bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis and Aggressiveness of Pediatric Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Yeker Richard M. , Shaffer Amber D. , Viswanathan Pushpa , Witchel Selma F. , Mollen Kevin , Yip Linwah , Monaco Sara E. , Duvvuri Umamaheswar , Simons Jeffrey P. 
Published: October 2021

Objectives/HypothesisHashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) is a common cause of hypothyroidism. Among adults with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), HT appears to be associated with less severe disease burden. In the absence of information regarding HT and disease burden among children with DTC, we assessed the relationship between pediatric DTC severity and HT.Study DesignRetrospective cohort.MethodsCharts from 90 pediatric patients who underwent surgical removal of DTC from 2002 to 2017 at tertiary‐care children's hospital were reviewed. Demographic, clinical, surgical, pathology, and outcome details were compared between patients with and without HT. Consistency among diagnostic modalities of HT was also evaluated.ResultsMedian age at presentation was 16.0 years (range 4.2–18.9 years). Twenty‐two patients were male (24%). Forty‐five patients (50%) had HT based on presence of thyroid autoantibodies and/or surgical pathology findings and 45 patients did not have HT. Patients with HT had increased odds of microcalcifications (odds ratio [OR]: 3.01, P = .031) and decreased odds of palpable nodules (OR: 0.212, P = .024) and T2 lesions (vs. T1) (OR: 0.261, P = .015) compared with non‐HT. No significant differences in demographics and the incidence of multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node or pulmonary metastases, disease recurrence, or radioactive iodine treatment were found between the two groups. Thyroglobulin/thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies and surgical pathology indicative of HT were concordant in 82.4% (κ = 0.635, P < .001).ConclusionHT was present in 50% of children with DTC. Patients with DTC and HT presented with smaller tumors compared to non‐HT patients. No significant differences in other markers of disease aggressiveness were found between the two groups.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 132:1668–1674, 2022
Kinetic features of polymerization of epoxy resin modified by silicon‐containing additives and mineral fillers
Authors: Kovaleva Ekaterina G. , Savotchenko Sergey E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this article, we study the process of polymerization of a modified ED‐20 epoxy binder under conditions of highly filled systems. It is found that modifying additives affect the process of polymerization of the binder, increasing the degree of conversion of epoxy groups of ED‐20 resin, speeding up the process of polymerization, and increasing the exothermic effect of the reaction. Curing in the presence of a modifying silicon‐containing additive takes place in a mode that promotes the formation of a more ordered structure, creating opportunities for relaxation of internal stresses and favorable conditions for the formation of an ordered microstructure. The equations sufficiently fitting the measured points of the concentration of epoxy groups are calculated. We obtain the kinetic curves of curing, which illustrate the process of heat release of the ED‐20 binder and the same system modified with mineral fillers. It is found that the heat release occurs more intensively when modifiers are introduced into the epoxy binder. It is derived that the experimental data of kinetics of heat release at considered time range can be sufficiently described by a parabolic equation.
Investigating the utility of hyperspectral sounders in the 9.6 μm band to improve ozone analyses
Authors: Karpowicz Bryan M. , McCarty Will , Wargan Krzysztof 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHyperspectral sounder brightness temperatures assimilated in the Global Earth Observing System Atmospheric Data Assimilation System (GEOS‐ADAS) were previously limited to assimilating temperature and moisture. The ozone‐sensitive 9.6 m region is sensed by several hyperspectral sounders including AIRS (Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder), IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer), and CrIS (Cross‐track Infrared Sounder). Direct assimilation of brightness temperatures in the 9.6 m region have been operational at ECMWF for several years. With this study, similar improvements using the GEOS‐ADAS are presented. Channels were selected from available operational subsets evaluating information content and minimizing inter‐channel correlation. Additionally, information such as channel selections made by other studies, and vertical sensitivities of ozone and temperature were considered. The analyses produced show improvements verified against ozonesondes taken from SHADOZ (Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes) and WOUDC (World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Center). This work will be added to the GEOS‐ADAS and will provide an improved source of ozone data in NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office products.
A field efficacy trial of a trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b, andMycoplasma hyopneumoniaein three herds
Authors: Um Hyungmin , Yang Siyeon , Oh Taehwan , Cho Hyejean , Park Kee Hwan , Suh Jeongmin , Chae Chanhee 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis field trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b (PCV2a/b), andMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeat three independent locations.MethodsThree farms were selected based on their history of PCV2 andM. hyopneumoniaeco‐infection. Each farm housed a total of 60, 3‐day‐old pigs that were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups. Pigs were administered the trivalent vaccine intramuscularly with either a 1.0 ml dose at 3 and 24 days of age or a 2.0 ml dose at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.ResultsClinically, the average daily weight gain of the one‐dose and two‐dose vaccinated groups within all three farms was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of unvaccinated animals during the growing (70–112 days of age), finishing (112–175 days of age) and overall (3–175 days of age) stages of production. One‐dose and two‐dose vaccinated animals elicited neutralizing antibodies and interferon‐γ‐secreting cells (IFN‐γ‐SC), which reduced the amount of PCV2 in terms of blood load and reduced the severity of lymphoid lesions when compared with unvaccinated animals. Similarly, one‐dose and two‐dose vaccinated animals elicited IFN‐γ‐SC, which reduced the amount ofM. hyopneumoniaein terms of laryngeal load and reduced the severity of lung lesions.ConclusionsThe intramuscular administration of either one or two doses of trivalent vaccine was not significantly different in any of the evaluated parameters. The results of field trial demonstrated that the trivalent vaccine was efficacious in the protection of swine herds where PCV2d andM. hyopneumoniaewere in active circulation.
Meta‐analysis of uniform scaling factors for harmonic frequency calculations
Authors: Zapata Trujillo Juan C. , McKemmish Laura K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractVibrational frequency calculations performed under the harmonic approximation are widespread across chemistry. However, it is well‐known that the calculated harmonic frequencies tend to systematically overestimate experimental fundamental frequencies; a limitation commonly overcome with multiplicative scaling factors. In practice, multiplicative scaling factors are derived for each individual model chemistry choice (i.e., a level of theory and basis set pair), where performance is judged by, for example, the root‐mean square error (RMSE) between the predicted scaled and experimental frequencies. However, despite the overwhelming number of scaling factors reported in the literature and model chemistry approximations available, there is little guidance for users on appropriate model chemistry choices for harmonic frequency calculations. Here, we compile and analyze the data for 1495 scaling factors calculated using 141 levels of theory and 109 basis sets. Our meta‐analysis of this data shows that scaling factors and RMSE approach convergence with only hybrid functionals and double‐zeta basis sets, with anharmonicity error already dominating model chemistry errors. Noting inconsistent data and the lack of independent testing, we can nevertheless conclude that a minimum error of 25 cm−1—arising from insufficiently accurate treatment of anharmonicity—is persistent regardless of the model chemistry choice. Based on the data we compiled and cautioning the need for a future systematic benchmarking study, we recommend ωB97X‐D/def2‐TZVP for most applications and B2PLYP/def2‐TZVPD for superior intensity predictions. With a smaller benchmark set, direct comparison prefers ωB97X‐D/6‐31G* to B3LYP/6‐31G*.This article is categorized under:
Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Writing the Research Proposal: The Art and the Science
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA research proposal is a document containing details about the research which is to be undertaken. It should be self-contained and start with a fundamental enquiry related to the research questions(s) and the hypothesis (es) on which it is based. The objectives and key questions are the fundamental pillars of a research proposal and formal grant application.
Ethics in Research
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEthics is a set of moral principles of ‘what is right?’ and ‘what is wrong?’ or, in simple words, ‘what is good and what is bad?’ When the same principles are applied to medicine, the subject is called medical ethics. It is expected that a doctor should act in a particular way and follow certain rules. Medical ethics are professional standards for physicians. Bioethics is a branch of medical ethics and deals with complex issues like euthanasia, transplant medicine, genetic medicine, assisted reproduction therapy, human cloning, and medical genomics. Medical ethics and bioethics concepts are guides for physicians and to ensure patient safety.
How to Check for Plagiarism?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe word ‘Plagiarism’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘Plagiare’ which means ‘to kidnap or abduct’. In scientific literature, it means the ‘wrongful appropriation’ and ‘stealing and publication’ of another author’s ‘language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions’ and depicting it as one’s own creative work. Plagiarism amounts to academic untruthfulness and a breach of journalistic integrity [1].
The Why and How of Problem-Based Learning?
Authors: Humayun Khadija , Saeed Sana , Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn 1966, the faculty of medicine at McMaster University started conceptualizing medical education, which subsequently led to the evolution of what is known as ‘The McMaster Philosophy’ [1]. Strong emphasis was placed on the discrete capacities of the student physician rather than having a store of knowledge. Dr. Burrows, at McMaster, explored the reasoning capabilities of both medical students and expert practitioners and found that students learned more effectively through problem situations. In 1969, the learning experiences were transformed from traditional, i.e., fact memorization, to problem-based learning at McMaster University [2].
How to Calculate an Adequate Sample Size?
Authors: Sapra R. L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe determination of an adequate sample size is a prerequisite for any research programme. A study concluded on the basis of a smaller sample size than required is termed an ‘underpowered study’ and its reliability is questionable. Such a study may lead to faulty conclusions and consequent waste of resources. On the other hand, a study with a larger sample size than required may enhance its reliability but unnecessarily consumes expensive resources, takes a long time, and may even put the subjects to various health hazards. Thus, the researcher should look for an adequate sample size that can serve the purpose of this study.
Assessment of factual recall and higher-order cognitive domains in an open-book medical school examination
Authors: Davies D. J. , McLean P. F. , Kemp P. R. , Liddle A. D. , Morrell M. J. , Halse O. , Martin N. M. , Sam A. H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOpen-book examinations (OBEs) will likely become increasingly important assessment tools. We investigated how access to open-book resources affected questions testing factual recall, which might be easy to look-up, versus questions testing higher-order cognitive domains. Few studies have investigated OBEs using modern Internet resources or as summative assessments. We compared performance on an examination conducted as a traditional closed-book exam (CBE) in 2019 (N = 320) and a remote OBE with free access to Internet resources in 2020 (N = 337) due to COVID-19. This summative, end-of-year assessment focused on basic science for second-year medical students. We categorized questions by Bloom’s taxonomy (‘Remember’, versus ‘Understand/Apply’). We predicted higher performance on the OBE, driven by higher performance on ‘Remember’ questions. We used an item-centric analysis by using performance per item over all examinees as the outcome variable in logistic regression, with terms ‘Open-Book, ‘Bloom Category’ and their interaction. Performance was higher on OBE questions than CBE questions (OR 2.2, 95% CI: 2.14–2.39), and higher on ‘Remember’ than ‘Understand/Apply’ questions (OR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.09–1.19). The difference in performance between ‘Remember’ and ‘Understand/Apply’ questions was greater in the OBE than the CBE (‘Open-Book’ * ‘Bloom Category’ interaction: OR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.19–1.37). Access to open-book resources had a greater effect on performance on factual recall questions than higher-order questions, though performance was higher in the OBE overall. OBE design must consider how searching for information affects performance, particularly on questions measuring different domains of knowledge.
Glioma: molecular signature and crossroads with tumor microenvironment
Authors: Barthel Lennart , Hadamitzky Martin , Dammann Philipp , Schedlowski Manfred , Sure Ulrich , Thakur Basant Kumar , Hetze Susann 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In patients with glioblastoma, the average survival time with current treatments is short, mainly due to recurrences and resistance to therapy. This insufficient treatment success is, in large parts, due to the tremendous molecular heterogeneity of gliomas, which affects the overall prognosis and response to therapies and plays a vital role in gliomas’ grading. In addition, the tumor microenvironment is a major player for glioma development and resistance to therapy. Active communication between glioma cells and local or neighboring healthy cells and the immune environment promotes the cancerogenic processes and contributes to establishing glioma stem cells, which drives therapy resistance. Besides genetic alterations in the primary tumor, tumor-released factors, cytokines, proteins, extracellular vesicles, and environmental influences like hypoxia provide tumor cells the ability to evade host tumor surveillance machinery and promote disease progression. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that these players affect the molecular biological properties of gliomas and enable inter-cell communication that supports pro-cancerogenic cell properties. Identifying and characterizing these complex mechanisms are inevitably necessary to adapt therapeutic strategies and to develop novel measures. Here we provide an update about these junctions where constant traffic of biomolecules adds complexity in the management of glioblastoma.
Graphical abstract
Low prevalence of neuropathic-like pain symptoms in long-term controlled acromegaly
Authors: van Trigt Victoria R. , Pelsma Iris C. M. , Kroon Herman M. , Pereira Alberto M. , van der Meulen Coen , Kloppenburg Margreet , Biermasz Nienke R. , Claessen Kim M. J. A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Pain is a common symptom of acromegaly, impairing health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) significantly despite long-term disease remission. Neuropathic-like pain (NP-like) symptoms are invalidating, with great impact on HR-QoL. Studies characterizing or investigating the etiology of pain in acromegaly are scarce. Therefore, we aimed to assess NP-like symptoms in a cohort of controlled acromegaly patients.

Methods
Forty-four long-term controlled acromegaly patients (aged 62.6 ± 12.6 years; 56.8% female) were included in this cross-sectional study. NP-like symptoms were assessed using the validated painDETECT questionnaire. Patients were divided in three probability-based NP-like symptoms categories based on the total score (range 0–35): unlikely (≤ 12), indeterminate (13–18) and likely (≥ 19). HR-QoL (physical component score (PCS), and mental component score (MCS)), and self-reported pain were assessed using Short Form-36 (SF-36). Potential risk factors were determined using linear regression analyses.

Results
Self-reported pain was reported by 35 patients (79.5%). Likely NP-like symptoms were present in 4/44 patients (9.1%), and indeterminate NP-like symptoms in 6/44 patients (13.6%). All patients with likely NP-like symptoms were female. Higher painDETECT scores were negatively associated with HR-QoL (PCS: r = − 0.46, P = 0.003; MCS: r = − 0.37, P = 0.018), and SF-36 pain scores (r = − 0.63, P < 0.0001). Female sex was a risk factor for NP-like symptoms.

Conclusions
Pain was prevalent in controlled acromegaly patients, whereas NP-like symptoms were relatively infrequent, and only observed in females. NP-like symptoms were associated with lower HR-QoL in acromegaly. Since specific analgesic therapy is available, awareness for characterization, increased understanding, and clinical trials regarding neuropathic pain identification and treatment in acromegaly patients are warranted.
External validation of Machine Learning models for COVID-19 detection based on Complete Blood Count
Authors: Campagner Andrea , Carobene Anna , Cabitza Federico 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The rRT-PCR for COVID-19 diagnosis is affected by long turnaround time, potential shortage of reagents, high false-negative rates and high costs. Routine hematochemical tests are a faster and less expensive alternative for diagnosis. Thus, Machine Learning (ML) has been applied to hematological parameters to develop diagnostic tools and help clinicians in promptly managing positive patients. However, few ML models have been externally validated, making their real-world applicability unclear.

Methods
We externally validate 6 state-of-the-art diagnostic ML models, based on Complete Blood Count (CBC) and trained on a dataset encompassing 816 COVID-19 positive cases. The external validation was performed based on two datasets, collected at two different hospitals in northern Italy and encompassing 163 and 104 COVID-19 positive cases, in terms of both error rate and calibration.

Results and Conclusion
We report an average AUC of 95% and average Brier score of 0.11, out-performing existing ML methods, and showing good cross-site transportability. The best performing model (SVM) reported an average AUC of 97.5% (Sensitivity: 87.5%, Specificity: 94%), comparable with the performance of RT-PCR, and was also the best calibrated. The validated models can be useful in the early identification of potential COVID-19 patients, due to the rapid availability of CBC exams, and in multiple test settings.
Rewarding Female Commanders in Medieval China: Official Documents, Rhetorical Strategies, and Gender Order
Authors: Yin Shoufu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMuch of our knowledge of women and warfare in medieval China comes from biographical/narrative genres of a retrospective nature. This article shifts the focus to an underutilized corpus: imperial documents conferring titles and rewards on women who commanded troops. I examine how the court described these women when it came to honor them, or even when it sought their support through real-time negotiation. In these cases, the recognition of women's achievements was conditioned not only by deep cultural/literary traditions but also by immediate political/military goals of the regime. As a result of the concrete political need to engage with female commanders, medieval Chinese courts deployed different approaches to eulogize them. My investigation shows that closer dialogue between gender studies and official document studies will lead to a more dynamic picture of how a patriarchal regime actually functioned in premodern China.
Husbands and Wives in Qin and Han-Dynasty Bamboo Legal Texts
Authors: Kinney Anne Behnke 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn Qin and Han times, the establishment of a complex legal system that applied to every member of the empire brought about an unprecedented transformation of the husband–wife relationship, changing it from a bond largely determined by custom, ritual, and family concerns to one regulated by law. Laws recorded in the Zhangjiashan bamboo legal texts reveal that women's legal status in Qin and Han times was far higher and allowed for greater autonomy than previously imagined. Their increased legal standing may be traced to reduced household size, a policy set to counteract the mounting death toll and social chaos that followed Qin expansion and the transition from Qin to Han rule. I analyze exemplary cases to demonstrate how the small family system in conjunction with a legal order that empowered women as household heads created a new space for widows and wives to exercise their autonomy.
Reconstruction of ear canal wall with superior pedicled composite multi-fractured osteoperiosteal flap: a new technique and preliminary outcomes
Authors: Özgür A , Yemiş T , Turgut N F , Özdemir D , Mehel D M , Akgül G , Çelebi M 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluated the functional results of the superior pedicled composite multi-fractured osteoperiosteal flap technique. This method is a novel technique for the reconstruction of the external auditory canal. The study also examined the effect of the superior pedicled composite multi-fractured osteoperiosteal flap technique on patients’ disease-related quality of life.MethodA total of 37 patients who underwent the superior pedicled composite multi-fractured osteoperiosteal flap technique were enrolled in the study. Their functional hearing results and disease-related quality of life scores were evaluated.ResultsA significant improvement was observed in the patients’ hearing scores at the post-operative sixth month relative to the pre-operative period, and the patients’ disease-related quality of life increased significantly.ConclusionThe superior pedicled composite multi-fractured osteoperiosteal flap method can be safely used, especially in patients undergoing retrograde mastoidectomy because of limited cholesteatoma. This method contributes to improving patients’ hearing levels and disease-related quality of life.