the paper is the possibility of creating a pulsed power supply with a power of up to several tens of kW, which makes it possible to increase the stability of the magnetron sputtering system. Besides, the outcomes of computer simulation of a power source based on a bipolar pulse shaper and control algorithm ensuring its stable and reliable operation in association with a magnetron sputtering system are reflected in the paper. The results show that the deviation of the output control characteristics of the bipolar pulse shaper from the analytically obtained characteristics does not exceed 3%. Circuit modeling is carried out in the Swicher CAD/LTspice software package. The mathematical SPICE models of the field-effect STY112N65M5 transistor, transistor IGBT of IRF4PF50WD and STTH8006 diode are taken from the websites of STMicroelectronics and International Rectifier manufacturers.
Determination of the charge and discharge modes duration effect on the LiFePO4 cells resource in the electric power source
Authors: Schurov N I , Dedov S I 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe paper is devoted to the determination of the resource of LiFePO4battery cells when they are used as a primary source of energy in an electric vehicle. The analysis of the WLTC driving cycle from the point of view of the currents arising in the battery of an electric vehicle was carried out, its main parameters were revealed, such as: the duration and magnitude of the charge and discharge currents and the duration of the pause. The results of experiments on determining the resource of an 18650 cell at various load cycles are presented. It was found that cells loaded with a low current with a high switching frequency of the operating mode are subject to the greatest degradation. The lowest degradation rate was observed in cells loaded with low current with short-term charging modes. The result obtained will make it possible to more accurately determine the remaining life of the battery cells. Also, the data can be used to improve the algorithms of the BMS in order to extend the battery life.
Thermoelectric modular systems based on semiconductor elements of Peltier-Seebeck for vehicles
Authors: Feofanov S A , Chashchin S L 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Elevations in technology of semiconductor materials allow for new vehicle systems use for improvement in the standard ones. One of the most promising materials for achieving an efficacy of more than 50% is polyaniline, which belongs to the class of conductive polymers that has semiconducting peculiarities. For instance, a new generation of semiconductor elements based on the Peltier-Seebeck effect makes it possible to use them to create thermoelectric generators, which means to use the thermal energy of the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (ICE) to generate electrical power. The second area where Peltier-Seebeck semiconductor elements find application in automobiles are modular climate control systems. Due to the absence of moving parts and relatively small dimensions, they allow the creation of individual climatic zones in the car interior. An elegant design and technological solution is the placement of similar thermal semiconductor modules inside the driver’s and passenger’s seats, which makes it possible to transfer heat more efficiently and make climatic zones more apparent. The article considered engineering options for the design of climate control units based on Peltier elements and the creation of a prototype. The issues of integration into the vehicle on-board network and the features of power control are considered. The studies and results of this paper can contribute to improving the energy efficiency and technosphere safety of vehicles.
Instrumentation used for vibration monitoring on the supports of the tank scales of the port transshipment complex
Authors: Dubrovin R G , Nikolaev N I , Gerasidi V V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The main thing for rotating equipment is to measure vibration, since, in the process of irreversible state change, a chain of defects always occurs and at least one of them significantly changes the vibration of the equipment. Using tank scales for static equipment, the vibration measuring makes it possible to determine the actual values of the levels and compare them with the maximum permissible values set by the manufacturer or regulatory documents. Also, the measurement of vibration levels in the time signal allows determining resonant frequencies at which vibration levels significantly increase due to the coincidence of the natural frequencies of the equipment with external workers, which can lead to increased loads on the supporting metal structures, suspended equipment and subsequently to fatigue destruction of the latter. Results of the work: the excess of the measured vibration levels on the supports of the hopper scales No. 28.1 was recorded by vibration acceleration in pt.11 (longitudinal direction) from twelve measurements; the excess of the measured vibration levels on the supports of the hopper scales No. 28.2 was not recorded, but increased levels of vibration speed were observed in pt. 11 and pt. 12; excessive vibration levels at the same measurement points on different scales may indicate that it is necessary to conduct a survey of the operation of the valve mechanism for smooth running and to monitor the condition of the metal structure under the fourth supports; it is recommended to perform a repeated measurement of the vibration of the hopper scales after inspection and repair of the structures of the scales.
Mathematical model of a ferromagnetic lubricant in the presence of a porous coating in the bearing structure
Authors: Opatskikh A N , Novakovich M V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Based on the flow equation of a ferromagnetic liquid lubricant for a “thin layer”, the continuity equation and Darcy’s equation describing the flow of a lubricant in a porous body, an exact self-similar solution of wedge-shaped sliding support with a porous coating of the surface of the support ring is found, taking into account the dependence of the viscosity of the ferromagnetic lubricant and the permeability of the porous coating with the incomplete filling of the working gap. Analytical dependencies for the velocity and pressure fields in the lubricating and porous layer are obtained. Also, the main operating characteristics are determined load-bearing capacity and friction force. The numerical analysis of the theoretical results showed that the bearing capacity of the bearings can be increased by 8-12% in the range of the studied load-speed modes. At the same time, the coefficient of friction is reduced by 14-16%. To verify and confirm the effectiveness of the obtained theoretical models, an experimental study of a modified wedge-shaped sliding support on TP-22C, MS-20 oil and their mixture with various additives was carried out. As a result of theoretical and experimental studies, tribotechnical characteristics were determined that allow us to judge the presence of a long-term friction mode.
Features of an induction motor design taking into account the possible operation in the mode of electrical asymmetry of the windings resistances
Authors: Lavrenov E O , Temlyakova Z S , Vilberger M E , Toporkov D M , Temlyakov A A , Tolstobrova L I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper examines the operation of large high-voltage induction motors used as an electric drive of critical installations in enterprises with a continuous production cycle. The theoretical foundations of the appearance of a dip in the mechanical characteristic of an induction motor in the mode of winding resistances asymmetry are considered. The developed power supply device for an induction motor with torque dip compensation at electrical asymmetry of phase windings appears is presented. The necessity of introducing a service factor is formulated to take into account the decrease in the total level of the electromagnetic torque in such operating modes, which is carried out at the stage of the motor design beginning.
Simulation and physical modelling of synchronous electric drive for electric and hybrid vehicles
Authors: Malyshev A N , Panarin A N , Debelov V V , Mizin M D 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article presents the theoretical foundations of the device and the principle of control of a power electric drive. An overview of the main structural elements and the requirements for the electric drive are made. Power electric drive control systems using inverter converters are considered: frequency-current control based on a current inverter; frequency-current control based on a voltage inverter; direct torque control; vector field control. The main provisions of the use of simulation and physical modeling in the development of an electric drive are presented. On the basis of the previous analysis, the best solutions allowing modeling the electric drive have been selected. The choice of the element base has been substantiated and the development of a physical model has been carried out.
Thermotechnical tests of an electronically controlled main high-speed engine of a marine vessel
Authors: Gerasidi VV , Lisachenko A V , Nikolaev N I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Thermotechnical tests of the main engine after a malfunction for putting it back into operation under the supervision of the Register inspector are presented in the paper. The electronically controlled high-speed Caterpillar C32 engine on the port side with an output of 1000 kW is described.Experimental studies of the value influence of thermaland vibration parameters on changes in the engine technical state are carried out during thermotechnicaltests. The experimental research methodology includes a classical approach to conducting such tests and a contemporary method with remote data transmission to the office of the vessel owner’s company.The accumulated practice in conducting experimental studies of the technical condition control by the in-place repair method of diagnostics makes it possible to move from classical approaches of technical operation to new ones included in the remote control and monitoring system of vessel technical means of autonomous ships in operation.The conducted studies have shown that the obtained values of the thermal engineering and vibration parameters do not exceed the maximum permissible values specified by the manufacturer.The results of the experimental study of Caterpillar engines demonstrate the defect initiation in one of the engine mounts by exceeding the values of vibration velocity.The conducted experimental studies of vessel technical equipment by the in-place repair method of diagnostics of marine vessels in operation are the basis of the control system of autonomous ships.
Applying detailed chemistry for the dual-fuel engine combustion process simulation using CFD approach
Authors: Grinev V N , Kozlov A V , Zuev N S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Modern research in the area of internal combustion engines is focused on searching and investigating the technologies that will improve fuel efficiency and decrease emissions. The application of dual-fuel engines is considered a potential solution to these problems. In the dual-fuel engine, the natural gas-air mixture is ignited by a small amount of diesel fuel directly injected into a combustion chamber. This paper aims to develop a detailed chemistry mechanism for 3D simulation of the combustion process of a dual-fuel engine, providing sufficient convergence with the experimental data. It should be noted that sufficient convergence must also be provided in terms of such parameters as pilot fuel ignition delay and premixed air-fuel mixture flame propagation speed. In the course of the research, the analysis of the most commonly used detailed chemistry mechanisms for calculation of the combustion process and mechanisms’ disadvantages was performed. The results obtained with the use of the detailed mechanisms were compared with the results obtained without using detailed chemistry and with the experimental data as well.
Interface for indication and remote control of an unmanned vessel in automatic and manual modes
Authors: Burylin Ia V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article proposes a method for organizing the communication interface of an unmanned vessel and its operator. The interface contains manual controls for the course and speed of the vessel by regulating the angle of the rudder blade shift and the speed of rotation of the propeller shaft, an automatic system for keeping the vessel on a given trajectory for the purpose of navigating the vessel in automatic and manual modes. The interface comprises a system for obtaining filtration, storing the required kinematic and navigation data for identifying mathematical models of the vessel’s movement and the functioning of the autopilot. The interface allows adjusting the PID controller for automatic guidance of the vessel along the trajectory in real time to optimize automatic control, to correct the readings of the GPS and the Earth’s magnetic field sensors, to calibrate the Earth’s magnetic field sensor. The interface includes graphic and digital fields for displaying kinematic and navigation data on the vessel, autopilot and information on the operation of the operator-vessel complex. The interface allows the exchange of data between the operator and the vessel by means of a data transfer protocol via TCP-IP stack protocols on the radio frequencies of public Wi-Fi networks. The interface is created by means of appdesigner tools on the MATLAB platform.
Control of mobile equipment for the processing of marine shaft lines
Authors: Syusyuka E N , Kh Amineva E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The purpose of the research is to develop solutions for mobile equipment control in the processing of marine shaft lines; to solve the issues of geometric accuracy of processing; to create a corrective program to address the issues of accuracy of the geometric parameters processing; to give reasons for the application of linear electrohydraulic step drive (LEHSD) in mobile equipment control. The analysis of schemes and mathematical dependencies for calculating the trajectory of the tool movement of a mobile machine when processing shaft lines is carried out; the choice of the optimal zone for finishing the shaft line, taking into account the beats. The object of the study is a ship shaft line. The paper presents an original scheme of rotation of the shaft line section, as well as schemes for changing the position of the shaft line during processing; justifies the possibility of using a linear electrohydraulic step drive (LEHSD) with a corrective program for processing taking into account automatic measurements and a specified error.
Evaluation of reliability of quickly repairable components of transshipment machines and mechanisms
Authors: Ablyazov E K , Deruzhinsky G V , Ablyazov K A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
When calculating the reliability indicators of transshipment machines and mechanisms, the required values are not always obtained explicitly due to systematic difficulties (complex distribution laws) or limited initial data. The optimal stock of spare parts for transshipment machines and mechanisms depends on the reliability indicators, and the nature and intensity of their use. Downtime due to the failure of transshipment machines and mechanisms used for ship handling leads to greater losses than downtime of these machines in the warehouse. Failures of transshipment machines and mechanisms can be due to the failure of non-repairable and quickly repairable components, and those with a long repair time. To calculate the main reliability indicators of quickly repairable components, the most common laws of distribution of random variables were employed. The paper considers the methodological aspects of the probabilistic reliability estimate of quickly repairable components of transshipment machines and mechanisms.
Assessment of the impact of waves on the steering of the vessel by deviations from the given line
Authors: Yudin Yu I , Boran-Keshishyan A L , Perevozov V V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Steering by deviations involves a significant reduction in the influence of the “human factor” on the final result of the steering. Obviously, this can be achieved by automating the process of steering the vessel, including when performing mooring operations. At the same time, the participation of the boatmaster in the steering process is not excluded. Summarizing the existing approaches to automating the process of controlling the movement of the vessel, it is necessary to pay attention to the intellectualization of the entire process of steering the vessel, as an actual scientific direction of modern science in the field of navigation. Intellectualization is a higher level of improvement of steering of the vessel, it involves the use of innovative ideas for the implementation of steering processes. In particular, these ideas are based on the use of a method for steering by deviations from a given line (GL) of two points spaced along the length of the ship, at which navigation information sensors are installed that determine the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the ship’s movement, namely, satellite navigation system receiver indicators and inertial sensors. To implement this method of control, both the main means of steering the vessel and the propulsion and steering complex, which includes active control means, can be used. The use of these and (or) other controls depends on the specific purpose of controlling the movement of the vessel.
Using telematics data to support effective solutions for tracking and monitoring the power system condition of unmanned vessels
Authors: Kondratyev S I , Epikhin A I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper studies the prospects of using telematics data to support effective solutions for tracking and monitoring the condition of the power supply system (PSS) components of unmanned vessels (UV) through the determination of positioning and, accordingly, operating time of PSS components. The paper attempts to describe one of the modules of the proposed integrated telematics system for UV monitoring, diagnostics and control. For practical implementation of telematics for unmanned merchant vessels, an algorithm has been developed to diagnose the technical condition of PSS components based on the operating time and condition of the units and components of the UV PSS. The results obtained by the algorithm show the technical condition of the observed technical equipment, time of its operation, and justify the need for repair or its complete replacement. The block diagram presents the algorithm that employs a minimal set of data to determine the use of technical equipment for further planning of its preventive maintenance. The paper provides the graphical interpretation of data on the time of PSS components operation and an example of displaying the interface of the remote operator of the UV. It is proposed to use telematics for tracking and monitoring the UV PSS operation in order to improve the quality of equipment maintenance, provide rational use of resources, extend its service life, and plan the repair time. In the future, it is proposed to create an integrated intelligent system based on telematics data, which allows the UV control and monitoring of the technical condition of its equipment.
Mobility of vehicles for transportation of heavy indivisible load in the Far North and methods of mobility estimation
Authors: Evseev K B 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article presents a hierarchy of performance properties of vehicles for the transportation of heavy indivisible goods. Different methods can be used to determine the performance properties measures. The article presents the measurers of performance properties, the numerical values of which are obtained by using the method of mathematical modelling and simulation, the method of natural mathematical modelling and experimental methods of evaluation. The article identifies the problem of logistics in the Far North and in regions with no road infrastructure. The question under discussion is a burning question. The solutions to the problem have been discussed. One of the solutions to the problem is the development of new vehicles for the transportation of heavy indivisible loads in the Far North. For each vehicle it is necessary to take into account its functional purpose. Only a certain set of the most important perfomance properties should be taken into account. The most significant properties characterizing the mobility property are determined.
Efficiency enhancement of the vehicle fuel tank ventilation system by improving its architecture and design
Authors: Glaviznin V V , Ter-Mkrtichyan G G , Mikerin N A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hydrocarbon emissions from fuel evaporation contribute significantly to the total emissions of harmful substances from vehicles with forced spark ignition. To meet the legally established standards for limiting hydrocarbon emissions from evaporation, all current vehicles use fuel vapor control systems. The design of the system can vary and depends on the sales market of a particular vehicle. This article describes the development of this system for the market of the Russian Federation, as well as optimization for promising sales markets with more stringent environmental requirements.