bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commandeering the Institutions: The Legitimacy of Structural Judicial Remedies in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Lozano Guillermo Otálora 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In some countries, courts protect constitutional rights by ordering broad institutional reforms and overseeing those reforms. These broad orders are known as structural remedies, and they are currently part of the judicial practice of the United States, India, and Colombia. Structural remedies pose a problem of democratic legitimacy in that courts substitute for legislatures or administrators. This paper argues that structural remedies are democratically legitimate as long as they are used as a last resort and are aimed at addressing a specific institutional pathology within the legislature or the bureaucracy. Drawing from the experience of the United States, India, and Colombia, the paper distinguishes counter-legislative from counter-bureaucratic remedies in order to show that the democratic concerns raised may vary depending on the affected institution. The paper argues that structural remedies are legitimate if they are capable of correcting a pathology in the legislative or administrative process. With respect to legislatures, structural remedies should aim at improving the representative or the deliberative quality of legislative decisions. In the case of bureaucracies, they should aim at improving the subordination of agencies to the political process, their responsiveness to citizens’ concerns, and the expertise with which their tasks are carried out.
Usage of textile dyes BB41 and BR46 for microscopic examination of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge reactor: a new staining method
Authors: Keskinkan Olcayto , Ersu Cagatayhan Bekir 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The existence of certain filamentous organisms may indicate one or more operation and control problems in activated sludge reactors. Microscopic evaluation of these filamentous organisms needs staining methods that can be achieved after some steps. This study is the first to show that textile dyes such as Astrazon Blue FGGL (BB41) and Astrazon Red FBL (BR46) can be used to identify filamentous organisms. Both dyes were used as a new, effective, and easy method for detecting the presence of filamentous bacteria. When contacted with BB41 and BR46, the filamentous bacteria and their characteristics were easily observed under the microscope. According to sources, textile dyes used in this study have not been used to diagnose filamentous bacteria before. According to the findings of this study, important morphological properties of filamentous bacteria were easily observed using BB41 and BR46. “Attached growth, branching, septa, and granules of various nutrients” were clearly seen by the stains (BB41 and BR46) with the help of this method. This method may allow the examiners to examine the specimens of filamentous bacteria in the activated sludge reactors. Detailed information has been presented in this paper.
Color Change Kinetics of Tea Leaves During Microwave Drying
Authors: Demirhan Elçin , Özbek Belma 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the present study, the effect of microwave power and sample amount on color change kinetics of tea leaves was investigated during microwave drying. Hunter L, a and b system was used for the color change of the materials; and the total color change (ΔE), chroma, hue angle and browning index (BI) were calculated by using these values. The color of the tea leaves was shifted towards the darker region after the microwave drying process. The mathematical modeling study of color change kinetic showed that a, b, chroma and BI fitted to a first-order kinetic model, while L, total color change (ΔE) and hue angle followed a zero-order kinetic model. For calculation of the activation energy for color change kinetic parameters, the exponential expression based on Arrhenius equation was used.
The synergistic effect of 2-mercaptobenzotiazole and zinc nitrate as corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel in saline solution
Authors: Foratirad Hamze , Golabadi Majid , Asgari Masoud , Ghasem Gholami Mohammad , Karimi Meysam 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, the synergistic effects of 2-mercaptobenzotiazole molecules and zinc nitrate on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel were investigated using electrochemical techniques in 3.5% NaCl solution. The experimental results revealed that combination of 2-mercaptobenzoimidazole (MBT) and zinc nitrate with ratio of 100 ppm : 100 ppm, resulted in the least corrosion current (1.03 lA cm-2) and the highest corrosion inhibition efficiency. Polarization results showed that the inhibition mechanism of inhibitor was mixed-type (anodic and cathodic mechanism) corrosion inhibition which was predominantly influenced by a reduction in dissolution rate of the substrate (decrease in anodic current density). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis yielded more accurate results about the formation mechanism and stability of the inhibitor film over prolonged time. The precipitation of chelate from inhibitor molecules and zinc cations on steel surface was found to be the main mechanism for increasing the corrosion resistance of steel substrate.
Effect of Aging Treatment on Dynamic Behavior of Mg-Gd-Y Alloy
Authors: Wang Lin , Qin Qiao-Yun , Zhang Fan , Tan Cheng-Wen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Magnesium alloy is very attractive in many industrial applications due to its low density. The structure-property relationships of the magnesium alloy under quasi-static loading have been extensively investigated. However, the dynamic behavior, particularly the mechanism of high-rate plastic deformation, of the magnesium alloy requires more in-depth investigations. In this paper, the effect of aging treatment on the quasi-static and dynamic properties of a typical rare earth Mg-Gd-Y magnesium alloy is investigated. In particular, the plastic deformation mechanism under dynamic compression loading is discussed. Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) was used to carry out dynamic compression tests with controllable plastic deformation by using stopper rings. The experimental results demonstrate that both static and dynamic properties of the Mg-Gd-Y alloy vary under various aging treatment conditions (under-aged, peak-aged and over-aged conditions), due to two different kinds of second phases: remnant micro size phase from solid solution treatment and nano precipitation from aging treatment. The results of microstructure characterization and statistic analysis of the metallographic phase are presented. The area fraction of the twinned grains increases due to aging treatment and dynamic loading. The main plastic deformation mechanism of the rare earth Mg-Gd-Y magnesium alloy is possibly dislocation slip, rather than twinning for the conventional AZ31 magnesium alloy under high strain rate loading.
Experimental Study on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Amphibolites, Sericite-quartz Schist and Sandstone under Impact Loadings
Authors: Liu Jun-Zhong , Xu Jin-Yu , Lv Xiao-Cong , Zhao De-Hui , Leng Bing-Lin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In order to investigate rock dynamic mechanical properties of amphibolites, sericite-quartz schist and sandstone under the different strain rates varying from 30 s
-1
to 150 s
-1
, the specimens were subjected to axial impact at different projectile speeds by using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) of 100 mm in diameter. The optimal experimental size of rock samples is verified by analyzing the stress equilibrium of cylindrical rock samples in different thicknesses. It has studied the mechanic properties of these three rocks which under impact loadings; and analysed the dynamic compressive strength, failure modes, energy dissipation variation with the strain-rate and the strain-rate hardening effect from the perspective of material microstructure. Experimental results show that the dynamic Young's modulus of rock samples increase with strain-rate slightly. The dynamic failure modes of different rock samples are always different. When at a lower strain-rate, the damage of sandstone takes a peeling off the external radial tensile failure mode, but that of amphibolites takes axial splitting mode; when at a higher strain-rate, sandstone takes granular crushing failure mode, and that of amphibolites and of sericite-quartz schist take massive crushing mode. Significant strain-rate effect can be represented by a linear relation between the specific energy absorption and the strain-rate

, or between the dynamic strength increase factor η and

.
Practical theology for the privileged: a starting point for pedagogies of conversion
Authors: Walker Anne Carter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Privilege is a dehumanizing social reality which is learned via social interaction and internalized as part of identity, contributing to the dynamic of privilege and oppression as practices of entitlement and domination. While privilege often appears as a taken-for-granted norm that cannot be changed, our identities and practices of privilege can be changed. This article offers a vision of border-crossing identity as a potential model for re-crafting identities of privilege, and advocates religious educational practices of conversion as a possible means for facilitating such a change. Utilizing a narrative-based qualitative study of persons who have sought such a transformation, this study seeks to identify a practical theological understanding of conversion as a starting point for crafting pedagogies for transformation for people with privilege.
Practical Theology from the Perspective of Catholic Spirituality: A Hermeneutic of Discernment
Authors: Lavallee Marc Henri 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article examines practical theological hermeneutics through the lens of Catholic spirituality. Key to understanding the movement from description to analysis to revised praxis is the ways in which interpretive communities understand the connections between divine reality and human reality. In light of this, the article explores the relationship between epistemology and pneumatology found within Christian tradition by proposing an approach to practical theological hermeneutics rooted in the Ignatian practice of spiritual discernment. By doing so, this article seeks to contribute the potential contours of a distinctive Roman Catholic contribution to practical theology, and in a broader sense, show how the practice of discernment presents studies and methods in practical theology with a way of understanding connections among practical wisdom, habitus, research, and theological interpretation.
A Personal Union: Reformed Christology and the Question of the Communicatio Idiomatum
Authors: Hay Andrew R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Any consideration of the development of Christology in Reformation and post-Reformation thought would ultimately seek to situate itself in the steady stream of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century confessions and dogmatics. This article therefore pursues a reflection on the advent of the particular brand of Reformed Christology and its subsequent codifications by tracing three movements. First, this study shall examine the emergence of the Reformed notion of Christology against the backdrop of the Lutheran–Zwinglian Eucharistic debate. Second, there will be a gesture toward the use of the communicatio idiomatum in the dogmatic work of John Calvin and Zacharias Ursinus. Third, this article will outline the classic seventeenth-century Reformed orthodox doctrine, which builds on the sixteenth-century notion, with the addition of the idea that the person of the union indirectly mediates between the natures. This study therefore concludes with several affirmations of the mature seventeenth-century Reformed notion regarding God as the one who accomplishes creaturely redemption.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in clinical mircobiological routine diagnostics1)
Authors: Schubert Sören , Wieser Andreas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Very recently a novel method for differentiation of bacteria and fungi was developed, that is, identification by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This differentiation relies on the exact measurement of species-specific protein spectra of ribosomal proteins. It is at least as accurate as conventional biochemical differentiation methods, but provides results within minutes. In addition to differentiation of bacteria and yeasts grown on agar plates, direct identification is feasible from positive blood cultures as well as from urine samples of patients suffering from urinary tract infections. Future developments of MALDI-TOF MS for clinical microbiological purposes include the detection of β-lactamase and carbapenemase activity as well as genotyping of bacteria below the species level.
Do diagnostic pathways contribute to the economic improvement of a hospital? Considerations from the perspective of laboratory medicine1)
Authors: Aufenanger Johannes 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Diagnostic pathways in the field of laboratory medicine could contribute economically to integrate modern “disease management” from the perspective of healthcare policy into a complex development with limited resources. The objective is to bridge the gap between medical and economic demand. Diagnostic pathways could be an innovative way to optimise processes in medicine with the objective of transparency of costs, results and performance, especially if technical prerequisites for web-based communication (i.e., order entry, digitised laboratory analysed findings) are given. The precondition is that laboratory diagnostics must be appreciated as a core procedure of a hospital. Furthermore, diagnostic pathways provide the opportunity to define processes concerning disease severity and rate of resource usage. The pathways support the physician by finding the probable or medically worthwhile primary and secondary diagnosis for coding the DRG (Diagnoses Related Groups). This results in guaranteeing revenues and an increase in the quality of therapy. The very visualisation of medical decisions by diagnostic pathways results in the reduction of ill-conceived activities and consequently in an improvement of health economics.
New serological markers for the differential diagnosis of autoimmune limbic encephalitis1)
Authors: Wandinger Klaus-Peter , Klingbeil Christine , Gneiss Claudia , Waters Patrick , Dalmau Josep , Saschenbrecker Sandra , Borowski Kathrin , Deisenhammer Florian , Vincent Angela , Probst Christian , Stöcker Winfried 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recently, several novel autoantibodies have been identified which are closely associated with different subtypes of autoimmune encephalitis. These antibodies are directed against structures located on the neuronal cell surface: glutamate receptors (types NMDA and AMPA), GABAB receptors, as well as the voltage-gated potassium channel-associated proteins LGI1 and CASPR2. They are much more common than the classical paraneoplastic antibodies (anti-Hu, -Yo, -Ri, -Ma, -CV2, -amphiphysin), less frequently associated with a tumor, and the corresponding clinical syndromes respond significantly better to immunotherapy. Monospecific detection of these autoantibodies in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid of patients is primarily performed by indirect immunofluorescence using transfected HEK293 cell lines recombinantly expressing the membrane-associated target antigens. Owing to the symptom overlap of the respective disorders, it is highly appropriate to determine these parameters in parallel for each patient (autoantibody profiles). Early diagnosis (substantially supported by the serological laboratory), the immediate initiation of immunotherapeutic intervention and, in cases of paraneoplastic etiology, tumor resection are crucial for prognosis. In our own investigations, antibodies against glutamate receptors (type NMDA) are most frequently found among the newly identified forms of autoimmune encephalitis, accounting for 42% of cases. In laboratory practice, one-third of positive reactions were caused by an autoantibody whose determination was not requested by the clinician. Considering the urgency for therapeutic measures in positive cases, these findings substantiate the need to implement multiparametric serological test systems in this diagnostic area.
How early can one diagnose Cushing’s disease? An early diagnosis in a case of prepubertal Cushing’s disease
Authors: Hoppmann Julia , Wagner Isabel V. , Junghans Gudrun , Wudy Stefan A. , Buchfelder Michael , Hirsch Franz W. , Ritter Lutz , Kiess Wieland , Pfäffle Roland 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background: Cushing’s disease is very rare in children, and the diagnosis is frequently delayed by several years.

Objective: We report a case of prepubertal Cushing’s disease with a medical history of only 9 months. This case illustrates the difficulties involved in diagnosing children at the early stage of the disease.

Case presentation: An 8-year-old prepubertal boy presented with rapid weight gain accompanied by a decreasing growth velocity and hirsutism. Thyroid function tests and growth factor levels were normal, thus excluding hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency. Cushing’s syndrome was confirmed by elevated 24-h urinary free cortisol levels, increased diurnal cortisol levels, and a lack of cortisol suppression in the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. Further tests to investigate the source of the hypercortisolism showed the following results: Basal morning adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was normal. The high-dose dexamethasone suppression test led to a 51% decrease in cortisol level. In the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test, ACTH and cortisol increased only by 28%. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) finally revealed a microadenoma in the anterior pituitary, thus establishng the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Upon diagnosis, the patient underwent transsphenoidal surgery. Histological analysis confirmed an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma.

Conclusion: This case illustrates the difficulties associated with the clinical, biochemical, and radiological diagnoses of Cushing’s disease in children. Early diagnosis remains a challenge because test results often do not match standard diagnostic criteria.
Leptin and adiposity as mediators on the association between early puberty and several biomarkers in European adolescents: the HELENA Study
Authors: Rendo-Urteaga Tara , Ferreira de Moraes Augusto César , Torres-Leal Francisco Leonardo , Manios Yannis , Gottand Frederic , Sjöström Michael , Kafatos Anthony , Widhalm Kurt , De Henauw Stefaan , Molnár Dénes , Marcos Ascensión , González-Gross Marcela , Ferrari Marika , Carvalho Heráclito B. , Moreno Luis A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Adolescents having early puberty (EP) are more likely to have obesity and increased cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers and atherosclerosis risk. We aimed to assess the indirect and mediated effects of leptin and adiposity on the relation between EP and cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers in European adolescents.

Methods
A sample of 511 adolescents with EP (12.5–17.5 years) from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) cross-sectional study was studied. To assess whether leptin levels and adiposity mediate the relation between EP and several biomarkers, linear regression models for mediation analyses were performed.

Results
EP was positively associated with the atherogenic index (Ath-I) (β=0.174; 95%CI 0.029–0.265) and negatively associated with the C-reactive protein (CRP) (β=−0.284; 95%CI −0.542 to −0.028) in girls. These associations were fully mediated by leptin levels (9.5%) and adiposity (44%), respectively. Moreover, EP has indirect effects on the apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) levels through adiposity in girls (for body mass index [BMI], β=0.014; 95%CI 0.005–0.028, and for waist circumference [WC], β=0.011; 95%CI 0.003–0.024), and on ApoA-1 (β=0.012; 95%CI 0.004–0.025), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) (β=−0.004; 95%CI −0.011 to −0.0004) and CRP (β=−0.265; 95%CI −0.819 to −0.047) through abdominal fat in boys.

Conclusions
Leptin levels and adiposity seem to play an important indirect and mediation role in the association between EP and cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers in adolescents. Weight control should be recommended in order to control the impaired cardiometabolic and inflammatory status arising in early pubertal adolescents.
Pregnancy-specific transcriptional changes upon endotoxin exposure in mice
Authors: Motomura Kenichiro , Romero Roberto , Tarca Adi L. , Galaz Jose , Bhatti Gaurav , Done Bogdan , Arenas-Hernandez Marcia , Levenson Dustyn , Slutsky Rebecca , Hsu Chaur-Dong , Gomez-Lopez Nardhy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesPregnant women are more susceptible to certain infections; however, this increased susceptibility is not fully understood. Herein, systems biology approaches were utilized to elucidate how pregnancy modulates tissue-specific host responses to a bacterial product, endotoxin.MethodsPregnant and non-pregnant mice were injected with endotoxin or saline on 16.5 dayspost coitum(n=8–11 per group). The uterus, cervix, liver, adrenal gland, kidney, lung, and brain were collected 12 h after injection and transcriptomes were measured using microarrays. Heatmaps and principal component analysis were used for visualization. Differentially expressed genes between groups were assessed using linear models that included interaction terms to determine whether the effect of infection differed with pregnancy status. Pathway analysis was conducted to interpret gene expression changes.ResultsWe report herein a multi-organ atlas of the transcript perturbations in pregnant and non-pregnant mice in response to endotoxin. Pregnancy strongly modified the host responses to endotoxin in the uterus, cervix, and liver. In contrast, pregnancy had a milder effect on the host response to endotoxin in the adrenal gland, lung, and kidney. However, pregnancy did not drastically affect the host response to endotoxin in the brain.ConclusionsPregnancy imprints organ-specific host immune responses upon endotoxin exposure. These findings provide insight into the host-response against microbes during pregnancy.
In the Name of Jesus. The “IHS”-Panel from Andreas Ritzos and the Christian Kabbalah in Renaissance Crete
Authors: Ritzerfeld Ulrike 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To this day, the unique iconography of a fifteenth-century painting of culturally mixed character made by the Cretan artist Andreas Ritzos has not been sufficiently explained. So far, the motif of the letters “IHS” encapsulating narrative scenes of the passion has been linked to the widely propagated devotion of St. Bernardine of Siena to the name of Jesus. However, several elements contradict a direct reference to Bernardine propaganda. The concept underlying the panel seems to be a more complex and highly erudite one. The fact that Christian Kabbalists discussed many of its topics suggests that the iconography of the panel was influenced by Kabbalistic ideas, probably due to the intense relations between Crete and Venice in particular and Italy in general as a centre of Christian Kabbalistic lore. In any event, the panel proves to be a result of the thriving climate of intellectual, religious and artistic syncretism in Renaissance Crete.