bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Group (epistemic) competence
Authors: Pino Dani 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I present an account of group competence that is explicitly framed for cases of epistemic performances. According to it, we must consider group epistemic competence as the group agents’ capacity to produce knowledge, and not the result of the summation of its individual members’ competences to produce knowledge. Additionally, I contend that group competence must be understood in terms of group normative status. To introduce my view, I present Jesper Kallestrup’s (Synthese 1–19, 2016) denial that group competence involves anything over and beyond the aggregation of individual competences. I have divided my response into two parts. First, I compare two conceptions of competence from Ernest Sosa’s reliabilist virtue epistemology (Sosa in Philos Stud 142:5–15, 2009; Philos Perspect 24:465–475, 2010a; Knowing full well, Princeton University Press, 2010b; Judgment & agency, Oxford University Press, 2015; Epistemology, Princeton University Press, 2017; in: Silva-Filho, Tateo (eds), Thinking about oneself: The place and value of reflection in philosophy and psychology, Springer, 2019) and David Löwenstein’s (Know-how as competence. A Rylean responsibilist account, Vittorio Klostermann, 2017) account of know-how. Second, I take the results from this comparison and apply them to the issue of group know-how, by the hand of Orestis Palermos and Deborah Tollefsen’s twofold approach to the topic (Palermos and Tollefsen, in: Carter, Clark, Kallestrup, Palermos, Pritchard (eds) Socially extended epistemology, Oxford University Press, 2018). Finally, I return to Kallestrup’s denial to make my point in favour of the conception of genuine group competence as the group normative status to achieve success.
Approaching deterministic and probabilistic truth: a unified account
Authors: Cevolani Gustavo , Festa Roberto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe basic problem of a theory of truth approximation is defining when a theory is “close to the truth” about some relevant domain. Existing accounts of truthlikeness or verisimilitude address this problem, but are usually limited to the problem of approaching a “deterministic” truth by means of deterministic theories. A general theory of truth approximation, however, should arguably cover also cases where either the relevant theories, or “the truth”, or both, are “probabilistic” in nature. As a step forward in this direction, we first present a general characterization of both deterministic and probabilistic truth approximation; then, we introduce a new account of verisimilitude which provides a simple formal framework to deal with such issue in a unified way. The connections of our account with some other proposals in the literature are also briefly discussed.
Classification Maps for TDS Concentrations in the GIS Along Euphrates River, Iraq
Authors: Chabuk Ali , Hammood Zahraa Ali , Al-Ansari Nadhir , Abed Salwan Ali , Laue Jan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIraq currently undergoing the problem of water shortage, although Iraq has two Rivers (Euphrates and Tigris) pass throughout most of its areas, and they have represented a major source of water supply. In the current research, to evaluate the quality of the Euphrates river in Iraq based on the values of total dissolved salts (TDS), the TDS concentrations were collected from sixteen sections along the river in the three succeeding years (2011, 2012, and 2013). The evaluation of the river was done depending on the classification of (W.H.O. (World Health Organization). (2003). Total Dissolved Salts in Drinking-water: Background document for development of W.H.O. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland). of rivers for drinking uses. Inverse Distance Weighting Technique (IDWT) as a tool in the GIS was employed to establish the maps of the river that using interpolation/prediction for the TDS concentrations to each selected year and the average values of TDS for these 3 years. Based on the five categories of rivers’ classification of the TDS concentrations according to the (W.H.O. (World Health Organization). (2003). Total Dissolved Salts in Drinking-water: Background document for development of W.H.O. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland), the Euphrates river was classified, and the maps of classification for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 and the average values for 3 years were created. The average values for 3 years of TDS along the Euphrates river indicated that the sections from SC-1 to SC-4 as moderate-water-quality-Category-3, the sections from SC-5 to SC-10 as poor-water-quality-Category-4, while the sections between SC-11 to SC-16 as very poor-water-quality-Category-5. The interpolation maps showed that the Euphrates river in Iraq was ranged from moderate water quality (Category-3) to very poor water quality (Category-5).
Können einzelsprachliche Interventionen sprachenübergreifende Effekte haben? Wie die schulische Majoritätssprache Herkunftssprachen fördern kann
Authors: Marx Nicole , Steinhoff Torsten 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungVom herkunftssprachlichen Unterricht wird häufig nicht nur erwartet, dass er herkunfts- und plurilinguale Kompetenzen fördert, sondern auch, dass er der Förderung von Deutschkompetenzen dient. Für den Großteil der Schüler*innen, die zu Hause kein oder nicht nur Deutsch sprechen, erscheint diese Annahme problematisch. Denn sie sind in Deutschland eingeschult worden und erwerben bildungssprachliche Kompetenzen primär auf Deutsch. Diese Einsicht wurde zum Anlass für eine longitudinale Studie in 6. Klassen zu der Frage genommen, wie sich im Schreibunterricht Interventionen in deutscher Sprache auf das Schreiben in türkischer Sprache auswirken und welche sprachenübergreifenden Zusammenhänge dabei zwischen der Textqualität und den Textrevisionen bestehen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Teilkompetenzen des Schreibens nicht an Einzelsprachen gebunden, sondern transversal, d. h. in mehreren Sprachen nutzbar sind, und dass Schreibkompetenzen von der schulischen Majoritätssprache in die Herkunftssprache transferiert werden können. Daraus schlussfolgern wir, dass ein sprachenübergreifender Schreibunterricht transversale Teilkompetenzen fokussieren sollte.
A new three-step method for using inverse propensity weighting with latent class analysis
Authors: Clouth F. J. , Pauws S. , Mols F. , Vermunt J. K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBias-adjusted three-step latent class analysis (LCA) is widely popular to relate covariates to class membership. However, if the causal effect of a treatment on class membership is of interest and only observational data is available, causal inference techniques such as inverse propensity weighting (IPW) need to be used. In this article, we extend the bias-adjusted three-step LCA to incorporate IPW. This approach separates the estimation of the measurement model from the estimation of the treatment effect using IPW only for the later step. Compared to previous methods, this solves several conceptual issues and more easily facilitates model selection and the use of multiple imputation. This new approach, implemented in the software Latent GOLD, is evaluated in a simulation study and its use is illustrated using data of prostate cancer patients.
Land cover classification in a mixed forest-grassland ecosystem using LResU-net and UAV imagery
Authors: Zhang Chong , Zhang Li , Zhang Bessie Y. J. , Sun Jingqian , Dong Shikui , Wang Xueyan , Li Yaxin , Xu Jian , Chu Wenkai , Dong Yanwei , Wang Pei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUsing an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) paired with image semantic segmentation to classify land cover within natural vegetation can promote the development of forest and grassland field. Semantic segmentation normally excels in medical and building classification, but its usefulness in mixed forest-grassland ecosystems in semi-arid to semi-humid climates is unknown. This study proposes a new semantic segmentation network of LResU-net in which residual convolution unit (RCU) and loop convolution unit (LCU) are added to the U-net framework to classify images of different land covers generated by UAV high resolution. The selected model enhanced classification accuracy by increasing gradient mapping via RCU and modifying the size of convolution layers via LCU as well as reducing convolution kernels. To achieve this objective, a group of orthophotos were taken at an altitude of 260 m for testing in a natural forest-grassland ecosystem of Keyouqianqi, Inner Mongolia, China, and compared the results with those of three other network models (U-net, ResU-net and LU-net). The results show that both the highest kappa coefficient (0.86) and the highest overall accuracy (93.7%) resulted from LResU-net, and the value of most land covers provided by the producer’s and user’s accuracy generated in LResU-net exceeded 0.85. The pixel-area ratio approach was used to calculate the real areas of 10 different land covers where grasslands were 67.3%. The analysis of the effect of RCU and LCU on the model training performance indicates that the time of each epoch was shortened from U-net (358 s) to LResU-net (282 s). In addition, in order to classify areas that are not distinguishable, unclassified areas were defined and their impact on classification. LResU-net generated significantly more accurate results than the other three models and was regarded as the most appropriate approach to classify land cover in mixed forest-grassland ecosystems.
Fear of progression in parents of childhood cancer survivors: prevalence and associated factors
Authors: Peikert Mona L. , Inhestern Laura , Krauth Konstantin A. , Escherich Gabriele , Rutkowski Stefan , Kandels Daniela , Schiekiera Louis J. , Bergelt Corinna 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Recent research demonstrated that fear of progression (FoP) is a major burden for adult cancer survivors. However, knowledge on FoP in parents of childhood cancer survivors is scarce. This study aimed to determine the proportion of parents who show dysfunctional levels of FoP, to investigate gender differences, and to examine factors associated with FoP in mothers and fathers.

Methods
Five hundred sixteen parents of pediatric cancer survivors (aged 0–17 years at diagnosis of leukemia or central nervous system (CNS) tumor) were consecutively recruited after the end of intensive cancer treatment. We conducted hierarchical multiple regression analyses for mothers and fathers and integrated parent-, patient-, and family-related factors in the models.

Results
Significantly more mothers (54%) than fathers (41%) suffered from dysfunctional levels of FoP. Maternal FoP was significantly associated with depression, a medical coping style, a child diagnosed with a CNS tumor in comparison to leukemia, and lower family functioning (adjusted R2 = .30, p < .001). Paternal FoP was significantly associated with a lower level of education, depression, a family coping style, a child diagnosed with a CNS tumor in comparison to leukemia, and fewer siblings (adjusted R2 = .48, p < .001).

Conclusions
FoP represents a great burden for parents of pediatric cancer survivors. We identified associated factors of parental FoP. Some of these factors can be targeted by health care professionals within psychosocial interventions and others can provide an indication for an increased risk for higher levels of FoP.

Implications for Cancer Survivors
Psychosocial support targeting FoP in parents of childhood cancer survivors is highly indicated.
Development of a Pressure Control System According to Paste Rheology for Ultrasound Processing in Industrial Olive Oil Extraction
Authors: Tamborrino Antonia , Romaniello Roberto , Perone Claudio , Moujahed Hazar , Leone Alessandro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent research has demonstrated how ultrasound can benefit the industrial processing of olive paste before oil extraction. However, the absence of a device for controlling pressure inside the sonication cell is a major hindrance to its application. To address this problem, a pneumatic device with a programmable logic controller was implemented to automatically adjust pressure in the sonication cell according to a preset value: its functionality was tested in industrial oil extraction. An experiment was conducted to compare device performance when applied to olive batches with different solid/liquid ratios and differing rheology. The control system adjusted the flow section of the valve at the outlet of the sonication cell and the mass flow rate of the feed pump in order to maintain the pressure preset by the operator. Results indicate that the pressure was 3.0 ± 0.2 bar, 3.5 ± 0.2 bar, and 4.0 ± 0.2 bar when the set point was 3.0 bar, 3.5 bar, and 4.0 bar, respectively: there was thus no significant difference between controlled and set values. This indicates that the device is able to control pressure inside the sonication cell with a maximum deviation of 0.2 bar. In this case, the sonication intensity was stabilized at 135 W/cm2, 150 W/cm2, and 165 W/cm2 at 3.0 bar, 3.5 bar, and 4.0 bar, respectively. This study presents an advancement in ultrasound applications for industrial olive oil extraction: optimal pressure control in the sonication cell.
Effect of TiO2 on Selected Pathogenic and Opportunistic Intestinal Bacteria
Authors: Baranowska-Wójcik Ewa , Szwajgier Dominik , Gustaw Klaudia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFood-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) containing a nanoparticle fraction (TiO2NPs-nanoparticles) is widely used as a food additive (E171 in the EU). In recent years, questions concerning its effect on the gastrointestinal microbiota have been raised. In the present study, we examined interactions between bacteria and TiO2. The study involved six pathogenic/opportunistic bacterial strains and four different-sized TiO2types: three types of food-grade E171 compounds and TiO2NPs (21 nm). Each bacterial strain was exposed to four concentrations of TiO2(60, 150, 300, and 600 mg/L TiO2). The differences in the growth of the analyzed strains, caused by the type and concentration of TiO2, were observed. The growth of a majority of the strains was shown to be inhibited after exposure to 300 and 600 mg/L of the food-grade E171 and TiO2NPs.
Rise and Fall of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Low-Resource Settings: Lessons from the HELIX Trial
Authors: Krishnan Vaisakh , Kumar Vijay , Shankaran Seetha , Thayyil Sudhin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the past decade, therapeutic hypothermia using a variety of low-cost devices has been widely implemented in India and other low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) without adequate evidence of either safety or efficacy. The recently reported data from the world’s largest cooling trial (HELIX - hypothermia for encephalopathy in low- and middle-income countries) in LMIC provides definitive evidence of harm of cooling therapy with increase in mortality (number to harm 9) and lack of neuroprotection. Although the HELIX participating centers were highly selected tertiary neonatal intensive care units in South Asia with facilities for invasive ventilation, cardiovascular support, and 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the trial used state-of-the-art automated servo-controlled cooling devices, a therapy that is harmful under such optimal conditions cannot be safe in low-resource settings that cannot even afford servo-controlled cooling devices.The HELIX trial has set a new benchmark for conducting high quality randomized controlled trials in terms of research governance, consent, ethics, follow-up rates, and involvement of parents. The standard care for neonatal encephalopathy in LMIC should remain normothermia, with close attention to prevention of hyperthermia. There is no role for therapeutic hypothermia in LMIC as the efficacy of hypothermia is dependent on the population, and not merely on the level of neonatal intensive care facilities. Future research should explore timings and origins of brain injury and prevention of brain injury in LMIC, with a strong emphasis on academic research capacity building and patient and public engagement.
Validation and comparison of turbulence models for predicting wakes of vertical axis wind turbines
Authors: Barnes Andrew , Marshall-Cross Daniel , Hughes Ben Richard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) array design requires adequate modelling of the turbine wakes to model the flow throughout the array and, therefore, the power output of turbines in the array. This paper investigates how accurately different turbulence models using 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can estimate near and far wakes of VAWTs to determine an approach towards accurate modelling for array design. Three experiments from the literature are chosen as baselines for validation, with these experiments representing the near to far wake of the turbine. Five URANS turbulence models were chosen due to their common and potential usage for VAWT CFD: models k–ω SST, k–ω SST LRN, k–ω SSTI, transition SST, and k–kl–ω. In addition, the lifting line-free vortex wake (LLFWV) model was tested as an alternative to CFD for the far turbine wake where it was appropriate for use. The results for turbulent kinetic energy and vorticity were compared for the first experiment, whilst streamwise and cross-stream velocity were used for the other two experiments. It was found that none of the turbulence models tested or LLFVW produced adequate estimations within the methodology tested, however, transition SST produced the closest estimations. Further adjustments to the methodology are required to improve accuracy due to their large impact on results including use of 3D CFD, adjustment of surface roughness, and inlet flow characteristics.
A continuous switching contact model for virtual environment based teleoperation
Authors: Fu Yongqing , Wu Baibo , Lin Weiyang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVirtual environment (VE), as the proxy of slave contact environment, is the most promising technology to solve the time-delay problems in teleoperation. The accuracy of the predicted force depends not only on the reliability of the contact model but also on the estimation algorithm’s adaptability. A new contact model is proposed to be applicable in various materials, which includes both the Kelvin–Voigt model (KVM) and Hunt–Crossley model (HCM). An extra parameter is set in the model to express the capacity of continuous switching between KVM and HCM, whose rationality is proved based on the energy loss. The energy loss is proportional to a power of impact velocity, and the exponent is bounded at [2,3], which exactly lies between KVM and HCM. Furthermore, to estimate the parameters with a single-stage method, the nonlinear model is linearized approximatively with logarithm function and polynomials. Then, the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm combining forgetting factor and self-perturbing action is designed to identify the four parameters online. Finally, the model’s continuous switching is verified with ideal simulation, and the model parameters are continuously changed without jumpy switch error. In the experiment, sponge, foam, and human hand represent the complex contact materials of the slave environment where the predicted force is shown to follow the real contact force with enough accuracy. Therefore, the virtual model can be considered the substitution of slave contact environment so that the feedback force in master can be calculated in real-time.
All-Climate Aluminum-Ion Batteries Based on Binder-Free MOF-Derived FeS2@C/CNT Cathode
Authors: Hu Yuxiang , Huang Hongjiao , Yu Deshuang , Wang Xinyi , Li Linlin , Hu Han , Zhu Xiaobo , Peng Shengjie , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) are promising next-generation batteries systems because of their features of low cost and abundant aluminum resource. However, the inferior rate capacity and poor all-climate performance, especially the decayed capacity under low temperature, are still critical challenges toward high-specific-capacity AIBs. Herein, we report a binder-free and freestanding metal–organic framework-derived FeS2@C/carbon nanotube (FeS2@C/CNT) as a novel all-climate cathode in AIBs working under a wide temperature window between −25 and 50 °C with exceptional flexibility. The resultant cathode not only drastically suppresses the side reaction and volumetric expansion with high capacity and long-term stability but also greatly enhances the kinetic process in AIBs with remarkable rate capacity (above 151 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1) at room temperature. More importantly, to break the bottleneck of the inherently low capacity in graphitic material-based all-climate AIBs, the new hierarchical conductive composite FeS2@C/CNT highly promotes the all-climate performance and delivers as high as 117 mAh g−1 capacity even under −25 °C. The well-designed metal sulfide electrode with remarkable performance paves a new way toward all-climate and flexible AIBs.
Diminishing returns, increasing risks: Impact of antibiotic duration of therapy on respiratory bacterial isolates in hospitalized patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
Authors: Li Catherine , Chapin Ryan W. , Mercuro Nicholas J. , Yen Christina F. , Gold Howard S. , Lee Matthew S. L. , McCoy Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In 829 hospital encounters for patients with COVID-19, 73.2% included orders for antibiotics; however, only 1.8% had respiratory cultures during the first 3 hospital days isolating bacteria. Case–control analysis of 30 patients and 96 controls found that each antibiotic day increased the risk of isolating multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) in respiratory cultures by 6.5%.
On the derivation of the wave kinetic equation for NLS
Authors: Deng Yu , Hani Zaher 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA fundamental question in wave turbulence theory is to understand how the wave kinetic equation describes the long-time dynamics of its associated nonlinear dispersive equation. Formal derivations in the physics literature, dating back to the work of Peierls in 1928, suggest that such a kinetic description should hold (for well-prepared random data) at a largekinetic time scale$T_{\mathrm {kin}} \gg 1$and in a limiting regime where the sizeLof the domain goes to infinity and the strength$\alpha $of the nonlinearity goes to$0$(weak nonlinearity). For the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation,$T_{\mathrm {kin}}=O\left (\alpha ^{-2}\right )$and$\alpha $is related to the conserved mass$\lambda $of the solution via$\alpha =\lambda ^2 L^{-d}$.In this paper, we study the rigorous justification of this monumental statement and show that the answer seems to depend on the particularscaling lawin which the$(\alpha , L)$limit is taken, in a spirit similar to how the Boltzmann–Grad scaling law is imposed in the derivation of Boltzmann’s equation. In particular, there appear to betwofavourable scaling laws: when$\alpha $approaches$0$like$L^{-\varepsilon +}$or like$L^{-1-\frac {\varepsilon }{2}+}$(for arbitrary small$\varepsilon $), we exhibit the wave kinetic equation up to time scales$O(T_{\mathrm {kin}}L^{-\varepsilon })$, by showing that the relevant Feynman-diagram expansions converge absolutely (as a sum over paired trees). For the other scaling laws, we justify the onset of the kinetic description at time scales$T_*\ll T_{\mathrm {kin}}$and identify specific interactions that become very large for times beyond$T_*$. In particular, the relevant tree expansion diverges absolutely there. In light of those interactions, extending the kinetic description beyond$T_*$toward$T_{\mathrm {kin}}$for such scaling laws seems to require new methods and ideas.