bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise temperature regulation following a 35‐day horizontal bedrest
Authors: Kounalakis Stylianos N. , Keramidas Michail E. , Eiken Ola , Mekjavic Igor B. 
Published: May 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Does a 35‐day horizontal bedrest impair thermoeffector responses during whole‐body submaximal exercise performed in temperate conditions?
What is the main finding and its importance?
Cardiovascular and muscular deconditioning ensuing from prolonged recumbency seems to augment, at least to a degree, exercise‐induced increase in body core temperature, most likely due to an impairment in non‐evaporative heat loss. The response is a function of the absolute exercise intensity imposed.
AbstractWe examined the effects of a 35‐day horizontal bedrest on thermoregulation during whole‐body exercise. Fifteen healthy men were randomly assigned to either a bedrest (BR; n = 10) or a control (CON; n = 5) group. Prior to bedrest, both groups performed 40‐min constant‐load upright cycling at 30% of their peak workload (Wpeak; PRE). One and 2 days after bedrest, the BR group performed, in a randomised counterbalanced order, two 40‐min trials at 30% of (i) the pre‐bedrest Wpeak (i.e., at a fixed absolute intensity; POST‐A) and (ii) the post‐bedrest Wpeak (i.e., at a fixed relative intensity; POST‐R). The CON group conducted only the POST‐A trial, at the same time intervals. During the trials, rectal (Trec) and skin (sk) temperatures, and the forehead sweating rate (SwR) were monitored. In the CON group, no differences were observed between the trials. Bedrest potentiated moderately the Trec elevation during the latter part of POST‐A (∼0.10°C; P ≤ 0.05), but not of POST‐R (∼0.04°C; P = 0.11). In both post‐bedrest trials, sk was attenuated by ∼1.5–2.0°C throughout (P < 0.01), whereas the forehead SwR was not modulated. Trec and sk were similar in POST‐A and POST‐R, yet the forehead SwR was more dependent on the relative workload imposed (P = 0.04). The present findings therefore suggest that the cardiovascular and muscular deconditioning ensuing from a 35‐day bedrest may aggravate the exercise‐induced increase in body core temperature when working at a given absolute intensity, most likely due to an impairment in non‐evaporative heat loss.
Insulin resistance and liver histopathology in metabolically unhealthy subjects do not correlate with the hepatic abundance of NLRP3 inflammasome nor circulating IL-1β levels
Authors: Quezada Nicolas , Valencia Ilse , Torres Javiera , Maturana Gregorio , Cerda Jaime , Arab Juan Pablo , Fuentes Juan José , Pinto Claudio , Turiel Dannae , Cortés Victor 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionSystemic chronic low-grade inflammation has been linked to insulin resistance (IR) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and its final product, interleukin (IL)-1β, exert detrimental effects on insulin sensitivity and promote liver inflammation in murine models. Evidence linking hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome, systemic IR and NASH has been scarcely explored in humans. Herein, we correlated the hepatic abundance of NLRP3 inflammasome components and IR and NASH in humans.Research design and methodsMetabolically healthy (MH) (n=11) and metabolically unhealthy (MUH) (metabolic syndrome, n=21, and type 2 diabetes, n=14) subjects were recruited. Insulin sensitivity (homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) and Oral Glucose Sensitivity (OGIS120)), glycemic (glycated hemoglobin), and lipid parameters were determined by standard methods. Plasma cytokines were quantified by Magpix. Hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome components were determined at the mRNA and protein levels by reverse transcription–quantitative PCR and western blot, respectively. Liver damage was assessed by histological analysis (Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Activity Score (NAS) and Steatosis, Inflammatory Activity, and Fibrosis (SAF) scores). IR and liver histopathology were correlated with NLRP3 inflammasome components as well as with liver and plasma IL-1β levels.ResultsBody Mass Index, waist circumference, and arterial hypertension frequency were significantly higher in MUH subjects. These patients also had increased high-sensitivity C reactive protein levels compared with MH subjects. No differences in the plasma levels of IL-1β nor the hepatic content ofNlrp3, apoptosis-associated speck-like (Asc),Caspase-1, andIL-1βwere detected between MUH and MH individuals. MUH subjects had significantly higher NAS and SAF scores, indicating more severe liver damage. However, histological severity did not correlate with the hepatic content of NLRP3 inflammasome components norIL-1βlevels.ConclusionOur results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is linked neither to IR nor to the inflammatory status of the liver in MUH patients.
Evidence of integrated health service delivery during COVID-19 in low and lower-middle-income countries: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Neill Rachel , Hasan Md Zabir , Das Priyanka , Venugopal Vasuki , Jain Nishant , Arora Dinesh , Gupta Shivam 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionThe importance of integrated, people-centred health systems has been recognised as a central component of Universal Health Coverage. Integration has also been highlighted as a critical element for building resilient health systems that can withstand the shock of health emergencies. However, there is a dearth of research and systematic synthesis of evidence on the synergistic relationship between integrated health services and pandemic preparedness, response, and recovery in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs). Thus, the authors are organising a scoping review aiming to explore the application of integrated health service delivery approaches during the emerging COVID-19 pandemic in LMICs.Methods and analysisThis scoping review adheres to the six steps for scoping reviews from Arksey and O’Malley. Peer-reviewed scientific literature will be systematically assembled using a standardised and replicable search strategy from seven electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, the WHO’s Global Research Database on COVID-19 and LitCovid. Initially, the title and abstract of the collected literature, published in English from December 2019 to June 2020, will be screened for inclusion which will be followed by a full-text review by two independent reviewers. Data will be charted using a data extraction form and reported in narrative format with accompanying data matrix.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required for the review. The study will be conducted from June 2020 to May 2021. Results from this scoping review will provide a snapshot of the evidence currently being generated related to integrated health service delivery in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in LMICs. The findings will be developed into reports and a peer-reviewed article and will assist policy-makers in making pragmatic and evidence-based decisions for current and future pandemic responses.
Fall incidents in nursing home residents: development of a predictive clinical rule (FINDER)
Authors: Milosevic Vanja , Linkens Aimee , Winkens Bjorn , Hurkens Kim P G M , Wong Dennis , van Oijen Brigit P C , van der Kuy Hugo M , Mestres-Gonzalvo Carlota 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesTo develop (part I) and validate (part II) an electronic fall risk clinical rule (CR) to identify nursing home residents (NH-residents) at risk for a fall incident.DesignObservational, retrospective case–control study.SettingNursing homes.ParticipantsA total of 1668 (824 in part I, 844 in part II) NH-residents from the Netherlands were included. Data of participants from part I were excluded in part II.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDevelopment and validation of a fall risk CR in NH-residents. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the fall risk-variables in part I. With these, three CRs were developed (ie, at the day of the fall incident and 3 days and 5 days prior to the fall incident). The overall prediction quality of the CRs were assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC), and a cut-off value was determined for the predicted risk ensuring a sensitivity ≥0.85. Finally, one CR was chosen and validated in part II using a new retrospective data set.ResultsEleven fall risk-variables were identified in part I. The AUROCs of the three CRs form part I were similar: the AUROC for models I, II and III were 0.714 (95% CI: 0.679 to 0.748), 0.715 (95% CI: 0.680 to 0.750) and 0.709 (95% CI: 0.674 to 0.744), respectively. Model III (ie, 5 days prior to the fall incident) was chosen for validation in part II. The validated AUROC of the CR, obtained in part II, was 0.603 (95% CI: 0.565 to 0.641) with a sensitivity of 83.41% (95% CI: 79.44% to 86.76%) and a specificity of 27.25% (95% CI 23.11% to 31.81%).ConclusionMedication data and resident characteristics alone are not sufficient enough to develop a successful CR with a high sensitivity and specificity to predict fall risk in NH-residents.Trial registration numberNot available.
Trends in the prescription of systemic anticancer therapy and mortality among patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a real-world retrospective observational cohort study from the I-O optimise initiative
Authors: Snee Michael , Cheeseman Sue , Thompson Matthew , Riaz Majid , Sopwith Will , Lacoin Laure , Chaib Carlos , J Daumont Melinda , Penrod John R , O’Donnell John C , Hall Geoff 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesTo assess how a decade of developments in systematic anticancer therapy (SACT) for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) affected overall survival (OS) in a large UK University Hospital.DesignReal-world retrospective observational cohort study using existing data recorded in electronic medical records.SettingA large National Health Service (NHS) university teaching hospital serving 800 000 people living in a diverse metropolitan area of the UK.Participants2119 adults diagnosed with advanced NSCLC (tumour, node, metastasis stage IIIB or IV) between 2007 and 2017 at Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust.Main outcomes and measuresOS following diagnosis and the analysis of factors associated with receiving SACT.ResultsMedian OS for all participants was 2.9 months, increasing for the SACT-treated subcohort from 8.4 months (2007–2012) to 9.1 months (2013–2017) (p=0.02); 1-year OS increased from 33% to 39% over the same period for the SACT-treated group. Median OS for the untreated subcohort was 1.6 months in both time periods. Overall, 30.6% (648/2119) patients received SACT; treatment rates increased from 28.6% (338/1181) in 2007–2012 to 33.0% (310/938) in 2013–2017 (p=0.03). Age and performance status were independent predictors for SACT treatment; advanced age and higher performance status were associated with lower SACT treatment rates.ConclusionAlthough developments in SACT during 2007–2017 correspond to some changes in survival for treated patients with advanced NSCLC, treatment rates remain low and the prognosis for all patients remains poor.
Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a New Zealand cohort study on mental well-being
Authors: Gasteiger Norina , Vedhara Kavita , Massey Adam , Jia Ru , Ayling Kieran , Chalder Trudie , Coupland Carol , Broadbent Elizabeth 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented disruption to daily life. This study investigated depression, anxiety and stress in New Zealand (NZ) during the first 10 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, and associated psychological and behavioural factors. It also compares the results with a similar cross-sectional study in the UK.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingNZ community cohort.ParticipantsN=681 adults (≥18 years) in NZ. The cohort was predominantly female (89%) with a mean age of 42 years (range 18–87). Most (74%) identified as NZ European and almost half (46%) were keyworkers. Most were non-smokers (95%) and 20% identified themselves as having clinical risk factors which would put them at increased or greatest risk of COVID-19.Main outcome measuresDepression, anxiety, stress, positive mood and engagement in health behaviours (smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption).ResultsDepression and anxiety significantly exceeded population norms (p<0.0001). Being younger (p<0.0001) and most at risk of COVID-19 (p<0.05) were associated with greater depression, anxiety and stress. Greater positive mood, lower loneliness and greater exercise were protective factors for all outcomes (p<0.0001). Smoking (p=0.037) and alcohol consumption (p<0.05) were associated with increased anxiety. Pet ownership was associated with lower depression (p=0.006) and anxiety (p=0.008). When adjusting for age and gender differences, anxiety (p=0.002) and stress (p=0.007) were significantly lower in NZ than in the UK. The NZ sample reported lower perceived risk (p<0.0001) and worry about COVID-19 (p<0.0001) than the UK sample.ConclusionsThe NZ population had higher depression and anxiety compared with population norms. Younger people and those most at risk of COVID-19 reported poorer mental health. Interventions should promote frequent exercise, and reduce loneliness and unhealthy behaviours.
Association of frailty status with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: protocol for a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis
Authors: Pei Hanjun , Wang Ying , Zhang Xinghui , Luo Wenlong , Zhou Chenghui 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionFrailty status has been recognised as an important prognostic factor of adverse clinical outcomes in various clinical settings. Recently, the role of frailty status in adverse clinical outcomes for COVID-19-infected patients has received increasing attention with controversial results. Hence, we will conduct a comprehensive dose–response meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the association between frailty status and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.MethodsThe researchers will systematically search PubMed, EMBase, Cochrane Library, ISI Knowledge via Web of Science and MedRxiv or BioRxiv databases (from inception until December 2020) to identify all retrospective and prospective cohort studies. All-cause mortality during hospitalisation will be set as the primary outcome. Univariable or multivariable meta-regression and subgroup analyses will be conducted for the comparison between frail versus non-frail categories. Sensitivity analyses will be used to assess the robustness of our results by removing each included study one at a time to obtain and evaluate the remaining overall estimates of all-cause mortality. To conduct a dose–response meta-analysis for the potential linear or restricted cubic spline regression relationship between frailty status and all-cause mortality, studies with three or more categories will be included.Ethics and disseminationIn accordance with the Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, ethical approval is not an essential element for the systematic review protocol. This meta-analysis will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020220226.
Impact of disasters, including pandemics, on cardiometabolic outcomes across the life-course: a systematic review
Authors: De Rubeis Vanessa , Lee Jinhee , Anwer Muhammad Saqib , Yoshida-Montezuma Yulika , Andreacchi Alessandra T , Stone Erica , Iftikhar Saman , Morgenstern Jason D , Rebinsky Reid , Neil-Sztramko Sarah E , Alvarez Elizabeth , Apatu Emma , Anderson Laura N 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundDisasters are events that disrupt the daily functioning of a community or society, and may increase long-term risk of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to determine the impact of disasters, including pandemics, on cardiometabolic outcomes across the life-course.DesignA systematic search was conducted in May 2020 using two electronic databases, EMBASE and Medline. All studies were screened in duplicate at title and abstract, and full-text level. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed the association between a population-level or community disaster and cardiometabolic outcomes ≥1 month following the disaster. There were no restrictions on age, year of publication, country or population. Data were extracted on study characteristics, exposure (eg, type of disaster, region, year), cardiometabolic outcomes and measures of effect. Study quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools.ResultsA total of 58 studies were included, with 24 studies reporting the effects of exposure to disaster during pregnancy/childhood and 34 studies reporting the effects of exposure during adulthood. Studies included exposure to natural (n=35; 60%) and human-made (n=23; 40%) disasters, with only three (5%) of these studies evaluating previous pandemics. Most studies reported increased cardiometabolic risk, including increased cardiovascular disease incidence or mortality, diabetes and obesity, but not all. Few studies evaluated the biological mechanisms or high-risk subgroups that may be at a greater risk of negative health outcomes following disasters.ConclusionsThe findings from this study suggest that the burden of disasters extend beyond the known direct harm, and attention is needed on the detrimental indirect long-term effects on cardiometabolic health. Given the current COVID-19 pandemic, these findings may inform public health prevention strategies to mitigate the impact of future cardiometabolic risk.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020186074.
Expression of p16Ink4aprotein in pleomorphic adenoma and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma proves diversity of tumour biology and predicts clinical course
Authors: Bartkowiak Ewelina , Piwowarczyk Krzysztof , Bodnar Magdalena , Kosikowski Paweł , Chou Jadzia , Woźniak Aldona , Wierzbicka Małgorzata 
Published: May 2021

AimsThe aim of the study is to correlate p16Ink4aexpression with the clinical courses of pleomorphic adenoma (PA), its malignant transformation (CaexPA) and treatment outcomes.MethodsRetrospective analysis (1998–2019) of 47 CaexPA, 148 PA and 22 normal salivary gland samples was performed. PAs were divided into two subsets: clinically ‘slow’ tumours characterised by stable size or slow growth; and ‘fast’ tumours with rapid growth rate.ResultsPositive p16Ink4aexpression was found in 68 PA and 23 CaexPA, and borderline expression in 80 and 20, respectively. All 22 (100%) normal salivary gland samples presented with no p16Ink4aexpression. Significant difference in p16Ink4aexpression was observed between normal tissue, PA and CaexPA (χ2(4)=172,19; p=0.0001). The PA clinical subgroups were also evaluated separately, revealing additional statistical relations: ‘fast’ PA and CaexPA differed significantly in p16Ink4a expression (χ2(2)=8.06; p=0.01781) while ‘slow’ PA and CaexPA did not (χ2(2)=3.09; p=0.2129). 3-year, 5-year and 10-year survival among p16Ink4apositive CaexPA patients was 100%, 90.56% and 60.37%, respectively, and in CaexPA patients with borderline p16Ink4aexpression was 90.0%, 73.64% and 22.20%, respectively. Statistically significant difference between expression pattern and survival rate was observed (F Cox test – F (16, 24)=2.31; p=0.03075).ConclusionsOur study confirms no p16Ink4aexpression in normal tissue, but reveals differences in expression between ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ PA. We suggest that p16Ink4aoverexpression is connected to PA proliferation and subsequent malignant transformation to CaexPA. Borderline p16Ink4astaining correlates with worse prognosis of CaexPA.
Spin tensor and pseudo-gauges: from nuclear collisions to gravitational physics
Authors: Speranza Enrico , Weickgenannt Nora 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe relativistic treatment of spin is a fundamental subject which has an old history. In various physical contexts it is necessary to separate the relativistic total angular momentum into an orbital and spin contribution. However, such decomposition is affected by ambiguities since one can always redefine the orbital and spin part through the so-called pseudo-gauge transformations. We analyze this problem in detail by discussing the most common choices of energy-momentum and spin tensors with an emphasis on their physical implications, and study the spin vector which is a pseudo-gauge invariant operator. We review the angular momentum decomposition as a crucial ingredient for the formulation of relativistic spin hydrodynamics and quantum kinetic theory with a focus on relativistic nuclear collisions, where spin physics has recently attracted significant attention. Furthermore, we point out the connection between pseudo-gauge transformations and the different definitions of the relativistic center of inertia. Finally, we consider the Einstein–Cartan theory, an extension of conventional general relativity, which allows for a natural definition of the spin tensor.
Fluctuations of anisotropic flow from the finite number of rescatterings in a two-dimensional massless transport model
Authors: Roch Hendrik , Borghini Nicolas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe investigate the fluctuations of anisotropic transverse flow due to the finite number of scatterings in a two-dimensional system of massless particles. Using a set of initial geometries from a Monte Carlo Glauber model, we study how flow coefficients fluctuate about their mean value at the corresponding eccentricity, for several values of the scattering cross section. We also show how the distributions of the second and third event planes of anisotropic flow about the corresponding participant plane in the initial geometry evolve as a function of the mean number of scatterings in the system.
MLPF: efficient machine-learned particle-flow reconstruction using graph neural networks
Authors: Pata Joosep , Duarte Javier , Vlimant Jean-Roch , Pierini Maurizio , Spiropulu Maria 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn general-purpose particle detectors, the particle-flow algorithm may be used to reconstruct a comprehensive particle-level view of the event by combining information from the calorimeters and the trackers, significantly improving the detector resolution for jets and the missing transverse momentum. In view of the planned high-luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), it is necessary to revisit existing reconstruction algorithms and ensure that both the physics and computational performance are sufficient in an environment with many simultaneous proton–proton interactions (pileup). Machine learning may offer a prospect for computationally efficient event reconstruction that is well-suited to heterogeneous computing platforms, while significantly improving the reconstruction quality over rule-based algorithms for granular detectors. We introduce MLPF, a novel, end-to-end trainable, machine-learned particle-flow algorithm based on parallelizable, computationally efficient, and scalable graph neural network optimized using a multi-task objective on simulated events. We report the physics and computational performance of the MLPF algorithm on a Monte Carlo dataset of top quark–antiquark pairs produced in proton–proton collisions in conditions similar to those expected for the high-luminosity LHC. The MLPF algorithm improves the physics response with respect to a rule-based benchmark algorithm and demonstrates computationally scalable particle-flow reconstruction in a high-pileup environment.