bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E-Cigarette Dependence in Youth
Authors: Pienkowski Martha , Chaiton Michael , Dubray Jolene , Schwartz Robert 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The majority of e-cigarette vaping youth use nicotine when vaping. Some then become dependent on the nicotine, which can result in subsequent health effects. There has been limited evaluation of convergent validity of e-cigarette dependence measures for use specifically in youth. The aim of this study was to investigate and validate various e-cigarette dependence measures for use in youth populations.

Aims and Methods
One thousand two hundred and five Canadian youth aged 16–24 who completed a cross-sectional online survey reported vaping at least monthly and were thus included in the analysis. E-cigarette dependence was assessed using a modified Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (PS-ECDI), the E-Cigarette Dependence Scale (EDS), a self-perceived vaping dependence question, and time to first vape after waking. Internal consistency, convergent validity, and concurrent validity of the measures were assessed.

Results
Both the PS-ECDI and the EDS exhibited a good degree of internal consistency (α = 0.8472 and 0.8405, respectively). All measures exhibited convergent validity against each other and against time to first vape upon waking (p &lt; .001), as well as concurrent validity against vaping frequency and nicotine concentration (p &lt; .001). The PS-ECDI was inferior to the EDS, self-perceived measure, and time from waking when predicting daily vaping frequency, but, along with the self-perceived measure, was superior to the EDS and time from waking when predicting monthly vaping.

Conclusions
All measures exhibit convergent and concurrent validity, as well as internal consistency. Depending on the needs of the study, it would be appropriate to use any of these measures when assessing e-cigarette dependence in adolescent and young-adult populations.

Implications
The PS-ECDI and the self-perceived measure are equally effective in predicting monthly vaping, but the self-perceived measure was superior in predicting daily vaping. Thus, the one-item self-perceived measure of dependence is appropriate for use and preferable to the 11-item PS-ECDI or the 4-item EDS in situations of limited time or where subjects are at risk of respondent fatigue, and is superior to time to first vape after waking to predict vaping frequency.
Density-functional theory of material design: fundamentals and applications-I
Authors: Singh Prashant , Harbola Manoj K 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article is part-I of a review of density-functional theory (DFT) that is the most widely used method for calculating electronic structure of materials. The accuracy and ease of numerical implementation of DFT methods has resulted in its extensive use for materials design and discovery and has thus ushered in the new field of computational material science. In this article, we start with an introduction to Schrödinger equation and methods of its solutions. After presenting exact results for some well-known systems, difficulties encountered in solving the equation for interacting electrons are described. How these difficulties are handled using the variational principle for the energy to obtain approximate solutions of the Schrödinger equation is discussed. The resulting Hartree and Hartree–Fock theories are presented along with results they give for atomic and solid-state systems. We then describe Thomas–Fermi theory and its extensions which were the initial attempts to formulate many-electron problem in terms of electronic density of a system. Having described these theories, we introduce modern DFT by discussing Hohenberg–Kohn theorems that form its foundations. We then go on to discuss Kohn–Sham (KS) formulation of DFT in its exact form. Next, local density approximation (LDA) is introduced and solutions of KS equation for some representative systems, obtained using the LDA, are presented. We end part-I of the review describing the contents of part-II.
Physical Therapists' Knowledge, Skills, Beliefs, and Organizations Impact Physical Activity Promotion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rethorn Zachary D , Covington J Kyle , Cook Chad E , Bezner Janet R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to characterize factors that influence physical therapists’ physical activity (PA) promotion practices and map these factors to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to inform future implementation efforts.

Methods
Six databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Web of Science) were searched from inception to March 11, 2021. Studies were included if they reported physical therapists’ PA promotion practices and factors influencing these practices. Study quality was assessed with a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Studies were excluded if they did not separate physical therapist PA promotion practices and influencing factors from other health professionals.

Results
The search yielded 12,835 references and 27 included studies. Twenty studies were included in a meta-analysis of proportions, whereas 15 studies were included in a meta-analysis of correlations. Very-low to moderate-quality evidence suggests that factors at the individual and organizational levels have very small to moderate associations with PA promotion practices.

Conclusion
Efforts to improve PA promotion by physical therapists should consider incorporating combinations of individual and organizational factors. Limitations to the body of evidence highlight the need for future research.

Impact
With PA projected to decrease in the general population by an additional 20% by 2050, PA promotion is urgently needed to maximize physical therapists’ impact on the health of society. This study identifies factors that may prove useful for guiding the development of strategies to encourage greater engagement in PA promotion by physical therapists.
Finance Leases: In the Shadow of Banks
Authors: Chang Jeffery (Jinfan) , Yang Ting , Shi Yanping 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
By analyzing a hand-collected transaction-level dataset on the finance leases of China’s public firms for the period 2007–19, this article sheds light on China’s leasing market, the second largest in the world. We find that banks use their affiliated leasing firms to provide credit to clients in order to circumvent the government’s targeted credit tightening policy. In contrast to conventional view of regulatory arbitrage, our evidence shows that, rather than hiding risk and gambling for profit, banks-affiliated leasing firms have prudent risk control and efficient pricing. These bank-affiliated institutions are used by banks to play strategic role in relationship banking. Moreover, the ownership of the lessor also matters for the financing choice of the lessee.
Iris Atrophy After Administration of Intracameral Dexycu in Routine Cataract Surgery: A Case Series
Authors: Bergman Zachary , Thompson Ryan , Malouf Alan , Swamy Ramya 
Published: December 2021

Abstract:
Dexycu (Icon Bioscience INC, Newark, CA) is an FDA-approved single-dose, sustained release intracameral steroid designed to mitigate postoperative inflammation after cataract surgery as an alternative to topical steroid therapy. The purpose of this study was to look at long-term and adverse events associated with Dexycu use. Eighteen eyes from nine patients who underwent cataract surgery were included. Patients were followed for an average of 97 days (range 28–319 days) after surgery on the first eye. Thirteen eyes were treated with Dexycu, and the other five eyes were treated with standard postoperative anti-inflammatory drops. Four of the thirteen eyes receiving Dexycu developed clinically evident iris atrophy (30.7%). None of the five eyes treated with traditional anti-inflammatory drops developed iris atrophy. The Dexycu intraocular dexamethasone implant was designed to mitigate postoperative inflammation and reduce need for topical therapy but may be associated with other potential adverse effects that warrant consideration.
A clinical tool to predict severe pain during wound dressing changes
Authors: Gardner Sue E. , Bae Jaewon , Ahmed Bootan H. , Abbott Linda I. , Wolf Jessica S. , Hein Maria , Carter Cheryl , Hillis Stephen L. , Tandy LuAnn M. , Rakel Barbara A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Dressing changes cause severe pain (ie, 8-10 on a 10-point scale) for approximately one-third (36%) of patients with open skin wounds. No tool exists that allows nurses to predict which patients are likely to experience severe pain during dressing changes. The aim of this study was to develop a clinical tool to predict severe pain during dressing changes using clinically accessible wound and pain predictors and to evaluate the diagnostic validity of this model. Using a cross-sectional design, a one-time study dressing change was conducted by the same wound care nurse on 445 subjects while concurrently measuring patient and wound predictors and pain intensity during the dressing change. Three predictors came out of the study as most useful for a clinical prediction tool: type of dressing, resting wound pain, and expected pain. Algorithms based on these predictors are presented, which can be applied in other settings to predict patients likely to experience severe pain during a dressing change. This is the first study to systematically examine a comprehensive set of wound and patient predictors for their individual and collective associations with pain during dressing changes using precisely defined and rigorously measured study variables. The ability to predict which patients are likely to have severe pain during dressing changes is critically needed so that they can be targeted for preventive pain control strategies.
Cognitive biases among those with frequent or chronic headaches or migraines: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: O'Hara Robert , Sharpe Louise , Todd Jemma 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the pattern of cognitive processing biases (ie, attentional, interpretation, and memory bias) towards headache and pain information observed in individuals with frequent or chronic headaches or migraines, compared with individuals without. We identified 11 studies (total N = 841). Most studies (10 of 11) assessed attentional bias. For reaction time–based attentional bias (k = 8), significant group differences were observed, with small (500 ms; g = 0.200) to medium (≥ 1000 ms; g = 0.544) effects. Those with chronic headaches showed an absolute attentional bias towards headache and pain information. In 2 eye-tracking studies, both found significant medium-to-large group differences on initial orientation. Interpretation and memory bias research was also reviewed. A medium-to-large effect was found for interpretation bias (k = 2; g = 0.708), whereas the effect for recall memory bias (k = 3) was not significant. Overall, the findings confirm an attentional bias for headache-related stimuli among people with headache, with some evidence for interpretation bias but equivocal evidence for a memory bias. For attentional biases, eye-tracking studies found evidence for biases in initial orienting. We provide suggestions for how to extend the current research to better understand cognitive biases in chronic headache.
Pain mechanisms in carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Authors: Sobeeh Mohamed G. , Ghozy Sherief , Elshazli Rami M. , Landry Marc 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common nerve compression in the arm. A mix of peripheral and central contributions on quantitative sensory testing (QST) has been reported in the literature. Thus, this systematic review or meta-analysis aimed to identify the dominant sensory phenotype and draw conclusive evidence about the presence of central sensitization (CS) in CTS. Based on an a priori published protocol and using PRISMA guidelines, 7 databases were searched (Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SAGE, EBSCOhost, and ProQuest). Eligible studies compared the QST findings of individuals with subacute and chronic CTS with those of healthy controls through thermal, mechanical, and vibration detection thresholds; thermal, pressure, and mechanical pain thresholds; mechanical pain sensitivity; presence of allodynia; wind-up ratio; and conditioned pain modulation. Thirty-seven studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Results showed a significant loss of all detection thresholds of hand median nerve territories and hand extramedian areas (little finger and hand dorsum) in CTS (P < 0.05) but no significant difference (P > 0.05) in wind-up ratio, cold, heat, or mechanical pain thresholds of the median nerve territories. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in mechanical pain sensitivity in median nerve territories and remotely in the forearm (P < 0.05) and a significant gain in pressure and heat pain thresholds in the carpal area (P < 0.05). Conditioned pain modulation was impaired in CTS. Hypoesthesia and increased thermal and mechanical pain ratings are the dominant sensory phenotype with inconclusive evidence about CS in CTS due to the heterogenous results of thermal and mechanical pain thresholds.
Liver Transplantation for Hepatitis D Virus in the United States: A UNOS Study on Outcomes in the MELD Era
Authors: Kushner Tatyana , Da Ben L. , Chan Aryana , Dieterich Douglas , Sigel Keith , Saberi Behnam 
Published: December 2021

Background.
Without available curative therapies for delta hepatitis (hepatitis delta virus [HDV]), hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among HDV patients often necessitates liver transplantation (LT). The objective of this study was to evaluate outcomes of LT among hepatitis B virus (HBV)/HDV patients in the United States.

Methods.
We performed the first US-based retrospective study of patients who underwent LT for HDV compared with HBV (monoinfection) in the years 2002–2019. We evaluated posttransplant survival and predictors of survival.

Results.
We identified a total of 152 HBV/HDV and 5435 HBV patients who underwent LT. HDV patients were younger at transplant (52 versus 55, P < 0.001), less commonly Asian (16% versus 36%, P < 0.001), more likely to be HCV Ab positive (42% versus 28%, P < 0.001), and less likely to be listed for LT with HCC (38% versus 51%, P = 0.001), more likely to have ascites (73% versus 64%, P = 0.019), had worse coagulopathy (mean INR 2.0 versus 1.82, P = 0.04), and were more likely to receive a HCV-positive donor organ (7% versus 3%, P = 0.001). Post-LT overall survival and graft survival were similar between HDV and HBV patients, including among patients with HCC. Older age, HCV coinfection, HCC, and higher model for end-stage liver disease at transplant were associated with higher posttransplant mortality.

Conclusions.
HDV patients were sicker and more likely to be listed for LT for decompensated disease compared with HBV patients. Post-LT survival was similar between HDV and HBV patients, in contrast to prior international studies that suggested worse post-LT survival in HBV patients due to higher rates of HBV reactivation.
Position-specific secondary acylation determines detection of lipid A by murine TLR4 and caspase-11
Authors: Harberts Erin M. , Grubaugh Daniel , Akuma Daniel C. , Shin Sunny , Ernst Robert K. , Brodsky Igor E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractImmune sensing of the Gram-negative bacterial membrane glycolipid lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is both a critical component of host defense against Gram-negative bacterial infection, and a contributor to hyper-inflammatory response, leading to sepsis and death. Innate immune activation by LPS is due to the lipid A moiety, an acylated di-glucosamine molecule that can activate inflammatory responses via the extracellular sensor TLR4/MD2 or the cytosolic sensor caspase-11 (Casp11). The number and length of acyl chains present on bacterial lipid A structures vary across bacterial species and strains, which affects the magnitude of TLR4 and Casp11 activation. TLR4 and Casp11 are thought to respond similarly to various lipid A structures, as tetra-acylated lipid A structures do not activate either sensor, whereas hexa-acylated structures activate both sensors. However, direct analysis of extracellular and cytosolic responses to the same sources and preparations of LPS/lipid A structures have been limited, and the precise features of lipid A that determine the differential activation of each receptor remain poorly defined. To address this question, we used rationally engineered lipid A isolated from a series of bacterial acyl-transferase mutants that produce novel, structurally defined molecules. Intriguingly, we find that the location of specific secondary acyl chains on lipid A resulted in differential recognition by TLR4- or Casp11, providing new insight into the structural features of lipid A required to activate either TLR4- or Casp11. Our findings indicate that TLR4 and Casp11 sense non-overlapping areas of lipid A chemical space, thereby constraining the ability of Gram-negative pathogens to evade innate immunity.
A self-generated Toddler gradient guides mesodermal cell migration
Authors: Stock Jessica , Kazmar Tomas , Schlumm Friederike , Hannezo Edouard , Pauli Andrea 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThe sculpting of germ layers during gastrulation relies on coordinated migration of progenitor cells, yet the cues controlling these long-range directed movements remain largely unknown. While directional migration often relies on a chemokine gradient generated from a localized source, we find that zebrafish ventrolateral mesoderm is guided by the uniformly expressed and secreted protein Toddler/ELABELA/Apela, acting as a self-generated gradient. We show that the Apelin receptor, which is specifically expressed in mesodermal cells, has a dual role during gastrulation, acting as a scavenger receptor to generate a Toddler gradient, and as a chemokine receptor to sense this guidance cue. Thus, we uncover a single receptor-based self-generated gradient as the enigmatic guidance cue that can robustly steer the directional migration of mesoderm through the complex and continuously changing environment of the gastrulating embryo.One sentence summaryAplnr has a dual role to self-generate and sense a Toddler gradient directing mesodermal cells during zebrafish gastrulation.
Loss of Depalmitoylation Exaggerates Synaptic Upscaling and Leads to Neuroinflammation in a Lysosomal Storage Disease
Authors: Koster Kevin P , Flores-Barrera Eden , de la Villarmois Emilce Artur , Nguyen Thu T. A. , Niqula Amanda , Noriega-González Lorena Y , Fyke Zach , Caballero Adriana , Cologna Stephanie M. , Tseng Kuei Y. , Yoshii Akira 
Published: December 2021

SummaryPalmitoylation and depalmitoylation are the dichotomic processes of lipid modification regulating protein trafficking, recycling, and degradation, thereby controlling proteostasis. Despite our understanding of palmitoylation, depalmitoylation is far less studied. Here, we study a lysosomal depalmitoylating enzyme, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), associated with the devastating neurodegenerative condition CLN1 disease and show that dark-rearing Ppt1-/- mice, which induces synaptic upscaling in vivo, worsen the symptoms. In Ppt1-/- cortical neurons, upscaling induction triggers exaggerated responses of synaptic calcium-permeable AMPA receptors composed of palmitoylated GluA1 subunits. Consequently, Ppt1-/- visual cortex exhibits hypersynchrony in vivo. Remarkably, we also find an overload of palmitoylated A-kinase anchor protein 5 (Akap5) in Ppt1-/- mouse brains, leading to microglial activation through NFAT. These findings indicate Ppt1 acts as a gatekeeper of homeostatic plasticity by regulating the proteostasis of palmitoylated synaptic proteins. Moreover, our results suggest that perturbed depalmitoylation results in neuroinflammation, which is common to neurodegenerative diseases.
Towards a global perspective for Salvia L: Phylogeny, diversification, and floral evolution
Authors: Moein Fatemeh , Jamzad Ziba , Rahiminejad Mohammadreza , Landis Jacob B. , Mirtadzadini Mansour , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPremise of this studySalvia is the most species-rich genus in Lamiaceae, encompassing approximately 1000 species distributed all over the world. We sought a new evolutionary perspective for Salvia by employing macroevolutionary analyses to address the tempo and mode of diversification. To study the association of floral traits with speciation and extinction, we modeled and explored the evolution of corolla length and the lever-mechanism pollination system across our Salvia phylogeny.MethodsWe reconstructed a multigene phylogeny for 366 species of Salvia in the broad sense including all major recognized lineages and numerous species from Iran, a region previously overlooked in studies of the genus. Our phylogenetic data in combination with divergence time estimates were used to examine the evolution of corolla length, woody vs. herbaceous habit, and presence vs. absence of a lever mechanism. We investigated the timing and dependence of Salvia diversification related to corolla length evolution through a disparity test and BAMM analysis. A HiSSE model was used to evaluate the dependency of diversification on the lever-mechanism pollination system in Salvia.Key ResultsBased on recent investigations and classifications, Salvia is monophyletic and comprises ∼1000 species. Our inclusion, for the first time, of a comprehensive sampling for Iranian species of Salvia provides higher phylogenetic resolution for southwestern Asian species than obtained in previous studies. A medium corolla length (15-18mm) was reconstructed as the ancestral state for Salvia with multiple shifts to shorter and longer corollas. Macroevolutionary model analyses indicate that corolla length disparity is high throughout Salvia evolution, significantly different from expectations under a Brownian motion model during the last 28 million years of evolution. Our analyses show evidence of a higher diversification rate of corolla length for some Andean species of Salvia compared to other members of the genus. Based on our tests of diversification models, we reject the hypothesis of a direct effect of the lever mechanism on Salvia diversification.ConclusionsUsing a broader species sampling than previous studies, we obtained a well- resolved phylogeny for southwest Asian species of Salvia. Corolla length is an adaptive trait throughout the Salvia phylogeny with a higher rate of diversification in the South American clade. Our results suggest caution in considering the lever-mechanism pollination system as one of the main drivers of speciation in Salvia.
Evolutionary traits of Tick-borne encephalitis virus: Pervasive non-coding RNA structure conservation and molecular epidemiology
Authors: Kutschera Lena S. , Wolfinger Michael T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the etiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis, an infectious disease of the central nervous system that is often associated with severe sequelae in humans. While TBEV is typically classified into three subtypes, recent evidence suggests a more varied range of TBEV subtypes and lineages that differ substantially in the architecture of their 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR). Building on comparative genomics approaches and thermodynamic modelling, we characterize the TBEV UTR structureome diversity and propose a unified picture of pervasive non-coding RNA (ncRNA) structure conservation. Moreover, we provide an updated phylogeny of TBEV, building on more than 220 publicly available complete genomes, and investigate the molecular epidemiology and phylodynamics with Nextstrain, a web-based visualization framework for real-time pathogen evolution.