bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conserved germ plasm characteristics across theDanioandDevariolineages
Authors: Hansen Christina L. , Chamberlain Trevor J. , Trevena Ryan L. , Kurek Jacob E. , Pelegri Francisco 
Published: October 2021

SummaryIn many animal species, germ cell specification requires the inheritance of germ plasm, a biomolecular condensate containing maternally derived RNAs and proteins. Most studies of germ plasm composition and function have been performed in widely evolutionarily divergent model organisms, such asCaenorhabditis elegans,Drosophila,Xenopus laevis, andDanio rerio(zebrafish). In zebrafish, 12 RNAs localize to germ plasm at the furrows of the early embryo. Here, we tested for the presence of these RNAs in three additional species within the Danionin clade:Danio kyathit,Danio albolineatus, andDevario aequipinnatus. By visualizingnanosRNA, we find that germ plasm segregation patterns during early embryogenesis are conserved across these species. Ten additional germ plasm RNAs exhibit localization at the furrows of early embryos in all three non‐zebrafish Danionin species, consistent with germ plasm localization. One component of zebrafish germ plasm,ca15b, lacked specific localization in embryos of the more distantly relatedD. aequipinnatus. Our findings show that within a subset of closely related Danionin species, the vast majority of germ plasm RNA components are conserved. At the same time, the lack ofca15blocalization inD. aequipinnatusgerm plasm highlights the potential for the divergence of germ plasm composition across a restricted phylogenetic space.
30 Years of postdisturbance recruitment in a Neotropical forest
Authors: Mirabel Ariane , Marcon Eric , Hérault Bruno 
Published: October 2021

AbstractQuestionsLong‐term community response to disturbance can follow manifold successional pathways depending on the interplay between various recruitment processes. Analyzing the succession of recruited communities provides a long‐term perspective on forest response to disturbance. Specifically, postdisturbance recruitment trajectories assess (a) the successive phases of postdisturbance response and the role of deterministic recruitment processes, and (b) the return to predisturbance state of recruits taxonomic/functional diversity/composition.LocationAmazonian rainforest, Paracou station, French Guiana.MethodsWe analyzed trajectories of recruited tree communities, from twelve forest plots of 6.25 ha each, during 30 years following a disturbance gradient that ranged from 10% to 60% of aboveground biomass removed. We measured recruited community taxonomic composition turnover, compared to whole predisturbance community, and assessed their functional composition by measuring the community weighted means for seven leaf, stem, and life‐history functional traits. We also measured recruited community taxonomic richness, taxonomic evenness, and functional diversity and compared them to the diversity values from a random recruitment process.ResultsWhile control plots trajectories resembled random recruitment trajectories, postdisturbance trajectories diverged significantly. This divergence corresponded to an enhanced recruitment of light‐demanding species that became dominant above a disturbance intensity threshold. After breakpoints in time, though, recruitment trajectories returned to diversity values and composition similar to those of predisturbance and control plots community.ConclusionsFollowing disturbance, recruitment processes specific to undisturbed community were first replaced by the emergence of more restricted, deterministic recruitment processes favoring species with efficient light use and acquisition. Then, a second phase corresponded to a decades‐long recovery of recruits predisturbance taxonomic and functional diversity and composition that remained unachieved after 30 years.
The influence of chalk grasslands on butterfly phenology and ecology
Authors: Greenwell Matthew P. , Botham Marc S. , Bruford Michael W. , Day John C. , Evans Luke C. , Gibbs Melanie , Middlebrook Ian , Roy David B. , Watts Kevin , Oliver Tom H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe influence of large‐scale variables such as climate change on phenology has received a great deal of research attention. However, local environmental factors also play a key role in determining the timing of species life cycles. Using the meadow brown butterflyManiola jurtinaas an example, we investigate how a specific habitat type, lowland calcareous grassland, can affect the timing of flight dates. Although protracted flight periods have previously been reported in populations on chalk grassland sites in the south of England, no attempt has yet been made to quantify this at a national level, or to assess links with population genetics and drought tolerance. Using data from 539 sites across the UK, these differences in phenology are quantified, andM. jurtinaphenology is found to be strongly associated with both site geology and topography, independent of levels of abundance. Further investigation into aspects ofM. jurtinaecology at a subset of sites finds no genetic structuring or drought tolerance associated with these same site conditions.
How do African elephants utilize the landscape during wet season? A habitat connectivity analysis for Sioma Ngwezi landscape in Zambia
Authors: Chibeya Doubt , Wood Heather , Cousins Sara , Carter Kerryn , Nyirenda Moses Amos , Maseka Henry 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

The influence of environmental factors on the distribution and persistence of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) is pertinent to policy makers and managers to formulate balanced plans for different land‐use types.

The study focuses on movement of elephants and how they utilize foraging areas in Sioma Ngwezi landscape in Zambia by answering the following questions: (1) Which environmental variables and land‐cover class predict the movement of elephants during the wet season in Sioma Ngwezi landscape? (2) What is the wet season suitable habitat for elephants in Sioma Ngwezi landscape? (3) What are the major wet season movement corridors for elephants in Sioma Ngwezi landscape?

We used GPS telemetry data from the collared elephants to assess habitat connectivity. Maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and linkage mapper were the tools used to predict habitat suitability, movement corridors, and barriers in the landscape during the wet season.

The study identified elevation, land cover, and NDVI as the most important environmental predictors that modify the dispersal of elephants in the landscape during the wet season. Additionally, a total of 36 potential wet season corridors were identified connecting 15 core areas mainly used for foraging and protection from poachers in the landscape. Of these, 24 corridors were highly utilized and are suggested as priority corridors for elephant movement in the landscape.

The identified wet season habitats and functional corridors may help to combat elephant poaching by patrolling areas with high relative probability of elephant presence. The findings may also help abate human–elephant conflict such as crop‐raiding by managing identified corridors that run into agriculture zones in the game management area.
Remotely detected aboveground plant function predicts belowground processes in two prairie diversity experiments
Authors: Cavender‐Bares Jeannine , Schweiger Anna K. , Gamon John A. , Gholizadeh Hamed , Helzer Kimberly , Lapadat Cathleen , Madritch Michael D. , Townsend Philip A. , Wang Zhihui , Hobbie Sarah E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractImaging spectroscopy provides the opportunity to incorporate leaf and canopy optical data into ecological studies, but the extent to which remote sensing of vegetation can enhance the study of belowground processes is not well understood. In terrestrial systems, aboveground and belowground vegetation quantity and quality are coupled, and both influence belowground microbial processes and nutrient cycling. We hypothesized that ecosystem productivity, and the chemical, structural and phylogenetic‐functional composition of plant communities would be detectable with remote sensing and could be used to predict belowground plant and soil processes in two grassland biodiversity experiments: the BioDIV experiment at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve in Minnesota and the Wood River Nature Conservancy experiment in Nebraska. We tested whether aboveground vegetation chemistry and productivity, as detected from airborne sensors, predict soil properties, microbial processes and community composition. Imaging spectroscopy data were used to map aboveground biomass, green vegetation cover, functional traits and phylogenetic‐functional community composition of vegetation. We examined the relationships between the image‐derived variables and soil carbon and nitrogen concentration, microbial community composition, biomass and extracellular enzyme activity, and soil processes, including net nitrogen mineralization. In the BioDIV experiment—which has low overall diversity and productivity despite high variation in each—belowground processes were driven mainly by variation in the amount of organic matter inputs to soils. As a consequence, soil respiration, microbial biomass and enzyme activity, and fungal and bacterial composition and diversity were significantly predicted by remotely sensed vegetation cover and biomass. In contrast, at Wood River—where plant diversity and productivity were consistently higher—belowground processes were driven mainly by variation in the quality of aboveground inputs to soils. Consequently, remotely sensed functional, chemical and phylogenetic composition of vegetation predicted belowground extracellular enzyme activity, microbial biomass, and net nitrogen mineralization rates but aboveground biomass (or cover) did not. The contrasting associations between the quantity (productivity) and quality (composition) of aboveground inputs with belowground soil attributes provide a basis for using imaging spectroscopy to understand belowground processes across productivity gradients in grassland systems. However, a mechanistic understanding of how above and belowground components interact among different ecosystems remains critical to extending these results broadly.
The dynamic influence of methane seepage on macrofauna inhabiting authigenic carbonates
Authors: Pereira Olívia S. , Gonzalez Jennifer , Mendoza Guillermo F. , Le Jennifer , Coscino Connor L. , Lee Raymond W. , Cortés Jorge , Cordes Erik E. , Levin Lisa A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMethane seeps are highly productive deep‐sea ecosystems reliant on chemosynthetic primary production. They are increasingly affected by direct human activities that threaten key ecosystem services. Methane seepage often generates precipitation of authigenic carbonate rocks, which host diverse microbes, and a dynamic invertebrate community. By providing hard substrate, even after seepage ceases, these rocks may promote a long‐lasting ecological interaction between seep and background communities. We analyzed community composition, density, and trophic structure of invertebrates on authigenic carbonates at Mound 12, a seep on the Pacific margin of Costa Rica, using one mensurative and two manipulative experiments. We asked whether carbonate macrofaunal communities are able to survive, adapt, and recover from changes in environmental factors (i.e., seepage activity, chemosynthetic production, and food availability), and we hypothesized a key role for seepage activity in defining these communities and responses. Communities on in situ carbonates under different seepage activities showed declining density with increasing distance from the seep and a shift in composition from gastropod dominance in areas of active seepage to more annelids and peracarid crustaceans that are less dependent on chemosynthetic production under lesser seepage. Response to changing environmental context was evident from altered community composition following (1) a natural decline in seepage over successive years, (2) transplanting of carbonates to different seepage conditions for 17 months, and (3) defaunated carbonate deployments under different seepage regimes over 7.4 yr. Seep faunas on transplants to lesser seepage emerge and recover faster than transition fauna (characterized by native seep and background faunas, respectively) and are able to persist by adapting their diets or by retaining their symbiotic bacteria. The macrofaunal community colonizing defaunated carbonates deployed for 7.4 yr developed communities with a similar successional stage as in situ rocks, although trophic structure was not fully recovered. Thus, macrofaunal successional dynamics are affected by habitat complexity and the availability of microbial chemosynthetic productivity. This multi‐experiment study highlights the interaction between biotic and abiotic factors at methane seeps at different time scales along a spatial gradient connecting seep and surrounding deep‐sea communities and offers insight on the resilience of deep‐sea macrofaunal communities.
Arboreality drives heat tolerance while elevation drives cold tolerance in tropical rainforest ants
Authors: Leahy Lily , Scheffers Brett R. , Williams Stephen E. , Andersen Alan N. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDetermining how species thermal limits correlate with climate is important for understanding biogeographic patterns and assessing vulnerability to climate change. Such analyses need to consider thermal gradients at multiple spatial scales. Here we relate thermal traits of rainforest ants to microclimate conditions from ground to canopy (microgeographic scale) along an elevation gradient (mesogeographic scale) and calculate warming tolerance to assess climate change vulnerability in the Australian Wet Tropics Bioregion. We test the thermal adaptation and thermal niche asymmetry hypotheses to explain interspecific patterns of thermal tolerance at these two spatial scales. We tested cold tolerance (CTmin), heat tolerance (CTmax), and calculated thermal tolerance range (CTrange), using ramping assays for 74 colonies of 40 ant species collected from terrestrial and arboreal habitats at lowland and upland elevation sites and recorded microclimatic conditions for one year. Within sites, arboreal ants were exposed to hotter microclimates and on average had a 4.2°C (95% CI: 2.7–5.6°C) higher CTmax and 5.3°C (95% CI: 3.5–7°C) broader CTrange than ground‐dwelling ants. This pattern was consistent across the elevation gradient, whether it be the hotter lowlands or the cooler uplands. Across elevation, upland ants could tolerate significantly colder temperatures than lowland ants, whereas the change in CTmax was less pronounced, and CTrange did not change over elevation. Differential exposure to microclimates, due to localized niche preferences, drives divergence in CTmax, while environmental temperatures along the elevation gradient drive divergence in CTmin. Our results suggest that both processes of thermal adaptation and thermal niche asymmetry are at play, depending on the spatial scale of observation, and we discuss potential mechanisms underlying these patterns. Despite the broad thermal tolerance range of arboreal rainforest ants, lowland arboreal ants had the lowest warming tolerance and may be most vulnerable to climate change.
Do plant–soil interactions influence how the microbial community responds to environmental change?
Authors: Brigham Laurel M. , Bueno de Mesquita Clifton P. , Smith Jane G. , Sartwell Samuel A. , Schmidt Steven K. , Suding Katharine N. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGlobal change alters ecosystems and their functioning, and biotic interactions can either buffer or amplify such changes. We utilized a long‐term nitrogen (N) addition and species removal experiment in the Front Range of Colorado, USA to determine whether a codominant forb and a codominant grass, with different effects on nutrient cycling and plant community structure, would buffer or amplify the effects of simulated N deposition on soil bacterial and fungal communities. While the plant community was strongly shaped by both the presence of dominant species and N addition, we did not find a mediating effect of the plant community on soil microbial response to N. In contrast to our hypothesis, we found a decoupling of the plant and microbial communities such that the soil microbial community shifted under N independently of directional shifts in the plant community. These findings suggest there are not strong cascading effects of N deposition across the plant–soil interface in our system.
The benefits of being big and diverse: early colony survival in harvester ants
Authors: Cole Blaine J. , Jordan Dayne , LaCour‐Roy Montrel , O’Fallon Sean , Manaker Logan , Ternest John J. , Askew Megan , Garey Daniel , Wiernasz Diane C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn sessile organisms such as plants and benthic invertebrates, founding propagules typically suffer extremely high rates of mortality due to both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Many social insect species share similarities with these groups, but factors influencing early colony survival are relatively unstudied. We used a field experiment to measure the importance of environmental quality relative to intrinsic colony properties in the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, by monitoring the survival of 584 experimental colonies. We measured survival of transplanted colonies over four months in each of three years (2014–2016) at a site in western Colorado. Colony survival was primarily determined by colony features. Multiple mating by the queen and larger colony size at the time of transplant increased survival, but queen size, maternal lineage and the composition of plant species in the vicinity of the colony did not. Food supplementation increased survival significantly when natural food was scarce, but was not consistently beneficial, in contrast to predictions. Our results emphasize the general importance of rapid growth and early attainment of large size in the survival of sessile species. However, attributes specific to ants that are a consequence of their sociality also strongly affected survival. Colonies with multiply‐mated queens were more likely to survive over a wide range of circumstances, highlighting the importance of this trait even at the early stages of colony life.
Relation between total pressure loss in supersonic nozzle and isentropic efficiency of nonequilibrium disk‐shaped MHD generator
Authors: Sakamoto Yuki , Sasaki Ryo , Fujino Takayasu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe conduct an axisymmetric, two‐dimensional (r − z) magnetohydrodynamic numerical analysis of a large‐scale, nonequilibrium disk‐shaped MHD generator with a thermal input of 1 GW to examine the influence of a total pressure loss between the hot duct inlet and the supersonic nozzle outlet of the MHD generator on its isentropic efficiency. Numerical results show that the total pressure loss there substantially affects the isentropic efficiency of the MHD generator. Most of the total pressure loss there, which is mainly caused by a self‐excited Joule heating, occurs in a localized area from the vicinity of the hot duct outlet to the radial position of the upstream edge of anode. The numerical results also indicate that the isentropic efficiency is improved by widening an anode width toward the upstream side of the supersonic nozzle. This is because the total pressure loss due to the self‐excited Joule heating in the supersonic nozzle decreases by widening it.
Surge voltage reduction method for dual active bridge matrix converter using circulating current
Authors: Takuma Shunsuke , Itoh Jun‐ichi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes an extended method of zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) range for a dual active bridge (DAB) matrix converter with a discontinuous current mode (DCM). In the traditional DAB converter, ZVS cannot be achieved at a light load condition. The duty ratio calculation to achieve power factor correction and ZVS is explained using a circulating current. From the experimental results using a 5‐kW prototype, the ZVS operation with zero transmission power is achieved by increasing the circulating current. In addition, the grid current distortion is lower than 5.0% at the rated power regardless of the DC voltage variation of plus or minus 20%.
Development of quartz crystal complex capacitive sensor with microelectrode array for sensitization
Authors: Hashimoto Yuki , Haino Takaaki , Sohgawa Masayuki , Abe Takashi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we report a development of quartz crystal complex capacitive sensor with microelectrode array for local detection of liquid sample. This sensor is composed of the sensing capacitor (SC) with microelectrode array and quartz crystal resonator (QCR). It is a contactless capacitive sensor using out‐of‐plane electric field of a planer SC. We succeeded in confining the electric field by placing microelectrode array on the SC and improving the spatial resolution of the sensor. This sensor enables local capacitive detection of target materials. This sensor is expected to be applied to the detection system of μ‐TAS.
Study on correction and tolerance of phase fluctuation in a radio evaluation system with under‐sampling
Authors: Shimoda Masatsugu , Kanno Shouta , Otani Akihito 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper describes the results measured with a radio evaluation system using under‐sampling when the frequency difference between carrier and local signals changes continuously. In addition, we show the correction performance by estimating the frequency difference before and after correction. As a result, the phase fluctuation within the correction range could be corrected. Meanwhile, it was clarified that the element of the fluctuating frequency difference affects the signal evaluation and that there is a residual frequency difference after correction.
Type I interferon supports γδ T‐cell homeostasis and immunity through direct and indirect receptor signaling in mice
Authors: Agerholm Rasmus , Kadekar Darshana , Rizk John , Bekiaris Vasileios 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInterleukin (IL)‐17‐producing gamma delta (γδ) T (γδT17) cells are an essential part of innate type 3 immunity against numerous pathogens. At the same time, a large body of evidence from mouse models and human clinical studies suggests that γδT17 cells contribute to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases as well as cancer. It is therefore relevant to elucidate their immunobiology in detail and identify molecules and pathways that can regulate their function. Herein, we investigated the importance of the type I interferon (IFN) signaling system in γδT17 homeostasis and activation. We found that the IFN alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1) was critical to maintain their normal homeostasis and to promote their activation during cutaneous inflammation. However, this did not require γδT17‐intrinsic expression of IFNAR1. In contrast, expression of IFNAR1 by γδT17 cells was required in order to suppress IL‐17 production during viral infection. Our data delineate direct from indirect IFNAR1 signaling and reveal an important immunoregulatory role for both tonic and inducible type I IFN in γδT17 cells.