bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeography of the Oceans
Authors: Halsband Claudia , Ahyong Shane T. , Brandt Angelika , Kosobokova Ksenia , Ward Peter , Goodall-Copestake Will P. , Macpherson Enrique 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes global patterns and mechanisms of both ecological and historical crustacean biogeography resulting in the contemporary species distributions described over the past decades. In the pelagic realm, hydrographic features such as ocean currents, physical depth profiles, and latitudinal temperature gradients are major structuring elements, as well as selection pressure exerted by the environment and species interactions, which have resulted in speciation over evolutionary time. Benthic crustacean distributions are additionally constrained longitudinally by continental barriers and submarine features such as ridges and seamounts. The main biogeographic patterns of both benthic and pelagic crustaceans are described for all ocean basins and the polar regions, of which the Indian Ocean is the least well studied. The Copepoda and Decapoda are generally represented with the highest number of described species, followed by Amphipoda and Isopoda. Life cycles with pelagic larvae (e.g., decapods and stomatopods) increase dispersal and enable wide distributions, while a lack of dispersive larvae promotes endemism in benthic forms (e.g., amphipods). Restricted regions with high species richness and endemism, such as the “coral triangle” (the Indo-Australian Archipelago), the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean, represent important biodiversity hotspots. Endemics are also suitable markers for past earth history events. Only a few studies cover the biogeography of crustacean taxa in all of the world’s oceans, but a few exceptions exist for decapods, amphipods, and isopods. Although the world’s oceans have been reasonably well studied for crustacean distribution and diversity, species complexes and cryptic species lacking morphological diagnostic features leave us with a large number of unconsolidated taxa. Emerging molecular tools may be able to assist with refinement of nomenclature and hence increase the resolution of crustacean biogeography in the future.
Terrestrial Environments
Authors: Sfenthourakis Spyros , Myers Alan A. , Taiti Stefano , Lowry James K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Among crustaceans, only Amphipoda, Isopoda, and Decapoda have invaded truly terrestrial environments, but only two groups show full adaptations to live on land: the family Talitridae among the Amphipoda and the suborder Oniscidea among the Isopoda. The Talitridae occur primarily in forest leaf litter, but a number of other habitats, including caves, are recorded. Talitrids are important ecological contributors to the litter fauna, often occurring in high densities. Their adaptations to a terrestrial way of life include the retention of the mitten-shaped second gnathopods, a neotenic condition among males; the first article of antenna 2 greatly enlarged and fixed to the side of the head; and enlarged gills and pleopods often reduced, sometimes to vestigial stumps. Talitrids have a skewed world distribution being at their most diverse in New Zealand, Tasmania, and Japan/Taiwan. They occur in the Caribbean and Central America but are absent from South and North America except as introduced taxa. Their distribution is largely a result of tectonic activity during the past 150 million years and of extinctions during the Tertiary due to increasing aridity of the climate. The Oniscidea (terrestrial isopods) are the only crustaceans that have managed to adapt to almost all habitat types on land and have become the most species-rich suborder of Isopoda. Although monophyly of the Oniscidea is generally accepted, current taxonomy, based almost entirely on morphological characters, needs extensive revision. Terrestrial isopods present a number of unique adaptations to life on land, some of which result from what can be considered as pre-adaptations of ancestral marine isopods, such as egg development in a marsupium, being dorso-ventrally oblate and having a pleopodal respiration. Other crucial adaptations of Oniscidea include the water-conducting system, the structure of their cuticle, and the “covered” type of pleopodal lungs, all of which are responses to the acute problem of desiccation. They are also among the most speciose taxa in caves, some species have even returned to an aquatic life, and a few species have evolved social behavior. Oniscidea are increasingly being used in biogeographical, phylogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary research and can become model organisms for a broad range of biological studies.
A Most Peculiar Book
Authors: Swenson Kristin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Bible, we are constantly reminded, is the bestselling book of all time. It is read with intense devotion by hundreds of millions of people, stands as authoritative text for Judaism and Christianity, and informs and affects the politics and lives of the religious and nonreligious around the world. But how well do we really know it? The Bible is so familiar, so ubiquitous that we take our knowledge of it for granted. Yet in some cases, the Bible we think we know is a pale imitation of the real thing. This book addresses the dirty little secret of biblical studies—that the Bible is a weird book, by modern standards. A collection of ancient stories, poetry, and more written by multiple authors, held together by the tenuous string of tradition, the Bible often undermines our modern assumptions. It is full of surprises and contradictions, unexplained impossibilities, terrifying supernatural creatures, and heroes doing horrible deeds. In total, it offers neither a systematic theology nor a singular worldview. Still, there is a tendency to reduce the complexities of the Bible to aphorisms, bumper stickers, and slogans. But what exactly does it mean to be “unclean”? Who really killed Goliath? Does Jesus condemn nonbelievers to Hell? What does it mean “to believe,” in the first place? Rather than dismiss the Bible as an outlandish or irrelevant relic of antiquity, this book leans into the messiness full throttle, guiding readers through a Bible that will to many feel brand new.
But in the Original . . .
Authors: Swenson Kristin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter tackles the issue of why there is no such thing as an “original” Bible. When it comes to the Bible, “going back to the original” usually means referring to the ancient Hebrew and Greek texts, since those are, respectively, the languages of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible and of the New Testament, from which our translations come. However, there is simply no single Bible that old or that otherwise stands as “The One” that gave rise to them all. Our earliest versions come from hundreds of years after the Bible's (both Jewish and Christian versions) contents were finalized. There is no authoritative ur-text that can be consulted for the final word. But while there is no such thing as an original Bible, the facts of the Bible's development, the admission that we have fragments of copies sometimes with competing claims or inscrutable passages, invites us to reconsider the most basic ways to read it.
Angels, Demons, and a Talking Ass
Authors: Swenson Kristin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the Bible’s divine world. Along with different varieties of angels and demons there are medically prophylactic snakes, a talking ass, a curse-wielding box (the Ark), supernatural rocks, giant fish, and more that are discussed in this chapter. The chapter asserts that even angels defy easy categorization in the Bible; for example, they can be human or divine depending on the context. Their counterparts too—demons and even “Satan”—the chapter shows mean different things in different parts of the Bible.
And General Befuddlements
Authors: Swenson Kristin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the oddities in biblical texts that continue to befuddle even scholars. Reasons include the vagaries of transmission and how far removed the modern reader—as well as the modern scholar—is from the cultural, historical, and linguistic contexts in which the Bible was written. Some of these puzzling texts may assume familiarity with customs or stories well known to the authors but lost to us now; others may be cases of stories missing significant parts; in still other cases, one might simply want to know more than the texts reveal. This chapter investigates the Bible’s range of translation possibilities, its literary context and forms, its historical contexts, and particular theological assumptions at work, including the fact that all the texts were collected and presented by believers, not disinterested reporters. The chapter then reveals that some possibilities for interpretation and understanding are stronger than others. Furthermore, even in those cases where the Bible's oddities defy experts, the possibilities for understanding, interpretation, and even application are not without limit.
Ten Commandments for Reading the Bible
Authors: Swenson Kristin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides some advice for how to approach the Bible. It first discusses some general dos and don'ts of biblical literacy before providing ten commandments on how to read or use the Bible. First, is to recognize that the Bible does not equate to God and to beware of making the Bible itself an object of worship. The chapter urges readers to be mindful of the Bible's translations and its logical gaps and not to dismiss the wisdom and knowledge of previous Bible scholars. It argues that the Bible should not be used to harm others or to presume to issue divine judgment on others. And it warns against carelessly and simplistically interpreting the Bible, or taking biblical texts out of context. The final commandment is to take the Bible seriously without being blind to its more uncomfortable and unsavory aspects.
The Cinema of Francesco Rosi
Authors: Marrone Gaetana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Francesco Rosi’s work, which includes an impressive number of individually celebrated films, occupies a unique place in postwar Italian, indeed postwar world, cinema. Over the years, Rosi has offered films that trace an intricate path between the real and the fictive, the factual and the imagined. His films show an extraordinarily consistent formal balance while representing historical events as social emblems that examine, shape, and reflect the national self. They rely on a labyrinthine narrative structure, in which the sense of an enigma replaces the unidirectional path leading ineluctably to a designated end and solution. The truth itself, so fragmented and confused, may never be discovered. Rosi’s logical investigations are conducted by an omniscient eye and translated into a cinematic approach that embraces the details of material reality with the panoramic perspective of a dispassionate observer. This study addresses Rosi’s films as mosaics fashioned out of “clips” collected from the various stages of production, most specifically from the director’s own archival materials. It examines Rosi’s creative use of film as document (and as spectacle). This is, inevitably then, a study of the specific cinematic techniques that characterize Rosi’s work and that visually, compositionally, express his vision of history and the elusive “truth” of past and present social and political realities.
Operatic Microhistory
Authors: Marrone Gaetana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Il momento della verità (The Moment of Truth, 1965), a thematic departure from earlier films, is a bold experiment in shooting “freely” without a script. The film, informed by a keen sense of class consciousness and Rosi's penchant for location shooting, centers on the career of a matador, Miguel Mateo “Miguelín,” a peon who leaves the country for the city to escape poverty. Visually, Rosi’s searing exposure of the corruption and exploitation rampant in contemporary Spain is achieved through the use of a long 300mm lens. Sacrificial rituals also lie at the heart of Carmen (Bizet’s Carmen, 1984), Rosi's only experiment in opera adaptation. Also shot in Andalusia and featuring actual soldiers, gypsies, and locals, Carmen counterposes realistic settings to staged theatricality.
City of Memory
Authors: Marrone Gaetana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Since he had left Naples in the winter of 1946–1947 Rosi had never felt tempted to return but somehow always looked for creative projects which would lead him back. In 1992, he films Diario napoletano (Neapolitan Diary), an intimate narrative documenting a personal and collective journey. In 2003, Eduardo De Filippo’s art, deeply rooted in human suffering rather than the virtuosity of the stagecraft, persuaded Rosi to direct Napoli milionaria! at the San Carlo Theatre for the Compagnia di Teatro Luca De Filippo. Rosi’s vision of historical continuity between cinema and the theater is embodied in a city where poverty favors corruption, crime, and an insatiable longing for power. For Rosi, Eduardo's play is an appeal for action aimed at recapturing the fundamental values of life: love, honesty, solidarity. Three years later he staged Le voci di dentro and in 2008 Filumena Marturano.
“The Sword of the Lord”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Motivating soldiers to kill in the Civil War was more difficult than inspiring them to die for the cause. Killing, Drew Gilpin Faust wrote, “required the more significant departure from soldiers’ understandings of themselves as human beings and . . . as Christians.” Killing was a problem for many soldiers—violence seemed prohibited by the Bible, especially the New Testament’s Sermon on the Mount, but also the Old Testament command, “Thou shalt not kill” (Exodus 20:13). In response, Americans turned to other passages in the Bible to inspire soldiers to kill, a concern never more urgent than after the bloodbath at Antietam. Soon after that battle, Lincoln announced his Emancipation Proclamation, which gave some northerners a righteous motivation to fight. It was now a war for freedom. In wrestling with these interrelated concerns—the motivation to kill and the battle for emancipation—Americans struggled with the scriptures in the second half of 1862.
Intimacy through Time and Space in Fieldwork Interviews
Authors: Perrino Sabina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 continues to engage with theory, meta-methodology, and methodology through a novel synthesis of work on scalarity, intimacy, stancetaking, chronotopicity, kinship, and narrative. After defining intimacy as “. . . an emergent feeling of closeness in combination with significant levels of vulnerability, trust, and/or shared identities that can very across time and space” (Perrino & Pritzker, 2019), it goes on to provide the reader with a discursive and procedural view of what intimacy, vulnerability, and trust look like. In doing so, this chapter provides a discursive picture to terms that have often been associated with the notion of rapport while demonstrating that close attention to the discursive features of anthropological interviews not only provides unique insights into the co-construction of different types of rapport but also offers further evidence that challenges the notion that one needs to establish rapport before engaging in interviews. More specifically, Perrino explores how the co-construction of intimacy becomes a central aspect of researcher/collaborator’s rapport in anthropological fieldwork settings. She shows how intimate relations are processual phenomena of interaction in speech participants’ oral narratives as they unfold in interview settings in two field sites: Senegal (West Africa) and Northern Italy. In doing so, she highlights how kinship chronotopes are also discursively appropriated and co-constructed as part of both her and her consultants’ ongoing efforts to inhabit particular participant roles (i.e., to engage in role alignment).
Framework for Understanding and Treating Mental Health Problems
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on five important components when working with children with mental health problems and their families. The ecological systems model recognizes the dynamic two-way relationship between the systems that affect the youth’s environment and the youth’s responses to those effects and the factors that may facilitate or impede the child’s environmental adaptation. Systems of care is a service delivery method where youth and their families are seen as capable and equal to the professionals in the treatment decision-making process. Evidence-based practices and programs are interventions and programs that incorporate strongly supported evidence-based practices while also encouraging the combination of individual skills and uniqueness. Cultural humility is a multiperspective approach to working with diverse populations, one based on the understanding of the importance of diverse cultures, beliefs, values, and morals. Finally, engagement and strengths-based practices encourage an exhaustive examination of many factors that may prevent effective engagement between the social worker and his or her clients.
Depressive Disorders
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 provides an overview of the causes and prevalence of depression in children and adolescents, followed by a discussion of brain research and genetic susceptibility of depressive disorders. A description of the signs and symptoms and the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders and issues specific to children and adolescents is presented. Suicide rates in young people in the United States continue to rise. Suicide is the third leading cause of death among youth aged 10–14 and the second leading cause of death among those 15–24 years old. An overview of risk and protective factors for suicide, warning signs, and information on intervening with suicidal youth is presented. Eating disorders are addressed in this chapter due to the high co-occurrence of eating disorders with depression, suicide, and the serious health complications that accompany them. The chapter ends with real-life case studies followed by questions for consideration or class discussion.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 addresses anxiety disorders, one of the most common mental health problems experienced by children and adolescents. The difference between the normal anxiety everyone experiences and problematic anxiety that significantly interferes with a youth’s daily functioning is discussed. The causes of anxiety, current research on the brain, and the development of anxiety disorders is presented. The symptom criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) used to diagnose anxiety disorders in children and adolescents are described. Posttraumatic stress disorder, even though it is no longer included in the same chapter in the DSM as anxiety disorders, is also addressed. Common scales and inventories used for assessing the symptoms of anxiety are included, along with links to obtain these tools or learn more about them. The chapter ends with four real-life case studies followed by questions for consideration or class discussion.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 begins with prevalence estimates for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and impulsivity are addressed, followed by descriptions of how these symptoms present in children and adolescents. An overview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria for diagnosing ADHD is presented. The chapter includes a discussion of the causes of ADHD and current research, with a focus on possible linkages between ADHD and biological, genetic, environmental, and nutritional causes and current brain research. Diagnosing youth using DSM criteria along with differentiating ADHD and other disorders is discussed. Common assessment tools used to screen for symptoms of ADHD are presented. Chapter 9 ends with two real-life case studies and questions for class discussion.
Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
There are many treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Each person with ADHD has different needs; there is no one treatment that fits all. Treatment can take the form of behavior therapy, family therapy, social skills training, parent skills training, psychotherapy, and medication. Education and supportive therapies are helpful for a family dealing with a child with ADHD. This chapter starts with a discussion of commonly prescribed psychotropic medications for ADHD and addresses the side effects and concerns that exist in prescribing them to children and adolescents. Evidence-based and promising practices are described, along with examples of the techniques used and session agendas. The end of the chapter returns to the case studies presented in Chapter 9, describes the real-life outcomes, and presents questions for discussion.
Substance Abuse Co-Occurrence with Mental Health Issues
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Substance abuse, including the use of alcohol and other drugs, is one of the most prevalent disorders among adolescents and young adults, co-occurring with many other psychiatric and mental health disorders. Some use of alcohol and drugs can be expected during adolescence; however, it is necessary to use screening tools to differentiate between misuse of drugs and alcohol and substance abuse. Some brief and comprehensive screening instruments are mentioned in this chapter for future reference. General indicators of substance abuse disorders such as physical and emotional symptoms, family issues, and social problems are explored, and the chapter discusses some of the most commonly abused drugs. Emphasis is put on incorporating treatments of substance abuse with treatments of mental illness for a more comprehensive intervention strategy for people with co-occurring disorders.
Going, Going, Gone
Authors: Bookman Marc 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the diminishing use of the death penalty in the United States in the modern era. During the early 1800s, executions were practically celebrations, with merchants selling souvenirs and alcohol to thousands of onlookers. Such spectacles, which often included cursing at the widow and tearing down the scaffold and cutting the rope, prompted states to require private hangings. By the middle of the century, a majority had determined that executions were bringing out the worst in its citizenry. Despite excessive costs, bad lawyering, discrimination, procedural mistakes, and horrifyingly botched killings, execution in the United States persists—for now. Although 60% of the states and the federal government continue to maintain the policy, only a small percentage of states are actively pursuing executions.