bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Fatigue Crack Initiation and Early Growth in Resistance Spot Welds
Authors: Sheppard Sheri D. , Strange Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The main objective of this research is to develop a model of fatigue crack initiation and early crack growth in resistance spot welds that is specimen independent. This objective is achieved by examining the stress state around a resistance spot weld. A general expression for the structural stress around the weld is formulated that is dependent only on the loading immediately surrounding the weld. As such, the expression is specimen independent.
An additional objective is to explore the feasibility of applying this fatigue crack initiation model to life estimation using structural response data from finite element analysis (FEA). This numerical technique is often used for evaluating structural integrity of assemblies. Limited verification examples show that the structural stress range as calculated from FEA reaction load data is capable of describing fatigue crack initiation and early crack growth in cyclically loaded resistance spot welds.
Electric Resistive Heat Curing of the Fiber-Matrix Interphase in Graphite/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Sancaktar Erol , Ma Weijian , Yurgartis Steven W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A novel method for tailoring the interphase of carbon fiber-polymer composites by resistive electric heating is presented. The single fiber-epoxy resin tensile test is used to investigate the adhesion and fracture properties of the interphase. Electric resistive heating is shown to increase adhesion and toughness at the interphase region. In analyzing the results, the strength and fracture energy of the interphase are related to the thermal postcure conditions created by resistive electric heating. For this purpose, difference analysis method is used to obtain numerical solution for heat conduction problem in the single fiber test specimen and the temperature distributions are plotted. Improvements obtained using resistive electric heating via carbon fiber are compared with those obtained by postcuring of the whole sample via convective thermal postcuring. The results obtained using these two different postcure methods seem to be similar with electric heating procedure producing superior benefits in both increased toughness and adhesion.
Creep Rupture of an Alumina/Phenolic Resin Particulate Composite
Authors: Service Thomas H. , O’Keefe Kevin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The creep and creep rupture behavior of a resin-bonded particulate composite in a water environment was determined. The material exhibits power law creep behavior in which the steady state creep rate is a power function of the applied initial elastic stress. The creep exponent was found to be 4.8. The creep rupture behavior can be explained using a modified Monkman-Grant relationship where the time to failure times the creep rate is a constant.
Evaluation of Creep-Fatigue Damage Interaction in HK40 Alloy
Authors: Konosu Shinji , Koshimizu Tamotsu , Iijima Takahiro , Maeda Keikichi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to establish design criteria for materials which may sustain creep-fatigue damage, the creep rupture and creep-fatigue behavior of a high-carbon centrifugal cast steel was investigated at three different temperatures of 800, 900, and 1000°C, using HK-40 alloy which is a typical furnace tube material for fuel cell plant reformers and so on.
The strain waveforms used for the creep-fatigue tests consisted of triangular waveforms (pp waves [fast-fast waves], cc waves [slow-slow waves], pc waves [fast-slow waves], and cp waves [slow-fast waves]) and a trapezoidal waveform holding the peak strain at the tension side.
The applicability of various creep-fatigue interaction damage assessment methods were evaluated with particular emphasis on the life fraction rule (LFR) employed in ASME Section III, Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Case N-47 and the strain range partitioning method (SRP). As it turned out that through the LFR life evaluation of HK-40 alloy subjected to strain cycling with holding at the tension side was well interpreted, design criteria for reformer tubes were established by applying the LFR to creep-fatigue life evaluation.
Prediction of the Strength of Ceramic Tubular Components: Part I — Analysis
Authors: Jadaan O. M. , Shelleman D. L. , Conway J. C. , Mecholsky J. J. , Tressler R. E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to develop the analytical background for test methodologies that will enable accurate prediction of the strength distribution of ceramic tubular components from the strength distributions of simple specimens. Four simple specimen configurations and two tubular configurations were selected for this purpose. The simple specimen configurations were (1) four point bend, (2) c-ring tested in compression, (3) c-ring tested in tension and (4) o-ring tested in diametral compression. In addition, a short tube tested by axially compressing rubber inside the tube and a long tube subjected to internal pressure were analyzed. These specimen configurations were for the most part selected in a tubular shape in order to simulate the shape of tubular structural components. The prediction of the strength distribution of one specimen from that of another was based on Weibull statistical theory. Effective volume and area expressions, necessary for failure prediction, were derived for these specimen configurations.
Prediction of the Strength of Ceramic Tubular Components: Part II — Experimental Verification
Authors: Shelleman D. L. , Jadaan O. M. , Conway J. C. , Mecholsky J. J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The strength distribution of reaction bonded silicon carbide tubes that failed by internal pressurization was predicted from strength distributions obtained from simple laboratory test specimens at room temperature. The strength distributions of flexure bars, C-rings tested in tension, C-rings tested in compression, diametrally compressed O-rings, and internally pressurized short tubes were compared to the strength distribution of internally pressurized long tubes. The methodology involved application of Weibull statistical theory using elasticity theory to define the stress distributions in the simple specimens. The flexural specimens did not yield acceptable results, since they were ground prior to testing, thereby altering their flaw population in comparison with the processing induced flaw populations of the tubular specimens. However, the short tube internal pressure test, the c-ring tested in tension and the diametrally compressed o-ring test configurations yielded accurate predictions, since these specimens more accurately represent the strength limiting flaw population in the long tubes.
Reflections on a Clinical Approach to Engineering Design
Authors: Phillips J. R. , Gilkeson M. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A report on the operation and management of the 25-year old Engineering Clinic, a university-centered design program which incorporates sponsored industrial R & D into its engineering program. In the three-course design sequence, third and fourth year students practice engineering in team-organized projects under counsel by a professor and his counterpart industrial liaison. Twenty-five to thirty projects are conducted each year.
Formal Solution of N-Type Taguchi Parameter Design Problems With Stochastic Noise Factors
Authors: Michelena Nestor F. , Agogino Alice M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Taguchi method of product design is a statistical experimental technique aimed at reducing the variance of a product performance characteristic due to uncontrollable factors. The goal of this paper is to provide a monotonicity analysis based methodology to facilitate the solution of N-type parameter design problems. The obtained design is robust, i.e., the least sensitive to variations on uncontrollable factors (noise). The performance characteristic is unbiased in the sense that its expected value equals a target or specification. The proposed loss function is based on the absolute deviation of the characteristic with respect to the target, instead of the common square error approach. Conditions, like those imposed by monotonicity analysis, on the monotonic characteristics of the performance function are proven, despite the objective function is not monotonic and contains stochastic parameters. These conditions allow the qualitative analysis of the problem to identify the activity of some constraints. Identification of active sets of constraints allows a problem reduction strategy to be employed, where the solution to the original problem is obtained by solving a set of problems with fewer degrees of freedom. Results for the case of one uncontrollable factor are independent of the probability measure on the factor. However, conclusions for the multi-parametric case must take into account the characteristics of the probability space on which the random parameters are defined.
Tuning Parameters in Engineering Design
Authors: Otto Kevin N. , Antonsson Erik K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the design and manufacture of mechanical devices, there are parameters whose values are determined by the manufacturing process in response to errors introduced in the device’s manufacture or operating environment. Such parameters are termed tuning parameters, and are distinct from design parameters which the designer selects values for as a part of the design process. This paper introduces tuning parameters into the design methods of: optimization, Taguchi’s method, and the method of imprecision [8]. The details of the mathematical formulation, along with a design example, are presented and discussed. Including tuning parameters in the design process can result in designs that are more tolerant of variational noise.
CAD Systems and Cognitive Complexity: Beyond the Drafting Board Metaphor
Authors: Robertson David , Ulrich Karl T. , Filerman Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems can and should support and enhance the product development process. Unfortunately, the benefits delivered by current systems have not met users’ expectations. We believe that CAD systems should be designed to minimize the cognitive complexity facing the engineer; CAD systems should be easy to use and should help the engineer manage design-related complexity. A series of propositions are developed which refine these ideas. To evaluate the central propositions, we constructed a prototype CAD system for the design of blanked and bent sheet metal parts. The user of the system is provided with a hand-held input device which interprets actions of the user’s hands as production operations on a CAD representation of the part. The user creates sheet metal parts by bending, stretching, pushing, and moving the input device. The system was demonstrated to engineers, engineering managers, and researchers, who provided ideas for future enhancements. Reactions to the demonstrations of the system have helped evaluate the concepts behind the system. Although we have used sheet metal as an example domain, we believe these ideas can be applied in other design contexts.
Computer-Automated Design of Aesthetic Injection Molded Products
Authors: Wallace David R. , Jakiela Mark J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A model of the industrial design process for mass produced consumer products is proposed and described. The model can be used to design products subject to ergonomic, manufacturing, and aesthetic constraints. Injection molding is assumed as the primary manufacturing process for the artifacts designed. The four stages of the model, component organization, surface styling, product detailing, and graphical design are discussed. A computer-based implementation of the model is presented. As input to the system, users provide a selection of product components (e.g. speakers, displays, etc.) and choices for product attributes, including an aesthetic style. The system outputs a complete design of all visible surfaces of the product in the chosen style. An important result of the work is a verification of a basic method for capturing and imposing aesthetic styles on product designs.
Geometry-Based Index for Predicting Sink Mark in Plastic Parts
Authors: Beiter Kurt , Ishii Kosuke , Hornberger Lee 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the development of geometry-based indices that predict sink mark depth in injection molded parts. Plastic part designers need such indices to incorporate manufacturability concerns at the conceptual stage of design. These indices apply to several form features so engineers do not have to check different design rules for each geometry element. First, we propose a geometry-based sink index that can be used to predict sink mark depth as a function of process conditions such as packing pressure. Next, we explain how this relationship is identified through experiments. We also describe HyperDesign/Plastics, a Macintosh-based design aid that incorporates the sink index.
Design for Environmentability
Authors: Navinchandra D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
There is a growing interest in making products environmentally more compatible. While there is a need to make products and processes less toxic, to increase recyclability, and to reduce waste; we have to try to achieve environmental friendliness without compromising product quality. This approach to design has come to be called Green Engineering Design. The aim is to identify, develop, and exploit new technologies that can bolster productivity without costing the environment. The idea is to inject concerns about environmental friendliness into the design process; where, the assessment of environmental friendliness is based on a life-cycle view of the product. This includes the product’s manufacturing process, distribution, use, and final disposal. Our approach to green engineering design has two pans: (1) the development of special green indicators — measures of environmental compatibility, and (2) tools that use the green indicators to help designers assess, compare, and make design decisions.
Use of Functional Variants in Product Development
Authors: Hundal M. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The systematic design method calls for the preparation of a requirements list for the design problem, followed by development of a function structure. The functional description of a product is a description at an abstract level, in solution-neutral terms. At the functional stage different design possibilities can be explored by developing functional variants. Two major avenues for this are (a) subdividing functions (divergence), and (b) combining and eliminating functions (convergence). The latter can lead to simpler and cheaper designs through function integration and reduction, respectively. It is discussed with the help of industrial design examples.
Towards a Cooperative Design Methodology: Analysis of Sequential Decision Strategies
Authors: Krishnan Viswanathan , Eppinger Steven D. , Whitney Daniel E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We envision a new class of methods, constituting what we call a cooperative design methodology, to support group decision making in design practice. As a first step, we model the cooperative design process as a multicriteria, multilevel decision problem and focus on understanding the relationships between design structure and decision strategies. In this paper, we present methods to characterize sequential decision strategies. We first introduce the notion of Quality Loss to quantify the loss of design freedom in the downstream stages of a sequential scheme. Towards identifying the sequence with the lowest quality loss (the “optimal sequence”), which is of practical significance in the design of time-critical products, we partition design variables into exclusive groups based on their connectivities. Next, the sensitivities and connectivities are combined to characterize invariant design decisions. Sufficient conditions, relating exclusive group structure to invariant decisions, are presented to reduce the complexity of identifying the optimal sequence. These ideas are illustrated using a dc motor design example.
Optimization of Design Utility
Authors: Thurston Deborah L. , Carnahan James V. , Liu Tiefu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Design optimization is often carried out with respect to a single objective, for example, weight or manufacturing cost. Weight, cost, quality and robustness are each important considerations in design evaluation. However, when the design process is completed, a design is evaluated with respect to its performance in all of these areas, and possibly others, in addition to mechanical design considerations.
The process of design should be driven from the very beginning by consideration of how the design artifact will ultimately be evaluated. We present a method for design analysis whose basic premise is that design analysis should be based on a rigorously determined multiple attribute design evaluation function. The evaluation function provides insight necessary to formulate a non-linear programming problem. A clear distinction is made between design attributes and design constraints. The objective function is maximization of utility. Explicit representations of relationships between decisions which designers make and resulting design performance in each of several attributes serve as constraints.
An illustrative example of automotive bumper beam design optimization is presented. By coupling the physical relationships between the design decision variable beam gauge and the attributes weight, deflection and cost, maximization of the worth of the design in terms of the best combination of these attributes is possible. The solution can be expressed in terms of elements of a design vector over which the designer has direct control.
An Intelligent Real Time Design Methodology for Catalog Selection
Authors: Bradley S. R. , Agogino Alice M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An Intelligent Real Time Problem Solving (IRTPS) methodology is presented for catalog selection applications. A decision analytic approach is developed with the goal of assisting designers in making decisions during catalog selection that balance the cost of the limited resources consumed during the design process, such as the designer’s time, against the benefit to be derived from the utilization of those resources in terms of expectations of an improved design. This decision analytic approach is shown to complement other formal methods for design based on interval arithmetic and qualitative optimization, and a general methodology is proposed for performing catalog selection utilizing a combination of these methods. An example application to the selection of rolling element bearings is presented to clarify the methodology.
A Manufacturability Evaluation and Improvement System
Authors: Yannoulakis Nicholas J. , Joshi Sanjay B. , Wysk Richard A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The increasing application of CAE has lead to the evolution of Concurrent Engineering — a philosophy that prescribes simultaneous consideration of the life-cycle design issues of a product. The Concurrent Engineering (CE) systems that have been developed so far have relied on knowledge bases and qualitative evaluations of a part’s manufacturability for feedback to the design engineer. This paper describes a method for developing quantitative indicators of manufacturability. Feature-based design and estimation of machining parameters are used for ascertaining a part’s manufacturing requirements. These requirements are then combined into indices which lead the designer to features that must be redesigned for improved manufacturability. This method is illustrated on a system for rotational machined parts: the Manufacturability Evaluation and Improvement System (MEIS).
Accelerating the Iterative Process in Design: An Experimental Evaluation of a Computer Based Expert Advisor
Authors: Starr Patrick J. , Stevenson Sylvia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This work explores whether the assistance provided by an Expert Advisor System actually allows a knowledgeable designer to obtain results faster when engaged in a complex trial and error search process. The process is the adjustment of parameters of a discrete event simulation of a manufacturing system in order to achieve certain design specifications. Designed experimentation is employed with human subjects performing tasks with and without the Expert Advisor.
End Point Non-Uniqueness in Labeled Interval Calculus Operations
Authors: Bains Navjoat S. , Boettner Daisie D. , Ward Allen C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Designers must often reason quantitatively about sets of artifacts under sets of operating conditions. The labeled interval calculus (LIC) is a formal reasoning mechanism for such inferences. This paper discusses its fundamental operations in greater detail than previous publications. In particular, it provides proofs for a new and more efficient computation mechanism of these operations. Further, it details the effect of interval end point non-uniqueness not dealt with earlier, identifying the need for, and defining new operations.
In Pursuit of a Design Mathematics: Generalizing the Labeled Interval Calculus
Authors: Habib Walid , Ward Allen C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Labeled Interval Calculus (LIC) is a formalism for reasoning about sets of design possibilities. Examples include toleranced objects, abstract descriptions involving many possible instantiations, and varying operating conditions. It has been successful in a “mechanical design compiler”, which accepts schematics and specifications and returns catalog numbers for optimal implementations. The LIC at present operates on monotonic algebraic equations and intervals of real values, but it now appears possible to generalize it to address arbitrary types of mathematical sets and relationships. The resulting family of formalisms is expected to be useful in design by feature and other design programs.
The Design Process As Managing an Open System of Information
Authors: Starr Patrick J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Design and planning take place in an environment of growing information. This work will explore the concept that conducting a design project can be viewed as managing an open system which exchanges information with an environment. Analogies are drawn with physical and biological systems which exchange matter and energy with their surroundings. Through the use of graphical representation, we will illustrate how these areas contribute to a framework for perceiving and managing the evolutionary process of design and planning.
Design Methodologies for Computer Architecture Specifications
Authors: Carothers Jo Dale 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The importance of the study of design theory and methodologies has become apparent in all disciplines of engineering. In particular, if the computer industry is to advance at the rate of improvements in semiconductor technology, then better methods must be developed for designing and verifying computer architectures. The field of computer-aided design (CAD) has provided tools and analysis techniques for use in this area. However, the vast majority of CAD systems require a formal, complete specification of the computer’s design as input. Creating such a complex specification is itself a very difficult, time-consuming task. In reality this is truly the “design” phase and is usually assumed already complete by CAD systems. The design, including performance/cost trade-offs and verification, of architecture specifications is the subject of this research.
Subdivision of Triangular Bézier Patches Into Rectangular Bézier Patches
Authors: Iino Kenji , Wilde Douglass J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We propose an algorithm to decompose a triangular Bézier patch (integral or rational) into three non-degenerate rational rectangular Bézier patches of the same degree. This allows the treatment of a triangular patch as a collection of three rational rectangular patches.