bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caesarean section and its relationship to offspring general cognitive ability: a registry-based cohort study of half a million young male adults
Authors: Ahlqvist Viktor H , Ekström Lucas D , Jónsson-Bachmann Egill , Tynelius Per , Madley-Dowd Paul , Neovius Martin , Magnusson Cecilia , Berglind Daniel 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundA relationship between caesarean section and offspring cognitive ability has been described, but data are limited, and a large-scale study is needed.ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between mode of delivery and general cognitive ability.MethodsA cohort of 579 244 singleton males, born between 1973 and 1987 who conscripted before 2006, were identified using the Swedish population-based registries. Their mode of delivery was obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth registry. The outcome measure was a normalised general cognitive test battery (mean 100, SD 15) performed at military conscription at around age 18.FindingsMales born by caesarean section performed poorer compared with those born vaginally (mean score 99.3 vs 100.1; adjusted mean difference −0.84; 95% CI −0.97 to −0.72; p<0.001). Both those born by elective (99.3 vs 100.2; −0.92; 95% CI −1.24 to −0.60; p<0.001) and non-elective caesarean section (99.2 vs 100.2; −1.03; 95% CI −1.34 to −0.72; p=0.001), performed poorer than those born vaginally. In sibling analyses, the association was attenuated to the null (100.9 vs 100.8; 0.07; 95% CI −0.31 to 0.45; p=0.712). Similarly, neither elective nor non-elective caesarean section were associated with general cognitive ability in sibling analyses.ConclusionBirth by caesarean section is weakly associated with a lower general cognitive ability in young adult males. However, the magnitude of this association is not clinically relevant and seems to be largely explained by familial factors shared between siblings.Clinical implicationClinicians and gravidas ought not to be concerned that the choice of mode of delivery will impact offspring cognitive ability.
Inadequate vitamin D status is associated with lower food plus supplemental intake of vitamin D in children of South Asian ethnicity living in the National Capital Region of Canada
Authors: Brooks Stephen P.J. , Ratnayake W.M. Nimal , Rondeau Isabelle , Swist Eleonora , Sarafin Kurtis , Weiler Hope A. 
Published: September 2021

Vitamin D status, measured in a Vitamin D Standardization Program certified laboratory, was assessed among children of South Asian and European ethnicity living in the national capital region of Canada to explore factors that may account for inadequate status. Demographic information, dietary and supplemental vitamin D over 30 d prior to measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), and anthropometry were measured (age 6.0–18.9 y; n = 58/group; February–March 2015). No group related differences in age, height and body mass index (BMI) Z-scores or in food vitamin D intakes were observed. Standardized serum 25OHD was lower in South Asian children (mean ± SD: 39.0 ± 16.8 nmol/L vs. European: 58.4 ± 15.8 nmol/L). A greater proportion of South Asian children had serum 25OHD <40 nmol/L (56.9 vs. 8.6%, P < 0.0001) and fewer took supplements (31 vs. 50%, P = 0.0389). In a multi-factorial model (r2 = 0.54), lower vitamin D status was associated with overweight/obese BMI and older age (14–18 y); no interaction with ethnicity was observed. Lower vitamin D status was associated with lower total vitamin D intake only in South Asian children. This study reinforces the importance of public health actions towards meeting vitamin D intake recommendations among those of high-risk deficiency. Novelty: A higher proportion of South Asian vs. European children had inadequate vitamin D status. Lower vitamin D status was associated with a BMI in the overweight/obese range. Lower vitamin D status was associated with lower total vitamin D intake in South Asian but not European children.
Impact of diet type and xylanase supplementation on the ileal digestibility of nutrients, and growth performance in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Chassé Élisabeth , Dickner-Ouellet Laurie , Guay Frédéric , Pomar Candido , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre 
Published: September 2021

In the experiment, six pigs fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were fed six diets in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Treatments were corn-soybean meal diet (CS), diet containing wheat by-products (WBP), and diet containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles and canola meal (DDCM) without or with xylanase (X) supplementation (CS-X, WBP-X, and DDCM-X). The WBP and DDCM diets had higher apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of lipids and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P < 0.05) than CS diets. A xylanase × diet interaction was observed for the AID of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P < 0.05) showing larger impact of xylanase in WBP than in the other diets. Using similar dietary treatments except for CS-X, growth and body composition of the sixty males (83.0 kg) at the end of the 28-day growing phase showed that pig fed the CS diet had greater average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P = 0.004) and average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.014) for period 0–14 d but not from 15–28 d. Overall performance (0–28 d) showed higher ADFI (9.5%; P = 0.015) in CS but no difference was observed for ADG and gain to feed ratio (G:F). These results showed that diets containing a high proportion of by-products can give equivalent performance to a CS diet and that adding xylanase for this short period had limited effects.
Impact of yeast hydrolysate (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, noxious gas emission, blood profile, and meat quality of finishing pigs
Authors: Sampath Vetriselvi , Han Kyudong , Sureshkumar Shanmugam , Kim In Ho 
Published: September 2021

A total of 90 finishing pigs (52 ± 1.46 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments as: TRT1 [CON (basal diet)], TRT2 [CON + 0.05% yeast hydrolysate (YH)], and TRT3 (CON + 0.1% YH) for an 8 wk trial. Each treatment had six replications and five (three gilts and two barrow) pigs per pen. In weeks 4 and 8, YH supplement linearly increased (P < 0.05) body weight. Moreover, average daily gain was also linearly increased (P < 0.05) with YH supplementation in week 4 and the overall trial period. At the end of the trial, apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy was linearly increased in pigs fed YH supplementation. In addition, fecal Lactobacillus counts, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration, and the lean meat percentage were linearly increased by YH supplementation. Also, YH supplementation elicited a linear reduction on drip loss during days 3, 5, and 7. In summary, dietary yeast hydrolysate supplement positively enhanced the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, Lactobacillus count and reduced the drip loss traits of finishing pig. Thus, we infer that the application of 0.1% S. cerevisiae YH can enhance the growth efficiency of finishing pigs.
Multi-objective optimization of muffler for vehicle air-conditioning compressor pipeline
Authors: Li Ming , Hou Gaolin , Shu Lei , Wei Changhua , Jiang Yan 
Published: September 2021

The noise reduction of air-conditioning systems has gradually become an urgent problem linked to the requirement of driving comfort, and the muffler is a commonly used noise reduction equipment for air-conditioning pipelines. In this study, the transmission loss of a prototype muffler is co-simulated at different speeds. To optimize the muffler, a new method that combines orthogonal and detailed optimization was proposed. In orthogonal optimization, a multi-objective orthogonal test was used to analyze the effect of four structural parameters (shoulder height, cavity length, cavity diameter, and intubation length) on the average transmission loss, transmission loss at 1120 Hz, and frequency bandwidth below 4 dB. The influence of different factors on the transmission loss was studied at different speeds, and it was found that the length of intubation had a significant impact on the transmission loss. In a detailed optimization, the method is characterized by rapidity in the design of the air-conditioning system of a vehicle, and the final optimization model is determined. The results showed that the optimized structure was better than the original structure. The maximum reduction in the average noise can reach 11.99 dB, and the maximum noise reduction at 1120 Hz can reach 8.58 dB.
Charged lepton flavor violation in light of the muon magnetic moment anomaly and colliders
Authors: Li Tong , Schmidt Michael A. , Yao Chang-Yuan , Yuan Man 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAny observation of charged lepton flavor violation (CLFV) implies the existence of new physics beyond the SM in charged lepton sector. CLFV interactions may also contribute to the muon magnetic moment and explain the discrepancy between the SM prediction and the recent muon$$g-2$$g-2precision measurement at Fermilab. We consider the most general SM gauge invariant Lagrangian of$$\Delta L=0$$ΔL=0bileptons with CLFV couplings and investigate the interplay of low-energy precision experiments and colliders in light of the muon magnetic moment anomaly. We go beyond previous work by demonstrating the sensitivity of the LHC, the MACE experiment, a proposed muonium-antimuonium conversion experiment, and a muon collider. Currently-available LHC data is already able to probe unexplored parameter space via the CLFV process$$pp\rightarrow \gamma ^*/Z^*\rightarrow \ell _1^\pm \ell _1^\pm \ell _2^\mp \ell _2^\mp $$pp→γ∗/Z∗→ℓ1±ℓ1±ℓ2∓ℓ2∓.
Protein Signatures of NK Cell–Mediated Melanoma Killing Predict Response to Immunotherapies
Authors: Cappello Sabrina , Sung Hsu-Min , Ickes Christian , Gibhardt Christine S. , Vultur Adina , Bhat Hilal , Hu Zhongwen , Brafford Patricia , Denger Andreas , Stejerean-Todoran Ioana , Köhn Rixa-Mareike , Lorenz Verena , Künzel Nicolas , Salinas Gabriela , Stanisz Hedwig , Legler Tobias , Rehling Peter , Schön Michael P. , Lang Karl S. , Helms Volkhard , Herlyn Meenhard , Hoth Markus , Kummerow Carsten , Bogeski Ivan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Despite impressive advances in melanoma-directed immunotherapies, resistance is common and many patients still succumb to metastatic disease. In this context, harnessing natural killer (NK) cells, which have thus far been sidelined in the development of melanoma immunotherapy, could provide therapeutic benefits for cancer treatment. To identify molecular determinants of NK cell–mediated melanoma killing (NKmK), we quantified NK-cell cytotoxicity against a panel of genetically diverse melanoma cell lines and observed highly heterogeneous susceptibility. Melanoma protein microarrays revealed a correlation between NKmK and the abundance and activity of a subset of proteins, including several metabolic factors. Oxidative phoshorylation, measured by oxygen consumption rate, negatively correlated with melanoma cell sensitivity toward NKmK, and proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism and epithelial–mesenchymal transition were confirmed to regulate NKmK. Two- and three-dimensional killing assays and melanoma xenografts established that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis controls NKmK via regulation of NK cell–relevant surface proteins. A “protein-killing-signature” based on the protein analysis predicted NKmK of additional melanoma cell lines and the response of patients with melanoma to anti-PD-1 checkpoint therapy. Collectively, these findings identify novel NK cell–related prognostic biomarkers and may contribute to improved and personalized melanoma-directed immunotherapies.

Significance:
NK-cell cytotoxicity assays and protein microarrays reveal novel biomarkers of NK cell–mediated melanoma killing and enable development of signatures to predict melanoma patient responsiveness to immunotherapies.
Age‐Specific and Sex‐Specific Trends in Life‐Sustaining Care After Acute Stroke
Authors: Joundi Raed A. , Smith Eric E. , Yu Amy Y. X. , Rashid Mohammed , Fang Jiming , Kapral Moira K. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Temporal trends in life‐sustaining care after acute stroke are not well characterized. We sought to determine contemporary trends by age and sex in the use of life‐sustaining care after acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage in a large, population‐based cohort.

Methods and Results
We used linked administrative data to identify all hospitalizations for acute ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage in the province of Ontario, Canada, from 2003 to 2017. We calculated yearly proportions of intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, percutaneous feeding tube placement, craniotomy/craniectomy, and tracheostomy. We used logistic regression models to evaluate the association of age and sex with life‐sustaining care and determined whether trends persisted after adjustment for baseline factors and estimated stroke severity. There were 137 358 people with acute ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage hospitalized during the study period. Between 2003 and 2017, there was an increase in the proportion receiving care in the intensive care unit (12.4% to 17.7%) and mechanical ventilation (4.4% to 6.6%). There was a small increase in craniotomy/craniectomy, a decrease in percutaneous feeding tube use, and no change in tracheostomy. Trends were generally consistent across stroke types and persisted after adjustment for comorbid conditions, stroke‐center type, and estimated stroke severity. After adjustment, women and those aged ≥80 years had lower odds of all life‐sustaining care, although the disparities in intensive care unit admission narrowed over time.

Conclusions
Use of life‐sustaining care after acute stroke increased between 2003 and 2017. Women and those at older ages had lower odds of intensive care, although the differences narrowed over time. Further research is needed to determine the reasons for these findings.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement With Self‐Expandable Supra‐Annular Valves for Degenerated Surgical Bioprostheses: Insights From Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry
Authors: Dallan Luis Augusto P. , Forrest John K. , Reardon Michael J. , Szeto Wilson Y. , George Isaac , Kodali Susheel , Kleiman Neal S. , Yakubov Steven J. , Grubb Kendra J. , Liu Fang , Baeza Cristian , Attizzani Guilherme F. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with supra‐annular transcatheter heart valves has been adopted in patients with degenerated surgical aortic valves. The next generation self‐expanding Evolut PRO valve has not been evaluated in patients with surgical valve failure.

Methods and Results

Patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement in degenerated surgical aortic valve procedures using the Evolut R or Evolut PRO transcatheter heart valves in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry between April 2015 and June 2019 were evaluated. Transcatheter valve performance was evaluated by clinical site echocardiography. In‐hospital, 30‐day, and 1‐year clinical outcomes were based on the Society of Thoracic Surgeons‐American College of Cardiology‐Transcatheter Valve Therapy registry definitions. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in degenerated surgical aortic valve was performed in 5897 patients (5061 [85.8%] patients received the Evolut R valve and 836 [14.2%] received the Evolut PRO valve). Thirty‐day transcatheter heart valves hemodynamic performance was excellent in both groups (mean gradient: Evolut PRO: 13.8±7.5 mm Hg; Evolut R: 14.5±8.1 mm Hg), while paravalvular regurgitation was significantly different between valve types (
P
=0.02). Clinical events were low at 30 days (Evolut PRO: for the all‐cause mortality, 2.8%, any stroke was 1.8%, new pacemaker implantation, 3.0%: Evolut R:all‐cause mortality, 2.5%, any stroke was 2.2%, new pacemaker implantation, 5.3%) and 1 year (Evolut PRO: all‐cause mortality, 9.2%; any stroke, 3.1%; Evolut R: all‐cause mortality, 9.8%; any stroke, 2.9%).

Conclusions
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in degenerated surgical aortic valve with self‐expandable supra‐annular transcatheter heart valves is associated with excellent clinical outcomes and valve hemodynamics. Additional reductions in residual paravalvular regurgitation were obtained with the next generation Evolut PRO.
How Can We Know When Language Models Know? On the Calibration of Language Models for Question Answering
Authors: Jiang Zhengbao , Araki Jun , Ding Haibo , Neubig Graham 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Recent works have shown that language models (LM) capture different types of knowledge regarding facts or common sense. However, because no model is perfect, they still fail to provide appropriate answers in many cases. In this paper, we ask the question, “How can we know when language models know, with confidence, the answer to a particular query?” We examine this question from the point of view of calibration, the property of a probabilistic model’s predicted probabilities actually being well correlated with the probabilities of correctness. We examine three strong generative models—T5, BART, and GPT-2—and study whether their probabilities on QA tasks are well calibrated, finding the answer is a relatively emphatic no. We then examine methods to calibrate such models to make their confidence scores correlate better with the likelihood of correctness through fine-tuning, post-hoc probability modification, or adjustment of the predicted outputs or inputs. Experiments on a diverse range of datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods. We also perform analysis to study the strengths and limitations of these methods, shedding light on further improvements that may be made in methods for calibrating LMs. We have released the code at https://github.com/jzbjyb/lm-calibration.
Rapid Sea-Level Rise in the Southern-Hemisphere Subtropical Oceans
Authors: Duan Jing , Li Yuanlong , Wang Fan , Hu Aixue , Han Weiqing , Zhang Lei , Lin Pengfei , Rosenbloom Nan , Meehl Gerald A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe subtropical oceans between 35°-20°S in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) have exhibited prevailingly rapid sea-level rise (SLR) rates since the mid-20thcentury, amplifying damages of coastal hazards and exerting increasing threats to South America, Africa, and Australia. Yet, mechanisms of the observed SLR have not been firmly established, and its representation in climate models has not been examined. By analyzing observational sea-level estimates, ocean reanalysis products, and ocean model hindcasts, we show that the steric SLR of the SH subtropical oceans between 35°-20°S is faster than the global mean rate by 18.2%±9.9% during 1958-2014. However, present climate models—the fundamental bases for future climate projections—generally fail to reproduce this feature. Further analysis suggests that the rapid SLR in the SH subtropical oceans is primarily attributable to the persistent upward trend of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Physically, this trend in SAM leads to the strengthening of the SH subtropical highs, with the strongest signatures observed in the southern Indian Ocean. These changes in atmospheric circulation promote regional SLR in the SH subtropics by driving upper-ocean convergence. Climate models show systematic biases in the simulated structure and trend magnitude of SAM and significantly underestimate the enhancement of subtropical highs. These biases lead to the inability of models to correctly simulate the observed subtropical SLR. This work highlights the paramount necessity of reducing model biases to provide reliable regional sea-level projections.
A Comparison of Arctic and Atlantic Cyclone Predictability
Authors: Capute Peyton K. , Torn Ryan D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Arctic cyclones (ACs) are synoptic-scale features that can be associated with strong, intense winds over the Arctic Ocean region for long periods of time, potentially leading to rapid declines of sea ice during the summer. As a consequence, sea ice predictions may rely on the predictability of cyclone-related wind speed and direction, which critically depends on the cyclone track and intensity. Despite this, there are relatively few studies that have documented the predictability of ACs during the summer, beyond a few case studies, nor has there been an extensive comparison of whether these cyclones are more or less predictable relative to comparable midlatitude cyclones, which have been studied in greater detail. The goal of this study is to document the practical predictability of AC position and intensity forecasts over 100 cases and compare it with 89 Atlantic Ocean basin midlatitude cyclones using the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) Reforecast V2. This dataset contains 11-member ensemble forecasts initialized daily from 1985 to the present using a fixed model. In this study, forecasts initialized 1 and 3 days prior to the cyclone development time are compared, where predictability is defined as the ensemble mean root-mean-square error and ensemble standard deviation (SD). Although Atlantic basin cyclone tracks are characterized by higher predictability relative to comparable ACs, intensity predictability is higher for ACs. In addition, storms characterized by low ensemble SD and predictability are found in regions of higher baroclinic instability than storms characterized by high predictability. There appears to be little, if any, relationship between latent heat release and precipitable water and predictability.
A prolactin-dependent sexually dimorphic mechanism of migraine chronification
Authors: Ikegami Daigo , Navratilova Edita , Yue Xu , Moutal Aubin , Kopruszinski Caroline M , Khanna Rajesh , Patwardhan Amol , Dodick David W , Porreca Frank 
Published: September 2021

Objective Determination of possible sex differences in mechanisms promoting migraine progression and the contribution of prolactin and the prolactin long (PRLR-L) and short (PRLR-S) receptor isoforms. Background The majority of patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse headache are female. Prolactin is present at higher levels in women and increases migraine. Prolactin signaling at the PRLR-S selectively sensitizes nociceptors in female rodents, while expression of the PRLR-L is protective. Methods Medication overuse headache was modeled by repeated sumatriptan administration in male and female mice. Periorbital and hindpaw cutaneous allodynia served as a surrogate of migraine-like pain. PRLR-L and PRLR-S isoforms were measured in the trigeminal ganglion with western blotting. Possible co-localization of PRLR with serotonin 5HT1B and 5HT1D receptors was determined with RNAscope. Cabergoline, a dopamine receptor agonist that inhibits circulating prolactin, was co-administered with sumatriptan. Nasal administration of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid was used to edit expression of both PRLR isoforms. Results PRLR was co-localized with 5HT1B or 5HT1D receptors in the ophthalmic region of female trigeminal ganglion. A single injection of sumatriptan increased serum PRL levels in female mice. Repeated sumatriptan promoted cutaneous allodynia in both sexes but down-regulated trigeminal ganglion PRLR-L, without altering PRLR-S, only in females. Co-administration of sumatriptan with cabergoline prevented allodynia and down-regulation of PRLR-L only in females. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of both PRLR isoforms in the trigeminal ganglion prevented sumatriptan-induced periorbital allodynia in females. Interpretation We identified a sexually dimorphic mechanism of migraine chronification that involves down-regulation of PRLR-L and increased signaling of circulating prolactin at PRLR-S. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized neuroendocrine mechanism linking the hypothalamus to nociceptor sensitization that increases the risk of migraine pain in females and suggest opportunities for novel sex-specific therapies including gene editing through nasal delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 constructs.