bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis on Friction Characteristic Between Static Shell and Moving Cylinder in the Rotating Cylinder Compressor Based on CFD Method
Authors: Peng Xueyuan , He Zhilong , Zhang Wei , Shu Pengcheng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Rotating cylinder compressor is a new type of machine, which has an advantage over the reciprocating compressor in that it has no valves and represents no inertia forces. The authors have developed a prototype compressor of this kind successfully and performance test is being conducted. Preliminary running test shows that the friction occurring between the static shell and the moving cylinder is serious, which is attributed to eccentric motion of the cylinder. In this paper, friction characteristic between the static shell and the moving cylinder is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Firstly, on the basis of hydrodynamic lubrication theory and CFD method, a calculation model on motion of the cylinder in the rotating cylinder compressor is established, and the axis locus of the cylinder is calculated. Secondly, friction power caused by eccentric motion of the cylinder is estimated. Finally, experiments for verifying the calculations on the friction power are carried out. It is shown that the calculations have a fairly good agreement with the experimental data. Owing to existence of the piston holes in the cylinder, oil pressure distribution within the gap between the shell and the cylinder is not uniform, thus resulting in serious eccentricity of the cylinder. In order to improve performance and reliability of the rotating cylinder compressor, optimum design for length of the cylinder is suggested.
Simulation of Automotive LiBr/H2O Absorption A/C Machine
Authors: Salim Munther 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
LiBr/Water absorption refrigeration cycle for automotive air-conditioning applications was simulated, studied and analyzed using ABSIM, a user oriented computer code designed for cycle simulation of absorption systems at steady state. This cycle would utilize the available combustion engine exhaust heat to supply energy to the generator. The design parameters and ambient conditions were chosen based on conditions under which automotive vehicles would operate in practice. Condenser and evaporator sizes and air-flow quantities were chosen to be similar to their counterparts in the current R-134a vapor compression cycle. The cycle would deliver up to 7 kW of refrigeration at maximum rated conditions. The COP is 0.72. It was concluded that generator temperature of 100°C is capable of producing the maximum capacity. Also, an exhaust temperature of 285 °C and flow rate of 0.046 kg/s are required to maintain a generator temperature at 100°C. Simulation results indicate that a satisfactory operation can be established in the high ambient temperature of 45°C with air-cooled condenser and absorber.
Simulation results for the proposed cycle include temperature, enthalpy, flow rate, concentration, pressure, and vapor fraction at each point in the cycle. Also, For each component of the cycle, UA, NTU, Effectiveness, CAT, LMTD, and heat duty are presented. Global parameters such as COP and capacity are also given. Plots were generated to understand the effect of generator temperature on other components and on the cycle performance.
Thermodynamic Optimization of Electric Water Heating With Fully-Mixed Storage: First Law Efficiency
Authors: Homan K. O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The energy consumed for water heating is a significant fraction of the total national use. The most common water heater design, particularly at the residential level, incorporates thermal storage capacity to accommodate the typically high energy withdrawal rates. For electric water heaters, the only significant loss mechanism is ambient heat exchange. In the present paper, three different configurations consisting of a fully-mixed storage vessel and an electric heating element are analyzed. Compared on the basis of equal performance, defined as a sustained draw at or above a minimum energy discharge rate, the configurations are shown to require significantly different storage volumes for identical energy input rates. Accounting for ambient heat loss, these differences in storage volume are shown to translate into appreciably higher thermal efficiencies for the configuration with the smallest required storage volume.
Characteristics Map of IGCC System in All Operating Regions
Authors: Duan L. , Lin R. , Jin H. , Cai R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the whole-load thermal characteristic of IGCC system. IGCC is one of advanced clean coal power generation systems. At present, it has been operationally demonstrated in the world. However theoretical researches on it are still insufficient, especially researches on off-design characteristic. Based on the idea of independent variable, we have analyzed key factors, which influence the performance of the system, and constructed a whole-load characteristic map. On the basis of generalization and modular modeling idea of total energy system, the whole-load characteristic models of key components and subsystems are built and the corresponding programs are developed. A group of whole-load characteristic curves of IGCC system under different conditions has been obtained and then the typical off-design rules of system have been summed up and the whole-load characteristic has been mapped out. The whole load characteristic map has revealed the typical off-design rules of IGCC system, and from it several valuable conclusions can be drawn. These conclusions and typical rules provide the specific information and basic data for further study on operation characteristic, control rule, system design and optimization of IGCC system.
Design, Development and Fabrication of Miniaturized Acoustical Lenses Using Micromanufactured Molds
Authors: Morley Andrew T. , Rock Andrea , Volz Justin , Roussel Thomas J. , McGuyer J. Clay , Keynton Robert S. , Friedrich Craig R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Pulse Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (PUDV) transducers have been used in the study of fluid wall shear stress and intimal hyperplasia within vascular bypass grafts [1]. Although these devices have contributed significantly to the understanding between fluid mechanic and biological phenomena, errors as large as 20% have been reported [1] within theses devices. This level of error is unacceptable to many researchers, so methods must be developed to increase accuracy within PUDV devices. One technique commonly used in ultrasonic transducers is the application of acoustical lenses. Acoustical lenses have been found to focus the ultrasonic beam, increase the spatial resolution, and increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of acoustic sensors [2]. First attempts within our laboratory to develop these lenses consisted of placing PZT-5A piezoelectric crystals within micromachined polymethylmethacralate (PMMA) blanks milled with a 263 microns deep cavity. Subsequently, Eccosorb CR-112 epoxy was cast over the crystals and machined via diamond tuming/micro-lathe to form the lens. The crystal-lens systems were then released by placing the PMMA blanks in a solvent (Dichloromethane). This process was both time consuming and only produced a 5% yield. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a new technique that reduces processing time and produces a higher yield.
Cell Adhesion to RGD-Alginate Is Modulated by Substrate Mechanics
Authors: Genes Nicholas G. , Silva Matthew D. , Sotak Christopher H. , Bonassar Lawrence J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Alginate in solution is crosslinked in the presence of multivalent cations, making it a useful polymer for drug delivery and tissue engineering. The degree of crosslinking depends on the concentration (Rowley 2000) and chemical identity of the crosslinker (Seely 1974).
Noninvasive Estimation of Wall Strength Distribution in Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Wang David H. J. , Makaroun Michel S. , Vorp David A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an irreversible focal dilation of the infrarenal aorta. If left untreated, AAA will continue to expand and eventually rupture. Ruptured AAA is ranked as the 13th leading cause of death in the United States [1]. Accurate prediction of AAA rupture is critical for patient management. From a biomechanical point of view, this occurs when the stress in the aneurysm wall exceeds its strength. Therefore, reliable assessment of the risk of AAA rupture demands information on wall stress as well as wall strength.
A Structural Constitutive Model for Planar Collagenous Tissues That Integrates SALS-Derived Fiber Orientation Data
Authors: Sacks Michael S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Structurally based constitutive models attempt to exploit the tissue composition and structure to avoid ambiguities in material characterization, and offer insight into the function, structure, and mechanics of tissue components. In the structural approach, the tissues total strain energy is assumed to be the sum of the individual fiber strain energies [1–3]. Although theoretically complete, the fiber architecture must be estimated from assumed distributions and “backed-out” from the mechanical data. Thus, fall realization of the structural approach is significantly limited without direct quantitative structural information to either validate structural model predictions or for direct implementation into the model. This limitation of the structural constitutive modeling approach motivated the development of the following structural constitutive model for planar collagenous tissue that directly incorporates the experimentally measured angular distribution of collagen fibers.
Response Analysis of Passive Human Knee Joint in Flexion Under Anterior-Posterior Loads
Authors: Moglo K. , Shirazi-Adl A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The human knee joint is a multi-body complex system that experiences relatively large loads and displacements during normal daily activities. The joint stability is provided by its articular surfaces, menisci, ligaments and muscles. An injury to a component is expected to influence the joint normal kinematics/kinetics with liklihood to initiate/accelerate joint instability and degeneration. In this work, a validated nonlinear 3-D model of the human knee joint [1,2] is further refined and applied to the analysis of the tibiofemoral joint in passive flexion under 100N anterior or posterior horizontal preload. Attention is focused on the global (primary and coupled) motions, ligament forces and load transmission via articular surfaces. The effect of ligament initial strain on the response is also investigated.
Cell Motility in Microfabricated Models of the Tissue Microenvironment
Authors: Parker Kevin Kit , Ingber Donald E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We conducted studies using micropatterned substrates to elucidate how cell shape and geometric confinement regulates the inter- and intracellular signaling pathways required for cell motility. When cells were cultured on individual cell-sized square adhesive islands coated with ECM, they extend to the edge of the island and assume a square shape. When these cells were stimulated with growth factors, they preferentially extended lamellipodia from the corners versus the sides. This process was mediated by myosin-generated isometric tension that induced tight spatial localization of Rac in the corners. When two or three capillary endothelial cells are constrained to a fibronectin (FN) island, coordinated cell migration results in stable rotation of the entire system about its center. Thus, the emergent pattern is due to the coordinated migration behavior of the cells. These observations suggest that ECM-induced mechanotransduction potentiates compartmentalized signaling pathways and the multicellular organization required of tissue morphogenesis.
Design of a Vibrating Fiber Display for a Wearable Low Vision Aid
Authors: Frank Samuel S. , Seibel Eric J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
There are over 14 million people in the United States who are classified as ‘low vision’, with visual acuity no better than 20/40 with best correction in their best eye. Of these, over 3 million are classified as ‘legally blind’, with visual acuity no better than 20/200 with the best correction in the better eye [1]. All of these people suffer from an inability to perform some or all of the simple daily tasks that the majority of ‘normal sighted’ people take for granted. These include, but are not limited to, navigating in- and outdoors; reading a newspaper or medicine bottles; recognizing faces. Helping as many of these people as possible perform these tasks is a daunting task, and requires an interactive system capable of extracting pertinent data from the environment, enhancing the data, and then presenting it to the user in a form that is well understood and relevant to the user’s task. A lightweight, small, inexpensive, and bright display device with a large field of view and high resolution is a key component of such a system.
Biomechanical Analysis of Pediatric Impact Head Injury: A 3-D Finite Element Modeling Approach
Authors: Kumaresan Srirangam , Sances Anthony , Hutchinson John , Friedman Keith 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Infants and young children sustain head injury during falls and motor vehicle crashes. A better biomechanical understanding assists to mitigate the head injury in the pediatric population. A three-dimensional finite element model of an infant head was developed. The model included the cranial bone, sutures, fontanelles, brain and foramen magnum. The infant head was impacted with a stationary wall structure. Three types of walls (padded and unpadded flat walls, and unpadded cavity/edge wall) were used. The polypropylene and rigid materials were defined for the wall. Each analysis was conducted at an impact velocity of 6.7 and 8.9 m/sec. The cranial bone of the infant head sustained lower strain during the impact with the padded flat wall. The strain in the cranial bone increased considerably when the padding was removed. A further increase in the strain was observed during the impact with the unpadded cavity/edge wall. While the strain in the cranial bone was diffused under the padded flat wall impact, it was more concentrated under the unpadded cavity/edge wall impact condition.
A Novel Trileaflet Synthetic Heart Valve
Authors: Schoephoerster Richard T. , Gallocher Siobhain , Pinchuk Leonard , Kasyanov Vladimir A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Heart valve prostheses have been used successfully since 1960 and generally result in improvement in the longevity and symptomatology of patients with valvular heart disease. However, NIH’s Working Group on Heart Valves reports that 10-year mortality rates still range from 30–55%, and that improvements in valve design are required to minimize thrombotic potential and structural degradation and to improve morbidity and mortality outcomes.
Flow Evaluation of a Compliant Coronary Artery Anastomosis Model
Authors: Anayiotos Andreas S. , Pedroso Pedro D. , Venugopalan Ramakrishna , Eleftheriou Evangelos , Advincula Maria A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a common surgical procedure for coronary artery diseases or severe stenosis of the coronary arteries. It makes use of a peripheral vein (usually the saphenous vein of the leg) to form a conduit between the aorta and the coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. It is rapidly becoming the treatment of choice in cases where the vessel is more than 70% occluded or when angioplasty is not possible. However, a significant number of grafts subsequently fail due to acute thrombosis in the early post-operative period or to restenosis within months or years. Intimal thickening in the CABG anastomosis has been implicated as the major cause of restenosis and long-term graft failure. Several studies point to the interplay between non-uniform hemodynamics (including disturbed flows and recirculation zones), wall shear stress, and long particle residence time as possible etiologies. An important feature of the anastomosis geometry, is a bulge that forms at the veno-arterial junction. This sinus forms as a result of the stretching of the thin venous wall when the graft is exposed to aortic pressure conditions. The resultant sinus, and the impedance mismatch of the vein-artery connection, contribute to a complicated region of highly disturbed flow at the divider and may have a primary role in restenosis and final failure of the graft.
A New Approach for Dynamical Stable Criterion of Hot Strip Mills
Authors: Yoshida Mitsuhiro , Furumoto Hideaki , Yoshikawa Masashi , Morii Shigeki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The new approach of calculating dynamical behavior of hot strip mills is developed within linear response region. This method is based on steady state numerical calculation model using FEM for metal flow velocity distribution between rolls. By applying perturbation of roll displacements and velocity to 2 dimensional perturbed force damping and stiffness matrices are obtained by numerical calculation under certain reasonable boundary conditions. The dynamically stable limit conditions obtained from these matrices have a quite good agreement with experimental results. And it is made clear that friction coefficient plays an important roll for autonomous vibration of mills.
Age Effect Investigation on Postural Dynamic Responses of Human Body
Authors: Hoviattalab Maryam 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Responses of human body were studied in two adult age groups. The healthy subjects with no records of falling down or occupation in a crowded and noisy environment were elected. Mean age was 24 and 71 yrs. in young and elderly groups, respectively. Four experimental tasks were presented to subjects. Two involving flat standing with open and closed eyes and two were involving imposed disturbances. Two optoelectronic camera systems were used to measure body motion. The extents of postural sway were determined by processing the recorded data from force plate. The results were compared, and also provided the basis for kinematics analysis of body segments. For dynamic analysis, we used 3-link biomechanical model on a stationary triangular foot. Results from dynamic analysis indicated that, (a) The angular displacement of body segments was larger in elderly group, especially at the trunk; (b) The visual system had a dramatic effect on balance control, and its omission along with onset of senescence, has progressive effect, i.e. increased the amplitude and frequency of body sway, up to 2.4 and 1.5 times, respectively; (c) It has been proved that, in response to sudden stimulation, body employs certain strategy for muscle contraction. “Maximum torque, occurs in ankle, and respectively diminishes in joints, on its course toward upper segments”. The point is well consistent with the literature in this contest.
Ergonomic Contribution to HGV Freight Handling Bay Entry Manoeuvring. Analysis of Lorry Driver Activity and Formation Needs
Authors: Hella Florence , Schouller Jean-François , Laville Valérie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of lorry drivers performing freight handling bay reverse entry manoeuvres has been conducted for the purpose of proposing a driving aid system or undertaking action aimed at generating greater safety in such work situations. This analysis has been made possible through the use of a data acquisition unit and associated processing of video sequences, physical measures and observations (CAPTIV).
Description of driver manoeuvring procedures in relation with other task parameters made it possible to break up the handling bay entry into several phases and to understand at which moment perceptive difficulties requiring assistance do in fact occur.
A procedure specifically designed to compensate certain weaknesses in driving practice has been developed thanks to a participative approach. This new manoeuvring procedure encourages drivers to direct their gaze towards risk areas, which they did not spontaneously do before due to searching for spatial reference marks in other zones of the environment.
Study on Driver and Vehicle System With Lane-Tracking Control System Using Steering Torque Input
Authors: Nagai Masao , Yoshida Hidehisa , Shitamitsu Kiyotaka , Mouri Hiroshi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Although the vast majority of lane-tracking control methods rely on the steering wheel angle as the control input, a few studies have treated methods using the steering torque as the input. When operating vehicles especially at high speed, drivers typically do not grip the steering wheel tightly to prevent the angle of the steering wheel from veering off course.
This study proposes a new steering assist system for a driver not with the steering angle but the steering torque as the input and clarifies the characteristics and relative advantages of the two approaches. Then using a newly developed driving simulator, characteristics of human drivers and the lane-tracking system based on the steering torque control are investigated.
Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis of Steering Systems for Hybrid Vehicles
Authors: Mills Val D. , Wagner John R. , Dawson Darren M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hybrid vehicles integrate an internal combustion engine, electric motor with accompanying battery pack and generator, and potentially fuel cells to realize greater fuel economy and reduced emission levels. An attractive advantage of multiple energy sources is the increased travel range, reduced stationary recharging times, and availability of greater power for acceleration and payloads. A variety of operating scenarios exist for hybrid vehicle powertrains including engine (and belt driven generator), electric motor using battery back and/or fuel cell, and finally, engine and electric motor. Therefore, automotive subsystems such as hydraulic power steering cannot be consistently powered by a conventional belt driven hydraulic pump since the engine may be frequently turned-off to conserve energy. A need exists to investigate the dynamic behavior of various steering systems for hybrid vehicles in terms of platform steering characteristics, power consumption, and identification of performance requirements for a servo-motor steering system. In this paper, empirical and analytical mathematical models will be presented for power (e.g., hydraulic, electric, and steer-by-wire) rack and pinion steering units. The influence of vehicle and steering system nonlinearities will be introduced for greater accuracy in predicting the vehicle’s transient response. Representative results will be presented and discussed to investigate the response of the vehicle to different driver inputs as the steering system configurations are adjusted. An analysis of the numerical results will ultimately allow the prediction of vehicle trajectory, feedback torque, and power consumption during the driving maneuvers.