bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Living Cationic Polymerization with Emerging Initiation/Controlling Systems
Authors: Chen Yinan , Zhang Lu , Jin Yi , Lin Xinrong , Chen Mao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhile the conventional living cationic polymerization (LCP) provided opportunities to synthesizing well‐defined polymers with predetermined molecular weights, desirable chemical structures and narrow dispersity, it is still important to continuously innovate new synthetic methods to meet the increasing requirements in advanced material engineering. Consequently, a variety of novel initiation/controlling systems have be demonstrated recently, which have enabled LCP with spatiotemporal control, broadened scopes of monomers and terminals, more user‐friendly operations and reaction conditions, as well as improved thermomechanical properties for obtained polymers. In this work, recent advances in LCP is summarized with emerging initiation/controlling systems, including chemical‐initiated/controlled cationic reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, photoinitiated/controlled LCP, electrochemical‐controlled LCP, thionyl/selenium halide‐initiated LCP, organic acid‐assisted LCP, and stereoselective LCP. It is hoped that this summary will provide useful knowledge to people in related fields and stimulate new ideas to promote the development and application of LCP in both academia and industry.
Adverse events associated with weekly short course isoniazid and rifapentine therapy in pediatric patients with latent tuberculosis: A chart and literature review
Authors: Peck Gabrielle M. , Staat Mary Allen , Huang Felicia Scaggs , Khalil Nadim , Boyce Catherine , Kohlrieser Cara M. , Schlaudecker Elizabeth P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundEffective yet safe treatment of latent tuberculosis is important for preventing the spread of tuberculosis and the progression to active disease in pediatric patients. As of 2017, the short course combination regimen of weekly isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) administered by directly observed therapy (DOT) has replaced 9 months of isoniazid as the standard of treatment for latent tuberculosis in pediatric patients. The literature, limited in size, has established the 3HP regimen's superior safety and adherence.MethodsWe completed a retrospective chart review (n = 22) of pediatric patients at our institution receiving the 3HP regimen via DOT between 2017 and 2019. Frequencies of selected outcomes were compared to previously published data collected in a literature review.ResultsIn this retrospective chart review, pediatric patients ages 2–20 years receiving 3HP with DOT for latent tuberculosis experienced frequent adverse events, more severe adverse events such as anaphylaxis, and higher treatment discontinuation than that which has been previously reported in the literature. Of note, our cohort's race/ethnicity differed from the cohorts described in the literature.ConclusionsOur data suggests that the short course combination regimen for pediatric latent tuberculosis patients may have a higher adverse event rate than previously established. Although this sample size is small, this study urges further investigation of more diverse cohorts to better establish the 3HP regimen's safety and tolerability.
Pore structure of concrete under fatigue load in areas with large temperature differences
Authors: Shi Jinna , Zhao Yanru 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo study the effect of pore structure changes on the fatigue life of concrete in areas with large temperature differences, a concrete fatigue test program was designed after a temperature cycle of −50 to 70°C. Results show that temperature differences considerably influence pores with a size ranging from 0.1 to 27.98 nm. Furthermore, the fatigue life of concrete gradually decreases with the increase in the pore structure parameters of 0.1 to 27.98 nm. This result indicates that the effect of temperature difference on the fatigue life of concrete in areas with large temperature differences must not be ignored. The combined effect of temperature differences and load increases the coarsening rate of the pore structure, and the load remarkably affects pores with a size ranging from 524.26 to 10,000 nm. To characterize the pore structure of concrete under temperature cycling and fatigue load, two pore structure characteristic parameters, namely, comprehensive change rate of pore size (Sz) and pore structure complexity coefficient (Cz), are proposed. These parameters, together with the total porosity (Ptotal), form a three‐dimensional pore structure characteristic parameter and establish the relationship expression between the three‐dimensional pore structure parameters and the fatigue life of concrete (N); thus, they provide basis for the prediction of the fatigue life of concrete on the basis of pore structure.
The Nexus Between Environmental Changes, Culture of Migration, and Migration Aspirations
Authors: Van Praag Lore 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, I delve deeper into the role played by ‘cultures of migration’ in the development of migration aspirations in both Tinghir and Tangier, and how these cultures of migration interact with environmental factors. This chapter builds further on previous insights from migration systems theory, which posits that migration results in multiple flows of material goods, ideas and money (Mabogunje 1970; Levitt 1998). In other words, this theory states that migration results in more than exchanges and flows of people. By building further on the concept of ‘cumulative causation’ (Myrdal 1957), migration systems theory advances that migration results in the transformation of social and economic structures, facilitating more migration. This idea is crucial to fully understand the development of migration aspirations because it pays attention to how contextual feedback loops can either positively or negatively stimulate the further development of migration aspirations (De Haas 2010). Hence, cultures of migration are established through the information sent by emigrants that have left a given region and provide feedback on their migration experiences in the country of destination to their migrant networks living in their region of origin and which ultimately result in shared ideas and beliefs on migration in a particular region (Timmerman et al. 2014).
How Environmental Changes Result in Migration Aspirations and Other Adaptation Strategies of Moroccan Inhabitants and Migrants in Belgium
Authors: Van Praag Lore , Hut Elodie , Zickgraf Caroline 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis book provides a unique approach to the Moroccan context. Many researchers have conducted fieldwork in Morocco, departing from migration studies (e.g., De Haas 2003, 2006, 2010; Czaika and De Haas 2011; De Haas and El Ghanjou 2000), while others solely focused on environmental and climate changes (e.g., Schilling et al. 2012), leaving the interplay between both to be explored more in-depth. The Moroccan context offers a unique research context because it is confronted with gradual environmental change over the last decades and has initiated considerable action at the national level to develop policies or strategies to counteract these changes. Hence, Morocco in 2019 ranked among the leading countries in the fight against climate change on the Climate Change Performance Index (Burck et al. 2019). Furthermore, Morocco evolved into one of the world’s leading emigration countries in the second half of the twentieth century, being characterized by unexpected developments, including colonial migration, labour migration, family reunification, and, recently, undocumented migration. This led to a high degree of internal differentiation within the Moroccan migrant population and strong and influential migrant networks (De Haas 2007; Schilling et al. 2012; cf. Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-61390-7_3).
Sweeping the Streets, Cleaning Morals: Chinese Sex Workers in Paris Claiming Their Belonging to the Cosmopolitan City
Authors: Le Bail Hélène , Lieber Marylène 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSince 2016, hundreds of Chinese migrants selling sexual services in Paris have been the target of systematic control operations by the police, whose clear objective is to “sweep” prostitution out of some neighbourhoods. In reaction to these measures, a group of Chinese women organized their own collective, The Steel Roses (Les Roses d’Acier), and asked the local government to better prevent violence against sex workers, rather than fight sex workers themselves. By doing so, they tried to embody political agency, and asked for the local government to include them as part of the “local diversity” and as legitimate city users. In a context of local gentrification, where diversity is presented as an important characteristic of these multicultural neighborhoods, such a mobilization by migrant sex workers underlines the ongoing controversy around the definition of diversity, as well as controversy in terms of who is legitimate to embody urban imaging. This chapter proposes to describe the controversy launched by the Chinese sex workers in some districts of Paris as another case study of the ways political power relations contribute to the definition of what is diversity and who belongs to a city defined in terms of cosmopolitanism.
Cosmopolitanism in US Sanctuary Cities: Dreamers Claiming Urban Citizenship
Authors: Lejeune Catherine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSanctuary cities are on the rise and undocumented migrant activism is growing in both the US and Europe. In this context, it seems appropriate to revisit the concept of sanctuaryin its relation to undocumented activism. Based on literature in the field and on ethnographic observation, this chapter explores the way US sanctuary policies foster new forms of urban citizenship to undocumented migrants who rely on the city for their practices, introducing the concept of cosmopolitanism to discuss their “acts of citizenship.”
Generic Places, the Construction of Home and the Lived Experience of Cosmopolitanization
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Ley-Cervantes Melissa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe chapter explores the way in which people under conditions of movement and change deal with plurality in contemporary urban settings by tracing the home-making experiences of a group of Mexican professionals in Madrid (postgraduate students, academics, IT professionals, journalists, and others). While their idea of home aligns discursively within an ideal version of cosmopolitanism (“at home everywhere”), in practice their strategies to feel at home in Madrid show that these privileged movers tend to rely on specific though generic places characterized by their homogenizing tendencies, such as hotel chains, generic coffee places and airports, to achieve a feeling of home.
Making Cosmopolitan Spaces: Urban Design, Ideology and Power
Authors: Semi Giovanni 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThere is a growing scholarly consensus over the transformation of the urban public place from a challenging, conflicting and negotiated one to a festive and convivial place. Decades of gentrification, renewals and city branding have fostered an urban form made of well-regulated and controlled islands of publicness in a sea of privatopias. Beyond structural forces, urban policies and the action of households and citizens, a key role has been played by global architecture and design. With this chapter, we will address this issue looking precisely at the practices of conceiving and designing the public places by urban designers. How the ideals of a cosmopolis, urban and democratic, is put in place by professionals dealing with neoliberal constraints, post-democratic states and refined middle-class users? What is the contemporary meaning of cosmopolitanism, when related to the urban core? Cosmopolitanism for whom, under which conditions? The chapter will provide a case-study detailed analysis of the perspective of urban designers towards projects and urbanism, with a specific attention to public space design.
Understanding Creeping Crises: Revisiting the Puzzle
Authors: Boin Arjen , Ekengren Magnus , Rhinard Mark 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter returns to the research question that animated the case studies and summarizes the findings of the chapters in this book. It offers provisional answers to our research question and formulates an agenda for future research. Much of the chapter is devoted to thinking through the implications of the creeping crisis perspective for the practitioner community. We build on our research findings to argue that the time for action is now and formulate a set of recommendations that can help jumpstart this agenda.
Earthquakes in Groningen: Organized Suppression of a Creeping Crisis
Authors: Verdoes Alexander , Boin Arjen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNatural earthquakes do not occur in the northern part of the Netherlands. Yet, small earthquakes have regularly struck the area since the 1980s. For a long time, it was denied that these earthquakes were caused by the extraction of gas in the area and that these earthquakes could cause any damage. When more, and more severe, earthquakes struck the province of Groningen, these claims became unsustainable. In 2012, a relatively strong earthquake hit the area and the earthquakes became a national policy issue that threatened the legitimacy of the state. The crisis lingered on until 2018 when the national government finally realized that prolonged extraction would cause a deep crisis and decided to terminate the extraction of gas well before the depletion of the field. We argue that this visible and enduring crisis was not recognized and sufficiently addressed because of a societal dependency on the extraction of gas. The crisis was actively suppressed by the main actors, which ultimately undermined the legitimacy of the gas production and the state.
The Year of the Unthinkable
Authors: Boin Arjen , McConnell Allan , ‘t Hart Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 brought the ‘unthinkable’ to our doorstep. The pandemic caused a series of global, and interconnected, health, economic, social, institutional and political crises that are unprecedented in living memory. Political leaders struggled to contain the virus and persuade anxious, weary citizens to behave this or that way in order to overcome a giant collective action problem. This chapter is a primer for the detailed examination of political and policy responses to this impossible challenge. It describes pivotal governance challenges and the constraints operating on the crisis response.
Real-world comparative effectiveness of triplets containing bortezomib (B), carfilzomib (C), daratumumab (D), or ixazomib (I) in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) in the US
Authors: Davies Faith , Rifkin Robert , Costello Caitlin , Morgan Gareth , Usmani Saad , Abonour Rafat , Palumbo Antonio , Romanus Dorothy , Hajek Roman , Terpos Evangelos , Cherepanov Dasha , Stull Dawn Marie , Huang Hui , Leleu Xavier , Berdeja Jesus , Lee Hans C. , Weisel Katja , Thompson Michael , Boccadoro Mario , Zonder Jeffrey , Cook Gordon , Puig Noemi , Vela-Ojeda Jorge , Farrelly Eileen , Raju Aditya , Blazer Marlo , Chari Ajai 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMultiple available combinations of proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators (IMIDs), and monoclonal antibodies are shifting the relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) treatment landscape. Lack of head-to-head trials of triplet regimens highlights the need for real-world (RW) evidence. We conducted an RW comparative effectiveness analysis of bortezomib (V), carfilzomib (K), ixazomib (I), and daratumumab (D) combined with either lenalidomide or pomalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rd or Pd) in RRMM. A retrospective cohort of patients initiating triplet regimens in line of therapy (LOT) ≥ 2 on/after 1/1/2014 was followed between 1/2007 and 3/2018 in Optum’s deidentified US electronic health records database. Time to next treatment (TTNT) was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods; regimens were compared using covariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. Seven hundred forty-one patients (820 patient LOTs) with an Rd backbone (VRd, n = 349; KRd, n = 218; DRd, n = 99; IRd, n = 154) and 348 patients (392 patient LOTs) with a Pd backbone (VPd, n = 52; KPd, n = 146; DPd, n = 149; IPd, n = 45) in LOTs ≥2 were identified. More patients ≥75 years received IRd (39.6%), IPd (37.8%), and VRd (36.7%) than other triplets. More patients receiving VRd/VPd were in LOT2 vs other triplets. Unadjusted median TTNT in LOT ≥ 2: VRd, 13.9; KRd, 8.7; IRd, 11.4; DRd, not estimable (NE); and VPd, 12.0; KPd, 6.7; IPd, 9.5 months; DPd, NE. In covariate-adjusted analysis, only KRd vs DRd was associated with a significantly higher risk of next LOT initiation/death (HR 1.72; P = 0.0142); no Pd triplet was significantly different vs DPd in LOT ≥ 2. Our data highlight important efficacy/effectiveness gaps between results observed in phase 3 clinical trials and those realized in the RW.
Talus morphology differs between flatfeet and controls, but its variety has no influence on extent of surgical deformity correction
Authors: Flury Andreas , Hasler Julian , Beeler Silvan , Imhoff Florian B. , Wirth Stephan H. , Viehöfer Arndt 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD) is a complex 3-dimensional (3-D) deformity with varying degrees of hindfoot valgus, forefoot abduction, and midfoot varus. The first aim of this study was to perform a 3-D analysis of the talus morphology between symptomatic PCFD patients that underwent operative flatfoot correction and controls. The second aim was to investigate if there is an impact of individual talus morphology on the success of operative flatfoot correction.

Methods
We reviewed all patients that underwent lateral calcaneal lengthening for correction of PCFD between 2008 and 2018 at our clinic. Radiographic flatfoot parameters on preoperative and postoperative radiographs were assessed. Additionally, 3-D surface models of the tali were generated using computed tomography (CT) data. The talus morphology of 44 flatfeet was compared to 3-D models of 50 controls without foot or ankle pain of any kind.

Results
Groups were comparable regarding demographics. Talus morphology differed significantly between PCFD and controls in multiple aspects. There was a 2.6° increased plantar flexion (22.3° versus 26°; p = 0.02) and medial deviation (31.7° and 33.5°; p = 0.04) of the talar head in relation to the body in PCFD patients compared to controls. Moreover, PCFD were characterized by an increased valgus (difference of 4.6°; p = 0.01) alignment of the subtalar joint. Satisfactory correction was achieved in all cases, with an improvement of the talometatarsal-angle and the talonavicular uncoverage angle of 5.6° ± 9.7 (p = 0.02) and 9.9° ± 16.3 (p = 0.001), respectively. No statistically significant correlation was found between talus morphology and the correction achieved or loss of correction one year postoperatively.

Conclusion
The different morphological features mentioned above might be contributing or risk factors for progression to PCFD. However, despite the variety of talar morphology, which is different compared to controls, the surgical outcome of calcaneal lengthening osteotomy was not affected.

Level of evidence
III.
Can energy self-sufficiency be achieved? Case study of Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship (Poland)
Authors: Igliński B. , Kiełkowska U. , Piechota G. , Skrzatek M. , Cichosz M. , Iwański P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn analysis was carried out to show whether the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship (Poland) could become energy self-sufficient. The technical potential of electricity and heat from renewable sources has been calculated. The calculated values are 6.93 TWh/year of electricity and 15.84 PJ/year of heat—these amounts would ensure the energy independence of the Voivodeship. The Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship is an example of transformation towards “green” energy, it shows that such transformation is also possible in Poland even in short term. This would reduce air pollution as well as limit the import of energy resources. It is very important, it allows us to think with optimism and implement Poland’s energy transformation towards renewable energy (RE). Additionally, a SWOT analysis of each type of RE in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship was presented. The SWOT analysis makes it possible to identify the strengths, weaknesses, prospects and threats for RE in the Voivodeship and the whole country. It has been found that there is a great interest of investors in RE in the Voivodeship, there is usually a great public support for new energy sources, and the biggest barriers are high investment costs and complicated law in Poland.
Graphic abstract
The conceptualisation of vital communities related to ageing in place: a scoping review
Authors: Pani-Harreman Katinka E. , van Duren Joop M. A. , Kempen Gertrudis I. J. M. , Bours Gerrie J. J. W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOlder people today are more likely to age in their own private living environment. However, many face declining health and/or other issues that affect their ability to live independently and necessitate additional support. Such support can be provided by formal networks, but a considerable part can also be offered by informal networks of older people themselves. Going beyond these networks, older people can additionally and perhaps even more substantially benefit from vital communities. Nevertheless, even though this term is increasingly common in the literature, its meaning remains indistinct. A more thorough understanding of this concept might provide valuable knowledge that health care professionals, researchers and community workers can use to offer meaningful and effective support. The purpose of this paper is to draw on existing empirical research on vital communities to build knowledge of the different descriptions and dimensions of the concept. Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review methodology was adopted. Our search, conducted on 23 March 2020 and updated on 06 January 2021, yielded 4433 articles, of which six articles were included in the scoping review. We deduced that the conceptualisation of a vital community is based on three dimensions: the aim of a vital community, the processes behind a vital community and the typical characteristics of a vital community. None of the selected studies have mapped all three dimensions. Nevertheless, we assume that understanding all three matters when vital communities aim to contribute to the quality of life of people ageing in place.
An unconventional robust integrator for dynamical low-rank approximation
Authors: Ceruti Gianluca , Lubich Christian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe propose and analyse a numerical integrator that computes a low-rank approximation to large time-dependent matrices that are either given explicitly via their increments or are the unknown solution to a matrix differential equation. Furthermore, the integrator is extended to the approximation of time-dependent tensors by Tucker tensors of fixed multilinear rank. The proposed low-rank integrator is different from the known projector-splitting integrator for dynamical low-rank approximation, but it retains the important robustness to small singular values that has so far been known only for the projector-splitting integrator. The new integrator also offers some potential advantages over the projector-splitting integrator: It avoids the backward time integration substep of the projector-splitting integrator, which is a potentially unstable substep for dissipative problems. It offers more parallelism, and it preserves symmetry or anti-symmetry of the matrix or tensor when the differential equation does. Numerical experiments illustrate the behaviour of the proposed integrator.