bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for mortality in COVID‐19 patients in a community teaching hospital
Authors: Andrade Justin A. , Muzykovsky Karina , Truong James 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs of December 2020, there were over 450,000 confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) cases in New York City (NYC) with approximately 25,000 deaths. Previous literature identified advanced age, higher severity of illness, elevated inflammatory biomarkers, acute organ dysfunction, comorbidities, and presentation from long‐term care facility as risk factors for mortality in patients from Wuhan, China, and the United States. Additional studies conducted in NYC are warranted to confirm these findings. The objective of this study was to assess the risk factors for in‐hospital mortality in patients with confirmed COVID‐19 infections. This was a retrospective case‐control study at The Brooklyn Hospital Center, a 464‐bed community teaching hospital. Adult patients with a confirmed COVID‐19 infection and who received at least 24 h of COVID‐19 therapy were included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the risk factors for in‐hospital mortality. Two‐hundred and eighty four patients were included, of whom 95 (33.5%) were nonsurvivors and 189 (66.5%) patients were survivors. Multivariate analysis showed higher in‐hospital mortality with advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 6.476; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.827–22.953), presentation from long‐term care facility (OR 4.259; 95% CI 1.481–12.250), elevated total bilirubin (OR 4.947; 95% CI 1.048–23.350), vasopressor initiation (OR 36.262; 95% CI 5.319–247.216), and development of renal failure (OR 36.261; 95% CI 2.667–493.046). Risk factors associated with mortality for patients with COVID‐19 in a community teaching hospital included advanced age, vasopressor initiation, development of renal failure, elevated total bilirubin, and presentation from long‐term care facility.
Human papillomavirus infection status of single cells isolated from cervical cytology specimens by simple manual microdissection
Authors: Noji Natsumi , Okayama Kaori , Oda Mizue , Shimada Atsuyoshi , Okodo Mitsuaki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) testing with cytology triage for cervical cancer screening has proven to be useful. It is considered that a significant percentage of HPV‐positive women followed by reflex cytology have had multiple‐type HPV infections rather than single‐type infections. However, the effects of multiple‐type infections on changes in the cytomorphology of exfoliated cervical cells have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to validate simple manual microdissection (MMD) maneuver and investigate the HPV infection status of single cells isolated from Papanicolaou (Pap) smears prepared from women with multiple‐type infections. Using cytology samples from 90 patients with abnormal Pap smear results, we evaluated the efficiency of the MMD procedure and determined the HPV infection status of single squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) cells microdissected from patients with multiple‐type infection. When validating the MMD procedure, the HPV‐positive rate was 81.5% using 119 MMD samples from the Pap smear in 61 cases with single‐type infection. This MMD procedure was able to efficiently collect single cells. Of 119 MMD samples from 29 cases with multiple‐type infection, the HPV‐positive rate was 42.9%, and most (96.1%) MMD samples exhibited only one genotype. Our MMD maneuver successfully identified HPV genotypes using single cells isolated from cytology specimens. A majority of single SIL cells prepared from multiple‐type infection cases turned out to contain only one genotype. In the future, the MMD method could be applied while studying the relationship between the morphological changes exhibited by SIL cells on Pap smear and the infected HPV genotype.
A spatiotemporal reconstruction of daily ambient temperature using satellite data in the Megalopolis of Central Mexico from 2003 to 2019
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Avila Iván , Arfer Kodi B. , Wong Sandy , Rush Johnathan , Kloog Itai , Just Allan C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhile weather stations generally capture near‐surface ambient air temperature (Ta) at a high temporal resolution to calculate daily values (i.e., daily minimum, mean, and maximum Ta), their fixed locations can limit their spatial coverage and resolution even in densely populated urban areas. As a result, data from weather stations alone may be inadequate for Ta‐related epidemiology particularly when the stations are not located in the areas of interest for human exposure assessment. To address this limitation in the Megalopolis of Central Mexico (MCM), we developed the first spatiotemporally resolved hybrid satellite‐based land use regression Ta model for the region, home to nearly 30 million people and includes Mexico City and seven more metropolitan areas. Our model predicted daily minimum, mean, and maximum Ta for the years 2003–2019. We used data from 120 weather stations and Land Surface Temperature (LST) data from NASA's MODIS instruments on the Aqua and Terra satellites on a 1 × 1 km grid. We generated a satellite‐hybrid mixed‐effects model for each year, regressing Ta measurements against land use terms, day‐specific random intercepts, and fixed and random LST slopes. We assessed model performance using 10‐fold cross‐validation at withheld stations. Across all years, the root‐mean‐square error ranged from 0.92 to 1.92 K and the R2 ranged from .78 to .95. To demonstrate the utility of our model for health research, we evaluated the total number of days in the year 2010 when residents ≥65 years old were exposed to Ta extremes (above 30°C or below 5°C). Our model provides much needed high‐quality Ta estimates for epidemiology studies in the MCM region.
Regional‐scale variability and change in daily precipitation across the contiguous United States, 1949–2018
Authors: Marston Michael L. , Ellis Andrew W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecent research suggests that the characteristics of precipitation are changing with a warming global climate. This study uses two traditional measures of precipitation, amount and frequency, in addition to two metrics that have not been widely used in hydroclimatological research, the Gini coefficient (GC) and the Lorenz asymmetry coefficient (LAC), to analyse change and variability in precipitation characteristics across the United States from 1949 through 2018. The GC quantifies the inequity of an accumulating variable across individual contributors. For this study, the GC was used to quantify equity in the accumulating distribution of daily precipitation amounts through an annual timeframe. The LAC quantifies the relative magnitude of individual contributors which were primarily responsible for inequity in an accumulating distribution. For this analysis, the LAC assesses the relative magnitude of precipitation events (light, heavy) primarily responsible for occurrences of inequity in the temporal distribution of precipitation. Time series analysis of regionally averaged values of precipitation amount, precipitation frequency, GC, and LAC values suggest change in the hydroclimate for many regions across the United States, including a trend towards greater inequity in the temporal distribution of precipitation. The more recent trends and variability of the four precipitation characteristics were statistically examined for relationships with time series of two key atmospheric features – total column water vapour (moisture availability) and the 850 hPa–500 hPa lapse rate (static stability). Results of this study show that change and variability in the atmospheric characteristics likely help explain the observed trends and variability of several precipitation characteristics across the United States.
Perspectives from the Fritz‐Scheffer Awardee 2019. Oxygen isotopes in phosphate—The key to phosphorus tracing?
Authors: Bauke Sara L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPhosphorus (P) tracing in natural environments is challenging, lacking stable P isotopes Oxygen isotope ratios in phosphate (δ18OP) represent a novel tool for tracing the biological cycling of P from the global scale down to hotspots at the micro‐scale and within particular soil compartments such as aggregates or pores. Despite the small number of studies available so far, existing data indicate that δ18OP values point to where, at what extent and how efficiently P is recycled in soils.
Rapid enrichment and separation of two novel minor phenols from Malus hupehensis utilizing liquid–liquid extraction with three‐phase solvent system and high‐speed counter‐current chromatography based on the polarity parameter
Authors: Cai Xu , Xiao Mi , Tang Jintian , Huang Bisheng , Xue Hongkun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFor a rapid enrichment and separation of minor components from Malus hupehensis, the selection of suitable solvent system is the great challenge for liquid–liquid extraction with a three‐phase solvent system and high‐speed counter‐current chromatography. According to the concept of “like dissolves like,” the similarity of the average polarity between solvent system and target compounds was the significant characteristic of liquid–liquid extraction with a three‐phase solvent system and high‐speed counter‐current chromatography separation. The polarity parameter model provides a way to calculate the polarity of unknown compounds. Under the guidance of the polarity, an efficient enrichment and separation approach was established through liquid–liquid extraction and high‐speed counter‐current chromatography with solvent systems composed of n‐hexane‐ethyl acetate‐acetonitrile‐water (5:3:5:7, v/v), n‐hexane‐ethyl acetate‐methanol‐water (1:2:1:2, v/v), respectively. Thus, the total content of minor compounds was increased from 2.6% to 17.2%, and two novel compounds (6´´‐O‐coumaroyl‐2´‐O‐glucopyranosylphloretin and 3´´´‐methoxy‐6´´‐O‐feruloy‐2´‐glucopyranosylphloretin) were obtained. The discovery of the new dihydrochalcones expanded the structural diversity of compounds produced by the genus Malus. The experimental results demonstrated that compound polarity can be described by the polarity parameter model and is an important reference for investigating optimum solvent systems for liquid–liquid extraction with a three‐phase solvent system and high‐speed counter‐current chromatography.
Detection of Carotid Atherosclerotic Intraplaque Neovascularization Using Superb Microvascular Imaging: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Song Yi , Xing Hang , Zhang Zhiqi , Felix Lewis Oscar 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesAlthough superb microvascular imaging (SMI) (Toshiba/Canon, Tokyo, Japan) has enabled routine characterization of intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) features in patients with carotid stenosis, no reports have been published on the multicenter and large sample size research in this aspect. The efficacy of SMI in detecting carotid IPN has not been concluded. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of SMI comparing with contrast‐enhanced carotid ultrasonography (CEUS) in the detection of carotid IPN or pathologic evaluations of IPN correlated with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).MethodsWeb of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched up to August 2020 to identify peer‐reviewed human studies on the diagnostic accuracy of SMI in detecting IPN. For the selected study, the correlation coefficient R and Kappa index between SMI and CEUS in detecting IPN were calculated. The correlation coefficient R between SMI in identifying IPN and pathologic evaluations of IPN and the odds ratio of IPN detected by SMI and history of stroke or TIA were also extracted. The subgroup analysis was performed to indicate the source of heterogeneity.ResultsOur search identified 11 reports enrolling a total of 605 carotid stenosis patients. Carotid IPN detected by SMI was significantly correlated with which detected by CEUS (R, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80–0.94; P = .00, and Kappa index, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.67–0.80; P = .00). Notably, a significant correlation was observed in SMI in detecting IPN and pathologic evaluations of IPN (R, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.40–0.62; P = .00). The odds ratio of IPN detected by SMI and history of stroke or TIA was pooled summary with statistical significance (OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.78–6.23; P = .00). In subgroup analysis, lower heterogeneity was associated with the degree of carotid stenosis, patients from which country, and types of equipment.ConclusionsSMI and CEUS display an excellent agreement in detecting carotid IPN. IPN detected by SMI shows high consistency with pathologic evaluations of IPN. Individuals with carotid IPN are more likely to develop stroke or TIA than those without carotid IPN.
Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of Cr‐rich metallic glass Cr29.4Fe29.4Mo14.7C14.7B9.8Y2 with desirable properties
Authors: Xu Tao , Jian Zengyun , Zhuo Longchao , Chang Fange , Zhu Man , Liu Yongqin , Jie Ziqi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe nonisothermal crystallization kinetics for the first crystallization event of Cr‐rich metallic glass (MG) Cr29.4Fe29.4Mo14.7C14.7B9.8Y2 with desirable properties was systematically studied by Kissinger, Ozawa, Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose (KAS), Ozawa‐Flynn‐Wall (OFW), and Vogel‐Fulcher‐Tammann approaches using differential scanning calorimeter. The apparent activation energy (E) for characteristic temperatures deduced by Kissinger approach is comparable with that deduced by Ozawa approach. The Eg for the glass transition temperature is smaller than the Ep1 for the peak temperature of the first crystallization event and larger than E for other characteristic temperatures, exhibiting that the glass transition is easier than the growth process of the first crystallization event and more difficult than other processes. The local activation energy estimated by KAS and OFW approaches shows approximate tendency of increasing initially and then gradually decreasing, which indicates that the crystallization process is difficult at first and then gradually becomes easy. The local Avrami exponent (n(x)) changes from n(x) > 2.5 to 1.5 < n(x) < 2.5 for crystallization under low heating rate and from n(x) > 2.5 to 0 < n(x) < 1.5 for crystallization under high heating rate, corresponding to a diffusion‐governed crystallization changing from enhancing nucleation rate to reducing nucleation rate under low heating rate and from enhancing nucleation rate to preexisting nuclei under high heating rate, respectively. The kinetic fragility parameter shows that the glass‐forming liquid of the present MG is intermediate type with moderate glass‐forming ability. The results would provide comprehensive insights to understand the formation of Cr‐rich MG.
Novel compound heterozygous variants of TBXAS1 presenting with Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia treated with steroids
Authors: Kim Sun Young , Ing Alexander , Gong Shunyou , Yap Kai Lee , Bhat Rukhmi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundHomozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the thromboxane A synthase 1 (TBXAS1) gene are associated with Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia (GHDD) which is characterized by defective hematopoiesis and increased bone density of long bones.MethodsPatients 1 and 2 are identical twins, who presented with red blood cell transfusion‐dependent normocytic anemia and thrombocytopenia with bone marrow fibrosis and cortical bone thickening of long bones on plain radiograph. To clarify the etiology of their anemia and thrombocytopenia, whole blood was used for the DNA extraction and analyzed using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) on an in‐house bone marrow failure syndrome panel.ResultsThe NGS results indicated that these two patients carried two heterozygous variants in TBXAS1, exon7, c.583_584del, p.Ala195Leufs*12, and exon12, c.1420G>T, p.Gly474Trp, which were inherited from their mother and father, respectively. Patients 1 and 2 have been on chronic oral steroids with normalization of hemoglobin and platelet count after steroid initiation. Patient 3 is their sister who has normal blood counts but also has the same variants in TBXAS1 as her brothers. Radiographs showed cortical bone thickening and she has not required any treatment or transfusion.ConclusionWe report three Caucasian siblings from non‐consanguineous parents with novel compound heterozygous variants of TBXAS1 presenting with the phenotypes of GHDD. These three cases illustrate the variable clinical expressivity of the GHDD from two‐compound heterozygous pathogenic variants of TBXAS1.
Dose calculation in proton therapy using a discovery cross‐domain generative adversarial network (DiscoGAN)
Authors: Zhang Xiaoke , Hu Zongsheng , Zhang Guoliang , Zhuang Yongdong , Wang Yuenan , Peng Hao 
Published: February 2021

PurposeAccurate dose calculation is a critical step in proton therapy. A novel machine learning‐based approach was proposed to achieve comparable accuracy to that of Monte Carlo simulation while reducing the computational time.MethodsComputed tomography‐based patient phantoms were used and three treatment sites were selected (thorax, head, and abdomen), comprising different beam pathways and beam energies. The training data were generated using Monte Carlo simulations. A discovery cross‐domain generative adversarial network (DiscoGAN) was developed to perform the mapping between two domains: stopping power and dose, with HU values from CT images incorporated as auxiliary features. The accuracy of dose calculation was quantitatively evaluated in terms of mean relative error (MRE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The relationship between the DiscoGAN performance and other factors such as absolute dose, beam energy and location within the beam cross‐section (center and off‐center lines) was examined.ResultsThe DiscoGAN model is found to be effective in dose calculation. For the abdominal case, the MRE is found to 1.47% (mean), 3.30% (maximum) and 0.67% (minimum). For the thoracic case, the MRE is found to ~2.43% (mean), 4.80% (maximum) and 0.71% (minimum). For the head case, the MRE is found to ~2.83% (mean), 4.84% (maximum) and 1.01% (minimum). Comparable accuracy is found in the independent validation dataset (different CT images), achieving a mean MRE of ~1.65% (thorax), 4.02% (head) and 1.64% (abdomen). For the energy span between 80 and 130 MeV, no strong dependency of accuracy on beam energy is found. The results imply that no systematic deviation, either over‐dose or under‐dose, occurs between the predicted dose and raw dose.ConclusionThe DiscoGAN framework demonstrates great potential as a tool for dose calculation in proton therapy, achieving comparable accuracy yet being more efficient relative to Monte Carlo simulation. Its comparison with the pencil beam algorithm (PBA) will be the next step of our research. If successful, our proposed approach is expected to find its use in more advanced applications such as inverse planning and adaptive proton therapy.
Optimal distributed control of linear parabolic equations by spectral decomposition
Authors: Lazar Martin , Molinari Cesare 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe construct an algorithm for solving a constrained optimal control problem for a first‐order evolutionary system governed by a positive self‐adjoint operator. The problem consists in identifying distributed control that minimizes a given cost functional, which comprises a cost of the control and a trajectory regulation term, while steering the final state close to a given target. The approach explores the dual problem and it generalizes the Hilbert Uniqueness Method (HUM). The practical implementation of the algorithm is based on a spectral decomposition of the operator determining the dynamics of the system. Once this decomposition is available – which can be done offline and saved for future use – the optimal control problem is solved almost instantaneously. It is practically reduced to a scalar nonlinear equation for the optimal Lagrange multiplier. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated through numerical examples corresponding to different types of control operators and penalization terms.
Further results on delay‐dependent H∞ filtering for singular systems with interval time‐varying delays
Authors: Chen Wenbin , Xu Shengyuan , Lu Junwei , Li Yongmin , Chu Yuming , Zhang Zhengqiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper revisits the problem of H∞ filter design for singular systems with interval time‐varying delays. Firstly, by state decomposition method (SDM), a novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) including two augmented nonintegral terms is presented. Secondly, via the constructed LKF and the linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique, sufficient stability conditions with lower conservatism are achieved such that the considered singular system is admissible with specified H∞ performance level. Thirdly, a state decomposition‐recombination approach is first introduced to obtain a desired H∞ filter in terms of matrix component transformation technology. Finally, the validity and superiority of the results obtained are verified via two numerical examples.
A novel decision model to predict the impact of weight management interventions: The Core Obesity Model
Authors: Lopes Sandra , Meincke Henrik H. , Lamotte Mark , Olivieri Anamaria‐Vera , Lean Michael E. J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsModels are needed to quantify the economic implications of obesity in relation to health outcomes and health‐related quality of life. This report presents the structure of the Core Obesity Model (COM) and compare its predictions with the UK clinical practice data.Materials and methodsThe COM is a Markov, closed‐cohort model, which expands on earlier obesity models by including prediabetes as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), and sleep apnea and cancer as health outcomes. Selected outcomes predicted by the COM were compared with observed event rates from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink‐Hospital Episode Statistics (CPRD‐HES) study. The importance of baseline prediabetes prevalence, a factor not taken into account in previous economic models of obesity, was tested in a scenario analysis using data from the 2011 Health Survey of England.ResultsCardiovascular (CV) event rates predicted by the COM were well matched with those in the CPRD‐HES study (7.8–8.5 per 1000 patient‐years across BMI groups) in both base case and scenario analyses (8.0–9.4 and 8.6–9.9, respectively). Rates of T2D were underpredicted in the base case (1.0–7.6 vs. 2.1–22.7) but increased to match those observed in CPRD‐HES for some BMI groups when a prospectively collected prediabetes prevalence was used (2.7–13.1). Mortality rates in the CPRD‐HES were consistently higher than the COM predictions, especially in higher BMI groups.ConclusionsThe COM predicts the occurrence of CV events and T2D with a good degree of accuracy, particularly when prediabetes is included in the model, indicating the importance of considering this risk factor in economic models of obesity.