bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructions as discourse-restrained flexible prototypes
Authors: Östman Jan-Ola 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Constructions are abstractions of resources we have available as ways of expressing ourselves. The study argues
for the feasibility of seeing constructions as flexible prototypes in terms of which we categorize the world: constructions have
few if any necessary and sufficient conditions that are always applicable. As support for this view, an analysis of the
correlative TatT-construction in English is carried out, indicating that even if we can set up a dozen
characteristics of the construction, none of them are necessary for an expression to be characterized as an instance of the
construction. Furthermore, for constructional analyses to be truly usage-based, variations within prototypes have to be
explicated. A Construction Discourse approach is used to show how pragmatic and discourse factors can distinguish and afford
particular meanings and functions to non-prototypical instances of a construction.
What is an alternation?
Authors: Pijpops Dirk 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAn important subset of the empirical research conducted within usage-based construction grammar is formed by alternation studies. Still, it is not always clear what exactly qualifies as an alternation. This paper takes stock of six possible ways of defining an alternation. Three of these definitions are argued to be particularly suitable for the research program of usage-based construction grammar. The paper zooms in on those and discusses their practical consequences and (dis)advantages.
Why we avoid the ‘Multiple Inheritance’ issue in Usage-based Cognitive Construction Grammar
Authors: Sommerer Lotte 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This squib revisits the phenomenon of ‘Multiple Inheritance’ (MI) and discusses reasons why many usage-based,
cognitive construction grammarians seem to be avoiding it when modeling the constructicon and linguistic knowledge. After a brief
discussion of the concept and some examples from the literature, the paper examines potential reasons for the apparent
disinterest. Finally, the author points to some open questions regarding MI by discussing a specific example, namely modified NPN
constructions like day after hellish day or hour after hour of dominoes. It can be argued that
these strings inherit their characteristic features from several different abstract templates.
Iconicity and word-formation
Authors: Tarasova Elizaveta , Sánchez Fajardo José A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article aims to encourage a discussion of how evaluative morphemes conform to the principles of iconicity and Construction Grammar through the examination of English Adj+ie/ynominalisations (e.g.brownie, softie). Our analysis of the Adj+ie/yparadigm investigates conceptual processes that employ these evaluative morphological forms. We propose a Bidirectional Conceptualisation Model (BCM) to demonstrate a templatic correlation between iconic morphological components and evaluative connotations, by means of which the suffix -ie/yis employed to instantiate a specific iconic value of the [[x-]Aie/y]Nconstruction. The BCM incorporates the Diminution: Pejoration ↔ Endearment scale, which accounts for the semantic duality of appreciative and depreciative values realised by the morphological concept ofdiminution. The results of the study support the idea that superficially different functions realised by one and the same morphological form are related through interaction of Idealised Cognitive Models.
Greenhouses and protected cultivation.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Protected cultivation of horticultural crops involves the use of structures, barriers, films, mulches, screens, glass and other materials to provide a modified and more favourable environment for optimal plant growth. The main objectives of this environmental modification are multiple and include protection from damaging natural elements such as wind, rain, hail, snow, frost, cold/high temperatures, excessive light, insects and predators, as well as providing conditions which increase yields and quality. Further advantages of modern protected cultivation structures now incorporate the efficient use of increasingly scarce water, fertilizer, energy and land resources with greater productivity per unit area. This allows production in regions otherwise unfavourable for cropping as well as for out-of-season supply of fresh local produce worldwide.
Plant growth regulators in crop management.
Authors: Taylor Mary 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Overbeek et al. (1954) defined plant hormones as 'regulators produced by plants, which in low concentrations regulate plant physiological processes. Hormones usually move within the plant from a site of production to a site of action'. Plant hormones can exert their influence on tissues in the site of origin/production - mainly meristems and growing fruits - or they can be translocated to sites far removed from their origin/production (Rademacher, 2015). Plant hormones enable plants to react to internal and external stimuli and include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Brassinosteroids, jasmonates, salicylic acid, polyamines and florigen are currently considered hormones.
Postharvest storage.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Successful postharvest storage of horticultural produce is a vital aspect of feeding the world's population and has been so for as long as crops have been cultivated. Many fruit, nut, grain, vegetable, cut flower and ornamental crops deteriorate rapidly postharvest unless specific treatments, curing, drying or temperatures are maintained to slow the rate of respiration and reduce the occurrence of fungal and bacterial decay. Postharvest storage aims to preserve the desirable characteristics and nutritional quality of produce for as long as is required before consumption. Along with this, food safety during storage is a major consideration as is consumer perception of appearance, taste and increasingly these days, convenience and nutrition.
Crop protection.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Crop protection procedures have existed since the first attempts at early agriculture. While cultivation of a vast range of crops is vital our existence, these same plants are highly attractive to a diverse range of invertebrate and vertebrate pests, and disease pathogens. Competition from weed species also occurs on a worldwide scale. Even with the many forms of crop protection practised today, losses due to pests and diseases range from 10 to 90%, with an average of 35-40% for all potential food and fibre crops (Peshin, 2002).
Integrated crop management.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Integrated crop management (ICM) is an all-inclusive, holistic approach to sustainable food production that focuses on conserving natural resources. One of the main objectives is to blend the use of modern technology with time proven methods of crop production, maintenance of soil fertility and care for the natural environment as part of an economically-viable horticultural business. Horticultural practices that avoid or minimise waste and pollution, incorporate energy efficiency, reduce external farm inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, and follow a long term strategy for conservation and management, are the basis of this system. Resource management is a key feature of integrated crop management to minimise the consumption of non-renewable resources, while at the same time safeguarding the environment and biodiversity of the land used for food production. Integrated crop management is often defined as a 'whole farm system' where the requirements for production of an economic product are balanced with the care of the land and environmental considerations. While integrated crop management seems a simple concept to understand, the implementation and approaches taken vary considerably depending on the site, production system, crops and many other factors. Being site specific means that individual producers must plan and develop their own individualised integrated crop management programme based on their local needs, crops, resources and areas for improvement.
Postharvest transport.
Authors: Thompson A Keith 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background: It was estimated that over 73 million tonnes of fruit and vegetables are traded globally each year with a value of some $US45 billion (£34 billion). Less developed countries play an important role in this trade, accounting for about a third. A number of factors were cited for the ongoing increase of fruit and vegetable exports from less developed countries. These include their comparatively lower labour and input costs, as well as the world-wide development of better production and storage techniques, improved logistics and transport (Legge et al., 2006). With the current climate change transport of fruit and vegetables can clearly contribute to greenhouse gases, but they form a mainstay in the export earnings that are crucial to the economies of many less developed countries. Schafer et al. (2014) investigated the carbon footprint of asparagus from four sources to supply the German market. Their product carbon footprint was 1.75 kg CO2 e/kg (carbon dioxide equivalent) for the locally grown asparagus, 0.82-1.3 kg CO2 e/kg from Turkey or Greece by truck and 8 kg CO2 e/kg air-freighted from Peru. Michalsky and Hooda (2015) compared apples, cherries, strawberries, garlic and peas air-freighted into the UK with those produced locally. They found that those imported from non-European countries contained, on average, embedded greenhouse gas emissions of 10.16 kg CO2 e/kg (production, air-freight and distribution within the UK) compared to 0.5 kg CO2 e/kg emissions for those produced and supplied locally. However, MacGregor and Vorley (2006) argued that over one million livelihoods in Africa are supported by UK consumption of imported fresh fruit and vegetables, and not buying air-freighted fresh produce from Africa would reduce total emissions by less than 0.1%.
Design and Analysis of Tractor Roll Over Protective Structure for the Influence of Deformation, Stress Distribution and Strain Energy
Authors: Sakthivel M , Dhandapani N V , Vetriselvan V , Arunachalam J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Roll over protective structure is an important safety device used to ensure that the tractor operator is free from injury when an accident happen. In case of tractor moving in an inclined plane (or) overturning, may be the tractor met with an accident due to roll over (or) fall over of the tractor. Sometimes, tractor may unbalance due to change the position of Centre of Gravity. Designer is to provide safe environment for the tractor operator during an accident. So that roll over protective structure is to save the life of tractor operator and protect from death. Therefore, ROPS design in the tractor by model, static and dynamic analysis as per the ISO 3471:2008 standard before prototype development. The main objective of this paper is to determine the ROPS stress distribution and deformation accurately under different load conditions by finite element method.
Enhanced Handshake based Multiple Access Broadcast Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Kalpana S. , Sathish Kumar D. , Pradeepa K. , Rama S. , Nishanthi P. , Priyadharshini G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this environment, transmitting data to the end user becomes energy consuming, because broadcasting a packet does reach all neighbours but only the neighbours who are all awake at the time can receive the packets quickly. A hub can ahead its bundle to all partners by continually transmitting the parcel for an entire wake-up span, anyway it prompts high vitality admission and high scattering delay. Here, Enhanced Handshake based two or three access conventions is proposed. Every hub advances the parcel, as long as there might be a neighbouring hub that has now not got the bundle yet. As additional hubs procure the parcel, transmit length of the sender will turn out to be longer, subsequently ingesting more quality. Since the request for scattering is diverse each time, power admission is obviously adjusted a portion of the hubs, without unequivocal measures.
Silent control: microbial plant pathogens evade host immunity without coding sequence changes
Authors: Chen Han , Raffaele Sylvain , Dong Suomeng 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBoth animals and plants have evolved a robust immune system to surveil and defeat invading pathogenic microbes. Evasion of host immune surveillance is the key for pathogens to initiate successful infection. To evade the host immunity, plant pathogens evolved a variety of strategies such as masking themselves from host immune recognitions, blocking immune signaling transductions, reprogramming immune responses and adapting to immune microenvironmental changes. Gain of new virulence genes, sequence and structural variations enables plant pathogens to evade host immunity through changes in the genetic code. However, recent discoveries demonstrated that variations at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational and glycome level enable pathogens to cope with the host immune system without coding sequence changes. The biochemical modification of pathogen associated molecular patterns and silencing of effector genes emerged as potent ways for pathogens to hide from host recognition. Altered processing in mRNA activities provide pathogens with resilience to microenvironment changes. Importantly, these hiding variants are directly or indirectly modulated by catalytic enzymes or enzymatic complexes and cannot be revealed by classical genomics alone. Unveiling these novel host evasion mechanisms in plant pathogens enables us to better understand the nature of plant disease and pinpoints strategies for rational diseases management in global food protection.
Associations of Neighborhood Walkability and Walking Behaviors by Cognitive Trajectory in Older Adults
Authors: Rosso Andrea L , Harding Alyson B , Clarke Philippa J , Studenski Stephanie A , Rosano Caterina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Lawton’s Ecological Model of Aging suggests that associations between environment and mobility differ based on individual factors such as cognitive decline.

Research Design and Methods
Virtual walkability audits were conducted within 1/8 mile of residences of older adults (n = 545; average age = 82; 57% female; 33% Black) who had been enrolled in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) cohort for 10 years. The primary outcome was self-reported walking in past week and the secondary was mobility disability, self-reported difficulty to walk ¼ mile. Linear mixed models of general cognitive function over the prior 10 years calculated participant-specific slopes; those below 0 were cognitive decliners. Logistic regression models, adjusted for demographics and neighborhood socioeconomic status, tested associations between each walkability variable and each mobility outcome. Interaction terms between walkability and cognitive status were tested and walkability analyses stratified on cognitive status where p for interaction &lt; .2.

Results
In the sample, 57.4% reported walking, 24.2% reported mobility disability, and 51% were cognitive decliners. Sidewalk quality was related to walking in cognitive maintainers; slope was related in decliners. Mixed land use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12, 2.30) and senior residence (OR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.27, 3.60) were related to greater walking, regardless of cognitive status. Mixed land use was related to less mobility disability in decliners and abandoned properties were related to greater mobility disability in maintainers.

Discussion and Implications
Policy-level interventions targeted at walkability, including improved sidewalk quality and increasing mixed land use could support walking in older adults, regardless of cognitive status.
When is an obscurin variant pathogenic? The impact of Arg4344Gln and Arg4444Trp variants on protein–protein interactions and protein stability
Authors: Fukuzawa Atsushi , Koch Daniel , Grover Sarah , Rees Martin , Gautel Mathias 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Obscurin is a giant muscle protein that connects the sarcomere with the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and has poorly understood structural and signalling functions. Increasingly, obscurin variants are implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. The Arg4344Gln variant (R4344Q) in obscurin domain Ig58, initially discovered in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, has been reported to reduce binding to titin domains Z8-Z9, impairing obscurin’s Z-disc localization. An R4344Q knock-in mouse developed a cardiomyopathy-like phenotype with abnormal Ca2+-handling and arrhythmias, which were attributed to an enhanced affinity of a putative interaction between obscurin Ig58 and phospholamban (PLN) due to the R4344Q variant. However, the R4344Q variant is found in 15% of African Americans, arguing against its pathogenicity. To resolve this apparent paradox, we quantified the influence of the R4344Q variant (alongside another potentially pathogenic variant: Arg4444Trp (R4444W)) on binding to titin Z8-Z9, novex-3 and PLN using pull-down assays and microscale thermophoresis and characterized the influence on domain stability using differential scanning fluorimetry. We found no changes in titin binding and thermostability for both variants and modestly increased affinities of PLN for R4344Q and R4444W. While we could not confirm the novex-3/obscurin interaction, the PLN/obscurin interaction relies on the transmembrane region of PLN and is not reproducible in mammalian cells, suggesting it is an in vitro artefact. Without clear clinical evidence for disease involvement, we advise against classifying these obscurin variants as pathogenic.
Growth in children conceived by ART
Authors: Magnus Maria C , Wilcox Allen J , Fadum Elin A , Gjessing Håkon K , Opdahl Signe , Juliusson Petur B , Romundstad Liv Bente , Håberg Siri E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
Is the growth pattern of children conceived by ART different compared to naturally conceived children.

SUMMARY ANSWER
Both ART and underlying parental subfertility may contribute to differences in early childhood growth between children conceived with and without the use of ART.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Children conceived by ART weigh less and are shorter at the time of delivery. The extent to which differences in growth according to mode of conception persist during childhood, and the role of underlying parental subfertility, remains unclear.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
We conducted a prospective study population-based study. We studied 81 461 children participating in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and 544 113 adolescents screened for military conscription.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Conception by ART as registered in the Medical Birth Registry. We compared maternally reported length/height and weight among children in MoBa from mid-pregnancy to age 7 according to mode of conception using mixed-effects linear regression. Differences in self-reported height and weight at 17 years of age at screening for military conscription were assessed with linear regression.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
At birth, children conceived by ART were shorter (boys −0.3 cm; 95% CI, −0.5 to −0.1), girls −0.4 cm; 95% CI, −0.5 to −0.3) and lighter (boys −113 grams; 95% CI, −201 to −25, girls −107 grams; 95% CI, −197 to −17). After birth, children conceived by ART grew more rapidly, achieving both greater height and weight at age 3. Children conceived by ART had a greater height up to age 7, but did not have a greater height or weight by age 17. Naturally conceived children of parents taking longer time to conceive had growth patterns similar to ART children. Children born after frozen embryo transfer had larger ultrasound measures and were longer and heavier the first 2 years than those born after fresh embryo transfer.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTIONS
Selection bias could have been introduced due to the modest participation rate in the MoBa cohort. Our reliance on self-reported measures of length/height and weight could have introduced measurement error.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
: Our findings provide reassurance that offspring conceived by ART are not different in height, weight or BMI from naturally conceived once they reach adolescence.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
Research Council of Norway; Medical Research Council; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The authors have no competing interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.
Cosmological direct-collapse black hole formation sites hostile for their growth
Authors: Chon Sunmyon , Hosokawa Takashi , Omukai Kazuyuki 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The direct collapse (DC) is a promising mechanism that provides massive seed black holes (BHs) with ∼105 M⊙ in the early universe. To study a long-term accretion growth of a direct-collapse black hole (DCBH), we perform cosmological radiation-hydrodynamics simulations, extending our previous work where we investigated its formation stage. With a high spatial resolution down below the Bondi radius, we show that the accretion rate on to the BH is far below the Eddington value. Such slow mass growth is partly because of the strong radiative feedback from the accreting BH to the surrounding dense gas. Even after it falls into the first galaxy, the accretion rate is substantially suppressed due to the supernova feedback associated with the intense star formation. Moreover, the BH has a large velocity of ∼100 km s−1 relative to the gas, which further reduces the accretion rate. This large relative velocity stems from the fact that the DCBHs form in metal-free environments typically at ∼1 kpc from the galaxy. The BH accelerates as it approaches the galactic centre due to the gravity. The relative velocity never damps and the BH wanders around the outer galactic region. An analytic estimate predicts that the DCBH formation within ∼100 pc around the galactic centre is necessary to decelerate the BH with dynamical friction before z = 7. Since metal enrichment with Z ∼ 10−5−10−3 Z⊙ is expected there, the formation of DCBHs in the metal-enriched environments is preferable for the subsequent rapid growth.
Hibernation factors directly block ribonucleases from entering the ribosome in response to starvation
Authors: Prossliner Thomas , Gerdes Kenn , Sørensen Michael Askvad , Winther Kristoffer Skovbo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRibosome hibernation is a universal translation stress response found in bacteria as well as plant plastids. The term was coined almost two decades ago and despite recent insights including detailed cryo-EM structures, the physiological role and underlying molecular mechanism of ribosome hibernation has remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Escherichia coli hibernation factors RMF, HPF and RaiA (HFs) concurrently confer ribosome hibernation. In response to carbon starvation and resulting growth arrest, we observe that HFs protect ribosomes at the initial stage of starvation. Consistently, a deletion mutant lacking all three factors (ΔHF) is severely inhibited in regrowth from starvation. ΔHF cells increasingly accumulate 70S ribosomes harbouring fragmented rRNA, while rRNA in wild-type 100S dimers is intact. RNA fragmentation is observed to specifically occur at HF-associated sites in 16S rRNA of assembled 70S ribosomes. Surprisingly, degradation of the 16S rRNA 3′-end is decreased in cells lacking conserved endoribonuclease YbeY and exoribonuclease RNase R suggesting that HFs directly block these ribonucleases from accessing target sites in the ribosome.