bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parametric Optimization Route of Oil Extraction from Seed: A Review
Authors: Bitire S.O. , Belaid M. , Imoisili P.E. , Jen T.C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Over the years, oil extracted from seeds has been employed as a skincare product, food, perfumes, biodiesel, soap and so much more. With the advent discovery of biodiesel, reliance on fossil fuels like petro-diesel has reduced drastically, as alternative diesel which burns in engines without the emission of greenhouse gases and less air pollution are being considered. Biodiesel production using seed oil is a means of converting waste to wealth because they are less expensive, biodegradable, and easily accessible. The use of seed oil for the production of alternative renewable energy can be achieved through extraction and the quality and quantity can be increased by the optimization of the process variables adopted for extraction. In this review paper, the different oil extraction method such as the conventional and the recent techniques will be evaluated as well as the downside and benefits of the extraction techniques, experimental designs employed for the optimization of seed oil alongside the impact of desired process variables on the amount and quality of the oil. Several studies have been conducted as regards seed oil extraction by adopting various techniques. However, the choice of a technique suitable for oil extraction with reasonable oil yield and good quality is very paramount and this is ultimately dependent on the type of seed and on whether the oil required is on a small- or large-scale basis. Optimization of process variable for extraction of seed oil will help save cost and improve the quality and quantity of seed oil.
Utilization of Poly (ethylene terephthalate) Waste and Seashell (Senilia senilis) in the Production of Roof Tiles
Authors: Bamigboye G. O. , Oderinde F.O. , Olukanni D.O. , Ngene B.U. , Adeyemi G. A. , Adegoke D. D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Pollution has been a vital issue, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Polyethylene terephthalate (pet) bottles from its introduction into the economy, has been a major pollutant of the environment, culminating a nuisance to the environment and unsafe habitat to human health. Water channels such as rivers and oceans are not exempted, as marine animals are also at risk of this due to the dumping of waste into our waterways. The utilization of waste pet bottles and seashell in the production of roof tiles will go a long way in the encouragement of proper disposal and management of waste. From this study, a mixture of pet bottles, river sand, and seashells in varying proportions were used to make roofing tiles. The composition with the highest strength is seen to be the P50b, which has 50% pet waste, 25% Senilia senilis, and 25% River sand. It has a smoother surface in comparison with the other compositions and more aesthetically appealing. The product showed more strength when compared with the commonly used asbestos sheets. The production of this roofing sheet will help provide affordable housing production of units, create job opportunities in both production & marketing, reduce importation of raw materials, and improve the economy of the nation.
Correlation of Material Waste Types With Life Cycle Stages in Building Projects Across The States in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Tongo S. O. , Oluwatayo A.A. , Adeboye A. B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study correlates the different opinions held by Nigerian construction industry stakeholders who participated in the survey on the types of material wastes that are generated from the activities of procuring building projects across the states in southwest region of Nigeria. This was achieved through the random distribution of 261 questionnaires to build environment professionals recruited in the study. The results from 261 respondents was analysed using SPSS 26.0 and presented using tables, figure, ranking and percentile. The study found that the wastes from building construction activities are primarily physical in nature and perceived to be prominent at the post-construction and construction phases of a building project, however, it is seen to occur across the life cycle stages of a building project in varying proportions that adds up to become significant and critical. Additionally, the study found that paper was the most (31.7% and 39.5%) common form of wastes generated at the pre-design and design stages of a building project., while at the pre-construction stage, cardboard and other package materials (35.1%) were the most common form of waste generated, Also, the study revealed that at the construction stage, wood (80.5%), aluminium (88.55), sandcrete (85.0%), and ceramic (85.5) were mostly the form of waste generated, while at the post-construction stage, wire and cables (19.3%) were the mostly form of waste generated. However, the findings from this study provide a valuable reference for practitioners to develop and adopt strategic guides for managing material wastes on building construction projects across building construction stages that imbibes principle of sustainable construction.
Assessment of Passive Cooling Potentials to Enhance Thermal Comfort in Office Buildings in Dry Sub-Humid Climate
Authors: Kanoma Muhammad Usman , Yahuza Abdulhamid , Yabo Umar Kabir 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The importance of optimizing thermal comfort in interior spaces through passive means cannot be over-emphasized, especially in tropical regions in order to lower energy demand for cooling and to promote sustainable practices in Sub-Sahara Regions like Nigeria. This paper aimed at assessing the potential of passive cooling potentials in selected Nigerian Universities’ buildings in the North-East sub-region. In this study, quantitative method of data collection was adopted. Three cases were studied such as Administrative Building of Gombe State University (GSU), Senate Building of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (ATBU) and Administrative Building of Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola (MAUTECH). The results of the study are presented in simple percentages, tables, figures and frequencies in adherence to the checklists derived from Contemporary Methods of Passive Cooling established by Santamouris & Kolokotsa as follows: MAUTECH’s Administrative Building scored 45% while ATBU Senate Building assessed to have 48% and GSU Administrative Building got 55%. This connotes that, designers should embrace passive elements in design and construction of office buildings in Nigeria as two of the three case studies fell below 50%.
Application of Data Logger for Monitoring Indoor and Outdoor Temperature of Buildings: A Review
Authors: Essien V. , Bolu C. A. , Azeta J. , Okokpujie I. P. , Kilanko O. , Afolalu S. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A great deal of importance is being placed on the building energy management system all across the globe. A particular emphasis is being placed on methods to monitor building performance, the cost of electricity consumption as well as in other cases, the carbon emissions. This paper considers a critical examination of the various works carried out regarding building monitoring instrumentation multiple applications of a data logger. Furthermore, this paper sheds more light on developing a simple data logger to monitor indoor and outdoor temperature.
Preparation of Carbon Brushes from Agro-Waste Materials Palm Kernels Shells for Automobile Industry
Authors: Ugwu S. C. , Inegbenebor A. O. , Fayomi O. S. I. , Udoye N. E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The carbon brush is mainly applied in a rotating shaft as an electrical contact in conducting current between static wires and moving parts. It is applied majorly in electric motors, alternators, and electric. The automobile industry has recently developed rapidly in the world with numerous novel kinds of motors with low power and high speed. The materials that are utilized in the manufacture of carbon brush are copper metal, amorphous carbon, graphite, retort cokes, petroleum coke, binders, lubricants, and some other metal powders serving various purposes. The major part of the carbon brushes is carbon which can be derived from carbonaceous materials such as agro-waste. The agro-waste of palm kernel shell was prepared through pyrolysis using an anaerobic furnace at 500 °C – 800 °C for five hours to obtain carbonaceous material. The carbon which is the main component was activated at this temperature using the physical activation method. The samplers produced contained copper, zinc, and molybdenum disulphide as a lubricant with a resin binder in a different ratio. The samples were characterized by several testing. The results showed that the hardness, bending strength 1125 N/mm2, resistivity 14 μΩcm, and bulk density 1026 g/cm3. These were compared with control samples from the industry which have Brinell hardness 398.22 BHN, bending strength 1305 N/mm2, resistivity 22 μΩcm, and bulk density 1104 g/cm3. From the comparison result, the properties measured of the sample fell within a reasonable range with the industry carbon brush. In conclusion, the result demonstrates that agro-waste such as palm kernel shell is a viable means in the production of carbon brushes for the automobile industry.
Dynamic Simulation of Gear System Based on 2D Space Multibody Physics: A Sustainable Gear Design Approach
Authors: Salawu E. Y. , Ajayi O.O. , Inegbenebor A. O. , Akinlabi Stephen , Afolalu S. A. , Edun B. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The study employed a two-dimensional (2D) space with multibody dynamics as the physics to simulate the dynamic behaviour of intermeshing gears. Both the gear teeth and the gear body were employed to simulate the principal stress and strain as well as the Von Mises stress of the gear system. A pair of meshing teeth were examined from the pinion and the other from the gear for accurate contact stress-strain simulation. The validity of the proposed gear simulation was verified from principal surface stress, Von Mises stress, principal surface strain, elastic strain and total displacement. The results show that the dynamic behaviour of the gear could be attributed to the critical meshing characteristics of the single and double teeth. The peak-to-peak pattern of the Von Mises stress indicates the essential points of stress, which could cause the occurrence of the failure modes. The research of the gear motion study is profoundly enriched and served as a critical reference for gear design.
Influence of anionic surfactants on the stability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-based nanofluid
Authors: Borode A.O. , Ahmed N.A. , Olubambi P.A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study aims to assess the influence of anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) on the stability of nanofluids of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The influence of different surfactant concentrations on the stability of the nanofluids was also evaluated. The nanofluids were prepared by dispersing MWCNT in deionized water with SDS and SDBS as dispersant at different MWCNT/surfactant ratio, which includes 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1. The stability of the nanofluids was evaluated using zeta potential analysis and ultra-violet visible spectroscopy. The results indicated that SDS and SDBS sufficiently improve the stability of MWCNT in the suspension. Nevertheless, SDBS was found to perform much better than SDS. The optimal MWCNT/surfactant ratio for SDS and SDBS was reported to be 1:1 and 2:1, respectively. This study further confirms that the zeta potential result is consistent with that of the ultra-violet visible spectroscopy.
Modification of Nigerian Bitumen Using Locally Source Materials
Authors: Adeyemi G. A. , Fadairo A.S. , Oladepo A.D. , Ayoola A. , Ilusemiti T. , Oguezuonu S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Bitumen utilized for road construction must satisfy international standard, Nigeria bitumen could not be used because it falls short of the necessary standards approved globally for road construction, it prompts early potholes, rutting, bleeding, hence there is need to modify and improve the properties of Nigeria bitumen. The reason for this study is to upgrade the locally found bitumen in Nigeria to international standard so that the country can curb incessant importation of bitumen for road construction and pavement, as nature naturally endowed the country with bitumen. Several approaches are available by which local bitumen can be modified, but, this paper focused on blending form of modification. Local bitumen (unmodified sample) used for this study was gotten from a village in Ondo state, Nigeria called Agbagu. The bitumen was mixed with powdered (150-micron size) rubber tyres, potash and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) polymer (modified sample). Only 30% by weight of the mixture was used to upgrade 200 grams of the local bitumen sample. Various tests such as penetration value test, softening point test, viscosity test, flash point test and fire point test were carried out on modified bitumen to determine the consistency of the upgraded bitumen. The result confirms that the modified Nigerian bitumen sample when compared with the foreign sample, improved in quality and properties, thereby approaching the international standard required for road construction and other uses of bitumen internationally.
Synthesis of Nanosilica and its application as Water Based Mud Rheology Enhancer
Authors: Okoro E. E. , Gareca N.P. , Uranga L.L. , Sanni S.E. , Emetere M.E. , Orodu O.D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study synthesized nanosilica from sodium silicate solution using precipitation method for 3:1 ammonia/ethanol ratio, and examines the effectiveness of the nanosilica in formulating high-performance water based mud system. Sodium silicate solution (SSS) is a low-cost precursor than tetraethyl orthosilicate. Three (3) solutions of sodium silicate with concentrations 0.5 N, 1 N and 1.5 N were used to precipitate nanosilica. The use of sodium silicate solution in alkaline medium produces less agglomerated nanosilica. The results gave Similarly, three (3) different samples of silica nanoparticles (Sample A, Sample B, and Sample C) with each concentration respectively. The silica nanoparticles from the Sample A had the smallest in size and quantity, and also the most dispersed. For Sample B, the nanosilica produced was apparently bigger than that of sample A in size and quantity produced. Sample C was produced using two procedures: Sample C1 (with ultra Sonicator) and Sample C2. (ultra Sonicator). Samples C1 and C2 produced the biggest size and quantity of nanosilica with less the dispersion. But, there were aggregation problems, due to the higher concentration of sodium silicate solution. There was no much difference between samples C1 and C2; just that with the former, the nanosilica was better dispersed and the latter was little more aggregated. The precipitated nanosilica, Sample B with 1 N concentration of SSS gave the optimum size and quantity, and was used to formulate the examined high-performance water based mud system. The silica nanoparticles had a positive effect on the drilling fluid systems flow properties. This due to their ultrafine size and high surface area. Also, nanosilica production is cheap and feasible, so it could easily replace other expensive additives.
Drivers of Renewable Energy Adoption in the Built Environment: A Case of South Africa
Authors: Oguntona O.A. , Aigbavboa C.O. , Monnanyana T. , Thwala W.D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The built environment is regarded as the biggest consumer of energy globally due to its energy-intensive characteristics. Despite the over-reliance of both developed and developing nations on fossil fuels, there is a growing demand for energy as the population increases thereby exerting significant pressure on the energy production, generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure. To proffer a lasting solution to the energy challenges, countries are now advancing their quest for alternative energy sources. Hence, the growing clamour and global attention on renewable energy which is also identified as a clean and sustainable solution compared to the traditional fossil fuel-based energy source. This paper is aimed at identifying the drivers of adopting renewable energy in South Africa. Data was gathered through a well-structured questionnaire distributed to relevant construction professionals. A quantitative approach to data analysis was employed using percentages, standard deviation and mean item score. From the analyzed data, the results revealed that training and education of professionals, efficient energy sector reforms, awareness creation, government support, and increased supply of renewable energy technologies are the top five drivers of renewable energy adoption. It is therefore important for the government and relevant stakeholders to encourage and support the integration and adoption of renewable energy owing to its potential in significantly reducing the negative environmental footprint of the built environment.
Construction Digitalisation Tools In South African Construction Industry: An Added Advantage
Authors: Tanga O T , Aigbavboa C O , Akinradewo O I , Thwala D W , Onyia M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe execution of the building project requires the assembling and accumulation of works at a large scale for it to become a reality. This involves the exchange of a large amount of data from one party to another. The development of information and communication technology (ICT) has therefore enhanced an active and proficient way of exchanging data among professionals. This research work set out to assess the benefits of using ICT tools by construction organisations in South Africa. A quantitative research technique was used through a well-structured questionnaire to collect data from construction professionals. They include construction project managers, civil engineers, quantity surveyors, construction managers, industrial, mechanical and electrical engineers. Standard deviation (SD) and mean item score (MIS) were used to analyse the retrieved data. The findings indicated that the most eminent benefits of ICT tools to construction organisations are effective communication management, competitive advantage and time-saving. This study recommended that construction organisations should provide lessons on different ICT tools uses to address each problem that will rise during the construction cycle and reap the full benefit of ICT such as improved productivity, increased speed, and diversification.
Controlling virus droplets diffusion in an isolated room using CFD
Authors: Chandra Shekar N.V. , Abhinay B. , Raj Pavan C. , Harish R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an isolation room model with a patient carrying acute air born disease with an effective ventilation system being functioned. Different models have been simulated with different vent position and the results have been observed. With the unruly rise in the spread of the COVID-19, it is paramount to restrain the virus propagation within the hospital premises. The purpose of the research is to control the virus dissemination caused by sneezing, by altering the position of the ventilation i.e. air inlet and outlet, by using flow across the room to direct it towards the outlet with maintaining a negative pressure. The negative strain helps in confining the air-borne transmission of the deadly virus from spreading across the room and not letting them permeate outside the isolated region. An isolation room model has been studied using computational fluid dynamics, by setting up a discrete phase model by using injection spray modelling to observe the permeation of the virus droplets. The behaviour of these aerosol droplets are studied using simple-semi implicit method for the equation associated with pressure by specifying the droplet size. By altering inlet and outlet locations we are able to minimise the spread of these harmful droplets by using the flow from the air inlet to go against the diffusing droplets. These paper aides well for a sudden isolation room setup anywhere with peruse dimensions of the inlet and outlet height at most optimum position.
Computational study of Corona Virus diffusion in a closed environment
Authors: Harish S. , Nihaarikha G.N. , Harish R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The biggest challenge that is faced by the human race after World war 2 is the Covid-19, which has affected more than 27.8 million people. The Covid 19 pandemic has entirely changed the livelihood of the people. It is not only seen as a global health crisis but also a Socio-economic issue that has disrupted the Governments worldwide. There is situation where normality is being questioned in the post pandemic era. Many regulations such as Quarantine, self-isolation, social-distancing, and travel restrictions have been advised to prevent the spread of covid-19. After several months of quarantine, the world is now slowly pacing its way back to normality as the vaccine has been invented and brought into use. It is expected that the educational institutions, work places and other public arenas will be opened for the use. However, the regulation of wearing mask and following social distancing are mandatory in public places. Considering the above situation as a need of the hour, this article mainly focuses on the Computational study of the Corona Virus diffusion for a confined space such that it can be applied to places with high population mass. The numerical model was simulated using ANSYS fluent and the results obtained are in excellent accordance with the literature.
Analyzing social distancing policy effectiveness using Computational Fluid Dynamics inside a bus to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission
Authors: Pavansai A. , Deepak P. , Ragul Hari S. , Harish R. , Shyam Kumar M.B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a kind of disease that transmits from one body to another through air by the moist particles caused during sneezing and coughing. As a result, to reduce the virus spreading accordingly, 1.83 m of social distancing has been advised to be followed among the humans. Also, it is not well studied that whether the ambient wind and relative humidity (RH) will cause COVID-19 laden cough droplets to transport farther in the air, and make the current social distancing practice ineffective. In this study, computational fluid dynamics simulations are carried out to analyze the transient transport, condensation/evaporation, and deposition of COVID laden droplets emitted by coughs, with the different environmental conditions, cough velocities and Relative Humidity using the developed bus model of size 12 m x 3.5 m x 3.2 m. Different conditions of sneezing and coughing from the human’s i.e., the laminar and the turbulent flows of the laden droplets in the air inside the bus were also examined. The distance between the two virtual humans is set as 6 m for a 12 m bus length in order to track the distance covered by cough particles. The facial covering effect on reducing the airborne transmission of the cough droplets has also been evaluated. It is found that due to the ambient air and humidity, the generation of secondary laden droplets occur which travels far and accumulates on the ground or any other third human being around and causes a strong potential risk to their health. The secondary droplets are transforming into large droplets due to high humidity and the hygroscopic effect is evaluated. The 6 feet social distancing is found to be ineffective for halting the spread of viruses among human beings because the micro-laden droplets caused during the sneezing and coughing are influenced by the convection effects and transport from one body to another within 5 s. It is thus recommended to wear masks for both infected and healthy humans to reduce the airborne cough droplets.