bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the yield of GaAs nanowires on silicon by Ga pre-deposition
Authors: Wilson D P , Dubrovskii V G , LaPierre R R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
GaAs nanowire (NW) arrays were grown by molecular beam epitaxy using the self-assisted vapor−liquid−solid method with Ga droplets as seed particles. A Ga pre-deposition step is examined to control NW yield and diameter. The NW yield can be increased with suitable duration of a Ga pre-deposition step but is highly dependent on oxide hole diameter and surface conditions. The NW diameter was determined by vapor-solid growth on the NW sidewalls, rather than Ga pre-deposition. The maximum NW yield with a Ga pre-deposition step was very close to 100%, established at shorter Ga deposition durations and for larger holes. This trend was explained within a model where maximum yield is obtained when the Ga droplet volume approximately equals the hole volume.
Ti3C2T
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MXene/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide composite: a high-performance electrochemical sensing platform for adrenaline detection
Authors: Chen Shuxian , Shi Min , Xu Quan , Xu Jingkun , Duan Xuemin , Gao Yansha , Lu Limin , Gao Feng , Wang Xiaoqiang , Yu Yongfang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Herein, Ti3C2T
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MXene/N-doped reduced graphene oxide (MXene/N-rGO) composite was employed as the electrocatalyst to construct a new electrochemical sensing platform for the determination of adrenaline (AD). The MXene/N-rGO was synthesized via a facile one-step hydrothermal method, where ethylenediamine acted as a reducing agent and N source. The doped N in rGO served as a bridge between MXene and rGO through tight hydrogen bonds. Scanning electron microscopy showed that large numbers of MXenes with accordion-like morphology were distributed on the surface of the N-rGO. The MXene/N-rGO composite displayed a synergetic catalytic effect for oxidizing AD, originating from the unique catalytic activity of N-rGO and the large surface area and satisfactory conductivity of MXene. These characteristics of composite material led to a remarkable effect on signal amplification for the detection of AD, with a wide linear range from 10.0 nM to 90.0 μM and a low detection limit of 3.0 nM based on a signal to noise ratio of 3. Moreover, the MXene/N-rGO electrode displayed good stability, repeatability, and reproducibility. Additionally, the proposed sensor was successfully applied for voltammetric sensing of AD in urine with recoveries from 97.75% to 103.0%.
Spectro-temporal comparisons of optical emission, absorption, and laser-induced fluorescence for characterizing ns and fs laser-produced plasmas
Authors: Harilal S S , Kautz E J , Jones R J , Phillips M C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We performed simultaneous measurement of absorption, emission, and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopic signatures for determining nanosecond and femtosecond laser-produced plasma’s (LPP) physical properties throughout its lifecycle. Plasmas are produced by focusing either ∼6 ns, 1064 nm pulses from an Nd:YAG or ∼35 fs, ∼800 nm pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser on an Inconel target that contains Al as a minor alloying addition. A continuous-wave narrowband tunable laser was used for performing absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy while a fast-gated detection system was used for emission spectroscopy. The temporal evolution of emission, fluorescence, and absorbance of Al transitions are compared for both ns and fs LPPs. Time-resolved absorbance was also used for evaluating linewidth, lineshape, temperature, and column-averaged atomic number density at late times of ns and fs plasma evolution. Our results demonstrate that lower and excited-state populations of fs LPPs are short-lived in comparison to those in ns plasmas. The lower state population is observed to reach a maximum value earlier in time for the fs plasma versus the ns plasma, while the kinetic temperature for the ns plasma was higher than for the fs plasma at most times of the plasma evolution.
Spatiotemporal variations of the electrical potential on surface dielectric barrier discharges
Authors: Mitsuhashi Kodai , Komuro Atsushi , Suzuki Kento , Natsume China , Ando Akira 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this study, the temporal variation of an electric potential distribution was measured in a surface dielectric barrier discharge experiment using the Pockels effect. A branching pattern and homogeneous distribution were respectively observed when positive and negative voltages were applied. When continuous alternating current was applied to the electrode, the spatial distributions of the electric potential significantly changed between the first and subsequent discharge cycles. The results indicate that the electrostatic repulsive forces caused by the residual charges on the dielectric surface affect the dynamic patterns of the discharge morphology.
On the electron energy distribution function in the high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge
Authors: Rudolph Martin , Revel Adrien , Lundin Daniel , Hajihoseini Hamidreza , Brenning Nils , Raadu Michael A , Anders André , Minea Tiberiu M , Gudmundsson Jón Tómas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We apply the ionization region model (IRM) and the Orsay Boltzmann equation for electrons coupled with ionization and excited states kinetics (OBELIX) model to study the electron kinetics of a high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharge. In the IRM the bulk (cold) electrons are assumed to exhibit a Maxwellian energy distribution and the secondary (hot) electrons, emitted from the target surface upon ion bombardment, are treated as a high energy tail, while in the OBELIX the electron energy distribution is calculated self-consistently using an isotropic Boltzmann equation. The two models are merged in the sense that the output from the IRM is used as an input for OBELIX. The temporal evolutions of the particle densities are found to agree very well between the two models. Furthermore, a very good agreement is demonstrated between the bi-Maxwellian electron energy distribution assumed by the IRM and the electron energy distribution calculated by the OBELIX model. It can therefore be concluded that assuming a bi-Maxwellian electron energy distribution, constituting a cold bulk electron group and a hot secondary electron group, is a good approximation for modeling the HiPIMS discharge.
Vibration-based inverse graphical technique for thickness estimation of bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators: application for corrosion monitoring of sacrificial anodes
Authors: Thalapil Jeslin , Tamhane Durgesh , Banerjee Sauvik , Tallur Siddharth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Resonant acoustic sensors have been used in a variety of applications that leverage the large sensitivity of mechanical resonance frequency to shift in geometric or mechanical properties of the sensor induced by the measurand. In applications such as structural health monitoring, accurate damage quantification requires development of precise models for resonator-measurand interactions or advanced system identification or optimization algorithms. In this paper, we utilize a graphical technique originally proposed for damage assessment in beams, to determine the extent of corrosion of sacrificial zinc anode discs instrumented with piezoelectric transducers. We develop analytical models for expressing natural resonance frequencies of the radial and transverse vibration modes of a disc in terms of material and geometric properties of its constituent elements. The underlying parameters (in this case, the thicknesses of the zinc and zinc oxide films) are extracted from measured resonance frequencies by finding roots of the characteristic determinant of these modes through graphical technique. Even though accelerated corrosion induced by impressed current results in non-uniform corrosion of the anode, the graphical technique with uniform-corrosion model shows excellent agreement with experimental results and is suitable for in-situ monitoring of sacrificial anodes used in cathodic protection systems. This technique requires no calibration or model of corrosion dynamics, and is computationally inexpensive unlike optimization techniques.
Enhancing piezoelectric energy harvesting from the flow-induced vibration of a circular cylinder using dual splitters
Authors: Wang Junlei , Gu Shanghao , Abdelkefi Abdessattar , Bose Chandan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ambient energy harvesting from the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of circular cylinders has been extensively studied in recent years. However, the effect of multiple splitters attached to the cylinder surface in different configurations on the energy harvesting performance is not well understood to date. This study is focused on enhancing the piezoelectric energy harvesting from the flow-induced vibration of a circular cylinder by using two symmetric splitters in different relative angular positions with respect to the oncoming uniform flow. Both wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations are carried out to study the effect of seven different installation angles (α = 0∘, 30∘, 60∘, 90∘, 120∘, 150∘, and 180∘) of the dual splitters on the energy harvesting efficiency with the increasing flow velocity. It is observed that, in the absence of any splitter, the energy harvesting performance is constricted to the lock-in regime for the VIV of the circular cylinder. When the dual splitters are introduced at the positions of 0∘ and 120∘, energy harvesting is completely suppressed, and no voltage is generated. The transition from VIV to galloping is observed for the positions of 30∘, 60∘, 150∘, and 180∘. Among them, 60∘ is the optimal position, where the maximum output voltage increases up to 188.61% of that obtained from the harvester without any splitters. VIV with a reduced maximum output voltage is observed at the position of 90∘. The underlying vortex interactions behind the transitional dynamics are investigated by analyzing the flow-field. It is observed that the vortex formation length increases with the increase in the splitter angle, and the secondary vortices also play a key role behind the VIV to galloping transition. This study systematically carries out the performance analysis of the VIV-based energy harvester with multiple splitters for the first time in the literature and directly contributes to the optimized design of an innovative wind energy harvester with multiple splitter configuration.
Superconducting nanostrip single-photon detectors some fundamental aspects in detection mechanism, technology and performance
Authors: Semenov Alexej D 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe paper is devoted to several recent rather fundamental achievements in the field of superconducting nanostrip single-photon detectors which make an impact on understanding the detection mechanism, technological challenges and performance metrics important for applications. Special attention is given to static and temporal fluctuations of different origin affecting key metrics of these detectors. Some salient points of older models such as detection criteria or real-time evolution of an electro-thermal domain are also highlighted. Recent technical and instrumental advances are intentionally left beyond the scope of this paper.
Coherent one-way quantum conference key agreement based on twin field
Authors: Cao Xiao-Yu , Gu Jie , Lu Yu-Shuo , Yin Hua-Lei , Chen Zeng-Bing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Quantum conference key agreement (CKA) enables key sharing among multiple trusted users with information-theoretic security. Currently, the key rates of most quantum CKA protocols suffer from the limit of the total efficiency among quantum channels. Inspired by the coherent one-way and twin-field quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, we propose a quantum CKA protocol of three users. Exploiting coherent states with intensity 0 and μ to encode logic bits, our protocol can break the limit. Additionally, the requirements of phase randomization and multiple intensity modulation are removed in our protocol, making its experimental demonstration simple.
Non-oscillatory no-scale inflation
Authors: Ellis John , Nanopoulos Dimitri V. , Olive Keith A. , Verner Sarunas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We propose a non-oscillatory no-scale supergravity model of
inflation (NO-NO inflation) in which the inflaton does not oscillate
at the end of the inflationary era. Instead, the Universe is then
dominated by the inflaton kinetic energy density (kination). During
the transition from inflation to kination, the Universe preheats
instantly through a coupling to Higgs-like fields. These rapidly
annihilate and scatter into ultra-relativistic matter particles,
which subsequently dominate the energy density, and reheating occurs
at a temperature far above that of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. After
the electroweak transition, the inflaton enters a tracking phase as
in some models of quintessential inflation. The model predictions
for cosmic microwave background observables are consistent with
Planck 2018 data, and the density of gravitational waves is below
the upper bound from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. We also find that the
density of supersymmetric cold dark matter produced by gravitino
decay is consistent with Planck 2018 data over the expected range of
supersymmetric particle masses.
Constraints on a mixed model of dark matter particles and primordial black holes from the galactic 511 keV line
Authors: Cai Rong-Gen , Ding Yu-Chen , Yang Xing-Yu , Zhou Yu-Feng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The galactic 511 keV gamma-ray line has been observed since 1970's, and was identified as the result of electron-positron annihilation, but the origin of such positrons is still not clear.
Apart from the astrophysical explanations, the possibilities that such positrons come from dark matter (DM) annihilation are also widely studied.
Primordial black hole (PBH) is also an extensively studied candidate of DM.
If PBHs exist, the DM particles may be gravitationally bound to the PBHs and form halo around PBHs with density spikes.
DM annihilation in these density spikes can enhance the production rate of positrons from DM particles, but the signal morphology is similar to the decaying DM.
We consider such a mixed model consisting of DM particles and PBHs and obtain the upper limit from the data of 511 keV gamma-ray line from INTEGRAL/SPI on the decaying component of DM particles and the constraint on the PBH abundance.
These constraints are general and independent of particle DM models.
For the mixed model consisting of excited DM and PBHs, the constraints on the PBH abundance can be down to O(10-17) for DM particle with mass around 1, which is more stringent than that obtained from the extragalactic gamma-ray background.
Impacts of the physical data model on the forward inference of initial conditions from biased tracers
Authors: Nguyen Nhat-Minh , Schmidt Fabian , Lavaux Guilhem , Jasche Jens 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We investigate the impact of each ingredient in the employed physical data model on the Bayesian forward inference of initial conditions from biased tracers at the field level. Specifically, we use dark matter halos in a given cosmological simulation volume as tracers of the underlying matter density field. We study the effect of tracer density, grid resolution, gravity model, bias model and likelihood on the inferred initial conditions. We find that the cross-correlation coefficient between true and inferred phases reacts weakly to all ingredients above, and is well predicted by the theoretical expectation derived from a Gaussian model on a broad range of scales. The bias in the amplitude of the inferred initial conditions, on the other hand, depends strongly on the bias model and the likelihood.
We conclude that the bias model and likelihood hold the key to an unbiased cosmological inference. Together they must keep the systematics — which arise from the sub-grid physics that are marginalized over — under control in order to obtain an unbiased inference.
Beginning of a new phase of the dissemination of the kilogram
Authors: Davidson S , Stock M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Following the completion of the first key comparison of realizations of the kilogram, CCM.M-K8.2019, the internationally coordinated dissemination of the kilogram has entered into a new phase on 1 February 2021. The traceability of the mass unit to the Planck constant will now be taken from the ‘consensus value’ of the kilogram. This letter provides the background on the phases of the dissemination of the kilogram and describes the determination of the consensus value and its consequences for mass traceability.
Information thermodynamics of financial markets: the Glosten–Milgrom model
Authors: Touzo Léo , Marsili Matteo , Zagier Don 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Glosten–Milgrom model describes a single asset market, where informed traders interact with a market maker, in the presence of noise traders. We derive an analogy between this financial model and a Szilárd information engine by (i) showing that the optimal work extraction protocol in the latter coincides with the pricing strategy of the market maker in the former and (ii) defining a market analogue of the physical temperature from the analysis of the distribution of market orders. Then we show that the expected gain of informed traders is bounded above by the product of this market temperature with the amount of information that informed traders have, in exact analogy with the corresponding formula for the maximal expected amount of work that can be extracted from a cycle of the information engine. This suggests that recent ideas from information thermodynamics may shed light on financial markets, and lead to generalised inequalities, in the spirit of the extended second law of thermodynamics.
Synthesis and characterization of triazol derivative as new corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1M HCl solution complemented with antibacterial studies
Authors: Kadhim Abdulhadi , Sulaiman Ghassan , Abdel Moneim Ahmed E. , Yusop Rahimi M. , Al-Amiery Ahmed 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOne of the most serious problems in the industry in which mild steel is used is corrosion. Billions of dollars are lost every year due to corrosion problems, especially in industries that use acids, especially hydrochloric acid, where hydrochloric acid has an important role in industrial processes, in refining crude oil, pickling acid, industrial cleaning, acid sizing, and in petrochemical processes. New inhibitor derived from triazole namely “methyl 2-(1-(5-methyl-1-(p-tolyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinecarbodithioate” (MTH) has been synthesized and fully characterized by Fourier transformer infra-red (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopically techniques in addition to CHN analysis. The new compound has been tested as new corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. The inhibition performance of new corrosion inhibitor was investigated by weight loss method. Results demonstrate that the corrosion rate (CR) decreased significantly in the presence MTH. On the other hand, the inhibition efficiency, increased with the increase of the concentration of MTH up to 95.1% achieved at 303 K for a 0.5mM concentration. The inhibition efficiency decreases with temperature increase. The antimicrobial activities of MTH forEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureushave been investigated. The results revealed that the MTH has satisfactory activities against the tested bacteria. The corrosion of mild steel is one of the most serious problems in the industry. Billions of dollars are lost every year due to the corrosion problems, especially in industries that use acids such as especially hydrochloric acid, where it has an important role in industrial processes, in refining crude oil, pickling acid, industrial cleaning, acid sizing, and in petrochemical processes. New inhibitor derived from triazole namely “methyl 2-(1-(5-methyl-1-(p-tolyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) ethylidene) hydrazinecarbodithioate” (MTH) has been synthesized and fully characterized by Fourier Transformer Infra-Red (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as a spectroscopic technique. In addition to CHN analysis. The new compound has been tested as a new corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. The inhibition performance of new corrosion inhibitor was studied by weight loss method. The results demonstrates that the corrosion rate (CR) decreased significantly in the presence of an MTH. On the other hand, the inhibition efficiency was increased with the increase in the concentration of MTH up to 95.1% achieved at a temperature of 303 °K for a concentration of 0.5mM. The inhibition efficiency was decreases with increasing temperature. The antimicrobial activities of MTH forE. coliandS. aureushave been investigated. The results revealed that the MTH has satisfactory activities against the tested bacteria.
FABRICATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL MATERIAL USING DIFFERENT ACETATE SALTS
Authors: Hashim Mustafa Sh. , Hussein Hadi A. , Khaleel Reem S. , Kadum Maha M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ammonium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Sodium and Magnesium acetates were diluted inside both distilled water and Isopropanol alcohol separately and then tested as antibacterial material against (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and Candida albicans). Among diluted salts in water only Cadmium and Cobalt acetate had inhibition zones. The particles sizes inside distilled water were 5.6 and 25.5 nm for diluted Cadmium and Cobalt acetate respectively as measured by particle size distribution test. The addition of all used acetate salts on Isopropanol alcohol increased its ability for killing tested bacteria. All diluted acetates in Isopropanol alcohol had inhibition zones, both Cadmium and Cobalt acetates had equal or larger inhibition zones than those diluted in water. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biofilm inhibition% were measured for Cadmium acetate and cobalt acetate.
Anticorrosion and antibacterial effects of new Schiff base derived from hydrazine
Authors: Al-Baghdadi Shaimaa B. , Kadhim Abdulhadi , Sulaiman Ghassan , Al-Amiery Ahmed A. , Abdul Amir H. Kadhum , Takriff MS 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn general, the diminish of corrosion is controlled by different techniques. Typically, the applied corrosion inhibitor was proved to be a simple and inexpensive technique for corrosion prevention and protection in a corrosive environment. Herein we synthesized a new corrosion inhibitor namely “Benzyl 2-(1-(5-methyl-1-(p-tolyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl)-ethylidene) hydrazine-1-carbodithioate” (BTC). The chemical structure of the tested inhibitor has been elucidating by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopically methods and the number of carbons hydrogen and nitrogen atoms for chemical formula was detected through using CHN analysis. BTC was investigated as a novel inhibitor for mild steel (MS) in an HCl environment, and the inhibition efficiency has been tested gravimetric technique. The results showed that the corrosion rate (CR) and inhibition efficiency (IE%) are in an inverse relationship with each other, as the IE increases with increasing the inhibitor concentration while the CR decreases with increasing concentration. The inhibition efficiency was up to 93.4% at 303.0K in presence of BTC (0.5 mM). The IE decreases with increasing temperature especially at 333 K. The adsorption of BTC on the MS surface was obeyed the adsorption of Langmuir isotherm. In a parallel study, the BTC was examined as an antibacterial compound for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the new substance has the significant potential to inhibit the growth of bacterial.