bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policeman for the World: The Impact of Extraterritorial FCPA Enforcement on Foreign Investment and Internal Controls
Authors: Christensen Hans B. , Maffett Mark G. , Rauter Thomas 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We show that a mid-2000s increase in extraterritorial enforcement of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), characterized by greater international regulatory cooperation and more frequent use of the FCPA's accounting provisions, has a significant deterrent effect on foreign direct investment in high-corruption-risk countries. The decrease in investment is at least as large for non-U.S. as for U.S. firms, suggesting that widespread extraterritorial enforcement helps to create a level foreign investment playing field. Firms under U.S. jurisdiction with fundamental characteristics that make it more difficult to maintain effective internal controls invest less in high-corruption-risk countries after the FCPA enforcement increase, suggesting regulatory compliance costs play a role in deterring investment. Consistent with investments in accounting systems being one way, firms limit enforcement risk when investing in high-corruption-risk countries, firms pursuing new investments spend more time evaluating potential targets, and firms with existing investments report fewer restatements related to unintentional errors.
JEL Classifications: F50; F60; K2; M4; O1.
THE WAY TO TIBET: RELIGIOUS SONGS OF THE KALMYKS AND THE REALITIES OF TRAVEL
Authors: Бакаева Эльза Петровна 
Published: December 2021

В статье анализируются калмыцкие народные песни о паломничестве в Тибет на примере текстов «Зу гидг һазр» ‘Страна, называемая Тибет’, «Алта гидг һазрас» ‘Из местности, называемой Алтай’. На основе сравнительного исследования разновременных записей песни «Зу гидг һазр» (1897 г., 1903 г., а также записи конца XX в.) и сопоставления с историческими данными о посольствах и паломничествах в Тибет и вариантами преданий о Джиджетен-ламе сделан вывод о том, что религиозная песня посвящена паломническому посольству хана Дондук-Даши (1755‒1757 гг.) и в ней отражены сведения о пути в Тибет через Монголию и Кукунор. Анализ песни «Алта гидг һазрас» и данных наиболее полного текста песни «Зу гидг һазр» в записи Г. Й. Рамстедта позволил сделать вывод о том, что в них отражены сведения о двух основных путях в Тибет. Архивные и литературные материалы о паломничествах в Тибет свидетельствуют, что в XVII в., когда территория формирующегося Калмыцкого ханства была подвижной, к святыням Лхасы, называвшейся калмыками «Зу», отправлялись по традиционному пути через территории расселения ойратов — «из местности, называемой Алтай». С начала XVIII в. по ряду причин путь в Тибет пролегал через Монголию и Кукунор. И лишь в начале XX в. вновь был освоен путь в Тибет, бывший традиционным для их предков, который теперь назывался «новым».
The article analyzes the Kalmyk folk songs about the pilgrimage to Tibet through the example of the texts titled “Zu gidg gazr” (“The Country Called Tibet”), “Alta gidg gazras” (“From the Land Called Altai”). The comparative study of records of the song “Zu gidg gazr” of different times (1897, 1903, late 20th century) and insights into historical data and versions of legends about Jijeten Lama conclude that the religious song is dedicated to the pilgrimage embassy of Khan Donduk-Dashi (1755‒1757) and contains information about the way to Tibet through Mongolia and Kokonor. The analysis of the song “Alta gidg gazras” and the data of the most complete text of the song “Zu gidg gazr” recorded by G. J. Ramstedt makes it possible to conclude that those reflect information about two main routes to Tibet. Archival and literary materials about pilgrimages to Tibet indicate that in the 17th century when boundaries of the emerging Kalmyk Khanate were still mobile, routes to the shrines of Lhasa (Zu) went through the traditional territories of Oirat settlement ― “from the area called Altai”. From the beginning of the 18th century, for a number of reasons, the way to Tibet lay through Mongolia and Kokonor. Only at the beginning of the 20th century the path to Tibet which had been traditional for ancestors (now called the “new one”) was mastered again.
MEKANISME DIFUSI KEBIJAKAN PADA TAHAP PERUMUSAN AGENDA Studi kasus Wacana RUU pelindungan Data Pribadi di Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan Yudha , Gunawan Aditya Batara 
Published: December 2021

enelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan proses difusi kebijakan pada tahap perumusan agenda (agenda-setting) Rancangan Undang-Undang Pelindungan Data Pribadi (RUU PDP) di Indonesia. Difusi kebijakan dapat dimaknai secara umum sebagai sebuah proses pengadopsian kebijakan di suatu negara yang dipengaruhi oleh dinamika penerapan kebijakan yang sama di negara/wilayah lain. Dalam siklus pembuatan kebijakan, proses difusi kebijakan di tahap perumusan agenda dapat terjadi melalui dua mekanisme yakni pembelajaran dan emulasi. Mekanisme pembelajaran menekankan pada evaluasi aktor difusi yang bertumpu pada aspek efektivitas atau implikasi praktis kebijakan yang akan diadopsi berdasarkan pengalaman di wilayah/negara lain. Sementara itu, emulasi menekankan pada evaluasi aktor difusi kebijakan berdasarkan pada aspek-aspek normatif. Secara empirik, Kedua mekanisme ini kemudian diidentifikasi secara kualitatif melalui metode analisa konten terhadap pemberitaan seputar RUU PDP sejak tahun 2015 hingga tahun 2020. Dari hasil analisa terhadap 115 artikel pemberitaan, ditemukan bahwa sebanyak 77 aktor memberikan pernyataan publik terkait perdebatan mengenai kebutuhan akan RUU PDP. Data yang dikumpulkan oleh peneliti juga menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah, DPR, organisasi masyarakat sipil, dan perguruan tinggi menjadi institusi-institusi yang paling dominan dalam tahap perumusan agenda RUU PDP. Sementara itu, terkait proses difusi kebijakan, mekanisme pembelajaran paling banyak diidentifikasi dari data yang diperoleh. Dalam hal ini, pernyataan publik terkait mekanisme pembelajaran paling banyak dikemukakan oleh Kemkominfo. Terakhir, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa kebijakan EU GDPR (European Union General Data Protection) menjadi referensi kebijakan yang paling banyak muncul dalam pemberitaan terkait RUU PDP dalam dua tahun terakhir.
Formulasi dan Evaluasi Krim Tabir Surya Ekstrak Daging Labu Kuning (Cucurbita maxima)
Authors: Erwiyani Agitya Resti , Sonia Cahyani Ayu , Mursyidah Luluk , Sunnah Istianatus , Pujistuti Anasthasia 
Published: December 2021

Paparan sinar UV secara berlebih dapat menyebabkan imunosupresan, photoaging dan kanker kulit, apabila paparan mengenai lapisan kulit dermis akan menyebabkan kulit menjadi gelap, eritema serta terjadi kerusakan jaringan kolagen. Tabir surya memiliki mekanisme perlindungan secara fisik melalui penghamburan sinar matahari yang masuk ke dalam kulit serta perlindungan mekanik melalui absorbsi sinar UV. Senyawa alami yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai kosmetik tabir surya melalui mekanisme antiaging adalah senyawa yang mempunya cincin aromatik seperti gugus fenol. Kandungan labu diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan diantaranya polifenol, karotenoid dan tokoferol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasi krim daging buah labu kuning potensinya sebagai tabir surya melalui pengujian nilai SPF menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri. Evaluasi sediaan krim menunjukkan organoleptis berwarna kuning, berbau manis dan berbentuk semi padat. Krim daging labu kuning memiliki nilai pH yang berkisar antara 5,32 – 6,11, daya sebar 5,04 – 5,31 cm, daya lekat 2,77 – 3,73 detik, viskositas 4480 – 7360 cP, dan uji sentrifugasi krim tidak mengalami perubahan. Penyimpanan selama 14 hari sediaan stabil dan tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan berdasarkan paired sample T test. Hasil pengujian aktivitas tabir surya menunjukkan nilai SPF F1, F2 dan F3 berturut – turut sebesar 2,15 ± 0,01, 4,69 ± 0,04 dan 5,78 ± 0,02. Krim dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daging buah labu kuning sebesar 5% dan 10% memiliki proteksi tabir surya kategori sedang.
Modifikasi Pati Beras Ketan Putih (Oryza Sativa l. Var. Glutinosa) Secara Pregelatinasi dengan Perbandingan Pati dan Air ( 1:1,25)
Authors: Hartesi Barmi , Ikhwansyah Ikhwansyah , Soyata Amelia 
Published: December 2021

Bahan tambahan (eksipien) yang ada di Indonesia umumnya masih banyak yang diimpor dari negara lain untuk memenuhi kebutuhan industri farmasi, diantaranya adalah pati yang merupakan eksipien utama dalam sediaan tablet, salah satunya adalah beras ketan. Pati alami tidak bisa digunakan sebagai bahan pengisi pada pembuatan tablet kempa langsung karena sifat alir dan kompresibilitas yang buruk. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan karakterisitik dari pati beras ketan putih yang dimodifikasi dengan pregelatinasi dengan perbandingan pati dan air (1:1,25). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode experimental di laboratorium dengan cara mengisolasi pati beras ketan putih dan selanjutnya dibuat pati pregelatinasi sebanyak 9 formula dengan perbandingan pati dan air (1:1,25) serta variasi suhu (45 ,55 dan 65oC) dan rpm (200, 250 dan 300), pati pregelatinasi yang sudah terbentuk dilakukan evaluasi (rendemen, organoleptis, pH, susut pengeringan, distribusi partikel, laju alir dan sudut istirahat, bobot jenis nyata dan mampat, faktor hausner,kompresibilitas, SEM, XRD). Hasil standariasi pati alami Beras Ketan Putih didapatkan hasil yang baik terkecuali pada cemaran logam berat merkuri (Hg), pada uji kapang khamir dan pH. Pada pati pregelatinasi mendapatkan hasil karakteristik yang baik setiap formulanya. Pati alami yang awalnya tidak mengalir setelah dibuat pregelatinasi semua formula dapat mengalir dan memperbaiki sudut istirhat serta nilai kompresibilitasnya yang baik.Pati pregelatinasi didapatkan hasil yang baik pada semua formula dan dengan meningkatanya suhu dan rpm akan memperbaiki karaktersistiknya. F9 adalah formula yang terbaik dengan menggunakan suhu 65oC dan 300 rpm.
Mammalian hibernation: a unique model for medical research
Authors: Xing Xin , Wang Shiqiang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Hibernation is an adaptive behavior for some small animals to survive cold winter. Hibernating mammals usually down-regulate their body temperature from ~37°C to only a few degrees. During the evolution, mammalian hibernators have inherited unique strategies to survive extreme conditions that may lead to disease or death in humans and other non-hibernators. Hibernating mammals can not only tolerant deep hypothermia, hypoxia and anoxia, but also protect them against osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, heart arrhythmia and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Finding the molecular and regulatory mechanisms underlying these adaptations will provide novel ideas for treating related human diseases.
Role of microRNAs in the process of metformin treating multiple diseases
Authors: Ma Ningning , Chen Jing , Ren Jin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Metformin as the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus has been discovered to exert beneficial effects on many diseases for nearly ten years, but its specific mechanism is still unclear. As a new class of gene expression regulators with pleiotropic properties, microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in multiple physiological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, and metabolism, which drive them to play a regulatory role in the occurrence, development and even treatment of various diseases. A substantial body of research has found the relationship between metformin and miRNAs, in which metformin can alter the expression profiles of miRNAs in multiple disease states and on the other hand the signal pathways involving miRNAs may contribute to the pharmacological actions of metformin. This review summarizes the effects of metformin on miRNAs and their relationship in different diseases (like tumor, metabolic diseases, etc.), which should be of a great help for our better understanding of the mechanism of metformin for treating multiple diseases.
Overexpression of microRNA-135b-5p attenuates acute myocardial infarction injury through its anti-oxidant and anti-apptotic properties
Authors: Liu Yanyan , Yu Yahan , Wang Xinyao , Liu Guanqun , Yin Xinda , Bai Yunlong , Du Zhimin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due partly to the limited regenerative capacity of cardiomyocytes to replace cardiomyocyte lost due to apoptosis. Inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis is recognized as an effective therapeutic approach for MI. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs), which regulate target genes at the post-transcriptional level, play a significant role in the regulation of cardiovascular diseases such as MI. MicroRNA-135b (miR-135b) has a protective effect on cardiomyocytes. However, the role of miR-135b in cardiomyocyte apoptosis in infarct myocardium needs further clarification.

Methods
We generated α-MHC-miR-135b transgenic mice to investigate the role of miR-135b in myocardial injury after MI. MiR-135b mimic and negative control (NC) were transfected into H2O2-induced cardiomyocytes to evaluate the effect of overexpression of miR-135b on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis.

Results
Our results showed that overexpression of miR-135b had protective effect on cardiomyocyte injury both in vivo and in vitro. MiR-135b inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ROS generation, downregulated proapoptosis proteins (cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax), and increased anti-apoptosis protein (Bcl-2). Moreover, miR-135b showed an inhibitory effect on apoptosis-related protein target transient receptor potential vanilloid-type 4 (TRPV4) cation channel.

Conclusion
MiR-135b might be considered a new molecular target for potential replacement therapy as antiapoptotic cardioprotection in the setting of MI.
Changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide and other serological indicators in vestibular migraine patients
Authors: Liu Xinyi , Pan Yonghui , Wang Jingjing , Zhang Lei , Zhang Junli 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
It aims to evaluate the diagnostic ability of CGRP and other blood indicators in vestibular migraine (VM) patients, and to explain the potential pathological effects of these biomarkers. The hypothesis of VM being a variant of migraine was examined.

Methods
A total of 32 VM patients, 35 migraine patients, and 30 healthy control subjects (HC) were selected for this cross-sectional study. Detailed statistics on demographic data, clinical manifestations, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and common clinical laboratory indicators were measured within 24 hours from the onset of the conditions. Receptor operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were analyzed for biomarkers. The risk factors of VM and migraine were determined through univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results
Compared with HC, serum CGRP levels (p (VM) = 0.012, p (Migraine) = 0.028) increased and Mg2+ levels (p (VM) < 0.001, p (Migraine) < 0.001) deceased in VM patients and migraine patients. In multiple logistic regression, VM was correlated with CGRP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02–1.12; P = 0.01] and Mg2+ [odds ratio (OR) = 0.03; 95% CI, 0.07–0.15; P < 0.001)]. Migraine was correlated with CGRP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02–1.12; P = 0.01] and Mg2+ [odd ratio (OR = 0.01; 95% CI, 0–0.02; P <0.001)]. Mg2+ discriminated good differentiation between VM and migraine groups, with AUC of 0.649 (95% CI, 0.518 to 0.780). The optimal threshold for Mg2+ to diagnose VM was 0.805.

Conclusions
This study demonstrated that CGRP and Mg2+ may be promising laboratory indicators to discriminate HC from VM/migraine, while Mg2+ may be uded as a discriminator between VM and migraine.
Direct evidence of VEGF-mediated neuroregulation and afferent explanation of blood pressure dysregulation during angiogenic therapy
Authors: Feng Yan , Li Ying , Yang Xinling , Han Limin , Wang Luning , Gao Shan , Yin Ruixue , Wang Xue , Li Jiayang , Liu Meiming , Li Baiyan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
Oncocardiology is increasingly hot research field/topic in the clinical management of cancer with anti-angiogenic therapy of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that may cause cardiovascular toxicity, such as hypertension via vascular dysfunction and attenuation of eNOS/NO signaling in the baroreflex afferent pathway. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential roles of VEGF/VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) expressed in the baroreflex afferent pathway in autonomic control of blood pressure (BP) regulation.

Methods
The distribution and expression of VEGF/VEGFRs were detected in the nodose ganglia (NG) and nucleus of tractus solitary (NTS) using immunostaining and molecular approaches. The direct role of VEGF was tested by NG microinjection under physiological and hypertensive conditions.

Results
Immunostaining data showed that either VEGF or VEGFR2/VEGFR3 was clearly detected in the NG and NTS of adult male rats. Microinjection of VEGF directly into the NG reduced the mean blood pressure (MBP) dose-dependently, which was less dramatic in renovascular hypertension (RVH) rats, suggesting the VEGF-mediated depressor response by direct activation of the 1st-order baroreceptor neurons in the NG under both normal and disease conditions. Notably, this reduced depressor response in RVH rats was directly caused by the downregulation of VEGFR2, which compensated the up regulation of VEGF/VEGFR3 in the NG during the development of hypertension.

Conclusion
It demonstrated for the first time that the BP-lowering property of VEGF/VEGFRs signaling via the activation of baroreflex afferent function may be a common target/pathway leading to BP dysregulation in anti-angiogenic therapy.
Reflection on the Identity of the Outermost Indonesian Community on Sebatik Island through Malaysian Television Broadcasts
Authors: Briandana Rizki , Marta Rustono Farady , Azmawati Azman Azwan 
Published: December 2021

This study aims to analyze the interpretation of Indonesian people in Sebatik Island towards Malaysian television programs. The Sebatik community is a marginalized community who does not have access to Indonesian television broadcasts. To get Indonesian television broadcasts, they have to buy satellite dishes which the majority of the people of Sebatik Island cannot afford. But on the other hand there is a leak of Malaysian television broadcasts in the Sebatik Island area. In this case, they rely on Malaysian television broadcasts which are very accessible at all times. This situation continued for many years and Malaysian television broadcasts became the main source of communication media. This study uses the theory of Interpretive Communities, Stanley Fish. The methodology used in this study is reception analysis through focus group discussions, and observation as a data collection technique. Focus Group Discussion was conducted on the people of Sebatik Island who met the criteria in the study. The results showed that Malaysian television broadcasts were used as the main television broadcast of the Sebatik community in their daily lives. Malaysian television which contains the values and meanings of the Malaysian state is interpreted by the Indonesian people on the border of Sebatik Island. The interpretation results show that life in Malaysia is an ideal and perfect life for the people of Sebatik Island. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interpretasi masyarakat Indonesia di Pulau Sebatik terhadap program televisi Malaysia. Masyarakat Sebatik adalah masyarakat terpinggir yang tidak memiliki akses siaran televisi Indonesia. Untuk mendapatkan siaran televisi Indonesia, mereka harus membeli parabola yang harganya tidak mampu dibayar oleh mayoritas masyarakat Pulau Sebatik. Namun disisi lain terdapat kebocoran siaran televisi Malaysia di kawasan Pulau Sebatik. Dalam hal ini, mereka mengandalkan siaran televisi Malaysia yang sangat mudah diakses setiap saat. Situasi ini berlangsung selama bertahun-tahun dan siaran televisi Malaysia menjadi sumber utama media komunikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Interpretive Communities, Stanley Fish. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis resepsi melalui focus group discussion, dan observasi sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Focus Group Discussion dilakukan terhadap masyarakat Pulau Sebatik yang memenuhi kriteria dalam penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siaran televisi Malaysia digunakan sebagai siaran televisi utama komunitas Sebatik dalam kesehariannya. Televisi Malaysia yang bermuatan nilai dan makna negara Malaysia di interpretasi oleh masyarakat Indonesia di perbatasan Pulau Sebatik. Hasil interpretasi menunjukan, kehidupan yang ada di Malaysia merupakan kehidupan yang ideal dan sempurna bagi masyarakat Pulau Sebatik.
Evaluation of Left Ventricle Performance in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) in Comparison with Echocardiography
Authors: Mohammed Marrwa K. , Kadam Satar M. , Essa Samar I. 
Published: December 2021

Background: Ischemic heart disease is a major cause of the diastolic heart failure. Risk of heart failures was increased with microvascular coronary disease, which is characterized by left ventricular stiffness with impaired relaxation and reduced compliance. Aim of this study is to estimate the effect of the severity of myocardium ischemia on the left ventricle ejection fraction and left ventricular volume using SPECT with 99mTc MIBI and to compare the results with the echocardiography. The study included 117 subjects with ischemic heart disease were examined using SPECT and echocardiography techniques. The following parameters were measured: left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) , left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) , and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Results show that the change difference in EDV between the two technique was (98.79%) with insignificant (p > 0.05). While the change in the LVEF% between both groups was (105.40%) with significant (p <0.05). On the other hand, the difference in ESV and EDV/ESV ratio for both groups were (95.52%), and (103.61%) respectively with insignificant (p >0.05). It was concluded that SPECT with 99mTc MIBI had a good relation with the echocardiography technique for evaluation of the left ventricular ejection fraction and the left ventricular volumes. The results showed that LVEF was decreased in patients with severe ischemic disease.
A Theoretical Study for Designing Optical Multilayer Films Using NdF3/ ThF4
Authors: Al-Assadi Zainab I. 
Published: December 2021

An idea of a colored glaze is presented in this study to hide and dispose all the obstacles of using solar systems as facades integrated with buildings. This aim is achieved by designing multilayer optical interference filters by using Mat lab program . Appropriate dielectric materials, namely NdF3 of high refractive index (nH =1.6) and ThF4 of low refractive index (nL =1.5143) were employed. Quarter wave thicknesses of high (H) and low (L) refractive index were deposited on a microscopic slide substrate with n=1.513 and 550 nm design wavelength (l°). Two optical models were designed, which are Air//HL//glass and Air//LH//glass, for even numbers of layers (2-32 layers). The challenge in this study is to find the most efficient design which has lower solar reflectance (Rsol.) and higher solar transmittance (Tsol.) to raise the efficiency of the solar systems and, in parallel, obtain the colored reflection to achieve the esthetic appearance of the buildings integrated with the solar system facades. The Tsol. value was high (94-95 %), whereas the Rsol. was very low (4-5 %). Hence, the efficiency of the solar system was increased. The two optical models exhibited green color reflectance in the visible region. The first design, i.e. Air/HL/glass, showed higher values of Rvis. and the merit factor (M) than the second model, resulting in a higher potential of coloration. The first design requires fewer materials and layers, thus, it is more cost-effective as compared to the second one.