bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulating parental condition affects brood sex ratio, immunocompetence, and early chick mortality in two gull species differing in sexual size dimorphism
Authors: Bukaciński Dariusz , Bukacińska Monika , Chylarecki Przemysław 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSex allocation theory predicts that parents should adjust their brood sex ratio to maximize fitness returns in relation to parental investment. Adaptive adjustment of sex ratio may be driven by differential costs of rearing sons and daughters or differential benefits of investing limited resources into offspring of different sex. In both cases, possible sex ratio bias should depend on parental condition. For sexually dimorphic birds with males larger than females, sons may be less likely to fledge since they are more vulnerable to food shortages or because they have impaired immunocompetence due to higher testosterone levels. Poor condition females should thus overproduce daughters to minimize possible reproductive failure. We manipulated the number of eggs laid and the amount of food available to laying females to induce differences in the condition in 2 gull species differing in sexual size dimorphism. In the Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), sexual size differences are marginal; but in the Mew Gull (Larus canus), males are 11% larger. In both species, females forced to lay an additional egg (presumed in worse condition) overproduced daughters, whereas females receiving supplemental food before laying (presumed improved condition) overproduced sons. This sex ratio skew was larger in Mew Gull, a species with larger size dimorphism. Chick immunocompetence at hatching was unrelated to sex, being higher in broods of fed mothers and lower for chicks hatched from last-laid eggs. Chick survival between hatching and day 5 post-hatch was positively related to their immunocompetence, but chicks from last-laid eggs and males of Mew Gull, the more dimorphic species, survived less well. Results indicate that costs of raising larger sex offspring coupled with parental condition shape brood sex ratio in populations studied. Adaptive brood sex ratio adjustment occurs mostly before egg laying and includes differential sex allocation in eggs depending on the probability of producing a fledged chick.
Integrative taxonomy and geographic sampling underlie successful species delimitation
Authors: Cicero Carla , Mason Nicholas A , Jiménez Rosa Alicia , Wait Daniel R , Wang-Claypool Cynthia Y , Bowie Rauri C K 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSpecies delimitation requires a broad assessment of population-level variation using multiple lines of evidence, a process known as integrative taxonomy. More specifically, studies of species limits must address underlying questions of what limits the distribution of populations, how traits vary in association with different environments, and whether the observed trait differences may lead to speciation through reproductive isolation. While genomic data have revolutionized the process of delimiting species, such data should be analyzed along with phenotypic, behavioral, and ecological traits that shape individuals across geographic and environmental space. The integration of multiple traits promotes taxonomic stability and should be a major guiding principle for species delimitation. Equally important, however, is thorough geographic sampling to adequately represent population-level variation—both in allopatry and across putative contact zones. We discuss the importance of both of these factors in the context of species concepts and traits and present different examples from birds that illustrate criteria for species delimitation. In addition, we review a decade of proposals for species-level taxonomic revisions considered by the American Ornithological Society’s North American Classification Committee, and summarize the basis for decisions on whether to split or lump species. Finally, we present recommendations and discuss challenges (specifically permits, time, and funding) for species delimitation studies. This is an exciting time to be studying species delimitation in birds: many species-level questions remain, and methodological advances along with increased access to data enable new approaches to studying age-old problems in avian taxonomy.
Get Real! Individuals Prefer More Sustainable Investments
Authors: Bauer Rob , Ruof Tobias , Smeets Paul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have created societal and political pressure for pension funds to address sustainable investing. We run two field surveys (n = 1,669, n = 3,186) with a pension fund that grants its members a real vote on its sustainable-investment policy. Two-thirds of participants are willing to expand the fund’s engagement with companies based on selected SDGs, even when they expect engagement to hurt financial performance. Support remains strong after the fund implements the choice. A key reason is participants’ strong social preferences.
Abnormal Gesture Perception and Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis
Authors: Gupta Tina , Osborne K Juston , Mittal Vijay A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Individuals diagnosed with psychotic disorders exhibit abnormalities in the perception of expressive behaviors, which are linked to symptoms and visual information processing domains. Specifically, literature suggests these groups have difficulties perceiving gestures that accompany speech. While our understanding of gesture perception in psychotic disorders is growing, gesture perception abnormalities and clues about potential causes and consequences among individuals meeting criteria for a clinical high-risk (CHR) syndrome is limited. Presently, 29 individuals with a CHR syndrome and 32 healthy controls completed an eye-tracking gesture perception paradigm. In this task, participants viewed an actor using abstract and literal gestures while presenting a story and eye gaze data (eg, fixation counts and total fixation time) was collected. Furthermore, relationships between fixation variables and both symptoms (positive, negative, anxiety, and depression) and measures of visual information processing (working memory and attention) were examined. Findings revealed that the CHR group gazed at abstract gestures fewer times than the control group. When individuals in the CHR group did gaze at abstract gestures, on average, they spent significantly less time fixating compared to controls. Furthermore, reduced fixation (ie, count and time) was related to depression and slower response time on an attentional task. While a similar pattern of group differences in the same direction appeared for literal gestures, the effect was not significant. These data highlight the importance of integrating gesture perception abnormalities into vulnerability models of psychosis and inform the development of targeted treatments for social communicative deficits.
The effect of sleep restriction on cognitive performance in elite cognitive performers: a systematic review
Authors: Smithies Tim D , Toth Adam J , Dunican Ian C , Caldwell John A , Kowal Magdalena , Campbell Mark J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesTo synthesize original articles exploring the effects of sleep restriction on cognitive performance specifically for Elite Cognitive Performers, i.e. those who engage in cognitively demanding tasks with critical or safety-critical outcomes in their occupation or area of expertise.MethodsBackward snowballing techniques, gray literature searches, and traditional database searches (Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PSYCinfo, and SportDiscus) were used to obtain relevant articles. A quality assessment was performed, and the risk of training effects was considered. Results were narratively synthesized. Fourteen articles fit the criteria. Cognitive outcomes were divided into three categories defined by whether cognitive demands were “low-salience,” “high-salience stable,” or “high-salience flexible.”ResultsLow-salience tests (i.e. psychomotor vigilance tasks & serial reaction tests), mainly requiring vigilance and rudimentary attentional capacities, were sensitive to sleep restriction, however, this did not necessarily translate to significant performance deficits on low-salience occupation-specific task performance. High-salience cognitive outcomes were typically unaffected unless when cognitive flexibility was required.ConclusionsSleep restriction is of particular concern to occupations whereby individuals perform (1) simple, low-salience tasks or (2) high-salience tasks with demands on the flexible allocation of attention and working memory, with critical or safety-critical outcomes.
Married Mothers’ Bargaining Power and Their Accrual of Pension Entitlements: Evidence From East and West Germany
Authors: Weiland Andreas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study investigates how married mothers’ relative bargaining power before the birth of their first child affects their subsequent accumulation of pension entitlements in East versus West Germany. I use a novel data linkage between the German sample of the “Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe” and administrative records from the German pension insurance (SHARE-RV) to analyze monthly life-course data on married mothers from East (N = 226) and West Germany (N = 586) who were born between 1925 and 1967. Applying random effects growth curve models and mediation analyses, I find that women’s relative bargaining power before parenthood is linked to their subsequent accumulation of pension entitlements in West (but not East) Germany. The results support the notion that bargaining power early in couples’ linked lives has long-term consequences for women’s pension income. Moreover, the results indicate that negotiations within the couple are constricted by the extent to which the institutional context supports or hinders the reconciliation of women’s work–family conflict.
Barriers to Care Experienced by Patients Who Inject Drugs During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Gleason Emily , Nolan Nathanial S. , Marks Laura R. , Habrock Tracey , Liang Stephen Y. , Durkin Michael J. 
Published: April 2021

Objectives:
To identify the barriers to accessing health care and social services faced by people who inject drugs (PWID) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods:
This report is a sub-analysis of a larger qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with PWID admitted to an academic medical center from 2017 to 2020 for an invasive injection-related infection. Standard qualitative analysis techniques, consisting of both inductive and deductive approaches, were used to identify and characterize the effects of COVID-19 on participants.

Results:
Among the 30 PWID interview participants, 14 reported barriers to accessing health and addiction services due to COVID-19. As facilities decreased appointment availability or transitioned to telemedicine, PWID reported being unable to access services. Social distancing led to isolation or loneliness during hospital stays and in the community. Recovery meetings and support groups, critical to addiction recovery, were particularly affected. Other participants reported that uncertainty and fear of contracting the virus generated changes in behavior that led them to avoid seeking services.

Conclusions:
COVID-19 has disrupted health systems and social services, leading PWID to experience unprecedented barriers to accessing and maintaining health and addiction services in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Opioid use disorder management must be understood as a holistic process, and a multidisciplinary approach to ensuring comprehensive care, even in the midst of this pandemic, is needed.
Hip Morphology in Early-stage LCPD: Is There an Argument for Anatomic-specific Containment?
Authors: Selberg Courtney M. , Bram Joshua T. , Carry Patrick , Goldstein Rachel Y. , Schrader Tim , Laine Jennifer C. , Kim Harry K.W. , Sankar Wudbhav N. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Early containment surgery has become increasingly popular in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCPD), especially for older children. These procedures treat the proximal femur, the acetabulum, or both, and most surgeons endorse the same surgical option regardless of an individual patient’s anatomy. This “one-surgery-fits-all” approach fails to consider potential variations in baseline anatomy that may make one option more sensible than another. We sought to describe hip morphology in a large series of children with newly diagnosed LCPD, hypothesizing that variation in anatomy may support the concept of anatomic-specific containment.

Methods:
A retrospective review of a prospectively collected multicenter database was conducted for patients aged 6 to 11 at diagnosis. To assess anatomy before significant morphologic changes secondary to the disease itself, only patients in Waldenström stages IA/IB were included. Standard hip radiographic measurements including acetabular index, lateral center-edge angle, proximal femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA), articulotrochanteric quartiles, and extrusion index (EI) were made on printed anteroposterior pelvis radiographs. Age-specific percentiles were calculated for these measures using published norms. Significant outliers (≤10th/≥90th percentile) were reported where applicable.

Results:
A total of 168 patients with mean age at diagnosis of 8.0±1.3 years met inclusion criteria (81.5% male). Mean acetabular index for the entire cohort was 16.8±4.1 degrees; 58 hips (34.5%) were significantly dysplastic compared with normative data. Mean lateral center-edge angle was 15.9±5.2 degrees at diagnosis; 110 (65.5%) were ≤10th percentile indicating dysplasia (by this metric). Mean NSA overall was 136.5±7.0 degrees. Fifty-one (30.4%) and 20 (11.9%) hips were significantly varus (≤10th percentile) or valgus (≥90th percentile), respectively. Thirty-five hips (20.8%) were the third articulo-trochanteric quartiles or higher suggesting a higher-riding trochanter at baseline. Mean EI was 15.5%±9.0%, while 63 patients (37.5%) had an EI ≥20%.

Conclusions:
The present study finds significant variation in baseline anatomy in children with early-stage LCPD, including a high prevalence of coexisting acetabular dysplasia as well as high/low NSAs. These variations suggest that the “one-surgery-fits-all” approach may lack specificity for a particular patient; a potentially wiser option may be an anatomic-specific containment operation (eg, acetabular-sided osteotomy for coexisting dysplasia, varus femoral osteotomy for valgus NSA).

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Digital Salvage by Transposing Adjacent Ray Components
Authors: Persing J. Scott , Saberski Ean , Moores Craig , Tsai David , Fishman Felicity , Thomson J. Grant 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Ballistic hand injuries often devastate bone and soft tissue and may ultimately require debridement of critical structures. Long-term hand function is frequently compromised as a result of distorted anatomy. Careful assessment at the time of injury affords the opportunity to critically appraise the anatomy and creatively design a reconstructive strategy.

Methods:
Herein we describe 2 cases of gunshot injuries to the hand that resulted in devastation to adjacent yet opposing metacarpal and phalangeal joint surfaces. Our reconstructive strategy aimed to maximize hand function by preserving undamaged tissue and transposing adjacent ray components.

Results:
In both instances, our patients’ reconstructive surgeries resulted in acceptable cosmesis and improved functional outcome relative to more traditional approaches to these ballistic injuries.

Conclusions:
Our experience shows that a creative appraisal of devastating hand injuries allows for unique reconstructive strategies. Our cases further demonstrate the utility of transposing adjacent ray components to reconstruct digital mobility and hand function.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Erlotinib in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: A Case Study
Authors: Catalán-Latorre Ana , Sureda Manuel , Brugarolas-Masllorens Antonio , Escudero-Ortiz Vanesa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract:
We describe a clinical case of an 84-year-old man diagnosed with non-small cell lung carcinoma and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation, who was treated with erlotinib, with doses adjusted by therapeutic drug monitoring. This case involved a clearance fluctuation leading to over-therapeutic drug concentrations of erlotinib and toxicity. The intrapatient and interpatient variability of erlotinib, in addition to other factors such as age or variations in liver clearance, create situations that are challenging in clinical practice. During treatment, erlotinib serum concentrations were measured, and the dose was accordingly adjusted. The erlotinib dose required to reduce toxicity (rash grade III) and maintain effective plasma concentrations, as well as clinical and radiological responses, was 50% of the initial dose, underscoring the relevance of therapeutic drug monitoring for tyrosine kinase inhibitors in routine clinical practice.
Endometrial stem cells: origin, biological function, and therapeutic applications for reproductive disorders
Authors: Abuwala Nafeesa , Tal Reshef 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
Endometrial stem cells (ESCs) are multipotent cells that are thought to originate locally in the endometrium as well as in the bone marrow (BM). They have remarkable plasticity and hold promise as an autologous source for regenerative medicine. This review focuses on recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the biology and function of ESCs and BM-derived stem cells (BMDSCs) as related to physiological reproductive processes and pathologies. Moreover, it reviews recent data on potential therapeutic applications of stem cells to endometrial disorders that lead to reproductive failure.

Recent findings
Growing evidence from basic and preclinical studies suggests that ESCs participate in endometrial tissue regeneration and repair. Recent evidence also suggests that ESCs and BMDSCs play important roles in physiological reproductive functions including decidualization, implantation, pregnancy maintenance, and postpartum uterine remodeling. Initial preclinical and clinical studies with ESCs and BMDSCs suggest they have the potential to provide new therapies for various endometrial disorders associated with reproductive failure.

Summary
Uterine ESCs and BMDSCs appear to play an important biological role in reproductive success and failure, and have the potential to become treatment targets for reproductive diseases including recurrent implantation failure, thin endometrium, Asherman, and recurrent pregnancy loss.
AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STELLATE NONHEREDITARY IDIOPATHIC FOVEOMACULAR RETINOSCHISIS, PERIPHERAL RETINOSCHISIS, AND POSTERIOR HYALOID ATTACHMENT
Authors: Bloch Edward , Flores-Sánchez Blanca , Georgiadis Odysseas , Sundaram Venki , Saihan Zubin , Mahroo Omar A. , Webster Andrew R. , da Cruz Lyndon 
Published: April 2021

Purpose:
Stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis is a disorder characterized by splitting of the retina at the macula, without a known underlying mechanical or inherited cause. This study investigates demographic, anatomical, and functional characteristics of subjects with stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis, to explore potential underlying mechanisms.

Methods:
In this single-site, retrospective, and cross-sectional, observational study, data were collected from 28 eyes from 24 subjects with stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis. Descriptive statistics were reported, based on the observed anatomico-functional features.

Results:
The visual acuity remained stable (median 20/20) in all subjects over a median follow-up of 17 months. All cases demonstrated foveomacular retinoschisis within Henle's fiber layer, at the junction of the outer plexiform and outer nuclear layers. This schisis cavity extended beyond the limits of the macular OCT temporally in all eyes. In most affected eyes, there were documented features of peripheral retinoschisis and broad attachment of the posterior hyaloid at the macula. Functional testing in a cross-sectional subset demonstrated normal retinal sensitivity centrally but an absolute scotoma peripherally.

Conclusion:
Stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis seems to be associated with peripheral retinoschisis and anomalous or incomplete posterior hyaloid detachment. Despite chronic manifestation, this does not significantly affect central visual function but can manifest with profound loss of peripheral visual function.
Nail Psoriasis in a Child Observed Under Ultraviolet Dermoscopy Treated by a Topical Biological Agent Cream: A Case Report
Authors: Gao Run-Yan , Pradhan Sushmita , Ran Yu-Ping 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Nail psoriasis is a type of psoriasis involving nail lesions characterized by pitting, onycholysis, longitudinal ridges, and subungual hyperkeratosis. We herein describe a 9-year-old girl with nail psoriasis who presented with nail crumbling and was treated with topical cream containing 45 μg/g mouse monoclonal antibody to human interleukin -8.

Case presentation:
A 9-year-old Chinese girl presented with a 6-month history of a rough, thickened fingernail and toenails. Nail plate crumbling, onycholysis, and fissured periungual folds were observed under dermoscopy and ultraviolet dermoscopy. The nails were soaked in warm water, then topical wrapped with Abcream cream overnight. After about 4 months of treatment, the nails significantly improved by both dermoscopy and ultraviolet-dermoscopy evaluattion.

Discussion:
Due to the different wavelengths of light emitted by polarized light dermatoscope and ultraviolet-dermatoscope, the characteristics of observation will be different. Abcream acts by antagonizing human interleukin -8, inhibiting leukocyte chemotaxis and neovascularization, and regulating the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes.

Conclusion:
Ultraviolet-dermoscopy is pivotal in evaluating the severity and potency of nail psoriasis. And Abcream can be regarded as a new drug for the treatment of nail psoriasis in children.
Complex interventions in the failing heart
Authors: Bath Anandbir S. , Raja Joel , Maturana Miguel A. , Khouzam Rami N. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome with a substantial disease burden. We aim to review the interventional aspects of management of advanced heart failure, focusing on the role of management of coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and mechanical circulatory support.

Recent findings
The patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure requiring revascularization are at higher risk than the rest of the general population. Coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous intervention can be used depending on varied patient characteristics and coronary anatomy. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation, Mitraclip and transcatheter ventricular restoration help in tackling the valvular and left ventricular remodeling concerns often seen in this patient population. Temporary hemodynamic circulatory support helps stabilizing patients in cardiogenic shock while long-term support can help bridge them to more definitive therapies.

Summary
The management strategies in this disease state are ever evolving with robust evidence coming in support of interventional therapies whenever deemed appropriate. It is the multidisciplinary patient-centered approach, which yields maximum benefit out of these complex interventions.