bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of resistance and fitness cost of Descurainia sophia L. populations from Henan and Xinjiang, China
Authors: Li Dongzhi , Xie Lanfen , Zhang Pei , Liu Runqiang , Shi Mingwang , Mei Yu , Xu Li 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDescurainia sophia L. is a notorious weed in winter wheat field and has serious resistance to tribenuron-methyl. Xinjiang is a main wheat production region in China with no information on D. sophia resistance to tribenuron-methyl. Here, resistance levels of D. sophia populations to tribenuron-methyl from Xinjiang and Henan were investigated. In addition, homozygous mutation subpopulations of high resistant D. sophia populations from Xinjiang and Henan were generated and then cross-resistance and fitness cost were determined. Results showed that 5 out of 31 populations from Xinjiang developed resistance to tribenuron-methyl, including two high resistant populations (X30 and X31). While 10 out of 11 populations from Henan showed resistance to tribenuron-methyl, including three high resistant populations (H5, H6 and H7). X30 and X31 shared the same mutation type of Pro197Thr in ALS1, while the mutation type of ALS1 in H5, H6 and H7 were Pro197Ser, Pro197His and Pro197Ala, respectively. The homozygous mutation subpopulations (SX30, SX31, SH5, SH6, SH7) showed cross-resistance to flucarbazone-sodium, bensulfuron methyl and flumetsulam. Under monoculture condition, relative growth rates of SX30, SX31 were higher than susceptible population (SX13), while that in SH5, SH6, SH7 were almost same with SX13. When mix planted with SX13, SX30 and SX31 displayed weaker competitiveness than SX13, while SH5, SH6, SH7 showed stronger competitiveness than SX13. The results suggested that D. sophia from Xinjiang had low resistance frequency to tribenuron-methyl and the high resistant populations had fitness costs.
Co-benefits of reducing PM2.5 and improving visibility by COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan
Authors: Yao Liquan , Kong Shaofei , Zheng Huang , Chen Nan , Zhu Bo , Xu Ke , Cao Wenxiang , Zhang Ying , Zheng Mingming , Cheng Yi , Hu Yao , Zhang Zexuan , Yan Yingying , Liu Dantong , Zhao Tianliang , Bai Yongqing , Qi Shihua 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe less improvement of ambient visibility suspects the government’s efforts on alleviating PM2.5pollution. The COVID-19 lockdown reduced PM2.5and increased visibility in Wuhan. Compared to pre-lockdown period, the PM2.5concentration decreased by 39.0 μg m−3, dominated by NH4NO3mass reduction (24.8 μg m−3) during lockdown period. The PM2.5threshold corresponding to visibility of 10 km (PTV10) varied in 54–175 μg m−3and an hourly PM2.5of 54 μg m−3was recommended to prevent haze occurrence. The lockdown measures elevated PTV10by 9–58 μg m−3as the decreases in PM2.5mass scattering efficiency and optical hygroscopicity. The visibility increased by 107%, resulted from NH4NO3extinction reduction. The NH4NO3mass reduction weakened its mutual promotion with aerosol water and increased PM2.5deliquescence humidity. Controlling TNO3(HNO3 + NO3−) was more effective to reduce PM2.5and improve visibility than NHx(NH3 + NH4+) unless the NHxreduction exceeded 11.7–17.5 μg m−3.
Crystal and electronic structure manipulation of Laves intermetallics for boosting hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Zhang Dong , Ji Shen-Jing , Suen Nian-Tzu 
Published: July 2021

Laves intermetallics (RECo2 and RERu0.5Co1.5) were selected to demonstrate the influence of crystal and electronic structural factors, which are effective to lower the hydrogen overpotential from ErCo2 (η10 = 169 mV) to PrCo2 (η10 = 113 mV) and PrRu0.5Co1.5 (η10 = 29 mV).
On the quality of service of next generation green networks
Authors: Al‐Nedawe Basman M. , Alhumaima Raad S. , Ali Wisam Hasan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGreen technology will emerge in the coming generation and offer power saving and environment‐friendly communication networks. This study discusses the trade‐offs that are concurrent with enabling the green evolution. In addition to the well‐known network's quality of service metrics such as channel capacity, energy efficiency and spectral efficiency, this study mathematically evaluates new green‐correlated metrics, defined by economic efficiency, environmental efficiency and cost efficiency. The latter are based on new suggested parameters/factors that are necessary to be counted in the future green architectures, such as CO2 savings, deployment cost, initial cost, required area, job offerings, capital expenses, operational expenses and maintenance. Not to mention the standard network parameters, represented by transmitted power, received power, consumed power, bandwidth and delay. This study also shows that green‐oriented networks may have a relatively high initial cost but may cost less in cloud networks. Hence, directly shifting traditional networks to green networks requires investigation. The proposed models can assist network providers and investors to judge upon when and where the green energy source can be utilised. Moreover, these models support the designing and planning of futuristic networks based on knowing the interrelationship amongst the evaluated metrics and their influencing factors.
Beat‐less algorithm based on dual‐frequency compensation in railway traction applications
Authors: Shen Lailai , Chen Jie , Kuang Yang , Qiu Ruichang , Zhou Dao , Wu Chao , Liu Zhigang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe beat phenomenon can be a critical issue in railway traction applications. This paper proposes a dual‐frequency compensation (DFC) method for the beat‐less algorithm to shift the spectrum of the beat voltages to a higher‐frequency region. Two variables for frequency compensation are derived by mathematical calculations based on the single‐frequency compensation (SFC) method. The applicability and superiority of the DFC method are analyzed. It is proposed that the DFC method can be a transition between the modulation index compensation (MIC) method and the SFC method, so the beat phenomenon can be greatly suppressed in the full speed range. The implementation of the DFC method is proposed to guide how to generate the two variables. The experimental verification is carried out on the StarSim hardware‐in‐loop platform, and the results demonstrate that the DFC method is more effective compared with the SFC method for beat phenomenon suppression. It also shows the modulation index with the DFC method is higher than that with the MIC method.
Multinationals, innovation, and institutional context: IPR protection and distance effects
Authors: Bruno Randolph Luca , Crescenzi Riccardo , Estrin Saul , Petralia Sergio 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe characterize the knowledge production process whereby the inventive capabilities of the firm generate innovation output in highly inventive multinational enterprises (MNEs). We explore the sensitivity of this relationship to the strength of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection across the MNEs R&D subsidiaries. We argue that MNE innovative performance will be enhanced when the firm’s R&D activities are based in locations where IPR protection is stronger. Moreover, when considering the internal geography of the MNEs R&D activities, innovation performance depends on the distance between the home- and host-country IPR regime. Thus, innovation performance is worse, as the difference between home and host IPR regimes increases. Finally, we explore asymmetries in this relationship, in particular that the deterioration is more marked when MNEs locate their R&D activities in host economies with IPR protection significantly less strict than in their home country. We test these ideas using a unique new dataset about the most innovative MNEs in the world, an unbalanced panel of around 900 MNEs observed for the period 2004 to 2013 and find strong support for all our hypotheses.
Human security at the Mediterranean borders: humanitarian discourse in the EU periphery
Authors: Panebianco Stefania 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article provides a re-conceptualization of human security by exploring humanitarian discourse in the EU periphery. It analyzes human security at the Mediterranean borders by focusing on humanitarian, migrant-centered discourse concerned with defending the world’s most vulnerable populations (Barnett in Annual Review of Political Science 16(1): 379-398, 2013). Empirical research has detected humanitarian discourse defending migrants’ rights, based on claims for the right to be free from inhuman treatment (Aradau in Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33(2): 251–77, 2004), as a counter-argument to the defense and closure of the borders. A humanitarian discourse focused on the alleviation of migrants’ physical and mental suffering erupted at the EU periphery when the Italian government denied a port of safety to the SeaWatch3 vessel in January 2019. This case study provides an example of center-periphery conflictual dynamics. The Italian government, defending the EU/Italian borders by closing the Italian ports, was challenged by actors mobilizing pressure, shaming the state into compliance and requesting pro-migrant legislation.
Artificial neural network-based standalone tunable RF sensor system
Authors: Seth Sachin , Banerjee Apala , Tiwari Nilesh K. , Akhtar M. Jaleel 
Published: July 2021

An artificial neural network (ANN) based tunable automated standalone RF sensor system is proposed to realize an improved sensing module involving a quite accurate solution of the non-linear inverse characterization problem. The presented tunable sensor system is quite novel as it alleviates the need for any active tuning circuitry. Moreover, the proposed unified design topology facilitates a relatively higher tuning range (1900 MHz) than that of the earlier reported (580 MHz) capacitor-based tunable complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR). The higher tuning range of structures resulted from the improved design configuration comprising a modified CSRR design coupled with a modified microstrip line. The obtained dielectric sensitivity is ∼8.8%. The numerically generated S-parameters of various dielectric samples are used here as a training dataset for the ANN, which is trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation algorithm in combination with the Bayesian regularization. Finally, several standard test samples at different unloaded tuned frequencies are measured to record the corresponding resonant frequency and magnitude of the S-parameter in order to process them using the proposed ANN-based sensor system. It is found that the developed ANN-based sensor system provides a reasonably accurate value of the extracted complex permittivity over the frequency range under consideration, which basically removes the need for designing multiple resonant structures unlikely to the conventional resonant sensors.
Electric pulse heating device for the analysis of solid/solid phase transformations
Authors: Kaaden T. , Tympel V. , Kober M. , Schmidl F. , Rettenmayr M. , Lippmann S. 
Published: July 2021

Ohmic pulse heating is applied to investigate diffusion and interface controlled solid-state phase transformations. The developed device uses extensive solid-state electronics providing a high current, low voltage approach that overcomes the limitations of existing setups, most notably the use of sample geometries that allow for the reliable measurement of local temperatures and their assignment to microstructures. Power for heating is supplied by a capacitor array with adjustable voltage, and the process is controlled by microcontrollers and a solid-state relay, which allows for controlled pulses that are adjustable in microseconds. Electric currents of up to 22 kA at 90 V can be realized by the setup. Electric data are monitored and collected during the experiments, and temperature data are captured using a high-resolution infrared camera at high frame rates (1200 fps). The capabilities of the setup are demonstrated by rapid heating (106 K/s) and subsequent cooling of a brass sample. Two distinct areas of the sample are analyzed in detail, showing similar heating, but different cooling curves with rates of 104 and 102 K/s. Local microstructure analysis shows that different phase transformation mechanisms were dominant, and thus, the setup fulfills its purpose.
Broadband 2DES detection of vibrational coherence in the Sx state of canthaxanthin
Authors: Mohan T. M. Nila , Leslie Chase H. , Sil Sourav , Rose Justin B. , Tilluck Ryan W. , Beck Warren F. 
Published: July 2021

The nonadiabatic mechanism that mediates nonradiative decay of the bright S2 state to the dark S1 state of carotenoids involves population of a bridging intermediate state, Sx, in several examples. The nature of Sx remains to be determined definitively, but it has been recently suggested that Sx corresponds to conformationally distorted molecules evolving along out-of-plane coordinates of the isoprenoid backbone near a low barrier between planar and distorted conformations on the S2 potential surface. In this study, the electronic and vibrational dynamics accompanying the formation of Sx in toluene solutions of the ketocarotenoid canthaxanthin (CAN) are characterized with broadband two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) with 7.8 fs excitation pulses and detection of the linear polarization components of the third-order nonlinear optical signal. A stimulated-emission cross peak in the 2DES spectrum accompanies the formation of Sx in &lt;20 fs following excitation of the main absorption band. Sx is prepared instantaneously, however, with excitation of hot-band transitions associated with distorted conformations of CAN’s isoprenoid backbone in the low frequency onset of the main absorption band. Vibrational coherence oscillation maps and modulated anisotropy transients show that Sx undergoes displacements from the Franck–Condon S2 state along out-of-plane coordinates as it passes to the S1 state. The results are consistent with the conclusion that CAN’s carbonyl-substituted β-ionone rings impart an intramolecular charge-transfer character that frictionally slows the passage from Sx to S1 compared to carotenoids lacking carbonyl substitution. Despite the longer lifetime, the S1 state of CAN is formed with retention of vibrational coherence after passing through a conical intersection seam with the Sx state.
Semiconductor photocatalysts and mechanisms of carbon dioxide reduction and nitrogen fixation under UV and visible light
Authors: Kozlova Ekaterina A. , Lyulyukin Mikhail N. , Kozlov Denis V. , Parmon Valentin N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe review summarizes the current knowledge about heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysts that are active towards photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen under visible and near-UV light. The main classes of these photocatalysts and characteristic features of their application in the target processes are considered. Primary attention is given to photocatalysts based on titanium dioxide, which have high activity and stability in the carbon dioxide reduction. For the first time, the photofixation of nitrogen under irradiation in the presence of various semiconductor materials is considered in detail.The bibliography includes 264 references.
Invader removal triggers competitive release in a threatened avian predator
Authors: Wiens J. David , Dugger Katie M. , Higley J. Mark , Lesmeister Damon B. , Franklin Alan B. , Hamm Keith A. , White Gary C. , Dilione Krista E. , Simon David C. , Bown Robin R. , Carlson Peter C. , Yackulic Charles B. , Nichols James D. , Hines James E. , Davis Raymond J. , Lamphear David W. , McCafferty Christopher , McDonald Trent L. , Sovern Stan G. 
Published: July 2021

Significance
Invasive species can cause extinctions of native species and widespread biodiversity loss. Invader removal is a common management response, but the use of long-term field experiments to characterize effectiveness of removals in benefitting impacted native species is rare. We used a large-scale removal experiment to investigate the demographic response of a threatened native species, the northern spotted owl, to removal of an invasive competitor species, the barred owl. Removal of barred owls had a strong, positive effect on survival of spotted owls, which arrested long-term population declines of spotted owls. The results demonstrate that the long-term persistence of spotted owls will depend heavily on reducing the negative impacts of barred owls while simultaneously addressing other threats, such as habitat loss.
Developing high-yielding
Striga
-resistant maize in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Badu-Apraku Baffour , Fakorede Morakinyo A.B. , Akinwale Richard O. , Adewale Samuel A. , Akaogu Ijeoma C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Striga hermonthica
is a major stress of maize in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), in collaboration with national scientists, have used team approach to investigate how best to solve the problem. Emphasis was on (i) establishing a reliable infestation technique for selecting resistant/tolerant genotypes, (ii) availability of appropriate germplasm and good sources of
Striga
resistance, (iii) use of appropriate breeding methods for incorporating resistance genes into adapted germplasm, and (iv) extensive multilocational evaluation to identify genotypes with stable performance. Host plant resistance, with additive-dominance model, has been the major control option for
S. hermonthica
infestation on maize. Recurrent selection, followed by hybridization of inbred lines developed from its products, have been used to identify high-yielding, stable hybrids for commercialization in SSA. In a study involving early-maturing tropical maize inbred lines, 24 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers significantly associated with grain yield,
Striga
damage, ears per plant, and ear aspect under
Striga
infestation were detected. In a quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping study involving extra-early white BC
1
S
1
families obtained from TZEEI 29 (
Striga-
resistant) and TZEEI 23 (
Striga
susceptible) inbreds, 14 QTLs were identified for
Striga
resistance/tolerance traits. In a second QTL study involving the extra-early yellow F
2:3
families derived from the
Striga-
resistant parent (TZEEI 79) and the susceptible parent (TZdEEI 11), 12 QTL were identified for 4
Striga
resistance/tolerance traits. QTL identified in the studies would be invaluable for rapid introgression of
Striga
resistance genes into maize genotypes using marker-assisted selection approaches after validation of QTL in inbreds.
Public inquiries as procedural policy tools
Authors: Stark Alastair , Yates Sophie 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTIn this article we conceptualise the public inquiry as a procedural tool and address the question of what makes a public inquiry an effective policy instrument. The issue of control is central to our arguments. In our conceptual work, we use control as a means of introducing the concept of the ‘catalytic procedural tool’ to better capture the variance in autonomy, location and function that can be associated with different inquiries. In our evaluative work, we use control as a means of analysing the effectiveness of an inquiry as a procedural tool, which centres on a capacity to build legitimacy and prospectively influence the implementation and institutionalisation of recommendations. We conclude by claiming that there is value in thinking about control as a means of understanding policy instruments because it can deliver insights into their effects once they leave the design table and enter a variety of technical, political and social environments.
The response of laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors beyond the eikonal equation
Authors: Mieling Thomas B 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The response of Michelson interferometers to weak plane gravitational waves is computed at one order of accuracy beyond the eikonal equation. The modulation of the electromagnetic field amplitude and polarisation are taken into account by solving the transport equations of geometrical optics with boundary conditions adapted to laser interferometry. Considering both DC and balanced homodyne readout schemes, explicit formulae for the interferometer output signals are derived. These signals comprise perturbations of the optical path length, frequency and amplitude, and are shown to be insensitive to polarisation perturbations.
Early-response multiple-parameter biodosimetry and dosimetry: risk predictions
Authors: Blakely William F , Port Matthias , Abend Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The accepted generic multiple-parameter and early-response biodosimetry and dosimetry assessment approach for suspected high-dose radiation (i.e. life-threatening) exposure includes measuring radioactivity associated with the exposed individual (if appropriate); observing and recording prodromal signs/symptoms; obtaining serial complete blood counts with white-blood-cell differential; sampling blood for the chromosome-aberration cytogenetic bioassay using the ‘gold standard’ dicentric assay (premature chromosome condensation assay for exposures >5 Gy photon acute doses equivalent), measurement of proteomic biomarkers and gene expression assays for dose assessment; bioassay sampling, if appropriate, to determine radioactive internal contamination; physical dose reconstruction, and using other available opportunistic dosimetry approaches. Biodosimetry and dosimetry resources are identified and should be setup in advance along with agreements to access additional national, regional, and international resources. This multifaceted capability needs to be integrated into a biodosimetry/dosimetry ‘concept of operations’ for use in a radiological emergency. The combined use of traditional biological-, clinical-, and physical-dosimetry should be use in an integrated approach to provide: (a) early-phase diagnostics to guide the development of initial medical-management strategy, and (b) intermediate and definitive assessment of radiation dose and injury. Use of early-phase (a) clinical signs and symptoms, (b) blood chemistry biomarkers, and (c) triage cytogenetics shows diagnostic utility to predict acute radiation injury severity.
Unstable entropy in smooth ergodic theory
*
Authors: Tahzibi Ali 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this survey we recall basic notions of disintegration of measures and entropy along unstable laminations. We review some roles of unstable entropy in smooth ergodic theory including the so-called invariance principle, Margulis construction of measures of maximal entropy, physical measures and rigidity. We also give some new examples and pose some open problems.
Parabolic Kirchhoff equations with non-homogeneous flux boundary conditions: well-posedness, regularity and asymptotic behavior
Authors: Mamani Luna Tito L , Madeira Gustavo Ferron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We investigate well-posedness, regularity and asymptotic behavior of parabolic Kirchhoff equations

∂

t

u
−
a

∫
|
∇
u

|

2

Δ
u
+
α

(

x

)

u
=
f

(

x

)

in

Ω
×

(

0
,
∞

)

,

on bounded domains of

R

N

, N ⩾ 2, with non-homogeneous flux boundary conditions

a

∫
|
∇
u

|

2

∂
u

∂
ν

+
β

(

x

)

u
=
g

(

x

)

on

∂
Ω
×

(

0
,
∞

)

of Neumann or Robin type. The data in the problem satisfy (f, g, u(0)) ∈ L
2(Ω) × L
2(∂Ω) × H
1(Ω). Approximated solutions are constructed using time rescaling and a complete set in H
1(Ω) relating the equation and the boundary condition. Uniform global estimates are derived and used to prove existence, uniqueness, continuous dependence on data, a priori estimates and higher regularity for the parabolic problem. Existence and uniqueness of stationary solutions are shown, as well as a description about their role on the asymptotic behavior regarding to the evolutionary equation. Furthermore, a sufficient condition for the existence of isolated local energy minimizers is provided. They are shown to be asymptotically stable stationary solutions for the parabolic equation.