bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eighteenth-Century Evangelical Calvinists
Authors: Yeager Jonathan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Eighteenth-century evangelical Calvinists were a diverse group of people, but the majority of them adhered to Reformed theology. They debated how best to practise their faith, including the proper mode of baptism. Whereas the English Particular Baptists and others insisted that believers be immersed upon a profession of faith as an adult, others, including the Congregationalists and Presbyterians, practised infant baptism. Evangelical Calvinists furthermore sometimes clashed on ecclesiastical policies. The Baptists and Congregationalists, for instance, established independent churches, contrasting the hierarchical structures of the Church of England and Presbyterianism. Despite their diversity on doctrinal and ecclesiastical matters, eighteenth-century evangelical Calvinists were unified in proclaiming that salvation came exclusively by divine grace mediated through Christ’s death on the cross, and that conversion was the means by which God redeemed the elect.
Karl Barth’s Calvin: A Weimar Prophet
Authors: Glomsrud Ryan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Karl Barth’s early reception of John Calvin at the time of his initial post-liberal engagement with classical Protestant authors. For Barth, the Genevan Reformer easily belonged in a pantheon of theologians that included Augustine, Thomas, Luther, and Schleiermacher. However, Barth’s Calvin was not antiquarian or historical but of thoroughly modern vintage, even romantic and modernist in certain respects. The chapter contends that Barth fashioned an image of Calvin in the tumultuous years of the Weimar Republic that was of thoroughly modern vintage. Although he immersed himself in primary sources, Barth’s presentation of the Reformer owed much to German romanticism as well as Weimar modernism, including such notable intellectuals as Hermann Hesse, Stefan Zweig, and Max Weber.
No Other Gods
Authors: Hart D. G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Reformed Protestants inherited older biblical and medieval understandings about the difference between civil rule and ecclesiastical authority which fostered a variety of responses to secularization. After the Reformation, Calvinists worked from received categories even as they adapted to a diverse set of political circumstances, sometimes being a persecuted minority, sometimes having unrestrained access to municipal governments, and sometimes disappointed with monarchs who promised more than they gave. Once the political revolutions of the eighteenth century upended the prevailing Constantinian pattern of ecclesiastical establishment (whether Roman Catholic or Protestant), Calvinists made even further adjustments to the sacred–secular distinction. Those adaptations contribute to ongoing debates about society, the church, and a Christian’s civic responsibilities. No matter how varied Calvinists have been in their responses to secularization, they are no stranger than other Christian communions that also struggle to make sense of Jesus Christ’s assertion that his ‘kingdom is not of this world’.
Seventeenth-Century Calvinism and Early Enlightenment Thought
Authors: Goudriaan Aza 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Analysing a number of interactions between Calvinists and Early Enlightenment philosophers—and the receptions of John Calvin in these—this chapter shows a complex and persistent presence of Calvin and Calvinists in philosophical debates during the early Enlightenment period. Among Calvinists, Descartes found both opponents and followers. Reformed Cartesians have occasionally appealed to Calvin (e.g. on accommodation and the sensus divinitatis), praised the Reformer (Heidanus, Burman), or neglected him (van Til). The philosopher Arnold Geulincx has been protected (Heidanus.) and published (van Til) by Calvinists, before they began to associate him with Spinoza (Tuinman, Andala, Driessen). Thomas Hobbes quoted Calvin incidentally, but Calvinists usually opposed his philosophy. Thus, the jurist Ulrik Huber used Calvin’s teachings on the testimonium Spiritus sancti against Hobbes—an appeal to Calvin that Huber repeated against another philosopher’s claim that reason alone was able to demonstrate the divinity of scripture. In order to refute Spinozists, Reformed minister Carolus Tuinman translated Calvin’s treatise against the libertines (1545). Responding to Huguenot Pierre Bayle, the Lutheran philosopher G. W. Leibniz wrote favourably about Calvin’s teachings on predestination and providence, as he had done also about Calvin’s views on the Eucharist.
Transcranial brain stimulation and structural MRI
Authors: Dubbioso Raffaele , Thielscher Axel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation (NTBS) benefits in multiple ways from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). Individual structural brain scans can be used to guide spatial targeting with frameless stereotaxy. For instance, sMRI informed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) enables personalized cortical mapping aligned to the individual gyral anatomy. Segmented sMRI scans increase the accuracy and robustness of computational dosimetry approaches which are key to standardize the individual dose across individuals, mapping the NTBS induced electrical fields onto the individual brain. Several sMRI modalities can be used to identify macro and microstructural features that are related to the physiological and behavioral effects of NTBS. Structural MRI before NTBS can identify interindividual variations in brain structure that influence NTBS outcomes, including disease or age related anatomical changes. Repeated structural MRI measurements can trace NTBS induced changes in regional macro and microstructure. NTBS based functional markers can be combined with MRI based structural markers to predict disease progression or recovery in individual patients.
Economic Diversification, Homogeneity of Interests, and the Impartiality of Government
Authors: Olander Petrus 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Can economic diversification constrain elites from shaping government institutions to their own advantage? This chapter reviews scholarly work that suggests it can. Elites frequently use government institutions to cement their position and enrich themselves at the expense of others, but to overcome opposition to their own advancement they must form coalitions. The ability to form coalitions is conditioned by the compatibility of underlying interests; the more diverse the economy, the less cohesive the underlying interests are, making it harder for the elites to form collusive coalitions. This chapter outlines political theory and recent research on the role played by diverse and competing interests in shaping the exercise of government power, democratization, and institutional reform. Considering the sectoral structure of the economy can help us better understand ongoing economic and political processes such as reconcentration of economic activities, the position of transient labor, and state-led efforts for economic diversification.
Quality of Government and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Povitkina Marina , Matti Simon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Previous research on the relationship between quality of government (QoG) and environmental sustainability is scant, scattered across different disciplines, and is characterized by a disconnect between studies focusing on the effects of QoG on the micro level (individual behavior) and micro level (country policies and actions). The chapter synthesizes the different literatures on the connection between various elements of QoG, such as low levels of corruption, bureaucratic capacity, and rule of law, on the one hand, and environmental sustainability on the other hand. On the macro level, it theorizes the role of QoG in securing governments’ production of environmental public goods. On the micro level, the chapter discusses how QoG can shape cooperation in collective action dilemmas over natural resource use, as well as how it contributes to generating public support of and compliance with environmental policies.
Inequality, Education, and Corruption
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows a link between levels of mass education in 1870 and corruption levels in 2010 for 78 countries that remains strong when controlling for change in the level of education, GDP/ capita, and democracy. A model for the causal mechanism between universal education and control of corruption is presented. Early introduction of universal education is linked to levels of economic equality and to efforts to increase state capacity. First, societies with more equal education gave citizens more opportunities and power for opposing corruption. Secondly, the need for increased state capacity was a strong motivation for the introduction of universal education in many countries. Strong states provided more education to their publics and such states were more common where economic disparities were initially smaller.
Quality of Government and Social Trust
Authors: Dinesen Peter Thisted , Sønderskov Kim Mannemar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we review the literature on the relationship between quality of government—conceptualized as quality of institutions at the output side of government—and generalized social trust (trust in strangers). After reviewing the theoretical mechanisms—in both directions—proposed to link social trust and quality of government, we review the empirical evidence. We report considerable evidence for a positive relationship between trust and various manifestations of quality of government at both the societal level (macro) and the individual level (micro). Most studies have limited causal leverage, but a few studies—primarily at the individual level—employ designs better suited for causal statements. These studies suggest a positive effect of institutional quality on generalized social trust. We conclude the review by discussing path for further research.
Thoughts on the Recent Past and the Future of Byzantine Literary Studies
Authors: Mullett Margaret 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This brief postscript evaluates the place of Byzantine literature in the academy, and evaluates its current strengths. It looks back at a period when professors of Byzantine literature disparaged their subject matter, and it contrasts that era (c. 1970) with the position fifty years later, as large numbers of young scholars enter the field and are employed to do so, and to whom major research grants are awarded. The chapter locates itself in relation to other position papers written by the author in 1990, 2003, and 2010, and surveys the past twenty years in terms of conferences, publications, and other infrastructure, emphasizing the growth of texts, translations, and studies, and work on processes of literary production. It notes the confident place of rhetoric as the foundation of literary achievement in every genre and the arrival at a more nuanced periodization. Research has been informed by affective and cognitive neuroscience as well as by new philology, new historicism, post-classical narratology, and comparative approaches; it applauds the way that texts in Syriac, Arabic, Georgian, Armenian, and Latin are regarded as having a claim to be considered as Byzantine. It proposes a history of Byzantine literature.
Textual Criticism
Authors: Macé Caroline 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the main tasks to be performed by an editor of Byzantine literary works, highlighting some of the recent developments in methodology and technology and focusing on technical aspects. The editor’s tasks are the following: (1) heuristics of texts and manuscripts, (2) collation (namely, comparison of the text preserved in different manuscripts), (3) classification of the manuscript witnesses of a text according to various principles, (4) edition (or constitutio textus, in the common Latin terminology of critical editions), and, finally, (5) publication. Different types of textual transmission, shaped by several elements (language, genre, topic, authority, etc.), require, it is argued here, different editorial treatments. An Appendix to the chapter lists the main book series in which editions of Byzantine literature are published.
Latin
Authors: Forrai Réka 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Latin-Greek and Greek-Latin translations projects, even if asymmetric in their output, are strongly interconnected. This first section of a multi-section chapter discusses translations made from Latin into Greek in an attempt to reconstruct the canon of translated Latin works in Byzantium. It offers an overview of the major chronological stages of the translation activities, as well as an enumeration of translators and their translations. The chapter also aims to shed light on the social context in which the translator and his text are embedded: patrons, libraries, manuscripts, lay and ecclesiastical courts, religious orders, and cities involved.
Authors(With an Excursus on Symeon Metaphrastes)
Authors: Papaioannou Stratis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter introduces two sets of questions pertaining to (a) the social profile of Byzantine authors, and (b) the conception and value of authorship in Byzantium. It thus first surveys the prevalent patterns in the biographies of the c. 1600 eponymous known Greek authors from Byzantium. It then discusses the cultural as well as spiritual capital of authorship in Byzantium: notions such as those of divine inspiration and author-saints, and “practices” such pseudonymity (the false ascription of texts) and anonymity (the loss or absence of authorial signatures). The chapter concludes with an exploration of the reception of Symeon Metaphrastes (perhaps the most important author of the middle Byzantine period) as an author by later generations of readers.
Georgian
Authors: Aleksidze Nikoloz 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores the origin and history of Georgian translations from Greek since the beginnings of Georgian literacy in the fifth century to the period of the Mongol invasion and the general decline of literary production in Georgian. In the chapter, the history of the Georgian translations is conventionally divided into three chronological and stylistic periods: pre-Athonite, i.e., the period from the fifth to the tenth centuries, when Georgian monastic communities flourished in Palestine, on Sinai, and in Georgia proper, particularly in the T‘ao, K‘larǯeti and the Šavšeti regions; the Athonite period in the tenth and eleventh centuries, which refers mostly to the translations done by Euthymios and Georgios Hagiorites in the Iveron Monastery; and the Hellenophile period from the eleventh through the thirteenth century, represented by Ephrem Mcire and Arseni of Iqalt‘o. The chapter provides an overview of the literary production translated or re-translated from the Greek in these periods, together with a brief analysis of genres, styles, and the philosophy behind some of the most important works.
Exact solution for wave scattering from black holes: Formulation
Authors: Motohashi Hayato , Noda Sousuke 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe establish an exact formulation for wave scattering of a massless field with spin and charge by a Kerr–Newman–de Sitter black hole. Our formulation is based on the exact solution of the Teukolsky equation in terms of the local Heun function, and does not require any approximation. It serves as simple exact formulae with arbitrary high precision, which realize fast calculation without restrictions on model parameters. We highlight several applications including quasinormal modes, cross section, reflection/absorption rate, and Green function.
Brief Mindfulness Practice Course for Healthcare Providers
Authors: Seidel Laurie Walker , Dane Francis C. , Carter Kimberly Ferren 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine the short-term and sustained effect on well-being, burnout, and mindful awareness of an abbreviated mindfulness practice course designed for nurses and other healthcare professionals.

BACKGROUND
Most mindfulness programs are impractical for frontline healthcare providers because of the intensive, off-site initial training and prolonged practice commitment. A psychiatric nurse educator developed a brief training program tailored for healthcare providers.

METHODS
Two institutional review board–approved studies examined the abbreviated mindfulness practice course for healthcare providers: the first, a single-group pretest-posttest design with 25 nursing employees in an academic medical center, and the second, a randomized controlled trial with 83 healthcare professionals.

RESULTS
Significant improvement in mindful awareness and at least 1 indicator of burnout were demonstrated. Improvements in quality of life were noted with nurses.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings support the short-term and sustained impact of this brief mindfulness curriculum on mindful awareness, quality of life, and aspects of burnout for healthcare professionals.
National Study of Nursing Faculty and Administrators' Perceptions of Professional Identity in Nursing
Authors: Landis Tullamora , Godfrey Nelda , Barbosa-Leiker Celestina , Clark Cynthia , Brewington Janice G. , Joseph M. Lindell , Luparell Susan , Phillips Beth Cusatis , Priddy Kristen D. , Weybrew Kary Anne 
Published: July 2021

Background
Establishing a professional identity in nursing is integral to professional development, yet this area of inquiry remains understudied.

Purpose
This segment of a multiphased national study measured nursing faculty's perceived level of importance regarding key components of professional identity in nursing using the newly developed Professional Identity in Nursing Survey (PINS).

Methods
Fifty subject matter experts from nursing education, practice, and regulation utilized the DeVellis scale development process to develop the PINS over the course of 2 years. Nearly 1200 nurse educators evaluated the importance of a 34-item scale relating to professional identity in nursing.

Results
At endorsement of 95% or greater, 28 items were found to be important components of nursing identity. Effective communication, integrity, and being trustworthy and respectful were reported as most important to nursing identity.

Conclusions
Nurse educators identified the important items to assess professional identity in nursing. Item refinement and psychometric evaluation of the survey are the next phase of the multiphased study.
Influence of Contrast Material Temperature on Patient Comfort and Image Quality in Computed Tomography of the Abdomen
Authors: Martens Bibi , Wildberger Joachim E. , Van Kuijk Sander M.J. , De Vos-Geelen Judith , Jeukens Cécile R.L.P.N. , Mihl Casper 
Published: July 2021

Background
International guideline recommendations on safe use of contrast media (CM) are conflicting regarding the necessity to prewarm iodinated CM.

Purpose
Aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of room temperature CM compared with prewarmed CM on image quality, safety, and patient comfort in abdominal computed tomography (CT).

Methods
CATCHY (Contrast Media Temperature and Patient Comfort in Computed Tomography of the Abdomen) is a double-blinded, randomized noninferiority trial. Between February and August 2020, 218 participants referred for portal venous abdominal CT were prospectively and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. All patients received iopromide at 300 mg I/mL: group 1 at room temperature (~23°C [~73°F]) and group 2 prewarmed to body temperature (37°C [99°F]). A state-of-the-art individualized CM injection protocol was used, based on body weight and adapted to tube voltage. Primary outcome was absolute difference in mean liver attenuation between groups, calculated with a 2-sided 95% confidence interval. The noninferiority margin was set at −10 HU. Secondary outcomes were objective (signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio) and subjective image quality; CM extravasations and other adverse events; and participant comfort (5-point scale questionnaire) and pain (numeric rating scale). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04249479).

Results
The absolute difference in mean attenuation between groups was + 4.23 HU (95% confidence interval, +0.35 to +8.11; mean attenuation, 122.2 ± 13.1 HU in group 1, 118.0 ± 15.9 HU in group 2; P = 0.03). Signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio, and subjective image quality were not significantly different between groups (P = 0.53, 0.23, and 0.99 respectively). Contrast extravasation occurred in 1 patient (group 2), and no other adverse events occurred. Comfort scores were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (P = 0.03); pain did not significantly differ (perceived P > 0.99; intensity P = 0.20).

Conclusions
Not prewarming iodinated CM was found noninferior in abdominal CT imaging. Prewarming conferred no beneficial effect on image quality, safety, and comfort, and might therefore no longer be considered a prerequisite in state-of-the art injection protocols for parenchymal imaging.
HLA Antibody Incompatible Renal Transplantation: Long-term Outcomes Similar to Deceased Donor Transplantation
Authors: Krishnan Nithya , Abimbola Aisha , Machan Nandhini , Daga Sunil , Gopalakrishnan Kishore , Lam ForTai , Tan LamChin , Kashi Habib , Imray Christopher , Zehnder Daniel , Collins Claire , Curtis Rebecca , Higgins Robert , Khovanova Natasha , Briggs David 
Published: July 2021

Background.
HLA incompatible renal transplantation still remains one of best therapeutic options for a subgroup of patients who are highly sensitized and difficult to match but not much is known about its long-term graft and patient survival.

Methods.
One hundred thirty-four HLA incompatible renal transplantation patients from 2003 to 2018 with a median follow of 6.93 y were analyzed retrospectively to estimate patient and graft survivals. Outcomes were compared with groups defined by baseline crossmatch status and the type and timings of rejection episodes.

Results.
The overall patient survival was 95%, 90%, and 81%; and graft survival was 95%, 85%, and 70% at 1, 5, and 10 y, respectively. This was similar to the first-time deceased donor transplant cohort. The graft survival for pretreatment cytotoxic-dependent crossmatch (CDC) positive crossmatch group was significantly low at 83%, 64%, and 40% at 1, 5, and 10 y, respectively, compared with other groups (Bead/CDC, P = 0.007; CDC/Flow, P = 0.001; and microbead assay/flow cytometry crossmatch, P = 0.837), although those with a low CDC titer (<1 in 2) have comparable outcomes to the CDC negative group. Female patients in general fared worse in both patient and graft survival outcomes in each of the 3 groups based on pretreatment crossmatch, although this did not reach statistical significance. Antibody-mediated rejection was the most frequent type of rejection with significant decline in graft survival by 10 y when compared with no rejection (P < 0.001). Rejection that occurred or continued to occur after the first 2 wk of transplantation caused a significant reduction in graft survivals (P < 0.001), whereas good outcomes were seen in those with a single early rejection episode.

Conclusions.
One-, 5-, and 10-y HLA incompatible graft and patient survival is comparable to deceased donor transplantation and can be further improved by excluding high-CDC titer cases. Antibody-positive female patients show worse long-term survival. Resolution of early rejection is associated with good long-term graft survival.