bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radical Skepticism and Epistemic Intuition
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Radical Skepticism and Epistemic Intuition rejects argument-based attempts to resist radical skepticism and advocates, instead, for noninferential intuition-based commonsense resistance inspired by the eighteenth-century Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid. The book begins by setting aside closure-based arguments for radical skepticism and focusing on the more fundamental underdetermination arguments, which highlight the problematic gap between our evidence and our beliefs that are based on that evidence despite their truth being underdetermined by it. The rejected argument-based response to skepticism aims to provide good noncircular arguments from the evidence on which we base our ordinary beliefs (e.g. our perceptual and memory beliefs) to the conclusion that those beliefs are true or at least probable. Part I of the book finds all such anti-skeptical arguments wanting. Part II lays out and defends a unique version of the commonsense Reid-inspired response to radical skepticism, with two distinctive features. The first is its self-conscious, explicit, and extensive reliance on epistemic intuitions, which are seemings about the nature and exemplification of epistemic goods (such as justification or knowledge). The second is that it is ecumenical in the sense that it can be endorsed without difficulty by both internalists and externalists in epistemology. Part III of the book responds to objections to the commonsense reliance on epistemic intuitions proposed in Part II, with special attention given to challenges from underdetermination, epistemic circularity, disagreement, and experimental philosophy.
Intuitionist Particularism: An Introduction
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter lays out an account of the particularist approach to epistemological inquiry and develops a version of it in terms of epistemic intuitions, which are seemings about epistemic value (such as justification or knowledge). It begins by briefly reviewing the history of particularism, from Thomas Reid through G. E. Moore to Roderick Chisholm, and then gives a clear statement of the particularist methodology. The remaining sections elaborate the view, giving pride of place to epistemic intuitions, which is why the resulting view is called ‘intuitionist particularism.’ Particularism in epistemology (which tends to be endorsed by commonsense anti-skeptics) puts more weight on epistemic intuitions about particular cases and which of our beliefs are rational. It stands opposed to methodism, which is typically endorsed by proponents of radical skepticism and puts more weight on epistemic intuitions about principles that say what’s required for a belief to be rational. In their extreme forms, these positions occupy two ends of a spectrum. The position advocated in this chapter is a moderate one that leans toward the particularist end of the spectrum, in a way that is compatible with both internalism and externalism in epistemology.
From Our Collaborators
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe final chapter of the book honors TGE persons by removing the authors’ voices and focusing on the stories and lived experiences of trans and gender-expansive (TGE) students and their music teachers. To exemplify the ideas associated with transgender theory, the voices of marginalized and underrepresented TGE persons are elevated as they share their advice with school music teachers and music teacher-educators. In this process, our TGE collaborators reclaim their personal stories and they create more a more direct pathway for communication. Readers benefit from the opportunity to “Listen, and hear their voices” in an effort to learn from TGE individuals.
Collusion
Authors: Posner Eric A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Employers collude in labor markets in a variety of ways. They fix wages, agree not to poach each other’s workers, and exchange information. They also collude with employees by entering covenants not to compete. All of these actions are anticompetitive and they often violate the antitrust laws, but it is difficult for workers to challenge them in court, and few cases have been successful. When workers challenge covenants not to compete, courts defer to the relatively lax common law standard, under which employers do not pay penalties. And strict antitrust standards developed to address product market cases doom labor market cases, where collusion is both easier for employers and easier to hide from authorities. Regulators and courts should be more attentive to the peculiarities of labor markets and more open to antitrust actions.
Monopsony
Authors: Posner Eric A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In many labor markets, only one or a small number of employers offer jobs to workers. In these markets, employers maximize profits by suppressing wages, and likely do so. Yet antitrust litigation against labor monopsonists is extremely rare and almost never successful. The paucity of cases has left workers with possible claims in a difficult position; in the absence of developed law, lawyers are reluctant to take cases. Congress should reform the antitrust laws to strengthen the legal tools available to workers who seek to challenge wage suppression by monopsonists. A first step is for Congress (or regulators) to offer guidelines to help courts understand how a labor market is defined, and what sorts of conduct should be regarded as anticompetitive.
Open Science Reform and Social Science Progress
Authors: Grossmann Matt 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Social science reform focused on research documenting problems of replication and proposed open science practices. The associated debates have drawn attention to the many biases involved in research and to the misaligned professional incentives that perpetuate them. The reform efforts have made considerable progress quickly, in self-understanding and even in changing research practices. Where it has gone too far in emphasizing experimental methodologies for testing of causal hypotheses, reformers and critics alike have promoted procedures that reflect social science diversity and acknowledge the importance of self-conscious exploratory work. In the process, several social science revolutions have made shared progress more likely: middle-range empiricism has risen over grand theory; open and big data has stimulated new work while enabling cross-checking; new causal identification strategies have enabled observational work to speak to experimental concerns; and the rise of team science has forced us to reconcile theoretical perspectives and build on individual strengths.
Universities as Settings
Authors: Grossmann Matt 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The specific institution where social science is most practiced, academia in the United States, creates biases and opportunities. Social science is slowly internationalizing, with more cross-national collaboration. Yet the American university system still accounts for a large share of social science and is the primary home for debates about its future. Despite constant claims of crisis, US universities are a stable and competitive global industry. Social science is doing well within American universities and expanding globally, but often doing so by enlarging applied rather than basic fields. Most research takes place in the current academic context, requiring attention to the recent history and incentives of universities. Cold War social science provides a window into related biases and successful efforts to overcome them.
Opportunities and Constraints of the Disciplines
Authors: Grossmann Matt 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Our disciplinary structure places constraints on research, but interdisciplinarity also creates challenges. The basic social science disciplines—political science, economics, sociology, psychology, and anthropology—each tend toward a particular view of human nature and have disciplinary prejudices regarding topics and methods. Interdisciplinary work has identified these differences and worked toward integration, especially in common applied fields, such as education and public policy. Each discipline’s historical inheritance shapes contemporary practice. Rather than dismantling or reformulation of disciplines, strong and self-aware disciplines with scholarly exchange among them have advanced theory and empirical analysis.
Inspiring Trust in Institutions, Building Political Support
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In an era where many lament declining levels of political support, it is important to note that the driving forces behind political support may be gendered, albeit in subtle ways. Chapter 6 examines changes in men’s and women’s trust in elections, confidence in democratic institutions, and support for democracy in Uruguay. We find that the visible and sizable jump in women’s election to office in Uruguay fortifies women’s political connections. Before the election, there were few differences between men and women on most dimensions of political support. After the election, however, women’s political support ascends higher than men’s levels, and in most instances this gender gap becomes statistically significant. On balance, men’s political support does not appear to change much after the election; instead, it is women who are driving these changes.
Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Across the globe today, policymakers debate the merits of measures intended to increase women’s numerical representation in political institutions. This chapter notes the ways that our research speaks to policymakers: while the passage of gender quotas may not have an effect on citizens, the resultant gains in the number of women—if visible—will. We demonstrate that descriptive representation matters for citizen engagement with and support for the democratic process. We also assess the sustainability of the effects of a one-time jump in women’s representation in positions of power. We conclude with a note of caution, offering scenarios that could lead to the erosion of political connections. Identifying areas for future research, we discuss potential reforms for enduring gender equity in mass-level connections with the democratic process.
The Long Game
Authors: Doshi Rush 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries—not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or even the Soviet Union—has ever reached 60 percent of US GDP. China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States. What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? The Long Game draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades’ worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, as well as careful analysis of China's conduct, to provide a history of China’s grand strategy since the end of the Cold War. Taking readers behind the Party’s closed doors, this book uncovers Beijing’s long, methodical game to displace America from the regional and global order through three sequential “strategies of displacement.” The book shows how China’s strategy is profoundly shaped by key events that change its perception of American power—the end of the Cold War, the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the populist elections of 2016, and the coronavirus pandemic of 2020. Finally, the book offers a comprehensive yet “asymmetric” plan for an effective US response to the China challenge. Ironically, the proposed approach takes a page from Beijing’s own strategic playbook to undermine China’s ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.
“Make More Offensive Moves”
Authors: Doshi Rush 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 focuses on the military components of China’s grand strategy to build regional order. It argues that the Global Financial Crisis accelerated a shift in Chinese military strategy away from a singular focus on blunting American power through sea denial to a new focus on building order through sea control. China now sought the capability to hold distant islands, safeguard sea lines, intervene in neighboring countries, and provide public security goods. For those missions, China needed a different force structure, one that it had previously postponed for fear it would be vulnerable to the United States and unsettle its neighbors. These were risks a more confident Beijing was now willing to accept. China promptly stepped up investments in aircraft carriers, capable surface vessels, amphibious warfare, marines, and overseas bases—all with the goal of building regional order.
“Establish Regional Architecture”
Authors: Doshi Rush 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 focuses on the political components of China’s grand strategy to build regional order. It shows how the Global Financial Crisis caused China to depart from a blunting strategy focused on joining and stalling regional organizations to a building strategy that involved launching its own institutions. China spearheaded the launch of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the elevation and institutionalization of the previously obscure Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA). It then used these institutions, with mixed success, as instruments to shape regional order in the economic and security domains in directions it preferred.
Clarifying the Unique Features of Bacterial Sex
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers bacterial sex, the details of which turned out to be counter-intuitive, quite different from Joshua Lederberg’s conceptions that were influenced by the ways that higher organisms recombined genes. The contributions of Luca Cavalli, William Hayes, and later, Elie Wollman and Francoise Jacob served to clarify the apparent anomalies, finally to reveal that bacterial sex was very, very different from the modes of genetic recombination of other organisms. The French team clarified the stages of conjugation by interrupting the mating of Hfr x F- at different time points. HGT, can occur by three different processes: transformation, conjugation, and transduction. In every case, HGT is fragmentary and unidirectional, much different than genetic transfer in sexual reproduction in higher organisms, which involves the entire genome in a mutual, two-way recombination of genes.
Behind the Laboratory Doors
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares Esther Lederberg’s role with that of other notable women scientists whose achievements exhibited creative laboratory skills. Esther’s career peaked in 1956 when the Society of Illinois Bacteriologists jointly bestowed the Pasteur Medal on the Lederberg couple. Usually, Joshua Lederberg was the public face of their research program. Esther’s place was behind the laboratory doors where she managed the lab and performed the experiments. For over a hundred years, this was the typical arrangement for women and their male associates. Prestigious faculty positions and accolades were unattainable for so many women in science. For Esther and many of her female colleagues, the thrill of discovery was enough reward. Esther valued the camaraderie of the brilliant personalities that made up the circle of pioneering researchers. Stanley Falkow called her a kind of Boswell of bacterial genetics. Her extensive photographic collection is a who’s who of molecular biology, many as their younger selves.
Global Race War
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Global Race War: International Politics and Racial Hierarchy explores the historical connections between race and violence from the nineteenth to the early twenty-first centuries. Barder shows how beginning with the Haitian Revolution and nineteenth century settler colonialism the development of the very idea of global order was based on racial hierarchy. The intensification of racial violence happened when the global racial hierarchy appeared to be in crisis. By the first half of the twentieth century, ideas about race war come to fuse themselves with state genocidal projects to eliminate internal and external enemy races. Global processes of racialization did not end with the Second World War and with the discrediting of scientific racism, the decolonization of the global South and the expansion of the state-system to newly independent states; rather it continued in different forms as the racialization of cultural or civilizational attributes that then resulted in further racial violence. From fears about the “Yellow Peril,” the “Clash of Civilization,” or, more recently, the “Great Replacement,” the global imaginary is constituted by ideas about racial difference. Examining global politics in terms of race and racial violence reveals a different spatial topology across domestic and global politics. Global histories of racial hierarchy and violence have important implications for understanding the continued salience of race within Western polities. The book revisits two centuries of international history to show the important consequences of a global racial imaginary that continues to reverberate across time and space.
Interpreting the Haitian Revolution
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Long relegated to the margins of history in the study of international relations, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804 should be considered of paramount importance for understanding the emergence of a global racial imaginary of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The consequences of the liquidation of slavery and French colonialism on the island were felt throughout the western hemisphere and constituted a perpetual source of anxiety about the possibilities of racial rebellion. This chapter examines the intellectual effects of the Haitian Revolution in order to demonstrate the crystallization of a global racial hierarchy. This global racial hierarchy took for granted the ineluctable supremacy of “white” Western Europeans and Americans but was, nonetheless, deeply anxious about the possibilities of its future demise. A key element in this intellectual history, examined in this chapter, is the idea of racial violence or war that is used to interpret the events of the Haitian Revolution.
Race Annihilation, War, and the Global Imperial Order
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The centenary of the genocide of the Ottoman Armenians was commemorated in 2015 by the worldwide Armenian diaspora community, as well as within Armenia itself. This chapter critically examines the ways in which the memory of the genocide of the Armenians has been framed in terms of race, with Western observers from 1915 on applying racialized discourses to the Ottomans and the events of the Armenian genocide. The chapter considers the evolution of notions of “racial extermination” and racial incompatibility and incommensurability in the era of imperialism prior to and during the First World War, and draws attention to the nexus between imperial revisionism, global politics, and genocidal racial violence. Finally, the chapter considers the links between the Armenian genocide and the genocidal politics of the Nazi regime.
Civilizational Conflict as Race War
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the development of the notion of the “clash of civilizations” as the reformulation of a racialized discourse of international politics and its political salience during the so-called global war on terror. Huntington’s work provides, in a sense, a revitalization and reformulation of the global racial imaginary and its capacity to actualize enmity and violence. Specifically, the chapter examines the processes of racialization of Islam and a new form of enmity, which takes on increasingly important political effects during the 1990s and after September 11, 2001, global politics. The chapter concludes by situating the wider American global war on terror within this frame of civilization versus barbarism.
The “Great Replacement”
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores contemporary ideas of racial conflict and its manifestation in forms of racial domestic terrorism. First, the chapter explores importance of Enoch Powell’s late 1960s polemics against immigration in the United Kingdom. For Powell, the fear that unregulated immigration would be symptomatic of a larger concern of the decline of the West. Nonetheless, Powell’s position regained salience with the contemporary articulation of fears that immigration from the global South will “replace” Western population. Here the work of Renaud Camus is salient. The chapter argues that the idea of a world in which white Western racial hierarchy is dismantled is a world at odds with the imagined social cohesion of the West itself.
A Very Nervous Person's Guide to Horror Movies
Authors: Clasen Mathias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Films about chainsaw killers, demonic possession, and ghostly intruders. Screaming audiences with sleepless nights or sweat-drenched nightmares in their immediate future. What’s going on here? Presumably, almost everybody has experience with horror films. Almost everybody has sat through a terrifying motion picture and suffered the aftereffects, such as hypervigilance and sleep disturbances. Some people would even characterize themselves as horror fans. But what about the others—the ones who are curious about horror films, but also very, very nervous about them? This book delves into the science of horror cinema in an attempt to address common concerns about the genre. Why is the jump scare so effective and so dreaded? What are the effects of horror films on mental and physical health? Why do horror films so often cause nightmares? Aren’t horror films immoral . . . and stupid, too? Are horror films bad for children and adolescents? What does the current profusion of horror films say about our society? Should we be concerned? Or can horror films be a force for good—do horror films have health benefits, can they be aesthetically and morally valuable, and might they even have therapeutic psychological and cultural effects? The book addresses these questions in short, readable chapters, peppered with vivid anecdotes and examples and supported by scientific findings. It notes that while horror films can have negative effects, they can also help people confront and manage fear.
“I’m Nervous That Watching Horror Makes Me Look Stupid”
Authors: Clasen Mathias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The horror genre has traditionally struggled with an image problem, with horror films being seen as unintelligent, aesthetically uninteresting, and perhaps even morally problematic. This genre stigma has historically been extended to horror fans, who may worry about a lack of cultural capital. Horror movies rarely receive prestigious critical accolades, and the academic study of horror only emerged toward the end of the twentieth century. In recent years, an emergence of ambitious and genre convention-challenging horror movies has prompted some critics to talk about a horror renaissance or even the birth of “post-horror” or “elevated horror.” However, horror films have always had the capacity for engaging with serious themes in an artistic way, and there is often a discrepancy between critics’ evaluations of horror films and audiences’ evaluations. The genre stigma seems to be abating, but some horror fans may still worry about looking stupid—especially if they startle easily.