bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amphiregulin promotes hair regeneration of skin‐derived precursors via the PI3K and MAPK pathways
Authors: Lu Qiumei , Gao Ying , Fan Zhimeng , Xiao Xing , Chen Yu , Si Yuan , Kong Deqiang , Wang Shuai , Liao Meijian , Chen Xiaodong , Wang Xusheng , Chu Weiwei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThere are significant clinical challenges associated with alopecia treatment, including poor efficiency of related drugs and insufficient hair follicles (HFs) for transplantation. Skin‐derived precursors (SKPs) exhibit great potential as stem cell‐based therapies for hair regeneration; however, the proliferation and hair‐inducing capacity of SKPs gradually decrease during culturing.Materials and MethodsWe describe a 3D co‐culture system accompanied by kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genomes and gene ontology enrichment analyses to determine the key factors and pathways that enhance SKP stemness and verified using alkaline phosphatase assays, Ki‐67 staining, HF reconstitution, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The upregulated genes were confirmed utilizing corresponding recombinant protein or small‐interfering RNA silencing in vitro, as well as the evaluation of telogen‐to‐anagen transition and HF reconstitution in vivo.ResultsThe 3D co‐culture system revealed that epidermal stem cells and adipose‐derived stem cells enhanced SKP proliferation and HF regeneration capacity by amphiregulin (AREG), with the promoted stemness allowing SKPs to gain an earlier telogen‐to‐anagen transition and high‐efficiency HF reconstitution. By contrast, inhibitors of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways downstream of AREG signalling resulted in diametrically opposite activities.ConclusionsBy exploiting a 3D co‐culture model, we determined that AREG promoted SKP stemness by enhancing both proliferation and hair‐inducing capacity through the PI3K and MAPK pathways. These findings suggest AREG therapy as a potentially promising approach for treating alopecia.
Development of functional network architecture explains changes in children's altruistically motivated helping
Authors: Hoffmann Ferdinand , Grosse Wiesmann Charlotte , Singer Tania , Steinbeis Nikolaus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChildhood is marked by profound changes in prosocial behaviour. The underlying motivational mechanisms remain poorly understood. We investigated the development of altruistically motivated helping in middle childhood and the neurocognitive and ‐affective mechanisms driving this development. One‐hundred and twenty seven 6–12 year‐old children performed a novel gustatory costly helping task designed to measure altruistic motivations of helping behaviour. Neurocognitive and ‐affective mechanisms including emotion regulation, emotional clarity and attentional reorienting were assessed experimentally through an extensive task‐battery while functional brain activity and connectivity were measured during an empathy for taste paradigm and during rest. Altruistically motivated helping increased with age. Out of all mechanisms probed for, only emotional clarity increased with age and accounted for altruistically motivated helping. This was associated with greater functional integration of the empathy‐related network with fronto‐parietal brain regions at rest. We isolate a highly specific neuroaffective mechanism as the crucial driver of altruistically motivated helping during child development.
Beyond the income effect of international trade on ethnic wars in Africa
Authors: Candau Fabien , Gbandi Tchapo , Guepie Geoffroy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe use detailed information on the location of agricultural and mining production to approximate international trade for different ethnic groups in order to study its impact on ethnic conflicts in Africa between 1993 and 2010. The goal is to go beyond the income effects of trade to study the residual effects of globalization on conflicts. We find that once we control for income but also for a wide variety of different factors in conflicts (using political variables and fixed effects), the international trade by ethnic groups has a pacific impact on conflicts. While this peaceful impact of trade is mainly found in the trade in agricultural products, it does not have a significant impact on the international trade in mining products. Finally, we propose an original two‐step analysis showing that exports significantly reduce conflicts by affecting time‐varying national characteristics. We interpret this result as an indication that globalization in Africa has participated in the formation of new national identities with peaceful effects between ethnic groups.
White Racial Literacy and Racial Dexterity
Authors: Harrelson Kevin J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis essay presents racial literacy and racial dexterity as educational desiderata, especially for white students. Racial literacy is defined as the ability to recognize and interpret racial nuances in real social engagements. Racial dexterity is defined as the ability to engage successfully with diverse racial contexts. After defining racial literacy and racial dexterity, Kevin Harrelson analyzes these skills by contrasting them with racial naivety and racial anxiety. He argues that transitioning from naivety to literacy, and from anxiety to dexterity, requires treating cross‐racial interactions as key learning events.
The Color of Mind Discourse as an Educational Debt
Authors: Smith Spencer J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA majority of American public school students are nonwhite; their teachers remain overwhelmingly white. In this essay, Spencer Smith uses Charles Taylor's concept of “footing” to explore how Color of Mind ideologies and ideologies of whiteness constrain the relationships white teachers build with their students amid the realities of educational inequity. Smith proposes that Gloria Ladson‐Billings, with her ideas of educational debt and culturally relevant teaching, provides approaches we can use to avoid the problems these malignant constraints create. Smith concludes by analyzing first experience programs that are part of teacher preparation in order to enumerate the principles that such programs must articulate and adhere to if they are to foster culturally relevant teaching.
The structure and importance of nest mounds in a tropical ant Diacamma indicum
Authors: Bhattacharyya Kushankur , Kolay Swetashree , Annagiri Sumana 
Published: August 2021

1. Nest mounds are an integral part of many subterranean insect species, and they aid in thermoregulation, gaseous exchange, and flood prevention. Ants living in subterranean nests are prone to nest flooding particularly during monsoons and this will impact the colonies' fitness.2. Diacamma indicum is a tropical Ponerine ant species that lives in simple, single‐chambered nests with a single entrance. In this study, we characterised the mound architecture and performed field experiments to check functional significance of mounds.3. On examining mound architecture (n = 19 nests), we found that mounds not only elevated the nest entrance by 3.39 cm on average, but they also made the entrance at the top of the mound significantly smaller than the nest entrance at the base of the mound. Both these features are likely to reduce rainwater from falling directly into the nest's entrance tunnel.4. Upon performing partial (n = 18 nests) and complete destruction (n = 20 nests) in two different seasons, colonies were observed to actively rebuilt mounds to pre‐destruction levels within 3 days in all cases.5. Furthermore, examining the amount of water that entered the nest upon flooding in the presence and absence of mounds (n = 18 colonies) revealed that mounds prevented a minimum of 29.2% of water from seeping into the nest from the surrounding area, as mounds could act as a levee. This study highlights the active architectural adaptations to flooding by an organism that dwells in subterranean nests in a tropical habitat.
Brain magnetic resonance imaging lesion load at diagnosis, severity at onset and outcomes in Susac syndrome: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Scheifer Carole , Henry Feugeas Marie‐Cécile , Roriz Mélanie , Cohen Aubart Fleur , Doan Serge , Jouvent Eric , Klein Isabelle , Machado Carla , Rouzaud Diane , Papo Thomas , Sacré Karim ,   the French Susac Study Group
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundSusac syndrome (SuS) is a rare occlusive microvessel disease of the brain, retina and inner ear. We aimed to determine whether brain lesion load at the acute phase predicts poor outcomes in SuS.MethodsA prospective national cohort study was conducted from December 2012 to December 2019 in 20 centres in France. Patients included at the principal investigator's center with available brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at diagnosis were analyzed. MRI was reviewed by an experienced neuroradiologist blinded to clinical status. The size, topography and number of hyperintense lesions on diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI‐HL) were analyzed at diagnosis and during follow‐up. Outcomes involved descriptive characteristics of patients at onset and last follow‐up.ResultsTwenty‐three patients (38.1 [18.8–56.5] years, 16 females) were prospectively studied. The triad (i.e., brain, eye and ear involvement) was complete at onset in 17 patients. Brain MRI was performed 1.1 (0.1–3.4) months after the first symptom. All patients had DWI‐HL at the acute phase. Patients were separated into two groups according to the number of DWI‐HL on first MRI: a first group of patients (n=15) displaying low brain lesion load (<50 DWI‐HL per patient) and a second group of patients (n=8) displaying high brain lesion load (≥100 DWI‐HL). The median follow‐up was 57.9 (9.7–98) months. Clinical features, treatment, relapse rate, time to disappearance of DWI‐HL, disabilities and professional outcome did not differ according to brain lesion load.ConclusionBrain lesion load assessed by DWI at the acute phase is not associated with risks of disability in SuS.
Thrombosis of the median artery and its branches in a gelding: Clinical appearance, diagnosis and surgical management
Authors: Rijkenhuizen A. B. M. , Nohl G. , Jaek‐Lutz F. , Sill V. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThis case report describes the clinical appearance, diagnosis and surgical management of thrombosis of the median artery and its branches in a gelding. The 4‐year‐old Danish Warmblood presented with acute severe progressive right front leg lameness, not responding to painkillers. Initial clinical examination including radiographs revealed no significant findings, and a scintigraphic examination showed decreased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the right front toe in comparison to the left limb. The following day, the temperature of the right front leg was significantly decreased, especially in the area distal to the carpus. No pulsation of the digital arteries could be detected. Ultrasonography showed partial thrombosis of the medial digital artery (A. digitalis palmaris medialis). Occlusion of this artery is a sporadic event with impressive clinical signs and might not be directly diagnosed due to it being a rare occurrence. Ultrasound is an excellent technique for diagnosing the presence of thrombosis and can also help delineate the extent. Our case did not respond to the initial treatment with phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid. The ischaemia became even worse, requiring surgical intervention. A similar approach as for the aorta‐iliac thrombosis in the hindlimb was undertaken in the front limb, which has not been described previously. The gelding recovered initially. Unfortunately, restenosis occurred and due to a poor prognosis for a second surgery, the gelding was euthanised.
Differentiating competency from content: Parental racial socialization profiles and their associated factors
Authors: Jones Shawn C.T. , Anderson Riana Elyse , Stevenson Howard C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFor Black parents, the racial socialization (RS) process represents a critical parenting practice. Although the field has historically focused on the content of parents’ RS, it is also important to consider caregivers’ perception of their competence to effectively teach their children to navigate their racialized world. The present study investigated patterns of RS by exploring 332 Black caregivers’ report of both content and competency. Using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), we identified three profiles of RS: Multifaceted & More Competent (MMC), Unengaged & Moderately Competent (UModC), and Negative, Stressed, & Less Competent (NSLC). Additionally, we explored the role of several previously established correlates of parental RS, including sociodemographic factors (i.e., age, gender, and socioeconomic status), caregiving status (e.g., mother, father, and aunt), and parents’ race‐related experiences (i.e., history of RS, racial identity, and experiences with racial discrimination). Generally, the NSLC profile consisted of caregivers who were younger than those in the other two profiles, while those in the UModC profile tended to have younger children, relatively. Interestingly, caregivers in the UmodC profile reported receiving significantly less RS in childhood and experienced less racial discrimination than those in the other two profiles. Numerous differences were found across profiles for dimensions of racial identity. The emergence of these varied profiles, as well as the identification of factors that differentiated them, extends our understanding of RS and highlights the importance of considering parents’ notions of feeling confident, skillful, and less stressed as they navigate such a vital developmental process for their children.
“Should WE Stand Together?”: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of family‐based interventions for adults with chronic physical diseases
Authors: Sousa Helena , Ribeiro Oscar , Afreixo Vera , Costa Elísio , Paúl Constança , Ribeiro Fernando , Figueiredo Daniela 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFamily support has been identified as an important factor for the psychological adjustment of patients with chronic physical conditions. This study aimed to systematically review and conduct a meta‐analysis of studies comparing the effectiveness of family‐based versus patient‐oriented interventions for chronic physical conditions. The search was performed between April 12 and April 29, 2021, on Web of Science (all databases included), Scopus, PsycINFO, and CENTRAL. Thirteen RCTs were included. The results favored family‐based interventions for various patient outcomes related to pain, distress, self‐efficacy, social and emotional function, coping, the welfare of the domestic environment, capacity to mobilize social support, and sexual relationships with medium to large effect sizes (Cohen's d range: 0.45–0.90). This type of intervention also decreased family members’ anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and distress, improving search and presence of meaning in life, social support, the support provided to the patient, and sexual relationships with medium to very large effect sizes (Cohen's d range: 0.58–2.76). The meta‐analytical findings suggested that the patients’ (k = 12, d = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.13–0.55, I2 = 74%, p < 0.01) and family members’ (k = 4, d = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.08–1.27, I2 = 88%, p < 0.01) psychosocial outcomes significantly improved with family‐based interventions compared with patient‐oriented interventions. The meta‐analysis of patients’ self‐efficacy showed a medium‐size effect (d = 0.64; k = 3; I2 = 19%). The results suggest a trend toward the beneficial effects of family‐based interventions, but more research is needed with higher quality RCTs to confirm this hypothesis.
Long‐term impacts of forest disturbances: Comparing cumulative effects of clearcut logging versus landslide on stream conditions and abundance of a headwater stonefly Scopura montana
Authors: Ohira Mitsuru , Watanabe Yu’usuke , Gomi Takashi , Sakai Masaru 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

When forest disturbance impacts adjacent headwater streams, the recovery of habitat conditions and populations can take over several decades. Thus, considering long‐term, historical legacies of forest disturbances is key for understanding and managing forest–stream linkages. We focused on small‐scale forest disturbances such as small‐block harvesting and landslides. We compared the long‐term (past 100 years) cumulative effects between the anthropogenic and natural forest disturbances on stream conditions and the abundance of a headwater specialist, Scopura montana (Plecoptera: Scopuridae).

Sampling was conducted in 10 m reaches of 39 first‐order streams with a catchment area up to 5.9 ha during late summer in central Japan. We quantified past clearcut logging areas using plantation records of each harvest block and past landslide areas from contour maps within each catchment.

Piecewise structural equation models using the cumulative area of each forest disturbance as an independent variable, revealed different indirect effects of clearcut logging (average area: 1.74 ha) and landslides (0.21 ha) on S. montana abundance through modified stream conditions. Canopy openness and wetted channel width were higher with a larger logged area, and S. montana abundance was lower with higher water temperature (daily maximum). When the magnitude of clearcut logging was similar to the landslide area (<0.77 ha), the negative relationship between water temperature and S. montana abundance was also significant in the model. Streambed roughness and wetted channel width were greater with larger landslide area but there were no significant links between stream conditions and S. montana abundance.

Our results suggest that clearcut logging can cause long‐term impacts by exposing the stream surface to solar radiation owing to delayed canopy closure. The preference of S. montana is for cold water conditions in summer. Controlling forest harvesting along streams could benefit forest–stream management, as could including consideration of disturbance‐driven cycles for sustaining headwater populations.
The effect of global change on soil phosphatase activity
Authors: Margalef Olga , Sardans Jordi , Maspons Joan , Molowny‐Horas Roberto , Fernández‐Martínez Marcos , Janssens Ivan A. , Richter Andreas , Ciais Philippe , Obersteiner Michael , Peñuelas Josep 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSoil phosphatase enzymes are produced by plant roots and microorganisms and play a key role in the cycling of phosphorus (P), an often‐limiting element in terrestrial ecosystems. The production of these enzymes in soil is the most important biological strategy for acquiring phosphate ions from organic molecules. Previous works showed how soil potential phosphatase activity is mainly driven by climatic conditions and soil nitrogen (N) and carbon. Nonetheless, future trends of the activity of these enzymes under global change remain little known. We investigated the influence of some of the main drivers of change on soil phosphatase activity using a meta‐analysis of results from 97 published studies. Our database included a compilation of N and P fertilization experiments, manipulation experiments with increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, warming, and drought, and studies comparing invaded and non‐invaded ecosystems. Our results indicate that N fertilization leads to higher phosphatase activity, whereas P fertilization has the opposite effect. The rise of atmospheric CO2 levels or the arrival of invasive species also exhibits positive response ratios on the activity of soil phosphatases. However, the occurrence of recurrent drought episodes decreases the activity of soil phosphatases. Our analysis did not reveal statistically significant effects of warming on soil phosphatase activity. In general, soil enzymatic changes in the reviewed experiments depended on the initial nutrient and water status of the ecosystems. The observed patterns evidence that future soil phosphatase activity will not only depend on present‐day soil conditions but also on potential compensations or amplifications among the different drivers of global change. The responses of soil phosphatases to the global change drivers reported in this study and the consideration of cost–benefit approaches based on the connection of the P and N cycle will be useful for a better estimation of phosphatase production in carbon (C)–N–P models.
Nitrification is a minor source of nitrous oxide (N2O) in an agricultural landscape and declines with increasing management intensity
Authors: Liang Di , Robertson G. Philip 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe long‐term contribution of nitrification to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from terrestrial ecosystems is poorly known and thus poorly constrained in biogeochemical models. Here, using Bayesian inference to couple 25 years of in situ N2O flux measurements with site‐specific Michaelis–Menten kinetics of nitrification‐derived N2O, we test the relative importance of nitrification‐derived N2O across six cropped and unmanaged ecosystems along a management intensity gradient in the U.S. Midwest. We found that the maximum potential contribution from nitrification to in situ N2O fluxes was 13%–17% in a conventionally fertilized annual cropping system, 27%–42% in a low‐input cover‐cropped annual cropping system, and 52%–63% in perennial systems including a late successional deciduous forest. Actual values are likely to be <10% of these values because of low N2O yields in cultured nitrifiers (typically 0.04%–8% of NH3 oxidized) and competing sinks for available in situ. Most nitrification‐derived N2O was produced by ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria rather than archaea, who appeared responsible for no more than 30% of nitrification‐derived N2O production in all but one ecosystem. Although the proportion of nitrification‐derived N2O production was lowest in annual cropping systems, these ecosystems nevertheless produced more nitrification‐derived N2O (higher Vmax) than perennial and successional ecosystems. We conclude that nitrification is minor relative to other sources of N2O in all ecosystems examined.
The economic effects of passenger transport infrastructure investments in lagging regions. Would the increase in commuting be beneficial for regional development?
Authors: Szabó Norbert , Farkas Richárd , Varga Attila 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe economic development of lagging regions faces many challenges. Since these regions typically lack the foundations of successful development policies, studies often report mixed findings on the effectiveness of different traditional policy instruments (such as infrastructure development, subsidies, innovation). In this study, the authors investigate a less frequently examined aspect of the effects of transport infrastructure development: labor mobility. To account for the economic effects of both migration and commuting the authors extend the GMR‐Hungary impact model by a regression‐based commuting equation. By comparing different alternative simulations, the authors examine the economic effects of changes in commuting due to different reductions in traveling time between a developed and a lagging region in Hungary. Results suggest that promoting commuting can be a source of local development if commuting replaces migration however regional convergence has a negative effect on national growth.