bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of antibodies in egg whites of chickens
Authors: Vaillant Angel Justiz , Ferrer-Cosme Belkis 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundIgM, which participates in the primary immune response, is the primary antibody in egg whites. There is scant information about the production of antibodies in egg whites. This study describes the preparation of antibodies against bacterial antigens.MethodsEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the presence of anti-egg white antibodies. The antibodies were purified using affinity chromatography. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 22. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.ResultsLarge amounts of anti-protein A antibodies were produced in chicken egg whites. The generation of anti-SpA antibodies was demonstrated by affinity chromatography from 9 d post-immunization egg white samples. Inhibition of agglutination was observed in samples containing anti-SpA antibodies, and agglutination at the bottom of the wells was observed in the negative samples.ConclusionAnti-protein A antibodies (IgM) were produced in the egg whites of the immunized hens. Bacterial growth in blood agar plates was observed only in specimens plated with egg whites from pre-immunized birds. Protein A-affinity chromatography was helpful for the characterization of anti-protein A antibodies. Inhibition of these antibodies was observedin vitro.
Shared and specific functions of Arfs 1–5 at the Golgi revealed by systematic knockouts
Authors: Pennauer Mirjam , Buczak Katarzyna , Prescianotto-Baschong Cristina , Spiess Martin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) are small GTPases regulating membrane traffic in the secretory pathway. They are closely related and appear to have overlapping functions, regulators, and effectors. The functional specificity of individual Arfs and the extent of redundancyin vivoare still largely unknown. We addressed these questions by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic deletion of the human class I (Arfs 1 and 3) and class II (Arfs 4 and 5) Arfs, either individually or in combination. Cells lacking individual Arfs or certain combinations were viable with only a slight growth defect when lacking Arf1 or Arf4. However, Arf1 and 4, and Arf4 and 5 could not be deleted simultaneously. Hence, class I Arfs are not essential and Arf4 alone was found to be sufficient for cell viability. Remarkably, two single knockouts produced specific and distinct phenotypes. Upon deletion of Arf1, the Golgi complex was enlarged and recruitment of vesicle coats decreased, confirming a major role of Arf1 in coat formation at the Golgi. Cell lines deleted for Arf4 exhibited secretion of ER resident proteins, indicating a specific defect in coatomer-dependent ER protein retrieval by the KDEL receptors. The knockout cell lines will be a useful tool to study other Arf-dependent processes.
Antifungal siderophore conjugates for theranostic applications in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis using low molecular TAFC scaffolds
Authors: Pfister Joachim , Petrik Milos , Bendova Katerina , Matuszczak Barbara , Binder Ulrike , Kühbacher Alexander , Gsaller Fabio , Misslinger Matthias , Haas Hubertus , Decristoforo Clemens 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening form of fungal infection, primarily in immunocompromised patients and associated with a significant mortality. Diagnostic procedures are often invasive and/or time consuming and existing antifungals can be constrained by dose limiting toxicity and drug interaction. In this study, we modified triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC), the main siderophore produced by the opportunistic pathogenAspergillus fumigatus, with antifungal molecules to perform antifungal susceptibility tests and molecular imaging.MethodsA variation of small organic molecules (eflornithine, fludioxonil, thiomersal, fluoroorotic acid (FOA), cyanine 5 (Cy5)) with antifungal activity were coupled to TAFC, resulting in a “Trojan horse” to deliver antifungal compounds specifically intoAspergillus fumigatushyphae by the major facilitator transporter MirB. Radioactive labelling with gallium-68 allowed to performin vitrocharacterization (LogD, stability, uptake assay) as well as biodistribution experiments and PET/CT imaging in an IPA rat infection model. Compounds labelled with stable gallium were used for antifungal susceptibility tests.Results[Ga]DAFC-fludioxonil, -FOA and Cy5 revealed a MirB dependent active uptake with fungal growth inhibition at 16 μg/mL after 24 h. Visualization of anAspergillus fumigatusinfection in lungs of a rat was possible with gallium-68 labelled compounds using PET/CT. Heterogeneous biodistribution patterns revealed the immense influence of the antifungal moiety conjugated to DAFC.ConclusionOverall, novel antifungal siderophore conjugates with promising fungal growth inhibition and the possibility to perform PET-imaging, combine both therapeutic and diagnostic potential in a theranostic compound for IPA caused byAspergillus fumigatus.
Plant neighbours shape fungal assemblages associated with plant roots: A new understanding of niche‐partitioning in plant communities
Authors: Mony Cendrine , Gaudu Valentin , Ricono Claire , Jambon Olivier , Vandenkoornhuyse Philippe 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Understanding the assembly rules of mycorrhizal fungi is crucial, given their tremendous importance in plant nutrition and health. Differentiation in plant‐associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is likely driven by a host‐preference effect. Coexisting plant species may then affect a focal plant microbiota through fungal dispersal among plants, and plant preferential recruitment of AMF. Both mechanisms are likely shaped by the plant's phylogenetic and functional strategies.

We expected that (a) the structure of AMF assemblages associated with a focal plant depends on the identity of the neighbouring plant species; (b) this effect would be predicted by the phylogenetic and functional similarity between the focal and neighbouring plant species. These predictions were tested during the first stages of growth, by simulating the early development of plants within a community

Using an experimental matrix‐focal plant species design testing 15 neighbouring plants from five taxonomic families, we demonstrated that the neighbouring plants provided different species pools for the focal plant, Medicago truncatula, and influenced AMF communities associated with focal plant, especially in terms of richness but not relative evenness. Medicago truncatula grown with Brassicaceae or other Poaceae species displayed respectively no or low AMF richness compared to those grown with Rosaceae and Asteraceae species. These effects were weakly dependent on the phylogenetic distance from the neighbouring plant but were predicted by the functional proximity. AMF assemblages were enriched and bore more resemblance to the neighbouring plants when the neighbouring plants were functionally dissimilar from the focal one. Functional dissimilarity was only a significant predictor when based on traits characterizing the nutrient use and uptake strategy rather than on a more integrated growing strategy of the plant.

Microbiota composition was shown to be dependent on the identity of the neighbouring plant, particularly on its functional below‐ground niche. At the colonization stage, when the plant arrives in a community, plant mycobiota might be influenced by the spatial distribution of plants already present in the community. This work suggests a new view of the concept of niche partitioning in space for plants based on microorganism–plant interactions.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
‘Aerobic scope protection’ reduces ectotherm growth under warming
Authors: Jutfelt Fredrik , Norin Tommy , Åsheim Eirik R. , Rowsey Lauren E. , Andreassen Anna H. , Morgan Rachael , Clark Timothy D. , Speers‐Roesch Ben 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Temperature has a dramatic effect on the physiology of ectothermic animals, impacting most of their biology. When temperatures increase above optimal for an animal, their growth gradually decreases. The main mechanism behind this growth rate reduction is unknown.

Here, we suggest the ‘aerobic scope protection’ hypothesis as a mechanistic explanation for the reduction in growth.

After a meal, metabolic rate, and hence oxygen consumption rate, transiently increase in a process called specific dynamic action (SDA). At warmer temperatures, the SDA response usually becomes temporally compressed, leading to a higher peak oxygen consumption rate. This peak in oxygen consumption rate risks taking up much of the animal's aerobic scope (the difference between resting and maximum rates of oxygen consumption), which would leave little residual aerobic scope for other aerobic functions.

We propose that water‐breathing ectothermic animals will protect their postprandial residual aerobic scope by reducing meal sizes in order to regulate the peak SDA response during times of warming, leading to reductions in growth.

This hypothesis is consistent with the published literature on fishes, and we provide predictions that can be tested.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The investigation of the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Wright and Ayre Stuttering Self‐Rating Profile (WASSP)
Authors: Uysal Halil Tayyip , Köse Ayşen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundSelf‐assessments for adults who stutter are recommended as a primary evaluation tool for including their views on stuttering. Evaluating adults who stutter with self‐assessment scales is important. However, there is no tool in the Turkish literature that provides this measurement.AimsTo develop the Turkish version of The Wright and Ayre Stuttering Self‐Rating Profile (WASSP) in order to analyse its validity and reliability, and investigate its applicability for Turkish‐speaking individuals.Methods & ProceduresThe study included 120 adults who stutter (aged 18–54 years). All the participants completed The Wright and Ayre Stuttering Self‐Rating Profile—Turkish version (WASSP‐TR) and the SF‐36 form. The reliability analysis involved the calculation of Cronbach's alphas for test–retest and the Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficient for internal consistency. The validity analysis, in turn, involved a confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity and testing correlations with the SF‐36 for criterion validity.Outcomes & ResultsInternal consistency coefficients of the WASSP‐TR were reported to be high (> 0.70). The correlations between the WASSP‐TR and its subscales showed significant results (0.858–0.966) (p < 0.01). The correlation between the subscales of the WASSP‐TR and the SF‐36 was reported to be consistent (from −0.492 to 0.747). There was a positive correlation between stuttering severity groups and the WASSP‐TR scores (p < 0.01).Conclusions & ImplicationsThe WASSP‐TR is a valid and reliable scale for Turkish‐speaking adults who stutter.
What this paper addsWhat is already known on the subject
Self‐assessment tools are recommended as a primary use when assessing adults who stutter. The WASSP is one of these measurement tools. However, the adaptation, validity and reliability study of the WASSP to Turkish has not been investigated.What this paper adds to existing knowledge
This study shows that the Turkish version of the WASSP scale is valid and reliable and can be used with adults who stutter. Furthermore, the present adaptation study has been developed in order to evaluate social–emotional aspects of stuttering.What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?

A tool that includes evaluating the behaviour, cognition, affect and participation areas as well as the stuttering behaviours of adults who stutter was adapted. This tool is expected to be useful for comprehensive evaluation of adults who stutter in clinics, in research and for pre/post‐therapy.
Proteomic response of the marine ammonia‐oxidising archaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus to iron limitation reveals strategies to compensate for nutrient scarcity
Authors: Shafiee Roxana T. , Snow Joseph T. , Hester Svenja , Zhang Qiong , Rickaby Rosalind E. M. 
Published: April 2021

SummaryDissolved iron (Fe) is vanishingly low in the oceans, with ecological success conferred to microorganisms that can restructure their biochemistry to maintain high growth rates during Fe scarcity. Chemolithoautotrophic ammonia‐oxidising archaea (AOA) are highly abundant in the oceans, constituting ~30% of cells below the photic zone. Here we examine the proteomic response of the AOA isolate Nitrosopumilus maritimus to growth‐limiting Fe concentrations. Under Fe limitation, we observed a significant reduction in the intensity of Fe‐dense ferredoxins associated with respiratory complex I whilst complex III and IV proteins with more central roles in the electron transport chain remain unchanged. We concomitantly observed an increase in the intensity of Fe‐free functional alternatives such as flavodoxin and plastocyanin, thioredoxin and alkyl hydroperoxide which are known to mediate electron transport and reactive oxygen species detoxification, respectively. Under Fe limitation, we found a marked increase in the intensity of the ABC phosphonate transport system (Phn), highlighting an intriguing link between Fe and P cycling in N. maritimus. We hypothesise that an elevated uptake of exogenous phosphonates under Fe limitation may either supplement N. maritimus' endogenous methylphosphonate biosynthesis pathway ‐ which requires Fe ‐ or enhance the production of phosphonate‐containing exopolysaccharides known to efficiently bind environmental Fe.
Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation in Minas Frescal cheese packaging
Authors: Carvalho Lucas Guzella , Alvim Mariana Massi Afonso , Fabri Rodrigo Luiz , Apolônio Ana Carolina Morais 
Published: April 2021

Despite food safety criteria for some specific foodborne pathogens that exist all over the world, the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk cheese is high. The biofilm formation capacity of S. aureus ATCC25923 in Minas Frescal cheese packaging at 5 °C was investigated. Surface adhesion and quantification of viable adherent cells, detachment of adherent cells, biofilm viable cell count during long incubation periods and total cell count were investigated. Biofilm formation and detachment of viable cells during storage occurred at all times studied in the presence of whey. Thus, improvements in the hygiene of the packaging process are strongly recommended.
The four models for forecasting the peak period of Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampiade) for the second generation egg
Authors: Zhang Nan , Qian Guangjing , Zhang Lin , Song Xueyu , Zou Yunding , Bi Shoudong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo improve the accuracy of forecasting the peak period of Dendrolimus punctatus, stationary time series, periodic distance method, stepwise regression model and the Bayes discriminant analysis were used. RSME value, kappa coefficient and accuracy were used as evaluation criteria to predict the peak period for the second generation egg of D. punctatus with over 33 years from 1983 to 2016 in Qianshan County, Anhui Province. The predictions of these models were verified in 2017 and 2018. The prediction of the stationary time model and Bayes discriminant analysis for 2017 was one level lower than the actual result and for 2018 was one level higher than the actual result, while the prediction of the periodic distance method was identical to the actual result for 2017 and greatly different from the actual result for 2018. The accuracy for stationary time series (RMSE = 0.92 kappa = 0.76) and periodic distance method (RMSE = 2.96, kappa = 0.81) from 1983 to 2018 were 87.88% and 85.71%, respectively. When taking into consideration the standard error was based on differential, the accuracy for the prediction of stepwise regression model (RMSE = 0.25, kappa = 1.00) from 1983 to 2018 was 100%. The accuracy of Bayes discriminant method (RMSE = 0.71, kappa = 0.96) was 97.14%. Comparatively speaking, the stepwise regression model and Bayes discriminant analysis method were better than the stationary time series and periodic distance method in RMSE value, kappa coefficient and accuracy. So they were relatively ideal forecast methods.
Comestible and temperature effects on the biological traits of fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Li Fen , Wang Likui , Lu Rongcai , Peng Zhengqiang , Malhat Farag , Lyu Baoqian , Wu Shaoying 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSpodoptera frugiperda is considered a serious pest for many crops throughout the world. Here, we develop an easy and quick‐to‐prepare solid medium with multiple benefits, including reductions in cost, post‐rearing waste, storage space, and labor, for rearing S. frugiperda larvae. The body length and weight at each development stage showed no differences with those of the corn leaves treatment group (P > 0.05). The development time of F0 generation from the first to adults stage was 51.27 ± 4.62 days when the larvae were reared on artificial diet, which is slightly longer than the 50.69 ± 4.56 days for those reared on corn leaves diet (P > 0.05). The temperature changes have no effect on body length and weight when the fall armyworms are reared on artificial diet, however, the influence of temperature change on development was more obvious. The development time was significantly longer at 18°C and shorter at 35°C than that at 25°C (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the age‐specific two‐sex life table method, the life table parameters (i.e., r, λ, R0, GRR) significantly decreased at 18°C and 35°C compared with those at 25°C. The age–stage survival rate of S. frugiperda was higher on artificial diet at 25°C than 18°C, 35°C, and on corn leaves at 25°C in all stages. The 35°C temperature change had more influence on the age–stage survival than the other temperatures. This study provided ideal indoor breeding conditions for fall armyworm and sufficient materials for further indoor and outdoor research.
Quantifying the relative importance of direct and indirect effects influencing bird nestling growth
Authors: SEGURA Luciano N. , PALACIO Facundo X. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNestling growth parameters are integral components of avian life‐history strategies as they are crucial determinants of individual survival. Although many factors impact on nestling growth, the relative contribution of each one is still debated in the literature. Most studies rely on the assumption that each factor directly affects nestling growth, but indirect effects mediated by other factors are usually the rule in nature. In this study, we present a comprehensive view of both direct and indirect factors affecting nestling growth using the Red‐crested Cardinal (Paroaria coronata) as model system. We evaluated the relative importance of different habitat (forest structure), biotic interactions (botfly larvae ectoparasitism, number of siblings, hatching order), and temporal factors (time of breeding) on nestling growth parameters in 278 nestlings of 128 nests by using piecewise structural equation models. We found that botfly ectoparasitism had the strongest direct effect on nestling growth and, in turn, forest structure increased the probability of botfly occurrence. Besides, the interaction between the number of siblings and hatching order influenced nestling growth, indicating that the first and second nestlings had disproportionately higher growth rates in large than in small clutches. Time of breeding also showed a strong positive indirect effect on botfly occurrence, as well as a weak direct positive effect on nestling growth. Our results demonstrate that, under natural conditions, nestling growth is driven by different factors acting not only directly, but also indirectly on this essential life history trait, and that these factors weave a complex web of interrelated variables.
Vocal performance reflects individual quality in male Great Himalayan leaf‐nosed bats (Hipposideros armiger)
Authors: SUN Congnan , ZHANG Chunmian , LUCAS Jeffrey R. , GU Hao , FENG Jiang , JIANG Tinglei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSignals containing parameter trade‐offs are likely to be honest indicators of signaler quality because they are difficult to produce. Signals with a trill‐rate/bandwidth trade‐off have been described for many songbird species, one mouse, and one non‐human primate species. However, there were no reports about whether there is a vocal performance trade‐off in social calls of bats. This study investigated (1) a possible vocal performance trade‐off in territorial calls of male Great Himalayan leaf‐nosed bats,Hipposideros armiger, recorded from 9 locations in south China, and (2) the relationships between vocal performance (vocal deviation and consistency) and caller's quality (body mass) to determine whether vocal performance honestly indicates a caller's quality. Vocal deviation measures the deviation of a call relative to an extreme call and vocal consistency measures the spectral consistency across a string of syllables. Our results showed a significant negative correlation between syllable repetition rate and frequency bandwidth, suggesting a vocal performance trade‐off similar to the one in songbirds. Further, there was a significant negative relationship between body mass and vocal deviation, but no significant correlation between body mass and vocal consistency. This study provides the first empirical evidence for a vocal performance trade‐off of social calls in bats, and the potential for the level of performance to indicate caller quality.
Most emergency department patients meeting sepsis criteria are not diagnosed with sepsis at discharge
Authors: Litell John M. , Guirgis Faheem , Driver Brian , Jones Alan E. , Puskarich Michael A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesEffective sepsis resuscitation depends on useful criteria for prompt identification of eligible patients. These criteria should reliably predict a discharge diagnosis of sepsis, ensuring that interventions are triggered for those who need it while avoiding potentially harmful interventions in those who do not. We sought to determine the proportion of patients meeting sepsis criteria in the emergency department (ED) that was ultimately diagnosed with sepsis and to quantify the subset of nonseptic patients with risk factors for harm from fluid resuscitation.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study of adult ED patients at a tertiary academic medical center included vital signs and laboratory results from the first 6 hours, plus administration of intravenous antibiotics, to determine if patients met 2016 Sepsis‐3 consensus criteria. If these patients also had hypotension and lactic acidosis, we categorized them as Sepsis‐3 plus shock. We used discharge ICD‐9 codes to determine if patients were ultimately diagnosed with sepsis.ResultsOver 8 years, 3,121 ED patients met 2016 Sepsis‐3 criteria in the first 6 hours. Of these, only 25% and 48% met explicit and implicit criteria for a discharge diagnosis of sepsis. Of 1,032 patients with Sepsis‐3 plus shock, 48% and 62% met explicit and implicit criteria. Overall, 60% to 75% of ED patients meeting Sepsis‐3 criteria with or without shock did not receive a sepsis discharge diagnosis. At least one plausible risk factor for harm from large‐volume fluid resuscitation was identified among 19% to 36% of patients meeting sepsis criteria in the ED but not ultimately diagnosed with sepsis at discharge.ConclusionsMost patients meeting sepsis criteria in the ED were not diagnosed with sepsis at discharge. Urgent treatment bundles triggered by consensus criteria in the early phase of ED care may be administered to several patients without sepsis, potentially exposing some to interventions of uncertain benefit and possible harm.