bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
161 Effects of Supplemental Zn Source (sulfate or Bis-glycinate) on Metabolism, Apparent Absorption, and Retention of Zn by Lambs
Authors: Deters Erin L , VanDerWal Allison , VanValin Katherine , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To assess bioavailability of bis-glycinate Zn (Plexomin Zn, Phytobiotics), 36 crossbred wethers (34 ± 2 kg) were sorted by body weight into three groups and stagger started on a Zn deplete diet (18.6 mg Zn/kg dry matter [DM]; 22.5% neutral detergent fiber) for 45 d prior to a 15-d metabolism period (10 d adaptation, 5 d collection). On d 46, lambs were randomly assigned to dietary Zn treatments (4 lambs/treatment/group): no supplemental Zn (CON) or 15 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM as Zn sulfate (ZS) or bis-glycinate Zn (GLY). Blood was collected from all lambs on d 1, 44, 56, and 61. Liver, small intestine, and muscle samples were collected after euthanasia on d 61. Liver and intestinal gene expression was determined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = lamb; fixed effects = treatment, group, and breed). After 15 d of Zn supplementation, plasma Zn concentrations were greatest for GLY versus CON or ZS (P ≤ 0.01), but tissue Zn concentrations were unaffected (P ≥ 0.15). Liver MT1 expression was approximately 2-fold greater for GLY versus CON or ZS (P ≤ 0.07). Intestinal ZIP4 expression tended or was lesser for ZS or GLY versus CON (P ≤ 0.07) and ZNT1 expression tended to be lesser for ZS versus CON (P = 0.07). Zinc intake, fecal output, retention, and apparent absorption were greater for ZS or GLY versus CON (P ≤ 0.01). Apparent absorption of Zn was -5.1, 12.8, and 15.0% for CON, ZS, and GLY, respectively. Although Zn apparent absorption did not differ between supplemental Zn sources (P = 0.71), differences in post-absorptive metabolism may be responsible for the observed increase in circulating Zn concentrations and liver MT1 expression in GLY supplemented lambs, suggesting improved bioavailability of GLY relative to ZS.
255 Evaluation of Different Corn Milling Methods for High-moisture and Dry Corn on Nutrient Digestion
Authors: Coulson Caitlin A , Woita Nicole , Spore Tyler , Wilson Hannah , Butterfield Kylie , Erickson Galen E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A 2 × 2 factorial digestion study using seven ruminally cannulated steers evaluated the effect of feeding diets containing 70% (dry matter-basis) high-moisture (HMC) or dry corn (DC), processed with either a hammer mill or Automatic Ag Roller Mill (Pender, NE), on nutrient digestion. Feeding HMC decreased the amount of excreted dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM; P ≤ 0.01) regardless of mill type, but there was a tendency (P ≤ 0.13) for an interaction between corn type and mill type for DM and OM digestibility. There was no difference between either milling treatments fed as HMC (P ≥ 0.69), but the hammer mill DC diet was more digestible than the roller mill DC (P = 0.05). There was no effect on NDF digestibility, but there was a tendency for an interaction between grain type and processing method for ADF digestibility, with the roller mill DC diet having the lowest (P = 0.02) ADF digestibility and no differences (P ≥ 0.15) among the other treatments. As expected, HMC based diets had greater (P &lt; 0.01) starch digestibility compared to DC, but milling method had no effect (P = 0.56). High moisture corn diets had greater (P = 0.01) DE intake (Mcal/kg), and hammer mill DC tended to be greater (P = 0.07) than roller mill DC. There tended (P = 0.07) to be an interaction for minimum pH, with roller mill HMC and hammer mill DC having the lowest average pH, but not different from hammer mill HMC (P ≥ 0.32). There were no differences (P = 0.56) in average pH, but HMC diets had greater variance (P = 0.04) and greater area under pH 5.6 (P = 0.05) compared to DC based diets. Feeding cattle HMC compared to DC increases nutrient digestibility but milling process had little impact.
256 Evaluation of Replacement of Dietary Corn with Corn Bran Plus Condensed Distillers Solubles on Growth Performance and Carcass Trait Responses in Finishing Beef Steers
Authors: Smith Zachary K , Wilken Mallorie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This experiment evaluated replacing dietary corn (50:50 blend of dry-rolled and high-moisture) with corn bran plus condensed distillers solubles (CBCDS) on finishing phase growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, comparative NE value, and carcass trait responses in finishing beef steers. This study used 30 pens of 8 steers/pen assigned to one of three treatments in a randomized complete block design (initial BW=401±43.2 kg); pen served as the experimental unit. Treatments included: 1) finishing diet that contained no corn co-product (Control); 2) finishing diet that contained a dry-corn milling bio-refinery product (20% DM basis inclusion) that replaced corn in the diet: CBCDS; 3) finishing diet that contained a wet-corn milling co-product (20% DM basis inclusion) that replaced corn in the diet: wet corn gluten feed (WCGF). For all analyses, an α of 0.05 determined significance and an α of 0.06 to 0.10 was a tendency. No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.58) among treatments for carcass-adjusted final BW (HCW/0.6433), ADG, or G:F. Observed NE for maintenance and gain was not impacted (P ≥ 0.28) by treatment. No appreciable influence for treatment was detected for the ratio of observed to expected dietary NE for maintenance or gain (P ≥ 0.40). Replacement NEm and NEg values (Mcal/45.4 kg) were determined to be 93.5 and 62.3 for CBCDS and 91.5 and 60.5 for WCGF. There was no influence (P ≥ 0.16) of treatment on DP, HCW, REA, RF, USDA Marbling, KPH, EBF, or final BW at 28% EBF. Treatment tended to influence (P = 0.10) YG, where steers fed WCGF had lesser YG than Control; however, CBCDS diet was intermediate, not differing from WCGF or Control. Distribution of USDA Quality and Yield Grade did not differ (P ≥ 0.29) among treatments. Substitution of corn for CBCDS at 20% of dietary DM can occur without detriment to growth performance or carcass traits.
257 Including Sweet Bran in the Diet of Growing Feedlot Steers Increased Body Weight and Influenced Rate of Feed Disappearance
Authors: Heiderscheit Katie J , Beenken Aubree M , Deters Erin L , Hochmuth Katherine , Jackson Trey D , Messersmith Elizabeth M , VanDerWal Allison , VanValin Katherine , Peschel Joshua , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study assessed the effect of Sweet BranTM (SWBR; 40% DM inclusion; Cargill Corn Milling, Blair, NE) or modified distiller’s grains (MDGS; 25% DM inclusion) in the diet of newly received feedlot steers on feeding behavior and growing period performance. Diets were formulated for similar metabolizable protein and DM. Two hundred sixteen freshly weaned Angus-cross steers (253 kg ± 18.1) were stratified by BW to 36 pens (n = 18 per treatment; 6 steers/pen). Individual BW were recorded on d 0, 28, and 60. Eight pens per treatment were utilized to assess rate of feed disappearance early (day 5 and 6) and late (53 and 54) during growing by weighing feed in bunks every 2 hours post-delivery for 12 consecutive hours. Feed weights were averaged across consecutive days within pen and timepoint. Slopes were calculated between each timepoint to determine rate of feed disappearance. Data were analyzed with Proc Mixed of SAS 9.4; diet was fixed effect and pen was experimental unit. Feed disappearance slopes were analyzed as repeated measures with the repeated effect of time. Body weights did not differ on d 28 (P ≥ 0.29), but d 60 BW and d 0 to 60 ADG were greater for SWBR than MDGS (P &lt; 0.05). Steers fed SWBR had greater DMI throughout the trial (P &lt; 0.05). Feed efficiency (G:F) did not differ throughout the trial (P ≥ 0.31). Rate of feed disappearance on d 5/6 was greater for SWBR between hours 6–8, and greater for MDGS from hours 10–12. On d 53/54, SWBR had increased feeding rate during hours 0–2, while MDGS was increased from hours 8–10. Steers fed SWBR had a greater rate of feed disappearance earlier in the day and had improved DMI and growth than steers fed MDGS.
275 Comparison of Revalor-xh with a revalor-ih/revalor-h/revalor-200 Re-implant Program on Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Gibbons John , Streeter Marshall N , Nuttelman Brandon L , Erickson Galen E , Dicke Bill 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A commercial feedlot trial evaluated a 3-implant re-implant program using Revalor-IH/Revalor-H/Revalor-200 compared to a single Revalor-XH (200 mg TBA and 20 mg E2 partially coated) implant strategy on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of calf fed heifers. Heifer calves (n = 1356) were purchased through time and blocked by source and arrival date, assigned randomly to pen within block, and pen assigned randomly to one of the two implant treatments. Heifers who received the 3-implant re-implant treatment were re-implanted on d67 with Revalor-H and on d137 with Revalor-200. Each block of cattle were harvested on the same study day, which averaged 215 days on feed. Performance data were analyzed as a randomized block design, with the blocking factor as source/arrival time being considered random. Implant strategy was analyzed as a fixed effect with pen (n = 20) as the experimental unit. On a live basis, heifers implanted with Revalor-XH had a tendency for a greater gain efficiency (P = 0.06) though there were no significant differences between implant treatments for final body weight, gain or intake (P ≥ 0.15). There were no significant differences between implant treatments for hot carcass weight, gain, or gain efficiency (P ≥ 0.29) on a carcass-adjust basis. Marbling score and 12th rib fat thickness were not impacted by implant treatment (P ≥ 0.80); however, there was an increase in LM area (P = 0.02) for heifers on the 3-implant re-implant treatment compared to the Revalor-XH implanted heifers. There was also a tendency for a greater calculated YG in heifers who received Revalor-XH (P = 0.07). Heifers fed for approximately 215 d with a single Revalor-XH implant performed similarly to heifers fed the same amount of days receiving a 3-implant re-implant strategy using Revalor-IH/H/200 combination.
273 Effect of Feedlot Implant Dose and Terminal Window Timing on Heifer Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Pyatt Nathan , Vogel Gary , Brown Mike , White Frank , Kayser William , Homm Justin , Herr Cory , Holland Ben , Word Alyssa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Feedlot heifers (n = 3,778; initial BW = 310 kg; SD = 28 kg) were utilized in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (9 pens/treatment) to investigate increasing implant dose and terminal window (TW) timing on growth and carcass merit. Component with Tylan® implant dose treatments were 1. Initial TE-IH [80 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA), 8 mg estradiol (E2)] and terminal TE-H (140 mg TBA, 14 mg E2; IH/H), 2. Initial TE-IH and terminal TE-200 (200 mg TBA, 20 mg E2; IH/200), or 3. Initial TE-200 and terminal TE-200 (200/200). Heifers were fed 171 d with terminal implant administered 100 or 60 d prior to slaughter; initial implant window was inverse (71 or 111 d) to TW. Data were analyzed as a mixed model with block included as a random effect. No significant dose x TW interactions occurred for growth or carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.06) therefore, main effects are presented. Terminal window treatments resulted in similar (P &gt; 0.25) live performance. Heifers reimplanted 60 d prior to slaughter had improved (P &lt; 0.05) marbling score and lower YG2 carcasses. Final weight, gain, HCW, yield, and LM area increased (linear; P &lt; 0.05), while marbling score and fat thickness decreased (linear; P &lt; 0.05) with increasing heifer implant dose. Heifers implanted with IH/200 had lower (P &lt; 0.05) DMI compared to IH/H. IH/200 and 200/200 had improved (+2.1%; P &lt; 0.05) efficiency compared to IH/H. HCW for 200/200 was +3.2 and 5.5 kg greater than IH/200 and IH/H, respectively. 200/200 were leaner with +7.4% YG 1&2 and -5.4% YG 4&5, but -8.5% Prime & Choice carcass compared to IH/H. Shortening TW from 100 to 60 d prior to slaughter did not alter growth performance. Increased implant dose in heifers improved gain, efficiency, HCW and yield with some quality grade considerations.
144 The Effect of Pre-farrow Meal Time on Onset of Parturition in Swine
Authors: Obermier Dalton , Uitermarkt Amanda , Frobose Hyatt , Mote Benny E , Eickhoff Megan , Kibler Jenna , Borg Bart 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Genetic selection for increased litter size has resulted in a concomitant increase in stillborn rates in modern genetic lines. In commercial farms, pre-parturient sows are typically fed during daytime hours with a high percentage of farrowings occurring unassisted overnight. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if feeding time can influence the onset of parturition to better align with farm staff hours and increase available assistance. A total of 1,016 sows were used in a commercial farm in Nebraska, USA, to determine the impact of pre-farrow meal time on onset of parturition. Sows were assigned to either control (0700) or alternative (0200) feeding treatments upon entry to farrowing room (~d112 of gestation) and all sows received 2.23 kg daily. Daily feeding time and quantity was controlled with the use of electronic feeders (Gestal SOLO; JYGA Technologies, Inc.). Farrowings had 24 hr monitoring with traits recorded including onset (ON), duration (DUR), piglet interval (PI), and stillborn percentage (SB). The linear model function (lm) in RStudio was used for regression estimates. Alternative sows farrowed earlier (P &lt; 0.05; 1204 vs. 1256 hr) than control-fed sows. Alternative sows also tended to have shorter DUR (P &lt; 0.10; 6.05 vs. 6.19 hr) and narrower PI times (P &lt; 0.10; 22.98 vs. 24.13 min) than control-fed sows. Stillborn percentage decreased (P &lt; 0.05; 8.53 vs. 9.68%) in alternative sows compared to control-fed sows. Combining ON and DUR, we calculated farrowing completion. Alternative fed sows finished parturition earlier (P &lt; 0.05; 1813 vs. 1929 hr) than control fed sows. These results suggest that the alternative strategy can result in earlier onsets, shorter piglet interval and farrowing duration, and a lower stillborn rate when compared to those fed the control strategy and should especially be of interest to farms without labor for 24hr farrowing assistance.
240 Research Model of Colostrum Intake to Study Effect of Colostrum Bioactive Factors on Piglets Development
Authors: Senn Lisa K , Suarez-Trujillo Aridany , Teeple Kelsey , Casey Theresa , Stewart Kara R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Swine colostrum intake within the first 24 hours after birth plays a large role in determining survivability, feed efficiency, growth, and fertility. This study tested the effects of feeding three doses of a homogeneous colostrum sample on BW over 24h, RT, immunocrit, and growth through PND7. Three female piglets were selected from eight litters at birth (n = 24 piglets total; n = 3/liter), and bottle-fed 10% (COL10, n = 8), 15% (COL15, n = 8) or 20% (COL20, n = 8) BW colostrum over 24h. Piglet birth weights were similar between treatments (P = 0.838). Piglets were weighed, RT recorded and immunocrit measured at 24h postnatal, then returned to their litter of origin. BW was recorded daily through PND7. At 24h, COL20 had an ADG of 136.3g, COL15 86.3g, and COL10 8.8g, and an average RT of 39.30⁰C, 38.84⁰C and 38.81⁰C respectively. Immunocrit levels varied from 0.028, 0.024 and 0.017 at 24h. SAS MIXED procedure was used to perform statistical analysis. Post-hoc analysis was performed using Tukey’s test. Colostrum dose had an effect on 24h weight gain (P &lt; 0.001), RT (P = 0.007), immunocrit (P = 0.026), and growth through PND7 (P &lt; 0.05). Treatment, day and interaction were determined as main effects of BW and ADG through PND7. Post-hoc analysis showed COL20 had higher ADG (136.3±54.8g), RT (39.30±0.11°C) and immunocrit (0.028±0.010) at 24h than COL10 (ADG 8.8±24.9g, RT 38.81±0.26°C, immunocrit 0.017±0.004). COL15 ADG (86.3±85.2g) differed from COL10 (P &lt; 0.001), and RT (38.84±0.45) differed from COL20 (P = 0.017). There was no statistical difference in ADG between groups through PND7 (P = 0.874). One piglet within each treatment was crushed before PND7. This model permits controlled studies intended to understand the level of 24h colostrum intake on piglet growth and development using standardized, homogenous colostrum doses.
239 Body Weight and Growth in Normal Cyclic and Acyclic Gilts
Authors: Lents Clay A , Nonneman Dan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anestrus, or failure to express estrus during boar exposure, is commonly observed in replacement gilts, and results primarily from either delayed onset of puberty (prepubertal; PP) or cyclic ovulations without behavioral estrus (behavioral anestrus; BA). Gilts born between 2007 and 2018 at USMARC were observed for age at puberty between 160 and 240 days of age. Mature boars were placed in an alleyway pen while a herdsman observed gilts for standing lordosis in response to the back pressure test. Gilts failing to be observed in estrus by 240 days of age were slaughtered (250.4 ± 0.3 days of age) and reproductive tracts recovered to determine if gilts had ovulated. Gilts were defined as PP (n = 606), BA (n = 649), or Peripubertal (n = 118; PP with large preovulatory follicles on the ovary). There were 96 age-matched, cyclic contemporary gilts included as cyclic control gilts. Body weights were recorded at birth, weaning, 8 weeks, and 21 weeks of age with hot carcass weight (HCW) recorded at slaughter. The objective was to retrospectively determine if growth and HCW differed between these groups. Data were analyzed as a mixed ANOVA using group as a fixed effect with sire and farrowing group to which the gilt was born as random effects. Birth weight, weaning weight, ADG at weaning, and weight at 8 weeks did not differ between groups (P &gt; 0.16). The BA gilts had greater growth rate (weight per day of pig age at 21 weeks; P &lt; 0.02) and HCW (P &lt; 0.0001) than PP and Peripubertal gilts, which also had smaller HCW than control gilts. Some cyclic control gilts (7.3%) that displayed estrous behavior had a prepubertal reproductive tract with no ovulatory activity at slaughter. Results indicated that gilts exhibiting delayed puberty grow slower late in development and during boar exposure. Estrus without ovulation in replacement gilts may be more prevalent than assumed. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
14 Opening the Black Box of Fertility Prediction
Authors: Kerns Karl 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Analysis of the U.S. swine herd shows variation in pregnancy rate is more attributable to male-factor subfertility than the dam. To date, a limited degree of correlations has been observed between conventional semen analysis parameters and actual fertility after standard quality cutoffs are met. Thus, a clear ability to predict male-factor fertility is lacking. Knowledge of what makes fertilization competent spermatozoa has been long sought after for centuries. It was only in the last half-century that we understood spermatozoa undergo a biological process after ejaculation to acquire the capacity to fertilize. Since then, work has been done to elucidate the molecular pathways involved in sperm capacitation. Recent technological advances in flow cytometry, namely image-based flow cytometry, allows for high-throughput, single-cell phenotyping. Single-cell phenotyping with biomarkers reflecting significant sperm capacitation events, mitochondrial status, cell health, and more, allows multi-million bioimage data sets to be easily attained. These datasets can then be analyzed utilizing machine and deep learning analytic methods and correlated with single sire field fertility data to open the black box of boar fertility prediction. Our findings establish a new paradigm in sperm function and pave the way for accurate fertility prediction in future precision agriculture applications. This work was supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) award number 2019-67012-29714.
46 Effects of Implants, Clover, and Fescue Variety on Stocker Steers
Authors: Buessing Zachary T , Farney Jaymelynn K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fescue thrives due to a symbiotic relationship with a fungus called endophyte. Endophyte releases ergot toxins leading to metabolic issues, such as vasoconstriction, rough hair coats and poor cattle gains. Developments have occurred to remove or limit the toxins. The objective of this project was to identify management practices while grazing fescue to improve production and toxicity issues. Sixty-four growing steers (283 ± 14 kg BW) were used in a split-plot experiment, where the whole plot was pasture and the split plot was implants. Whole plot treatment was a 4 x 2 factorial with four levels of fescue (High Endophyte, Low Endophyte, Novel, Endophyte Free) and two levels of legume (Legumes or No Legumes). Split plot included four implant levels (No Implant, Synovex One Grass, Revalor-G, Ralgro). Data collected were weights, hair coat scores, hair length, rectal temperature (every 28d) and ultrasound carcass characteristics last day on pasture. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix Procedure of SAS (v. 9.4, Cary, NC). Steers on high endophyte had the lowest ADG, longest hair, and highest temperature as compared to steers on all other fescue types (P &lt; 0.05). The gain differentiation was observed beginning at D56 through the end of the study (P &lt; 0.05). Overall ADG was not impacted by addition of legume nor implant type (P &gt; 0.10). Steers that were not implanted had a longer hair length throughout many measurement dates (P &lt; 0.05). Steers grazing pastures with legume tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have a higher ultrasound measured marbling score and less muscle depth. This study found that the best management strategy for fescue toxicity is to use non-endophyte or non-toxic varieties of fescue pasture. Contrary to previous research, the addition of implants and legumes for this project showed no improvement in cattle gains.
43 Cow Performance and Lameness Are Affected by Housing in Drylots vs Pasture During the Summer
Authors: Hofer Lucas , Myerscough Megan , Chapple Wes , Meteer Travis T , Trennepohl Keela , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective was to compare the performance of cows housed in drylots or on pasture. Spring-calving, Simmental × Angus cow-calf pairs (n = 108; 77 ± 18 days postpartum) were stratified by age, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), calving date, and calf sex. Cows were allotted into six groups which were randomly assigned to drylot or pasture. Drylot cows were limit-fed a ration consisting of corn silage, dried distillers grain, corn stalks, cracked corn, and a corn-based supplement to meet protein and energy requirements. Cows on pasture were rotationally grazed with access to free-choice mineral. Cows were artificially inseminated on day 0. Cow BW, BCS, hair coat scores, locomotion scores, and lameness treatments were evaluated throughout the 110-day experiment. Milk production and composition were evaluated on day 56. Data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX (binary data) procedures of SAS. Artificial insemination and overall pregnancy rates did not differ (P ≥ 0.79) between groups. Drylot cows were 22 and 51 kg heavier (P ≤ 0.02) than pasture cows on days 83 and 110, respectively. Drylot cow BCS was greater (P = 0.03) on day 110. Hair coat scores were more desirable (P = 0.03) in drylot cows than pasture cows on day 110. Drylot cows had greater (P = 0.04) milk production than pasture cows. Pasture cows had greater (P ≤ 0.03) milk protein content and milk urea nitrogen. Although locomotion scores did not differ (P ≥ 0.45) on days 0 and 34, they were less desirable (P = 0.02) for the drylot cows on day 110. A greater (P = 0.02) percentage of drylot cows (33%) were treated for lameness than pasture cows (7%). Housing cows in drylots increased BW, BCS, and milk production, but resulted in poorer locomotion scores and increased lameness treatments.