bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chest radiographs and machine learning – Past, present and future
Authors: Jones Catherine M , Buchlak Quinlan D , Oakden‐Rayner Luke , Milne Michael , Seah Jarrel , Esmaili Nazanin , Hachey Ben 
Published: June 2021

SummaryDespite its simple acquisition technique, the chest X‐ray remains the most common first‐line imaging tool for chest assessment globally. Recent evidence for image analysis using modern machine learning points to possible improvements in both the efficiency and the accuracy of chest X‐ray interpretation. While promising, these machine learning algorithms have not provided comprehensive assessment of findings in an image and do not account for clinical history or other relevant clinical information. However, the rapid evolution in technology and evidence base for its use suggests that the next generation of comprehensive, well‐tested machine learning algorithms will be a revolution akin to early advances in X‐ray technology. Current use cases, strengths, limitations and applications of chest X‐ray machine learning systems are discussed.
Can Staggered Boards Improve Value? Causal Evidence from Massachusetts*
Authors: Daines Robert , Li Shelley Xin , Wang Charles C.Y. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTStaggered boards (SBs) are one of the most potent common entrenchment devices, and their value effects are considerably debated. We study SBs' effects on firm value, managerial behavior, and investor composition using a quasi‐experimental setting: a 1990 law that imposed SBs on all Massachusetts‐incorporated firms. We find that relative to a matched control group of companies, for treated companies the law led to an increase in Tobin's Q, investment in capital expenditures and R&D, patents, and higher‐quality patented innovations, resulting in higher profitability. These effects are concentrated in innovating firms, especially those facing greater Wall Street scrutiny. An increase in institutional and dedicated investors also accompanied the imposition of SBs, facilitating a longer‐term orientation. The evidence suggests that SBs can benefit early‐life‐cycle firms facing high information asymmetries by allowing their managers to focus on long‐term investments and innovations.
Nonsovereign Racecraft: How Colonialism, Debt, and Disaster are Transforming Puerto Rican Racial Subjectivities
Authors: Godreau Isar , Bonilla Yarimar 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTUsing the concept of “racecraft” to describe the state production of racial subjectivities, we argue that this process has been increasingly compromised in Puerto Rico by a lack of sovereignty and by the current socioeconomic crisis. We argue that the state‐sponsored idea that Puerto Rican white and mixed‐race identities operate separately from the US racial framework is receding. Based on the unconventional use of an open‐ended question for racial identification in a survey administered to over one thousand Puerto Ricans, we found: a reluctance to identify racially, an awareness of a normative “whiteness” that excludes Puerto Ricans, and a tendency to embrace US federal categories such as “Hispanic” and “Latino.” We interpret these results as evidence of a Puerto Rican racial state in decline, arguing that the island's debt crisis and compounding disasters have not only eroded the political and economic realms of statecraft but the racial one as well. [census, colonialism, race, identity, statecraft, racial state, Puerto Rico]
Editorial: on the road towards treatment of gastroparesis—accelerating but do we get closer?
Authors: Wuestenberghs Fabien , Gourcerol Guillaume 
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Kuo et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16344 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16395
Editorial: tissue findings fail to predict disease activity or prognosis in microscopic colitis—an opportunity to look at the molecular level—authors' reply
Authors: Olsen Lærke Müller , Engel Peter Johan Heiberg , Goudkade Danny , Villanacci Vincenzo , Thagaard Jeppe , Walbech Julie Sparholt , Bohr Johan , Kupcinskas Juozas , Verhaegh Bas , Münch Andreas , Guagnozzi Danila , Fernández‐Bañares Fernando , Munck Lars Kristian , Fiehn Anne‐Marie Kanstrup 
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Olsen et al and Lucendo papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16381 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16403
Editorial: is there a ‘precursor’ HCC lesion and can it be detected by hepatobiliary contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging?
Authors: Vutien Philip , Ioannou George N. 
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Toyoda et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16382 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16466
Editorial: finding the ideal prokinetic for gastroparesis—we are not there yet
Authors: Mahadeva Sanjiv 
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Kuo et al and Camilleri & Kuo papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16451 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16475
Dysregulated metabolism and behaviors by disrupting gut microbiota in prenatal and neonatal mice
Authors: Han Guofeng , Nishigawa Takuma , Ikeda Hiromi , Hamada Mizuki , Yang Hui , Maesono Saori , Aso Kenta , Jing Ashley , Furuse Mitsuhiro , Zhang Rong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe live microbiota ecosystem in the intestine plays a critical role in maintaining the normal physiological and psychological functions in both animals and human beings. However, the chronic effect of microbiota disturbances during prenatal and neonatal developing periods on animal's health remains less studied. In the current study, pregnant ICR mice were fed with an antibiotic diet (7‐g nebacitin [bacitracin‐neomycin sulphate 2:1]/kg standard diet) from day 14 of conception, and their offspring were provided with the same diet till the termination of the experiments. Dams treated with antibiotics showed increased body weight along with enlarged gut. Antibiotic‐treated offspring revealed decreased bodyweight, increased food, water, and sucrose intake. Administration of antibiotics affected corticosterone responsivity to acute 20 min restraint challenge in male pups. In behavior tests, female pups showed decreased movement in open field while male pups revealed decreased latency to open arms in elevated plus maze test and immobility time in tail suspension test. Together, these results suggested that early antibiotic exposure may impact on the food intake, body weight gain, and emotional behavior regulation in mice.
Growth performance of Black Bengal, Saanen, and their crossbred F1 as affected by sex, litter size, and season of kidding
Authors: Nuntapaitoon Morakot , Buranakarl Chollada , Thammacharoen Sumpun , Katoh Kazuo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to determine the factors that influenced growth performance of the goat kids of Black Bengal (BB), Saanen (SA), and their crossbred F1 (male Bengal × female Saanen [BBSA] and male Saanen × female Black Bengal [SABB]). Data for 674 kids were analyzed from 316 litters and 134 does. All kids were weekly measured on their characteristics (body weight, length, height at the withers, and chest girth) from birth to 11 weeks old. The kid’s breed and sex, litter size, and season of kidding influenced birth weight and other characteristics through the experiment. The SA and BBSA kids showed similar performance, which were higher than BB and SABB kids. Male kids had higher performance than female kids, and kids from a single litter showed the highest performance. Kids born during rainy season showed lower performance than those born in hot and cool seasons. In conclusion, the crossbred BBSA is superior to SABB or BB to raise in tropical climate Moreover, sex, litter size, and kidding season also affected growth performance during the preweaning period up to 11 weeks old.
Implementation and profitability of sustainable investment strategies: An errors‐in‐variables perspective
Authors: Auer Benjamin R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFirm‐level studies of sustainable investment performance are typically limited by an errors‐in‐variables bias (i.e., a distortion of estimated regression coefficients caused by measurement error in explanatory variables). Using recent advances in statistical methodology, we present the first cross‐sectional analysis of sustainable stock selection which adequately corrects for this bias and additionally answers the question of whether betas with respect to sustainable risk factors or sustainable characteristics (i.e., environmental, social, and governance ratings) are more relevant in portfolio selection. Within the universe of S&P 500 stocks, which is highly relevant from the investor attention and liquidity perspectives, we find that, after accounting for errors‐in‐variables bias, both types of variables become insignificant. Consequently, they do not add value to investment portfolios and are not vital in models explaining stock returns. Among classic predictors with a long history of use in the investment fund industry, only the market‐to‐book ratio provides independent investment and pricing information.
Systemic therapies for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer: network meta‐analysis
Authors: Mori Keiichiro , Mostafaei Hadi , Sari Motlagh Reza , Pradere Benjamin , Quhal Fahad , Laukhtina Ekaterina , Schuettfort Victor M. , Kramer Gero , Abufaraj Mohammad , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Kimura Takahiro , Egawa Shin , Shariat Shahrokh F. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo perform a systematic review and network meta‐analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of currently available treatments for the management of metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), as there has been a paradigm shift with the use of next‐generation androgen receptor inhibitors (ARIs) and docetaxel.MethodsMultiple databases were searched for articles published before May 2020 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis extension statement for network meta‐analysis. Studies comparing overall/progression‐free survival (OS/PFS) and/or adverse events (AEs) in patients with mHSPC were eligible.ResultsNine studies (N = 9960) were selected, and formal network meta‐analyses were conducted. Abiraterone (hazard ratio [HR] 0.83, 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.76–0.90), docetaxel (HR 0.90, 95% CrI 0.82–0.98), and enzalutamide (HR 0.85, 95% CrI 0.73–0.99) were associated with significantly better OS than androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT), and abiraterone emerged as the best option. Abiraterone (HR 0.71, 95% CrI 0.67–0.76), apalutamide (HR 0.73, 95% CrI 0.65–0.81), docetaxel (HR 0.84, 95% CrI 0.78–0.90), and enzalutamide (HR 0.67, 95% CrI 0.63–0.71) were associated with significantly better PFS than ADT, and enzalutamide emerged as the best option. Abiraterone (HR 0.85, 95% CrI 0.78–0.93), apalutamide (HR 0.87, 95% CrI 0.77–0.98), and enzalutamide (HR 0.80, 95% CrI 0.73–0.88) were significantly more effective than docetaxel. Regarding AEs, apalutamide was the likely best option among the three ARIs. In patients with low‐volume mHSPC, enzalutamide was the best option in terms of OS and PFS.ConclusionsAll three ARIs are effective therapies for mHSPC; apalutamide was the best tolerated. All three seemed more effective than docetaxel. These findings may facilitate individualised treatment strategies and inform future comparative trials.
The Challenges of Large‐Scale, Web‐Based Language Datasets: Word Length and Predictability Revisited
Authors: Meylan Stephan C. , Griffiths Thomas L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLanguage research has come to rely heavily on large‐scale, web‐based datasets. These datasets can present significant methodological challenges, requiring researchers to make a number of decisions about how they are collected, represented, and analyzed. These decisions often concern long‐standing challenges in corpus‐based language research, including determining what counts as a word, deciding which words should be analyzed, and matching sets of words across languages. We illustrate these challenges by revisiting “Word lengths are optimized for efficient communication” (Piantadosi, Tily, & Gibson, 2011), which found that word lengths in 11 languages are more strongly correlated with their average predictability (or average information content) than their frequency. Using what we argue to be best practices for large‐scale corpus analyses, we find significantly attenuated support for this result and demonstrate that a stronger relationship obtains between word frequency and length for a majority of the languages in the sample. We consider the implications of the results for language research more broadly and provide several recommendations to researchers regarding best practices.
“Internally Wicked”: Investigating How and Why Essentialism Influences Punitiveness and Moral Condemnation
Authors: Martin Justin W. , Heiphetz Larisa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractKant argued that individuals should be punished “proportional to their internal wickedness,” and recent work has demonstrated that essentialism—the notion that observable characteristics reflect internal, biological, unchanging “essences”—influences moral judgment. However, these efforts have yielded conflicting results: essentialism sometimes increases and sometimes decreases moral condemnation. To resolve these discrepancies, we investigated the mechanisms by which essentialism influences moral judgment, focusing on perceptions of actors’ control over their behavior, the target of essentialism (particular behaviors vs. actors’ character), and the component of essentialism (biology vs. immutability). Participants punished people described as having a criminal essence more than those with a non‐criminal essence or no essence. Probing potential mechanisms underlying this effect, we found a mediating role for perceptions of control and weak influences of essentialism focus (behavior vs. character) and component of essentialism (biology vs. immutability). These results extend prior work on essentialism and moral cognition, demonstrating a causal link between perceptions of “internal wickedness” and moral judgment. Our findings also resolve discrepancies in past work on the influence of essentialism on moral judgment, highlighting the role that perceptions of actors’ control over their behavior play in moral condemnation.
Recruitment, risks, rewards and regrets: Senior researcher reflections on working with alcohol industry social aspects organisations
Authors: Mitchell Gemma , McCambridge Jim 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionA growing body of literature suggests alcohol industry corporate social responsibility activity, including the creation of ‘social aspects’ organisations (SAO), may harm rather than improve public health. We aimed to explore established researcher experiences of working with SAOs, and the factors informing their decisions to do so.MethodsQualitative interview study with senior alcohol researchers who had previous or ongoing connections to SAOs or their predecessors initiated when their careers were established (n = 16). Thematic analysis using NVivo software.ResultsEstablished researchers were recruited for their expertise by alcohol industry SAOs via employees who were previously academics or via academic colleagues with SAO connections. Motivated by the desire to improve public health and ‘reach out’ beyond academia, researchers were confident that they could maintain their independence when sharing their expertise with SAOs. Short‐term connections included attendance at SAO‐funded events and book chapter contributions. Sometimes, these led to long‐term relationships with SAOs, or researchers were invited to long‐term roles by a colleague. These included memberships of scientific advisory committees, board positions, or work as independent consultants. Most researchers reflected negatively on their experiences and had ended their associations, while some had positive experiences.Discussion and ConclusionCurrent and former researchers play key roles in initiating connections with SAOs, with industry‐funded events and invitations to long‐term roles by trusted colleagues, mechanisms used to facilitate the development of such relationships. Our study adds to existing evidence that SAO scientific activity does not contribute to public health goals, but does present industry with public relations opportunities.
Where to overwinter: burrows of medium‐sized carnivores as winter places for invertebrates in temperate environment
Authors: Myczko Łukasz , Kurek Przemysław , Tryjanowski Piotr , Wiatrowska Blanka , Jankowiak Łukasz , Mielczarek Łukasz , Sienkiewicz Paweł , Rutkowski Tomasz , Ondrejková Anna 
Published: June 2021

1. Burrows are specific structures created by animals, characterised by specific conditions different from those in the surrounding environment. Therefore, burrows may play a role for many other animals than their owners. To test this view, we have chosen the burrows of red foxes Vulpes vulpes and badgers Meles meles, two main burrow dwellers from among medium‐sized carnivores in Europe.2. The main aim of the study was to show the importance of carnivore mammals' burrows for invertebrates. However, in contrast to previously published results concerning invertebrate burrow fauna, which were based mainly on analysis of nesting material, we used a new method based on pipe traps with optimised sampling time.3. The investigated burrows were either visited only occasionally or abandoned. We chose typical, commonly accessible burrows from the environment, located in forest patches around the city of Poznań in western Poland.4. During the research, we sampled 4440 invertebrate individuals. In total, we identified at least 91 species. The most numerous were mosquitoes, which, however, were represented only by one species, Culex pipiens. Among other groups, we recorded Coleoptera, Diptera, Arachnida, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. In total it confirms that burrows are important wintering place for many invertebrates.5. The novelty of the study is underlining the fact that burrows created by medium‐sized carnivores are commonly used as invertebrate overwintering shelters especially by mosquitoes. Number of mosquitoes varied between burrows in high range and is a significant predictor of the other species abundance.
Plants and pollinators: Will natural selection cause an imbalance between nectar supply and demand?
Authors: Ratnieks Francis L. W. , Balfour Nicholas J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPollination is an important ecological process. However, plant and pollinator needs are not always met. Commonly, pollen limitation reduces seed set or bees experience nectar dearth. Using a cost‐benefit approach, we show that natural selection will lead to lower nectar production when pollinators are abundant, and vice‐versa. At the community level, competition among plants for pollinators causes positive feedback that exacerbates pre‐existing seasonal imbalances between nectar supply and demand. When pollinators are scarce, plants will be selected to produce more nectar to outcompete other plants in attracting pollinators, and when pollinators are abundant, plants will be selected to produce less nectar. We suggest ways to test this positive feedback hypothesis and note that evidence for seasonal variation in nectar availability provides preliminary empirical support. If correct, our hypothesis indicates that pollination faces a particular challenge in balancing nectar supply with pollinator demand and is a further example of the underappreciated role of positive feedback in ecology and evolution.
Dietary medium chain triglycerides for management of epilepsy: New data from human, dog, and rodent studies
Authors: Han Felicity Y. , Conboy‐Schmidt Lisa , Rybachuk Galena , Volk Holger A. , Zanghi Brian , Pan Yuanlong , Borges Karin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMany studies show that glucose metabolism in epileptic brain areas can be impaired. Energy is crucial to maintain normal brain function, including ion and neurotransmitter balances. Energy deficits can lead to disruption of ion gradients, which can trigger neuronal depolarization and generation of seizures. Thus, perturbed metabolic processing of glucose in epileptogenic brain areas indicates a specific nutritional need for people and animals with epilepsy, as they are likely to benefit from auxiliary brain fuels other than glucose. Ketogenic diets provide the ketone bodies acetoacetate and β‐hydroxybutyrate, which can be used as auxiliary fuel by the brain. In approximately 50% children and adults with certain types of epilepsy, who can tolerate and maintain these dietary regimens, seizure frequency can be effectively reduced. More recent data demonstrate that addition of medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), which provide the medium chain fatty acids octanoic and decanoic acid, as well as ketone bodies as auxiliary brain energy, can be beneficial in rodent seizure models, and dogs and humans with epilepsy. Here, this evidence is reviewed, including tolerance in 65% of humans, efficacy studies in dogs, possible anticonvulsant mechanisms of actions of MCTs, and specifically decanoic acid as well as metabolic and antioxidant mechanisms. In conclusion, MCTs are a promising adjunct to standard pharmacological treatment for both humans and dogs with epilepsy, as they lack central nervous system side effects found with current antiepileptic drugs. There is now a need for larger clinical trials in children, adults, and dogs to find the ideal composition and doses of MCTs and the types of epilepsy that respond best.
Me, myself and I: CEO narcissism and selective hedging
Authors: Bajo Emanuele , Jankensgård Håkan , Marinelli Nicoletta 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we test the hypothesis that CEO narcissism influences firms’ hedging behaviour. Our empirical evidence, based on hand‐collected data on derivative positions in the U.S. oil and gas industry, suggests that firms with a narcissistic CEO hedge more selectively. Furthermore, we find that these firms reduce selective hedging comparatively more following a sharp price collapse that sent the industry into a state of distress. This result is in line with the ‘narcissistic paradox’: While scoring high on self‐esteem and grandiosity in the normal case, such individuals are also inherently fragile and liable to crumble when faced with adversity.
The influence of learning and bargaining on CEO–chair duality: Evidence from firms that pass the baton
Authors: Jayaraman Narayanan , Nanda Vikram , Ryan Harley E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSome firms combine CEO and board chair positions after observing CEO performance. We propose that this approach, known as “passing the baton” (PTB), enables the board to learn about the ability and suitability of the CEO before awarding additional title of board chair. Consistent with learning, idiosyncratic stock‐return volatility declines following the CEO–chair combination. The market responds positively (Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) = 1.31%) to early promotions, suggesting that early promotions reveal directors’ private information about CEO quality. Compared to a matched benchmark, we observe no decline in firm's accounting performance in subsequent years. Although match‐adjusted stock returns begin to decline 2 years after combination in homogeneous industries, there is no stock‐return decline in heterogeneous industries where learning is more important. The evidence reveals the potential for entrenchment over time, but we find no evidence to suggest that CEO–chair combinations in PTB firms result from agency problems. Our results underscore the importance of balancing both learning and agency problems in corporate governance.