bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation of principal instructional leadership, school climate, teacher job performance and student achievement
Authors: Dutta Vartika , Sahney Sangeeta 
Published: November 2021

PurposeWe study the role of school climate, and teacher task, and citizenship performance in mediating the effects of principal instructional leadership behavior on student achievement.Design/methodology/approachStructural equation modeling was applied to data obtained from 302 Indian secondary schools to test a mediated-effects model.FindingsSchool climate was examined under two broad dimensions, the social and affective and the physical environment. Results of mediation analysis showed that the benefits of principal instructional leadership for student achievement are operationalized as an indirect effect. This indirect effect is realized primarily through the physical environment, and the in-role task performance of teachers. No significant contribution to the indirect effect through the social and affective environment was found. The latter, nonetheless, fully mediated the relationship between the instructional leadership and extra-role or citizenship behavior of teachers. These findings underscore the different and distinct mediating roles played by the social and affective, and physical dimensions of the school climate in our model.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, the reported associations between principal instructional leadership, school climate and student achievement that take into account both the in-role and extra-role job performance of teachers within the purview of a single framework are new. Also, this is the first study exploring these relations in an Indian context.
The impact of COVID-19 on teachers' mental health
Authors: Cohen-Fraade Shoshana , Donahue Maura 
Published: November 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine teachers’ experiences with mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors administered an online survey to full-time public school teachers simultaneously enrolled in a master’s degree program in education. Out of 455 teachers who were sent the survey, 96 completed it, resulting in a 21.1% survey completion rate. The survey was composed of both quantitative and qualitative items which assessed teachers’ self-perceptions about their mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as their use of mental health resources. Most questions were drawn from the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), so focused primarily on symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Findings
The results of the survey indicated that overall, teachers felt an increase in symptoms of anxiety and depression between March 2020 and February 2021. A noteworthy percentage of participants said they were seeking mental health supports.

Research limitations/implications
This study was conducted with teachers in an alternative certification program, so their experiences might not be widely generalizable to teachers enrolled in traditional pathways to certification.

Originality/value
While some research has been conducted on mental health, less has been conducted with public school teachers and even less has assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to add to the existing literature about teachers' experiences with anxiety and depression, as well as the specific impact of COVID-19.
Examining the impact of fatalism belief and optimism orientation on seismic preparedness: Considering their roles in the nexus between risk perception and preparedness
Authors: Liu Xingyu , Sun Lei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDespite the numerous studies focused on the sociopsychological factors involved in seismic preparedness, we have limited knowledge of the impact pathways from fatalism belief and optimism orientation to preparedness. This study proposed a theoretical model to examine the intertwined relationships among fatalism belief, optimism orientation, and risk perception regarding public seismic preparedness based on a survey in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in China. The results indicate that fatalism belief can directly reduce an individual's seismic preparedness intention. In addition, such beliefs negatively moderate the positive relationship between the probability perception of earthquakes and skill preparedness. Moreover, optimism orientation has dual effects. On the one hand, it directly enhances the public's intention to prepare. On the other hand, it makes people underestimate their perceptions of the consequences of earthquakes, which indirectly reduces their willingness to materially prepare. Furthermore, we found that fatalism belief can negatively moderate the positive relationship between optimism orientation and material preparedness. These findings contribute to safety education for earthquake disaster risk reduction (EDRR) strategies, especially those used where fatalist culture is prevalent.
Observer determination of the make, model, and year of questioned vehicles
Authors: Bruehs Walter E. , Tucker Nicole M. , Meline Kimberly A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOften, criminal acts involving a vehicle are caught on digital video surveillance systems. While potentially useful for an investigation, the recording conditions are typically less than optimal for the extraction of key information for the identification of the perpetrator, such as a license plate. Providing the make, model and year of a questioned vehicle is a common request for examiners, to narrow the field of potential suspect vehicles. This study seeks to compare the performance of a nonpeer‐reviewed make, model, and year determination between two separate groups, specifically, trained forensic image examiners and nontrained individuals. Results show that even with varied image capture conditions and quality, the trained forensic image examiners more correctly and completely identified the test group of questioned vehicles make, model, and year.
Optimising CT‐chest protocols and the added value of venous‐phase contrast timing; Observational case‐control
Authors: Croft Michael , Lim WanYin , Lavender Nusha , Gormly Kirsten 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionTo optimize CT chest protocol by comparing venous contrast timing with arterial timing for contrast opacification in vessels, qualitative image quality and radiologists’ satisfaction and diagnostic confidence in assessing for potential nodal, pleural and pulmonary disease in general oncology outpatients.MethodMatched case−control study performed following CT protocol update. 92 patients with a range of primary malignancies with 2 CT chests in a 2‐year period, one with an arterial phase protocol and the second in the 60 second venous phase, were included. Contrast attenuation in aorta, pulmonary artery and liver were measured. Subjective measurements assessed perivenous artefact, confidence in nodal pleural and pulmonary assessment and presence of pulmonary emboli. Statistical analysis was performed using paired and unpaired t‐tests.ResultsVenous‐phase CT demonstrated more consistent enhancement of the vessels, with higher attenuation of the nodes, pulmonary and pleural lesions. There was a significant reduction in perivenous beam hardening artefact on venous‐phase CT (P < 0.001). Diagnostic confidence was significantly higher for nodal assessment and pleural abnormality visibility (P < 0.001) and pleural assessment (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in pulmonary mass visibility. There was adequate enhancement to diagnose significant pulmonary emboli (PE) with 4 incidental PEs detected on the venous phase, extending to segmental vessels.ConclusionVenous‐phase CT chest performs better than arterial‐phase on all fronts, without compromising assessment of incidental pulmonary emboli. When intravenous contrast is indicated in a routine chest CT (excluding a CT‐angiogram), the default timing should be a venous or 60s phase.
Improved survival in patients with unresectable stage III EGFR‐mutant adenocarcinoma with upfront EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Authors: Wang Sheng‐Yuan , Lai Ching‐Han , Chen Chian‐Wei , Yang Szu‐Chun , Chang Chao‐Chun , Lin Chia‐Ying , Yen Yi‐Ting , Tseng Yau‐Lin , Su Po‐Lan , Lin Chien‐Chung , Su Wu‐Chou 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) have been the standard treatment for advanced EGFR‐mutant adenocarcinoma, the effects of upfront EGFR‐TKI use in unresectable stage III EGFR‐mutant adenocarcinoma remain unexplored. Here, we conducted a retrospective study to compare different treatment strategies in these patients.MethodsFrom October 2010 to June 2019, patients with unresectable stage III adenocarcinoma who received treatment at a tertiary referral center were enrolled. Patients were classified into three groups: EGFR‐mutant adenocarcinoma treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (group 1) or EGFR‐TKI (group 2) and EGFR wild‐type adenocarcinoma treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (group 3). Progression‐free survival, progression‐free survival‐2, and overall survival were estimated and compared using Kaplan–Meier and log‐rank tests.ResultsA total of 92 patients were enrolled; 10, 40, and 42 patients were assigned to groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Patients with EGFR mutations who received upfront EGFR‐TKIs had significantly longer progression‐free and overall survival than those who received upfront concurrent chemoradiotherapy (hazard ratio 0.33 vs. 0.34, p = 0.006 vs. 0.031) according to a Cox model adjusted for possible confounders. Moreover, upfront concurrent chemoradiotherapy did not lead to higher survival rates in patients with EGFR mutations than in those with EGFR wild‐type adenocarcinoma (progression‐free survival; hazard ratio 0.37, p = 0.036; overall survival; hazard ratio 0.35, p = 0.080) by Cox regression analysis.ConclusionThis current study suggests that EGFR‐TKIs is a better choice for patients with unresectable stage III EGFR‐mutant adenocarcinoma. However, further randomized studies are required to validate the results.
The relationship between stock repurchase completion rates, firm reputation and financial reporting quality: a commitment‐trust theory perspective
Authors: Bhandari Avishek , Golden Joanna , Walker Kenton , Zhang Joseph H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this study, we examine firms' commitment to stock repurchase announcements as a proxy for trust within the investing community. Using a commitment‐trust theory perspective, we show that firms with higher repurchase (share buyback) completion rates have higher financial reporting quality. We proxy financial reporting quality using a composite measure of financial reporting aggressiveness and also using management’s propensity to meet or beat analysts' expectations. These firms mitigate (enhance) the negative (positive) effect of repurchases on financial reporting quality. Higher completion rates mitigate the negative effect of accretive stock repurchase on financial reporting quality. Further results show that higher corporate governance and financial constraints dampen this relationship between completion rates and financial reporting quality. Our results, which are robust to various sensitivity tests, indicate that higher stock repurchase completion rates reflect good business morality and a firm’s commitment to its investors, as exhibited by higher financial reporting quality.
Opportunities and barriers for the use of Australian cancer registries as platforms for randomized clinical trials
Authors: Yan Mabel K. , Adler Nikki R. , Heriot Natalie , Shang Catherine , Zalcberg John R. , Evans Sue , Wolfe Rory , Mar Victoria J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIt is well recognized that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are a powerful tool to investigate causal relationships, and are considered the gold standard level of research evidence. However, RCTs can be expensive and time‐consuming, and when they employ strict eligibility criteria, it results in an unrepresentative population and limited external validity. Recently, the registry‐based randomized clinical trial (RRCT) has emerged as an alternative trial design. Utilizing registries to underpin such studies, RRCTs can have advantages including rapid recruitment, and enhanced generalizability. In Australia, legislated mandatory reporting of cancer diagnoses means that jurisdictional cancer registries are a rich source of systematically collected patient details, representing sound platforms for comprehensive data capture that can serve as a key tool for further research. We review the roles of cancer registries in Australia, discuss important considerations relevant to the design of RRCTs, and outline the opportunities provided by cancer registries to strengthen cancer research.
The politics of bachaqueo
Authors: SCHWARTZ STEVEN 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTAñú indigenous people living in the La Guajira borderland work by purchasing subsidized gasoline from local service stations in Venezuela and reselling it with high markups in Colombia—an extralegal trade called bachaqueo. Gasoline black markets, despite unleashing new forms of criminalization and violence, are an attempt to reclaim oil in ways that open novel possibilities for channeling indigenous rights, aspirations, and political claims. By extending the routes of distribution beyond their expected end point in gasoline consumers, bachaqueros (smugglers, traders) disrupt top‐down planning and partially redress the failures of Venezuelan petropolitics in delivering its promise of social justice and wealth redistribution for indigenous people. [oil, extractivism, smuggling, indigeneity, Añú, La Guajira, Venezuela]
Environmental management, nonmarket strategy, and firm performance in emerging markets: The case of ISO 14001
Authors: Riaz Hammad , Saeed Abubakr , Liedong Tahiru Azaaviele , Rajwani Tazeeb 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFirms use environmental management standards such as ISO 14001 to reduce the impact of business activity on the natural environment. Though these standards are widely celebrated on moral and ethical grounds, their implication for financial performance and competitiveness is equivocal. Drawing on neo‐institutional theory, we conceptualize ISO 14001 as a nonmarket strategy and examine its impact on firm performance within the contexts of three highly polluted emerging markets – China, India, and Pakistan. Employing a rigorous event‐study approach, we find that ISO 14001 certification has a negative impact on firms’ operating profitability and market value in both short and long runs. This negative impact appears to be stronger in contexts with weak institutions and poor environmental protection regimes. Further multivariate analyses show that the negative impact of ISO 14001 on firm performance is weaker among socially responsible firms and stronger among politically connected firms. These findings contribute to the environmental management literature. They also have practical implications for managers.
The wild ancestors of domestic animals as a neglected and threatened component of biodiversity
Authors: Smith William J. , Quilodrán Claudio S. , Jezierski Michał T. , Sendell‐Price Ashley T. , Clegg Sonya M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDomestic animals have immense economic, cultural, and practical value and have played pivotal roles in the development of human civilization. Many domesticates have, among their wild relatives, undomesticated forms representative of their ancestors. Resurgent interest in these ancestral forms has highlighted the unclear genetic status of many, and some are threatened with extinction by hybridization with domestic conspecifics. We considered the contemporary status of these ancestral forms relative to their scientific, practical, and ecological importance; the varied impacts of wild–domestic hybridization; and the challenges and potential resolutions involved in conservation efforts. Identifying and conserving ancestral forms, particularly with respect to disentangling patterns of gene flow from domesticates, is complex because of the lack of available genomic and phenotypic baselines. Comparative behavioral, ecological, and genetic studies of ancestral‐type, feral, and domestic animals should be prioritized to establish the contemporary status of the former. Such baseline information will be fundamental in ensuring successful conservation efforts.
Social capital and board gender diversity
Authors: Afzali Mansoor , Silvola Hanna , Terjesen Siri 
Published: November 2021

AbstractResearch question/issueThis study explores the relationship between the level of social capital in the location of a firm's headquarter and the presence of female board directors. We measure local social capital by civic norms (i.e., voter turnout and census participation) and density of social networks (i.e., community, professional, church, and sports). We hypothesize that greater levels of local social capital will increase the share of female directors on local firms' boards, including women attaining a critical mass presence as well as member and chair roles on the board's audit, compensation, and nomination committees.Research findings/insightsUsing 53,671 observations from U.S. public companies from 2000 to 2018, we find that firms headquartered in counties with higher levels of social capital have higher percentages of women directors. The results are robust to the inclusion of local female labor participation rate, religiosity, and other county‐level demographics as well as instrumental variable and propensity score matching models. We also find that female directors in firms located in high social capital counties are more likely to achieve a critical mass; attain membership of audit, compensation, and/or nomination committees; and serve as chair of audit and nomination committees than female directors in firms located in low social capital counties. A robustness check with an international sample reveals similar results.Theoretical/academic implicationsWe build on institutional theory to highlight that the informal institution of social capital, in the form of U.S. county‐level civic norms and social networks, shapes gender composition of local firms' boards. We build institutional theory at two levels of the quest for “fit” to the environment: firms seeking “fit” by creating more leadership opportunities for women, and individuals pursuing “fit” by moving up in corporate careers. We outline theoretical mechanisms including underlying informal societal norms of greater trust, tolerance for gender equality, respect for civil liberties, cooperative and helpful behavior, transparency, external monitoring, and less discrimination and information asymmetry.Practitioner/policy implicationsOur findings offer insights to policymakers and practitioners interested in how local social capital shapes firm and individual actions. Our policy‐related findings suggest that communities with greater civic norms are characterized by greater individual commitment to and trust in communities, equality, helpful behavior, and external monitoring, and less cynicism, and this context enables women to reach corporations' highest echelons. To maximize career prospects, women can attain leadership and other skills through local societal associations and build and strengthen ties in counties with higher levels of social capital. Firms should actively support community associations and direct philanthropy towards building social fabric in local communities.
Epidemics, Convergence, and Common Prosperity: Evidence from China
Authors: Qian Zesen , Yuan Lingran , Wang Shuo , Zhang Qizheng , Gong Binlei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the impact of previous epidemics on rural development and convergence, and identifies the impact's mechanism based on convergence tests. Using a balanced panel of 31 provinces, the empirical results from 2002 to 2019 show that epidemics decelerated convergence in rural per capita income. The mechanism analysis shows that the accelerated divergence in wages and the decelerated convergence in business income were the major drivers, which also led to decelerated convergence in rural per capita consumption. Although epidemics have not threatened rural food consumption and the Engel coefficient of rural households, these two indicators of basic living needs have failed to achieve convergence across regions. The overall impact of an epidemic on convergence in rural–urban income disparity has also been insignificant, indicating that epidemics have affected rural and urban development simultaneously. Finally, COVID‐19 is likely to decelerate convergence in rural income, rural consumption, and urban income.
Sharpening, focusing, and developing: A study of change in nonsymbolic number comparison skills and math achievement in 1st grade
Authors: Wilkey Eric D. , Shanley Lina , Sabb Fred , Ansari Daniel , Cohen Jason C. , Men Virany , Heller Nicole A. , Clarke Ben 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChildren's ability to discriminate nonsymbolic number (e.g., the number of items in a set) is a commonly studied predictor of later math skills. Number discrimination improves throughout development, but what drives this improvement is unclear. Competing theories suggest that it may be due to a sharpening numerical representation or an improved ability to pay attention to number and filter out non‐numerical information. We investigate this issue by studying change in children's performance (N = 65) on a nonsymbolic number comparison task, where children decide which of two dot arrays has more dots, from the middle to the end of 1st grade (mean age at time 1 = 6.85 years old). In this task, visual properties of the dot arrays such as surface area are either congruent (the more numerous array has more surface area) or incongruent. Children rely more on executive functions during incongruent trials, so improvements in each congruency condition provide information about the underlying cognitive mechanisms. We found that accuracy rates increased similarly for both conditions, indicating a sharpening sense of numerical magnitude, not simply improved attention to the numerical task dimension. Symbolic number skills predicted change in congruent trials, but executive function did not predict change in either condition. No factor predicted change in math achievement. Together, these findings suggest that nonsymbolic number processing undergoes development related to existing symbolic number skills, development that appears not to be driving math gains during this period.Children's ability to discriminate nonsymbolic number improves throughout development. Competing theories suggest improvement due to sharpening magnitude representations or changes in attention and inhibition.The current study investigates change in nonsymbolic number comparison performance during first grade and whether symbolic number skills, math skills, or executive function predict change.Children's performance increased across visual control conditions (i.e., congruent or incongruent with number) suggesting an overall sharpening of number processing.Symbolic number skills predicted change in nonsymbolic number comparison performance.