bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History of Epidemics in China
Authors: Lu Di 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 as a zoonotic disease invites new reflections on the human-animal relationship in the history of epidemics. Historians have explored medical concepts, social impacts, and other aspects of epidemics in China at different geographical and temporal scales. Relevant research significantly enriches historical understanding, yet animals seldom occupy the center of attention despite the fact that a variety of human infectious diseases such as plague are zoonotic in origin. This article suggests the need for a reappraisal of epidemics in Chinese history, with particular consideration of historical information on the multifold involvement of animals in human infections and anticontagious measures. Rethinking historically the interactions between humans and animals within the epidemic context helps to raise our awareness that Chinese medical thinkers were sensitive to the possibility of zoonotic infection, and prompt new analyses of how they understood the human-animal boundary and beyond.
Verbalization/Insubordination: A Diachronic Syntactic Isogloss in Northeast Asia
Authors: Malchukov Andrej , Czerwinski Patryk 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The present paper discusses one of diachronic syntactic isoglosses in Northeast Asia. This study addresses in particular the process of renewal of finite verbal forms through non-finite forms, which is very prominent in different families in Northeast Asia (Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic, Japanese and Korean). It will be shown that the processes of verbalization (finitization of participles and nominalizations) is a general areal feature in Northeast Asia, but recognition of this diachronic isogloss has been partially hampered by differences in research traditions. Apart from similarities (finitization of participles/nominalizations, displacement and modalization of the erstwhile finite forms), the languages also show certain differences, in part reflecting structural differences of constructions subject to reanalysis. Following up on our earlier work, in this paper we will be more specific on how the developments in the Korean verbal system fit into this general pattern.
Names of Large Exotic Animals and the Urheimat of Japonic
Authors: Vovin Alexander 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article argues that three words designating large tropical animals not endemic for Japan: kisa ‘elephant’, tora ‘tiger’, and wani ‘saltwater crocodile’ were borrowed into Japonic from Austroasiatic or Kradai languages. If so, this becomes another important piece of evidence for locating the Urheimat of the Japonic Language family in Southern China and/or Northern South-East Asia driving yet another nail into the coffin of the ‘Altaic’ theory. Since all these words are disyllabic, they also contribute to the reconstruction of the disyllabic words in Austroasiatic and Kradai. This is especially important in the case of Kradai, where in spite of the rather recent fall of the monosyllabic curtain, the idea about the ‘primordial’ nature of the monosyllabic structure is still enjoying considerable support.
Revisiting the Precipitous Terrain Classification from a Meteorological Perspective
Authors: Muñoz-Esparza Domingo , Shin Hyeyum Hailey , Keller Teddie L. , Ikeda Kyoko , Sharman Robert D. , Steiner Matthias , Rawdon Jeff , Pokodner Gary 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTakeoff and landing maneuvers can be particularly hazardous at airports surrounded by complex terrain. To address this, the Federal Aviation Administration has developed a Precipitous Terrain classification, as a way to impose more restrictive terrain clearances in the vicinity of complex terrain and to mitigate possible altimeter errors and pilot control problems experienced while executing instrument approach procedures. The current Precipitous Point Value (PPV) algorithm relies on the terrain characteristics within a local area of 2 NM, and is therefore static in time. In this work, we investigate the role of meteorological effects leading to potential aviation hazards over complex terrain, namely turbulence, altimeter setting errors and density altitude deviations. To that end, we combine observations with high-resolution numerical weather forecasts within a 2° × 2° region over the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, containing three airports that are surrounded by Precipitous Terrain. Both available turbulence reports and model’s turbulence forecasts show little correlation with the PPV algorithm for the region analyzed, indicating that the static terrain characteristics cannot generally be used to reliably capture hazardous low-level turbulence events. Altimeter setting errors and density altitude effects are also found to be only very weakly correlated with the PPV algorithm. Altimeter setting errors contribute to hazardous conditions mainly during cold seasons, driven by synoptic weather systems, while density altitude effects are on the contrary predominantly present during the spring and summer months, and follow a very well-marked diurnal evolution modulated by surface radiative effects. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of high-resolution weather forecast information in determining aviation-relevant hazardous conditions over complex terrain.
Towards Predicting Flood Event Peak Discharge in Ungauged Basins by Learning Universal Hydrological Behaviors with Machine Learning
Authors: Sanjay Potdar Akhil , Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel , Woods Devon , Saharia Manabendra 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the hydrological sciences, the outstanding challenge of regional modeling requires to capture common and event-specific hydrologic behaviors driven by rainfall spatial variability and catchment physiography during floods. The overall objective of this study is to develop robust understanding and predictive capability of how rainfall spatial variability influences flood peak discharge relative to basin physiography. A machine learning approach is used on a high-resolution dataset of rainfall and flooding events spanning 10 years, with rainfall events and basins of widely varying characteristics selected across the continental United States. It overcomes major limitations in prior studies that were based on limited observations or hydrological model simulations. This study explores first-order dependencies in the relationships between peak discharge, rainfall variability, and basin physiography, and it sheds light on these complex interactions using a multi-dimensional statistical modeling approach. Amongst different machine learning techniques, XGBoost is used to determine the significant physiographical and rainfall characteristics that influence peak discharge through variable importance analysis. A parsimonious model with low bias and variance is created which can be deployed in the future for flash flood forecasting. The results confirm that although the spatial organization of rainfall within a basin has a major influence on basin response, basin physiography is the primary driver of peak discharge. These findings have unprecedented spatial and temporal representativeness in terms of flood characterization across basins. An improved understanding of sub-basin scale rainfall spatial variability will aid in robust flash flood characterization as well as with identifying basins which could most benefit from distributed hydrologic modeling.
A national Swedish case-control study investigating incidence and factors associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Sundholm Anna , Burkill Sarah , Waldenlind Elisabet , Bahmanyar Shahram , Nilsson Remahl A Ingela M 
Published: August 2021

Objective To study the incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Sweden and to explore whether previously proposed risk factors are associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension by investigating the odds of exposure one year prior to diagnosis in patients compared to controls. Methods Using Swedish health care registers and validated diagnostic algorithms, idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients diagnosed between 2000–2016 were compared with randomly selected matched controls, five from the general population and five with obesity. Results We identified 902 idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients and 4510 matched individuals in each control group. Mean incidence among inhabitants ≥18 years of age was 0.71 per 100,000; rising from 0.53 in 2000–2005 to 0.95 in 2012–2016. There were increased odds for idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients compared to general population for exposure to: kidney failure (odds ratio =13.2 (4.1–42.0)), arterial hypertension (odds ratio =17.5 (10.5–29.3)), systemic lupus erythematosus (odds ratio =13.8 (4.3–44.7)), tetracyclines, sulphonamides, lithium, and corticosteroids. In obese controls, odds ratios were also significantly increased for these exposures. Hormonal contraceptive use and exposure to pregnancy did not appear to be associated factors for idiopathic intracranial hypertension development. Conclusions The incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Sweden is lower relative to reports from other countries but is on the rise. This case-control study confirms several previously reported risk factors associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
Micturition-triggered severe headache associated with bladder paraganglioma: A case report
Authors: Liu Yonghui , Wei Tianlu 
Published: August 2021

Background Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors, especially in the bladder. Although many paragangliomas are non-functional, functioning paragangliomas present with many non-specific signs and symptoms, such as hypertension and headache, complicating their diagnosis. Here, we report a case of micturition-induced severe headache associated with a bladder paraganglioma. Case description: This report describes a severe headache disorder triggered by micturition and associated with a bladder paraganglioma in a middle-aged woman. Her pain occurred consistently after micturition, beginning from the left side of the nose and gradually extended to the forehead and the parietal and occipital regions. The headaches lasted 5–10 min. Removal of the paraganglioma completely eliminated the patient’s pain syndrome. Conclusion This case elucidates the association between micturition-triggered headaches and bladder paragangliomas. The presence of a post-micturition severe headache should suggest the possibility of a bladder paraganglioma.
Barriers and opportunities to increase PD incidence and prevalence: Lessons from a European Survey
Authors: Hahn Lundström Ulrika , Abrahams Alferso C , Allen Jennifer , Altabas Karmela , Béchade Clémence , Burkhalter Felix , Clause Anne-Lorraine , Corbett Richard W , Eden Gabriele , François Karlien , de Laforcade Louis , Lambie Mark , Martin Heike , Pajek Jernej , Panuccio Vincenzo , Ros-Ruiz Silvia , Steubl Dominik , Vega Almudena , Wojtaszek Ewa , Zaloszyc Ariane , Davies Simon J , Van Biesen Wim , Gudmundsdottir Helga 
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains underutilised and unplanned start of dialysis further diminishes the likelihood of patients starting on PD, although outcomes are equal to haemodialysis (HD). Methods: A survey was sent to members of EuroPD and regional societies presenting a case vignette of a 48-year-old woman not previously known to the nephrology department and who arrives at the emergency department with established end-stage kidney disease (unplanned start), asking which dialysis modality would most likely be chosen at their respective centre. We assessed associations between the modality choices for this case vignette and centre characteristics and PD-related practices. Results: Of 575 respondents, 32.8%, 32.2% and 35.0% indicated they would start unplanned PD, unplanned HD or unplanned HD with intention to educate patient on PD later, respectively. Likelihood for unplanned start of PD was only associated with quality of structure of the pre-dialysis program. Structure of pre-dialysis education program, PD program in general, likelihood to provide education on PD to unplanned starters, good collaboration with the PD access team and taking initiatives to enhance home-based therapies increased the likelihood unplanned patients would end up on PD. Conclusions: Well-structured pre-dialysis education on PD as a modality, good connections to dedicated PD catheter placement teams and additional initiatives to enhance home-based therapies are key to grow PD programs. Centres motivated to grow their PD programs seem to find solutions to do so.
Effectiveness of Educational Programs on Palliative and End-of-life Care in Promoting Perceived Competence Among Health and Social Care Professionals
Authors: Wong Kelly Tsz Ching , Chow Amy Yin Man , Chan Iris Kwan Ning 
Published: August 2021

Background: There is a growing need for palliative care for patients near the end of life and their caregivers. Palliative and end-of-life care (EoLC) education are recommended for all health care (e.g., physicians, nurses, and allied health practitioners) and social care professionals (e.g., social workers) to ensure the quality of services. However, less attention has been afforded to generic, in contrast to specialized, EoLC education. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a series of short-term generic EoLC educational programs for health and social care professionals. Method: A pre-post survey design was adopted, focusing on different EoLC core competences. Results: Significant improvement was observed in all perceived competences after the educational programs, regardless of participants’ occupation or EoLC experience. Perceived competence in self-care was rated significantly higher than all other competences prior to the programs. Healthcare professionals rated significantly higher on competence in symptom management than social workers. Scores on communication skill and self-care competences were significantly higher following longer (i.e., 16-24 hours) than shorter (i.e., 4-8 hours) programs. Conclusion: Generalist palliative/EoLC educational programs may enable health and social care professionals to refresh and extend their knowledge and skills and enhance their perceived competence in providing EoLC. Further research on generalist palliative/EoLC education is needed to examine the impact of continuing training on professionals’ actual practice in EoLC and palliative care.
Description of Total Population Hospital Admissions for Treacher Collins Syndrome in Australia
Authors: Junaid Mohammed , Slack-Smith Linda , Wong Kingsley , Baynam Gareth , Calache Hanny , Hewitt Timothy , Leonard Helen 
Published: August 2021

Objective To describe patterns and demographic characteristics of total-population hospital admissions with a diagnosis of Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) in Australia. Data Source Population summary data for inpatient hospitals admissions (public and private) with a principal diagnosis of TCS (ICD10-AM-Q87.04) were obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Hospital Morbidity Database for a 11-year period (2002-2013). Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was hospital separation rate (HSR), calculated by dividing the number of hospital separations by estimated resident population per year. Trends in HSR s adjusted for age and sex were investigated by negative binomial regression presented as annual percent change and the association of rates with age and sex was expressed as incidence rate ratio. Results In 244 admissions identified, we observed an increase of 4.55% (95% confidence interval [CI] −1.78, 11.29) in HSR's over the 11-year period. Rates were higher during infancy (1.87 [95% CI 1.42, 2.42]), declining markedly with increasing age. The average length of hospital stay was 6.09 days (95% CI 5.78, 6.40) per episode, but longer for females and infants. Conclusions Findings indicate an increase in hospitalization rates, especially among infants and females which potentially relates to early airway intervention procedures possibly influenced by sex specific-disease severity and phenotypic variability of TCS. Awareness of the TCS phenotype and improved access to genetic testing may support more personalized and efficient care. Total-population administrative data offers a potential to better understand the health burden of rare craniofacial diseases.
Investigation of Genetic Causes in a Developmental Disorder: Oculoauriculovertebral Spectrum
Authors: Güleray Naz , Koşukcu Can , Oğuz Sümeyra , Ürel Demir Gizem , Taşkıran Ekim Z. , Kiper Pelin Özlem Şimşek , Utine Gülen Eda , Alanay Yasemin , Boduroğlu Koray , Alikaşifoğlu Mehmet 
Published: August 2021

Objective Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum (OAVS) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorder that occurs due to a developmental field defect of the first and second pharyngeal arches. Even though recent whole exome sequencing studies (WES) have led to identification of several genes associated with this spectrum in a subset of individuals, complete pathogenesis of OAVS remains unsolved. In this study, molecular genetic etiology of OAVS was systematically investigated. Design/Setting/Patients A cohort of 23 Turkish patients with OAVS, referred to Hacettepe University Hospital, Department of Pediatric Genetics from 2008 to 2018, was included in this study. Minimal diagnostic criteria for OAVS were considered as unilateral microtia or hemifacial microsomia with preauricular skin tag. The cohort was clinically reevaluated for craniofacial and extracranial findings. Molecular etiology was investigated using candidate gene sequencing following copy number variant (CNV) analysis. WES was also performed for 2 of the selected patients. Results Patients in the study cohort presented similar demographic and phenotypic characteristics to previously described patients in the literature except for a higher frequency of bilaterality, cardiac findings, and intellectual disability/developmental delay. CNV analysis revealed a possible genetic etiology for 3 patients (13%). Additional WES in 1 of the 2 patients uncovered a novel heterozygous nonsense variant in Elongation factor Tu GTP-binding domain-containing 2 ( EFTUD2) causing mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM), which clinically overlaps with OAVS. Conclusion Detailed clinical evaluation for any patient with OAVS is recommended due to a high rate of accompanying systemic findings. We further expand the existing genetic heterogeneity of OAVS by identifying several CNVs and a phenotypically overlapping disorder, MFDM.
Pregnancy in women with multiple sclerosis in France from 2010 to 2015: Incidence, outcomes, and exposure to disease-modifying therapies
Authors: Tillaut Hélène , Degrémont Adeline , Kerbrat Sandrine , Roux Jonathan , Le Page Emmanuelle , Mainguy Christelle , Duros Solène , Polard Elisabeth , Leray Emmanuelle 
Published: August 2021

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is usually diagnosed between 20-40 years old, when women often plan to have children. Objective: Our objectives were to estimate pregnancy incidence rates in women with multiple sclerosis (MS), and to describe the use of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) before conception and during pregnancy, and pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all 15- to 49-year-old women with MS in the French national health insurance database over 2010–2015. A pregnancy was exposed if a DMT reimbursement claim occurred during pregnancy or in the 14 preceding days. We used zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression models to estimate incidence rates and ordinal and multinomial regression models to estimate DMT exposure and pregnancy outcomes. Results: The pregnancy incidence rate was 4.5 per 100 person-years. The probability of having a DMT-exposed pregnancy increased from 0.22 in 2010 to 0.30 in 2015. The probability of live birth was 0.72 (95% CI = 0.70–0.74) for exposed pregnancies (varied considerably among DMTs), 0.77 (95% CI = 0.76–0.79) without treatment, and 0.81 (95% CI = 0.79–0.83) if treatment was stopped within the previous year. Conclusion: In this population-based study, we showed an increase of exposed pregnancies over time, beta-interferon and glatiramer acetate being the most used DMTs and associated with the highest probabilities of live birth. Interrupted exposed pregnancies may reflect undesired pregnancies or fear of an adverse outcome, while recent DMT stop probably reflects pregnancy planning.
Development of Lys to Arg Mutation at Codon 70 of the Reverse Transcriptase Gene of HIV-1 during Zidovudine Monotherapy and Alternating Zidovudine/Didanosine Therapy
Authors: Bruun Louise , Katzenstein Terese , Gerstoft Jan , Pedersen Court , Mathiesen Lars R , Nielsen Claus 
Published: August 2021

Objective To study the association between the Lys to Arg mutation at codon 70 of the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene and resistance development during zidovudine monotherapy and alternating zidovudine/didanosine therapy. Methods Blood samples from 33 antiretroviral-naive patients were drawn prior to therapy and after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months (18 patients received zidovudine monotherapy and 15 patients alternating zidovudine/didanosine). Results: After 6 months of zidovudine monotherapy, 72% of the patients had provirus encoding Lys to Arg at codon 70. This decreased to 53% and 38% after 12 and 18 months, respectively, but increased to 60% after 24 months. During alternating zidovudine/didanosine therapy, the percentages with the mutation were 6%, 7%, 11% and 20% after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of therapy, respectively. During both therapy regimens provirus showed the same progression of mutations in RT codons 41 and 215, increasing from 10% after 6 months to 80–100% after 24 months. Codon 70 and 215 mutations together were only found with the codon 67 mutation. No significant difference in IC50 or viral load was shown between patients on either therapy. Conclusions The codon 70 mutation was present in a low proportion of the patients during alternating zidovudine/didanosine therapy compared with patients on zidovudine monotherapy ( P<0.01). Mutations associated with zidovudine resistance appeared in an ordered manner. Based on the phenotypic susceptibility of the virus isolated, the appearance of the different combinations of mutations could be explained by outgrowth of virus with an increased level of phenotypic resistance.