bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Summary of the 2006 College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytology Proficiency Testing Program
Authors: Bentz Joel S. , Hughes Jonathan H. , Fatheree Lisa A. , Schwartz Mary R. , Soures Rhona J. , Wilbur David C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Creating a tool that assesses professional proficiency in gynecologic cytology is challenging. A valid proficiency test (PT) must reflect practice conditions, evaluate locator and interpretive skills, and discriminate between those practitioners who are competent and those who need more education. The College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytology Proficiency Testing Program (PAPPT) was approved to enroll participants in a nationwide PT program in 2006.
Objective.—Report results from the 2006 PAPPT program.
Design.—Summarize PT results by pass/fail rate, participant type, and slide-set modules.
Results.—Nine thousand sixty-nine participants showed initial PT failure rates of 5%, 16%, and 6% for cytotechnologists, primary screening pathologists, and secondary screening pathologist, respectively. The overall initial test failure rate was 6%. After 3 retests, 9029 (99.6%) of the participants were able to achieve compliance with the PT requirement. No participant “tested out”; however, 40 individuals “dropped out” of the testing sequence (8 cytotechnologists, 9 primary screening pathologists, 23 secondary screening pathologists). Initial failure rates by slide-set modules were 6% conventional, 6% ThinPrep, 6% SurePath, and 5% mixture of all 3 slide types.
Conclusions.—A total of 99.6% of individuals enrolled in the 2006 PAPPT program achieved satisfactory results. The data confirm that cytotechnologists have higher initial pass rates than pathologists and pathologists who are secondary screeners perform better than those who are primary screeners. There was no difference identified in overall pass rates between the slide-set modules. Further analysis of data should help define the results and ongoing challenges of providing a nationwide federally mandated proficiency testing program in gynecologic cytology.
Attributes of Antiangiogenic Factor Plasminogen Kringle 5 in Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Chen Jin-Shuen , Hwang Jyh-Chang , Chang Li-Chien , Wu Chia-Chao , Lin Yuh-Feng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext—Plasminogen kringle domain (K) 5 is known to inhibit endothelial cell growth, but limited data are available investigating the relationship between K5 and glomerulonephritis (GN).Objective—To understand the relationships among K5, GN, and glomerular endothelial cells in GN mice models and human subjects.Design—Two mice models of GN and 2 categories of human GN biopsy samples were collected to gain insight into the disease mechanism from the laboratory to bedside. In the mechanistic animal study, membranous nephropathy (MN) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis mice models were used. Kringle domain 5 in the diseased kidney was located by immunofluorescence and quantified by Western blotting. In the kinetic animal study, different MN time points were stained with K5, immunoglobulin G, and C3 by immunofluorescence. CD31 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were evaluated by immunohistochemical double staining for alterations in the glomerular endothelial cells. Biopsy samples from patients diagnosed with antibody (Ab)-mediated and non-Ab–mediated GN were collected for K5 analysis.Results—The expression level of K5 was found to be significant in MN, but not in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and was markedly elevated in the diseased glomeruli along the capillary walls. Kringle domain 5 levels increased steadily with the evolution of MN, appearing after the deposition of Abs. In altered glomerular endothelial cells, CD31 decreased with the evolution of MN. In human subjects, K5 occurred only in patients with Ab GN.Conclusions—Kringle domain 5 might be involved in the progression of Ab-mediated GN and associated with the alteration of MN glomerular endothelial cell growth.
Antihuman Leukocyte Antigen–Specific Antibody Strength Determined by Complement-Dependent or Solid-Phase Assays Can Predict Positive Donor-Specific Crossmatches
Authors: Batal Ibrahim , Zeevi Adriana , Lunz John G. , Aggarwal Nidhi , Shapiro Ron , Randhawa Parmjeet , Girnita Alin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—The association of circulating donor-specific antibody (DSA) strength with crossmatch results is of potential interest to predict allograft outcome.
Objectives.—To systematically investigate the aforementioned association and to attempt to define a cutoff value for DSA strength that can predict a positive crossmatch result.
Design.—We analyzed DSA strength and crossmatch results from the 2006 to 2008 proficiency testing samples of the American Society of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (n  =  50). We further validated our findings in candidates for potential kidney transplant (n  =  19).
Results.—Proficiency test samples with positive antihuman globulin T-cell crossmatch results had significantly higher DSA strength, as assessed by Luminex (Austin, Texas) mean fluorescent intensity (MFI; MFI [SD], 7860 [4770]), compared with samples with negative crossmatch results (MFI [SD], 2900 [1820]; P  =  .001). Similarly, higher Luminex values were observed in samples from candidates for transplant with positive antihuman globulin T-cell crossmatch results (MFI [SD], 7910 [2370] versus 2840 [1960]; P &lt; .001). The MFI value of 6540 had 61% and 75% sensitivity and 92% and 94% specificity for predicting positive antihuman globulin T-cell crossmatches in proficiency test samples and in candidates for transplant, respectively.
Conclusions.—The DSA strength correlates well with crossmatch results. An MFI of 6540 predicted a positive antihuman globulin T-cell crossmatch.
The Multiple Faces of Carcinoid Tumor: Performance Characteristics of Low-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Metastatic to the Liver in an Educational Interlaboratory Slide Comparison Program
Authors: Clayton Amy C , Wasserman Patricia G , Souers Rhona J , Chmara Beth Anne , Renshaw Andrew , Wilbur David C , Moriarty Ann T ,   for the College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Resource Committee
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Cytologic features of low-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma are well described in primary sites. There are fewer reports of the cytologic features specific to metastatic liver lesions or the frequency of misdiagnosis.
Objective.—To identify discriminating cytologic features and characterize the rate of misdiagnosis of low-grade neuroendocrine tumors metastatic to the liver in an educational interlaboratory slide comparison program.
Design.—Glass slides with the specific reference diagnosis of metastatic low-grade neuroendocrine tumor involving liver were circulated to 175 laboratories, with 575 participant responses in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Nongynecologic Cytology. Eight specific cytologic features were assessed to identify predictors of poor performance (&gt;10% misdiagnosis).
Results.—There was an exact match diagnosis in 496 of 575 responses (86%); 555 of 575 responses (96.5%) were correctly identified as malignant. Incorrect responses included adenocarcinoma (27), hepatocellular neoplasm (21), small cell carcinoma (11), benign neoplasm not otherwise specified (6), benign liver (3) and inflammation (3). Three features were significantly associated with the misdiagnosis of adenocarcinoma: presence of large clusters (P  =  .02), lack of single-cell pattern (P  =  .02), and lack of stripped nuclei (P  =  .01).
Conclusion.—Participants often recognize metastatic low-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma in an educational glass-slide program. Adenocarcinoma was the most common incorrect diagnosis, especially in the presence of large cellular clusters or absence of a single-cell pattern or stripped nuclei.
Aberrant Protein Expression and Promoter Methylation of p16 Gene Are Correlated With Malignant Transformation of Salivary Pleomorphic Adenoma
Authors: Hu Yu-Hua , Zhang Chun-Ye , Tian Zhen , Wang Li-Zhen , Li Jiang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—The significance of promoter methylation of the p16 gene and intracellular localization of p16 protein in the carcinogenesis of salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (Ca-ex-PA) is not clear. The correlation of the promoter methylation of the p16 gene and the expression and localization of p16 protein in Ca-ex-PA need to be further clarified.
Objective.—To investigate the p16 protein expression and promoter methylation of p16 gene in Ca-ex-PA and their roles in the malignant transformation of pleomorphic adenoma to Ca-ex-PA.
Design.—The p16 protein expression and promoter methylation of the p16 gene were determined in both benign and malignant components of 50 primary salivary Ca-ex-PA tissues by immunohistochemistry and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Expression of p16 protein and promoter methylation of the p16 gene between the benign and the malignant components was compared statistically.
Results.—The tumor cells in the malignant components showed significantly higher p16 protein expression in the cytoplasm and lower expression in the nuclei than those in the benign components. Promoter methylation frequency of the p16 gene in the malignant components (36%) was significantly higher than that in the benign components (16%). There were no correlations between p16 protein expression and promoter methylation of the p16 gene in either benign or malignant components.
Conclusions.—Overexpression of p16 protein in the cytoplasm and decreased expression of p16 protein in the nucleus may play important roles in the evolution of pleomorphic adenoma to Ca-ex-PA. Promoter methylation of the p16 gene may be correlated with the malignant transformation of pleomorphic adenoma.
The College of American Pathologists and National Society for Histotechnology Workload Study
Authors: Kohl Shane K. , Lewis Sue E. , Tunnicliffe Janet , Lott Robert L. , Spencer Lena T. , Carson Freida L. , Souers Rhona J. , Knapp Robert H. , Movahedi-Lankarani Saeid , Haas Thomas S. , Brown Richard W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Limited data exist in regard to productivity and staffing in the anatomic pathology laboratory. In 2004, the National Society for Histotechnology (NSH) conducted a pilot study to examine productivity and staffing in the histology laboratory. After review of the data, The College of American Pathologists (CAP)/NSH Histotechnology Committee concluded that a larger survey was required to further address and expand on the pilot study findings. In 2007, a total of 2674 surveys were sent out to North American laboratories. From the responses, comparisons of laboratory demographics and productivity were examined by institution type and workload volume. Productivity was measured as the number of paraffin-embedded tissue blocks processed per full-time equivalent per year. This manuscript presents and discusses the data collected from the CAP/NSH Workload Study.
Framework for Prioritizing Contact Tracing and Mass Testing of COVID-19 Using Graph Theory
Authors: Appiah Obed , Otoo Dominic , Ninfaakang Christopher Bombie 
Published: February 2021

Contact tracing has become one of the most useful tools for fighting the novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. The underlining philosophy of contact tracing is determining people who have been in contact with infected persons and thus isolate them from becoming agents of onward transmission of the virus. Slow tracing of contacts and inconsistent or inaccurate information provided by patients usually leads to the spread of the virus along a trajectory at the healthcare systems' blindside. This has led to the proposal of app-based contact tracing solutions. This paper proposes an SQL-based framework that transforms simple interaction data entries into interaction graphs and applies graph theory to prioritize the contact tracing process. The framework returns nodes or individual IDs together with values called Risk_Points to enable individuals' selection for isolation and treatment. Results on simulated data show that the proposed framework can help slow the virus's rate of transmission.
“What works?” Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of the investigative interviewing research literature
Authors: Meissner Christian A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhile the practice of investigative interviewing has traditionally been grounded in customary knowledge, decades of research have now enhanced our understanding of the limits of these practices and led to the development of novel, theoretically informed approaches. The maturity of any science is likely best evidenced in the conduct of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses, and the investigative interviewing research literature has reached just such a period in its development. This paper reviews current “best practices” in research synthesis, describes the variety of meta‐analyses conducted in the investigative interviewing research literature to date, and introduces the nine reviews that comprise the current special issue. It concludes by summarizing the lessons learned from these syntheses with respect to improving our research methods, measures, and approaches in the investigative interviewing literature.
Examination of Indium Triphospholyls as Precursors for Nanoparticle Synthesis
Authors: Rund Reinhard , Bauer Susanne , Stauber Andreas , Seidl Michael , Ojo Wilfried‐Solo , Ferrari Fabio , Chaudret Bruno , Nayral Céline , Delpech Fabien , Scheer Manfred 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of the new compounds K(P3C2R2) [R=Ad (2), sBu (3)] and In(P3C2R2) [R=Ad (4), Mes (5)] are described. Further, the synthesis of indium nanoparticles via a single‐source precursor approach using In(1,2,4‐P3C2tBu2) (1) as precursor is reported. These nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, HRTEM, EDX, XRD, NMR, and optical spectroscopy.
Nonlinear iterative perturbation scheme with simplified spherical harmonics (SP3) light propagation model for quantitative photoacoustic tomography
Authors: Wang Yihan , Xu Menglu , Gao Feng , Kang Fei , Zhu Shouping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhen using quantitative photoacoustic tomography (q‐PAT) reconstruction to recover the optical absorption coefficients of tissue, the commonly used diffusion equation has several limitations in the case of the objects that have small geometries and high‐absorption or low‐scattering areas. Furthermore, the conventional perturbation reconstruction strategy is unsatisfactory when the target tissue containing large heterogeneous features. We herein present a modified q‐PAT implementation that employs the higher‐order photon migration model achieving the tradeoff between mathematical rigidity and computational efficiency. Besides, a nonlinear iterative method is proposed to obtain the perturbations of optical absorption considering the updating of the sensitivity matrix in calculating the fluence perturbations. Consequently, the distribution of tissue optical properties can be recovered in a robust way even if the targets with high absorption are included. The proposed approach has been validated by simulation, phantom and in vivo experiments, exhibiting promising performances in image fidelity and quantitative feasibility for practical applications.
Effects of transglutaminase glycosylated soy protein isolate on its structure and interfacial properties
Authors: Zhang Anqi , Cui Qiang , Yu Zhichao , Wang Xibo , Zhao Xin‐huai 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDSThe structural and interfacial properties of soybean protein isolate (SPI) after glycosylation by the transglutaminase method were studied. It is hoped that preliminary explorations will find a new food ingredient and broader application of SPI in the food industry.RESULTSThe contents of free amino proves that transglutaminase can insert glucosamine into SPI through its transamination, and realize the enzymatic glycosylated SPI. The results of structure properties showed that a decrease in the content of the α‐helical structure indicates that the rigid structure of the protein is opened and the flexibility is increased. The blue shift of the maximum fluorescence intensity of soy protein isolate‐glucosamine with transglutaminase (SPI‐G) indicates the formation of a new substance; scanning electron microscopy shows that the SPI‐G powder can be seen at a magnification of 2000×, and the protein structure becomes soft. The results of interfacial properties found that enzymatic protein glycosylation exposes the internal hydrophobic groups of SPI, resulting in increased surface hydrophobicity, increased emulsification and emulsification stability, and reduced surface tension.CONCLUSIONIt shows that SPI‐G effectively improves the interfacial properties of SPI, providing a theoretical basis for the application of enzymatic glycosylation of SPI in the food industry. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
The leucine zipper EF‐hand containing transmembrane protein‐1 EF‐hand is a tripartite calcium, temperature, and pH sensor
Authors: Lin Qi‐Tong , Lee Rachel , Feng Allen L. , Kim Michael S. , Stathopulos Peter B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLeucine Zipper EF‐hand containing transmembrane protein‐1 (LETM1) is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that mediates mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+)/proton exchange. The matrix residing carboxyl (C)‐terminal domain contains a sequence identifiable EF‐hand motif (EF1) that is highly conserved among orthologues. Deletion of EF1 abrogates LETM1 mediated mitochondrial Ca2+ flux, highlighting the requirement of EF1 for LETM1 function. To understand the mechanistic role of this EF‐hand in LETM1 function, we characterized the biophysical properties of EF1 in isolation. Our data show that EF1 exhibits α‐helical secondary structure that is augmented in the presence of Ca2+. Unexpectedly, EF1 features a weak (~mM), but specific, apparent Ca2+‐binding affinity, consistent with the canonical Ca2+ coordination geometry, suggested by our solution NMR. The low affinity is, at least in part, due to an Asp at position 12 of the binding loop, where mutation to Glu increases the affinity by ~4‐fold. Further, the binding affinity is sensitive to pH changes within the physiological range experienced by mitochondria. Remarkably, EF1 unfolds at high and low temperatures. Despite these unique EF‐hand properties, Ca2+ binding increases the exposure of hydrophobic regions, typical of EF‐hands; however, this Ca2+‐induced conformational change shifts EF1 from a monomer to higher order oligomers. Finally, we showed that a second, putative EF‐hand within LETM1 is unreactive to Ca2+ either in isolation or tandem with EF1. Collectively, our data reveal that EF1 is structurally and biophysically responsive to pH, Ca2+ and temperature, suggesting a role as a multipartite environmental sensor within LETM1.
New pre‐attachment Striga resistant sorghum adapted to African agro‐ecologies
Authors: Mallu Tesfamichael S , Mutinda Sylvia , Githiri Stephen M , Achieng Odeny Damaris , Runo Steven 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDPre‐attachment resistance to the parasitic plants Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica occurs in sorghum mutants designated low germination stimulant 1 (lgs1). However, only a few of these mutants have been identified and their resistance validated. Additionally, pre‐attachment resistance in sorghum beyond lgs1 mutants has not been explored. We used lgs1‐specific markers to identify new lgs1‐like mutants in a diverse global sorghum collection. The sorghum collection was also evaluated for pre‐attachment resistance against Striga using an in vitro assay that measured Striga germination activity and radicle growth.RESULTSFrom a total of 177 sorghum accessions, 60 recorded mean germination levels of below 42%, which is comparable with the previously identified lgs1‐like sorghum (SRN39 and IS9830) used as controls in this study. Furthermore, 32 of these accessions recorded Striga radicle lengths comparable or lower than the controls (0.42 mm). Thirty‐eight accessions contained the lgs1 mutation and although overall, lgs1 mutants had considerably reduced Striga germination, some low inducers of Striga germination were wild‐type for lgs1. Germination was positively but weakly correlated with radicle length pointing to additional radicle growth inhibitory activity.CONCLUSIONSlgs1 mutations, alongside other mechanisms for low Striga germination stimulation, are prevalent in sorghum, and poor Striga radicle growth is suggestive of host‐derived inhibition. As an outcome, our study makes available multiple Striga‐resistant sorghum with adaptability to diverse agro‐ecological regions in sub‐Saharan Africa making immediate deployment possible.© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Weak cooling of the troposphere by tropical islands in simulations of the radiative‐convective equilibrium
Authors: Leutwyler David , Hohenegger Cathy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe assess whether tropical islands tend to warm or cool the troposphere. To this end, we use idealized simulations of the radiative‐convective equilibrium employing a simulation domain that contains flat tropical islands represented by a land surface scheme. Results show more frequent precipitation over land as coastal breezes establish, and gravity waves triggered by afternoon convection propagating away from the islands. These waves horizontally homogenize density and in doing so communicate convectively induced temperature anomalies from the islands onto the ocean. What is the influence of the islands on tropospheric temperature? The diurnal surface warming of the islands tends to push the afternoon convection over land towards a warmer moist adiabat and, along with it, the temperature profile of the troposphere. However, at the same time, drying of the land surface pulls it towards a colder moist adiabat. All in all, we find that islands cool rather than warm the troposphere. More specifically, we obtain a weakly colder domain‐mean troposphere during episodes with a larger share of precipitation over land, or when the prescribed land fraction is increased. In particular, we find that the cooling becomes more pronounced over large islands. Overall, the results indicate that the inability of evaporation to keep up with the daytime surface warming over land, in contrast to the ocean, is of key relevance for understanding land effects on the mean climate.
AI Nuclear Winter or AI That Saves Humanity? AI and Nuclear Deterrence
Authors: Akiyama Nobumasa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNuclear deterrence is an integral aspect of the current security architecture and the question has arisen whether adoption of AI will enhance the stability of this architecture or weaken it. The stakes are very high. Stable deterrence depends on a complex web of risk perceptions. All sorts of distortions and errors are possible, especially in moments of crisis. AI might contribute toward reinforcing the rationality of decision-making under these conditions (easily affected by the emotional disturbances and fallacious inferences to which human beings are prone), thereby preventing an accidental launch or unintended escalation. Conversely, judgments about what does or does not suit the “national interest” are not well suited to AI (at least in its current state of development). A purely logical reasoning process based on the wrong values could have disastrous consequences, which would clearly be the case if an AI-based machine were allowed to make the launch decision (this virtually all experts would emphatically exclude), but grave problems could similarly arise if a human actor relied too heavily on AI input.