bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence and Clinical Presentation of Pheochromocytoma and Sympathetic Paraganglioma: A Population-based Study
Authors: Ebbehoj Andreas , Stochholm Kirstine , Jacobsen Sarah Forslund , Trolle Christian , Jepsen Peter , Robaczyk Maciej Grzegorz , Rasmussen Åse Krogh , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Thomsen Reimar Wernich , Søndergaard Esben , Poulsen Per Løgstrup 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Context
Pheochromocytoma and sympathetic paraganglioma (PPGL) are rare catecholamine-secreting tumors but recent studies suggest increasing incidence. Traditionally, PPGL are described to present with paroxysmal symptoms and hypertension, but existing data on clinical presentation of PPGL come from referral centers.

Objective
We aimed to describe time trends in clinical presentation and incidence of PPGL in a population-based study.

Methods
We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study of a previously validated cohort of 567 patients diagnosed with PPGL in Denmark 1977-2015. We collected clinical data from medical records of a geographic subcohort of 192 patients. We calculated age-standardized incidence rates (SIRs) and prevalence for the nationwide cohort and descriptive statistics on presentation for the subset with clinical data.

Results
SIRs increased from 1.4 (95% CI 0.2-2.5) per million person-years in 1977 to 6.6 (95% CI 4.4-8.7) per million person-years in 2015, corresponding to a 4.8-fold increase. The increase was mainly due to incidentally found tumors that were less than 4 cm and diagnosed in patients older than 50 years with no or limited paroxysmal symptoms of catecholamine excess. On December 31, 2015, prevalence of PPGL was 64.4 (CI 95% 57.7-71.2) per million inhabitants. Of 192 patients with clinical data, 171 (89.1%) had unilateral pheochromocytoma, while unilateral paraganglioma (n = 13, 6.8%) and multifocal PPGL (n = 8, 4.2%) were rare.

Conclusion
Incidence of PPGL has increased 4.8-fold from 1977 to 2015 due to a “new” group of older patients presenting with smaller incidentally found PPGL tumors and few or no paroxysmal symptoms.
The pleiotropic functions of autophagy in metastasis
Authors: Marsh Timothy , Tolani Bhairavi , Debnath Jayanta 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Autophagy is deregulated in many cancers and represents an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. However, the precise contributions of autophagy to metastatic progression, the principle cause of cancer-related mortality, is only now being uncovered. While autophagy promotes primary tumor growth, metabolic adaptation and resistance to therapy, recent studies have unexpectedly revealed that autophagy suppresses the proliferative outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells into overt and lethal macrometastases. These studies suggest autophagy plays unexpected and complex roles in the initiation and progression of metastases, which will undoubtedly impact therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. Here, we discuss the intricacies of autophagy in metastatic progression, highlighting and integrating the pleiotropic roles of autophagy on diverse cell biological processes involved in metastasis.
Designing and Exploring a Brand-new Strong Superhydrophobic-Conductive Polyaniline-Polysiloxane Composite Anti-corrosion Coating
Authors: Xu Haidong , Ye Qinqin , Chen Nali , Feng Huixia , Qiu Jianhui 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The superhydrophobic-conductive anti-corrosion mode has attracted much more attention due to the huge economic losses of stainless steel corrosion. Here, a brand-new strong superhydrophobic-conductive polyaniline-polysiloxane (PANIC-RA-POS) anti-corrosion coating was prepared. The internal conductive and dense interpenetrating network polyaniline layer can effectively reduce electrochemical corrosion, the external superhydrophobic polysiloxane layer can effectively decrease chemical corrosion, the adhesive layer obviously improves the binding force of polyaniline and polysiloxane layer, and furthermore, it has excellent protection efficiency, corrosion durability and binding force.
The influence of small field output factors simulated uncertainties on the calculated dose in VMAT plans for brain metastases: a multicentre study
Authors: Clemente Stefania , Falco Maria Daniela , Cagni Elisabetta , Talamonti Cinzia , Boccia Mafalda , Gino Eva , Lorenzini Elena , Rosica Federica , Russo Serenella , Alparone Alessandro , Zefiro Daniele , Fiandra Christian 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
This multicentric study was carried out to investigate the impact of small field output factors (OFs) inaccuracies on the calculated dose in volumetric arctherapy (VMAT) radiosurgery brain plans.

Methods:
Nine centres, realised the same five VMAT plans with common planning rules and their specific clinical equipment Linac/treatment planning system commissioned with their OFs measured values (OFbaseline). In order to simulate OFs errors, two new OFs sets were generated for each centre by changing only the OFs values of the smallest field sizes (from 3.2 × 3.2 cm2 to 1 × 1 cm2) with well-defined amounts (positive and negative). Consequently, two virtual machines for each centre were recommissioned using the new OFs and the percentage dose differences ΔD (%) between the baseline plans and the same plans recalculated using the incremented (OFup) and decremented (OFdown) values were evaluated. The ΔD (%) were analysed in terms of planning target volume (PTV) coverage and organs at risk (OARs) sparing at selected dose/volume points.

Results:
The plans recalculated with OFdown sets resulted in higher variation of doses than baseline within 1.6 and 3.4% to PTVs and OARs respectively; while the plans with OFup sets resulted in lower variation within 1.3% to both PTVs and OARs. Our analysis highlights that OFs variations affect calculated dose depending on the algorithm and on the delivery mode (field jaw/MLC-defined). The Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm resulted significantly more sensitive to OFs variations than all of the other algorithms.

Conclusion:
The aim of our study was to evaluate how small fields OFs inaccuracies can affect the dose calculation in VMAT brain radiosurgery treatments plans. It was observed that simulated OFs errors, return dosimetric calculation accuracies within the 3% between concurrent plans analysed in terms of percentage dose differences at selected dose/volume points of the PTV coverage and OARs sparing.

Advances in knowledge:
First multicentre study involving different Planning/Linacs about undetectable errors in commissioning output factor for small fields.
Prevalence and determinants of unmet family planning needs among women of childbearing age in The Gambia: analysis of nationally representative data
Authors: Barrow Amadou , Jobe Amienatta , Okonofua Friday 
Published: January 2021

Background: Family planning is imperative in the control of population growth by preventing unintended pregnancies and reducing other pregnancy-related risks. However, the effectiveness of family planning is constrained by unmet needs. This study determined the proportion and identify factors associated with unmet family planning needs among women of childbearing age in The Gambia. Methods: We utilized cross-sectional population-based Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Gambian women aged 15-49 years in 2013. The outcome measured was the total unmet/met need for FP. The sample comprised 10,233 women aged 15-49 years old. Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used. Results: Of the 10,233 eligible women recruited in the study, the mean age was 27.4±9.1 years while 67.5% were married. Overall, 17.6% of women reported unmet FP need, of whom 14.0% and 3.6% reported unmet birth spacing and birth limitation needs, respectively. The women's age, region, ethnicity, number of live children, number of household/family members, the optimal number of children, and husband/partners’ desire for the children were found as significant determinants of unmet FP needs. Furthermore, breastfeeding has been identified as the key reason for the non-use of FP in mothers. Conclusions: The study findings suggest a need to expand FP programs and related strategic communications especially for younger women in order to improve their contraceptive prevalence. Improving women empowerment and accessibility to FP will help to lessen the current trend towards rising unmet needs in The Gambia.
"Psicologia Fenomenológica" de Husserl - a (In)compreensão de Psicólogos Brasileiros: Um Estudo Empírico
Authors: Orengo Fabiane Villatore , Holanda Adriano Furtado , Goto Tommy Akira 
Published: January 2021

O presente trabalho apresenta resultados obtidos na pesquisa de mestrado intitulada O que o psicólogo compreende por Psicologia Fenomenológica cujo objetivo foi avaliar a compreensão que psicólogos brasileiros possuem sobre fenomenologia e psicologia fenomenológica. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caráter exploratório que teve como instrumento de pesquisa um questionário desenvolvido pelos pesquisadores, no qual foram levantadas questões abertas sobre a compreensão do referido tema, a apropriação dos conceitos na prática profissional e a possibilidade (ou não) de desenvolver uma psicoterapia fenomenológica. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o método qualitativo fenomenológico de Giorgi e Souza. Como resultado, verificou-se que o psicólogo brasileiro compreende a psicologia fenomenológica como uma abordagem da psicologia, e acredita ser possível uma psicoterapia fenomenológica. Conclui-se que o psicólogo brasileiro utiliza diversos conceitos da fenomenologia e da psicologia fenomenológica na descrição de seus fazeres, porém não há correspondência com a proposta de Husserl para a fenomenologia e a psicologia fenomenológica.
A Situação Hermenêutica e a Clínica Psicológica: Caminhos Possíveis
Authors: Andrade Angela Cardoso , Barreto Carmem Lúcia Brito Tavares 
Published: January 2021

Este estudo tem como proposição discutir os fundamentos de uma clínica psicológica, numa perspectiva fenomenológica hermenêutica, como situação hermenêutica no quadro da Meta-Ontologia, e segue três momentos. As autoras, ao versarem a clínica como situação hermenêutica com vistas à apreensão e compreensão da facticidade da existência no encontro terapêutico, apontam que seus pressupostos foram delineados inicialmente no Natorp Bericht - Interpretações Fenomenológicas de Aristóteles: indicação da situação hermenêutica. Neste contexto, discutem os três momentos constitutivos fundamentais da situação hermenêutica – Blickstand, Blickrichtung e Sichtweite. Em um segundo momento acompanham o avanço desse projeto em Ser e Tempo, em meio à elaboração da Analítica do Dasein e indicam a situação hermenêutica no quadro da Ontologia Fundamental, por outra forma de explicitação – Vorhabe, Vorsicht, Vorgriff. Consideram que a clínica, como situação hermenêutica em sua extensão meta-ontológica, é concebida pela radicalização da Ontologia Fundamental que propulsa a reviravolta da Ontologia, a partir dela mesma. À guisa de conclusão, consideram a possibilidade de uma extensão clínica meta-ontológica da fenomenologia da existência fáctica e ressaltam a questão metódica do ponto de vista meta-ontológico, com realce para o ponto de vista, a perspectiva e o horizonte de sentido, como caminho a ser percorrido na relação clínica.
Nutritional content and quality of food consumed at recess and lunchtime by 5–8-year-olds
Authors: Stanham Kim , Walton Karen , Bell Alison , Mayland Elizabeth , Parrish Anne-Maree 
Published: January 2021

Background:One in 4 children are overweight or obese and many do not meet the required fruit and vegetable intake of the Australian Dietary Guidelines.Aim:To systematically examine the international literature on the nutritional content and quality of meals consumed at recess and lunchtime of primary school children between the age of 5 and 8 years.Method:A systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles published in English with no date restriction placed on publication.Findings:Nine studies met the search criteria. Eight studies reported on packed lunches, 4 studies on school prepared lunches and 3 studies on a combination of packed and school prepared food. The majority of food consumed was in excess or short of the countries' recommended guidelines of food groups and nutrients.Conclusions:Further study is required to develop a means of improving the problem of not meeting the guidelines of food groups and nutrient consumption.
FIT: A community-engaged approach to health and physical education
Authors: Faigenbaum Avery , Farrel Anne , Perron Tracy , Jakubowski Tami 
Published: January 2021

Background: The purpose of the Smart Nutrition and Conditioning for Kids (SNACK) pilot study was to increase fitness levels and overall health of children aged 7 to 9 years in two elementary schools, one urban and one urban rim. Fundamental Integrative Training (FIT) was incorporated into physical education class and was considered a vital component of SNACK. Methods: The FIT intervention was performed twice weekly during physical education class for 8 weeks. Pre- and post-Fitnessgram fitness tests were completed by each child. Results: Fitnessgram fitness test scores improved for all fitness tests for both the experimental and control groups in both schools (P<0.05). Significant differences between groups were found in 4 areas: PACER, push-up, curl-ups, and long jump (P<0.05). Conclusions: FIT is one example of an interdisciplinary (nursing, health and exercise science students and faculty, elementary school administration and staff) collaborative approach to improving fitness levels with limited time and resources.
Patient Questionnaires in Orthodontics
Authors: Barber Sophy , Shelton Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Questionnaires are versatile tools that allow data to be collected from different respondent groups for a range of purposes. This article outlines the use of questionnaires in orthodontics for research, quality improvement and clinical purposes. We highlight the importance of questionnaire design, particularly choosing the type of response to generate useful data and approaches to psychometric testing to measure validity and reliability. Orthodontic-specific questionnaires that have been developed and tested aresummarized.CPD/Clinical Relevance: Questionnaires are a useful tool for collecting information about patient concerns, experience and outcomes; this information is essential to improve the quality of care. It is crucial that valid and reliable tools are used to optimize the usefulness of information.
Orthodontic Conundrums Part 2: Finishing Cases to a Class III Molar Relationship
Authors: Adam Naeem I , Jowett Adam , Hodge Trevor 
Published: January 2021

This is the second article in a series on conundrums in orthodontics. A Class I molar relationship is a frequent aim of orthodontic treatment. There are, however, examples where intentionally finishing to a Class III molar relationship is the more pragmatic and preferable option. Pursuing this approach in the appropriate circumstances may, for example, prevent deleterious consequences to the facial profile or avoid the need for further dental extractions. This article explores the indications for finishing cases to a Class III molar relationship with illustrated clinical cases. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Dogmatic attempts to deliver Class I molar relationships, in all cases, without consideration of the consequences, have the potential to cause the patient harm. The orthodontist must then consider all possible options available, including those resulting in a Class III molar relationship.
Opto-mechanical design and calibration of a hyperspectral irradiance monitor
Authors: Huang Xionghao , Li Xin , Wang Yang , Zheng Xiaobing , Liu Enchao , Kang Qing 
Published: January 2021

A hyperspectral irradiance monitor (HIM) is designed to measure the direct solar spectral irradiance on the ground, which can be used for research on climate change and vicarious calibration. The spectrometer uses a Féry prism to disperse and converge light, and a linear image sensor (NMOS) measures the spectral irradiance ranging from 400 nm to 1100 nm. The instrument utilizes two flat mirrors to fold the optical path, and optical software is used to optimize the key parameters. The dispersion equation of the prism and two characteristic wavelengths of the laser are utilized for the spectral calibration, for which the uncertainty of the spectral calibration is less than 0.8 nm. A standard lamp is used for the spectral irradiance calibration, for which the uncertainty of the spectral irradiance calibration is less than 2.78% (

k

=

2

). The instrument runs stably in the field.
Spectrally resolved optical beam-induced current imaging of ESD induced defects on VCSELs
Authors: Hsu Che-Lun , Das Subir , Wu Yen-Hsiang , Kao Fu-Jen 
Published: January 2021

Optical beam-induced current (OBIC) mapping is widely used to characterize semiconductor lasers, particularly for failure analysis, in which the reliability has been a critical issue to be resolved spectrally and temporally. OBIC microscopy is advantageous for its non-invasiveness, when compared with electron beam-induced current (EBIC) microscopy. However, for high-speed devices, conventional OBIC methods may be limited in observing the spectral responses adequately. In this work, we present a modified OBIC microscopy based on a tunable ultrafast laser, to address the need for spectral resolving for precision failure spot analysis in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) diodes. The spectral OBIC response of VCSEL diodes is investigated by varying the irradiation wavelengths. Importantly, the ultrafast mode-locked laser provides broadband wavelength range to investigate photocurrent responses of the VCSELs sample. Specifically, the OBIC, electroluminescence (EL) detection, and the reflectance of the normal and the electrostatic discharge (ESD) damaged VCSELs are compared. We have found the ESD damaged VCSELs showing a redshifted spectral response.
Tai Chi training’s effect on lower extremity muscle co-contraction during single- and dual-task gait: Cross-sectional and randomized trial studies
Authors: Wayne Peter M. , Gow Brian J. , Hou Fengzhen , Ma Yan , Hausdorff Jeffrey M. , Lo Justine , Rist Pamela M. , Peng Chung-Kang , Lipsitz Lewis A. , Novak Vera , Manor Brad 
Published: January 2021

Background
Tai Chi (TC) mind-body exercise has been shown to reduce falls and improve balance and gait, however, few studies have evaluated the role of lower extremity muscle activation patterns in the observed benefits of TC on mobility.

Purpose
To perform an exploratory analysis of the association between TC training and levels of lower extremity muscle co-contraction in healthy adults during walking under single-task (ST) and cognitive dual-task (DT) conditions.

Methods
Surface electromyography of the anterior tibialis and lateral gastrocnemius muscles was recorded during 90 sec trials of overground ST (walking normally) and DT (walking with verbalized serial subtractions) walking. A mean co-contraction index (CCI), across all strides, was calculated based on the percentage of total muscle activity when antagonist muscles were simultaneously activated. A hybrid study design investigated long-term effects of TC via a cross-sectional comparison of 27 TC experts and 60 age-matched TC-naïve older adults. A longitudinal comparison assessed the shorter-term effects of TC; TC-naïve participants were randomly allocated to either 6 months of TC training or to usual care.

Results
Across all participants at baseline, greater CCI was correlated with slower gait speed under DT (β(95% CI) = -26.1(-48.6, -3.7)) but not ST (β(95% CI) = -15.4(-38.2, 7.4)) walking. Linear models adjusting for age, gender, BMI and other factors that differed at baseline indicated that TC experts exhibited lower CCI compared to TC naives under DT, but not ST conditions (ST: mean difference (95% CI) = -7.1(-15.2, 0.97); DT: mean difference (95% CI) = -10.1(-18.1, -2.4)). No differences were observed in CCI for TC-naive adults randomly assigned to 6 months of TC vs. usual care.

Conclusion
Lower extremity muscle co-contraction may play a role in the observed benefit of longer-term TC training on gait and postural control. Longer-duration and adequately powered randomized trials are needed to evaluate the effect of TC on neuromuscular coordination and its impact on postural control.

Trial registration
The randomized trial component of this study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01340365).
Clinical and pharmacokinetic/dynamic outcomes of prolonged infusions of beta-lactam antimicrobials: An overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Thabet Pierre , Joshi Anchal , MacDonald Erika , Hutton Brian , Cheng Wei , Stevens Adrienne , Kanji Salmaan 
Published: January 2021

Objective
This overview of reviews aims to map and compare of objectives, methods, and findings of existing systematic reviews to develop a greater understanding of the information available about prolonged beta-lactam infusions in hospitalized patients with infection.

Design
Overview of systematic reviews.

Data sources
Medline, Embase, PROSPERO and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched from January, 1990 to June, 2019 using a peer reviewed search strategy. Grey literature was also searched for relevant reviews.

Eligibility criteria for selecting reviews
Systematic reviews were sought that compared two or more infusion strategies for intravenous beta-lactam antimicrobials and report clinical cure or mortality. Populations of included reviews were restricted to hospitalized patients with infection, without restrictions on age, infection type, or disease.

Data extraction and analysis
Abstract screening, data extraction, quality and risk of bias assessment were conducted by two independent reviewers. Overlap between reviews was assessed using a modified corrected covered area. Overview findings are reported in accordance with Cochrane’s recommendation for overview conduct. Clinical outcomes extracted included survival, clinical cure, treatment failure, microbiological cure, length of stay, adverse events, cost, and emergence of resistance.

Results
The search strategy identified 3327 unique citations from which 21 eligible reviews were included. Reviews varied by population, intervention and outcomes studied. Between reviews, overlap of primary studies was generally high, methodologic quality generally low and risk of bias variable. Nine of 14 reviews that quantitatively evaluated mortality and clinical cure identified a benefit with prolonged infusions of beta lactams when compared with intermittent infusions. Evidence of mortality and clinical cure benefit was greater among critically ill patients when compared to less sick patients and lower in randomized controlled trials when compared with observational studies.

Conclusions
Findings from our review demonstrate a consistent and reproducible lack of harm with prolonged infusions of beta-lactam antibiotics with variability in effect size and significance of benefits. Despite 21 systematic reviews addressing prolonged infusions of beta-lactams, this overview supports the continued need for a definitive systematic review given variability in populations, interventions and outcomes in the current systematic reviews. Subsequent systematic reviews should have more rigorous and transparent methods, only include RCTs and evaluate the proposed benefits found in various subgroup-analyses—i.e. high risk of mortality.

Trial registration
Prospero registry, CRD42019117118.