bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nemesius of Emesa on Human Nature
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Nemesius of Emesa’s On Human Nature (De Natura Hominis) is the first Christian anthropology. Written in Greek, circa 390 ce, it was read in half a dozen languages—from Baghdad to Oxford—well into the early modern period. Nemesius’ text circulated in two Latin versions in the centuries that saw the rise of European universities, shaping scholastic theories of human nature. During the Renaissance, it saw a flurry of print editions, helping to inspire a new discourse of human dignity. This is the first monograph in English on Nemesius’ treatise. On the interpretation offered here, the Syrian bishop seeks to define the human qua human. His early Christian anthropology is cosmopolitan. ‘Things that are natural’, he writes, ‘are the same for all’. In his pages, a host of texts and discourses—biblical and medical, legal and philosophical—are made to converge upon a decisive tenet of Christian late antiquity: humans’ natural freedom. For Nemesius, reason and choice are a divine double-strand of powers. Since he believes that both are a natural human inheritance, he concludes that much is ‘in our power’. Nemesius defines humans as the only living beings who are at once ruler (intellect) and ruled (body). Because of this, the human is a ‘little world’, binding the rationality of angels to the flux of elements, the tranquillity of plants, and the impulsiveness of animals. This book traces Nemesius’ reasoning through the whole of On Human Nature, as he seeks to give a long-influential image of humankind both philosophical and anatomical proof.
Copyright in the Digital Single Market
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book provides an article-by-article commentary to the provisions of the 2019 EU Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market. It investigates the history, objectives, and content of Directive 2019/790's complex provisions as well as the relationship between some of those provisions and between the Directive and the pre-existing acquis. It explains why the EU Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market is a significant and foundational part of the broader EU copyright architecture. The book aims to navigate the legislative provisions that were adopted in 2019 to make EU copyright fit for the Digital Single Market. It marks two important anniversaries in the EU copyright harmonization history: the thirtieth anniversary of the first ever adopted copyright directive, Software Directive 91/250, and the twentieth anniversary of InfoSoc Directive 2001/29, an ambitious legislative instrument.
Sounds, Signs, and Boundaries
Authors: Luraghi Nino 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter develops further an earlier argument that the differences between the local scripts of Greece cannot be accidental. It connects them with the emergence of ethnic boundaries within the Greeks. It considers the adaptation of the Phoenician alphabet to the Greek language, and then the process of creating the local scripts, largely by assigning different sound values to the same letters. It then correlates the different local 'written languages' (i.e. local combinations of scripts and dialects) with differences in material and symbolic culture. Written language turns out to have been understood as a component of regional ethnic identities.
Contextualizing the Origin of the Greek Alphabet
Authors: Woodard Roger D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Greek alphabet likely appeared as a functional writing system in the late ninth century bc in a particular eastern Mediterranean locale, but the process by which it took shape is one that stretched chronologically from that moment back into the Bronze Age, and geographically from Anatolia and Syria-Palestine, through Cyprus, to Pylos, Knossos, and other Mycenaean palace sites. This chapter examines that formative process as one characterized by various episodes of the transfer of knowledge between structured systems-transfers that left traces of operational elements of earlier, pre-alphabetic systems within the emerging alphabet. It further explores a scenario in which this alphabetic system could have plausibly found motivation and achieved functionality among non-literate Greeks operating within the multi-lingual and multi-graphic context of the complex armies of the Neo-Assyrian empire.
Family and inheritance
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The imperative after the Famine to keep the small farm from being subdivided led to the familist system under which one son, not necessarily the first-born, was to inherit; all the others had to find lives elsewhere, mostly through emigration. Poems by Bernard O’Donoghue and John Montague, a story of George Moore, and a play by T. C. Murray dramatize this situation. In other works by Murray and Eugene McCabe, the focus is on the ageing autocrat without an heir. Plays of Padraic Colum and John Murphy stage the divided impulses of staying home on the land and leaving for America. The small farm, metonym for the nation in the Revival period, becomes the battleground of the family.
Community relations
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Irish nationalists imagined the rural farming community as a model of the nation, as most famously articulated by Eamon de Valera. But the literary version of social reality yield images of much less harmonious, homogenous, and integrated communities. There is the vicious class stigma of sexual promiscuity and illegitimacy, as seen in Mary Lavin’s story ‘Sarah’, and in Tom French’s long poem ‘Pity the Bastards’. The closed-in world of John B. Keane’s The Field and Sam Hanna Bell’s tightly knit Presbyterian neighbourhood in December Bride give a sense of the varying distinctiveness of separate communities. Máirtín Ó Cadhain’s Irish language novel Cré na Cille vividly renders the intensely competitive internal dynamics of his Connemara locality, while Eugene McCabe in his Fermanagh Trilogy evokes the intimate enmities of country neighbours under the pressure of sectarian conflict.
Reactions to modernity
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Emigration, which had been such a marked feature of Irish history since the nineteenth century, accelerated through the 1950s, creating the sense of an emptying countryside. Leaving the land is represented as alienation in Frank O’Connor’s story ‘Uprooted’, a tragedy to be resisted at all costs in M. J. Molloy’s play The Wood of the Whispering, while the plight of the stay-at-home sibling when all the others have left is the focus of William Trevor’s ‘The Hill Bachelors’. Nostalgia for a pre-modern rural landscape features in the work of Michael McLaverty, John Montague, and Maurice Riordan. In the fully urbanized Ireland of the twenty-first century, there is a sardonic take on modern farming in Kevin Barry, but the remaining connections to the land of contemporary society are still very much present in novels by Belinda McKeon and Anne Enright.
John McGahern and the alternative life of the farm
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Though McGahern’s father was a police officer and his mother a schoolteacher, they had a small farm where the writer spent his childhood years, and it was this home territory of rural Roscommon and Leitrim that was central to his fiction. Recurrently in the novels and stories, the former Republican father, disillusioned with independent Ireland, rules over the farm as his own independent republic, but alienates the son whom he needs as heir. Amongst Women shows up the illusion of the patriarchal ideal of the family working together on the farm and its crippling gender politics. Yet, dissatisfaction with the city drives key characters back to the alternative life of the farm, as in ‘The Country Funeral’. In That They May Face the Rising Sun, McGahern creates his fullest version of the farming community, at once tenderly pastoral and caustically observed in its social reality.
The Wrong Logos
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Reasons of beneficence are at the core of ethics, and also of many of its most intractable theoretical problems, indeed paradoxes. What is needed for the resolution of these problems is an appreciation of the distinctive nature of the logos of ethics. In brief that logos is seen as an openness to a practical reality of notably reasons, for the understanding of which a familiarity with the thick ethical concepts is required. Such reasons provide direct intentional access to ethical reality. But if we attempt to gain intentional access to ethical facts through the wrong logos where the thick concepts are invisible or not central paradoxes ensue. This chapter discusses three: the paradox of supererogation, the ‘It Makes no Difference’ Paradox (e.g., that of ‘pooled beneficence’), and that of the underdetermination by reasons for action (e.g., of what charity to support).
Presentational Conservatism
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Presentational Conservatism is the view that if, and only if, you have an experience that has presentational phenomenology with respect to p, then do you thereby have some prima facie justification for believing that p. This chapter defends Presentational Conservatism and explores its epistemic implications. Once located in relation to other dogmatist and phenomenal conservative approaches to justification, the view is clarified through discussion of presentational phenomenology and motivated on the basis of reflection on cases and general epistemological considerations. If Presentational Conservatism is true, then various epistemological agendas that have been pursued in the wake of the literature on high-level perceptual content need to be reassessed. Implications for recently popular perceptual accounts of our knowledge of other minds are explored in some detail.
Cognitive Penetration, Expertise, and Background Information
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Can the way that an experience is caused make a difference to what that experience justifies believing? Presentational Conservatism implies that the answer to this question is no. It thereby incurs two explanatory burdens. One is to explain the apparent epistemic downgrade in cases such as Susanna Siegel’s example of Jack looking angry to Jill because of her unjustified fear. Another explanatory burden is to explain the superior epistemic position of expert perceivers such as bird watchers and radiologists whose trained eyes allow them to see more than those with untrained eyes. This chapter argues that Presentational Conservatism has adequate resources to discharge both explanatory burdens.
Learning, complexity, and competition
Authors: Culicover Peter W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores how envisioning a language learner as acquiring a grammar made up of constructions allows us to account for change and variation. It explores the idea that change is not solely the responsibility of early language learners, but may also occur as innovations initiated by adult speakers. One key explanatory component is constructional complexity; another is competition between constructions that have overlapping functions.
Changes outside of the CCore
Authors: Culicover Peter W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter shows the broader applicability of the constructional approach. It looks at three well-documented developments in English that do not fall into the category of ‘core phenomena’ as understood in Chapter 3, reflexivity, do-support and preposition stranding. These changes are not as central to the expressive function of language as argument structure, operator/scope, and similar phenomena. The chapter argues that these phenomena provide additional evidence that the constructional approach is well-suited for providing genuine explanations for language change and variation.
Conclusion
Authors: Easterling Joshua S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book concludes by examining some implications of charismatic experience as recorded in the religious texts treated throughout the book, as well as the host of challenges that such experience presented for the cultures within which anchorites negotiated their claims to spiritual power. Here the book returns to the hierarchically organized image of embodiment that obtained throughout the later Middle Ages as a repudiation of its Pauline counterpart. The rival responses to, or figurations of, highly embodied and charismatic experiences from the twelfth through the fourteenth centuries are finally traceable to a struggle to account for and localize the source of spiritual agency. In this sense, what emerged as medieval Europe’s “charismatic problem” became the focal point of reactive efforts within mainstream religious culture to manage and (hierarchically) contain forms of agency precisely to the extent that these challenged the dominant and masculine assumptions of that same culture.
Epilogue
Authors: Noe Christine , Ponte Stefano , Brockington Dan , Mdee Anna , Sokoni Cosmas , Friis-Hansen Esbern , Tilumanywa Verdiana , Snyder Katherine A. , Sulle Emmanuel , Östberg Willie , Loiske Vesa-Matti , Mulder Monique Borgerhoff , Djurfeldt Agnes Andersson , Birch-Thomsen Torben 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Constructing longitudinal research has, for all the authors, entailed long, and sometimes difficult, sometimes funny, always moving, personal stories. This chapter explains how the studies were conducted, both the original research and the subsequent revisits, and how the researchers coped with having to conduct them. The authors of this Epilogue compiled this material by recording conversations with each other about how they did this research during the evenings of their final writing workshop. The transcripts of these conversations were then written up, and the edited the transcript. The result is a rather honest account of how research like this is conducted, of the pitfalls and difficulties of such work, and of its joys.
Introduction
Authors: Geniets Anne , O’Donovan James , Hakimi Laura , Winters Niall 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Training and supervision have been cited as integral aspects to well-functioning community health worker (CHW) programmes. This chapter initially outlines the rationale for this book, discussing the global health equity gap, the roles of CHWs, the need for CHW training and supervision, and the role technology can play in these. The chapter then introduces the main sections of the book: Section One of the book focuses on training and supervision; Section Two explores the intersection of technology and education in the context of CHW training; Section Three investigates how methodological choice can contribute to social justice in CHW programmes and facilitate CHW training in an equitable way; and in Section Four, ethical issues arising from CHW training are discussed.
Designing Pedagogically-Driven Approaches to Technology-Enhanced Learning for Community Health Workers
Authors: Nagraj Shobhana 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Technology-enhanced learning (TEL) is well established as a teaching modality. However, there is a lack of evidence for the pedagogical approaches used to design TEL for community health workers (CHWs). This chapter highlights the importance of contextualizing CHW learning within the wider health system. Theoretical approaches to consider when designing a TEL-based education and training programme for CHWs are presented, with practical examples of how these approaches might be most appropriately embedded in the delivery of CHW training. Finally, a framework for the design of pedagogically-grounded TEL-based learning for CHWs is presented, which may be used to help guide the design of TEL-based educational interventions for CHWs.
Recognition, Mutual Respect, and Support
Authors: Kelley Maureen , Fancourt Nigel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
It is increasingly recognized internationally that community health workers need to be experts in mediating between health facilities and the health needs of their particular communities, requiring interpersonal skills to balance the ethical, medical or physiological health issues, and the community dynamics. For this relational expertise to flourish, a culture of recognition, mutual respect, and support is essential between the community health workers, other health professionals, and the community. A relational pedagogy for training and supervision is outlined to address some key ethical values: mutual respect and recognition; shared decision-making and solidarity; relational agency and empowerment; fairness and inclusion; and shared advocacy. We argue that explicitly putting these values foremost in supervision, training and practice will equip community health workers with appropriate strategies to develop and sustain their unique and valued expertise.
Defiance
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Approximately one-quarter of children with ADHD experience significant difficulties in conforming to rules and regulations appropriate for their age, and these difficulties are usually seen both at home and at school. Parents of such children quickly learn that smacking and other forms of punishment are ineffective. Performance inconsistency, which is a prominent feature of ADHD, is often misinterpreted as implying that the child could succeed if only more effort were made. This chapter explores defiance in ADHD, including compliance as a function of the brain, the severity of defiant behaviour (oppositional disorder, conduct disorder), and the treatment of defiant behaviour.
Low self-esteem
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Most children with ADHD suffer from low self-esteem. Many unwanted behaviours that are seen in children with ADHD are due to problems with self-esteem. It is essential that parents and teachers recognize this before trying to treat the behaviour. This chapter discusses low self-esteem in ADHD, including self-appraisal as a function of the brain, control of the self-appraisal system in the brain, dysfunctional coping behaviours (quitting, avoiding, adverse responses to praise, tactile defensiveness, cheating, lying, clowning, regressive behaviour, school avoidance, homework avoidance, computer game and TV ‘addiction’, aggression, controlling behaviour, passive aggression, and denial), and the importance of self-esteem maintenance mechanisms.
A guide to specific medicines
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
There are many different medications used for ADHD, and these should only be prescribed by a medical specialist experienced in this field. Many children with ADHD do not need to take their medication every day of the week. The availability of long-acting medication means that most children with ADHD do not need to take medication at school. This chapter presents a detailed guide to specific medicines for ADHD, including short-acting stimulant medicines (Ritalin, Focalin, dexamphetamine, and Adderall IR), long-acting stimulant medications (Concerta, Ritalin LA, Focalin XR, Daytrana, Adderall XR, Metadate CD, and Vyvanse), and non-stimulant medications (imipramine [Tofranil], Clonidine, guanfacine [Intuniv], and atomoxetine [Strattera]).
Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in Austria
Authors: Storr Stefan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses administrative procedure and judicial review in Austria. In Austria, there exists a principle of the 'exclusivity of legal sources'. Legal protection is only possible against certain administrative legal sources. In general, Article 130 B-VG pronounces judgments on complaints by the administrative courts against rulings by administrative authorities for unlawful acts; against the exercise of direct administrative power and compulsion to carry out unlawful acts; and on the grounds of breach of the duty to reach a decision by an administrative authority. In principle, the administrative court has to examine the case comprehensively; in general, there is no exclusion for specific administrative matters. It is of fundamental significance for the Austrian administrative judicial system that an administrative court of first instance generally decides on the merits of the case. Only in very exceptional cases does it set aside the contested act by the authority and refer the case back to it.
Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in China
Authors: Sun Xiaowei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on administrative procedure and judicial review in China. Despite its willingness to adapt to the rules of the global market, China does not accept the direct applicability of international standards in administrative litigation. Judicial review of administration is based on a set of legislative texts and judicial interpretations by the Supreme People's Court. Among these texts, the Administrative Litigation Law regulates the judicial review of administrative acts. There are two lists in its chapter concerning the scope of judicial review: one includes the administrative acts that are open to judicial review, another the acts that are not reviewable. In any case, it is up to the courts to examine the following two combinations of criteria: the degree of the seriousness of the infringement with the definition of the state interest and that of the public interest; and the degree of procedural breach with the definition of the real impact on the rights of the plaintiff. According to Article 76 of the ALL, in the case of annulment and/or declaration of unlawfulness of an administrative act, a court may order the administration to take measures to compensate the damage inflicted on the plaintiff.
Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in Spain
Authors: Mir Oriol 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses administrative procedure and judicial review in Spain. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 (CE) devotes two central provisions to judicial review of administrative action. Article 106(1) CE, located in Part IV on government and administration, establishes that 'The Courts control the power to issue regulations and to ensure that the rule of law prevails in administrative action, as well as to ensure that the latter is subordinated to the ends which justify it'. On the other hand, Article 24(1) CE enshrines the fundamental right to effective judicial protection, which also includes protection against administrative action: 'Every person has the right to obtain the effective protection of the judges and the courts in the exercise of his or her legitimate rights and interests, and in no case may he go undefended'. Judicial review is usually performed by specific courts fully integrated into the judiciary, the so-called jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa (administrative jurisdiction), competent to review administrative action subject to Spanish administrative law.