bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patchy nuclear chain reactions
Authors: Dumonteil Eric , Bahran Rian , Cutler Theresa , Dechenaux Benjamin , Grove Travis , Hutchinson Jesson , McKenzie George , McSpaden Alexander , Monange Wilfried , Nelson Mark , Thompson Nicholas , Zoia Andrea 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStochastic fluctuations of the neutron population within a nuclear reactor are typically prevented by operating the core at a sufficient power, since a deterministic (i.e., exactly predictable) behavior of the neutron population is required by automatic safety systems to detect unwanted power excursions. In order to characterize the reactor operating conditions at which the fluctuations vanish, an experiment was designed and took place in 2017 at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Reactor Critical Facility. This experiment however revealed persisting fluctuations and striking patchy spatial patterns in neutron spatial distributions. Here we report these experimental findings, interpret them by a stochastic modeling based on branching random walks, and extend them using a “numerical twin” of the reactor core. Consequences on nuclear safety will be discussed.
Merging timescale for the supermassive black hole binary in interacting galaxy NGC 6240
Authors: Sobolenko M. , Berczik P. , Spurzem R. 
Published: July 2021

Context. One of the mechanisms leading to the creation of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) is the so-called hierarchical merging scenario. Central SMBHs at the final phase of interacting and coalescing host-galaxies are observed as SMBH binary (SMBHB) candidates at different separations from hundreds of parsecs to megaparsecs.
Aims. Today one of the strongest SMBHB candidates is the ultraluminous infrared galaxy NGC 6240 which was spatially and spectroscopically resolved in X-rays by Chandra. Dynamical calculation of central SMBHBs merging in a dense stellar environment allows us to retrace their evolution from kiloparsec to megaparsec scales. The main goal of our dynamical modeling was to reach the final, gravitational wave emission regime for the model BHs.
Methods. We present direct N-body simulations with up to one million particles and relativistic post-Newtonian corrections for the SMBH particles up to 3.5 post-Newtonian terms.
Results. Generally speaking, the set of initial physical conditions can strongly affect our merging time estimations. However, within a certain range of our parameters, we do not find any strong correlation between merging time and BH-to-BH mass or BH-to-bulge mass ratios. Varying the numerical parameters (like particle number – N) does not significantly change the merging time limits. From our 20 models, we find an upper limit on the merging time for central SMBHBs of less than ∼55 Myr. This precise number is only valid for our combination of initial mass ratios.
Conclusions. Further detailed research of rare dual and multiple BHs in dense stellar environments (based on observational data) could clarify the dynamical co-evolution of central BHs and their host-galaxies.
Preparing for LSST data
Authors: Riccio G. , Małek K. , Nanni A. , Boquien M. , Buat V. , Burgarella D. , Donevski D. , Hamed M. , Hurley P. , Shirley R. , Pollo A. 
Published: July 2021

Aims.We study how the upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) data from theVera C. RubinObservatory can be employed to constrain the physical properties of normal star-forming galaxies (main-sequence galaxies). Because the majority of the observed LSST objects will have no auxiliary data, we use simulated LSST data and existing real observations to test the reliability of estimates of the physical properties of galaxies, such as their star formation rate (SFR), stellar mass (Mstar), and dust luminosity (Ldust). We focus on normal star-forming galaxies because they form the majority of the galaxy population in the universe and are therefore more likely to be observed with the LSST.Methods.We performed a simulation of LSST observations and uncertainties of 50 385 real galaxies within the redshift range 0 < z < 2.5. In order to achieve this goal, we used the unique multi-wavelength data from theHerschelExtragalactic Legacy Project (HELP) survey. Our analysis focused on two fields, ELAIS N1 and COSMOS. To obtain the physical properties of the galaxies, we fit their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using the Code Investigating GALaxy Emission. We simulated the LSST data by convolving the SEDs fitted by employing the multi-wavelength observations. We compared the main galaxy physical properties, such as SFR,Mstar, andLdustobtained from the fit of the observed multi-wavelength photometry of galaxies (from the UV to the far-IR) to those obtained from the simulated LSST optical measurements alone.Results.We present the catalogue of simulated LSST observations for 23 291 main-sequence galaxies in the ELAIS N1 field and for 9093 galaxies in the COSMOS field. It is available in the HELP virtual observatory. The stellar masses estimated based on the LSST measurements agree with the full UV to far-IR SED estimates because they mainly depend on the UV and optical emission, which is well covered by LSST in the considered redshift range. Instead, we obtain a clear overestimate of the dust-related properties (SFR,Ldust,Mstar) estimated with the LSST alone. They are highly correlated with redshift. We investigate the cause of this overestimate and conclude that it is related to an overestimate of the dust attenuation in both UV and near-IR. We find that it is necessary to employ auxiliary rest-frame mid-IR observations, simulated UV observations, or the far-UV attenuation (AFUV)-Mstarrelation to correct for the overestimate. We also deliver the correction formula log10(SFRLSST/SFRreal) = 0.26 ⋅ z2 − 0.94 ⋅ z + 0.87. It is based on the 32 384 MS galaxies detected withHerschel.
Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf Konsultationen & Diagnosen in den HNO-Praxen in Deutschland
Authors: Rohe Anna M. , Kostev Karel , Sesterhenn Andreas M. 
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Während der ersten Monate der COVID-19-Pandemie kam es zu einer deutlichen Reduktion in der Frequentierung der Institutionen im Gesundheitswesen. Dieser Umstand beeinflusste die rechtzeitige Diagnosestellung und subsequente Therapieeinleitung in nahezu sämtlichen Fachgebieten. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die Evaluation eines hypothetisch veränderten Gesundheitsbewusstseins in Bezug auf die ambulante Konsultation von HNO-Ärzten in Deutschland.
Material und Methoden Diese Studie nutzte die anonymisierten Daten aus 146 HNO-Praxen in Deutschland und umfasste 162724 Patienten im 2. Quartal 2019, 158077 im 3. Quartal 2019, 128342 im 2. Quartal 2020 und 149153 im 3. Quartal 2020. Das erste Outcome war der Unterschied in der Anzahl der Patienten mit mindestens einem Besuch in diesen Praxen zwischen dem zweiten und dritten Quartal 2019 und dem zweiten und dritten Quartal 2020. Das zweite Outcome war die Anzahl der Patienten mit neuen Diagnosen pro Praxis, definiert als Diagnosen, die zuvor nicht in der Datenbank für einen bestimmten Patienten dokumentiert waren.
Ergebnisse Die Anzahl der Patienten pro Praxis war im 2. Quartal 2020 im Vergleich zum 2. Quartal 2019 signifikant geringer (879 versus 1108; p<0,001). Beim Vergleich des 3. Quartals 2020 mit dem 3. Quartal 2019 zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede (1022 versus 1083; p=0,261). Diagnosen von Otitis media (-43%), akuten Infektionen der oberen Atemwege (-42%), chronischen Erkrankungen der oberen Atemwege (-21%) und Hörsturz (-20%) nahmen im 2. Quartal 2020 verglichen zum 2. Quartal 2019 signifikant ab. Im 3. Quartal 2020 gab es im Vergleich zum 3. Quartal 2019 darüber hinaus einen signifikanten Rückgang der Patientenzahlen für akute Infektionen der oberen Atemwege (-26%) und Otitis media (-25%).
Schlussfolgerungen Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse sind, neben einer Vermeidung von Arztkontakten vonseiten der PatientInnen, sowohl auf die reduzierte Terminvergabe durch die HNO-Praxen als auch auf die konsequente Einhaltung und Umsetzung der Abstands- bzw. Hygieneregeln im Sinne der Verwendung von Atemschutzmasken (FFP2/KN95) zurückzuführen.
Frequência do aparecimento de dedo em gatilho no pós-operatório da síndrome do túnel do carpo em duas técnicas cirúrgicas: Aberta e endoscópica
Authors: Fernandes Marcela , Belloti João Carlos , Okamura Aldo , Raduan Neto Jorge , Tajiri Rafael , Faloppa Flávio , Moraes Vinícius Ynoe de 
Published: July 2021

Resumo
Objetivo Determinar a frequência do aparecimento de dedo em gatilho (DG) no pós-operatório da síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) em duas técnicas: aberta (TA) e endoscópica (TE). Como desfecho secundário, comparar as taxas de remissão da parestesia e dor residual entre as duas técnicas.
Métodos De forma prospectiva, verificamos o aparecimento de dedo em gatilho e taxa de remissão da parestesia e dor no território do nervo mediano em série de pacientes adultos operados pela TA (n = 34). Comparamos com coorte retrospectiva operada pela TE (n = 33), pela mesma equipe de cirurgiões. A avaliação dos pacientes ocorreu por meio de questionário estruturado em consulta de retorno, com mínimo de 6 meses de pós-operatório.
Resultados Sessenta e sete pacientes foram avaliados. Não houve diferença quanto ao aparecimento de dedo em gatilho (TA, 26,5% versus TE, 27,3%; p = 0,94) e dor (TA, 76,5% versus TE, 84.8%; p = 0,38). Os pacientes operados pela TA apresentaram menos queixas de parestesia do que os operados pela TE (TA 5,9% versus TE 24,2%; p = 0,03).
Conclusões Em nossa série, a técnica cirúrgica não influenciou o aparecimento de dedos em gatilho e dor residual. Os pacientes operados pela técnica aberta apresentaram menos queixa de parestesia residual pós-operatória.
Preparing for the PICU: A Qualitative Study of Residents as They Prepare for Their First Pediatric Critical Care Rotation
Authors: Kopstick Avi J. , Sanders Benjamin Wilson , Yarris Lalena M. , Kelly Serena P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLearning critical care medicine in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) can be stressful. Through semistructured interviews (n = 16), this study explored the emotions, perceptions, and motivations of pediatric medicine (PM) and emergency medicine (EM) residents, as they prepared for their first PICU rotation. Qualitative data were collected and analyzed using the grounded theory method. Three resultant themes emerged: (1) residents entered the PICU with a range of intense emotions and heightened expectations; (2) they experienced prior history of psychologically traumatic learning events (adverse learning experiences or ALEs); and (3) informed by ALEs, residents prepared for their rotation by focusing heavily on their most basic level of physiological needs and adopting a survival mindset prior to the start of the rotation. These three themes led to a substantive, or working, theory that ALE-associated events may affect how residents approach upcoming learning opportunities. Consequently, adapting a trauma-informed approach as a component of medical education may improve resident learning experiences in the PICU and beyond.
An ion trap apparatus with high optical access in multiple directions
Authors: He Ran , Cui Jin-Ming , Li Rui-Rui , Qian Zhong-Hua , Chen Yan , Ai Ming-Zhong , Huang Yun-Feng , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can 
Published: July 2021

Optical controls provided by lasers are the most important and essential techniques in trapped ion and cold atom systems. It is crucial to increase the optical accessibility of the setup to enhance these optical capabilities. Here, we present the design and construction of a new segmented-blade ion trap integrated with a compact glass vacuum cell, in place of the conventional bulky metal vacuum chamber. The distance between the ion and four outside surfaces of the glass cell is 15 mm, which enables us to install four high-numerical-aperture (NA) lenses (with two NA ⩽ 0.32 lenses and two NA ⩽ 0.66 lenses) in two orthogonal transverse directions, while leaving enough space for laser beams in the oblique and longitudinal directions. The high optical accessibility in multiple directions allows the application of small laser spots for addressable Raman operations, programmable optical tweezer arrays, and efficient fluorescence collection simultaneously. We have successfully loaded and cooled a string of 174Yb+ and 171Yb+ ions in the trap, which verifies the trapping stability. This compact high-optical-access trap setup not only can be used as an extendable module for quantum information processing but also facilitates experimental studies on quantum chemistry in a cold hybrid ion-atom system.
Multimodal FACED imaging for large-scale single-cell morphological profiling
Authors: Yip Gwinky G. K. , Lo Michelle C. K. , Yan Wenwei , Lee Kelvin C. M. , Lai Queenie T. K. , Wong Kenneth K. Y. , Tsia Kevin K. 
Published: July 2021

Free-space angular-chirp-enhanced delay (FACED) is an ultrafast laser-scanning technique that allows for high imaging speed at the scale orders of magnitude greater than the current technologies. However, this speed advantage has only been restricted to bright-field and fluorescence imaging—limiting the variety of image contents and hindering its applicability in image-based bioassay, which increasingly demands rich phenotypic readout at a large scale. Here, we present a new high-speed quantitative phase imaging (QPI) based on time-interleaved phase-gradient FACED image detection. We further integrate this system with a microfluidic flow cytometer platform that enables synchronized and co-registered single-cell QPI and fluorescence imaging at an imaging throughput of 77 000 cells/s with sub-cellular resolution. Combined with deep learning, this platform empowers comprehensive image-based profiling of single-cell biophysical phenotypes that can offer not only sufficient label-free power for cell-type classification but also cell-cycle phase tracking with high accuracy comparable to the gold-standard fluorescence method. This platform further enables correlative, compartment-specific single-cell analysis of the spatially resolved biophysical profiles at the throughput inaccessible with existing QPI methods. The high imaging throughput and content given by this multimodal FACED imaging system could open new opportunities in image-based single-cell analysis, especially systematic analysis that correlates the biophysical and biochemical information of cells, and provide new mechanistic insights into biophysical heterogeneities in many biological processes.
Large core multimode fiber with high bandwidth and high connector tolerance for broadband short distance communications
Authors: Li Kangmei , Chen Xin , Zakharian Aramais R. , Hurley Jason E. , Stone Jeffery S. , Li Ming-Jun 
Published: July 2021

We propose a large core multimode fiber with 100-µm core diameter for short distance communication that is compatible with existing transceivers designed for 50-µm diameter core multimode fibers. The fiber exhibits a bandwidth that is over four times higher than the 50-µm OM4 fiber, low bending loss, and large connector offset tolerance. We have studied the bandwidth capability through both detailed modeling and experiments. A prototype fiber was fabricated, and it achieves 24 GHz km peak modal bandwidth in the 850 nm window, and the wavelength window with bandwidth above 5 GHz km is more than 100 nm. The bending losses of the fiber measured at 850 and 1300 nm with an encircled flux launch condition exceed the requirements for bending insensitive multimode fibers. The fiber has much higher connector offset tolerance compared to conventional 50-µm diameter core fibers as has been exhibited by modeling and experimental study. The additional loss caused by up to 10-µm connector offset is only 0.3 dB. Transmission experiments using 25 G SR and 100 G shortwave wavelength division multiplexing transceivers over such a fiber show error-free performance over 500 and 300 m, respectively. The proposed large core multimode fiber can address versatile needs in short distance communication including the bandwidth for high data rate transmission and a wide wavelength window for wavelength multiplexed transmission. The large connector tolerance and low bending loss can also enable low cost, compact connectivity solutions with passive alignment and ease of handling.
Breakthrough instruments and products: Scientific imaging in the short-wave infrared with the NIRvana family of SWIR cameras
Authors: Keal Louis 
Published: July 2021

The Short-Wave Infrared Range (SWIR) from 900 to 1700 nm offers many unique opportunities for discovery in scientific imaging. However, the indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) cameras capable of detecting this wavelength range typically suffer from excessive noise and image artifacts, making scientific imaging challenging. The NIRvana family of InGaAs cameras from Teledyne Princeton Instruments offer “SWIR for Science,” through cutting-edge sensor cooling, thermal management, sensor shielding, and image corrections.
Spectral expansions of open and dispersive optical systems: Gaussian regularization and convergence
Authors: Stout B , Colom R , Bonod N , McPhedran R C 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Resonant states (RS), also known as quasi-normal modes, arise in spectral expansions of linear response functions of open systems. Manipulation of these spatially ‘divergent’ oscillating functions requires a departure from the usual definitions of inner product, normalization and orthogonality typical in the studies of closed systems. A multipolar Gaussian regularization method for RS inner products is introduced in the context of light scattering and shown to provide analytical results for the crucial RS inner product integrals in the problematic region exterior to the scattering system. We detail the applicability of this method to arbitrary scattering geometries while providing semi-analytic benchmark results for spherical scatterers. This formulation is then used to highlight the lack of ‘convergence’ in directly truncated RS spectral expansions and the necessity of adding non-resonant contributions to the RS spectral expansions. Solutions to these difficulties are illustrated in the case of dispersive media spheres, but these methods should prove generalizable to arbitrary RS spectral expansions.
Geospatial assessment of the economic opportunity for reforestation in Maryland, USA
Authors: Lamb Rachel L , Ma Lei , Sahajpal Ritvik , Edmonds Jae , Hultman Nathan E , Dubayah Ralph O , Kennedy Jennifer , Hurtt George C 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Afforestation and reforestation have the potential to provide effective climate mitigation through forest carbon sequestration. Strategic reforestation activities, which account for both carbon sequestration potential (CSP) and economic opportunity, can provide attractive options for policymakers who must manage competing social and environmental goals. In particular, forest carbon pricing can incentivize reforestation on private land, but this may require landholders to forego other profits. Here, we utilize an ambitious geospatial approach to quantify economic opportunities for reforestation in the state of Maryland (USA) based on high-resolution remoting sensing, ecosystem modeling, and economic analysis. Our results identify spatially-explicit areas of economic opportunity where the potential revenue from forest carbon outcompetes the expected profit of existing cropland at the hectare scale. Specifically, we find that under a baseline economic scenario of $20 per ton of carbon (5% rental rate) and decadal average crop profitability, a transition to forest on agricultural land would be more profitable than 23.2% of cropland in Maryland under a 20 year land-use commitment. Accounting for variations in carbon and crop pricing, 5.5%–55.4% of cropland would be immediately outcompeted by expected forest carbon revenue, with the potential for an additional 0.5%–10.6% of outcompeted cropland within 20 years. Under the baseline economic scenario, an annual allocation of $5.8 million towards a carbon rental program could protect 6.93 Tg C (3.4% of the state’s total remaining CSP) on reforested croplands. This moderate yearly cost is equal to 9.7% of Maryland’s average annual auction proceeds from participation in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (between 2014 and 2018), and 19.3% of the average annual subsidy payments for corn, soy, and wheat allocated over the same period. This methodological approach may be useful for state governments, not-for-profit organizations, or regional climate initiatives interested in identifying strategic areas for reforestation.
Spatial clustering of hazardous waste, water, air violations in the US
Authors: Hui Iris , Coyle John , Ryzhik Abraham 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We examine spatial patterns of three types of Environmental Protection Agency violation, hazardous waste, water, and air quality, at the facility level. Since facilities operate independently, our null hypothesis is that their violations should be spatially randomly distributed. That is, we do not expect to observe spatial clusters of violations. In addition, systemic factors such as socio-demographic characteristics as well as environmental justice indices should not correlate with violations. Empirically, we find both hypotheses are refuted. Our findings confirm that environmental inequalities have been exacerbated by underlying social vulnerabilities, particularly in the case of Native Indian territories, which consistently show a disproportionately high number of environmental violations. We identify ‘hot spots’, spatial clusters where the number of violations is higher than expected in such a way that cannot be explained by socio-demographic or environmental factors. These hot spots call for local case studies to further investigate causes of spatial clustering of violations.
Faults Diagnosis of BLDC Motors Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Hussain Hager Ali , Hussain Ali Nasser , Abed Wathiq Rafia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Recently, brushless DC motor (BLDC) has been implemented in many applications, especially critical applications. Due to many reasons, BLDC motor subjects to many types of faults including electrical and mechanical faults, therefore detect and diagnosis faults is very important in order to keep safety to the motor also reduce cost and maintenance. In this paper, an approach has been presented to diagnose the stator winding faults, control circuit switches fault and bearing faults. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been applied to diagnose faults at different operation conditions. The simulation result shows the ability of the proposed technique to diagnose faults with high accuracy.
Simulink Implementation of Voltage Stability Improvements Using STATCOM based 5-level Diode Clamped Converter
Authors: Hassan Prof. Dr. Raa , Shyaa Suha Sabah 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a STATCOM based on Five-level Diode Clamped Multilevel Converter is used to maintain the bus voltage at specific bus bar in a suggested grid under various abnormal conditions like 2-phase to ground fault, load disturbance and source disturbance. The suggested grid consists of a single machine, transmission line and loads. The compensation procedure is carried out and compared between the two suggested control methods, the first method was the traditional control method using Phase Shifted-PWM controller which is used to improve the voltage profile. The Second one was the Finite Set-Model Predictive Controller for improving the voltage profile. The simulation results show that the two methods provided significant improvements of the bus voltage profile. Moreover, the improvement of voltage profile using FS-MPC method is less over shoot and attains a steady state better than the conventional PS-PWM when the system is subjected under many disturbances. The results of the harmonic effect show low values of total harmonic distortion (THD) of supply voltage and current.