bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Devising a procedure for justifying the choice of reconnaissance-firing systems
Authors: Maistrenko Oleksandr , Khoma Vitalii , Karavanov Oleksandr , Stetsiv Stanislav , Shcherba Andrii 
Published: March 2021

This paper reports a study into the special features of military (combat) activities at the present stage of military art development. The purpose was to subsequently define the basic requirements for reconnaissance-firing systems. The features under consideration are a rapid change in the situation, competition with an enemy for winning in time, accuracy, maneuverability, secrecy. They also involve a large amount of data that must be operated when deciding on combat use (hostilities). Other attributes of modern military (combat) activities are the consistency of operations and a clear structure of subordination; independence in maintenance and positioning. These data are useful and important because they make it possible to reasonably define the requirements for reconnaissance-firing systems.
This paper has defined those requirements for reconnaissance-firing systems and such criteria for their selection that are predetermined by the specificity of military (combat) activities. The most important selection criteria include efficiency, accuracy, secrecy, robustness.
Several actual reconnaissance-firing systems have been analyzed in order to demonstrate the use of the methodology. Specifically, «Kropyva» (Ukraine), «ArtOS» (Ukraine), «Obolon-A» (Ukraine), «Sokil» (Poland, Ukraine).
A procedure for justifying the choice of reconnaissance-firing systems has been devised, taking into consideration the conditions of military (combat) activities, based on the method involving an analytic hierarchy process. A given procedure substantiates those selection criteria that were determined on the basis of patterns in modern military activities.
From a practical point of view, the proposed methodology makes it possible to significantly reduce the time for planning an operation and considerably improve the validity of decisions by a commander (chief) regarding the choice of a reconnaissance-firing system and its further use in combat activities.
Development of a device for cleansing cow udder teats and testing it under industrial conditions
Authors: Paliy Andriy , Aliiev Elchyn , Paliy Anatoliy , Ishchenko Katerina , Shkromada Oksana , Musiienko Yurii , Plyuta Larysa , Chekan Oleksandr , Dubin Ruslan , Mohutova Valentyna 
Published: March 2021

Preparing cows for milking is one of the most important operations. Not only the speed of milk production but also the quality of milk depends on the level of the work performed.
One of the most effective ways to mechanize the preparation of cows for milking implies the development of a special mechanical brush that cleans and stimulates the teat skin. As a result, there is no need to use additional foam detergents and napkins to cleanse and disinfect teats.
A device has been designed for cleansing teats with two rotating brushes.
Theoretical studies of the interaction of cleansing elements of the device for mechanical removal of pollutants from the udder teats in the course of milking operation were carried out. Assuming constancy of the modulus of elasticity, shape and roughness of teats, linear and angular velocities of brushes, nap stiffness, and homogeneity of physical and mechanical properties of contaminants on the teat, dependence of force Fe of the mechanical device on length l of the cleansing element and its speed ω was established. Under the condition that force Fe of the mechanical device is smaller than force Fp which causes pain but greater than the force retaining pollutants (adhesion), values of the main design and technological parameters of the developed device were determined: l=8 mm, ω=106 rpm.
As a result of production tests, it was found that when using the developed device, the daily milk yield of the experimental group of cows exceeded that of the control group by an average of 1.1 times which has made it possible to obtain a supplement of 132.5 kg of milk. Along with this, there was a 0.19 % increase in milk fat content in the experimental group compared to the control group. The number of microorganisms decreased 2.2 times and the number of contaminant particles decreased 4.6 times
Devising an express method for estimating the quality of colostrum and its components based on electrical conductivity
Authors: Kozheshkurt Valentyn , Ivanov Ievgen , Antonenko Yevhenii , Katrich Victor , Bozhkov Anatoly , Gromovoy Taras 
Published: March 2021

This paper reports the development of an express method for assessing the quality of biologically active substances derived from colostrum. We tested the hypothesis that there may be a dependence between the amount of protein that is part of the colostrum and its characteristic (a difference in molecular masses) and electrical conductivity.
It has been shown that the colostrum contains several hundred proteins: it depends on the individual characteristics of cattle. The removal of lipids was accompanied by an increase in electrical conductivity from 5 % to 18 % compared to the whole colostrum while the subsequent removal of high-molecular proteins increased the electrical conductivity by 50‒100 % compared to skimmed colostrum: this depends on the individual characteristics of cattle. Such an individual feature of the colostrum composition reflects the uniqueness of the individual animal's metabolism. A mathematical model has been built for the dependence of the content of charged molecules in the solution of proteins on the molecular mass of proteins, which explains the relationship between electrical conductivity and the molecular mass of proteins.
It was shown that there is a direct correlation between the colostrum electroconductivity and the temperature in a measuring cell in the range of temperatures from 14 °C to 19 °C. The electrical conductivity of colostrum components increased by no more than 20 % during storage (at a temperature of 3‒4 °C) up to 18 days, which is associated with protein degradation The electrical conduction method could be used to assess the colostrum composition during storage.
Technology for obtaining different colostrum components (skimmed fraction and a fraction of low-molecular components) has been devised, as well as a method for assessing the quality of products based on the characteristics of electrical conductivity.
Electrical conductivity is a promising method for assessing the quality of products that are derived from colostrum, at different shelf life at different stages of production: raw materials, fat removal, obtaining a fraction with a predefined composition of proteins
Reducing the intensity of thermal radiation at the sublayer extinguishing of alcohols by ecologically acceptable aerosols
Authors: Balanyuk Volodymyr , Kravchenko Anton , Harasymyuk Oleksandr 
Published: March 2021

This paper has theoretically substantiated and experimentally established the intensity of thermal radiation at burning and sublayer extinguishing of alcohols with environmentally acceptable aerosols.
An installation has been improved that determines the effectiveness of sublayer extinguishing with fire-extinguishing aerosols; a procedure that has been devised for determining the intensity of thermal radiation implies equipping it with an additional heat flow meter HFM–01 at a distance of 30 and 60 mm.
The task to establish the intensity of thermal radiation when burning alcohols and its impact on the process of sublayer extinguishing of alcohols with aerosols has been solved. The dependence of sublayer extinguishing efficiency on thermal radiation implies that the fire extinguishing aerosol completely shields the surface of the combustible liquid against its action.
The result of this study has established that the intensity of thermal radiation at a distance of 60 and 30 mm from the surface of an alcohol flame with an area of 234 cm2 ranges from 0.8 to 4.7 kW/m2; the intensity of burning and, accordingly, radiation, maximizes on seconds 30‒40 of burning.
It has been found that the intensity of thermal radiation for ethanol decreases with the addition of an aerosol with an intensity of up to 0.2 g/s, and decreases even more at the intensity of supply from 1.2 g/s. With a further increase in the intensity of aerosol supply, the radiation intensity begins to decrease, probably due to a decrease in the rate of combustion. In this case, the flame first decreases in size up to 2 times, and then, after 2‒3 seconds, it goes out. The use of fire-extinguishing aerosol for the sublayer extinguishing of alcohols ensures the effect of several factors that synergize and reduce the intensity of evaporation, burning, and, accordingly, thermal radiation
An analysis of performance of an anaerobic fixed film biofilter (AnF2B) reactor in treatment of cassava wastewater
Authors: Prayitno Prayitno , Rulianah Sri , Zamrudy Windi , Susilo Sugeng Hadi 
Published: March 2021

The cassava starch wastewater contains organic materials (as BOD, COD) in high concentrations so it has the potential to cause pollution in the aquatic environment. Several methods of cassava starch wastewater treatment have been used to reduce the concentration of organic matter (pollutants) in cassava starch wastewater, including Activated Sludge, Stabilization Pond, Anaerobic-Aerobic filter process. However, various studies continue to be carried out to get higher processing efficiency on the factors that influence it. Several factors influence the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes, including the type and origin of decomposing microorganisms, hydraulic residence time (HRT), organic load rate (OLR), process design, pH, and temperature. The research aimed to evaluate the performance of the AnF2B reactor in treating cassava starch wastewater, in which the reactor performance is shown by changes in organic matter removal (COD removal) and biogas production. The research is conducted using 3 types of AnF2B reactors wherein each AnF2B reactor contains a bee nest-shaped bio-filter as a growth medium for the consortium of indigenous bacteria. The AnF2B reactor operates in anaerobic conditions with a set temperature of 29–30 °C and a pH of 4.5–7. In each AnF2B reactor, cassava starch wastewater is fed with different OLR so that each reactor has an HRT of 5, 6, and 7 days. The concentration of COD at the influent and effluent of the reactor was measured and the biogas was produced using the APHA standard method. The results showed that the AnF2B reactor had a satisfactory performance in COD removal and biogas production, which at HRT: 6 days and OLR of 1.72 g/L·day found that the maximum COD removal was 98 % and the volume of biogas of 4.8 L/L·day was produced on the 12th day
A method for calculating the parameters of the sine filter of the frequency converter, taking into account the criterion of starting current limitation and pulse-width modulation frequency
Authors: Nerubatskyi Volodymyr , Plakhtii Oleksandr , Hordiienko Denys , Mykhalkiv Serhii , Ravluyk Vasyl 
Published: March 2021

An analysis of the method for ensuring the sinusoidality of the output voltage in power generation systems with self-commutated voltage inverters under the requirements of the international standard IEEE-519 is presented.
In a number of programs, especially low-power generation systems, a low-cost solution is needed to provide the sinusoidal waveform of the output voltage with the total harmonic distortion of 5 %. This solution is to use two-level voltage inverters with an output sine LC filter. However, the feature of the sine filter with the frequency converter is that the PWM frequency affects the spectrum of higher harmonics of the output voltage. In addition, there is the starting current of the filter capacitor, which can disable the power switches of the voltage inverter.
The developed method for calculating the values of the LC filter with the two-level voltage inverter in the PWM mode is presented meeting the requirements of the international standard IEEE-519, taking into account the modulation frequency and limitation of the starting current of the filter capacitor.
To confirm the required quality of the output voltage of the two-level voltage inverter with the sine filter, an appropriate simulation model was created in the Matlab/Simulink computer simulation environment. The oscillograms and harmonic analysis of the input and output voltages of the sine filter, which showed the total harmonic distortion of 1.88 %, are presented.
A physical prototype of the investigated system was created on the basis of a 5.5 kW OVEN PChV203-5K5-V frequency converter (Ukraine). Using the SIGLENT SDS1104X-E oscilloscope (China), the real waveform and the results of the harmonic analysis of the sine filter output voltage, confirming the implementation of the necessary sinusoidality criteria, were obtained
A study of the possibility of conducting selective laser processing of thin composite electrochromic Ni(OH)2-PVA films
Authors: Kotok Valerii , Kovalenko Vadym 
Published: March 2021

The surfaces of thin composite electrochromic Ni(OH)2-polyvinyl alcohol films, deposited by the cathodic template method on FTO glass substrates, were proposed to be processed using laser radiation. The processing of these films was carried out in a colored state with a laser beam of a semiconductor emitter with a wavelength of 650 nm (red) with a pulse duration of 3,000 μs, the beam diameter was about 40 μm. The energy at a single point was 37.5 J/cm2.
The result was a film with microholes of about 80 μm. The transparent areas of the surface did not exhibit electrochromic properties, which indicated the absence of the original electrochromic coating.
The study of the properties of the laser-processed film following a certain pattern showed that the characteristics of composite Ni(OH)2-polyvinyl alcohol coatings had changed significantly. On the one hand, the coloration depth of the films decreased by several percent, on the other hand, the specific electrochemical characteristics increased significantly.
The study also showed that laser processing did not lead to significant changes in the main properties of the transparent electrically conductive layer – color and resistance. Before and after laser processing, the surface resistance of FTO glasses was 12.1±0.9 and 14.4±1.2 Ohm/sq., respectively.
In addition, it was found that the processing of Ni(OH)2-polyvinyl alcohol films improved the adhesion of the latter to the surface of FTO glass. Based on the data obtained, a selective method was proposed for modifying thin colored films deposited on transparent conductive oxides (FTO, ITO, AZO) by visible laser radiation. This approach to changing the properties of films can be useful for areas related to the development of sensors, microelectronics, solar cells, small-sized current sources, electrodes with high efficiency, etc.
Establishing patterns of the structural-phase transformations during the reduction of tungsten-containing ore concentrate with carbon
Authors: Ryndiaiev Viktor , Kholodiuk Oleksandr , Khmelovskyi Vasyl , Petryshchev Artem , Yushchenko Alyona , Fesenko Hryhorii , Chaplyhin Yevhen , Strelnikov Vladimir , Andreev Andrey , Matukhno Vasyl 
Published: March 2021

This paper reports a study into the phase composition and microstructure of tungsten ore concentrate after carbon-thermal reduction at different O:C ratios in the charge. This is required for determining those indicators that reduce tungsten loss through the sublimation of oxide compounds when processing ore concentrates, as well as when using reduced tungsten-containing doping additives. The study results have established that the reduced tungsten concentrate at the O:C ratio in the charge within the interval of 1.33‒2.30 contained the phases of W, W2C C, C, WO2. The microstructure demonstrated a spongy and disordered character. Together with W, the Mo, Si, Ca, Al impurities were present in the reduced products. The main elements identified at the sites studied had the following limiting content, % by weight: O – 5.01–17.32; C – 0.84–4.23; W – 61.21–86.78; Mo – 1.57–7.51; Si – 2.07–9.06; Ca – 1.34–11.30; Al – 0.27–0.40. The micro-inclusions at the examined surface areas acquired different complex shapes. There were traces of the process of caking between the particles. The analysis of the resulting data has shown that the most preferred ratio of O:C in the charge was 1.65. In this case, there is no lack of carbon and there is a predominance of W in the phase composition with a relatively little manifestation of the W2C phases, carbon, as well as the residual part of WO2. The post-reduction of the oxide component would occur during the doping process. The sponge structure contributes to a higher dissolution rate compared to standard tungsten ferroalloys. Lack of compounds with a relatively high propensity for sublimation does not require any special conditions to prevent the loss of tungsten in the gas phase, which increases the degree of assimilation of the target element
Defining the socio-demographic predictors of priority investment in the context of tasks for the financial subsystem of startup-management
Authors: Ligonenko Larisa , Borysov Yevhen , Hromozdova Larysa , Deineha Iryna , Leontovych Serhii , Kosiak Inna , Volotivskyi Pavlo , Marсo Yevhen 
Published: March 2021

This research has investigated the retrospective trends in financing startups in Ukraine corresponding to the socio-demographic characteristics of startuppers (founders). Studying the dependences between the amount of funding and the qualitative characteristics of startuppers has made it possible to determine the socio-demographic predictors of making a positive decision regarding the financing of startups.
As the current study has shown, in order to receive an investment, a startupper must meet the investor's expectations regarding reliability, qualifications, experience, and potential prospects. The investor analyzes not only the business idea of the startup but also the potential recipient for compliance with a series of socio-demographic predictors such as gender, age, level, and specialization of education. It has been proven that the largest amount of funding for startups in Ukraine is received by male funders, aged 35 to 45, who have a higher technical education. Startup investors consider such startuppers a priority for their investments since they see the least risks and a high probability of successful deployment of invested funds.
The identified investors' preferences when choosing startup founders can be extrapolated to the startup environment of any country, however, they may change over time, depending on the specificity of the situation in the investment country.
To rationally solve problems in the financial subsystem of startup management, it is necessary to preliminary determine the socio-demographic predictors of priority investment of startups of the respective country and area of activity. The practical tools for determining such predictors have been tested during this study.
The practical significance of the research is due to the growing pace of development of startup technologies, the need to improve the effectiveness of the startup management financial subsystem, and increase the efficiency of the startup support infrastructure
Devising a method of protection against zero-day attacks based on an analytical model of changing the state of the network sandbox
Authors: Buchyk Serhii , Yudin Oleksandr , Ziubina Ruslana , Bondarenko Ivan , Suprun Oleh 
Published: March 2021

This paper reports a method of protection against zero-day attacks using SandBox technology based on the developed analytical model with a probabilistic ranking of information system states. The model takes into consideration the conditions of a priori uncertainty regarding the parameters of the destructive flow on the system, accounting for the typical procedures of the network SandBox.
The proposed model of information system states makes it possible to analyze and track all possible states, as well as assess the level of security in these states, and the probability of transitions into them. Thus, it is possible to identify the most dangerous ones and track the activities that caused the corresponding changes. The fundamental difference between this model and standard approaches is the weight coefficients that characterize not the intensity of random events but the intensity of transitions between states.
Direct implementation and application of the proposed analytical model involved the technology of multilevel network "SandBoxes".
The difference from other popular anti-virus tools is the use of a priori mathematical threat assessment, which makes it possible to detect influences that are not considered threats by classical systems until the moment of harm to the system.
The combination with standard security tools makes it possible to separately analyze files that are too large in size, whether they enter the system not through a common gateway controlled by the network "SandBox" but from the external media of end-users.
The implementation of the developed analytical model has made it possible to improve the level of protection of the corporate network by 15 %, based on the number of detected threats. This difference is explained by the inability of classical software to detect new threats if they are not already listed in the database of the program, and their activity is not trivial
Determination of composition of fatty acids in Saponaria officinalis L.
Authors: Budniak Liliia , Slobodianiuk Liudmyla , Marchyshyn Svitlana , Kostyshyn Liliya , Horoshko Oleksandrа 
Published: March 2021

Treatment using medicinal plants with a long history of use is of interest to our society. These plants include Saponaria ofﬁcinalis L., as well commonly known as common soapwort belongs to the family Caryophyllaceae. The herb and roots of this plant used as a blood purifier, an expectorant in bronchitis, diaphoretic and diuretic, for skin diseases, to increase bile flow. The plant contains various secondary metabolites, but there is no information on the fatty acids composition of Saponaria officinalis L. herb and roots.
The aim. The aim of the present study was to determine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of fatty acids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method (GC/MS) in Saponaria officinalis L. herb and roots.
Materials and methods. The determination of fatty acids composition of Saponaria officinalis L. herb and roots were carried out by gas chromatograph Agilent 6890N (Agilent Technologies, USA).
Results. The research of Saponaria ofﬁcinalis L. herb showed a mixture of unsaturated (1.9 mg/g) and saturated (1.27 mg/g) fatty acids. The main components of this raw material were linolenic (1.15 mg/g), linoleic (0.75 mg/g) and heneicosylic (0.38 mg/g) acids. The main components of this raw material were palmitic (0.38 mg/g), linoleic (0.16 mg/g) and linolenic (0.09 mg/g) acids.
Conclusions. As a result of Saponaria officinalis L. study, the presence of fatty acids is established in herb and roots. Using the GC/MS method determined the qualitative composition and quantitative content of fatty acids in study raw material. Twelve fatty acids were determined in the herb of Saponaria officinalis L. The dominant fatty acids in the studied raw material were linolenic and linoleic acids, their content was 1.15 mg/g and 0.75 mg/g, respectively. Nine fatty acids were determined in the Saponaria officinalis L. roots. The palmitic acid prevailed among fatty acids, it is content was 0.38 mg/g. Our findings suggest that Saponaria officinalis L. is a promising plant because of the important role of fatty acids in different biological processes