bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling of Non-Newtonian Starved Thermal-elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Heterogeneous Materials in Impact Motion
Authors: Bai Xueyu , Dong Qingbing , Zheng Han , Zhou Kun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study presents a numerical model for the thermal-elastohydrodynamic lubrication of heterogeneous materials in impact motion, in which a rigid ball bounces on a starved non-Newtonian oil-covered plane surface of an elastic semi-infinite heterogeneous solid with inhomogeneous inclusions. The impact–rebound process and the microscopic response of the subsurface inhomogeneous inclusions are investigated. The inclusions are homogenized according to Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method. The Elrod algorithm is adopted to determine the lubrication starvation based on the solutions of pressure and film thickness, while the lubricant velocity and shear rate of the non-Newtonian lubricant are derived by using the separation flow method. The dynamic response of the cases subjected to constant impact mass, momentum, and energy is discussed to reveal the influence of the initial drop height on the impact–rebound process. The results imply that the inclusion disturbs the subsurface stress field and affects the dynamic response of the contact system when the surface pressure is high. The impact energy is the decisive factor for the stress peak, maximum hydrodynamic force, and restitution coefficient, while the dynamic response during the early approaching process is controlled by the drop height.
The microbial metabolic activity on carbohydrates and polymers impact the biodegradability of landfilled solid waste
Authors: Brandstaetter Christian , Fricko Nora , Rahimi Mohammad J. , Fellner Johann , Ecker-Lala Wolfgang , Druzhinina Irina S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBiological waste degradation is the main driving factor for landfill emissions. In a 2-year laboratory experiment simulating different landfill in-situ aeration scenarios, the microbial degradation of solid waste under different oxygen conditions (treatments) was investigated. Nine landfill simulation reactors were operated in triplicates under three distinct treatments. Three were kept anaerobic, three were aerated for 706 days after an initial anaerobic phase and three were aerated for 244 days in between two anaerobic phases. In total, 36 solid and 36 leachate samples were taken. Biolog® EcoPlates™ were used to assess the functional diversity of the microbial community. It was possible to directly relate the functional diversity to the biodegradability of MSW (municipal solid waste), measured as RI4 (respiration index after 4 days). The differences between the treatments in RI4 as well as in carbon and polymer degradation potential were small. Initially, a RI4 of about 6.5 to 8 mg O2 kg−1 DW was reduced to less than 1 mg O2 kg−1 DW within 114 days of treatment. After the termination of aeration, an increase 3 mg O2 kg−1 DW was observed. By calculating the integral of the Gompertz equation based on spline interpolation of the Biolog® EcoPlates™ results after 96 h two substrate groups mainly contributing to the biodegradability were identified: carbohydrates and polymers. The microbial activity of the respective microbial consortium could thus be related to the biodegradability with a multilinear regression model.
Tax competition and tax base equalization in the presence of multiple tax instruments
Authors: Matsumoto Mutsumi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe literature on tax competition has argued that tax base equalization, which reduces regional disparities in tax bases, can serve as a means of internalizing horizontal and vertical fiscal externalities. This argument assumes that each government relies on a single tax base (a regional tax on mobile capital and a federal tax on savings). This paper considers the case in which a distortionary labor tax is also available. Internalizing fiscal externalities requires that while the regional capital tax base is fully equalized, a region’s equalization entitlement for the labor tax is positive when its tax base is “larger” than the average tax base of all regions. This efficient tax base equalization system is incompatible with the primary objective of fiscal equalization.
Risk aversion over finite domains
Authors: Baccelli Jean , Schollmeyer Georg , Jansen Christoph 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe investigate risk attitudes when the underlying domain of payoffs is finite and the payoffs are, in general, not numerical. In such cases, the traditional notions of absolute risk attitudes, that are designed for convex domains of numerical payoffs, are not applicable. We introduce comparative notions of weak and strong risk attitudes that remain applicable. We examine how they are characterized within the rank-dependent utility model, thus including expected utility as a special case. In particular, we characterize strong comparative risk aversion under rank-dependent utility. This is our main result. From this and other findings, we draw two novel conclusions. First, under expected utility, weak and strong comparative risk aversion are characterized by the same condition over finite domains. By contrast, such is not the case under non-expected utility. Second, under expected utility, weak (respectively: strong) comparative risk aversion is characterized by the same condition when the utility functions have finite range and when they have convex range (alternatively, when the payoffs are numerical and their domain is finite or convex, respectively). By contrast, such is not the case under non-expected utility. Thus, considering comparative risk aversion over finite domains leads to a better understanding of the divide between expected and non-expected utility, more generally, the structural properties of the main models of decision-making under risk.
The Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Structure and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline BiFeO3 Prepared by Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Pikula T. , Szumiata T. , Siedliska K. , Mitsiuk V. I. , Panek R. , Kowalczyk M. , Jartych E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this work, BiFeO3 powders were synthesized by a sol–gel method. The influence of annealing temperature on the structure and magnetic properties of the samples has been discussed. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the purest phase was formed in the temperature range of 400 °C to 550 °C and the samples annealed at a temperature below 550 °C were of nanocrystalline character. Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements were used as complementary methods to investigate the magnetic state of the samples. In particular, the appearance of weak ferromagnetic properties, significant growth of magnetization, and spin-glass-like behavior were observed along with the drop of average grain size. Mössbauer spectra were fitted by the model assuming cycloidal modulation of spins arrangement and properties of the spin cycloid were determined and analyzed. Most importantly, it was proved that the spin cycloid does not disappear even in the case of the samples with a particle size well below the cycloid modulation period λ = 62 nm. Furthermore, the cycloid becomes more anharmonic as the grain size decreases. The possible origination of weak ferromagnetism of the nanocrystalline samples has also been discussed.
Feed autonomy in organic cattle farming systems: a necessary but not sufficient lever to be activated for economic efficiency
Authors: Faux Anne-Michelle , Decruyenaere Virginie , Guillaume Mary , Stilmant Didier 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIncreasing the level of feed autonomy is usually considered as a prerequisite for conversion of cattle farms to organic management. This study is aimed at generating references for organic dairy and beef production through a technical and economic assessment of feed autonomy in commercial farms. Data were collected in 2014 and 2015 on 11 farms located in distinct agricultural regions of Wallonia, Belgium. Dry matter (DM) production, animal performance and all cash in- and outflows were recorded. Economic efficiency (EE) was computed as the share of the feed margin, i.e., the gross product minus the total feed and processing costs, in the gross product. The mean level of mass feed autonomy (FAm) was 94 ± 6%. Feed production costs (p < 0.05) and feed purchase costs (p < 0.001) were negatively correlated with FAm so that the total feed cost decreased with FAm (p < 0.001). All farms with EE > 65% had a level of FAm ≥ 90%; however, one farm with FAm ≥ 90% had a mean EE of 55% over both study years. This observation suggested that a 90% level of FAm is necessary, but not sufficient, to be economically efficient in organic cattle farming. Four production systems with EE > 65% and thus FAm ≥ 90% were finally characterized based on the observed crop rotations, overall DM yields, stocking rates and animal performances.
Study on gelation, temperature resistance and micromorphology of modified nano-ZrO2 crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar gum
Authors: Yang Yang , Qi Chen , Chao Zhu , Xiaolong Wu , Zhe Ji , Zhuoran Gu , Liang Chen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn order to improve the temperature and shear resistance of fracturing fluid, a kind of nano-zirconium-boron crosslinker, which is different from the traditional zicral-boron crosslinker, is prepared using 4wt% borax, 50 v/v% glycerol, 8 v/v% triethanolamine and 40 v/v % acetylacetone as raw materials, and its chemical structure is characterized of by infrared spectroscopy and its performance, such as viscoelasticity, temperature and shear resistance and gel breaking property, have also been evaluated. The results show that firstly the elastic modulus of the fracturing system is much larger than the viscous modulus at frequency of 0.1–10 Hz, indicating that the fluid is a typical structural fluid. Secondly the fracture fluid crosslinked by nano-zirconium-boron crosslinker is sheared at 180 °C, 170 s−1 for 2 h, and the viscosity is maintained above 60 mPa.s. Finally viscoelasticity, gel breaking property and damage evaluation also meet the requirements of national standard code for Chinese. Analysis of the temperature resistance mechanism of the HPG fracturing fluid crosslinked by nano-zirconium-boron crosslinker shows that its connecting lines are thicker and stronger to make the fracturing fluid have better temperature and shear resistance.
Model-based safety assessment for conceptual aircraft systems design
Authors: Gradel Simon , Aigner Benedikt , Stumpf Eike 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTraditional system technology modeling in conceptual aircraft design mainly relies on empirical knowledge and methods derived from conventional systems, for which valid system architecture designs are known. Since these systems have been proven valid especially from a safety perspective, detailed system safety analyses are usually not necessary. For unconventional systems and innovative technologies, on contrary, new architectures have to be designed and system safety has, therefore, to be taken into account. Therefore, the application of model-based safety assessment (MBSA) for designing system architectures in conceptual aircraft design studies is proposed. A MBSA approach based on a Simulink architecture model is presented which is tailored for use in conceptual design studies. It is applied to the cryocooling system of a hybrid-electric powertrain architecture from an already-published study. The original architecture as well as possible architecture alternatives are investigated. As a result, a safer architecture version with lower number of components can be proposed. The application example indicates that using MBSA in conceptual design benefits the latter by providing insights into safety properties of the system and by pointing out architecture safety weaknesses. This could result in safer, thus more realistic system architectures.
Das Spiel mit dem Feuer: Religiosität, Okkultismus, Esoterik, Spiritualität und der Bezug zu nationalsozialistischen/faschistischen Ideologien im rechtsoffenen Musik-Underground
Authors: Heinze Carsten , Stiglegger Marcus 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Artikel setzt sich mit dem Zusammenhang von Jugend‑/Subkulturen, Religion und Rechtsextremismus auseinander. Es wird die Frage aufgeworfen, inwiefern religiöse Haltungen, spirituelle Bezugsrahmen sowie Rechtsextremismus in verschiedenen historischen Jugend‑/Subkulturen zu finden sind und auf welche Weise beides miteinander bis heute verknüpft wird. Damit geht die Frage einher, wie sich in den betrachteten historischen Szenen des Gothic-Rock, Neofolk oder Black Metal das Inhaltliche mit dem Ästhetischen verbindet und welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für die Einordnung und Interpretation von diesen Szenen ergeben. Berücksichtigt werden dabei die politischen Bezugsfelder, auf die sich die Szenen inhaltlich wie ästhetisch eklektizistisch berufen.
Welterschließende Affekte und das explanative Potenzial eines psychoanalytischen Konzepts für die Kulturpsychologie: Abjektion
Authors: Straub Jürgen 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungNach einer Empfehlung, Gefühle (Affekte, Emotionen) als eigenständige, welterzeugende und -erschließende Phänomene zu analysieren, wird auf Abjektivierungen und Abjektionen fokussiert. Das von Julia Kristeva eingeführte psychoanalytische Konzept wird als ein für die Kulturpsychologie heuristisch wertvoller Begriff vorgestellt. Damit lassen sich die in verletzten Selbstgefühlen, gefährdeter Selbstachtung und „seelischer Selbstvergiftung“ (Max Scheler) begründeten Abwertungen und radikalen Entwertungen von Anderen, kulturell Fremden zumal, verstehend erklären. Abjektivierungen und Abjektionen dienen der Bewahrung eigener psychischer, sozialer, kultureller und politischer Ordnungen. Sie zeitigen dabei jedoch polemogene, destruktive Effekte, die das einvernehmliche Zusammenleben von Menschen und den für jede differenzsensible, pluralistische und tolerante Gesellschaft notwendigen Zusammenhalt untergraben und massiv gefährden. Der Beitrag endet mit einem Plädoyer für eine psychologische Aufklärung, die Gefühlsarbeit – eine mühsame Verwandlung affektiver Abjektivierungen und Abjektionen – nach sich ziehen muss.
Examining a new prosocial risk‐taking scale in a longitudinal sample of ethnically diverse adolescents
Authors: Armstrong‐Carter Emma , Do Kathy T. , Guassi Moreira João F. , Prinstein Mitchell J. , Telzer Eva H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionThis longitudinal study designed and tested the validity of a new measure of prosocial risk taking — risks that individuals take in order to help others.MethodsThe sample was racially and ethnically diverse adolescents in the rural Southeastern United States (N = 867; Mage = 12.82 years, 10–14 years at Wave 1; 50% Girls, 33% White non‐Latinx, 27% Latinx, 20% Black, 20% Mixed/Other race/ethnicity). Adolescents completed self‐report measures of the new prosocial risk‐taking scale at baseline and one‐ and two‐year follow‐ups.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis demonstrated excellent model fit with a 6‐item single factor score. Further, the scale demonstrated good test‐retest reliability at one and two‐year follow ups. The scale also demonstrated convergent validity, such that prosocial risk taking was positively correlated with prosocial tendencies, empathy, and sensation seeking, and negatively correlated with negative risk‐taking behavior and risk tolerance. Finally, we found significant differences by race/ethnicity (but not by gender) in prosocial risk taking, which were not attributable to measurement invariance, and should be interpreted in the context of ongoing societal inequalities between youth.ConclusionsThe new Prosocial Risk‐Taking Scale yielded reliable scores in our sample. It may be used in future research to investigate individual differences in adolescents' prosocial risk taking, developmental change in prosocial risk taking, and the significance of prosocial risk taking for adolescents' emotional and social adaptation.
The Guile and The Guise: Apropos of Comparative Law as We Know It
Authors: Legrand Pierre 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe field of comparative law prioritizes the ascertainment of universals or commonalities across laws, two chimerical pursuits. In the process, comparative research abides significant distortion of information, not always in good faith, and a correlative loss of intellectual warrant. This article urges acknowledgment of such serious epistemic deficit, of its detrimental impact on comparative law, and of the need to restore intellectual integrity to comparative research in law through a radically different approach to foreignness.
Settling of highly porous and impermeable particles in linear stratification: implications for marine aggregates
Authors: Ahmerkamp S. , Liu B. , Kindler K. , Maerz J. , Stocker R. , Kuypers M.M.M. , Khalili A. 
Published: November 2021

The settling velocity of porous particles in linear stratification is affected by the diffusive exchange between interstitial and ambient water. The extent to which buoyancy and interstitial mass adaptation alters the settling velocity depends on the ratio of the diffusive and viscous time scales. We conducted schlieren experiments and lattice Boltzmann simulations for highly porous (95 %) but impermeable spheres settling in linear stratification. For a parameter range that resembles marine porous particles, ‘marine aggregates’, i.e. low Reynolds numbers ($0.05\leq \textit {Re}\leq 10$), intermediate Froude numbers ($0.1\leq \textit {Fr}\leq 100$) and Schmidt number of salt ($\textit {Sc}=700$), we observe delayed mass adaptation of the interstitial fluid due to lower-density fluid being dragged by a particle that forms a density boundary layer around the particle. The boundary layer buffers the diffusive exchange of stratifying agent with the ambient fluid, leading to an enhanced density contrast of the interstitial pore fluid. Stratification-related drag enhancement by means of additional buoyancy of dragging lighter fluid and buoyancy-induced vorticity resembles earlier findings for solid spheres. However, the exchange between density boundary layer and pore fluid substantially increases stratification drag for small$\textit {Fr}$. To estimate the effect of stratification on marine aggregates settling in the ocean, we derived scaling laws and show that small particles ($\leq$0.5 mm) experience enhanced drag which increases retention times by 10 % while larger porous particle (>0.5 mm) settling is dominated by delayed mass adaptation that diminishes settling velocity by 10 % up to almost 100 %. The derived relationships facilitate the integration of stratification-dependent settling velocities into biogeochemical models.
Nutrient intake and gender differences among Saudi children
Authors: Kutbi Hebah A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Dietary surveillance is necessary to determine community needs for nutrition interventions. Yet, the nutrient intake of Saudi children has not been previously investigated. The objective of the present study is to evaluate dietary data of Saudi children and investigate gender differences in nutrient intake. In this cross-sectional study, dietary data of 424 Saudi children (6–12 years of age) were collected using telephone-administered single 24-h dietary recall. Three 24-h dietary recalls were collected from a subsample of 168 children (39⋅6 %) and compared with the Dietary Recommended Intakes (DRIs). Nutrient intakes and proportions of children meeting the DRI requirements were similar and did not vary by children's gender. Over two-thirds of the children had an adequate usual intake of vitamin B12, and over half had adequate intakes (AIs) of vitamin C and phosphorus. On the other hand, our data indicated that low proportions of children consumed adequate usual intakes of magnesium and vitamin E. Over half of the children in our sample met the AI for sodium and vitamin D. Only small proportions of children met the AI for calcium, potassium and fibre. Cholesterol and saturated fat intake exceeded the limits of 300 mg and 10 % of total energy intake by 13⋅7 % (n 23) and 80⋅4 % (n 135) of the sample, respectively. Suboptimal intake of several micronutrients was observed among children, suggesting an urgent need to identify barriers to high-quality diet and to develop evidence-based interventions to promote optimal dietary efficacy for children in Saudi Arabia.
Neighbourhood-level social capital, marginalisation, and the incidence of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in Toronto, Canada: a retrospective population-based cohort study
Authors: Rotenberg Martin , Tuck Andrew , Anderson Kelly K. , McKenzie Kwame 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies have shown mixed results regarding social capital and the risk of developing a psychotic disorder, and this has yet to be studied in North America. We sought to examine the relationship between neighbourhood-level marginalisation, social capital, and the incidence of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in Toronto, Canada.MethodsWe used a retrospective population-based cohort to identify incident cases of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder over a 10 year period and accounted for neighbourhood-level marginalisation and a proxy indicator of neighbourhood social capital. Mixed Poisson regression models were used to estimate adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs).ResultsIn the cohort (n= 649 020) we identified 4841 incident cases of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. A 27% variation in incidence was observed between neighbourhoods. All marginalisation dimensions, other than ethnic concentration, were associated with incidence. Compared to areas with low social capital, areas with intermediate social capital in the second [aIRR = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.33] and third (aIRR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.08–1.40) quintiles had elevated incidence rates after accounting for marginalisation. There was a higher risk associated with the intermediate levels of social capital (aIRR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.00–1.39) when analysed in only the females in the cohort, but the CI includes the possibility of a null effect.ConclusionsThe risk of developing schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in Toronto varies by neighbourhood and is associated with socioenvironmental exposures. Social capital was not linearly associated with risk, and risk differs by sex and social capital quintile. Future research should examine these relationships with different forms of social capital and examine how known individual-level risk factors impact these findings.
Novel adaptive backstepping control for uncertain manipulator robots using state and output feedback
Authors: Brahmi Brahim , Saad Maarouf , El-Bayeh Claude , Rahman Mohammad Habibur , Brahmi Abdelkrim 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a new adaptive control strategy, based on the Modified Function Approximation Technique, is proposed for a manipulator robot with unknown dynamics. This novel strategy benefits from the backstepping control approach and the use of state and output feedback. Unlike the conventional Function Approximation Technique approach, the use of basis functions to approximate the dynamic parameters is completely eliminated in the proposed scheme. Another improvement is eliminating the need to measure velocity by means of integrating a high-order sliding mode observer. Furthermore, utilizing the Lyapunov function theory, it is demonstrated that all controller signals are uniformly ultimately bounded in the closed-loop form. Lastly, simulation and comparative studies are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach.