bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast recovery of soil macrofauna in regenerating forests of the Amazon
Authors: Serra Raymony Tayllon , Santos Carlos David , Rousseau Guillaume Xavier , Triana Stefania Pinzón , Muñoz Gutiérrez Jhonatan Andrés , Burgos Guerrero Jesús Enrique 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

The emergence of secondary forests in deforested tropical regions represents an opportunity to mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change, but there is still debate on how fast and to which level these forests can recover biodiversity. Recent studies have shown that the recovery of plant and vertebrate species richness is relatively fast, but the pace of recovery for other groups remains unclear. Soil macroinvertebrates play critical roles on litter decomposition and seed dispersal, therefore the pace of their recovery has consequences for the entire forest ecosystem.

We investigated how fast broad taxonomic groups of soil macrofauna recover in the first 30 years of forest regeneration using forests older than 50 years as reference.

We surveyed the number, diversity and abundance of 19 broad taxonomic groups of soil macrofauna in 85 sites located in Brazilian Amazon, covering forests of different ages and clearing frequencies. Forest age and clearing frequency were obtained accurately from Landsat images in forests up to 30 years old. We used regression analysis to determine (a) the effects forest age and clearing frequency on macrofauna groups in secondary forests up to 30 years old; and (b) the changes in macrofauna groups between young forests (up to 10 years old), median age forests (between 10 and 30 years old) and forests older than 50 years.

We found that the number and diversity of macrofauna groups recover rapidly in the first 10 years of forest regrowth, but show slower change among older forests. This rapid recovery was also observed in the abundance of several taxonomic groups and for predators and detritivores as functional groups. Forest clearing frequency had no effect on the number or the diversity of macrofauna groups, but the abundance of ants increased as forest was cleared more often.

Our results for soil macrofauna align with those in plant and vertebrate studies showing that secondary forests quickly recover a large part of their biodiversity and ecological functions. Therefore, global‐scale conservation strategies are needed to ensure the opportunity for secondary forests to grow.

​
Mealtime behaviours of young children with sensory food aversions: An observational study
Authors: Caldwell Angela R. , Krause Elise K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionChildren with sensory food aversions (SFAs) are at risk for nutritional problems and occupational dysfunction during daily meals. To facilitate optimal occupational performance for children with SFAs, it is critical that clinicians understand child behaviour and caregiver strategy use to manage child behaviour during meals. The purpose of this paper is to examine the reliability of a novel coding scheme, the Behavioural Mealtime Coding System (BMCS) and identify associations among child acceptance of preferred and targeted foods, child food exploration and caregiver use of strategies to manage child behaviour.MethodsTwenty‐one children (aged 18–60 months) with SFAs and their caregivers were recruited using a convenience sample. An observational video coding system was developed to code mealtime behaviour in 63 typical mealtime videos recorded by caregivers in the home environment. Inter‐rater reliability, descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations were calculated.ResultsThe BMCS demonstrated excellent inter‐rater reliability (ICC = .95). Child bites of targeted foods were associated with mealtime duration (rs = .51, p = .02) and events of the child licking food (rs = .57, p = .007). Caregiver use of threats was positively associated with child age (rs = .48, p = .03) and negatively associated with caregiver education level (rs = −.49, p = .03).ConclusionFor children with SFAs, increasing mealtime duration by embedding positive activities to encourage food exploration may improve acceptance of healthy targeted foods. Future research is needed to better understand the complex relationships among caregiver strategy use, mealtime duration and child mealtime behaviour.
Fungal transformation of natural and synthetic cobalt‐bearing manganese oxides and implications for cobalt biogeochemistry
Authors: Ferrier John , Csetenyi Laszlo , Gadd Geoffrey Michael 
Published: May 2021

SummaryManganese oxide minerals can become enriched in a variety of metals through adsorption and redox processes, and this forms the basis for a close geochemical relationship between Mn oxide phases and Co. Since oxalate‐producing fungi can effect geochemical transformation of Mn oxides, an understanding of the fate of Co during such processes could provide new insights on the geochemical behaviour of Co. In this work, the transformation of Mn oxides by Aspergillus niger was investigated using a Co‐bearing manganiferous laterite, and a synthetic Co‐doped birnessite. A. niger could transform laterite in both fragmented and powder forms, resulting in formation of biomineral crusts that were composed of Mn oxalates hosting Co, Ni and, in transformed laterite fragments, Mg. Total transformation of Co‐doped birnessite resulted in precipitation of Co‐bearing Mn oxalate. Fungal transformation of the Mn oxide phases included Mn(III,IV) reduction by oxalate, and may also have involved reduction of Co(III) to Co(II). These findings demonstrate that oxalate‐producing fungi can influence Co speciation in Mn oxides, with implications for other hosted metals including Al and Fe. This work also provides further understanding of the roles of fungi as geoactive agents which can inform potential applications in metal bioremediation, recycling and biorecovery.
Variability of sense of place in Nigerian coastal communities
Authors: Dada Olanrewaju Timothy , Ojo Deborah Bunmi , Popoola Adewale Sheyi , Adebara Temitope Muyiwa , Oladele Boluwatife Grace 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study gathered residents' perceptual data to explore the variability of sense of place in coastal communities in Lagos, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to respondents from one in every 10 buildings using a systematic random sampling technique. Each respondent (preferably the oldest family member) was surveyed in the chosen residential buildings. In total, 265 questionnaires were completed and submitted for analysis. The findings revealed that residents' satisfaction levels with living in a coastal community were directly and positively proportional to the coastline's distance. In addition to this insight, the residents' satisfaction levels during the dry season differed significantly from that shown during the wet season. The results indicated a significant spatiotemporal relationship between satisfaction with safety, maintenance of streets, vehicular circulation, traffic density, and recreational facilities, altogether with a sense of place. It was established that sense of place was, at times, spatially heterogeneous and showed seasonal variability in coastal communities of Nigeria.
Management of patients with bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis following esophagectomy
Authors: Jeon Yeong Jeong , Cho Jong Ho , Lee Hong Kyu , Kim Hong Kwan , Choi Yong Soo , Zo Jae Ill , Shim Young Mog 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundRecurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (RLNP) is a common complication after esophagectomy which can cause severe pulmonary complications. However, bilateral RLNP has been rarely reported in esophagectomy patients. The objective of our study is to investigate the clinical significance of patients who had bilateral RLNP following esophagectomy.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent esophagectomy at a single center from 1994 to 2018. Among these, patients with bilateral vocal cord paralysis were included in this study.ResultsA total of 3217 patients were reviewed and 400 (12.4%) patients had RLNP, including 56 patients with bilateral RLNP identified by laryngoscopic examination. During the postoperative managements, 10 of the 56 patients (17.9%) required tracheostomy. Among them, two died of acute respiratory distress syndrome and the other eight patients were discharged after removing the tracheostomy tube. The median lengths of hospital and intensive care unit stay were 19.5 (range 8–157) and 2 (range 1–46) days, respectively. Forty‐six patients (83.6%) were discharged with oral feeding after swallowing therapy including tongue holding maneuver and head tilt exercise. The other five patients (8.9%) were discharged with alternative enteral feeding via jejunostomy, but they were able to achieve oral diet 2–3 months after surgery.ConclusionBilateral RLNP following esophagectomy was rare, but it required great attention to prevent severe respiratory complications. However, only a few patients required tracheostomy and the majority achieved oral ingestion after intensive rehabilitation. Feeding education and respiratory rehabilitation are critical during the management of patients with bilateral RLNP.
Paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder associated with malignant melanoma: A case report
Authors: Morimoto Toshiki , Hayashida Shotaro , Yamasaki Kei , Sasahara Yosuke , Takaki Tsutomu , Yatera Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are autoimmune demyelinating diseases involving the central nervous system, affecting the spinal cord and optic nerves. There are few reports of paraneoplastic NMOSD associated with malignant melanoma. Here, we report a rare case of anti‐aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody‐positive NMOSD associated with malignant melanoma. A 61‐year‐old Japanese woman was diagnosed with malignant melanoma and lung metastasis four years after a diagnosis of anti‐AQP4 antibody‐positive NMOSD. When diagnosing and treating patients with NMOSD, physicians should be aware of the development of malignancy for at least several years.
Small‐scale species distribution model identifies restricted breeding habitat for an endemic island bird
Authors: Segal R. D. , Massaro M. , Carlile N. , Whitsed R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMapped geographical distributions of many birds are an overestimation of their true range and this overestimation is particularly high for threatened species. Due to their restricted ranges, specialized habitats and inability to relocate to other areas, island birds are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic effects on their habitats, but few studies have investigated the suitability of remaining habitat for species restricted to small oceanic islands. Here, we developed a fine‐scale species distribution model to investigate the breeding habitat of the Lord Howe currawong Strepera graculina crissalis. Using 73 nest locations as occurrence records, we found that currawongs nest preferentially near creek lines at lower elevations in the forested areas of the island (maximum elevation of 120 m). Habitat suitability decreased rapidly as the distance to creeks increased, indicating that many forested areas far from a creek line were unsuitable habitat for nesting currawongs. Using a combination of Thiessen polygons and suitable habitat to define territory boundaries, we estimated the average territory size to range between 2.48 ha and 5.23 ha. Using a conservative threshold, our model identified 195 ha of Lord Howe Island’s land area as highly suitable nesting habitat for the Lord Howe currawong, while using a less conservative threshold identified a further 246 ha as medium suitable habitat (441 ha total). Hence, we estimated that the island can support a maximum number of 84 breeding territories. This study shows that the Lord Howe currawong has a narrower ecological niche than was expected, lowering the carrying capacity for this species on the island. As birds on remote islands are often unable to relocate to other suitable areas, it is important to determine the remaining habitat to ensure the continued persistence and conservation of threatened island species.
Climbing for dummies: recommendation for multi‐specific fishways for the conservation of tropical eels and gobies
Authors: Lagarde R. , Courret D. , Grondin H. , Faivre L. , Ponton D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDams and other man‐made barriers impair upstream fish migration and thus threaten fish populations that need access to upper river reaches to complete their life cycle. For many years, fishways have been used to mitigate this impact. Fishways around the globe are typically built based on recommendations made for northern hemisphere species, particularly salmonids. These recommendations do not consider the locomotor characteristics and skills of other species, especially those living in the tropics. Among tropical species, freshwater eels and gobies of the Sicydiinae subfamily are important cultural and economic species that are particularly sensitive to the impact of man‐made barriers. Our experimental study aimed to test different substrates and slopes for ramp‐like fishways adapted to tropical eels and sicydiines. Among the five substrates tested for 368 eels Anguilla marmorata, elastomer pins appeared to be the most efficient. Elastomer pins also appeared to be more efficient than the fine concrete which is currently used in fishways for sicydiines (Sicyopterus lagocephalus, N = 1797, and Cotylopus acutipinnis, N = 1303). The slope had a lesser effect on the climbing success of sicydiines compared to substrate type, except for gradients greater than 50° that induced a slight decrease in success. Our results indicated that ramp‐like fishways fitted with 1.0 cm diameter elastomer pins, positioned in staggered rows with a diagonal spacing of 1.3 cm, wetted with low‐flow and angled less than 50°, are well adapted to accommodate the different locomotor characteristics and skills of tropical eels and sicydiines.
Acute alcohol intoxication modulates the temporal dynamics of resting electroencephalography networks
Authors: Schiller Bastian , Heinrichs Markus , Beste Christian , Stock Ann‐Kathrin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to provide a currently missing link between general intoxication‐induced changes in overall brain activity and the multiple cognitive control deficits typically observed during acute alcohol intoxication. For that purpose, we analyzed the effects of acute alcohol intoxication (1.1‰) on the four archetypal electroencephalography (EEG) resting networks (i.e., microstates A–D) and their temporal dynamics (e.g., coverage and transitions from one microstate to another), as well as on self‐reported resting‐state cognition inn = 22 healthy young males using a counterbalanced within‐subject design. Our microstate analyses indicated that alcohol increased the coverage of the visual processing‐related microstate B at the expense of the autonomic processing‐related microstate C. Add‐on exploratory analyses revealed that alcohol increased transitions from microstate C to microstate B and decreased bidirectional transitions between microstate C and the attention‐related microstate D. In line with the observed alcohol‐induced decrease of the autonomic processing‐related microstate C, participants reported decreases of their somatic awareness during intoxication, which were positively associated with more transitions from microstate C to microstate B. In sum, the observed effects provide mechanistic insights into how alcohol might hamper cognitive processing by generally prioritizing the bottom‐up processing of visual stimuli over top‐down internal information processing. The fact that this was found during the resting state further proves that alcohol‐induced changes in brain activity are continuously present and do not only emerge during demanding situations or tasks.
Cost‐effectiveness implications of increasing the efficiency of the extended‐release naltrexone induction process for the treatment of opioid use disorder: a secondary analysis
Authors: Murphy Sean M. , Jeng Philip J. , McCollister Kathryn E. , Leff Jared A. , Jalali Ali , Shulman Matisyahu , Lee Joshua D. , Nunes Edward V. , Novo Patricia , Rotrosen John , Schackman Bruce R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsIn a US randomized‐effectiveness trial comparing extended‐release naltrexone (XR‐NTX) with buprenorphine–naloxone (BUP‐NX) for the prevention of opioid relapse among participants recruited during inpatient detoxification (CTN‐0051), the requirement to complete opioid detoxification prior to initiating XR‐NTX resulted in lower rates of initiation of XR‐NTX (72% XR‐NTX versus 94% BUP‐NX).DesignThis was a retrospective secondary analysis of CTN‐0051 trial data, including follow‐up data over 24–36 weeks.SettingEight community‐based, inpatient‐detoxification and follow‐up outpatient treatment facilities in the United States.ParticipantsA total of 283 participants randomized to receive XR‐NTX.MeasurementsEfficiency was estimated using a multivariable generalized structural equation model to explore simultaneous determinants of XR‐NTX induction and induction duration (detoxification + residential days). Cost‐effectiveness was estimated from the health‐care sector perspective and included expected costs and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs).FindingsTreatment site was the only modifiable factor that simultaneously increased the likelihood of XR‐NTX induction and decreased induction duration. Incorporating the higher predicted probability of XR‐NTX induction, and fewer predicted days of detoxification and subsequent residential treatment into the cost‐effectiveness framework, reduced the incremental average 24‐week total cost of XR‐NTX treatment from $5317 more than that of BUP‐NX (P = 0.01) to a non‐statistically‐significant difference of $1016 (P = 0.63). QALYs gained remained similar across arms.ConclusionAdopting an efficient model of extended‐release naltrexone initiation could result in extended‐release naltrexone and buprenorphine–naloxone being of comparable economic value from the health‐care sector perspective over 24–36 weeks for patients seeking treatment for opioid use disorder at an inpatient detoxification facility.
The relationship between cannabis and schizophrenia: a genetically informed perspective
Authors: Johnson Emma C. , Hatoum Alexander S. , Deak Joseph D. , Polimanti Renato , Murray Robin M. , Edenberg Howard J. , Gelernter Joel , Di Forti Marta , Agrawal Arpana 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsWhile epidemiological studies support a role for heavy, high‐potency cannabis use on first‐episode psychosis, genetic models of causation suggest reverse causal effects of schizophrenia on cannabis use liability. We estimated the genetic relationship between cannabis use disorder (CUD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) and tested whether liability for CUD is causally associated with increased liability to SCZ while adjusting for tobacco smoking.DesignThis study used summary statistics from published genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). We used genomic structural equation modeling, latent causal variable analysis, and multivariable Mendelian randomization to examine genetic relationships between CUD, cannabis ever‐use, ever‐smoked tobacco regularly, nicotine dependence and SCZ, and to test for a causal relationship between liability to CUD and liability to SCZ.SettingGenome‐wide association studies were published previously as part of international consortia.ParticipantsSample sizes of the GWAS summary statistics used in this study ranged from 161 405 to 357 806 individuals of European ancestry.MeasurementsGenome‐wide summary statistics for CUD and SCZ were the primary measurements, while summary statistics for cannabis ever‐use, ever‐smoked tobacco regularly and nicotine dependence were included as additional variables in the genomic structural equation models and the multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses.FindingsGenetic liability to CUD was significantly associated with SCZ [β = 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.11, 0.46, P = 0.001], even when accounting for cannabis ever‐use, ever‐smoked tobacco regularly and nicotine dependence as simultaneous predictors. We found mixed evidence of a causal relationship, with the latent causal variable analysis finding no evidence of causality (genetic causality proportion = −0.08, 95% CI = −0.40, 0.23, P = 0.87) but the multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses suggesting a significant, risk‐increasing effect of CUD on liability to SCZ (β = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.18, P = 0.02), accounting for the additional risk factors (cannabis ever‐use, ever‐smoked tobacco regularly and nicotine dependence).ConclusionsGenetic liability for cannabis use disorder appears to be robustly associated with schizophrenia, above and beyond tobacco smoking and cannabis ever‐use, with mixed evidence to support a causal relationship between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia.
Impact of an Australian/New Zealand organisational position statement on extended‐release opioid prescribing among surgical inpatients: a dual centre before‐and‐after study
Authors: Awadalla R. , Liu S. , Kemp‐Casey A. , Gnjidic D. , Patanwala A. , Stevens J. , Begley D. , Bugeja B. , Penm J. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryExtended‐release opioids are often prescribed to manage postoperative pain despite being difficult to titrate to analgesic requirements and their association with long‐term opioid use. An Australian/New Zealand organisational position statement released in March 2018 recommended avoiding extended‐release opioid prescribing for acute pain. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this organisational position statement on extended‐release opioid prescribing among surgical inpatients. Secondary objectives included predictors and clinical outcomes of prescribing extended‐release opioids among surgical inpatients. We conducted a retrospective, dual centre, 11‐month before‐and‐after study and time‐series analysis by utilising electronic medical records from two teaching hospitals in Sydney, Australia. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients prescribed an extended‐release opioid. For surgical patients prescribed any opioid (n = 16,284), extended‐release opioid prescribing decreased after the release of the position statement (38.4% before vs. 26.6% after, p < 0.001), primarily driven by a reduction in extended‐release oxycodone (31.1% before vs. 14.1% after, p < 0.001). There was a 23% immediate decline in extended‐release opioid prescribing after the position statement release (p < 0.001), followed by an additional 0.2% decline per month in the following months. Multivariable regression showed that the release of the position statement was associated with a decrease in extended‐release opioid prescribing (OR 0.54, 95%CI 0.50–0.58). Extended‐release opioid prescribing was also associated with increased incidence of opioid‐related adverse events (OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.35–1.71); length of stay (RR 1.44, 95%CI 1.39–1.51); and 28‐day re‐admission (OR 1.26, 95%CI 1.12–1.41). Overall, a reduction in extended‐release opioid prescribing was observed in surgical inpatients following position statement release.