bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using forecasting to evaluate the impact of COVID‐19 on passenger air transport demand
Authors: Li Xishu , de Groot Maurits , Bäck Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic caused a drastic drop in passenger air transport demand due to two forces: supply restriction and demand depression. In order for airlines to recover, the key is to identify which force they are fighting against. We propose a method for separating the two forces of COVID‐19 and evaluating the respective impact on demand. Our method involves dividing passengers into different segments based on passenger characteristics, simulating different scenarios, and predicting demand for each passenger segment in each scenario. Comparing the predictions with each other and with the real situation, we quantify the impact of COVID‐19 associated with the two forces, respectively. We apply our method to a dataset from Air France–KLM and show that from March 1st to May 31st 2020, the pandemic caused demand at the airline to drop 40.3% on average for passengers segmented based on age and purpose of travel. The 57.4% of this decline is due to demand depression, whereas the other 42.6% is due to supply restriction. In addition, we find that the impact of COVID‐19 associated with each force varies between passenger segments. The demand depression force impacted business passengers between age 41 and 60 the most, and it impacted leisure passengers between age 20 and 40 the least. The opposite result holds for the supply restriction force. We give suggestions on how airlines can plan their recovery using our results and how other industries can use our evaluation method.
Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Role of oxidative stress and central sensitisation
Authors: Ye Di , Fairchild Timothy J. , Vo Lechi , Drummond Peter D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimsDiabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) occurs in about half of people with diabetes, of whom a quarter may develop chronic pain. Pain may remain for years yet be difficult to treat because the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. There is consensus that processing excessive glucose leads to oxidative stress, interfering with normal metabolism. In this narrative review, we argue that oxidative stress may also contribute to pain.MethodsWe reviewed literature in PubMed published between January 2005 and August 2021.Results and conclusionsIn diabetes, hyperglycaemia and associated production of reactive species can directly increase pain signalling and activate sensory neurons; or the effects can be indirect, mediated by mitochondrial damage and enhanced inflammation. Furthermore, pain processing in the central nervous system is compromised in painful DPN. This is implicated in central sensitisation and dysfunctional pain modulation. However, central pain modulatory function is understudied in diabetes. Future research is required to clarify whether central sensitisation and/or disturbances in central pain modulation contribute to painful DPN. Positive results would facilitate early detection and future treatment.
Experiential modulation of social dominance in a SYNGAP1 rat model of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Harris Emma , Myers Honor , Saxena Kapil , Mitchell‐Heggs Rufus , Kind Peter , Chattarji Shona , Morris Richard G. M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAdvances in the understanding of developmental brain disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are being achieved through human neurogenetics such as, for example, identifying de novo mutations in SYNGAP1 as one relatively common cause of ASD. A recently developed rat line lacking the calcium/lipid binding (C2) and GTPase activation protein (GAP) domain may further help uncover the neurobiological basis of deficits in children with ASD. This study focused on social dominance in the tube test using Syngap+/Δ‐GAP (rats heterozygous for the C2/GAP domain deletion) as alterations in social behaviour are a key facet of the human phenotype. Male animals of this line living together formed a stable intra‐cage hierarchy, but they were submissive when living with wild‐type (WT) cage‐mates, thereby modelling the social withdrawal seen in ASD. The study includes a detailed analysis of specific behaviours expressed in social interactions by WT and mutant animals, including the observation that when the Syngap+/Δ‐GAP mutants that had been living together had separate dominance encounters with WT animals from other cages, the two higher ranking Syngap+/Δ‐GAP rats remained dominant whereas the two lower ranking mutants were still submissive. Although only observed in a small subset of animals, these findings support earlier observations with a rat model of Fragile X, indicating that their experience of winning or losing dominance encounters has a lasting influence on subsequent encounters with others. Our results highlight and model that even with single‐gene mutations, dominance phenotypes reflect an interaction between genotypic and environmental factors.
Contrasting nutrient availability between marine and brackish waters in the late Mesoproterozoic: Evidence from the Paranoá Group, Brazil
Authors: Stüeken Eva E. , Viehmann Sebastian , Hohl Simon V. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the delayed rise of eukaryotic life on Earth is one of the most fundamental questions about biological evolution. Numerous studies have presented evidence for oxygen and nutrient limitations in seawater during the Mesoproterozoic era, indicating that open marine settings may not have been able to sustain a eukaryotic biosphere with complex, multicellular organisms. However, many of these data sets represent restricted marine basins, which may bias our view of habitability. Furthermore, it remains untested whether rivers could have supplied significant nutrient fluxes to coastal habitats. To better characterize the sources of the major nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, we turned to the late Mesoproterozoic Paranoá Group in Brazil (~1.1 Ga), which was deposited on a passive margin of the São Francisco craton. We present carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotope data from an open shelf setting (Fazenda Funil) and from a brackish‐water environment with significant riverine input (São Gabriel). Our results show that waters were well‐oxygenated and nitrate was bioavailable in the open ocean setting at Fazenda Funil; the redoxcline appears to have been deeper and further offshore compared to restricted marine basins elsewhere in the Mesoproterozoic. In contrast, the brackish site at São Gabriel received only limited input of marine nitrate and sulphate. Nevertheless, previous reports of acritarchs reveal that this brackish‐water setting was habitable to eukaryotic life. Paired with previously published cadmium isotope data, which can be used as a proxy for phosphorus cycling, our results suggest that complex organisms were perhaps not strictly dependent on marine nutrient supplies. Riverine influxes of P and possibly other nutrients likely rendered coastal waters perhaps equally habitable to the Mesoproterozoic open ocean. This conclusion supports the notion that eukaryotic organisms may have thrived in brackish or perhaps even freshwater environments.
Quantification of blue carbon pathways contributing to negative feedback on climate change following glacier retreat in West Antarctic fjords
Authors: Zwerschke Nadescha , Sands Chester J. , Roman‐Gonzalez Alejandro , Barnes David K. A. , Guzzi Alice , Jenkins Stuart , Muñoz‐Ramírez Carlos , Scourse James 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGlobal warming is causing significant losses of marine ice around the polar regions. In Antarctica, the retreat of tidewater glaciers is opening up novel, low‐energy habitats (fjords) that have the potential to provide a negative feedback loop to climate change. These fjords are being colonized by organisms on and within the sediment and act as a sink for particulate matter. So far, blue carbon potential in Antarctic habitats has mainly been estimated using epifaunal megazoobenthos (although some studies have also considered macrozoobenthos). We investigated two further pathways of carbon storage and potential sequestration by measuring the concentration of carbon of infaunal macrozoobenthos and total organic carbon (TOC) deposited in the sediment. We took samples along a temporal gradient since time of last glacier ice cover (1–1000 years) at three fjords along the West Antarctic Peninsula. We tested the hypothesis that seabed carbon standing stock would be mainly driven by time since last glacier covered. However, results showed this to be much more complex. Infauna were highly variable over this temporal gradient and showed similar total mass of carbon standing stock per m2 as literature estimates of Antarctic epifauna. TOC mass in the sediment, however, was an order of magnitude greater than stocks of infaunal and epifaunal carbon and increased with time since last ice cover. Thus, blue carbon stocks and recent gains around Antarctica are likely much higher than previously estimated as is their negative feedback on climate change.
Clinical assessment and point of care ultrasonography: How to diagnose haemophilic synovitis
Authors: De la Corte‐Rodriguez Hortensia , Rodriguez‐Merchan E. Carlos , Alvarez‐Roman María Teresa , Martin‐Salces Monica , Jimenez‐Yuste Victor 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe ability of clinical tools to identify early joint changes is limited. Synovitis is a fundamental finding in understanding haemophilia activity and the response to its therapies; thus, there is a need for sensitive methods to better diagnose subclinical synovitis early.PurposeOur aim was to compare the frequency with which clinical assessment and ultrasound detected synovial hypertrophy in the most frequently affected joints in patients with haemophilia (elbows, knees and ankles).MethodsWe analysed patients with haemophilia older than 16 years who came to the haemophilia centre for routine follow‐up. From the clinical assessment carried out in the consultation, the swelling, pain and history of haemarthrosis were evaluated and compared with the findings of synovial hypertrophy detected by ultrasound. This comparison was also analysed independently for elbows, knees and ankles.ResultsA total of 203 joints of 66 patients with haemophilia (mean age 34 years), most of them on secondary, tertiary prophylaxis or on demand treatment, were included. In joints with swelling, pain and history of haemarthrosis, 78% of the joints showed synovial hypertrophy on ultrasound. However, in joints with no swelling, no pain and no history of haemarthrosis, 40% presented subclinical synovial hypertrophy on ultrasound. This percentage was higher in elbows than in knees and ankles.ConclusionIn adults with haemophilia, physical examination and point‐of‐care ultrasound study provide complementary data on their joint disease. However, without ultrasound, the ability to detect subclinical synovitis is considerably reduced, especially in the elbows.
Physicochemical and functional properties of carbohydrate–protein gum extracted from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed
Authors: Nevara Gita Addelia , Syed Muhammad Sharifah Kharidah , Zawawi Norhasnida , Mustapha Nor Afizah , Karim Roselina 
Published: October 2021

SummaryKenaf seed gum (KSG) is a novel potential hydrocolloid extracted from kenaf seed. The physicochemical and functional characteristics of KSG were compared with guar gum (GG) and locust bean gum (LBG). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of KSG revealed representative peaks of polysaccharides in the regions of 3272, 2923, 1744, 1623, 1448 and 1082 cm‐1. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns displayed an amorphous structure of KSG, similar to other commercial gums. Based on the morphological evaluation, the gums exhibit a smooth surface microstructure. Furthermore, the KSG has comparable functional characteristics as GG and LBG in terms of water solubility, oil‐holding capacity, emulsion capacity and foaming capacity. This study provides basic information for exploring KSG as non‐conventional seed gum with the potential for further utilisation in the food and non‐food industries.
Mechanisms of molecular and structural interactions between lentil and quinoa proteins in aqueous solutions induced by pH recycling
Authors: Alrosan Mohammad , Tan Thuan‐Chew , Easa Azhar Mat , Gammoh Sana , Kubow Stan , Alu'datt Muhammad H. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThere has been a growing interest in plant proteins due to their beneficial health effects, low cost and variety of applications in food industries. The low solubility of lentil proteins (LPs) is one of the significant factors that limit their use in food applications. Quinoa proteins (QPs), which have high water solubility, were combined with LPs at pH 12 to generate LP‐QP complexes to generate pH‐based soluble protein compounds. The LP‐QP complexes demonstrated a large surface charge with an increase solubilisation of the protein complexes by more than 85%, together with resistance to protein aggregation. The combination of LPs to QPs led to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in unique tertiary and secondary protein structures as determined by the protein–protein interaction (PPI) technique involving pH recycling. Interactions between LPs and QPs affected the surface morphology of the protein complexes formed. Electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding were indicated to play key roles in the PPIs. The capacity of pH cycling to illustrate the above protein interactions shows that this is a robust approach for assessing the emulsion and foaming properties of food proteins.
Imaging of patients with multiple myeloma and associated plasma cell disorders: consensus practice statement by the Medical Scientific Advisory Group to Myeloma Australia
Authors: Creeper Katherine , Augustson Bradley , Kusel Kieran , Fulham Michael J. , Ho Joy , Quach Hang , Mollee Peter , Weber Nicholas , Talaulikar Dipti , Johnston Anna , Murphy Nick , Joshua Douglas , Ward Christopher , Ling Silvia , Gibson John , Szer Jeff , Harrison Simon , Zannettino Andrew , Jaksic Wilfrid , Lee Cindy , Spencer Andrew , Kalff Anna , Szabo Ferenc , Romeril Ken , Chan Henry , Gibbs Simon , Horvath Noemi , Prince H. Miles 
Published: October 2021

AbstractImaging modalities for multiple myeloma (MM) have evolved to enable earlier detection of disease. Furthermore, the diagnosis of MM requiring therapy has recently changed to include disease prior to bone destruction, specifically the detection of focal bone lesions. Focal lesions are early, abnormal areas in the bone marrow, which may signal the development of subsequent lytic lesions that typically occur within the next 18–24 months. Cross‐sectional imaging modalities are more sensitive for the detection and monitoring of bone and bone marrow disease and are now included in the International Myeloma Working Group current consensus criteria for initial diagnosis and treatment response assessment. The aim of this consensus practice statement is to review the evidence supporting these modalities. A more detailed Position Statement can be found on the Myeloma Australia website.
Shading under drought stress during grain filling attenuates photosynthesis, grain yield and quality of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Naseer Muhammad Asad , Hussain Sadam , Nengyan Zhang , Ejaz Irsa , Ahmad Shakeel , Farooq Muhammad , Xiaolong Ren 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the Loess Plateau region of China, winter wheat often undergoes prolonged cloudy days without rain which may affect the grain yield and quality. This study examined the impacts of shading and drought conditions during the grain‐filling period of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on photosynthesis, grain yield and quality traits in a greenhouse experiment. The imposed shading and irrigation‐deficit treatments were corresponded with naturally cloudy weather in the rainfed area. Five shading treatments, 15 days shading (SD15); 12 days shading (SD12); 9 days shading (SD9); 6 days shading (SD6); and 3 days shading (SD3), and four irrigation treatments: full irrigation (I100); 75% of full irrigation (I75); 50% of full irrigation (I50); and 25% of full irrigation (I25), were applied after completion of flowering. The results showed that shading during grain filling decreased the grain yield and individual grain weight irrespective of the dry or wet conditions of the soil. Plant height increased with a decrease in shading duration to favour the efficient capturing of light. The reduction in the rate of photosynthesis was noted with an increase in the drought intensity. Shading significantly reduced the grain protein contents and increased the grain starch contents. In conclusion, shading for a long duration (SD15, SD12 and SD9) and drought stress (I25) during the grain‐filling stage significantly decreased the yield and grain quality of winter wheat. The shading of few days without drought (I100: SD3, SD6 and SD9) improved the plant height, photosynthetic activity and increased the distribution of dry matter from vegetative organs to grains.
Synthesis of β‐MoO3 whiskers by the thermal evaporation method with flowing oxygen gas
Authors: Ngo Chu Minh , Nguyen Hieu Duy , Saito Nobuo , Do Thi Mai Dung , Nakayama Tadachika , Niihara Koichi , Suematsu Hisayuki 
Published: October 2021

Abstractβ‐MoO3 is a monoclinic phase of MoO3; it has been shown to be a promising material that can replace α‐MoO3 in chemical, optical, electronic, and electrochromic applications. However, the difficulty in synthesizing β‐MoO3 with a one‐dimensional (1D) morphology has limited its use in applications requiring a large specific surface area. In the present work, β‐MoO3 whiskers were prepared by thermally evaporating α‐MoO3 powder in a tube furnace at temperatures (Tf) from 750 to 1000°C and under flowing O2 gas. The collected samples were identified as mainly β‐MoO3 by X‐ray diffraction measurements, and the highest purity β‐MoO3 was obtained at Tf = 1000°C. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations showed that whiskers with a width of 10 nm were successfully synthesized by this method. The whiskers were confirmed to be β‐MoO3 via lattice image analysis. Measurements of the temperature distribution in the tube furnace and comparisons with the Mo–O phase diagram led to the conclusion that the whiskers formed via a vapor–solid route. Prepared β‐MoO3 whiskers were compared with α‐MoO3 powder via the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization method. By elucidating the β‐MoO3 whisker synthesis mechanism, this research provides guidance for the large‐scale production of β‐MoO3 whiskers.
Factors affecting labour market transitions, sustained employment and sustained unemployment in individuals with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Park Eun‐Young 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies have reported difficulties in job acquisition and retention as well as unstable employment status among individuals with intellectual disabilities.MethodChi‐square, one‐way ANOVA, and binary logistic regression analysis were employed to investigate the factors that affect the labour market transition of 374 individuals with intellectual disabilities.ResultsThere were significant differences in sex between the sustained unemployment group and the sustained employment groups; in educational level, between sustained employment and other groups; and in basic living security assistance received, between sustained unemployment and other groups. All psychological factors in the sustained employment group were higher than in the sustained unemployment group. Communication ability significantly affected sustained employment.ConclusionsGreater family support was associated with a lower turnover probability, and a higher educational level and greater family support increased the probability of retention. Developing family support systems may decrease the possibility of turnover and increase retention.
Endothelial function and atrial fibrillation: A missing piece of the puzzle?
Authors: Black Nicholas , Mohammad Fahad , Saraf Karan , Morris Gwilym 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEndothelial dysfunction, a term used to describe both the physical damage and dysregulated physiology of this endothelial lining, is an increasingly recognized pathophysiological state shared by many cardiovascular diseases. Historically, the role of endothelial dysfunction in atrial fibrillation (AF) was thought to be limited to mediating atrial thromboembolism. However, there is emerging evidence that endothelial dysfunction both promotes and maintains atrial arrhythmic substrate, predicts adverse outcomes, and identifies patients at high risk of recurrence following cardioversion and ablation therapy. Treatments targeted at improving endothelial function also represent a promising new therapeutic paradigm in AF. This review summarizes the current understanding of endothelial function in AF.
Hypertension with unilateral adrenal aldosterone and cortisol cosecreting adenoma: A case report
Authors: Hu Zhe , Chen Xin , Shao Yuan , Luo Fang‐Xiu , Chu Shao‐Li , Wang Ji‐Guang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHere, we report a case of unilateral adrenal aldosterone and cortisol co‐secreting adenoma. A 34‐year‐old man with a history of severe hypertension for one year was detected hypokalemia (2.42 mmol/L lowest) and unilateral adrenal mass in a size of 71 mm*63 mm. Measurements of plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity showed marked increases. Primary aldosteronism was diagnosed. To exclude adrenal malignancy, the function of zona fasciculate was evaluated, and 24‐h urine free cortisol was found abnormal in a testing. Further examinations revealed that circadian rhythm of serum cortisol disappeared and 2 mg‐dexamethasone suppression test was positive. The final diagnosis was secondary hypertension, primary aldosteronism and subclinical Cushing's syndrome. After unilateral adrenalectomy, his blood pressure was normalized and biochemical parameters in the normal range. In conclusion, in patients with a large aldosterone‐producing adenoma, the function of zona fasciculate might have to be evaluated for the identification of aldosterone and cortisol co‐secreting neoplasms.
Dexmedetomidine alleviates hepatic ischaemia‐reperfusion injury via the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2‐NLRP3 pathway
Authors: Wu Yan , Qiu Gaolin , Zhang Hainie , Zhu Leilei , Cheng Gao , Wang Yiqiao , Li Yuanhai , Wu Weiwei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHepatic ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury constitutes a tough difficulty in liver surgery. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) plays a protective role in I/R injury. This study investigated protective mechanism of Dex in hepatic I/R injury. The human hepatocyte line L02 received hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment to stimulate cell model of hepatic I/R. The levels of pyroptosis proteins and inflammatory factors were detected. Functional rescue experiments were performed to confirm the effects of miR‐494 and JUND on hepatic I/R injury. The levels of JUND, PI3K/p‐PI3K, AKT/p‐AKT, Nrf2, and NLRP3 activation were detected. The rat model of hepatic I/R injury was established to confirm the effect of Dex in vivo. Dex reduced pyroptosis and inflammation in H/R cells. Dex increased miR‐494 expression, and miR‐494 targeted JUND. miR‐494 inhibition or JUND upregulation reversed the protective effect of Dex. Dex repressed NLRP3 inflammasome by activating the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway. In vivo experiments confirmed the protective effect of Dex on hepatic I/R injury. Overall, Dex repressed NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviated hepatic I/R injury via the miR‐494/JUND/PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 axis.