bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Public Goods
Authors: Perrings Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 considers the conservation of environmental public goods. The nonexclusive and nonrival nature of public goods provide an incentive to free-ride on the efforts of others. The result is that such public goods are systematically undervalued and the underlying environmental assets—such as watersheds, habitats, and ecological communities—are underconserved. It shows how individuals determine their contribution to public goods (via a Nash-Cournot reaction curve), and compares the result to the contribution that would be made if resources were being allocated efficiently from the perspective of society. Types of environmental public goods considered include additive (climate change), best- and better-shot (defence), weakest- and weaker-link (infectious disease control), and local public goods (common pool resources). The chapter also shows how strategic behavior by the beneficiaries of public goods may lead to socially undesirable outcomes (such as prisoner’s dilemmas).
Conservation at the International Level
Authors: Perrings Charles 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe conservation of ecosystems that either span national jurisdictions or extend beyond areas of national jurisdiction requires the establishment of governance mechanisms that operate above national governments, and hence that involve some cession of national sovereignty. This involves the coordination of national action, usually through the negotiation of bilateral or multilateral agreements. Chapter 14 considers the problem of conservation across national jurisdictions, focusing on ecosystems that span jurisdictions, migratory species, and the international movement of pests and pathogens as an incidental effect of trade and travel. It explores the impact of strategic behavior on the effectiveness of multilateral agreements, and the institutions developed to supply transboundary public goods such as climate mitigation.
Why Nations Rise
Authors: Miller Manjari Chatterjee 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
What are rising powers? Do they challenge the international order? Why do some countries, but not others, become rising powers? Why Nations Rise answers these questions and shows that some countries rise not just because they develop the military and economic power to do so, but because they develop particular narratives about how to become a great power in the style of the great power du jour. These active rising powers accept the prevalent norms of the international order in order to become great powers. On the other hand, countries that have military and economic power but not these narratives do not rise enough to become great powers—they remain reticent powers. This book examines the narratives in historical (the United States, the Netherlands, Meiji Japan) and contemporary (Cold War Japan, post–Cold War China and India) cases to show patterns of active and reticent rising powers. It ends with lessons for how to understand two rising powers today, China and India.
Kinesic Humor
Authors: Bolens Guillemette 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Literature is one of the richest sources of information concerning the ways in which human beings are able to play with cognition. According to the theory of embodied cognition, human cognition is grounded in sensorimotricity, i.e., the ability to feel, perceive, and move. The pervading cognitive process called perceptual simulation, which is activated when we cognitively process a gesture in a real-life situation, is also recruited when we read about actions, movements, and gestures in texts. Kinesic Humor examines literary works written by major authors—including Chrétien de Troyes, Cervantes, Milton, Saint-Simon, Rousseau, Sterne, and Stendhal—in which perceptual simulations of complex sensorimotor events and kinesic interactions trigger humorous effects. Such works create anticipations regarding movements and sensations, which are unexpectedly thwarted, thus producing cognitive shifts typical of humor. By bringing together literary studies, cognitive studies, gesture studies, and humor studies, this book offers original perspectives on such important artworks as Paradise Lost, Don Quixote, and Le Rouge et le Noir. In it, the importance of rhythm and tonicity in the perception of movements and gestures is a focus of attention. The interactional significance of gestures often lies in their dynamics, and this fact also applies to the cognitive retrieval of narrated gestures during the act of reading. The method of kinesic analysis practiced in this book takes into account such cognitive features in correlation with the historical and cultural contexts in which the literary works were written.
Milton
Authors: Bolens Guillemette 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
John Milton plays with his readers’ embodied cognition. Reading Paradise Lost triggers complex perceptual simulations that are fascinatingly conflicting at the level of sensorimotricity. The carefully crafted effects thus elicited lead to a possible experience of humor. Kinesic incongruities in Paradise Lost are studied in this chapter to show how critics and expert readers respond to them, and to suggest that such effects are correlated with Milton’s investment in the notion of free will. The fact that Milton was able to create suspense in a plot known by all is addressed in relation to surprisingly dynamic gestures and the impact they may have on the ways in which readers conceive of the Fall of humankind.
Cervantes
Authors: Bolens Guillemette 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Dynamic shifts in tonicity and tempo are numerous in Don Quixote. This chapter focuses, however, on a single action: Montesinos explains how he cleaned blood from Durandarte’s heart with a handkerchief. This narrated movement requires an analysis that takes into account the historical context in which Cervantes was writing, and the threat of censorship in early modern Spain. The text conveys a type of humor that overflows readers’ reception with sensorimotor over-specifications, thereby triggering perceptual simulations that implicitly debunk the validity of key social metaphors. Two such metaphors call for attention. The first is la limpieza de sangre, the name of an ideology relative to blood purity; the second is the metaphor of the stain, la mancha, prominent in the same ideology. A close analysis of reiterated lexical choices suggests that Cervantes was reclaiming in his work the pluricultural reality of the Spain in which he was living.
Mutinies and Ethnicity
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe complexity of the causes of mutinies are captured in this chapter that focuses upon the role of ethnicity. Starting with the British West India Regiment in 1801, we examine the importance of the slave trade in supporting the recruitment to the British Army in the West Indies and consider how the ‘alternatives’ of slavery or forced recruitment are not regarded as alternatives by many ex-slaves. The chapter then moves on to the largest event to rock the early British Empire, the ‘mutiny’ or ‘1st War of Independence’ in India between 1857 and 1858. The nomenclature is a signal of the meaning of the events for different actors involved, and this ambiguity runs into the Curragh ‘Incident’ that has all the hallmarks of a mutiny, except it is staged by the military establishment not by the military subordinates. And if the British thought 1858 was the last time they would see Indian soldiers or sailors mutinying against them, they were wrong: in Singapore in 1915 and then in the Royal India Navy in 1946, the British Empire is forced to look at itself—but chooses not to. Finally, we consider the way British Foreign Labour Battalions were treated in France, compared to the treatment meted out to domestic units, and then consider the role of racism in the Port Chicago mutiny of 1944 which has echoes of the contemporary situation in the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020.
The Park Movement Picturesque rus in urb
Authors: Evelev John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the mid-nineteenth century, the urban bourgeoisie sought to respond to challenges of city life through the creation of public urban parks in a wide-scale project that has been termed the “park movement.” The park movement involved not only the design and development of parks, but also extensive writings starting in 1840s that depicted the social benefits to be gained by building picturesque rus in urbe (“country in the city”) spaces. The writings of the park movement, dominated by the topic of New York’s Central Park but also encompassing comparisons between European and American public spaces and the broader possibilities of U.S. urban parks, included work by Andrew Jackson Downing, Frederick Law Olmsted, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and even a novel by Sylvester Judd that centered on public park design. This chapter argues that although the park was ostensibly envisioned as an egalitarian instrument of social reform, bringing together the genders and classes in an idealized intimate public sphere, ultimately the literature of the park movement most fully addressed the anxieties of bourgeois men about their authority over female-dominated domestic spaces, as well as seeking to reclaim moral order against working-class men’s domination of the city streets.
Terminology: Aboutness, Representation, and Metasemantics
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Dever Josh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This short chapter does two things. First, it shows that in fact workers in AI frequently talk as if AI systems express contents. We present the argument that the complex nature of the actions and communications of AI systems, even if they are very different from the complex behaviours of human beings, and the way they have ‘aboutness’, strongly suggest a contentful interpretation of those actions and communications. It then introduces some philosophical terminology that captures various aspects of language use, such as the ones in the title, to better make clear what one is saying—philosophically speaking—when one claims AI systems communicate, and to provide a vocabulary for the next few chapters.
Quantum field theory (QFT)—built-in combinatorics
Authors: Tanasa Adrian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe briefly exhibit in this chapter the mathematical formalism of QFT, which actually has a non-trivial combinatorial backbone. The QFT setting can be understood as a quantum description of particles and their interactions, a description which is also compatible with Einstein's theory of special relativity. Within the framework of elementary particle physics (or high-energy physics), QFT led to the Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics, which is the physical theory tested with the best accuracy by collider experiments. Moreover, the QFT formalism successfully applies to statistical physics, condensed matter physics and so on. We show in this chapter how Feynman graphs appear through the so-called QFT perturbative expansion, how Feynman integrals are associated to Feynman graphs and how these integrals can be expressed via the help of graph polynomials, the Kirchhoff–Symanzik polynomials. Finally, we give a glimpse of renormalization, of the Dyson–Schwinger equation and of the use of the so-called intermediate field method. This chapter mainly focuses on the so-called Phi? QFT scalar model.
Other US Value Assessment Frameworks
Authors: Peter J. Neumann , Joshua T. Cohen , Daniel A Ollendorf 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) is not the only organization that has attempted to bring value assessment to the United States to address high pharmaceutical prices. With the federal government’s continued reluctance to embrace formal value assessment during the 2010s, other organizations introduced their own approaches. These groups included medical societies with a history of evidence-based clinical guideline development. Examples include the American Society of Clinical Oncology, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre weighed in with its online “DrugAbacus” tool. This chapter argues that these other frameworks have serious limitations, including a focus on a single clinical area, use of arbitrary scoring systems, and a lack of transparency. ICER has therefore emerged as the dominant framework for assessment of drug pricing and coverage policy.
Exemplars of Basic Motivic Analysis
Authors: Auerbach Brent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 demonstrates the BMA method from start to finish by applying it to two complete sonata movements by Beethoven. The first section presents a pitch/pitch-class motivic analysis, and the second a rhythm motive analysis. The results of investigation across these two pieces shed light on a remarkable, shared trait. Both works pose a prime motive at the start and telegraph a set of expectations of how that motive will combine with itself. Paired fifth pitch-class motives chase each other over the course of Beethoven’s First Piano Sonata in F minor, Op. 2, no. 1 (I). Paired six-note rhythmic motives do the same over the course of his Fifth Piano Sonata in C minor, Op. 10, No. 1 (III). The pairs are always in flux, redefining their interrelations across their respective movements.
Galápagos Derailed
Authors: Durham William H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The same species of Galápagos rail, a 6-inch insectivorous ground bird, has been reported on all eight islands with a highland humid zone. Evidence suggests that the rail colonized Galápagos at roughly the same time as giant tortoises, which evolved into 15 species with life spans of 150 years. So why is there just one species of rail? The question is especially germane given reports of the rail’s “reduced flight ability” (as is true of many island-dwelling rails), which would effectively isolate different island populations. And why has the species survived when so many similar rails have succumbed to human influence on other Pacific islands? The human history of Galápagos helps to answer these questions. Two things have saved the Galápagos rail from extinction: (1) It remains capable of flying between islands, which explains why it failed to differentiate like tortoises. (2) There have been massive efforts to eradicate or control invasive species, restoring habitat for rails to repopulate.
Afro-Textured Hair and the CROWN Act
Authors: Brown Nadia E. , Lemi Danielle Casarez 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the historical development of the politics of Black women’s appearances in the United States by assessing the sociological, political, and legal forces that have built the political opportunity structure for Black women politicians. The chapter presents a thorough overview of Afro-textured hair and Black protective hairstyles to provide a primer on why Black (women’s) hair is political. Through a case study of the Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair (CROWN) Act, it examines how New Jersey state lawmakers successfully passed legislation to end hair discrimination. In this chapter, we make a connection to contemporary policy and how Black women lawmakers bring uncrystallized issues to legislative bodies.
Vestiges of Virtuosity
Authors: Parr Sean M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The specificity of late coloratura’s function in arias has its roots in operatic writing before mid-century. Examining the role pairings in Meyerbeer’s popular nineteenth-century repertory opera, Les Huguenots, serves as a starting point for understanding the transition from coloratura as a normative singing style to one that functions as an uncommon and conspicuous gesture in operas like Offenbach’s Les Contes d’Hoffmann, Delibes’ Lakmé, and Massenet’s Manon. The soprano roles in these operas hark back to the zenith of coloratura singing at mid-century, when high notes and melismas were an aural analogue to the ornamental decadence of Second Empire Paris. Coloratura arias in these operas are the late-century exceptions that prove the rule; they are echoes of the virtuosic vocality of the mid-century examples explored in the book. And they help codify the establishment of the modern French coloratura soprano.
Technologies for Optical Networking
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The technologies used in optical networks have evolved seamlessly over the past six decades. Optical fibers with extremely low loss and enormous bandwidth are used as the transmission medium, while semiconductor lasers and LEDs serve as optical sources, and the photodetectors – pin and avalanche photodiodes – are used to receive the optical signal at the destination nodes. The transmitted optical signal has to pass through a variety of network elements, which in turn need a wide range of passive and active devices, carrying out the necessary networking functionalities. For WDM optical networks, many of these tasks need to be accomplished in the optical domain itself in a wavelength-selective manner, calling for various types of WDM-based networking elements. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive description of the optical and optoelectronic devices that are used in today’s optical networks. (137 words)
Optical Network Control and Management
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The task of network control and management is generally realized in two logical planes – control and management – which collaboratively operate to ensure smooth, secure, and survivable traffic flow in the data plane of the network. Some of the functionalities are realized in the control plane, needing real-time execution, such as recovery from network failures, and network reconfiguration due to traffic variation. Other functionalities deal with performance monitoring, configuration management, network security, accounting and billing etc., which are less time-sensitive and are addressed by the management plane. We first discuss the philosophy of multiple-layer abstraction of telecommunication networks, including control, management, and data planes, and then describe various network control and management techniques used in optical networks: operation, administration, and management (OAM) in SONET, generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS), automatically switched optical network (ASON), and software-defined optical networking (SDON) in WDM networks. (141 words)
Optical Packet and Burst-Switched Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In order to address poor bandwidth-utilization in circuit-switched WRONs, various techniques for optical packet-switching (OPS) have been explored, but needing complex technologies, such as real-time header extraction/insertion, packet alignment, etc. An intermediate solution between the WRONs and OPS networks – the optical burst-switched (OBS) network – has been explored, where several packets are clubbed together at ingress nodes to form optical bursts, which are transmitted with the headers sent as control packets ahead of each bursts. With this prior resource-reservation scheme at en-route nodes before burst arrivals, OBS networks overcome the challenges of OPS networks, while improving bandwidth utilization as compared to WRONs. We first present the node architectures, followed by header-processing schemes and switch designs for OPS networks. Next we present the basic concepts of OBS networking and describe the necessary network protocols, including burst assembly scheme, just enough time (JET) signaling, resource-reservation and routing schemes. (145 words)
State and Nation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The United Kingdom is not a nation-state but a political union. It was formed by the coming together, over centuries, of territories which retained their own national identities and institutions. Key questions of demos (the people), telos (the purpose of union), ethos (binding values) and the locus of sovereignty were never definitively resolved. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have had their own self-governing institutions within the Union. Devolution was an effort to stabilize the Union in the face of centrifugal pressures, but it left the same key questions unresolved. The Union is now contested in all four of its component parts and fundamental questions are raised about the meaning of political, social and economic union. Unionism, as doctrine and practice appears to have lost its way, unable to adjust to devolution. Brexit has added to the strains because membership of the European Union provided an external support system for the union of the United Kingdom itself. Yet the UK cannot easily fall apart into its constituent nations, and public opinion still appears largely content with the idea of a plurinational union. There is no definitive answer to the question of state and nation within the United Kingdom.
Wilhelmine of Bayreuth and the German Enlightenment
Authors: Rumore Paola 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the figure of Princess Wilhelmine of Prussia (Friederike Sophie Wilhelmine, 1709–1758), Frederick the Great’s older and favourite sister, then Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. Wilhelmine plays a central role within the German philosophical debate in the 1740s. Her intellectual engagement comes out in an extraordinary clear way in her commitment to making Bayreuth one of the main intellectual centres of the Holy Roman Empire. The chapter focuses on Wilhelmine’s cultural and institutional engagement in the philosophical debate of the German Enlightenment on the basis of her philosophical reflections both in her correspondence with the most representative personality of the time and in her works.
The Role of Writing and Sociability for the Establishment of a Persona
Authors: Pollok Anne 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the various strategies of intellectual self-formation by female intellectuals. While Henriette Herz created the public persona of the nurturing muse in her salon and established the idea of mutual exchange between the sexes, Rahel Varnhagen took the idea of self-reflection in the eyes of others one step further and, together with her husband, created a monument of remembrance with her collection of letters, fashioning the modern persona as fundamentally constituted through her exchange with others. Bettina von Arnim, finally, had no qualms using the most prominent poet, Goethe, as a prop in her writings, exercising the subversive power of remembrance to establish herself. Even though all these strategies build on the (male) other, they showcase the potential to subvert traditional gender roles.
Visuo-tactile predictive mechanisms of peripersonal space
Authors: Dijkerman H.C. , Medendorp W.P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Our daily living includes bodily contacts with objects and people. While this physical contact occurs naturally, it could also pose a risk of bodily harm—for example, when objects are sharp, or people have bad intentions. It is therefore imperative to have a mechanism that predicts the consequences of bodily contact before it occurs, to guide our interactions appropriately. Evidence from a range of studies suggests a neurofunctional coupling between external visual or auditory stimuli near the body and tactile stimuli on the body. While these multisensory peripersonal representations have been linked to spatial attention, motor control, and social behaviour, a discussion on whether these functions involve a similar mechanism has been missing. Here we suggest that prediction is central to this multimodal coding: visual or auditory stimuli near the body predict tactile consequences of bodily contact. This predictive mechanism is based on learned visuo-tactile associations and modulated by higher-order visual contextual information.