bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glacier Image Velocimetry: an open-source toolbox for easy and rapid calculation of high-resolution glacier velocity fields
Authors: Van Wyk de Vries Maximillian , Wickert Andrew D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract. We present Glacier Image Velocimetry (GIV), an open-source and easy-to-use software toolkit for rapidly calculating high-spatial-resolution
glacier velocity fields. Glacier ice velocity fields reveal flow dynamics, ice-flux changes, and (with additional data and modelling) ice
thickness. Obtaining glacier velocity measurements over wide areas with field techniques is labour intensive and often associated with safety
risks. The recent increased availability of high-resolution, short-repeat-time optical imagery allows us to obtain ice displacement fields using
“feature tracking” based on matching persistent irregularities on the ice surface between images and hence, surface velocity over time. GIV is
fully parallelized and automatically detects, filters, and extracts velocities from large datasets of images. Through this coupled toolchain and an
easy-to-use GUI, GIV can rapidly analyse hundreds to thousands of image pairs on a laptop or desktop computer. We present four example applications
of the GIV toolkit in which we complement a glaciology field campaign (Glaciar Perito Moreno, Argentina) and calculate the velocity fields of small
mid-latitude (Glacier d'Argentière, France) and tropical glaciers (Volcán Chimborazo, Ecuador), as well as very large glaciers (Vavilov Ice Cap,
Russia). Fully commented MATLAB code and a stand-alone app for GIV are available from GitHub and Zenodo (see https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4624831, Van Wyk de Vries, 2021a).
استخدام طريقة المفتاح للعلوم لزيادة فهم القواعد اللغة العربية لطلاب معهد الهداية 2
Authors: Salisa Mutiara 
Published: April 2021

خلفية هذا البحث أنه لا يزال هناك كثير من طلاب جامعة سونان غونونج جاتي الإسلامية والحكومية باندونج الذين لا يفهمون قواعد اللغة العربية جيدًا، خاصة أولئك الذين يسكنون في معهد الهداية 2. الغرض من هذا البحث هو تحسين فهم قواعد اللغة العربية باستخدام طريقة المفتاح للعلوم. يستخدم هذا البحث المنهج الوصفي النوعي مع نوع من دراسة الحالة. وأما جمع البيانات باستخدام طرق المراقبة المباشرة والتوثيق. تم إجراء تحليل البيانات من خلال جمع البيانات، ثم تقديم البيانات، ومن البيانات التي تم تجميعها، تم استخلاص النتائج. كانت نتائج تطبيق طريقة المفتاح للعلوم في معهد الهداية 2 كأحكام قادرة على تخريج طلاب جيدين في فهم القواعد العربية، والتي يمكن استخدامها لاحقًا لتعليمية في المدرسة الدينية عند دخول الطلاب في مجتمع.
Bioinspired Structural Composite Hydrogels with a Combination of High Strength, Stiffness, and Toughness
Authors: Ji Donghwan , Nguyen Thanh Loc , Kim Jaeyun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the development of artificial hydrogels, emulating the mechanical properties of biological tissues with a desirable combination of stiffness and toughness is crucial. To achieve such properties, a design principle inspired by a natural structural composite to wet hydrogels is applied. The bioinspired structural composite hydrogel consisting of layered microplatelets and polymer matrix with strong polymer–platelet interactions is fabricated by a facile method, that is, drying‐induced unidirectional shrinkage and rehydration process coupled with secondary ionic crosslinking. The resulting hydrogels exhibit a combination of high tensile strength and elastic modulus (on the order of several MPa) and high fracture energy (up to ≈2 kJ·m−2). The results suggest the potential of the bioinspired approach that is limitedly applied in dry composites for developing mechanically robust composite hydrogels.
Metallic Nanowire Coupled CsPbBr3 Quantum Dots Plasmonic Nanolaser
Authors: Xing Di , Lin Cheng‐Chieh , Won Phillip , Xiang Rong , Chen Tzu‐Pei , Kamal A. Syazwan A. , Lee Yang‐Chun , Ho Ya‐Lun , Maruyama Shigeo , Ko Seung Hwan , Chen Chun‐Wei , Delaunay Jean‐Jacques 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlasmonic nanolasers provide a valuable opportunity for expanding sub‐wavelength applications. Due to the potential of on‐chip integration, semiconductor nanowire (NW)‐based plasmonic nanolasers that support the waveguide mode attract a high level of interest. To date, perovskite quantum dots (QDs) based plasmonic lasers, especially nanolasers that support plasmonic‐waveguide mode, are still a challenge and remain unexplored. Here, metallic NW coupled CsPbBr3 QDs plasmonic‐waveguide lasers are reported. By embedding Ag NWs in QDs film, an evolution from amplified spontaneous emission with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 6.6 nm to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) supported random lasing is observed. When the pump light is focused on a single Ag NW, a QD‐NW coupled plasmonic‐waveguide laser with a much narrower emission peak (FWHM = 0.4 nm) is realized on a single Ag NW with the uniform polyvinylpyrrolidone layer. The QDs serve as the gain medium while the Ag NW serves as a resonant cavity and propagating plasmonic lasing modes. Furthermore, by pumping two Ag NWs with different directions, a dual‐wavelength lasing switch is realized. The demonstration of metallic NW coupled QDs plasmonic nanolaser would provide an alternative approach for ultrasmall light sources as well as fundamental studies of light matter interactions.
A randomized controlled trial of simulation‐based mastery learning to teach the extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma
Authors: Smith Siobhan , Lobo Viveta , Anderson Kenton L. , Gisondi Michael A. , Sebok‐Syer Stefanie S. , Duanmu Youyou 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundMastery learning has gained popularity for training residents in procedural skills due to its demonstrated superiority over traditional methods. However, no studies have compared the efficacy of traditional versus mastery learning methods in residency point‐of‐care ultrasound education. We hypothesized that mastery learning would improve residents’ skills in performing the extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma (eFAST).MethodsAll first‐year emergency medicine (EM) resident physicians at a single university hospital underwent a crossover randomized controlled trial to receive mastery‐learning eFAST training either at the beginning of the academic year or 6 months into intern year. Participants were taught using a checklist validated by a panel of experts using Mastery Angoff methods and were given feedback on missed tasks until each trainee completed the eFAST with a minimum passing standard (MPS). Our primary outcome was technical proficiency between the two groups for eFAST examinations performed in the emergency department during the academic year.ResultsSixteen interns were enrolled; eight were randomized to each group. The group that received mastery training at the beginning of the year had mean clinical eFAST proficiency scores above the MPS in the first two quarters of the academic year, while the control group did not. Once the control group underwent eFAST mastery training at the midpoint of the year, both groups had mean proficiency scores above the MPS for the remainder of the year.ConclusionSimulation‐based mastery learning is an effective method of teaching the eFAST examination. This training during intern orientation conferred early proficiency in clinical performance of eFAST among EM residents. This difference in proficiency was no longer present after the control group received mastery learning education halfway through the academic year.
FeNi Nanoparticles Coated on N‐doped Ultrathin Graphene‐like Nanosheets as Stable Bifunctional Catalyst for Zn‐Air Batteries
Authors: Zhang Chuanxiang , Wu Chao , Gao Yong , Gong Yun , Liu Huiying , He Jianping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHigh‐performance and low‐cost bifunctional catalysts are crucial to energy conversion and storage devices. Herein, a novel oxygen electrode catalyst with high oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction (OER/ORR) performance is reported based on bimetal FeNi nanoparticles anchored on N‐doped graphene‐like carbon (FeNi/N−C). The complete 2D ultrathin carbon nanosheet is induced by etching and stripping of molten sodium chloride and its ions in the carbonization process at suitable temperature. The obtained FeNi/N−C catalyst exhibits rapid reaction kinetics for OER, efficient four electron transfer for ORR, and outstanding bifunctional performance with reversible oxygen electrode index of 0.87 V for OER/ORR. Zn‐air batteries with a high open‐circuit voltage of 1.46 V and a stable discharge voltage of 1.23 V are assembled using liquid electrolytes, zinc sheet as Zn‐electrode and FeNi/N−C coating on carbon cloth as air‐electrode. The specific capacity is as high as 816 mAh g−1 and there is extremely little decay after charge‐discharge cycle time of 275 h for the FeNi/N−C as oxygen electrode catalyst in Zn‐air battery, which are much better than that assembled with Pt/C−RuO2 catalyst.
Racial and ethnic disparities in coronary, vascular, structural, and congenital heart disease
Authors: Grines Cindy L. , Klein Andrew J. , Bauser‐Heaton Holly , Alkhouli Mohamad , Katukuri Neelima , Aggarwal Varun , Altin S. Elissa , Batchelor Wayne B. , Blankenship James C. , Fakorede Foluso , Hawkins Beau , Hernandez Gabriel A. , Ijioma Nkechinyere , Keeshan Britton , Li Jun , Ligon R. Allen , Pineda Andres , Sandoval Yader , Young Michael N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. However, percutaneous interventional cardiovascular therapies are often underutilized in Blacks, Hispanics, and women and may contribute to excess morbidity and mortality in these vulnerable populations. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) is committed to reducing racial, ethnic, and sex‐based treatment disparities in interventional cardiology patients. Accordingly, each of the SCAI Clinical Interest Councils (coronary, peripheral, structural, and congenital heart disease [CHD]) participated in the development of this whitepaper addressing disparities in diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in underserved populations. The councils were charged with summarizing the available data on prevalence, treatment, and outcomes and elucidating potential reasons for any disparities. Given the huge changes in racial and ethnic composition by age in the United States (Figure 1), it was difficult to determine disparities in rates of diagnosis and we expected to find some racial differences in prevalence of disease. For example, since the average age of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is 80 years, one may expect 80% of TAVR patients to be non‐Hispanic White. Conversely, only 50% of congenital heart interventions would be expected to be performed in non‐Hispanic Whites. Finally, we identified opportunities for SCAI to advance clinical care and equity for our patients, regardless of sex, ethnicity, or race.
Accuracy of parotid gland FNA cytology and reliability of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology in clinical practice
Authors: Reerds Sam T. H. , Van Engen–Van Grunsven Adriana C. H. , van den Hoogen Frank J. A. , Takes Robert P. , Marres Henri A. M. , Honings Jimmie 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundDifferentiating between malignant and benign salivary gland tumors with fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can be challenging. This study was aimed at testing the validity of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) and at assessing possible differences in the sensitivity and specificity of parotid gland FNAC between dedicated head and neck (H&N) centers, subdivided into head and neck oncology centers (HNOCs) and head and neck oncology affiliated centers (HNOACs), and general hospitals (GHs).MethodsThe Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA) database was searched for patients who had undergone a salivary gland resection between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2017, and had a preoperative FNAC result. The FNAC reports were retrospectively assigned to MSRSGC categories. The risk of malignancy (ROM) was calculated for each category. The sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing malignancy were calculated and compared among HNOCs, HNOACs, and GHs.ResultsIn all, 12,898 FNAC aspirates were evaluated. The ROMs for each category were as follows: 12.5% in MSRSGC I, 10.3% in MSRSGC II, 29% in MSRSGC III, 2.3% in MSRSGC IVa, 28.6% in MSRSGC IVb, 83% in MSRSGC V, and 99.3% in MSRSGC VI. The sensitivity of FNAC was highest in HNOCs (88.1%), HNOACs scored lower (79.7%), and GHs had a sensitivity of 75.0%.ConclusionsThe MSRSGC is a valid tool for reporting parotid gland FNAC; therefore, these results strongly advocate its use. On the basis of the higher sensitivity of FNAC in dedicated H&N centers, the authors recommend that GHs use the presented management strategies to help to minimize the chances of a preoperative misdiagnosis.
Transport and Assembly of Magnetic Surface Rotors**
Authors: Tierno Pietro , Snezhko Alexey 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis minireview focuses on recent advances with surface magnetic rotors, namely field‐responsive spherical or anisotropic microparticles that translate close to, or are embedded in a confining surface. The application of external magnetic modulations allows these microscopic wheels to be remotely spun and steered while also tuning their interactions and inducing assembly from a collection of disordered, moving units. With optical microscopy one can observe and characterize the complex collective phenomena that emerge in dissipative colloidal systems driven far from equilibrium by external fields. From a technological point of view, magnetic surface rotors envisage implementation into microfluidic devices, and can be used for drug delivery, mixing as well as a model system for biological active matter.
Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Models in Mice and Rats
Authors: Furman Brian L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStreptozotocin (STZ) is an antibiotic that causes pancreatic islet β‐cell destruction and is widely used experimentally to produce a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Detailed in this article are protocols for producing STZ‐induced insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia in mice and rats. Also described are protocols for creating animal models for type 2 diabetes using STZ. These animals are employed for assessing the pathological consequences of diabetes and for screening potential therapies for the treatment of this condition. © 2021 The Authors.
Herbage accumulation and tillering dynamics of ‘Zuri’ guineagrass under rotational stocking
Authors: Barbosa Patricia L. , Silva Valdson J. , Pedreira Carlos G. S. , Sbrissia André F. , Sollenberger Lynn E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the effects of grazing management on tillering dynamics of forage grasses may help identify management practices that optimize pasture production, stability, and ultimately, persistence. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of two grazing frequencies (regrowth interrupted when the canopy was 70 cm tall or at 95% canopy light interception [LI]) and two grazing intensities (reduction of 29 [lenient] or 57% [standard] of initial canopy height) in ‘BRS Zuri’ guineagrass [Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S. W. L Jacobs (syn. Panicum maximum Jacq.)], under rotational stocking and on herbage accumulation rate (HAR), tiller appearance rate, tiller mortality, tiller survival rate, tiller stability index (SI), tiller population density (TPD), tiller mass (TM), apical meristem height, and tiller half‐life during two summer rainy seasons in Piracicaba, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized complete block, with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The HAR was not affected by treatments in the first year, averaging 100 kg dry matter ha−1 d−1, but was greater under lenient than standard grazing (146 and 81 kg dry matter ha−1 d−1, respectively) in the second year. In both years, there were no treatment effects on TPD and TM. The use of 95% LI associated with standard defoliation increased the variability in SI. Great tiller population renewal indicated by short tiller half‐life, varying from 31 to 75 d, classifies Zuri as an exploitative cultivar. Zuri guineagrass maintained tiller SI under the grazing treatments imposed but had greater HAR under lenient grazing.
Drop‐casted Platinum Nanocube Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction with Ultrahigh Mass Activity
Authors: Koo Bonhyeong , Chu Jinwoo , Seo Jongsu , Jung Gihun , Baek Seung Hee , Nam Sung‐Wook , Duah Calem , Lee Young Kuk , Jung WooChul , Shin Byungha 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlatinum hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts in the form of nanocubes (NCs) were synthesized at 50 °C by aqueous‐based colloidal synthesis and were applied to electrochemical (EC) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems by a fast and simple drop‐casting method. A remarkable Pt mass activity of 1.77 A mg−1 at −100 mV was achieved in EC systems (fluorine‐doped tin oxide/Pt NC cathode) with neutral electrolyte while maintaining low overpotential and Tafel slope. In the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS)‐based PEC system, a carefully chosen amount of Pt NC loading to achieve a compromise between the catalytic activity (more Pt NCs) and better light transmittance (fewer Pt NCs) led to a maximum onset potential of 0.678 V against the reference hydrogen electrode. The photoelectrodes with Pt NCs also exhibited good long‐term operational stability over 9.5 h with negligible degradation of the photocurrent. This study presents an effective strategy to greatly reduce the use of expensive Pt without compromising the catalytic performance because the drop‐casting of Pt NC solutions to form electrocatalysts is expected to waste less raw material than vacuum deposition.
Ligand‐Promoted Cooperative Electrochemical Oxidation of Bio‐Alcohol on Distorted Cobalt Hydroxides for Bio‐Hydrogen Extraction
Authors: Deng Chen , Wu Kuang‐Hsu , Lu Xinxin , Cheong Soshan , Tilley Richard D. , Chiang Chao‐Lung , Lin Yu‐Chang , Lin Yan‐Gu , Yan Wensheng , Scott Jason , Amal Rose , Wang Da‐Wei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHydrogen is increasingly viewed as a game‐changer in the clean energy sector. Renewable hydrogen production from water is industrialized by integrating water electrolysis and renewable electricity, but the current cost of water‐born hydrogen remains high though. An ideal scenario would be to produce value‐added chemicals along with hydrogen so the cost can be partially offset. Herein, facilitated bio‐hydrogen extraction and biomass‐derived chemical formation from sugar‐derived 5‐hydroxymethyfurfural (HMF) were achieved via the in‐situ transformation of cobalt‐bound electrocatalysts. The cyanide‐bound cobalt hydroxide exhibited a low voltage at 1.55 V at 10 mA cm−2 for bio‐hydrogen production, compared with an iridium catalyst (1.75 V). The interaction between the biomass intermediate and the cyanide ligand is suggested to be responsible for the improved activity.
Understanding the Effects of Anion Interactions with Ag Electrodes on Electrochemical CO2 Reduction in Choline Halide Electrolytes
Authors: Garg Sahil , Li Mengran , Wu Yuming , Nazmi Idros Mohamed , Wang Hongmin , Yago Anya Josefa , Ge Lei , Wang Geoff G. X. , Rufford Thomas E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInteractions of electrolyte ions at electrocatalyst surfaces influence the selectivity of electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) to chemical feedstocks like CO. We investigated the effects of anion type in aqueous choline halide solutions (ChCl, ChBr, and ChI) on the selectivity of CO2R to CO over an Ag foil cathode. Using an H‐type cell, we observed that halide‐specific adsorption at the Ag surface limits CO faradaic efficiency (FECO) at potentials more positive than −1.0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). At these conditions, FECO increased from I−<Br−<Cl−, that is, in the opposite order to the strength of specific adsorption of the halide ions (Cl−<Br−<I−). At potentials of −1.0 to −1.3 V vs. RHE, restructuring of the Ag surface in ChI and ChCl via dissolution and re‐electrodeposition led to more CO‐selective Ag facets ([220], [311], and [222]) than in ChBr. This mechanism allowed very high faradaic efficiencies for CO of 97±2 % in ChI and 94±2 % in ChCl to be achieved simultaneously with high current densities at −1.3 V vs. RHE. We also demonstrate that high selectivity to CO (FECO>90 %) in ChCl (at −0.75±0.06 Vvs. RHE) and ChI (at −0.78±0.17 V vs. RHE) could be achieved at a current density of 150 mA cm−2 in a continuous flow‐cell electrolyser with Ag nanoparticles on a commercial gas diffusion electrode. This study provides new insights to understand the interactions of anions with catalysts and offers a new method to modify electrocatalyst surfaces.
Neck and shoulder pain in adolescents seldom occur alone: Results from the Norwegian Ungdata Survey
Authors: Jahre Henriette , Grotle Margreth , Smedbråten Kaja , Richardsen Kåre Rønn , Bakken Anders , Øiestad Britt Elin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundNo previous studies have investigated the prevalence of co‐occurring neck/shoulder pain, other musculoskeletal pain, headache and depressive symptoms in adolescents. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of isolated neck/shoulder pain and the co‐occurrence of neck/shoulder pain with other musculoskeletal pain, headache and depressive symptoms in Norwegian adolescents.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study using data from the Norwegian Ungdata survey (2017–2019). Adolescents from almost all municipalities in Norway answered a comprehensive questionnaire, including physical complaints. We investigated the prevalence of self‐reported neck/shoulder pain in isolation and neck/shoulder pain in combination with other musculoskeletal pain, headache and depressive symptoms. The results were presented with per cent and stratified by school level and sex.ResultsIn total, 253,968 adolescents (50% girls) participated in the study, of which 56.5% were from lower secondary school. The total prevalence of neck/shoulder pain was 24%, but only 5% reported isolated neck/shoulder pain. Among students reporting neck/shoulder pain, half of them also reported other musculoskeletal pain, and 50% of the boys and 70% of the girls reported co‐occurring headache. Depressive symptoms were reported in 28% of the boys and 45% of the girls with neck/shoulder pain.ConclusionNeck/shoulder pain in adolescents is seldom isolated, but seems to co‐occur with headache, other musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms. Researchers and clinicians should keep a broader health perspective in mind when approaching adolescents with neck/shoulder pain.SignificanceOne in five adolescents reported neck/shoulder pain in this large population‐based study of Norwegian adolescents. A majority of adolescents reported neck/shoulder pain in co‐occurrence with other musculoskeletal pain, headache and depression. Researchers and clinicians should assess these comorbidities when assessing adolescents with neck/shoulder pain.