bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stabilizing Zinc Anodes by Regulating the Electrical Double Layer with Saccharin Anions
Authors: Huang Cong , Zhao Xin , Liu Shuang , Hao Yisu , Tang Qunli , Hu Aiping , Liu Zhixiao , Chen Xiaohua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractZn anodes suffer from poor Coulombic efficiency (CE) and serious dendrite formation due to the unstable anode/electrolyte interface (AEI). The electrical double layer (EDL) structure formed before cycling is of great significance for building stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Zn surface but barely discussed in previous research about the stabilization of Zn anode. Herein, saccharin (Sac) is introduced as electrolyte additive for regulating the EDL structure on the AEI. It is found that Sac derived anions are preferentially adsorbed on the Zn metal surface instead of water dipole, creating a new H2O‐poor EDL structure. Moreover, the unique SEI is also detected on the Zn surface due to the decomposition of Sac anions. Both are proved to be capable of modulating Zn deposition behavior and preventing side reactions. Encouragingly, Zn|Zn symmetric cells using Sac additive deliver a high cumulative plated capacity of 2.75 Ah cm−2 and a high average CE of 99.6% under harsh test condition (10 mA cm−2, 10 mAh cm−2). The excellent stability is also achieved at a high rate of 40 mA cm−2. The effectiveness of this Sac additive is further demonstrated in the Zn‐MnO2 full cells.
Cutaneous Ionogel Mechanoreceptors for Soft Machines, Physiological Sensing, and Amputee Prostheses
Authors: Shen Zequn , Zhu Xiangyang , Majidi Carmel , Gu Guoying 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTouch sensing has a central role in robotic grasping and emerging human–machine interfaces for robot‐assisted prosthetics. Although advancements in soft conductive polymers have promoted the creation of diverse pressure sensors, these sensors are difficult to be employed as touch skins for robotics and prostheses due to their limited sensitivity, narrow pressure range, and complex structure and fabrication process. Here, a highly sensitive and robust soft touch skin is presented with ultracapacitive sensing that combines ionic hydrogels with commercially available conductive fabrics. Prototypical designs of the capacitive sensors through facile manufacturing methods are introduced and a high sensitivity up to 1.5 kPa−1 (≈44 times higher than conventional parallel‐plate capacitive counterparts), a broad pressure detection range of over four orders of magnitudes (≈35 Pa to 330 kPa), ultrahigh baseline of capacitance, fast response time (≈18 ms), and good repeatability are demonstrated. Ionogel skins composed of an array of cutaneous mechanoreceptors capable of monitoring various physiological signals and shape detection are further developed. The touch skin can be integrated within a soft bionic hand and provide an industrial robot and an amputee with robust tactile feedback when handling delicate objects, illustrating its potential applications in next‐generation human‐in‐the‐loop robotic systems with tactile sensing.
Ultrathin Multibridge Channel Transistor Enabled by van der Waals Assembly
Authors: Huang Xiaohe , Liu Chunsen , Zeng Senfeng , Tang Zhaowu , Wang Shuiyuan , Chen Xiaozhang , Zhang David Wei , Zhou Peng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMultibridge channel field‐effect transistors (MBCFETs) enable improved gate control and flow of a large drive current and they are regarded as promising candidates for next‐generation transistor architecture. However, in achieving a larger drive current with a thinner channel, limitations arise from the decrease in mobility when the thickness of the Si nanosheet is less than 5 nm. In addition, an increase in the leakage current is unavoidable when a large number of channels are stacked. Here, a 2D ultrathin MBCFET is demonstrate, constructed based on 2 nm/2 nm MoS2 channels. The normalized drive current (23.11 µA*µm µm−1) in each level channel of this MBCFET exceeds that of the latest seven‐level‐stacked Si MBCFET, while the leakage current is only 0.4% of this value, with the subthreshold swing reaching 60 mV dec−1 and an on/off ratio reaching up to 4 × 108 at room temperature. Furthermore, the drive current of this 2D ultrathin MBCFET can be further increased by regulating the polarity of the operation voltage to reduce the injection barrier. The combination of 2D materials and an MBC structure has the potential for use in high‐performance and low‐power‐consumption electronics.
Reducing Water Activity by Zeolite Molecular Sieve Membrane for Long‐Life Rechargeable Zinc Battery
Authors: Yang Huijun , Qiao Yu , Chang Zhi , Deng Han , Zhu Xingyu , Zhu Ruijie , Xiong Zetao , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAqueous electrolytes offer major advantages in safe battery operation, green economy, and low production cost for advanced battery technology. However, strong water activity in aqueous electrolytes provokes a hydrogen evolution reaction and parasitic passivation on electrodes, leaving poor ion‐transport in the electrolyte/electrode interface. Herein, a zeolite molecular sieve‐modified (zeolite‐modified) aqueous electrolyte is proposed to reduce water activity and its side‐reaction. First, Raman spectroscopy reveals a highly aggressive solvation configuration and significantly suppressed water activity toward single water molecule. Then less hydrogen evolution and anti‐corrosion ability of zeolite‐modified electrolyte by simulation and electrochemical characterizations are identified. Consequently, a zinc (Zn) anode involves less side‐reaction, and develops into a compact deposition morphology, as proved by space‐resolution characterizations. Moreover, zeolite‐modified electrolyte favors cyclic life of symmetric Zn||Zn cells to 4765 h at 0.8 mA cm−2, zinc‐VO2coin cell to 3000 cycles, and pouch cell to 100 cycles. Finally, the mature production technique and low‐cost of zeolite molecular sieve would tremendously favor the future scale‐up application in engineering aspect.
Quantitative In Situ Visualization of Thermal Effects on the Formation of Gold Nanocrystals in Solution
Authors: Khelfa Abdelali , Nelayah Jaysen , Amara Hakim , Wang Guillaume , Ricolleau Christian , Alloyeau Damien 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnderstanding temperature effects in nanochemistry requires real‐time in situ measurements because this key parameter of wet‐chemical synthesis simultaneously influences the kinetics of chemical reactions and the thermodynamic equilibrium of nanomaterials in solution. Here, temperature‐controlled liquid cell transmission electron microscopy is exploited to directly image the radiolysis‐driven formation of gold nanoparticles between 25 °C and 85 °C and provide a deeper understanding of the atomic‐scale processes determining the size and shape of gold colloids. By quantitatively comparing the nucleation and growth rates of colloidal assemblies with classical models for nanocrystal formation, it is shown that the increase of the molecular diffusion and the solubility of gold governs the drastic changes in the formation dynamics of nanostructures in solution with temperature. In contraction with the common view of coarsening processes in solution, it is also demonstrated that the dissolution of nanoparticles and thus the Ostwald ripening is not only driven by size effects. Furthermore, visualizing thermal effects on faceting processes at the single nanoparticle level reveals how the competition between the growth speed and the surface diffusion dictates the final shape of nanocrystals.
iSens: A Fiber‐Based, Highly Permeable and Imperceptible Sensor Design
Authors: Stockinger Thomas , Wirthl Daniela , Mao Guoyong , Drack Michael , Pruckner Roland , Demchyshyn Stepan , Steiner Melanie , Egger Florian , Müller Uwe , Schwödiauer Reinhard , Bauer Siegfried , Arnold Nikita , Kaltenbrunner Martin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEmbedded sensors are key to optimizing processes and products; they collect data that allow time, energy, and materials to be saved, thereby reducing costs. After production, they remain in place and are used to monitor the long‐term structural health of buildings or aircraft. Fueled by climate change, sustainable construction materials such as wood and fiber composites are gaining importance. Current sensors are not optimized for use with these materials and often act as defects that cause catastrophic failures. Here, flexible, highly permeable, and imperceptible sensors (iSens) are introduced that integrate seamlessly into a component. Their porous substrates are readily infused with adhesives and withstand harsh conditions. In situ resistive temperature measurements and capacitive sensing allows monitoring of adhesives curing as used in wooden structures and fiber composites. The devices also act as heating elements to reduce the hardening time of the glue. Results are analyzed using numerical simulations and theoretical analysis. The suggested iSens technology is widely applicable and represents a step towards realizing the Internet of Things for construction materials.
Ambipolar Channel p‐TMD/n‐Ga2O3 Junction Field Effect Transistors and High Speed Photo‐sensing in TMD Channel
Authors: Choi Wonjun , Ahn Jongtae , Kim Ki‐Tae , Jin Hye‐Jin , Hong Sungjae , Hwang Do Kyung , Im Seongil 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHighly crystalline 2D/3D‐mixed p‐transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD)/n‐Ga2O3 heterojunction devices are fabricated by mechanical exfoliation of each p‐ and n‐type material. N‐type β‐Ga2O3 and p‐type TMD separately play as a channel for junction field effect transistors (JFETs) with each type of carriers as well as materials for a heterojunction PN diode. The work thus mainly focuses on such ambipolar channel transistors with two different types of channel in a single device architecture. For more extended applications, the transparency of high energy band gap β‐Ga2O3 (Eg ≈ 4.8 eV) is taken advantage of, firstly to measure the electrical energy gap of p‐TMDs receiving visible or near infrared (NIR) photons through the β‐Ga2O3. Next, the p‐TMD/n‐Ga2O3 JFETs are put to high speed photo‐sensing which is achieved from the p‐TMD channel under reverse bias voltages on n‐Ga2O3. The photo‐switching cutoff frequency appears to be ≈16 and 29 kHz for visible red and NIR illuminations, respectively, on the basis of −3 dB photoelectric power loss. Such a high switching speed of the JFET is attributed to the fast transport of photo‐carriers in TMD channels. The 2D/3D‐mixed ambipolar channel JFETs and their photo‐sensing applications are regarded novel, promising, and practically easy to achieve.
3D Laser Displays Based on Circularly Polarized Lasing from Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Arrays
Authors: Zhan Xiuqin , Xu Fa‐Feng , Zhou Zhonghao , Yan Yongli , Yao Jiannian , Zhao Yong Sheng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract3D laser displays play an important role in next‐generation display technologies owing to the ultimate visual experience they provide. Circularly polarized (CP) laser emissions, featuring optical rotatory power and invariability under rotations, are attractive for 3D displays due to potential in enhancing contrast ratio and comfortability. However, the lack of pixelated self‐emissive CP microlaser arrays as display panels hinders the implementation of 3D laser displays. Here, full‐color 3D laser displays are demonstrated based on CP lasing with inkjet‐printed cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) arrays as display panels. Individual CP lasers are realized by embedding fluorescent dyes into CLCs with their left‐/right‐handed helical superstructures serving as distributed feedback microcavities, bringing in ultrahigh circular polarization degree values (gem = 1.6). These CP microlaser pixels exhibit excellent far‐field color‐rendering features and a relatively large color gamut for high‐fidelity displays. With these printed CLC red–green–blue (RGB) microlaser arrays serving as display panels, proof‐of‐concept full‐color 3D laser displays are demonstrated via delivering images with orthogonal CP laser emissions into one's left and right eyes. These results provide valuable enlightenment for the development of 3D laser displays.
Designing Inverters Based on Screen Printed Organic Electrochemical Transistors Targeting Low‐Voltage and High‐Frequency Operation
Authors: Zabihipour Marzieh , Tu Deyu , Strandberg Jan , Berggren Magnus , Engquist Isak , Andersson Ersman Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLow‐voltage operating organic electronic circuits with long‐term stability characteristics are receiving increasing attention because of the growing demands for power efficient electronics in Internet of Things applications. To realize such circuits, inverters, the fundamental constituents of many circuits, with stable transfer characteristics should be designed to provide low‐power consumption. Here, a rational inverter design, based on fully screen printed p‐type organic electrochemical transistors with a channel size of 150 × 80 µm2, is explored for driving conditions with input voltage levels that differs of about 1 V. Further, three different inverter circuits are explored, including resistor ladders with resistor values ranging from tens of kΩ to a few MΩ. The performance of single inverters, 3‐stage cascaded inverters and 3‐stage ring oscillators are characterized with respect to output voltage levels, propagation delay, static power consumption, voltage gain, and operational frequency window. Depending on the application, the key performance parameters of the inverter can be optimized by the specific combination of the input voltage levels and the resistor ladder values. A few of the inverters are in fact fully functional up to 30 Hz, even when using input voltage levels as low as (0 V, 1 V).
Selective Ion Detection with Integrated Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Koutsouras Dimitrios A. , Lieberth Katharina , Torricelli Fabrizio , Gkoupidenis Paschalis , Blom Paul W. M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAccurate sensing of ion concentrations in body fluids is of importance to monitor cell functions, and any deviation of the concentration serves as a warning sign of pathophysiological conditions. Here, a fabrication approach for an integrated device consisting of two electrochemical transistors, capable of selective simultaneous detection between potassium and sodium ions in an analyte is demonstrated. A common in‐plane gate electrode is integrated in the substrate, enabling the fabrication of micro‐scale ion sensors for biomedical applications. The approach is versatile and can be extended to include numerous ion‐selective transistors on a chip in order to meet the demand for simultaneous sensing of multiple ions.
Mechanically Tunable Nanogap Antennas: Single‐Structure Effects and Multi‐Structure Applications
Authors: Laible Florian , Horneber Anke , Fleischer Monika 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBy mechanically changing the width of a nanometer gap between two optical antennas, the coupling condition for the antennas can be seamlessly modified. This leads to a shift in the antenna's localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength, and a modification of the intensity in the antenna hotspot, which can reach extraordinarily high values for nanometer gaps. Such systems have in recent years been realized, for example, by using flexible polymers as substrates that are mechanically stretched or bent, or by combining break junctions with plasmonic antennas. Applications can be found, amongst others, in plasmonic strain sensing via color shift sensors, or tunable surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy platforms. In this article an overview is given over recent work on mechanically tunable gap antennas, with a specific focus on studies at the single‐nanostructure level. Different techniques used for mechanical tuning, optical read‐out signals that are influenced by the gap width, and potential applications of the resulting structures are presented. Plasmonic break junctions offer a new perspective that allows for added functionalities. The mechanical activation is discussed within the context of single nanoantenna gap tuning by using alternative stimuli.
Substitution Effects on a New Pyridylbenzimidazole Acceptor for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Their Use in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Hall David , Rajamalli Pachaiyappan , Duda Eimantas , Suresh Subeesh Madayanad , Rodella Francesco , Bagnich Sergey , Carpenter‐Warren Cameron L. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Strohriegl Peter , Beljonne David , Köhler Anna , Olivier Yoann , Zysman‐Colman Eli 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this work a new acceptor is used for use in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, pyridylbenzimidazole, which when coupled with phenoxazine allows efficient TADF to occur. N‐functionalization of the benzimidazole using methyl, phenyl, and tert‐butyl groups permits color tuning and suppression of aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) with minimal impact on the TADF efficiency. The functionalized derivatives support a higher doping of 7 wt% before a fall‐off in photoluminescence quantum yields is observed, in contrast with the parent compound, which undergoes ACQ at doping concentrations greater than 1 wt%. Complex conformational dynamics, reflected in the time‐resolved decay profile, is found. The singlet−triplet energy gap, ΔEST, is modulated by N‐substituents of the benzimidazole and ranges of between 0.22 and 0.32 eV in doped films. Vacuum‐deposited organic light‐emitting diodes, prepared using three of the four analogs, show maximum external quantum efficiencies, EQEmax, of 23.9%, 22.2%, and 18.6% for BIm(Me)PyPXZ, BIm(Ph)PyPXZ, and BImPyPXZ, respectively, with a correlated and modest efficiency roll‐off at 100 cd m–2 of 19% 13%, and 24% of the EQEmax, respectively.
Turn‐On Photocatalysis: Creating Lone‐Pair Donor–Acceptor Bonds in Organic Photosensitizer to Enhance Intersystem Crossing
Authors: Liu Mingjie , Liu Junnan , Zhou Kai , Chen Jingwen , Sun Qi , Bao Zongbi , Yang Qiwei , Yang Yiwen , Ren Qilong , Zhang Zhiguo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThere is growing interest in developing triplet photosensitizers in terms of implementing photochemical strategies in synthetic chemistry. However, synthesis of stable triplet organic photosensitizers is nontrivial and often requires the use of heavy atoms. Herein, an alternative strategy is demonstrated to enhance the triplet generation efficiency by implanting lone‐pair donor–acceptor bonds in the conjugated covalent organic frameworks (COFs). This powerful method is validated using COFs that host triazine, a moiety that has been extensively investigated in photocatalysis. Spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations reveal substantial improvements in the photoabsorptivity and triple‐state photogeneration efficiency, consistent with catalytic tests concerning industrially relevant sulfide oxidation. These systems represent a promising addition to the rapidly increasing arsenal of synthetic photocatalytic systems.
Modeling Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Human Brain Organoids under Serum Exposure
Authors: Chen Xianwei , Sun Guoqiang , Tian E , Zhang Mingzi , Davtyan Hayk , Beach Thomas G. , Reiman Eric M. , Blurton‐Jones Mathew , Holtzman David M. , Shi Yanhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no cure. Huge efforts have been made to develop anti‐AD drugs in the past decades. However, all drug development programs for disease‐modifying therapies have failed. Possible reasons for the high failure rate include incomplete understanding of complex pathophysiology of AD, especially sporadic AD (sAD), and species difference between humans and animal models used in preclinical studies. In this study, sAD is modeled using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)‐derived 3D brain organoids. Because the blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage is a well‐known risk factor for AD, brain organoids are exposed to human serum to mimic the serum exposure consequence of BBB breakdown in AD patient brains. The serum‐exposed brain organoids are able to recapitulate AD‐like pathologies, including increased amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates and phosphorylated microtubule‐associated tau protein (p‐Tau) level, synaptic loss, and impaired neural network. Serum exposure increases Aβ and p‐Tau levels through inducing beta‐secretase 1 (BACE) and glycogen synthase kinase‐3 alpha / beta (GSK3α/β) levels, respectively. In addition, single‐cell transcriptomic analysis of brain organoids reveals that serum exposure reduced synaptic function in both neurons and astrocytes and induced immune response in astrocytes. The human brain organoid‐based sAD model established in this study can provide a powerful platform for both mechanistic study and therapeutic development in the future.
Ultrathin 2D Inorganic Ancient Pigment Decorated 3D‐Printing Scaffold Enables Photonic Hyperthermia of Osteosarcoma in NIR‐II Biowindow and Concurrently Augments Bone Regeneration
Authors: He Chao , Dong Caihong , Yu Luodan , Chen Yu , Hao Yongqiang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOsteosarcoma (OS) is the primary malignant bone tumor. Despite therapeutic strategies including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been introduced into the war of fighting OS, the 5‐year survival rate for patients still remains unchangeable for decades. Besides, the critical bone defects after surgery, drug‐resistance and side effects also attenuate the therapeutic effects and predict poor prognosis. Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted extensive attention featuring minimal invasiveness and high spatial‐temporal precision characteristics. Herein, an ultrathin 2D inorganic ancient pigment Egyptian blue decorated 3D‐printing scaffold (CaPCu) with profound PTT efficacy at the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) biowindow against OS and enhanced osteogenesis performance is successfully constructed. Importantly, this work uncovers the underlying biological mechanisms that genes associated with cell death, proliferation, and bone development are regulated by CaPCu‐scaffold‐based therapy. This work not only elucidates the fascinating clinical translation prospects of CaPCu‐scaffold‐based PTT against OS in NIR‐II biowindow, but also demonstrates the potential mechanisms and offers a novel strategy to develop the next‐generation, multifunctional tissue‐engineering biomaterials.
A novel 4‐mRNA signature predicts the overall survival in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Chen Zizhen , Song Junzhe , Wang Wenjun , Bai Jiaojiao , Zhang Yuhui , Shi Jun , Bai Jie , Zhou Yuan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive cancer of myeloid cells with high levels of heterogeneity and great variability in prognostic behaviors. Cytogenetic abnormalities and genetic mutations have been widely used in the prognostic stratification of AML to assign patients into different risk categories. Nevertheless, nearly half of AML patients assigned to intermediate risk need more precise prognostic schemes. Here, 336 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AML and control samples and 206 genes representing the intratumor heterogeneity of AML were identified. By applying a LASSO Cox regression model, we generated a 4‐mRNA prognostic signature comprising KLF9, ENPP4, TUBA4A and CD247. Higher risk scores were significantly associated with shorter overall survival, complex karyotype, and adverse mutations. We then validated the prognostic value of this 4‐mRNA signature in two independent cohorts. We also proved that incorporation of the 4‐mRNA‐based signature in the 2017 European LeukemiaNet (ELN) risk classification could enhance the predictive accuracy of survival in patients with AML. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that this signature was independent of traditional prognostic factors such as age, WBC count, and unfavorable cytogenetics. Finally, the molecular mechanisms underlying disparate outcomes in high‐risk and low‐risk AML patients were explored. Therefore, our findings suggest that the 4‐mRNA signature refines the risk stratification and prognostic prediction of AML patients.