bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of the National COVID-19 Chest Imaging Database: data quality and cohort analysis
Authors: Cushnan Dominic , Bennett Oscar , Berka Rosalind , Bertolli Ottavia , Chopra Ashwin , Dorgham Samie , Favaro Alberto , Ganepola Tara , Halling-Brown Mark , Imreh Gergely , Jacob Joseph , Jefferson Emily , Lemarchand François , Schofield Daniel , Wyatt Jeremy C ,   NCCID Collaborative
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe National COVID-19 Chest Imaging Database (NCCID) is a centralised database containing chest X-rays, chest Computed Tomography (CT) scans and cardiac Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) from patients across the UK, jointly established by NHSX, the British Society of Thoracic Imaging (BSTI), Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust (RSNFT) and Faculty. The objective of the initiative is to support a better understanding of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) and development of machine learning (ML) technologies that will improve care for patients hospitalised with a severe COVID-19 infection. The NCCID is now accumulating data from 20 NHS Trusts and Health Boards across England and Wales, with a total contribution of approximately 25,000 imaging studies in the training set (at time of writing) and is actively being used as a research tool by several organisations. This paper introduces the training dataset, including a snapshot analysis performed by NHSX covering: the completeness of clinical data, the availability of image data for the various use-cases (diagnosis, prognosis and longitudinal risk) and potential model confounders within the imaging data. The aim is to inform both existing and potential data users of the NCCID’s suitability for developing diagnostic/prognostic models. In addition, a cohort analysis was performed to measure the representativeness of the NCCID to the wider COVID-19 affected population. Three major aspects were included: geographic, demographic and temporal coverage, revealing good alignment in some categories, e.g., sex and identifying areas for improvements to data collection methods, particularly with respect to geographic coverage. All analyses and discussions are focused on the implications for building ML tools that will generalise well to the clinical use cases.
Analysing the interplay between the right to health and pharmaceutical patent rights in the introduction of a COVID-19 vaccine into the Philippines
Authors: Cerilles Jr Mario C. , Fernan Harry Gwynn Omar M. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated economies and public health systems across the globe, increasing the anticipation for the creation of an effective vaccine. With this comes the reinforcement of debates between the right to health and pharmaceutical patent rights. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how the Philippines could attempt to balance the right to health with pharmaceutical patent rights in the introduction of a potential COVID-19 vaccine into the country.

Design/methodology/approach
This will be accomplished through an examination of the flexibilities allowed by international agreements and domestic patent laws.

Findings
With the economic and health challenges brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Philippine Government will have a strong justification to pursue parallel importation and compulsory licencing under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. This is exacerbated by the bold leadership of President Duterte, whose administration has so far shown a propensity to decide in favor of the right to health at the expense of other rights in dealing with the pandemic.

Originality/value
While this paper focuses on the Philippines, it has a potential application in the least developed and developing countries which aim to gain access to a prospective COVID-19 vaccine. Moreover, while this study discusses the harmonization of laws on the right to health and patent laws as a solution to the COVID-19 pandemic and the lack of access to vaccines, it also calls for solutions that go beyond the application of the law.
Alien fish eradication from high mountain lakes by multiple removal methods: Estimating residual abundance and eradication probability in open populations
Authors: Tiberti Rocco , Buchaca Teresa , Boiano Daniel , Knapp Roland A. , Pou Rovira Quim , Tavecchia Giacomo , Ventura Marc , Tenan Simone 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Invasive alien species are among the most important threats to biodiversity. Plans for their eradication have been implemented worldwide but estimating residual population size and eradication probability to assess removal success is complicated by the imperfect detection of residual individuals.

Most methods to assess residual abundance and eradication probability rely on the often unrealistic assumption that a population is closed to mortality and recruitment processes during the implementation of removal actions. We extended existing removal models and developed a novel analytical approach to estimate residual population size and derive eradication probability in open populations while accounting for multiple removal methods.

We apply this approach to 20 eradication projects in Europe and the United States that used mechanical methods to return high mountain lakes to their original fishless condition.

The new removal model incorporates (a) a mechanistic description of the ecological process underlying survival and recruitment probabilities during the eradication period and (b) the use of multiple, concomitant removal methods (i.e. electrofishing, gillnetting, fyke‐netting) at multiple sites simultaneously.

We used a subset of ‘control’ lakes where eradication success was confirmed by more than 5 years of post‐removal surveys to validate the model. For these lakes, eradication success, evaluated by whether the 95% Bayesian credible interval for estimated residual population size encompassed values of <2 individuals, was confirmed in 13 out of 15 lake‐by‐species case studies. In addition, the model correctly assigned an eradication probabilities equal to 0 for the eradications that are still in progress.

Synthesis and applications. Our study provides insights into the dynamics of fish populations subject to eradication in high mountain lakes of different countries. In addition, the analytical approach proposed accounts for demographic processes and multiple removal methods in multiple sites and seasons. It can represent an informative tool to estimate residual population size and eradication probability of alien species to optimize eradication efforts and efficacy of conservation actions. The extension to open populations makes the approach useful to evaluate long‐term eradication plans.
Evaluating the need for an integrated geriatric service in older general surgery patients
Authors: Abeysekera Natasha , Mich Christian , Mahoney Adam , Abeysekera Ashvini , MacPhail Aleece , Ibrahim Joseph , Jose Matthew , Turner Richard , Ferrah Noha 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite the success of an orthogeriatric model in improving outcomes of older patients, there is a paucity of evidence in general surgical disciplines. The aim of this project was to assess the viability of acute kidney injury (AKI) as an indicator of the care of older patients admitted under general surgery.MethodsA retrospective review of the medical records of patients aged 75 years and older admitted under general surgery between 1 July 2015 and 30 June 2018 at the Royal Hobart Hospital was conducted. Twenty randomly selected cases were reviewed by an expert panel to assess the preventability of AKI.ResultsOf 314 patients, the most common diagnosis was small bowel obstruction. Less than half of all patients underwent a procedural intervention. There were 32 (10%) cases of AKI; 13 (4%) had pre‐hospital and 19 (6%) had inpatient. Diabetes and bowel ischaemia were over‐represented in patients with an AKI, otherwise there was no significant difference between the groups. Patients with an AKI were significantly more likely to die, require an unplanned intensive care unit admission and less likely to return to their original residence. Overall, the expert panel agreed that the AKI was foreseeable and mitigable.ConclusionOur patients presented with diagnoses that often did not require surgical intervention but not infrequently experienced medical complications. These patients may benefit from a shared model of care and AKI could be a useful indicator to measure the efficiency of this service.
The transcriptome characteristics of vestibular organs from delayed endolymphatic hydrops patients (Meniere’s disease)
Authors: Chen Bin‐Jun , Luo Wen‐wei , Zhao Wei‐Dong , Qian Xiao‐Qing , Wang Yan‐mei , Zheng Yu , Wang Xin‐Wei , Xu Xin‐da , Yuan Ya‐Sheng , Chi Fang‐Lu , Ren Dong‐Dong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo identify genes that are related to delayed endolymphatic hydrops (DEH) in patients by RNA‐Seq analysis.DesignObservational study.SettingEye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University (Shanghai, China).ParticipantsWe collected the entire vestibular system from four patients with DEH who underwent labyrinthectomy. Three control samples were collected from patients with acoustic neuroma or facial neuroma treated via the translabyrinthine approach. High‐throughput RNA‐Seq analysis was performed to investigate gene expression in the pathological vestibular system.Main outcome measuresOur bioinformatic analysis identified 17 genes that were upregulated and eight genes that were downregulated in patients with DEH compared with the controls.ResultsThe altered gene expression profile suggested that DEH is closely related to neuropathy and autoimmune disease. In addition, many of the differentially regulated genes were involved in cell adhesion, suggesting a role of cell adhesion in DEH. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the expression of PMP2 and CLDN19 in the cytoplasm of hair cells and scattered expression of MPZ at cell junctions. The protein expression levels were higher in specimens from patients with Ménière's disease and DEH compared with controls.ConclusionsThe protein expression profile of vestibular organs in patients with endolymphatic hydrops exhibited a degree of similarity to that of Ménière's disease. Endolymphatic hydrops is characterised by autoimmune abnormalities. DEH and Ménière's disease are likely to be different manifestations of the same disease, with disparate clinical symptoms. RNA‐Seq is a useful analytical tool to characterise the vestibular pathology based on its transcriptome.
Effect of structural relaxation on crystal nucleation in a soda‐lime‐silica glass
Authors: Rodrigues Lorena R. , Abyzov Alexander S. , Fokin Vladimir M. , Zanotto Edgar Dutra 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe influence of structural relaxation on crystal nucleation has been underexplored and remains elusive. This article discusses its possible effect on the nucleation process using a stoichiometric soda‐lime‐silica (2Na2O·CaO·3SiO2) glass as a model system. We show that the relaxation effect is powerful at low temperatures, close and below the glass transition, , and leads to a continuous increase in the nucleation rate. At any given temperature, the nucleation rate eventually reaches its ultimate steady‐state corresponding to the fully relaxed supercooled liquid (SCL). However, the time to reach the steady‐state is two to three orders of magnitude longer than the average relaxation time estimated by the Maxwell relation (shear viscosity / shear modulus). The proposed nucleation mechanism and model, which take relaxation into account, and related experimental results also explain the alleged “breakdown” of CNT at low temperatures reported for various glasses. It confirms a few recent papers that this apparent flaw is merely because most researchers did not prolong nucleation treatments enough to complete the relaxation process to achieve a steady state. Another remarkable result is that the actual maximum nucleation temperature, , is significantly lower than the previously reported values. Finally, a comparative analysis of the kinetic coefficient using viscosity versus growth velocity favors the last. These results for this soda‐lime‐silica glass extend and validate recent findings for lithium disilicate on the significant (but often neglected) effect of relaxation on crystal nucleation.
MicroRNA‐122 promotes apoptosis of keratinocytes in oral lichen planus through suppressing VDR expression
Authors: Ge Xuejun , Xie Hanting , Wang Lu , Li Ran , Zhang Fang , Xu Jing , Zhao Bin , Du Jie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMicroRNA‐122 (miR‐122) is known to be up‐regulated by inflammation to exert a variety of biological functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)‐derived human cell lines. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is reported to regulate excessive oral keratinocytes apoptosis which compromises oral epithelial barrier in oral lichen planus (OLP). Although many studies have suggested that miR‐122 is capable of regulating cell apoptosis, its effects on the development of OLP and VDR expression are still unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that miR‐122 expression is increased in the epithelial layer of OLP. Mechanically, transcription factor nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) selectively binds with κB element in the promoter of miR‐122 to accelerate gene transcription. The up‐regulation of miR‐122 induces cell apoptosis in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) by targeting VDR mRNA. In VDR knockout oral keratinocytes, miR‐122 fails to improve caspase 3 activity and cleaved caspase 3 and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) levels. Moreover, VDR overexpression is able to reverse lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐ or activated CD4+ T cell–induced miR‐122 up‐regulation and ameliorate miR‐122‐stimulated caspase 3 activity. Collectively, our results suggest that miR‐122 promotes oral keratinocytes apoptosis in OLP through decreasing VDR expression.
Plant addition impact on aflatoxin B1 levels, physico‐chemical, nutritional, and sensory properties of fried peanut biscuits
Authors: Gard Camille , Kolich Chong Maria Alejandra , Sawadogo Yamkaye Aïcha , Moreau Lydie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAflatoxin B1 is a mycotoxin that can be present in peanut‐based products, such as fried peanut biscuits, if Good Agricultural Practices are not respected. Impact of plant powder presence on aflatoxin B1 levels was investigated in contaminated peanut biscuits. It was observed that adding 2% of Moringa oleifera powder led to a significant (p < .05) reduction of the toxin after 3 hr of contact time in the dough before the frying step. The toxin level reduction was estimated at 17%. The addition of moringa powder can also have some nutritional benefits. It doubled the content of iron and calcium in the biscuits, leading to products that could bear a claim “source of” for 100 g of biscuits. There was almost no loss of those minerals during the frying step. β‐carotene content is a nutrient present in moringa powder, unfortunately the losses during the frying step were estimated at 78%, probably due to the molecule migration from the biscuit to the frying bath. Adding 2% moringa powder in fried peanut biscuit could present safety and nutritional benefits, however, consumer acceptance should be studied as the color as well as the peanut smell and flavors were significantly impacted (p < .05). It is recommended to pursue the investigation of the role of moringa powder onto the toxin degradation to understand the mechanism behind and assess the toxicity of the secondary molecules generated.
At the dinner table with Adam and Eve
Authors: Logan Casey D. , Norton Scott A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractParents of children with atopic dermatitis often believe that dietary factors influence the course of a child's eczema. This is not a new phenomenon. In this paper, we examine two old documents that explore the relationships between diet and health. The first document is 125‐years‐old and real; the second document is a fictional one that we composed in the style of Mark Twain's Extracts from Adam's Diary, which Twain humorously suggested was from the time of Genesis.
First steps to integrate general palliative care into a cardiac hospital setting – using dialogue‐based workshops
Authors: Roikjær Stine Gundtoft , Timm Helle , Simonÿ Charlotte 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundHeart failure is a chronic, life‐threatening illness with multiple acute events. Palliative care alongside standard treatment is recommended for these patients. There is a lack of knowledge and research literature on how to integrate palliative care interventions for heart failure patients in a general hospital setting.AimThe aim of this study was to produce new insight for developing and integrating general palliative care into heart failure treatment.MethodsGuided by action research, we conducted an interdisciplinary workshop inspired by Tsoukas dialogue theory, where tension between perspectives is used as a facilitator of dialogue and the generation of new insights. Perspectives were incorporated through selected patient narratives and professionals’ experiences. Data from the workshop were analysed using a thematic analysis. The findings are interpreted with Kleinman's theory on illness and disease and discussed using Tsoukas theory and additional research.ResultsGeneral palliative care must be initiated from the patient's perspective and wishes. Doing so requires understanding and uniting the different perspectives and objectives of heart failure treatment and palliative care. One way of doing this is through a narrative approach with interdisciplinary teams. However, this requires organisational efforts and adaptation to the specific cardiac setting.ConclusionIntegrating palliative care principles into cardiology is a complex issue. Developing palliative care for heart failure patients requires more than simply designing a set of guidelines. Rather, a wider outlook involving perspectives, competences and organisation is necessary. Acknowledging such considerations, we designed an intervention centred on three elements: standard heart failure treatment, integrated sessions applying a narrative approach and monthly interdisciplinary conferences.RelevanceThis article adds to the current research literature on changing palliative care practice for heart failure patients and the value of integrating different perspectives.
An Eddy-Current Method of Flaw Detection in Nonmagnetic Metals
Authors: Gunn Ross 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An equipment suitable for the location of surface or submerged flaws in nonmagnetic metals is described. A predetermined pattern of electrical eddy currents is induced in a perfect test sample by alternating magnetic fields. Sensitive pickup coils properly disposed in relation to the eddy currents measure only the departures of the eddy-current pattern from the pattern in the perfect sample. The departures are indicated on a meter or may be recorded. Performance data are given for a universal type of search unit especially adapted for general surveys.
A Short-Gage-Length Extensometer and Its Application to the Study of Crankshaft Stresses
Authors: Gadd C. W. , Van Degrift T. C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The mathematical methods of determining elastic stresses in machine elements, particularly those of irregular contour, may be excessively complex, so resort is frequently made to approximate calculations, which tend to lose accuracy while achieving simplicity. As a result a constant effort is made to supplement the mathematical treatment with experimental methods of studying stress. In this paper, the authors describe a short-gage-length extensometer and explain its application in the determination of crankshaft stresses. This instrument meets the requirement of convenience in operation, which is so essential in assuring that it will be used for the study of localized stresses.
The Photoelastic Analysis of Transverse Bending of Plates in the Standard Transmission Polariscope
Authors: Drucker D. C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper the ideas of three-dimensional photo-elasticity are applied to the analysis of plates under transverse bending, resulting in a simple photoelastic method, employing the standard two-dimensional transmission polariscope. The procedure used is to “freeze” a fairly high initial tension in bakelite or similar material, cut out the model at some angle to the direction of the tension, bend, and observe. Results of various tests are given; photographs of two cases, the circular hole and the semicircular notch, are included. Stress-concentration factors are also obtained and analyzed. The problem of the thick plate as contrasted with the thin plate, assumed in the usual theory, is discussed briefly.
Photoelastic Separation of Principal Stresses by Oblique Incidence
Authors: Drucker D. C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Rotation of a two-dimensional model about an axis in its plane is suggested as a simple and quite rapid means of obtaining p and q separately. A determination of retardation (fringe order) in an oblique position is all that is required in addition to the usual photoelastic measurements. Experimental and theoretical evidence is presented to show that accurate results can easily be obtained when the principal stress is of significant magnitude. The method can also be applied in three-dimensional studies.
Failure From Creep as Influenced by the State of Stress
Authors: Siegfried W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As early as 1912, it was pointed out by Rosenhain and Ewen (1) that the behavior of metals at high temperatures could be explained by the combined action of the crystals and the so-called grain boundaries. This theory was also made use of later to explain problems in connection with creep phenomena (2). The author discusses subsequent studies in the United States and Germany, relating to the occurrence of brittle fractures in metals after long periods of time. With the aid of the Rosenhain-Ewen conceptions, he attempts to reconcile discrepancies between recent observations on the occurrence of inter-crystalline fractures after long test periods. His evaluation of the theories cited offers an explanation of various phenomena which previously could not be interpreted, and also furnishes a basis for determining the risk of failure with creep in a three-dimensional system of stress. He concludes that the problem of calculating the strength of a material subjected to creep is actually solved only when the metallurgist and the steel manufacturer are in a position to furnish the designer with complete experimental data enabling him to predict failure for all systems of stress occurring in practice.
Surface Superconductivity of Vanadium
Authors: Khlyustikov I. N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The critical temperature of the surface superconductivity in vanadium (Tcs) is found to be 0.04 K higher than the critical temperature of its volume superconductivity (Tcv). Surface superconductivity persistent currents can effectively trap a magnetic flux. The critical current density of the surface superconductivity is estimated at js = 5 × 106 A/cm2 at T = Tcv.