bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host genetic drift and adaptation in the evolution and maintenance of parasite resistance
Authors: White P. Signe , Arslan Danial , Kim David , Penley McKenna , Morran Levi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHost–parasite interactions may often be subject to opposing evolutionary forces, which likely influence the evolutionary trajectories of both partners. Natural selection and genetic drift are two major evolutionary forces that act in host and parasite populations. Further, population size is a significant determinant of the relative strengths of these forces. In small populations, drift may undermine the persistence of beneficial alleles, potentially impeding host adaptation to parasites. Here, we investigate two questions: (a) can selection pressure for increased resistance in small, susceptible host populations overcome the effects of drift and (b) can resistance be maintained in small host populations? To answer these questions, we experimentally evolved the host Caenorhabditis elegans against its bacterial parasite, Serratia marcescens, for 13 host generations. We found that strong selection favouring increased host resistance was insufficient to counteract drift in small populations, resulting in persistently high host mortality. Additionally, in small populations of resistant hosts, we found that selection for the maintenance of resistance is not always sufficient to curb the loss of resistance. We compared these results with selection in large host populations. We found that initially resistant, large host populations were able to maintain high levels of resistance. Likewise, initially susceptible, large host populations were able to gain resistance to the parasite. These results show that strong selection pressure for survival is not always sufficient to counteract drift. In consideration of C. elegans natural population dynamics, we suggest that drift may often impede selection in nature.
Classification of psychodermatological disorders
Authors: Ferreira Bárbara Roque , Jafferany Mohammad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCurrently, psychodermatological disorders are classified under different criteria exhibiting several limitations, and no single universal classification system exists. Herein, we discuss previous suggested classifications in psychodermatology, highlighting their limitations, and we propose a new classification system, without redundant information and with accurate terminology, incorporating the relevance of the terms “disorder,” “disease,” and “illness” in psychodermatology. In this new classification, the following three groups are then suggested: “primary psychodermatological disease,” to include primary dermatoses, where psychological stress, a psychological mechanism, and/or psychopathology are some of the main elements that are recognized in the etiopathogenesis (which may induce and/or worsen a primary dermatosis); “primary psychodermatological illness,” to include skin symptoms, with or without secondary self‐induced skin lesions (such as excoriations), without a primary dermatosis, and where psychopathology, psychological characteristics, and/or a neuropathic mechanism, where stress plays a relevant role, are key features responsible for the skin symptoms and the secondary skin lesions; and “secondary psychodermatological disorder,” to include medications prescribed in dermatology with psychiatric consequences and medications prescribed in psychiatry with dermatologic consequences. Our goal with this system is to broaden the recognition of psychodermatology and improve patient management, with practical and scientific relevance for dermatologists, psychiatrists, and psychologists working in psychodermatology, but also for general practitioners, physicians from other medical and surgical specialties as well as specialists in esthetic dermatology, who frequently encounter patients with psychodermatological disorders.
How Debit Cards Enable the Poor to Save More
Authors: BACHAS PIERRE , GERTLER PAUL , HIGGINS SEAN , SEIRA ENRIQUE 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTWe study an at‐scale natural experiment in which debit cards were given to cash transfer recipients who already had a bank account. Using administrative account data and household surveys, we find that beneficiaries accumulated a savings stock equal to 2% of annual income after two years with the card. The increase in formal savings represents an increase in overall savings, financed by a reduction in current consumption. There are two mechanisms. First, debit cards reduce transaction costs of accessing money. Second, they reduce monitoring costs, which led beneficiaries to check their account balances frequently and build trust in the bank.
Theme trends and knowledge structure of assisted reproductive technology and birth defects: A quantitative and co‐word analysis
Authors: Yang Na , Sun Li , Tan Jichun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimThe main purpose of our study is to determine the current research status of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and birth defects by means of co‐word analysis, to explore the hot spots and weak points of current research, and to provide ideas and opinions for follow‐up researchers.MethodsThe PubMed database was used to investigate the knowledge structures of the applied words ART and birth defects. The published literature was searched until December 31, 2018. The extracted MeSH terms were quantified using the Bibliographic Item Co‐Occurrence Matrix Builder and the high‐frequency MeSH terms were determined. According to the MeSH term‐source article matrix, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0. The high frequency MeSH term co‐occurrence matrix was constructed to support strategic diagram and social network analysis (SNA).ResultsAccording to the search strategy, 1635 papers were included. Of all the extracted MeSH terms, 105 high frequency MeSH terms were identified and the hotspots were classified into nine categories. In the strategic diagram, research on the effects of prenatal diagnosis methods and ART on the development of offspring has been well developed. In contrast, research on reproductive ethics, epigenetics, and epidemiology is relatively immature, indicating the need for future research. For SNA results, the position status of each component is described by the center value.ConclusionsBy providing a quantitative bibliometric study, it can help with the overall command of the latest topic and guide researchers in their new projects.
Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle: Critically Appraised Topic (CAT)
Authors: Goldstein Gary , Goodacre Charles 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeThe objective of this Critically Appraised Topic was to determine the level of evidence relative to the usefulness of the Frankfort mandibular plane angle in prosthodontic treatment.Materials and MethodsThe Patient Intervention Comparison Outcome (PICO) mesh heading received zero PubMed references, as did Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle (FMA) as a determinant for dental occlusion and Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle as a determinant of the occlusal scheme. Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle alone received 168 PubMed citations that highlighted 2 DiPietro articles and a third from the orthodontics literature which was a Randomized Controlled Trial not relevant to the PICO. Four others, three prosthodontic and one orthodontic publication, were related to the PICO. A Google search revealed one additional article, which was a narrative review.ResultsNine articles were related to the search, 2 of which were clinical trials that revealed no evidence to support the use of FMA as a diagnostic test.ConclusionBased on the limited data presented above, there is a lack of evidence to support the use of FMA as a diagnostic procedure to predict outcomes, or dictate prosthodontic treatment.
HYDROCARBON GENERATION AND MIGRATION FROM BARREMIAN – APTIAN SOURCE ROCKS, NORTHERN ORANGE BASIN, OFFSHORE WESTERN SOUTH AFRICA: A 3D NUMERICAL MODELLING STUDY
Authors: Samakinde C. A. , van Bever Donker J. M. , Durrheim R. , Manzi M. 
Published: March 2021

A 3D numerical modelling workflow was applied to the Barremian—Aptian source rock interval in a shelfal to lower slope area of the northern Orange Basin, offshore western South Africa. The main objective was to investigate the timing of hydrocarbon generation and migration. Hydrocarbon migration has previously been investigated in the south of the basin by relating gas escape features with structural elements as seen on seismic sections, but migration pathways are still poorly understood. The modelling study was based on data from three exploration wells (AO‐1, AE‐1 and AF‐1) together with 42 2D seismic sections totalling 3537 km in length, and a 3D seismic cube covering an area of 750 sq. km.Modelled formation temperatures increase from north to south in the study area and were consistent with downhole temperatures at well locations. However, there is variation between measured and modelled values of vitrinite reflectance (VR), especially in the Turonian and Cenomanian intervals. The measured VR is lower than the modelled VR within the Turonian section in the north of the study area, suggesting that erosion has affected the thermal maturity of the sediments. However, in the Cenomanian interval, the measured VR is higher than the modelled VR. Uplift, increased erosion in the hinterland and sediment transport to the coastal areas resulted in Cenomanian progradation of the Orange Basin fill. This together with a heat flow pulse resulted in increased thermal maturities in the study area.Modelling results show that hydrocarbon generation began in the central part of the study area by 116 Ma and reached a peak in the Late Cretaceous (65 Ma). Hydrocarbon migration began at about 110 Ma with an expulsion efficiency of 0.77. At the present day, ∼100% transformation of reactive kerogen into hydrocarbons has taken place in the central part of the study area, with random gas migration within Cenomanian and Albian reservoirs. Modelled oil migration likely influenced by hydrodynamic factors is down‐dip (westwards), towards deeper‐water, more distal parts of the basin.Gas saturation on a reactivated listric fault, which was ∼100% saturated at 93 Ma, declined to ∼15% by 65 Ma. This decrease in gas saturation is linked to uplift of the African margin in the Late Cretaceous which resulted in fault reactivation and re‐migration of gas.Despite the uncertainties which are associated with petroleum systems modelling, the study provides an insight into hydrocarbon migration in the northern part of the Orange Basin and contributes to the de‐risking of future oil and gas exploration in this area.
A standardized telephone interview with validated questionnaires for very long‐term evaluation of women lost to follow‐up after a stress urinary incontinence procedure
Authors: Kuprasertkul Amy , Christie Alana L. , Zimmern Philippe 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTelephone interviews including questionnaires have been used to obtain very long‐term (>10‐year) follow‐up after stress urinary incontinence (SUI) procedures in women otherwise lost to follow‐up (LTF). For questionnaires validated for office use, our goal was to evaluate recent telephone vs last clinic scores in a long‐term study.MethodsFor women with >10 years of follow‐up after anterior vaginal wall suspension (AVWS) for bothersome SUI associated with an anterior compartment prolapse, questionnaire scores from their last clinic encounter were compared with their scores from a standardized telephone interview at long‐term follow‐up. The validated questionnaires were Urinary Distress Inventory 6‐Short Form (UDI‐6), International Incontinence Questionnaire 7‐Short Form (IIQ‐7), and Quality of Life (QoL).ResultsEighty‐four women underwent a telephone interview (median follow‐up: 13.8 years, interquartile range [IQR]: 12.2‐17) after AVWS. The median difference between telephone and clinic visit was 10.2 years (IQR: 6.1‐12.2). The clinic UDI‐6 total score remained low but was higher than the phone score (mean difference 1.2, P = .0023). The UDI‐6 Q2, Q3, Q5, IIQ‐7, and QoL scores did not significantly differ between clinic and phone. For “incontinent” AVWS patients (UDI‐6 Q3 ≥ 2), there was a larger difference between clinic and phone UDI‐6 total score (P < .0001), while “dry” patients (UDI‐6 Q3 ≤ 1) responded similarly.ConclusionsIn women who would otherwise be LTF after anti‐incontinence native tissue repair AVWS, UDI‐6 total score varied slightly between last clinic and long‐term follow‐up phone interviews, but QoL and IIQ‐7 remained similar.
Are These “Wings” or a “Jet Pack?” Students Assess the Informal Curriculum of the UNT Online Master's Program
Authors: Henry Doug , Brown Nicole 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA growing literature evaluates online learning outcomes and pedagogy within the virtual classroom, though assessments of entire online programs are comparatively rare. As online learning takes place through multiple modalities in multiple contexts, we were particularly eager to explore the informal and hidden curricula within the University of North Texas (UNT) online program in applied anthropology–the structural situations and circumstances of learning from the assignments, approaches, and pedagogies that we formally employ. We draw on alumni assessments of value to identify where these informal and hidden areas of our curricula are, and the challenges and opportunities they present. Our results underscore how much professional socialization takes place outside the online classroom, from gaining experience with virtual communication and collaborative work teams, balancing time‐management skills, and being able to apply anthropological knowledge to different work situations. Current events (this manuscript was finalized at the time of widespread COVID‐19 “shelter‐in‐place” quarantines and shuttered offices) suggest that learning how to succeed at online collaborations and virtual work teams will rapidly become globally critical occupational skills, and professional teaching programs will be increasingly pressed to respond.
Contrasting anther glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activities between two bean varieties suggest an important role in reproductive heat tolerance
Authors: Santiago James P. , Soltani Ali , Bresson Madeline M. , Preiser Alyssa L. , Lowry David B. , Sharkey Thomas D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCommon beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are highly sensitive to elevated temperatures, and rising global temperatures threaten bean production. Plants at the reproductive stage are especially susceptible to heat stress due to damage to male (anthers) and female (ovary) reproductive tissues, with anthers being more sensitive to heat. Heat damage promotes early tapetal cell degradation, and in beans this was shown to cause male infertility. In this study, we focus on understanding how changes in leaf carbon export in response to elevated temperature stress contribute to heat‐induced infertility. We hypothesize that anther glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity plays an important role at elevated temperature and promotes thermotolerance. To test this hypothesis, we compared heat‐tolerant and susceptible common bean genotypes using a combination of phenotypic, biochemical, and physiological approaches. Our results identified changes in leaf sucrose export, anther sugar accumulation and G6PDH activity and anther H2O2 levels and antioxidant‐related enzymes between genotypes at elevated temperature. Further, anther respiration rate was found to be lower at high temperature in both bean varieties. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that enhanced male reproductive heat tolerance involves changes in the anther oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, which supplies reductants to critical H2O2 scavenging enzymes.
Can I trust you? Children's perceptions of friends and classmates who gossip
Authors: Caivano Oksana , Isik Ipek , Talwar Victoria 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study examined children and adolescents' perceptions of trustworthiness about peers who shared gossip. Participants (N = 134, ages 8–16 years) completed vignettes from the gossip listener's perspective and evaluated how trustworthy the sharer was. The main findings revealed that a classmate gossiping negatively about the listener's friend was considered less trustworthy than the other relationship type conditions. Furthermore, in negative gossip scenarios, the sharer was rated more trustworthy when gossiping about the target's behavior that affected another person compared to an action only affecting themselves. Finally, compared to children, adolescents rated their friend who gossiped about another friend more trustworthy. This study helps in understanding to what extent children and adolescents trust individuals to provide them with important social information.
Trichoderma spp. volatile organic compounds protect grapevine plants by activating defense‐related processes against downy mildew
Authors: Lazazzara Valentina , Vicelli Bianca , Bueschl Christoph , Parich Alexandra , Pertot Ilaria , Schuhmacher Rainer , Perazzolli Michele 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced by soil‐borne microorganisms and play crucial roles in fungal interactions with plants and phytopathogens. Although VOCs have been characterized in Trichoderma spp., the mechanisms against phytopathogens strongly differ according to the strain and pathosystem. This study aimed at characterizing VOCs produced by three Trichoderma strains used as biofungicides and to investigate their effects against grapevine downy mildew (caused by Plasmopara viticola). A VOC‐mediated reduction of downy mildew severity was found in leaf disks treated with Trichoderma asperellum T34 (T34), T. harzianum T39 (T39), and T. atroviride SC1 (SC1) and 31 compounds were detected by head space‐solid phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Among the Trichoderma VOCs annotated, α‐farnesene, cadinene, 1,3‐octadiene, 2‐pentylfuran, and 6‐pentyl‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one reduced downy mildew severity on grapevine leaf disks. In particular, 6‐pentyl‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one and 2‐pentylfuran increased the accumulation of callose and enhanced the modulation of defense‐related genes after P. viticola inoculation, indicating an induction of grapevine defense mechanisms. Moreover, 6‐pentyl‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one activated the hypersensitive response after P. viticola inoculation, possibly to reinforce the grapevine defense reaction. These results indicate that Trichoderma VOCs can induce grapevine resistance, and these molecules could be further applied to control grapevine downy mildew.
Psychological distance and the pandemic: Insights from Construal Level Theory and relationship science
Authors: Bowen Jeffrey D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has brought about unprecedented challenges to public health. Compounding these hardships is the fact that typical social functions such as maintaining valued relationships cannot proceed as usual. Social cognitive perspectives like that presented by Construal Level Theory (CLT) can provide a valuable framework for understanding our unique interpersonal experiences during this difficult time, and potentially offer avenues for adaptation and healthier coping. I begin by introducing CLT and follow with a discussion of its implications for understanding the psychological effects of social distancing on our interpersonal relationships and pursuit of social goals. I describe how abstract and concrete construals can affect our experiences of maintaining close relationships that vary widely in terms of geographic distance or separation. CLT can offer insight not only into how geographic distance or closeness may shape our thoughts and feelings about our close others, but also how we approach pursuing goals that are directly or indirectly shaped by these close others. The more effectively we can frame and communicate about experiences during this challenging time in history, the better equipped we may be to support our public health apparatus and satisfy our psychological needs.
Convalescent plasma treatment of critically ill intensive care COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Lindemann Monika , Lenz Veronika , Knop Dietmar , Klump Hannes , Alt Mira , Aufderhorst Ulrich W. , Schipper Leonie , Schwarzkopf Sina , Meller Lara , Steckel Nina , Koldehoff Michael , Heinold Andreas , Heinemann Falko M. , Fischer Johannes , Hutschenreuter Gabriele , Knabbe Cornelius , Dolff Sebastian , Brenner Thorsten , Dittmer Ulf , Witzke Oliver , Herbstreit Frank , Horn Peter A. , Krawczyk Adalbert 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundInfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) may be life‐threatening, and specific antiviral drugs are currently not available. However, first studies indicated that convalescent plasma treatment might improve the clinical outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients.Study Design and MethodsIn the current study, we investigated the efficacy of convalescent plasma treatment in eight COVID‐19 patients. All the patients were critically ill, and seven of them were SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA–positive when starting treatment. SARS‐CoV‐2–specific antibodies were determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay detecting immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the S1 protein (Euroimmun), and the neutralizing titers were determined with a cell‐culture‐based neutralization assay. Plasma treatment started between 4 and 23 days after the onset of symptoms. The patients were usually treated by three plasma units, each containing 200–280 ml, which was applied at day 1, 3, and 5.ResultsDonor sera had on average lower IgG antibody ratios and neutralizing titers than the COVID‐19 patients before the onset of treatment (median ratio of 5.8 and neutralizing titer of 1:320 vs. 7.5 and 1:640, respectively). Nevertheless, we observed an increase of antibody ratios in seven and of neutralizing titers in five patients after treatment; which did, however, not correlate with patient survival. Plasma treatment was effective in three patients, but five deceased despite treatment. Patients who deceased had a later treatment onset than survivors and finally died from multiple organ failure.ConclusionOur data indicate that the efficacy of convalescent plasma treatment of critically ill COVID‐19 patients who already had developed strong antiviral immune responses and organ complications is limited.