bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mothers' and health workers' exposure to breastmilk substitutes promotions in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Emerson Jillian , Kouassi Firmin , Oka Kouamé Réné , Damey Florence Neto , Cisse Aita Sarr , Tharaney Manisha 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMarketing of breastmilk substitutes (BMS) continues to undermine breastfeeding globally, and low income countries experiencing rapid economic growth are especially vulnerable as expanding BMS markets. The objective of the study was to understand the prevalence of exposure to BMS promotions among mothers of children 0–23 months, the frequency and type of contacts between BMS companies and health workers and the presence of educational/informational materials and branded equipment associated with such companies in health facilities in Abidjan using the World Health Organization's NetCode protocol. The methods included structured interviews with health workers and mothers and observations of equipment/materials in a sample of 42 facilities, 330 mothers and 129 health workers. Descriptive statistics were produced, and chi‐squared tests were used to assess differences by child age and facility type. Forty‐three per cent of mothers were advised to feed BMS products in the past 6 months, with a significantly higher percentage of mothers of older children (6–23 months) advised compared to infants 0–5 months. Two thirds (66%) of mothers had seen promotions outside of facilities. Among health workers, 63% were contacted by BMS companies, and only 8% were familiar with the International Code of Marketing of BMS. Differences were found between public/private facilities in the types of requests BMS companies made to health workers. Strong actions are needed in Côte d'Ivoire to prevent BMS promotion in the health system, including increasing health workers' knowledge of the International Code and national regulations, monitoring violations and reaching mothers and families to promote optimal breastfeeding practices.
Social and behaviour change communication to improve child feeding practices in Ethiopia
Authors: Workicho Abdulhalik , Biadgilign Sibhatu , Kershaw Meghan , Gizaw Rahel , Stickland Jennifer , Assefa Wossen , Abuye Cherinet , Woldegiorgis Behailu , Berhanu Lioul , Kennedy Eileen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSocial and behaviour change communication (SBCC) interventions can positively affect optimal nutritional practices. This study evaluated the added value of a virtual facilitator tool to an enhanced community conversation (ECC) programme to improve infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practice among children under the Growth through Nutrition Activity programme in Ethiopia. The study used a quasi‐experimental design with a control group. Pregnant and/or lactating women were the study population for both study groups. The intervention (ECC + VF) group received all the same components as the control group but had the addition of in‐person ECC meetings supplemented with audio‐recorded virtual facilitators (VF) sessions designed to complement the monthly meeting lesson or topic. A difference in difference analysis was employed using generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) in Stata version 15.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). A p‐value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant for all tests. Accordingly, a 13.6% change in iron folic acid (IFA) intake for 3 months and above was observed in the intervention group. Even though not statistically significant, large to moderate positive changes in child minimum diet diversity (20%), minimum acceptable diet (18%) and women diet diversity (7.9%) were observed in the intervention group. This study identified the use of virtual facilitators as a modality to transmit standard nutrition messages during ECC programmes for optimal IYCF practices. The findings strengthen the notion that using a combination of SBCC approaches has advantage over a single method in improving important nutritional practices.
Reinventing the wheel? Reassessing the roles of gene flow, sorting and convergence in repeated evolution
Authors: Waters Jonathan M. , McCulloch Graham A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBiologists have long been intrigued by apparently predictable and repetitive evolutionary trajectories inferred across a variety of lineages and systems. In recent years, high‐throughput sequencing analyses have started to transform our understanding of such repetitive shifts. While researchers have traditionally categorized such shifts as either “convergent” or “parallel,” based on relatedness of the lineages involved, emerging genomic insights provide an opportunity to better describe the actual evolutionary mechanisms at play. A synthesis of recent genomic analyses confirms that convergence is the predominant driver of repetitive evolution among species, whereas repeated sorting of standing variation is the major driver of repeated shifts within species. However, emerging data reveal numerous notable exceptions to these expectations, with recent examples of de novo mutations underpinning convergent shifts among even very closely related lineages, while repetitive sorting processes have occurred among even deeply divergent taxa, sometimes via introgression. A number of very recent analyses have found evidence for both processes occurring on different scales within taxa. We suggest that the relative importance of convergent versus sorting processes depends on the interplay between gene flow among populations, and phylogenetic relatedness of the lineages involved.
Plant parasitic cyst nematodes redirect host indole metabolism via NADPH oxidase‐mediated ROS to promote infection
Authors: Chopra Divykriti , Hasan M. Shamim , Matera Christiane , Chitambo Oliver , Mendy Badou , Mahlitz Sina‐Valerie , Naz Ali Ahmad , Szumski Shelly , Janakowski Slawomir , Sobczak Miroslaw , Mithöfer Axel , Kyndt Tina , Grundler Florian M. W. , Siddique Shahid 
Published: June 2021

Summary

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in response to infections often activate immune responses in eukaryotes including plants. In plants, ROS are primarily produced by plasma membrane‐bound NADPH oxidases called respiratory burst oxidase homologue (Rboh). Surprisingly, Rbohs can also promote the infection of plants by certain pathogens, including plant parasitic cyst nematodes.

The Arabidopsis genome contains 10 Rboh genes (RbohA–RbohJ). Previously, we showed that cyst nematode infection causes a localised ROS burst in roots, mediated primarily by RbohD and RbohF. We also found that plants deficient in RbohD and RbohF (rbohD/F) exhibit strongly decreased susceptibility to cyst nematodes, suggesting that Rboh‐mediated ROS plays a role in promoting infection. However, little information is known of the mechanism by which Rbohs promote cyst nematode infection.

Here, using detailed genetic and biochemical analyses, we identified WALLS ARE THIN1 (WAT1), an auxin transporter, as a downstream target of Rboh‐mediated ROS during parasitic infections. We found that WAT1 is required to modulate the host’s indole metabolism, including indole‐3‐acetic acid levels, in infected cells and that this reprogramming is necessary for successful establishment of the parasite.

In conclusion, this work clarifies a unique mechanism that enables cyst nematodes to use the host’s ROS for their own benefit.
Is coronavirus pandemic‐related anxiety higher in children with chronic kidney disease than healthy children?
Authors: Erfidan Gökçen , Özyurt Gonca , Arslansoyu‐Çamlar Seçil , Özdemir‐Şimşek Özgür , Başaran Cemaliye , Alaygut Demet , Mutlubaş Fatma , Kasap‐Demir Belde 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundSince the emergence and worldwide spread of the new coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic, it has caused people to experience adverse psychological effects. This study aimed to assess anxiety levels during COVID‐19 in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including nephrotic syndrome (NS) and kidney transplantation (Tx).MethodsA case‐controlled, cross‐sectional study was conducted with children aged 10–18 years, who had a diagnosis of CKD or NS, or Tx, and followed in our center between April and July 2020. A healthy control group was recruited with age‐ and gender‐matched children. A questionnaire with printed and online versions was designed in three parts: the first addressed demographic characteristics, the second addressed opinions about the pandemic, and the third was the Turkish version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale – Child Version.ResultsA total of 88 children completed the questionnaire. The patient and control groups were similar in terms of gender, age, household members and history of psychiatric treatment. Both groups stated that coronavirus is a risky disease for children (63.6%), and that they were afraid of contagion (69.3%). Only half of them were receiving realistic and informative answers from family members. In the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale – Child Version, 66% of them received a high score on at least one subscale. The social phobia scores of the control group were higher than those of the patient group, although the proportion of high scores was similar in both groups. The ratio of high‐scored participants was higher in CKD patients for panic disorder, and was lower in the immunosuppressive agent group for social phobia.ConclusionThe current COVID‐19 pandemic is a disaster that children encounter for the first time in their lives. It does not exclusively cause anxiety among children with chronic kidney diseases but also affects healthy children.
Healthy measures: Feasibility study of a moderate carbohydrate weight management intervention
Authors: Leslie Jamie L. , Odar Stough Cathleen , Lee Seung‐Yeon , Mitchell Monica J. , Kalarchian Melissa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundPeople of all weights need to prevent changes that could lead to obesity, a leading public health issue.ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of Healthy Measures, a moderate carbohydrate (160‐300 g/d) nutrition education and behavioral intervention.DesignAn uncontrolled intervention feasibility study including in‐person group meetings every 2 weeks for 3 months.SampleFifteen participants of normal and overweight BMI.MeasurementsWe assessed feasibility of recruitment, attendance, retention and satisfaction as well as anthropometric measures and social cognitive variables with Healthy Measures, a nutrition‐focused intervention with moderate carbohydrate portions that also emphasizes self‐monitoring of anthropometric measurements. An intent‐to‐treat analysis was used.ResultsHealthy Measures was feasible, with 13 participants (86.7%) completing pre‐ and post‐intervention assessments. Eight participants lost or maintained weight (53.3%); four gained weight. Healthy eating self‐efficacy increased overall (t = ‐2.54, p = .024). Increased protein and fat intake was associated with weight loss, while reduced protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake resulted in weight gain.ConclusionsHealthy Measures shows promise for prevention of weight gain, with evidence of feasibility and positive outcomes. Further research is needed to establish efficacy relative to alternative approaches.
Optimization of ultrasonographic ureteral jet detection and normal ureteral jet morphology in dogs
Authors: Gremillion Christine , Cohen Eli B. , Vaden Shelly , Seiler Gabriela 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUreteral jets are visualized with ultrasound as echogenic streams extending from the ureterovesicular junction into the urinary bladder. In clinical practice, diuretics are sometimes administered to increase visibility of ureteral jets, however this has not been well described in the veterinary literature. The purpose of this prospective, crossover study was to describe the normal morphology of canine ureteral jets, determine an optimal protocol for diuretic administration to increase visibility of ureteral jets, and confirm in vitro the effect that differences in specific gravity and velocity have on visibility. Ultrasound of 10 normal dogs was performed at baseline and following 1 mg/kg furosemide administered intravenously or subcutaneously. Increased numbers of ureteral jets were seen post‐furosemide administration compared to baseline, with an overall increased number of ureteral jets identified following intravenous administration when compared to subcutaneous administration. Time to first ureteral jet was significantly shorter with intravenous compared to subcutaneous administration. Urine specific gravity significantly decreased following furosemide administration. For the in vitro study, saline solutions of varying specific gravities were infused into a bath of hypertonic saline with specific gravity of 1.037. There was good visibility in vitro with infusion of solutions of specific gravities of 1.010‐1.025. Infusion of saline solution with a specific gravity of 1.030 had reduced visibility, while infusion of saline with equivalent specific gravity (1.037) was not visible with B‐mode ultrasonography. Both intravenous and subcutaneous furosemide administration significantly increase ureteral jet detection with ultrasound secondary to differences in specific gravity, confirming results of prior studies.
Experiences of working as early career allied health professionals and doctors in rural and remote environments: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Dymmott Alison , George Stacey , Campbell Narelle , Brebner Chris 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to investigate the experiences of working as an early career allied health professional or doctor, and the factors that influence this experience in rural or remote environments.

Introduction:
Recruitment and retention of health professionals in rural and remote areas is challenging, with a range of strategies used to attract and retain them, which vary by profession and jurisdiction. Workforce recommendations are often based on the collective experience of all health professions. This review will explore the experiences of early career allied health professionals and doctors and compare and synthesize the evidence in order to better understand the individual and collective factors to generate relevant recommendations.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider qualitative studies that include early career allied health professionals’ or doctors’ experiences of working in rural or remote areas and the personal and professional factors that impact on this experience.

Methods:
CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Informit, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar, and WorldWideScience.org will be searched to identify published and unpublished studies. Studies published since 2000 in English will be considered for the review. Identified studies will be screened for inclusion in the review by two independent reviewers. Studies for inclusion will be critically appraised by two independent reviewers. Data will be extracted using a standardized tool and reviewers will discuss any disagreements. Data synthesis will adhere to the meta-aggregative approach to categorize findings. The categories will be synthesized into synthesized findings that can be applied as evidence-based recommendations.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42021223187
A Blade-Vibration-Damping Device—Its Testing and a Preliminary Theory of Its Operation
Authors: Di Taranto R. A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Presented herein is a report on a wire-damping device which has shown considerable damping ability when placed in a hollow rotor blade. A series of tests is reported which have all shown the damping ability of this device at nonrotating and rotating conditions. Two theories are postulated and expressions derived to explain the mechanism of damping by the wires for nonrotating-type damping and rotating-type damping. The postulated mechanism for damping in the nonrotating rotor blade considers that the wires absorb energy by rubbing around one another as a result of the motion imparted by the vibratory motion of the blade. The postulated mechanism for damping in the rotating rotor blade considers that a component of centrifugal force holds the wires against the side of the blade and the vibratory bending motion of the blade causes relative motion between the blade wall and the adjacent wires to absorb energy. Criteria are set forth for determining which mechanism is operative. Good correlation was obtained between test and theory.
An Approximate Analysis of Timoshenko Beams Under Dynamic Loads
Authors: Boley B. A. , Chao Chi-Chang 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An approximate method for the analysis of Timoshenko beams under impact is presented; it is based on a “traveling-wave” approach and on the principle of virtual work. Displacement functions are assumed in terms of several time-dependent parameters; the latter are found as the solution of a set of ordinary differential equations. Some of the characteristics of the propagation of disturbances are analyzed in the Appendix. Illustrative numerical results pertaining to semi-infinite and finite beams also are presented.
Creep Deflections and Stresses of Beam-Columns
Authors: Lin T. H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A method of calculating the creep deflections and stresses of a beam-column is shown. The differential equation of equilibrium in terms of creep strain is solved by the method of integrating factors with Green’s function. For restrained and built-in ends, the end moments are found from the end conditions. An illustrative example is given for a beam-column of an ideal H-section with built-in ends and subjected to uniform lateral load. The deflection-time curve and flange stresses at different instants are shown.
Axially Symmetric Motions of Thick Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Mirsky I. , Herrmann G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An approximate theory of axially symmetric motions of thick, elastic, cylindrical shells, in which the effect of transverse normal stress is retained, is deduced from the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The present theory contains, in addition to the usual membrane and bending terms, also the influence of rotatory inertia and transverse shear deformation. Thus it may be specialized to a variety of shell, plate, and solid-cylinder equations. The propagation of free harmonic waves in an infinite shell is studied on the basis of the present theory and the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. Excellent agreement is obtained for the phase velocity of the lowest mode of motion for a wide range of the parameters involved.
Effect of Curvature on the Hertz Theory for Two Circular Cylinders in Contact
Authors: Loo Tsu-Tao 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The effect of curvature on the Hertz theory for the case of two circular cylinders in line contact is studied, and a correction term due to consideration of this curvature is found. An expression for the relative normal approach of two cylinders is also obtained, a result which heretofore has not been formulated.
Further Large-Deflection Analysis for a Plate Strip Subjected to Normal Pressure and Heating
Authors: Williams M. L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In an earlier paper (1) an analysis was carried out to determine the stresses and deflection in an infinite strip plate undergoing large deflections when the plate was subjected to a combined normal loading and uniform temperature rise through the thickness, both of which were permitted to vary across the plate width. This paper extends the analysis and design charts to the case where the temperature distribution through the thickness of the plate may have any desired distribution. If the usual plate assumptions regarding plane sections remaining plane are valid, then the arbitrary temperature distribution can be represented completely by the average temperature and the first moment of the temperature about the plate middle surface, as far as the engineering stresses and deflections are concerned. The convenient nondimensional design charts cover equilibrium positions in the buckling as well as nonbuckling range and show maximum stress and central deflection as a function of pressure, average temperature, and temperature moment for cases of both clamped and simply supported edges.
General Instability of Ring-Stiffened Cylindrical Shells Subject to External Hydrostatic Pressure—A Comparison of Theory and Experiment
Authors: Galletly G. D. , Slankard R. C. , Wenk E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Tests are described of a number of machined-stiffened cylinders subjected to external hydrostatic pressure, and the observed general instability strengths compared with predictions from theories of Kendrick and Nash. Agreement with Kendrick was found rather good. Results also are presented from electrical strain gages which show in detail the growth of embryonic lobes and nonlinear characteristics of deformation at the threshold of buckling. Weakening effects of imperfect circularity are discussed.
Buckling of a Thin Annular Plate Under Uniform Compression
Authors: Yamaki N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the elastic stability of a circular annular plate under uniform compressive forces applied at its edges. By integrating the equilibrium equation of the buckled plate, the problem is solved in its most general form for twelve different combinations of the boundary conditions of the edges. For each case cited the lowest critical loads are calculated with the ratio of its radii as the parameter. It is clarified that the assumption of symmetrical buckling, which has been made by several researchers, often leads to the overestimate for the stability of the plate. Discussions for the limiting cases of the circular plate and infinite strip also are included.
Stresses Produced in a Half Plane by Moving Loads
Authors: Cole J. , Huth J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A study is made of stresses and displacements induced in an elastic half plane (plane strain) by a concentrated line load moving at a constant speed along its surface. The stress field for an arbitrary load distribution can be built up by superposition of these concentrated-load solutions. Three cases are considered: (a) The load is moving more slowly than either the longitudinal or transversal wave speeds of the elastic medium (subsonic case). (b) The load speed is between the two wave speeds (transonic case). (c) The load speed is greater than either wave speed (supersonic case). In each of these cases the nature of the singularity caused by the load is examined and the complete solution is given.
Large Symmetric Deflections of Annular Plates
Authors: Wempner G. A. , Schmidt R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a series solution of the von Karman equations for axially symmetric deflections of annular plates. A numerical procedure is described for evaluating the coefficients in the series. Results obtained by this procedure are given for a plate subjected to axial edge loads. A method is presented for demonstrating convergence and appraising the errors.
The Flexure of a Uniformly Pressurized, Circular, Cylindrical Shell
Authors: Wood J. D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the moment-curvature relationship and the components of displacement in the cross section of a uniformly pressurized, long, closed, circular, cylindrical shell. The shell is loaded in one of its principal planes by two equal and opposite terminal couples: First, the shell undergoes small initial displacements. These are formed by superimposing pressurization displacements upon Saint Venant displacements. Second, from this deformed position the shell is perturbed into a system of additional small displacements. A Rayleigh-Ritz technique is used to find the latter displacements from the theorem of minimum potential energy. The point at which the moment-curvature relationship becomes nonlinear is shown by several curves in this paper.