bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fable of the Beetle in Contemporary Aramaic and Kurmanji
Authors: Häberl C.G. , Loesov S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The fable of an insect and a mouse (or some other animal), who marry and embark on a life together, only to end in tragedy, is widely disseminated from the Mediterranean region to India. One version involving a beetle (Ṭuroyo keze, Kurmanji kêz) circulates throughout Anatolia and Iraq. The following Ṭuroyo and Kurmanji version was recorded during the 2020 summer field season of the Russian expedition to Ṭur Abdin in the village of Dērqube from a speaker of the Bequsyone dialect. She relates the narrative portions of the fable in Ṭuroyo, but switches to Kurmanji for its versified portions. In addition to the text and a translation, this study includes an interlinear glossing. It also discusses the motifs of the fable according to the standard classification scheme, as well as its relationship to other attested versions collected in various languages including Arabic, Kurmanji, and Turkish.
Emperors, Patriarchs, Metropolitans, Deacons and Monks: Individuals and Groups in the Byzantine Church (6th–11th Centuries)
Authors: Krausmüller Dirk 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article traces the history of the Byzantine Church from the sixth to the early twelfth century. It seeks to show how the development of the institution was shaped through the interactions of groups and individuals. Particular attention is paid to the permanent synod, the deacons of St Sophia and the monks of the capital.
The Standing of Indirectly Injured States in the Litigation of Community Interests before the ICJ
Authors: Longobardo Marco 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article explores the legal challenges related to the standing of indirectly injured states before the International Court of Justice in relation to violations of obligations erga omnes and erga omnes partes. After an examination of the emergence of these kinds of obligations, the article addresses the evolution of the approach of the Court in relation to the issue of standing, in light of the works of the International Law Commission on state responsibility. Especially after the 2012 Belgium v. Senegal case, the Court does not hesitate to recognise the standing of indirectly injured states. Yet, some aspects related to standing – such as the requirement of a special interests and the coordination between the reaction of the directly injured state and the indirectly injured ones – are still imprecise. The Court should take the opportunity to elaborate on these issues in the merits phase of The Gambia v. Myanmar case.
A Women’s Empowerment Campaign in Egypt: Is It Really Empowering?
Authors: Shata Aya , Seelig Michelle I. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The last few years have seen many movements aimed at empowering women worldwide. The question of what it means to be empowered and how to empower others needs to be studied further. Using ‘Taa Marbuta,’ a women’s empowerment campaign in Egypt, this paper attempts to understand the process of empowerment from the campaign/content creators’ perspective, including levels of empowerment and forms of power, and factors that influence a campaign success or failure. In-depth interviews with the campaign makers were conducted, as well as a textual analysis of the campaign messages. The analysis shows that the campaign exhibited three forms of power: power from, power to, and power over, and created a sense of belonging among advocates. Organizational empowerment was strongly apparent, followed by individual empowerment, but with minimal community empowerment. The context, leadership, political will, variety of communication channels, and collaborations among community organizers were success factors, while stereotypes and focus on awareness-raising instead of actions acted as barriers.
Portraying Friendship by the Book
Authors: Gibson Richard Hughes 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article responds to the philosopher Alexander Nehamas’ argument that “no gesture, look, or bodily disposition, no attitude, feeling, or emotion, no action and no situation is associated with friendship firmly enough to make its representation a matter for the eye.” The article proposes a “humanist exception” to Nehamas’ general rule. Building on Lorna Hutson’s argument that humanism “textualized” friendship, I contend that in the early modern period scholars and artists associated with humanism were engaged in the development of a set of recognizable signs of friendship connected to the distinctive humanist culture of the book and associated activities of reading, writing, and circulating texts. The article offers a case study of Quentin Metsys’ diptych of Erasmus and Pieter Gillis (1517) and then applies the lessons gleaned from that work to a picture that Nehamas cites as evidence of his claim, Jacopo Pontormo’s Two Men with a Passage from Cicero’s “On Friendship” (ca. 1522). Both pictures, I contend, not only depict friendship but also promote humanist ideals of friendship to the viewer.
Future Selves and Present Moral Philosophers
Authors: Lohmar Jakob 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Moral expertise requires a level of reliability in moral matters that is significantly higher than that of the average person. The author argues that this requirement of epistemic superiority in moral matters is sometimes fulfilled by our future selves and generally fulfilled by present moral philosophers. Our future selves are more reliable in answering moral questions than we are, when they have been prepared to answer those questions by various epistemic activities. But if our future selves are our epistemic superiors in such cases, moral philosophers are epistemic superiors in moral matters more generally since their epistemic advantages are even more significant. The author concludes by arguing that moral philosophers plausibly even qualify as moral experts.
Clowns, politique et histoire
Authors: Hoffert Yannick 
Published: October 2021

Résumé
Au rebours de l’ idée abstraite de la pièce longtemps dominante en France, la mise en scène de Godot dirigée par Jean Lambert-wild, Lorenzo Malaguerra et Marcel Bozonnet mobilise des références contextualisées très nettes : migrants africains qui nourrissent des espoirs d’ Europe, Shoah, univers clownesques. Ces références n’ apparaissent pas comme des clés de lecture obligatoire et définitives. Elles s’ inscrivent dans un jeu de sens qui laisse place à la fois à la littéralité et à l’ universalité. Par la place donnée aux contextes explicites, la mise en scène s’ inscrit donc au rebours des options beckettiennes ; par le souci de préserver les espaces de circulation du sens, elle rejoint l’ esprit des dynamiques scéniques mises en place par l’ auteur.
“To Have Done Again”
Authors: O’Neill Shane 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This essay is a genetic manuscript study of Beckett’s self-translation process. This study will examine how Beckett preserved the still-life attributes of Still in self-translation, and how he maintained the tension between motion and stillness in his translation of Pour finir encore. In Still, readers realise that the figure is not entirely still because of the rise and fall of its chest and the slow movement of its hand. Neither can Beckett impose stillness upon his world in Pour finir encore. By examining manuscripts, patterns of translation will emerge, giving readers a better understanding of the creative processes of self-translation.
Phylogenetic biogeography of Leptohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae)
Authors: Molineri Carlos , Ascuntar-Osnas Oscar , Zúñiga María del Carmen , Ramos Blanca Cecilia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Leptohyphes Eaton is one of the most species-rich American genera in Ephemeroptera, with 45 valid species distributed from south-central USA to Patagonia. Most species are distributed in central and northern Andes. Nymphs are frequent and abundant in mountain streams. We present a parsimony-based morphological phylogeny for the genus. Specific geographic records were studied using Hovenkamp’s protocol (barrier biogeography). Leptohyphes was recovered as a monophyletic group. The most ancient disjunction found in Leptohyphes separated Tepui-area from the rest of the Americas. Other interesting vicariant events were found, including the separation of eastern Atlantic mountains (Mata Atlantica) from the Andes; oriental and occidental slopes of the Andes; northern from central Andes; and northern Andes from Central and North America. An ancient tropical South American origin for the genus is supported, with a more recent diversification due to Andean orogeny. Clades and terminals reaching North America include few independent events of more recent range expansions.
Defining the “Tribal Advantage” in Kuwaiti Politics
Authors: Freer Courtney , Leber Andrew 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Contemporary electoral discourses in Kuwait stress a “tribal advantage” that boosts the representation of tribe-affiliated Kuwaitis in the National Assembly and undermines the character of Kuwaiti democracy. We draw on survey data, elite interviews, and election returns to assess the validity of these claims. Kuwaiti responses in a survey of political attitudes cast doubt on the hypothesis that members of tribes are likelier to view voting as a quid-pro-quo exchange for government services. Election returns suggest a slight over-representation of tribe-affiliated Kuwaitis writ large, but as a result of the interaction of larger post-2006 electoral districts with tribal electoral coordination rather than as a result of government design. Additionally, electoral returns offer evidence of growing tribal coordination intended to ensure representation within the National Assembly, albeit one disrupted by changes in electoral laws. We conclude by highlighting the possibility of electoral appeals that build on, rather than restrict themselves to, ascriptive identities.
Negotiating an Unequal Partnership: The Korean Children’s Choir 1954 U.S. Tour and Syngman Rhee’s Diplomacy
Authors: Park Hye-jung 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Most studies of U.S. cultural diplomacy focus on the ways that the United States has leveraged cultural events to achieve its own political ends. The present article takes a slightly different approach in its analysis of the 1954 Korean Children’s Choir (kcc) tour of the United States. Using copious documentary sources and interviews the author has conducted with former child choristers, it traces how Republic of Korea (rok) President Syngman Rhee used this high-profile cultural event to create a new opening to advance his goals in his complicated diplomatic relations with the United States. At the close of the Korean War, the rok was a war-ravaged nation with little power in dealing with its patron superpower. Deploying personal connections and propaganda skills that he had cultivated during decades of living in exile in the United States, Rhee orchestrated the kcc’s tour of the United States, and the visit helped Rhee gain new footing in negotiating the rok’s unequal partnership with the United States. This detailed socio-historical and musicological account shows how both President Rhee and the choristers were active and effective agents in striving to put the rok front and center in the imaginations of Americans and impress upon them its cultural gravitas and strategic importance.
Icebreaking Cooperation: Resuming the Repatriation of U.S. Servicemen’s Remains from North Korea, 1985–1990
Authors: Zhaokun Liu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Unrelenting animosity continues to define the relationship between the United States and North Korea, but in the mid-1980s, P’yŏngyang began to seek non-confrontational measures to fulfill one of its major diplomatic objectives—opening a channel of direct negotiation with Washington. The bodies of U.S. soldiers who had perished or gone missing in North Korea in 1950 during the Korean War became bargaining chips for the North Koreans. This article analyzes the political stakes of these remains for the two countries. It traces the meetings between Congressman Gillespie V. Montgomery and North Korean officials in 1989 and 1990, which led to the first return of U.S. soldiers’ remains since October 1954. North Korea’s insistence on delivering the remains to Montgomery, rather than the Korean War Military Armistice Commission, was an attempt to force the United States to acknowledge its legitimacy. Unable to abandon the bodies, U.S. officials offered limited concessions, while endeavoring to maintain the status quo in Korea. The 1990 remains repatriation revealed the possibility of cooperation between the two countries.
The functions of the dative in the Jewish Arabic dialect of Baghdad
Authors: Bar Moshe Assaf 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Like in Classical Arabic and other modern Arabic dialects, the preposition l- marks the dative also in the Jewish Arabic dialect of Baghdad (JB). Under the scope of the syntactic category of dative, one finds different semantic roles like recipients, benefactives, possessors, experiencers, and others. Moreover, some datives operate on the pragmatic rather than the semantic level of the clause. This paper defines and exemplifies seven different dative roles in JB based on their interpretive properties and accounts for their distinctive syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic features.
Taking Care Against the Computer
Authors: McKenzie Simon , Massingham Eve 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The obligations of international humanitarian law are not limited to the attacker; the defender is also required to take steps to protect civilians from harm. The requirement to take precautions against the effects of attack requires the defender to minimize the risk that civilians and civilian objects will be harmed by enemy military operations. At its most basic, it obliges defenders to locate military installations away from civilians. Furthermore, where appropriate, the status of objects should be clearly marked. It is – somewhat counterintuitively – about making it easier for the attacker to select lawful targets by making visible the distinction between civilian objects and military objectives.
The increasing importance of digital infrastructure to modern life may make complying with these precautionary obligations more complicated. Maintaining separation between military and civilian networks is challenging as both operate using at least some of the same infrastructure, relying on the same cables, systems, and electromagnetic spectrum. In addition, the speed at which operations against digital infrastructure can occur increases the difficulty of complying with the obligation – particularly if such operations involve a degree of automation or the use of artificial intelligence (ai).
This paper sets out the source and extent of the obligation to take precautions against hostile military operations and considers how they might apply to digital infrastructure. As well as clarifying the extent of the obligation, it applies the obligation to take precautions against hostile military operations to digital infrastructure, giving examples of where systems designers are taking these obligations into account, and other examples of where they must.
Konvergenz von Lebenszeit und Weltzeit
Authors: van de Löcht Joana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the context of this article, the work of Quirinus Kuhlmann (1651–1689) is interpreted as an attempt to project one’s own life onto the history of the world and salvation in the sense of Hans Blumenberg’s essay “Lebenszeit und Weltzeit” (1986). As particularly rich sources of information on Kuhlmann’s biography and his interpretative practice of relating historical events to his own life, the paratexts – preface, motto, commentary, letters, prose introductions, and title copy – are at the centre of the study. These paratextual elements are an integral part of a self-fashioning of authorship that aims to elevate Kuhlmann as the “Son of Jesus” to a central figure in chiliastic and eschatological expectations of the near future.
Utopie und Lebenszeit in der Aufklärung
Authors: Bach Oliver 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this article is to outline how Hans Blumenberg’s conception of lifetime and world time (Lebenszeit und Weltzeit, 1986) can help to elucidate a substantial problem of utopian literature and its development from the 16th to the 18th century: utopias always try to illustrate the ways by which the single members of a political community harmonise with the community as a whole. The congruence of private good and common good, private interest and common interest, private will and general will is a main task of 17th and 18th century political philosophy. Blumenberg’s book, however, allows us to focus on the existential dimension of this harmonisation: under which circumstances may the single members become so wise and virtuous within their lifetimes that they always know about and comply with the common good? 18th century utopias seem to find answers to this question in theories of moral sense, common sense and aesthetic education.
Establishing Contact: Slavonic Influence on Romanian Morphology?
Authors: Maiden Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
It is not disputed that Slavonic languages have influenced the inflexional morphology of Romanian and its closely related Daco-Romance varieties. For example, Romanian vocatives in -o, Istro-Romanian perfective verb-roots, and probably the Megleno-Romanian first and second person singular endings -um and -iʃ, are all attributable to Slavonic. These cases generally involve loans of ‘morpheme’-like entities, phonological strings associated with a particular grammatical meaning. However, it has recently been suggested (e.g., by Elson, 2017) that certain Romanian paradigmatic patterns of root allomorphy in the verb, notably those involving the effects of palatalization, are influenced by Slavonic models. Some of these patterns appear to be of a qualitatively different kind from run-of-the-mill ‘morphemic’ loans, in that they are autonomously morphological, and cannot be associated within any coherent grammatical meaning. The borrowing of such purely morphological patterns under conditions of language contact has not hitherto been attested in the literature on language contact, and the evidence for such cases in Romanian deserves careful scrutiny. Unfortunately, the arguments provided for these putative borrowings can be shown to be rest on seriously flawed assumptions. Examination of those arguments serves to focus our attention on the kind of criteria that need generally to be met if the effects of language contact in morphology (or any other domain) are to be plausibly demonstrated. In particular, I shall emphasize the need for appeals to language contact carefully to exploit the full range of available comparative evidence, and to establish rigorous criteria to exclude the possibility that apparent contact effects are explicable by factors internal to the history of the recipient language.
Convergence by Shared Ancestry in Romance
Authors: Widmer Paul , Dedio Stefan , Sonnenhauser Barbara 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In many cases of apparent contact-induced change the contribution of genealogical correlation in the language sample and its interaction with processes such as matter and pattern replication are difficult to specify. In order to get a better sense of the relevance of shared ancestry, we quantify the change in similarity since the late Middle Ages in a sample of Romance and Germanic languages with data from a selected grammatical domain (expression of reflexivity). We compare their dynamics to patterns of change of similarity in two contact zones in Europe, namely the British Isles (Dedio et al., 2019) and the Balkans. Concerning the genealogical signal, the results indicate a maintenance and gain of similarity in Romance as opposed to a loss of similarity in Germanic. This hints at the importance of the inherited states, the time since the split from the common ancestor, and subsequent developments. We presume that these factors are likely to be at the origin of the maintenance and increase in similarity observed for the sampled Romance varieties. While this result cannot be generalized beyond the specific case study presented here, the basic approach will contribute to a better understanding of how contact, genealogy and culture interact in shaping the dynamics of linguistic similarity.
Stampa e nazionalismo in Egitto a cavallo tra Ottocento e Novecento
Authors: Salvati Lorenzo P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Egypt saw new concepts of community emerge to replace the extant, traditional forms of identity based on local loyalties. This paper will explore the role played by language and journalism in this re-imagining of identity, and its use by the elite in shaping perceptions of the Egyptian people, nation and language. A fundamental element of this process was the development in the use of the term ummah in the discourse of many thinkers of the Nahḍah, from its meaning signifying the global community of Muslim believers, into a symbol of the modern nation-state, a re-interpretation which I discuss drawing, notably, on the unpublished writings of the journalist Aḥmad Luṭfī al-Sayyid. This perspective enables an exploration both of the competition between traditionalist values and the secular, multicultural model of early Egyptian nationalism, and of the multifarious colonial influences on the pro-Europe anelite in this struggle for a vision of Egypt’s future.
Gas chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry detection of leaf extracts of Symplocos racemosa Roxb.
Authors: Kar Dattatreya , Barik Hiramanjari , Kuanar Ananya , Mukhi Sangeeta , Pattnaik Pratap K. , Bhuyan Ruchi , Panda Manoj Kumar 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Symplocos racemosa Roxb., belonging to the family Symplocaceae, is an important medicinal plant. Chemometric profile of chloroform, methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of S. racemosa were performed by hyphenated gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. Chemometric profile of leaf extracts revealed the presence of 57 phyto-chemotypes, among them, Erucylamide (15.94%), Vitamin E (8.26%), 10-Heneicosene (8.97%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (5.21%), 1-Heneicosyl formate (5.11%), Tetracosanol (5.36%), 2,4-Hexanedione, 5,5-dimethyl- (11.94%), Linoleic acid (19.30%), Dibutyl phthalate (8.8%) and (Z)-9-Octadecenamide (19.33%) were found to be present in major amount. Eventually, in the present study we have found phenol, alcohol, ketone, alkane and ester as the major group of phytochemotypes in the different leaf extracts of S. racemosa. All these compounds identified by GC/MS analysis were further investigated for their biological activities and it was found that they possess a diverse range of positive pharmacological actions. In future, isolation of individual phyto-chemotypes and subjecting them to biological activity will definitely prove fruitful results in designing a novel drug.