bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF INTRAVENOUS ALIMENTATION
Authors: Ghadimi H. , Abaci F. , Kumar S. , Rathi M. 
Published: December 2021

Biochemical aspects of total parenteral alimentation in 10 patients (two low birth weight newborn infants and eight infants) for periods of 5 to 24 days were studied by:
A. Determination of concentration of amino acids and ammonia of two commercially available protein hydrolysates.
B. Analyses of blood and urine obtained before, during, and after parenteral alimentation for various biochemical parameters including amino acids, urea nitrogen, glucose, and osmolality.
The results showed that the protein hydrolysates contained a very high concentration of ammonia.
This inordinate amount of ammonia taxes the Krebs urea cycle and in premature infants enhances acidosis and respiratory distress syndrome. It also explains the abnormal liver function tests and hyperammonemia found concomitantly with infusion of protein hydrolysate. Another effect of infusion of protein hydrolysate, in conventional amount, is persistent hyperaminoacidemia.
Absent IgA Associated with Normal Chromosomes
Authors: Choi Yu Chien , Dallarie Louis , Eisen A. H. 
Published: December 2021

Absent immunoglobulin A (IgA) in serum and exocrine secretions has been noted in at least 6 of 19 patients who have an abnormality of chromosome 18.1-3 Since the frequency of this association exceeds the frequency of absent IgA in the normal population (between 0.14 and 0.42%),4 a causal relationship is presumed.
There is controversy as to the significance of these findings since abnormalities of chromosome 18 including ring formation and deletion of the long arm have been noted in patients who have normal levels of immunoglobulin A in the serum5 and patients who have elevated levels of immunoglobulin A in the serum.6
Breast Feeding without Pregnancy
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: December 2021

A 28-year-old white woman presented herself in my podiatric office with an adopted baby boy whom she was breast feeding. I asked her if she had been pregnant recently and had lost her child. She replied that she had never been pregnant, but during 3 years of marriage she had often tried to become pregnant but with no success.
She assured me her healthy, adopted boy nourished from her breast quite vigorously. The breasts showed a light pink areola tissue though the mother was a brunette.
Corporal Punishment in Schools— or Anywhere
Authors: Rothman Clifton B. 
Published: December 2021

The September issue of Pediatrics contains a letter from Dr. E. J. Turner1 with the quotation "Perhaps it was the licking I gave him which put him into shape." This brings to mind questions parents have asked about the use and value of corporal punishment in child rearing.
I would like to see this subject discussed both because of its importance to the child and to the parent during the growing-up years and also as it relates to the use of violence in adult interactions in our society.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Wegman Myron E. 
Published: December 2021

The letters of Dr. Friedmann and Dr. Blanton obviously represent a problem in communications, which I regret. In fact, one of my colleagues here had pointed out to me, on reading my paper, that while he understood my reference, it might easily be misinterpreted. Obviously, this has happened and I should have chosen other words.
My thought was that there are some people in our society who believe that blacks are infenor and who would presumably consider that the higher mortality of black infants and preschool children is only to be expected because of this.
ABO Hemolytic Disease, Complement, and Phagocytosis
Authors: Gordon B. D. 
Published: December 2021

The article by Drs. Wang and Desforges indicated that complement was not involved in ABO hemolytic disease because they could not detect it on red cells in such cases.
In 1964, Dr. Gordon Archer of the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Sydney, reported to the Second Annual Meeting of the Australian Society of Immunologists that red cells coated with anti-A or anti-B antibodies set up a strong chemotactic effect on polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils and eosinophils.
BABIES, HORMONES AND KIDNEYS—A NEW LOOK AT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: McCrory Wallace W. 
Published: December 2021

The role of cyclic AMP (adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate) in hormone action is now quite firmly established. Abundant evidence now demonstrates that after release from an endocrine gland a hormone (first messenger) is transported to its effector cell (target) where it interacts with the adenyl cyclase system to release cyclic AMP (second messenger) which acts intracellularly to carry out the work of the hormone.
In 1967, Chase and Aurbach demonstrated that urinary cyclic AMP, now known to be derived from both plasma and kidney, increased when parathormone (PTH) was administered to the rat and man. These workers also demonstrated a PTH-sensitive adenyl cyclase in the proximal tubules of the rat kidney and in fetal bone.
SERUM LIPIDS DURING SHORT-TERM HIGH GLUCOSE AND HIGH SUCROSE FEEDING IN INFANTS
Authors: Tamir I. , Epstein D. , Heldenberg D. , Levtow O. , Werbin B. 
Published: December 2021

The effects of short-term high glucose and high sucrose diets on serum lipids were estimated in six healthy infants aged 4 to 11 months. Each carbohydrate-rich diet was given for 5 days and preceded by 3 days of a "normal" diet. During the high CHO feeding, sucrose or glucose supplied 73% of the total caloric intake, while on the "normal" diet only 40% for the total caloric intake was derived from CHO (glucose only).
The percentage of total caloric intake supplied by protein was almost identical in the three diets used. An increase in serum triglyceride (TG) concentration, of almost equal magnitude, was seen following both high CHO feeding periods. Upon resumption of the "normal" diet, serum TG concentrations approached initial concentrations. No consistent changes occurred in total serum cholesterol concentrations or in total serum phospholipid concentrations. A significant increase in the percentage concentration of palmitoleic acid of serum triglyceride fatty acids occurred on both high CHO diets. This increase was slightly but not significantly greater following high sucrose feeding. A significant decrease in the percentage concentration of linoleic acid of serum triglyceride fatty acids occurred on both high CHO diets. This decrease was slightly but not significantly greater following high sucrose feeding. Therefore, it seems that on a short-term basis, high sucrose and high glucose feeding, in healthy infants, will result in similar changes in serum triglyceride concentrations and serum triglyceride fatty acid patterns.
KINKY HAIR DISEASE
Authors: Menkes John H. 
Published: December 2021

Despite many recent advances in our understanding of progressive degenerative diseases of the nervous system which have permitted us in some instances to define the underlying enzymatic defect and to detect the disease in utero, treatment for affected children has been nonexistent in almost all instances. The paper by Danks et al.1 in this issue of Pediatrics is, therefore, of considerable importance. It not only demonstrates the underlying cause for one of these disorders, Kinky Hair disease, but also suggests a relatively simple course of treatment.
Ten years ago a group of Residents from the Departments of Neurology, Pediatric Neurology, Neuropathology, and Dermatology described in this journal2 what appeared to be a new degenerative disease of the central nervous system.
Mucus, Calcium, Sweat, Water, and Permeability in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Boat Thomas F. , Mayo Joseph , Carlson Don M. , Doershuk Carl F. , Matthews Leroy W. 
Published: December 2021

Gibson et al.1 have proposed that mucus normally inhibits passive flow of water and small ions, but fails to perform this function adequately in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), due to excessive secretion of calcium for exocrine glands. Negus2 first suggested, without adequate experimental data, that epithelial mucins control water and electrolyte permeability. For reasons discussed here, this concept, and other facets of the Gibson hypothesis, are not supported by Gibson's investigations.
The authors developed an assay (Exp. I) for movement of water through films of submaxillary saliva (SMS) layered on dialysis membranes. When movement through CF and control films was compared, disparate relationships between film thickness and water permeability were observed.
A "Finger Equivalent" of the "Toe Tourniquet Syndrome"
Authors: Hack M. , Brish M. 
Published: December 2021

The communication by Dr. Quinn on the "Toe Tourniquet Syndrome" brings to mind a similar complication seen in our premature nursery in 1966.
A female premature infant, birthweight 1,200 gm, born after 28 weeks' gestation had an uneventful neonatal course.
It was the custom in the nursery, at that time, to put mittens on the hands of premature infants receiving nasal tube feeding to prevent them from removing the tube between feeds. The mittens were made of a soft flannel cloth and removed daily for laundering.
RULES FOR PLAYING WITH THE BABY—AS RECOMMENDED IN 1914
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

In the first edition (1914) of Infant Care, United States Children's Bureau Publication No. 8 (Washington, D.C.), parents were warned about playing with their baby as noted below:
The rule that parents should not play with the baby may seem hard, but it is without doubt a safe one. A young, delicate, or nervous baby especially needs rest and quiet, and however robust the child much of the play that is indulged in is more or less harmful. It is a great pleasure to hear the baby laugh and crow in apparent delight, but often the means used to produce the laughter, such as tickling, punching, or tossing makes him irritable and restless. It is a regrettable fact that the few minutes of play that the father has when he gets home at night, which is often almost the only time he has with the child, may result in nervous disturbance of the baby and upset his regular habits.
The mother should not kiss the baby directly on the mouth, nor permit others to do so, as infections of various kinds are spread in this way. She needs also to be cautioned about rocking the baby, jumping him up and down on her knee, tossing him, shaking his bed or carriage, and, in general, keeping him in constant motion. All these things disturb the baby's nerves and make him more and more dependent upon these attentions. But this is not to say that the baby should be left alone too completely.
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS DUE TO KANAMYCIN-RESISTANT, [R]-FACTOR CARRYING ENTERIC ORGANISMS IN AN INTENSIVE CARE NURSERY
Authors: Eisenach Kathleen Davis , Reber Rose Marie , Eitzman Donald V. , Baer Herman 
Published: December 2021

During a 12-month period, an infection rate of 10% with kanamycin-resistant, resistance-factor (R-factor) carrying enteric organisms was observed in 236 infants admitted to an intensive care nursery (ICN), with a mortality of 38%. Maternal and perinatal complications did not predispose to infection. In contrast, a combination of therapeutic procedures (surgery, use of penicillin and kanamycin, catheters, ventilation) was associated with increased risk of infection.
About 90% of the infants admitted to the ICN became colonized with the resistant organisms, and intestinal tract and groin showed the highest rate of colonization. The majority of the personnel in the ICN carried the organisms in the intestinal tract and on the hands. Handwashing with hexachlorophene failed to reduce the contamination significantly. While the main source of organisms was the colonized and/or infected infants, transmission probably occurred via the hands of personnel.
Removal of Coins in the Esophagus Using a Foley Catheter
Authors: Carlson David H. 
Published: December 2021

In an attempt to avoid esophagoscopy ferrous containing foreign bodies have been removed from the esophagus using a magnet under fluoroscopic control. In the case of smooth objects such as coins which present little danger of perforation, a well lubricated Levine tube has been used to push the coin into the stomach. The use of a Foley catheter both with and without fluoroscopic control has been advocated but except for some unpublished material from our own institution, no large series has been amassed.
The technique consists of inserting a well lubricated #10 French Foley catheter with a 5-cc bag through the nose, well past the level of the coin. In our experience, the coins are usually impacted just below the cricopharyngeus.
DRUG INTERACTIONS—PART III
Authors: Soyka Lester F. 
Published: December 2021

ENZYME induction is defined as an increase in the specific activity of enzymes which metabolize foreign substances (e.g., drugs, chemicals, and insecticides) and certain endogenous compounds (e.g., steroids and fatty acids). In practice, activity, rather than actual enzyme protein mass relative to structural cellular components, is usually determined. Most of the drug-metabolizing (microsomal) enzymes are in the liver; however, lesser activity is found in the skin, placenta, kidney, lung, etc., and induction in these organs has been demonstrated.
In 1956 Conney et al.1 observed that chronic administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) caused an increase in its own rate of metabolism, thereby decreasing its carcinogenic potential. Remmer and Merker2 found that the tolerance of animals to chronic barbiturate administration was partly due to an increased rate of metabolic inactivation, and that hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes resulted from such treatment.
Subsequent investigations have shown that more than 200 drugs and chemicals cause enzyme induction in animals3 and several of these are known to be active in man. Inducers are of three types: small organic molecules, e.g., phenobarbital; chlorinated hydrocarbons, e.g., DDT; and polycydic hydrocarbons, e.g., the environmental polycyclic carcinogens 3-MC and 3,4 benzpyrene.
Many clinical reports indicate that important modifications of a drug's effectiveness and safety may arise through induction during continued administration, or through concurrent administration of other drugs. These modifications are: (1) a decrease in effectiveness from acceleration of the rate of inactivation and excretion, (2) an increase in effectiveness from an increase in the rate of biotransformation to an active metabolite, or (3) either of these arising from the action of a previously or concurrently administered inducing drug.
MANAGEMENT OF INTUSSUSCEPTION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN: A SURVEY BASED ON 288 CONSECUTIVE CASES
Authors: Gierup Jan , Jorulf Håkan , Livaditis Alexander 
Published: December 2021

A consecutive series of 288 patients with intussusception is presented. It is shown that radiologic examination, including barium enema, is necessary to establish an early and accurate diagnosis.
Barium enema reduction was the preferred therapeutic method. The reduction rate in relation to symptoms, duration of illness, type and site of intussusception, intestinal obstruction, and organic lead points is appraised. The reduction rate during the last decade was 87%.
HUMAN FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION: II. ENERGY METABOLISM IN LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Yoshida T. , Metcoff J. , Morales M. , Rosado A. , Sosa A. , Yoshida P. , Urrusti J. , Frenk S. , Velasco L. 
Published: December 2021

This study was initiated to determine if there was a unique pattern for certain cell energy functions in leukocytes of mothers and their small for gestational age (IUM) infants at the time of birth. Further, the study attempted to determine if these patterns of cell energy functions were similar to those found in infants with severe postnatal protein-calorie malnutrition.
In leukocytes, the protein/DNA ratio (cell size) was larger in the IUM infants (cord blood) and their mothers than in those of the full-term (FT) and premature (AGA) groups. The contents of ATP, total adenine nucleotides, pyruvic kinase (PK), and adenylate kinase (AK) in leukocytes of IUM infants were significantly lower than those of the ACA and FT infants.
The energy charge of the adenylate system was calculated from the content of adenine nucleotides (ATP + ½ ADP) ÷ (ATP + ADP + AMP). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups.
A new parameter of cellular energy metabolism was suggested, based on the functional relationship between ATP and ADP which can be partially regulated by AK. Tentatively, this relationship is called the "energy capacity" and is quantified as (ATP + ½ ADP) x AK. The energy capacity in leukocytes of the IUM infants and their mothers was significantly lower than that of the FT and AGA infants and their mothers, respectively.
On the whole, the altered pattern of energy metabolism in leukocytes of the IUM infants was similar to that found in young infants with severe postnatal protein-calorie malnutrition, thus adding further support to the concept that fetal growth retardation is a manifestation of malnutrition in utero.
The similarity of enzyme pattern and adenine nucleotide contents between maternal and cord blood leukocytes at the time of delivery suggests some interrelation between energy metabolism in mothers and their fetuses.
CALORIE DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN WITH UREMIA: EFFECT UPON GROWTH
Authors: Holliday Malcolm A. 
Published: December 2021

Appetite failure leading to caloric deficiency is a factor in the poor growth of children with chronic renal disease. Management of these children on chronic hemodialysis has afforded an opportunity to examine the consequences of caloric deficiency, the role of appetite, and the value of supplying extra calories to improve growth.
The choice of caloric deficiency in uremia as the subject for the first William Wallace Lecture is fitting because of William Wallace's lifelong interest in nutrition and growth. Dr. Wallace had an ability to examine old problems and dogmas from new perspectives and provoked his associates to join him in these inquiries; his paper on "Why and How are Children Fat?" raised questions about the physiological and emotional factors which might cause children to eat in excess of calorie expenditure and become too fat.
The opposite problem, malnutrition or caloric deficiency, is presented by children with renal failure. In this lecture I would like to review the energy requirements of normal children during growth, the factors which can limit food intake and lead to caloric deficiency in sickness, and the special reasons why children with uremia are more prone to develop calorie deficiency than adults. The term calorie balance or expenditure is used rather than energy balance or expenditure because the amount of calorie intake is the critical factor I wish to examine.
CALORIE REQUIREMENTS AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF CALORIE DEFICIENCY
An understanding of the normal relation of calorie expenditure to body size and composition as growth proceeds is a prerequisite to a consideration of the greater susceptibility of children with uremia to calorie deficiency.
BURN ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Antoon Alia Y. , Volpe Joseph J. , Crawford John D. 
Published: December 2021

Numerous reports suggest that burn encephalopathy has an obscure etiology. It has been our experience, however, that the cause is usually readily discovered.
Neurological disturbances ranging from hallucination, personality changes, and delirium to seizures and coma were encountered in 20 children among 140 admitted with acute thermal injury to our unit during a two-year period. Encephalopathy was not restricted to children with the most extensive burns. Hypoxia was the principal determinant in nine of the 20 cases, hypovolemia in one, sepsis in four, hvponatremia in four, while cortical vein thrombosis was the cause of focal seizures in one child. In but a single patient was the cause obscure. Encephalopathy associated with hypertension or hypercalcemia was not encountered.
Ten children succumbed to their burns. Only one died as a primary result of his central nervous system insult, the rest having been lost because of uncontrolled infections. All survivors of encephalopathic episodes showed virtually complete neurological recovery despite severe and prolonged symptoms in several of the children.
REPORT OF A CASE OF PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY AND PREGNANCY IN 1834
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

In 1834 Dr. D. Rowlett of Kentucky reported the following remarkable occurrence of precocious puberty and pregnancy in a 10-year-old girl.
Sally Deweese, daughter of John Deweese, was born in Butler county, Kentucky, on the 7th of April, 1824. She was of the ordinary size, but her hips and breasts began to grow rapidly in a few weeks after she was born, and at twelve months of age she began to menstruate, and her hips and breasts had become so large as to be the objects of common remark; and as she took no pains to conceal her condition, her menstruating so young, became a fact of public notoriety, which continued regular till some time in the year 1833, when she became pregnant, and on the 20th day of April, 1834, she was delivered of a healthy female child, weighing seven and three-fourth pounds. Thus, at the age of ten years and thirteen days, she became the mother of a child of ordinary size; which, however, refused to suck her, and has been so far raised by the bottle. It is as healthy as is usual for children to be when raised from the bottle, and at the time of taking these notes it weighed eight and three-fourth pounds, and its mother weighed one hundred pounds. She was four feet seven inches high and had the countenance of a girl not exceeding her in years, but is as intelligent as girls generally are at her age.
She was the fifteenth child her mother had given birth to, and was born when her mother was forty-five years of age.
THE SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
Authors: Forsyth William B. , Allen John E. , Brinkley Joseph W. , Chenoweth Alice D. , Hunter Gertrude , Miller Roland E. , North A. Frederick , Schloesser Patricia T. , Siegel Earl , Wagner Marsden G. , Mindlin Rowland L. , Clayton Robert J. , Friedman David B. , Peters Ann DeHuff 
Published: December 2021

The finding of an apparently healthy infant dead in his crib is as big a shock to physicians as to the parents. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a definite entity that cannot be predicted and, therefore, cannot be prevented. Commonly known as "crib death" or "cot death," SIDS causes approximately 10,000 infant deaths each year in the United States. It is responsible for approximately three deaths of every 1,000 births. After the first week of life, SIDS is the most important single cause of death of infants under 1 year of age; it ranks second only to accidents as the greatest cause of death in children less than 15 years of age. It is more frequent in winter months, has a higher incidence in males and among lower socioeconomic groups, and has a peak incidence at 3 months of age. SIDS can he confirmed, but not explained, at autopsy by changes in the tissues of the respiratory system and the absence of other lethal lesions.
This statement was prepared to provide guidelines for the pediatrician for his contact with the family and the agencies in the community when SIDS occurs.
Because guilt feelings are usually associated with SIDS, the parents will need counsel and support to help alleviate these feelings, especially when they begin to wonder what they did wrong. The family should be encouraged to talk freely about their feelings, and they can be told about the usual reactions to losing a child. The counseling given initially may not be effective because of the emotional shock immediately following the infant's death; therefore, the pediatrician should again meet with the family a day or two after the death.