bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enemies of the Cross
Authors: Evener Vincent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The present book argues that Martin Luther and his first allies and intra-Reformation critics (Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt and Thomas Müntzer) appealed to suffering to teach Christians to distinguish between true and false doctrine, teachers, and experiences. In so doing, they developed and deployed categories of false suffering, in which suffering was received or simply feigned in ways that hardened rather than demolished self-assertion. These ideas were nourished by the reception of teachings about annihilation of the self and union with God received from post-Eckhartian mysticism. Luther, Karlstadt, and Müntzer developed this mystical inheritance in different directions, each of which intended to shape Christians for differing forms of ecclesial-political dissent: Luther redefined union with God as a union with Christ through faith and the Word, and he counseled Christians to endure persecution as divine work under contraries; Karlstadt described union with God as “sinking into the divine will,” and he upheld this union as a postmortem goal that required, here and now, constant self-accusation and improvement on the part of the individual and the community; Müntzer looked for God to possess souls according to the created order, making Christians into actors for the execution of God’s will on the earthly plane. The democratization of mysticism that so many scholars have attributed to these reformers’ teachings involved a delimitation: mysticism joined to Reformation teaching was used to identify false experiences, false teachers, and ultimately false Christianity.
“No one comes to the living truth except through the way of his nothingness”
Authors: Evener Vincent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes teachings about suffering and union in late-medieval Eckhartian mysticism and illuminates the reformers’ reception of this mysticism through analysis of Luther’s and Karlstadt’s handwritten annotations to Tauler’s Sermons and of printed marginalia in the 1520 Rhau-Grunenberg edition of the German Theology. The chapter shows reformers’ shared interest in Eckhartian teachings about annihilation of the self and union with God, and in related motifs including the critique of self-chosen suffering, the ideal of resignatio ad infernum, the possibility of “suffering without suffering” in union with God, and the status of the “yielded” as vessels or instruments for God’s work. The chapter also argues that the German Theology was useful to reformers particularly in its preoccupation with truth and falsehood. The printed 1520 marginalia focus on sin as Annehmlichkeit and on Gelassenheit as the solution—themes that align with the central motifs of Karlstadt’s teaching of c. 1523–1525.
“I will choose what they ridicule”
Authors: Evener Vincent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
After discussing the interaction of concepts of humility and faith in Luther’s theological development up to 1517, this chapter analyzes Luther’s critique of indulgences and scholastic theology in 1517 and 1518 as a two-front struggle against cross-shirking. Luther taught that suffering, as punishment for sin, should be endured willingly by the contrite; he thus worried on the one hand that Christians were taught to appropriate the benefit of others’ suffering—through indulgences and relics—rather than suffering themselves. On the other hand, Luther criticized those whose vigorous self-mortification and apparently patient suffering merely concealed an unwillingness to endure the humiliation and reduction of their own moral and intellectual resources for earning salvation. Luther criticized scholastic theology and theologians for using reason to construct a theology that reflected and buttressed self-assertion and distrust of God, and he offered suffering as a crucible that would separate true and false theologians and doctrines.
“To where should he who hopes in God come, unless into his own nothingness?”
Authors: Evener Vincent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes vernacular pamphlets published by Luther and Karlstadt between 1519 and 1521. It argues that both reformers developed Eckhartian motifs in their writings, while advancing the Wittenberg movement as a summons to true suffering over and against self-willed doctrine and life. That said, Luther described the annihilation of self-trust and union with Christ through faith, while Karlstadt underlined the need to judge the self and “sink” into the divine will. Both recognized the incompleteness of annihilation and union. By undergoing the mortification of their own reason and will, Christians were promised new capacity to see God at work underneath suffering and through the lowly. Analysis of Luther’s Wartburg Postil shows that teachings about the reduction of the sinner unto nothingness (humiliation) and the need for despair of the self were prominent in Luther’s program for evangelical preaching and found enduring place in the Lutheran preaching tradition.
“Bring about . . . that I may become to myself like a bitter boil”
Authors: Evener Vincent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines how Karlstadt unfolded a unique theology and reform program following his public break with Luther. Continuing to engage the Eckhartian tradition, Karlstadt found his center in the goal of “sinking into God’s will,” and he saw earthly life as growth toward the postmortem attainment of this goal, revising the doctrine of purgatory. According to Karlstadt, God exercised divine pedagogy through inward illumination, scripture, and eternally ordained suffering; in turn, Christians were to engage in individual and communal study, self-examination, self-accusation, and improvement. Karlstadt depicted Luther and his Wittenberg allies as enemies of the cross, who refused to sink into God’s will by accusing and denying their own will, and who consequently preferred a practical reform program that did not arouse opposition. This verdict mirrored the verdict against scholastic theology and so-called papists that Luther and Karlstadt shared.
The “Bitter Side of Faith”
Authors: Evener Vincent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 follows the development of Müntzer’s theological views and reform aspirations from his early self-alignment with Wittenberg to his decisive rejection of Wittenberg teachings. Müntzer attacked the Wittenberg dicta of Christ, faith, and scripture alone for offering an easy, outward faith that taught Christians to avoid necessary inward trials. For Müntzer, God moved elect souls through inner Verwunderung, and they needed to yield to God’s work by confronting their unbelief and rejecting creaturely attachments in order to return to the created order, becoming God’s possession and instrument for ecclesial-political action. This chapter contends that Müntzer’s core theological loci were promise and faith, but he gave these terms distinct content reflecting his Eckhartian inheritance. The promise related to God’s possession of souls and to a Spirit-led church; faith was courage to execute God’s will without fear of creaturely opposition. Unbelief was doubt about the truth of Christianity vis-à-vis other religions.
“The Cross and the Impossibility of Faith”
Authors: Evener Vincent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the exchange between Luther, Karlstadt, and Müntzer during the Peasants’ War. Each counseled a different response to persecution, rooted in their respective paradigms of annihilation and union. Personal invective around cross-shirking intended to expose opponents’ inability to receive and teach truth. Luther defended the doctrine of salvation extra nos and the stance of waiting for God to reform hearts as true suffering of God’s condemnation of human ideas and inner resources for salvation. Karlstadt and Müntzer continued to trace Luther’s teaching to self-will, while breaking with one another over the legitimacy of violent rebellion. Müntzer saw the Anfechtungen at the birth of faith as a passing trial, after which illumined Christians could execute God’s will against the ungodly. Karlstadt rejected rebellion as contrary to God’s will. Unlike Müntzer, Karlstadt and Luther constrained the revolutionary implications of democratized mysticism—Karlstadt by delaying union, Luther by redefining it.
Epilogue
Authors: Evener Vincent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Recent scholarship has often focused on the failure of sixteenth-century reform aspirations; scholars have also questioned the coherence and historical significance of the Reformation. The present study brings into relief a yet-unresolved question underlying these debates: what did reformers want to achieve? Scholars have highlighted numerous goals (relief from the social and psychological burdens of late-medieval religion, Christianization, consolation, certitude); this book views the reformers’ central concern as truth and the alignment of Christian life around truth. Luther, Karlstadt, and Müntzer agreed that human self-assertion in thinking and willing was the root of religious deception; thus, they agreed in seeing suffering both as key to the reception and perception of truth and as an inevitable consequence of life according to truth in a fallen world. Eckhartian mysticism inspired and aided their work to teach discernment and self-discipline. Such pedagogical efforts continued through the preaching, printed sermons and postils, and devotional literature of the early modern era, and it is inappropriate to pass judgment on the success or failure of the Reformation without attending to that literature.
Has Agricultural Price Policy Benefitted Paddy Farmers?
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the impact of support price policy on the income from paddy crop. Markets for agricultural produces in India are mostly unorganized and distorted where farmers are often scrupulously exploited. Also since the elasticity of demand for agricultural commodities particularly foodgrains is less than unit, increased production during bumper harvest brings down the prices of agricultural commodities sharply. But, the support price provided to paddy has come under severe scrutiny for various reasons in recent years. Farmers have been demanding for higher support price for paddy but some economists argue that increase in paddy price is ‘dirty economics and dirtier politics’. With the help of time series data, chapter 4 provides an elegant analysis whether the support price scheme has helped paddy cultivating farmers in terms of increasing their income.
Agricultural Market Access and Farm Income Nexus
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an explanation as to whether agricultural market access has any relationship with farm income. A plethora of studies confirm that rural infrastructure is a sine qua non for significantly improving agricultural production. Recent literature indicates that in addition to factors like human capital, credit markets, extension services and technology, the presence of reliable infrastructures such as roads and market sites increase the efficiency of both marketing and production by bringing down the transaction costs and ensuring more competitive pricing conditions in marketing than would occur in their absence. Making a departure from earlier studies by taking 235 Indian districts as the unit of analysis, chapter 5 attempts to provide an empirical basis for the perceived nexus between market access, agriculture infrastructure and value of agriculture output (VAO) from the Indian perspective using regression analysis.
The Pancrustacean Conundrum: A Conflicted Phylogeny with Emphasis on Crustacea
Authors: Bracken-Grissom Heather , Wolfe Joanna M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pancrustacea represents a diverse clade of arthropods and includes the crustaceans and insects. The morphological and ecological diversity is among the most impressive of all invertebrates, with representatives including barnacles, shrimps, crabs, copepods, ostracods, brine shrimp, dragonflies, grasshoppers, true bugs, butterflies, and beetles, among others. For decades, morphological and molecular studies have attempted to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships between the major lineages, but a consensus on pancrustacean phylogeny is still under debate. Much of the uncertainty surrounding the evolutionary history of this ancient group stems from uneven and unrepresentative sampling, conflicting data, and different analytical approaches. First, we will introduce the major lineages of Pancrustacea and discuss the evidence for monophyly within these groups. Next, we will review the pioneering morphological and molecular studies that have contributed to current understanding of higher-level (class/subclass) relationships within Pancrustacea, with an emphasis on Crustacea. Within these sections, we will start with a series of early studies and describe how the development of methods and technology allowed for the advancement of morphological and molecular phylogenetics. A summary of current knowledge of pancrustacean phylogeny will be followed by a brief discussion of new emergent methods in the field that can be applied to future phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies.
Colonization, Adaptation, Radiation, and Diversity in Fresh Water
Authors: Ahyong Shane T. , Huang Chao 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
About 12,000 of the 67,000 described species of crustaceans occur in fresh water. Crustaceans have colonized almost every type of freshwater environment in most parts of all continents. A common theme in marine-to-freshwater transitions is not only acquisition of osmoregulatory capabilities to cope with hyposalinity, but also optimizing reproductive strategies to cope with ecological and environmental variability. A key reproductive adaptation for fresh water is direct rather than extended planktonic development. Some groups, such as peracarids, were preadapted, already having direct development, whereas others, such as decapods, had to acquire it. Other crustaceans, such as branchiopods, are adapted not only to hyposalinity (and hypersalinity) but also to surviving in transient waters. Crustaceans have been colonizing fresh waters since the Middle Cambrian to Early Ordovician and have independently adapted to life in inland waters many times throughout geological history. The pattern and timing of invasions has shaped present-day distributions. Contemporary distributions and diversity of crustaceans in surface waters are surveyed in the context of their paleohistory. Different groups of crustaceans have very different current distributions that reflect the differential influence of different patterns of colonization, geological history, ecology, and the constraints (or benefits) of their evolutionary heritage.
A Problematic Book
Authors: Swenson Kristin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses seven reasons why the Bible is problematic—in other words, more complicated than it appears at first glance. One is that the Bible is not a single book. As such, one cannot expect to read through the Bible, cover to cover, and encounter a neat dramatic structure defining a single story. Another reason is that there is more than one Bible, since what constitutes the whole of the Bible depends on the process of canonization. From there, the chapter argues that the Bible is problematic because the texts themselves were composed, and collected, over a long period of time. The Bible has a lot of different authors and editors, most of whom are anonymous. Even the latest texts come from a very long time ago. The Bible was written in languages that are utterly unfamiliar to most readers today. Finally, the chapter raises its final point: that most of the Bible's readers today “believe in” it.
Good People Behaving Badly
Authors: Swenson Kristin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how some major biblical “heroes” defy modern expectations of good behavior or otherwise fail to be ideal role models. It traces the various foibles of such figures as Abraham, David, and Peter. And it shows how the Bible depicts even Jesus and God behaving in ways that challenge modern theological assumptions or sensibilities. The chapter reveals that even the greatest heroes of the Bible have bad sides, too. And it concludes, in light of that, that, according to the Bible, God does not require perfection. This chapter also gives pause to readers tempted to reduce “the biblical God” to particular assumptions. Therefore, the chapter argues for a more nuanced approach to biblical heroes. Admitting that the Bible portrays its greatest characters (even God) as engaging in questionable behavior or exhibiting flaws and foibles should remind faithful readers that taking the Bible seriously does not mean reading, much less applying, it without thoughtful and informed critique.
Arguments behind Closed Doors
Authors: Swenson Kristin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses inconsistencies and disagreements within the Bible, the sorts of things that sometimes lead people to dismiss the Good Book out of hand. In general, there are at least four kinds of disagreement. The first is a function of the Bible’s disparate literary sources. The second is that the Bible reflects an evolving theology or worldview. The third shows how a particular issue considered in different contexts might generate conflicting claims. Finally, in some cases, the fourth reveals late biblical texts wrestling with received texts that were simply wrong but by then immutable. Yet another kind of disagreement may not be one at all, but is more a function of modern readers' interpretations than contradictions within the texts themselves. In the process of discussing both broad differences and specific inconsistences, this chapter also tempers readers' haste to toss out the Bible altogether. By bringing background information to bear, one can, if not make sense of these oddities, then accept them for what they are.
Identifying Beliefs and Inferences
Authors: Dornschneider Stephanie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes direct speech to identify reasoning processes underlying participation in the Arab Spring protests. First, it introduces Corbin and Strauss’ qualitative open and axial coding procedures. The author introduces this coding scheme and explains how it was constructed. The chapter then presents numerous excerpts from interviews as well as Facebook entries and explains, line by line, how these coding procedures were applied to identify the main components of reasoning processes: beliefs, direct and indirect inferences, and decisions to join the uprisings or to stay at home instead. The chapter describes how emotions, which were central to protest decisions, were identified from direct speech by referring to the psychology literature on hope, courage, pride, and solidarity. It also elaborates on the analysis of quotes expressing safety considerations, which were central to decisions to stay at home.
Conclusions
Authors: Dornschneider Stephanie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The final chapter puts the findings in perspective by reflecting on the existing literature on the Arab Spring, political mobilization, and reasoning processes. It also discusses generalizability and policy implications of the findings related to current events in the Middle East. The analysis included individuals from two countries with very different protest levels and political outcomes. Some individuals were from Egypt, where the uprisings involved millions of people and led to the fall of the president, and other individuals were from Morocco, where mobilization levels were much lower and did not result in the resignation of the head of state. The finding that an unusually large number of protestors from such different contexts displayed signs of hot cognition, whereas a large number of non-protestors from these contexts displayed signs of cool cognition suggests that similar patterns might be observed in other settings as well.
Remaking Public Parks
Authors: Holtzman Benjamin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the decline and subsequent revitalization of major parks through their control by public–private partnerships in the late twentieth century. The extensive private sector involvement in parks was far from the elite-initiated takeover that has been depicted. In contrast, this shift dates back to community residents’ organizing in the late 1960s and 1970s to revive degenerating greenspaces that had suffered municipal neglect. What first began as community park revitalization efforts in neighborhoods throughout New York spread to initiatives that involved broader elements of the private sector. Indeed, the subsequent involvement of businesses and corporations in the care and management of parks was spurred by years of campaigns by concerned residents, nonprofits, cultural institutions, and officials who had lost faith in the ability of local government to maintain parks, ultimately catalyzing the growth of public–private partnerships to manage city parks by the end of the century.
Samuel Barber
Authors: Heyman Barbara B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Samuel Barber (1910–1981) was one of the most important and honored American composers of the twentieth century. Writing in a great variety of musical forms—symphonies, concertos, operas, vocal music, chamber music—he infused his works with poetic lyricism and gave tonal language and forms new vitality. His rich legacy includes such famous compositions as the Adagio for Strings, the orchestral song Knoxville: Summer of 1915, three concertos, and his two operas, the Pulitzer Prize–winning Vanessa and Antony and Cleopatra, a commissioned work that opened the new Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center in New York. Generously documented by letters, sketchbooks, original musical manuscripts, and interviews with friends, colleagues, and performers with whom he worked, this book covers Barber’s entire career and all of his compositions. The biographical material on Barber is closely interspersed with a discussion of his music, displaying Barber’s creative processes at work from his early student compositions to his mature masterpieces. The book also provides the social context in which this major composer grew: his education; how he built his career; the evolving musical tastes of American audiences; his relationship with Gian Carlo Menotti and such musical giants as Serge Koussevitzky, Arturo Toscanini, Vladimir Horowitz; and the role of radio in the promotion of his music. A testament to the significance of neo-Romanticism, Samuel Barber stands as a model biography of an important American musical figure.
Voices from the South
Authors: Marrone Gaetana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In his adaptation of Carlo Levi's Cristo si é fermato a Eboli (Christ Stopped at Eboli, 1979), Rosi continues to confront the problems of the South—emigration, cultural marginalization, poverty—while reclaiming its rich, forgotten culture. The film signals a shift of Rosi's style, later evident in the slow-paced Cronaca di una morte annunciata (Chronicle of a Death Foretold, 1987), an epic adaptation of Gabriel García Márquez' 1981 novel that, like Cristo, is structured as an archetypal journey back to the past. In Tre fratelli (Three Brothers, 1981), Italy's chronic political instability is reflected in the tale of a self-assured judge, an idealistic teacher, and an angry factory worker and labor organizer. Summoned home for their mother's funeral, the brothers revisit their peasant roots, confront their present, and imagine their future. The film's concluding wide shot, which unites two generations, indicates Rosi's return to ahistorical values.