bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aneuploidy and loss of heterozygosity as risk markers for malignant transformation in oral mucosa
Authors: Odell Edward W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe ability to predict malignant transformation in oral potentially malignant disorders would inform targeted treatment, provide prognostic information and allow secondary prevention. DNA ploidy and loss of heterozygosity assays are already in clinical use, and loss of heterozygosity has been used in prospective clinical trials. This review appraises published evidence of predictive ability and explores interpretation of heterogeneous studies, with different diagnostic methods, criteria and intention. Both methods have a sound biological foundation and have predictive value independent of dysplasia grading and clinical parameters. The application of these two techniques cannot be directly compared because of differences in expression of results and application to populations of different risk. Predicting malignant transformation accurately on an individual patient basis is not yet possible with either technique. However, they are valuable applications to stratify patients for inclusion in trials, identify the lowest risk patients and exclude risk when biopsy results are indeterminate for dysplasia.
Citrulluside H and citrulluside T from young watermelon fruit attenuate ultraviolet B radiation‐induced matrix metalloproteinase expression through the scavenging of generated reactive oxygen species in human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Itoh Tomohiro , Fujita Singo , Koketsu Mamoru , Hashizume Toshiharu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundProlonged exposure to UV radiation disrupts the oxidative stress defense systems; in the absence of adequate reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐scavenging mechanisms, the ROS produced cause oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Thus, ROS elimination can protect against photoaging and possibly skin cancer. We recently isolated two novel phenolic glycosides (citrulluside H and citrulluside T) with antioxidative activity from young watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruits. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of these compounds against UV‐B–induced photodamage in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs).MethodsNHDFs were exposed to UV‐B irradiation at 25 mJ/cm2. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 and MMP‐3 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real‐time PCR. MMP protein expression, as well as MAPK and NF‐κB signaling, was investigated by Western blot analysis. Activation protein‐1 (AP‐1) transcriptional activity was determined using a luciferase reporter assay. Intracellular ROS levels were measured using the CellROX™ Deep Red Reagent.ResultsCitrulluside H and citrulluside T significantly downregulated the protein and mRNA expression of MMP‐1 and MMP‐3, which are associated with the onset of skin wrinkle formation. Importantly, inhibition of UV‐B–induced MMP expression in NHDFs by citrulluside H and citrulluside T was primarily due to the attenuation of MAPK/AP‐1 and NF‐κB signaling via scavenging of the generated ROS.ConclusionOur findings delineated both citrulluside H and citrulluside T as potential agents for alleviating UV‐induced skin photoaging.
Genetic variants of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in cats with mammary gland carcinoma
Authors: Govoni Verônica Mollica , Da Silva Tereza Cristina , Guerra Juliana Mariotti , Pereira Isabel Veloso Alves , Queiroga Felisbina Luisa , Cogliati Bruno 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMammary tumours are the first and third most incident neoplasm in women and cats, respectively. Approximately 85% of feline mammary gland tumours are malignant and aggressive, especially the triple‐negative and HER‐2+ molecular subtypes. Triple‐negative basal‐like feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs) are considered suitable models due to the clinical and morphological similarities with human basal‐like triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). In women, TNBC has a poor prognosis and is often associated with mutations in the tumour suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. In light of this, the aim of the present investigation was to screen somatic and germline variants of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in nine female cats bearing FMCs. Matched whole blood and FMC samples were obtained for genetic analysis. Additional tumour samples were obtained for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Genomic DNA was isolated and 27 exonic regions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were amplified and screened by next‐generation sequencing. A somatic variant with high functional impact was found in exon 11 of BRCA2 at a frequency of 4.34% in one FMC‐bearing cat. Four germline variants with moderate impact were detected in three of the nine FMC‐bearing cats and were restricted to exon 9 of BRCA1. It is concluded that the germline genetic variants found in one‐third of FMC‐bearing animals might be associated with a higher risk of hereditary mammary carcinogenesis.
The Static Transmission Error of Cracked Spur Gear Teeth Using FEA
Authors: Sirichai Seney , Howard Ian , Morgan Laurie , Teh Kian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper considers a Finite Element Model which is used to predict the torsional mesh stiffness and static transmission error of a pair of spur gears in mesh. The model involves the use of 2D plain strain elements, coupled with contact elements at the points of contact between the meshing teeth. A simple strategy of how to determine an appropriate value of the penalty parameter of the contact elements (gap element) is also presented. When gears are unloaded, a pinion and gear with perfect involute profiles, should theoretically run with zero transmission error. However, when gears with involute profiles are loaded, the individual torsional mesh stiffness of each gear changes throughout the mesh cycle, causing variations in angular rotation of the gear body and subsequent transmission error. The theoretical changes in the torsional mesh stiffness throughout the mesh cycle are developed using finite element analysis and related to the static transmission error. A 5mm through thickness tooth crack is also modelled, and the comparison of the torsional mesh stiffness and static transmission error with and without the tooth crack is discussed.
Some Comments on the Differential Model of Hysteresis
Authors: Liu Y. H. , Tuan G. , Foliente G. C. , Ma F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The differential model of hysteresis has found general acceptance in computational mechanics. Shapes of hysteresis loops generated by the model depend on both the loop parameters and external excitation. In this paper, sensitivity of the differential model to various constituent parameters is studied. A more robust model of hysteresis can be constructed if sensitivity to loop parameters and excitation can be better understood.
Agent Support for Collaborative Design
Authors: Jha Krishna N. , Morris Andrea , Mytych Ed , Spering Judith 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Extensive collaboration among multiple distributed design groups is required to design aircraft parts. Achieving such a collaboration manually is time-consuming, expensive, and inefficient; but the cost of ignoring or minimizing it is much higher in terms of delayed and/or inferior quality products. We describe a multi-agent-based approach to support the desired collaboration among the design groups during the preliminary design (PD) process. A variety of agents including interface agents and control agents are used to model the various collaboration functionalities. The agent-representation includes a formal representation of the task-structures. A web-based user-interface provides high-level interface to the users. The agents collaborate to produce optimized and feasible designs.
Optimal Motion Planning for Deposition in Layered Manufacturing
Authors: Kao Ju-Hsien , Prinz Fritz B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The quality of material produced by layered manufacturing (LM) is closely related to the topology and fairness of deposition paths. A poorly planned path often results in voids or gaps between adjacent passes or layers. However, there are virtually no solutions to producing a completely smooth, connected spiral path that fills entirely a given arbitrary cross-sectional geometry without overlapping.
In this paper, we relax the constraints of cross-sectional shapes and propose a shape optimization algorithm based on its skeleton. The shape is optimized in a way that high-quality spiral deposition paths can be produced. The resulting paths are computed based on the geometry skeleton, instead of common recursive-offset algorithms.
A Modular Composable Software Architecture for the Simulation of Mechatronic Systems
Authors: Díaz-Calderón Antonio , Paredis Christiaan J. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a software architecture for composing complete system-level simulations of mechatronic systems. The proposed architecture will provide the designer with the infrastructure to rapidly create simulations of alternative designs. The architecture promotes modularity and composability through the use of the design entity. Moreover, the architecture supports hierarchical modeling and provides the infrastructure to seamlessly integrate mechanics models with electronics and information technology models. Finally, the architecture facilitates distributed computing to take full advantage of the power of networked computers. This paper introduces the individual concepts of our architecture, and illustrates them in the design of a missile seeker.
Formation of Part Families for Shared Setups Generation in Sheet Metal Bending
Authors: Gupta Satyandra K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Sheet metal bending press-brakes can be setup to produce more than one type of parts without requiring a setup change. To exploit this flexibility, we need setup planning techniques to generate press-brake setups that can be shared among many different parts. In this paper, we describe an algorithm which partitions a given set of parts into setup compatible part families which can be produced on the same setup. Our algorithm is based on a two step approach. The first step is to identify setup constraints for each individual part. The second step is to form setup-compatible part families based on the compatibility of setup constraints. We expect that by producing many different types of parts on the same setup, we can significantly reduce the required number of setups and enable cost effective small batch manufacturing.
Multi Disciplinary Early Performance Evaluation via Logical Description of Mechanisms: DVD Pick up Head Example
Authors: Ozawa Masanori , Iwasaki Yumi , Cutkosky Mark R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an approach developed to support the early stages of designing multidisciplinary products. In the design of such products it is important for various specialists to share representations of the engineering models they use in making trade-off studies. Sharing information among diverse engineering tools at the data level is notoriously difficult and inflexible. When any of the modeling details, assumptions or constraints change, the translation must usually be rewritten. Our solution to this problem is to formalize the exchange of information among engineering specialists and their tools as a problem in communication among agents. The agents share a common ontology and a compositional modeling language (CML) in which models can be created such that conventions, constraints, and assumptions are defined formally and ultimately grounded in logic.
We have applied CML in the context of a pick-up head design problem for DVD (digital versatile disc / digital video disc) players. We describe the pick-up head design problem, the CML models we have created to address early stages of pick-up head design, and the use of the CML models by a team of specialists, each participating as an agent in a concurrent engineering exercise.
Finite Element Analysis Used to Optimize Welding Patterns for Marine Structure
Authors: Ischenko Dmitry , Ibrahim Raafat 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The development of optimum welding patterns which can reduce the adverse effects of welding is important for industry, and particularly, for shipbuilding. In this investigation, a finite element simulation was employed in order to optimize the design of the weldment and reduce residual stresses and distortions. A gusset plate, which was used to increase the stiffness of marine structures, was subjected to thermal loads to simulate the effect of the welding process. Temperature distributions were obtained as a solution of the nonlinear transient problem of thermal conductivity. These distributions were then used to calculate residual stresses and distortion by solving thermo-elastic-plastic problems. The results indicated a significant reduction in the distortion when a plate with circular slots and interrupted welding was used instead of a continuously welded solid plate.
Optimal Layout of Bogie Frames Considering Fatigue Strength
Authors: Rottler Andreas , Eschenauer Hans A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Bogie frames are an important component within the entire system “train”. Currently, a layout of these frames with respect to durability is only carried out on the basis of substantially reduced load assumptions. By a more precise consideration of the states of operation an improved layout can be achieved with an optimal exploitation of the material properties. This concept is realized by calculating the forces acting on the bogie frame, by a dynamic simulation of the entire system “train”, by an FE-analysis of the bogie frame, and finally by evaluating the transient stresses by means of the rainflow-counting procedure. A computation of the damage is carried out at the critical points. The total concept has been integrated into the SAPOP optimization procedure by means of which better designs can be found considering the given requirements.
Spherical Mechanism Synthesis in Virtual Reality
Authors: Furlong Todd J. , Vance Judy M. , Larochelle Pierre M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to using virtual reality (VR) to design spherical mechanisms. VR provides a three dimensional design space where a designer can input design positions using a combination of hand gestures and motions and view the resultant mechanism in stereo using natural head movement to change the viewpoint. Because of the three dimensional nature of the design and verification of spherical mechanisms, VR is examined as a new design interface in this research. In addition to providing a VR environment for design, the research presented in this paper has focused on developing a “design in context” approach to spherical mechanism design. Previous design methods have involved placing coordinate frames along the surface of a constraint sphere. The new “design in context” approach allows a designer to freely place geometric models of movable objects inside an environment consisting of fixed objects. The fixed objects could either act as a base for a mechanism or be potential sources of interference with the motion of the mechanism. This approach allows a designer to perform kinematic synthesis of a mechanism while giving consideration to the interaction of that mechanism with its application environment.
The Robust Concept Exploration Method With Enhanced Model Approximation Capabilities
Authors: Varadarajan Sriram , Chen Wei , Pelka Chester J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Improvements in industrial productivity require the creation of a reliable design in the shortest possible time. This is especially significant for designs that involve computer intensive analyses. The Robust Concept Exploration Method (RCEM) embodies a systematic approach to configuring complex engineering systems in the early stages of product design by introducing quality considerations based on the robust design principle. Approximation techniques are employed in the RCEM to replace intensive analysis programs for saving the computational time and cost, thereby increasing the efficiency of a design process. In this paper, the applicability of the RCEM for facilitating multiobjective complex systems design is examined by applying it to the propulsion system conceptual design process at Pratt & Whitney. Various approximation techniques are studied and a new strategy is proposed to enhance the existing model approximation techniques embodied in the RCEM.
Integrating DFX Tools With Computer-Aided Design Systems
Authors: Kalyan-Seshu Uma-Sankar , Bras Bert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The growing emphasis on environmentally conscious design and manufacturing approaches has placed new burdens on designers. The amount of information available to designers is of great significance in making life cycle assessments on a product. However, well-established commercial CAD systems do not provide means for evaluating most of the different life cycle aspects of the product being modeled. Hence there is a need to have a CAD-environment where the life cycle tools (DFX tools in this work) are integrated with these systems so that life cycle design is made possible. In the research discussed in this paper, the specific focus is to enable the quantification and enhancement of product assemblability, serviceability, recyclability, remanufacturability, de-manufacturability, and life cycle impact during product design. Guidelines for integrating some of the commercially available CAD packages (I-DEAS and Pro/ENGINEER) to these assessment models, and ways to use the input information to some these assessments for making other assessments are developed. A case study is given to illustrate the approach.
Robust Activity Analysis: Partitioning Non-Monotonic Design Spaces Into Robust Optimal Regions
Authors: Agarwal Manish , Cagan Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a new symbolic optimization technique called robust activity analysis that partitions non-monotonic design spaces into non-optimal and potentially optimal regions. The constraint activity in the potentially optimal regions can be examined to obtain insight into the design space. The algorithm works by filtering out the unnecessary non-linearities in the design space and the ranges returned by the algorithm are guaranteed to be sufficiently robust (insensitive to parameter variations), i.e. as robust as the designer specifies. The algorithm is applied to solve a photoconductor-developer design problem and the results generated are examined to obtain insight into the solution that traditional numerical methods typically miss. The advantages of the algorithm over current numerical and symbolic optimization algorithms as well as the advantages over standard robust design techniques are discussed.
A Genetic Algorithm for Path Planning in Rapid Prototyping
Authors: Joneja Ajay , Wah Pang King , Murty Katta G. , Lam David , Yuen Matthew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In several applications of Rapid Prototyping (RP), the tool must travel along a set of curves in the plane to generate each layer of the part. The total processing time for a layer is the sum of the times for the movements of the tool, which can be in one of two modes: when it is switched on (machining time), and when it is switched off (non-machining time). Typically, the machining velocity, at which the tool travels along each curve is decided by technological factors. However, for any reasonably complex shape, there is a significant portion of the tool motion while jumping from the end of one curve to the beginning of the next curve, during which time the tool is not machining. It is therefore interesting to see if we can reduce the non-machining time in RP, and this paper proposes a genetic algorithm attempting to do so. Results of a test case are also presented.
A Design Methodology for Attachment Concept Development in Integral Snap-Fit Assemblies
Authors: Genc Suat , Messler Robert W. , Gabriele Gary A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The importance and foundation for conceptual-level design of integral snap-fit assemblies was first pointed out by Bonenberger at General Motors. Based on that work, a design methodology is presented to identify and address important issues at the conceptual-level in a systematic way and generate alternative attachment concepts. The methodology starts by exploring the design space to generate as many concepts as possible. Alternative concepts are generated by considering variation in interface geometry, assembly procedure, snap-fit features, and options for fully constraining all parts in the assembly. At the last step, alternatives are evaluated by using a quantitative tool, and the “best” attachment concept is selected based on design objectives for a particular application. Applying the design methodology to case studies confirms that it is a useful design aid for efficiently generating, evaluating, or simply checking attachment concepts.
An Introduction to the Consensus Model of Engineering Design Decision Making
Authors: Ullman David G. , D’Ambrosio Bruce 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an introduction1 to a model of a collaborative working environment which supports distributed team argumentation, negotiation, consensus building and rationale capture. Based on a natural model of team deliberation, this model is the basis for the development of a system that enables team support and the capture of the design rationale in value added activities. The consensus model is the result of over fifteen years of studying and modeling design engineers by the authors and the integration of research results from the fields of negotiation and argumentation modeling, design rationale capture, decision theoretics, and engineering best practices.
Quantitative Selection of Variation Reduction Plans
Authors: Thornton Anna C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Quality has been a rallying call in the design and manufacturing world for the last two decades. One way to improve quality is to reduce the impact of manufacturing variation. Variation risk mitigation is challenging especially when a product has multiple quality characteristics and complex production and assembly. It is common wisdom that companies should identify and mitigate the risk associated with variation throughout the design process. As yield problems are identified, they should be mitigated using the most cost effective approach.
One approach to variation risk mitigation is variation reduction (VR). VR targets reduction of variation introduced by existing manufacturing processes using tools such as Design of Experiments (DOE) and robust design. Many companies have specialized groups that specialize in these methods. VR teams have the role of improving manufacturing performance; however, these teams are limited in their resources. In addition, no tools exist to quantitatively determine where a VR team’s efforts are most effectively deployed. This paper provides a mathematical and optimization model to best allocate VR resources in a complex product.
An Implementation of Expected Utility Theory in Decision Based Design
Authors: Marston Matthew , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The development of a design science rests on the ideal that design is anchored in a set of fundamental axioms similar to the more ‘traditional’ sciences of mathematics and physics. However, the axioms upon which a design science is constructed must reflect that design is a science of the artificial. It is our contention that such axioms may exist in Decision-Based Design as those formulated by von-Neumann and Morgenstern for developing utilities under conditions of risk. In this paper we have a very narrow focus: evaluating a proposed framework for applying these axioms in the context of a simple design problem through the use of Monte Carlo simulation and expected utility theory.