bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges Facing Counterfactual Accounts of Explanation in Mathematics
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTSome mathematical proofs explain why the theorems they prove hold. This paper identifies several challenges for any counterfactual account of explanation in mathematics (that is, any account according to which an explanatory proof reveals how the explanandum would have been different, had facts in the explanans been different). The paper presumes that countermathematicals can be nontrivial. It argues that nevertheless, a counterfactual account portrays explanatory power as too easy to achieve, does not capture explanatory asymmetry, and fails to specify why certain proofs are explanatory and others are not. Greater informativeness about counterfactual dependence can even yield less explanatory power.
A day in the life of winter plankton: under-ice community dynamics during 24 h in a eutrophic lake
Authors: Chiapella Ariana M , Grigel Haley , Lister Hannah , Hrycik Allison , O’Malley Brian P , Stockwell Jason D 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough diel vertical migration (DVM) in aquatic systems may account for the largest daily migration of biomass globally, our understanding of this process under ice cover is limited, particularly in fresh water. The date of lake ice onset and duration of ice cover is declining globally, therefore determining the extent of plankton migrations under ice is imperative to inform our baseline understanding of seasonal differences in community structure and function, and how conditions may change over time. We investigated whether plankton exhibit DVM under ice and explored interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton at highly resolved space–time scales across 24 h in a eutrophic system. Despite the dominance of motile taxa, phytoplankton remained vertically segregated based on morpho-functional groups throughout the sampling period. Daphnia mendotae exhibited size-structured DVM with an upward migration at sunset and sunrise, and midnight sinking, presumably to avoid the rise of predatory Chaoborus. We hypothesize that because overwintering daphnids require rich lipid stores, D. mendotae migrated to access small, lipid-rich phytoplankton that were limited to surface waters. Given our study took place during an unusually warm winter in a eutrophic system, our results may represent future under-ice dynamics under increasing eutrophication pressure and climate warming in shallow lakes.
Effect of eutrophication on the functional diversity of zooplankton in shallow ponds in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Duré Gustavo Adolfo Villalba , Simões Nadson Ressyé , Braghin Louizi de Souza Magalhães , Ribeiro Sylvia Maria Moreira Susini 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Eutrophication is a process characterized by the enrichment of a given aquatic environment with nutrients, triggering a serious and growing ecological problem in continental aquatic ecosystems, including effects on the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. For this, we predicted that eutrophication decreases zooplankton functional richness, evenness, divergence and dispersion, and changes the functional composition of zooplankton. Zooplankton and water features were sampled in sixteen shallow ponds in northeastern Brazil. Functional diversity aspects were calculated for each assembly (rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods) using multidimensional indexes and functional groups. Principal component analysis, multiple linear regression, hierarchical cluster analysis and distance-based redundancy analysis were performed to characterize the environmental variation, and to identify associations with functional zooplankton diversity. We observed that turbidity and increased nutrients influenced the functional composition and functional diversity indices of zooplankton due to aquatic pollution. Eutrophic environments favored more specialized species, with greater selectivity in food capture and greater ability to escape predators. We suggest that eutrophic conditions lead to changes in the functional composition of the assemblies decreasing differentiation and variability of functional traits. Such changes lead to a loss of ecosystem processes and make these ecosystems more vulnerable.
Dynamic changes in primexine during the tetrad stage of pollen development
Authors: Wang Rui , Owen Heather A , Dobritsa Anna A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Formation of pollen wall exine is preceded by the development of several transient layers of extracellular materials deposited on the surface of developing pollen grains. One such layer is primexine (PE), a thin, ephemeral structure that is present only for a short period of time and is difficult to visualize and study. Recent genetic studies suggested that PE is a key factor in the formation of exine, making it critical to understand its composition and the dynamics of its formation. In this study, we used high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted samples of developing Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pollen for a detailed transmission electron microscopy analysis of the PE ultrastructure throughout the tetrad stage of pollen development. We also analyzed anthers from wild-type Arabidopsis and three mutants defective in PE formation by immunofluorescence, carefully tracing several carbohydrate epitopes in PE and nearby anther tissues during the tetrad and the early free-microspore stages. Our analyses revealed likely sites where these carbohydrates are produced and showed that the distribution of these carbohydrates in PE changes significantly during the tetrad stage. We also identified tools for staging tetrads and demonstrate that components of PE undergo changes resembling phase separation. Our results indicate that PE behaves like a much more dynamic structure than has been previously appreciated and clearly show that Arabidopsis PE creates a scaffolding pattern for formation of reticulate exine.
Fewer Opioids but More Benzodiazepines? Prescription Trends by Specialty in Response to the Implementation of Michigan’s Opioid Laws
Authors: Danagoulian Shooshan , King Andrew , Mangan Kyle , Tarchick John , Dolcourt Bram 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To characterize the effects of Michigan’s controlled substance legislation on acute care prescriber behavior by specialty, in a single hospital system.

Design
A retrospective study of opioid and benzodiazepine prescription records from a hospital electronic medical record system between August 1, 2016, and March 31, 2019, in Detroit, Michigan.

Setting
Discharges from inpatient and emergency department visits.

Intervention
Evaluating the impact of implementation of state controlled substance legislation, comparing prescriptions by physicians before, upon, and after June 1, 2018, using regression discontinuity analysis.

Methods
Total daily prescriptions of opioids and total daily prescriptions of benzodiazepine by physicians in the hospital system. Prescriptions were converted to morphine and lorazepam equivalents for comparability.

Results
We find 38.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] : 74.1% – 2.9%) decrease of prescription in milligrams of opioid equivalents attributable to implementation of legislation. The main catalyst of the decrease was emergency medicine which experienced 63.9% (95% CI: 109.7%–18.0%) decrease in milligrams of opioid equivalent prescriptions, while surgery increased prescriptions. Though we do not find any statistically significant changes in prescriptions of milligram equivalent of benzodiazepines, we estimate 43.1% (95% CI: 82.6%–3.7%) decrease in count of these prescriptions, implying a significant increase in average dosage of prescriptions.

Conclusions
The introduction of new regulatory requirements for the prescription of controlled substances led to a general decrease in morphine equivalent milligrams prescribed in most specialties, though it may have increased the dosage of benzodiazepine prescriptions. The change in prescription behavior could be motivated by regulatory hassle or by change in attitude towards opioid prescriptions and increased recognition of opioid use disorder.
The Effect of Scheduled Intravenous Acetaminophen in an Enhanced Recovery Protocol Pathway in Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Procedures: A Prospective, Randomized, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Subramaniam Kathirvel , Esper Stephen A , Mallikarjun Kushanth , Dickson Alec , Ruppert, DrPH, Kristin , Drabek Tomas , Wong Hesper , Holder-Murray Jennifer 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
Enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) utilize multi-modal analgesia regimens. Individual regimen components should be evaluated for their analgesic efficacy. We evaluated the effect of scheduled intravenous (IV) acetaminophen within an ERP on analgesia and recovery after a major abdominal surgery.

Design
This study is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial.

Setting
The study setting was a tertiary care, academic medical center.

Subjects
Adult patients scheduled for elective major abdominal surgical procedures.

Methods
Patients in group A received 1 g IV acetaminophen, while patients in group P received IV placebo every six hours for 48 hours postoperatively within an ERP. Pain scores, opioid requirements, nausea and vomiting, time to oral intake and mobilization, length of stay, and patient satisfaction scores were measured and compared.

Results
From 412 patients screened, 154 patients completed the study (Group A: 76, Group P: 78). Primary outcome was the number of patients with unsatisfactory pain relief, defined as a composite of average Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) scores above 5 and requirement of IV patient-controlled analgesia for pain relief during the first 48 hours postoperatively, and was not significantly different between the two groups (33 (43.4%) in group A versus 42 (53.8%) patients in group P, P = .20). Opioid consumption was comparable between two groups. Group A utilized significantly less postoperative rescue antiemetics compared to group P (41% vs. 58%, P = .02).

Conclusions
Scheduled administration of IV acetaminophen did not improve postoperative analgesia or characteristics of postoperative recovery in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery within an ERP pathway.
Prevalence of Dysmenorrhea and Determinants of Pain Intensity Among University-Age Women
Authors: Ullah Azmat , Fayyaz Khadijah , Javed Uswa , Usman Muhammad , Malik Rameesha , Arif Nafeesa , Kaleem Amna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe study was conducted to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and investigate factors associated with dysmenorrhic pain among university students in Lahore, Pakistan.Design and SettingA cross-sectional study was conducted across various public and private sector universities in Lahore.MethodsA self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 600 randomly selected female university students.ResultsThe prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 91.5%. Age at menarche (odds ratio [OR] = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10–3.50) was the only significant factor associated with dysmenorrhea. The mean pain severity score among dysmenorrhic students was 5.62 ± 2.28. Most of the participants (65.8%) were experiencing moderate/severe pain. Univariate analysis showed that irregular cycle (OR [95% CI] = 1.62 [1.13–2.33]), age at menarche of ≤14 years (OR [95% CI] = 1.46 [1.05–2.04]), duration of menses of more than 5 days (OR [95% CI] = 1.42 [1.02–1.99]), stress (OR [95% CI] = 2.16 [1.54–3.03]), moderate meat/protein consumption (OR [95% CI] = 1.55 [1.08–2.21]), and medical specialization (OR [95% CI] = 1.72 [1.17–2.52]) were significantly associated with pain severity among dysmenorrhic female students. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that medical specialization (OR [95% CI] = 1.83 [1.22–2.73]), age at menarche (OR [95% CI] = 0.603 [0.42–0.86]), regularity of menses (OR [95% CI] = 1.52 [1.04–2.22]), moderate meat/protein consumption (OR [95% CI] = 1.69 [1.16–2.45]), and stress (OR [95% CI] = 1.87 [1.32–2.66]) were independent predictors of moderate/severe dysmenorrhic pain.ConclusionThe study revealed an alarmingly high prevalence of dysmenorrhea among university students. High levels of stress and early menarche were the potent determinants of moderate/severe dysmenorrhea that disturbs quality of life.
The Polls—Trends
Authors: Hobolt Sara B , Tilley James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In 2020, the United Kingdom became the first member state to leave the European Union (EU). This followed a referendum on membership in 2016. Public opinion about EU membership has been regularly measured since the 1970s in Britain. In this Poll Trends article, we document the changes in sentiment towards the EU in a variety of different ways. We report on attitudes towards the cost and benefits; national and European identities; support for continued membership of the EU; specific policy preferences towards Britain’s involvement with the EU; vote intention in a referendum on membership pre- and post- the 2016 referendum; and the prevalence of new political identities created by the referendum.
Digital contact-tracing in France: uptake by COVID-19 risk factor and by exposure risk
Authors: Guillon M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Few studies have investigated the influence of COVID-19 conspiracy theories on digital contact-tracing adoption and the differentiated uptake of digital contact-tracing by COVID-19 risk factor and by exposure risk.

Methods
Using a cross-sectional survey conducted in France in November 2020 (N = 1042), we investigate the factors associated with the use of the French ‘TousAntiCovid’ contact-tracing application. Our independent variables of interest include COVID-19 and ‘TousAntiCovid’ perceptions, trust in the government, time and risk preferences and the level of adherence to COVID-19 conspiracy theories. We conduct regression analyses by COVID-19 risk factor and exposure groups.

Results
Among the full sample, a negative association is found between the propensity to believe in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and the use of ‘TousAntiCovid’. French respondents at risk of severe COVID-19 form are more likely to use ‘TousAntiCovid’. No difference in uptake is found by exposure group. Group analyses indicate that the factors associated with the uptake of digital contact-tracing differ by COVID-19 risk factor and exposure risk.

Conclusion
Governmental communication to fight COVID-19 misinformation and to stress out the utility and data safety of ‘TousAntiCovid’ should be reinforced. Targeted communication campaigns should be conducted among low adoption groups and key groups in COVID-19 transmission.
Halting the pandemic outside ‘CORTINA2021’ alpine world ski championships: a challenge for sport and public health in times of COVID-19
Authors: Anna De Polo , Luigi Pais Dei Mori , Michele Mongillo , Giuseppe De Luca , Giacomo Facchin , Giangiacomo Marchesan , Matteo Stevanato , Michele Di Gallo , Andrea Apollonio , Giacomo Volpe , Eliana Modolo , Francesca Russo , Sandro Cinquetti 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
In February 2021 the “Cortina2021” Alpine World Ski Championships took place in the mountain town of Cortina d'Ampezzo (Italy), thus gaining the definition of “first sporting event of global significance in the time of covid-19 pandemic”. Though the event took place behind closed doors and in a context of national public health restrictive measures, it counted almost 6,000 participants.

Methods
A rigorous “Covid-19 Prevention and Hygiene Protocol” was drawn up by the local and regional health authorities together with the organizing committee, in order to contain the risk of viral circulation within the venue.

Results
Overall about 20,000 rapid antigen nasal swabs were performed to screen-detect sars-cov2 cases: only 22 of these were found positive, whereas 25 people were quarantined as close contacts.

Conclusions
The experience of “Cortina2021” proves that mass gatherings can take place even in times of epidemic threats, if adequately planned and by providing public health recommendations tailored on the viral circulation foreseen by the time the event is due. If new epidemics should arise in the future, hopefully the public health management of “Cortina2021” may be a template for next mass gatherings to be held, as far as possible, despite the viral circulation.
Identity, Beliefs, and Political Conflict
Authors: Bonomi Giampaolo , Gennaioli Nicola , Tabellini Guido 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe present a theory of identity politics that builds on two ideas. First, when policy conflict renders a certain social divide—economic or cultural—salient, a voter identifies with her economic or cultural group. Second, the voter slants her beliefs toward the stereotype of the group she identifies with. We obtain three implications. First, voters’ beliefs are polarized along the distinctive features of salient groups. Second, if the salience of cultural policies increases, cultural conflict rises, redistributive conflict falls, and polarization becomes more correlated across issues. Third, economic shocks hurting conservative voters may trigger a switch to cultural identity, causing these voters to demand less redistribution. We discuss U.S. survey evidence in light of these implications.
Tamagawa Products of Elliptic Curves Over ℚ
Authors: Griffin Michael , Onowei-Lun Tsai Ken , Tsai Wei-Lun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe explicitly construct the Dirichlet series $$\begin{equation*}L_{\mathrm{Tam}}(s):=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}\frac{P_{\mathrm{Tam}}(m)}{m^s},\end{equation*}$$ where $P_{\mathrm{Tam}}(m)$ is the proportion of elliptic curves $E/\mathbb{Q}$ in short Weierstrass form with Tamagawa product m. Although there are no $E/\mathbb{Q}$ with everywhere good reduction, we prove that the proportion with trivial Tamagawa product is $P_{\mathrm{Tam}}(1)={0.5053\dots}$. As a corollary, we find that $L_{\mathrm{Tam}}(-1)={1.8193\dots}$ is the average Tamagawa product for elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$. We give an application of these results to canonical and Weil heights.
Fiscal Multipliers and Foreign Holdings of Public Debt
Authors: Broner Fernando , Clancy Daragh , Erce Aitor , Martin Alberto 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article explores a natural connection between fiscal multipliers and foreign holdings of public debt. Although fiscal expansions can raise domestic economic activity through various channels, they can also have crowding-out effects if the resources used to acquire public debt reduce domestic consumption and investment. These crowding-out effects are likely to be weaker when governments have access to foreign savings when selling their debt, leading to larger fiscal multipliers. We test this hypothesis for the U.S. in the post-war period and for a panel of 17 advanced economies from the 1980s to the present. To do so, we assemble a novel database of public debt holdings by domestic and foreign creditors for these countries. We combine these data with standard measures of fiscal policy shocks and show that, indeed, the size of fiscal multipliers is increasing in the share of public debt held by foreigners. In particular, the fiscal multiplier is smaller than one when the foreign share is low, such as in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s and Japan today, and larger than one when the foreign share is high, such as in the U.S. and several European countries today.
Sarilumab monotherapy vs sarilumab and methotrexate combination therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Burmester Gerd R , Bykerk Vivian P , Buch Maya H , Tanaka Yoshiya , Kameda Hideto , Praestgaard Amy , van Hoogstraten Hubert , Fernandez-Nebro Antonio , Huizinga Thomas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
Sarilumab, as monotherapy or in combination with conventional synthetic DMARDs, such as MTX, has demonstrated improvement in clinical outcomes in patients with RA. The primary objective of this post hoc analysis was to compare the efficacy of sarilumab (200 mg every 2 weeks) monotherapy (MONARCH study) with that of sarilumab and MTX combination therapy (MOBILITY study) at week 24.

Methods
The endpoints assessed were mean change from baseline in the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), 28-joint Disease Activity using CRP (DAS28-CRP), CRP, haemoglobin (Hb), pain visual analogue scale (VAS) and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)–Fatigue. Least square (LS) mean change from baseline (95% CI) at week 24 for all endpoints was compared between the treatment arms for adjusted comparisons.

Results
This analysis included 184 patients on sarilumab monotherapy and 399 patients on sarilumab plus MTX. Differences (P &lt; 0.05) were observed in ethnicity, region, body mass index group, rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, swollen joint count, CRP, CDAI and oral glucocorticoid use between these treatment groups. After adjusting for these differences in a mixed-effect model repeated measure, LS mean change from baseline for all assessments was similar between the treatment groups with overlapping CIs: CDAI, −28.79 vs −26.21; DAS28-CRP, −2.95 vs −2.81; CRP, −18.31 vs −16.46; Hb, 6.59 vs 8.09; Pain VAS, −33.62 vs −31.66; FACIT-Fatigue, 9.90 vs 10.24.

Conclusion
This analysis demonstrated that the efficacy of sarilumab monotherapy was similar to that of sarilumab and MTX combination therapy.
Filgotinib or lanraplenib in moderate to severe cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Werth Victoria P , Fleischmann Roy , Robern Michael , Touma Zahi , Tiamiyu Iyabode , Gurtovaya Oksana , Pechonkina Alena , Mozaffarian Afsaneh , Downie Bryan , Matzkies Franziska , Wallace Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To explore the safety and efficacy of filgotinib (FIL), a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, and lanraplenib (LANRA), a spleen kinase inhibitor, in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE).

Methods
This was a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory, proof-of-concept study of LANRA (30 mg), FIL (200 mg) or placebo (PBO) once daily for 12 weeks in patients with active CLE. At week 12, PBO patients were rerandomized 1:1 to receive LANRA or FIL for up to 36 additional weeks.

Results
Of 47 randomized patients, 45 were treated (PBO, n = 9; LANRA, n = 19; FIL, n = 17). The primary endpoint [change from baseline in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index Activity (CLASI-A) score at week 12] was not met. The least squares mean CLASI-A score change from baseline was −5.5 (s.e. 2.56) with PBO, −4.5 (1.91) with LANRA and −8.7 (1.85) with FIL. Numerical differences between FIL and PBO were greater in select subgroups. A ≥5-point improvement in the CLASI-A score at week 12 was achieved by 50.0%, 56.3% and 68.8% in the PBO, LANRA and FIL arms, respectively. A numerically greater proportion of patients in the FIL arm (50%) also achieved ≥50% improvement in the CLASI-A score at week 12 (37.5% PBO, 31.3% LANRA). Most adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate in severity. Two serious AEs were reported with LANRA and one with FIL.

Conclusion
The primary endpoint was not met. Select subgroups displayed a numerically greater treatment response to FIL relative to PBO. LANRA and FIL were generally well tolerated.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03134222