bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Social Contact Data to Improve the Overall Effect Estimate of a Cluster-Randomized Influenza Vaccination Program in Senegal
Authors: Potter Gail E. , Carnegie Nicole Bohme , Sugimoto Jonathan D. , Diallo Aldiouma , Victor John C. , Neuzil Kathleen M. , Elizabeth Halloran M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study estimates the overall effect of two influenza vaccination programs consecutively administered in a cluster-randomized trial in western Senegal over the course of two influenza seasons from 2009 to 2011. We apply cutting-edge methodology combining social contact data with infection data to reduce bias in estimation arising from contamination between clusters. Our time-varying estimates reveal a reduction in seasonal influenza from the intervention and a non-significant increase in H1N1 pandemic influenza. We estimate an additive change in overall cumulative incidence (which was 6.13% in the control arm) of -0.68 percentage points during Year 1 of the study (95% CI: −2.53, 1.18). When H1N1 pandemic infections were excluded from analysis, the estimated change was −1.45 percentage points and was significant (95% CI, −2.81, −0.08). Because cross-cluster contamination was low (0–3% of contacts for most villages), an estimator assuming no contamination was only slightly attenuated (−0.65 percentage points). These findings are encouraging for studies carefully designed to minimize spillover. Further work is needed to estimate contamination – and its effect on estimation – in a variety of settings.
Comparison of healthy blood donor Greyhounds and non‐Greyhounds using a novel point‐of‐care viscoelastic coagulometer
Authors: Chang Johnson , Jandrey Karl E. , Burges Julie W. , Kent Michael S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo measure and compare viscoelastic coagulation in 2 canine blood donor populations using a novel, point‐of‐care device (VCM Vet Analyzer, VCM).DesignCohort study.SettingAcademic and commercial veterinary blood banks.AnimalsNon‐Greyhounds from community‐based blood donor program and Greyhounds from a blood bank colony.InterventionBlood was collected from all dogs via direct venipuncture for a complete hemogram, biochemistry, and point‐of‐care viscoelastic coagulation.Measurement and main resultsAll biochemical measurements for all dogs in Group NG (n = 38, non‐Greyhounds) and Group G (n = 53, Greyhounds) were within local reference intervals. Hematology data showed significant statistical differences between groups in hemoglobin, RBC, platelet, and WBC concentrations. Group G demonstrated lower maximum clot firmness (MCF) with 17 VCM units (26 VCM units in Group NG), increased lysis with 30 VCM units at 30 minutes (LI30) and 27 VCM units at 45 minutes (LI45) (86 VCM units LI30 and 85 VCM units LI45 in Group NG), and decreased amplitude of 13 VCM units 10 minutes (A10) after clot time (CT) and 6 VCM units 20 minutes after CT (A20) (18 VCM units [A10] and 22 VCM units [A20] in Group NG).ConclusionThis study found differences between healthy Greyhound and non‐Greyhound blood donors in measures of clot strength and fibrinolysis as measured by the VCM. Whereas Greyhound have unique hematologic and hemostatic profiles, these measured viscoelastic differences are important to note prior to and following surgical intervention to aid in clinical decision‐making if bleeding complications develop.
Interleukin‐6 and lactate dehydrogenase expression in a novel ex vivo rocking model of equine corneal epithelial wound healing
Authors: Wehrman Rita Fay , Genschel Ulrike , Charli Adhithiya , Kanthasamy Anumantha G. , Allbaugh Rachel Anne , Ben‐Shlomo Gil 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeTo establish a physiologically relevant ex vivo model of equine corneal epithelial wound healing.MethodsFourteen equine corneas were randomly assigned to one of two groups: wounded (n = 8) or unwounded (n = 6) controls. In the wounded group, the axial corneal epithelium was removed by applying a 6 mm filter paper disk soaked in 1N‐NaOH for 60 s. Corneas were subsequently cultured using an air‐liquid interface model. Evaluation of corneal healing was performed daily, and culture medium was collected. Corneas were randomly assigned to undergo processing via histopathology and RNAscope in situ hybridization for interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and alpha‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression at T24, T48, and T72 h after wounding. Media of the cultured corneas were evaluated for the presence of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by a colorimetric assay.ResultsThe ulcerated area of the wounded corneas decreased over time and all corneas healed within 72 h. Histologically, normal corneal architecture was observed including healthy epithelium (in areas other than the ulcerated ones), minimal stromal edema, intact endothelium, and Descemet's membrane. IL‐6 expression was increased in wounded corneas compared with unwounded controls. LDH expression was elevated for both wounded and unwounded corneas at T24 but decreased substantially and was not detected at T48 in media from wounded and unwounded corneas, respectively. No αSMA expression was detected from either wounded or unwounded corneas.ConclusionsThe equine air‐liquid interface, ex vivo, corneal epithelial wound healing model is effective and physiologically relevant. This model can be used in future studies evaluating various corneal therapies.
Grubbing and biological control strategies for Nassella trichotoma evaluated using a matrix population model
Authors: Bourdôt Graeme W. , Lamoureaux Shona L. , Noble Alasdair , Chen Yiwei , Song Carolyn 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA stage‐structured matrix population model for the invasive perennial grass Nassella trichotoma (nassella tussock) was used to compare a wide range of hypothetical grubbing and biocontrol management options in a population of 19 visible plants ha−1 on a typical sheep and beef cattle‐grazed farm in North Canterbury, New Zealand. The model has two soil seed banks (ephemeral and persistent), five plant size classes, seed production and ground cover‐dependent population growth reaching a carrying capacity of 35,000 plants ha−1 (80% ground cover) in the absence of management. Elasticity analyses showed that population growth (λ) was most sensitive to plant size class transitions and relatively insensitive to the soil seed bank transitions, seedling recruitment and seed production, implying management targeting the growth and/or survival of plants will be most effective. This conclusion was supported by population trajectory simulations which revealed that a biological control agent attacking seeds or seedlings would need to be 99.8% effective to achieve the population stability achieved under current management where 34.4% of the plants are grubbed annually. By contrast, a biological control agent attacking tillers and reducing plant transitions (growth) across all size classes by 30% annually gave a population trajectory equivalent to that achieved by annual grubbing. In the presence of annual grubbing, a combination of seed‐ and tiller‐feeding agents giving 10% reductions in fecundity and plant growth, respectively, reduced the population density by 60%. Overall, the modelling shows that relaxing the current practice of annual grubbing (by reducing the rate or frequency of grubbing) whether in spring or autumn will result in the growth of N. trichotoma populations in North Canterbury. It also indicates that a biocontrol agent that impedes tiller production in N. trichotoma plants could potentially be an effective replacement for, or adjunct to, annual grubbing.
THE COHERENCE AND CHARACTER OF THE HUMANITIES: A REPLY TO CRITICS
Authors: Drees Willem B. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this issue of Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, Donald Drakeman, Peter Harrison, Douglas Ottati, Michael Ruse, and Lisa Stenmark reflect on Willem B. Drees, What Are the Humanities For? In my response to Harrison, I argue that the humanities do form a coherent domain, shaped by two fundamental orientations—the quest to understand fellow humans and self‐involvement. In response to Ruse, I defend my definition of the humanities as neither too wide nor too narrow. With Ottati, I concur that institutional proximity of religious studies and theology is beneficial to both. Against Stenmark, who considers my approach typically Western, I challenge the distinction she makes. Her contribution confirms what Drakeman writes, that ambitions about “value‐free” scholarship are controversial. His own contribution makes clear that this aspiration is necessary to serve the well‐being of peoples around the world. These five responses to my book provide an opportunity to reflect on my proposal for envisaging the humanities.
The Effects of Axisymmetric Convergent Contouring and Blowing Ratio on Endwall Film Cooling and Vane Pressure Side Surface Phantom Cooling Performance
Authors: Bai Bo , Li Zhigang , Li Jun , Mao Shuo , Ng Wing F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
To reduce the intensity of endwall secondary flow, the axisymmetric convergent contoured endwall is commonly designed in the first nozzle guide vane (NGV) passage of the real gas turbine engines. This endwall contouring can obviously alter flow field near endwall and affect the coolant flow through the upstream double-row discrete film holes. This leads to a significant influence on the endwall film cooling performance, vane surface phantom cooling, and vane passage aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a detailed numerical investigation on the endwall film cooling and vane pressure side surface phantom cooling was performed, at the simulated realistic gas turbine operating conditions (high inlet freestream turbulence level of 16%, exit Mach number of 0.85, and exit Reynolds number of 1.7 × 106). Based on a double coolant temperature model, a novel numerical method for the predictions of adiabatic wall film cooling effectiveness was proposed. This numerical method was validated by comparing the predicted results with experimental data of endwall Nusselt number, endwall film cooling effectiveness, and flow visualization near endwall. The results indicate that the present numerical method can accurately predict endwall thermal load distributions, endwall film cooling distributions, and vane surface phantom cooling distributions. The endwall heat transfer coefficient, endwall film cooling effectiveness, phantom cooling effectiveness of the vane pressure side surface, and total pressure loss coefficients (TPLC) were predicted and compared for two endwall contouring shapes (flat endwall and axisymmetric convergent contoured endwall) at three different blowing ratios (low blowing ratio of BR = 1.0, design blowing ratio of BR = 2.5, and high blowing ratio of BR = 3.5) with a constant density ratio of DR = 1.2, based on the present novel numerical method. Results show that the axisymmetric convergent endwall contouring leads to a slight enhancement (maximum enhancement level less than 20%) of endwall heat transfer in the entire vane passage (0 &lt; x &lt; 0.65Cx). The axisymmetric convergent endwall contouring has a significantly desired effect on endwall film cooling performance (maximum enhancement level of 67%), phantom cooling performance of the vane pressure side surface (maximum increase level approximately 100%), and aerodynamic loss (maximum reduction level of 1.45%) for all blowing ratio cases, but the benefit enhancement level is obviously affected by the blowing ratio values. This suggests that the optimum of endwall contouring shapes is an effective technical way to improve endwall film cooling performance and decrease the depletion of coolant; the coupled effects of the appropriate axisymmetric convergent endwall contouring and the optimum blowing ratio should be considered in the design process of advance endwall cooling schemes.
Optimum Multinozzle Configuration for Minimizing the Rayleigh Integral During High-Frequency Transverse Instabilities
Authors: Acharya Vishal , Lieuwen Timothy 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper develops a formalism for optimizing nozzle location/configuration with respect to combustion stability of high-frequency transverse modes in a can combustor. The stability of these acoustically noncompact flames was assessed using the Rayleigh integral (RI). Several key control parameters influence RI—flame angle, swirling strength, nozzle location, as well as nozzle location with respect to the acoustic mode shape. In this study, we consider a N-around-1 configuration such as typically used in a multi-nozzle can system and study the overall stability of this system for different natural transverse modes. Typically, such nozzles are distributed in a uniformly circular manner for which we study the overall RI, and for cases where RI &gt; 0, we optimize the nozzle distribution that can reduce and minimize RI. For a fixed geometry such as a circular configuration, the analysis shows how the flame's parameters must vary across the different nozzles, to result in a relatively stable system. Additionally, for a fixed set of flame parameters, the analysis also indicates the noncircular distribution of the N nozzles that minimizes RI. Overall, the analysis aims to provide insights on designing nozzle locations around the center nozzle for minimal amplification of a given transverse mode.
Development and Integration of the Dual Fuel Combustion System for the MGT Gas Turbine Family
Authors: Ćosić Bernhard , Reiß Frank , Blümer Marc , Frekers Christian , Genin Franklin , Pähr Judith , Wassmer Dominik 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Industrial gas turbines like the MGT6000 are often operated as power supply or as mechanical drives. In these applications, liquid fuels like “diesel fuel no. 2” can be used either as main fuel or as backup fuel if natural gas is not reliably available. The MAN gas turbines (MGT) operate with the advanced can combustion (ACC) system, which is capable of ultralow NOx emissions for gaseous fuels. This system has been further developed to provide dry dual fuel capability. In this paper, we describe the design and detailed experimental validation process of the liquid fuel injection, and its integration into the gas turbine package. A central lance with an integrated two-stage nozzle is employed as a liquid pilot stage, enabling ignition and startup of the engine on liquid fuel only. The pilot stage is continuously operated, whereas the bulk of the liquid fuel is injected through the premixed combustor stage. The premixed stage comprises a set of four decentralized nozzles based on fluidic oscillator atomizers, wherein atomization of the liquid fuel is achieved through self-induced oscillations. We present results illustrating the spray, hydrodynamic, and emission performance of the injectors. Extensive testing of the burner at atmospheric and full load high-pressure conditions has been performed, before verification within full engine tests. We show the design of the fuel supply and distribution system. Finally, we discuss the integration of the dual fuel system into the standard gas turbine package of the MGT6000.
Statistical and Computational Evaluation of Empirical Axial Turbine Correlations in Design of Centrifugal Turbines
Authors: Min Liu Yu , Hendrick Patrick , Zou ZhengPing , Buysschaert Frank 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCentrifugal turbines have recently regained interest of the engineering community as they could serve as cost-effective alternatives in diverse energy applications. In this device, the working fluid expands in a centrifugal flowpath and entails rotation of concentric rings of airfoil-shaped blades. Yet in their current design paradigm, their meanline performance estimation and optimization have dubiously exploited axial turbine empirical correlations. To the authors knowledge, there are no theoretical nor practical foundation that could justify such practice. Hence, this paper intends to deliver an answer on this matter with application of the biased Kacker and Okapuu (KO) and Aungier (Ag) correlations on 33 pairs of similar axial and centrifugal cascades. The uncovered content is twofold. First, the Ag loss demonstrates a probability of achieving an error within ±15% of 44% whereas that of KO is lessened to 38% in axial cascades. The Ag deviation attains 15% which is thrice that of the KO under same condition. In second, the insensitivity of the Ag profile and secondary losses under drastic change of flow condition in the centrifugal cascades is proven to be practically significant. While the Ag deviation is still able to reach an accuracy of 11%. The coupling effect of the terms intervening in the correlations reveal to be weak. Thereupon, the empirical axial turbine loss correlations are unreliable in performance estimation or optimization of centrifugal turbines.
Stratified and Hydrogen Combustion Techniques for Higher Turndown and Lower Emissions in Gas Turbines
Authors: Nemitallah Medhat A. , Haque MD Azazul , Hussain Muzafar , Abdelhafez Ahmed , Habib Mohamed A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This review overviews combustion technologies for reduced emissions and better fuel economy in the industrial gas turbine. Lean premixed combustion (LPM) technology is introduced as a low-temperature combustion technique to control NOx emissions. The dry low NOx (DLN) is one of the most promising LPM-based combustors for controlling NOx emissions. However, DLN combustors suffer from limited flame stability, especially under low load (near blowout) operating conditions, in addition to the difficulty of separating CO2 from the exhaust stream for reducing the gas-turbine carbon footprint. Trying to overcome such difficulties, the gas turbine manufacturers developed enhanced-design burners for higher turndown and lower NOx emissions, including the Dual Annular Counter Rotating Swirl (DACRS) and environmental-vortex (EV) burners. The volume of the DACRS combustors is almost twice the conventional burners, which provide ample residence time for complete combustion. The mixing effectiveness is improved in EV-burners resulting in higher flame stability at low load or startup conditions. To widen the operability, control the emissions, and improve the turndown ratio of gas turbine combustors, the concept of flame stratification, i.e., heterogenization of the overall equivalence ratio, was introduced. This technique can widen the stability range of existing LPM flames for industrial applications. Integrating stratified combustion techniques with oxy-fuel combustion technology is a way forward that may result in complete control of gas turbine emissions with a higher operability turndown ratio. The recent developments and challenges toward the application of hydrogen gas turbines are introduced.
On-Sun Testing of a High-Temperature Solar Receiver’s Flux Distribution
Authors: Afrin Samia , Hossain Nazmul , Ma Zhiwen , Krushnarao Kotteda V. M. , Badhan Antara , Kumar Vinod 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Concentrated solar power (CSP) is a promising technology in transitioning to renewable energy because of its abundance in nature and thermal energy storage (TES) capability. Among the four types of available CSP technology, including parabolic trough, linear Fresnel, power tower, and parabolic dishes, a power tower using a central receiver has more potential to generate high-temperature heat in a scale supporting power cycles efficiency and achieve low levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Other than the conventional type of receiver design, the high-absorptive receiver concept developed and presented in this paper is novel in its design approach. The novel receiver design originated from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) consists of an array of solar flux absorb tubes. The solar absorb tubes require uniform flux distribution and in-depth flux penetration through the three different reflective sections of tubes in a hexagonal shape. To evaluate this unique receiver design and thermal performance, the flux distribution, flux uniformity, and intensity were numerically simulated using ansys fluent and SolTrace modeling program. On-sun testing has been done at NREL high flux solar testing facility, based on the computational analysis.
Leadership Efficacy in Youth Football: Athletes’ and Coaches’ Perspectives
Authors: Gomes A. Rui , Gonçalves Alexandre , Morais Catarina , Simães Clara , Resende Rui 
Published: September 2021

According to the Leadership Efficacy Model, leadership efficacy depends on leaders’ tendency to make linear relationships between leadership philosophy, practice, and criteria (i.e., congruence of leadership cycles). Moreover, efficacy increases if coaches make these linear relationships by using the optimal leadership profile and by considering the antecedent factors of leadership (characteristics of the leader, team members, and organizational conditions; i.e., favorability of conditions for leadership). This study compared the perceptions of athletes and their coaches regarding leadership cycles, and tested the moderator role of optimal leadership profile and leadership favorability in the relationship between leadership cycles and leadership efficacy. This study included 92 football athletes (ages less than 17 and 19 years) and respective coaches (n = 5). The evaluation protocol included measures of leadership cycles, leadership styles, leadership favorability, and sport performance perception. Athletes and coaches agreed on coaches’ need to increase their practice and criteria, but athletes also considered that coaches should better clarify their philosophy. Regression analyses confirmed that leadership congruency predicts higher perceptions of team performance in athletes. Moreover, optimal leadership profile and higher leadership favorability were associated with higher team and individual performance. However, these two factors did not moderate the relationship between leadership congruency and efficacy.
Topological insulator vertical-cavity laser array
Authors: Dikopoltsev Alex , Harder Tristan H. , Lustig Eran , Egorov Oleg A. , Beierlein Johannes , Wolf Adriana , Lumer Yaakov , Emmerling Monika , Schneider Christian , Höfling Sven , Segev Mordechai , Klembt Sebastian 
Published: September 2021

Topologically locked for emissionThe output power from a laser system can be increased by forming an array of lasers; however, because the individual lasers are independent, the resultant output may not be coherent. Dikopoltsevet al. report on the realization of a topological vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) array. The topological nature of the array-based laser emission was achieved through a combination of topological in-plane propagation of evanescent light linking the vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers of the array. The topological features of the array force injection locking, making all emitters (30 in this case) act as a single coherent laser. This development will be important for realizing large-scale coherent laser arrays. —ISO