bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of cryopreservation on gram‐positive bacteria contaminants in umbilical cord blood
Authors: Boey Kenny P. Y. , Zhu Pengcheng , Tan Hweeyin , Abdullah Muhammed Asyraf Bin , Tang Kin Fai , Li Ming Ming , Loke Ian , Hariharan Menaka 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of cryopreservation in post‐thaw umbilical cord blood units for the survivability of Gram‐positive bacteria strains.BackgroundMicrobial screening is required for all cord blood units (CBUs). Four gram‐positive contaminants were documented to survive cryopreservation poorly and isolation of other contaminants were reported.MethodsForty‐eight contaminated CBUs detected with either Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium species, Peptostreptococcus or Streptococcus species before cryopreservation were used in this study. CBUs were processed, DMSO‐infused and microbial screened before cryopreservation. Post‐thaw microbial screening was achieved using 1 and 10 ml inoculants in BACTEC culture bottles. Positive bottles were subjected for microbial identification and results were compared with those from pre‐freeze.ResultsA higher rate of microbial contamination was found using the 10 ml inoculant. Screening of 11 CBUs did not detect any contaminants while 30 CBUs screened detected more than one unknown contaminants and majority of contaminants were identified to be gram‐negative species.ConclusionA higher inoculation volume used at post‐thaw for microbial screening improves contamination detection but leads to the loss of precious cord blood. Some contaminants did not survive cryopreservation or were not identified due to their low microbial levels. Contrasting contaminants found at post‐thaw suggest the improvements made in detection and identification of contaminants over the years.
A framework for assessing the impact of disease treatment
Authors: Hassoun Nicole , Friedman Jacob , Cosler Leon E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo address ongoing pandemics and epidemics, policy makers need good data not only on the need for treatments but also on new interventions’ impacts. We present a mathematical model of medicines’ health consequences using disease surveillance data to inform health policy and scientific research that can be extended to address the current public health crisis.MethodsThe Global Health Impact index calculates the amount of mortality and morbidity averted by key medicines for malaria, TB, HIV/AIDS and several Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) using data on outcomes in the absence of treatment, treatment effectiveness and access to needed treatment. Country‐level data were extracted from data repositories maintained by the Global Burden of Disease study, Global Health Observatory, WHO, UNICEF and a review of the scientific literature.ResultsThe index aggregates drug impact by country, disease, company and treatment regimen to identify the spatial and temporal patterns of treatment impact and can be extended across multiple diseases. Approximately 62 million life‐years were saved by key drugs that target malaria, TB, HIV/AIDS and NTDs in our latest model year. Malaria and TB medicines together were responsible for alleviating 95% of this burden, while HIV/AIDS and NTD medicines contribute 4% and 1%, respectively. However, the burden of disease in the absence of treatment was nearly evenly distributed among malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS.ConclusionsA common framework that standardises health impact across diseases and their interventions can aid in identifying current shortcomings on a global scale.
Current challenges of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 seroprevalence studies among blood donors: A scoping review
Authors: Saeed Sahar , Uzicanin Samra , Lewin Antoine , Lieshout‐Krikke Ryanne , Faddy Helen , Erikstrup Christian , Osiowy Carla , Seed Clive R. , Steele Whitney R. , Davison Katy , Custer Brian , O'Brien Sheila F. ,   Surveillance Risk Assessment and Policy (SRAP) Sub‐group of the Transfusion Transmitted Infectious Diseases Working Party of the International Society of Blood Transfusion
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBlood donors are increasingly being recognized as an informative resource for surveillance. We aimed to review severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 seroprevalence studies conducted among blood donors to investigate methodological biases and provide guidance for future research.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a scoping review of peer‐reviewed and preprint publications between January 2020 and January 2021. Two reviewers used standardized forms to extract seroprevalence estimates and data on methodology pertaining to population sampling, periodicity, assay characteristics, and antibody kinetics. National data on cumulative incidence and social distancing policies were extracted from publicly available sources and summarized.ResultsThirty‐three studies representing 1,323,307 blood donations from 20 countries worldwide were included (sample sizes ranged from 22 to 953,926 donations). The majority of the studies (79%) reported seroprevalence rates <10% (ranging from 0% to 76% [after adjusting for waning antibodies]). Overall, less than 1 in 5 studies reported standardized seroprevalence rates to reflect the demographics of the general population. Stratification by age and sex were most common (64% of studies), followed by region (48%). A total of 52% of studies reported seroprevalence at a single time point. Overall, 27 unique assay combinations were identified, 55% of studies used a single assay and only 39% adjusted seroprevalence rates for imperfect test characteristics. Among the nationally representative studies, case detection was most underrepresented in Kenya (1:1264).ConclusionBy the end of 2020, seroprevalence rates were far from reaching herd immunity. In addition to differences in community transmission and diverse public health policies, study designs and methodology were likely contributing factors to seroprevalence heterogeneity.
Fine‐scale population structure within an Eastern Nearctic snake complex (Pituophis melanoleucus)
Authors: Nikolakis Zachary L. , Orton Richard W. , Crother Brian I. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the processes and mechanisms that promote lineage divergence is a central goal in evolutionary biology. For instance, studies investigating the spatial distribution of genomic variation often highlight biogeographic barriers underpinning geographic isolation or patterns of isolation by environment and isolation by distance that can also lead to lineage divergence. However, the patterns and processes that shape genomic variation and drive lineage divergence may be taxon‐specific, even across closely related taxa co‐occurring within the same biogeographic region. Here, we use molecular data in the form of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to infer the evolutionary relationships and population genomic structure of the Eastern Pinesnake complex (Pituophis melanoleucus)—a polytypic wide‐ranging species that occupies much of the Eastern Nearctic. In addition to inferring evolutionary relationships, population genomic structure and gene flow, we also test relationships between genomic diversity and putative barriers to dispersal, environmental variation, and geographic distance. We present results that reveal shallow population genomic structure and ongoing gene flow, despite an extensive geographic range that transcends geographic features found to reduce gene flow among many taxa, including other squamate reptiles within the Eastern Nearctic. Further, our results indicate that the observed genomic diversity is spatially distributed as a pattern of isolation by distance and suggest that the current subspecific taxonomy do not adhere to independent lineages, but, rather, show a significant amount of admixture across the entireP. melanoleucusrange.
Gas-Phase Nucleation of Diamond Clusters upon a Sharp Rise in Temperature under Conditions of CVD Synthesis
Authors: Alekseev N. I. , Khadutin V. S. , Khmel’nitskii I. K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is shown that the predominant nucleation of diamond nuclei (instead of graphite ones) in plasma or hot-filament assisted CVD technology is due to a sharp increase in the temperature of the region of the initial gas mixture’s motion. The nucleation of diamond nuclei then occurs immediately in the gas phase. The reason for such predominant nucleation is high oversaturation by small hydrocarbon fragments in the gas mixture, due to a rapid change in temperature and substantial differences between the desorption of such fragments from the surfaces of nuclei and the oxidation of nuclei. A way is described of synthesizing massive diamonds without the use of high pressures and CVD technology in its traditional form.
Features of the Thermolysis of Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Zherebtsov D. A. , Nayfert S. A. , Polozov M. A. , Morozov R. S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The effect of structure of 25 aromatic compounds on the morphology of carbon formed from them during heating to a temperature of 970°C in an inert atmosphere is studied. The specific surface area is determined for a number of products via nitrogen adsorption (28–48 m2/g). Several aromatic compounds are shown to form carbon without melting stage. X-ray phase analysis nevertheless confirms the formation of just amorphous carbon in all cases, and a negligible amount of graphite in amorphous carbon in only two cases. The thermolysis of a number of compounds is studied via synchronous thermal analysis. It is shown that slow heating during thermolysis can reduce the temperatures of transformation by tens of degrees and even alter the nature of thermolysis.
Feasibility study of measuring $$b\rightarrow s\gamma $$ photon polarisation in $$D^0\rightarrow K_1(1270)^- e^+\nu _e$$ at STCF
Authors: Fan Yu-Lan , Shi Xiao-Dong , Zhou Xiao-Rong , Sun Liang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe report a sensitive study of measuring $$b\rightarrow s\gamma $$

b
→
s
γ

photon polarisation in $$D^{0}\rightarrow K_1(1270)^-e^+\nu _e$$

D
0

→

K
1

(
1270
)

-

e
+

ν
e

with an integrated luminosity of $$\mathscr {L}$$
L
= 1 ab$$^{-1}$$

-
1

at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV at a future Super Tau Charm Facility. More than 61,000 signals of $$D^{0}\rightarrow K_1(1270)^-e^+\nu _e$$

D
0

→

K
1

(
1270
)

-

e
+

ν
e

are expected. Based on a fast simulation software package, the statistical sensitivity for the ratio of up-down asymmetry is estimated to be $$1.5\times 10^{-2}$$

1.5
×

10

-
2

by performing a two-dimensional angular analysis in $$D^{0}\rightarrow K_1(1270)^-e^+\nu _e$$

D
0

→

K
1

(
1270
)

-

e
+

ν
e

. Combining with measurements of up-down asymmetry in $$B\rightarrow K_1\gamma $$

B
→

K
1

γ

, the photon polarisation in $$b\rightarrow s\gamma $$

b
→
s
γ

can be determined model-independently.
Introduction: The Persianate Bazaar
Authors: Bishara Fahad Ahmad , Chatterjee Nandini 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The collection of essays in this volume examines forms of business documentation in the late Persianate world and the Indian Ocean, between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. Looking upon business in its broadest sense, the themes range from property disputes within families to inter-polity and inter-imperial deals, all of which is captured within the notion of the bazaar. Presenting documents and documentary forms written in Persian, but also the associated languages of Arabic, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi and Rajasthani, the articles collectively enrich the idea of the Persianate, delineating its specific dispensations within regional contexts, and also its boundaries and limitations. This is also a contribution to the study of Persographia, in this case Persianate rather than just Persian writing. The articles study specific language combinations, lexical elements and usages that came to be deployed in different areas and the legal cultures they provide evidence for.
The Diver’s New Papers: Wealth, People, and Property in a Persian Gulf Bazaar
Authors: Bishara Fahad Ahmad 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article explores the contours of debt and labor in the early twentieth-century Persian Gulf pearl dive. It examines the barwa, a declaration exchanged by nakhodas (dhow captains) about the amounts that divers owed and the terms by which they might be hired out. By looking both through and at the barwa, we find a window into the Indian Ocean maritime bazaar, and into the artifacts through which mobile and itinerant laborers were bound to the dhow and its captain. Maritime actors used these papers to navigate the boundary between person and property, and between free and unfree, all within a changing commercial and legal world.
Translating Obligations: Tamassuk and Fārigh-khaṭṭī in the Indo-Persian World
Authors: Chatterjee Nandini 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A necessarily widespread feature of language practice in the Persianate world was the need for translation of speech and text, with a range of lexical and semantic challenges involved in taking meaning from one language to another. This article focusses on legal translation, with its highly functional aims, by following the career of a pair of Indo-Persian legal forms known as tamassuk and fārigh-khaṭṭī, used for recording obligation and requital respectively. Tracing their reincarnations from Persian into Marathi, Hindi and Bengali, this article reveals several forms of boundary-crossing: doctrinal, jurisdictional, political and linguistic. In doing so, it explores the legal mindscapes in the early modern Indo-Persian world, spilling from the late Mughal into the colonial, and shows how multilingualism functioned within specific parts of the Persianate cosmopolis.
Conditional Sales and Other Types of Loans in Qajar Iran
Authors: Kondo Nobuaki 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article examines various aspects of conditional sales (bayʿ-i sharṭ) and other types of loans in Qajar Iran (1796-1925). Islamic law prohibited usury, but Shiʿi jurists found a way to legalize money lending at interest. In this paper, I explore how these transactions occurred in practice and what features they had. To this end, I consider three groups of bayʿ-i sharṭ deeds from the National Archives of Iran, discussing how each case proceeded and how differences between cases reveal the ways in which this type of transaction functioned. While similar types of transactions were allowed in other regions and schools of law, the details of Shiʿi legal devices were distinctive.
Transacting Business through/for Others in Early Colonial Western India: The Text, Context, and Meaning of a Mukhtār-nāma of 1821
Authors: Nadri Ghulam A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the Persianate world, a mukhtār-nāma (deed of representation or a power of attorney) was a legal instrument that enabled people to transact business through a representative or agent (mukhtār or wakīl). This is a study of one such document written in Surat in 1821. It analyses the document for its socio-cultural, legal, and commercial significance as well as to explore the transition in the adjudication of commercial disputes and civil cases from Mughal to East India Company courts. It shows that there was a strong tradition of documenting business transactions in early modern South Asia and that such practices have continued into the colonial and postcolonial periods.
Huṇḍī and Nirakh Huṇḍāwan: Indic Mercantile Instruments in the Persianate Bazaar
Authors: Shahnawaz Mohammad 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The huṇḍī or Indic mercantile instrument integrated networks of merchants and bankers across Persianate bazaars from South Asia to Central Asia, Iran and East Africa. Merchants performed long-distance financial transactions by means of this instrument, catering to both private individuals and the state. While much has been written about the commercial use of huṇḍīs, this paper turns to the working of huṇḍīs at the interface of mercantile and state institutions, looking in particular at the Jaipur state’s collection of nirakh huṇḍāwan registers—which tracked the rate of discounting of huṇḍīs on a daily basis. Produced at the mercantile centre of Sanganer, and open to inspection by the Jaipur state, these registers lie at the intersection of commerce and governance, and of corporation and state. They reveal an ‘economically curious’ state, which accessed and used data collected and maintained by mercantile entities to make significant economic decisions.
Extraterritoriality, Nationality, and Empire in the Persianate World, 1890-1940
Authors: Stebbins H. Lyman 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Extraterritoriality and nationality were crucial to the legal landscape of the Late Persianate world and relations between Iran and British India. Extraterritoriality not only protected British subjects from Persian prosecution but also afforded the British Empire the means to rule Indians in lands beyond the Raj. Iran’s opposition to extraterritoriality led to laws that expanded Iranian nationality to include many Indians living in Iran and the Iranian diaspora living in India—who often navigated these rules as it best suited their interests. These developments reveal the significance of imperialism and state building to the emergence of modern international law and the fate of the Persianate world.
Transacting Politics in the Maratha Empire: An Agreement between Friends, 1795
Authors: Vendell Dominic 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Diplomacy was a principal site of linguistic and cultural exchange in the early modern Persianate world. Focusing on the karārnāmā or agreement, this paper explores how a repertoire of Marathi and Persian documentary genres, binding formulae, and graphic procedures enabled legal, commercial, and diplomatic transactions in eighteenth-century western India. The exchange of written agreements facilitated interstate relations as well as profit-sharing contractual arrangements between individuals. Despite their centrality to interactions between European and South Asian polities, these instruments met with limited success in establishing rights to property under the legal regime of the East India Company-state and instead acquired new functions in colonial revenue administration.
The Problem of Aristippus at Cicero, De officiis 1.148
Authors: McConnell Sean 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The manuscripts of De officiis all record something strange at 1.148: Cicero says that the philosophers Socrates and Aristippus had exceptional licence to flout social custom and convention owing to their ‘great and divine good qualities’ (magna et divina bona). There are no worries about Socrates, but the example of Aristippus seems preposterous. This paper makes the following argument: (1) elsewhere Cicero defines divina bona in such a way to exclude hedonists; this should rule out crediting Aristippus with magna et divina bona alongside Socrates; (2) all scholarly efforts to account for the presence of Aristippus at 1.148 fail to convince; (3) the name Aristippus at 1.148 should, therefore, be remedied; (4) there are excellent philosophical reasons to think that Antisthenes, a follower of Socrates who is credited with setting in motion the Cynic philosophical tradition, is the name that Cicero wrote or should have written in the original.
Development and Economy in Mongolia through a Human Rights Law Lens
Authors: Bohoslavsky Juan Pablo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article studies the Mongolian economic and development policies implemented in recent years until March 2020, including its revenue matrix sustainability, from an international human rights law perspective. Policy and legal recommendations for discussion are also presented. Based on a United Nations mission the author conducted to Mongolia in 2019, this country study examines the macroeconomic policies, including debt issues, from a human rights perspective; the extent to which mineral rents are translated into inclusive and comprehensive social and environmental policies, focusing on the mining project Oyu Tolgoi; the impact of illicit financial flows on human rights; and the effects of lending for infrastructure and mining projects and other foreign direct investments. The study concludes that economic diversification and conducting effective gender-sensitive, participatory human rights and environmental impact assessments of economic reforms and mining and infrastructure projects are the main challenges Mongolia faces.
Legal Pluralism, Human Rights and the Right to Vote: The Case of the Noken System in Papua
Authors: Nugraha Ignatius Yordan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The goal of this article is to explore the clash between international human rights law and a legal pluralist framework in the case of the noken system and also to investigate potential solutions to the clash. Elections in Indonesia are generally founded on the principle of direct, universal, free, secret, honest and fair voting. There is a notable exception in the Province of Papua, where tribes in the Central Mountains area are following the noken system. Under this system, votes are allocated to the candidate(s) based on the decision of the big man or the consensus of the tribe. The Indonesian Constitutional Court has accepted this practice as reflecting the customs of the local population. However, this form of voting seems to be contrary to the right to vote under international human rights law, since article 25(b) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights stipulates that elections shall be held genuinely by universal suffrage and secret ballot to guarantee the free will of the electors. Consequently, the case of the noken system in Papua reflects an uneasy clash between a legal pluralist approach and universal human rights.
Stem anatomy of Apioideae (Apiaceae): effects of habit and reproductive strategy
Authors: Frankiewicz Kamil E. , Oskolski Alexei A. , Reduron Jean-Pierre , Banasiak Łukasz , Reyes-Betancort Jorge-Alfredo , Trzeciak Paulina , Spalik Krzysztof 
Published: December 2021

Summary
Apioideae is the biggest and the most diverse of four subfamilies recognised within Apiaceae. Except for a few, likely derived, woody clades, most representatives of this subfamily are herbaceous. In the present study, we assessed stem anatomy of 87, mostly therophytic and hemicryptophytic, species from at least 20 distinct lineages of Apioideae, and juxtaposed them with 67 species from our previous anatomical projects also focused on this subfamily. Comparing our data with the literature, we found that wood anatomy does not allow for a distinction between apioids and their close relatives (Azorelloideae, Saniculoideae), but more distantly related Mackinlayoideae differ from Apioideae in their perforation plate type. Vessel element and fibre length, and vessel diameter were positively correlated with plant height: phenomena already reported in literature. Similar pattern was retrieved for vertical intervessel pit diameter. Wood ground tissue in apioids ranges from entirely fibrous to parenchymatous. The shortening of internodes seems to favour the formation of parenchymatic ground tissue, whereas the early shift to flowering promotes the deposition of fibrous wood in monocarpic species. These results support a hypothesis on interdependence among internode length, reproductive strategy, and wood ground tissue type.