bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE RANK OF A VERBAL SUBGROUP OF A FINITE GROUP
Authors: DETOMI ELOISA , MORIGI MARTA , SHUMYATSKY PAVEL 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe show that if w is a multilinear commutator word and G a finite group in which every metanilpotent subgroup generated by w-values is of rank at most r, then the rank of the verbal subgroup
$w(G)$
is bounded in terms of r and w only. In the case where G is soluble, we obtain a better result: if G is a finite soluble group in which every nilpotent subgroup generated by w-values is of rank at most r, then the rank of
$w(G)$
is at most
$r+1$
.
Modeling Interplanetary Expansion and Deformation of Coronal Mass Ejections With ANTEATR‐PARADE: Sensitivity to Input Parameters
Authors: Kay C. , Nieves‐Chinchilla T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpace weather predictions related to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) requires understanding how a CME is initiated and how its properties change as it propagates. Most predictions have been limited to the arrival time of a CME and include little to no information about the CME's internal properties. ANother Type of Ensemble Arrival Time Results‐Physics‐driven Approach to Realistic Axis Deformation and Expansion (ANTEATR‐PARADE) represents the most thorough description of the interplanetary evolution of CMEs in a highly computationally‐efficient model (Kay & Nieves‐Chinchilla, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028911). presents the derivation of this model, where we have added an elliptical cross section to the original arrival time model ANTEATR and introduced internal magnetic and thermal forces that, combined with the drag, can alter the shape of the central axis and cross section. ANTEATR‐PARADE results include the transit time of CMEs, as well as the shape and size, propagation and expansion velocities, density, and magnetic field properties upon impact. We determine the dependence of each output on each of the ANTEATR‐PARADE input parameters. For a fast CME, we see that the parameterization of our thermal and magnetic models tends to be more important than the actual initial temperature or magnetic field strength. We extend to other CMEs and find that the sensitivities change with CME scale with thermal forces being more important for a weaker CME and magnetic forces being more important for a stronger CME. The most critical parameters for space weather predictions are the CME mass, the initial magnetic field strength, the adiabatic index, and the profile of the axial magnetic field strength.
The GAR/RGG motif defines a family of nuclear alarmins
Authors: Wu Shan , Teo Boon Heng Dennis , Wee Seng Yin Kelly , Chen Junjie , Lu Jinhua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe nucleus is the target of autoantibodies in many diseases, which suggests intrinsic nuclear adjuvants that confer its high autoimmunogenicity. Nucleolin (NCL) is one abundant nucleolar autoantigen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and, in lupus-prone mice, it elicits autoantibodies early. With purified NCL, we observed that it was a potent alarmin that activated monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells and it was a ligand for TLR2 and TLR4. NCL released by necrotic cells also exhibited alarmin activity. The NCL alarmin activity resides in its glycine/arginine-rich (GAR/RGG) motif and can be displayed by synthetic GAR/RGG peptides. Two more GAR/RGG-containing nucleolar proteins, fibrillarin (FBRL) and GAR1, were also confirmed to be novel alarmins. Therefore, the GAR/RGG alarmin motif predicts a family of nucleolar alarmins. The apparent prevalence of nucleolar alarmins suggests their positive contribution to tissue homeostasis by inducing self-limiting tissue inflammation with autoimmunity only occurring when surveillance is broken down.
Apatinib suppresses lung cancer stem-like cells by complex interplay between β-catenin signaling and mitochondrial ROS accumulation
Authors: Zhu Jianyun , Li Xiaoting , Liang Chunhua , Zhou Xu , Ge Miaomiao , Chen Yue , Jin Jianliang , Yin Juan , Xu Haie , Xie Chunfeng , Zhong Caiyun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe abnormal activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in the development of lung cancer, which is also important in the generation and maintenance of lung cancer stem cell (CSC). CSCs have unique capabilities to resist anticancer therapy, seed recurrent tumors, and disseminate to and colonize distant tissues. Apatinib, a small-molecule VEGFR2-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, shows highly efficient antitumor activity in heavily treated, chemoresistant, and metastatic lung cancer. We speculated that inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and targeting lung CSCs could be one of the anti-tumor mechanisms of apatinib. In the present study we demonstrated that apatinib repressed lung CSC-like traits by hindering sphere formation ability, lung CSC-related marker expression and decreasing chemoresistance derived stemness. Mechanistically, apatinib exerted its anti-CSC effects by inhibiting β-catenin and its downstream targets. Moreover, apatinib induced the production of reactive oxyen species (ROS), which participated in the inhibitory effects of apatinib on lung CSCs. It was found that β-catenin regulated apatinib-induced production of ROS. Inhibition or promotion of ROS production with N-acetyl-L-cysteine or H2O2 not only upregulated or downregulated β-catenin expression, but also prevented or promoted DNA damage, rescued or impeded sphere formation, respectively. Collectively, our findings reveal that apatinib directly inhibits β-catenin signaling and promotes ROS generation to suppress lung CSC-like characteristics. A clearer understanding of the anti-cancer mechanisms of apatinib is required for its better application in combating advanced and refractory/recurrent lung cancer when combined with conventional chemotherapy.
The epidemicity index of recurrent SARS-CoV-2 infections
Authors: Mari Lorenzo , Casagrandi Renato , Bertuzzo Enrico , Pasetto Damiano , Miccoli Stefano , Rinaldo Andrea , Gatto Marino 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSeveral indices can predict the long-term fate of emerging infectious diseases and the effect of their containment measures, including a variety of reproduction numbers (e.g. $${{\mathcal{R}}}_{0}$$

R

0

). Other indices evaluate the potential for transient increases of epidemics eventually doomed to disappearance, based on generalized reactivity analysis. They identify conditions for perturbations to a stable disease-free equilibrium ($${{\mathcal{R}}}_{0}\,<\,1$$

R

0

<

1
) to grow, possibly causing significant damage. Here, we introduce the epidemicity index e0, a threshold-type indicator: if e0 > 0, initial foci may cause infection peaks even if $${{\mathcal{R}}}_{0}\,<\,1$$

R

0

<

1
. Therefore, effective containment measures should achieve a negative epidemicity index. We use spatially explicit models to rank containment measures for projected evolutions of the ongoing pandemic in Italy. There, we show that, while the effective reproduction number was below one for a sizable timespan, epidemicity remained positive, allowing recurrent infection flare-ups well before the major epidemic rebounding observed in the fall.
Electron donation of non-oxide supports boosts O2 activation on nano-platinum catalysts
Authors: Gan Tao , Yang Jingxiu , Morris David , Chu Xuefeng , Zhang Peng , Zhang Wenxiang , Zou Yongcun , Yan Wenfu , Wei Su-Huai , Liu Gang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractActivation of O2 is a critical step in heterogeneous catalytic oxidation. Here, the concept of increased electron donors induced by nitrogen vacancy is adopted to propose an efficient strategy to develop highly active and stable catalysts for molecular O2 activation. Carbon nitride with nitrogen vacancies is prepared to serve as a support as well as electron sink to construct a synergistic catalyst with Pt nanoparticles. Extensive characterizations combined with the first-principles calculations reveal that nitrogen vacancies with excess electrons could effectively stabilize metallic Pt nanoparticles by strong p-d coupling. The Pt atoms and the dangling carbon atoms surround the vacancy can synergistically donate electrons to the antibonding orbital of the adsorbed O2. This synergistic catalyst shows great enhancement of catalytic performance and durability in toluene oxidation. The introduction of electron-rich non-oxide substrate is an innovative strategy to develop active Pt-based oxidation catalysts, which could be conceivably extended to a variety of metal-based catalysts for catalytic oxidation.
Feeding-induced resistance to acute lethal sepsis is dependent on hepatic BMAL1 and FXR signalling
Authors: Geiger Sarah S. , Traba Javier , Richoz Nathan , Farley Taylor K. , Brooks Stephen R. , Petermann Franziska , Wang Lingdi , Gonzalez Frank J. , Sack Michael N. , Siegel Richard M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn mice, time of day strongly influences lethality in response to LPS, with survival greatest at the beginning compared to the end of the light cycle. Here we show that feeding, rather than light, controls time-of-day dependent LPS sensitivity. Mortality following LPS administration is independent of cytokine production and the clock regulator BMAL1 expressed in myeloid cells. In contrast, deletion of BMAL1 in hepatocytes globally disrupts the transcriptional response to the feeding cycle in the liver and results in constitutively high LPS sensitivity. Using RNAseq and functional validation studies we identify hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling as a BMAL1 and feeding-dependent regulator of LPS susceptibility. These results show that hepatocyte-intrinsic BMAL1 and FXR signalling integrate nutritional cues to regulate survival in response to innate immune stimuli. Understanding hepatic molecular programmes operational in response to these cues could identify novel pathways for targeting to enhance endotoxemia resistance.
Molecular basis for the allosteric activation mechanism of the heterodimeric imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase complex
Authors: Wurm Jan Philip , Sung Sihyun , Kneuttinger Andrea Christa , Hupfeld Enrico , Sterner Reinhard , Wilmanns Matthias , Sprangers Remco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractImidazole glycerol phosphate synthase (HisFH) is a heterodimeric bienzyme complex operating at a central branch point of metabolism. HisFH is responsible for the HisH-catalyzed hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia, which is then used for a cyclase reaction by HisF. The HisFH complex is allosterically regulated but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Here, we elucidate the molecular basis of the long range, allosteric activation of HisFH. We establish that the catalytically active HisFH conformation is only formed when the substrates of both HisH and HisF are bound. We show that in this conformation an oxyanion hole in the HisH active site is established, which rationalizes the observed 4500-fold allosteric activation compared to the inactive conformation. In solution, the inactive and active conformations are in a dynamic equilibrium and the HisFH turnover rates correlate with the population of the active conformation, which is in accordance with the ensemble model of allostery.
Mechanical plasticity of collagen directs branch elongation in human mammary gland organoids
Authors: Buchmann B. , Engelbrecht L. K. , Fernandez P. , Hutterer F. P. , Raich M. K. , Scheel C. H. , Bausch A. R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEpithelial branch elongation is a central developmental process during branching morphogenesis in diverse organs. This fundamental growth process into large arborized epithelial networks is accompanied by structural reorganization of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), well beyond its mechanical linear response regime. Here, we report that epithelial ductal elongation within human mammary organoid branches relies on the non-linear and plastic mechanical response of the surrounding collagen. Specifically, we demonstrate that collective back-and-forth motion of cells within the branches generates tension that is strong enough to induce a plastic reorganization of the surrounding collagen network which results in the formation of mechanically stable collagen cages. Such matrix encasing in turn directs further tension generation, branch outgrowth and plastic deformation of the matrix. The identified mechanical tension equilibrium sets a framework to understand how mechanical cues can direct ductal branch elongation.
On the origin of the controversial electrostatic field effect in superconductors
Authors: Golokolenov I. , Guthrie A. , Kafanov S. , Pashkin Yu. A. , Tsepelin V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSuperconducting quantum devices offer numerous applications, from electrical metrology and magnetic sensing to energy-efficient high-end computing and advanced quantum information processing. The key elements of quantum circuits are (single and double) Josephson junctions controllable either by electric current or magnetic field. The voltage control, commonly used in semiconductor-based devices via the electrostatic field effect, would be far more versatile and practical. Hence, the field effect recently reported in superconducting devices may revolutionise the whole field of superconductor electronics provided it is confirmed. Here we show that the suppression of the critical current attributed to the field effect, can be explained by quasiparticle excitations in the constriction of superconducting devices. Our results demonstrate that a miniscule leakage current between the gate and the constriction of devices perfectly follows the Fowler-Nordheim model of electron field emission from a metal electrode and injects quasiparticles with energies sufficient to weaken or even suppress superconductivity.
Non-invasive, opsin-free mid-infrared modulation activates cortical neurons and accelerates associative learning
Authors: Zhang Jianxiong , He Yong , Liang Shanshan , Liao Xiang , Li Tong , Qiao Zhi , Chang Chao , Jia Hongbo , Chen Xiaowei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNeurostimulant drugs or magnetic/electrical stimulation techniques can overcome attention deficits, but these drugs or techniques are weakly beneficial in boosting the learning capabilities of healthy subjects. Here, we report a stimulation technique, mid-infrared modulation (MIM), that delivers mid-infrared light energy through the opened skull or even non-invasively through a thinned intact skull and can activate brain neurons in vivo without introducing any exogeneous gene. Using c-Fos immunohistochemistry, in vivo single-cell electrophysiology and two-photon Ca2+ imaging in mice, we demonstrate that MIM significantly induces firing activities of neurons in the targeted cortical area. Moreover, mice that receive MIM targeting to the auditory cortex during an auditory associative learning task exhibit a faster learning speed (~50% faster) than control mice. Together, this non-invasive, opsin-free MIM technique is demonstrated with potential for modulating neuronal activity.
Reducing the impact of radioactivity on quantum circuits in a deep-underground facility
Authors: Cardani L. , Valenti F. , Casali N. , Catelani G. , Charpentier T. , Clemenza M. , Colantoni I. , Cruciani A. , D’Imperio G. , Gironi L. , Grünhaupt L. , Gusenkova D. , Henriques F. , Lagoin M. , Martinez M. , Pettinari G. , Rusconi C. , Sander O. , Tomei C. , Ustinov A. V. , Weber M. , Wernsdorfer W. , Vignati M. , Pirro S. , Pop I. M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs quantum coherence times of superconducting circuits have increased from nanoseconds to hundreds of microseconds, they are currently one of the leading platforms for quantum information processing. However, coherence needs to further improve by orders of magnitude to reduce the prohibitive hardware overhead of current error correction schemes. Reaching this goal hinges on reducing the density of broken Cooper pairs, so-called quasiparticles. Here, we show that environmental radioactivity is a significant source of nonequilibrium quasiparticles. Moreover, ionizing radiation introduces time-correlated quasiparticle bursts in resonators on the same chip, further complicating quantum error correction. Operating in a deep-underground lead-shielded cryostat decreases the quasiparticle burst rate by a factor thirty and reduces dissipation up to a factor four, showcasing the importance of radiation abatement in future solid-state quantum hardware.
Mechanism of MRX inhibition by Rif2 at telomeres
Authors: Roisné-Hamelin Florian , Pobiega Sabrina , Jézéquel Kévin , Miron Simona , Dépagne Jordane , Veaute Xavier , Busso Didier , Du Marie-Hélène Le , Callebaut Isabelle , Charbonnier Jean-Baptiste , Cuniasse Philippe , Zinn-Justin Sophie , Marcand Stéphane 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpecific proteins present at telomeres ensure chromosome end stability, in large part through unknown mechanisms. In this work, we address how theSaccharomyces cerevisiaeORC-related Rif2 protein protects telomere. We show that the small N-terminal Rif2 BAT motif (BlocksAddition ofTelomeres) previously known to limit telomere elongation and Tel1 activity is also sufficient to block NHEJ and 5’ end resection. The BAT motif inhibits the ability of the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 complex (MRX) to capture DNA ends. It acts through a direct contact with Rad50 ATP-binding Head domains. Through genetic approaches guided by structural predictions, we identify residues at the surface of Rad50 that are essential for the interaction with Rif2 and its inhibition. Finally, a docking model predicts how BAT binding could specifically destabilise the DNA-bound state of the MRX complex. From these results, we propose that when an MRX complex approaches a telomere, the Rif2 BAT motif binds MRX Head in its ATP-bound resting state. This antagonises MRX transition to its DNA-bound state, and favours a rapid return to the ATP-bound state. Unable to stably capture the telomere end, the MRX complex cannot proceed with the subsequent steps of NHEJ, Tel1-activation and 5’ resection.
Overcoming detection loss and noise in squeezing-based optical sensing
Authors: Frascella Gaetano , Agne Sascha , Khalili Farid Ya. , Chekhova Maria V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAmong the known resources of quantum metrology, one of the most practical and efficient is squeezing. Squeezed states of atoms and light improve the sensing of the phase, magnetic field, polarization, mechanical displacement. They promise to considerably increase signal-to-noise ratio in imaging and spectroscopy, and are already used in real-life gravitational-wave detectors. But despite being more robust than other states, they are still very fragile, which narrows the scope of their application. In particular, squeezed states are useless in measurements where the detection is inefficient or the noise is high. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a remedy against loss and noise: strong noiseless amplification before detection. This way, we achieve loss-tolerant operation of an interferometer fed with squeezed and coherent light. With only 50% detection efficiency and with noise exceeding the level of squeezed light more than 50 times, we overcome the shot-noise limit by 6 dB. Sub-shot-noise phase sensitivity survives up to 87% loss. Application of this technique to other types of optical sensing and imaging promises a full use of quantum resources in these fields.
Androgen-deprivation therapy and the risk of newly developed fractures in patients with prostate cancer: a nationwide cohort study in Korea
Authors: Kim Do Kyung , Lee Hye Sun , Park Ju-Young , Kim Jong Won , Ahn Hyun Kyu , Ha Jee Soo , Cho Kang Su 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe evaluated the risk of osteoporosis and fractures associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) use and duration in men with prostate cancer. From the nationwide claims database in South Korea, a total of 218,203 men with prostate cancer were identified between 2008 and 2017. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 144,670 patients were included in the analysis. To adjust for comorbidities between cohorts, 1:1 propensity score matching was used. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of events associated with ADT, after controlling for potential confounding factors. In the matched cohort, there were differences in the incidence of newly developed osteoporosis (8.79% in the ADT group vs. 7.08% in the non-ADT group, p < 0.0001) and fractures (8.12% in the ADT group vs. 5.04% in the non-ADT group, p < 0.0001). Age-adjusted Cox regression analysis revealed that the ADT group had a significantly higher risk of osteoporosis (HR, 1.381; 95% CI, 1.305–1.461; p < 0.0001) and fractures (HR, 1.815; 95% CI, 1.703–1.935; p < 0.0001) compared to the non-ADT group. Furthermore, the risk of osteoporosis and fractures increased as the duration of ADT increased. The ADT was associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures in prostate cancer patients. Clinicians who administer ADT for patients with prostate cancer should always be mindful of the risk of osteoporosis and fracture, avoid unnecessary ADT, and perform regular bone health check-ups.
Association of weight fluctuation with cardiovascular disease risk among initially obese adults
Authors: Jeong Seogsong , Choi Seulggie , Chang Jooyoung , Kim Kyuwoong , Kim Sung Min , Hwang Seo Yun , Son Joung Sik , Lee Gyeongsil , Park Sang Min 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe association of fluctuations in body mass index with cardiovascular risk in long-term is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate cardiovascular outcomes of weight fluctuation. Total of 67,101 obese adults from the Korean National Health Insurance Service who received health examinations in three separate biennial periods were included. Participants were followed up from January 1, 2008 to the date of cardiovascular disease, death, or December 31, 2015, and categorized into 9 distinctive groups according to the BMI. Continuous weight gain showed an increased risk of overall cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.36;P = 0.007), whereas weight loss after weight maintenance (HR, 0.91;P = 0.016) and weight maintenance after weight loss (HR, 0.91;P = 0.004) were ameliorative compared to the no weight change group. As for coronary heart disease, weight maintenance after weight gain was unfavorable (HR, 1.25;P = 0.004) while weight loss after weight maintenance (HR, 0.82;P < 0.001), weight cycling (HR, 0.83;P = 0.043), and weight maintenance after weight loss (HR, 0.88;P = 0.012) were beneficial. Weight maintenance after weight loss is beneficial for obese adults in terms of cardiovascular risks. In addition, weight loss is in part related to reduced risk of coronary heart disease despite weight cycling.