bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le temps du crédit : Endettement et stratification sociale en Illinois dans les années 1910
Authors: Bittmann Simon 
Published: January 2021

Le temps du crédit : Endettement et stratification sociale en Illinois dans les années 1910Cet article étudie les pratiques d’agences offrant aux travailleurs américains la possibilité d’accéder à des liquidités sur la base de leurs futurs revenus. L’historiographie a tour à tour associé ces prêts aux classes moyennes naissantes et à un crédit « moderne » ou à la classe ouvrière, associant la dette à la gestion d’urgences. Les données analysées, qui portent sur l’Illinois des années 1910, mettent plutôt en évidence trois types d’attitudes à l’égard du temps économique : à celui contraint des dettes pressantes s’oppose celui de la gestion budgétaire quotidienne et, enfin, celui de l’investissement. Loin de faire du crédit le marqueur d’une appartenance de classe et de dispositions économiques a priori, l’auteur considère l’attribution du crédit comme une épreuve de stratification. Ce prisme permet de dégager trois pôles au sein de l’espace social : un groupe modal et deux groupes extrêmes. Le premier est constitué d’ouvriers qualifiés, d’artisans et de salariés du public pour qui ces prêts représentent un substitut liquide et contractualisé au crédit affecté ou interpersonnel ; le deuxième est associé aux manœuvres et aux domestiques, à des faibles montants et à une forme d’instabilité salariale ; le troisième fait apparaître un crédit commercial, d’investissement ou destiné à couvrir des imprévus, octroyé à des salariés supérieurs et à des propriétaires de commerce. Cependant, ces trois groupes ne peuvent être statistiquement associés aux attitudes temporelles mises en exergue, ce qui souligne la coexistence d’horizons économiques différents au sein de chaque classe d’emprunteurs.
Le jardin aux cartes qui bifurquent : La mer Caspienne vue de Venise et de Goa au xvie siècle
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán 
Published: January 2021

Le jardin aux cartes qui bifurquent: La mer Caspienne vue de Venise et de Goa au xvie siècleCet article compare les représentations cartographiques de la région caspienne produites vers 1560 à Goa et à Venise, en faisant aussi référence à d’autres centres de cartographie tels que Lisbonne, Séville et Anvers. Il explore les logiques scientifiques, culturelles, techniques et commerciales qui ont conduit à des cartographies profondément dissemblables de la mer Caspienne et de ses environs dans différents lieux de production de cartes à la même époque. Il examine également les contrastes entre les cartographies maritime et terrestre à la Renaissance ainsi que les langages cartographiques associés à chacun de ces modes cartographiques. L’habitus des cartographes maritimes de Goa, Lisbonne et Séville différait profondément de celui des cartographes d’Italie, en particulier vénitiens, qui visaient une intégration de toutes les données disponibles dans le cadre d’une tradition de commentaires sur Ptolémée et entendaient produire des cartes imprimées hautement désirables pour un public de consommateurs de plus en plus nombreux. L’article propose ainsi une approche comparative des cartes tout en critiquant l’hypothèse selon laquelle les connaissances « circulent » entre les régions. Il défend une « histoire (dis)connectée » de la production et de la consommation des connaissances, éclairant des facteurs rarement étudiés qui furent à l’origine de la révolution de l’imprimerie cartographique.
Prenatal Genetic Screening, Epistemic Justice, and Reproductive Autonomy
Authors: Knight Amber , Miller Joshua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNoninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) promises to enhance women's reproductive autonomy by providing genetic information about the fetus, especially in the detection of genetic impairments like Down syndrome (DS). In practice, however, NIPT provides opportunities for intensified manipulation and control over women's reproductive decisions. Applying Miranda Fricker's concept ofepistemic injusticeto prenatal screening, this article analyzes how medical professionals impair reproductive decision-making by perpetuating testimonial injustice. They do so by discrediting positive parental testimony about what it is like to raise a child with DS. We argue that this testimonial injustice constitutes a twofold harm: (1) people with DS and their family members who claim that parenting a child with DS may be a rewarding and joyous experience are harmed when they are systematically silenced, disbelieved, and/or denied epistemic credibility by medical professionals, and (2) pregnant women are harmed since they might make poorly informed choices without access to all relevant information. The broader implication of the analysis is that epistemic justice is a precondition of reproductive autonomy. We conclude by calling for federal oversight of the acquisition and dissemination of information that prospective parents receive following a positive diagnosis of DS to ensure that it is comprehensive and up to date.
Spectroscopic flat-fields can be used for precision CCD gain and noise tests
Authors: Robertson J. Gordon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
One of the basic parameters of a charge coupled device (CCD) camera is its gain, that is, the number of detected electrons per output Analogue to Digital Unit (ADU). This is normally determined by finding the statistical variances from a series of flat-field exposures with nearly constant levels over substantial areas, and making use of the fact that photon (Poisson) noise has variance equal to the mean. However, when a CCD has been installed in a spectroscopic instrument fed by numerous optical fibres, or with an echelle format, it is no longer possible to obtain illumination that is constant over large areas. Instead of making do with selected small areas, it is shown here that the wide variation of signal level in a spectroscopic ‘flat-field’ can be used to obtain accurate values of the CCD gain, needing only a matched pair of exposures (that differ in their realisation of the noise). Once the gain is known, the CCD readout noise (in electrons) is easily found from a pair of bias frames. Spatial stability of the image in the two flat-fields is important, although correction of minor shifts is shown to be possible, at the expense of further analysis.
Mitigating Servility: Policies of Egalitarian Self-Relations
Authors: Hojlund Anne-Sofie Greisen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHow should inequalities generated in part by people's self-devaluing attitudes be understood, and what can be done politically to counteract them? Building on central elements of relational egalitarianism, this article scrutinizes the case of servility as an instance of failure to relate to oneself as an equal, attitudinally and behaviorally speaking. From this perspective, servility as well as the adverse distributive consequences it gives rise to should be considered objectionable and in need of mitigation. Considering the case of political voice, the article points to certain paternalistic policies as a means of altering servility by inducing people to make their claims heard. Indeed, such policies may serve as particularly apt instruments since they directly target attitudinal barriers to relational equality in the political sphere. The novel claim is that paternalism, by altering servile attitudes as well as behavioral patterns, may effectively help make people relate to themselves in a more egalitarian manner.
Blending Powers: Hamilton, FDR, and the Backlash That Shaped Modern Congress
Authors: FARLEY BILL 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPresident Franklin Delano Roosevelt shaped the role of the modern president in part with his relentless pursuit of grand policies and his ability to marshal historic legislation through Congress. In this article, I focus on one legislative tactic employed by FDR that has received little attention—the detailing of Executive Branch staff to select Senate committees. This tactic, effectively a blending of legislative powers, was used to implement FDR’s ambitious postwar domestic agenda as detailed in his Second Bill of Rights. I find that the tactic, used late in FDR’s presidency, was moderately effective, served as a substitute for the personal energy FDR applied to the presidency in his first term, and created a backlash that contributed to the adoption of the Legislative Reform Act of 1946. With these findings I conclude that FDR deserves credit as a transitionary figure for the modernity of Congress, as well as the presidency.
The Four-Decade Quest for an “Energy Independence” Policy: Chasing a Trope Through Time
Authors: GROSSMAN PETER Z. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSince the presidency of Richard Nixon, policymakers have sought “energy independence” as the goal of energy policy. But that goal, unclear to begin with, has grown more opaque over time. “Energy independence” has meant different things at different times with no clear definition. Nevertheless, the goal is evocative, with symbolism that draws on key narratives from American history. This article argues that the idea of “energy independence” has become a trope and as such a major component of the energy-policy discourse. It describes the shifting (often only apparent) definitions of the trope both in energy-policy rhetoric and in energy legislation, and also explains how the discourse has shifted in recent years due to resource development and the realities of climate change.
Prospective longitudinal associations between harsh parenting and corticolimbic function during adolescence
Authors: Gard Arianna M. , Hein Tyler C. , Mitchell Colter , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , McLanahan Sarah S. , Monk Christopher S. , Hyde Luke W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractChildhood adversity is thought to undermine youth socioemotional development via altered neural function within regions that support emotion processing. These effects are hypothesized to be developmentally specific, with adversity in early childhood sculpting subcortical structures (e.g., amygdala) and adversity during adolescence impacting later-developing structures (e.g., prefrontal cortex; PFC). However, little work has tested these theories directly in humans. Using prospectively collected longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) (N = 4,144) and neuroimaging data from a subsample of families recruited in adolescence (N = 162), the current study investigated the trajectory of harsh parenting across childhood (i.e., ages 3 to 9) and how initial levels versus changes in harsh parenting across childhood were associated with corticolimbic activation and connectivity during socioemotional processing. Harsh parenting in early childhood (indexed by the intercept term from a linear growth curve model) was associated with less amygdala, but not PFC, reactivity to angry facial expressions. In contrast, change in harsh parenting across childhood (indexed by the slope term) was associated with less PFC, but not amygdala, activation to angry faces. Increases in, but not initial levels of, harsh parenting were also associated with stronger positive amygdala–PFC connectivity during angry face processing.
Hypertension masquerading as Pediatric Cardiomyopathy: an exercise in cognitive biases
Authors: Al Balushi Asim , Cunningham Chentel , Gowrishankar Manjula , Conway Jennifer , Khoury Michael 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHeuristics and cognitive biases constantly influence clinical decision-making and often facilitate judgements under uncertainty. They can frequently, however, lead to diagnostic errors and adverse outcomes, particularly when considering rare disease processes that have common, masquerading presentations. Herein, we present two such cases of newborn infants with hypertensive renal disorders that were initially thought to have cardiomyopathy.
Assessing the Renaissance of Individuals in International Relations Theory
Authors: Holmes Marcus , Jordan Richard , Parajon Eric 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThe study of microfoundations, especially individuals, is enjoying a renaissance in international relations (IR) scholarship. Yet, this rise is more difficult to find in publication data. Using the Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) journal-article database, we show that only 13.7% of IR articles in 12 leading journals use the first image. This proportion remains approximately the same from 1980 through 2018. Interrogating the data, we show that this distribution does not stem from epistemological or methodological commitments, such as positivism, quantitative analysis, or formal modeling. We suggest several reasons for this apparent disjuncture between qualitative assessments of the rebirth of first-image theorizing and the quantitative data that imply a slower or perhaps more limited return.
SFT COMPUTATIONS AND INTERSECTION THEORY IN HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL CONTACT MANIFOLDS
Authors: Moreno Agustin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractI construct infinitely many nondiffeomorphic examples of
$5$
-dimensional contact manifolds which are tight, admit no strong fillings and do not have Giroux torsion. I obtain obstruction results for symplectic cobordisms, for which I give a proof not relying on the polyfold abstract perturbation scheme for Symplectic Field Theory (SFT). These results are part of my PhD thesis [23], and are the first applications of higher-dimensional Siefring intersection theory for holomorphic curves and hypersurfaces, as outlined in [23, 24], as a prequel to [30].
THÉORIE DE BRUHAT-TITS POUR LES GROUPES QUASI-RÉDUCTIFS
Authors: Lourenço João 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSoient K un corps discrètement valué et hensélien,

${\mathcal {O}}$
son anneau d’entiers supposé excellent,

$\kappa $
son corps résiduel supposé parfait et G un K-groupe quasi-réductif, c’est-à-dire lisse, affine, connexe et à radical unipotent déployé trivial. On construit l’immeuble de Bruhat-Tits

${\mathcal {I}}(G, K)$
pour

$G(K)$
de façon canonique, améliorant les constructions moins canoniques de M. Solleveld sur les corps locaux, et l’on associe un

${\mathcal {O}}$
-modèle en groupes

${\mathcal {G}}_{\Omega }$
de G à chaque partie non vide et bornée

$\Omega $
contenue dans un appartement de

${\mathcal {I}}(G,K)$
. On montre que les groupes parahoriques

${\mathcal {G}}_{\textbf {f}}$
attachés aux facettes peuvent être caractérisés en fonction de la géométrie de leurs grassmanniennes affines, ainsi que dans la thèse de T. Richarz. Ces résultats sont appliqués ailleurs à l’étude des grassmanniennes affines tordues entières.
IHARA LEMMA AND LEVEL RAISING IN HIGHER DIMENSION
Authors: Boyer Pascal 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA key ingredient in the Taylor–Wiles proof of Fermat’s last theorem is the classical Ihara lemma, which is used to raise the modularity property between some congruent Galois representations. In their work on Sato and Tate, Clozel, Harris and Taylor proposed a generalisation of the Ihara lemma in higher dimension for some similitude groups. The main aim of this paper is to prove some new instances of this generalised Ihara lemma by considering some particular non-pseudo-Eisenstein maximal ideals of unramified Hecke algebras. As a consequence, we prove a level-raising statement.
FDI and Dispute Settlement Arrangements in Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges
Authors: HOSSAIN Mohammad Belayet , YEON Asmah Laili Bt , AZIZ Ahmad Shamsul Bin Abd. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFor any foreign investor, protection of their investment is a primary concern in host states. National legislations and BITs usually provide legal security to them so that they can exercise their desired economic freedom in host countries. Without legal safeguards for their investments, they will not be motivated to invest their capital further. Like other host states, generally, the national laws and BITs of Bangladesh provide significant investment protection guarantees. This paper will discuss how far the protection through judicial or arbitral settlement is established in the legal framework and BITs of Bangladesh. Dispute settlement mechanisms in Bangladesh, various ICSID cases involving Bangladesh, and conflicts between Bangladesh and foreign investors are discussed. The paper also covers the issues and challenges of judicial arrangements in Bangladesh, and findings show that dispute settlement arrangements in Bangladesh are not up to international standards and require significant development. Last, recommendations are provided for consideration.
Fluid Accumulation, Migration and Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane Along a Major Splay Fault at the Hikurangi Subduction Margin (New Zealand): A Magnetic Approach
Authors: Greve Annika , Kars Myriam , Dekkers Mark J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the locus of fluid flow along thrust and splay faults is important to understand the hydraulic properties of accretionary systems and fault mechanics. Here, we use rock magnetic techniques in combination with backscattered electron imaging to depict the locus of enhanced magnetic mineral alteration within the Pāpaku fault, an active splay fault of the subduction interface at the northern Hikurangi Margin. The Pāpaku fault was cored at Site U1518 during Expedition 375 of the International Ocean Discovery Program and we report room temperature magnetic parameters, complemented by first‐order reversal and thermomagnetic curves in the depth interval 250–400 m below seafloor (mbsf). The ∼60‐m wide Pāpaku fault zone comprises two main slip zones, referred to as the upper main brittle (304–321 mbsf) and lower subsidiary (351–361 mbsf) fault zones, and an intervening zoned, termed the lower ductile deformation zone. Two narrow zones, at the top of the main brittle fault zone, and one in a sand‐rich interval above the subsidiary fault zone, experienced enhanced magnetic mineral diagenesis, which resulted in the recrystallization of ferrimagnetic greigite to paramagnetic pyrite. We propose that secondary magnetic mineral diagenesis was driven by anaerobic methane oxidation within these intervals, which occurs in the presence of methane and sulfate. We relate the observed changes to the fault parallel transport of fluids which is restricted to two damage zones. Overlying compacted and clay‐rich sediments likely act as a barrier to upward advective flow through the fault zone and into the hanging wall.
Participant mothers’ attitudes toward genetic analysis in a birth cohort study
Authors: Yamamoto Midori , Sakurai Kenichi , Mori Chisato , Hata Akira 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo conduct a long-term birth cohort study that includes genetic analysis, it is crucial to understand the attitudes of participants to genetic analysis and then take appropriate approaches for addressing their ambiguous and negative attitudes. This study aimed to explore participants’ attitudes toward genetic analysis and associated background factors among mothers who were enrolled in a large Japanese birth cohort. A questionnaire was sent to participants’ households, and the responses of 1762 mothers (34.0%) were used for the study. The majority of mothers recognized genetic analysis for themselves and their children and sharing of genetic data as beneficial. A low knowledge level of genomic terminology was associated with ambiguous attitudes toward genetic analysis and data sharing. Education level was positively associated with the recognition of the benefits of genetic analysis. Concern about handling genetic information was associated with the unacceptability of data sharing. Trust was associated with the approval of genetic analysis. Most mothers preferred that genetic analysis results be returned. These findings suggest the need for multiple efforts to maximize participants’ acceptance of genetic analysis, such as utilizing an educational approach to encourage familiarity with genetics/genomics, optimizing explanations for different educational levels, and explicitly disclosing the handling policy for genetic information.
Genome-wide SNP data of Izumo and Makurazaki populations support inner-dual structure model for origin of Yamato people
Authors: Jinam Timothy , Kawai Yosuke , Kamatani Yoichiro , Sonoda Shunro , Makisumi Kanro , Sameshima Hideya , Tokunaga Katsushi , Saitou Naruya 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe “Dual Structure” model on the formation of the modern Japanese population assumes that the indigenous hunter-gathering population (symbolized as Jomon people) admixed with rice-farming population (symbolized as Yayoi people) who migrated from the Asian continent after the Yayoi period started. The Jomon component remained high both in Ainu and Okinawa people who mainly reside in northern and southern Japan, respectively, while the Yayoi component is higher in the mainland Japanese (Yamato people). The model has been well supported by genetic data, but the Yamato population was mostly represented by people from Tokyo area. We generated new genome-wide SNP data using Japonica Array for 45 individuals in Izumo City of Shimane Prefecture and for 72 individuals in Makurazaki City of Kagoshima Prefecture in Southern Kyushu, and compared these data with those of other human populations in East Asia, including BioBank Japan data. Using principal component analysis, phylogenetic network, and f4 tests, we found that Izumo, Makurazaki, and Tohoku populations are slightly differentiated from Kanto (including Tokyo), Tokai, and Kinki regions. These results suggest the substructure within Mainland Japanese maybe caused by multiple migration events from the Asian continent following the Jomon period, and we propose a modified version of “Dual Structure” model called the “Inner-Dual Structure” model.
Alternate therapeutic pathways for PARP inhibitors and potential mechanisms of resistance
Authors: Kim Dae-Seok , Camacho Cristel V. , Kraus W. Lee 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHomologous recombination (HR) repair deficiency impairs the proper maintenance of genomic stability, thus rendering cancer cells vulnerable to loss or inhibition of DNA repair proteins, such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Inhibitors of nuclear PARPs are effective therapeutics for a number of different types of cancers. Here we review key concepts and current progress on the therapeutic use of PARP inhibitors (PARPi). PARPi selectively induce synthetic lethality in cancer cells with homologous recombination deficiencies (HRDs), the most notable being cancer cells harboring mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Recent clinical evidence, however, shows that PARPi can be effective as cancer therapeutics regardless of BRCA1/2 or HRD status, suggesting that a broader population of patients might benefit from PARPi therapy. Currently, four PARPi have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of advanced ovarian and breast cancer with deleterious BRCA mutations. Although PARPi have been shown to improve progression-free survival, cancer cells inevitably develop resistance, which poses a significant obstacle to the prolonged use of PARP inhibitors. For example, somatic BRCA1/2 reversion mutations are often identified in patients with BRCA1/2-mutated cancers after treatment with platinum-based therapy, causing restoration of HR capacity and thus conferring PARPi resistance. Accordingly, PARPi have been studied in combination with other targeted therapies to overcome PARPi resistance, enhance PARPi efficacy, and sensitize tumors to PARP inhibition. Moreover, multiple clinical trials are now actively underway to evaluate novel combinations of PARPi with other anticancer therapies for the treatment of PARPi-resistant cancer. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms of action of PARP inhibitors with or without BRCA1/2 defects and provide an overview of the ongoing clinical trials of PARPi. We also review the current progress on PARPi-based combination strategies and PARP inhibitor resistance.