bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ESCRT-III protein VPS4, but not CHMP4B or CHMP2B, is pathologically increased in familial and sporadic ALS neuronal nuclei
Authors: Coyne Alyssa N. , Rothstein Jeffrey D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNuclear pore complex injury has recently emerged as an early and significant contributor to familial and sporadic ALS disease pathogenesis. However, the molecular events leading to this pathological phenomenon characterized by the reduction of specific nucleoporins from neuronal nuclear pore complexes remain largely unknown. This is due in part to a lack of knowledge regarding the biological pathways and proteins underlying nuclear pore complex homeostasis specifically in human neurons. We have recently uncovered that aberrant nuclear accumulation of the ESCRT-III protein CHMP7 initiates nuclear pore complex in familial and sporadic ALS neurons. In yeast and non-neuronal mammalian cells, nuclear relocalization of CHMP7 has been shown to recruit the ESCRT-III proteins CHMP4B, CHMP2B, and VPS4 to facilitate nuclear pore complex and nuclear envelope repair and homeostasis. Here, using super resolution structured illumination microscopy, we find that neither CHMP4B nor CHMP2B are increased in ALS neuronal nuclei. In contrast, VPS4 expression is significantly increased in ALS neuronal nuclei prior to the emergence of nuclear pore injury in a CHMP7 dependent manner. However, unlike our prior CHMP7 knockdown studies, impaired VPS4 function does not mitigate alterations to the NPC and the integral transmembrane nucleoporin POM121. Collectively our data suggest that while alterations in VPS4 subcellular localization appear to be coincident with nuclear pore complex injury, therapeutic efforts to mitigate this pathogenic cascade should be targeted towards upstream events such as the nuclear accumulation of CHMP7 as we have previously described.
New class of Lindley distributions: properties and applications
Authors: Hamed Duha , Alzaghal Ahmad 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA new generalized class of Lindley distribution is introduced in this paper. This new class is called theT-Lindley{Y} class of distributions, and it is generated by using the quantile functions of uniform, exponential, Weibull, log-logistic, logistic and Cauchy distributions. The statistical properties including the modes, moments and Shannon’s entropy are discussed. Three new generalized Lindley distributions are investigated in more details. For estimating the unknown parameters, the maximum likelihood estimation has been used and a simulation study was carried out. Lastly, the usefulness of this new proposed class in fitting lifetime data is illustrated using four different data sets. In the application section, the strength of members of theT-Lindley{Y} class in modeling both unimodal as well as bimodal data sets is presented. A member of theT-Lindley{Y} class of distributions outperformed other known distributions in modeling unimodal and bimodal lifetime data sets.
Bayesian probabilistic forecasting with large-scale educational trend data: a case study using NAEP
Authors: Kaplan David , Huang Mingya 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOf critical importance to education policy is monitoring trends in education outcomes over time. In the United States, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) has provided long-term trend data since 1970; at the state/jurisdiction level, NAEP has provided long-term trend data since 1996. In addition to the national NAEP, all 50 states and United States jurisdictions participate in the state NAEP assessment. Thus, NAEP provides important monitoring and forecasting information regarding population-level academic performance of relevance to national and international goals. However, an inspection of NAEP trend reports shows that relatively simple trend plots are provided; and although these plots are important for communicating general trend information, we argue that much more useful information can be obtained by adopting a Bayesian probabilistic forecasting point of view. The purpose of this paper is to provide a Bayesian probabilistic forecasting workflow that can be used with large-scale assessment trend data generally, and to demonstrate that workflow with an application to the state NAEP assessments.
Processing and extraction methods of medicinal cannabis: a narrative review
Authors: Lazarjani Masoumeh Pourseyed , Young Owen , Kebede Lidya , Seyfoddin Ali 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Introduction
As the cannabis industry transitions from a black market to a legal market, product development, and methods of extraction have become a focal point. To date, more than thousands of chemical constituents have been identified from the cannabis plant, all of which possess different chemical properties that require different conditions for preservation during drying and extraction. However, scientific publications that explore these areas for the cannabis plant are currently lacking.

Method
This is a narrative review paper which focuses on critiquing drying and extraction methods of Cannabis sativa L. plant. Relevant keywords such as medicinal cannabis, extraction, solvent, cannabinoids, and terpenes have been searched in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases.

Result
To find relevant papers for this narrative review, 93 papers have been reviewed. Among them, 12 irrelevant papers were discarded. The excluded papers were either about hemp seed oil or hemp fiber and protein. Based on this review, solvent extraction is the most common method for cannabis plants. Although solventless and hydrodynamic extraction are known for their high yield and feasibility, more investigation is needed in these areas. Regarding the drying process, hang-drying is the most convenient method; however, it may be substituted by freeze-drying in the near future.

Discussion
This review analyses various drying and extraction processes to guide the selection of suitable methods for various types of cannabis products and applications. This is done by outlining traditional and modern methods of drying techniques, exploring the importance of solvents for extraction, visiting solventless extraction procedures, and finally comparing conventional and alternative methods of extraction.

Conclusion
In conclusion, based on the current knowledge, using organic solvents is the most convenient method for medicinal cannabis extraction. However, more research is needed for some of the drying and extraction methods. Also, developing a green and sustainable cannabis extraction method should be considered for future studies.
Toxicity assessment of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis (Euphorbiaceae) leaves
Authors: Chibuogwu C. Christian , Njoku U. Obioma , Nwodo F. C. Okwesili , Ozougwu E. O. Vincent , Nweze N. Victor 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis have been found to have important application both in traditional medicine and as an edible vegetable in Nigerian soups. It is popularly employed in Nigeria for the treatment of anemia, diabetes, and malaria. The dearth of information on its toxicity prompted this study. Mice were administered single oral doses of 10, 100, 1000, 1600, 2900, and 5000 mg/kg b.wt (n = 3/group) of the extract and were observed for 24 h for any sign of toxicity and mortality in the acute toxicity study. For the sub-acute toxicity study, doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.wt of the extract were administered to experimental rats (n = 6/group) for 28 days after which the assessment of hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as liver and kidney histology was conducted post-treatment. Body weight of the animals was also taken weekly.

Results
The result showed that percentage weight gain decreased as the dose of extract increased. The haematological and biochemical parameters showed that the extract had no toxic effect on experimental animals, though there was a non-significant dose-dependent decrease in WBC. The extract also showed potential to cause hepatotoxicity at the highest dose.

Conclusion
Though the median lethal dose of the plant extract suggests relative safety of the plant material, consuming large amounts over a prolonged time may need to be discouraged to avoid potential damage to vital organs such as the liver.
An analysis of acquisition-related subsampling effects on Marchenko focusing, redatuming, and primary estimation
Authors: Peng Haorui , Vasconcelos Ivan , Sripanich Yanadet , Zhang Lele 
Published: July 2021

Marchenko methods can retrieve Green’s functions and focusing functions from single-sided reflection data and a smooth velocity model, as essential components of a redatuming process. Recent studies also indicate that a modified Marchenko scheme can reconstruct primary-only reflection responses directly from reflection data without requiring a priori model information. To provide insight into the artifacts that arise when input data are not ideally sampled, we study the effects of subsampling in both types of Marchenko methods in 2D earth and data — by analyzing the behavior of Marchenko-based results on synthetic data subsampled in sources or receivers. With a layered model, we find that for Marchenko redatuming, subsampling effects jointly depend on the choice of integration variable and the subsampling dimension, originated from the integrand gather in the multidimensional convolution process. When reflection data are subsampled in a single dimension, integrating on the other yields spatial gaps together with artifacts, whereas integrating on the subsampled dimension produces aliasing artifacts but without spatial gaps. Our complex subsalt model indicates that the subsampling may lead to very strong artifacts, which can be further complicated by having limited apertures. For Marchenko-based primary estimation (MPE), subsampling below a certain fraction of the fully sampled data can cause MPE iterations to diverge, which can be mitigated to some extent by using more robust iterative solvers, such as least-squares QR. Our results, covering redatuming and primary estimation in a range of subsampling scenarios, provide insights that can inform acquisition sampling choices as well as processing parameterization and quality control, e.g., to set up appropriate data filters and scaling to accommodate the effects of dipole fields, or to help ensuring that the data interpolation achieves the desired levels of reconstruction quality that minimize subsampling artifacts in Marchenko-derived fields and images.
Readmission after discharge from acute mental healthcare among 231 988 people in England: cohort study exploring predictors of readmission including availability of acute day units in local areas
Authors: Osborn David P. J. , Favarato Graziella , Lamb Danielle , Harper Terri , Johnson Sonia , Lloyd-Evans Brynmor , Marston Louise , Pinfold Vanessa , Smith Deb , Kirkbride James B. , Weich Scott 
Published: July 2021

Background
In the UK, acute mental healthcare is provided by in-patient wards and crisis resolution teams. Readmission to acute care following discharge is common. Acute day units (ADUs) are also provided in some areas.

Aims
To assess predictors of readmission to acute mental healthcare following discharge in England, including availability of ADUs.

Method
We enrolled a national cohort of adults discharged from acute mental healthcare in the English National Health Service (NHS) between 2013 and 2015, determined the risk of readmission to either in-patient or crisis teams, and used multivariable, multilevel logistic models to evaluate predictors of readmission.

Results
Of a total of 231 998 eligible individuals discharged from acute mental healthcare, 49 547 (21.4%) were readmitted within 6 months, with a median time to readmission of 34 days (interquartile range 10–88 days). Most variation in readmission (98%) was attributable to individual patient-level rather than provider (trust)-level effects (2.0%). Risk of readmission was not associated with local availability of ADUs (adjusted odds ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.80–1.15). Statistically significant elevated risks were identified for participants who were female, older, single, from Black or mixed ethnic groups, or from more deprived areas. Clinical predictors included shorter index admission, psychosis and being an in-patient at baseline.

Conclusions
Relapse and readmission to acute mental healthcare are common following discharge and occur early. Readmission was not influenced significantly by trust-level variables including availability of ADUs. More support for relapse prevention and symptom management may be required following discharge from acute mental healthcare.
Revisiting Regulators of Human β-cell Mass to Achieve β-cell–centric Approach Toward Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sasaki Hironobu , Saisho Yoshifumi , Inaishi Jun , Itoh Hiroshi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Because patients with T2DM have inadequate β-cell mass (BCM) and β-cell dysfunction worsens glycemic control and makes treatment difficult, therapeutic strategies to preserve and restore BCM are needed. In rodent models, obesity increases BCM about 3-fold, but the increase in BCM in humans is limited. Besides, obesity-induced changes in BCM may show racial differences between East Asians and Caucasians. Recently, the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis, which states that the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases including T2DM is influenced by the fetal environment, has been proposed. It is known in rodents that animals with low birthweight have reduced BCM through epigenetic modifications, making them more susceptible to diabetes in the future. Similarly, in humans, we revealed that individuals born with low birthweight have lower BCM in adulthood. Because β-cell replication is more frequently observed in the 5 years after birth, and β cells are found to be more plastic in that period, a history of childhood obesity increases BCM. BCM in patients with T2DM is reduced by 20% to 65% compared with that in individuals without T2DM. However, since BCM starts to decrease from the stage of borderline diabetes, early intervention is essential for β-cell protection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on regulatory factors of human BCM in health and diabetes and propose the β-cell–centric concept of diabetes to enhance a more pathophysiology-based treatment approach for T2DM.
Born in the USA? A Comparison of “Inspired” Health Care Reforms in Germany and France
Authors: Brunn Matthias 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Context: Despite numerous examples of health policy transfer in Western health systems, the nature of such “inspired” reforms has received little detailed attention. The aim of this article is to apply and refine a specific theoretical angle for the analysis of these reforms using the theoretical frameworks of transfer and translation.
Methods: The design is based on a comparative case study: the introduction of disease management programs (DMPs) for diabetes in Germany in 2002 and in France in 2008, drawing on a literature review and semistructured interviews.
Findings: In introducing its DMP, Germany chose and combined several components in a process of selective borrowing, while France opted for copying a specific foreign program and adapting it. Such differences in process are linked to distinct system structures, in particular the setup of health insurance and the representation of physicians. Furthermore, the displayed versus actual degree of inspiration varied significantly, with a branding strategy in Germany (high display of foreign influence) and the inverse picture in France (high degree of actual inspiration).
Conclusions: This analysis has applied the dual perspective of transfer and translation. Both perspectives proved complementary and necessary, and translation appeared as a main determinant of implementation success.
The Limits of Family: Military Law and Sex Panics in Contemporary South Korea
Authors: Gitzen Timothy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article explores the limits of family in contemporary South Korea by simultaneously examining the discourses and practices of anti-LGBT protesters and the state alongside an ethnography of queer and HIV/AIDS activism. The author argues that the limits of family in Korea ought to be conceived as a problem with sex incorporating both “substance” and the practice of having sex. He explores these limits of family through a broadening understanding of family law in Korea, focusing on the anti-sodomy clause in the Military Penal Code and mandatory HIV/AIDS testing. The author contends that to broaden the concept of family law to laws such as the anti-sodomy clause and mandatory HIV/AIDS testing demonstrates the intricate and unexplored ways the Korean family is produced through military laws and regulations. This is a recursive process, for the heteronormative expectations of family members are inscribed within military law, rhetorically casting the family as a threatened body that needs protection. However, the normative experience of the family in crisis produces violence against gender and sexual minorities. The author concludes by discussing the dangerous implications of these family laws.
Muscle forces and the demands of human walking
Authors: Sylvester Adam D. , Lautzenheiser Steven G. , Kramer Patricia Ann 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTReconstructing the locomotor behavior of extinct animals depends on elucidating the principles that link behavior, function, and morphology, which can only be done using extant animals. Within the human lineage, the evolution of bipedalism represents a critical transition, and evaluating fossil hominins depends on understanding the relationship between lower limb forces and skeletal morphology in living humans. As a step toward that goal, here we use a musculoskeletal model to estimate forces in the lower limb muscles of ten individuals during walking. The purpose is to quantify the consistency, timing, and magnitude of these muscle forces during the stance phase of walking. We find that muscles which act to support or propel the body during walking demonstrate the greatest force magnitudes as well as the highest consistency in the shape of force curves among individuals. Muscles that generate moments in the same direction as, or orthogonal to, the ground reaction force show lower forces of greater variability. These data can be used to define the envelope of load cases that need to be examined in order to understand human lower limb skeletal load bearing.
Syntheses and Properties of Open-Shell π-Conjugated Molecules
Authors: Kubo Takashi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Organic compounds with an open-shell electronic structure, in which unpaired electrons remain in the molecule, have attracted much attention in recent years due to their high reactivity and unique physical and functional properties. This paper presents my recent studies on the investigation of the properties of organic radical species through a structural organic chemistry approach to synthesize molecules with new frameworks. In particular, this paper focuses on (1) elucidation of the electronic structure of singlet biradicals and exploration of the properties characterized by the unique electronic structure, (2) molecular interpretation of the strange magnetic state of graphene nanoribbons, and (3) elucidation of the new association mode of organic radical species.
Whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in Uganda: implementation of the low-cost ARTIC protocol in resource-limited settings
Authors: Mboowa Gerald , Mwesigwa Savannah , Kateete David , Wayengera Misaki , Nasinghe Emmanuel , Katagirya Eric , Katabazi Ashaba Fred , Kigozi Edgar , Kirimunda Samuel , Kamulegeya Rogers , Kabahita Jupiter Marina , Luutu Moses Nsubuga , Nabisubi Patricia , Kanyerezi Stephen , Bagaya Bernard Ssentalo , Joloba Moses L 
Published: July 2021

Background: In January 2020, a previously unknown coronavirus strain was identified as the cause of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). The first viral whole-genome was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing from a sample collected in Wuhan, China. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is imperative in investigating disease outbreak transmission dynamics and guiding decision-making in public health. Methods: We retrieved archived SARS-CoV-2 samples at the Integrated Biorepository of H3Africa Uganda, Makerere University (IBRH3AU). These samples were collected previously from individuals diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). 30 samples with cycle thresholds (Cts) values <25 were selected for WGS using SARS-CoV-2 ARTIC protocol at Makerere University Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory. Results: 28 out of 30 (93.3%) samples generated analyzable genomic sequence reads. We detected SARS-CoV-2 and lineages A (22/28) and B (6/28) from the samples. We further show phylogenetic relatedness of these isolates alongside other 328 Uganda (lineage A = 222, lineage B = 106) SARS-CoV-2 genomes available in GISAID by April 22, 2021 and submitted by the Uganda Virus Research Institute. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated adoption and optimization of the low-cost ARTIC SARS-CoV-2 WGS protocol in a resource limited laboratory setting. This work has set a foundation to enable rapid expansion of SARS-CoV-2 WGS in Uganda as part of the Presidential Scientific Initiative on Epidemics (PRESIDE) CoV-bank project and IBRH3AU.