bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Source apportionment of ambient PM10−2.5 and PM2.5 for the Vaal Triangle, South Africa
Authors: Muyemeki Luckson , Burger Roelof , Piketh Stuart J. , Language Brigitte , Beukes Johan P. , Van Zyl Pieter G. 
Published: May 2021

The Vaal Triangle Airshed Priority Area (VTAPA), like other priority areas in South Africa, has an air pollution problem. Understanding the sources contributing to air pollution in this priority area will assist in the selection and implementation of appropriate control strategies. For this study, aerosol samples in the coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM2.5) fraction were collected at four sites in the VTAPA during summer/autumn, winter, and spring. The contributing sources were identified and characterised based on the elemental and ionic compositions obtained through X-ray fluorescence and ion chromatography analysis. The highest seasonal median concentrations of PM10-2.5 (116 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (88 μg/m3) were observed in Sharpeville during the winter. The lowest median concentrations of PM10-2.5 (25 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (18 μg/m3) were detected in Zamdela during the summer/autumn period. At all sites, there was a high abundance of crustal elements in PM10-2.5 and a dominance of coal and biomass combustion-related elements in PM2.5. The Positive Matrix Factorisation receptor model identified dust-related and secondary aerosols as the major contributing sources of PM10-2.5. PM2.5 contributions were predominantly from coal burning for Sebokeng and Sharpeville and from industry, wood and biomass burning, and secondary aerosols for Kliprivier and Zamdela. The results of this study identify the main sources contributing to particulate air pollution in the VTAPA and provide local authorities with valuable information for decision-making.Significance:

Dust, industry, domestic coal burning, vehicles, and wood and biomass combustion are the key sources of particulate air pollution in the VTAPA that need to be prioritised by decision-makers.
Although Sebokeng and Sharpeville are located within the vicinity of industries, domestic coal burning has a greater contribution to particulate loading at these sites.
Results from this study will assist in the design of local municipality air quality management plans for the VTAPA.
Riscos biomecânicos e ocupacionais em uma central de materiais e esterilização
Authors: Iskandar Jihad Ali Ibrahim , Muzeka Ana Luiza Pedrini , Haus Cecília Motter , De Melo Felipe Afonso Ramos Pereira , Motter Arlete Ana 
Published: May 2021

INTRODUÇÃO: Os profissionais que atuam na central de material e esterilização (CME) possuem a função de recepcionar, limpar, esterilizar, embalar e armazenar utensílios utilizados em cirurgias no hospital. Trata-se assim, de uma profissão de grande exigência física e mental, com alta carga de trabalho e estresse. OBJETIVO: analisar os riscos biomecânicos e os sintomas osteomioarticulares de servidores da CME de um complexo hospitalar público. Materiais e MÉTODOS: um estudo observacional, prospectivo que foi desenvolvido em um hospital público do sul do país. Participaram 20 profissionais, tais como auxiliares, técnicos e enfermeiros. Os critérios de inclusão foram que o indivíduo atuasse na CME, ser auxiliar, técnico ou enfermeiro da CME ao menos a 6 meses, idade igual ou maior que 18 anos, de ambos os sexos e exercer qualquer função. Os critérios de exclusão, foram estar em período de férias ou licença saúde/capacitação no período de coleta de dados, trabalhar no setor a menos de 6 meses. Instrumentos de coleta: questionário sociodemográfico, internacional de atividade física (IPAQ) - versão curta e o Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares. Resultados: Verificou-se que 85% dos profissionais são do sexo feminino; a idade média foi de 47 anos; 70% são auxiliares de enfermagem; 85% dos profissionais possuem filhos; 35% apresentaram dores em pescoço, punhos/mãos e quadril/coxas; 85% sentem dores de cabeça recorrentes; 50% já sofreram algum acidente de trabalho, sendo 80% com perfurocortantes. CONCLUSÃO: conclui-se que os servidores de CME tem riscos biomecânicos e ocupacionais, medidas preventivas devem ser adotadas para minimizar riscos à saúde física e mental dos mesmos.
Some Aspects of Implementation of the Principle of Integrity in Consumer Lending: in Search for the Balance of Interests
Authors: Likhter P. L. 
Published: May 2021

Threats to consumer and social security in the conditions of imbalance of interests of parties under consumer loan contracts result in the necessity to adjust the current legislation. The significant increase in litigation between borrowers and lenders confirms the need to find new approaches to the regulation of the area in question. The aim of the research is to analyze the most common forms of unfair behavior of credit and microfinance organizations in the light of the implementation of fundamental principles of civil law. The main attention is paid to the determination of essential criteria of the principle of integrity. The paper provides for the comparison between different approaches to understanding its content in fundamental jurisprudence, the possibility of their implementation in law enforcement.The paper uses methods of legal model analysis, formal-legal and system-structural methods. Comparative analysis of the norms of current Russian and foreign legislation, as well as the method of law enforcement monitoring. It allows us to offer tools to restore the balance between the interests in execution of consumer loan contracts.According to the results of the study, the author compiles a list of characteristics of the principle of integrity with due regard to such factors as lack of information about a difficult financial situation of the borrower or other circumstances preventing the conclusion of a contract, the prohibition of the inclusion of asymmetric and arbitrary terms of the contract, mandatory consideration of public interest, etc. The listed elements of the criteria will contribute to the balance of interests of the parties in the antinomy of the principles of integrity and freedom of contract. The author makes the conclusion that it is expedient to include algorithms of implementation of fundamental principles of regulation in special laws, which will contribute to harmonization of interests of participants of civil legal relations in the field of consumer lending.
On the Need and Possible Options for Changing the Rules for Determining Forms of Guilt
Authors: Kokotova D. A. 
Published: May 2021

The current version of part 2 of article 24 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which appeared because of changes made to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in 1998, is rightly criticized for uncertainty. In the literature, various proposals are made to change the rules for determining the forms of guilt. The existing regulation needs adjusting, since it does not ensure the achievement of the initial goal of improving law enforcement, which was originally intended in part 2 of article 24, and does not comply with the principles of equality and legal certainty. The need to ensure compliance with these principles and achieve the original goal of the rule under consideration requires rejecting proposals to "legalize" the discretion of the law enforcement officer, the possibility of which arose due to the uncertainty of the current version of part 2 of article 24. Due to this uncertainty, compliance with the provisions of the Special part will not solve the existing problems. Unifying negligent crimes into a separate chapter, dividing the crimes in the existing chapters by paragraphs, depending on the form of guilt, is too difficult a way if we are talking about improving the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Clear automatic consolidation of the possibility of both forms of guilt does not provide the required differentiation of punishment.Restoring the original version of part 2 of article 24 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is an acceptable and easiest way, but there is a reason to believe that the rule changed in this way will fail to ensure that the law enforcement officer follows it. The inclusion of a form of guilt clause in the description of each body of a crime might be an effective means of limiting the discretion of the law enforcement officer, but this method is difficult to implement. It combines the features of these two methods of fixing the rule in the form of a list of crimes involving a particular form of guilt, by analogy with how the age at which criminal responsibility begins is now established.
Reflections on the Legal Classification of Participants in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Latypov V. S. , Ismagilov R. А. 
Published: May 2021

In the paper, the authors attempt to analyze the legislative classification of participants in criminal proceedings. The work contains an analysis of the ratio between the concepts of "participant" and "subject" of criminal procedural relations. Having studied the approaches available in the theory of criminal procedure that existed during the period of the Soviet criminal procedure legislation and in the modern period, the authors conclude that it is unacceptable to identify the concepts of "participant" and "subject" of the criminal proceedings. A participant in a criminal proceeding is a person who has certain characteristics, including the existence of rights, duties and responsibilities, as set out in the relevant criminal procedure norm or group of norms.Having applied the method of comparative legal analysis of domestic and foreign criminal procedure legislation, procedural theoretical constructions of the Soviet and modern period, the authors conclude that the legislator made an error in the presented classification and system of participants in the criminal procedure. In addition to the main criminal procedure functions, the authors focus on the existence of other functions that are no less important for the emergence and development of criminal procedure relations. It is stated that there is a need to change the approach to the legislative classification of participants in criminal proceedings, taking as a basis the existing experience of individual foreign countries. The authors propose to change the structure of section II of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, which makes it possible to avoid the currently existing procedural conflict related to the attribution of the investigator and the inquirer to the prosecution. It may also help to eliminate any doubts about the attribution of persons assisting in the administration of justice to the participants in the proceedings.
Regional Drug Trade via the Internet: Role Characteristics of its Participants
Authors: Timko S. A. , Podshivalov A. P. 
Published: May 2021

A characteristic feature of modern drug trafficking is its contactless sale via the Internet. Such criminal activity is organized and is carried out at the regional, interregional or interstate level. The authors of the paper analyze the distribution of roles between the participants of criminal groups, which allows them to act clearly and smoothly and avoid criminal prosecution. The participants of the drug market are identified as "organizers", "regional managers", "producers", "suppliers", "operators", "financial directors", "curators", "storekeepers", "advertisers", "hackers", "couriers", "kladmen". The conducted research allow us to conclude that the structure of organized criminal groups in the regions is not so extensive and due to the combination of the functions of individual participants in criminal groups is often reduced to 3-4 role components. These include: "organizer" — a person who has established the supply of narcotic drugs to the region, who has created an Internet resource for their sale and supports the activity and vital activity of such a resource; "operator" — an intermediary who supports the interaction of drug users and pawnbrokers through the Internet; "kladmen"who directly create dead drops ("zakladki") intended for drug users. The paper considers the functions that are assigned to each of the participants of such criminal groups.Separately, the authors focus on the measures taken by members of criminal groups to conceal criminal activities: the use of encrypted messengers for communication, Internet websites specializing in drug trafficking; the use of electronic money and cryptocurrencies; the trivial involvement of front persons to register financial and banking transactions.
Seismic Wave Propagation and Basin Amplification in the Wasatch Front, Utah
Authors: Moschetti Morgan P. , Churchwell David , Thompson Eric M. , Rekoske John M. , Wolin Emily , Boyd Oliver S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGround-motion analysis of more than 3000 records from 59 earthquakes, including records from the March 2020 Mw 5.7 Magna earthquake sequence, was carried out to investigate site response and basin amplification in the Wasatch Front, Utah. We compare ground motions with the Bayless and Abrahamson (2019; hereafter, BA18) ground-motion model (GMM) for Fourier amplitude spectra, which was developed on crustal earthquake records from California and other tectonically active regions. The Wasatch Front records show a significantly different near-source rate of distance attenuation than the BA18 model, which we attribute to differences in (apparent) geometric attenuation. Near-source residuals show a period dependence of this effect, with greater attenuation at shorter periods (T&lt;0.5  s) and a correlation between period and the distance over which the discrepancy manifests (∼20–50  km). We adjusted the recorded ground motions for these regional path effects and solved for station site terms using linear mixed-effects regressions, with groupings for events and stations. We analyzed basin amplification by comparing the site terms with the basin geometry and basin depths from two seismic-velocity models for the region. Sites over the deeper parts of the sedimentary basins are amplified by factors of 3–10, relative to sites with thin sedimentary cover, with greater amplification at longer periods (T≳1  s). Average ground-motion variability increases with period, and long-period variability exhibits a slight increase at the basin edges. These results indicate regional seismic wave propagation effects requiring further study, and potentially a regionalized GMM, as well as highlight basin amplification complexities that may be incorporated into seismic hazard assessments.
High-Definition Mapping of the Gutenberg–Richter b-Value and Its Relevance: A Case Study in Italy
Authors: Taroni Matteo , Zhuang Jiancang , Marzocchi Warner 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The spatial variability of the magnitude–frequency distribution is important to improve earthquake forecasting capabilities at different time scales. Here, we develop a novel approach, based on the weighted maximum-likelihood estimation, to build a spatial model for the b-value parameter of the Gutenberg–Richter law and its uncertainty, also for earthquake catalogs with a time-varying completeness magnitude. Then, we also provide a guideline based on the Bayes factor to measure the importance of the b-value spatial variability with respect to a model having a spatially uniform b-value. Finally, we apply the procedure to a new Italian instrumental earthquake catalog from 1960 to 2019 to investigate the b-value spatial variability over the Italian territory.
Recent developments in strong-motion analysis*
Authors: Hershberger John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The integration of acceleration records as performed by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to produce velocity and displacement curves has nearly always required the use of arbitrary “adjustments,” in addition to the three legitimate adjustments involved in fixing the two constants of integration and the acceleration axis. These additional adjustments were justified on the assumption of accelerometer zero shifts. An improved accelerometer eliminated the possibility of zero shifts, thereby preventing the continued use of the former adjustments. Since then acceptable integration results have not been obtainable, except only for short periods of ground motion.
The Carder displacement meter has thoroughly proved its superiority over integration as a means for obtaining displacement information of general engineering significance, and is being increasingly used for this purpose.
Bermuda T phases with large continental paths*
Authors: Shurbet D. H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A short-period arrival on records of the Bermuda-Columbia Seismograph Station is identified as the T phase. The path of propagation consists of land paths up to 51° preceding 14° of water path. It is shown that the travel time of this phase can be accounted for if the energy travels as the P phase over the land path and the T phase over the ocean path. Background noises in the Sofar channel do occasionally arise from earthquakes as much as several thousand miles inland.
Seismic seiches in Norway and England during the Assam earthquake of August 15, 1950*
Authors: Kvale Anders 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
During the Assam earthquake of August 15, 1950, unusual waves were observed in at least 37 localities in fjords and lakes in Norway. Reports from 29 of these are discussed in this paper. In most places the waves were standing waves, with periods of 1 to 3 minutes and amplitudes of 5 to 100 cm. and began when the acceleration at the seismological observatory in Bergen surpassed 20 milligals in the east-west direction and 40 milligals in the vertical direction. The movements generally ceased when the acceleration decreased to below 10 milligals. The main periods of the long waves declined during this period from about 30 to 15 seconds, but the seismograms also indicate longer periods, of about 1 to 3 minutes, which may have some connection with the seiches.
The calculated periods for the basins where waves were observed are, assuming one node, in most places between 1 and 3 minutes. In England, standing oscillations were recorded in water reservoirs at Margate, Chichester, and Portsmouth during the earthquake. The periods cannot be determined from the records, but the calculated periods vary from 15 to 25 seconds, which corresponds fairly closely with the 22 seconds given by Kew Observatory as the period of the long waves of the earthquake. The maximum amplitude in the reservoirs was 2 inches.
Seiches in Norway during the Lisbon earthquake of November 1, 1755, and progressive waves during the Kansu earthquake of December 16, 1920, are briefly discussed.
Calculated travel times of seismic core waves*
Authors: Forester R. D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Travel times for the seismic core waves, PKP, PKS, and SKS, were computed by integration along the travel paths. For this purpose the velocity distribution within the earth was broken into segments which were represented by continuous functions. Except for rays of grazing incidence to the outer core the times calculated for PKP and PKS are intermediate between the smoothed times given by Jeffreys and times based upon recent observed data. The times calculated for SKS are in fair agreement with the smoothed times given by Jeffreys.
Properties of strong ground motion earthquakes*
Authors: Housner George W. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
The analysis given here considers that an earthquake fault is formed by the superposition of a large number of incremental shear dislocations the sudden release of which produces the earthquake. It is postulated that during an earthquake the incremental dislocations are released in such a way that the average slip is proportional to the square root of the area of slip, and that the probability of release of individual incremental dislocations is such that the probability of a total slip area A is inversely proportional to A. With these two postulates a frequency distribution of earthquakes is derived that agrees with observed data; the Richter magnitude is shown to be essentially a logarithmic measure of the average slip on a fault; and an expression is derived for the energy released by an earthquake that agrees with that derived from consideration of the energy carried in a wave train. Expressions are derived also for the areas of slip during earthquakes, the maximum relative slip, and the average annual, over-all shearing distortion of the state of California and these are in satisfactory agreement with observed behavior. It is assumed that an accelerogram is formed by the superposition of a large number of elemental acceleration pulses random in time. It is shown that this agrees with recorded accelerograms, and an accelerogram composed in this fashion is shown to have the characteristics of actual recorded accelerograms. It is also shown that the maximum ground accelerations in the vicinity of the center of the fault, so far as they are dependent upon the size of the slip area, have essentially reached their upper limits for shocks with areas of slip approximately equal to that associated with the El Centro earthquake of 1940.
The attentuation of compression waves in lossy media*
Authors: Knopoff L. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
By means of modeling experiments on a wax slab, oil-coupled lithium sulfate transducers are found to have excellent directional properties as seismic modeling transducers. Investigation of the several orders of multiple reflection amplitudes shows that consistency in the measured reflection coefficients for the spherical wave fronts is easily achieved if a loss mechanism of the internal viscosity type is attributed to the wax.
Crustal structure in the Transvaal*
Authors: Gane P. G. , Atkins A. R. , Sellschop J. P. F. , Seligman P. 
Published: May 2021

abstract
Travel-time data are given at 25 km. intervals between 50 and 500 km. for traverses west, south, east, and north of Johannesburg. These derive from numerous seismograms of Witwatersrand earth tremors taken by means of a triggering technique. The only phases considered to be consistent are those mentioned below, and few signs of a change of velocity with depth were discovered. There were no great differences in the results for the various directions, and the mean results were:
P 1 = + 0.24 + Δ / 6.18 sec . S 1 = + 0.37 + Δ / 3.66 sec . P n = + 7.61 + Δ / 8.27 sec . S n = + 11.4 + Δ / 4.73 sec .
which give crustal depths of 35.1 and 33.3 km. from P and S data respectively. These depths include about 1.3 km. of superficial material of lower velocity.