bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
480 Current Knowledge Gaps in Swine Nutrition
Authors: Haydon Keith D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Swine nutrition has advanced greatly during my tenure in the industry; from balancing on crude protein using a Pearson Square to SID amino acid ratios, NE and digestible/available Ca and P. However, practicing nutritionist are still challenged with many unknowns such as how to minimize environmental footprint, feeding during health challenges all while trying to minimize feed cost. We now have 8 of the 10 essential AA commercially available; why can we still not maintain performance levels when feeding very low crude protein levels? The NE system has provided additional precision, but we have gaps particularly when dealing with high fiber ingredients. Do we even know how to correctly measure fiber components, let alone what is their energy contribution to the pig? Is it time for a productive energy system focused on carcass gain? We have long known the negative performance impacts of activating the immune system, but yet we understand essentially nothing on how to modify diets during a health challenge event. We have made tremendous strides in microbiome analyses. Do we know to how feed/manage the biome for optimal GI health? Enzyme technology has advanced greatly over the past decade, with phytase as common in the diet as salt. However, we have yet to understand how to get consistent performance responses with the vast number of carbohydrases, proteinases and lipases currently available. While we have come far, but we still have many challenges. However, we see great opportunities for swine nutrition community to continue to provide solutions in the coming years to meet these new challenges.
493 Awardee Talk: Filling Knowledge Gaps in Quantitative Genetics Through Online Education
Authors: Lewis Ronald M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The genomic revolution has been compared to the industrial revolution, with caveats that it has happened faster and will have a far greater impact on our lives. Interpreting and using knowledge emanating from this revolution requires unique skills. Providing education in quantitative genetics that keeps pace with that need, particularly where expertise and funds are limited, remains challenging. One solution is sharing resources and capacities across-institutions to deliver high-quality instruction online. Beginning with 4 universities in 2007, expanding to 7 in 2012, a multi-state U.S. consortium built an online Masters-level curriculum in quantitative genetics and genomics. Sixteen courses were developed, each revised based on review by 2 academic peers and an instructional designer. Over 330 students from 34 U.S. and 5 international institutions have completed over 1,200 credit hours. Anonymous student feedback has been overwhelmingly positive. The curriculum was established with funding from two USDA-NIFA Higher Education Challenge grants. In 2015 it was integrated into AG*IDEA, a national consortium offering online courses in agriculture. A permanent infrastructure was thereby established with students earning formal academic credit. Only students matriculated at one of 19 AG*IDEA member universities can enroll directly, sadly limiting access, especially to international students. A potential constraint of online instruction is a disconnect with students. In some courses, a blended-learning format has been introduced with a weekly virtual recitation session. To increase engagement, an experiential learning opportunity also is offered. This entails a web-based simulation game—CyberSheep—where students apply genetic principles to a virtual breeding cooperative. Additionally, CyberSheep is typically played by 400 undergraduate students at 5 U.S. universities each academic term, contributing to their learning of animal genetics. Outcomes of these initiatives demonstrate that online training can be an effective tool to fill knowledge gaps in quantitative genetics, with opportunity to reach a wider audience.
PSIV-B-29 Evaluating the effect of different feeding strategies in feeding behavior through a novel behavior index integrating several components of the feeding behavior of finishing pigs
Authors: Salgado Hector H , Méthot Steve , Remus Aline , Letourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Pomar Candido 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Feeding behavior is an area of study that links the nutritional and behavioral sciences. However, describing the feeding behavior of pigs is difficult given the diversity of variables available and the large day-to-day intra-animal variation. The objectives of this study were to create an index integrating information from several components of feeding behavior that accounts for intra-animal variation, and to evaluate the capability of this index to study the impact of different feeding strategies in pigs’ feeding behavior. Feed intake information from 160 pigs during the last 28 days of the finishing phase from 3 datasets was used. For each pig, the sum of the absolute values of the deviation areas between the regression line of the relative cumulative feed intake and the observed cumulative feed intake was used to calculate the weekly index measuring the irregularity of feed intake (IIFI). Spearman’s correlations of IIFI with the number of daily meals (r = -0.42; P &lt; 0.001), meal duration (r = 0.38; P &lt; 0.01), and feed intake per meal (r = 0.41; P &lt; 0.01) indicate that pigs with high IIFI have fewer meals of longer duration and higher feed intake compared to pigs with low IIFI. Analysis of variance in datasets 1 and 2 showed that moving from conventional to feeding precision systems does not interfere with the feeding behavior of finishing pigs (P &gt; 0.05). In dataset 3, pig feeding behavior was more regular in control diets than for pigs fed fibrous diets (IIFI; 164 vs. 197, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, IIFI was smaller in pigs fed canola than in pigs fed wheat by-product diets. These results indicate that IIFI integrates information from several components of the feeding behavior of pigs and demonstrates its potential to evaluate the effect of feeding strategies on feeding behavior.
PSI-B-22 Analysis of the development of high-quality corpus luteum of the ovaries in recipient heifers
Authors: Shcherbak Oksana , Sidashova Svitlana , Popova Iryna , Kovtun Svitlana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
For effective embryo transplants, it is important to select among the repair heifers recipients with high-quality corpus luteum, corresponding in morphometric parameters to the development of 7–8 days of the estrous cycle. It is known that ipsilateral embryo transplants are more effective than contralateral ones. Therefore, for the effective organization of groups of recipients, it is necessary to have a prognosis for the development of corpus luteum differentially on the left or right ovary. The data on the ratio of these indicators have been insufficiently studied. To resolve this issue, sexually mature repair heifers of the Ukrainian red dairy breed (n = 201) were rectally examined during spontaneous (n = 92) and induced (n = 109) cycles (first time on day 0, again - on 7–8 day). In the group of heifers with a spontaneous cycle, it was found that after ovulation of the follicle on the right ovary, high-quality yellow bodies are formed in 71.4% of individuals, and premature lysis of the yellow bodies was found in 28.6%. On the left ovary, respectively -58.3% and 41.7%. In the induced group of recipients, after ovulation, high-quality yellow bodies were formed on the right ovary in 65.2% of individuals, prematurely lysed yellow bodies - in 34.8%; on the left, respectively - 55.8 and 44.2%. The study found that the right pair gonad is functionally dominant in repair heifers. In induced cycles, premature lysis of the corpus luteum (more by 6.28%; P &lt; 0.001) occurs more often than spontaneous ones. The data obtained reveal the morphological and functional patterns of development of high-quality corpus luteum of the ovaries, the presence of which undoubtedly increases the level of engraftment of preimplantation embryos in cattle.
PSVI-17 Dissimilarities in thyroid profiles and pregnancy rates in dairy cows with different polymorphic variants of the DIO1 gene
Authors: Aleynikova Olga V , Mityashova Olga S , Kostyunina Olga V , Bardukov Nikolay V , Lebedeva Irina Y 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Thyroid hormones are implicated in regulation of the reproductive function in cattle. In turn, thyroid metabolism is determined by the activity of different types deiodinases. Our research was aimed to compare post-insemination thyroid profiles and pregnancy rates in dairy cows with different SNP genotypes in the deiodinase gene of the first type (DIO1). Thirty lactating Russian Black Pied cows were synchronized using the Ovsynch protocol and artificially inseminated (AI). Blood samples from the cows were collected on Days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 33 after AI. Hormonal levels in the serum were measured by ELISA. Pregnancy was confirmed by progesterone concentrations and ultrasonography. Genetic variants for the DIO1 gene were tested by RT-PCR and polymorphism at position 13149 (NC_037330) was found. The occurrence frequency of cows with genotypes CC, CG, and GG was 43.3, 33.3, and 23.3 %, respectively. A proportion of pregnant cows in the CC group was higher than in the CG group (84.6 vs. 40.0%, P &lt; 0.05) and tended to be higher than in the GG group (42.9%). The concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) in the blood of CC animals did not change during the studied period, whereas that in CG animals decreased between Days 0 and 14 (from 1.60±0.21 to 1.10±0.22 nmol/L, P &lt; 0.05). Concurrently, the T3 concentration on Day 0 was 1.4 times lower (P &lt; 0.05) in the CC group than in the CG group. Furthermore, the level of reverse T3 on Day 7 in the GG group was 1.3 times higher (P &lt; 0.05) than in the CC or CG groups. Thus, cows with DIO1 gene CC genotype have a higher reproductive ability than cows with CG or GG genotypes, which may be due to peculiarities of thyroid profiles during the first two weeks of pregnancy. The study was supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (0445-2021-0004).
PSVI-1 Evaluation of the synergistic effect of iron and an aqueous extract of oak bark on rumen microbiome of cattle
Authors: Atlanderova Kseniya , Duskaev Galimzhan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The search for new substances, alternatives to feed antibiotics in animal husbandry, is relevant in connection with the development of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. Substances of plant and mineral origin including nanoforms are of particular interest. The experiment studied the synergistic effect of iron (Fe; d = 80 nm) and an aqueous extract of oak bark (Ex; 1:10) on the microbiome of ruminal fluid of bulls (age 14 months, n = 5). Group I - control; Group II - Ex (0.6 ml / kg / lm); Group III - Fe (0.1 mg/kg/FM) with Ex in the same dosage. The collection of ruminal fluid was performed through a chronic ruminal fistula. Metagenomic analysis of cicatricial fluid was performed on a MiSeq device (Illumina, USA). Analysis of the data showed that the Bacteria domain is more influenced by Ex, there is a decrease by 27.0% (P ≤ 0.05), while in group III by 3.0% relative to the control. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes had the greatest importance, in group I their ratio was 39.3 and 54.7%, in group II - 37.7 and 56.4%, in group III - 46.1 and 47.0% of the total the number of bacteria. The use of Ex increases the amount of Bacilli by 14.7 and 13.4 (P ≤ 0.05) % relative to groups I and III. The introduction of the composition Ex and Fe increases Lachnospiraceae - 15.0% and Ruminococcaceae - 8.1% of the total number of microorganisms and reduces Streptococcus relative to other groups by 1.3 and 14.9% (P ≤ 0.05). Thus, the combined use of Ex and Fe affects the numerical value of microorganisms, as well as their ratio in the rumen through inhibition. At the same time, the data obtained require further research, including in vivo experiments. This research was performed with financial support from the RSF (20-16-00088).
PSVI-13 Changes in the taxonomic composition of the rumen of ruminants when introducing fat components into the diet
Authors: Shoshina Oksana , Shejjda Elena , Shajahmetova Elvina , Lebedev Svyatoslav , Duskaev Galimzhan , Kvan Olga 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Fats are concentrated energy sources for cattle growth, but their inclusion in the diet has a huge impact on the taxonomic composition of the rumen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplemental linseed oil administration (3% of dry matter (DM) diet) on microbiota and DM digestibility in the rumen. The studies carried out on Kazakh white-headed bull calves, aged 15 months, with chronic rumen fistula (diet - 70% grassland hay, 30% barley grain). Dietary dry matter digestibility (in-vitro in an artificial rumen system, for 24 hours) analyzed daily for 10 days, and microflora (fluid-bound) analyzed using high-throughput 16SrRNA gene sequencing (Illumina). Inclusion of LO showed a slight 3.5% increase in DM digestibility compared to C (52.0% versus 53.9%). The taxonomic composition of the rumen microbiocenosis in group C was mainly represented by the phylum Firmicutes (54.7%) and Bacteroidetes (39.3%), while other phylum numbers were less than 2%. When LO was injected, the dominance of phylum Bacteroidetes (64.2%), phylum Firmicutes (19.3%), and Verrucomicrobia (5.3%) was noted. The calculation of the Shannon index showed an increase in species diversity in the group that received LO. It was H’= 0.76, while in CH’= 0.42. The Simpson dominance index in group C was 0.44, in the group receiving LOD = 0.54. The obtained data show a positive effect. The linseed oil allow to increase the biodiversity of the rumen microbiome and the digestibility of DM feed, which can be used in fattening young cattle. This research performed with financial support from the project 0761-2019-0005.
PSVI-18 Efficiency of the use of ultrafine particles of silicon dioxide in the synchronization scheme of estrus of heifers
Authors: Platonov Stanislav , Khristianovsky Pavel , Frolov Alexey , Zavyalov Oleg 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The intensification of the reproduction of a herd of cattle requires the use of highly effective synchronization schemes for estrus. All schemes available today give a low percentage of fertilization with frontal insemination. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of ultrafine particles of silicon dioxide on fertility and the level of sex hormones in heifers during synchronization of sexual heat with subsequent frontal insemination. Ultrafine particles of silicon dioxide were injected in isotonic sodium chloride solution. The synchronization scheme included two-fold application of prostaglandin preparations; blood was taken from under the tail vein to determine the hormonal status on days 1, 11, and 14 of the experiment. The results of the study showed that ultrafine particles of silicon dioxide had a positive effect on the level of sex hormones. Concerning progesterone, the difference between the values of increase in the level in the experimental and control groups was 112.1% (P ≤ 0.01) on the 11th day. On the 14th day of the experiment, the difference between the values of the decrease level was 19.6% (P ≤ 0.05). Follicle-stimulating hormone increased by 9.1% (P ≤ 0.05) by the 14th day of the experiment compared with the previous value. In the heifers of the experimental group, the excess was more significant, i.e.15.4% (P ≤ 0.05); the level of luteinizing hormone in the experimental group on the 14th day of the experiment exceeded the level of the control by 31.1% (P ≤ 0.05). According to the results of the examination for pregnancy, an increase in fertility was revealed by 20.0% in the experimental group in comparison with the control group. This study demonstrates the potential of using ultrafine silica particles in estrus synchronization schemes for heifers to increase heifer fertility. The research was carried out in accordance with the research plan for 2019–2021. FGBNU FSC BST RAS (No. 0761-2019-0006).
PSVI-15 Combined effect of C73T × C528T polymorphisms in the leptin gene with quantitative and qualitative indicators of meat productivity
Authors: Lapshina Alexandra , Kolpakov Vladimir , Dzhulamanov Kinispay , Gerasimov Nikolay , Dubovskova Marina 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The LEP is a highly polymorphicgene and it is associated with genetic differences in various productivetraits in cattle. The aim of research was to study the combined effect of C73T and C528T polymorphisms in leptin gene on meat productivity and carcass grade in Aberdeen-Angus cows and heifers. Heifers (n = 49) were slaughtered at the age of 20 months and cows (n = 30) after the first calving (3 years). There were seven haplotypes C73T (GenBank AF120500) × C528T (GenBank AB070368) identified in cows with different frequency. The maximum frequency was established in combined genotypes CT/CT (0.37), TT/CC (0.27) and CT/CC (0.13). The most massive carcasses (337.5 kg) were obtained from cows-carriers of the CT/CC haplotype, which exceeded their peers by 14.8–24.7 kg (4.59–7.90%; P &gt;0.05). However, cows carrying the CT/CC genotype had a minimum carcass yield of 49.8%. There were eight haplotypes identified in heifers. The highest frequency was in combinations CT/CT (0.26), TT/CC (0.20), CC/TT (0.20), CC/CT (0.12), TT/CT (0.10). Heifers carrying the TT/CT genotype were characterized by the highest live weight (568.9 kg) and carcass weight (331.2 kg), exceeding the indicators of peers by 8.9–43.5 kg (1.59–8.28%; P &lt; 0.05, P &gt; 0.05) and 10.9–22.2 kg (3.40–7.18%; P &lt; 0.05, P &gt; 0.05), respectively. The maximum carcass yield was recorded in carriers of the CT/CC haplotype (60.7%). The best carcasses grade were observedin heifers with a combination of CC/TT and CT/CT genotypes. The highest categories (Prime and TopChoice) were assigned to 70.0 and 69.2% of carcasses, respectively. The superiority of haplotype CT/CT in the quality of meat raw materials was confirmed in cows. Thus, the combination of C73T and C528T polymorphisms in the leptin gene is associated with intra-breed variability in live weight, carcass weight and yield, and carcass grade in Aberdeen-Angus cattle. This research was performed with financial support from the project 0526-2021-0001 of RAS.
PSVII-18 Change in the taxonomic composition of ruminal microflora against the background of copper and plant extract
Authors: Atlanderova Kseniya , Makaeva Ayna , Miroshnikov Sergej , Duskaev Galimzhan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Plant extracts are used in cattle diets to stimulate growth and immunity, while the unstable biochemical composition of plants contributes to the search for effective compositions that exhibit a synergistic effect. Objective of the study is the effect of an aqueous extract of oak bark (0.7 ml/kg of live weight) - group I, copper particles specific surface area 24 m2/g; 0.06 mg/kg of live weight - group II, their compositions (group III) on the taxonomic composition of the bacterial community of the rumen of cattle. Bulls had rumen fistulas Bos taurus at the age of 13 months (n = 5). Test samples of feed components were given with a concentrated portion of the main diet. Diet contain 60% - roughage (hay of Sudanese grass and alfalfa), 35% - concentrated feed (mixture of barley, wheat, sunflower husk, bran). The taxonomic composition of ruminal content was determined by NGS sequencing on a MiSeq device (Illumina, USA). It was found that the combined use of the extract and copper UFPs increases the concentration of representatives of Bacteroidetes in the rumen by 5.6%, the separate use of copper UFPs is by 20.7% (P ≤ 0.05), at the same time the values of representatives of Firmicutes decreased - by 7.2 and 24.7% (P ≤ 0.05) in comparison with the control. At the taxon level, the following classes prevailed: Bacilli (2.6%) in group I; Bacteroidia (17.0%) in II, in III - Bacteroidia (5.0%) in comparison with the control. In the experimental groups, at the genus level, a lower content of Streptococcus and the absence of Faecalibacterium were registered. Thus, the composition of plant extract and copper has an inhibitory effect on certain representatives of pathogenic bacteria. The results obtained indicate that the combined use of these substances is promising. This research was performed with financial support from the RSF (20-16-00088).
PSVIII-7 Genetic parameters for health traits in dairy calves
Authors: Lynch Colin , Oliviera Hinayah , van Staaveren Nienke , Miglior Filippo , Schenkel Flavio S , Baes Christine F 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Recent issues in the dairy industry related to both animal and public health concerns are leading farmers away from the use of drugs, while placing more focus on animal health and welfare. Public demands are also shifting towards ensuring socially acceptable production practices in terms of good animal health and welfare. Such challenges are moving the focus in dairying from solely financial to a broader set of themes that, once addressed, will enhance the sustainability of dairying and provide a long-term competitive advantage for the Canadian industry. Furthermore, from a production standpoint, calf diseases, such as, diarrhea and respiratory disease (RD) have been associated with decreased first lactation production and growth rate, therefore decreasing an animal’s potential lifetime profitability. As part of a larger project aiming to add calf health traits to genetic evaluations in Canadian dairy cattle, this study provides the groundwork through the estimation of genetic parameters of two calf health traits, diarrhea and RD. Data were provided by Lactanet Canada, and included 20,594 calf records for diarrhea from 741 herds, and 48,927 calf records for RD from 1,412 herds, recorded between 2004 and 2021 across Canada. Total herd records ranged between 1 and 3,860 for RD with an average of 37 records per herd, while for diarrhea records ranged between 1 and 3,724 with an average of 28 records per herd. The results of this study will be used to optimally fit both diarrhea resistance and RD resistance into a novel resiliency index for use in national genetic evaluations in Canada.