bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron energy distributions in the extended gas nebulae associated with high-z AGN: Maxwell–Boltzmann versus κ distributions
Authors: Morais S G , Humphrey A , Villar Martín M , Binette L , Silva M 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Emission line observations together with photoionization models provide important information about the ionization mechanisms, densities, temperatures, and metallicities in active galactic nuclei (AGN)-ionized gas. Photoionization models usually assume Maxwell–Boltzmann (M–B) electron energy distributions (EED), but it has been suggested that using κ distributions may be more appropriate and could potentially solve the discrepancies in temperatures and abundances found in HII regions and planetary nebulae. We consider the impact of the presence of κ distributions in photoionized nebulae associated with AGN and study how this might affect spectral modelling and abundance analyses for such regions. Using the photoionization code MAPPINGS 1e, we compute models adopting M–B and κ distributions of electron energies and compare the behaviour of emission line ratios for different values of κ, gas metallicity, density, ionization parameter, and SED slope. We find that the choice of EED can have a large impact on some UV and optical emission lines emitted by photoionized nebulae associated with AGN, and that the impact of adopting a κ distribution is strongly dependent on gas metallicity and ionization parameter. We compile a sample of line ratios for 143 type 2 AGN and compare our models against the observed line ratios. We find that for 98 objects, κ distributions provide a better fit to the observed line ratios than M–B distributions. In addition, we find that adopting κ-distributed electron energies results in significant changes in the inferred gas metallicity and ionization parameter in a significant fraction of objects.
Patient and caregiver perspectives on blood pressure in children with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Wu Justin Guang-Ao , Tong Allison , Evangelidis Nicole , Manera Karine E , Hanson Camilla S , Baumgart Amanda , Amir Noa , Sinha Aditi , Dart Allison , Eddy Allison A , Guha Chandana , Gipson Debbie S , Bockenhauer Detlef , Yap Hui-Kim , Groothoff Jaap , Zappitelli Michael , Alexander Stephen I , Furth Susan L , Samuel Susan , Carter Simon A , Walker Amanda , Kausman Joshua , Martinez-Martin David , Gutman Talia , Craig Jonathan C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
More than 50% of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have uncontrolled hypertension, increasing their long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and progression to kidney failure. Children receiving medications or dialysis may also experience acute blood pressure fluctuations accompanied by debilitating symptoms. We aimed to describe the perspectives of children with CKD and their parental caregivers on blood pressure to inform patient-centered care.

Methods
Secondary thematic analysis was conducted on qualitative data from the Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology—Children and Adolescents initiative, encompassing 16 focus groups, an international Delphi survey and two consensus workshops. We analyzed responses from children with CKD (ages 8–21 years) and caregivers (of children ages 0–21 years) pertaining to blood pressure.

Results
Overall, 120 patients and 250 caregivers from 22 countries participated. We identified five themes: invisibility and normalization (reassured by apparent normotension, absence of symptoms and expected links with CKD), confused by ambiguity (hypertension indistinguishable from cardiovascular disease, questioning the need for prophylactic intervention, frustrated by inconsistent messages and struggling with technical skills in measurement), enabling monitoring and maintaining health (gaging well-being and preventing vascular complications), debilitating and constraining daily living (provoking anxiety and agitation, helpless and powerless and limiting life activities) and burden of medications (overwhelmed by the quantity of tablets and distress from unexpected side effects).

Conclusions
For children with CKD and their caregivers, blood pressure was an important heath indicator, but uncertainty around its implications and treatment hampered management. Providing educational resources to track blood pressure and minimizing symptoms and treatment burden may improve outcomes in children with CKD.
Smokers’ Use of E-Cigarettes in Situations Where Smoking Is not Permitted in England: Quarterly Trends 2011–2020 and Associations With Sociodemographic and Smoking Characteristics
Authors: Jackson Sarah E , Beard Emma , Brown Jamie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
This study aimed to examine how the proportion of dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes who use e-cigarettes in situations where smoking is not permitted has changed since e-cigarettes became popular in England, and to characterize those who do so.

Methods
Data were from 5081 adults in England who reported current smoking and current use of e-cigarettes (‘dual users’) participating in a nationally-representative monthly survey between April 2011 and February 2020. We modeled quarterly changes in prevalence of e-cigarette use in situations where smoking is not permitted and assessed multivariable associations with sociodemographic and smoking characteristics.

Results
Between 2011 and 2020, prevalence of e-cigarette use in situations where smoking is not permitted followed a positive cubic trend, with a decelerating increase from an estimated 52.5% of dual users in Q2-2011 to 72.7% in Q3-2014, followed by a small decline to 67.5% in 2018, and subsequent increase to 74.0% in 2020. Odds were higher among those who were from more disadvantaged social grades, reported stronger smoking urges, or had made a past-year quit attempt, and lower among those who were aged at least 65 years (vs. 16–24 years), from the south (vs. north) of England, reported currently cutting down on their cigarette consumption or currently using nicotine replacement therapy.

Conclusions
In England, use of e-cigarettes in situations where smoking is not permitted is common among dual cigarette and e-cigarette users, has increased nonlinearly since 2011, and is particularly prevalent among those who are younger, disadvantaged, more addicted, have recently failed to quit, and are not attempting to cut down.

Implications
The ability to use nicotine in smoke-free settings appears to be an important part of the appeal of e-cigarettes. It is possible that if e-cigarette use was prohibited in public places, smokers may be deterred from using e-cigarettes alongside combustible tobacco, which could undermine quitting. Our results suggest disadvantaged and more addicted smokers would be disproportionately affected, suggesting such restrictions may contribute to inequalities in smoking and associated health outcomes.
Differences in Cognitive Task Performance, Reinforcement Enhancement, and Nicotine Dependence Between Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Jao Nancy C , Levin Edward D , Simon Melissa A , Hitsman Brian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Menthol has been shown to target similar brain regions and neural receptors as nicotine, yet the association between menthol cigarette use and cognitive performance remains unknown.

Aims and Methods
This study examined differences in cognitive task performance between menthol (MS) and nonmenthol (NMS) cigarette smokers after acute cigarette consumption. Sixty white and black and/or African American, nonabstinent, MS (n = 30) and NMS (n = 30) were assessed presmoking and postsmoking their preferred cigarette on four computerized tasks: Continuous Performance Task (CPT; alerting attention), N-Back Task (working memory), Finger Tapping Task (motor control), and Apple Picker Task (reinforcement enhancement). Self-reported nicotine dependence and objective smoking topography measures were also compared between groups.

Results
Initial unadjusted analyses showed a significant effect of cigarette type × time on CPT speed (p = .042), where MS improved while NMS group worsened in CPT speed after smoking. After controlling for baseline cigarette craving and cigarette nicotine levels, the effect of cigarette type × time for all cognitive outcomes was statistically nonsignificant (ps &gt; .05). However, there remained a significant effect of cigarette type, where MS versus NMS had poorer CPT (p = .046) and N-Back Task accuracy (p = .006) but faster N-Back speed (p = .039). There were no statistically significant differences between groups on reinforcement enhancement, nicotine dependence, or smoking behavior outcomes (ps &gt; .05).

Conclusions
Contrary to our hypotheses, results did not find a significant effect of cigarette type on the change in cognitive performance after acute smoking in nonabstinent smokers. Further studies are needed to clarify the specific pharmacological effects of nicotine and menthol on cognitive functioning.

Implications
The current study is the first to compare the potential enhancement of cognitive task performance after acute cigarette smoking between satiated menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smokers. Study results suggest that acute menthol cigarette use may not enhance cognitive function above and beyond nonmenthol cigarettes to increase dependence among menthol smokers. However, the contribution of other psychological factors (eg, craving, mood) and cigarette characteristics (eg, nicotine content) may be involved in cognitive function enhancement to perpetuate dependence and smoking persistence for menthol smokers.
A light curve model of V2491 Cyg: Classical nova outburst on a cool and massive white dwarf
Authors: Kato Mariko , Saio Hideyuki , Hachisu Izumi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The classical nova V2491 Cyg was once suggested to be a recurrent nova. We have broadly reproduced the light curve of V2491 Cyg by a nova outburst model on a cold 1.36 M⊙ white dwarf (WD), which strongly suggests that V2491 Cyg is a classical nova outbursting on a cold very massive WD rather than a recurrent nova outbursting on a warmer WD like the recurrent nova RS Oph. In the long-term evolution of a cataclysmic binary, an accreting WD has settled to a thermal equilibrium state with the balance of gravitational energy release and neutrino loss. The central temperature of the WD is uniquely determined by the energy balance. The WD is hot (cold) for a high (low) mass accretion rate. We present the central temperatures, ignition masses, ignition radii, and recurrence periods for various WD masses and mass accretion rates. In a classical nova, which corresponds to a low mass accretion rate, the WD is cool and strongly degenerated and the ignition mass is large, which result in a strong nova outburst. In a recurrent nova, the WD is relatively warmer because of a high mass accretion rate and the outburst is relatively weaker. The gravitational energy release substantially contributes to the luminosity during the recurrent nova outbursts. We compare physical properties between classical novae and recurrent novae and discuss the essential differences between them.
Arabidopsis thaliana Ubiquitin-Associated Protein 1 (AtUAP1) Interacts with redundant RING Zinc Finger 1 (AtRZF1) to Negatively Regulate Dehydration Response
Authors: Min Ji-Hee , Park Cho-Rong , Chung Jung-Sung , Kim Cheol Soo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Ubiquitination, one of the most frequently occurring post-translational modifications, is essential for regulating diverse cellular processes in plants during abiotic stress. The E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase Arabidopsis thaliana really interesting new gene (RING) zinc finger 1 (AtRZF1) mutation is known to enhance drought tolerance in A. thaliana seedlings. To further investigate the function of AtRZF1 in osmotic stress, we isolated Ub-associated protein 1 (AtUAP1) which interacts with AtRZF1 using a yeast two-hybrid system. AtUAP1, a Ub-associated motif containing protein, increased the amount of Ub-conjugated AtRZF1. Moreover, AtUAP1 RNA interference lines were more tolerant to osmotic stress than wild type, whereas AtUAP1-overexpressing (OX) transgenic lines showed sensitive responses, including cotyledon greening, water loss, proline accumulation and changes in stress-related genes expression, indicating that AtUAP1 could negatively regulate dehydration-mediated signaling. In addition, AtUAP1-green fluorescent protein fusion protein was observed in the nuclei of root cells of transgenic seedlings. Genetic studies showed that the AtRZF1 mutation could rescue the sensitive phenotype of AtUAP1-OX lines in response to osmotic stress, suggesting that AtRZF1 was epistatic to AtUAP1 in dehydration signaling. Taken together, our findings describe a new component in the AtRZF1 ubiquitination pathway which controls the dehydration response in A. thaliana.
Intravenous Ketamine for Cancer Pain Management, Including Flares During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Oh Daniel , Haffey Paul , Patel Ankur , Gulati Amitabh 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Cancer-related neuropathic pain (CNP) affects an increasing proportion of cancer patients, given improved survival, but it remains difficult to treat. There are no studies on an extended intravenous ketamine protocol and its synergies with common neuropathy treatments to treat CNP. This study aims to 1) evaluate the safety and effectiveness of an intravenous ketamine protocol to treat refractory CNP and 2) uncover synergies between ketamine and common neuropathy treatments.

Methods
This is a single-center, retrospective review of 57 patients and 192 infusions, with prospective follow-up on 14 enrolled patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Results
The etiologies of CNP were as follows: 13 from tumor compression, 25 with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, 13 from surgery, and 6 from radiation therapy. Overall, 42 of 57 patients (73.7%) were responders, and 71.8% of responders received &gt;3 weeks of pain relief on their last infusion. Analysis of adjuvant treatments revealed that the combination of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and ketamine resulted in an increase in responders compared with nonresponders (P &lt; 0.01). Adverse events occurred in 32 of 192 infusions (16.7%). All side effects self-resolved or resolved with intervention per the adverse events protocol. During the pandemic, all 14 currently enrolled patients did not receive ketamine infusions. Thirteen of the 14 patients returned to baseline pain, with 61.5% increasing medications. All experienced worsened function, mobility, mood, or anorexia.

Conclusion
Intravenous ketamine may be a safe and effective adjuvant treatment for CNP, especially with serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Larger, prospective studies are warranted and should explore parameters to help prognosticate response to ketamine infusions.
The impact of signposting and group support pathways on a community-based physical activity intervention grounded in motivational interviewing
Authors: Wade M , Brown N , Steele J , Mann S , Dancy B , Winter S , Majumdar A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Brief advice is recommended to increase physical activity (PA) within primary care. This study assessed change in PA levels and mental well-being after a motivational interviewing (MI) community-based PA intervention and the impact of signposting (SP) and social action (SA) (i.e. weekly group support) pathways.

Methods
Participants (n = 2084) took part in a community-based, primary care PA programme using MI techniques. Self-reported PA and mental well-being data were collected at baseline (following an initial 30-min MI appointment), 12 weeks, 6 months and 12 months. Participants were assigned based upon the surgery they attended to the SP or SA pathway. Multilevel models derived point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for outcomes at each time point and change scores.

Results
Participants increased PA and mental well-being at each follow-up time point through both participant pathways and with little difference between pathways. Retention was similar between pathways at 12 weeks, but the SP pathway retained more participants at 6 and 12 months.

Conclusions
Both pathways produced similar improvements in PA and mental well-being; however, the addition of a control would have provided further insight as to the effectiveness. Due to lower resources yet similar effects, the SP pathway could be incorporated to support PA in primary care settings.
ASSESSMENT OF THE OUTDOOR GAMMA RADIATION LEVELS IN ALGIERS PROVINCE, ALGERIA
Authors: Dehimi F Z , Seghour A , Taieb-Errahmani D , Hammadi A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The outdoor gamma radiation dose rates due to natural radioactivity and due to the artificial radionuclides released from the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents and Algeciras incident were assessed in the Algiers province (capital of Algeria). Furthermore, the dose rates induced by the cosmic rays were analytically calculated in the province concerned. The recorded dose rates due to terrestrial outdoor gamma radiation were found to range from 14.3 ± 0.7 to 114.3 ± 5.7 nGy h −1, those due to cosmic rays ranged from 32.021 ± 0.013 to 34.029 ± 0.367 nGy h −1, while the contribution of the dose rate due to external exposure induced by 137Cs deposits, from major accidents, was estimated to be less than 0.3 nGy h−1. The spatial distributions of terrestrial and cosmic rays dose rates were mapped using QGIS software. The obtained radiological baseline maps can be used as reference information to assess any changes in the radiation exposure levels having an impact on the population health.
Taxation of trusts in Singapore
Authors: Banfield Stephen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Trusts are commonly used in the design of wealth planning structures in Asia. It is generally necessary for a trustee to consider the Singapore taxation of a trust if it is administered in Singapore, or otherwise has a nexus due to the functions performed by other parties. Few specific legislative provisions apply and the administrative practise of the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore is concisely stated. This gives rise to a number of potentially complex issues which should be considered by trustees. These issues are ripe for future administrative or judicial clarification.
Uncovering Russian trust management agreements: not an alternative to Russian private foundations
Authors: Alimirzoev Sergei , Aleshchev Ilya 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A Russian trust management arrangement is a contract for managing third party assets and cannot be mirrored with common law trusts since Russian law is not familiar with the concept of beneficial ownership. Russian trust management agreements are mainly used for managing portfolios of securities by regulated Russian asset managers, for managing Russian real estate and for the short-term management of assets falling into the estate of a deceased person during the probation period. Not suitable for exclusive succession planning purposes, trust management thus cannot be an alternative to Russian hereditary foundations which were specifically launched in Russian law in 2018 as post-mortem local foundations, and whose use remains to be seen in practice.
Behavioral and social science in support of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: National Institutes of Health initiatives
Authors: Hunter Christine M , Chou Wen-Ying Sylvia , Webb Hooper Monica 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Control of the COVID-19 pandemic relies heavily on behavioral mitigation strategies such as physical distancing, hand washing and mask wearing. Even with the availability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the extraordinary effort to distribute the vaccines must be paired with continued adherence to behavioral recommendations as well as vaccine confidence. To facilitate rapid and equitable uptake of the vaccines, there is a need for responsive, trustworthy, and evidence-informed communication about vaccination, enhanced trust in science, and engaging populations disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Efforts to address vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccine confidence will address the emerging gaps between vaccine availability and actual vaccination. Although these gaps are attributable, in part, to challenges with logistics and access, social and behavioral drivers of vaccination decision making also have a significant role in vaccination uptake. As federal, state, and local health and public health agencies coordinate vaccine dissemination, there will be a continuous need to adapt to an evolving landscape of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, new scientific information, and the spread of COVID-19- and vaccine-related misinformation. Facilitating widespread vaccination and maintaining a focus on equity requires thoughtful and compassionate approaches to reach and address the needs of those who are disproportionately affected by the pandemic such as underserved, vulnerable, and racial/ethnic minority populations. This commentary focuses on several National Institutes of Health initiatives that are supporting behavioral and social science research to address SARS-CoV-2 vaccine communication and increase the uptake of vaccination. We conclude with implications for future research.
Evaluations of Continuing Health Provider Education Focused on Opioid Prescribing: A Scoping Review
Authors: Sud Abhimanyu , Molska Graziella R. , Salamanca-Buentello Fabio 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
Continuing health provider education (HPE) is an important intervention supported by health policy to counter the opioid epidemic; knowledge regarding appropriate program design and evaluation is lacking. The authors aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of evaluations of opioid-related continuing HPE programs and their appropriateness as interventions to improve population health.

Method
In January 2020, the authors conducted a systematic search of 7 databases, seeking studies of HPE programs on opioid analgesic prescribing and overdose prevention. Reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts of all studies and then assessed the full texts of all studies potentially eligible for inclusion. The authors extracted a range of data using categories for evaluating complex programs: the use of theory, program purpose, inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and industry involvement. Results were reported in a narrative synthesis.

Results
Thirty-nine reports on 32 distinct HPE programs met inclusion criteria. Of these 32, 31 (97%) were U.S./Canadian programs and 28 (88%) were reported after 2010. Measurements of changes in knowledge and confidence were common. Performance outcomes were less common and typically self-reported. Most studies (n = 27 [84%]) used concerns of opioid-related harms at the population health level to justify the educational intervention, but only 5 (16%) measured patient- or population-level outcomes directly related to the educational programs. Six programs (19%) had direct or indirect opioid manufacturer involvement.

Conclusions
Continuing HPE has been promoted as an important means of addressing population-level opioid-related harms by policymakers and educators, yet published evaluations of HPE programs focusing on opioid analgesics inadequately evaluate patient- or population-level outcomes. Instead, they primarily focus on self-reported performance outcomes. Conceptual models are needed to guide the development and evaluation of continuing HPE programs intended to have population health benefits.