bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum Correlations
Authors: Belnap Nuel , MÜller Thomas , Placek Tomasz 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the phenomenon of quantum mechanical correlations using the BST notions of transitions, propensities, and funny business. It considers two ways of understanding such correlations: First, as modal correlations (exhibited, e.g., in the GHZ setup) and, second, as probabilistic correlations (exhibited, e.g., in the Bell-Aspect setup). Having introduced the notion of structure extensions, it asks if it is possible to extend an initial BST structure harboring correlations (modal or probabilistic) in such a way that the resulting extended structure harbors no such correlations. An important distinction, rigorously stated in BST, is that between agents-induced indeterminism and Nature-induced indeterminism. A main result concerning structure extensions is that in the mentioned cases, the procedure is not possible unless the extended structure violates the initially given division between cases of agents-induced indeterminism and cases of Nature-induced indeterminism.
A Branching Space-Times Perspective on Presentism
Authors: Belnap Nuel , MÜller Thomas , Placek Tomasz 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter constructs a notion of the present that is both relativity-friendly and serves the metaphysical role required by presentism. It draws a distinction between a static present based on simultaneity and a dynamic present based on co-presentness. Co-presentness points to a dynamic role of the present in separating a fixed past from an open future. That dynamical role is linked to the idea that dynamic change must be based on the indeterministic realization of possibilities for the future. In working out the formal details of this idea, the chapter makes use of the rich notion of modal correlations that BST offers. Depending on what exactly the modal correlations are like, the analysis delivers different regions of the past, present, and future of a given event.
Design of Signed Language Tests for Deaf L1 Children
Authors: Herman Rosalind , Rowley Katherine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Recent changes in the earlier diagnosis of deafness and improved amplification options have meant that deaf children increasingly have better opportunities to develop spoken language. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of children continue to use signed language as a first language (L1), including deaf and hearing children in deaf signing families and deaf children in hearing families where families use signed language in the home. For both groups, mastery of sign language as an L1 is important because it paves the way to communication and also because it provides the basis for development of spoken language, in either its oral or written form, as a second language (L2). It is crucial that signed language development proceeds in an age-appropriate manner, and assessments of signed language are therefore important to ensure that this is the case. However, the development of effective tests of signed language acquisition is not without challenges. This chapter presents these challenges and other issues and gives examples of how available tests seek to overcome them.
New Music versus New Wave
Authors: Reed S. Alexander 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a reception history of Big Science, showing the ways listeners constellated the album within fields of genre. In doing so, it offers a definition of genre that differentiates between concerns of audience and concerns of style, framing generic tags as the provisional result of ongoing negotiations between musical stakeholders. In particular, the chapter asks how listeners heard Big Science as either new music or new wave. It unpacks the aesthetics and underlying ethics of both of those genres, highlighting their overlap in concerns of timbre, race, gender, geography, and low-context aesthetics.
Bigness as Usual
Authors: Reed S. Alexander 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter revisits themes of magnitude first articulated in the book’s second chapter, comparing the state of megasystems in the 1980s to those of the twenty-first century. In so doing, it recognizes the often-discussed prescience of Big Science and Laurie Anderson’s work in general. In a final analytic move, the chapter argues that Big Science structurally gestures beyond itself, modeling to listeners a reality or a way of being in which they might be free from the grip of the world’s ubiquitous megasystems.
Scattering in Classical and Quantum Physics
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Scattering experiments provide the main source of information on the properties of elementary particles. Here we present the theory of scattering in both classical and non-relativistic quantum physics. We introduce the basic notions of cross section and of range and strength of interactions. We work out some illustrative examples. The concept of resonant scattering, central to almost all applications in particle physics, is explained in the simple case of potential scattering, where we derive the Breit–Wigner formula. This framework of non-relativistic potential scattering turns out to be very convenient for introducing several other important concepts and results, such as the optical theorem, the partial wave amplitudes and the corresponding phase shifts and scattering lengths. The special cases of scattering at low energies, and that in the Born approximation, are studied. We also offer a first glance at the problem of the infrared divergences for the case of Coulomb scattering.
Beyond the Standard Model
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We review the fundamental physics questions left unanswered by the Standard Model, and we explain why, despite its great successes, the search for physics beyond the Standard Model is a very active field of research. We briefly review the theories of Grand Unification which assume that the SU(3) × SU(2) x U(1) group of the Standard Model is the remnant of a larger, simple or semi-simple group, spontaneously broken at very high energies. These theories predict the phenomenon of proton decay and we discuss possible cosmological consequences of such an instability. We end with the theory of supersymmetry which postulates the existence of an approximate fermion-boson symmetry.
From Organic Societies to Unnatural Lives
Authors: Clements Ashley 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores a ‘moment’ in which the peoples of the West have been suspended for a hundred years and more. In tracing the story of the study of human sociality in modern anthropology and its critical deconstruction, it demonstrates the enduring legacy of Classical ideas and their insidious effects in shaping anthropological approaches to the human and in supplying the axiom of Western scientific constructions of humanity and the world. The story of anthropology’s growth to full self-awareness, it argues, is also the story of its recognition of the contingency of several key Classical conceptions that presently guide Western thinking about humans, other animals, and the world.
Dispensing with the Subjective Moral ‘Ought’
Authors: Hicks Amelia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There are cases in which, intuitively, an agent’s action is both morally right in one sense and morally wrong in another sense. Such cases (along with other intuitions about blameless wrongdoing and action-guidance) support distinguishing between the objective moral ‘ought’ and the subjective moral ‘ought.’ This chapter argues against drawing this distinction on the grounds that the prescriptions delivered by an adequate objective moral theory must be sensitive to the mental states of agents. Specifically, an adequate theory of the objective moral ‘ought’ must respect a strong ought-implies-can principle—morally ought implies agentially can—in order to prescribe actions to real-life agents. An agent’s mental states determine what is agentially possible for that agent; thus, what an agent objectively morally ought to do is in part determined by the agent’s mental states. This chapter describes the structure of a compelling non-ideal moral theory that is both objective and mental state-sensitive. This non-ideal theory illuminates the shortcomings of extant objectivist and subjectivist moral theories and illustrates how we can dispense with the subjective moral ‘ought.’
Tensors
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Tensors and tensor algebra are presented. The concept of a tensor is defined in two ways: as something which yields a scalar from a set of vectors, and as something whose components transform a given way. The meaning and use of these definitions is expounded carefully, along with examples. The action of the metric and its inverse (index lowering and raising) is derived. The relation between geodesic coordinates and Christoffel symbols is obtained. The difference between partial differentiation and covariant differentiation is explained at length. The tensor density and Hodge dual are briefly introduced.
Observational cosmology
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The main strands of observation in cosmology are presented. These are redshift surveys using standard candles; galaxy distributions; age estimates drawing on a number of strands of evidence; and the CMB radiation. The chapter begins with a discussion of systemtic and statistical error in measurements, and explains the terminology of “Lambda CDM” model. Observations are combined with the Friedman equation in order to constrain the density parameters in a LCDM model. Data from supernova surveys are used to obtain the Hubble parameter and the deceleration parameter, and hence evidence of an accelerating expansion. Evidence of the BAO process is deduced from sky surveys, and used to constrain the spatial curvature. The CMB radiation is discussed at length. The Sachs-Wolfe effect is obtained by a simple calculation,. The method to deduce spatial curvature from the position of the acoustic peaks is outlined. Further features such as spectal index and polarization are briefly discussed.
First steps in classical field theory
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Classical field theory, as it is applied to the most simple scalar, vector and spinor fields in flat spacetime, is described. The Klein-Gordan, Weyl and Dirac equations are obtained, and some features of their solutions are discussed. The Yukawa potential, the plane wave solutions, and the conserved currents are obtained. Spinors are introduced, both through physical pictures (flagpole and flag) and algebraic defintions (complex vectors). The relationship between spinors and four-vectors is given, and related to the Lie groups SU(2) and SO(3). The Dirac spinor is introduced.
Distance, and Intimacy, and T. S. Eliot’s Self-Critical Laughter
Authors: Trousdale Rachel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEliot’s humor frequently resembles the superiority-based models of Freud and Bergson. His humor in letters is often racist, misogynist, and homophobic. But he also uses laughter to examine failed communication and the limits of sympathy among reader, speaker, and subject. From depictions of laughing characters in Prufrock and Other Observations to the merriment in Old Possum’s Practical Cats, Eliot treats laughter itself, rather than the joke provoking it, as a form of communication conveying truths language cannot. Eliot’s laughter comes from doubt. His comedy is both superiority-based and empathic: amusement reminds Eliot of his own failures. Eliot’s self-conscious laughter becomes a unique vehicle for communication between artist and audience, if not between individuals. In The Waste Land, tragicomic moments teach readers to be skeptical of their own satirical impulses, and almost bridge the abysmal distance between subjectivities.
Elizabeth Bishop’s Equivocal Communions
Authors: Trousdale Rachel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBishop’s poems experiment with combinations of empathy and judgment. Such combinations are possible because Bishop rejects the Bergsonian self/other dichotomy as the basis for humor. Bishop returns to a more Romantic model of intersubjectivity, suggesting that experience can be continuous between observer and observed, and her laughter marks that continuity. Bishop’s empathic humor is partial, however, because speculation about another’s interiority always misses something, and self-criticism often falls short of full self-awareness. Bishop suggests that for intersubjective insight to work, all subjects must participate. The “joking voice” in “One Art” shows how pain and joy, joker and audience, lover and beloved are mutually constitutive. But Bishop does not think communion lasts, and her jokes highlight the discontinuities they overcome. For Bishop, humor comes from the tension between empathy and distance, the partial nature of friendship, marking the moment of revelation and the inevitability of that moment’s passing.
Laughter and Knowledge in Contemporary Poetry
Authors: Trousdale Rachel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTwenty-first-century poets use humor to examine and convey different kinds of knowledge—cultural, scientific, and emotional. Laughter in the work of poets like Raymond McDaniel, Stephanie Burt, Cathy Park Hong, Albert Goldbarth, Kim Rosenfield, Jamaal May, Patricia Lockwood, and Lucille Clifton prompts us to examine competing epistemologies. These poets examine how we exchange the material of laughter, and expose the ways that affective responses can determine what we think we know. They show how laughter can re-shape our sense of canons and render unfamiliar material accessible, expanding our literary knowledge and the sympathetic capacities that knowledge carries with it. They demonstrate how laughter breaks down categories like “science” and “literature,” expanding the kinds of knowledge that we value as “fact.” At the same time, they warn that laughter’s power to heal trauma or mediate other minds is limited, and that we should not trust humorous insights too far.
Educational Mobility in the Developing World
Authors: Torche Florencia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the small but growing literature on intergenerational educational mobility in the developing world. Education is a critical determinant of economic wellbeing, and it predicts a range of nonpecuniary outcomes such as marriage, fertility, health, crime, and political attitudes. We show that developing nations feature stronger intergenerational educational persistence than high-income countries, in spite of substantial educational expansion in the last decades. We consider variations in mobility across gender and region, and discuss the macro-level correlates of educational mobility in developing countries. The chapter also discusses the literatures on concepts and measurement of educational mobility, theoretical perspectives to understand educational mobility across generations, and the role that education plays in the economic mobility process, and it applies these literatures to understand educational mobility in the developing world.
Ethnography and Social Mobility
Authors: Vaid Divya 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The ethnographic approach has much to contribute to our understanding of social mobility. This chapter provides a discussion on ethnography as a method and approach to writing and description, and reviews some ways in which themes related to social mobility and inequality in the developing world have been explored ethnographically. It discusses the themes that these studies cover in terms of two frames: the social construction of mobility and the fields within which mobility plays out. Social mobility is explored in relation to themes such as the family, labour, class, caste, race, gender, migration, and inequality. These are considered in relation to the value of ethnography in underscoring everyday lived experiences of individuals and collectives.
Social Mobility and Human Capital in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Behrman Jere R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Parental human capital and endowments may affect children’s human capital, which in turn may affect children’s income and thus social mobility. This chapter focuses on what we know about these links in low- and middle-income countries. It starts with definitions of human capital and endowments and simple frameworks for guiding summaries of what we know and do not know about these links. It discusses determinants of children’s human capital in the form of cognitive skills, socioemotional skills and health, which pertain directly to some indicators of social mobility; reviews estimates of impacts of these forms of human capital, which pertain to some other indicators of social mobility, such as income; and concludes with a summary suggesting some positive impacts of parental human capital and endowments on social mobility in low- and middle-income countries, policy implications, and gaps in the literature pertaining to both data and methodology.
Gender and Social Mobility
Authors: Luke Nancy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Women have historically been overlooked in research on social mobility. In contrast, new research focuses on the intergenerational transmission of gender attitudes and norms as determinants of women’s labour force participation in industrialized countries. This chapter discusses the measurement of gender attitudes and reviews research findings. Studies reveal that gender attitudes are a key transmission mechanism for intergenerational economic mobility beyond wealth and other economic factors. Mothers’ egalitarian views and less-restrictive gender norms promote greater labour force participation for daughters and daughters-in-law. There are few investigations in the Global South, where restrictive gender attitudes and norms are more pervasive and could potentially have greater impact in shaping women’s labour force participation. The chapter concludes with a brief case study of women’s labour force participation in India, where the direct link between gender attitudes and women’s labour market engagement could provide a further explanation for its recent decline.
Social Mobility and Horizontal Inequality
Authors: Funjika Patricia , Gisselquist Rachel M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Research on social mobility has paid considerable attention to links with inequality. The vast majority of this work, however, has focused on ‘vertical’ inequality between individuals or households, rather than ‘horizontal’ inequality between groups in society. This chapter speaks to the latter, with focus on the persistence over time of horizontal inequalities between ethnic and culturally defined groups. Not only is such persistence due to low intergenerational mobility overall, we argue, it also is due to lower mobility for disadvantaged as compared with advantaged groups in many societies. Group-based discrimination, among other factors, contributes. We posit further that the relationship between low mobility and persistent horizontal inequality is a comparatively larger problem for Global South as compared to Global North countries, because they are, on average, contexts with lower intergenerational mobility, higher horizontal inequality, and weaker state capability and the rule of law.
The Common Good and the Egalitarian Research Imperative
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes two conceptions of the common good and argues that reluctance to embrace a research imperative grounded in the corporate conception of the common good is sound. In contrast, it is argued that the basic or generic interest conception of the common good grounds an imperative with two requirements: to carry out research that produces the information necessary to enable a community’s basic social systems to efficiently and equitably advance the basic interests of its members and to ensure that this activity is organized as a voluntary scheme of social cooperation that respects the moral claim of its constituent members to be treated as free and equal. A central claim of this chapter is that an imperative to improve the capacity of social institutions to secure the interests of community members can be reconciled with fundamental moral respect for the status of the individuals who make such progress possible.
After the Candles Were Extinguished
Authors: Seo Hyunjin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers several issues South Korea has dealt with following President Park’s removal from office: the election of Moon Jae-in as president in May 2017, pro-Park groups’ anti-government rallies, and a public divide on potentially pardoning Park in 2021. In addition, it considers citizens’ evaluations of the impeachment candlelight vigils three years after Park’s impeachment. There is now a growing sense that the momentum for change ignited by the vigils may have been lost and that real systemic change has not been achieved. This chapter looks at how some actors within society are striving to sustain momentum for social change. While political parties and civic organizations in South Korea are experimenting with different strategies to engage citizens, some people are already demanding new forms of participatory democracy. Grass-roots organizations such as WAGL and Parti Co-op have emerged to design and implement alternative ways of incorporating citizens’ direct participation in policy decision-making processes.
Illness and Immortality
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Illness and Immortality examines the role of ritual elements in rites to alleviate illness and death in medieval Śaiva Tantric practices. This includes analysis of the various forms of the deity Amṛteśa or Mṛtyuñjaya, the nature of mantra, and the relationship between the tantric practitioner and the patient. This work explores what is meant by immortality within the medieval context and how one goes about attaining it. It asks how ritual alleviates illness, what role the deity plays in health and healing, and finally who has access to the rites described within the text. Central to this study is the conception of a body vulnerable to demons and reliant on deities for continued existence, and how the three yogic bodies (sthūla, sūkṣma, and para) play a role in physical and spiritual well-being. The intention is to offer readers various points of entry into the text so that today’s tantric practitioners and scholars alike can access the influential and important concepts and practices found within this long-revered but under-studied work.
Identity and Purity
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the interrelationship between religion and society for followers of the non-dual Tantric Śaiva tradition. It explores the new Tantric identities created through initiation and asks how these new identities impact the larger social experience of practitioners. It then reflects on the origin of Tantric practice and maps how Tantra seeks to subvert the social caste paradigm. The chapter examines the theories about the historical spread of Tantric practice by consulting textual descriptions of practices that are prescribed for members of different castes. This offers a humanizing look at the individual needs and actions of practitioners. It makes the argument that caste erasure was limited to the ritual sphere and was therefore symbolic. The philosophical ideal of the vanquishment of caste distinction is compared with the social necessity for hierarchy. The chapter also explores the nature of auspicious and inauspicious symbols related to initiation.