bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anticipatory governance for newcomers: lessons learned from the UK, the Netherlands, Finland, and Korea
Authors: Heo Kyungmoo , Seo Yongseok 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAnticipatory governance (AG) is defined as a “system of systems” that employs foresight to create future plans and execute relevant actions. Recently, various frameworks of AG have been introduced, but there is little practical information available for newcomers on how to do this. This research conducted a framework-based comparative country analysis to provide lessons learned for newcomers in the sphere of foresight-linked AG. By evaluating the AG levels of Finland, the UK, the Netherlands, and Korea, we found that the consequences of foresight-linked AGs were different in each country. At the same time, we also identified a common denominator, namely, future receptivity, a “human or people” capacity to accept and understand the value of foresight. Instead of temporary system changes or organizational modifications, future receptivity is an underlying element for newcomers to overcome lingering short-termism and facilitate the coordination of stakeholders concerning foresight. In conclusion, we suggest ways to promote future receptivity for newcomers. First, the government should educate and train the public and government officials to promote future literacy and future proficiency. Second, the government should provide a process for public participation such as nationwide networking that enables the public to influence their diverse future images over foresight outcomes.
Causal inference multiple imputation investigation of the impact of cannabinoids and other substances on ethnic differentials in US testicular cancer incidence
Authors: Reece Albert Stuart , Hulse Gary Kenneth 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundEthnic differences in testicular cancer rates (TCRs) are recognized internationally. Cannabis is a known risk factor for testicular cancer (TC) in multiple studies with dose-response effects demonstrated, however the interaction between ancestral and environmental mutagenic effects has not been characterized. We examined the effects of this presumed gene-environment interaction across US states.MethodsState based TCR was downloaded from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) website via SEERStat. Drug use data for cigarettes, alcohol use disorder, analgesics, cannabis and cocaine was taken from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health a nationally representative study conducted annually by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) with a 74.1% response rate. Cannabinoid concentrations derived from Drug Enforcement Agency publications. Median household income and ethnicity data (Caucasian-American, African-American, Hispanic-American, Asian-American, American-Indian-Alaska-Native-American, Native-Hawaiian-Pacific-Islander-American) was from the US Census Bureau. Data were processed in R using instrumental regression, causal inference and multiple imputation.Results1975–2017 TCR rose 41% in African-Americans and 78.1% in Caucasian-Americans; 2003–2017 TCR rose 36.1% in Hispanic-Americans and 102.9% in Asian-Pacific-Islander-Americans. Ethnicity-based scatterplot-time and boxplots for cannabis use and TCR closely mirrored each other. At inverse probability-weighted interactive robust regression including drugs, income and ethnicity, ethnic THC exposure was the most significant factor and was independently significant (β-estimate = 4.72 (2.04, 7.41),P = 0.0018). In a similar model THC, and cannabigerol were also significant (both β-estimate = 13.87 (6.33, 21.41),P = 0.0017). In additive instrumental models the interaction of ethnic THC exposure with Asian-American, Hispanic-American, and Native-Hawaiian-Pacific-Islander-American ethnicities was significant (β-estimate = − 0.63 (− 0.74, − 0.52),P = 3.6 × 10− 29, β-estimate = − 0.25 (− 0.32, − 0.18),P = 4.2 × 10− 13, β-estimate = − 0.19 (− 0.25, − 0.13),P = 3.4 × 10− 9). After multiple imputation, ethnic THC exposure became more significant (β-estimate = 0.68 (0.62, 0.74),P = 1.80 × 10− 92). 25/33 e-Values > 1.25 ranging up to 1.07 × 105. Liberalization of cannabis laws was linked with higher TCR’s in Caucasian-Americans (β-estimate = 0.09 (0.06, 0.12),P = 6.5 × 10− 10) and African-Americans (β-estimate = 0.22 (0.12, 0.32),P = 4.4 × 10− 5) and when dichotomized to illegal v. others (t = 6.195,P = 1.18 × 10− 9and t = 4.50,P = 3.33 × 10− 5).ConclusionCannabis is shown to be a TC risk factor for all ethnicities including Caucasian-American and African-American ancestries, albeit at different rates. For both ancestries cannabis legalization elevated TCR. Dose-response and causal relationships are demonstrated.
Three dimensional printed models of the airway for preoperative planning of open Laryngotracheal surgery in children: Surgeon's perception of utility
Authors: Wasserzug Oshri , Fishman Gadi , Carmel-Neiderman Narin , Oestreicher-Kedem Yael , Saada Maher , Dadia Solomon , Golden Eran , Berman Philip , Handzel Ophir , DeRowe Ari 
Published: July 2021

Background Preoperative planning of open laryngotracheal surgery is important for achieving good results. This study examines the surgeon's perception of the importance of using life size 3D printed models of the pediatric airway on surgical decision making. Methods Life-size three-dimensional models of the upper airway were created based on CT images of children scheduled for laryngotracheal-reconstruction and cricotracheal resection with anastomosis. Five pediatric airway surgeons evaluated the three-dimensional models for determining the surgical approach, incision location and length, graft length, and need for single or double-stage surgery of seven children (median age 4.4 years, M:F ratio 4:3). They rated the importance of the three-dimensional model findings compared to the direct laryngoscopy videos and CT findings for each domain on a validated Likert scale of 1–5. Results The mean rating for all domains was 3.6 ± 0.63 (“moderately important” to “very important”), and the median rating was 4 (“very important”). There was full agreement between raters for length of incision and length of graft. The between-rater agreement was 0.608 (“good”) for surgical approach, 0.585 (“moderate”) for incision location, and 0.429 (“moderate”) for need for single- or two-stage surgery. Conclusion Patient-specific three-dimensional printed models of children's upper airways were scored by pediatric airway surgeons as being moderately to very important for preoperative planning of open laryngotracheal surgery. Large–scale, objective outcome studies are warranted to establish the reliability and efficiency of these models. Graphical Abstract
Eliciting the public preferences for pharmaceutical subsidy in Iran: a discrete choice experiment study
Authors: Delpasand Mansoor , Olyaaeemanesh Alireza , Jaafaripooyan Ebrahim , Abdollahiasl Akbar , Davari Majid , Kazemi Karyani Ali 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundDeciding on pharmaceutical subsidy is regarded as a challenging issue for healthcare policymakers in Iran in most times. Public preferences, rarely attended in Iran, could be invaluable for including a particular drug in the list of subsidized medications.ObjectivesThe current study aims to elicit the public preferences to develop an evidence-based decision-making framework for entering a drug into the list of subsidies in Iran.MethodsDiscrete Choice Experiment (DCE) was employed to elicit the public preferences. Around 34 attributes were identified based on the systematic review and interview with 51 experts. By holding an expert panel, 7 attributes were finalized, namely: the survival after treatment, quality of life after treatment (QoL), alternative treatment, age group of the target population, cost burden for the government, disease severity, and drug manufacturer country. Next, 1224 households were selected for the survey in the city of Tehran, using random cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using conditional logit model.ResultsThe survival after treatment (β = 1.245; SE = 0.053) and cost burden for the government (β = − 0.140; SE = 0.050) had the highest and lowest priority, respectively, in the preferences for allocating subsidy to a drug. In developed region, unlike the other two regions, the level of domestic drug production (β =− 0.302; SE = 0.073) was inversely associated with preferences toward allocating subsidy to a drug. In contrast to other districts, those living in district number one (β = 2.053; SE = 0.138) gave the highest value to promoting the QoL after treatment.ConclusionsIt is suggested that policymakers pay more attention to attributes such as effectiveness and alternative treatment when developing an evidence-based framework for entering a drug into the list of subsidies. This study highlighted the public belief in the government’s subsidy for medicines, provided that, this results in an increased survival and QoL.
Epidemiology of sudden death in organized school sports in Japan
Authors: Hosokawa Yuri , Murata Yuki , Stearns Rebecca L. , Suzuki-Yamanaka Miwako , Kucera Kristen L. , Casa Douglas J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundNearly half of the sudden deaths documented in Japanese middle and high school occurred during school organized sport activities. However, no study to date has calculated the incidence rates of these deaths by sport. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the epidemiology of sudden death in organized school sports in Japan.MethodsData submitted to Japan Sport Council (JSC) Injury and Accident Mutual Aid Benefit System between 2005 and 2016 were retrieved from JSC website for analysis (n = 1137). Case information on fatal incidents that occurred during organized school sports in middle and high school students were extracted for analysis (n = 198). Descriptive statistics about activity type, sex, sport, cause of death, and presence of on-site trained medical personnel were calculated using frequencies and proportions. Sudden death incidence rates were expressed per 100,000 athlete-years with 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsThe overall incidence rate of sports-related death was 0.38 deaths per 100,000 athlete-years (95%CI = 0.30, 0.45). Only three cases (2%) reported having trained medical personnel on-site at the time of death. Most deaths were in male student athletes (n = 149/162, 92%), with 7.5 times greater fatality rate in male compared to female student athletes (incidence rate ratio, 7.5; 95%CI = 4.43, 13.22). Baseball (n = 25/162, 15.4%), judo (n = 24/162, 14.8%), soccer/futsal (n = 20/162, 12.3%), and basketball (n = 18/162, 11.1%) accounted for 53.7% of deaths. Accounting for the number of participants in the respective sport, the three highest average incident rates of death were reported in rugby (4.59 deaths per 100,000 athlete-years, 95%CI = 2.43, 6.75), judo (3.76 deaths per 100,000 athlete-years, 95%CI = 1.58, 5.93), and baseball (0.59 deaths per 100,000 athlete-years, 95%CI = 0.38, 0.79). The top three causes of death were sudden cardiac arrest (n = 68/162, 42.0%), head trauma (n = 32/162, 19.8%), and heat related injury (n = 25/162, 15.4%).ConclusionsIn conclusion, the highest rates of sports-related death among Japanese student athletes were observed in the following: rugby, male athletes, and during practices. The leading cause of death was sudden cardiac arrest.
Excitation of airwaves by bubble bursting in suspensions : regime transitions and implications for basaltic volcanic eruptions
Authors: Hashimoto Kana , Sumita Ikuro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBasaltic magma becomes more viscous, solid-like (elastic), and non-Newtonian (shear-thinning, non-zero yield stress) as its crystal content increases. However, the rheological effects on bubble bursting and airwave excitation are poorly understood. Here we conduct laboratory experiments to investigate these effects by injecting a bubble of volumeVinto a refractive index-matched suspension consisting of non-Brownian particles (volumetric fraction$$\phi$$ϕ) and a Newtonian liquid. We show that depending on$$\phi$$ϕandV, airwaves with diverse waveforms are excited, covering a frequency band of$$f = {\mathcal {O}}(10-10^4)$$f=O(10-104)Hz. In a suspension of$$\phi \le 0.3$$ϕ≤0.3or in a suspension of$$\phi = 0.4$$ϕ=0.4with aVsmaller than critical, the bubble bursts after it forms a hemispherical cap at the surface and excites a high-frequency (HF) wave ($$f \sim 1-2 \times 10^4$$f∼1-2×104Hz) with an irregular waveform, which likely originates from film vibration. However, in a suspension of$$\phi = 0.4$$ϕ=0.4and with aVlarger than critical, the bubble bursts as soon as it protrudes above the surface, and its aperture opens slowly, exciting Helmholtz resonance with$$f = {\mathcal {O}}(10^3)$$f=O(103)Hz. Superimposed on the waveform are an HF wave component excited upon bursting and a low-frequency ($$f = {\mathcal {O}}(10)$$f=O(10)Hz) air flow vented from the deflating bubble, which becomes dominant at a largeV. We interpret this transition as a result of the bubble film of a solid-like$$\phi = 0.4$$ϕ=0.4suspension, being stretched faster than the critical strain rate such that it bursts by brittle failure. When the Helmholtz resonance is excited by a bursting bubble in a suspension whose surface level is further below the conduit rim, an air column (lengthL) resonance is triggered. ForLlarger than critical, the air column resonance continues longer than the Helmholtz resonance because the decay rate of the former becomes less than that of the latter. The experiments suggest that a bubble bursting at basaltic volcanoes commonly excites HF wave by film vibration. The Helmholtz resonance is likely to be excited under a limited condition, but if detected, it may be used to track the change of magma rheology or bubbleV, where theVcan be estimated from its frequency and decay rate.
Pulmonary and intestinal microbiota dynamics during Gram-negative pneumonia-derived sepsis
Authors: Wolff Nora S. , Jacobs Max C. , Wiersinga W. Joost , Hugenholtz Floor 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The gut microbiome plays a protective role in the host defense against pneumonia. The composition of the lung microbiota has been shown to be predictive of clinical outcome in critically ill patients. However, the dynamics of the lung and gut microbiota composition over time during severe pneumonia remains ill defined. We used a mouse model of pneumonia-derived sepsis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in order to follow the pathogen burden as well as the composition of the lung, tongue and fecal microbiota from local infection towards systemic spread.

Results
Already at 6 h post-inoculation with K. pneumoniae, marked changes in the lung microbiota were seen. The alpha diversity of the lung microbiota did not change throughout the infection, whereas the beta diversity did. A shift between the prominent lung microbiota members of Streptococcus and Klebsiella was seen from 12 h onwards and was most pronounced at 18 h post-inoculation (PI) which was also reflected in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines indicating severe pulmonary inflammation. Around 18 h PI, K. pneumoniae bacteremia was observed together with a systemic inflammatory response. The composition of the tongue microbiota was not affected during infection, even at 18–30 h PI when K. pneumoniae had become the dominant bacterium in the lung. Moreover, we observed differences in the gut microbiota during pulmonary infection. The gut microbiota contributed to the lung microbiota at 12 h PI, however, this decreased at a later stage of the infection.

Conclusions
At 18 h PI, K. pneumoniae was the dominant member in the lung microbiota. The lung microbiota profiles were significantly explained by the lung K. pneumoniae bacterial counts and Klebsiella and Streptococcus were correlating with the measured cytokine levels in the lung and/or blood. The oral microbiota in mice, however, was not influenced by the severity of murine pneumonia, whereas the gut microbiota was affected. This study is of significance for future studies investigating the role of the lung microbiota during pneumonia and sepsis.
Depression among attendants of the Sudanese National Association of the Blinds in Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: Shazali Rayan Hisham Salaheldin , Mohamed Sagad Omer Obeid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Blindness has profound consequences for the victim, family, and society. The impact of vision loss on daily life activities could lead to psychological stress. Early treatment of depression may reduce the added disability that is associated with vision loss. This study aimed to assess the extent and associated factors with depression among the Sudanese blind people in Khartoum, Sudan. A cross-section facility-based study was conducted, in which depression among the participants was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory Scale. A chi-square test was implemented to determine the relationship between categorical variables and the significance level for all analyses was set at p < 0.05.

Results
A total of 185 participants were included in the study. Out of them, 84.3% were male and near half of the participants (42.2%) were born blind. The prevalence of depression among the participants was 11.4%. There were significantly higher rates of depression in those who were illiterate (χ2 = 6.233, p = 0.044) and in those whose loss of vision was due to accidents or traumatic causes and loss of vision due to accidents or traumatic causes (χ2 = 12.840, p = 0.002). There was significantly lower rate of depression in those who were born with blindness compared to others (χ2 = 10.504, p = 0.005).

Conclusions
People who were born blind have a lower rate of depression and people who lost their sight due to trauma have a higher rate of depression, and therefore, requiring more psychiatric support. Despite the relatively low percentage of depression, establishing programs for early identification and combating depression among the blind population in our setting is highly recommended.
Affordable Care Act and Cancer Survivors' Financial Barriers to Care: Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey, 2009-2018
Authors: Su Christopher T. , Okullo Dolorence , Hingtgen Stephanie , Levine Deborah A. , Goold Susan D. 
Published: July 2021

PURPOSE: Since Affordable Care Act (ACA) implementation in 2014, studies have demonstrated gains in insurance coverage for cancer survivors < 65 years. We assessed the impact of ACA implementation on financial barriers to care by stratifying survivors at age 65 years, when individuals typically become Medicare-eligible. METHODS: We used data from respondents with cancer in the 2009-2018 National Health Interview Survey. We identified 21,954 respondents representing approximately 7.4 million survivors, who were then age-stratified at age 65 years. Survey responses regarding financial barriers to medical care and medications were analyzed, and age-stratified multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed, which evaluated the impact of ACA implementation on these measures, adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: After multivariable logistic regression, ACA implementation was associated with higher adjusted odds of Medicaid insurance (odds ratio [95% CI] 2.02 [1.72 to 2.36]; P < .0001) and lower adjusted odds of no insurance (0.57 [0.48 to 0.68]; P < .0001). Regarding financial barriers, ACA implementation was associated with lower adjusted odds of inability to afford medications (0.68 [0.59 to 0.79]; P < .0001), inability to afford dental care (0.83 [0.73 to 0.94]; P = .004), and delaying care (0.78 [0.69 to 0.89]; P = .002) in the 18-64 years group. Similarly, ACA implementation was associated with lower adjusted odds of secondary outcomes such as delaying refills, skipping doses, and anxiety over medical bills. Similar associations were not seen in the > 65 years group. CONCLUSION: Survivor-reported measures of financial barriers in cancer survivors age 18-64 years significantly improved following ACA implementation. Similar changes were not seen in the Medicare-eligible cohort, likely because of high Medicare enrollment and few uninsured.
How Do Anti-discrimination Laws Affect Firm Performance and Financial Policies? Evidence from the Post-World War II Period
Authors: Greene Daniel , Shenoy Jaideep 
Published: July 2021

We exploit the staggered passage of state-level fair-employment laws in the post-World War II period to examine how stronger worker protection against racial discrimination affects firm profitability and financing decisions. We find that firms experience a decline in operating profitability after the passage of anti-discrimination laws. We also document that the adoption of these laws leads to a reduction in debt ratios, which suggests that firms are able to partially offset the negative effects on operating profitability by adjusting their capital structure. Consistent with theoretical predictions, these effects of anti-discrimination laws are more pronounced for firms in states and cities with a greater proportion of African Americans, firms with high labor intensity, firms in states experiencing high African American migration, and firms in concentrated industries. Some of our evidence suggests that anti-discrimination laws lead to a reduction in statistical discrimination or monopsony power rather than taste-based discrimination. Taken together, our results are supportive of theoretical models of discrimination and show that racial discrimination laws significantly affect firm operating performance and financial policies. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance.
A Model-Driven and Business Approach to Autonomic Network Management
Authors: Bezahaf Mehdi , Cassidy Stephen , Hutchison David , King Daniel , Race Nicholas , Rotsos Charalampos 
Published: July 2021

As corporate networks continue to expand, the technologies that underpin these enterprises must be capable of meeting the operational goals of the operators that own and manage them. Automation has enabled the impressive scaling of networks from the days of Strowger. The challenge now is not only to keep pace with the continuing huge expansion of capacity but at the same time to manage a huge increase in complexity – driven by the range of customer solutions and technologies.
Recent advances in automation, programmable network interfaces, and model-driven networking will provide the possibility of closed-loop, self-optimizing, and self-healing networks. Collectively these support the goals of a truly automated network, commonly understood as “autonomic networking” even though this is a prospect yet to be achieved.
This paper outlines the progress made towards autonomic networking and the framework and procedures developed during the UK Next Generation Converged Digital Infrastructure (NG-CDI) project. It outlines the operator-driven requirements and capabilities that have been identified, and proposes an autonomic management framework, and summarizes current art and the challenges that remain.