bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Play Experiences in Early Literacy: Expanding the Science of Reading
Authors: Rand Muriel K. , Morrow Lesley Mandel 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTChildren’s experiences in preschool and kindergarten influence their future literacy learning. Although emergent literacy has traditionally been supported by play‐based experiences, there has been a decline in play opportunities in recent years. Media publications citing the science of reading have called for more focus on systematic, direct instruction of skills in phonics and phonemic awareness. However, from the perspective of the simple view of reading, the process of learning to read involves developing both decoding and linguistic comprehension skills. In this article, we review the research that has linked play experiences to three areas: (1) the development of language skills necessary for linguistic comprehension, including vocabulary, decontextualized language, and oral narrative competence; (2) opportunities for functional literacy behaviors, including emergent reading and writing behaviors; and (3) skills related to decoding, including print awareness, phonological awareness, word recognition, and reading fluency. The research also has demonstrated the value of adult guidance during play experiences in optimizing literacy learning. This review of the literature linking play and literacy in early childhood expands the scope of the science of reading to include a wider range of skills that support reading development.
Beyond the Simple View of Reading: The Role of Executive Functions in Emergent Bilinguals’ and English Monolinguals’ Reading Comprehension
Authors: Taboada Barber Ana , Cartwright Kelly B. , Hancock Gregory R. , Klauda Susan Lutz 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe simple view of reading describes reading as the product of decoding (D) and listening comprehension (LC). However, the simple view of reading has been challenged, and evidence has proved it to be too simple to explain the complexities of reading comprehension in the elementary school years. Hypotheses have been advanced that there are cognitive‐linguistic factors that underlie the common variance between D and LC, which are malleable, although there is no clarity at this point regarding what these are. We propose that one such group of malleable cognitive factors is executive function (EF) skills. Further, we posit that EF skills play equally strong roles in explaining reading comprehension variance in emergent bilinguals and English monolinguals. We used multigroup structural equation modeling to determine the contribution of these constructs (D, LC, and EF) to reading comprehension in 425 emergent bilinguals and 302 English monolinguals in grades 2–4. The shared variance between D and LC was explained by direct and indirect effects in the models tested, with strong indirect effects for the EFs of cognitive flexibility and working memory through D and LC, respectively, for both language groups. The indirect effect of cognitive flexibility through LC on reading comprehension was considerably larger for emergent bilinguals than for English monolinguals. Considerations for a more nuanced view of the simple view of reading and its implications for practice are discussed.
Teaching Reading Is More Than a Science: It’s Also an Art
Authors: Paige David D. , Young Chase , Rasinski Timothy V. , Rupley William H. , Nichols William D. , Valerio Meghan 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe role of the teacher, specifically teacher craft, is central to engaging students in effective reading instruction. However, the science of reading has revealed that the content taught is also important to reading acquisition. Although the science of reading was aggregated some two decades ago to result in what became known as the five big pillars, it has not been fully incorporated into instructional practice. Subsequent research has continued to inform and strengthen what we understand about reading, and new energy has now emerged to bring the science of reading fully into practice. However, the science of reading and teacher craft are each insufficient without the other. In this article, we discuss the art of teaching and advocate that it must be given serious consideration if the science of reading is to be adopted en masse by teachers. We also discuss several reading strategies and their role in effective reading instruction and the art of teaching.
Retracted: An unmanned aerial vehicles navigation system on the basis of pattern recognition applications—Review of implementation options and prospects for development
Authors: Al Said Nidal , Gorbachev Yuri , Avdeenko Aleksei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe popularity of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) kept growing over the past few decades. UAVs are widely used in various fields for monitoring, mapping, aerial photography, rescue operations, and so forth. However, the UAV navigation may be difficult in areas where global positioning systems is not available. This article presents an analytical review of the promising methods of creating a navigation system based on a pattern recognition algorithm. Linear algebra and mathematical morphology to describe the operation of pattern recognition applications in UAV's navigation systems, classification of images through profound research of intelligent navigation systems, analysis and digital image processing to identify options for the implementation of artificial intelligent systems of visual navigation were used to identify existing pattern recognition applications in the process of constructive systematization. It was shown that the UAV navigation requires objects in the image to be recognized and the distance to a possible obstacle to be estimated using deep learning method for image segmentation and depth map estimation. An obligatory initial point in the image recognition algorithm is the image preprocessing procedures based on machine vision techniques. The results of this study may be useful in developing efficient UAV applications for military and civil purposes.
State Immunity and the Execution of Investment Arbitration Awards
Authors: Winch Phoebe D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe doctrine of state immunity occupies a fundamental place in international law. The application of the doctrine, largely left to the national laws of states, is not consistent. One particular area of inconsistency is the treatment of the plea of state immunity from execution of arbitral awards resulting from investor-state disputes. The issue of state immunity from execution has come to the fore in light of a number of recent attempts by award-creditors to attach their awards against the assets of a foreign state located in jurisdictions considered to be “pro-enforcement”, such as France and Belgium. This chapter considers the plea of state immunity and the execution of investment arbitration awards from the perspective of the forum state. In particular, it addresses the introduction of procedural and substantive amendments to French and Belgian laws on state immunity following these attempts by award-creditors to seize foreign state assets located in their respective jurisdictions. The chapter posits a way forward for investors seeking to navigate the landscape governing state immunity from execution.
Trends and ISDS Backlash Related to Non-Disputing Treaty Party Submissions
Authors: Magraw Kendra 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSome international investment agreements (IIAs) allow states that are parties to a treaty, but are not party to a specific dispute under that treaty, to intervene on a limited basis in order to make submissions on matters of treaty interpretation. Such mechanisms have proved to be highly valued by treaty parties, as evident by the many recently-concluded IIAs containing increasingly sophisticated non-disputing treaty party (NDTP) provisions. This chapter: (1) provides the background on NDTPs mechanisms, with a focus on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (the first-known IIA to contain such a provision); (2) examines the possible connection between tribunals failing to give due regard to treaty parties’ interpretive positions (again focusing on NAFTA) and the current backlash against investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS); and (3) analyses trends in recently-concluded IIAs. It is argued that the apparent lack of deference given by tribunals to NDTP submissions may be contributing to the current backlash against ISDS, based on two discernible trends: (1) an increase in the number of IIAs containing NDTPs provisions; and (2) provisions that now state that not only are treaty interpretations made by treaty parties binding on tribunals (such provisions also have their genesis in NAFTA), but that, in addition, tribunals’ decisions must be consistent with such agreed interpretations (the latter an innovation of a NAFTA party in 2003). Such trends are also visible at the institutional and multilateral levels, such as the revision of the Arbitration Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and the Mauritius Convention on Transparency in ISDS of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), and show no sign of slowing down.
Not a Third Party: Home State Participation As a Matter of Right in Investment Treaty Arbitration
Authors: Khan Rebecca E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHost states are not the only sovereign parties that an investment dispute can impact. The sovereign interests of an investor’s home state are also potentially affected by an investment claim initiated by a national against an investment treaty partner, and more mechanisms should be put in place to ensure that the home state has access to the arbitration proceedings. This chapter argues for non-disputing state party participation as a matter of right in investment treaty arbitration cases. Whether or not the home state of the investor is informed of and allowed to participate in an investment dispute has largely been left to the discretion of arbitral tribunals; arbitration rules and jurisprudence have regarded the home state no differently than non-governmental third parties seeking to participate in the arbitration asamici curiae. From the perspective of increased transparency in the investor-state dispute settlement system, this chapter posits that non-disputing state parties must be accorded an elevated status in investor-state arbitration, with the following rights: first, to be formally notified at the outset about an investment treaty dispute; second, to have access to the documents of the arbitration case; and, third, to make written submissions with respect to the interpretation of the international investment agreement invoked in the claim. The analysis begins by identifying the sovereign interests of the home state that come into play in an investment treaty arbitration. The perils of diplomatic protection are examined in this chapter, to provide the perspective from which to delimit the parameters for non-disputing state party participation. A survey of arbitration rules and jurisprudence outlines the level of participation thus far accorded to home states in investment treaty arbitration.
Investor-State Dispute Prevention: The Perspective of Peru
Authors: Valderrama Carlos José 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines state perspectives on investor-state dispute prevention drawing on the author’s personal experience and practice in Peru’s legal defence team. First, it focuses on identifying risks states experience when confronted with investor-state dispute settlement. Next, the chapter turns to particular experiences and general considerations regarding dispute prevention. Finally, it concludes with some recommendations for the implementation of certain dispute prevention practices.
The Implications of Political Risk Insurance in the Governance of Energy Projects: Τhe Case of Japan’s Public Insurance Agencies
Authors: Papanastasiou Thomas-Nektarios 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBy purchasing political risk insurance (PRI), investors can successfully strengthen their position in the host state, allocating the burden of political risk to third parties (insurance agencies). PRI is provided by international organisations, such as the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and state-sponsored insurance agencies, known as export credit agencies (ECAs) or public insurance agencies. This chapter focuses on the insurance schemes of NEXI, Japan’s officially sponsored ECA, which plays a dominant role in providing PRI to Japanese nationals. The benefits of insurance agencies providing PRI schemes go beyond cash indemnification. PRI mechanisms include various policy requirements, operational conditions, and performance standards that not only influence the engagement of the insured investors, but also shape the regulatory authority of host governments and affect local communities. PRI plays a particularly crucial role in the governance of energy projects due to the complexity of this sector and its importance to states and local communities. However, there are policy and operational implications of PRI provision in the governance of energy projects with an adverse effect on local communities. In response, most insurance agencies like NEXI, have taken measures for socially and environmentally responsible investments, requiring their insured clients to comply with various social and environmental standards and establishing surveillance mechanisms and in-house grievance facilities. Even if these practices are moving in the right direction, their true functionality and effectiveness have not yet been proved.
Un-crewed aerial vehicle population survey of three sympatrically breeding seabird species at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands
Authors: Dunn M. J. , Adlard S. , Taylor A. P. , Wood A. G. , Trathan P. N. , Ratcliffe N. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSurveying seabirds in polar latitudes can be challenging due to sparse human populations, lack of infrastructure and the risk of disturbance to wildlife or damage to habitats. Counting populations using un-crewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a promising approach to overcoming these difficulties. However, a careful validation of the approach is needed to ensure comparability with counts collected using conventional methods. Here, we report on surveys of three Antarctic bird species breeding on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands; Chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) and Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) Penguins, and the South Georgia Shag (Leucocarbo atriceps georgianus). We show that images from low-altitude UAV surveys have sufficient resolution to allow separation of Chinstrap Penguins from contiguously breeding Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adéliae), which are very similar in appearance when viewed from overhead. We compare data from ground counts with manual counts of nesting birds on images collected simultaneously by low-altitude aerial photography from multi-rotor UAVs at the same colonies. Results at this long-term monitoring site confirmed a continued population decline for Chinstrap Penguins and increasing Gentoo Penguin population. Although both methods provided breeding pair counts that were generally within ~ 5%, there were significant differences at some locations. We examine these differences in order to highlight potential biases or methodological constraints that should be considered when analysing similar aerial census surveys and comparing them with ground counts.
Fertilität – Mythos und Realität
Authors: Wölfler Monika Martina 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungObwohl die Lebenserwartung des Menschen in den letzten Jahrhunderten drastisch zugenommen hat, bleibt die Fertilität stark altersabhängig und auf das biologische Zeitfenster der reproduktiven Lebensphase beschränkt. In den letzten Jahrzehnten zeichnet sich ein deutlicher Trend der Verschiebung der Familienplanung in die späte reproduktive Lebensphase ab mit der Konsequenz, dass die Voraussetzungen für eine Spontankonzeption und einen unkomplizierten Schwangerschaftsverlauf mit steigendem maternalem Alter stark reduziert sind. Aufklärung über diese Zusammenhänge und eine Verbesserung der „fertility awareness“ sind unbedingt erstrebenswert, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit für unerfüllten Kinderwunsch zu reduzieren.Fertilitätsstörungen sind häufig, über alle Altersgruppen gemittelt ist ungefähr jedes sechste Paar mit Kinderwunsch davon betroffen. Bei Fertilitätsstörungen sind frühzeitige Diagnostik und Ausschöpfen der Behandlungsoptionen von zentraler Bedeutung, da der Faktor Zeit – sei es durch die zunehmende Sterilitätsdauer oder zunehmendes Alter – jeweils mit der Abnahme der Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Geburt eines Kindes assoziiert ist. Mittels reproduktionsmedizinischer Maßnahmen können viele Fertilitätsstörungen erfolgreich behandelt werden, der Faktor maternales Alter kann jedoch nicht ausgeglichen, sondern gegebenenfalls nur mithilfe einer Eizellspende behoben werden. Bei drohendem frühzeitigem Verlust der Ovarialfunktion stehen darüber hinaus fertilitätsprotektive Maßnahmen im Rahmen mittlerweile gut etablierter Methoden zur Verfügung.
ENT UK coronavirus disease 2019 adult tonsillitis and quinsy guidelines: translating guidance into practice
Authors: Edwards M J , James T W , Dalton C L 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study examined the uptake of ENT UK coronavirus disease 2019 adult tonsillitis and quinsy guidelines at our tertiary centre, and assessed perceived barriers to uptake.MethodsA retrospective case series of tonsillitis and quinsy patients was analysed in two arms: before and after the introduction of new ENT UK management guidelines. A survey assessed perceptions and practice differences between ENT and emergency department doctors.ResultsEach study arm examined 82 patients. Following the introduction of new ENT UK guidelines, ENT clinicians demonstrated significant changes in practice, unlike their emergency department counterparts. Survey results from emergency department doctors highlighted a lack of appreciation of guideline change and identified barriers to guideline uptake.ConclusionThe introduction of new management guidelines for tonsillitis and quinsy patients during the pandemic resulted in disparate uptake within ENT and emergency department departments at the tertiary centre. Clearer dissemination to all affected clinicians is paramount for future rapidly introduced changes to practice, to ensure clinician safety.
AVICENNA ON GRASPING MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS
Authors: Zarepour Mohammad Saleh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAccording to Avicenna, some of the objects of mathematics exist and some do not. Every existing mathematical object is a non-sensible connotational attribute of a physical object and can be perceived by the faculty of estimation. Non-existing mathematical objects can be represented and perceived by the faculty of imagination through separating and combining parts of the images of existing mathematical objects that are previously perceived by estimation. In any case, even non-existing mathematical objects should be considered as properties of material entities. They can never be grasped as fully immaterial entities. Avicenna believes that we cannot grasp any mathematical concepts unless we first have some specific perceptual experiences. It is only through the ineliminable and irreplaceable operation of the faculties of estimation and imagination upon some sensible data that we can grasp mathematical concepts. This shows that Avicenna endorses some sort of concept empiricism about mathematics.
Gut dysbiosis and mortality in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Lin Ting-Yun , Wu Ping-Hsun , Lin Yi-Ting , Hung Szu-Chun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLittle is known about the relationship between gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and adverse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. We examined the association of microbial diversity with all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients. The gut microbiota was assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. During a median follow-up of 2.1 years, the adjusted risk of death among patients with higher diversity (above median) was 74% lower than that among patients with lower diversity (below median). We then compared the microbial composition between nonsurvivors and survivors in a matched case-control study. We observed significantly lower microbial diversity and higher proinflammatory cytokines among nonsurvivors than survivors. Specifically, the relative abundance of Succinivibrio and Anaerostipes, two short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, was markedly reduced in nonsurvivors. Thus, a unique gut microbial composition is associated with an increased risk of mortality among hemodialysis patients and may be used to identify subjects with a poor prognosis.
Weeding through the haze: a survey on cannabis use among people living with Parkinson’s disease in the US
Authors: Feeney Megan P. , Bega Danny , Kluger Benzi M. , Stoessl A. Jon , Evers Christiana M. , De Leon Rebeca , Beck James C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSymptomatic management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is complex and many symptoms, especially non-motor symptoms, are not effectively addressed with current medications. In the US, cannabis has become more widely available for medical and recreational use, permitting those in the PD community to try alternative means of symptom control. However, little is known about the attitudes towards, and experiences with, cannabis use among those living with PD. To address this shortcoming, we distributed an anonymous survey to 7,607 people with PD in January 2020 and received 1339 responses (17.6%). 1064 complete responses were available for analysis. Respondents represented 49 states with a mean age of 71.2 years (±8.3) and mean PD duration of 7.4 years (±6.2). About a quarter of respondents (24.5%) reported cannabis use within the previous six months. Age and gender were found to be predictors of cannabis use in this sample (Age OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.97; Male OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.03). Users reported learning about cannabis use from the internet/news (30.5%) and friends or other people with PD (26.0%). Cannabis users were more likely to report insufficient control of their non-motor symptoms with prescription medications than non-users (p = 0.03). Cannabis was primarily used for PD (63.6%) and was most often used to treat nonmotor symptoms of anxiety (45.5%), pain (44.0%), and sleep disorders (44.0%). However, nearly a quarter of users (23.0%) also reported they had stopped cannabis use in the previous six months, primarily due to a lack of symptom improvement (35.5%). Three quarters of respondents (75.5%) did not use cannabis, primarily because there was a lack of scientific evidence supporting efficacy (59.9%). Our results suggest that the lack of formal guidance or research evidence about cannabis for PD may in part underlie inconsistencies in both use and reported effectiveness.