bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depressor Anguli Oris Myectomy versus Transfer to Depressor Labii Inferioris for Facial Symmetry in Synkinetic Facial Paralysis
Authors: Halani Sameer H. , Sanchez Cristina V. , Hembd Austin S. , Mohanty Ahneesh J. , Reisch Joan , Rozen Shai M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background Postparalytic synkinesis presents with a combination of hypo- and hypertonic muscles, leading to facial asynchrony with animation and at rest. One ubiquitous finding is a hypertonic depressor anguli oris (DAO) muscle and a weak depressor labii inferioris (DLI) muscle. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of DAO myectomy with or without its transfer to the weakened DLI in improving critical components of the dynamic smile.
Methods From 2018 to 2020, this single-center, prospective study included of postparetic facial synkinetic patients with evidence of DAO hypertonicity who underwent DAO myectomy with or without transfer to DLI. Objective facial measurements were used to compare the effectiveness of DAO to DLI transfer to pure DAO myectomy in improving asymmetry of the synkinetic hemiface.
Results Twenty-one patients with unilateral postparetic facial synkinesis with DAO hypertonicity were included; 11 underwent DAO myectomy, while 10 underwent DAO to DLI transfer. Baseline demographics and facial measurements were similar between the groups. DAO myectomy resulted in increased modiolus resting position, closed-mouth smile modiolus angle and excursion, open-mouth smile modiolus angle, excursion, dental show, and decreased lower lip height deviation. DAO to DLI transfer demonstrated similar findings but lacked significant increase in excursion and resulted in worsened lower lip height deviation.
Conclusion These findings illustrate the utility of DAO myectomy in improving imbalance in the synkinetic patient and necessitate further technical refinements for DAO transfers or a different approach for improving lower lip depression in this subgroup of patients.
A Wireless Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Device for Flap Monitoring: Proof of Concept in a Porcine Musculocutaneous Flap Model
Authors: Wu Changsheng , Rwei Alina Y. , Lee Jong Yoon , Ouyang Wei , Jacobson Lauren , Shen Haixu , Luan Haiwen , Xu Yameng , Park Jun Bin , Kwak Sung Soo , Ni Xiaoyue , Bai Wubin , Franklin Daniel , Li Shuo , Liu Yiming , Ni Xinchen , Westman Amanda M. , MacEwan Matthew R. , Rogers John A. , Pet Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background Current near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based systems for continuous flap monitoring are highly sensitive for detecting malperfusion. However, the clinical utility and user experience are limited by the wired connection between the sensor and bedside console. This wire leads to instability of the flap–sensor interface and may cause false alarms.
Methods We present a novel wearable wireless NIRS sensor for continuous fasciocutaneous free flap monitoring. This waterproof silicone-encapsulated Bluetooth-enabled device contains two light-emitting diodes and two photodetectors in addition to a battery sufficient for 5 days of uninterrupted function. This novel device was compared with a ViOptix T.Ox monitor in a porcine rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap model of arterial and venous occlusions.
Results Devices were tested in four flaps using three animals. Both devices produced very similar tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) tracings throughout the vascular clamping events, with obvious and parallel changes occurring on arterial clamping, arterial release, venous clamping, and venous release. Small interdevice variations in absolute StO2 value readings and magnitude of change were observed. The normalized cross-correlation at zero lag describing correspondence between the novel NIRS and T.Ox devices was >0.99 in each trial.
Conclusion The wireless NIRS flap monitor is capable of detecting StO2 changes resultant from arterial vascular occlusive events. In this porcine flap model, the functionality of this novel sensor closely mirrored that of the T.Ox wired platform. This device is waterproof, highly adhesive, skin conforming, and has sufficient battery life to function for 5 days. Clinical testing is necessary to determine if this wireless functionality translates into fewer false-positive alarms and a better user experience.
Are “Free Flaps” “Free” Flaps?
Authors: Hallock Geoffrey G. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background Even standard microvascular tissue transfers are time consuming, require great skill and intensity, and can be stressful. Not surprisingly, work-related relative value units are considered by many microsurgeons to be suboptimal. Some might even say that “free flaps” indeed really are “free” flaps.
Methods A retrospective review of related finances was undertaken for all free flaps performed in a single surgeon private practice during the latest possible year (2014) that included a complete 5-year follow-up to insure receipt of all expected reimbursements from accounts receivable. There were 61 free flaps available; but arbitrarily 12 free flaps were excluded since postmastectomy breast reconstruction always received mandatory insurance payment, as were additional two cases done pro bono as part of an international educational service. This left 47 free flaps to permit determination of gross payments, if any.
Results Compensation summated for three distinct time intervals for all free flaps was preoperative: $10,855.92 (mean: $230.98/flap); intraoperative: $117,015.46 (mean: $2,489.69/flap); and postoperative: $45,296.28 (mean: $963.75/flap). Range of gross payment for the free flap portion only was 529.65 to $4,503.71. Total overall revenue received was $173,167.66 (mean: $3,684.42/flap).
Conclusion A true benefit cost-analysis even if microsurgery specific expenses could be estimated would be inaccurate, so that mean net income for each free flap could not be determined. Albeit a minimal gross payment was obtained for some free flap procedures, in no instance was there zero reimbursement. Based on that fact, there were no truly “free” free flaps in this private practice experience, which should encourage the younger surgeon to realize that economic viability is possible so that their enthusiasm for reconstructive microsurgery can be sustained.
The Need to Reassess the Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Review of Diagnostic Recommendations from the International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of PCOS
Authors: Kiconco Sylvia , Teede Helena J. , Azziz Ricardo , Norman Robert J. , Joham Anju E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that is associated with negative metabolic, reproductive, endocrine, and psychological consequences among women of reproductive age. The diagnosis of PCOS remains challenging due to limited and conflicting evidence regarding definitions for each of the diagnostic features. This review of the recommended PCOS assessment criteria from the international evidence-based guideline highlights the crucial need to reassess, redefine, and optimize the diagnosis of PCOS. Notably, normal values and cut-offs need to be defined for each diagnostic feature across the lifespan and diverse ethnic groups. Understanding how these features cluster together and relate to short- and long-term health outcomes in PCOS is also vital. Ultimately, greater knowledge of the natural history of PCOS is needed through well-characterized, community-based longitudinal studies, which will inform future PCOS diagnosis guidelines and optimize women's health in reproductive life.
Kinetically driven island morphology in growth on strained Cu(100)
Authors: Khatri Indiras , Sabbar Ehsan H. , Shim Yunsic , Amar Jacques G. 
Published: August 2021

We study the effects of strain on the monomer and dimer diffusion mechanisms and island morphology during the growth of Cu on a biaxially strained Cu(100) substrate. We find an approximately linear dependence of the activation barriers on strain. In particular, while hopping is favored for compressive and/or small (&lt;2%) tensile strain, for greater than 2% tensile strain, the exchange mechanism is favored. We then present the results of temperature-accelerated dynamics simulations of submonolayer growth at 200 K. For the case of 2% compressive strain we find that, as in previous kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of Cu/Ni(100) growth, the competition between island growth and multi-atom relaxation (“pop-out”) events leads to an island morphology with a mixture of open and closed steps. At slightly higher coverage, island coalescence then leads to elongated islands. However, annealing leads to a significant decrease in the number of open steps. In contrast, for the case of 8% tensile strain, only one large strongly anisotropic island is formed. Surprisingly, we find that despite the large strain, the island anisotropy is not due to energetics but is instead due to anisotropic attachment barriers that favor the exchange-mediated attachment of monomers to corners over close-packed step-edges. An explanation for the asymmetry in attachment barriers is provided. Our results provide a new general kinetic mechanism for the formation of anisotropic islands in the presence of isotropic diffusion and tensile strain.
Sustainable and feasible reagent-free electro-Fenton via sequential dual-cathode electrocatalysis
Authors: Wang Jiabei , Li Shizhen , Qin Qiyue , Peng Chuang 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Remediation of environmental pollution usually involves use of chemical reagents, making the process costly whilst generating secondary pollution. Catalysis instead of stoichiometric chemicals is one of the 12 principles in green chemistry. The current work demonstrates a process to achieve radical-based advanced oxidation using only air and electricity, offering a more-sustainable route to pollution control. There is an ongoing “appeal to nano” fallacy that is dominating the research area of energy and environmental chemistry. This trend leads researchers to focus only on the fancy materials rather than fulfillment of the goals in a commercially viable way. This study gives an authentic example to achieve the same function as, and outperform, nanomaterials using low-cost commercially available materials.
Electrochemical borylation of carboxylic acids
Authors: Barton Lisa M. , Chen Longrui , Blackmond Donna G. , Baran Phil S. 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Boronic acids are one of the most useful functional groups in organic chemistry and can be used as intermediates in synthesis or as key motifs in medicines. This work describes an extremely simple and economical way to use electrochemistry to convert carboxylic acids, through the intermediacy of redox-active esters, to boronic acids. The scope of this reaction is broad, the mechanism has been thoroughly studied, and it can be easily scaled up. Finally, application to the synthesis of a complex polycyclopropane natural product is demonstrated.
Molecular basis of cholesterol efflux via ABCG subfamily transporters
Authors: Sun Yingyuan , Wang Jin , Long Tao , Qi Xiaofeng , Donnelly Linda , Elghobashi-Meinhardt Nadia , Esparza Leticia , Cohen Jonathan C. , Xie Xiao-Song , Hobbs Helen H. , Li Xiaochun 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Cholesterol is an essential component of animal cell membranes whose level in cells is maintained within a narrow range. Cholesterol is actively excreted from cells by two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, ABCG5–ABCG8 (G5G8) in the liver and gut and ABCG1 (G1) in macrophages. The mechanism(s) by which these proteins translocate rigid, planar sterol molecules across the membrane bilayer remain unknown. Here, we report the structure of human G1 and G5G8 in their unbound and cholesterol-bound states. We also determined the structure of G1 bound to ATP. These structures, together with functional studies in model organisms and biochemical studies, identify the binding site for cholesterol and provide the basis for a model of cholesterol transport by ABC transporters.
Atomic view of cosolute-induced protein denaturation probed by NMR solvent paramagnetic relaxation enhancement
Authors: Okuno Yusuke , Yoo Janghyun , Schwieters Charles D. , Best Robert B. , Chung Hoi Sung , Clore G. Marius 
Published: August 2021

Significance
The cosolvent effect alters the equilibrium between native and unfolded states of a protein, with denaturant cosolutes shifting the equilibrium toward the latter and osmolyte cosolutes stabilizing the former. Quantitative characterization of the strength of cosolute–protein interactions at atomic resolution is experimentally challenging as these interactions are highly transient and occur at low occupancy. Here, we make use of paramagnetic cosolutes and NMR solvent paramagnetic relaxation enhancement measurements to quantify the interaction of cosolutes with drkN SH3, a metastable protein domain that exists in dynamic equilibrium between native and unfolded states. The current study shows that destabilization of the native state is largely attributable to preferential cosolute interactions with the unfolded state.
Polar answers and epistemic stance in Greek conversation
Authors: Alvanoudi Angeliki 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis conversation analytic study examines the linguistic resources for indexing epistemic stance in second position in question sequences in Greek conversation. It targets three formats for providing affirming/confirming answers to polar questions: unmarked and marked positive response tokens, and repetitions. It is shown that the three formats display different functional distributions. Unmarked response tokens do ‘simple’ answering, marked response tokens provide overt confirmations, and repetitional answers assert the respondent’s epistemic authority besides confirming the question’s proposition. Unmarked and marked response tokens accept the questioner’s epistemic stance, whereas repetitional answers may accept or resist the epistemic terms of the question, depending on the action being implemented by the question. This study sheds light on the organization of questioning and answering in Greek conversation and the role of epistemics in the design of polar answers.
Charge transport in single crystal CVD diamond studied at high temperatures
Authors: Crnjac Andreo , Ramos Mauricio R , Skukan Natko , Pomorski Michal , Jakšić Milko 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The capability of single crystal diamonds to maintain their unique electronic properties even at high temperatures is, in particular, relevant for its applications as a radiation detector. In order to explore characteristics of charge transport at high temperatures (up to 450 ∘C), diamond was exposed to MeV energy ions, both, to induce radiation damage and to probe subsequent influence on detector’s properties. Dependence of mobility-lifetime product with temperature has been obtained for electrons and holes. For holes, mu-tau displays a linear degradation with rising temperature, while for electrons, change with temperature is less evident. Furthermore, deep trapping levels induced in the material by radiation damage, were studied through time-resolved charge signals. Detrapping time was extracted from this data. Hole trap level, with the activation energy of 0.53 ± 0.01 eV has been detected in the regions of the diamond detector previously irradiated by 5 MeV damaging proton beam, but not in the pristine regions. This indicates that the trap was formed due to defect induction during radiation damage exposure. Activation of this deep level is important for charge transport performance in diamond detectors operating at high temperatures and high radiation conditions.
Zero-error attack against coherent-one-way quantum key distribution
Authors: Trényi Róbert , Curty Marcos 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Coherent-one-way (COW) quantum key distribution (QKD) held the promise of distributing secret keys over long distances with a simple experimental setup. Indeed, this scheme is currently used in commercial applications. Surprisingly, however, it has been recently shown that its secret key rate scales at most quadratically with the system’s transmittance and, thus, it is not appropriate for long distance QKD transmission. Such pessimistic result was derived by employing a so-called zero-error attack, in which the eavesdropper does not introduce any error, but still the legitimate users of the system cannot distill a secure key. Here, we present an improved zero-error attack against COW-QKD that significantly outperforms previous approaches, and provides stronger restrictions on its maximum achievable distance in the absence of errors. This translates into an upper bound on its secret key rate that is more than an order of magnitude lower than previously known upper bounds.
The Erasure of Intersex, Transgender, Nonbinary, and Agender Experiences Through Misuse of Sex and Gender in Health Research
Authors: Morrison Tessalyn , Dinno Alexis , Salmon Taurica 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Conflation of the terms and concepts of “sex” and “gender” continues to perpetuate the invisibility of sex and gender minorities and obscure information about the ways in which biological sex and gender affect health. The misuse of sex and gender terms and the sex and gender binaries can yield inaccurate results but also, more importantly, contributes to the erasure of intersex, transgender, nonbinary, and agender health experiences. In this article, we discuss ways in which public health researchers can use sex and gender terms correctly and center the health experiences of intersex, transgender, nonbinary, and agender individuals. This includes promoting sensitivity in approaching sex and gender minority communities, improving survey questions, and collaborating with GSM communities to improve research quality and participant experiences. Improving our standards for the quality of sex and gender term usage and centering sex and gender minorities in public health research are imperative to addressing the health inequalities faced by sex and gender minorities.
Tolerance of four grain legume species to waterlogging, hypoxia and anoxia at germination and recovery
Authors: Wiraguna Edi , Malik Al Imran , Colmer Timothy David , Erskine William 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Legume seeds, when relay sown following rice, may suffer from soil waterlogging and the associated hypoxia or even anoxia. This study evaluated the tolerance of grain legume species, grass pea (three genotypes), lentil (two genotypes), faba bean (two genotypes) and field pea (one genotype), to soil waterlogging in a glasshouse, to anoxia and hypoxia in temperature-controlled room at germination and seedling stages. Changes in oxygen in the surface layers of soil, with time after waterlogging, were measured by microelectrode profiling. The soil profiling showed that soil oxygen declined and then stabilized by the fourth day after waterlogging and oxygen was not detected at 8 mm below the soil surface. Germination of seeds under waterlogging for up to 12 days and seedling survival after the soil was drained for up to 36 days were measured in pot experiments. Seed germination and/or survival in anoxia (N2-flushed solutions) and hypoxia (1.0 and 2.5 kPa oxygen) were evaluated, and so were post-anoxia or post-hypoxia recoveries, all in comparison with aerated controls. Lentil had higher seedling emergence (55 %) than the other species during soil waterlogging. However, lentil had lower seedling survival (9 %) than grass pea (28 %) during recovery following soil drainage. Grass pea seeds were more tolerant of anoxia and of hypoxia than the seeds of the three other species. In conclusion, grass pea, with higher percent germination and seedling survival during recovery, is more tolerant to waterlogging and subsequent soil drainage than the three other grain legume species. Grass pea was also more tolerant of hypoxia and of anoxia at the seed germination stage. These findings demonstrate the superior waterlogging tolerance of grass pea in relay sowing, as compared with the other grain legumes.
ksrates: positioning whole-genome duplications relative to speciation events in KS distributions
Authors: Sensalari Cecilia , Maere Steven , Lohaus Rolf 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Summary
We present ksrates, a user-friendly command-line tool to position ancient whole-genome duplication events with respect to speciation events in a phylogeny by comparing paralog and ortholog KS distributions derived from genomic or transcriptomic sequences, while adjusting for substitution rate differences among the lineages involved.

Availability and implementation
ksrates is implemented in Python 3 and as a Nextflow pipeline. The source code, Singularity and Docker containers, documentation and tutorial are available via https://github.com/VIB-PSB/ksrates.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Subclinical Tuberculosis in Children: Diagnostic Strategies for Identification Reported in a 6-year National Prospective Surveillance Study
Authors: Fritschi Nora , Wind Ante , Hammer Jürg , Ritz Nicole 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundSubclinical tuberculosis (TB) is well recognized and defined as a disease state with absent or nonrecognized symptoms. The study identifies factors associated with subclinical TB and diagnostic strategies in a low-burden, high-resource country.MethodsData were collected between December 2013 and November 2019 through the Swiss Pediatric Surveillance Unit (SPSU). Children with culture/molecular confirmed TB, or who were treated with ≥3 antimycobacterial drugs, were included.ResultsA total of 138 (80%) children with TB disease were included in the final analysis, of which 43 (31%) were subclinical. The median age of children with subclinical compared to symptomatic TB was 3.7 (interquartile range [IQR] 2.2–7) and 9.7 (IQR 2.7–14.3) years, respectively (P = .003). The cause of investigation for TB was recorded in 31/43 (72.1%) of children with subclinical TB and included contact exposure in 25 (80.6%) of children. In children with subclinical TB, diagnosis was made by a combination of the following abnormal/confirming results: culture/molecular + immunodiagnostic + chest radiography in 12 (27.9%) cases, immunodiagnostic + chest radiography in 19 (44.2%) cases, culture/molecular + chest radiography in 2 (4.7%) cases, culture + immunodiagnostic in 1 (2.3%) case, chest radiography only in 8 (18.6%) cases, and immunodiagnostic only in 1 (2.3%) case.ConclusionsA notable proportion of children with TB had subclinical disease. This highlights the importance of non-symptom-based TB case finding in exposed children and refugees from high-TB-prevalence settings. TB screening in these asymptomatic children should therefore include a combination of immunodiagnostic testing and imaging followed by culture and molecular testing.