bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving hydroacoustic sampling in large rivers: Evaluating factors influencing target detectability
Authors: Glubzinski Michael A. , Coulter David P. , Glover David C. , Whitledge Gregory W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMobile hydroacoustic sampling is increasingly being used to monitor fish populations in large rivers; however, several factors may influence the ability to sample fishes with this gear in these environments. This study sought to address the effects of vessel speed, wind speed, the coefficient of variation (CV) of transducer pitch angle, and beam compensation (BC) on hydroacoustic detectability to advance and inform mobile, horizontally oriented hydroacoustic sampling in large rivers. A series of four replicate surveys was conducted past 23 artificial targets at three vessel speeds in a large river. Wind speed data during surveys were obtained, and post‐processing of hydroacoustic data was conducted separately under maximum BC values of 6 and 12 dB. Results revealed significant negative effects of wind speed and transducer pitch CV on buoy detectability, as well as negative interactions between vessel speed and wind speed, with detectability decreasing as wind speed increased, particularly at slower vessel speeds. We suggest this may be due to increased vessel and transducer motion during periods of increased wind speed. Detectability also significantly increased under an expanded BC due to a greater proportion of the water volume being analyzed; however, further work is necessary before implementing greater BC settings in large rivers. These results ultimately display the interactive and negative effects of wind speed and vessel speed on horizontal hydroacoustic detectability in large rivers, revealing important considerations for hydroacoustic monitoring and sampling efforts in these systems.
Application method influences the oxidation rate of biologically and chemically produced elemental sulfur fertilizers
Authors: Fontaine Doline , Eriksen Jørgen , Sørensen Peter , McLaughlin Michael J. , Degryse Fien 
Published: February 2021

AbstractElemental sulfur (ES) is commonly used as a fertilizer S source but needs to be oxidized to sulfate to become plant‐available. We assessed how placement (surface applied or incorporated) affects the oxidation of ES fertilizers. The fertilizers included an ES powder, a suspension of biogenic ES particles, and three granular fertilizers: two ES–bentonite pastilles and one monoammonium phosphate fertilizer cogranulated with ES. The fertilizers were applied either on the surface (broadcast) or incorporated into two different soils in a column experiment, incubated at 25 °C. Prior to broadcasting, the granular fertilizers were dispersed in water for 48 h to simulate the effect of 30 to 40 mm of precipitation. The columns were leached weekly and the concentration of sulfates derived through ES oxidation was measured in the leachates. The half‐lives of oxidation for the ES powder were 76 and 111 d for the incorporation and broadcast applications, respectively. The diluted biological ES suspension showed faster oxidation (8 and 30 d for incorporated and broadcast), probably because of its smaller particle size. Unlike the ES particles, the ES oxidation rates of the granular fertilizers were higher for the broadcast application than when incorporated in soil, particularly when they dispersed easily. One type of ES pastille showed little dispersion and its estimated half‐life of oxidation was >1,000 d even when broadcast. Overall, the results show that ES oxidation depends on the degree of dispersion in the soil and that this is strongly affected by the fertilizer type and application method.
A Comprehensive Investigation alongwith the Statistical Evaluation for the Characterization of Ilmenite Mineral by X‐ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Optical Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Sk Jayabun , Sunita Pathak Ms. , Sengupta Arijit 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA comparative investigation on characterization of ilmenite manuscript was performed by energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) and carrier distillation direct current arc atomic emission spectrometry (D.C. Arc AES) along with the statistical evaluation of the data obtained. 5 % AgCl was used as carrier in AES to avoid spectral interference arising out of the emission rich matrix elements. An exercise was performed to evaluate the total uncertainty associated with the methodology for characterization of base reference materials. The developed methodologies were validated using synthetic samples. ∼30 % Fe and ∼35 % Ti as major elements alongwith Ca, Mg, Cr, Si, Al, Ni, Mn, V, Zr, Eu, Mo, Na and Cd as minor and trace level were reported in real ilmenite samples. Student t test was performed at 95 % confidence limit with 10 degrees of freedom revealed that the null hypothesis persisted, i. e. the data obtained by both the methods are reliable and within the limit of statistical fluctuation. The F test on variance revealed that all the variance estimated for all the analytes were less than the critical value (Fc=2.98) and hence the variance is also within the statistical fluctuation
Eosin Y Covalently Modified on Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity toward the Degradation of Antibiotic Cefaclor under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Luo Yue , Chang Guorui , Huang Li , Zhang Leilei , Cui Jiaqi , Zhu Xiaping , Xu Shuxia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe covalent immobilization of eosin Y (EY) on graphene oxide (GO) was prepared and the obtained GO/EY composite can be used as a visible‐light‐driven photo‐catalyst for the degradation of cefaclor (CEC) antibiotics. The GO/EY composite exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity than pure GO and EY adsorbed GO. Using 2 mg L−1 of CEC at pH=7, 97 % degradation toward CEC could be achieved after irradiation time of 45 min. The enhanced photocatalytic activity for GO/EY composite can be attributed to the modification of GO by EY, which acted as a sensitizer for enhancing visible light absorption. The affecting factors of photocatalytic activities on the photocatalytic degradation of CEC were evaluated, including the effects of pH values, the photosensitized oxidation conditions and the reusability of the photocatalyst. Furthermore, the enhanced photocatalytic mechanism induced by visible‐light responsive GO/EY composite was proposed by reactive specie trapping experiments, and 1O2 and H2O2 were determined to be the main reactive oxygen species in the photocatalytic system. All these results demonstrated that organic dye sensitizer functionalized GO provided a nice candidate as a photocatalyst for the removal of CEC antibiotic from water under visible light irradiation.
Polymer Additive SBS: More Sensitive to Fluorinated Asymmetric‐Indenothiophene‐Based Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Jiang Chenglin , Li Huan , Yang Shijian , Li Xiaoyu , Wang Haiqiao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPolymer solar cells (PSCs) typically suffer from a negative effect of the residual solvent on the performance due to the use of the solvent processing additive. One solution to solve this problem is to use a solid polymer additive that can promote the phase separation of the blend film of the active layers. In this work, two new D−A type photovoltaic polymers, namely PIT‐DTBT and PIT‐DTffBT, based on asymmetric indenothiophene (IT) donor unit and nonfluorinated or difluorinated benzothiadiazole acceptor unit were designed and synthesized, respectively. Then a triblock copolymer, poly(styrene‐block‐butadiene‐block‐styrene) (SBS), was employed as a polymer additive into the active layers of PIT‐DTBT/PC71BM and PIT‐DTffBT/PC71BM based devices, and the SBS effect on the morphology of the blend films of the active layers, and then the performance of the two kinds of devices was investigated. The results demonstrated that the addition of SBS improved the molecule packing and induced the crystallization of PIT‐DTffBT, making the device have higher charge mobilities, more efficient charge dissociation and collection, and less charge recombination. Thus, power conversion efficiency (PCE) was increased from 4.61 % to 6.57 % for PIT‐DTffBT based device. Although almost no improvement in molecule packing and crystallization was observed for SBS‐treated nonfluorinated PIT‐DTBT, the fact of PCE of the PIT‐DTBT based device increased from 2.94 % to 3.13 % can also be attributed to the improved phase separation of the blend film by SBS. These findings indicate that SBS is more sensitive to fluorinated polymers than nonfluorinated polymers in improving molecule packing and inducing crystallization.
Mapping a sector's scope transformation and the value of following the evolving core
Authors: Cetorelli Nicola , Jacobides Michael G. , Stern Samuel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractsResearch SummaryA surprisingly neglected facet of sector evolution is the evolutionary analysis of firms', and thus a sector's, scope. Defining a sector as a group of firms that can change their scope over time, we study the transformation of U.S. banking firms. We undertake a sectoral, population‐wide study of business‐scope transformation, with particular focus onwhich segmentsbanks expand into. As financial intermediation evolved, a continuously shifting set of activities became associated with “core banking,” with scope changing and relatedness itself (measured through coincidence) evolving over the banking sector's history. Banks that expand scope while staying close to this evolving core attain net performance benefits. Identification tests show that the benefits of following the evolving core are robust to endogeneity.Managerial SummaryWhen does it pay to diversify into new segments? Our study looks at the transformation of U.S. banking firms from 1992 to 2006. Drawing on the full population of banks, we show that, as financial intermediation evolved, a continuously shifting set of activities became associated with “core banking.” Bank Holding Companies expanded their scope on aggregate, moving in and out of new segments. We find that while entry into new segments is negatively associated with performance improvement, diversification into this evolving core of activities is positively associated with performance improvement. This redefines “related diversification” and its positive value, showing relatedness changes over time, as a function of the evolution of the sector. We find that our results are robust to selection.
Beyond templating: Electronic structure impacts of aromatic cations in organic–inorganic antimony chlorides
Authors: Blahusch Jakob , Fabini Douglas H. , Jiménez‐Solano Alberto , Lotsch Bettina V. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOrganic cations influence the crystal packing and, less commonly, the electronic structure of hybrid organic–inorganic materials. Two new hybrid compounds prepared from solution, (PEA)SbCl6 and (PEA)4Sb2Cl12 (PEA=phenylethylammonium), demonstrate how the aromatic PEA cation modifies the crystal and electronic structures relative to inorganic antimony chlorides. In (PEA)SbCl6 the ethylammonium conformation results in a polar and chiral crystal structure, and the bandgap is characterized by organic‐inorganic charge transfer. In the mixed‐valence (PEA)4SbIIISbVCl12 the structure is a uniaxial elongation of that of inorganic analogs and the optoelectronic properties combine features of intervalence charge transfer and organic–inorganic charge transfer.
Observable proton decay in flipped SU(5)
Authors: Mehmood Maria , Rehman Mansoor Ur , Shafi Qaisar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We explore proton decay in a class of realistic supersymmetric flipped SU(5) models supplemented by a U(1)R symmetry which plays an essential role in implementing hybrid inflation. Two distinct neutrino mass models, based on inverse seesaw and type I seesaw, are identified, with the latter arising from the breaking of U(1)R by nonrenormalizable superpotential terms. Depending on the neutrino mass model an appropriate set of intermediate scale color triplets from the Higgs superfields play a key role in proton decay channels that include p → (e+, μ+) π0, p → (e+, μ+) K0, p →$$ \overline{v}{\pi}^{+} $$

v
¯

π
+

, and p →$$ \overline{v}{K}^{+} $$

v
¯

K
+

. We identify regions of the parameter space that yield proton lifetime estimates which are testable at Hyper-Kamiokande and other next generation experiments. We discuss how gauge coupling unification in the presence of intermediate scale particles is realized, and a Z4 symmetry is utilized to show how such intermediate scales can arise in flipped SU(5). Finally, we compare our predictions for proton decay with previous work based on SU(5) and flipped SU(5).
An Application of Medial Limits to Iterative Functional Equations, II
Authors: Morawiec Janusz 
Published: February 2021

AbstractApplying medial limits we describe bounded solutions $$\varphi :S\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$

φ
:
S
→
R

of the functional equation $$\begin{aligned} \varphi (x)=\int _{\Omega }g(\omega )\varphi (f(x,\omega ))d\mu (\omega )+G(x), \end{aligned}$$

φ

(
x
)

=

∫
Ω

g

(
ω
)

φ

(
f

(
x
,
ω
)

)

d
μ

(
ω
)

+
G

(
x
)

,

where $$(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )$$

(
Ω
,
A
,
μ
)

is a measure space, $$S\subset \mathbb R$$

S
⊂
R

, $$f:S\times \Omega \rightarrow S$$

f
:
S
×
Ω
→
S

, $$g:\Omega \rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$

g
:
Ω
→
R

is integrable and $$G:S\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$

G
:
S
→
R

is bounded. The main purpose of this paper is to extend results obtained in Morawiec (Results Math 75(3):102, 2020) to the above general functional equation in wider classes of functions and under weaker assumptions.
Anatomic single- and double-bundle ACL reconstruction both restore dynamic knee function: a randomized clinical trial—part II: knee kinematics
Authors: Tashman Scott , Zandiyeh Payam , Irrgang James J. , Musahl Volker , West Robin Vereeke , Shah Neha , Fu Freddie H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Compare side-to-side differences for knee kinematics between anatomic single-bundle (SB) and anatomic double-bundle (DB) ACLR during downhill running at 6 and 24 months post ACLR using high-accuracy dynamic stereo X-ray imaging. It was hypothesized that anatomic DB ACLR would better restore tibio-femoral kinematics compared to SB ACLR, based on comparison to the contralateral, uninjured knee.

Methods
Active individuals between 14 and 50 years of age that presented within 12 months of injury were eligible to participate. Individuals with prior injury or surgery of either knee, greater than a grade 1 concomitant knee ligament injury, or ACL insertion sites less than 14 mm or greater than 18 mm were excluded. Subjects were randomized to undergo SB or DB ACLR with a 10 mm-wide quadriceps tendon autograft harvested with a patellar bone block and were followed for 24 months. Dynamic knee function was assessed during treadmill downhill running using a dynamic stereo X-ray tracking system at 6 and 24 months after surgery. Three-dimensional tibio-femoral kinematics were calculated and compared between limbs (ACLR and uninjured contralateral) at each time point.

Results
Fifty-seven subjects were randomized (29 DB) and 2-year follow-up was attained from 51 (89.5%). No significant differences were found between SB and DB anatomic ACLR for any of the primary kinematic variables.

Conclusions
Contrary to the study hypothesis, double-bundle reconstruction did not show superior kinematic outcomes compared to the single-bundle ACLR. While neither procedure fully restored normal knee kinematics, both anatomic reconstructions were similarly effective for restoring near-normal dynamic knee function. The findings of this study indicate both SB and DB techniques can be used for patients with average size ACL insertion sites.

Level of evidence
Level I
The middle rectal artery detected by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts lateral lymph node metastasis in lower rectal cancer
Authors: Iwasa Yosuke , Koyama Fumikazu , Marugami Nagaaki , Kuge Hiroyuki , Nakamoto Takayuki , Obara Shinsaku , Nishiwada Satoshi , Takei Takeshi , Sadamitsu Tomomi , Yamauchi Satoshi , Kichikawa Kimihiko , Sho Masayuki 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis is one of the leading causes of local recurrence in patients with lower rectal cancer. Unfortunately, no diagnostic biomarkers are currently available that can predict LLN metastasis preoperatively. Accordingly, we investigated the relationship between the middle rectal artery (MRA) identified by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (ceMRI) and LLN metastases.

Methods
Data from 102 patients with lower rectal cancer who underwent surgery, and were evaluated by preoperative ceMRI, between 2008 and 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. Two expert radiologists evaluated the MRA findings. The diagnostic performance of MRA for LLN metastasis was evaluated by a multivariate analysis with conventional clinicopathological factors.

Results
The MRA was detected in 67 patients (65.7%), including 32 (31.4%) with bilateral MRA and 35 (34.3%) with unilateral MRA. The tumor size, presence of the MRA, and clinical LLN status were significantly correlated with LLN metastasis. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of MRA (P = 0.045) and clinical LLN status (P = 0.001) were independent predictive factors for LLN metastasis. Furthermore, the sensitivity and negative predictive value of MRA for LLN metastasis were 95% and 97.1%, respectively.

Conclusion
We successfully demonstrated that MRAs could be clearly detected by ceMRI, and the presence of MRA robustly predicted LLN metastasis in patients with lower rectal cancer, highlighting its clinical significance in the selection of more appropriate treatment strategies.

Trial registration
Trial registration number: retrospectively registered 2126
Trial registration date of registration: August 23, 2019
Voronoï summation via switching cusps
Authors: Assing Edgar , Corbett Andrew 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe consider the Fourier expansion of a Hecke (resp. Hecke–Maaß) cusp form of general level N at the various cusps of $$\Gamma _{0}(N)\backslash \mathbb {H}$$

Γ
0

(
N
)

\
H

. We explain how to compute these coefficients via the local theory of p-adic Whittaker functions and establish a classical Voronoï summation formula allowing an arbitrary additive twist. Our discussion has applications to bounding sums of Fourier coefficients and understanding the (generalised) Atkin–Lehner relations.
Dynamics of mass variable rotor and its application in modeling tuning operation
Authors: Cveticanin L. , Dregelyi A. , Horvath R. , Zukovic M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe vibration of a rotor with variable mass as a one-mass system with two degrees of freedom is investigated. An analytical procedure for solving of the system of two coupled second-order differential equations with slow time variable parameters is developed. The trajectory of the rotor center for various initial conditions is obtained. The method developed in the paper is applied for determining the vibration of the work piece during turning operation. The analytically obtained results show the influence of mass variation, cutting parameters and cutting force on the dynamic properties of the work piece. A decrease in mass of the work piece increases the amplitude of vibration. The amplitude increase is faster if the cutting velocity is higher. The obtained results are compared with experimentally obtained ones. The correlation between vibration and surface roughness is determined.
Sequentially coupled shape and topology optimization for 2.5D and 3D beam models
Authors: Wang Zhijun , Suiker Akke S. J. , Hofmeyer Hèrm , van Hooff Twan , Blocken Bert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA sequentially coupled shape and topology optimization framework is presented in which the outer geometry and the internal topological layout of beam-type structures are optimized simultaneously. The outer geometry of the beam-type structures is parametrically described by non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS), which guarantees a highly accurate description of the structural shape and enable an efficient control of the design domain with only a few control points. The computational efficiency of the coupled optimization approach is assured by applying a gradient-based optimization algorithm, for which the sensitivities are derived in closed form. The formulation of the coupled optimization approach is tailored toward 2.5D and full 3D representations of beam structures used in engineering applications. The 2.5D beam model, which has been taken from the literature, uses standard beam elements to simulate the beam response in the longitudinal direction, whereby the cross-sectional properties of the beam elements are calculated from additional 2D finite element method (FEM) analyses. A comparison study of a cantilever beam problem subjected to pure shape optimization and pure topology optimization illustrates that the 2.5D and 3D beam models lead to similar shape and topology designs, but that the 2.5D beam model has a significantly higher computational efficiency. Specifically, the computational times for the 2.5D model are about a factor 70 (shape optimization) and 1.4 (topology optimization) lower than for the 3D model, which indicates that in the coupled optimization approach the optimization of the shape provides the largest contribution to the higher computational efficiency of the 2.5D model. The coupled shape and topology optimization analysis subsequently performed on the 2.5D cantilever beam model demonstrates that the specific order at which the alternating shape and topology optimization increments are performed in the staggered update procedure turns out to have some influence on the computational speed and the value of the minimal compliance computed. Despite these differences, the final beam structures following from the different staggered update procedures illustrate how shape and topology can be efficiently optimized in an integrated, coupled fashion.
Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Grundwasser und die Wasserversorgung in Süddeutschland
Authors: Fliß Ronja , Baumeister Christof , Gudera Thomas , Hergesell Mario , Kopp Benjamin , Neumann Jörg , Posselt Miriam 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungFür die öffentliche Trinkwasserversorgung in Süddeutschland wird größtenteils Grund- und Quellwasser genutzt. Der Kenntnis über die Entwicklung des Bodenwasserhaushalts und insbesondere der Grundwasserneubildung kommt somit eine große Bedeutung zu. Im Rahmen der Kooperation KLIWA (Klimaveränderung und Konsequenzen für die Wasserwirtschaft, www.kliwa.de) wurde die Entwicklung des Bodenwasserhaushaltes und der Grundwasserneubildung aus Niederschlag für den Zeitraum von 1951 bis 2019 für die Länder Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen und Rheinland-Pfalz mit dem Bodenwasserhaushaltmodell GWN-BW modelliert. Seit Ende der 1980er-Jahre zeigt sich ein Anstieg der mittleren jährlichen Temperatur in Süddeutschland. Die jährlichen Niederschlagssummen haben sich in der jüngeren Vergangenheit (seit 2003) reduziert und somit eine deutliche Verringerung der Grundwasserneubildung aus Niederschlag bewirkt. Gleichzeitig ist eine Zunahme des Trockenheitsindex (Anzahl an Tagen mit Füllung des Bodenwasserspeichers < 30 % der nutzbaren Feldkapazität) zu erkennen. Häufiger werdende und länger anhaltende Trockenperioden stellen auch die Wasserwirtschaft zunehmend vor Herausforderungen und bedürfen der frühzeitigen Entwicklung von Handlungsoptionen, z. B. auf der Basis des hier vorgestellten „Trockenwetterdargebots“, um Nutzungskonflikte zu entschärfen.