bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Authority of Pleaing to the Quranic Examples in the Speech of AL Zahra (pbuh)
Authors: Resin Prof. Asst. Dr. Fatima Karim 
Published: March 2021

إن بنية الحجاج هي من أكثر البنى التي يمكن الاشتغال عليها في الخطاب لما فيها من قضايا مطروحة على سبيل إلقاء الحجة وتأكيد المطلب من السيدة الزهراء (ع)؛ لأنه مطلب حقّ، استمدت مشروعيته من القرآن الكريم. وتنزل بنية الحجاج في صميم التفاعل بين الخطيب وجمهوره؛ لذا وجدت أنَّ خطبة الزهراء(ع) الخالدة تتضمن أفقاً دلالياً رحباً من بنية الحجاج في مؤداها القصدي بمفاهيم معدودة تضمنها نصّ الخطبة. ونخلص من الخوض في مبنى الخطاب اللغويّ في خطاب السيدة الزهراء (ع) من خلال السلطة الحجاجية، والكشف عن السياسات الخطابية التي تتجاوز ما تخرج إليه أبنية الكلام والدلالات المقامية للخطاب إلى مستوى القصد في التبليغ العقائديّ أو المغزى السياسيّ، أو تصورات أخرى تنضوي عليها آليات الخطاب الطيعة في رسم ملامح الأنساق السلطوية (الممثلة بالشاهد القرآنيّ) النصّ المقدس، الذي يصيب المقصد بوصفه حجة قائمة للمخاطب يفند بها جميع المقولات اللغوية في أنظمة الكلام؛ لأنه نصّ غير قابل للتغيير أو التبديل. ويقسم البحث على مبحثين، هما:
أولاً: سلطة الشاهد القرآنيّ.
ثانياً: تمثلات الشاهد القرآنيّ.
وفي تقنيات الحجاج الاتصالية ندرس: 1ـ حجة الأنموذج 2ـ الحجاج وجه ذات الاستهجاني 3ـ حجاج القوة/ اغتصاب الإذعان 4ـ المحاجة بالتجهيل.
ومن أهم نتائج البحث: أنّ الخطاب الحجاجيّ في فكر التراث العربيّ الإسلاميّ يحتكم على قواعد وآداب يلتزم بها أطراف، ومن هذا الإطار اكتسب صفتها بأنها ممارسة منتجة، وظيفتها الإفحام والإقناع تجري داخل مجالس تحكمها ضوابط عرفية تجعلها طرفاً ثالثاً في بناء الحكم المترتب من المحاججة.
British occupation of Iraq study in its political development (1917- 1927)
Authors: Kaka Sur Dr. Mohamed Abdullah 
Published: March 2021

يتناول هذا البحث مرحلة مهمة من تاريخ العراق([i]) الحديث، ألا وهي مرحلة الاحتلال البريطاني للعراق منذ 1917م، عندما دخل البريطانيون بغداد بقيادة الجنرال ستانلي مود وأعلنوا احتلالهم للعراق. ويلاحظ ان تاريخ العراق المعاصر يتوافق مع هذا الحدث المؤثر. لذلك فأن فهم هذا الاحتلال ودوافعه وموقف الشعب العراقي منه مهم جداً لفهم التاريخ العراقي في مراحله اللاحقة. ويبين كذلك فهم الآخرين للعراق وشعبه وكيفية تعاملهم معه. وبعد مرور قرن من الزمن على هذا الحدث فأن اعادة دراسته له أهمية خاصة وبصورة عامة وان كان تحدي الاحتلال كبيراً بالنسبة للعراقيين فان الاستجابة لهذا التحدي كان عظيماً حيث أثبت بأنه لايمكن حكم العراقيين بصورة مباشرة. إن البحث الذي قمت بكتابته وبتوفيق من الله عز وجل يبدأ قبل فترة الاحتلال المباشر فقد تناولت في بدايته وقوع العراق في نفوذ الدولة العثمانية وأوضاعه تحت سيطرة العثمانيين وأهمية العراق الستراتيجية وكذلك المعاهدات التي جرت بين الحكومتين العراقية والبريطانية، وأثر ذلك على كردستان الحلم ويختتم البحث بدور المقاومة وإنهاء الاحتلال البريطاني في ثورة العشرين التي كان للكرد نصيب فيها ضمن حركة التحرر الكردية ولا أجزم بأن البحث قد نال مرحلة الكمال، لأن الكمال لله عز وجل وحده ولكن أدعوا أن يكون قد نال رضا الله ومن يقرأه، والله الموفق.

([i]) هناك آراء كثيرة حول اصل ومعنى العراق: ينظر: سالم الآلوسي، اسماء العراق وبغداد، بيروت، الوراق للنشر، 2013، ص ص9-174.
Evaluating the questions of Reading Book for the Sixth Grade from Teachers' Viewpoints
Authors: Ahmed T. Assist.Yasmeen Bade'a 
Published: March 2021

The researcher has addressed the questions of the Reading Book for the Sixth Primary Grade to be studied as the subject needs to be paid an adequate attention for its importance in teaching and not to be seen as a subordinated subject. The researcher has chosen the reading book for the Sixth Primary Grade since the Sixth Primary grade is the final and the elementary stage of education as well as pupils should adequately practise the exact reading and oral expression. The study aims at evaluating the questions of the Reading Book for the Sixth Primary Grade from Teachers' Viewpoints. To attain the study aim, the researcher has chosen the sample of 40 (females and male) teachers in the Directorates General (Al-Rusafa 1,2 and Karkh 1,2). The researcher analyzed the results and presented them according to the questionnaires and their fields, and reached several conclusions and recommendations. The researcher examined the results and recommendations of the research sample of teachers and teachers. And proposals.
Towards establishing a Major sociolinguistic Theory Interaction Between Content Interactions and Associative Affiliation
Authors: Al-Tae Asst.Prof.Dr. Nima Dahash Farhan 
Published: March 2021

When sociolinguistic became the concern of linguists and sociologists alike, being a fertilized land for cultivation, the need became necessary to suggest a comprehensive sociolinguistic theory which deals with sociolinguistic research. Such theory should become a link between linguistics and sociology. The theory should sort out all the problems and phenomena which have been neglected by the theory. Such investigation resulted in many attempts in two dimensions: on one hand, understanding the sociological aspects of language, and on the other, understanding various linguistic aspects of society. Accordingly, many terms and concepts emerged into existence such as (macro and micro, sociolinguistics) which became centers of gravity within the area of sociolinguistics. Different aspects of sociolinguistic appear and increased in the lessons of the area. Such phenomena became more complicated with the development of the societies which later became a big impediment in suggesting a more comprehensive theory, characterized by stability according to necessity as the basic principles are unclear. The most obvious phenomena are language variation and linguistic disparity which cannot be recognized and differentiated clearly and became an area of misunderstanding regarding many sociolinguistic terms. Such terms have been neglected and have not been their due attention. Thus, their views and perspectives became vague, that is why the area requires a thorough investigation to identify many basic concepts in sociolinguistics.
Investigating Iraqi EFL Intermediate School Students’ Difficulties in Reading Literary Texts
Authors: Al Obaydi Inst.Dr. Liqa’a Habeb , H. AL- Bahadli Inst.Dr. Khansa'a 
Published: March 2021

The current study aims at identifying intermediate school students’ difficulties in reading literary texts from teacher’s viewpoints, and identifying and classifying intermediate school students’ difficulties in reading literary texts from students’ viewpoints. To achieve the aims, two samples were used, fifteen teachers and thirty students/forth preparatory, were used. The researchers constructed two types of questionnaires to determine the difficulties faced by intermediate school students from both teachers and students points of view. The items of the questionnaires have been collected on the basis of the related literature, interviews, the open ended questionnaire, the information found in the teacher's guide, previous studies which deal with teaching techniques and experts opinions. In the light of the results obtained, recommendations which are concerned with teachers and students are put forward.
Time Travel in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse- Five
Authors: Khaleel(M.A) Intisar Rashid 
Published: March 2021

For many years, time travel was the stuff of science fiction. This was all just part of the world's imagination until recently. Science authors, among them, Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007) post-modern American writer, believe that one can travel through time forward or backward asking his memories and stream of consciousness to give sensory impressions of his thoughts and actions, that what Billy did in Vonnegut's Slaughter house- Five (1969). The protagonist Billy Pilgrim finds himself "unstuck in time" jumping between several periods of his life. Travelling between his experiences as a prisoner of war in World War II to his family life in 1950s, and 1960s and his time on Tralfmadorian Planet, Billy has the freedom and ability to travel; he has no control over these transitions. The present study falls into three sections plus a conclusion. The first section deals with the concept of time travel in literature and fiction. Section two presents historical and literary context to Vonnegut's novel. The treatment of time travel concept will be discussed in the third section. Then, the conclusions which sum up the findings of the research.
Impact of the British Occupation on Qadiani Emergence in India (1888-1908)
Authors: Jirjees Dr. zinah Harith 
Published: March 2021

In Southeast Asia, witnessed India Important historical events during the time of the British occupation of the country, which represents the British East India Company, the British government began to follow a policy to weaken the Muslims rulers of India through a divide and rule among the Indian people .The Government worked to bring Hindus to support to them on the one hand the deployment of the band among Indian Muslims by creating sects and religious difference stray, and sow doubt in the minds of Indian Muslims in their faith and religion,The British government to implement its plan by showing personal Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani where they worked for his encouragement and support to bring out a new doctrine known as Qadiani.
The spatial variation of solar radiation in Iraq
Authors: Al Bayati Dr. Firas Fadel Mahdi 
Published: March 2021

The solar radiation is a group of ethereal radiation emitted from the sun and it travels in the space in the form of the electromagnetic waves of about 300000KM/SEC light space. The solar radiation is regarded as the main source of energy in the atmosphere that contributes of more than (99.97) parentage of this exploited energy by the atmosphere on the earth surface.
The solar energy is responsible for all the processes that occur in the atmosphere and earth surface, clouds and rains, etc. Consequently, it controls the climate and life on the earth. Because of the earth is far away from the sun. The earth receives quite little ratio of its heat amounting to 200 million and it stops all the biological and natural aspect of the energy on the earth.
Social movements and their impact on the cultural and political change
Authors: Ahmed Dr. Mohammed Jamil 
Published: March 2021

The demonstrations are the one of the social movements that call for the Iraqi reality changes’ because of difficult conditions that community is lived, especially after 2003, as the successive governments that ruled Iraq which did not provide the required level that that the Iraqi citizens want, especially the Iraqi transition authoritarian rule to democratic governance supposed to achieve social justice and equality and the well-being of society.The factional and personal interests and the acquisition of power, competition and ongoing conflicts that exhausted society and social and infrastructure, so it's reflected in the social reality, as it forced members of the community with all its components and Achiever Marital to come up demonstrations calling forth across social networking pages (Facebook) demands the lifting of injustice about it. The present paper tries to link the theoretical literature of the research with practical part of the study which leads to accurate results. The second aspect of applying h is trying to use the curriculum and tools anthropologically in field research Kalmkablh observation and Andalus, or as required by the research of other tools. This research provides insight and thoughtful implications through anthropological manner designed. The aim of the research is trying to detect the cultural connotations of demonstrations and songs that represent the Iraqi culture, as well as awareness of the results that came from the observed extent of the change in the cultural and political side and reflection on the Iraqi society, as well as the disclosure of important events as social movements were the result of the difficult conditions experienced by the Iraqi society. okhrj search results of realistic and objective represents the reality on the ground for the demonstrations that expressed urban and rural and religious components of the Iraqi society's rights.
Symbols of Sufism and Gratitude (Al-Irfan)in the poetry of Igbal Al-Lahouri
Authors: Al zhery Dr.Nahy Abid Ibrahem 
Published: March 2021

The Indiana poet Mohammad Iqbal Al-Lahouri is one of the great poets who shined Like as star in the Indian subcontinent in the past 100 years. He became a distinguished literary phenomenon in today's world. Many literary works and were written about him. One of the important aspects of Iqbal's poetry is the reflection of mystical concepts and knowledge in his poems as was the case of Sufi scholars one of which is the great persian Sufi poet (JalaluddinAl-Roumi). That is why the current research came under this title.
(symbols of Sufism and Gratitude (Al-Irfan)in the poetry of Igbal Al-Lahouri).
An Analysis of Morphological and Syntactic Errors in the Compositions of the Freshman Students in Al-Imam Al-Kadhum University College
Authors: Salman Lecturer: Isa Atallah 
Published: March 2021

This study is an attempt at investigating morphological and syntactic errors in compositions committed by twenty first-year EFL learners at the Department of English in Al-Imam Al-Kadhum University College/ Thi-Qar. The procedure followed is observing these errors in composition writing. The findings reveal that the compositions are abound with morphological and syntactic errors and such errors are classified under eleven categories: omission of '-s'3rd person singular, misuse of ‘-s’ plural, misuse of derivational suffixes, wrong word form, inappropriate plural ending, subject-verb disagreement, auxiliary Be omission, irregular verbs, faulty sentence structure, omission of articles and misuse of prepositions. Analyzing the morphological and syntactic errors, the study explores a growing body of evidence that the learners‘ errors are due to English rule misapplication, Lack of basic understanding, overgeneralization, online chat or short message service language (SMS) influence and L1 language interference (literal translation). The findings, which show that the morphological errors are committed more than the syntactic ones, support the claim that the students lack enough exposure to written English. Thereupon, the study suggests remedial implications against the stumbling-stone of improper rule application in contributing to provide a remedy for such a critical period of college study and to draw the teachers' attention to the most pervasive errors ( the morphological ones) which aggravate difficulties in their written production.
The Effect of Developing Lexical Meaning on Iraqi EFL Students’ Performance in Reading Comprehension
Authors: Ali Burhan Bilal 
Published: March 2021

Reading comprehension and vocabulary are important academic outcomes. Between students, vocabulary skill is closely related to reading comprehension skill. The current study aims at investigating the effect of developing lexical meaning on Iraq EFL in reading comprehension.
To filful the aim of the study, the researcher adopted a null hypothesis which indicates that there is no significant difference between students’ performance who used new techniques in developing lexical meaning in reading comprehension of that do not use. To achieve the aim of the current study an eight weeks experiment was conducted on one experimental group with pre and posttest. The experiment was started on 11 October and ended in 16th January, 2016. At the end of the experiment, the calculated results have shown that there is a statistically significance difference between the performance of the students on the pre and that of the posttest. Finally, the researcher has put down some conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further research.
Love as a Redemptive Solution for the Human Trauma in Sarah Kane’s Cleansed
Authors: Mohammed Saleh Assist. Prof. Dr. Hasan 
Published: March 2021

The traumatic experience of violence is a predominant feature of contemporary culture and especially in the realm of literature. Yet, love represents the most suitable solution for the human trauma. The paper, therefore, examines how love of different sorts can conduce to the healing of many traumatic experiences in Sarah Kane’s Cleansed. The play is a representation of the human trauma caused mainly by the growing instability during the 1990s which had a profound impact on the whole Europe. It is about a number of characters who live in a university campus, and they are subject to different traumas; but love helps them overcome these traumas in the end. Sarah Kane in her play Cleansed seems to be a more positive and hopeful person regardless of the fact that the first reading of the play may engender the impression that it expresses a sense of loss, trauma, and social disintegration, and this is somehow true.
The Psychological Isolation in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Authors: Khleif Instructor: Alia 
Published: March 2021

This paper examines how Charlotte Perkins Gilman(1860-1935) depicts the effects of isolation, physical and psychological, on the heroine in her story "The Yellow Wallpaper"(1892). By using the first person narration which is a subjective style of writing, the writer reveals the thoughts and feelings of the narrator as she tries to fight against psychological pressures which she could not cope with. Furthermore, the paper examines the reasons which lead to the woman's breakdown, mainly her isolation from people, her need for communication and the way of treatment she receives from her husband. Her domineering husband looks upon her as a weak and an inferior person. He deprives her of practicing any activity. As the narrator is forced to withdraw from society, she looks for something to occupy her mind with. Gradually, she becomes interested in the yellow wallpaper. She stares at the pattern and finally decides that it represents a woman trapped behind the bars. She begins to peel the paper off the walls to liberate the woman. The writer describes the different stages of the woman's deterioration, exposing the different factors which contribute and lead to her madness. Meanwhile, she gives a message warning women of the results when they do not fight back to assert their individuality. Therefore, the story's value lies in the fact that the writer presents this Timeless subject.
The influence of authorizing sequences on the development of the strategic importance of Maysan oil :Political Geography Study.
Authors: Abd Ali Atheeb Dr. Qassem 
Published: March 2021

Misan province has large oil reserves, spread over all departments to maintain, some producing fields and other non-productive and a third is under development, and geographical factors contribution to the development of important geo-strategic Misan Oil Fields, Where there is oil in the layers it is complex and close to the surface of the earth. In addition to the quality of its quality and lower production costs, not to mention the geographical location as Misan oil fields not far from the ports of export in the Arabian Gulf, As well as its proximity to the largest oil reserves and production area in the world, giving it dimension Geopolitical, In other words, the production of the province of Misan oil remained modest due to political factors (Iraqi - Iranian war), economic factors (the economic embargo on Iraq). But oil production is increasing after entering the Misan oil fields within the licensing rounds, Which production has tripled for the period (2011-2016), it is hoped that production exceeds one million barrel threshold in 2020 Which will reflect the benefit of Iraq in general and especially to maintain that Iraq is an international rentier.
The pollution of Drinking Water in the City of Baghdad.
Authors: L. Timman Lecturer Dr. Zamil 
Published: March 2021

The water is the basic need of life which is connected directly with life of human, animal and plant .Hence, the salvation of it will provide a balanced of ecology system. Water pollution is considered a serious problem that threads the life in general. There are many sources of water pollution like cultural source which drainage process main source of to the increase saltiness of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in percentage of salt (20%), as well as chemical destructives are source for killing water life in about 4-5 mg/L. Also, industrial pollution is considered a dangerous source of water pollution which mixed wastes of factories with river loaded with organic and inorganic pollutant and toxic substances like mineral lead and other killing substances of the living water organisms like fish eating by human in food chain causing different disease. Removing of pollutant water with waste of human play main role in water pollution loading toxic substances of man and the same time there are decrease in number of water stations treatment comparison requirement of man life in Baghdad city. So the drinking water of Baghdad incompatible with criteria world of health organization and certain by Iraqi measurement and control quality.
The analysis of Climate Elements for Arbil and Al-Anbar Provinces: A Comparative Study from 1981-2010.
Authors: Ahmed (Ph.D.) Lecturer  Sawsan Kamal 
Published: March 2021

The present study tries to analyze the climate elements for place and time in Al-Ramadi and Qaim stations in Al-Anbar province at Plateau Western from Iraq, by showing the monthly and yearly disparity of the Climate. In addition to that the rain and humidity which they increase in winter season only and absent in summer. The Researcher recommends planting and growing the trees that made the temperature decrease and reduce blowing wind at the province of Anbar because the difference of the soil quality and its formations apart from the factors affected the Classes Limestone as the earth declines and the lack of the natural plant. This is reflected in the soil of Arbil province which relies heavily on the Agriculture because of the high Quantity of rain, and the grasslands which attract the shepherds, As a result, the study is recommended a further economic programs layouts projects .
Guiding responsibility of mentors: A comparative study
Authors: Amir Dr. Watania Raheef 
Published: March 2021

The research paper aims to clarify the following:
1-Guiding responsibility of mentors in the city of Baghdad.
2-the responsibility of guiding by sex (males - females).
3-guiding significance of differences in responsibility, according to (males - females).
The limitation of currentresearch isto workers employed in the Directorate General for raising the Baghdad Provincial / Rusafa third academic year (2015-2016) and by sex (male-female).In order to achieve the objectives of research, the researcher adopts a measure of responsibility guidance which provided by (Darraji-2016) and component (32) as the final paragraph. Then researcher applys the measurement on sample of research (100) counselors, male and female have been chosen randomly
In light of studythe following results can be shown as follow:

The existence of guidance counselors has the responsibility and the level above the middle.
The lack of responsibility among counselors and educators,.
Variable sex does not affect the responsibility.

4- a number of findings , recommendation and suggestions are presented.
Achievement’sMotivation and the type of personality (A-B) among the supervisors
Authors: Abbas Dr. Samira Ibrahim 
Published: March 2021

The research aims to identify:

achievement motivation among supervisors.
personal style (A-B) to the supervisors.
Relationship correlation between achievement motivation and personal style (A-B)

It is determined by the current educational research community supervisors of Baghdadprovince, and both sexes (Males and females) the subject of the study is about (650) supervisors for the academic year (2015-2016). They are selected randomly. To obtain the goals of the research, the researcher adopted a measurement tool (Afaf and Soltani 2010) to achieve (24) items. The measurement tool is (Butcher personal. After conducting the test upon sample through usingthe statistical Pouch (spss) the study shows a number of findings which can be shown as follow:

The supervisors have motivated achievement.
Most of the supervisors are fitting the pattern (A).
There are no correlative relationship between achievement motivation and personal style (A-B).