bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes and Effects of Spatial Chaos in the Polish Carpathians – A Difficult Way to Sustainable Development
Authors: Ćwik Agata , Hrehorowicz-Gaber Hanna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mountainous rural areas are vulnerable to inappropriate land management, which is particularly visible in the Polish Carpathians. This paper attempts to diagnose the causes and effects of spatial chaos in this area, using the DPSIR method. The Three Questions method was used to assist in analysing the effects of disorder in the context of violating sustainable development. The analysis demonstrated that the causes of spatial disorder were mainly of legal and historical origins, with the most visible effects of this chaos being those related to the dispersion of buildings. Minimising spatial chaos requires extensive education, as well as amending legislation to limit the scope of decisions on development conditions. A national financial mechanism supporting the development of the Carpathians would also seem to be a desirable improvement.
Improvement of Ips typographus catches in pheromone trap barriers by altering of sex assigned pheromone blends
Authors: Blaženec Miroslav , Majdák Andrej , Jakuš Rastislav 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The present study was based on the idea of a pheromone trap barrier with alternating dispensers releasing different pheromone mixtures that affect males and females differently. We tested the possibility of increasing the catch efficacy of pheromone trap barriers by altering the pheromone mixture with low levels of cis-Verbenol (cV, targeting males, BM), the mixture with high levels of cV (targeting females, BF) and the pheromone mixture with intermediate levels of cV (SL). In addition, we were interested in lowering the dispersion of attracted bark beetles, especially males, which reduces the risk of attack on trees in the surroundings. Significant highest absolute and relative catch was found in the catch of the combination BM–BF, which was 2.2-fold higher than the catch of the control barrier treated with commercial IT Ecolure baits (Fytofarm, Slovakia). At the same time, the lowest dispersal in the surroundings of the barrier with the combination BM–BF was found, which was 2.5-fold lower than in the control barrier. The performance of the BM–BF combination of mixtures was proved in a field trial experiment where the total season catch of the part of the barrier treated with BM–BF dispensers caught 1.5-fold more beetles during the season than the control part treated with IT Ecolure dispensers. Furthermore, the results confirm that the performance of the combination of low levels of cV (targeting males) and high levels of cV (targeting females) is complemented by the desired reduced dispersion around the barrier, which reduces the risk of attack on trees in the surroundings.
Adapting date palm offshoots to long-term irrigation using groundwater in sandy soil
Authors: Shareef Hussein J. , Alhamd Abdulrahman S. , Naqvi Summar A. , Eissa Mamdouh A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The date palm can grow in desert areas using high salinity groundwater by increasing the number of irrigation cycles. A field experiment was carried out on date palm cv. Sayer offshoots grown in sandy saline soil during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. The outcomes demonstrated that the application of saline (10 dS m–1) groundwater every four days increased plant height, number of new leaves, total chlorophyll, and relative water content. In turn, the hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage were reduced. Also, the effect of this treatment improved the growth of the plants, thus reduced the absorption of sodium, chloride, and increased potassium, then decreased the Na/K ratio. Cluster analysis showed two distinct cluster groups. In the first group, the dissimilarity between the treatments is illustrated by the influence of freshwater. While the second group showed the similarity between the treatments of four days and every week in the subgroup. Whereas treatment of two weeks duration shows the most detrimental effect on growth indices and chemical properties of offshoots. The utilization of saline groundwater in the water system of the date palm is the best option among the solutions possible in the current conditions of drought and thermal retention.
White poplar (Populus albaL.) stands in Ukraine: the current state, growth specificities and prospects of using for forest plantations
Authors: Vysotska Natalia , Rumiantsev Maksym , Kobets Oleksii 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the current state and evaluate the productivity of white poplar stands by natural zones within Ukraine and to define the prospects for their use for plantation forest cultivation. The objects of the study were white poplar stands in Ukrainian forests grown on the area of more than 7,600 hectares in various natural zones, namely Polissya (forest zone in Ukraine), Forest-Steppe, and Steppe. The study was carried out based on the analysis of forest inventory data (Ukrainian forest fund database) containing given stand characteristics such as origin, age, diameter, height, type of forest site conditions, etc. The characteristics were estimated by grouping the plots by age. The growth specificities (dynamics of the main mensuration characteristics) and the productive capacity of the white poplar stands were analyzed based on the developed tables. It was found that white poplar stands are mainly concentrated in Steppe and Forest-Steppe in Ukraine. The stands are of coppice or artificial origin; they grow in moist fairly fertile, fresh fairly fertile and moist fertile sites. The age distribution of the white poplar stands is severely imbalanced due to a significant predominance of stands aged over 40 years in all natural zones within Ukraine. More productive are the white poplar stands growing within Polissya and Forest-Steppe. The developed growth and productivity tables should be used when planning and prioritizing the relevant forestry interventions in white poplar stands.
The Differences Between a Standard Costing and Normal Costing Method of Manufacturing Operating Income Calculation Caused by the Implementation of a New Integrated Information System
Authors: Fałat Kamila 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Research background: When a company changes a few separated information systems into one integrated information system there can appear the obligation of costing method change. It happens especially when the company is a part of an international manufacturing corporation.

Purpose: The main goal of the paper is to compare two methods of manufacturing operating income calculation and data presentation when a company changes a costing method from normal costing to standard costing.

Research methodology: In the paper for this research comparative analysis was used between two methods of manufacturing operating income calculation. In the first method manufacturing operating income is the difference between revenues from manufacturing operations and the costs of goods manufactured. In the second one manufacturing operating income is calculated as a sum of production variances, purchase price variances, currency variances and inventory adjustments. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for pairs of variables were calculated in both of the costing methods. A comparative analysis was done on the basis of a case study executed in a big international wholesaler. The company is a member of an international manufacturing corporation.

Results: The same manufacturing operating incomes were obtained in both methods. The absolute values of Pearson’s correlation coefficients were similar in normal and standard costing, but they differ in directions.

Novelty: In standard costing manufacturing operating income is calculated as a sum of various types of variances. They are calculated as deviations from standard costs. It enables the easier identification of impacting a company’s results factors.
Innovation Activity and its Sources in Industry in the West Pomerania Province
Authors: Gorączkowska Jadwiga 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Research background: Innovation activities, especially the implementation of new products and processes are desirable phenomena in economic development. For this reason, phenomena that contribute to the implementation of new solutions in enterprises should be identified. These include sources of innovation activity.

Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to identify those sources of innovation activity that significantly affect product and process innovation.

Research methodology: The research of the impact of sources of ideas and information for innovation on the implementation of product and process innovations was conducted in 2018 for the period 2015–2017 in the West Pomerania Province. The study was representative. It was attended by 270 entrepreneurs whose business profile corresponds to section C PKD (Polish Business Classification) – manufacturing. Logit modeling was used in the study.

Results: As a result of the analyses it was noticed that in the region the implementation of process innovations was significantly influenced by foreign R&D centres, suppliers (but only when entrepreneurs began to cooperate with them), as well as by conferences, fairs and exhibitions. In the case of product innovations, internal resources were included in this group.

Novelty: In the analyzed region, no advanced econometric analysis of the impact of sources of innovative activity on product and process innovations that would be representative was carried out.
The Quality of Interpersonal Relationships at Work. A Comparison of the Private and Public Sector in Poland
Authors: Szostek Dawid 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Research Background: This article compares the private and public sector by the quality of interpersonal relationships between employees. Available publications indicate some differences in this quality between each of these sectors. However, there are no comprehensive empirical studies in this area.

Purpose: The author set two objectives: 1) to identify possible differences in the interpersonal relationships at work between the private and public sector, 2) to evaluate the quality of interpersonal relationships at work in the private and public sector in Poland.

Research methodology: To achieve the objectives the author used the results of a survey conducted in 2018 on a sample of 1,336 active workers in Poland.

Results: An analysis of the results made it possible to achieve both objectives. It has been confirmed that the quality of interpersonal relationships at work differ between the private and public sector (the quality was higher in the private sector). The Author also evaluated the quality of interpersonal relationships at work in the private and public sector in Poland.

Novelty: The presented research results are novel, because it has been confirmed, that the quality of interpersonal relationships at work differ between the private and public sector.
The Dynamics of Foreign Aid Trends and Patterns Among Low- Income Countries in Africa
Authors: Tefera Mamo G. , Odhiambo Nicholas M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Research background: Foreign aid flows to Africa mostly the Low-Income Countries (LICs) have increased drastically since 2000. Increasing aid flows are expected to stimulate economic growth that can release resources towards enabling LICs to reduce aid dependency.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to discuss the dynamics of bilateral aid trends and patterns among 27 LICs in Africa during 2000–2017. The main question this study tries to answer is: how have aid sources, compositions and dependency changed in LICs?

Research methodology: The study employs a descriptive analysis technique to analyses bilateral aid flows to LICs in Africa from 50 donors during 2000–2017.

Results: Total net aid flows to LICs increased by 1.5 times during 2000–2017 and were predominantly in the form of grants (92.7%). The study found a shift of sectoral aid allocations from the economic and productive sectors towards the social sector. Net aid as a share of GDP increased almost two-fold; implying an increasing trend of aid dependency in several LICs.

Novelty: This study tries to present a full account of bilateral aid flows both from Traditional Donors (TDs) and Non-Traditional Donors (NTDs), unlike many earlier studies that have focused on TDs.
Unification of Graphs and Relations in Mizar
Authors: Koch Sebastian 
Published: April 2021

Summary
A (di)graph without parallel edges can simply be represented by a binary relation of the vertices and on the other hand, any binary relation can be expressed as such a graph. In this article, this correspondence is formalized in the Mizar system [2], based on the formalization of graphs in [6] and relations in [11], [12]. Notably, a new definition of createGraph will be given, taking only a non empty set V and a binary relation E ⊆ V × V to create a (di)graph without parallel edges, which will provide to be very useful in future articles.
Site index research: a literature review
Authors: Kędziora Wojciech , Tomusiak Robert , Borecki Tomasz 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to review literature covering the topic of site index with particular emphasis on Scots pine, the most important forest-forming species in Poland. We discuss the history of the site index, research on various tree species, statistical modelling methods, the spatial application of site index and age impact assessment.The history of research on the site index of forest species is long and dates back to the 18th century. Many researchers thought that determining the quality of the habitat is very important from the point of view of rational forest management. The site index, as a measure of the potential of the habitat on which the forest grows, is one of the most important characteristics of forest stands. The site index depends on the selected model, but is most often expressed as the average or top height of trees of a given species at a certain age.In our review, we point out several insufficiencies of studies on the site index, external influences and the connection of the site index with spatial conditions. Furthermore, research conducted so far has not explicitly confirmed that there is a relationship between the site index of pine stands and their geographical location in Poland. More research on the site index, especially in regard with climate change, is needed.
Application of terrestrial laser scanning in forest inventory – an overview of selected issues
Authors: Krok Grzegorz , Kraszewski Bartłomiej , Stereńczak Krzysztof 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPrecise determination of forest resources is one of the most important tasks in conducting sustainable forest management. Accurate information about the forest’s resources allows for a better planning of current and future management as well as conservation activities. Such precise information is needed by both, individual forest managers and for developing the national forest policy. In recent years, interest in the use of remote sensing in forest inventory has significantly increased. Remote sensing allows for non-invasive measurements and the automation of data processing. The most accurate source of remote sensing data at the level of the sample plot is terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Its use in forest inventory has been studied for about two decades.This paper aims to introduce studies on state of the art TLS technology as well as provide an overview of research conducted in stands within the temperate climate zone. This article furthermore discusses issues such as TLS data acquisition, data processing and presents results for the estimation of tree biometric features.
In vitro Evaluation of Biological Effects of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Extracts
Authors: Marcinčáková D. , Červeňáková N. , Miłek M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) of the Asteraceae family is known for its pharmacological effects and has been used in therapy for centuries. Currently extracts of all parts of this plant are used — root, leaves and flowers. The extracts are prepared using various extraction agents that may significantly affect the effectiveness and therapeutic spectrum of the extracts. The aim of this study was to use three different solvents for the preparation of the extracts from dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaves and flowers, namely triton X-100 (2 %), nonidet P-40 (2 %) and acetone (30 %). After extraction, the extractants were evaporated and the dried extracts were dissolved in water to obtain a series of solutions of the concentrations: 125, 250, 500 and 1000 µg.ml–1. The biological effects of the extracts were investigated by means of the MTT test of cell viability. Rabbit kidney epithelial cells (RK13) exposed to the extracts for 24 and 48 hours were used as a model cell line. We observed that the acetone extract of dandelion leaves and flowers at lower concentrations caused an increase in the viability of the treated cells in comparison with the control cells which were not exposed to the extracts (P < 0.05). At the same time, we observed a significant effect of the solvent used for the preparation of the dry extracts on the viability of the cells. The residues of the extractants caused a decrease in the cell viability almost to zero, which in fact means the death of the cells. The selection of the correct extractant for the preparation of the extracts is essential regarding the use of extracts in the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries.
Student wellbeing during the pandemic: distance and continuing education
Authors: Zamaraeva Darya , Nikolashina Julia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
It would be right to say 2020 took us by surprise. Currently, countries all over the world are faced with a pandemic and its consequences. People were not ready to change the type of education. Due to the constant presence of electronic smart devices at the screens during distance learning and due to the lack of social contacts, the mental and physical health of students does not change for the better. Students experience depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and distracted attention.
The idea of continuing education is reflected in the implementation of distance learning that received this name primarily due to its “flexibility” in terms of choosing the place, time, and sometimes the pace of learning. However, continuing education in the context of distance learning blurs the boundaries between personal time and work, which generally has a negative impact on mental health and learning effectiveness. In most cases, the combination of continuing education and distance learning provokes an increase in the load on students.
However, both the educational structure and the student should be ready for distance learning. We are talking not only about the technical base, computer skills and individual programs, but also about the skills of independent work.
Hand-Written Road Maps to Multi-Dimensional Space
Authors: Berszán István , Gross Philip 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In their article “Hand-Written Road Maps to Multi-Dimensional Space” István Berszán and Philip Gross investigate the heightened alertness of literary reading and writing in an interview with Gross, the prize-winning British poet and professor of creative writing. After the presentation of the interviewee Berszán ask him questions concerning the kinetic spaces of his literary practices. The itinerary follows issues like place, temporality of occurrences, attention, system and ecology, metaphor, time projection, gesture-resonance and collaboration. Gross seems to be as good a creative playmate during the discussion as he was for children, students, artists or readers who met him in a „collaborative space between”: his answers turn the questions both into hunter and quarry.
Effects of Short-Term Core Stability Training on Dynamic Balance and Trunk Muscle Endurance in Novice Olympic Weightlifters
Authors: Szafraniec Rafał , Bartkowski Janusz , Kawczyński Adam 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Our primary objective was to investigate the effects of short-term core stability training on dynamic balance and trunk muscle endurance in novice weightlifters learning the technique of the Olympic lifts. Our secondary objective was to compare dynamic balance and trunk muscle endurance between novice and experienced weightlifters. Thirty novice (NOV) and five experienced (EXP) weightlifters participated in the study. Mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) dynamic balance and trunk muscle endurance testing were performed a week before (Pre) and after (Post) a 4-week core stability training program. In the NOV group, there was an improvement of both dynamic balance (ML and AP, p = 0.0002) and trunk muscle endurance (p = 0.0002). In the EXP group, there was no significant difference between Pre and Post testing conditions, except an increase in muscle endurance in the right-side plank (p = 0.0486). Analysis of the results showed that experienced lifters were characterized by more effective dynamic balance and greater core muscle endurance than their novice peers, not only before the training program but after its completion as well. In conclusion, the applied short-term core stability training improved dynamic balance and trunk muscle endurance in novice weightlifters learning the Olympic lifts. Such an exercise program can be incorporated into a training regime of novice weightlifters to prepare them for technically difficult tasks of the Olympic snatch and clean and jerk.
Influence of the Strap Rewind Height During a Conical Pulley Exercise
Authors: Sabido Rafael , Hernández-Davó Jose Luis , García-Valverde Adrián , Marco Pablo , Asencio Pablo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The use of flywheel devices has increased in popularity within resistance training programs. However, little is known about modifiable variables which may affect power output responses, as the rope length and the height level used in a conical pulley device. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of using three different rope lengths (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 meters) and four different height levels (L1, L2, L3 and L4) on concentric peak power (PPconc), eccentric peak power (PPecc) and eccentric overload (eccentric/concentric PP ratio; EO) during conical pulley exercises (i.e. seated and stand-up row). A total of 29 recreationally trained subjects (25.3±7.1 years; 1.74±0.06 m; 72.5±8.3 kg) took part in the study. Testing sessions consisted of 1 set of 10 repetitions under each condition; experiment 1: seated row exercise using the three different rope lengths; experiment 2: stand-up row exercise using four different height levels of the conical pulley. Results from experiment 1 did not show differences between rope lengths, although a trend for greater PPecc (ES=0.36-0.38) and EO (ES=0.40-0.41) was found when using longer rope lengths (2.5 and 3.5). Experiment 2 showed significant increases in both PPconc and PPecc as the height level used was closer to the cone base (L4). In contrast, EO values were significantly greater when using upper height levels (L1). These results suggest that the height level used during conical pulley exercises highly influences power output responses. Therefore, this variable should be carefully managed depending on the training goal (e.g. power vs hypertrophy).