bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amoeba
Authors: Anderson O Roger 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Amoebae are single‐celled eukaryotic microorganisms that move by cytoplasmic streaming and possess characteristic surface projections of the cell known as pseudopodia. They are categorised among the heterotrophic protozoa and are grouped with photosynthetic protozoa and algae in an eclectic group, the protists. Modern molecular genetic research has begun to clarify the evolutionary relationships among the amoeboid protists, leading to a more natural classification system. The focus here is on the naked amoebae (formerly known as gymnamoebae) that are included in the taxonomic group Amoebozoa. They are important as members of microbial communities where they are significant links in the food webs, promote purification of water in the natural environment and waste water treatment plants and contribute to the fertility of aquatic and terrestrial environments. Only a few are known to be human pathogens or carriers of pathogens, including the pathogenic bacterium causing Legionnaires disease.

Key Concepts

Amoebae, though considered to be primitive unicellular organisms, have a highly complex cellular organisation and exhibit diverse behaviour.

Amoeboid protists, a group of pseudopod‐bearing unicellular organisms, are an eclectic group of phylogenetically diverse organisms that have adapted a similar amoeboid morphology through convergent evolution.

Naked amoebae lack a substantial surface coat or layer that distinguishes them from the testate amoebae, enclosed by an external test or tectum with one or more openings where the pseudopodia emerge.

Amoebae prey on a wide variety of other unicellular organisms, including bacteria and protists, though the smaller amoebae are almost exclusively bacterial predators.

Free‐living amoebae are significant members of aquatic and terrestrial communities where they serve as links at the base of the food web, promote remineralisation of nutrients through predation on bacteria and help to clarify waste water supply by removing bacteria and promoting the degradation of suspended waste particles.
Spleen
Authors: Steiniger Birte 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ present in all vertebrates, which monitors the blood. It consists of sessile stroma cells (fibroblasts), migratory cells of the immune system, blood‐filled spaces and unique vessels. Splenic functions and microanatomy differ according to the species investigated. Certain functions such as immunological monitoring of blood‐borne antigens, destruction of intravasal microorganisms and aged or abnormal blood cells, are more or less invariant. In rodents and humans, the spleen is composed of two large compartments, the white pulp and the red pulp. The white pulp harbours dense accumulations of more or less migratory lymphocytes and antigen‐presenting cells, which crawl on a meshwork of specialised fibroblasts. The red pulp is composed of connective tissue containing arterioles, sheathed and postsheath capillaries, sinuses and venules/veins. The sinuses represent a spleen‐specific initial part of the venous circulation. The connective tissue of the red pulp cords is filled with blood and represents the only place where an open circulation occurs in the body.In addition to describing the microanatomical compartments of rat and human spleens, the article deals with the course of acute B lymphocyte immune reactions in rat and mouse spleens and with the consequences of splenectomy in humans.Key ConceptsThe spleen monitors the antigen composition of the blood.The monitoring is predominantly carried out by lymphocytes recirculating through the spleen in the white pulp and by sessile macrophages in the red pulp cords.Specialised fibroblasts recruit lymphocytes and macrophages to their compartments with the help of several mechanisms, such as secretion of chemokines or expression of certain adhesion molecules.The splenic red pulp cords are the only location in the body with an open circulation. This means that blood flows in spaces not lined by any barrier‐forming cells such as endothelia.The open circulation thus permits a direct contact between the blood and resident macrophages.In rodents and humans, the spleen contains a special type of B lymphocytes, termed 'B cells of marginal zone (MZ) phenotype'. These cells represent preactivated B cells, which fulfil memory functions and/or recognise polysaccharide antigens. They are easily activated to become antibody‐secreting plasma cells.In humans, splenectomy leads to the loss of this B cell type in the blood and to a reduced resistance against bacteria with polysaccharide capsules. In addition, the most effective phagocyte compartment of the body, the splenic red pulp, is lost. This necessitates special precautions, especially in children, to avoid overwhelming postsplenectomy infections.
Molecular Genetics of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Authors: Brewer Niambi S , Allen Robyn S , Mullins Mary C , Kaplan Frederick S , Shore Eileen M 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP, MIM# 135100) is an autosomal‐dominant genetic disorder, caused by heterozygous mutations in theACVR1gene. While most with FOP have the same single‐nucleotide substitution (c.617G>A; R206H), occasional variant mutations inACVR1have also been identified. The defining clinical features of FOP are malformations of the great toes and progressive heterotopic (extraskeletal) ossification (HO). However, the clinical presentations among FOP patients vary and, at least in some cases, there appear to be genotype–phenotype correlations with specificACVR1mutations, even among the small number of patients. FOP‐associatedACVR1mutations are activating mutations that enhance signalling through the BMP‐pSmad1/5 signalling pathway and direct the induction of cartilage and bone cell differentiation to form ectopic bone in postnatal soft connective tissues. Recent studies examining the molecular mechanisms, reveal that the mutant ACVR1 receptors have lost the normal constraints that regulate the activation of the ACVR1 receptor signalling complex.Key ConceptsFibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder of heterotopic ossification.FOP is caused by heterozygous activating mutations in theACVR1gene.Most FOP patients share the identicalACVR1c.617G>A mutation that causes a single amino acid substitution (R206H).Additional variant mutations have been identified inACVR1and are associated with distinct clinical manifestations in some cases.ACVR1 is a type I receptor in the BMP signalling pathway, an important pathway in regulating bone formation.FOP mutant ACVR1 receptors have lost regulatory constraints that control how downstream signalling is activated.
Utilization of CBCT to improve the delivery accuracy of Gamma Knife radiosurgery with G‐frame
Authors: Claps Lindsey , Mathew Damien , Dusenbery Kathryn , Reynolds Margaret , Watanabe Yoichi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeTo quantify the G‐frame based stereotactic coordinate definition accuracy of Leksell coordinate G‐frame‐based Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) by the on‐board cone‐beam CT (CBCT) and establish remedial action rules to minimize the delivery errors.MethodsWe analyzed the data of 108 patients (a total of 201 tumors) treated by GKRS with G‐frame for head fixation. After co‐registering the CBCT images and plan reference images, the Leksell GammaPlan (LGP) treatment planning system provided the amount of geometric translation and rotation required to minimize the position difference between the plan and treatment. The software also calculated maximum displacement, which characterizes the position shift more clearly. We studied how much these predicted dosimetric quantities changed if the treatment was delivered without correcting the patient's position.ResultsThe maximum displacement of the patient position obtained from the co‐registration of CBCT and plan reference images was 0.81 ± 0.38 mm (0.24–2.03 mm). The target coverage decreased by 3.3 ± 7.0% on average (−48.5% to +35.7%). The decrease of the target coverage, however, became smaller as the target volume increased. In particular, if the volume was greater than 2 cm3, the %change in target coverage was always less than −5%.ConclusionsThe position differences reported by the registration module of LGP were within the accuracy limit of image registration for most clinical cases, but the errors could be larger in some cases. Therefore, we propose the following decision process. We do not advise position adjustment for G‐frame based GKRS if the maximum displacement is less than 1 mm. When this limit is exceeded, however, another criterion should be applied to the decision making by considering the tumor size (or the treatment volume) together with the acceptable change of the tumor coverage.
Influenza Virus Infects and Depletes Activated Adaptive Immune Responders
Authors: Bohannon Caitlin D. , Ende Zachary , Cao Weiping , Mboko Wadzanai P. , Ranjan Priya , Kumar Amrita , Mishina Margarita , Amoah Samuel , Gangappa Shivaprakash , Mittal Suresh K. , Lovell Jonathan F. , García‐Sastre Adolfo , Pfeifer Blaine A. , Davidson Bruce A. , Knight Paul , Sambhara Suryaprakash 
Published: July 2021

AbstractInfluenza infections cause several million cases of severe respiratory illness, hospitalizations, and hundreds of thousands of deaths globally. Secondary infections are a leading cause of influenza's high morbidity and mortality, and significantly factored into the severity of the 1918, 1968, and 2009 pandemics. Furthermore, there is an increased incidence of other respiratory infections even in vaccinated individuals during influenza season. Putative mechanisms responsible for vaccine failures against influenza as well as other respiratory infections during influenza season are investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are used from influenza vaccinated individuals to assess antigen‐specific responses to influenza, measles, and varicella. The observations made in humans to a mouse model to unravel the mechanism is confirmed and extended. Infection with influenza virus suppresses an ongoing adaptive response to vaccination against influenza as well as other respiratory pathogens, i.e., Adenovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae by preferentially infecting and killing activated lymphocytes which express elevated levels of sialic acid receptors. These findings propose a new mechanism for the high incidence of secondary respiratory infections due to bacteria and other viruses as well as vaccine failures to influenza and other respiratory pathogens even in immune individuals due to influenza viral infections.
Ortho‐C–H addition of 2‐substituted pyridines with alkenes and imines enabled by mono(phosphinoamido)‐rare earth complexes
Authors: Lin Hailong , Li Yongrui , Wang Jinyu , Zhang Mei , Jiang Tao , Li Jing , Chen Yanhui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe here reported a special catalytic performance of mono(phosphinoamido)‐ligated rare earth complexes in ortho‐C–H functionalization of pyridines with nonpolar alkenes and polar imines. Upon treatment with one equiv. of borate reagent B(C6F5)3 or [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], complex NP1‐Sc can act as an efficient catalyst for ortho‐C–H alkylation of pyridines towards alkenes. In the presence of 1:1 mixed secondary amine of HN (SiMe3)2 and HNBn2, complex NP2‐Gd can catalyze ortho‐C–H addition of pyridines towards imines, effectively. A wide range of substrates were subjected to the catalysis to render the one step synthesis of a variety of ortho‐alkylated and ortho‐aminoalkylated pyridine derivatives in good yields and an excellent regioselectivity and chemoselectivity.
Octa‐substituted Zinc(II), Cu(II), and Co(II) phthalocyanines with 1‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propane‐1‐one: Synthesis, sensitive protonation behaviors, Ag(I) induced H‐type aggregation properties, antibacterial–antioxidant activity, and molecular docking studies
Authors: Bilgiçli Ahmet T. , Kandemir Tugberk , Tüzün Burak , Arıduru Rana , Günsel Armağan , Abak Çağla , Yarasir M. Nilüfer , Arabaci Gulnur 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study shows the synthesis and characterization of 4,5‐bis(4‐propionylphenoxy)phthalonitrile (2) and its octa‐substituted phthalocyanine derivatives [ZnPc(3), CuPc(4), and CoPc(5)]. A combination of standard spectroscopic techniques has characterized the newly synthesized phthalonitrile derivative and phthalocyanines. The aggregation behaviors of new octa‐substituted phthalocyanines have been evaluated by ultraviolet–visible (UV‐vis) spectroscopy. The metal ion‐sensitive behaviors of new octa‐substituted phthalocyanines in the presence of soft metal ions have been performed by UV‐vis and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The quenching efficiency (Ksv) of Ag+ ions against ZnPc(3) was found using the Stern–Volmer equation. The binding constant (Ka) and binding stoichiometry (n) of ZnPc(3) with Ag+ ions were calculated using the modified Benesi–Hildebrand equation. Sensitive protonation behaviors of octa‐substituted phthalocyanines have been investigated by titration experiments as well as computational calculations. The ZnPc(3) and CuPc(4) were exhibited H‐type aggregation behaviors toward Ag+ ions. However, the protonation of octa‐substituted zinc and copper phthalocyanine during the titration with HCl caused J‐type self‐aggregation properties. In vitro antioxidant properties of the new compounds were investigated by the radical scavenging ability of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), chelating ability to ferrous ions, and reducing power methods. Additionally, in vitro antibacterial activities of the octa‐substituted phthalocyanines were determined. Finally, optimized structures of novel compounds [(2), ZnPc(3), CuPc(4), and CoPc(5)] were obtained on the HF (Hartree–Fock), B3LYP (Becke, 3‐parameter, Lee‐Yang‐Parr), M06–2X methods with 3–21 g, 6–31 g and SDD basis set. Then, biological activities of novel phthalonitrile and its phthalocyanine derivatives toward breast, liver, and lung cancer proteins were compared with molecular docking studies.
Treatment of wastewater containing high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen using ion exchange resins
Authors: Wang Jiping , Zhang Zhijie , Liu Guangsheng , Chen Guoyuan , Chang Chein‐Chi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNitrogen in water will induce active biogeochemical effects, such as denitrification and anammox, which release N2O, a greenhouse gas, leading to increasing global warming. Therefore, it is necessary to find an economical and efficient method to treat ammonia nitrogen in the field of wastewater treatment. In this study, two cation exchange resins, D61 and D708, were selected to analyze external environment conditions suitable for the adsorption of ammonia nitrogen by conducting orthogonal experiments. The kinetic and thermodynamic mechanisms were discussed, and cation exchange resins with a high selectivity to NH4+ were selected. The optimum adsorption temperature, pH, and rotation speed for the D61 resin were found to be 32°C, 5, and 150 r/min, respectively. The optimum adsorption temperature and rotation speed for the D708 resin were 40°C and 150 r/min, respectively. The kinetic data could be accurately described using the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equation. The results showed that physical and chemical adsorption mechanisms may coexist in the adsorption of NH4+‐N. The adsorption process can easily occur and that it is not limited by the pH or rotational speed. The maximum adsorption capacities of the D61 and D708 resins were 44.93 and 31.34 mg/g, respectively; removing ammonia nitrogen from 1 m3 of wastewater requires only 100–110 g of ion exchange resin. The cost is $1.78/m3 of raw wastewater treated. This is a good alternative to other nitrogen removal systems, particularly in comparison with conventional physicochemical methods and the nitrification–denitrification biochemical process employed currently.
Effect of nano fillers on the properties of polytetrafluoroethylene composites: Experimental and theoretical simulations
Authors: Xiao Wei , Ji Xin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has excellent corrosion resistance and a low coefficient of friction; however, its high wear rate and low hardness severely limit its use. In the work, nano particles were used as fillers for PTFE. The composites were prepared by the homogeneous mixing of PTFE and other fillers and sintered at high temperatures. The work aimed to investigate the effect of various nano fillers (nanocarbon powders, graphene, fullerene, nano graphite powders, and nano copper powders) on the mechanical, thermal, and frictional properties of composites. The results of the experiments showed that the addition of graphene could improve the stress and strain values of the composites, and all the nano fillers could improve the thermal conductivity of the PTFE composites. The friction experiments showed that fullerenes could significantly improve the wear resistance of PTFE composites. In the theoretical simulation, the thermal conductivity of PTFE composites was predicted using ANSYS software, with the changes in the temperature and friction force in the friction process. The theoretical simulation results matched with the experimental values, which proved the accuracy of the theoretical simulations.
Effect of acupuncture combined with rehabilitation on cognitive and motor functions in poststroke patients
Authors: Bao Xiao , Li Li , Liu Howe , Shi Hong‐Fei , Xu Shu , Wang Ming‐Hong , Xie Ju‐Ying 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe aim of the study was to explore the effect of acupuncture combined with rehabilitation on cognitive and motor functions in poststroke patients. All patients were divided into Group A and Group B based on different interventions (Group A: acupuncture + conventional rehabilitation, Group B: conventional rehabilitation alone). Acupuncture was conducted once a day, five times a week for 8 weeks, and rehabilitation (including physical therapy and occupational therapy) was conducted for 2 hr per session, once a day, five times a week for 8 weeks. Mini‐mental State Examination (MMSE) and Fugl‐Meyer Assessment (FMA) were used to assess the motor and cognitive functions at baseline and the end of 8 weeks. After the intervention, FMA and MMSE scores were improved significantly in the two groups (p <.05), compared with the scores prior to intervention. After 8 weeks of intervention, a statistically significant difference in the FMA and MMSE scores was observed between the Group A and the Group B. The results suggested that the combined intervention is more effective than the conventional rehabilitation alone in improving cognitive and motor functions in poststroke patients.
Text analysis using deep neural networks in digital humanities and information science
Authors: Suissa Omri , Elmalech Avshalom , Zhitomirsky‐Geffet Maayan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCombining computational technologies and humanities is an ongoing effort aimed at making resources such as texts, images, audio, video, and other artifacts digitally available, searchable, and analyzable. In recent years, deep neural networks (DNN) dominate the field of automatic text analysis and natural language processing (NLP), in some cases presenting a super‐human performance. DNNs are the state‐of‐the‐art machine learning algorithms solving many NLP tasks that are relevant for Digital Humanities (DH) research, such as spell checking, language detection, entity extraction, author detection, question answering, and other tasks. These supervised algorithms learn patterns from a large number of “right” and “wrong” examples and apply them to new examples. However, using DNNs for analyzing the text resources in DH research presents two main challenges: (un)availability of training data and a need for domain adaptation. This paper explores these challenges by analyzing multiple use‐cases of DH studies in recent literature and their possible solutions and lays out a practical decision model for DH experts for when and how to choose the appropriate deep learning approaches for their research. Moreover, in this paper, we aim to raise awareness of the benefits of utilizing deep learning models in the DH community.
Recent Progress in LDH@Graphene and Analogous Heterostructures for Highly Active and Stable Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Nayak Susanginee , Parida Kulamani 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhotocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a plethora of green technological process, which transforms copiously available photon energy into valuable chemical energy. With the augmentation of modern civilization, developmental process of novel semiconductor photocatalysts proceeded at a sweltering rate, but the overall energy conversion efficiency of semiconductor photocatalysts in PC/PEC is moderately poor owing to the instability ariseing from the photocorrosion and messy charge configuration. Particularly, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as reassuring multifunctional photocatalysts, turned out to be intensively investigated owing to the lamellar structure and exceptional physico‐chemical properties. However, major drawbacks of LDHs material are its low conductivity, sluggish mass transfer and structural instability in acidic media, which hinder their applicability and stability. To surmount these obstacles, the formation of LDH@graphene and analogus heterostructures could proficiently amalgamate multi‐functionalities, compensate distinct shortcomings, and endow novel properties, which ensure effective charge separation to result in stability and superior catalytic activities. Herein, we aim to summarize the currently updated synthetic strategies used to design heterostructures of 2D LDHs with 2D/3D graphene and graphene analogus material as graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4), and MoS2 as mediator, or interlayer support, or co‐catalyst or vice versa for superior PC/PEC water splitting activities along with long‐term stabilities. Furthermore, latest characterization technique measuring the stability along with variant interface mode for imparting charge separation in LDH@graphene and graphene analogus heterostructure has been identified in this field of research with understanding the intrinsic structural features and activities.
TEMPO‐Mediated Selective Synthesis of Isoxazolines, 5‐Hydroxy‐2‐isoxazolines, and Isoxazoles via Aliphatic δ‐C(sp3)‐H Bond Oxidation of Oximes
Authors: Mondal Santanu , Biswas Sourabh , Ghosh Krishna Gopal , Sureshkumar Devarajulu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSelective synthesis of three different bioactive heterocycles; isoxazolines, 5‐hydroxy‐2‐isoxazolines and isoxazoles from the same starting material using TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl) as a radical initiator is reported. Selectivity was achieved using different oxidants with TEMPO. The reaction goes through a 1,5‐HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) process resulting in products with good yields. This strategy offers a straightforward route to three different heterocycles from oximes via radical‐mediated C(sp3)‐H oxidation.