bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Elegies
Authors: Brown Kimberly Juanita 
Published: February 2025

A poignant, unflinching study of black grief as a form of elegy found in visual art, music, literature—everywhere, if you know how to see it.
In Black Elegies, Kimberly Juanita Brown examines the form of the elegy and its unique capacity to convey the elongated grief borne of sustained racial violence. Structured around the sensorial, the book moves through sight, sound, and touch to reveal what Okwui Enwezor calls the “national emergency of black grief.” With her characteristic literary skill, Brown analyzes the work of major figures including Toni Morrison, Carrie Mae Weems, Audre Lorde, and Marvin Gaye, among others.
Brown contemplates recognizable sites of mourning: forced migration and enslavement, bodily violations, imprisonment and death. And she examines sites that do not register immediately as archives of grief: the landscape of southern U.S. slave plantations, a spontaneous street party, a quilt constructed out of the clothing worn by a loved one, a dance performance to hold the memory of history, and an aeolian harp installed at an institute of European art, among others. In this, the book offers a framework of mourning while black, within the parameters of contemporary artistic production. Brown asks: How do you mourn those you are not supposed to see? And where does the grief go? She shows us that grief is everywhere: “It spills out of photographs and modulates music. It hovers in the tenor and tone of cinematic performances. It resides in the body like an inspired concept, waiting for its articulation.”
Black Elegies is the second volume in the On Seeing series, following Kimberly Juanita Brown's Mortevivum: Photography and the Politics of the Visual.
Titans of Industrial Agriculture
Authors: Clapp Jennifer 
Published: February 2025

How a small handful of giant transnational corporations has come to dominate the farm inputs sector, why it matters, and what can be done about it.
Every year, hundreds of billions of dollars' worth of farm machinery, fertilizer, seeds, and pesticides are sold to farmers around the world. Although agricultural inputs are a huge sector of the global economy, the lion's share of that market is controlled by a relatively small number of very large transnational corporations. The high degree of concentration among these agribusiness titans is striking, considering that just a few hundred years ago agricultural inputs were not even marketed goods. In Titans of Industrial Agriculture, Jennifer Clapp explains how we got from there to here, outlining the forces that enabled this extreme concentration of power and the entrenchment of industrial agriculture.
Clapp reveals that the firms that rose to the top of these sectors benefited from distinct market, technology, and policy advantages dating back a century or more that enabled them to expand their businesses through mergers and acquisitions that made them even bigger and more powerful. These dynamics matter because the firms at the top have long shaped industrial farming practices that, in turn, have generated enormous social, ecological, and health impacts on the planet and the future of food systems. Beyond analyzing how these problems have arisen and manifested, the book examines recent efforts to address corporate power and dominance in food systems and assesses the prospects for change.
Among the first works to examine deep roots of corporate power in agriculture, Titans of Industrial Agriculture helps illuminate just how corporate actors have encouraged the “lock-in” of industrial agriculture, despite all its known social and ecological costs.
Serving Nation through Farming: A Scope of Jai Jawan Kisan
Authors: Sharma N R , Ujjwala Bammidi , Prasad Poiba Ravi 
Published: February 2025

The armed forces of India are among the largest in the world, with more than a million personnel employed in its various arms and cadres and majority retire as an Ex Service Man (ESM) in the late 30s or early 40s and when released from service, they still have major responsibilities towards family. Jai Jawan Kisan (JJK) is an opportunity for those ESM who wants to take a new employment opportunities in farming as agripreneur, by starting their own startup in agri and allied sector. In this context, to understand how the opinion of respondents joining JJK program, impacts intention to take agriculture as occupation post retirement and Aspiration towards farming was studied. Descriptive research design was used for the study and data was collected at MANAGE, Hyderabad from 70 respondents by using simple random sample with questionnaire and SPSS software was used to analyse correlation among three variables i.e Intentional, Aspiration and Opinion. The result concluded that the intention to engage in farming was found to be significant with opinion of JJK training at 0.01 level. Whereas, Aspiration was non-significant because little they have awareness regarding the opportunities available in farming as career option. More efforts need to be taken to give a global recognition and include more training programmes and course where these retiring young Jawans can get more exposure to secondary career options available in farming besides just being a farmer and earn subsequently like other profession. The present study paves path for further study to develop secondary career options in agriculture for the young defence personnel post retirement.
Recent Trends in the Practice of Transhumance in the Korola Sub-Watershed in the Sudanian Zone of Mali
Authors: Diallo Fousseni , Maïga Boubacar Madio dit Aladiogo , Diawara Mamadou Oumar , Ba Alassane , Cissé Sadou Nouhoum , Coulibaly Nouhoum , Koné Abdoul Kader 
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Faced with strong agricultural pressure and severe environmental constraints, some livestock farmers are turning to agro-pastoralism, sedentary or semi-transhumant livestock farming. Because of climatic hazards, the sub-humid zone has seen a rush of livestock, and agriculture has developed considerably, with mobility still the most appropriate system for feeding herds.
Aims of the Study: The study describes farming practices in the Korola sub-watershed in the Sudanian zone of Mali.
Research Methodology: Surveys and censuses of indigenous and transhumant herds were conducted in the Korola sub-watershed. Data were collected through surveys of sedentary agro-pastoralists and transhumants. Information relating to the structure of the cattle herd, breeding practices including herd mobility and to characterize the pastoral resources of the study area was collected.
Statement of the Research Problem: The study reveals the high number of cattle due to their contribution to the socio-economic development of agro-pastoralists through the integration of agriculture and livestock (animal traction, production of organic manure) and hoarding to secure people's incomes. The number of transhumant groups identified was highest in Dembela (196), followed by Blendio (166) and Nièna (37) with an average of 133. The herd's concentration was higher in the Dembela area (115696) than in the other municipalities, at 94136 in Blendio and 16173 in Nièna. The estimated numbers were highest in July (132298 cattle), followed by August and March with 29177 and 25690 cattle, respectively. The main area of origin was the RCI, with 188 groups, followed by Ségou (43), Kignan (22), and Beleko (17). The Republic of Ivory Coast (108), Ségou (72), Beleko (44), and Konina with 28 groups.
Recommendation/Conclusion: According to agro-breeders, this situation has had negative impacts on pastoral resources, the reduction of pastoral space, the disappearance of some forage species (woody and herbaceous), the early drying up of some rivers, and the degradation of plant cover thus exacerbating conflicts between Indigenous and non-indigenous people. The study recommends the introduction of woody forage species such as Pterocarpus erinaceus, Khaya senegalensis, Afzelia africana, and Ficus gnaphalocarpa, which could help improve forage availability and soil fertility.
Detection of Carbapenem-resistant Genes Associated to Hospital-acquired Gram-negative Bacterial Pathogens from A Tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Eze Ifeoma Faith , Adeoye-Isijola Morenike Olutumbi , Adefisoye Martins Ajibade , Olajuyigbe Olufunmiso Olusola 
Published: February 2025

Aims: To determine carbapenem-resistant genes associated to hospital-acquired Gram-negative bacteria pathogens from a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria.
Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja, Lagos and Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Lagos, between February 2023 and April 2024.
Methodology: We collected 162 Gram-negative bacteria isolates from urine and wound cultures of patients suspected of having hospital-acquired infections. Phenotypic identification of the isolates was by standard microbiological procedures. Carbapenem resistance was determined by Kirby-Baurer disc diffusion method using Meropenem and Imipenem. Confirmation of the strains of carbapenem-resistant bacteria isolates was by gene sequencing. The carbapenem-resistant genes of the bacterial strains were detected by conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using carbapenemase primers.
Results: Out of 162 bacterial isolates, 13(8%) bacterial isolates were resistant to Meropenem and Imipenem. New Dehli Metallo-β-lactamase (blaNDM) was detected in 6(46%) of the carbapenem-resistant isolates while Verona integron-encoded Metallo-β-lactamase (blaVIM) was detected in 2(15%). Carbapenemase genes were detected in 54% (7/13) of the carbapenem-resistant isolates. A strain of Enterobacter hormaechei harboured blaVIM and blaNDM genes.
Conclusion: The presence of these carbapenem-resistant genes in these pathogens is a public health threat. This study has provided knowledge of carbapenem-resistant genotypes of hospital-acquired bacterial pathogens in the study population. There should be renewed clinical monitoring of these pathogens and further studies on other mechanisms of carbapenem resistance.
Patterns of Social Connection Among Older Adults in England
Authors: Bu Feifei , Fancourt Daisy 
Published: December 2024

ImportanceIssues related to social connection are increasingly recognized as a global public health priority. However, there is a lack of a holistic understanding of social connection and its health impacts given that most empirical research focuses on a single or few individual concepts of social connection.ObjectiveTo explore patterns of social connection and their associations with health and well-being outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study included participants aged 50 years and older from the fourth wave of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (2008-2009). Machine learning cluster analysis and regression analysis were used. The analyses were performed from January to July 2024.ExposureSocial connection clusters informed by the cluster analysis.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThis study considered outcomes related to mental health (depression), hedonic (life satisfaction, pleasure) and eudaimonic (self-realization) well-being, general health (self-reported health), and health behavior (moderate or vigorous physical activity). Key confounders, identified using directed acyclic graphs, including age, sex, ethnicity, education, social class, and wealth, were controlled for.ResultsAmong 7706 participants aged 50 years and older (mean [SD] age, 64.7 [9.6] years; 4248 [55.1%] female; 7536 [97.8%] White), 5 clusters were identified, including disconnected (974 [12.6%]), gapped structure/poor function (1109 [14.4%]), gapped structure/high function (1582 [20.5%]), poor function/mixed quality (1501 [19.5%]), and highly connected (2540 [33.0%]). All clusters had poorer outcomes compared with the highly connected cluster (eg, depression among individuals in disconnected vs highly connected clusters: odds ratio [OR], 2.73; 95% CI, 2.24 to 3.33), many of which persisted after controlling for baseline outcome (eg, depression among individuals in disconnected vs highly connected clusters: OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.57 to 2.43). The difference was smallest between the highly connected and gapped structure/high function clusters across most outcomes (eg, depression among individuals in gapped structure/high function vs highly connected: OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.10-1.64; after controlling for baseline outcome: OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03-1.59).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study highlights the importance of considering multidimensional measures of social connection and understanding the nuance of its heterogenous patterns. Understanding the typologies of social connection has substantial implications for exploring modifiable risk factors for social disconnection and for understanding the mechanisms linking social connection to health-related outcomes.
Medical and Surgical Episodes Among Hospital Participants in the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement–Advanced Program
Authors: Robbins Keenan J. , Zheng Jie , Waken R. J. , Orav E. John , Epstein Arnold M. , Joynt Maddox Karen E. 
Published: December 2024

ImportanceHospital participation in the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement–Advanced (BPCI-A) initiative has been associated with modest savings and stable clinical outcomes overall, but it is unknown whether the program performs differently for medical and surgical or procedural (henceforth, surgical) episodes.ObjectiveTo assess the association of BPCI-A participation with Medicare spending and clinical outcomes for medical and surgical episodes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective difference-in-differences cohort study utilized 100% Medicare fee-for-service inpatient claims for episodes initiated between January 1, 2017, and September 30, 2019, and included 90 days of follow-up. The setting was hospitals participating in BPCI-A and matched nonparticipant hospitals. Participants included Medicare beneficiaries admitted for medical or surgical episodes.ExposureBPCI-A participation, beginning in 2018.Main Outcomes and MeasuresChanges in 90-day Medicare payments and clinical outcomes (readmissions, mortality, healthy days at home).ResultsThe final sample included 2 895 878 episodes; 1 618 172 (55.9%) were female, 324 186 (11.2%) people under age 65 years, 1 354 246 (46.8%) between 65 and 80 years of age, and 1 217 446 (42.0%) over 80 years of age. Patient characteristics at BPCI-A and comparison hospitals were similar. BPCI-A participation was associated with a decrease in payments for medical episodes (−$882 per episode; 95% CI −$1004 to −$760) and surgical episodes (−$587; 95% CI −$850 to −$324) compared with nonparticipant hospitals (absolute difference between change in medical and surgical episodes, −$295; 95% CI −$584 to −$5). BPCI-A participation was associated with a greater increase in healthy days at home and a greater decrease in both skilled nursing facility (SNF) admissions and SNF length of stay overall, but there were no significant differences between medical and surgical episodes in terms of the association of BPCI-A with changes in these outcomes.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study analyzing the outcomes of the BPCI-A program for medical and surgical episodes, BPCI-A participation was associated with modestly decreased payments for both medical and surgical episodes compared with nonparticipants. Improvements in clinical outcomes associated with BPCI-A participation were also modest for both types of episodes; this study does not support a hypothesis that either medical or surgical episodes are better-suited for episode-based payments.
Within-Hospital Price Gaps Across National Insurers
Authors: Wang Yang , Xu Jianhui , Anderson Gerard 
Published: December 2024

ImportanceCommercial prices for hospital care are high and vary widely in the US. Employers and state policymakers are exploring reference-based pricing (RBP) to set their payment rates as multiples of Medicare prices; understanding the range of commercial price variation within a hospital is important for calculating the appropriate price targets that are effectively low to generate savings but also feasible and viable to local hospital markets.ObjectiveTo examine within-hospital maximum-to-minimum commercial hospital price gaps negotiated by 5 national insurers and estimate plan savings if the minimum prices within each hospital are used as new payment level.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used the insurer-disclosed Transparency in Coverage data as of March 2024. There were 40 382 commercial hospital facility prices extracted for 10 common services negotiated by CVS Health, Elevance Health, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna, and United Healthcare, measured at the hospital-service-insurer level relative to the 2024 Medicare prices. For each hospital-service pair, the minimum, enrollment-weighted mean, and maximum prices were calculated, as well as the maximum-to-minimum price gaps. Plan savings were then estimated using the minimum within-hospital prices as the new payment levels.ExposureInsurer price disclosure under federal Transparency in Coverage rule.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMaximum-to-minimum commercial price gaps and estimated savings if using the minimum prices at hospital-service level.ResultsAmong 40 382 commercial hospital prices negotiated by 5 national insurers, the national means of minimum prices were 168% (95% CI, 167%-169%) of Medicare rates for inpatient services and 220% (95% CI, 215%-226%) of Medicare rates for outpatient services. National mean minimum-to-maximum price gaps were 86% (95% CI, 85%-87%) and 222% (95% CI, 215%-229%) of Medicare rates for inpatient and outpatient services, respectively. If using the minimum within-hospital prices, compared with current prices, payers could save 21% (95% CI, 20%-21%) for inpatient services and 29% (95% CI, 28%-30%) for outpatient services.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, commercial prices across different national insurers varied substantially for the same hospital and service. These results suggest that employers and policymakers interested in RBP benchmarking may use the lowest prices among major insurers in their local hospital market as references to negotiate lower prices.
Firearm and Motor Vehicle Pediatric Deaths—Intersections of Age, Sex, Race, and Ethnicity
Authors: Lee Lois K. , Tang Suk-Fong S. , Cull William L. , Fleegler Eric W. , Olson Lynn M. 
Published: December 2024

ImportanceInjuries from firearms and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading causes of death among US children and youths aged 0 to 19 years. Examining the intersections of age group, sex, race, and ethnicity is essential to focus prevention efforts.ObjectiveTo examine firearm and motor vehicle fatality rates by population subgroups and analyze changes over time.Design, Setting, ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study of firearm and MVC fatalities among US children and youths aged 0 to 19 years from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web-Based Injury Statistics and Query Reporting System from 2011 to 2021. Participants included American Indian and Alaska Native; Asian, Hawaiian Native, and Pacific Islander; Black; Hispanic; and White youths. Data analysis was conducted from July 2023 to May 2024.ExposureFirearm or MVC fatality.Main Outcome MeasuresFirearm and MVC fatality rates by year and over time, as measured by the Joinpoint regression annual percent change (APC).ResultsFrom 2011 to 2021 there were 35 684 firearm and 40 735 MVC fatalities among US youths aged 0 to 19 years. For firearm fatalities, there were 21 332 homicides (59.8%), 12 113 suicides (33.9%), 1359 unintentional shootings (3.8%), 277 by legal enforcement (0.8%), and 603 from unknown intents (1.6%). When considering the intersections of age group, sex, race, and ethnicity, for firearm homicides among youths aged 15 to 19 years, the APCs were similar for Black (21.8%) and Hispanic (22.2%) males from 2018 to 2021, although with different peak rates (104.22 per 100 000 individuals and 17.80 per 100 000 individuals, respectively, in 2021). Black females aged 15 to 19 years demonstrated a dramatic APC increase of 40.7% from 2019 to 2021 (peak rate, 14.07 per 100 000 individuals). For firearm suicide in youths aged 10 to 19 years by sex, Black females had the greatest APC increase of 22.0% from 2016 to 2021. For MVC fatalities, the highest APC increase of 24.9% occurred among American Indian and Alaska Native females aged 15 to 19 years from 2018 to 2021. The highest MVC fatality rates occurred in 2021 among American Indian and Alaska Native males (38.16 per 100 000 individuals) and females (29.31 per 100 000 individuals) aged 15 to 19 years.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, US youths aged 0 to 19 years experienced important disparities in firearm and MVC fatality rates and increases over time when considering the intersectionality by age group, sex, race, and ethnicity. These findings suggest that a multipronged strategy focused on individual, community, and policy level approaches for specific high-risk groups for each injury mechanism is necessary to address these leading causes of death in US youths.
C–F Activation with Metal and Organocatalysts
Authors: Hamel Jean‐Denys , Ferlet Rémy , Chabaud Laurent , Paquin Jean‐François 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Organofluorine compounds feature the strongest single bond to carbon: the CF bond. While generally considered inert, properly devised reaction conditions can lead to the selective cleavage of CF bonds, despite the presence of weaker bonds in the molecule. This chapter outlines the different catalytic reaction pathways that result in partial or exhaustive defluorination of fluorinated units. Throughout the chapter, the emphasis is put on the singular events that lead to CF bond cleavage, not on the methods themselves.
Physical Properties of Fluorinated Compounds
Authors: Linclau Bruno 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Fluorinated compounds often have distinctive properties. In this chapter, the physical properties of fluorinated compounds are discussed. First, the characteristics of the fluorine atom itself are explained, followed by the characteristics of the CF bond and its associated stereoelectronic effects. This allows understanding of the electronic and steric effects of fluorine and fluorinated groups, which is discussed in the following sections, as well as the influence of fluorination on macroscopic properties, discussed in the final section.