bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Text and Data Mining Exception in South America: A Way to Foster AI Development in the Region
Authors: Jackson Bertón Matías 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In 2015, authors wondered if Europe was falling behind in the artificial intelligence (AI) race because of the lack of a text and data mining (TDM) exception. What can then be said for South America? Copyright regimes and their interaction with the development of digital technologies on this continent have been overlooked by authors. This paper intends to start filling this gap by mapping the current state of copyright exceptions that serve computational analysis in South America. After reviewing the copyright regimes of the five largest economies of the region (i.e. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru), I concluded that they are not prepared for digital research techniques such as text and data mining. Researchers in these countries are at a competitive disadvantage, as rigid and outdated copyright regimes act as a constraint against keeping pace with the latest developments in subsequent years. If policymakers want to develop their nations’ AI capabilities, as many governments and international organizations claim they do, they will need to look for a more flexible and enabling approach to copyright.
The growing rural–urban divide in US life expectancy: contribution of cardiovascular disease and other major causes of death
Authors: Abrams Leah R , Myrskylä Mikko , Mehta Neil K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The US rural disadvantage in life expectancy (LE) relative to urban areas has grown over time. We measured the contribution of cardiovascular disease (CVD), drug-overdose deaths (DODs) and other major causes of death to LE trends in rural and urban counties and the rural–urban LE gap.

Methods
Counterfactual life tables and cause-of-death decompositions were constructed using data on all US deaths in 1999–2019 (N = 51 998 560) from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Results
During 1999–2009, rural and urban counties experienced robust LE gains, but urban LE increased by 1.19 years more in women and 0.86 years more in men compared with rural LE. During 2010–2019, rural counties experienced absolute declines in LE (women −0.20, men −0.30 years), whereas urban counties experienced modest increases (women 0.55, men 0.29 years). Counterfactual analysis showed that slowed CVD-mortality declines, particularly in ages 65+ years, were the main reason why rural LE stopped increasing after 2010. However, slow progress in CVD-mortality influenced LE trends more in urban areas. If CVD-mortality had continued to decline at its pre-2010 pace, the rural–urban LE gap would have grown even more post 2010. DODs and other causes of death also contributed to the LE trends and differences in each period, but their impact in comparison to that of CVD was relatively small.

Conclusions
Rural disadvantage in LE continues to grow, but at a slower pace than pre 2010. This slowdown is more attributable to adverse trends in CVD and DOD mortality in urban areas than improvements in rural areas.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Animal Studies Investigating the Relationship Between Serum Antibody, T Lymphocytes, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease
Authors: McGinley Joseph , Thwaites Ryan , Brebner Will , Greenan-Barrett Lewis , Aerssens Jeroen , Öner Deniz , Bont Louis , Wildenbeest Joanne , Martinón-Torres Federico , Nair Harish , Pollard Andrew J , Openshaw Peter , Drysdale Simon ,   REspiratory Syncytial virus Consortium in EUrope (RESCEU) Investigators, Rosen Brian , Aerssens Jeroen , Gallichan Scott , Leach Amanda , Dormitzer Phil , Kena Swanson , Giaquinto Carlo , van den Berge Maarten , Kølsen Fischer Thea , Meijer Adam , Martinón-Torres Federico , Openshaw Peter , Díaz Carlo , Molero Eva , Pollard Andrew , Bont Louis , Nair Harish , Campbell Harry , Beutels Philippe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections occur in human populations around the globe, causing disease of variable severity, disproportionately affecting infants and older adults (&gt;65 years of age). Immune responses can be protective but also contribute to disease. Experimental studies in animals enable detailed investigation of immune responses, provide insights into clinical questions, and accelerate the development of passive and active vaccination. We aimed to review the role of antibody and T-cell responses in relation to RSV disease severity in animals.MethodsSystematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies examining the association between T-cell responses/phenotype or antibody titers and severity of RSV disease. The PubMed, Zoological Record, and Embase databases were screened from January 1980 to May 2018 to identify animal studies of RSV infection that assessed serum antibody titer or T lymphocytes with disease severity as an outcome. Sixty-three studies were included in the final review.ResultsRSV-specific antibody appears to protect from disease in mice, but such an effect was less evident in bovine RSV. Strong T-cell, Th1, Th2, Th17, CD4/CD8 responses, and weak Treg responses accompany severe disease in mice.ConclusionsMurine studies suggest that measures of T-lymphocyte activity (particularly CD4 and CD8 T cells) may be predictive biomarkers of severity. Further inquiry is merited to validate these results and assess relevance as biomarkers for human disease.
‘It makes life so much easier’—experiences of users of the MicroGuide™ smartphone app for improving antibiotic prescribing behaviour in UK hospitals: an interview study
Authors: Hand Kieran S , Clancy Bridget , Allen Mike , Mayes Amazigom , Patel Yash , Latter Susan M 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo understand the impact on prescribing behaviour of an antimicrobial therapy guidelines smartphone app, in widespread use in hospitals in the UK.MethodsTwenty-eight doctors and five nurse prescribers from four purposively selected hospitals in the UK participated in behavioural theory-informed semi-structured interviews about their experiences of using the MicroGuide™ smartphone app. Data were analysed using a thematic content analysis.ResultsFive themes emerged from the interview data: convenience and accessibility; validation of prescribing decisions; trust in app content; promotion of antimicrobial stewardship; and limitations and concerns. Participants appreciated the perceived convenience, accessibility and timesaving attributes of the app, potentially contributing to more prompt treatment of patients with time-critical illness. The interviewees also reported finding it reassuring to use the app to support decision-making and to validate existing knowledge. They trusted the app content authored by local experts and considered it to be evidence-based and up-to-date. This was believed to result in fewer telephone calls to the microbiology department for advice. Participants recognized the value of the app for supporting the goals of antimicrobial stewardship by promoting the responsible and proportionate use of antimicrobials. Finally, a number of limitations of the app were reported, including the risk of de-skilling trainees, cultural problems with using smartphones in clinical environments and software technical problems.ConclusionsThe MicroGuide app was valued as a means of addressing an unmet need for updated, concise, trustworthy specialist information in an accessible format at the bedside to support safe and effective antimicrobial prescribing.
Physical Activity From Adolescence Through Midlife and Associations With Body Mass Index and Endometrial Cancer Risk
Authors: Saint-Maurice Pedro F , Sampson Joshua N , Michels Kara A , Moore Steven C , Loftfield Erikka , McClain Kathleen , Cook Michael B , Trabert Britton , Matthews Charles E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Physical activity is associated with lower risk for endometrial cancer, but the extent to which the association is mediated by body mass index (BMI) in midlife is unclear. This study describes the physical activity–endometrial cancer association and whether BMI mediates this relationship.

Methods
Participants were 67 705 women in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study (50-71 years) who recalled their physical activity patterns starting at age 15-18 years. We identified 5 long-term physical activity patterns between adolescence and cohort entry (ie, inactive, maintained low, maintained high, increasers, decreasers). We used Cox regression to assess the relationship between these patterns and midlife BMI and endometrial cancer, adjusting for covariates. Mediation analysis was used to estimate the proportion of the physical activity–endometrial cancer association that was mediated by midlife BMI.

Results
During an average 12.4 years of follow-up 1468 endometrial cancers occurred. Compared with long-term inactive women, women who maintained high or increased activity levels had a 19% to 26% lower risk for endometrial cancer (maintained high activity: hazard ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.67 to 0.98; increasers: hazard ratio = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.91). They also had a 50% to 77% lower risk for obesity in midlife (eg, maintained high activity: odds ratio for a BMI of 30-39.9 kg/m2 = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.46 to 0.55; and maintained high activity, odds ratio for a BMI of ≥40 kg/m2 = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.26 to 0.39). BMI was a statistically significant mediator accounting for 55.5% to 62.7% of the physical activity–endometrial cancer associations observed.

Conclusions
Both maintaining physical activity throughout adulthood and adopting activity later in adulthood can play a role in preventing obesity and lowering the risk for endometrial cancer.
Project Forward: A Population-Based Cohort Among Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancers
Authors: Milam Joel , Freyer David R , Miller Kimberly A , Tobin Jessica , Wojcik Katherine Y , Ramirez Cynthia N , Ritt-Olson Anamara , Thomas Stefanie M , Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes , Cousineau Michael , Modjeski Denise , Gupta Sapna , Hamilton Ann S 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildhood cancer survivors (CCS) face increased risk of morbidity and are recommended to receive lifelong cancer-related follow-up care. Identifying factors associated with follow-up care can inform efforts to support the long-term health of CCS.MethodsEligible CCS (diagnosed between 1996 and 2010) identified through the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program responded to a self-report survey that assessed demographic, clinical, health-care engagement, and psychosocial risk and protective factors of recent (prior 2 years) cancer-related follow-up care. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify correlates of care. All statistical tests were 2-sided.ResultsThe overall response rate was 44.9%, with an analytical sample of n = 1106 (54.2% Hispanic; mean [SD] ages at survey, diagnosis, and years since diagnosis were 26.2 [4.9], 11.6 [5.4], and 14.5 [4.4] years, respectively). Fifty-seven percent reported a recent cancer-related visit, with lower rates reported among older survivors. Having insurance, more late effects, receipt of a written treatment summary, discussing long-term care needs with treating physician, knowledge of the need for long-term care, having a regular source of care, and higher health-care self-efficacy were statistically significantly associated with greater odds of recent follow-up care, whereas older age, Hispanic or Other ethnicity (vs non-Hispanic White), and years since diagnosis were associated with lower odds of recent care (all Ps &lt; .05).ConclusionsAge and ethnic disparities are observed in receipt of follow-up care among young adult CCS. Potential intervention targets include comprehensive, ongoing patient education; provision of written treatment summaries; and culturally tailored support to ensure equitable access to and the utilization of care.
VX-765 ameliorates inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation by inhibiting the NOX1/ROS/NF-κB pathway in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Wang Xiaokang , Wu Tiesong , Ma Hongyan , Huang Xiaoling , Huang Kaiyuan , Ye Chunxiao , Zhu Shiping 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study explores the potential role of a highly selective caspase-1 inhibitor, VX-765, on extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the underlying mechanisms.

Methods
DN rats, induced via high-fat diet/streptozotocin, were used to assess the effects of VX-765. Parallel experiments were carried out on rat mesangial cell line HBZY-1 exposed to high glucose (HG) to reveal the molecular mechanism of VX-765 in preventing DN. Survival analysis, biochemical parameters and renal oxidative stress of rats were observed, and Western blotting and immunofluorescence were evaluated. In vitro, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX)1 silencing by RNA interference and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were conducted in HBZY-1 cells exposed to HG levels.

Key findings
In vivo, VX-765 significantly reduced the increase in urine albumin excretion and ECM accumulation. The phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly down-regulated. Furthermore, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphorylation of NF-κB and the expression of the NOX1 gene or protein were significantly decreased in HBZY-1 with VX-765 (5 μM) treatment in vitro.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrated that VX-765 exerts favourable effects on DN via the simultaneous alleviation of systemic metabolic syndrome and down-regulating the renal NOX1/ROS/NF-κB pathway, suggesting that it has therapeutic potential for DN.
Impact of pre-treatment C-reactive protein level and skeletal muscle mass on outcomes after stereotactic body radiotherapy for T1N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer: a supplementary analysis of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group study JCOG0403
Authors: Matsuo Yukinori , Nagata Yasushi , Wakabayashi Masashi , Ishikura Satoshi , Onishi Hiroshi , Kokubo Masaki , Karasawa Katsuyuki , Shioyama Yoshiyuki , Onimaru Rikiya , Hiraoka Masahiro 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of pretreatment C-reactive protein (CRP) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) on outcomes after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for T1N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as a supplementary analysis of JCOG0403. Patients were divided into high and low CRP groups with a threshold value of 0.3 mg/dL. The paraspinous musculature area at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra was measured on simulation computed tomography (CT). When the area was lower than the sex-specific median, the patient was classified into the low SMM group. Toxicities, overall survival (OS) and cumulative incidence of cause-specific death were compared between the groups. Sixty operable and 92 inoperable patients were included. In the operable cohort, OS significantly differed between the CRP groups (log-rank test p = 0.009; 58.8% and 83.6% at three years for high and low CRP, respectively). This difference in OS was mainly attributed to the difference in lung cancer deaths (Gray’s test p = 0.070; 29.4% and 7.1% at three years, respectively). No impact of SMM on OS was observed. The incidence of Grade 3–4 toxicities tended to be higher in the low SMM group (16.7% vs 0%, Fisher’s exact test p = 0.052). In the inoperable cohort, no significant impact on OS was observed for either CRP or SMM. The toxicity incidence was also not different between the CRP and SMM groups. The present study suggests that pretreatment CRP level may provide prognostic information in operable patients receiving SBRT for early-stage NSCLC.
Cold response and tolerance in cereal roots
Authors: Zhou Yaping , Sommer Mauritz Leonard , Hochholdinger Frank 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cold stress adversely affects plant growth and is a limiting factor in crop productivity. Temperature volatility as a consequence of climate change will increase the effects of cold stress on crop cultivation. Low temperatures frequently occur early after planting in temperate climates, and severely affect root development in cereals. In this review, we address the question of how cereal root systems respond to cold at different scales. First, we summarize the morphological, physiological, and cellular responses of cereal roots to cold stress and how these processes are regulated by phytohormones. Subsequently, we highlight current understanding of the genetic and molecular analyses of cold tolerance with emphasis on the role of cold-responsive genes in improving cold tolerance in cereal roots. Finally, we discuss the role of beneficial microorganisms and mineral nutrients in ameliorating the effects of cold stress in cereal roots. A comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying cold tolerance will ensure yield stability by enabling the generation of cold-tolerant crop genotypes.
Unveiling the atomic hydrogen–halo mass relation via spectral stacking
Authors: Chauhan Garima , Lagos Claudia del P , Stevens Adam R H , Bravo Matías , Rhee Jonghwan , Power Chris , Obreschkow Danail , Meyer Martin 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Measuring the H i–halo mass scaling relation (HIHM) is fundamental to understanding the role of H i in galaxy formation and its connection to structure formation. While direct measurements of the H i mass in haloes are possible using H i-spectral stacking, the reported shape of the relation depends on the techniques used to measure it (e.g. monotonically increasing with mass versus flat, mass-independent). Using a simulated H i and optical survey produced with the shark semi-analytic galaxy formation model, we investigate how well different observational techniques can recover the intrinsic, theoretically predicted, HIHM relation. We run a galaxy group finder and mimic the H i stacking procedure adopted by different surveys and find we can reproduce their observationally derived HIHM relation. However, none of the adopted techniques recover the underlying HIHM relation predicted by the simulation. We find that systematic effects in halo mass estimates of galaxy groups modify the inferred shape of the HIHM relation from the intrinsic one in the simulation, while contamination by interloping galaxies, not associated with the groups, contribute to the inferred H i mass of a halo mass bin, when using large velocity windows for stacking. The effect of contamination is maximal at $M^{\rm }_{\rm vir}$$\sim 10^{12-12.5}\rm M_{\odot }$. Stacking methods based on summing the H i emission spectra to infer the mean H i mass of galaxies of different properties belonging to a group suffer minimal contamination but are strongly limited by the use of optical counterparts, which miss the contribution of dwarf galaxies. Deep spectroscopic surveys will provide significant improvements by going deeper while maintaining high spectroscopic completeness; for example, the WAVES survey will recover ∼52 per cent of the total H i mass of the groups with $M^{\rm }_{\rm vir}$ ∼ 1014M⊙ compared to ∼21 per cent in GAMA.
Stellar winds and metal enrichment from fast-rotating Population III stars
Authors: Liu Boyuan , Sibony Yves , Meynet Georges , Bromm Volker 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Stellar winds from fast-rotating Population III (Pop III) stars have long been suspected to make important contributions to early metal enrichment, as features in the nucleosynthesis of such ‘spinstars’ are consistent with the chemical abundance patterns of some metal-poor stars in the local Universe. Particularly, stellar winds rich in light elements can provide another pathway towards explaining the carbon enhancement in carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars. In this work, we focus on the feedback of Pop III stellar winds combined with supernovae (SNe), and derive the resulting chemical signatures in the enriched medium. We explore a large parameter space of Pop III star formation, feedback, yields from winds, and SNe with a semi-analytical model. The predicted pattern of carbon and iron abundances of second-generation stars agrees well with observations of CEMP-no stars ($[\rm Ba/Fe]\lt 0$) at $[\rm Fe/H]\lesssim -3$ and A(C) ≲ 7, under the optimistic assumption of significant mass-loss by winds from massive ($\gtrsim 25\ \rm M_{\odot }$) stars that collapse into BHs without SNe. In this scenario, carbon-rich but iron-free second-generation stars can form in systems dominated by enrichment from winds, gaining trace amounts of iron by accretion from the interstellar medium, to become the most iron-poor and carbon-enhanced stars seen in observations ($[\rm Fe/H]\lesssim -4$, $[\rm C/Fe]\gtrsim 2$). We conclude that the observed CEMP-no stars can be explained by both our winds + ISM accretion channel as well as the well-studied faint SN scenario. Wind feedback from Pop III spinstars deserves more detailed modelling in early cosmic structure formation.
Non-Verbal Interactions Between Music Therapists and Persons with Dementia. A Qualitative Phenomenological and Arts-Based Inquiry
Authors: Krøier Julie K , Stige Brynjulf , Ridder Hanne Mette 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
When music therapists are supervising caregivers in how to apply music in their interactions with persons with dementia, we may term this as indirect music therapy practice. Musical interactions are mostly happening through nonverbal, implicit, and embodied knowledge, and, therefore, there is a need for exploring and verbalizing such interactions for music therapists to be able to disseminate to caregivers and other professionals. In this qualitative study, we examine how 6 music therapists with clinical experience in dementia care experience nonverbal interaction with persons with severe dementia living in nursing homes. Explorative focus groups were conducted to study the music therapists’ lived-experience descriptions about their nonverbal interactions with persons with dementia. Focus group transcripts were analyzed by a phenomenological approach, and the findings elaborated and peer validated by the use of musical improvisation as an arts-based analytic approach. The findings included five themes: vitality, disciplined subjectivity, attunement, therapeutic presence, and validation. The music therapists were guided by the vitality of the person with dementia, were aware of their own reactions, and sensed the needs of the person through disciplined subjectivity. They attuned to the person’s nonverbal musical parameters (e.g., tempo pitch and volume) and cocreated an open and mutual field through therapeutic presence and validation. The findings are relevant for future development of direct and indirect music therapy practice but contain limitations due to a homogenous and small group of participants. This study highlights the challenges of exploring nonverbal and musical interactions with the use of language-based methods of inquiry.