bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frelimo's Victories in Mozambique
Authors: Leonard Richard W. 
Published: August 2021

On May 17, 1970, Portuguese colonial forces in Mozambique numbering 50,000 and headed by the newly appointed Commander-in-Chief, General Kaulza de Arriaga launched a sweeping offensive against the areas in northern Mozambique held by FRELIMO, the Mozambique Liberation Front. Operation Gordian Knot was intended to crush the FRELIMO forces which had been operating in Mozambique since 1964. Now, four years after “Gordian Knot,” General de Arriaga has retired from the Portuguese armed forces. Following the coup that rocked Portugal on April 25 the new provisional Portuguese government has opened discussions with FRELIMO in Lusaka on the colonial problem. And FRELIMO forces are operating in strength in five districts of Mozambique—from Niassa and Cabo Delgado in the north, to Tete in the west, to Beira and Vila Pery in central Mozambique. The purpose of this article is to examine the Portuguese military defeat in Mozambique and the growing strength of FRELIMO, to look at the situation as it appears immediately following the coup in Portugal, and to briefly relate these developments to U.S. policy towards Portuguese colonialism.The most dramatic testimony of the Portuguese military failure is of course the coup in Portugal. Many accounts have noted that General Spinola's book, Portugal and the Future, which heralded the coup, made clear in its analysis that Portugal could not defeat the liberation movements militarily and that a political solution had to be sought. The signs of the erosion of Portugal's position have been evident: the feeling of “hopelessness” among Portuguese youth about the colonial wars; an estimated 100,300 draft resisters and deserters abroad added to the some one million expatriates working outside the country; an increasing tendency for troops in the field “to shy away from contact with the enemy, taking defensive stands only“; fewer than one hundred places taken in the military academy with room for four hundred; the massive discontent within the Portuguese junior officer corps about conditions of service; the growing refusal of military duty (one half of the last class called refused to report).
An Inside Look at the Sanctions Campaign
Authors: Lockwood Edgar 
Published: August 2021

There are some things in life that do yield visible, satisfying results; in building a room, painting a picture, or baking a cake, we are able to control most of the elements that contribute to the desired result. But if we try to restore sanctions against Rhodesia, we will find the effort frustrated by countless factors which concerned citizens are powerless to regulate.At the outset of our endeavors to strengthen sanctions legislation, we knew that Administration support was critical particularly in the House of Representatives. We have always needed Republican votes. In 1973, Senator McGee (who in 1972 had initiated the attempt to repeal the Byrd Amendment to the Military Procurement Bill), was reluctant to try again unless he could obtain assurances from Secretary of State Kissinger that the Administration meant business this time.
France and Africa: “Long Live Neo-Colonialism”
Authors: Wauthier Claude 
Published: August 2021

“Yes, of course we are neo-colonialists. The proof lies in the fact that we are trying to help this country: we are granting her financial aid. If that is neo-colonialism, then long live neo-colonialism.”This outburst of French indignation occurred in January 1972 at a press conference in Fort Lamy. Georges Pompidou had just been asked by a journalist to comment on the slogans which appeared throughout the Chadian capital accusing the French of being neo-colonialists. President Pompidou’s first trip to Chad was drawing to a close, and French troops continued to work with government forces under President Tombalbaye in combatting guerrilla action led by Moslems in the north. The press conference also afforded the opportunity to protest earlier broadcasts from Radio Libya which had urged the people of Chad to boycott Pompidou’s visit. “Those broadcasts bordered on insults,” the President declared. (Le Monde, January 30-31, 1972)
American Policy Toward Southern Africa Under a New Administration
Authors: Clark Senator Dick 
Published: August 2021

It is both a pleasure and an honor for me to address you tonight, just a few hours after one of our nation’s most important elections and at a time when we are at the threshold of fundamental new choices of policies for the African continent.I must tell you quite honestly that I’m very pleased that the voters have mandated a change in the administration in America and a new direction for our country. My pleasure goes beyond the fact that I am a Democrat and that a Democrat was elected to the presidency. In fact, it has nothing to do with partisan politics.
Ethnic Stratification and Political Cleavage
Authors: Segal Bernard E. 
Published: August 2021

With different names and under different guises ethnicity is old. Despite often drastic changes in the world around it, it remains in most places a lasting vessel containing and fusing individual and collective identities. Words like traditional and primordial are so frequently used to describe it that they now seem almost synonymous with it. Little wonder. As terms deriving their force from their connotation of strong basic emotional attachment and implicit shared commitment, ‘they suggest the sources of ethnicity’s pulling power.Resting on language, place, faith, phenotype, origin, and passages through common glory or common disaster, ethnicity encapsulates and summarizes a near infinity of spoken and unspoken clues and assumptions which serve to set apart those who know and feel them from those who do not.
Prospects for Future Superpower Intervention in Africa
Authors: Anise Ladun 
Published: August 2021

Conjecture on any aspect of future events in Africa is hazardous; applied to politics, it may be altogether unsafe. Yet one cannot avoid looking into the future in some way. In essence our guesswork consists of extrapolations based upon trend analysis. A number of present events and forces display characteristics that suggest persistence. The convergence of the forces and their persistence offer reasonable basis for projections into the future.Judging by the nature of past superpower involvements in Africa, it is easy to make a case for future interventions by both superpowers and intermediate (European) powers in Africa beyond the year 2000.
Military Intervention in Africa
Authors: Welch Claude 
Published: August 2021

During the Nigerian civil war. Punch published a four-panel cartoon whose simplicity elegantly portrayed a common view of Africa’s future. The first panel depicted an outline map of the continent; the second showed another outline map, this one inscribed with colonial frontiers. Panel 3 contained the outline map, crisscrossed with a crazy-quilt of borders. The final panel showed a heap of fragments at the bottom, the continent having disintegrated.Cartoonists enjoy the liberty to lampoon or to caricature, yet their exaggerations must be based on fact, or on a shared perception of fact. By the year 2000, will the cartoonist’s version, widely shared when printed, have become reality?
The Last Years of Apartheid
Authors: Vilakazi Herbert 
Published: August 2021

“Everything in Russia is ‘as of old’, at the top.But there is also something new, at the bottom.”Lenin, 1911The most crucial factor overhanging any discussion of Southern Africa today is the imminent revolutionary war between blacks and whites in South Africa. The Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 and the suppression of the ANC and PAC forced upon the leaders of the liberation movement the conclusion that only the violence of the oppressed against the white regime will bring about freedom for the blacks. Sharpeville, therefore, marked a watershed in the liberation struggle, in that the leadership of the liberation organizations abandoned hope of a peaceful resolution of the racial problem. They then proceeded, abroad, to begin preparations for the armed struggle.
Testimony before the Subcommittees on Africa and International Economic Policy and Trade
Authors: Robinson Randall 
Published: August 2021

My name is Randall Robinson. I am the Executive Director of TransAfrica.On September 25, 1976, the Congressional Black Caucus convened The Black Leadership Conference on Africa. The conference, comprising the leadership of virtually every national black civil rights and social organization, accomplished two noteworthy objectives. It authored the African-American Manifesto on Southern Africa which expressed grave concerns with the previous Administration’s negotiation initiatives for a Zimbabwe settlement. Secondly, it mandated a task force, chaired by me, to propose and execute an institutional vehicle through which black Americans could express to the Congress and the Administration their views on United States foreign policy vis-a-vis Africa and the Caribbean.
The Political Economy of Primary Care and “Health by the People”: An Historical Explanation
Authors: Gish Oscar 
Published: August 2021

During the last several years “primary care” has come to the fore as the “new” priority in health care. In September, 1978 the World Health Organization and UNICEF jointly sponsored the first International Conference on Primary Health Care. The following general principles were put forward in 1975 by the 28th World Health Assembly as the basis of successful primary care efforts.1.Primary health care should be shaped around the life patterns of the population it should serve and should meet the needs of the community.2.Primary health care should be an integral part of the national health system and other echelons of services should be designed in support of the needs of the peripheral level, especially as this pertains to technical supply, supervisory, and referral support.
Constructive Engagement or Disingeneous Support for Apartheid
Authors: Magumbane Bernard 
Published: August 2021

The collapse of any social order is inevitably presaged by the failure of its normalizing institutions to command their accustomed ideological authority. All long-held values, assumptions, and moral codes and norms of behavior are suddenly called into question. Uncertainty replaces confidence. Chaos replaces order. The glaring gap between rhetoric and reality becomes too obvious to elicit respect.The collapse of Portuguese colonization in 1975 and the ensuing independence of Mozambique, Angola, and Zimbabwe and the intensification of the national and class struggles in Namibia and South Africa has produced a crisis of unprecedented proportions for the South African regime and its imperialist backers. Historical alliances and loyalties are being undermined.
Justice in Africa: An Overview of Recent Injustice
Authors: Assensoh A.B. 
Published: August 2021

“The fact is that detention without trial is not only a punitive act of physical and mental torture of a few patriotic individuals, but it is also a calculated act of psychological terror against the struggling millions. It is a terrorist program for the psychological siege of the whole nation. That is why the practice of detention from the time of arrest to the time of release is deliberately invested with mystifying ritualism. My arrest, for instance.”—Ngugi wa Thiong’o from Detained: A Writer’s Prison Diary.In the quotation above, Kenya’s Ngugi wa Thiong’o sums up the anguish of many Africans, writers, and non-writers alike. Because they address a national, and sometimes international, audience, writers are particularly prone to detentions without trial.
NOTE : UN TÉMOIN ARABE DU FRAGMENT 2 DE BOÉTHOS DE SIDON ET LE PROBLÈME DU RAPPORT CHRONOLOGIQUE ENTRE ANDRONICOS ET BOÉTHOS
Authors: Rashed Marwan 
Published: August 2021

Le fr. 2 de Boéthos de Sidon est transmis par deux commentateurs alexandrins des Catégories d'Aristote. En voici le texte grec:[2a] Ioannes Philoponus, In Aristotelis Categorias commentarium, 5.15-20Τρίτον ἦν ἐφεξῆς κεφάλαιον τὸ πόθεν δεῖ ἄρχεσθαι τῶν Ἀριστοτελι-[16]κῶν συγγραμμάτων. Βόηθος μὲν οὖν φησιν ὁ Σιδώνιος δεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς [17] φυσικῆς ἄρχεσθαι πραγματείας ἅτε ἡμῖν συνηθεστέρας καὶ γνωρίμου, δεῖν [18] δὲ ἀεὶ ἀπὸ τῶν σαφεστέρων ἄρχεσθαι καὶ γνωρίμων. ὁ δὲ τούτου δι-[19]δάσκαλος Ἀνδρόνικος ὁ Ῥόδιος ἀκριβέστερον ἐξετάζων ἔλεγε χρῆναι πρό-[20]τερον ἀπὸ τῆς λογικῆς ἄρχεσθαι, ἥτις περὶ τὴν ἀπόδειξιν καταγίνεται.
Development of a stand-alone index for the assessment of diet quality in elementary school-aged children
Authors: Koivuniemi Ella , Nuutinen Outi , Riskumäki Markus , Vahlberg Tero , Laitinen Kirsi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:To develop and evaluate a stand-alone Elementary School-aged Children’s Index of Diet Quality (ES-CIDQ).Design:In this cross-sectional study, children filled in a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with twenty-nine multiple-item questions on the consumption of foods, portion sizes and eating frequency and a 5-d food diary. Nutrient intakes were calculated with nutrient analysis software. FFQ questions best reflecting a health-promoting diet with reference to dietary recommendations were identified by correlations, logistic regression modelling and receiver-operating characteristics curve analysis.Setting:Southwest and Eastern Finland.Participants:Healthy elementary school-aged volunteers [n266, mean (sd) age 9·7 (1·7) years] were recruited between March 2017 and February 2018.Results:A set of questions was identified from the FFQ that best depicted the children’s diet quality as defined in the dietary recommendations. These fifteen questions were scored and formulated into a stand-alone index as a continuous index score (range 0–16·5 points) and a two-category score: good and poor diet quality. The cut-off score of six points for a good diet quality had a sensitivity of 0·60 and a specificity of 0·78. Children with a good diet quality (49·8 % of the children) had higher intakes of protein, dietary fibre, and several vitamins and minerals, and lower intakes of sucrose, total fat, SFA and cholesterol compared to children with a poor diet quality.Conclusions:The developed short stand-alone index depicted diet quality as defined in the dietary recommendations. Thus, ES-CIDQ may be used for assessing diet quality in Finnish elementary school-aged children in school health care and nutrition research.
Estimating the Persistence of Party Cue Influence in a Panel Survey Experiment
Authors: Tappin Ben M. , Hewitt Luke B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPerhaps hundreds of survey experiments have shown that political party cues influence people’s policy opinions. However, we know little about the persistence of this influence: is it a transient priming effect, dissipating moments after the survey is over, or does influence persist for longer, indicating learning? We report the results of a panel survey experiment in which US adults were randomly exposed to party cues on five contemporary US policy issues in an initial survey and gave their opinions. A follow-up survey 3 days later polled their opinions again. We find that the influence of the party cues persists at ∼50% its original magnitude at follow-up. Notably, our design rules out that people simply remembered how they previously answered. Our findings have implications for understanding the scope and mechanism of party cue influence as it occurs in the real world and provide a benchmark for future research on this topic.
Nutrient Budget and Biogeochemical Dynamics in Sansha Bay, China: A Coastal Bay Affected by Intensive Mariculture
Authors: Han Aiqin , Kao Shuh‐Ji , Lin Wenfang , Lin Qiaoyun , Han Lili , Zou Wenbin , Tan Ehui , Lai Yao , Ding Guangmao , Lin Hui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study examines the spatiotemporal distribution of dissolved and particulate nutrients in Sansha Bay, a coastal bay characterized by complex hydrodynamics (monsoon‐driven river inputs and alongshore coastal waters), and intensive mariculture. However, nutrient stoichiometry and underlying biological responses in this ecosystem remain unclear. High nutrient (39.6–87.5 μmol L−1 dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), 1.79–3.77 μmol L−1 dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP)) in winter suggested entrainment of the nutrient‐enriched China Coastal Current superimposed with mariculture inputs; lower nutrient concentrations (9.6–47.1 μmol L−1 DIN, 0.31–1.57 μmol L−1 DIP) in summer, and high Chlorophyll a (0.8–17.0 mg m−3) and dissolved oxygen (4.48–8.78 mg L−1), were driven by the exchange of nutrient‐poor coastal waters and enhanced biological consumption. Using the Land‐Ocean Interaction Coastal Zone (LOICZ) mass balance model, field observations of nutrient sources/sinks allowed construction of a robust nutrient budget, in which Δ indicated non‐conservative dissolved nutrient fluxes. In both winter and summer, the external DIN and DIP additions ratio ΔDIN:ΔDIP was ∼21.8–20.4:1, while Si(OH)4 addition/removal occurred seasonally. Potential N biogeochemical processes were also explored. Using a three end‐member mixing model, nutrient biogeochemistry (regeneration/uptake, denoted by δ) within the aquaculture ecosystem was estimated separately from complex physical mixing effects. In winter, nutrient regeneration dominated (δDIN:δDIP ∼20:1; δSi(OH)4:δDIN <1:2), likely due to remineralization of particles (phytoplankton with a 16:1 Redfield ratio and/or fish feed/feces with a non‐Redfield ratio). In contrast, nutrient consumption dominated in summer (δDIN:δDIP ∼13.5:1; δSi(OH)4:δDIN ∼2.4:1). Results of this study are relevant to other coastal bays affected by intensive aquaculture, riverine inputs and coastal waters.
AMPA receptor anchoring at CA1 synapses is determined by N-terminal domain and TARP γ8 interactions
Authors: Watson Jake F. , Pinggera Alexandra , Ho Hinze , Greger Ingo H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAMPA receptor (AMPAR) abundance and positioning at excitatory synapses regulates the strength of transmission. Changes in AMPAR localisation can enact synaptic plasticity, allowing long-term information storage, and is therefore tightly controlled. Multiple mechanisms regulating AMPAR synaptic anchoring have been described, but with limited coherence or comparison between reports, our understanding of this process is unclear. Here, combining synaptic recordings from mouse hippocampal slices and super-resolution imaging in dissociated cultures, we compare the contributions of three AMPAR interaction domains controlling transmission at hippocampal CA1 synapses. We show that the AMPAR C-termini play only a modulatory role, whereas the extracellular N-terminal domain (NTD) and PDZ interactions of the auxiliary subunit TARP γ8 are both crucial, and each is sufficient to maintain transmission. Our data support a model in which γ8 accumulates AMPARs at the postsynaptic density, where the NTD further tunes their positioning. This interplay between cytosolic (TARP γ8) and synaptic cleft (NTD) interactions provides versatility to regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity.
An ester bond underlies the mechanical strength of a pathogen surface protein
Authors: Lei Hai , Ma Quan , Li Wenfei , Wen Jing , Ma Haibo , Qin Meng , Wang Wei , Cao Yi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGram-positive bacteria can resist large mechanical perturbations during their invasion and colonization by secreting various surface proteins with intramolecular isopeptide or ester bonds. Compared to isopeptide bonds, ester bonds are prone to hydrolysis. It remains elusive whether ester bonds can completely block mechanical extension similarly to isopeptide bonds, or whether ester bonds dissipate mechanical energy by bond rupture. Here, we show that an ester-bond containing stalk domain of Cpe0147 is inextensible even at forces > 2 nN. The ester bond locks the structure to a partially unfolded conformation, in which the ester bond remains largely water inaccessible. This allows the ester bond to withstand considerable mechanical forces and in turn prevent complete protein unfolding. However, the protecting effect might be reduced at non-physiological basic pHs or low calcium concentrations due to destabilizing the protein structures. Inspired by this design principle, we engineer a disulfide mutant resistant to mechanical unfolding under reducing conditions.
Identification of markers that distinguish adipose tissue and glucose and insulin metabolism using a multi-modal machine learning approach
Authors: Henninger Josefin , Eliasson Björn , Smith Ulf , Rawshani Aidin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe study of metabolomics has improved our knowledge of the biology behind type 2 diabetes and its related metabolic physiology. We aimed to investigate markers of adipose tissue morphology, as well as insulin and glucose metabolism in 53 non-obese male individuals. The participants underwent extensive clinical, biochemical and magnetic resonance imaging phenotyping, and we also investigated non-targeted serum metabolites. We used a multi-modal machine learning approach to evaluate which serum metabolomic compounds predicted markers of glucose and insulin metabolism, adipose tissue morphology and distribution. Fasting glucose was associated with metabolites of intracellular insulin action and beta-cell dysfunction, namely cysteine-s-sulphate and n-acetylgarginine, whereas fasting insulin was predicted by myristoleoylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine and other metabolites of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. OGTT-glucose levels at 30 min were predicted by 7-Hoca, a microbiota derived metabolite, as well as eugenol, a fatty acid. Both insulin clamp and HOMA-IR were predicted by metabolites involved in beta-oxidation of fatty acids and biodegradation of triacylglycerol, namely tartrate and 3-phosphoglycerate, as well as pyruvate, xanthine and liver fat. OGTT glucose area under curve (AUC) and OGTT insulin AUC, was associated with bile acid metabolites, subcutaneous adipocyte cell size, liver fat and fatty chain acids and derivates, such as isovalerylcarnitine. Finally, subcutaneous adipocyte size was associated with long chain fatty acids, markers of sphingolipid metabolism, increasing liver fat and dopamine-sulfate 1. Ectopic liver fat was predicted by methylmalonate, adipocyte cell size, glutathione derived metabolites and fatty chain acids. Ectopic heart fat was predicted visceral fat, gamma-glutamyl tyrosine and 2-acetamidophenol sulfate. Adipocyte cell size, age, alpha-tocopherol and blood pressure were associated with visceral fat. We identified several biomarkers associated with adipose tissue pathophysiology and insulin and glucose metabolism using a multi-modal machine learning approach. Our approach demonstrated the relative importance of serum metabolites and they outperformed traditional clinical and biochemical variables for most endpoints.