bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Good and Evil
Authors: Reginster Bernard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Nietzsche’s genealogical account of the concepts “good and evil.” I suggest that the introduction of this conceptual pair involves two fundamental innovations, both of which motivated by ressentiment: a normative concept of equality, or the idea that all human beings have equal worth; and a certain conception of moral agency, centered around the possession of freedom of will, which underwrite a descriptive concept of equality, or the idea that all moral agents are not only subject to the new evaluative categories, but also may be expected to comply with them. I also examine the sense in which the invention of Christian morality constitutes an imaginary revenge, and argue that this indicates a change in the very character of the revenge, rather than an ordinary act of revenge that is merely imagined. I conclude with a discussion of the manner in which self-deception is involved in this imaginary revenge.
Guilt and Punishment
Authors: Reginster Bernard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the genealogical account of guilt and punishment. I argue that Nietzsche’s focus on the relation between guilt and indebtedness is highly significant: it allows one to understand how punishment (or penance) can expunge guilt, by constituting an alternative way of repaying a debt. I argue that Nietzsche analyses guilt as a loss of self-esteem that accompanies the failure to keep faith with one’s commitments (understood as promises), rather than as a fear of the painful consequences incurred for breaking them. I then turn to his analysis of “bad conscience,” or conscience that speaks in a primarily admonishing and critical voice. Nietzsche locates its origin in the adoption of “negative ideals,” or ideals of self-denial or self-mastery, motivated by the ressentiment aroused by the constraints of socialization. The combination of these two trends then produces the concept of “guilt before God.”
The Encounter (Postcard)
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses an early twentieth-century postcard of Dante’s first encounter with Beatrice to examine how Dante exalts her. While both medieval and modern critics have recognized that Dante gives Beatrice a historical and allegorical significance, this chapter shows how he accomplishes this union through a remarkable quotation of Homer that Aristotle transmitted to the medieval world. Although the significance of this passage has been largely overlooked, it constitutes Dante’s core belief that men can participate in divinity, an idea that he expresses through quotation of the same passage in his later works, such as the Convivio and the Inferno. An exploration of multiple medieval sources for this quotation highlights how Dante transforms the Homeric passage. Whereas Homer’s deification referred to the heroic Hector, Dante celebrates a woman. The last section shows how Dante’s divinized woman informed the works of surrealists from Nerval and Breton to Pamuk.
The Dream (Film)
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with a scene from the 2001 film Hannibal, where the recitation of Dante’s first poem from the Vita nuova plays a crucial part in elaborating the main character’s cannibalism, and a passage from Luciano Berio and Edoardo Sanguineri’s polyphonic setting of Dante’s dream in their musical work Laborintus II. Arguing that these popular adaptations bring into focus Dante’s distinctive mixing of horror and humor, this chapter uses the cannibalist theme to understand Dante’s relationship with his first friend Guido Cavalcanti. Drawing on the idea of cultural cannibalism developed in the Brazilian Antropófago movement, which was itself deeply informed by Dante, the chapter explores the significance of Dante’s relationship with Cavalcanti by exploring the different ways scribes and editors have presented their poems on the page. This inquiry also addresses larger transformations of Dante’s book such as the tendency to reduce it to its poetic components alone following the model of Petrarch.
The Mouth (Marginal Gloss)
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter is the first of three in Part Two: ‘Glossing Beatrice’, each of which considers Dante’s so-called ‘divisions’, the prose portions in which he describes the different parts of his poetic compositions. Although both medieval and modern critics have dismissed this textual component, these chapters highlight their important hermeneutic, institutional, and narrative functions in the work. This chapter investigates several minor textual interventions in Dante’s text that have major implications, including the editorial modification of ‘viso’ (face) into ‘riso’ (smile) in the canzone Donne ch’avete intelletto d’amore that is motivated by a desire to make the poem align with Dante’s discussion of it in the division. This emendation introduces the issue of Beatrice’s embodiment and the place of Dante’s carnal desires in his exaltation of her, a theme that radiates throughout the tradition in adaptations of Dante’s poem from Petrarch to Pascoli, D’Annunzio, and Mandelstam. The final section examines Dante’s return to the poem in Purgatorio 24, where the significant variant ‘chiodo’ (nail) may reflect the novelty of Dante’s use of the book form to express his love for Beatrice.
The New Homer (Ultraviolet Colophon)
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with Boccaccio’s portrait of Dante as Homer in an image now visible only under ultraviolet light in the last pages of his first manuscript collection of Dante’s vernacular works. This visual image reflects Boccaccio’s dedication to celebrating Dante as the new Homer, who establishes the foundations of the new vernacular tradition by putting his lyric in the tradition of classical texts—a move Dante justifies by including the ‘divisions’ to show the sophistication of his poems. Examining Dante’s reprisals of this argument in the De vulgari eloquentia and the Commedia, this chapter concludes by discussing several later authors who gave Dante the status as the new Homer in their attempts to vindicate new cultural initiatives, including Vico, Shelley, Emerson, Joyce, Walcott, Rodó, Vargas Llosa, and Ngũgĩ.
Reformation, Resistance, and Reason of State (1517-1625)
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The period 1517–1625 was crucial for the development of political thought. During this time of expanding empires, religious upheaval, and social change, new ideas about the organization and purpose of human communities began to be debated. In particular, there was a concern to understand the political or civil community as bounded, limited in geographical terms and with its own particular structures, characteristics, and history. There was also a growing focus, in the wake of the Reformation, on civil or political authority as distinct from the church or religious authority. To explain these new ideas about political power, the concept of sovereignty began to be used, alongside a new language of reason of state. Yet political theories based upon religion still maintained significant traction, particularly claims for the divine right of kings. In the midst of these developments, the language of natural law became increasingly important as a means of legitimizing political power; natural law provided a rationale for earthly authority that was separate from Christianity and its use enabled new arguments for religious toleration. This book offers a new reading of early modern political thought, drawing on a wide range of sources from Europe and beyond. It makes connections between Christian Europe and the Muslim societies that lay to its south and east, showing the extent to which concerns about the legitimacy of political power were shared. It demonstrates that the history of political thought can both benefit from, and remain distinctive within, the wider field of intellectual history.
Introduction
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The introduction sets out the main themes of the book and the approach taken. It characterizes political thought as the analysis and examination of how earthly communities flourish, as distinct from other kinds of communities like churches or households. It argues that although the period began with the consolidation of large empires, there was a growing concern to understand and to defend local or regional political communities, and that these developments were shaped by social and economic change. It emphasizes the need to see the political ideas and aspirations of early modern people within the context of their other desires and aspirations, and the context of their specific historical situations. It shows how the approach taken in this book builds upon the existing work of scholars and historians. It also sets out the distinctive features of the book: the inclusion of lands beyond Europe, the emphasis on natural law, and the relationship between political thought and social change.
Empires and Cities—Political Thought in an Age of Expansion
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In 1519 Charles V became the most powerful figure Europe had seen for generations, ruling over a vast collection of lands which stretched from the Iberian coast to the Baltic Sea. To the East, however, the position of the Ottoman sultan Selim I was no less auspicious. Not only had he amassed a large territory through conquest and force of arms, but he had established himself as Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. Both men seemed blessed by their respective Gods and charged with authority both political and religious. Their empires would exert a powerful hold over the early modern imagination, as people wrestled with the intellectual as well as the practical implications of imperial rule. Across these lands, the concept of empire was challenged as well as defended, using Roman law, humanism, and religious ideas. Desiderius Erasmus combined classical ideas with Christianity to offer a new mirror for princes, while Niccolò Machiavelli drew on the heritage of ancient Rome to defend a vision of civic virtù. Meanwhile, the Ottoman sultans encouraged the development of an expansive imperial ideology in which the sultan was portrayed as divinely favoured.
The Word of God and the End of Politics
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
One of the most radical aspects of Reformation theology was the way it dissolved existing distinctions between natural and spiritual, temporal and ecclesiastical, even between individual virtue and the common good. These distinctions had been crucial to the articulation of a sphere of political thought in the opening years of the sixteenth century. Protestant political thought had a distinctive character because the Reformers tended to reject the idea that politics could be a separate discipline, geared towards temporal or natural flourishing. Protestants were not uninterested in the mechanisms by which human communities could be defended or preserved, but they analysed those mechanisms in the light of their wider theological agenda. The Reformation movement soon splintered into a number of different churches and groups, but most of these groups shared the same commitment to magistracy as an instrument of God, legitimate and authoritative insofar as it followed God’s law. This chapter focuses primarily on the political thought of figures associated with the larger Protestant groups, especially Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon in Germany, and Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin in the Swiss cantons. It outlines the theories of resistance developed as Protestantism came under threat and shows how these reflected and developed Reformation principles.
Sovereignty and Reason of State
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the wake of the upheavals of the 1560s, new ideas about strengthening the power of rulers began to emerge. The central concept was sovereignty, first brought to public attention by the French jurist and lawyer Jean Bodin. Bodin wanted to defend the sovereign against external and internal threats, anchoring its power in divine and natural law but also giving him (or it) considerable scope for discretion. This chapter explores the origins and implications of this new interest in sovereignty, showing how it focused attention on the power of the ruler in relation to other sources of authority, notably the Church and the conscience of individuals. At Rome, Cardinal Bellarmine argued for the limits of state authority and for the indirect power of the papacy over magistrates, but other Catholics took different approaches. In particular, Giovanni Botero’s The Reason of State offered an approach to statecraft in which Church and state worked together. Meanwhile, in the Netherlands Justus Lipsius wove together classical texts, especially Tacitus, offering a route to stability and unity in a time of conflict; he acknowledged that conventional morality was sometimes inappropriate for a statesman who would need to adapt to the times. In France, Michel de Montaigne’s ground-breaking Essays combined personal reflection with subtle commentary on the world around him, as he sought to preserve his own integrity and maintain stability within his local community.
The Limits of Obedience
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The murder of Henry III in 1589 plunged France further into crisis, raising questions not only of succession but also of the limits of royal power and the legitimacy of resistance. Leading figures in the French Catholic League, along with the Spanish Jesuit Juan de Mariana, defended this act of tyrannicide. Meanwhile, the ageing English queen Elizabeth I was still childless, and anxiety about the succession was exacerbated by Catholic writers, notably Robert Parsons. In these debates, appeal was made once more to the idea of ‘the people’, but now the role of clergy, kings and magistrates in transforming a multitude into a people was examined more explicitly. In response, James VI of Scotland began to defend ‘free monarchy’ and the divine right of kings; while the jurist William Barclay defended monarchy against those he called ‘monarchomachs’—Catholic and Protestant advocates of resistance. The Venetian Interdict and James’s Oath of Allegiance brought into focus the question of where sovereignty lay and the relationship between Church and state. In this context, the Jesuit Francisco Suarez offered a series of texts which not only reaffirmed papal indirect power but were also designed to make sense of the Christian’s relationship to the civil and ecclesiastical authorities and to provide effective, authoritative counsel for Christian souls.
Sexual consent norms in a cross-sectional national sample of the UK
Authors: Willis Malachi , Marcantonio Tiffany L 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundSexual assault is a pervasive problem in the UK, and young women are disproportionately affected. We sought to provide an initial account of sexual consent norms in the UK and whether they differ by gender and age.MethodThe present study was a secondary analysis of data collected by the Family Planning Association, which conducted an online survey (N = 2003) to assess experiences with, knowledge of, and attitudes toward consent. The sample represented all regions of the UK and spanned ages 14–55.ResultsDefinitions of sexual consent endorsed by women and older age groups more closely aligned with the tenets of affirmative consent compared with men and younger age groups. Women and older age groups were also more likely to perceive that various nonverbal cues may be used to interpret sexual consent or refusal and were more supportive of people being able to withdraw their sexual consent.ConclusionMaladaptive sexual consent norms seemed to be prevalent among men and young people in the UK, which may contribute to young women’s elevated risk of experiencing sexual assault. Our findings support the UK’s recent relationships and sex education curriculum that actively promotes healthy sexual consent norms.
International Spillovers and Local Credit Cycles
Authors: di Giovanni Julian , Kalemli-Özcan Şebnem , Ulu Mehmet Fatih , Baskaya Yusuf Soner 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article studies the transmission of the Global Financial Cycle (GFC) to domestic credit market conditions in a large emerging market, Turkey, over 2003–13. We use administrative data covering the universe of corporate credit transactions matched to bank balance sheets to document four facts: (1) an easing in global financial conditions leads to lower borrowing costs and an increase in local lending; (2) domestic banks more exposed to international capital markets transmit the GFC locally; (3) the fall in local currency borrowing costs is larger than foreign currency borrowing costs due to the co-movement of the uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) premium with the GFC over time; (4) data on posted collateral for new loan issuances show that collateral constraints do not relax during the boom phase of the GFC.
Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia, Brain Structure, and Environmental Risk in UK Biobank
Authors: Zhu Xingxing , Ward Joey , Cullen Breda , Lyall Donald M , Strawbridge Rona J , Smith Daniel J , Lyall Laura M 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSchizophrenia is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by neuroanatomical changes in the brain, but exactly how increased genetic burden for schizophrenia influences brain structure is unknown. Similarly, how environmental risk factors for schizophrenia impact brain structure is not fully understood. Here we investigated how genetic burden for schizophrenia (indexed by a polygenic risk score, PRS-SCZ) was associated with cortical thickness (CT), surface area (SA), cortical volume (CV), and subcortical structures within 18 088 White British ancestry participants with derived brain phenotypes from UK Biobank. We also explored whether environmental risk factors for schizophrenia (childhood trauma, cannabis use, birth weight, season of birth, and Townsend social deprivation index) exacerbated the impact of PRS-SCZ on brain structure. We found that PRS-SCZ was associated with lower CT in the frontal lobe, insula lobe, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and inferior frontal cortex, and reduced SA and CV in the supramarginal and superior temporal cortex, but not with subcortical volumes. When models included environmental risk factors as covariates, PRS-SCZ was only associated with lower SA/CV within the supramarginal cortex, superior temporal cortex, and inferior frontal cortex. Moreover, no interactions were observed between PRS-SCZ and each of the environmental risk factors on brain structure. Overall, we identified brain structural correlates of PRS-SCZ predominantly within frontal and temporal regions and some of these associations were independent of environmental risk factors, suggesting that they may represent vulnerable biomarkers of genetic risk for schizophrenia. Future research is warranted to establish these associations beyond older White British individuals.
Medical cannabis and cannabinoids for impaired sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: AminiLari Mahmood , Wang Li , Neumark Samuel , Adli Taranah , Couban Rachel J , Giangregorio Aidan , Carney Colleen E , Busse Jason W 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesWe conducted a systematic review to explore the effectiveness of medical cannabis for impaired sleep.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and PsychINFO to January 2021 for randomized trials of medical cannabis or cannabinoids for impaired sleep vs. any non-cannabis control. When possible, we pooled effect estimates for all patient-important sleep-related outcomes and used the GRADE approach to appraise the certainty of evidence.ResultsThirty-nine trials (5100 patients) were eligible for review, of which 38 evaluated oral cannabinoids and 1 administered inhaled cannabis. The median follow-up was 35 days, and most trials (33 of 39) enrolled patients living with chronic cancer or noncancer chronic pain. Among patients with chronic pain, moderate certainty evidence found that medical cannabis probably results in a small improvement in sleep quality versus placebo (modeled risk difference [RD] for achieving the minimally important difference [MID], 8% [95% CI, 3 to 12]). Moderate to high certainty evidence shows that medical cannabis vs. placebo results in a small improvement in sleep disturbance for chronic non-cancer pain (modeled RD for achieving the MID, 19% [95% CI, 11 to 28]) and a very small improvement in sleep disturbance for chronic cancer pain (weighted mean difference of –0.19 cm [95%CI, –0.36 to –0.03 cm]; interaction p = .03). Moderate to high certainty evidence shows medical cannabis, versus placebo, results in a substantial increase in the risk of dizziness (RD 29% [95%CI, 16 to 50], for trials with ≥3 months follow-up), and a small increase in the risk of somnolence, dry mouth, fatigue, and nausea (RDs ranged from 6% to 10%).ConclusionMedical cannabis and cannabinoids may improve impaired sleep among people living with chronic pain, but the magnitude of benefit is likely small.
The Value of Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy, and Continence: A Systematic Review
Authors: Heerschap Corey , Duff Victoria 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To critically appraise peer-reviewed evidence concerning the value, or implied sense of worth or benefit, of nurses specialized in wound, ostomy, and continence (WOC) care.

DATA SOURCES
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses was used to systematically review current literature in a single database from 2009 to the date of search (July 2019).

STUDY SELECTION
The initial search retrieved 2,340 elements; 10 studies were retained following removal of duplicate records, title and abstract reviews, and application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria.

DATA EXTRACTION
Literature was graded and critiqued with regard to design and research quality and then synthesized using a narrative approach.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Nine values that WOC nurses demonstrate were identified: improved quality of life for patients, teaching and mentoring, cost reduction, improved efficiency, improved wound outcomes, improved incontinence outcomes, advanced treatments, research, and leadership.

CONCLUSIONS
Although current studies suggest that there is value in the WOC nurse role, in all areas of the trispecialty, there is a need for high-quality literature with higher-level designs focused on bias reduction.