bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cells to Systems Screening for Thyroid Hormone Disrupting Chemicals in the Brain
Authors: Furlow J David , Mengeling Brenda J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Precisely timed and regulated thyroid hormone (TH) levels are essential for vertebrate development and metabolism. To detect environmental chemicals that disrupt TH action, we developed an integrated luciferase reporter cell line in rat pituitary GH3 cells that is TH responsive through activation of endogenous thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). High throughput screening as part of the Tox21 program identified several non-TH related positive hits as RXR agonists, a supposed “silent” heterodimer partner for TRs. These data showed RXR agonists can affect TR signaling at least in pituitary cells. We extended these results to our sensitive and specific in vivo model for TH action, Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. We previously demonstrated that RXR agonists like organotins and the pharmaceutical bexarotene, strongly potentiate (and RXR antagonists inhibit) TH induced metamorphic programs, at the morphological, cellular (e.g. apoptosis or proliferation), transgenic reporter gene levels, and transcriptomic responses in tadpole tails. We have now extended this analysis to include RNA-Seq experiments over distinct time points in the tadpole brain, a common target of TH in humans and frogs, revealing specific gene sets particularly affected by TH and RXR ligands working in concert. Very few genes were affected by RXR ligands alone. The remarkable overlap between the environmental toxicant tributyltin and the synthetic and specific RXR ligand bexarotene regulated transcriptomes provides strong evidence that they have a common molecular target in multiple tissues. We have also created germline mutations in all RXR family members in Xenopus tropicalis (alpha, beta and gamma), and both copies of the duplicated TR beta gene in Xenopus laevis via genome editing approaches. This will allow us to further investigate TR-RXR heterodimer function across tissues and developmental timeframes, and in response to known and suspected TR and RXR ligands. Our studies revealed an unanticipated degree of TR and RXR ligand interactions in vitro and in vivo, highlighting a surprising role of RXRs as avenues for TH endocrine disruption, including the brain.
Expression Patterns of Analgesic Metabolising Machinery in 1st and 2nd Trimester Human Fetal Liver and Gonads
Authors: Zafeiri Aikaterini , Fowler Paul A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Use of over-the-counter analgesics during pregnancy is widespread globally. Most analgesic compounds can freely diffuse through the placental feto-maternal interface and reach the developing fetus. Current literature suggests an endocrine disruptor (ED) potential of in utero exposure to these compounds. The liver is the primary site of contact with EDs in the fetus. Exposure of the fetal gonads can also alter reproductive function with potential intergenerational effects. We aimed to characterise the metabolic capability of these fetal organs. RNA sequencing was performed in 80 second trimester human fetal livers and 48 fetal gonads (balanced for fetal age and fetal sex). Samples were collected from elective terminations of normal pregnancies (liver 11-19 weeks, FeGo study: REC 04/S0802/21, and gonads 6-17 weeks, as previously described1. RNA was extracted and Illumina NextSeq was used to produce 76 bp single end (liver) or paired end 2x50 bp (gonads) sequencing reads. Reads were quality controlled, aligned to the human reference genome and quantified at gene regions. Statistical analyses involved an ANOVA model of two-way interactions between fetal sex and fetal age. All organs expressed phase I and II metabolising enzymes and drug transporters involved in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic pathways of over-the-counter analgesics. The human fetal liver expressed ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCC4 and ABCG2 receptors at similar levels between males and females. Expression of cytochrome p450 enzymes CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 involved in metabolism of the analgesics paracetamol and ibuprofen, all increased with gestational age in the liver. Expression of GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1, SULT1A1, SULT1A3, SULT1A4, SULT1E1, SULT2A1, UGT2B4, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 metabolising enzymes also increased during gestation, while fetal hepatic GSTP1 expression showed a significant 2-way interaction between both sex and age. Fetal gonads expressed ABCC4 and ABCG2 transporters, with transcript levels demonstrating significant sex-specific and gestational age differences. Fewer analgesic metabolising enzymes were expressed in the gonads than the fetal liver, including CYP2E1, GSTP1 and SULT1A1, all significantly altered by gestation and fetal sex. Our results reveal expression of major analgesics metabolic and transport components within the human fetal liver, ovaries and testes between gestation weeks 7-19. Significant sex alterations in transcript levels also suggest sexually dimorphic metabolic activity of these organs during fetal life. In conclusion, analgesics can be transported into fetal liver and gonad cells and metabolised into bioactive forms, posing toxicity risks for the developing fetus.1. Lecluze E, Rolland AD, Filis P, et al. Dynamics of the transcriptional landscape during human fetal testis and ovary development. Hum Reprod. 2020;35(5):1099-1119.
Neuromechanics of Middle-Distance Running Fatigue: A Key Role of the Plantarflexors?
Authors: WILLER JASMIN , ALLEN SAM J. , BURDEN RICHARD J. , FOLLAND JONATHAN P. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Identifying the neuromechanical changes during high-intensity running to fatigue may highlight the biomechanical limitations to performance and indicate mitigation/training strategies.

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the changes in lower limb kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation during a high-intensity run to fatigue (HIRF).

Methods
Eighteen male and female competitive middle-distance runners performed a HIRF on an instrumented treadmill at a constant but unsustainable middle-distance speed (~3 min) based on a preceding maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) test. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were collected and compared between the start, 33%, 67%, and the end of the HIRF. In addition, the activation of eight lower limb muscles of each leg was measured with surface EMG (sEMG).

Results
Time to exhaustion was 181 ± 42 s. By the end of the HIRF (i.e., vs the start), ground contact time increased (+4.0%), whereas flight time (−3.2%), peak vertical ground reaction force (−6.1%), and vertical impulse (−4.1%) decreased (all P < 0.05), and joint angles at initial contact became more (dorsi)flexed (ankle, +1.9°; knee, +2.1°; hip, +3.6°; all P < 0.05). During stance, by the end of the HIRF: peak ankle plantarflexion moment decreased by 0.4 N·m·kg−1 (−9.0%), whereas peak knee extension moment increased by 0.24 N·m·kg−1 (+10.3%); similarly, positive ankle plantarflexion work decreased by 0.19 J·kg−1 (−13.9%), whereas positive knee extension work increased by 0.09 J·kg−1 (+33.3%; both P < 0.05) with no change in positive hip extension work. Hip extensor surface EMG amplitude increased during the late swing phase (+20.9–37.3%; P < 0.05).

Conclusion
Running at a constant middle-distance pace led primarily to the fatigue of the plantarflexors with a compensatory increase in positive work done at the knee. Improving the fatigue resistance of the plantarflexors might be beneficial for middle-distance running performance.
Genus und Sexus im Konflikt.
Authors: Hübner Julia 
Published: May 2021

The specialty of hybrid nouns is their different agreement according to certain features of the agreement target. They result from a conflict within in the gender assignment system. For example, the German noun Mädchen (semi-transparent diminutive for denoting a girl) is grammatical neuter but it refers to a female person. In German, nouns denoting females are feminine but diminutives are neuter. Since both rules apply, you can refer to Mädchen with a neuter (es) but also with a feminine pronoun (sie).
There are different factors which influence the agreement pattern: the linear distance between noun and pronoun and the type of agreement target. So far there are only few studies on the influence of possible non-grammatical factors such as the age of the referent. In this paper, I elaborate on those factors and present the results of a discourse completion task focusing on the influence of a sexualized context.
Neutrales Rufnamengenus zwischen Grammatik und Pragmatik
Authors: Busley Simone , Fritzinger Julia 
Published: May 2021

In numerous German dialects and in Luxembourgish, female first names can take on both feminine and neuter gender agreement, thus leading to gender variation on a paradigmatical level and gender mismatches on a syntactical level. This is contradictory to canonical conceptions of gender systems and can be interpreted as a case of degrammaticalization. Here, grammatical gender has been refunctionalized as a socio-pragmatic marker which indicates the age and status of the woman referred to as well as the speaker’s relationship to her. In some varieties, regrammaticalization of gender assignment resulted in female first names always taking neuter agreements.
The present article focusses on the reconstruction of the stages of degrammaticalization and regrammaticalization of gender assignment based on data of the research project “Das Anna und ihr Hund – Weibliche Rufnamen im Neutrum”. Analyses of the data indicate that personal pronouns as the targets most prone to differing agreement played a key role in this process.
Annali, Ruedi, Mami.
Authors: Christen Helen , Baumgartner Gerda 
Published: May 2021

Data of the dialect research project “Das Anna und ihr Hund. Weibliche Rufnamen im Neutrum” indicate the important role of diminutive names in terms of the historical develop-ment and consolidation of the onymic neuter gender assignment. The focus in the present arti-cle lies therefore on the forms and the use of diminutive names (e. g. Anneli, Ruedi) in Swiss-German dialects.
Based on diachronic evidence from literary works and regional dictionaries, differences in the diminution of male and female names are historically traced and substantiated. It is for prag-matic reasons that female kinship names (e. g. Mami) are crystallized to be the last bastion for the neutral gender assignment which opens up new perspectives on the diachronic emergence of this phenomenon. The consideration of further onymic suffixes in the outlook brings up a debate on the disagreement of gender and sex which is considered to be a possible objective of the suf-fixation itself.
Rehabilitation status of children with cerebral palsy in Bangladesh: Findings from the Bangladesh Cerebral Palsy Register
Authors: Al Imam Mahmudul Hassan , Jahan Israt , Das Manik Chandra , Muhit Mohammad , Smithers-Sheedy Hayley , McIntyre Sarah , Badawi Nadia , Khandaker Gulam 
Published: May 2021

Objective
The objective of this study was to assess the rehabilitation status and factors associated with rehabilitation service utilisation among children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Bangladesh.

Materials and methods
This is a population-based surveillance study conducted among children with CP registered in the Bangladesh CP Register (BCPR), the first population-based register of children with CP aged <18 years (y) in Bangladesh. Children with CP were identified from the community using the key informant method and underwent a detailed neurodevelopmental assessment. Socio-demographic, clinical and rehabilitation status were documented. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to identify potential predictors of rehabilitation service uptake.

Results
Between January 2015 and December 2019, 2852 children with CP were registered in the BCPR (mean (standard deviation, SD) age: 7 y 8 months (mo) (4 y 7 mo), 38.5% female). Of these, 50.2% had received rehabilitation services; physiotherapy was the most common type of service (90.0%). The mean (SD) age at commencement of rehabilitation services was 3 y 10 mo (3 y 1 mo). The odds of not receiving rehabilitation was significantly higher among female children (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.3 [95% CI: 1.0–1.7], children whose mothers were illiterate and primary level completed (aOR 2.1 [95% CI: 1.4–3.1] and aOR 1.5 [95% CI: 1.1–2.1], respectively), fathers were illiterate (aOR 1.9 [95% CI: 1.3–2.8]), had a monthly family income ~US$ 59–118 (aOR: 1.8 [95% CI: 1.2–2.6]), had hearing impairment (aOR: 2.3 [95% CI: 1.5–3.5]) and motor severity (i.e. Gross Motor Function Classification System level III (aOR: 0.6 [95% CI: 0.3–0.9]) and level V (aOR: 0.4 [95% CI: 0.2–0.7])).

Conclusions
Rehabilitation status was poor among the majority of the children with CP in the BCPR cohort, limiting their opportunities for functional improvement. A community-based rehabilitation model focusing on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics should be a public health priority in Bangladesh.
Incidence and risk factors of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae among young women from the Western Cape, South Africa: The EVRI study
Authors: Jongen Vita W. , Schim van der Loeff Maarten F. , Botha Matthys H. , Sudenga Staci L. , Abrahamsen Martha E. , Giuliano Anna R. 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveYoung women in South Africa are highly affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI), likeC.trachomatis(CT) andN.gonorrhoeae(NG). We aimed to estimate the incidence of CT and NG, and its determinants, among young women from the Western Cape, South Africa, participating in an HPV vaccine trial (the EVRI study).MethodsHIV-negative women aged 16–24 years were enrolled between October 2012 and July 2013. At enrolment and month 6 participants were screened for CT and NG (Anyplex CT/NG real-time detection method). A questionnaire on demographic and sexual history characteristics was completed at enrolment and month 7. Treatment for CT and/or NG was offered to infected participants. Incidence rates (IR) of CT and NG were estimated. Determinants of incident CT and NG infections were assessed using Poisson regression.Results365 women were tested for CT and/or NG at least twice. Prevalence of CT and NG at baseline was 33.7% and 10.4%, respectively. Prevalence of co-infection with CT and NG was 7.1%. During 113.3 person-years (py), 48 incident CT infections were diagnosed (IR = 42.4 per 100 py, 95% confidence interval (CI) 31.9–56.2). Twenty-nine incident NG were diagnosed during 139.3 py (IR = 20.8 per 100 py, 95%CI 14.5–29.9). Prevalent CT infection at baseline was associated with incident CT (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 5.8, 95%CI 3.0–11.23. More than three lifetime sex partners increased the risk for incident NG (3–4 partners aIRR = 7.3, 95%CI 2.1–26.0; ≥5 partners aIRR = 4.3, 95%CI 1.1–17.5).ConclusionsThe IR of bacterial STIs among young women in the Western Cape is very high. Besides being previously infected and a higher lifetime number of sex partners, no other risk factors were found for CT and NG, suggesting that the majority of these women were at risk. This indicates the need for intensified prevention of STIs as well as screening and treatment programs to increase sexual health in this region.
Consumer Identities: Agency, Media, and Digital Culture, Candice D. Roberts and Myles Ethan Lascity (eds) (2019)
Authors: Kirchen M. B. 
Published: May 2021

Review of: Consumer Identities: Agency, Media, and Digital Culture, Candice D. Roberts and Myles Ethan Lascity (eds) (2019)
Bristol: Intellect, 240 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-78320-981-1, h/bk, £72.00
La senda minera o cómo conectar historia, patrimonio y desarrollo rural
Authors: Balado Insunza Francisco M. 
Published: May 2021

La actividad minera ha capitalizado la imagen histórica de El Bierzo y Laciana durante el último siglo. Fue el motor de su expansión y del devenir económico que ha forjado su realidad social durante décadas y condicionado la actual.
Los vestigios que existen hoy de esa actividad minera e industrial se presentan como una de las referencias históricas contemporáneas del Bierzo y Laciana, quizás la más importante y, sin duda, deben ser considerados como uno de los elementos esenciales de su identidad colectiva y, en consecuencia, patrimonio colectivo susceptible de ser preservado y puesto en valor.
Este patrimonio se presenta como un valor integral del territorio, un nexo entre los diferentes paisajes originados que, uniendo lo industrial y lo natural, se identifican en El Bierzo y Laciana, pudiendo establecerse puntos de contacto que pueden conformar un discurso coherente con una sólida base histórica, cultural y, sobre todo, en términos actuales, integradora desde una perspectiva social y económica, de todo el espacio delimitado por la actividad minera de la zona.
Dentro de las líneas de actuación que se pueden desarrollar combinando los elementos apuntados, está la de construir una ruta que una todos los municipios mineros de estas comarcas, identificando sus recursos patrimoniales individuales, subrayando sus singularidades de modo que se pueda ir formando una red que conecte todos los polos, complementariamente entre sí. De esta manera, todos los recursos, sin solaparse, se podrían incorporar a La Senda Minera, proyecto que recoge dos ideas clave: la de avance y progreso (ruta, camino, senda) y la de una minería, la de carbón y la de hierro, que nos recuerda la historia reciente y se proyecta, patrimonialmente, hacia el futuro como base del desarrollo de territorios especialmente desfavorecidos y atacados por la crisis y la despoblación.
Leal e benemérita pérola do Recôncavo Baiano
Authors: Santos Tainá da Silva , Santos Eduardo Ferreira dos 
Published: May 2021

Nosso trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar alguns aspectos da toponímia da cidade de Santo Amaro da Purificação, localizada no Recôncavo Baiano. Assim, retomamos trabalhos que consideram a relação toponímica como uma realidade influenciada por fatores sócio-histórico-culturais dentro de um tempo histórico, marcado pelo culto a homenagens, além de trabalhos que estudam a historicidade de Santo Amaro e do Recôncavo. Para alcançarmos nossos objetivos, partimos para uma exploração e descrição de alguns espaços do munícipio buscando compreender as nomenclaturas que são lhe dadas, sejam no âmbito oficial ou pela nomeação popular. Os resultados, mesmo que preliminares, apontam que mesmo com uma toponímia imposta por formalidades políticas, a população ressignifica esses nomes.
PURIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERISATION OF AN ANTIFUNGAL BACTERIOCIN FROM Bacillus sp. Sh10 ASSOCIATED WITH MARINE CARPET CLAM (Paphia textile)
Authors: Shayesteh Fatemeh , Ahmad Asmat , Usup Gires 
Published: May 2021

This study was conducted to purify and characterize an anti- C. albicans bacteriocin produced by Bacillus sp. Sh10 isolated from marine carpet clam, Paphia textile. Extracellularly produced bacteriocin was purified by 80 % ammonium sulfate precipitation and size exclusive gel chromatography using superdex-200 column chromatographyThe purification steps resulted in 3.68-fold increase in specific activity and recovery of 20.66 % of total activity. The purity rate and molecular mass of 11 KDa of this compound were determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Profile analysis of this bacteriocin by electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) showed 43% protein sequence coverage with a putative uncharacterized protein from Bacillus cereus strain B4264.
EXPLORATION OF EFFICIENCY OF NANO CALCIUM OXIDE (CaO) AS CATALYST FOR ENHANCEMENT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Authors: Abd Malek Muhammad Nor Fazli , Pushparaja Livitra , Hussin Noraini Mat , Embong Nurul Hajar , Bhuyar Prakash , Rahim Mohd Hasbi Ab. , Maniam Gaanty Pragas 
Published: May 2021

Present work proposes on the synthesis of nano calcium oxide derived from waste cockle shell (Anadara granosa) and applied as heterogenous catalyst in biodiesel production via transesterification reaction under reaction parameter 15:1 methanol to oil ratio, 5 wt.% catalyst and 3 hour reation time and constant temperature at 65 ± 2 °C. The waste cockle shell was prepared in nano size via ball mill technique which was run for 36 hours at 350 rpm speed and then calcined at 900 °C for 2 hours to decompose calcium carbonate, CaCO₃ into nano calcium oxide, n-CaO. The catalyst was characterized by particle size analyzer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Surface Area Analyser, X-Ray Diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared, Hammet indicator and benzoic acid titration. Particle size of n-CaO catalyst was found within the range of 29 nm to 67.5 nm. Specific surface area of synthesised n-CaO is 8.41 m²/g with basicity strength of 0.055 mmol/g. Methyl ester conversion of palm oil with n-CaO as a catalyst was 88.87 wt.%
A NEW ROLE OF METFORMIN AS AN EFFLUX PUMP INHIBITOR IN KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA
Authors: Abbas Hisham , Shaker Ghada , Khattab Randa , Askoura Momen 
Published: May 2021

Respiratory tract infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae are frequently associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Treatment of these infections is usually difficult due to the emergence of multiple resistances to antibiotics. Multidrug efflux pumps are greatly involved in antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria including Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the current study, efflux activity was observed in 93.75% of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates by the qualitative acridine orange agar method. This finding was further confirmed genotypically by polymerase chain reaction that showed the presence of efflux genes AcrA, AcrB, TolC and mdtk in these isolates. The ability of metformin to inhibit efflux activity was compared with the reference efflux pump inhibitors verapamil and ascorbic acid. Metformin was more active than ascorbic acid and less active than verapamil. Up to our knowledge, this is the first report that shows that metformin has an efflux pump-inhibiting activity in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Self-reported and Documented Substance Use Among Adolescents in the Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Masonbrink Abbey R. , Hunt Jane Alyce , Bhandal Avleen , Randell Kimberly A. , Mermelstein Sarah , Wells Sarah , Miller Melissa K. 
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Adolescent substance use is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. A hospitalization represents an opportunity to identify and address substance use. We sought to describe self-reported and documented substance use among hospitalized adolescents.

METHODS:
We conducted a cross-sectional survey of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years old admitted to two pediatric hospitals between August 2019 and March 2020. Using previously validated questions, we assessed the proportion of adolescents reporting ever, monthly, and weekly use of alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, electronic cigarettes, and other illicit drugs and nonmedical use of prescription medications. We reviewed medical records for substance use documentation.

RESULTS:
Among 306 respondents, 57% were older (16–18 years old), 53% were female, and 55% were of non-Hispanic white race and ethnicity. The most frequently reported substances ever used were alcohol (39%), marijuana (33%), and electronic cigarettes (31%); 104 (34%) respondents reported ever use of &gt;1 substance. Compared with younger adolescents, those aged 16 to 18 years were more likely to report ever use of alcohol (29% vs 46%; P = .002), marijuana (22% vs 41%; P &lt; .001), and ≥2 drugs (26% vs 40%; P = .009). A positive substance use history was rarely documented (11% of records reviewed), and concordance between documented and self-reported substance use was also rare.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this study of hospitalized adolescents, the most commonly reported substances used were alcohol, marijuana, and electronic cigarettes. Positive substance use documentation was rare and often discordant with self-reported substance use. Efforts to improve systematic screening for substance use and interventions for prevention and cessation in hospitalized adolescents are critically needed.