bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intolerance of Eight Ounces of Milk in Healthy Lactose-Intolerant Teen-Agers
Authors: Mitchell Keiffer J. , Bayless Theodore M. , Paige David M. , Goodgame Richard W. , Huang Shi-Shung 
Published: December 2021

The ability of lactose-intolerant individuals to tolerate 8 ounces of milk was determined in healthy teenagers. Thirty-two blacks were studied with 50-gm lactose tolerance tests. Nineteen (59%) had a flat blood sugar curve and 13 (39%) also developed bloating, cramps, loose stools, or diarrhea with the test. These latter 13 were defined as lactose-intolerant.
Seven of the 13 lactose-intolerant teen-agers (54%) developed abdominal bloating and/or cramps after drinking 8 ounces of milk (half-pint). None had diarrhea. Eight were symptomatic with the equivalent amount of lactose (12 gm) while only one had symptoms with the monosaccharide components of lactose, glucose and galactose. The symptoms with milk and 12 gm of lactose were less severe than with the 50-gm tolerance test. A history of a prior awareness of milk intolerance was obtained from 11 of the 13 lactose-intolerant subjects.
At least one haLf of lactose intolerant teen-agers might be expected to be symptomatic after drinking 8 ounces of milk without other food.
Milk intolerance should be considered in the nutritional planning for teen-agers with special attention to members of population groups with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance.
The Iduronidase-Deficient Mucopolysaccharidoses: Clinical and Roentgenographic Features
Authors: Stevenson Roger E. , Howell R. Rodney , McKusick Victor A. , Suskind Robert , Hanson James W. , Elliott Dorothy E. , Neufeld Elizabeth F. 
Published: December 2021

Hurler and Scheie syndromes, two of the six clinically distinct mucopolysaccharidoses, are deficient in the same lysosomal enzyme, α-L-iduronidase. A third group of iduronidase-deficient patients can now be identified during the pediatric years using clinical and radiographic criteria.
Based on inferential evidence for allelism between the Hurler and Scheie genes, the occurrence of genetic compounds which simultaneously carry both mutant alleles may be predicted to occur. This can be considered analogous to the structural gene mutations leading to hemoglobin SC disease. Four patients with phenotypes intermediate between Hurler and Scheie syndromes are felt to represent genetic compounds of this type. Both clinical and roentgenographic features are helpful in distinguishing these patients from those with Hurler syndrome or Scheie syndrome. Fibroblast correction characteristics identical to those of Hurler syndrome and Scheie syndrome and absence of consanguinity are additional features which favor classification as genetic compounds. The possibility of a third mutant allele at the Hurler-Scheie locus or of extreme phenotypic variation are not considered likely alternative explanations. Depending on the frequency of the Scheie syndrome and the Hurler syndrome, genetic compounds may occur with an intermediate frequency or may be more common than either homozygous condition.
Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Liver Disease in Children: Phenotypes, Manifestations, and Prognosis
Authors: Odièvre Michel , Martin Jean-Pierre , Hadchouel Michèle , Alagille Daniel , Thaler M. Michael 
Published: December 2021

Odievre M, Martin J-P, Hadchouel M, Alagille D: Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Liver Disease in Children: Phenotypes, Manifestations, and Prognosis. Pediatrics, 57:226, 1976.
Institutional affiliations of the authors should read: Unité de Recherche d'hépatologie infantile and Groupe de Recherche sur la génétique des protéines humaines, I.N.S.E.R.M., Bicêtre, France.
Reprints requests should be directed to: (M.O.) Unité de Recherche d'hépatologie infantile I.N.S.E.R.M. U 56, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94270 Bicêtre, France.
Thymic cells and humoral factors as therapeutic agents
Authors: Wara Diane W. , Ammann Arthur J. 
Published: December 2021

The experiments of Good et al.1 and Miller2 in 1962 established the thymus as an organ essential for the development and maintenance of cellular immunity. Further studies established that the immunologic functions of the thymus were mediated by both cellular and humoral components.
The importance of thymic cells in immunity was shown by the permanent restoration of cellular function in thymectomized animals following transplantation of intact thymus glands.3 Thymic-derived lymphocytes (T cells) have been identified as the population of cells which achieves maturation after migration through the thymus; their maturational stages are identified by various cellular characteristics and classified by nomenclature T0-T1-T2.4
The pediatrician and care of chronic illness
Authors: Jennison M. Harry 
Published: December 2021

The prevalence of chronic illness in children in this country has been estimated to be 10% to 20%. (Chronicity, by definition, refers to any condition that persists for longer than three months.)1 Furthermore, the prevalence figures that identify at least one of every ten children as having chronic disease include only physical disorders and exclude mental or emotional handicaps and other conditions now classified as the "new morbidity." This group of problems, which encompasses preschool behavior and learning disorders as well as other school dysfunctions and adolescent adjustment problems, represents a significant additional class of chronic disabilities.
Primary physicians now find themselves with responsibility for (1) the earliest possible identification of any child with chronic disease; (2) assessment of various physical, emotional, and social needs including referral to specialty services such as consulting physician-specialists and other helping agencies and resources; and finally (3) provision of continuity and coordination of care for medical problems such as childhood cancer or a psycho-educational problem such as a severe learning disability.
THE PRECOCIOUS THREE-YEAR-OLD LORD MACAULEY
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-1859), historian, poet, essayist, and statesman, will most likely be remembered by American readers as the author of Lays of Ancient Rome. Macauley's precocity as a small child was vividly described in Sir George Trevelyan's The Life and Letters of Lord Macauley (1876) as follows:
From the time that he was three years old he read incessantly, for the most part lying on the rug before the fire, with his book on the ground, and a piece of bread and butter in his hand. A very clever woman who then lived in the house as a parlour-maid told how he used to sit in his nankeen frock, perched on the table by her as she was cleaning the plate, and expounding to her out of a volume as big as himself. He did not care for toys, but was very fond of taking his walk, when he would hold forth to his companion, whether nurse or mother, telling interminable stories out of his own head, or repeating what he had been reading in language far above his years. His memory retained without effort the phraseology of the book which he had been last engaged on, and he talked, as the maid said, ‘quite printed words’, which produced an effect that appeared formal, and often, no doubt, exceedingly droll.
About this period his father took him on a visit to Lady Waldegrave at Strawberry Hill, and was much pleased to exhibit to his old friend the fair bright boy, dressed in a green coat with red collar and cuffs, a frill at the throat, and white trousers.
Dr. Krugman Replies
Authors: Krugman Saul 
Published: December 2021

The decision to use immune serum globulin (ISG) for household contacts of symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B virus should be dependent upon at least two factors: (1) the efficacy of the ISG preparation, and (2) the risk of acquiring disease following the exposure.
Efficacy of ISG. It is clear that conclusions based on studies which were conducted in the 1950's and 1960's are no longer valid today. At that time, specific tests for the identification of hepatitis B infection were not available.
Do We Really Need More Bureaucracy?
Authors: Arey Stuart Lane 
Published: December 2021

I have just finished reading the proposed plan for recertification in Pediatrics. The aims of this document are laudable, and cannot be opposed by any pediatrician. However, I think a long look at the trends in education and certification is in order.
In the early 1920's a physician could take a three-week trip to Vienna and return as a pediatric specialist. By 1976 it had become necessary to complete a course of training and demonstrate competence by both written and oral examinations before being certified.
Reply to the "Apnea Monitor Business" Commentary
Authors: Beckwith J. Bruce 
Published: December 2021

As co-author of the commentary1 to which Steinschneider took such umbrage in his rebuttal commentary,2 I gather I am supposed to feel wounded, or at least offended. However, despite the repeated implication that he disagrees with us on many points, I found Steinschneider's essay to be an eloquent reinforcement of the major points we wished to make.
His commentary was divided into four sections. The first, on "the use and misuse of monitors," says precisely what we were trying to say, but does it better.
THE POWER OF MATERNAL IMPRESSION CAUSES THE ALLEGED FATHER'S NAME TO APPEAR IN LEGIBLE LETTERS IN HIS INFANT SON'S RIGHT EYE (1817)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

During the 19th century the question of maternal impressions was still unresolved. A curious example of the putative power of this phenomenon is given below. A similar instance was reported about 1825 by Dr. Munro of Edinburgh who frequently exhibited a child in whose eyes many persons imagined they could read the name and age of his father.
A young woman in Galloway [Scotland] having proved with child, laid the same to a respectable man of the name John Woods, who denied being the father of the same, and persisted in his denial saying that he would never acknowledge the child unless his name was written at full length on its face; and he accordingly gave his solemn oath before the court to that effect. This made so much impression on the mind of the young woman, who was present, that his name and person remained constantly in her mind's eye, and when the child was born, the name of the father appeared in legible letters in the child's eye, the name of "JOHN WOODS," on the right eye, and "BORN 1817" on the left eye. When John Woods, the alleged father, came to know this circumstance, he instantly absconded and has not since been heard of.
This wonderful child has now arrived in this city [Edinburgh], and has been inspected by the Professors and other learned Faculties of this city, and pronounced to be a most wonderful phenomenon of nature, and an astonishing dispensation of Providence in pointing out the truth against the wicked and perjured ways of men.
Dr. Kendig Replies
Authors: Kendig Edwin L. 
Published: December 2021

The technical aspects of tuberculin testing are extremely important. Not only must the tuberculin test be applied properly, but the reaction must be read and measured accurately.1 Two personal experiences should suffice as examples.
One evening a pediatrician was called to his office to see a patient of one of his associates. The child had a minor respiratory infection, but in the course of the examination a red papule was noted on the volar surface of one forearm.
Dr. Janeway and the University Center for the Health Sciences in Yaounde, Cameroon
Authors: Joseph Stephen C. 
Published: December 2021

Beginning as a cooperative venture between the government of Cameroon and the World Health Organization in the late 1960's, the University Center for the Health Sciences (UCHS) in Yaounde was developed as a prototype institution for multiprofessional health education and training, intended to be responsive to the health problems of contemporary Africa.1
Cameroon, a country not atypical of sub-Saharan Africa, is characterized by subsistence agriculture, rural and increasing urban poverty, scarcities of trained manpower, fiscal, and logistic resources, rapid population growth, and pervasive high morbidity and mortality patterns emphasizing the interactions between early childhood malnutrition and infectious and parasitic disease.
Parental Visiting of Sick Infants: The Effect of Living at Home Prior to Hospitalization
Authors: Lampe John , Trause Mary Anne , Kennell John 
Published: December 2021

Several studies have suggested the importance of keeping mother and infant together during the early post-partum period for the development of the mother-infant bond.1,2 Mother-infant contact soon after birth has been shown to have far-reaching consequences with effects demonstrable in mother-to-child speech at 2 years3 and affecting IQ in premature infants at 42 months.4 Prematurity and neonatal illness may separate the mother and infant and change the quality of their contact. After these separations there is a significant increase in the incidence of child abuse and failure to thrive in the absence of organic cause.5,6
The frequency of parental visiting was studied to determine the effects of a short period of care at home and the presence of a visible congenital anomaly on parent-to-infant attachment.
Optimism or pessimism for the victim of child abuse?
Authors: Cupoli J. Michael , Newberger Eli H. 
Published: December 2021

The Contribution Of Elmer To Our Knowledge Of Child Abuse1 Brings Into Focus The Limited State Of Our Understanding Of The Long-Term Effects Of The Problem. We Know Too Little About The Impact Of Abuse On Children, And The Findings Of The Study Suggest That We Must Attend To The Social And Familial Circumstances Which Equally Affected The Outcomes Of Cases And Controls. The Study Concludes "That The Effects On Child Development Of Lower-Class Membership May Be As Powerful As Abuse."
Other Reports Of The Developmental Sequelae Of Child Abuse Have Emphasized A Range Of Physical, Emotional, Social, And Cognitive Pathology.2-7
Photodistribution of Viral Exanthems
Authors: Cupoli J. Michael 
Published: December 2021

I was asked to see an 8-year-old girl with a vesicular rash which on first observation appeared to be smallpox (variola), as all the lesions were at the same stage of development. In fact, the sheet-like distribution was confined to the back, and the abdomen and face had the typical appearance of chickenpox (varicella).
It was discovered that the patient and her brother (unrelated sibling by adoption) had both had a two-day prodrome, then had gone to the beach where they acquired a mild sunburn.
He Wonders
Authors: Lechelt Ronald K. 
Published: December 2021

After reading the lengthy responses to the article on circumcision, I wish to make a suggestion: All letters regarding this weighty matter to be accepted by the editor and published must state the status of the author's penis.
My impression is that we would find that those of us in favor were circumcised as infants and probably subconsciously believe our parents were correct. Those who were "denied" this as infants now need to relieve their parents of this onerous burden. (Fiend?)
Vesicoureteral Reflux in the Primate: II. Maturation of the Ureterovesical Junction
Authors: Roberts James A. , Riopelle Arthur J. 
Published: December 2021

Infant rhesus monkeys frequently show vesicoureteral reflux unlike adults. We studied monkeys born of mothers who had been on normal or protein-deficient diets. Protein deficiency may influence the time that reflux continues, but this was not statistically proved.
Reflux disappears over time. The time was influenced by when the pregnancy was initiated and the maturity of the infant.
Maturation as measured by skeletal maturity scores correlated well with the time of reflux, but growth as measured by birth weight did not.
Vesicoureteral reflux in the monkey is frequent, but maturation of the ureterovesical junction occurs by age 3 years and reflux disappears.
The Respiratory Mechanism of Aerosol Inhalation in the Treatment of Partial Airway Obstruction
Authors: Sasaki Clarence T. , Suzuki Masafumi 
Published: December 2021

There is a sensory system within the mucosa of the nose and supraglottic larynx that appears to be both mechanosensitive and chemosensitive. Our data suggest that the respiratory modification produced by microaerosol inhalation represents a mechanoreceptor rather than chemoreceptor response. Furthermore, the sensitivity of this reflex system appears age-dependent, the data indicating a more active response early in life.
From a clinical perspective, it is postulated that aerosol inhalation reflexly alters the pattern of breathing, resulting in improved respiratory flow rates during partial upper airway obstruction. The mechanism of a favorable clinical response to mist inhalation has not been previously appreciated in this context.
Roentgenographically Visible Fatty Liver in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Gibson Burney , Levin Daniel , Currarino Guido , Weinberg Arthur 
Published: December 2021

Fatty infiltration of the liver of sufficient severity to become detectable by roentgenographic examination is an uncommon observation. Only eight cases have been reported1 and another eight have been mentioned in the literature.2,3 Six of these patients had cystic fibrosis. During the past two years we have observed three similar cases of fatty liver diagnosed roentgenographically. All three patients had cystic fibrosis and a grossly fatty liver was confirmed at autopsy. This apparent high incidence of cystic fibrosis and roentgenographically visible fatty liver prompted us to evaluate this relationship further by reviewing the initial roentgenogram of all patients with cystic fibrosis who were admitted to the Children's Medical Center during the past five years.
See table in the PDF file
BIRTH DEFECTS: MODERN APPROACHES TO DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION (Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference, Vienna, September 2-8, 1973). Edited by Arno G. Motulsky and W. Lenz. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1974, $40.40
Authors: Woolley Paul V. 
Published: December 2021

The final plenary grouping, entitled Modern Approaches to Diagnosis and Prevention, could stand by itself as a monograph. There are four articles covering prenatal diagnosis and three updating data on current screening programs, including a progress report upon what has been to me one of the most dramatic epidemiologic approaches to voluntary control of genetic disease-the Baltimore-Washington detection program for Tay-Sachs heterozygotes. Essays on genetic counseling by two outstanding scholars, C. O. Carter and J. H. Edwards, conclude this section. The final paragraph of Dr. Edwards' essay might well be engrossed in red, illuminated, and hung upon the office wall of those undertaking any form of counseling: "genetic counseling and foetal selection are unlikely to have much effect on the frequency of the underlying determinants of disease, and must be justified on grounds of private, rather than public, benefit. An extension of either activity into the field of normal variation may have serious consequences at the population level and can confer little benefit at the private level."
During my reading of this book I was tempted on several occasions to make trite reference to Orwell and Huxley, or at least to the contemporary dictum of informed consent. In the end this proved completely unnecessary, since the final contribution before Professor Lenz' summary is an excellent essay by Arno Motulsky on the ethical issues of birth defects. This should be required reading for all students of genetics or medicine, and-above all-for those workers in the information media who compose or reconstruct learned pontifications.
The Lack of Effects of Phototherapy on Neonatal Oxygen Dissociation Curves and Hemoglobin Concentration in Vivo
Authors: Chandler Barry D. , Cashore William J. , Monin Pierre J. P. , Oh William 
Published: December 2021

Phototherapy has been shown to cause hemolysis of fetal red cells and a shift to the right in the neonatal oxygen dissociation curve (ΔP50) in vitro. To determine if these parameters act similarly in vivo, we have studied 16 icteric infants before and after phototherapy and compared them with eight control infants studied at birth and at 3 days of age, measuring the change in P50, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), serum bilirubin, the percent of bilirubin/albumin saturation, and the hemoglobin concentration in the two groups.
Following phototherapy, in the icteric infants there was a shift to the right in the O2 dissociation curve of + 1.7 mm Hg, a rise in 2,3-DPG of 2.26 µmol/gm Hb, a fall in serum bilirubin of 4.3 mg/100 ml, a decrease in percent bilirubin/albumin saturation of 12.4%, and a drop in hemoglobin of 1.1 gm/100 ml. The control group showed a ΔP50 of + 2.0 mm Hg, a rise in 2,3-DPG of 3.67 µmol/gm Hb, an increase in serum bilirubin of 3.2 mg/100 ml, an increase in percent bilirubin/albumin saturation of 9.3%, and a fall in hemoglobin of 0.3 gm/100 ml. Significant differences between the groups were seen only in the changes in bilirubin concentration and percent bilirubin/albunmin saturation. The magnitude of changes in P50, 2,3-DPG, and hemoglobin concentration was similar in the phototherapy and control groups and was related to the expected changes with reference to postnatal age. These results suggest that phototherapy in vivo neither affects fetal erythrocytic affinity for oxygen nor causes hemolysis.
Neonatal Radial Artery Puncture: A Teaching Simulator
Authors: Schreiner Richard L. , Gresham Edwin L. , Gosling Craig G. , Escobedo Marilyn B. 
Published: December 2021

Respiratory diseases of the newborn continue to be major contributors to neonatal mortality and morbidity. When caring for a sick newborn who requires supplemental oxygen or when evaluating an infant with cyanosis, it is imperative to determine the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) to prevent the damage that may result from either hypoxia or hyperoxia.
See image in the PDF file
The technical difficulties encountered when monitoring arterial blood gases in newborns, especially in small premature infants, are well known. Possible sites of blood sampling include: (1) radial, brachial, temporal, dorsal pedal, and posterior tibial arteries; (2) umbilical arteries; and (3) capillaries ("arterialized"). "Capillary" or "arterialized" samples are satisfactory for determination of PCO2 and pH but are probably inadequate for accurate PO2 values.
CHARLES DICKENS'S DESCRIPTION OF HIS VISIT TO A FREE SCHOOL IN CINCINNATI IN 1842
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Charles Dickens (1812-1870) was among the first of several English writers who visited the United States during the 1840s and 1850s. The description below of his visit to a free school in Cincinnati was included in his American Notes which Dickens wrote in 1842 upon completion of his six months' visit to our country.
Cincinnati is honorably famous for its free schools, of which it has so many that no person's child among its population can, by possibility, want the means of education, which are extended, upon an average, to four thousand pupils annually. I was only present in one of these establishments during the hours of instruction. In the boy's department, which was full of little urchins (varying in their ages, I should say, from six years old to ten or twelve), the master offered to institute an extemporary examination of the pupils in algebra; a proposal which, as I was by no means confident of my ability to detect mistakes in that science, I declined with some alarm. In the girl's school, reading was proposed; and as I felt tolerably equal to that art, I expressed my willingness to hear a class. Books were distributed accordingly, and some half dozen girls relieved each other in reading paragraphs from English history. But it seemed to be a dry compilation, infinitely above their powers; and when they had blundered through three or four dreary passages concerning the treaty of Amiens, and other thrilling topics of the same nature (obviously without comprehending ten words), I expressed myself quite satisfied.