bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecules, shocks, and disk in the axi-symmetric wind of the MS-type AGB star RS Cancri
Authors: Winters J. M. , Hoai D. T. , Wong K. T. , Kim W.-J. , Nhung P. T. , Tuan-Anh P. , Lesaffre P. , Darriulat P. , Le Bertre T. 
Published: December 2021

Context. The latest evolutionary phases of low- and intermediate-mass stars are characterized by complex physical processes like turbulence, convection, stellar pulsations, magnetic fields, condensation of solid particles, and the formation of massive outflows that inject freshly produced heavy elements and dust particles into the interstellar medium.
Aims. By investigating individual objects in detail, we wish to analyze and disentangle the effects of the interrelated physical processes on the structure of the wind-forming regions around them.
Methods. We use the Northern Extended Millimeter Array to obtain spatially and spectrally resolved observations of the semi-regular asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star RS Cancri and apply detailed 3D reconstruction modeling and local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer calculations in order to shed light on the morpho-kinematic structure of its inner, wind-forming environment.
Results. We detect 32 lines of 13 molecules and isotopologs (CO, SiO, SO, SO2, H2O, HCN, PN), including several transitions from vibrationally excited states. HCN, H13CN, and millimeter vibrationally excited H2O, SO, 34SO, SO2, and PN are detected for the first time in RS Cnc. Evidence for rotation is seen in HCN, SO, SO2, and SiO(v = 1). From CO and SiO channel maps, we find an inner, equatorial density enhancement, and a bipolar outflow structure with a mass-loss rate of 1 × 10−7 M⊙yr−1 for the equatorial region and of 2 × 10−7 M⊙yr−1 for the polar outflows. The 12CO/13CO ratio is measured to be ~20 on average, 24 ± 2 in the polar outflows and 19 ± 3 in the equatorial region. We do not find direct evidence of a companion that might explain this kind of kinematic structure, and explore the possibility that a magnetic field might be the cause of it. The innermost molecular gas is influenced by stellar pulsation and possibly by convective cells that leave their imprint on broad wings of certain molecular lines, such as SiO and SO.
Conclusions. RS Cnc is one of the few nearby, low-mass-loss-rate, oxygen-rich AGB stars with a wind displaying both an equatorial disk and bipolar outflows. Its orientation with respect to the line of sight is particularly favorable for a reliable study of its morpho-kinematics. Nevertheless, the mechanism causing early spherical symmetry breaking remains uncertain, calling for additional high spatial- and spectral-resolution observations of the emission of different molecules in different transitions, along with more thorough investigation of the coupling among the different physical processes at play.
Inference of electric currents in the solar photosphere
Authors: Pastor Yabar A. , Borrero J. M. , Quintero Noda C. , Ruiz Cobo B. 
Published: December 2021

Context. Despite their importance, routine and direct measurements of electric currents, j, in the solar atmosphere have generally not been possible.
Aims. We aim at demonstrating the capabilities of a newly developed method for determining electric currents in the solar photosphere.
Methods. We employ three-dimensional radiative magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to produce synthetic Stokes profiles in several spectral lines with a spatial resolution similar to what the newly operational 4-meter Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope solar telescope should achieve. We apply a newly developed inversion method of the polarized radiative transfer equation with magneto-hydrostatic (MHS) constraints to infer the magnetic field vector in the three-dimensional Cartesian domain, B(x, y, z), from the synthetic Stokes profiles. We then apply Ampere’s law to determine the electric currents, j, from the inferred magnetic field, B(x, y, z), and compare the results with the electric currents present in the original MHD simulation.
Results. We show that the method employed here is able to attain reasonable reliability (close to 50% of the cases are within a factor of two, and this increases to 60%–70% for pixels with B ≥ 300 G) in the inference of electric currents for low atmospheric heights (optical depths at 500 nm τ5∈[1, 0.1]) regardless of whether a small or large number of spectral lines are inverted. Above these photospheric layers, the method’s accuracy strongly deteriorates as magnetic fields become weaker and as the MHS approximation becomes less accurate. We also find that the inferred electric currents have a floor value that is related to low-magnetized plasma, where the uncertainty in the magnetic field inference prevents a sufficiently accurate determination of the spatial derivatives.
Conclusions. We present a method that allows the inference of the three components of the electric current vector at deep atmospheric layers (photospheric layers) from spectropolarimetric observations.
Dual-high-frequency VLBI study of blazar-jet brightness-temperature gradients and collimation profiles
Authors: Burd P. R. , Kadler M. , Mannheim K. , Baczko A.-K. , Ringholz J. , Ros E. 
Published: December 2021

Context.On the kiloparsec scale, extragalactic radio jets show two distinct morphologies related to their power: collimated high-power jets ending in a bright termination shock and low-power jets opening up close to the core and showing a more diffuse surface brightness distribution. The emergence of this morphological dichotomy on the parsec scale at the innermost jet regions can be studied with very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) radio observations of blazars in which the jet emission is strongly Doppler boosted due to relativistic bulk motion at small angles between the jet direction and the line of sight.Aims.We seek to characterize the geometry and emission profiles of the parsec-scale radio jets of flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) on parsec scales to derive properties of the magnetic field, environment, and energetics for different classes of extragalactic jets.Methods.We analyze the VLBI radio data of 15 FSRQs, 11 BL Lacs, and two radio galaxies contained in both the Monitoring Of Jets in Active galactic nuclei with VLBA Experiments data archive and the Boston University blazar group sample archive at 15 GHz and 43 GHz, repectively. We derived the brightness-temperature and jet-width gradients along the jet axis from parameterizations of the jets using 2D Gaussian brightness distributions.Results.In most BL Lac objects, the diameter and brightness-temperature gradients along the jet axis can generally be described well by single power laws, while the jets of FSRQs show more complex behavior and remain more strongly collimated on larger physical scales. We find evidence for a transition of the global jet geometry from a parabolic to a conical shape in the BL Lac objects 3C 66A, Mrk 421 and BL Lacertae, the radio galaxy 3C 111 and the FSRQs CTA 26, PKS 0528+134, 4C +71.07, 4C +29.45, and 3C 279 outside the Bondi sphere.Conclusions.Our results combined with findings from kinematic VLBI studies that the jets of FSRQs exhibit larger bulk Lorentz factors than BL Lacs are in agreement with relativistic magnetohydrodynamical jet-disk simulations in which the flattening of the jet magnetization profile due to magnetic fields from the accretion disk leads to a more persistent collimation in high-accretion-rate blazars.
Implant Stability Changes for a Single Implant Mandibular Overdenture
Authors: Fouda Karim , Fahmy Ahmed , Aziz Khaled , Aal Marwa Abdel , Naguib Amr , Nabi Nouran Abdel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectives To compare the changes in implant stability for the nonsubmerged and submerged protocols for a single-implant retained mandibular overdenture using Cendres and Metaux Locator attachment throughout a 24-month follow-up.Materials and Methods Eighty edentulous patients who were seeking to install a single implant in the midline of the completely edentulous mandible. At the day of implant installation, patients were randomized into two groups using sealed envelopes: the nonsubmerged and submerged groups. After 3 months of healing period, randomization using sealed envelopes was performed and patients were randomized to receive the Cendres and Metaux Locator attachment. The periotest readings were recorded using the Periotest M device, every 3 months for the first year and annually in the second year. The scope of this clinical trial focused only on results of the Cendres and Metaux attachment.Statistical Analysis The Mann–Whitney U-test was used for comparison between study groups for independent samples. Two-sided p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results There was no statistically significant difference between the mean periotest readings of both groups throughout the 24-month follow-up. Both groups showed an improvement in mean periotest readings with the submerged group tending to show greater stability at 6, 12, and 24-month follow-ups.Conclusions The nonsubmerged and the submerged healing protocols resulted in reliable periotest readings with the submerged group showing greater improvement than the nonsubmerged, although this improvement is nonsignificant when using the Cendres and Metaux attachment for a single mandibular overdenture.
Defining Disparities in Cochlear Implantation through the Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Schuh Marissa , Bush Matthew L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHearing loss is a global public health problem with high prevalence and profound impacts on health. Cochlear implantation (CI) is a well-established evidence-based treatment for hearing loss; however, there are significant disparities in utilization, access, and clinical outcomes among different populations. While variations in CI outcomes are influenced by innate biological differences, a wide array of social, environmental, and economic factors significantly impact optimal outcomes. These differences in hearing health are rooted in inequities of health-related socioeconomic resources. To define disparities and advance equity in CI, there is a pressing need to understand and target these social factors that influence equitable outcomes, access, and utilization. These factors can be categorized according to the widely accepted framework of social determinants of health, which include the following domains: healthcare access/quality, education access/quality, social and community context, economic stability, and neighborhood and physical environment. This article defines these domains in the context of CI and examines the published research and the gaps in research of each of these domains. Further consideration is given to how these factors can influence equity in CI and how to incorporate this information in the evaluation and management of patients receiving cochlear implants.
Engaging Housestaff as Informatics Collaborators: Educational and Operational Opportunities
Authors: Shenson Jared A. , Jankovic Ivana , Hong Hyo Jung , Weia Benjamin , White Lee , Chen Jonathan H. , Eisenberg Matthew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background In academic hospitals, housestaff (interns, residents, and fellows) are a core user group of clinical information technology (IT) systems, yet are often relegated to being recipients of change, rather than active partners in system improvement. These information systems are an integral part of health care delivery and formal efforts to involve and educate housestaff are nascent.
Objective This article develops a sustainable forum for effective engagement of housestaff in hospital informatics initiatives and creates opportunities for professional development.
Methods A housestaff-led IT council was created within an academic medical center and integrated with informatics and graduate medical education leadership. The Council was designed to provide a venue for hands-on clinical informatics educational experiences to housestaff across all specialties.
Results In the first year, five housestaff co-chairs and 50 members were recruited. More than 15 projects were completed with substantial improvements made to clinical systems impacting more than 1,300 housestaff and with touchpoints to nearly 3,000 staff members. Council leadership was integrally involved in hospital governance committees and became the go-to source for housestaff input on informatics efforts. Positive experiences informed members' career development toward informatics roles. Key lessons learned in building for success are discussed.
Conclusion The council model has effectively engaged housestaff as learners, local champions, and key informatics collaborators, with positive impact for the participating members and the institution. Requiring few resources for implementation, the model should be replicable at other institutions.
2.2 CuAAC in Peptidomimetics and Protein Mimics
Authors: Meuleman T. J. , Liskamp R. M. J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe tremendous recent developments in click chemistry, including the impressive developments of strain-promoted cycloaddition reagents, all started with the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction conceived by Meldal et al. and Sharpless et al. This led to a revolution of extremely important applications in the chemical, biological, medical, and materials sciences. It is fair to state that, especially in the synthesis of multifunctional and complex small-to-large biomolecular constructs, CuAAC has been indispensable. This has been particularly evident in the area of peptides, peptidomimetics, and protein mimics. These biomolecules play key roles in the various peptide–peptide, peptide–protein, and protein–protein interactions that are involved in many diseases and disorders, and peptide-based therapeutics can be important in this context. However, it is often important to improve the bioactivity and overall stability, and modulate the spatial structure, of peptide-based therapeutics. The incorporation of the 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole moiety as a non-native structural element using CuAAC is explored in this chapter. The resulting incorporated triazole moiety can lead to structural surrogates of the amide bond and disulfide bond. As a consequence, CuAAC can be utilized toward introducing conformational constraints and stabilizing secondary structures of α-helices, β-sheets/turns, or loop-like structures. In addition, CuAAC can be used to combine various peptide sequences with molecular scaffolds to develop protein mimics that can find applications as synthetic vaccines and antibodies.
5 Sulfur Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx)
Authors: Giel M.-C. , Smedley C. J. , Moses J. E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSulfur Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry is a new generation technology for creating stable molecular connections with absolute reliability under metal-free conditions. SuFEx builds upon the fundamental principles of click chemistry by exploiting a unique blend of stability and latent reactivity of high oxidation state sulfur fluoride [e.g., S(VI)] functionalities to forge stable covalent linkages at connective SuFEx hubs. In this review, we focus mainly on the SuFEx hubs, sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2), thionyl tetrafluoride (SOF4), ethenesulfonyl fluoride (ESF), 1-bromoethene-1-sulfonyl fluoride (BESF) and, 2-substituted alkyne-1-sulfonyl fluorides (SASFs). We describe each connector’s unique reactivity and their application to SuFEx click chemistry.
Revisiting quantum Zeno effect and anti-Zeno effect: Universality vs non-universality
Authors: Na Kyungsun 
Published: December 2021

Universality vs non-universality on the quantum Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect is discussed. It is well-known that the Zeno effect is a result of the branch point effect based on the constraint that the energy spectrum is bounded from below. On the other hand, we show that the anti-Zeno effect arises from the interference of multiple complex poles in the lower half energy plane on a larger time scale compared with the Zeno time. Since the production of extra complex poles depends on the characteristics of the interaction Hamiltonian, we emphasize that the anti-Zeno effect is model-dependent and non-universal, while the Zeno effect is a universal phenomenon independent of the form of the interaction.
High resolution laser Thomson scattering system with automatic data analysis software platform for diagnosis of the low-temperature plasmas
Authors: Wang Yong , Shi Jielin , Li Yu , Zhao Yarui , Li Cong , Feng Chunlei , Ding Hongbin 
Published: December 2021

Accurate measurements of electron temperature (Te) and electron density (ne) are important for understanding the properties of plasma, especially for the low-temperature plasma dominated by the free electrons. In this work, a high resolution laser Thomson scattering (LTS) diagnosis system with a software platform for processing data is established to accurately measure the Te and ne in low-temperature plasmas. In this system, a homemade Triple Grating Spectrometer (TGS) is elaborated to suppress the intense stray light and Rayleigh scattering light. The TGS with high etendue (with an f-number of f/3.3) and high spectral resolution (0.07 nm in full-width-half-maximum at 532 nm) allows the LTS system to measure the plasma with the ne and Te as low as 1.0 × 1017 m−3 and 0.1 eV, respectively. Besides the development of the experimental setup, a software platform is specially designed to automatically process the complicated LTS spectra to determine ne and Te in real time during the acquirement of data. The error analyses indicate that the uncertainty of ne is around 12% and the uncertainty of Te is about 10% when Te &gt; 0.2 eV. Using the LTS system, we have successfully measured ne and Te in the cascaded arc plasma, nanosecond pulse discharge plasma, and inductively coupled plasma. The results demonstrate that the LTS system has significant potential for the diagnosis of various low temperature plasmas.
Structures of glass-forming liquids by x-ray scattering: Glycerol, xylitol, and D-sorbitol
Authors: Chen Zhenxuan , Huang Chengbin , Yao Xin , Benmore Chris J. , Yu Lian 
Published: December 2021

Synchrotron x-ray scattering has been used to investigate three liquid polyalcohols of different sizes (glycerol, xylitol, and D-sorbitol) from above the glass transition temperatures Tg to below. We focus on two structural orders: the association of the polar OH groups by hydrogen bonds (HBs) and the packing of the non-polar hydrocarbon groups. We find that the two structural orders evolve very differently, reflecting the different natures of bonding. Upon cooling from 400 K, the O⋯O correlation at 2.8 Å increases significantly in all three systems, indicating more HBs, until kinetic arrests at Tg; the increase is well described by an equilibrium between bonded and non-bonded OH with ΔH = 9.1 kJ/mol and ΔS = 13.4 J/mol/K. When heated above Tg, glycerol loses the fewest HBs per OH for a given temperature rise scaled by Tg, followed by xylitol and by D-sorbitol, in the same order the number of OH groups per molecule increases (3, 5, and 6). The pair correlation functions of all three liquids show exponentially damped density modulations of wavelength 4.5 Å, which are associated with the main scattering peak and with the intermolecular C⋯C correlation. In this respect, glycerol is the most ordered with the most persistent density ripples, followed by D-sorbitol and by xylitol. Heating above Tg causes faster damping of the density ripples with the rate of change being the slowest in xylitol, followed by glycerol and by D-sorbitol. Given the different dynamic fragility of the three liquids (glycerol being the strongest and D-sorbitol being the most fragile), we relate our results to the current theories of the structural origin for the difference. We find that the fragility difference is better understood on the basis of the thermal stability of HB clusters than that of the structure associated with the main scattering peak.
Endocytic proteins with prion-like domains form viscoelastic condensates that enable membrane remodeling
Authors: Bergeron-Sandoval Louis-Philippe , Kumar Sandeep , Heris Hossein Khadivi , Chang Catherine L. A. , Cornell Caitlin E. , Keller Sarah L. , François Paul , Hendricks Adam G. , Ehrlicher Allen J. , Pappu Rohit V. , Michnick Stephen W. 
Published: December 2021

Significance
The uptake of molecules into cells, known as endocytosis, requires membrane invagination and the formation of vesicles. A version of endocytosis that is independent of actin polymerization is aided by the assembly of membraneless biomolecular condensates at the site of membrane invagination. Here, we show that endocytic condensates are viscoelastic bodies that concentrate key proteins with prion-like domains to enable membrane remodeling. A distinct molecular grammar, namely the preference for glutamine versus asparagine residues, underlies the cohesive interactions that give rise to endocytic condensates. We incorporate material properties inferred using active rheology into a mechanical model to explain how cohesive interactions within condensates and interfacial tensions among condensates, membranes, and the cytosol can drive membrane invagination to initiate endocyosis.
Electron spectra for twisted electron collisions
Authors: Plumadore A , Harris A L 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Ionization collisions have important consequences in many physical phenomena, and the mechanism that leads to ionization is not universal. Double differential cross sections (DDCSs) are often used to identify ionization mechanisms because they exhibit features that distinguish close collisions from grazing collisions. In the angular DDCS, a sharp peak indicates ionization through a close binary collision, while a broad angular distribution points to a grazing collision. In the DDCS energy spectrum, electrons ejected through a binary encounter collision result in a peak at an energy predicted from momentum conservation. These insights into ionization processes are well-established for plane wave projectiles. However, the recent development of sculpted particle wave packets reopens the question of how ionization occurs for these new particle wave forms. We present theoretical DDCSs for (e, 2e) ionization of atomic hydrogen for electron vortex projectiles. Our results predict that the ionization mechanism for vortex projectiles is similar to that of non-vortex projectiles, but that the projectile’s momentum uncertainty causes noticeable changes to the shape and magnitude of the vortex DDCSs. Specifically, there is a broadening and splitting of the angular DDCS peak for vortex projectiles, and an increase in the cross section for high energy ejected electrons.