bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which classification system defines best prognosis of mucinous neoplasms of the appendix with peritoneal dissemination: TNM vs PSOGI?
Authors: Martín-Román Lorena , Lozano Pablo , Gómez Yesica , Fernández-Aceñero María Jesús , Vasquez Wenceslao , Palencia Natividad , González-Bayón Luis 
Published: November 2021

AimsSeveral classification systems are used for pseudomyxoma peritonei. The four-tiered classification system proposed by Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI) and the two-tiered proposed by the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) result from evolution in terminology and pathological insight. The aim is to evaluate the impact of PSOGI and eighth edition of the AJCC classifications on survival.MethodsPathological slides were reviewed from a prospectively maintained database including patients treated with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for an appendiceal mucinous neoplasm with peritoneal dissemination between January 2009 and December 2019. Patients were reclassified according to PSOGI and AJCC eighth edition criteria. Survival analysis evaluated the impact of each classification system on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) while the concordance-index evaluated their predictive power.Results95 patients were identified; 21.1% were reclassified as acellular mucin, 55.8% as low-grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei, 8.4% as high-grade MCP (HGMCP) and 14 as HGMCP with signet ring cells. Median OS was not reached, 5-year OS and DFS were 86.1% and 51.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations with OS (PSOGI: HR 10.2, p=0.039; AJCC: HR 7.7, p=0.002) and DFS (PSOGI: HR 12.7, p=0.001; AJCC: HR 3.7, p<0.001). The predictive capacity of both classification systems was unacceptable for OS and DFS (concordance-index values <0.7).ConclusionsBoth classification systems behaved similarly when stratifying our series into prognostic groups. The PSOGI classification provides better histopathological description, but histology alone is insufficient for adequate patient prognostication.
Innervation of the clavicle: a cadaveric investigation
Authors: Leurcharusmee Prangmalee , Maikong Naraporn , Kantakam Perada , Navic Pagorn , Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk , Tran De Q 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundThis cadaveric study investigated the innervations of the clavicle and clavicular joints (ie, sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints).MethodsTwenty cadavers (40 clavicles) were dissected. A skin incision was made to permit exposure of the posterior cervical triangle and infraclavicular fossa. The platysma, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscles were cleaned in order to identify the supraclavicular nerves. Subsequently, the suprascapular and subclavian nerves were localized after removal of the prevertebral layer of the deep cervical fascia. In the infraclavicular region, the pectoralis major and minor muscles were retracted laterally in order to visualize the lateral pectoral nerve. The contribution of all these nerves to the clavicular bone and joints were recorded.ResultsAlong their entire length, all clavicular specimens received contributions from the supraclavicular nerves. The latter innervated the cephalad and ventral aspects of the clavicular bone. The caudal and dorsal aspects of the clavicle were innervated by the subclavian nerve (middle and medial thirds). The lateral pectoral nerve supplied the caudad aspect of the clavicle (middle and lateral thirds). The sternoclavicular joint derived its innervation solely from the supraclavicular nerves whereas the acromioclavicular joint was supplied by the supraclavicular and lateral pectoral nerves.ConclusionThe clavicle and clavicular joints are innervated by the subclavian, lateral pectoral, and supraclavicular nerves. Clinical trials are required to determine the relative importance and functional contribution of each nerve.
Comparing belief in short-term versus long-term consequences of smoking and vaping as predictors of non-use in a 3-year nationally representative survey study of US youth
Authors: Jesch Emma , Kikut Ava Irysa , Hornik Robert 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionEfforts to prevent youth tobacco use are critical to reducing smoking-related deaths in the USA. Anti-tobacco messaging often focuses on the severe long-term consequences of smoking (eg, fatal lung disease, cancer). It is unclear whether these long-term consequences are more likely to deter youth use than shorter term consequences (eg, headaches, friend disapproval).MethodsA nationally representative 3-year rolling survey of adolescents and young adults (ages 13–26 years) measured belief in potential consequences of two types of tobacco products: combustible cigarettes (n=11 847) and electronic cigarettes (n=4470) as well as intentions and current use. Independent coders classified 23 consequences as either short or long term. Logistic regression tested the associations between short-term (vs long-term) beliefs and current intentions, as well as non-smoking behaviour at 6-month follow-up.ResultsBelieving in both short-term and long-term consequences was associated with outcomes, but short-term beliefs were more highly associated with anti-smoking (OR=1.40, 95% CI (1.30 to 1.51)) and anti-vaping (OR=2.10, 95% CI (1.75 to 2.52)) intentions and better predicted non-smoking behaviour at follow-up, controlling for prior use (OR=1.75, 95% CI (1.33 to 2.31)).ConclusionsThese results support temporal discounting by adolescents and young adults and suggest health communication efforts aiming to reduce youth tobacco use should emphasise shorter term consequences.
Three-photon productions within the $$k_t$$-factorization at the LHC
Authors: Valeshabadi Ramin Kord , Modarres Majid , Rezaie Somayeh 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRecently, the ATLAS data of isolated three-photon production showed that the next-to-leading order (NLO) collinear factorization is not enough to describe experimental data. Therefore, one needs to calculate the cross section beyond the NLO, and as showed later, these data can be well described by the NNLO calculation within the collinear factorization framework. However, it is shown that the $$k_t$$

k
t

-factorization can be quite successful in describing exclusive and high energy collision processes, henceforth we decided to calculate isolated three-photon production within this framework. In this work we use the Martin, Ryskin, and Watt unintegrated parton distribution functions (MRW UPDFs) at LO and NLO levels, in addition to parton branching (PB) UPDFs in order to calculate cross section which we utilize the KATIE parton level event generator. It will be shown that in contrast to collinear factorization, the $$k_t$$

k
t

-factorization can describe quiet well the three-photon production ATLAS data. Interestingly our results using the NLO-MRW and PB UPDFs can cover the data within their uncertainty bands, similar to the NNLO collinear results.
Improving Theranostic Gallium-68/Lutetium-177–Labeled PSMA Inhibitors with an Albumin Binder for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Lee Byoung Se , Kim Min Hwan , Chu So Young , Jung Woon Jung , Jeong Hyeon Jin , Lee Kyongkyu , Kim Hyeon Seok , Kim Mi Hyun , Kil Hee Seup , Han Sang Jin , Lee Yong Jin , Lee Kyo Chul , Lim Sang Moo , Chi Dae Yoon 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We developed a novel therapeutic radioligand, [177Lu]1h, with an albumin binding motif and evaluated it in a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-expressing tumor xenograft mouse model. Fourteen PSMA target candidates were synthesized, and binding affinity was evaluated with an in vitro competitive binding assay. First, four compound candidates were selected depending on binding affinity results. Next, we selected four compounds ([68Ga]1e, [68Ga]1g, [68Ga]1h, and [68Ga]1k) were screened for tumor targeting efficiency by micro–positron emission tomography/computed tomography (micro-PET/CT) imaging. Finally, [177Lu]1h compound was evaluated the tumor targeting efficiency and therapeutic efficiency by micro–single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (micro-SPECT/CT), biodistribution, and radiotherapy studies. Estimated human effective dose was calculated by biodistribution data. Compound 1h showed a high binding affinity (Ki value = 4.08 ± 0.08 nmol/L), and [177Lu]1h showed extended blood circulation (1 hour = 10.32 ± 0.31, 6 hours = 2.68 ± 1.07%ID/g) compared to [177Lu]PSMA-617 (1 h = 0.17 ± 0.10%ID/g). [177Lu]1h was excreted via the renal pathway and showed high tumor uptake (24.43 ± 3.36%ID/g) after 1 hour, which increased over 72 hours (72 hours = 51.39 ± 9.26%ID/g). Mice treated with 4 and 6 MBq of [177Lu]1h showed a median survival rate of &gt;61 days. In particular, all mice treated with 6 MBq of [177Lu]1h survived for the entire monitoring period. The estimated human effective dose of [177Lu]1h was 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.03 ± 0.00 mSv/MBq in total body and kidney, respectively. The current study indicates that [177Lu]1h has the potential for further investigation of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) therapy in clinical trials.
Scale Sensitivity of the Gill Circulation. Part II: Off-Equatorial Case
Authors: Bellon Gilles , Reboredo Beatriz 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We investigate the steady dynamical response of the atmosphere on the equatorial β plane to a steady, localized, midtropospheric heating source. Following Part I, which investigates the case of an equatorial diabatic heating, we explore the sensitivity of the Gill circulation to the latitudinal location of the heating, together with the sensitivity to its horizontal scale. Again, we focus on characteristics of the response that would be particularly important if the circulation interacted with the hydrologic and energy cycles: overturning circulation and low-level wind. In the off-equatorial case, the intensity of the overturning circulation has the same limit as in the equatorial case for small horizontal extent of the diabatic heating, which is also the limit in the f-plane case. The decrease in this intensity with increasing horizontal scale of the diabatic heating is slightly faster in the off-equatorial case than in the equatorial case, which is due to the increase of rotational winds at the expense of divergent winds. The low-level westerly jet is more intense than in the equatorial case, with larger maximum wind and eastward mass transport that tend to infinity for small horizontal extent of the diabatic heating. In terms of spatial characteristics, this jet has a similar latitudinal extent as in the equatorial case but, unlike in the equatorial case, it extends farther equatorward than poleward of the diabatic-heating center. It also extends farther eastward than in the equatorial case.
Large-Eddy Simulations of Marine Boundary Layer Clouds Associated with Cold-Air Outbreaks during the ACTIVATE Campaign. Part I: Case Setup and Sensitivities to Large-Scale Forcings
Authors: Li Xiang-Yu , Wang Hailong , Chen Jingyi , Endo Satoshi , George Geet , Cairns Brian , Chellappan Seethala , Zeng Xubin , Kirschler Simon , Voigt Christiane , Sorooshian Armin , Crosbie Ewan , Chen Gao , Ferrare Richard Anthony , Gustafson William I. , Hair Johnathan W. , Kleb Mary M. , Liu Hongyu , Moore Richard , Painemal David , Robinson Claire , Scarino Amy Jo , Shook Michael , Shingler Taylor J. , Thornhill Kenneth Lee , Tornow Florian , Xiao Heng , Ziemba Luke D. , Zuidema Paquita 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Large-eddy simulation (LES) is able to capture key boundary layer (BL) turbulence and cloud processes. Yet, large-scale forcing and surface turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat are often poorly prescribed for LESs. We derive these quantities from measurements and reanalysis obtained for two cold-air outbreak (CAO) events during Phase I of the Aerosol Cloud Meteorology Interactions over the Western Atlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) in February–March 2020. We study the two contrasting CAO cases by performing LES and test the sensitivity of BL structure and clouds to large-scale forcings and turbulent heat fluxes. Profiles of atmospheric state and large-scale divergence and surface turbulent heat fluxes obtained from ERA5 data agree reasonably well with those derived from ACTIVATE field measurements for both cases at the sampling time and location. Therefore, we adopt the time-evolving heat fluxes, wind, and advective tendencies profiles from ERA5 data to drive the LES. We find that large-scale thermodynamic advective tendencies and wind relaxations are important for the LES to capture the evolving observed BL meteorological states characterized by the hourly ERA5 data and validated by the observations. We show that the divergence (or vertical velocity) is important in regulating the BL growth driven by surface heat fluxes in LESs. The evolution of liquid water path is largely affected by the evolution of surface heat fluxes. The liquid water path simulated in LES agrees reasonably well with the ACTIVATE measurements. This study paves the path to investigate aerosol–cloud–meteorology interactions using LES informed and evaluated by ACTIVATE field measurements.
Quantifying Spread in Spatiotemporal Changes of Upper-Ocean Heat Content Estimates: An Internationally Coordinated Comparison
Authors: Savita Abhishek , Domingues Catia M. , Boyer Tim , Gouretski Viktor , Ishii Masayoshi , Johnson Gregory C. , Lyman John M. , Willis Josh K. , Marsland Simon J. , Hobbs William , Church John A. , Monselesan Didier P. , Dobrohotoff Peter , Cowley Rebecca , Wijffels Susan E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Earth system is accumulating energy due to human-induced activities. More than 90% of this energy has been stored in the ocean as heat since 1970, with ∼60% of that in the upper 700 m. Differences in upper-ocean heat content anomaly (OHCA) estimates, however, exist. Here, we use a dataset protocol for 1970–2008—with six instrumental bias adjustments applied to expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data, and mapped by six research groups—to evaluate the spatiotemporal spread in upper OHCA estimates arising from two choices: 1) those arising from instrumental bias adjustments and 2) those arising from mathematical (i.e., mapping) techniques to interpolate and extrapolate data in space and time. We also examined the effect of a common ocean mask, which reveals that exclusion of shallow seas can reduce global OHCA estimates up to 13%. Spread due to mapping method is largest in the Indian Ocean and in the eddy-rich and frontal regions of all basins. Spread due to XBT bias adjustment is largest in the Pacific Ocean within 30°N–30°S. In both mapping and XBT cases, spread is higher for 1990–2004. Statistically different trends among mapping methods are found not only in the poorly observed Southern Ocean but also in the well-observed northwest Atlantic. Our results cannot determine the best mapping or bias adjustment schemes, but they identify where important sensitivities exist, and thus where further understanding will help to refine OHCA estimates. These results highlight the need for further coordinated OHCA studies to evaluate the performance of existing mapping methods along with comprehensive assessment of uncertainty estimates.
Changes in the Eastward Movement Speed of the Madden–Julian Oscillation with Fluctuation in the Walker Circulation
Authors: Suematsu Tamaki , Miura Hiroaki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The eastward movement of a convectively active region is a distinguishing characteristic of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). However, knowledge about the mechanisms that determine the eastward movement speed remains limited. This study investigates how the background environment modulates the speed of the boreal winter MJO and describes an intrinsic relationship between the MJO and background atmospheric circulation. We calculated the speed of the MJO events from the daily tracking of the locations of the minimum values of the outgoing longwave radiation anomaly in the time–longitude space. These speeds were then used to analyze systematic differences in the sea surface temperature (SST) distribution associated with the MJO speed. The analysis revealed a deceleration of the MJO under low-frequency (>90 days) SST distributions that increased toward the western Pacific from both the Indian Ocean and the eastern Pacific. In contrast, the dependency on SST variability in intraseasonal frequencies (20–90 days) was small. Subsequently, the relationship between the MJO speed and background circulation, which is largely determined by the lower boundary condition set by the low-frequency SST distribution, was analyzed. The analysis counterintuitively revealed that the MJO tends to decelerate when the large-scale zonal circulation with low-level westerlies and upper-level easterlies from the Indian Ocean to the Maritime Continents is strong. The results suggest a novel view that the MJO is an integral component of the Walker circulation and that its eastward movement is modulated by the state of the large-scale flow of the Walker circulation.
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index as a Market Structure Variable: An Exposition for Antitrust Practitioners
Authors: Miller Richard A. 
Published: November 2021

The new merger guidelines, issued on June 14, 1982, by the Department of Justice, shift from using the familiar four-firm concentration ratio to the unfamiliar Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) as a measure or index of market structure. This article explains and interprets HHI, to improve its understanding by members of the antitrust bar. Successive sections: 1. define HHI as the summed, squared market shares of individual firms in the market in percentage form, with an explicit link to the dispersion or variability in the individual market shares and to the number of firms in the market, and with hypothetical examples; 2. interpret HHI as (a) a weighted average of the individual market shares, (b) the numbers equivalent, and (c) one member of a family of related structural indices; 3. give an example of the HHI calculation based on the sales stipulation in the 1975 Gypsum case; 4. discuss the theoretical and empirical bases for HHI, in comparison with other structural measures; and 5. compare CR4 (and its changes) in the 1968 Guidelines with HHI (and its changes) in the 1982 Guidelines for horizontal mergers.
Use of PEAK PlasmaBlade in implant-based breast reconstruction and radiotherapy: new strategy to reduce complications
Authors: Sala Laura , Bonomi Stefano , Fabbri Alessandra , Ciniselli Chiara Maura , Bardelli Annalisa , Verderio Paolo , Pruneri Giancarlo , Cortinovis Umberto 
Published: November 2021

Background: Implant-based breast reconstruction in the setting of radiotherapy often leads to higher complications rates (mainly capsular contracture and wound dehiscence) and poor cosmetic outcomes. We hypothesized that the combination of pulsed-electron avalanche knife (PEAK) PlasmaBlade (a pulsed radiofrequency electrosurgery) and acellular dermal matrix Veritas® in postmastectomy radiotherapy implant-based breast reconstruction could result in lower complications rate, better reconstructive results, and patient satisfaction. Methods: A prospective observational study focused on the use of PEAK PlasmaBlade in implant-based breast reconstruction and radiotherapy was carried out in the Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Unit at Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milano between December 2017 and 2019 (2017–2018: enrollment; 2018–2019: follow-up). Patient demographics were queried and complication rates and patient and surgeon satisfaction were assessed. Results: A total of 88 patients were enrolled; 2 patients received bilateral reconstruction, leading to a total of 90 procedures. Sixty-two women received contralateral symmetrization. Seroma was the most frequent minor complication (8.8%); implant exposure was the most recorded among major complications (5.5%). Preoperative lipofilling was the most substantial protective factor for preventing complications ( p < 0.001). A significant association between capsular thermal damage thickness and the type of electrosurgery used (traditional electrosurgery vs PEAK PlasmaBlade) was observed, with lower values with PEAK PlasmaBlade ( p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our protocol results in low rates of surgical complications and a high level of patient and surgeon satisfaction although longer follow-up is needed.
Antibiotic-Impregnated Calcium Sulfate vs. Wound Irrigation-Suction to Treat Chronic Calcaneal Osteomyelitis
Authors: Xu Lei , Song Huijuan , Ren Ying , Fang Jia , Zhou Chunhao , Zhang Hongan , Meng Xiangqing , Cheng Guoyun , Zhuo Ribo , Qin Chenghe 
Published: November 2021

Background: Chronic osteomyelitis of calcaneus is not rare but is very hard to treat. Irrigation-suction and antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate following debridement are commonly used in managing chronic osteomyelitis, but their effects have rarely been compared. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate with irrigation-suction in the treatment of patients with chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis. Methods: From January 2011 to June 2018, adult patients at our institute with chronic osteomyelitis receiving treatment of either antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate (CS group) or irrigation-suction (IS group) following thorough debridement were screened and selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The clinical presentation, laboratory tests, complications, and the ultimate single-staged cure rate and recurrence were compared. Results: A total of 61 patients, including 41 in the CS group and 20 in the IS group, were included in our study. Of the patients, 85.4% in the CS group and 60.0% in the IS group ( P = .006) were successfully cured in the single stage, respectively, without infection recurrence. Lower infection recurrence rates with shorter hospital stay were found in the CS group than the IS group. Inflammatory biomarkers after surgery with both treatments were slightly decreased and not significantly different from preoperative or between-groups postoperative. Exudate from incision was found primarily in the CS group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that both antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate and irrigation-suction after careful and thorough surgical debridement are generally effective in treating chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis. Antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate achieved a higher single-staged cure rate but was associated with an increased postoperative wound exudate. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.