bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient cognitive impairment associated with higher home health care delivery costs
Authors: Burgdorf Julia G. , Sen Aditi P. , Wolff Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether home health agencies incur significantly higher care delivery costs for patients with cognitive impairment across three timeframes relevant to home health payment policy.Data SourcesLinked Medicare home health claims and patient assessments, National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), and home health agency cost reports for a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries receiving home health between 2011 and 2016.Study DesignWe modeled care delivery costs incurred by the home health agency as a function of patient cognitive impairment using multivariable, propensity score‐adjusted, generalized linear models.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsWe identified NHATS participants who experienced an index home health episode between 2011 and 2016 (n = 1214; weighted n = 5,856,333) and linked their NHATS survey data to standardized patient assessment and claims data for the episode, as well as cost report data for the home health agency that provided care.Principal FindingsAcross the first 30, 60, and 120 days of caring for a patient with cognitive impairment, we estimate additional costs of care to the home health agency of $186.19 (p = 0.02), $282.46 (p = 0.01), and $740.91 (p = 0.04), respectively.ConclusionsHome health agencies incur significantly higher costs when caring for a patient with cognitive impairment. As patient cognitive function is not considered in the most recent Medicare home health reimbursement model, agencies may be disincentivized from providing care to those with cognitive impairment. Policy makers and researchers should carefully monitor home health access among Medicare beneficiaries with cognitive impairment and further investigate the inclusion of patient cognitive function in future risk adjustment models.
Similarities and differences between internet gaming disorder and tobacco use disorder: A large‐scale network study
Authors: Zheng Yan‐Bin , Dong Hao‐Hao , Wang Min , Zhou Weiran , Lin Xiao , Dong Guang‐Heng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStudies have shown that internet gaming disorder (IGD) has the potential to be a type of addiction; however, direct comparisons (similarities and differences) between IGD and traditional addictions remain scarce, especially at the neuroimaging level. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected from 92 individuals with IGD, 96 individuals with tobacco use disorders (TUDs) and 107 individuals who served as healthy controls (HCs). Independent component analysis (ICA) was performed to explore the similarities and differences among these three groups; Granger causality analysis (GCA) was further performed based on the ICA results to determine potential neural features underlying the differences and similarities among the groups. The ICA results indicated significant differences in the subcortical network and cerebellar network. GCA results found that significant differences in bilateral caudate among three groups, and the efferents of dorsal frontostriatal circuit showed significant differences in insula among three groups, whereas efferents of ventral frontostriatal circuit showed significant differences in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Two kinds of addiction showed differences in thalamus and frontostriatal circuits, and similar changes found in cerebellum and mPFC regions. It suggested that addiction disorders have psychopathology features, and the craving and reward dysfunctions may be the key reasons. Although both substance addiction and behaviour addiction showed craving dysfunction in cerebellum, however, the key reward dysfunction of substance addiction was found in subcortical regions, whereas behaviour addiction located in cortical regions.
Staying focused when nobody is watching: Self‐regulatory strategies to reduce mind wandering during self‐directed learning
Authors: Randall Jason G. , Hanson Matthew D. , Nassrelgrgawi Alexander S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMind wandering, the direction of attention away from a primary task, has the potential to interfere with learning, especially in increasingly common self‐directed learning environments. By integrating self‐regulated learning and mind wandering theories, we developed three interventions to encourage on‐task focus in a self‐directed training environment. We tested these self‐regulation interventions in two experiments: a field study with working adults (Study 1, N = 133) and a lab study with college students (Study 2, N = 175) where participants completed a self‐directed online Excel training. Overall, results from the two studies demonstrated that mind wandering negatively harms self‐directed training outcomes, including knowledge, self‐efficacy, and trainee reactions. The strength of these effects differed between samples, with mind wandering more harmful in Study 2 where the participants were significantly less motivated. There was little evidence that the self‐regulation interventions significantly influenced mind wandering or training outcomes when compared to a control group. However, correlational results suggest possible deterrents of mind wandering, including mindfulness, metacognitive monitoring, implementation intentions, and environmental structuring. Drawing from our multidisciplinary theoretical integration and the empirical results presented here, we provide recommendations for future theoretical development and applied research to reduce off‐task thought and enhance performance in self‐directed training.
Cytology, function and dynamics of stem and progenitor cells in decapod crustaceans
Authors: Vogt Günter 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTStem cells play key roles in development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration, ageing and diseases. Comprehensive reviews on stem cells are available for the determinately growing mammals and insects and some lower invertebrates like hydra but are rare for larger, indeterminately growing invertebrates that can live for many decades. This paper reviews the cytology, function and dynamics of stem and progenitor cells in the decapod crustaceans, a species‐rich and ecologically and economically important animal group that includes mainly indeterminate growers but also some determinate growers. Further advantages of decapods for stem cell research are almost 1000‐fold differences in body size and longevity, the regeneration of damaged appendages and the virtual absence of age‐related diseases and tumours in the indeterminately growing species. The available data demonstrate that the Decapoda possess a remarkable variety of structurally and functionally different stem cells in embryos and larvae, and in the epidermis, musculature, haematopoietic tissue, heart, brain, hepatopancreas, olfactory sense organs and gonads of adults. Some of these seem to be rather continuously active over a lifetime but others are cyclically activated and silenced in periods of days, weeks and years, depending on the specific organ and function. Stem cell proliferation is triggered by signals related to development, moulting, feeding, reproduction, injury, infection, environmental enrichment and social status. Some regulatory pathways have already been identified, including the evolutionarily conserved GATA‐binding and runt‐domain transcription factors, the widespread neurotransmitter serotonin, the arthropod‐specific hormone 20‐hydroxyecdysone and the novel astakine growth factors. Knowledge of stem cells in decapods primarily refines our picture on the development, growth and maintenance of tissues and organs in this animal group. Cultured decapod stem cells have good potential for toxicity testing and virus research with practical relevance for aquaculture. Knowledge of stem cells in decapods also broadens our understanding of the evolution of stem cells and regeneration in the animal kingdom. The stem cells of long‐lived, indeterminately growing decapods may hold the key to understanding how stem and progenitor cells function into old age without adverse side effects, possibly evoking new ideas for the development of anti‐ageing and anti‐cancer treatments in humans.
Adhesion‐related readmissions after open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery in 16 524 patients
Authors: Krielen Pepijn , ten Broek Richard P. G. , van Dongen Koen W. , Parker Mike C. , Griffiths Ewen A. , van Goor Harry , Stommel Martijn W. J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimColorectal surgery is associated with a high risk of adhesion formation and subsequent complications. Laparoscopic colorectal surgery reduces adhesion formation by 50%; however, the effect on adhesion‐related complications is still unknown. This study aims to compare differences in incidence rates of adhesion‐related readmissions after laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery.MethodPopulation data from the Scottish National Health Service were used to identify patients who underwent colorectal surgery between June 2009 and June 2011. Readmissions were registered until December 2017 and categorized as being either directly or possibly related to adhesions, or as reoperations potentially complicated by adhesions. The primary outcome measure was the difference in incidence of directly adhesion‐related readmissions between the open and laparoscopic cohort.ResultsColorectal surgery was performed in 16 524 patients; 4455 (27%) underwent laparoscopic surgery. Patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery were readmitted less frequently for directly adhesion‐related complications, 2.4% (95% CI 2.0%–2.8%) versus 7.5% (95% CI 7.1%–7.9%) in the open cohort. Readmissions for possibly adhesion‐related complications were less frequent in the laparoscopic cohort, 16.8% (95% CI 15.6%–18.0%) versus 21.7% (95% CI 20.9%–22.5%), as well as reoperations potentially complicated by adhesions, 9.7% (95% CI 8.9%–10.5%) versus 16.9% (95% CI 16.3%–17.5%).ConclusionOverall, any adhesion‐related readmissions occurred in over one in three patients after open colorectal surgery and one in four after laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Compared with open surgery, incidence rates of adhesion‐related complications decrease but remain substantial after laparoscopic surgery.
Speakers Align With Their Partner's Overspecification During Interaction
Authors: Loy Jia E. , Smith Kenny 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSpeakers often overspecify by encoding more information than is necessary when referring to an object (e.g., “the blue mug” for the only mug in a group of objects). We investigated the role of a partner's linguistic behavior (whether or not they overspecify) on a speaker's own tendency to overspecify. We used a director–matcher task in which speakers interacted with a partner who either consistently overspecified or minimally specified in the color/size dimension (Experiments 1, 2, and 3), as well as with a partner who switched behaviors midway through interaction (Experiments 4 and 5). We found that speakers aligned with their partner's linguistic behavior to produce overspecific or minimally specific descriptions, and we saw little evidence that the alignment was enhanced by lexical or semantic repetition across prime and target trials. Time‐course analyses showed that alignment increased over the course of the interaction, and speakers appeared to track a change in the partner's linguistic behavior, altering their reference strategy to continue matching that of their partner's. These results demonstrate the persistent influence of a partner's behavior on speakers across the duration of an interaction.
IUCNN – Deep learning approaches to approximate species' extinction risk
Authors: Zizka Alexander , Andermann Tobias , Silvestro Daniele 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimThe Red List (RL) from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature is the most comprehensive global quantification of extinction risk, and widely used in applied conservation as well as in biogeographic and ecological research. Yet, due to the time‐consuming assessment process, the RL is biased taxonomically and geographically, which limits its application on large scales, in particular for underdocumented areas such as the tropics, or understudied taxa, such as most plants and invertebrates. Here, we present IUCNN, an R‐package implementing deep learning models to predict species RL status from publicly available geographic occurrence records (and other data if available).InnovationWe implement a user‐friendly workflow to train and validate neural network models, and use them to predict species RL status. IUCNN contains specific functions for extinction risk prediction in the RL framework, including a regression‐based approach to account for the ordinal nature of RL categories, a Bayesian approach for improved uncertainty quantification and a convolutional neural network to predict species RL status based on their raw geographic occurrences. Most analyses run with few lines of code, not requiring users to have prior experience with neural network models. We demonstrate the use of IUCNN on an empirical dataset of ~14,000 orchid species, for which IUCNN models can predict extinction risk within minutes, while outperforming comparable methods based on species occurrence information.Main conclusionsIUCNN harnesses innovative methodology to estimate the RL status of large numbers of species. By providing estimates of the number and identity of threatened species in custom geographic or taxonomic datasets, IUCNN enables large‐scale automated assessments of the extinction risk of species so far not well represented on the official RL.
In vitro profiling and functional assessments of the anti‐diabetic capacity of phenolic‐rich extracts of Bulbine natalensis and Bulbine frutescens
Authors: Oyedemi Sunday O. , Atanes Patricio , Aiyegoro Olayinka A. , Amoo Stephen O. , Swain Shasank S. , Persaud Shanta J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimsBulbine natalensis (BN) and Bulbine frutescens (BF) are recommended in South African traditional medicine to treat diabetes, but their modes of action are unknown. This study assessed the phenolic acid profiles, mineral composition and in vitro functional effects of BN and BF to better understand their glucose‐lowering capabilities.MethodsPhenolic acid and mineral composition of BN and BF methanolic extracts were determined by HPLC and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy respectively. Antioxidant capacity was assessed by potassium ferricyanide reducing power and 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays, and inhibition of alpha‐amylase, alpha‐glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and DPP4 was evaluated by standard enzyme assays. The effects of BN and BF extracts on insulin secretion were investigated using static incubations of isolated mouse islets and molecular docking analysis was used to identify interactions of BN and BF with partners that could mediate stimulatory effects on insulin secretion.ResultsMethanolic extracts of BN and BF contained high concentrations of protocatechuic and gallic acids, and high levels of Zn, Mn and Cr. The extracts inhibited alpha‐glucosidase, alpha‐amylase, pancreatic lipase and DPP4 activities, and they also inhibited free radical generation. Both extracts significantly potentiated glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion without significantly affecting basal insulin secretion or islet cell viability. Protocatechuic acid, the most abundant phenolic acid in the extracts, showed high affinity for PKA, PKC, DPP4 and CaMK II in the docking analysis.ConclusionsBN and BF have multiple beneficial effects on glucoregulatory pathways and they, or their derivatives, could be developed to treat type 2 diabetes.
A history and evaluation of catch‐only stock assessment models
Authors: Ovando Daniel , Free Christopher M. , Jensen Olaf P. , Hilborn Ray 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the status of fish stocks is a critical step in ensuring the ecological and economic sustainability of marine ecosystems. However, at least half of global catch and a vast majority of global fisheries lack formal stock assessments, largely due to a lack of sufficient data. Catch data, loosely referring to any catch records be it inclusive of discards or not, are the only type of fishery data available across a wide range of fisheries at a global scale. This has given rise to a long list of so‐called “catch‐only” models, intended to estimate aspects of stock status based primarily on characteristics of a fishery's catch history. In this paper, we review the history, performance and potential of “catch‐only” models to estimate stock biomass status. While individual catch‐only models often report good performance, repeated efforts to examine the performance of these models have consistently found them to be imprecise and biased when applied to new data‐limited fisheries. We demonstrate that a large reason for this is the simple lack of information on stock status contained in the shape of a catch history alone. Off‐the‐shelf use of catch‐only models can lead to poor and biased estimates of stock status, potentially hindering efforts at effective management.
Latina mothers’ mental health: An examination of its relation to parenting and material resources
Authors: Galvan Thania , Hurwich‐Reiss Eliana , Watamura Sarah E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe demands and stressors associated with motherhood can increase a mother's risk for mental health concerns. Latina mothers are particularly vulnerable to the relation between motherhood‐related stressors and maternal mental health given that they are at an increased risk for mental health concerns, that they are likely to have their mental health needs go unmet, and that traditional Latinx cultural values/gender roles emphasize women assuming the role of primary caregiver of the family's children. In an attempt to better understand how motherhood impacts Latina mother's mental health, this study explored the relations among parental self‐efficacy, parenting stress, and maternal mental health. This study also explored how a mother's perception of her material resources influenced these relations. One hundred and thirty‐two Latina mothers completed questionnaires to assess parenting stress, parental self‐efficacy, and maternal mental health risk. The moderating effect of maternal perception of material resources in the aforementioned relations was assessed through the creation of a composite variable derived from items in the demographic questionnaires. Multiple linear regression analyses were used. Higher levels of parenting stress, but not parental self‐efficacy, were related to increased maternal mental health risk. Furthermore, mothers who perceived themselves to have lower material resources were at increased risk for diminished mental health in the context of low parental self‐efficacy. Results of this study yielded important information that is necessary for informing healthcare best practices, identifying targets for future interventions, and ultimately improving the health outcomes of Latinx mothers and their families.
Digital value chain restructuring and labour process transformations in the fast‐fashion sector: Evidence from the value chains of Zara & H&M
Authors: López Tatiana , Riedler Tim , Köhnen Heiner , Fütterer Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this article, we combine a workplace‐centred Labour Process Theory approach with a multi‐level Global Value Chain perspective to link digital labour process transformations in the fast‐fashion value chain to broader dynamics of digital value chain restructuring. Drawing on a case study of H&M and Zara, we show how these retailers’ digital supply chain management strategies are linked to the de‐skilling, standardization and rationalization of tasks and to the emergence of new digital forms of labour control in production, logistics and retail. At the same time, we find that the effects of these transformations on working conditions are mediated by workers’ position in the value chain as well as by gender and capital‐labour power relations. The article contributes to debates on value chains and digitalization by revealing how, under digital capitalism, the ability to control and digitally integrate labour processes in complex store, logistics and manufacturing networks represents a key source of power in buyer‐driven value chains.
Effect of TiO2 on microphase development during phase separation and crystallization in Na2O–B2O3–SiO2 glass system
Authors: Kwinda Tovhowani Innocent , Enke Dirk , Koppka Sharon 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study examines the incorporation of TiO2 into sodium borosilicate glasses and its effect on the formation of glassy and crystalline microphases. Glasses in the composition range: 7Na2O–23B2O3–(70 ‐ X)SiO2–XTiO2 (where X = 0–14.6 mol.% TiO2) which exhibit phase separation were investigated. Raman studies confirm the formation of two different TiO2 coordinations depending on the molar content of TiO2. Thermal properties of glasses are unaffected by TiO2 addition. The domain size of microphase development in TiO2‐containing glass indicates competition between phase separation and crystallization. Enrichment of titanium on the interphase between glassy microphases reduces the mass transfer and consequently limits the growth rate of glassy phases. This competes with the formation of anatase for which a nucleation‐controlled mechanism is proposed.
Lateral‐pushing induced surface lift‐up during nanoindentation of silicate glass
Authors: Ding Linfeng , Xu Yanan , Yang Rui , Yang Yongjian , Lu Ranran , Liu Hao , He Hongtu , Zheng Qiuju , Mauro John C. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractShear flow and/or densification have been long considered as the main mechanisms accounting for inelastic deformation during indentation of silicate glasses. However, the role of inelastic deformation during indentation of silicate glass is still debated. In this work, the cube‐corner indenter was chosen to perform the nano‐indentation tests on four different types of silicate glasses with a penetration depth of up to 0.5 μm. A 3D surface analysis method is developed to quantify the amplitude of the impression field. Based on this newly developed analysis approach, we have found that the shear flow and densification induced inelastic deformation of silicate glasses are visible as indentation, as pile‐up close to the indent, and as lift‐up far away from the indent. The lift‐up mechanism is revealed for the first time, which complements the previous well‐accepted pile‐up description. The lift‐up region is due to the increasing width of the indenter as it is pushed into the glass, which corresponds to the amount of glass volume pushed away laterally (lateral‐pushing) and can contribute up to ∼25% of the total volume above the original surface in soda‐lime silicate glass. We believe that this better quantification of inelastic deformation will contribute to reveal the structural evolution during nano‐indentation of silicate glass.