bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Uneven Age of Speed: Caravans, Technology, and Mobility in the Late Ottoman and Post-Ottoman Middle East
Authors: Pétriat Philippe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article explores the way overland mobility was transformed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during “the age of speed.” Beyond the already well-known caravan-to-car story, it argues that slow means of transportation such as caravans kept their own rationale and were instrumental in producing an economic geography that proved resilient in the face of the celebrated steam- or fuel-motorized means of accelerated mobility. Adopting the caravan traders and travelers’ vantage and foregrounding their life stories offer new insights on the way rail and automobility were experienced and adopted in the post-Ottoman Middle East. Such experiences cast a different light on the global rechanneling process affecting the circulation of persons and merchandise across the region during the interwar period. Exploring the resilience of caravans in an uneven age of speed does not only illuminate the transnational geographies underpinned by the overlapping networks of both slower and faster mobilities. It also helps to understand the many dimensions of their gradual albeit very uneven demise.
The historical and contemporary status of the sea otter Enhydra lutris population on Urup Island, southern Kuril Islands
Authors: Popov Igor , Scopin Alexey 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe describe the population of the Еndangered sea otter Enhydra lutris on Urup Island, one of the main wildlife refuges in the southern Kuril Islands of Russia. We reviewed historical and local reports of the sea otter, identified its habitat around the island, and surveyed the coastal waters of the island in 2019. Sea otters were numerous on Urup Island in the past but were hunted excessively and almost exterminated by the 1950s. Since then, sea otter populations have increased, and as the island is almost uninhabited we expected otters to be numerous. This was not the case, and we estimated the total population to be 363 ± SE 126 individuals. Our observation of two skinned carcasses on the shore suggests the low numbers are a result of poaching for the illegal fur trade. The case of Urup Island demonstrates that sea otters require active conservation, as even on a remote island they remain threatened. Establishment of protected areas would be an effective conservation measure for this species, although the suppression of demand for sea otter fur is of the greatest importance.
The interferon-stimulated exosomal hACE2 potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication through competitively blocking the virus entry
Authors: Zhang Junsong , Huang Feng , Xia Baijin , Yuan Yaochang , Yu Fei , Wang Guanwen , Chen Qianyu , Wang Qian , Li Yuzhuang , Li Rong , Song Zheng , Pan Ting , Chen Jingliang , Lu Gen , Zhang Hui 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSince the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it has become a global pandemic. The spike (S) protein of etiologic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) specifically recognizes human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) as its receptor, which is recently identified as an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene. Here, we find that hACE2 exists on the surface of exosomes released by different cell types, and the expression of exosomal hACE2 is increased by IFNα/β treatment. In particular, exosomal hACE2 can specifically block the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, subsequently inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and ex vivo. Our findings have indicated that IFN is able to upregulate a viral receptor on the exosomes which competitively block the virus entry, exhibiting a potential antiviral strategy.
Molecular mechanism of cell ferroptosis and research progress in regulation of ferroptosis by noncoding RNAs in tumor cells
Authors: Xie Bumin , Guo Yuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFerroptosis is a newly identified form of nonapoptotic regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species. Morphologically and biochemically different from known types of cell death and apoptosis, ferroptosis promotes nervous system diseases, renal failure, ischemia–reperfusion injury, and the treatment of tumors. It could be induced by several mechanisms, including inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4, lack of cysteine, and peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, but could be inhibited by iron chelators, lipophilic antioxidants, and some specific inhibitors. Ferroptosis is found to be closely related to the tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis of tumors. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs, and circular RNAs, do not encode proteins. NcRNAs are found to be capable of regulating the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in tumor cells post transcription. Ferroptosis provides a new method for cancer treatment. Although several studies have confirmed the important role of ferroptosis in cancer treatment, its specific affecting mechanism is unclear. Here we reviewed the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in tumor cells and the relationship between ferroptosis and the three important ncRNAs.
Reconstruction of ancient microbial genomes from the human gut
Authors: Wibowo Marsha C. , Yang Zhen , Borry Maxime , Hübner Alexander , Huang Kun D. , Tierney Braden T. , Zimmerman Samuel , Barajas-Olmos Francisco , Contreras-Cubas Cecilia , García-Ortiz Humberto , Martínez-Hernández Angélica , Luber Jacob M. , Kirstahler Philipp , Blohm Tre , Smiley Francis E. , Arnold Richard , Ballal Sonia A. , Pamp Sünje Johanna , Russ Julia , Maixner Frank , Rota-Stabelli Omar , Segata Nicola , Reinhard Karl , Orozco Lorena , Warinner Christina , Snow Meradeth , LeBlanc Steven , Kostic Aleksandar D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLoss of gut microbial diversity1–6in industrial populations is associated with chronic diseases7, underscoring the importance of studying our ancestral gut microbiome. However, relatively little is known about the composition of pre-industrial gut microbiomes. Here we performed a large-scale de novo assembly of microbial genomes from palaeofaeces. From eight authenticated human palaeofaeces samples (1,000–2,000 years old) with well-preserved DNA from southwestern USA and Mexico, we reconstructed 498 medium- and high-quality microbial genomes. Among the 181 genomes with the strongest evidence of being ancient and of human gut origin, 39% represent previously undescribed species-level genome bins. Tip dating suggests an approximate diversification timeline for the key human symbiontMethanobrevibacter smithii. In comparison to 789 present-day human gut microbiome samples from eight countries, the palaeofaeces samples are more similar to non-industrialized than industrialized human gut microbiomes. Functional profiling of the palaeofaeces samples reveals a markedly lower abundance of antibiotic-resistance and mucin-degrading genes, as well as enrichment of mobile genetic elements relative to industrial gut microbiomes. This study facilitates the discovery and characterization of previously undescribed gut microorganisms from ancient microbiomes and the investigation of the evolutionary history of the human gut microbiota through genome reconstruction from palaeofaeces.
Symmetrically dimethylated histone H3R2 promotes global transcription during minor zygotic genome activation in mouse pronuclei
Authors: Morita Kohtaro , Hatanaka Yuki , Ihashi Shunya , Asano Masahide , Miyamoto Kei , Matsumoto Kazuya 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPaternal genome reprogramming, such as protamine–histone exchange and global DNA demethylation, is crucial for the development of fertilised embryos. Previously, our study showed that one of histone arginine methylation, asymmetrically dimethylated histone H3R17 (H3R17me2a), is necessary for epigenetic reprogramming in the mouse paternal genome. However, roles of histone arginine methylation in reprogramming after fertilisation are still poorly understood. Here, we report that H3R2me2s promotes global transcription at the 1-cell stage, referred to as minor zygotic genome activation (ZGA). The inhibition of H3R2me2s by expressing a histone H3.3 mutant H3.3R2A prevented embryonic development from the 2-cell to 4-cell stages and significantly reduced global RNA synthesis and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activity. Consistent with this result, the expression levels of MuERV-L as minor ZGA transcripts were decreased by forced expression of H3.3R2A. Furthermore, treatment with an inhibitor and co-injection of siRNA to PRMT5 and PRMT7 also resulted in the attenuation of transcriptional activities with reduction of H3R2me2s in the pronuclei of zygotes. Interestingly, impairment of H3K4 methylation by expression of H3.3K4M resulted in a decrease of H3R2me2s in male pronuclei. Our findings suggest that H3R2me2s together with H3K4 methylation is involved in global transcription during minor ZGA in mice.
H2O2-Promoted Alkylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with Styrenes and Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Yao Hua , Lin Sen , Zhong Xiaoyang , Wang Bingqing , Yan Zhaohua , Xiong Feng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated quinoxaline-2(1H)-ones hydrocarbylation reaction has been reported. The reaction is achieved through the difunctionalization of styrene. In this transformation, methyl radical resulting from dimethyl sulfoxide firstly attacks styrenes to provide alkyl radicals which then undergo alkylation at the C3 position of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one. A green, convenient, and simple protocol for the synthesis of 3-alkylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones was provided.
Homeopathic Treatment in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Case Series
Authors: Parveen Suraia , Das Subhrasankha 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background and Objectives Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. It is characterized by various clinical presentations such as ovulatory dysfunction, polycystic ovaries, and hyperandrogenism. Considering the side effects associated with conventional treatment and the patients who fail to respond to these measures, there is a demand for a complementary therapy that would alleviate symptoms of PCOS without side effects. Homeopathy is a complementary system of medicine that has been successfully used in different disease conditions, including PCOS. A case series of PCOS is hereby presented, to demonstrate some positive results of individualized homeopathic treatment.
Methods Seven cases of young women with PCOS were treated with individualized homeopathic medicines. Each case was followed up with clinical and ultrasonographic evidence and was reported according to the criteria set out in the HOM-CASE guidelines. The assessment of causal attribution of homeopathic treatment effect was carried out using the Modified Naranjo Criteria.
Results Marked improvement was observed in all seven cases of PCOS. The irregular menstrual cycles and other associated symptoms became normal, along with a resolution of cysts in ovaries as evidenced by ultrasonography. All cases improved within 4 to 12 months of treatment. The Modified Naranjo Criteria total score was +9/13 for each case, which indicates a positive causal attribution of homeopathy in relieving the symptoms of PCOS.
Conclusion This case series suggests a significant role of individualized homeopathic medicines in PCOS by regularizing the menstrual cycle along with the resolution of cysts and associated symptoms.
Influence of the Head Neck Position on Imaging Measurements Used to Assess the Craniovertebral Junction in Small Breed Dogs: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Planchamp Bastien , Forterre Franck , Vidondo Beatriz , Beugger Angela , Müller Andrea , Precht Christina 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective The study aimed to determine the influence of head neck position on imaging measurements used to assess the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) and to recommend the most appropriate position for the evaluation of the CVJ.
Study Design A cross-sectional sample of adult dogs' cadavers was subjected to a computed tomography scan of the cranium and the cranial cervical region in three standardized head positions. Imaging measurements often used to assess the CVJ were measured. The influence of the head neck position, breed, weight and gender on imaging measurements was tested using repeated measures analysis of variance.
Results Twenty-eight cadavers of small breed dogs were enrolled in the study. All cadavers examined had occipital dysplasia. All transarticular imaging measurements were dependent on the head neck position. In addition, the breed, weight and gender had an influence on several measurements.
Conclusion We recommend a standardized head neck position of 50 degrees flexion if quantitative imaging measurements of the CVJ are used to diagnose pathologies in this region. Future studies should focus on the definition of cut-off values for quantitative imaging measurements of the CVJ to differentiate between healthy and diseased small breed dogs. Regarding atlantoaxial instability, a combination of six parameters (C1-C2 angle, C1-C2 overlap, atlantoaxial distance, dens-to-axis length ratio, ventral compression index and clivus canal angle) is promising for its diagnosis.
Proposing an International Standard Accident Number for Interconnecting Information and Communication Technology Systems of the Rescue Chain
Authors: Spicher Nicolai , Barakat Ramon , Wang Ju , Haghi Mostafa , Jagieniak Justin , Öktem Gamze Söylev , Hackel Siegfried , Deserno Thomas Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background The rapid dissemination of smart devices within the internet of things (IoT) is developing toward automatic emergency alerts which are transmitted from machine to machine without human interaction. However, apart from individual projects concentrating on single types of accidents, there is no general methodology of connecting the standalone information and communication technology (ICT) systems involved in an accident: systems for alerting (e.g., smart home/car/wearable), systems in the responding stage (e.g., ambulance), and in the curing stage (e.g., hospital).
Objectives We define the International Standard Accident Number (ISAN) as a unique token for interconnecting these ICT systems and to provide embedded data describing the circumstances of an accident (time, position, and identifier of the alerting system).
Materials and Methods Based on the characteristics of processes and ICT systems in emergency care, we derive technological, syntactic, and semantic requirements for the ISAN, and we analyze existing standards to be incorporated in the ISAN specification.
Results We choose a set of formats for describing the embedded data and give rules for their combination to generate an ISAN. It is a compact alphanumeric representation that is generated easily by the alerting system. We demonstrate generation, conversion, analysis, and visualization via representational state transfer (REST) services. Although ISAN targets machine-to-machine communication, we give examples of graphical user interfaces.
Conclusion Created either locally by the alerting IoT system or remotely using our RESTful service, the ISAN is a simple and flexible token that enables technological, syntactic, and semantic interoperability between all ICT systems in emergency care.
A Scary Complication: Single-center Study on Management and Outcome of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy
Authors: Hüner Beate , Lato Krisztian , Reister Frank , Janni Wolfgang , Deniz Miriam 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a scary and life-threatening complication of cesarean section (CS). Nevertheless, the incidence of CS is constantly growing. The CSP incidence is 0,15% of pregnancies after CS which represents 6,1% of all ectopic pregnancies in women with condition after CS. Therefore, it should be more present in the clinical daily routine. From mild nonspecific symptoms to hypovolemic shock, diagnosis and therapy must be performed quickly. With the progressive growth of the scar pregnancy, a uterine rupture involves the risk of severe bleeding, and an emergency hysterectomy could be necessary. Prolongation of pregnancy has been successful only in a few cases. We report 11 cases from our hospital in the past 10 years. In the discussion, treatment options of this complication with an increasing incidence, which is associated with serious morbidity and mortality, are presented based on the current literature. Treatment options include drug therapy, but also surgical or combined procedures with radiological intervention.
Ultra wide-angle and broad-band metamaterial absorber based on magneto-electric dipole structure
Authors: Wang Aixia , Qu Shaobo , Wang Jiafu , Zhang Jieqiu , Wang Wenjie , Xu Cuilian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An ultra wide-angle and broad-band magneto-electric dipole like metamaterial absorber (MEDMA) was proposed. The trapezoidal resistance films on the top layer and the upright resistance films in the middle are both equivalent to electric dipoles. The metal back plate together with the resistance films on the top layer are equivalent to magnetic dipoles. The radiation characteristics of magnetic dipole and electric dipole determine that the composite structure can achieve low back radiation effect and equal E-plane and H-plane patterns. According to reciprocity principle, the composite structure will also have a better absorption performance when it is used as an absorber. Simulation results show that the absorption of the MEDMA is more than 90% under TM polarized waves of 3.4–8.0 GHz as the incident angle changes from 0° to 80°. For TE polarized waves of 3.2–9.0 GHz, the absorption with the incident angles of 0°–50° is more than 80%. The absorption performance for each part of the MEDMA was analyzed by the surface current distributions, and the impedance matching characteristics was demonstrated by Smith chart. This work may provide a technical way in stealth research.
Stability of the planar rarefaction wave to three-dimensional Navier–Stokes–Korteweg equations of compressible fluids
Authors: Li Yeping , Luo Zhen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study is concerned with the large time behaviour of the three-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier–Stokes–Korteweg equations, which are used to model viscous and compressible fluids with internal capillarity. Based on the fact that the rarefaction wave is nonlinearly stable to the one-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier–Stokes–Korteweg equations, the planar rarefaction wave to the three-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier–Stokes–Korteweg equations is first constructed. Then it is shown that the planar rarefaction wave is asymptotically stable in the case that the initial data are a suitably small perturbation of the planar rarefaction wave and the strength of the rarefaction wave is small. The proof is based on the delicate energy method. The result indicate that the planar rarefaction wave of the inviscid Euler system is stable for the three-dimensional isentropic compressible fluids with physical viscosities and internal capillarity.
Periodic travelling waves on damped 2D lattices with oscillating external forces
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Authors: Zhang Ling , Guo Shangjiang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper is devoted to periodic travelling waves in a two-dimensional nonautonomous weakly damped lattice system with linear coupling between nearest particles and periodic nonlinear substrate potentials. Nonlinear functional analysis is employed to prove the existence and uniqueness of periodic travelling wave solutions. In the case of small forcing and damping, Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction is employed to study the bifurcation of periodic travelling wave solutions and the asymptotic expressions of the bifurcating solutions.
Vibration isolation concept by switchable stiffness on a semi-active pneumatic actuator
Authors: Mikułowski Grzegorz 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper a novel technique of switchable stiffness dedicated to vibration isolation is presented. The approach utilises a semi-active pneumatic device in which the stiffness switching is obtained via controlled thermodynamic processes. The concept for the dissipation technique is introduced and a mathematical model is proposed. The system is analysed under passive and semi-active modes of operation by means of numerical simulation and in an experimental survey. The analysis consists of the model validation, an energy dissipation process study and a verification of effectiveness of the concept under varying operational conditions. As a result, it is demonstrated that the proposed technique allows for combining advantages of controllable pneumatic springs and pneumatic dampers, which constitutes an added value. It is revealed in the conducted tests that the system allows for 147% increase in energy dissipation per vibration cycle and reduce the resonant amplitude peak by 8%, both in comparison to a passive gas damper. The presented concept introduces an innovative approach to the switching stiffness techniques dedicated to vibration mitigation. The findings may significantly expand the number of their implementation possibilities.
Out-of-plane wave propagation in two-dimensional micro-lattices
Authors: Sepehri Soroush , Mosavi Mashhadi Mahmoud , Seyyed Fakhrabadi Mir Masoud 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Unlike the extensive studies on the in-plane motion of macroscale lattices, their out-of-plane motion has received drastically less attention in the mechanical engineering community. However, the practical limitations of the detection of very high-frequency in-plane vibrations in small-scale structures have restricted their investigations considerably leading the researchers toward their out-of-plane analysis. The necessity of measuring the out-of-plane displacements of the periodic lattices, especially in small-scale structures, demands a thorough perception of their out-of-plane behavior. As a result, in this paper, the size-dependent out-of-plane wave propagation of periodic micro-lattices with hexagonal, square, triangular, and kagome topologies is investigated using the finite element method and Bloch’s theorem. To include size-dependency, the modified couple stress theory is used and the governing equations of the flexural and torsional motion of the small-scale microbeams are obtained. Furthermore, for the analysis of the out-of-plane wave propagation, the unit cells are discretized into grid elements, with three degrees of freedom (out-of-plane displacement, torsion, and out-of-plane bending) at each node. Also, the directionality of the out-of-plane waves at low frequencies is investigated by analyzing the iso-frequency contours of each structure. The results reveal that the size-dependency has a major contribution in determining the propagation, attenuation, and directionality of waves in small-scale micro-lattices. However, As the dimension of the structure becomes larger, the impact of size-dependency fades away and the behavior of small-scale structures becomes closer to that of classical structures.