bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of COVID-19 on Patient Interest in Facial Plastic Surgery
Authors: Sharma Giriraj K. , Asaria Jamil 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an unforeseen surge in demand for facial plastic surgery (FPS). The objective of this study was to survey patients who pursued cosmetic FPS during COVID-19 to better understand how changes in lifestyle, digital media usage, and their facial self-image influenced their decision to pursue surgery.

Methods:
A web-based survey was sent to 150 patients who had undergone FPS at an outpatient clinic between May 1 and July 30, 2020. Questions included changes in patients’ lifestyle habits, use of video conferencing and social media, Likert scale ratings of motivational factors to pursue FPS, and changes in perception of their own facial aesthetics during COVID-19.

Results:
The survey response rate was 41%. Overall increases in video conferencing for social (79% of respondents) and occupational (73%) purposes, and social media usage (82%) were noted. The most commonly cited motivating factors to pursue FPS during COVID-19 were having ample privacy from family, friends, and co-workers (77%) and not requiring extended leave of absence from work (69%) during the postoperative recovery period. Patients were more aware of their nose than any other facial feature during COVID-19 compared to prior.

Conclusions:
The popularity of FPS during COVID-19 can be partially attributed to increased usage of video conferencing and social media, digital applications which often accentuate personal and idealized facial aesthetics. As surgeons adjust to increased demand for FPS, a better understanding of patient perspectives and motivations can help optimize doctor–patient relations and the delivery of care.
Rejection-associated Phenotype of De Novo Thrombotic Microangiopathy Represents a Risk for Premature Graft Loss
Authors: Petr Vojtech , Hruba Petra , Kollar Marek , Krejci Karel , Safranek Roman , Stepankova Sona , Dedochova Jarmila , Machova Jana , Zieg Jakub , Slatinska Janka , Pokorna Eva , Viklicky Ondrej 
Published: October 2021

Background.
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) significantly affects kidney graft survival, but its pathophysiology remains poorly understood.

Methods.
In this multicenter, retrospective, case–control paired study designed to control for donor-associated risks, we assessed the recipients’ risk factors for de novo TMA development and its effects on graft survival. The study group consists of patients with TMA found in case biopsies from 2000 to 2019 (n = 93), and the control group consists of recipients of paired kidney grafts (n = 93). Graft follow-up was initiated at the time of TMA diagnosis and at the same time in the corresponding paired kidney graft.

Results.
The TMA group displayed higher peak panel-reactive antibodies, more frequent retransplantation status, and longer cold ischemia time in univariable analysis. In the multivariable regression model, longer cold ischemia times (odds ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.39; P = 0.043) and higher peak pretransplant panel-reactive antibodies (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P = 0.005) were found to be associated with increased risk of de novo TMA. The risk of graft failure was higher in the TMA group at 5 y (hazard ratio [HR], 3.99; 95% CI, 2.04-7.84; P < 0.0001). Concomitant rejection significantly affected graft prognosis at 5 y (HR, 6.36; 95% CI, 2.92-13.87; P < 0.001). De novo TMA associated with the active antibody-mediated rejection was associated with higher risk of graft failure at 5 y (HR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.69-6.98; P < 0.001) compared with other TMA.

Conclusions.
Longer cold ischemia and allosensitization play a role in de novo TMA development, whereas TMA as a part of active antibody-mediated rejection was associated with the highest risk for premature graft loss.
Symptoms compatible with long-COVID in healthcare workers with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection – results of a prospective multicenter cohort
Authors: Strahm Carol , Seneghini Marco , Güsewell Sabine , Egger Thomas , Leal Onicio , Brucher Angela , Lemmenmeier Eva , Kleeb Dorette Meier , Möller J. Carsten , Rieder Philip , Ruetti Markus , Rutz Remus , Schmid Hans-Ruedi , Stocker Reto , Vuichard-Gysin Danielle , Wiggli Benedikt , Besold Ulrike , Kuster Stefan P. , McGeer Allison , Risch Lorenz , Friedl Andrée , Schlegel Matthias , Schmid Dagmar , Vernazza Pietro , Kahlert Christian R. , Kohler Philipp 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of long-term symptoms (i.e. long-COVID) in patients after mild COVID-19 is debated. Within a cohort of healthcare workers (HCW), frequency and risk factors for symptoms compatible with long-COVID are assessed.MethodsParticipants answered baseline (August/September 2020) and weekly questionnaires on SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) results and acute disease symptoms. In January 2021, SARS-CoV-2 serology was performed; in March, symptoms compatible with long-COVID (including psychometric scores) were asked and compared between HCW with positive NPS, seropositive HCW without positive NPS (presumable a-/pauci-symptomatic infections), and negative controls. Also, the effect of time since diagnosis and quantitative anti-S was evaluated. Poisson regression was used to identify risk factors for symptom occurrence.ResultsOf 3’334 HCW (median 41 years; 80% female), 556 (17%) had a positive NPS and 228 (7%) were only seropositive. HCW with positive NPS more frequently reported ≥1 symptom compared to controls (73%vs.52%, p<0.001); seropositive HCW without positive NPS did not score higher than controls (58%vs.52%, p=0.13), although impaired taste/olfaction (16%vs.6%, p<0.001) and hair loss (17%vs.10%, p=0.004) were more common. Exhaustion/burnout was reported by 24% of negative controls. Many symptoms remained elevated in those diagnosed >6 months ago; anti-S titers correlated with high symptom scores. Acute viral symptoms in weekly questionnaires best predicted long-COVID symptoms. Physical activity at baseline was negatively associated with neurocognitive impairment and fatigue scores.ConclusionsSeropositive HCW without positive NPS are only mildly affected by long-COVID. Exhaustion/burnout is common, even in non-infected HCW. Physical activity might be protective against neurocognitive impairment/fatigue symptoms after COVID-19.summaryIn this prospective healthcare worker cohort, participants with SARS-CoV-2-positive nasopharyngeal swab were most likely to report long-COVID symptoms, whereas seropositive participants without positive swab were only mildly affected. Physical activity at baseline was negatively associated with neurocognitive impairment and fatigue.
General Practitioner perspectives and wellbeing during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a mixed method social media analysis
Authors: Golder Su , Jefferson Laura , McHugh Elizabeth , Essex Holly , Heathcote Claire , Avila Ana Castro , Dale Veronica , Feltz-Cornelis Christina Van Der , Bloor Karen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundGeneral practitioners (GPs) adapted their work practices rapidly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Limited research has explored their perspectives over this time, and factors that may affect their wellbeing.MethodWe conducted a social media analysis of NHS GPs practising in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify issues which may affect their wellbeing. To identify trends, we assessed 91,034 tweets from 185 GPs on Twitter who posted before and during the pandemic, (January 2019 to February 2021). To identify themes related to wellbeing, we analysed qualitatively 7145 tweets posted during the pandemic from 200 GPs.ResultsWe identified inter-connecting themes that affect GP wellbeing, predominately around resources and support. Lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) and testing led to discussion of safety and risk, as well as increased workload resulting from staff isolating. Expressions of low morale and feeling undervalued were widespread, resulting from the perceived lack of support from the government, media and the general public at a time of staff shortages and high workload.Trends in themes were apparent, with emphasis on PPE, testing and safety March to May 2020 and morale, abuse, ‘closed’ GP surgeries, testing, flu vaccines and overworked September to October 2020. From December 2020 the COVID-19 vaccine dominated posts.ConclusionGPs’ experiences and perceptions as reflected in their social media posts during the pandemic have changed over time; perceived lack of support and resources, and negative public perceptions have exacerbated their concerns about existing underlying pressures.
Influence of the hospital upon the outcomes of gastrointestinal fistulas: results of a multi-continent, multi-national, multi-center cohort
Authors: Márquez Humberto Arenas , Correia María Isabel Turcios , García Juan Francisco , Prado Roberto Anaya , Vergara Arturo , Garnica Jorge Luis , Cacho Alejandra , Guerra Daniel , Navarrete Miguel Mendoza , Porbén Sergio Santana 
Published: October 2021

SUMMARYRationalePrognosis and outcomes of gastrointestinal fistulas (GIF) might depend upon the operational characteristics of the hospital containing and caring for the patients.ObjectiveTo assess how selected operational characteristics of the hospital participating in the exercises of the “Fistula Day” Project (FDP) influence upon prognosis and outcomes of GIF.Study designCohort-type study. Enrolled patients were followed for 60 days. Three cross-sectional examinations were made during the completion of the exercises of the FDP, namely, upon admission of the patient in the study, and 30 and 60 days after admission.Study serieSeventy-six hospitals of Latin America (13 countries) and Europe (4).MethodsAssociations between survival of the patient, prolongation of hospital stay, and (likely) spontaneous closure of the fistula, on one hand; and selected operational characteristics of the participating hospital, on the other; were assessed.ResultsSpecialties hospitals prevailed. Most of the hospitals assisted between 1 – 2 GIF patients a month. Participating hospitals distributed evenly regarding the number of beds. Most of the hospitals had an intensive care unit. Similarly, three-quarters of the hospitals had a multidisciplinary unit dedicated to clinical and hospital nutrition. However, a unit dedicated to the management of intestinal failure and/or postoperative fistulas was present only in a fifth of them. Experience of the physician attending GIF was rated between “Expert” and “High” in one third of the hospitals. Number of hospitals beds associated with increased survival of GIF patients (χ2 = 5.997; p = 0.092), prolonged hospital stay (χ2 = 7.885; p < 0.05), and higher rate of spontaneous closure of the fistula (χ2 = 11.947; p < 0.05). In addition, rate of spontaneous closure of the fistula was (marginally) higher among patients assisted by a hospital unit specialized on intestinal failure (χ2 = 3.610; p = 0.0574). On the other hand, survival of the patient was dependent (also marginally) upon the number of patients assisted in a month (χ2 = 5.934; p = 0.0514).ConclusionsIt is likely number of hospital beds to determine prognosis and outcomes of GIF. Other operational characteristics of the hospital might exert a marginal influence upon survival of the patient and the likely spontaneous closure of the fistula.
The Carotid Body Detects Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha to Activate a Sympathetic Anti-Inflammatory Reflex
Authors: Katayama Pedro L. , Leirão Isabela P. , Kanashiro Alexandre , Luiz João Paulo M. , Cunha Fernando Q. , Navegantes Luiz C. C. , Menani Jose V. , Zoccal Daniel B. , Colombari Débora S. A. , Colombari Eduardo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent evidence has suggested that the carotid bodies might act as immunological sensors, detecting pro-inflammatory mediators and signalling to the central nervous system, which, in turn, orchestrates autonomic responses. Here, we demonstrated that the TNF-α receptor type I is expressed in the carotid bodies of rats. The systemic administration of TNF-α increased carotid body afferent discharge and activated glutamatergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), where the majority of pre-sympathetic neurons reside. The activation of these neurons was accompanied by generalized activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Carotid body ablation blunted the TNF-α-induced activation of RVLM-projecting NTS neurons and the increase in splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity. Finally, plasma and spleen levels of cytokines after TNF-α administration were higher in rats subjected to either carotid body ablation or splanchnic sympathetic denervation. Collectively, our findings indicate that the carotid body detects circulating TNF-α to activate a counteracting sympathetic anti-inflammatory mechanism.
BglC of Streptomyces scabiei is a scopolin-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase interfering with the host defense mechanism
Authors: Deflandre Benoit , Rigali Sébastien 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe beta-glucosidase BglC fulfills multiple functions in both primary metabolism and induction of pathogenicity of Streptomyces scabiei, the causative agent of the common scab disease of root and tuber crops. Indeed, this enzyme hydrolyzes cellobiose and cellotriose to directly feed glycolysis with glucose, but also modifies the intracellular concentration of these cello-oligosaccharides which are the virulence elicitors. The inactivation of bglC also led to unexpected phenotypes such as the constitutive overproduction of thaxtomin A, the main virulence determinant of S. scabiei. In this work we revealed a new target substrate of BglC, the phytoalexin scopolin. Removal of the glucose moiety of scopolin generates scopoletin, a potent inhibitor of thaxtomin A production. The hydrolysis of scopolin by BglC presents substrate inhibition kinetics which contrasts with the typical Michaelis–Menten saturation curve previously observed for the degradation of its natural substrate cellobiose. Our work therefore reveals that BglC targets both cello-oligosaccharide elicitors emanating from the hosts of S. scabiei, and the scopolin phytoalexin generated by the host defense mechanisms, thereby occupying a key position to fine-tune the production of the main virulence determinant thaxtomin A.
TAL effectors with avirulence activity in African strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Lachaux Marlène , Thomas Emilie , Bogdanove Adam J. , Szurek Boris , Hutin Mathilde 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial leaf blight, a devastating disease of rice. Among the type-3 effectors secreted by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to support pathogen virulence, the Transcription Activator-Like Effector (TALE) family plays a critical role. Some TALEs are major virulence factors that activate susceptibility (S) genes, overexpression of which contributes to disease development. Host incompatibility can result from TALE-induced expression of so-called executor (E) genes leading to a strong and rapid resistance response that blocks disease development. In that context, the TALE functions as an avirulence (Avr) factor. To date no such avirulence factors have been identified in African strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.ResultsWith respect to the importance of TALEs in the Rice-Xoo pathosystem, we aimed at identifying those that may act as Avr factor within African Xoo. We screened 86 rice accessions, and identified 12 that were resistant to two African strains while being susceptible to a well-studied Asian strain. In a gain of function approach based on the introduction of each of the nine tal genes of the avirulent African strain MAI1 into the virulent Asian strain PXO99A, four were found to trigger resistance on specific rice accessions. Loss-of-function mutational analysis further demonstrated the avr activity of two of them, talD and talI, on the rice varieties IR64 and CT13432 respectively. Further analysis of TalI demonstrated the requirement of its activation domain for triggering resistance in CT13432. Resistance in 9 of the 12 rice accessions that were resistant against African Xoo specifically, including CT13432, could be suppressed or largely suppressed by trans-expression of the truncTALE tal2h, similarly to resistance conferred by the Xa1 gene which recognizes TALEs generally independently of their activation domain.ConclusionWe identified and characterized TalD and TalI as two African Xoo TALEs with avirulence activity on IR64 and CT13432 respectively. Resistance of CT13432 against African Xoo results from the combination of two mechanisms, one relying on the TalI-mediated induction of an unknown executor gene and the other on an Xa1-like gene or allele.
High-resolution spatiotemporal transcriptomic maps of developing Drosophila embryos and larvae
Authors: Wang Mingyue , Hu Qinan , Lv Tianhang , Wang Yuhang , Lan Qing , Tu Zhencheng , Xiang Rong , Wei Yanrong , Han Kai , An Yanru , Cheng Mengnan , Xu Jiangshan , Esteban Miguel A. , Lu Haorong , Li Wangsheng , Zhang Shaofang , Chen Ao , Chen Wei , Li Yuxiang , Wang Xiaoshan , Xu Xun , Hu Yuhui , Liu Longqi 
Published: October 2021

SUMMARYDrosophila has long been a successful model organism in multiple fields such as genetics and developmental biology. Drosophila genome is relatively smaller and less redundant, yet largely conserved with mammals, making it a productive model in studies of embryogenesis, cell signaling, disease mechanisms, etc. Spatial gene expression pattern is critical for understanding of complex signaling pathways and cell-cell interactions, whereas temporal gene expression changes need to be tracked during highly dynamic activities such as tissue development and disease progression. Systematic studies in Drosophila as a whole are still impeded by lack of these spatiotemporal transcriptomic information. Drosophila embryos and tissues are of relatively small size, limiting the application of current technologies to comprehensively resolve their spatiotemporal gene expression patterns. Here, utilizing SpaTial Enhanced REsolution Omics-sequencing (Stereo-seq), we dissected the spatiotemporal transcriptomic changes of developing Drosophila with high resolution and sensitivity. Our data recapitulated the spatial transcriptomes of embryonic and larval development in Drosophila. With these data, we identified known and previously undetected subregions in several tissues during development, and revealed known and potential gene regulatory networks of transcription factors within their topographic background. We further demonstrated that Stereo-seq data can be used for 3D reconstruction of Drosophila embryo spatial transcriptomes. Our data provides Drosophila research community with useful resources of spatiotemporally resolved transcriptomic information across developmental stages.
High-frequency hearing is required for generating a topographic map of auditory space in the mouse superior colliculus
Authors: Si Yufei , Ito Shinya , Litke Alan M. , Feldheim David A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA topographic map of auditory space is a feature found in the superior colliculus (SC) of many species, including CBA/CaJ mice. In this genetic background, high-frequency monaural spectral cues and interaural level differences are used to generate spatial receptive fields (RFs) that form a topographic map along the azimuth. Unfortunately, C57BL/6 mice, a strain widely used for transgenic manipulation, display age-related hearing loss (AHL) due to an inbred mutation in the Cadherin 23 gene (Cdh23)that affects hair cell mechanotransduction. To overcome this problem, researchers have used young C57BL/6 mice in their studies, as they have been shown to have normal hearing thresholds. However, important details of the auditory response characteristics of the SC such as spectral responses and spatial localization, have not been characterized in young C57BL/6 mice.Here we show that 2-4-month C57BL/6 mice lack neurons with frontal auditory RFs and therefore lack a topographic representation of auditory space in the SC. Analysis of the spectrotemporal receptive fields (STRFs) of the SC auditory neurons shows that C57BL/6 mouse SC neurons lack the ability to detect the high-frequency (>40kHz) spectral cues that are needed to compute frontal RFs. We also show that crossing C57BL/6 mice with CBA/CaJ mice or introducing one copy of the wild-typeCdh23to C57BL/6 mice rescues the high-frequency hearing deficit and improves the topographic map of auditory space. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of high-frequency hearing in computing a topographic map of auditory space.Significance StatementDespite the strain’s age-dependent hearing loss, C57BL/6 mice are widely used in auditory studies because of the development of transgenic reporter and Cre lines in this genetic background. Here we examined the topographic map of auditory space and spectrotemporal properties of neurons in the SC of C57BL/6 mice. We found an early-onset high-frequency hearing deficit that results in the loss of SC neurons with frontal RFs and, consequently, an absence of a topographic map of auditory space. These findings stress the importance of high-frequency hearing in generating spatially restricted receptive fields and serve as a caution to researchers that doing auditory-related research using the C57BL/6 genetic background may not be representative of true wild-type mice.
Hot corrosion behaviour of CNT-reinforced ZrO2-Y2O3 composite coatings on boiler tube steel at 900°C
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Bhatia Rakesh , Singh Hazoor 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
In Indian thermal power plants, the main cause of boiler tube failure is the presence of molten sulphates and vanadates, which deteriorate the tube material at high temperatures. To combat the hot corrosion failure of metals, thermal spray technology is adopted. This study aims to investigate and study the effect of hot corrosion behaviour of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced ZrO2-Y2O3 composite coatings on T-91 boiler tube steel in a molten salt environment at 900 °C for 50 cycles.

Design/methodology/approach
A plasma spray technique was used for development of the coatings. The samples were exposed to hot corrosion in a silicon tube furnace at 900 °C for 50 cycles. After testing, the test coupons were analysed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy and cross-sectional analysis techniques to aid understanding the kinetics of the corrosion reaction.

Findings
CNT-based reinforced coatings showed lower weight gain along with the formation of protective oxide scales during the experimentation. Improvement in protection against hot corrosion was observed with increase in CNT content in the coating matrix.

Originality/value
It is pertinent to mention here that the high temperature behaviour of CNT-reinforced ZrO2-Y2O3 composite on T-91 steel at 900°C temperature in molten salt environment has never been studied. Thus, the present research was conducted to provide useful results for the application of CNT-reinforced composite coatings at elevated temperature.