bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social origins, geographical mobility and occupational attainment in contemporary Italy
Authors: Ballarino Gabriele , Panichella Nazareno 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the effect in the Italian case of geographical mobility on employment and occupational attainment, defined as access to the upper class, avoidance of the working class, and avoidance of agricultural jobs. It observes the distribution of its effect over the life course. Given that migration is a gendered phenomenon, we perform separate analyses by gender. Our data set, moreover, includes residential information at the municipality level, making it possible to specify geographical mobility in different ways, according to the distance, the characteristics of origin, and destination and the frequency of individual movements. Third, it studies whether the effects of geographical mobility change according to social class of origin and geographical area of origin.Our analyses, based on linear probability panel models with fixed effects, show a strong gender divide concerning the probability of employment and avoidance of the working class. A positive effect of geographical mobility on occupational outcomes appears to exist only as regards men, because for women the divergence between movers and stayers appears well before geographical mobility. Finally, the effects of geographical mobility are generally stronger for individuals originating from the middle and lower classes and from rural areas, but they are not so strong as to enable those individuals to substantially change their position in the occupational hierarchy.
Sulbactam pivoxil powder attributes and compatibility study with excipients
Authors: Gallo Loreana C. , Gonzalez Vidal Noelia L. , Ferreira Fabio F. , Ramírez-Rigo María V. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Sulbactam pivoxil is an irreversible β-lactamase inhibitor that can be used with β-lactam antibiotics to improve antibacterial therapy by the oral route. Relevant properties of this drug for pharmaceutical manufacturing are not available in the open literature. In this work, a solid-state characterization of sulbactam pivoxil at the molecular, particle, and bulk levels was performed.

Results
Particles exhibited a mean diameter of about 350 μm, irregular shape crystals, and good flow properties. This work presents for the first time the crystal structure of this β-lactamase inhibitor obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis. Fourier-transform infrared results showed the characteristic bands of aliphatic hydrocarbons and ester groups. The differential scanning calorimetry curve exhibited a sharp endothermic peak at 109 °C corresponding to sulbactam pivoxil melting. The thermogravimetric curve revealed a mass loss at 184 °C associated with a decomposition process. This powder showed a moisture content of 0.34% and a water activity of 0.463. Potential interactions between sulbactam pivoxil and common pharmaceutical excipients were evaluated by thermal analysis. The endothermic peak and the enthalpies of melting were preserved in almost all the analyzed mixtures.

Conclusion
The powder was constituted by micro-sized crystals of sulbactam pivoxil that had suitable physicochemical properties for processing in controlled humidity environments. Thermal analyses suggested that sulbactam pivoxil is compatible with most of the evaluated excipients. The information obtained in the present study is relevant for the development, manufacturing, and storage of formulations that include sulbactam pivoxil.
Efficacy of doxycycline as a combination therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Ibrahem Eman M. , El-gendi Salwa S. , Mahmoud Amal A. , Abdel-Aal Sherif M. , Mohammed Hanan Sharaf El-Deen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
This single-center randomized open-label clinical trial evaluates the effectiveness of doxycycline as a combination therapy for active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with methotrexate (MTX).

Materials and methods
One hundred and sixty RA patients were recruited who fulfilled the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria. Subjects were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio into one of two treatment arms; one group was maintained on MTX alone and the other group on MTX together with doxycycline orally 200 mg daily. Follow-up clinical response, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), and disease activity score 28 (DAS28-CRP) after 3 months were done.

Results
There was a significant difference regarding DAS28-CRP between the two groups (median (IQR) 4.26 (3.6–5) for those treated with MTX alone compared with 2.8 (2.37–3.5) for those treated with MTX together with doxycycline) (p = 0.005). A higher number of patients treated with doxycycline in combination with MTX achieved remission (40.5%) compared to patients who received MTX alone (13.5%). The levels of ESR and CRP were lower in patients treated with MTX and doxycycline and this was statistically significant (p = 0.005, p = 0.003 respectively).

Conclusion
Doxycycline as a cost-effective combination therapy with MTX can achieve higher rates of remission than MTX alone in RA patients without causing increase in the adverse events profile.

Trial registration
Clinical Trials.gov, NCT03194204. Registered on 21 June 2017
Addressing unmet needs in opiate dependence: supporting detoxification and advances in relapse prevention
Authors: Herlinger Katherine , Lingford-Hughes Anne 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARYDespite record-breaking numbers of opiate related deaths in the UK in 2019, pharmacological management of opiate dependence has evolved little since the advent of methadone in 1965. Along with harm minimisation and psychosocial interventions, the mainstay of pharmacological treatment remains opioid substitution therapy (OST) using methadone or buprenorphine, with many patients receiving OST for many years. Even with these treatments, opiate users continue to face mortality risks 12 times higher than the general population, and emerging evidence suggests that individuals who remain on long-term OST present with a range of physical and cognitive impairments. Therefore, with a growing ageing opiate dependent population who would benefit from detoxification from OST, this article provides an overview of the current state of opiate dependence in clinical practice, explores the reasons why availability and acceptability of detoxification pathways are declining, and discusses emerging pharmacological therapies that could provide benefit in relapse prevention.
First-person accounts of the processes and planning involved in a suicide attempt on the railway
Authors: Marsh Ian , Marzano Lisa , Mosse David , Mackenzie Jay-Marie 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundThe processes and planning involved in choosing and attempting to die by a particular method of suicide are not well understood. Accounts from those who have thought about or attempted suicide using a specific method might allow us to better understand the ways in which people come to think about, plan and enact a suicide attempt.AimsTo understand from first-person accounts the processes and planning involved in a suicide attempt on the railway.MethodThematic analysis was conducted of qualitative interviews (N= 34) undertaken with individuals who had contemplated or attempted suicide by train.ResultsParticipants explained how they decided upon a particular method, time and place for a suicide attempt. Plans were described as being contingent on a number of elements (including the likelihood of being seen or interrupted), rather than being fixed in advance. Participants mentally rehearsed and evaluated a particular method, which would sometimes involve imagining in detail what would happen before, during and after an attempt. The extent to which this involved others (train drivers, partners, friends) was striking.ConclusionsBy giving people free reign to describe in their own words the processes they went through in planning and undertaking a suicide attempt, and by not interpreting such accounts through a lens of deficit and pathology, we can arrive at important insights into how people come to think and feel about, plan and enact a suicide attempt. The findings have implications in terms of understanding suicide risk and prevention more broadly.
Post-traumatic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic in carers of children in Portugal and the UK: cross-sectional online survey
Authors: Stallard Paul , Pereira Ana Isabel , Barros Luísa 
Published: January 2021

Background
Although the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health have attracted interest, little attention has focused on its positive effects and possible post-traumatic growth.

Aims
To assess anxiety, well-being and post-traumatic growth in carers of children aged 6–16 years in Portugal and the UK.

Method
A cross-sectional online survey of volunteers conducted at the peak of the first wave of COVID-19 during lockdown (1 May to 27 June 2020).

Results
A total of 385 caregivers (Portuguese, n = 185; UK, n = 200), predominantly mothers (n = 341, 88.6%), completed the survey. The majority were working exclusively from home (n = 271, 70.4%), almost half reported a reduction in income (n = 174, 45.2%), most children were home taught (n = 358, 93%), and 75 (19.5%) identified a family member with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. In total, 341 caregivers (88.6%) identified positives arising from COVID-19, most commonly related to the post-traumatic growth domains of improved relationships, a greater appreciation of life, discovering and embracing new possibilities, and positive spiritual change. A comparison of those who did (n = 341) and did not (n = 34) report any positives found a significant difference in well-being scores (t373 = 2.24, P = 0.025) but not in anxiety scores (t373 = 0.75, P = 0.45).

Conclusions
Despite experiencing considerable adversity, examples of post-traumatic growth during the lockdown were common. Although the voluntary online nature of our survey is a limitation, our findings suggest that further research exploring post-traumatic growth following pandemics is warranted.
HoxB genes regulate neuronal delamination in the trunk neural tube by controlling the expression of Lzts1
Authors: Wilmerding Axelle , Rinaldi Lucrezia , Caruso Nathalie , Lo Re Laure , Bonzom Emilie , Saurin Andrew J. , Graba Yacine , Delfini Marie-Claire 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Differential Hox gene expression is central for specification of axial neuronal diversity in the spinal cord. Here, we uncover an additional function of Hox proteins in the developing spinal cord, restricted to B cluster Hox genes. We found that members of the HoxB cluster are expressed in the trunk neural tube of chicken embryo earlier than Hox from the other clusters, with poor antero-posterior axial specificity and with overlapping expression in the intermediate zone (IZ). Gain-of-function experiments of HoxB4, HoxB8 and HoxB9, respectively, representative of anterior, central and posterior HoxB genes, resulted in ectopic progenitor cells in the mantle zone. The search for HoxB8 downstream targets in the early neural tube identified the leucine zipper tumor suppressor 1 gene (Lzts1), the expression of which is also activated by HoxB4 and HoxB9. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that Lzts1, which is expressed endogenously in the IZ, controls neuronal delamination. These data collectively indicate that HoxB genes have a generic function in the developing spinal cord, controlling the expression of Lzts1 and neuronal delamination.
Dynamic patterning by morphogens illuminated by cis-regulatory studies
Authors: Irizarry Jihyun , Stathopoulos Angelike 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Morphogen concentration changes in space as well as over time during development. However, how these dynamics are interpreted by cells to specify fate is not well understood. Here, we focus on two morphogens: the maternal transcription factors Bicoid and Dorsal, which directly regulate target genes to pattern Drosophila embryos. The actions of these factors at enhancers has been thoroughly dissected and provides a rich platform for understanding direct input by morphogens and their changing roles over time. Importantly, Bicoid and Dorsal do not work alone; we also discuss additional inputs that work with morphogens to control spatiotemporal gene expression in embryos.
Optimal concentration of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as an irrigation solution additive to reduce infection rates in rat models of contaminated wound
Authors: Lin Junqing , Gao Tao , Wei Haifeng , Zhu Hongyi , Zheng Xianyou 
Published: January 2021

AimsIn wound irrigation, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is more efficacious than normal saline (NS) in removing bacteria from a contaminated wound. However, the optimal EDTA concentration remains unknown for different animal wound models.MethodsThe cell toxicity of different concentrations of EDTA dissolved in NS (EDTA-NS) was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Various concentrations of EDTA-NS irrigation solution were compared in three female Sprague-Dawley rat models: 1) a skin defect; 2) a bone exposed; and 3) a wound with an intra-articular implant. All three models were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. EDTA was dissolved at a concentration of 0 (as control), 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mM in sterile NS. Samples were collected from the wounds and cultured. The bacterial culture-positive rate (colony formation) and infection rate (pus formation) of each treatment group were compared after irrigation and debridement.ResultsCell viability intervened below 10 mM concentrations of EDTA-NS showed no cytotoxicity. Concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 mM EDTA-NS had lower rates of infection and positive cultures for S. aureus and E. coli compared with other concentrations in the skin defect model. For the bone exposed model, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM EDTA-NS had lower rates of infection and positive cultures. For intra-articular implant models 10 and 50 mM, EDTA-NS had the lowest rates of infection and positive cultures.ConclusionThe concentrations of EDTA-NS below 10 mM are safe for irrigation. The optimal concentration of EDTA-NS varies by type of wound after experimental inoculation of three types of wound. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(1):68–76.
Las entrevistas a distancia en Trabajo Social Forense: reflexiones teórico-prácticas
Authors: Marcón Osvaldo Agustín 
Published: January 2021

La pandemia por COVID-19 impulsó el debate sobre las entrevistas a distancia (telefónicas y otras) en Trabajo Social Forense. El artículo reflexiona teóricamente sobre las mismas, estimulando su desarrollo a partir de inferencias hacia otros campos de saberes que han incorporado dichas herramientas. Así, metodológicamente, trae desarrollos extradisciplinares que considera pertinentes tanto a nivel operativo-instrumental como en el amplio marco de la racionalidad comunicativa. Postula a estas herramientas como complementarias, pero no sustitutivas de otros tipos de entrevista. Propone revisar la noción de presencialidad, relativizando el cara-a-cara como axioma aparentemente inmutable durante las intervenciones. Incursiona en la relación rostro-máscara, proponiendo atender al espacio vital como espacio a atravesar para superar la distancia transaccional que permite la acción de entrevistar. Analiza la distancia entrevistado/entrevistador y sus variantes según el tipo de presencialidad, y las posibilidades de transitar dicho camino inter-subjetivo, comparadas con las escenas tradicionales de entrevista. Ubica el fundacional “Social Diagnosis” (Richmond, 1917) como un hito fundante y a las Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (NTICs) como su robusto continente actual. Con énfasis prospectivo, el artículo incluye algunas recomendaciones operativas en términos de encuadre para las entrevistas a distancia, como así también para su desarrollo y cierre.
Modeling of a biosensor using Tamm resonance excited by graphene
Authors: Zaky Zaky A. , Aly Arafa H. 
Published: January 2021

In this paper, nanoscale pores in silicon layers are exploited to model and optimize a one-dimensional hybrid graphene-porous silicon photonic crystal biosensor. The physical nature of the proposed sensor is based on Tamm resonance. The transfer matrix method is applied to detect the change of the index of refraction in an aqueous solution. The proposed model is (

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, in which

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i

1

and

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are porous silicon layers with different porosities, N is the number of periods, and G is the number of graphene layers. The numerical simulations show that the proposed sensor has good performance. The variation of the number of periods, number of graphene layers, porosities, thicknesses of silicon layers, incident angles, and the sample layer thickness affect the performance of the sensor. By varying these parameters, the sensitivity and figure of merit of the sensor can be controlled. The study shows that the sensitivity and figure of merit of the proposed sensor reach 4.75 THz/RIU and

475

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, respectively. The proposed sensor has a good capability in biological detection within terahertz. It is the first time, to our knowledge, that graphene has been used to excite the Tamm resonance using the photonic crystal of porous silicon and using it in biosensing applications.
Planar terahertz filter with narrow passband and low insertion loss
Authors: Zhang Yong , Yue Ruifeng , Wang Yan 
Published: January 2021

How to reduce the bandwidth and insertion loss (IL) of a planar filter
at high frequency is challenging work. We investigate the design,
simulation, fabrication, and measurement of a terahertz (THz) planar
filter with easy integration, low IL, and narrow passband. The direct
feeding microstrip filter (DFMF) has a center frequency
(

f
0

) of 140 GHz, IL of 2 dB, and 3 dB
fractional bandwidth (

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3

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) of 6%, while traditional coupled
feeding microstrip filter with the same configurations has

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W

3

d
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of 20%. The proposed DFMF filter
employs direct feeding mode to narrow bandwidth and miniaturized size.
The DFMF does not need small coupling gaps in the feeding structures,
showing good dimensional insensitivity. Benzocyclobutene is introduced
as an interlayer dielectric to reduce IL owing to its controllable
ultrathin thickness and low-loss tangent. The introduced planar
microelectromechanical system technology is suitable for large-scale
fabrication at a low cost. The test results based on
through-reflect-line de-embedding technology agree well with the
simulation results. The DFMF lays a foundation for realizing the
planarization and integration of THz systems.
Enhancement of CASSI by a zero-order image employing a single detector
Authors: Hlubuček J. , Lukeš J. , Václavík J. , Žídek K. 
Published: January 2021

Coded aperture snapshot spectral imaging (CASSI) makes it possible to
recover 3D hyperspectral data from a single 2D image. However, the
reconstruction problem is severely underdetermined, and efforts to
improve the compression ratio typically make the imaging
system more complex and cause a significant loss of incoming light
intensity. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to CASSI that
enables capturing both a spectrally sheared and an integrated image of
a scene with a single camera. We performed hyperspectral imaging of
three different testing scenes in the spectral range of 500–900 nm. We
demonstrate the prominent effect of using the nondiffracted image on
the reconstruction of data from our camera. The use of the spectrally
integrated image improves the reconstruction quality, and we observed
an approximately fivefold reduction in reconstruction time.
Method of combining thermal homology theory with a genetic algorithm for the design and optimization of precise submillimeter-wave antennas
Authors: Zhang Mingzhu , Wang Hairen , Zuo Yingxi 
Published: January 2021

It is a common problem in precise submillimeter-wave telescopes that thermal deformation coupling between major subsystems results from materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion or at different temperatures. Here, the method of combining thermal homology theory with a genetic algorithm (CTHTGA) is proposed for the design and optimization of large precise submillimeter-wave antennas. The CTHTGA method has two key steps: (1) design of the structure of the antenna according to thermal homology theory; and (2) structural optimization based on the genetic algorithm. It has the ability to solve the problem of thermal deformation coupling well and to ensure sufficient rigidity. As an application, CTHTGA was used in the design and optimization of a 1.2 m submillimeter-wave telescope. The results showed that the CTHTGA method, compared to the previous design of a 1.2 m antenna, not only dramatically decreases the impact of thermal deformation coupling but gives the designed antenna sufficient stiffness and smaller gravity deformation. Moreover, other things being equal, a method of combining thermal homology theory with zero-order and a first-order compound optimization algorithm is used to quantitatively validate the CTHTGA method. As the results suggest, the overall performance of the CTHTGA is, to the best of our knowledge, better than that of the latter method.
Magnitudes of post-abortion family planning utilization and associated factors among women who seek abortion service in Bahir Dar Town health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia, facility-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Muchie Amsalu , Getahun Fentie Ambaw , Bekele Yibeltal Alemu , Samual Tsion , Shibabaw Tebkew 
Published: January 2021

Introduction
Globally an estimated 55.9 million abortions occur each year. The majority of abortions occur due to unintended pregnancies, which is a result of the non-use of family planning methods. World health organization recommends all clients to utilize modern contraceptive methods after any abortion procedure. However, post-abortion family planning utilization is still low in Ethiopia including the study area. Therefore, this study was expected to determine the utilization of post-abortion family planning and associated factors in Bahir Dar city health facilities in Northwest Ethiopia.

Method
Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 408 women from March 1 to April 30, 2019. Data were collected through face-to-face interview using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Systematic random sampling was used to select the study participants. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into epi data and exported to SPSS for further analysis. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were employed. Those variables that had a p-value of less than 0.2 during the bivariate analysis were retained for the multivariable analysis. P-value and confidence interval were used to measure the level of significance on multi-variable analysis and those variables whose P-value, less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results
The finding of this study showed that the magnitude of post-abortion family planning (PAFP) utilization was 61% with 95% CI (55, 65). Secondary education level(AOR, 4.58; 95% CI (1.96, 10.69)), certificate and above education level (AOR, 3.06; 95% CI (1.32, 7.08)), Manual Vacuum Aspiration(MVA) (AOR, 7.05; 95% CI (2.94, 16.90)), both medication and Manual Vacuum Aspiration (AOR, 5.34; 95% CI (2.56, 11.13)) and received Post Abortion Family Planning (PAFP) counseling (AOR, 5.99; 95% CI (3.23, 11.18)) were significantly associated with PAFP utilization.

Conclusion
Post-abortion family planning utilization in Bahir Dar health facilities was low compared with the national figure. Secondary and above educational level, respondents who were managed by Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA), both Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA) and medication and receiving Post Abortion Family Planning (PAFP) counseling were predictors of post-abortion family planning service utilization.