bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemical and isotopic evidence for upward flow of saline fluid to the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, southeastern Arkansas, USA
Authors: Larsen Daniel , Paul Justin , Cox Randy 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGroundwater from the Quaternary Mississippi River Valley Alluvial (MRVA) aquifer in southeastern Arkansas (SE AR), USA, has higher salinity compared to other MRVA groundwater. Previous studies have argued for infiltration of evaporated soil water as a primary source for the elevated salinity, although seepage from local rivers and deep groundwater sources also have been considered. Geochemical and isotope data from irrigation, public supply, and industrial wells, as well as subsurface geologic data, are used to demonstrate that upward flow of saline water along regional faults is the primary source of salinity in MRVA aquifer groundwater in SE AR. Sodium, chloride (Cl-) and bromide (Br-) concentrations illustrate mixing relationships between MRVA aquifer groundwater and Jurassic Smackover Formation brine, with mixing percentages of <1% Smackover brine being the source of anomalously high Cl-, Br-, and other ions in MRVA groundwater with elevated salinity. Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope data suggest substantial mixing of Paleogene Wilcox Formation water with that of the MRVA aquifer groundwater and varying degrees of evaporative concentration. Radiocarbon and helium isotope data argue for contributions of chloride-rich, pre-modern and relatively fresh modern water for recharge to the MRVA aquifer. Chloride concentration in MRVA aquifer waters closely follows the spatial distribution of earthquake-induced liquefaction features and known or suspected geologic faults in SE AR and northeastern Louisiana. A conceptual model is developed where deep-seated basinal fluids in overpressured reservoirs migrate upward along faults during and following Holocene earthquakes into the overlying MRVA over 100s to 1,000s of years
The effect of climate change on agro-climatic indicators in the UK
Authors: Arnell N. W. , Freeman A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe effect of climate change on agriculture in the UK is here assessed using a comprehensive series of policy-relevant agro-climate indicators characterising changes to climate resources and hazards affecting productivity and operations. This paper presents projections of these indicators across the UK with gridded observed data and UKCP18 climate projections representing a range of greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. The projections can be used to inform climate change mitigation and adaptation policy. There will be substantial changes in the climate resource and hazard across the UK during the twenty-first century if emissions continue to follow a high trajectory, and there will still be some changes if emissions reduce to achieve international climate policy targets. Growing seasons for certain crops will lengthen, crop growth will be accelerated, and both drought and heat risks (for some types of production) will increase. Soils will become drier in autumn, although there will be less change in winter and spring. The longer growing seasons and warmer temperatures provide opportunities for new crops, subject to the effects of increasing challenges to production. Most of the changes are relatively consistent across the UK, although drought risk and heat stress risk increase most rapidly in the south and east. The climate change trend is superimposed onto considerable year to year variability. Although there is strong consensus across climate projections on the direction of change, there is considerable uncertainty in the rate and magnitude of change for a given emissions scenario. For the temperature-based indicators, this reflects uncertainty in climate sensitivity, whilst for the precipitation-based indicators largely reflects uncertainty in projected changes in the weather systems affecting the UK.
A cluster analysis of cyclists in Europe: common patterns, behaviours, and attitudes
Authors: Fraboni Federico , Prati Gabriele , Casu Giulia , De Angelis Marco , Pietrantoni Luca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study uses cluster analysis on a sample of regular cyclists from six European countries (the U.K., the Netherlands, Sweden, Hungary, Italy, and Spain) to shed light on common cycling patterns, demographic characteristics, and attitudes. Participants completed an online survey on cycling behaviour, attitudes towards cycling, discomfort while cycling in mixed traffic, cycling environment and comparative cycling risk perception. A two-step cluster analysis was performed to identify segments of cyclists based on cycling patterns, and a multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to profile the segments. The two-step cluster analysis yielded three components. Leisure-time cyclists cycled almost exclusively for leisure/training, had a clear preference for car use relative to bicycle, and low riding frequency. Resolute Cyclists were characterised by a high variety of cycling trip purpose, a clear preference for bicycle use relative to the car, and high riding frequency. Convenience Cyclists were characterised by cycling for personal business or leisure/training but not for commuting, no evident preference for bicycle vs car, and medium riding frequency. The value of the present study is to highlight commonalities in patterns, characteristics, and attitudes of cyclists in Europe. Our study showed that cycling patterns and habits are linked to psychosocial variables such as attitudes and the cycling environment, explicitly highlighting the importance of discomfort in mixed traffic and the relationship with cycling culture.
Ambiguity in European seasonal comparative research: how decisions on modelling shape results on inequality in learning?
Authors: Helbling Laura A. , Tomasik Martin J. , Moser Urs 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSummer break study designs are used in educational research to disentangle school from non-school contributions to social performance gaps. The summer breaks provide a natural experimental setting that allows for the measurement of learning progress when school is not in session, which can help to capture the unfolding of social disparities in learning that are the result of non-school influences. Seasonal comparative research has a longer tradition in the U.S. than in Europe, where it is only at its beginning. As such, summer setback studies in Europe lack a common methodological framework, impairing the possibility to draw lines across studies because they differ in their inherent focus on social inequality in learning progress. This paper calls for greater consideration of the parameterization of “unconditional” or “conditional” learning progress in European seasonal comparative research. Different approaches to the modelling of learning progress answer different research questions. Based on real data and constructed examples, this paper outlines in an intuitive fashion the different dynamics in inequality that may be simultaneously present in the survey data and distinctly revealed depending on whether one or the other modeling strategy of learning progress is chosen. An awareness of the parameterization of learning progress is crucial for an accurate interpretation of the findings and their international comparison.
Increasing the Production of β-Glucan from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis RU01 by Using Tannic Acid
Authors: Chotigavin Natthaporn , Sriphochanart Wiramsri , Yaiyen Surachai , Kudan Sanya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this study, we increased β-glucan production from brewer’s yeast,Saccharomyces carlsbergensisRU01, by using tannic acid. High-pressure freezing and transmission electron microscopy (HPF-TEM) revealed that the yeast cell wall obtained from yeast malt (YM) medium supplemented with 0.1% w/v tannic acid was thicker than that of yeast cultured in YM medium alone. The production of β-glucan fromS. carlsbergensisRU01 was optimized in 3% w/v molasses and 0.1% w/v diammonium sulfate (MDS) medium supplemented with 0.1% w/v tannic acid. The results showed that MDS medium supplemented with 0.1% w/v tannic acid significantly increased the dry cell weight (DCW), and the β-glucan production was 0.28±0.01% w/v and 11.99±0.04% w/w. Tannic acid enhanced the β-glucan content by up to 42.23%. β-Glucan production in the stirred tank reactor (STR) was 1.4-fold higher than that in the shake flask (SF) culture. Analysis of the β-glucan composition by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the β-glucan ofS. carlsbergensisRU01 cultured in MDS medium supplemented with 0.1% w/v tannic acid had a higher proportion of polysaccharide than that of the control. In addition, β-glucans from brewer’s yeast can be used as prebiotic and functional foods for human health and in animal feed.
DNA methylation as predictive marker of response to immunotherapy?
Authors: Heller Gerwin 
Published: March 2021

SummaryImmunotherapy is one of the major breakthroughs in cancer treatment. However, many patients do not benefit from this type of therapy. Thus, there is an urgent need for a strategy to predict treatment efficacy before start of therapy. The role of certain genetic and epigenetic factors as potential predictive markers for response to immunotherapy is discussed in this short review.
Novel immune checkpoints beyond PD-1 in advanced melanoma
Authors: Zila Nina , Hoeller Christoph , Paulitschke Verena 
Published: March 2021

SummaryIn malignant diseases, targeting of immune checkpoints successfully changed the therapeutic landscape and helped to unleash anti-tumor T cell responses, resulting in durable clinical outcomes, but only in up to 50% of patients. The success of these therapies and the need to overcome intrinsic and acquired therapy resistance stimulated research to identify new pathways and targets. Numerous clinical trials are currently evaluating novel checkpoint inhibitors or recently developed strategies like modulating the tumor microenvironment, mostly in combination with approved therapies. This short review briefly discusses promising therapeutic targets, currently still under investigation, with the chance to realize clinical application in the foreseeable future.
Reduced order modeling of selective laser melting: from calibration to parametric part distortion
Authors: Ghnatios Chady , Rai Khalil El , Hascoet Nicolas , Pires Pierre-Adrien , Duval Jean-Louis , Lambarri Jon , Hascoet Jean-Yves , Chinesta Francisco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAdditive manufacturing is an appealing solution to produce geometrically complex parts, difficult to manufacture using traditional technologies. The extreme process conditions, in particular the high temperature, complex interactions and couplings, and rich metallurgical transformations that this process entails, are at the origin of numerous process defects. Therefore, the numerical simulation of the process is gaining the interest of both the scientific and the industrial communities. However, simulating that process demands impressive computational resources, limiting high resolution simulations to the microscopic and mesoscopic scales. This paper proposes a thermo-mechanical modeling framework at the process scale as well as its associated reduced order simulation counterpart, enabling the parametric evaluation of the part distortion. It deeply addresses the process calibration using a high-resolution computational procedure based on the use of an in-plane-out-of-plane separated representation at the heart of the so-called Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD), as well as the analysis of the transient thermal effects, defining the conditions in which the thermal and mechanical analyses can be decoupled.
Introducing New Guidelines on Geoheritage Conservation in Protected and Conserved Areas
Authors: Crofts Roger , Tormey Dan , Gordon John E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper introduces newly published guidelines on geoheritage conservation in protected and conserved areas within the “IUCN WCPA Best Practice Guidelines” series. It explains the need for the guidelines and outlines the ethical basis of geoheritage values and geoconservation principles as the fundamental framework within which to advance geoheritage conservation. Best practice in establishing and managing protected and conserved areas for geoconservation is described with examples from around the world. Particular emphasis is given to the methodology and practice for dealing with the many threats to geoheritage, highlighting in particular how to improve practice for areas with caves and karst, glacial and periglacial, and volcanic features and processes, and for palaeontology and mineral sites. Guidance to improve education and communication to the public through modern and conventional means is also highlighted as a key stage in delivering effective geoconservation. A request is made to geoconservation experts to continue to share best practice examples of developing methodologies and best practice in management to guide non-experts in their work. Finally, a number of suggestions are made on how geoconservation can be further promoted.
How clonal differences and within-tree heterogeneity affect pore properties of hybrid aspen wood and biochar?
Authors: Turunen Mika , Urbano-Tenorio Fernando , Rasa Kimmo , Hyväluoma Jari , Rytkönen Peetu , Kaseva Janne , Beuker Egbert , Suhonen Heikki , Jyske Tuula 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProduction of applicable and homogeneous biochar for soil amendment purposes would benefit from knowledge on how feedstock heterogeneity impacts key biochar pore properties and how the properties are transformed due to pyrolysis. This study aimed (1) to quantify how clonal differences and within-tree heterogeneity of a hybrid aspen feedstock (wood) impact biochar pore properties and (2) to estimate how pore properties of non-pyrolysed wood materials are transformed when pyrolysed into biochar. The study was conducted by collecting samples from a hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × Populus tremuloides Michx.) clonal field trial. Key pore properties of non-pyrolysed and pyrolysed wood samples were quantified with 3D X-ray imaging and quantitative image analyses. The results demonstrated how pyrolysis shifted distinctively bi-modal pore size distributions of the wood samples towards smaller pore size regions. The bi-modal wood tissue structure controlled the pore structure also in the biochars. Due to decreasing cell wall thicknesses, the pyrolysis increased the porosity of the materials. While the thermal process homogenized differences in the wall thicknesses, the thicknesses of the feedstock were also shown to control the resulting thicknesses in the biochars. Mechanisms of biochar pore property formation can be considered important when designing applicable biochars for a chosen purpose. Clonal differences and within-tree heterogeneity had a direct impact only on the wall thicknesses and the pore diameters of vessels. These impacts can be of interest when planning feedstock utilization in biochar production. However, the results suggest that relatively homogeneous biochar can be produced from hybrid aspen feedstocks.
ResCaps: an improved capsule network and its application in ultrasonic image classification of thyroid papillary carcinoma
Authors: Ai Xiongzhi , Zhuang Jiawei , Wang Yonghua , Wan Pin , Fu Yu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUltrasonic image examination is the first choice for the diagnosis of thyroid papillary carcinoma. However, there are some problems in the ultrasonic image of thyroid papillary carcinoma, such as poor definition, tissue overlap and low resolution, which make the ultrasonic image difficult to be diagnosed. Capsule network (CapsNet) can effectively address tissue overlap and other problems. This paper investigates a new network model based on capsule network, which is named as ResCaps network. ResCaps network uses residual modules and enhances the abstract expression of the model. The experimental results reveal that the characteristic classification accuracy of ResCaps3 network model for self-made data set of thyroid papillary carcinoma was $$81.06\%$$

81.06
%

. Furthermore, Fashion-MNIST data set is also tested to show the reliability and validity of ResCaps network model. Notably, the ResCaps network model not only improves the accuracy of CapsNet significantly, but also provides an effective method for the classification of lesion characteristics of thyroid papillary carcinoma ultrasonic images.
The pancreatic beta cell: an intricate relation between anatomical structure, the signalling mechanism of glucose-induced insulin secretion, the low antioxidative defence, the high vulnerability and sensitivity to diabetic stress
Authors: Lenzen Sigurd 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe biosynthesis of insulin takes place in the insulin-producing beta cells that are organized in the form of islets of Langerhans together with a few other islet cell types in the pancreas organ. The signal for glucose-induced insulin secretion is generated in two pathways in the mitochondrial metabolism of the pancreatic beta cells. These pathways are also known as the triggering pathway and the amplifying pathway. Glucokinase, the low-affinity glucose-phosphorylating enzyme in beta cell glycolysis acts as the signal-generating enzyme in this process. ATP ultimately generated is the crucial second messenger in this process. Insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are badly protected against oxidative stress resulting in a particular vulnerability of this islet cell type due to low expression of H2O2-inactivating enzymes in various subcellular locations, specifically in the cytosol, mitochondria, peroxisomes and endoplasmic reticulum. This is in contrast to the glucagon-producing alpha cells and other islet cell types in the islets that are well equipped with these H2O2-inactivating enzymes. On the other hand the membranes of the pancreatic beta cells are well protected against lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis through high level expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) and this again is at variance from the situation in the non-beta cells of the islets with a low expression level of GPx4. The weak antioxidative defence equipment of the pancreatic beta cells, in particular in states of disease, is very dangerous because the resulting particular vulnerability endangers the functionality of the beta cells, making people prone to the development of a diabetic metabolic state.
Keyword Search on Large Graphs: A Survey
Authors: Yang Jianye , Yao Wu , Zhang Wenjie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith the prevalence of Internet access and online services, various big graphs are generated in many real applications (e.g., online social networks and knowledge graphs). An important task on analyzing and mining these graphs is keyword search. Essentially, given a graphGand queryQassociated with a set of keywords, the keyword search aims to find a substructure (e.g., rooted tree or subgraph)SinGsuch that nodes inScollectively cover part of or all keywords inQ, and in the meanwhile,Sis optimal on some user specified semantics. Keyword search on graphs can be applied in many real-life applications, such as point-of-interests recommendation and web search facility. In spite of the great importance of graph keyword search, we, however, notice that the latest survey on this topic is far out of date. Consequently, there is prompt need to conduct a comprehensive survey in this research direction. Motivated by this, in this survey, we systematically review graph keyword search studies by classifying the existing works into different categories according to the specific problem definition. This survey aims to provide the researchers a comprehensive understanding of existing graph keyword search solutions.
Optimization of dynamic maceration of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. leaves to maximize trans-anethole content
Authors: Suksaeree Jirapornchai , Chankana Natawat , Luprasong Chitradee , Monton Chaowalit 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTrans-anethole possesses several biological and pharmacological effects. It is also used as masking agent in household products and as a flavoring agent in food.Clausena anisata(Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. leaves are reported as a source oftrans-anethole that makes their anise-like odor. This work sought to optimize the dynamic maceration ofC. anisataleaves to maximize thetrans-anethole content. The circumscribed central composite experimental design was applied to investigate the effects of extraction temperature and time on extraction yield,trans-anethole content in the extract, andtrans-anethole content in the plant raw material. The results showed that the extraction yield was high whenC. anisataleaves were extracted over a long extraction time, while the extraction temperature had a lesser effect on the extraction yield.Trans-anethole content in the extract and plant raw material determined using a linear, specific, precise, and accurate HPLC method was high when a medium extraction temperature with a short extraction time was used. The optimal condition that maximizedtrans-anethole content involved an extraction temperature of 61.8 °C and an extraction time of 12.9 min, respectively. The percentage error of the prediction conducted by computer software was low, suggesting that the prediction was highly accurate. In conclusion, the optimal condition of dynamic maceration obtained from this work could be used as a guide for maximizingtrans-anethole content fromC. anisataleaves.
Performance of rainfall–runoff models in reproducing hydrological extremes: a case of the River Malaba sub-catchment
Authors: Mubialiwo Ambrose , Abebe Adane , Onyutha Charles 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDaily River Malaba flows recorded from 1999 to 2016 were modelled using seven lumped conceptual rainfall–runoff models including AWBM, SACRAMENTO, TANK, IHACRES, SIMHYD, SMAR and HMSV. Optimal parameters of each model were obtained using an automatic calibration strategy. Mismatches between observed and modelled flows were assessed using a total of nine “goodness-of-fit” metrics. Capacity of the models to reproduce historical hydrological extremes was assessed through comparison of amplitude–duration–frequency (ADF) relationships or curves constructed based on observed and modelled flow quantiles. Generally, most of the hydrological models performed better for high than low flows. ADF curves of both high and low flows for various return periods from 5 to 100 years were well reproduced by AWBM, SAC, TANK and HMSV. ADF curves for high and low flows were poorly reproduced by SIMHYD and SMAR, respectively. Overall, AWBM performed slightly better than other models if both high and low flows are to be considered simultaneously. The deviations of these models were larger for high than low return periods. It was found that the choice of a “goodness-of-fit” metric affects how model performance can be judged. Results from this study also show that when focusing on hydrological extremes, uncertainty due to the choice of a particular model should be taken into consideration. Insights from this study provide relevant information for planning of risk-based water resources applications.