bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVIII-25 Transcriptional reprogramming in rumen epithelium during the developmental transition of pre-ruminant to the ruminant in cattle
Authors: Baldwin Ransom L , Connor Erin E , Ramsay Timothy G , Liu George E , Li Cong-Jun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The rumen is a critical organ mediating nutrient uptake and use in cattle. Healthy rumen development is essential to ensure animal feed efficiency. In this work, we present an analysis of transcriptomic dynamics in rumen epithelium during the transition from pre-rumination to rumination in cattle-fed hay or concentrated diets at weaning (eighteen Holstein bull calves, 3 X 6 groups). These two distinct phases of rumen development and function in cattle are tightly regulated by a series of signaling events and clusters of effectors on key pathways. Our analysis identifies putative signaling events and effectors. Gene activity shifts indicated the transcriptomic reprogramming required to induce developmental changes in ruminal epithelium and functional transitions. A principal component analysis distinguished the temporal expression patterns that clustered separately between pre- and post-weaning groups. A GO-term enrichment analysis reflected functional (physical and metabolic) development of ruminal epithelium and revealed the greatest number of DEGs were enriched in biological processes related to energy metabolism. Canonical pathway and upstream regulator analyses revealed transcription reprogramming with clusters of critical pathways and upstream regulators controlling functional and developmental transitions with no significant differences between hay- and concentrate-fed groups at weaning. The most highly activated transcription factors expressed during the weaning transition were PPARGC1A, INSR, NFE2L2, MYC, MYCN, and PPARA. Overall, the dietary shift from liquid to solid feeds prompted transcriptional reprogramming in rumen epithelial tissue reflecting critical nutrient-gene interactions occurring during the developmental progression of ruminant digestion.
PSXV-14 Level of spontaneous oxidative modification of sperm plasma proteins in stallions of different ages
Authors: Atroshchenko Mikhail , Engalycheva Mariya , Shitikova Anna 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess the level of spontaneous oxidative modification of sperm plasma proteins (OMP) in young and mature stallions as indicators of the severity of oxidative stress. Sperm from 12 stallions aged 14–18 years (average age 15.8±1.9 years) (Group I) and 12 stallions aged 3–5 years (average age 4.3±0.6 years; Group II) was obtained during the breeding season (February-May). Each ejaculate was evaluated by volume, concentration, total number of spermatozoa, as well as by the progressive motility and survival of spermatozoa in diluted sperm during its hypothermic storage at +4°C. For a quantitative assessment of the OMP level, a spectrophotometric analysis of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones formed during the interaction of carbonyl derivatives of proteins with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was carried out (SF-2000, Russia). The level of aldehyde- and ketone-dinitrophenylhydrazones of neutral (ADNPHn, KDNPHn) and basic (ADNPGb, KDNPGb), and the total level of OMP (S OMP) was measured. Significance of differences was assessed by the Mann-Whitney test, the results were statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05. The total level of spontaneous OMP of sperm plasma in aged stallions is statistically significantly higher than in young stallions (531.7 and 384.3 Uod/g protein, respectively, P &lt; 0.05). This indicates a higher degree of oxidative stress in Group I, a more significant damage to the amino acid residues of sperm plasma proteins. In Group I a shift in the absorption spectrum towards neutral aldehyde derivatives (367.6 and 255.8 Uod/g protein, respectively, P &lt; 0.05) was noted. We assume that the pro-oxidant systems in a stallion body increasingly prevail over the protective ones with the age. This leads to an increase in the level of OMP in the sperm and a decrease in the survival of spermatozoa during the hypothermic storage of diluted sperm. Authors acknowledge financial support from Russian Science Foundation, Grant No: 20-16-00101.
PSXV-20 Pilot Study: How does horse and rider vital signs respond to participation in an equine assisted psychotherapy and learning outpatient collegiate substance use recovery program?
Authors: Holtcamp Katie , Nicodemus Molly , Phillips Tommy , Christiansen David , Ryan Peter , Rude Brian , Galarneau Karen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While research supporting the psychological benefits of equine assisted psychotherapy and learning (EAPL) is expanding, little is known about the physiological impact this therapy has on the human and horse. The physical activity for younger adults may hold promise where other therapies have failed, but can this form of exercise therapy be physically demanding on the participant? Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure physiological responses of horse and human for those participating in an EAPL outpatient collegiate recovery program for substance use disorder (SUD). This pilot study assessed humans (n = 4) and horses (n = 5) participating in a collegiate recovery community EAPL SUD program. The six-week program included riding and ground activities for 1 hr/wk. Vital signs (heart and respiratory rates and pain rating) were recorded weekly at the beginning and end of each session. Human pain rating used the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and equines used the Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain (EQUUS-FAP). T-tests were performed comparing measurements at the beginning and end of each session (P = 0.05). Pearson Correlations were used to determine relationships between human and horse vital signs. While no changes were seen in human heart rate, a significant decrease in respiratory rates and pain scores was found by the end of the session (Table 1). Horse heart and respiratory rates and EQUUS-FAP scores increased. A moderate correlation was determined for human and horse respiration rates (r=0.65, P = 0.00). Correlations became weaker when evaluating the other vital signs (Heart Rates: r=0.54, P = 0.00; Pain Rating Scores: r=0.27, P = 0.17). While relationships between horse and human vital signs were limited, it is important to note the differences in how the two physiologically respond to EAPL suggesting further research beyond this pilot study may be needed to investigate the physical demand of EAPL on the horse.
PSXV-18 Dynamics of steroid hormones in young fine harness horses during the preparatory period of the race-course training
Authors: Zinovieva Svetlana A , Markin Sergey S , Kozlov Sergey A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the dynamics of steroid hormones (pg /ml) in 2-year-old mares and stallions. During preparatory training, at rest, stallions and mares had similar testosterone levels (0,98±0,745-0,82±0,013), estradiol (21.18±5.05–22.50±3.01) and cortisol (90.17±2.11–83.26±2.48), respectively. In response to submaximal power, stallions and mares expend their reserves uneconomically, expressed in an increase of testosterone (9.54±0.353 – 19.59±1.85) and cortisol (203.07±8.70 -245.57±18.60). The estradiol in stallions fell 27% to 16,68±3,01, and in mares increased by 9% (24.50±0,89). At the end of the preparatory period, stallions showed increase in testosterone by 13 (to 13.47±2,21), cortisol 1.5 times (139,12 ±of 12.97), a fall in estradiol levels 5.3 times (to 4.00± 1,72). The content of testosterone in mares increased by 8.6 times (to 7.09±0.97), cortisol by 2.2 times (to 185.24±3.78), and estradiol fell by 6.8 times (to 3.30±0.84). The swing movement at the end of the preparatory period caused a significantly (P ≥ 0.999) less increase in testosterone in stallions (up to 2.63±0.42) and mares (9.39±3.09) in contrast to the previous period. The cortisol content in stallions increased by 88% (to 381.5±17.3), in mares by 384% (to 711.80±47.50). Estradiol concentration decreased 10-fold in stallions (to 1.40±0.576; P ≥ 0.999), and 3.5-fold (to 6.94±0.829; P ≥ 0.999) in mares. Conclusion: the training is sufficient for adaptation of stallions to the racetrack. For mares, the duration of the preparatory training is not sufficient.
PSVI-29 Late-Breaking: Exposure to 1.8 mM choline chloride does not impact development to the blastocyst stage or pregnancy rate after transfer for embryos produced in vitro
Authors: Haimon McKenzie L , Estrada-Cortés Eliab , Amaral Thiago F , Jeensuk Surawich , Sosa Froylan , Bittar João , Block Jeremy , Heredia Daniella C , Gonella-Diaza Angela Maria M , Di Lorenzo Nicolas , Hansen Peter J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Choline is a nutrient that plays a role as a precursor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine, and the methyl donor betaine. Embryos produced in vitro are usually cultured without an exogenous choline source. We hypothesized that exposure to 1.8 mM choline chloride would increase percent of embryos becoming blastocysts in culture and pregnancy rate after transfer of embryos into recipients. A total of 39 Brahman and Senepol donors were used to produce embryos for transfer into recipient crossbred females. Donors were assigned to have their embryos cultured in either 1.8 mM choline chloride or, as a control, 1.8 mM extra NaCl. The percent of oocytes cleaved were measured 3 days after insemination and percent blastocyst at day 7.5. Embryos were transferred into recipient cows and pregnancy was diagnosed at 28–31 days of gestation and then confirmed at 50–56 days. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Treatment did not affect cleavage rate (67.3 + 1.6 vs 68.6 + 1.6% for choline vs control; P = .0.5632) or percent of cleaved embryos becoming blastocysts (17.6 + 1.3 vs 18.1 + 1.3%; P = 0.5355). Similarly, there was no effect of treatment on pregnancy days 28–31 [42.5% (48/113 cows) vs 47.3% (54/114 cows) for choline vs control; P = 0.4339] or at days 50–56 [39.1% (36/92) vs 38.5% (32/83); P = 0.5348]. In summary, 1.8 mM choline chloride does not impact embryo development to the blastocyst stage or pregnancy establishment. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the phenotype of the subsequent calves to determine whether early exposure to choline has consequences for postnatal function. Support: USDA-NIFA 2020-67015-30821.
PSX-A-7 Late-Breaking: Correlation of mitochondrial membrane potential and rough motility scores in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa
Authors: Clark Lauren , Waddell Jolena N , Roper David , Smith William B , Runyan Cheyenne L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Spermatozoon motility is an important factor in successful artificial reproductive technologies. Successful reproduction requires properly developed spermatozoa with adequate forward, progressive motility that allows for transport through the female reproductive tract. Motility is driven by production of ATP; however, cryopreservation is known to have damaging effects on spermatozoa. Mitochondria utilize oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize ATP through an electrochemical proton motive force that is composed primarily of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). The mitochondrial membrane potential can be measured using a fluorescent, carbocyanine JC-1 dye (5,5’,6,6’-tetrachloro-1,1’,3,3’-tetraethylbenzimi-dazolylcarbocyanine iodide). The objective of this study was to examine correlations between the mitochondrial membrane potential and motility score. Cryopreserved semen samples from three bulls were donated to Tarleton State University for research purposes. Samples were thawed, placed under a phase contrast microscope, and analyzed by three individuals with varying levels of training for rough motility. These samples were then prepared with JC-1 dye according to manufacturer’s instructions. Two microliters of dye were added to a stock preparation of each sample. Samples were examined on a FACS Calibur flow cytometer at University of Texas Southwestern Core in Dallas, TX. Flow cytometry analysis was performed using FlowJo V10.7. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS v9.4. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a strong, positive correlation (r = 0.90) between the mitochondrial membrane potential and motility (P = 0.28), thus indicating as the mitochondrial membrane potential increases, so does the rough motility score. These data represent a subset of a population that demonstrates the need of further research on the ability for spermatozoa to produce ATP and the correlation in forward, progressive motility. This research can provide a foundation in which future researchers may develop an assay that allows for testing of mitochondrial membrane potential by producers to select bulls with greater breeding potential.
PSX-A-14 Late-Breaking: Lipid digestibility of a rumen-protected fatty acids product
Authors: Russi Juan P , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The development of a rumen-protected fatty acid (RPFA) product can make the product undigestible in the small intestine. The objective of this experiment was to measure the digestibility of two prototype feeds RPFA enriched with omega-3. Twenty-four Leghorn cockerels (85-week-old, 2.5 kg body weight) were individually caged and assigned randomly to 4 treatments, with 6 cockerels per treatment. Cockerels were fasted for 24 h and after this period the cockerels were tube fed 40 g of 4 different treatment diets: T1) 80% corn and 20% crystalline cellulose, T2) 80% corn and 20% unprotected RPFA, T3) 80% corn and 20% RPFA treated for 3 hours, and T4) 80% corn and 20% RPFA treated for 6 hours. The RUPFA ingredients were 55% modified soy lecithin, 40% fish oil, 5% dextrose. The protection treatment of RPFA is described in the pending patent (US 2020/0197346 A1). After 48 h all the excreta from the cockerels was collected and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 72 h. Dried excreta samples and diets were analyzed for total lipids. Data were analyzed as complete randomized block design using linear mixed model. Lipid digestibility was different for treatments (P &lt; 0.01). Lipid digestibility was lesser (P &lt; 0.01) for T1 compared with T2, T3, and T4 (87.6% vs 96.8%, 95.5%, and 96.4% (± 0.34) for T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively). There were no differences (P &gt; 0.1) between T2, T3, and T4. We conclude from these data that the processing of the RPFA product does not change the digestibility of the lipids in non-ruminants.
PSX-A-20 Late-Breaking: Potential prebiotic effect of canola meal non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysis products in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxiao , Koo Bonjin , Holanda Debora , Nyachoti Martin , Lee Jinyoung 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Enzymatically derived non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysis products (HP) may modulate enteric health outcomes in piglets. Thus, responses of weaned piglets to an oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC) when fed diets containing canola meal (CM) HP were investigated. The HP were obtained by incubating CM with a multi-carbohydrase (MC) blend. Thirty-five weaned piglets (8.08 ± 0.34 Kg BW) were individually assigned in a completely randomized design to 1 of 5 treatments: UCC (unchallenged control), NC (negative control challenged with ETEC), PC (NC + 0.1% AGP), HP1 (NC + 0.25% HP), HP2 (NC + 0.5% HP). After a seven-day adaptation period, piglets in the UCC group received 5 ml of PBS, whereas those in all other groups were orally challenged with 5 ml (5 × 106 CFU/mL) of ETEC F4. On d 14 all piglets were euthanized for tissue sampling. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4, with the individual pig as the experimental unit. During the post-challenge period, piglets fed NC diet had lower (P &lt; 0.05) G: F than those fed the PC, whereas the G: F was higher (P &lt; 0.05) for piglets fed the HP-containing diets than that of piglets fed the NC diet. Piglets fed diets containing HP showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) jejunum pH and fecal scores than piglets fed the NC diet. For gene expressions, the HP groups showed a greater level of toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) compared with NC group (P &lt; 0.05). For the HP groups, HP1 had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) level of TLR2 than HP2 treatment. Feeding HP resulted in lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in the colon of piglets compared with feeding with NC (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, piglets fed diets with CM HP exhibited less severe ETEC-enteritis and had similar effects with AGP.
PSX-A-25 Late-Breaking: The Effects of Chronic Endotoxinemia on Rectal and Subcutaneous Temperature in Wethers
Authors: Renwick Allison , Daniel Jay A , Whitlock Brian K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is responsible for inflammation and fever resulting from infections associated with gram-negative bacteria. Twenty-two wethers underwent a chronic LPS challenge in which they were assigned to one of five groups – control (CON; saline IV daily; n=4), single acute dose (SAD; 400 ng/kg bw on D1 and saline D2-7 IV; n=4), daily acute dose (DAD; 400 ng/kg bw IV; n=5), daily increasing dose (DID; 400 ng/kg bw with 20% increase each day IV; n=5), and subcutaneous steady dose (SSD; 20 ug /kg bw per day SQ; n=4). Wethers were equipped with subcutaneous temperature (SCT) sensors (data analyzed hourly; -1 to 148 h) and rectal temperatures (RT) were determined multiple times a day for six days (-1 to 147 h). Two-way ANOVA was completed using SAS v9.4 (Cary, NC) on both the SCT and RT data. There was an effect of treatment, time and an interaction of time and treatment (all P &lt; 0.0001) on RT. Rectal temperature was greater than CON (38.9°C) in SAD (40.5°C), DAD (40.5°C), and DID (40.9°C) groups 3 h after treatment on D1, and the SSD (40.5°C) by 5 h after treatment on D1. While the greatest RT was at 5 h after treatment on D1 for SAD (41.1°C), DAD (41.3°C) and DID (41.8°C) groups. Compared to CON (~38.6°C), RT was increased 3 h after treatment administration on D2 (40.1°C), D3 (39.9°C), D5 (40.1°C), and D6 (39.9°C) for DAD and on D2 (40.1°C) and D5 (39.9°C) for DID. For SCT, there were effects of treatment and time (P &lt; 0.0001), but no interaction (P = 1.00). The SSD group had the greatest SCT (38.3°C) followed by DID (37.7°C), DAD (37.5°C), SAD (37.3°C) and CON (36.9°C). Overall, chronic endotoxin did induce an increase in RT and SCT, but differently with RT changing over time.
PSX-A-11 Late-Breaking: Effects of phytogenic supplementation on growth performance and intestinal barrier function in nursery pigs challenged with E. coli
Authors: Maniyar Rachita , Koo Bonjin , Holanda Debora , Yang Chengbo , O Karmin , Nyachoti Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the health-promoting effects of red osier dogwood (ROD) extract as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Twenty-eight weaned piglets (9.15±0.95 kg BW) confirmed to genetically susceptible to ETEC were individually assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were, negative control (NC), corn-wheat soybean meal diet with no additives; positive control (PC), NC plus antibiotics; ROD1, NC plus 0.1% ROD extract; ROD2, NC plus 0.2% ROD extract. Piglets were orally challenged on d 7 with ETEC F4. Feed disappearance, body weight, fecal score, and rectal temperature were recorded. On d 14, piglets were euthanized to collect intestinal tissue samples for histomorphology and Ussing chamber analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using individual piglet as the experimental unit. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in histomorphology and intestinal permeability. Piglets fed the NC diet tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have higher average daily gain, post-inoculation than those fed ROD1 or ROD2. Fecal score of piglets fed the PC diet tended to (P &lt; 0.10) or was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) than for piglets fed ROD1 or ROD2 on 0 and 2 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. On 0 dpi, piglets fed the ROD1 diet had significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) body temperature than those fed PC or ROD2. In conclusion, ROD extract supplementation might have some health-promoting effects on ETEC challenged piglets but could not improve gut health to the same extent as antibiotics.
PSX-A-12 Late-Breaking: Effects of Renergy™ on ruminal fermentation in steers fed a high-grain diet
Authors: Heldt Jeff S , Hallmark Harrison , Loh Huey Yi , Crane Sara , Tangredi Briana V , Thomas Tyler A , Gifford Ryan J , Thorndyke Meghan P , Guimaraes Octavio , Engle Terry E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Renergy™ is a proprietary blend of organic acids with a proposed mode of action of increasing ruminal propionate production. Little is known about the efficacy of Renergy™ supplementation in modifying ruminal fermentation in beef cattle consuming high-grain diets. Therefore, eight Angus steers (BW 531.7 ± 20.4 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used to determine the effects of Renergy™ on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Steers were fed a high concentrate diet (DM basis: 13.6% CP, 1.38 Mcal/kg NEg, and 2.02 Mcal/kg NEm) with no monensin sodium or tylosin phosphate added to the diet for 30 d prior to the initiation of the experiment. Treatments consisted of control (CON; no supplemental Renergy™) and Renergy (REN) fed at 27.6 g.animal-1.d-1 (n = 4 steers/treatment; experimental unit = animal). Following the 30 d diet adaptation period, dietary treatments were initiated for 28-d. On day 28, rumen fluid was collected at 3 h post feeding and analyzed for VFA, pH, and NH3. Ruminal pH (P = 0.62) and NH3 (P = 0.56) were unaffected by treatment. However, total VFA (P = 0.05) and propionate (P = 0.03) production were increased by Renergy, 13.3% and 25.7% respectively. There was a tendency (P = 0.14) for acetate production to be increased 10.9% in steers supplemented with Renergy™. Butyrate was unaffected (P = 0.51) by treatment. However, isobutyrate production was lower (P &lt; 0.01) in steers receiving Renergy™. Feeding Renergy™ also resulted in 25% less (P = 0.07) L-lactate production. Under conditions of this experiment, results indicate that supplementing Renergy™ for 28d to beef cattle consuming high concentrate diets impacts ruminal fermentation 3 h post feeding.