bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incest: Review and Clinical Experience
Authors: Nakashima Ida I. , Zakus Gloria E. 
Published: December 2021

In diagnosing incest, a high index of suspicion is of the greatest importance. Given the reluctance of professionals to consider this possibility and the unwillingness of the family to reveal its pathology, incest becomes doubly difficult to identify.
In a pediatric setting the victim of incest may be the young girl who presents with a variety of physical or psychosomatic or behavioral complaints. Her family may appear to be stable and well functioning, or they may have many problems obvious to the community because of their acting-out. In either situation, family dynamics may reveal an inadequate sexual relationship between the parents, condoning of the incest by the mother, and denial of this behavior by all individual members who fear exposure and resultant family disintegration.
Incest arises as a symptom of severely distorted family relationships and can inflict considerable psychological damage on the child involved in this pathological triangle. This is particularly true when the girl is an adolescent. For these reasons, professionals who deal with children need to have a heightened awareness of the possibility of incest so it can be identified and reported to the appropriate authorities, and intervention instituted.
Apnea Monitor Failure in Infants With Upper Airway Obstruction
Authors: Warburton David , Stark Ann R. , Taeusch H. William 
Published: December 2021

Obstruction of the upper airway in infants may be associated with continued respiratory efforts without air entering the lungs.1-4 Our clinical experience has led us to suspect that some apnea monitors in current use are unable to differentiate between these ineffective respiratory efforts and true breathing. To document this deficiency of apnea monitors, we examined the response of two types of apnea monitors to respiratory movements during upper airway obstruction.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Five healthy full-term infants were studied during the first three days of life, and two premature infants in stable condition (birth weight, 1.32 kg and 1.30 kg; gestational age, 32 weeks) were studied at 25 days of age when they no longer had apnea associated with bradycardia in the nursery.
WINSTON CHURCHILL'S POIGNANT DESCRIPTION OF THE DEATH OF HIS NANNY
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Winston Churchill's nanny, Mrs. Everest, was engaged by the Randolph Churchills very soon after Winston was born in 1874. The depth of his love for Mrs. Everest and hers for him is shown in this passage from his My Early Life.
I travelled up to London to see her. She lived with her sister's family in North London. She knew she was in danger, but her only anxiety was for me. There had been a heavy shower of rain. My jacket was wet. When she felt it with her hands she was greatly alarmed for fear I should catch cold. The jacket had to be taken off and thoroughly dried before she was calm again. Her only desire was to see my brother Jack, and this unhappily could not be arranged. I set out for London to get a good specialist; and the two doctors consulted together upon the case, which was one of peritonitis. I had to return to Aldershot by the midnight train for a very early morning parade. As soon as it was over I returned to her bedside. She still knew me, but she gradually became unconscious. Death came very easily to her. She had lived such an innocent and loving life of service to others and held such a simple faith, that she had no fears at all, and did not seem to mind very much. She had been my dearest and most intimate friend during the whole of the twenty years I had lived.
Pupillary Size in Infants
Authors: Romano Paul E. 
Published: December 2021

Congratulations to Dr. Laor et al. on their study "Sympathetic Pupillary Activity in Infants" (Pediatrics 59:195, February 1977), which concludes that one cause for a relatively miotic pupil in newborns is that "in the first months of life the postganglionic sympathetic nerve releases less norepinephrine ... [which] may be due to a lower number of sympathetic neurons."
Pupil size is significantly larger in adulthood than infancy, whether pharmacologically dilated or not. However, neither these authors nor prior workers in this area mention what is probably the single most important reason for this change, the growth of the anterior segment of the eye.
When Should a Child Be in the Hospital?
Authors: Kafka H. L. 
Published: December 2021

The answer to this question (Pediatrics 57:540, April 1976) I have frequently summarized to our residents and physicians in one sentence: The child needs to be admitted when home environment cannot provide circumstances granting improvement and recovery from an illness.
For the same reason, a child is ready for discharge when the services demanded for a child can be provided in the home environment.
I have forwarded Dr. North's article to our PSRO Committee as it seems to me the only reasonable approach to the problem.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Fuld Gilbert L. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. North's article in the section entitled "Pediatrics for the Clinician" has implications that are profoundly disturbing to a practicing pediatrician.
I disagree with several of his criteria. Although procedures requiring general anesthesia are best performed in a hospital, these patients do not necessarily require hospitalization. More significantly, I noted no allowance for admission when the major problem is not the severity of the illness itself, but the inability of the parent(s) to cope with the problem.
Multiple Vitamin Deficiencies in Association With Chronic Anticonvulsant Therapy
Authors: Klein Gordon L. , Florey James B. , Goller Vernon L. , Larese Ricci J. , Van Meter Quentin L. 
Published: December 2021

Tolman et al. (Pediatrics 56:45, July 1975) and Crosley et al. (Pediatrics 56:52, July 1975) described rickets and osteomalacia complicating chronic anticonvulsant therapy. We recently cared for a 28-month-old black girl who not only developed the physical and roentgenographic stigmata of rickets while receiving long-term anticonvulsants, but who also demonstrated clinical evidence of cardiac beriberi and subclinical ascorbic acid deficiency.
The patient was receiving acceptable doses of phenobarbital, Dilantin, and Mysoline for infantile myoclonic seizures, was allegedly fed a full diet in the nursing home in which she was cared for, but did not receive vitamin supplementation.
Quality of Services to Children
Authors: Senn Milton J. E. 
Published: December 2021

My recent experience in evaluating private and public institutions for the care and treatment of mentally retarded and emotionally disturbed children for the U.S. Department of Justice has demonstrated widespread abuses in programs dealing with such children.
Diagnoses of minimal brain damage, dyslexia, and mental retardation are made indiscriminately with a pseudoscientific assurance which permits children to be given medications inappropriately and in dangerous amounts. Drugs are used to control behavior which is often normative for the circumstances under which the children are being educated and reared.
Drs. McCarthy and Dolan Reply
Authors: McCarthy Paul L. , Dolan Thomas F. 
Published: December 2021

We recognize that the cost of blood cultures in our institution is reasonable and reflects the frequent use we make of this diagnostic procedure.
Our data show that a repeated positive blood culture occurred more frequently in children who were not treated initially with antibiotics. We cannot agree that the child with, for example, pneumonia or otitis media who is started on a regimen of oral antibiotics and subsequently found to have a positive blood culture is not at increased risk.
Medical Emergencies and Administration of Medication in School
Authors:   Committee on School Health
Published: December 2021

Although the occurrence of medical emergencies that are life-and-death matters is quite rare in the school population, certain medical illnesses and injuries do occur while children are in school and require immediate assessment. Since it is unrealistic to expect a school nurse or physician to be immediately available for this assessment, school administrations should develop a set of written policies and procedures to handle these emergencies until such time as a nurse or physician can be contacted or be physically present. Two or more regular members of the school staff, depending on school size, should be designated as the responsible persons to handle the assessment, and one member should be available at all times to give whatever first aid is needed. These persons should be trained in a standard Red Cross course, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or have training as an emergency medical technician. This training should be updated as often as necessary to keep them competent in this area.
An emergency medical kit should be available in each school and checked regularly by the responsible staff persons who are trained in this area.
A detailed account of medical emergencies in school, including a list of equipment necessary for an emergency medical kit and how to classify medical emergencies and their treatment, is contained in chapter 18 of the school health manual of the American Academy of Pediatrics.1
The emergencies related to participation in athletics should be handled by a member of the athletic staff. Chapter 15 of the school health manual details procedures for management of athletic injuries.1
In Reply: Questions About Dipstick Screening
Authors: Kunin Calvin M. 
Published: December 2021

I was quite stimulated by the comments in Dr. Wolman's letter concerning our study of the nitrite test as a simple method to detect urinary tract infections among preschool children. As with all field studies, there are limitations which I would readily grant. We tried to present all of our data as carefully and honestly as possible. What more can one ask?
I have been actively studying the epidemiology of urinary tract infections in childhood for 17 years.
Breast Feeding
Authors: Keith Ronald Mac 
Published: December 2021

Iain Chalmers asks in his commentary (Pediatrics 58:311, September 1976) "What kind of support does a mother need to establish lactation successfully?"
One sort of support clearly shown by Blaikley et al. (1952) to be successful is to have a lactation nurse giving guidance prenatally and especially during the first ten days of the infant's life.
Better knowledge on the part of nurses, family physicians, and pediatricians of the physiology and psychology of lactation and of the management of breast feeding would probably improve the quality of support available to mothers.
Are We Being Too Cautious?
Authors: San James M. 
Published: December 2021

I personally find the implications for the eventual eradication of varicella most exciting, as presented by Asano et al. (Pediatrics 59:3, January 1977). To safely prepare such a vaccine for mass use would surely require most stringent safeguards (more stringent than those used in the measles vaccine trials).
Now, addressing myself to the comments of Dr. Brunell in the same issue (p. 1), I have a few observations from the standpoint of a solo practitioner of pediatrics for 27 years.
Diagnosis of Neonatal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Other Laboratory Methods
Authors: Y. Docteur Brossard 
Published: December 2021

We have taken much interest in the article by Chaplin et al. (Pediatrics 58:751, November 1976). The technique described by the authors to differentiate subarachnoid hemorrhage from a traumatic lumbar puncture in infants who are transfused with adult blood after subarachnoid bleeding has occurred is very interesting, although it is only one of at least three possible techniques.
We have been faced with this diagnostic problem about a half-dozen times, and during the past five years, we have devised two different methods for this purpose.1
Were Infants in the Control Group Sicker?
Authors: Vollman John H. 
Published: December 2021

The article by Belenky et al. in the December 1976 issue (Pediatrics 58:800, 1976) is a very important and thought provoking one which will undoubtedly stimulate a plethora of letters in addition to this one.
Upon reviewing the article I noticed that, in each weight group studied, nearly twice as many infants in the treatment group were receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) at entry into the study compared to the control group (50% vs. 25% at 1,001 to 1,500 gm, 33% vs. 17% at 1,501 to 2,000 gm, and 27% vs. 17% at 2,001 + gm), although as stated by the authors, these differences were not statistically significant.
THE REVEREND FRANCIS HIGGINSON DESCRIBES HIS YOUNG DAUGHTER'S DEATH FROM SMALLPOX ON BOARD A SHIP BOUND FOR MASSACHUSETTS IN 1629
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The Reverend Francis Higginson, his wife, and his eight children left England on the Talbot on April 25, 1629, bound for Massachusetts to prepare the way for Governor Winthrop and his party of 400 colonists who were to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony the following year (1630).
His letter of July 24, 1629, addressed to friends in England, contains one of the earliest pediatric reports in the history of American pediatrics.
And this day towards night my daughter grew sicker, and many blue spots were seen upon her breast, which affrighted us. At the first we thought they had been the plague tokens, but we found afterwards that it was only an high measure of the infection of the pox, which were struck again into the child, and so it was God's will the child die about six of the clock at night, being the first in our ship that was buried in the bowels of the great Atlanticke Sea, which as it was a grief to us her parents and a terror to all the rest as being the beginning of a contagious disease and mortality. So in the same judgment it pleased God to remember mercy in that child, in freeing it from a world of misery wherein otherwise she had lived all her days. For being about four years old a year since, we know not by what means [she] swayed in the back, so that it was broken and grew crooked, and the joints of her hips were loosed and her knees went crooked, pitiful to see, since which time she hath had a most lamentable pain in her belly and would ofttimes cry out in the day and in her sleep also, "My belly!" which declared some extraordinary distemper, so that in respect of her we had cause to take her death as a blessing from the Lord to shorten her misery.
AN AMERICAN CASE REPORT OF PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY PUBLISHED IN 1832
Authors: Le Beau J. , C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

I believe this is one of the earliest case reports of precocious puberty in American medical literature.
I take the liberty to acquaint you with an extraordinary case of prematurity in a child, which fell under my observation in this city. Matilda H. was born of a white family in low circumstances, the 31st of September, 1827. She came into this world with her mammae perfectly formed, and the mons veneris covered with hair, as much as a girl between thirteen and fourteen years old; when precisely three years of age the menses made their appearance, and have continued to reappear regularly every month until the present time, and as copious as any woman might have them-each period lasting four days. She is now four years and five months old; she measures forty-two inches and a half in height, French measure; her features are regular; she has a rosy complexion; her hair chestnut colour; her eyes bluish-gray; she is what may be called handsome; and conformation of her body is very strong; her mammae are now of the size of a full-grown orange, and the dimensions of the pelvis are, in my opinion, such as to enable her to bear children when eight years old, and very likely sooner. She constantly enjoys good health.
Interaction Between Erythromycin and Theophylline
Authors: Weinberger Miles 
Published: December 2021

The report of Cummins et al. (Pediatrics 59:144, January 1977) is of potential clinical importance. Additional information, however, would make their data easier to interpret.
Erythromycin is marketed as the free base and as various salts. Only erythromycin estolate has been demonstrated to have hepatotoxic potential. Since troleandomycin, another macrolide antibiotic with even greater hepatotoxic potential, has a profound effect on theophylline clearance, probably by decreasing hepatic metabolism,1 the highest index of suspicion for a similar interaction with an erythromycin would be directed at the potentially hepatotoxic estolate salt (Ilosone).
Drs. Goyette and Conners Reply
Authors: Goyette Charles H. , Conners C. Keith 
Published: December 2021

Miller's emotion-laden comments concerning our article clearly misrepresent and/or ignore the reported data, the specifics of the K-P diet, and the comparable difficulties and nutritional aspects of the two diets tested. Careful reading of the article will answer most questions posed and contradict Miller's anecdotal clinical observations.
The fundamental point, as presented by Miller, revolves around the use of a comparison treatment condition when a naive subject pool is unavailable. Empirical testing of a highly publicized and easily recognizable treatment program does raise methodological difficulties in developing an adequate comparison condition.
SCIENTIFIC TRADITION
Authors: Popper Karl R. 
Published: December 2021

My thesis is that what we call "science" is differentiated from the older myths not by being something distinct from a myth, but by being accompanied by a second-order tradition—that of critically discussing the myth.
This second-order tradition was the critical or argumentative attitude. It was, I believe, a new thing, and it is still the fundamentally important thing about scientific tradition....
Scientific theories are not just the results of observation. They are, in the main, the products of myth-making and of tests. Tests proceed partly by way of observation, and observation is thus very important; but its function is not that of producing theories. It plays its role in rejecting new myths, new theories which may stand up to these observational tests. Only if we understand this can we understand the importance of tradition for science.
Transcutaneous PO2 Monitoring in the Home Management of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Philip Alistair G. S. , Peabody Joyce L. , Lucey Jerold F. 
Published: December 2021

Despite recent advances in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome and other pulmonary disorders, many infants in the United States develop a chronic lung disorder usually designated bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Management of this disorder frequently requires prolonged hospitalization. However, home management has recently been proposed.1
Transcutaneous Po2 (tcPo2) has been shown to correlate closely with Pao2, in well newborns2 and in sick newborns3-4 in all but a few unusual clinical situations. Reports to date have been concerned with tcPo2 monitoring in acutely ill infants.
Brain Abscess Following Dental Extraction in a Child With Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Lampe Richard M. , Cheldelin Lawrence V. , Brown Joseph 
Published: December 2021

The American Heart Association advises that children with congenital heart disease and a history of penicillin sensitivity receive erythromycin before and after dental procedures to prevent bacterial endocarditis.1 A child managed in accordance with these guidelines subsequently developed a brain abscess caused by an organism resistant to erythromycin. His case and management form the basis of this report.
CASE REPORT
An 8-year-old Caucasian male with cyanotic congenital heart disease (type 4 truncus arteriosus and ventriculoseptal defect) was hospitalized following a two minute focal, left-sided seizure.
PROMOTION OF ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY FOR DIARRHEA IN INDIA
Authors:   Student
Published: December 2021

Today, the great majority of cholera patients in the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Calcutta, India, are successfully being treated by oral rehydration. This switch over to oral fluid therapy, which in this hospital now saves about $50,000 every year in the cost of parenteral fluids alone, was the outcome of a study carried out by the Cholera Research Centre of the Indian Council of Medical Research, in collaboration with physicians in the Infectious Diseases Hospital, on the effectiveness of this treatment in cholera patients below the age of 5 years. The Cholera Research Centre, which is also in Calcutta, is a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Vibrios. The study showed that 92% of patients with moderate to severe dehydration responded well when given repeated small amounts (25-30 ml, every 10-15 minutes), rather than a single large volume (250 ml), of oral fluid. In this way, vomiting—which occurred invariably when the large volume was given—was found not to cause any problem.
The Centre in the meantime developed a cheap and simple system for dispensing the ingredients (glucose-salts mixture) for oral rehydration in sealed polythene packets to facilitate distribution. Under the name of Chorosol, the packets—which cost about $0.10 each—have been very well received by medical and paramedical staff. The use of Chorosol in the field, in the management of cholera epidemics, has also been very successful.
Unruly Scalp Hair in Infancy: Its Nature and Relevance to Problems of Brain Morphogenesis
Authors: Smith David W. , Greely Michael J. 
Published: December 2021

A relationship has been deduced between aberrant scalp hair directional patterning and problems in early brain development and function. The unusual scalp hair patterns noted by Smith and Gong1,2 were frontal upsweep and aberrant parietal whorl(s). The purpose of this article is to report a third type of unusual scalp hair patterning, unruly hair over the top of the scalp, and its association with problems in brain development. This feature was initially observed by Freund in 1910,3 who noted its association with neuropathic dysfunction in infants.
METHODS
The definition of unruly hair is that which naturally and persistently tends to stand up over the top of the head from the area of the posterior parietal whorl toward the frontal hairline.
COULD THE HUSBAND'S PINCHING OF HIS WIFE'S HEAD DURING PREGNANCY CAUSE THE INFANT TO BE BORN WITH ANENCEPHALY? A SERIOUS QUERY IN 1809
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

In 1809 Dr. P. J. Stryker of Somerset, New Jersey, asked the editor of the Philadelphia Medical Museum this question.1
On the_day of_I was requested to visit Mrs. F. in labour. Her pains [were] regular and of sufficient force, the os tincae [was] handsomely dilated, and much water [was] protruding the membranes; in the intervals between the pains [I] endeavoured to ascertain what part of the child presented; but could only satisfy myself that the presentation was not natural. I determined to introduce my hand, break the membranes, take advantage of the abundance of water to examine more accurately the part presenting, and then act agreeably to the exigencies of the case. The presenting part was, in fact, what must be termed the head, and the child was delivered with much facility: it proved an uncommonly large female, and, at the instant after delivery, lively and strong; in so much that, before I had time to reflect, [I] feared it would survive. The whole of the part of the cranium or brain case with its usual contents, which is naturally covered with hairy scalp, was absolutely wanting, and the foramen magnum occipitis covered with a bloody excrescence; its face and every other part perfectly formed. It lived, perhaps, three or four minutes, rolling its large full eyes about most part of the time. This was Mrs. F.'s fourth child; all daughters.
Mr. F. was a gentleman of uncommon vivacity, and frequently, during Mrs. F.'s pregnancy, when he came in her room and found no third person present, would walk up to her, seize her cranium with his fingers extended, and observe humorously, "that if she presented him with another daughter instead of a son, thus he would pinch it in the head."