bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extreme insulin resistance during pregnancy: a therapeutic challenge
Authors: Kampmann Ulla , Ovesen Per Glud , Møller Niels , Fuglsang Jens 
Published: July 2021

Summary
During pregnancy, maternal tissues become increasingly insensitive to insulin in order to liberate nutritional supply to the growing fetus, but occasionally insulin resistance in pregnancy becomes severe and the treatment challenging. We report a rare and clinically difficult case of extreme insulin resistance with daily insulin requirements of 1420 IU/day during pregnancy in an obese 36-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The woman was referred to the outpatient clinic at gestational week 12 + 2 with a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at 59 mmol/mol. Insulin treatment was initiated immediately using Novomix 30, and the doses were progressively increased, peaking at 1420 units/day at week 34 + 4. At week 35 + 0, there was an abrupt fall in insulin requirements, but with no signs of placental insufficiency. At week 36 + 1 a, healthy baby with no hypoglycemia was delivered by cesarean section. Blood samples were taken late in pregnancy to search for causes of extreme insulin resistance and showed high levels of C-peptide, proinsulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), mannan-binding-lectin (MBL) and leptin. CRP was mildly elevated, but otherwise, levels of inflammatory markers were normal. Insulin antibodies were undetectable, and no mutations in the insulin receptor (INSR) gene were found. The explanation for the severe insulin resistance, in this case, can be ascribed to PCOS, obesity, profound weight gain, hyperleptinemia and inactivity. This is the first case of extreme insulin resistance during pregnancy, with insulin requirements close to 1500 IU/day with a successful outcome, illustrating the importance of a close interdisciplinary collaboration between patient, obstetricians and endocrinologists.

Learning points

This is the first case of extreme insulin resistance during pregnancy, with insulin requirements of up to 1420 IU/day with a successful outcome without significant fetal macrosomia and hypoglycemia.

Obesity, PCOS, T2D and high levels of leptin and IGF-1 are predictors of severe insulin resistance in pregnancy.

A close collaboration between patient, obstetricians and endocrinologists is crucial for tailoring the best possible treatment for pregnant women with diabetes, beneficial for both the mother and her child.
New-onset thyrotoxicosis in a patient with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a diagnostic challenge
Authors: Concepción Zavaleta Marcio José , Ildefonso Najarro Sofia Pilar , Plasencia Dueñas Esteban Alberto , Quispe Flores María Alejandra , Moreno Marreros Diego Martín , Concepción Urteaga Luis Alberto , Luna Victorio Laura Esther , Fernández Dávila Freddy Valdivia 
Published: July 2021

Summary
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the type of thyroid cancer that has the worst prognosis. It usually presents as a rapidly growing cervical mass that generates compressive symptoms. Its association with thyrotoxicosis is rare. A 76-year-old woman, with no contributory history, presented with a 3-month course of fast-growing cervical tumor, associated with tenderness, cough, and weight loss. Physical examination revealed goiter, localized erythema, and a painful and stone tumor dependent on the right thyroid lobe. Due to the malignant findings of the thyroid ultrasound, the patient underwent a thyroid core needle biopsy, which indicated ATC. Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis, decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone, elevated free thyroxine (fT4), and increased thyroperoxidase (TPO) antibodies. At the beginning, we considered that the etiology of thyrotoxicosis was secondary to subacute thyroiditis (SAT) after SARS-CoV-2 infection, due to the immunochromatography result and chest tomography findings. The result of markedly elevated TPO antibodies left this etiology more remote. Therefore, we suspected Graves’ disease as an etiology; however, thyroid histopathology and ultrasound did not show compatible findings. Therefore, we suspect that the main etiology of thyrotoxicosis in the patient was the destruction of the thyroid follicles caused by a rapid invasion of malignant cells, which is responsible for the consequent release of preformed thyroid hormone. ATC is a rare endocrine neoplasm with high mortality; it may be associated with thyrotoxicosis, whose etiology can be varied; therefore, differential diagnosis is important for proper management.

Learning points

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the thyroid cancer with the worst prognosis and the highest mortality.

The association of anaplastic thyroid cancer with thyrotoxicosis is rare, and a differential diagnosis is necessary to provide adequate treatment.

Due to the current pandemic, in patients with thyrotoxicosis, it is important to rule out SARS-CoV-2 as an etiology.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer, due to its aggressive behavior and rapid growth, can destroy thyroid follicular cells, generating preformed thyroid hormone release, being responsible for thyrotoxicosis.
Assessment of tebuconazole exposure on bovine testicular cells and epididymal spermatozoa
Authors: Kabakci Ruhi , Kaya Abdulkadir , Yigit Ayse Arzu , Varisli Omer 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study is the first to investigate the effects of tebuconazole (TEB) on the physiological functions of bovine testicular cells and epididymal spermatozoa. Motility and plasma membrane integrity of spermatozoa exposed to TEB (0.001–100 µM) were evaluated at different incubation times (0–6 h), while TEB-induced spermiotoxicity was assessed after 24 h in cell cultures. Testicular cells, obtained from the parenchyma of bovine testes, were seeded at 1.0 × 104and 1.5 × 106cells/well in 96- and 12-well culture plates and incubated for 48 h in culture media containing TEB (0.001–100 µM) to evaluate cytotoxicity and hormone release, respectively. TEB did not affect the motility and plasma membrane integrity. However, significant spermiotoxicity occurred at higher TEB (1–100 µM) concentrations (P< 0.05) compared to control and lower doses. Although no dose caused cytotoxicity in testicular cells (P> 0.05), 1 and 100 µM TEB caused a significant increase in testosterone secretion (P< 0.05). As a result, high doses of TEB (1–100 µM) had slightly suppressive effects on spermatozoa; however, these doses had stimulatory effects on testosterone secretion by testicular cells. It appears that the disruption of hormonal homeostasis of testicular cells after TEB exposure may result in metabolic and especially reproductive adverse effects in bulls.
Inequality of Educational Opportunity in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Ibragimova Zulfiya , Frants Marina 
Published: July 2021

This study seeks to assess inequality of educational opportunity in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia and measure the impact of specific circumstances. Inequality of opportunity suggests that outcomes significant for everyone or nearly everyone, such as income level, educational attainment or health status, are determined by factors or variables that are beyond individuals’ responsibility (so-called circumstances) and by factors for which individuals are deemed responsible (so-called efforts). Inequalities arising from efforts are considered ethically acceptable, while those that are due to circumstances are considered offensive and therefore must be eliminated. The study uses data from two waves (2006 and 2011) of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey administered by Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). Research methodology is based on the ex-ante approach to equality of opportunity. Three levels of educational attainment are analyzed: secondary school, vocational school, and college. Inequality of opportunity was lower during the Soviet period than in post-Soviet Russia at all levels of educational attainment, being the lowest at the level of at least secondary school and the highest at the level of at least vocational school. Parental education is the most powerful circumstance in both Soviet and post-Soviet periods, while ethnicity makes no significant contribution to inequality of opportunity. The roles of gender and place of birth are quite important in both periods and vary greatly as a function of educational attainment.
Test ban treaty verification with regional data—A review
Authors: Pomeroy Paul W. , Best William J. , McEvilly Thomas V. 
Published: July 2021

abstractThis paper summarizes the use of regional (Δ ≦ 30°) seismic data in a test ban context for detecting, locating, identifying, and determining the yield of underground nuclear explosions. In many areas of the world (Eastern North America, Africa, Eastern USSR), Lg is the largest amplitude wave recorded on standard seismograph systems and thus is the most appropriate phase for monitoring small magnitude events. Excellent location capability for near-regional events has been demonstrated at the Norwegian small aperture array (NORESS) using Lg and P waves. Lg and other regional phases may contain information on source depth, but such information has not been exploited to date. Fifteen classes of regional discriminants have been identified includingEach of these proposed discriminants has, with differing degrees of success, separated some explosions from some earthquakes. However, most have been tested only on limited data, usually from one geographic region and only one or two recording stations. No systematic analyses have been done to determine the best individual discriminant or combination of them.Preliminary evaluation of the use of Lg for yield determination suggests that regional waves hold promise in this application. Theoretical studies have contributed significantly to the understanding of propagation characteristics of regional waves but further studies are required emphasizing modeling for realistic anisotropic sources.The major conclusion of this study is that a systematic and comparative evaluation of all the proposed regional discriminants is now required, utilizing a common data base derived from all present-day test sites. This evaluation would suggest the optimal discrimination procedure using regional waves, and would also define areas of needed research. Without such an integrated evaluation, it is still possible to speculate, using existing results, on the most promising regional discriminants.
High-frequency approximation to the nongeometricalS* arrival
Authors: Daley P. F. , Hron F. 
Published: July 2021

abstractWhen an explosive point source is buried less than one wavelength from the free surface in a perfectly elastic, homogeneous, isotropic half-space, a very strong non-geometric arrival, tentatively denoted as S* by Hron and Mikhailenko (1981), exists in the reflected shear wave field. It has all basic characteristics of an ordinary shear body wave (linear polarization, transverse particle motion, and shear wave velocity) and, as such, it can be also reflected or transmitted upon incidence at an interface according to the rules governing ordinary body waves. Because of its very strong amplitude which at most epicentral distances exceeds even the amplitude of a direct P wave, the S* arrival is undoubtedly responsible for a large part of the shear wave energy content seen in the seismic records in oil exploration, which deals almost exclusively with shallow explosive sources. In our paper, we develop a high-frequency approximation to the S* arrival applying a saddle-point method to the integral representing a shear wave reflected from the free surface due to the incidence of a spherical longitudinal wave radiated by the shallow point source. Numerical results presented in the paper show that our high-frequency approximation preserves all basic features of the S* arrival, thereby making it suitable for easy incorporation into any synthetic seismogram computation based on the ray approach.
The horizontal propagation of P waves through scattering media: Analog model studies relevant to long-range Pn propagation
Authors: Menke William , Richards Paul G. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
We compare seismograms produced through the use of analog models of scattering and nonscattering Earth structure to access the effect of lateral heterogeneities on the horizontal propagation of P waves. Our results are applicable to propagation out to 16° and to periods as short as 5 sec. We find that layers of scatterers within the mantle near the turning points of P waves can cause these phases to have long coda similar in certain respects to the coda observed in long-range Pn. The overall appearance of this coda is similar to that produced in laterally homogeneous models that include low-velocity crustal material near their surfaces. Scatterers at shallower depths in the mantle or crust have a different effect. Those in very uppermost mantle seem to suppress the horizontal propagation of P waves while those in the crust have very little overall effect, at least at the perod range we studied. We also find that the scatterers have an amplifying effect on the horizontal propagation of the very longest periods (&gt;20 sec), an effect that may be related to the scattering-controlled boundary waves discovered by Biot (1968).
Large earthquakes, mean sea level, and tsunamis along the Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America
Authors: Cruz Gonzalo , Wyss Max 
Published: July 2021

abstractAlong the Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America, 26 local tsunamis have been reported during the period 1732 to 1973. Nine of these were caused by earthquakes with teleseismic hypocenters, all of which were located well inland. If these epicenters were correct, these earthquakes could not have generated tsunamis. Under the assumption that the true epicenters must have been located at the coast or off shore, it was estimated that teleseismic hypocenters in this area are mislocated by about 75 km toward the northeast, and 20 km toward greater depth. We propose that most teleseismic locations in this area are afflicted by this same error. The most likely cause for the mislocations are shorter than expected travel times for rays in the down-dip direction of the subducted lithospheric slab. These rays travel to North American stations which contribute strongly to hypocenter locations in Middle America.The annual mean sea level of 13 tide gauge stations along the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America were examined for evidence of vertical crustal deformation changes that could have been associated with earthquakes along this coast. Only one coseismic change could be identified in the annual mean sea level data. It occurred at Acapulco, Mexico, during the 11 May (Ms = 7.0) and 19 May (Ms = 7.2) 1962 earthquakes. The crustal uplift was about 22 cm, estimated from the difference of the 10-yr sea level means before and after the events. By comparing annual mean with daily mean sea level data, it appears that about 23 per cent of the permanent uplift observed at Acapulco was due to aseismic slip or aftershocks in this area. If tide gauge data in this area are kept current, long-term precursory crustal movements might be detectable if they exceed several centimeters.
Evidence of tectonic release from underground nuclear explosions in long-periodPwaves
Authors: Wallace Terry C. , Helmberger Donald V. , Engen Gladys R. 
Published: July 2021

abstractIn this paper, we study the long-period body waves at regional and upper mantle distances from large underground nuclear explosions at Pahute Mesa, Nevada Test Site. A comparison of the seismic records from neighboring explosions shows that the more recent events have much simpler waveforms than those of the earlier events. In fact, many of the early events produced waveforms which are very similar to those produced by shallow, moderate-size, strike-slip earthquakes; the phase sP is particularly obvious. The waveforms of these explosions can be modeled by assuming that the explosion is accompanied by tectonic release represented by a double couple. A clear example of this phenomenon is provided by a comparison of GREELEY (1966) and KASSERI (1975). These events are of similar yields and were detonated within 2 km of each other. The GREELEY records can be matched by simply adding synthetic waveforms appropriate for a shallow strike-slip earthquake to the KASSERI observations. The tectonic release for GREELEY has a moment of 5 ՠ1024 dyne-cm and is striking approximately 340°. The identification of the sP phase at upper mantle distances indicates that the source depth is 4 km or less. The tectonic release time function has a short duration (less than 1 sec). A comparison of these results with well-studied strike-slip earthquakes on the west coast and eastern Nevada indicate that, if tectonic release is triggered fault motion, then the tectonic release is relatively high stress drop, on the order of several hundred bars. It is possible to reduce these stress drops by a factor of 2 if the tectonic release is a driven fault; i.e., rupturing with the P velocity. The region in which the stress is released for a megaton event has a radius of about 4 km. Pahute Mesa events which are detonated within this radius of a previous explosion have a substantially reduced tectonic release.
Ground failure along the New River caused by the October 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake sequence
Authors: Heaton Thomas H. , Anderson John G. , German Peter T. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
We recognized a number of ground failures along the south bank of the New River north of Brawley, California, following the 15 October 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake sequence. The zone includes a large pond and numerous sand boils, apparently caused by liquefaction, near the Del Rio Country Club. These ground failures, together with failures at the New River bridge west of Brawley and at Wiest Lake, form a discontinuous zone 10 km long. While this zone appears to coincide with the aftershocks following the 16 October 1979, ML 5.8, Brawley earthquake (the largest aftershock of the Imperial Valley earthquake), a cause and effect relationship cannot be demonstrated. No evidence of tectonic surface faulting could be found.
Geodetic measurements of postseismic crustal deformation following the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, California
Authors: Langbein J. , McGarr A. , Johnston M. J. S. , Harsh P. W. 
Published: July 2021

abstractA geodetic trilateration network comprising 54 baselines was established around the northern part of the Imperial fault beginning 12 days after the Imperial Valley earthquake of 15 October 1979, and the line lengths were repeatedly observed during the following 110 days. During the observational period, there was an average of about 10 cm of dextral postseismic fault slip. Geodetic data in conjunction with alignment-array measurements indicate that the postseismic slip U at time t following the main shock is well described by U (t) = (10.96 ± 0.12) cm log(t/1.75 day + 1), a result that implies that it will be approximately 9 to 10 yr before the rate of postseismic displacement diminishes to the ambient rate of creep of 0.5 cm/a. The postseismic strain changes are localized to the east side of the Imperial fault in the southern part of the Mesquite Lake basin, where significant north-south extension occurred at an average rate of 2.7 ± 0.3 × 10−5/a during the observational period. These changes are compatible with dextral fault slip within the top 5 km of the fault.
Determination of rupture duration and stress drop for earthquakes in southern California
Authors: Frankel Arthur , Kanamori Hiroo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA simple technique is developed for determining the rupture duration and stress drop of earthquakes between magnitudes 3.5 and 4.0 using the time between the P-wave onset and the first zero crossing (τ1/2) on seismograms from local seismic networks. This method is applied to 10 main shocks in southern California to investigate regional variations in stress drop. The initial pulse widths of 65 foreshocks or aftershocks of these events were measured. Values of τ1/2 for small earthquakes below about magnitude 2.2 are generally observed to remain constant with decreasing magnitude in four sequences studied. The relative pulse width of a particular main shock (M ≧ 3.5) at a given station is found to be correlated with the relative pulse width of its aftershocks recorded at that station. These observations are interpreted to signify that the waveforms of these small events (M ≦ 2.2) are essentially the impulse response of the path between the source and receiver. Values of τ1/2 determined from small foreshocks and aftershocks are, therefore, subtracted (in effect deconvolved) from those of each main shock to obtain an estimate of the rupture duration of the main shock which is corrected for path effects.Significant variations in rupture duration and stress drop are observed for the main shocks studied. Aftershock locations and azimuthal variations in τ1/2 both indicate that the rupture zone of one earthquake expanded unilaterally. A factor of 10 variation in stress drop is calculated for two adjacent events of similar seismic moments occurring 1 hr apart on the San Jacinto fault system. The first event in this pair had the highest stress drop of the events studied (860 bars) and was followed within 8 months by a magnitude 5.5 earthquake 2 km away.
Spatial-temporal variation of seismicity and spectrum of the 1980 earthquake swarm near the Izu Peninsula, Japan
Authors: Ishida Mizuho 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The spatial-temporal variation of seismicity of the 1980 earthquake swarm off the east coast of the Izu Peninsula, Japan, was investigated. Hypocentral distribution, focal mechanism, wave forms, and spectra of seismic waves were studied. The hypocenters were relocated by using the master event method. The forerunning earthquakes which started about one week before the largest shock (main shock), the 1980 Izu-Hanto-Toho-Oki earthquake (M = 6.7), occurred within the quiescent area of the earthquake activity for the preceding one year. The swarm area migrated toward the south with time and triggered the main shock in June 1980. The fault dimension and geometry were estimated from the aftershock area: the fault length and width are 14 km and 8 km; the strike and dip angles of the fault are N15°W and 65° to N75°E.
Locations of the events in an earlier earthquake swarm (1978) were also examined by using difference in the S-P time at five selected stations distributed around the epicentral area. The 1978 swarm events were found to have clustered within a very small area of 8 ×1 km2 located about 2 km to the west of the 1980 swarm area.
The earthquakes which occurred after the main shock of the 1980 swarm were classified into two groups, aftershocks and swarm events, according to the location of epicenters, wave forms, and spectra of S waves. The peak frequencies of spectra were distributed around 5 to 8 Hz for the aftershocks and around 10 to 15 Hz for the swarm events. Most of the aftershocks, characterized by low-frequency content, occurred to the south of the main shock within 2 weeks after the main shock. The number of aftershocks decayed following the modified Omori's formula with p = 1.5 ± 0.3. The swarm activity, on the other hand, continued intermittently for about 1 month after the main shock. The 1980 seismic activity is interpreted as a complex of a foreshock-main shock-aftershock sequence and swarm activity.
The direction of the longer axis of the swarm area coincided with the direction of the maximum pressure axis of the main shock. The trend of the aftershock zone coincided with the strike of the fault planes of the main shock and aftershocks. This feature strongly suggests that tension cracks trending in the maximum stress direction opened prior to the occurrence of the main shock. The opening of cracks may be accounted for by increasing of interstitial pore pressure associated with increase in regional stress.