bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining host plant defence with targeted nutrition: key to durable control of hemiparasitic Striga in cereals in sub‐Saharan Africa?
Authors: Mwangangi Immaculate M. , Büchi Lucie , Haefele Stephan M. , Bastiaans Lammert , Runo Steven , Rodenburg Jonne 
Published: February 2021

SummaryHost plant defence mechanisms (resistance and tolerance) and plant nutrition are two of the most widely proposed components for the control of hemiparasitic weeds of the genus Striga in tropical cereal production systems. Neither of the two components alone is effective enough to prevent parasitism and concomitant crop losses. This review explores the potential of improved plant nutrition, being the chemical constituent of soil fertility, to fortify the expression of plant inherent resistance and tolerance against Striga. Beyond reviewing advances in parasitic plant research, we assess relevant insights from phytopathology and plant physiology in the broader sense to identify opportunities and knowledge gaps and to develop the way forward regarding research and development of combining genetics and plant nutrition for the durable control of Striga.
Professional expertise in policy advisory systems: How administrators and consultants built behavioral insights in Danish public agencies
Authors: Laage‐Thomsen Jakob 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecent work on consultants and academics in public policy has highlighted their transformational role. The paper traces how, in the absence of an explicit government strategy, external advisors establish different organizational arrangements to build Behavioral Insights in public agencies as a new form of administrative expertise. This variation shows the importance of the politico‐administrative context within which external advisors exert influence. The focus on professional expertise adds to existing understandings of ideational compatibility in contemporary policy advisory systems. Inspired by the sociology of professions, expertise is conceptualized as professionally constructed sets of diagnosis, inference, and treatment. The paper compares four Danish governmental agencies since 2010, revealing the central roles external advisors play in facilitating new policy ideas and diffusing new forms of expertise. This has implications for how we think of administrative expertise in contemporary bureaucracies, and the role of external advisors in fostering new forms of expertise.
The dynamics of Phytophthora infestans populations in the major potato‐growing regions of Asia – A review
Authors: Guha Roy Sanjoy , Dey Tanmoy , Cooke David E. L. , Cooke Louise R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAsia is now the largest potato‐producing region of the world and late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is the most important pathogen limiting production. This review documents, in both the historical and the current context, the population structure of P. infestans in the major areas of potato production in Asia. Information from diverse sources regarding the stated or inferred clonal pathogen lineages present, population changes, and possible migration routes of the pathogen into the countries of this region have been reviewed to aid researchers and those involved in managing late blight in Asia. The single most important factor for population change and resultant epidemics in this region has been found to be migration of pathogen genotypes from Europe and the Americas. Reducing the impact of such migration in the future will necessitate putting in place improved phytosanitary measures. To achieve this, data sharing using global networks such as AsiaBlight and EuroBlight is imperative.
The diagnostic and prognostic significance of flow cytometric bone marrow assessment in myelodysplastic syndromes according to the European LeukemiaNet recommendations in single‐centre real‐life experience
Authors: Majcherek Maciej , Kiernicka‐Parulska Jolanta , Mierzwa Anna , Barańska Marta , Matuszak Magdalena , Lewandowski Krzysztof , Komarnicki Mieczysław , Czyż Anna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionThis analysis attempts to determine the diagnostic and prognostic value of bone marrow (BM) evaluation by multiparameter flow cytometry in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).Materials and methodsThe study group consisted of patients who underwent diagnostic process in the years 2008‐2017 due to cytopenia and finally were diagnosed with MDS (n = 71). The comparative group included patients with cytopenia diagnosed in the same period, whose definitive diagnosis was other than MDS (n = 39). Flow cytometric evaluation of BM was performed following the recommendations of the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) in all patients.ResultsThe median number of immunophenotypic abnormalities found on granulocytes in the MDS group was significantly higher compared to the comparative group [2 (range 0‐5) vs 0 (range 0‐2); P < .0001]. Similarly, the median Ogata score was significantly higher in the MDS group [2 (range 0‐4) vs 1 (range 0‐3); P < .0001]. Since the disturbances of the CD11b/HLA‐DR and CD11b/CD13 on granulocytes were significantly more common in MDS patients, the Ogata score was extended by these abnormalities, what resulted in its higher diagnostic sensitivity (82%) while preserving high specificity (87%). The positive correlation was found between risk score determined by the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System and the number of the BM immunophenotypic abnormalities (P = .017).ConclusionsOur results indicate that the diagnostic usefulness of the Ogata score may be increased by including the abnormal expression of CD11b/HLA‐DR and CD11b/CD13 on granulocytes. Moreover, our findings suggest the prognostic significance of the number of BM cytometric abnormalities in MDS.
Effects of wrist position on eccentric exercise‐induced muscle damage of the elbow flexors
Authors: Lau Wing Yin , Blazevich Anthony J. , Newton Michael J. , Wu Sam Shi Xuan , Nosaka Kazunori 
Published: February 2021

We tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of changes in indirect muscle damage markers would be greater after maximal elbow flexor eccentric exercise in the supinated (shorter biceps brachii) than neutral wrist (longer) position, and the difference in the magnitude would be associated with greater elongation over contractions for the supinated than neutral position, rather than the initial muscle length. Ten untrained men (21‐39 years) performed two bouts of 10 sets of 6 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors in the supinated position for one arm and neutral position for the other arm separated by 2 weeks in a randomized order. Biceps brachii myotendinous junction (MTJ) movements during eccentric contractions were recorded by B‐mode ultrasonography, and the displacement from the start to end of each contraction was quantified. Peak torque (supinated: 367.8 ± 112.5 Nm, neutral: 381.5 ± 120.4 Nm) and total work (1816 ± 539 J, 1865 ± 673 J) produced during eccentric contractions were similar between conditions. The average MTJ displacement increased (P < .05) from the 1st set (8.0 ± 2.0 mm) to 10th set (15.8 ± 1.9 mm) for the supinated condition, but no such increase was found in the neutral condition (1st set: 5.1 ± 1.0 mm, 10th set: 5.0 ± 0.8 mm). Changes in indirect muscle damage markers (maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, range of motion, serum creatine kinase activity, and muscle soreness) after exercise were greater (P < .05) for the supinated than neutral condition. These results suggest that the greater muscle damage marker changes for the supinated than neutral wrist position was associated with the greater muscle lengthening (strain).
Intestinal schistosomiasis among preschool and school‐aged children in a rural setting near Alexandria: initiative for elimination
Authors: Allam Amal Farahat , Salem Aziza , Elsheredy Amel , Dewair Musaad Mohammed , Ibrahim Heba Said , Farag Hoda Fahmy , Hagras Nancy Abd‐elkader , Shehab Amel Youssef 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the status of intestinal schistosomiasis among preschool‐aged (PSAC) and school‐aged children (SAC) and to compare the efficacy of praziquantel (PZQ) in both groups.MethodsThe study was conducted on 400 children; 103 PSAC and 297 SAC. Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni was based on triplicate Kato‐Katz thick smears from a single stool sample. To identify the missed cases by Kato‐Katz, 120 randomly selected negative cases (38 PSAC and 82 SAC) were screened by real‐time PCR. All S. mansoni‐positive cases by Kato‐Katz were treated by crushed PZQ tablets. Four weeks after treatment, the cure rate was assessed by Kato‐Katz smears and real‐time PCR.ResultsThe prevalence of S. mansoni with Kato‐Katz was 7.8% among PSAC and 7.4% among SAC. Most of children (63.3%) had light‐intensity infection. The cure rate was 100% among PSAC by both techniques, and 91%, and 77.2% among SAC by Kato‐Katz and real‐time PCR, respectively. In the 120 stool samples screened by real‐time PCR, S. mansoni prevalence was 25%; 15.8% and 29.3% were among PSAC and SAC respectively. Treated cases showed a lower range of Ct values than untreated cases. Two melting temperature ranges (Tm = 83–87°C and 89–93°C) were recognised among uncured cases which may point to S. mansoni genetic variability.ConclusionContinuous monitoring and inclusion of PSAC in schistosomiasis control programmes are crucial. Real‐time PCR and other molecular tools are recommended for evaluation of the true prevalence, assessment of cure and further studies on genetic diversity.
A procedure to introduce point mutations into the Rubisco large subunit gene in wild‐type plants
Authors: Lin Myat T. , Orr Douglas J. , Worrall Dawn , Parry Martin A. J. , Carmo‐Silva Elizabete , Hanson Maureen R. 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYPhotosynthetic inefficiencies limit the productivity and sustainability of crop production and the resilience of agriculture to future societal and environmental challenges. Rubisco is a key target for improvement as it plays a central role in carbon fixation during photosynthesis and is remarkably inefficient. Introduction of mutations to the chloroplast‐encoded Rubisco large subunit rbcL is of particular interest for improving the catalytic activity and efficiency of the enzyme. However, manipulation of rbcL is hampered by its location in the plastome, with many species recalcitrant to plastome transformation, and by the plastid's efficient repair system, which can prevent effective maintenance of mutations introduced with homologous recombination. Here we present a system where the introduction of a number of silent mutations into rbcL within the model plant Nicotiana tabacum facilitates simplified screening via additional restriction enzyme sites. This system was used to successfully generate a range of transplastomic lines from wild‐type N. tabacum with stable point mutations within rbcL in 40% of the transformants, allowing assessment of the effect of these mutations on Rubisco assembly and activity. With further optimization the approach offers a viable way forward for mutagenic testing of Rubisco function in planta within tobacco and modification of rbcL in other crops where chloroplast transformation is feasible. The transformation strategy could also be applied to introduce point mutations in other chloroplast‐encoded genes.
Gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone receptor autoantibodies induce polycystic ovary syndrome‐like features in a rat model
Authors: Li Hongliang , Guo Yankai , Zhang Gege , Deng Jielin , Fischer Hayley , Craig LaTasha B. , Yu Xichun , Kem David C. 
Published: February 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Is there a causal relationship between gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor‐activating autoantibodies and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Induction of GnRH receptor‐activating autoantibodies in rats resulted in increased luteinizing hormone pulsatility and testosterone concentrations, disrupted oestrous cycles, increased atretic follicles, and activation of insulin signalling in the pituitary and ovary. These changes replicate those seen in humans with PCOS, suggesting that GnRH receptor‐activating autoantibodies might be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

AbstractGonadotrophin‐releasing hormone receptor‐activating autoantibodies (GnRHR‐AAb) are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In the present study, we examined the impact of GnRHR‐AAb on reproductive function in GnRHR‐immunized female rats. All immunized rats produced high titres of GnRHR‐AAb targeting a dominant epitope located in the central region of the second extracellular loop of the GnRHR. Increased pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion and testosterone concentrations were found in immunized rats. These rats exhibited disrupted oestrous cycles, increased ovarian follicular atresia, and activation of insulin signalling in the pituitary and ovary, as indicated by increased mRNA expressions of insulin receptor substrate, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and glucose transporter 1. No significant changes in inflammatory cytokines were detected in the ovarian tissue. These features mimic those observed in humans with PCOS. Our findings support the concept that chronic stimulation of the GnRHR by GnRHR‐AAb, with an associated increase in pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and ovarian androgen overproduction, might represent a new aetiological mechanism for PCOS.
Monte Carlo Analysis Techniques Revisited
Authors: Suresh K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The predominant engineering analysis techniques are the finite element, finite difference and boundary element methods. These techniques are global in that they attempt to solve field problems over an entire domain. Global techniques are, however, an ‘over-kill’ in the early stages of engineering design, when design parameters are fuzzy, and the functional viability of options can be determined through quick check-point analysis.
In this paper, we revisit two ‘discarded’ Monte Carlo (MC) analysis techniques: MC boundary sampling, and MC domain sampling, which can be employed for solving field problems at discrete points. These techniques can be (potentially) more effective than global techniques, especially in the early stages of engineering design, but are ignored in practice because they are computationally expensive if implemented conventionally. In this paper, we argue that an appropriate geometric representation (of the underlying domain) — specifically, ray-representations for boundary sampling, and Voronoi graphs for domain sampling — is critical for efficient implementation of each technique. Exemplary numerical results are also presented.
Similarity-Based Decision Support for Internet Enabled Supply-Web Interactions
Authors: Veeramani Raj , Viswanathan Narayanan , Joshi Shailesh M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
New approaches for decision making are emerging to support the use of the Internet for supply-web interactions in the manufacturing industry. In this paper, we discuss one such paradigm, namely similarity-based decision support. It recognizes that knowledge of similar experiences can support rapid and effective decision making in various forms of supply-web interactions. We illustrate this approach using two prototype systems, WebScout (an agent-based system for customer–supplier matchmaking in the job-shop machining industry context) and TOME (Treasury of Manufacturing Experiences — an Intranet application to aid manufacturability assessment in foundries).
Development of a Web-Based Controller for Remote Sensing and Control of Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Mok Swee M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of a networked controller that leverages the capability of web services. By doing so, it enables the implementation of a large set of factory monitoring and control equipment that is cost effective and manageable. By using the factory local area network for communication, and industrial computers based on standard hardware and software as the controller platform, cost is minimized. A networked solution based on Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) allows the controller to communicate with factory engineers through their desktop computers as efficiently as it can with other computers. Engineers can set up each unit for its intended function by installing the appropriate sensors. Java applet technology is employed for remote setup and control. Controller requirements such as remote configuration, client processing, and data presentation are presented. A method for overcoming real time issues is proposed using a client/server design. A prototype was built to demonstrate some of the concepts. Discussions are then made on possible future work using a Finite State Machine design methodology to improve overall system reliability.
Visual Modelling of Products and Life-Cycle Activities
Authors: Grothe-Møller Thorkild 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Decisions taken in the early phases of product development have great influence on the final product both seen from a design activity point of view and from a product life-cycle point of view. Most computerbased design support systems for engineering design like CAD-systems etc. are not made for the very first and crucial decisions.
The objective is to demonstrate that product modelling in interaction with a computer system using optimized graphical user interface can improve the designer’s basis for decision making in the early phases of the project.
This paper presents the software system called Modellizer, which is based on the design theory called Theory of Domains that can be used to expand the concept of product models from a bill-of-material representation to a genetic model capturing decisions and design concepts during design activities.
Modellizer has been implemented with a designer dedicated user interface, which supports product modelling and life-phase modelling in order to structure data and document based information.
Three different applications of Modellizer is demonstrated in the paper:
1) OSS Modellizer is a prototype for a shipyard, where the idea is to support the early modelling of ships by catching decisions during design meetings
2) Alulib is a commercial available application for promoting more and correct use of aluminum. Alulib is a library with product examples.
3) LCA Visualizer is a commercial available application for evaluation and visualization of the environmental burden of different design scenarios.
Until now Modellizer has been used in a number of companies and engineering academies and good results have been obtained.
A Virtual Prototyping System for Design for Assembly, Disassembly, and Service
Authors: Bauer Matthew D. , Siddique Zahed , Rosen David W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Design for the life cycle practices enable the improvement of a product’s recycling, disassembly, and service characteristics, to name a few. In this paper, an approach to virtual prototyping is presented that supports product Design For Assembly, Disassembly, and Service (DFADS). The VP-DFADS system enables a designer to construct a product model, to interactively simulate an assembly, disassembly, or service process for that product, and to formulate and solve a simultaneous product/process design problem. Specific research objectives underlying this project include a reduction in VP model construction times, an improvement in information with which designers make DFADS decisions, and the development of a design synthesis method for DFADS. Although automated reasoning and synthesis technologies are outlined, the emphasis in this paper is on the integration of these technologies into the VP-DFADS system and on the usage of the system in supporting DFADS decisions. An application of the VP-DFADS system to automotive center console design illustrates the potential usefulness of the VP-DFADS approach.
A Computational Model for Geometric Dimensions and Tolerances Consistent With Engineering Practice
Authors: Kandikjan Tatjana , Shah Jami J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Dimensioning and tolerancing (D&T) are inter-related tasks; the validity of the tolerance representation model is dependent on the dimension model. Geometric tolerances are used to refine dimension tolerances and control some aspects of form, orientation and position of part features. This paper presents a computable model for the representation of dimensions and tolerances, compatible with D&T practice. The model is implemented as a dimension and tolerance graph (DTG). Constrained entities are combined into progressively expanding clusters which can be used to represent datum references/ frames, features, patterns, or the entire part. Validation of all D&T relations is performed in a uniform way using the concept of degrees of freedom and Control Frames. The tolerance specification method proposed here supports all tolerance classes defined in the ANSI standard, as well as datum reference frames and special pattern clusters.
Numerical Analysis of Annular Flow of Yield-Power-Law Fluids
Authors: Hussain Quazi E. , Sharif Muhammad A. R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fully developed laminar axial flow of yield-power-law fluids in eccentric annuli has been investigated numerically. The annuli may be fully open or partially blocked. General non-orthogonal, boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinates have been used to accurately model the irregular annular geometry due to the presence of a flow blockage. A computer code has been developed using a second-order finite-difference scheme. An exponential model for the shear stress, valid for both yielded and unyielded regions of the flow, is used in the computation. The effects of pressure gradient, eccentricity, and blockage height on the flow rate have been studied and the results are presented. The flow rate is found to increase with increasing eccentricity for eccentric annuli without any blockage. For partially blocked eccentric annuli, the flow rate at a particular eccentricity decreases as the blockage height is increased.
Effect of Residual Stresses Caused by Thermal Treatment on Creep Crack Growth Rate in Aluminium Gas Cylinders
Authors: Ibrahim Raafat , Ischenko Dmitry 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Aluminum gas cylinders, which are in common use for various purposes, are susceptible to creep crack growth. Residual stresses introduced during the quenching process in aluminum gas cylinders contribute to the development of cracks. This may result in leakage or fracture of the cylinders. Finite element studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of the quenching process on through thickness inelastic strain and the residual stress distributions in the neck area of gas cylinders. Numerical modeling and experimental studies confirmed that a high level of tensile residual stresses exists on the inner surface of aluminum gas cylinders’ neck which is susceptible to cracking. The relationship between the amount of residual stresses and cooling conditions was established. The obtained residual stress distributions were included in the calculation of the creep crack growth rates. It was shown that residual stresses caused by manufacturing processes have a significant effect on the creep crack growth rate.