bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To “experiment with a parcel of negros”
Authors: Maika Dennis J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In late 1659, the Dutch West India Company’s Amsterdam Chamber began an “experiment” intended to bring a regularized slave trade to New Amsterdam. With Curaçao as a reliable source of enslaved Africans, the Amsterdam Chamber opened the slave trade to independent investors and merchants, following a collaborative model between a state-sponsored corporation and private investors used elsewhere in the seventeenth-century Dutch Atlantic world. A variety of commercial actors responded to the experiment, devising speculative strategies to incorporate enslaved people into their commercial portfolios. This essay tracks the strategies conceived by New Amsterdam merchants, local wic representatives, and some independent Amsterdam investors, and reveals the experiment’s uneven progression, modulated by changing regional conditions and regular adjustments and reversals by the Amsterdam Chamber. This article adds a new dimension to studies of the early North American regional slave trade, typically seen from an English perspective, by appreciating Dutch New Amsterdam’s legacy.
Identification and quantification of polyphenols from Cassia auriculata L. leaf, flower and flower bud using UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS
Authors: Ananth Devanesan Arul , Mahalakshmi Vijayaraghavan , Sivasudha Thilagar , Klipcan Liron , Tietel Zipora 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cassia auriculata is an Ayurvedic medicinal herb, traditionally indicated for diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Several works have demonstrated its antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity in vivo and in vitro. Nevertheless, only a few works have investigated its phytochemical composition, and specifically, the polyphenolic composition of the various plant parts that are traditionally used. In this work, the polyphenolic composition of C. auriculata leaves, flowers and flower buds were evaluated using UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Our results demonstrated the polyphenolic profile of C. auriculata plant parts. A total of five benzoic acids, four hydroxycinnamic acids, three flavonoids and two other phenolic compounds were identified and quantified. Our results show that in C. auriculata leaves, flavonoids were most abundant (4204 µg/g DW), while in flowers benzoic acids were the most prominent (3924 µg/g DW). Total benzoic acid contents ranged from 1580 to 3924 µg/g DW in leaf and flower, respectively. Hydroxycinnamic acids ranged from 404 µg/g DW in flower buds to 2623 µg/g DW in leaves. Flavonoids showed the highest contents in leaves, while the lowest levels were observed in flowers (2626 µg/g DW). The meaning of the results is discussed in light of the bioactivities of phenolic compounds, concomitant with C. auriculata reported medicinal bioactivities. To our knowledge, this is the first work to identify and quantify polyphenolic compounds in flower and bud of C. auriculata.
A new species of Sitana (Squamata: Agamidae) from the Deccan Peninsula Biogeographic Zone of India
Authors: DEEPAK V. , TILLACK FRANK , KAR NILADRI B. , SARKAR VIVEK , MOHAPATRA PRATYUSH. P. 
Published: March 2021

We describe a new species of fan-throated lizard of the genus Sitana from the Deccan peninsula of India. The new species is from the Sitana sivalensis clade and can be readily diagnosed morphologically from S. sivalensis, S. fusca and S. schleichi by having the dewlap extending beyond forearm insertion. The new species differs from all other congeners in the combination of morphological characters such as a feebly serrated dewlap with a dark blue line on the throat in adult males (versus a well serrated dewlap with a bright blue patch and orange spots in S. ponticeriana complex), small body size (versus a large body size in S. gokakensis and S. thondalu) and a relatively smaller dewlap size (relatively larger in S. laticeps, S. spinaecephalus, S. dharwarensis, S. gokakensis, S. thondalu, S. marudhamneydhal, S. ponticeriana and S. visiri). The new species was found to be commonly distributed in arid and open habitats as well as in farmlands and plantations in northern Andhra Pradesh, eastern Madhya Pradesh and most parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha states.
Semianalytic Functions to Calculate the Deposition Coefficients for Ice Crystal Vapor Growth in Bin and Bulk Microphysical Models
Authors: Harrington Jerry Y. , Sokolowsky G. Alexander , Morrison Hugh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNumerical cloud models require estimates of the vapor growth rate for ice crystals. Current bulk and bin microphysical parameterizations generally assume that vapor growth is diffusion limited, though some parameterizations include the influence of surface attachment kinetics through a constant deposition coefficient. A parameterization for variable deposition coefficients is provided herein. The parameterization is an explicit function of the ambient ice supersaturation and temperature, and an implicit function of crystal dimensions and pressure. The parameterization is valid for variable surface types including growth by dislocations and growth by step nucleation. Deposition coefficients are predicted for the two primary growth directions of crystals, allowing for the evolution of the primary habits. Comparisons with benchmark calculations of instantaneous mass growth indicate that the parameterization is accurate to within a relative error of 1%. Parcel model simulations using Lagrangian microphysics as a benchmark indicate that the bulk parameterization captures the evolution of mass mixing ratio and fall speed with typical relative errors of less than 10%, whereas the average axis lengths can have errors of up to 20%. The bin model produces greater accuracy with relative errors often less than 10%. The deposition coefficient parameterization can be used in any bulk and bin scheme, with low error, if an equivalent volume spherical radius is provided.
Arctic Warming Revealed by Multiple CMIP6 Models: Evaluation of Historical Simulations and Quantification of Future Projection Uncertainties
Authors: Cai Ziyi , You Qinglong , Wu Fangying , Chen Hans W. , Chen Deliang , Cohen Judah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Arctic has experienced a warming rate higher than the global mean in the past decades, but previous studies show that there are large uncertainties associated with future Arctic temperature projections. In this study, near-surface mean temperatures in the Arctic are analyzed from 22 models participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Compared with the ERA5 reanalysis, most CMIP6 models underestimate the observed mean temperature in the Arctic during 1979–2014. The largest cold biases are found over the Greenland Sea the Barents Sea, and the Kara Sea. Under the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, the multimodel ensemble mean of 22 CMIP6 models exhibits significant Arctic warming in the future and the warming rate is more than twice that of the global/Northern Hemisphere mean. Model spread is the largest contributor to the overall uncertainty in projections, which accounts for 55.4% of the total uncertainty at the start of projections in 2015 and remains at 32.9% at the end of projections in 2095. Internal variability uncertainty accounts for 39.3% of the total uncertainty at the start of projections but decreases to 6.5% at the end of the twenty-first century, while scenario uncertainty rapidly increases from 5.3% to 60.7% over the period from 2015 to 2095. It is found that the largest model uncertainties are consistent cold bias in the oceanic regions in the models, which is connected with excessive sea ice area caused by the weak Atlantic poleward heat transport. These results suggest that large intermodel spread and uncertainties exist in the CMIP6 models’ simulation and projection of the Arctic near-surface temperature and that there are different responses over the ocean and land in the Arctic to greenhouse gas forcing. Future research needs to pay more attention to the different characteristics and mechanisms of Arctic Ocean and land warming to reduce the spread.
Role of the Tibetan Plateau in Northern Drought Induced by Changes in the Subtropical Westerly Jet
Authors: Zhu Qingzhe , Liu Yuzhi , Shao Tianbin , Luo Run , Tan Ziyuan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau (TP), the so-called water tower of Asia, plays an important role in the water cycle. However, few studies have linked the TP’s water vapor supply with the climate over North China. In this study, we found that changes in the subtropical westerly jet (SWJ) dynamically induce drought in North China, and the TP plays an important role in this relationship. During July–August for the period of 1981–2019, the SWJ center between 75° and 105°E obviously shifted northward at a rate of 0.04° per year. Correspondingly, the zonal winds in the southern subtropics were incredibly weakened, causing the outflow of water vapor from the TP to decrease dramatically. Combined with numerical simulations, we discovered that a reduction in water vapor transport from the TP can obviously decrease the precipitation over North China. Sensitivity experiments demonstrated that if the water vapor outflow from the eastern border of the TP decreases by 52.74%, the precipitation in North China will decrease by 12.69% due to a decrease in the local cloud fraction caused by a diminished water vapor content in the atmosphere. Therefore, although less water vapor transport occurs in the upper troposphere than in the lower troposphere, the impact of transport from the TP in the former on the downstream precipitation cannot be ignored.
Decide Now or Wait for the Next Forecast? Testing a Decision Framework Using Real Forecasts and Observations
Authors: Jewson Stephen , Scher Sebastian , Messori Gabriele 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUsers of meteorological forecasts are often faced with the question of whether to make a decision now, on the basis of the current forecast, or to wait for the next and, it is hoped, more accurate forecast before making the decision. Following previous authors, we analyze this question as an extension of the well-known cost–loss model. Within this extended cost–loss model, the question of whether to decide now or to wait depends on two specific aspects of the forecast, both of which involve probabilities of probabilities. For the special case of weather and climate forecasts in the form of normal distributions, we derive a simple simulation algorithm, and equivalent analytical expressions, for calculating these two probabilities. We apply the algorithm to forecasts of temperature and find that the algorithm leads to better decisions in most cases relative to three simpler alternative decision-making schemes, in both a simulated context and when we use reforecasts, surface observations, and rigorous out-of-sample validation of the decisions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a dynamic multistage decision algorithm has been demonstrated to work using real weather observations. Our results have implications for the additional kinds of information that forecasters of weather and climate could produce to facilitate good decision-making on the basis of their forecasts.
Fatal poisonings involving clozapine: A 16-year review of Australian coronial investigations
Authors: Dawson Jessica L , Sluggett Janet K , Schumann Jennifer L , Procter Nicholas G , Bell J Simon 
Published: March 2021

Objective: Concerns about intentional and unintentional poisoning present a barrier to wider use of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The objective of this study was to investigate decedent demographics and trends in fatal poisonings in Australia involving clozapine. Methods: This was a retrospective case series of all fatal drug toxicity reported to an Australian coroner between 1 May 2000 and 31 December 2016 where toxicological analysis detected clozapine. Cases were identified using the National Coronial Information System. Demographics extracted included age and gender of the decedent, year and location of death, cause and manner of death and drugs detected in post-mortem samples. Results: There were 278 poisoning deaths where clozapine was detected in toxicological analyses. Three-quarters of all cases ( n = 207) involved men and the median age at death was 38.5 years (interquartile range: 16 years). Three-quarters of the deaths occurred in the home. Overall, 15.8% of deaths were deemed intentional, 57.5% unintentional and 24.5% of unknown intent. While the annual number of intentional self-poisonings remained constant with <5 per year, the overall number of fatalities increased due to an increase in unintentional poisonings. Multiple drug toxicity was reported in 55.0% of cases and clozapine alone in 45.0% of cases. The most common co-reported medications were antidepressants, benzodiazepines and opioids detected in 47.1%, 44.4% and 41.2% of multiple drug toxicities, respectively. Conclusion: This was the first Australia-wide review of all fatal drug poisonings reported to a coroner involving clozapine. Fatalities were most common in men and occurred at home. Multiple drug toxicity generally involved psychotropic, sedative or opioid analgesic medications. Despite increasing clozapine use, rates of intentional poisoning have remained constant and low. Developing a better knowledge of unintentional fatalities presents an opportunity to minimise harm.
A comparative study of COVID-19 responses in South Korea and Japan: political nexus triad and policy responses
Authors: Jae Moon M. , Suzuki Kohei , Park Tae In , Sakuwa Kentaro 
Published: March 2021

Korea and Japan, neighboring democratic countries in Northeast Asia, announced their first COVID-19 cases in January 2020 and witnessed similar patterns of disease spread but adopted different policy approaches to address the pandemic (agile and proactive approach versus cautious and restraint-based approach). Applying the political nexus triad model, this study analyzes and compares institutional contexts and governance structures of Korea and Japan, then examines the differences in policy responses of the two Asian countries. This study first reviews the state of COVID-19 and examines changes in the conventional president-led political nexus triad in Korea and the bureaucracy-led political nexus triad in Japan. Then, this study examines how the differences in institutional contexts and governance structures shaped policy responses and policy outcomes of the two countries in managing the COVID-19 crisis. Points for practitioners •  Institutional and governance structure in a society are likely to affect policymaking processes as well as selection of policies among various policy alternatives. •  Government officials often need to refer to government capacity as well as citizens’ voluntary participation in resolving wicked policy problems like COVID-19. •  Policy decisions made by government officials affect policy outcomes while political environment and political leadership are equally important to policy effectiveness.
Fraction of expired oxygen: an additional safety approach to monitor oxygen delivery to the heart lung machine oxygenator
Authors: Srey Rithy , Rance Geoffrey , Handrahan John , Smith Trevor , Leissner Kay B , Zenati Marco A 
Published: March 2021

Background: Monitoring oxygen delivery to the oxygenator of a heart lung machine (HLM) is typically accomplished with an O2 analyzer connected to the gas inflow line. It is assumed when the FiO2 is greater than 21% that oxygen is being delivered to the oxygenator. However, this assumption is imperfect because the connection of the inflow line to the oxygenator is downstream from the O2 analyzer. FiO2 monitoring will not alert the perfusionist if the inflow line is not actually connected to the oxygenator. Measuring the fraction of expired oxygen (FEO2) is a more reliable way of monitoring O2 delivery. Methods: An O2 analyzer was placed on the scavenging line that is attached to the exhaust port of oxygenator (FEO2). Results: Whenever the FiO2 is greater than 21%, and the inflow line is properly connected, the FEO2 exiting the oxygenator is greater than 21%. The FEO2 falls to 21% when the inflow line is not functioning. Conclusion: Monitoring the FEO2 is a more reliable way to verify O2 delivery to an oxygenator. An alarm can be set on the FEO2 monitor to alert the perfusionist if the FEO2 falls below a predetermined threshold so any issue with O2 delivery will always be recognized.
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a woman with twin pregnancy
Authors: Tantibundit Porntipa , Mekjarasnapha Manasicha , Pulnitiporn Aksorn , Jirasavetakul Adhus 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Maternal cardiac arrest is a rare condition. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in pregnancy is different from that in other populations due to physiological changes in patients. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is recommended in patients having cardiac arrest with potentially reversible etiologies. However, data regarding ECPR in pregnancy are limited. Case summary: A 24-year-old woman with a 33-week twin pregnancy developed witnessed cardiac arrest in an antenatal clinic. She underwent perimortem cesarean delivery (PMCD) and ECPR, but uterine atony with massive bleeding occurred. Emergency hysterectomy and massive blood transfusion were performed in the emergency department and the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit after hemodynamics was stable. Conclusion: Cardiac arrest in pregnancy is a complex condition. Several aspects of management have not been evaluated. Prospective studies for improving the outcomes are needed.
Randomised comparative trial of the efficacy of paracetamol syrup and dispersible tablets for the treatment of fever in children
Authors: Okereke Benjamin , Ibeleme Okezie , Bisi-Onyemaechi Adaobi 
Published: March 2021

Objective Fever is the most common reason for the presentation of children in the outpatient department. Paracetamol is marketed in different formulations for ease of administration to the paediatric population. These include syrups, dispersible tablets and rectal inserts. Dispersible tablets disintegrate rapidly in liquid and are subsequently taken orally, providing another oral formulation. We determined if there is a difference in the antipyretic efficacy of the syrup and the dispersible formulation of paracetamol, thereby prompting the development of the latter (another oral formulation) for use in children. Methods A randomised, controlled, double-blind intervention of a single dose of both formulations was given to febrile children, and their temperatures were documented twice in 30-minute intervals. Temperature changes were compared statistically. Results The mean temperatures at recruitment were 38.2 ± 0.5°C and 38.3 ± 0.6°C for the dispersible and syrup group, respectively. There was no significant difference between the temperature changes at T2 (30 minutes) and T3 (60 minutes) between the two study arms. However, the temperature was significantly different at T1 (baseline), T2 and T3 within the dispersible and syrup groups. Conclusion The decreasing trend in temperature was similar in both groups. Both preparations produced statistically similar antipyretic effects with no reported adverse drug reaction.
Influence of Cognitive Performance on Musculoskeletal Injury Risk: A Systematic Review
Authors: Avedesian Jason M. , Forbes Warren , Covassin Tracey , Dufek Janet S. 
Published: March 2021

Background: While a large number of studies have investigated the anatomic, hormonal, and biomechanical risk factors related to musculoskeletal (MSK) injury risk, there is growing evidence to suggest that cognition is an important injury contributor in the athletic population. A systematic review of the available evidence regarding the influence of cognitive performance on MSK injury risk has yet to be published in the sports medicine literature. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to determine the effects of cognition on (1) MSK biomechanics during sports-specific tasks and (2) MSK injury occurrence in the athletic population. It was hypothesized that athletes with lower cognitive performance would demonstrate biomechanical patterns suggestive of MSK injury risk and that injured athletes would perform worse on baseline measures of cognition as compared with their noninjured counterparts. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: PubMed and SPORTDiscus were searched from January 2000 to January 2020. Manual searches were performed on the reference lists of the included studies. A search of the literature was performed for studies published in English that reported MSK biomechanics as a function of cognitive performance and MSK injury occurrence after baseline measures of cognition. Two independent reviewers extracted pertinent study data in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2009 guidelines and assessed study quality using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies from the National Institutes of Health. A meta-analysis was not performed, owing to the heterogeneous nature of the study designs. Results: Ten studies met inclusion criteria: 4 cognition–MSK biomechanics studies and 6 cognition–MSK injury studies. All 4 cognition–MSK biomechanics studies demonstrated that worse performance on measures of cognition was associated with lower extremity MSK biomechanical patterns suggestive of greater risk for MSK injury. The majority of the cognition–MSK injury studies demonstrated that injured athletes significantly differed on baseline cognition measures versus matched controls or that cognitive performance was a significant predictor for subsequent MSK injury. Conclusion: Although the literature exploring cognitive contributions to MSK injury risk is still in its infancy, it is suggested that sports medicine personnel conduct baseline assessments of cognition—in particular, reaction time and working memory—to identify which athletes may be at elevated risk for future MSK injury.