bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Letters to the Editor
Authors: CORIELL LEWIS L. 
Published: December 2021

The Red Book is a concise digest in outline form of the latest information on control, prevention, and treatment of infectious disease for quick reference. Material has always been presented in telegraphic style to save time for the reader and to facilitate revision with the hope that readers would refer to textbooks for supplementary information.
The decision to administer rabies vaccine should not become a routine prescription for each and every bite because rabies vaccination requires a long series of injections that are followed by severe erythema, fever, or arthralgia in 5-10% of cases.
Cortisone for Dermatitis Venenata
Authors: TOW ABRAHAM 
Published: December 2021

Dermatitis Venenata, particularly poison ivy, is indigenous to Logan County, West Virginia. An opportunity to treat well over a hundred cases with oral corticosteroids during the past two years has served but to confirm an impression gained earlier.
Our hospital, a small 45-bed institution, located in Logan, the county seat, services an inordinate number of families receiving medical assistance under state and federal programs. The patients come mostly from the numerous coal camps in the area, some even more than a score of miles distant.
The Malnourished Newborn
Authors: PICK WALTER 
Published: December 2021

The article "Growth and Development of Twins of Dissimilar Size at Birth" by S. G. Babson et al., in the March issue of Pediatrics (33:327) was thought provoking.
The authors point out that there is uncertainty among investigators as to the outcome of malnourished but not grossly malformed infants. Some investigators report that infants who weigh less than 5 lb but are not premature, are indistinguishable from normal babies by the time they are 4 to 6 months old.
CERVICAL ADENITIS IN CHILDREN DUE TO HUMAN AND UNCLASSIFIED MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Black Bob G. , Chapman John S. 
Published: December 2021

Thirty cases of mycobacterial lymphadenitis have been accumulated. By culture 7 have proven to be caused by Myco. tuberculosis, 13 by unclassified mycobacteria.
Clinical differentiation has been attempted with strong probability that accurate separation of lymphadenitis caused by human organisms from that caused by unclassified mycobacteria can be accomplished. Precisely, a negative history of contact with tuberculosis, large reactions to unclassified skin test antigen with concomitant weakly positive or negative tuberculin skin test, the absence of a tuberculin band on agar diffusion in the face of reaction to unclassified antigens, and the absence of active pulmonary parenchymal disease in the preschool age group (predominantly age 1-3 years) point toward an unclassified mycobacterial etiology. A positive history of contact with tuberculosis, large reaction to tuberculin with concomitant small or negative unclassified mycobacterial skin tests, the presence of a tuberculin band on agar diffusion, and the presence of active pulmonary parenchymal disease favors Myco. tuberculosis as the etiologic agent.
The treatment of both human and unclassified mycobacterial disease of lymph nodes has been attended with good results and relatively uncommon recurrence.
IMPORTANCE OF STANDARDS OF CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS
Authors: Taussig Helen B. 
Published: December 2021

AN IMPORTANT consideration in regard to standards of care for children with cardiovascular problems is that the pediatricians have the responsibility for organizing a good diagnostic and surgical team. A good anesthesiologist, a competent surgeon, good nursing care, and keen postoperative observation for early signs of complications are all essential to success. The pediatricians cannot regulate the surgeon, but the standards set can require that the surgeons have met their own standards before they have charge of the pediatric surgical program. The superb results of open-heart surgery as quoted by Dr. Kirklin from the Mayo Clinic are unfortunately not a universal experience and hence recommendations for surgery in a given area must be based on local operative results.
The responsibility for operation rests clearly with the pediatrician and the pediatric cardiologist. The family grants permission for operation but their consent is given on the basis of the advice they receive from the doctor. If operation is not indicated or the risk too high, ours is the responsibility to persuade child and parent not to have an operation. To do right by the child and the family the diagnosis should be accurate, the indications for surgery should be clear, and the family should fully understand the situation. Even if the odds are overwhelmingly in favor of a successful operation, for any one patient the odds are one to one between life and death.
Cardiac operations should be undertaken only to correct or alleviate an abnormality of the heart. Indeed, the pediatrician must be certain that the child's complaints are related to the cardiac condition. The tendency is a natural one to assume that two unknowns go together.
THALLITOXICOSIS: REPORT OF THREE CASES IN MASSACHUSETTS
Authors: Smith David H. , Doherty Richard A. 
Published: December 2021

The cases of three Massachusetts children with thallium intoxication are reported. Ptosis, ataxia, tremors, paresthesias, and a state simulating a "toxic" encephalopathy were the outstanding signs and symptoms of these patients. The characteristic alopecia did not become evident in the two survivors until two to three weeks following the onset of symptoms. The diagnosis could not be confirmed by previously described screening tests for thallium but was substantiated by specific quantitative analysis of urine (and tissues). While the condition of both survivors improved following the institution of dithizon therapy, the urinary excretion of thallium was unaffected by any of the therapeutic agents employed.
A brief review of the pharmacology of thallium salts, the pathological consequences, clinical manifestations, and therapy of thallitoxicosis is presented. The availability, attractiveness, and potential toxicity of thallium-containing retail products is emphasized and a plea made for their interdiction.
FATE OF DEFINED ANTIGENS IN THE NEWBORN CHIMPANZEE
Authors: Eitzman Donald V. 
Published: December 2021

Seven newborn chimpanzees injected at the time of birth with BSA and HoGG cleared the injected antigens at an exponential rate without evident antibody production following initial injection. When challenged with the same antigens, 4 of 7 injected with BSA and 4 of the 6 injected with HoGG were immune. Tolerance of BSA was seen in 3 of 7 chimpanzees and tolerance of HoGG in 2 of 6 chimpanzees.
The initial response to BSA and HoGG of both the adult and newborn chimpanzees is an exponential decay of the antigen without a rapid phase of degradation. Re-injection of the antigens in an immune animal results in a rapid clearance and antibody production.
These data suggest that newborn primates may react immunologically to foreign proteins either by antibody production or by immunological tolerance—the inhibition of antibody production to subsequent exposures to the same antigen. The dosage, maturity, and other factors which determine which outcome will follow a given exposure are not revealed by these studies. Therefore, it must be assumed that newborn primates, including humans, may be sensitized by foreign proteins administered parenterally or orally.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: USE OF STEROIDS IN ASTHMA IN CHILDREN
Authors: Vaughan Victor C. 
Published: December 2021

ALTHOUGH cortisone and its derivatives have been widely and increasingly used in the management of allergic conditions during the past fifteen years, no final judgment has been reached as to their place in management of asthma, either in adults or in children. The seriousness of unresolved questions is well exemplified in the discussion by Alexander, Samter, Arbesman, and others as to whether mortality in asthma has fallen or risen since corticosteroid drugs became available. Without taking sides we can acknowledge that because these agents are both effective and hazardous, their use poses a dilemma.
The therapeutic effects of steroids have not been easily separated from their undesired side effects, particularly in prolonged use. Table I lists the better-known effects of chronic administration. The likelihood of each effect varies with the drug used, the effects on fluid and electrolyte economy having been particularly well separated in some agents from the anti-inflammatory effects. It has not been possible, however, to attain adequate anti-inflammatory effects without some stimulation of protein catabolic processes or without some evidence of increased susceptibility to infection or to adrenal suppression. The subtle nature of symptoms of infection in patients receiving steroid therapy may lead to disastrous delays in diagnosis, and have given rise to the legendary patient receiving steroid therapy who "walks to his place on the autopsy table." Certain side effects are more or less specific features of certain agents, such as the marked stimulation of appetite, the weight gain, and the euphoria associated with dexamethasone, or the anorexia, depression, and toxic myopathy associated with triamcinolone. Sometimes a distressing side effect may be avoided by change in agent; highly soluble prednisolone phosphate appears, for example, less likely than prednisolone to stimulate peptic ulceration.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE VIRAL BRONCHIOLITIS IN INFANCY
Authors: Wright F. Howell , Beem Marc O. 
Published: December 2021

ACUTE bronchiolitis (capillary bronchitis, obstructive emphysema) is one of the common afflictions of the lower respiratory passages of infants. Although infection has long been accepted as the primary inciting factor, investigators (with the exception of Sell who believes H. influenzae to be responsible) have not found bacterial pathogens in consistent association with the syndrome. By exclusion, it has been assumed that most cases are precipitated by a viral infection. During the past decade this view has been substantiated by the application of new techniques to the study of respiratory viruses. Surveys of winter and spring epidemics of bronchiolitis in several urban centers have demonstrated a very significant portion of the cases to be associated with respiratory virus infection, most commonly the respiratory syncytial virus (RS), but in a minor number of instances influenza B or the parainfluenza agents. To date, no rapid laboratory proof of viral etiology is available, nor have any of the antiviral substances been found to be effective in treatment. Consequently, the welfare of the individual infant depends upon his physician's acumen in arriving at a correct clinical diagnosis and in utilizing nonspecific measures to combat the disturbances of his respiratory physiology.
DIAGNOSIS
The first requisite of proper management is an accurate diagnosis. Table I lists other causes of infantile dyspnea which may cause confusion. Exclusion of these entities depends upon a careful history and physical examination, a chest roentgenogram, and a few well-chosen laboratory tests. The most frequent differential problem is the distinction among viral bronchiolitis, asthmatic bronchitis, and bacterial infection of the lower respiratory passages.
ANTI-BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN AND ANTI-ALPHA LACTALBUMIN IN THE SERUM OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Authors: Rothberg Richard M. , Farr Richard S. 
Published: December 2021

1. Because precipitin, hemagglutination, and complement-fixation tests measure secondary manifestations of antigen-antibody interactions and are sometimes negative even after a primary antigen-antibody reaction has occurred in vitro, the incidence and amount of anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) was evaluated in the sera from 900 children and adults by means of precipitating I131-labeled BSA-antibody complexes with 50% saturated ammonium sulfate. A similar study using I131-labeled alpha lactalbumin (ALA) was performed on 718 of this same group of sera.
2. Antibody to BSA was detected more frequently among children (75%) than among young adults 16 to 40 years of age (25%), or among older age groups (8%).
3. The incidence of detectable antibody to ALA had the same age distribution, but only half the frequency as anti-BSA.
4. In contrast to the near absence of antibody in the cord serum as measured by hemagglutination titers using red cells coated with milk proteins, most of the antibody detected in maternal sera in the present study was able to cross the placental barrier and was present in the cord sera.
5. The incidence of both anti-BSA or anti-ALA was the same in males and females.
6. If a given sera bound both IBSA and IALA, the anti-BSA activity was usually, but not always, greater than the anti-ALA activity.
7. No shared antigenicity was detected between IBSA and ovalbumin, insulin, protamine, diptheria, and tetanus toxoid, pertussis vaccine, poliomyelitis vaccine, and influenza vaccine. The apparent inhibiting effects of unlabeled bovine gamma-globulin and ALA on IBSA binding were probably due to trace amounts of BSA in these protein preparations.
8. BSA, ovalbumin, and bovine gamma-globulin had no detectable shared anti-genicity with IALA.
9. Positive skin tests to milk or BSA did not correlate with the anti-BSA levels measured in the serum.
10. The incidence of persons with anti-BSA and anti-ALA was comparable among the "patient" and "well" populations. Ten of the 31 sera with the greatest capacity to bind IBSA were from the "well" population, the remaining 21 sera were from children with a variety of disease states.
WOLMAN'S DISEASE: THREE NEW PATIENTS WITH A RECENTLY DESCRIBED LIPIDOSIS
Authors: Crocker Allen C. , Vawter Gordon F. , Neuhauser Edward B. D. , Rosowsky Andre 
Published: December 2021

Three patients are presented, the first ones of American origin, with a newly identified constitutional lipidosis previously described by Wolman from Israel. The clinical picture as seen to date shows poor weight gain, vomiting and diarrhea, increasing hepatosplenomegaly with abdominal protuberance, and death in nutritional failure by 2-4 months of age. One of the patients in this report had a similarly involved sibling; present data suggest recessive genetic transmission. Foam cells are found in the bone marrow, and vacuolated lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, each entirely similar to those seen in Niemann-Pick disease. Serum lipids are normal, and signs of adrenocortical insufficiency are moderate. An apparently pathognomic radiologic sign is the presence of greatly enlarged adrenal glands, easily visible by virtue of diffuse punctate calcific deposits, with normal shape of the gland preserved.
Pathologic studies show disseminated foam cells, laden with cholesterol and neutral fat, most notable in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, marrow, thymus, and small intestinal mucosa. In addition, neutral fat deposits are found in connective tissue cells, vascular endothelium, bile ducts, hepatic parenchymal cells, and adrenal cortical cells. The adrenal enlargement is produced by increase in the adrenal cortex, with secondary, possibly ischemic, necrosis and calcification. Direct analysis of unfixed tissue has shown that the cholesterol level of the liver is increased 15-20-fold, and of the spleen 4-5 times normal, with apparent major increase in triglycerides as well. Nervous system changes are milder. The accumulated sterol has been demonstrated to be genuine cholesterol in the tissues studied so that the mechanism of the disease does not appear to rest with disturbed biosynthesis of cholesterol.
REPETITIVE POISONING IN CHILDREN: A PSYCHOSOCIAL STUDY
Authors: Sobel Raymond , Margolis James A. 
Published: December 2021

The families of 20 poison repeaters, 19 single ingestors, and 13 controls were studied. Social class, religious affiliation, income, geographic setting, and family size do not seem to be correlated with repeated episodes of poisoning in children.
The present study indicates that repetitive poisoning in children is not related to accident proneness, pica, environmental hazard, or lack of parental supervision. Ingestion of poisons seems to be the result of purposeful behavior on the pant of the child. Correlated with this behavior, especially in the case of the poison repeater, are: hyperactivity, negativism and other behavioral problems of the child, limited parent-child relationship, marital tension, and a tense and distant family atmosphere.
The first ingestion may be the result of the child's negativism, imitation of the parent's pill-taking, or confusion with food and is rarely the result of chance alone. Subsequent ingestions seem to be inappropriate methods the child uses to gain more relatedness with his parents or to express anger or negativism.
The physician's role in poison prevention should be to help parents of preschool children establish a cautious but confident attitude toward childhood poisoning and to realize that childhood poisoning may indicate family psychopathology which may require treatment.
THE ETIOLOGICAL ROLE OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE IN OTITIS MEDIA IN CHILDREN
Authors: Soběslavský O. , Syrůček L. , Brůčková M. , Abrahamovič M. 
Published: December 2021

The paper brings a report on the isolation and identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae as possible etiological agent of otitis media in three naturally infected children. The disease was a complication of a mild respiratory tract illness. All patients recovered in the course of one week.
M. pneumoniae isolation was successful both in enriched liquid and on solid PPLO media from throat swabs of two patients and from the ear swab of one after paracentesis of the eardrum. The strains isolated grew on solid media forming typical colonies and producing hemolysin. Their final identification was accomplished by means of the immunofluorescence as well as by the complement-fixation test.
In the paired sera of two of these patients a significant rise of complement-fixing antibody against both the M. pneumoniae standard strain (strain F.H.) and the strains isolated was established. On the other hand there were no antibody rises against influenza viruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza virus type 1, and RS virus, nor a significant rise of antistreptolysin O.
DISTRIBUTION OF CYTOCHROME C AND MYOGLOBIN IN RATS WITH DIETARY IRON DEFICIENCY
Authors: Dallman Peter R. , Schwartz Herbert C. 
Published: December 2021

A decrease in cytochrome c and myoglobin concentrations was observed in young rats made anemic on a low-iron diet. The degree of depletion of hemeprotein varied according to tissue. In the iron-deficient rat, myoglobin and cytochrome c were most depleted in skeletal muscle which contains the major portion of these proteins. Cytochrome c expressed as percentage of corresponding control mean concentrations was 44% in skeletal muscle, 61% in intestinal mucosa, 69% in kidney, 79% in diaphragm, 89% in heart, and 97% in brain. Myoglobin in the iron-deficient rats was 44% of the corresponding control concentration in skeletal muscle, 63% in diaphragmatic muscle, and 80% in heart muscle.
The variations in degree of hemeprotein depletion in response to iron deprivation appeared to be related to organ function, growth rate, and cell turnover. Cardiac and diaphragmatic muscle, whose function is essential to survival, resisted the loss of myoglobin and cytochrome c to a greater extent than did skeletal muscle. Severe depletion of hemeprotein was observed in tissues with a rapid rate of growth such as skeletal muscle or a rapid cell turnover as in the case of intestinal mucosa. Brain, which grows minimally during the period of iron deprivation, was unchanged in its cytochrome c content.
A significant impairment of oxidative metabolism in the iron deficient rat was suggested by a reduction in the rate of respiration of muscle homogenates.
Magnesium Sulfate for Respiratory Distress
Authors: NICHOLS M. M. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Silverman's succinct comments on new treatments (Pediatrics, 35:369) are well-bornout by the following case report.
Case Report
Baby girl X (UH No. 4033-P) was a 1,255 gm white female, approximately 28-week gestation, born to gray. II, 25-year-old mother whose first baby weighed 2 kg and died of hyaline membrane disease. Pregnancy was uneventful except that spontaneous labor occurred at 28 weeks with ruptured membranes and delivery under N2O and O2. Vistaril, 50 mg, intramuscularly, had been given 45 minutes before delivery.
Suprapubic Aspiration of Urine in Premature and Term Infants
Authors: NELSON JOHN D. , PETERS PAUL C. 
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this brief communication is to familiarize pediatricians with the advantages and ease of suprapubic needle aspiration of the urinary bladder in small infants when urine specimens for culture are needed.
The technique has been used successfully in adults. Pryles et al. reported on percutaneous suprapubic aspiration of the bladder in 42 children, including 6 babies 3 to 6 months of age; however, use of this procedure in the neonatal period has not been previously reported.
Contaminated urine specimens from neonatal infants are commonly encountered. We have studied 62 randomly selected, uncircumcised premature male infants. Using meticulous care in cleansing and handling of the specimens by the technique of Pryles et al.
STUDIES OF NON-HEMOLYTIC HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA IN PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Wishingrad Lester , Cornblath Marvin , Takakuwa Toshio , Rozenfeld Irving M. , Elegant Lawrence D. , Kaufman Avner , Lassers Elizabeth , Klein Reuben I. 
Published: December 2021

1. A prospective clinical study of nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia in premature infants included 187 infants, of whom 100 had hyperbilirubinemia above 18 mg/100 ml and 87 had bilirubin levels never in excess of 15 mg/100 ml. In a random fashion, the infants with hyperbilirubinemia were divided evenly and either received replacement transfusions or did not.
2. Of the 50 infants in the exchange transfusion group, bilirubin levels were adequately controlled in 48 infants. There was no mortality associated with the exchange transfusion procedure. After 1 year, there does not appear to be any definite evidence of kernicterus in this group.
3. In the no-exchange group, 10 of the 50 infants had levels of bilirubin over 24 mg/ 100 ml for more than 48 hours. Of these, 1 developed fatal kernicterus. Eight of the other 9 infants, whose bilirubin values exceeded 24 mg/100 ml, and 32 of the original 40, whose bilirubin levels were over 18 but below 24 mg/100 ml, were examined neurologically after 1 year. No evidence of kernicterus was found.
4. Seventy-five of the 87 control infants were also examined neurologically after 1 year and none had evidence of kernicterus.
5. The evidence to date suggests that exchange transfusions in the management of non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia of the premature not associated with clinical factors which may enhance the development of kernicterus such as asphyxia, hypoproteinemia, sepsis, etc., need not be performed for unconjugated bilirubin values under 24 mg/100 ml. We believe that infants who will develop bilirubin levels in excess of 24 mg/100 ml may be anticipated if their plasma values exceed 20 mg/100 ml between 73 to 96 hours of age or 22 mg/100 ml between 96 and 120 hours.
6. The validity of these conclusions is dependent upon the long-term follow-up of these infants.