bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases promote oxidative cleavage of lignin and lignin–carbohydrate complexes during fungal degradation of lignocellulose
Authors: Li Fei , Zhang Jialong , Ma Fuying , Chen Qing , Xiao Qiuyun , Zhang Xiaoyu , Xie Shangxian , Yu Hongbo 
Published: June 2021

SummaryOvercoming lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance, especially the cleavage of cross‐linkages in lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) and lignin, is essential for both the carbon cycle and industrial biorefinery. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper‐containing enzymes that play a key role in fungal polysaccharide oxidative degradation. Nevertheless, comprehensive analysis showed that LPMOs from a white‐rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus, correlated well with the Fenton reaction and were involved in the degradation of recalcitrant nonpolysaccharide fractions in this research. Thus, LPMOs participated in the extracellular Fenton reaction by enhancing iron reduction in quinone redox cycling. A Fenton reaction system consisting of LPMOs, hydroquinone, and ferric iron can efficiently produce hydroxy radicals and then cleave LCCs or lignin linkages. This finding indicates that LPMOs are underestimated auxiliary enzymes in eliminating biomass recalcitrance.
More than a mountain: the contentious multiplicity of Tindaya (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands)
Authors: Marrero‐Guillamón Isaac 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe mountain of Tindaya (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands) has been surrounded by controversy since the mid‐1990s. It is, at once, a listed indigenous site, a protected natural environment, a mining resource, and the designated location of a monumental intervention by artist Eduardo Chillida, consisting in digging a grand cubic cave in its interior. This article conceptualizes Tindaya as a contentious multiplicity and analyses the mountain's competing enactments. The state's Tindaya is a ‘partitioned’ mountain, an entity split into different dimensions (cultural and natural; interior and exterior) that can be both legally protected and excavated. In contrast, activists have enacted a ‘holistic’ mountain, characterized by the inseparability of its multiple ‘values’ (archaeological, geological, environmental) and the need to protect it as a single whole. These two enactments constitute ‘worlding’ practices connected to opposing understandings of the relationship between heritage, nature, and the future. For the state, the mountain is an asset to be exploited, an opportunity to bring about prosperous futures fashioned after the spectacular projects of the metropolis. For the activists, Tindaya represents a unique opportunity to rethink the island's development model and to put indigenous heritage and environmental concerns at its centre. Tindaya's unresolved multiplicity is therefore political in the broadest sense: it is a reminder that reality can be otherwise.
Access to outpatient services in rural communities changes after hospital closure
Authors: Miller Katherine E. M. , Miller Kyle L. , Knocke Kathleen , Pink George H. , Holmes G. Mark , Kaufman Brystana G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveBetween January 2005 and July 2020, 171 rural hospitals closed across the United States. Little is known about the extent that other providers step in to fill the potential reduction in access from a rural hospital closure. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the trends of Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) and Rural Health Clinics (RHCs) in rural areas prior to and following hospital closure.Data Sources/Study SettingWe used publicly available data from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Provider of Services files, Cecil G. Sheps Center rural hospital closures list, and Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates.Study DesignWe described the trends over time in the number of hospitals, hospital closures, FQHC sites, and RHCs in rural and urban ZIP codes, 2006–2018. We used two‐way fixed effects and pooled generalized linear models with a logit link to estimate the probabilities of having any RHC and any FQHC within 10 straight‐line miles.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsNot applicable.Principal FindingsCompared to hospitals that never closed, the predicted probability of having any FQHC within 10 miles increased post closure by 5.95 and 11.57 percentage points at 1 year and 5 years, respectively (p < 0.05). The predicted probability of having any RHC within 10 miles was not significantly different following rural hospital closure. A percentage point increase in poverty rate was associated with a 1.98 and a 1.29 percentage point increase in probabilities of having an FQHC or RHC, respectively (p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn areas previously served by a rural hospital, there is a higher probability of new FQHC service‐delivery sites post closure. This suggests that some of the potential reductions in access to essential preventive and diagnostic services may be filled by FQHCs. However, many rural communities may have a persistent unmet need for preventive and therapeutic care.
emPAI‐assisted strategy enhances screening and assessment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection serological markers
Authors: Ma Guorong , Wang Pei , Yang Yanhui , Wang Wei , Ma Jinhua , Zhou Lin , Ouyang Junlin , Li Rongxiu , Zhang Shulin 
Published: June 2021

SummaryDiscovering new serological markers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and establishing a rapid and efficient detection technology is of great significance for the prevention and control of tuberculosis. In this study, we established an exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) value‐assisted strategy to investigate and improve the screening efficiency of serological biomarkers of tuberculosis. First, we used LC‐MS/MS to analyse MTB culture filtrate proteins (MTB‐CFPs), and 632 MTB proteins were identified. Then, the characteristic values of MTB‐CFPs – including emPAI value, molecular weight (Mw), isoelectric point (pI), grand average of hydropathy (GRAVY), transmembrane domain (TMD) and functional groups were calculated. Next, we successfully prepared 10 MTB proteins with emPAI value > 1.0 and recombinantly expressed these proteins in Escherichia coli. At the same time, 3 MTB proteins with emPAI between 0.1 and 0.5 were randomly selected as the control groups, and the immunogenicity of the recombinant MTB proteins was detected using ELISA. The sensitivity and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for each recombinant MTB protein. The results showed that the areas under the curve (AUC) value of Rv2031c, Rv0577, Rv0831c, Rv0934 and Rv3248c were all higher than those of Rv3875 (AUC, 0.6643). Further analysis of the relationship between emPAI value and antibody sensitivity, AUC value and antibody affinity in mice immunized with recombinant MTB protein showed that emPAI values were positively correlated with them, and R‐squared value ranged from 0.64 to 0.79. The only exception was ESAT‐6 (encoded by the Rv3875 gene), which AUC value was relatively low owing to its strong immunosuppressive properties. This study provides a rationale for the serological marker screening of emPAI‐assisted tuberculosis clinical test. The results also provide new technical support for the screening of candidate serological markers of infectious diseases in the future.
Association between pretreatment neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and immune‐related adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Fujimoto Airi , Toyokawa Gouji , Koutake Yoshimichi , Kimura Shigeru , Kawamata Yosei , Fukuishi Kazuhisa , Yamazaki Koji , Takeo Sadanori 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of advanced or recurrent non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). They cause immune‐related adverse events (irAEs), but the underlying mechanisms and predictors remain to be fully elucidated. In this retrospective study, we investigated the association between pretreatment neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the occurrence of irAEs.MethodsThe study involved 115 patients with NSCLC who started ICI‐only treatment in our hospital between January 2016 and April 2020.ResultsForty‐five patients (39.1%) had irAEs, and pretreatment NLR was significantly lower in the irAEs group than in the non‐irAEs group (2.8 vs. 4.1; p = 0.036). The cutoff value of the NLR was 2.86 (area under curve, 0.62; sensitivity, 0.56; specificity, 0.71), and the incidence rate of irAEs was significantly higher in the NLR < 2.86 group than in the NLR ≥2.86 group (p = 0.004; odds ratio [OR]: 3.12; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.43–6.84). The multivariate analysis showed that the NLR was significantly associated with the occurrence of irAEs (p = 0.016; OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.21–6.01).ConclusionsLow pretreatment NLR may be a predictive factor for the occurrence of irAEs. By focusing on the potential risk of irAEs in patients with a low pretreatment NLR, irAEs can be appropriately managed from an early period.
Landscape‐scale distribution of nest predators and its relationship with regent honeyeater nest success
Authors: Gautschi Daniel , Heinsohn Robert , Murphy Liam , Crates Ross 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOvercoming low breeding success is a major challenge for reversing population decline in threatened species. High nest predation rates are a common cause of low productivity in birds, but implementing evidence‐based management actions to reduce nest predation is challenging. Targeted breeding management requires a good understanding of where threatened species breed, the identity and distribution of nest predator species and the impact of these nest predators on breeding success. For rare and nomadic species, this information is hard to come by. The breeding success of regent honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia has declined over recent decades, and nest predation is the primary cause of breeding failure. We conducted point‐count surveys of nine avian and three mammalian nest predator species across 80% of the regent honeyeater’s contemporary breeding area in south eastern Australia. We used occupancy models to determine the presence of predator species at survey sites and spatial models to predict predator abundance and species richness across the breeding area. We incorporated predator predictions for regent honeyeater nest locations into nest fate and daily nest survival models. Predator abundance was correlated positively with tree hollow abundance and proximity to water and negatively with shrub cover. Regent honeyeater nest success showed no significant relationship with predator abundance or predator species richness. Given how abundant and widespread avian and mammalian nest predators were throughout the breeding area, improving regent honeyeater nest success is likely to require implementation of simultaneous nest protection measures to avoid potential compensatory nest predation. Further research is required to better understand the relationship between nest predator abundance and regent honeyeater nest success.
Infertile couples still undergo assisted reproductive treatments without initial andrological evaluation in the real‐life setting: A failure to adhere to guidelines?
Authors: Pozzi Edoardo , Boeri Luca , Candela Luigi , Capogrosso Paolo , Cazzaniga Walter , Fallara Giuseppe , Cignoli Daniele , Belladelli Federico , Cornelius Julian , Abbate Costantino , Papaleo Enrico , Viganò Paola , Minhas Suks , Mattei Agostino , Montorsi Francesco , Salonia Andrea 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe EAU guidelines on male sexual and reproductive health state that both partners of the infertile couple should undergo simultaneous investigation.ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence and the characteristics of infertile men who were referred for an andrological evaluation after failed attempts of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) with those who were evaluated at the beginning of their infertility pathway at a single academic centre over a 17‐year period.Materials and methodsData of 3213 primary infertile couples assessed between 2003 and 2020 were analysed. Descriptive statistics compared the overall characteristics of male partners of couples with (+ART) or without (–ART) previous ART prior to andrological consultation. Logistic regression models analysed variables associated with +ART. Local polynomial regression models explored the probability of +ART over the analysed time frame.ResultsOf all, 493 (15.3%) participants were +ART. Patients and female partners’ age was higher in +ART couples (all p ≤ 0.04). Sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility and normal sperm morphology were lower in +ART than in –ART patients (all p < 0.001), along with a greater percentage of non‐obstructive azoospermia in +ART compared to –ART men (p < 0.0001). At univariable analysis, patient age and partner age >35 years and a less recent assessment were associated with +ART status (all p ≤ 0.04). Male age and less recent years of assessment were also independent predictors of +ART, after accounting for partner's age >35 years (all p < 0.01). A not significant decrease of this pattern was observed throughout the last 7 years at local polynomial regression models.DiscussionOverall awareness towards the importance of a comprehensive evaluation for the male partner of every infertile couple should therefore be further strengthened.ConclusionsApproximately 15% of couples still undergo ART without any initial andrological evaluation in the real‐life setting. A not significant decrease in this trend was observed over most recent years.
Clear‐cutting triggers regeneration of abandoned secondary forests but risks alternative successional trajectories with high deer density
Authors: Suzuki Maki , Karukome Tsutomu , Fujihira Koji , Mitsugi Mitsukazu , Hisamoto Yoko 
Published: June 2021

AbstractQuestionsDoes clear‐cutting intended to boost regeneration of abandoned secondary forests lead to an irreversible shift to non‐forest vegetation under high deer density?LocationWarm‐temperate forests in Boso Peninsula, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.MethodsWe designed a factorial experiment including two levels of forest canopy treatment (clear‐cutting or intact canopy) and two levels of herbivory control (presence or absence of deer) using 24 plots of 10 m × 10 m. Vegetation dynamics occurring under each experimental treatment were tracked for 7.5 years.ResultsGround vegetation under the closed canopy did not change significantly for 7.5 years both inside and outside the deer fences. However, plots were rapidly covered by early‐seral plants till 1.5 years after the cutting event. The quick growth of ground vegetation after clear‐cutting was supported by plants that are known to have soil seed banks, as suggested by their ubiquity immediately after clear‐cutting. Species richness of ground vegetation was maximized at that time and gradually decreased afterward, suggesting biological filtering. This filtering process worked differently inside and outside the deer fences, resulting in different types of vegetation. The clear‐cut‐and‐fence plots became dominated by tree recruits that will recover secondary forests in the future. Contrastingly, vegetation outside the fences lacked many species (e.g., common tree species) that were found inside the fences and became dominated by shrubs and plants unpalatable to deer. This post‐cutting vegetation outside the fences was not similar to that inside the deer fences at any seral stage. This means that the vegetation outside the fences could be tracking an alternative successional trajectory rather than a case of arrested succession.ConclusionsHere, abandoned secondary forests still seem to maintain a high regeneration potential that would be triggered by clear‐cutting, but reducing herbivory pressure by deer is necessary to avoid the risk of alternative successional trajectories.
Connections and disconnections between home and kindergarten: A case study of a 4‐year old child's digital practices and experiences in early childhood
Authors: Farrugia Rosienne C. , Busuttil Leonard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVarious studies outline the ‘digital disconnect’ that exists between the digital experiences that children have with technologies at home and at school. It is however important to document the increasingly multimodal technological world that young children are inhabiting. Framed by socio‐cultural and ecological theoretical perspectives, this case study of a 4‐year old girl investigates how the contexts surrounding the child impact the use of digital technologies and the differences, if any, between the two contexts. Participatory methods are used to gather data from the child participant in relation to her experiences, preferences and interactions with technology, which was triangulated with the views of one parent and her current educator. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Four themes emerged as follows: technological uses and competences, child agency and participation, individual and collective funds of knowledge and bridging of children's lifeworlds. Findings indicated that the differences or digital disconnect between the home and the school are not necessarily perceived as negative or limiting, yet there is also room for fluidity and openness to explore these technological spaces as possibilities or bridges for children's participation, engagement and agency in the two lifeworlds.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known about the topic

The notion of digital disconnect between the home and the school characterises children's encounters with technology.
Learning is culturally, historically and socially situated, and a result of participation and immersion in the cultural milieu through the mediation of social and cultural tools.
What this paper adds

Empirical evidence of young children's experiences of their multimodal lifeworlds through case study research.
Understanding of a young child's perceptions on the use of digital technologies in the home and the school from her own lens using participatory methods with children.
Realisation that at age 4, a child may already have developed clear distinctions between formal and informal spaces.
Implications for practice and/or policy

Implications regarding the ways early childhood settings may respond in light of findings related to how young children may regard the existence of a digital disconnect from a positive or neutral lens.
Considerations around the need to give young children a voice before effecting changes to their learning spaces through participatory, child‐friendly methods, in concordance with a rights‐based approach.
Suggestions on the role of the adults (parents and educators) in ensuring that young children are provided with opportunities to experience and use digital technologies for multiple purposes through modelling, scaffolding and creativity.
Interventions to increase personal protective behaviours to limit the spread of respiratory viruses: A rapid evidence review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Perski Olga , Szinay Dorothy , Corker Elizabeth , Shahab Lion , West Robert , Michie Susan 
Published: June 2021

PurposeIncreasing personal protective behaviours is critical for stopping the spread of respiratory viruses, including SARS‐CoV‐2: We need evidence to inform how to achieve this. We aimed to synthesize evidence on interventions to increase six personal protective behaviours (e.g., hand hygiene, face mask use, maintaining physical distancing) to limit the spread of respiratory viruses.MethodsWe used best practice for rapid evidence reviews. We searched Ovid MEDLINE and Scopus. Studies conducted in adults or children with active or passive comparators were included. We extracted data on study design, intervention content, mode of delivery, population, setting, mechanism(s) of action, acceptability, practicability, effectiveness, affordability, spill‐over effects, and equity impact. Study quality was assessed with Cochrane’s risk‐of‐bias tool. A narrative synthesis and random‐effects meta‐analyses were conducted.ResultsWe identified 39 studies conducted across 15 countries. Interventions targeted hand hygiene (n = 30) and/or face mask use (n = 12) and used two‐ or three‐arm study designs with passive comparators. Interventions were typically delivered face‐to‐face and included a median of three behaviour change techniques. The quality of included studies was low. Interventions to increase hand hygiene (k = 6) had a medium, positive effect (d = .62, 95% CI = 0.43–0.80, p < .001, I2 = 81.2%). Interventions targeting face mask use (k = 4) had mixed results, with an imprecise pooled estimate (OR = 4.14, 95% CI = 1.24–13.79, p < .001, I2 = 89.67%). Between‐study heterogeneity was high.ConclusionsWe found low‐quality evidence for positive effects of interventions targeting hand hygiene, with unclear results for interventions targeting face mask use. There was a lack of evidence for most behaviours of interest within this review.
Outcomes of robot‐assisted urinary sphincter implantation for male neurogenic urinary incontinence
Authors: Chartier‐Kastler Emmanuel , Guillot‐Tantay Cyrille , Ruggiero Marina , Cancrini Fabiana , Vaessen Christophe , Phé Véronique 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo report the functional outcomes of robot‐assisted laparoscopic artificial urinary sphincter implantation (R‐AUS) in men with neurogenic stress urinary incontinence (SUI).Patients and MethodsA monocentric retrospective study included all consecutive adult male neuro‐urological patients who underwent R‐AUS for SUI between January 2011 and August 2018. The AUS was implanted via a transperitoneal robot‐assisted laparoscopic approach. Intraoperative and early postoperative complications were reported (Clavien–Dindo classification). Continence was defined as no pad usage. Revision and explantation rates were also evaluated.ResultsOverall, 19 men with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 45 (37–54) years were included. No conversion to laparotomy was needed. Three minor (Clavien–Dindo Grade I–II) early postoperative complications occurring in three (15.8%) patients were reported. The median (IQR) follow‐up was 58 (36–70) months. At the end of the follow‐up, the continence rate was 89.5%. The AUS revision and explantation rates were 5.3% and 0%, respectively.ConclusionA R‐AUS is a safe and efficient procedure for AUS implantation in adult male neuro‐urological patients, referring to the challenging open technique.