bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a model for health determinants research within local government: lessons from a large, urban local authority
Authors: West Jane , Wright John , Bridges Sally , Cartwright Chris , Ciesla Kayley , Pickett Kate E. , Shore Robert , Witcherley Phil , Flinders Mathew , McEachan Rosemary R.C. , Mon-Williams Mark , Bird Pippa , Lennon Laura , Cooper Duncan , Muckle Sarah , England Kersten , Sheldon Trevor 
Published: October 2021

Background: Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions strongly affect health across the life course. Local government plays a key role in influencing these wider determinants of health and levels of inequality within their communities. However, they lack the research infrastructure and culture that would enable them to develop an evidence-based approach to tackling the complex drivers of those conditions. Methods: We undertook a scoping project to explore the potential for, and what would be needed to develop a local authority research system for the City of Bradford, UK. This included identifying the current research landscape and any barriers and enablers to research activity within the local authority using qualitative individual and focus group interviews, a rapid review of existing local research system models, scoping of the use of evidence in decision making and training opportunities and existing support for local government research. Results: We identified four key themes important to developing and sustaining a research system: leadership, resource and capacity, culture, partnerships. Some use of research in decision making was evident but research training opportunities within the local authority were limited. Health research funders are slowly adapting to the local government environment, but this remains limited and more work is needed to shift the centre of gravity towards public health, local government and the community more generally. Conclusions: We propose a model for a local authority research system that can guide the development of an exemplar whole system research framework that includes research infrastructure, data sharing, research training and skills, and co-production with local partners, to choose, use, generate, and deliver research in local government.
PRINCIPAL'S LEADERSHIP IN REALIZING CHARACTER EDUCATION
Authors: Sutino Sutino , Sowiyah Sowiyah , Tristiana Novita Eka 
Published: October 2021

The Importanat of the principal's leadership in implementing a character education program attracts the author to conduct research and this article discusses the results of a literature review conducted by the author. There are a number of articles on the review of principals' leadership and character educatiob especially in the world context that can be found. The purpose of thus review is to find out the principal's leadership in realizing character education in a world context. Based on the results of the literature reviews from various countries in the world, the authors find the scope of the article being reviewed is still very limited and it is very difficult to get literature that combines th two variables. The results of the literature review about principal's leadership shows that the principal's leadership in carrying out his role as a leader has an impact on teacher performance and student personality. Literature review of charcter education shows that the principal has a big role in realizing students personality. Thus, the authors are interested in following up related to the principal's leadership in realizing character education.
Development of an ultraprecision metal mirror on additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Thoř T. , Procházková A. , Procháska F. , Doleček R. , Špína M. , Václavík J. , Sedlmaier T. , Mulser M. 
Published: October 2021

Metal mirrors for precise optical applications are commonly fabricated by coating of a
metal base substrate with a nickel-phosphorus alloy (NiP). The NiP
layer is then processed by precision diamond turning and polishing to
obtain a high-quality mirror surface. In this work, Ti-6Al-4V samples
that were made by additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing,
were used as a base for the development of metal mirrors. The
additively manufactured samples were electroplated with a NiP coating
and machined using single-point diamond turning (SPDT) to obtain a
flat mirror with optical quality and low form error surface. The
periodic structure of the SPDT toolmark was then removed by polishing
postprocessing. Polishing optimization was first performed on
NiP-coated aluminum test samples to find an optimal polishing setup.
Based on this optimization, postprocessing of titanium samples was
carried out by pitch polishing in combination with 1, 0.25, and

0.1

µ

m

diamond slurries. Using this
polishing processing, a scratch-free surface was attained with surface
microroughness below 0.5 nm.
Effect of unknown emitter intensities on localization accuracy in stochastic optical localization nanoscopy using single frames
Authors: Sun Yi , Guan Yue 
Published: October 2021

The Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) indicates the inherent power of stochastic optical localization nanoscopy in spatially resolving emitters. The CRLB for a known and identical intensity of emitters was obtained previously. In practice, the intensities of emitters at times are unknown and must be estimated along with emitter localization. To study effect of unknown emitter intensities on localization accuracy, we analyze Fisher information and CRLB and obtain their formulas in three extended cases: emitter intensities are (i) known and arbitrary, (ii) known to be identical with an unknown value, and (iii) all unknown. The effect of unknown emitter intensities on CRLB is then numerically investigated in three scenarios: 2D emitters on a line with an Airy point spread function (PSF), 2D randomly distributed emitters with a Gaussian PSF, and 3D randomly distributed emitters with an astigmatic PSF. In all three scenarios it is shown that in comparison with the case of a known and identical emitter intensity, cases (i) and (ii) slightly increase CRLB; however, case (iii) significantly increases CRLB no matter whether the emitter intensities are identical or not. These results imply that, in practice, the emitter intensities, which are known a priori to have an identical value, incur little penalty on localization accuracy. In contrast, the emitter intensities, which are all unknown, significantly lower localization accuracy unless the emitter density is so low as to have little chance of overlapped PSFs. The analytical and numerical results can be extensively applied to set up an experiment, develop localization algorithms, and benchmark localization algorithms.
Association between inter-leg blood pressure difference and cardiovascular outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Moon Inki , Kim Hack-Lyoung , Lim Woo-Hyun , Seo Jae-Bin , Zo Joo-Hee , Kim Myung-A , Kim Sang-Hyun 
Published: October 2021

Background
Although the inter-arm blood pressure (BP) difference has been advocated to be associated with cardiovascular events, the implication of inter-leg BP difference has not been well established. This study was conducted to investigate whether inter-arm and -leg BP differences have prognostic value in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods
In this prospective study, we consecutively enrolled 667 patients who underwent PCI. Both arm and leg BPs were measured at the day after PCI. The primary outcome was a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) including cardiac death, acute coronary syndrome, coronary revascularization, stroke, and hospitalization for heart failure during the follow-up period.

Results
Mean age was 64.0±11.1 years old, and males were predominant (70.5%). During a mean follow-up period of 3.0 years, MACE occurred in 209 (31.3%) patients. The inter-leg systolic BP difference (ILSBPD) was significantly higher in patients with MACE than those without (9.9±12.3 vs. 7.2±7.5 mmHg, P = 0.004). The inter-arm systolic BP difference was not significantly different between patients with and without MACE (P = 0.403). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, increased ILSBPD was independently associated with the development of MACE (per 5 mmHg; hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.14). The inter-arm systolic BP difference was not associated with MACE in the multivariable analysis.

Conclusion
Increased ILSBPD was independently associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes after PCI. As ILSBPD is easy to measure, it may be helpful in the risk stratification of patients undergoing PCI.
What are the determinants of childhood infections in India’s peri-urban slums? A case study of eight cities
Authors: Boo Yebeen Ysabelle , Rai Kritika , Cupp Meghan A. , Lakhanpaul Monica , Factor-Litvak Pam , Parikh Priti , Panda Rajmohan , Manikam Logan ,   On Behalf of the Childhood Infections & Pollution (CHIP) Consortium
Published: October 2021

Background
Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) and Gastro-Intestinal (GI) infections are the leading causes of child mortality and morbidity. This study investigates the associations between the individual, household and slum-level determinants of children’s health and vulnerability to RTIs and GI infections in peri-urban slums in India; an area of research interest at the Childhood Infections and Pollution Consortium.

Methods
The 2015–16 Indian National Family Health Survey was used for data analysis on children aged 0–5 years. NFHS-4 includes data on slums in eight Indian cities, including Delhi, Meerut, Kolkata, Indore, Mumbai, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Chennai. The outcome variables, having fever and cough (FeCo) and diarrhoea in the last two weeks, were used to define the phenotype of infections; for this analysis fever and cough were measures of RTIs and diarrhoea was used to measure GI infections. Exposures considered in this study include variables at the individual, household and slum level and were all informed by existing literature. Multilevel models were used to estimate the association between exposures and outcomes variables; a prior of Cauchy distribution with a scale of 2.5 was selected when building the multilevel logistic models.

Results
The total sample size of the number of children included in the analysis was n = 1,424. Data was imputed to account for missingness, and the original and imputed sample showing similar distributions. Results showed that diarrhoea and FeCo were both found to be more present in younger children than older children by a few months. In fixed effects, the odds of developing FeCo were higher if the mother perceives the child was born smaller than average (AOR 4.41, 1.13–17.17, P<0.05) at individual level. On the other hand, the odds of the diarrhoea outcome were lower if the child was older (AOR 0.97, 0.96–0.98, P<0.05) at individual level, and household’s water source was public tap or standpipe (AOR 0.54, 0.31–0.96, P<0.05) at household level.

Conclusion
The determinants of health, both social and related to health care, at all levels demonstrated linkages to child morbidity in RTIs and GI infections. The empirical evidence highlights the need for contextualised ideas at each level, including one health approach when designing interventions to improve child health.
Subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement for treatment of humoral immune dysfunction in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Mustafa S. Shahzad , Jamshed Saad , Vadamalai Karthik , Ramsey Allison 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundPatients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) experience hypogammaglobinemia and non-neutropenic infections. In this exploratory proof of concept study, our objective was to determine the prevalence of humoral immunodeficiency in patients with CLL and serum IgG ≥ 400 mg/dL, and to evaluate the efficacy of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) in this population.Patients and methodsPatients with CLL with serum IgG ≥ 400 mg/dL were evaluated for serum IgG, IgM, IgA, along with pre/post vaccine IgG titers to diphtheria, tetanus, andStreptococcus pneumoniae. Patients with evidence of humoral dysfunction were treated with SCIG with Hizentra every 7±2 days for 24 weeks.ResultsFifteen patients enrolled with median IgG = 782 mg/dL [IQR: 570 to 827], and 6/15 (40%) responded to vaccination with Td, while 5/15 (33%) responded to vaccination with PPV23. 14/15 (93.3%) demonstrated humoral immunodeficiency as evidenced by suboptimal vaccine responses, and were treated with SCIG. In patients treated with SCIG, serum IgG increased from 670 mg/dL [IQR: 565 to 819] to 1054 mg/dL [IQR: 1040 to 1166] after 24 weeks (95% CI: 271–540). Forstreptococcus pneumoniae, the median protective serotypes at baseline was 8 [IQR: 4 to 9] and increased to 17 [IQR: 17 to 19] after 24 weeks (95% CI: 6.93–13.72). Non-neutropenic infections (NNI) decreased from 14 to 5 during treatment with SCIG.ConclusionsPatients with CLL demonstrate humoral immunodeficiency despite IgG > 400 mg/dL. For these patients, SCIG is well tolerated and efficacious in improving serum IgG, specific IgG tostreptococcus pneumoniae, and may decrease reliance on antibiotics for the treatment of NNIs.Clinical trials registrationNCT 03730129.
Banned by the law, practiced by the society: The study of factors associated with dowry payments among adolescent girls in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India
Authors: Srivastava Shobhit , Chauhan Shekhar , Patel Ratna , Marbaniang Strong P. , Kumar Pradeep , Paul Ronak , Dhillon Preeti 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundDespite the prohibition by the law in 1961, dowry is widely prevalent in India. Dowry stems from the early concept of ’Stridhana,’ in which gifts were given to the bride by her family to secure some personal wealth for her when she married. However, with the transition of time, the practice of dowry is becoming more common, and the demand for a higher dowry becomes a burden to the bride’s family. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the factors associated with the practice of dowry in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.MethodsWe utilized information from 5206 married adolescent girls from the Understanding the lives of adolescents and young adults (UDAYA) project survey conducted in two Indian states, namely, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Dowry was the outcome variable of this study. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the factors associated with dowry payment during the marriage.ResultsThe study reveals that dowry is still prevalent in the state of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Also, the proportion of dowry varies by adolescent’s age at marriage, spousal education, and household socioeconomic status. The likelihood of paid dowry was 48 percent significantly less likely (OR: 0.52; CI: 0.44–0.61) among adolescents who knew their husbands before marriage compared to those who do not know their husbands before marriage. Adolescents with age at marriage more than equal to legal age had higher odds to pay dowry (OR: 1.60; CI: 1.14–2.14) than their counterparts. Adolescents with mother’s who had ten and above years of education, the likelihood of dowry was 33 percent less likely (OR: 0.67; CI: 0.45–0.98) than their counterparts. Adolescents belonging to the richest households (OR: 1.48; CI: 1.13–1.93) were more likely to make dowry payments than adolescents belonging to poor households.ConclusionLimitation of the dowry prohibition act is one of the causes of continued practices of dowry, but major causes are deeply rooted in the social and cultural customs, which cannot be changed only using laws. Our study suggests that only the socio-economic development of women will not protect her from the dowry system, however higher dowry payment is more likely among women from better socio-economic class.
Bacteriological quality of drinking water from source and point of use and associated factors among households in Eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Alemeshet Asefa Yohanis , Alemu Bezatu Mengistie , Baraki Negga , Mekbib Dinku , Mengistu Dechasa Adare 
Published: October 2021

Background
Biological deterioration of drinking water is the major cause of waterborne disease globally. However, there is a paucity of information on identifying the point where deterioration of the bacteriological quality of drinking water occurs (source or point of use) and associated factors among households in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia.

Method
A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 425 households in Eastern Ethiopia. Households with at least one child under-five years of age were included in the study. A total of 448 Water samples (425 from households and 23 from water sources) were collected and analyzed by the membrane filtration method to identify Thermotolerant coliform. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between each independent and dependent variable. Adjusted Odd Ratios along with 95% Confidence intervals were estimated to identify factors associated with the outcome variable.

Result
This study revealed that 21.7%; 95% CI (4.5%, 39.1%) of water sources and 83.3%; 95% CI (79.8%, 87.1%) of households’ drinking water were contaminated by thermotolerant coliform. Drinking water samples from households with poor wealth index [AOR = 9.63; 95%CI (2.92, 31.69)], households with unimproved sanitation facility [AOR = 2.81; 95%CI (1.31, 6.01)], households which shares their house with animal [AOR = 3.73; 95%CI (1.66, 8.37)], households that didn’t practice household water treatment [AOR = 3.42; 95%CI (1.60, 7.31)] and not washing hands before water collection [AOR = 7.04; 95%CI (2.22, 22.30)] were significantly associated with deterioration of bacteriological quality of household drinking water.

Conclusion
This study indicates that the bacteriological quality of drinking water deteriorates from source to point of use. Thus, health education programs on water, sanitation, hygienic practice must be enhanced to improve the quality of drinking water.
Polywave And Monowave Light-Curing Units Effects On Polymerization Efficiency Of Different Photoinitiators
Authors: Oliveira Boeira Peterson , De Azevedo Kinalski Mateus , Bertolini Fernandes dos Santos Mateus , Ratto de Moraes Rafael , Silveira Lima Giana 
Published: October 2021

Objective: of this study was to characterize and correlate the absorption spectra of three photoinitiators [camphorquinone (CQ), diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) and phenylbis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (BAPO)], using second or third-generation light curing units (LCU), and to evaluate the degree of conversion and the physical properties of an experimental resin adhesive. Material and methods: Second-generation (Radii-cal® and Emitter D®) and third-generation (Valo® Cordless and Bluephase N®) LCU were assessed regarding spectrum and irradiance rate of emitted light. Also, the photoinitiators (CQ, TPO and BAPO) were characterized by a light absorption spectrum assessed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, degree of conversion and yellowing effect. Statistical analyzes considered two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test. Results: BAPO presented higher reactivity compared to TPO. Regarding degree of conversion of the photoinitiators activated by different light-curing units, the Emitter D® device promoted a high degree of conversion. BAPO presented the highest yellowing effect values. Conclusions: The emission and absorption characteristics of the photoinitiators were different. The polymerization reaction activated by the second-generation light-curing unit was reduced when using an experimental resin with photoinitiator TPO, and the third-generation light-curing unit showed a higher polymerization potential regardless of the photoinitiator.
Keywords
Light-curing of dental adhesives; Photoinitiators dental; Curing lights dental.
Microbial quality and labeling of minimally processed fruits and vegetables
Authors: Samôr dos Santos Lucas , Vasconcelos da Silva Lucas , Morandi Lepaus Bárbara , De São José Jackline Freitas Brilhante 
Published: October 2021

The consumption of minimally processed, or ready-to-eat (RTE), fruits and vegetables has been growing because people have shorter time to eat and due to the pursuit of convenience and health benefits. Minimal processing includes raw material selection and sorting, pre-washing, debarking, cutting, slicing, sanitizing, rinsing, centrifuging, and packing. Thus, natural protection barriers are affected during cutting methods and they release nutrients that enable microorganism growth. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the levels of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, molds and yeasts, coliforms at 35°C, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp., as well as the labeling adequacy of minimally processed fruits and vegetables traded in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Fruits and vegetables presented aerobic mesophilic bacteria, molds and yeasts, and coliforms at 35°C, above the safe limit for consumption purposes. The count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria in RTE fruits ranged from 4.00 to 6.30 Log CFU/g. The highest count of this microorganism group was recorded for fruit salads. Salmonella sp. was not identified in fruit or vegetable samples, whereas Escherichia coli was detected in four vegetable samples. None of the evaluated labels (n = 40) followed the Brazilian legislation. Minimally processed fruits and vegetables had poor microbiological quality and labeling was also unsatisfactory. The adoption of good manufacturing practices and quality control tools as strategies to produce safe food can help minimizing risks to consumers’ health.
Die Lesbarkeit Jean Pauls
Authors: Hunfeld Barbara 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this article, the readability of the world that Jean Paul’s literature tries to produce and the readability of Jean Paul’s literature that the traditional edition wanted to ensure are intertwined with, firstly, the interwovenness of the primary work and parerga and, secondly, with the issue of the edition of his manuscripts. Jean Paul’s autonomy aesthetics replaces the depiction of reality with the world as text; this is mirrored in his handwritings, the edition of which allows for insights into the mycelium of an ‘alternate’ classical literature.
Zur Edition von Widmungen – einige musikwissenschaftliche Reflexionen
Authors: Rosenthal Maximilian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Musicology has increasingly recognised the relevance of dedications for texts and works. Nevertheless, there seems to be no practical consensus on how to edit the dedications of historical musical sources. Using the example of 19th-century music prints, this essay highlights the role of dedications for a musical work and points out nuances of the phenomenon that are of relevance for editorial decision-making. An overview of functions of dedications in 19th-century music is outlined. This is followed by a theoretically-guided discussion of more ambivalent case examples in which rivaling dedication variants to a single work must be considered from the editor’s perspective. While a complete guideline for the editing of dedications cannot be given in this study, the conclusions drawn may help to establish a common awareness and a best practice.