bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
And Then a Violin Began To Play
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Welsh composer Ivor Novello, whose seven Big Sing musicals, from 1935 to 1949, present an imposing body of work. His seven operettas are Glamorous Night (1935), Careless Rapture (1936), Crest Of the Wave (1937), The Dancing Years (1939), Arc De Triomphe (1943), Perchance To Dream (1945), and King's Rhapsody (1949). They could be described as both terrible and wonderful, vexed by boisterous storytelling yet protected by Novello's extraordinary gifts in melody and harmony. Glamorous Night initiated the rise of the type of musical genre by which Novello is known today. He wrote the scripts, composed the songs (mostly to Christopher Hassall's lyrics), played the leads, and generally supervised the entire production without actually directing. Yet Novello himself, though he played heroes in six of these titles, did not generally sing.
Ice Age Humans (30,000 Years Ago)
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Starting about 35,000 years ago, humans seem to have made a great leap forward culturally. The authors argue that this wasn’t because of genetic changes that caused the human brain to have increased capacity. It was because some groups culturally evolved the “social tools” that allowed them to maintain connections and share information over long distances. The groups with the most effective social tools managed to stay connected and to survive, and their descendants inherited this culture of connectedness. It’s likely that forming greater connectedness and more complex culture was necessary in order to survive the periods of high climate variability that were a feature of the last ice age.
Another Transformation
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
During the last few centuries, the invention of new social tools made it possible for humans to interact and connect. The structure of society changed, and the role of the family was much diminished. This triggered a cultural transformation we are still in the middle of. “Modernity” is a good word for this transformation, because what we think of as modern changes all the time. And that is what our culture is doing. It is changing all the time. The transformation began in Europe, but now virtually all human populations have been touched by modernity. One of the most profound effects of this transformation is our attitude toward children.
Bonnie and Clyde and the Aural Imagination of American Counterculture
Authors: Bishop Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Bonnie and Clyde’s soundtrack dramatizes a conflict between historicity and the temporal immediacy of lived experience. The film’s sound design offers a self-reflexive meditation on the photo- and phonographic capturing of human presence through mechanical mediation. This capturing, the author argues, functions as a metaphor for historical narrativity, a confining discourse to which the film seeks alternatives through a stylistic language drawing upon both visceral realism and ephemeral abstraction. Bonnie and Clyde’s unique bluegrass pop score extends the soundtrack’s larger concern with sensory immersion and mechanized, alienating distance, allowing the film to acquire a countercultural cachet suggestive of the “Happening,” a concept from avant-garde art that was broadly appropriated as a way of understanding of the popular zeitgeist.
The Revisionist Western and the Mythic Past
Authors: Bishop Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The role of myth in the Western has frequently been understood as that of cultural mystification, naturalizing the systemic violence that accompanied America’s westward expansion. Within this understanding, the sub-genre of the revisionist Western is understood to intervene with “counter-mythic” discourse. In Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and McCabe and Mrs. Miller, however, myth emerges not merely as revisionist cultural narrative, but as a spatiotemporal aesthetic of experience, a sensibility conveying an imagined time-outside-of-time. In distinct ways, both films encourage us to imagine a mythic experience of the past through the soundtrack. Burt Bacharach’s pop score for Butch Cassidy and the use of Leonard Cohen’s songs in McCabe and Mrs. Miller distinctly position each film within a mythic space of timelessness in which the immediate present of a contemporary experience and the distancing effects of historicity might be imagined as blurring and freely flowing into one another.
Welcome, Will Hays!
Authors: Gautreau Justin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Hollywood novel became an increasingly politicized endeavor following the industry scandals of the early 1920s. While some insiders wrote novels as propaganda to defend the industry, others looked to the novel as the only way to circumvent the stranglehold that the Hays Office began enacting over film culture. Such a split can be seen most clearly in Rupert Hughes’s Souls for Sale and Harry Leon Wilson’s Merton of the Movies. Where Souls for Sale doubled down on its defense of Hollywood despite the scandal that continued to make headlines through its serialization, Merton of the Movies set the standard for critiquing the industry between the lines without causing the commotion that other damning publications would. In its aim to cast a critical eye on the industry, then, the first generation of the Hollywood novel conceived of the Hays Office as its official antithesis, the line that begged to be crossed.
Technicolor Consciousness
Authors: Gautreau Justin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Reapproaching more canonical Hollywood novels in the context of three-color Technicolor and the Production Code, this chapter argues that Nathanael West’s The Day of the Locust and Raymond Chandler’s The Big Sleep (both 1939) countered Technicolor treatments of Southern California in film, which had reified not only the industry’s sanitized façade but also boosterism’s whitewashed history. In opposition to the Technicolor Corporation’s persistent claims to realism, The Day of the Locust laments mass culture’s colonization of the senses, while The Big Sleep critiques the unreality of everyday life in a place built on a commodified past. West and Chandler depict a Hollywood landscape collapsing in on itself, becoming visually indistinguishable from a Technicolor film yet morally unrecognizable by the standards of the screen.
Discipline Formation and Research Training
Authors: Turner James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the training of several Anglo-American scholars who published in a cluster of fields in the humanities —including classics, archaeology, anthropology, history, and modern languages—before their specialization into separate disciplines. Intriguingly, instruction in research in these disciplines began very close in time to each discipline’s formation. Starting from this coincidence, the chapter asks whether research training gives rise to a discipline or the formation of a discipline precedes its particular way of training? The chapter’s answer is that research training alone cannot explain the emergence of disciplinarity, as many factors play into the formation of a new discipline. But the invention of research training, especially in academe, may have been the catalyst that made it gel.
The Rise of Academic Laboratory Science
Authors: Rocke Alan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter seeks to understand the context and sequelae of Justus Liebig’s model for university research and teaching. This model was arguably the most important single element in the international rise of graduate education and research, not just in chemistry, but more broadly, over the course of the 19th century, in all academic fields. This chapter avoids hagiography by employing an eclectic approach that places emphasis on contingencies of time, place, and discipline, and briefly examines the results of the story not just in Germany, but also in France, Britain, and the United States.
Training Research Mathematicians circa 1900
Authors: Parshall Karen Hunger 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
An American mathematical research community emerged over the course of the closing quarter of the nineteenth century. In its efforts to shape itself, it looked abroad and especially to Germany, France, and Great Britain, three countries long established as mathematical leaders. What it found there were three very different systems for training future mathematical researchers. This chapter compares and contrasts those systems—at the same time that it examines the American system ultimately influenced by them—as they had evolved by the turn of the twentieth century. In so doing, it casts a comparative eye on what have traditionally been treated as four largely separate and distinct national mathematical communities and identifies shared standards of and practices in research-level training as a critical component of the internationalization of the field in the twentieth century.
The Année Sociologique as Training Ground for Sociology: Durkheim, Mauss, and the Art of Book Reviewing in Fin de Siècle France
Authors: Barberis Daniela S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a specific aspect of the efforts of Durkheim and his colleagues to institutionalize sociology as a scientific research discipline in France in the late nineteenth century: the graduate training of emerging sociologists. This training posed several challenges at its inception, such as the lack of a formal program of education and of dedicated faculty or facilities. One way that Durkheim and his associates worked around their relative lack of resources was through the foundation of the Année sociologique. This journal was a discipline building enterprise: it was a collective undertaking, it discussed a wide variety of material, and it organized the intellectual division of labor in a number of subfields, effectively defining the discipline of sociology by its choices of authors and books for review. Durkheim, as the hub of the enterprise, and Mauss, as his closest collaborator and ‘alter ego’, reviewed all submissions, suggested revisions and insisted on examining everything in the smallest detail. This extensive work of editing formed the style of professional reviews of their collaborators. Durkheim encouraged and directed the research work of his younger teammates, providing them with guidance in producing original articles in the field of sociology, offering models of scientific research in the field, and helping them obtain academic appointments. A large part of this work of training was conducted via correspondence, due to the geographical distance between the members of the group. This chapter examines the practices of training in writing, their transfer across generations, and their significance to the success of the group.
Shaping the Unruly Statistician
Authors: Porter Theodore M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Statistics achieved something like disciplinary status in universities as a mathematical and methodological field during the first half of the twentieth century. Yet the experience of statistics stands as a warning against the supposition that scientific knowledge tends naturally to become a discrete discipline. Centuries prior to the consolidation of the mathematical field of statistics, there arose, gradually, a social and administrative field of statistics. Some of the most fundamental concepts and tools of statistical reasoning were first established in this context. Census offices and statistical bureaus devoted to economic, medical, trade, and labor statistics behave in some ways like scientific fields, and in recent times have been more or less closely allied to the mathematical field. From the late nineteenth century, the mathematical field of statistics also came to be seen as a set of concepts and tools for analyzing data in a variety of fields, from engineering, agriculture, education, medicine, and social surveys to astronomy, psychology, economics, sociology, ecology, and physical sciences. All of these gave some heed to the statistical discipline, but none were quite content to mathematicians and methodologists of quantification who dictate the appropriate tools to be used in diverse substantive disciplines. At the same time, input from the substantive disciplines and even from bureaucratic and professional uses has always been important for the shaping of the statistical discipline, which first took shape primarily as a field devoted to problems of evolution, genetics, and eugenics. That history shows a geographical trajectory, arising most prominently in Britain and spreading most readily to other English-language countries.
Training Medical Researchers in Korea during the Japanese Colonial Period (1910–1945)
Authors: Yeo In-sok 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Western medicine integrated laboratory science with clinical experience in the nineteenth century. A similar process of integration took place in the non-Western world, though somewhat later, and with differences derived from specific historical and social contexts. This article describes this process in Korea, where Western medicine was first introduced in the 1880s, and medical education followed soon afterwards. During the Japanese colonial rule, which began in 1910, medical research was accommodated at the Severance Medical College, which was established and supported by Western missionaries, as well as the government medical college and the Faculty of Medicine at Keijo Imperial University in Seoul. This paper surveys the history of medical research from the introduction of Western medicine into Korea in the late nineteenth century to the appearance of first Korean medical researchers during the colonial period.
Training Historians and Ethnologists in Taiwan, 1928–1949
Authors: Chen Wei-Chi , Chou Wan-yao , Chang Ku-ming (Kevin) 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the education for academic research that was institutionalized in colonial Taiwan and the informal training that was available to junior scholars. It first briefly contextualizes the founding of the only university in the colony in 1928, then examines the fields of Southeast Asian history and ethnology, in which the colonial government of Taiwan invested heavily, and draws a pattern from the careers of the faculty. This is followed by an analysis of the four modes of research training available at the time: undergraduate education, apprenticeship at the university, self-training outside the university, and advanced study abroad. At the end of the survey is a description of the foundational education that the remaining Japanese faculty provided to the first generation of Taiwanese academics in archaeology and anthropology after World War II.
Introduction to Critical Modesty
Authors: Dancer Thom 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Introduction examines Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go to explore how the modest and minor mode of thinking practiced in it might be broadened to an emerging set of contemporary fiction, criticism, and theory. Drawing on the work of philosophical pragmatism, the Introduction argues that modesty as a temperament in novels entails the principle that fiction holds no special position outside the world from which to speak about it, and therefore, it frames novelistic expression as a process of thinking. Crucially, recognizing the novel as a process of thinking with the world requires a reciprocal critical modesty in which we understand critical work as something that happens in collaboration with the novel rather than to it. Critical modesty is not a theory or method to be applied but a temperament sourced from the ways texts model their own relations. Thus, the Introduction offers an account of the book’s key terms that follow from the ways that novelists and critics practice critical modesty.
Ian McEwan’s Redescriptions
Authors: Dancer Thom 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on theories of modesty as redescription at work in literary texts. Ian McEwan’s Atonement, Saturday, and Solar demonstrate critical modesty in two interrelated ways. His novels offer a modest vision of literary efficacy as severely circumscribed by literature’s entanglements with the larger world. At the same time, to the extent that McEwan grants some relevance to the literary, it is through a style of epistemologically modest narration that seeks to redescribe a situation without judgment. The chapter illustrates the effects of a critically modest approach to reading McEwan’s fiction by contrasting it with different approaches by critics such as John Banville and Elaine Hadley. In contrast to these critics who find McEwan’s novels to be self-satisfied and politically quietist, I argue that McEwan narrates and formalizes the process of thinking in such a way as to intensify the mismatch between the reader’s experience of the world and the redescription of that experience in the novel. Novels such as Atonement, Saturday, and Solar demonstrate the value of epistemological modesty precisely at those moments when their main characters fail most spectacularly to achieve it.
Zadie Smith’s Partnerships
Authors: Dancer Thom 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Taking up questions of reading and the agency of the critic, the second chapter offers the most direct treatment of post-critical discourse. In it, I argue that Zadie Smith’s claim that all critics are artists, contrary to expectations, recommends a disposition of critical modesty. Though Smith works to reimagine criticism as a “difficult partnership” between writer and critic, what makes it difficult, according to Smith, is the need for the critic to subordinate their view of the world to the one on offer in the work of literature. Reading Smith as a reader and critic, especially her work on E. M. Forster, I find that the comparison of the work of the artist to that of the critic is less an aggrandizement of the importance of writing (in terms of style) for the critic than an effort to recognize that novels and works of criticism are engaged in the same kind of activity: making a certain experience of the world sufficiently shared to create common ground for further conversation. The chapter ends with a reading of Smith’s novel On Beauty that models the kind of difficult partnership that Smith cultivates in her essays.
J. M. Coetzee’s Weakness
Authors: Dancer Thom 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter’s investigation of the value of “soft opinions” from Diary of a Bad Year seeks to take political objections to critical modesty head on by thinking with J. M. Coetzee about the dispositions necessary to speak well in public. Both McEwan and Smith are interested in reading as an event that intimates one to an experience of failure, specifically the failure to know the world as another person does. From this intimation of failure, both draw lessons about the need for a modest disposition towards our own self-knowledge and our ability to make private experience public. Coetzee’s late novels—Elizabeth Costello and Diary of a Bad Year—take this failure to mean that there is no uncompromised position outside of politics or literature from which to speak about them. Coetzee’s well-known critique of rationalism is a reflection of his insistence that we are already compromised when we speak, that neither pure reason nor pure fiction provides any neutral site of judgment. Against the strong opinions of rationality, Coetzee embraces the weak but still critical claims of fiction, rhetoric, and imagination. Thus, for Coetzee modesty emerges as a condition of speaking in public because such speech is already politically, ethically, and spiritually implicated. In Diary, Coetzee uses multiple overlapping narrative lines to model what he calls “soft opinions” and “sympathetic imagination.” These formal techniques exemplify a disposition of critical modesty that he finds necessary for cultivating a better life from a position already entangled with the world.
Structural Change in South Africa
Authors: Zalk Nimrod 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces how policies and institutions flowing from the post-apartheid political settlement in South Africa gave rise to a range of rents and rent-like transfers, which have not, however, been adequately invested to advance structural transformation. Rather, corporate and industrial restructuring has been associated with a ‘high-profit and low-investment’ economy and deindustrialization. Low investment, job losses, and limited black participation in the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy from the mid-1990s spurred the political impetus for a stronger role for the state during the 2000s. The formal introduction of industrial policy in 2007 has had some successes and helped to avert even deeper deindustrialization. However, it has been undermined by unsupportive macroeconomic policies and a weak articulation between policies to advance black ownership and structural transformation. Rising corruption and maladministration have further undermined structural transformation. Implications are drawn from South Africa’s experience for middle-income countries more generally.
Structural Transformation, Economic Power, and Inequality in South Africa
Authors: Goga Sumayya , Mondliwa Pamela 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how economic power, understood as control over accumulation, has influenced the poor progress of structural transformation in South Africa, which, in turn, has impacted on inequality through income and wealth effects. The chapter argues that the failure to diversify and develop downstream capabilities in manufacturing in South Africa reflects, among other things, the entrenched advantages of incumbent upstream firms, as well as the lack of a policy agenda for transformation that incorporates a recognition of the economic power of these upstream firms. The inability to change the patterns of accumulation underlies the persistent inequality in income and wealth. The chapter involves an analysis of interests in the South African economy within key industry groupings (specifically the metals and plastics value chains) and how these interests have set agendas and shaped policy and regulation to set the rules of the game for the benefit of upstream firms. The analysis shows that economic structure is a source of economic power, and that the relative strength of the upstream industries means that their interests are better served than those of diversified downstream industries.
Black Economic Empowerment, Barriers to Entry, and Economic Transformation in South Africa
Authors: Vilakazi Thando , Bosiu Teboho 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
One of the key challenges of South Africa’s democratic project has been supporting the effective participation of the previously excluded black majority in the economy. The broad-based black economic empowerment (BBBEE) policy, as the primary tool employed to drive racial transformation, is assessed and found to have had a limited impact, although there has been some progress. The chapter considers the link between structural transformation and black economic empowerment in three key parts. First, relevant literature is drawn on to build the argument that inclusion matters for structural transformation. Second, is an examination of the factors that have underpinned the challenges with the implementation of BBBEE to open up the economy for broader participation, including its limited focus on key barriers to entry, and the implications for structural transformation in South Africa. Third, the chapter presents a case study based on a survey of applicants under the government’s ‘black industrialists scheme’ as a critical evolution from, and alternative to, the approach followed with BBBEE, as it is able to contribute to both racial and structural transformation of the economy. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the roles of black economic empowerment and the black industrialists scheme, barriers to entry, and structural transformation of the economy.