bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress in the Chemical Upcycling of Plastic Wastes
Authors: Chen Xi , Wang Yudi , Zhang Lei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe massive generation of plastic wastes without satisfactory treatment has induced severe environmental problems and gained increasing attentions. In this Minireview, recent progresses in the chemical upcycling of plastic wastes by using various methods (mainly in the past three to five years) is summarized. The chemical upcycling of plastic wastes points out a “plastic‐based refinery” concept, which is to use the plastic wastes as platform feedstocks to produce highly valuable monomeric or oligomeric compounds, putting the plastic wastes back into a circular economy. The different chemical methods to upcycle plastic wastes, including hydrogenolysis, photocatalysis, pyrolysis, solvolysis, and others, are introduced in each section to valorize diverse plastic feedstocks into value‐added chemicals, materials, or fuels. In addition, other emerging technologies as well as the new generation of plastic thermosets are covered.
Clinico‐pathological comparison of patients with autopsy‐confirmed Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and mixed pathology
Authors: Chatterjee Atri , Hirsch‐Reinshagen Veronica , Moussavi Syed Ali , Ducharme Blake , Mackenzie Ian R. , Hsiung Ging‐Yuek Robin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionPatients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) frequently demonstrate coexistent AD neuropathological change (ADNC) and Lewy body pathology (LBP) at autopsy. We investigated the effects of ADNC and LBP on the clinical presentation of these patients.MethodsWe retrospectively compared clinical and pathological features of patients with different severity of ADNC and LBP. We also compared the burden of medullary LBP between patients with and without autonomic dysfunction.ResultsCompared to pure ADNC, patients with AD/LBP have higher prevalence of DLB symptoms. Autonomic dysfunction strongly predicted the presence of LBP in patients with clinically diagnosed AD, but was not associated with increased LBP burden in the medulla. Severity of ADNC, but not LBP, was associated with cerebral atrophy.DiscussionClinical presentation of patients with AD/LBP differs from patients with pure ADNC or LBP. Autonomic dysfunction is a useful marker of otherwise unsuspected LBP.
Rhabdomyosarcoma with epithelioid morphology: A challenging cytologic diagnosis in a pleural effusion
Authors: Rodgers Shannon , Datta Lagnajita , Perry Kyle D. , Stone Chad H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are rare malignant skeletal muscle tumors that present more commonly in pediatric populations. The WHO currently classifies RMS into four types, embryonal, alveolar, pleomorphic, and spindle cell/sclerosing variants. Epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma (EpiRMS) is another rare, recently described subtype of RMS presenting in older patients with a male predominance and has a rapidly progressive clinical course with frequent metastases. EpiRMS closely mimics poorly differentiated carcinoma or melanoma, demonstrating discohesive large epithelioid cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, frequent glassy cytoplasmic inclusions, large vesicular nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. We present a case of metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma with features reminiscent of EpiRMS presenting as a pleural effusion, closely followed by an inguinal lymph node biopsy. The malignant cells in the pleural fluid were diffusely positive for desmin, negative for MyoD1, myogenin, S100 and SOX10, and retained INI‐1 expression. Subsequent lymph node biopsy demonstrated identical malignant epithelioid cells that were positive for desmin, myoD1 and myogenin, and a cytological diagnosis of “metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma, favor epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma” was given considering the concurrent lymph node biopsy morphology and immunoprofile. A diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma, though rare and challenging, should not be overlooked when considering malignant cells with an epithelioid morphology in cytology specimens.
Looking for the needle in a downsized haystack: Whole‐exome sequencing unravels genomic signals of climatic adaptation in Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
Authors: George Jan‐Peter , Schueler Silvio , Grabner Michael , Karanitsch‐Ackerl Sandra , Mayer Konrad , Stierschneider Michael , Weissenbacher Lambert , van Loo Marcela 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Conifers often occur along steep gradients of diverse climates throughout their natural ranges, which is expected to result in spatially varying selection to local climate conditions. However, signals of climatic adaptation can often be confounded, because unraveled clines covary with signals caused by neutral evolutionary processes such as gene flow and genetic drift. Consequently, our understanding of how selection and gene flow have shaped phenotypic and genotypic differentiation in trees is still limited.

A 40‐year‐old common garden experiment comprising 16 Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) provenances from a north‐to‐south gradient of approx. 1,000 km was analyzed, and genomic information was obtained from exome capture, which resulted in an initial genomic dataset of >90,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We used a restrictive and conservative filtering approach, which permitted us to include only SNPs and individuals in environmental association analysis (EAA) that were free of potentially confounding effects (LD, relatedness among trees, heterozygosity deficiency, and deviations from Hardy–Weinberg proportions). We used four conceptually different genome scan methods based on FST outlier detection and gene–environment association in order to disentangle truly adaptive SNPs from neutral SNPs.

We found that a relatively small proportion of the exome showed a truly adaptive signal (0.01%–0.17%) when population substructuring and multiple testing was accounted for. Nevertheless, the unraveled SNP candidates showed significant relationships with climate at provenance origins, which strongly suggests that they have featured adaptation in Douglas‐fir along a climatic gradient. Two SNPs were independently found by three of the employed algorithms, and one of them is in close proximity to an annotated gene involved in circadian clock control and photoperiodism as was similarly found in Populus balsamifera.

Synthesis. We conclude that despite neutral evolutionary processes, phenotypic and genomic signals of adaptation to climate are responsible for differentiation, which in particular explain disparity between the well‐known coastal and interior varieties of Douglas‐fir.
Long‐term clinical experience with cardiac contractility modulation therapy delivered by the Optimizer Smart system
Authors: Kuschyk Jürgen , Falk Peter , Demming Thomas , Marx Oliver , Morley Deborah , Rao Ishu , Burkhoff Daniel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsWe assessed long‐term effects of cardiac contractility modulation delivered by the Optimizer Smart system on quality of life, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), mortality and heart failure and cardiovascular hospitalizations.Methods and resultsCCM‐REG is a prospective registry study including 503 patients from 51 European centres. Effects were evaluated in three terciles of LVEF (≤25%, 26–34% and ≥35%) and in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Hospitalization rates were compared using a chi‐square test. Changes in functional parameters of New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLWHFQ) and LVEF were assessed with Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, and event‐free survival by Kaplan–Meier analysis. For the entire cohort and each subgroup, NYHA class and MLWHFQ improved at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months (P < 0.0001). At 24 months, NYHA class, MLWHFQ and LVEF showed an average improvement of 0.6 ± 0.7, 10 ± 21 and 5.6 ± 8.4%, respectively (all P < 0.001). LVEF improved in the entire cohort and in the LVEF ≤25% subgroup with AF and NSR. In the overall cohort, heart failure hospitalizations decreased from 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66–0.82] prior to enrolment to 0.25 (95% CI 0.21–0.28) events per patient‐year during 2‐year follow‐up (P < 0.0001). Cardiovascular hospitalizations decreased from 1.04 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) events per patient‐year prior to enrolment to 0.39 (95% CI 0.35–0.44) events per patient‐year during 2‐year follow‐up (P < 0.0001). Similar reductions of hospitalization rates were observed in the LVEF, AF and NSR subgroups. Estimated survival was significantly better than predicted by MAGGIC at 1 and 3 years in the entire cohort and in the LVEF 26–34% and ≥35% subgroups.ConclusionsCardiac contractility modulation therapy improved functional status, quality of life, LVEF and, compared to patients' prior history, reduced heart failure hospitalization rates. Survival at 1 and 3 years was significantly better than predicted by the MAGGIC risk score.
Structure Effects Induced by High Mechanical Compaction of STAM‐17‐OEt MOF Powders
Authors: Terracina Angela , McHugh Lauren N. , Mazaj Matjaz , Vrtovec Nika , Agnello Simonpietro , Cannas Marco , Gelardi Franco M. , Morris Russell E. , Buscarino Gianpiero 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMetal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for many potential applications, spacing from gas storage to catalysis. However, the powder form they are generally made of is not suitable, mainly because of the low packing density. Powder compaction is therefore necessary, but also challenging because of its typical mechanical fragility. Indeed, generally, MOF powders undergo irreversibly damages upon densification processes, for example partially or totally loosing microporosity and catalytic activity. In this work, we have deeply studied the compaction effects on the flexible Cu(II)‐based MOF STAM‐17‐OEt (Cu(C10O5H8) ⋅ 1.6 H2O), whose chemical composition is close to that of HKUST‐1, obtaining that, by contrast, STAM‐17‐OEt is extremely suitable for mechanical compaction processes with pressures up to 200 MPa, which increase its packing density and its catalytic activity, and then also preserve the characteristic porosity, flexibility and water stability of STAM‐17‐OEt. The results are supported by many experimental techniques including EPR spectroscopy, PXRD diffraction, CO2 isotherms studies and catalytic tests.
Synthesis of (+) and (‐)‐Streptomyces coelicolor Butanolide 5 (SCB‐5)
Authors: Donges Jonas , Hofmann Sandra , Brüggemann Moritz , Frank Andrea , Schollmeyer Dieter , Nubbemeyer Udo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVarious 1‐(1‐hydroxyalkyl) paraconyl alcohols are important signaling molecules within antibiotics production in Streptomyces sp. Intending developing a flexible convergent chemical synthesis of such butanolides, a zwitterionic aza‐Claisen rearrangement was chosen as reliable strategy generating the central stereotriad. Reaction of enantiopure N‐allyl pyrrolidines and 4‐phenylbutenoic acid fluoride delivered defined configured amides displaying the 2,3,1’ stereotriads. The configuration was determined by the allyl alcohol moiety indicating a complete remote stereo control. Amide removal by iodolactonization and proceeding reductions, halocyclization and elimination gave key alkylidene tetrahydrofuran derivatives. Stepwise degradation of the olefins through ozonolysis, reductive work‐up and protecting group removal delivered both enantiomers of the target Streptomyces coelicolor butanolide 5.
Life cycle assessment for hydrothermal carbonization of urban organic solid waste in comparison with gasification process: A case study of Southern Chile
Authors: Corvalán Constanza , Espinoza Pérez Andrea Teresa , Díaz‐Robles Luis A. , Cubillos Francisco , Vallejo Fidel , Gómez Jaime , Pino‐Cortés Ernesto , Espinoza‐Pérez Lorena , Pelz Stefan K. , Paczkowski Sebastian , Rumberg Michael , Carrasco Samuel , Silva Javier , Lapuerta Magín , Cereceda‐Balic Francisco , Pazo Amparo , Monedero Esperanza , Meriño Juan Figueroa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMost developing countries lack sufficient legal and management infrastructure to dispose of urban solid waste (USW). The continuous increase of USW generation requires evaluating different treatments for developing countries based on the life cycle assessment methodology to compare the environmental impact by reducing greenhouse gases and leachate. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and gasification processes are presented as potential solutions for USW treatment due to their efficiency in producing energy for local requirements. This study aimed to compare both technologies for Temuco and Padre Las Casas cities in Southern Chile that show severe air pollution and USW management problems. The results indicated that gasification had a better environmental performance than HTC when the conversion of 1 ton of organic fraction USW was analyzed. However, since HTC achieved higher energy efficiency, it had a lower environmental impact than gasification, considering the production of 1 MWh. For a definitive choice of the technology to be used, it is necessary to compare other variables, including economic and social aspects, to provide a holistic perspective.
Response analysis of yielding structures coupled to rocking walls with supplemental damping
Authors: Aghagholizadeh Mehrdad , Makris Nicos 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGiven that the coupling of a framing structure to a strong, rocking wall enforces a first‐mode response, this paper investigates the dynamic response of a yielding single‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillator coupled to a stepping rocking wall with supplemental damping (either hysteretic or linear viscous) along its sides. The full nonlinear equations of motion are derived, and the study presents an earthquake response analysis in terms of inelastic spectra. The study shows that for structures with preyielding period s, the effect of supplemental damping along the sides of the rocking wall is marginal even when large values of damping are used. The study uncovers that occasionally, the damped response matches or exceeds the undamped response; however, when this happens, the exceedance is marginal. The paper concludes that for yielding structures with strength less than of their weight, the use of supplemental damping along the sides of a rocking wall coupled to a yielding structure is not recommended. The paper shows that supplemental damping along the sides of the rocking wall may have some limited beneficial effects for structures with longer preyielding periods (say ). Nevertheless, no notable further response reduction is observed when larger values of hysteretic or viscous damping are used.
Inhibition of Metamorphosis, Thyroid Gland, and Skeletal Ossification Induced by Hexavalent Chromium in Bufo gargarizans Larvae
Authors: Wang Wenxiang , Yang Yijie , Chen Aixia , Song Xiuling , Chai Lihong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr [VI]) is one of the major detrimental heavy metal pollutants. In the present study, Bufo gargarizans were exposed to 0, 52, 104, 208, and 416 μg/L Cr (VI) from Gosner stage 2 until metamorphosis; and growth, development, and histological characteristics of the thyroid gland and skeletal ossification were examined. The results demonstrated that the survival rate of larvae exposed to Cr (VI) was not different from that measured in animals from the control group. However, high levels of Cr (VI) (104, 208, and 416 μg/L) were associated with significantly delayed growth and development. The suppression of skeletal ossification was observed at high Cr (VI) levels. Besides, histological alterations of the thyroid gland, such as follicular cell hyperplasia, colloid depletion, and peripheral colloid vacuolation, were found in 52 to 416 μg/L Cr (VI) treatments. The results of the present study highlight reductions in growth and development as well as percent metamorphosis and skeletal ossification due to histological alteration of the thyroid gland during exposure to Cr (VI) in B. gargarizans larvae. The present investigation could provide a basis for understanding the detrimental effects of Cr (VI) in amphibian larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2474–2483. © 2021 SETAC
The Sulfoximine Insecticide Sulfoxaflor and Its Photodegradate Demonstrate Acute Toxicity to the Nontarget Invertebrate Species Daphnia magna
Authors: Gauthier Jeremy R. , Mabury Scott A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The environmental fate and persistence of sulfoxaflor is of significant interest given the potential for the insecticide to impact nontarget organisms, particularly pollinating and aquatic species. In the present study we examine the potential for sulfoxaflor, a new sulfoximine insecticide, to undergo degradation and transformation in sediments and the aquatic environment. Following application of the active substance as a foliar spray or seed coating, sulfoxaflor can be found in the soil at a mass percentage of up to 61% of the total applied concentration. The low soil sorption coefficient (KD) of sulfoxaflor of 0.103 signifies the potential for sulfoxaflor to undergo transport into nearby surface waters via groundwater run-off. In soils and sediments sulfoxaflor produces a sulfoxaflor-urea analog with a varying half-life of 5.0 to 8.5 d depending on the sediment type. Once in surface waters, sulfoxaflor can undergo photolysis to a sulfoxaflor alcohol derivative with a half-life of 35 h. The photodegradate demonstrates reduced aquatic toxicity to Daphnia magna, but the photolytic half-life may be too long to mitigate the acute toxicity of the parent substance sulfoxaflor to D. magna, which was found to have a 48-h median effect concentration of 361 µg/L. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2156–2164. © 2021 SETAC
Identifying Chemicals and Mixtures of Potential Biological Concern Detected in Passive Samplers from Great Lakes Tributaries Using High-Throughput Data and Biological Pathways
Authors: Alvarez David A. , Corsi Steven R. , De Cicco Laura A. , Villeneuve Daniel L. , Baldwin Austin K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Waterborne contaminants were monitored in 69 tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes in 2010 and 2014 using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). A risk-based screening approach was used to prioritize chemicals and chemical mixtures, identify sites at greatest risk for biological impacts, and identify potential hazards to monitor at those sites. Analyses included 185 chemicals (143 detected) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), legacy and current-use pesticides, fire retardants, pharmaceuticals, and fragrances. Hazard quotients were calculated by dividing detected concentrations by biological effect concentrations reported in the ECOTOX Knowledgebase (toxicity quotients) or ToxCast database (exposure–activity ratios [EARs]). Mixture effects were estimated by summation of EAR values for chemicals that influence ToxCast assays with common gene targets. Nineteen chemicals—atrazine, N,N-diethyltoluamide, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, dl-menthol, galaxolide, p-tert-octylphenol, 3 organochlorine pesticides, 3 PAHs, 4 pharmaceuticals, and 3 phosphate flame retardants—had toxicity quotients &gt;0.1 or EARs for individual chemicals &gt;10–3 at 10% or more of the sites monitored. An additional 4 chemicals (tributyl phosphate, triethyl citrate, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene) were present in mixtures with EARs &gt;10–3. To evaluate potential apical effects and biological endpoints to monitor in exposed wildlife, in vitro bioactivity data were compared to adverse outcome pathway gene ontology information. Endpoints and effects associated with endocrine disruption, alterations in xenobiotic metabolism, and potentially neuronal development would be relevant to monitor at the priority sites. The EAR threshold exceedance for many chemical classes was correlated with urban land cover and wastewater effluent influence, whereas herbicides and fire retardants were also correlated to agricultural land cover. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2165–2182. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Abstract
Exposure–activity ratios estimated from chemical concentrations and high-throughput toxicological assays provide a measure of the potential biological risk due to exposure to various chemical classes measured in tributaries of the Great Lakes. PAH = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Polychlorinated Diphenyl Sulfides: An Emerging Class of Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Substances in the Environment
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhang Xuesheng , Shi Jiaqi , Feng Mingbao , Wang Xiaoxiang , Crump Doug , Zhang Xiaowei 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Polychlorinated diphenyl sulfides (PCDPSs) have recently attracted increasing attention due to their potential adverse effects on human and ecosystem health. We present a review regarding their environmental occurrence, persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and biotransformation. The existing literature demonstrates that PCDPSs are ubiquitous in various environmental matrices, are persistent in the environment, and have long-range transport potential. In addition, the high bioaccumulation potential of these emerging pollutants, especially the low chlorinated PCDPS congeners, has been confirmed based on both theoretical calculations and experimental investigations. Moreover, a spectrum of adverse effects, such as acute liver injury, retardation of development, reproductive disorders, and increased mortality have been widely reported in vertebrates. These adverse outcomes were associated with oxidative stress and activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptors. Given these findings, PCDPSs represent candidate persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances and thus deserve further research to fully elucidate their environmental behavior and fate, and evaluate the risks to human and ecosystem health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2657–2666. © 2021 SETAC
Diffusion coefficients of CO2–SO2–water and CO2–N2–water systems and their impact on the CO2sequestration process: Molecular dynamics and dissolution process simulations
Authors: Omrani Sina , Mahmoodpour Saeed , Rostami Behzad , Salehi Sedeh Mehdi , Sass Ingo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe high cost of the CO2sequestration in saline aquifers is a barrier to the implementation of them. However, a large portion of the cost is invested to purify and transport the CO2from the flue gas stream of the emission sources. Therefore, the possibility of injecting impure CO2will reduce the costs strongly. The diffusion coefficient is an important factor that plays a significant role in different aspects of the process. In spite of its importance, it is got less attention due to complex experimental procedures and low range of temperature and pressure applicability in the experimental conditions. To shed light on the effects of the impurity on the diffusion coefficient of CO2‐water systems, two types of impurities (SO2and N2) in two levels are considered in this study through the molecular dynamics simulation approach. Simulations are done on a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions to cover a wide range of operational conditions for CO2sequestration projects. The outcomes of these simulations were used in the direct numerical simulations to analyze the effect of the diffusion coefficient matrix changes on the CO2dissolution process such as dissolution flux, the motion and shape of convective fingers, and their patterns. Results indicate that impurity has a great impact on the diffusion coefficient, and consequently on the CO2dissolution behavior. We hope that reported results will pave the way for future studies regarding impure CO2sequestration in saline aquifers. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.