bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Interplay between Elements of the Tort of Negligence
Authors: Stapleton Jane 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines how elements of the tort of negligence interact in critical conceptual ways and suggests that re-conceptualisation of aspects of those elements offers a more transparent and coherent framework. One argument is that a but-for concept of factual causation is inadequate and narrower than the concept evident in case law, one which can be identified by an ‘extended but-for test’. Another is that use of causal language at the analytical stage, which addresses the appropriate scope of responsibility for consequences of a specific breach (i.e. remoteness of damage), creates an obfuscating amalgam of the factual and normative. Similarly, by drawing a clear distinction between the forward-looking notion of the ‘scope of the duty’ and the backward-looking notion of the scope of responsibility for consequences the text argues that the principle that can coherently be extracted from the SAAMCO case is considerably narrower than the one being presented to courts.
Controlling Corruption
Authors: Rothstein Bo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book presents a radically new approach to how societies can get corruption under control. Since the late 1990s, the detrimental effects of corruption on human wellbeing have become well established in research. This has resulted in a stark increase in anti-corruption programs launched by international and national development organizations. Despite these efforts, evaluations of the effects of these anti-corruption programs have been disappointing. As it can be measured, it is difficult to find substantial effects from such anti-corruption programs. The argument in this book is that this huge policy failure can be explained by three factors. Firstly, that the corruption problem has been poorly conceptualized since what should count as the opposite to corruption—the quality of government—has been left out. Secondly, that the problem has been located in the wrong social spaces. It is neither a cultural nor a legal problem. Instead, it is for the most part located in what organization theory defines as the “standard operating procedures” in social organizations. Thirdly, that the general theory that has dominated anti-corruption efforts—the principal-agent theory—is based on serious misspecification of the basic nature of the problem. The book presents a reconceptualization of corruption and a new theory—drawing on the tradition of the social contract—to explain it and motivate policies of how to get corruption under control. Several empirical cases serve to underpin this new theory ranging from the historical organization of religious practices to specific social policies, universal education, gender equality, and auditing.
Auditing, Trust, and the Social Contract
Authors: Rothstein Bo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The relationship between trust and auditing can be described as a paradox. In the social contract that forms the basis of modern societies, extensive trust issues arise. How can citizens trust that what is promised in the contract will also be provided? Elections should work to put politicians who do not deliver according to the social contract to be voted out of their position. Empirical research shows that this often does not work, hence the need for an auditing body. Empirical results have shown that national auditing institutions work towards reducing corruption and other forms of malfeasance, and are thereby vital to creating a working social contract. A high-quality system for auditing also has a much stronger effect on reducing corruption than is the case for democracy. Auditing turns out to be an undervalued instrument that not only complements but in some ways proves even more effective than representative democracy.
The Social Contract and the Indirect Approach to Anti-Corruption
Authors: Rothstein Bo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We have to find some compromise between extreme contextualism and complete universalism. We cannot operate with one theory of corruption per country, or region, or village, or “one-size-fits-all” approaches. General knowledge that is useful for anti-corruption policies must be applied according to the specific circumstances in each case. The social contract approach necessitates a dialogue between those who are doing basic research and those who are area or country specialists. Taking inspiration from military theorist Basil Liddell Hart’s indirect approach strategy, it is argued that decision makers should focus on policies that can change the basic social contract, instead of relying solely on measures that are intended to change incentives for corrupt actors. The indirect approach does not emphasize any single instrument, instead, the means depend on the case at hand. The main goal for the indirect approach is to change the opponent’s psychological willingness to resist change.
Thomas Aquinas and Contemplation
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Contemplation, according to Thomas Aquinas, is the central goal of our life; yet a scholarly study on this topic has not appeared for over seventy years. This book fills that obvious gap. From an interdisciplinary perspective this study considers the epistemological and metaphysical foundations of the contemplative act; the nature of the active and contemplative lives in light of Aquinas’s Dominican calling; the role of faith, charity, and the gifts of the Holy Spirit in contemplation; and contemplation and the beatific vision. Key questions addressed are: What is contemplation? What is truth? How can we know God? How do faith and reason relate to one another? How does Aquinas envisage the relations between theology and philosophy? What role does charity play in contemplation? Throughout this book the author argues that Aquinas espouses a profoundly intellective notion of contemplation in the strictly speculative sense, which culminates in a non-discursive moment of insight (intuitus simplex). In marked contrast to his contemporaries Aquinas therefore rejects a sapiential or affective brand of theology. He also employs a broader notion of contemplation, which can be enjoyed by all Christians, in which the gifts of the Holy Spirit are of central importance. This book should appeal to all those who are interested in this key aspect of Aquinas’s thought. It provides a lucid account of central aspects of Aquinas’s metaphysics, epistemology, theology, and spirituality. It also offers new insights into the nature of the theological discipline as Aquinas sees it, and how theology relates to philosophy.
Faith, Theology, and Contemplation
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
How does Aquinas conceive of the connections between faith and theological contemplation? How does he defend the scientific nature of theology? What is the role of the assent of faith, and is Aquinas guilty of voluntarism? Aquinas’s espousal of the notion of theology as a science sub-alternated to divine scientia allowed him to defend a non-charismatic notion of theology (i.e. one that does not depend on the cognitive gifts of the Holy Spirit to assist us in grasping the articles of faith). The chapter further argues that all rational disciplines (with the exception of those that operate with principles that are known per se) rely on first principles that cannot be argued for within the relevant discipline itself. Finally, the chapter argues that Aquinas’s view that we cannot both know and believe something at the same time actually softens the boundary between theology and philosophy, which is of considerable importance when we address the perennial question as to how Aquinas conceives of the relation between theology and other disciplines.
Conclusion
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main points of the book: contemplation covers a broad semantic range but in the strict sense it is to be understood as intuitus simplex (chapter 2); while contemplation is inherently more meaningful than the active life, Aquinas, as a Dominican, defends a version of the mixed life in which contemplation informs activities such as teaching and preaching (chapter 4); the nature of theology (as a science sub-alternated to divine Scientia) and the relation between theology and other sciences, including philosophy, are revisited (chapter 5); although the role of the gifts in theology evolves throughout Aquinas’s career, his thought should not be characterized as ‘charismatic’ or ‘sapiential’ (chapter 7); the role of charity in contemplation is also dealt with (chapter 6). Finally, while Aquinas’s discussion of the beatific vision (chapter 8) appears to be in tension with his overall epistemological account, there is, nevertheless, an important element of continuity, namely the non-discursive nature that characterizes both intuitus simplex on earth and the beatific vision.
Reforming Church and Nation
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Protestant theological schools that educated pastors as reformers of church and the nation after religious disestablishment. This education built upon the liberal arts of the colleges, which taught the basic textual interpretation, rhetoric, and oratory. Rev. Timothy Dwight led the way in fashioning a new liberal arts in the college, which served as the foundation for advanced theological education. At Yale, he integrated the belles-lettres of European literature and rhetoric into the predominant American framework of Scottish Common Sense Realism. He also coupled these pedagogies with the voluntarist theology of Jonathan Edwards and the New Divinity, which bolstered Christian volunteerism and mission. With Dwight’s help, New England Congregationalists developed a graduate theological at Andover with a faculty in Scripture, theology, and homiletics (practical theology) who taught in the interdisciplinary, rhetorical framework of the liberal arts. Dr. Ebenezer Porter raised a generation of princes of the pulpit and college professors of rhetoric and oratory, and he wrote the first widely used manuals in elocution. Moses Stuart in Bible advanced German critical studies of Scripture for future pastoral work and for scholars in the field. The greatest alternative to Andover was the historic Calvinism of Princeton Theological Seminary, as interpreted through the empiricism of Scottish Common Sense. President Archibald Alexander, historian Samuel Miller, theologian Charles Hodge, and later homiletics professor James Wadell Alexander emphasized the text-critical and narrative interpretation of Scripture, and the emphasis on classic rhetoric and oratory in homiletics culminated the curriculum.
Dead Zones in the Oceans
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As this chapter shows, the open oceans are also running out of dissolved oxygen as seen at Station Papa in the subarctic Pacific Ocean, thanks to work done on Canadian weather ships starting in the 1950s. Not only are areas of severe hypoxia, or oxygen minimum zones, expanding, but the level of dissolved oxygen in all oceans is decreasing. The open oceans are losing oxygen because of climate change. The warming of the oceans reduces the solubility of oxygen in water and stimulates oxygen use by respiring organisms. This chapter explores how climate change is also altering circulation and the mixing of oxygen into oxygen-poor waters. Even where oxygen remains above dead-zone levels, its depletion is another sign of how climate change is reshaping the biosphere. The expansion of low-oxygen water has shifted the habitats of fish and invertebrates, such as the giant squid, over thousands of miles, and has disrupted the nitrogen cycle of the entire biosphere. The chapter explains that because of oxygen depletion, biological production of the oceans may decline due to the loss of nitrogen, while release of a potent greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide) may increase.
Vicarious Identity in International Relations
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter identifies vicarious identification as an overlooked yet key constitutive practice in international relations that can be theorized through a rereading of debates on ontological security, status, and recognition dynamics. It demonstrates how vicarious identification is often central to how subjects (re)gain a sense of self-certainty and self-esteem, with the chapter paying particular attention to the contexts within which an emphasis on vicarious identity is more likely to emerge. Three arenas that make vicarious identity relevant for global politics are posited. First, in its manifestation between individuals, often transnationally, in response to major international events. Second, in how citizens generate a sense of ontological security and self-identity through processes of vicarious militarized nationalism, with governments supporting this through processes of vicarious identity promotion. And third, in how states vicariously identify with other states and broader regional and civilizational communities in their pursuit of status, national self-esteem, and ontological reaffirmation.
US Vicarious Identity with Israel, 1967–2020
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores the United States’ vicarious identification with Israel, arguing that since the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel has served as a positive identity proxy. Two features of Israeli military might have proven attractive for the United States’ vicarious identification with it: its preemptive military actions and its resounding military successes. Using generational analysis the chapter surmises that the increased connections made to Israel in the 1990s and 2000s by the United States are a result of the US Baby Boomer generation’s admiration of Israel as heroic, right, and assertive and where this image served as a formative experience for that generation at the same time as the United States was at its military, moral, and cultural nadir in Vietnam amid the broader tumult of the 1960s and 1970s. This generational take may also explain the increased tensions between the two countries and even the unraveling of the United States’ vicarious identification with Israel hereafter.
Aspiring for Vicarious Identity Through Engagement in War
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores Denmark’s post–Cold War reorientation in foreign policy, where a previous emphasis on laying low and a reluctance to engage in military actions has been replaced by a willingness to support activist military engagement. The transformation has entailed a fundamental reappraisal of the Cold War past, where a once comfortable and ontological-security-affirming narrative has been recast as a betrayal of Denmark’s true being and its responsibilities for upholding a norms-based international order. The chapter argues that such self-shaming is designed to elicit anxiety and ontological insecurities that can only be salved through activist engagement. However, lacking sufficient resources itself, Denmark’s redemption is possible only by establishing a vicarious bond with the United States and partaking in American wars. In Denmark’s case, vicarious identification has therefore been central to driving change and reconstituting selfhood anew, rather than reaffirming extant identities as might be expected.
The Civil and Dakota Wars
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on the American Civil War and the Dakota War of 1862 to suggest that crisis forced Britain, Canada, and the United States to reimagine how they understood territory, belonging, and control. Defectors, draft dodgers, smugglers, refugees, soldiers, and Confederate raiders all exploited the Canada–US border for their own purposes. In response, federal employees developed strategies to extend their reach beyond their respective jurisdiction. As many oral histories suggest, fear provided the American government with an ability to influence Dakota lives decades after their relocation to a foreign country. Finally, this chapter emphasizes the ambiguity of territory. As groups like the Dakota moved, they found themselves on lands claimed by the Métis, Oceti Sakowin (Sioux), Cree, and Ojibwe, as well as those claimed by Britain and the United States.
Market Power, War, and Strategic Delay
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops a theory to explain how market power competition can lead to violence and strategic delay in international relations. When states have opportunities to change market structures to provide their firms with price-setting abilities, a competitive environment can emerge. Given the economic rents and political leverage that can accompany the ability to set prices in hard commodity markets, states may be motivated to take aggressive action to expand their territorial reach. This market power motivation can sometimes lead to war. However, when states are economically interdependent, they may be constrained from turning to violence. This can open up an opportunity for institutional settlements. However, in some cases, institutional rules and procedures can preclude states from reaching a settlement in line with their market power goals. When this happens, states may turn to strategic delay and attempt to gradually accumulate market power over time through salami tactics.
“The Glorious Day is Coming On”
Authors: Smith John Howard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Anxious that God was preparing them for Christ’s second coming, Euro-Americans experienced an unprecedented revival known as the First Great Awakening—an intercolonial phenomenon that infused Protestantism in America with extraordinary heights of millenarianism and apocalypticism. The Awakening was a watershed event in the formation of a distinctive Anglo-American identity. While this identity was not always deeply pious, as economic and political concerns occasionally eclipsed religious matters, there is no doubt that the “vital piety” that had defined radical Protestantism in Europe found new and vibrant expression in America, particularly in its eschatological aspects. These came into sharpest focus when the Seven Years’ War broke out between Britain and France in 1754. Usually considered only in military and geopolitical terms, this war was also a war of religion in which the Anglo-Americans cast themselves in the heroic role of God’s chosen people striving against the forces of the Catholic Antichrist.
Triple Wins?
Authors: Neville Kate J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines global energy politics, tracing the uneven rise and fall of enthusiasm for biofuels and for fracking. With a focus on the major players for each energy technology (Brazil, the US, and the EU for biofuels; the US for fracking), the chapter documents parallel trajectories for the fuels that later landed in Kenya’s Tana delta and the Yukon territory. In each case, champions of these fuels pointed to their potential contributions to achieving climate goals, enhancing rural economies, and diversifying national energy supplies. However, as production and extraction expanded, critics expressed mounting concern about the consequences of these fuels on the climate, water resources, and biodiversity, food prices, land rights, and community well-being. With attention to competing interests and geopolitical relations, local sovereignty and corporate power, and strategic discourses and scientific uncertainty, the chapter sets the stage for the local campaigns that emerged in Kenya and the Yukon.
Fracking in the Yukon
Authors: Neville Kate J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Presenting the book’s second empirical case study, this chapter examines resistance to fracking in Canada’s Yukon territory, considering the transnational political economy dynamics of local energy negotiations. By tracing local responses to fracking, the chapter reveals the ways in which finance, ownership, and trade provoke and activate insider/outsider narratives and reignite long-standing political conflicts in the North, mobilizing communities across issue areas. This chapter documents the creative methods used by organizers to forward claims as they linked fracking to concerns over liquefied natural gas backup power generation, the contested Peel Watershed, and trust in government. It also examines how similar discourses are wielded by both project proponents and opponents, especially of local control and belonging. Through the mechanisms of identity activation, scale shift, and brokerage, the chapter reveals how both project support and opposition can be articulated and adapted, including through alliance-building that connects sites and communities across space and time.
Conclusions
Authors: Neville Kate J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The final chapter revisits the intersection of political economy and multiscale protest around biofuels and fracking, offering an integrated look at the campaigns that have emerged around these new energy sources. It considers the implications of the book’s findings about the political economy dimensions of contentious politics for other resource debates, with particular attention to other emerging energy technologies: wind, solar, and hydro. Further, the concluding chapter interrogates the technological optimism and commitment to economic growth that underpins these developments. It pays attention to alternative political economies, including social and Indigenous economies and models of degrowth, with consideration of how these models might advance environmental justice. The chapter considers the ways in which scaling up energy production—often justified as a response to crisis events—increases distance in commodity chains by dislocating control from local communities, externalizing local costs, and separating the accrual of benefits from the bearing of burdens.
The Invisibility Bargain
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In an era of mass migration and restrictive responses, this book seeks to understand how migrants negotiate their place in the receiving society and adapt innovative strategies to integrate, participate, and access protection. Their acceptance is often contingent on the expectation that they contribute economically to the host country while remaining politically and socially invisible. These unwritten expectations, which this book calls the “invisibility bargain,” produce a precarious status in which migrants’ visible differences or overt political demands on the state may be met with a hostile backlash from the host society. In this context, governance networks of state and nonstate actors form an institutional web that can provide access to rights, resources, and protection for migrants through informal channels that avoid a negative backlash against visible political activism. This book examines Ecuador, the largest recipient of refugees in Latin America, asking how it has achieved migrant human security gains despite weak state presence in peripheral areas. The key finding is that localities with more dense networks composed of more diverse actors tend to produce greater human security for migrants and their neighbors. The argument has implications beyond Ecuador for migrant-receiving countries around the world. The book challenges the conventional understanding of migration and security, providing a fresh approach to the negotiation of authority between state and society. Its nuanced account of informal pathways to human security dismantles the false dichotomy between international and national politics, and it exposes the micropolitics of institutional innovation.