bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Photography Knowledge and Skills among Dental Students in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Albugami Rozan Khaled , Binmahfod Nadin Naji , Muhsin Manar Abdulkareem , Bamane Rafal Ahmad , Almuqrin Abdulrahman Dhaher , Aldahri Ohoud Abdullah , Pullishery Fawaz 
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim:
Clinical photographs have become an important entity in contemporary dental education in Saudi Arabia. The study assessed the knowledge and skills related to clinical photography among final-year undergraduate dental students in different dental schools in the Western province of Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods:
A face-to-face interview was conducted using a pretested and validated questionnaire after obtaining relevant consent from the college administration and the students. Trained and calibrated data collectors interviewed the dental students between November 2019 and February 2020.

Results:
The knowledge related to clinical photography was “good” only in 17.2% of the participants, and most of the students demonstrated “poor” knowledge (58.9%). Digital single lens-reflex (DSLR) camera was used by only 43.9% of the students for taking clinical photographs. The practice of taking informed consent from patients for taking and using clinical photographs was reported in 77.6% of the dental students.

Conclusion:
The knowledge related to dental clinical photography was not satisfactory, and students need to improve the understanding of the proper functioning of digital cameras and also the medicolegal issues related to clinical photography.
Influence of Dental Prostheses on Cognitive Functioning in Elderly Population: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ahmed Syed Ershad , Mohan Jayashree , Kalaignan Parithimar , Kandasamy Saravanan , Raju Ramesh , Champakesan Bharath 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The aim of the systematic review was to assess the influence of dental prostheses on cognitive functioning in elderly population.

Materials and Methods:
This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The initial electronic search was conducted using the following search databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and EMBASE. The search was limited to English language using the search items/keywords: “dental prostheses and cognitive functioning,” “dental prostheses and brain function,” “Tooth loss and cognitive loss,” “mastication and prefrontal activity,” and “prostheses on mental state.” The search strategy was followed using the PICOS framework.

Results:
A total of 19 studies were selected according to the selection criteria. Out of 19 studies, 15 studies were included and 4 studies were excluded from the review.

Conclusion:
With the available evidence in the literature, it can be concluded that dental prostheses have a very significant role in preventing the cognitive impairment and act as a protective factor in enhancing the cognitive function in patients with dementia-related diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.
Evaluation of Quality of Endodontic Re-Treatment and Changes in Periapical Status
Authors: Aga Nausheen , Thakur Manoj Kumar , Agwan Muhammad Atif Saleem , Eisa Muna , Habshi Amel Yousif , Azeem Sarah 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The present study was conducted to assess quality of root canal (RC) filling before and after RC re-treatment.

Materials and Methods:
Two hundred and thirty-eight radiographs of failed endodontic treatment were assessed. The periapical status of the endodontic treatment was evaluated with periapical index (PAI) scoring system. PAI <3 showed absence and PAI >3 showed presence of periapical lesion.

Results:
There was a statistically significant increase in scores 1 and 3 and decrease in scores 2, 4, 5, and 6 after treatment (P < 0.05). PAI score >3 was seen in 37% before which decreased to 16% after endodontic retreatment. 34.6% obturation was homogenous and 65.4% was nonhomogenous before endodontic retreatment. After endodontic retreatment, 95.2% became homogenous and 4.8% nonhomogenous. The reason for endodontic failure was furcation in 2%, iatrogenic causes in 3%, loss of coronal seal in 16%, periapical pathology in 25%, and inadequate root filling in 54%.

Conclusion:
There was significant improvement and decrease in size of periapical lesions in re-endodontic cases as compared to primary RC treated teeth.
The “Normative” Concept of Personhood in Wiredu’s Moral Philosophy
Authors: Molefe Motsamai 
Published: June 2021

The article explores the place and status of the normative concept of personhood in Kwasi Wiredu’s moral philosophy. It begins by distinguishing an ethic from an ethics, where one involves cultural values and the other strict moral values. It proceeds to argue, by a careful exposition of Wiredu’s moral philosophy, that he locates personhood as an essential aspect of communalism [an ethic], and it specifies culture-specific standards of excellence among traditional African societies. I conclude the article by considering one implication of the conclusion, which is that personhood embodies cultural values of excellence concerning the place and status of partiality in Wiredu’s moral philosophy.
Keywords: Afro-communitarianism, agent-centred personhood, Ethic, Ethics, Kwasi Wiredu, Partiality Personhood.
Studying and teaching ethnic African languages for Pan-African consciousness, Pan-Africanism and the African Renaissance: A Decolonising Task
Authors: Sesanti Simphiwe 
Published: June 2021

In order to conquer and subjugate Africans, at the 1884 Berlin Conference, European countries dismembered Africa by carving her up into pieces and sharing her among themselves. European colonialists also antagonised Africans by setting up one ethnic African community against the other, thus promoting ethnic consciousness to undermine Pan-African consciousness. European powers also imposed their own “ethnic” languages, making them not only “official”, but also “international”. Consequently, as the Kenyan philosopher, Ngũgῖ wa Thiong’o, persuasively argues, through their ethnic languages, European colonialists planted their memory wherever they went, while simultaneously uprooting the memory of the colonised. Cognisant of efforts in some South African institutions of higher learning to promote African languages for the purpose of promoting literacy in African languages, this article argues that while this exercise is commendable, ethnic African languages should be deliberately taught to “re-member” Africa and rediscover Pan-African consciousness. By doing this, African scholarship would be aiding Africans’ perennial and elusive quest for Pan-Africanism and the African Renaissance.
Keywords: African Renaissance, Ethnic African Languages, Ethnic European Languages, European Colonialism, Pan-African Consciousness, Pan-Africanism
Pharmacognostic and elemental analysis of the rhizome of C. spectabilis (Fenzl) Schumann (Costaceae)
Authors: Shehu Salisu , Abubakar Abdulmumin Z. , Danmalam Umar H. , Ilyas Najma , Danjuma Nuhu M. 
Published: June 2021

The extract from the rhizome of Costus spectabilis (Costaceae) has been used to treat many illnesses including eye infections and cataract. The present study aimed to establish the pharmacognostic features of the rhizome by evaluating its macro-morphological characteristics, micro-morphological features using its anatomical section, physicochemical constants and elemental profile of its powder according to standard methods. Macro-morphology revealed features typical of a rhizome. Microscopical examination shows vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue of starch-filled cellulosic parenchyma, parenchymatous cortex, endodermis and Oleoresin cells. Chemomicroscopy of the powder showed cellulosic cell walls, lignified cell walls, starch grains, fats and oil. The powder was found to have a moisture content of 12.3%, Total ash of 4.3%, acid insoluble ash of 2.0%, water soluble ash of 1.2%, water soluble extractive of 11.0% and alcohol soluble extractive of 6.5%. Elemental analysis showed the presence of Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn and Cd at concentrations of 24.62, 2.63, 1449.21, 113.23, 36.50, 31.90, 86.93 and 1.23 mg/kg in the powder respectively. The study has established some pharmacognostic features and elemental composition of the rhizome of C. spectabilis. The information could serve useful in providing quality control parameters and standardization of the crude drug.
Keywords: Macro-morphology; Microscopical; Physico-chemical; Standardization; Elemental analysis
Willingness of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) students to be custodians of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): case study of Kenyatta University, Nairobi
Authors: Ogaji Ikoni , Lubayo Jackson , Aliyu Fullaila O. 
Published: June 2021

Appropriate training on standardization of quality characteristics of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices has the potential to pave way for integrative and collaborative healthcare delivery in African health facilities. The purpose of this study was to understand how willing pharmacy students are to taking on the custody of CAM, especially provision of expertise services on traditional medicines. A questionnaire on the willingness of Bachelor of Pharmacy students to be trained and certified as CAM experts in an integrated health system was administered to one hundred and nineteen (119) pharmacy students of Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Ninety-four respondents (78.99 %) were excited to be trained on CAM and become experts on CAM alongside orthodox but not solely on CAM. Majority of the respondents acknowledged the important role of CAM in the nation’s healthcare delivery systembut were not ready to be trained solely as such without the commitments of governments for better status. The study revealed that with necessary support from governments and stakeholders, specialists from those desiring to study pharmacy can be developed to focus on safety, purity and efficacy of CAM, especially traditional medicines, to enhance their incorporation into the national healthcare system.
Keywords: Pharmacy students; CAM; Experts; Integrative healthcare system
Cocoa Export Permit and Quota System In Nigeria During World War II, 1939-45
Authors: Muojam OG 
Published: June 2021

The cocoa trade in colonial West Africa, before World War II, had been operated through market forces. All attempts made by foreign trading firms to form ‘cocoa buying pool’ and eliminate market forces met with stiff opposition by African farmers and middlemen, the famous of which was the cocoa hold-up in Ghana in 1937-8. However, following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the British colonial government abrogated the virtue of free market and took control of the cocoa trade in West Africa, appointing the trading firms as its buying agents. This paper examines the organisation, operations and contradictions of cocoa permit and quota system which were the principal elements of the war-time cocoa control scheme in British West Africa.
Perspective Actionelle Visa-a-Vis L’enseignement du Français Langue Entrangele au Nigeria : Problem et Vision
Authors: Ezeodili S 
Published: June 2021

La langue française s’inscrit comme l’une des langues étrangères les plus enseignées au cadre universitaire nigérian. Ayant fait entrée au pays il y a plusieurs décennies, un progrès rapide se marque dans l’enseignement et apprentissage de cette langue étrangère. Toutefois, il ne va pas sans problèmes aussi bien au niveau de manque des matériaux pédagogiques, ainsi que la méthodologie d’enseignement qui ne cesse d’évoluer. À l’heure actuelle, c’est la perspective actionnelle qui se pose comme la méthodologie la plus récente. C’est une nouvelle perspective d’enseignement et d’apprentissage des langues considérant les apprenants comme des acteurs sociaux ayant à accomplir des tâches langagières et non-langagières. Dans cette communication, nous avons comme objectif de discuter cette nouvelle perspective en fonction de son adaptation dans l’université nigériane.French language is positioned as one of the most taught foreign languages in the Nigerian university. Having penetrated into the country some decades ago, an unprecedented progress has been recorded in its teaching and learning. However, it has not been without some challenges ranging from inadequate and insufficient pedagogical materials to the continual change in the teaching methods. Currently, the Common European Framework of Reference for European languages is based on the new approach ‘perspecitve actionnelle’ an offshoot of the communicative approach which came into limelight in the 80s.. This method considers the learner as a social actor having to accomplish tasks that are both linguistic and non linguistic tasks in the society. Meanwhile, its application is not yet popular in Nigeria. In this communication therefore, the new method has been discussed with a view to finding out its application implication in Nigerian universities.
espiritualidade e seus reflexos na qualidade de vida no trabalho do servidor público
Authors: Peixoto Paulo de Tarso de Castro , Araújo Fátima Soares de , Santos Izabel Cristina Monteiro Roli dos , Alcântara Marcos Valério Ancillotti de 
Published: June 2021

O artigo aborda a revisão de literatura sobre o conceito de Espiritualidade, deslocando-o de sua função estritamente ligada à religiosidade para ser pensada como uma dimensão voltada à construção de uma ecologia institucional no serviço público. O artigo discorre sobre as diferentes formas de conceber a espiritualidade e a religião. Desta esfera, o artigo dirige-se à construção de caminhos que possibilitem pensar,no serviço público, o clima organizacional, a partir de valores ecológico-afetivos e sobre como esses valores interferem diretamente no bem-estar dos servidores e com a qualidade do serviço público ao cidadão. O artigo problematiza o conceito de espiritualidade que pode ser ampliado e dirigido ao bem-estar do ser humano e na construção de uma vida coletiva vital. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada na pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório. A literatura pesquisada encaminha-se ao sentido de que a espiritualidade não deve ser entendida como algo à parte, ou que necessitaria de rituais ou lugares especiais sagrados. Conclui-se que a dimensão “espiritualidade” é uma experiência que pode ser desenvolvida a partir de um cuidado institucional estendido ao cuidado dos outros e das coletividades. Uma espiritualidade tecida por uma ecologia afetiva coletiva.
Инглиз тилини ўқитишда 5-9 синф ўқувчиларини грамматик компетенциясини ривожлантиришнинг асосий хусусиятлари
Authors: Назарова Феруза 
Published: June 2021

Мазкур мақола тил ўрганувчи ўқувчиларда грамматик компетенциясини ривожлантиришдаги ёндашув ва турли хил принциплардан фойдаланиш усулларига бағишланади. Мақола муаллифи грамматикани матнга асосланган ҳолда ўқитиш (grammar in context) га доир машқларга мисоллар берган ва бир қанча топшириқларни таклиф қилган.
Маркетингни ривожлантириш ва унинг моҳияти, хусусиятлари.
Authors: Бахриддинов Жахонгир 
Published: June 2021

Ушбу мақолада маркетингни ривожлантиришда унинг моҳияти, ўзига хос хусусиятлари инобатга олинган бўлиб, бозор стратегияларини ишлаб чиқишда энг аввало инновациялар жараёнини аниқлаб олиш ва шу орқали соҳани ривожлантириш йўналишлари ишлаб чиқилган.
Айнан саноат инқилоби даврида товарларни сотиб олиш истеъмолчига нарсаларни ўзи ясашдан кўра осонроқ бўла бошлади. Оммавий ишлаб чиқариш ўсиб бораётган истеъмол бозори эҳтиёжларига хизмат қилиш учун бир хил иш билан шуғулланадиган кўплаб саноат тармоқларини яратилишига олиб келди.
Usage of the “Just in time” concept in teaching English for Specifics Purposes
Authors: Kurbanova Niginabonu 
Published: June 2021

The current article describes the results of different research findings, that was established after implementation of “Just in Time” concept in language acquisition, collecting data from students about the effectiveness of the target concept and their insights of the “Just in Time” as a whole.Learnersin this research take English classes for specific purposes; the topics of the lessons are connected with the major they are focusing on.Annotationsof ESP teaching among the students showed that no specific instruction in language acquisition were given and there were more miscellaneous approach in teaching, without a corpus and clear description of what language element exactly should be focused on in ESP teaching, or what grammar is necessary to teach in order to use language in authentic world or what texts should be introduced for reading as the academic readings claimed time for analyzing and comprehending. The most important thing is how students are able to understand and obtain data using their cognitive skills, thus, it was difficult to fully explore the ability of theirs, identify their strength and weaknesses. As a result, in the teacher -student interaction, contribution of learners lacked and the outcomes were barely explored. These apprehensions directed the teachers to reflect a strategy which could encompass learners and helped them to participate time in the classroom activities and outside the classroom hours, therefore the time of the class might be better enhanced and the coherence better interpreted.
As an example, we can take students with the major of Hotel industry and tourism faculty. Not a secret that this sphere is significantly developed field of modern society, where the collaboration and negotiation play a huge role. Being Lingua Franca-the language of the world, demand for English language acquisition increases noticeably. The people of the target major are required to have English language proficiency. Tourism comes align with English language, due to its world-wide usage and being an official language almost in more than 70 countries of the world. On its turn, English language teachers are specifically needed with their experience, knowledge and teaching skills as well. Current article is to demonstrate the role of concepts in teaching ESP, selecting appropriate techniques for students to learn the language and be confident in using the language at their work places. Moreover, the article demonstrates the importance of cognitive skills of students for effective productive skills and receptive skills as well. In addition, in the article the theory of “Just-in-time” concept is described, in the process of teaching ESP students.
Kasb-hunar nomlarining lug'aviy-ma'noviy guruhlari va tahlili
Authors: Imomov Elyor 
Published: June 2021

Maqolada tildagi lug'aviy birliklar, shu jumladan, kasb-hunar nomlari o'z ma'no xususiyatiga ko'ra shaxs nomlari semantik maydoniga mansubligi, shaxs nomlari semantik maydoniga mansub kasb-hunar nomlari bir qancha mavzuviy guruhlarga bo'linishi haqida so’z boradi.
Разработка брендовой стратегии в системе маркетинга детских товаров
Authors: Мейлиева Дильноза , Kамбарова Шахноза 
Published: June 2021

Сегодня маркетинг является основным источником рекламы на внешнем и внутреннем рынке. Такие концепции, как маркетинговая стратегия, стратегия бренда служат для продвижения товарного бренда, трансформации его на внутреннем и внешнем рынке. В этой статье автор объясняет термины маркетинга, брендинга в рекламной системе и останавливается на стратегии брендинга детских товаров.
O‘quvchilarning amaliy kompetentligi samaradorligini oshirishda fanlararo bog‘liqlik
Authors: Ruzimuradov Otabek , Berdiyeva Gulobod 
Published: June 2021

Ushbu maqolada o‘quvchilarda umumiy kompetensiyalarni shakllantirish tuzilmasi motivatsiya, kognitiv, faoliyatli va natijalarni baholash bosqichlarida kompetensiyalar xususiyatlari (ehtiyoj, maqsadni to‘g‘ri qo‘yish, qiziqish, motivatsiya, prognoz qilish, analitik ko‘nikma va interpretatsiya qilish) va ko‘rsatkichlari (kompetensiyalarni shakllantirish, kompetensiyalarni mustaqil qo‘llay olish, kompetentlik, o‘z-o‘zini baholay olish) mazmunini ochib berish masalalari yoritilgan.
Olingan natijalardan umumta’lim maktablarida ta’lim samaradorligini oshirishda, pedagogik monitoring va umumta’lim fanlarini o‘qitishda o‘quv modullari bo‘yicha o‘quv-uslubiy majmualarni yaratishda, xalqaro baholash tizimlari topshiriqlarini ishlab chiqishda qo‘llanilishi mumkinligi hamda tanlangan kompetensiyalarning davlat ta’lim standartlariga kiritilgani bilan belgilanadi.
Marine Atmospheric Corrosion of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steels
Authors: Melia Michael A. , Duran Jesse G. , Taylor Jason M. , Presuel-Moreno Francisco , Schaller Rebecca F. , Schindelholz Eric J. 
Published: June 2021

Additively manufactured (AM) stainless steels (SSs) exhibit numerous microstructural differences compared to their wrought counterparts, such as Cr-enriched dislocation cell structures. The influence these unique features have on a SSs corrosion resistance are still under investigation with most current works limited to laboratory experiments. The work herein shows the first documented study of AM 304L and 316L exposed to a severe marine environment on the eastern coast of Florida with comparisons made to wrought counterparts. Coupons were exposed for 21 months and resulted in significant pitting corrosion to initiate after 1 month of exposure for all conditions. At all times, the AM coupons exhibited lower average and maximum pit depths than their wrought counterparts. After 21 months, pits on average were 4 μm deep for AM 316L specimen and 8 μm deep for wrought specimen. Pits on the wrought samples tended to be nearly hemispherical and polished with some pits showing crystallographic attack while pits on AM coupons exhibited preferential attack at melt pool boundaries and the cellular microstructure.
O relato de vida indígena e outros (sub)gêneros literários em A queda do céu: palavras de um xamã yanomami, Meu nome é Rigoberta Menchu e assim nasceu minha consciência e Bobbi Lee: Indian Rebel struggles of a Native Canadian woman
Authors: Salles Juliana 
Published: June 2021

Partindo de três obras primárias: A queda do céu: palavras de um xamã yanomami, de Davi Kopenawa e Bruce Albert, Meu nome é Rigoberta Menchú e assim nasceu minha consciência, de Rigoberta Menchú e Elizabeth Burgos, e Bobbi Lee: Indian Rebel Struggles of a Native Canadian Woman, de Lee Maracle e Don Barnett, busco apontar e reforçar algumas das características desses relatos de vida indígena (SALLES, 2020) a partir de uma análise comparativa com outros gêneros (a saber, narrativas de vida étnica, narrativas de exílio, autoetnografia e ecobiografia). Para tal, a “virada etnográfica” ocorrida no campo das ciências sociais, que trouxe maior fluidez para a classificação de trabalhos como relatos de vida indígena, assim como a discussão sobre gêneros literários nos são bastante caras nesse artigo.