bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A narrative review of the pathophysiology of COVID‐19 infection among cancer patients: Current evidence and research perspectives
Authors: Ramani Vinod K. , Naik Radheshyam 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe mechanism by which a suppressed immune system of a cancer patient makes them susceptible to COVID‐19 is still unclear. Any delay or discontinuation of cancer care due to the pandemic is expected to have a detrimental impact on the outcome of cancer. A few studies have addressed the incidence of COVID‐19 among cancer patients, but the small sample size of such studies makes it difficult to draw inference to the general population.MethodsFor our review, ‘Pubmed’ database and Google search engines were used for searching the relevant articles. The criterion used for review includes their relevance to the defined review question, which is the pathophysiological mechanism of COVID‐19 among cancer patients and the relevant therapeutic interventions therewith. This review includes 20 studies and other relevant literature which address the determinants of COVID‐19 among Cancer patients.ResultsDelay in cancer diagnosis will increase the stage progression of cancer patients and increased mortality in the future. A short delay in administering cancer related treatment to aid the odds of patient surviving the acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, should be at the discretion of the treating Physician. Oncologists dilemma in the current situation includes titrating the density of drug doses and intensity of treatment regimen, for the optimal management of metastatic and adjuvant cancer patients. Patients are thus subjected to suboptimal treatment and undetected disease recurrence, To circumvent the immunosuppressive effects of chemotherapy, Providers need to consider staggered regimen or alternate therapies such as biological/immunotherapy, targeted therapy, anti‐angiogenic drugs, hormone therapy and/or antibody‐based therapeutics.ConclusionThis review provides insights on the pathogenesis of SARS‐CoV‐2, which could enable Physicians in formulating therapeutic strategies for the management of severe patients, more so in Oncology settings, thus reducing the mortality. The key is to balance the continuation of urgent cancer care, but rationing the elective treatment according to the circumstances.
Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in Japan: A pooled analysis of eight population‐based cohort studies
Authors: Iwase Madoka , Matsuo Keitaro , Koyanagi Yuriko N. Y. , Ito Hidemi , Tamakoshi Akiko , Wang Chaochen , Utada Mai , Ozasa Kotaro , Sugawara Yumi , Tsuji Ichiro , Sawada Norie , Tanaka Shiori , Nagata Chisato , Kitamura Yuri , Shimazu Taichi , Mizoue Tetsuya , Naito Mariko , Tanaka Keitaro , Inoue Manami 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough alcohol consumption is reported to increase the incidence of breast cancer in European studies, evidence for an association between alcohol and breast cancer in Asian populations is insufficient. We conducted a pooled analysis of eight large‐scale population‐based prospective cohort studies in Japan to evaluate the association between alcohol (both frequency and amount) and breast cancer risk with categorization by menopausal status at baseline and at diagnosis. Estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated in the individual cohorts and combined using random‐effects models. Among 158 164 subjects with 2 369 252 person‐years of follow‐up, 2208 breast cancer cases were newly diagnosed. Alcohol consumption had a significant association with a higher risk of breast cancer in both women who were premenopausal at baseline (regular drinker compared to nondrinker: HR 1.37, 1.04‐1.81, ≥23 g/d compared to 0 g/d: HR 1.74, 1.25‐2.43, P for trend per frequency category: P = .017) and those who were premenopausal at diagnosis (≥23 g/d compared to 0 g/d: HR 1.89, 1.04‐3.43, P for trend per frequency category: P = .032). In contrast, no significant association was seen in women who were postmenopausal at baseline or at diagnosis, despite a substantial number of subjects and long follow‐up period. Our results revealed that frequent and high alcohol consumption are both risk factors for Asian premenopausal breast cancer, similarly to previous studies in Western countries. The lack of a clear association in postmenopausal women in our study warrants larger investigation in Asia.
Benzothiazole‐Phenothiazine Conjugate Based Molecular Probe for the Differential Detection of Glycated Albumin
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Datta Lakshmi Priya , Samanta Sourav , Arora Harshit , Govindaraju Thimmaiah 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGlycation of albumin proteins is considered the pathophysiological hallmark of several chronic fatal disorders, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The optical detection of glycated albumin is a simple and cost‐effective tool with diagnostic implications for DM and AD. Herein, we developed a cyano derivative of the benzothiazole‐phenothiazine conjugate (TCNP) ‐based far‐red fluorescence probe for the differential detection of glycated bovine serum albumin (BSAG) over native BSA and oxidized BSA (BSAO). The selective fluorescence enhancement of TCNP in the presence of native BSA and BSAO and significant quenching in the presence of BSAG account for the distinct interaction between the probe and different structural variants of BSA. The high photostability and differential response towards native BSA and BSAG infer that TCNP is a potential molecular tool to assess the glycation induced structural changes of albumins.
The toxicity of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Xie Wei , You Jia , Zhi Chenxi , Li Liang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSeveral epidemiologic and toxicological studies have widely regarded ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), the particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm, as a strong potential threat to human health. PM2.5 exposure is mainly through the respiratory tract where it can permeate the lung alveoli and enter the blood circulation. After going into the circulation, PM2.5 directly confronts the vascular endothelial cells (VECs). The VECs, which are lined up in the innermost layer of the blood vessels, are essential in the homeostasis of physiological processes. Thus, the damage and dysfunction of VECs is a common cause of various diseases. In this review, we summarize the toxicity of PM2.5 to VECs including the pathophysiological mechanism and the effects of VEC‐mediated physiological functions. The review has discussed the association of impaired VEC function by PM2.5 with various diseases, indicating that the VECs may be an effective assessment of public health recommendations under PM2.5 exposure. Therefore, reducing the adverse effect of PM2.5 on VECs will prevent the potential occurrence and fatality of the relevant diseases in the future.
Evaluation of some new heterocycles bearing 2‐oxoquinolyl moiety as immunomodulator against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8)
Authors: El‐Helw Eman A. E. , Morsy Alaa R. I. , Hashem Ahmed I. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe hydrazide obtained from furan‐2(3H)‐one integrated with a quinolin‐2(1H)‐one core reported previously by our research group was utilized as a building block synthon to obtain some pyrrolone, pyridazinone, oxadiazole, and triazole derivatives through treating with some carbon electrophilic reagents, for example, chloroacetyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, acetic anhydride, carbon disulfide, 3,4‐dimethoxybenzaldehyde, and 2‐oxoquinolin‐3‐carbaldehyde to achieve the target heterocycles. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated as immunomodulator against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8). The compounds 1, 11, and 17 displayed the highest potency (100% protection).
Newborn screening and disease variants predict neurological outcome in isovaleric aciduria
Authors: Mütze Ulrike , Henze Lucy , Gleich Florian , Lindner Martin , Grünert Sarah C. , Spiekerkoetter Ute , Santer René , Blessing Holger , Thimm Eva , Ensenauer Regina , Weigel Johannes , Beblo Skadi , Arélin Maria , Hennermann Julia B. , Marquardt Thorsten , Marquardt Iris , Freisinger Peter , Krämer Johannes , Dieckmann Andrea , Weinhold Natalie , Keller Mareike , Walter Magdalena , Schiergens Katharina A. , Maier Esther M. , Hoffmann Georg F. , Garbade Sven F. , Kölker Stefan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIsovaleric aciduria (IVA), a metabolic disease with severe (classic IVA) or attenuated phenotype (mild IVA), is included in newborn screening (NBS) programs worldwide. The long‐term clinical benefit of screened individuals, however, is still rarely investigated. A national, prospective, observational, multi‐center study of individuals with confirmed IVA identified by NBS between 1998 and 2018 was conducted. Long‐term clinical outcomes of 94 individuals with IVA were evaluated, representing 73.4% (for classic IVA: 92.3%) of the German NBS cohort. In classic IVA (N = 24), NBS prevented untimely death except in one individual with lethal neonatal sepsis (3.8%) but did not completely prevent single (N = 10) or recurrent (N = 7) metabolic decompensations, 13 of them occurring already neonatally. IQ (mean ± SD, 90.7 ± 10.1) was mostly normal but below the reference population (P = .0022) and was even lower in individuals with severe neonatal decompensations (IQ 78.8 ± 7.1) compared to those without crises (IQ 94.7 ± 7.5; P = .01). Similar results were obtained for school placement. In contrast, individuals with mild IVA had excellent neurocognitive outcomes (IQ 105.5 ± 15.8; normal school placement) and a benign disease course (no metabolic decompensation, normal hospitalization rate), which did not appear to be impacted by metabolic maintenance therapy. In conclusion, NBS reduces mortality in classic IVA, but does not reliably protect against severe neonatal metabolic decompensations, crucial for favorable neurocognitive outcome. In contrast, individuals with mild IVA had excellent clinical outcomes regardless of metabolic maintenance therapy, questioning their benefit from NBS. Harmonized stratified therapeutic concepts are urgently needed.
Performance evaluation of different probability distribution functions for computing Standardized Precipitation Index over diverse climates of Iran
Authors: Raziei Tayeb 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMonthly precipitation time series of 46 synoptic stations distributed over diverse climates of Iran were investigated to identify the best‐fitted probability distribution function (PDF) to the monthly precipitation series aggregated at different timescales. The computed skewness and the probability of zero precipitation (PZP) values of the considered precipitation aggregations show that a large proportion of monthly precipitation data in the study period, especially in the warm months of the year, is zero. The skewness of all 12 individual monthly precipitation time series as well as their aggregation at 3‐ and 6‐months timescales were also found very high in many studied stations, particularly in those of the arid and semi‐arid climates of Iran. To identify the best candidate distribution function for computing Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in different climatic areas of Iran, the performances of a dozen statistical PDFs in fitting monthly precipitation aggregated at different timescales were statistically evaluated. The results showed that the two‐parameter gamma distribution best fits monthly precipitation time series over most parts of the country while the Pearson Type III (PE3) was identified as the best‐fitted model for 3‐ and 6‐months aggregation periods and general extreme value (GEV) distribution as the best candidate function in fitting precipitation aggregated at 9‐, 12‐, and 24‐month timescales. PE3 was also identified as the second best‐fitted model for both the shorter time scale (1‐month) and the longer timescales (9‐, 12‐, and 24 months). Considering that PE3 ranked either first or second in fitting precipitation time series aggregated at different timescales and in all climatic areas of Iran, it is chosen as the most appropriate distribution function in fitting precipitation aggregated at all considered timescales throughout Iran.
Stability of needle‐ and root‐derived biomarkers during litter decomposition
Authors: Altmann Jens G. , Jansen Boris , Palviainen Marjo , Kalbitz Karsten 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground and aims: Plant‐derived, ester‐bound substituted fatty acids have been used for decades as biomarkers to identify input of plant materials in sediments and soils. However, the long‐term decomposition patterns of these biomarker compounds under natural conditions are not well understood, although this is a basic prerequisite for quantitative biomarker applications.Methods: For this study, we analyzed the decomposition patterns of root‐ and needle‐specific compounds of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) in a litterbag study conducted over 3 years. Samples were analyzed by methanolic KOH extraction with previous removal of free extractable lipids.Results: The concentrations of most detectable compounds had decreased after three years of incubation. The observed changes of concentrations followed a non‐linear path and cannot be explained by microbial uptake and metabolism alone. Other factors controlling the breakdown of ester‐bound lipids, like lipid oxidation must play a role. Between similar plant parts and different plant parts of the same species, the observed degradation patterns were heterogeneous. The estimated ratio of remaining root and needle biomass that may arise with the choice of a particular biomarker varies in this study between 0.6 and 40 times after three years.Conclusion: This range of variation does not allow reliable conclusions about the contribution of roots and needles to decomposed organic matter based on biomarkers ratios.
Feature‐level fusion of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy for improving support vector machine in clinical bacteria identification
Authors: Teng Geer , Wang Qianqian , Cui Xutai , Wei Kai , Xiangli Wenting , Chen Guoyan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn clinical field, the diagnosis of many diseases and their development stages depend on the detection of the corresponding bacteria. Raman spectroscopy and laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) are two novel spectral diagnostic technologies for clinical bacteria identification. Both of them have been used in clinical detection combined with optimized support vector machine (SVM). In this paper, two feature‐level fusion methods (before feature selection fusion [BFSF] and after feature selection fusion [AFSF]) were proposed to improve the performance of SVM classifier and reduce the analyzing time (including the parameter tuning, model training, and testing time) simultaneously by combining data of LIBS and Raman spectroscopy. Using the most important 10 feature lines as the inputs of the optimized classifier, the analyzing time could be reduced to 1 to 2 min and the correct classification rate (CCR) achieved 95.67%. Without optimizing SVM parameters, the two proposed methods could achieve rapid and accurate classification of pathogenic bacteria further. The AFSF method showed better results with less fusion features while the BFSF method achieved higher CCR at 100% with more features. Both two methods costed around 0.2 s for analysis. These indicate that the proposed feature‐level fusion methods can improve the performance of SVM for bacteria detection. Maintaining the highest diagnostic accuracy, they can achieve the minimum analyzing time.
Novel Technique for the Measurement of Fetal Right Modified Myocardial Performance Index Using Synchronized Images of Right Ventricular Inflow and Outflow and Clinical Application to Twin‐to‐Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Authors: Kang Ok‐Ju , Kim So Yeon , Lee Mi‐Young , Won Hye‐Sung , Choi Kwangyeon , Lee Jinyong , Kim Min‐ju 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the reproducibility of the fetal right modified myocardial performance index (Mod‐MPI) obtained by synchronizing the inflow and outflow images of the right ventricle (RV) and to evaluate its feasibility through clinical application to twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).MethodsWe prospectively evaluated 77 normal fetuses. Two experienced operators individually measured the right Mod‐MPI using two different methods: (1) separate recording of the RV inflow and outflow using pulsed‐wave Doppler (conventional method) and (2) synchronization of RV inflow and outflow images using the MPI + ™ function based on the closure click of the pulmonary valve (new method). To evaluate the clinical utility of the new method, we measured the right Mod‐MPI in 33 TTTS fetuses using the new method before and after the fetoscopic laser coagulation (FLC).ResultsThere was no statistical difference in Mod‐MPI values between the two methods (p = .242). For both operators, the intra‐ and interoperator reproducibility of Mod‐MPI was high with both methods (ICCs >0.950). Among the components of Mod‐MPI measured using the new method, ejection time showed the highest reproducibility, whereas isovolumetric relaxation time demonstrated the lowest reproducibility. In TTTS fetuses, the Mod‐MPI significantly decreased after FLC in recipients, and there was no difference in MPI values before and after FLC in donors.ConclusionRight Mod‐MPI measurement after the synchronization of RV inflow and outflow images is a reliable technique for evaluating fetal right cardiac function. This novel method can also independently evaluate the systolic and diastolic functions of the right heart.
Druggability modification strategies of the diarylpyrimidine‐type non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Authors: Ding Li , Zhuang Chunlin , Chen Fener 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDrug discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a hot field in medicinal chemistry community for many years. The diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) are the second‐generation non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) targeting reverse transcriptase, playing a great irreplaceable role in HIV transcriptional therapy. However, fast‐growing drug‐resistant mutations as nonnegligible challenge are still unpredictably appeared in the clinical practice, leading to deactivate or reduce the existing drugs. In the last 20 years, more and more novel DAPY derivatives have developed with the purpose to counter the mutants. Nevertheless, most of them have dissatisfactory pharmacokinetics (PK) or poor antiviral activity toward resistant mutant strains. In this article, we will analyze the NNRTI derivatives with promising druggability, and summarize a series of druggability modification strategies to improve the antiviral activity, reduce toxicity and improve the PK properties in recent years. The prospects of DAPYs and the directions for future efforts will be discussed.
Numerical methods for a problem of thermal diffusion in elastic body with moving boundary
Authors: Madureira Rodrigo L. R. , Rincon Mauro A. , Teixeira Marcello G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCoupled parabolic‐hyperbolic system often appears in the studies of thermoelasticity, magnetoelasticity, biological problems and radiation hydrodynamics with high temperature. In this paper, we investigate a problem of thermal diffusion in elastic body with moving boundary. Three numerical methods, two uncoupled and one coupled, all with quadratic convergence order in time and space, are presented and compared in relation to the execution time. Tables and figures of the approximate solution are shown to verify the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed method. In addition, we show that the numerical results are consistent with the theoretical results. The approximate numerical solutions are calculated using the finite element method in spatial variable and finite difference method in time. To compare different numerical schemes, we show the convergence rates through numerical simulations with calculated error and the execution time.
Predictors of proper inhaler technique and asthma control in pediatric patients with asthma
Authors: Almomani Basima A. , Al‐Qawasmeh Batool S. , Al‐Shatnawi Samah F. , Awad Samah , Alzoubi Sirin A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundImproper use of asthma inhalers is one of the potential factors of poor asthma control among children. This study aimed to assess the proper handling of asthma inhalers and asthma control in addition to factors influencing them among pediatric patients who self‐administer their inhalers.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in Jordan from February 2019 to February 2020. All eligible pediatric patients with asthma attending outpatient settings were approached. The inhalation technique was assessed according to a standard checklist, and asthma control was assessed using the Asthma Control Test.ResultsA total of 150 patients were included in this study. A metered dose inhaler (MDI) was the most commonly used inhaler device (89.4%) which was used appropriately by only 13.4% of participants. Whereas, appropriate use of Turbohaler and Diskus was reported by 38.5% and 28.9%, respectively. The higher level of parental knowledge was associated with higher number of correct MDI steps (OR = 1.066; 95% CI = 1.010–1.125; p = .020) and less reported errors in critical steps (OR = 0.949; 95% CI = 0.900–0.999; p = .047). Higher level of both parental education and pediatric average stigma score (less stigmatized) were associated with better asthma control ([OR = 5.181; 95% CI = 1.238–21.677; p = .024], [OR = 2.825; 95% CI = 1.420–5.619; p = .003], respectively).ConclusionContinuous education on appropriate inhaler self‐administration for asthmatic children is highly recommended. Clinical pharmacists play a major role toward improving the administration of inhalers through patient training and counseling.
Improving the Stability of Trinitramide by Chemical Substitution: N(NF2)3 has Higher Stability and Excellent Propulsion Performance
Authors: Yaempongsa Dhebbajaj , Brinck Ann , Brinck Tore 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe potential for improving the stability of trinitramide (N(NO2)3) by chemical substitution of the NO2 group has been investigated using Kohn‐Sham density functional theory [M06‐2X/6‐31+G(d,p)] and ab initio quantum chemistry [CBS‐QB3]. Monosubstituted analogs are generally found to have a decreased N‐NO2 bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) because of increased stabilization of the N(NO2)X radical intermediate resulting from the bond cleavage. This is particularly apparent for N(NO2)2NH2, which has a BDE of only 54 kJ/mol. Instead it is shown that the stability of TNA can be significantly improved by substituting all three NO2 for the NF2 group. The resulting molecule, N(NF2)3, has a N−N BDE of 138 kJ/mol, which is 17 kJ/mol higher than the N−N BDE of N(NO2)3. In contrast to N(NO2)3, there are no indications that the stability of N(NF2)3 is significantly reduced in polar solvents. Condensed phase properties of N(NF2)3 have been estimated based on surface electrostatic potential calculations, and N(NF2)3 is estimated to be a liquid in the approximate temperature range of 170–290 K because of its nonpolar character. The performance of N(NF2)3 in propellant formulations with fuels rich in hydrogen and/or aluminum has been investigated. N(NF2)3 propellants are shown to outperform propellants based on standard oxidizers by up to 20 % in specific impulse and up to 100 % in density impulse. Compositions of N(NF2)3 and HMX have significantly higher detonation performance than CL‐20.