bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial Systemic Risk
Authors: Flood Mark D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFinancial systemic risk (or systemic risk) is any existential threat to the general stability of the financial system. Because the financial system is pervasive, diverse, and constantly evolving, systemic risk is both multifaceted and an active research frontier. This article provides an overview of the growing literature on systemic risk, organized around four broad categories of system vulnerabilities, and the related economic models.
The impact of different setup methods on the dose distribution in proton therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Takemasa Kimihiro , Kato Takahiro , Narita Yuki , Kato Masato , Yamazaki Yuhei , Ouchi Hisao , Oyama Sho , Yamaguchi Hisashi , Wada Hitoshi , Murakami Masao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the impact of different setup methods, vertebral body matching (VM), diaphragm matching (DM), and marker matching (MM), on the dose distribution in proton therapy (PT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Materials and MethodsThirty‐eight HCC lesions were studied retrospectively to assess changes in the dose distribution on two computed tomography (CT) scans. One was for treatment planning (1st‐CT), and the other was for dose confirmation acquired during the course of PT (2nd‐CT). The dose coverage of the clinical target volume (CTV‐D98) and normal liver volume that received 30 Gy relative biological effectiveness (RBE) (liver‐V30) were evaluated under each condition. Initial treatment planning on the 1st‐CT was defined as reference, and three dose distributions recalculated using VM, DM, and MM on the 2nd‐CT, were compared to it, respectively. In addition, the relationship between the CTV‐D98 of each method and the distance between the center of mass (COM) of the CTV and the right diaphragm top was evaluated.ResultsFor CTV‐D98, significant differences were observed between the reference and VM and DM, respectively (P = 0.013, P = 0.015). There were also significant differences between MM and VM and DM, respectively (P = 0.018, P = 0.036). Regarding liver‐V30, there was no significant difference in any of the methods, and there were no discernable difference due to the different setup methods. In DM, only two out of 34 cases with a distance from right diaphragm top to COM of CTV of 90 mm or less that CTV‐D98 difference was 5% or more and CTV‐D98 was worse than VM were confirmed.ConclusionAlthough MM is obviously the most effective method, it is suggested that DM may be particularly effective in cases where the distance from right diaphragm top to COM of CTV of 90 mm or less.
Feasibility of using megavoltage computed tomography to reduce proton range uncertainty: A simulation study
Authors: Hu Yanle , Ding Xiaoning , Shen Jiajian , Bues Martin , Liu Wei , Kang Yixiu , Leng Shuai , Yu Lifeng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate that variation in chemical composition has a negligible effect on the mapping curve from relative electron density (RED) to proton stopping power ratio (SPR), and to establish the theoretical framework of using Megavoltage (MV) computed tomography (CT), instead of kilovoltage (kV) dual energy CT, to accurately estimate proton SPR.MethodsA simulation study was performed to evaluate the effect of chemical composition variation on kVCT number and proton SPR. The simulation study involved both reference and simulated human tissues. The reference human tissues, together with their physical densities and chemical compositions, came from the ICRP publication 23. The simulated human tissues were created from the reference human tissues assuming that elemental percentage weight followed a Gaussian distribution. For all tissues, kVCT number and proton SPR were obtained through (a) theoretical calculation from tissue’s physical density and chemical composition which served as the ground truth, and (b) estimation from RED using the calibration curves established from the stoichiometric method. Deviations of the estimated values from the calculated values were quantified as errors in using RED to estimate kVCT number and proton SPR.ResultsGiven a chemical composition variation of 5% (1σ) of the nominal percentage weights, the total estimation error of using RED to estimate kVCT number was 0.34%, 0.62%, and 0.77% and the total estimation error of using RED to estimate proton SPR was 0.30%, 0.22%, and 0.16% for fat tissues, non‐fat soft tissues and bone tissues, respectively.ConclusionChemical composition had a negligible effect on the method of using RED to determine proton SPR. RED itself is sufficient to accurately determine proton SPR. MVCT number maintains a superb linear relationship with RED because it is highly dominated by Compton scattering. Therefore, MVCT has great potential in reducing the proton range uncertainty.
Engineered Vascularized Flaps, Composed of Polymeric Soft Tissue and Live Bone, Repair Complex Tibial Defects
Authors: Redenski Idan , Guo Shaowei , Machour Majd , Szklanny Ariel , Landau Shira , Kaplan Ben , Lock Roberta I. , Gabet Yankel , Egozi Dana , Vunjak‐Novakovic Gordana , Levenberg Shulamit 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFunctional regeneration of complex large‐scaled defects requires both soft‐ and hard‐tissue grafts. Moreover, bone constructs within these grafts require an extensive vascular supply for survival and metabolism during the engraftment. Soft‐tissue pedicles are often used to vascularize bony constructs. However, extensive autologous tissue‐harvest required for the fabrication of these grafts remains a major procedural drawback. In the current work, a composite flap is fabricated using synthetic soft‐tissue matrices and decellularized bone, combined in vivo to form de novo composite tissue with its own vascular supply. Pre‐vascularization of the soft‐tissue matrix using dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and human adipose microvascular endothelial cells (HAMECs) enhances vascular development within decellularized bones. In addition, osteogenic induction of bone constructs engineered using adipose derived mesenchymal stromal cells positively affects micro‐capillary organization within the mineralized component of the neo‐tissue. Eventually, these neo‐tissues used as axial reconstructive flaps support long‐term bone defect repair, as well as muscle defect bridging. The composite flaps described here may help eliminate invasive autologous tissue‐harvest for patients in need of viable grafts for transplantation.
Design Strategies of 3D Carbon‐Based Electrodes for Charge/Ion Transport in Lithium Ion Battery and Sodium Ion Battery
Authors: Zhang Tianyun , Ran Fen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAdvanced 3D carbon‐based electrodes have the potential to significantly enhance the energy‐power density of lithium ion batteries and sodium ion batteries, due to their continuous conductive networks, proper porosity distribution, and integrated stable structure. However, it still remains a fundamental scientific challenge to accurately understand the charge/ion transport in 3D carbon‐based electrodes. In this review, the operating mechanism of charge/ion transport in 3D carbon‐based electrodes are comprehended by introducing a useful architectural analogy to provide a physical insight. In order to better understand the relationship between 3D carbon‐based electrode structure and electrode process characteristics, the main design strategies of 3D carbonbased electrodes according to the specific characteristic of pore tortuosity is proposed. Through analysis of 3D carbon electrode architectural models, several key scientific issues and related characterization technologies that are beneficial to improving the charge/ion transport efficiency are also raised. The kinetics difference of ionic transport between Li+ and Na+ ions is also taken into account. Furthermore, the critical parameters of porous structure including porosity and tortuosity to investigate the parameter‐structure‐performance relationships of 3D carbon‐based architecture electrodes are highlighted, which in turn would guide more rational battery design in tradeoff between the high capacity and fast transport.
High Power and Energy Density Aqueous Proton Battery Operated at −90 °C
Authors: Sun Tianjiang , Du Haihui , Zheng Shibing , Shi Jinqiang , Tao Zhanliang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFreezing electrolyte and sluggish ionic migration kinetics limited the low‐temperature performance of rechargeable batteries. Here, an aqueous proton battery is developed, which achieves both high power density and energy density at the ultralow temperature conditions. Electrolyte including 2 m HBF4 + 2 m Mn(BF4)2 is used for the ultralow freezing point of below −160 °C and high ionic conductivity of 0.21 mS cm−1 at −70 °C. Spectroscopic and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis demonstrate the introduction of BF4− anions efficiently break the hydrogen‐bond networks of original water molecules, resulting in ultralow freezing point. Based on H+ uptake/removal reaction in alloxazine (ALO) anode and MnO2/Mn2+ conversion in carbon felt cathode, the aqueous proton battery can operate regularly even at −90 °C and obtain a high specific discharge capacity of 85 mA h g−1. Benefiting from the rapid diffusion of proton and the pseudocapacitive character of ALO electrolyte, this battery shows a high specific energy density of 110 Wh kg−1 at a specific power density of 1650 W kg−1 at −60 °C. This work presents a new way of developing low‐temperature batteries.
Stretchable ITO‐Free Organic Solar Cells with Intrinsic Anti‐Reflection Substrate for High‐Efficiency Outdoor and Indoor Energy Harvesting
Authors: Huang Jiaming , Ren Zhiwei , Zhang Yaokang , Liu Kuan , Zhang Hengkai , Tang Hua , Yan Cenqi , Zheng Zijian , Li Gang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFlexible photovoltaic devices are promising candidates for triggering the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of flexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices with high conductivity poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes on plastic are lagging behind the rigid devices due to the low transmittance of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/PEDOT:PSS. Moreover, the poor stretchability of the commonly used plastic substrates largely hinders the practical application of wearable devices. Herein, a novel stretchable indium tin oxide (ITO)‐free OPV device with a surface‐texturing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate for outdoor strong‐ and indoor dim‐light energy harvesting is reported. The high diffuse transmittance and haze effect of the substrate enable stretchable ITO‐free devices, yielding a high PCE of 15.3% under 1 sun illumination. More excitingly, the stretchable device based on textured PDMS/PEDOT:PSS maintains a comparable PCE of 20.5% (20.8% for the rigid device) under indoor light illumination. Notably, the stretchable device is much more insensitive to the light direction, maintaining 38.5% of the initial PCE at an extremely small incident angle of 10° (16.3% for glass/ITO‐based counterpart). The texturing stretchable substrate provides a new direction for achieving high performance and enhanced light utilization for the stretchable light‐harvesting device, suitable for indoor and outdoor applications.
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration with 3D Printed Bionic Scaffolds Loading Neural Crest Stem Cell Derived Schwann Cell Progenitors
Authors: Li Ying , Lv Shang , Yuan Huipu , Ye Gang , Mu Wenbo , Fu Yong , Zhang Xuan , Feng Zhiying , He Yong , Chen Wei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPeripheral nerve injuries are one of the most common types of traumatic damage to the nervous system. Treatment of peripheral nerve injuries aims to promote axon regrowth by imitating and improving the microenvironment for sciatic nerve regeneration. In this study, regeneration efficiency and behavior of peripheral nerves are compared under three treatment strategies: 1) transplantation of Schwann cell progenitors induced from purified neural crest stem cells; 2) implantation of a multiscale scaffold based on high‐resolution 3D printing; and 3) implantation of this bionic scaffold loading Schwann cell progenitors. The results of structural, electrophysiological, and behavioral tests demonstrate that the three treatment strategies result in different degrees of regeneration. The purified neural crest stem cells differentiate into functional Schwann cells and promote axon regeneration. The multifunctional 3D printed scaffold promotes oriented growth and myelination, and the myelinated nerve regrows with increased density and without visible scaffolds after six months. For the regeneration, scaffold treatment produces better performance than cell graft alone. Finally, it is shown that implantation of multiscale scaffolds preloaded with neural crest stem cell derived Schwann cell progenitors is the best strategy to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with improved anatomy and function among the three different strategies.
Two‐Dimensional Metal–Organic Frameworks‐Based Grain Termination Strategy Enables High‐Efficiency Perovskite Photovoltaics with Enhanced Moisture and Thermal Stability
Authors: Qiu Lele , Xing Kai , Zhang Jian , Yang Yulin , Cao Wei , Zhou Xuesong , Zhu Ke , Xia Debin , Fan Ruiqing 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPerovskite degradation induced by surface defects and imperfect grain boundaries of films seriously damages the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Meanwhile, conventional organic molecules cannot maintain the long‐time passivation effects under the stimulation of external environmental factors. Here, efficient and stable grain passivation in perovskite films is realized by preparing formic acid‐functionalized 2D metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as the terminated agent. Through robust interactions between exposed active sites and PbI2, the 2D MOFs tightly caps the surface of PbI2‐terminated perovskite grains to stabilize the perovskite phases and aids the adhesion of adjacent grains. The MOFs mainly distributed at the grain boundaries of the perovskite film is directly observed at the microscopic scale. The modified perovskite films have regular morphology, lower defect density, and superior optoelectronic properties. Benefiting from the suppressed charge recombination and faster charge extraction, a power conversion efficiency of 21.28% is achieved for the best‐performing PSC device. The unencapsulated PSCs with the MOFs modification maintain 88% and 81% of their initial efficiency after 750 h heating at 85 °C under N2 atmosphere and more than 1000 h storage in ambient environment (25 °C, RH ≈ 40%), respectively.
Fast and Ample Light Controlled Actuation of Monodisperse All‐DNA Microgels
Authors: Merindol Rémi , Martin Nicolas , Beneyton Thomas , Baret Jean‐Christophe , Ravaine Serge 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe assembly of adaptive hierarchical soft materials that resemble living tissues requires responsive building blocks of controlled dimensions. While DNA self‐assembly provides an exceptional tool for nanoscale architectural control, responsive DNA microstructures remain scarce. Here, two challenges controlling the size of DNA microstructures and embedding them with fast and ample structural response are addressed. For size‐control, arrested phase separation and microfluidic confinement are combined to produce monodisperse all‐DNA particles. For responsiveness, a light controlled coil‐globule transition of the microgel DNA network powered by an azobenzene cationic surfactant is implemented. The photoinduced trans‐cis isomerization of the azobenzene moiety reduces its affinity for DNA which results in fast, large amplitudes microgel swelling. Finally, the assembly of light responsive microgel superstructures is demonstrated as proof‐of‐concept hierarchical all‐DNA materials.
Self‐Powered Light‐Temperature Dual‐Parameter Sensor Using Nb‐Doped SrTiO3 Materials Via Thermo‐Phototronic Effect
Authors: Wu Liyun , Ji Yun , Ouyang Bangsen , Li Zhengke , Yang Ya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMultifunctional sensors that can simultaneously detect light and thermal stimuli play an essential role in the research of portable devices and complex arrays of electronics. Lots of effort has been made to realize the simultaneous detection of light and temperature in a standalone device. However, since there is a strong interference of electric signals, accurate simultaneous sensing remains a challenge. Here, a self‐powered dual‐parameter sensor based on thermo‐phototronic effect in Nb‐doped SrTiO3 (NSTO) single crystal to achieve decoupled light and temperature sensing is developed. High light‐ and temperature‐sensing sensitivities of 0.201 µA mW cm−2 and 16.77 µA K−1 are realized, respectively. The excellent simultaneous sensing capability may be attributed to effective light‐to‐electrical and thermal‐to‐electrical energy conversion in the NSTO crystal. The excellent simultaneous sensing performance of the dual‐parameter sensors, together with their ease of fabrication, pushes forward the development of highly sensitive multifunctional sensors.
Scalable Superior Chemical Sensing Performance of Stretchable Ionotronic Skin via a π‐Hole Receptor Effect
Authors: Jin Ming Liang , Park Sangsik , Kweon Hyukmin , Koh Hyeong‐Jun , Gao Min , Tang Chao , Cho Soo‐Yeon , Kim Yunpyo , Zhang Shuye , Li Xinlin , Shin Kwanwoo , Fu Aiping , Jung Hee‐Tae , Ahn Chi Won , Kim Do Hwan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSkin‐attachable gas sensors provide a next‐generation wearable platform for real‐time protection of human health by monitoring environmental and physiological chemicals. However, the creation of skin‐like wearable gas sensors, possessing high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and scalability (4S) simultaneously, has been a big challenge. Here, an ionotronic gas‐sensing sticker (IGS) is demonstrated, implemented with free‐standing polymer electrolyte (ionic thermoplastic polyurethane, i‐TPU) as a sensing channel and inkjet‐printed stretchable carbon nanotube electrodes, which enables the IGS to exhibit high sensitivity, selectivity, stability (against mechanical stress, humidity, and temperature), and scalable fabrication, simultaneously. The IGS demonstrates reliable sensing capability against nitrogen dioxide molecules under not only harsh mechanical stress (cyclic bending with the radius of curvature of 1 mm and cyclic straining at 50%), but also environmental conditions (thermal aging from −45 to 125 °C for 1000 cycles and humidity aging for 24 h at 85% relative humidity). Further, through systematic experiments and theoretical calculations, a π‐hole receptor mechanism is proposed, which can effectively elucidate the origin of the high sensitivity (up to parts per billion level) and selectivity of the ionotronic sensing system. Consequently, this work provides a guideline for the design of ionotronic materials for the achievement of high‐performance and skin‐attachable gas‐sensor platforms.
Dip‐Pen Nanolithography Enabled Functional Nanomaterials and Their Applications
Authors: Li Ze‐Qi , Guo Ping , Zhou Yi‐Ge 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDip‐pen nanolithography (DPN) is a scanning probe lithography technique that can write “inks” directly on a surface with high resolution. The “pen” was initially started from an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip and later developed to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tip array to allow for high‐throughput nanofabrication. Over the past two decades, DPN has enabled a wide range of applications from printing arrays of small molecules to fabricating complicated hybrid structures and even integrated systems. In this review, the uses of DPN are focused upon for the synthesis of nanomaterials (NMs) divided by different postprocessing steps after the patterning. The applications of the obtained NMs are also summarized.
Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Reducing Sugars in High Pressure and Supercritical Fluids: Greener Alternative for Biorefining of Renewables
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Kermanshahi‐pour Azadeh , Brar Satinder Kaur , Brooks Marianne Su‐Ling 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSupercritical fluids offer great potential to be employed in lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) fractionation in biorefinery. Supercritical carbon dioxide and water are greener alternatives compared with conventional reagents and have been investigated for the pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. This review is focused on examining the fundamentals that govern the function of supercritical fluids in the pretreatment stage, as well as in the main hydrolysis reaction. Sub/supercritical carbon dioxide is used in pretreatment and sub/supercritical water has been the solvent of choice in hydrolysis of LCB. Significant research has gone into understanding the effect of process parameters such as temperature, pressure, cosolvent, and use of external catalyst on the sugar yield in biorefining of the LCB in supercritical fluids. It is shown that processes with reduced environmental impact and energy consumption can significantly enhance biorefining of LCB at commercial scale. Enzymatic hydrolysis of LCB in supercritical carbon dioxide is a promising approach that can accommodate mild reaction conditions. Developing an understanding of the performance of enzymes in high pressure systems and designing carriers for enzyme immobilization and further recycling is expected to enable one pot pretreatment and hydrolysis and is an important milestone in processing renewable resources for deriving biofuel and value‐added chemicals.
Seedling elongation responses to gibberellin seed treatments in wheat
Authors: Horgan Andrew M. , Garland Campbell Kimberly A. , Carter Arron H. , Steber Camille M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Reduced height (Rht) alleles are widely used to prevent lodging through semi‐dwarfism. Seedling elongation and coleoptile length can be significantly decreased by some of these alleles, leading to reduced soil emergence after deep sowing in certain semi‐arid environments. Application of the elongation‐promoting hormone gibberellin A3 (GA3) as a seed treatment has been used as an alternative to improve seedling emergence. Seedling responses to GA3 seed treatment were investigated under controlled conditions in a collection of varieties differing for Rht dwarfing alleles and the ability to emerge from deep planting. Data between treated and untreated seed were collected on overall coleoptile length and emergence from deep planting in simulated pot studies. Gibberellin‐sensitive varieties, carrying either no dwarfing gene or the Rht8 dwarfing gene, responded to the GA3 seed treatment with increased coleoptile and subcrown internode elongation. Comparison of near‐isogenic lines carrying no dwarfing allele or the GA‐insensitive Rht‐B1b and/or Rht‐D1b semi‐dwarfing alleles showed that GA insensitivity was associated with reduced seedling response to GA3 seed treatment. However, there was variation in seedling elongation and GA3 response in a collection of GA‐insensitive varieties. Thus, it cannot be assumed that all Rht‐B1b and Rht‐D1b varieties will fail to respond to GA3 seed treatment. Interestingly, some better emerging GA‐insensitive varieties had longer coleoptiles after treatment, suggesting that selection for better emergence in semi‐arid regions of the U.S. Pacific Northwest may have led to responses in GA3 application independent of the dwarfing gene used.