bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earthquake locations and seismic wave propagation in the upper 250 km of the Tonga island arc
Authors: Mitronovas Walter , Isacks Bryan , Seeber Leonardo 
Published: July 2021

abstract
This paper reports results of a series of short-term seismic observations made on nearly all the major island groups of the Tonga island arc. These data extend the mapping of anomalous propagation of seismic waves from earthquakes beneath the island arc reported by Oliver and Isacks (1967), and significantly increase the number of accurately located earthquakes beneath the Tonga Islands.
The data of this paper, combined with those of Sykes et al (1969), indicate that the inclined seismic zone of the Tonga island arc is very thin even at shallow depths. Most of the hypocenters are confined to a slab of about 25 km thickness. This thickness probably still reflects the precision of locations and may only be a measure of the upper limit of the thickness of the seismic zone. The inclined seismic zone, which has a dip of about 45° at intermediate depths in the mantle, appears to decrease in dip or bend over at depths less than about 50 km and appears to intersect the surface at or near the axis of the trench. The wedge-shaped region above the inclined seismic zone appears to be relatively aseismic, although some minor seismic activity has been located at shallow depths beneath the line of active volcanoes.
P and S phases with anomalously large amplitudes and frequencies from deep earthquakes (&gt; 400 km) were observed at all sites occupied in Tonga, including sites on two volcanoes. These observations and observations from shallower events include ray paths that emerge nearly vertically beneath the volcanoes. Thus, any region of high attenuation (low Q) below the volcanoes, such as magma chambers, must be limited in extent. These data, in conjunction with regional observations of Sn, indicate that a broad zone of low Q material in the uppermost mantle exists west of the volcanoes on the concave side of the arc. However, the P and S phases recorded on the volcanic ridge exhibit an emergent and drawn-out character that contrasts with the sharp and impulsive character of phases recorded on the non-volcanic ridge. These observations are interpreted to indicate considerable heterogeneity beneath the volcanoes.
On locating local earthquakes using small networks
Authors: James David E. , Selwyn Sacks I. , L. Eduardo Lazo , G. Pablo Aparicio 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Mathematical instability in four-parameter least squares hypocenter solutions arises primarily from the fact that the four computed variables—origin time (T0), focal depth (h), latitude (θ), and longitude (λ)—are not strictly independent. Specifically, T0 exhibits a non-independent relationship with the geometric parameters. For small networks (&lt; 10–15 stations), the lack of independence between T0 and the other variables results in unstable least-squares solutions. This instability is manifest most clearly by the fact that different station subsets of the observational network produce significantly different solutions for the same earthquake. The instability can be eliminated by computing T0 independently for each station using the formula
( T 0 ) i = ( T p ) i − V k ( T s − p ) i V p ,
where Tp = P-wave arrival time, Vk = S-P velocity, Vp = P-wave velocity, and Ts-p = time interval between P and S arrivals. An average value of T0 can be obtained from the individually calculated origin times and the P-wave travel times calculated. The variables ϕ, λ and z are then computed by the usual least-squares procedure using P-wave travel times only. The method is iterative and an average T0 is recalculated in the course of each iteration.
Fundamental properties of travel times within the Earth impose definite limitations upon the accuracy of the locations. Low values of the derivative dTp/dh at epicentral distances of a few degrees introduce a large uncertainty in focal depth, particularly for shallow (0–60 km) earthquakes. There is normally little error in epicenter, however, even for solutions in which depth is poorly determined. The dimensions and geometric configuration of the network in relation to the epicenter and the proximity of the epicenter to any one station are controlling factors in predicting the minimum uncertainty for any given hypocenter solution.
Amplitude variations of Rayleigh waves—horizontal refraction
Authors: McGarr Arthur 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Amplitudes of the vertical component of ground motion caused by Rayleigh waves with periods of about 20 sec were measured over an array consisting of the 25 stations of the WWSSN in the United States; the Rayleigh waves were produced by shocks in selected regions of the Pacific and one area along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Amplitudes were plotted as a function of azimuth from epicenter to station and on outline maps centered on the epicenters. Patterns of amplitude measured by the array are highly sensitive to epicentral location; a pattern appears to change continuously with change in epicenter. The amplitudes generally show variations of a factor of 10 or more within the array. These striking fluctuations of amplitude appear to be caused by focusing due to lateral variations in phase velocity; they cannot be explained by other factors such as an asymmetrical radiation pattern at the source. Analysis based on a simple model of a horizontal variation in phase velocity yields theoretical amplitude patterns that explain the size and character of the most prominent variations in amplitude. The most marked fluctuations in amplitude here presented can be explained as the effect of regions of horizontally varying phase velocity that coincide with obvious features in the Pacific, notably, the island of Hawaii.
Amplitudes of long-period P waves appear to vary about one-fourth as much as those of Rayleigh waves in the array.
Two-dimensional scattering of a plane compressional wave by surface imperfections
Authors: McIvor Ivor K. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
A perturbation method for treating the scattering of plane waves by small surface imperfections on an elastic half space is presented. The solution to the first order approximation is given as convolution integrals of the surface imperfection with kernel functions defined by Fourier inversion integrals. The evaluation of these integrals is discussed and their asymptotic representations determined. The far field scattered displacements are explicitly obtained for arbitrary imperfections. The scattered field consists of a Rayleigh surface wave and four body phases which at the free surface travel with the speed of dilational or distortional waves. Numerical examples are given. In particular the error in the apparent angle of emergence due to the scattered waves is obtained. The body phases exhibit the familiar 3/2 geometric attenuation, but still may make a significant contribution at moderately long distances. A strong dependence of the magnitude of the error on the angle of incidence is demonstrated.
Accelerometer correction for the dynamic analysis of damped multi-degree of freedom systems
Authors: McLennan G. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
An exact method is developed to eliminate the accelerometer error in dynamic response calculations for damped multi-degree of freedom systems. It is shown that the exact responses of a system can be obtained from the approximate responses which are conventionally calculated from an accelerogram.
Response calculations were performed for two typical systems with three degrees of freedom for an assumed pseudo-earthquake. The results showed that the approximate responses may contain large errors, and that the correction developed effectively eliminates these errors.
Analysis of Koyna accelerogram of December 11, 1967
Authors: Krishna Jai , Chandrasekaran A. R. , Saini S. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This accelerogram is so far the strongest recorded near an epicenter of a shock with a peak-ground acceleration of 63 per cent of gravity. Displacement and velocity spectra as well as ground displacements and velocities have been obtained. Spectral intensities of this shock indicate that the vertical component of ground motion is as intense as the horizontal components supporting such general conjectures of motion near an epicenter.
The Dasht-e Bayāz (Iran) earthquake of August 31, 1968: A field report
Authors: Ambraseys N. N. , Tchalenko J. S. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
The Dasht-e Bayāz earthquake of August 31, 1968 occurred in the east-central part of Iran, not far from where earlier shocks had caused damage at least as far back as the 9th Century A.D. The magnitude of the shock was 7.2. It was associated with an 80 km east-west fault-break which indicated maximum left-lateral displacement of 450 cm and maximum downthrow of 250 cm. The fault trace followed old faults with many topographical features of recent activity.
The shock was felt over an area of about 400,000 km 2, and killed between 7,000 and 12,000 people. Over 12,000 housing units were destroyed. Damage to structures in the immediate vicinity of the fault-break was similar to that produced ten to twenty kilometers away.
Array data processing techniques applied to long-period shear waves at Fennoscandian seismograph stations
Authors: Whitcomb James H. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Array data processing is applied to long-period records of S waves at a network of five Fennoscandian seismograph stations (Uppsala, Umeå, Nurmijärvi, Kongsberg, Copenhagen) with a maximum separation of 1300 km. Records of five earthquakes and one underground explosion are included in the study. The S motion is resolved into SH and SV, and after appropriate time shifts the individual traces are summed, both directly and after weighting.
In general, high signal correlation exists among the different stations involved resulting in more accurate time readings, especially for records which have amplitudes that are too small to be read normally. S-wave station residuals correlate with the general crustal type under each station. In addition, the Fennoscandian shield may have a higher SH/SV velocity ratio than the adjacent tectonic area to the northwest.SV-to-P conversion at the base of the crust can seriously interfere with picking the onset of Sin normal record reading.
The study demonstrates that, for epicentral distances beyond about 30°, existing networks of seismograph stations can be successfully used for array processing of long-period arrivals, especially the S arrivals.
Upper Mantle velocity structure in the Hindukush region from travel time studies of deep earthquakes using a new analytical method
Authors: Kaila K. L. , Krishna V. G. , Narain Hari 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Upper Mantle velocity structure in the Hindukush region has been determined from the P- and S-wave travel times of 28 deep earthquakes making use of a new analytical method given by Kaila (1969). From a depth of 45 to 230 kms, the present analysis reveals a continuous linear increase of P-wave velocity from 8.21 to 8.52 km/sec. For S waves, however, the velocity increases linearly from 4.58 km/sec at a depth of 85 kms to 4.77 km/sec at 230 kms depth. Upper mantle velocities in the Hindukush region are found to be considerably higher in comparison to those for other regions of the Earth. Within the accuracy of the velocity determination from the present method, no inferences can be drawn regarding the existence or otherwise of the low-velocity channel in this region.
Calibration curves for focal depth determination in the Hindukush region are also drawn. The accuracy of focal depth determination from these calibration curves is of the same order as that obtained in the focal depths determined by making use of pP, sS and other reflected phases.
Ground effects from the Boxcar and Benham nuclear explosions
Authors: Cloud William K. , Carder D. S. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Formulas were developed by the authors in 1957 for the purpose of estimating maximum ground accelerations and transitory displacements resulting from the 1.7 kt Rainier shot and subsequent underground nuclear detonations. These formulas when extrapolated more than 4 orders of magnitude upward came within a half order of magnitude of predicting ground motion data resulting from the Boxcar and Benham underground detonations. Velocity response spectra from these shots made in the distance range of 20 km, more or less, closely resembled the velocity response spectra from a magnitude 6.6 earthquake in the same distance range.
Soft palate morphology in OSMF patients: Radiographic evaluation
Authors: Shah Himali A , Shah Jigna S 
Published: July 2021

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive, scarring disorder of oral cavity, which includes buccal mucosa, tongue, lips, anterior faucial pillars, soft palate, and oropharynx. Changes in soft palate morphology will start even before the OSMF, present itself clinically. These changes can lead to sleep apnea, difficulty in speech, swallowing & respiration. Various radiographs are good diagnostic aid to assess the soft palate and its morphology or any changes in morphology. To evaluate and compare soft palate morphology and dimensions in various stages of OSMF with control by radiographic evaluation.: 60 patients were evaluated and compared for soft palate morphology, its length, width and angle by using lateral cephalogram and Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Most common type of soft palate was found to be type 1 (leaf shaped) in both groups as well as by both radiographic techniques. Significant decrease in length and increase in width with increasing grades of OSMF group. As per p value CBCT gave more precise result. As the OSMF progresses soft palate becomes stout and bulky and significant changes occur in soft palate dimensions and are better evaluated by CBCT. As involvement of the soft palate is the earliest change to be noticed, radiographs should be used as one of the diagnostic aids in OSMF patients.
Duchowość miłosierdzia według papieża Franciszka
Authors: Chmielewski Marek 
Published: July 2021

Za sprawą ostatnich papieży, a szczególnie Franciszka, charakterystycznym rysem Kościoła katolickiego w trzecim tysiącleciu jest kult miłosierdzia Bożego. Domaga się on kształtowania odpowiednich postaw duchowych, które we współczesnej teologii duchowości opisuje się przez wskazanie na ich aspekt poznawczy, aksjologiczno-afektywny i praktyczno-działaniowy.
Tematyka miłosierdzia tak głęboko przenika życie Kościoła, że można mówić nie tylko o duchowości miłosierdzia, ale o miłosierdziowym wymiarze duchowości chrześcijańskiej.
Kult Bożego miłosierdzia jest ściśle związany z liturgią, dlatego – zwłaszcza liturgia eucharystyczna – ma również miłosierdziowy wymiar. Kształtowanie postaw miłosierdzia znajduje więc w niej swe źródło.
Correlation of Sperm Mitochondrial DNA 7345 bp and 7599 bp Deletions with As-thenozoospemia in Jordanian Population
Authors: Al Zoubi Mazhar Salim , Al-Talafha Ali M. , Al Sharu Emad , Al-Trad Bahaa , Alzu'bi Ayman , AbuAlarjah Manal Issam , Shehab Qasem , Alsmadi Mohammad , Al-Batayneh Khalid M. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Alterations in sperm mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) affect the functions of some OXPHOS proteins which will affect sperm motility and may be associated with asthenozoospermia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between 7599-bp and 7345-bp sperm mtDNA deletions and asthenozoospermia in Jordan.
Methods: Semen specimens from 200 men including 121 infertile and 79 healthy individuals were collected at the Royal Jordanian Medical Services In-vitro fertilization (IVF) units. The mtDNA was extracted followed by mtDNA amplification. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted for the target sequences, then DNA sequencing was performed for the PCR products. Chi-square, Fisher's and Spearman's tests were used to calculate the correlation.
Results: The results showed a significant correlation between the presence of 7599-bp mtDNA deletion and infertility where the frequency of the 7599-bp deletion was 63.6% in the infertile group compared to the fertile 34.2% (p<0.001, (OR=3.37, 95% CI=1.860 to 6.108)). Additionally, the sperm motility showed a significant association with the frequency of the 7599-bp deletion (p=0.001, r=-0.887). The 7345-bp mtDNA deletion showed no assoctiation with the infertility (p=0.65, (OR=0.837, 95% CI= 0.464-1.51)) or asthenozoospermia (p=0.98, r=0.008).
Conclusion: We demonstrated a significant correlation between asthenozoospermia and the 7599-bp mtDNA deletion but not the 7345-bp mtDNA deletion in the infertile men in Jordan. Screening for deletions in sperm mtDNA can be used as a pre-diagnostic molecular marker for male infertility.
Effect of craniosacral therapy on the intensity of chronic back pain of nurses: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mazreati Nasim , Rahemi Zahra , Aghajani Mohammad , Ajorpaz Neda Mirbagher , Mianehsaz Elaheh 
Published: July 2021

Background & Aim: Chronic low back pain is a common disease among nurses. According to the literature, complementary medicine can reduce low back pain, one of which is craniosacral therapy. This study was designed to investigate the effect of craniosacral therapy on the intensity of chronic back pain of nurses.
Methods & Materials: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 60 nurses with chronic back pain. The participants were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. The intervention group’s participants received eight individual sessions of craniosacral therapy. In the control group, a light-touch in the lumbar region was performed as a placebo. The therapist met each participant separately in a private room of the hospital. The two groups completed the McGill Pain Questionnaire at the baseline, immediately after the intervention, and one month after the intervention. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS (v.16) using descriptive and analytical tests such as t-test, Chi-Square, ANCOVA, and repeated measures ANOVA.
Results: The ANCOVA test results showed a significant difference between the two groups’ mean scores of pain intensity and its subscales (P<0.05). The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that the mean scores of pain intensity and its subscales (sensory, affective, pain evaluation, and miscellaneous) decreased over the three time points in the intervention group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The ﬁndings aﬃrmed the positive eﬀects of the craniosacral therapy on the intensity of pain in nurses with chronic back pain. Therefore, it is recommended that this approach be performed as a complementary, effective, non-invasive intervention to decrease chronic back pain.
Job Satisfaction and Professional Life Stress of Employees of IT and Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Ravichandra T , Dalvi C S 
Published: July 2021

Job satisfaction of employees is extensively studied by researchers of varied disciplines from different perspectives.Â Todayâ€™s corporate sector pays greater attention while hiring talent; and ensure that they remain satisfied so that they stay for longer duration of time with the employer.Â To find out the extent of job satisfaction experienced by the employees of IT and manufacturing sectors, a sample of 200 employees (50 each from two manufacturing and 50 each from two IT organisations) has been chosen at random.Â Job-Satisfaction Instrument, developed by Mishra et al (1977) and Professional Life Stress Scale, developed by Fontana (1989) have been administered on all the two hundred employees in addition to a proforma for personal and job details.Â The results indicate that IT employees have expressed greater level of job satisfaction. Â Further, it is found that job satisfaction and professional life stress are negatively correlated. The importance of enhancing the level of job satisfaction of employees is highlighted.
Microfinance-Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Warangal District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Nallabelli Nallabelli Radhika 
Published: July 2021

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Self Help Group (SHG) in its present form of development orientation, owed its origin to the starting of the Grameen Bank, founded by Mohamed Yunus of Bangladesh, the Nobel Prize Winner for Peace for the year 2006.Â The experience of Bangladesh had proved to the world the banking wisdom in helping the women and the poor people to improve their economic condition and to overcome their problem of poverty.
The Effect of Clinical Characteristics and Stent Parameters on Left Ventricular Mechanical Dyssynchrony
Authors: Mostafa S. , Sanad O. , Shawky M. , Magdy M. , Elkeshk E. 
Published: July 2021

Aim. To study short term effect of stent size and number on left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony after elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to left anterior descending (LAD) artery.Materials and methods. the study included 150 adult patients with LAD lesion treated with PCI using drug-eluting stent. Patients were evaluated pre PCI then 1 month and 3 months post PCI for evaluation of mechanical dyssynchrony using tissue synchronization image (TSI).Results. Before revascularization mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 51.2±5.7 %, mean time to peak TSI was 213.6±10.9 ms; 1 month after PCI TSI improved significantly to 163.7±17.6 ms (p<0.001), 3 months after PCI showed more improvement to 120.7±26.9 ms (p<0.001). After 3m; 61 patients (40.7%) showed recovery to normal TSI value. The predictors of non-improvement of time to peak TSI after 3 months were diabetes mellitus (p=0.007), dyslipidemia (p=0.001) and stent length (p=0.001), number of stents (p=0.004). There were strong negative correlation between stent length and improvement of the time to peak TSI at 1 month (r=-0.352, p<0.001) and at 3 months (r=-0.509, p<0.001),and also with number of stent at 1 month (r= -0.173, p=0.034) and at 3 months (r=-0.499, p<0.001), but the correlation between stent diameter and improvement of the TSI wasn’t significant neither at 1 month nor at 3 months (r=0.055, p=0.504 and r= -0.018, p=0.827) respectively.Conclusion. Increased number and length of the implanted stents were predictors to non-improvement of mechanical dyssynchrony, while stent diameter didn’t affects the recovery.
Distal Biceps Tendon Tears: Diagnosis and Treatment Algorithm
Authors: Albishi Waleed , Agenor Aouod , Lam Jason J. , Elmaraghy Amr 
Published: July 2021

» Distal biceps tendon (DBT) tears occur most commonly in middle-aged men after a sudden, forced eccentric contraction of the flexed elbow.» An understanding of the multiple risk factors, mechanisms, and pathophysiological causes is essential for proper and timely diagnosis.» High clinical suspicion and routine physical examination with appropriate special examination tests, including the hook test, the passive forearm pronation test, the biceps crease interval test, and the bicipital aponeurosis flex test, can help with rapid and accurate diagnosis and guide appropriate and timely management.» Treatment for DBT tears depends on the extent (complete versus incomplete) and timing (acute versus chronic) of the injury, and options include nonoperative management, repair, and reconstruction with or without repair of the bicipital aponeurosis.
Orthopaedic Manifestations of Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Authors: Prasad Niyathi , Hamosh Ada , Sponseller Paul 
Published: July 2021

» Inborn errors of metabolism are disorders of carbohydrate, amino acid, organic acid, or purine and pyrimidine metabolism; disorders of fatty acid oxidation; disorders of metal metabolism; and lysosomal storage defects that can cause metabolic derangements that have secondary musculoskeletal effects.» Orthopaedic surgeons should be aware that patients with inborn errors of metabolism may be at high risk for spasticity, which may cause joint subluxations, scoliosis, and contractures, as well as poor bone quality, which is caused by malnutrition or disordered bone growth.» Multidisciplinary care and follow-up are important to identify musculoskeletal problems in a timely manner in order to provide effective treatment.