bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualization of Dynamically Changing Cutting Force Under Ultrasonic Cutting Condition
Authors: Isobe Hiromi , Okuda Masataka , Hara Keisuke , Sakurada Akira , Ishimatsu Jun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic phenomenon of ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting condition by utilizing visualization system of stress distribution. The vibrating cutting edge is considered to be cause of dynamic change of cutting force at ultrasonic frequency. However, many researchers have explained the effect of ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting by evaluating the time-averaged cutting force, because the dynamometers have insufficient frequency characteristics to measure the dynamically changing cutting force in ultrasonic frequency. In this study, the instantaneous stress distribution on workpiece was visualized by photoelastic method in combination of pulse laser emission synchronized with tool vibration. A constructed photographic system is able to capture 360 flames for one ultrasonic vibration period. Dynamic cutting force is calculated by stress distribution by Flamant theory. It was experimentally confirmed that the stress distribution under vibration-assisted condition showed the periodical change synchronized with insert vibration. Because these results are compatible with well-known vibration cutting theories, the imaging system is able to show the periodic change of stress distribution in ultrasonic frequency band. It is considered that the dynamic change of cutting force for ultrasonic vibration period affects intermittent cutting condition. In this report, the vibration direction was adjusted from −9.54° to +9.5° to the cutting direction. When the tool moved in upward for the cutting phase and downward for withdrawal phase, the stress distribution continued to be observed over one period of tool vibration and intermittent cutting did not occurred. The locus of cutting force vector was affected by the ultrasonic vibration direction and rake angle of cutting tool. Negative rake angle showed that the direction of the cutting force vector shifted to the workpiece side near the most advanced position of the cutting edge.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Deformation Behavior of AlN in Nanoscratching
Authors: Li Baozhen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
During the past few years aluminum nitride (AlN) as an important semiconductor material has attracted more and more attention owing to its splendid physical and mechanical properties. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations of nanoscratching process of AlN are carried out study the deformation behaviors of AlN. The effects of scratching depth on the scratching force, workpiece pile-up and dislocation formation and motion are thoroughly studied. We found that the plastic deformation of AlN is mainly caused by the dislocation nucleation and motion in the nanoscratching process. In this study, we note that the workpiece material undergoes plastic deformation predominant by dislocation activity. In order to investigate the effects of the basic factors that play an important role in the scratching process, we further performed a series of MD simulations of scratching on the AlN(0001) surface along the [-12-10] direction. And it can be seen that there is a critical scratching depth for the transformation from elastic deformation to plastic deformation. The results suggest that the friction and normal force are bigger for a larger scratching depth. We also found the phenomenon of ultra-low friction under shallow scratches of AlN in the scratching process. The ultralow friction force at the scratching depth of 1nm is because of the absence of permanent plastic deformation of workpiece. The deformation under the abrasive begins to recover after the abrasive moves forward. This is the possible reason for the occurrence of ultra-low friction. These results shed light on the material deformation mechanism in nanoscratching process of AlN.
Exploration of Finishing Capability of Developed Polishing Tool in Hybrid Magnetic Field Assisted Finishing Process to Finish Complex Freeform Surfaces of Femoral Component of Prosthetic Knee Joint
Authors: Barman Anwesa , Das Manas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Magnetic field-assisted finishing process is a hybrid nanofinishing process that combines the advantages of both magnetorheological finishing process and chemical mechanical polishing process. This process uses magnetorheological fluid combined with chemicals as the polishing medium. The developed novel tool is made of mu-metal which encloses a permanent magnet. The femoral component of the prosthetic knee joint made of titanium alloy is used as the workpiece material in the present study. The surface finish requirement of the femoral knee joint is at the nanometer level. Finishing of the femoral component of the knee joint is a difficult task due to its complex surface conditions. The best final surface roughness of 0.02 μm is obtained after finishing of the knee joint. Also, the femoral knee joint should be hydrophilic in nature. Surface wettability test is conducted using the goniometer to prove the hydrophilicity nature of the finished surface. The formation of the oxide layer is observed on the finished surface. The oxide layer increases the biocompatibility of the implant. The present study proves the capability of the novel tool to provide the required surface properties of the femoral knee implant. Hence, the magnetic field-assisted finishing process can be used to finish the complex freeform surface of the femoral knee implant.
Some Quantitative Analogies Between Large-Strain Plasticity and Rectilinear Fluid Flow
Authors: Gupta Deepika , Udupa Anirudh , Viswanathan Koushik 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The mechanics of chip formation involves a complex interplay between surface plastic flow, material microstructure and tool-chip interface dynamics. At the continuum scale, this process has often been approximated as being one of pure shear along a very narrow zone — the shear plane. The primary assumption behind this approximation is that of steady or time-independent plastic flow. This approximation addresses the exception rather than the rule, since most metal cutting processes involve unsteady time-dependent plastic flows. In this work, we attempt to develop parallels with an analogous problem in fluid mechanics — flow past a rigid fixed body — to quantify the unsteady nature of plastic flow. Here the role of the body is played by the tool, and the flow field corresponds to the plastically deforming material. The prerequisite for fully exploiting this kinematic analogy is full-field material flow measurements. This is provided by digital image correlation (DIC), a family of techniques that use in situ imaging of the cutting process to obtain instantaneous full-field material displacements. Given this kinematic flow information, we show how one can describe the cutting process more accurately using the fluid flow analogy, and without having to resort to specific preconceived models. For steady flows, the analogy is more than merely cosmetic — the pathlines, streamlines and streaklines, all determined kinematically, coincide exactly. The analogy also allows consideration of time-dependent unsteady plastic flows that are usually beyond the purview of theoretical analyses. One can, for instance, ask the question of whether the transition from steady to unsteady plastic flow observed in metal cutting can be described by a dimensionless parameter, analogous to the Reynolds number for fluids. We show that in the case of unsteady flows, the actual deformation field is far removed from that described by conventional shear plane or slip line field models. Now the streaklines develop undulations or folds for the same boundary conditions as for the steady case (cutting velocity, depth of cut). Of the three flow lines, we attempt to extract information from streaklines, since they contain information about both spatial and temporal gradient. We present analyses of these streakline curvature features using simple geometric techniques that reflect both the spatial and temporal flow evolution. Our results shed light on the importance of considering unsteady flows in chip formation and machining. Borrowing ideas from fluids to describe these flows appears to hold significant promise for quantifying unsteady flows and their consequences for practical machining operations.
On the Formation of Spherical Particles in Surface Grinding
Authors: Dhami Harish Singh , Viswanathan Koushik 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Grinding swarf is conventionally of secondary interest to the process engineer. However, it has long been recognized that it is a useful indicator of process performance — the exact particle morphologies occurring in the swarf contain a wealth of information about the abrasive-workpiece interaction mechanics. In this work, we study the generation of perfectly spherical particles when grinding two plain carbon steels and a grade of stainless steel with an alumina wheel. Similar particles have also been reported in the wear community and several possible formation mechanisms have been discussed including chip curl resulting from electronic charge distributions; melting due to local flash temperatures in the grinding zone; and repeated abrasive wear of the workpiece surface. We postulate that the particles are likely formed as a result of an oxidation-melting-solidification route with small grinding chips. We present spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data in support of this hypothesis — significant oxygen content, in the form of Fe3O4 was detected on the surface of the spheres. Electron micrographs also show remarkably robust dendrite-like structures on the surface of the particles, indicative of rapid solidification from the melt. Motivated by these results, we present model calculations to support our hypothesis. We first evaluate the initial temperature of chips exiting the grinding zone using a three-way heat partition model for dry grinding. An upper bound for the chip temperature is ∼ 600°C, well-below the melting point for the metal. Next, we show that the oxidation kinetics at this elevated temperature are such that the formation of a thin oxide layer (∼ 2μm) on the surface of an initially curled up chip, with size ∼ 50 μm comparable to the observed spheres, is enough to melt the entire chip on a timescale of 10−6 seconds. Surface tension then brings the molten chip into a perfectly spherical shape, followed by rapid solidification. We present a preliminary calculation of this solidification process, using a coupled heat conduction model along with a moving interphase interface. By making suitable approximations, we derive an ordinary differential equation describing the temporal evolution of the interface location. Coupling the interface velocity with a Mullins-Sekerka type instability analysis, we argue that solidification of these drops likely starts from a nucleated core in the drop interior, resulting in dendrite-type patterns on the outer surface. Our work is a preliminary attempt to put decades old observations of grinding swarf on a firm quantitative footing. The experimental evidence and related analysis presented here make a strong case for the oxidation-melting-solidification hypothesis for the formation of spherical particles in grinding swarf.
Non-Contact, Continuous, Synchronized, Cosine Error-Free Thickness Profile Measurement by Surface Metrology Tool Path Planning
Authors: Guo Xiangyu , Lee Chabum 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper represents the development of a synchronous thickness profile measurement system that measures double-sided thin pipe wall surfaces in a non-contact, continuous, cosine error-free and fast manner (NCCCE-Fast double-side thickness profiles measurement). A pair of capacitive type sensors (CS) placed on the rotary and linear axes scan the inner and outer surfaces of the thin wall. Surface metrology tool path is developed to align the displacement sensors always normal to the double-sided surfaces simultaneously. Because the rotary axis’s rotational error can badly affect thin wall thickness profile measurement accuracy, such error is initially characterized by a reversal method and was compensated for along the rotational direction while measuring the sample. Two measurement target samples (round/oval metal pipe-type thin walls) are prepared. Not only inner/outer surface profiles but also thin wall thickness profiles are obtained. Based on the output data, the circularity and ovality can be calculated, and those results are compared with those obtained by a contact type micrometer at every 6 degrees interval. As a result, the developed thin wall thickness profilometer can provide high precision results, continuous and fast thickness profile scanning and data are acquired for visualization.
Hexamethylenetetramine Levels Effect Over the Young’s Modulus in Abrasive Materials
Authors: Amaral Emanuelle Machado , Bottairi Raphael Schweiger Freitas , Candioto Katia Cristiane Gandolpho 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Abrasive composites are very important, since they are widely used in industrial machining processes, responsible for both fine and rough grinding of the work material. For this reason, there is great interest in the research of materials for abrasive wheels, since advances in this area are restricted to the industries, without disclosure to the academic community. This study aims to compare the Young’s modulus and the Impact strength of the produced materials, parameter that can be related to the material’s hardness, thus defining its applicability. The abrasive materials produced are defined by a structure containing 46% vol. of aluminum oxide grain (mesh #46), 22% vol. of phenolic resin binders with different levels of hexamethylenetetramine (14.55% and 8.97%), curing agent responsible for the crosslinking of the resins and 32% vol. of pores. The materials were mixed and pressed at room temperature, and the curing process happened at 60°C/6h, 80°C/8h and 160°C/4h. The Young’s modulus were determined by non-destructive testing using the impulse excitation technique and the results obtained were compared to those obtained by the dynamic mechanical analysis. The abrasive composite materials produced from the mixture with higher hexamethylenetetramine content presented greater Young’s modulus and greater rigidity as demonstrated by the impact strength too, which should be associated with the influence of its content in the composition. The use of a resin with a higher content of this agent for the production of abrasive wheels will result in a higher stiffness tool compared to tools that do not use excess hexamethylenetetramine.
A Broad Transfer Learning Algorithm for Classification of Bearing Faults
Authors: Liu Guokai , Gao Liang , Shen Weiming , Kusiak Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis are of great interest to the manufacturing industry. Deep learning algorithms have shown promising results in equipment prognostics and health management. However, their success has been hindered by excessive training time. In addition, deep learning algorithms face the domain adaptation dilemma encountered in dynamic application environments. The emerging concept of broad learning addresses the training time and the domain adaptation issue. In this paper, a broad transfer learning algorithm is proposed for the classification of bearing faults. Data of the same frequency is used to construct one- and two-dimensional training data sets to analyze performance of the broad transfer and deep learning algorithms. A broad learning algorithm contains two main layers, an augmented feature layer and a classification layer. The broad learning algorithm with a sparse auto-encoder is employed to extract features. The optimal solution of a redefined cost function with a limited sample size to ten per class in the target domain offers the classifier of broad learning domain adaptation capability. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated on a benchmark dataset. Computational experiments have demonstrated superior efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm over the deep learning algorithms tested.
An Exposition of Recently Standardized Classifications of Information for Organizing Model-Based Definitions
Authors: Hedberg Thomas , Barnard Feeney Allison , Srinivasan Vijay 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
ASME has published a new standard (ASME Y14.47) on model-based definition (MBD) organization practices. It is part of ASME’s series of standards on engineering product definition and related documentation practices. ASME Y14.47 introduces novel MBD-element classifications, which are based on industrial recommended practices in organizing and managing three-dimensional geometric models and related information of products. Such classifications form the technical basis for developing information models (e.g., as XML schema definitions) to enable interoperability among engineering information systems in model-based enterprises (MBEs). This paper provides an exposition of these classifications, while emphasizing the need and use of such standardized classifications in modern MBEs.
Laser-Induced Nanocarbon Formation for Tuning Surface Properties of Commercial Polymers
Authors: Abdulhafez Moataz , McComb Angela J. , Bedewy Mostafa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The growth of laser-induced nanocarbons, referred to here are LINC for short, directly on polymeric surfaces is a promising route toward surface engineering of commercial polymers. This paper aims to demonstrate how this new approach can enable achieving varied surface properties based on tuning the nanostructured morphology of the formed graphitic material on commercial polyimide (Kapton) films. We elucidate the effects of tuning laser processing parameters on the achieved nanoscale morphology and the resulting surface hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity. Our results show that by varying lasing power, rastering speed, laser spot size, and line-to-line gap sizes, a wide range of water contact angles are possible, i.e. from below 20° to above 110°. Combining water contact angle measurements from an optical tensiometer with LINC surface characterization using optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy enables building the process-structure-property relationship. Our findings reveal that both the value of contact angle and the anisotropic wetting behavior of LINC on polyimide are dependent on their hierarchical surface nanostructure which ranges for isotropic nanoporous morphology to fibrous morphology. Results also show that increasing gap sizes lead to an increase in contact angles and thus an increase in the hydrophobicity of the surface. Hence, our work highlight the potential of this approach for manufacturing flexible devices with tailored surfaces.
Study of Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Armour Grade Aluminium Alloy Plates
Authors: Singh Umesh Kumar , Dubey Avanish Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In present research work, friction stir welding of armour grade aluminium alloy, which is having excellent strength to weight ratio, has been done at low heat input rate (rotational speed of 600 rpm, travelling speed of 75 mm/min) and tool tilt angle of 2.5°. Tungsten carbide tool with a shoulder diameter of 15 mm was used to produce the joint. Tensile strength and microhardness of welded sample were measured at three different locations i.e. at the start, middle and end of the weld. The lowest value of tensile strength was obtained at the start of the weld while the maximum tensile strength was observed at middle of the weld and having the value of 378.672 MPa which is 82.32% of base metal along with 15.26% elongation. There is a large gap between the lower and the maximum value of tensile strength. The middle of the weld has less fluctuation in microhardness value as compared to the start and end of the weld. While the maximum value of microhardness was obtained on the advancing side at the start of the weld with the value of 187.4 Hv. Microstructural image shows the presence of craters and segregation in the weld surface. XRD result signify the presence of intermetallic compound Al12Mg17 in the welded zone.
Experimental Study of Micromachining on Reflective Surface Using CO2 Laser
Authors: Posa Vishnu Vardhan , Sundaram Murali 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Laser Beam Machining (LBM) is one of the versatile non-traditional manufacturing processes. Material removal in LBM is based on high heat flux generated by laser beam which melts and vaporizes the workpiece material in the focused point. Laser Beam Machining process can shape almost all range of engineering materials from metallic alloys to non-metallic alloys as well as composite materials. But one of the main limitations of laser beam machining is the machining of reflective materials. When laser beam is focused on the reflective surface, part of the energy is reflected by the surface and the remaining is absorbed. In this study, an attempt has been made to increase the absorptivity of the reflective material by coating anti-reflective coating on the surface of the material. Glass has been used as reflective material in this study because of its extensive applications in the micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems. The optimal machining depends on both laser parameters and properties of the workpiece material. There are number of laser parameters that can be varied in the laser machining process. It is difficult to find optimal laser parameters due to mutual interaction of laser parameters. A statistical study based on design of experiment (DoE) has been made to study the effect of anti-reflective coating and parameters like laser power, laser scanning speed, angle of inclination of the workpiece on depth of the slot, width of the slot, aspect ratio and material removal rate (MRR) in the laser machining process using 2k factorial design and ANOVA. On an average 4 times increase in depth of the slot, 2 times increase in width of the slot and 7 times increase in the MRR was observed in the glass work samples with anti-reflective coating when compared to glass work samples without anti-reflective coating.
Knowledge Graph-Based Manufacturing Capability Service Optimal Selection for Industrial Cloud Robotics
Authors: Ma Yanping , Xu Wenjun , Tian Sisi , Liu Jiayi , Yao Bitao , Hu Yang , Feng Hao 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As an important part of Cloud Manufacturing (CMfg), Industrial Cloud Robotics (ICRs) encapsulates manufacturing capability of physical industrial robots as services for the users. However, a growing number of functionally equivalent services appear in CMfg platform due to the wide use of industrial robots in manufacturing field. It is important to carry out Manufacturing Capability Service (MCS) optimal selection for ICRs from various optional services under CMfg environment. But current service optimal selection method emphasizes on the non-function information of services, and it ignores the interactive relationships between different services and the basic function information of services, which make it difficult to satisfy the various personalized demands of users. Service optimal selection requires the integration and sharing of manufacturing knowledge. Knowledge graph provides an effective way to express and manage knowledge. And it can provide decision support for users to select appropriate ICRs service. Therefore, this paper proposes a method of knowledge graph-based manufacturing capability service optimal selection for ICRs. The function information, association information and non-function information of MCS are described based on knowledge graph. Based on this, the service optimal selection procedure is proposed to realize smart MCS optimal selection for ICRs, which includes feature selection, association selection and user custom weights of non-function indices selection. Finally, a case study based on robotic assembly is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed method.