bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Asymptomatic Atrial Fibrillation Incidentally Detected in Primary Care Compared with Other Clinical Presentations
Authors: Wallenhorst Christopher , Martinez Carlos , Freedman Ben 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background It is uncertain whether stroke risk of asymptomatic ambulatory atrial fibrillation (AA-AF) incidentally detected in primary care is comparable with other clinical AF presentations in primary care or hospital.
Methods The stoke risk of 22,035 patients with incident nonvalvular AF from the United Kingdom primary care Clinical Practice Research Datalink with linkage to hospitalization and mortality data was compared with 23,605 controls without AF (age- and sex-matched 5:1 to 5,409 AA-AF patients). Incident AF included 5,913 with symptomatic ambulatory AF (SA-AF); 4,989 with primary and 5,724 with nonprimary hospital AF discharge diagnosis (PH-AF and non-PH-AF); and 5,409 with AA-AF. Ischemic stroke adjusted subhazard ratios (aSHRs) within 3 years of AA-AF were compared with SA-AF, PH-AF, non-PH-AF, and no AF, accounting for mortality as competing risk and adjusted for ischemic stroke risk factors.
Results There were 1,026 ischemic strokes in 49,544 person-years in patients with incident AF (crude incidence rate: 2.1 ischemic strokes/100 person-years). Ischemic stroke aSHR over 3 years showed no differences between AA-AF and SA-AF, PH-AF, and non-PH-AF groups (aSHR: 0.87–1.01 vs. AA-AF). All AF groups showed a significantly higher aSHR compared with no AF.
Conclusion Ischemic stroke risk in patients with AA-AF incidentally detected in primary care is far from benign, and not less than incident AF presenting clinically in general practice or hospital. This provides justification for identification of previously undetected AF, e.g., by opportunistic screening, and subsequent stroke prevention with thromboprophylaxis, to reduce the approximately 10% of ischemic strokes related to unrecognized AF.
Direct and Efficient Synthesis of Sulfonium Acyl Sulfonylmethylide Ylides from Acetylenic Sulfones and Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Xu Jiaxi , Fu Duo , Wang Jiayi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBifunctionalized sulfonium ylides – sulfonium acyl sulfonylmethylides – were directly and efficiently prepared from various acetylenic sulfones and aliphatic sulfoxides under heating conditions. The current method features short reaction time, low cost, readily available starting materials, convenient operation, and purification, providing an efficient access to widely applied bifunctionalized sulfonium ylides.
Fourth-Generation Analogues of the Anticancer Peptaibol Culicinin D: Probing the Effects of Hydrophobicity and Halogenation on Cytotoxicity
Authors: Kavianinia Iman , Brimble Margaret A. , Kasim Johanes K. , Bull Matthew , Harris Paul W. R. , Smaill Jeff B. , Patterson Adam V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPreliminary results of the effect of hydrophobicity and halogenation on the cytotoxicity of the anticancer peptaibol culicinin D are reported. Building on previous work, the synthetically challenging (2S,4S,6R)-2-amino-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-oxodecanoic acid and (2S,4R)-2-amino-4-methyldecanoic acid building blocks were replaced with derivatives of l-phenylalanine and 2-aminodecanoic acid, respectively. Substitution of (2S,4S,6R)-2-amino-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-oxodecanoic acid with l-4,4′-biphenylalanine yielded an analogue that was tenfold more potent than the natural product and was also the most hydrophobic analogue, as judged by an antiproliferative IC50 assay and logD calculations; these results suggest that the potency of culicinin D may be governed by its hydrophobicity. However, the introduction of halogenated moieties into the peptide sequence generated analogues that were similarly potent, although not necessarily hydrophobic. Thus, the parameters regulating the cytotoxicity of culicinin D, and by extension other peptaibols, are multimodal and include both halogenation and hydrophobicity.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Feeding in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Civan Hasret Ayyildiz , Bektas Gonca , Dogan Ali Evrim , Ozdener Fatih 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Aim The prevalence of congenital cerebral palsy (CP) worldwide ranges from 0.15 to 0.4%. CP causes several gastrointestinal complications that inhibit normal eating behavior. This single-center observational study aimed to determine the tolerability and benefits of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in pediatric CP patients with malnutrition.
Materials and Methods The study included 41 pediatric CP patients with malnutrition. All patient data were retrospectively obtained from Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Istanbul, Turkey. In addition to baseline measurements of weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness, 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3, folate, iron, zinc, vitamin B12, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume, data analyzed included follow-up measurements recorded at 3 and 6 months of PEG (standard polymeric enteral supplementation as 1.0 kcal mL–1).
Results There was significant improvement in both height, weight, and triceps skinfold thickness in all patients at 3 and 6 months of PEG (p < 0.05). In terms of blood parameters, there was not significant improvement, except that the number of patients with a low hemoglobin count significantly decreased at 3 and 6 months of (p = 0.022). Moreover, the number of patients with vomiting after PEG also significantly decreased at 3 and 6 months of (p = 0.004).
Conclusion PEG significantly improves malnutrition in pediatric CP patients and does not cause any major complications. Based on these findings, we think PEG is a beneficial and cost-effective intervention with a high rate of tolerability in pediatric CP patients with malnutrition.
What Facial Features Does the Pediatrician Look to Decide That a Newborn Is Feeling Pain?
Authors: Silva Giselle Valério Teixeira da , Barros Marina Carvalho de Moraes , Soares Juliana do Carmo Azevedo , Carlini Lucas Pereira , Heiderich Tatiany Marcondes , Orsi Rafael Nobre , Balda Rita de Cássia Xavier , Thomaz Carlos Eduardo , Guinsburg Ruth 
Published: June 2021

Objective The study aimed to analyze the gaze fixation of pediatricians during the decision process regarding the presence/absence of pain in pictures of newborn infants.
Study Design Experimental study, involving 38 pediatricians (92% females, 34.6 ± 9.0 years, 22 neonatologists) who evaluated 20 pictures (two pictures of each newborn: one at rest and one during a painful procedure), presented in random order for each participant. The Tobii-TX300 equipment tracked eye movements in four areas of interest of each picture (AOI): mouth, eyes, forehead, and nasolabial furrow. Pediatricians evaluated the intensity of pain with a verbal analogue score from 0 to 10 (0 = no pain; 10 = maximum pain). The number of pictures in which pediatricians fixed their gaze, the number of gaze fixations, and the total and average time of gaze fixations were compared among the AOI by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The visual-tracking parameters of the pictures' evaluations were also compared by ANOVA according to the pediatricians' perception of pain presence: moderate/severe (score = 6–10), mild (score = 3–5), and absent (score = 0–2). The association between the total time of gaze fixations in the AOI and pain perception was assessed by logistic regression.
Results In the 20 newborn pictures, the mean number of gaze fixations was greater in the mouth, eyes, and forehead than in the nasolabial furrow. Also, the average total time of gaze fixations was greater in the mouth and forehead than in the nasolabial furrow. Controlling for the time of gaze fixation in the AOI, each additional second in the time of gaze fixation in the mouth (odds ratio [OR]: 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–1.46) and forehead (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02–1.33) was associated with an increase in the chance of moderate/severe pain presence in the neonatal facial picture.
Conclusion When challenged to say whether pain is present in pictures of newborn infants' faces, pediatricians fix their gaze preferably in the mouth. The longer duration of gaze fixation in the mouth and forehead is associated with an increase perception that moderate/severe pain is present.
Key Points
Effects of Kangaroo Mother Care on Repeated Procedural Pain and Cerebral Oxygenation in Preterm Infants
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhang Linping , Dong Wenbin , Zhang Rong 
Published: June 2021

Objective The study aimed to investigate the effects of kangaroo mother care (KMC) on repeated procedural pain and cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants.
Study Design Preterm infants of 31 to 33 weeks of gestational age were randomly divided into an intervention group (n = 36) and a control group (n = 37). Premature infant pain profile (PIPP) scores, heart rate, oxygen saturation, regional cerebral tissue oxygenation saturation (rcSO2), and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) were evaluated during repeated heel stick procedures. Each heel stick procedure included three phases: baseline, blood collection, and recovery. KMC was given to the intervention group 30 minutes before baseline until the end of the recovery phase.
Results Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed lower PIPP scores and heart rates, higher oxygen saturation, and rcSO2 from the blood collection to recovery phases during repeated heel sticks. Moreover, there were significant changes in cFTOE for the control group, but not the intervention group associated with repeated heel stick procedures.
Conclusion The analgesic effect of KMC is sustained over repeated painful procedures in preterm infants, and it is conducive to stabilizing cerebral oxygenation, which may protect the development of brain function.
Key Points
Above-threshold ionization driven by Gaussian laser beams: beyond the electric dipole approximation
Authors: Böning B , Fritzsche S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Strong-field atomic experiments have recently become sensitive to nondipole (magnetic) interactions. In particular, photoelectrons emitted in above-threshold ionization possess a nonzero momentum along the beam axis as a result of the Lorentz force. Here, we show how this longitudinal momentum can be theoretically calculated based on a nondipole strong-field approximation that accounts not only for the temporal but also the spatial dependence of the laser field in the photoelectron continuum. If the driving laser beam is approximated as a plane wave, the theoretical values differ from known experimental results by a constant offset. We demonstrate that this offset can successfully be removed if a realistic Gaussian beam profile is accounted for in the quantum description of ATI. We also discuss the influence of the size of the beam waist in the focus.
Collective particle dynamics of molten NaCl by inelastic x-ray scattering
Authors: Demmel F , Hosokawa S , Pilgrim W-C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An inelastic x-ray scattering experiment has been performed on molten NaCl over wide wave vector and energy transfer ranges. Data of high statistical quality are analyzed using a memory function approach within a generalized Langevin equation. The approach with two relaxation times for the memory function provides a very good data description over the whole wave vector range beyond the hydrodynamic regime. A slow thermal and a fast structural relaxation process in the memory function completely define the density fluctuations in molten NaCl and evidences the thermal-viscoelastic model as the minimal description for collective particle dynamics in molten alkali halides. The obtained excitation frequencies demonstrate a large positive dispersion effect, which can be related to the viscoelastic reaction of the molten salt. A transition from the viscoelastic to a hydrodynamic response of the molten salt at small wave vectors is observed. In the hydrodynamic regime the resulting thermal diffusivity agrees well with values obtained through light scattering. The modeling indicates some deficiencies at small wave vectors and large energy transfers and the spectra of the current correlation function evidences additional intensity at high frequency. The frequency of these additional modes approach a non-zero value at zero wave vector and indicates a non-acoustic character of these excitations. The frequency center of this additional inelastic intensity coincides with optic-type modes in molten NaCl predicted by simulations.
Numerics and computation in gyrokinetic simulations of electromagnetic turbulence with global particle-in-cell codes
Authors: Mishchenko A , Biancalani A , Bottino A , Hayward-Schneider T , Lauber Ph , Lanti E , Villard L , Kleiber R , Könies A , Borchardt M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Electromagnetic turbulence is addressed in tokamak and stellarator plasmas with the global gyrokinetic particle-in-cell codes ORB5 (E Lanti et al, Comp. Phys. Comm., 251, 107072 (2020)) and EUTERPE (V Kornilov et al, Phys. Plasmas, 11, 3196 (2004)). The large-aspect-ratio tokamak, down-scaled ITER, and Wendelstein 7-X geometries are considered. The main goal is to increase the plasma beta, the machine size, the ion-to-electron mass ratio, as well as to include realistic-geometry features in such simulations. The associated numerical requirements and the computational cost for the cases on computer systems with massive GPU deployments are investigated. These are necessary steps to enable electromagnetic turbulence simulations in future reactor plasmas.
Long-lived coherence in driven many-spin systems: from two to infinite spatial dimensions
Authors: Hahn Walter , Dobrovitski V V 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Long-lived coherences, emerging under periodic pulse driving in the disordered ensembles of strongly interacting spins, offer immense advantages for future quantum technologies, but the physical origin and the key properties of this phenomenon remain poorly understood. We theoretically investigate this effect in ensembles of different dimensionality, and predict existence of the long-lived coherences in all such systems, from two-dimensional to infinite-dimensional (where every spin is coupled to all others with similar strength), which are of particular importance for quantum sensing and quantum information processing. We explore the transition from two to infinite dimensions, and show that the long-time coherence dynamics in all dimensionalities is qualitatively similar, although the short-time behavior is drastically different, exhibiting dimensionality-dependent singularity. Our study establishes the common physical origin of the long-lived coherences in different dimensionalities, and suggests that this effect is a generic feature of the strongly coupled spin systems with positional disorder. Our results lay out foundation for utilizing the long-lived coherences in a range of application, from quantum sensing with two-dimensional spin ensembles, to quantum information processing with the infinitely-dimensional spin systems in the cavity-QED settings.
Multi-messenger astrophysics with the cosmic neutrino background
Authors: Tully Christopher G. , Zhang Gemma 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The massive neutrinos of the Cosmic Neutrino Background (CνB) are fundamental ingredients of the radiation-dominated early universe and are important non-relativistic probes of the large-scale structure formation in the late universe. The dominant source of anisotropies in the neutrino flux distribution on the sky are highly amplified integrals of metric perturbations encountered during the non-relativistic phase of the CνB. This paper numerically compares the line-of-sight methods for computing CνB anisotropies with the Einstein-Boltzmann hierarchy solutions in linear theory for a range of neutrino masses. Angular power spectra are computed that are relevant to a future polarized tritium target run of the PTOLEMY experiment. Correlations between the CνB sky maps and galactic survey data are derived using line-of-sight techniques and discussed in the context of multi-messenger astrophysics.
Reconstruction of potentials of hybrid inflation in the light of primordial black hole formation
Authors: Choi Ki-Young , Kang Su-beom , Raveendran Rathul Nath 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The large enhancement of the primordial power spectrum of the curvature perturbation can seed the formation of primordial black hole, that can play as a dark matter component in the Universe. In the literature, the enhanced power spectrum was calculated from the inflationary potential. However, in this paper, we show that a potential of multi scalar fields can be reconstructed from a given power spectrum which is made of a scale-invariant one on large scales and the other with a peak on small scales. In this reconstructed potential, the slow-roll of the second field in the curved trajectory is responsible for the generation of a peak in the power spectrum on small scales through the isocurvature perturbation. With multi scalar fields, the reconstructed potential may not be unique and we can find different potentials from a given power spectrum.
New method and system of automatically moving a CMM probe tip into holes with submillimeter diameter and high aspect ratio
Authors: Cheng Z.-Y. , Luan H. , Sun Y. , Li R.-J. , Li H.-L. , Pan Q.-S. , Huang Q.-X. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The demand of measuring the internal topography of holes with submillimeter diameter and high aspect ratio is increasing. However, moving a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) probe tip into a submillimeter hole manually is extremely difficult because the diameters of the probe tip and the hole are extremely small to be seen clearly with human eyes. An automatic measuring method and system is presented in this study to simplify the operation and improve the measuring efficiency. A micro CMM system was built. Two cameras were used to image the probe tip and the holes to be measured. The obtained images were magnified, and the edges of the probe tip and the holes were extracted. The image coordinates of the center points of the probe tip and the hole were obtained. The center coordinate values of the probe tip and the hole in the world coordinate system were achieved using the principle of binocular stereo vision. The probe tip was moved into the holes by the differences in the obtained coordinate values. Experiments were conducted. The effectiveness of the proposed method and system was verified by moving the probe tip into a hole with 1 mm diameter. This method can be used to assist in the measurement of deep submillimeter holes, especially in nonbatch measurement situations.
Probabilistic assessments of the impacts of compound dry and hot events on global vegetation during growing seasons
Authors: Hao Ying , Hao Zengchao , Fu Yongshuo , Feng Sifang , Zhang Xuan , Wu Xinying , Hao Fanghua 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The response of vegetation to climate extremes, including droughts and hot extremes, has been evaluated extensively in recent decades. However, quantitative assessments of individual and combined impacts of dry and hot conditions on vegetation are rather limited. In this study, we developed a multivariate approach for analyzing vegetation responses to dry, hot, and compound dry-hot conditions from a probabilistic perspective using precipitation, temperature, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the period from 1982 to 2015. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Temperature Index (STI) were used to define individual and compound dry and hot conditions. Based on the diagnosis of the correlation between SPI/STI and NDVI during growing seasons, we investigated the conditional probability of vegetation decline under different climate conditions. The results showed that vegetation was affected by compound dry and hot conditions (defined as SPI ⩽ −1.3 and STI > 1.3) in arid and semi-arid regions. In these regions, the conditional probabilities of vegetation decline under compound dry and hot conditions increased by 7% and 28% compared with those under individual dry and hot conditions, respectively. The impact of compound dry and hot events on vegetation for different biomes was also assessed. Temperate grassland was found to be particularly vulnerable to compound dry and hot conditions. This study highlights the necessity of considering compound dry and hot extremes when assessing vegetation responses to climate extremes under global warming.
Ecobiology of horseshoe crab in Brebes, Northern Coast of Java: Preliminary study
Authors: Wijaya D , Putri M R A , Suryandari A , Nurfiarini A 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHorseshoe crabs are known as living fossils and three species are found in Indonesia where all of them are being protected. The research aimed to assess ecology, species composition, and biological aspects in Brebes estuary. The research was conducted in August and October 2017 in Brebes Estuary. Samples were caught using local fishermen and experimental gears. Parameters of water quality were observed insitu and substrate was analyzed in the laboratory. The horseshoe crabs were measured morphologically, their stomach and eggs were taken to be analyzed in the laboratory. Total specimens of horseshoe crabs were 33 individuals (Tachypleusgigas=8;Carsinoscorpius rotundicauda=25). T. gigashas 16.3-22.6 cm of prosomal width and 216.1-717.0 gram of weight.C. rotundicaudahas 11.2-14.5 cm of prosomal width and 96.0-275.5 gram of weight. Stations with a muddy sand substrate (silt >50%) have the highest number of captured horseshoe crabs. Food habits ofT. gigasare macrophytes and detritus whileC. rotundicaudaare macrophytes, molluscs, annelids, and coral. Niche breadth ofC. rotundicaudawere wider thanT. gigas. High niche overlap value betweenT. gigasandC. rotundicaudaindicates high competition in utilizing food sources. The fecundity ofC. rotundicaudawas higher thanT. gigasbut the egg diameter ofC. rotundicaudasmaller thanT. gigas.
The concept of outer small island information systems
Authors: Djunarsjah E , Putra A P , Nusantara C A D S , Yudistira K 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The outermost small islands in Indonesian waters have a strategic value in representing Indonesia in the border area as a gateway for the entry of foreign vessels into Indonesian territorial waters. With 111 islands scattered in Indonesian waters, the condition and status of their utilization are not widely known by the public. As a result, these islands are not fully utilized and their existence tends to be ignored by either the Government or the community. This research is aimed at providing a special information system platform related to the outermost small islands in Indonesian waters that can be easily accessed by the public. By utilizing spatial data that is already owned by Ministries / Institutions in Indonesia, we can present it on a web-based platform as a means of publishing marine information that can be used by the public. The data collected is in the form of a national portal that can be accessed from the pages of the Ministries/Agencies, which can then be processed to present the information needed by the government and the public in utilizing the islands. With the existence of an information system for small islands, the public can access data on these islands and participate actively in building and managing the outer islands which are the front pages of the Republic of Indonesia.