bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of operating a millimeter‐scale graphite calorimeter for absolute dosimetry of small‐field photon beams in the clinic
Authors: Côté Benjamin , Keszti Federico , Bancheri Julien , Sarfehnia Arman , Seuntjens Jan , Renaud James 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeTo characterize and build a cylindrically layered graphite calorimeter the size of a thimble ionization chamber for absolute dosimetry of small fields. This detector has been designed in a familiar probe format to facilitate integration into the clinical workflow. The feasibility of operating this absorbed dose calorimeter in quasi‐adiabatic mode is assessed for high‐energy accelerator‐based photon beams.MethodsThis detector, herein referred to as Aerrow MK7, is a miniaturized version of a previously validated aerogel‐insulated graphite calorimeter known as Aerrow. The new model was designed and developed using numerical methods. Medium conversion factors from graphite to water, small‐field output correction factors, and layer perturbation factors for this dosimeter were calculated using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code system. A range of commercially available aerogel densities were studied for the insulating layers, and an optimal density was selected by minimizing the small‐field output correction factors. Heat exchange within the detector was simulated using a five‐body compartmental heat transfer model.In quasi‐adiabatic mode, the sensitive volume (a 3 mm diameter cylindrical graphite core) experiences a temperature rise during irradiation on the order of 1.3 mK·Gy−1. The absorbed dose is obtained by calculating the product of this temperature rise with the specific heat capacity of the graphite. The detector was irradiated with 6 MV ( = 63.5%) and 10 MV ( = 71.1%) flattening filter‐free (FFF) photon beams for two field sizes, characterized by dimensions of 2.16 and 11.0 cm. The dose readings were compared against a calibrated Exradin A1SL ionization chamber. All dose values are reported at in water.ResultsThe field output correction factors for this dosimeter design were computed for field sizes ranging from = 0.54 to 11.0 cm. For all aerogel densities studied, these correction factors did not exceed 1.5%. The relative dose difference between the two dosimeters ranged between 0.3% and 0.7% for all beams and field sizes. The smallest field size experimentally investigated, = 2.16 cm, which was irradiated with the 10 MV FFF beam, produced readings of 84.4 cGy (±1.3%) in the calorimeter and 84.5 cGy (±1.3%) in the ionization chamber.ConclusionThe median relative difference in absorbed dose values between a calibrated A1SL ionization chamber and the proposed novel graphite calorimeter was 0.6%. This preliminary experimental validation demonstrates that Aerrow MK7 is capable of accurate and reproducible absorbed dose measurements in quasi‐adiabatic mode.
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction for parametric problems: A kernel proper orthogonal decomposition
Authors: Díez Pedro , Muixí Alba , Zlotnik Sergio , García‐González Alberto 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReduced‐order models are essential tools to deal with parametric problems in the context of optimization, uncertainty quantification, or control and inverse problems. The set of parametric solutions lies in a low‐dimensional manifold (with dimension equal to the number of independent parameters) embedded in a large‐dimensional space (dimension equal to the number of degrees of freedom of the full‐order discrete model). A posteriori model reduction is based on constructing a basis from a family of snapshots (solutions of the full‐order model computed offline), and then use this new basis to solve the subsequent instances online. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) reduces the problem into a linear subspace of lower dimension, eliminating redundancies in the family of snapshots. The strategy proposed here is to use a nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique, namely, the kernel principal component analysis (kPCA), in order to find a nonlinear manifold, with an expected much lower dimension, and to solve the problem in this low‐dimensional manifold. Guided by this paradigm, the methodology devised here introduces different novel ideas, namely, 1) characterizing the nonlinear manifold using local tangent spaces, where the reduced‐order problem is linear and based on the neighboring snapshots, 2) the approximation space is enriched with the cross‐products of the snapshots, introducing a quadratic description, 3) the kernel for kPCA is defined ad hoc, based on physical considerations, and 4) the iterations in the reduced‐dimensional space are performed using an algorithm based on a Delaunay tessellation of the cloud of snapshots in the reduced space. The resulting computational strategy is performing outstandingly in the numerical tests, alleviating many of the problems associated with POD and improving the numerical accuracy.
A local dynamic extreme learning machine based iterative learning control of nonlinear batch process
Authors: Zhou Chengyu , Jia Li 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article deals with the optimal control issue of nonlinear batch process. First, in order to derive high efficiency and accuracy process model, a novel hierarchical searching mechanism local dynamic nonlinear model is constructed which is composed of just‐in‐time learning and extreme learning machine (JITL‐ELM). Then, based on the local dynamic JITL‐ELM model, an optimal quadratic‐criterion‐based iterative learning control (Q‐ILC) algorithm is presented, where the control input trajectory can be obtained by solving a quadratic programming problem. Moreover, on the basis of inverse model system, the initial batch control input trajectory of the Q‐ILC algorithm can be obtained by the use of JITL method. As a result, not only the issue of model‐plant mismatch and real‐time disturbance can be solved, but also obtain faster system convergence rate and smaller tracking error. Besides, the convergence properties of control input and tracking error are analyzed. Finally, a typical batch process is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and superiority.
Construction of crosslinking network structures by addingZnOandADRin intumescent flame retardantPLAcomposites
Authors: Chen Yajun , Wu Xingde , Li Mengqi , Qian Lijun , Zhou Hongfu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDifferent proportion of nano zinc oxide (nano ZnO) and chain extender (ADR) were combined with the intumescent flame retardant and then added into the PLA matrix. The thermal stability, flame retardant performance, and mechanical properties were studied. The gel content results showed that crosslinking structures were obtained after the addition of nano ZnO and ADR, which were generated by the catalytic chain scission effect of nano ZnO and chain extension effect of ADR. With addition of 1% nano ZnO and 1.6% ADR, the gel content of flame retardant PLA composite reached the highest value (14.2%). Meanwhile, the corresponding flame retardant PLA composite with 1% nano ZnO and 1.6% ADR, named FRPLA/ZnO/ADR‐1, exhibited an overall improved properties including the flame retardant properties and mechanical performance, which passed the UL94 V‐0 level with a limiting oxygen index value of 40.1%. Compared to FRPLA (flame retardant PLA without ZnO and ADR), the peak heat release rate and the total smoke production of FRPLA/ZnO/ADR‐1were reduced by 60% and 67% respectively, and the final mass improved from 12% to 38%. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation at break of FRPLA/ZnO/ADR‐1 increased by 25%, 14% compared with that of FRPLA. The impact strength was 15.1 kJ/m2, which is similar to the pure PLA (15.6 kJ/m2). It indicated that the addition of nano ZnO and ADR could balance the flame retardant performance and the mechanical properties of the flame retardant PLA.
KMT2A‐MAML2 rearrangement emerged and regressed during neuroblastoma therapy without leukemia after 12.8‐year follow‐up
Authors: Felix Carolyn A. , Slater Diana J. , Davenport James W. , Yu Xiang , Gregory Brian D. , Li Marilyn M. , Rappaport Eric F. , Cheung Nai‐Kong V. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTwelvepatients without therapy‐related leukemia were studied after completing TOP2 poison chemotherapy in a high‐risk neuroblastoma regimen. One patient harbored an inv(11) that was a KMT2A rearrangement. The KMT2A‐MAML2 transcript was expressed at low level. The patient was prospectively followed. The inv(11) was undetectable in ensuing samples. Leukemia never developed after a 12.8‐year follow‐up period. Enriched etoposide‐induced TOP2A cleavage in the relevant MAML2 genomic region supports a TOP2A DNA damage mechanism. After completing TOP2 poison chemotherapies, covert KMT2A‐R clones may occur in a small minority of patients; however, not all KMT2A rearrangements herald a therapy‐related leukemia diagnosis.
Analysis and modeling of the Z‐pin insertion in prepreg based on contact mechanism
Authors: Cheng Liang , Ji Guobiao , Fei Shaohua , Li Jiangxiong , Ke Yinglin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractZ‐pinning is increasingly applied to improve the fracture toughness in fiber‐reinforced laminated composites. Force modeling during Z‐pin insertion into prepreg is crucial for the manufacturing technology of Z‐pinned laminates. In this paper, the effect of lay‐up sequence on the Z‐pin insertion force is investigated. Experimental testing reveals that the change of ply structure can result in two main force‐displacement relationships in the compression phase, namely linear growth and nonlinear growth. Through analyzing the contact mechanism, the force‐displacement relationship depends highly on the contact area between Z‐pin and prepreg, which is validated by insertion experiments with different conical tipped Z‐pins. Two models based on different contact modes of Z‐pin insertion are proposed: the analytical model for the unidirectional prepreg and the finite element model for the cross‐ply prepreg. The advantage of this approach is its ability to capture the contact behavior during the insertion process, thus predicting the insertion force more accurately. The analysis results are in good agreement with experiments.
Modeling flow and cell formation in foam sheet extrusion of polystyrene with CO2 and co‐blowing agents. Part I: Material model
Authors: Breuer Robert , Hendriks Sven , Reinhardt Nicolas , Facklam Martin , Hopmann Christian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn foam extrusion, process parameters, material properties, and the blowing agent have an influence on the resulting foam properties. For safety and environmental reasons, carbon dioxide (CO2) has gained importance as a physical blowing agent for the production of low‐density polystyrene foam sheets. The sole use of CO2 often leads to corrugation, open cell structures, or surface defects on the foam sheet. As an alternative, blowing agent mixtures based on CO2 and organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, or ethyl acetate can be used, changing solubility and flow behavior of the gas‐loaded melt. Modeling of the foaming process in the extrusion die could help to reduce experimental effort and accelerate the development of novel blowing agent mixtures. A model approach to describe the melt behavior of polystyrene loaded with various blowing agent mixtures in the extrusion die is developed. Part I of the article describes the modeling of material properties, that is, rheological behavior by a Carreau‐WLF approach with shift factors for temperature, pressure, and blowing agent effects on the glass transition temperature. Solubility behavior is modeled by a combined Henry solubility coefficient approach, showing good agreement with experimental data. Based on the material model, a process model is developed in Part II of this work.
Microscopic insight into the impact of the KF post‐deposition treatment on optoelectronic properties of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Krause Maximilian , Márquez José A. , Levcenco Sergej , Unold Thomas , Donzel‐Gargand Olivier , Edoff Marika , Abou‐Ras Daniel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIt is attractive to alloy Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar‐cell absorbers with Ag (ACIGSe), since they lead to similar device performances as the Ag‐free absorber layers, while they can be synthesized at much lower deposition temperatures. However, a KF post‐deposition treatment (PDT) of the ACIGSe absorber surface is necessary to achieve higher open‐circuit voltages (Voc). The present work provides microscopic insights to the effects of this KF PDT, employing correlative scanning‐electron microscope techniques on identical positions of cross‐sectional specimens of the cell stacks. We found that the increase in Voc after the KF PDT can be explained by the removal of Cu‐poor, Ag‐poor, and Ga‐rich regions near the ACIGSe/CdS interface. The KF PDT leads, when optimally doped, to a very thin K‐Ag‐Cu‐Ga‐In‐Se layer between ACIGSe and CdS. If the KF dose is too large, we find that Cu‐poor and K‐rich regions form near the ACIGSe/CdS interface with enhanced nonradiative recombination which explains a decrease in the Voc. This effect occurs in addition to the presence of a (K,Ag,Cu)InSe2 intermediate layer, that might be responsible for limiting the short‐current density of the solar cells due to a current blocking behavior.
Correlating conductivity and Seebeck coefficient to doping within crystalline and amorphous domains in poly(3‐(methoxyethoxyethoxy)thiophene)
Authors: Ma Tengzhou , Dong Ban Xuan , Onorato Jonathan W. , Niklas Jens , Poluektov Oleg , Luscombe Christine K. , Patel Shrayesh N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMolecular doping of conjugated polymers (CPs) plays a vital role in optimizing organic electronic and energy applications. For the case of organic thermoelectrics, it is commonly believed that doping CPs with a strong dopant could result in higher conductivity (σ) and thus better power factor (PF). Herein, by investigating thermoelectric performance of a polar side‐chain bearing CP, poly(3‐(methoxyethoxyethoxy)thiophene) (P3MEET), vapor doped with fluorinated‐derivative of tetracyanoquinodimethane FnTCNQ (n = 1, 2, 4), we show that using strong dopants can in fact have detrimental effects on the thermoelectric performance of CPs. Despite possessing higher electron affinity, doping P3MEET with F4TCNQ only results in a σ (27.0 S/cm) comparable to samples doped with other two weaker dopants F2TCNQ and F1TCNQ (26.4 and 20.1 S/cm). Interestingly, F4TCNQ‐doped samples display a marked reduction in the Seebeck coefficient (α) compared to F1TCNQ‐ and F2TCNQ‐doped samples from 42 to 13 μV/K, leading to an undesirable suppression of the PF. Structural characterizations coupled with Kang‐Snyder modeling of the α–σ relation show that the reduction of α in F4TCNQ‐doped P3MEET samples originates from the generation of low mobility carrier within P3MEET's amorphous domain. Our results demonstrate that factors such as dopant distribution and doping efficiency within the crystalline and amorphous domains of CPs should play a crucial role in advancing rational design for organic thermoelectrics.
Effects of a partnership‐based, needs‐tailored self‐management support intervention for post‐treatment breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kim Soo Hyun , Choe Yu Hyeon , Cho Young Up , Park Seho , Lee Moon Hee 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effectiveness of partnErship‐based, needs‐tailored self‐Management support Program fOr Women with breast cancER (EMPOWER), a partnership‐based, needs‐tailored, self‐management (SM) support intervention designed to empower post‐treatment breast cancer survivors (BCSs) and ultimately improve their health outcomes.MethodsThis multi‐center, two‐armed, randomized controlled trial comprised 94 female BCSs who had completed primary cancer treatment in South Korea. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to the intervention group or the wait‐list control group. The intervention group received a 7‐week EMPOWER intervention via telephone counseling. The primary outcome was empowerment. Secondary outcomes included self‐efficacy for post‐treatment SM behaviors, mental adjustment, anxiety, depression, and health‐related quality of life. Data were collected via a self‐reported questionnaire at baseline (T0) and at 8 (T1) and 20 weeks (T2) of follow‐up. Linear mixed models were used to assess group differences over time. Effective sizes were calculated using Cohen's d.ResultsRetention rates were excellent (95.7% at T1; 94.7% at T2). Linear mixed model analyses revealed that the EMPOWER group showed significantly improved empowerment (mean difference 2.24, 95% CI = 0.18 to 4.29; p = 0.016) and general health perception (mean difference 3.68, 95% CI = 0.67 to 6.72; p = 0.037) compared with the control group. Time point analysis showed that several secondary outcomes significantly improved at T1, but the effects were not sustained.ConclusionEMPOWER was effective in improving empowerment and general health perception among post‐treatment BCS. Further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of the EMPOWER intervention in other cancer populations.
Numerical study on interactions of atmospheric plasmas and vegetable oils by reactive molecular dynamic simulations
Authors: Tian Shu‐Qi , Wang Xiao‐Long , Zhang Yuan‐Tao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPlasma medicine is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary field. Recently, experimental observations have shown that plasma‐activated oil (PAO) with high reactive activity can effectively promote wound healing. In this study, a reactive molecular dynamic (MD) simulation is performed to investigate the interactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as O, OH, and O3 produced in atmospheric plasmas, and fatty acids in vegetable oils with the ReaxFF field. The reaction processes of the chemical bond breaking and formation of fatty acids upon impact by the ROS are deeply explored. The simulation shows that the reactions typically start with the H abstraction from fatty acids, then often resulting in the formation of double C═C bonds or conjugated double bonds. The insertion of functional groups, such as aldehyde and alcohol groups, and the detachment of the carboxyl group are also observed from the simulation. Based on the computational data the final products in PAO upon impact of ROS are given. Moreover, the dose effects of ROS on the oxidation processes are explored by changing the number of ROS in the simulation box. Usually, by increasing the number of ROS in the simulation, more reactive groups are generated in PAO, which are consistent with the experimental observation. This study unveils the formation and breaking of chemical bonds and the production of new reactive groups, which enables us to deeply understand the mechanisms of plasma pharmacy and plasma medicine.
How regulatory issues surrounding new breeding technologies can impact smallholder farmer breeding: A case study from the Philippines
Authors: De Jonge Bram , Salazar Rene , Visser Bert 
Published: September 2021

Societal Impact StatementThe widespread use of patents on plants and plant parts in low‐ and middle‐income countries demonstrates the increasing privatisation of crop genetic resources and potentially limits the use of these resources in farmer breeding, increasing the dependence of smallholder farmers on the private seed sector. Use of genetically modified traits in farmer breeding poses biosafety issues. Adaptation of patent legislation to the benefit of smallholder breeding and development of alternative seed sources from the public breeding sector could contain these negative impacts on farmer‐breeder efforts and ultimately on food and nutrition security.Summary

This paper explores the potential impact of increased use of digital sequence information (DSI) through new breeding technologies (NBTs) and its associated patent and biosafety strategies and policies on smallholder agriculture and breeding in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
We performed a case study in the southern Philippines, involving multiple field visits and interviews, where smallholder farmers deliberately and successfully incorporated a genetically modified, patent‐protected trait into popular open‐pollinated varieties (OPVs) of both yellow and white maize, resulting in the wide‐spread dissemination of glyphosate‐tolerant open‐pollinated varieties (OPVs) called sige‐sige.
The particular case poses a suite of questions regarding farmer producer health, biosafety and access to plant genetic resources protected by patent rights. Considering current trends, it is predicted that the rise of NBTs such as gene editing will lead to more patents on breeding processes and on gene‐edited crop plants, including in low‐ and middle‐income countries and emerging economies. Since in many jurisdictions NBTs may be regulated as genetic engineering processes and products, biosafety regulations and related management requirements need to be considered as well.
By recognising and supporting the breeding efforts of farmers, governments can tap into the potential for creating a wider portfolio of varieties that are better adjusted to the needs of smallholder farmers. If the spread of GMOs in smallholder agriculture should be contained, alternative seed sources for farmer‐breeding from the public breeding sector will be highly needed.
Characteristics of α2,3‐sialyl N‐glycosylated PSA as a biomarker for clinically significant prostate cancer in men with elevated PSA level
Authors: Yoneyama Tohru , Yamamoto Hayato , Sutoh Yoneyama Mihoko , Tobisawa Yuki , Hatakeyama Shingo , Narita Takuma , Kodama Hirotake , Momota Masaki , Ito Hiroyuki , Narita Shintaro , Tsushima Fumiyasu , Mitsuzuka Koji , Yoneyama Takahiro , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Duivenvoorden Wilhelmina , Pinthus Jehonathan H. , Kakeda Shingo , Ito Akihiro , Tsuchiya Norihiko , Habuchi Tomonori , Ohyama Chikara 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe presence of glycosylated isoforms of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer (PC) cells is a potential marker of their aggressiveness. We characterized the origin of α2,3‐sialylated prostate‐specific antigen (S23PSA) by tissue‐based sialylation‐related gene expression and studied the performance of S23PSA density (S23PSAD) alone and in combination with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in men with elevated PSA.MethodsTissue‐based quantification of S23PSA and sialyltransferase and sialidase gene expression was evaluated in 71 radical prostatectomy specimens. The diagnostic performance of S23PSAD was studied in 1099 men retrospectively enrolled in a multicenter systematic biopsy (SBx) cohort. We correlated the S23PSAD with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) scores in 98 men prospectively enrolled in a single‐center MRI‐targeted biopsy (MRI–TBx) cohort. The primary outcome was the PC‐diagnostic performance of the S23PSAD, the secondary outcome was the avoidable biopsy rate of S23PSAD combined with DRE and total PSA (tPSA), and with or without PI‐RADS.ResultsS23PSA was significantly higher in Gleason pattern 4 and 5 compared with benign prostate tissue. In the retrospective cohort, the performance of S23PSAD for detecting PC was superior to tPSA or PSA density (PSAD) (AUC: 0.7758 vs. 0.6360 and 0.7509, respectively). In the prospective cohort, S23PSAD was superior to tPSA, PSAD, and PI‐RADS (AUC: 0.7725 vs. 0.5901, 0.7439 and 0.7305, respectively), and S23PSAD + PI‐RADS + DRE + tPSA was superior to DRE + tPSA+PI‐RADS with avoidance rate of MRI–TBx (13% vs. 1%) at 30% risk threshold.ConclusionsThe diagnostic performance of S23PSAD was superior to conventional strategies but comparable to mpMRI.