bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Devil and His Body
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins to consider Augustine’s perception of the history of Rome and its false gods as the history of the demons themselves, as the most profound works of demons are not individual miracles but the religious institutions of the earthly city. The demons’ fall away from God produces a rival symbolic order to Christ’s angelic ministers, one which manifests in a corporate opposition to Christ’s body. The contrary referents of the work of angels and demons correspond to contrary sacraments, which constitute contrary historical bodies: the body of Christ, which is identified with the church in Augustine’s doctrine of totus Christus, and the body of the devil, the exemplar of which, for Augustine, is pagan Rome. Augustine’s understanding of the earthly city is informed by a concept of disordered, demonic sacraments, and the paradigm for this is his discussion of Hermetic ‘god-making’. In this paradigm, human myths and artefacts manifest a demonic sacramental regime when they are elevated to divine status and given cult, a euhemeristic movement that demons both receive as worship and confirm with wonders.
Conclusion
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The concluding chapter considers the import of Augustine’s religious or sacramental understanding of demons presented in the work as a whole, against the backdrop of the suspicion that Augustine’s demonology is an obsolete aspect of his thought, remote in one way or another from present-day concerns. This import is articulated first in terms of the theology of atonement and the specific question of ransoming the devil, which suggests that restoration of humanity’s relationship with God simultaneously requires freedom from the fallen social, political, and religious powers that enslave them. The risk of missing this is then explored briefly in an assessment of Charles Mathewes’ rejection of demons in his Augustinian and Arendtian ‘political ontology.’ This assessment makes it clear that dismissing demons as irrelevant to or undermining the socio-political order threatens to construct exactly the demonic idols, the gods of the nations, about which Augustine is most concerned.
Prologue: Open House in New York
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The prologue, “Open House in New York,” connects Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, the first novel printed in the American colonies, to the most widely known literary representation of the eighteenth-century US city, Royall Tyler’s 1787 play The Contrast. Though printing Pamela was not a successful venture for Benjamin Franklin, abridged versions of Pamela that eliminated Richardson’s use of dialogue would become popular with US readers later on. But Americans could find snappy repartée on stage in English comedies both before and after independence. The Contrast borrows from these forms to theatrically open an imagined New York home to a local audience largely for comic effect; novels would take up the play’s use of dialogue and direct address as they began to draw the curtain on the urban home.
Getting Around the Protocity
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3, “Getting Around the Protocity,” tracks the emerging city’s local and associative networks through the practices of urban visiting and letter writing that structure Hannah Webster Foster’s epistolary texts The Coquette (1797) and The Boarding School (1798). I highlight gendered models of urban mobility and education by contrasting Foster’s texts to the first Franklinian formulations of city- and self-making that had become available to American readers in 1794. Uniquely among the texts in Urban Rehearsals, Foster’s books are set in the present and contain letters written by young white urban characters that describe the particular places within and among which they move. Most readers of early American novels are familiar with The Coquette, in which seduction turns Eliza Wharton’s spirited mobility into tragic stasis, just as it did for the real Elizabeth Whitman and the fictional Charlotte Temple. Foster’s second book, The Boarding School, features an all-female cast of characters who teach one another how to navigate new urban spaces more successfully than their seduced sisters. By avoiding specific events like the scandal that anchors The Coquette, in The Boarding School Foster offers a networked, open-ended theory of urbanity that parallels but also challenges the individuated, progressive view of urban development presented in the just-published book version of Benjamin Franklin’s Memoirs (1794). Foster’s city, like Franklin’s city, is a white city, but her female urbanites are alive and well—and determined to put their own intellectual stamp on the cities they inhabit.
Entr’acte
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The entr’acte, “Framing Urban Spaces,” focuses on two images by William and Thomas Birch that depict different aspects of the same Philadelphia streetscape, conveying the necessity of imaginative perspective to construct Philadelphia as a city. To use Birch’s words, these images, and the literary texts I read in Part II, meditate on Philadelphia as a city “raised, as it were, by magic power.”
Finale
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In “The Future City and The Female Marine,” I set Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography against The Female Marine, a pamphlet narrative written in three overlapping installments and published in nineteen different editions between 1815 and 1818 by Boston publisher Nathaniel Coverly. I contrast the Autobiography’s version of US urban space as a replicable franchise city to the transgressive city constructed in The Female Marine. The Female Marine’s protagonist, Lucy Brewer, seduced, abandoned, and working as a prostitute in Boston, disguises herself as a young male sailor to serve on the USS Constitution during the War of 1812. Easily read as political allegory for Boston’s shifting wartime loyalties, The Female Marine also marks a critical transition in US urban literature. Coverly rewrites the seduction tale to allow for female urban success, foreshadowing the racy female libertines of the 1840s sporting press. Virtually untouched by literary critics, The Female Marine is a remarkably rich text. Coverly quotes from and revises Charlotte, offers us a newly graphic version of the city’s geography that evokes the phantasmic cities of Edgar Allen Poe and George Lippard, previews the rise of urban serials in the penny press, and delivers a more triumphant outcome than the equivocal endings of Kelroy or Ormond. As it picks up on earlier urban forms, The Female Marine operates as a fantastic, subversive, and funny precursor to the urban genre fiction that would become immensely popular in the second half of the century.
25 April 1616
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
William Shakespeare’s monument shows him as a writer, quill in hand. Sceptics have suggested that the effigy was extensively remodelled, having originally been designed to show either Shakespeare or his father as a wool merchant. What we now see as a cushion, it has been said, was once a woolsack. This chapter establishes that the Shakespeare memorial is an authentic example of a short-lived genre of monuments used by men of education (mainly clergymen and lawyers) between about 1610 and 1640. The chapter also analyses the monument’s placement in Stratford-upon-Avon’s Holy Trinity Church, its inscription, Shakespeare’s grave, Anne Shakespeare’s burial by his side, and other Shakespeare family graves nearby. It suggests that the longer living daughter Judith Quiney may have been the keeper of the memorial flame. The sculptor of the monument, long believed to have been Gerard Johnson, is here named as Nicholas Johnson. Material evidence suggests that the monument was installed before Shakespeare’s death, and if Johnson followed his accustomed procedure the bust would have been sculpted from the life. The falsely disputed cushion is key to another meaning of the monument: at the time of Shakespeare’s death, similar monuments with similar cushions were all connected to Oxford University. Shakespeare is believed to have broken his regular trips between London and Stratford-upon-Avon by overnighting in Oxford, and the monument suggests that he also extended his education by participating in university culture. The chapter concludes with suggestions for what the monument tells us about how Shakespeare wanted to be remembered.
Axiomatic calculi
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe first results in proof theory were obtained using axiomatic systems of logical deduction. The chapter develops propositional and predicate logic in such an axiomatic system. It shows how reasoning under assumption can be regained in an axiomatic system by proving the so-called “deduction theorem” propositional logic (and later, predicate logic as well). The deduction theorem provides the opportunity to introduce one of the main tools needed for proving properties of formal systems, namely, proof by induction on the natural numbers. The differences between minimal, intuitionistic, and classical systems of logic according to the properties of negation characterizing each of the systems are outlined. Independence of theorems such as the law of excluded middle are here given model-theoretically (in later chapters, these are also presented proof-theoretically). After presenting classical predicate logic, the systems of classical and intuitionistic arithmetic are presented. Gentzen’s first substantial result, the so-called Gödel-Gentzen translation, is discussed in the final section where it is proved that if intuitionistic arithmetic is consistent, so is classical arithmetic.
Natural deduction
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNatural deduction is a philosophically as well as pedagogically important logical proof system. This chapter introduces Gerhard Gentzen’s original system of natural deduction for minimal, intuitionistic, and classical predicate logic. Natural deduction reflects the ways we reason under assumption in mathematics and ordinary life. Its rules display a pleasing symmetry, in that connectives and quantifiers are each governed by a pair of introduction and elimination rules. After providing several examples of how to find proofs in natural deduction, it is shown how deductions in such systems can be manipulated and measured according to various notions of complexity, such as size and height. The final section shows that the axiomatic system of classical logic presented in Chapter 2 and the system of natural deduction for classical logic introduced in this chapter are equivalent.
The Church of England in Victorian London c.1837–1856
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Recent constitutional changes had had a significant impact on the established Church’s self- identity and self-confidence. The recently appointed reforming bishops of London and Winchester, responsible for the metropolis, and leading laypeople set out to develop mission strategies to respond to this unprecedented situation in the face of London’s immense population growth and the confidence and challenge of Nonconformist churches. Anglicans adopted a strategy of subdividing densely populated historic parishes in poor districts and recruiting clergy to establish schools, gather congregations, and build churches as centres of spiritual, pastoral, and philanthropic care, with the associated need to secure voluntary funding and pastoral assistance, including women, for these initiatives. Contemporary evidence suggests that contemporary and subsequent criticisms of this strategy were overstated in claiming that the Church of England lost the allegiance of people in multiply deprived inner-urban parishes. Close examination discloses a more nuanced picture.
Religion and Education in Victorian London: Secondary, Adult, and Higher Education
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
hristianly motivated people transformed secondary education in London, which until 1870 was largely provided through ancient endowed foundations teaching the classics, and private schools teaching modern and commercial subjects, all of which were small-scale. Clergy and laypeople promoted the reform of ancient endowments to increase the provision of modern education, including for girls to be educated to the same level as boys, and established numerous new schools on sound financial educational bases. Similarly motivated groups also provided opportunities for adult education for working people. The initiative to provide higher education in London in the 1820s, on a different model from the ancient universities, came from religiously motivated groups, as did pioneering initiatives to provide higher education for women. These initiatives fed the expanding need for secondary school teachers and the growing newer professions.
Finding Calm
Authors: Sherman Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Stoics teach individuals to be prepared for worst-case scenarios: rehearse disaster and tragedy in order to reduce fear. A pandemic is a time to be Stoic. What are basic Stoic techniques for mitigating anxiety? The Stoics argue that people are interpreters of experience at the most basic level of perception: control begins by monitoring attention to the impressions to which one gives assent. They also teach that one should “pre-rehearse” what they call the “bads” in life, so one is not caught off guard by misfortune or accident. They also counsel “mental reservation,” a kind of hedging of bets, so that, again, one is mentally prepared if things don’t work out. Finally, they offer techniques for focusing on process, and not just outcomes. These techniques have application today—for a hospital worker fighting a novel disease with scarce resources and inadequate protection, or a firefighter unable to rescue children trapped in a burning home.
Lifehacks
Authors: Sherman Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Through Ryan Holiday and Tim Ferriss, the idea of Stoicism as a lifehack has gone viral, with entrepreneurs and billionaires, personal trainers and coaches, programmers and educators all turning to Stoicism for lifehacks for resetting values and quieting stress. But lifehacks are often about the individual—the individual’s fears and anxieties, shortcuts for managing his or her life better. Yet from Socrates onward, ancient virtue was never just about the individual and her equanimity, but about others and one’s generous and just treatment of them. This lesson shows that Stoic lifehacks include proactive techniques for taking stock of blind habits and impulsive reactions that feed implicit bias and wrongheaded values. Stoicism offers techniques for mobilizing attention when cognitive errors and biases, products of “thinking fast,” to use psychologist Daniel Kahneman’s term, put individuals at risk of being manipulated by irrational fears and bias that undermine their ability to think beyond the self.
A Healthy Modern Stoicism
Authors: Sherman Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
If the Stoics teach that real freedom is inner, do they then condone enslavement? The Stoics never challenge the institution of slavery. In the current “cancel culture” with monuments of oppression toppling, why consort with ancient philosophers who not only condoned enslavement, but celebrated inner freedom as the most noble kind of liberation? Seneca grapples with the issue, but his principle of humane treatment of enslaved persons is driven more by expediency than social conscience. Stoicism is a way to endure and cultivate inner virtue when tight control from outside threatens your very being. It was a philosophy suited for the times. It again feels like a philosophy for the times. There is much to learn from the ancients. But there are also mistakes to avoid, including a retreat inward that runs from the full promise of humanity and true moral and social progress.
Introduction
Authors: Rohling Eelco J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the challenge facing us. The Paris Agreement sets a target maximum of 2°C global warming and a preferred limit of 1.5°C. Yet, the subsequent combined national pledges for emission reduction suffice only for limiting warming to roughly 3°C. And because most nations are falling considerably short of meeting their pledges, even greater warming may become locked in. Something more drastic and wide-ranging is needed: a multi-pronged strategy. These different prongs to the climate-change solution are introduced in this chapter and explored one by one in the following chapters. First is rapid, massive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Second is implementation of ways to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Third may be increasing the reflectivity of Earth to incoming sunlight, to cool certain places down more rapidly. In addition, we need to protect ourselves from climate-change impacts that have already become inevitable.
The Inevitable One
Authors: Rohling Eelco J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers processes we cannot reverse, at least in the short term: it is already too late. These are processes related to slow responses or feedbacks in the climate system, including ocean warming and sea-level rise, and they will continue to drive change whatever we do. As explained in the chapter, ocean warming operates on timescales of centuries and resulting changes in Earth’s major ice sheets take many centuries to millennia. Sea-level rise is caused by thermal expansion due to ocean warming and by reduction in the volume of land-based ice, due to global warming. Because of the timescales involved, the oceans will keep warming for centuries, dragging global mean temperature along with them, and sea level will also rise for many centuries to come. The chapter reviews the impacts of these processes, whose inevitability means that humanity has no choice but to adapt to them.
The Future
Authors: Rohling Eelco J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws together information to discuss a vision for the future, including emissions reduction and avoidance, implementation of negative emissions technologies, solar radiation management, adaptation, and the human dimension of how to drive change. Previous chapters have shown that the current trajectory, if unchanged, will result in global temperatures far exceeding the recommended 1.5–2°C maximum increase recommended in the Paris Agreement and that current emission levels are more likely to continue than not. This chapter summarizes this information, linking it to the important role of NETs in managing future climate change and the need for investment in new technologies. The chapter then introduces Integrated Assessment Models, which are helpful in assessing the various approaches to meeting emissions targets. Finally, the chapter considers the importance of slow response and feedback processes and tipping points.
Conclusions
Authors: Rohling Eelco J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the broad portfolio of measures available to meet humanity’s Gigatons challenge. It notes that since the window of time left to allow us to stay within 1.5–2°C warming is closing rapidly, prioritization is essential at all levels: emissions reduction, new emissions avoidance, negative emissions technologies; and solar radiation management. At the same time, we need to develop appropriate legal, social, and governance frameworks to ensure rapid but responsible implementations, as well as monitoring and regulation. The chapter also notes that the implementation of such a broad and diverse portfolio of measures requires visionary leadership. Finally, while the changes needed are great, the response to the recent coronavirus pandemic shows that great, rapid changes across all sectors of society are possible.
Genetics
Authors: Ben Zaken Sigal 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
During the last decades, genetic knowledge and technologies have been vastly developed. Yet, many questions regarding the genetic basis of sport, exercise, and performance remain unanswered. Most human traits, including psychological and behavioral traits, are heritable and lie in biological mechanisms. Therefore, variation in these traits results at least partially from genetic variation. The molecular genetic study of the physiological domain of sport has made large progress, with no parallel study in the psychological domain. Moreover, studies in behavioral genetics, investigating the nature of individual differences in behavior by using twin and family models in sport, also scarce. It is only natural to assume that behavioral genetics and molecular genetics will meet at the exercise, sport, and performance domain, which combines both psychological and physiological traits. However, this integration has not happened, leaving many research questions open.
Mental Health
Authors: Donohue Brad , Breslin Gavin , Murphy Shane 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines contemporaneous theories, methodologies, and applied interventions specific to mental health in sport. First, contributions in the field are summarized, including mental health awareness programs designed to destigmatize mental health disorders in athletes, screening instruments experimentally developed to identify athletes who are likely to benefit from mental health services, assessment methods that have been psychometrically validated to assist intervention planning, interventions that have been indicated to assist engagement of athletes into mental health interventions, and prevention and intervention programs that have been shown to prevent or decrease the severity of mental health symptomology. Five seminal readings that are specific to advancing mental health in athletes are offered. These readings complement five questions that are presented to stimulate clinical and experimental growth in the mental health of athletes, including the scientific development of cost-effective methods of addressing mental health in sport organizations and disseminating evidence-supported mental health interventions in athletes.
Cross-Cultural, Multi-Cultural, and Intercultural Issues
Authors: Middleton Thierry R. F. , Schinke Robert J. , Petersen Brennan , Giffin Cole E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Our aim in this chapter is to demonstrate how, and why, researchers and practitioners may benefit through embracing and learning from the diverse approaches taken to studying cross-cultural, multicultural, and intercultural issues. We do so by examining the study of integration, a process in which individuals maintain their cultural heritage while also engaging in a shared process of learning the dominant cultural norms of their community. Integration has been widely promoted as the most conducive form of acculturation for newcomers to a community. The chapter begins with a brief overview of how researchers have used cross-cultural and cultural sport psychology (CSP) approaches to examine how sport and physical activity contexts may foster integration and what their findings have revealed. The unknown is then explored through five major questions that can guide future researchers in their work alongside those with whom they wish to learn from.