bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mask material: challenges and virucidal properties as an effective solution against coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Gope Deepayan , Gope Aditya , Gope Prakash Chandra 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
COVID-19 viruses are primarily transmitted between people via respiratory droplets generated from an infected person while coughing, sneezing, exhaling or close contact. Hence, the use of masks are part of prevention and control measures to limit the spread of COVID-19. A comprehensive study on various materials used in masks is required. The filtration efficiency of cotton masks increases with increase in thread count and number of layers, but breathability is affected and therefore a risk for longer durations. Cotton-based masks have filtration efficiency ranging from 5% to 80% depending on the number of layers. Combinations of different hybrid fabric materials and design have an efficiency ranging from 37% to 97%. Bio-cellulose, which is derived from cellulosic biomass by synthesis techniques involving various physical and chemical processes followed by refining techniques, possesses remarkable properties including biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, etc., making it the most suitable mask material. Masks made of bio-cellulose have an important property of hydrophilicity which makes it adhere to the face tightly, giving a cooling effect to the face. Use of nanocellulose masks can help attaining filtration efficiency up to 99.9980–99.9995% along with other desirable properties. Hence, there is an immediate need to address the issues and challenges of mask materials and work towards the design and development of low cost masks to overcome these shortcomings by the researchers and manufacturers.
Fighting COVID-19 in Freetown, Sierra Leone: the critical role of community organisations in a growing pandemic
Authors: Osuteye Emmanuel , Koroma Braima , Macarthy Joseph Mustapha , Kamara Sulaiman Foday , Conteh Abu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic spreads in Africa, attention is increasingly shifting to the potential and ongoing impact on informal settlements, which face considerable challenges around the implementation of conventional control measures of social distancing, hand washing and self-isolation. In Freetown, Sierra Leone, residents of informal settlements have relied on local community organisations and groups, and their resourcefulness to provide essential preparedness, response and on-going support to alleviate the public health and economic risks associated with the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak. This is also premised on lessons drawn from dealing with previous epidemics, notably the Ebola virus disease in 2014–2015.
This paper will explain the nature and form of community organisation that can be galvanised and leveraged for COVID-19 preparedness and responses that are suited for informal settlements. Secondly, it highlights the critical contribution of community organisations in social protection measures that tackle deeply entrenched inequalities in rapidly urbanising contexts. Finally, the cases examined seek to provide evidence of the value of processes of continuous learning within community organisation that are essential for both humanitarian assistance and emergency management. Although situated in Freetown, the broad lessons drawn are relevant for urban-poor communities and informal settlements in many urban African centres.
The pluripotentiality of bilabial consonants: The images of softness and cuteness in Japanese and English
Authors: Kumagai Gakuji 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe current study experimentally examined whether labial consonants were sound-symbolically associated with the images of softness and cuteness in Japanese and English. The results showed that all the bilabial consonants [p, b, m, ɸ, w] used in Japanese convey such images. In English, the consonants evoking the image of softness were bilabials but not labiodentals, and those linked to the image of cuteness were unaspirated, low-frequency bilabials. These results demonstrated the pluripotentiality of sound symbolism, meaning that a certain set of linguistic sounds evokes different meanings and images both within a single language and across languages (e.g. Winter et al. 2019; Kawahara and Kumagai to appear). Moreover, under the backcloth that the description of the glide /w/ concerning the place of articulation in Japanese and English is not uncontroversial, the current paper indicates – based on the current sound-symbolic experimental results – that the glide /w/ is phonologically labial in each language.
What is Salience?
Authors: Boswijk Vincent , Coler Matt 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA commonly used concept in linguistics is salience. Oftentimes it is used without definition, and the meaning of the concept is repeatedly assumed to be self-explanatory. The definitions that are provided may vary greatly from one operationalization of salience to the next. In order to find out whether it is possible to postulate an overarching working definition of linguistic salience that subsumes usage across linguistic subdomains, we review these different operationalizations of linguistic salience. This article focuses on salience in sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, second-language acquisition (SLA), and semantics. In this article, we give an overview of how these fields operationalize salience. Finally, we discuss correlations and contradictions between the different operationalizations.
A clustering algorithm based on nonuniform partition for WSNs
Authors: Tang Chunling 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have great application potential in partition parameter observation, such as forest fire detection. Due to the limited battery capacity of sensor nodes, how to reduce energy consumption is an important technical challenge. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient routing algorithm of adaptive double cluster head (CH) based on nonuniform partition for WSN. Firstly, according to the distance information from the base station (BS) to every sensor node, the network is divided into several uneven partitions. Secondly, CH is selected for each partition as the primary cluster head (PCH). Because of the cluster-level routing, the CHs close to the BS need to forward more data than the CHs in other areas, which consumes more energy. Therefore, an adaptive double CH method can be used to generate a secondary cluster head (SCH) in the cluster near the BS according to the parameters. Finally, the PCH is responsible for data collection, data integration, and data transmission. while the SCH is in charge of data routing. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the energy consumption and extend the life of the WSNs, compared with LEACH protocol and the HEED protocol.
Analysis of irregularity measures of zigzag, rhombic, and honeycomb benzenoid systems
Authors: Hussain Zafar , Yang Yujun , Munir Mobeen , Hussain Zahid , Athar Muhammad , Ahmed Ali , Ahmad Haseeb 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Molecular topology is a key to determine the physiochemical aspects of the molecular structure. To determine the degree of irregularity of a certain molecular structure or a network has been a key source of interest for the molecular topologists as it provides an insight of the key features that are used to guess the properties of the structures. In this article, we are interested in formulating closed forms of irregularity measures of some popular benzenoid systems, namely, zigzag, rhombic, and honeycomb benzenoid systems. We also compared our results graphically and concluded that benzenoid system among above is more asymmetric than the others.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of SO2 adsorption on metal-loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Zhang Shaopeng , Li Zhuang , Yang Yanchun , Jian Weiwei , Ma Danzhu , Jia Fengrui 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
To investigate the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic adsorption mechanism and laws of dry flue gas desulfurization, we prepared a new adsorbent by loading Cr, Cu, and Zn on TiO2-loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Desulfurization experiments were also carried out. In this study, three kinds of samples were used for simulation and diffusion processes in the dynamic adsorption of different SO2 volume fractions in flue gas and thermodynamic model analysis of different temperatures in flue gas. Results show that the diffusion coefficient of SO2 in three kinds of samples ranges from 10−16 to 10−14 m2 s−1, and the diffusion may be dominated by configuration diffusion. The intraparticle diffusion model predicts that the performance improves with an increase in the SO2 volume fraction and a shift of adsorption time. This finding indicates that an increase in SO2 volume fraction and a change in adsorption time increase the Kundsen diffusion specific gravity and decrease the configuration diffusion specific gravity, thereby increasing the SO2 diffusion resistance, which becomes faster than the activation energy barrier resistance in the catalytic oxidation reaction. Thus, the diffusion resistance specific gravity increases in the total resistance of the diffusion reaction. One possible mechanism of the adsorption process is the transition to surface reaction control at the early stage of adsorption to joint control of late diffusion and surface reactions. Adsorption thermodynamics studies show that SO2 adsorption by three adsorbents is a spontaneous, exothermic, and entropic reduction process, and the increase in temperature is inconducive for SO2 adsorption in three samples.
Rheological properties of oil–water Pickering emulsion stabilized by Fe3O4 solid nanoparticles
Authors: Li Qiang , Zhang Yuhan , Miao Qing , Chen Lei , Yuan Ziyun , Liu Gang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pickering emulsions have attracted extensive attention due to their good properties including easy to manufacture, high stability, and superparamagnetic response. To improve the emulsifying transportation of crude oil, a Pickering emulsion of crude oil and water stabilized by Fe3O4 nanoparticles was prepared and its rheological properties were tested in this research. It was found that the particle size of dispersion droplet polymerization group in stable crude oil Pickering emulsion is negatively correlated with solid content and water content, and the equilibrium apparent viscosity

{\mu }_{\text{ap}}

of emulsion follows the power law fluid equation. Besides, this kind of Pickering emulsion has higher elasticity of interface membrane, which means by adding functional particles, it obtains good dynamic stability, and thus, has a great application property in crude oil industry.
An extension of Gronwall inequality in the theory of bodies with voids
Authors: Marin Marin , Ailawalia Praveen , Tuns Ioan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we obtain a generalization of the Gronwall’s inequality to cover the study of porous elastic media considering their internal state variables. Based on some estimations obtained in three auxiliary results, we use this form of the Gronwall’s inequality to prove the uniqueness of solution for the mixed initial-boundary value problem considered in this context. Thus, we can conclude that even if we take into account the internal variables, this fact does not affect the uniqueness result regarding the solution of the mixed initial-boundary value problem in this context.
Modeling and theoretical description of magnetic hybrid materials—bridging from meso- to macro-scales
Authors: Menzel Andreas M. , Löwen Hartmut 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Magnetic gels and elastomers consist of magnetic or magnetizable colloidal particles embedded in an elastic polymeric matrix. Outstanding properties of these materials comprise reversible changes in their mechanical stiffness or magnetostrictive distortions under the influence of external magnetic fields. To understand such types of overall material behavior from a theoretical point of view, it is essential to characterize the substances starting from the discrete colloidal particle level. It turns out that the macroscopic material response depends sensitively on the mesoscopic particle arrangement. We have utilized and developed several theoretical approaches to this end, allowing us both to reproduce experimental observations and to make theoretical predictions. Our hope is that both these paths help to further stimulate the interest in these fascinating materials.
Magneto-mechanical coupling of single domain particles in soft matter systems
Authors: Seifert Julian , Koch Karin , Hess Melissa , Schmidt Annette M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCombining inorganic magnetic particles with complex soft matrices such as liquid crystals, biological fluids, gels, or elastomers, allows access to a plethora of magnetoactive effects that are useful for sensing and actuation perspectives, allowing inter alia to explore and manipulate material properties on the nanoscale. The article provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancement on employing magnetic nanoparticles either as tracers for dynamic processes, or as nanoscopic actuating units. By variation of the particle characteristics in terms of size, shape, surface functionality, and magnetic behavior, the interaction between the probe or actuator particles and their environment can be systematically tailored in wide ranges, giving insight into the relevant structure–property relationships.
Structure and rheology of soft hybrid systems of magnetic nanoparticles in liquid-crystalline matrices: results from particle-resolved computer simulations
Authors: Siboni Nima H. , Shrivastav Gaurav P. , Peroukidis Stavros D. , Klapp Sabine H. L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHybrid mixtures composed of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) in liquid crystalline (LC) matrices are a fascinating class of soft materials with intriguing physical properties and a wide range of potential applications, e.g., as stimuli-responsive and adaptive materials. Already in the absence of an external stimulus, these systems can display various types of orientationally disordered and ordered phases, which are enriched by self-assembled structures formed by the MNPs. In the presence of external fields, one typically observes highly nonlinear macroscopic behavior. However, an understanding of the structure and dynamics of such systems on the particle level has, so far, remained elusive. In the present paper we review recent computer simulation studies targeting the structure, equilibrium dynamics and rheology of LC-MNP systems, in which the particle sizes of the two components are comparable. As a numerically tractable model system we consider mixtures of soft spherical or elongated particles with a permanent magnetic dipole moment and ellipsoidal non-magnetic particles interacting via a Gay-Berne potential. We address, first, equilibrium aspects such as structural organization and self-assembly (cluster formation) of the MNPs in dependence of the orientational state of the matrix, the role of the size ratio, the impact of an external magnetic field, and the translational and orientational diffusion of the two components. Second, we discuss the non-equilibrium dynamics of LC-MNP mixtures under planar shear flow, considering both, spherical and non-spherical MNPs. Our results contribute to a detailed understanding of these intriguing hybrid materials, and they may serve as a guide for future experiments.
Symmetry aspects in the macroscopic dynamics of magnetorheological gels and general liquid crystalline magnetic elastomers
Authors: Pleiner Harald , Brand Helmut R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We investigate theoretically the macroscopic dynamics of various types of ordered magnetic fluid, gel, and elastomeric phases. We take a symmetry point of view and emphasize its importance for a macroscopic description. The interactions and couplings among the relevant variables are based on their individual symmetry behavior, irrespective of the detailed nature of the microscopic interactions involved. Concerning the variables we discriminate between conserved variables related to a local conservation law, symmetry variables describing a (spontaneously) broken continuous symmetry (e.g., due to a preferred direction) and slowly relaxing ones that arise from special conditions of the system are considered. Among the relevant symmetries, we consider the behavior under spatial rotations (e.g., discriminating scalars, vectors or tensors), under spatial inversion (discriminating e.g., polar and axial vectors), and under time reversal symmetry (discriminating e.g., velocities from polarizations, or electric fields from magnetic ones). Those symmetries are crucial not only to find the possible cross-couplings correctly but also to get a description of the macroscopic dynamics that is compatible with thermodynamics. In particular, time reversal symmetry is decisive to get the second law of thermodynamics right. We discuss (conventional quadrupolar) nematic order, polar order, active polar order, as well as ferromagnetic order and tetrahedral (octupolar) order. In a second step, we show some of the consequences of the symmetry properties for the various systems that we have worked on within the SPP1681, including magnetic nematic (and cholesteric) elastomers, ferromagnetic nematics (also with tetrahedral order), ferromagnetic elastomers with tetrahedral order, gels and elastomers with polar or active polar order, and finally magnetorheological fluids and gels in a one- and two-fluid description.
Hybrid nanomaterials of biomolecule corona coated magnetic nanoparticles and their interaction with biological systems
Authors: Dutz Silvio , Weidner Andreas , von der Lühe Moritz , Gräfe Christine , Biehl Philip , Demut Johanna , Warncke Paul , Jungmann Sandra , Fischer Dagmar , Schacher Felix H. , Clement Joachim H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are interesting for various applications in medicine. If administered to a biological system like the human body, a so-called biomolecule corona is formed on the surface of the particles, which highly determines the biological fate of the particles. To elucidate whether a preconditioning of the MNPs by incubation with biomolecules influences biocompatibility and bioavailability, the formation of such a corona was investigated in more detail. For this, the influence of particle characteristics, e.g., surface charge, as well as various incubation parameters on the resulting corona was investigated. It was found that the biomolecule corona is formed immediately after bringing together the particles with the biomolecule source. By variation of the biomolecule content of the incubation medium, the size of the corona can be modulated. Regarding the interaction of the nanoparticles with cells, it was shown that the presence of a biomolecule corona reduces the interaction and that a more pronounced biomolecule corona leads to a reduced uptake of the magnetic nanohybrids into the cells. Cell viability tests confirmed biocompatibility of the biomolecule-coated particles. A more pronounced corona promotes a higher cell viability. By using a shell-less hen’s egg model, no or reduced adverse effects of all biomolecule-coated MNP for this in vivo test were found. Resulting from these investigations, we were able to demonstrate that our newly developed nanohybrids significantly reduce in vivo toxicity compared to uncoated MNPs.
Multifunctionality by dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles in anisotropic matrices
Authors: Eremin Alexey , Nádasi Hajnalka , Stannarius Ralf 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Interactions between magnetic nanoparticles and an anisotropic environment give rise to a variety of new magneto-optical, rheological and mechanical phenomena. This opens new avenues for developing novel multifunctional materials. In the course of this project, we investigated three types of anisotropic systems: dispersions of shape-anisotropic nanocrystals, magnetically doped molecular and colloidal liquid crystals, and organoferrogels. They were investigated by means of magneto-optical observations and by a magneto-mechanical torsion pendulum method.
Rotational dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles in different matrix systems
Authors: Ludwig Frank , Remmer Hilke 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Dynamic magnetic measurements on magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) samples have been widely used for the determination of structural MNP parameters as well as for the realization of bioassays. On the other hand, proposed that the MNPs are thermally blocked, i.e., that the dynamics are dominated by the Brownian rotation, and knowing the distribution of their hydrodynamic size, information on the matrix properties can be obtained. In contrast to conventional rheology, the local environment of the MNPs is sensed on the nanoscale so that important information on the embedding of MNPs in the matrix and thus the particle-matrix interaction is obtained. Depending on the characteristic length scales of the matrix and the size of the MNPs, rheological parameters, such as viscosity and shear modulus, derived from nanorheological measurements can differ from the values obtained from conventional rheology. To measure the MNP dynamics, different experimental techniques can be applied. In this contribution, the focus lies on ac susceptometry and fluxgate magnetorelaxometry. The analysis of the complex ACS spectra is generally carried out within a modified Debye model. Different approaches for the estimation of rheological parameters from the complex ACS spectra will be presented. Two model systems will exemplarily be discussed in detail. As a Newtonian matrix system, water-glycerol mixtures were studied. It is demonstrated that the dynamic viscosity can accurately be estimated from ACS measurements on well thermally blocked single-core as well as on multicore MNP systems, which include Brownian and Néel dynamics. As a viscoelastic matrix system, aqueous gelatin solutions were studied. Gelatin is known to be a Voigt-Kelvin model system, in which elastic and viscous forces are parallel. In particular, we studied the gelation dynamics by repetitive measurements of the complex ACS spectrum. Different approaches to derive viscosity and shear modulus are applied and compared. In order to identify magnetoviscous effects in dynamic magnetic measurements, the magnetic field dependence of the Brownian relaxation time has to be eliminated. ACS measurements on various sufficiently strongly diluted aqueous MNP suspensions were performed in dependence of ac field amplitude and superimposed dc field strength and compared to theory. Excellent agreement was found.