bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of evolving salt precipitation on the evaporation and temperature of sandy soil with a fixed groundwater table
Authors: Li Xinhu , Shi Fengzhi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe effects of salt precipitation on water and heat transport in soil have garnered considerable attention. However, salt precipitation growth on the soil surface and its influence on soil evaporation and temperature under a fixed groundwater table are not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the evolution of salt precipitation on evaporation and temperature in sandy soils with a fixed groundwater table depth (20 cm). The laboratory experiment consisted of two treatments for sand columns: one with fresh groundwater, and the other with saline groundwater. Regions with salt precipitates expanded laterally and vertically whereby a salt crust was formed that disconnected from the soil. The lateral growth of salt precipitation had a minor impact on evaporation as the soil remained wet, while mostly being covered by the salt crust. However, the elevated salt crust caused a sharp decrease (>60%) in the evaporation rate. Therefore, a new stage of saline soil evaporation was determined; the evaporation rate was further reduced by the elevated salt crust. Moreover, the soil profile temperature decreased when the soil was covered by the salt crust, which is likely attributable to the increased albedo and the formation of a layer of air owing to the elevated salt crust. Therefore, we suggest that the upward growth of salt precipitation should be comprehensively studied because it can cause significant reductions in evaporation rates and soil temperature.
RNA-Seq Data Analysis in Galaxy
Authors: Batut Bérénice , van den Beek Marius , Doyle Maria A. , Soranzo Nicola 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA complete RNA-Seq analysis involves the use of several different tools, with substantial software and computational requirements. The Galaxy platform simplifies the execution of such bioinformatics analyses by embedding the needed tools in its web interface, while also providing reproducibility. Here, we describe how to perform a reference-based RNA-Seq analysis using Galaxy, from data upload to visualization and functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes.
Am Ende der Straße: totale Sicherheit
Authors: Mitteregger Mathias 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungPräsentationen, mit denen die Entwicklung selbstfahrender Autos beworben wird, beginnen häufig mit etwas, was mit Michel Foucault ein „Theater der Schmerzen“ genannt werden könnte (Foucault 2012: 42). Während Fotos zerrissene Schulbusse und halbierte Autos zeigen, unterfüttert die vortragende Person den viszeralen Eindruck mit Zahlen: 1,2 Millionen Menschen werden jedes Jahr im Straßenverkehr getötet, was Verkehrsunfälle zur häufigsten Todesursache für 15- bis 29-Jährige weltweit macht (WHO 2015: 2). Automatisierte Fahrsysteme sollen diese Tragödie beenden. Dazu müssen Menschen das Steuer an lernende Algorithmen abgeben, die den menschlichen Fähigkeiten überlegen und niemals müde, abgelenkt oder betrunken wären.
Zustellroboter als Lösung für die letzte Meile in der Stadt?
Authors: Leerkamp Bert , Soteropoulos Aggelos , Berger Martin 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDer städtische Güterverkehr nimmt eine immer wichtigere Rolle im Bereich der urbanen Mobilität sowie auch in der städtischen Verkehrspolitik ein, da der E-Commerce boomt: Die Digitalisierung bringt es mit sich, dass immer öfter Waren über das Internet bestellt werden, wodurch sich auch der Lieferverkehr stark erhöht hat (vgl. Muschkiet/Schückhaus 2019: 358; Deutsche Bundesregierung 2019: 44f.). Es bedarf daher neuer nachhaltiger Lösungen und Konzepte in der urbanen Logistik, wobei besonders die letzte Meile infolge fehlender Bündelung und großer Aufwände eine wesentliche Herausforderung darstellt (vgl. Gerdes/Heinemann 2019: 399; Buthe et al. 2018: 30; Lierow/Wisotzky 2019). Gleichzeitig entstehen neue Zustellformen wie etwa Zustellroboter (vgl. Baum et al. 2019: 2455; Jennings/Figliozzi 2019: 317), denen ein großes Potential für die letzte Meile zugeschrieben wird.
Enhancing searches for resonances with machine learning and moment decomposition
Authors: Kitouni Ouail , Nachman Benjamin , Weisser Constantin , Williams Mike 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A key challenge in searches for resonant new physics is that classifiers trained to enhance potential signals must not induce localized structures. Such structures could result in a false signal when the background is estimated from data using sideband methods. A variety of techniques have been developed to construct classifiers which are independent from the resonant feature (often a mass). Such strategies are sufficient to avoid localized structures, but are not necessary. We develop a new set of tools using a novel moment loss function (Moment Decomposition or MoDe) which relax the assumption of independence without creating structures in the background. By allowing classifiers to be more flexible, we enhance the sensitivity to new physics without compromising the fidelity of the background estimation.
How will artificial intelligence and bioinformatics change our understanding of IgA Nephropathy in the next decade?
Authors: Bülow Roman David , Dimitrov Daniel , Boor Peter , Saez-Rodriguez Julio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerulonephritis. It is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes containing immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the kidney’s glomeruli, triggering an inflammatory process. In many patients, the disease has a progressive course, eventually leading to end-stage kidney disease. The current understanding of IgAN’s pathophysiology is incomplete, with the involvement of several potential players, including the mucosal immune system, the complement system, and the microbiome. Dissecting this complex pathophysiology requires an integrated analysis across molecular, cellular, and organ scales. Such data can be obtained by employing emerging technologies, including single-cell sequencing, next-generation sequencing, proteomics, and complex imaging approaches. These techniques generate complex “big data,” requiring advanced computational methods for their analyses and interpretation. Here, we introduce such methods, focusing on the broad areas of bioinformatics and artificial intelligence and discuss how they can advance our understanding of IgAN and ultimately improve patient care. The close integration of advanced experimental and computational technologies with medical and clinical expertise is essential to improve our understanding of human diseases. We argue that IgAN is a paradigmatic disease to demonstrate the value of such a multidisciplinary approach.
Widening: using parallel resources to improve model quality
Authors: Berthold Michael R. , Fillbrunn Alexander , Siebes Arno 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper provides a unified description of Widening, a framework for the use of parallel (or otherwise abundant) computational resources to improve model quality. We discuss different theoretical approaches to Widening with and without consideration of diversity. We then soften some of the underlying constraints so that Widening can be implemented in real world algorithms. We summarize earlier experimental results demonstrating the potential impact as well as promising implementation strategies before concluding with a survey of related work.
Binary Hamming codes and Boolean designs
Authors: Falcone Giovanni , Pavone Marco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper we consider a finite-dimensional vector space $${\mathcal {P}}$$
P
over the Galois field $${\text {GF}}(2),$$

GF
(
2
)
,

and the family $${\mathcal {B}}_k$$

B
k

(respectively, $${\mathcal {B}}_k^*$$

B
k
∗

) of all the k-sets of elements of $$\mathcal {P}$$
P
(respectively, of $${\mathcal {P}}^*= {\mathcal {P}} \setminus \{0\}$$

P

∗

=
P
\

{
0
}

) summing up to zero. We compute the parameters of the 3-design $$({\mathcal {P}},{\mathcal {B}}_k)$$

(
P
,

B
k

)

for any (necessarily even) k, and of the 2-design $$({\mathcal {P}}^{*},{\mathcal {B}}_k^{*})$$

(

P

∗

,

B
k

∗

)

for any k. Also, we find a new proof for the weight distribution of the binary Hamming code. Moreover, we find the automorphism groups of the above designs by characterizing the permutations of $${\mathcal {P}}$$
P
, respectively of $${\mathcal {P}}^*$$

P

∗

, that induce permutations of $${\mathcal {B}}_k$$

B
k

, respectively of $${\mathcal {B}}_k^*.$$

B
k
∗

.

In particular, this allows one to relax the definitions of the permutation automorphism groups of the binary Hamming code and of the extended binary Hamming code as the groups of permutations that preserve just the codewords of a given Hamming weight.
Assessment and abatement of the eco-risk caused by mine spoils in the dry subtropical climate
Authors: Alekseenko Alexey V. , Drebenstedt Carsten , Bech Jaume 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe highly rugged mountainous land topography of the Novorossiysk industrial agglomeration (NW Caucasus, Krasnodar Krai, Russia) and arid climate limit the restoration abilities of disturbed mine lands. Abandoned waste-rock dumps of a marl quarry occupy an area of ca. 150,000 m2 next to the cement plant, residential districts, and a commercial seaport. To assess the eco-risk, topsoil horizons of urban and mine-site Technosols and background Rendzinas were sampled and analyzed; measurements of particulate matter fractions PM1, PM2.5, PM4, and PM10 were conducted throughout the agglomeration. Fugitive dust emission from the unreclaimed marl dumps raises the PM2.5 content in the air by a factor of 2.68 on average. The high sorption capacity of the fine eluvium results in the accumulation of urban emissions by the dust and contributes to the subsequent soil pollution; the Cumulative Pollution Index of pedochemical anomalies reaches the high-risk level over the areas of up to 5 km2. Environmental threats caused by the mine dumps can be assessed more reliably by means of land zoning based on accumulated environmental damage indicators and the debris flow and waterspout risk calculation. To abate the technogenic impact caused by the mine spoils, reclamation actions must be taken including soil stabilization on sensitive sites by application of geosynthetic cover, hydroseeding of the mixture of soil improvers and seeds of herbaceous plants on the slopes, and anti-erosion plantation of cades (Juniperus oxycedrus L.) and smoke trees (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) at subhorizontal surfaces.
Fe and As geochemical self-removal dynamics in mineral waters: evidence from the Ferrarelle groundwater system (Riardo Plain, Southern Italy)
Authors: Cuoco Emilio , Viaroli Stefano , Paolucci Vittorio , Mazza Roberto , Tedesco Dario 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA theoretical pattern for Fe and As co-precipitation was tested directly in a groundwater natural system. Several monitoring wells were sampled to identify the different endmembers that govern the hydrodynamics of the Ferrarelle Groundwater System in the Riardo Plain (Southern Italy). In agreement with recent investigations, we found a mix of a deep and a shallow component in different proportions, resulting in a specific chemical composition of groundwater in each well depending on the percentages of each component. The shallow component was characterized by EC ~ 430 µS/cm, Eh ~ 300 mV, Fe ~ 0.06 µmol/L and As ~ 0.01–0.12 µmol/L, while the deep component was characterized by EC ~ 3400 µS/cm, Eh ~ 170 mV, Fe ~ 140 µmol/L and As ~ 0.59 µmol/L. A general attenuation of As and Fe concentration that was not due to a simple dilution effect was observed in the mixing process. The oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) produces solid precipitates which adsorb As from solution and then co-precipitate. The reactions pattern of Fe(II) oxidation and As adsorption gave a linear function between [As] and [Fe], where the angular coefficient depends on the [O2]/[H+] ratio. Chemical data obtained from our samples showed a very good agreement with this theoretical relationship. The investigated geochemical dynamics represented a natural process of attenuation of Fe and As, two undesirable elements that usually affect groundwater quality in volcanic aquifers in central-southern Italy, which are exploited to supply drinking water.
Graphic abstract
Exploring socioeconomic inequalities and access to elite postgraduate education among English graduates
Authors: Mateos-González José Luis , Wakeling Paul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA worldwide trend towards high levels of participation in higher education, paired with concerns about the post-university destinations of an increasing pool of graduates, have brought about two parallel phenomena: a process of sharp stratification in higher education and the growing relevance of postgraduate education as undergraduate study becomes nearly ubiquitous, particularly among the most advantaged groups of students. To date, the literature on socioeconomic inequalities and access to higher education has focussed on undergraduate education, with some researchers specifically investigating access to the most prestigious institutions. We contribute to this body of research by investigating the effects of socioeconomic characteristics on access to postgraduate education at those universities believed to deliver elite forms of higher education. We look at access to ‘elite’ postgraduate education among English graduates, operationalised as belonging to the Russell Group of research-intensive universities. We analyse an exceptionally large dataset (N = 533,885) capturing graduate destinations, including postgraduate education at specific institutions. We find that socioeconomic inequalities in attending an elite postgraduate degree persist, but these are mediated by educational variables. Socioeconomically advantaged students are more likely to attain a good degree and to attend an elite institution at the undergraduate level, which powerfully predicts access to elite postgraduate education.
Electrodeposition of cuprous oxide on a porous copper framework for an improved photoelectrochemical performance
Authors: Kurniawan Mario , Stich Michael , Marimon Mayra , Camargo Magali , Peipmann Ralf , Hannappel Thomas , Bund Andreas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting can be an efficient and economically feasible alternative for hydrogen production if easily processed photoelectrodes made of inexpensive and abundant materials are employed. Here, we present the preparation of porous Cu2O photocathodes with good PEC performance using solely inexpensive electrodeposition methods. Firstly, porous Cu structures with delicate pore networks were deposited on flat Cu substrates employing hydrogen-bubble-assisted Cu deposition. In a second electrodeposition step, the porous Cu structures were mechanically reinforced and subsequently detached from the substrates to obtain free-standing porous frameworks. In a third and final step, photoactive Cu2O films were electrodeposited. The PEC water splitting performance in 0.5 M Na2SO4 (pH ∼6) shows that these photocathodes have photocurrents of up to −2.25 mA cm−2 at 0 V versus RHE while maintaining a low dark current. In contrast, the Cu2O deposited on a flat Cu sample showed photocurrents only up to −1.25 mA cm−2. This performance increase results from the significantly higher reactive surface area while maintaining a thin and homogeneous Cu2O layer with small grain sizes and therefore higher hole concentrations as determined by Mott-Schottky analysis. The free-standing porous Cu2O samples show a direct optical transmittance of 23% (λ = 400–800 nm) and can therefore be used in tandem structures with a photoanode in full PEC cells.

Graphical abstract
Enlaces Por La Salud: A Personal Health Navigator Intervention Grounded in the Transnational Framework
Authors: Hightow-Weidman Lisa , Carcano Joaquin , Choi Seul Ki , Sampson Lynne , Barrington Clare 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite the disproportionate burden of HIV among Latinxs, there is a paucity of culturally appropriate interventions that have shown efficacy at increasing their engagement and retention in HIV care. We describe the development and implementation of Enlaces, a six-session, individual-level intervention, guided by the transnational framework, to improve HIV care outcomes for newly diagnosed and out-of-care Mexican men and transgender women (TW). Descriptive statistics summarizing baseline data and implementation outcomes are provided. 91 participants enrolled between October 2014 and August 2017. Intervention engagement and satisfaction was high; 81.3% completed all six sessions and 100% were very satisfied/satisfied with their experience. Successful implementation of the ENLACES intervention was the result of establishing client trust and maintaining a flexible, supportive approach to intervention delivery. Use of the transnational framework provided a contextualized approach to engaging with Mexican men and TW living with HIV that can be adapted to other Latino populations.
Psychometric assessment of EQ-5D-5L and ReQoL measures in patients with anxiety and depression: construct validity and responsiveness
Authors: Franklin Matthew , Enrique Angel , Palacios Jorge , Richards Derek 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Generic health measures have been questioned for quantifying mental-health-related outcomes. In patients with anxiety and/or depression, our aim is to assess the psychometric properties of the preference-based EQ-5D-5L (generic health) and ReQoL-UI (recovery-focussed quality of life) for economic evaluation against the PHQ-9 (depression) and GAD-7 (anxiety). EQ-5D-5L anxiety/depression item and ReQoL-10 are also assessed.

Methods
A 2:1 (intervention: control) randomised controlled trial collected measures at baseline and 8 weeks post baseline; in the intervention arm, data were also collected 3, 6, 9, and 12-months post baseline. EQ-5D-5L preference-based scores were obtained from the value set for England (VSE) and ‘cross-walked’ EQ-5D-3L United Kingdom (UK) value set scores. ReQoL-UI preference-based scores were obtained from its UK value set as applied to seven ReQoL-10 items. EQ-5D-5L and ReQoL measures’ construct validity and responsiveness were assessed compared against PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores and group cut-offs.

Results
361 people were randomised to intervention (241) or control (120). ReQoL-UI/-10 had better construct validity with depression severity than the EQ-5D-5L (VSE/cross-walk scores), which had relatively better construct validity with anxiety severity than the ReQoL-UI/-10. Across all intervention-arm time-points relative to baseline, responsiveness was generally better for EQ-5D-5L (VSE in particular) than ReQoL-UI, but worse than ReQoL-10.

Conclusion
There is insufficient evidence to recommend the ReQoL-UI over EQ-5D-5L for economic evaluations to capture anxiety severity. However, there may be rationale for recommending the ReQoL-UI over the EQ-5D-5L to capture depression severity given its better construct validity, albeit poorer responsiveness, and if recovery-focussed quality of life relative to condition-specific symptomology is the construct of interest.
A tale of two cities: an experiment on inequality and preferences
Authors: Bigoni Maria , Bortolotti Stefania , Rattini Veronica 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe existence of a strong link between socio-economic background and individual preferences has been documented among both children and grown-ups. Here, we study whether such a correlation persists even in a highly homogeneous population of young adults: university students. Our findings indicate that participants living in an area characterized by a high socio-economic environment tend to trust more and are more inclined to reciprocate higher levels of trust, as compared to those coming from less wealthy neighborhoods. This behavioral difference is, at least in part, driven by heterogeneities in beliefs: subjects from the most affluent part of the city have more optimistic expectations on their counterpart’s trustworthiness than those living in a lower socio-economic environment. By contrast, no significant differences emerge in other preferences: generosity, risk attitudes, and time preferences. Finally, we do not find any systematic evidence of out-group discrimination based on neighborhood identity.
Politische Social-Media-Influencer als Meinungsführer?
Authors: Bause Halina 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungIm Zuge der Digitalisierung finden große Teile der Meinungsbildung heute in Netzwerken statt, in denen Angebote neuer Kommunikator:innen neben die Berichterstattung professioneller Journalist:innen treten. Der Artikel widmet sich einem Typ dieser neuen reichweitenstarken Akteure der politischen Öffentlichkeit, der zwar gesellschaftlich viel Aufmerksamkeit auf sich zieht, in der politischen Kommunikationsforschung aber noch weitgehend unbekannt ist: politischen Social-Media-Influencer:innen (im Folgenden PSMI). Ziel des Beitrages ist es, theoretische Annahmen über PSMI zu treffen, um sie empirischer Forschung zugänglicher zu machen. Dafür werden PSMI auf Grundlage einer systematischen Literaturanalyse erstmalig definiert und ihre Eigenschaften mit jenen von politischen Meinungsführern verglichen. Die Analyse zeigt in konzeptionell-theoretischer Hinsicht, dass die Kommunikationsrolle von PSMI als Weiterentwicklung von Meinungsführerschaft beschrieben werden kann, hin zu einer Form von mediatisierter, (semi-)professioneller und öffentlicher Kommunikation, die auf strategischer Selbstinszenierung beruht. Mithilfe des Meinungsführerkonzepts lassen sich erste Annahmen formulieren, die mit Befragungen und Inhaltsanalysen empirisch überprüft werden sollten, um die Bedeutung von PSMI in der politischen Öffentlichkeit differenzierter bestimmen zu können.
Nucleation of SiO$$_{2}$$-CaO-Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ Slag in Oxidative Ladle Refining of Metallurgical Grade Silicon
Authors: Bjørnstad Erlend L. , Tranell Gabriella 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Oxidative ladle refining (OLR) is the most used refining method in industrial production of metallurgical grade silicon. OLR is performed by purging the liquid alloy with oxygen-enhanced air at 1823 K to 1873 K, reacting with silicon and the primary slag forming impurities to a SiO

$$_{2}$$

2

-CaO-Al

$$_{2}$$

2

O

$$_{3}$$

3

slag. To further increase our capability to control this process, it is paramount to understand how the slag nucleates and forms, and represent it such that it is useful for predicting and controlling the process behavior. This work aims to formulate a comprehensive theoretical description of slag nucleation and formation at nano/microscale using classical macroscale thermodynamics, bridging these spatial regimes. To achieve this, the work argues that silica’s liquid structure allows its nuclei to exhibit “well defined” surfaces. Furthermore, silica is predicted to be highly surface active, so if its concentration is high while the slag nucleus is small, the SiO

$$_{2}$$

2

-CaO-Al

$$_{2}$$

2

O

$$_{3}$$

3

slag should retain silica’s surface properties. An experiment confirmed the surface active nature of silica in the SiO

$$_{2}$$

2

-CaO-Al

$$_{2}$$

2

O

$$_{3}$$

3

system. It was also shown that increasing the slag’s calcia concentration has a greater effect on the interfacial tension between the molten slag and liquid alloy than alumina, confirming industrial observations of the coupling between refining rate and relative alloy/slag composition.