bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IODIDE GOITER IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Senior Boris , Chernoff Harvey L. 
Published: December 2021

A hyperthyroid mother, treated with potassium iodide, gave birth to a baby with an enormous goiter. The infant, although hypothyroid, had massive cardiomegaly and high output failure due to a shunt across the vessels of the goiter. Administration of thyroid caused shrinkage of the gland and concomitantly the heart became smaller. The infant then developed hyperthyroidism which persisted for several months.
The late stage of onset of hyperthyroidism in the infant, the inability to demonstrate LATS in mother or child, and the resemblance to other reported cases of iodide goiter in infancy together indicate that the hyperthyroidism may have been a consequence of the iodide goiter rather than a result of the transmission of LATS from the hyperthyroid mother.
A Dangerous Situation Encountered in the Administration of Oxygen to an Infant in a Baby Warmer
Authors: Indyk Leonard 
Published: December 2021

One method of elevating the ambient oxygen of a small baby during the admission procedure is to place his head in an oxygenated hood. We describe here a situation recently encountered in which a premature infant who was being provided 68% oxygen environment, administered with the aid of a head hood in an infant warmer, and was effectively cut off from the source of radiant heat.
The hood which was utilized was made of ⅛'' plexiglass, 8'' x 9'' x 5'' high and was provided with a cutout on one side which normally fitted loosely about the child's neck when in use.*
Pharmacological Approaches to Learning Impediments
Authors: Freeman Roger D. 
Published: December 2021

Regarding "An Evaluation of the Pharmacologic Approaches to Learning Impediments," I found the Report of the Committee on Drugs (Pediatrics 46: 142) very disappointing:
(1) The title is rather presumptuous, since nothing new is being communicated beyond some rather trite statements that the methodology is difficult, long-term studies are necessary, but that drugs offer some promise.
(2) The language is excessively tortuous, and in places unclear. For example, what is a "behavior impediment"? What is the meaning of the word "effective" in the sentence "The administration of appropriate or effective antiepileptic agents... may result in some improvements"? There are many other examples of similar obscurities.
Neonatal Pneumopericardium
Authors: Markarian Marguerite , Ablow Ronald C. 
Published: December 2021

We would like to add a case of pneumopericardium in the newborn to the seven reviewed by Matthieu, et al.1 This case is unusual in that it is only the second reported in which the pneumopericardium cleared spontaneously without aspiration.
V. J. was a premature, Negro, female infant born at 26 weeks' gestation to a 14-year-old Gravida I, Para 0 mother. Birth weight was 794 gm. Her 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores were 1, and spontaneous respirations did not begin until after 20 minutes of positive pressure oxygen therapy and administration of 5 mEq of sodium bicarbonate solution via the umbilical vein.
Corticosteroids in Croup: Is a Controlled Clinical Trial Needed?
Authors: Eden Alvin N. 
Published: December 2021

I read with a great deal of interest the Committee on Drugs Report entitled, "Should Steroids be used in Treating Bronchiolitis?" I am in complete agreement with the report, namely, that steroids have no place in the treatment of bronchiolitis. The committee rightly points out the unique contribution a collaborative controlled study can make in problems of this type.
I have been particularly interested in the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of croup and have previously published two double blind studies on the subject.2,3
THE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN PERINATAL RESPIRATION: STUDIES OF CHEMOREGULATORY MECHANISMS IN THE TERM LAMB
Authors: Herrington Robert T. , Harned Herbert S. , Ferreiro Jose I. , Griffin Clarence A. 
Published: December 2021

Studies were performed to define the CNS acid-base status in the fetal lamb, as well as the contribution of CNS mechanisms in the initiation and control of breathing in the newly born lamb.
The average CSF pH in term fetal lambs was found to be similar to that in young lambs as well as man. When fetal CSF hydrogen ion concentration was noted to be increased, or when perfusion of the ventral lateral medulla with mock CSF high in hydrogen ion concentration was carried out, no respiratory activity was noted. This suggests that the central response to hydrogen ion concentration, which is responsible for control of respiration in the breathing animal, may not be operative in the fetal state. However, in the physiologic setting of these experiments, the onset of breathing was primarily a central function which was little affected by peripheral chemoreceptor or baroreceptor discharge, as animals with their carotid sinus and vagal nerves divided initiated respiration as consistently as controls. Once breathing has been initiated, the central response to hypercarbic breathing could be demonstrated in the absence of any possible peripheral chemoreceptor influence.
Ichthyosis and Methotrexate: A Word of Caution
Authors: Jetton Robert L. , Eby Charles S. 
Published: December 2021

Methotrexate given orally once each week was used to treat two patients with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma). Neither objective clinical nor histopathological improvement occurred. These results support the mounting evidence that this hyperplastic dermatosis does not respond to antifolate therapy. Failure to respond to Methotrexate is, perhaps, unexpected on the basis of epidermal biometric data and previous experience with the use of folic acid antagonists in psoriasis; however, it may indicate a different or more complex subcellular disease process.
An exact clinical and histological diagnosis and, where possible, epidermal kinetic data should be required before treating an ichthyosiform dermatosis with Methotrexate. Methotrexate may be indicated in the ichthyosiform dermatosis, severe erythrodermic psoriasis, which fails to respond to potentially less dangerous antipsoriatic measures.
Gastric Mucosal Diaphragm in a Child
Authors: Johnson George M. 
Published: December 2021

The fifth pediatric case of an antral mucosal diaphragm of the stomach is reported. This lesion is to be distinguished from a pyloric mucosal membrane. Usually, there are signs and symptoms of epigastric pain relieved by emesis and/or belching. Antacids and ulcer diets are ineffective.
X-ray findings are distinctive and should allow the pediatrician to make a preoperative diagnosis of this unusual anomaly. This should help the surgeon in his search for the membranous septum in the stomach and in his decision regarding the proper surgical procedure.
COMPLETE RECOVERY, AS REPORTED IN 1849, OF A 16-YEAR-OLD BOY FROM A FULL-THICKNESS BURN OF MORE THAN HALF HIS BODY SURFACE
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The case report cited below, published in 1849, of the recovery of a 16-year-old-boy from an extensive, full-thickness burn of his body adds further support to one of the oldest adages of medicine–namely faith in the vis mediatrix naturae, or as Hippocrates expressed it: "Nature is the healer of disease."
The most extensive burn ending in complete recovery that I have read of, is described by Mr. Grantham. A youth sixteen years of age, was burnt to the following extent by the explosion of some fireworks. From the upper and fore part of the neck, extending laterally down the left arm to the insertion of the deltoid; occupying both axillae; passing backwards to within three inches of the spines of the vertebrae; over the chest, body, and genitals, to the verge of the anus; extending along the upper part of the right thigh, and down the left thigh to the knee; destroying the cuticle, rete mucosum, and corium. The whole measured above six hundred superficial inches; and averaged a quarter of an inch in depth. The subcutaneous structure was completely lost, so that the arteries and veins were seen, as if neatly dissected, lying on the surface of the muscles and the fascia. The treatment consisted in freely giving opium, in well supporting the strength, in properly protecting the wound, and in the external and internal use of antiseptics. Three months after the accident, the patient had a sphacelated wound over the sacrum; four months after this, an attack of bronchitis; and two years subsequently– when he had improved so as to be able to walk a short distance–a severe attack of erysipelas.
Who Has Been Sleeping?
Authors: Golden Archie S. 
Published: December 2021

"Who has been sleeping" are the terminating words of the second commentary,1 which jocularly discusses several articles aimed at the clinician in the January 1971 Pediatrics. I contend that the pediatric profession has been sleeping, and within that august body, one might pick out Pediatrics as being the most profound somnambulator of all, since it is organized pediatrics' chief educational tool.
For years my pediatric colleagues have complained, but in a weak voice, about the content of Pediatrics; stating that the majority of the articles had little to do with the practical aspects of clinical child care.
Estimation of True Number of Congenital Malformations (Continued)
Authors: Hay Sylvia , Mackeprang Muriel , Khalili Abbass 
Published: December 2021

As users of birth certificates in studying the epidemiology of congenital malformations, we are as concerned as Dr. Khalili and his colleagues1 in problems of underascertainment. We read with great interest their attempts to estimate the true incidence by the use of vital records. However, in spite of their conclusions, we remain dubious as to the efficacy of their method.
The authors present three hypotheses: that the death rate among infants reported on birth certificates as malformed at birth is (1) equal to, (2) greater than, or (3) less than the death rate for all malformed infants.
PURE FAMILIAL HYPERPROLINEMIA: ISOLATED INBORN ERROR OF AMINOACID METABOLISM WITHOUT OTHER ANOMALIES IN A SICILIAN FAMILY
Authors: Mollica Florindo , Pavone Lorenzo , Antener Ilse 
Published: December 2021

Type I hyperprolinemia was detected in several members of a Sicilian family, in which no clinical or biological signs of nephropathy and of other hereditary anomalies were present. A family with similar findings has been reported in 1970 by Fontaine, et al. These two families indicate that hyperprolinemia is probably an inborn error of aminoacid metabolism without clinical implications, which can be inherited as "pure familial hyperprolinemia," independently of other hereditary disorders, by an autosomal and probably recessive gene.
A wide range of serum proline levels (from about 5 to about 25 mg/100 ml) was found in the affected members. It is suggested that even the 0heterozygotes may show some degree of hyperprolinemia.
FUNCTIONAL HYPOSPLENIA IN CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: Pearson Howard A. , Schiebler Gerold L. , Spencer Richard P. 
Published: December 2021

Hematologic abnormalities suggesting decreased splenic function (Howell-Jolly and Heinz bodies ) were found in the blood of two infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Since both of these infants were shown to possess anatomically normal spleens, "functional hyposplenia" is considered to be the basis for the abnormal hematologic findings.
The congenital asplenia syndrome is usually associated with severe, complex, and uncorrectable forms of cardiac malformation. This has discouraged diagnostic and therapeutic measures in children in whom the diagnosis has been made. Since similar blood changes may occur in children with anatomically normal spleens, this bad prognosis may not always be valid. Functional hyposplenia might, on occasion, contribute to the morbidity and mortality of infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease.
SYSTEMIC BONE DISEASE DEVELOPING IN SMALL PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Griscom N. T. , Craig J. N. , Neuhauser E. B. D. 
Published: December 2021

Three very small premature infants developed systemic bone disease, discovered in their third month of life. Roentgenograms showed epiphyseal separations, extensive subperiosteal new bone, metaphyseal cupping, rib fractures, porosis, and enlarged costochondral junctions. The babies were hypoproteinemic and anemic. One was severely neutropenic, the others moderately so. In two infants, the abnormalities slowly disappeared. The most severely affected infant died of an apparently unrelated congenital malformation. Examination of the bones post-mortem confirmed porosis, fractures, epiphyseal shippages, and periosteal new bone. There was failure of normal enchondral bone growth, which was much more severely affected than intramembranous bone formation.
We believe the cause of this illness to be metabolic and probably nutritional. It is unlike any of the better known deficiency syndromes. There are similarities to the syndrome reported in copper deficiency depletion. Whatever the cause, the illness may be fairly common among small premature infants.
PEDIATRIC ALLERGY: SOME IMPRESSIONS GAINED OVER A 37-YEAR PERIOD
Authors: Deamer William C. 
Published: December 2021

The most effective treatment of allergy is discovery and removal of the allergen. Injection therapy, while useful in some forms of inhalant allergy such as hay fever, is a less effective measure.
Respiratory tract allergy is frequently mistaken for respiratory tract infection. A history of repeated episodes of bronchitis or pneumonia should suggest the possibility of asthma. Similarly, a history of repeated "colds" should suggest allergic rhinitis.
Increased sneezing and itching and rubbing of the nose are frequent minor symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Coughing at night and coughing on exertion are common minor symptoms of asthma. Since allergic rhinitis and asthma often occur together and share the same etiology, all four of these minor symptoms may serve as a guide in identifying and treating asthma.
Positive skin tests for allergy may be found in as much as 50% of "normal" individuals, many of whom may have no recognized clinical allergy. Positive skin tests therefore do not constitute evidence of clinical symptoms.
Nonspecific trigger factors such as nervous tension, respiratory tract infections, fatigue, climate, exercise, and smoke or strong odors may precipitate an attack of asthma. Frequently overlooked are the more important specific factors such as pollens, house dust, animal danders, and foods.
An important variable factor in asthma is the state of the patient's sympathetic-parasympathetic nervous system balance. At times this may act to augment synergistically the action of the chemical mediators of the allergic reaction, thus involving non-immunological as well as immunological factors.
Food allergy or intolerance is a frequently unrecognized cause of asthma and allergic rhinitis. It is also a frequent cause of the tension-fatigue syndrome–a common but little known entity.
Fecal Excretion of Rose Bengal I131 in the Diagnosis of Obstructive Jaundice in Infancy with Special Reference to Biliary Atresia
Authors: Maksoud João Gilberto , Thom Anneliese Fischer , Kieffer Julio , Carvalho Pinto Virgilio A. 
Published: December 2021

Despite the poor prognosis of biliary atresia, there are a small number of cases in which early surgery will be of real benefit. Every effort must therefore be made to arrive at the correct diagnosis as quickly as possible so as not to delay surgical intervention.
In our experience, FERB I131 has been the most reliable diagnostic test; we are convinced that this test must be done in every case in which the differential diagnosis of neonatal or infantile jaundice is not clear.
Diabetic Ketosis and Coma (Continued)
Authors: Martin Gilbert , Schwartz Robert 
Published: December 2021

I read the article on diabetic ketoacidosis by Robert Schwartz in the May issue of Pediatrics1 and felt that it certainly offered a concise, organized approach to therapy. There are, however, several points which deserve comment.
First, it is mentioned, "Initial therapy should avoid glucose administration, especially if marked hypoglycemia is present." This may be correct if levels are in the 600 mg per 100 ml range, but is of questionable value at lower levels.
PEDIATRIC PERCEPTION: THOMAS MORGAN ROTCH (1849-1914), AMERICA'S FIRST FULL PROFESSOR OF PEDIATRICS: HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE EMERGENCE OF PEDIATRICS AS A SPECIALTY
Authors: Bloch Harry 
Published: December 2021

One hundred and twenty-eight years after John Morgan became America's first professor of medicine at the newly founded Medical School of the College of Philadelphia in 1765, America's first full professor of pediatrics was appointed in 1893 to the Medical School of Harvard with full faculty status. This was an act of great significance for the growth of pediatrics in the United States. It constituted an important step to the introduction and establishment of a scientific approach in pediatrics; increased tempo in the care and welfare of children; and opened the door wider for pediatricians seeking faculty appointments.
The acceptance of pediatrics had been a far greater task in America than in any European country, with the exception of England, due to "obstruction by reactionary powers such as antivivisectionists, antivaccinationists, and enemies of autopsies." Pediatrics was plodding along with painful, laborious steps until this belated recognition that illness in infants and children not only differed from that in adults and required special study, but there was urgent need to develop scientific knowledge of children's diseases. Children born in the 18th century had a good chance of dying of gastroenteritis; and if they recovered or escaped the affliction, they were still exposed to measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid, and yellow fever. The death rate was high, and only a very high birth rate could allow the country to grow. Those who survived these hazards lived to an old age with few brothers, sisters, and relatives. Therapy was the same for children as for adults-bleeding, purging, home remedies, prayer, fasting, diet, exotic and foul concoctions, sweating, and quackery.
MALTREATMENT OF CHILDREN THE BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME
Authors: Forsyth William B. , Allen John E. , Brinkley Joseph W. , Chenoweth Alice D. , Hunter Gertrude , Miller Roland E. , North A. Frederick , Schloesser Patricia T. , Siegel Earl , Wagner Marsden G. , Bates Talcott , Peters Ann DeHuff , Helfer Ray E. , Marks Herman B. , Mindlin Rowland L. 
Published: December 2021

In February 1966, the Committee on Infant and Preschool Child published a statement concerning the status of the problem of the battered child. The present Committee has reevaluated the statement in light of increased knowledge and experience over the past 6 years. The 1966 statement concerned itself primarily with two issues: (1) a historical review and definition of the battered child syndrome, and (2) discussion and recommendations concerning identification and protection of the abused child.
While a great deal of study and activity has taken place with regard to the problem of the battered child and there have been some positive results (e.g., every state in the union now has some form of reporting mechanism of the suspected or proven case of child abuse), the consensus of the Committee and its consultants is that the total problem has become magnified and is uncontrolled by present methods of management.
The Committee reaffirms and supports the following recommendations of the 1966 report:
1. Physicians should continue to be required to report suspected instances of child abuse immediately to the agency legally charged with the responsibility of investigating child abuse, preferably the county or state department of welfare or health or its local representatives, or to the nearest law enforcement agency.
2. The responsible agency must have ample personnel and resources to take action immediately on receipt of the report.
3. Reported cases should be evaluated promptly, and appropriate service should be provided for the child and family.
4. The child should be protected by the agency by continued hospitalization, supervision at home, or removal from home through family or juvenile court action.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF OXYGEN TOXICITY IN THE NEWBORN: INHIBITION OF LUNG DNA SYNTHESIS IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Northway William H. , Petriceks Rita , Shahinian Lee 
Published: December 2021

The incorporation of 3H-thymidine into lung DNA in newborn mice was inhibited by increasing exposure to 96-100% oxygen. Twenty-four hours following the onset of this inhibition both total DNA per lung and lung weight decreased in the oxygen-exposed animals relative to the air-exposed control animals.
These data indicate that 96-100% oxygen retards lung growth in the newborn mouse by inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell replication. These results are consistent with observations on cultured cells of nonpulmonary origin. Such growth inhibition may occur at oxygen concentrations below 96 -100%.
INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS
Authors: Fanaroff Avroy A. , Wald Michael , Gruber Howard S. , Klaus Marshall H. 
Published: December 2021

Insensible water loss (IWL) was determined from measurements of insensible weight loss during the first 7 weeks of life on 30 immature and nine small-for-gestational age, low birth weight infants. Under standard conditions (single-walled incubator, infant nude, gavage feeding), 10 infants with birth weights less than 1,250 gm, gestational age &lt; 230 days (32 weeks) and postnatal age &lt;10 days lost &gt;2.5 gm/kg/hr (equivalent to 60-120 ml/kg/day), considerably higher than previously reported. Studies following the insertion of a plastic heat shield revealed a 25% reduction in IWL.
The heat shield facilitates achievement of neutral thermal environment and reduced water losses in low birth weight infants. IWL measurements in infants with birth weights &gt;1,500 gm and those small-for-gestational age were similar to previously reported studies. Because of the known limited ability of small immature infants to increase metabolic rate, these extremely high losses are believed to represent disproportionately larger water losses from skin. Skin factors predisposing to large water loss in immature infants include thinner epidermis, increased water content, and increased permeability.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Brown R. E. , Madge G. E. 
Published: December 2021

Quantitative studies to determine the exact amount of insulin received by a patient under the conditions of insulin-glucose therapy for Reye's syndrome would be academically desirable.
We admit that some insulin activity can be lost by nonspecific binding to the tubing and glassware. However, we cannot agree that the Reye's syndrome patients treated with "slow" intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose and insulin may not have received any insulin. Thinner control films were less permeable than thicker control films.
Kala-Azar Imported into the USA
Authors: Zavoral James H. , Paloucek James T. , Yaeger Robert C. 
Published: December 2021

Kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis, is not an indigenous disease in the United States. Prior to 1945, only nine cases had been reported in this country. Several reports following World War II, estimated that 50 to 75 cases had occurred in American servicemen who had been stationed overseas. Since World War II only three cases have been reported in the United States.
Two cases of Kala-azar which were diagnosed in the United States are presented. Leishmania donovani is discussed to alert physicians to the presence of this parasite as a cause of a potentially fatal disease. The children were probably infected with the organism in Spain.