bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
'Divided we stand' : Regionalism, federalism and minority rights in Belgium
Authors: Van Dyck Ruth 
Published: July 2021

In the present Belgian situation the three major ethnic groups (Dutch-speaking Flemings, Francophone Walloons and 'Bruxellois ') share the belief that they are culturally, economically and/or politically dominated by the other linguistic community. This article expounds the thesis that these minority feelings are embedded in different interest which are legitimized by a discourse on democracy. Both Flemings and Francophones defend their own perceived interests and thereby develop a view on their interethnic relations that is either of a 'regulated democracy ' or of a 'liberal democracy ' kind, according to the situation. This political 'war of words' is nowadays concentrated on those are as that were left 'untouched' by the recent decentralization and federalization of the country which was designed to defuse the ethnic tinder-box. These remaining stumble blocks concern the position of the Flemings within the Brussels Region and that of the Francophones in the Brussels periphery and along the language border. The article starts with a short historical overview of the Belgian intergroup conflict to provide a better understanding of the present-day democracy discourse.
De verhouding tussen politiek en bestuur in het Belgisch Europees beleid
Authors: Beyers Jan 
Published: July 2021

This contribution deals with the consequences of European integration for the relation between civil servants and policians. Data of Belgian senior servants who are not involved in European policy networks are compared with data of Belgian officals who are in charge of European negotiations.This comparison shows firstly that officials are more central in European policy networks than in national policy networks. Politicians have only a limited and indirect access to these European networks. Secondly, the more civil servants are involved in these European policy networks, the less their political alienation. Furthermore, the organisational self-esteem do not affect the communication networks among civil servants and politicians. Finally, alienation and self-esteem do not affect the communication networks among civil servants and politicians. The exposure to politics and anciennity seem to be more important predictors.
Het Belgische telecommunicatiebeleid : een retrospectieve analyse
Authors: Verhoest Pascal 
Published: July 2021

Por the last decade, Belgian telecommunication policy has been characterised by a defensive, and sometimes even obstructive, attitude towards the liberalisation program of the European Commission. This paper analyses this policy on the basis of official governmental and administrative sources, corporate documents and insights gained through frequent contacts with the government and corporate representatives. The aim of this analysis is twofold. Firstly, this paper explains the Belgian attitude towards telecommunication as the result of a highly politicised corporatist national system of decision making. Secondly, this paper assesses this policy in terms of its international performance. By means of conclusion, a number of suggestions are made for a more proactive policy.
De impact van zachte en harde politieke instituties in Europese besluitvorming : de totstandkoming van de 'Verpakkingsrichtlijn' (94/62/EG)
Authors: Bursens Peter 
Published: July 2021

This article argues that both hard and soft institutions shape the strategies and - to a lesser extent - the preferences of political actors in the European Union. First of all, it discusses the institutional perspective in political science and presents an institutional model of decision-making. Secondly the institutional argument is illustrated by a detailed account of the decision-makingprocess with respect to the Packaging Directive. An analysis of the actor configuration, the interactions between the involved actors and an overview of the decision-making process itself, all show to what extent actor's strategies and preferences are constrained and empowerd by the European institutional context.
Het gebruik van de voorkeurstem bij de parlementsverkiezingen van 13 juni 1999
Authors: Smits Jozef , Wauters Bram 
Published: July 2021

At 13 June 1999, elections for the regional Parliaments, the federal Parliament (both House of Representatives and Senate) and the European Parliament were held in Belgium.The percentage of voters casting a preferential vote at these elections increased again, reaching the highest score ever in Belgian history. On average, 60,9 % of the electorate expressed their preference for one or more candidates. Although voters have the possibility to cast a multiple preferential vote (i.e. a vote for several candidates figuring on the same party list) , this possibility is not used very much. A voter who cast a preferential vote, only vote on average for 1,73 candidates.The further increase in preferential votes was a little surprise since strong limitations were imposed upon campaign expenditures and on commercial affichage. Political and social evolutions, such as individualism, anti-party feelings and mediatisation seem to have had a stronger impact upon preferential voting than these material limitations.The use of the preferential vote varies from one constituency to another, from Flemings to Walloons, and from one party to another. There were some notable evolutions. The voters of the extreme-right Vlaams Blok and of the green parties Agalev and Ecolo, who traditionally cast less preferential votes than voters of other parties, have dimished the gap between them and the other parties. Another important evolution is the decrease of pref erential voting in some constituencies in Wallonia. As for the Senate and the European Parliament, more Flemings now cast a preferential vote than Walloons do. The large constituencies used for these elections seem to attract very well-known politicians and as a consequence also very much preferential votes in Flanders.Despite the increase in preferential voting, the order of the list, composed by the party remained in most cases decisive whether or nota candidate was elected.
Machtsrelevantie van multi-level structuren : een algemene verkenning
Authors: Devos Carl 
Published: July 2021

The general question of this theoretical reflection concerns the impact of the multi-level organisation of policy processes for the division of power between collective social actors. Firstly, We deal with the shrinking of the political capacity in the contemporary era of postfordism and deterritorialisation. In this framework, attention is paid to the ideological significance of governance.Using the concept of 'jumping of scales', We then consider the different consequences of the sui generis European multi-level setting for organised labour and capital, which serves as a case-study for our general proposition. Multi-level governance is looked upon as a new gestalt of scales, which enables some actors and hinders others to build their own jumping strategy between the different levels. The conclusion is that the European multi-level setting is the result of, as well as, the platform for power relations.
Carrièrepatronen van Belgische parlementsleden in een multi-level omgeving (1979-99)
Authors: Fiers Stefaan 
Published: July 2021

This article deals with the consequences of an increased number of levels of political decision-making, on the way in which political careers are built. In the traditional bottomup perspective, political careers started at the municipal level. The best were chosen to represent the party in regional assemblies, first, and eventually in the national parliament. In this perspective, a mandate of Member of European Parliament was the highest obtainable office. Evidence from the 1979-99 period shows that the importance of 'local political experience' in recruiting MPs is decreasing. However still, the Belgian figure remains high in comparative perspective : in 1999 no less than 70 % ofthe members of the federal House of Representatives and of the regional Flemish Parliament have previously been local councillor. Moreover, still 60 % combines a mandate as local councillor with their parliamentary mandate. Only a limited number ofpreviously regional Flemish MPs became federal MPs in 1999, so that one could not speak of frequent level-hopping, nor of a hierarchy among these offices.
Het Europa van de opportunities : Analyse van de overlevingsstrategie van de christen-democraten in de Europese Unie
Authors: Van Hecke Steven 
Published: July 2021

While Christian Democratic parties in several Western European countries are often said to be in crisis, the European People's Party holds the largest parliamentary group in the European Parliament since 1999. This paradox relies on the specificity of the different 'national' electoral logics on the one hand and the realisation of a long-term 'European' majority strategy on the other hand. The alliance with Conservatives and Conservative parties has to overcome an absolute electoral decline in 'old' EU countries and a relative decline through the accession of 'new' member states without Christian Democratic parties. The EPP majority strategy is realised through various ways : the key position of the transnational party and party group, the role of political leadership, the way of decision making, the co-operation with side-organisations, the problem-solving of ideological conflicts, etc. Our analysis proves how the majority strategy of the European Christian Democrats realises its ultimate 'survival strategy' despite (or thanks to) several nationalparty crises.
De rol van de Vlaamse gemeenschapssenatoren in de Belgische federale staatsstructuur tijdens de legislatuur 1995-1999
Authors: Vanhee Dieter 
Published: July 2021

Flemish community senators hold seats in both the Flemish Parliament and the Belgian Senate. A lot of expectations are related to their specific mandate. On the basis of our analysis, though, we come to the conclusion that the community senators do not meet these high expectations. While one would expect Flemish community senators to be very active in putting forward parliamentary questions concerning deliberation and cooperation between the different governments, this was clearly not the case in 1995-1999. 'Community senators' in other words, do not exist. They do not act like a community senator, and according to the interviews, nor do they feel like one. Prime Minister Verhofstadt, who wants to reform the Senate and revalue the role of the community senators by turning every senator into a community senator, is a warned man. In the future, the concept of community senator will only work if significant structural changes are made.
Post-harvest Management of Cowpea: A potential Cash Crop for the Western Coastal Ecosystem of Goa
Authors: GUPTA MATHALA JULIET , DURAI R. MARUTHA , VANJARI SALONI S , PANDURANG SUMATI CHAVAN , PITRE ASHISH M 
Published: July 2021

Cowpea, popularly grown as Alsando (Red Bold Variety) or Chowli (the less bold cream colored variety) is a major pulse crop of the state of Goa cultivated in the rice fallows during rabi season under residual soil moisture conditions. Harvest and post harvest losses of Cowpea were estimated by primary and secondary data collected from 50 Cowpea farmers from five villages each in the two districts, North and South of Goa and 9 storage godowns in the year 2012-13. The results showed that in spite of the crop being highly remunerative, it was cultivated in only 40 % of the paddy area. The average losses on field were 10.84 % for harvest, followed by 6.96% for threshing and 4.34 % for storage as calculated from primary data collected on farm. Secondary data showed that the awareness of losses during harvest and post-harvest unit operations was very less as they reported zero losses. The pulse has a high storage insect pest, pulse borer (Callosobruchus maculatus, Callosobruchus chinensis)incidence and hence was stored only for seed purpose in some cases for a year and generally disposed of by the month of May in the godowns and by September at household level. In spite of having high returns, high local demand and nutraceutical value, the crop is not grown in large area due to labour intensive unit operations and high pest incidence. Sensitizing the farmers on good management practices and development of a drudgery free harvesting device can make this remunerative crop popular in the state.
MI-PACE Home-Based Cardiac Telerehabilitation Program for Heart Attack Survivors: Usability Study
Authors: Ding Eric Y , Erskine Nathaniel , Stut Wim , McManus David D , Peterson Amy , Wang Ziyue , Escobar Valle Jorge , Albuquerque Daniella , Alonso Alvaro , Botkin Naomi F , Pack Quinn R , McManus David D 
Published: July 2021

Background
Cardiac rehabilitation programs, consisting of exercise training and disease management interventions, reduce morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction.

Objective
In this pilot study, we aimed to developed and assess the feasibility of delivering a health watch–informed 12-week cardiac telerehabilitation program to acute myocardial infarction survivors who declined to participate in center-based cardiac rehabilitation.

Methods
We enrolled patients hospitalized after acute myocardial infarction at an academic medical center who were eligible for but declined to participate in center-based cardiac rehabilitation. Each participant underwent a baseline exercise stress test. Participants received a health watch, which monitored heart rate and physical activity, and a tablet computer with an app that displayed progress toward accomplishing weekly walking and exercise goals. Results were transmitted to a cardiac rehabilitation nurse via a secure connection. For 12 weeks, participants exercised at home and also participated in weekly phone counseling sessions with the nurse, who provided personalized cardiac rehabilitation solutions and standard cardiac rehabilitation education. We assessed usability of the system, adherence to weekly exercise and walking goals, counseling session attendance, and disease-specific quality of life.

Results
Of 18 participants (age: mean 59 years, SD 7) who completed the 12-week telerehabilitation program, 6 (33%) were women, and 6 (33%) had ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Participants wore the health watch for a median of 12.7 hours (IQR 11.1, 13.8) per day and completed a median of 86% of exercise goals. Participants, on average, walked 121 minutes per week (SD 175) and spent 189 minutes per week (SD 210) in their target exercise heart rate zone. Overall, participants found the system to be highly usable (System Usability Scale score: median 83, IQR 65, 100).

Conclusions
This pilot study established the feasibility of delivering cardiac telerehabilitation at home to acute myocardial infarction survivors via a health watch–based program and telephone counseling sessions. Usability and adherence to health watch use, exercise recommendations, and counseling sessions were high. Further studies are warranted to compare patient outcomes and health care resource utilization between center-based rehabilitation and telerehabilitation.
Costos Educativos del Covid 19 con y sin Optimización de Presencialidad: una estimación del caso de República Dominicana
Authors: Reyes Rolando 
Published: July 2021

Se formula y se aplica un modelo que permite cuantificar las pérdidas del cierre escolar inducido por la pandemia del Covid 19 en dos escenarios, partiendo del mismo nivel de ganancia de aprendizaje esperado en un año escolar normal. En el primero, el porcentaje de no presencialidad es sustituido en cien por ciento por la educación a distancia, y en el segundo se utiliza el modelo que minimiza el costo educativo pandémico total, representado por los costos del contagio de la presencialidad y los costos de las pérdidas de aprendizajes de los distintos medios no presenciales. La metodología aplicada en el primer escenario se asume un cierre equivalente al 80 % del tiempo del año escolar, y un efecto adicional de ausencia escolar por pérdidas de ingresos de los hogares de los alumnos. En el segundo escenario se calcula la combinación óptima de presencialidad y no presencialidad, y luego se repiten los cálculos de las pérdidas de aprendizaje. Cuando se considera el promedio del valor de las pérdidas de aprendizajes de las cinco opciones no presenciales, calculado en el escenario sin combinación óptima, y se repite dicho cálculo para el caso de dicha combinación, se concluye que usando esta última, las autoridades educativas hubiesen evitado unas pérdidas de aprendizaje equivalente al 3.89 % del PIB.
Logística e internacionalización de las empresas antes y durante la pandemia del Covid-19. Breve revisión de literatura especializada
Authors: Barbosa Pérez Ehyder Mario , Gómez Rodríguez Dustin Tahisin , Téllez Bedoya Carlos Arturo 
Published: July 2021

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo general caracterizar las principales teorías y autores de la logística y la internacionalización antes de la pandemia, y las estrategias que han utilizado en América Latina para tratar de contrarrestar los efectos del Covid 19 en las cadenas de valor. La metodología es de corte cualitativa y el método es de revisión documental. La principal conclusión es que la pandemia ha reflejado las asimetrías del comercio mundial. Donde se pueden identificar organizaciones que se adaptan en relación con su parque empresarial y buscan la manera de sortear la contingencia, o las que no pudieron con la misma. Asimismo, se ha puesto como pivote la resiliencia de los empresas dentro de las cadenas globales, ya que el mundo que viene, las organizaciones que se sumerjan en los cambios que exige la cadena global de suministros competirán y se quedarán o ampliarán su nicho de mercado.
Uso del modelo iRAP para evaluar la seguridad vial en carreteras de dos carriles en Ecuador
Authors: García-Ramírez Yasmany , Camacho Jandry , Montoya Jefferson 
Published: July 2021

El International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP) permite evaluar la seguridad vial que ofrecen tramos de carreteras. El modelo busca reducir el número de siniestros de tránsito y la gravedad de los mismos, ofreciendo información valiosa para quienes investigan o toman decisiones en las vías. En Ecuador, a pesar de tener un alto número de siniestros viales, solo se suelen hacer inspecciones de seguridad vial esporádicas, que muy pocas veces son aplicadas por falta de conocimiento técnico. Este artículo tiene como objetivo explorar el uso del iRAP mediante su aplicación en una vía de dos carriles en dos carreteras en Ecuador. Para ello, se analizó a profundidad el modelo iRAP en dos tramos de carreteras de dos carriles, analizando un total de 25 km. En esos tramos se recolectó información principalmente con el equipo Video VBOX Lite. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar de tener un alto número de variables, es posible aplicar el iRAP a carreteras de dos carriles. También se muestra que el modelo tiene dos variables que no están claramente descritas en los documentos del iRAP y se encontraron algunos errores menores en el ejemplo disponible en la web. A pesar de esto, se pudo determinar el puntaje de calificación por estrellas (SRS) y calificación por estrellas (SR). La mayoría de los tramos tuvieron una estrella y con la aplicación de las contramedidas seleccionadas se alcanzó hasta dos estrellas. Este estudio se puede reproducir fácilmente a otras carreteras del país o en otros países.
Study of the thermal stability of foam of different expansion ratio
Authors: Koksharov A. V. , Osipenko S. I. , Gaynullina E. V. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Currently, the industry produces a wide range of foam generators to produce fire-extinguishing foams, and the foams they produce differ significantly in their expansion ratio and, consequently, fire resistance. Since heat fluxes have the main destructive effect on the foam, the purpose of this paper is to establish the patterns of destruction of foam of different expansion ratio when heated.Methods of research. The foam with expansion ratio from 7.5 to 80 was used for the tests. It was obtained by mechanical beating of 6 % solution of foaming agent PO-6RZ. The thermal stability of the foam was studied when the heat flow from the gas burner flame affects the foam layer. During the experiment, the change in the height of the foam column in time was recorded.Results and Discussion. The results of measurements, presented in the form of dependence of foam layer destruction rate on time, quantity of released liquid phase on 1 m2·s, dependence of foam layer destruction rate on its density allowed revealing a number of patterns. The destruction rate of foam with an expansion ratio of up to 30 remains constant throughout the entire duration of thermal exposure. As the foam expansion ratio increases, the rate of destruction at the initial stage of heat flux exposure increases. With a foam expansion ratio of more than 50, there is initially a sharp increase in the rate of destruction, which subsequently decreases as the foam column decreases. In the conditions of the experiment, the best characteristics were shown by the foam with an expansion ratio of 50, because in the foam with a smaller expansion ratio the syneresis makes a significant contribution to its destruction, and the foams with a larger expansion ratio are destroyed by the mechanical effect of convective flame flows.Conclusion. The study of the foam destruction patterns under thermal impact allowed establishing the fact that its destruction is limited by the rate of impoverishment of the upper layers with liquid.