bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety and Efficacy of Multi-chamber Bag Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Islami Muna , Alsharhan Mohammad , Alfattani Areej , Alawwad Manar , Almeshari Haya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background There is a significant degree of debate regarding the use of standardized parenteral solutions. Multi-chamber bag parenteral nutrition (MCB-PN) showed advantages over compounded PN in previous literature. Meanwhile, some literature has shown the limitations in use of MCB-PN. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional efficacy and safety of commercially available MCB-PN.Methods All adult hospitalized patients who have been on MCB-PN for at least seven consecutive days at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center in Riyadh from January 2015 until December 2019 were included. Laboratory parameters were evaluated before PN started, which was used as a baseline, and every seven days while on PN. Primary outcomes were the percentage of patients who achieved calculated target calories and protein and the percentage of patients who developed electrolyte abnormalities. The secondary outcome was a percentage of adverse drug reactions during the treatment period.Results Two hundred and thirty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. Among the included subjects, 101 (44%) achieved target calories; 29 (12.6%) were underweight; 40 (17.3%) were normal weight; 18 (7.8%) were overweight; and 14 (6.1%) were in obese subgroups, with p-value 0.145. Sixty-eight (29.6%) achieved the target protein dose; 26 (11.3%) were underweight; 33 (14.3%) were normal weight; five (2.2%) were overweight; and four (1.7%) were in obese subgroups, with p-value < 0.01. One hundred and ninety-one (83.4%) developed electrolyte imbalances; 39 (16.9%) were underweight; 87 (37.7%) were normal weight; 34 (14.7%) were overweight; and 34 (14.7%) were in obese subgroups, with p-value 0.085, during the treatment period. A small percentage of ADRs and metabolic abnormalities were reported during the treatment period.Conclusion Among patients receiving MCB-PN, only 44% achieved the caloric target, and 29.6% achieved the target protein dose with fewer percentages of ADRs.
Incorporation mechanism of structurally bound gold in pyrite: Insights from an integrated chemical and atomic-scale microstructural study
Authors: Meng Lei , Zhu Sanyuan , Li Xiaochun , Chen Wei Terry , Xian Haiyang , Gao Xinyu , Zhao Taiping 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Pyrite is one of the most important carriers for Au in hydrothermal deposits, but the incorporation mechanism of structurally bound Au has long been a matter of debate. This is due to a poor understanding of the chemical state and coordination environments of Au in the pyrite structure. Arsenian pyrite is the dominant Au-hosting mineral from the Shanggong Au deposit (130 t Au) in the southern margin of the North China Craton. Our EPMA and LA-ICP-MS results show that the arsenian pyrite has remarkably high Au (0.05–0.78 wt%) and As (0.39–4.60 wt%) contents. Au is negatively correlated with Fe but positively correlated with As. Z-contrast HAADF-STEM imaging reveals that Au atoms sit at the Fe atom sites in the arsenian pyrite structure. Our μ-XANES results and previously reported data suggest that Au and As in arsenian pyrite are predominant of chemically bound Au+ and As–, respectively. We thus propose that Au+ and As– are both structurally bound and sit at the Fe and S atom sites of pyrite, respectively. As may not be necessary but favorable for the incorporation of structurally bound Au in pyrite. These results have significant implications for understanding the enrichment mechanism of Au from ore-forming fluids with low-Au and low-As concentrations into arsenian pyrite and for revealing the role of As in Au mineralization of hydrothermal deposits.
Coupled hydrogen and fluorine incorporation in garnet: New constraints from FTIR, ERDA, SIMS, and EPMA
Authors: Mosenfelder Jed L. , von der Handt Anette , Withers Anthony C. , Bureau Hélène , Raepsaet Caroline , Rossman George R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
It is well known that some garnet compositions can incorporate hydrogen and/or fluorine at levels up to several wt%. However, accurate measurement of these elements can be difficult at trace to minor concentration levels, so they are frequently ignored in routine chemical analysis. Furthermore, the mechanisms of H incorporation are still under debate, and only one mechanism for F substitution is commonly considered. We employed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) to measure H and F concentrations and constrain incorporation mechanisms in ten grossular garnets. We also present SIMS data for 11 spessartine and two andradite garnets. Three grossular garnets were measured with ERDA to obtain an infrared integral molar absorption coefficient (εi) for H2O of 13 470 L/(mol·cm2). Grossular H2O and F concentrations range from 0.017 to 0.133 wt% and 0.012 to 0.248 wt%, respectively. Correlations between 16OH and 19F and interpretation of FTIR spectra prompt us to consider various coupled substitutions of H and F for Si, which can explain some high-frequency IR absorption bands that have been attributed previously to “hydrogrossular clusters” (variably sized clusters in which 4H substitute for Si) or to inclusions of hydrous minerals. A strong correlation between 16OH and 19F in spessartine and similar high-frequency IR bands implies a similar role for H-F substitution. Coupled H-F substitution is also probably relevant to some andradite-rich garnets, rare pyrope from the Dora Maira massif, and some synthetic garnets. Improvements in analytical methods for trace to minor H and F open up more possibilities for using these elements to calculate the activities of H2O and F-species in fluids that were in equilibrium with garnet-bearing phase assemblages, as well as constraining the recycling of these elements into the mantle via study of xenoliths.
Texture, geochemistry, and geochronology of titanite and pyrite: Fingerprint of magmatic-hydrothermal fertile fluids in the Jiaodong Au province
Authors: Li Xing-Hui , Fan Hong-Rui , Zhu Ri-Xiang , Steele-MacInnis Matthew , Yang Kui-Feng , Liu Cai-Jie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Au mineralization in the giant Jiaodong Au province is enigmatic and difficult to fit current classic mineralization models, primarily because of uncertainties as to the sources of ore-forming fluids and metals. The ca. 120 Ma Au mineralization has been previously proposed to have occurred during a magmatic lull, which would negate a magmatic-hydrothermal genetic model. However, recent drilling has revealed a buried mineralized monzonite equivalent in age to the Au mineralization in the Linglong goldfield. Here, we present comprehensive textural, geochemical [LA-(MC)-ICP-MS trace element, Nd and S isotopes] and geochronological (LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating) analyses of titanite and pyrite from this previously unrecognized monzonite. Three types of titanite were distinguished, including magmatic Ttn1 and hydrothermal Ttn2 and Ttn3, which show indistinguishable U-Pb ages (120.7 ± 3.1 and 120.9 ± 2.6 Ma), REE patterns and Nd isotopes [εNd(t) = –14.7 to –12.9], implying that hydrothermal fluids were directly exsolved from the monzonitic magma, contemporaneous with the large-scale Au mineralization at ca. 120 Ma. The Nd isotopes of titanite potentially indicate a lower crustal source mixed with mantle materials for the monzonite. Four types of pyrite were analyzed, including magmatic Py1 from fresh biotite monzonite, hydrothermal Py2 from altered biotite monzonite, hydrothermal Py3 from quartz-pyrite veins with a monazite U-Pb age of 118.2 ± 4.6 Ma, and magmatic Py4 from mafic enclaves of the Gushan granite at ca.120 Ma. The δ34S values of magmatic Py1 and Py4 (+1.9 to +6.3‰, and +5.0 to +6.4‰, respectively) and hydrothermal Py2 and Py3 (+6.4 to +9.5‰ and +6.5 to +7.6‰, respectively) are consistent with sulfur isotopic fractionation between melt and fluid. Hydrothermal Py2 and Py3 also have higher Co, As, Ag, Sb, and Bi contents and submicrometer gold inclusions, implying that the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids were fertile for mineralization. This study highlights the importance of monzonite magmatism and exsolved fertile fluids in regional Au mineralization. Hydrous magmas at ca.120 Ma probably extracted Au efficiently from the lower crustal-mantle sources and released auriferous fluids at the late magmatic stage, leading to the formation of Au deposits in the Jiaodong province.
Non-targeted Serum Metabolomics Identifies Candidate Biomarkers Panels Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Pilot Study in Russian Male Patients
Authors: Demyanova Elena V. , Shcherbakova Elena S. , Sall Tatyana S. , Bakulin Igor G. , Vakhitov Timur Ya. , Sitkin Stanislav I. 
Published: April 2021

Aims:
The aim of the present study was to explore changes in the serum metabolome of patients with NAFLD relative to healthy controls to identify biomarkers associated with steatosis or Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH).

Background:
The serum metabolome reflects changes at the organismal level. This is especially important in Non-Alcoholic Liver Disease (NAFLD), where changes in hormones, cytokines, enzymes and other metabolic alterations can affect the liver, as well as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and other systems.

Objective:
The objectives were to conduct non-targeted serum metabolomics, data processing, and identification of candidate biomarkers, as well as panels and assessment of their prognostic value.

Materials and Methods:
Non-targeted metabolomic analysis of blood serum samples from 21 male patients with NAFLD (simple steatosis or NASH) and seven male Control group was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Results:
A total of 319 serum metabolites were detected in NAFLD and Control groups, several of which differed significantly between groups. The most discriminating biomarkers were 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutyric acid, arabitol and 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid. Using a panel of three, four or more markers could distinguish patients with NAFLD from controls, and patients with NASH from those with simple steatosis.

Conclusion:
We identified candidate biomarkers for simple steatosis and NASH. Since NAFLD is a multifactorial disease, it is preferable to use a marker panel rather than individual metabolites. Markers may not only result from dysregulation of metabolic pathways in patients with NAFLD, they may also reflect adaptive responses to disease, including functional changes in the intestinal microbiota.
Age-Stratified Infection Probabilities Combined With a Quarantine-Modified Model for COVID-19 Needs Assessments: Model Development Study
Authors: Bongolan Vena Pearl , Minoza Jose Marie Antonio , de Castro Romulo , Sevilleja Jesus Emmanuel 
Published: April 2021

Background
Classic compartmental models such as the susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed (SEIR) model all have the weakness of assuming a homogenous population, where everyone has an equal chance of getting infected and dying. Since it was identified in Hubei, China, in December 2019, COVID-19 has rapidly spread around the world and been declared a pandemic. Based on data from Hubei, infection and death distributions vary with age. To control the spread of the disease, various preventive and control measures such as community quarantine and social distancing have been widely used.

Objective
Our aim is to develop a model where age is a factor, considering the study area’s age stratification. Additionally, we want to account for the effects of quarantine on the SEIR model.

Methods
We use the age-stratified COVID-19 infection and death distributions from Hubei, China (more than 44,672 infections as of February 11, 2020) as an estimate or proxy for a study area’s infection and mortality probabilities for each age group. We then apply these probabilities to the actual age-stratified population of Quezon City, Philippines, to predict infectious individuals and deaths at peak. Testing with different countries shows the predicted number of infectious individuals skewing with the country’s median age and age stratification, as expected. We added a Q parameter to the SEIR model to include the effects of quarantine (Q-SEIR).

Results
The projections from the age-stratified probabilities give much lower predicted incidences of infection than the Q-SEIR model. As expected, quarantine tends to delay the peaks for both the exposed and infectious groups, and to “flatten” the curve or lower the predicted values for each compartment. These two estimates were used as a range to inform the local government’s planning and response to the COVID-19 threat.

Conclusions
Age stratification combined with a quarantine-modified model has good qualitative agreement with observations on infections and death rates. That younger populations will have lower death rates due to COVID-19 is a fair expectation for a disease where most fatalities are among older adults.
Neural Network Pattern Recognition of Ultrasound Image Gray Scale Intensity Histograms of Breast Lesions to Differentiate Between Benign and Malignant Lesions: Analytical Study
Authors: Ramachandran Arivan , Kathavarayan Ramu Shivabalan 
Published: April 2021

Background
Ultrasound-based radiomic features to differentiate between benign and malignant breast lesions with the help of machine learning is currently being researched. The mean echogenicity ratio has been used for the diagnosis of malignant breast lesions. However, gray scale intensity histogram values as a single radiomic feature for the detection of malignant breast lesions using machine learning algorithms have not been explored yet.

Objective
This study aims to assess the utility of a simple convolutional neural network in classifying benign and malignant breast lesions using gray scale intensity values of the lesion.

Methods
An open-access online data set of 200 ultrasonogram breast lesions were collected, and regions of interest were drawn over the lesions. The gray scale intensity values of the lesions were extracted. An input file containing the values and an output file consisting of the breast lesions’ diagnoses were created. The convolutional neural network was trained using the files and tested on the whole data set.

Results
The trained convolutional neural network had an accuracy of 94.5% and a precision of 94%. The sensitivity and specificity were 94.9% and 94.1%, respectively.

Conclusions
Simple neural networks, which are cheap and easy to use, can be applied to diagnose malignant breast lesions with gray scale intensity values obtained from ultrasonogram images in low-resource settings with minimal personnel.
Patient Recruitment Into a Multicenter Clinical Cohort Linking Electronic Health Records From 5 Health Systems: Cross-sectional Analysis
Authors: Bennett Wendy L , Bramante Carolyn T , Rothenberger Scott D , Kraschnewski Jennifer L , Herring Sharon J , Lent Michelle R , Clark Jeanne M , Conroy Molly B , Lehmann Harold , Cappella Nickie , Gauvey-Kern Megan , McCullough Jody , McTigue Kathleen M 
Published: April 2021

Background
There is growing interest in identifying and recruiting research participants from health systems using electronic health records (EHRs). However, few studies have described the practical aspects of the recruitment process or compared electronic recruitment methods to in-person recruitment, particularly across health systems.

Objective
The objective of this study was to describe the steps and efficiency of the recruitment process and participant characteristics by recruitment strategy.

Methods
EHR-based eligibility criteria included being an adult patient engaged in outpatient primary or bariatric surgery care at one of 5 health systems in the PaTH Clinical Research Network and having ≥2 weight measurements and 1 height measurement recorded in their EHR within the last 5 years. Recruitment strategies varied by site and included one or more of the following methods: (1) in-person recruitment by study staff from clinical sites, (2) US postal mail recruitment letters, (3) secure email, and (4) direct EHR recruitment through secure patient web portals. We used descriptive statistics to evaluate participant characteristics and proportion of patients recruited (ie, efficiency) by modality.

Results
The total number of eligible patients from the 5 health systems was 5,051,187. Of these, 40,048 (0.8%) were invited to enter an EHR-based cohort study and 1085 were enrolled. Recruitment efficiency was highest for in-person recruitment (33.5%), followed by electronic messaging (2.9%), including email (2.9%) and EHR patient portal messages (2.9%). Overall, 779 (65.7%) patients were enrolled through electronic messaging, which also showed greater rates of recruitment of Black patients compared with the other strategies.

Conclusions
We recruited a total of 1085 patients from primary care and bariatric surgery settings using 4 recruitment strategies. The recruitment efficiency was 2.9% for email and EHR patient portals, with the majority of participants recruited electronically. This study can inform the design of future research studies using EHR-based recruitment.
Adapting a Person’s Home in 3D Using a Mobile App (MapIt): Participatory Design Framework Investigating the App’s Acceptability
Authors: Guay Manon , Labbé Mathieu , Séguin-Tremblay Noémie , Auger Claudine , Goyer Geneviève , Veloza Emily , Chevalier Natalie , Polgar Jan , Michaud François 
Published: April 2021

Background
Home adaptation processes enhancing occupational engagement rely on identifying environmental barriers, generally during time-consuming home visits performed by occupational therapists (OTs). Relevance of a 3D model to the OT’s work has been attested, but a convenient and consumer-available technology to map the home environment in 3D is currently lacking. For instance, such a technology would support the exploration of home adaptations for a person with disability, with or without an OT visit.

Objective
The aim of this study was to document the development and acceptability of a 3D mapping eHealth technology, optimizing its contribution to the OT’s work when conducting assessments in which home representations are essential to fit a person’s needs.

Methods
A user-centered perspective, embedded in a participatory design framework where users are considered as research partners (not as just study participants), is reported. OTs, engineers, clinicians, researchers, and students, as well as the relatives of older adults contributed by providing ongoing feedback (eg, demonstrations, brainstorming, usability testing, questionnaires, prototyping). System acceptability, as per the Nielsen model, is documented by deductively integrating the data.

Results
A total of 24 stakeholders contributed significantly to MapIt technology’s co-design over a span of 4 years. Fueled by the objective to enhance MapIt’s acceptability, 11 iterations lead to a mobile app to scan a room and produce its 3D model in less than 5 minutes. The app is available for smartphones and paired with computer software. Scanning, visualization, and automatic measurements are done on a smartphone equipped with a motion sensor and a camera with depth perception, and the computer software facilitates visualization, while allowing custom measurement of architectural elements directly on the 3D model. Stakeholders’ perception was favorable regarding MapIt’s acceptability, testifying to its usefulness (ie, usability and utility). Residual usability issues as well as concerns about accessibility and scan rendering still need to be addressed to foster its integration to a clinical context.

Conclusions
MapIt allows to scan a room quickly and simply, providing a 3D model from images taken in real-world settings and to remotely but jointly explore home adaptations to enhance a person’s occupational engagement.
Surveillance of the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Europe: Longitudinal Trend Analyses
Authors: Post Lori , Culler Kasen , Moss Charles B , Murphy Robert L , Achenbach Chad J , Ison Michael G , Resnick Danielle , Singh Lauren Nadya , White Janine , Boctor Michael J , Welch Sarah B , Oehmke James Francis 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted Europe, resulting in a high caseload and deaths that varied by country. The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has breached the borders of Europe. Public health surveillance is necessary to inform policy and guide leaders.ObjectiveThis study aimed to provide advanced surveillance metrics for COVID-19 transmission that account for weekly shifts in the pandemic, speed, acceleration, jerk, and persistence, to better understand countries at risk for explosive growth and those that are managing the pandemic effectively.MethodsWe performed a longitudinal trend analysis and extracted 62 days of COVID-19 data from public health registries. We used an empirical difference equation to measure the daily number of cases in Europe as a function of the prior number of cases, the level of testing, and weekly shift variables based on a dynamic panel model that was estimated using the generalized method of moments approach by implementing the Arellano-Bond estimator in R.ResultsNew COVID-19 cases slightly decreased from 158,741 (week 1, January 4-10, 2021) to 152,064 (week 2, January 11-17, 2021), and cumulative cases increased from 22,507,271 (week 1) to 23,890,761 (week 2), with a weekly increase of 1,383,490 between January 10 and January 17. France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom had the largest 7-day moving averages for new cases during week 1. During week 2, the 7-day moving average for France and Spain increased. From week 1 to week 2, the speed decreased (37.72 to 33.02 per 100,000), acceleration decreased (0.39 to –0.16 per 100,000), and jerk increased (–1.30 to 1.37 per 100,000).ConclusionsThe United Kingdom, Spain, and Portugal, in particular, are at risk for a rapid expansion in COVID-19 transmission. An examination of the European region suggests that there was a decrease in the COVID-19 caseload between January 4 and January 17, 2021. Unfortunately, the rates of jerk, which were negative for Europe at the beginning of the month, reversed course and became positive, despite decreases in speed and acceleration. Finally, the 7-day persistence rate was higher during week 2 than during week 1. These measures indicate that the second wave of the pandemic may be subsiding, but some countries remain at risk for new outbreaks and increased transmission in the absence of rapid policy responses.
How market orientation induces small business performance: The role of strategic fits
Authors: Ngo Quang-Huy 
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study is to shed light on how strategic fits between market orientation and the prospector strategy leads to higher performance of small businesses in Vietnam. This study draws from the contingency theory of organization to propose that strategic fits in small businesses represent by prospector strategy's mediating effects on the link between market orientation and these small businesses' performance. Data collected from 161 small businesses in Vietnam was examined. PLS-SEM was used to assess the research framework. The results reveal that the fit between market orientation and the prospector strategy, represented by the full mediating effects of this strategy, is essential to determine the performance improvement of small businesses in Vietnam. For the findings, this study provides some practical implications for small business owners in Vietnam. This study also contributes to the strategic management literature by providing empirical evidence, which suggests the strategic fits between prospector strategy and market orientation induces performance. This study also overcomes the limitations relating to the proposals of the analytic framework to assess strategic fits. Lastly, this study extends to strategic management literature by examining the role of strategic fit in small businesses' contexts.