bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foundations II
Authors: Lærke Mogens 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Spinoza’s doctrine of the social contract and his understanding of natural law and natural right. Contrasting his views with those of Hobbes, it interprets the social contract not as a logical, historical, or causal account of the state’s foundations, but as a fictive narrative, grounded entirely in the imagination, that citizens in a free republic must embrace in order to prevent mutual persecution and ensure collective security. It also argues how such a reading of the social contract can help resolve fundamental tensions between the Tractatus theologico-politicus and the later Tractatus politicus that until now have been most convincingly explained in terms of a fundamental theoretical evolution between Spinoza’s two political treatises.
Before the Ink Dries
Authors: Greig Matilda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Peninsular War veterans often faced a difficult transition back into civilian society after the conflict, receiving inadequate pay and little official commemoration. This led to a common fear, expressed explicitly in their memoirs, that their stories had not been and would not be properly told. This chapter demonstrates that many soldiers-turned-authors deliberately used their autobiographies to take issue with the academic, historical record of the war. It reveals that, in Spain, the first official history of the Peninsular War was written by a group of veterans, who helped to choose the Spanish name for the conflict: la Guerra de la Independencia. It then shows how veterans’ memoirs contributed to the creation of distinct national narratives of the war in Spain, Britain, and France, examining different representations of the ‘Other’, depictions of the guerrilla war and its leaders, and praise or criticism for the regular army.
The Myth of the Accidental Author
Authors: Greig Matilda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the concept of soldiers as professional authors, confronting the enduring myth of ‘accidental’ military autobiography. In their prefaces, veterans of the Peninsular War frequently confessed their astonishment at having produced long, descriptive memoirs, professing not to have the slightest literary talent nor education, nor the least authorial ambition, claims that have largely been taken at face value by historians. Using evidence from publishers’ archives, this chapter reveals the immense editing, publishing, and marketing activity that in fact underlay the facade of the simple soldier’s tale. It shows the authors of many Peninsular War memoirs to have been actively involved in the publication of their books, knowledgeable about the industry, and eager for success in the literary rather than military world, raising questions for future historians about the tension between ‘authentic’ eyewitness testimony and edited accounts.
Scribblomania
Authors: Greig Matilda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The end of the Napoleonic Wars coincided with a phenomenal rise in the number and variety of war memoirs being written by veterans of all ranks, yet historians have mostly argued that these books made little impact on the general reading public. This chapter overturns that idea. It uses research into publishers’ archives, library catalogues, and later editions of Peninsular War memoirs to demonstrate that these soldiers’ tales sold well, made significant profits for their editors and publishers, and became increasingly imitated and parodied as the nineteenth century went on (including by Sherlock Holmes author Arthur Conan Doyle). It argues that these books should be seen as part of a commercial genre of war writing, with the curated representations of conflict they contained being deliberately marketed to different readers via cheap or luxury editions, illustrations, and decorative bindings.
Editors and Afterlives
Authors: Greig Matilda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter reveals the complex afterlives of Peninsular War memoirs, many of which outlived their authors and continued to be published and re-published in different formats over the long nineteenth century. It considers the many different groups of people involved behind the scenes in the production of a Napoleonic military memoir: family members, especially women; editors; publishers; indexers; printers; illustrators; archivists; lawyers; even luxury booksellers. It shows in detail the alterations that were made to veterans’ autobiographies over time, from omitting or adding sections of text to changing the title, inserting portraits of the author, or commissioning artist’s impressions of his battles. Along the way, some war memoirs underwent an almost total transformation, becoming dry family biographies, ‘boy’s own’ adventure stories, regimental histories, consumer objects, or, in the decades before the First World War in Britain and France, tools for national military education, targeted to children.
The Colombian Model of Structural Socio-economic Rights Remedies
Authors: Landau David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an empirical analysis of the Colombian Constitutional Court's experience with structural injunctions, which is one of its greatest and most distinctive achievements. It argues that the approach towards socio-economic rights adjudication should be assertive, while avoiding the complete encroachment on the legislative and executive branches. The influence of political context and cost highlights a key point: the Colombian model should best be viewed as an invitation for further development and guided experimentation, rather than as a fixed formula for success. The chapter then argues that the Colombian Court should seek ways to develop different types of monitoring mechanisms that are less expensive and that respond to variations in political context. Constitutional experimentalism is the key to this approach. Economic and institutional constraints should be considered when deciding how courts should intervene to secure socio-economic rights.
The Inter-Institutional Dimension of the Fundamental Rights RevolutionThe Colombian–American Implications of the Franco-European Experience
Authors: Lasser Mitchel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a comparative study between the judiciaries of France/Europe and Colombia/Latin America, in the context of the 'fundamental rights revolution'. After explaining the Franco-European system of interaction, it assesses what this analysis may suggest regarding the elaboration of human rights jurisprudence in Colombia and other Latin American countries that operate under the Inter-American Human Rights System. Whereas Colombia has distinct 'judicial hierarchies' (Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and State Council), there is only one court at the international level: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (ICtHR). This is one of the key differentiators with the European system, where there is an institutional competition in the fundamental rights front between the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Therefore, the differences amongst the systems affect the circulation and intensification of fundamental rights in the Latin American context.
Jus ad vim
Authors: Brunstetter Daniel R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Jus ad vim is the set of moral principles governing the decision to use limited force. This chapter interrogates the moral permissions and restraints of these principles by recalibrating the traditional jus ad bellum criteria (just cause, last resort, proportionality, probability of success, right intention, and legitimate authority) and delineating the novel probability of escalation principle. The chapter begins with an illustration of just cause for vim, which is more permissive than for bellum, meaning there are more moral reasons to use limited force than to go to war. The concern that this view of just cause would lower the threshold for violence too far is called the permissiveness critique. The remainder of the chapter charts a course of restraint ad vim. Recalibrating last resort yields the moral independence thesis, the view that acts of limited force should not be conceived as part of the actions leading to war but rather should be thought of as an alternative set of options, while the Rubicon assessment is the deliberation process to discern what level of force is justified. The restrictive core of jus ad vim lies in satisfying a new criterion—the probability of escalation principle, which blends elements of the jus ad bellum proportionality and probability of success criteria to conceive the risks of using limited force. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how right intention and legitimate authority can be reinterpreted in a limited force context to curtail acting too easily on just cause.
The Soviet Doctrine on the Right to Self-Determination Revisited
Authors: Socher Johannes 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical rereading of the history of self-determination by revisiting the Soviet Union’s contribution to its evolution from a political principle to an international legal right. It argues that the history of the right to self-determination as a concept of international law starts with the Russian Revolution and not with Wilson’s famous Fourteen Points. Moreover, it highlights that the Soviet Union was the decisive force behind the codification of the right to self-determination in international legal instruments following the Second World War, while at the same time it modified or even perverted its meaning and content in its sphere of influence, most notoriously through the later so-called Brezhnev Doctrine. A discussion on how self-determination was theorized and debated in Soviet international law scholarship up until the collapse of the Soviet Union completes the picture.
Russia, the Right to Self-Determination and Sovereignty
Authors: Socher Johannes 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 is the first of three chapters analysing Russia’s post-Soviet state practice with regard to the right to self-determination in the territory of the former Soviet Union. It shows that for situations inside the Russian Federation, the Russian constitutional order acknowledges the right of peoples to self-determination, albeit strictly within its territorial boundaries and with a sometimes unusual or even flawed argumentation. In the Russian Constitution, the right of peoples to self-determination appears in two central provisions, but unlike its Soviet predecessors, it does not recognize a constitutional right of secession. Furthermore, the right to self-determination of a single ethnic group in Russia is said to be always trumped by Russia’s state sovereignty and territorial unity. Consequently, a right of secession is also dismissed in Russian constitutional doctrine. Two case studies on the conflicts over Chechnya and Tatarstan confirm this general assessment. In both cases, the Russian Constitutional Court discussed the relationship between the right to self-determination and Russia’s territorial integrity in two separate court decisions, and in both instances arrived at the conclusion that international law does not provide for a right of secession.
Where It All Began
Authors: Wampler Brian , McNulty Stephanie , Touchton Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Latin America is PB’s birthplace and the region where it was first widely adopted. PB currently exists in almost every country of this region of the world. This chapter documents PB development in Brazil, its spread from Brazil to other countries as well as PB’s transformation since the 1990s, when it changed from a social justice program to a policy tool that promotes citizen empowerment and community mobilization. Latin America also led the way with the first mandated programs, as Peru’s national government was the first country in the world to require that all subnational governments adopt PB. Latin American PB programs are among the most studied in the world, which means that solid research findings identify when and where PB produces significant social and political change. Most importantly, there are many comparative, longitudinal, and large-N studies from Brazil that demonstrate that PB is generating positive change. But, research on other countries, such as Peru and Mexico, suggest that PB’s impact is much weaker in those countries. The chapter provides a summary of the rich body of evidence that has emerged since 1989, and describes PB in Brazil, Peru, El Salvador, and Mexico.
The Myth and What it Achieves
Authors: Betegh Gábor 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChapter 4 discusses Statesman 268d5-277c6: why the myth does not fully deliver what it was expected to deliver, and what it achieves instead; in addition, focusing on the notion of kinship (sungeneia), the chapter also suggests how the myth could contribute to the statesman’s efforts to create the fabric of society. The first part of the chapter considers why the Eleatic Visitor in the Statesman switches from dialectic to telling a myth, what he expects from the myth, and why he feels that the myth only partially delivered what he expected. Even the negative results lead to important lessons: a myth cannot be directly subservient to dialectic, and telling good myths requires a distinct skill set. The second part of the chapter shows how the cosmological myth prepares the ground for the central positive outcome of the dialogue. In painting a vivid image of the human condition in the present cosmic age, the myth shows the natural kinship linking all humans, and emphasizes the importance of family ties and of cooperation. It could therefore be used for educational purposes by the true statesman who is tasked with creating the fabric of society by forging and fostering the bonds between citizens.
Plato on Normative Measurement
Authors: Barney Rachel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChapter 6 addresses how the passage Statesman 283b1-287b3 centres on the Eleatic Visitor’s argument for the existence of normative measure: a kind of measure which is ‘due’ or ‘right’, and not reducible to the merely comparative kind. Normative measure is what the arts [technai] strive to instantiate, so that the existence of the arts is impossible without it. In the form of the kairos, the ‘right moment’, it is crucial to the art of the statesman in particular. The passage thus belongs to a constellation of Platonic texts in which the ideas of measure and craft are closely connected with each other, and central to his thinking about objectivity, rationality, and right action; these are also part of his engagement with sophistic thought, and Protagoras in particular.
Civic Function and the Taxonomy of Skills
Authors: Carpenter Amber D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChapter 7 focusses on Statesman 287b4-290e9 and treats the Eleatic Visitor’s claims that dichotomous division is not always necessary or possible (287b10-c5), and that applying the paradigm of weaving to the city will reveal the nature of statecraft (287a7-b2). This chapter attempts to make good these claims by showing that the Visitor’s way of proceeding is substantially informative in a way that dichotomous division would not be. Following the weaving paradigm’s non-dichotomous division enables the Visitor to lay bare the functional parts of the city, and to show that what is necessary for political life ought to be organized for the sake of political life – and, conversely, that it is the business of statecraft so to organize the necessary conditions for its own existence. Finally, the hierarchy of causes of the city lays the groundwork for determining which polis-constituting activities can lay best claim to care for the city in the way distinctive of statecraft.
Statecraft as a Ruling, Caring, and Weavingdunamis
Authors: Lane Melissa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChapter 10 focusses on Statesman 303d4-305e7 and considers the Visitor’s seemingly three definitions of statecraft in the dialogue: 305c10-d5, 305e2-6, and 311b7-c7. By focusing on the role of the dunamis of given forms of expertise, and the metaphorical method of smelting metals at work in this section of the dialogue, it argues that a definition of statecraft (hē politikē) as ruling, caring, and weaving is reached in 305e2-6 and then fleshed out in 311b7-c7 by the explication of the ergon (task) which it is the role of that dunamis to accomplish. This is broadly consonant with a passage in Republic 5 identifying any given dunamis in terms of that over which it is set and what it accomplishes (apergazetai), a schema filled out in the Statesman by explicit reference to the ergon of a dunamis (305c4-5). Political expertise is not a passive body of knowledge but rather actively and precisely organized toward the realization of its distinctive task.
The Spirit of Democracy
Authors: Näsström Sofia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHow does one revitalize democracy in times of crisis? Democracy is today challenged by populism and elitism, as well as by the resurgence of new forms of authoritarianism. The Spirit of Democracy: Corruption, Disintegration, Renewal shows that while we have good reasons to worry about the corruption of democratic practices and ideals, these worries are often attributable to questionable assumptions about what democracy is. Drawing on Montesquieu’s classical work on the spirit of laws, the book sets out to reconceive the ways in which we understand and conceptualize modern democracy: from sovereignty to spirit. According to Montesquieu, different political forms are animated and sustained by different spirits: a republic by virtue, a monarchy by honor, and a despotic form by fear. This book argues that modern democracy is a sui generis political form animated and sustained by a spirit of emancipation. The removal of divine, natural, and historical authorities in political affairs unleashes a fundamental uncertainty about the purpose and direction of society. In a democracy, we respond to that uncertainty by sharing and dividing it equally. It emancipates us from a state of self-incurred tutelage. Based on this argument, the book develops a new theoretical framework for studying the corruption, disintegration, and renewal of democracy: what it is, how it begins, and where in society it plays out.
Democratic Freedom
Authors: Näsström Sofia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe chapter explores the meaning of democratic freedom. Building on the work of Hannah Arendt, it demonstrates that the long-standing debate between liberalism and republicanism does not exhaust the meaning of freedom. There is a unique conception of democratic freedom built into the democratic revolution, defined as the capacity to begin anew. The chapter clarifies what is democratic about this conception, and how it differs from positive freedom, conventionally understood. It shows that democratic freedom, defined as the capacity to begin anew offers a much-needed alternative to the many liberal and republican conceptions of freedom that dominate contemporary political theory, including freedom as non-interference, non-domination and self-determination.
Urban Gun Violence
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Gun violence is a national threat and no more so than in the nation’s urban communities, particularly taking its toll on people of color. Self-help organizations focused on gun violence are vehicles for the dead to speak to us and let us not forget that they once lived among us. These voices are captured and amplified through these organizations—their family becomes our family. The headlines their deaths created are not allowed to be relegated to history and continue to live, giving meaning to a profound social justice cause. This book honors those who have died and continues to give voice to their lives and prevent others from joining this chorus. The theme that we must forgive ourselves before we can forgive the offender is strong and pervasive among those who are survivors and engaged in self-help initiatives.
Where There Is No Formal Social Welfare System for an Indigenous People
Authors: Otenyo Eric E. , Harris Michelle , Askew Kelly 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter on “Where There Is No Formal Social Welfare System for an Indigenous People: Entrepreneurship, Watchmen, and the Reinvention of the Maasai Warrior” addresses the transformation of the Maasai moranism (warrior society). As a marginalized indigenous group, the Maasai have not benefitted from any important social welfare or safety net programs. The chapter interrogates the evolution of an entrepreneurial spirit among young Maasai men who have joined the ranks of the massive informal sector to become watchmen (security guards) in cities and small townships in both Kenya and Tanzania. The chapter draws from ethnographic narratives about the “fierceness” of the Maasai in global capitalist expansion and their economic marginalization. The overriding question is: In what ways is the proliferation of the phenomenon of Maasai watchmen a reaction to the community’s marginalization?
Social Enterprise in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Yi-jung 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In “Social Enterprise in Taiwan: Economic and Social Welfare Transition,” the author introduces the economic and welfare journey of Taiwan over the past century and discusses how the newly blossomed business model of social enterprise shapes the social welfare and economic disciplines in the modern development of Taiwan. The implication of social enterprise starts in 2007. The planning process reveals the interdependency between economic and welfare development and extends the discussions to public–private collaboration on resolving social problems. In 2014, the government announced its phase-one plan “2014–2016 Social Enterprise Action Plan.” The Ministries of Labor, Economic Affairs, Interior, and Health and Welfare have collaborated for policy integration and action planning since then. By the end of 2019, there were 455 various-sized enterprises registered on the list of social innovative organizations. Many social enterprises progress to become B corporations. By November 2019, there were already 25 B corporations in Taiwan, with 8 of them honored as “the best for the world 2019.”
Integrating Economic and Social Development
Authors: Briar-Lawson Katharine , Miah Mizanur R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In “Integrating Social and Economic Development: Rationale, Models, and Limitations,” multiple levels of social and economic development are examined. In most nations, economic development is not well connected to social development, especially social welfare and social protections. This chapter explores more progressive development that offsets distorted development and its harms. Special attention is devoted to the well-being of the social entrepreneur and ecosystems of support. Integrative approaches are addressed, including conceptual frames, the leadership of the United Nations and its Sustainable Development Goals, and some of the academic disciplines that can contribute to more integrative thinking, approaches, policies, and research. Mechanisms for integration are discussed, along with attention to growth that promotes more inclusive economies.
The Rise of Islam
Authors: Potter David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter opens with the youth of Muhammad, on the fringes of the Roman and Persian empires, then the environmental catastrophe that weakened the two empires, followed by immensely destructive wars which weaken both powers. Muhammad’s movement is initially a reform movement directed at other Arabs. After Muhammad’s death, his followers begin a series of wars which result in the destruction of the Persian empire and the radical diminution of Rome. After the initial period of conquests there is a need to discover a governing ideology, which is achieved by the use that ‘Abd al-Malik makes of the teaching of Muhammad.