bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Famine Exposure in Early Life and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Adulthood: Findings From Prospective Cohort Studies in China
Authors: Ning Feng , Zhao Jing , Zhang Yanlei , Zhang Lei , Song Xin , Gap Weiguo , Xin Hualei , Gao Ruqin , Zhang Dongfeng , Pang Zengchang , Qiao Qing 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: This study will investigate effect of famine exposure in early life associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood during the Chinese Famine.Methods: A total of 3,418 individuals aged 35-74 years free of diabetes in 2006 and in 2009 study surveys, were prospectively followed up to 2009 and 2012, respectively. Individuals were grouped into non-exposed (1962-1978), fetal-exposed (1959-1961), childhood-exposed (1949-1958) and adolescence/adult-exposed cohorts (1931-1948). Logistic regression model was employed to assess effect of famine exposure on diabetes incidence, adjusting for potential covariates.Results: During a mean follow up of 3 years, the age-adjusted cumulative incidences of type 2 diabetes were 6.3%, 13.0% 11.0% and 13.8% in non-exposed, fetal, child and adolescence/adult-exposed cohorts, respectively (P=0.026). Compared with non-exposed individuals, relative risks (95% confidence intervals) for diabetes incidence were 2.15(1.29-3.60), 1.53(0.93-2.51), and 1.65(0.75-3.63) in those exposure in fetal, child and adolescence/adult, controlling for covariates. The interactions between famine exposure and obesity, education, family history of diabetes were not observed, except for famine exposure and residential areas. Individuals lived in rural areas increased risk for type 2 diabetes in fetal and child exposure, with an incidence relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 8.79(1.82-42.54) and 2.33(1.17-4.65), respectively.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that famine exposure in early life is an independent predictor on type 2 diabetes, particularly in women. The identification and intervention on critical time can prevent residents from diabetes in later life.The clinical trial was registered, more detail linked in https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home, as registration no. NCT01053195.
High Dose Intravenous Vitamin C Treatment in Sepsis: Associations with Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality Running Title Vitamin C associated AKI and mortality
Authors: McCune Thomas , Sheehan Brynn E , Sherani Muhammad Shaheer K , Petr Stephan T , Toepp Angela J , Dodani Sunita 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The effects of vitamin C on clinical outcomes in critically ill patients remain controversial due to inconclusive studies. This retrospective observational cohort study evaluated the effects of vitamin C therapy on acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality among septic patients. Participants were 1390 patients from an academic hospital who were categorized as Treatment (received at least one dose of 1.5g IV vitamin C, n = 212) or Comparison (received no, or less than 1.5g IV vitamin C, n = 1178). Propensity score matching was conducted to balance a number of covariates between groups. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted predicting AKI and in-hospital mortality among the full sample and a sub-sample of patients seen in the ICU. Results revealed that vitamin C therapy was associated with increases in AKI (OR = 2.07 95% CI [1.46–2.93]) and in-hospital mortality (OR = 1.67 95% CI [1.003–2.78]) after adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. When stratified to examine ICU patients, vitamin C therapy remained a significant risk factor of AKI (OR = 1.61 95% CI [1.09–2.39]) and provided no protective benefit against mortality (OR = 0.79 95% CI [0.48–1.31]). Ongoing use of high dose vitamin C in sepsis should be appraised due to observed associations with AKI and death.
Analytical Framework of Forced Convective Two-dimensional MHD Flow of Jeffrey Nano Liquid With Impact of Thermal Radiation and Activation Energy
Authors: Rasheed Haroon Ur , Islam Saeed , Khan Zeeshan , Khan Waris 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The present communication owns to address the mathematical framework of two-dimensional electrically conductive and thermally radiative Jeffrey nanofluid flow by a curved surface. The interaction of a periodic magnetic field with the suspended nanoparticles and mixed convection are critically important due to its application in a broad spectrum. Buongiorno’s model, incorporates the effect of thermophoretic force and Brownian movement, describes the nature of Jeffrey nanofluid. The influence of activation energy, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation effects are reserved. The dimensionless system of differential equations has been diminished from the modeled equations via transformation framework which is solved analytically versus homotopic algorithm. The stability and convergence analysis has been carried out to optimize system parameters and accuracy of the system. The effect of physical constraints on flow field, energy, and concentration of nanoparticles are portrayed via plotted graphs and debated.
Pedicle Morphometry of Sub Axial Cervical Spine using Computed Tomography Scans among Adult Ugandan Population
Authors: Jonathan Ssebuggwawo , Muzeyi Wani , Geoffrey Erem , Gonzaga Waiswa , badru SSekitooleko , Isaac Kajja 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Accurate placement of pedicle screws in the sub axial cervical spine requires precise understanding of vertebrae anatomy. Little is known about the morphometric characteristics of the sub axial cervical pedicle in the Ugandan population. The objective of the study was to determine the morphometric dimensions of pedicles in the sub axial cervical spine among the adult Ugandan population. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study from March to November 2019 among adult Ugandans with a normal cervical CT scan at Nsambya hospital in Kampala. Eligible participants were consecutively recruited into the study. Data on baseline characteristics and pedicle dimensions from the CT scan findings were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using Stata 13.0. Pedicle dimensions for the different levels of sub axial cervical vertebrae were summarised as means and standard deviations, the Mann Whitney test was used to compare pedicle dimensions for the different vertebrae level among females and males on both right and left side and the level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: A total of 700 sub axial cervical pedicles (C3-C7) from 49 males and 21 female participants were studied. Pedicle width diameter showed cephalo-caudal gradual increment from C3 [1.65(0.63) mm] to [3.46(0.75) mm] at C7. Pedicle height also showed an increase caudally with smallest diameter at C3 [1.98(0.76) mm] and largest at C5 in females [3.67(6.42) mm] and at C7in males [3.83(0.76) mm]. The pedicle height was wider than the pedicle width at all levels. The pedicle chord length gradually increased caudally in both sexes ranging from [29.08(1.35) mm] at C3 to [32.53(3.19) mm] at C7. The axial angles were oriented medially and showed no consistent trend ranging between 500 and 530. The sagittal angles decreased as one moved from C3 to C7. The dimensions of females were significantly smaller than in males.Conclusion: Pedicle endosteal width was smaller than pedicle height dimensions at all levels. Pedicle cord length increased caudally. The pedicle dimensions except angulations, were smaller in females than in males.
Estradiol on Trigger Day was Irrelevant to Live Birth Rates of Fresh Cycles but Positively Associated with Cumulative Live Birth Rates: A Multicenter Retrospective Study
Authors: Wang Meng , Jin Lei , Shi Juanzi , Mao Yundong , Zhang Cuilian , Huang Rui , Liang Xiaoyan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Serum estradiol (E2) level is supraphysiological during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). However, the impacts of high levels of E2 on the development of preimplantation embryos, live birth rates in fresh and frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles, and cumulative live birth rates (CLBR) remain debatable.Methods: This retrospective study included 93,959 oocyte retrieval cycles of 73,794 patients performing in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) from 2013 to 2018 in five reproductive centers in China. Patients were categorized according to E2 level on trigger day: <1,000, 1,000-2,000, 2,000-3,000, 3,000-4,000, 4,000-5,000 and ≥5,000 pg/ml. Developments of embryos were evaluated by specific stage embryo rates, fertilization rates and cleavage rates. Generalized linear mixed models and multilevel models were adopted. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to adjust for the confounding factors. Results: Compared with the <1,000 pg/ml group, the aMD (95% CI) for the specific stage embryo rates in groups 2-6 were -0.10 (-0.11, -0.10), -0.13 (-0.14, -0.12), -0.14 (-0.15, -0.13), -0.15 (-0.16, -0.15) and -0.14 (-0.15, -0.13), respectively. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of live birth of fresh cycles in the stratified higher E2 groups was 1.03 (0.91, 1.16), 1.06 (0.93, 1.21), 1.03 (0.89, 1.19), 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) and 0.88 (0.75, 1.03), while the aOR (95% CI) for live birth in FET cycles was 1.01 (0.90, 1.14), 1.08 (0.95, 1.22), 1.10 (0.96, 1.27), 1.12 (0.97, 1.29), and 1.20 (1.05, 1.37), respectively. When E2 <14,000 pg/ml, E2 was positively correlated with CLBR, otherwise, E2 was irrelevant to CLBR. Conclusion: High levels of E2 is associated with decreased rates of properly developed embryos. When E2 level is above 5,000 pg/ml on trigger day, the E2 level is associated with increased live birth rates in FET cycles. While the live birth rates in fresh cycles is not impacted. CLBR is positively associated with E2 on trigger day when E2 is <14,000 pg/ml.
Effect of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy on Overall Survival in Patients with Hormone Receptor Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Su Yong Cheng , Zheng XiaoGang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Introduction: There has been little research on whether contralateral prophylactic mastectomy(CPM) improves overall survival in patients with hormone receptor(HR) negative breast cancer. Our study aimed to determine whether CPM would bring survival benefits for the patients diagnosed with HR-negative breast cancer. Methods: All data were derived from the SEER database (version8.3.6.1). We used LASSO regression analysis and stepwise regression method to screen the variables related to prognosis. The survival curves of breast cancer patients were drawn by the Kaplan-Meier method, and we used the Log-rank test to calculate statistical differences in survival curves. Results: The overall survival (OS) was significantly better for patients in the CPM group than the Non-CPM group, the pooled hazard ratio (HR) was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.14–0.78), multivariate Cox regression analysis after propensity score matching (PSM) showed the same results, the CPM-group showed a significantly improved prognosis than the Non-CPM group, the pooled HR was 0.66 (95%CI:0.50–0.83), statistically significant. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that CPM could improve the prognosis of patients with HR-negative breast cancer and significantly extend overall survival. Simultaneously, clinicians should fully consider the advantages and disadvantages of the operation before performing CPM on patients.
Longitudinal associations between time-varying insomnia symptoms and all-cause healthcare services utilization among middle-aged and older adults in the US
Authors: Mahmood Asos , Kedia Satish , Dobalian Aram , Chang Cyril F. , Ahn SangNam 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study examines longitudinal associations between time-varying insomnia symptoms (including difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early-morning awakenings, and nonrestorative sleep) and all-cause healthcare services utilization (HSU; overnight hospital stays, nursing home stays, and home healthcare services) among middle-aged and older adults. Data were obtained from 2002 through 2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study in the US for a population-representative sample of 13,168 adults (aged ≥50 years; mean [SD] age= 66.8±9.4; females= 57.7%; ≥2 comorbid medical conditions= 52.5%). A marginal structural modeling approach and generalized estimating equations were implemented to capture time-varying biological, psycho-cognitive, lifestyle, or behavioral health factors and to adjust for selection bias due to differential loss to follow-up. At baseline, 38.9% of respondents reported experiencing at least one insomnia symptom. During the 16-year follow-up, 72.9%, 17.9%, and 35.1% reported overnight hospital stays, nursing home stays, and home healthcare services utilization, respectively. Higher numbers of insomnia symptoms on a cumulative scale were associated with more overnight hospital stays, nursing home stays, and home healthcare services utilization. Further, experiencing each of difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, and nonrestorative sleep, as standalone symptoms, was associated with a higher likelihood of HSU compared to those not experiencing any of these symptoms. Independent associations of early-morning awakening with nursing home stays and home healthcare utilization were not significant. The results emphasize the roles of screening and addressing symptoms of insomnia among middle-aged and older adults or those prone to sleep disorders to reduce avoidable HSU. Future investigations should focus on the underlying causes and health systems pathways linking insomnia symptoms to HSU.
From emergency to durable water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: insights from the protracted Syrian refugee situation in Lebanon
Authors: Chatila Hani , Fischer Christian , Amankwaa Godfred , Sternberg Troy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Emergency water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programming often fails to meet defined humanitarian or sectoral standards and the needs of those affected by crises. There have been calls to shift toward more resilient, durable and sustainable WASH interventions. Drawing on a mix of qualitative methods, this paper traces the nature and evolution of the factors affecting different kinds of WASH interventions in Lebanon. Factors contributing to a slow uptake of durable WASH solutions include Lebanon not being a signatory of the 1951 Refugee Convention, a ‘no camp’ policy adopted by the Government of Lebanon, aid agencies under pressure to cater for lifesaving WASH needs of the Syrian refugees, a lack of sufficient funds, Syrian refugee migration to Europe in 2014, limited Syrian refugee resettlement options, terrorism at the Lebanese border in 2014, as well as fears of nationalization of Syrian refugees – rooted in experiences from the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. The paper demonstrates that the overall WASH response to Syrian refugees in Lebanon mirrors the interplay between aid agencies, the donor community and the Government of Lebanon. We argue that the Lebanese Government should have acted much earlier and devised a strategy flexible enough to turn a challenge into an opportunity by advocating for funds that allow for durable solutions and sustainable impact on the lives of the Syrian refugees and Lebanese hosting communities. We conclude by highlighting policy and practical lessons for refugee-hosting countries and donor agencies.
HIGHLIGHT
WASH interventions are used in nearly all emergency contexts to help reduce risks. The unsustainability of emergency WASH interventions has led to attempts for more durable solutions. In Lebanon, durable WASH interventions that benefitted both Syrian refugees and host communities were initiated by the end of 2014. Factors for this shift policy shift mirrors the interplay between aid agencies, the donor community and the Government of Lebanon.
Water resource development planning around village cascades: piloting of a scientific methodology in Yan Oya river basin of Sri Lanka
Authors: Seenithamby Manoharan , Nandalal K. D. W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the dry zone of Sri Lanka experiencing hydrological and weather extremes, non-availability of validated scientific data on stream-flows and groundwater stocks for sufficient time periods, and the presence of large numbers of small and large tanks that divert the water from the streams, make water resource planning a very complex challenge. An integrated modelling exercise was carried out: first using a hydrological simulation model to assess the annual and seasonal water flows of Yan Oya basin of Anuradhapura district and its seven sub-watersheds for 30 years and their dependability; then using a water balance model to analyze the extent to which the current water demands of five selected cascades are being met from the supplies available; and assessing the scope for augmenting the existing storage capacity of the tanks to reduce the irrigation deficits. This article presents the results of the study with regard to: the basin flows and their variability; and water balance scenarios for five selected cascades, with and without modifications in tank storage capacity. The article also discusses how the results from such integrated modelling studies should be used by irrigation planners for taking water management decisions for the basin with decentralized storages like tanks.
Design, Synthesis, Anticancer Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel
Benzoxazole Linked 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles
Authors: Subhashini N.J.P. , Bujji Sushmitha , Kumar Edigi P. , Sivan Sree K. , Manjunatha D.H. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Cancer disease is a serious concern globally. Global cancer occurrence is steadily increasing
every year. There is always a persistent need to develop new anticancer drugs with reduced side effects or that act
synergistically with the existing chemotherapeutics.

Objective:
Benzoxazoles are fused bicyclic nitrogen and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds and are
considered biologically privileged scaffolds. We designed a synthetic route to link the benzoxazoles with oxadiazole,s
resulting in a better pharmacophore for anticancer activity.

Methods:
A series of novel amide derivatives of benzoxazole linked 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (10 a-j) were synthesized and
characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopic techniques. The biological properties of the compounds
were screened in vitro against four different tumor cell lines.

Results:
The results suggest that the compound 10b having 3,4,5-trimethoxy substitution on the phenyl ring exhibited
potent anticancer activity in three cell lines (A549 = 0.13 ± 0.014 μM, MCF-7 = 0.10 ± 0.013 μM and HT-29 = 0.22 ±
0.017 μM). Notably, among the synthesized derivatives, compounds 10b, 10c, 10f, 10g, and 10i exhibited potent anticancer
activity than the control, with IC50 values in the range from 0.11 ± 0.02 to 0.93 ± 0.034 μM. Molecular docking
simulation results showed that compounds were stabilized by hydrogen bond and π-π interactions with the protein.

Conclusion:
The molecules showed comparable binding affinities with standard Combretastatin-A4. The present research
work is in a preliminary phase and needs further studies to take the synthesized compounds to the next level in
the cancer research field.
Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Focus on the Use of the Currently
Available Biomarkers in Oncology
Authors: Criscitiello Carmen , Guerini-Rocco Elena , Viale Giulia , Fumagalli Caterina , Sajjadi Elham , Venetis Konstantinos , Piciotti Roberto , Invernizzi Marco , Malapelle Umberto , Fusco Nicola 
Published: July 2021

:
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) have remarkably modified the way solid tumors are managed, including
breast cancer. Unfortunately, only a relatively small number of breast cancer patients significantly respond to these
treatments. To maximize the immunotherapy benefit in breast cancer, several efforts are currently being put forward
for the identification of i) the best therapeutic strategy (i.e. ICI monotherapy or in association with chemotherapy,
radiotherapy, or other drugs); ii) optimal timing for administration (e.g. early/advanced stage of disease; adjuvant/
neoadjuvant setting); iii) most effective and reliable predictive biomarkers of response (e.g. tumor-infiltrating
lymphocytes, programmed death-ligand 1, microsatellite instability associated with mismatch repair deficiency, and
tumor mutational burden). In this article, we review the impacts and gaps in the characterization of immune-related
biomarkers raised by clinical and translational research studies with immunotherapy treatments. Particular emphasis
has been put on the documented evidence of significant clinical benefits of ICI in different randomized clinical trials,
along with preanalytical and analytical issues in predictive biomarkers pathological assessment.
Tooth Loss, Occlusal Teeth Support, Salivary Flow Rate, and Food Texture Choice in the Elderly with Cognitive Impairment: A Preliminary Study in Indonesia
Authors: Sari Kartika I. , Ong Paulus A. , Purba Ambrosius , Widyaputra Sunardhi 
Published: July 2021

Background:
The elderly are at risk of experiencing oral health problems and chewing due to tooth-loss, decreased occlusal teeth support, and decreased salivary flow rate.

Objective:
This study aimed to compare distribution and comparison tooth loss, the proportion of occlusal teeth support, salivary flow rate, and the choice of food texture between the normal and cognitive impairment groups.

Methods:
Preliminary study and cross-sectional designed method on community-dwelling elderly in Bandung City, Indonesia. The inclusion criteria were no complaint of orofacial pain, not wearing denture prostheses, good communication skills, reading and writing skills, and good physical health. Demographic data include age, gender, education, and occupation. Tooth loss distribution, the proportion of occlusal contact zone, salivary flow rate, and choice of food texture were determined. Cognitive function was measured using the mini mental short examination (MMSE) form. A Mann-Whitney test was used to compare normal and cognitive impairment groups with a significance level of p-value <0.05.

Results:
25 cognitive normals with MMSE score ≥25 and 10 cognitive impairment with MMSE score <25. Mean anterior tooth-loss was 2.16±3.89 vs. 4.90± 4.28 (p<0.05) and posterior tooth loss was 7.12± 5.89 vs 10.40± 4.90, p> 0.05 under normal condition compared with the cognitive impairment groups. Fewer occlusal support zone was found more frequently in cognitive impairment by groups B2, B3, B4, and C according to the Eichner Index classification. Salivary flow rate was 1.2942± 0.5768 vs 1.2755± 0.9811, p> 0.05. The participants in both groups preferred a hard-solid food portion.

Conclusion:
The loss of anterior teeth is significantly different. The loss of posterior teeth appeared to be different between the elderly with cognitive impairment compared with the normal groups. The occlusal support zone, salivary flow rate, and the choice of food texture as a meal served were similar between both groups in this study.