bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allusion, reasoning and luring in Chinese psychological warfare
Authors: Chung Youngjune 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
China's global proliferation of psychological warfare, operating in small signatures and low visibility, reflects a cultural continuity of ancient strategic thought and martial philosophy. Contemporary analysis explains how China's attempts to coerce and persuade its target entities work through systematic deception and perception management to achieve its authoritarian objectives. However, there are gaps in the understanding of these operations as distinct from conventional statecraft, and in the configuration and mechanism of actions constituting bottom-up change toward subduing the enemy without fighting. To guide the analysis of China's psychological warfare in an organized manner, an explanatory framework of three cultural drivers—allusion (anshi), reasoning (douzhi) and luring (yinyou)—and six tactics—induction (youdao), coercion (xiepo), sentiment (qinggan), hoax (xirao), persuasion (ganhua) and disguise (qiaozhuang)—were devised. It is argued that the deeply rooted ideational and materially embodied dynamics continue to exploit western social vulnerabilities and the open nature of democratic institutions by introducing policy confusion, assimilation and division. However, failing to recognise these as normative social practices will result in misguided counter-measures aimed at transforming the communist system into a capitalist democracy, triggering domestic social unrest, or discrediting the CCP leadership in the eyes of the world and the Chinese people.
Constitutional locks
Authors: Gilbert Michael D , Guim Mauricio , Weisbuch Michael 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Legal designers use different mechanisms to entrench constitutions. This article studies one mechanism that has received little attention: constitutional “locks,” or forced waiting periods for amendments. We begin by presenting a global survey, which reveals that locks appear in sixty-seven national constitutions. They vary in length from nine days to six years, and they vary in reach, with some countries “locking” their entire constitution and others locking only select parts. After presenting the survey, we consider rationales for locks. Scholars tend to lump locks with other tools of entrenchment, such as bicameralism and supermajority rule, but we argue that locks have distinct and interesting features. Specifically, we theorize that locks can cool passions better than other entrenchment mechanisms, promote principled deliberation by placing lawmakers behind a veil of ignorance, and protect minority groups by creating space for political bargaining. Legislators cannot work around locks, and because locks are simple and transparent, lawmakers cannot “break” them without drawing attention. For these reasons, we theorize that locks facilitate constitutional credibility and self-enforcement, perhaps better than other entrenchment mechanisms.
Effects of observational data shortage on accuracy of global solar activity forecast
Authors: Kitiashvili Irina N 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Building a reliable forecast of solar activity is a long-standing problem that requires an accurate description of past and current global dynamics. Relatively recently, synoptic observations of magnetic fields and subsurface flows have become available. In this paper, we present an investigation of the effects of short observational data series on the accuracy of solar cycle prediction. This analysis is performed using the annual sunspot number time-series applied to the Parker–Kleeorin–Ruzmaikin dynamo model and employing the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) data assimilation method. The testing of cycle prediction accuracy is performed for the last six cycles (for Solar Cycles 19–24) by sequentially shortening the observational data series to predict a target cycle and evaluate the resulting prediction accuracy according to specified criteria. According to the analysis, reliable activity predictions can be made using relatively short time-series of the sunspot number. The accuracy of the solar activity has a weak dependence on the length of available observations. It is demonstrated that at least three cycles of observations are needed to obtain robust forecasts.
Thermodynamic evolution of the z = 1.75 galaxy cluster IDCS J1426.5+3508
Authors: Andreon S , Romero C , Castagna F , Ragagnin A , Devlin M , Dicker S , Mason B , Mroczkowski T , Sarazin C , Sievers J , Stanchfield S 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We present resolved thermodynamic profiles out to 500 kpc, about r500, of the z = 1.75 galaxy cluster IDCS J1426.5+3508 with 40 kpc resolution. Thanks to the combination of Sunyaev–Zel’dovich and X-ray data sets, IDCS J1426.5+3508 becomes the most distant cluster with resolved thermodynamic profiles. These are derived assuming a non-parametric pressure profile and a very flexible model for the electron density profile. The shape of the pressure profile is flatter than the universal pressure profile. The IDCS J1426.5+3508 temperature profile is increasing radially out to 500 kpc. To identify the possible future evolution of IDCS J1426.5+3508 , we compared it with its local descendants that numerical simulations show to be 0.65 ± 0.12 dex more massive. We found no evolution at 30 kpc, indicating a fine tuning between cooling and heating at small radii. At 30 &lt; r &lt; 300 kpc, our observations show that entropy and heat must be deposited with little net gas transfer, while at 500 kpc the gas need to be replaced by a large amount of cold, lower entropy gas, consistent with theoretical expectation of a filamentary gas stream, which brings low entropy gas to 500 kpc and energy at even smaller radii. At r ≳ 400 kpc the polytropic index takes a low value, which indicates the presence of a large amount of non-thermal pressure. Our work also introduces a new definition of the evolutionary rate that uses unscaled radii, unscaled thermodynamic quantities, and different masses at different redshifts to compare ancestors and descendants. It has the advantage of separating cluster evolution, dependence on mass, pseudo-evolution, and returns a number with unique interpretation, unlike other definitions used in literature.
HL Dra: an active Algol-like binary system with a pulsating component star and a cool third body
Authors: Shi Xiang-dong , Qian Sheng-bang , Li Lin-jia , Liao Wen-ping 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
HL Draconis (HL Dra) is an oscillating eclipsing binary with an orbital period of 0.944276 d. By analysing the light curves observed with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), it has been detected that HL Dra is an Algol-like binary system with a mass ratio of 0.361, where the radius filling factor (=r/RL) of the primary and secondary component is $87\, {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and $98\, {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, respectively. The secondary component is almost filling its critical Roche lobe, but not entirely. The absolute parameters of the component are estimated in this paper. Both the variable O’Connell effect and the existence of superflares indicate that the secondary should have strong magnetic activities. It is discovered that the O − C curve shows a sinusoidal variation with a period of 129.88 yr. This cyclic change might be caused by the effects of the light travel time as a result of the presence of a cool red dwarf third body. The correlations between the changes of the O − C diagrams and the variable O’Connell effect during TESS observations might be caused by the magnetic activity of the secondary (i.e. the Applegate mechanism). After removal of the binary model, a total of 252 pulsation frequencies are detected from the high-precision photometric data of TESS, including 28 multiplets of tidally split frequencies. We identify two radial modes, 21 non-radial p-modes and three non-radial f-modes from the possible independent frequencies. All of these features reveal that HL Dra is a very interesting system for further investigations of binary formation and evolution, and for tidal interactions on stellar pulsations and on magnetic activities.
X-ray burst ignition location on the surface of accreting X-ray pulsars: can bursts preferentially ignite at the hotspot?
Authors: Goodwin A J , Heger A , Chambers F R N , Watts A L , Cavecchi Y 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Hotspots on the surface of accreting neutron stars have been directly observed via pulsations in the light curves of X-ray pulsars. They are thought to occur due to magnetic channelling of the accreted fuel to the neutron star magnetic poles. Some X-ray pulsars exhibit burst oscillations during Type I thermonuclear X-ray bursts that are thought to be caused by asymmetries in the burning. In rapidly rotating neutron stars, it has been shown that the lower gravity at the equator can lead to preferential ignition of X-ray bursts at this location. These models, however, do not include the effect of accretion hotspots at the the neutron star surface. There are two accreting neutron star sources in which burst oscillations have been observed to track exactly the neutron star spin period. We analyse whether this could be due to the X-ray bursts igniting at the magnetic pole of the neutron star, because of heating in the accreted layers under the hotspot causing ignition conditions to be reached earlier. We investigate heat transport in the accreted layers using a 2D model and study the prevalence of heating down to the ignition depth of X-ray bursts for different hotspot temperatures and sizes. We perform calculations for accretion at the pole and at the equator, and infer that ignition could occur away from the equator at the magnetic pole for hotspots with temperature $T_{\mathrm{HS}}\gtrsim 1\times 10^8\, \mathrm{K}$. However, current observations have not identified such high temperatures in accretion-powered X-ray pulsars.
Prospects of high redshift constraints on dark energy models with the Ep, i − Eiso correlation in long gamma ray bursts
Authors: Demianski M , Piedipalumbo E , Sawant D , Amati L 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
So far large and different data sets revealed the accelerated expansion rate of the Universe, which is usually explained in terms of dark energy. The nature of dark energy is not yet known, and several models have been introduced: a non-zero cosmological constant, a potential energy of some scalar field, effects related to the non-homogeneous distribution of matter, or effects due to alternative theories of gravity. Recently, a tension with the flat ΛCDM model has been discovered using a high-redshift Hubble diagram of supernovae, quasars, and gamma-ray bursts (GRB). Here we use the Union2 type Ia supernovae and GRB Hubble diagram, and a set of direct measurements of the Hubble parameter to explore different dark energy models. We use the Chevallier–Polarski–Linder parametrization of the dark energy equation of state, a minimally coupled quintessence scalar field, and, finally, we consider models with dark energy at early times. We perform a statistical analysis based on the Markov chain Monte Carlo method, and explore the probability distributions of the cosmological parameters for each of the competing models. We apply the Akaike Information Criterion to compare these models: our analysis indicates that an evolving dark energy, described by a scalar field with exponential potential seems to be favoured by observational data.
DeepMerge – II. Building robust deep learning algorithms for merging galaxy identification across domains
Authors: Ćiprijanović A , Kafkes D , Downey K , Jenkins S , Perdue G N , Madireddy S , Johnston T , Snyder G F , Nord B 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
In astronomy, neural networks are often trained on simulation data with the prospect of being used on telescope observations. Unfortunately, training a model on simulation data and then applying it to instrument data leads to a substantial and potentially even detrimental decrease in model accuracy on the new target data set. Simulated and instrument data represent different data domains, and for an algorithm to work in both, domain-invariant learning is necessary. Here, we employ domain adaptation techniques – Maximum Mean Discrepancy as an additional transfer loss and Domain Adversarial Neural Networks – and demonstrate their viability to extract domain-invariant features within the astronomical context of classifying merging and non-merging galaxies. Additionally, we explore the use of Fisher loss and entropy minimization to enforce better in-domain class discriminability. We show that the addition of each domain adaptation technique improves the performance of a classifier when compared to conventional deep learning algorithms. We demonstrate this on two examples: between two Illustris-1 simulated data sets of distant merging galaxies, and between Illustris-1 simulated data of nearby merging galaxies and observed data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The use of domain adaptation techniques in our experiments leads to an increase of target domain classification accuracy of up to ${\sim }20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. With further development, these techniques will allow astronomers to successfully implement neural network models trained on simulation data to efficiently detect and study astrophysical objects in current and future large-scale astronomical surveys.
Searching for Saturn’s X-rays during a rare Jupiter Magnetotail crossing using Chandra
Authors: Weigt D M , Dunn W R , Jackman C M , Kraft R , Branduardi-Raymont G , Nichols J D , Wibisono A D , Vogt M F , Gladstone G R 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Every 19 yr, Saturn passes through Jupiter’s ‘flapping’ magnetotail. Here, we report Chandra X-ray observations of Saturn planned to coincide with this rare planetary alignment and to analyse Saturn’s magnetospheric response when transitioning to this unique parameter space. We analyse three Director’s Discretionary Time (DDT) observations from the High Resolution Camera (HRC-I) on-board Chandra, taken on 2020 November 19, 21, and 23 with the aim to find auroral and/or disc emissions. We infer the conditions in the kronian system by looking at coincident soft X-ray solar flux data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of Saturn’s ultraviolet (UV) auroral emissions. The large Saturn–Sun–Earth angle during this time would mean that most flares from the Earth-facing side of the Sun would not have impacted Saturn. We find no significant detection of Saturn’s disc or auroral emissions in any of our observations. We calculate the 3σ upper band energy flux of Saturn during this time to be 0.9–3.04 × 10−14 erg cm−2 s−1 which agrees with fluxes found from previous modelled spectra of the disc emissions. We conclude by discussing the implications of this non-detection and how it is imperative that the next fleet of X-ray telescope (such as Athena and the Lynx mission concept) continue to observe Saturn with their improved spatial and spectral resolution and very enhanced sensitivity to help us finally solve the mysteries behind Saturn’s apparently elusive X-ray aurora.
The major mechanism to drive turbulence in star-forming galaxies
Authors: Yu Xiaoling , Bian Fuyan , Krumholz Mark R , Shi Yong , Li Songlin , Chen Jianhang 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Two competing models, gravitational instability-driven transport and stellar feedback, have been proposed to interpret the high velocity dispersions observed in high-redshift galaxies. We study the major mechanisms to drive the turbulence in star-forming galaxies using a sample of galaxies from the xCOLD GASS survey, selected based on their star formation rate (SFR) and gas fraction to be in the regime that can best distinguish between the proposed models. We perform Wide Field Spectrograph integral field spectroscopic observations to measure the intrinsic gas velocity dispersions, circular velocities, and orbital periods in these galaxies. Comparing the relation between the SFR, velocity dispersion, and gas fraction with predictions of these two theoretical models, we find that our results are most consistent with a model that includes both transport and feedback as drivers of turbulence in the interstellar medium. By contrast, a model where stellar feedback alone drives turbulence under-predicts the observed velocity dispersion in our galaxies, and does not reproduce the observed trend with gas fraction. These observations therefore support the idea that gravitational instability makes a substantial contribution to turbulence in high-redshift and high-SFR galaxies.
‘Conducting his own Campaigns’: Evelyn Waugh and Propaganda
Authors: Woodward Guy 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This essay examines Evelyn Waugh as practitioner and critic in the field of wartime propaganda. In 1941, Waugh produced a fictitious account of a British Commando raid on German territory in North Africa for publication in Britain and the United States, an episode which reveals his skill as a propagandist, but also prompts scrutiny of his contacts with British propaganda agencies and agents and of the effect of propaganda on his writings. Waugh’s interwar fiction exhibits a sophisticated understanding of the evolving and growing power of modern propaganda, but the novels also anticipate the public relations and psychological warfare campaigns of the Second World War, specifically those carried out by the Political Warfare Executive (PWE), a secret service established in 1941 to produce and coordinate propaganda to enemy and occupied Europe. Waugh’s proximity to the PWE is suggested by a dense network of social and professional connections, and is further indicated by a series of references to the PWE and its work which I have uncovered in his fiction. Allusions to covert propaganda in Put Out More Flags and the Sword of Honour trilogy betray Waugh’s understanding of the PWE’s operations, but also provide a critique of the corrosive and unforeseen effects of information warfare waged by the secret state and offer a productive means of re-examining his much-noted anxieties regarding modernity and mid-century political change.
Risky Matching
Authors: Chade Hector , Lindenlaub Ilse 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We develop a model where risk-averse workers can costly invest in their skills before matching with heterogenous firms. At the investment stage, workers face multiple sources of risk. They are uncertain about how skilled they will turn out and also about their income shock realizations at the time of employment. We analyse the equilibria of two versions of the model that depend on when uncertainty resolves, which determines the available risk-sharing possibilities between workers and firms. We provide a thorough analysis of equilibrium comparative statics regarding changes in risk, worker and firm heterogeneity, and technology. We derive conditions on the match output function and risk attitudes under which these shifts lead to more investment and show how this affects matching and wages. To illustrate the applied relevance of our theory, we provide a stylized quantitative assessment of the model and analyse the sources (risk, heterogeneity, or technology) of rising U.S. wage inequality. We find that changes in risk were the most important driver behind the surge in inequality, followed by technological change. We show that these conclusions are significantly altered if one neglects the key feature of our model, which is that educational investment is endogenous.
J. SAINSBURY PLC v FROMAGERIES BEL SA
Authors:   Chancery Division (Intellectual Property List)
Published: June 2021

Abstract
H1 Trade marks – Invalidation proceedings – Shape mark with dimension and colour limitations – Assessment of essential characteristics - Colours – Graphical representation - Requirement of clarity and precision - Whether limitation to “the colour red” sufficient – Whether graphical representation and written description inconsistent - Appeal to High Court – Admission of additional evidence on appeal – Relevance of other registrations with similar limitations
Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Ventral Tegmental Area Activity During Cost–Benefit Decision-Making Following Maternal Immune Activation
Authors: Croy Eloise , Elston Thomas W , Bilkey David K 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with deficits in memory, behavioral flexibility, and motivation, which can result in difficulties in decision-making. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are two brain regions that are involved in decision-making, and display dysfunction in schizophrenia. We investigated ACC and VTA activity in the maternal immune activation (MIA) model of a schizophrenia risk factor. Control and MIA rats completed a cost–benefit decision-making task in a continuous T-maze, choosing between a high cost and high reward (HCHR), and a low cost and low reward (LCLR), option. A choice reversal occurred halfway through each session. Single unit activity in the ACC and local field potentials (LFPs) in the VTA were monitored. Overall, MIA and control rats made a similar proportion of HCHR and LCLR choices across the whole recording session, suggesting similar levels of motivation. However, MIA rats made different decisions than controls during periods of increased uncertainty. This appeared to reflect memory deficits and behavioral inflexibility. MIA animals displayed an increase in ACC activity associated with cost, an increase in synchrony of ACC neurons to the VTA theta oscillation, and a decrease in coherence in the delta frequency between the ACC and VTA. These changes suggest that MIA animals may be biased towards focusing on the cost rather than the benefits of the task, a change also seen in schizophrenia. Here, however, the MIA animals may be able to increase motivation to maintain behavior despite this change.
Phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 shows frequent cross-country transmission and local population expansions
Authors: Bennedbæk Marc , Zhukova Anna , Tang Man-Hung Eric , Bennet Jaclyn , Munderi Paula , Ruxrungtham Kiat , Gisslen Magnus , Worobey Michael , Lundgren Jens D , Marvig Rasmus L 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Understanding of pandemics depends on the characterization of pathogen collections from well-defined and demographically diverse cohorts. Since its emergence in Congo almost a century ago, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) has geographically spread and genetically diversified into distinct viral subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis can be used to reconstruct the ancestry of the virus to better understand the origin and distribution of subtypes. We sequenced two 3.6-kb amplicons of HIV-1 genomes from 3,197 participants in a clinical trial with consistent and uniform sampling at sites across 35 countries and analyzed our data with another 2,632 genomes that comprehensively reflect the HIV-1 genetic diversity. We used maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis coupled with geographical information to infer the state of ancestors. The majority of our sequenced genomes (n = 2,501) were either pure subtypes (A–D, F, and G) or CRF01_AE. The diversity and distribution of subtypes across geographical regions differed; USA showed the most homogenous subtype population, whereas African samples were most diverse. We delineated transmission of the four most prevalent subtypes in our dataset (A, B, C, and CRF01_AE), and our results suggest both continuous and frequent transmission of HIV-1 over country borders, as well as single transmission events being the seed of endemic population expansions. Overall, we show that coupling of genetic and geographical information of HIV-1 can be used to understand the origin and spread of pandemic pathogens.