bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value of integrating perennial forage seed crops in annual cropping sequences
Authors: Khanal Nityananda , Azooz Rahman , Rahman Noabur , Klein‐Gebbinck Henry , Otani Jennifer K. , Yoder Calvin L. , Gauthier Talon M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCropping sequences integrating perennial forages and annual crops can generate multidimensional agroeconomic and environmental benefits. A 4‐yr cropping sequence study was conducted from 2013 to 2016 to evaluate the relative merits of various cropping sequences. Three forage seed crops (creeping red fescue [Festuca rubra L.], alsike clover [Trifolium hybridum L.], and red clover [Trifolium pratense L.]) and four annual food crops (wheat [Triticum aestivum L.], canola [Brassica napus L.], barley [Hordeum vulgare L.], and pea [Pisum sativum L.]) were used to generate eight different cropping sequence treatments, which were split into three levels of nitrogen (N): 0, 45, and 90 kg ha−1. The seed yields of different crops were expressed as canola equivalent yield (CEY) and summed for 4‐yr cropping sequences. Economic benefits for 4‐yr cropping sequences were calculated using the input–output price scenarios of individual years. The highest CEY, gross return, and gross margin over partial variable costs were obtained from creeping red fescue‐based cropping sequences, irrespective of N application rates. Based on CEY and gross margins, the merit order is ranked as creeping red fescue‐based sequences > high diversity annual crop sequences ≈ alsike clover‐based sequence ≈ wheat–canola alternating sequence > continuous canola sequence. The clover‐based sequences had positive effects on the performance of succeeding crops of wheat and canola. Among the annual crop‐based sequences, economic profitability increased with the diversification from continuous canola through wheat–canola alternation to pea–barley–wheat–canola in the sequence. Further study investigating soil health and greenhouse gas emissions parameters is warranted to elucidate multidimensional agroecosystem services of diversified perennial forage seed crop‐based cropping sequences compared with annual crops‐based sequences.
The nature of hereditary influences on insanity from research on asylum records in Western Europe in the mid‐19th century
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article explores the nature of psychiatric genetics research conducted in asylums in Western Europe in the mid‐19th century through an examination of four studies published 1841 to 1864 from Great Britain, France, and Germany. They all utilize asylum records to determine if patients had a hereditary predisposition (HP) to mental illness. A diverse range of topics were investigated, with most attention on whether men or women are more likely to transmit, or are more sensitive to the receipt of, an HP. When significant sex effects were seen, they consistently found women to be more likely to transmit and/or more sensitive to the receipt of an HP. Other questions explored included: (a) the relationship between an HP and recurrence rates; (b) the degree of homogeneity versus heterogeneity of transmission of specific mental illnesses in families; (c) the level of HP among different forms of mental illness; and (d) differences in the proportion of psychiatric patients with an HP as a function of their religion. While the method of assessment of familial/genetic risk was relatively crude, even at this early stage in the history of psychiatric genetics, investigators were asking thoughtful questions about the nature and clinical impact of that risk.
Group structure, but not dominance rank, predicts fecal androgen metabolite concentrations of wild male mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Authors: Rosenbaum Stacy , Eckardt Winnie , Stoinski Tara S. , Umuhoza Rose , Kuzawa Christopher W. , Santymire Rachel M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAndrogens are important mediators of male‐male competition in many primate species. Male gorillas' morphology is consistent with a reproductive strategy that relies heavily on androgen‐dependent traits (e.g., extreme size and muscle mass). Despite possessing characteristics typical of species with an exclusively single‐male group structure, multimale groups with strong dominance hierarchies are common in mountain gorillas. Theory predicts that androgens should mediate their dominance hierarchies, and potentially vary with the type of group males live in. We validated the use of a testosterone enzyme immunoassay (T‐EIA R156/7, CJ Munro, UC‐Davis) for use with mountain gorilla fecal material by (1) examining individual‐level androgen responses to competitive events, and (2) isolating assay‐specific hormone metabolites via high‐performance liquid chromatography. Males had large (2.6‐ and 6.5‐fold), temporary increases in fecal androgen metabolite (FAM) after competitive events, and most captured metabolites were testosterone or 5α‐dihydrotestosterone‐like androgens. We then examined the relationship between males' dominance ranks, group type, and FAM concentrations. Males in single‐male groups had higher FAM concentrations than males in multimale groups, and a small pool of samples from solitary males suggested they may have lower FAM than group‐living peers. However, data from two different time periods (n = 1610 samples) indicated there was no clear relationship between rank and FAM concentrations, confirming results from the larger of two prior studies that measured urinary androgens. These findings highlight the need for additional research to clarify the surprising lack of a dominance hierarchy/androgen relationship in mountain gorillas.
Evolutionary history of orangutan plasmodia revealed by phylogenetic analysis of complete mtDNA genomes and new biogeographical divergence dating calibration models
Authors: Reid Michael J. C. , Switzer William M. , Alonso Sabrina K. , Lowenberger Carl A. , Schillaci Michael A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDuring the past 15 years, researchers have shown a renewed interest in the study of the Plasmodium parasites that infect orangutans. Most recently, studies examined the phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of these parasites in orangutans using complete mitochondrial DNA genomes. Questions regarding the dating of these parasites, however, remain. In the present study, we provide a new calibration model for dating the origins of Plasmodium parasites in orangutans using a modified date range for the origin of macaques in Asia. Our Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of complete Plasmodium sp. mitochondrial DNA genomes inferred two clades of plasmodia in orangutans (Pongo 1 and Pongo 2), and that these clades likely represent the previously identified species Plasmodium pitheci and Plasmodium silvaticum. However, we cannot identify which Pongo clade is representative of the morphologically described species. The most recent common ancestor of both Pongo sp. plasmodia, Plasmodium. hylobati, and Plasmodium. inui dates to 3–3.16 million years ago (mya) (95% highest posterior density [HPD]: 2.09–4.08 mya). The Pongo 1 parasite diversified 0.33–0.36 mya (95% HPD: 0.12–0.63), while the Pongo 2 parasite diversified 1.15–1.22 mya (95% HPD: 0.63–1.82 mya). It now seems likely that the monkey Plasmodium (P. inui) is the result of a host switch event from the Pongo 2 parasite to sympatric monkeys, or P. hylobati. Our new estimates for the divergence of orangutan malaria parasites, and subsequent diversification, are all several hundred thousand years later than previous Bayesian estimates.
Quantifying Quantum Correlation of Quasi‐Werner State and Probing Its Suitability for Quantum Teleportation
Authors: Chatterjee Arpita , Thapliyal Kishore , Pathak Anirban 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe significance of photon addition in engineering the single‐ and two‐mode (bipartite correlations) nonclassical properties of a quantum state is investigated. Specifically, the behavior of the Wigner function of two quasi‐Werner states constructed by superposing two normalized bipartite m‐photon added coherent states are analyzed. This allows the authors' to quantify the nonclassicality present in the quantum states using Wigner logarithmic negativity (WLN), while quantum correlations are measured using concurrence, entanglement of formation, and quantum discord. The WLN for a two‐mode state corresponds to the sum of the single‐mode nonclassicality and quantum correlations, and both of these are observed to enhance with photon addition manifesting the efficacy of photon addition in the entanglement distillation. Usefulness of photon addition is further established by showing that the performance of the quasi‐Werner states as quantum channel for the teleportation of single‐mode coherent and squeezed states, as quantified via teleportation fidelity, improves with the photon addition. The non‐Gaussian operation is shown effective in stalling the detrimental effects of transmission through noisy channel and/or inefficient detection under realistic scenario. Further, in contrast to a set of existing results, it is established that the negative values of two‐mode Wigner function is not a witness of quantum correlation.
Formation and Cycloaddition Reactions of a Reactive Boraalkene Stabilized Internally by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene
Authors: Chen Chaohuang , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of element−carbon double bonds is of great importance for the development and understanding of reactive π‐bonded systems in chemistry. The seven‐membered heterocyclic system 4 b is readily made by internal C−H activation at a pendent isopropyl methyl group of the respective [(IPr)C6F5BH]+ borenium ion. Subsequent deprotonation with the IMes carbene gives the neutral cyclic boraalkene system 5 b. The B=C double bond in compound 5 b adds carbon dioxide, CS2, sulfur dioxide, phenyl isocyanate, an acetylenic ester or two NO molecules to give the corresponding four‐membered ring annulated heterocycles. With sulfur or selenium 5 b gives the respective three‐membered ring systems. N2O reacts with 5 b to give a mixture of the related oxaborirane 18 and a unique [B]OH containing diazoalkane product 19.
Resistance‐Chiral Anisotropy of Chiral Mesostructured Half‐metallic Fe3O4 Films
Authors: Bai Te , Ai Jing , Ma Jie , Duan Yingying , Han Lu , Jiang Jingang , Che Shunai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHalf‐metallic materials are theoretically predicted to be metallic and insulating, which have not been confirmed experimentally, and the predictions are still in doubt. We report the resistance‐chiral anisotropy (R‐ChA), i.e., chirality‐dependent electrical conductivity, in chiral mesostructured Fe3O4 films (CMFFs) grown on the substrates via a hydrothermal method using amino acids as symmetry‐breaking agents. Two levels of chirality exist in the CMFFs: primary distortion of the crystal lattice forms twisted nanoflakes, and secondary helical stacking of nanoflakes forms fan‐shaped nanoplates. At temperatures below 30 K, the CMFFs exhibited metallic conductivity and insulation for one handedness and the other, respectively. The chirality‐dependent effective magnetic fields were speculated to stabilize the opposite spin in the antipodal chiral frame, which led to the free transport of electrons in one handedness of the chiral structure and immobility for the other handedness.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Asymmetric Difunctionalization of Alkynes to Access Chiral gem‐(Borylsilyl)alkanes
Authors: You Yang'en , Ge Shaozhong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnantioselective cobalt‐catalyzed one‐pot hydrosilylation and hydroboration of terminal alkynes has been developed employing a cobalt catalyst generated from Co(acac)2 and (R,R)‐Me‐Ferrocelane. A variety of terminal alkynes undergo this asymmetric transformation, affording the corresponding gem‐(borylsilyl)alkane products with high enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee). This one‐pot reaction combines (E)‐selective hydrosilylation of alkynes and consecutive enantioselective hydroboration of (E)‐vinylsilanes with one chiral cobalt catalyst. This protocol represents the most straightforward approach to access versatile chiral gem‐(borylsilyl)alkanes from readily available alkynes with commercially available cobalt salt and chiral ligand.
Synthesis of novel functionalized methacrylate copolymers and their copolymerization kinetics, thermal stability, and biocidal properties
Authors: Erol Ibrahim , Güldiken Ahmet 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the first step of this study, 2‐[(methoxy‐1,3‐benzothiazole‐2‐yl)amino]‐2‐oxoethyl methacrylate (MBAOM) monomer was synthesized and characterized. Then, a series copolymers were obtained by free‐radical copolymerization method of MBAOM and glycidyl methacrylate, which is a commercial monomer at 65°C in 1,4‐dioxane solvent. Structural characterizations of synthesized monomer and copolymers were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C‐NMR) instruments. The composition of the copolymers was estimated by elemental analysis. The thermal behaviors of all the polymers have been investigated using the differential scanning calorimetry and the thermogravimetric analysis. A kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of copolymers was investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer with non‐isothermal methods selected for analyzing solid‐state kinetics data. The activation energy (Ea) values were calculated via Kissinger and Ozawa models in a period of α = 0.10–0.80. Photostability of the copolymers was investigated. Also, the biological activity of the copolymers against different bacterial and fungal species has been investigated.
Development of pullulan‐based carriers for controlled release of hydrophobic ingredients
Authors: Carvalho Layde T. , Moraes Rodolfo M. , Teixeira Ana Julia R. M. , Tada Dayane B. , Alves Gizelda M. , Lacerda Talita M. , Santos Julio C. , Santos Amilton M. , Medeiros Simone F. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolymeric nanoparticles have great potential for targeted and controlled delivery of drugs for several health treatments. In this work, pullulan‐graft‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (Pull‐g‐PCL) nanoparticles were prepared and used to encapsulate indomethacin via dialysis. The nanoparticles were characterized with respect to size, size distribution, and morphology, using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The average diameter of nanoparticles was 220.0 and 273.7 nm, with and without indomethacin, respectively. Encapsulation of indomethacin and its release from the nanoparticles were studied, and the calculated value of indomethacin efficiency encapsulation was 35.05 wt%. The ensuing release kinetics were evaluated in vitro at 37°C and pH 7.4 and evidenced the efficiency of polymer nanoparticles in reducing the release rate of the ingredient. Pull‐g‐PCL nanoparticles represent, therefore, promising materials with potential for application in controlled release systems of hydrophobic substances.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Asymmetric C−O Bond Construction Between Benzoic Acid and o‐Phthalaldehyde: Mechanism and Origin of Stereoselectivity
Authors: Deng Qianqian , Mu Fangjing , Qiao Yan , Wei Donghui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA computational study was contributed to explore the origin of stereoselectivity of NHC‐mediated cyclization reaction between benzoic acid and o‐phthalaldehyde for asymmetric construction of phthalidyl ester. The most energetically favorable pathway mainly includes the following steps: (1) nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon of o‐phthalaldehyde by catalyst NHC, (2) formation of Breslow intermediate, (3) oxidation by DQ, (4) asymmetric formation of dual C−O bonds, and (5) dissociation of catalyst with the product. The C−O bond formation was testified as the stereoselectivity‐determining step, the R‐configurational pathway is more energetically favorable than the S‐configurational one. The non‐covalent interaction (NCI) and atom‐in‐molecule (AIM) analyses were performed to reveal that the O−H ⋅⋅⋅ O and C−H ⋅⋅⋅ O hydrogen‐bond interactions are the key factors for controlling the stereoselectivity. The detailed mechanism and origin of stereoselectivity give useful insights for understanding organocatalytic reactions for asymmetric construction of C−O bond.
Attention training in children with autism spectrum disorder improves academic performance: A double‐blind pilot application of the computerized progressive attentional training program
Authors: Spaniol Mayra Muller , Mevorach Carmel , Shalev Lilach , Teixeira Maria Cristina T. V. , Lowenthal Rosane , de Paula Cristiane Silvestre 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAtypical attention has been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with studies pointing to an increase in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder‐like symptomatology. Individuals with ASD may also present academic difficulties and it is possible that they face a double‐barrier for academic attainment from both core ASD symptomatology and from attention atypicalities, which are directly linked to academic performance. This raises the possibility that academic difficulties in ASD may benefit from cognitive training targeting attention. To test this possibility, we used the computerized progressive attentional training (CPAT) intervention in a double‐blind, active control with follow‐up intervention study in Brazil. The CPAT is a computerized attention training program that was recently piloted with schoolchildren with ASD in the UK. Twenty‐six participants (8–14 years) with ASD in the São Paulo's ASD Reference Unit were assigned to either the CPAT (n = 14) or active control group (n = 12), which were matched at baseline. Two 45‐min intervention sessions per week were conducted over a 2‐month period. School performance, attention, fluid intelligence, and behavior were assessed before, immediately after and 3 months following the intervention. Significant group by time interactions show improvements in math, reading, writing and attention that were maintained at follow‐up for the CPAT (but not the active control) group, while parents of children from both groups tended to report behavioral improvements. We conclude that attention training has the potential to reduce obstacles for academic attainment in ASD. Combined with the previous pilot study, the current results point to the generality of the approach, which leads to similar outcomes in different cultural and social contexts.Lay AbstractAttention difficulties tend to occur in ASD and are linked to academic performance. In this study, we demonstrate that school performance in math, reading and writing in children with ASD can improve following an intervention that trains basic attention skills (the CPAT intervention). The improvements we report are stable and were maintained 3‐months following the intervention. This study, which was conducted in a public‐health setting in Brazil, extends previous research in schools in the UK pointing to the cross‐cultural and cross‐settings efficacy of the intervention.
Generalization of response interruption and redirection procedure with vocal stereotypy
Authors: Barszcz Holly , Griffith Annette K. , Weigand Patricia , Garcia Yors 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study used a combined design to evaluate the effects of nonvocal demands on vocal stereotypy in novel locations by implementing a concurrent multiple baseline design across settings, replicated across all participants. Results indicated that both the traditional and modified response interruption and redirection (RIRD) intervention were effective at reducing occurrences of vocal stereotypic behaviors for all four participants. The traditional RIRD intervention initially resulted in a larger decrease of these behaviors than the modified RIRD intervention; however, by the end of the study, the effects of both interventions on occurrences of vocal stereotypic behaviors were similar. Additionally, the effects of the RIRD intervention on occurrences of vocal stereotypic behavior met mastery criteria and generalized across settings for all four participants. The RIRD intervention generalized to the additional setting in less time than it took for the RIRD intervention to be effective in the first setting for all four participants.
Accelerated stability study of the ester prodrug remdesivir: Recently FDA‐approved Covid‐19 antiviral using reversed‐phase‐HPLC with fluorimetric and diode array detection
Authors: Hamdy Mohamed M. A. , Abdel Moneim Mona M. , Kamal Miranda F. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRemdesivir (RDV) is the first antiviral drug, approved by the Food and Drug Administration, to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. RDV is a relatively new chemical entity, ‘ester prodrug’, with no reported stability profile. Due to the urgency of its use and thus fast production, it is important to develop a stability‐indicating method for its assay. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with dual detection: diode array at 240 nm and fluorescence at λex/em 245/390 nm. Isocratic elution of acetonitrile and distilled water (acidified with phosphoric acid, pH 4) in the ratio of 55:45 (v/v), respectively, was used. The linearity range using HPLC‐diode array detection was 0.1–15 μg/mL, whereas that using fluorimetric detection was 0.05–15 μg/mL. As per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, RDV has been degraded by accelerated alkaline, acidic, neutral hydrolysis, oxidative, heat, and photolytic stress conditions. Possible degradation hypothesis of the parent molecule has been suggested and illustrated. The proposed methods have achieved selective determination of the intact drug with no peaks overlapping in all assumptions. Extensive degradation confirms threatened drug stability at thermal and basic hydrolytic stressing. The developed methods were fully validated and proved suitable for quality control routine analysis of RDV in raw material and pharmaceutical dosage forms.