bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reciprocity in the Indian Ocean: Intraseasonal Oscillation and Ocean Planetary Waves
Authors: Rydbeck Adam V. , Jensen Tommy G. , Flatau Maria K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDuring the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the tropical Indian Ocean, a recent study observed an interesting relationship between atmospheric convection and ocean heat content anomalies. Ocean heat content anomalies maximize during periods of enhanced convection. Using that study as motivation, the processes responsible for this behavior are further investigated using satellite observations and a state‐of‐the‐art ocean reanalysis. These data show that ocean dynamics linked to first baroclinic mode equatorial Rossby (ER) waves are responsible for the routine synchronization of anomalous ocean heat content and atmospheric convection during the ISO. Using a novel index to identify oceanic ER waves in the Indian Ocean, we observe the following sequence of events indicative of two‐way feedbacks between large‐scale intraseasonal modes in the atmosphere and ocean: (a) Westerly wind stress associated with the enhanced convective phase of the ISO piles mass in the eastern Indian Ocean forcing a westward oriented pressure gradient along the equator. (b) The easterly wind stress that immediately follows combines with the pressure gradient forcing to generate downwelling ER waves that slowly propagate westward. (c) The waves maximize in the central Indian Ocean where they depress the isotherms and increase the ocean heat content as the next enhanced convective phase of the ISO passes and intensifies. The entire feedback loop transpires over 90 days.
Integrating Ecosystem Patch Contributions to Stream Corridor Carbon Dioxide and Methane Fluxes
Authors: Bretz Kristen A. , Jackson Alexis R. , Rahman Sumaiya , Monroe Jonathon M. , Hotchkiss Erin R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe heterogeneity of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) sources within and across watersheds presents a challenge to understanding the contributions of different ecosystem patch types to stream corridor and watershed carbon cycling. Changing hydrologic connections between corridor patches (e.g., streams, vernal pools, hillslopes) can influence stream corridor greenhouse gas emissions, but the spatiotemporal dynamics of emissions within and among corridor patches are not well‐quantified. To identify patterns and sources of carbon emissions across stream corridors, we measured gas concentrations and fluxes over two summers at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, NC. We sampled CO2 and CH4 along four stream channels (including flowing and dry reaches), adjacent vernal pools, and riparian hillslopes. Stream CO2 and CH4 emissions were spatially heterogeneous. All streams were sources of CO2 to the atmosphere (median = 97.2 mmol m−2d−1) but were sources or sinks of CH4 depending on location (−0.19 to 4.57 mmol m−2d−1). CO2 emissions were lower during the drier of two sampling years but were stable from month to month in the drier summer. CO2 and CH4 emissions also varied by both corridor and patch type; the presence of a vernal pool in the corridor had the strongest impact on emissions. Vernal pool patches emitted more CO2 and CH4 (246 and 1.95 mmol m−2d−1, respectively) than their adjacent streams. High resolution sampling of carbon fluxes from patches within and among stream corridors improves our understanding of the connections between terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic zones in a watershed and their contributions to overall catchment carbon emissions.
FORCAsT‐gs: Importance of Stomatal Conductance Parameterization to Estimated Ozone Deposition Velocity
Authors: Otu‐Larbi Frederick , Conte Adriano , Fares Silvano , Wild Oliver , Ashworth Kirsti 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe role of stomata in regulating photosynthesis and transpiration, and hence governing global biogeochemical cycles and climate, is well‐known. Less well‐understood, however, is the importance of stomatal control to the exchange of other trace gases between terrestrial vegetation and the atmosphere. Yet these gases determine atmospheric composition, and hence air quality and climate, on scales ranging from local to global, and seconds to decades. Vegetation is a major sink for ground‐level ozone via the process of dry deposition and the primary source of many biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). The rate of dry deposition is largely controlled by the rate of diffusion of a gas through the stomata, and this also governs the emission rate of some key BVOCs. It is critical therefore that canopy‐atmosphere exchange models capture the physiological processes controlling stomatal conductance and the transfer of trace gases other than carbon dioxide and water vapor. We incorporate three of the most widely used coupled stomatal conductance‐photosynthesis models into the one‐dimensional multi‐layer FORest Canopy‐Atmosphere Transfer (FORCAsT1.0) model to assess the importance of choice of parameterization on simulated ozone deposition rates. Modeled GPP and stomatal conductance across a broad range of ecosystems differ by up to a factor of two between the best and worst performing model configurations. This leads to divergences in seasonal and diel profiles of ozone deposition velocity of up to 30% and deposition rate of up to 13%, demonstrating that the choice of stomatal conductance parameterization is critical in accurate quantification of ozone deposition.
The rate and fate of N2 and C fixation by marine diatom-diazotroph symbioses
Authors: Foster Rachel A , Tienken Daniela , Littmann Sten , Whitehouse Martin J , Kuypers Marcel M M , White Angelicque E 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
N2 fixation constitutes an important new nitrogen source in the open sea. One group of filamentous N2 fixing cyanobacteria (Richelia intracellularis, hereafter Richelia) form symbiosis with a few genera of diatoms. High rates of N2 fixation and carbon (C) fixation have been measured in the presence of diatom-Richelia symbioses. However, it is unknown how partners coordinate C fixation and how the symbiont sustains high rates of N2 fixation. Here, both the N2 and C fixation in wild diatom-Richelia populations are reported. Inhibitor experiments designed to inhibit host photosynthesis, resulted in lower estimated growth and depressed C and N2 fixation, suggesting that despite the symbionts ability to fix their own C, they must still rely on their respective hosts for C. Single cell analysis indicated that up to 22% of assimilated C in the symbiont is derived from the host, whereas 78–91% of the host N is supplied from their symbionts. A size-dependent relationship is identified where larger cells have higher N2 and C fixation, and only N2 fixation was light dependent. Using the single cell measures, the N-rich phycosphere surrounding these symbioses was estimated and contributes directly and rapidly to the surface ocean rather than the mesopelagic, even at high estimated sinking velocities (&lt;10 m d−1). Several eco-physiological parameters necessary for incorporating symbiotic N2 fixing populations into larger basin scale biogeochemical models (i.e., N and C cycles) are provided.
Determinants of prehospital coronary heart disease death
Authors: Amann Ute , Heier Margit , Thilo Christian , Linseisen Jakob , Meisinger Christa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLimited data on prehospital and early in-hospital coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths is available. Aims of this study were to provide a comprehensive description on CHD cases and to analyse determinants of prehospital death. From a population-based myocardial infarction (MI) registry in Augsburg, Germany we included 12,572 CHD cases aged 25–74 years between 2003–2017 and 4754 CHD cases aged 75–84 years between 2009–2017. Multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to identify patient characteristics associated with prehospital death compared to 28-day survival. In patients aged 25–74 years, 1713 (13.6%) died prehospital, 941 (7.5%) died within the first 24 h in-hospital and 560 (4.5%) died within the 2nd and 28th day after the acute event; in patients aged 75–84 years the numbers were 1263 (26.6%), 749 (15.8%) and 329 (6.9%), respectively. In both age groups increasing age, actual smoking or nicotine abuse, previous MI, angina pectoris and previous stroke were more likely and hypertension was less likely in cases, who died prehospital compared to 28-day survivors. For example, in the 25–74 years old we revealed an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 4.53 (95% CI 3.84–5.34) for angina pectoris and an OR of 0.69 (95% CI 0.57–0.85) for hypertension. In cases aged 25–74 years, an association of living alone (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06–1.49) and diabetes (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03–1.41) with prehospital death was found. Whereas in cases aged 75–84 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 2.20, 95%CI 1.69–0.2.85) was associated with prehospital death. In summary, we observed high prehospital and early in-hospital case fatality. Besides classical cardiac risk factors, the impact of living alone on prehospital death was more important in patients aged 25–74 years than in older patients.
C. elegans-based chemosensation strategy for the early detection of cancer metabolites in urine samples
Authors: Lanza Enrico , Di Rocco Martina , Schwartz Silvia , Caprini Davide , Milanetti Edoardo , Ferrarese Giuseppe , Lonardo Maria Teresa , Pannone Luca , Ruocco Giancarlo , Martinelli Simone , Folli Viola 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChemosensory receptors play a crucial role in distinguishing the wide range of volatile/soluble molecules by binding them with high accuracy. Chemosensation is the main sensory modality in organisms lacking long-range sensory mechanisms like vision/hearing. Despite its low number of sensory neurons, the nematodeCaenorhabditis eleganspossesses several chemosensory receptors, allowing it to detect about as many odorants as mammals. Here, we show thatC. elegansdisplays attraction towards urine samples of women with breast cancer, avoiding control ones. Behavioral assays on animals lacking AWC sensory neurons demonstrate the relevance of these neurons in sensing cancer odorants: calcium imaging on AWC increases the accuracy of the discrimination (97.22%). Also, chemotaxis assays on animals lacking GPCRs expressed in AWC allow to identify receptors involved in binding cancer metabolites, suggesting that an alteration of a few metabolites is sufficient for the cancer discriminating behavior ofC. elegans, which may help identify a fundamental fingerprint of breast cancer.
Metals in the circular economy
Authors: Petrova Vessela 
Published: August 2021

Traditionally, green technologies are associated with renewable materials, such as wood, biomass, water and earth, instead of the metals that formed the backbone of the industrial revolution - steel, copper, iron, tin and aluminum. Although at first glance it does not seem that they will play a role in the sustainable transition, in fact many of the building blocks of the circular economy would not exist without them [1]
A number of European organizations are adamant that non-ferrous metals are essential for Europe’s low-carbon transition because of their central use in breakthrough technologies including clean mobility, renewable energy and batteries. Moreover, they play a significant role in the circular economy strategy launched by the European Commission in 2015.
Contrary to this assertion, another one claims that the circular economy should be linked to reduced material use and waste consumption.
A three-tiered approach to investigating patient safety incidents in endoscopy: 4-year experience in a teaching hospital
Authors: Berry Philip , Kotha Sreelakshmi , Tritto Giovanni , DeMartino Sabina 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and study aims Patient safety incidents (PSIs) in endoscopy, although infrequent, can lead to significant morbidity or mortality. There is no commonly agreed strategy to investigate PSIs. We describe a three-tiered approach to investigation to facilitate appropriate action, shared learning, and timely disclosure to patients as mandated in the UK health system by the Duty of Candor (DoC).Methods PSIs were identified prospectively over a 3-year, 7-month period in a large teaching hospital. Level of investigation was agreed by a group of three senior clinicians. Levels of investigation comprised: 1) rapid desktop review; 2) departmental “mini-root cause analysis” (mini-RCA, developed internally); and 3) hospital-level RCA or mortality review.Results Of 63006 procedures there were 73 reported cases of significant harm. Eleven resulted in death. Thirty PSIs were related to hepatobiliary endoscopy, 17 to lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, and 26 to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Hospital-level RCA was performed in six cases, mini-RCA/mortality review in 14, and 53 were examined by the endoscopy lead. Findings were presented in an endoscopy user group (EUG) meeting. There was learning in relation to informed consent, pre-procedural radiology reviews, pre-procedural treatment, escalation planning, teamwork and communication, preparation of equipment, and recognition of delayed complications. Open and honest communication with patients and relatives was facilitated.Conclusions The introduction of an endoscopy-tailored investigation tool, the mini-RCA, as part of a three-tiered approach, facilitated investigation, appropriate action, learning, and disclosure after PSIs.
A Meta-Analysis in Assessing Oxidative Stress Using Malondialdehyde in Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Authors: Mohideen Khadijah , Krithika Chandrasekaran , Jeddy Nadeem , Parveen Sameena , Radhika Thangavelu , Sankari S. Leena 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress (OS) marker Malondialdehyde (MDA) in oral submucous fibrosis with available literature.Materials and Methods We conducted a literature search electronically in PubMed (MeSH), Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar using specific keywords.Results A systematic search in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar identified 334 articles. Of these, four were duplicate reports, and three were animal studies. After reading the abstracts of the collected articles, 288 articles were excluded for the following reasons: low quality, not relevant to the research question, or did not meet the inclusion criteria. The remaining 46 articles were chosen for full-text assessment. Finally, the present qualitative synthesis included 23 articles for evaluation. The selected studies in MDA analysis in a random-effects model showed higher heterogeneity (Q = 477.636, p < 0.001, I2 = 95.394%). The standard difference in mean MDA concentration between oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and healthy subjects was estimated as 2.73 nmol/mL (95% confidence interval: 2.08–3.38).Conclusion The selected studies showed significantly higher MDA levels in various biological samples of patients with OSMF. Therefore, further studies are needed to estimate oxidative stress levels by using different biomarkers in OSMF to direct future therapy.
Running power: lab based vs. portable devices measurements and its relationship with aerobic power
Authors: Taboga Paolo , Giovanelli Nicola , Spinazzè Enrico , Cuzzolin Francesco , Fedele Giuseppe , Zanuso Silvano , Lazzer Stefano 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTIn recent years, different companies have developed devices that estimate “running power”. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of running speed on aerobic and running powers measured using force plates and by different devices. The second objective is to evaluate the relationship between aerobic power and running powers measured using force plates and by different devices. We enrolled 11 subjects in the study, they performed 5‐min running trials at 2.22, 2.78, 3.33, 3.89 and 4.44 m/s respectively on a force‐measuring treadmill while we collected metabolic data. We calculated running power as the dot product of ground reaction force and velocity of the centre of mass and compared it to the running power estimates of three devices: Skillrun (Technogym), Stryd Summit Powermeter (Stryd) and Garmin HRM‐Run (Garmin). We found statistically significant linear correlations with running powers measured by all devices and running speed. Although absolute running power measurements were different among devices, an increase of 1 m/s in running speed translated to an increase of 0.944 W/kg in running power (p < 0.001). We found statistically significant linear correlations with running powers measured by all devices and aerobic power, in particular: as aerobic power increases by 1 W/kg, running power increases by 0.218 W/kg for all devices (p < 0.001). For level treadmill running, across speeds, running power measured by commercially available devices reflects force‐based measurements and it can be a valuable metric, providing quasi real‐time feedback during training sessions and competitions.Highlights
We evaluated the effect of running speed on aerobic and running powers measured using force plates and by different devices.
We also compared the relationship between aerobic power and running powers measured using force plates and by different devices.
We found statistically significant linear correlations with running powers measured by all devices and aerobic power, in particular: as aerobic power increases by 1 W/kg, running power increases by 0.218 W/kg for all devices.
For level treadmill running, across speeds, running power measured by commercially available devices reflects force‐based measurements and it can be a valuable metric, providing quasi real‐time feedback during training sessions and competitions.
Relationships between postural balance, aiming technique and performance in elite rifle shooters
Authors: Lang Diandong , Zhou Aiguo 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between postural balance, aiming technique and shooting score among elite rifle shooters at an intra‐ and inter‐individual level. Twelve elite athletes belonging to China national team performed 60 shots under test conditions. Shooting score was used to indicate performance and footscan1.0 force platform was used to measure postural balance variables, while a SCATT MX‐02 optoelectronic training device was used to measure aiming technique parameters. Inter‐individual analyses indicated that postural balance was negatively correlated with shooting score (r = −0.697, P < 0.05) and aiming accuracy (r = −0.810, P < 0.01). Postural balance showed a positive correlation with the stability of hold (r = 0.923, P < 0.01) and stability of triggering (r = 0.564, P < 0.05). Intra‐individual analyses indicated that there was a significant correlation between postural balance and performance, aiming accuracy and stability of hold for all shooters. Postural balance was related to the stability of triggering for six shooters. Postural balance was not statistically significant with aiming time on an intra‐ and inter‐individual basis (P > 0.05). Our data indicated that postural balance was very important in aiming technique and shooting performance among elite rifle shooters. Additional balance programmes should be encouraged to improve a shooter's postural balance.
Characteristic evaluation of a simple hand-made semiconductor dosimeter for mammography
Authors: Nakajima Erika , Yamashita Hiromi , Sato Hitoshi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Daily quality control of mammography equipment is important for providing optimal images and determining appropriate doses. To popularise dosimeters, the Measurement Division, the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology hold a seminar on making simple dosimeters. At this seminar, a hand-made dosimeter for mammography (HD-M) can be made at low cost. However, HD-Ms employ semiconductors, and their energy responses are subject to significant variations. This investigation involved the determination of precautions when using HD-Ms, examining their energy response characteristics and measurable energy ranges. HD-M has four types of selectors for response correction. When the selector and the tube voltage were equal, the HD-M readings matched that of the ionisation chamber within 5%. However, in case of target filter combinations and measuring tube voltages that the selector does not support, the HD-M readings differed by up to 53% from the ionisation chamber values. HD-M may use different measurement circuits and semiconductor elements depending on the time of the seminar. In this study, it was clarified that the correction factor k, which is the average value of the ratio of the measured value of the ionisation chamber dosimeter to the measured value of HD-M, changes from 0.62 to 1.53 depending on irradiation conditions such as the combination of target filters and the tube voltage. It was demonstrated that HD-M functions sufficiently as a dosimeter for daily management by determining the correction factor using the method proposed in this study.
Effects of pulse energy ratios on plasma characteristics of dual-pulse fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Hang Yu-Hua , Qiu Yan , Zhou Ying , Liu Tao , Zhu Bin , Liao Kaixing , Shi Ming-Xin , Xue Fei 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Laser-induced plasmas of dual-pulse fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with different pulse energy ratios are studied by using the optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and fast imaging. The energy of the two laser pulses is independently adjusted within 0–30 mJ with the total energy fixed at 30 mJ. The inter-pulse delay remains 450 ns constantly. As the energy share of the first pulse increases, a similar bimodal variation trend of line intensities is observed. The two peaks are obtained at the point where the first pulse is half or twice of the second one, and the maximum spectral enhancement is at the first peak. The bimodal variation trend is induced by the change in the dominated mechanism of dual-pulse excitation with the trough between the two peaks caused by the weak coupling between the two mechanisms. By increasing the first pulse energy, there is a transition from the ablation enhancement dominance near the first peak to the plasma reheating dominance near the second peak. The calculations of plasma temperature and electron number density are consistent with the bimodal trend, which have the values of 17024.47 K, 2.75×1017 cm−3 and 12215.93 K, 1.17 × 1017 cm−3 at a time delay of 550 ns. In addition, the difference between the two peaks decreases with time delay. With the increase in the first pulse energy share, the plasma morphology undergoes a transformation from hemispherical to shiny-dot and to oblate-cylinder structure during the second laser irradiation from the recorded images by using an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera. Correspondingly, the peak expansion distance of the plasma front first decreases significantly from 1.99 mm in the single-pulse case to 1.34 mm at 12/18 (dominated by ablation enhancement) and then increases slightly with increasing the plasma reheating effect. The variations in plasma dynamics verify that the change of pulse energy ratios leads to a transformation in the dual-pulse excitation mechanism.