bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastric accommodation: Physiology, diagnostic modalities, clinical relevance, and therapies
Authors: Febo‐Rodriguez Liz , Chumpitazi Bruno P. , Sher Andrew C. , Shulman Robert J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundGastric accommodation is an essential gastric motor function which occurs following ingestion of a meal. Impaired gastric fundic accommodation (IFA) is associated with dyspeptic symptoms. Gastric accommodation is mediated by the vagal pathway with several important physiologic factors such as duodenal nutrient feedback playing a significant role. IFA has been described as a pathophysiologic factor in several gastrointestinal disorders including functional dyspepsia, diabetic gastropathy, post‐Nissen fundoplication, postsurgical gastrectomy, and rumination syndrome. Modalities for gastric accommodation assessment include gastric barostat, intragastric meal distribution via scintigraphy, drinking tests (eg, water load), SPECT, MRI, 2D and 3D ultrasound, and intragastric high‐resolution manometry. Several treatment options including sumatriptan, buspirone, tandospirone, ondansetron, and acotiamide may improve symptoms by increasing post‐meal gastric volume.PurposeOur aim is to provide an overview of the physiology, diagnostic modalities, and therapies for IFA. A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, and other sources to identify relevant studies available until December 2020. Gastric accommodation is an important gastric motor function which if impaired, is associated with several upper gastrointestinal disorders. There are an increasing number of gastric accommodation testing modalities; however, each has facets which warrant consideration. Evidence regarding potentially effective therapies for IFA is growing.
Epidermal choristoma: a case series and review of the literature
Authors: Hughes Connor , Ferro Ashley , Dubb Sukhpreet , Gass Julia , Hook Liz , Santhanam Vijay , Kinsler Veronica , Polubothu Satyamaanasa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEpidermal choristoma is a rare, congenital lesion in which islands of ectopic skin are found within the oral cavity. They present as pigmented macules or papules on the tongue. Histologic appearances are characteristic and benign. We present three cases review the current literature and recommend observation of the lesion rather than complete excision should be considered as a reasonable management option.
Rapid response to secukinumab in a 5‐year‐old with deficiency of the interleukin‐36 receptor antagonist (DITRA) with severe scalp and nail involvement
Authors: Jing Guo , Bin Wang , Ying Zhang Zhen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDeficiency of the interleukin‐36 receptor antagonist (DITRA) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations of the IL36RN gene. DITRA is characterized by acute generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), fever, systemic inflammation, and leukocytosis. We report the case of a 5‐year‐old girl with severe scalp and nail involvement with a rapid response to secukinumab.
Barriers to healthcare access in pediatric dermatology: A systematic review
Authors: Toy Jeffrey , Gregory Allison , Rehmus Wingfield 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBarriers to healthcare access are healthcare inequities that have been widely studied across different medical specialties. No studies have previously evaluated the state of barriers to healthcare access research in pediatric dermatology. A systematic review was conducted to examine the types of barriers identified within pediatric dermatology literature. Relevant information was extracted and categorized into the themes of systemic, sociocultural, or individual barriers. The systemic barriers we found include finances, wait times, and geography. The sociocultural barriers included culture beliefs and communication. Patient beliefs and health knowledge were found as individual barriers. The small number and limited scope of studies we identified suggest that barriers to healthcare access in pediatric dermatology remain an understudied topic. Additional research is needed to further characterize these barriers to dermatologic care, as well as the impact of any interventions designed to overcome them.
Care processes and structures associated with higher medication adherence in adolescent and young adult transplant recipients
Authors: Dabirzadeh Anita , Dahhou Mourad , Zhang Xun , Sapir‐Pichhadze Ruth , Cardinal Heloise , White Michel , Johnston Olwyn , Blydt‐Hansen Tom D. , Tibbles Lee Anne , Hamiwka Lorraine , Urschel Simon , Birk Patricia , Bissonnette Janice , Matsuda‐Abedini Mina , Harrison Jennifer , Schiff Jeffrey , Phan Veronique , De Geest Sabina , Allen Upton , Mital Seema , Foster Bethany J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to identify care processes and structures that were independently associated with higher medication adherence among young transplant recipients.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, observational cohort study of 270 prevalent kidney, liver, and heart transplant recipients 14–25 years old. Patients were ≥3 months post‐transplant, ≥2 months post‐discharge, and followed in one of 14 pediatric or 14 adult transplant programs in Canada. Patients were enrolled between June 2015 and March 2018 and followed for 6 months. Adherence was assessed at baseline, 3, and 6 months using the BAASIS© self‐report tool. Patients were classified as adherent if no doses were missed in the prior 4 weeks. Transplant program directors and nurses completed questionnaires regarding care organization and processes.ResultsOf the 270 participants, 99 were followed in pediatric programs and 171 in adult programs. Median age was 20.3 years, and median time since transplant was 5 years. At baseline, 71.5% were adherent. Multivariable mixed effects logistic regression models with program as a random effect identified two program‐level factors as independently associated with better adherence: minimum number of prescribed blood draws per year for those >3 years post‐transplant (per 1 additional) (OR 1.12 [95% CI 1.00, 1.26]; p = .047), and average time nurses spend with patients in clinic (per 5 additional minutes) (OR 1.15 [1.03, 1.29]; p = .017).ConclusionProgram‐level factors including protocols with a greater frequency of routine blood testing and more nurse time with patients were associated with better medication adherence. This suggests that interventions at the program level may support better adherence.
Unravelling the relationships among Verticillium wilt, irrigation, and susceptible and tolerant olive cultivars
Authors: Santos‐Rufo Antonio , Rodríguez‐Jurado Dolores 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSurvival, germination, olive colonization, and water‐use efficiency (WUE) impairments by Verticillium dahliae could be influenced by cultivar susceptibility or irrigation, and this could modify the irrigation–pathogen–disease relationship. In this study, the combined effects of irrigation and cultivar susceptibility on Verticillium wilt (VW) development were modelled by the temporary assessment of V. dahliae propagules (total inoculum density, density of micropropagules, and sclerotia in wet and air‐dried soil; ID, MpD, SwD, and SdD, respectively), root (RCI) and shoot (SCI) colonization indexes, and WUE. The relationship of disease severity to the measured parameters was then explored. Under controlled conditions, plants of cultivars ‘Picual’ and ‘Frantoio’ were irrigated to a high and low rate by varying drip‐irrigation frequencies: daily, twice weekly, and a combination of daily for 11 days and then twice weekly. Disease severity and colonization parameters were higher in ‘Picual’, while WUE was higher in ‘Frantoio’. However, high rate and twice weekly and combination treatments significantly increased disease incidence and reduced time‐to‐symptoms‐onset only in ‘Picual’, while high rate reduced WUE and increased relative ID, MpD, and SwD in both cultivars. Irrigation did not affect SCI, but a higher RCI was found at high rate during the development of symptoms in ‘Picual’. By using classification trees to examine parameters—disease severity relationships, it was possible to determine the degree to which VW was affected by irrigation and/or cultivar susceptibility. MpD was the best indicator for VW detection at any time, WUE was best before symptoms developed, and RCI, total ID, and SdD after symptoms developed.
Transgenic approaches for plant disease control: Status and prospects 2021
Authors: Collinge David B. , Sarrocco Sabrina 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPlant diseases represent a major constraint on agricultural production. Finding sustainable novel means for their control is an important challenge. The ever‐increasing knowledge and understanding of plant–microbe interactions has led to several ingenious transgenic approaches to combat disease. The first transgenic disease‐resistant plants expressed single or a few stacked genes encoding antimicrobial proteins. Whereas the first attempts were disappointing in the field, several examples from recent field studies are promising and some of these use ingenious designer approaches. Less progress has been made with antimicrobial metabolites where the challenges lie in obtaining biosynthetic genes and in coordinating their expression. The increased understanding of the processes regulating plant defence (plant immunity) and modes of action of pathogen effector proteins have also led to novel strategies for designing resistant plants. The most promising of these is host‐induced gene silencing that targets specific pathogens, either the effectors or, preferably, essential housekeeping genes. With these approaches, and several maverick examples of “genes pulled out of a hat,” the technical effort in designing resistant plants is finally paying off. The prospects are good, biologically speaking, but can industry deliver? There is still an issue of public acceptance of genetic engineering of crop plants, especially in Europe; so whilst considerable strategic and practical progress has been made over the last decade, vanishingly few products have been adopted by agriculture. Some of these have been in use for over two decades. As yet, all are against viral diseases and not against diseases caused by microorganisms.
Pre‐pandemic autonomic nervous system activity predicts mood regulation expectancies during COVID‐19 in Israel
Authors: Gordon Ilanit , Horesh Danny , Milstein Nir , Tomashin Alon , Mayo Oded , Korisky Adi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite the unfolding impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on psychological well‐being, there is a lack of prospective studies that target physiological markers of distress. There is a need to examine physiological predictors from the pre‐pandemic period to identify and treat individuals at‐risk. In this study, our aim was to use pre‐pandemic markers of autonomic nervous system (ANS) parasympathetic and sympathetic regulation to predict individuals' psychological well‐being during the crisis. We also assessed the role of mood regulation expectancies as a mediator of the association between pre‐pandemic physiological measures and COVID‐related well‐being. In May to June 2020, 185 Israeli adults completed online questionnaires assessing their mood regulation expectancies since COVID‐19 began, and their current well‐being. These individuals had participated in lab studies 1.5–3 years prior to this assessment, where their physiological measures were taken, including respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and skin conductance level (SCL). RSA was positively related to mood regulation expectancies during COVID‐19 (b = 3.46, 95% CI [0.84, 6.05]). Mood regulation expectancies, in turn, positively predicted well‐being during the crisis (b = 0.021, 95% CI [0.016, 0.027]). The mediation was significant and moderated by SCL (index = −0.09, 95% CI [−0.02, −0.0001]), such that it was strongest for individuals with low SCL. We point to pre‐pandemic physiological mechanisms underlying individuals' mental well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic. These findings have theoretical, diagnostic, and clinical implications that may refine our understanding of the physiological basis of resilience to the COVID‐19 pandemic and thus may be implemented to identify and assist individuals in these times.
Palm oil, the RED II and WTO law: EU sustainable biofuel policy tangled up in green?
Authors: Mayr Stefan , Hollaus Birgit , Madner Verena 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNew European Union (EU) rules on biofuels have led to mounting tensions between the EU and some of its trading partners. A particularly contentious measure is the ‘freeze and phase‐out’ of certain biofuels in the transport sector with a high indirect land‐use change risk, as introduced by the recast of the Renewable Energy Directive. In light of Indonesia’s recent move to initiate proceedings against the EU at the World Trade Organization (WTO), this article systematically explores relevant key concepts of WTO law and analyses the compatibility of the EU measures with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). While the EU measures are carefully crafted to avoid potential WTO pitfalls—such as applicability of the TBT Agreement—the article identifies several critical aspects that raise doubts about the measure’s compatibility with WTO law. In particular, the seemingly deliberate targeting of palm oil casts doubt on the justification of the measure on environmental grounds.
COVID‐19 and Amazonia: Rights‐based approaches for the pandemic response
Authors: Tigre Maria Antonia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 has shed light on humanity’s interconnectedness with nature. The protection of biodiversity is essential to prevent future pandemics and protect human health. With rising deforestation levels, the Amazon basin is a centre stage in this debate. Lacking a regional strategy to protect the rainforest, Amazon countries are failing to protect their rich biodiversity. The transboundary effects of Amazonia’s destruction are often overlooked. Simultaneously, the COVID‐19 pandemic shows how cooperation between states is more critical than ever. This article examines how Amazon countries have jointly addressed the pandemic, demonstrating the effectiveness of regional agreements and their role in pandemic prevention. The right to a healthy environment is central to this investigation, given the role of forests and biodiversity in preventing zoonotic diseases. This article thus asks: What are the duties of States to protect the environment and indigenous communities during COVID‐19 and potentially future pandemics? In this context, it considers the developing jurisprudence of the Inter‐American System of Human Rights and its potential effects on regional and national implementation of environmental obligations.
A water property right inventory of 60 countries
Authors: Bosch Hilmer J. , Gupta Joyeeta , Verrest Hebe 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThrough history, property rights in water have been treated differently worldwide. Given the current global trend promoting water allocation through permits, and the lack of comparative literature on how property rights are changing in the global South, this article asks: How have property rights in water evolved including through granting water use permits in Anglophone and Francophone Africa and Asia? We analyse 220 policies and laws of 60 Anglophone/Francophone African and Asian countries. We conclude that (i) these States have put water in the public domain; (ii) this implies expropriating existing customary, private and riparian water rights, and States are struggling to do this democratically; (iii) having taken ‘control’ over water, these States then use, among others, permits to allocate water and (iv) the rules of permit allocation may undermine States’ ability to reallocate water if the need arises.
Black women’s mental health matters: Theoretical perspectives and future directions
Authors: Erving Christy L. , Patterson Evelyn J. , Boone Jacqueline 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite recent sociological research exploring how stratification systems impinge on the health of socially disadvantaged populations, Black women’s mental health is rarely a topic of investigation among scholars of medical sociology, sociology of race and racism, or sociology of gender. In this review, we incorporate perspectives from sociology, social psychiatry, psychology, and social work to develop a transdisciplinary intersectional model of Black women’s mental health. We also present critical interventions in the extant literature. First, though stress exposure is generally associated with poor mental health, more research is necessary to ascertain the gendered‐racialized stressors to which Black women are exposed, owing to their racial and gender oppression. Second, we admonish mental health scholars to incorporate other status dimensions (e.g., nativity, sexual orientation, age) to provide a more nuanced depiction of Black women’s psychological health. Third, the unique and enduring relationship between the U.S. punishment system and the mental health of Black women should be further explicated in future research. Last, we envision a body of work on Black women’s mental health that captures the ways in which they cope with societal level marginalization, as these forms of resilience and resistance may be mental health protective.
Plasma, platelet and red blood cell transfusion ratios for life‐threatening non‐traumatic haemorrhage in medical and post‐surgical patients: An observational study
Authors: Matzek Luke J. , Kurian Emil B. , Frank Ryan D. , Weister Timothy J. , Gajic Ognjen , Kor Daryl J. , Warner Matthew A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDespite the broad utilization of component‐based transfusion strategies that aim to reconstitute whole blood during acute traumatic haemorrhage, data for haemorrhage occurring outside of trauma and surgery are limited.MethodsThis is an observational cohort study of adults experiencing critical non‐traumatic, non‐intraoperative haemorrhage during hospitalization at an academic medical centre from 2011 to 2015. The primary goal was to evaluate differences in plasma and platelet to red blood cell (RBC) transfusion ratios across patient demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics. Secondarily, associations between transfusion ratios and clinical outcomes were assessed.ResultsSeven hundred nine patients were included: 498 (70.2%) medical and 211 (29.8%) post surgical. The gastrointestinal tract (36.7%) was the most common site of bleeding. Most patients received RBCs without plasma (35.5%) or platelets (54.2%). Among those receiving plasma, 82.3% received a plasma to RBC ratio < 1:1 at 24 h. For platelets, the most common ratio was 1–2:1 (52.9%). Transfusion ratios were generally consistent across comorbid disease severity, admission type and anatomic sites of bleeding. Higher plasma utilization was observed in the emergency department, while greater platelet utilization occurred in intensive care units. Higher transfusion ratios were observed in those with greater laboratory haemostatic abnormalities prior to the haemorrhagic event. Clinical outcome differences were limited, though greater platelet utilization in the first 24 h was associated with higher mortality and fewer hospital‐free days.ConclusionsTransfusion ratios for critical non‐traumatic haemorrhage were primarily related to laboratory abnormalities preceding the haemorrhagic event and practice environments. Clinical outcome differences across ratios were limited.
Confirming the systematic position of two enigmatic shrimps, Amphionides and Procarididae (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Authors: Wang Yaqin , Ma Ka Yan , Tsang Ling Ming , Wakabayashi Kaori , Chan Tin‐Yam , De Grave Sammy , Chu Ka Hou 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSince their discovery, the systematic placement of two shrimp taxa, Amphionides and Procarididae, has been controversial. Both exhibit primitive features yet also possessing caridean traits. Amphionides was initially classified as a monotypic genus in the order Amphionidacea, while Procarididae was the only family in the superfamily Procaridoidea. Recent molecular studies have presented evidence that Amphionides is a larval form of pandalid shrimp, while Procaridoidea is elevated to an infraorder of Decapoda. To confirm the systematic status of the two shrimps, we report here the complete mitogenome sequences of Amphionides reynaudii and Procaris hawaiana. The phylogenetic tree of mitochondrial protein‐coding genes from all decapod infraorders provides strong support for the systematic position of procaridid shrimp as the sister of Caridea, and the evolutionary divergence of the sequences substantiates the infraordinal status of Procarididae. The tree also verifies Amphionides as a caridean genus in Pandalidae, and further analysis using eight gene markers from the family indicates the sister relationship between Amphionides and Dorodotes. We also review the morphological characters of these two taxa and identify morphological features in support of their respective systematic status.
Premovement inhibition can protect motor actions from interference by response‐irrelevant sensory stimulation
Authors: McInnes Aaron N. , Lipp Ottmar V. , Tresilian James R. , Vallence Ann‐Maree , Marinovic Welber 
Published: August 2021

Key points
Suppression of corticospinal excitability is reliably observed during preparation for a range of motor actions, leading to the belief that this preparatory inhibition is a physiologically obligatory component of motor preparation. The neurophysiological function of this suppression is uncertain.
We restricted the time available for participants to engage in preparation and found no evidence for preparatory inhibition.
The function of preparatory inhibition can be inferred from our findings that sensory stimulation can disrupt motor output in the absence of preparatory inhibition, but enhance motor output when inhibition is present.
These findings suggest preparatory inhibition may be a strategic process which acts to protect prepared actions from external interference.
Our findings have significant theoretical implications for preparatory processes. Findings may also have a pragmatic benefit in that acoustic stimulation could be used therapeutically to facilitate movement, but only if the action can be prepared well in advance.
AbstractShortly before movement initiation, the corticospinal system undergoes a transient suppression. This phenomenon has been observed across a range of motor tasks, suggesting that it may be an obligatory component of movement preparation. We probed whether this was also the case when the urgency to perform a motor action was high, in a situation where little time was available to engage in preparatory processes. We controlled the urgency of an impending motor action by increasing or decreasing the foreperiod duration in an anticipatory timing task. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS; experiment 1) or a loud acoustic stimulus (LAS; experiment 2) were used to examine how corticospinal and subcortical excitability were modulated during motor preparation. Preparatory inhibition of the corticospinal tract was absent when movement urgency was high, though motor actions were initiated on time. In contrast, subcortical circuits were progressively inhibited as the time to prepare increased. Interestingly, movement force and vigour were reduced by both TMS and the LAS when movement urgency was high, and enhanced when movement urgency was low. These findings indicate that preparatory inhibition may not be an obligatory component of motor preparation. The behavioural effects we observed in the absence of preparatory inhibition were induced by both TMS and the LAS, suggesting that accessory sensory stimulation may disrupt motor output when such stimulation is presented in the absence of preparatory inhibition. We conclude that preparatory inhibition may be an adaptive strategy which can serve to protect the prepared motor action from external interference.