bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overwintering survival of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in temperature regimes emulating partly protected winter conditions in a cold–temperate climate of Québec, Canada
Authors: Cloutier Conrad , Guay Jean-Frédéric , Champagne-Cauchon William , Fournier Valérie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractField-acclimated Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region, Québec, Canada, were examined over two years for winter survival, under the hypothesis that flies select protected overwintering microhabitats. In 2016–2017, flies trapped alive in the field or emerged from infested fruits were submitted to four winter regimes of either constant or daily fluctuating temperatures of 5 °C (2–8 °C) or 10 °C (7–13 °C). In 2017–2018, two fluctuating regimes averaging either 1 °C (–2 to 4 °C) or 3 °C (0–6 °C) were tested. Survival was modelled using Cox proportional hazard models testing probability that mortality risk varies with cold winter regime, fly sex, and fly provenance. Hazard ratios were about 1.7 times higher for males than for females. Models indicate that flies in constant and fluctuating 10 °C, in constant 5 °C, or in fluctuating 1 °C with daily exposure to –2 °C would not survive a six-month winter. Female survival extended to the next summer in fluctuating regimes averaging 5 °C or 3 °C. Estimates of 0.95 quantile survival (5%) indicate that overwintering D. suzukii experiencing such cold temperature regimes during winter, with no prolonged sub-zero temperatures, could survive until July of the following year, which is likely at the high population densities observed.
Immunoproteasome Upregulation Is Not Required to Control Protein Homeostasis during Viral Infection
Authors: Basler Michael , Christ Marleen , Goebel Heike , Groettrup Marcus 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The prime function of proteasomes is the control of protein homeostasis in cells (i.e., the removal of proteins that are not properly folded, damaged by stress conditions like reactive oxygen species formation, or degraded on the basis of regular protein turnover). During viral infection, the standard proteasome is replaced by the so-called immunoproteasome (IP) in an IFN-γ–dependent manner. It has been proposed that the IP is required to protect cell viability under conditions of IFN-induced oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the requirement for IP to cope with the enhanced need for protein degradation during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice lacking the IP subunit LMP7. We found that IP are upregulated in the liver but not in the spleen during LCMV infection, although the total proteasome content was not altered. The expression of standard proteasome subunits is not induced in LMP7-deficient mice, indicating that enhanced proteasomal activity is not required during viral infection. Furthermore, ubiquitin accumulation, apoptosis induction, and viral titers were similar in LCMV-infected mice lacking LMP7 compared with wild-type mice. Taken together, these data indicate that the IP is not required to regulate protein homeostasis during LCMV infection.
Prevalence and characteristics of venous thromboembolism in severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a tertiary care hospital in India
Authors: Meitei Soibam Pahel , Tale Sudheer , Negi Arjun Kumar , Dua Ruchi , Walia Rohit , Saxena Sudhir 
Published: March 2021

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) carries a high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Pulmonary embolism (PE) and AECOPD increase the mortality and morbidity risk associated with each other. Racial and ethnic differences in VTE risk have been documented in multiple studies. However, there is a dearth of reliable Indian data on the same. This study was planned to find the prevalence of VTE in the setting of severe AECOPD in a tertiary care hospital in India and to identify the clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics of VTE in severe AECOPD. A total of 156 consecutive patients admitted with severe AECOPD and meeting the specified inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited. Thorough workup of all patients was done including ABG, serum D dimer, ECG, compression ultrasound of lower limbs and 2-D echocardiography. Patients with high pre-test probability score, or intermediate pre-test probability score at presentation with serum D dimer above the age adjusted cut-off underwent computerised tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Results were analysed using SPSS version 23. Sixteen (10.3%) patients had VTE, 15 (93.75%) of them being cases of isolated PE. Female gender, higher cumulative past exposure to corticosteroid, higher alveolar-arterial gradient, right ventricular dysfunction, and higher mean pulmonary artery pressure were associated with increased risk for VTE. The prevalence of VTE in AECOPD in this study among an Indian population is higher than among other Asians, but lower than among the Blacks, the Caucasians and the Middle-East ethnicities. Since a vast majority of VTE presents as PE without DVT in the setting of AECOPD, the absence of deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs does not rule PE in the setting.
Cataract surgery in eyes with associated coloboma
Authors: Kohli Gaurav , Shah Chintan , Sen Alok , Joshi Rajesh , Sood Devindra , Patidar Narendra , Sen Pradhnya , Sharma Devendra , Jain Tanya 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to report the outcome of cataract surgery with different surgical techniques in eyes with coexisting coloboma and to define factors of prognostic importance.

Methods:
Retrospective case sheet review of patients presenting between January 2016 and December 2018, who underwent cataract surgery in eyes with coexisting coloboma.

Results:
Of the 3,30,231 cases operated during the study period, 280 eyes of 276 patients had associated colobomatous malformation. The prevalence of coloboma in eyes undergoing cataract surgery was 0.085%. The mean age of the patients was 46.4 years (range 19 - 88 years). Phacoemulsification (PE) was performed in 130 eyes (46.4%), manual small incision cataract surgery (M-SICS) was done in 115 eyes (41.1%), and 35 eyes (12.5%) underwent intra capsular cataract extraction. Intra-operative complications were noted in 26 (9%) eyes. Incidence of intra-operative and post-operative complications was comparable between PE and M-SICS groups (p = 0.94). The mean corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) improved from logMAR 1.71 ± 0.62 to 0.87 ± 0.61 (p = 0.00009). On multivariate analysis, microcornea (p = 0.002), type 1 and 2 coloboma (p < 0.001), and intraoperative complications (p = 0.001) were associated with poor visual outcome.

Conclusion:
Favorable functional outcomes can be achieved with phacoemulsification in eyes with softer cataract and corneal diameter >8 mm and with M-SICS in eyes with hard cataracts and corneal diameter of 6–8 mm. PE should be considered as the primary choice whenever permissible by the corneal diameter and severity of nuclear sclerosis. Poor functional outcomes were seen in eyes with smaller corneal diameter, extensive chorioretinal coloboma, and intraoperative complications.
Ophthalmology residency trainers‘ perspective on standardization of residency training in India
Authors: Gogate Parikshit Madhav , Biswas Partha , Honavar Santosh G , Sharma Namrata , Sinha Rajesh , Sachdev Mahipal Singh , Verma Lalit , Nayak Barun Kumar , Natarajan Sundaram 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to study the perception of residency trainers about an optimum residency program.

Methods:
A survey, using a pre-validated questionnaire, was conducted by the Academic and Research Committee of the All India Ophthalmological Society, in 2019-20 with questions directed to teachers in medical colleges and national board of examination‘s ophthalmology residency programs on demography, teaching experience, imparting clinical and surgical skills, ideal academic schedule and dissertation in the post-graduate residency program.

Results:
The response rate in the survey was 47.6%. Valid responses were obtained from 309 residency trainers. Of these, 132 of 309 (42.7%) were females. The mean age was 45.3 ± 9.5 years, range 26-68 years. The trainers believed that on a scale of 0-10, clinical skills teaching should be taught, mean ± SD: slit lamp 9.8 ± 0.7; indirect ophthalmoscopy 9.3 ± 1.3; gonioscopy 9.2 ± 1.5; perimetry 8.9 ± 1.5; OCT 8.4 ± 1.9; applanation tonometry 9.5 ± 1.2 and orthoptic evaluation 8.1 (±1.9). A resident should ideally perform independently surgeries (median, inter-quartile range IQR): SICS 50 (IQR 40-100); phaco 50 (20-60); pterygium excision 20 (10-40); DCR 10 (5-20); chalazion 20 (10-50), trabeculectomy 7 (5-15); strabismus 5 (2-10), LASIK and retinal detachment 0. Ideally there should be four lectures, four seminars, four case presentations, five journal clubs and four wet labs every month.

Conclusion:
Teachers expected their wards to become competent professionals. There was near unanimity about the content of clinical skills training, non-medical skills and academics, but there was a significant variation on extent of surgical training that should be imparted to the residents.
Point-of-care rapid antigen testing for COVID-19 at a tertiary eye care facility
Authors: Tripathy Devjyoti , Roy Avik Kumar , Khanna Rohit C , Jalali Subhadra , Panigrahy Bharat , Parija Deepthi Chandran , Rath Suryasnata 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to report the use and the impact of a point-of-care rapid antigen test (PoC-RAT) at a tertiary eye care facility in facilitating commencement of elective surgeries, contact tracing of exposed health care professionals (HCPs) and ancillary hospital staff, and implementation of back-to-work (BTW) policy for them.

Methods:
Retrospective analysis of subjects undergoing PoC-RAT for COVID-19 infection at a tertiary level dedicated eye care facility. Decision making with regard to commencement of elective surgeries post COVID-19 related discontinuation of services, contact tracing of HCPs and ancillary hospital staff exposed to known COVID-19 cases and implementation of back-to-work policy for all staff based upon the results of PoC-RAT were studied.

Results:
A total of 311 subjects (224 patients and 87 hospital staff) were tested. Overall positivity rate was around 7%. Asymptomatic patients who were screened preoperatively had a lower positivity rate at around 3% compared to the staff (who were either known contacts or were symptomatic) at around 17%. Contact tracing found three-quarters of the staff at low risk and only one quarter at medium or high risk. Among patients, 97% of those followed up for at least 2 weeks after the test remained healthy. For staff, this was around 65%.

Conclusion:
Based on our preliminary results, we suggest that PoC-RAT may be considered routinely for indication-based preoperative screening of asymptomatic patients, and for on-campus screening, contact tracing and implementation of BTW policies for HCPs and ancillary hospital staff at a tertiary level eye care facility.
Post-lockdown challenges for ophthalmologists during COVID-19 pandemic in India
Authors: Goel Madhav , Goel Sonu , Sachdev Mahipal Singh , Sharma Namrata , Mishra Deepak , Yadav Gautam , Barua Nabanita , Aggarwal Sulakshna 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the post-lockdown challenges during Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic amongst the ophthalmologists in India.

Methods:
An online survey was sent to the practicing ophthalmologists across India. Data were collected from the responding ophthalmologists and analysed using Medcalc 16.4 software.

Results:
A total of 794 responses were obtained. Most respondents (51%) were in the age group 30–50 years and were in independent practice (40.05%). Almost three-fourth of ophthalmologists resumed their surgical services after a gap of more than a month post-lockdown. Almost a third of the respondents had significant reduction in their surgical workload during this period. Significant fear of contracting COVID-19 infection in the operation theatres was reported while moderate difficulty was found in procuring protective gear during immediate post-national lockdown period.

Conclusion:
The pandemic has changed the ophthalmic practice significantly, with patient and staff safety becoming areas of major concern. Both financial and psychological concerns affecting healthcare workers need addressing for continued patient care.
Morphological features of focal choroidal excavation and its association with macular pathology in Asian Indian eyes
Authors: Priya B V , Gupta Ishank , Poornachandra B , Jayadev Chaitra , Pereira Arpitha , Mohapatra Ayushi , Krishna Santosh G , Yadav Naresh K 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To study the characteristics of focal choroidal excavation (FCE) in Indian eyes based on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings and their association with macular pathologies.

Methods:
Retrospective study of 26 patients diagnosed with FCE. All patients‘ clinical and imaging data were reviewed.

Results:
There were eight females and 18 males aged between 24 and 85 years. FCE was noted in 31 eyes of 26 patients – unilateral in 21 and bilateral in 5. The conforming type was noted in 13 and nonconforming in 19 eyes. The location was extrafoveal in 16 and subfoveal in 15 eyes. The morphology was bowl-shaped in 24, cone-shaped in six eyes, and mixed type in one eye. Associated pathologies were central serous chorioretinopathy in nine eyes, choroidal neovascular membrane in seven eyes, Stargardt‘s disease in three eyes, Best disease in four eyes, other retinal dystrophies in two eyes, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, each in one eye. The mean FCE width was 1667.2 ± 817.7 μ, mean depth was 95.7 ± 46.4 μ, and the mean choroidal thickness under the FCE was 234.8 ± 85.9 μ. No abnormal choroidal tissue was found under any FCE.

Conclusion:
FCE is a relatively common entity and frequently associated with macular pathologies. The presence of an FCE did not alter the course or management of these conditions.
Surgical scar revision using silicone gel sheet as an adjunct
Authors: Mukherjee Tripti , Chopra Sumit , Aggarwal Ankit , Garg Vipul , Dadwal Himani , Sharma Priyanka 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
Scar is often referred to as an unattractive mark after healing of a wound. An undesirable scar may have negative social, emotional, and functional impact on the patient. It is our job as surgeons to adequately understand the expectations of the patient and counsel them for a successful procedure.

Materials and Methods:
Twelve patients were randomly chosen for the study, of which five were males and seven were females. The scar tissue was removed surgically, and silicone gel sheets (SGSs) were applied on the 14th postoperative day, and the dimensions of the new scar was measured periodically up to 12 months.

Results:
The study comprised of 12 patients- 5 males and 7 females. The descriptive statistics were calculated as median and interquartile range and comparison between time intervals was done using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Out of the 12 patients, 10 showing complete resolution of the scar and 2 patients had partial relapse of scar. However, they were satisfied with the final outcome.

Conclusion:
Our study found that SGSs applied to surgically revised scars significantly improves their appearance. The ease of use of the SGSs also makes it patient friendly. We observed almost complete resolution of the scar in ten patients and two patients exhibited partial relapse of the scar. However, there was a significant improvement in the overall appearance of the scar, and the patients were satisfied with the results of the procedure.
Surgical outcomes in oral cancer involving the central arch of the mandible in elderly patients
Authors: Rajan Shiv , Prakash Puneet , Akhtar Naseem , Kumar Vijay , Gupta Sameer , Chaturvedi Arun , Mahajan Dhruv , Srivastava Resham , Qayoom Sumaira , Chakrabarti Deep , Parveen Shirin 
Published: March 2021

Backgrounds:
Oral squamous cell cancer (SCC) is one of the most common cancers. The most common age of presentation is fifth to sixth decade. Management of this disease is dictated by stage, age, and related comorbidities. Elderly patients have their own set of limitations as far as their management is concerned. Carcinoma involving central mandibular arch is a challenging disease for surgeons, especially in the elderly. This article describes our experience with the surgical treatment of oral cancer involving the central arch of the mandible in elderly patients.

Methods:
Forty elderly (≥60 years) patients with histologically proven SCC of the oral cavity in which disease was involving the central arch of the mandible, were included in our study. Demographic, clinical, and treatment-related factors were recorded. The outcome was assessed in terms of postoperative complications, recurrence, and patient survival.

Results:
The median age of the patients was 63 years. The male:female ratio was 7:3. A history of oral tobacco use was present in 95% of patients. The most common site of disease was lower alveolus (80%) followed by carcinoma of the lower lip (20%). Majority of our patients (77.3% [30]) were having Stage IV disease. Mandibulectomy was either segmental (62.5%) or marginal (37.5%). Bilateral neck dissection (37/40, 92.5%) was done in most patients. Among all patients, 62.5% (25) received adjuvant radiotherapy. The local recurrence rate after a median follow-up of 30 months was 15% (6). Two-year disease-free survival and overall survival were 89% and 90%, respectively.

Conclusion:
Central arch of the mandible is a difficult disease to treat. It needs a complex and lengthy reconstructive procedure. Comorbidities such as extreme age, diabetes, and pulmonary and cardiac illnesses make it more challenging to manage. With the proper evaluation of comorbidities and avoiding long, cumbersome procedures, we can provide patients a fairly good chance of survival.
Histological changes at the commissure of the lip on approaching from its cutaneous to the mucosa region in males
Authors: Saxena Swati , Pankaj Arvind Kumar , Panwar Sachin , Rani Anita , Chopra Jyoti , Rani Archana 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
The morphology of the epithelium of the oral lips comprised keratinized external epithelium (anteriorly) and nonkeratinized or sometimes parakeratinized mucous membrane epithelium (posteriorly). Knowledge of morphometry of the lip lining helps in deciding the best site for choosing graft for its better uptake during several dermal grafting procedures following trauma or tumor excision following craniofacial cancers or cosmetic procedures.

Materials and Methods:
Ten human male cadavers were procured at the Department of Anatomy King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. The rectangle-shaped skin specimen through the right commissure of the lip which included the skin, mucocutaneous junction, and mucosa was stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. A total of 30 slides were prepared. Thus, the readings were obtained for three regions, respectively, with the help of CAT-CAM E-series HD cameras which were installed in a light microscope.

Results:
Thickness of skin (epidermis + dermis) of the lip ranged from 756 μm to 1068 μm among males. Epidermal thickness increases on moving from the cutaneous region to the mucosa region of the lip. The lowest contribution of the stratum corneum in thickness of the epidermis was observed in the vermillion region, while the highest contribution was observed in the skin region. It was found to be absent in the mucosa region of the lip. Rete pegs at the dermoepidermal junction was found to be maximum in the vermillion region and minimum in the skin region. Its depth increased as we move from the skin to the mucosa region of the lip. Depth of the dermis was found to be maximum in the skin region, while minimum in the vermillion region. It ranged between 291 μm and 693 μm.

Conclusion:
Care should be taken while using dermal fillers in lip augmentation surgeries, especially in the vermillion region due to its close proximity to musculature in the core of the lip.
Habit-associated salivary pH changes in oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Sahu Rohit Kumar , Patro Sangram , Nayak Bikash , Bardhan Debajyoti , Panda Swagat , Rajguru Jagdish Prasad 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Salivary pH plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of various oral diseases and conditions. Chewing of areca nut and various tobacco products changes salivary pH.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to measure the effect of habitual chewing of areca nut and various tobacco products on salivary pH.

Materials and Methods:
The present study included 360 individuals (chewers and nonchewers) of age group between 20 and 30 years who visited the Outpatient Department of Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital. The patient's salivary pH was measured with the help of a digital pH meter before and after chewing areca nut and various tobacco products.

Results:
It was observed that, in all the groups of chewers, pH decreased after chewing except in the gutkha and lime chewing group, where pH increased (pH before chewing was 7.43 ± 0.41 and after chewing was 7.51 ± 0.399), the difference was strongly significant (P < 0.001). pH was found to be less in lime and tobacco chewers (6.83 ± 0.33) and more in tobacco, betel nut, and lime chewers (7.50 ± 0.41) in comparison to other groups before chewing; the difference was strongly significant (P < 0.001). In the mean ± standard deviation, increase in pH was found among chewers (7.32 ± 0.49) as compared to nonchewers (6.99 ± 0.14), which is the control group, and the data were statically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
pH is altered in areca nut and various tobacco chewers, rendering the oral mucosa vulnerable to the toxic effects of areca nut and various tobacco products.
Evaluation of stability and esthetic outcome following rigid fixation of a new sagittal genioplasty technique – A clinical study
Authors: Ekram Subia , Arunkumar K. V. , Mowar Apoorva , Khera Amit 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Routine and popular conventional genioplasty procedure is often curvilinear, requires lower border extension below, and behind the mental foramen, which after advancement has a tendency to produce step deformity, butt contact, hence nonunion, instability, and increased relapse tendencies. The present technique is aimed to study the new sagittal genioplasty technique and its efficacy to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks of conventional genioplasty. This technique also aids in correcting mild-to-moderate breathing irregularities.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 10 patients included in this study. The comparative analysis of the displacement of the chin in vertical and horizontal directions following surgery was evaluated by measuring the difference between preoperative, immediate postoperative, 3 and 6 months postoperative on lateral cephalometric radiographs.

Results:
The study of new sagittal chin advancement results showed an advantage over conventional technique in terms of esthetics outcome (no jowl), easy to perform without damaging the mental nerve, superior healing with less relapse, and better surface area contact.

Conclusion:
In this study, the new technique of sagittal genioplasty overcomes the disadvantages of conventional genioplasty. However, this technique is best suited for patients who require straight or moderately vertical augmentation advancement genioplasty and is not suitable for asymmetry corrections, i.e., centering genioplasty and double sliding genioplasty.