bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE USAGE OF THE INTERNET IN TEACHING BIOLOGY: THE ANALYSIS OF A SITUATION AND PREDICTIONS
Authors: Lamanauskas Vincentas , Vilkonis Rytis 
Published: June 2021

Recently, the issues of Information and Communication Technologies have been exhaustively discussed. The questions are debated at scientific, technical, political, managerial etc level. Certainly, the present technologies have many possibilities. However, ‘transferring’ them to the educational system seems to be the most difficult problem. What are the solutions to be reached in order to effectively apply the technologies for teaching/learning purposes, to decrease a possible negative impact on health etc. The world rapidly changes and technical potentiality is constantly growing. The digital revolution is making life easier for people in both directions work and leisure time. A question if we can support an idea that modern ICT helps with the educational process is not explicit? Obviously, ICT improvement leads to applying them in different areas of our life.
The Internet - the effective tool during studying biology. On the one hand, use of the Internet during teaching/learning process extends, on the other hand - it is necessary to study a situation in Lithuanian schools.
Therefore, the object of our study is the usage of the Internet for teaching biology. The main aim of the study is to analyse the situation of the usage of the Internet for teaching biology and highlight the hindering/encouraging factors of its usage in the teaching process. The most important study tasks have been formulated:
•	To analyse the situation of the usage of the Internet for teaching biology;
•	To identify the hindering/stimulating factors of Internet usage for teaching biology;
•	To highlight the experts’ opinion about the expected development perspectives of Internet usage for teaching biology in the nearest five years period.
The study employed expert inquiry. The type of expert inquiry – “Delphi study”, containing several experts’ inquiries (stages). The data of every round are generalised and repeatedly submitted to the experts. Such procedure is repeated several times, most often 3-4 times. The study was carried out in September – December 2006.
The situation in aspect of use of the Internet has changed at the Lithuanian schools. The quantity of computers and opportunities of access to internet networks has raised. But there is expressed enough difference between rural and city schools. Qualification of teachers in a context of use ICT too various.
Principal reasons limiting use of the Internet - lack of computers and access to the Internet network, bad knowledge of foreign languages. On the other hand the desire of teachers to improve the competence is observed. Use of the Internet stimulates greater opportunities of dialogue with colleagues, an exchange of methodical experience, an opportunity to use different methods of teaching. Use of the Internet creates conditions to carry out virtual experiments, to visualize process of biology teaching.
Key words: teaching biology, Internet usage, expert inquiry
Examining the Effect of Export Restrictions on Medical Products under WTO during Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kumar Singh Anand 
Published: June 2021

Export of medical instruments in midst of life-threatening pandemic crisis has increased significantly. However, the urgent supply of medical products faces the challenge of unprecedented protectionist restrictions introduced by several developed nations. These restrictions, introduced to avoid shortage of medical products in domestic market of such exporting countries, threaten the lives and livelihood of million others in immediate and urgent need of goods. The article examines the legality and effect of these restrictions under the extant WTO framework. Lastly, the article also highlights the necessity of international cooperation between nations to overcome partisan policies of self-interest and the imporatnce of collective efforts in this fight against a common threat.
CGRP: from history to clinical application - A review
Authors: Henrique Aragao Afonso , Sanabria Duarte Joel , Benzecry Almeida Daniel , Ramina Ricardo 
Published: June 2021

The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor have played an important role in migraine for the last decades due to development of therapies that target their receptors at the trigeminal pain system, aiming at prevention or relief of acute migraine attacks. At first, CGRP receptor antagonists, called gepants have demonstrated appropriate effectiveness. In addition, they did not cause vasoconstriction, one of the drawbacks of triptans. However, their use had to be discontinued due to the risk of liver toxicity. Humanized monoclonal antibodies towards CGRP and the CGRP receptor have been developed as an alternative approach to block CGRP transmission. Still, there are some questions not fully answered as where CGRP and its receptor are located, how they influence the mechanisms of migraine attacks and if the blood brain barrier has any sort of importance. There is still much to learn about CGRP and migraine pathophysiology, especially its anatomical target sites and anti-CGRP agents. This paper presents a review of CGRP, including a brief history, focusing in CGRP mechanism, updates and future treatments.
KẾT QUẢ ĐIỀU TRỊ PHẪU THUẬT BẮC CẦU ĐỘNG MẠCH TRONG VÀ NGOÀI SỌ TRONG PHÌNH ĐỘNG MẠCH NÃO PHỨC TẠP
Authors: Mạnh Hùng Ngô 
Published: June 2021

Mục tiêu: (1) mô tả các phương pháp điều trị phẫu thuật phình động mạch não phức tạp; (2) đánh giá kết quả điều trị phình động mạch não phức tạp và khổng lồ. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu hồi cứu 17 bệnh nhân đã được điều trị phẫu thuật bắc cầu động mạch trong và ngoài sọ trong điều trị phình động mạch não khổng lồ tại bệnh viện Việt Đức. Kết quả: tuổi trung bình: 37,39 ±12,67; có 58,83% nữ; các triệu chứng bao gồm: đau đầu, vắng ý thức, thất ngôn, yếu liệt vạn động, co giật; kích thước trung bình của phình mạch: 30,1±15,2 mm; 58,83% phình hình túi; các vị trí của túi phình: động mạch cảnh trong đoạn ngoài sọ, trong sọ và động mạch não giữa. Phẫu thuật bắc cầu lưu lượng cao (64,71%), lưu lượng thấp (35,29%). 94,12% số bệnh nhân có điểm mRS £2 khi khám lại. Kết luận: phẫu thuật bắc cầu động mạch trong và ngoài sọ là một lựa chọn phù hợp và có hiệu quả trong điều trị các phình khổng lồ, phức tạp động mạch não.
PHÁT TRIỂN VÀ ÁP DỤNG XÉT NGHIỆM DI TRUYỀN TRƯỚC CHUYỂN PHÔI (PGT-M) CHO BỆNH THALASSEMIA Ở VIỆT NAM
Authors: Mai Anh Đào , L Harton Gary , Quang Vinh Nguyễn , Văn Huynh Nguyễn , Thị Nhung Hoàng , Thúy Nga Phạm , Thị Thu Hiền Lê , Minh Đức Nguyễn , Quốc Quân Trần 
Published: June 2021

Mục tiêu: Thiết kế, tối ưu và xây dựng quy trình cho thực hiện đồng thời xét nghiệm PGT-A và PGT-M cho bệnh thalassemia, sử dụng hệ thống giải trình tự thế hệ mới cho phép kiểm tra đồng thời các đột biến trong gen HBB và các dấu chuẩn đa hình đơn nucleotide (SNP). Phương pháp: Thiết kế và tối ưu quy xét nghiệm kết hợp PGT-A và PGT-M cho bệnh nhân IVF tại Việt Nam, trong đó xét nghiệm thực hiện sử dụng hệ thống giải trình tự thế hệ mới cho phép kiểm tra các đột biến gây bệnh beta-thalassemia đồng thời cùng lượng lớn các đa đình SNP sử dụng cho phân tích di truyền liên kết và kiểm soát nhiễm chéo. Kết quả: Đến nay, 2 trường hợp đã hoàn thành toàn bộ quy trình bao gồm cả chuyển phôi trong khi 9 trường hợp khác đã hoàn thành phân tích IVF và PGT-M/A nhưng vẫn chưa hoàn thành chuyển phôi. Trong 2 trường hợp được chuyển phôi, cả 2 bệnh nhân đều có thai với phôi thai không mang bất thường dị bội và không mắc bệnh beta-thalassemia, đã được xác nhận bằng xét nghiệm chọc ối. Trong 9 trường hợp tiếp theo, 39 phôi được sinh thiết và khuếch đại toàn hệ gen, đạt tiêu chuẩn cho thực hiện xét nghiệm. Có 8 phôi không mang gen bệnh, 31 phôi mang đột biến dạng dị hợp tử và 11 phôi mang đột biến dạng đồng hợp tử/dị hợp tử kép. Trong đó, kết quả xét nghiệm PGT-A cũng chỉ ra 22 phôi lưỡng bội và 2 phôi mang bất thường lệch bội. Thảo luận: Ở đây chúng tôi báo cáo ứng dụng của quy trình xét nghiệm cho 11 cặp bệnh nhân, trong đó đưa ra các kết quả chi tiết đối với 2 trường hợp đã thực hiện chuyển phôi và thực hiện các xét nghiệm chẩn đoán trước sinh.
YẾU TỐ LIÊN QUAN VỚI SỰ TUÂN THỦ ĐIỀU TRỊ Ở NGƯỜI BỆNH TĂNG HUYẾT ÁP ĐIỀU TRỊ NGOẠI TRÚ
Authors: Văn Cường Đào , Ngọc Tâm Nguyễn , Thị Xuân Đặng , Trung Anh Nguyễn 
Published: June 2021

Cơ sở nghiên cứu: sự tuân thủ điều trị quyết định sự thành công của việc điều trị bệnh tăng huyết áp. Mục tiêu: tìm hiểu một số yếu tố liên quan với tình trạng tuân thủ điều trị ở người bệnh tăng huyết áp ngoại trú. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu được thực hiện tại phòng khám ngoại trú tuyến cơ sở. Các yếu tố liên quan được đánh giá bao gồm tuổi, giới, trình độ học vấn, số thuốc sử dụng, bệnh mắc kèm. Mối liên quan với đạt huyết áp mục tiêu được đánh giá. Kết quả: Các nhóm tuổi trên có sự đồng đều về tuân thủ thuốc: nhóm tuổi từ 40-60 tuổi là 72,6%, nhóm tuổi 61-75 tuổi là 71,3%, nhóm tuối ≥ 75 tuổi là 69,2%. Tuân thủ tốt ở nhóm điều trị THA đơn độc là 71,4%, tuân thủ tốt ở nhóm mắc kèm thêm 01 bệnh là 72,5%, tuân thủ tốt ở nhóm mắc kèm thêm 02 bệnh là 66,7%. Tỷ lệ bệnh nhân tuân thủ tốt đạt mục tiêu huyết áp là 53,5%, tuân thủ tốt không đạt mục tiêu 18,1%. Kết luận: Một số yếu tố liên quan tới sự tuân thủ thuốc là số thuốc huyết áp phải sử dụng, số bệnh mắc kèm theo. Tuân thủ thuốc tốt liên quan tới đạt mục tiêu điều trị tốt hơn.
What Hinders Victims from Reporting Sexual Violence: A Qualitative Study with Police Officers, Prosecutors, and Judges in Hungary
Authors: Parti Katalin , Robinson Robin A. 
Published: June 2021

While rape historically remains underreported all over the globe, and criminal justice factors contribute to this problem, we investigate unique circumstances that might influence reporting inclinations by Hungarian victims of sexual violence. Among other possible factors, victim-blaming, institutional desensitization, and a lack of trust in the criminal justice system and in the community are discussed. The in-depth interviews (n = 22) with law enforcement and criminal justice professionals conducted in 2018 in Hungary reveal roots of underreporting in the complexities of the criminal justice system: there is a failure to prioritize victims’ needs—mental care services, physical and privacy protection—and a focus instead on solely providing legal justice. The further deficits that can be found among professionals’ attitudes and behaviors in the courtroom are products of the following: a lack of standardized protocols in addressing the needs of victims; a dearth of technical and evidence-based knowledge and training; a lack of supervision and trauma-informed services to practitioners; high caseloads; a focus on the goal of high conviction rates; not providing open communication toward victims; and a shortage of standardized protocols in dealing with victims.
Numerical Study of Heat and Water Vapour Exchanges Inside a Green Roof Building in a High Irradiation Area for Passive Cooling Purpose
Authors: Samah Hodo-Abalo , Kata N’Detigma , Kpode Kodjo , Banna Magolmèèna , Zeghmati Belkacem 
Published: June 2021

Vegetation cover provides shading and protects the soil beneath them from warming. Vegetation can be used as passive cooling technique that reduces the thermal load of a building. A numerical study has been carried out on laminar double-diffusive mixed convection in a green roof enclosure. The model is equipped with inlet and outlet openings for air removal while the left vertical wall is heated and partially saturated with water for indoor air humidification. The mathematical model is governed by the two-dimensional continuity, momentum, energy and concentration equations. Transfer equations are solved using a ﬁnite difference scheme and Thomas algorithm. The model was applied for the simulation of a building with green roof in Togolese climate conditions. Results showed that, the flow structure is a mixed convection type, but the isotherms et iso-concentration distributions reveal a vertical stratification of the temperatures and the relative humidity.To predict heat transfers inside the cavity, a correlation has been established for the estimation of the average Nusselt number as a function of the Leaf Area Index and Reynolds number under solar heat flux of 350 W.m-2, the average in case of Togo. It was found that a larger Leaf Area Index reduces the solar flux penetration and therefore, reduces significantly heat transfer inside the enclosure and then stabilizes it temperature. For the LAI equal to 3, the indoor air fluctuates around 26°C and the relative humidity range is found to be 50% - 60% under solar heat flux of 350 W.m-2.
Positive-Unlabelled Learning based Novelty Detection for Industrial Chillers
Authors: Van de Sand Ron , Corasaniti Sandra , Reiff-Stephan Jörg 
Published: June 2021

Chiller systems are used in many different applications in both the industrial and the commercial sector. They are considered major energy consumers and thus contribute a non-negligible factor to environmental pollution as well as to the overall operating cost. In addition, chillers, especially in industrial applications, are often associated with high reliability requirements, as unplanned system downtimes are usually costly. As many studies over the past decades have shown, the presence of faults can lead to significant performance degradation and thus higher energy consumption of these systems. Thus, data-driven fault detection plays an ever-increasing role in terms of energy efficient control strategies. However, labelled data to train associated algorithms are often only available to a limited extent, which consequently inhibits the broad application of such technologies. Therefore, this paper presents an approach that exploits only a small amount of labelled and large amounts of unlabelled data in the training phase in order to detect fault related anomalies. For this, the model utilizes the residual space of the data transformed through principal component analyses in conjunction with a biased support vector machine, which can be ascribed to the concept of semi-supervised learning, or more specifically, positive-unlabelled learning.
Antibacterial Activity of Kawista Rind Methanol Extract (Limonia acidissima L.) Against Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Ika Maruya Kusuma  , Silfia Yohana Jastian  
Published: June 2021

ABSTRAK

Kawista (Limonia acidissima L) merupakan tanaman buah famili Rutaceae yang ada di Indonesia. Kawista banyak mengandung flavonoid dan alkaloid yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acnes. Pemanfaatan kulit buah kawista sebagai bahan obat belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol kulit buah kawista terhadap P. acnes, melalui nilai diameter daya hambat. Metode penelitian meliputi pembuatan ekstrak secara maserasi dengan pelarut metanol, penapisan fitokimia, uji aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode difusi cakram pada ekstrak dengan konsentrasi 25%, 50% dan 75%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol kulit buah kawista pada konsentrasi 25%, 50% dan 75% memiliki aktivitas anti bakteri pada P.acnes dengan nilai diameter daya hambat secara berurut yaitu 10,80 mm, 12,40 mm dan 13,31 mm, masuk kategori kuat.

ABSTRACT
Kawista (Limonia acidissima L.) is a fruit from the Rutaceae in Indonesia and is known to contain flavonoids and alkaloids, that have the potential to be antibacterial to Propionibacterium acnes. The use of kawista rind as a medicinal have not been used. This study aims to determine the activity of methanol extract of kawista rind through the value of Inhibition Zone Diameter against Propionibacterium acnes. Research methods include Limonia acidissima rind was macerated by methanol, phytochemical, antibacterial activity test on extracts, with concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75%. The results showed extracts with concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75% had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes with Inhibition Zone Diameter of 10,80 mm; 12,40 mm and 13,31 mm, strong category.
Penerapan Pendekatan Kontekstual pada Materi Pokok Trigonometri untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa
Authors: Murtalib Murtalib , Dusalan Dusalan , Marweli Marweli , Rohana Rohana 
Published: June 2021

Penerapan pembelajaran yang tidak sesuai dengan materi sehingga menyebabkan prestasi siswa tidak meningkat. Pembelajaran Kontekstual merupakan salah satu solusi untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar trigonometri siswa kelas X semester II Madrasah Aliah Negeri 3 Bima dan penerapannya akan disesuaikan dengan keadaan siswa dan materi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan prestasi belajar melalui penerapan pembelajaran kontekstual yang menyangkut aktivitas dan hasil evaluasi belajar siswa. Penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang terdiri dari tiga siklus. Tiap siklus terdiri dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi, evaluasi dan refleksi. Penelitian diarahkan pada siswa kelas X semester II Madrasah Aliah Negeri 3 Bima tahun pelajaran 2019/2020. Hasil evaluasi dan lembar observasi adalah alat untuk melihat kemampuan dan aktivitas siswa selama proses pembelajaran berlangsung dan data dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis ketuntasan belajar dan analisis deskriptif untuk mengetahui penguasaan konsep. Ketuntasan belajar ³ 85% dan Penguasaan konsep >= 70 merupakan indikator yang digunakan untuk mengetahui peningkatan prestasi. Hasil penelitian yang didapat adalah sebagai berikut: Siklus I; rata-rata hasil belajar siswa 72,46 dan porsentase ketuntasannya 81,15%. Siklus II; rata-rata hasil belajar 75,53 dan porsentase ketuntasannya 86,5%. Sedangkan siklus III; rata-rata hasil belajar siswa mencapai 75,93 dan porsentase ketuntasannya adalah 91,6%. Hasil tersebut menunjukan sudah tercapainya indikator penelitian yang ditetapkan, berarti dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan pembelajaran kontekstual dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajara materi pokok trigonometri siswa kelas X semester II Madrasah Aliah Negeri 3 Bima tahun pelajaran 2019/2020.
Pemberdayaan Lembar Kerja Siswa untuk Meningkatkan Pembelajaran IPA pada Standar Kompetensi Mengidentifikasi Fungsi Organ Tubuh Manusia dan Hewan di Kelas V Semester II SDN 61 Karara Kota Bima Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020
Authors: Rukmini Siti , Ningsi Fitri 
Published: June 2021

Pemberdayaan Lembar Kerja Siswa Untuk Meningkatkan Pembelajaran IPA Pada Standar Kompetensi Mengidentifikasi Fungsi Organ Tubuh Manusia dan Hewan di Kelas V Semester II SDN 61 Kota Bima Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (classroom action research) yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran ipa pada standar kompetensi mengidentifikasi fungsi organ tubuh manusia dan hewan pada siswa kelas V semester II SDN 61 Kota Bima Tahun Pelajaran 2019/ 2020 dengan jumlah siswa 20 orang. Tehnik analisa data kuantitatifyang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif yaitu skor rata-rata dan persentase, sedangkan analisis data kualitatif meliputi analisis hasil observasi yang dilakukan selama siklus I dan siklus II. Dalam proses pembelajaran, saat guru mengajar pelajaran IPA di Kelas V Semester II SDN 61 Karara Kota Bima khususnya pada standar kompetensi mengidentifikasi fungsi organ tubuh manusia dan hewan selalu terlihat peserta didik tidak aktif dalam mengikuti pelajaran, mereka terlihat tidak semangat dan tidak memiliki rasa antusias yang tinggi dalam mengikuti kegiatan pembelajaran di dalam kelas. Oleh karenanya guru bertugas mencari solusi atas permasalahan tersebut. dalam hal ini guru memberdayakan Lembar Kerja Siswa Untuk Meningkatkan Pembelajaran IPA Pada Standar Kompetensi Mengidentifikasi Fungsi Organ Tubuh Manusia dan Hewan di Kelas V Semester II SDN 61 Karara Kota Bima Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pemberdayaan Lembar Kerja Siswa Untuk Meningkatkan Pembelajaran IPA Pada Standar Kompetensi Mengidentifikasi Fungsi Organ Tubuh Manusia dan Hewan di Kelas V Semester II SDN 61 Karara Kota Bima Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020 dapat meningkatkan kemampuan pembelajaran mengidentifikasi fungsi organ tubuh manusia dan hewan dalam pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPA). Yakni terlihat dari nilai rata-rata siswa pada kondisi awal 62, nilai rata-rata siklus satu 67.35 dan pada siklus dua menjadi 84 hal ini telah melampaui KKM 70 dengan jumlah siswa yang tuntas sebanyak 17 orang dan yang tidak tuntas 3 orang dan ketuntasan klasikal yaitu 85%.
De bijkomende gevolgen van strafrechtelijk optreden
Authors: Koopmans I.M. 
Published: June 2021

De bijkomende gevolgen van strafrechtelijk optreden
Dit nummer van TBS&H staat in het teken van de bijkomende gevolgen van strafrechtelijk optreden. Er zijn bijkomende gevolgen als gevolg van een strafrechtelijke veroordeling. Denk daarbij aan slachtoffers van misdrijven, die niet alleen zelf slachtoffer zijn, maar soms door het systeem meerdere keren slachtoffer worden, bijvoorbeeld doordat ze financiële voordelen kwijtraken zoals huur- of zorgtoeslag. Denk ook aan het (niet) meer krijgen van een Verklaring Omtrent het Gedrag (VOG). Er treden echter ook al bijkomende effecten op zodra een eerste strafrechtelijk optreden plaatsvindt. Bijvoorbeeld als gevolg van een doorzoeking. Klanten en financiers zoals banken die zich terugtrekken of op de rem trappen. Maar denk in dit verband ook aan de gevolgen van het gebruik van de Wet Bibob. Over al dit soort effecten gaat deze aflevering.
Rola obszaru tylnego podwzgórza w generowaniu rytmu theta*
Authors: Staszelis Agata , Kowalczyk Tomasz 
Published: June 2021

Streszczenie
Rytm theta jest jednym z najlepiej zsynchronizowanych wzorców aktywności oscylacyjnej rejestrowanych w mózgach ssaków. U ludzi, rytm ten obserwowany jest podczas snu REM, nawigacji przestrzennej, procesów pamięciowych, analitycznych oraz językowych. Może być również traktowany jako nieswoisty marker stanów patologicznych ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, takich jak choroba Alzheimera czy padaczka. Główną strukturą zaangażowaną w generowanie wzorca aktywności bioelektrycznej, zarówno u ludzi, jak i u gryzoni (najczęściej badanych zwierząt laboratoryjnych), jest formacja hipokampa. Jej funkcjonowanie zależy od współdziałania wielu innych struktur układu nerwowego. Jedną z nich jest obszar tylnego podwzgórza, który jest istotnym elementem układów neuronalnych modulujących zdolność formacji hipokampa do generowania rytmu theta. Przedstawione w artykule wyniki badań podkreślają rolę obszaru tylnego podwzgórza, jako modulatora hipokampalnego rytmu theta, ale wykazują również, że obszar ten jest zdolny do samodzielnego, niezależnego od wpływu innych struktur, generowania rytmicznej aktywności theta.
Radiological Diagnosis of Pediatric Pulmonary Infections and Follow up Protocols
Authors: Elsayed Naglaa , Albibi Haya , Msawah Shatha , Asiri Omnia 
Published: June 2021

Background and objectives: Respiratory infection is the second most common disease in pediatrics presented to the emergency department. Imaging modalities used for diagnosis, and follow up duration of each type of infection should be studied for best outcome for those patients.
We aimed to find the optimum imaging follow up protocol for pediatrics with respiratory infections.
Methods and Results: Retrospective study included 500 pediatric patients ranging in age from one month to 15 years, presented with respiratory infection. Radiological findings, numbers and results of follow up were collected and statistically analyzed using SPSS program version 23.
Bronchitis represented the commonest finding (43%), followed by pneumonia (35%). All patients had initial chest X-ray. CT was done for 79 patients. 218 patients had radiological follow up. The number of follow up ranged from 1 to 51 with the average number was 26.
Interpretation and Conclusions: Bronchitis is a clinical diagnosis that does not usually need imaging. Pneumonia is diagnosed clinically aided with X ray in severe cases and follow up may be needed after 4 weeks. X ray and CT are mandatory for the initial diagnosis of TB and follow up should be done after 6 months. Cystic fibrosis needs clinical follow up and annual imaging unless complications arise. Pulmonary abscess needs follow up after treatment.