bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inherited metabolic disorders in the neonatal intensive care unit: Red flags to look out for
Authors: Eminoğlu Fatma Tuba , Koç Yekedüz Merve , Doğulu Neslihan , Öncül Ümmühan , Köse Engin , Okulu Emel , Erdeve Ömer , Atasay Begüm , Arsan Saadet 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to assess symptoms, laboratory findings, and radiological abnormalities in patients diagnosed with inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) in the neonatal intensive care unit.MethodsA total of 6,150 newborns treated in a third‐level neonatal intensive care unit between 2012 and 2020 in Turkey were screened, of which 195 consulted with a suspicion of metabolic disease based on their clinical, laboratory, or radiological findings were included in the present study.ResultsThe prevalence of IMDs in the patients was 1:94.6. Those consulted in the department of pediatric metabolism were divided into two groups, with the 65 diagnosed with IMDs assigned as Group I, and the 130 patients who were not diagnosed with IMDs as Group II. The most common IMDs were organic acidemias (29.23%) and urea cycle disorders (UCDs) (26.15%). The rates of consanguinity marriage (75.3% vs 37.6%, P < 0.001), siblings diagnosed with an IMD (27.6% vs 3.8%, P < 0.001), and sibling death (56.9% vs 14.6%, P < 0.001) were higher in Group I than in Group II. Hyperammonemia (61.5% vs 18.4%, P < 0.001) was the most common laboratory finding in Group I, and anemia (Group I 60.0% vs 43.0% P = 0.033), metabolic acidosis (53.8% vs 36.9%, P = 0.028) and respiratory alkalosis (16.9% vs 1.5%, P < 0.001) were all higher in Group I.ConclusionsThis retrospective study found that the results of clinical findings and basic laboratory tests could be strong indicators of IMDs, although extensive newborn screening tests and advanced biochemical and genetic tests should be carried out for the diagnosis of IMDs in newborns.
Covalent Triazine Framework as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Regeneration of NAD(P)H and Selective Oxidation of Organic Sulfide
Authors: Chaubey Surabhi , Yadav Rajesh K. , Tripathi Santosh K. , Yadav Bal Chandra , Singh Sudhir N. , Kim Tae Wu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCovalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), belonging to the super‐family of covalent organic frameworks, have attracted significant attention as a new type of photosensitizer due to the superb light‐harvesting ability and efficient charge transfer originating from the large surface area. However, the wide optical band gap in CTFs, which is larger than 3.0 eV, hinders the efficient light harvesting in the visible range. To overcome this limitation, we developed the new type CTFs photocatalyst based on the donor–acceptor conjugation scheme by using melamine (M) and 2,6‐diaminoanthraquinone (AQ) as monomeric units. The melamine‐2,6‐diaminoanthraquinone‐based covalent triazine frameworks (M‐AQ‐CTFs) photocatalyst shows the excellent light‐harvesting capacity with high molar extinction coefficient, and the suitable optical band gap involving the internal charge transfer character. Combination of M‐AQ‐CTFs and artificial photosynthetic system including the organometallic rhodium complex, acting as an electron mediator, exhibited the excellent photocatalytic efficiency for the regeneration of the nicotinamide cofactors such as NAD(P)H. In addition, this photocatalyst showed the high photocatalytic efficiency for the metal‐free aerobic oxidation of sulfide. This study demonstrates the high potential of CTFs photocatalyst with the donor–acceptor conjugated scheme can be actively used for artificial photosynthesis.
Cardiac response in aversive and appetitive olfactory conditioning: Evidence for a valence‐independent CS‐elicited bradycardia
Authors: Exner Anna , Tapia León Isabell , Mueller Erik M. , Klucken Tim 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhile the examination of conditioned cardiac responses is well established in human fear conditioning research, comparable studies using less‐aversive or rather appetitive unconditioned stimuli (UCS) are sparse and results are mixed. Therefore, the aim of this study was a systematic analysis of cardiac reactions in aversive and appetitive conditioning. Olfactory stimuli were used as unconditioned stimuli as they are suitable reinforcers in both an aversive and an appetitive conditioning offering the opportunity for a comparison between conditioned responses. In total,n = 86 participants took part in both an aversive and an appetitive differential conditioning task with a counterbalanced order across participants. Aversive or appetitive odors, respectively, served as UCS and neutral geometrical figures as CS. Subjective ratings, skin conductance response (SCRs), and evoked cardiac reactions were analyzed and compared between tasks. Conditioned responses in subjective ratings could be observed in both aversive conditioning and appetitive conditioning, while SCRs discriminated between CS+ and CS− in aversive conditioning only. Regarding conditioned cardiac responses, the deceleration for the CS+ was longer than for the CS− in both tasks. In addition, a higher deceleration magnitude and a shorter acceleration for the CS+ as compared to the CS− were found in aversive but not in appetitive conditioning. There were medium‐size correlations between aversive and appetitive CRs for subjective ratings and none for physiological responses. The results suggest similarities between cardiac response patterns in aversive and appetitive conditioning, which implies that bradycardia in conditioning might not be fear‐specific but presents a valence‐independent CS‐elicited bradycardia.
The binary Darboux transformation revisited and KdV solitons on arbitrary short‐range backgrounds
Authors: Rybkin Alexei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the KdV context, we revisit the classical Darboux transformation in the framework of the vector Riemann–Hilbert problem. This readily yields a version of the binary Darboux transformation providing a short‐cut to explicit formulas for solitons traveling on a wide range of background solutions. Our approach also links the binary Darboux transformation and the double commutation method.
Understudied questions of Key's friends and neighbors voting thesis
Authors: Frendreis John , Tatalovich Raymond 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study addressesfour questions posed by V.O. Key's friends‐and‐neighbors (F&N) voting thesis that have been neglected in the scholarly literature.MethodsPooled regression of 101 primary and 66 general elections in Mississippi, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin for the offices of U.S. senator and governor over the period 2002–2016 yielded a total of 11,263 candidate‐county cases.ResultsF&N effects are most pronounced in primary elections, for Democratic candidates, and for nonincumbents. Also greater F&N effects for candidates whose “home” county populations were less well educated. The relative importance of F&N effects is displaced by social cleavage variables in elections where they are relevant to voter choices, namely general elections rather than primaries.ConclusionThis study begs the larger question for future research of why F&N has greater effect for Democrats than Republicans and whether more Democrats tend to be low‐information voters.
Exploring geographic hotspots using topological data analysis
Authors: Zhang Rui , Lukasczyk Jonas , Wang Feng , Ebert David , Shakarian Paulo , Mack Elizabeth A. , Maciejewski Ross 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article describes a scalar field topology (SFT)‐based methodology for the interactive characterization and analysis of hotspots for density fields defined on a regular grid. In contrast to the common approach of simply identifying hotspots as areas that exceed a chosen density threshold, SFT provides various data abstractions—such as the merge tree and the Morse complex—to characterize hotspots and their boundaries at multiple scales. Moreover, SFT enables the ranking of hotspots based on analyst‐defined importance measures, which also makes it possible to explore hotspots using a level‐of‐detail approach. We present a visual analytics system to support analysts in hotspot analysis and abstraction using SFT, and we demonstrate the merit of the proposed SFT‐based methodology on two crime datasets.
Molecular validation of pathogen‐reduction technologies using rolling‐circle amplification coupled with real‐time PCR for torquetenovirus DNA quantification
Authors: Focosi Daniele , Macera Lisa , Spezia Pietro Giorgio , Ceccarelli Francesca , Lanza Maria , Maggi Fabrizio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundPathogen reduction technologies (PRT) based on nucleic‐acid damaging chemicals and/or irradiation are increasingly being used to increase safety of blood components against emerging pathogens, such as convalescent plasma in the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic. Current methods for PRT validation are limited by the resources available to the blood component manufacturer, and quality control rely over pathogen spiking and hence invariably require sacrifice of the tested blood units: quantitative real‐time PCR is the current pathogen detection method but, due to the high likelihood of detecting nonviable fragments, requires downstream pathogen culture. We propose here a new molecular validation of PRT based on the highly prevalent human symbiont torquetenovirus (TTV) and rolling circle amplification (RCA).Materials and methodsSerial apheresis plasma donations were tested for TTV before and after inactivation with Intercept® PRT using real‐time quantitative PCR (conventional validation), RCA followed by real‐time PCR (our validation), and reverse PCR (for cross‐validation).ResultsWhile only 20% of inactivated units showed significant decrease in TTV viral load using real‐time qPCR, all donations tested with RCA followed by real‐time PCR showed TTV reductions. As further validation, 2 units were additionally tested with reverse PCR, which confirmed absence of entire circular genomes.DiscussionWe have described and validated a conservative and easy‐to‐setup protocol for molecular validation of PRT based on RCA and real‐time PCR for TTV.
WHO ARE THE HUMANITIES FOR? DECOLONIZING THE HUMANITIES
Authors: Stenmark Lisa L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDrees makes a strong case for the importance of the humanities in the university, providing an excellent resource for anyone in the Western Academy. Its usefulness for those who want to work outside the West is limited, however, because he does not engage with literature that challenges its methods and disciplines. If we are to have a positive global impact, we need to do more than clarify existing boundaries, we need to blur them, beginning with an examination of inherent biases reflected in its history, structure, and content. This article focuses on one critique, a decolonial critique of the Western view that ontology precedes epistemology (an external reality produces knowledge). Outside the modern Western Academy, epistemologies create ontologies (epistemic creations/stories about the world give us a sense of the world and its materiality). I describe a relational understanding of knowledge and how this changes our understanding of the humanities and our epistemic responsibilities.
Effects of long‐term immobilisation on endomysium of the soleus muscle in humans
Authors: Thot Georgina K. , Berwanger Carolin , Mulder Edwin , Lee Jessica K. , Lichterfeld Yannick , Ganse Bergita , Giakoumaki Ifigeneia , Degens Hans , Duran Ibrahim , Schönau Eckhard , Clemen Christoph S. , Brachvogel Bent , Rittweger Jörn 
Published: August 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
While muscle fibre atrophy in response to immobilisation has been extensively examined, intramuscular connective tissue, particularly endomysium, has been largely neglected: does endomysium content of the soleus muscle increase during bed rest?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Absolute endomysium content did not change, and previous studies reporting an increase are explicable by muscle fibre atrophy. It must be expected that even a relative connective tissue accumulation will lead to an increase in muscle stiffness.

AbstractMuscle fibres atrophy during conditions of disuse. Whilst animal data suggest an increase in endomysium content with disuse, that information is not available for humans. We hypothesised that endomysium content increases during immobilisation. To test this hypothesis, biopsy samples of the soleus muscle obtained from 21 volunteers who underwent 60 days of bed rest were analysed using immunofluorescence‐labelled laminin γ‐1 to delineate individual muscle fibres as well as the endomysium space. The endomysium‐to‐fibre‐area ratio (EFAr, as a percentage) was assessed as a measure related to stiffness, and the endomysium‐to‐fibre‐number ratio (EFNr) was calculated to determine whether any increase in EFAr was absolute, or could be attributed to muscle fibre shrinkage. As expected, we found muscle fibre atrophy (P = 0.0031) that amounted to shrinkage by 16.6% (SD 28.2%) on day 55 of bed rest. ENAr increased on day 55 of bed rest (P < 0.001). However, when analysing EFNr, no effect of bed rest was found (P = 0.62). These results demonstrate that an increase in EFAr is likely to be a direct effect of muscle fibre atrophy. Based on the assumption that the total number of muscle fibres remains unchanged during 55 days of bed rest, this implies that the absolute amount of connective tissue in the soleus muscle remained unchanged. The increased relative endomysium content, however, could be functionally related to an increase in muscle stiffness.
High-Temperature Solid Particle Erosion in a Melt-Infiltrated SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composite
Authors: Presby Michael J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCeramic matrix composites are an enabling propulsion material system that offer weight benefits over current Ni-based superalloys, and have higher temperature capabilities that can reduce cooling requirements. Incorporating ceramic matrix composites into the hot section of gas-turbine engines therefore leads to an increase in engine efficiency. While significant advancements have been made, challenges still remain for current and next-generation gas turbines; particularly when operating in dust laden or erosive environments. Solid particles entrained in the gas flow can impact engine hardware resulting in localized damage and material removal due to repeated, cumulative impacts. In this study, the erosion behavior of a melt-infiltrated (MI) silicon carbide fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (SiC/SiC) ceramic matrix composite is investigated at high temperature (1200 °C) in a simulated combustion environment using 150 μm alumina particles as erodent. Particle impact velocities ranged from 100 to 200 m/s and the angle of impingement varied from 30 to 90 deg. Erosion testing was also performed on α-SiC to elucidate similarities and differences in the erosion response of the composite compared to that of a monolithic ceramic. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the posterosion damage morphology and the governing mechanisms of material removal.
Impact of a Centerbody on the Unsteady Flow Dynamics of a Swirl Nozzle: Intermittency of Precessing Vortex Core Oscillations
Authors: Gupta Saarthak , Shanbhogue Santosh , Shimura Masayasu , Ghoniem Ahmed , Hemchandra Santosh 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The precessing vortex core (PVC) is a self-excited flow oscillation state occurring in swirl nozzles. This is caused by the presence of a marginally unstable hydrodynamic helical mode that induces precession of the vortex breakdown bubble (VBB) around the flow axis. The PVC can impact emissions and thermoacoustic stability characteristics of combustors in various ways, as several prior studies have shown. In this paper, we examine the impact of centerbody diameter (Dc) on the PVC in a nonreacting flow in a single nozzle swirl combustor. Time-resolved high-speed stereoscopic PIV measurements are performed for combinations of two swirl numbers, S = 0.67 and 1.17 and Dc = 9.5 mm, 4.73 mm, and 0 (i.e., no centerbody). The bulk flow velocity at the nozzle exit plane is kept constant as Ub = 8 m/s for all cases (Re∼20,000). The centerbody end face lies in the nozzle exit plane. A new modal decomposition technique based on wavelet filtering and proper orthogonal decomposition provides insight into flow dynamics in terms of global modes extracted from the data. The results show that without a centerbody, a coherent PVC is present in the flow as expected. The introduction of a centerbody makes the PVC oscillations intermittent. These results suggest two routes to intermittency as follows. For S = 0.67, the VBB and centerbody wake recirculation zone regions are nominally distinct. Intermittent separation and merger due to turbulence result in PVC oscillations due to the destabilization of the hydrodynamic VBB precession mode of the flow. In the S = 1.17 case, the time averaged VBB position causes it to engulf the centerbody. In this case, the emergence of intermittent PVC oscillations is a result of the response of the flow to broadband stochastic forcing imposed on the time averaged vorticity field due to turbulence.
A Code for the Preliminary Design of Cooled Supercritical CO2 Turbines and Application to the Allam Cycle
Authors: Scaccabarozzi Roberto , Martelli Emanuele , Pini Matteo , De Servi Carlo Maria , Chiesa Paolo , Gatti Manuele 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper documents a thermo-fluid-dynamic mean-line model for the preliminary design of multistage axial turbines with blade cooling applicable to supercritical CO2 turbines. Given the working fluid and coolant inlet thermodynamic conditions, blade geometry, number of stages and load criterion, the model computes the stage-by-stage design along with the cooling requirement and ultimately provides an estimate of turbine efficiency via a semi-empirical loss model. Different cooling modes are available and can be selected by the user (stand-alone or combination): convective cooling, film cooling, and thermal barrier coating. The model is applied to attain the preliminary aero-thermal design of the 600 MW cooled axial supercritical CO2 turbine of the Allam cycle. Results show that a load coefficient varying from 3 to 1 throughout the machine, and a reaction degree ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 lead to the maximum total-to-static turbine efficiency of about 85%. Consequently, as opposed to uncooled CO2 turbines, a repeated stage configuration is an unsuited design choice for cooled sCO2 machines. Moreover, the study highlights that film cooling is considerably less effective compared to conventional gas turbines, while increasing the number of stages from 5 to 6 and adopting higher rotational speeds leads to an increased efficiency.
Nanoscale Continuous Directional Motion Driven by a Cyclic Thermal Field
Authors: Chen Yichang , Leng Jiantao , Guo Zhengrong , Zhang Yingyan , Chang Tienchong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Directional motion plays a crucial role in various mechanical systems. Although mechanisms for nanoscale directional motion have been widely used in many aspects of nanotechnology, it remains a great challenge to generate continuous and controllable motion at the nanoscale. Herein, we propose a nanoscale continuous directional motion in cyclic thermal fields by using a double-walled system which consists of an outer BN/C heterojunction nanotube and a concentric inner carbon nanotube (CNT). By manipulating the heating regions of the outer BN/C heterojunction tube, the continuous motion of the inner CNT can be realized with ease. The inner CNT demonstrates three distinct movements due to the joint actions of the asymmetric thermal gradient forces and interlayer attraction forces caused by the presence of the outer BN/C heterojunction nanotube. The mechanism revealed in the present study may be useful in designing novel devices for energy conversion and directional transportation.
Thermal Analysis and Parametric Investigation of Phase Change Material-Air Cooled Lithium Ion Battery Pack
Authors: Türkakar Göker 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A parametric analysis has been conducted for the phase change material (PCM)-air cooled battery pack. The system is composed of 26650 lithium-ion LiFePO4 batteries enclosed by PCM. A one-dimensional thermal model for the PCM domain is developed using the enthalpy method. The finite volume method is employed to solve the energy equation for both cell and PCM domain. The developed computational algorithm has been validated as a result of the simulations for the same conditions with the literature. The discharge process of the batteries has been investigated for 2C, 3C, and 5C rates. Thermal analyses have been performed for passive (natural convection) and active cooling (forced convection). It is aimed to keep the temperature of the battery cell under critical levels. A parametric investigation for crucial parameters like PCM layer thickness, the thermal conductivity of the PCM, arrangement of the batteries has been performed. Simulations have been conducted for the constant air velocity and the pumping power. Thanks to the constant pumping power analysis, thermally best-performing configuration have been sought by eliminating the hydrodynamic effect.
A Thermo-Hydraulic Investigation of the Unprecedented TMRS Upper Neutron Spallation Target
Authors: Scheel Matthew , Woloshun Keith , Olivas Eric 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The next-generation neutron spallation target station, the Target–Moderator-Reflector System (TMRS) Mk. IV, will be installed in 2021. This iteration features an unprecedented, water-cooled, third internal target aptly named the upper target. With the upper target designed completely by analysis, a complementary empirical investigation was undertaken to ascertain target conformance to those computational results which deemed the cooling efficacious. Three facets of the target were designated for verification: displacement under hydraulic load, critical fluid velocities, and the characteristic heat transfer coefficient (HTC). With the potential for flow maldistribution under excessive displacements, static pressure testing was performed. Discrepancies of an order of magnitude became evident between empirical and simulated displacements, 1.499 mm versus 0.203 mm, respectively. A closed-water flow loop reproducing the flow parameters intrinsic to the TMRS Mk. IV was constructed. Utilizing particle image velocimetry, global fluid dynamics were observed to be analogous to computer simulation. Furthermore, crucial velocities such as those at the point of beam impingement were met or exceeded, thus satisfying cooling requirements by a preponderance. A graphite susceptor mirroring nominal beam geometry was coupled to a solenoid coil to replicate a prodigious peak heat flux of 169 W/cm2 via induction heating. Matching peak heat flux within 3% engendered a HTC of 80% that of simulation. Consistent with analysis, the local HTC sufficiently mitigated nucleate/flow boiling. In summary, the analytically derived upper target design empirically demonstrated sufficient cooling despite quixotic beam conditions and unforeseen displacements.