bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Antitrust Failed Workers
Authors: Posner Eric A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Antitrust law has very rarely been used by workers to challenge anticompetitive employment practices. Yet recent empirical research shows that labor markets are highly concentrated, and that employers engage in practices that harm competition and suppress wages. These practices include no-poaching agreements, wage-fixing, mergers, covenants not to compete, and misclassification of gig workers as independent contractors. This failure of antitrust to challenge labor-market misbehavior is due to a range of other failures—intellectual, political, moral, and economic. And the impact of this failure has been profound for wage levels, economic growth, and inequality. In light of the recent empirical work, it is urgent for regulators, courts, lawyers, and Congress to redirect antitrust resources to labor market problems. This book offers a strategy for judicial and legislative reform.
The Failure of Antitrust
Authors: Posner Eric A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Antitrust law has frequently been used by private individuals and the government to challenge anticompetitive behavior by sellers of goods and services. It has rarely been used to penalize firms for engaging in anticompetitive behavior against workers. Yet labor monopsony is common. Recent work by economists and recent events show that employers frequently engage in anticompetitive acts, including no-poaching agreements, wage fixing, misclassification of workers as independent contractors, and the imposition of covenants not to compete on employees. For a variety of historical, intellectual, and practical reasons, courts have been reluctant to find in favor of workers who challenge employers on antitrust grounds. As a result, labor markets are uncompetitive, resulting in low wages and reduced output.
Mergers
Authors: Posner Eric A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Recent research indicates that labor market power has contributed to wage inequality and economic stagnation. Although the antitrust laws prohibit firms from restricting competition in labor markets as in product markets, the government does little to address the labor market problem, and private litigation has been rare and mostly unsuccessful. This is a particular problem for mergers, which the government has never reviewed for labor market effects. One reason is that the analytic methods for evaluating labor market power in antitrust contexts are less sophisticated than the legal rules used to judge product market power. To remedy this asymmetry, the government can draw on insights from labor economics and use tools that have been developed for measuring labor market concentration.
How Social Science Got Better
Authors: Grossmann Matt 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Social science research is facing mounting criticism, as canonical studies fail to replicate, questionable research practices abound, and researcher social and political biases come under fire. Far from being in crisis, however, social science is undergoing an unparalleled renaissance of ever-broader and deeper understanding and application—made possible by close attention to criticism of our biases and open public engagement. Wars between scientists and their humanist critics, methodological disputes over statistical practice and qualitative research, and disciplinary battles over grand theories of human nature have all quietly died down as new generations of scholars have integrated the insights of multiple sides. Rather than deny that researcher biases affect results, scholars now closely analyze how our racial, gender, geographic, methodological, political, and ideological differences impact our research questions; how the incentives of academia influence our research practices; and how universal human desires to avoid uncomfortable truths and easily solve problems affect our conclusions. To be sure, misaligned incentive structures remain, but a messy, collective deliberation across the research community is boosting self-knowledge and improving practice. Ours is an unprecedented age of theoretical diversity, open and connected data, and public scholarship. How Social Science Got Better documents and explains recent transformations, crediting both internal and public critics for strengthening social science. Applying insights from the philosophy, history, and sociology of science and providing new data on trends in social science research and scholarly views, it demonstrates that social science has never been more relevant, rigorous, or self-reflective.
All History and Policy
Authors: Grossmann Matt 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Social science originated in the study of history and the desire to inform collective decisions, with often contentious efforts by budding social scientists to separate themselves in organization and status from historians and social reformers. Despite active distancing from this inheritance, social scientists are still limited by both the variation available from human history and the usefulness of our findings in policy. We are all searching for patterns across the times we can observe and subject to the goals of our societies. Since the contemporary context affects our questions and interpretations, we can acknowledge our reformist impulses as well as learn from historians’ approaches to counteracting presentism. We erred in thinking of our enterprise as fundamentally distinct: social scientists should accept our role in systematizing history and informing policy debate, rather than seek to replace either.
Motivations of a Practical Orientation
Authors: Grossmann Matt 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The basic social sciences did not develop independently and later seek application; the practical motivations that animate scholarly chronologies are inescapable. Historical investigations also show plenty of distasteful origins, including the consistent role of American social science in eugenics. That matters not just for how we interpret the past, but also how we address the motivations driving us today. It is easier to see how the racist impulses of the past drove misinterpretations of evidence and poor design—but that epiphany enables a review of how our own motivations (new and perennial) continue to bias research. From finance to information technology, the rising industries of today are built on social science but tempted by triumphalism. Scholars are driven by proving our studies useful—in ways that can both uphold existing institutions and transform them. An acknowledgment of our evolving social, economic, and political goals can help address scholarly biases.
Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
How does the more equitable representation of women in positions of power affect male and female citizens? We argue that the election of women to political office—particularly where women’s presence is highly visible to the public—strengthens the connections between women and the democratic process. For women, seeing more “people like me” in politics changes attitudes and orientations toward the democratic process. Substantial variation persists across Latin America in gender gaps in political engagement and political support. To assess the effects that women’s officeholding has on these, we pair comparative survey data from Latin American countries with case study evidence from Uruguay. The Uruguayan case offers a unique laboratory for testing the impact of women’s representation in elected positions of power on political engagement and support. Our panel survey of Uruguayan citizens reveals that the expected gender gaps in political knowledge, political interest, and other forms of political engagement were alive and well six weeks before the elections. Yet, just six weeks following the election—after the use of a gender quota had led to a doubling of women’s representation in the Senate—those gender gaps had largely disappeared or had significantly waned. Our findings indicate that far-reaching gender gaps can be overcome by more equitable representation in our political institutions.
An Abiding Affection
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief outline of Esther Zimmer’s early life. Born in 1922 to immigrant Jewish parents who had moved from Manhattan’s Lower East Side to the South Bronx, she demonstrated a talent for languages at an early age, learning biblical Hebrew from her grandfather and later distinguishing herself in Spanish and French. Despite her professors’ expectations that she become a foreign language teacher, Zimmer chose to become a scientist. Her love affair with microorganisms began in the mycology laboratory of the New York Botanical Gardens, her abiding affection for bacteria, especially E. coli K-12, memorialized in the beach house named Kappa Dodici, Italian for K-12. For Esther, this particular bacterial strain displayed the treasures of bacterial sex uncovered by her research. Esther cherished the joy of discovery far beyond academic tenure or recognition. Like renowned physicist Richard Feynman, her prime motivation for doing laboratory research was “the sheer pleasure of finding things out.”
The Anomaly of Bacterial Genetics
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the research that set the stage for Joshua Lederberg’s surprising discovery of bacterial conjugation. While the foundational research of Gregor Mendel and his principles of inheritance had been effectively combined with Darwinian evolution, producing the Modern Synthesis in the mid-forties, bacteria did not fit into this grand synthesis. Most biologists believed that bacteria were too primitive to have real genes. But Delbruck, Hershey and Luria organized the Phage School, leading a novel approach to discovering the molecular biology of the gene by studying bacteriophages. Microbiologists like Tracy Sonneborn and Carl Lindegren turned to alternative microorganisms—protists, fungi, and yeast—to develop new model systems that offered advantages over the classical genetics organisms of animals and plants. The research of Edward Tatum and Jacques Monod indicated that mutations seemed to explain variation in bacteria. For many years, however, bacteriologists had known that bacteria reproduced by fission. The lack of any genetic hybridization seemed to argue against using bacteria to study basic genetic processes.
Love in the Laboratory
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the marriage of two prodigies and how it represented a fruitful alliance of complementary research personalities: the brilliant theoretician and the skillful experimenter. Esther Zimmer and Joshua Lederberg were two of the youngest scientists to attend the 1946 summer symposium at Cold Spring Harbor. Edward Tatum arranged for his protégé, young Lederberg, to present his stupendous discovery of bacterial conjugation, showing that bacteria could mate and recombine their genes. Zimmer and Lederberg began a short romance and married five months later. The young couple moved near the campus of Yale University, where Joshua wrote up his thesis and Esther researched Neurospora genetics with Norman Giles. The following summer, Tatum negotiated with Yale to grant an accelerated PhD to Joshua. The University of Wisconsin offered him an assistant professorship, and Joshua and Esther moved to Madison in 1947. There they established the first research program in bacterial genetics.
The Matilda Effect
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter suggests that the most important factors that diminished Esther Lederberg’s scientific career and legacy were her gender and marriage. The fact that her famous collaborator was also her husband doubled the chances that her own scientific achievements were overshadowed. The chapter goes on to explain how the so-called Matthew and Matilda Effects altered the history of science right at birth of genetics as a distinct branch of biology. As an example of the Matilda Effect, the chapter presents Nettie Stevens whose discovery of the XY sex-determining chromosomes in 1905 and establishment of the two patterns of sex chromosomes in various beetles, flies, and bugs was credited to Edmund Wilson, a better-known scientist. In an example of the Matthew Effect, Thomas Hunt Morgan, the most famous geneticist of the early twentieth century, eventually received most of the credit for discovering sex chromosomes. Finally, the careers and legacies of three other Matildas who worked in the early days of microbial genetics—Martha Chase, Laura Garnjobst, and Daisy Dussoix—are presented.
The Lederbergs’ Stanford Years, 1959–1976
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter picks up the story of Esther’s life after she and her husband moved to Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, in 1959, and Joshua became chairman of the newly formed Genetics Department. The Lederbergs separated in September 1966, divorced in 1967, and a year later, Joshua married Marguerite Stein, a thirty-year-old divorcee and pediatrician. Esther Lederberg collaborated with her husband less and less after the move to Stanford. When they separated, Esther was suddenly exiled from the laboratory, cut off from research funding, and facing uncertain employment prospects. After winning the Nobel Prize, Joshua began collaborating with new colleagues in chemistry, engineering, and computer science. He became an international proponent of exobiology. In 1976, Esther Lederberg became director of the Plasmid Reference Center of Stanford University. Although it was not a research position, she applied her extensive knowledge of plasmids and bacteria to curating one of the largest collections in the world. She held this position until her retirement in 1985.
The Central Importance of E. coli and λ Phage in the New Molecular Biology
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers two of the most important legacies of the Lederbergs’ pioneering work: the discoveries of the model organisms that would dominate molecular biology, E. coli and λ bacteriophage. The Lederbergs’ introduction of E. coli as a convenient model organism shifted the direction of molecular genetics. Barbara McClintock’s discovery of jumping genes remained unappreciated for decades, until the field of molecular biology caught up to validate her transposable elements in bacteria. The discovery of restriction enzymes—the molecular scissors for precisely cutting DNA at specific sites, a prerequisite for genetic recombination techniques—emphasized the versatility of bacteriophage λ as a powerful experimental tool. The discovery of specialized transduction by Larry Morse and Esther Lederberg hinted at the mechanisms of “host restriction.” Werner Arber and Daisy Dussoix discovered restriction endonucleases by building upon Esther Lederberg’s research with λ phage and the differences between E. coli B and K-12.
Scientific Racism, Social Darwinism, and Global Racial Order
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The premise of this chapter is the elucidation of a different ontology of global politics and order of the nineteenth century. International relations theory takes for granted a largely ahistorical state-centric ontology, which reifies a specific Eurocentric state and state system as the embodiment of global politics. Instead this chapter focuses on an alternative ontology of race, racial hierarchy, and racial difference as significant for defining the content of an imperial global politics and order. The chapter places into context the emergence of scientific racism and social Darwinism as key intellectual elements in defining a political imaginary that influenced the politics of difference and violence. The chapter shows that this intellectual history reveals a global order that was fundamentally racialized and that global violence was understood and practiced as race war.
The “Yellow Peril” and the Asia-Pacific War
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the history of racialized threats and fears of Asia in the Western imagination. It shows that the discourse of the “yellow peril” can be understood as a process of world-making of “Asian” alterity through ideas of threat and insecurity; it is a discourse of anxiety wherein the global racial imaginary is seen as being in crisis and what potentially replaces it is a world of disorder and violence. The second section of the chapter then examines how both the Japanese and the Americans engaged in the racialization of each other: first, in terms of how the Japanese empire itself internalized its own version of racial order in response to the global racial imaginary; second, for the United States, as a way of intensifying the violence against a racial other, which can be traced back to the settler colonial plans of the nineteenth century. I conclude the chapter by showing how the global racial imaginary functioned within the United States during the early Cold War period by representing the Soviet Union as the Asiatic other.
“I’m Nervous about Horror Films and My Physical Health”
Authors: Clasen Mathias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The effects of horror movies on physical health have received little scientific attention, but there are anecdotal reports of people getting hurt and even dying as a result of horror exposure. Such cases, however, are extremely rare and usually poorly documented. While it is possible to die from fright, the odds of dying from fright induced by a horror movie are not worth worrying about. A little research has investigated potential health benefits of horror exposure. Some research suggests that horror movies may have metabolic benefits, and researchers have found that watching horror movies can increase white blood cell production and blood coagulant, but more research is needed. Indirect evidence does suggest that watching horror movies may increase self-perceived physical health or well-being.
“I’m Nervous about Kids Watching Horror”
Authors: Clasen Mathias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Media psychologists have documented negative psychological effects of premature exposure to horror films in children, and many have expressed concerns over children’s viewing of scary films. However, while childhood is a time of fears fantastical and realistic, children are naturally curious about monsters and scary stories, and they are better at distinguishing between fantasy and reality than has been assumed. Moreover, the subgenre of children’s horror films provides appropriate fare for children, and may have positive effects such as teaching children coping strategies and media literacy. In addition, mildly scary media may have an inoculating effect on children, helping them to master their own fear.
“Tried and Found Wanting”
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Sociologists have identified a variety of factors that lead religious individuals away from the beliefs, practices, and affiliations of their adolescence. A number of scholars suggest that exposure to science is an essential turning point in trajectories toward atheism, in part because in many Western contexts, scientists are less likely to be religious than the general public. Less than half of the atheist scientists in our study were exposed to religion as children. Survey data indicate that among these scientists, exposure to science was not—in their own terms—what led most toward atheism.
Ties That Bind
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many assume that atheists and atheist scientists rarely interact with religious individuals. Yet, a large subset of atheist scientists—29 percent in the U.S. and 21 percent in the U.K.—have sustained patterns of interaction with religious individuals and organizations, making them the most unlike the New Atheists. This group includes scientists raised within religious traditions such as Judaism, Catholicism, and Islam who now belong without believing, an orientation that often involves secular participation in religious services and practices. Others participate in services or send their children to religious schools as a way to cultivate cultural capital and social standing. Another dimension of culturally religious atheism involves partnering with or marrying someone who is religious.
What Atheist Scientists Think about Science
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many scientists have an intuitive understanding of the word science but find defining it a challenge. Definitions of science provide insight into how atheist scientists demarcate science from religion and whether they believe there are limits to what science can explain. Narratives of atheist scientists emphasize science as a methodology, as a changing body of knowledge, and as the opposite of (religious) belief. A majority of atheist scientists reject the idea that science provides the only way to understand the world, but a sizeable minority assert that science can explain everything, including morals, consciousness, and nonscientific disciplines of knowledge.
That’s Enough Now, English
Authors: Okrent Arika , O’Neill Sean 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains that the answer to most “why does English do this?” questions will be a variation on things that were discussed in the previous chapters: old habits getting reinforced while new habits take over, unnoticeable slow drifts in pronunciation, the practice of extending or borrowing or creating in order to get something useful, reusing materials at hand in new ways, the drive to get more emotional impact, the need to look smart, impress, send social signals, express national pride. It will be because of the old Germanic layer, the French upheaval, the consolidating force of the printing press, the purposeful manipulation done by snobs, or the natural tendencies of our human language endowment. When language changes it is never the whole system changing at once. It happens one piece at a time, and the pieces do not coordinate or even communicate with each other while they do this. Contradictions will not be noticed until they are already baked in. English, because of its history, has a lot of them, but that does not stop the system from working. It does not stop people from learning to use it and making sense of what does not seem to make sense.
Introduction
Authors: Ergas Christina 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The introduction makes the case for why it is important to envision alternatives to current socioecological practices, for both psychological as well as social movement reasons. Mounting evidence suggests that many converging environmental crises are caused by unequal social structures, thus social scientists have insights into how inequalities shape environmental problems and what can be done to solve them. This book explores two holistic examples of socioecological sustainability: an urban ecovillage in the United States and an urban farm in Cuba. It argues that alternative visions and solutions must be holistic, attending to the social and ecological aspects of sustainability. With these insights, communities can develop a vision that will help them move beyond debilitating fear and denial toward a just transition to a new economy.