bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural soil microbiome variation affects spring foliar phenology with consequences for plant productivity and climate‐driven range shifts
Authors: Van Nuland Michael E. , Ware Ian M. , Schadt Chris W. , Yang Zamin , Bailey Joseph K. , Schweitzer Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2021

Summary

Identifying the potential for natural soil microbial communities to predictably affect complex plant traits is an important frontier in climate change research. Plant phenology varies with environmental and genetic factors, but few studies have examined whether the soil microbiome interacts with plant population differentiation to affect phenology and ecosystem function.

We compared soil microbial variation in a widespread tree species (Populus angustifolia) with different soil inoculum treatments in a common garden environment to test how the soil microbiome affects spring foliar phenology and subsequent biomass growth.

We hypothesized and show that soil bacterial and fungal communities vary with tree conditioning from different populations and elevations, that this soil community variation influences patterns of foliar phenology and plant growth across populations and elevation gradients, and that transferring lower elevation plant genotypes to higher elevation soil communities delayed foliar phenology, thereby shortening the growing season and reducing annual biomass production.

Our findings show the importance of plant–soil interactions that help shape the timing of tree foliar phenology and productivity. These geographic patterns in plant population × microbiome interactions also broaden our understanding of how soil communities impact plant phenotypic variation across key climate change gradients, with consequences for ecosystem functioning.
Harlequin syndrome in a young girl: An opportunity to rethink the terminology
Authors: Douvali Theodora , Papageorgiou Vasiliki , Gerochristou Maria , Gerodimou Maria , Tampouratzi Eleftheria , Chasapi Vasiliki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHarlequin syndrome is a rare disorder of the autonomic nervous system, presenting as unilateral reduced flushing and sweating of the face induced by exercise, stress, or heat. It is caused by a cervical sympathetic deficit located at the preganglionic or postganglionic level on the non‐flushing side. We present a case of an 8 year old with harlequin syndrome and review the other dermatological conditions for which the term “harlequin” is part of the nomenclature.
Are e‐cigarette use and vaping associated with increased respiratory symptoms and poorer lung function in a population exposed to smoke from a coal mine fire?
Authors: Lee Wai Kit , Smith Catherine L. , Gao Caroline X. , Borg Brigitte M. , Nilsen Kristopher , Brown David , Makar Annie , McCrabb Thomas , Thompson Bruce R. , Abramson Michael J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and objectiveE‐cigarette use has become increasingly prevalent, but there is some evidence demonstrating potential harms with frequent use. We aimed to identify the profiles of e‐cigarette users from a regional community in Australia and investigate the associations of e‐cigarettes with respiratory symptoms and lung function.MethodsA total of 519 participants completed a cross‐sectional study. Exposure to e‐cigarettes was collected via a validated questionnaire. Respiratory symptoms were evaluated via a self‐reported questionnaire and lung function measured with spirometry and forced oscillation technique (FOT). Linear and logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the associations between e‐cigarettes and outcomes, while controlling for confounders such as tobacco smoking.ResultsOf the 519 participants, 46 (9%) reported e‐cigarette use. Users tended to be younger (mean ± SD 45.2 ± 14.5 vs. 55.3 ± 16.0 years in non‐users), concurrently using tobacco products (63% vs. 12% in non‐users), have a mental health diagnosis (67% vs. 37% in non‐users) and have self‐reported asthma (63% vs. 42% in non‐users). After controlling for known confounders, chest tightness (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.2–4.9, p = 0.02) was associated with e‐cigarette use. Spirometry was not different after adjustment for confounding. However, FOT showed more negative reactance and a greater area under the reactance curve in e‐cigarette users than non‐users.ConclusionE‐cigarette use was associated with increased asthma symptoms and abnormal lung mechanics in our sample, supporting a potential health risk posed by these products. Vulnerable populations such as young adults and those with mental health conditions have higher usage, while there is high concurrent tobacco smoking.
Sleep apnea is associated with residual kidney function and mortality in patients with peritoneal dialysis: Prospective cohort study
Authors: Kang Shin Chan , Park Kyoung Sook , Chang Tae Ik , Shin Sug Kyun , Kang Ea Wha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionFluid overload and sleep apnea (SA) are known risk factors for mortality in dialysis patients. Although incidence and severity of SA were shown higher in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients than in hemodialysis patients, data regarding the association of SA with body fluid status and mortality are limited. Therefore, the association of SA with body fluid status and mortality were investigated in a prospective cohort with patients undergoing PD.MethodsThe present study included 103 prevalent PD patients who were followed up for median 70 months. At baseline, the subjects underwent in‐home polysomnography, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and urea kinetics. Excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep quality were assessed using sleep questionnaires. SA was defined as apnea/hypopnea index higher than 15 events per hour.ResultsSleep apnea was diagnosed in 57 (55.3%) patients (SA group); the subjects had significantly higher extracellular water (10.3 ± 1.4 vs. 9.2 ± 1.8, p = 0.001) and lower residual kidney function (RKF) (3.3 ± 3.3 vs. 5.9 ± 7.2, p = 0.02) compared with subjects in the non‐SA group. SA was significantly associated with RKF [odds ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73–0.97] in multivariable logistic regression analysis. In multivariable Cox regression models, SA was a significant predictor of mortality in PD patients (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.74; 95% CI, 1.09–30.31) after adjusting for well‐known risk factors.ConclusionsSleep apnea was very common in PD patients and significantly associated with lower RKF. SA was also a novel risk predictor of mortality in PD patients.
Ex vivo evaluation of novel core tenorrhaphy patterns in dogs
Authors: Chiu King Wa , Duffy Daniel J. , Chang Yi‐Jen , Gaffney Lewis , Fisher Matthew B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the biomechanical properties and gapping characteristics of four novel tenorrhaphy patterns in a canine flexor tendon model.Study DesignEx vivo, randomized, biomechanical study.Sample PopulationSuperficial digital flexor tendons of 60 forelimbs (30 dogs).MethodsEach tendon was transected 25 mm distal to its musculotendinous junction prior to tenorrhaphy with 2‐0 polypropylene. Repair patterns included the three‐loop pulley (3LP, control), exposed double‐cross‐lock (ExDCrL), embedded double‐cross‐lock (EmDCrL), triple‐circle‐lock (TCiL), and Modified‐Tang patterns (MTang) were randomly assigned to each experimental group (n = 12/group). Yield, peak, and failure loads, gap formation and failure modes were compared.ResultsTendons repaired with ExDCrL (p < .0001), EmDCrL (p < .0001), and MTang (p < .0001) sustained yield, peak, and failure loads ~2.2x, ~2.0x, and ~1.9x, respectively, greater than those repaired with 3LP. Loads to 1 and 3 mm gapping were also higher for ExDCrL (p < .0001), EmDCrL (p < .0004), and MTang constructs (p < .0017) compared to 3LP. Although TCiL constructs sustained higher loads, their resistance to gap formation did not differ from that of 3LP repairs. Failure mode differed between groups (p < .0001), EmDCrL, ExDCrL, MTang, and TCiL constructs failing predominantly by suture breakage compared to 3LP repairs that failed by suture pull‐through.ConclusionUse of novel patterns ExDCrL, EmDCrL, and MTang improved resistance to loads and gap formation and were biomechanically superior compared to 3LP in healthy canine tendon repairs.Clinical SignificanceThese results justify in vivo evaluation of ExDCrL, EmDCrL, or MTang pattern for tenorrhaphy in dogs.
Physical exercise increases global and gene‐specific (interleukin‐17 and interferon‐γ) DNA methylation in lymphocytes from aged women
Authors: Machado Otávio A. S. , Diniz Vinicius L. S. , Passos Maria E. P. , de Oliveira Heloisa H. , Santos‐Oliveira Laiane C. , Alecrim Amanda L. , Bertola Lobato Tiago , Manoel Richelieau , Correa Ilana , Silva Eliane B. , de Oliveira Poma Sarah , Mendes de Almeida Mariana , Pithon‐Curi Tania C. , Diniz Susana , Levada‐Pires Adriana C. , Curi Rui , Masi Laureane Nunes , Hirabara Sandro M. , Gorjão Renata 
Published: July 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Is lymphocyte DNA methylation differentially modulated by resistance training and aerobic exercise in older women?

What is the main finding and its importance?
The practice of resistance training led to an increased global DNA methylation in lymphocytes. The exercise‐induced increase of inflammatory genes methylation may be associated with immune function impairment during ageing.

AbstractAgeing‐induced increase in inflammatory gene expression through a reduction in DNA methylation might contribute to chronic diseases. Regular physical exercise practices, in turn, are associated with a decrease in the incidence of inflammatory diseases. We herein evaluated the effects of three exercise modalities on lymphocyte global and gene‐specific (interferon γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin 17A (IL‐17A) DNA methylation in aged women (68 ± 7.5 years). This cross‐sectional study included 86 women, divided into four groups according to the physical exercise practice: 20 were practicing resistance training (RT); 24 were practicing water aerobics exercise (W); 22 were practicing water aerobics and resistance exercise (RWT), and 20 did not practice any physical exercise (CON). We evaluated volunteer functional capability using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, global lymphocyte DNA methylation by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, IFN‐γ and IL‐17A methylation by qPCR and CD4+IFN‐γ+ and CD4+IL‐17+ cell percentage by flow cytometry. The three physically exercised groups performed functional capability tests in a shorter period and showed a higher global lymphocyte DNA methylation and methylated CpGs of IL‐17A and IFN‐γ promoter regions than the control group. The practice of resistance training (RT and RWT groups) lead to high global DNA methylation. The combination of resistance training and aerobic exercise led to the increase of lymphocyte IL‐17A and IFN‐γ gene methylation induced by each separately. However, the percentage of IFN‐γ+ and IL‐17+ cells was lower only in the RT group. The exercise‐induced increase of inflammatory‐gene methylation may be associated with gene expression changes and immune function impairment during ageing.
Theoretical Analysis and Optimization of a Gloved Hand–Arm System
Authors: Alabi Oreoluwa , Gupta Sunit K. , Barry Oumar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Studies have shown that isolators in the form of antivibration (AV) gloves effectively reduce the transmission of unwanted vibration from vibrating equipment to the human hand. However, as most of these studies are based on experimental or modeling techniques, the level of effectiveness and optimum glove properties for better performance remains unclear. To fill this gap, hand–arm system dynamics with and without gloves are studied analytically in this work. In this work, we use a lumped parameter model of the hand–arm system, with hand–tool interaction modeled as a linear spring–damper system. The resulting governing equations of motion are solved analytically using the method of harmonic balance. Parametric analysis is performed on the biomechanical model of the hand–arm system with and without a glove to identify key design parameters. It is observed that the effect of glove parameters on its performance is not repetitive and changes in the studied different frequency ranges. This observation further motivates us to optimize the glove parameters to minimize the overall transmissibility in different frequency ranges.
Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamics Stagnation-Point Flow of Fractional Oldroyd-B Fluid Over a Stretching Sheet With Modified Fractional Fourier's Law
Authors: Bai Yu , Wan Sa , Zhang Yan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe aim of the article is to research the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic stagnation-point flow of fractional Oldroyd-B fluid over a stretched sheet. According to the distribution characteristics of pressure and magnetic field near the stagnation point, the momentum equation based on a fractional Oldroyd-B constitutive model is derived. Moreover, the modified fractional Fourier's law considering thermal relaxation-retardation time is proposed, which applies in both the energy equation and the boundary condition of convective heat transfer. A new finite difference scheme combined with the L1 algorithm is established to solve the governing equations, whose convergence is confirmed by constructing an exact solution. The results indicate that the larger relaxation parameters of velocity block the flow, yet the retardation parameters of velocity show the opposite trend. It is particularly worth mentioning that all the temperature profiles first go up slightly to a maximal value and then descend markedly, which presents the thermal retardation characteristic of Oldroyd-B fluid. Additionally, under the effects of temperature's retardation and relaxation parameters, the intersection of the profiles far away from stretching sheet demonstrates the thermal memory characteristic.
Pulsating Film-Cooling Flow Over Smooth Cutback Surface at Airfoil Trailing Edge Measured by 2D3C-PTV
Authors: Yamamoto Shohei , Murata Akira , Oho Katsumi , Hayakawa Chihiro , Hayakawa Shumpei , Iwamoto Kaoru 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study is to clarify the effects of the film-cooling flow pulsation and the differences between the Strouhal number ratios of 1.0 and √2. The surface-averaged film cooling effectiveness for the Strouhal number ratios of 1.0 and √2 had decreased and increased, respectively, in comparison with the steady cooling flow in the authors' previous large eddy simulations. Subsequently, clarification on the possible reasons for these changes was sought. Measurements of the instantaneous velocity fields over the smooth cutback surface at two different pulsation frequencies were performed using two-dimensional three-component particle tracking velocimetry (2D3C-PTV). Notably, the power spectrum density of the wall-normal velocity fluctuations showed that the strongest peaks appeared at the pulsation frequencies, and the peak value for the Strouhal number ratio of 1.0 was much higher than those for the steady cooling flow and the Strouhal number ratio of √2. When the absolute Reynolds shear stresses integrated for the mixing-layer region were compared, those for the Strouhal number ratios of 1.0 and √2 were found to be higher and lower, respectively, than those for the steady cooling flow. Remarkably, the suppression of the turbulent mixing for the Strouhal number ratio √2 was caused by the suppressed development of the large-scale alternating vortices shed from the lip edge by imposing the cooling-flow pulsation at the frequency nonresonant with the vortex shedding frequency of the steady cooling flow.
Sensitivity of the Non-Equilibrium Approach for Mixture Condensation to Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations and Thermophysical Properties
Authors: Zimmermann Conrad , Dagli Cagatay Necati , Arnautovic Zlatan , Kabelac Stephan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The prediction of mixture condensation is still complex due to the coupled heat and mass transfer and insufficient data of thermophysical mixture properties. This article analyzes the impact of various heat and mass transfer correlations on the non-equilibrium approach for mixture condensation in a vertical plain tube. Furthermore, the influence of thermophysical properties from different databases is investigated. The results are shown for ethanol-water, but allow conclusions to other fluid mixtures. They indicate that the liquid heat transfer coefficient in the non-equilibrium approach dominates the qualitative behavior of the condensation process, but the vapor mass transfer coefficient can only decrease or increase the quantitative level of the effective heat transfer with minor impact. More importantly, the logarithm in the vapor mass transfer term is central for the prediction of the condensation heat transfer. As this logarithm contains vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data, it proves that there is a strong connection between VLE and overall prediction of mixture condensation. A demonstration of available data for thermophysical mixture properties of ethanol-water shows significant deviations, which affect the calculations as well. Besides, data from our own experiments are presented for mixture viscosity of ethanol-water. It is recommended to focus not only on improved heat and mass transfer correlations but also on thermophysical properties and VLE data for a precise prediction of mixture condensation.
Heat Transfer From a Concentrated Tip Source in Falkner–Skan Flow
Authors: Wang C. Y. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Falkner–Skan flow over a wedge is classic in boundary layer theory. We consider the heat or mass transfer from a source at the vertex of the wedge. The interactions of the thermal boundary layer and momentum boundary layer lead to nonlinear similarity equations which are integrated numerically. There exists a mixing index that depends on the Prandtl number and the wedge opening angle. Attention is paid to special cases such as forced convection in Blasius flow past a semi-infinite plate and the Hiemenz stagnation flow normal to a plate.
Thermomechanical Microstructural Predictions of Fracture Nucleation of Zircaloy-4 Alloys With δ and ɛ Hydride Distributions
Authors: Mohamed I. , Hasan T. , Zikry M. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A crystalline dislocation-density formulation that was incorporated with a nonlinear finite-element (FE) method was utilized to understand and to predict the thermomechanical behavior of an hexagonal closest packed (h.c.p.) zircaloy system with hydrides with either face-centered cubic (f.c.c.) or body-centered cubic (b.c.c.) hydrides. This formulation was then used with a recently developed fracture methodology that is adapted for finite inelastic strains and multiphase crystalline systems to understand how different microstructurally based fracture modes nucleate and propagate. The interrelated microstructural characteristics of the different crystalline hydride and matrix phases with the necessary orientation relationships (ORs) have been represented, such that a detailed physical understanding of fracture nucleation and propagation can be predicted for the simultaneous thermomechanical failure modes of hydride populations and the matrix. The effects of volume fraction, morphology, crystalline structure, and orientation and distribution of the hydrides on simultaneous and multiple fracture modes were investigated for radial, circumferential, and mixed distributions. Another key aspect was accounting for temperatures changes due to the effects of thermal conduction and dissipated plastic work and their collective effects on fracture. For hydrided aggregates subjected to high temperatures, thermal softening resulted in higher ductility due to increased dislocation-density activity, which led to higher shear strain accumulation and inhibited crack nucleation and growth. The predictions provide validated insights into why circumferential hydrides are more fracture-resistant than radial hydrides for different volume fractions and thermomechanical loading conditions.
Low-level laser therapy for oral mucositis in children with cancer
Authors: Redman Melody Grace , Harris Katherine , Phillips Bob S 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of oral low-level laser therapy (LLLT) – also known as photobiomodulation – in the reduction of oral mucositis experienced by children and young people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy.DesignA systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of oral LLLT for oral mucositis in children with cancer and the safety of oral LLLT in any age with cancer (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews/PROSPERO registration: CRD42018099772). Multiple databases and grey literature were screened. Randomised controlled trials were considered for assessing efficacy, and all studies were considered for assessing safety. Primary outcomes included severity of oral mucositis, oral pain and adverse events. Where results were compatible, meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. A narrative synthesis considered other outcome measures.Results14 studies (n>416 children) were included in the narrative synthesis of LLLT efficacy. 5 studies (n=380 children and young people) were included in the meta-analyses. Results demonstrate that LLLT may reduce the severity of oral mucositis and the level of oral pain, but further randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm or deny this. There is vast variation in different trial protocols. Insufficient blinding between LLLT or sham therapy/control led to a strong risk of performance bias. 75 studies (encompassing 2712 patients of all ages who had undergone LLLT) demonstrated minor and infrequent adverse reactions, but most studies had significant areas of weakness in quality.ConclusionLLLT appears to be a safe therapy, but further evidence is needed to assess its efficacy as a prevention or treatment tool for oral mucositis in children with cancer.
Usability testing of an e-learning resource designed to improve medical students’ physical activity prescription skills: a qualitative think-aloud study
Authors: Carter-Roberts Helen , Antbring Richard , Angioi Manuela , Pugh Gemma 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveAn e-learning resource (MEdic GAming, MEGA) was developed based on the contents of the Faculty of Sports and Exercise Medicine exercise prescription booklet. This study aimed to (i) explore medical students’ perspectives of physical activity promotion and e-learning and (ii) investigate medical students’ response to the design, content and usability of the MEGA e-learning resource.DesignQualitative think-aloud interview study.SettingA London medical school.Participants19 undergraduate medical students were interviewed using the think-aloud method while using the e-learning resource concurrently.ResultsIn general, medical students felt current education on physical activity is inadequate and held a strong desire for more teaching on exercise medicine. Students believed the MEGA e-learning resource addressed a gap in their knowledge on physical activity but noted e-learning should not replace face-to-face teaching and suggested physical activity education would be best delivered through a blended learning approach. Students felt such an approach would allow better opportunity to practice physical activity counselling skills with patients while on clinical placement. Students’ motivation to engage with the MEGA e-learning resource was positively impacted by aesthetically appealing design and interactive gamification elements such as self-assessment quizzes and visual progress tracking.ConclusionMedical students value the role of physical activity in health but are disappointed by the lack of teaching within the current medical curriculum. E-learning resources, such as MEGA, which contain interactive features are a viable means to integrate physical activity into the undergraduate curriculum but should be supplemented by the opportunity to practice physical activity counselling in-person.