bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersion of flexural waves in a borehole with a tensile fracture in an anisotropic stress environment
Authors: Kayama Kosuke , Mikada Hitoshi , Takekawa Junichi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThe effect of tensile fracture in a vertical borehole under anisotropic horizontal stress conditions is numerically investigated in terms of the dispersion of flexural wave generated in dipole sonic logging. Our three‐dimensional model comprises a borehole filled with water and a tensile fracture intersecting the borehole in the borehole axial direction. Two shear waves are excited individually to produce particle displacements polarized in two orthogonal radial directions using two dipole sources aligned in the two polarized directions. A vertical array of equispaced dipole sensors is placed at the centre of the borehole along the borehole axis. We assumed that the surrounding formation possesses transversally isotropic anisotropy with the isotropy plane parallel to the borehole axis due to horizontal stress anisotropy. We examined the dispersion of flexural waves travelling along a borehole in our numerical models that include either fast or slow formation with various depths of tensile fractures. Our numerical results show that the deeper the penetration depth of a tensile fracture, the higher the slowness of shear waves polarized perpendicular to the tensile fracture for both slow and fast formation models. Our results indicate that the flexural dispersion behaviour could be used to investigate the depth of penetration of a tensile fracture that can be produced by either drilling or hydraulic fracturing.
Population structure of Erysiphe necator on domesticated and wild vines in the Middle East raises questions on the origin of the grapevine powdery mildew pathogen
Authors: Gur Lior , Reuveni Moshe , Cohen Yigal , Cadle‐Davidson Lance , Kisselstein Breanne , Ovadia Shmuel , Frenkel Omer 
Published: January 2021

SummaryPlant pathogens usually originate and diversify in geographical regions where hosts and pathogens co‐evolve. Erysiphe necator, the causal agent of grape powdery mildew, is a destructive pathogen of grapevines worldwide. Although Eastern US is considered the centre of origin and diversity of E. necator, previous reports on resistant native wild and domesticated Asian grapevines suggest Asia as another possible origin of the pathogen. By using multi‐locus sequencing, microsatellites and a novel application of amplicon sequencing (AmpSeq), we show that the population of E. necator in Israel is composed of three genetic groups: Groups A and B that are common worldwide, and a new group IL, which is genetically differentiated from any known group in Europe and Eastern US. Group IL showed distinguished ecological characteristics: it was dominant on wild and traditional vines (95%); its abundance increased along the season; and was more aggressive than A and B isolates on both wild and domesticated vines. The low genetic diversity within group IL suggests that it has invaded Israel from another origin. Therefore, we suggest that the Israeli E. necator population was founded by at least two invasions, of which one could be from a non‐East American source, possibly from Asian origin.
The terror of the good: working the edge of experience
Authors: Carpenter Dunbar S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper considers the topic of the ‘good’ within the literature and in clinical work. Milder forms of the good which arise on the personal level generate defences against personal vulnerability. More powerful forms of the good, which the author calls the ‘truly good’, arise on an archetypal level and overwhelm the ego, generating fear, even terror. The ‘truly good’ invokes defences against the dissolution of an intact sense of self. In both mild and intense forms, the good will arise in every analysis, will challenge boundaries of both client and analyst, and touch the core of the analytic relationship. It demands acknowledgement. Within these two categories, the author identifies five forms of the good that may arise in containable and uncontainable intensities: beauty, intimacy, becoming, love, and encounters with the divine. Exploring encounters with the good in its various forms expands the range of tolerable human experience – one of the fundamental goals of analysis. Living the good, or at times suffering the truly good, furthers individuation as it enlarges access to experiences of profound meaning, including the divine or the numinous.
Microbial production of small peptide: pathway engineering and synthetic biology
Authors: Wu Zhiyong , Li Youran , Zhang Liang , Ding Zhongyang , Shi Guiyang 
Published: January 2021

SummarySmall peptides are a group of natural products with low molecular weights and complex structures. The diverse structures of small peptides endow them with broad bioactivities and suggest their potential therapeutic use in the medical field. The remaining challenge is methods to address the main limitations, namely (i) the low amount of available small peptides from natural sources, and (ii) complex processes required for traditional chemical synthesis. Therefore, harnessing microbial cells as workhorse appears to be a promising approach to synthesize these bioactive peptides. As an emerging engineering technology, synthetic biology aims to create standard, well‐characterized and controllable synthetic systems for the biosynthesis of natural products. In this review, we describe the recent developments in the microbial production of small peptides. More importantly, synthetic biology approaches are considered for the production of small peptides, with an emphasis on chassis cells, the evolution of biosynthetic pathways, strain improvements and fermentation.
Chromosome‐level assembly of the brown planthopper genome with a characterized Y chromosome
Authors: Ye Yu‐Xuan , Zhang Hou‐Hong , Li Dan‐Ting , Zhuo Ji‐Chong , Shen Yan , Hu Qing‐Ling , Zhang Chuan‐Xi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHundreds of insect genome sequences have been reported; however, most sequencing projects have not determined the sex chromosomes, and no Y chromosomes from a heterometabolous insect have been identified and characterized to date. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is the most economically damaging pest to rice and is also an ideal research subject for paddy ecology and functional genomics. We previously assembled a draft female genome mainly using second‐generation sequencing technologies, with a contig N50 of only 24 kb, due to the large size and excessive repetitive regions in the N. lugens genome. Here, we utilize third‐generation sequencing technologies and Hi‐C data to generate a high‐quality male N. lugens assembly with a contig N50 of 1.01 Mb, a scaffold N50 of 69.96 Mb and more than 95.6% of the assembled bases located on 16 chromosomes. Fourteen autosomes and two sex chromosomes (X + Y) were identified, filling in the gap related to the Y chromosome in heterometabolous insects. A total of 18,021 protein‐coding genes and 6423 long‐noncoding RNAs were predicted with full‐length cDNA sequencing data. All 315 of the Y chromosome genes (Y‐genes) were derived from autosomal and X‐chromosome duplications. Large‐scale RNA interference (RNAi) experiments were conducted against the N. lugens Y‐genes, demonstrating that 7 Y‐genes were essential for normal BPH development or male organ development, suggesting the importance of Y‐genes. The first identified Y chromosome in heterometabolous insects will help gain more insight into sex determination, fertility and chromosome evolution.
Association between core stability and physical function, functional performance in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Yakut Hazal , Özalevli Sevgi , Birlik Ahmet Merih 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association of core stability with physical function and functional performance in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).MethodsForty patients who met the American College of Rheumatology / European League Against Rheumatism 2013 classification criteria for SSc were included in the cross‐sectional study. For evaluation of core stability, trunk muscle endurance and trunk muscle strength were assessed. Trunk extensor and trunk flexor endurance tests were used for assessment of trunk muscle endurance. Trunk muscle strength was measured with a hand‐held dynamometer and modified sit‐up test. To measure physical function the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ‐DI) and to measure functional performance 6‐minute walking test (6MWT) and sit‐to‐stand test (STS) were used.ResultsPatients with SSc had lower mean trunk extensor and flexor endurance test times (49.87 ± 30.81 and 32.17 ± 15.42 seconds, respectively), modified sit‐up test repetition (17.42 ± 7.81) and trunk extensor and flexor muscle strength (7.48 ± 2.29 kg and 6.20 ± 1.68 kg, respectively) when compared to the reference values in healthy individuals. All measurements were used to evaluate core stability associated with HAQ‐DI score, 6DMWT walking distance and STS test duration (all P < .05).ConclusionPatients with SSc have markedly reduced core stability and this negatively affects the physical function and functional performance. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of trunk muscle in patients with SSc. We suggest that not only upper‐lower extremity muscles, but also trunk muscle strength and endurance should be measured and core stability exercises can be added to the training programs to maintain and/or improve physical functions and functional performance in SSc patients.
The flippingt‐ratio test: Phylogenetically informed assessment of the Pareto theory for phenotypic evolution
Authors: Mikami Tomoyuki , Iwasaki Wataru 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAn organism cannot be fully optimized for all tasks that are needed for its survival because of the existence of intrinsic trade‐offs among those tasks. It was recently proposed that an economics‐originated theory, the Pareto theory, is a general theory explaining the rules of phenotypic evolution under such trade‐offs. To date, many phenotype datasets have been argued to fit the Pareto theory based on a statistical method named thet‐ratio test.Here, we show that this test suffers a serious defect in that general phenotype data can be wrongly concluded to fit the Pareto theory with a very high false‐positive rate and that the claim that the Pareto theory is a general theory should definitely be considered with caution. This is because thet‐ratio test assumes that all phenotypic traits are independent of one another, but this assumption does not hold true—different traits of organisms have usually been affected by the same phylogenetic history and are thus typically not independent.We developed the flippingt‐ratio test to accurately test the Pareto theory by considering phylogenetic background as well as artefacts that can be induced during dimensionality reduction. Using this improved method, we confirm that the phenotype data analysed in previous studies, including the well‐known Darwin's ground finch dataset, no longer support the Pareto theory.We hope that the flippingt‐ratio test will contribute to examining which phenotype datasets truly fit the Pareto theory and understanding how diverse phenotypes evolve in natural ecosystems.
Trajectories of alcohol‐induced blackouts in adolescence: early risk factors and alcohol use disorder outcomes in early adulthood
Authors: Yuen Wing See , Chan Gary , Bruno Raimondo , Clare Philip J. , Aiken Alexandra , Mattick Richard , Farrell Michael , Kypri Kypros , Slade Tim , Hutchinson Delyse , McBride Nyanda , McCambridge Jim , Boland Veronica , Peacock Amy 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsExperience of alcohol‐induced memory blackouts in adolescence may be an important risk factor for later harms. This longitudinal study (i) modelled trajectories of alcohol‐related blackouts throughout adolescence, (ii) explored early‐adolescent predictors of blackout trajectories and (iii) examined the association between blackout trajectories and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms.DesignLongitudinal study in which data from six annual surveys of a longitudinal cohort of Australian adolescents were used to model latent class growth trajectories of blackouts, adjusting for alcohol consumption frequency and typical quantity. Regression models were used to determine whether parent, child and peer factors at baseline (mean age = 12.9) predicted profiles of blackout trajectory membership and whether blackout trajectories predicted meeting criteria for AUD in early adulthood (mean age = 19.8).Setting and participantsAustralian adolescents (n = 1821; mean age = 13.9–18.8 years).MeasurementsAlcohol‐related blackouts, alcohol consumption frequency, typical consumption quantity and DSM‐5 AUD in early adulthood were all self‐reported.FindingsWe identified a three‐class solution: delayed alcohol initiation, rare blackouts (n = 701; 38.5%); early initiation, rare blackouts (n = 869; 47.7%); and early initiation, increasing blackouts (n = 251; 13.8%). Female sex was associated with increased risk of early initiation, increasing blackouts relative to delayed initiation, rare blackouts [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 3.90; 99.5% confidence interval (CI) = 1.96, 7.76] and relative to early initiation, rare blackouts (RRR = 2.89; 99.5% CI = 1.42, 5.87). Early initiation, rare blackouts [odds ratio (OR) = 1.96; 99.5% CI = 1.17, 3.29] and early initiation, increasing blackouts (OR = 4.93; 99.5% CI = 2.32, 10.48) were each associated with increased odds of meeting criteria for AUD in early adulthood relative to delayed initiation, rare blackouts. Early initiation, increasing blackouts was associated with increased odds of meeting criteria for AUD in early adulthood relative to early initiation, rare blackouts (OR = 2.51; 99.5% CI = 1.18, 5.38).ConclusionsFemales in Australia appear to be at higher risk of adolescent alcohol‐related blackouts independent of alcohol consumption levels and age of initiation. Alcohol‐related blackouts may be associated with later alcohol use disorder.
Assessment of macular thickness changes by OCT in asymptomatic subjects at high genetic risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: López‐Cuenca Inés , Elvira‐Hurtado Lorena , Fernández‐Albarral José A. , Salobrar‐Garcia Elena , Lozano María Pilar Rojas , Corral Juan José Salazar , Ramirez Ana Isabel , De Hoz Rosa , Ramirez Jose Manuel 
Published: January 2021

PurposeAlzheimer’s diseases is a neurodegenerative disease, whose signs can appear decades before clinically detectable symptoms. In addition to age, genetic factors are one of the most important risk factors. The aim of the present study was analyzed the macular thickness changes by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in subjects who have a first‐degree family history of AD and are carriers of ɛ4 allele for the ApoE, which are two of the main risk factors for developing the disease.MethodsA complete eye examination and a macular OCT were performed in 64 participants, who were free of ocular pathology. The two study groups were formed by 35 subjects with a family history of AD (FH+) and ApoE ɛ4 carriers and 29 age‐matched control subjects without a family history of AD (FH‐) and ApoE ɛ4 non‐carriers.ResultsWe found a statistical significant thinning (p < 0.05) in FH+ ApoE ɛ4 carriers compared to FH‐ ApoE ɛ4 non‐carriers in the next sectors and layers: the foveal area of the macular retinal nerve fiber layer (11.89 ± 1.95, FH+ vs 12.86 ± 1.62, FH‐); the inferior and nasal sectors, both in the outer (26.77 ± 2.74, FH+ vs 28.17 ± 2.82, FH‐) (29.49 ± 2.89, FH+ vs 30.93 ± 3.85, FH‐) and inner (40.49 ± 2.51, FH+ vs 42.10 ± 3.48, FH‐) (41.94 ± 2.74, FH+ vs 43.52 ± 3.57, FH‐) macular ring in the inner plexiform layer; the foveal area (18.82 ± 3.61, FH+ vs 21.21 ± 3.88, FH‐) and the inferior sector in the outer macular ring (30.91 ± 2.72, FH+ vs 32.10 ± 2.81, FH‐) in inner nuclear layer, and the inferior sector of the outer macular ring (27.60 ± 2.75, FH+ vs 29.97 ± 3.82, FH‐) in outer plexiform layer.ConclusionsThe slight retinal thickness changes measured by OCT, that appear in the macular area in asymptomatic subjects at high genetic risk for the development of AD, could be used as an early biomarker of the disease.
Choroidal changes in mild Alzheimer's disease patients as a biomarker of cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Salobrar‐Garcia Elena , López‐Cuenca Inés , Fernández‐Albarral José A. , Lozano María Pilar Rojas , De Hoz Rosa , Ramirez Ana Isabel , Mendez‐Hernandez Carmen , Wang Surina , Garcia‐Feijoo Julian , Corral Juan José Salazar , Manuel Ramirez Jose 
Published: January 2021

PurposeAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegeneration in which vascular changes occur that constitute cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Recently, alterations and deposits have been discovered in the retinas and choroids of patients with AD that correlate with the evolution of the disease. The development of new techniques for the study of ocular vascularization, Laguna ONhE and Angio‐optical coherence tomography (OCTA), non‐invasive and non‐contrast tests, allow us to study ocular vascular alterations caused by AD.MethodsSeventeen patients with mild AD (mAD) and 49 healthy controls, all without ophthalmological diseases after a complete eye examination, were studied for haemoglobin (Hb) coefficient in the optic nerve head by Laguna ONhE, as well as choroid thickness and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) of the retina by OCTA. For statistical analysis, the Mann‐Whitney test was applied with the SPSS 22.00 program.ResultsThe Mini Mental State Examination of the mAD patients was 24.00 ± 5.32, while the control group was 29.40 ± 1.83, being the difference significant (p < 0.001) between them. Comparing both group, no significant difference was found in the Hb coefficient of the optic nerve head, although in the papillomacular bundle, there was a slight increase of Hb coefficient in mAD patients. A significant (p < 0.05) thinning of the choroid was found in the mAD patients, while the FAZ was unchanged in comparison to control.ConclusionsIn patients with mAD, a significant decrease in the choroidal vascular network was observed, while the retinal network and the Hb of the optic nerve head did not yet show any changes in mild stages of AD. These results show the choroidal changes as an early biomarker of amyloid angiopathy that could be used for the diagnosis and follow‐up of AD.
Comparison of surgery outcomes between internal limiting membrane peeling technique and inverted flap technique in idiopathic macular hole
Authors: Kim Sohee , Lee Jae Jung , Lee Ji Eun 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTo compare the postoperative outcomes depending on surgical procedures of internal limiting membrane (ILM) in idiopathic macular hole.MethodsPatients who underwent surgery for idiopathic macular hole from January 2015 to January 2019 were divided into two groups: vitrectomy with ILM peeling and vitrectomy with ILM inverted flap. We reviewed the preoperative visual acuity, best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at one, three, and six months after surgery, and M‐chart and checked whether the hole was closed or not retrospectively.ResultsAmong a total of 53 eyes (male 26, female 27), the vitrectomy with ILM peeling group included 35 eyes and vitrectomy with inverted flap group included 18 eyes. There was no difference in the preoperative visual acuity and the hole size between 2 groups. Macular hole was successfully closed in all eyes after surgery. BCVA was significantly improved in both groups from logMAR 0.66 and 0.67 preoperatively to 0.18 and 0.21 at 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.001) and there was no significant difference between the two groups statistically (p = 0.956). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the postoperative transverse M‐score and the longitudinal M‐score (p = 0.972, 0.793, respectively).ConclusionsThere was no difference in functional and anatomical results in ILM‐inverted flap technique compared with ILM peeling technique in idiopathic macular hole surgery.
Down‐regulated tear film proteins in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration are involved in the regulation of protein clearance, inflammation, neovascularization and apoptosis
Authors: Winiarczyk Mateusz , Winiarczyk Dagmara , Michalak Katarzyna , Kaarniranta Kai , Mackiewicz Jerzy , Adaszek Łukasz , Winiarczyk Stanisław 
Published: January 2021

PurposeAge‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease, and a leading cause of blindness elderly in the developed countries. In its neovascular form, an immediate treatment is required to maintain the best possible vision. The better understanding of the mechanisms underlying AMD is needed to create a both new treatment protocols and diagnostic tests. Tear film is an easily accessible fluid that can be obtained from each patient during the routine ophthalmic appointment. Changes in tear film proteomic composition have been reported in various ophthalmic and systemic diseases. There is an evidence that the acute form of wet AMD with subretinal fluid may reflect in a tear film composition.MethodsTear film was collected with Schirmer strips from the patients with neovascular AMD and sex‐ and age‐matched control group. Two‐dimensional electrophoresis was performed followed by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry identification of differential proteins. Quantitative analysis of the differentiating electrophoretic spots was done with 2 Delta software. Metabolic pathways associated with those proteins were identified with Panther GO software.ResultsAltogether, 16 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Of those, 14 were downregulated, while 2 showed upregulation in the tear film of wet AMD patients. Pathway analysis revealed multiple pathways involving protein clearance, inflammation, neovascularization and apoptosis.ConclusionsDifferentially expressed proteins and theirs signaling pathways identified in tear film coincide with impaired protein clearance, persistent inflammation, neovascularization and cell death. Tear film protein analysis provides a novel way to screen AMD‐related biomarkers.