bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lay of the Land
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the database of conspiracy claims in order to lay the groundwork for the analysis in future chapters. It begins by describing how the database was created and presenting an overview of its contents, including simple graphs showing where conspiracies (supposedly) take place, the nationalities of the accusers, and the identities of the perpetrators. To give a sense of the stories the claims tell, it homes in on three narrative elements of conspiracy—goals, actions, and logics—and provides examples. Finally, it breaks down the data according to combinations of accusers and perpetrators. Perusing the conspiracy claims reveals how they emerge from quotidian political realities, but in a milieu pervaded by intrigue, insecurity, and uncertainty. These claims tell a story—actually, several—about politics, but revolve around two questions: Who is doing what to whom and what do the perpetrators hope to accomplish?
Disaffection, Disinformation, and Democracy
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the main findings of the book and then shifts the focus beyond the post-Soviet region. It first discusses what the argument contributes to ongoing debates in political science about how regimes spread and manipulate information. It then considers the evolution of conspiracism in two imperfect democracies: Turkey, which bears a surface resemblance to cases covered in this book, and then the United States, a country with a venerable history of popular belief in conspiracy theories. Despite being a well-established democracy, recent developments indicate that conspiracy claims have moved fully into the political mainstream. It then discusses the implications of Russia’s export of conspiracy theories, a practice initially intended to influence opinion in the near abroad but then expanded globally. Finally, it considers the implications of this book’s arguments for democracy and governance today.
“You’ve got to do something radical”
Authors: Messner Michael A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The final chapter touches back on the stories of veteran activists Wendy Barranco, Phoenix Johnson, Monique Salhab, Monisha Ríos, Stephen Funk, and Brittany Ramos DeBarros to consider the future of Veterans For Peace and About Face within the larger field of national and international movements for peace and social justice. The chapter touches on the state of the current intergenerational dialogue taking place in these organizations, and ends with a critical analysis of how the intersectional praxis of a new generation of progressive activists holds the promise of bridging the struggle against militarism and war with other large issues of the day, including climate change, global pandemics, and the continuing violence of economic, racial, gender, and sexual injustice.
Introduction
Authors: Parker Emily Anne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The introduction explains that both philosophers of performativity and philosophers of political ecology ultimately dissociate what is considered political from what is considered ecological. What is needed is an exposition of the tradition of the polis. This book argues that the distinction between political and ecological is rooted in the concept of the polis: the leaders of the city, those bodies exemplary of the promise of the polis, were those capable of disembodied, eternal, immaterial thought. It is the dynamics of the polis that both performativity and political ecology aim to critique, but they cannot do so as long as they distinguish themselves from each other.
Sylvia Wynter and the Climate of Biocentric Man
Authors: Parker Emily Anne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses the philosophy of climate change of Sylvia Wynter. Wynter’s work extends that of Fanon into a philosophy of genre. Wynter argues that the inspiration for the sciences of sex, madness, illness, indigence, and sexual classification of the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries in Western Europe is the science of racial anatomy. And this science of racial anatomy is what creates the current genre of biocentrism that is also responsible for climate change. This chapter examines the gesture of hybridity in the work of both Bruno Latour and Sylvia Wynter.
Enraged, Rattled, and Wronged
Authors: Anderson Kristin J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The political context producing the Donald Trump presidency put into stark relief the confusion, feelings of victimization, and rage of some constituencies that voted for him. Enraged, Rattled, and Wronged: Entitlement’s Response to Social Progress explores the role of entitlement in fostering inequality in the United States. Scholars and activists in recent decades have correctly incorporated the topic of privilege into discussions of prejudice and discrimination. White privilege, male privilege, heterosexual privilege, and class privilege exemplify the unearned advantages given to socially preferred groups—advantages not enjoyed by marginalized groups. As a result, activists and scholars of prejudice integrate an examination of discrimination against target groups, alongside the corresponding benefits that come to those viewed as the societal norm and ideal (e.g., Whites, heterosexuals, and men). Enraged, Rattled, and Wronged examines psychological entitlement as an overlooked but essential feature of persistent inequality. Psychological entitlement refers to one’s sense of deservingness. In understanding resistance to social progress we must understand how members of advantaged groups come to understand their belief in their own worthiness relative to those in disadvantaged groups. The task of this project is an urgent inquiry given our current political context: What happens to entitled people when they feel pushed aside? What are they willing to tear down as they scramble to keep their grip on relative status and power? This book explores the predictable and unpredictable ways in which entitlement preserves and perpetuates inequality.
The past and future of human rights
Authors: de Búrca Gráinne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the lessons to be derived from the advocacy campaigns in Pakistan, Argentina, and Ireland discussed in earlier chapters. Insights drawn from those campaigns are used to refine the experimentalist account of human rights advanced in Chapter 2, particularly as regards the importance of social movements and of building broad social support for human rights campaigns. The remainder of the chapter describes five major challenges of the current era—illiberalism, climate change, digitalization, pandemics, and inequality—and considers the difficulties they pose for the experimentalist account of human rights advocacy. It argues that the experimentalist practice of human rights advocacy is reasonably resilient and adaptive, and that internal contestation from within the human rights movement as well as external critiques have already helped to catalyze reform and to push activists and advocates to think more innovatively about the changes needed to strengthen the ability of the movement to engage with these major challenges in the future. It concludes that in a turbulent era, rather than abandon human rights, we should redouble our efforts to bolster, renew, and reinvigorate a movement that has galvanized constituencies and communities around the globe to mobilize for a better world.
Protection of Personal Data in Clouds and Rights of Individuals
Authors: Kamarinou Dimitra , Millard Christopher , Turton Felicity 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the rights and remedies that individual users of cloud computing services may enjoy under the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It begins by considering the concept of the individual as 'data subject', which is inextricably linked to the concept of 'personal data'. The term 'data subject' is not defined explicitly in the GDPR. Instead, it is referenced in parenthesis within the definition of personal data. The definition of personal data is purposefully broad so as to include the vast range of information from which an individual may be identified. The chapter then explores the rights afforded to data subjects, including the right to be informed; the rights of access, rectification, and erasure; the right to data portability; the right to object to processing; and the right not to be subject to automated decision making, including profiling. Finally, it looks at the remedies and compensation available to data subjects. One of the biggest challenges to data subjects knowing and being able to exercise their rights is a potential lack of transparency with regard to how and by whom their personal data are collected and further processed in the cloud.
Placing the State in the Cloud
Authors: Gleeson Niamh , Walden Ian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights issues of data governance and public procurement. It first examines some of the unique data governance considerations applicable to public sector decisions about cloud adoption; while acknowledging that data governance is only one element in a decision to move to cloud. The chapter then identifies potential obstacles in the EU procurement framework that is not adapted to, or creates de facto barriers to, public sector cloud adoption and considers how these barriers could be addressed. The first potential legal barrier to public sector take-up of cloud concerns public sector data governance and the legal requirements concerning the security of, and access to, public sector data. The second potential legal barrier concerns EU public procurement legislation and the extent to which it is not adapted to the cloud environment.
Space, time, and the world
Authors: Kempshall Matthew 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Conceptions of space and time have conventionally lent themselves to characterizations of late medieval Europe as an ‘Age of Discovery’. These characterizations underpin an account of historical ‘progress’ which is technological, intellectual, and social. Coupled with other retrospective ‘modern’ projections—Renaissance humanism and the rise of ‘the state’—they present a teleological narrative of empirical, rational, and scientific discovery at the waning, even the end, of ‘the Middle Ages’. By qualifying and revising such a narrative, this chapter invites appreciation of a more complex historical reality, a necessarily plural and fragmented picture of socially and culturally conditioned ways of seeing space, measuring time, and understanding the connections between them. The discoveries of the fifteenth century emerge, as a result, not as the reflection of a brave new vision of the world, a shift from ‘religion’ to ‘science’ or from ‘medieval’ to ‘modern’, but rather as a reconfiguration of representations of what was already known. This was certainly an age of conceptual change and development but one which was characterized as much by refining, re-ordering, and reconnection as it was by innovation and discovery.
Divine Agency and Divine Action, Volume IV
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Following the first three volumes in the series on divine action, this fourth and final volume seeks a prescriptive account of God as an agent. Christian systematic theology raises deep metaphysical questions about the central concepts we use in our thinking about God. One of these central concepts bequeathed by the Christian tradition is that God is an agent. While volumes 2 and 3 offered a wide range of specific divine actions offered in the canonical Christian tradition, the question of how to articulate this basic conviction arises. In this volume, Abraham expounds the concept of God as agent by applying it to various traditional problems in Christian doctrine like the relation of freedom and grace, divine action in liberation theology, the presence of God in the Eucharist, divine providence, the relationship of Christianity and Islam, the relation of the natural sciences to theology and apparent design, and the realm of the demonic. In keeping with the argument of the tetralogy as a whole, specific divine actions are the points of departure for reflection on these topics. The book aims not only to clarify the concept of God as an agent but also to articulate solutions to these traditional problems. It is designed to be the launchpad for further research in divine agency and divine action and how an account of God as an agent can throw fresh light on old theological and philosophical problems.
Divine Action, Grace, and Human Agency
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter illumines the old problem of the relation of human freedom to divine grace by looking at it from the perspective of God as an agent. The traditional problem of freedom and grace is this: if we allow room for human action in the economy of salvation, then we are committed to justification by works. But if salvation is all of grace and therefore does not allow for any serious causal role of the human will in salvation, then we are committed to determinism. The chapter throws light on this problem by looking at causation in in different respects, particularly how it bears on divine and human action, drawing on the work of J. R. Lucas, Paul Helm, and St. Augustine.
Divine Action in the Eucharist
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Thomas Aquinas has long been the gold standard for theology of divine action in the Eucharist. Yet his account raises a number of difficulties. His position rests on a literal reading of scripture, a network of concomitant miracles that are dubious, and the danger of multiple incarnations, and a metaphysical apparatus that lacks credibility. This chapter argues that we should look for a better way to think about the Eucharist. First, it engages the proposal of Michael Dummett, a Roman Catholic philosopher, and second, it offers its own alternative sketch of divine action in the Eucharist which avoids the problems associated with Aquinas’s account.
Divine Action and Skepticism in the Book of Exodus
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a reading of the book of Exodus in conversation with modern epistemological skepticism. Exodus speaks often of the knowledge of God. At its beginning, the Israelites are seriously doubtful about the account of God they inherited from their forefathers. At the end, they no longer have doubts and construct a tabernacle to express their devotion and worship to God. The chapter argues that the text provides significant epistemic clues that explain this shift from unbelief to belief. It also argues that much of this explanation has to do with divine action, that is, God’s own action on his people.
Divine Action, Design, and Natural Theology
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the debate about intelligent design as it emerged within biology. Then it treats the argument from design as represented by various features of the universe, like temporal and spatial order. The chapter argues that divine agency and divine action inform this debate by highlighting the identity of the agent who is the designer, by exposing how far one can specify the intentions and purposes of God in arguments from design, and by bringing to light two radically different ways of construing the place of natural theology in theology proper. It suggests further work is needed on this issue.
Mind Shift
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This book draws on the latest research on the human brain to show how it differs strikingly from those of other animals in its structure and function at molecular and cellular level. It argues that this ‘shift’, enlarging the brain, giving it greater flexibility and enabling higher functions such as imagination, was driven by tool use, but especially by the development of one remarkable tool—language. The complex social interaction brought by language opened up the possibility of shared conceptual worlds, enriched with rhythmic sounds and images that could be drawn on cave walls. This transformation enabled modern humans to generate an exceptional human consciousness, a sense of self that arises as a product of our brain biology and the social interactions we experience. Linking early work by the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky to the findings of modern neuroscience, the book also explores how language, culture, and society mediate brain function, and what this view of the human mind may bring to our understanding and treatment of mental illness.
Introduction
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Introduction sums up the outcomes of Parts 1 and 2 of the philosophy of Christian life in terms of the possibility of a mutual call to love that is evidenced both in the messianic invocation to ‘Come!’ and in the foundational naming ritual of baptism. The silent witness of feeling and the heart therefore requires the further testimony of language, understood as the medium of such a call. Reflecting on the meaning and implications of the call will involve engagement with philosophers (including Plato, Hegel, Kierkegaard, and Solovyov), a broad range of theologians, and poets and artists such as Dante, Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Dostoevsky, and Edwin Muir. The overall approach is defined as phenomenological and conversational.
Love and Language
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is widely believed that love cannot be limited to language and has a more natural affinity with silence than with speech. In this chapter it is argued that although there is no exact fit between love and language, love needs language (and not just ‘looks’) if it is to be humanly meaningful. Following Kierkegaard, it is proposed that love is a response to the love commandment, understood not as an abstract ought but as a concrete word of personal address in the mode of what has been called vocativity. In this perspective we see that love is grounded in the call and involves the kind of promise that language makes possible. The Christian marriage service is read phenomenologically as revealing what the word of love requires, abstracted from its doctrinal content. The interrelationship of love and language is further explored with reference again to Dante.
Love Came Down at Christmas
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Even if we can envisage the social forms that a Kingdom of Love might require, is such a kingdom a pure ideal? Can love become a reality in a world such as ours, where even love itself is a source of human suffering and mutual affliction? Kant postulates an archetypal life of love that is humanly imaginable, but it seems it would take a near-miracle to realize the ideal. This is the miracle Christian theologians such as Karl Barth see in Christmas. The Christmas event, Barth argues is incomprehensible to human reason and we can only bear witness to it. Against this view, it is argued that the new beginning that Christians see in the Incarnation coheres with human experience, as in the ‘novelty’ of a new birth and the possibility of forgiveness. Yet, as the Christian Eucharist shows, this new beginning in history remains also a focus of eschatological hope.
Currently Functioning European Party Systems
Authors: Casal Bértoa Fernando , Enyedi Zsolt 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents the profile and the condensed history of the 41 currently functioning party systems. Here we discuss the dynamics of the changes, and relate them to the ideological configurations and alliance structures. We show that the changes in closure figures indicate well the transformations of party politics, we link developments in the governmental arena to the conflicts in the party system in general, and we associate each party system with a specific trajectory of closure development and a specific party system type. We show how the plurality of currently functioning party systems fit into a bipolar configuration that puts them on track towards a robust path of continuous stabilization until reaching full systemic institutionalization.
The Whole Is More than the Sum of the Parts
Authors: Casal Bértoa Fernando , Enyedi Zsolt 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe seventh chapter establishes a theoretical distinction between the party- and the systemic-level analysis of party politics. We introduce new measures of party institutionalization, describe cross-temporal and cross-regional trends, and establish the degree of covariance between closure and party institutionalization. Even though there are many indications that high closure presupposes continuously existing, well-organized parties, we identify countries in which parties are highly institutionalized but the system is not, and cases where parties are relatively weak, but the system can be considered to be strong. The chapter shows how party institutionalization and closure (party system institutionalization) differ from each other. For the recent period, the former shows a steeply declining trend in Europe, while the latter is decreasing only marginally.
Liver disorders
Authors: Marjot Thomas , Ambrose Tim , McGregor Colleen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers core curriculum topics relating to liver disorders including the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the liver as it relates to disease processes. There is a focus on the investigation and management of acute hepatitis including viral, drug- and toxin-induced, and the risk stratification of patients with acute liver failure. All major chronic liver diseases are discussed including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, alcohol related liver disease and chronic viral hepatitis. There is also education on managing the complications of cirrhosis including renal dysfunction, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal haemorrhage, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Additional important topics covered include nutrition in liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation indications and assessment, and complications following liver transplantation. Additional curriculum material regarding liver disorders will also be covered in the mock examination chapter.
Nutrition
Authors: Marjot Thomas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers core curriculum topics relating to nutrition including assessment of nutritional risk. Specific micronutrient deficiencies are largely covered in the ‘Small Intestine’ chapter but, where appropriate, additional information is provided in this chapter. Decision making about enteral feeding routes and complications of longer-term feeding tubes such as percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies, and their management, is discussed. Key aspects of intestinal failure requiring parenteral nutrition, including short bowel syndrome, are presented including management of types 2 and 3 intestinal failure. Education is provided on electrolyte content of key intravenous fluids. Coverage of bariatric surgical techniques and their complications round off this chapter. Additional curriculum material regarding nutrition will also be covered in the mock examination chapter.
Mock examination
Authors: Marjot Thomas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter contains 50 questions, which exactly match the proportions of topic areas found in the European Specialty Examination in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (ESEGH), and is designed to act as a mock-examination for use in the final stages of preparation. The questions are unique to this chapter and therefore add to the coverage of the curriculum over and above that in preceding sections.