bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasmodium falciparum malaria drives epigenetic reprogramming of human monocytes toward a regulatory phenotype
Authors: Guha Rajan , Mathioudaki Anna , Doumbo Safiatou , Doumtabe Didier , Skinner Jeff , Arora Gunjan , Siddiqui Shafiuddin , Li Shanping , Kayentao Kassoum , Ongoiba Aissata , Zaugg Judith , Traore Boubacar , Crompton Peter D. 
Published: April 2021

In malaria-naïve children and adults, Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs) trigger fever and other symptoms of systemic inflammation. However, in endemic areas where individuals experience repeated Pf infections over many years, the risk of Pf-iRBC-triggered inflammatory symptoms decreases with cumulative Pf exposure. The molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical observations remain unclear. Age-stratified analyses of uninfected, asymptomatic Malian individuals before the malaria season revealed that monocytes of adults produced lower levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF) in response to Pf-iRBC stimulation compared to monocytes of Malian children and malaria-naïve U.S. adults. Moreover, monocytes of Malian children produced lower levels of IL-1β and IL-6 following Pf-iRBC stimulation compared to 4–6-month-old infants. Accordingly, monocytes of Malian adults produced more IL-10 and expressed higher levels of the regulatory molecules CD163, CD206, Arginase-1 and TGM2. These observations were recapitulated in an in vitro system of monocyte to macrophage differentiation wherein macrophages re-exposed to Pf-iRBCs exhibited attenuated inflammatory cytokine responses and a corresponding decrease in the epigenetic marker of active gene transcription, H3K4me3, at inflammatory cytokine gene loci. Together these data indicate that Pf induces epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes/macrophages toward a regulatory phenotype that attenuates inflammatory responses during subsequent Pf exposure.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01322581.
Morphological rearrangement of the metabolic link of the microcirculatory bed of guinea pigs lungs after sensitization with ovalbumin
Authors: Popko S. S. 
Published: April 2021

The reaction of the lung microvessels is an urgent issue of morphology and medicine in general, as well as one of the insufficiently investigated points in the study of morphological changes in chronic allergic diseases of the respiratory system.
The aim is to study the morphological changes in the vessels of the metabolic link of the microcirculation in the lungs of guinea pigs sensitized with ovalbumin.
Materials and methods. We have studied the lungs of 48 guinea pigs, using histological and morphometric methods, under conditions of experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation, simulated by three-time subcutaneous sensitization and subsequent 8-day intranasal inhalation of ovalbumin. To estimate the structural and functional state of capillaries, the inner diameter of the vessels was determined.
Results. A general regularity in the reactivity of the hemomicrocirculatory bed of guinea pig lungs in experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation was established, which consists in a significant structural and functional restructuring of the exchange vessels of the microcirculatory bed. Dysfunction of the capillaries endothelium is manifested by a change of vasodilatation to vasospasm, as evidenced by morphometric changes in the diameter of the capillaries lumen in the experimental groups, and an increase in the permeability of the capillaries wall, which is confirmed by edema and disorganization of the connective tissue component.
Conclusions. Allergic inflammation leads to structural and functional reorganization of the metabolic link of the hemomicrocirculatory bed of guinea pig lungs, which has a multidirectional staging character depending on the duration of the experiment and is a manifestation of a violation of the compensatory-adaptive processes of hemomicrocirculation. The most pronounced changes in the form of a decrease in the diameter of the lumen of the blood capillaries of the lungs of guinea pigs by 23 % compared to the control are observed during the late period of the development of the allergic inflammatory process.
Measles in Zaporizhzhia: in the footsteps of the last epidemic
Authors: Polishchuk N. M. , Kolycheva N. L. , Krupiei K. S. , Bukina Yu. V. , Kolerova M. Ye. 
Published: April 2021

In 2017–2019 in Ukraine, including the Zaporizhzhia region, a strong rise in the incidence of measles was recorded. A retrospective analysis of the incidence in the Zaporizhzhia region during this outbreak allows us to identify the main problems in the system of epidemiological surveillance to predict future possible consequences.
The aim of the work is to perform a comparative analysis of measles incidence in the Zaporizhzhia region with the data obtained in the period from 2015 to 2020 according to the epidemiological criteria.
Materials and methods. The annual reports of 2015–2020 provided by the Department of Epidemiological Research of the Zaporizhzhia Regional Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine were used as materials for the retrospective epidemiological analysis of measles incidence in Zaporizhzhia region. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out according to epidemiological characteristics: age distribution, the residence of patients in urban or rural areas. Commonly used statistical methods used in medicine were used to evaluate the obtained results.
Results. It is concluded that in the Zaporizhzhia region during 2015 only 2 cases of measles were detected for children, and in 2016 no measles were registered in the region at all. In 2017–2019 1.433 measles patients were identified in the Zaporizhzhia region, of which 68 % were adults and 32 % were children. The lowest detection rate of measles was registered among rural residents. Insufficient vaccination coverage of the population has become a significant reason for the spread of measles among residents of the Zaporizhzhia region. In 2020 no cases of measles have been registered in the Zaporizhzhia region.
Conclusions. The prevalence of incidence rate among adults attests to the fact that today measles can not be considered only a childhood disease. The deficiency of an immune layer, both among adults and children, contributed to the rapid spread of the disease. Mandatory vaccination of children and the introduction of additional vaccination of adults, optimizing the system of epidemiological surveillance for measles, including continuous monitoring of vaccination, is the main mechanism for combating this disease.
Genesis of the national pharmaceutical legislation on the territory of modern Ukraine between IX and early XX centuries: historical and legal aspects
Authors: Aleksieiev O. H. 
Published: April 2021

The aim of the paper is to elucidate the genesis and early development of the national pharmaceutical legislation on the territory of modern Ukraine between IX and early XX centuries taking into account historical and legal aspects.
Materials and methods. The research was carried out with the use of methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as historical, and comparative and legal methods.
Results. The regulation of relations that arose during the production or sale of medical drugs has always been subject to the close attention of the state, even before pharmacy became separated frommedicine. This attitude is explained primarily by the public perception of drugs as a means of possible harm to health and life-threatening.
The issue of legal regulation of pharmaceutical activities should be studied from the standpoint of linguistic analysis of this term, since the Greek word pharmacon means medicine or poison. Realizing this, different countries and their institutions at different historical stages of their existence have always tried to define the legal framework of the pharmaceutical business – to outline its powers, competence and responsibility.
Conclusions. The results of the historical and legal analysis show that the issue of proper suply of the population (or, at different historical stages, its separate strata) has always been under the close attention of the state. State bodies have always been paid special attention to the quality of medicines and professional training of pharmaceutical workers.
Grand Ducal ambitions and Venetian counter-intelligence. The Tuscan failure in the 1607 attack on Cyprus.
Authors: Davide Trentacoste 
Published: April 2021

In June 1607, a Tuscan fleet of about twenty ships and two thousand two hundred men attacked the fortress of Famagusta in Cyprus, with the aim of making it the base for the subsequent occupation of the whole island, which had been in Ottoman hands since 1570. The attack was a total failure: the Tuscan fleet, divided into two parts, did not meet as planned and the Greek inhabitants of the island, who according to Tuscan information should have rebelled, did not. Moreover, the Ottoman garrison was aware of the attack, which meant that the attempt at a surprise attack was in vain. It is clear that, excluding the logistical problem of the fleet meeting up, the enterprise’s lack of success was due to a total inadequacy of what we today would call “intelligence”. The information in Tuscans’ hands did not turn out to be completely correct and they were unable to keep the planned operation secret. However, by contrast, the Venetian intelligence was able to manage the information in its possession in a more cautious way, taking advantage of the situation effectively. Through this case study, the article aims to follow the scholarship on information-gathering in the Early Modern Mediterranean world, showing, once again, how important and extensive such networks were. The aim of this short study, which is based largely on archival documentation, is not to deal with the Tuscan raid on the island, but to identify the faults of the Tuscan “intelligence” that led to the misfortunate attack. Moreover, through the analysis of the documents, it is also possible to add some elements to the knowledge about the Tuscan Grand Duke’s Levantine network.
“El que murió cuando nacía”. Reloj de un infante perfecto: Carlos de Austria (1607-1632) en los elogios fúnebres
Authors: Duchesne Marion 
Published: April 2021

Si bien falleció antes de alcanzar fama, el infante Carlos de Austria (1607-1632) fue celebrado universalmente por los ingenios de su época. Tanta consideración sorprende —sobre todo si se toma en cuenta la poca atención que le dedicó la historiografía— e invita a examinar los panegíricos fúnebres que elogiaron su memoria. Estos publican un modelo de conducta del Infante de Castilla —entre apoyo a las ideas conceptualizadas bajo el régimen de Olivares y a veces tenue crítica a las mismas— a la vez que esbozan el perfil biográfico de la más discreta de las personas reales que vivió bajo el reinado de Felipe IV.
METHOD OF SPECTRAL CLUSTERING OF PAYMENTS AND RAW MATERIALS SUPPLY FOR THE COMPLIANCE AUDIT PLANNING
Authors: Neskorodieva Т. V. , Fedorov E. E. 
Published: April 2021

Context. The analytical procedures used in the audit are currently based on data mining techniques. The work solves the problem of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of analytical audit procedures by clustering based on spectral decomposition. The object of the research is the process of auditing the compliance of payment and supply sequences for raw materials.
Objective. The aim of the work is to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the audit due to the method of spectral clustering of sequences of payment and supply of raw materials while automating procedures for checking their compliance.
Method. The vectors of features are generated for the objects of the sequences of payment and supply of raw materials, which are then used in the proposed method. The created method improves the traditional spectral clustering method by automatically determining the number of clusters based on the explained and sample variance rule; automatic determination of the scale parameter based on local scaling (the rule of K-nearest neighbors is used); resistance to noise and random outliers by replacing the k-means method with a modified PAM method, i.e. replacing centroid clustering with medoid clustering. As in the traditional approach, the data can be sparse, and the clusters can have different shapes and sizes. The characteristics of evaluating the quality of spectral clustering are selected.
Results. The proposed spectral clustering method was implemented in the MATLAB package. The results obtained made it possible to study the dependence of the parameter values on the quality of clustering.
Conclusions. The experiments carried out have confirmed the efficiency of the proposed method and allow us to recommend it for practical use in solving audit problems. Prospects for further research may lie in the creation of intelligent parallel and distributed computer systems for general and special purposes, which use the proposed method for segmentation, machine learning and pattern recognition tasks.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS PRODUCTIVITY OF CLUSTER SYSTEM BASED ON RASPBERRY PI 3B+
Authors: Babchuk S. M. , Humeniuk Т. V. , Romaniv I. T. 
Published: April 2021

Context. High-performance computing systems are needed to solve many scientific problems and to work with complex applied problems. Previously, real parallel data processing was supported only by supercomputers, which are very limited and difficult to access. Currently, one way to solve this problem is to build small, cheap clusters based on single-board computers Raspberry Pi.
Objective. The goal of the work is the creation of a complex criterion for the efficiency of the cluster system, which could properly characterize the operation of such a system and find the dependences of the performance of the cluster system based on Raspberry Pi 3B+ on the number of boards in it with different cooling systems.
Method. It is offered to apply in the analysis of small cluster computer systems the complex criterion of efficiency of work of cluster system which will consider the general productivity of cluster computer system, productivity of one computing element in cluster computer system, electricity consumption by cluster system, electricity consumption per one computing element, the cost of calculating 1 Gflops cluster computer system, the total cost of the cluster computer system.
Results. The developed complex criterion of cluster system efficiency was used to create an experimental cluster system based on single-board computers Raspberry Pi 3B+. Mathematical models of the dependence of the performance of a small cluster system based on single-board computers Raspberry Pi 3B+ depending on the number of boards in it with different cooling systems have also been developed.
Conclusions. The conducted experiments confirmed the expediency of using the developed complex criterion of efficiency of the cluster system and allow to recommend it for use in practice when creating small cluster systems. Prospects for further research are to determine the weights of the constituent elements of the complex criterion of efficiency of the cluster system, as well as in the experimental study of the proposed weights.
Throughputs of two cohorts of dental students at Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University: A comparison.
Authors: Mthethwa Sibusiso R , Nyalunga Phabian M , Gugushe Tshepo S 
Published: April 2021

INTRODUCTION: The numbers of student dentists enrolled at dental schools across the country do not give an indication of the students' progress to degree. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe and compare the throughputs of dentistry course for two cohorts of students at Sefako Makgatho Health Science University. The progress to degree of the 2005 and 2010 cohorts of first year dental students was tracked and compared. DESIGN: A comparative cross-sectional study. METHODS: Academic records of the 2005 and 2010 cohorts of first year dental students were followed up over a five-year period. Data related to the demographic characteristics, numbers enrolled, numbers who dropped out, and the numbers who graduated were acquired and then captured in Microsoft Excel software. RESULTS: Female students constituted the majority of enrolees in both cohorts (53.8% vs. 51.3%). The proportions of students who started the course, completed the degree and graduated within the regulation time among the 2005 and 2010 cohorts were similar (42.1% vs. 41.2%. A lone student among the 2010 cohort dropped out of the course. The majority of students (57.9% vs. 55.9%) in both cohorts took longer to qualify. CONCLUSIONS: The throughputs of dentistry course for the two cohorts hovered around 40%.
Prof Mervyn Shear ... a towering presence in Oral Pathology
Authors: Meer Shabnum 
Published: April 2021

Professor Mervyn Shear made immense contributions to the discipline of Oral Pathology and indeed was the founder of the speciality in South Africa, holding the first Chair of Oral Pathology in the country. He graduated BDS from Wits in 1964, Neil to MDS (Oral Pathology) in 1961 and to the FRC (Pathology) from the Royal College of Pathologists in 1965. His passion for the discipline motivated his determination that Oral Pathology should be affiliated to Anatomical Pathology, a relationship which has ensured maximum exposure for South African registrars in Oral Pathology.
Non-gynaecological issues in women with bleeding disorders
Authors: Biguzzi Eugenia , Dougall Alison , Romero-Lux Olivia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Iron deficiency/anaemia and periodontal disease are among the non-gynaecological issues that may present a challenge in women with bleeding disorders. Anaemia is a global health problem, affecting around 32.5% of non-pregnant women aged under 50 and over 40% of pregnant women. It causes fatigue, shortness of breath and dizziness. Anaemia is usually diagnosed by a low serum level of ferritin. Ferritin may be normal in a person who is taking an iron supplement or in the presence of inflammation, in which case the diagnosis can be confirmed by a low transferrin saturation level. A low level of iron should be corrected in a woman with a bleeding disorder, and women must recognise the importance of doing so. If a healthy diet alone does not avoid iron deficiency, oral supplementation is indicated on a low dose regimen to reduce adverse effects; intravenous administration should be used when rapid restoration of iron is indicated. Failure to respond to iron supplementation is an indication for further investigation. Periodontal disease has only recently been recognised as a modern-day epidemic and can have a major impact on quality of life. Oral health has long been ignored in people with a bleeding disorder as bleeding gums secondary to periodontitis are often attributed to the underlying condition. People with a bleeding disorder may therefore feel they can do nothing to improve their oral health. However, healthy gums do not bleed, even in people with a bleeding disorder. While bleeding gums are often accepted as a consequence of having a bleeding disorder, effective cleaning has been shown to reduce gingivitis and bleeding. Regular contact with a dentist should start at a young age and continue throughout life.
COVID-19’lu anneden doğan yenidoğanın bakımı
Authors: SANDAL Gonca , ÇETİN Hasan 
Published: April 2021

Küresel COVID ‐ 19 salgını, genel popülasyonda yüksek bulaşıcılık, morbidite ve mortalite oranlarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Mevcut kanıtlar, yeni doğmuş bir bebeğin annesinden COVID-19 kapma riskinin özellikle anne yenidoğanın bakımı öncesinde ve sırasında yayılmayı önlemek için (maske takmak ve ellerini yıkamak gibi) adımlar attığında düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. Anneler ve yenidoğan bebekleri arasında vertikal geçişle ilgili yeterli kanıt yoktur. Bununla birlikte, annelerden veya diğer bakım verenlerden doğumdan sonra bulaş olabilir. Mevcut verilere dayanarak, hem COVID-19'lu anne hem de bebeği için morbidite ve mortalite risklerini azaltmaya yönelik uzun süreli ten-tene temas, erken ve anne sütüyle besleme en iyi stratejiler olmaya devam etmektedir.
The global COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with high rates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, morbidity and mortality in the general population. Current evidence suggests that the risk of a newborn getting COVID-19 from their mother is low, especially when the mother takes steps (such as wearing a mask and her washing hands) to prevent spread before and during care of the newborn. There is currently insufficient evidence to suggest vertical transmission between mothers and their newborn infants. However, transmission can happen after birth from mothers or other carers. Based on the currently available data, prolonged skin-to-skin contact and early and exclusive breastfeeding remain the best strategies to reduce the risks of morbidity and mortality for both the mother with COVID-19 and her baby.
Impact of gender and age on long-term outcomes of isolated coronary bypass surgery
Authors: Poteev M A , Yakubov R A , Khaisanov A G 
Published: April 2021

Aim. Search for predictors of death and analysis of long-term survival after coronary bypass surgery.
Methods. The study included 1742 patients who underwent isolated coronary bypass surgery in Emergency Hospital (Naberezhnye Chelny) between 2011 and 2019, of whom 345 (19.8%) women and 1397 (80.2%) men. The women were older: their average age was 65.896.98 years versus 61.297.71 years for men (p 0.001). The primary end point was death from any cause in the long-term postoperative period.
Results. The primary end point occurred in 170 patients (9.8% of the total sample), including 19 women and 151 men (11.2 vs. 88.8%). The average follow-up period was 43.6527.55 months, the median follow-up period 41 months. Both the 5-year survival rate (89% for women against 76% for men; p=0.042) and overall survival rate for the entire observation period were higher in women (86% versus 74%; p=0.042). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the long-term survival statistically significantly associated with age: up to 59 years [hazard ratio (HR) 0,43; confidence interval (CI) 0,280,65; р 0,001] and aged between 60 and 69 years (HR 0,62; CI 0,410,9; р 0,018), with gender: for female (HR 0,46; CI 0,290,77; р 0,002) and with factor of aortic occlusion during extracorporeal circulation (HR 2,42; CI 1,13-5,17; р 0,022) as well as the number of used internal thoracic arteries: one (HR 0,12; CI 0,020,65; р 0,015) or two (HR 0,08; CI 0,010,95; р 0,045).
Conclusion. Both 5-year and overall survival in women was higher; factors such as female gender and young age significantly influence survival in the long-term follow-up period after coronary bypass surgery, increasing it.