bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of hemoglobin at age 6 weeks among infants born to HIV‐infected mothers in Tanzania
Authors: Carter R. Colin , Kupka Roland , Manji Karim P. , Aboud Said , Okuma James , Kisenge Rodrick R. , Fawzi Wafaie W. , Duggan Christopher 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVETo identify maternal, environmental, and neonatal predictors of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and anemia among infants born to women with HIV infection.METHODS: Among 2276 infants enrolled in a randomized trial of micronutrient supplementation, maternal socioeconomic and nutritional data were recorded during pregnancy, and Hb and HIV status were assessed at 6 wks. Multivariable regression models were created to identify predictors of infant Hb and anemia (Hb < 9.0 g/dL) at postnatal age 6 weeks.RESULTS: 29.4% of mothers had CD4 T‐cell count < 350 cells/μL, and 27.2% met criteria for WHO HIV Stages II–IV. 7% of infants had birthweight < 2500 g. At age 6 weeks, 11.3% were HIV‐infected, and 13.0% had CD4 T‐cell % < 25. Mean Hb was 10.3 g/dL, and 16.6% had anemia. Independent predictors of lower Hb at age 6 weeks included lower daily family food expenditure, lower maternal CD4 count, maternal ARV use, lower birthweight, and higher weight‐for‐length Z‐score. Independent predictors of Hb < 9.0 g/dL included lower daily family food expenditure, lower maternal Hb, lower maternal CD4 count, lower birthweight, and lower infant CD4%.CONCLUSIONS: Poverty, maternal HIV severity, lower maternal Hb, lower birthweight, and infant HIV severity were all associated with anemia at age 6 weeks in HIV‐exposed infants. Infants with these risk factors should be screened for anemia and treated appropriately.
Maternal prenatal attitudes and exclusive breastfeeding at three months in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Yu EA , Thomas JS , Faruque ASG , Das SK , Schwartz B , Stein AD 
Published: June 2021

We assessed the relationships between psychosocial constructs (maternal intention, attitudes, self‐efficacy, breastfeeding knowledge) at 7 mo gestation and exclusive or full breastfeeding at 3 months post‐partum, among 729 mother‐infant dyads in two sub‐districts (Karimganj; Katiadi) of Bangladesh. Over 80% of women intended to exclusively breastfeed (EBF) during pregnancy (89.8% Karimganj; 72.3% Katiadi). Maternal intentions to exclusively breastfeed were positively associated with positive attitudes, self‐efficacy, and knowledge about breastfeeding (all p<0.05). All mothers initiated breastfeeding and all children were still breastfed at 3 mo. At child age 3 mo, 162 mothers (22.2%) reported continuing to EBF their infants (36% Karimganj; 9% in Katiadi), and 117 mothers (16.1%) predominantly breastfed their infants (14.3% Karimganj; 17.8% Katiadi). EBF and full breastfeeding at age 3 mo were not associated (p>0.05) with any of the prenatal maternal psychosocial constructs examined, in either sub‐district. Despite expressed maternal intentions to exclusively breastfeed during pregnancy and universal breastfeeding initiation, the prevalence of both exclusive and full breastfeeding at 3 months were low.Grant Funding Source : CARE USA
Prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake in Brazilian adults by socio‐economic status: National Dietary Survey, 2008–2009
Authors: Araujo Marina Campos , dos Santos Barbosa Flávia , Pereira Rosangela Alves , Sichieri Rosely 
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake among Brazilian adults by income and educational level.The first national survey of dietary intake in Brazil included 21,003 adults between 20–59 years old (52.5% women). Foods records of two non‐consecutive days were used to estimate usual nutrient intake distributions according to the Iowa State University method accounting for the complex sample design. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) method was used to determine the prevalence inadequate intake. Income groups varied from ¼ of the official country minimum monthly wage (MW) to more than 5 MW and educational level from less than one year to more than 12 years of education.Prevalence of inadequate intake ≥70% was observed for calcium, magnesium and vitamin E. Prevalences of inadequacy of calcium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin decreased with income and educational level. Calcium inadequacy was 16% and 32% lower in the highest income stratum compared to the lowest for men and women respectively. Similar trends were observed for phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin. There were no socioeconomic differences in the inadequacy of vitamin E and magnesium.Socioeconomic status may play an important role in the dietary adequacy in Brazil.Grant Funding Source : Fellowship from CAPES and Grant of Brazilian Health Ministry
Prevalence of low B12 and folate status of Cameroonian women and children, and risk factors for deficiency
Authors: Shahab-Ferdows Setareh , Engle-Stone Reina , Nankap Martin , Ndjebayi Alex O. , Brown Kenneth H. , Allen Lindsay H. 
Published: June 2021

To establish baseline nutritional status prior to a national fortification program a cross sectional, nationally representative, survey was conducted in 3 ecologic zones of Cameroon (South, North, and Large Cities). Maternal and child micronutrient status, including B12 and folate, and prevalence and deficiency risk factors were assessed in 30 randomly selected clusters/zone and 10 households/cluster. In women of reproductive age and their 12–59 mo old children (n= 391 pairs), plasma B12 & folate concentrations were determined by radioassay, and hemoglobin (Hb) by HemoCue. Mean maternal and child plasma values, respectively, were B12, 375 and 368 pM; folate, 20.9 and 24.3 nM. Prevalence (%) of B12 deficiency (B12<150 pM) in mothers and children was 25 and 24 urban vs. 33 and 34 rural; and folate deficiency (folate<10 nM) 17 and 6 urban vs. 25 and 24 rural. Living in the north, low SES and pregnancy predicted low B12, while folate was highest in the south and negatively associated with SES. Mothers B12 and folate concentrations were correlated with their children (p<0.01). Child Hb was correlated with B12 (r = 0.16, p=0.0017), and maternal Hb with folate (r = 0.15, p= 0.002). There was a moderately high prevalence of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in women and children in Cameroon, associated with anemia, suggesting a need for programmatic intervention.Funding: Michael and Susan Dell Foundation, UNICEF
Prevalence of rearing by an overweight/obese mother (early exposure to an obesogenic environment) among infants in a urban metropolitan area of the Guatemalan highlands
Authors: Doak Colleen M , Reurings Marieke , Campos Maiza , Vossenaar Marieke , Solomons Noel W 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThe combination in a maternal‐child dyad of an overweight/obese mother and a stunted child has been termed the household‐level dual burden of malnutrition. An important consequence is that a stunted child, more susceptible by short stature to metabolic conditions in later life, is being raised in a proven obesogenic milieu.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of 5–23 month olds in this dyadic relationship in the metropolitan Quetzaltenango area.MethodsAnthropometric measures (weight and length), were collected in 449 mother‐infant dyads, with subsequent classification of infants for stunting (<2 SD of the WHO‐2006 median) and mothers for overweight (BMI >25 kg/m2) or obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2).Results200 (44%) mothers were overweight or obese and 50 (11%) were classified as obese. 172 (37%) children were stunted. Of the 172 children who were stunted, 75 (44%) were living in an environment permissive for adult overweight or higher order body composition abnormality. The combination of stunted children living in an obesogenic milieu comprised 75 (17%) children.ConclusionThe prevalence of stunted child and overweight or obese mother is high relative to other studies. The exposure of stunted children to household obesogenic factors may present hazards for health in later life.Funded by the Nestlé Foundation and Sight and Life, Switzerland
Rethinking maternal IFA supplementation: A qualitative approach to understanding barriers and facilitators in Ayacucho, Peru
Authors: Shaw Alina Gauntlett , Golding Lenette , Girard Aimee Webb 
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age in Peru has increased recently despite government efforts to provide free iron and folic acid (IFA) supplements to pregnant women. Numerous quantitative studies have identified reasons for high discontinuation rates; however, this study provides qualitative insight into the nuances influencing Peruvian women's adherence to the supplementation regime. Twenty‐two in‐depth interviews were conducted with women 16 weeks gestation to two months post‐partum in urban, semi‐urban, and rural communities. Additionally, nine key participant interviews took place with obstetricians and directors of maternal health programs at the hospital and district levels. Results indicate that women do not take the generic form of the prescribed IFA tablets because they have a strong odor and taste, which make women feel nauseous. In order to overcome barriers to supplementation, providers should gain the trust of a patient during her first visit and particularly during her first pregnancy through successful counseling strategies. Providers would like a more reliable way to monitor women's adherence to the regimen, accomplished by conducting monthly visits to patients’ homes to provide more directed counseling. IFA programming efforts should consider alternative physical forms of the supplement that have a more appealing taste and are easier to ingest.Grant Funding Source : CARE Internatioal
Vitamin A supplementation of young children in Burkina Faso, and risk factors for non‐coverage
Authors: Hess Sonja Y , Ouédraogo Cesaire T , Wilson Shelby E , Prince Lea , Rouamba Noël , Ouédraogo Jean-Bosco , Vosti Stephen A , Dakkak Mark , Brown Kenneth H 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundHigh‐dose vitamin A supplements (VAS) are distributed to children 6–59 mo in Burkina Faso (BF) twice yearly.ObjectiveTo assess VAS coverage in southwestern BF and factors associated with missed coverage.MethodsA cross‐sectional household survey was conducted in 106 villages in the Orodara Health District. Caregivers with children aged <27 mo were shown a photo of the VAS capsules and asked whether their child received VAS in the past 6 mo.Results8,892 caregivers of 10,490 children <27 mo were interviewed. Among children 6–27 mo who were eligible to receive VAS, 94.3% reportedly received VAS in the previous 6 mo. Coverage was lower in urban areas (89.6% urban vs. 94.9% rural, p<0.0001), among children of younger mothers (p=0.001) and in selected communities. Among all children who received VAS, 18.7% were younger than the age minimum of 6 mo.ConclusionVAS coverage was high, but specific targeting of urban areas and children of younger mothers may further increase coverage. Focus on targeted age range will require reinforcement of staff training.Financial support from the Thrasher Research Fund and the Canadian International Development Agency.
Reducing Infectious Morbidity and Accelerating Linear Growth among Low Birth Weight Infants with Hand Sanitizers and Nutrition and Hygiene Education in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Shafique Sohana , Shikder Hasina , Jolly Saira Parveen , Jalal Chowdhury SB , Sellen Daniel W , Zlotkin Stanley H 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate if use of water‐based hand sanitizer along with nutrition and hygiene education can prevent linear growth faltering among term, low birth weight (TLBW) infants in Bangladesh.MethodsCommunity‐based, cluster randomized, controlled trial using 48 clusters randomly assigned to two groups: i) Nutrition and Hygiene Education (NHE) plus directed use of Benzalkonium Chloride‐based Hand Sanitizers (HS) by mothers and other family members; ii) NHE only. We followed 467 TLBW infants for 6 months with weekly morbidity and monthly anthropometry.ResultsAt enrolment, mean ± SD anthropometric measures were comparable between HS and NHE groups (birth weight: 2.27±0.2 vs. 2.26±0.2 kg; and birth length: 44.2±1.8 vs. 43.8±1.9 cm). Although results at 1 month postpartum showed no difference in anthropometry between groups, infants in the HS group had reduced rates of skin lesions (12.6% vs.19.4%); infected umbilicus (0.8% vs. 1.4%) and eye infections (0.0% vs. 2.1%) compared to the NHE group. Reported household expenditure on care seeking due to neonatal illness was significantly less in the HS group than that of the NHE group (P<0.009). These preliminary findings suggest a positive effect of hand sanitizer on morbidity at 1 month in term, low birth weight, rural Bangladeshi infants. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to FHI 360, through the Alive & Thrive Small Grants Program managed by UC Davis.Grant Funding Source : Alive and Thrive Small Grants Program, managed by UC Davis
Exercise Prevents Fructose‐Induced Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Young Males
Authors: Egli Léonie , Theytaz Fanny , Campos Vanessa , Hodson Leanne , Schneiter Philippe , Fielding Barbara , Tappy Luc 
Published: June 2021

A high fructose intake increases plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations in sedentary humans, but the effects of exercise are not known. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a weight‐maintenance, high fructose diet with or without moderate physical activity.8 healthy males were studied on three occasions, after 4 days on a) a diet low in fructose and no exercise (Ctrl), b) a diet with 30% fructose and no exercise (Fru), or c) a diet with 30% fructose and moderate exercise (60 min cycling at 125 W; FruEx). In each condition, energy intake was adjusted to energy requirements (resting energy requirements times 1.5 for Ctrl and Fru, times 1.7 for FruEx). On each occasion, substrate oxidation was measured by calorimetry and de novo lipogenesis was assessed from VLDL 13C‐palmitate after 13C‐fructose loading.Fru significantly increased TG by 18 ± 12%, and VLDL 13C‐palmitate by 333 ± 231% (both p<0.05 vs Ctrl). FruEx blunted the increase in TG (−6 ± 9%), VLDL 13C‐palmitate (−55 ± 28%), and increased lipid oxidation, non‐esterified fatty acid and beta‐hydroxybutyric acid concentrations by 122 ± 45%, 34 ± 16%, and 48 ± 17 % (all p<0.05 vs Ctrl).We conclude that a moderate exercise prevents fructose‐induced dyslipidemia in healthy males, independently of energy balance. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation
Effect of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, W) on the intestinal mucosa of growing Wistar rats
Authors: Vidueiros Silvina Mariela , Fernandez Inés , Bertero Héctor Daniel , Roux María Estela , Pallaro Anabel Nora 
Published: June 2021

In previous studies, we characterized the nutritional properties of quinoa from Argentinean Northwest. Moreover, quinoa seeds have a high content of saponins that give them a bitter taste and may alter the intestinal mucosa due to their detergent properties.Aimto study the effect of a variety of quinoa from Campo Tapial de Colanzuli, Iruya, Salta, without washing treatment, on the intestinal mucosa of growing rats.Materials and MethodsWistar rats (n=6/group) fed from weaning to 7 days a 10% protein diet with 1) unwashed quinoa (Q), 2) commercial washed quinoa (QR), 3) casein (C) as control group. Body weight (BW,g) and diet intake (I, g/day) were determined and ponderal growth rate (PGR, g/day/100g) was calculated. Intestines were removed and stained with Alcian Blue‐H/E. Goblets cells/100 epithelial cells (GC) were determined in 10 intestinal villi/rat. IL‐17 was characterized in lamina propria (LP) and intraepithelium (iIEL) by IFI (cells+/ 30 fields).Statistical analysisANOVA‐SNK/Kruskal‐Wallis.Results(Mean±SD)

Q
QR
C

BW
45.0±2.7a
60.0±5.4b
69.7±6.4c

PGR
−1.97±0.6a
1.63±0.5b
3.95±0.9c

I
4.7±03 a
6.9±1.0ab
8.4±0.6b

GC
24.2±6.5b
14.7±2.7a
10.9±1.2a

IL‐17 LP
60.3±9.0b
41.7±4.6a
38.0±3.9a

IL‐17 iIEL
9.3±4.2 a
10.5±3.7 a
9.0±1.6 a

Means within rows with different superscript, differ 0.05> p <0.001

ConclusionGC and IL‐17 were significant increased in Q group which could indicate an inflammatory process caused by the saponins from unwashed quinoa. This could affect the normal intestinal absorption of nutrients which is reflected in BW, PGR and I, compared to QR group.Supported by UBACyT 20020100100255 y 20620100100014
Effect of Schlafen 2 on Natural Killer and T cell Development from Common T cell/ Natural Killer Progenitors
Authors: ahmadi slahadin , veinotte linnea L 
Published: June 2021

Natural Killer (NK) cells are thought to develop from common lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow. Even though thymus is not essential for NK cell development, Thymic T‐cell/natural killer–cell (T/NK) precursor, DN2 (CD44+CD25+) when cultured on an OP9 stroma, give rise to some NK1.1+ cells. The objective of this study was to see if the Schlafen 1 (Slfn1) and Schlafen 2 (Slfn2) genes differently affect the maturation of T cell and NK cells from DN2 progenitors. We transduced DN2 progenitors prepared from C57BL/6 (B6) mouse thymus with Slfn1 and Slfn2 genes using retroviral vector and cultured those Slfn1 and Slfn2 transduced progenitors on OP9 and OP9 stroma expressing the Notch ligand Delta‐like 1 (OP9‐DL1) with appropriate cytokines to see if it affects generating NK and T‐cells differently. We got a small number of Slfn1 and Slfn2 expressing mature T and NK cells upon culture of transduced DN progenitors on Op9‐DL1 and Op9 stroma cells. There was no difference between Slfn1 positive and Slfn1 negative population regarding CD3 expression but nearly all mature NK cells were belong to Slfn1 negative population. Slfn2 completely blocked maturation of T cells but not NK cells. The result of this study indicates that both Slfn1 and Slfn2 interfere with maturation of DN2 progenitors but T cell development is more sensitive to Slfn2 expression than NK cell development.This research was supported by Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Calpain‐mediated dystrophin disruption may be a potential structural culprit behind chronic doxorubicin‐induced cardiomyopathy
Authors: Campos Erica C , Celes Mara R , Malvestio Lygia M , Prado Cibele M , Freitas Ana C S , Romano Minna M D , Rossi Marcos A 
Published: June 2021

Studies from our laboratory demonstrated that alterations in the dystrophin‐glycoprotein complex (DGC), mainly dystrophin, and myofibrilar disruption are associated with increased sarcolemmal permeability in doxorubicin (DOX)‐induced cardiomyopathy. These alterations could be consequent to activation of calcium‐dependent proteases, mainly calpain, as cause of dystrophin and cellular constituents disruption.This study tested the hypothesis that calpain is overexpressed in DOX‐treated rats and that dantrolene (DT), sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium inhibitor, could abrogate DGC alterations.Rats received DOX only (cumulative dose 15 mg/kg); rats treated with DOX plus DT (5 mg/kg, i.p. immediately after each dose of DOX); control rats treated either with saline or saline plus DT. Fourteen days after the last injection, the hearts were collected for light microscopy, immunofluorescence and western blotting. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography.Increased expression of calpain, loss of dystrophin and cardiac dysfunction were observed in hearts treated with DOX only. In contrast, DT prevented increased calpain expression, dystrophin loss/reduction, and cardiac dysfunction, similarly to observed in controls. These findings support the opinion that calpain mediate dystrophin loss/reduction and it might be a structural culprit behind DOX‐induced heart failure. FAPESP.
A 3D co‐culture system for high‐throughput screening of anti‐angiogenic and anti‐tumorigenic combination therapies
Authors: Connor Yamicia D , Oh Michael S , Tekleab Sarah , Bharat Divya , Gill Navjot K , Sengupta Shiladitya 
Published: June 2021

The future of cancer therapy relies on robust drug combinations. Traditional screening for drug discovery uses 2D monocultures. However, recent studies have shown that 3D cultures provide a more physiological platform to study cancer. Unfortunately, these systems do not capture interactions between tumor cells and the angiogenic component. The goal of this work is to establish a 3D in vitro co‐culture system combining these components to create a high‐throughput model to study cell interactions and screen anti‐angiogenic and anti‐tumorigenic therapies. Human endothelial cells were allowed to undergo tubulogenesis in a matrigel matrix to which metastatic breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells were added. Interestingly, instead of forming embryoid bodies, the MDA cells align and incorporate into the endothelial vessels. Using this model system, we elucidate FAK and β1 integrin as mediators of the cell interactions. RNAi inhibition of FAK and β1 integrin resulted in the disruption of the architecture with 3.4 (p<0.001) and 8.6 (p<0.001) fold change in cell interactions, respectively. To probe downstream mediators of the FAK‐β1 signaling pathway, small molecule inhibitors were used to perturb this architecture, resulting in a 68% (p<0.05) decrease in invasive capacity. In conclusion, our studies show that a 3D co‐culture system provides a powerful platform for screening combination therapies.Supported by DoD BCRP.
Modulation of Central Fatigue‐Associated Neural Factors by Cancer Chemotherapy Agent 5‐Fluorouracil
Authors: Jung Seung Ho , Murphy E. Angela , Fayad Raja , Pena Maria , Gordon Benjamin , Carmichael Martin , Davis J. Mark 
Published: June 2021

A dearth of studies has attempted to elucidate the etiology of cancer‐related fatigue (CRF). The purpose was to determine effects of chemotherapy agent 5‐fluorouracil (5FU), known to induce CRF, on cytokines and neurotransmitter systems in distinct regions of the brain that are implicated in the development of central fatigue.MethodsMice were intraperitoneally injected with 5FU or saline (placebo) for 5 days and sacrificed 12‐hrs (post‐1) or 9 days (post‐9) after the last injection.Results5FU induced a significant increase in mRNA expression of IL‐1β on post‐9 (p < 0.05) in the brainstem and cerebellum and 5‐HT2A receptor in the cerebellum on post‐1(39%, p < 0.05). There was a trend for elevated mRNA expression of dopamine D2 receptor on post‐1 (6% and 16%) and post‐9 (32% and 22%) in the brainstem and cerebellum respectively. The cerebellum showed a slight increase in mRNA expression of 5‐HT1A receptor on post‐1 (30%) and post‐9 (21%). Our data revealed positive correlations among 5‐HT1A/B, 5‐HT2A and D2 receptors. MCP‐1 mRNA expression was positively correlated with IL‐1β, 5‐HT1B and 5‐HT2A in the brainstem (p < 0.05).ConclusionOur results are the first to show that 5FU have an impact on IL‐1β and serotonin and dopamine receptors in the brainstem and/or cerebellum which provide strong evidence for current theories of the development of central fatigue and, therefore, for CRF induced by 5FU.