bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing medical radiation science graduates’ early career principal place of practice: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Farrugia Lauren , Smith Tony , Depczynski Julie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionWhile studies have investigated influences on graduate practice locations of other health professionals, especially medicine, none have investigated practice locations of medical radiation science (MRS) graduates. This study aimed to explore factors influencing the registered principal place of practice (PPP) of diagnostic radiography, radiation therapy and nuclear medicine graduates from the University of Newcastle (UON), Australia, in their second post‐graduate year.MethodsData were extracted from the UON enrolment and clinical placement databases and linked to Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency (Ahpra) registration data for PPP location in 2019 for 187 graduates who completed their studies in 2017. Explanatory variables included age at enrolment, gender, MRS discipline, location of origin, socio‐economic index for location of origin, and locations and duration of undergraduate professional placements. Descriptive statistics, tests of association and logistic regression compared rural and non‐rural origin, and professional placement locations with Ahpra PPP.ResultsFactors related to non‐metropolitan PPP were location of origin (P = 0.002), number (P = 0.002) and duration (P = 0.007) of rural placements, and MRS discipline (P = 0.033). Controlling for other variables, location of origin and MRS discipline remained significant. Graduates of rural origin had up to 3.54 (95%CI = 1.51–8.28) times the odds of a rural PPP. Diagnostic radiography graduates had up to 5.46 (95%CI = 1.55–19.20) times the odds of nuclear medicine of a rural PPP.ConclusionTo help reduce the gap between rural and metropolitan medical radiation service availability, there is a need for targeted recruitment of rural origin students. Further investigation of the effect of rural undergraduate MRS placements is justified.
Willingness to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and influencing factors among male and female university students in China
Authors: Dai Zhenwei , Si Mingyu , Su Xiaoyou , Wang Wenjun , Zhang Xi , Gu Xiaofen , Ma Li , Li Jing , Zhang Shaokai , Ren Zefang , Qiao Youlin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study compared the willingness to receive human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and the influencing factors between male and female university students who had never been vaccinated against HPV in China. University students were recruited from seven universities in China. A self‐administered questionnaire was used to collect information about demographic characteristics, willingness to HPV vaccination, and possible influencing factors including demographics, knowledge, and attitude toward HPV vaccination. The χ2 test was used to test the difference between males and females' knowledge and attitudes to HPV vaccination. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to detect the factors associated with willingness to HPV vaccination. A total of 7335 university students participated in the survey (3570 males and 3765 females). Over 70% of the participants had previously received sex education and knowledge. The average age of sexual debut was 17.5 years old. More male students reported acceptance of premarital sex than female students did (χ2 = 708.458, p < 0.001). Female students had better knowledge and attitudes to HPV in general, while male students perceived a higher chance of being infected by HPV compared with female students (χ2 = 6.047, p =  0.014). The level of knowledge (male: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.935, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.516–2.470; female: AOR = 1.227, 95% CI: 1.055–1.428) and receiving sex education (male: AOR = 1.414, 95% CI: 1.109–1.804; female: AOR = 1.289, 95% CI: 1.064–1.562) were indicators of the HPV vaccination willingness for both genders. For male students, those who had ever inoculated optional self‐paid vaccines were more likely to receive the HPV vaccine than those who had not (AOR = 1.567, 95% CI: 1.242–1.977). Female students were more willing to be vaccinated against HPV, if they had higher living expenses (AOR = 1.395 and 3.717, 95% CI: 1.071–1.426 and 1.776–7.752), relatives or friends had certain cancer (AOR = 1.290, 95% CI: 1.095–1.518), ever had sexual experiences (AOR = 2.628, 95% CI: 1.788–3.863), and had ever consulted on HPV vaccination issues (AOR = 1.612, 95% CI: 1.367–1.901). In China, more active education should be provided to improve university students' knowledge and attitudes on HPV and HPV vaccination. Including HPV vaccine uptake for both males and females at recommended ages in National Immunization Program would be the most cost‐effective way to prevent HPV infection.
Functional and structural alterations in the pain‐related circuit in major depressive disorder induced by electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Zhang Ting , Hou Qiangqiang , Bai Tongjian , Ji Gongjun , Lv Huaming , Xie Wen , Jin Shengchun , Yang Jinying , Qiu Bensheng , Tian Yanghua , Wang Kai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractApproximately two‐thirds of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients have pain, which exacerbates the severity of depression. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an efficacious treatment that can alleviate depressive symptoms; however, treatment for pain and the underlying neural substrate is elusive. We enrolled 34 patients with MDD and 33 matched healthy controls to complete clinical assessments and neuroimaging scans. MDD patients underwent second assessments and scans after ECT. We defined a pain‐related network with a published meta‐analysis and calculated topological patterns to reveal topologic alterations induced by ECT. Using the amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (ALFFs), we probed local function aberrations of pain‐related circuits in MDD patients. Subsequently, we applied gray matter volume (GMV) to reveal structural alterations of ECT relieving pain. The relationships between functional and structural aberrations and pain were determined. ECT significantly alleviated pain. The neural mechanism based on pain‐related circuits indicated that ECT weakened the circuit function (ALFF: left amygdala and right supplementary motor area), while augmenting the structure (GMV: bilateral amygdala/insula/hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex). The topologic patterns became less efficient after ECT. Correlation analysis between the change in pain and GMV had negative results in bilateral amygdala/insula/hippocampus. Similarity, there was a positive correlation between a change in ALFF in the left amygdala and improved clinical symptoms. ECT improved pain by decreasing brain local function and global network patterns, while increasing structure in pain‐related circuits. Functional and structural alterations were associated with improvement in pain.
Astaxanthin: A super antioxidant from microalgae and its therapeutic potential
Authors: Kumar Satish , Kumar Rakesh ,   Diksha, Kumari Anju , Panwar Anil 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAstaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid, super antioxidant molecule. It has higher antioxidant activity than a range of carotenoids, thus has applications in cosmetics, aquaculture, nutraceuticals, therapeutics, and pharmaceuticals. Naturally, it is derived from Haematococcus pluvialis via a one‐stage process or two‐stage process. Natural astaxanthin significantly reduces oxidative and free‐radical stress as compared to synthetic astaxanthin. The present review summarizes all the aspects of astaxanthin, including its structure, chemistry, bioavailability, and current production technology. Also, this paper gives a detailed mechanism for the potential role of astaxanthin as nutraceuticals for cardiovascular disease prevention, skin protection, antidiabetic and anticancer, cosmetic ingredient, natural food colorant, and feed supplement in poultry and aquaculture. Astaxanthin is one of the high‐valued microalgae products of the future. However, due to some risks involved or not having adequate research in terms of long‐term consumption, it is still yet to be explored by food industries. Although the cost of naturally derived astaxanthin is high, it accounts for only a 1% share in total astaxanthin available in the global market. Therefore, scientists are looking for ways to cut down the cost of natural astaxanthin to be made available to consumers.
Benchmarking the performance of homogenization algorithms on synthetic daily temperature data
Authors: Killick Rachel E. , Jolliffe Ian T. , Willett Kate M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper describes a new homogenization algorithm validation methodology, and its use to assess the skill of eight different algorithms, when applied to synthetic daily temperature time series. These algorithms were ACMANT, Climatol (in both daily and monthly configurations), DAP, HOM, MAC‐D, MASH and SpliDHOM. Algorithms were tested on benchmark data replicating daily temperature variability in four regions in North America: Wyoming, the South East, the North East and the South West. These benchmarks contained plausible spatial and temporal correlation, differing station densities and both abrupt and gradual inhomogeneities. Algorithm ability was assessed both according to detection of inhomogeneities and correction of their effects, investigating bias, root‐mean‐square error (RMSE), linear trend recovery, station extremes and variability recovery. Inhomogeneities with a magnitude greater than 1°C were those most commonly detected with smaller inhomogeneities, and those that were not constant over time, proving harder to identify. Regional RMSE was always reduced by all algorithms and regional bias was reduced in over half of the region/scenario pairs. Trend recovery was variable, but the correct sign of regional trends was retained by all algorithms. Areas for future algorithm improvement include working with autocorrelated data and correcting moments higher than the mean. The data are available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/benchmarks and the validation code from https://github.com/RachelKillick/Daily_benchmarks allowing the extension of this work and its application to new algorithms.
Subject‐specific biomechanical analysis to estimate locations susceptible to osteoarthritis—Finite element modeling and MRI follow‐up of ACL reconstructed patients
Authors: Bolcos Paul O. , Mononen Mika E. , Roach Koren E. , Tanaka Matthew S. , Suomalainen Juha‐Sampo , Mikkonen Santtu , Nissi Mikko J. , Töyräs Juha , Link Thomas M. , Souza Richard B. , Majumdar Sharmila , Ma C. Benjamin , Li Xiaojuan , Korhonen Rami K 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe aims of this case‐control study were to: (1) Identify cartilage locations and volumes at risk of osteoarthritis (OA) using subject‐specific finite element (FE) models; (2) Quantify the relationships between the simulated biomechanical parameters and T2 and T1ρ relaxation times of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We created subject‐specific FE models for seven patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and six controls based on a previous proof‐of‐concept study. We identified locations and cartilage volumes susceptible to OA, based on maximum principal stresses and absolute maximum shear strains in cartilage exceeding thresholds of 7 MPa and 32%, respectively. The locations and volumes susceptible to OA were compared qualitatively and quantitatively against 2‐year longitudinal changes in T2 and T1ρ relaxation times. The degeneration volumes predicted by the FE models, based on excessive maximum principal stresses, were significantly correlated (r = 0.711, p < 0.001) with the degeneration volumes determined from T2 relaxation times. There was also a significant correlation between the predicted stress values and changes in T2 relaxation time (r = 0.649, p < 0.001). Absolute maximum shear strains and changes in T1ρ relaxation time were not significantly correlated. Five out of seven patients with ACL reconstruction showed excessive maximum principal stresses in either one or both tibial cartilage compartments, in agreement with follow‐up information from MRI. Expectedly, for controls, the FE models and follow‐up information showed no degenerative signs. Our results suggest that the presented modelling methodology could be applied to prospectively identify ACL reconstructed patients at risk of biomechanically driven OA, particularly by the analysis of maximum principal stresses of cartilage.
Bioavailability of macro‐ and micro‐nutrients chemically extracted in acidic soils for wheat
Authors: García-Marco Sonia , Abadín Josefa , Couto-Vázquez Alejandra , Martín Àngela , González-Prieto Serafín J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground:Chemical methods allowing a single soil extraction followed by multi‐elemental simultaneous measurement by ICP‐OES are increasingly used to predict plant uptake; however, calibration results against crop response are scarce and contradictory.Aims:Our aims were to evaluate the efficacy of five extractants to predict nutrient uptake by a greenhouse wheat crop, as well as the influence of soil properties on nutrient concentrations in soil extracts and wheat plants.Methods:Unlike other calibration studies, we monitored the pre‐seeding to post‐harvesting changes in soil available Ca, K, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Al. We extracted 14 acidic soils (C content: 47–114 g kg−1) with two traditional (AA: ammonium acetate; DTPA: diethylenetriamine‐pentaacetic acid) and three multi‐element extractants (AB‐DTPA: ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA; Mehlich‐3; AA‐DTPA: ammonium acetate‐DTPA).Results:Relationships between bioavailable and chemically extractable elements were strong for K (R2= 0.776 toR2= 0.882;p< 0.001) and Zn (R2= 0.663 toR2= 0.721;p< 0.001), especially for AB‐DTPA and AA‐DTPA. Multiple regressions including also soil properties can predict wheat‐Ca (Feoxihydroxides, clay and CaAB‐DTPA;R2= 0.656;p< 0.001) and wheat‐Cu [Aloxihydroxidesand either CuAB‐DTPA(R2= 0.515;p< 0.01) or CuAA‐DTPA(R2= 0.472;p< 0.01)]. Pre‐seeding to post‐harvesting changes in KAA‐DTPAand KAB‐DTPAwere strongly related with K uptake by wheat (R2= 0.927 andR2= 0.949, respectively;p< 0.001); similarly, for wheat‐Zn the best relationships were with ZnMehlich‐3and ZnAA‐DTPA(R2= 0.654 andR2= 0.757, respectively;p< 0.001).Conclusion:Consequently, chemical extractants alone can adequately predict K and Zn bio‐availability, and combined with some soil properties can predict wheat uptake of Ca and Cu, but not that of other nutrients.
Stocks of organic carbon in German agricultural soils—Key results of the first comprehensive inventory
Authors: Poeplau Christopher , Jacobs Anna , Don Axel , Vos Cora , Schneider Florian , Wittnebel Mareille , Tiemeyer Bärbel , Heidkamp Arne , Prietz Roland , Flessa Heinz 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground: There is considerable uncertainty about the actual size of the global soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and its spatial distribution due to insufficient and heterogeneous data coverage.Aims: We aimed to assess the size of the German agricultural SOC stock and develop a stratification approach that could be used in national greenhouse gas reporting.Methods: Soils from a total of 3104 sites, comprising 2234 croplands, 820 permanent grasslands and 50 sites with permanent crops (vineyards, orchards) were sampled in a grid of 8 × 8 km to a depth of 100 cm in fixed depth increments. In addition, a decade of management data was recorded in a questionnaire completed by farmers. Two different approaches were used to stratify cropland and grassland mineral soils and derive homogeneous groups: stratification via soil type (pedogenesis) and via SOC‐relevant soil properties.Results: A total of 146 soils were identified as organic soils, which stored by far the highest average SOC stock of 528 ± 201 Mg ha−1 in 0–100 cm depth. Of the mineral soils, croplands and permanent crops stored on average 61 ± 25 and 62 ± 25 Mg ha−1 in 0–30 cm (topsoil) and 35 ± 30 and 44 ± 28 Mg ha−1 in 30–100 cm (subsoil), while permanent grasslands stored significantly more SOC (88 ± 32 and 47 ± 50 Mg ha−1 in topsoil and subsoil). Overall, topsoils stored 67 ± 14% and subsoils 33 ± 14% of total SOC stocks. Soil C:N ratio, clay content and groundwater level were major factors that explained the spatial variability of SOC stocks in mineral soils. Accordingly, Podzols, Gleysols and Vertisols were found to have the highest SOC stocks.Conclusions: Stratification via soil properties yielded the most comparable cropland and grassland strata and is thus preferable for estimating land‐use change effects, e.g., for greenhouse gas inventories.In total, 2.5 Pg C are stored in the upper 100 cm of German agricultural soils, making them the largest organic carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems of Germany. This bares a large responsibility for the agricultural sector and society as a whole to maintain and, if possible, enhance this pool.
Above‐ to belowground carbon allocation in peatlands shifts with plant functional type and temperature#
Authors: Zeh Lilli , Schmidt‐Cotta Claudia , Limpens Juul , Bragazza Luca , Kalbitz Karsten 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundNorthern peatlands have accumulated vast amounts of carbon (C) as peat. Warming temperatures may affect peatland C stores by increasing microbial decomposition of ancient peat through enhanced input of labile root exudates by expansion of vascular plants, thereby accelerating atmospheric warming.AimsWe set out to explore how much freshly assimilated C is allocated belowground by vascular plants, and if the above‐ to belowground allocation is affected by temperature and plant functional types.MethodsWe traced the C allocation pathways of two dominant plant functional types (i.e., sedges and shrubs) in two peatlands under different temperature regimes by combining selective plant removal in mixed sedge‐shrub vegetation and in situ 13C pulse‐labelling. Aboveground to belowground C allocation as well as the C turnover were assessed by quantifying 13C in plant leaves and soil respiration and by measuring δ13C in dissolved organic C. A depth‐resolved quantification of 13C in the peat soil gave additional insight into belowground C allocation patterns.ResultsTemperature did not affect the rate at which 13C was assimilated into shoots, but higher temperature decreased the fraction of assimilated C that was allocated belowground by vascular plants. Sedges assimilated CO2 faster into their shoot biomass (faster depletion in 13C in shoots) and allocated more of the assimilated 13C belowground than shrubs. Conversely, sedges retained this belowground allocated C better than shrubs, leading to lower 13C in soil respiration measured under sedges.ConclusionsClimate induced vascular plant expansion will increase input of fresh assimilates into the peat substantially, even though part of this effect will be offset by reduced above‐ to belowground allocation rates. If shrub density increases relative to sedges, fresh assimilates are more likely to be respired than translocated to roots where they could reach and, potentially mobilize, ancient C stored in deeper peat layers.
The role of feed enzymes in maintaining poultry intestinal health
Authors: Bedford Michael R , Apajalahti Juha H 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGut health or intestinal health is frequently discussed without any clear definition as to its meaning. It is suggested that this should be defined as intestinal integrity and functionality as both are a pre‐requisite for the health of the intestine itself and the host. The health of the intestine is dependent upon a successful evolution of the absorptive capacity of the intestine, which in turn is influenced by the co‐evolution of the intestinal immune systems and the microbiota. Nutrient supply plays a significant role in this process and from the perspective of the microbiota this changes with age as the intestines and upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota become more effective in nutrient removal. Feed enzymes play a significant role in this process. Phytases can improve digestion of minerals, amino acids and energy and as a result reduce the availability of nutrients in the lower intestines for the microbiota. Protease can have a similar effect with amino acid supply. Non‐starch polysaccharidases (NSPases) have a unique role in that they not only improve diet digestibility from the hosts perspective, thus limiting nutrient supply to the microbiota, but they also release soluble fragments of fibre from the insoluble matrix and/or depolymerize high molecular weight viscous fibre fractions in to smaller, more fermentable carbohydrate fractions. This results in a more favourable balance between fermentable carbohydrate to protein supply, a ratio which is deemed critical to maintaining good intestinal health. The dynamic nature of this complex evolution needs greater consideration if antibiotic free production is to succeed. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Gastrointestinal digestion and absorption characterization in vitro of zinc‐chelating hydrolysate from scallop adductor (Patinopecten yessoensis)
Authors: Sun Jiatong , Liu Xiaoyang , Wang Zixu , Yin Fawen , Liu Huilin , Nakamura Yoshimasa , Yu Chenxu , Zhou Dayong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBACKGROUDZinc (Zn) is an essential catalytic element in the human health system but its absorption in the intestinal system can be strongly affected by gastrointestinal (GI) digestion. In this study, the food‐derived potential Zn carrier, scallop adductor hydrolysates (SAHs), was produced and characterized.RESULTSDuring temporary storage at 4 °C, SAH decreased in Zn‐chelating capacity in the aqueous phase, whereas the SAH–Zn complex exhibited high stability. Moreover, the secondary structure of SAH had no significant alteration. Zn morphologically altered the surface structures of SAH, which was involving in carboxyl group of SAH. Results of in vitro GI digestion suggested that the SAH–Zn maintained good stability in GI system and only proportion of high molecular weight cleaved. In addition, SAH could successfully carry and transport Zn while the fluorescence staining revealed free Zn accumulation inside the tissue. Finally, three representative absorbed peptides (around 600 Da) were identified and synthesized. Three synthetic peptides exhibit higher Zn‐chelating capacity than SAH and could also successfully transported through the intestine.CONCLUSIONThis study provided a theoretical basis for the investigation of digestion and absorption of marine animal‐derived peptides as Zn carriers. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.