bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Law of Treaties
Authors: Shelton Dinah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how peremptory norms/jus cogens entered positive law with the Vienna treaties on treaties. Jus cogens was first included in the work of the International Law Commission (ILC) with the Third Report of G.G. Fitzmaurice, Special Rapporteur on the Law of Treaties, under the heading ‘legality of the object’. The first two special rapporteurs on the law of treaties supported the notion of peremptory norms in international law. During ILC work on the law of treaties, however, most of the members joined the ILC’s fourth special rapporteur on treaty law, Sir Humphrey Waldock, who sought to reconcile jus cogens with the doctrine of positivism. They spent little time speculating on the origin of jus cogens. The final ILC draft on the law of treaties was produced by Waldock. The work of the ILC on the law of treaties was based essentially on the notion of barring illegal agreements as a general principle of law. The chapter then provides a definition of jus cogens norms.
Jus Cogens in Recent Legal Scholarship
Authors: Shelton Dinah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates recent legal scholarship on jus cogens. Writers continue to discuss and debate the origins and sources of jus cogens. In addition, they devote increasing attention to the specific norms proposed for such status. The prohibition of enforced disappearance, for example, has been recognized in writings as a norm of jus cogens. Other specific norms proposed include the prohibition of torture; the principle of non-refoulement; the prohibition of crimes against humanity; the prohibition of apartheid and racial discrimination; the prohibition of slavery; and the right of self-determination. The jus cogens status of basic rules of humanitarian law is also generally recognized in the literature.
Reading the Materiality of Caste
Authors: Issar Lucky 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Focusing on the material things in Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things, this article examines caste and its connection to sexuality. The brahminic obsession with caste hierarchies is based on controlling women’s bodies and Dalit exclusion. In everyday life, such control over women’s bodies and Dalit subordination is produced via material things. The practice of untouchability becomes real only when certain things/bodies are given touchable/pure status while others are assigned untouchable/abject meanings, which has repercussions for all members of society. Using thing theory and aspects of citizenship theory and brahminic culture, this article studies the ‘materiality’ through which caste is relayed and produced.
Evolution of a Cytoplasmic Determinant: Evidence for the Biochemical Basis of Functional Evolution of the Novel Germ Line Regulator Oskar
Authors: Blondel Leo , Besse Savandara , Rivard Emily L , Ylla Guillem , Extavour Cassandra G 
Published: September 2021

Abstracts
Germ line specification is essential in sexually reproducing organisms. Despite their critical role, the evolutionary history of the genes that specify animal germ cells is heterogeneous and dynamic. In many insects, the gene oskar is required for the specification of the germ line. However, the germ line role of oskar is thought to be a derived role resulting from co-option from an ancestral somatic role. To address how evolutionary changes in protein sequence could have led to changes in the function of Oskar protein that enabled it to regulate germ line specification, we searched for oskar orthologs in 1,565 publicly available insect genomic and transcriptomic data sets. The earliest-diverging lineage in which we identified an oskar ortholog was the order Zygentoma (silverfish and firebrats), suggesting that oskar originated before the origin of winged insects. We noted some order-specific trends in oskar sequence evolution, including whole gene duplications, clade-specific losses, and rapid divergence. An alignment of all known 379 Oskar sequences revealed new highly conserved residues as candidates that promote dimerization of the LOTUS domain. Moreover, we identified regions of the OSK domain with conserved predicted RNA binding potential. Furthermore, we show that despite a low overall amino acid conservation, the LOTUS domain shows higher conservation of predicted secondary structure than the OSK domain. Finally, we suggest new key amino acids in the LOTUS domain that may be involved in the previously reported Oskar−Vasa physical interaction that is required for its germ line role.
Beyond the Present-Fault Paradigm: Expanding Mens rea Definitions in the General Part
Authors: Child J J , Hunt Adrian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article explores the use of mens rea terms in the criminal general part. We contend the current law fails properly to conceptualise mens rea for a large category of offences, namely bespoke/substantive inchoate offences, attempt, conspiracy, assisting and encouraging, and the general offence of complicity. These offences involve two conduct events: one in the present and one in future. However, current mens rea terms are defined as if applied to the more conventional category of criminal offence which only involves present conduct—a practice which we term the ‘present-fault paradigm’. We explore the limits of current mens rea terms, defined for present-conduct targets (circumstances and results), when applied to future-conduct ulterior targets within inchoate and complicity offences. We contend that current mens rea definitions and analysis within the general part are inappropriate for targeting elements related to future conduct/offending, and we suggest more appropriate bases for conceptualising such mens rea.
Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-harm and Suicide Among Adolescents and Young Adults With First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Moe Aubrey M , Llamocca Elyse , Wastler Heather M , Steelesmith Danielle L , Brock Guy , Bridge Jeffrey A , Fontanella Cynthia A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Little is known about the risk factors for deliberate self-harm (DSH) and suicide among adolescents and young adults with first episode psychosis (FEP) and the longitudinal course of DSH following the initial onset of illness. This study identifies risk factors for DSH and suicide death among Medicaid-covered adolescents and young adults with FEP along with the periods of greatest risk for DSH after diagnosis. A retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis was performed using Medicaid claims data merged with death certificate data for 19 422 adolescents and young adults (aged 15–24 years) diagnosed with the onset of FEP between 2010 and 2017. DSH per 1000 person-years and standardized mortality rates for suicide were determined. Hazard ratios of DSH and suicide were estimated by Cox proportional hazard models. During follow-up, 2148 (11.1%) individuals had at least one self-harm event and 22 (0.1%) died by suicide. The hazards of DSH were significantly higher for those with a previous DSH, suicidal ideation, child abuse and neglect, comorbid medical and psychiatric diagnoses, and prior mental health care. The median follow-up time for those who had DSH was 208.0 days (SD: 526.5 days) in adolescents and 108.0 days (SD: 340.0 days) in young adults. Risk of DSH was highest in the first 3 months following FEP. Individuals with FEP are at high risk for self-harm and suicidal behavior, and recognition of who among these individuals and when following illness onset they are at greatest risk may guide more precise clinical recognition and intervention.
Stock market reactions to downsizing announcements: an analysis through an institutional lens
Authors: Schulz Ann-Christine , Himme Alexander 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this study, we examine stock market reactions to corporate downsizing using a neo-institutional perspective. Over the course of the 1990s, a time period in which shareholder value orientation gained momentum, downsizing became an institutionalized management practice. We argue and propose that the growing legitimacy of this practice is displayed in investors’ reactions to downsizing announcements. Using a sample of 391 downsizing announcements of the S&P 100 firms for the period 1990–2006, we show that the announcement year has a positive (diminishing) effect on the abnormal stock market return and that prior downsizings in the focal firm’s institutional field have a positive linear impact on abnormal stock market return. In addition, we provide evidence that these relationships are positively moderated by proactive downsizing motives and firm size. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the performance effects of corporate downsizing and investors’ role in legitimizing this prevalent business practice.
Neuroligin-1 Is a Mediator of Methylmercury Neuromuscular Toxicity
Authors: Gunderson Jakob T , Peppriell Ashley E , Krout Ian N , Vorojeikina Daria , Rand Matthew D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a developmental toxicant capable of eliciting neurocognitive and neuromuscular deficits in children with in utero exposure. Previous research in Drosophila melanogaster uncovered that developmental MeHg exposure simultaneously targets the developing musculature and innervating motor neuron in the embryo, along with identifying Drosophila neuroligin 1 (nlg1) as a gene associated with developmental MeHg sensitivity. Nlg1 and its transsynaptic partner neurexin 1 (Nrx1) are critical for axonal arborization and NMJ maturation. We investigated the effects of MeHg exposure on indirect flight muscle (IFM) morphogenesis, innervation, and function via flight assays and monitored the expression of NMJ-associated genes to characterize the role of Nlg1 mediating the neuromuscular toxicity of MeHg. Developmental MeHg exposure reduced the innervation of the IFMs, which corresponded with reduced flight ability. In addition, nlg1 expression was selectively reduced during early metamorphosis, whereas a subsequent increase was observed in other NMJ-associated genes, including nrx1, in late metamorphosis. Developmental MeHg exposure also resulted in persistent reduced expression of most nlg and nrx genes during the first 11 days of adulthood. Transgenic modulation of nlg1 and nrx1 revealed that developing muscle is particularly sensitive to nlg1 levels, especially during the 20–36-h window of metamorphosis with reduced nlg1 expression resulting in adult flight deficits. Muscle-specific overexpression of nlg1 partially rescued MeHg-induced deficits in eclosion and flight. We identified Nlg1 as a muscle-specific, NMJ structural component that can mediate MeHg neuromuscular toxicity resulting from early life exposure.
REadmission PREvention in SepSis: Development and Validation of a Prediction Model
Authors: Grek Ami A. , Rogers Emily R. , Peacock Sarah H. , Hartjes Tonja M. , White Launia J. , Li Zhuo , Naessens James M. , Franco Pablo M. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Hospital 30-day readmissions remain a major quality and cost indicator. Traditional readmission risk scores, such as LACE (length of stay, acuity of admission, Charlson comorbidity index, and emergency department visits), may be suboptimal in special patient populations, such as those with sepsis. As sepsis survivorship improves, there is a need to determine which variables might be associated with a decrease in 30-day readmission. We completed a retrospective analysis reviewing patients with sepsis who had unplanned 30-day readmissions. Multivariate regression analysis was performed for the REadmission PREvention in SepSis (REPRESS) model, which evaluated age, length of stay, Charlson disease count, Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale score, discharge to a skilled nursing facility, and mobility for predictive significance in hospital readmission. Our REPRESS model performed better when compared with LACE for predicting readmission risk in a sepsis population.
Hospital value–based purchasing: How acute care advanced practice nurses demonstrate value
Authors: Constable Mark , Mulkey Malissa , Aucoin Julia 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Hospital value–based purchasing (HVBP) is a budget neutral initiative from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services designed to adjust the hospital payment system based on health care quality data. Hospital value–based purchasing is designed to promote improved clinical outcomes and better patient experience in the acute care setting. Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) in the acute care setting are instrumental to the success of health care institutions under the current payer model in the United States health care system. When APRNs use their advanced knowledge and leadership skills to champion quality improvement and patient experience projects, they may increase financial reimbursement within the HVBP system, thus demonstrating value to the health care institution. Four basic steps could help APRNs demonstrate value to the organization, understand the standard, evaluate your performance compared with the standard, identify opportunities, and implement projects or participate in projects. This article provides a broad overview of the HVBP structure and describes how APRNs can positively influence performance measures, thereby potentially increasing hospital reimbursement.
Nonsquamous Lesions of the Vulvar Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue: A Review (Part 1)
Authors: Rastegar Shima , Heller Debra S. 
Published: September 2021

Objectives
This article aimed to review “nonsquamous lesions of the vulvar skin and subcutaneous tissue” clinically and pathologically, based on the fifth edition of the World Health Organization tumor classification.

Materials and Methods
A database search of PubMed and Google Scholar was performed between 1970 and 2021, using the search terms “vulva,” “lower genital tract,” and “nonsquamous lesions.” The search was limited to “humans,” “gynecopathology,” and “dermatopathology.” Full article texts were reviewed. Reference lists were screened for additional articles. We excluded articles written in the non-English language and abstracts.

Results
A list of 600 articles was identified. Another screening identified 68 articles for clinicopathological features of nonsquamous lesions of the vulvar skin and subcutaneous tissue. In the first part of this review, we cover 5 major groups of nonsquamous lesions of the vulvar skin and subcutaneous tissue including (1) glandular tumors and cysts, (2) adenocarcinomas of other types, (3) germ cell tumors of the vulva, (4) neuroendocrine neoplasia, and (5) hematolymphoid hyperplasia and neoplasia. The rest of the major topics including mesenchymal tumors of the lower genital tract, melanocytic lesions, and metastasis will be discussed in the second part of this review.

Conclusions
Clinicopathological features of nonsquamous lesions of the vulvar skin and subcutaneous tissue as categorized by the updated World Health Organization classification are presented.
Prevalence of Positive Cervical Cancer Screening Tests Past the Age of 65 Years With Prior Adequate Negative Screening
Authors: Sheu Joanne , Field Alessia , Viswanathan Radhika , Minkowitz Jeremy , Calixte Rose , Lee Yi-Chun 
Published: September 2021

Objectives
Cervical cancer screening recommendations suggest that cessation can be offered above the age of 65 years if specific prior negative screening criteria are met. We investigated the prevalence of abnormal results in individuals who continue screening despite satisfying the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology guidelines for cessation.

Materials and Methods
In this retrospective study, medical records 2008–2019 from a single urban hospital-based clinic were queried. Charts were manually reviewed to determine which patients met the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology exit criteria but continued screening. Findings detected during the extended surveillance period beyond the age of 65 years were analyzed.

Results
Two hundred ninety-six patients met the criteria of additional screening despite meeting guidelines for cessation. Length of the continued additional surveillance period ranged from 1 to 15 years with a mean of 3.98 years and median of 3 years. Thirty-nine individuals had abnormalities during additional surveillance: 25 high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) positive only with negative cytology, 8 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 3 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 2 atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance, and 1 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. No cases of cervical cancer were detected. Total rate of abnormalities including HR-HPV positive only was 332.20 per 10,000 person-years, and cytologic abnormalities alone at 119.25 per 10,000 person-years.

Conclusions
Most findings were HR-HPV positive with negative cytology, which studies suggest may confer low risk of progression in older individuals. In addition, no patient was found to develop cervical malignancy. Despite controversy regarding this recommendation, our data suggest screening cessation may be appropriate with adequate negative screening history.
Outcome and Toxicity of Proton Therapy for Vestibular Schwannoma: A Cohort Study
Authors: Koetsier Kimberley S. , Hensen Erik F. , Niemierko Andrzej , Dewyer Nicholas A. , Chapman Paul H. , Lamba Nayan , Bussière Marc R. , van Vulpen Marco , McKenna Michael J. , Loeffler Jay S. , Shih Helen A. 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
To assess the efficacy and toxicity of proton radiotherapy in vestibular schwannoma.

Study Design:
Retrospective chart review and volumetric MRI-analyses.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Vestibular schwannoma patients treated with protons between 2003 and 2018.

Intervention:
Proton radiotherapy.

Main Outcome Measures:
Tumor control was defined as not requiring salvage treatment. Progressive hearing loss was defined as a decrease in maximum speech discrimination score below the 95% critical difference in reference to the pretreatment score. Hearing assessment includes contralateral hearing and duration of follow-up. Dizziness and/or unsteadiness and facial and trigeminal nerve function were scored. Patients who had surgery prior to proton radiotherapy were separately assessed.

Results:
Of 221 included patients, 136 received single fraction and 85 fractionated proton radiotherapy. Actuarial 5-year local control rate was 96% (95% CI 90–98%). The median radiological follow-up was 4.5 years. Progressive postirradiation speech discrimination score loss occurred in 42% of patients with audiometric follow-up within a year. Facial paresis was found in 5% (usually mild), severe dizziness in 5%, and trigeminal neuralgia in 5% of patients receiving protons as primary treatment.

Conclusions:
Proton radiotherapy achieves high tumor control with modest side effects aside from hearing loss in vestibular schwannoma patients. Limited and heterogeneous outcome reporting hamper comparisons to the literature. Potential sequelae of radiation therapy impacting vestibular function, cognitive function, and quality of life warrant further evaluation. Subgroups that benefit most from proton radiotherapy should be identified to optimize allocation and counterbalance its costs.
Correlation Between Cochlear Length, Insertion Angle, and Tonotopic Mismatch for MED-EL FLEX28 Electrode Arrays
Authors: Dutrieux Noémie , Quatre Raphaële , Péan Vincent , Schmerber Sébastien 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
To investigate the relationship between cochlear length, insertion angle, and tonotopic mismatch and to compare the tonotopic mismatches with respect to the spiral ganglion and the organ of Corti.

Study Design:
Retrospective.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center with cochlear implant program.

Patients:
Analyses of patients’ computed tomography images after cochlear implant surgery.

Intervention:
Cochlear implantation with 28-mm-long straight lateral wall electrode arrays.

Main Outcome Measure:
Cochlear length, insertion angle, and insertion depth were assessed using the OTOPLAN software. Tonotopic mismatch for each electrode contact was estimated using the Greenwood (organ of Corti) and the Stakhovskaya (spiral ganglion) maps and compared.

Results:
106 cochleae were analyzed. 99% of the electrode arrays were located in the tympanic ramp. The insertion was complete in 96% of cases. The mean cochlear length was 34.5 mm and the mean insertion angle of the apical electrode was 545°. Cochlear length was negatively correlated with the insertion angle of the contacts E1 to E9 (all p < 0.004). The tonotopic mismatch was greater at the organ of Corti than at the spiral ganglion. It was also greater at the organ of Corti in larger cochleae (correlation with mismatch for E1 r = 0.421, p < 0.0001) and in the apical than in the middle and basal regions of the cochlea.

Conclusion:
Small cochlea size corresponded to higher insertion angle and reduction of tonotopic mismatch on a 28-mm-long straight lateral wall electrode array. Tonotopic mismatch could be minimized preoperatively by choosing electrode arrays according to the individual cochlear morphology and postoperatively by appropriate frequency fitting.
Hearing Loss and Incident Dementia: Claims Data From the New York SPARCS Database
Authors: Chern Alexander , Sharma Rahul K. , Golub Justin S. 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
Age-related hearing loss (HL) may be a risk factor for incident dementia. The objective was to use population-based claims data from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) to establish if HL is associated with incident dementia.

Study Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Comprehensive all-payer data reporting system (2007–2017).

Patients:
Two hundred six thousand eight hundred one subjects more than 60 years (56,523 with HL, random sample of 150,278 without HL).

Interventions:
None.

Main Outcome Measures:
The main outcome was incident dementia, measured by initial dementia diagnosis (ICD-9/ICD-10 code) associated with a patient visit/insurance claim. The main exposure was HL, measured by at least two separate HL diagnoses associated with claims before dementia diagnosis. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to examine the relationship of baseline HL with incident dementia, adjusting for age, sex, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, and smoking.

Results:
Dementia incidence rates per 1,000 person-years were 10.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.81–10.51; subjects with HL) and 5.43 (5.28–5.57; subjects without HL). Fewer (2–10) HL claims (n = 56,523), compared with no (0) HL claims, was associated with 1.10 (95% CI = 1.05–1.15, p < 0.001) times the hazard of incident dementia, adjusting for covariates. Greater (>10) HL claims (n = 3,414), compared with no (0) HL claims, was associated with 1.63 (95% CI = 1.42, 1.86, p < 0.001) times the hazard of incident dementia, adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions:
HL diagnosis was associated with increased risk of incident dementia based on a comprehensive all-payer data reporting system. Individuals with a more established diagnosis of HL (more HL claims) demonstrated an increased hazard ratio.