bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Components from spider venom activate macrophages against glioblastoma cells: new potential adjuvants for anticancer immunotherapy
Authors: Munhoz Jaqueline , Peron Gabriela , Bonfanti Amanda Pires , Oliveira Janine , da Rocha-e-Silva Thomaz A A , Sutti Rafael , Thomé Rodolfo , Bombeiro André Luís , Barreto Natalia , Chalbatani Ghanbar Mahmoodi , Gharagouzloo Elahe , Vitorino-Araujo João Luiz , Verinaud Liana , Rapôso Catarina 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Immunomodulation has been considered an important approach in the treatment of malignant tumours. However, the modulation of innate immune cells remains an underexplored tool. Studies from our group demonstrated that the Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PnV) administration increased the infiltration of macrophage in glioblastoma, in addition to decreasing the tumour size in a preclinical model. The hypothesis that PnV would be modulating the innate immune system led us to the main objective of the present study: to elucidate the effects of PnV and its purified fractions on cultured macrophages. Results showed that PnV and the three fractions activated macrophages differentiated from bone marrow precursors. Further purification generated 23 subfractions named low weight (LW-1 to LW-12) and high weight (HW-1 to HW-11). LW-9 presented the best immunomodulatory effect. Treated cells were more phagocytic, migrated more, showed an activated morphological profile and induced an increased cytotoxic effect of macrophages on tumour cells. However, while M1-controls (LPS) increased IL-10, TNF-alpha and IL-6 release, PnV, fractions and subfractions did not alter any cytokine, with the exception of LW-9 that stimulated IL-10 production. These findings suggest that molecules present in LW-9 have the potential to be used as immunoadjuvants in the treatment of cancer.
Safe Together, Vulnerable Apart: How Interstitial Space in Text Logos Impacts Brand Attitudes in Tight versus Loose Cultures
Authors: Gupta Tanvi , Hagtvedt Henrik 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis research demonstrates that interstitial space in textual brand logos—that is, spacious (vs. compact) arrangement of letters—unfavorably influences brand attitude by reducing product safety perceptions. When potential threats are salient, the effect tends to occur within tight (but not loose) cultures, characterized by sensitivity to threats and a need for rigid social structures. When threats are not salient, the effect appears to occur across cultures. Five studies, including lab and field experiments, as well as archival dataset analysis, provide supportive evidence.
A Dentist’s Chair: For Practicality, Comfort, or Spectacle?
Authors: Armandroff Olivia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay focuses on a thirteen-inch-high reclining chair with a carved walnut frame, brass base, and emerald green velvet upholstery in the Winterthur Museum collection [1 and 2]. Created by Ira Salmon of Boston circa 1866, the chair is a patent model and part of Salmon’s efforts to win a professional reputation as a dentist early in his career. This essay documents the transformation of dentistry in America from an itinerant practice in the early republic to a professionalized career in the mid-nineteenth century. It offers evidence of how the material world of dentists changed when tools of the profession became standardized and mass produced. Developing technologies facilitated reclining chairs suited for newfangled operative techniques. The essay also focuses on a period that anticipates the development of germ theory in the early twentieth century and the sterilization of the dentist’s office. In this mid-nineteenth century moment, the aesthetics of dentist offices, and their chairs’ designs, bridge a divide between the traditional values associated with dentists and those ascribed to dentists today. The patent model demonstrates Salmon’s desire to appeal to his clients’ interest by capturing the dramatic potential of a dentist’s visit while satisfying their desire for comfort and expectation of skilful technique.
Collective professional role identity in the age of artificial intelligence
Authors: Goto Masashi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe increasing use of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) may be harmful to professions and occupations. Professional role identity can be damaged as AI takes the place of people across a broad range of professional tasks. Past studies have focused on individual-level identity, yet collective-level professional role identity remains largely unstudied. In addition, identity studies have developed two separate explanations for identity shifts: one relying on professionals’ interpretation of technology and one relying on institutional logics. It is thus unclear whether and how the interpretation of technology and institutional logics coexist in a shifting identity. To address these gaps, I studied how collective-level professional role identity is being affected by AI among audit professionals in Japan. My research consisted of a textual analysis of professional publications from 2009 to 2018 and 42 interviews with Japan's national professional association and the ‘Big Four’ firm auditors. My analysis shows that a new collective professional role identity was constructed with six identity themes reflecting six interpretations of technology. These identity themes enacted a new constellation of managerial and professional logics that framed the audit profession’s future positively. This study expands our knowledge about professional role identity by showing the value of an in-depth analysis of the content of collective identity, the missing link between the interpretation of technology and institutional logics and the importance of collective identity as a guiding principle for professions. This research also helps advance hybridity literature, as well as the emerging scholarly conversation about AI and professions.
Essential role of protein kinase C βI in icariin-mediated protection against atherosclerosis
Authors: Zhang Yibing , Xu Dongsheng , Huang Peng , Zhang Yang , Li Qi , Fan Zhimin , Ren Liqun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to clarify the superior beneficial effects of icariin on atherosclerosis, as well as to explore the possible underlying mechanisms for its effect via the modulation of protein kinase C βI.

Methods
Lipid profiles were determined while dissected aortas were prepared of ApoE−/− mice. The expression of protein kinase C βI and phosphorylation of protein kinase C βI were determined by immunohistochemistry analysis. Human vascular smooth muscle cells were subjected to ox-LDL stimulation. MTS assay was conducted to detect cell proliferation. A transwell migration assay was performed to evaluate migration capacity. Flow cytometric analysis was used to determine cell cycle progression. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were performed to assess gene expression.

Results
Icariin significantly alleviated atherogenesis, as well as protein levels of protein kinase C βI and phosphorylated protein kinase C βI in the aorta. Icariin effectively suppressed cell proliferation and migration. protein kinase C βI, cyclin D1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were modulated in response to treatment with icariin. Protein kinase C activator reversed the protective effect of icariin on human vascular smooth muscle cells against ox- low-density lipoprotein, protein kinase C β inhibitor augmented the inhibitory effect of icariin.

Conclusions
Our findings highlight the probable application of icariin in atherosclerotic therapy and reveal that protein kinase C βI acts as a crucial regulator in the anti-atherosclerotic action of icariin.
A case series of a rare tendon rupture
Authors: Weber Sabrina , Zimmermann Bernd , Bühler Gian , Stillhard Philipp F 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The distal triceps tendon rupture is a rare finding. Only 1% of tendon ruptures are related to it. The triceps brachii muscle has three parts. All of them insert together at the posterior surface of olecranon. Mostly, the tendon ruptured at this level of insertion. The typically trauma mechanism is a fall on the hand with fully extended elbow or a direct trauma. There are also some cases described after weightlifting or secondary due to insufficiency after total joint replacement of the elbow. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings. Ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging diagnostic is secondary but might help to differentiate between partial or complete rupture as well as to assess tendon retraction. The diagnosis should be treated operatively. Until today, there is no standard of art of surgery techniques. We describe three cases with traumatic triceps tendon rupture fixed by a transosseous refixation.
SDSS-IV MaNGA: radial gradients in stellar population properties of early-type and late-type galaxies
Authors: Parikh Taniya , Thomas Daniel , Maraston Claudia , Westfall Kyle B , Andrews Brett H , Boardman Nicholas Fraser , Drory Niv , Oyarzun Grecco 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We derive ages, metallicities, and individual element abundances of early- and late-type galaxies (ETGs and LTGs) out to 1.5 Re. We study a large sample of 1900 galaxies spanning 8.6–11.3 log M/M⊙ in stellar mass, through key absorption features in stacked spectra from the SDSS-IV/MaNGA survey. We use mock galaxy spectra with extended star formation histories to validate our method for LTGs and use corrections to convert the derived ages into luminosity- and mass-weighted quantities. We find flat age and negative metallicity gradients for ETGs and negative age and negative metallicity gradients for LTGs. Age gradients in LTGs steepen with increasing galaxy mass, from −0.05 ± 0.11 log Gyr/Re for the lowest mass galaxies to −0.82 ± 0.08 log Gyr/Re for the highest mass ones. This strong gradient–mass relation has a slope of −0.70 ± 0.18. Comparing local age and metallicity gradients with the velocity dispersion σ within galaxies against the global relation with σ shows that internal processes regulate metallicity in ETGs but not age, and vice versa for LTGs. We further find that metallicity gradients with respect to local σ show a much stronger dependence on galaxy mass than radial metallicity gradients. Both galaxy types display flat [C/Fe] and [Mg/Fe], and negative [Na/Fe] gradients, whereas only LTGs display gradients in [Ca/Fe] and [Ti/Fe]. ETGs have increasingly steep [Na/Fe] gradients with local σ reaching 6.50 ± 0.78 dex/log km s−1 for the highest masses. [Na/Fe] ratios are correlated with metallicity for both galaxy types across the entire mass range in our sample, providing support for metallicity-dependent supernova yields.
Deviations from tidal torque theory: Evolution of the halo spin–filament alignment
Authors: López Pablo , Cautun Marius , Paz Dante , Merchán Manuel , van de Weygaert Rien 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The alignment between halo spins and the cosmic web is still poorly understood despite being a widely studied topic. Here, we study this alignment within the context of tidal torque theory (TTT) and deviations from it. To this end, we analyse the evolution of the shape and spin direction of proto-haloes, i.e. of all the volume elements associated to a z = 0 halo, with respect to the present-day filaments. We find that the major axis of proto-haloes undergoes a major change, from being strongly perpendicular to the filament spine in the initial conditions, to being preferentially aligned at the present time. In comparison, the spin orientation shows only a mild evolution: it starts slightly parallel to the filament spine, but the subsequent evolution, up to z ∼ 1, gradually changes its orientation to preferentially perpendicular. In order to analyse these signals in the TTT framework, we split the haloes according to their net spin growth with respect to the median TTT expectation, finding a clear correlation with the spin–filament alignment. At the present time, haloes whose spin grew the most are the ones most perpendicular to the filament spine, while haloes whose spin grew below the median TTT expectation are typically more aligned. The dependence of spin directions on net spin growth is already present in the initial conditions, and gets further modified by late-time, z &lt; 2, evolution. Also, spin directions mildly deviate from the TTT predictions even at high redshift, indicating the need for extensions to the model.
A novel RNA pol II CTD interaction site on the mRNA capping enzyme is essential for its allosteric activation
Authors: Bage Marcus G , Almohammed Rajaei , Cowling Victoria H , Pisliakov Andrei V 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recruitment of the mRNA capping enzyme (CE/RNGTT) to the site of transcription is essential for the formation of the 5′ mRNA cap, which in turn ensures efficient transcription, splicing, polyadenylation, nuclear export and translation of mRNA in eukaryotic cells. The CE GTase is recruited and activated by the Serine-5 phosphorylated carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. Through the use of molecular dynamics simulations and enhanced sampling techniques, we provide a systematic and detailed characterization of the human CE–CTD interface, describing the effect of the CTD phosphorylation state, length and orientation on this interaction. Our computational analyses identify novel CTD interaction sites on the human CE GTase surface and quantify their relative contributions to CTD binding. We also identify, for the first time, allosteric connections between the CE GTase active site and the CTD binding sites, allowing us to propose a mechanism for allosteric activation. Through binding and activity assays we validate the novel CTD binding sites and show that the CDS2 site is essential for CE GTase activity stimulation. Comparison of the novel sites with cocrystal structures of the CE–CTD complex in different eukaryotic taxa reveals that this interface is considerably more conserved than previous structures have indicated.
Phase I dose-escalation, safety, and CNS pharmacokinetic study of dexanabinol in patients with brain cancer
Authors: Juarez Tiffany M , Piccioni David , Rose Lara , Nguyen Angel , Brown Bradley , Kesari Santosh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Dexanabinol is a synthetic analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol identified as a potential anti-cancer therapeutic by e-Therapeutics PLC. Dexanabinol was selected for further investigation based on its preclinical tumoricidal activity. This phase I dose-escalation trial examined the safety, drug penetration into the central nervous system (CNS), preliminary antitumor activity, and recommended phase II dose.

Methods
Dexanabinol formulated in cremophor/ethanol was administered once weekly via 3-hour intravenous infusion to patients with brain cancer.

Results
A total of 26 patients were dosed once weekly at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 28, and 36 mg/kg. Two patients at 36 mg/kg were nonevaluable for dose level confirmation, having withdrawn early for reasons unrelated to study treatment. A recommended phase II dose of dexanabinol was established at 28 mg/kg due to related, reversible adverse events at higher dose levels that required medications for symptomatic relief. The most common drug-related toxicities were the depressed level of consciousness and lightheadedness, diarrhea, itching, fatigue, chest discomfort, and tingling in the mouth. Systemic exposure to dexanabinol (AUC0-t and Cmax) increased from 2 to 36 mg/kg, with dose nonproportionality apparent at the highest dose; dexanabinol was present in appreciable levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which implies the possibility of exposure of intracranial tumors to drug. Five of 24 efficacy-evaluable patients (21%) experienced stable disease with a median duration of 2 cycles (28-day cycle) as the best response.

Conclusions
Dexanabinol administered weekly by intravenous infusion was safe and well-tolerated up to 28 mg/kg in brain cancer patients, but has limited antitumor activity in patients with brain cancer.
Narrow Leaf21, encoding ribosomal protein RPS3A, controls leaf development in rice
Authors: Uzair Muhammad , Long Haixin , Zafar Syed Adeel , Patil Suyash B , Chun Yan , Li Lu , Fang Jingjing , Zhao Jinfeng , Peng Lixiang , Yuan Shoujiang , Li Xueyong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Leaf morphology influences photosynthesis, transpiration, and ultimately crop yield. However, the molecular mechanism of leaf development is still not fully understood. Here, we identified and characterized the narrow leaf21 (nal21) mutant in rice (Oryza sativa), showing a significant reduction in leaf width, leaf length and plant height, and increased tiller number. Microscopic observation revealed defects in the vascular system and reduced epidermal cell size and number in the nal21 leaf blade. Map-based cloning revealed that NAL21 encodes a ribosomal small subunit protein RPS3A. Ribosome-targeting antibiotics resistance assay and ribosome profiling showed a significant reduction in the free 40S ribosome subunit in the nal21 mutant. The nal21 mutant showed aberrant auxin responses in which multiple auxin response factors (ARFs) harboring upstream open-reading frames (uORFs) in their 5′-untranslated region were repressed at the translational level. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox 3A (OsWOX3A) gene, a key transcription factor involved in leaf blade lateral outgrowth, is also under the translational regulation by RPS3A. Transformation with modified OsARF11, OsARF16, and OsWOX3A genomic DNA (gDNA) lacking uORFs rescued the narrow leaf phenotype of nal21 to a better extent than transformation with their native gDNA, implying that RPS3A could regulate translation of ARFs and WOX3A through uORFs. Our results demonstrate that proper translational regulation of key factors involved in leaf development is essential to maintain normal leaf morphology.
Who Identifies as “Latinx”? The Generational Politics of Ethnoracial Labels
Authors: Mora G Cristina , Perez Reuben , Vargas Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOver the past 5 years, the “Latinx” label has become increasingly popular within academia, politics, and social media. Yet, little is known about who has adopted the term at this relatively early stage and how it might be interpreted. Drawing on a unique data set of US-born Californians, as well as Latina/o/x Studies insight, this paper provides the first academic survey results on “Latinx” identification. We find that close to 25 percent of respondents identify with the term regularly, and that its early adoption varies across groups. Specifically, political ideology, especially progressive politics, is strongly correlated with use of the label. We also find that both immigrant generation and birth cohort matter considerably, with second generation immigrants and people born in Generation Z (since 1995) most likely to identify with the term. Finally, our findings show that “Latinx” is largely understood as complementary to, not mutually exclusive of, other panethnic labels like “Hispanic” and “Latino.” Taken together, our results suggest that generational politics matter for understanding early label diffusion and that Latinos adopt a variety of panethnic labels that they likely use in different contexts. We discuss these findings in terms of our broader understanding of Latinidad, racialization, and the symbolic power of ethnoracial labels.
No evidence for intra-individual correlations between sleep-mediated declarative memory consolidation and slow-wave sleep
Authors: Cordi Maren Jasmin , Rasch Björn 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
Memory consolidation benefits from a retention period filled with sleep. Several theoretical accounts assume that slow-wave sleep (SWS) contributes functionally to processes underlying the stabilization of declarative memories during sleep. However, reports on correlations between memory retention and the amount of SWS are mixed and typically rely on between-subject correlations and small sample sizes. Here we tested for the first time whether the amount of SWS during sleep predicts the effect of sleep on memory consolidation on an intra-individual level in a large sample.

Methods
One hundred and fifty-nine healthy participants came to the lab twice and took a 90 min nap in both sessions. Sleep-mediated memory benefits were tested using the paired associates word-learning task in both sessions.

Results
In contrast to the theoretical prediction, intra-individual differences in sleep-mediated memory benefits did not significantly correlate with differences in SWS or SWA between the two naps. Also between subjects, the amount of SWS did not correlate with memory retention across the nap. However, subjective ratings of sleep quality were significantly associated with the amount of SWS.

Conclusion
Our results question the notion that the amount of SWS per se is functionally related to processes of memory consolidation during sleep. While our results do not exclude an important role of SWS for memory, they suggest that “more SWS” does not necessarily imply better memory consolidation.
Opportunities and challenges for machine learning in weather and climate modelling: hard, medium and soft AI
Authors: Chantry Matthew , Christensen Hannah , Dueben Peter , Palmer Tim 
Published: February 2021

In September 2019, a workshop was held to highlight the growing area of applying machine learning techniques to improve weather and climate prediction. In this introductory piece, we outline the motivations, opportunities and challenges ahead in this exciting avenue of research.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Machine learning for weather and climate modelling’.
Climbing down Charney’s ladder: machine learning and the post-Dennard era of computational climate science
Authors: Balaji V. 
Published: February 2021

The advent of digital computing in the 1950s sparked a revolution in the science of weather and climate. Meteorology, long based on extrapolating patterns in space and time, gave way to computational methods in a decade of advances in numerical weather forecasting. Those same methods also gave rise to computational climate science, studying the behaviour of those same numerical equations over intervals much longer than weather events, and changes in external boundary conditions. Several subsequent decades of exponential growth in computational power have brought us to the present day, where models ever grow in resolution and complexity, capable of mastery of many small-scale phenomena with global repercussions, and ever more intricate feedbacks in the Earth system. The current juncture in computing, seven decades later, heralds an end to what is called Dennard scaling, the physics behind ever smaller computational units and ever faster arithmetic. This is prompting a fundamental change in our approach to the simulation of weather and climate, potentially as revolutionary as that wrought by John von Neumann in the 1950s. One approach could return us to an earlier era of pattern recognition and extrapolation, this time aided by computational power. Another approach could lead us to insights that continue to be expressed in mathematical equations. In either approach, or any synthesis of those, it is clearly no longer the steady march of the last few decades, continuing to add detail to ever more elaborate models. In this prospectus, we attempt to show the outlines of how this may unfold in the coming decades, a new harnessing of physical knowledge, computation and data.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Machine learning for weather and climate modelling’.