bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex photobiont diversity in the marine lichen Lichina pygmaea
Authors: Chrismas Nathan A. M. , Allen Ro , Hollingsworth Anita L. , Taylor Joe D. , Cunliffe Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLichens are a well-known symbiosis between a host mycobiont and eukaryote algal or cyanobacterial photobiont partner(s). Recent studies have indicated that terrestrial lichens can also contain other cryptic photobionts that increase the lichens’ ecological fitness in response to varying environmental conditions. Marine lichens live in distinct ecosystems compared with their terrestrial counterparts because of regular submersion in seawater and are much less studied. We performed bacteria 16S and eukaryote 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding surveys to assess total photobiont diversity within the marine lichen Lichina pygmaea (Lightf.) C. Agardh, which is widespread throughout the intertidal zone of Atlantic coastlines. We found that in addition to the established cyanobacterial photobiont Rivularia, L. pygmaea is also apparently host to a range of other marine and freshwater cyanobacteria, as well as marine eukaryote algae in the family Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta). We propose that symbiosis with multiple freshwater and marine cyanobacteria and eukaryote photobionts may contribute to the ability of L. pygmaea to survive the harsh fluctuating environmental conditions of the intertidal zone.
Truly Cross-fit: The Association of Exercise and Clinical Outcomes: Introduction to a JINS Special Section
Authors: Smith Glenn E , Okonkwo Ozioma C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe introduce a JINS special section inspired by a symposium presented at INS 2020 in Denver. The symposium was entitled Truly Cross-fit: The Association of Exercise and Cognitive Reserve. The collection of papers herein spans diverse methods, a range of developmental and clinical conditions, and a variety of outcomes all reflecting on the association of exercise and cognition-related outcomes. Taken together, the studies in this Special Section direct us to the variety of dimensions to be considered in understanding this association including what mode, intensity, duration, and timing of physical activity and aspects of age, sex, genetics, baseline characteristics, and disease status moderate these findings. We hope this Special Section will not only provide a framing for important future research on exercise and clinical outcomes but also inspiration to pursue them.
The Effect of Self-Paced Exercise Intensity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Frontal Grey Matter Volume in Cognitively Normal Older Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Frost Natalie J. , Weinborn Michael , Gignac Gilles E. , Xia Ying , Doré Vincent , Rainey-Smith Stephanie R. , Markovic Shaun , Gordon Nicole , Sohrabi Hamid R. , Laws Simon M. , Martins Ralph N. , Peiffer Jeremiah J. , Brown Belinda M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjective:Exercise has been found to be important in maintaining neurocognitive health. However, the effect of exercise intensity level remains relatively underexplored. Thus, to test the hypothesis that self-paced high-intensity exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness (peak aerobic capacity; VO2peak) increase grey matter (GM) volume, we examined the effect of a 6-month exercise intervention on frontal lobe GM regions that support the executive functions in older adults.Methods:Ninety-eight cognitively normal participants (age = 69.06 ± 5.2 years; n = 54 female) were randomised into either a self-paced high- or moderate-intensity cycle-based exercise intervention group, or a no-intervention control group. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging and fitness assessment pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 12-months post-intervention.Results:The intervention was found to increase fitness in the exercise groups, as compared with the control group (F = 9.88, p = <0.001). Changes in pre-to-post-intervention fitness were associated with increased volume in the right frontal lobe (β = 0.29, p = 0.036, r = 0.27), right supplementary motor area (β = 0.30, p = 0.031, r = 0.29), and both right (β = 0.32, p = 0.034, r = 0.30) and left gyrus rectus (β = 0.30, p = 0.037, r = 0.29) for intervention, but not control participants. No differences in volume were observed across groups.Conclusions:At an aggregate level, six months of self-paced high- or moderate-intensity exercise did not increase frontal GM volume. However, experimentally-induced changes in individual cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with frontal GM volume in our sample of older adults. These results provide evidence of individual variability in exercise-induced fitness on brain structure.
Strong Quarterdiurnal Tides in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere During the 2019 Arctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming Over Mohe, China
Authors: Gong Yun , Xue Junwei , Ma Zheng , Zhang Shaodong , Zhou Qihou , Huang Chunming , Huang Kaiming , Yu You , Li Guozhu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe present an analysis of a quarterdiurnal tide (QDT) during the 2019 Arctic sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event. The analysis is based on data obtained from a meteor radar located at Mohe (MH, 53.5°N, 122.3°E), China. The enhancement of the QDT amplitude is observed during the SSW and the maximum QDT amplitude is about 10 m/s in both neutral wind components. Using the meter radar measurements at MH in the period from August 2011 to April 2019, a probability density function of the QDT amplitude is estimated. The probability of the QDT amplitude larger than 8 m/s is less than 1% at MH. A clear seasonal variability of the QDT amplitude is apparent with the maximum amplitudes that appeared in winter. Based on our analysis, the seasonal variability of the QDT is not the main reason that amplified the QDT. According to the bispectral and bicoherence analyses, nonlinear interaction between tidal waves may contribute to the enhancement of the ODTs. The nonlinear interaction between two semidiurnal tides (SDTs) is important, while the effect of the nonlinear interaction between the diurnal tide and the terdiurnal tide is secondary. It may be possible that the effect of the 2019 SSW amplifies the SDT first and then the QDT is generated via nonlinear interaction of SDTs.
Fault Segmentation Pattern Controlled by Thickness of Brittle Crust
Authors: Jiao L. , Klinger Y. , Scholtès L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDuring large earthquakes, seismic sources tend to split in several sub‐events that rupture neighboring fault patches called fault segments. The scaling of such segmentation plays a decisive role in earthquake rupture dynamics, especially for strike‐slip events. Using numerical modeling we demonstrate that when a pristine layer of brittle material is sheared, the first oblique Riedel fractures nucleate with a regular spacing that is controlled by the thickness of that layer. During later localization of the deformation, those initial fractures control the spatial structuration of the entire fault system. Analyzing the horizontal stress distribution in fault‐parallel direction for different ratios between inter‐Riedel distance and material thickness, we identify a threshold at 1.5, beyond which the stress switches from compressional to tensional and leads to the nucleation of a new Riedel fracture. Thus, the inter‐Riedel segment length appears to be controlled by the vertical distribution of stress along the fault.
Shear‐Wave Anisotropy in the Earth's Inner Core
Authors: Wang Sheng , Tkalčić Hrvoje 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEarth's inner core (IC) anisotropy is widely used to infer the deep Earth's evolution and present dynamics. Many compressional‐wave anisotropy models have been proposed based on seismological observations. In contrast, inner‐core shear‐wave (J‐wave) anisotropy—on a par with the compressional‐wave anisotropy—has been elusive. Here, we present a new class of the J‐wave anisotropy observations utilizing earthquake coda‐correlation wavefield. We establish that the coda‐correlation feature I2‐J, sensitive to J‐wave speed, exhibits time and amplitude changes when sampling the IC differently. J‐waves traversing the IC near its center travel faster for the oblique than equatorial angles relative to the Earth's rotation axis by at least ∼5 s. The simplest explanation is the J‐wave cylindrical anisotropy with a minimum strength of ∼0.8%, formed through the lattice‐preferred‐orientation mechanism of iron. Although we cannot uniquely determine its stable iron phase, the new observations rule out one of the body‐centered‐cubic iron models.
Pacific Northwest Plants Record Multiannual Atmosphere–Ocean Circulation Patterns
Authors: Stein Rebekah A. , Sheldon Nathan D. , Smith Selena Y. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCarbon isotope ecology can be used as a measure of plant water stress. Plant water stress is complicated: multiple factors (e.g., evapotranspiration rates, temperature, precipitation, soil texture, and available water) control the magnitude of the isotopic expression. Often, large ocean–atmosphere pressure systems result in the convergence of constructive climate parameters that result in increased plant water stress; for example, El Niño and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) anomaly phases. We examined the biogeochemistry of three species (Thuja plicata: with a Pacific coastal habitat,Thuja occidentalis: native to the Great Lakes region, andPopulus tremuloides: a cosmopolitan species found throughout North America). Coincident analyses of these species allowed for intercomparison between plants in habitats directly impacted by atmospheric–oceanic controls on water availability and those out of Pacific impact range. There are oscillatory patterns in the carbon isotope discrimination values (Δ13Cleaf) ofThuja plicata, but no clear patterns in Δ13Cleafvalues of the other species. We compare the pattern in isotope discrimination ofT. plicatawith Pacific‐driven multiannual environmental phenomena to determine whether these patterns could be related to the oscillation in Δ13Cleafvalues. The data demonstrate a regular and significant 14‐ to 19‐year periodicity, aligning most closely with PDO climate patterns.Thuja plicatalikely records prolonged stress, like plant available water shortages, which coincide with PDO‐associated shifts in precipitation, humidity, and evapotranspiration. These findings demonstrate that coastal Pacific ecosystems are vulnerable to changes in water availability connected to Pacific teleconnections, providing a new recording tool to examine multiannual climate anomalies.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Sediments of a Cyanobacterial Bloom‐Occurring Bay in One Eutrophic Shallow Lake: Occurrence and Related Environmental Factors
Authors: Tian Linqi , Jiang Helong , Bai Leilei , Wang Chunliu , Xu Shengqi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBiological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is an important source of bioavailable nitrogen in the aquatic environment that supports primary production. However, little is known about its occurrence and potential in eutrophic freshwater habitats. This study investigated the diazotrophic diversity and seasonal variation of nitrogenase activity (NA) in the sediments of a cyanobacterial bloom‐occurring bay of a freshwater lake. Sequencing analysis of the nifH gene revealed that diazotrophs in Clusters I and III constituted the dominant components of the diazotrophic community in Meiliang Bay. Both nifH and 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the microbes in sediments have different community structures during the winter than during other seasons. The concentrations of dissolved sulfide, sulfate, and nitrate in pore water were significantly correlated with NA in sediments; however, the Mantel test indicated that dissolved sulfide had a more significant effect on the structure of the diazotrophic community than did other environmental factors. Laboratory culture experiments under different redox conditions further confirmed the inhibitory effect of dissolved sulfide on BNF in sediments. This study revealed that the BNF in sediments of Meiliang Bay was closely linked to variations in dissolved sulfide concentration, which has broadened our understanding of BNF in freshwater lakes.
A CRISPR knockout screen reveals new regulators of canonical Wnt signaling
Authors: Evron Tamar , Caspi Michal , Kazelnik Michal , Shor-Nareznoy Yarden , Armoza-Eilat Shir , Kariv Revital , Manber Zohar , Elkon Ran , Sklan Ella H. , Rosin-Arbesfeld Rina 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Wnt signaling pathways play fundamental roles during both development and adult homeostasis. Aberrant activation of the canonical Wnt signal transduction pathway is involved in many diseases including cancer, and is especially implicated in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Although extensively studied, new genes, mechanisms and regulatory modulators involved in Wnt signaling activation or silencing are still being discovered. Here we applied a genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout (KO) screen based on Wnt signaling induced cell survival to reveal new inhibitors of the oncogenic, canonical Wnt pathway. We have identified several potential Wnt signaling inhibitors and have characterized the effects of the initiation factor DExH-box protein 29 (DHX29) on the Wnt cascade. We show that KO of DHX29 activates the Wnt pathway leading to upregulation of the Wnt target gene cyclin-D1, while overexpression of DHX29 inhibits the pathway. Together, our data indicate that DHX29 may function as a new canonical Wnt signaling tumor suppressor and demonstrates that this screening approach can be used as a strategy for rapid identification of novel Wnt signaling modulators.
Antiatherosclerotic effect of dehydrocorydaline on ApoE−/− mice: inhibition of macrophage inflammation
Authors: Wen Bin , Dang Yuan-ye , Wu Su-hua , Huang Yi-min , Ma Kong-yang , Xu Yi-ming , Zheng Xi-Long , Dai Xiao-yan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDespite improvements in cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes by cholesterol-lowering statin therapy, the high rate of CVD is still a great concern worldwide. Dehydrocorydaline (DHC) is an alkaloidal compound isolated from the traditional Chinese herbCorydalis yanhusuo. Emerging evidence shows that DHC has anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic benefits, but whether DHC exerts any antiatherosclerotic effects remains unclear. Our study revealed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of DHC in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice not only inhibited atherosclerosis development but also improved aortic compliance and increased plaque stability. In addition, DHC attenuated systemic and vascular inflammation in ApoE−/−mice. As macrophage inflammation plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we next examined the direct effects of DHC on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro. Our RNA-seq data revealed that DHC dramatically decreased the levels of proinflammatory gene clusters. We verified that DHC significantly downregulated proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 mRNA levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, DHC decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in BMDMs, as evidenced by the reduced protein levels of CD80, iNOS, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18. Importantly, DHC attenuated LPS-induced activation of p65 and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. Thus, we conclude that DHC ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE−/−mice by inhibiting inflammation, likely by targeting macrophage p65- and ERK1/2-mediated pathways.
Norcantharidin ameliorates the development of murine lupus via inhibiting the generation of IL-17 producing cells
Authors: Du Li-jun , Feng Yu-xiang , He Zhi-xing , Huang Lin , Wang Qiao , Wen Cheng-ping , Zhang Yun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a devastating autoimmune disorder associated with severe organ damage. The abnormality of T cell apoptosis is considered as an important pathogenetic mechanism of SLE. Norcantharidin (NCTD), a derivative of Cantharidin, is an efficacious anti-cancer drug by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis. Besides, NCTD has also been proved to protect the function of kidneys, while damaged renal function is the most important predictor of morbidity and mortality in SLE. All these suggest the potential effects of NCTD in SLE treatment. In this study we investigated whether NCTD exerted therapeutic effects in a mouse SLE model. Lupus prone female MRL/lpr mice were treated with NCTD (1, 2 mg·kg−1·d−1, ip) for 8 weeks. We showed that NCTD administration significantly decreased mortality rate, diminished the expression of anti-dsDNA IgG antibody, a diagnostic marker for SLE, as well as restored renal structure and function in MRL/lpr mice. Moreover, NCTD administration dose-dependently inhibited lymphoproliferation and T cell accumulation in the spleens of MRL/lpr mice. We further revealed that NCTD specifically inhibited DN T cell proliferation and Th17 cell differentiation both via blocking activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. On the other hand, NCTD did not affect T cell apoptosis in MRL/lpr mice. Taken together, our data suggest that NCTD may be as a promising therapeutic drug through targeting T cells for the treatment of SLE.
Long non-coding RNA ZFAS1 promotes pancreatic cancer proliferation and metastasis by sponging miR-497-5p to regulate HMGA2 expression
Authors: Rao Min , Xu Song , Zhang Yong , Liu Yifan , Luan Wenkang , Zhou Junjing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe lncRNA ZFAS1 plays a carcinogenic regulatory role in many human tumours, but it is rarely reported in pancreatic cancer. We identify the role and molecular mechanisms of ZFAS1 in pancreatic cancer. The expression of ZFAS1, miR-497-5p and HMGA2 in pancreatic cancer tissues was detected by qRT-PCR. Pancreatic cancer data in The Cancer Genome Atlas were also included in this study. CCK8, EdU, transwell and scratch wound assays were used to investigate the biological effects of ZFAS1 in pancreatic cancer cells. MS2-RIP, RNA pull-down, RNA-ChIP and luciferase reporter assays were used to clarify the molecular biological mechanisms of ZFAS1 in pancreatic cancer. The role of ZFAS1 in vivo was also confirmed via xenograft experiments. ZFAS1 was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues. ZFAS1 promoted the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells, and miR-497-5p acted as a tumour suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer by targeting HMGA2. We also demonstrated that ZFAS1 exerts its effects by promoting HMGA2 expression through decoying miR-497-5p. We also found that ZFAS1 promoted the progression of pancreatic cancer in vivo by modulating the miR-497-5p/HMGA2 axis. In conclusion, this study revealed a new role for and the molecular mechanisms of ZFAS1 in pancreatic cancer, identifying ZFAS1 as a novel target for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Tunable unidirectional nonlinear emission from transition-metal-dichalcogenide metasurfaces
Authors: Nauman Mudassar , Yan Jingshi , de Ceglia Domenico , Rahmani Mohsen , Zangeneh Kamali Khosro , De Angelis Costantino , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. , Lu Yuerui , Neshev Dragomir N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNonlinear light sources are central to a myriad of applications, driving a quest for their miniaturisation down to the nanoscale. In this quest, nonlinear metasurfaces hold a great promise, as they enhance nonlinear effects through their resonant photonic environment and high refractive index, such as in high-index dielectric metasurfaces. However, despite the sub-diffractive operation of dielectric metasurfaces at the fundamental wave, this condition is not fulfilled for the nonlinearly generated harmonic waves, thereby all nonlinear metasurfaces to date emit multiple diffractive beams. Here, we demonstrate the enhanced single-beam second- and third-harmonic generation in a metasurface of crystalline transition-metal-dichalcogenide material, offering the highest refractive index. We show that the interplay between the resonances of the metasurface allows for tuning of the unidirectional second-harmonic radiation in forward or backward direction, not possible in any bulk nonlinear crystal. Our results open new opportunities for metasurface-based nonlinear light-sources, including nonlinear mirrors and entangled-photon generation.
Modelling the persistence and control of Rift Valley fever virus in a spatially heterogeneous landscape
Authors: Tennant Warren S. D. , Cardinale Eric , Cêtre-Sossah Catherine , Moutroifi Youssouf , Le Godais Gilles , Colombi Davide , Spencer Simon E. F. , Tildesley Mike J. , Keeling Matt J. , Charafouddine Onzade , Colizza Vittoria , Edmunds W. John , Métras Raphaëlle 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe persistence mechanisms of Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic arboviral haemorrhagic fever, at both local and broader geographical scales have yet to be fully understood and rigorously quantified. We developed a mathematical metapopulation model describing RVF virus transmission in livestock across the four islands of the Comoros archipelago, accounting for island-specific environments and inter-island animal movements. By fitting our model in a Bayesian framework to 2004–2015 surveillance data, we estimated the importance of environmental drivers and animal movements on disease persistence, and tested the impact of different control scenarios on reducing disease burden throughout the archipelago. Here we report that (i) the archipelago network was able to sustain viral transmission in the absence of explicit disease introduction events after early 2007, (ii) repeated outbreaks during 2004–2020 may have gone under-detected by local surveillance, and (iii) co-ordinated within-island control measures are more effective than between-island animal movement restrictions.
Magnetothermal nanoparticle technology alleviates parkinsonian-like symptoms in mice
Authors: Hescham Sarah-Anna , Chiang Po-Han , Gregurec Danijela , Moon Junsang , Christiansen Michael G. , Jahanshahi Ali , Liu Huajie , Rosenfeld Dekel , Pralle Arnd , Anikeeva Polina , Temel Yasin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) has long been used to alleviate symptoms in patients suffering from psychiatric and neurological disorders through stereotactically implanted electrodes that deliver current to subcortical structures via wired pacemakers. The application of DBS to modulate neural circuits is, however, hampered by its mechanical invasiveness and the use of chronically implanted leads, which poses a risk for hardware failure, hemorrhage, and infection. Here, we demonstrate that a wireless magnetothermal approach to DBS (mDBS) can provide similar therapeutic benefits in two mouse models of Parkinson’s disease, the bilateral 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model. We show magnetothermal neuromodulation in untethered moving mice through the activation of the heat-sensitive capsaicin receptor (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1, TRPV1) by synthetic magnetic nanoparticles. When exposed to an alternating magnetic field, the nanoparticles dissipate heat, which triggers reversible firing of TRPV1-expressing neurons. We found that mDBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) enables remote modulation of motor behavior in healthy mice. Moreover, mDBS of the STN reversed the motor deficits in a mild and severe parkinsonian model. Consequently, this approach is able to activate deep-brain circuits without the need for permanently implanted hardware and connectors.