bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From England to Italy: The Intriguing Story of Poli’s Engine for the King of Naples
Authors: Esposito Salvatore 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn interesting, yet unknown episode concerning the effective permeation of the scientific revolution in eighteenth-century Kingdom of Naples (and Italy more generally) is recounted. The intriguing story of James Watt’s steam engine, prepared to serve a Royal Estate of the King of Naples in Carditello, reveals a fascinating piece of the history of that kingdom, as well as an unknown step in the history of Watt’s steam engine, whose final entrepreneurial success for the celebrated Boulton & Watt company was a direct consequence. This story reveals that, contrary to what claimed in the literature, the first introduction in Italy of the most important technological innovation of the eighteenth century did not take place with the construction of the first steamship of the Mediterranean Sea, but rather thirty years before that, thanks to the incomparable work of Giuseppe Saverio Poli, a leading scholar and an influential figure in the Kingdom of Naples. The tragic epilogue of Poli’s engine accounts for its vanishing from historical memory.
Analytical challenges of glycosaminoglycans at biological interfaces
Authors: Szekeres Gergo Peter , Pagel Kevin , Heiner Zsuzsanna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe analysis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is a challenging task due to their high structural heterogeneity, which results in diverse GAG chains with similar chemical properties. Simultaneously, it is of high importance to understand their role and behavior in biological systems. It has been known for decades now that GAGs can interact with lipid molecules and thus contribute to the onset of atherosclerosis, but their interactions at and with biological interfaces, such as the cell membrane, are yet to be revealed. Here, analytical approaches that could yield important knowledge on the GAG-cell membrane interactions as well as the synthetic and analytical advances that make their study possible are discussed. Due to recent developments in laser technology, we particularly focus on nonlinear spectroscopic methods, especially vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, which has the potential to unravel the structural complexity of heterogeneous biological interfaces in contact with GAGs, in situ and in real time.
Graphical abstract
Ilizarov technology in China: a historic review of thirty-one years
Authors: Zhu Yue-Liang , Guo Bao-Feng , Zang Jian-Chen , Pan Qi , Zhang Ding-Wei , Peng Yue , Qin Si-He 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To summarize the evolution of Ilizarov technology in China, highlight important milestones, introduce the atmosphere of the era concerning the first uses and development of this technology, and share Chinese modification and experience in this field.

Method
A thorough interview with senior ASAMI members of China and literature search and physical books in libraries was undertaken to summarize the history of Ilizarov technology in China.

Results
The formal development of Ilizarov technology began when professor Ilizarov himself came to Beijing (1991) and gave a speech. In the following 31 years, his technology was rapidly developed through China, with many symposiums held and associations established including ASAMI China (2003) and ILLRS China (2015). Today, Ilizarov technology has become the main treatment of complex fractures, defects, nonunion, infections, deformities, and chronic ischemic ulcers of the limbs. In those years, Chinese scholars also developed some special treatment methods and made many modifications to Ilizarov external fixators.

Conclusion
Ilizarov technology has developed in China for 31 years. It revolutionized the treatment of complex limb traumas, deformities, and diseases. In the treatment of millions of patients, Chinese scholars had many unique experiences and made modifications to this technology which is worthy to share with the world.
Farm-Level Effects of Emissions Tax and Adjustable Drainage on Peatlands
Authors: Purola Tuomo , Lehtonen Heikki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDrained agricultural peatlands emit significantly higher amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per hectare than mineral soils. GHG abatement costs for representative cereals (CF) and dairy (DF) farms in southwestern Finland were estimated by integrating an emission-based tax together with an option to invest in a subsidized adjustable drainage system on peat soils in a farm-level dynamic optimization model. With an average 10% share of peat soils from overall farm area, emissions tax rates over 15 (CF) and 19 (DF) €/tCO2e triggered adjustable drainage investments with a significant reduction in GHG emissions per ha, when assuming no crop-yield effect from the adjustable drainage. Abatement costs for emissions tax rates €12–50/tCO2e/ha were €16–44/tCO2e (CF) and €26–51/tCO2e (DF) for whole farm-soil emissions, depending on the share of peatlands on the farm, on the yield effects of adjustable drainage, and on crop prices. High emissions tax rates imply higher abatement costs since farms have a limited capability to adjust their production and land use. Thus, emissions reductions from peatlands can be achieved at reasonable costs when investing in adjustable drainage on peatlands. The income losses due to emissions tax, however, are high, but they can be compensated for farmers by lumpsum payments independent of their production decisions. Since existing agricultural policies such as the EU CAP system may have limited effectiveness on GHG emissions, the emissions tax and adjustable drainage on peatlands could promote GHG abatement significantly on farms and areas with abundant peatlands.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the treatment of acute appendicitis in China
Authors: Zheng ZhiXue , Bi Jing Tao , Liu Ya Qi , Cai Xuan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objective
This research aims to analyze the impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic on the hospital visits of patients with acute appendicitis.

Methods
The retrospective analysis was designed to look at the treatment of acute appendicitis in the Department of General Surgery in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2019–2020). Data was analyzed by the numbers of patients, sex, age, onset time, fever or not, laboratory examination, imaging test, and treatment. And we analyzed the differences between the “pre-COVID group” and “during-COVID group”.

Results
Compared with the year 2019, the number of acute appendicitis patients has diminished substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), but the number elevated with the control of the pandemic. Even if we did not find the differences of the treatment before and during the pandemic (P = 0.932), the onset time to emergency was significantly longer (P < 0.001), and more patients had showed fever (P < 0.001) during the COVID-19 pandemic. And the total number of white blood cells and C reactive protein level were significantly higher in 2020 than those in 2019 (P = 0.006, 0.003). And the same result was found in patients with appendiceal fecalith (P = 0.047).

Conclusion
During the pandemic of the new coronavirus pneumonia, the number of patients with acute appendix treatment dropped significantly, mainly because it took longer than before, and the condition was more severe. It can be seen that the new coronary pneumonia has a great impact on the patients’ medical treatment behavior, and the active prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus pneumonia is currently an important and urgent issue.
Development and application of a diagnostic and severity scale to grade post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome
Authors: Ricci Federica S. , D’Alessandro Rossella , Somà Alessandra , Salvalaggio Anna , Rossi Francesca , Rampone Sara , Gamberini Giorgia , Davico Chiara , Peretta Paola , Cacciacarne Mario , Gaglini Pierpaolo , Pacca Paolo , Pilloni Giulia , Ragazzi Paola , Bertin Daniele , Vallero Stefano G. , Fagioli Franca , Vitiello Benedetto 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS) affects about one-third of children and adolescents following surgical removal of a posterior fossa tumor (PFT). According to the Posterior Fossa Society consensus working definition, CMS is characterized by delayed-onset mutism/reduced speech and emotional lability after cerebellar or 4th ventricle tumor surgery in children, and is frequently accompanied by additional features such as hypotonia and oropharyngeal dysfunction/dysphagia. The main objective of this work was to develop a diagnostic scale to grade CMS duration and severity. Thirty consecutively referred subjects, aged 1–17 years (median 8 years, IQR 3–10), were evaluated with the proposed Post-Operative Pediatric CMS Survey after surgical resection of a PFT and, in case of CMS, for 30 days after the onset (T0) or until symptom remission. At day 30 (T1), CMS was classified into mild, moderate, or severe according to the proposed scale. CMS occurred in 13 patients (43%, 95% C.I.: 25.5–62.6%), with mild severity in 4 cases (31%), moderate in 4 (31%), and severe in 5 (38%). At T1, longer symptom persistence was associated with greater severity (p = 0.01). Greater severity at T0 predicted greater severity at T1 (p = 0.0001). Children with a midline tumor location and those aged under 5 years at diagnosis were at higher risk of CMS (p = 0.025 and p = 0.008, respectively). In conclusion, the proposed scale is a simple and applicable tool for estimating the severity of CMS at its onset, monitoring its course over time, and providing an early prognostic stratification to guide treatment decisions.

What is Known:• Post-operative pediatric Cerebellar Mutism Syndrome (CMS) is a complex phenomenon with a wide spectrum of symptoms that may manifest in children undergoing the resection of a posterior fossa tumor (PFT) and that can result into long-term impairment.

What is New:• This study developed and pilot-tested an easily applicable diagnostic and severity scale to grade the duration and the severity of symptoms of the CMS.• The proposed scale was found to be a sensitive instrument to identify even mild CMS presentations.• By scoring not only the duration but also the severity of symptoms the scale allows a more accurate prognostic stratification for an optimal planning of clinical and rehabilitative interventions.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in children with acute liver failure (ALF): is it time for incorporation into the ALF armamentarium?
Authors: Alexander Emma C. , Deep Akash 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPaediatric acute liver failure (PALF) is a rare but devastating condition with high mortality. An exaggerated inflammatory response is now recognised as pivotal in the pathogenesis and prognosis of ALF, with cytokine spill from the liver to systemic circulation implicated in development of multi-organ failure associated with ALF. With advances in medical management, especially critical care, there is an increasing trend towards spontaneous liver regeneration, averting the need for emergency liver transplantation or providing stability to the patient awaiting a graft. Hence, research is ongoing for therapies, including extracorporeal liver support devices, that can bridge patients to transplant or spontaneous liver recovery. Considering the immune-related pathogenesis and inflammatory phenotype of ALF, plasma exchange serves as an ideal liver assist device as it performs both the excretory and synthetic functions of the liver and, in addition, works as an immunomodulatory therapy by suppressing the early innate immune response in ALF. After a recent randomised controlled trial in adults demonstrated a beneficial effect of high-volume plasma exchange on clinical outcomes, this therapy was incorporated in European Association for the Study of Liver (EASL) recommendations for managing adult patients with ALF, but no guidelines exist for PALF. In this review, we discuss rationale, timing, practicalities, and existing evidence regarding the use of plasma exchange as an immunomodulatory treatment in PALF. We discuss controversies in delivery of this therapy as an extracorporeal device, and practicalities of use of plasma exchange as a ‘hybrid’ therapy alongside other extracorporeal liver assist devices, before finally reviewing outstanding research questions for the future.
Multi-view dual attention network for 3D object recognition
Authors: Wang Wenju , Cai Yu , Wang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe existing view-based 3D object classification and recognition methods ignore the inherent hierarchical correlation and distinguishability of views, making it difficult to further improve the classification accuracy. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes an end-to-end multi-view dual attention network framework for high-precision recognition of 3D objects. On one hand, we obtain three feature layers of query, key, and value through the convolution layer. The spatial attention matrix is generated by the key-value pairs of query and key, and each feature in the value of the original feature space branch is assigned different importance, which clearly captures the prominent detail features in the view, generates the view space shape descriptor, and focuses on the detail part of the view with the feature of category discrimination. On the other hand, a channel attention vector is obtained by compressing the channel information in different views, and the attention weight of each view feature is scaled to find the correlation between the target views and focus on the view with important features in all views. Integrating the two feature descriptors together to generate global shape descriptors of the 3D model, which has a stronger response to the distinguishing features of the object model and can be used for high-precision 3D object recognition. The proposed method achieves an overall accuracy of 96.6% and an average accuracy of 95.5% on the open-source ModelNet40 dataset, compiled by Princeton University when using Resnet50 as the basic CNN model. Compared with the existing deep learning methods, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance in the 3D object classification accuracy.
Decoding neurobiological spike trains using recurrent neural networks: a case study with electrophysiological auditory cortex recordings
Authors: Szabó Péter , Barthó Péter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent advancements in multielectrode methods and spike-sorting algorithms enable the in vivo recording of the activities of many neurons at a high temporal resolution. These datasets offer new opportunities in the investigation of the biological neural code, including the direct testing of specific coding hypotheses, but they also reveal the limitations of present decoder algorithms. Classical methods rely on a manual feature extraction step, resulting in a feature vector, like the firing rates of an ensemble of neurons. In this paper, we present a recurrent neural-network-based decoder and evaluate its performance on experimental and artificial datasets. The experimental datasets were obtained by recording the auditory cortical responses of rats exposed to sound stimuli, while the artificial datasets represent preset encoding schemes. The task of the decoder was to classify the action potential timeseries according to the corresponding sound stimuli. It is illustrated that, depending on the coding scheme, the performance of the recurrent-network-based decoder can exceed the performance of the classical methods. We also show how randomized copies of the training datasets can be used to reveal the role of candidate spike-train features. We conclude that artificial neural network decoders can be a useful alternative to classical population vector-based techniques in studies of the biological neural code.
Constraints on the $$\varLambda $$-Neutron Interaction from Charge Symmetry Breaking in the $$\mathbf {^4_\Lambda \mathrm{He}}$$ - $$\mathbf {^4_\Lambda \mathrm{H}}$$ Hypernuclei
Authors: Haidenbauer Johann , Meißner Ulf-G. , Nogga Andreas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe utilize the experimentally known difference of the $$\varLambda $$
Λ
separation energies of the mirror hypernuclei $${^4_\varLambda \mathrm{He}}$$

Λ
4

He

and $${^4_\varLambda \mathrm{H}}$$

Λ
4

H

to constrain the $$\varLambda $$
Λ
-neutron interaction. We include the leading charge-symmetry breaking (CSB) interaction into our hyperon-nucleon interaction derived within chiral effective field theory at next-to-leading order. In particular, we determine the strength of the two arising CSB contact terms by a fit to the differences of the separation energies of these hypernuclei in the $$0^+$$

0
+

and $$1^+$$

1
+

states, respectively. By construction, the resulting interaction describes all low energy hyperon-nucleon scattering data, the hypertriton and the CSB in $${^4_\varLambda \mathrm{He}}$$

Λ
4

He

-$${^4_\varLambda \mathrm{H}}$$

Λ
4

H

accurately. This allows us to provide first predictions for the $$\varLambda $$
Λ
n scattering lengths, based solely on available hypernuclear data.
Electron carriers involved in autotrophic and heterotrophic acetogenesis in the thermophilic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui
Authors: Katsyv Alexander , Jain Surbhi , Basen Mirko , Müller Volker 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThermoanaerobacter kivuiis an acetogenic model organism that reduces CO2with electrons derived from H2or CO, or from organic substrates in the Wood–Ljugdahl pathway (WLP). For the calculation of ATP yields, it is necessary to know the electron carriers involved in coupling of the oxidative and reductive parts of metabolism. Analyses of key catabolic oxidoreductases in cell-free extract (CFE) or with purified enzymes revealed the physiological electron carriers involved. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GA3P-DH) assayed in CFE was NAD+-specific, NADP+was used with less than 4% and ferredoxin (Fd) was not used. The methylene-THF dehydrogenase was NADP+-specific, NAD+or Fd were not used. A Nfn-type transhydrogenase that catalyzes reduced Fd-dependent reduction of NADP+with NADH as electron donor was also identified in CFE. The electron carriers used by the potential electron-bifurcating hydrogenase (HydABC) could not be unambiguously determined in CFE for technical reasons. Therefore, the enzyme was produced homologously inT. kivuiand purified by affinity chromatography. HydABC contained 33.9 ± 4.5 mol Fe/mol of protein and FMN; it reduced NADP+but not NAD+. The methylene-THF reductase (MetFV) was also produced homologously inT. kivuiand purified by affinity chromatography. MetFV contained 7.2 ± 0.4 mol Fe/mol of protein and FMN; the complex did neither use NADPH nor NADH as reductant but only reduced Fd. In sum, these analysis allowed us to propose a scheme for entire electron flow and bioenergetics inT. kivui.
The efficacy and safety of a combined multipolar radiofrequency with pulsed electromagnetic field technology for the treatment of vaginal laxity: a double-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled trial
Authors: Wattanakrai Penpun , Limpjaroenviriyakul Nattawan , Thongtan Darin , Wattanayingcharoenchai Rujira , Manonai Jittima 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Non-invasive vaginal rejuvenation with radiofrequency (RF) and lasers devices have gained popularity, but well-designed studies confirming their effectiveness are lacking. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of a multipolar RF and pulsed electromagnetic field-based device (PEMF) versus sham for vaginal laxity. Thirty-two premenopausal females with ≥ 1 vaginal delivery and self-reported vaginal laxity were randomized into 2 groups: active (RF + PEMF) and sham. Both groups received 3 vaginal treatments at 3-week interval. The Vaginal Laxity Questionnaire (VLQ), perineometer measurements, and Brink score were conducted at baseline, 4, and 12 weeks after treatments. Pre and post-treatment vaginal histology, Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), subjects’ satisfaction, pain, and adverse events were assessed. The active group VLQ scores increased and were significantly better than the sham group (p < 0.001). At the final follow-up, 50% of the active group reported no vaginal laxity (VLQ > 4) versus 12% in the sham group (p = 0.054). In the active group, all domains of perineometer measurements and Brink scores (p < 0.001), FSFI scores (p < 0.05), and patients’ satisfaction (p < 0.001) were significantly increased and higher in the active group. Mild adverse effects including pain and burning sensation were not different between groups except for itch which was significantly higher in the sham arm (p = 0.014). Histology after RF + PEMF treatments demonstrated neocollagenesis, neoelastogenesis, and neoangiogenesis. In conclusion, combination RF + PEMF therapy was safe, improved vaginal laxity, strengthened pelvic floor muscles, and improved female sexual function for at least 12-week post-procedures with confirmed histological improvements. This study was registered on the Thai Clinical Trials Registry, TCTR20200803002 on 2020–07-30 “retrospectively registered.”
Opportunities for an African greenhouse gas observation system
Authors: Merbold Lutz , Scholes Robert J. , Acosta Manuel , Beck Johannes , Bombelli Antonio , Fiedler Bjoern , Grieco Elisa , Helmschrot Joerg , Hugo Wim , Kasurinen Ville , Kim Dong-Gill , Körtzinger Arne , Leitner Sonja , López-Ballesteros Ana , Ndisi Mylene , Nickless Aecia , Salmon Emmanuel , Saunders Matthew , Skjelvan Ingunn , Vermeulen Alexander T. , Kutsch Werner L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGlobal population projections foresee the biggest increase to occur in Africa with most of the available uncultivated land to ensure food security remaining on the continent. Simultaneously, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise due to ongoing land use change, industrialisation, and transport amongst other reasons with Africa becoming a major emitter of greenhouse gases globally. However, distinct knowledge on greenhouse gas emissions sources and sinks as well as their variability remains largely unknown caused by its vast size and diversity and an according lack of observations across the continent. Thus, an environmental research infrastructure—as being setup in other regions—is more needed than ever. Here, we present the results of a design study that developed a blueprint for establishing such an environmental research infrastructure in Africa. The blueprint comprises an inventory of already existing observations, the spatial disaggregation of locations that will enable to reduce the uncertainty in climate forcing’s in Africa and globally as well as an overall estimated cost for such an endeavour of about 550 M€ over the next 30 years. We further highlight the importance of the development of an e-infrastructure, the necessity for capacity development and the inclusion of all stakeholders to ensure African ownership.