bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflections on the Political Economy of European Wine Appellations
Authors: Alston Julian M. , Gaeta Davide 
Published: May 2021

AbstractToday’s European wine policy is centered on a system of appellations, implemented as geographical indications (GIs), that entail significant technological regulations—restricting the varieties that may be grown, while imposing maximum yields per hectare and other rules regarding grape production and winemaking practice. This paper outlines the historical development of European wine policy under the CAP, and presents a more detailed analysis of the economic consequences of the rules and regulations under the appellation system. The introduction of these rules and regulations was probably beneficial initially, both for their didactive effect on wine producers and consumers and as a way of overcoming a significant “lemons” problem in the market. However, those same rules and regulations are much less valuable today, given (1) the potential for alternative sources of information to solve the lemons problem, and (2) evidence that the appellation system per se might not be effectively serving that purpose as well as it once did, while some of the regulations impose significant social costs. Yield restrictions, in particular, are economically inefficient as a way of enhancing and signaling quality (their ostensible purpose) and as a way of restricting total supply to support market prices and thus producer incomes (a significant motivation). The inherent weaknesses of the policy design are compounded by failures of governance. A less heavy-handed approach to policy would allow more scope for the market mechanism to match supply and demand for this signature product from European agriculture.
Association Between Penile Color Doppler Ultrasonography and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients With Vascular Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: De Rocco Ponce Maurizio , Vecchiato Marco , Neunhaeuserer Daniel , Battista Francesca , Caretta Nicola , Savalla Francesco , Favero Claudia , Garolla Andrea , Foresta Carlo , Ermolao Andrea 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Vascular erectile dysfunction (ED) is a burdensome condition, associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) represents the maximum pulse velocity in the cavernous artery measured by a penile color doppler ultrasonography (PCDU) during a pharmacologically induced erection and is considered a reliable parameter for the diagnosis of vascular ED. However, the cut-off value of standard PSV (30 cm/s) provides high sensitivity only in the diagnosis of advanced arteriogenic disease. Thus, an age-adjusted PSV (6.73 + 0.7 x age cm/s) has been proposed to offer a more accurate diagnosis of vascular ED.

Aim
In this study it was aimed to answer the following question: “Is there any positive association between indexes of vascular erectile dysfunction and cardiorespiratory fitness?”

Main Outcome Measure And Methods
25 patients with a medical history of ED (median age 55.3 years) underwent PCDU after pharmacological stimulation. Subsequently, a functional evaluation with ECG-monitored, incremental, maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed.

Results
Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), peak oxygen uptake per body weight (VO2 peak/kg) and Watt/kg correlated with standard PSV, even when corrected for age and BMI (p &lt; 0.05). No differences emerged in cardiopulmonary fitness between pathological and healthy patients (4 vs 21) identified using the standard PSV cut-off. Conversely, the age-adjusted PSV cut-off identified a greater number of patients as pathological (18 vs 7), presenting a significantly lower cardiopulmonary fitness, exercise capacity and efficiency when compared to patients with normal age-adjusted PSV (all p &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
Data showed an age and BMI independent association between vascular disfunction of cavernous artery and cardiopulmonary fitness, a known solid predictor of all-cause and disease-specific mortality. Moreover, the age-adjusted PSV better identified a subgroup of patients with vascular ED presenting impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and thus increased cardiovascular risk.
Epidemiology of Ice Climbing Injuries Among Recreational Ice Climbers at the 2019 Ouray Ice Climbing Festival
Authors: Ganti Arun , Davis Hillary E. , Musi Martin E. , Spano Susanne J. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction As a close relative to the sports of mountaineering and rock climbing, water ice climbing has been traditionally considered “high risk.” There is little data to support or refute this assertion. Prior estimates of the injury rate range from 4.8 to 248 injuries per 1000 participation hours. In this study, we characterized the types of injuries and determined an injury incidence among water ice climbing participants at the 2019 Ouray Ice Festival climbing manmade ice walls. Methods A survey was distributed during the 2019 Ouray Ice Festival in Ouray, Colorado. Respondents were asked to include festival-related injuries and estimate their participation time at the 4-d festival. Individuals who reported an injury were asked to provide additional details with regard to injury type, location, and timing. The injury incidence rate was calculated as the total number of injuries reported divided by the total number of participation hours and is reported as injuries per 1000 participation hours. Results A total of 75 surveys were analyzed. A total of 16 injuries, all which were minor, and 912 participation hours were reported, resulting in an injury incidence of 17.6 injuries per 1000 participation hours. Conclusions This study reports an injury incidence based on an unselected sample of water ice climbers at an ice climbing festival. Water ice climbing at festivals appears to result in injuries of minor severity with no major accidents or fatalities. This study could be repeated to confirm its validity with a larger sample size.
The Cult of Castor and Pollux in Ancient Rome
Authors: Gartrell Amber 
Published: May 2021

The Dioscuri first appeared at the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC to save the new Republic. Receiving a temple in the Forum in gratitude, the gods continued to play an important role in Roman life for centuries and took on new responsibilities as the needs of the society evolved. Protectors of elite horsemen, boxers and sailors, they also served as guarantors of the Republic's continuation and, eventually, as models for potential future emperors. Over the course of centuries, the cult and its temples underwent many changes. In this book, Amber Gartrell explores the evolution of the cult. Drawing on a range of methodological approaches and a wide range of ancient evidence, she focuses on four key aspects: the gods' two temples in Rome, their epiphanies, their protection of varied groups, and their role as divine parallels for imperial heirs, revealing how religion, politics and society interacted and influenced each other.
Assessing Machine Learning Techniques for Identifying Field Line Resonance Frequencies From Cross‐Phase Spectra
Authors: Foldes Raffaello , Del Corpo Alfredo , Pietropaolo Ermanno , Vellante Massimo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMonitoring the plasmasphere is an important task to achieve in the Space Weather context. A consolidated technique consists of remotely inferring the equatorial plasma mass density in the inner magnetosphere using Field Line Resonance (FLR) frequencies estimates. FLR frequencies can be obtained via cross‐phase analysis of magnetic signals recorded from pairs of latitude separated stations. In the last years, machine learning (ML) has been successfully applied in Space Weather, but this is the first attempt to estimate FLR frequencies with these techniques. We survey several supervised ML algorithms for identifying FLR frequencies by using measurements of the European quasi‐Meridional Magnetometer Array. Our algorithms take as input the 2‐hour cross‐phase spectra of magnetic signals and return the FLR frequency as output; we evaluate the algorithm performance on four different station pairs from L = 2.4 to L = 5.5. Results show that tree‐based algorithms are robust and accurate models to achieve this goal. Their performance slightly decreases with increasing latitude and tend to deteriorate during nighttime. The estimation error does not seem to depend on the geomagnetic activity, although at high latitudes the error increases during highly disturbed geomagnetic conditions such as the main phase of a storm. Our approach may represent a prominent space weather tool included into an automatic monitoring system of the plasmasphere. This work represents only a preliminary step in this direction; the application of this technique on a more extensive data set and on more pairs of stations is straightforward and necessary to create more robust and accurate models.
Gravity Gradient Inversion of Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer Satellite Data for the Lithospheric Density Structure in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau Region and the Surrounding Regions
Authors: Tian Yu , Li Honglei , Wang Yong , Ye Qing , Guo Aizhi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe continuous uplift and evolution of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau region (TPR) represents one of the most important Cenozoic geological events on Earth. The deformation mechanism of the lithosphere in the TPR is still under debate. Relevant viewpoints can be informed by investigations of the lithospheric density structure in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and surrounding regions (TP‐SRs). Considering investigating the fine‐scale lithospheric density structure of the large‐scale areas, the GOCE satellite data covering entire TP‐SRs are used in this study. GOCE gravity gradient data are first subjected to several corrections. Then, based on gravity gradient curvature (SI) calculation complemented with the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm, the distribution of SI and the lithospheric density structure at depths of 0–80 km in TP‐SRs are obtained. The effects of temperature differences and material composition on the lithospheric density distribution are further distinguished. The results show that in the crust, the density anomalies in the TPR are blocked by the surrounding hard blocks. In the upper mantle, the distribution of the density anomalies in the TPR is predominantly affected by the northward subduction of the Indian Plate and the high heat flux environment. The Longmen Shan Thrust Belt is found to have penetrated the lower crust but has not reached the depth of the upper mantle. The density anomalies in the basins on the northern side of the TPR exhibit features indicative of independent stable blocks.
Seasonal Cycle of the Coastal West Greenland Current System Between Cape Farewell and Cape Desolation From a Very High‐Resolution Numerical Model
Authors: Gou Ruijian , Feucher Charlène , Pennelly Clark , Myers Paul G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe shelf based West Greenland Current System carries both Arctic Water and Greenland meltwater around Cape Farewell, the southern tip of Greenland, where it may impact the deep water formation in the Labrador Sea. Nevertheless, this current system remains largely unknown due to limited observations. Using a very high‐resolution (1°/60°) numerical simulation integrated from 2005 to 2014, the annual cycle of the current structure in the vicinity of southern Greenland is analyzed to present the seasonal variability of the West Greenland Current System. A distinct shelf break West Greenland Coastal Current (WGCC) exists for about half the year between Cape Farewell and Cape Desolation, although it merges with the main jet of the West Greenland Current (WGC) in winter and separates in summer. The WGC has three components at Juliannehaab Bight: A shelf component, a shelf‐break component and a main slope jet. The shelf system is most energetic in fall, when the freshwater transport is also the greatest in a range of 25–40 mSv, with a broad transport minimum in spring in a range of 15–25 mSv. The seasonal cycle is strongest near Cape Farewell and weakest at Cape Desolation. The strength of the shelf system decreases as one moves north as water is lost offshore, with strongest transports of 0.61 Sv to the east of Cape Farewell and weakest of 0.41 Sv at Cape Desolation. This decrease in transport between Cape Farewell and Cape Desolation suggests substantial exchange between WGCC and WGC in this region.
Large‐Scale Scour in Response to Tidal Dominance in Estuaries
Authors: Leuven J. R. F. W. , van Keulen D. , Nienhuis J. H. , Canestrelli A. , Hoitink A. J. F. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChannel beds in estuaries and deltas often exhibit a local depth maximum close to the river mouth. There are two known mechanisms of large‐scale (i.e., >10 river widths along‐channel) channel bed scours: width constriction and draw‐down during river discharge extremes, both creating flow acceleration. Here, we study a potential third mechanism: tidal scour. We use a 1D‐morphodynamic model to reproduce tidal dynamics and scours in estuaries that are in morphologic equilibrium. A morphologic equilibrium is reached when the net (seaward) sediment transport matches the upstream supply along the entire reach. The residual (river) current and river‐tide interactions create seaward transport. Herein, river‐tide interactions represent the seaward advection of tide‐induced suspended sediment by the river flow. Tidal asymmetry typically creates landward transport. Scours form when tidal flow is amplified through funneling of tidal energy. Scours simultaneously reduce the residual (river) current and the river‐tide interaction contribution to sediment transport, thereby maintaining morphologic equilibrium. When tidal influence is relatively large, and when channel convergence is strong, an equilibrium is only obtained with a scouring profile. We propose a predictor dependent on the width convergence, quantified as SB, and on the ratio between the specific peak tidal discharge at the mouth and the specific river discharge at the landward boundary (qtide/qriver). Scours develop if (qtide/qriver)/SB exceeds 0.3. Scour conditions were found to occur globally across a range of scales, which allows its prediction in estuaries under future changes.
The Effect of Midnight Temperature Maximum Winds on Post‐Midnight Equatorial Spread F
Authors: Krall J. , Hickey D. , Huba J. D. , Dandenault P. B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe SAMI3/equatorial spread F (Sami3 is also a model of the ionosphere/ESF) code is used to simulate the growth of equatorial plasma bubbles in the presence of a background wind field based on measured winds. The measured winds exhibit the well‐known “midnight temperature maximum” (MTM) pattern, in which an equatorward wind occurs simultaneously with a cessation in the zonal wind. The MTM is often preceded by strong equatorward winds (about 100 m/s). The circumstance where the MTM winds are symmetric across the equator is considered; here the meridional wind component in the southern hemisphere is the reverse of the northern meridional wind. The timing of the wind pattern relative to the imposition of a seed for the ESF instability is explored. We find that the simultaneous occurrence of a seed wave and a strong converging meridional wind pattern can produce post‐midnight ESF. We further find that the seed wave and the sudden cessation of the zonal winds can also produce post‐midnight ESF. The Magnetic mEridional NeuTrAl Thermospheric code verifies the occurrence of converging meridional wind patterns such as those simulated here, based on ionosonde data. Results suggest that regional‐scale wind measurements would aid in the prediction signal‐disrupting ionospheric bubbles.
Excitation spectral microscopy for highly multiplexed fluorescence imaging and quantitative biosensing
Authors: Chen Kun , Yan Rui , Xiang Limin , Xu Ke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe multiplexing capability of fluorescence microscopy is severely limited by the broad fluorescence spectral width. Spectral imaging offers potential solutions, yet typical approaches to disperse the local emission spectra notably impede the attainable throughput. Here we show that using a single, fixed fluorescence emission detection band, through frame-synchronized fast scanning of the excitation wavelength from a white lamp via an acousto-optic tunable filter, up to six subcellular targets, labeled by common fluorophores of substantial spectral overlap, can be simultaneously imaged in live cells with low (~1%) crosstalks and high temporal resolutions (down to ~10 ms). The demonstrated capability to quantify the abundances of different fluorophores in the same sample through unmixing the excitation spectra next enables us to devise novel, quantitative imaging schemes for both bi-state and Förster resonance energy transfer fluorescent biosensors in live cells. We thus achieve high sensitivities and spatiotemporal resolutions in quantifying the mitochondrial matrix pH and intracellular macromolecular crowding, and further demonstrate, for the first time, the multiplexing of absolute pH imaging with three additional target organelles/proteins to elucidate the complex, Parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway. Together, excitation spectral microscopy provides exceptional opportunities for highly multiplexed fluorescence imaging. The prospect of acquiring fast spectral images without the need for fluorescence dispersion or care for the spectral response of the detector offers tremendous potential.
Region-level epimutation rates in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Denkena Johanna , Johannes Frank , Colomé-Tatché Maria 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFailure to maintain DNA methylation patterns during plant development can occasionally give rise to so-called “spontaneous epimutations”. These stochastic methylation changes are sometimes heritable across generations and thus accumulate in plant genomes over time. Recent evidence indicates that spontaneous epimutations have a major role in shaping patterns of methylation diversity in plant populations. Using single CG dinucleotides as units of analysis, previous work has shown that the epimutation rate is several orders of magnitude higher than the genetic mutation rate. While these large rate differences have obvious implications for understanding genome-methylome co-evolution, the functional relevance of single CG methylation changes remains questionable. In contrast to single CG, solid experimental evidence has linked methylation gains and losses in larger genomic regions with transcriptional variation and heritable phenotypic effects. Here we show that such region-level changes arise stochastically at about the same rate as those at individual CG sites, are only marginal dependent on region size and cytosine density, but strongly dependent on chromosomal location. We also find consistent evidence that region-level epimutations are not restricted to CG contexts but also frequently occur in non-CG regions at the genome-wide scale. Taken together, our results support the view that many differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in natural populations originate from epimutation events and may not be effectively tagged by proximal SNPs. This possibility reinforces the need for epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) in plants as a way to identify the epigenetic basis of complex traits.
Systematic planning of moving target defence for maximising detection effectiveness against false data injection attacks in smart grid
Authors: Liu Bo , Wu Hongyu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMoving target defence (MTD) has been gaining traction to thwart false data injection attacks against state estimation (SE) in the power grid. MTD actively perturbs the reactance of transmission lines equipped with distributed flexible AC transmission system (D‐FACTS) devices to falsify the attacker's knowledge about the system configuration. However, the existing literature has not systematically studied what influences the detection effectiveness of MTD and how it can be improved based on the topology analysis. These problems are tackled here from the perspective of an MTD plan in which the D‐FACTS placement is determined. We first exploit the relation between the rank of the composite matrix and the detecting effectiveness. Then, we rigorously derive upper and lower bounds on the attack detecting probability of MTDs with a given rank of the composite matrix. Furthermore, we analyse existing planning methods and highlight the importance of bus coverage by D‐FACTS devices. To improve the detection effectiveness, we propose a novel graph theory–based planning algorithm to retain the maximum rank of the composite matrix while covering all necessary buses. Comparative results on multiple systems show the high detecting effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in both DC‐ and AC‐SE.
Coordination between the central control unit and local control function of a photovoltaic system under the uncertainties of sunlight and three‐phase unbalanced loads
Authors: Chanhome Anuwat , Chaitusaney Surachai 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAt present, high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems on low voltage (LV) distribution systems is increasing worldwide because of several favourable conditions, such as government policies, decreasing cost of PV technologies, and environmental awareness. However, varying sunlight and three‐phase unbalanced load conditions can result in voltage violation, especially an overvoltage problem, and voltage unbalanced conditions that deteriorate the power quality. Therefore, disconnection of PV systems, especially on the downstream node, can occur due to the overvoltage protection of the PV system, which results in PV owners losing revenue from selling electricity. Moreover, some electrical appliances can be damaged from voltage unbalanced conditions. To support a high PV penetration and prevent these adverse impacts, this study applies a control strategy involving coordination between the Central Control Unit (CCU) and Local Control Functions (LCFs) of PV systems. The CCU applies the Adaptive Tabu Search (ATS) technique to search for the optimal LCF parameter setting of PV systems and adjusted this weekly. The optimization problem is the maximization of real power generation from all PV systems under varying (uncertain) sunlight and three‐phase unbalanced loads. MATLAB programming is used for the Newton–Raphson power flow simulation on a modified 19‐node distribution system.
C–O-Selective Cross-Coupling of Chlorinated Phenol Derivatives
Authors: Neufeldt Sharon R. , Russell John E. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChemoselective cross-coupling of phenol derivatives is valuable for generating products that retain halides. Here we discuss recent developments in selective cross-couplings of chloroaryl phenol derivatives, with a particular focus on reactions of chloroaryl tosylates. The first example of a C–O-selective Ni-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of chloroaryl tosylates is discussed in detail.1 Introduction2 Density Functional Theory Studies on Oxidative Addition at Nickel(0)3 Stoichiometric Oxidative Addition Studies4 Development of a Tosylate-Selective Suzuki Coupling5 Conclusion and Outlook
Axially Substituted Silicon Phthalocyanine Payloads for Antibody–Drug Conjugates
Authors: Yamatsugu Kenzo , Kanai Motomu , Takahashi Kazuki , Sugiyama Akira , Ohkubo Kei , Tatsumi Toshifumi , Kodama Tatsuhiko 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIR700, a silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) photosensitizer, is an antibody–drug conjugate payload used clinically. It is, however, the sole SiPc payload to date, possibly due to the difficulty of its synthesis, resulting from its asymmetric phthalocyanine skeleton. Here, we report a new axially substituted SiPc payload that is more easily synthesized. Trastuzumab conjugated with the SiPc showed light- and antigen-dependent cytotoxicity in HER2-overexpressing cancer cell lines.