bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of different chloride salts and their concentrations on nitrification and trace gas emissions from a sandy soil under a controlled environment
Authors: Guo Yafei , Becker‐Fazekas Stefan , Mühling Karl H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPotassium chloride (KCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) can be used to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but their efficacy can be strongly affected by their Cl− concentration. This study aimed to compare the behaviour of different Cl− salts and concentrations with that of a typical commercial nitrification inhibitor (3, 4‐dimethylpyrazole phosphate, PIADIN). KCl, MgCl2 and PIADIN were investigated under a laboratory incubation experiment for two months. KCl and MgCl2 were applied at 0.5 and 1.0 g kg−1, while PIADIN was applied at 25 mg kg−1 soil. CO2 and N2O concentrations were analysed during the incubation period. The and dynamics in soil were also measured. The results showed 0.5 and 1.0 g kg−1 KCl and 0.5 g kg−1 MgCl2 decreased CO2‐C emissions by 43%–46% and increased N2O‐N emissions by 15%–48%, whereas 1.0 g kg−1 MgCl2 decreased CO2‐C emissions by 72% and N2O‐N emissions by 19%. KCl and MgCl2 retarded the decrease of the ‐N concentration and increase of the ‐N concentration. PIADIN reduced the emissions of CO2‐C by 113% and N2O‐N by 97% and maintained a high soil ‐N concentration and low ‐N concentration. MgCl2 addition at 1.0 g kg−1 was an effective treatment as the Mg both fertilized the soil and inhibited CO2‐C and N2O‐N emissions. Moreover, 1.0 g kg−1 MgCl2 could retard soil nitrification, the decrease of ‐N concentration and the increase of ‐N concentration. While PIADIN had no fertilizing value, it was a more effective nitrification inhibitor than Cl− salts.
Evaluating healthcare resource inequality in Beijing, China based on an improved spatial accessibility measurement
Authors: Gong Shize , Gao Yong , Zhang Fan , Mu Lan , Kang Chaogui , Liu Yu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the context of rapid development, Beijing, the capital of China, is facing huge challenges in providing fair healthcare resources to residents. Although Beijing has the best healthcare resources nationwide, a highly concentrated population and uneven distribution of hospitals make the supply of medical resources tight and unbalanced. The objective of this study is to explore the healthcare resource inequality in Beijing based on spatial accessibility. The two‐step floating catchment area method was improved to measure healthcare accessibility by defining a novel distance attenuation function that conforms to the specific travel behavior of taxies to hospitals. We explored the inequality among different places and different populations. It was found that the spatial inequality of healthcare resources was evident and typical, with the dominant resources concentrated in the city center. Some regions are always in an advantageous position regardless of traffic conditions. The impact of some social‐economic factors on healthcare accessibility was analyzed, which exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. Hospital deserts for different vulnerable populations were identified. Besides children with massive hospital deserts at the city fringe, other vulnerable populations have no distinct disadvantage. These results offer profound comprehension of healthcare inequality to assist in healthcare resources management and policy‐making in Beijing.
In vitro invasiveness and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica subspecies isolated from wild and captive reptiles
Authors: McWhorter Andrea , Owens Jane , Valcanis Mary , Olds Liberty , Myers Cecilia , Smith Ian , Trott Darren , McLelland David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReptiles are carriers of Salmonella and can intermittently shed bacteria in their faeces. Contact with snakes and lizards is a source of human salmonellosis. Here, two populations of reptiles, wild and captive were surveyed for Salmonella. One hundred thirty wild‐caught reptiles were sampled for Salmonella including 2 turtle, 9 snake and 31 lizard species. Fifty‐two of 130 (40%) animals were Salmonella positive: one of 5 (20%) turtles, 7 of 14 (50%) snakes and 44 of 111 (39.6%) lizards. One hundred twenty‐two reptiles were sampled from a zoo collection including 1 turtle, 6 tortoise, 9 lizard, 14 snake and 1 crocodile species. Forty‐two of 122 (34.4%) captive reptiles sampled were Salmonella positive. Salmonella was most commonly isolated from lizards and snakes. Fifteen serotypes were identified from zoo and 19 from wild‐caught reptiles and most were members of subspecies enterica (I), salamae (II), arizonae (IIIa) or diarizonae (IIIb). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on all Salmonella isolates; only two exhibited resistance, a Salmonella subsp. (II) ser. 21:z10:z6 (Wandsbek) isolate cultured from a wild‐caught reptile and a Salmonella Typhimurium DT120 isolated from a captive snake. The invasive capacity of reptile‐associated Salmonella strains into cultured human intestinal epithelial (Caco2) and mouse macrophages cell lines (J774A.1) was also investigated. All isolates were invasive into both cell lines. Significant (P 0.001) variability in invasiveness into polarized Caco2 cells was observed. Salmonella Eastbourne exhibited the highest invasiveness into Caco2 cells and Salmonella Chester the lowest, with mean per cent recoveries of 19.99 0.32 and 1.23 0.30, respectively. Invasion into J774A.1 macrophages was also variable but was not significant. Salmonella subsp. II ser. 17:g,t:‐ (Bleadon) exhibited the highest invasiveness into J774A.1 with a mean per cent recovery of 10.19 0.19. Thus, reptile‐associated Salmonellae are likely to have different capacities to cause disease in humans.
Buckling of Semimonocoque Structures Under Compression
Authors: Wang Tsun Kuei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of the strength of a stiffened cylindrical shell under the action of uniform axial compression. It is assumed that the cylindrical structure is a very thin tube of circular cross section; its reinforcements consist essentially of a great number of uniform longitudinal stiffeners and a great number of uniform transverse rings. It is often desirable to know the critical value of the compressive load for the buckling of such a structure.
The Distribution of Strains in the Rolling Process
Authors: MacGregor C. W. , Coffin L. F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A series of experiments are described in which the complete strain distributions are given for copper bars rolled with a varying number of passes in different directions at a reduction of 20 per cent per pass. The effects of different rolling sequences on the strain patterns are described. Numerical values are reported, showing that alternate passes in different directions produce much less distorted networks, as compared to the cases of rolling in the same direction for each pass. The presence of tensile elastic strains ahead of the rolls was demonstrated by the use of a brittle lacquer, and comparisons were drawn between these and the elastic strains produced in lateral compression tests between rollers of the same diameter.
The Center of Shear Again
Authors: Osgood W. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
There is disagreement in the literature as to the location of the center of shear. Timoshenko, for example, states that the position of this point depends upon Poisson’s ratio, whereas Trefftz says that it does not. Both Timoshenko’s and Trefftz’ solutions are compatible with the usual definition of the center of shear. The disagreement may be attributed to the assumptions of different boundary conditions. In this paper the boundary conditions are examined, and a definition of the center of shear is proposed that leads to a unique point for any cross section.
Efficient Steady and Unsteady Flow Modeling for Arbitrarily Mis-Staggered Bladerow Under Influence of Inlet Distortion
Authors: Phan H. M. , He L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Accurate and efficient predictions of the steady and unsteady flow responses due to the blade-to-blade variation as well as due to the nonaxisymmetric inlet distortion have been continually pursued. Computation of two problems concurrently has been rarely done in the past partly because of the need to perform whole annulus bladerow simulations, despite the advances in the current state-of-the-art methods with the phase-shift single passage simulations. The current work attempts to deal with this challenge by developing a new computational approach based on the principle of the multiscale method in the framework of a commercial solver (CFX). The methodology formulation relies on summation of the constituent source terms, each of which corresponds to a particular flow perturbation. The source term element corresponding to the blade-to-blade variation effect is linearly superimposed as in the classical Influence Coefficient Method. The unsteady flow field around a blade at any time instant depends only on its relative position to all its neighboring blades, so that the influences of an arbitrarily mis-staggered bladerow can be computed efficiently. In addition, the source term arisen due to the inlet distortion is calculated based on the spatial Fourier transform. A key enabler is that the source terms can be precomputed using a small set of identical blade passages. The source term is then propagated to different spatial and temporal locations depending on the combination of the mis-staggering pattern and the inlet distortion. The multiscale treatment makes it possible to predict a high-resolution flow field effects on the base coarse mesh as if a fine mesh were locally solved, while achieving a considerable computational efficiency gain. The proposed influence-coefficient and source term based method has been validated for test cases with a uniformly staggered bladerow, and for an arbitrarily mis-staggered bladerow, under a clean inflow condition as well as that subject to an inlet distortion.
Addressing recruitment and retention in paediatrics: a pipeline to a brighter future
Authors: Mallett Peter , Thompson Andrew , Bourke Thomas 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundIn the UK, the number of junior doctors completing foundation programme, and the number of trainees applying to paediatrics has been in decline in recent years. The NHS is at ‘breaking point’, exacerbated by workforce shortages, chronic underfunding, increasing service demand and poor job satisfaction within healthcare workers. Issues in recruitment and retention of paediatricians ‘threaten the safety of our children’s health’, according to the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.AimTo explore what strategies have been described in the literature to enhance recruitment and retention in paediatrics.MethodsA scoping review methodology was conducted, employing a qualitative approach to review the literature. The studies included were English-language studies. 16 full-text articles were reviewed and analysed.Study findingsThere is a paucity of data in the literature that describes evidence-based approaches to enhancing retention and recruitment in paediatrics. The most important strategies employed to help are identified and grouped into six main themes. These include professional advocacy, workforce diversity, mentorship, improving working conditions, career flexibility and enhancing educational opportunities. The authors have created a ‘paediatric pipeline’ paradigm of ‘identify, engage, recruit, retain and champion’, which allow us to present these themes in a pragmatic way for paediatricians and policymakers.ConclusionsWhile some issues share similarities with other specialties in difficulty, much of the context and potential remedies within paediatrics are distinct. A strategic, multi-agency collaborative approach is required urgently to address the significant issues that face both paediatrics and the healthcare system.
Aspirin to prevent pre-eclampsia
Authors: Tong Stephen , Walker Susan , Cluver Catherine , Hastie Roxanne 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTopics for DTB review articles are selected by DTB’s editorial board to provide concise overviews of medicines and other treatments to help patients get the best care. Articles include a summary of key points and a brief overview for patients. Articles may also have a series of multiple choice CME questions.
Evaluation of disease, yield and economics associated with fungicide timing in Canadian Western Red Spring wheat
Authors: Asif M. , Strydhorst S. , Strelkov S.E. , Terry A. , Harding M.W. , Feng J. , Yang R.C. 
Published: March 2021

Protection from fungal plant pathogens is key for optimizing the yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, current grower practices and historical research do not always align with respect to optimum fungicide timing to maximize disease control, yield, quality, and profitability of Canadian Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat. Six fungicide treatments were evaluated at eight site–years across Alberta in 2018 and 2019 to determine the optimum time for fungicide application. The treatments included early fungicide applications at BBCH 22–23 (herbicide timing), early- to mid-season application at BBCH 30–32 (plant growth regulator timing), ‘traditional’ timing at BBCH 39–45 (flag leaf), and head timing at BBCH 61–63 (Fusarium head blight timing) and were compared with a non-treated control. Yield responses to fungicide treatments occurred at 50% of the site–years when disease pressure was 32% higher than in non-responsive site–years. Responsive site–years were characterized by higher relative humidity (65.4%–74.0%) and an average 273 mm of precipitation. At responsive site–years, McFadden leaf spot disease severity ratings were 50% greater in early August when fungicides were applied at BBCH 22–23 and 30–32 versus at BBCH 39–45. At responsive sites, yield and thousand-kernel weight were 9.3% and 5.2%, higher, respectively, for fungicide applications at BBCH 39–45 and BBCH 61–63 compared with fungicide applications at BBCH 22–23 and BBCH 30–32. The most economically beneficial practices were applications of propiconazole, benzovindiflupyr and azoxystrobin (Trivapro A+B) at BBCH 39–45 or prothioconazole and tebuconazole (Prosaro XTR) at BBCH 61–63 when environmental conditions were conducive for disease development.
A data-driven approach for assessing biking safety in cities
Authors: Daraei Sara , Pelechrinis Konstantinos , Quercia Daniele 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith the focus that cities around the world have put on sustainable transportation during the past few years, biking has become one of the foci for local governments globally. Cities all over the world invest in biking infrastructure, including bike lanes, bike parking racks, shared (dockless) bike systems etc. However, one of the critical factors in converting city-dwellers to (regular) bike users/commuters is safety. In this work, we utilize bike accident data from different cities to model the biking safety based on street-level (geographical and infrastructural) features. Our evaluations indicate that our model provides well-calibrated probabilities that accurately capture the risk of a biking accident. We further perform cross-city comparisons in order to explore whether there are universal features that relate to cycling safety. Finally, we discuss and showcase how our model can be utilized to explore “what-if” scenarios and facilitate policy decision making.
A Burned-Out CD8+ T-cell Subset Expands in the Tumor Microenvironment and Curbs Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Sanmamed Miguel F. , Nie Xinxin , Desai Shruti S. , Villaroel-Espindola Franz , Badri Ti , Zhao Dejian , Kim Anthony W. , Ji Lan , Zhang Tianxiang , Quinlan Edward , Cheng Xiaoxiao , Han Xue , Vesely Matthew D. , Nassar Ala F. , Sun Jingwei , Zhang Yu , Kim Tae Kon , Wang Jun , Melero Ignacio , Herbst Roy S. , Schalper Kurt A. , Chen Lieping 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Specific mechanisms by which tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) become dysfunctional remain poorly understood. Here, we employed a two-pronged approach using single-cell mass cytometry and tissue imaging technologies to dissect TILs from 25 patients with resectable and 35 patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We identified a burned-out CD8+ TIL subset (Ebo) that specifically accumulated within the tumor microenvironment (TME) but not in adjacent nontumoral tissues. Ebo showed the highest expression of proliferation and activation markers but produced the lowest amount of IFNγ and were the most apoptotic CD8+ TIL subset. Using a humanized patient-derived tumor xenograft model, we demonstrated that Ebo expansion occurred within the TME in a PD-1/B7-H1 pathway-dependent manner. Ebo abundance in baseline tumor tissues was associated with resistance to anti-PD therapy in patients with NSCLC. Our study identifies a dysfunctional TIL subset, with distinct features from previously described exhausted T cells, and implies strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance.

Significance:
We identified a highly proliferative, overactivated, and apoptotic dysfunctional CD8+ tumor-infiltrating subpopulation that is functionally distinct from previously described exhausted T cells. This population is expanded in lung cancer tissues in a PD-1/B7-H1-dependent manner, and its abundance is associated with resistance to cancer immunotherapy, thus becoming a potential tissue biomarker.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1601
Large-scale Identification of Clonal Hematopoiesis and Mutations Recurrent in Blood Cancers
Authors: Feusier Julie E. , Arunachalam Sasi , Tashi Tsewang , Baker Monika J. , VanSant-Webb Chad , Ferdig Amber , Welm Bryan E. , Rodriguez-Flores Juan L. , Ours Christopher , Jorde Lynn B. , Prchal Josef T. , Mason Clinton C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is characterized by detectable hematopoietic-associated gene mutations in a person without evidence of hematologic malignancy. We sought to identify additional cancer-presenting mutations usable for CHIP detection by performing a data mining analysis of 48 somatic mutation landscape studies reporting mutations at diagnoses of 7,430 adult and pediatric patients with leukemia or other hematologic malignancy. Following extraction of 20,141 protein-altering mutations, we identified 434 significantly recurrent mutation hotspots, 364 of which occurred at loci confidently assessable for CHIP. We then performed an additional large-scale analysis of whole-exome sequencing data from 4,538 persons belonging to three noncancer cohorts for clonal mutations. We found the combined cohort prevalence of CHIP with mutations identical to those reported at blood cancer mutation hotspots to be 1.8%, and that some of these CHIP mutations occurred in children. Our findings may help to improve CHIP detection and precancer surveillance for both children and adults.

Significance:
This study identifies frequently occurring mutations across several blood cancers that may drive hematologic malignancies and signal increased risk for cancer when detected in healthy persons. We find clonal mutations at these hotspots in a substantial number of individuals from noncancer cohorts, including children, showcasing potential for improved precancer surveillance.
See related commentary by Spitzer and Levine, p. 192.
Incident Strokes Among American Indian Individuals With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Sanchez José M. , Jolly Stacey E. , Dewland Thomas A. , Tseng Zian H. , Nah Gregory , Vittinghoff Eric , Marcus Gregory M. 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND
American Indian individuals experience a relatively high risk for cardiovascular disease and have exhibited a higher risk of stroke compared with other racial and ethnic minorities. Although this population has the highest incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) compared with other groups, the relationship between AF and nonhemorrhagic stroke among American Indian individuals compared with other groups has not been thoroughly studied.

METHODS and RESULTS

We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project to evaluate risk of nonhemorrhagic stroke among American Indian individuals, with comparisons to White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian individuals, among all adult California residents receiving care in an emergency department, inpatient hospital unit, or ambulatory surgery setting from 2005 to 2011. Of 16 951 579 patients followed for a median 4.1 years, 105 822 (0.6%) were American Indian. After adjusting for age, sex, income level, insurance payer, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cardiac surgery, valvular heart disease, chronic kidney disease, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary disease, and alcohol use, American Indian individuals with AF exhibited the highest risk of nonhemorrhagic stroke when compared with either non‐American Indian individuals with AF (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.23–1.55;
P
<0.0001) or to each race and ethnicity with AF. American Indian individuals also experienced the highest overall risk for stroke, with no evidence that AF disproportionately heightened that risk in interaction analyses.

CONCLUSIONS
American Indian individuals experienced the highest risk of nonhemorrhagic stroke, whether in the presence or absence of AF. Our findings likely suggest an opportunity to further study, if not immediately address, guideline‐adherent anticoagulation prescribing patterns among American Indian individuals with AF.
A Critical Reflexion on Two Conceptual Tools From a Global South Perspective: Réflexion critique sur deux outils conceptuels selon la perspective des pays du sud
Authors: Simaan Juman 
Published: March 2021

Background. Occupational therapy’s conceptual tools need to be considered from Global South perspectives to make them more culturally relevant and safe. Purpose. This paper uses an empirical example, and the author’s professional and academic experiences, to analyze the strengths, limitations, and potential refinement of the Critical Thinking Tool (CTT) and the Participatory Occupational Justice Framework (POJF). Key Issues. The paper describes processes of critical reflexivity and intercultural translation to compare concepts used in the CTT and POJF with the findings of a study about olive growing in Palestine to consider the applicability of these tools in Global South settings. The CTT should be amended to address collective occupations, and global and historical contexts, and the POJF should embed intercultural translations and solidarity into its philosophy and processes. Implications. These refinements would enhance the cultural safety of the CTT and the POJF. Tools in occupational therapy will benefit from more evidence to enhance their global utility in an increasingly interconnected world, in which occupational therapists share the duty to tackle social and occupational injustices.