bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infants recognize words spoken through opaque masks but not through clear masks
Authors: Singh Leher , Tan Agnes , Quinn Paul C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 has modified numerous aspects of children's social environments. Many children are now spoken to through a mask. There is little empirical evidence attesting to the effects of masked language input on language processing. In addition, not much is known about the effects of clear masks (i.e., transparent face shields) versus opaque masks on language comprehension in children. In the current study, 2‐year‐old infants were tested on their ability to recognize familiar spoken words in three conditions: words presented with no mask, words presented through a clear mask, and words presented through an opaque mask. Infants were able to recognize familiar words presented without a mask and when hearing words through opaque masks, but not when hearing words through clear masks. Findings suggest that the ability of infants to recover spoken language input through masks varies depending on the surface properties of the mask.
The heterogeneous regional effects of minimum wages in Poland
Authors: Albinowski Maciej , Lewandowski Piotr 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe evaluate the impact of large minimum wage hikes on employment and wage growth in Poland between 2004 and 2018. We estimate panel data models utilizing the considerable variation in wage levels, and in minimum wage bites, across 73 Polish NUTS 3 regions. We find that minimum wage hikes had a significant positive effect on wage growth and a significant negative effect on employment growth only in regions of Poland that were in the first tercile of the regional wage distribution in 2007. These effects were moderate in size, and appear to be more relevant for wages. Specifically, if the ratio of minimum wage to average wage had remained constant after 2007, by 2018, the average wages in these regions would have been 3.2% lower, while employment would have been 1.2% higher. In the remaining two‐thirds of Polish regions, we find no significant effects of minimum wage hikes on average wages or on employment.
Status of the alveolar bone after autotransplantation of developing premolars to the anterior maxilla assessed by CBCT measurements
Authors: Plakwicz Paweł , Andreasen Jens Ove , Górska Renata , Burzykowski Tomasz , Czochrowska Ewa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground/AimsAutotransplantation of developing premolars is an established treatment to replace missing teeth in the anterior maxilla in growing patients with a reported success rate of over 90%. The normal shape of the alveolus is observed after transplantation, but data on the presence and amount of alveolar bone after healing has not been previously reported. The aim of this study was to look for potential differences in alveolar bone dimensions between sites where autotransplanted premolars replaced missing incisors and control sites of contralateral incisors.Material/MethodsThere were 11 patients aged between 10 and 12 years five months (mean age: 10 years and 7 months) who underwent autotransplantation of a premolar to replace a central incisor. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) performed at least 1 year after transplantation served to evaluate bone at sites of autotransplanted premolars and controls (contralateral maxillary central incisor). The thickness of the labial bone, plus the height and width of the alveolar process were measured on scans and compared at transplant and control sites.ResultsMean thicknesses of the labial bone at the transplant and control sites were 0.78 mm and 0.82 mm respectively. Mean alveolar bone height was 15.15 mm at the transplant sites and 15.12 mm at the control sites. The mean marginal thickness of the alveolus was 7.75 mm at the transplant sites and 7.98 mm at the control sites. Mean thicknesses of the alveolus for half of its vertical dimension at the transplant and control sites were 7.54 mm and 8.03 mm, respectively.ConclusionThe mean values of bone thickness, width and height of the alveolar process at sites of transplanted premolars were comparable to the mean values for the control incisors. Successful autotransplantation of developing premolars to replace missing central incisors allowed preservation of alveolar bone in the anterior maxilla.
Activity of grindelanes against important maize pest Spodoptera frugiperda and their selectivity of action on non‐target environmental bacteria
Authors: Mesurado María de los A. , Chalup Adriana , Ortiz Javier , Puchol José D. Zaragoza , Feresin Gabriela E. , Bardón Alicia , Cartagena Elena 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the search for new plant‐derived products with antifeedant and insecticidal potential against economically important insects, 11 grindelanes (two as natural acids and nine as methylated derivatives) purified from the foliar tissue of Grindelia chiloensis (Cornel.) Cabrera (Asteraceae) were evaluated against the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Larvae of this moth are considered to be the main pest of maize that causes severe losses on local agricultural production. Remarkable alterations in feeding behavior, larval weight, larval and pupal stage lengths, and adult fertility, as well as malformations and mortality in specimens during their life cycle were noticed in the feeding preference tests and no‐choice diet assays. Antifeedant indexes (AI%) calculated in food preference bioassays reached up to 79% for the lipophilic grindelane 3b, the most potent antifeedant agent. Grindelane 7b showed a better insecticidal activity (median lethal dose, LD50 = 26.49 µg g−1) and 8b was potentially neurotoxic due to acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Ultrastructure of the middle portion of the digestive tract of larvae fed with small amounts of natural grindelane 9a supplemented to the diet revealed cell damage, and thickening of the peritrophic membrane and a striking number of mitochondria, as evident signs of defense against toxic substances ingested by the larvae. Besides, this study demonstrated that these effective insecticides did not have inhibitory effects on beneficial plant and soil bacteria which would allow ecological pest management.
Interspecific competition drives gall‐inducing insect species distribution on leaves of Matayba guianensis Aubl. (Sapindaceae)
Authors: Santos Jean Carlos , Maldonado‐López Yurixhi , Venâncio Henrique , de Almeida Wanessa Rejane , Felício Daniel Tirapeli , Cintra Fernanda Cristina Franco , Barros Leví Oliveira , dos Reis Rodrigo Alves , Moreira Thaís Ribeiro , da Costa Silva Vitor Miguel , Cuevas‐Reyes Pablo 
Published: May 2021

1. The authors analysed the potential effects of interspecific competition on spatial distribution of two gall‐inducing insects, Bystracoccus mataybae (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) and Lopesia mataybae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), that co‐occurring simultaneously in Matayba guianensis. Overall, the authors hypothesised that spatial gall distribution between and within leaflets is shaped by interspecific competition.2. The authors determine: i) the B. mataybae distribution between two different habitats; ii) the B. mataybae and L. mataybae distribution in the same habitat; and iii) the B. mataybae distribution when L. mataybae is present and absent in the habitat. For all experimental designs, the authors measured gall abundance along leaflet sizes, as well used a new Cartesian plane technique to map spatial gall distribution within the leaflet to obtain gall density.3. In Campo‐cerrado, B. mataybae induced galls on small leaflets and in Cerrado on large leaflets, with similar spatial distribution within leaflets. Within the same habitat, B. mataybae induced galls on small leaflets, with higher gall density in the right basal of the blade, and L. mataybae on large leaflets, occupying the right apical area. In habitat with interspecific competition pressure (L. mataybae present), B. mataybae selected small leaflets with higher gall density on the right basal area, and in habitat without interspecific competition (L. mataybae absent), B. mataybae selected larger leaflets with broader distribution over within the blade.4. The study's findings confirm that both gall‐inducing insect species diverge in their distribution, avoiding overlapping niches confirming that the spatial gall distribution of both gall‐inducing species are driven by interspecific competition.
How hungry were the poor in late 1930s Britain?†
Authors: Gazeley Ian , Newell Andrew , Reynolds Kevin , Rufrancos Hector 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article re‐examines energy and nutrition available to British working‐class households in the late 1930s using individual household expenditure and consumption data. We use these data to address a number of questions. First, what was the extent of malnutrition in late 1930s Britain? Second, how did the incidence change over time? Third, what were the nutritional consequences of the school meals and school milk schemes? We conclude that, for working households, energy and nutritional availability improved significantly compared with current estimates of availability before the First World War. These improvements were not equally shared, however. In the late 1930s, homes with an unemployed head of household had diets that provided around 20 per cent less energy than their working counterparts and female‐headed households had diets that provided around 10 per cent fewer kcal per capita than the average male‐headed household. The availability of most macro‐ and micronutrients showed similar relative reductions. State interventions designed to improve diet and nutrition, such as school meals and school milk, made children's diets significantly healthier, even if they did not eliminate macro‐ and micronutrient deficiencies completely. Not surprisingly, they made the greatest difference to children in households where the head of household was unemployed.
Climate‐induced range shifts shaped the present and threaten the future genetic variability of a marine brown alga in the Northwest Pacific
Authors: Song Xiao‐Han , Assis Jorge , Zhang Jie , Gao Xu , Gao Han‐Gil , Duan De‐Lin , Serrão Ester A. , Hu Zi‐Min 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGlaciation‐induced environmental changes during the last glacial maximum (LGM) have strongly influenced species' distributions and genetic diversity patterns in the northern high latitudes. However, these effects have seldom been assessed on sessile species in the Northwest Pacific. Herein, we chose the brown alga Sargassum thunbergii to test this hypothesis, by comparing present population genetic variability with inferred geographical range shifts from the LGM to the present, estimated with species distribution modelling (SDM). Projections for contrasting scenarios of future climate change were also developed to anticipate genetic diversity losses at regional scales. Results showed that S. thunbergii harbours strikingly rich genetic diversity and multiple divergent lineages in the centre‐northern range of its distribution, in contrast with a poorer genetically distinct lineage in the southern range. SDM hindcasted refugial persistence in the southern range during the LGM as well as post‐LGM expansion of 18 degrees of latitude northward. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analysis further suggested that the multiple divergent lineages in the centre‐northern range limit stem from post‐LGM colonization from the southern survived lineage. This suggests divergence due to demographic bottlenecks during range expansion and massive genetic diversity loss during post‐LGM contraction in the south. The projected future range of S. thunbergii highlights the threat to unique gene pools that might be lost under global changes.
Perceived goal importance, knowledge and accessibility of performance information: Testing mediation and moderation effects on medical professionals’ achievement of performance targets1
Authors: Cifalinò Antonella , Mascia Daniele , Morandin Gabriele , Vendramini Emanuele 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article contributes to prior accounting and public management research on performance measurement systems’ (PMSs) effectiveness in professional organisations, exploring how medical professionals’ perception regarding goal importance, knowledge of performance information, and accessibility of performance information affect their achievement of individual‐level performance targets. The study draws on primary and secondary data from 128 Italian public healthcare professionals about their perceptions of performance information and their factual performance. The findings show that perceived goal importance is positively related to one's knowledge of individual and peer performance information; that this relation is positively moderated by perceived information accessibility, and that knowledge of individual (but not peer) performance information fully mediates the relation between perceived goal importance and achievement of individual‐level performance targets.
Drift diving: A quick and accurate method for assessment of anadromous salmonid spawning populations
Authors: Skoglund Helge , Vollset Knut Wiik , Lennox Robert , Skaala Øystein , Barlaup Bjørn Torgeir 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe accuracy of drift diving surveys of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. and sea trout, Salmo trutta L., was evaluated by comparing the abundance and size distribution with catches in a fish trap over 6 years in the River Etneelva, western Norway. The population count from drift diving accounted for on average 96.3% of the salmon in the trap after accounting for the catches during fishing. Size structure registered during drift diving corresponded with trap catches of salmon, but the number of small salmon (<3 kg) appeared to be somewhat underestimated, while large salmon (>7 kg) were overestimated in drift diving. For sea trout, the match between drift diving counts and trap registrations was poorer (average 76.3%), but may have been affected by the surveys being performed too late with regards to sea trout spawning time. The study illustrates the utility of drift counting for estimating the entire population of anadromous salmonids in a river.
A Method for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Measurement of Lithium Isotopes in Garnet: The Utility of Glass Reference Materials
Authors: Hoover William F. , Penniston‐Dorland Sarah C. , Baumgartner Lukas P. , Bouvier Anne‐Sophie , Baker Don , Dragovic Besim , Gion Austin 
Published: May 2021

We present a novel method for the measurement of lithium isotopes in garnet utilising glass reference materials and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Measured lithium isotopic compositions of natural garnets are heterogeneous, making them unreliable reference materials for in situ determination. However, SIMS lithium isotope measurements of glasses derived from these natural garnets are isotopically identical to their parent garnets and more homogeneous, demonstrating that they can be used as reliable reference materials. To characterise the composition dependence of instrumental mass fractionation (IMF), oxide and silicate powders were used to synthesise custom‐made glass reference materials (CGRMs) with garnet‐equivalent compositions. Results for six CGRMs measured by SIMS show a significant linear relationship between IMF and FeO and MnO contents. Corrections for this compositional IMF result in changes of up to 12‰ within the compositional range explored. Uncertainty in IMF‐corrected SIMS analyses with a 20 μm spot is in the range of 2.5 to 4.5‰, depending on the garnet composition and reference materials used. The method for in situ lithium isotope measurement in garnet by SIMS presented here is highly adaptable, valid across a range of Al‐rich garnet compositions, and yields spatial resolution and precision necessary to address a range of geological applications.
Relative education of recent refugees in Germany and the Middle East: Is selectivity reflected in migration and destination decisions?
Authors: Welker Jörg 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, relative education profiles of recent refugees arriving to Germany from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan are described and compared to the profiles of Syrians in Jordan and Lebanon and of internally displaced Iraqis. Relative education describes a migrant's position in the educational distribution of the origin population. For recent refugees, relative education could be reflected in the decision of where to migrate: those who are relatively better educated may be more able to reach a distant destination. The empirical analyses use data from the project ‘ReGES – Refugees in the German Educational System’, the IAB‐BAMF‐SOEP Survey of Refugees, the Arab Barometer and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). The findings suggest that on average, Syrians and Afghans in Germany and Syrians in Jordan are positively selected on education, while Syrians in Lebanon and internally displaced Iraqis appear slightly negatively selected. The findings for Iraqis in Germany show mixed evidence.
Comparative biogeography and the evolution of population structure for bottlenose and common dolphins in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Gray Howard W. I. , Chen Ing , Moura André E. , Natoli Ada , Nishida Shin , Tanabe Shinsuke , Minton Gianna , Ponnampalam Louisa S. , Kiani Muhammad S. , Culloch Ross , Gore Mauvis , Särnblad Anna , Amir Omar , Berggren Per , Collins Tim , Willson Andrew J. , Baldwin Robert , Hoelzel A. Rus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimIn the marine environment, where there are few physical boundaries to gene flow, there is often nevertheless intraspecific diversity with consequences for effective conservation and management. Here, we compare two closely related dolphin species with a shared distribution in the Indian Ocean (IO) to better understand the biogeographic drivers of their population structure.LocationGlobal oceans and seas with a focus on the Indian OceanTaxonTursiopssp. andDelphinussp.MethodsBayesian, ordination, assignment, statistical and phylogenetic analyses to assess phylogeography, connectivity and population structure using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA genetic markers.ResultsBothTursiopssp. andDelphinussp. showed population structure across the western IO and, in each case, populations in the Arabian Sea (off India, Pakistan and Oman) were most differentiated. Comparisons with other populations worldwide revealed independent lineages in this geographic region for both genera. ForT.aduncus, (for which multiple sites within the IO could be compared), Bayesian modelling best supported a scenario of expansion southwards following a bottleneck event resulting in differentiation between the northern and western IO. ForDelphinus,the same pattern is even more pronounced. Populations in the Arabian Sea region of the north‐western IO show genetic isolation for each of the two genera, consistent with other studies of cetacean species in this region.Main conclusionsWe propose that changes in the intensity of the southwest monsoon during the climate cycles of the Pleistocene could have affected regional patterns of productivity and represent an important biogeographic driver promoting the observed patterns of differentiation and population dynamics seen in our focal species. Patterns of population genetic structure are consistent with phenotypic differences, suggesting an influence from distinct habitats and resources, and emphasising the need for effective conservation measures in this geographic region.
Human impact, climate and dispersal strategies determine plant invasion on islands
Authors: Irl Severin D. H. , Schweiger Andreas H. , Steinbauer Manuel J. , Ah‐Peng Claudine , Arévalo José Ramón , Beierkuhnlein Carl , Chiarucci Alessandro , Daehler Curtis C. , Fernández‐Palacios José María , Flores Olivier , Kueffer Christoph , Maděra Petr , Otto Rüdiger , Schweiger Julienne M.‐I. , Strasberg Dominique , Jentsch Anke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimBiological invasions are likely determined by species dispersal strategies as well as environmental characteristics of a recipient region, especially climate and human impact. However, the contribution of climatic factors, human impact, and dispersal strategies in driving invasion processes is still controversial and not well embedded in the existing theoretical considerations. Here, we study how climate, species dispersal strategies, and human impact determine plant invasion processes on islands distributed in all major oceans in the context of directional ecological filtering.LocationSix mountainous, tropical, and subtropical islands in three major oceans: Island of Hawai'i and Maui (Pacific), Tenerife and La Palma (Atlantic), and La Réunion and Socotra (Indian Ocean).TaxonVascular Plants.MethodsWe recorded 360 non‐native species in 218 plots along roadside elevational transects covering the major temperature, precipitation and human impact (i.e., road density) gradients of the islands. We collected dispersal strategies for a majority of the recorded species and calculated the environmental niche per species using a hypervolume approach.ResultsNon‐native species’ generalism (i.e., mean community niche width) increased with precipitation, elevation and human impact but showed no relationship with temperature. Increasing precipitation led to environmental filtering of non‐native species resulting in more generalist species under high precipitation conditions. We found no directional filtering for temperature but an optimum range of most species between 10 and 20°C. Niche widths of non‐native species increased with the prevalence of certain dispersal strategies, particularly anemochory and anthropochory.Main conclusionsPlant invasion on tropical and subtropical islands seems to be mainly driven by precipitation and human impact, while temperature seems to be of little importance. Furthermore, anemochory and anthropochory are dispersal strategies associated with large niche widths of non‐native species. Our study allows a more detailed look at the mechanisms behind directional ecological filtering of non‐native plant species in non‐temperature‐limited ecosystems.
Role of immunosuppressive therapy in the management refractory postprocedural pericarditis
Authors: Narasimhan Bharat , Turagam Mohit K. , Garg Jalaj , Della Rocca Domenico G. , Gopinathannair Rakesh , Biase Luigi Di , Romero Jorge , Mohanty Sanghamitra , Natale Andrea , Lakkireddy Dhanunjaya 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the safety and efficacy of a novel immunosuppressive regimen—combination Methotrexate/Prednisone (cMtx/P)—in the management of severe refractory rPPP.MethodsIn this multicenter, nonrandomized, retrospective, observational study, 408 consecutive patients diagnosed with persistent rPPP between 2017 and 19 were included. Patients with refractory symptoms despite 3 months of conventional therapy were initiated on a 4‐week regimen of oral steroids. Persistence of symptoms at this point, that is, rPPP (n = 25; catheter based = 18, open surgical = 7) prompted therapy with Methotrexate (7.5–15 mg weekly) with folate supplementation along with low dose prednisone (5 mg PO) for a further 3 months. Patients were followed for a total of 11.3 ± 1.8 months.ResultsTreatment refractory rPPP occurred in 6.1% of the study population prompting immunosuppressive therapy with cMtx/P. All patients demonstrated complete symptom resolution following 3 months of treatment with an 85% decline in clinically significant pericardial effusions. One patient developed recurrent pericarditis during the 11‐month follow‐up. Therapy was well tolerated with no significant drug related adverse effects.ConclusioncMtx/P therapy is a safe and effective adjunct in the management of rPPP refractory to standard therapy.