bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of SOX4, SOX17, VE-cadherin and vasculogenic mimicry with the development and prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Qin Yanzi , Zhao Wenjun , Cai Zhaogeng , Wang Qi , Gao Jin , Yang Ningning , Ci Hongfei , Feng Zhenzhong , Ma Li 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: We previously reported high SOX4 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which participates in the mechanism of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) by mediating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism. In this study, the relationships between SOX4, SOX17, vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and VM were analyzed to explore the mechanisms of the occurrence and development of ESCC. Methods: SOX4, SOX17, and VE-cadherin expression as well as VM in 210 ESCC tissues and 60 normal esophageal mucosal tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and correlations with clinicopathological parameters were explored. The invasion, migration, and proliferation of EC9706 and Eca109 cells were determined after silencing of VE-cadherin with siRNA interference technology. SOX4, SOX17, and VE-cadherin protein and mRNA expression were quantified by Western blotting and qRT-PCR analyses, respectively.Results: Low SOX17 expression, high SOX4 expression, and high VE-cadherin expression were observed in ESCC tissues and were significantly correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis (LNM), depth of invasion, and pathological tumor node metastasis (pTNM) stage. They also were independent poor prognostic factors in ESCC patients. After VE-cadherin silencing, the invasion, migration, and proliferation of EC9706 and Eca109 cells in vitro were decreased, while SOX17 protein and mRNA levels were increased and SOX4 protein and mRNA levels were decreased.Conclusions: SOX17, SOX4, and VE-cadherin are involved in the development of ESCC. Low expression of SOX17 and high expression of SOX4 may promote VM in ESCC by enhancing VE-cadherin transcription.
Main Crops’ Yield Risks of the Belt and Road Terrestrial Countries Under 1.5°C and 2°C Global Warming Scenarios
Authors: Tong Miao , Dai Erfu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
According to the Fifth IPCC Assessment Report, climate change poses severe risks to the Belt and Road region. To promote regional food security, this study examined yield risks in four staple crops (rice, wheat, maize, and soybeans) under 1.5°C and 2°C global warming scenarios. Yield data was derived from simulations of multiple climate-crop model ensembles from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project. A threshold was defined as the 10th percentile of the reference period distribution (1986–2005) of crop yields. Then, adverse consequences on yield were assumed to arise once future crop yields were lower than the threshold. To quantify the likelihood of crop yield loss, the agreement of model combinations at which the threshold was crossed was calculated for each crop on a grid scale. Conclusions about crop loss and its risks were as follows: (1) Impacts of warming on yields differ between crop types and regions. The likelihood of yield loss in low-latitude regions was higher than that in mid-latitude regions for maize, rice, and soybeans. (2) Under a higher warming scenario, the mean yield loss likelihood would increase 0.16%–3.06% at low-latitude subregions but dropped by no more than 2% for subregions with higher latitudes. (3) Under 1.5°C global warming, the “risk zone” accounted for 37%, 35%, 25%, and 13% of growing areas for maize, wheat, rice, and soybeans, respectively. (4) The higher the warming, the larger the “risk zone”. When warming increased from 1.5°C to 2°C, the four crops’ calculated “newly added risk zones” would increase by 1.8%–3.5%. This study revealed patterns of yield loss risks for major crops in the Belt and Road in different warming scenarios and subregions and could provide some references for regional responses or adaptions to climate change in the agricultural system.
High soil phosphorus application significantly increased grain yield, phosphorus content but not zinc content of cowpea grains
Authors: Mohammed Saba Baba , Dzidzienyo Daniel K. , Yahaya Adama , Umar Muhammad L. , Ishiyaku Muhammad F. , Tongoona Pangirayi B. , Gracen Vernon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background and aims Phosphorus (P) is limiting in many soils of cowpea producing areas. To ameliorate the impact of soil P deficiency, the use of P-based fertilizers is highly recommended. However, a negative association between zinc (Zn) content and high P application has been reported in some crops. There are few reports about P-Zn interaction on cowpea. Thus, in this study, the response of cowpea to the varying amounts of P and their effect on plant P and Zn content, and yield were investigated.Methods Thirty genotypes were grown at three P rates in screenhouse and field environments. In the screenhouse, shoot biomass, P and Zn content were measured at 55 days after sowing. In the field, grain yield, P, and Zn content were determined in the harvested tissues when plants reached full maturity.Results Higher rates of P in the growth media led to significantly increased shoot biomass, and grain yield but were not associated with a significant change in shoot or grain Zn content. There was not a significant correlation between grain yield and Zn content in high soil P (p < 0.05). The site regression analysis revealed that the first two principal components explained 69.76%, and 22.30% of total variance for grain yield, and 69.01% & 24.66% of total variance for Zn content.Conclusions The effect of higher P application on reduced shoot and grain Zn content may be genotype-dependent and could be circumvented if genotypes with high Zn content under higher P supply are identified and cultivated.
Utilisation of Cover Crops: Implications for Conservation Agriculture Systems in a Mediterranean Climate Region of South Africa
Authors: Smit Ernst H. , Strauss Johann A. , Swanepoel Pieter Andreas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
PurposeCover crops can provide multiple agroecosystem services to crops produced in conservation agriculture systems. South African grain producers in the Mediterranean climate region are reluctant to integrate cover crops in rainfed systems since cover crops replace cash crops leading to financial losses. Using cover crops as fodder can help cover input costs, while providing a range of advantageous services to the cropping system. The aim of this study was to investigate how cover crop mixtures and the utilisation of cover crops affect soil quality, the quality and quantity of the mulch as well as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) produced in the subsequent year.MethodsA two-year study was conducted in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. In Year 1, diverse legume and cereal-based cover crop mixtures were partially grazed, cut and material removed for haymaking, or left unutilised as a mulch. In Year 2, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was planted to investigate the effects of cover crop mixtures and utilisation method on subsequent spring wheat yield. ResultsCover crops used as hay or for grazing did not affect (P < 0.05) grain yield of wheat that followed in rotation. Legume-based cover crop mixtures increased (P < 0.05) wheat grain protein content regardless of utilisation method. Soil quality and nitrogen content improved (P < 0.05) when cover crops were grazed. ConclusionsCover cropping can be used by South African grain producers as an important agronomic tactic to improve system productivity and support sustainable intensification of rainfed cropping systems.
Behaviour Change Practices in Exercise Referral Schemes: Developing Realist Programme Theory of Implementation.
Authors: Downey John , Shearn Katie , Brown Nicola , Wadey Ross , Breckon Jeff 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Exercise Referral Schemes have been delivered worldwide to augment physical activity levels in sedentary patients with a range of health issues, despite their utility being questioned. Understanding the implementation mechanisms of behaviour change practices is important to avoid inappropriate decommissioning and support future service planning. The aim of this study was to develop initial theories to understand what influences the behaviour change practices of Exercise Referral practitioners within the United Kingdom.Methods: An eight-month focused ethnography was undertaken, to carry out the first phase of a realist evaluation, which included participant observation, interviews, document analysis, and reflexive journaling. A comprehensive implementation framework (Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research) was adopted providing an extensive menu of determinants. Mechanisms were categorised based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (within the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour model) providing an explanatory tool linking the levels of the framework. Results: Three programme theories are proposed. Firstly, motivation and capability are influenced when behaviour change oriented planning and training are in place. Secondly, motivation is influenced if leadership is supportive of behaviour change practice. Lastly, integration between health professionals and practitioners will influence motivation and capability. The conditions necessary to influence motivation and capability include a person-centred climate, cognizant practitioners, and established communities of practice.Conclusions: The findings are the first to articulate the necessary elements for the implementation of behaviour change practices in Exercise Referral services. These results outline emerging theories about the conditions, resources, and explanations of behaviour change implementation that can inform service development.
Validation of the Indonesian Version of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score in Patients with Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Adhitya I Putu Gde Surya , Yu Wen-Yu , Saraswati Putu Ayu Sita , Winaya I Made Niko , Lin Mau-Roung 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: This study aimed to examine the psychometric performance of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) used in Indonesian patients with chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI).Methods: The FAOS was translated into Indonesian through standardized procedures. Among 224 patients with unilateral CLAI recruited from 14 physical therapy clinics during a 1-year period, reliabilities, construct validities, and responsiveness levels of the FAOS were examined. Active and passive range of motion of ankle dorsiflexion or plantiflexion, figure-of-eight, numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), and Short Form (SF)-36 were used to test the construct validities.Results: The five subscales indicated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha, 0.74~0.96) and interrater test-retest reliabilities (interclass correlation coefficients, 0.80~0.94). Subscales of the FAOS moderately converged with those selected measures with similar constructs (r values, 0.32~0.53), with the exception of the correlation of pain with the NPRS (r, -0.06). Results of the principal component analysis showed that the five-factor structure of the FAOS was appropriate for the Indonesian data, although six items (four in the pain and two in the other symptoms (OSs) subscales) did not perfectly fit their original subscales. Guyatt’s responsiveness index for the FAOS’s subscales changed in the SF-36’s physical function over a 1-month period and ranged 0.37 to 1.27.Conclusions: The Indonesian version of the FAOS demonstrated acceptable reliabilities and responsiveness, and fair construct validities among CLAI patients, although certain items in the pain and OSs subscales may need to be further explored and improved.
Seismic response of a small-scale masonry cross vault: Experimental investigation by performing quasi-static and shake table tests
Authors: Bianchini Nicoletta , Mendes Nuno , Calderini Chiara , Candeias Paulo XAVIER , Rossi Michela , Lourenço Paulo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The seismic safety assessment of 3D complex structural elements of historic buildings, such as cross vaults, is a challenge and experimental tests can provide relevant data for this purpose. This paper presents the results of two experimental campaigns in a reduced scale 3D printed vault characterized by asymmetric boundary conditions. The specimen adopted the typical geometry of groin vault (without ribs) and was made of polymeric bricks placed in an orthogonal bond disposition. The seismic behaviour of the vault was studied through quasi-static and dynamic tests using the shake table. In particular, an incremental dynamic analysis up to the collapse of the vault was carried out. The results obtained experimentally were analysed in terms of damage, collapse mechanisms, displacements, in-plane distortion and response spectrum-based analysis.
The first awake simultaneous PET-MR study of an adult with fragile X syndrome: A case report
Authors: Gade Soujanya , Hjørnevik Trine , Park Jun Hyung , Shen Bin , Gu Meng , Tseng Jessica , Barbosa Daniel , Leuze Christoph , Pitteri Sharon , Jung Jaeho , Lee Byung Chul , Kim Sang Eun , McNab Jennifer , Spielman Daniel , Hall Scott S. , Fung Lawrence K. , Chin Frederick T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a debilitating neurogenetic disorder that can result in a multitude of impairments in cognition, memory, and learning. Case Presentation: a 25-year-old male with FXS participated in this study. The participant obtained scores in the non-spectrum range on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale and obtained an full scale IQ score of 57 (Verbal IQ = 23 and Nonverbal IQ = 34) on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB-5). On the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd Edition (VABS-2) he obtained a composite score of 66. Pre-scan serum cortisol reactivity was 16.45 mcg/dL. Following a [18F]flumazenil (5mCi) intravenous bolus injection, the participant was scanned without sedation on a hybrid PET-MR system (Signa, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) for 60 mins. List mode PET data, structural and diffusion MRI (DWI), and MR spectroscopy (MRS) were acquired simultaneously. Quantitative PET and DWI measures were extracted from 83 pre-defined regions of interest. MRS data was collected from two 20 cc voxels (thalamus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Conclusion: This is the first study to investigate neuromolecular behavior in FXS without the use of sedation using PET-MR. Mapping the neuromolecular differences in FXS can lead to targeted treatments that can significantly improve quality of life for families and individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Extensive study on the impact of joint inclinations on the earth pressure in rock ground
Authors: Adedokun Solomon , Son M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The impact of different joint inclinations on the earth pressure was extensively carried out in this study, using Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) which is based on discrete element method. Numerical parametric investigations, which considered varying joint inclinations and rock types, were conducted after the numerical method had been verified through a physical model test. The joint angles considered ranged from 0º to 90º in the interval of 5º and the rock types are hard, slightly and moderately weathered rocks. The results of the analyses were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance, and compared with empirical earth pressure envelope for sand ground. The comparisons showed that earth pressures in rock ground are substantially varied from those in sand ground. The result of ANOVA revealed that joint inclinations have statistically significant effect on magnitude of the earth pressure, and practitioners should consider this factor while designing retaining structure in rock masses.
Advanced glycation end-products associate with podocytopathy in type II diabetic patients
Authors: Nishad Rajkishor , Syed Tahaseen V , Motrapu Manga , Kavvuri Rajesh , Kodali Kiranmayi , Pasupulati Anil Kumar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background The prevalence of diabetes reaches epidemic proportions, affecting the incidence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and associated end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Diabetes is the leading cause of ESKD since 30–40% of diabetic patients develop DN. Albuminuria and eGFR have been considered a surrogate outcome of chronic kidney disease, and the search for a biomarker that predicts progression to diabetic kidney disease is intense.Methods We analyzed the association of serum advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) index (AGI) with impaired kidney function in uncontrolled diabetic patients (type II, n = 130) with albuminuria ranging from (150 to 450 mg/day). The kidney biopsy specimens were also examined for the association of AGEs, particularly carboxymethyl lysine (CML) with kidney function. Further, we also assessed the effect of carboxymethyl lysine on glomerular injury and podocytopathy in experimental animals.Results We observed a strong correlation between AGI and impaired kidney function in miroalbuminuric patients with hyperglycemia. A significant association between CML levels and impaired kidney function was noticed. Administration of CML in mice showed heavy proteinuria and glomerular abnormalities. Reduced podocyte number observed in mice administered with CML could be attributed to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of podocytes. Conclusion Serum AGEs could be independently related to the podocyte injury vis-a-vis the risk of DN progression to ESKD in patients with microalbuminuria. AGEs or CML could be considered a prognostic marker to assess microalbuminuria progression to ESKD in diabetic patients.
Covid-19 on Twitter: an analysis of risk communication with visuals
Authors: Sleigh Joanna , Amann Julia , Schneider Manuel , Vayena Effy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: In a pandemic, when timely and clear communication is important, visuals on social media can help citizens quickly find and understand health risk information. In recognition of visuality and social media’s value during a crisis, we investigated popular Covid-19 risk communication with visuals posted on the platform Twitter. Looking at tweet authors, their use of graphics, the preventative messages, and risk framing, our objective was to determine how visual communication on Twitter promoted WHO Covid-19 health recommendations.Methods: We sourced Twitter’s 500 most retweeted Covid-19 messages for each month from January - October 2020 using Crowdbreaks. Included tweets had to have visuals, be in English, come from verified accounts, and contain at least one of the keywords ‘covid19', 'coronavirus', 'corona', or 'covid’. Following a retrospective approach, we then performed a qualitative content analysis of the tweets’ text and visuals. Results: Most of the tweets analysed came from influencers - individuals with many followers (51%), followed by media companies (30%), and health and government institutions (15%). At the start of the pandemic, the latter two were most prevalent. Analysis of visual formats showed that photographs were most common, and the majority of tweets combined them with other graphic types (55%). 68% of tweets had text in their visual, 42% of all visuals were animated, and 26% included a URL. ‘Stay home’ and ‘wear a mask’ were the most frequently communicated Covid-19 preventative measures. 70% of tweets used risk framing (emphasising health gains or loss), and 32% had tones of critique.Conclusion: This study found that the most retweeted Covid-19 preventative measures with visuals mostly came from individuals, showing that health and government organisations were not alone in promoting preventative measures on Twitter. This stresses the important role individuals play in the dissemination of information using social media during a health crisis. The finding that more tweets used health loss framing, often combined with the emotive medium of photographs, raises concerns about persuasive tactics feeding on fear. Future research is needed to better understand this approach's consequences and its impact on public perceptions and behaviours.
Improved Site-dependent Statistical Relationships of Vs, Vp, and Resonant Frequency versus Bedrock Depth in Japan
Authors: Mohammed Mostafa Thabet 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Combining both processing techniques of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) and surface-to-borehole spectral ratio (SBR), using the KiK-net and K-NET database in Japan, could be used in the present study to establish relationships of Vs, Vp, and resonant frequency (f) versus depth to bedrock half-space (h) based on the site-dependent variability in different lithologies. Remarkable correlations of the average Vs and Vp of layers overlying the bedrock half-space (i.e. Vs and Vp) versus h are inversely resembling the relationships of f versus h and their maxima of ≤ 1000 m/s and ≤ 3000 m/s, respectively. Moreover, their ranges are decreasing gradually through site class of B, C, D and E resembling the ranges of the Vs30 according to NEHRP Provision (2000). Underestimation in the correlation coefficients resulted from HVSR at K-NET sites due to shallow and limited ranges of h whenever compared with those resulted from HVSR and SBR at KiK-net sites. Rebuilding the f versus h based on site-dependent variability in different lithologies could strongly decrease scattering and deviations of data points. Although such relationships are site-specific and highly dependent on each region’s geologic conditions, fair comparisons based on site information and site-dependent variability of different bedrock lithologies between previous relationships of f versus h in the literature and the present study relationships are showing remarkable and reasonable similarities. This indicates significant importance of introducing the seismic site classification of different lithologies as a crucial controlling factor in establishing the previous and the present nonlinear regression relationships.
Nucleation of Ga Droplets Self-Assembly on GaAs(111)A Substrates
Authors: Tuktamyshev Artur , Fedorov Alexey , Bietti Sergio , Vichi Stefano , Tambone Riccardo , Tsukamoto Shiro , Sanguinetti Stefano 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We investigated the nucleation of Ga droplets on exact GaAs(111)A substrates in the view of their use as the seeds for the self-assembly droplet epitaxial quantum dots. A small critical cluster size of 1-2 atoms characterizes the droplet nucleation. Low values of the Hopkins-Skellam index (as low as 0.35) demonstrate a high degree of a spatial order of the droplet ensemble. Around 350 °C the droplet size distribution becomes bimodal. We attribute this observation to the interplay between the local environment and the limitation to the adatom surface diffusion introduced by the Ehrlich-Schwöbel barrier at the terrace edges.