bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicides of Boy Prisoners; The Portland Borstal Institution; The Delinquent Child After the War
Authors: SHORE HEATHER 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article considers three extracts from the first Howard Journal, published in 1921. Concentrating on juvenile and young male delinquency and the borstal system, it contextualises the original extracts by focusing on the evolution of borstal training in the early 20th Century, the character of the interwar borstal and the influence of the Prison Commissioner, Alexander Paterson, the circumstances and notoriety of Portland Borstal and in particular the issue of suicide in the prison estate, and the impact of the First World War, on the youth and young male delinquency and penality.
Anaerobic soil disinfestation, amendment-type, and irrigation regimen influence Salmonella survival and die-off in agricultural soils
Authors: Murphy Claire M. , Weller Daniel L. , Reiter Mark S. , Bardsley Cameron A. , Eifert Joseph , Ponder Monica , Rideout Steve L. , Strawn Laura K. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
This study investigated Salmonella concentrations following combinations of horticultural practices including anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD), soil amendment type and irrigation regimen.

Methods and Results
Sandy-loam soil was inoculated with a five-serovar Salmonella cocktail (5.5 ± 0.2 log CFU per gram) and subjected to one of six treatments: (i) no soil amendment, ASD (ASD control), (ii) no soil amendment, no-ASD (non-ASD control) and (iii–vi) soil amended with pelletized poultry litter, rye, rapeseed or hairy vetch with ASD. The effect of irrigation regimen was determined by collecting samples 3 and 7 days after irrigation. Twenty-five-gram soil samples were collected pre-ASD, post-soil saturation (i.e. ASD-process), and at 14 time-points post-ASD, and Salmonella levels enumerated. Log-linear models examined the effect of amendment type and irrigation regimen on Salmonella die-off during and post-ASD. During ASD, Salmonella concentrations significantly decreased in all treatments (range: −0.2 to −2.7 log CFU per gram), albeit the smallest decrease (−0.2 log CFU per gram observed in the pelletized poultry litter) was of negligible magnitude. Salmonella die-off rates varied by amendment with an average post-ASD rate of −0.05 log CFU per gram day (CI = −0.05, −0.04). Salmonella concentrations remained highest over the 42 days post-ASD in pelletized poultry litter, followed by rapeseed, and hairy vetch treatments. Findings suggested ASD was not able to eliminate Salmonella in soil, and certain soil amendments facilitated enhanced Salmonella survival. Salmonella serovar distribution differed by treatment with pelletized poultry litter supporting S. Newport survival, compared with other serovars. Irrigation appeared to assist Salmonella survival with concentrations being 0.14 log CFU per gram (CI = 0.05, 0.23) greater 3 days, compared with 7 days post-irrigation.

Conclusions
ASD does not eliminate Salmonella in soil, and may in fact, depending on the soil amendment used, facilitate Salmonella survival.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Synergistic and antagonistic effects on food safety hazards of implementing horticultural practices should be considered.
Dynamics of fungal and bacterial microbiome associated with green-mould contaminated sawdust substrate of Pleurotus pulmonarius (grey oyster mushroom)
Authors: Ponnusamy Ameertha , Ajis Ana Hazirah , Tan Yee Shin , Chai Lay Ching 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
Green-mould contamination is identified as one of the challenges faced by mushroom cultivation industry globally which believed to be caused by Trichoderma spp.

Methods and Results
To explore the dynamics of microbial population in mushroom substrate during commercial mushroom cultivation and how microbiota might play a role in green-mould contamination, we applied both culturing and targeted metagenomics approaches to identify microbiota in noncomposted sawdust substrates at different cultivation stages. The microbiological analysis showed that the green-mould contaminated substrates harboured higher total mesophilic bacteria count. The green-moulds isolated from the contaminated mushroom substrates were identified as Trichoderma pleurotum (n = 15; 93.8%) and Graphium penicillioides (n = 1; 6.3%). To our surprise, the targeted metagenomic analysis revealed that Graphium comprised 56.3% while Trichoderma consisted of only 36.1% of the total fungi population, suggesting that green-mould contamination might not be caused by Trichoderma alone, but also Graphium that grows very slowly in the laboratory.

Conclusion
It is worthwhile to note that G. penicillioides was also isolated in the early stages of mushroom cultivation, but not T. pleurotum. The results indicated that the structure and composition of the bacterial population in the mushroom substrate varied and the bacterial population shifted along the cultivation process.

Significance and Impact of Study
This study revealed a possibility of G. penicillioides as an overlooked fungi causing green-mould contamination.
Tenacious team, precarious patient: A phenomenological inquiry into interprofessional collaboration during ICU resuscitations
Authors: Lin Yongxing Patrick , Chan Le Yi Cynthia , Chan Ee‐Yuee 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimsThe study aims to explore the lived experiences of interprofessional collaboration among ICU nurses, doctors, and respiratory therapists in managing resuscitations in the ICUs.DesignDescriptive phenomenological design, underpinned by Husserl's philosophy.MethodsICU nurses, doctors and respiratory therapists who have experience in managing resuscitations with the interprofessional team were recruited through purposive sampling from April to December 2019. Sixteen ICU professionals participated in individual, semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews which were audio recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Findings were analysed using Colaizzi's 7‐step analysis.ResultsThe essence of interprofessional collaboration during resuscitations can be described in four main themes. ‘Ruminating about professional boundaries’ signifies how ICU professionals acknowledged the roles and boundaries that surrounded their scope of practice during resuscitations. ‘Rallying the interprofessional team’ illustrates how the interprofessional team rapidly band together amongst the aid and hindrance of contextual enablers and inhibitors. ‘Responding to interprofessional conflicts’ depicts how intra‐ and interprofessional tensions can occur during resuscitations that can impact patient safety. ‘Reaching collective leadership’ proposes enhanced resuscitation care through the collective leadership of the interprofessional team.ConclusionResuscitations represent a precarious turn of events for the critically ill patient where the interprofessional team undergoes a cyclic sequence of teamwork and conflict while attempting to drive the resuscitation into a positive outcome. As ICU professionals attempt to optimise interprofessional collaboration during resuscitations, findings call for enhanced team training initiatives encompassing the interprofessional team, with an emphasis on collective leadership.ImpactICU professionals experience of interprofessional collaboration during resuscitations is poorly understood. By understanding their lived experience, targeted interventions to improve interprofessional collaboration can be conceptualised and implemented. Findings will set pace for future evaluation research on interprofessional collaboration and patient outcomes during resuscitations.
The effect of weather on temperature variation inside a solar dryer in Ahvaz‐Iran using computational fluid dynamics method
Authors: Sajadiye Seyed Majid , Saberian Ayad 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn subtropical hot desert climates, the high temperature inside the chamber of the solar dryers spoils heat‐sensitive bioactive ingredients of agricultural products. In this article, the annular temperature variation inside the dryer chamber and collector thermal efficiency of a naturally ventilated indirect solar dryer in Ahvaz‐Iran was evaluated using computational fluid dynamics models. Time variable boundary conditions based on the regional meteorological reports and Universal Time Coordinated for automatic consideration of solar heat radiation, were applied in the models. The results were validated against the physical experiments by accuracy evaluation of the chamber temperature (root mean squared error [RMSE] of 3.14°C), product moisture ratio (RMSE of 0.26), and solar heat flux (RMSE of 84.26 W/m2). The efficiency of the collector was shown to be minimal during the warm months from April to September with a higher level around the solar noon. Daily variation of the temperature inside the chamber from sunrise to sunset and the annual interval of each temperature lasts during a day were presented which can be used for defining the tolerable period of drying. The possibility of drying medicinal plants was presented as a sample. The results can provide a viable estimate for similar climates in the Middle East.Practical ApplicationsIn this study, many details of preprocessing procedure of solar drying computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation has been presented which is practical for related studies about the dryers or any process affected by variable weather and solar radiation. Graphical results are comparable and useful for numerical research studies on heat and mass transfer phenomena. The accuracy of the CFD model that was validated against the physical experiments, is promising for CFD‐based drying process optimization research studies. The results of physical experiments which have been expressed in good detail can be used as a reference for future research studies. The tolerable period of drying of agricultural products in Ahvaz‐Iran can be extracted from the results of this study which is a viable estimation for similar climates in the Middle East.
A case of severe odontogenic infection in Kikuchi‐Fujimoto disease
Authors: Platais Christopher , Henien Marianne , Patel Vinod 
Published: October 2021

AbstractKikuchi‐Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a rare cause of cervical lymphadenopathy and is not well understood. We report a case of deep neck space infection arising from a small dentigerous cyst associated with an impacted mandibular third molar in a patient with a recent diagnosis of KFD. We consider the unusual severity of the clinical presentation and suggest that KFD may have a role in the exaggerated response to a minimal dentigerous cyst.
Adolescent Health Series – Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among adolescents in sub‐Saharan Africa: A narrative review
Authors: Morojele Neo K. , Ramsoomar Leane , Dumbili Emeka W. , Kapiga Saidi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use by adolescents are major contributors to death and disability in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper reviews the extent of adolescents’ ATOD use, risk and protective factors, and studies evaluating prevention interventions for adolescents in SSA. It also describes the harms associated with adolescents’ ATOD use in SSA, which mainly include interpersonal violence, sexual risk behaviours, and negative academic outcomes. We use the socio‐ecological model as our framework for understanding ATOD use risk and protective factors at individual, interpersonal, peer/school, and societal/structural levels. We used two strategies to find literature evaluating ATOD interventions for adolescents in SSA: (a) we sought systematic reviews of adolescent ATOD interventions in SSA covering the period 2000–2020; and (b) we used a comprehensive evidence review strategy and searched for studies that had evaluated ATOD interventions in all SSA countries between 2000 and 2020. Only two community interventions (a brief intervention and an HIV prevention intervention), out of four that were identified, were partially effective in reducing adolescent ATOD. Furthermore, only one school‐based intervention (HealthWise), out of six that we uncovered, had any effect on ATOD use among adolescents. Possible reasons why many interventions were not effective include methodological limitations, involvement of non‐evidence‐based education‐only approaches in some studies, and shortcomings in adaptations of evidence‐based interventions. The scale of ATOD and related problems is disproportionate to the number of evaluated interventions to address them in SSA. More ATOD interventions need to be developed and evaluated in well‐powered and well‐designed studies.
Inter‐ and intraobserver agreement for CT measurement of mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes is excellent in dogs with histologically confirmed oral melanoma
Authors: Cotter Brad , Zwicker Lesley A. , Waldner Cheryl , Randall Elissa , Gagnon Jerome , Wiebe Sheldon , Cohen Eli B. , Hespel Adrien‐Maxence , de Swarte Marie , Mayer Monique N. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes are routinely evaluated with CT when staging dogs with oral melanomas. While size alone is considered inadequate for detecting nodal metastasis, it is critical in evaluating treatment response, as clinical decisions are based on changes in size. It is common for different radiologists to measure the size of pre‐ and posttreatment lymph nodes in the same patient. The objective of this retrospective, observer agreement study was to evaluate the inter‐ and intraobserver agreement in measuring canine mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes by a diverse population of veterinary radiologists and trainees. Fourteen dogs with documented oral melanoma and head CT studies identified from records of a single institution were included in this study. North American veterinary radiologists and trainees were recruited to measure the mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes; in triplicate. Prior to performing the study measurements, participants completed a training tool demonstrating the lymph node measurements. Overall, interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.961 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.946, 0.972) and intraobserver ICC was 0.977 (95% CI: 0.968, 0.983), indicating excellent agreement (ICC > 0.9 considered excellent). Similar findings were noted following sub‐analysis for most variables (experience, size, laterality, axis of measurement). These results suggest that follow‐up measurement of the long and short axis of the mandibular lymph nodes and short axis of the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes in the transverse plane, performed by different veterinary radiologists using the same method of measure, should have minimal impact on clinical decision making.
Vehicle and Traffic Light Control Through Gradient-Based Coordination and Control Barrier Function Safety Regulation
Authors: Rodriguez Manuel , Fathy Hosam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present a decentralized control framework for the coordination of connected vehicles and traffic lights in urban intersections. The framework uses gradient-based methods to dynamically coordinate, at every time-step, the planned intersection arrival times of vehicles and the planned switching times of traffic lights. Assuming no constraints, vehicles then use analytical optimal control methods to determine a nominal acceleration profile intended to place them at the intersection at the desired arrival time. Finally, using control barrier functions, the agents' accelerations and arrival times are modified to ensure safety and feasibility. The work in this paper builds on existing research on safe-set nonlinear control methods, multi-agent gradient-based methods, and optimal control methods used to tackle the intelligent intersection management problem. Here, we integrate the use of these different approaches to present a comprehensive control architecture that can flexibly coordinate the timing of both vehicles and traffic lights, while maintaining safety and feasibility. Simulations show that the method can save between 4% and 15% in fuel consumption and between 55% and 70% in delay for different traffic conditions.
Clinical and genetic features of retinoschisis in 120 families withRS1mutations
Authors: Xiao Sainan , Sun Wenmin , Xiao Xueshan , Li Shiqiang , Luo Hualei , Jia Xiaoyun , Ouyang Jiamin , Li Xueqing , Wang Yingwei , Jiang Yi , Wang Panfeng , Zhang Qingjiong 
Published: October 2021

Background/aimsX-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), associated withRS1, is the most common type of X-linked retinopathy in children. This study aimed to identify clinical and genetic features of retinoschisis in 120 families withRS1variants in China.MethodsRS1variants were collected from our in-house exome data and were predicted by multiple-step bioinformatics analysis. Clinical data of 122 patients from 120 families with potential pathogenicRS1variants were analysed and summarised, respectively.ResultTotally, 79 hemizygous variants (53 missense, 25 truncation and 1 indel), were detected. All except one (78/79, 98.7%), including 22 novels, were classified as potential pathogenic and detected exclusively in 120 families with retinoschisis. Clinical data demonstrated an average age of presentation at 5 years (1 month–41 years). Macular changes were classified as macular schisis (87.5%), macular atrophy (10.7%), normal (0.9%) and unclassified (0.9%). Patients with macular atrophy had older age but similar visual acuity compared with macular schisis. Peripheral retinal changes included flat retinoschisis (52.4%), bullous retinoschisis (BRS) (10.7%) and normal-like (36.9%) patients. Spontaneous regression was observed in two patients with BRS on follow-up examination. Visual acuity in the peripheral retinoschisis group was worse than that without peripheral retinoschisis.ConclusionAlmost all rareRS1variants were potential pathogenic. All patients withRS1pathogenic variants showed detectable characteristics in the macula and/or peripheral retina. Our data onRS1variants and associated clinical phenotypes may be of value for clinical diagnosis and genetic test of retinoschisis.
Improving the management of early colorectal cancers (eCRC) by using quantitative markers to predict lymph node involvement and thus the need for major resection of pT1 cancers
Authors: Brockmoeller Scarlet , Toh Eu-Wing , Kouvidi Katerina , Hepworth Sarah , Morris Eva , Quirke Philip 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundSince implementing the NHS bowel cancer screening programme, the rate of early colorectal cancer (eCRC; pT1) has increased threefold to 17%, but how these lesions should be managed is currently unclear.AimTo improve risk stratification of eCRC by developing reproducible quantitative markers to build a multivariate model to predict lymph node metastasis (LNM).MethodsOur retrospective cohort of 207 symptomatic pT1 eCRC was assessed for quantitative markers. Associations between categorical data and LNM were performed using χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test. Multivariable modelling was performed using logistic regression. Youden’s rule gave the cut-point for LNM.ResultsAll significant parameters in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate model; tumour stroma (95% CI 2.3 to 41.0; p=0.002), area of submucosal invasion (95% CI 2.1 to 284.6; p=0.011), poor tumour differentiation (95% CI 2.0 to 358.3; p=0.003) and lymphatic invasion (95% CI 1.3 to 192.6; p=0.028) were predictive of LNM. Youden’s rule gave a cut-off of p>5%, capturing 18/19 LNM (94.7%) cases and leading to a resection recommendation for 34% of cases. The model that only included quantitative factors were also significant, capturing 17/19 LNM cases (90%) and leading to resection rate of 35% of cases (72/206).ConclusionsIn this study, we were able to reduce the potential resection rate of pT1 with the multivariate qualitative and/or quantitative model to 34% or 35% while detecting 95% or 90% of all LNM cases, respectively. While these findings need to be validated, this model could lead to a reduction of the major resection rate in eCRC.
Assessment of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK HbA1c testing: implications for diabetes management and diagnosis
Authors: Holland David , Heald Adrian H , Stedman Mike , Hanna Fahmy , Wu Pensee , Duff Christopher , Green Lewis , Robinson Sarah , Halsall Ian , Gaskell Neil , Pemberton John , Bloor Christine , Fryer Anthony A 
Published: October 2021

AimsThe COVID-19 pandemic, and the focus on mitigating its effects, has disrupted diabetes healthcare services worldwide. We aimed to quantify the effect of the pandemic on diabetes diagnosis/management, using glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) as surrogate, across six UK centres.MethodsUsing routinely collected laboratory data, we estimated the number of missed HbA1c tests for ‘diagnostic’/‘screening’/‘management’ purposes during the COVID-19 impact period (CIP; 23 March 2020 to 30 September 2020). We examined potential impact in terms of: (1) diabetes control in people with diabetes and (2) detection of new diabetes and prediabetes cases.ResultsIn April 2020, HbA1c test numbers fell by ~80%. Overall, across six centres, 369 871 tests were missed during the 6.28 months of the CIP, equivalent to >6.6 million tests nationwide. We identified 79 131 missed ‘monitoring’ tests in people with diabetes. In those 28 564 people with suboptimal control, this delayed monitoring was associated with a 2–3 mmol/mol HbA1c increase. Overall, 149 455 ‘screening’ and 141 285 ‘diagnostic’ tests were also missed. Across the UK, our findings equate to 1.41 million missed/delayed diabetes monitoring tests (including 0.51 million in people with suboptimal control), 2.67 million screening tests in high-risk groups (0.48 million within the prediabetes range) and 2.52 million tests for diagnosis (0.21 million in the pre-diabetes range; ~70 000 in the diabetes range).ConclusionsOur findings illustrate the widespread collateral impact of implementing measures to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 in people with, or being investigated for, diabetes. For people with diabetes, missed tests will result in further deterioration in diabetes control, especially in those whose HbA1c levels are already high.