bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistence of birth mode-dependent effects on gut microbiome composition, immune system stimulation and antimicrobial resistance during the first year of life
Authors: Busi Susheel Bhanu , de Nies Laura , Habier Janine , Wampach Linda , Fritz Joëlle V , Heintz-Buschart Anna , May Patrick , Halder Rashi , de Beaufort Carine , Wilmes Paul 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Caesarean section delivery (CSD) disrupts mother-to-neonate transmission of specific microbial strains and functional repertoires as well as linked immune system priming. Here we investigate whether differences in microbiome composition and impacts on host physiology persist at 1 year of age. We perform high-resolution, quantitative metagenomic analyses of the gut microbiomes of infants born by vaginal delivery (VD) or by CSD, from immediately after birth through to 1 year of life. Several microbial populations show distinct enrichments in CSD-born infants at 1 year of age including strains of Bacteroides caccae, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Ruminococcus gnavus, whereas others are present at higher levels in the VD group including Faecalibacterium prausnitizii, Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense. The stimulation of healthy donor-derived primary human immune cells with LPS isolated from neonatal stool samples results in higher levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the case of CSD extracts over time, compared to extracts from VD infants for which no such changes were observed during the first year of life. Functional analyses of the VD metagenomes at 1 year of age demonstrate a significant increase in the biosynthesis of the natural antibiotics, carbapenem and phenazine. Concurrently, we find antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes against several classes of antibiotics in both VD and CSD. The abundance of AMR genes against synthetic (including semi-synthetic) agents such as phenicol, pleuromutilin and diaminopyrimidine are increased in CSD children at day 5 after birth. In addition, we find that mobile genetic elements, including phages, encode AMR genes such as glycopeptide, diaminopyrimidine and multidrug resistance genes. Our results demonstrate persistent effects at 1 year of life resulting from birth mode-dependent differences in earliest gut microbiome colonisation.
Effect of Training With Anchors on Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Dysphonia in Speech-Language Pathology Students
Authors: Wong Denise Wai-Man , Chan Roger W. , Wu Chia-Hsin 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
Auditory-perceptual evaluation is essential for the clinical assessment of voice disorders. Unstable perceptual voice evaluation has been shown for inexperienced listeners as compared to expert listeners. We examined the effects of perceptual training with external auditory anchors with and without immediate feedback on the evaluation of roughness and breathiness of natural, nonsynthesized speech stimuli (reading of a standard passage) in speech-language pathology students.

Method
Perceptual voice evaluation and training with anchors using a visual analog scale was implemented with a computer software. Forty-eight speech-language pathology students were randomly assigned into three groups, feedback group (Group F), no feedback group (Group NF), and control group (Group C), attending one training session and four assessment sessions (before training, immediately after training, and 1 and 7 weeks after training). Group F received training with anchors with immediate feedback, Group NF received training without immediate feedback, and Group C received sham training (exposure session).

Results
Training with anchors significantly increased the rating accuracy (agreement with expert ratings) on both roughness and breathiness for Group F, with the effects lasting for 7 weeks. No significant changes in rating accuracy with training were observed for Group NF and Group C. No improvements in intra- and interrater reliability as well as intrarater agreement were observed in all three groups, whereas interrater agreement on breathiness (but not roughness) significantly increased for all groups, with the effect lasting for 7 weeks only for Group F.

Conclusions
These findings suggested that perceptual training with external auditory anchors and the use of immediate feedback could be effective for facilitating the development of perceptual voice evaluation skills in speech-language pathology students. Further studies involving more extensive training with stimuli covering a full range of dysphonia severity categories and improvements in design of the training protocol are recommended to verify these results.
Generalized Slowing Rather Than Inhibition Is Associated With Language Outcomes in Both Late Talkers and Children With Typical Early Development
Authors: Kautto Anna , Jansson-Verkasalo Eira , Mainela-Arnold Elina 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
While most of the children who are identified as late talkers at the age of 2 years catch up with their peers before school age, some continue to have language difficulties and will later be identified as having developmental language disorder. Our understanding of which children catch up and which do not is limited. The aim of the current study was to find out if inhibition is associated with late talker outcomes at school age.

Method

We recruited 73 school-aged children (ages 7–10 years) with a history of late talking (
n
= 38) or typical development (
n
= 35). Children completed measures of language skills and a flanker task to measure inhibition. School-age language outcome was measured as a continuous variable.

Results
Our analyses did not reveal associations between inhibition and school-age language index or history of late talking. However, stronger school-age language skills were associated with shorter overall response times on the flanker task, in both congruent and incongruent trials. This effect was not modulated by history of late talking, suggesting that a relationship between general response times and language development is similar in both children with typical early language development and late talkers.

Conclusions
Inhibition is not related to late talker language outcomes. However, children with better language outcomes had shorter general response times. We interpret this to reflect differences in general processing speed, suggesting that processing speed holds promise for predicting school-age language outcomes in both late talkers and children with typical early development.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14226722
Enhanced Mentored Undergraduate Research Experiences: Successful Strategies Used in Two Laboratories at Auburn University
Authors: Speights Atkins Marisha , Allison Lauren H. , Sandage Mary J. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
There is a growing trend toward the provision of undergraduate research experiences as a high impact educational practice that promotes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This tutorial aims to provide mentoring pathways and resources to faculty mentors who may be unaware of the benefits of undergraduate student participation in research or faculty researchers who are interested in developing meaningful mentored undergraduate research experiences (MUREs). Faculty and student perspectives shared from two research labs at Auburn University illustrate an applied framework for implementation of MUREs. The observed benefits and potential barriers related to the development of MUREs in these laboratories as well as specific recommendations for a structured mentoring approach to optimize student training and research deliverables are described.

Conclusions
Key elements for developing successful MUREs include relationship building between the mentor and the student, identifying the benefits for both the students and mentor, and persevering beyond barriers to implementation. The utilization of practical guides, theoretical approaches, and collaborative efforts yielded benefits for both students and mentoring faculty in two research labs at Auburn University. Practical guides for obtaining funding for MUREs and accompanying supplemental materials (a lab manual template and manuscript-writing guide) that have supported success in our labs are provided.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14044067
Serial reproduction reveals the geometry of visuospatial representations
Authors: Langlois Thomas A. , Jacoby Nori , Suchow Jordan W. , Griffiths Thomas L. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
A primary function of human vision is to encode and recall spatial information about visual scenes. We developed an experimental paradigm that reveals the structure of human spatial memory priors in unprecedented detail. We ran a series of 85 large-scale online experiments with 9,202 participants that paint an intricate picture of these priors. Our results suggest a way to understand visuospatial representations as reflecting the efficient allocation of coding resources. In a radical departure from traditional theory, we introduce a model that reinterprets spatial memory priors as reflecting an optimal allocation of perceptual resources. We validate the predictions of the model experimentally by showing that perceptual biases are correlated with variations in discrimination accuracy.
Phyllotactic patterning of gerbera flower heads
Authors: Zhang Teng , Cieslak Mikolaj , Owens Andrew , Wang Feng , Broholm Suvi K. , Teeri Teemu H. , Elomaa Paula , Prusinkiewicz Przemyslaw 
Published: March 2021

SignificanceFlower heads, such as those of gerbera or sunflower, comprise hundreds of bracts and florets. They are organized into conspicuous spiral patterns with intriguing mathematical properties: For example, the numbers of left- and right-winding spirals are typically consecutive Fibonacci numbers. We examined auxin reporter lines of gerbera and combined diverse microscopy and modeling techniques to understand how these patterns develop. The critical process is the early patterning of bracts, which emerge in a specific order and guide the placement of the subsequent bracts and florets. This process, controlled by expansion and contraction of the organogenetic zone during head growth, is different from the extensively studied phyllotactic patterning in the model plantsArabidopsisand tomato.
Phytophthora lateralis (port-orford-cedar root disease).
Authors: Hansen Em 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Genetics P. lateralis is in phylogenetic clade 8, defined by ITS DNA sequence (Cooke et al., 2000). The most closely related species is P. ramorum, the sudden oak death pathogen (Ivors et al., 2004). Other related species include P. hibernalis and P. foliorum; these species sometimes cross-react in molecular diagnostic tests designed for P. lateralis (Winton and Hansen, 2001). In much of Europe and in western North America, P. lateralis populations are very uniform in appearance and genetics, as expected of a clonally spread pathogen that is inbreeding or functionally asexual (McWilliams, 1999; 2000). In Taiwan and one small area of Britain, however, morphologically and genetically distinctive populations are established (Brasier et al., 2012). Isolates from Taiwan are especially variable, as might be expected of an ancestral, endemic population. In total, four distinct lineages have been described, including two from Taiwan, the invasive population found in North America and Europe, and the small UK population. Reproductive Biology P. lateralis reproduces primarily through asexual zoospores and chlamydospores (Trione, 1974; Englander and Roth, 1980). Zoospores are released from sporangia, sack-like hyphal appendages that hold about 20 zoospores each. Sporangia form in water or in saturated soil, on hyphae that grow from colonies in tree roots (or in agar). Zoospores are encased only in a membrane and are vulnerable to drying. In water they are motile with flagellae. They are chemotactic, following chemical gradients or root exudates. They remain active for about 24 hours. Zoospores encyst on root surfaces or after agitation, such as in a fast moving stream, and germinate with hyphae that may penetrate a host root and establish a new infection (Oh and Hansen, 2007). Chlamydospores are thick-walled asexual resting spores that form on hyphae in roots, foliage or in culture. They allow the pathogen to survive drying conditions, germinating with hyphae and sporangia when cool moist conditions resume (Trione, 1959). Oospores are sexual spores formed from the fusion of antheridia and oogonia. They are thick-walled and presumably function as resting spores in roots and foliage, as well as providing the population with genetic variation. They are very seldom seen in culture, however. Longevity P. lateralis survives for up to 10 years in infected root fragments in the soil (Hansen and Hamm, 1996). Population Size and Structure Populations of propagules free in the soil are small (Tsao et al., 1995). Environmental Requirements P. lateralis dies quickly from surface horizons exposed to sun as it cannot survive warm dry conditions (Hansen and Hamm, 1996). P. lateralis is active during cool, wet times of the year (Trione, 1959).
Rumex acetosella (sheep's sorrel).
Authors: Clements David R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

R. acetosella is perennial, reproducing by both creeping roots and seed. It has relatively shallow, extensive slender roots. Early growth is as basal rosettes of leaves. Leaves are 1-8 cm long, smooth, variable in shape but primarily consisting of three lobes, primary lobe is linear to egg-shaped terminating in a point; two secondary lobes appear at the base of the primary lobe and point outwards giving an arrowhead-shape appearance to the leaves which are sour in taste. It has long basal leaf stalks and short-stalked to sessile leaves on the upper stem; a membranous sheath (modified stipules) surrounds the stem above the leaf base. Multiple stems can appear from a single crown growing upright, 15-40 cm in height, slender, branching near the top to form a loose leafless panicle. Flowers are unisexual with male and female appearing on separate plants (dioecious). Males have six stamens on short filaments, females have three styles with branched stellate stigma. Flowers consist of three inner and three outer tepals, appearing red to yellowish, borne on raceme near the top of the stem. Flower stalks are jointed close to the flower. Seeds are three sided (achenes), ca. 1.5 mm in length, shiny reddish brown in colour. A reddish brown hull often adheres to the seed and is rough in texture (Buchholtz et al., 1954; Hitchcock and Cronquist, 1981; Gleason and Cronquist, 1991; Pojar and MacKinnon, 1994; Douglas et al., 1999).
Efficient soft x-ray high-order harmonic generation via dual-pulse driving lasers in the overdriven regime
Authors: Shao Renzhi , Zhai Chunyang , Zhang Yinfu , He Lixin , Zhu Xiaosong , Lan Pengfei , Lu Peixiang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We theoretically investigate the high-order harmonic generation (HHG) driven by dual-pulse lasers. The first pulse of 800 nm can create plasma in the high-density gas target. Then, the second pulse of 1800 nm is spatiotemporally reshaped by the plasma and generates soft x-ray high-order harmonics in the overdriven regime. The simulation results show that adding the first pulse can promote the phase matching of HHG in the cutoff region. As a result, a cutoff-extended HHG is achieved, which is one order of magnitude more intense than that in one pulse scheme reported previously. In dual-pulse driving lasers, the harmonic yield and the cutoff photon energy can be optimized effectively by increasing the gas pressure inside the water window region.
Density functional theory study of the mechanical behavior of silicene and development of a Tersoff interatomic potential model tailored for elastic behavior
Authors: Yoo SangHyuk , Lee Byeongchan , Kang Keonwook 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Silicene, a graphene-like 2D material made from Si atoms, has been fabricated and studied for its promising applications in micro/nanoelectronics. For the reliable function of silicene devices, it is important to investigate silicene’s mechanical properties. In this study, the authors conducted density functional theory (DFT) simulations of mechanical tests of silicene and investigated the elastic modulus and mechanical response such as structural transformation. In addition, the authors optimized the Tersoff potential parameters using a gradient-based minimization with a grid search method in hyperdimensional parameter space, to match the DFT calculation results in the elastic regime. With the new parameter set, the elastic moduli of silicene in the zigzag (ZZ) and armchair (AC) directions were computed with molecular statics (MS) simulations and compared with those of other Si interatomic potential models and DFT results. In addition, uniaxial tensile tests along the ZZ and AC directions were performed to examine how far the Tersoff model is transferable with our new parameter set to describe the nonlinear mechanical behavior of silicene. The results of uniaxial tensile tests suggest that the angle penalty function in the Tersoff model needs to be modified and that the stress–strain curve predicted with this modification shows improvement compared to the original function.
Barrier height tuning by inverse sputter etching at poly-Si/4H-SiC heterojunction diodes
Authors: Triendl F , Pfusterschmied G , Schwarz S , Pobegen G , Konrath J P , Schmid U 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Si/4H-SiC heterojunction diodes (HJDs) are fabricated by applying Ar+ inverse sputter etching (ISE) of the 4H-SiC substrate prior to Si deposition. A subsequent annealing step was used to crystallize the sputter deposited amorphous Si. Numerical simulations and experiments were conducted to investigate the amorphization depth and etch rate of low energy Ar+ ions on the Si-face of 4H-SiC. Electrical characterization of the HJDs showed a strong influence of the ISE treatment in both n and p-type Si contacts compared to untreated diodes. The ISE power, as well as the ISE time can be tailored to adjust the Schottky barrier height (SBH) in a certain range, by simultaneously improving the device ideality for most ISE parameters compared to diodes without any ISE treatment. In addition, the homogeneity of the SBHs is improved, resulting in less variation over temperature and between different samples. The formation of a smooth Si–SiC transition region instead of a sharp interface is found after both ISE treatment and thermal annealing.
Threshold voltage shift induced by intrinsic stress in gate metal of AlGaN/GaN HFET
Authors: Yazdani Hossein , Chevtchenko Serguei , Ostermay Ina , Würfl Joachim 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mechanical stress/strain is altering the charging properties of piezoelectric materials. For AlGaN and GaN heterostructures, this phenomenon has been described theoretically (Ambacher et al 2000 J. Appl. Phys.
87 334–44). Recently it was shown that a mechanically stressed SiN
x
passivation layer may produce local strain in the AlGaN/GaN layers underneath the gate at certain conditions. This results in a threshold voltage (V
th) shift (Osipov et al 2018 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices
65 3176–84). It is therefore straightforward to also investigate the influence of an intrinsically stressed gate metal on the device characteristics. In this study, AlGaN/GaN HFETs were fabricated on nominally identical wafers with variations of intrinsic stress in the gate metallization and in the first passivation. It is verified that the built-in mechanical stress of the gate metal can shift the threshold voltage. In detail we varied the intrinsic stress of both the first passivation layer (SiN
x
) and the gate metallization (Ir) by about 1 GPa. These variations result respectively in 0.65 and 0.20 V threshold voltage shift. We have additionally analyzed the thermal stability of SiN
x
and iridium films with respect to their mechanical properties and the resulting threshold voltage shift.
Wave processes in silicon samples with nickel impurities arising at pulsed hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Khamidov Rustam , Mamatkarimov Odiljon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper considers relaxation–vibrational processes in silicon samples with nickel impurities, which create deep energy levels in its forbidden zone, during pulsed hydrostatic compression. The experiments were carried out under the direct influence of hydrostatic compression. Theoretical calculations showed that an increase in the temperature of the studied samples during dynamic compression is mainly associated with a change in the temperature of the surrounding liquid. The resulting differential equation shows that at dynamic pressure (at high rates of increase in hydrostatic pressure), wave thermodynamic processes arise. It was experimentally found that in silicon samples with deep impurity levels at pulsed hydrostatic pressure, in addition to the temperature effect, vibration-wave effects also appear. We have also shown experimentally that the relaxation part of the relative change in the current strongly depends on the degree of compensation. With weak compensation, the relaxation part is almost absent. And with strong compensation, the relaxation part of the relative change in compensated samples n-Si <P, Ni> is noticeably higher than in overcompensated samples p-Si <P, Ni>.
Dynamical inflection point inflation
Authors: Bai Yang , Stolarski Daniel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We provide a mechanism to obtain multiple inflection points for the inflaton potential based on the Coleman-Weinberg potential. The key ingredient is the existence of zeros of the inflaton quartic coupling beta function, which can be simply realized by a sign change of a gauge coupling beta function at a massive threshold scale in gauge-Yukawa models. A universal inflaton potential emerges for a wide range of models and can accommodate the observational data in the small-field inflation scenario. While the ratio of tensor over scalar amplitudes is predicted to be small, the running of the scalar spectral index, αs, has branches with both positive and negative values. The positive branch with αs ≳ 0.002 will be tested by the coming cosmic microwave background observations.
Application of XGBoost Algorithm in The Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Using Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Zeng Wandan , Wang Qi , Xia Zhiping , Li Zhiping , Qu Han 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which was first discovered in late 2019 and rapidly spread to many countries around the world in a short period of time, is highly contagious and poses a significant threat to global public safety. How to quickly and efficiently detect whether a human is infected by the novel coronavirus is a crucial step in dealing with this public health emergency. Therefore, the collected Raman spectral data are preprocessed by normalization, smoothing denoising and feature extraction in this paper. A novel coronavirus detection method based on XGBoost and Raman spectroscopy is proposed. The experiments demonstrated the feasibility and accuracy of the method in the detection of novel coronavirus with an accuracy of 93.548%.