bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of measurement uncertainties in LNG density and energy for custody transfer
Authors: Wu Thomas Y , Kenbar Asaad 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the custody transfer of fuels such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), energy measurement accuracy is critical. The important elements in calculating transferred energy are the volume, the density and the superior calorific value (SCV). In this paper we have used a new approach to carefully study the various uncertainty factors contributing to two of these elements: the density and the SCV. For density, six methods were evaluated, namely the method of extended corresponding states, the Hiza method, the revised Klosek–McKinley method, the Groupe Européen de Recherche Gazière (GERG-2004) method, the GERG-2008 method, and the equation of state–LNG method, to estimate the modelling error in the density calculation. Other factors affecting LNG density estimation (LNG composition, reference densimeter, temperature and pressure) have also been investigated to derive the total uncertainty in LNG density estimation. For the SCV, the uncertainty has been analysed with consideration given to uncertainties in the composition and the SCV of LNG components. The expanded uncertainty in LNG energy during custody transfer is estimated to be 0.58% (k = 2) after considering the uncertainties due to the membrane-type tank’s unloaded LNG volume, SCV, density and their correlation effect.
Carbon diffusion in concentrated Fe–C glasses
Authors: Soltani Siavash , Rottler Jörg , Sinclair Chad W 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
By combining atomistic simulations with a detailed analysis of individual atomic hops, we show that the diffusion of carbon in a binary Fe–C glass exhibits strong (anti-)correlations and is largely determined by the local environment. Higher local carbon concentrations lead to slower atomic mobility. Our results help explain the increasing stability of Fe–C (and, potentially, other similar metal–metalloid glasses) against crystallization with increasing solute concentration.
Modelling the interactions and diffusion of NO in amorphous SiO2
Authors: Mistry M V , Cottom J , Patel K , Shluger A L , Sosso G C , Pobegen G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is often used for the passivation of SiC/SiO2 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices. Although it is established experimentally, using XPS, EELS, and SIMS measurements, that the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface is extensively nitridated, the mechanisms of NO incorporation and diffusion in amorphous (a)-SiO2 films are still poorly understood. We used density functional theory (DFT) to simulate the incorporation and diffusion of NO through a-SiO2 and correlate local steric environment in amorphous network to interstitial NO (NO
i
) incorporation energy and migration barriers. Shapes and volumes of structural cages in amorphous structures are characterised using a methodology based on the Voronoi S-network. Using an efficient sampling technique we identify the energy minima and transition states for neutral and negatively charged NO
i
molecules. Neutral NO
i
interacts with the amorphous network only weakly with the smallest incorporation energies in bigger cages. On the other hand

N
O

i

−
1

binds at the network sites with wide O–Si–O bond angles, which also serve as the intrinsic precursor sites for electron trapping.
Nanocrystalline NiSe2/MoS2 heterostructures for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Huang Yazhou , Lv Junyan , Huang Jiacai , Xu Kunshan , Liu Lei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although it suffers from a heavy dependence on the noble platinum catalyst, the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one of the most promising methods for the production of hydrogen. After numerous efforts, it is found that MoS2-based heterostructure may replace platinum as the electrochemical HER catalyst. In this work, the nanocrystalline NiSe2/MoS2 heterostructures were successfully prepared on the carbon fiber paper (CFP) substrate through electrochemical deposition and hydrothermal process. According to a series of electrochemical HER tests and a comparison with other MoS2-based heterostructure catalysts, the CFP/NiSe2/MoS2 catalyst with an overpotential η
10 of 143 mV and a Tafel slope of 45 mV dec−1 exhibited an excellent electrochemical HER catalytic performance and durability. In addition, CFP/NiSe2/MoS2 catalyst was treated by plasma to further improve the catalytic performance of the catalyst.
Transport model of plasma heating at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency
Authors: Dnestrovskij Yu N , Danilov A V , Dnestrovskij A Yu , Lysenko S E , Melnikov A V , Nemets A R , Nurgaliev M R , Subbotin G F , Solovev N A , Sychugov D Yu , Cherkasov S V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The optical thickness of the plasma is often insufficient to fully absorb the microwaves during heating at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency. An analysis of the experiments to the T-10 tokamak allows us to find the criteria for the full absorption, and to construct a canonical profile transport model for the full and partial absorptions of microwaves. The conditions to the equivalence of discharges in different tokamaks, and in a pair of tokamaks with the optimized W7-X stellarator are formulated. For equivalent discharges, calculations to the T-15MD tokamak under construction with the obtained model coincide with measurements of electron and ion temperatures in the W7-X over a wide range of plasma densities. The validated model is used to analyze future shots of T-15MD.
Electromagnetic emission due to nonlinear interaction of laser wakefields colliding in plasma at an oblique angle
Authors: Volchok E , Annenkov V , Timofeev I 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Head-on collision of laser-induced plasma wakefields with differing profiles of electrostatic potential has been recently found to be an efficient mechanism for generating high-power electromagnetic emission at the second harmonic of the plasma frequency (Timofeev et al 2017 Phys. Plasmas
24 103106). This mechanism is attractive for creating a source of tunable narrow-band coherent radiation in the terahertz frequency range. In this paper, we generalize the theory of electromagnetic emission produced by non-linear interaction of two plasma wakes to the case of an arbitrary collision angle. Such a theory is used to evaluate the angular distribution of the second harmonic radiation as well as its total generation efficiency for parameters of the proof-of-principle experiment in which laser axes will be aligned with a small finite angle. Theoretical predictions are qualitatively confirmed by particle-in-cell simulations.
Multimillijoule terahertz radiation from laser interactions with microplasma waveguides
Authors: Hu Ke , Yi Longqing , Fülöp Tünde 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
When a relativistic, femtosecond laser pulse enters a waveguide, the pulse energy is coupled into waveguide optical modes. The longitudinal laser field effectively accelerates electrons along the axis of the channel, while the asymmetric transverse electromagnetic fields tend to expel fast electrons radially outwards. At the exit of the waveguide, the ∼nC, ∼10 MeV electron bunch converts its energy to a ∼10 mJ terahertz (THz) laser pulse through coherent diffraction radiation. In this paper, we present 3D particle-in-cell simulations and theoretical analyses of the aforementioned interaction process. We investigate the process of longitudinal acceleration and radial expulsion of fast electrons, as well as the dependence of the properties of the resulting THz radiation on laser and plasma parameters and the effects of the preplasma. The simulation results indicate that the conversion efficiency of energy can be over 5% if the waveguide length is optimal and a high contrast pump laser is used. These results guide the design of more intense and powerful THz sources.
Plasma rotation driven by rotating magnetic fields
Authors: Ren Baoming , Zhang Jiadong , Yang Zhida , Zhu Guanghui , Zhou Haiyang , Zheng Jian , Sun Xuan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We report a novel method to control plasma rotation speed, namely, using the rotating magnetic field (RMF), which is a mature technique to form field reversed configuration, to drive the electron rotation and then the ion rotation via electron–ion collisions in a magnetic mirror plasma. It can be observed that the plasma starts rotating if the RMF strength exceeds a threshold value, corresponding to which the value of the magnetization parameter becomes larger than the value of the penetration parameter. The flow speed achieved in this experiment is approximately 0.14 Mach. The rotation is found to start from outside to inside with the propagating time almost equal to the penetration time of the RMFs. Also, a clear sheared flow is observed to have developed in the region of core plasma. It has been further identified that the electron–ion friction is the dominant force to drive the ion spinning up. The rotation speed is primarily determined by the RMF strength, instead of background magnetic field strength, which may offer a method to study the effect of rotation on the confinement in different magnetic field strengths while keeping the rotation profile intact.
Design of selective-area growth compatible fully-vertical GaN p-i-n diodes with dielectric vertical sidewall appended edge termination schemes
Authors: Sarker Palash , Kelly Frank P , Landi Matthew , (Kevin) Kim Kyekyoon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
While a slew of edge termination schemes for gallium nitride (GaN) power devices have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated to date, all of them suffer from the inability to achieve breakdown voltage close to ideal parallel-plane breakdown voltage. Further, they are exclusively processed using implantation or dry etching based methods, both of which are known to introduce additional defects and lattice damage leading to large leakage components. In this work, we develop and design novel dielectric vertical sidewall appended edge termination (DiVSET) schemes that are surface-charge resilient and capable of achieving ideal parallel-plane breakdown voltage. These edge termination schemes are compatible with plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy facilitated silicon nitride shadowed selective-area growth (SNS-SAG) processing protocol, recently developed by us. The SNS-SAG protocol is uniquely capable of processing smooth, lattice damage-free GaN interfaces and vertical sidewalls that can reduce the leakage current by several orders of magnitude compared to conventional implant and dry etching based GaN processing. Together with the SNS-SAG processing, the DiVSET schemes offer an enabling technology for high-performance ultra-low leakage GaN power devices.
Competing anticlastic and piezoelectric deformation at large deflections
Authors: Salmani H , Hanke U , Halvorsen E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In bending of a purely elastic beam or plate, it is well established that the cross-sectional shape changes character with decreasing bending radius-of-curvature and that the transition can be characterized by the Searle parameter. In a piezoelectric structure, the cross-sectional deformation is affected by the opposite anticlastic and electromechanical bending curvatures. The behavior is consequently more complicated and it is an open question how the cross-sectional shape develops with increasing bending. In this paper, analytical solutions are used to study the cross-sectional deformation of piezoelectric cantilever-actuators taking both anticlastic and electromechanical bending effects into account. We consider unimorph and bimorph actuators. In the case of electrical actuation, as for the purely mechanical case, we find that the Searle parameter is an important parameter characterizing the shape of the cross-section. A load scaling rule gives a criterion for fixed cross-section-deflection for different actuator widths. Using this scaling rule, the Searle parameter is kept unchanged. The analytical results are verified by non-linear finite element analysis using electric potential and mechanical moment as applied loads.
Superconductivity in centrosymmetric topological superconductor candidate TaC
Authors: Yan D Y , Yang M , Wang C X , Song P B , Yi C J , Shi Y G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We report the synthesis and physical properties of the single crystals of TaC, which are proposed to hold topological band structure as a topological superconductor (TSC) candidate. Magnetization, resistivity and specific heat measurements are performed and indicate that TaC is bulk superconductor with critical temperature of 10.3 K. TaC is a strongly coupled type-II superconductor and the superconducting state can be well described by s-wave Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory with a single gap. The upper critical field (H
c2) of TaC shows linear temperature dependence, which is quite different from most conventional superconductors and isostructural NbC, which is proposed to manifest topological nodal-loops or type-II Dirac points as well as superconductivity. Our results suggest that TaC would be a new candidate for further research of TSCs.
Thermodynamics of a weakly interacting Bose gas above the transition temperature
Authors: Bulakhov M S , Peletminskii A S , Slyusarenko Yu V , Sotnikov A G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We study thermodynamic properties of weakly interacting Bose gases above the transition temperature of Bose–Einstein condensation in the framework of a thermodynamic perturbation theory. Cases of local and non-local interactions between particles are analyzed both analytically and numerically. We obtain and compare the temperature dependencies for the chemical potential, entropy, pressure, and specific heat to those of noninteracting gases. The results set reliable benchmarks for thermodynamic characteristics and their asymptotic behavior in dilute atomic and molecular Bose gases above the transition temperature.
Modulation instability analysis and longitudinal wave propagation in an elastic cylindrical rod modelled with Pochhammer-Chree equation
Authors: Seadawy Aly R , Rehman S U , Younis M , Rizvi S T R , Althobaiti Saad , Makhlouf M M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this article, propagation of solitary wave solutions to the Pochhammer-Chree equation(PC) are investigated. Different kinds of solutions like bright-dark, kink, singular, hyperbolic, rational, trigonometric as well as Jacobi elliptic function solutions are obtained. The innovative methodology used to extract the solitary wave is known as Φ6-model expansion method. Moreover, the modulation instability (MI) analysis of governing equation is also discussed. Against the appropriate choices of parameters, two and three dimensional and contour graphs are also sketched. The obtained outcomes are more general and fresh and show that the applied method is concise, direct, elementary and can be imposed in more complex phenomena with the assistant of symbolic computations.
Lagrangian particle model for 3D simulation of pellets and SPI fragments in tokamaks
Authors: Samulyak R. , Yuan S. , Naitlho N. , Parks P.B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A 3D numerical model for the ablation of pellets and shattered pellet injection fragments in tokamaks in the plasma disruption mitigation and fueling parameter space has been developed based on the Lagrangian particle (LP) method Samulyak et al (2018 J. Comput. Phys.
362 1–19). The pellet code implements the low magnetic Reynolds number MHD equations, kinetic models for the electronic heating, a pellet surface ablation model, an equation of state that supports multiple ionization states, radiation, and a model for grad-B drift of the ablated material across the magnetic field. The LP algorithm is highly adaptive, capable of simulating a large number of fragments in 3D while eliminating numerical difficulties of dealing with the tokamak background plasma. The code has achieved good agreement with theory for spherically symmetric ablation flows. Axisymmetric simulations of neon and deuterium pellets in magnetic fields ranging from 1 to 6 Tesla have been compared with previous simulations using the FronTier code, and very good agreement has also been obtained. The main physics contribution of the paper is a detailed study of the influence of 3D effects, in particular grad-B drift, on pellet ablation rates and properties of ablation clouds. Smaller reductions of ablation rates in magnetic fields compared to axially symmetric simulations have been demonstrated because the ablated material is not confined to narrowing channels in the presence of grad-B drift. Contribution of various factors in the grad-B drift model has also been quantified.
Recent advances on drug delivery nanocarriers for cerebral disorders
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Sun Tao , Jiang Chen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pharmacotherapies for brain disorders are generally faced with obstacles from the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There are a variety of drug delivery systems that have been put forward to cross or bypass the BBB with the access to the central nervous system. Brain drug delivery systems have benefited greatly from the development of nanocarriers, including lipids, polymers and inorganic materials. Consequently, various kinds of brain drug delivery nano-systems have been established, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), nanomicelles, nanohydrogels, dendrimers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The characteristics of their carriers and preparations usually differ from each other, as well as their transportation mechanisms into intracerebral lesions. In this review, different types of brain drug delivery nanocarriers are classified and summarized, especially their significant achievements, to present several recommendations and directions for future strategies of cerebral delivery.
Political-economic correlates of environmental policy
*
Authors: Kammerlander Andreas , Schulze Günther G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
What are the correlates of environmental performance? In particular, does globalization lead to environmental degradation? What is the role of democracy for environmental performance and do left-wing governments really care more about the environment? Using a novel and comprehensive measure of environmental performance, we test these three hypotheses for a panel of 134 countries for the period 2007–2016. Our results are surprising—we find no evidence that democracies are cleaner, left-wing governments perform better than right-wing governments, but centrist governments clearly have the highest environmental performance, and globalization is good for the environment. The positive impact of globalization, however, is driven by social globalization—economic and political globalization do not play a role.
Relationship between two types of heat waves in northern East Asia and temperature anomalies in Eastern Europe
Authors: Yang Xiaoye , Zeng Gang , Zhang Shiyue , Hao Zhixin , Iyakaremye Vedaste 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this study, the hierarchical clustering algorithm was used to cluster the summer heat waves (HWs) in northern East Asia (NEA) into wave-train HW and blocking HW. In the past 38 years, the wave-train HWs have increased significantly, while the blocking HWs have not shown a visible trend. The wave-train index and the blocking index are proposed to objectively identify the HW type after capturing the circulation characteristics of two kinds of HWs. When a wave-train HW occurs in NEA, simultaneous HW will occur in Eastern Europe. However, when a blocking HW occurs in NEA, a negative temperature anomaly will take place in Eastern Europe. The results of numerical simulations using the linear baroclinic model indicate that the wave-train HWs and the blocking HWs are related to the heating anomaly over southern Greenland and the cooling anomaly over the Barents Sea, respectively.
How norms, needs, and power in science obstruct transformations towards sustainability
Authors: Lahsen Myanna , Turnhout Esther 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
After decades of inadequate responses to scientists’ warnings about global environmental threats, leading analysts of the science-policy interface are seeking an important shift of research focus. This switch is from continued modeling and diagnoses of biogeochemical conditions in favor of enhanced efforts to understand the many socio-political obstacles to achieving just transformations towards sustainability, and how to overcome them. We discuss why this shift continues to prove elusive. We argue that rarely analyzed mutually reinforcing power structures, interests, needs, and norms within the institutions of global environmental change science obstruct rethinking and reform. The blockage created by these countervailing forces are shielded from scrutiny and change through retreats behind shields of neutrality and objectivity, stoked and legitimated by fears of losing scientific authority. These responses are maladaptive, however, since transparency and reflexivity are essential for rethinking and reform, even in contexts marked by anti-environmentalism. We therefore urge greater openness, self-critique, and power-sharing across research communities, to create spaces and support for conversations, diverse knowledges, and decisions conducive to sustainability transformations.
Cooling hot cities: a systematic and critical review of the numerical modelling literature
Authors: Krayenhoff E Scott , Broadbent Ashley M , Zhao Lei , Georgescu Matei , Middel Ariane , Voogt James A , Martilli Alberto , Sailor David J , Erell Evyatar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Infrastructure-based heat reduction strategies can help cities adapt to high temperatures, but simulations of their cooling potential yield widely varying predictions. We systematically review 146 studies from 1987 to 2017 that conduct physically based numerical modelling of urban air temperature reduction resulting from green-blue infrastructure and reflective materials. Studies are grouped into two modelling scales: neighbourhood scale, building-resolving (i.e. microscale); and city scale, neighbourhood-resolving (i.e. mesoscale). Street tree cooling has primarily been assessed at the microscale, whereas mesoscale modelling has favoured reflective roof treatments, which are attributed to model physics limitations at each scale. We develop 25 criteria to assess contextualization and reliability of each study based on metadata reporting and methodological quality, respectively. Studies have shortcomings with respect to neighbourhood characterization, reporting areal coverages of heat mitigation implementations, evaluation of base case simulations, and evaluation of modelled physical processes relevant to heat reduction. To aid comparison among studies, we introduce two metrics: the albedo cooling effectiveness (ACE), and the vegetation cooling effectiveness (VCE). A sub-sample of 47 higher quality studies suggests that high reflectivity coatings or materials offer ≈0.2 °C–0.6 °C cooling per 0.10 neighbourhood albedo increase, and that trees yield ≈0.3 °C cooling per 0.10 canopy cover increase, for afternoon clear-sky summer conditions. VCE of low vegetation and green roofs varies more strongly between studies. Both ACE and VCE exhibit a striking dependence on model choice and model scale, particularly for albedo and roof-level implementations, suggesting that much of the variation of cooling magnitudes between studies may be attributed to model physics representation. We conclude that evaluation of the base case simulation is not a sufficient prerequisite for accurate simulation of heat mitigation strategy cooling. We identify a three-phase framework for assessment of the suitability of a numerical model for a heat mitigation experiment, which emphasizes assessment of urban canopy layer mixing and of the physical processes associated with the heat reduction implementation. Based on our findings, we include recommendations for optimal design and communication of urban heat mitigation simulation studies.