bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of Nd
Authors: Amr Mohamed R.A. , El-Emam Sharif Y. , Eltoukhy Hesham M. , Moussa Magdy S. 
Published: December 2021

Background
Regarding the Nd : YAG laser capsulotomy, various complications were reported, such as intraocular lens dislocation, cystoid macular edema, and rise in the intraocular pressure (IOP). The influence of capsulotomy size on the spherical equivalent (S/E), IOP, and the central macular thickness (CMT) after the procedure is controversial. Therefore, carrying out a capsulotomy opening with optimum size and site is slightly challenging.

Aim
The study aimed to evaluate the influence of the Nd : YAG laser posterior capsulotomy size on S/E, IOP, and CMT.

Patients and methods
A total of 40 pseudophakic eyes of 40 patients treated with Nd : YAG laser capsulotomy for posterior capsular opacification were evaluated preoperatively and 1, 4, and 12 weeks after the procedure. The patients were divided into two groups based on the postprocedural size of the capsulotomy opening. The two groups were studied based on the changes in the S/E, best-corrected visual acuity, IOP, and CMT after the capsulotomy.

Results
There was a statistically significant and stable improvement in the best-corrected visual acuity after the procedure in the two groups over the whole period of follow-up (P<0.001). There was no statistically significant change in the S/E and CMT in both groups after the procedure. However, there was a statistically significant increase of the IOP, but within normal limits, at the second visit (1 week after capsulotomy) in the two groups (P<0.001).

Conclusion
The Nd : YAG laser posterior capsulotomy is a safe and effective procedure to treat the posterior capsular opacification. The study found no significant change in the refraction, no serious elevation in the IOP, and no significant increase in the CMT over the short-term follow-up in the two groups.
Supramaximal recession of medial recti for correction of infantile esotropia of more than 50 prism diopters
Authors: Badr Yomna A. Abdel-Rahman , Nasef Mohamed H. , Arafa El-Sayed S. , Ali A.L. 
Published: December 2021

Background
Essential infantile esotropia is a manifest constant esodeviation that occurs during the first 6 months of life. It is characterized by a large angle of deviation of more than 40 prism diopters (PD) with alternation of fixation in the primary position and cross-fixation in side gazes. Hence, early intervention is highly recommended to avoid irreversible loss of the ability to attain single binocular vision and normal depth of perception.

Aim
This study aimed to report the results that we obtained after the supramaximal recession of medial recti in cases with large-angle infantile esotropia of more than 50 PD.

Patients and methods
In this prospective study, 7-mm bimedial recession was performed on 30 patients (1–5 years) for treatment of large-angle infantile esotropia with a follow-up period of about 6 months postoperatively. Surgical success could be defined as undercorrection within 10 PD.

Results
The mean of the preoperative angle of deviations was 40±7.8 PD (80 PD). The mean age at the time of surgery was of 1.9±0.9 years. The successful horizontal alignment was achieved in 24 (80%) patients. Six (20%) patients were undercorrected more than 10 PD.

Conclusion
A large-angle recession of bimedial recti is an effective and safe surgical treatment of large-angle infantile esotropia that does not significantly affect adduction and sparing other muscles for any necessary further surgical intervention. That procedure can be an alternative to three or four horizontal muscle surgeries in the treatment of large-angle infantile esotropia. There was not any adduction or convergence limitation of clinical significance postoperatively. Also, there were not any significant cases of consecutive exotropia, but a prolonged follow-up period is needed to detect any delayed appearance.
Immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2: an overview
Authors: A El-Masry Eman 
Published: December 2021

In the past years, numerous new fatal infections have emerged, including Ebola, Nipah, and Zika viruses, as well as coronaviruses. Recently, infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged in China, and were then transmitted all over the world, causing the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is transmitted at a higher rate than other diseases caused by coronaviruses. At the time of writing this review, COVID-19 is not contained in most countries in spite of quarantine, physical distancing, and enhanced hygiene measures. In this review, I address different methods for passive and active immunization against this virus, which is known to cause fatal respiratory disease, including natural passive immunization by breast milk, natural active immunization by herd immunization, artificial passive immunization by convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies, and artificial active immunization by vaccination. I hope this review will help design a prophylactic approach against outbreaks and pandemics of related coronaviruses in the future.
Keywords: Breastfeeding; COVID-19; herd immunity; monoclonal antibodies; SARS-CoV; vaccine.
Effectiveness and safety of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate single-tablet combination among HIV-infected patients in Turkey: results from a real world setting
Authors: Mete Bilgul , Gunduz Alper , Kumbasar Karaosmanoglu Hayat , Gumuser Fatma , Bolukcu Sibel , Sevgi Yildiz Dilek , Altuntas Aydin Ozlem , Bilge Bilgenur , Dokmetas Ilyas , Tabak Fehmi 
Published: December 2021

Background: Efficacy of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil (E/C/F/TDF) in treatment-naïve and experienced patients with HIV infection was demonstrated in phase 3 trials. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate effectiveness and safety of E/C/F/TDF in real world settings.
Methods: Retrospective, observational data collected by the Turkish ACTHIV-IST study group between May 2015 and December 2016 were analysed.
Results: A total of 387 patients were prescribed E/C/F/TDF; 210 patients with available data at 6th month were eligible; 91.5% were male, and mean age was 35.2 (SD: 10.8) years; 54.0% of males identified themselves as MSM. Sixty-three percent (133) of the study population were treatment-naïve patients, and 37% (77) were treatment experienced. HIV RNA level was below 100 copies/mL in 78.9% of treatment-naïve patients and 89.9% of treatment experienced patients at month 6. Median increase in CD4 T lymphocyte count was 218 copies/mL in treatment-naïve patients and remained stable or increased in treatment experienced patients. Adverse events were observed in 15% of the patients, and the regimen was discontinued in only six patients.
Conclusion: Real world data on the effectiveness and safety of E/C/F/TDF is comparable with the phase 3 trial results Adverse events are uncommon and manageable.
Keywords: Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; HIV; effectiveness; safety.
Factors associated with readiness to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) among young people (15-24 years) at four HIV clinics in Mulago Hospital, Uganda
Authors: Nkalubo Jonathan , Mugaba Moureen , Asasira Ignatius , Nakiganda Racheal , Namutebi Florence , Ntore Arnaud Nick , Kagumba Musisi Nicholas , Abasira Trinity , Jemba Pius , Ndyabawe Racheal , Tumuhairwe Rosette , Batte Charles , Bakeera-Kitaka Sabrina 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Globally, the HIV burden continues to rise among young people despite the discovery of ART. This study assessed demographic and psycho-social factors among young people associated with readiness to be initiated on ART.
Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among newly diagnosed HIV positive young people aged 15-24 years at 4 HIV clinics at Mulago Hospital. Readiness was measured as a self-report by the individual to the question,“How ready do you feel to start ART?
Results: Of the 231 young people enrolled, the mean age (SD) was 20.7years (+/-2.8) and most were female (66.2%). Majority were very ready (53.3%) and very motivated (51.1%) to start ART. Higher treatment readiness was associated with being female (95% CI [5.62, 8.31], p=0.003), thinking that ART cures HIV (95% CI [0.43, 0.86], p=0.005), history of having unprotected sex (95% CI [0.79, 0.87], p=<0.001), anticipating negative HIV results (95% CI [0.26, 0.88], p=0.017), internalized stigma (95% CI [0.83, 0.98], p=0.018) and knowledge of positive ART effects for others (95% CI [0.84, 0.93], p=<0.001).
Conclusions: Understanding the underlying factors associated with ART readiness among young people can inform strategiesto support and increase individuals’ readiness to initiate ART and early engagement in care.
Keywords: Antiretroviral therapy Readiness; Young people; Sub-Saharan Africa.
Malaria health seeking practices for children, and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy in Wakiso District, Uganda
Authors: Musoke David , Ndejjo Rawlance , Tsebeni Wafula Solomon , Kasasa Simon , Nakiyingi-Miiro Jessica , Boses Musoke Miph 
Published: December 2021

Background: Timely health care among children with suspected malaria, and intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) in pregnancy avert related morbidity and mortality in endemic regions especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria burden has steadily been declining in endemic countries due to progress made in scaling up of such important interventions.
Objectives: The study assessed malaria health seeking practices for children under five years of age, and IPTp in Wakiso district, Uganda.
Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 727 households. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were performed in STATA to ascertain factors associated with the place where treatment for children with suspected malaria was first sought (government versus private facility) and uptake of IPTp.
Results: Among caretakers of children with suspected malaria, 69.8% sought care on the day of onset of symptoms. The place where treatment was first sought for the children (government versus private) was associated with participants’ (household head or other adult) age (p < 0.001), education level (p < 0.001) and household income (p = 0.011). Among women who had a child in the five years preceding the study, 179 (63.0%) had obtained two or more IPTp doses during their last pregnancy. Uptake of two or more IPTp doses was associated with the women’s education level (p = 0.006), having heard messages about malaria through mass media (p = 0.008), knowing the recommended number of IPTp doses (p < 0.001), and knowing the drug used in IPTp (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: There is need to improve malaria health seeking practices among children and pregnant women particularly IPTp through programmes aimed at increasing awareness among the population.
Keywords: Health seeking behaviour; intermittent preventive treatment; malaria; children; pregnancy; Uganda.
A cohort study of the relationship between anaemia, mean corpuscular volume and mortality among a CKD population in South Africa
Authors: Nalado Aishatu , Waziri Bala , Olorunfemi Gbenga , Mahlangu Johnny , Paget Graham , Duarte Raquel , Naicker Saraladevi 
Published: December 2021

Background: The burden of chronic kidney disease is increasing globally and prompt identification, coupled with improved management of CKD patients have increased the population of pre-dialysis patients. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the predictors of survival among pre-dialysis CKD patients in South Africa.
Methods: We conducted a cohort study of 256 consecutive consenting Black non-dialysis requiring CKD patients attending the renal outpatient clinic of a tertiary Hospital in South Africa from 1st June 2016 to 1st December 2016. Socio-demographic and clinical information of the participants were obtained. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted to evaluate factors affecting the survival of the participants.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 52.8±14.3 years and 48.0% were females, 52% were males. The death rate increased with worsening haemoglobin level from 0.96 among patients with mild anaemia to 4.29 per 100-person years among patients with severe anaemia. Anaemic patients with GFR < 30mls/min had significantly increased risk of death (HR 11.51, 95% CI 1.62–78.32, P < 0.001).
Conclusion: Mortality in pre-dialysis CKD patients was associated with anaemia and hyperphosphatemia. Clinical interventions targeted at preventing these conditions may improve outcomes among this group of CKD patients.
Keywords: Chronic kidney disease; mortality anaemia; outcomes, survival.
Association between type of birth attendants and neonatal mortality: Evidence from a National survey
Authors: Julius Baruwa Ololade , Yaw Amoateng Acheampong , Mkwananzi Sibusiso 
Published: December 2021

Background: Although Lesotho has one of the highest childhood mortality levels in Southern Africa, there has been limited research on the link between type of birth attendant and neonatal mortality in Lesotho. This study examined the relationship between type of birth attendant and neonatal mortality while controlling for socio-demographic characteristics of mothers in LesothoMethods: The study used data from the children’s file of 2014 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey data. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate neonatal mortality rate and Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to assess the association between type of birth attendant and neonatal mortality.Results: Result shows that 5.3% of all births attended to by non-SBAs resulted into neonatal mortality compared to 2.8% of those attended to by SBA. Result further shows that regardless of socio-demographic characteristics, the risks of neonatal mortality were significantly higher with non-SBAs compared to SBA in Lesotho (HR: 2.00, CI: 1.31-3.06).Conclusion: The risk of neonatal mortality is two times higher among children delivered by Non-SBA. Scale-up in access and uptake of SBA is recommended in Lesotho. Thus, Policy on scale-up access to SBA at delivery at no costs need to be put in place.
Keywords: Neonatal; mortality; Lesotho.
Subjective prosthodontic treatment need, tooth loss and associated factors among dental patients in Dar es salaam, Tanzania
Authors: C Carneiro Lorna , Sembiko Silas , R Masalu Joyce 
Published: December 2021

Background: A full complement of teeth has been shown to be a prerequisite for a healthy masticatory system and satisfactory function and having tooth loss can be undesirable.Objective: To determine the subjective prosthodontic treatment need, tooth loss and associated factors among patients attending dental clinics in Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among subjects with tooth loss aged 18 years and above attending public dental clinics in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. A questionnaire and clinical examination were used to obtain data. Chi-Square test and logistic regression analyses were performed and a p-value of ≤0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: Majority of the 402 participants were aged 18-34 years (52.2%), females (64.9%) and with primary level of education or less (52.2%). Subjective prosthodontic treatment need was indicated by more than half of the participants 54.2%) and those who lost 4 or more teeth and those who lost teeth upper anterior had higher odds of expressing subjective treatment need (OR=2.6; CI=1.5-4.3 & OR=4.9; CI=2.2-10.8 respectively).Conclusions: This study highlights that having four or more missing teeth and having tooth loss in the anterior location of the upper jaw were significant contributing factors in expressing patient’s subjective prosthodontic treatment need.
Keywords: Subjective prosthodontic treatment need; tooth loss; dental patients; Dar es salaam; Tanzania.
The XII Duke of Osuna, between aristocratic spirit and Dandy. The Russian embassy as a matter of honor
Authors: Pajarín Domínguez J. 
Published: December 2021

Russia and Spain re-established relations in 1856 after a two-decade diplomatic crisis caused by disagreements over Carlism. The appointment of Mariano Téllez-Girón, XII Duke of Osuna, as the plenipotentiary minister in the Russian court signaled a friendly reconciliation between the two countries. However, it meant above all the reaffirmation of the Spanish nobleman, who left his mark on the Russian royal and public sphere. The Duke of Osuna knew how to gain the Tsar’s trust and displayed his sense of honor, imbued with the aristocratic spirit and the European dandy. This work provides a portrait of the Duke of Osuna during his embassy in Saint Petersburg, against the backdrop of the ideal of Spanish liberalism, and of the dandy as a new archetype of bourgeois honor. The Letters from Russia, by Juan Valera, secretary of that embassy, help to understand the controversial image displayed by Osuna in the Court of Alexander II. The Duke not only adapted to the Russian noble and autocratic customs, but also presented a very particular way of understanding the figure of the nobleman, which allowed him to refute the existing stereotypes around Spain, as well as reinforce the prestige of Queen Elizabeth, formally recognized not only by Russia, but by the rest of the powers.
Atomismo griego y teoría atómica actual desde la perspectiva de la epistemología evolucionista
Authors: Cayo-Miguel Wilmar 
Published: December 2021

El presente trabajo de investigación, tuvo como objetivo explicar la dinámica entre el atomismo griego y el atomismo actual desde la perspectiva de la epistemología evolucionista en los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la UNHEVAL - 2020. Teniendo en cuenta que el estudio de la Epistemología evolucionista debe promover una adecuada comprensión del desarrollo de la ciencia, nos preguntamos: ¿Cuál es la dinámica entre el atomismo griego y el atomismo actual desde la perspectiva de la epistemología evolucionista en los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la UNHEVAL - 2020? El método utilizado fue el fichaje, que consistió en recoger información sobre la teoría atómica propuesta por Demócrito y la teoría atómica actual, así mismo sobre la epistemología evolucionista; en el caso de los estudiantes se tomó una encuesta. El trabajo forma parte del tipo de investigación básica de nivel descriptivo. Para el análisis de los resultados de la encuesta se determinó la moda de cada variable, ya que estas formaban parte de la escala nominal, y luego fueron contrastadas con el análisis hermenéutico de la bibliografía. Tras el estudio se determinó que existe una relación evolutiva muy compleja entre el atomismo griego y el atomismo científico actual, sobre el cual los estudiantes de la facultad de Biología, Química y Ciencia del ambiente de la UNHEVAL, tienen un conocimiento parcial.
La convivencia democrática en estudiantes de programas no escolarizados
Authors: Ponce-Vega Cristina , Espinoza-Jara Mirtha , Echevarría-Rufino Melita E. 
Published: December 2021

En todo proceso de investigación, como sabemos, el método científico nos permite detectar problemas y plantear objetivos. Precisamente, el estudio realizado, por sentido lógico de investigación educativa, parte formulando un objetivo, sobre la base del problema determinamos éste se planteó con el siguiente enunciado: Establecer las características de la convivencia democrática en los Estudiantes del Programa no Escolarizado del poblado de los Ángeles, Tournavista, Puerto Inca 2020. El método adecuado fue el análisis que permitió comprender los textos incluidos en el estudio. El resultado fue; El índice de correlación muestra que el valor de r = 0.69 y r= 0.81, se ubican en el intervalo 0,40 ≤ r < 0.80 y su interpretación señala que existe una relación significativa entre las características teóricas de la convivencia democrática y la práctica de la conducta de convivencia democrática en los Estudiantes del Programa no Escolarizado del poblado de los Ángeles, Tournavista, Puerto Inca 2020. En consecuencia, tenemos: Se estableció que existe una relación significativa de las características teóricas de la convivencia democrática y la práctica de la conducta de convivencia democrática, Se evidenció que existe una relación significativa entre las características de la convivencia democrática con la capacidad de interactuar con todas las personas, Se acreditó que existe una relación significativa entre las características de la convivencia democrática con el manejo de conflictos de manera constructive y se afirmó que existe una relación significativa entre las características de la convivencia democrática con la participación en acciones que promueven el bienestar común en los Estudiantes del Programa no Escolarizado del poblado de los Ángeles, Tournavista, Puerto Inca 2020.
О ВОЗМОЖНОСТЯХ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ
НЕТРАДИЦИОННОГО РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ
В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ЗРАЗ ИЗ КАЛЬМАРА
Authors: Качковская А.А. , Ключко Н.Ю. 
Published: December 2021

Раскрывается потенциал нетрадиционного растительного сырья: листьев сныти обыкновенной, репы столовой в качестве обогащающих компонентов начинки для замороженных
полуфабрикатов (зраз) из фарша кальмара.
Разработка поликомпонентной продукции направлена на устранение дефицита макрои микронутриентов, превалирующего фактора в формировании иммунитета. Экспериментально доказана сбалансированность изделий по витаминно-минеральному составу. Изучена
роль питания в формировании иммунитета. Полученные данные об иммуномодулирующей
направленности обогащенных изделий подкреплены теоретически.
Рассмотрены реологические свойства кальмарной фаршевой системы и возможность
применения сухой моркови в качестве стабилизирующей добавки.
Проведены маркетинговые исследования рентабельности концепции производства
продукции повышенной биологической ценности на территории Калининградской области.
БИОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ГАЗОННЫХ
ТРАВ ПРИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ ИХ
В ОБРАБОТАННОЙ ГЛИНОЙ КЕЛЛОВЕЯ ПОЧВЕ
Authors: Смицкая Г. И. , Неведров Н. П. 
Published: December 2021

В работе изложены данные о влиянии применения технологий детоксикации
загрязненных тяжелыми металлами почв на биометрические показатели газонных трав.
Выявлено, что глина келловея при низком уровне загрязнения почвы (1,5 ПДК) приводит к
снижению концентрации подвижного свинца в урбаноземе до экологически безопасных
значений (с 14,7 до 2,5 мг/кг). Отмечено, что глина келловея оказывает неоднозначное
влияние на продукцию биомассы у растений газонных трав и зависит от дозы внесения.
Установлено, что загрязнение урбанозема свинцом приводит к уменьшению количества
устьиц у газонных трав. Обнаружено, что во всех вариантах опыта вне зависимости от дозы
внесения глины келловея в почву наблюдалось повышение показателя зольности на
4,7–54,5 %. Выявлено, что обработка почвы глиной келловея положительно влияет на
формирование почвенной структуры.
МОНИТОРИНГ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ
В 2019-2020 ГГ. В УСЛОВИЯХ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19
В ПСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
Authors: Трифонова А.С. , Грылева И.В. 
Published: December 2021

Проанализированы особенности предпринимательской активности в Псковской
области под влиянием пандемии COVID-19 в 2020 г. Выявлены и проранжированы основные
трудности предпринимателей в регионе. Показаны и упорядочены меры желательной
поддержки предпринимателям Псковской области. На основе полученных данных выявлены
основные проблемы и предложены варианты по улучшению предпринимательской
активности в условиях пандемии.