bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of severe COVID‐19: A nationwide population‐based cohort study in Sweden
Authors: Ludvigsson Jonas F. , Axelrad Jordan , Halfvarson Jonas , Khalili Hamed , Larsson Emma , Lochhead Paul , Roelstraete Bjorn , Simon Tracey G. , Söderling Jonas , Olén Ola 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere are concerns that individuals with chronic immune‐mediated diseases are at increased risk of COVID‐19 and related severe adverse outcome, including intensive care admission or death. We aimed to explore the absolute and relative risk of severe COVID‐19 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).MethodsThis population‐based cohort study used nationwide registers in Sweden, with 67,292 individuals with a diagnosis of IBD 1969–2017 (Crohn's disease, n = 21,599; ulcerative colitis: n = 43,622; IBD‐unclassified: n = 2071) and alive on 1 February 2020. Patients with IBD were matched to up to five controls from the general population (n = 297,910). Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for (i) hospital admission with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 as the primary diagnosis, and (ii) severe COVID‐19 (composite outcome consisting of (a) COVID‐19 intensive care admission, or (b) death from COVID‐19 or (c) death within 30 days of COVID‐19 hospital admission), were calculated. Analyses were conditioned on age, sex, calendar period, and county and adjusted for other comorbidities.ResultsBetween 1 February and 31 July 2020, 179 (0.27%) IBD patients and 500 (0.17%) general population controls were admitted to hospital with COVID‐19 (adjusted HR [aHR] = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.19–1.72). The corresponding numbers for severe COVID‐19 was 65 (0.10%) and 183 (0.06%; aHR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.81–1.52). Adjusted HRs were similar in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In a propensity score‐matched model taking comorbidity into account until 2016, the increased risk for COVID‐19 hospital admission remained (aHR = 1.32; 1.12–1.56), but there was no increased risk of severe COVID‐19 (aHR = 1.12; 0.85–1.47).ConclusionsWhile individuals with IBD were more likely to be admitted to hospital for COVID‐19 than the general population, the risk of severe COVID‐19 was not higher.
Introduction: From the Emergence to the Dynamics of Welfare Markets
Authors: Ledoux Clémence , Shire Karen , van Hooren Franca 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents the landscape of welfare markets in Europe and provides tools for the analysis and explanation of their dynamics. It shows how the new sociology of markets helps to better understand the dynamics of welfare markets, which we define as markets that provide social goods and services through the competitive activities of non-state actors. Welfare markets can have different relations to the welfare state. Different types of policy instruments (financial, regulatory, or informational) shape the dynamics of welfare markets, and this chapter identifies the potential variation in outcomes these markets can produce on the productive, allocative, and discursive dimension of market orders. Subsequently, the chapter emphasizes the role of actors in welfare market dynamics and compares the similarities and differences in dynamics of private pensions and domestic/care services.
Island in the presence of higher derivative terms
Authors: Alishahiha Mohsen , Astaneh Amin Faraji , Naseh Ali 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Using extended island formula we compute entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation for black hole solutions of certain gravitational models containing higher derivative terms. To be concrete we consider two different four dimensional models to compute entropy for both asymptotically flat and AdS black holes. One observes that the resultant entropy follows the Page curve, thanks to the contribution of the island, despite the fact that the corresponding gravitational models might be non-unitary.
Bundesweites Belastungsmodell für Intensivstationen durch COVID-19
Authors: Schuppert A. , Theisen S. , Fränkel P. , Weber-Carstens S. , Karagiannidis C. 
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Prognosemodelle zur Intensivbelegung mit COVID-19-Patienten sind in der aktuellen Pandemie wichtig zur strategischen Planung der Patientenallokation und Vermeidung regionaler Überlastung. Sie werden oft vollständig an retrospektiven Infektions- und Belegungsdaten trainiert, wodurch die Prognoseunsicherheit exponentiell mit dem Prognosehorizont anwachsen kann.

Methodik
Wir schlagen einen alternativen Modellansatz vor, bei dem das Modell weitgehend unabhängig von den zu simulierenden Belegungsdaten erstellt wird. Die Verteilung der Bettenbelegungen für Patientenkohorten wird direkt aus Belegungsdaten aus „Sentinel-Kliniken“ berechnet. Durch Kopplung mit Infektionsszenarien wird der Prognosefehler durch den Fehler der Infektionsdynamikszenarien beschränkt. Das Modell erlaubt eine systematische Simulation von beliebigen Infektionsszenarien, die Berechnung von Korridoren für die Bettenauslastung sowie Sensitivitätsanalysen im Hinblick auf Schutzmaßnahmen.

Ergebnisse
Das Modell wurde anhand von Klinikdaten und durch Anpassung von nur 2 Parametern an die Daten in der Städteregion Aachen und Deutschland gesamt vorgenommen.
Am Beispiel der Simulation der jeweiligen Bettenbelegungen für das Bundesgebiet wird das Belastungsmodell zur Berechnung von Belegungskorridoren demonstriert. Die Belegungskorridore bilden Schranken für die Bettenbelegungen für den Fall, dass die Infektionszahlen spezifische Grenzwerte nicht überschreiten. Darüber hinaus werden Lockdownszenarien simuliert, die sich an retrospektiven Ereignissen orientieren.

Diskussion
Unser Modell zeigt, dass eine deutliche Reduktion der Prognoseunsicherheit in Auslastungsprognosen durch gezielte Kombination von Daten aus unterschiedlichen Quellen möglich ist. Es erlaubt eine beliebige Kombination mit Modellen und Szenarien zur Infektionsdynamik und kann damit sowohl zur Belastungsprognose als auch für Sensitivitätsanalysen für zu erwartende neuartige Spreading- und Lockdownszenarien eingesetzt werden.
Object surface reconstruction from flow tracers
Authors: Jux Constantin , Sciacchitano Andrea , Scarano Fulvio 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A method to identify the surface of solid models immersed in fluid flows is devised that examines the spatial distribution of flow tracers. The fluid–solid interface is associated with the distance from the center of a circle to the centroid of the tracers ensemble captured within it. The theoretical foundation of the method is presented for 2D planar interfaces in the limit of a continuous tracer distribution. The discrete regime is analyzed, yielding the uncertainty of this estimator. Also the errors resulting from curved interfaces are discussed. The method's working principle is illustrated using synthetic data of a 2D cambered airfoil, showing that one of the limitations is the treatment of an object thinner than the search circle diameter. The method is readily adapted to 3D and applied to the 3D PTV data of the flow around a juncture. The surface is reconstructed within the expected uncertainty, and specific limitations, such as the smoothing of sharp edges is observed.

Graphic abstract
Diversity matters: the influence of gender diversity on the environmental orientation of entrepreneurial ventures
Authors: Tenner Isabell , Hörisch Jacob 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEnvironmental entrepreneurship bears great potential to promote sustainable development. Several influencing factors on the level of environmental orientation have been identified by past literature. In this respect, mixed results occur with regard to the influence of gender on environmental entrepreneurship. However, these studies simply investigated the level of a single entrepreneur by distinguishing between male and female individuals, although ventures are increasingly founded by entrepreneurial teams. Consequently, this study quantitatively addresses the research question how the gender of founding teams influences the environmental orientation of entrepreneurial ventures. Based on a dataset of entrepreneurial ventures from the US and Germany, our results indicate that the level of environmental orientation is not dependent on the share of female members, but rather on the gender diversity of the founding team. We conclude that gender diversity within the entrepreneurial team is necessary to address both ecological and economic goals of environmental entrepreneurship. Based on this finding, theoretical and practical implications are drawn, in particular for policy, entrepreneurial teams and entrepreneurship training.
Early N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is associated with cardiac complications and function during pregnancy in congenital heart disease
Authors: Siegmund A. S. , Pieper P. G. , Bouma B. J. , Rosenberg F. M. , Groen H. , Bilardo C. M. , van Veldhuisen D. J. , Dickinson M. G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Elevated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels at 20 weeks’ gestation predict adverse cardiovascular (CV) complications during pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease (CHD). To improve early risk assessment in these women, we investigated the predictive value of first-trimester NT-proBNP for CV complications and its association with ventricular function during pregnancy.

Methods
Pregnant women with CHD, previously enrolled in a prospective national study or evaluated by an identical protocol, were included. Clinical data, echocardiographic evaluation and NT-proBNP measurements were obtained at 12, 20 and 32 weeks’ gestation. Elevated NT-proBNP was defined as > 235 pg/ml (95th percentile reference value of healthy pregnant women in the literature).

Results
We examined 126 females (mean age 29 years). Elevated NT-proBNP at 12 weeks was associated with CV complications (n = 7, 5.6%, odds ratio 10.9, p = 0.004). Arrhythmias were the most common complication (71%). The negative predictive value of low NT-proBNP to exclude CV complications was 97.2%. In women with CV complications, NT-proBNP levels remained high throughout pregnancy, while a decrease was seen in women without CV complications (p < 0.001 for interaction between group and time). At 12 weeks, higher NT-proBNP levels were associated with impaired subpulmonary ventricular function (p < 0.001) and also with a decline in subpulmonary ventricular function later in pregnancy (p = 0.012).

Conclusions
In this study, first-trimester NT-proBNP levels were associated with adverse CV complications and a decline in subpulmonary ventricular function later in pregnancy in women with CHD. Early NT-proBNP evaluation is useful for tailored care in pregnant women with CHD.
Torque Teno Virus plasma level as novel biomarker of retained immunocompetence in HIV-infected patients
Authors: Schmidt L. , Jensen B.-E. O. , Walker A. , Keitel-Anselmino V. , di Cristanziano V. , Böhm M. , Knops E. , Heger E. , Kaiser R. , de Luca A. , Oette M. , Häussinger D. , Timm J. , Fuchs A. , Lübke N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To predict the course of immune recovery (IR) in HIV-1-infected patients after initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) by determination of the plasma concentration of Torque Teno Virus (TTV).
TTV has been identified as marker for risk assessment in immunosuppressed patients after transplantation procedures. Here, TTV was analyzed in HIV-1-infected therapy-naïve patients to evaluate its use as predictor of the course of IR for guidance of individualized treatment.

Methods
TTV DNA was quantified in plasma samples of 301 therapy-naïve HIV-1-infected patients and correlated to CD4+ cell count, HIV viral load, presence of the herpes viruses CMV, EBV and HHV-8, age and sex. Patients were classified according to their initial CD4+ cell count and to the extent of CD4+ T-cell increase within the first year of cART.

Results
TTV DNA was detectable in 96% of the patients’ plasma samples with a median TTV plasma concentration of 5.37 log10 cop/ml. The baseline CD4+ cell count was negatively correlated with TTV plasma concentration (p = 0.003). In patients with a CD4+ cell recovery < 50 cells/µl, the median TTV plasma concentration was significantly higher compared to patients with a CD4+ cell recovery of > 200 CD4+ cells/µl (5.68 log10 cop/ml versus 4.99 log10 cop/ml; p = 0.011). TTV plasma concentration in combination with baseline CD4+ cell count were significantly correlated to CD4+ cell recovery (p = 0.004). For all other parameters considered, no significant correlation for CD4+ cell recovery was found.

Conclusion
Within the cohort, the significantly elevated TTV plasma concentration in patients with diminished CD4+ cell recovery indicates a more profound immune defect. Baseline TTV plasma concentrations and CD4+ cell count are predictive for the course of immune recovery in HIV-1-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency.
Transmission congestion management considering voltage stability margin
Authors: Patel Nilesh K. , Suthar Bhavik N. , Thakkar Jalpa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a solution for the transmission congestion management considering voltage stability issues using optimal generation rescheduling. While practicing congestion management using optimization techniques, the control variables remain under their upper or lower limits but it may lead to the lowered level of voltage security after optimization. To counterbalance this adverse effect, a modified objective function has been used. The reactive power generation rescheduling and reactive support from capacitors have been incorporated along with active power generation rescheduling to manage congestion as well as to improve the network voltage stability margin. The Random Inertia Weight Particle Swarm Optimization (RANDIW-PSO) algorithm has been employed in this paper to obtain optimized solutions. The proposed methodology is tested on the New-England test system for different realistic scenarios. The results confirm a noteworthy decline in congestion cost along with the improvement in network voltage stability margin. Moreover, system performance has been improved in terms of system power losses, increased reactive power reserve at generators and voltage profile.
Oxygen reduction on silver catalysts electrodeposited on various nanocarbon supports
Authors: Linge Jonas Mart , Erikson Heiki , Merisalu Maido , Sammelselg Väino , Tammeveski Kaido 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this work, Ag particles were electrodeposited onto nitrogen-doped graphene oxide, graphene, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and Vulcan carbon XC-72R supports by varying the upper potential limit. The surface morphology of the resulting Ag-based catalysts was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was tested in alkaline media employing the rotating disk electrode method. The variation of the upper potential limit influenced the size of silver nanoparticles and their number density on the substrate surface. All the Ag-based electrocatalysts studied in this work showed remarkable ORR activity in terms of half-wave potentials. The ORR results combined with hydrogen peroxide reduction results prove that all Ag catalysts tested are suitable for both reactions. Ag/NGO2 catalyst possesses the highest mass activity for ORR, which indicates a relationship between the Ag loading and electrocatalytic activity. The electroreduction of oxygen on all the electrodeposited silver catalysts follows a four-electron pathway in alkaline environment. These materials are promising alternatives for Pt/C catalyst to be used as alkaline membrane fuel cell cathodes.
Male Circumcision Due to Phimosis as the Procedure That Is Not Only Relieving Clinical Symptoms of Phimosis But Also Improves the Quality of Sexual Life
Authors: Czajkowski Mateusz , Czajkowska Katarzyna , Zarańska Karolina , Giemza Alicja , Kłącz Jakub , Sokołowska-Wojdyło Małgorzata , Matuszewski Marcin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionMale circumcision is recognized as the most effective method of phimosis treatment. Analyzing the literature, the information about the influence of male circumcision due to phimosis for patients' subjective symptoms such as itching, burning, penile pain, pain during intercourse, and quality of sexual life is insufficient.AimTo investigate the effect of male circumcision due to phimosis to patients' subjective symptoms, including erectile function and satisfaction with their genitals.MethodsThe single-center prospective study began in January 2018 and ended in January 2020. Sixty-nine male, adult patients, who were qualified for circumcision due to phimosis, were included in the study.Main Outcomes MeasuresThe study outcomes were obtained using questionnaires such as visual analog scale 0-10 for itching, burning, penile pain, and penile pain during intercourse; International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and Male Genital Self Image Scale 7 (MGSIS-7) to assess the changes in patients sexual functioning.ResultsBefore the circumcision of the 69 patients included in the study, 59 patients (86%) reported some subjective symptoms of phimosis. The most frequent and most severe complaint was pain during intercourse, then itching and burning of the penis. Penile pain at rest was the least frequent. After 3 months from circumcision, subjective symptoms almost completely disappeared. All of 69 patients declared to have a sexual partner. 3 months after circumcision, all patients achieved significant improvement in both obtaining and maintaining an erection based on IIEF-5 score. Their sexual intercourse was more satisfying for them.All patients suffering from phimosis were embarrassed about their genitals before surgery. 3 months after circumcision, satisfaction with genital self-image increased significantly.ConclusionMale circumcision due to phimosis is not only relieving the clinical symptoms of phimosis, but it also improves the quality of sexual life.
Crystallex Int'l Corp. v. Bolivarian Rep. Venez. (3D Cir.)
Authors: Benish Kevin D. 
Published: February 2021

On May 18, 2020, the United States Supreme Court denied a request by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and its state-owned oil company, Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), to review the merits of Crystallex Int'l Corp. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, a decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. In Crystallex, the Third Circuit affirmed a trial court's determination that PDVSA is the “alter ego” of Venezuela itself, thus permitting Crystallex to enforce a $1.4 billion judgment against Venezuela by attaching property held in PDVSA's name. Given the Supreme Court's decision to leave the Third Circuit's opinion undisturbed, Crystallex is a significant decision that may affect parties involved in transnational litigation for years to come—especially those pursuing or defending against U.S. enforcement proceedings involving the property of foreign states.
Big Man or Boogey Man? The concept of the Big Man in political science
Authors: Driscoll Barry 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Big Man has attracted considerable attention from social scientists, both as an explanatory force as well as a phenomenon to be explained. But the concept has become unmoored from its original meaning. Once used to refer to an apex figure within a patrimonial regime, today Big Men are often described as dictators or thieves. I show this using an original dataset covering discussions of Big Men in leading African Studies journals since 1980. I find that authors, especially political scientists, overemphasise theft and underemphasise accountability of Big Men. Then, drawing on my research with Ghanaian local politicians, I show how Big Men are constantly under pressure from their supporters. The paper concludes with a modest call to put the Big Man back in his place as powerful but also empowered, and thus indebted, to those beneath him.
Border Governance in Kachin State, Myanmar: Un/caring states and aspirant state building during humanitarian crises
Authors: HO ELAINE LYNN-EE 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSince 2011 renewed fighting between the Myanmar military and the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) has triggered the internal displacement of more than 100,000 people in Kachin state. This article examines how care practices and care ethics influence border governance in the context of humanitarian concerns in Kachin state in northern Myanmar, which shares a border with China. The situation in Kachin state at the China-Myanmar border reveals the contrasting territorial logics at stake, the contingency of governance at a time of political transition, and distinct ‘regimes of care’, as manifested through humanitarian relief, which all contribute towards border governance. Drawing on ethnographic research and interviews, the article highlights how care deficits are met by a separatist government, community organizations (both faith-based and secular), and diaspora populations which mobilize a range of networks and resources—forming webs of connections and interfacing with one another—to provide humanitarian relief. However, their actions and the ensuing flows of care could produce or deepen political subjectivities that are geared towards territorial contestation and separatism, thus changing expressions of border governance. The article further observes that the Kachin situation has wider implications for the peace negotiations taking place at the national level in Myanmar.
Lexical and Prosodic Pitch Modifications in Cantonese Infant-directed Speech
Authors: WANG Luchang , KALASHNIKOVA Marina , KAGER René , LAI Regine , WONG Patrick C.M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe functions of acoustic-phonetic modifications in infant-directed speech (IDS) remain a question: do they specifically serve to facilitate language learning via enhanced phonemic contrasts (the hyperarticulation hypothesis) or primarily to improve communication via prosodic exaggeration (the prosodic hypothesis)? The study of lexical tones provides a unique opportunity to shed light on this, as lexical tones are phonemically contrastive, yet their primary cue, pitch, is also a prosodic cue. This study investigated Cantonese IDS and found increased intra-talker variation of lexical tones, which more likely posed a challenge to rather than facilitated phonetic learning. Although tonal space was expanded which could facilitate phonetic learning, its expansion was a function of overall intonational modifications. Similar findings were observed in speech to pets who should not benefit from larger phonemic distinction. We conclude that lexical-tone adjustments in IDS mainly serve to broadly enhance communication rather than specifically increase phonemic contrast for learners.
Submesoscale Eddies in the South China Sea
Authors: Ni Qinbiao , Zhai Xiaoming , Wilson Chris , Chen Changlin , Chen Dake 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSubmesoscale eddies are often seen in high‐resolution satellite‐derived ocean color images. To efficiently identify these eddies from surface chlorophyll data, here, we develop an automatic submesoscale eddy detection method and apply it to the South China Sea. The detected submesoscale eddies are found to have a radius of 13 ± 5 km and an aspect ratio of 0.5 ± 0.2, with a notable predominance of cyclones. Further investigation reveals that the surface structure of these eddies displays a unique “cat's‐eye” pattern, and the eddies become more circular with increasing eddy radius. Submesoscale eddies can strongly regulate surface chlorophyll via horizontal advection while they have less coherent signatures in sea surface temperature. These findings may help to improve submesoscale parameterizations in Earth system models.