bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolactin-releasing peptide increases rat anxiety
Authors: Zhukov D. A. , Markov A. G. , Vinogradova E. P. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND: Prolactin-releasing peptide(Prl-RP), in addition to stimulating the production of prolactin, interacts with various parts of the central nervous system, participating in the implementation of many functions that are reflected in behavior.AIM: The effect of Prl-RP on the anxiety of white Wistar rats was studied since there were no data in the literature on the relationship between Prl-RP and anxiety.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anxiety was assessed in two tests. In the elevated plus-maze (EPM), the time spent in the open arms and the number of edge reactions were recorded. In the social preference test, the time spent near a stranger, near a familiar individual, and in neutral territory were recorded.RESULTS: The administration of Prl-RP at a dose of 10-10 M with a volume of 10 µl in each nostril reduced the time spent by the animals in the open arms of the EPM, and the number of edge reactions. For testing the social interaction, animals were pre-selected for high or low levels of anxiety in the EPM. In rats with initially low levels of anxiety, Prl-RP reduced the time spent near a stranger, indicating an increase in anxiety levels. The behavior of rats with initially high levels of anxiety did not change after application of the Prl-RP.CONCLUSION: The results of our experiments indicate that the intranasal administration of Prl-RP increases the anxiety of rats.
Reliability and validity varies among smartphone apps for range of motion measurements of the lower extremity: a systematic review
Authors: Hahn Sarah , Kröger Inga , Willwacher Steffen , Augat Peter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe aim of this review was to determine whether smartphone applications are reliable and valid to measure range of motion (RoM) in lower extremity joints. A literature search was performed up to October 2020 in the databases PubMed and Cochrane Library. Studies that reported reliability or validity of smartphone applications for RoM measurements were included. The study quality was assessed with the QUADAS-2 tool and baseline information, validity and reliability were extracted. Twenty-five studies were included in the review. Eighteen studies examined knee RoM, whereof two apps were analysed as having good to excellent reliability and validity for knee flexion (“DrGoniometer”, “Angle”) and one app showed good results for knee extension (“DrGoniometer”). Eight studies analysed ankle RoM. One of these apps showed good intra-rater reliability and excellent validity for dorsiflexion RoM (“iHandy level”), another app showed excellent reliability and moderate validity for plantarflexion RoM (“Coach’s Eye”). All other apps concerning lower extremity RoM had either insufficient results, lacked study quality or were no longer available. Some apps are reliable and valid to measure RoM in the knee and ankle joint. No app can be recommended for hip RoM measurement without restrictions.
Occurrence of thraustochytrids: the fungoid protists vis-a-vis marine macroalgae (seaweeds) along the coast of Goa, India
Authors: Damare Varada S. , Fernandes Estha T. , Naik Anjita A. , Cardozo Svetlana P. , Borges Vilda , Phuge Pramod 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Thraustochytrids are fungoid protists ubiquitous in the marine environment and found to be associated with decaying macroalgae. Not much is known about their association with living macroalgae. Hence in the present study, different macroalgal samples were collected from various beaches of Goa to examine the presence of thraustochytrids during a four-year-long study. Brown, red and green algae were found to be substrata of thraustochytrids. Thraustochytrids were isolated on pine pollen baiting from 17 to 58% of the specimens. Thraustochytrids isolated from various macroalgae belonged to the genera Oblongichytrium, Schizochytrium, Ulkenia, and Thraustochytrium. Labyrinthula sp. was also found once on the green alga Bryopsis hypnoides. These were generally found during dry seasons rather than in monsoons. The seasonal occurrence of thraustochytrids was found to be associated with temporal variation in macroalgal diversity. The statistical analysis supported individual or interactive effects of both factors viz, seasons and macroalgal diversity, on the occurrence of thraustochytrids. Thraustochytrids were also isolated from seawater adjoining macroalgae and from estuarine water at all times of the year. Oblongichytrium sp. was isolated from the green alga Ulva compressa and Anjuna seawater samples at the same time, thus indicating that thraustochytrids from seawater could inhabit the macroalgae.
Nonnegative Ricci curvature and escape rate gap
Authors: Pan Jiayin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Let M be an open n-manifold of nonnegative Ricci curvature and let

p
∈
M

{p\in M}

. We show that if

(
M
,
p
)

{(M,p)}

has escape rate less than some positive constant

ϵ
⁢

(
n
)

{\epsilon(n)}

, that is, minimal representing geodesic loops of

π
1

⁢

(
M
,
p
)

{\pi_{1}(M,p)}

escape from any bounded balls at a small linear rate with respect to their lengths, then

π
1

⁢

(
M
,
p
)

{\pi_{1}(M,p)}

is virtually abelian. This generalizes the author’s previous work [J. Pan,
On the escape rate of geodesic loops in an open manifold with nonnegative Ricci curvature,
Geom. Topol. 25 2021, 2, 1059–1085], where the zero escape rate is considered.
Learning Green Chemistry and its principles from Nature’s process and development of green procedures mimicking nature
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Adak Laksmikanta , Ghosh Tubai 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We have highlighted an example of a natural process like photosynthesis to introduce the subject of Green Chemistry. Photosynthesis can be an ideal example to illustrate a green process explaining all the features such as selection of raw materials, solvent, catalyst, energy, etc. for an environment-friendly reaction. From the same reaction, all the principles of Green Chemistry can be derived in a simpler way without the need of memorizing these in a set language. In this article, a few examples of green procedures for the synthesis of useful molecules have been illustrated in light of the knowledge of photosynthesis. The visible-light mediated reactions, organic reactions in water, and solvent-free organic reactions are discussed here for a practical illustration of Green synthesis.
On inclusion properties of discrete Morrey spaces
Authors: Gunawan Hendra , Hakim Denny Ivanal , Idris Mochammad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We discuss a necessary condition for inclusion relations of weak type discrete Morrey spaces which can be seen as an extension
of the results in [H. Gunawan, E. Kikianty and C. Schwanke,
Discrete Morrey spaces and their inclusion properties,
Math. Nachr. 291 2018, 8–9, 1283–1296]
and
[D. D. Haroske and L. Skrzypczak,
Morrey sequence spaces: Pitt’s theorem and compact embeddings,
Constr. Approx. 51 2020, 3, 505–535].
We also prove a proper inclusion from weak type discrete Morrey spaces into discrete Morrey spaces.
In addition, we give a necessary condition for this inclusion.
Some connections between the inclusion properties of discrete Morrey spaces and those of Morrey spaces are also discussed.
Fast improvements in functional status after osteopathic manipulative treatment based on myofascial release in patients with moderate or severe fibromyalgia: a retrospective study
Authors: Dal Farra Fulvio , Chiesa Angelo , Risio Roberta Giulia , Vismara Luca , Bergna Andrea 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by a large variety of symptoms. Evidence suggests that an alteration of central nervous system processing of pain could be involved. The purpose of this study is to analyze clinical records of patients affected by FM who underwent osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), predominantly based on a myofascial release approach (MFR).

Methods
This retrospective study considered records of 21 FM patients with moderate or severe functional impact, who consented to OMT in addition to their usual care. The assessment considered the following measures: FIQ (functional status), SF36 (quality of life), VAS (pain), TSK (kinesiophobia) and PSQI (quality of sleeping). Patients were preliminarily assessed over a 1 month run-in phase, then after 1, 2 and 4 months; a 1 month follow-up was also considered.

Results
After one month, 71% of patients reported a decrease in functional impact and scores remained stable until follow-up (from 69.8 to 52.37, p≤0.001). Overall, after four months, patients improved their quality of life, with a score ranging from 33.47 to 42.6 (p≤0.05). We also observed a reduction of pain (p≤0.05).

Conclusions
A series of OMT sessions based on MFR could play a therapeutic role in improving functional status, pain and quality of life over a period of 4 months.
The American Expeditionary Forces, Communications and the First World War: A Case Study in Inter-Allied Learning
Authors: Hall Brian N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
By adopting an inter-organisational learning model to the case study of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) Signal Corps during the First World War, this article seeks to position the neglected subject of inter-allied learning within the broader context of the contentious debates surrounding the AEF’s training and military operations. Employing American, British, and French sources, the article examines the experiences of the AEF Signal Corps, an organisation whose role and influence historians of the AEF have largely overlooked and failed to fully appreciate. It argues that although recent interpretations of the AEF’s receptivity to certain British and French methods are generally correct, they underestimate the varied and interconnected nature of the driving influences that shaped the AEF’s learning processes, as well as the collaborative and reciprocal characteristics of inter-allied learning more broadly.
The generation of femtosecond optical vortex beams with megawatt powers directly from a fiber based Mamyshev oscillator
Authors: Lin Di , Feng Yutong , Ren Zhengqi , Richardson David J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Numerous approaches have been developed to generate optical vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) over the past decades, but the direct intracavity generation of such beams with practical output powers in the femtosecond regime still remains a challenge. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate the efficient generation of high-peak-power femtosecond optical vortex pulses from a Mamyshev oscillator (MO) based on few-mode polarization-maintaining (PM) ytterbium-doped fibers (YDFs). By employing an appropriate intracavity transverse spatial mode selection technique, ultrafast pulses carrying OAM with selectable topological charge of l = ±1 are successfully generated with an average output power of ∼5.72 W at ∼24.35 MHz repetition rate, corresponding to a single pulse energy of ∼235 nJ. The chirped pulses can be compressed to ∼76 fs outside the cavity, leading to a pulse peak power of ∼2.2 MW. To the best of our knowledge, this is by far the highest pulse energy and peak power for optical vortex pulses ever generated directly from a fiber oscillator. This unprecedented level of performance should be of great interest for a variety of applications including materials processing and imaging.
New Soliton Solutions for the Higher-Dimensional Non-Local Ito Equation
Authors: Inc Mustafa , Az-Zo’bi E. A. , Jhangeer Adil , Rezazadeh Hadi , Nasir Ali Muhammad , Kaabar Mohammed K. A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this article, (2+1)-dimensional Ito equation that models waves motion on shallow water surfaces is analyzed for exact analytic solutions. Two reliable techniques involving the simplest equation and modified simplest equation algorithms are utilized to find exact solutions of the considered equation involving bright solitons, singular periodic solitons, and singular bright solitons. These solutions are also described graphically while taking suitable values of free parameters. The applied algorithms are effective and convenient in handling the solution process for Ito equation that appears in many phenomena.
Classicising ‘Pindar’: Quotation, Canonisation and Early Reception
Authors: Spelman Henry L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis essay examines the earliest quotations of Pindar in order to shed light on the social and historical dynamics through which he first emerged as a classic author. Pindaric quotations from the classical period point to his stratified and multi-faceted reception: as a figure within popular memory, as an emblem of elite culture and as an intellectual ancestor. Indeed, a capacity to appeal to different audiences for different but interconnected reasons was integral to his canonisation. The earliest Pindaric quotations already bespeak his culturally privileged status, which was expressed and perpetuated in different ways over the centuries but which was established as a social fact from remarkably early on. A search for the deepest roots of the classicisation of Pindar, it is argued, has to go all the way back to his poetry.
Effects of an external constant pressure gradient on a steady incompressible laminar flow through a semi-porous annular pipe
Authors: Mbogba Guy Leopold , Ngo Nyobe Elisabeth , Lamara Maurice , Mbono Samba Yves Christian , Pemha Elkana 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we examine a steady laminar flow for an incompressible fluid located in a semi porous annular pipe and subjected to a favorable constant pressure gradient applied between the two borders of the pipe. The inner wall is impermeable and the fluid is sucked or injected at the outer wall at constant and uniform velocity, orthogonally to the wall. The problem under study depends on three parameters: the pipe gap ratio, the dimensionless external pressure gradient, and the Reynolds number defined from the sum of the suction or injection velocity and the maximum Hagen–Poiseuille velocity. The conservation of mass induces the zero-divergence velocity field which allows replacing the steady-flow Navier–Stokes equations with a single equation satisfied by the stream function and called the vorticity equation. Assuming the similarity-solution hypothesis, the problem under consideration is reduced to a fourth-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation with two boundary conditions at each wall. The numerical shooting technique including the Runge–Kutta algorithm and the Newton–Raphson optimization method is applied to obtain the solution for the steady flow. For various values of the dimensionless external pressure gradient, the profiles of the velocity components are found and investigations on the wall shear stress for both walls are performed. The results obtained are discussed and physical understandings for the problem studied are derived.
Optical Manipulations Reveal Strong Reciprocal Inhibition But Limited Recurrent Excitation within Olfactory Bulb Glomeruli
Authors: Zak Joseph D. , Schoppa Nathan E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe local circuitry within olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli filters, transforms, and facilitates information transfer from olfactory sensory neurons to bulb output neurons. Two key elements of this circuit are glutamatergic tufted cells (TCs) and GABAergic periglomerular (PG) cells, both of which actively shape mitral cell activity and bulb output. A subtype of TCs, the external TCs (eTCs), can synaptically excite PG cells, but there are unresolved questions about other aspects of the glomerular connections, including the extent of connectivity between eTCs and the precise nature of reciprocal interactions between TCs and PG cells. We combined patch-clamp recordings in OB slices and optophysiological tools to investigate local functional connections within glomeruli of mice and rats. When TCs that express cholecystokinin (CCK) were optically suppressed, excitatory inputs to “uniglomerular” PG cells that extend dendrites to one glomerulus were decreased, consistent with TC activation being required for most excitation of these PG cells. However, TC suppression had no effect on EPSCs in eTCs, arguing that TCs make few, if any, direct glutamatergic synaptic connections with eTCs. The absence of synaptic connections among eTCs was also supported by recordings in eTC pairs. Last, we show using similar optical suppression methods that GAD65-expressing PG cells, mainly uniglomerular cells, provide strong inhibition in eTCs. Our results imply that the local network of CCK-expressing TCs form potent reciprocal chemical synaptic connections with GAD65-expressing uniglomerular PG cells but not eTCs. This configuration favors local inhibition over recurrent excitation within a glomerulus, limiting its output.
Hearing Screening
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
The goal of screening is to identify children with hearing loss as early as possible to prevent language and speech impairment and its detriment to educational and social development. Routine screening for newborns is justified, given how common congenital hearing loss is. All children should be tested in the first month after birth, and any child identified as having hearing loss should be receiving intervention before 6 months of age. Routine screening should continue throughout childhood and adolescence to identify patients with acquired or progressive hearing loss.
Abdominal Pain
Authors: Samras Nathan 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Functional abdominal pain disorders are the most common causes of recurrent abdominal pain in pediatrics.The Rome IV criteria in 2016 for functional abdominal pain have eliminated the requirement of "no evidence for organic disease"; it now is defined as &gt; 2 months of pain, ≥ 4 times per month, and after appropriate medical evaluation the symptoms cannot be attributed to another medical condition.History and physical examination are the only evaluations required most of the time in a child with abdominal pain.
Amenorrhea
Authors: Zubairi Hijab 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Last menstrual period should be considered a vital sign and abnormalities should be investigated.Clinicians should educate girls and their caregivers about what to expect from the first menstrual period and the variation in cycles thereafter.Amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menses and can be primary or secondary.Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is associated with stress, weight change, chronic illness, physical activity, and eating disorders. Prolonged amenorrhea can lead to low bone density caused by inadequate estrogen production.
Facial Dysmorphism
Authors: Watt Mridula 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Facial dysmorphism can be caused by malformations or deformations.Evaluation should includeA detailed pregnancy and family history.A detailed physical examination.Laboratory studies based on suspected etiology, history, and physical examination. A genetic consultation may be requested to select proper studies to be ordered.The most important task initially is to determine whether features areConsistent with the individual’s genetic backgroundAn abnormal phenotypeHealth care professionals should be sensitive about the terminology used to describe the patient and should describe the abnormal features as clearly and concisely as possible.Once an abnormal phenotype is suspected, a decision has to be made whether the patient or family will benefit from a referral.
Fatigue and Weakness
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Fatigue and weakness can be vague terms in lay parlance, or difficult to distinguish from each other. Fatigue may be the normal result of physical or mental energy expenditure, or a symptom of organic or psychological pathology. True weakness in a child of any age demands further investigation. In infants, the concern of weakness most often reflects hypotonia.
Fever of Unknown Origin
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Children with fever of unknown origin generally do well, even if the fever persists beyond 2 weeks. Among children, most cases of fever of unknown origin are caused by infections that are usually self-limited or treatable. Thorough history and examination are the most important tools of evaluation. Given how common “fever phobia” is, careful explanation and reassurance are key to management.
Headache
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Most headaches in children, in the absence of neurologic or systemic findings, require only symptomatic relief with ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Neuroimaging is indicated only with abnormal neurologic features, systemic symptoms, an abrupt change in pattern, or with chronic daily headaches. With recurrent headaches the 1st step in management is promoting healthy lifestyle habits—nutrition, sleep, exercise, hydration, etc. With migraine, DON’T WAIT—medication works best the earlier it is given. Ibuprofen is the initial treatment of choice. If needed, triptans are safe and can be effective.
Heart Murmurs
Authors: Kamat Deepak M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
A Heart murmur results from turbulent blood flow. A complete history and physical examination are most important for evaluating a cardiac murmur. The intensity of a murmur does not necessarily reflect the severity of abnormality. Innocent murmurs are systolic, less than grade 3 in intensity, and louden when the patient moves from an upright position to a supine position. Electrocardiography and echocardiography are usually performed to define the cause of a pathological murmur.
Polyuria
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Polyuria can result from too much fluid, too much solute, or too little arginine vasopressin. When diabetes insipidus (DI) is diagnosed, its cause must be determined. With central DI, other pituitary functions must be evaluated. A water deprivation test is the criterion standard for distinguishing among central DI, nephrogenic DI, and polydipsia.
Proteinuria
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Proteinuria on routine screening of children without symptoms most often is either orthostatic or transient, not pathological. Orthostatic (postural) proteinuria is most common. Transient proteinuria can result from stressors such as fever or vigorous exercise. Persistent (fixed) proteinuria can be asymptomatic, signaling underlying glomerular or tubular renal disease.
Puberty: Normal and Abnormal
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
The trend toward earlier onset of puberty in girls may warrant lowering the cutoff age for precocious puberty to 7 years in white girls and 6 years in Black girls.Precocious puberty is more common in girls, and delayed puberty, in boys.Isolated premature thelarche and isolated premature adrenarche require no treatment other than careful follow-up to ensure they do not represent the early stage of complete sexual precocity.Gynecomastia occurs in about 40% of healthy boys, most often self-resolving within 2 years and requiring only reassurance.
Tics
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Most tics in children are mild, are short lived, and do not require treatment.The clinical spectrum of tics extends beyond the most common transient, isolated tics to more persistent, complex tics that interfere with daily functioning and to Tourette syndrome, which can warrant treatment.Tics can be associated with anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, which can themselves require treatment.Many children with tics benefit from collaboration with their school, making teachers aware to provide needed accommodations and to deal with peer stigmatization.