bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anatomy of moral agency: A theological and neuroscience inspired model of virtue ethics
Authors: Crook Nigel , Corneli Joseph 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVirtuosA (‘virtuous algorithm’) is introduced, a model in which artificial intelligence (AI) systems learn ethical behaviour based on a framework adapted from Christian philosopher Dallas Willard and brought together with associated neurobiological structures and broader systems thinking. To make the inquiry concrete, the authors present a simple example scenario that illustrates how a robot might acquire behaviour akin to the virtue of kindness that can be attributed to humans. References to philosophical work by Peter Sloterdijk help contextualise Willard’s virtue ethics framework. The VirtuosA architecture can be implemented using state‐of‐the‐art computing practices and plausibly redescribes several concrete scenarios implemented from the computing literature and exhibits broad coverage relative to other work in ethical AI. Strategies are described for using the model for systems evaluation —particularly the role of ‘embedded evaluation’ within the system—and its broader application as a meta‐ethical device is discussed.
Review of the techniques used in motor‐cognitive human‐robot skill transfer
Authors: Guan Yuan , Wang Ning , Yang Chenguang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA conventional robot programming method extensively limits the reusability of skills in the developmental aspect. Engineers programme a robot in a targeted manner for the realisation of predefined skills. The low reusability of general‐purpose robot skills is mainly reflected in inability in novel and complex scenarios. Skill transfer aims to transfer human skills to general‐purpose manipulators or mobile robots to replicate human‐like behaviours. Skill transfer methods that are commonly used at present, such as learning from demonstrated (LfD) or imitation learning, endow the robot with the expert's low‐level motor and high‐level decision‐making ability, so that skills can be reproduced and generalised according to perceived context. The improvement of robot cognition usually relates to an improvement in the autonomous high‐level decision‐making ability. Based on the idea of establishing a generic or specialised robot skill library, robots are expected to autonomously reason about the needs for using skills and plan compound movements according to sensory input. In recent years, in this area, many successful studies have demonstrated their effectiveness. Herein, a detailed review is provided on the transferring techniques of skills, applications, advancements, and limitations, especially in the LfD. Future research directions are also suggested.
Machine learning in eigensubspace for network path identification and flow forecast
Authors: Lateef Irfan , Akansu Ali N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper emphasizes the joint time‐frequency interpretation of eigensubspace representation for network statistics as features for identification and tracking traffic flows based on the link level activity. Eigencoefficients (frequency domain feature) and eigenvector components (time domain feature) are jointly utilized to quantify their combined significance on the representation of each link data (each component of the link traffic vector) in the eigensubspace. The joint time‐frequency method is employed to analyze the traffic data obtained from the Internet2 network. It is shown that the analysis with link‐level resolution brings advantages for network traffic engineering applications. A machine learning method is investigated to identify network paths using eigenanalysis of link statistics as the feature set. The merit of the method is validated by experimental studies of the network scenarios considered in the paper. Eigenvectors and eigenflows in the subspace are jointly used as factors (features) for linear regression to forecast the network link traffic. It is demonstrated that the eigensubspace based auto‐regressive order two, AR (2), predictor is superior to the time‐domain based predictor to forecast the link level traffic of a network.
A single camera 360‐degree real time vision‐based localization method with application to mobile robot trajectory tracking
Authors: Singhirunnusorn Khomsun , Fahimi Farbod , Aygun Ramazan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA method is proposed for real‐time vision‐based localization in the 360° area around a three‐dimensional (3D) reference object with a single camera. The problem is split into three subproblems. First, 360° 3D object recognition is proposed, in which a computer vision solution can recognize a reference object from all possible 360° locations. Second, 360° pose estimation is presented, in which the pose of a robot at all locations is estimated. Third, a 360° localization application is integrated with a closed‐loop real‐time trajectory tracking controller. The successful results of simulations and real experiments of trajectory tracking are also presented.
Robust state estimation for uncertain linear discrete systems with d‐step state delay
Authors: Wang Jing , Mao Yao , Li Ziqiang , Gao Junwei , Liu Huabo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper discusses the state estimation problems of an uncertain linear discrete time‐varying state space model with d‐step state delay. Based on the principle of minimising the expectation of estimation errors and the method of state augmentation, a robust state estimation algorithm is proposed. Specially, this estimator retains the form of Kalman‐like filter and the characteristics of fast recursive calculation. Moreover, the conditions of bounded estimation error covariance and the proof of asymptotic unbiasedness of the filter are given. Finally, numerical examples are used to verify the effectiveness and the wide applicability of this estimator.
Accurate localization of moving objects in dynamic environment for small unmanned aerial vehicle platform using global averaging
Authors: Xie Xiuchuan , Yang Tao , Zhang Yanning , Liang Bang , Liu Linfeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSmall unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have developed rapidly and are widely used for disaster relief, traffic monitoring and military surveillance. To perform these tasks better, it is necessary to improve the environmental perception ability of UAVs in a dynamic environment, including their static and dynamic perception ability. Specifically, both three‐dimensional reconstruction for a static scene and localization for moving objects are required. Simultaneous Localization And Mapping technology has made great progress in static scene structure reconstruction and UAV self‐motion estimation. However, accurate real‐time localization of moving objects is still challenging. In this article, a global averaging based localization method is proposed to locate moving objects for a small UAV platform. Inspired by global structure from motion, this idea is applied to the localization of moving objects. To solve moving object localization, the relative motion estimation and global position optimisation methods are proposed. The proposed method was tested in various scenarios with a several trajectories. The extensive experimental results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Recognizing the formations of CVBG based on shape context using electronic reconnaissance data
Authors: Shi Lei , Huang Zhen , Feng Xuefeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo recognize the formation of the carrier battle group (CVBG) from passive electronic reconnaissance and location data, a shape context‐based method is proposed. The proposed method treats the location data as a graph model, and a graph matching method is used for formation recognition. The shape context and background context for each unit in CVBG is calculated and used for multi‐viewpoint shape feature, which is rotation invariance and distinctive. The experimental results show that the proposed method can recognize the formation with a higher accuracy and locate the ship with electromagnetic silence.
A million asteroid observations in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Authors: Sergeyev Alexey V. , Carry Benoit 
Published: May 2021

Context.The populations of small bodies of the Solar System (asteroids, comets, Kuiper-Belt objects) are used to constrain the origin and evolution of the Solar System. Both their orbital distribution and composition distribution are required to track the dynamical pathway from their regions of formation to their current locations.Aims.We aim at increasing the sample of Solar System objects that have multi-filter photometry and compositional taxonomy.Methods.We search for moving objects in the archive of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We attempt at maximizing the number of detections by using loose constraints on the extraction. We then apply a suite of filters to remove false-positive detections (stars or galaxies) and mark out spurious photometry and astrometry.Results.We release a catalog of 1 542 522 entries, consisting of 1 036 322 observations of 379 714 known and unique SSOs together with 506 200 observations of moving sources not linked with any known SSOs. The catalog completeness is estimated to be about 95% and the purity to be above 95% for known SSOs.
Luminous efficiency of meteors derived from ablation model after assessment of its range of validity
Authors: Drolshagen E. , Ott T. , Koschny D. , Drolshagen G. , Vaubaillon J. , Colas F. , Zanda B. , Bouley S. , Jeanne S. , Malgoyre A. , Birlan M. , Vernazza P. , Gardiol D. , Nedelcu D. A. , Rowe J. , Forcier M. , Trigo-Rodriguez J. M. , Peña-Asensio E. , Lamy H. , Ferrière L. , Barghini D. , Carbognani A. , Di Martino M. , Rasetti S. , Valsecchi G. B. , Volpicelli C. A. , Di Carlo M. , Knapic C. , Pratesi G. , Riva W. , Stirpe G. M. , Zorba S. , Hernandez O. , Grandchamps A. , Jehin E. , Jobin M. , King A. , Sanchez-Lavega A. , Toni A. , Rimola A. , Poppe B. 
Published: May 2021

Context.The luminous efficiency,τ, can be used to compute the pre-atmospheric masses of meteoroids from corresponding recorded meteor brightnesses. The derivation of the luminous efficiency is non-trivial and is subject to biases and model assumptions. This has led to greatly varying results in the last decades of studies.Aims.The present paper aims to investigate how a reduction in various observational biases can be achieved to derive (more) reliable values for the luminous efficiency.Methods.A total of 281 meteors observed by the Fireball Recovery and InterPlanetary Observation Network (FRIPON) are studied. The luminous efficiencies of the events are computed using an ablation-based model. The relations ofτas a function of the pre-atmospheric meteoroid velocity,ve, and mass,Me, are studied. Various aspects that could render the method less valid, cause inaccuracies, or bias the results are investigated. On this basis, the best suitable meteors were selected for luminous efficiency computations.Results.The presented analysis shows the limits of the used method. The most influential characteristics that are necessary for reliable results for theτcomputation were identified. We study the dependence ofτon the assumed meteoroid’s density,ρ, and include improvedρ-values for objects with identified meteoroid stream association. Based on the discovered individual biases and constraints we create a pre-debiased subset of 54 well-recorded events with a relative velocity change >80%, a final height <70 km, and a Knudsen number Kn < 0.01; this last value indicates that the events were observed in the continuum-flow regime. We findτ-values in the range between 0.012% and 1.1% for this pre-debiased subset and relations ofτtoveandMeof:τ=7.33⋅ve−1.10andτ=0.28⋅Me−0.33.Conclusions.The derived luminous efficiency of meteoroids depends on the assumed material density. Our results indicate that the applied debiasing method improves the analysis ofτfrom decelerated meteoroids. The underlying method is only valid for meteors in the continuum-flow regime. These events tend to have low end heights, large masses, and high deceleration.
Prognostic Value of Cerebroplacental Ratio in Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age Fetuses Before Induction of Labor in Late-Term Pregnancies
Authors: Ortiz Javier U. , Graupner Oliver , Flechsenhar Sarah , Karge Anne , Ostermayer Eva , Abel Kathrin , Kuschel Bettina , Lobmaier Silvia M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the relationship between cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and the need for operative delivery due to intrapartum fetal compromise (IFC) and adverse perinatal outcome (APO) in appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) late-term pregnancies undergoing induction of labor. The predictive performance of CPR was also assessed.
Materials and Methods Retrospective study including singleton AGA pregnancies that underwent elective induction of labor between 41 + 0 and 41 + 6 weeks and were delivered before 42 + 0 weeks. IFC was defined as persistent pathological CTG or pathological CTG and fetal scalp pH < 7.20. Operative delivery included instrumental vaginal delivery (IVD) and cesarean section (CS). APO was defined as a composite of umbilical artery pH < 7.20, Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit for > 24 hours.
Results The study included 314 women with 32 (10 %) IVDs and 49 (16 %) CSs due to IFC and 85 (27 %) APO cases. Fetuses with CPR < 10th percentile showed a significantly higher rate of operative delivery for IFC (40 % (21/52) vs. 23 % (60/262); p = 0.008) yet not a significantly higher rate of APO (31 % (16/52) vs. 26 % (69/262); p = 0.511). The predictive values of CPR for operative delivery due to IFC and APO showed sensitivities of 26 % and 19 %, specificities of 87 % and 84 %, positive LRs of 2.0 and 1.2, and negative LRs of 0.85 and 0.96, respectively.
Conclusion Low CPR in AGA late-term pregnancies undergoing elective induction of labor was associated with a higher risk of operative delivery for IFC without increasing the APO rate. However, the predictive value of CPR was poor.
Deep learning-based detection of eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Guimarães Pedro , Keller Andreas , Fehlmann Tobias , Lammert Frank , Casper Markus 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background For eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a substantial diagnostic delay is still a clinically relevant phenomenon. Deep learning-based algorithms have demonstrated potential in medical image analysis. Here we establish a convolutional neuronal network (CNN)-based approach that can distinguish the appearance of EoE from normal findings and candida esophagitis.
Methods We trained and tested a CNN using 484 real-world endoscopic images from 134 subjects consisting of three classes (normal, EoE, and candidiasis). Images were split into two completely independent datasets. The proposed approach was evaluated against three trainee endoscopists using the test set. Model-explainability was enhanced by deep Taylor decomposition.
Results Global accuracy (0.915 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.880–0.940]), sensitivity (0.871 [95 %CI 0.819–0.910]), and specificity (0.936 [95 %CI 0.910–0.955]) were significantly higher than for the endoscopists on the test set. Global area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.966 [95 %CI 0.954–0.975]. Results were highly reproducible. Explainability analysis found that the algorithm identified the characteristic signs also used by endoscopists.
Conclusions Complex endoscopic classification tasks including more than two classes can be solved by CNN-based algorithms. Therefore, our algorithm may assist clinicians in making the diagnosis of EoE.
Electrochemical Aromatization of Dihydroazines: Effect of Chalco­genophosphoryl (CGP) Substituents on Anodic Oxidation of 9-CGP-9,10-dihydroacridine
Authors: Shchepochkin Alexander V. , Chupakhin Oleg N. , Demina Nadezhda S. , Averkov Maxim A. , Shimanovskaya Tatyana Yu. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Volkov Pavel A. , Telezhkin Anton A. , Trofimov Boris A. , Charushin Valery N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe effect of chalcogenophosphoryl fragments on the anodic oxidation of 9-chalcogenophosphoryl-9,10-dihydroacridines was studied in detail. The data of X-ray structural analyses, quantum chemical calculations, and cyclic voltammetry measurements obtained for these compounds provide an explanation of the observed features. The direct electrochemical phosphorylation of acridine was first carried out successfully.
Synthesis of Borylated Hydrazino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Yudin Andrei K. , Tien Chieh-Hung , Trofimova Alina , Shao Wenjie 
Published: May 2021

Abstractα-Boryl-α-hydrazinoacetic acid is a highly functionalized boron-containing building block that can be easily accessed from readily available α-borylacetaldehyde. The hydrazine motif can be converted into a variety of α-borylated azoles and diazines in a straightforward protocol. Furthermore, the carboxy group can be derivatized to afford novel organoboron compounds that should find applications in various cross-coupling transformations.
Flexural Strength of an Indirect Composite Modified with Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Pennisi Pedro Rogério Camargos , Silva Pedro Urquiza Jayme , Valverde Fábio Scorsolini , Clemente Ticiane Campos , Cerri Vitória , Biaco Maria Eduarda , Ferreira Rebeca Garcia Rosa , Paranhos Luiz Renato , Moffa Eduardo Buozi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objectives The low resistance to fracture has limited the use of indirect composite resins for dental restorations, particularly in regions that are exposed to strong occlusal forces. To overcome this issue, different types of reinforcement for composites have been proposed, one of which is carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural resistance of one commercial indirect composite resin (Sinfony, 3M/ESPE) after incorporation of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs; Sigma–Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, United States) with or without the silanization form.
Materials and Methods Specimens of composite resin were fabricated in a Teflon mold. The composite resin was prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions (n = 10 for each group), with SWCNTs in three concentrations.
Statistical Analysis The SWCNTs and SWCNT/SiO2-ATES specimens were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, and a flexural test was conducted according to the ISO 4049/2009. Flexural strength data in MPa were submitted to one-way ANOVA following Tukey (p < 0.05).
Results The SWCNTs did not improve the flexural strength of indirect composite resin when compared with the control, independent of the concentration added (p > 0.05). However, when SWCNTs and SWCNTs/SiO2-ATES were compared, the SWCNTs/SiO2-ATES showed higher values than the three concentrations of SWCNTs (p < 0.05).
Conclusion The silanization process improves the SWCNTs strength proprieties, but the modification of chemical bonding between SWCNT and SWCNT/SiO2-ATES modified resins, in different concentrations, did not improve the composite resin flexural strength.
Venous Thromboembolism among Critically Ill Children: A Narrative Review
Authors: Sochet Anthony A. , Kiskaddon Amy , Betensky Marisol , Goldenberg Neil 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients, including children. In recent years, it has become clear that hospitalization and critical illness bestow an increased VTE risk in pediatrics and relate to mortality and life-limiting comorbidities. For critically ill children, reported rates of VTE vary by study sampling techniques, presence of inherited or acquired thrombophilia, acute and chronic immobility, underlying illness prompting hospitalization, and clinical factors related to illness severity such as central venous catheterization, length of stay, mechanical ventilation, and patient age. Accordingly, critically ill children with new signs of venous congestion, acute inflammation, or unexplained acute organ dysfunction should be routinely evaluated for VTE. This narrative review summarizes recent and historical literature regarding risk factors, prevention, presentation, treatment, and outcomes of VTE in critically ill children. In addition, we identify knowledge gaps and priorities for future collaborative research on this vital condition. Special attention is given to the clinical trial opportunities, challenges, and ongoing efforts in thromboprophylaxis in critically ill children, including those hospitalized for disease related to novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and multisystem inflammatory disease in children.
DNA Profiling in Forensic Science: A Review
Authors: Bukyya Jaya Lakshmi , Tejasvi M L. Avinash , Avinash Anulekha , P. Chanchala H. , Talwade Priyanka , Afroz Mohammed Malik , Pokala Archana , Neela Praveen Kumar , Shyamilee T K. , Srisha Vammi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDNA is present in most of the cells in our body, which is unique in each and every individual, and we leave a trail of it everywhere we go. This has become an advantage for forensic investigators who use DNA to draw conclusion in identification of victim and accused in crime scenes. This review described the use of genetic markers in forensic investigation and their limitations.
Prognostic Value of Standard Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Reporting System (CAD-RADS)
Authors: Altay Sedat 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aims This study evaluated the clinical prospects of Coronary Artery Disease—Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) scoring in coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). The aim of the study was to determine the guidance value of CAD-RADS scoring in patient follow-up after CTA.
Methods and Materials Reports of cases reported between 2010 and 2013 were reevaluated with CAD-RADS scoring. Clinical risk analysis was performed with initial forms of anamnesis. Clinical follow-up was performed on 7 to 10 years (mean: 8 years, 4 months) hospital records. Univariate and multivariate Cox modeling was performed with Kaplan–Meier method to define the relationship between clinical (age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, family history) and CAD-RADS variables, and for risk analysis based on these causes. Cox proportional-hazards analysis results were presented as a hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval. CAD-RADS scores were evaluated as meaningful determinants of univariate and multivariate Cox proportional survival analysis.
Results Totally, 359 cases were evaluated in the study. Severe coronary pathology development rate was observed as CAD-RADS 0to 1%, CAD-RADS 1 to 3%, CAD-RADS 2 to 4%, CAD-RADS 3 to 9%, CAD-RADS 4A to 21%, 4B to 25%, CAD-RADS 5 to 50%. There were no coronary artery deaths in CAD-RADS 1,2,3 cases in 10 years of follow-up. Two cases with CAD-RADS 4 A score, three cases with 4 B score, and four patients with CAD-RADS 5 had a history of death as a result of coronary disease.
Conclusions The cases with a high risk of side effects with CAD-RADS scores were clearly shown. CAD-RADS score accurately identifies risks in postimaging follow-up and is a reliable reporting system in the required treatment planning.