bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrically, Thermally, and Mechanically Anisotropic Gels with a Wide Operational Temperature Range
Authors: Tran Van Tron , Mredha Md. Tariful Islam , Lee Yoonseong , Todo Mitsugu , So Hongyun , Jeong Eunju , Park Woosung , Jeon Insu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNext‐generation applications, such as flexible electronic devices, sensors, actuators, and soft robotics, require anisotropic functional soft materials with controlled, directional electrical and heat conductivities, mechanical properties, and responsiveness, as well as shape‐morphing capability, complex designability, and wide operational temperature ranges. However, a combination of these functions in any single class of materials has been very rarely seen to date. In this study, a novel class of multi‐anisotropic gels is developed to realize all these functions through a new fabrication route. The gels are synthesized by integrating cellulose with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) in tripropylene glycol. The prepared gels exhibit high electrical and thermal conductivities of ≈200 S m−1 and ≈1.49 W m−1 K−1, respectively, with exceptional Young's modulus (≈500 MPa) and tensile strength (≈55 MPa), which are much better than the previously reported mechanical properties of PEDOT‐based gels (modulus/strength ≤ 10 MPa). Moreover, the gels exhibit self‐welding ability and maintain their properties for 14 d over a wide temperature range (from −50 to 35 °C), covering almost the entire atmospheric temperature range on Earth surface. It is believed that the developed gels are promising candidates for application in many next‐generation flexible devices, some of which are experimentally demonstrated in this study.
Boosting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production via Interfacial Engineering on 2D Ultrathin Z‐Scheme ZnIn2S4/g‐C3N4 Heterojunction
Authors: Tan Mengxi , Ma Yuan , Yu Chengye , Luan Qingjie , Li Junjie , Liu Chuanbao , Dong Wenjun , Su Yanjing , Qiao Lijie , Gao Lei , Lu Qipeng , Bai Yang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract2D layered nanomaterials as photocatalysts have attracted much attention in the field of solar hydrogen production due to their unique electronic structure and abundant active sites. Nevertheless, the rational design and interfacial regulation of 2D Z‐scheme heterojunction are still challenging. Herein, an ultrathin 2D ZnIn2S4/g‐C3N4 Z‐scheme heterojunction is precisely constructed via in‐situ growth of ZnIn2S4 on the g‐C3N4. By carefully regulating the interface structure in heterojunction, the hydrogen evolution performance can be greatly improved. The optimized photocatalyst exhibits a remarkable photocatalytic activity without Pt as cocatalyst, which is primarily ascribed to the synergistic effect of abundant active sites, enhanced photoresponse, and valid interfacial charge transfer channels. Meanwhile, the spectroscopic analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results comprehensively prove that the promoted interfacial charge separation in 2D Z‐scheme heterojunction is another key factor for the enhanced photocatalytic performance. This work offers a new avenue for the rational design of ultrathin Z‐scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with improved photocatalytic performance through interfacial engineering.
Large‐Scale and Wide‐Gamut Coloration at the Diffraction Limit in Flexible, Self‐Assembled Hierarchical Nanomaterials
Authors: Li Ning , Xiang Fei , Elizarov Maxim S. , Makarenko Maxim , Lopez Arturo B. , Getman Fedor , Bonifazi Marcella , Mazzone Valerio , Fratalocchi Andrea 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnveiling physical phenomena that generate controllable structural coloration is at the center of significant research efforts due to the platform potential for the next generation of printing, sensing, displays, wearable optoelectronics components, and smart fabrics. Colors based on e‐beam facilities possess high resolutions above 100k dots per inch (DPI), but limit manufacturing scales up to 4.37 cm2, while requiring rigid substrates that are not flexible. State‐of‐art scalable techniques, on the contrary, provide either narrow gamuts or small resolutions. A common issue of current methods is also a heterogeneous resolution, which typically changes with the color printed. Here, a structural coloration platform with broad gamuts exceeding the red, green, and blue (RGB) spectrum in inexpensive, thermally resistant, flexible, and metallic‐free structures at constant 101 600 DPI (at the diffraction limit), obtained via mass‐production manufacturing is demonstrated. This platform exploits a previously unexplored physical mechanism, which leverages the interplay between strong scattering modes and optical resonances excited in fully 3D dielectric nanostructures with suitably engineered longitudinal profiles. The colors obtained with this technology are scalable to any area, demonstrated up to the single wafer (4 in.). These results open real‐world applications of inexpensive, high‐resolution, large‐scale structural colors with broad chromatic spectra.
Prussian Blue Analogues for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Peng Jian , Zhang Wang , Liu Qiannan , Wang Jiazhao , Chou Shulei , Liu Huakun , Dou Shixue 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPrussian blue analogues (PBAs) have attracted wide attention for their application in the energy storage and conversion field due to their low cost, facile synthesis, and appreciable electrochemical performance. At the present stage, most research on PBAs is focused on their material‐level optimization, whereas their properties in practical battery systems are seldom considered. This review aims to first provide an overview of the history and parameters of PBA materials and analyze the fundamental principles toward rational design of PBAs, and then evaluate the prospects and challenges for PBAs for practical sodium‐ion batteries, hoping to bridge the gap between laboratory research and commercial reality.
Selective Hydrogenation of Glycolic Acid to Renewable Ethylene Glycol over Supported Ruthenium Catalysts
Authors: Harth Florian M. , Goepel Michael , Gläser Roger 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe production of industrially demanded polymer precursor ethylene glycol (EG) from biomass‐accessible aqueous glycolic acid (GA) was investigated in this study. The systematic investigation of different active metals as well as, for the first time, various support materials revealed Ru/TiO2 and Ru/ZrO2 to be the most active catalysts in the heterogeneously catalyzed reduction of GA with molecular H2. Catalytic activity is enhanced by facilitated reduction of the active Ru species due to metal‐support interactions. An assessment of several other catalyst properties (metal surface area, acid properties, porosity) revealed that high metal dispersion is also beneficial. Up to 94 % GA conversion and 95 % selectivity for EG were obtained under optimized and mild reaction conditions (105 °C, 60 bar H2 pressure, 23 h, Ru/TiO2 as catalyst). This shows that the heterogeneously catalyzed reduction of biomass‐derived aqueous GA solutions can be a promising alternative for the renewable production of EG.
Resilience of reptiles to megafires
Authors: Santos Xavier , Belliure Josabel , Gonçalves João F. , Pausas Juli G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExtreme climate events, together with anthropogenic land‐use changes, have led to the rise of megafires (i.e., fires at the top of the frequency size distribution) in many world regions. Megafires imply that the center of the burnt area is far from the unburnt; therefore, recolonization may be critical for species with low dispersal abilities such as reptiles. We aimed to evaluate the effect of megafires on a reptile community, exploring to what extent reptile responses are spatially shaped by the distance to the unburnt area. We examined the short‐term spatiotemporal response of a Mediterranean reptile community after two megafires (>20,000 ha) that occurred in summer 2012 in eastern Spain. Reptiles were sampled over 4 years after the fire in burnt plots located at different distances from the fire perimeter (edge, middle, and center), and in adjacent unburnt plots. Reptile responses were modeled with fire history, as well as climate and remotely sensed environmental variables. In total, we recorded 522 reptiles from 12 species (11 species in the burnt plots and nine in the unburnt plots). Reptile abundance decreased in burnt compared with unburnt plots. The community composition and species richness did not vary either spatially (unburnt and burnt plots) or temporally (during the 4 years). The persistence of reptiles in the burnt area supported their resilience to megafires. The most common lizard species was Psammodromus algirus; both adults and juveniles were found in all unburnt and burnt plots. This species showed lower abundances in burnt areas compared with the unburnt and a slow short‐term abundance recovery. The lizard Psammodromus edwarsianus was much less abundant and showed a tendency to increase its abundance in burnt plots compared with unburnt plots. Within the megafire area, P. algirus and P. edwarsianus abundances correlated with the thermal–moisture environment and vegetation recovery regardless of the distance from the fire edge. These results indicated the absence of a short‐term reptile recolonization from the unburnt zone, demonstrating that reptiles are resilient (in situ persistence) to megafires when environmental conditions are favorable.
At high stocking rates, cattle do not functionally replace wild herbivores in shaping understory community composition
Authors: Wells Harry B. M. , Porensky Lauren M. , Veblen Kari E. , Riginos Corinna , Stringer Lindsay C. , Dougill Andrew J. , Namoni Mathew , Ekadeli Jackson , Young Truman P. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOver a quarter of the world's land surface is grazed by cattle and other livestock, which are replacing wild herbivores, potentially impairing ecosystem structure, and functions. Previous research suggests that cattle at moderate stocking rates can functionally replace wild herbivores in shaping understory communities. However, it is uncertain whether this is also true under high stocking rates and the effects of wild herbivore on plant communities are moderate, enhanced, or simply additive to the effects of cattle at high stocking rates. To evaluate the influence of cattle stocking rates on the ability of cattle to functionally replace wild herbivores and test for interactive effects between cattle and wild herbivores in shaping understory vegetation, we assessed herbaceous vegetation in a long‐term exclosure experiment in a semi‐arid savanna in central Kenya that selectively excludes wild mesoherbivores (50–1000 kg) and megaherbivores (elephant and giraffe). We tested the effects of cattle stocking rate (zero/moderate/high) on herbaceous vegetation (diversity, composition, leafiness). We also tested how those effects depend on the presence of wild mesoherbivores and megaherbivores. We found that herbaceous community composition (primary ordination axis) was better explained by the presence/absence of herbivore types than by total herbivory, suggesting that herbivore identity is a more important determinant of community composition than total herbivory at high cattle stocking rates. The combination of wild mesoherbivores and cattle stocked at high rates led to increased bare ground and annual grass cover, reduced perennial grass cover and understory leafiness, and enhanced understory diversity. These shifts were weaker or absent when cattle were stocked at high stocking rates in the absence of wild mesoherbivores. Megaherbivores tempered the effects of cattle stocked at high rates on herbaceous community composition but amplified the effects of high cattle stocking rate on bare ground and understory diversity. Our results show that cattle at high stocking rates do not functionally replace wild herbivores in shaping savanna herbaceous communities contrary to previous findings at moderate stocking rates. In mixed‐use rangelands, interactions between cattle stocking rate and wild herbivore presence can lead to non‐additive vegetation responses with important implications for both wildlife conservation and livestock production.
N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide testing patterns in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Januzzi James L. , Tan Xi , Yang Lingfeng , Brady Joanne E. , Yang Mei , Banka Puja , Lautsch Dominik 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimsThe N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) is a commonly used biomarker in heart failure for diagnosis and prognostication. We aimed to determine the prevalence of NT‐proBNP testing, distribution of NT‐proBNP concentrations, and factors associated with receiving an NT‐proBNP test in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), including the subset with a worsening heart failure event (WHFE).Methods and resultsThis was a retrospective cohort study using two US databases: (i) the de‐identified Humana Research Database between January 2015 and December 2018 and (ii) the Veradigm PINNACLE Registry® between July 2013 and September 2017. We included adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of HFrEF. In each data source, a subgroup of patients with a WHFE was identified, where a WHFE was defined as a heart failure‐related hospitalization or receipt of intravenous diuretics. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess factors associated with receiving NT‐proBNP testing. In Cohort 1 (n = 249 238), 9.2% of patients with HFrEF and 10.8% of patients with a WHFE received NT‐proBNP testing. When restricted to patients with at least one laboratory claim, 11.3% of patients with HFrEF and 13.2% of those with a WHFE received NT‐proBNP testing. In Cohort 2 (n = 91 444), 2.3% of patients with HFrEF were tested. Median (inter‐quartile range) NT‐proBNP concentrations among patients with HFrEF were 1399 (423–4087) pg/mL in Cohort 1 and 394 (142–688) pg/mL in Cohort 2. Median (inter‐quartile range) NT‐proBNP concentrations in the subset of patients with a WHFE in each cohort were 2209 (740–5894) and 464 (174–783) pg/mL, respectively. In Cohort 1, 13.4% of all HFrEF patients receiving NT‐proBNP testing and 18.9% of patients with a WHFE had NT‐proBNP values >8000 pg/mL; in Cohort 2, these percentages were 1.0% and 2.5%, respectively.ConclusionsIn US clinical practice, NT‐proBNP testing was not frequently performed in patients with HFrEF. NT‐proBNP concentrations varied across data sources and subpopulations within HFrEF.
Toward Selective Anticancer Agents: Ferrocene‐Steroid Conjugates
Authors: Raičević Vidak , Radulović Niko , Sakač Marija 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe medicinal chemistry of ferrocene is a diverse and rapidly growing field. In the search for selective and more efficient anticancer drugs, ferrocene‐steroid conjugates were explored in the past as a tool to target hormone‐dependent cancer cells, notably those of breast and prostate cancers. The mechanisms by which ferrocene compounds induce cytotoxicity are first examined, as well as how they can be exploited to design conjugates of ferrocene with steroid hormones potentially acting as selective antineoplastics. We sought to cover all relevant literature related to ferrocene‐steroid conjugates, from early works published in the 1970s up to now. Particular attention was bestowed upon research where the conjugates were tested for their antitumor potential.
Zero‐field Slow Magnetic Relaxation Behavior of Dy2 in a Series of Dinuclear {Ln2} (Ln=Dy, Tb, Gd and Er) Complexes: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Roy Soumalya , Shukla Pooja , Prakash Sahu Prem , Sun Yu‐Chen , Ahmed Naushad , Chandra Sahoo Subash , Wang Xin‐Yi , Kumar Singh Saurabh , Das Sourav 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA series of dinuclear lanthanide(III) complexes having general formulae [Ln2L2(thd)4] ⋅ 2CH3CN {Ln=DyIII(1), TbIII(2), GdIII(3), ErIII(4)} were successfully synthesized using Schiff base (E)‐2‐((pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene)amino)phenol (LH) and co‐ligand 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethyl‐3,5‐heptanedione (Hthd). The single crystal XRD data shows that complexes possess a dinuclear planar [Ln2(μ2‐O)2]4+ core where phenolate oxygen atoms act as bridges between the two LnIII ions, and that the coordination sphere of LnIII with eight coordination has distorted trigonal dodecahedron geometry. The magnetic analysis shows complex 1 is a single molecule magnet having a zero‐field effective energy barrier (Ueff) of 54.02 K and relaxation time of τo=4.45×10−6 s. Field‐induced SMM behavior has been observed for 4 with an effective energy barrier of 26.9 K and τ0=2.4×10−9 s. CASSCF+RASSI‐SO calculations on 1, 2 and 4 provide deep insight regarding the electronic structure and single‐ion anisotropy of lanthanide ions. Further, using state‐of‐the‐art ab initio calculations, the nature of magnetic anisotropy and magnetic exchange interaction between the LnIII centers is analyzed to shed light on the magnetic dynamics of all the complexes 1–4.
Knowledge and attitude toward epilepsy among the final and semi‐final years medical students at University of Bahri, Sudan
Authors: Mustafa Mohammed N. , Wedaa Alla Lina G. , Ahmad Tibyan K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the knowledge and attitude toward epilepsy among the final and semi‐final years medical students at University of Bahri.MethodsAn observational cross‐sectional study was carried out at College of Medicine, University of Bahri. Self‐administered questionnaires were applied to 228 medical students in the final and semi‐final years.ResultsSixty‐three percent of students showed a high level of knowledge. Despite that 10.1% of the students do not know that atonic seizure is a type of epilepsy, 62.7% attributed the causes of epilepsy to psychological factors only, and 9.6% considered epilepsy is an untreatable disease. The majority of students are not aware that screaming is a manifestation of certain types of epilepsy. More than half of the students considered inserting something into the patient's mouth during the seizure will prevent tongue biting. Interestingly, a total of 8.3% of students thought that it is a demonic attack, whereas 34.6% of students thought the Holy Quran as an appropriate treatment for epilepsy (P = .026). Up to 77% of the students showed a positive attitude toward patients with epilepsy. However, 42.1% of students agreed that there should be some restrictions in sport and leisure activities for people who suffer from epilepsy, and 13.6% of students admitted they will not get married to someone with epilepsy.SignificanceOur study showed an overall relatively high level of knowledge toward epilepsy among medical students with a potentially positive attitude toward patients with the disease. However, there are still misconceptions of epilepsy in different aspects. This study showed some important facts for policymakers and key opinion leaders in curriculum preparation and training programs for medical schools which should be designed to increase knowledge and understanding of epilepsy among the medical students, not just the scientific knowledge but also discuss the social impact of epilepsy on a patient's life.
Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia Have Similar Sensitivity in Standard Acute and Chronic Toxicity Tests
Authors: Connors Kristin A. , Brill Jessica L. , Norberg-King Teresa , Barron Mace G. , Carr Greg , Belanger Scott E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The cladocerans Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia have been used for decades to assess the hazards of chemicals and effluents, but toxicity data for these species have traditionally been treated separately. Numerous standard acute and chronic test guidelines have been developed for both species. In the present study, data were compiled and curated for acute survival (48 h) and growth and reproduction tests with D. magna (21 days chronic) and C. dubia (7 days chronic) toxicity assays. Orthogonal regressions were developed to statistically compare the acute and chronic sensitivity of D. magna and C. dubia across a diversity of chemicals and modes of action. Acute orthogonal regressions between D. magna and D. pulex, a widely accepted surrogate species, were used to set a data-driven benchmark for what would constitute a suitable D. magna surrogate. The results indicate that there is insufficient evidence to suggest a difference in acute or chronic sensitivity of D. magna and C. dubia in standard toxicity tests. Further, the variability in the acute D. magna and C. dubia regressions were of the same magnitude as that in D. magna and D. pulex regressions. Slope and y-intercept values were also comparable. The absence of significant differences in toxicity values suggests similar species sensitivity in standard tests across a range of chemical classes and modes of action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:134–147. © 2021 SETAC
Nutritional evaluation of complementary porridge formulated from orange‐fleshed sweet potato, amaranth grain, pumpkin seed, and soybean flours
Authors: Marcel Mary R. , Chacha James S. , Ofoedu Chigozie E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSupplementing breastmilk with poor energy and nutrient‐dense complementary foodstuffs for young children and infants has resulted in malnutrition, poor growth, and retardation of infant development in many sub‐Saharan African countries. Ensuring nutrient adequacy for infants because of their lower consumption requires energy and nutrient‐dense food. In this context, the nutritional composition of porridge from complementary flour blends of locally available foodstuffs (orange‐fleshed sweet potato, pumpkin seeds, amaranth grains, and soybeans) was carried out. Complementary flours formulated from flour blends of pumpkin seeds, extrusion cooked soybean, and orange‐fleshed sweet potato, as well as germinated and extrusion cooked amaranth grains, resulted in varieties of complementary porridges (SAPO1–SAPO5). From these, proximate composition, mineral content (sodium, iron, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and zinc), vitamin contents (A and C), and nutrient density of the formulated complementary porridge were determined. Results showed that all the formulated complementary porridge were able to meet the stipulated standards of energy and nutrient (zinc, iron, vitamin A, and protein) densities. Flour blend ratio, germination process, and extrusion cooking significantly (p < .05) influenced the targeted nutrients of interest, as well as the nutrient and energy densities of the formulated complementary porridge. Specifically, the formulated complementary porridge with 40% amaranth grain, 25% orange‐fleshed sweet potato, 20% soybean, and 15% pumpkin seed composite mixture had 76.92% compliance level with recommended standards, which assure adequate nutrient complementation to breastfeeding. The present study provides a valuable insight that complementary foods from locally obtainable foodstuffs are potential solutions for mitigating childhood malnutrition and adequate complementation to breastfeeding by proffering the needed energy and nutrient densities required for the immunity, well‐being, growth, and development of young children and infants, without fortification.