bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the SARS-CoV2 infections detection rate and cumulative incidence in the World Health Organization African Region 10 months into the pandemic
Authors: Impouma Benido , Mboussou Franck , Shahpar Cyrus , Wolfe Caitlin M. , Farham Bridget , Williams George Sie , Karamagi Humphrey , Ngom Roland , Nsenga Ngoy , Flahault Antoine , Codeço Cláudia Torres , Yoti Zabulon , Kasolo Francis , Keiser Olivia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As of 03 January 2021, the WHO African region is the least affected by the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, accounting for only 2.4% of cases and deaths reported globally. However, concerns abound about whether the number of cases and deaths reported from the region reflect the true burden of the disease and how the monitoring of the pandemic trajectory can inform response measures.
We retrospectively estimated four key epidemiological parameters (the total number of cases, the number of missed cases, the detection rate and the cumulative incidence) using the COVID-19 prevalence calculator tool developed by Resolve to Save Lives. We used cumulative cases and deaths reported during the period 25 February to 31 December 2020 for each WHO Member State in the region as well as population data to estimate the four parameters of interest. The estimated number of confirmed cases in 42 countries out of 47 of the WHO African region included in this study was 13 947 631 [95% confidence interval (CI): 13 334 620–14 635 502] against 1 889 512 cases reported, representing 13.5% of overall detection rate (range: 4.2% in Chad, 43.9% in Guinea). The cumulative incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was estimated at 1.38% (95% CI: 1.31%–1.44%), with South Africa the highest [14.5% (95% CI: 13.9%–15.2%)] and Mauritius [0.1% (95% CI: 0.099%–0.11%)] the lowest. The low detection rate found in most countries of the WHO African region suggests the need to strengthen SARS-CoV-2 testing capacities and adjusting testing strategies.
SARS-CoV-2 variants and effectiveness of vaccines: a review of current evidence
Authors: Tatsi Elizabeth-Barbara , Filippatos Filippos , Michos Athanasios 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is rapidly evolving via mutagenesis, lengthening the pandemic, and threatening the public health. Until August 2021, 12 variants of SARS-CoV-2 named as variants of concern (VOC; Alpha to Delta) or variants of interest (VOI; Epsilon to Mu), with significant impact on transmissibility, morbidity, possible reinfection and mortality, have been identified. The VOC Delta (B.1.617.2) of Indian origin is now the dominant and the most contagious variant worldwide as it provokes a strong binding to the human ACE2 receptor, increases transmissibility and manifests considerable immune escape strategies after natural infection or vaccination. Although the development and administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, based on different technologies (mRNA, adenovirus carrier, recombinant protein, etc.), are very promising for the control of the pandemic, their effectiveness and neutralizing activity against VOCs varies significantly. In this review, we describe the most significant circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2, and the known effectiveness of currently available vaccines against them.
Breaking the silence: Advocacy and accountability for attacks on hospitals in armed conflict
Authors: Hakki Lara , Stover Eric , Haar Rohini J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWhen hospitals are damaged or destroyed in armed conflict, the loss is far greater than the physical structures: safe spaces are lost, health outcomes worsen and trust in health institutions is undermined. Despite the legal protections afforded to medical units under international humanitarian law (IHL), attacks on hospitals are a recurring problem in armed conflict. In 2019, the Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition documented more than 1,203 incidents of violence against medical facilities, transports, personnel and patients in twenty countries. This article examines investigations of four post-Second World War incidents of attacks on hospitals in armed conflicts in Vietnam, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Palestine and Afghanistan, the role public advocacy campaigns played in bringing about these investigations, and how national and international authorities can work together to promote greater accountability for violations of IHL.
Die Pflegeschule im Wohnzimmer
Authors: Teigelake Björn , Sorber Michaela 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Pflegeausbildung im Homeschooling? Was früher kaum vorstellbar war, wurde im Frühjahr 2020 Realität für Auszubildende und Lehrende an Pflegeschulen. Wie ging es den Auszubildenden in dieser Zeit? Welche Bedeutung hatte der Lockdown für ­die theoretische Ausbildung? Auf der Basis einer Podcast-Gesprächsreihe gibt dieser Beitrag einen Einblick in die Erfahrungen und Sichtweisen von Auszubildenden in der Zeit des ersten Lockdowns.
Color Cherenkov imaging of clinical radiation therapy
Authors: Alexander Daniel A. , Nomezine Anthony , Jarvis Lesley A. , Gladstone David J. , Pogue Brian W. , Bruza Petr 
Published: November 2021

AbstractColor vision is used throughout medicine to interpret the health and status of tissue. Ionizing radiation used in radiation therapy produces broadband white light inside tissue through the Cherenkov effect, and this light is attenuated by tissue features as it leaves the body. In this study, a novel time-gated three-channel camera was developed for the first time and was used to image color Cherenkov emission coming from patients during treatment. The spectral content was interpreted by comparison with imaging calibrated tissue phantoms. Color shades of Cherenkov emission in radiotherapy can be used to interpret tissue blood volume, oxygen saturation and major vessels within the body.
Mirror-enhanced scanning light-field microscopy for long-term high-speed 3D imaging with isotropic resolution
Authors: Xiong Bo , Zhu Tianyi , Xiang Yuhan , Li Xiaopeng , Yu Jinqiang , Jiang Zheng , Niu Yihan , Jiang Dong , Zhang Xu , Fang Lu , Wu Jiamin , Dai Qionghai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractVarious biological behaviors can only be observed in 3D at high speed over the long term with low phototoxicity. Light-field microscopy (LFM) provides an elegant compact solution to record 3D information in a tomographic manner simultaneously, which can facilitate high photon efficiency. However, LFM still suffers from the missing-cone problem, leading to degraded axial resolution and ringing effects after deconvolution. Here, we propose a mirror-enhanced scanning LFM (MiSLFM) to achieve long-term high-speed 3D imaging at super-resolved axial resolution with a single objective, by fully exploiting the extended depth of field of LFM with a tilted mirror placed below samples. To establish the unique capabilities of MiSLFM, we performed extensive experiments, we observed various organelle interactions and intercellular interactions in different types of photosensitive cells under extremely low light conditions. Moreover, we demonstrated that superior axial resolution facilitates more robust blood cell tracking in zebrafish larvae at high speed.
Somatostatin-evoked Aβ catabolism in the brain: Mechanistic involvement of α-endosulfine-KATP channel pathway
Authors: Watamura Naoto , Kakiya Naomasa , Nilsson Per , Tsubuki Satoshi , Kamano Naoko , Takahashi Mika , Hashimoto Shoko , Sasaguri Hiroki , Saito Takashi , Saido Takaomi C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the brain. The neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) regulates Aβ catabolism by enhancing neprilysin (NEP)-catalyzed proteolytic degradation. However, the mechanism by which SST regulates NEP activity remains unclear. Here, we identified α-endosulfine (ENSA), an endogenous ligand of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel, as a negative regulator of NEP downstream of SST signaling. The expression of ENSA is significantly increased in AD mouse models and in patients with AD. In addition, NEP directly contributes to the degradation of ENSA, suggesting a substrate-dependent feedback loop regulating NEP activity. We also discovered the specific KATP channel subtype that modulates NEP activity, resulting in the Aβ levels altered in the brain. Pharmacological intervention targeting the particular KATP channel attenuated Aβ deposition, with impaired memory function rescued via the NEP activation in our AD mouse model. Our findings provide a mechanism explaining the molecular link between KATP channel and NEP activation, and give new insights into alternative strategies to prevent AD.
Pilot study of Tremelimumab with and without cryoablation in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Campbell Matthew T. , Matin Surena F. , Tam Alda L. , Sheth Rahul A. , Ahrar Kamran , Tidwell Rebecca S. , Rao Priya , Karam Jose A. , Wood Christopher G. , Tannir Nizar M. , Jonasch Eric , Gao Jianjun , Zurita Amado J. , Shah Amishi Y. , Jindal Sonali , Duan Fei , Basu Sreyashi , Chen Hong , Espejo Alexsandra B. , Allison James P. , Yadav Shalini S. , Sharma Padmanee 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCryoablation in combination with immune checkpoint therapy was previously reported to improve anti-tumor immune responses in pre-clinical studies. Here we report a pilot study of anti-CTLA-4 (tremelimumab) with (n = 15) or without (n = 14) cryoablation in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (NCT02626130), 18 patients with clear cell and 11 patients with non-clear cell histologies. The primary endpoint is safety, secondary endpoints include objective response rate, progression-free survival, and immune monitoring studies. Safety data indicate ≥ grade 3 treatment-related adverse events in 16 of 29 patients (55%) including 6 diarrhea/colitis, 3 hepatitis, 1 pneumonitis, and 1 glomerulonephritis. Toxicity leading to treatment discontinuation occurs in 5 patients in each arm. 3 patients with clear cell histology experience durable responses. One patient in the tremelimumab arm experiences an objective response, the median progression-free survival for all patients is 3.3 months (95% CI: 2.0, 5.3 months). Exploratory immune monitoring analysis of baseline and post-treatment tumor tissue samples shows that treatment increases immune cell infiltration and tertiary lymphoid structures in clear cell but not in non-clear cell. In clear cell, cryoablation plus tremelimumab leads to a significant increase in immune cell infiltration. These data highlight that treatment with tremelimumab plus cryotherapy is feasible and modulates the immune microenvironment in patients with metastatic clear cell histology.
Naturally occurring fire coral clones demonstrate a genetic and environmental basis of microbiome composition
Authors: Dubé C. E. , Ziegler M. , Mercière A. , Boissin E. , Planes S. , Bourmaud C. A. -F. , Voolstra C. R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCoral microbiomes are critical to holobiont functioning, but much remains to be understood about how prevailing environment and host genotype affect microbial communities in ecosystems. Resembling human identical twin studies, we examined bacterial community differences of naturally occurring fire coral clones within and between contrasting reef habitats to assess the relative contribution of host genotype and environment to microbiome structure. Bacterial community composition of coral clones differed between reef habitats, highlighting the contribution of the environment. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, microbiomes varied across different genotypes in identical habitats, denoting the influence of host genotype. Predictions of genomic function based on taxonomic profiles suggest that environmentally determined taxa supported a functional restructuring of the microbial metabolic network. In contrast, bacteria determined by host genotype seemed to be functionally redundant. Our study suggests microbiome flexibility as a mechanism of environmental adaptation with association of different bacterial taxa partially dependent on host genotype.
Slow oxidation of magnetite nanoparticles elucidates the limits of the Verwey transition
Authors: Kim Taehun , Sim Sangwoo , Lim Sumin , Patino Midori Amano , Hong Jaeyoung , Lee Jisoo , Hyeon Taeghwan , Shimakawa Yuichi , Lee Soonchil , Attfield J. Paul , Park Je-Geun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMagnetite (Fe3O4) is of fundamental importance for the Verwey transition near TV = 125 K, below which a complex lattice distortion and electron orders occur. The Verwey transition is suppressed by chemical doping effects giving rise to well-documented first and second-order regimes, but the origin of the order change is unclear. Here, we show that slow oxidation of monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles leads to an intriguing variation of the Verwey transition: an initial drop of TV to a minimum at 70 K after 75 days and a followed recovery to 95 K after 160 days. A physical model based on both doping and doping-gradient effects accounts quantitatively for this evolution between inhomogeneous to homogeneous doping regimes. This work demonstrates that slow oxidation of nanoparticles can give exquisite control and separation of homogeneous and inhomogeneous doping effects on the Verwey transition and offers opportunities for similar insights into complex electronic and magnetic phase transitions in other materials.
SPINDOC binds PARP1 to facilitate PARylation
Authors: Yang Fen , Chen Jianji , Liu Bin , Gao Guozhen , Sebastian Manu , Jeter Collene , Shen Jianjun , Person Maria D. , Bedford Mark T. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSPINDOC is tightly associated with the histone H3K4me3 effector protein SPIN1. To gain a better understanding of the biological roles of SPINDOC, we identified its interacting proteins. Unexpectedly, SPINDOC forms two mutually exclusive protein complexes, one with SPIN1 and the other with PARP1. Consistent with its ability to directly interact with PARP1, SPINDOC expression is induced by DNA damage, likely by KLF4, and recruited to DNA lesions with dynamics that follows PARP1. In SPINDOC knockout cells, the levels of PARylation are reduced, in both the absence and presence of DNA damage. The SPINDOC/PARP1 interaction promotes the clearance of PARP1 from damaged DNA, and also impacts the expression of known transcriptional targets of PARP1. To address the in vivo roles of SPINDOC in PARP1 regulation, we generate SPINDOC knockout mice, which are viable, but slightly smaller than their wildtype counterparts. The KO mice display reduced levels of PARylation and, like PARP1 KO mice, are hypersensitive to IR-induced DNA damage. The findings identify a SPIN1-independent role for SPINDOC in the regulation of PARP1-mediated PARylation and the DNA damage response.
Genome-wide profiling in colorectal cancer identifies PHF19 and TBC1D16 as oncogenic super enhancers
Authors: Li Qing-Lan , Lin Xiang , Yu Ya-Li , Chen Lin , Hu Qi-Xin , Chen Meng , Cao Nan , Zhao Chen , Wang Chen-Yu , Huang Cheng-Wei , Li Lian-Yun , Ye Mei , Wu Min 
Published: November 2021

AbstractColorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Although genomic mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms have been extensively studied, the epigenomic status in colorectal cancer patient tissues remains elusive. Here, together with genomic and transcriptomic analysis, we use ChIP-Seq to profile active enhancers at the genome wide level in colorectal cancer paired patient tissues (tumor and adjacent tissues from the same patients). In total, we sequence 73 pairs of colorectal cancer tissues and generate 147 H3K27ac ChIP-Seq, 144 RNA-Seq, 147 whole genome sequencing and 86 H3K4me3 ChIP-Seq samples. Our analysis identifies 5590 gain and 1100 lost variant enhancer loci in colorectal cancer, and 334 gain and 121 lost variant super enhancer loci. Multiple key transcription factors in colorectal cancer are predicted with motif analysis and core regulatory circuitry analysis. Further experiments verify the function of the super enhancers governing PHF19 and TBC1D16 in regulating colorectal cancer tumorigenesis, and KLF3 is identified as an oncogenic transcription factor in colorectal cancer. Taken together, our work provides an important epigenomic resource and functional factors for epigenetic studies in colorectal cancer.
Temporal inhibition of chromatin looping and enhancer accessibility during neuronal remodeling
Authors: Chen Dahong , McManus Catherine E. , Radmanesh Behram , Matzat Leah H. , Lei Elissa P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDuring development, looping of an enhancer to a promoter is frequently observed in conjunction with temporal and tissue-specific transcriptional activation. The chromatin insulator-associated protein Alan Shepard (Shep) promotes Drosophila post-mitotic neuronal remodeling by repressing transcription of master developmental regulators, such as brain tumor (brat), specifically in maturing neurons. Since insulator proteins can promote looping, we hypothesized that Shep antagonizes brat promoter interaction with an as yet unidentified enhancer. Using chromatin conformation capture and reporter assays, we identified two enhancer regions that increase in looping frequency with the brat promoter specifically in pupal brains after Shep depletion. The brat promoters and enhancers function independently of Shep, ruling out direct repression of these elements. Moreover, ATAC-seq in isolated neurons demonstrates that Shep restricts chromatin accessibility of a key brat enhancer as well as other enhancers genome-wide in remodeling pupal but not larval neurons. These enhancers are enriched for chromatin targets of Shep and are located at Shep-inhibited genes, suggesting direct Shep inhibition of enhancer accessibility and gene expression during neuronal remodeling. Our results provide evidence for temporal regulation of chromatin looping and enhancer accessibility during neuronal maturation.
Cancer immune therapy with PD-1-dependent CD137 co-stimulation provides localized tumour killing without systemic toxicity
Authors: Qiao Yunqian , Qiu Yangmin , Ding Jie , Luo Nana , Wang Hao , Ling Xiaomin , Sun Jiya , Wu Zhihai , Wang Yisen , Liu Yanpeng , Guo Feifei , Sun Ta , Shen Wanwan , Zhang Min , Wu Dongdong , Chen Bingliang , Xu Wei , Wang Xuan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractExpression of the cell surface receptor CD137 has been shown to enhance anti-cancer T cell function via engagement with its natural ligand 4-1BBL. CD137 ligation with engineered ligands has emerged as a cancer immunotherapy strategy, yet clinical development of agonists has been hindered by either toxicity or limited efficacy. Here we show that a CD137/PD-1 bispecific antibody, IBI319, is able to overcome these limitations by coupling CD137 activation to PD-1-crosslinking. In CT26 and MC38 syngeneic mouse tumour models, IBI319 restricts T cell co-stimulation to PD-1-rich microenvironments, such as tumours and tumour-draining lymph nodes, hence systemic (liver) toxicity arising from generalised T cell activation is reduced. Besides limiting systemic T cell co-stimulation, the anti-PD-1 arm of IBI319 also exhibits checkpoint blockade functions, with an overall result of T and NK cell infiltration into tumours. Toxicology profiling in non-human primates shows that IBI319 is a well-tolerated molecule with IgG-like pharmacokinetic properties, thus a suitable candidate for further clinical development.
Focusing the electromagnetic field to 10−6λ for ultra-high enhancement of field-matter interaction
Authors: Chen Xiang-Dong , Wang En-Hui , Shan Long-Kun , Feng Ce , Zheng Yu , Dong Yang , Guo Guang-Can , Sun Fang-Wen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFocusing electromagnetic field to enhance the interaction with matter has been promoting researches and applications of nano electronics and photonics. Usually, the evanescent-wave coupling is adopted in various nano structures and materials to confine the electromagnetic field into a subwavelength space. Here, based on the direct coupling with confined electron oscillations in a nanowire, we demonstrate a tight localization of microwave field down to 10−6λ. A hybrid nanowire-bowtie antenna is further designed to focus the free-space microwave to this deep-subwavelength space. Detected by the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, the field intensity and microwave-spin interaction strength are enhanced by 2.0 × 108 and 1.4 × 104 times, respectively. Such a high concentration of microwave field will further promote integrated quantum information processing, sensing and microwave photonics in a nanoscale system.
Correlation of SARS-CoV-2-breakthrough infections to time-from-vaccine
Authors: Mizrahi Barak , Lotan Roni , Kalkstein Nir , Peretz Asaf , Perez Galit , Ben-Tov Amir , Chodick Gabriel , Gazit Sivan , Patalon Tal 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe short-term effectiveness of a two-dose regimen of the BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine was widely demonstrated. However, long term effectiveness is still unknown. Leveraging the centralized computerized database of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), we assessed the correlation between time-from-vaccine and incidence of breakthrough infection between June 1 and July 27, the date of analysis. After controlling for potential confounders as age and comorbidities, we found a significant 1.51 fold (95% CI, 1.38–1.66) increased risk for infection for early vaccinees compared to those vaccinated later that was similar across all ages groups. The increased risk reached 2.26- fold (95% CI, 1.80–3.01) when comparing those who were vaccinated in January to those vaccinated in April. This preliminary finding of vaccine waning as a factor of time from vaccince should prompt further investigations into long-term protection against different strains.
Electron shelving of a superconducting artificial atom
Authors: Cottet Nathanaël , Xiong Haonan , Nguyen Long B. , Lin Yen-Hsiang , Manucharyan Vladimir E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInterfacing long-lived qubits with propagating photons is a fundamental challenge in quantum technology. Cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) architectures rely on an off-resonant cavity, which blocks the qubit emission and enables a quantum non-demolition (QND) dispersive readout. However, no such buffer mode is necessary for controlling a large class of three-level systems that combine a metastable qubit transition with a bright cycling transition, using the electron shelving effect. Here we demonstrate shelving of a circuit atom, fluxonium, placed inside a microwave waveguide. With no cavity modes in the setup, the qubit coherence time exceeds 50 μs, and the cycling transition’s radiative lifetime is under 100 ns. By detecting a homodyne fluorescence signal from the cycling transition, we implement a QND readout of the qubit and account for readout errors using a minimal optical pumping model. Our result establishes a resource-efficient (cavityless) alternative to cQED for controlling superconducting qubits.