bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbulence within Rain-Formed Fresh Lenses during the SPURS-2 Experiment
Authors: Iyer Suneil , Drushka Kyla 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObservations of salinity, temperature, and turbulent dissipation rate were made in the top meter of the ocean using the ship-towed Surface Salinity Profiler as part of the second Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS-2) to assess the relationships between wind, rain, near-surface stratification, and turbulence. A wide range of wind and rain conditions were observed in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean near 10°N, 125°W in summer–autumn 2016 and 2017. Wind was the primary driver of near-surface turbulence and the mixing of rain-formed fresh lenses, with lenses generally persisting for hours when wind speeds were under 5 m s−1 and mixing away immediately at higher wind speeds. Rain influenced near-surface turbulence primarily through stratification. Near-surface stratification caused by rainfall or diurnal warming suppressed deeper turbulent dissipation rates when wind speeds were under 3 m s−1. In one case with 4–5 m s−1 winds, rain-induced stratification enhanced dissipation rates within the stratified layer. At wind speeds above 7–8 m s−1, strong stratification was not observed in the upper meter during rain, indicating that rain lenses do not form at wind speeds above 8 m s−1. Raindrop impacts enhanced turbulent dissipation rates at these high wind speeds in the absence of near-surface stratification. Measurements of air–sea buoyancy flux, wind speed, and near-surface turbulence can be used to predict the presence of stratified layers. These findings could be used to improve model parameterizations of air–sea interactions and, ultimately, our understanding of the global water cycle.
Quality of media reporting of suicide in Iraq
Authors: Arafat S M Yasir , Ahmad Araz Ramazan , Saeed Ayoob Kareem , Menon Vikas , Shoib Sheikh , Kar Sujita Kumar 
Published: March 2021

Background: Mass media has an important role in influencing the suicidal behavior of the general population. However, the quality of news reporting of suicide has not been assessed in Iraq. Aim: We aimed to assess the quality of news reports in Iraq while reporting the suicidal behaviors. Methods: The search was done on Google in November and December 2020 with the search term ‘suicide news in Iraq’ and accessible news reports distributed in Kurdish, Arabic, and English languages were taken out. We scrutinized the news reports to identify the reporting characteristics and compared them with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Results: A total of 130 news reports were analyzed; among them 23.8% were Kurdish, 63.8% were Arabic, and 12.3% were in the English language. About 31.5% of the reports mentioned the name and 40.8% mentioned the occupation. The name of method was mentioned in 88.5%, mono-causality was found in about 34.6%, the term ‘suicide’ was mentioned in the headline in 94.6%, and method of suicide was mentioned in the headline of about 27.7% of the reports. Only 5.4% of the reports traced mental illness, 6.9% mentioned expert opinion, and none of the reports mentioned prevention program, and educative information. Conclusion: The study revealed that news reports of suicidal behavior in Iraq are poorly adherent to the WHO reporting guidelines. Further studies are warranted to identify the responsible factors and culture-specific prevention strategies.
Preventive Cardiovascular Care in Patients With HIV Infection in an Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Özdener-Poyraz Ayşe Elif , Vaidean Georgeta 
Published: March 2021

Background: People/patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are at an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease due to normal disease processes, antiretroviral medication adverse effects, and age-related comorbid conditions. Preventive cardiovascular (CV) screenings such as the need for statin, low-dose aspirin, or smoking cessation counseling are not well studied in PLWH. Objectives: To investigate whether there are differences in preventive CV care offered to patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in 1 outpatient clinic. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 150 consecutive patients if they had at least 4 appointments in 2 years and they did not have a history and they do not have a history of CV events. A randomly selected sample of patients without HIV infection receiving primary care services in the same clinic were used as the control group and were enrolled using the same inclusion criteria. Results: More patients met statin criteria and were prescribed it in the HIV-negative arm [(70% vs. 24.67%; p < 0.0001); (89.52% vs. 54.05%; p < 0.0001)]. More patients in the HIV-negative arm met aspirin criteria and were prescribed it [(10.67% vs. 8.16%; p = 0.46); (50% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.33)]. There were more current smokers in the HIV-positive arm and a slightly greater number that received smoking cessation counseling [(38% vs. 11.33%; p < 0.0001); (82.46% vs. 76.47%; p = 0.58)]. Conclusion: Our results found that PLWH receive less preventive CV care compared to non-HIV-infected patients in the same outpatient clinic. Increased efforts are needed to ensure PLWH are receiving primary preventive CV care they need.
Identifying additional risk factors for arterial and venous thrombosis among pediatric antiphospholipid antibodies carriers
Authors: Sloan Elizabeth , Wright Tracey , Zuo Yu 
Published: March 2021

Background Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) have been extensively reported in children, but investigations into thrombotic risks associated with aPL positivity in pediatric patients is scarce. Positive aPL are not uncommon in pediatric connective tissue diseases (CTD), but identification and management of these patients is challenging due to lack of validated criteria and a paucity of data. In this study, we identify potential additional risk factors for thrombosis in a unique cohort of pediatric aPL positive carriers. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed on 491 pediatric patients with CTD seen in our institution from 2001 to 2019. Patients without persistently moderate to high titer aPL at least 12 weeks apart were excluded. Univariate analysis was performed to evaluate correlation between different risk factors and thrombotic events. Results Seventy-one aPL positive children with underlying CTD are included in this cohort. The majority (87%) are female and of Hispanic ethnicity (56%). Mean age of the cohort at the diagnosis of connective tissue disease is 12.7 (SD 2.6) years, and mean age of first positive aPL is 13.3 (SD 2.5) years. Average length of follow-up is 4.3 (SD 2.5) years. Four (5.6%) patients experienced arterial thrombosis, and 11 (15.5%) had venous thrombosis. Fifty-seven (80.3%) patients did not have any thromboembolic events. Among traditional risk factors and signs of endothelial injury, only Raynaud’s phenomena demonstrated significant association with arterial thrombosis (OR = 8.4, 95%CI 1.13–111, P = 0.039), and hypertension or anti-hypertensive use demonstrated significant association with venous thrombosis (OR = 8.387, 95%CI 1.2 – 94, P = 0.02). Conclusion Data from our cohort suggest that Raynaud’s phenomenon is a potential predictor of arterial thrombosis while the presence of hypertension or anti-hypertensive medication use is a potential predictor of venous thrombosis in aPL positive pediatric carriers. Further studies investigating pediatric aPL profiles and risk factors for development of thrombosis are needed to help guide clinicians in caring for these challenging patients.
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome presented as ruptured papillary muscle during puerperium in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Rato Inês Rueff , Barbosa Ana Rita , Afonso David João , Beça Sara 
Published: March 2021

Introduction Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a rare and serious phenomenon that requires prompt recognition and treatment. Case Presentation The authors present the case of a puerperal woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) admitted to the emergency room with headache, blurred vision, thoracic pain, and purpuric lesions on both ears. Echocardiogram revealed global decrease in left ventricular function while cardiac and inflammatory markers were elevated. Three days after admission she developed cardiogenic shock due to rupture of mitral papillary muscle which required emergent cardiac surgery, with replacement of the mitral valve; treatment with anticoagulation, high-dose glucocorticoids, and intravenous immunoglobulins were initiated. Cardiac and brain MRI revealed signs of ischemic lesions in both organs. Histopathology analysis of the placenta and papillary muscle showed signs of ischemia secondary to microvascular thrombosis. Based on the clinical demonstration of thrombosis in three organs, and the presence of lupus anticoagulant antibodies, a diagnosis of probable CAPS was established. Conclusion This case highlights the importance of a high level of suspicion of CAPS, particularly in patients with risk factors, and the value of immediate adequate treatment. Moreover, the rupture of a papillary muscle with histologically consistent signs of antiphospholipid syndrome expands the spectrum of involvement of this disease and should be considered as a rare but life-threatening possibility in patients with myocardial injury.
Clinical and Descriptive Study of Orofacial Clefts in Colombia: 2069 Patients From Operation Smile Foundation
Authors: Espinosa Alejandro Silva , Martinez Julio Cesar , Molina Yubahhaline , Gordillo María Alejandra Bermúdez , Hernández Daniel Ramos , Rivera Daniela Zárate , Olmos Blanka Pacheco , Ramírez Nathaly , Arias Liliana , Zarate Andres , Diana Marcela Diaz Q. , Collins Andrew , Cepeda Álvaro Mauricio Herrera , Balcazar Ignacio Briceño 
Published: March 2021

Objective: To describe the population of patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in terms of cleft phenotypes, gender, age, ethnic group, family history, clinical presentation (syndromic vs nonsyndromic), some environmental and behavioral factors, and some clinical features. Design: Descriptive retrospective study. Setting: Patients attending the genetics counseling practice in Operation Smile Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia, for over 8 years. Participants: No screening was conducted. All patients requiring clinical genetics assessment in Operation Smile Foundation were included in the study. Results: Left cleft lip and palate (CLP) and nonsyndromic forms were the most frequent types of malformations in this population. Psychomotor retardation and heart disease were the most frequent comorbidities in these patients. A low proportion of mothers exposed to passive smoking during pregnancy was observed and low birth weight accounted for an important number of cases. Aarskog, velocardiofacial, and orofaciodigital syndromes were the most frequent syndromic forms of CLP in this population. Conclusions: In this study, the most frequent type of CL/P was the nonsyndromic complete left CLP. Aarskog, velocardiofacial, and orofaciodigital syndromes were the most frequent syndromic forms of CL/P in this population.
Pemigatinib-induced nail changes – A case report
Authors: Trudeau Nicolle A , Lawton Jessica M , Patel Nirav D 
Published: March 2021

Introduction Pemigatinib is an FGFR inhibitor that is one of few second-line treatment options for cholangiocarcinoma. Nail toxicities were common in the phase 2 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of pemigatinib. Case report We describe a 54-year-old female with a history of stage IV cholangiocarcinoma presenting for a follow-up visit after completing Cycle 4 of pemigatinib. The patient had been having significant nail changes to her fingernails and toenails, which has led to her great toenails falling off. Management and outcome: The patient was prescribed betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% cream to help with her nail changes and instructed to continue vinegar and hot water soaks that she had already been doing. It was discussed that if this did not help with her nail changes, treatment may have to be held for 2 weeks to allow her nails to heal. Discussion Nail changes are a common side effect with pemigatinib and should be monitored closely for the need for temporary disruption in therapy.
Supplementation of green coffee bean extract in healthy overweight subjects increases lean mass/fat mass ratio: A randomized, double-blind clinical study
Authors: Sudeep HV , Shyam Prasad K 
Published: March 2021

Objective: In this study, we have demonstrated that supplementation of a complex of chlorogenic acid isomers (CGA-7TM) could significantly mitigate the risk of obesity in healthy overweight subjects. Method: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, healthy overweight (body mass index ⩾ 25 to <30 kg/m2) male and female subjects ( N = 71) were randomly allocated to receive 500 mg CGA-7 or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Changes in body weight and body mass index were recorded alongside vital signs and anthropometric measurements at week 4, 8 and 12. Body composition was assessed at baseline and the end of treatment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Safety analysis included serum biochemical and haematological assessments and measurement of vital signs. In addition, any adverse or serious adverse events were recorded during the study. Results: Sixty subjects completed the study. Mean body weight and body mass index were significantly reduced in CGA-7 group as compared to placebo ( p < 0.001). CGA-7 group showed significant changes in body fat (%), fat mass and lean mass in comparison with placebo group (1.38% ± 1.4% vs −0.22% ± 0.86%, 1.97 ± 1.44 kg vs −0.39 ± 1.31 kg; 0.81 ± 1.20 kg vs −0.13 ± 0.97 kg, p < 0.001). Consumption of CGA-7 significantly improved the serum lipid profile. Importantly, CGA-7 consumption in humans had no adverse effects and was well tolerated during the study. The blood biochemical and haematological parameters marginally varied in the treatment groups throughout the study. Conclusion: To conclude, this study provides scientific validation of the functionality of green coffee bean extract and recommends the safety of the supplementation in healthy individuals.
Hip Fractures Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparative Demographics and Outcomes
Authors: Nazemi Alireza K. , Al-Humadi Samer M. , Tantone Ryan , Hays Thomas R. , Bowen Stephen N. , Komatsu David E. , Divaris Nicholas 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York, hip fractures requiring operative management continued to present to Stony Brook University Hospital. Given the novelty of SARS-CoV-2, there is recent interest in the pandemic and its relationship to orthopedic operative outcomes. This retrospective cohort study compared outcomes for operative hip fractures in patients prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic at a level 1 academic center. Materials and Methods: Data was collected on patients age 18 years or older who underwent operative management for hip fractures performed from January 21, 2019 to July 1, 2019 (pre-pandemic) or from January 21, 2020 to July 1, 2020 (pandemic). COVID-19 status, demographics and outcomes were analyzed. Results: Overall, 159 patients with hip fractures were included in this study, 103 in the 2019 group and 56 in the 2020 group. Within the 2019 group, there was a significantly greater proportion of female patients compared to 2020 (p = 0.0128). The length of hospital stay was shorter for the 2020 group by 1.84 days (p = 0.0138). COVID-19 testing was positive in 4 (7.1%) patients in the 2020 group, negative for 22 patients (39.3%), and the remaining 30 patients in the 2020 group (53.7%) were not tested during their admission. There were no other significant differences in demographics or outcomes between the 2019 and 2020 groups. Discussion: The COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly alter most aspects of care for hip fracture patients at our institution. Interestingly, postoperative pulmonary outcomes were not affected by the pandemic. Conclusions: In this study, a significantly higher proportion of males presented with hip fractures in the pandemic group. In addition, the average length of hospital stay was shorter during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research is needed to understand the nuances that may lead to improved care for patients with hip fractures during a pandemic.
Glass-bottled drinking water: a time capsule to study the historic presence of hazardous chemicals using effect-based methods
Authors: Lundqvist Johan , Persson Kenneth M. , Oskarsson Agneta 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Contamination of drinking water by hazardous chemicals can be associated with human health risks. Recent studies using effect-based in vitro methods have demonstrated that a large part of the observed toxic effects are caused by unknown chemicals. In this study, we have used a panel of effect-based methods to study the presence of chemical contaminants in a unique material; glass-bottled Swedish tap water collected during the 1990s. These water samples were compared to drinking water from the same source waters and drinking water facilities, yet collected about 25 years later, in 2020.

Results
Samples were concentrated by solid phase extraction and evaluated for the following activities; estrogen receptor activity, androgen receptor activity, antiandrogenic activity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity, and oxidative stress response. We observed aryl hydrocarbon receptor activities in almost all studied samples and estrogen receptor activity in three out of ten studied samples. No activities were observed for androgen receptor activity, antiandrogenic activity or oxidative stress response. In general, observed activities were more frequent and higher in the water samples collected during the 1990s as compared to the corresponding samples collected in 2020.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that it is possible to conduct an effect-based evaluation of the presence of hazardous chemicals in drinking water, with as small starting volume as 330 mL, by using miniaturized bioassays. Further, by comparing the glass-bottled water samples with newly collected water samples from the same drinking water treatment facilities, our results indicate that the presence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor activating compounds in the drinking water has decreased over the approximately quarter of a century that is separating the two sampling occasions. This difference could be due to improved raw water quality and/or improved treatment efficiency in the treatment plants.
Glycocalyx components affect platelet function, whole blood coagulation, and fibrinolysis: an in vitro study suggesting a link to trauma-induced coagulopathy
Authors: Britten Martin W. , Lümers Laura , Tominaga Kenji , Peters Jürgen , Dirkmann Daniel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
The mechanisms of trauma induced coagulopathy (TIC) are considered multifactorial. Amongst others, however, shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx resulting in increased concentrations of glycocalyx fragments in plasma might also play a role. Thus, we hypothesized that shedded glycocalyx components affect coagulation and may act as humoral mediators of TIC.

Methods
To investigate effects of heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, syndecan-1, versican, and thrombomodulin we added these fragments to in vitro assays of whole blood from healthy volunteers to yield concentrations observed in trauma patients. Platelet function, whole blood coagulation, and fibrinolysis were measured by standard coagulation tests, impedance aggregometry (IA), and viscoelastic tests (VET). To assess dose-response relationships, we performed IA with increasing concentrations of versican and VET with increasing concentrations of thrombomodulin.

Results
Intrinsically activated clotting times (i.e., activated partial thromboplastin time and intrinsically activated VET with and without heparinase) were unaffected by any glycocalyx fragment. Thrombomodulin, however, significantly and dose-dependently diminished fibrinolysis as assessed by VET with exogenously added rt-PA, and increased rt-PA-induced lysis Indices after 30 (up to 108% of control, p <  0,0001), 45 (up to 368% of control, p <  0,0001), and 60 min (up to 950% of control, p <  0,0001) in VET. Versican impaired platelet aggregation in response to arachidonic acid (up to − 37,6%, p <  0,0001), ADP (up to − 14,5%, p <  0,0001), and collagen (up to − 31,8%, p <  0,0001) in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect TRAP-6 induced platelet aggregation. Clotting time in extrinsically activated VET was shortened by heparan sulfate (− 7,2%, p = 0,024), chondroitin sulfate (− 11,6%, p = 0,016), versican (− 13%, p = 0,012%), and when combined (− 7,2%, p = 0,007).

Conclusions
Glycocalyx components exert distinct inhibitory effects on platelet function, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. These data do not support a ‘heparin-like auto-anticoagulation’ by shed glycosaminoglycans but suggest a possible role of versican in trauma-induced thrombocytopathy and of thrombomodulin in trauma-associated impairment of endogenous fibrinolysis.
The association between serum alanine aminotransferase and hypertension: A national based cross-sectional analysis among over 21 million Chinese adults
Authors: Jia Jiajing , Yang Ying , Liu Fangchao , Zhang Minjin , Xu Qin , Guo Tonglei , Wang Long , Peng Zuoqi , He Yuan , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhang Ya , Zhang Hongguang , Shen Haiping , Zhang Yiping , Yan Donghai , Ma Xu , Zhang Puhong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Inconsistent results were found in the association between serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hypertension among population-based studies. This study evaluated the association between ALT and hypertension among Chinese reproductive-age population by utilizing registration data from National Free Pre-pregnancy Checkups Project in 2016–2017.

Methods
The 21,103,790 registered participants were eligible for analysis, including women who were 20–49 years old and men who were 20–59 years old with available data for ALT and blood pressure (BP). Logistic regression was conducted to estimate odds ratio (OR) for the association between ALT and hypertension as a binary outcome. Linear regression was used to examine the association between ALT and BP as a continuous outcome.

Results
In total, 4.21% of the participants were hypertensive, and 11.67% had elevated ALT (> 40 U/L). Hypertension prevalence was 3.63% and 8.56% among participants with normal and elevated ALT levels. A strong linear relationship was found between serum ALT levels and the odds of hypertension after adjustment for potential confounders. The multivariable-adjusted ORs for hypertension were 1, 1.22 (1.21, 1.22), 1.67 (1.65 1.68), 1.78 (1.76, 1.80), and 1.92 (1.90, 1.94) in participants with ALT levels of ≤ 20, 20.01–40, 40.01–60, 60.01–80, and > 80 U/L, respectively. Systolic and diastolic BPs rose by 1.83 and 1.20 mmHg on average, for each 20 U/L increase in ALT (P for trend < 0.001). The association was consistent among subgroups and tended to be stronger among populations who are overweight (body mass index ≥ 24 kg/m2) (χ2 = 52,228, P < 0.001), alcohol drinking (χ2 = 100,730, P < 0.001) and cigarette smoking (χ2 = 105,347, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Our cross-sectional analysis suggested a linear association between serum ALT and hypertension or BP, which indicated that abnormal liver metabolism marked by elevated serum ALT could play a role in hypertension or elevated BP condition.