bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
287 Effects of a Novel Rumen-protected Folic Acid Supplement on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Steers
Authors: Deters Erin L , Niedermayer Emma , Genther-Schroeder Olivia N , Blank Christopher , Carmichael Remy , Hartman Sarah , Messersmith Elizabeth M , VanValin Katherine , Branine Mark E , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To assess effects of a novel rumen-protected folic acid (RPFA) supplement, 180 Angus-cross steers (292 ± 18 kg) were blocked by body weight to pens and randomly assigned to dietary treatments (n = 6 pens/treatment): target intake of 0 (CON), 30 (RPFA-30), 60 (RPFA-60), 90 (RPFA-90), 120 (RPFA-120), or 150 (RPFA-150) mg RPFA·steer-1·d-1. Steers were weighed on d -1, 0, 55, 56 (end of growing), 86, 87, 181, and 182. Liver and blood were collected (two steers/pen) before trial initiation and at the end of growing and finishing. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using ProcMixed of SAS (fixed effects of treatment and block; experimental unit of pen). Liver abscess scores were analyzed using ProcGenmod of SAS. Contrast statements evaluated polynomial effects of RPFA and compared CON vs. RPFA-30. At end of growing, RPFA linearly increased plasma folic acid (P &lt; 0.01) and linearly decreased plasma glucose (P = 0.01). Liver folic acid concentrations at end of growing were greatest for CON, RPFA-90, and RPFA-120 (cubic P = 0.01), and growing period (d 0 to 56) average daily gain and gain:feed were greatest for CON and RPFA-120 (cubic P ≤ 0.03). At end of finishing, RPFA linearly increased plasma folic acid concentrations (P &lt; 0.01), and liver folic acid concentrations were lesser for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.04). Severe liver abscess percentage tended to be greater for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.09), while dressing percent was lesser for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.04). Overall (d 0 to 182) carcass-adjusted gain:feed tended to be greater for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.09). Although RPFA increased plasma folic acid concentrations throughout the study, feedlot performance was not improved, possibly due to low vitamin B12 status (plasma &lt; 200 pg/mL) of steers, regardless of treatment.
301 Milk Replacer Biosalt Supplementation for Neonatal Calves
Authors: Casper David P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Neonatal Holstein calves may have limited liver bile production and secretion, which could limit fat digestion and absorption. Eighty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments using a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 1) BS0: Control, no biosalt added to milk replacer; 2) BW1/2: BS fed at 0.175 g/d; 3) BS1: BS fed at 0.35 g/d; and 4) BS2: BS fed at 0.70 g/d. Calves were fed 2x/d at 0630 and 1800 h along with free choice water and a 22% CP mini-pelleted calf starter. The MR was fed at 0.567 kg/d for d 1–14, then increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15–35, and feeding reduced to 1x/d for d 36–42 with weaning after d 42 for the 56 d experimental period. Linear, quadratic and cubic responses were found to be nonsignificant (P &gt; 0.10) body weight (BW), BW gains, average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter intake (DMI). Body weight (59.2, 56.6 58.0 and 58.0 kg for BS0, BS1/2, BS1, and BS2, respectively), BW gains (36.5, 33.1, 33.9, and 34.8 kg), ADG (663.6, 602.0, 616.8, and 633,5 g/d) and DMI (1.25, 1.21, 1.23, and 1.23 kg/d) were similar (P &gt; 0.10) for calves fed all treatments. The number of days (37.4, 38,7, 37.9 and 37.5 d) for calves to achieve 0.90 kg/d CS consumption for 3 consecutive d were similar (P &gt; 0.10) among calves fed all treatments. Feed conversion demonstrated a quadratic response (P &lt; 0.05) with calves fed BS0 demonstrating greater (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversions (0.52, 0.45, 0.49 and 0.50 kg BW gain/kg DMI) compared with calves fed BS1/2 with calves fed BS1 and BS2 being intermediate and similar (P &gt; 0.10). Bile salt supplementation to neonatal Holstein calves fed MR did not enhance growth performance.
300 Effects of Associating Feed Additives on Rumen Ph Dynamics by Feedlot Cattle Fed a High-concentrate Diet
Authors: Niehues Maria B , Perdigão Alexandre , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S , Vasconcellos Guilherme S F M , Tamassia Luis M , Martins Cyntia L L , Millen Danilo D , Arrigoni Mário B B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of feed additives on ruminal pH of finishing cattle fed a 90%-concentrate diet. Twenty four 18-mo Angus-Nellore crossbred bulls (IBW, 456 ± 6,5 kg) were allocated in a completely randomized design to three treatments with eight replicates each, as follows: 1) Control (MON) - Sodium Monensin (26 mg/kg DM, Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health); 2) Crina® RumistarTM (CR) - a blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM) and 3) CR + HyD® (25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 at 1 mg/animal/d, CRD, DSM Nutritional Products). The ruminal pH and temperature was monitored individually for 98 days, using a wireless bolus, (SmaXtec Animal Care, Austria). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS and means comparison evaluated by Tukey test at P&lt; 0.05. During adaptation period (i.e. first 14 days), bulls fed CR and CRD had increased rumen mean pH (6.40 and 6.36 vs. 6.16; P &lt; 0.01) and minimum pH (5.89 and 5.87 vs. 5.57; P &lt; 0.01) than bulls fed MON. In addition, rumen pH from bulls fed CR spent less time below 6.0 than bulls fed MON (256.07 vs. 452.62 min/d; P = 0.05). Regarding the total period, bulls fed MON had lower mean (6.22 vs. 6.51 and 6.42, P &lt; 0.01) and minimum rumen pH (5.60 vs. 5.92 and 5.85, P &lt; 0.01) than bulls fed CR and CRD. Additionally, feeding MON increased time duration of rumen pH (390.79 min/day, P &lt; 0.01) and had a larger area below 6.0 (81.52 min x pH units/day; P &lt; 0.01). Moreover, the addition of monensin increased pH time duration below 5.8 (161.10 vs. 121.13 and 122.56 min/day; P = 0.02) compared with CR and CRD, and increased ruminal temperature (39.60 vs. 39.51 and 39.5 °C; P &lt; 0.01). We conclude that feeding Crina® RumistarTM and Crina® RumistarTM HyD® increased the rumen pH of bulls.
299 Combination of Essential Oils, α-amylase and 25-hydroxy-vitamin-d3 Increases Carcass Production by feedlot Cattle
Authors: Niehues Maria B , Correa Hugo L , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Perdigão Alexandre , Acedo Tiago S , Tamassia Luis M , Martins Cyntia L L , Arrigoni Mário B B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of associating feed additives on feedlot performance of Nellore bulls. One hundred and sixtieth Nellore bulls (iBW, 380± 5.8 kg; age, 18 mo) were allocated in 20 pens (n = 8/pen), in a completely randomized block design, according to the treatments: 1) MON+VM - Sodium Monensin (MON, 25 mg/kg DM, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN), + Virginiamycin (VM, 30 mg/kg DM, Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, São Paulo), and 2) CRD - Crina® RumistarTM + HyD® - a blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM + 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 at 1 mg/animal/d (DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland). The initial BW was utilized as a criterion for block formation. Pens were considered experimental units (10 pens per treatment). Animals were adapted to the diets during 14 days with gradually increasing concentrate level from 70% to 86% of diet DM, and fed for 90 days. Weight assessments were performed at day 0 and 90 after 14h fasting. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and means were separated using the PDIFF statement, adopting P &lt; 0.05. Feeding CRD increased the DMI (12.13 kg vs. 10.52 kg, P &lt; 0.01), ADG (1.86 vs. 1.63 kg/d, P &lt; 0.01) and final BW (542 vs. 521 kg, P &lt; 0.01) compared to animals fed MON+VM. In addition, feeding CRD increased final HCW in 15 kg (311 vs. 296 kg; P &lt; 0.01), carcass ADG in 0,16 kg/d (1.31 vs. 1.15 kg/d; P &lt; 0.01) and dressing percentage in 0.48 percent points (57.34 vs. 56.86%; P &lt; 0.01) compared to MON+VM. The G:F (0.155, P = 0.53) and biological efficiency (137.9 kg DM/15 kg carcass, P = 0.87) were similar among treatments. Therefore, the inclusion of Crina® RumistarTM +HyD® can be used as a tool to increase carcass gain of feedlot finishing cattle.
309 Nutrient Digestibility of Beef Steers Consuming Finishing Diets with an Added Nutritional Packet
Authors: Tonelli Nardi Kaue T , Onorino Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren D , Ciriaco Francine M , Huerta-Leidenz Nelson O , Osorio Andrea M , Fávero Igor Gomes , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Rush Camron J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The effects of a nutritional packet fed to beef steers during the final 64 d of the feedlot finishing phase on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility were evaluated. Angus-crossbred steers (n =120; initial BW = 544 ± 52 kg) were assigned to 30 pens (4 steers/pen; 15 pens/treatment; pen = experimental unit) in a randomized complete block design. A steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet was fed ad libitum and treatments applied as follows: 1) control and 2) 30 g/steer-daily (DM-basis) of the nutritional packet [containing live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g), vitamin C (5.4 g/kg), vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg), NaCl (80 g/kg) and KCl (80 g/kg)]. The nutritional packet used ground corn as a carrier and was included at 1% of diet DM. Orts were quantified daily (if any) and subtracted from the total dietary DM offered to calculate DM intake. Fecal samples were collected twice daily (0700 and 1700 h) for 5 consecutive days (d 47 to 51) from at least 3 steers within pen. Feed samples were collected daily at time of feeding (0630 h). Fecal and feed samples were composited to represent the collection period, dried (55oC), ground (1 mm), and analyzed to assess DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose. In situ (288 h) iNDF was used as an internal marker to measure apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Intake of DM, OM, and fiber components during the digestibility period was not affected (P ≥ 0.44) by treatment. Steers fed the nutritional packet had increased apparent total tract digestibility of OM (P = 0.02), DM (P = 0.01), NDF (P = 0.02), ADF (P = 0.01), and hemicellulose (P = 0.08; tendency). Improved nutrient digestibility without affecting nutrient intake may warrant an enhanced energy deposition in the carcass.
323 Effect of an Acidogenic Diet with Phytogenic Supplementation on in Situ Degradability of Corn and Wheat Grain, and Grass Silage in Dairy Cows
Authors: Rivera-Chacon Raul , Ricci Sara , Reisinger Nicole , Zebeli Qendrim , Castillo-Lopez Ezequias 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Modern dairy production systems require larger inputs of energy in diets to increase milk yield. Therefore, dairy cows are at risk of experiencing subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). The objective of this study was to evaluate grains and forage rumen degradability in cows fed different diets supplemented with a phytogenic (PHY) feed additive. The experiment was conducted with nine rumen-cannulated non-lactating Holstein cows blocked in two groups of four and five animals, and were part of a cross-over design. This study consisted in 2 runs separated by a 12-week washout period, in which cows grazed on pasture. Each experimental run had one week of forage (F) feeding, one week of transition to a high grain (HG) diet, and four weeks of HG (65:35 concentrate to forage ratio in dry matter basis). Cows were supplemented with PHY (a blend of menthol and thymol) or a control carrier (CON) from week F. Corn and wheat grain were ground through a 4 mm screen, while grass silage was ground through a 6 mm screen. Sampling for in situ degradability was performed in F and in week four of HG diet. Data were analyzed with SAS with week of feeding and supplementation as fixed effects and cow as random effect. Corn and wheat 24-h dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) degradability increased during HG diet compared with F (P &lt; 0.05), grass silage DM and OM 48-h degradability was reduced by HG diet compared to F (P &lt; 0.01). Additionally, wheat grain 24-h OM degradability was higher for PHY compared to CON under F and HG diet conditions (P = 0.05). Overall, diet composition and SARA conditions can influence grains and fiber degradability in the rumen.
505 Late-Breaking: Ruminal Microbiota, Inflammation Cytokines, and Performance of High-yield Dairy Cows Supplemented with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Culture
Authors: Sun Xiaoge , Zhang Shu , Wang Erdan , Lu Na , Wang Wei , Li Shengli 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Dramatic increases in milk yields in recent decades have created challenges in terms of rumen pH and microbial health which ultimately impact dairy cow health. The objective of this study was to assess the effects on ruminal pH, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA), microbiota, inflammation, and performance of high-yield dairy cows by supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture (SC). Forty Holstein cows were divided into two groups based on their milk yield, days of milk, and parity fed the same basal ration diet that did or did not contain 100 g of SC /cow per day. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were recorded each day. Rumen fluid and milk samples were collected after 2 hours of morning feeding at intervals of 15 days during the experiment period. The data showed that rumen pH was increased by 0.19 (P = 0.09) when SC was supplemented than no SC was provided. SC-supplemented cow consumed 0.28 kg (P &lt; 0.05) extra DM/d. Those supplemented with SC produced 1.36 kg (P &lt; 0.05) more milk/cow per day than did non-supplemented cows. Milk fat percentage was higher (4.11 vs. 3.96%) for cows receiving SC. There were no differences in milk protein percentage. Rumen fluid VFA concentration was not statistically affected by SC but was numerically higher acetic and lower propionic for supplemented cows. The blood of the SC group with lower inflammation cytokines and somatic cell count (SCC). SC-supplemented cows had a greater relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, Succinivibrionaceae, Fibrobacteraceae, Lactobacillaceae, and lower relative abundance of Spirochaetaceae, Methanobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae than the unsupplemented cows. It had greater functions on xylanolysis, fermentation, cellulolysis in the rumen in terms of the KEGG function prediction analysis. This study demonstrated that high-yield lactation cows receiving supplemental SC produced more milk and potentially reduced the inflammation and enhanced rumen cellulolysis bacteria growth.
331 Effects of Dried Distillers’ Grains Cube Supplementation Rate on Voluntary Intake and Digestibility of Bermudagrass Hay Fed to Growing Heifers
Authors: Adams Jordan , Robe Jeff , Grigsby Zane N , Rathert Abigail R , Uzee Nick , Major Mike , Lalman David , Beck Paul A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate supplementation rates of dried distillers’ grains cubes (DDGS) on voluntary intake (DMI), rate and extent of digestibility, and blood parameters of growing Charolais-cross heifers (BW = 286 ± 28.9 kg) fed ad libitum bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay. For the 29-d study, heifers were randomly assigned to one of four supplementation treatments: 1) Control, no supplement (n = 6); 2) Low, supplemented 0.90 kg/d (n = 6); 3) Intermediate, supplemented 1.81 kg/d (n = 5); or 4) High, supplemented 3.62 kg/d (n = 6). Heifers were offered supplement each morning in individual stalls. From d 15 to 25, heifers were dosed twice daily with titanium dioxide in gelatin capsules (10 g/d), and fecal samples were collected via rectum at time of dosing from d 22 to 25 to estimate fecal output. Post-dosing, fecal sampling continued over 96-h from d 25 to 29 to determine passage rate (Kp) via titanium dioxide analysis. Blood was collected from each animal on d 26 via jugular venipuncture before supplementation, and 4 and 8-h post-supplementation for analysis of blood urea N (BUN), lactate, and glucose. Samples of feces, hay, and supplement were incubated in rumen-cannulated Holstein steers (n = 4; BW = 281 ± 29.5 kg) for 576-h to estimate digestibility with indigestible neutral detergent fiber as an internal marker. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the mixed procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc. Cary NC), with treatment least-squares means separated using orthogonal polynomial contrasts. Increasing DDGS linearly (P &lt; 0.01) decreased forage DMI linearly, but linearly increased Kp, total diet DMI, and total diet digestibility. Linear increases (P ≤ 0.02) in glucose, lactate, and BUN were likewise observed with increasing DDGS. Increasing DDGS supplementation to growing calves consuming bermudagrass hay may increase productivity while reducing forage intake.
336 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in 2020 US Pasture Grasses and Harvested Hay Feed Ingredients
Authors: Schwandt Erin , Gott Paige N , Ramirez Shelby M , Hofstetter Ursula , Murugesan Raj 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites which limit animal health and performance through various negative effects such as reduced feed intake, diarrhea, and compromised immune and reproductive function. These metabolites are found in a variety of feedstuffs worldwide. This study monitored mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels in fresh pasture grasses and harvested dry hay from across the US. Samples were screened for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A via LC-MS/MS. Samples that were above the limit of detection for each mycotoxin group were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) to test the effect of harvest year on average contamination level. Results are presented in Table 1. Zearalenone and B-Trich contamination prevalence for fresh grass samples was lower in 2020 compared to the previous two years. A-Trich tested positive in 34% of samples which was greater in 2020 compared to 2018 and 2019. Mean concentration levels (parts per billion, ppb) for B-Trich, ZEN, A-Trich were not different in 2020 compared to the previous two years. Prevalence of mycotoxin contamination for dry harvested hay samples for B-Trich and ZEN decreased in 2020 compared to the previous two years, but 64 and 28% of samples tested positive, respectively. A-Trich prevalence was greater than the last two years and resulted in 17% of samples testing positive compared to 0 and 6% in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Mean B-Trich levels in 2020 were similar to levels seen in 2018 and lower than 2019 (P = 0.005). Mean ZEN and A-Trich concentration levels averaged 1,612 ppb and 796 ppb, respectively. Mycotoxin analysis of pasture grasses and harvested hay forages is warranted to identify potential sources of mycotoxin contamination in ruminant diets.
340 Relationship of Retained Energy in Lactating Beef Cows to Maintenance Energy Requirement and voluntary Feed Intake
Authors: Briggs Emma A , Anderson Claire , Holder Amanda , Gross Megan A , Lalman David 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study’s objective was to determine the relationship between retained energy, lactation maintenance energy requirement (MER), and dry period voluntary feed intake (VOL) in beef cows. Twenty-four mature fall-calving Angus cows were used in an 82-d study during lactation to establish maintenance energy requirements followed by a voluntary feed intake study after weaning. During the lactation MER experiment, cows were housed in 2 drylot pens and limit-fed a mixed hay/concentrate diet (17.8% CP, 2.6 Mcal/kg ME, DM basis) individually once per d in a stall barn. Cows were adapted to the diet and feeding management for the first 16 d. Subsequently, cows were weighed and feed allowance adjusted at 14-d intervals to achieve BW and BCS stasis. Milk yield and composition were determined on d – 10, 49, and 77 using a milking machine. Retained energy was calculated as average daily maternal tissue energy change plus average daily milk energy yield. During the post-weaning VOL experiment, cows were provided ad libitum access to a grass hay diet for 41 d (8.15% CP, 1.8 Mcal/kg ME, DM basis) using five individual feed intake monitoring units (SmartFeed, C-Lock, Inc). Each one unit increase in metabolizable energy intake, kcal/kg BW0.75 was associated with a 0.86 ± 0.28 kcal/kg BW0.75 increase in total retained energy (P = 0.005). Using this partial efficiency coefficient, ME required for maintenance declined by 0.80 ± 0.11 kcal ME/kg BW0.75 for each additional kcal net energy retained/kg BW0.75 (P &lt; 0.0001). There was no relationship between lactation-period retained energy and post-weaning VOL forage dry matter intake. The present study results contradict previous reports suggesting that maintenance requirements increase with increasing productivity.
351 Awardee Talk: Advances in Animal Nutrition Research
Authors: Harmon David L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The major focus of animal nutrition studies is the efficient production of meat, milk, and eggs. Much has changed in animal nutrition over the past forty years that have facilitated these improvements in efficiencies. While advances in technologies have been quantum and research methodologies have improved yet there remains a need for traditional methodologies. Feed intake, growth rate, and feed efficiency still define success. Nutrient balance and digestibility studies, which originated in the 1800s, provide much-needed information regarding the value of feedstuffs. Bioassays are still needed to ascertain the requirements of each nutrient as these are ever-changing because animals are ever-changing. Genetic improvement dictates that requirements be continually reassessed and refined. Technologies that impact animal production, e.g. growth promotants, ionophores, repartitioning agents, hormones, nutraceuticals, etc. may all impact these requirements and should be considered. The challenge for the next generation of researchers will be to interface the technologies, genomic tools, and traditional approaches to provide targeted nutritional strategies tailored for individual genetic potential. Researchers must have a broader grasp of all the available tools if we ever hope to fully implement technologies and interface these with new knowledge to provide optimal nutrition. Changes in consumer preferences will continue to provide new challenges that must be met by research from a continually decreasing pool of researchers. This too will necessitate broader skill sets and increased multi-disciplinary support. The next 40 years will bring even greater changes and challenges. Animal agriculture must continue to improve. A goal of increased efficiency will not be enough. We must improve on every aspect of health, well-being, and perception. Nutrition research will be a component of these improvements but improving technologies will permit the evaluation of much more. Consumers will demand an optimum existence be demonstrated for each animal.