bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation, diffusion, and accreting pollution of DB white dwarfs
Authors: Zhu Chunhua , Liu Helei , Wang Zhaojun , Lü Guoliang 
Published: August 2021

Context. Over 1500 DBZ or DZ white dwarfs (WDs) have been observed so far, and polluted atmospheres with metal elements have been found among these WDs. The surface heavy element abundances of known DBZ or DZ WDs show an evolutionary sequence. Cooling, diffusion, and accretion are important physical processes in WD evolution which can alter the element abundances of the WD surface.
Aims. Using the stellar evolutionary code, we investigated the DB WD formation and the effects of input parameters −, including the mixing length parameter (αMLT), thermohaline mixing efficiency (αth), and the metallicity (Z) −, on the structures of these DB WDs. The impacts of the convective zone mass (Mcvz), cooling timescales, diffusive timescales (τdiff), and the mass-accretion rate (Ṁa) on the element abundances of the WDs’ surfaces are discussed. By comparing the theoretical model results with observations, we try to understand the evolutionary sequence of the heavy element abundance on DBZ WD surfaces.
Methods. By using Modules for Experiments in Stellar Evolution, we created DB WDs, and simulated the element diffusion due to high gravitational fields and the metal-rich material accretion coming from the planet disrupted by the WD. Then, we calculated the element abundances of these DB WDs for a further comparison with observations.
Results. In our models, the input parameters (αMLT, αth, and Z) have a very weak effect on DB WD structures, including interior temperatures, chemical profiles, and convective zones. They hardly affect the evolution of the heavy elements on the surface of DB WDs. The mass-accretion rate and the effective temperature of DB WDs determine the abundances of heavy elements. The evolutionary sequence of the Ca element for about 1500 observed DB or DBZ WDs cannot be explained by the model with a constant mass-accretion rate, but it is very consistent with the model in which the mass-accretion rate decreases by one power law when Teff > 10 kK and it slightly increases by another power law when Teff < 10 kK.
Conclusions. The observed DB WD evolutionary sequence of heavy element abundances originates from WD cooling and the change in the mass-accretion rate.
Vergleich der sechs Ausgaben des Organons unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Arzneimittelpotenzierung
Authors: Kohsareh Duniea Safavi 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird im Speziellen das Hauptwerk Samuel Hahnemanns, des Begründers der Homöopathie, ergründet. Seine genauen Erkenntnisse veröffentlichte er im „Organon der rationellen Heilkunde“ und in zahlreichen Publikationen. Im Laufe der Zeit kam es zu 6 Auflagen des Organons, die hier näher betrachtet und verglichen werden sollen. Im Folgenden wurden die Paragraphen unter besonderer Betrachtung der Arzneimitteldosierung und deren Verabreichungsform analysiert. Die Arzneimittelpotenzierung unterlag mehreren Änderungen sowie Erneuerungen. Vor allem in den beiden letzten Auflagen des Organons kam es zu essenziellen Dosierungsänderungen, die bis heute zu einer zum Teil unterschiedlichen Linie unter den Homöopathen geführt haben.
Inferior Turbinate Reduction during Rhinoplasty: Is There Any Effect on Rhinitis Symptoms?
Authors: Garcia João Pedro T. , Moura Bianca H. de , Rodrigues Vinícius H. , Vivan Manoela A. , Azevedo Simone M. de , Dolci José Eduardo L. , Migliavacca Raphaella , Lavinsky-Wolff Michelle 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Introduction Inferior turbinate surgery is often performed concomitantly with rhinoseptoplasty. As inferior turbinates play a major role in allergic rhinitis, it seems reasonable to suggest that inferior turbinate surgery reduces allergy.
Objective To assess the impact of nasal turbinate surgery on non-obstructive allergic symptoms (nasal discharge, sneezing, pruritus, and allergic conjunctivitis) and on the use of allergic medication in patients with allergic rhinitis undergoing rhinoseptoplasty.
Methods Secondary analysis of aggregated data from two randomized controlled trials. Participants with allergic rhinitis aged ≥ 16 years were recruited. Data from two groups were analyzed: patients with rhinoseptoplasty and concomitant turbinate reduction (intervention group) and patients with rhinoseptoplasty only (control group). The 90-day postoperative frequency of non-obstructive allergic symptoms and of nasal steroid and oral antihistamine use were analyzed.
Results A total of 100 patients were studied. The groups were similar in terms of allergic symptom intensity and mean age. The frequency of non-obstructive allergic symptoms decreased 90 days postoperative in both groups (p < 0.01). There was no difference between the groups in the frequency of non-obstructive allergic symptoms at 90 days (p = 0.835). Topical nasal steroid and oral histamine antagonist use decreased in the intervention group at 90 days (p < 0.05).
Conclusions Ninety days after the surgery, turbinate reduction performed in association with rhinoseptoplasty did not reduce the frequency of non-obstructive allergic symptoms more than rhinoplasty alone. However, the observed decrease in nasal steroid and oral antihistamine use suggests an impact of turbinate reduction on medication use in patients with allergic rhinitis undergoing rhinoseptoplasty.
Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov database (NCT01457638 and NCT02231216).
Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Nulliparous Participants Undergoing Labor Induction by Cervical Ripening Method
Authors: Andrikopoulou Maria , Bushman Elisa T. , Rice Madeline M. , Grobman William A. , Reddy Uma M. , Silver Robert M. , El-Sayed Yasser Y. , Rouse Dwight J. , Saade George R. , Thorp John M. , Chauhan Suneet P. , Costantine Maged M. , Chien Edward K. , Casey Brian M. , Srinivas Sindhu K. , Swamy Geeta K. , Simhan Hyagriv N. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network
Published: August 2021

Objective This study aimed to evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes by method of cervical ripening for labor induction among low-risk nulliparous individuals.Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized trial of labor induction at 39 weeks versus expectant management in low-risk nulliparous participants. Participants undergoing cervical ripening for labor induction in either group were included. Participants were excluded for preripening membrane rupture, abruption, chorioamnionitis, fetal demise, or cervical dilation ≥3.5 cm. Cervical ripening was defined by the initial method used: prostaglandin only (PGE; referent), Foley with concurrent prostaglandin (Foley-PGE), Foley only (Foley), and Foley with concurrent oxytocin (Foley-oxytocin). Coprimary outcomes were adverse maternal and neonatal composites. Secondary outcomes included cesarean delivery and length of labor and delivery (L&D) stay. Multivariable analysis was used to adjust for patient characteristics.Results Of 6,106 participants included in the trial, 2,376 (38.9%) met criteria for this analysis. Of these, 1,247 (52.4%) had cervical ripening with PGE, 290 (12.2%) had Foley-PGE, 385 (16.2%) had Foley, and 454 (19.1%) had Foley-oxytocin. The maternal composite outcome was similar among participants who received Foley-PGE (24.1%, adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96–1.52), Foley (21.3%, aRR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.92–1.45), or Foley-oxytocin (19.4%, aRR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.83–1.29), compared with PGE (19.7%). The neonatal composite outcome was less frequent in participants who received the Foley-PGE (2.4%, aRR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16–0.75) or Foley (3.6%, aRR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29–0.89) but did not reach statistical significance for participants who received Foley-oxytocin (4.6%, aRR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40–1.01) compared with PGE only (6.8%). Participants who received Foley-PGE or Foley-oxytocin had a shorter L&D stay (adjusted mean difference = −1.97 hours, 95% CI: −3.45 to −0.49 and −5.92 hours, 95% CI: −7.07 to −4.77, respectively), compared with PGE.Conclusion In term low-risk nulliparous participants, Foley alone or concurrent with PGE is associated with a lower risk of adverse neonatal outcomes than with PGE alone. Length of L&D stay was the shortest with concurrent Foley-oxytocin.Key Points
Declining hegemony and the sources of Trump’s disengagement from multilateral trade governance: the interaction between domestic politics and the international political economy
Authors: Poletti Arlo , Zambernardi Lorenzo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs a result of the economic and political rise of China and Trump’s decision to undermine the liberal international order, theories of hegemony have regained center stage in both policy-oriented and scholarly debates. Yet, a careful analysis of the evolution of the US foreign policy strategy in the realm of international trade politics reveals that traditional theories of hegemonic decline are ill-equipped to account for both the timing and the content of the Trump administration’s behavior in this issue area. This paper argues in favor of integrating structural theories of hegemonic transition/stability with an analysis of the domestic sources of trade policy preferences. To do so, we draw on the International Political Economy literature highlighting how the domestic political process triggered by the dynamics of international economic competition combined with structural forces in shaping the timing and content of the Trump administration’s disengagement from the existing multilateral trade governance structures.
Continuous, multidimensional coding of 3D complex tactile stimuli by primary sensory neurons of the vibrissal system
Authors: Bush Nicholas E. , Solla Sara A. , Hartmann Mitra J. Z. 
Published: August 2021

Significance
An animal’s primary sensory neurons (PSNs) translate information about the environment into neural signals that allow perception and action. While much is known about visual and auditory PSN responses to complex stimuli, somatosensory neurons have been characterized with simplified and repeatable stimuli. Thus, knowledge of somatosensory PSN representational capacity remains incomplete. We used the rodent whisker system to examine how tactile mechanical information is represented in PSNs of the trigeminal ganglion (Vg) when the whiskers receive complex three-dimensional stimulation. In contrast to proposed codes in which subpopulations of Vg neurons encode select stimulus features, our results show that individual Vg neurons represent multiple stimulus features in a tiled and continuous manner, thus encoding large regions of a complex sensory space.
Interpreting machine learning models to investigate circadian regulation and facilitate exploration of clock function
Authors: Gardiner Laura-Jayne , Rusholme-Pilcher Rachel , Colmer Josh , Rees Hannah , Crescente Juan Manuel , Carrieri Anna Paola , Duncan Susan , Pyzer-Knapp Edward O. , Krishna Ritesh , Hall Anthony 
Published: August 2021

Significance
The circadian clock is an internal molecular 24-h timer that is critical to life on Earth. We describe a series of artificial intelligence (AI)– and machine learning (ML)–based approaches that enable more cost-effective analysis and insight into circadian regulation and function. Throughout the manuscript, we illuminate what is inside the ML “black box” via explanation or interpretation of predictive ML models. Using this interpretation of our models, we derive biological insights into why a prediction was made, alongside accurate predictions. Most innovatively, we use only DNA sequence features for accurate circadian gene expression prediction. Using explainable AI, we define possible, responsible regulatory elements as we make these predictions; this critically requires no prior knowledge of regulatory elements.
A theory of direction selectivity for macaque primary visual cortex
Authors: Chariker Logan , Shapley Robert , Hawken Michael , Young Lai-Sang 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Motion perception is important for primates, and direction selectivity (DS), the ability to perceive the direction a target is moving, is an essential part of motion perception. Yet no satisfactory mechanistic explanation has been proposed for the origin of DS in the primate visual cortex up until now. In this paper, we hypothesize that DS is initiated in feed-forward LGN input as a result of the dynamic differences between the ON and OFF pathways. The mechanisms we propose are biology based, and our theory explains experimental data for all spatial and temporal frequencies in visual stimuli. Exploiting temporal biases in parallel pathways is relevant beyond visual neuroscience; similar ideas likely apply to other types of neural signal processing.
Rapid interrogation of cancer cell of origin through CRISPR editing
Authors: Feng Weiran , Cao Zhen , Lim Pei Xin , Zhao Huiyong , Luo Hanzhi , Mao Ninghui , Lee Young Sun , Rivera Aura Agudelo , Choi Danielle , Wu Chao , Han Teng , Romero Rodrigo , de Stanchina Elisa , Carver Brett S. , Wang Qiao , Jasin Maria , Sawyers Charles L. 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Modeling cancer formation requires introduction of relevant oncogenic perturbations into normal cells in a tissue/cell-type–specific manner. Genetically engineered mouse models are powerful but require significant time and cost to generate and maintain. The ability to edit primary epithelial cells ex vivo followed by orthotopic transplantation provides an alternative strategy for cancer modeling but requires efficient gene editing, typically in a multiplex fashion. Here we successfully engineer multigenic perturbations or chromosomal rearrangements in primary prostate organoids through single-step Cas9–sgRNA ribonucleoprotein electroporation. This approach can also address cell-of-origin questions by directly editing and transplanting freshly isolated subpopulations without the intermediate step of organoid culture, providing a rapid complement to traditional lineage tracing approaches.
Cunninghamella echinulata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sarbhoy A. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cunninghamella echinulata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On decaying flowers of
Cucurbita pepo
, dung and soil. DISEASE: Reported pathogenic to Spanish pumpkin (
Cucurbita maxima
) at Chandigarh and neighbouring villages in the Punjab, India by Grover (1965). Symptoms recognizable when the flowers begin to die off gradually. Diseased flowers do not open properly. Infected flowers are covered with the cottony mycelium of the pathogen and infected fruits may become detached from the plant and continue to rot on the soil. Leaves and stalks are also frequently infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide (mostly tropical countries). TRANSMISSION: Air borne; may survive in fragments of mummified pumpkin fruit up to 32 months.
Phytophthora cactorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora cactorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants embracing 54 families (particularly
Rosaceae
) and over 150 genera (Nienhaus, 1960; Rangaswami, 1962) including ash, beech, cherry, conifers, apple, pear, apricot, strawberry, cucurbits, eggplant, cacti, gooseberry, rhododendron, lilac, ginseng, rhubarb, avocado, birch, maple and oak. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings including ash, beech, cherry and conifers; fruit rot of apple, pear, apricot, strawberry (leather rot), cucurbits and eggplant; leaf and stem rot of cacti, gooseberry, rhododendron, lilac, ginseng and rhubarb; collar rot and crown rot of apple and other fruit trees stem canker of avocado, birch, maple and oak; root rots in general. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tempetate areas (CMI Map 280). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Widely distributed in soils of apple orchards affected with collar rot (35: 685; 37: 132). Strawberry fruit in unmulched beds and wind-fall apples and pears on the ground frequently become infected by contact with infested soil (4: 101; 35: 685) where the pathogen may occur to a depth of 50 cm and persist for as long as 15 yr. in ploughland previously under apple orchards (42: 75). This has been partially explained by the irregular germination of oospores which require a dormant period (Blackwell, 1943; Legge, 1952). Apple fruit and gooseberry shoot infection are most frequent on lower branches subject to rain-splash which carry zoospores (41: 49). Long periods of rain, heavy dews, fog and high soil moisture favour the spread of the pathogen (39: 250; 45, 2553; 22: 30-31; 42: 391).
Pythium deliense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston I. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pythium deliense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Hibiscus esculentus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum
and
Saccharum officinarum
. Also on
Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Datura fastuosa, Petunia
sp. and
Solanum melongena
on inoculation (Rangaswami, 1959; Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Causing damping-off of tomato seedlings, stem-burn of tobacco and fruit rot of okra. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Indonesia, Sumatra) and Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Guinea, Papua); North America (? United States); Central America & West Indies (? N˜caragua). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne.
Pythium myriotylum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pythium myriotylum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ananas comosus, Arachis hypogaea, Carica papaya, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis sativus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Medicago sativa, Nicotiana tabacum, Oryza sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Robinia pseudoacacia
,
Solanum melongena, Zingiber officinale
. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings including tobacco, black locust and watermelon; seedling root rot of lucerne, papaw and tomato; soft rot of ginger rhizomes and fruit rot of watermelon, cucumber and eggplant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common only in warm climates: Africa (Madagascar, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa); Asia (Ceylon, India, Sumatra); Australasia (Australia); North America (U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Incidence reported highest in virgin soil containing abundant decomposing organic matter (37: 244). Spread by aerial mycelium under conditions of high humidity (10: 210). Transport over long distances on ginger rhizomes has been reported (22: 197).
Phoma glomerata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Morgan-Jones G. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phoma glomerata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vitis vinifera
; also on
Citrus, Coniferae, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malluspumila, Solanum tuberosum
. DISEASE: Blight of vine flowers and grapes. Secondary invader causing rot of tomato, potato tubers and citrus. Causes leaf and fruit spot of apple and damping off of conifers. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan); Asia (India, Iraq); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy Netherlands, Yugoslavia); N. America (Canada, United States). (Literature and Herb. IMI) TRANSMISSION: Seed and soil borne. Also survival on glumes, fruit and plant debris. Dissemination by rain.
Phoma prunicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Morgan-Jones G. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phoma prunicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Malus
spp.,
Prunus
spp., and a variety of other substrates. DISEASE: Leaf spot of apple, pear and species of
Prunus
. Thought to be a secondary invader. Isolated from fruit rot of lemon (31: 487). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania); Asia (India, Israel); Australasia (Tasmania); Europe (Bulgaria, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, U.S.S.R.); N. America (United States). TRANSMISSION: Probably seed and soil borne. Dissemination by rain.
Septoria obesa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria obesa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Chrysanthemum arcticum, C. morifolium
. Also by inoculation on
Chrysanthemum azaleanum, C. cinerariaefolium, C. corymbosum, C. indicum, C. koreanum, C. nivellii, C. marshallii, C. parthenium, C. rubellum, C. segetum
(Punithalingam & Wheeler, 1965, Schneider, 1959). DISEASE: Brown spot of cultivated chrysanthemum (Hemmi & Nakamura, 1927). The first visible disease symptom is a small chlorotic area with a central necrotic spot that eventually enlarges to form brown or even black, circular to very irregular blotch-like lesions. These have indistinct margins and several of them may coalesce to occupy most of the leaf area. The disease is usually severe and in such cases the leaves turn yellow and subsequently wither. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Uganda, Zambia), Asia (Ceylon. Formosa. Japan); Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Norway) and U.S.A. TRANSMISSION: According to Dimock (22: 312) the spores of the pathogen are disseminated by splashed or wind blown water or by mechanical transfer on workmen's clothing, tools and the cloth covering plants when the foliage is wet. Also the spores are said to be splashed from leaves left on the ground up to a height of 8-16 inches. The pathogen overwinters in diseased leaves left in autumn. Waddel & Weber (1963) from their viability tests with buried infected leaves concluded that the pathogen overwinters in the soil from November to April.
Erysiphe heraclei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kapoor J. N. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erysiphe heraclei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On about 85 genera of the
Umbelliferae
(Hirata, 1966). DISEASES: Powdery mildew of carrot, fennel, parsley and other umbelliferous crops. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Morocco, Sudan, Tanzania, United Arab Republic (Egypt)); Asia (Afghanistan, Burma, India, Iran, IsraeL Japan, Turkey, U.S.S.R., W. Pakistan); Europe (widely distributed); South America; U.S.A. (Hirata, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Reported on carrot seed in Holland and India (43, 230; 2185c) and on parsley seed from Hungary (28: 510).