bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology of radio relics – II. Properties of polarized emission
Authors: Domínguez-Fernández P , Brüggen M , Vazza F , Hoeft M , Banda-Barragán W E , Rajpurohit K , Wittor D , Mignone A , Mukherjee D , Vaidya B 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTRadio relics are diffuse radio sources in galaxy clusters that are associated with merger shock waves. Detailed observations of radio relics in total intensity and in polarization show complex structures on kiloparsec scales. The relation between the observed features and the underlying morphology of the magnetic field is not clear. Using 3D magneto-hydrodynamical simulations, we study the polarized emission produced by a shock wave that propagates through a turbulent medium that resembles the intracluster medium. We model the polarized synchrotron emission on the basis of diffusive shock acceleration of cosmic ray electrons. We find that the synchrotron emission produced in a shocked turbulent medium can reproduce some of the observed features in radio relics. Shock compression can give rise to a high polarization fraction at the shock front and a partial alignment of the polarization E-vectors with the shock normal. Our work confirms that radio relics can also be formed in an environment with a tangled magnetic field. We also discuss the effect of Faraday rotation intrinsic to the source, and how our results depend on the angular resolution of observations.
Radiation by the superluminally moving current sheet in the magnetosphere of a neutron star
Authors: Ardavan Houshang 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The mechanism by which the radiation received from obliquely rotating neutron stars is generated remains an open question half a century after the discovery of pulsars. In contrast, considerable progress has recently been made in determining the structure of the magnetosphere that surrounds these objects: numerical computations based on the force-free, magnetohydrodynamic, and particle-in-cell formalisms have now firmly established that the magnetosphere of an oblique rotator entails a current sheet outside its light cylinder whose rotating distribution pattern moves with linear speeds exceeding the speed of light in vacuum. However, the role played by the superluminal motion of this current sheet in generating the multiwavelength, focused pulses of radiation that we receive from neutron stars is unknown. Here, we insert the description of the current sheet provided by the numerical simulations in the classical expression for the retarded potential and thereby calculate the radiation field generated by this source in the time domain. We find a radiation consisting of highly focused pulses whose salient features (brightness temperature, polarization, spectrum and profile with microstructure and with a phase lag between the radio and gamma-ray peaks) are strikingly similar to those of the emission received from pulsars. In addition, the flux density of this radiation diminishes with the distance D from the star as D−3/2 (rather than D−2) in certain latitudinal directions: a result that suggests that the high energetic requirements normally attributed to magnetars and the sources of fast radio bursts and gamma-ray bursts could be artefacts of the assumption that the radiation fields of all sources necessarily decay as predicted by the inverse-square law.
A dual role of cysteine residues in the maturation of prokaryotic Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase
Authors: Furukawa Yoshiaki , Shintani Atsuko , Kokubo Teppei 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Bacterial Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SodC) is an enzyme catalyzing the disproportionation of superoxide radicals, to which the binding of copper and zinc ions and the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond are essential. We previously showed that Escherichia coli SodC (SodC) was prone to spontaneous degradation in vivo in an immature form prior to the introduction of the disulfide bond. The post-translational maintenance involving the metal binding and the disulfide formation would thus control the stability as well as the enzymatic function of SodC; however, a mechanism of the SodC maturation remains obscure. Here, we show that the disulfide-reduced SodC can secure a copper ion as well as a zinc ion through the thiolate groups. Furthermore, the disulfide-reduced SodC was found to bind cuprous and cupric ions more tightly than SodC with the disulfide bond. The thiolate groups ligating the copper ion were then autooxidized to form the intramolecular disulfide bond, leading to the production of enzymatically active SodC. Based upon the experiments in vitro, therefore, we propose a mechanism for the activation of SodC, in which the conserved Cys residues play a dual role: the acquisition of a copper ion for the enzymatic activity and the formation of the disulfide bond for the structural stabilization.
Ablating putative Ku70 phosphorylation sites results in defective DNA damage repair and spontaneous induction of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Saha Janapriya , Bae Jinsung , Wang Shih-Ya , Lu Huiming , Chappell Lori J , Gopal Purva , Davis Anthony J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Multiple pathways mediate the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), with numerous mechanisms responsible for driving choice between the pathways. Previously, we reported that mutating five putative phosphorylation sites on the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) factor, Ku70, results in sustained retention of human Ku70/80 at DSB ends and attenuation of DSB repair via homologous recombination (HR). In this study, we generated a knock-in mouse, in which the three conserved putative phosphorylation sites of Ku70 were mutated to alanine to ablate potential phosphorylation (Ku703A/3A), in order to examine if disrupting DSB repair pathway choice by modulating Ku70/80 dynamics at DSB ends results in enhanced genomic instability and tumorigenesis. The Ku703A/3A mice developed spontaneous and have accelerated chemical-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to wild-type (Ku70+/+) littermates. The HCC tumors from the Ku703A/3A mice have increased γH2AX and 8-oxo-G staining, suggesting decreased DNA repair. Spontaneous transformed cell lines from Ku703A/3A mice are more radiosensitive, have a significant decrease in DNA end resection, and are more sensitive to the DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin C compared to cells from Ku70+/+ littermates. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that mutating the putative Ku70 phosphorylation sites results in defective DNA damage repair and disruption of this process drives genomic instability and accelerated development of HCC.
Assessing the long-term safety and efficacy of gamma knife and linear accelerator radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Guadix Sergio W , Tao Alice J , An Anjile , Demetres Michelle , Tosi Umberto , Chidambaram Swathi , Knisely Jonathan P S , Ramakrishna Rohan , Pannullo Susan C 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Differences in long-term outcomes of single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) between gamma knife (GK) and linear accelerator (LINAC) systems for vestibular schwannoma (VS) management remain unclear. To investigate differences in safety and efficacy between modalities, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies over the past decade.

Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were queried for studies with the following inclusion criteria: English language, published between January 2010 and April 2020, cohort size ≥30, and mean/median follow-up ≥5 years. Odds ratios (OR) compared rates of tumor control, hearing preservation, and cranial nerve toxicities before and after SRS.

Results
Thirty-nine studies were included (29 GK, 10 LINAC) with 6516 total patients. Tumor control rates were 93% (95% CI 91-94%) and 94% (95% CI 91-97%) for GK and LINAC, respectively. Both GK (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.02-0.13) and LINAC (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.29-0.76) reduced odds of serviceable hearing. Neither GK (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.41-1.22) nor LINAC (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.64-2.00) impacted facial nerve function. GK decreased odds of trigeminal nerve (TN) impairment (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.94) while LINAC did not impact TN function (OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.81-2.61). Lastly, LINAC offered decreased odds of tinnitus (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.87) not observed with GK (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.48-1.01).

Conclusions
VS tumor control and hearing preservation rates are comparable between GK and LINAC SRS. GK may better preserve TN function, while LINAC decreases tinnitus rates. Future studies are warranted to investigate the efficacy of GK and LINAC SRS more directly.
Vegetation characteristics and precipitation jointly influence grassland bird abundance beyond the effects of grazing management
Authors: Davis Kristin P , Augustine David J , Monroe Adrian P , Aldridge Cameron L 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGrassland birds have experienced some of the steepest population declines of any guild of birds in North America. The shortgrass steppe contains some of North America’s most intact grasslands, which makes the region particularly important for these species. It is well known that grassland birds differentially respond to variation in vegetation structure generated by spatiotemporally varying disturbance like grazing management. However, understanding how species respond to characteristics beyond vegetation structure or grazing could better inform management for these species in the shortgrass steppe. We analyzed point count data for 5 grassland bird species breeding on the Central Plains Experimental Range in northeastern Colorado from 2013 to 2017 to examine the predictive capacity of models representing fine-scale (~5 ha) vegetation attributes (vegetation structure and cover type) and topography, combined with interannual precipitation variability (i.e. vegetation-abiotic models). We then compared these models to models based on grazing management treatments (applied to whole pastures, ~130 ha) and edaphic conditions (ecological sites), which represented information more generally available to rangeland managers. Precipitation, vegetation structure, and vegetation cover type influenced all species in a manner consistent with, but more nuanced than, vegetation structure alone. These models also explained more variation in abundance for species that responded to grazing management. Thus, while grazing management can be applied adaptively to improve habitat for these species, our more detailed vegetation-abiotic models identified species-specific habitat components that could be targeted for management. For example, not grazing pastures with extensive, homogenous stands of mid-height grasses (e.g., Hesperostipa comata) for an entire growing season during wet years could be one strategy to enhance Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) abundance and stockpile residual forage for future utilization by livestock. Our models provide a better understanding of and reveal nuances in the suite of environmental conditions to which grassland birds respond in shortgrass steppe rangelands.
Calcium-dependent protein kinase 29 modulates PIN-FORMED polarity and Arabidopsis development via its own phosphorylation code
Authors: Lee Hyodong , Ganguly Anindya , Baik Song , Cho Hyung-Taeg 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN)-mediated polar auxin transport (PAT) is involved in key developmental processes in plants. Various internal and external cues influence plant development via the modulation of intracellular PIN polarity and, thus, the direction of PAT, but the mechanisms underlying these processes remain largely unknown. PIN proteins harbor a hydrophilic loop (HL) that has important regulatory functions; here, we used the HL as bait in protein pulldown screening for modulators of intracellular PIN trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 29 (CPK29), a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, was identified and shown to phosphorylate specific target residues on the PIN-HL that were not phosphorylated by other kinases. Furthermore, loss of CPK29 or mutations of the phospho-target residues in PIN-HLs significantly compromised intracellular PIN trafficking and polarity, causing defects in PIN-mediated auxin redistribution and biological processes such as lateral root formation, root twisting, hypocotyl gravitropism, phyllotaxis, and reproductive development. These findings indicate that CPK29 directly interprets Ca2+ signals from internal and external triggers, resulting in the modulation of PIN trafficking and auxin responses.
Analysis of ingestion admissions in a midsized pediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Smith Hayden L , Branick Kaitlin A , Free Margaret E , Naegle Matthew S , Laageide Leah G , Misholy Justine T 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Pediatric ingestion of toxic substances is a complicated cause of morbidity. Currently, there is limited literature on toxic ingestions resulting in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions.

Methods
A retrospective study was conducted to quantify the number and financial costs of admissions for toxic ingestion. Secondary objectives were to determine common types of ingestions and interventions as well as examine the relationship between intentional ingestion status and patient age. Data were obtained from a retrospective review of records from April 2016 through August 2018 from a PICU located in the Midwestern USA.

Results
There were 360 unique patient encounters used in primary analyses. Intentional ingestion and suicidal ideation documented in 72% and 54% of patients, respectively.
Patients younger than nine had an 87% (95% confidence interval: 80%, 92%) lower risk for intentional ingestion. The median lengths of stay were 1.0 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.0, 1.0) days with a median cost of $2498 (IQR: $1870, $3592) USD. There was no patient mortality identified in the sample.

Conclusion
The types of ingestions appeared to match those of the National Poison Control Database. Lengths of stay were short and had a non-nominal cost. A greater age was associated with an increased risk of intentional ingestions.
INVESTIGATION OF THE TL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE PEAK 5 IN THE GLOW CURVE OF LIF:MG,TI (TLD-100) USING NATURALLY AND FURNACE-COOLED SAMPLES FOLLOWING THE 400°C PRE-IRRADIATION ANNEAL
Authors: Eliyahu Ilan , Reshes Galina , Shapiro Alex , Biderman Shlomo , Oster Leonid , Nemirovsky Dimitry , Sterenberg Matan , Ginzburg Dimitry , Horowitz Yigal Shalom , Herman Benny , Assor Yosef 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The cooling rate to room temperature following the 400°C pre-irradiation anneal is known to affect the thermoluminescent properties of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) as a result of migration and clustering of defects during the cooling down process. In this investigation the dose response over an extended dose range from 0.01 to 7000 Gy in both naturally cooled and the much slower furnace-cooled samples has been measured. Glow curve deconvolution based on first-order kinetics is employed to extract the dose response of the various glow peaks. Of especial interest is the behaviour of glow peaks 4, 5a and 5 as a function of dose. The idea is to modify the supralinear dose response of peak 5 from 1 to 30 Gy to a linear behaviour. This dose range is important for clinical therapy and a linear dose response is of substantial advantage leading to both improved accuracy and precision.
Sleep Disturbance in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis
Authors: Zaks Nina , Velikonja Tjasa , Parvaz Muhammad A , Zinberg Jamie , Done Monica , Mathalon Daniel H , Addington Jean , Cadenhead Kristin , Cannon Tyrone , Cornblatt Barbara , McGlashan Thomas , Perkins Diana , Stone William S , Tsuang Ming , Walker Elaine , Woods Scott W , Keshavan Matcheri S , Buysse Daniel J , Velthorst Eva , Bearden Carrie E 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Disturbed sleep is a common feature of psychotic disorders that is also present in the clinical high risk (CHR) state. Evidence suggests a potential role of sleep disturbance in symptom progression, yet the interrelationship between sleep and CHR symptoms remains to be determined. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the association between disturbed sleep and CHR symptoms over time.

Methods
Data were obtained from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS)-3 consortium, including 688 CHR individuals and 94 controls (mean age 18.25, 46% female) for whom sleep was tracked prospectively for 8 months. We used Cox regression analyses to investigate whether sleep disturbances predicted conversion to psychosis up to &gt;2 years later. With regressions and cross-lagged panel models, we analyzed longitudinal and bidirectional associations between sleep (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in conjunction with additional sleep items) and CHR symptoms. We also investigated the independent contribution of individual sleep characteristics on CHR symptom domains separately and explored whether cognitive impairments, stress, depression, and psychotropic medication affected the associations.

Results
Disturbed sleep at baseline did not predict conversion to psychosis. However, sleep disturbance was strongly correlated with heightened CHR symptoms over time. Depression accounted for half of the association between sleep and symptoms. Importantly, sleep was a significant predictor of CHR symptoms but not vice versa, although bidirectional effect sizes were similar.

Discussion
The critical role of sleep disturbance in CHR symptom changes suggests that sleep may be a promising intervention target to moderate outcome in the CHR state.
Crafting Charismatic Cops: Community Policing and the Faulty Reputations Paradigm
Authors: Rivera-Cuadrado Wayne 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article draws on theories of reputation to analyze community policing’s role in managing perceptions of the police. Drawing on longitudinal interviews and fieldwork that followed the implementation of a community policing program, this article analyzes how officers interpret, manage, and attempt to reconstruct police reputation in their everyday work. I argue that police understand reputation through a lens I call the “faulty reputations paradigm”, an expectation that most negative perceptions about the police are unearned—rooted in hearsay, prejudice, and misunderstandings about policing practices. I contend that the faulty reputations paradigm helps structure reputation management strategies that seek to alter the faulty perceptions community hold of police, alongside competing reputational labor within policing itself. To overcome faulty reputations, community police attempt to cultivate individual reputations through positive encounters with the aim of transforming policing’s institutional repute. The article argues for the central role of reputational conflicts in coproducing policing. Such conflicts emerge from the perceived disconnect between officers’ individual and institutional reputations and help to structure the work of police by legitimating the strategies they deploy.
The role of endocrine hormones in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Liang Zhuo‐Tao , Guo Chao‐Feng , Li Jiong , Zhang Hong‐Qi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common spinal deformity characterized by changes in the three‐dimensional structure of the spine. It usually initiates during puberty, the peak period of human growth when the secretion of numerous hormones is changing, and it is more common in females than in males. Accumulating evidence shows that the abnormal levels of many hormones including estrogen, melatonin, growth hormone, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin, may be related to the occurrence and development of AIS. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary and critique of the research published on each hormone over the past 20 years, and to highlight areas for future study. It is hoped that the presentation will help provide a better understanding of the role of endocrine hormones in the pathogenesis of AIS.
Assessment of receptor affinities of ophthalmic and systemic agents in dry eye disease
Authors: Janeczko Patrick , Norris Matthew R. , Bielory Leonard 
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review
To explore our current understanding of receptor profiles acted upon by medications used to treat dry eye disease (DED).

Recent findings
Research into histaminic and muscarinic receptor affinities for drugs targeting the ocular surface has not kept up with bench research pertaining to the receptor profile of the ocular surface. These insights are necessary for better evaluation of medications used in DED and other allergic disorders.

Summary
At the H1 receptor, Ketotifen (pKa = 9.2), pyrilamine (pKa = 9.0), and epinastine (pKa = 8.0) had the highest affinities, whereas ranitidine (pKa = 4.2) and cimetidine (pKa = 4.9) had the lowest. Ketotifen, a second-generation antihistamine, was found to have a pKa of 6.7 at muscarinic receptors which was higher than that of diphenhydramine (pKa = 6.4), a first-generation antihistamine. Additionally, second-generation antihistamines have higher affinity for H3 receptors, which have been linked to urticaria, compared to first-generation. Azelastine, a second-generation, demonstrated significant affinity (pKa = 7.1) at the H3 receptor compared to all other drugs. Antazoline (pKa = 4.4) and diphenhydramine (pKa = 4.6), both first-generation antihistamines, had the lowest affinities for the H3 receptor. These findings raise questions about the use of antihistamines in the treatment of DED and allergic disorders.
Comparison of structural components and functional mechanisms within the skin vs. the conjunctival surface
Authors: Valentine Lauren , Norris Matthew R. , Bielory Leonard 
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to highlight and compare the structural and functional differences between the ocular surface and the skin. The goal is to further understand how these components interact from an immunobiological standpoint, which may inform future therapeutic uses.

Recent findings
Treatment agents, such as Dupilumab and Apremilast are traditionally indicated for integumentary conditions, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, respectively. Both were also found to have potent effects on the conjunctival surface and ocular glands, which may be attributed to the similarities in structure.

Summary
Surfaces of the eyes and the skin are found to have similar composition in terms of immunohistology, steroidogenic properties, and allergic mechanisms. These translate directly into both the adverse effects and therapeutic benefits that overlap when treating these surfaces.