bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological and Phytochemical Evaluation of Ethonalic Extract of Ixora brachiata (Roxb) Leaves
Authors: Sivasakthi Vairakkannu , Selvam Kuppusamy , Loganathan Settu , Prakash Palanisamy 
Published: June 2021

Objective: Current scientific investigations have evidenced that there is increased attention in developing novel drugs from bio source for the human health concern. This study's main objective was to intervene phytochemical constituents present in the ethanol leaf extract of an aromatic plant, Ixora brachiata (Roxb) and to evaluate their ability on antioxidant, anticancer and larvicidal properties, using invitro models.
Methods: Antioxidant assay was performed by scavenging behaviour of DPPH, ABTS, H2 O2 and Reducing power screenings. The phytochemical composition was also screened using GC-MS technique. Cytotoxicity effect was determined by employing MTT Assay, the larvicidal potential was predicted by following the protocol described by WHO. In phytochemical screening higher concentration of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic and diterpenoids were detected in significant content. Geranyl linalool was the profound compound present, and it has been reported, used in various treatments for cancer ailments, similar to Taxol.
Results: The cytotoxicity values of ethanol extract were found to be 11.57 to 55.95% against the cancer cells (A549) and 12.36-63.8% range was observed against HeLa cancers cell line. Larvicidal effects of the extract showed minimum LC50 value 14.69mg/ml against Aedes aegypti and 10.43mg/ml was recorded, against Culex quinquefasciatus, indicating, a promising capability of larvicidal action against mosquito larvae.
Conclusions: This study envisaged that ethanol extracts of I.brachiata are a bright and capable therapeutic agent, to combat in the battle of life threatened diseases, and infectious emerging threats.
Assessment of Causality, Preventability and Severity of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Hadia Rajesh , Baile Sunil , Joshi Dhaval , Rathod Trupal 
Published: June 2021

Background: All drug regulatory authorities have to ensure the safety, efficacy and quality of all the marketed products. Quality and efficacy can be determined by the data from preclinical and clinical trials. In clinical trials at the pre-marketing stage, it is challenging to identify rare Adverse reactions (ADR) and delayed side effects or effects due to long-term exposure because of lack of follow-up. In this case, pharmacovigilance comes into picture where it plays a significant role in marketed drugs safety profile establishment.
Aim: This study helps in safety profile establishment for drugs.
Methodology: It was conducted by the Department of pharmacy practice at drug information Centre in collaboration with Department of pharmacology at private multi-specialty Hospital. ADR reporting forms of the Central Drug Standard Control Organization has been used for collecting the data, and this form includes patient demographic details like clinical history, co-morbid conditions like Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Asthma, history of any drug allergies etc. were collected. The chance of preventability modified Schumock and Thornton criteria was found to be very less, and it was evident that most of them were not. By using Hartwig et al., scale, the severity of ADRs were of moderate severity. The reason behind this moderate severity was a history of allergy and multiple drug therapy.
Result: It was observed that preventability 86% were not preventable whereas 14% were preventable as per Schumock and Thornton scale. In these cases of definitely preventable cases were due to history of reaction upon administration of the same drug. It is advised that in such cases usage of drug alert card is preferred.
Conclusion: The major risk factor for the development of ACDR includes self-medication, patients’ lack of awareness regarding the dose and frequency of administration, polypharmacy. This can be avoided by prescribing the required drugs only and by educating the patients regarding the drugs.
Citrus Root and Rhizosphere Dynamics in the Age of HLB
Authors: Rossi Lorenzo , Hallman Lukas M. , Santiago John M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHuanglongbing (HLB; also known as citrus greening) is severely reducing global citrus production. HLB is a bacterial disorder caused by the vector‐transmitted pathogenCandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus (CLas), and, as of today, it is one of the most destructive diseases facing the citrus industry of Florida and beyond. HLB in Florida was first detected in 2005 and is now widely distributed throughout the commercial citrus‐growing regions in the state. Preliminary studies have found that root systems of HLB‐tolerant rootstocks show less damage in response toCLas infection, whereas marked injury is evident soon after infection of susceptible material. An HLB‐damaged root system has poor nutrient uptake capacity, which leads to nutrient deficiencies and impairs tree performance. As of today, plant mechanisms of HLB‐tolerance are still unclear and there is no cure for HLB and root structure–function relationships remain an understudied component of the responses and may play a key role in tolerance. This review summarised all the recent studies on soil and root health of HLB‐affected citrus. Better understanding of how roots and soils are affected by HLB can potentially lead to improved management practices.
Genetic, Epigenetic, and Hormonal Regulation of Fruit Development and Ripening inCapsicumL. Species
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Kumar Sushil , Anju Thattantavide , Ramchiary Nirala 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFruits are not only important for the plants but also for ensuring sustainable food security of the burgeoning global population. Considering the huge nutritional and ecological importance of fruits, investigation of mechanisms, and factors governing their development and ripening is crucial. The investigation of fruit development in several economically important crops such as tomato, strawberry, grape, and banana includingCapsicumsuggest that early fruit development is largely dependent on auxins and gibberellins (GAs) whereas later ripening is dependent on ethylene or abscisic acid (ABA). The initial development is relatively conserved whereas the ripening of fruits can be either climacteric or non‐climacteric depending on the presence or absence of respiratory burst and ethylene production respectively. Climacteric fruit ripening is mediated by ethylene, and it is well studied in tomato and banana, whereas non‐climacteric fruit ripening requires ABA and much of the information on it comes from strawberry and grape. The genusCapsicumL. shows rich diversity in fruit traits such as shape, colour, size, and even in its ripening behaviour. Early fruit development in different species ofCapsicumappears similar to other fruit crops, whereas later fruit ripening behaviour in different species ofCapsicumcan be either climacteric or non‐climacteric depending upon evolution of ethylene and respiratory burst. It has been found that, even different cultivars of the same species ofCapsicumshow variation in ripening behaviour suggesting interspecific and intraspecific complexities in fruit ripening responses. Until a few years, a majority of the papers have focussed on the non‐climacteric nature of fruit ripening inCapsicum. However, recent studies have shown substantial involvement of ethylene and ethylene related genes in fruit ripening ofCapsicumsuggesting the existence of extensive common regulons between climacteric and non‐climacteric fruits. Recent studies have also suggested the involvement of several epigenetic mechanisms such as non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and cytosine methylation in regulating fruit development and ripening. With the advent of new tools in the omics field such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics, there is considerable progress in understanding the fruit development and complex nature of ripening inCapsicum. Nevertheless, consolidated information onCapsicumfruit development and its complex nature of ripening is not available. In this article, an attempt is made to present up to date consolidated information on the development and ripening ofCapsicumfruit with an emphasis on its genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal regulation.
Germanium Nanosheets with Dirac Characteristics as a Saturable Absorber for Ultrafast Pulse Generation
Authors: Mu Haoran , Liu Yani , Bongu Sudhakara Reddy , Bao Xiaozhi , Li Lei , Xiao Si , Zhuang Jincheng , Liu Chen , Huang Yamin , Dong Yemin , Helmerson Kristian , Wang Jiaou , Liu Guanyu , Du Yi , Bao Qiaoliang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBulk germanium as a group‐IV photonic material has been widely studied due to its relatively large refractive index and broadband and low propagation loss from near‐infrared to mid‐infrared. Inspired by the research of graphene, the 2D counterpart of bulk germanium, germanene, has been discovered and the characteristics of Dirac electrons have been observed. However, the optical properties of germanene still remain elusive. In this work, several layers of germanene are prepared with Dirac electronic characteristics and its morphology, band structure, carrier dynamics, and nonlinear optical properties are systematically investigated. It is surprisingly found that germanene has a fast carrier‐relaxation time comparable to that of graphene and a relatively large nonlinear absorption coefficient, which is an order of magnitude higher than that of graphene in the near‐infrared wavelength range. Based on these findings, germanene is applied as a new saturable absorber to construct an ultrafast mode‐locked laser, and sub‐picosecond pulse generation in the telecommunication band is realized. The results suggest that germanene can be used as a new type of group‐IV material for various nonlinear optics and photonic applications.
A study on melt recycling of bio‐based polypropylene/thermoplastic starch compound
Authors: Tavanaie Mohammad Ali , Ghahari Amir Hossein 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe compulsion to use bioplastics has increased significantly today. One of the important aspects of plastics is their recyclability. Therefore, the important question of this research is that although bio‐based compounds containing starch are sensitive to thermal‐mechanical recycling processes, are such products thermally recyclable? To answer the question, polypropylene (PP)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) compound granules were extruded up to five times, and in the other part, single‐extruded granules were blended at different ratios with virgin granules by extrusion. In order to characterize these samples, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, rotational disc rheometry, tensile properties, and appearance evaluation were used. The results showed that it is possible to recycle PP/TPS granules up to four times repetition of the extrusion operation and the fifth repetition also showed slight changes. There was also a blend of single‐extruded granules with virgin material up to a 50:50% composition without significant variation.
Modeling a Fluidized Bed Dryer through Computational Fluid Dynamics and the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Pérez Cortés Sebastian Alexander , Aguilera Carvajal Yerko Rafael , Vargas Norambuena Juan Pablo , Norambuena Vásquez Javier Antonio , Jarufe Troncoso Juan Andrés , Hurtado Cruz Juan Pablo , Muñoz Lagos Angélica Patricia , Jara Muñoz Pamela Paz 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe internal phenomena of a concentrate dryer were studied to significantly improve the modeling and design of a melting process. The present study coupled computational fluid dynamics and the differentiated elements method to obtain detailed information about complex phenomena in the simulated obtention of copper metal while keeping fluids physically stable. It was possible to understand the behavior from the point of view of the fluid and dynamics with acceptable margins of error. The study is part of the critical process line at Caletones Smelter in Chile, which produces ca. 450 000 tons of fine copper per annum, representing 2 % of total annual global copper demand and making the subject of this study highly relevant.
Advanced Evaluation of a Biomass Externally Fired Hydrogen Production Combined Cycle
Authors: Moharramian Anahita , Habibzadeh Amin , Soltani Saeed , Rosen Marc A. , Mahmoudi Seyed Mohammad Seyed 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHydrogen is produced by an externally fired combined cycle and can be consumed in different ways. For the present study, both common and realistic thermodynamic and exergoeconomic analyses were applied. With the realistic method, the results are not necessarily in accordance with common analyses. The compressor pressure ratio (rp) and the gas turbine inlet temperature (TIT) are the varying parameters in common analyses. Varying rp identifies optimum energy and exergy efficiencies. With the common exergy analysis, the gasifier and the heat recovery steam generator have low exergy efficiencies, but the modified analysis assigns high exergy efficiencies to them.
Zr‐MOF Combined with Nanofibers as an Efficient and Flexible Capacitive Sensor for Detecting SO2
Authors: Zhang Xiuling , Zhai Zhenyu , Wang Jiaona , Hao Xiaoke , Sun Yaxin , Yu Shuyan , Lin Xiaoqiu , Qin Yue , Li Congju 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe fabrication of gas sensors with flexible properties and sensitive performances is of great importance for improving wearable sensing electronics. Herein, we coated a metal‐organic framework (UiO‐66‐NH2) on flexible electrospun polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) nanofibers as sensing layer for real‐time monitoring of toxic SO2 at room temperature. The developed capacitive sensor possesses a great bending flexibility, excellent cycling stability, high detection sensitivity, light weight as well as portable ability. The fabricated sensor possesses a short response time with 435 s and 185 s towards 150 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively. Importantly, the flexible sensor still maintained outstanding sensing behavior with the retention value of 98.4% in the detection of SO2 at 10 ppm after bending 2000 times. In addition, significant cycling performance was desirably achieved, and the response value of the sensor was also kept at about 88.7% towards 50 ppm SO2, compared with original sensor after 20 days. This strategy can provide promising applications for the development of wearable devices for the detection of harmful gases.
A Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic Model for Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Drug–Drug Interactions With Antiretroviral and Antituberculosis Treatment
Authors: Francis Jose , Mngqibisa Rosie , McIlleron Helen , Kendall Michelle A , Wu Xingye , Dooley Kelly E. , Firnhaber Cynthia , Godfrey Catherine , Cohn Susan E. , Denti Paolo ,   the A5093, A5283, A5338 study teams
Published: June 2021

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate is an injectable hormonal contraceptive, widely used by women of childbearing potential living with HIV and/or tuberculosis. As medroxyprogesterone acetate is a cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) substrate, drug–drug interactions (DDIs) with antiretroviral or antituberculosis treatment may lead to subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations (< 0.1 ng/mL), resulting in contraception failure, when depot medroxyprogesterone is dosed at 12‐week intervals. A pooled population pharmacokinetic analysis with 744 plasma medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations from 138 women treated with depot medroxyprogesterone and antiretroviral/antituberculosis treatment across three clinical trials was performed. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to predict the percentage of participants with subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations and to derive alternative dosing strategies. Medroxyprogesterone acetate clearance increased by 24.7% with efavirenz coadministration. Efavirenz plus antituberculosis treatment (rifampicin + isoniazid) increased clearance by 52.4%. Conversely, lopinavir/ritonavir and nelfinavir decreased clearance (28.7% and 15.8%, respectively), but lopinavir/ritonavir also accelerated medroxyprogesterone acetate’s appearance into the systemic circulation, thus shortening the terminal half‐life. A higher risk of subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations at Week 12 was predicted on a typical 60‐kg woman on efavirenz (4.99%) and efavirenz with antituberculosis treatment (6.08%) when compared with medroxyprogesterone acetate alone (2.91%). This risk increased in women with higher body weight. Simulations show that re‐dosing every 8 to 10 weeks circumvents the risk of subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate exposure associated with these DDIs. Dosing depot medroxyprogesterone every 8 to 10 weeks should eliminate the risk of subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate exposure caused by coadministered efavirenz and/or antituberculosis treatment, thus reducing the risk of contraceptive failure.
Diagnostic utility of flow cytometry based coated‐platelets assay as a biomarker to predict thrombotic or hemorrhagic phenotype in acute stroke
Authors: Dave Rutvi Gautam , Geevar Tulasi , Aaron Sanjith , Ninan Benjamin Rohit , Mammen Joy , Kumar Snehil , Vijayan Ramya , Gowri Mahasampath , Nair Sukesh C 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoated‐platelets are sub‐population of platelets “coated” with highly procoagulant proteins and phosphatidylserine that sustains thrombin generation. They are produced upon dual agonist stimulation by collagen and thrombin. This study was conducted to assess if there was any difference in the levels of coated‐platelets in patients with primary intracranial hemorrhage (PICH) and ischemic stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) as compared to healthy controls, and to see if coated‐platelet levels had any influence on the hemorrhagic transformation (HT) of ischemic stroke.MethodsCoated‐platelet levels were determined by flow cytometry using fluorescently tagged Annexin V antibody to identify phosphatidylserine exposed on the surface of platelets activated by dual agonists (convulxin and thrombin) in cross‐sectional cohort of 75 patients with stroke and 34 controls.ResultsPatients with PICH (n = 35) had significantly lower coated‐platelets than the controls (adjusted mean ± SE, 21.0 ± 1.9% vs. 36.1 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001), while patients with LAA (n = 30) had significantly higher coated‐platelets than controls (adjusted mean ± SE, 51.9 ± 1.5% vs. 36.1 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001). Patients with subsequent HT of ischemic stroke (n = 10) had significantly lower coated‐platelet levels at admission compared to those without HT (adjusted mean ± SE, 18.1 ± 2.6% vs. 51.9 ± 1.5%, p < 0.001).ConclusionsCoated‐platelet levels are significantly different in patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke as compared with controls. Lower levels of coated‐platelets measured by flow cytometry may be earliest predictor of subsequent HT in patients with ischemic stroke even before the radiological changes suggestive of HT are visualized.
A multi‐data ensemble approach for predicting woodland type distribution: Oak woodland in Britain
Authors: Ray Duncan , Marchi Maurizio , Rattey Andrew , Broome Alice 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInteractions between soil, topography, and climatic site factors can exacerbate and/or alleviate the vulnerability of oak woodland to climate change. Reducing climate‐related impacts on oak woodland habitats and ecosystems through adaptation management requires knowledge of different site interactions in relation to species tolerance. In Britain, the required thematic detail of woodland type is unavailable from digital maps. A species distribution model (SDM) ensemble, using biomod2 algorithms, was used to predict oak woodland. The model was cross‐validated (50%:50% ‐ training:testing) 30 times, with each of 15 random sets of absence data, matching the size of presence data, to maximize environmental variation while maintaining data prevalence. Four biomod2 algorithms provided stable and consistent TSS‐weighted ensemble mean results predicting oak woodland as a probability raster. Biophysical data from the Ecological Site Classification (forest site classification) for Britain were used to characterize oak woodland sites. Several forest datasets were used, each with merits and weaknesses: public forest estate subcompartment database map (PFE map) for oak‐stand locations as a training dataset; the national forest inventory (NFI) “published regional reports” of oak woodland area; and an “NFI map” of indicative forest type broad habitat. Broadleaved woodland polygons of the NFI map were filled with the biomod2 oak woodland probability raster. Ranked pixels were selected up to the published NFI regional area estimate of oak woodland and matched to the elevation distribution of oak woodland stands, from “NFI survey” sample squares. Validation using separate oak woodland data showed that the elevation filter significantly improved the accuracy of predictions from 55% (p = .53) to 83% coincidence success rate (p < .0001). The biomod2 ensemble, with masking and filtering, produced a predicted oak woodland map, from which site characteristics will be used in climate change interaction studies, supporting adaptation management recommendations for forest policy and practice.
Plant–plant interactions change during succession on nurse logs in a northern temperate rainforest
Authors: Woods Carrie L. , Maleta Katy , Ortmann Kimmy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPlant–plant interactions change through succession from facilitative to competitive. At early stages of succession, early‐colonizing plants can increase the survival and reproductive output of other plants by ameliorating disturbance and stressful conditions. At later stages of succession, plant interactions are more competitive as plants put more energy toward growth and reproduction. In northern temperate rainforests, gap dynamics result in tree falls that facilitate tree regeneration (nurse logs) and bryophyte succession. How bryophyte‐tree seedling interactions vary through log succession remains unclear. We examined the relationships of tree seedlings, bryophyte community composition, bryophyte depth, and percent canopy cover in 166 1.0 m2 plots on nurse logs and the forest floor in the Hoh rainforest in Washington, USA, to test the hypothesis that bryophyte‐tree seedling interactions change from facilitative to competitive as the log decays. Tree seedling density was highest on young logs with early‐colonizing bryophyte species (e.g., Rhizomnium glabrescens) and lowest on decayed logs with Hylocomium splendens, a long‐lived moss that reaches depths >20 cm. As a result, bryophyte depth increased with nurse log decay and was negatively associated with tree seedling density. Tree seedling density was 4.6× higher on nurse logs than on the forest floor, which was likely due to competitive exclusion by forest floor plants, such as H. splendens. Nurse logs had 17 species of bryophytes while the forest floor had six, indicating that nurse logs contribute to maintaining bryophyte diversity. Nurse logs enable both tree seedlings and smaller bryophyte species to avoid competition with forest floor plants, including the dominant bryophyte, H. splendens. H. splendens is likely a widespread driver of plant community structure given its dominance in northern temperate forests. Our findings indicate that plant–plant interactions shift with succession on nurse logs from facilitative to competitive and, thus, influence forest community structure and dynamics.