bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-agrogenic transformation of texture-differentiated soils of the northern forest-steppe near the Irtysh River in the Omsk region
Authors: Aksenova Yu V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Weak or blind drainage of the territory, changing hydrothermal conditions and water regime, high volumes of lime materials used in the 1990s contributed to carbonate salinization of soils and accumulation of ready soluble salts in the profile of texture-differentiated soils. In sod-podzolics gleyic soil, the maximum amount of carbonates (14.3–17.2%) is accumulated in horizons BTncg at a depth of 73–104 cm. In grey gleyic soil, their content reached the highest values (14.5–14.8%) in sod (AYdc) and humic eluvial (AELdc) horizons, gradually decreasing to the parent rock. The presence of carbonates shifted the medium reaction to the alkaline interval throughout the entire soil profile. In sod-podzolics gleyic soil, the reaction of the medium was within the range of 6.9–8.1; in the horizons of maximum accumulation of carbonates, it reached 8.5–9.1. In the profile of grey gleyic soil, the pH value varied within the range of 8.1–9.2 units. Ready soluble salts of chlorides and bicarbonates were present at a depth of 61–73 cm, but their content did not exceed 1 mmol/100 g of soil. The morphological structure of the soil profile corresponded to their type affiliation. In the sod-podzolics gleyic soil, eluvial horizon EL was clearly distinguished, in the grey gleyic soil; humus-eluvial AEL horizon was clearly picked.
Surface plasma resonance in Xe clusters studied by EUV pump-NIR probe experiments
Authors: Nagaya K , Sakai T , Hiraki T Nishiyama , Yase S , Matsunami K , Asa K , Fukuzawa H , Motomura K , Kumagai Y , Xu W Q , Wada S , Hayashita H , Saito N , Nagasono M , Togashi T , Yabashi M , Ueda K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The ionization dynamics of Xe cluster was analyzed by extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pump-near infrared (NIR) probe experiments. The experiments were carried out for Xe clusters containing around 5000 atoms on average at the SPring-8 Compact SASE Source (SCSS) test accelerator in Japan. We recorded ion spectra emitted from Xe clusters as a function of the time delay between the EUV and NIR pulses. The ion yields up to highly-charged states were substantially enhanced when Xe clusters excited by the EUV pulses were illuminated by the NIR laser pulses at 1 to 2 ps after the pump pulse, providing a compelling evidence for nano-plasma formation and subsequent NIR absorption via surface plasma resonance. We also observed emergence of low kinetic energy Xe+ at long time delay, which can be attributed to the ionization of excited neutral atoms resulting from the electron-ion recombination in the expanding nano-plasma.
Evaluating escalation in oil pollution and its framing: approaches used by the print media for coverage
Authors: Odoemelam Chika Ebere , Hasan Nik Norma Nik 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Oil pollution incidents have become a reoccurring decimal in most countries during the last twenty decades. The controversy about who is responsible for the massive oil pollution experienced globally in certain oil-producing countries has amplified tensions between significant stakeholders in those countries. For example, oil pollution in Nigeria and Ghana has triggered ecosystem degradation, the devastation of local communities’ means of livelihood, and the death of aquatic organisms such as fish. This paper discusses the escalation in oil pollution and the print media’s coverage through a content analysis method. Our report evaluates news approaches developed by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000a, 2000b) and differences and similarities in the distribution of news frames among three Nigerian newspapers; The Daily Sun, The Guardian, and The Punch from 2014–2018. Our findings show that The Daily Sun used more of the frames of responsibility, economic consequences, and human interest in their oil pollution reports in the Niger-Delta region. This is probably because journalists at The Daily Sun often chose to be objective and on the people’s side by reporting the whole truth irrespective of the consequences to their job and news organization. This was in harmony with the quantitative content analysis results, where 57.7%, 63.3%, and 55.6% of oil pollution coverage were framed as responsibility, economic consequences, and human interest. In contrast, The Guardian and The Punch newspapers used less of these frames, perhaps due to the two papers’ laissez-faire attitude towards holding the oil companies accountable despite glaring evidence of the negative consequences of oil pollution on the livelihood of oil-bearing communities and the environment. However, our result also indicates that the morality frame was the least used among the three selected newspapers, as journalists find it challenging to give moral messages while maintaining journalistic neutrality.
On the failure and fracture of hydrogels for cartilage replacement
Authors: Cook Robert F , Oyen Michelle L 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The failure and fracture properties of hydrogels and hydrogel composites are considered in the contexts of applicable fracture mechanics and biomaterials engineering. Distinction is made between material failure properties, characterized by a work of failure independent of mechanism, and fracture properties, characterized by fracture resistance that requires clear identification of crack propagation. Although advanced hydrogels can exhibit very large works of failure relative to conventional single-network hydrogels, they do so only at large strains and are not well characterized by fracture properties alone. The large failure strains are not obviously relevant to many biomaterial applications such as cartilage replacement, for which the engineering requirements involve limited physiological strains. An example is given of fiber-reinforced hydrogel composites that demonstrate increased work of failure at small strains.
Exciton band structure of molybdenum disulfide: from monolayer to bulk
Authors: Fugallo Giorgia , Cudazzo Pierluigi , Gatti Matteo , Sottile Francesco 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Exciton band structures analysis provides a powerful tool to identify the exciton character of materials, from bulk to isolated systems, and goes beyond the mere analysis of the optical spectra. In this work, we focus on the exciton properties of molybdenum sisulfide (MoS2) by solving the ab initio many-body Bethe–Salpeter equation, as a function of momentum, to obtain the excitation spectra of both monolayer and bulk MoS2. We analyse the spectrum and the exciton dispersion on the basis of a model excitonic Hamiltonian capable of providing an efficient description of the excitations in the bulk crystal, starting from the knowledge of the excitons of a single layer. In this way, we obtain a general characterization of both bright and darks excitons in terms of the interplay between the electronic band dispersion (i.e. interlayer hopping) and the electron–hole exchange interaction. We identify for both the 2D and the 3D limiting cases the character of the lowest-energy excitons in MoS2, we explain the effects and relative weights of both band dispersion and electron–hole exchange interaction and finally we interpret the differences observed when changing the dimensionality of the system.
Fundamental aspects of graphene and its biosensing applications
Authors: Tade Rahul Shankar , Nangare Sopan Namdev , Patil Pravin Onkar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The worldwide frontiers of research have experienced a flood of developments in advanced nanomaterials. Among these, graphene, a member of the carbon family, has now replaced many traditional materials and broadened the horizons of material chemistry, analytical chemistry, pharmaceutics, and other multidisciplinary fields. Owing to the exceptional properties of graphene, it has been widely utilized in various nanocomposites as a reinforcing material and for biosensing components. The present review serves as a familiarization for budding researchers in the materials science and analytical fields, where the use of graphene in biosensing-related applications had long been foreseen. Furthermore, we also offer a brief review of graphene’s tunable properties for biosensing. This article describes the actual mechanisms of interfaces that interact with graphene, such as immunogenic agents, bacteria, and other biomolecules. We also discuss the application of graphene-based materials to the biosensing of a range of analytes, and the challenges and future perspectives of graphene. Thus, this review gives a detailed insight into biosensing with graphene, graphene’s fundamental properties, and application perspectives.
Evaluation of mechanical performance on a developed AA 6061matrix-Mg/0.9-Si/0.68 reinforced with B4C based composites
Authors: Singh Hartaj , Singh Gagandeep , Singh Kapil , Vardhan Sachit 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Aluminum matrix composites are chosen for electronic, aircraft, and automobile components due to the lightness of their weight and high specific strength. High-quality aluminum-based composites are well known for their microhardness and high refractoriness performance in aerospace with the advantage of structural applications. The boron carbide ceramic as a reinforcement plays an outstanding function in the base matrix to enhance the mechanical behavior of the composites. The present effort revealed that the synthesized composites were fabricated by the stir casting process and B4C having a particulate size of 50 µm were reinforced from 1% to 15% in the AA 6061 by varying weight percentages. Microhardness such as Brinell and Rockwell hardness moreover impact testing was performed experimentally. The mechanical characterization of fabricated composites with high mechanical performance-based composites has been investigated in this research work. Using microstructural characterization by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction we examinded high mechanical performance-based composites.
Computational phase transitions: benchmarking Ising machines and quantum optimisers
Authors: Philathong Hariphan , Akshay Vishwa , Samburskaya Ksenia , Biamonte Jacob 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
While there are various approaches to benchmark physical processors, recent findings have focused on computational phase transitions. This is due to several factors. Importantly, the hardest instances appear to be well-concentrated in a narrow region, with a control parameter allowing uniform random distributions of problem instances with similar computational challenge. It has been established that one could observe a computational phase transition in a distribution produced from coherent Ising machine(s). In terms of quantum approximate optimisation, the ability for the quantum algorithm to function depends critically on the ratio of a problems constraint to variable ratio (called density). The critical density dependence on performance resulted in what was called, reachability deficits. In this perspective we recall the background needed to understand how to apply computational phase transitions in various bench-marking tasks and we survey several such contemporary findings.
Planted hitting set recovery in hypergraphs
Authors: Amburg Ilya , Kleinberg Jon , Benson Austin R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In various application areas, networked data is collected by measuring interactions involving some specific set of core nodes. This results in a network dataset containing the core nodes along with a potentially much larger set of fringe nodes that all have at least one interaction with a core node. In many settings, this type of data arises for structures that are richer than graphs, because they involve the interactions of larger sets; for example, the core nodes might be a set of individuals under surveillance, where we observe the attendees of meetings involving at least one of the core individuals. We model such scenarios using hypergraphs, and we study the problem of core recovery: if we observe the hypergraph but not the labels of core and fringe nodes, can we recover the ‘planted’ set of core nodes in the hypergraph? We provide a theoretical framework for analyzing the recovery of such a set of core nodes and use our theory to develop a practical and scalable algorithm for core recovery. The crux of our analysis and algorithm is that the core nodes are a hitting set of the hypergraph, meaning that every hyperedge has at least one node in the set of core nodes. We demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm on a number of real-world datasets, outperforming competitive baselines derived from network centrality and core-periphery measures.
Health Selection Into Eviction: Adverse Birth Outcomes and Children’s Risk of Eviction Through Age 5 Years
Authors: Schwartz Gabriel L , Leifheit Kathryn M , Berkman Lisa F , Chen Jarvis T , Arcaya Mariana C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Adverse birth outcomes put children at increased risk of poor future health. They also put families under sudden socioeconomic and psychological strain, which has poorly understood consequences. We tested whether infants experiencing an adverse birth outcome—low birthweight or prematurity, as well as lengthy hospital stays—were more likely to be evicted in early childhood, through age 5 years. We analyzed 5,655 observations contributed by 2,115 participants in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study—a national, randomly sampled cohort of infants born in large US cities between 1998 and 2000—living in rental housing at baseline. We fitted proportional hazards models using piecewise logistic regression, controlling for an array of confounders and applying inverse probability of selection weights. Having been born low birthweight or preterm was associated with a 1.74-fold increase in children’s hazard of eviction (95% confidence interval: 1.02, 2.95), and lengthy neonatal hospital stays were independently associated with a relative hazard of 2.50 (95% confidence interval: 1.15, 5.44) compared with uncomplicated births. Given recent findings that unstable housing during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes, our results suggest eviction and health may be cyclical and co-constitutive. Children experiencing adverse birth outcomes are vulnerable to eviction and require additional supports.
Evolution of floral scent in relation to self-incompatibility and capacity for autonomous self-pollination in the perennial herbArabis alpina
Authors: Petrén Hampus , Toräng Per , Ågren Jon , Friberg Magne 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsThe transition from outcrossing to selfing is a frequent evolutionary shift in flowering plants and is predicted to result in reduced allocation to pollinator attraction if plants can self-pollinate autonomously. The evolution of selfing is associated with reduced visual floral signalling in many systems, but effects on floral scent have received less attention. We compared multiple populations of the arctic–alpine herb Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae), and asked whether the transition from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility has been associated with reduced visual and chemical floral signalling. We further examined whether floral signalling differ between self-compatible populations with low and high capacity for autonomous self-pollination, as would be expected if benefits of signalling decrease with reduced dependence on pollinators for pollen transfer.MethodsIn a common garden we documented flower size and floral scent emission rate and composition in eight self-compatible and nine self-incompatible A. alpina populations. These included self-compatible Scandinavian populations with high capacity for autonomous self-pollination, self-compatible populations with low capacity for autonomous self-pollination from France and Spain, and self-incompatible populations from Italy and Greece.Key ResultsThe self-compatible populations produced smaller and less scented flowers than the self-incompatible populations. However, flower size and scent emission rate did not differ between self-compatible populations with high and low capacity for autonomous self-pollination. Floral scent composition differed between self-compatible and self-incompatible populations, but also varied substantially among populations within the two categories.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates extensive variation in floral scent among populations of a geographically widespread species. Contrary to expectation, floral signalling did not differ between self-compatible populations with high and low capacity for autonomous self-pollination, indicating that dependence on pollinator attraction can only partly explain variation in floral signalling. Additional variation may reflect adaptation to other aspects of local environments, genetic drift, or a combination of these processes.
m6A regulator-mediated methylation modification patterns and characteristics of immunity and stemness in low-grade glioma
Authors: Du Jianyang , Ji Hang , Ma Shuai , Jin Jiaqi , Mi Shan , Hou Kuiyuan , Dong Jiawei , Wang Fang , Zhang Chaochao , Li Yuan , Hu Shaoshan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
m6A RNA methylation is an emerging epigenetic modification, and its potential role in immunity and stemness remains unknown. Based on 17 widely recognized m6A regulators, the m6A modification patterns and corresponding characteristics of immune infiltration and stemness of 1152 low-grade glioma samples were comprehensively analyzed. Machine-learning strategies for constructing m6AScores were trained to quantify the m6A modification patterns of individual samples. Here, we reveal a significant correlation between the multi-omics data of regulators and clinicopathological parameters. We identified two distinct m6A modification patterns (an immune-activated differentiation pattern and an immune-desert dedifferentiation pattern) and four regulatory patterns of m6A methylation on immunity and stemness. We show that the m6AScores can predict the molecular subtype of low-grade glioma, the abundance of immune infiltration, the enrichment of signaling pathways, gene variation and prognosis. The concentration of high immunogenicity and clinical benefits in the low-m6AScore group confirmed the sensitive response to radio-chemotherapy and immunotherapy in patients with high-m6AScore. The results of the pan-cancer analyses illustrate the significant correlation between m6AScore and clinical outcome, the burden of neoepitope, immune infiltration and stemness. The assessment of individual tumor m6A modification patterns will guide us in improving treatment strategies and developing objective diagnostic tools.
Litigation in breast surgery: unique insights from the English National Health Service experience
Authors: O’Connell R L , Patani N , Machin J T , Briggs T W R , Irvine T , MacNeill F A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
The increase in medical negligence claims against the National Health Service (NHS) over the past decade has had a detrimental impact on limited financial and human resources that could otherwise be available for direct clinical care. The aim of this study was to review litigation claims in breast surgery as part of the national Getting It Right First Time quality improvement initiative, with the aim of identifying opportunities to improve clinical practice and patient safety.

Methods
All general and plastic surgical claims notified to NHS Resolution between April 2012 and April 2018 were reviewed. Claims related specifically to breast surgery were retrieved manually, and case summaries were analysed independently by two breast surgeons.

Results
From 6915 claims, 449 relating to breast surgery were identified and reviewed. The mean(s.d.) claimant age was 46(13) years. The median number of claims over the 6-year period per NHS trust was 2 (range 0–22). The most frequent causes of litigation were dissatisfaction with cosmetic outcome (121 claims, 26.9 per cent) and patient-reported delays in diagnosis (121, 26.9 per cent). A large proportion of claims related to breast implant surgery (78, 17.4 per cent), and issues regarding consent/communication were common (69, 15.4 per cent). The estimated annual cost of breast surgery litigation claims ranged from £5.57 to £9.59 million (€6.35–11.02 million).

Conclusion
Patient-reported delays in diagnosis and dissatisfaction with cosmetic outcome are the most common causes of litigation related to breast surgery. These key themes should be the focus for workforce learning, with the aim of improving patient care and experience.
Interventions to prevent and treat sarcopenia in a surgical population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tomassini S , Abbasciano R , Murphy G J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the results of trials evaluating interventions for the reduction of sarcopenia in patients undergoing surgery.

Methods
Searches were conducted using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE and Embase. RCTs evaluating exercise, dietary or pharmacological interventions to address sarcopenia in the perioperative period were included. Treatment effect estimates were expressed as standardized mean differences (MDs) with confidence intervals, and heterogeneity was expressed as I2 values.

Results
Seventy trials including 3402 participants were selected for the data synthesis. Exercise interventions significantly increased muscle mass (MD 0.62, 95 per cent c.i. 0.34 to 0.90; P &lt; 0.001), muscle strength (MD 0.55, 0.39 to 0.71; P &lt; 0.001), measures of gait speed (MD 0.42, 0.05 to 0.79; P = 0.03), and reduced time for completion of set exercises (MD −0.76, −1.12 to −0.40; P &lt; 0.001) compared with controls. Subgroup analysis showed that interventions in the early postoperative period were more likely to have a positive effect on muscle mass (MD 0.71, 0.35 to 1.07; P &lt; 0.001) and timed tests (MD −0.70, −1.10 to −0.30; P = 0.005) than preoperative interventions. Treatment effects on muscle mass (MD 0.09, −0.31 to 0.49; P = 0.66) and strength (MD 0.46, −0.01 to 0.92; P = 0.05) were attenuated by the presence of cancer. Results of analyses restricted to nine trials at low risk of allocation concealment bias and fourteen trials at low risk of attrition bias were comparable to those of the primary analysis. Risk-of-bias assessment showed that most trials were at high risk of incomplete outcome and attrition bias, thus reducing the estimate of certainty of the evidence according to the GRADE assessment tool.

Conclusion
Exercise interventions appear beneficial in reducing the impact of sarcopenia. Because of the high risk of bias and low certainty of the current evidence, large RCTs using standardized measures of muscle mass should be undertaken.