bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sejarah Perkembangan Perseroan Terbatas di Indonesia
Authors: Syahrullah  , Nasrullah  
Published: March 2021

Sejarah hukum merupakan salah satu bidang studi hukum yang mempelajari perkembangan asal usul sistem hukum dalam suatu masyarakat tertentu. Studi mengenai sejarah hukum ini akan menghasilkan keuntungan, seperti juga mempelajari sejarah pada umunya. Salah satu dari keuntungan terebut adalah pengetahuan kita mengenai suatu sistem atau lembaga atau pengaturan hukum tertentu menjadi lebih mendalam dan diperkaya.
Salah satu obyek kajian sejarah hukum, yang menarik perhatian adalah Perseroan terbatas. Perseroan Terbatas (disingkat: PT) bagi Indonesia, merupakan salah satu sarana penunjang dalam pembangunan ekonomi.
Perseroan terbatas (PT) adalah suatu badan hukum untuk menjalankan usaha yang memiliki modal terdiri dari saham-saham, yang pemiliknya memiliki bagian sebanyak saham yang dimilikinya. Karena modalnya terdiri dari saham-saham yang dapat diperjual belikan, perubahan kepemilikan perusahaan dapat dilakukan tanpa perlu membubarkan perusahaan. Kata perseroan dalam pengertian umum adalah perusahaan atau organisasi usaha. Sedangkan perseroan terbatas adalah salah satu bentuk organisasi usaha atau badan usaha yang ada dan dikenal dalam system dagang Indonesia
Sosialisasi Pencegahan Penyebaran Covid-19 dan Urgensi Pendidikan Moderasi Beragama
Authors: Hamid Abdul , Nasikhuddin Mohammad , Usriyah Lailatul 
Published: March 2021

This covid prevention socialization was carried out to increase public awareness that the dangers of Covid 19. Coronavirus (Covid) 19 is a large family of viruses that cause infections in the respiratory tract. Initially, Covid 19 appeared in Wuhan China in December 2019. The first time the Covid 19 virus case in Indonesia occurred on March 22, 2020, after Covid 19 entered Indonesia, all activities that are usually carried out by Indonesians changed drastically, all activities that were usually carried out outside the home must be done at home online. The spread of covid 19 is through interactions with people exposed to Covid 19, then that person carries out activities that do not clean themselves, so the chain of the spread of Covid 19 will continue. Therefore, the author's socialization of covid prevention is done either online through social media or directly in the community, especially in the Kaliwates sub-district, Jember Regency. In a pandemic condition, religious moderation education must also be provided in order to filter the knowledge obtained online in order to know which is in accordance with the teachings of moderate Islam and which is not.
Keywords: Covid-19 Prevention, Religious Moderation, Citizen's Awareness.

Abstrak
Sosialisasi pencegahan covid ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keadaran masyarakat bahwa bahayanya covid 19. Corona virus atau covid 19 merupakan keluarga besar virus yang menyebabkan infeksi disaluran pernapasan. Awalnya covid 19 muncul di Wuhan Cina pada Desember 2019. Awal kali kasus virus covid 19 di Indonesia terjadi pada tanggal 22 maret 2020, setelah covid 19 masuk ke Indonesia seluruh kegiatan yang biasa dilakukan warga Indonesia menjadi berubah drastis, semua kegiatan yang biasaya dilakukan di luar rumah haru dikerjakan di rumah secara online. Penyebaran covid 19 ini melalui interaksi yang dilakukan dengan orang terpapar covid 19 kemudian orang itu melakukan kegiatan yang tanpa membersihkan diri, maka mata rantai penyebaran covid 19 akan teus berlanjut. Oleh karena itu, sosialisasi pencegahan covid penulis lakukan baik secara online melalui media sosial ataupun terjun langsung di masyarakat khususnya di Kecamtan Kaliwates, Kabupaten Jember. Dalam kondisi pandemi pendidikan moderasi beragama juga harus diberikan guna untuk menyaring pengetahuan yang didapat dari online agar tahu mana yang sesuai dengan ajaran agama Islam yang moderat dan mana yang bukan.
Kata Kunci: Pencegahan Covid-19, Moderasi Agama, Kesadaran Masyarakat.
Filozofia i sztuka u Nietzschego (Nietzsche's Concept of Art and Philosophy)
Authors: Fudali Paweł 
Published: March 2021

Nietzsche, more than any other philosopher of the past hundred years, represents a major historical event. His ideas are of concern not only to the members of one nation or community, nor alone to philosophers, but to men everywhere, and they have had repercussions in recent history and literature as well as in religious thought. The book by Henryk Benisz sets Nietzsche understanding of art-as-philosophy against philosophy-without-art.
Roman Darowski. Filozofia człowieka. Zarys problematyki [Philosophie de l'homme. Esquisse de la problématique]
Authors: Radecki Damian 
Published: March 2021

L'auteur de ce livre est depuis longtemps professeur de philosophie de l'homme a la Faculte de Philosophie de la Compagnie de Jesus a Cracovie. II a publie notamment deux ouvrages collectifs sur ce sujet: Czlowiek i swiat [L'homme et le monde], Cracovie 1972, et Człowiek - istnienie i działanie [L'homme - son existence et son agir], Cracovie 1974. Apres l'Avant-propos et la Bibliographie, ce livre contient 3 parties inegales: 1) Questions preliminaires; 2) L'histoire de la philosophie de l'homme; 3) Principaux problemes de la philosophie de l'homme.
Jerzego Gengell SJ (1657-1727) rozprawa o nieśmiertelności ludzkiej duszy
Authors: Bargieł Franciszek 
Published: March 2021

Jerzy Gengell jest jednym z najwybitniejszych i chyba najpłodniejszym wśród jezuickich pisarzy w I połowie XVIII w. Jego drukowana spuścizna liczy 18 poważniejszych pozycji, jak to podaje jego biograf w Polskim Słowniku Biograficznym (VII, 1948-58, s. 385), ks. Jan Poplatek SJ; on tez pierwszy spośród polskich teologów katolickich w sposób najwszechstronniejszy, systematyczny i pogłębiony podjął zagadnienie ateizmu, a na jego tle kwestię kartezjanizmu i płynących z jego ideowych założeń i zasad konsekwencji logicznych, niebezpiecznych dla chrześcijańskiej wiary, teologii i filozofii, by na te zagrożenia odpowiedzieć w sposób naukowy, a swoich czytelników na nie uwrażliwić. Stąd charakter polemiczno-apologetyczny większości jego dzieł, w których zwalcza również inne ówczesne - jego zdaniem błędne – doktryny religijne: luteranizm, kalwinizm, zwinglianizm, jansenizm itp.
Is Science Eliminating Ordinary Talk?
Authors: Caruana Louis 
Published: March 2021

Discussions dealing with natural science, philosophy and common sense are bound to draw on long-standing debates dealing with realism, methodology of science, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, epistemology, theories of meaning, and other topics. Instead of presenting a broad overview of these main trends, which will necessarily be superficial, I will do a kind of case study. The aim is to present just one particular debate which is of relevance to current research. The presentation is meant to give a taste of how these various long-standing debates are brought to bear on a specific issue. In this way, the very practice of engaging in a particular area of philosophy of science will serve as a platform from where the major areas can be seen in actual operation. The paper has four sections: the nature of ordinary talk; the ontological implications of this; the recently proposed account of the mental; an evaluation.
Roman Darowski. Studia z filozofii jezuitów w Polsce w XVII i XVIII wieku [Études sur la philosophie des jésuites en Pologne au XVIIᵉ et XVIIᵉ siècle]
Authors: Radecki Damian 
Published: March 2021

C'est une edition corrigee et augmentee des articles de Darowski, publies precedement - a partir de 1978 - dans differentes revues. Ils concernent tous la Philosophie des jesuites en Pologne et en Lituanie au XVIIe et XVIIIe siecle. Les resumes ou summaria (en latin) se trouvent a la fin de chaque chapitre. A la fin du livre, l'Auteur a ajoute quelques reflexions methodologiques et historiques sur l'art d'ecrire la philosophie des jesuites en Pologne du XVIe au XVIIIe siecle, ainsi que la bibliographie recente de la philosophie des jesuites de la meme epoque.
Probleme der erkenntnistheoretischen Tradition
Authors: Schöndorf Harald 
Published: March 2021

Man betreibt heutzutage nicht selten Wissenschaftstheorie, ohne sich zuerst über die allgemeinen erkenntnistheoretischen Grundlagen im klaren zu sein. Man meint, man könne durch die Analyse der Wissenschaft auch die Erkenntnis als solche besser begreifen. Dahinter steht der klassische Gedanke, daß die wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis die genauere und darum auch bessere und einzig wahre Erkenntnis ist, die
als Maßstab für alle andere Erkenntnis dienen sollte. Husserl, Heidegger, Wittgenstein, aber auch Denker wie Thomas Kuhn haben gezeigt, daß die Wissenschaft - zumindest in ihrer modernen Form nicht einfachhin die bessere Erkenntnis darstellt, sondern eine ganz bestimmte Form der Abstraktion und der Formalisierung, die keineswegs in jeder Hinsicht die „bessere" und „richtigere" Erkenntnis gegenüber der Alltagserkenntnis darstellt. Für Aristoteles war die wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis zugleich eine Wesenserkenntnis, und aus diesem Grund war sie besser als die alltägliche Erkenntnis. Für die neuzeitliche Wissenschaft gilt dies nicht mehr. Denn sie interessiert sich nicht für das Wesen der Dinge, sondern will Prozesse erklären.
Substance and Cognition of Biological Phenomena
Authors: Lenartowicz Piotr 
Published: March 2021

Biologists are not used to the term „substance". They prefer to say „a living being", „an organism", a „specimen of species Homo sapiens'' - for instance. Chemists, on the other hand, when they say „this is a new substance" they usually mean the same Aristotle would mean - I think. The chemical meaning of the term „substance" is closest to the one I am going to discuss in this paper. To know a substance, one has to accumulate and store a multitude of different forms of evidence concerning this „natural behavior". So that concept of the „nature" of a given chemical substance is necessarily very complex and it cannot result from a single sensation, or a momentary observation
Freedom and Types of its Deformation
Authors: Kowalczyk Stanisław 
Published: March 2021

Freedom appears in the very centre of human existence: it constitutes its „heart", sanctuary, indispensible source of dignity, and mystery. Freedom makes man, homo sapiens, both a subject and a person. The history of humankind is a history of an unceasing struggle to conquer and widen the borders of its freedom, although often it is also a history of the betrayal of freedom, of enslaving others, or of an escape from freedom^. Freedom is a foundation of man's activity, determining its purposefulness. It offers man a possibility of self-determination, internal development, though also of self-destruction. There are three main types of freedom: personalistic, individualistic and collectivistic.
L'apporto di K. Wojtyła agli studi sulla moderna antropologia filosofica
Authors: Koperek Jerzy 
Published: March 2021

Lo studio che presentiamo si muove nell'ambito personaHstico e piu particolarmente nel'ambito del personalismo sviluppato in Polonia sulla base dell'influsso che ha avuto J . Maritain. Come accenna R. Buttiglione, in Polonia si ritrovano due correnti principali del tomismo rinnovato sulla base dell'influsso del personalismo: la prima e la corrente del tomismo tradizionale e la seconda e la corrente del tomismo esistenziale. Il piu eminente rappresentante della prima corrente e M. A. Krąpiec che sviluppa il concetto del tomismo tradizionale, chiamato da R. Buttiglione
il tomismo trascendentale. Secondo R. Buttiglione questa sarebbe l'ala piu conservatrice del rinnovamento tomistico in Polonia. Invece il rappresentante piu eminente della seconda corrente piu progressista nello sviluppo tomistico in Polonia era K. Wojtyla, l'attuale Sommo Pontefice Giovanni Paolo II. Questa corrente che sviluppava il tomismo esistenziale, si caratterizzava per la possibilita di rinnovare il tomismo o il personalismo tomista con le filosofie moderne e particolarmente con la fenomenologia.
On the descriptive terminology of the information transfer between organisms
Authors: Koszteyn Jolanta , Lenartowicz Piotr 
Published: March 2021

Information transfer implies two independent beings (a sender and a receiver) and two distinct, although closely tied levels of reality (the level of a message and the level of its production). In other words the „information transfer" is a multi-layer reality. The investigation of the „causal" mechanisms presupposes a proper description of the phenomenal effects. It is the phenomenal sphere of the directly observable events which provokes - in our mind - the questions driving the effort to explore the „mechanisms". It is absolutely crucial, therefore, to approach the process of description with the sufficiently unbiased means. A premature narrowing on the descriptive level may fatally affect our „explanatory" ideas on the underlying mechanisms. For instance, in the realm of „information theories" there is a deeply rooted, but not too reliable conviction, that the descriptive means, used in the process of the construction and utilization of some technical devices, give us a fair
chance to describe the „Information transfer" within or between the living creatures.
II concetto della persona umana nell'ambito del personalismo di Karol Wojtyła
Authors: Koperek Jerzy 
Published: March 2021

II concetto della persona umana secondo Karol Wojtyła si deve vedere sullo sfondo della moderna antropologia filosofica, la cui nota caratteristica e di considerare l'uomo come unita corporale-spirituale, contrariamente alla concezione tradizionale - come essere composto di anima e di corpo. Da questo risulta che l'accento si sposta dalle concezioni dualistiche dell'uomo alle concezioni unitarie. In questa concezione non si livella la differenza tra l'anima e il corpo, ma solo si presenta in altro modo il rapporto tra loro.
La méthodologie des analyses de l'expérience de Dieu dans la nouvelle phénoménologie d'Emmanuel Lévinas
Authors: Jarnuszkiewicz Antoni 
Published: March 2021

Dans ce commentaire, je voudrais me referer a la solution fondamentale metodologique que propose Levinas dans ses analyses de l'experience de Dieu. La philosophie de Levinas, φιλοσοφία πρώτη, est avant tout une philosophie premiere, donc la metaphysique ; elle n'est ni l'anthropologie ni la theologie naturelle, sinon la metaphysique de l'intention. C'est pour cela quo Jean Lacroix a appele Levinas dans „Le personnalisme comme anti-ideologie" (Paris 1972) „le plus grand metaphysicien vivant de l'inspiration personnaliste". Aujourd'hui, apres la mort de Levinas survenue a Noel 1995, tout le contenu de cette opinion roste actuelle, sauf quo Levinas ne seit plus contemporain. Neanmoins, il nous est proche, comme l'a suggere J. Derrida conformement a la definition de la proximite, faite par Levinas memo, comme „a-Dieu".
Faith and Science. A Common Responsibility for Human Dignity
Authors: Kolvenbach Peter-Hans 
Published: March 2021

I should first of all like to greet His Excellency Msgr Josip Bozanic, Archbishop of Zagreb, His Excellency Msgr Giulio Einaudi, Apostolic Nuncio in Croatia, Their Lordships the Bishops, the authorities both civil and academic, the teaching and non-teaching staff, the students, my fellow Jesuits, and all the colleagues and friends present at this solemn opening of the new Chair in the Faculty of Philosophy and of Theological Study of the Society of Jesus at Zagreb. I thank heartily all those who have in any way helped to bring this project to completion. I hope that it will enable us to render a valuable service to the Church in Croatia and to the culture of the Croatian people, a service that the Society of Jesus has held dear from its very beginning, striving to contribute, through its intellectual endeavours, to the understanding of the work of creation.
Benedictus Dobszewicz SJ (1722-c. 1794) eiusque partes in philosophia Societatis Jesu in Polonia saeculo XVIII renovanda
Authors: Bargieł Franciszek 
Published: March 2021

Sub hoc titulo, sed lingua polonica expresso, dissertatio 57 paginarum publicata est a Facultate Philosophica SJ Cracoviae anno 1980 in opere collective: Studia z historii filozofii [Studia de historia philosophiae], cuius hic et nunc breve summarium pro „Foro Philosophico" eiusdem Facultatis periodico proponitur. En huius studii contentum: 1) Informationes bibliographicae; 2) Brevis biographia Auctoris; 3) Relatio de eins doctrina philosophica: logica, metaphysica et physica; 4) Animadversiones generales.
Andrzej Walicki. Polskie zmagania z wolnością [Polish Troubles in Freedom]
Authors: Obirek Stanisław 
Published: March 2021

Profesor Andrzej Walicki, born in 1930, is a historian of philosophy and social thought connected with the so called „Warsaw School of the History of Ideas" prevalent during the 1960s. His field of specialization is the history of Russian and Polish thought and also that of Marxist philosophy. Until 1981, he was professor at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology PAN (Polish Academy of Science). During the time of martial law, Walicki was in Australia as a visiting professor of the Australian National University of Canberra. In 1986, he started working at the University of Notre Dame in the USA as chief of the chair of the history of ideas, where he continued to work until 1999, the vear of his retirement.
Adalbertus (Wojciech) Tylkowski SJ (1624-1695) eiusque „philosophia curiosa" (1669)
Authors: Bargieł Franciszek 
Published: March 2021

Vir iste, de quo est sermo, nostro etiam tempore mentione dignus videtur qua insignis sui temporis
testis, plurimorum diversissimi argumenti operum scriptor (de theologia, philosophia, physico-mathematicis scientiis, ascesi, devotione, educatione, homiletica iureque canonico) plurimis in locis non solum in
Poloniae finibus, verum et apud exteras impressorum nationes (Augsburg, Braunsberg-Braniewo, Frankfurt, Gdahsk-Oliwa, Graz, Heiligenstadt, Kalisz, Kraköw, Konstanz, Kosnitz, Lublin, Lwöw, Nysa, Przemyśl, Regensburg, Trnava (Tyrnava), Ulm, Warszawa, Wien, Vilna-Wilno-Vilnius, Wroclaw, Würzburg). Homo igitur valde studiosus ac eruditissimus fuit, multarum linguarum gnarus ac polyhistor, textus suos lingua latina ac vulgari-polona conficiens, cuius nomen in culturae
intellectualis (Polonae ac Europaeae) historia perenniter inscriptum est nec de ea deleri debeat.
System wartości Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Gęsiak Leszek 
Published: March 2021

Unia Europejska jest nową, dynamicznie rozwijającą się na naszych oczach rzeczywistością. Jej historia, pomimo niewielu lat istnienia, jest bogata i bardzo złożona, tak jak i cała struktura Unii. Nie ulega jednak wątpliwości, że jednym z najważniejszych elementów, które zdecydowały o tym, by ideę jednoczenia się naszego kontynentu próbować przełożyć na konkretne dokonania, były europejskie doświadczenia, wpisane na karty historii, szczególnie najnowszej historii XX stulecia, poranionej dwoma wojnami światowymi, niezliczonymi konfliktami i dramatami kulturowymi, etnicznymi, narodowościowymi.
Tadeusz Ślipko. Zarys etyki ogólnej [Outline of General Ethics]
Authors: Biesaga Tadeusz 
Published: March 2021

This is a new edition of the manual published in 1974 and 1984. Compared with those earlier editions it is revised, enlarged and more precise in its argumentation. In its beginnings the manual aimed at meeting the didactic needs to present students of the Faculty of Christian Philosophy at the ATK (Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw) a complete handling of Christian ethics. The author, who wrote his manual in difficult times of communist ideology, decided to include in one work, besides a positive exposition of Christian ethics, a critical discussion with other ethical systems as well as his own explicit theory on Augustinian and Thomistic ethics, which he endeavoured to develop. Thus the work interlocked the didactic objectives and the process of growth and justification of the Author's views (R. Darowski SJ, Filozofia Jezuitów w Polsce w XX wieku (Jesuits' Philosophy in Poland in the 20th century), Krakow 2001, p. 308).
Józef Bremer. Ludwig Wittgenstein a Religia - Wprowadzenie [Ludwig Wittgenstein and Religion - Introduction]
Authors: Wawrzyniak Jan 
Published: March 2021

Józef Bremer's book, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Religion, is the first extensive Polish commentary on Wittgenstein's philosophy of religion and is worth reading even if for no other reason. As author suggests in the subtitle, the book is not intended for specialists. However, it is difficult to understand the arguments without a general knowledge of Wittgenstein's philosophy. It has a loose structure and can be regarded as a collection of essays preceded by a chapter
introducing the problems of Wittgenstein's philosophy. The task which the author has undertaken is very ambitious, because even a sketchy presentation and interpretation of Wittgenstein's remarks on religion is difficult - precisely
because it is sketchy. There are several reasons for this. First, understanding Wittgenstein's views concerning religion requires a perfect understanding of all aspects of his philosophy, since it is impossible to separate his considerations on religion from the rest of his investigations. Secondly, Wittgenstein's writings are full of ambiguous aphorisms and not always conclusive mini-dialogues, which is why there exist many alternative interpretations of his texts. Thirdly, only a few of his notes about religion have been published.
Actio immanens - a fundamental concept of biological investigation
Authors: Koszteyn Jolanta 
Published: March 2021

Actio immanens - as many other terms, coined by the Aristotelian-Thomist philosophical (A-T) tradition - is a biological concept par excellence. It was formed as a mental result of biological observation, on the strength of studies on living beings and so, refers to them first and foremost. During the last century, the term actio immanens gradually disappeared from philosophical encyclopedias and has totally vanished from the biological and philosophical language used to describe the dynamism of life. Moreover, if this term does appear at all, its meaning is rather vague. However, actio immanens belongs to the group of key concepts, without which it would seem not possible to properly describe, nor to properly understand biological phenomena.
The 'Meditational' Genre of Descartes' Meditations
Authors: Kureethadam Joshtrom Isaac 
Published: March 2021

In this paper, I reflect on Descartes' employment of the meditational genre in the weaving of the text of the Meditations. In the first part, the possible influences behind Descartes' choice of the meditational genre are examined. The second part of the paper attempts to spell out the significance of Descartes' use of the meditational form. The claim advanced here is that Descartes adopted this unique genre ultimately to further his radical philosophical project of a subject-centred theory of knowledge and a new metaphysical Weltbild, with the self (res cogitans) catapulted to the central stage and the physical world (res extensa) reduced to an object of the subject's act of representation.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR REGULATING THE STATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES IN THE SUBJECTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Валиева Елизавета Николаевна 
Published: March 2021

В статье рассматривается проблематика общественных финансов. Дано определение государственным финансовым ресурсам. Охарактеризован процесс развития межбюджетных отношений в РФ, в результате которого формировался институт регулирования финансовых ресурсов государства. Сформулированы предложения, направленные на совершенствование данного института.
The article deals with the problems of public finance. The definition of state financial resources is given. The process of development of interbudgetary relations in the Russian Federation, as a result of which the institution of regulation of financial resources of the state was formed, is characterized. Proposals are formulated aimed at improving this institution.