bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derivation of Multiple Assembly Sequences From Exploded Views
Authors: Rivero Andres , Kroll Ehud 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The original exploded view method of assembly planning (Mohammad and Kroll, 1993b) attempts to automatically generate the “simplest” assembly plan for a product. Criteria for optimal assembly sequences, however, are sometimes unclear and dependent on specific circumstances. It may therefore be advantageous to present the designer with more than one solution to the assembly planning problem, or allow him or her to select the appropriate criteria. This paper introduces an extension to the original method, where all possible assembly sequences are generated. This completely automatic capability is demonstrated by manually applying the method to a simple example and then comparing the results to those generated by the algorithmic procedure of the C. S. Draper Lab.
A Hybrid Approach of Heuristic and Neural Network for Packing Problems
Authors: Dai Zuo , Cha Jianzhong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Artificial Neural Networks, particularly the Hopfield-Tank network, have been effectively applied to the solution of a variety of tasks formulated as large scale combinatorial optimization problems, such as Travelling Salesman Problem and N Queens Problem [1].
The problem of optimally packing a set of geometries into a space with finite dimensions arises frequently in many applications and is far difficult than general NP-complete problems listed in [2]. Until now within accepted time limit, it can only be solved with heuristic methods for very simple cases (e.g. 2D layout).
In this paper we propose a heuristic-based Hopfield neural network designed to solve the rectangular packing problems in two dimensions, which is still NP-complete [3]. By comparing the adequacy and efficiency of the results with that obtained by several other exact and heuristic approaches, it has been concluded that the proposed method has great potential in solving 2D packing problems.
Genetic Algorithm-Based Structural Topology Design With Compliance and Manufacturability Considerations
Authors: Chapman Colin D. , Jakiela Mark J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The genetic algorithm, a search and optimization technique based on the theory of natural selection, is applied to structural topology design problems with compliance and manufacturability considerations. After describing the genetic algorithm and reviewing previous research in structural topology design, we detail the chromosome-to-design representation which enables the genetic algorithm to perform structural topology optimization. Extending our prior investigations, this article details the use of our genetic algorithm-based technique to minimize a structure’s compliance, subject to a maximum volume constraint. The resulting structure is then directly compared with a solution obtained using a mathematical programming technique and material homogenization methods. We also demonstrate how our technique can generate structures which combine high stiffness-to-weight ratio with high manufacturability. After a brief discussion of our findings, we describe potential future work in genetic algorithm-based structural topology design.
Practical Experience With and Extensions to the SAM Algorithm for Structural Optimization
Authors: Stander Nielen , Snyman J. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with a second order successive approximation optimization method SAM, which is based on the authors’ recently published feasible descent cone algorithm SSOPT. In particular, the paper reviews the success that has been achieved in the practical application of SAM to structural optimization problems, both with reference to results already published and new results, presented here. In addition extensions to the underlying feasible descent cone method is proposed with the view to improving the generality and efficiency of the embracing SAM algorithm.
Parallelization of Evolution Strategy on a Workstation-Cluster and its Application to Discrete Structural Optimization
Authors: Cai Jianbo , Thierauf Georg 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Evolution strategies (ESs) imitate biological evolution and have two characteristics that differ from other conventional optimization algorithms: (a) ESs use randomized operators instead of the usual deterministic ones; (b) instead of a single design point, the ESs work simultaneously with a population of design points in the space of variables. The second characteristic allows for an implementation in a parallel computing environment. In this paper the application of ESs for the solution of discrete optimization problems and its parallelization are described.
A Design Methodology for Tracked Vehicles Using Experimentally Identified Modal Parameters and the Finite Element Method
Authors: Sarwar M. K. , Shabana A. A. , Nakanishi Toshikazu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a design procedure that integrates multibody techniques, the finite element method, and experimental modal analysis techniques. Multibody techniques and the finite element method are first used to develop and numerically test the performance of the proposed design. Based on this computer analysis, a prototype model can be built. The vibration modal parameters of this model can be determined experimentally and used with general purpose multibody computer programs to evaluate the performance of the design. The obtained numerical results can be compared with the results obtained previously using multibody techniques and the finite element method. Adjustments can then be made in the finite element description in order to obtain a more realistic model that compares well with the experimental data. Using the more realistic finite element model, design modifications can be made in order to improve the performance of the design model. The use of the design methodology proposed in this paper is demonstrated using a flexible tracked vehicle model that consists of fifty four interconnected bodies. In this model, the nonlinear contact forces that describe the interaction between the track links and the vehicle components and the ground are developed. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the vehicle are developed in terms of a coupled set of reference and chassis elastic modal coordinates. The flexibility of the chassis of the tracked vehicle is described using the finite element method and experimentally identified modal parameters. The results obtained using the finite element model are compared with the results obtained using experimentally identified modal parameters.
Effect of Modeling for Automatic Design on Lightweight Structural Shape
Authors: Itou Motomichi , Ohkouchi Teiichi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses importance of modeling for automatic design of lightweight structural shape, using a successive approximation method to modify the shape of the structure which is constructed by discrete elements. Four modeling parameters, (1) the number of discrete elements, (2) the magnitude of loading force, (3) the displacement constraint condition and (4) the restriction of design domain are investigated and it is turned out that the modeling causes large effects to topology, volume and rigidity of the structure which is calculated by the shape generation method for lightweight design.
Generating Swept Volumes With Instantaneous Screw Axes
Authors: Hu Zeng-Jia , Ling Zhi-Kui 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The instantaneous screw axis is used in the generation of the swept volume of a moving object. The envelope theory is used to determine the boundary surfaces of the swept volume. Specifically, the envelope surfaces generated by a plane polygon, cylindrical and spherical surfaces are presented. Furthermore, the ruled surfaces generated by edges of the moving object are discussed.
A Dual Iterative Method for Displacement Analysis of Spatial Mechanisms
Authors: Thompson Sean , Cheng Harry H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A dual iterative method for displacement analysis of a spatial mechanism is presented in this paper. The algorithm and formulation based upon 3 × 3 dual transformation matrices are succinct. They can be easily implemented in the CH programming language. The algorithm has been numerically verified by dual iterative displacement analysis of an RCCC four-link spatial mechanism.
A Method for Type Synthesis of Mechanisms Using Phase Diagrams
Authors: Lei Sio-Hou , Tsai Ying-Chien 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A method for synthesizing the types of spatial as well as planar mechanisms is expressed in this paper by using the concept of phase diagram in metallurgy. The concept represented as a type synthesis technique is applied to (a) planar mechanisms with n degrees of freedom and simple loop, (b) spatial mechanisms with single degree of freedom and simple loop, to enumerate all the possible mechanisms with physically realizable kinematic pairs. Based on the technique described, a set of new reciprocating mechanisms is generated as a practical application.
Methodology for the Design of Compliant Mechanisms Employing Type Synthesis Techniques With Example
Authors: Murphy Morgan D. , Midha Ashok , Howell Larry L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Type synthesis of rigid-link mechanisms provides a means to determine mechanism topologies before considering link dimensions. The formulation of design procedures for rigid-body mechanisms has benefited from the application of type synthesis techniques. Therefore, type synthesis is seen as a useful tool in the development of design procedures for compliant mechanisms as well. The focus of this paper is to propose and exemplify a design procedure for compliant mechanisms that employs the type synthesis techniques developed for compliant mechanisms.
Analysis and Synthesis of Overconstrained Mechanism
Authors: Mavroidis Constantinos , Roth Bernard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new systematic method for dealing with overconstrained mechanisms, and describes how the method was used to discover new overconstrained mechanisms and correct errors in several previously published overconstraint conditions. With this one method we are able to verify all previously known overconstrained mechanisms. In addition, this method yields the input-output equations of any single-loop overconstrained mechanism. For all new and corrected overconstrained mechanisms, numerical examples of input-output curves are presented.
Rectified Synthesis of Six-Bar Mechanisms With Well Defined Transmission Angles for Four-Position Motion Generation
Authors: Bawab S. , Kinzel G. L. , Waldron Kenneth J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a rectified synthesis method where a rigid body of a six-bar linkage with well-defined transmission angles is guided to pass through four precision positions. The procedure includes the elimination of circuit, branch, and order defects. This is achieved by decomposing the six-bar mechanism into groups of vector pairs called dyads and groups of three vectors called triads which are rectified using the algebraic method of synthesis. The procedure has been implemented for a Watt I crank-driven six-bar linkage in the interactive synthesis package RECSYN.
Recent Enhancements to the LINCAGES-6 Synthesis Package, Including Circuit Rectification
Authors: Nelson Lori , Erdman Arthur G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
LINCAGES-6 is a computer program that synthesizes four- and six-bar linkages based on Burmester Theory using complex numbers. Recent enhancements to the user interface and the added ability to rectify certain Burmester curves for the circuit problem have increased the ease of use and allowed the user to discard unworkable solutions at an early stage in the design process.
Computer Aided Synthesis of Adjustable Robotic Mechanisms
Authors: Chuenchom Thatchai , Kota Sridhar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Conventional hard automation such as linkage mechanisms or cam-driven mechanisms provide high speed capability at a low cost (using typically one actuator), but fail to provide the flexibility required in many industrial applications. Manufacturers are increasingly turning to multi-axis robots to fulfill flexibility demands. In many cases, however, the flexibility requirements are limited; i.e. a given pick-and-place unit may be required to perform only a handful of different operations. Therefore, the expensive robots are under-utilized. By incorporating flexibility in conventional linkage-type mechanisms, we are developing adjustable robotic mechanisms (ARMs) to serve as a middle ground between hard automation and overly flexible serial-jointed industrial robots.
Displacement Analysis of the R0-2R-2C Spatial Linkage Mechanisms
Authors: Zhou Y. B. , Buchal R. O. , Fenton R. G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Closed form input-output displacement equations are derived for the R0-2R-2C mechanisms using the vector algebraic method. As compared to previous works, the proposed method is characterized by its standardized analysis steps, compact expressions and simplicity.
Notes on Screw Product Operations in the Formulations of Successive Finite Displacements
Authors: Huang Chintien 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Geometrical interpretations of two line-based formulations of successive finite displacements in terms of screw product operations is discussed. The pitch of the screw product of two unit line vectors is shown to be the ratio of the distance to the tangent of the projected angle between the two lines. Finite twists in Dimentberg’s formulation are interpreted as the screw product of unit line vectors divided by the scalar product of the same unit line vectors. Finite twists in the linear representation are the screw product of unit line vectors divided by the scalar product of the direction-cosine vectors of the same lines.
An Alternative Method for the Numerical Solution of Spatial Linkage-Loop Equations
Authors: Jiyuan Zhang , Shoufan Shen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with three problems in finding numerical solutions of spatial linkage-loop equations, which have not yet been thoroughly solved. Four means have been adopted in order to solve these problems. An alternative method has been proposed. Compared with present numerical methods, the method suggested by the authors is characterized by a complete theoretical foundation, easy programming, and powerful adaptability. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated with the kinematic analysis of a general spatial 7H linkage.
Estimation of Critical Damping in Robot Joints and Identification of the Joint for Design With Most Effective Damping Enhancement
Authors: Smaili Ahmad A. , Sannah Muhammad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A major hindrance to dynamics and control of flexible robot manipulators is the deficiency of its inherent damping. Damping enhancement, therefore, should result in lower vibration amplitudes, shorter settling times, and improvement of system stability. Since the bulk of robot vibrations is attributed to joint compliance, it is a prudent strategy to design joints with sufficient inherent damping. In this article, a method is proposed to estimate critical damping at each joint and identify the joint that should be targeted for design with sufficient built-in damping. The target joint identification process requires that a n-joint robot system is divided into n-subsystems. Subsystem i includes the compliance of joint i and the inertia of the succeeding links, joint mechanisms, and payload. An equivalent single degree of freedom torsional model is devised and the natural frequency and critical damping is evaluated for each subsystem. The estimated critical damping at the joints are used to determine the elastodynamic response of the entire robot system from a model that includes joint compliance, shear deformation, rotary inertia, and geometric stiffness. The response revealed the following conclusion: The joint of the manipulator that would result in lower amplitudes of vibrations and shorter settling times when designed with sufficient built-in damping is the one that renders a subsystem whose natural frequency is the lowest of all subsystems comprising the robot.
Application of Learning Control Theory to Mechanisms: Part 1 — Inverse Kinematics and Parametric Error Compensation
Authors: Chew M. , Phan M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fundamental concepts of learning control theory are applied to problems in mechanisms. The theory provides an integrated approach that can simplify the numerical solution of inverse kinematics of mechanisms as well as the practical problem of inverse kinematics in the presence of parametric errors. The procedure makes repeated use of forward kinematics that can be carried out analytically for off-line computation, or experimentally for on-line tuning of mechanisms, to arrive at the correct inverse kinematic solution. With repetitive learning, learning control theory will identify the appropriate input function to a mechanism so that its output will track a given desired output function. The learning process is based on the output error alone, without accurate or explicit knowledge of the physical system, so that the analytical algebraic inverse is avoided. This is achievable even in the presence of geometric nonlinearities as well as parametric errors in mechanisms modeling as long as measurements of the output relative to the given desired output function, are available. A general formalism is presented to explain the applicability of such repetitive learning to mechanism problems. Several examples will illustrate the important benefits of the learning approach using very simple learning rules.
Experimental Verification of the Closed Solution for the Dynamics of a Press Feed Mechanism
Authors: Xu Tao , Lowen Gerard G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An experimental verification of a new linearized two-degree of freedom model of a press feed mechanism, which is presented in a companion paper (Xu and Lowen, 1994), is given. An associated parametric study shows insights pertaining to the relationship between the system and component frequencies and allows the formulation of certain design rules regarding the magnitudes of the coupler and clutch windup angle deflections.
Pressure Angle Characteristics of Radial Cams With Offset Reciprocating Roller Followers
Authors: Suchora Daniel H. , Werner Brian C. , Paine Waid A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The pressure angle characteristics of radial cams with offset reciprocating roller followers are presented. Maximum pressure angle values for simple harmonic, cycloidal, and modified harmonic motion have been plotted on nomograms for both full rise and full return motions. The nomograms enable the designer to compare several tentative designs to arrive at an optimum design quickly and easily. An example is given to demonstrate the use of the nomograms.
A Dynamic Model for Addendum Modified Gear Pair
Authors: Kuang Jao-Hwa , Yu John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This investigation presents a dynamic tooth load analysis of spur gear pair with addendum modification. The time varying mesh stiffness and Dowson’s tooth friction model are employed in this dynamic tooth load modeling. The effects of various magnitudes of the addendum modification on the fundamental resonance frequency and dynamic load response of the engaged gear pair are analyzed. A particular emphasis has been placed on the effect of addendum modification on the dynamic load of spur gears.
Steady-State Rigid-Body Dynamic Response of Cam-Follower Mechanisms
Authors: Mahyuddin Andi I. , Midha Ashok 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The camshaft of a cam-follower mechanism experiences a position-dependent moment due to the force exerted on the cam by the follower, causing the angular speed of the camshaft to fluctuate. In this work, a method to expediently predict the camshaft speed fluctuation is developed. The governing equation of motion is derived assuming that the cam-follower system is an ideal one wherein all members are treated as rigid. An existing closed-form numerical algorithm is used to obtain the steady-state rigid-body dynamic response of a machine system. The solution considers a velocity-dependent moment; specifically, a resisting moment is modeled as a velocity-squared damping. The effects of flywheel size and resisting moment on camshaft speed fluctuation are studied. The results compare favorably with those obtained from transient response using a direct integration scheme. The analytical result also shows excellent agreement with the camshaft speed variation of an experimental cam-follower mechanism. The steady-state rigid-body dynamic response obtained herein also serves as a first approximation to the input camshaft speed variation in the dynamic analysis of flexible cam-follower mechanisms in a subsequent research.
An Analytical Approach to Cam-Modulated Linkage Synthesis Using Conjugate Geometry
Authors: Shooter Steven B. , Tidwell Paul H. , Reinholtz Charles F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cam-modulated linkages are a combination of cams and traditional linkages. These mechanisms have the advantage of satisfying an infinite number of precision points for path generation and body guidance synthesis problems. It is possible to synthesize these mechanisms graphically; however, established graphical synthesis methods can be tedious and do not lend themselves to iterative mechanism design or optimization techniques. An analytical method for synthesizing cams for cam-modulated linkages using principles of conjugate geometry is presented. The method is valid for two-dimensional or three-dimensional mechanisms. The same method is used for followers undergoing complex motions. The method is applied to verify the synthesis of a high speed printing mechanism produced by Pitney-Bowes.
Stress-Driven Cam Mechanism Synthesis Using the Phantom Linkage Method
Authors: Eventoff Arnold T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The capability for automatically deriving the geometry of a cam and its driven linkage geometry as a function of critical design parameters is described. A technique developed called “The Phantom Linkage Method” enables instantaneous updating of a critical parameter (e.g. cam-follower contact stress) as a function of various system parameters. Linkage geometry and properties, timing diagram parameters, and static and dynamic loads in the system due to springs, gravity, and inertially-induced forces are included in the critical parameter calculation.
The first part of the paper describes a method for instantly defining the shape of a cam surface as a function of linkage geometry and required output motion for a full cycle of motion.
The second part adds static and dynamic forces to the analysis. The Phantom Linkage Method in conjunction with a series of equivalent drive ratios derived from the geometry is then used to determine cam-follower contact stress for a full cycle of motion.
Finally, by including optimization capabilities, the mechanism and cam geometry, as well as the timing diagram, can be synthesized simultaneously to minimize an objective function describing a critical design parameter such as cam-follower contact stress.
An Advisory Conceptual Design Tool for Mechanical Transmission Systems
Authors: Huang C. P. , Liou F. W. , Malyamakkil J. J. , Lu W. F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an advisory conceptual design tool for mechanical transmission systems. Space consideration was taken into account during the design process. A prototype function tree was built in the form of knowledge-based system to transfer a designer’s idea into a set of mechanical components. An advisory expert system was also developed to help a designer in decision making. As an example, a packaging machine is designed using the developed system.