bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds via the Conversion of Natural Microalgae from Water Blooms Catalyzed by ZrO2
Authors: Liu Li , Zhou Yingdong , Guo Lixian , Li Guiying , Hu Changwei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUtilizing the inherent high nitrogen content in natural microalgae to produce value‐added nitrogen‐containing compounds such as fatty amides and fatty nitriles is a promising method. Herein, a method for producing value‐added fatty amides and nitriles by liquefaction of natural microalgae from water blooms in n‐heptane was developed. The effects of temperature, metal oxide catalyst (ZrO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, MgO, CaO), catalyst amount, and reaction time on the preparation of value‐added nitrogen‐containing compounds were studied. Under the optimized conditions (0.3 g ZrO2, 300 °C, 6 h), the total yield of fatty amides was 6.9 wt %, and the yield of fatty nitriles was 1.9 wt %. Compared with the results obtained in the absence of ZrO2, after adding ZrO2 the total yield of fatty acids was reduced by 4.7 wt % (18.5 to 13.8 wt %), while the total yield of fatty amides only increased by 0.9 wt % (6.0 to 6.9 wt %) and fatty nitriles was increased by 1.5 wt % (0.4 to 1.9 wt %). Exploring the role of ZrO2 by using model compounds (i. e., palmitic acid and palmitamide) revealed that ZrO2 could promote the dehydration of fatty amides to form fatty nitriles, but had limited effect on the reaction of fatty acid and NH3.
Single cell multiomic analysis of T cell exhaustion in vitro
Authors: Corselli Mirko , Saksena Suraj , Nakamoto Margaret , Lomas Woodrow E. , Taylor Ian , Chattopadhyay Pratip K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractT‐cell activation is a key step in the amplification of an immune response. Over the course of an immune response, cells may be chronically stimulated, with some proportion becoming exhausted; an enormous number of molecules are involved in this process. There remain a number of questions about the process, namely: (1) what degree of heterogeneity and plasticity do T‐cells exhibit during stimulation? (2) how many unique cell states define chronic stimulation? and (3) what markers discriminate activated from exhausted cells? We addressed these questions by performing single‐cell multiomic analysis to simultaneously measure expression of 38 proteins and 399 genes in human T cells expanded in vitro. This approach allowed us to study –with unprecedented depth–how T cells change over the course of chronic stimulation. Comprehensive immunophenotypic and transcriptomic analysis at day 0 enabled a refined characterization of T‐cell maturational states and the identification of a donor‐specific subset of terminally differentiated T‐cells that would have been otherwise overlooked using canonical cell classification schema. As expected, activation downregulated naïve‐cell markers and upregulated effector molecules, proliferation regulators, co‐inhibitory and co‐stimulatory receptors. Our deep kinetic analysis further revealed clusters of proteins and genes identifying unique states of activation, defined by markers temporarily expressed upon 3 days of stimulation (PD‐1, CD69, LTA), markers constitutively expressed throughout chronic activation (CD25, GITR, LGALS1), and markers uniquely up‐regulated upon 14 days of stimulation (CD39, ENTPD1, TNFDF10); expression of these markers could be associated with the emergence of short‐lived cell types. Notably, different ratios of cells expressing activation or exhaustion markers were measured at each time point. These data reveal the high heterogeneity and plasticity of chronically stimulated T cells. Our study demonstrates the power of a single‐cell multiomic approach to comprehensively characterize T‐cells and to precisely monitor changes in differentiation, activation, and exhaustion signatures during cell stimulation.
Sphaerosiderites as sensitive recorders of non‐marine depositional and diagenetic history: Insights from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden Supergroup
Authors: Sengupta Ritwika , Robinson Stuart A. , Tosca Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWaterlogged, reducing soils in modern and ancient wetlands feature distinctive syndepositional to early diagenetic spherical iron carbonate concretions, known as sphaerosiderites. Sphaerosiderites are thought to record pore water elemental chemistry and local palaeoenvironmental conditions, and are widely used in palaeohydrological reconstructions throughout the Phanerozoic. The Lower Cretaceous non‐marine Wealden Supergroup of Southern England, deposited in fluvio‐lacustrine settings, contains abundant well‐preserved sphaerosiderites offering an ideal archive for unravelling the geochemistry of ancient non‐marine environments. Sphaerosiderites were characterised via multiple microanalytical techniques (SEM‐EDS, EPMA, XRD, SIMS), and show morphological and compositional heterogeneity (e.g. concentric zones of variably enriched Mn, Ca or Mg, elemental differences between cores and rims) in well‐preserved sphaerosiderites from the Ashdown and Tunbridge Wells Sand formations. The preservation of primary fabrics, lack of post‐burial cements or extensive alteration suggests these sphaerosiderites record primary palaeoenvironmental conditions. By contrast, in the Wadhurst Clay Formation, sphaerosiderites are recrystallised, potentially reflecting wide scale palaeoenvironmental changes (e.g. marine incursions). New experimental constraints on elemental uptake during siderite growth suggests that rather than reflecting pore water elemental chemistry, the elemental heterogeneity in the Wealden sphaerosiderites reflects complex parameters; variations in pH, cation concentrations, DIC, growth rate and siderite saturation state in groundwaters. At a larger scale, morphological and compositional differences between sphaerosiderites from distinct palaeosol horizons record spatial and temporal variability in local hydrogeochemistry. This suggests that the Weald Basin wetlands of the Lower Cretaceous featured a dynamic and periodically fluctuating groundwater table, where sphaerosiderites growing close to the soil surface responded rapidly to variability in physiochemical conditions, consistent with wet and warm conditions suggested by sedimentological evidence and climate model simulations. Similar morphological and compositional variability noted in other Phanerozoic sphaerosiderites suggests analogous processes operated in ancient wetlands, and that sphaerosiderites could provide a crucial tool to understand wetland dynamics in deep time.
Detection of recombinant erythropoietin biosimilar Jimaixin™ after administration in healthy subjects
Authors: Martin Laurent , Kafi Rafik , Zhou Xinmiao , Zhang Lisi , Ericsson Magnus , Marchand Alexandre 
Published: August 2021

AbstractJimaixin™ (Jintan Ltd, China) is a biosimilar of recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) now authorized for therapeutic application in China. With a risk of abuse by athletes, a clear evaluation of its detection using the electrophoretic methods in use in antidoping laboratories was necessary. In a previous work, we showed that Jimaixin™ electrophoretic profile presented slight changes compared with the original drug (first generation rEPO) and that a spike of Jimaixin™ in urine and serum was well identified by SDS‐PAGE but with less performance by IEF‐PAGE unless a neuraminidase treatment was applied first. The aims of this research were to perform an intravenous administration of Jimaixin™ on three healthy subjects (one microdose [10 IU/kg] and three therapeutic doses [50 IU/kg]) and to evaluate the detection in urine and blood up to 7 days post administration. Analysis of the samples showed that Jimaixin™ detection was complicated by IEF‐PAGE due to the loss of the most distinctive basic isoforms. In addition, a neuraminidase treatment did not improve detection (contrary to the observations from spike experiments). On the contrary, Jimaixin™ was very efficiently detected in blood and urine by SDS‐PAGE: up to 40 h after a microdose and up to 7 days after the therapeutic doses. The effect of Jimaixin™ on hematological parameters was limited to a clear but transitory increase of the reticulocytes. These data give new elements to better survey a potential misuse of Jimaixin™ by athletes.
Novel insights into habitat suitability for Amazonian freshwater mussels linked with hydraulic and landscape drivers
Authors: Simeone Diego , Tagliaro Claudia Helena , Beasley Colin Robert 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNovel insights into habitat suitability for two Unionida freshwater mussels, Castalia ambigua Lamarck, 1819 (Hyriidae) and Anodontites elongatus (Swainson, 1823) (Mycetopodidae), are presented on the basis of hydraulic variables linked with the riverbed in six 500‐m reaches in an eastern Amazonian river basin. Within the reaches, there was strong habitat heterogeneity in hydrodynamics and substrate composition. In addition, we investigated stressors based on landscape modification that are associated with declines in mussel density. We measured hydraulic variables for each 500‐m reach, and landscape stressors at two spatial scales (subcatchment and riparian buffer forest). We used the Random Forest algorithm, a tree‐based model, to predict the hydraulic variables linked with habitat suitability for mussels, and to predict which landscape stressors were most associated with mussel density declines. Both mussel species were linked with low substrate heterogeneity and greater riverbed stability (low Froude and Reynolds numbers), especially at high flow (low stream power). Different sediment grain size preferences were observed between mussel species: Castalia ambigua was associated with medium sand and Anodontites elongatus with medium and fine sand. Declines in mussel density were associated with modifications linked to urbanization at small scales (riparian buffer forest), especially with percent of and distance from rural settlements, distance to the nearest street, and road density. In summary, the high variance explained in both hydraulic and landscape models indicated high predictive power, suggesting that our findings may be extrapolated and used as a baseline to test hypotheses of habitat suitability in other Amazonian rivers for Castalia ambigua and Anodontites elongatus and also for other freshwater mussel species. Our results highlight the urgent need for aquatic habitat conservation to maintain sheltered habitats during high flow as well as mitigate the effects of landscape modifications at the riparian buffer scale, both of which are important for maintaining dense mussel populations and habitat quality.
Invertebrate and vertebrate predation rates in a hyperarid ecosystem following an oil spill
Authors: Ferrante Marco , Möller Daniella , Möller Gabriella , Menares Esteban , Lubin Yael , Segoli Michal 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExtreme temperatures and scarce precipitation in deserts have led to abiotic factors often being regarded as more important than biotic ones in shaping desert communities. The presumed low biological activity of deserts is also one reason why deserts are often overlooked by conservation programs. We provide the first quantification of predation intensity from a desert ecosystem using artificial sentinel prey emulating caterpillars, a standardized monitoring tool to quantify relative predation pressure by many invertebrate and vertebrate predators. The study was conducted in a protected natural area affected by oil spills in 1975 and 2014; hence, we assessed the potential effects of oil pollution on predation rates. We found that predation was mostly due to invertebrate rather than vertebrate predators, fluctuated throughout the year, was higher at the ground level than in the tree canopy, and was not negatively affected by the oil spills. The mean predation rate per day (12.9%) was within the range found in other ecosystems, suggesting that biotic interactions in deserts ought not to be neglected and that ecologists should adopt standardized tools to track ecological functions and allow for comparisons among ecosystems.
Patient monitoring across the spectrum of heart failure disease management 10 years after the CHAMPION trial
Authors: Abraham William T. , Bensimhon Daniel , Pinney Sean P. , Feitell Scott C. , Peacock W. Frank , Amir Offer , Burkhoff Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite significant advances in drug‐based and device‐based therapies, heart failure remains a major and growing public health problem associated with substantial disability, frequent hospitalizations, and high economic costs. Keeping patients well and out of the hospital has become a major focus of heart failure disease management. Achieving and maintaining such stability in heart failure patients requires a holistic approach, which includes at least the management of the underlying heart disease, the management of comorbidities and the social and psychological aspects of the disease, and the management of haemodynamic/fluid status. In this regard, accurate assessment of elevated ventricular filling pressures or volume overload, that is, haemodynamic or pulmonary congestion, respectively, before the onset of worsening heart failure symptoms represents an important management strategy. Unfortunately, conventional methods for assessing congestion, such as physical examination and monitoring of symptoms and daily weights, are insensitive markers of worsening heart failure. Assessment tools that directly measure congestion, accurately and in absolute terms, provide more actionable information that enables the application of treatment algorithms designed to restore patient stability, in a variety of clinical settings. Two such assessment tools, implantable haemodynamic monitors and remote dielectric sensing (ReDS), meet the prerequisites for useful heart failure management tools, by providing accurate, absolute, and actionable measures of congestion, to guide patient management. This review focuses on the use of such technologies, across the spectrum of heart failure treatment settings. Clinical data are presented that support the broad use of pulmonary artery pressure‐guided and/or ReDS‐guided heart failure management in heart failure patients with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.
Acceleration‐based sliding mode hierarchical control algorithm for shake table tests
Authors: Yao Hongcan , Tan Ping , Yang T. Y. , Zhou Fulin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExisting control algorithms for seismic shake table tests (STTs) generally exhibit limitations such as poor acceleration tracking for displacement control, instability that results in table drift for direct acceleration, force, or velocity control, and the lack of a theoretical justification for hybrid control. Therefore, a reliable control algorithm has become key for effective shake table control. This paper presents acceleration‐based sliding mode control (SMC) as a solution to the drawbacks of the traditional force‐based SMC; in this manner, the influence of the force of the tested structure applied on the table as well as unmodeled complex nonlinear forces, such as friction, are counteracted. An acceleration‐based sliding mode hierarchical control (ASMHC) algorithm is proposed, where the acceleration‐based SMC is used as the high‐level controller to generate the corrected acceleration command, and the low‐level controller, that includes feed‐forward and feedback control, tracks the acceleration command in real time. The high‐level controller, having zero asymptotic stability, and the low‐level controller, designed based on the system transfer function, ensure tracking stability in time and frequency domains, respectively. The proposed ASMHC algorithm was first verified by a series of bare STTs, and was then applied to a real STT of a two‐story steel structure. The experimental results show that the proposed ASMHC algorithm can achieve good tracking of displacement, velocity, and acceleration in both time and frequency domains, which ensures accurate reproduction of seismic excitation in STTs.
Multispan bridges with distributed deck and pier mass and pier‐flexure‐deck‐torsion coupling under transverse excitation—Analytical solution, parametric studies, design implications
Authors: Fardis Michael N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn “exact” analytical dynamic model is developed for symmetric bridges with two to five spans under transverse earthquake. It considers the mass as distributed along the deck and the piers and accounts for coupling of deck torsion with pier bending in vertical planes normal to the deck's axis. The characteristic equation is formulated in terms of (up to) seven dimensionless parameters which fully define a bridge and is solved numerically. Commercial software is used to validate the solution. Parametric studies of 225 bridge layouts produce response results of key importance for seismic design. Specific and general conclusions are drawn for conceptual design of multispan bridges for transverse earthquake.
Interactions between boulders and aeolian ridges on Mars
Authors: Nagle‐McNaughton Timothy Paul , Scuderi L. A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHere we present new observations of two different interactions between aeolian ridges and boulder fields on Mars that provide insight into past wind conditions. First, an analysis of ridge and boulder interactions at two test sites in Proctor Crater and an additional site ~430 km to the northeast shows that ridge geometry can be affected by changes in surface roughness elements generated by boulder fields. Second, a detailed examination of some of the boulder fields found that individual boulders can generate multi‐armed ‘wakes’ that have no clear proxy on Earth. The ridge/boulder dynamics suggest that transverse aeolian ridges acted as roughness during their development, indicating that they formed at a length scale greater than wind ripples. The boulder wakes seem to represent an unusual interaction between flow separation and pre‐exiting ridges; why this pattern is not observed on Earth remains uncertain.
Forecasting realized volatility of international REITs: The role of realized skewness and realized kurtosis
Authors: Bonato Matteo , Cepni Oguzhan , Gupta Rangan , Pierdzioch Christian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe use an international dataset on 5‐min interval intraday data covering nine leading markets and regions to construct measures of realized volatility, realized jumps, realized skewness, and realized kurtosis of returns of international Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) over the daily period of September 2008 to August 2020. We study out‐of‐sample the predictive value of realized skewness and realized kurtosis for realized volatility over and above realized jumps, where we also differentiate between measures of “good” realized volatility and “bad” realized volatility. We find that realized skewness and realized kurtosis significantly improve forecasting performance at a daily, weekly, and monthly forecast horizon and that their contribution to forecasting performance outweighs in terms of significance the contribution of realized jumps. Our results have important implications for investors and policymakers.
Effect of nitrogen regulation on berry quality and flavonoids during veraison stage
Authors: Hui Yueran , Wang Jing , Jiang Tingting , Ma Tinghui , Wang Rui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNitrogen regulation can effectively promote the improvement of berry components and the formation of flavor compounds in wine grapes. In order to understand the effects of foliar nitrogen spraying on grape quality and flavonoid substance, took Cabernet Sauvignon as the test subject, grape leaves were sprayed by ammonium sulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate, urea, phenylalanine, and glutamate during veraison, and clear water was used as the control. The results showed that spraying ammonium sulfate could improve the contents of soluble solids, anthocyanins, and total phenols of grape berries; spraying phenylalanine significantly increased the content of titratable acid and tannin and decreased the ratio of sugar to acid in grape berries; compared with the control group, spraying glutamate could significantly upregulate some flavonol monomers; spraying calcium ammonium nitrate can adjust the monomer content of some flavanols; urea spraying significantly increased the contents of most anthocyanins, flavanols, and flavonol and increased the contents of total anthocyanins, total flavanols, and total flavonol in grape skins, laying a foundation for the improvement of the nutritional value of grapes and wine in the future.
Influence of layered skull modeling on the frequency sensitivity and target accuracy in simulations of transcranial current stimulation
Authors: Wang Heng , Sun Weiqian , Zhang Jianxu , Yan Zilong , Wang Chenyu , Wang Luyao , Liu Tiantian , Li Chunlin , Chen Duanduan , Shintaro Funahashi , Wu Jinglong , Yan Tianyi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWith the development of electrical stimulation technology, especially the emergence of temporally interfering (TI) stimulation, it is necessary to discuss the influence of current frequency on stimulation intensity. Accurate skull modeling is important for transcranial current stimulation (tCS) simulation prediction because of its large role in dispersing current. In this study, we simulated different frequencies of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and TI stimulation in single‐layer and layered skull model, compared the electric field via error parameters such as the relative difference measure and relative magnification factor. Pearson correlation analysis and t‐test were used to measure the differences in envelope amplitude. The results showed that the intensity of electric field in the brain generated by per unit of stimulation current will increase with current frequency, and the layered skull model had a better response to frequency. An obvious pattern difference was found between the electric fields of the layered and single‐layer skull individualized models. For TI stimulation, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the envelope distribution of the layered skull model and the single‐layer skull was only 0.746 in the individualized model, which is clearly lower than the correlation coefficient of 0.999 determined from the spherical model. Higher carrier frequencies seemed to be easier to generate a large enough brain electric field envelope in TI stimulation. In conclusion, we recommend using layered skull models instead of single‐layer skull models in tCS (particularly TI stimulation) simulation studies in order to improve the accuracy of the prediction of stimulus intensity and stimulus target.