bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earthworms drastically change fungal and bacterial communities during vermicomposting of sewage sludge
Authors: Domínguez Jorge , Aira Manuel , Crandall Keith A. , Pérez-Losada Marcos 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWastewater treatment plants produce hundreds of million tons of sewage sludge every year all over the world. Vermicomposting is well established worldwide and has been successful at processing sewage sludge, which can contribute to alleviate the severe environmental problems caused by its disposal. Here, we utilized 16S and ITS rRNA high-throughput sequencing to characterize bacterial and fungal community composition and structure during the gut- and cast-associated processes (GAP and CAP, respectively) of vermicomposting of sewage sludge. Bacterial and fungal communities of earthworm casts were mainly composed of microbial taxa not found in the sewage sludge; thus most of the bacterial (96%) and fungal (91%) taxa in the sewage sludge were eliminated during vermicomposting, mainly through the GAP. Upon completion of GAP and during CAP, modified microbial communities undergo a succession process leading to more diverse microbiotas than those found in sewage sludge. Consequently, bacterial and fungal community composition changed significantly during vermicomposting. Vermicomposting of sewage resulted in a stable and rich microbial community with potential biostimulant properties that may aid plant growth. Our results support the use of vermicompost derived from sewage sludge for sustainable agricultural practices, if heavy metals or other pollutants are under legislation limits or adequately treated.
Manually scanned single fiber optical coherence tomography for skin cancer characterization
Authors: Chuchvara Nadiya , Rao Babar , Liu Xuan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is a cross-sectional imaging modality based on low coherence light interferometry. Within dermatology, it has found applications for in vivo diagnostic imaging purposes, as well as to guide Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), due to its ability to visualize skin morphology up to several millimeters in depth. However, standard OCT probes have a large footprint and capture an extended area of the skin, making it difficult to precisely pinpoint clinically relevant location being imaged. Mohs surgeons stand to benefit from a handheld in vivo imaging device that can accurately trace surgical margins. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a single fiber OCT (sfOCT) instrument. Our imaging system features a miniature common path single fiber probe, and a novel speckle decorrelation technique that generates distortion free 2D images from manual scanning.By manually moving the single-fiber probe across the region of interest, the user can perform a lateral OCT scan while visualizing the location of the probe during data acquisition. Using the sfOCT, we have identified normal skin morphology, qualitatively correlated features of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma with histopathology, and quantified the disruption of the dermo-epidermal junction OCT pattern in skin tumors—each demonstrating the potential of utilizing sfOCT to differentiate tumor from normal skin. Using this imaging tool, a Mohs surgeon can enhance determination of surgical margins for the first stage of MMS, potentially decreasing the time and number of stages required for complete tumor removal.
Dynamic changes in mitochondrial 3D structure during folliculogenesis and luteal formation in the goat large luteal cell lineage
Authors: Jiang Yi-Fan , Yu Pin-Huan , Budi Yovita Permata , Chiu Chih-Hsien , Fu Chi-Yu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn mammalian ovaries, mitochondria are integral sites of energy production and steroidogenesis. While shifts in cellular activities and steroidogenesis are well characterized during the differentiation of large luteal cells in folliculogenesis and luteal formation, mitochondrial dynamics during this process have not been previously evaluated. In this study, we collected ovaries containing primordial follicles, mature follicles, corpus hemorrhagicum, or corpus luteum from goats at specific times in the estrous cycle. Enzyme histochemistry, ultrastructural observations, and 3D structural analysis of serial sections of mitochondria revealed that branched mitochondrial networks were predominant in follicles, while spherical and tubular mitochondria were typical in large luteal cells. Furthermore, the average mitochondrial diameter and volume increased from folliculogenesis to luteal formation. In primordial follicles, the signals of cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase were undetectable in most cells, and the large luteal cells from the corpus hemorrhagicum also showed low enzyme signals and content when compared with granulosa cells in mature follicles or large luteal cells from the corpus luteum. Our findings suggest that the mitochondrial enlargement could be an event during folliculogenesis and luteal formation, while the modulation of mitochondrial morphology and respiratory enzyme expressions may be related to tissue remodeling during luteal formation.
Acetate sensing by GPR43 alarms neutrophils and protects from severe sepsis
Authors: Schlatterer Katja , Beck Christian , Schoppmeier Ulrich , Peschel Andreas , Kretschmer Dorothee 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBacterial sepsis is a major cause of mortality resulting from inadequate immune responses to systemic infection. Effective immunomodulatory approaches are urgently needed but it has remained elusive, which targets might be suitable for intervention. Increased expression of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR43, which is known to govern intestinal responses to acetate, has been associated with sepsis patient survival but the mechanisms behind this observation have remained unclear. We show that elevated serum acetate concentrations prime neutrophils in a GPR43-dependent fashion, leading to enhanced neutrophil chemotaxis, oxidative burst, cytokine release and upregulation of phagocytic receptors. Consequently, acetate priming improved the capacity of human neutrophils to eliminate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Acetate administration increased mouse serum acetate concentrations and primed neutrophils. Notably, it rescued wild-type mice from severe S. aureus sepsis and reduced bacterial numbers in peripheral organs by several magnitudes. Acetate treatment improved the sepsis course even when applied several hours after onset of the infection, which recommends GPR43 as a potential target for sepsis therapy. Our study indicates that the severity of sepsis depends on transient neutrophil priming by appropriate blood acetate concentrations. Therapeutic interventions based on GPR43 stimulation could become valuable strategies for reducing sepsis-associated morbidity and mortality.
The evolutionary acquisition and mode of functions of promoter-associated non-coding RNAs (pancRNAs) for mammalian development
Authors: An Boyang , Kameda Tomonori , Imamura Takuya 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in gene regulation in a variety of ways such as transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Promoter-associated non-coding RNAs (pancRNAs), which are categorized into the most abundant single-copy lncRNA biotype, play vital regulatory roles in finely tuning cellular specification at the epigenomic level. In short, pancRNAs can directly or indirectly regulate downstream genes to participate in the development of organisms in a cell-specific manner. In this review, we will introduce the evolutionarily acquired characteristics of pancRNAs as determined by comparative epigenomics and elaborate on the research progress on pancRNA-involving processes in mammalian embryonic development, including neural differentiation.
3D bioprinting: novel approaches for engineering complex human tissue equivalents and drug testing
Authors: Hagenbuchner Judith , Nothdurfter Daniel , Ausserlechner Michael J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Conventional approaches in drug development involve testing on 2D-cultured mammalian cells, followed by experiments in rodents. Although this is the common strategy, it has significant drawbacks: in 2D cell culture with human cells, the cultivation at normoxic conditions on a plastic or glass surface is an artificial situation that significantly changes energy metabolism, shape and intracellular signaling, which in turn directly affects drug response. On the other hand, rodents as the most frequently used animal models have evolutionarily separated from primates about 100 million years ago, with significant differences in physiology, which frequently leads to results not reproducible in humans. As an alternative, spheroid technology and micro-organoids have evolved in the last decade to provide 3D context for cells similar to native tissue. However, organoids used for drug testing are usually just in the 50–100 micrometers range and thereby too small to mimic micro-environmental tissue conditions such as limited nutrient and oxygen availability. An attractive alternative offers 3D bioprinting as this allows fabrication of human tissue equivalents from scratch with hollow structures for perfusion and strict spatiotemporal control over the deposition of cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Thereby, tissue surrogates with defined geometry are fabricated that offer unique opportunities in exploring cellular cross-talk, mechanobiology and morphogenesis. These tissue-equivalents are also very attractive tools in drug testing, as bioprinting enables standardized production, parallelization, and application-tailored design of human tissue, of human disease models and patient-specific tissue avatars. This review, therefore, summarizes recent advances in 3D bioprinting technology and its application for drug screening.
Gamma-ray bursts as probes of high-redshift Lyman-αemitters and radiative transfer models
Authors: Vielfaure J.-B. , Vergani S. D. , Gronke M. , Japelj J. , Palmerio J. T. , Fynbo J. P. U. , Malesani D. B. , Milvang-Jensen B. , Salvaterra R. , Tanvir N. R. 
Published: July 2021

Aims.We present the updated census and statistics of Lyman-αemitting long gamma-ray burst host galaxies (LAE-LGRBs). We investigate the properties of a subsample of LAE-LGRBs and test the shell model that is commonly used to fit Lyman-α(Lyα) emission line spectra.Methods.We considered all LGRB host galaxies with relevant publicly available information. We defined a golden sample of four LAE-LGRBs (GRBs 011211, 021004, 060926, and 070110) with afterglow and host galaxy observations allowing us to constrain the shell modeling of the Lyαline.Results.The census results in 29 detected LAE-LGRBs. We present 5 new Lyαemission detections in host-galaxy spectra and the corresponding unpublished VLT/X-shooter data (GRBs 060926, 070110, 081121, 081222, and 100424A). From the comparison of the statistics and properties of LAE-LGRBs to those of LAE samples in the literature, we find evidence of Lyαsuppression in dusty systems. The fraction of LAE-LGRBs in the overall LGRB hosts is lower than that found for Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) samples at similar redshift range. This result can arise because the selection criteria of the parent samples are different and the spectral observations of LGRB samples are shallower than those of LBG. However, we find that LAE-LGRBs are representative of Lyαemission from the bulk of UV-selected galaxies atz ∼ 2. We find that the golden sample of LAE-LGRBs we studied consists of complex systems characterized by multiple emission blobs and by signs of possible galaxy interactions. The fitting procedure recovers the HIcolumn densities (NHI) measured from the afterglow spectra and the other properties described by the shell-model parameters in the two low-NHIcases, but it fails to do this in the other two cases with highNHI. The afterglows of most LGRBs and LAE-LGRBs show log(NHI/cm−2) > 20.3, implying that statistically, the bulk of Lyαphotons that is expected to be produced by massive stars in the star-forming region hosting the GRB will be surrounded by these opaque lines of sight. We therefore interpret our results in the context of more sophisticated models and of different dominant Lyα-emitting regions. We also compare LAE-LGRBs to LAE Lyman continuum (LyC) leakers in the literature in terms of the properties that are identified as possible indirect indicators of LyC leakage. We find that only one LGRB (GRB 021004) would likely be a strong LyC leaker and discuss the validity of these indicators at high redshift. While our work shows that LGRBs are useful tools for probing LAEs and radiative transfer models, larger statistics are required to strengthen our findings.
Which molecule traces what: Chemical diagnostics of protostellar sources
Authors: Tychoniec Łukasz , van Dishoeck Ewine F. , van ’t Hoff Merel L. R. , van Gelder Martijn L. , Tabone Benoît , Chen Yuan , Harsono Daniel , Hull Charles L. H. , Hogerheijde Michiel R. , Murillo Nadia M. , Tobin John J. 
Published: July 2021

Context. The physical and chemical conditions in Class 0/I protostars are fundamental in unlocking the protostellar accretion process and its impact on planet formation.
Aims. The aim is to determine which physical components are traced by different molecules at subarcsecond scales (<100–400 au).
Methods. We used a suite of Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) datasets in band 6 (1 mm), band 5 (1.8 mm), and band 3 (3 mm) at spatial resolutions 0.″5–3″ for 16 protostellar sources. For a subset of sources, Atacama Compact Array (ACA) data at band 6 with a spatial resolution of 6″ were added. The availability of low- and high-excitation lines and data on small and larger scales, is important to understand the full picture.
Results. The protostellar envelope is well traced by C18O, DCO+, and N2D+, which stems from the freeze-out of CO governing the chemistry at envelope scales. Molecular outflows are seen in classical shock tracers such as SiO and SO, but ice-mantle products such as CH3OH and HNCO that are released with the shock are also observed. The molecular jet is a key component of the system. It is only present at the very early stages, and it is prominent not only in SiO and SO, but occasionally also in H2CO. The cavity walls show tracers of UV-irradiation such as C2H, c-C3H2 and CN. In addition to showing emission from complex organic molecules (COMs), the hot inner envelope also presents compact emission from small molecules such as H2S, SO, OCS, and H13CN, which most likely are related to ice sublimation and high-temperature chemistry.
Conclusions. Subarcsecond millimeter-wave observations allow us to identify these (simple) molecules that best trace each of the physical components of a protostellar system. COMs are found both in the hot inner envelope (high-excitation lines) and in the outflows (lower-excitation lines) with comparable abundances. COMs can coexist with hydrocarbons in the same protostellar sources, but they trace different components. In the near future, mid-infrared observations with JWST–MIRI will provide complementary information about the hottest gas and the ice-mantle content, at unprecedented sensitivity and at resolutions comparable to ALMA for the same sources.
A multiwavelength analysis of the spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk around WaOph 6
Authors: Brown-Sevilla S. B. , Keppler M. , Barraza-Alfaro M. , Melon Fuksman J. D. , Kurtovic N. , Pinilla P. , Feldt M. , Brandner W. , Ginski C. , Henning Th. , Klahr H. , Asensio-Torres R. , Cantalloube F. , Garufi A. , van Holstein R. G. , Langlois M. , Ménard F. , Rickman E. , Benisty M. , Chauvin G. , Zurlo A. , Weber P. , Pavlov A. , Ramos J. , Rochat S. , Roelfsema R. 
Published: July 2021

Context. In recent years, protoplanetary disks with spiral structures have been detected in scattered light, millimeter continuum, and CO gas emission. The mechanisms causing these structures are still under debate. A popular scenario to drive the spiral arms is the one of a planet perturbing the material in the disk. However, if the disk is massive, gravitational instability isusually the favored explanation. Multiwavelength studies could be helpful to distinguish between the two scenarios. So far, only a handful of disks with spiral arms have been observed in both scattered light and millimeter continuum.
Aims. We aim to perform an in-depth characterization of the protoplanetary disk morphology around WaOph 6 analyzing data obtained at different wavelengths, as well as to investigate the origin of the spiral features in the disk.
Methods. We present the first near-infrared polarimetric observations of WaOph 6 obtained with SPHERE at the VLT and compare them to archival millimeter continuum ALMA observations. We traced the spiral features in both data sets and estimated the respective pitch angles. We discuss the different scenarios that can give rise to the spiral arms in WaOph 6. We tested the planetary perturber hypothesis by performing hydrodynamical and radiative transfer simulations to compare them with scattered light and millimeter continuum observations.
Results. We confirm that the spiral structure is present in our polarized scattered light H-band observationsof WaOph 6, making it the youngest disk with spiral arms detected at these wavelengths. From the comparison to the millimeter ALMA-DSHARP observations, we confirm that the disk is flared. We explore the possibility of a massive planetary perturber driving the spiral arms by running hydrodynamical and radiative transfer simulations, and we find that a planet of minimum 10 MJup outside of the observed spiral structure is able to drive spiral arms that resemble the ones in the observations. We derive detection limits from our SPHERE observations and get estimates of the planet’s contrast from different evolutionary models.
Conclusions. Up to now, no spiral arms had been observed in scattered light in disks around K and/or M stars with ages <1 Myr. Future observations of WaOph 6 could allow us to test theoretical predictions for planet evolutionary models, as well as give us more insightinto the mechanisms driving the spiral arms.
Study of Reproductive Toxicity of the Liposomal Photosensitizer
Lipophthalocyan
Authors: Konyaeva Olga , Kulbachevskaya Nataliya , Chaley Vera , Ermakova Nadezhda , Varaksa Pavel , Lantsova Anna , Nikolaeva Lyudmila , Orlova Olga , Rodionova Yuliya , Bunyatyan Natalia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective Study of embryotoxicity, teratogenicity and reproductive
toxicity of the new drug Lipophtalocyan in rats.
Material and Methods Studies were conducted on 210 non-inbred female rats
and 105 non-inbred male rats. The drug was administered daily via i. v.
injection for 48 days (males) and for 15 days (females) in 2 total doses
corresponding to the therapeutic dose (TD) for mice when converted to rats and
10 TD.
Results and Conclusion When mating with intact female rats, no changes in
sexual behavior were observed, but the index of the ability to fertilize and
conceive decreased when compared to the values of the control group by
35–40% (TD index=60%) and by
75–80% (10 TD index=20%). The index of the
ability to fertilize and conceive differed from the values of the control group
by 90% (TD index=5%) and by 15% (10 TD
index=80%). There were no differences in the indicator of
embryotoxicity and teratogenicity in intact and drug-treated female rats,
compared with the control group. Lipophtalocyan has a negative effect on the
male and female reproductive function in rats and has an embryotoxic effect
according to the index of the ability to fertilize and conceive, as well as the
indices of preimplantation and post-implantation fetal death. The drug does not
have a teratogenic effect, neither it affects the physical development of
offspring or the rate of maturation of sensory-motor reflexes during
feeding.
Environmentally Friendly and Recyclable CuCl2-Mediated C–S Bond Coupling Strategy Using DMEDA as Ligand, Base, and Solvent
Authors: Shen Guodong , Huang Xianqiang , Lu Qichao , Wang Zeyou , Sun Weiwei , Zhang Yalin , Sun Manman , Wang Zhiming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSimple reaction conditions and recyclable reagents are crucial for environmentally friendly industrial applications. An environment-friendly, recyclable and economic strategy was developed to synthesize diaryl chalcogenides by the CuCl2-catalyzed C–S bond-formation reaction via iodobenzenes and benzenethiols/1,2-diphenyldisulfanes using N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (DMEDA) as ligand, base, and solvent. For these reactions, especially the reactions of diiodobenzenes and aminobenzenethiols/disulfanediyldianilines, a range of substrates are compatible and give the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. Both of the reagents in the catalytic system (CuCl2/DMEDA) are inexpensive, conveniently separable, and recyclable for more than five cycles.
Diastereoselective Palladium-Catalyzed [4+1] Cycloadditions of 4-Vinyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-ones with In Situ Formed Carbenes
Authors: Ma Yan-Hua , Meng Fan-Xiao , Du Ji-Yuan , Wang Ruo-Nan , Fan Ya-Xin , Su Qing-Qiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHerein, we present a palladium-catalyzed tandem [4+1] cyclo­addition of 4-vinyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-ones with ­N-tosyl­hydrazones. The reaction is accomplished by merging the in situ generated aza-ortho-quinone methides (aza-o-QMs) with nucleophilic carbenes. This method enables the construction of diverse indolines with broad functional group compatibility in good yields with high levels of diastereoselectivity under mild conditions.
Development of a Chiral N-Alkoxyamide Strategy and Application to the Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Fasicularin
Authors: Sato Takaaki , Minamikawa Ryo , Fukaya Keisuke , Kobayashi Akihiro , Komiya Yukinori , Yamamoto Shio , Urabe Daisuke , Chida Noritaka 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe asymmetric total synthesis of fasicularin by a chiral N-alkoxyamide strategy is reported. Incorporation of the chiral alkoxy group onto an amide nitrogen changes the original reactivity of the amide, enabling two key transformations: aza-spirocyclization and the reductive Strecker reaction. DFT calculations indicate that pyramidalization of the N-alkoxyamide nitrogen is crucial to produce a cyclic hemiaminal in equilibrium, which undergoes aza-spirocyclization. The chiral alkoxy group is also used as a stereocontrol element to establish two consecutive stereocenters. The iridium-catalyzed reductive Strecker reaction of the N-alkoxylactam provides the aminonitrile with high diastereoselectivity.