bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Damped dust‐ion‐acoustic solitons in collisional magnetized nonthermal plasmas
Authors: Hassan Md. Rakib , Sultana S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA multispecies magnetized collisional nonthermal plasma system, containing inertial ion species, noninertial electron species following nonthermal ‐distribution, and immobile dust particles, is considered to examine the characteristics of the dissipative dust‐ion‐acoustic soliton modes, theoretically and parametrically. The electrostatic solitary modes are found to be associated with the low‐frequency dissipative dust‐ion‐acoustic solitary waves (DIASWs). The ion‐neutral collision is taken into account, and the influence of ion‐neutral collisional effects on the dynamics of dissipative DIASWs is investigated. It is reported that most of the plasma medium in space and laboratory are far from thermal equilibrium, and the particles in such plasma system are well fitted via the ‐nonthermal distribution than via the thermal Maxwellian distribution. The reductive perturbation approach is adopted to derive the damped KdV (dKdV) equation, and the solitary wave solution of the dKdV equation is derived via the tangent hyperbolic method to analyse the basic features (amplitude, width, speed, time evolution, etc.) of dissipative DIASWs. The propagation nature and also the basic features of dissipative DIASWs are seen to influence significantly due to the variation of the plasma configuration parameters and also due to the variation of the supethermality index in the considered plasma system. The implication of the results of this study could be useful for better understanding the electrostatic localized disturbances, in the ion length and time scale, in space and experimental dusty plasmas, where the presence of excess energetic electrons and ion‐neutral collisional damping are accountable.
Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid neoplasms with lipomatous stroma: Report of two cases
Authors: Toprak Mesut , Kashi Meena , Hamele‐Bena Diane , Villanueva Jocelyn , Wrzolek Monika , Hoffman Richard , Hiltzik David , Tong Guo‐Xia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThyroid tumors with abundant adipose tissue component are rare, reportedly accounting for 0.98–2.8% of all thyroid nodules, and include entities such as thyroid lipoadenoma and thyroid carcinoma with lipomatous stroma (TCLS). They may be encountered on fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), which is widely used in evaluation of thyroid nodules. However, due to their relative rarity, adipose elements rarely are recognized preoperatively in these tumors. Herein, we report two cases of thyroid tumors with abundant adipose tissue, along with cytologic, histologic, and ultrasonographic features. Although an intermixture of adipose tissue and thyroid follicular cells is the key cytologic feature of thyroid tumors with adipose stroma, other cytologic findings, such as abundant fat droplets or isolated fragments of adipose tissue, also should raise the possibility of a fat‐containing tumor, particularly when a biopsy is performed by a cytopathologist under ultrasonographic guidance and adequate radiologic‐pathologic correlation. Cytopathologists should be aware that overlooking lesional adipose tissue within a thyroid neoplasm might give the false impression of a non‐diagnostic or sparsely cellular FNAB specimen.
Response of avian cavity nesters and carbon dynamics to forest management and climate change in the Northern Rockies
Authors: Walsh Eric S. , Hudiburg Tara W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractForest ecosystem services (e.g., carbon and nutrient cycling, biodiversity, and wood products) in many moisture‐limited systems in the western USA are being impacted by climate change. Maintaining these services, increasing resiliency, and conserving wildlife habitat will depend on climate change adaptive forest management strategies. Studying the impacts of U.S. Forest Service (USFS) land management plans on long‐term carbon cycling and wildlife habitat is imperative for evaluating and implementing adaptive management under climate change. In this study, we present the results of an integrated framework of forest landscape and avifauna niche suitability modeling, applied in the northern Rockies of Idaho (NRI). We report on the interactive effects of climate change, fire, and harvest management on carbon cycling and the distribution of suitable habitat of two avian cavity nesters: Flammulated Owl (Psiloscops flammeolus) and American Three‐toed Woodpecker (Picoides dorsalis). The net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) of the NRI was predicted to be negative (carbon source) at the end of the century, primarily because of harvest removals on privately managed lands. This was despite increases in net ecosystem productivity stimulated by harvest. In contrast, NECB of USFS land was positive throughout the century. This was a direct result of the Idaho Panhandle National Forest Land Management Plan (Plan) objectives that were implemented via harvest prescriptions. Under climate warming, compositional shifts in Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga menziesii along with increases in mature/old‐growth forest stands were in agreement with the Plan's objectives. These and additional species composition shifts also maintained the realized niche of the Flammulated Owl and increased the potential niche of the American Three‐toed Woodpecker on USFS land by the end of the century. These projections highlight the potential for the NRI to remain viable wildlife habitat in a warming climate and to sequester carbon. The research demonstrates the benefits of an integration modeling framework as a tool to evaluate multi‐objective forest management directives.
Spatial turnover of multiple ecosystem functions is more associated with plant than soil microbial β‐diversity
Authors: Jing Xin , Prager Case M. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Gotelli Nicholas J. , Gruner Daniel S. , He Jin‐Sheng , Kirkman Kevin , MacDougall Andrew S. , McCulley Rebecca L. , Prober Suzanne M. , Seabloom Eric W. , Stevens Carly J. , Classen Aimée T. , Sanders Nathan J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBiodiversity—both above‐ and belowground—influences multiple functions in terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, it is unclear whether differences in above‐ and belowground species composition (β‐diversity) are associated with differences in multiple ecosystem functions (e.g., spatial turnover in ecosystem function). Here, we partitioned the contributions of above‐ and belowground β‐diversity and abiotic factors (geographic distance, differences in environments) on the spatial turnover of multiple grassland ecosystem functions. We compiled a dataset of plant and soil microbial communities and six indicators of grassland ecosystem functions (i.e., plant aboveground live biomass, plant nitrogen [N], plant phosphorus [P], root biomass, soil total N, and soil extractable P) from 18 grassland sites on four continents contributing to the Nutrient Network experiment. We used Mantel tests and structural equation models to disentangle the relationship between above‐ and belowground β‐diversity and spatial turnover in grassland ecosystem functions. We found that the effects of abiotic factors on the spatial turnover of ecosystem functions were largely indirect through their influences on above‐ and belowground β‐diversity, and that spatial turnover of ecosystem function was more strongly associated with plant β‐diversity than with soil microbial β‐diversity. These results indicate that changes in above‐ and belowground species composition are one mechanism that interacts with environmental change to determine variability in multiple ecosystem functions across spatial scales. As grasslands face global threats from shrub encroachment, conversion to agriculture, or are lost to development, the functions and services they provide will more strongly converge with increased aboveground community homogenization than with soil microbial community homogenization.
Hyperglycaemia increases mortality risk in non‐diabetic patients with COVID‐19 even more than in diabetic patients
Authors: Morse Jennifer , Gay Wendy , Korwek Kimberly M. , McLean Laura E. , Poland Russell E. , Guy Jeffrey , Sands Kenneth , Perlin Jonathan B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimDiabetes has been identified as a risk factor for poor outcomes in patients with COVID‐19. We examined the association of hyperglycaemia, both in the presence and absence of pre‐existing diabetes, with severity and outcomes in COVID‐19 patients.MethodsData from 74,148 COVID‐19‐positive inpatients with at least one recorded glucose measurement during their inpatient episode were analysed for presence of pre‐existing diabetes diagnosis and any glucose values in the hyperglycaemic range (>180 mg/dl).ResultsAmong patients with and without a pre‐existing diabetes diagnosis on admission, mortality was substantially higher in the presence of high glucose measurements versus all measurements in the normal range (70–180 mg/dl) in both groups (non‐diabetics: 21.7% vs. 3.3%; diabetics 14.4% vs. 4.3%). When adjusting for patient age, BMI, severity on admission and oxygen saturation on admission, this increased risk of mortality persisted and varied by diabetes diagnosis. Among patients with a pre‐existing diabetes diagnosis, any hyperglycaemic value during the episode was associated with a substantial increase in the odds of mortality (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.52–2.07); among patients without a pre‐existing diabetes diagnosis, this risk nearly doubled (OR: 3.07, 95% CI: 2.79–3.37).ConclusionThis retrospective analysis identified hyperglycaemia in COVID‐19 patients as an independent risk factor for mortality after adjusting for the presence of diabetes and other known risk factors. This indicates that the extent of glucose control could serve as a mechanism for modifying the risk of COVID‐19 morality in the inpatient environment.
BCL6 BTB‐specific inhibitor reversely represses T‐cell activation, Tfh cells differentiation, and germinal center reaction in vivo
Authors: CAI Yanhui , Poli Adi Narayana Reddy , Vadrevu Surya , Gyampoh Kwasi , Hart Colin , Ross Brian , Fair Matt , Xue Fengtian , Salvino Joseph M. , Montaner Luis J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractInhibition of the BCL6 BTB domain results in killing Diffuse Large B‐cell Lymphoma (DLBL) cells, reducing the T‐cell dependent germinal center (GC) reaction in mice, and reversing GC hyperplasia in nonhuman primates. The available BCL6 BTB‐specific inhibitors are poorly water soluble, thus, limiting their absorption in vivo and our understanding of therapeutic strategy targeting GC. We synthesized a prodrug (AP‐4‐287) from a potent BCL6 BTB inhibitor (FX1) with improved aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetics (PK) in mice. We also evaluated its in vivo biological activity on humoral immune responses using the sheep red blood cells (SRBC)‐vaccination mouse model. AP‐4‐287 had a significant higher aqueous solubility and was readily converted to FX1 in vivo after intraperitoneally (i.p.) administration, but a shorter half‐life in vivo. Importantly, AP‐4‐287 treatment led to a reversible effect on (1) the reduction in the frequency of splenic Ki67+ CD4+ T cells, Tfh cells, and GC B cells; (2) lower GC formation following vaccination; and (3) a decrease in the titers of antigen‐specific IgG and IgM antibodies. Our study advances the preclinical development of drug targeting BCL6 BTB domain for the treatment of diseases that are associated with abnormal BCL6 elevation.
Stereodivergent Total Syntheses of (+)‐Monomorine I and (+)‐Indolizidine 195B
Authors: Dawood Rafid S. , Stockman Robert A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA simple and efficient stereoselective total syntheses of two natural products (+)‐monomorine I and (+)‐indolizidine 195B in high yields starting from a readily available alcohol is described. The key step in this synthetic route exploits the judicious use of solvent to enable a closed or open transition state in a nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagent to sulfinimine, giving selective access to two distinct diastereomers required for the formation of the two target natural products.
Model Studies on the Enzyme‐Regulated Stereodivergent Cascade Passerini Reaction
Authors: Wilk Monika , Brodzka Anna , Koszelewski Dominik , Samsonowicz‐Górski Jan , Ostaszewski Ryszard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of chiral α‐acyloxy carboxamides containing two stereogenic centers continues to be a challenging field of organic chemistry. Herein, we have proposed and proved the feasibility of an enzyme regulated‐cascade reaction, which using the same substrates enables the formation of individual stereoisomers of α‐acyloxy carboxamides with up to 99 % ee. The access to the individual stereoisomeric products has been achieved by a combination of the enzymatic kinetic resolution of racemic vinyl esters, subsequent Passerini reaction, and enzymatic kinetic resolution of formed α‐acyloxy carboxamides. The presented studies are promising in exploratory proof‐of‐concept of enzyme‐controlled stereodivergent cascade to form an important class of chiral compounds for medicinal chemistry.
Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Micro‐fabricated Devices for Point‐of‐Care Testing: A Review
Authors: Zhang Yuting , Zhou Nandi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPoint‐of‐care testing (POCT) is becoming a hot research topic that allows rapid, on‐site, and non‐professional measurements outside the central laboratory. The micro‐fabricated devices prepared by various micro‐machining technologies have shown the advantages of low reagent consumption, high‐throughput samples, and wearability. This review presents the recent progress of electrochemical biosensors based on various micro‐fabricated devices for POCT and the corresponding electrochemical techniques. Signal amplification strategies based on enzyme and nanotechnology are also illustrated for the more sensitive POCT applications of these micro‐fabricated devices. Consequently, the trends and challenges of electrochemical biosensors based on micro‐fabricated devices in POCT diagnosis are discussed.
Electrochemiluminescence Single‐cell Analysis on Nanostructured Interface
Authors: Zhou Juanhua , Zhang Shiyu , Liu Yang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDue to the heterogeneity of single cells, the development of single‐cell analysis methods is conducive to the research of cellular mechanisms, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has the advantage of being controllable in time and space. Compared with spectroscopy, ECL does not require a light source, thus avoiding the interference of scattered light and luminescent impurities. Therefore, ECL is playing an increasingly important role in the field of single‐cell analysis. In ECL single‐cell analysis, it is important to construct a suitable nanostructure interface to realize signal conversion. This review first briefly introduced the ECL system commonly used in single‐cell analysis, then focused on the recent developments in ECL single‐cell analysis on nanostructure interface, finally discussed the future challenges and outlooks of ECL single‐cell analysis.
An intelligent novel approach for diesel engine life monitoring using infrared image processing technic
Authors: P. Baranitharan , S. Kumanan , S. Sudhagar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis investigation is carried out as an effort to apply infrared thermography for assessing diesel engine life monitoring. The thermal image from engine operation is quantified via applying image processing to evaluation engine life in terms of pixel values and it is associated with engine heat release rate (HRR) and oxides of nitrogen emission (NOx). The area of cylinder head heat (CHH) from infrared image and engine life possess inverse correlation. Engine analysis was conducted on direct injection, four‐stroke, and single‐cylinder diesel engine with a constant speed of 1500 rpm and a standard compression ratio of 17.5:1 at varying engine load (W) conditions. The engine behavior and infrared (IR) image processing analysis resulting from Aegle marmelos pyrolysis oil‐diesel opus (A20) was compared with neat diesel. Engine experimental and image processing output responses reveal that A20 fuel opus is suggested to attain the enhanced engine life as compared with diesel fuel.
Optimization of a three‐dimensional electrochemical process with granular activated carbon for diclofenac removal using response surface methodology
Authors: Mohammadi Sahar , Shirmohammadi Reza , Pakan Mahyar , Ghasempour Roghayeh , Alighardashi Abolghasem 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, a three‐dimensional electrochemical process with aluminum electrodes in the presence of granular activated carbon derived from walnut shell (WGAC) was employed to remove Diclofenac from synthetic water. Optimum operating conditions were determined using response surface methodology, also, an empirical relationship was established between response and independent variables (activated carbon amount, contact time, pH, and electrolyte concentration). The results showed that activated carbon amount and NaCl concentration were the most influential factors on the removal efficiency, and the most significant factor affecting electrical energy was NaCl concentration. Additionally, three‐dimensional electrochemical process with granular activated carbon has the potential to work in the pH range from 1 to 9. The optimal conditions to gain maximum removal efficiency and minimum electrical energy were determined to be 4.36 g granular activated carbon, 40 min contact time, and 4390 ppm of NaCl. In addition, to show the physical characteristics of activated carbon, the field emission scanning electron microscopy and BET analysis were applied, and Spectrophotometric technique was used to determine diclofenac concentration. Considering high removal efficiency and low electrical energy consumption, the three‐dimensional electrochemical process with WGAC can be considered a cost‐effective and practicable method to remove diclofenac from water and wastewater.
Aroma active alkylated pyrazines are produced by Basfia succiniciproducens as by‐products of succinic acid production
Authors: Birk Florian , Brescia Fabio F. , Fraatz Marco A. , Pelzer Ralf , Zorn Holger 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCulture supernatants of Basfia succiniciproducens derived from the industrial production of succinic acid exhibit an intense nutty, root vegetable‐like, buttery and sourish smell. By means of headspace‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry‐olfactometry (HS‐GC‐MS‐O), 14 odour‐active compounds were perceived and identified using two GC‐columns of different polarity and comparison of retention indices and mass spectra to those of authentic reference compounds. Several alkylated pyrazines, including 2,3,5‐trimethylpyrazine, 5‐ethyl‐2,3‐dimethylpyrazine, 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylpyrazine, 2,3,5‐trimethyl‐6‐ethylpyrazine, 2,3,5‐trimethyl‐6‐propylpyrazine and 2,3,5‐trimethyl‐6‐butylpyrazine were found to contribute to the aroma of the culture supernatant. Quantitation of the pyrazines was performed by means of dynamic headspace‐GC‐MS after standard addition, and 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylpyrazine (9.10 mg/L) was the most abundant compound. Waste streams of the biotechnological production of commodity chemicals may thus represent a sustainable resource for the isolation of aroma compounds.
Thermosolutal Marangoni convection of Bingham non‐Newtonian fluids within inclined lid‐driven enclosures full of porous media
Authors: Ahmed Sameh E. , Oztop Hakan F. , Elshehabey Hillal M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMulticonvection modes together with the entropy generation due to Marangoni effects, movement of the side walls, and double‐diffusive convection within lid‐driven enclosures filled by a porous medium are examined. The current flow domain is an inclined non‐Darcy porous geometry having a top free surface where linear expressions in terms of the temperature and concentration are presented for the surface tension. The dynamic viscosity of the suspension has an exponential profile and the convective boundary conditions are taken into account. The finite volume method in which values of the pressure are computed using the SIMPLE algorithm is applied to solve the governing system. The non‐Newtonian Bingham fluids are applied for different governing parameters, such as Grashof number, Reynolds number, Marangoni number, Darcy number, inclination angle of the cavity, Biot number, Bingham number, and geometrical parameters. It is observed that a rise in the Bingham number from 0 to 0.5 causes a decrease in the average Bejan number up to 4.77%. Also, the averaged and mixing temperatures are augmented as the inclination angle is altered, regardless values of the Biot number.
Methods of Analyzing Quinones in Water and Their Application in Studying the Effects of Hydrophytes on Phenols. Part 3: Phenol Elimination under the Action of Aquatic Plants
Authors: Stom D. J. , Timofeeva S. S. , Kashina N. F. , Bielykh L. J. , Souslov S. N. , Boutoeov V. V. , Apartzin M. S. 
Published: July 2021

In two test series, for which 10 and 2 … 4 g/1 wet matter of higher and lower aquatic plants from the lake Baikal and from the waters in the surroundings of Irkutsk were used, phenol solutions having concentrations of 10−3 … 10−5 M (1 … 5 mg/1) were applied. During the investigations the possible error clue to the presence of microorganisms was eliminated. The phenol decomposition by aquatic plants proceeds as a first‐order reaction. The results of analyses are summarized in several tables and graphical representations.
Microfluidic fabrication of imageable and resorbable polyethylene glycol microspheres for catheter embolization
Authors: Vogt Kyle , Aryan Lavanya , Stealey Samuel , Hall Andrew , Pereira Kieth , Zustiak Silviya P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRadiopaque and degradable hydrogel microspheres have a range of potential uses in medicine including proper placement of embolic material during occlusion procedures, acting as inherently embolic materials, and serving as drug carriers that can be located after injection. Current methods for creating radiopaque microspheres are either unable to fully and homogeneously incorporate radiopaque material throughout the microspheres for optimal imaging capabilities, do not result in degradable or fully compressible microspheres, or require elaborate, time‐consuming preparation. We used a simple one‐step microfluidic method to fabricate imageable, degradable polyethylene glycol (PEG) microspheres of varying sizes with homogenous dispersion of barium sulfate—a biocompatible, high‐radiopacity contrast agent. The imageability of the microspheres was characterized using optical microscopy and microcomputed tomography as a function of barium sulfate loading. Microspheres with 20% wt/vol barium sulfate had a mean CT attenuation value of 1,510 HU, similar to that of cortical bone, which should enable visualization with soft tissue. Compared with unloaded microspheres, barium sulfate‐loaded ones saw an increase in gelation and degradation times and storage modulus and decrease in swelling. Imageable microspheres retained compressibility and were injectable via catheter. The developed radiopaque, degradable PEG microspheres have various potential uses for interventional radiologists and imaging laboratories.