bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internal energy activation stimulus on magneto-bioconvective Powell-Eyring nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms under active/passive nanoparticles flux
Authors: Sreenivasulu P , Poornima T , Malleswari B , Reddy N Bhaskar , Souayeh Basma 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Influence of Stephan blowing on a three-dimensional hydro magneto-bioconvective Eyring-Powell nanofluid containing Gyrotactic microorganisms under active and passive nanoparticle flux conditions is investigated in this paper. The presence of non-linear radiation along a bidirectional stretched surface is also deliberated throughout this analysis. A comparative study is made up for active and passive nanoparticle volume control. The study is relevant to novel microbial fuel cell technologies combining the nanofluid with bioconvection phenomena. The Prandtl’s boundary layer equations, approximated by Oberbeck-Boussinesq’s are studied under suitable boundary conditions. Similarity transformation is used to transform the governing boundary layer equations to dimensionless nonlinear ordinary differential equation model. The non-linear model is then resolved by combining the Runge–Kutta method and the MATHEMATICA software. The dimensionless velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration and density of motile microorganisms together with the wall shear stress, Nusselt, Sherwood and density of motile microorganism number are graphically presented to visualize the effects of particular parameters. A novel idea of Stefan blowing on three-dimensional space taking into consideration the non-linear radiation is implemented in the investigation of Eyring-Powell flow over a deformable sheet under the effects of slip and activation energy for the first time. Axial Newtonian slip decreases the momentum of the nanoflow while tangential slip augments the flow. Bio-convection parameter reduces the nanoparticle concentration of the rescaled density of motile microorganisms. Skin friction factor is dominant in passive nanoparticles flux rather than active nanoparticles flux. Passive nanoparticles help in smooth delivery of drugs which is seen here for zero mass flux. Energy transfer rate is high compared to active nanoparticle volume control. A zero mass flux acts as a cooling agent in this study by diffusing more heat from the system.
Entanglement based quantum key distribution: exact analytical solution in the case of detectors efficiency mismatch
Authors: Molotkov S N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper provides a complete analytical proof of the secrecy of the quantum key distribution for the single-photon quantum states in the case of different quantum efficiency of detectors. Taking into account the imperfect and different quantum efficiency of detectors is fundamentally important for ensuring the secrecy of keys in practical systems of quantum cryptography.
Evaluation of the characteristics of a hybrid power nuclear mini-reactor fueled by super-heavy elements
Authors: Okunev V S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The concept of a hybrid mini-reactor capable of operating in the mode of a nuclear fission reactor (on fast neurons), in the mode of a radionuclide source and simultaneously in both modes is considered. It is proposed to use the most long-lived isotopes of the 114th, 126th, and possibly 120th elements as fuel for such a mini-reactor. Such nuclides have not yet been obtained in laboratories around the world. The neutron effective cross sections and macroscopic cross sections for the nuclei of super-heavy elements are estimated. A simple and effective mathematical model of the neutron-physical calculation of a mini-reactor with fuel based on super-heavy nuclei is proposed. The model is based on the one-group diffusion approximation. The uncertainties of the cross sections are so great that the use of more accurate and high-precision calculation models can hardly be justified. The results of neutron-physical calculations of a mini-reactor with fuel based on the longest-lived isotopes of the 114th and 126th elements are presented. The critical mass of a ball (without a reflector) made from 114Fl will be 1.492 kg; the critical radius will be less than 2.48 cm. (For element 342126 1.474 kg and less than 2.33 cm respectively.)
Topological optimization of a part taking into account technological constraints
Authors: Lozhkin D V , Maksimov P V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Annotation. In this work, the topological optimization of an aluminum alloy bracket with specified mass restrictions and maximum von Mises stress intensities arising under the influence of load is carried out. The part was redesigned for the additive manufacturing method without forming a support structure, for this, restrictions on the overhang angle between the surfaces of the part and the build platform were used, all surfaces are considered self-supporting. Comparison of strength and stiffness characteristics of parts for bracket options, including both the original one, created by the designer, and those obtained after optimization, taking into account and without taking into account restrictions on the method of technological manufacture of the product, is performed.
Training of engineers in demand in the engineering industry at PSEDA
Authors: Lizunkov V G , Politsinskaya E V , Valuev D V , Zhilin E O 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe article identified the criteria and levels of formation of the supra-professional competencies (team competency) which are essential for future engineers of technical universities, according to the stakeholders’ feedback on the priority social and economic development areas. The authors defined the formation levels of team competency among students of technical areas of training at the Research Tomsk Polytechnic University. They described and investigated theoretical and empirical research methods that allowed formulating specific pedagogical recommendations to solve the problem identified in the article.
Simulation study on temperature field and microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V alloy round ingot during EBCHM
Authors: Peng Bing-Bing , Li Xiang-Ming , Wang Xian , Mo Jian , Luo Lei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The solidification structure of Ti-6Al-4V round ingot during the electron beam cold hearth melting (EBCHM) directly determines the quality of the ingot and the performance of the subsequent rolled coil. In this paper, the Cellular Automaton Finite Element (CAFE) method is used to numerically simulate the solidification structure of Ti-6Al-4V ingot. Firstly, the mathematical model is established with a numerical solution. Secondly, effects of process parameters including the pouring temperature and pulling speed on the solidification structure are revealed. The results show that the microstructures predicted by the numerical method match the experimental results. For the case of fixed pulling speed, a reduction in the pouring temperature leads to the grain refinement and the decreased volatilization of Al. With an increase of the pulling speed, the number of grains first increases and then decreases, but the average grain size first decreases and then increases. Furthermore, the maximum grain size monotonically increases with increasing the pulling speed. Thus, the fine solidified structure with fine grains can be obtained at the pouring temperature of 1700 °C and the pulling speed of 4 × 10−4 m s−1.
Rotation sensing at the ultimate limit
Authors: Z Goldberg Aaron , B Klimov Andrei , Leuchs Gerd , L Sánchez-Soto Luis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConventional classical sensors are approaching their maximum sensitivity levels in many areas. Yet these levels are still far from the ultimate limits dictated by quantum mechanics. Quantum sensors promise a substantial step ahead by taking advantage of the salient sensitivity of quantum states to the environment. Here, we focus on sensing rotations, a topic of broad application. By resorting to the basic tools of estimation theory, we derive states that achieve the ultimate sensitivities in estimating both the orientation of an unknown rotation axis and the angle rotated about it. The critical enhancement obtained with these optimal states should make of them an indispensable ingredient in the next generation of rotation sensors that is now blossoming.
Parametric-Regression–Based Causal Mediation Analysis of Binary Outcomes and Binary Mediators: Moving Beyond the Rareness or Commonness of the Outcome
Authors: Samoilenko Mariia , Lefebvre Geneviève 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the causal mediation framework, several parametric-regression–based approaches have been introduced in the last decade for estimating natural direct and indirect effects. For a binary outcome, a number of proposed estimators use a logistic model and rely on specific assumptions or approximations that may be delicate or not easy to verify in practice. To circumvent the challenges prompted by the rare outcome assumption in this context, an exact closed-form natural-effects estimator on the odds ratio scale was recently introduced for a binary mediator. In this work, we further push this exact approach and extend it for the estimation of natural effects on the risk ratio and risk difference scales. Explicit formulas for the delta method standard errors are provided. The performance of our proposed exact estimators is demonstrated in simulation scenarios featuring various levels of outcome rareness/commonness. The total effect decomposition property on the multiplicative scales is also examined. Using a SAS macro (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina) we developed, our approach is illustrated to assess the separate effects of exposure to inhaled corticosteroids and placental abruption on low birth weight mediated by prematurity. Our exact natural-effects estimators are found to work properly in both simulations and the real data example.
Safety and Effectiveness of Silicone Gel–Filled Breast Implants in Primary Augmentation Patients
Authors: Maxwell Daniel , Estes Megan , Walcott Jennifer McMillen , Canady John W , Hunter Tina D , Gache Larry , Wang-Ashraf Bernadette , Alexander Diane 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Results from the MemoryGel Breast Implants Core Clinical Study suggest these devices are safe and effective at 10 years after implantation. Although clinical trials are essential for measuring the safety and effectiveness of a device, real-world evidence can supplement clinical trials by providing information on outcomes observed in diverse clinical settings for a more heterogeneous population, without fixed treatment patterns, and without continuous patient monitoring, such that follow-up is more representative of normal clinical practice.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to measure real-world outcomes, including safety and effectiveness, in patients who underwent primary breast augmentation with smooth MemoryGel implants.

Methods
This was a case series looking at patients, age 22 years and older, who underwent primary breast augmentation at a single site between December 2006 and December 2016 and who had a minimum of 2 years of follow-up. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize baseline characteristics and outcomes. Kaplan-Meier models were used to estimate safety outcomes for capsular contracture (Baker grade III/IV), infection, and rupture.

Results
A total of 50/777 (6.4%) patients reported a complication, with an average time to complication of 3.9 years (range, 19 days-11.8 years) postprocedure. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the 10-year cumulative incidence of capsular contracture (Baker grade III/IV), infection, and rupture were 4.7%, 0.1%, and 1.6%, respectively.

Conclusions
Analyses of a large population from a single site provide further support for the long-term safety and effectiveness of MemoryGel breast implants in a primary augmentation cohort.

Level of Evidence: 4
Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ ameliorates ischaemia–reperfusion injury in kidney transplantation models
Authors: Hamed M , Logan A , Gruszczyk A V , Beach T E , James A M , Dare A J , Barlow A , Martin J , Georgakopoulos N , Gane A M , Crick K , Fouto D , Fear C , Thiru S , Dolezalova N , Ferdinand J R , Clatworthy M R , Hosgood S A , Nicholson M L , Murphy M P , Saeb-Parsy K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury makes a major contribution to graft damage during kidney transplantation. Oxidative damage to mitochondria is an early event in IR injury. Therefore, the uptake, safety, and efficacy of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ were investigated in models of transplant IR injury.

Methods
MitoQ uptake by warm and cooled pairs of pig and declined human kidneys was measured when preserved in cold static storage or by hypothermic machine perfusion. Pairs of pigs’ kidneys were exposed to defined periods of warm and cold ischaemia, flushed and stored at 4°C with or without MitoQ (50 nmol/l to 250 µmol/l), followed by reperfusion with oxygenated autologous blood in an ex vivo normothermic perfusion (EVNP). Pairs of declined human kidneys were flushed and stored with or without MitoQ (5–100 µmol/l) at 4°C for 6 h and underwent EVNP with ABO group-matched blood.

Results
Stable and concentration-dependent uptake of MitoQ was demonstrated for up to 24 h in pig and human kidneys. Total blood flow and urine output were significantly greater in pig kidneys treated with 50 µmol/l MitoQ compared with controls (P = 0.006 and P = 0.007 respectively). In proof-of-concept experiments, blood flow after 1 h of EVNP was significantly greater in human kidneys treated with 50 µmol/l MitoQ than in controls (P ≤ 0.001). Total urine output was numerically higher in the 50-µmol/l MitoQ group compared with the control, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.054).

Conclusion
Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ can be administered to ischaemic kidneys simply and effectively during cold storage, and may improve outcomes after transplantation.
The Association Between Injurious Falls and Older Adults’ Cognitive Function: The Role of Depressive Mood and Physical Performance
Authors: Trevisan Caterina , Ripamonti Enrico , Grande Giulia , Triolo Federico , Ek Stina , Maggi Stefania , Sergi Giuseppe , Fratiglioni Laura , Welmer Anna-Karin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The impact of falls on cognitive function is unclear. We explored whether injurious falls are associated with cognitive decline in older adults, and evaluated the role of changes in psychological and physical health as mediators of such association.

Methods
This prospective study involved 2267 community-dwelling participants in the Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (≥60 years). Data on injurious falls (ie, falls requiring medical attention) during each 3-year time interval of follow-up were obtained from national registers. Assessment of cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), depressive mood (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale), and physical performance (walking speed) were carried out every 3 or 6 years over a 12-year follow-up. The association between falls and cognition was estimated through linear mixed-effects models, and the mediating role of changes in depressive mood and physical performance was tested using mediation analysis.

Results
After adjusting for potential confounders, individuals who experienced injurious falls had a greater annual decline in Mini-Mental State Examination in the subsequent time interval (β = −1.49, 95% CI: −1.84; −1.13), than those who did not. The association increased with the occurrence of ≥2 falls (β = −2.13, 95% CI: −2.70; −1.56). Worsening of walking speed and depressive mood explained around 26% and 8%, respectively, of the association between falls and cognitive decline.

Conclusions
Injurious falls are associated with greater cognitive decline, and this association is partly mediated by worsening of physical performance and, in a lesser extent, of depressive mood. These findings suggest that physical deficits and low mood are potential therapeutic targets for mitigating the association between falls and cognitive decline.
Gait Speed and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults After Hospitalization: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study
Authors: Sprung Juraj , Laporta Mariana , Knopman David S , Petersen Ronald C , Mielke Michelle M , Weingarten Toby N , Vassilaki Maria , Martin David P , Schulte Phillip J , Hanson Andrew C , Schroeder Darrell R , Vemuri Prashanthi , Warner David O 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Hospitalization can impair physical and functional status of older adults, but it is unclear whether these deficits are transient or chronic. This study determined the association between hospitalization of older adults and changes in long-term longitudinal trajectories of 2 measures of physical and functional status: gait speed (GS) and instrumental activities of daily living measured with Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ).

Method
Linear mixed-effects models assessed the association between hospitalization (nonelective vs elective, and surgical vs medical) and outcomes of GS and FAQ score in participants (older than 60 years) enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging who had longitudinal assessments.

Results
Of 4902 participants, 1879 had ≥1 hospital admission. Median GS at enrollment was 1.1 m/s. The slope of the annual decline in GS before hospitalization was −0.015 m/s. The parameter estimate (95% CI) for additional annual change in GS trajectory after hospitalization was −0.009 (−0.011 to −0.006) m/s, p &lt; .001. The accelerated GS decline was greater for medical versus surgical hospitalizations (−0.010 vs −0.003 m/s, p = .005), and nonelective versus elective hospitalizations (−0.011 vs −0.006 m/s, p = .067). The odds of a worsening FAQ score increased on average by 4% per year. Following hospitalization, odds of FAQ score worsening further increased (multiplicative annual increase in odds ratio per year [95% CI] following hospitalization was 1.05 [1.03, 1.07], p &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Hospitalization of older adults is associated with accelerated long-term decline in GS and functional limitations, especially after nonelective admissions and those for medical indications. However, for most well-functioning participants, these changes have little clinical significance.
The Uneven Later Work Course: Intersectional Gender, Age, Race, and Class Disparities
Authors: Moen Phyllis , Flood Sarah M , Wang Janet 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Later adult work attachments and exits are in flux, suggesting the need for understanding both the range of contemporary population-level pathways of work and nonwork and variations by overlapping social locations. We document patterned continuity and change in monthly work attachments and analyze the intersecting effects of age, gender, education, and race/ethnicity.

Methods
We capitalize on massive microlevel 16-month panel data from the Current Population Survey from 2008 through 2016 to empirically identify patterned pathways of monthly states: working full-time, long hours, part-time; being self-employed or unemployed; not working because of a disability, due to family care or other reasons, or because one defines oneself as retired.

Results
Analyses of 346,488 American women and men aged 50–75 years reveal patterned elasticity in the timing and nature of work attachments in the form of six distinctive pathways. Our intersectional analyses illustrate divergences and disparities: advantages for educated White men, disadvantages for low-educated Black men and women through their early 60s, and intersecting effects of gender, education, and race/ethnicity during the later work course across age groups. We find convergence across social markers by the 70s.

Discussion
This research highlights the importance of intersectional analysis, recasting the gendered work course in later adulthood into a framework of even greater complexities within mutually shaping categories of race/ethnicity, class, and age. Older Americans experience patterned, uneven pathways around work and nonwork. We recommend additional scholarship on the dynamics of constrained and disparate choices unfolding across multiple intersecting social locations.
RTEX: A novel framework for ranking, tagging, and explanatory diagnostic captioning of radiography exams
Authors: Kougia Vasiliki , Pavlopoulos John , Papapetrou Panagiotis , Gordon Max 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
The study sought to assist practitioners in identifying and prioritizing radiography exams that are more likely to contain abnormalities, and provide them with a diagnosis in order to manage heavy workload more efficiently (eg, during a pandemic) or avoid mistakes due to tiredness.

Materials and Methods
This article introduces RTEx, a novel framework for (1) ranking radiography exams based on their probability to be abnormal, (2) generating abnormality tags for abnormal exams, and (3) providing a diagnostic explanation in natural language for each abnormal exam. Our framework consists of deep learning and retrieval methods and is assessed on 2 publicly available datasets.

Results
For ranking, RTEx outperforms its competitors in terms of nDCG@k. The tagging component outperforms 2 strong competitor methods in terms of F1. Moreover, the diagnostic captioning component, which exploits the predicted tags to constrain the captioning process, outperforms 4 captioning competitors with respect to clinical precision and recall.

Discussion
RTEx prioritizes abnormal exams toward the improvement of the healthcare workflow by introducing a ranking method. Also, for each abnormal radiography exam RTEx generates a set of abnormality tags alongside a diagnostic text to explain the tags and guide the medical expert. Human evaluation of the produced text shows that employing the generated tags offers consistency to the clinical correctness and that the sentences of each text have high clinical accuracy.

Conclusions
This is the first framework that successfully combines 3 tasks: ranking, tagging, and diagnostic captioning with focus on radiography exams that contain abnormalities.
Why do people oppose mask wearing? A comprehensive analysis of U.S. tweets during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: He Lu , He Changyang , Reynolds Tera L , Bai Qiushi , Huang Yicong , Li Chen , Zheng Kai , Chen Yunan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
Facial masks are an essential personal protective measure to fight the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) pandemic. However, the mask adoption rate in the United States is still less than optimal. This study aims to understand the beliefs held by individuals who oppose the use of facial masks, and the evidence that they use to support these beliefs, to inform the development of targeted public health communication strategies.

Materials and Methods
We analyzed a total of 771 268 U.S.-based tweets between January to October 2020. We developed machine learning classifiers to identify and categorize relevant tweets, followed by a qualitative content analysis of a subset of the tweets to understand the rationale of those opposed mask wearing.

Results
We identified 267 152 tweets that contained personal opinions about wearing facial masks to prevent the spread of COVID-19. While the majority of the tweets supported mask wearing, the proportion of anti-mask tweets stayed constant at about a 10% level throughout the study period. Common reasons for opposition included physical discomfort and negative effects, lack of effectiveness, and being unnecessary or inappropriate for certain people or under certain circumstances. The opposing tweets were significantly less likely to cite external sources of information such as public health agencies’ websites to support the arguments.

Conclusions
Combining machine learning and qualitative content analysis is an effective strategy for identifying public attitudes toward mask wearing and the reasons for opposition. The results may inform better communication strategies to improve the public perception of wearing masks and, in particular, to specifically address common anti-mask beliefs.