bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations between social media usage and alcohol use among youths and young adults: findings from Understanding Society
Authors: Ng Fat Linda , Cable Noriko , Kelly Yvonne 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsGiven the decline in alcohol consumption and rise in technological use among young people, there is a need to investigate whether technology use might influence how young people drink. This study explores how social media use and changes in social media use over time could affect alcohol use among youths.DesignThe UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society).SettingUnited Kingdom.ParticipantsParticipants aged 10–15 (n = 4093) and 16–19 (n = 2689) from the youth and main survey interviewed in 2011–13, and followed‐up in 2014–16 (aged 10–15 n = 2588, aged 16–19 n = 1057).MeasurementsSelf‐reported social media usage on an average day (no profile/non‐daily/less than an hour/1–3/4+ hours use), drinking frequency (never/one to three times/weekly) and binge drinking frequency (never/one to two/three/more than three times) in the past month. Covariates included sex, age, educational status, household income, urban/rural, number of friends and life satisfaction.FindingsAmong 10–15‐year‐olds, compared with those who used social media for less than an hour, those with no profile [odds ratio (OR) = 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.25–0.67] and non‐daily users (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.33–0.72) had a lower risk of drinking at least monthly, whereas those with 1–3 hours’ use (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.14–1.81) and 4+ hours’ use (OR = 2.08, 1.47–2.95) had a greater risk. Among participants aged 16–19, a lower risk of binge drinking three or more times per month was found for those with no profile [relative risk ratios (RRR) = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.17–0.48] and a higher risk for those with 4+ hours’ use (RRR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.03–2.09). Longitudinally, among 10–15‐year‐olds, those who had increased their social media usage versus no change were more likely to have increased their drinking frequency (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.45–2.46). Some social media use at baseline (rather than none) was predictive of increased drink and binge drinking frequency over time among youths and young adults.ConclusionsHeavier social media use was associated with more frequent alcohol consumption among young people in the United Kingdom.
Profound dysregulation of T cell homeostasis and function in patients with severe COVID‐19
Authors: Adamo Sarah , Chevrier Stéphane , Cervia Carlo , Zurbuchen Yves , Raeber Miro E. , Yang Liliane , Sivapatham Sujana , Jacobs Andrea , Baechli Esther , Rudiger Alain , Stüssi‐Helbling Melina , Huber Lars C. , Schaer Dominik J. , Bodenmiller Bernd , Boyman Onur , Nilsson Jakob 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and shows a broad clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic infection to fatal disease. A very prominent feature associated with severe COVID‐19 is T cell lymphopenia. However, homeostatic and functional properties of T cells are ill‐defined in COVID‐19.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled individuals with mild and severe COVID‐19 into our multicenter cohort and performed a cross‐sectional analysis of phenotypic and functional characteristics of T cells using 40‐parameter mass cytometry, flow cytometry, targeted proteomics, and functional assays.ResultsCompared with mild disease, we observed strong perturbations of peripheral T cell homeostasis and function in severe COVID‐19. Individuals with severe COVID‐19 showed T cell lymphopenia and redistribution of T cell populations, including loss of naïve T cells, skewing toward CD4+T follicular helper cells and cytotoxic CD4+ T cells, and expansion of activated and exhausted T cells. Extensive T cell apoptosis was particularly evident with severe disease and T cell lymphopenia, which in turn was accompanied by impaired T cell responses to several common viral antigens. Patients with severe disease showed elevated interleukin‐7 and increased T cell proliferation. Furthermore, patients sampled at late time points after symptom onset had higher T cell counts and improved antiviral T cell responses.ConclusionOur study suggests that severe COVID‐19 is characterized by extensive T cell dysfunction and T cell apoptosis, which is associated with signs of homeostatic T cell proliferation and T cell recovery.
Central, but not peripheral, nervous system ERK2 is essential for itch signals in murine allergic skin inflammation
Authors: Matsuo Shinsuke , Hashimoto Takashi , Matsuura Fumhiro , Imamura Osamu , Endo Shogo , Satoh Yasushi , Satoh Takahiro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundItch is a common cutaneous symptom in a variety of dermatological diseases, but detailed neuropathological mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to assess in vivo ERK2 functions in the nervous system for itch responses.MethodsWe generated conditional knockout mice deficient in ERK2 of the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS), respectively, and assessed chemical and mechanical itch responses in vivo.ResultsChemical itch responses to histamine, but not to BAM8‐22, were alleviated in CNS Erk2‐deficient mice. In contrast, both histamine‐ and BAM8‐22–induced mechanical itch (alloknesis) were alleviated in CNS Erk2‐deficient mice. Neither chemical itch nor mechanical itch induced by these pruritogens was affected by PNS ERK2 deficiency. Spontaneous scratching behaviors during acute and chronic contact hypersensitivity were impaired in CNS Erk2‐deficient mice, but not PNS Erk2‐deficient mice. In addition, CNS ERK2 deficiency attenuated mechanical itch responses during chronic contact hypersensitivity. Again, PNS Erk2‐deficient mice showed comparable responses of mechanical itch to control mice. In addition, alleviated mechanical itch in CNS Erk2‐deficient mice was observed in IgE‐mediated prurigo‐like allergic skin inflammation. Mechanical itch induced by IL‐31 was also alleviated by CNS ERK2 deficiency. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 was detected in neurokinin B‐expressing cells of the spinal dorsal horn of control mice; these cells accumulated during the induction of chronic contact hypersensitivity. Notably, phosphorylated ERK1/2 was also localized in spinal urocortin3‐expressing neurons that are known to transmit mechanical itch.ConclusionsSpinal cord ERK2 could be a potential therapeutic target for intractable itch in pruritic skin diseases.
Making noise in urban Taiwan
Authors: HSIEH JENNIFER C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTDuring Taiwan's transition from authoritarian rule to liberal governance in the 1970s–80s, the government introduced a noise‐control system that uses technological instruments to manage citizens’ everyday noise problems. Rather than reducing noise problems, however, the system has amplified the disparity between a sound that is heard and one that is measured, calling into question the efficacy of noise control to attend to citizens’ needs. For residents and state actors in Taipei, the contradiction underlying noise control forms a lived condition of urban life, one that has initiated sono‐sociality, or social relations that emerge through efforts to communicate and interact with sound. [sound,noise,acoustemology,environment,governance,urban,Taipei,Taiwan]
COVID‐19 in pregnancy—characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital because of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the Nordic countries
Authors: Engjom Hilde , Aabakke Anna J.M. , Klungsøyr Kari , Svanvik Teresia , Äyräs Outi , Jonasdottir Eva , Thurn Lars , Jones Elin , Pettersson Karin , Nyfløt Lill T. , Al‐Zirqi Iqbal , Vangen Siri , Júlíusson Pétur B. , Källén Karin , Gissler Mika , Krebs Lone 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionPopulation‐based studies about the consequences of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (COVID‐19) in pregnancy are few and have limited generalizability to the Nordic population and healthcare systems.Material and methodsThis study examines pregnant women with COVID‐19 in the five Nordic countries. Pregnant women were included if they were admitted to hospital between 1 March and 30 June 2020 and had a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR test ≤14 days prior to admission. Cause of admission was classified as obstetric or COVID‐19‐related.ResultsIn the study areas, 214 pregnant women with a positive test were admitted to hospital, of which 56 women required hospital care due to COVID‐19. The risk of admission due to COVID‐19 was 0.4/1000 deliveries in Denmark, Finland and Norway, and 3.8/1000 deliveries in the Swedish regions. Women hospitalized because of COVID‐19 were more frequently obese (p < 0.001) and had a migrant background (p < 0.001) compared with the total population of women who delivered in 2018. Twelve women (21.4%) needed intensive care. Among the 56 women admitted due to COVID‐19, 48 women delivered 51 infants. Preterm delivery (n = 12, 25%, p < 0.001) and cesarean delivery (n = 21, 43.8%, p < 0.001) were more frequent in women with COVID‐19 compared with women who delivered in 2018. No maternal deaths, stillbirths or neonatal deaths were reported.ConclusionsThe risk of admission due to COVID‐19 disease in pregnancy was low in the Nordic countries. A fifth of the women required intensive care and we observed higher rates of preterm and cesarean deliveries. National public health policies appear to have had an impact on the risk of admission due to severe COVID‐19 disease in pregnancy. Nordic collaboration is important in collecting robust data and assessing rare outcomes.
Effects of cooperative membership on financial performance of banana farmers in China: A heterogeneous analysis
Authors: Ma Wanglin , Zheng Hongyun , Zhu Yueji , Qi Jianling 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper estimates the heterogeneous effects of cooperative membership on smallholder farmers’ financial performance, measured by net returns, return on investment (ROI), and profit margin. We employ an innovative two‐stage predictor substitution model combined with an unconditional quantile regression model to address the endogeneity of the cooperative membership variable and analyze data collected from 626 banana farmers in China. Results, in general, show that cooperative membership improves banana farm financial performance. Particularly, we show that cooperative membership affects net returns and ROI positively and significantly across the selected unconditional quantiles, with the highest impact occurring at the highest 80th quantile. Cooperative membership also has a positive and significant impact on the profit margin for all quantiles (except for the 20th quantile), but the larger impacts occurring at the lower quantiles.
Leader–subordinate congruence in power distance values and voice behaviour: A person–supervisor fit approach
Authors: Guzman Felipe A. , Fu Xin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough the literature on voice suggests that subordinates low in power distance values (i.e. those who neither believe nor accept the unequal distribution of power in organisations) should engage in voice behaviour more frequently, the empirical research has returned equivocal findings. Drawing from person–supervisor (P–S) research, we propose that subordinates' decision to engage in voice depends on the joint effects of leaders and subordinates' power distance values. Specifically, we investigate varying configuration of leader–subordinate power distance congruence and incongruence on subordinates' voice. Additionally, as employees' values may constitute more distal antecedents of voice behaviour, we also examine the mediating role of affective trust in the leader as affective trust constitutes a more proximal antecedent of proactive behaviours such as voice. Utilising data from 236 subordinates and their leaders, our results show that voice is most frequent when (a) leaders and followers share low power distance values and (b) when leaders score low and subordinates high on these values. Additionally, affective trust fully mediates the relationship between power distance value congruence and voice. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
Local colonization and extinction in forestry habitats: Assessing the effects of productive activities on the occupancy dynamics of bird populations
Authors: Ortega‐Álvarez Rubén , Berrones Benítez Esteban , Medina Mena Israel , Ruiz‐Gutiérrez Viviana , Arizmendi María del Coro , Sánchez‐González Luis A. , Zúñiga‐Vega José Jaime 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAssessing the impact of working landscapes on biodiversity and defining locally contextualized management guidelines for productive activities are key for sustainability. Occupancy dynamics provide information about sites in the landscape that are either avoided or preferred by populations through the estimation of extinction and colonization probabilities, respectively. We identified the habitat traits that affected colonization and extinction probabilities of target birds (forest‐dependent, endemic, or conservation concern species) within a Neotropical working landscape by using multi‐season occupancy models to point count data collected through a participatory monitoring approach and considering our imperfect detectability of species in the field. We provided colonization and extinction scenarios according to local land uses (forestry plots, urban‐cropfield areas, and conservation forests) to recommend management activities that could have a positive impact on bird conservation. Shrub cover was key for local colonization of most of our focal species. Increasing values of tree size and tree species richness can enhance microhabitat complexity, which in turn promotes the presence of arboreal birds. Selective forestry management, in which only the largest individuals of a few tree species are extracted, promoted high colonization rates of birds because the structure of the vegetation remains relatively unaffected. In contrast, intensive forestry management plots, in which most trees are removed, resulted detrimental for bird occupancy. Local management guidelines should pay special attention to maintaining shrub cover, tree size, and tree species richness above critical values (>50%, >30 cm, >7 tree species, respectively) to promote habitat use by birds in this type of working landscapes.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Take Your Word or Tone for It? European American and Chinese Children’s Attention to Emotional Cues in Speech
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Li , Wang Qi 
Published: April 2021

Cultural experiences can influence how people attend to different emotional cues. Whereas semantic content explicitly describes feelings, vocal tone conveys implicit information regarding emotions. This cross‐cultural study examined children’s attention to emotional cues in spoken words. The sample consisted of 121 European American (EA) and 120 Chinese children (4–9 years old). Each child played two computer games in which they listened to spoken words and judged the pleasantness of either the word meaning (Word game) or the vocal tone (Tone game) while ignoring the other aspect. Chinese children paid more spontaneous attention to vocal tones and less to word meanings than did EA children. These findings shed critical light on the role of culture in shaping affective cognitive processes during development.
Evaluation of muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis by ultrasound imaging following blood flow restricted resistance exercise
Authors: Young Teigue R. , Duncan Brittany T. , Cook Summer B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundBlood flow restricted (BFR) exercise results in transient muscle growth that may be due to metabolite accumulation, hyperaemia and muscle damage, possibly serving as a stimulus for hypertrophy. Understanding the duration of this growth is important for exercise recovery and measurement of hypertrophy.PurposeTo measure changes in muscle size via ultrasound throughout a 48‐h period after a session of BFR knee extension (KE) exercise.MethodsMuscle thickness of the vastus lateralis (VL) was measured via ultrasound in 12 participants (six males and six females, age: 20.3 ± 1.1 years) before and immediately, 10 min, 30 min, 1, 3, 8, 24, and 48 h after unilateral exercise. One leg served as a non‐exercise control while the other leg performed four sets of unilateral BFR KE at 30% of one‐repetition maximum with a pressurized cuff applied to the proximal thigh and inflated to 50% arterial occlusion pressure.ResultsVastus lateralis thickness was 34.9 ± 7.2% higher immediately after exercise, 28.6 ± 7.9% at 10 min, 25.2 ± 6.1% at 30 min, 14.9 ± 4.8% at 1 h and 11.8 ± 5.6% at 3 h (p < 0.05). There were no changes compared to pre‐exercise measurements past 3 h, and the control limb did not change (p > 0.05). The muscle thickness of the exercise leg was significantly greater than that of the control leg from immediately after exercise up to 1 h post‐exercise (p < 0.05).ConclusionMuscle thickness of the VL increases for 3 h post‐BFR exercise and returns to normal within 8 h. This timeframe should be considered when prescribing exercise and planning muscle hypertrophy assessments.
A matter of time: Recovery of plant species diversity in wild plant communities at declining nitrogen deposition
Authors: Berendse Frank , Geerts Rob H. E. M. , Elberse Wim Th. , Bezemer Thiemo Martijn , Goedhart Paul W. , Xue Wei , Noordijk Erik , ter Braak Cajo J. F. , Korevaar Hein 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimHigh levels of nitrogen deposition have been responsible for important losses of plant species diversity. It is often assumed that reduction of ammonia and nitrogen oxide emissions will result in the recovery of the former biodiversity. In Western Europe, N deposition peaked between 1980 and 1988 and declined thereafter. In a 60‐year experiment in hay meadows, we tested the hypothesis that increasing and declining nitrogen deposition had negative, respectively, positive effects on plant species diversity.LocationWageningen, the Netherlands.MethodDuplicated plots received different fertilization treatments from 1958 onwards (control, Ca, K, P, PK, N, NPK). Productivity, soil pH and species composition were measured at regular intervals. In the control plots, the correlations between N deposition, diversity, production and soil acidification were analysed. Subsequently, we tested whether the treatment effects (e.g. N addition and liming) confirmed the hypothesized interactions.ResultsIn the control plots, soil pH, species diversity and the abundance of legumes and short forbs declined between 1958 and 1987 when atmospheric N deposition was high but recovered after 1987 when N deposition decreased. However, also in the N addition plots species diversity recovered partly after 1987, although the soil pH of the acidified soils in these plots did not. In addition, also in the limed plots diversity decreased rapidly during the first 30 years while in this treatment soil acidification was more than compensated.Main conclusionsWe conclude that declining N deposition resulted in the recovery of plant species diversity, but not in recovery of the former species composition. Time appears to be an additional, but crucial factor for the recovery of diverse, flowering meadows. Species not adapted to the new management conditions created at the start of the experiment disappeared during the first decades, while species fit for the new environment needed many years to establish.
Insulin glargine 300 units/mL for the treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes in the real world: A review of the DELIVER programme
Authors: Blonde Lawrence , Bailey Timothy , Sullivan Sean D. , Freemantle Nick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEvidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has shown that second‐generation basal insulin (BI) analogues, insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla‐300) and insulin degludec (IDeg), provide similar glycaemic control, with a lower risk of hypoglycaemia compared with the first‐generation BI analogue insulin glargine 100 U/mL (Gla‐100) in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the highly selected participants and frequent follow‐up of RCTs may not be truly representative of real‐life clinical practice. It is important to assess the safety and effectiveness of these second‐generation BI analogues in real‐life clinical practice settings. The DELIVER programme utilized electronic healthcare records from the United States to compare clinical outcomes in people with T2D who received either Gla‐300 or other BI analogues in real‐world clinical practice. This review provides a concise overview of the results of the DELIVER studies. Overall, Gla‐300 provided similar antihyperglycaemic effectiveness and a lower risk of hypoglycaemia versus the first‐generation BI analogues Gla‐100 and insulin detemir in people with T2D who had switched BIs. In those who were insulin‐naïve, initiation with Gla‐300 versus Gla‐100 was associated with significantly better antihyperglycaemic effectiveness and similar or lower hypoglycaemic risk. Both glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia risk were also shown to be similar with Gla‐300 and IDeg, in people who had switched BIs and in those who were insulin‐naïve. In addition, the DELIVER 2 study reported that people with T2D who switched to Gla‐300 had reduced healthcare resource utilization, with an overall saving of US$1439 per person per year compared with those who switched to another BI analogue. Overall, the real‐world DELIVER programme showed that the glycaemic control with a low risk of hypoglycaemia observed with Gla‐300 in RCTs was also seen in standard clinical practice.
Ambulatory noninsulin treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States, 2015 to 2019
Authors: Heyward James , Christopher Jacob , Sarkar Sudipa , Shin Jung‐Im , Kalyani Rita R. , Alexander G. Caleb 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo examine trends in the noninsulin drug treatment of type 2 diabetes, including first‐ and second‐line therapies on top of metformin, from 2015 to 2019.Participants and MethodsWe conducted a descriptive analysis of cross‐sectional data using the IQVIA National Disease and Therapeutic Index, a nationally representative audit of ambulatory physician practices in the United States. We focused on the use of noninsulin pharmacological treatments for type 2 diabetes among individuals aged 35 years and older between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019. The main outcome was type 2 diabetes visits where a prescription drug was used (“treatment visit”).ResultsAmbulatory diabetes visits decreased from 30.1 million treatment visits in 2015 to 29.5 million treatment visits in 2019. Among treatment visits where a single drug was prescribed, the use of metformin declined from 57.0% of monotherapy in 2015 to 46.0% of monotherapy in 2019, while during the same period the share of monotherapy accounted for by glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists increased from 4.3% to 8.5% and the share accounted for by sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors increased from 7.3% to 19.5%. Among treatment visits where metformin plus another drug was prescribed, the share of second‐line therapy accounted for by dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors decreased from 21.9% of treatment visits in 2015 to 20.8% of treatment visits in 2019; sulphonylurea use declined from 45.2% to 32.7%, use of SGLT2 inhibitors increased from 14.5% to 21.2% and use of GLP‐1 receptor agonists increased from 9.8% to 18.2%.ConclusionsSignificant changes in the landscape of ambulatory care for diabetes have taken place during the past 6 years, including moderate declines in metformin monotherapy, moderate declines in second‐line sulphonylurea use, and large increases in SGLT2 use. These changes underscore the dynamic nature of drug utilization for diabetes in the United States, and reflect the effects of emerging evidence, evolving clinical guidelines and evolving regulatory and payment policies.