bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cough-Inducing Method Using a Tartaric Acid Nebulizer for Patients with Silent Aspiration
Authors: Ohno Tomohisa , Tanaka Naomi , Fujimori Mariko , Okamoto Keishi , Hagiwara Satoe , Hojo Kyoko , Shigematsu Takashi , Sugi Takafumi , Kanazawa Hideaki , Kunieda Kenjiro , Fujishima Ichiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe tartaric acid nebulizer is a well-known cough test to evaluate cough function. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a cough-inducing method using tartaric acid (CiTA). Patients with dysphagia examined by videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing (VF) at a single institution from May 2017 to August 2017 were included in this retrospective observational study. Although undergoing VF, patients who had aspirated without reflexively coughing or who had coughed insufficiently, were instructed to cough voluntarily. Patients who could not cough voluntarily or had expectorated insufficiently underwent the CiTA method. The rate of cough induction and the effectiveness of expectoration using the CiTA method were evaluated. One hundred fifty-four patients (mean age 69.2 ± 16.8 years) were evaluated. Eighty-seven patients aspirated during VF. Of those patients, 15 were able to expectorate via the cough reflex, 18 were able to expectorate with a voluntary cough, and 12 required suctioning for removal of aspirated material. The remaining 42 patients underwent the CiTA method. Thirty-eight patients (90.4%) could reflexively cough, and 30 (71.4%) could expectorate the aspirated material. This novel method, CiTA, was effective for cough induction in patients with dysphagia, especially for those with silent aspiration.
The equilibrium measure for an anisotropic nonlocal energy
Authors: Carrillo J. A. , Mateu J. , Mora M. G. , Rondi L. , Scardia L. , Verdera J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper we characterise the minimisers of a one-parameter family of nonlocal and anisotropic energies $$I_\alpha $$

I
α

defined on probability measures in $${\mathbb {R}}^n$$

R

n

, with $$n\ge 3$$

n
≥
3

. The energy $$I_\alpha $$

I
α

consists of a purely nonlocal term of convolution type, whose interaction kernel reduces to the Coulomb potential for $$\alpha =0$$

α
=
0

and is anisotropic otherwise, and a quadratic confinement. The two-dimensional case arises in the study of defects in metals and has been solved by the authors by means of complex-analysis techniques. We prove that for $$\alpha \in (-1, n-2]$$

α
∈
(
-
1
,
n
-
2
]

, the minimiser of $$I_\alpha $$

I
α

is unique and is the (normalised) characteristic function of a spheroid. This result is a paradigmatic example of the role of the anisotropy of the kernel on the shape of minimisers. In particular, the phenomenon of loss of dimensionality, observed in dimension $$n=2$$

n
=
2

, does not occur in higher dimension at the value $$\alpha =n-2$$

α
=
n
-
2

corresponding to the sign change of the Fourier transform of the interaction potential.
$$\alpha $$-Dirac-harmonic maps from closed surfaces
Authors: Jost Jürgen , Zhu Jingyong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract$$\alpha $$α-Dirac-harmonic maps are variations of Dirac-harmonic maps, analogous to$$\alpha $$α-harmonic maps that were introduced by Sacks–Uhlenbeck to attack the existence problem for harmonic maps from closed surfaces. For$$\alpha >1$$α>1, the latter are known to satisfy a Palais–Smale condition, and so, the technique of Sacks–Uhlenbeck consists in constructing$$\alpha $$α-harmonic maps for$$\alpha >1$$α>1and then letting$$\alpha \rightarrow 1$$α→1. The extension of this scheme to Dirac-harmonic maps meets with several difficulties, and in this paper, we start attacking those. We first prove the existence of nontrivial perturbed$$\alpha $$α-Dirac-harmonic maps when the target manifold has nonpositive curvature. The regularity theorem then shows that they are actually smooth if the perturbation function is smooth. By$$\varepsilon $$ε-regularity and suitable perturbations, we can then show that such a sequence of perturbed$$\alpha $$α-Dirac-harmonic maps converges to a smooth coupled$$\alpha $$α-Dirac-harmonic map.
Utility of remission criteria for the renal prognosis of IgA nephropathy
Authors: Matsuzaki Keiichi , Suzuki Hitoshi , Kawamura Tetsuya , Tomino Yasuhiko , Suzuki Yusuke 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Novel criteria for the remission of Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) based on an opinion survey of Japanese nephrologists and literature review were proposed in 2013. This single-center, longitudinal retrospective cohort study was conducted to validate this criteria.

Methods
Present study included the IgAN patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2005 in the Juntendo University Hospital. Remission of hematuria was defined as three consecutive dipstick test results of ( −) to ( ±) or a red blood cell count < 5 in urinary sediment per high-power field during at least 6 months. Remission of proteinuria was defined as three consecutive dipstick results of ( −) to ( ±) during at least 6 months. We categorized four groups according to the remission status which was assessed 2 years after the renal biopsy. The primary outcome was a 50% increase in the serum creatinine over the baseline. We evaluated the slope of eGFR decline (mL/min/1.73 m2/year) and a decrease in the eGFR of 30% from baseline eGFR as the secondary outcome, respectively.

Results
A total of 74 patients (male: 47.3%, median age: 30 years) were included and were followed for a median of 86.5 months. During the period, forty-one patients achieved neither remission of proteinuria nor hematuria (NR). Twelve patients met the primary study outcome. A survival analysis revealed that the NR had the worst prognosis and the steepest slope of eGFR decline.

Conclusion
Although further validation in a large cohort is necessary, these novel remission criteria for IgAN patients appear to predict the renal prognosis.
The Mediating Effect of Financial Motives in the Association between Entrepreneurial Experience and Subjective Well-Being: Evidence from Japan
Authors: Honjo Yuji , Ikeuchi Kenta , Nakamura Hiroki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial experience and subjective well-being. Using an original survey on subjective well-being, entrepreneurial experience, level of wealth (inferred from observed variables of income, cash, and assets), and personal attributes of 10,001 individuals in Japan, we examine the factors that mediate the association between entrepreneurial experience and subjective well-being. We measure entrepreneurial experience as an individual’s experience in funding, owning, and running a corporation. We consider the mediating effect of the level of wealth on subjective well-being because entrepreneurial well-being is associate with wealth derived from income, cash, and assets. Our results provide no significant evidence that individuals with entrepreneurial experience have higher subjective well-being. However, we find a positive indirect effect of entrepreneurial experience on subjective well-being through wealth and a negative indirect effect through debt. The findings of this study indicate the importance of considering the mediating effect of financial motives in entrepreneurial well-being.
Contrastive Self-supervised Representation Learning Using Synthetic Data
Authors: She Dong-Yu , Xu Kun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLearning discriminative representations with deep neural networks often relies on massive labeled data, which is expensive and difficult to obtain in many real scenarios. As an alternative, self-supervised learning that leverages input itself as supervision is strongly preferred for its soaring performance on visual representation learning. This paper introduces a contrastive self-supervised framework for learning generalizable representations on the synthetic data that can be obtained easily with complete controllability. Specifically, we propose to optimize a contrastive learning task and a physical property prediction task simultaneously. Given the synthetic scene, the first task aims to maximize agreement between a pair of synthetic images generated by our proposed view sampling module, while the second task aims to predict three physical property maps, i.e., depth, instance contour maps, and surface normal maps. In addition, a feature-level domain adaptation technique with adversarial training is applied to reduce the domain difference between the realistic and the synthetic data. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on several visual recognition datasets.
Seasonal variations in temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in a larch forest in the Northern Daxing’an Mountains in Northeast China
Authors: Yang Lin , Zhang Qiuliang , Ma Zhongtao , Jin Huijun , Chang Xiaoli , Marchenko Sergey S. , Spektor Valentin V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTemperature sensitivity of respiration of forest soils is important for its responses to climate warming and for the accurate assessment of soil carbon budget. The sensitivity of temperature (Ti) to soil respiration rate (Rs), and Q10 defined by e10(lnRs−lna)/Ti has been used extensively for indicating the sensitivity of soil respiration. The soil respiration under a larch (Larix gmelinii) forest in the northern Daxing’an Mountains, Northeast China was observed in situ from April to September, 2019 using the dynamic chamber method. Air temperatures (Tair), soil surface temperatures (T0cm), soil temperatures at depths of 5 and 10 cm (T5cm and T10cm, respectively), and soil-surface water vapor concentrations were monitored at the same time. The results show a significant monthly variability in soil respiration rate in the growing season (April–September). The Q10 at the surface and at depths of 5 and 10 cm was estimated at 5.6, 6.3, and 7.2, respectively. The Q10@10 cm over the period of surface soil thawing (Q10@10 cm, thaw = 36.89) were significantly higher than that of the growing season (Q10@10 cm, growth = 3.82). Furthermore, the Rs in the early stage of near-surface soil thawing and in the middle of the growing season is more sensitive to changes in soil temperatures. Soil temperature is thus the dominant factor for season variations in soil respiration, but rainfall is the main controller for short-term fluctuations in respiration. Thus, the higher sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature (Q10) is found in the middle part of the growing season. The monthly and seasonal Q10 values better reflect the responsiveness of soil respiration to changes in hydrometeorology and ground freeze-thaw processes. This study may help assess the stability of the soil carbon pool and strength of carbon fluxes in the larch forested permafrost regions in the northern Daxing’an Mountains.
Sodium and Health Outcomes: Ascertaining Valid Estimates in Research Studies
Authors: Anderson Cheryl A. M. , Delker Erin , Ix Joachim H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The dietary reference intake (DRI) for sodium has been highly debated with persuasive and elegant arguments made for both population sodium reduction and for maintenance of the status quo. After the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) report was published, controversy ensued, and by Congressional mandate, the sodium DRIs were updated in 2019. The 2019 DRIs defined adequate intake (AI) levels by age–sex groups that are largely consistent with the DRIs for sodium that were published in 2005. Given the overall similarities between the 2005 and 2019 DRIs, one may wonder how the recently published research on sodium and health outcomes was considered in determining the DRIs, particularly, the recent studies from very large observational cohort studies. We aim to address this concern and outline the major threats to ascertaining valid estimates of the relationship between dietary sodium and health outcomes in observational cohort studies. We use tools from modern epidemiology to demonstrate how unexpected and inconsistent findings in these relationships may emerge. We use directed acyclic graphs to illustrate specific examples in which biases may occur.

Recent Findings
We identified the following key threats to internal validity: poorly defined target intervention, poorly measured sodium exposure, unmeasured or residual confounding, reverse causality, and selection bias. Researchers should consider these threats to internal validity while developing research questions and throughout the research process.

Summary
For the DRIs to inform real-world interventions relating to sodium reduction, it is recommended that more specific research questions be asked that can clearly define potential interventions of interest.
Prediction of overt hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt treatment: a cohort study
Authors: Yang Yang , Fu Sirui , Cao Bin , Hao Kenan , Li Yong , Huang Jianwen , Shi Wenfeng , Duan Chongyang , Bai Xiao , Tang Kai , Yang Shirui , He Xiaofeng , Lu Ligong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground/purposeOvert hepatic encephalopathy (HE) risk should be preoperatively predicted to identify patients suitable for curative transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) instead of palliative treatments.MethodsA total of 185 patients who underwent TIPS procedure were randomised (130 in the training dataset and 55 in the validation dataset). Clinical factors and imaging characteristics were assessed. Three different models were established by logistic regression analyses based on clinical factors (ModelC), imaging characteristics (ModelI), and a combination of both (ModelCI). Their discrimination, calibration, and decision curves were compared, to identify the best model. Subgroup analysis was performed for the best model.ResultsModelCI, which contained two clinical factors and two imaging characteristics, was identified as the best model. The areas under the curve of ModelC, ModelI, and ModelCIwere 0.870, 0.963, and 0.978 for the training dataset and 0.831, 0.971, and 0.969 for the validation dataset. The combined model outperformed the clinical and imaging models in terms of calibration and decision curves. The performance of ModelCIwas not influenced by total bilirubin, Child–Pugh stages, model of end-stage liver disease score, or ammonia. The subgroup with a risk score ≥ 0.88 exhibited a higher proportion of overt HE (training dataset: 13.3% vs. 97.4%,p < 0.001; validation dataset: 0.0% vs. 87.5%,p < 0.001).ConclusionOur combination model can successfully predict the risk of overt HE post-TIPS. For the low-risk subgroup, TIPS can be performed safely; however, for the high-risk subgroup, it should be considered more carefully.Graphic abstract
Value-conflicts in the conservation of a native species: a case study based on the endangered white-clawed crayfish in Europe
Authors: Biasetti Pierfrancesco , Ferrante Linda , Bonelli Marco , Manenti Raoul , Scaccini Davide , de Mori Barbara 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe future of the native European crayfishAustropotamobius pallipesdepends on accurate conservation management. The goal of this paper is to attempt an investigation of the major ethical conflicts that can emerge in the conservation of this endangered crayfish threatened by invasive competitors, introduced diseases, and landscape alteration. To assess this issue, we will employ the Ethical Matrix, in a version explicitly tailored for its use in conservation. The filled Ethical Matrix will highlight several potential conflicts between values such as environmental protection, social and economic interests, animal welfare, cultural and aesthetic value, etc. We will discuss these conflicts, alongside some potential mitigating strategies present in the literature. We will stress in particular the need to take into account the ethical principle of fairness when assessing the economic and recreational value of invasive species, especially concerning the unfair distribution of costs. Moreover, we will assert the importance of conservation ofA. pallipesboth for its existence value and for its role as an umbrella and keystone species. Beyond its focus onA. pallipes, the Ethical Matrix here discussed might also provide insights on the value conflicts relative to analogous in situ conservation efforts involving a native species threatened by invasive alien competitors.Graphic abstract
Impfstoffe für alle? Dodecin als Impfstoffplattform
Authors: Bourdeaux Florian , Rittner Alexander , Grininger Martin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Corona pandemic has painfully taught us the threat of new pathogens in a globalized world and how vital modern vaccines are. Platform technologies play an important role in the discovery of new vaccines as reducing the time for the development dramatically — time that saves lives. Here, we present the protein Dodecin and how it may be utilized as a versatile platform technology to produce cheap and robust new vaccines for everyone in all parts of the world.
Pilze: vom „Vitamin“- Überproduzenten zum robusten Alleskönner
Authors: Nieland Susanne , Zamani Arief I. , Ng C. Leong , Stahmann K.-Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAshbya gosspyii, a fungus overproducing riboflavin, is applied for > 1000 t/a for two decades. Disadvantages of the overproducer are its need of complex nutrients and a weak pH tolerance. An omnipotent anabolism was shown for Phialemonium curvatum isolated from compost by screening for plant oil degradation on mineral salts medium at pH 3. It can be cultivated in plastic vessels > 100 L with minimal sterile technique. Its potential to convert crude palm oil into organic acids is discussed.
The promise of panarchy in managed retreat: converging psychological perspectives and complex adaptive systems theory
Authors: Greenlees Kai , Cornelius Randolph 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper interrogates the nature of climate resilience by adopting “panarchy” as a heuristic model to visualize how small-scale processes such as individual environmental risk perceptions are interrelated with broader social and ecological systems to confer community resilience. Thematic analysis of resident interviews from a pilot study conducted in the Rockaways, New York revealed the foundations of environmental risk perceptions and the ways in which they are both a product of and catalyst for social-ecological system (SES) resilience. The debate around managed retreat necessitates a complex systems perspective to promote equitable and just adaptation and transformation while avoiding unintended consequences which often result from single-scale inquiry. Integrating risk perception in the explicit multi-scalar model of panarchy proposes a new way to think about the complex social, economic, political, and psychological processes converging across space and time to confer community resilience and visualize the complexity inherent in relocation. In other words, connecting climate resilience and managed retreat with psychological processes like risk perception emphasizes the importance of implementing multi-scalar interventions to build community adaptive capacity.
Information criteria and cross validation for Bayesian inference in regular and singular cases
Authors: Watanabe Sumio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn data science, an unknown information source is estimated by a predictive distribution defined from a statistical model and a prior. In an older Bayesian framework, it was explained that the Bayesian predictive distribution should be the best on the assumption that a statistical model is convinced to be correct and a prior is given by a subjective belief in a small world. However, such a restricted treatment of Bayesian inference cannot be applied to highly complicated statistical models and learning machines in a large world. In 1980, a new scientific paradigm of Bayesian inference was proposed by Akaike, in which both a model and a prior are candidate systems and they had better be designed by mathematical procedures so that the predictive distribution is the better approximation of unknown information source. Nowadays, Akaike’s proposal is widely accepted in statistics, data science, and machine learning. In this paper, in order to establish a mathematical foundation for developing a measure of a statistical model and a prior, we show the relation among the generalization loss, the information criteria, and the cross-validation loss, then compare them from three different points of view. First, their performances are compared in singular problems where the posterior distribution is far from any normal distribution. Second, they are studied in the case when a leverage sample point is contained in data. And last, their stochastic properties are clarified when they are used for the prior optimization problem. The mathematical and experimental comparison shows the equivalence and the difference among them, which we expect useful in practical applications.
Characterization displacement of multilayered soils using smoothing seismic data, numerical analysis, and probabilistically statistics analysis
Authors: Namdar Abdoullah , Satyam Neelima 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDifferential displacement of soil foundation owing to the seismic excitation has received significant attention for evaluation infrastructure seismic resistance. The multilayered soil interaction requires investigation for the prediction and characterization of multilayered soil differential displacement. In this study, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) filtering method was applied for smoothing acceleration history. The numerical simulation performed using ABAQUS for soil layers interaction assessment. The statistical analysis was also applied for verification accuracy of numerical analysis and to predict the probability of the multilayered soil differential displacement occurrence. The mechanical properties of the soil, the number of soil layers, the location of soil arrangement, the type of seismic loading, and the accuracy of seismic loading were considered for modeling. The hexahedral mesh with a 500 mm size was selected in the numerical simulation. The results reveal the soil layer's interaction influence on differential displacement and flexibility of the multilayered soil. It was observed the nature of seismic loading has a significant influence on the type of soil in minimizing displacement. The soil layer arrangement controls the displacement magnitude and soil layer vibration magnitude. The conversion of the soil differential displacement to soil linear displacement and enhancement of the soil seismic stability occurred because of multilayered soil interaction and the nature of the seismic loading. This study's finding shows the statistical model verified and predicts differential displacement through a suitable application of the statistical model in geotechnical earthquake engineering. The presented method implies the appropriate design of multilayered soil. It can be alternative solutions to predict the differential displacement of multilayered soil by minimizing the number of the modeling through the applied statistical method. It characterized the conversion of the differential displacement to linear displacement by multilayered soil design occurrence.