bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface water treatment for production of potable water by coagulation/filtration/nanofiltration membranes hybrid system
Authors: Sima Mirzadeh Seyedeh , Amirinejad Mehdi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractProviding potable water will be a challenge for humanity over the next years. In this research, water samples from the Gamasiab River (Iran) were purified to achieve drinking water by applying coagulation, conventional filtration in combination with the nanofiltration process. By using poly aluminum chloride as a coagulant, the turbidity decreased by 96.4%. The turbidity and COD decreased by 98.82% and 32.7%, respectively, via passing the effluent through the activated carbon. Membranes were made of polyethersulfone (PES). Cesium hydrogen phosphotungstic acid (Cs0.5H2.5PW12O40 as CsPW) nanoparticles were incorporated into the polymer matrix to improve the hydrophilicity. The morphology of membranes was studied using the FE‐SEM and AFM. The pure water flux and contact angle for the sulfonated PES with 1.5 wt.% CsPW were 51.9 kg/m2 h and 55.49 °, respectively. The percentage of the turbidity, conductivity, TDS, and COD removal was found to be 99.9, 89.3, 89.3, and 86.6%, respectively, after the hybrid process. The removal of calcium, magnesium, nitrate, chloride, sodium, sulfate, and bicarbonate ions was 90.5, 83.4, 87.9, 60.7, 49, 86, and 80.5%, respectively. Based on these results, the river water meets the standards for drinking water after being purified by applying the aforementioned coagulation/filtration and nanofiltration processes.Practitioner Points

The treatment of the Gamasiab River (Iran) was selected for this study to produce potable water.
A hybrid systematic coagulation/filtration/nanofiltration (NF) was considered.
Water quality parameters were measured and compared with the standard values.
The cesium hydrogen phosphotungstic acid was incorporated into the NF to increase the hydrophilicity and water flux.
Polyethersulfone was sulfonated to add the sulfonyl group to the polymer.
Structural and electronic properties of the metal cluster‐based compounds including high concentration of solvent molecules
Authors: Saito Norio , Lemoine Pierric , Cordier Stéphane , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Ohsawa Takeo , Grasset Fabien , Cross Jeffrey Scott , Ohashi Naoki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecrystallization of Cs2[Mo6X14] (X=Cl, Br) was examined using typical organic solvents, i. e., methanol (CH3OH), acetone (CH3COCH3) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) in order to modify crystal structures and optoelectronic properties by promoting purity or inducing insertion of guest molecules. To this context, we performed recrystallization in solvent liquid and exposure of Cs2[Mo6X14] to vapor of those solvents. Subsequent single crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that three new types of compounds which contain high concentration of guest organic solvent molecules were obtained. Indeed, the newly found structures are Cs2[Mo6Cl14] ⋅ 3CH3OH and Cs2[Mo6X14] ⋅ 6CH3COCH3 belonging to triclinic
space group, and Cs2[Mo6X14] ⋅ 4CH2Cl2 belonging to tetragonal P4/mnc space group. Although breaking of centrosymmetry by insertion of the guest molecule is interesting in terms of optoelectronic properties, all those new compounds belong to centrosymmetric space groups. As DFT calculations for those new compounds show that the guest molecules, such as CH3OH, do not affect the atomic arrangements and electronic features of the [Mo6X14]2− cluster based unit, they incorporated with the lattice while keeping with the electrostatic interaction between the [Mo6X14]2− and Cs+ ions regardless of the very high concentration of the guest solvent molecules.
Cytotoxic Activities of Bis‐cyclometalated Rhodium(III) and Iridium(III) Complexes Containing 2,2’‐Biphenyldiamine
Authors: Graf Marion , Böttcher Hans‐Christian , Metzler‐Nolte Nils , Sünkel Karlheinz , Thavalingam Sugina , Czerwieniec Rafał 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of new bis‐cyclometalated complex salts [M(ptpy)2(2,2’‐biphenyldiamine)]PF6 (M=Rh, 1; M=Ir, 2; ptpy=2‐(p‐tolyl)pyridinato) are described. Compounds 1 and 2 were obtained by bridge‐splitting reactions of [{M(μ‐Cl)(ptpy)2}2] (M=Rh or Ir) with 2,2’‐biphenyldiamine in CH2Cl2/MeOH/H2O mixtures. The molecular structure of compound 2 in the crystal was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐raydiffraction. 2 crystallized from dichloromethane/methanol/n‐heptane in the monoclinic space group P21/n. The cytotoxic activities of both new compounds were examined and evaluated. Compound 1 and 2 exhibit significant cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines with the IC50 values in the low micromolar range.
Inclusion or Exclusion: UK Education Policy and Roma Pupils
Authors: Rogers Carol 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEducation is widely recognised as a key factor in improving social mobility and improving life chances. Therefore, this is fundamental to UK education policy which aims to improve outcomes for all children, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. As a result of expansion of the European Union over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of Central and Eastern European Roma families settling the United Kingdom. Together with indigenous Gypsies and Travellers, Roma families remain some of the most marginalised and disadvantaged families in the UK, with Gypsy and Roma children having the poorest educational outcomes of all pupil groups. An inclusive educational philosophy underpins the UK educational system, however, there is a tension between current austerity measures and outcome driven education policy and the principles of inclusive practice. Whilst there are examples of good practice and inclusive educational experiences for Roma children, some barriers and exclusions are also evident.
Duality of Humans: The Wish to Learn and Not to Learn
Authors: Timmer Andria D. , Erős Máté 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe segregated nature of education for the Hungarian Roma has been well-documented. Solutions to overcoming this segregation are often focusing on adding education interventions tailored to Roma youth. We argue that although education can be empowering, it can also be used as a tool to maintain the status quo. Education is dualistic and paradoxical in that it can both empower and enslave. In this chapter we use a philosophical lens to examine how the dualistic nature of education and humans can cause impediments to equal access to quality education for the Hungarian Roma. We identify some of the real obstacles to providing education to Hungarian Roma and disadvantaged youth, outline the philosophical underpinnings of these obstacles, and propose potential solutions. We use a school that has had success in providing educational tools for Roma and disadvantaged youth, MÁV School in Budapest, as a model to explain both the paradoxes and the solutions to overcome these paradoxes. Our goal is to provide insight into the educational situation for the Hungarian Roma and to make space for the reader to implement different attitudes and strategies to succeed in creating a sustainable model of education for Roma and other marginalized youth.
“I Felt I Arrived Home”: The Minority Trajectory of Mobility for First-in-Family Hungarian Roma Graduates
Authors: Durst Judit , Bereményi Ábel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the upward social mobility trajectories, and the corollary prices of them for those 45, first-in-family college educated Roma in Hungary who come from socially disadvantaged and marginalised family and community background. We argue that among the academically high-achieving participants of our study the most common upward mobility trajectory, contrary to the common belief of assimilation, is their distinctive minority mobility path which leads to their selective acculturation into the majority society. This distinctive incorporation into the mainstream is close to what the related academic scholarship calls the ‘minority culture of mobility’. The three main elements of this distinct mobility trajectory among the Roma are (1) The construction of a Roma middle class identity that takes belonging to the Roma community as a source of pride, in contrast of the widespread racial stereotypes in Hungary (and all over Europe) that are closely tied to the perception of Roma as a member of the underclass, (2) The creation of grass-roots ethnic (Roma) organizations and (3) The practice of giving back to their people of origin that relegate many Roma professionals to a particular segment of the labour market, in jobs to help communities in need. However, we argue that in the case of the Hungarian Roma, these elements of the minority culture of mobility did not serve the purpose of their economic mobility as the original concepts (Neckerman et al. Ethnic and Racial Studies 22(6):945–965, 1999) posits, but to mitigate the price of changing social class and to make sense of the hardship of their social ascension.
From “Unsettled Fortune-Tellers” to Socialist Workers: Education Policies and Roma in Early Soviet Union
Authors: Dunajeva Jekatyerina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter embeds Roma identity formation in the politics of early Soviet Union, by examining the role schools played in delineating boundaries of belonging and the sense of nationhood. I analyze education policies and politics towards minorities in the 1920s and ‘1930s through textbooks in Romani language from the time. I show that textbooks, often through educating basic grammar to children, sought to alter their identities from “unsettled fortune-tellers” to working Roma. Roma way of life was equated with oppression of the old, pre-revolutionary times, while new, Socialist life that Roma were to become part of was characterized by equality and work. What was seen as the traditional Roma way of life was incompatible with the goals of the state, and schools were to “transform” Roma children into productive Socialist workers. Socialism, therefore, was seen as the emancipation and empowerment Roma needed in order to leave their “backwards” habits in the past.
The Multiple Stories in Finnish Roma Schooling
Authors: Stenroos Marko , Helakorpi Jenni 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRegardless of the good reputation of the Finnish basic education system, Finnish Roma children fall behind the overall average in their performance of academic skills: Roma children face more challenges completing basic education and have more repeated school years. Furthermore, compared to the average, Roma youth apply less for upper secondary education and thus their general level of education remains low. However, looking at Roma education solely through problematic representations only provides a partial picture. In this article, based on two separate sets of fieldwork among Finnish Kaale Roma, we examine how teachers, Roma activists and mediators perceive the educational trajectories of Finnish Roma children and youth. The article seeks to scrutinize Finnish Roma schooling within the framework of the Finnish National Policy on Roma (NRIS). The analysis highlights the multiplicity of voices in the field, discusses the possibilities, and thus problematizes the single-aspect discourse on Roma education. Many countries in Central and Eastern Europe struggle with school and residential segregation, but Finnish Roma face different challenges.
Key Factors to Educational Continuity and Success of Ciganos in Portugal
Authors: Magano Olga , Mendes Maria Manuela 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe goal of this article is to analyse the impact of specific public policies on the school trajectories of socially vulnerable Ciganos (Gypsies/Roma) who reside/live in the Metropolitan Areas of Lisbon and Porto. Through carrying out qualitative research, the analysis of key factors will allow us to understand the reasons behind school continuity and educational success of Ciganos, as well as the identity (re)configuration processes associated with the education paths of these individuals. We find that trajectories are not only intertwined with public policies and programmes, but also with other explanatory factors inherent to the individual, to the type of support he/she receives from his/her family, the presence of key figures in their lives, and the importance of peers and institutional factors inherent to the way public schools operate.
Some Background, and a South African Study on Sexuality
Authors: Hunt Xanthe , Swartz Leslie , Braathen Stine Hellum , Carew Mark T. , Chiwaula Mussa , Rohleder Poul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we introduce central concepts and theories relevant to thinking about disability and sexuality in the global South. We discuss what we mean by physical disability, sexuality, gender, and embodiment, and provide a brief description of the research study on which this book is based. Here, too, we provide a rationale and outline for the book.
The Meaning of Participation: Reflections on Our Study
Authors: Hunt Xanthe , Swartz Leslie , Braathen Stine Hellum , Carew Mark T. , Chiwaula Mussa , Rohleder Poul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn Chapter 1 we provided a discussion of participatory research as a method for doing research, and provided an outline of what we did in the research project upon which this book is based. In this final chapter, we reflect back on our experiences of doing a participatory research project of this kind.
Die Superstars der Firmen und die Lohnquote
Authors: Jäggi Adrian 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Superstars unter den Firmen dominieren die Wirtschaft. Sie sind überaus innovativ, besetzen als Erste den Markt und erzielen überdurchschnittlich hohe Gewinnspannen. Mit viel Knowhow und einer hoch qualifizierten, aber sehr kleinen Belegschaft dominieren sie die Branchen und erzielen den Löwenanteil der Wertschöpfung. Die gesamtwirtschaftliche Lohnquote fällt, wenn sich die Wertschöpfung von den übrigen Unternehmen mit höherer Lohnquote zu den Superstars mit geringem Lohnanteil verschiebt. Gerade in den innovativsten Branchen sind die Konzentrationstendenzen und der Rückgang der Lohnquote am stärksten. Die Wettbewerbspolitik ist neu gefordert, um den richtigen Ertrag der Innovation zu sichern, aber übermässige Gewinne durch Ausnutzung von Marktmacht zulasten der Konsumenten zu verhindern und den Zutritt neuer Anbieter zu erleichtern.David Autor, David Dorn, Lawrence F. Katz, Christina Patterson und John Van Reenen (2017), The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms, NBER Working Paper No. 23396.
Wenn Frauen mehr als ihre Männer verdienen
Authors: Koch Roberta Maria 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Frauen haben aufgeholt. Die steigenden Löhne der Frauen und ihre zunehmende Erwerbstätigkeit zeigen ihre wachsende Bedeutung in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Der Trend setzt sich in den Familien fort. Die Familien, in denen die Frauen sich im Beitrag zum Familieneinkommen den Männern annähern, werden immer häufiger. Sobald jedoch die Frauen mehr als ihre Männer verdienen, nimmt der Anteil dieser Haushalte in der gesamten Bevölkerung schlagartig ab. Auch die Scheidungsraten nehmen in dieser Konstellation zu. Hoch qualifizierte Frauen machen bisweilen kostspielige Kompromisse, um Konflikten auszuweichen. Es scheint schwierig, mit traditionellen Rollenbildern zu brechen. Diesen Prozess zu beschleunigen, würde nicht nur der Qualität des Familienlebens nützen, sondern auch Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft zugutekommen.Marianne Bertrand, Emir Kamenica und Jessica Pan (2015), Gender Identity and Relative Income Within Households, Quarterly Journal of Economics 130(2), 571–614.
Handel und Innovation: Chance oder Gefahr
Authors: Diebold Céline 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungHandel und Innovation lösen einen starken Strukturwandel aus. Sie sind Chance und Gefahr zugleich. Innovative Unternehmen erschliessen in China und anderswo neue Märkte, expandieren und schaffen mehr Beschäftigung. Andere müssen der Importkonkurrenz weichen. Die Konsumenten profitieren von günstigen Preisen und einer grösseren Auswahl. Handel und Innovation ermöglichen grosse Wohlstandsgewinne, aber nur, wenn Arbeit und Kapital erfolgreich von schrumpfenden zu expandierenden Unternehmen wandern. Wie ist inklusives Wachstum möglich, an dem möglichst alle teilhaben können? Den Strukturwandel aufzuhalten würde den Fortschritt blockieren. Die Politik braucht ein Programm, das die besonders betroffenen Arbeitenden absichert und darin aktiv unterstützt, mit neuen Qualifikationen anderswo eine neue Beschäftigung mit besseren Perspektiven zu finden.Autor, David H., David Dorn und Gordon H. Hanson (2015), Untangling Trade and Technology: Evidence from Local Labor Markets, Economic Journal 125, 621–646.
F&E-Steueranreize stärken Unternehmensgründungen
Authors: Gogola Gerald 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungMit innovativen Ideen erlangen junge Unternehmen Wettbewerbsvorteile und legen den Grundstein für weiteres Wachstum. Sie schaffen überdurchschnittlich viele Arbeitsplätze und tragen zur Erneuerung der Wirtschaft bei. F&E-Steueranreize helfen, Finanzierungsengpässe zu überwinden und regen die Gründungsaktivitäten an. Regionen mit F&E-Steueranreizen können daher mehr Gründungen verzeichnen als andere. Damit können Staaten und Regionen nicht nur das innovationsgetriebene Wachstum beschleunigen, sondern auch ihre internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit stärken.Fazio, Catherine, Jorge Guzman und Scott Stern (2019), The Impact of State-Level R&D Tax Credits on the Quantity and Quality of Entrepreneurship, NBER WP 26099.
The Internet of Bodies—alive, connected and collective: the virtual physical future of our bodies and our senses
Authors: Boddington Ghislaine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper is going to discuss, what will be called, ‘The Internet of Bodies’. Our physical and virtual worlds are blending and shifting our understanding of three key areas: (1) our identities are diversifying, as they become hyper-enhanced and multi-sensory; (2) our collaborations are co-created, immersive and connected; (3) our innovations are diverse and inclusive. It is proposed that our bodies have finally become the interface.
Convergence of least squares estimators in the adaptive Wynn algorithm for some classes of nonlinear regression models
Authors: Freise Fritjof , Gaffke Norbert , Schwabe Rainer 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe paper continues the authors’ work (Freise et al. The adaptive Wynn-algorithm in generalized linear models with univariate response.arXiv:1907.02708, 2019) on the adaptive Wynn algorithm in a nonlinear regression model. In the present paper the asymptotics of adaptive least squares estimators under the adaptive Wynn algorithm is studied. Strong consistency and asymptotic normality are derived for two classes of nonlinear models: firstly, for the class of models satisfying a condition of ‘saturated identifiability’, which was introduced by Pronzato (Metrika 71:219–238, 2010); secondly, a class of generalized linear models. Further essential assumptions are compactness of the experimental region and of the parameter space together with some natural continuity assumptions. For asymptotic normality some further smoothness assumptions and asymptotic homoscedasticity of random errors are needed and the true parameter point is required to be an interior point of the parameter space.
Intestinal and hepatic effects of iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Voss Linn , Hoché Elisa , Stock Valerie , Böhmert Linda , Braeuning Albert , Thünemann Andreas F. , Sieg Holger 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIron oxide nanoparticles gain increasing attention due to their broad industrial use. However, safety concerns exist since their effects on human cells are still under investigation. The presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in the food pigment E172 has been shown recently. Here, we studied four iron oxide nanoparticles, one food pigment E172 and the ionic control FeSO4 regarding dissolution in biological media, uptake and transport, and cellular effects in vitro in human intestinal Caco-2 and HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells. The iron oxide nanoparticles passed the gastrointestinal passage without dissolution and reached the intestine in the form of particles. Minor uptake was seen into Caco-2 cells but almost no transport to the basolateral site was detected for any of the tested particles. HepaRG cells showed higher particle uptake. Caco-2 cells showed no alterations in reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis, or mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas two particles induced apoptosis in HepaRG cells, and one altered mitochondrial membrane potential at non-cytotoxic concentrations. No correlation between physicochemical particle characteristics and cellular effects was observed, thus emphasizing the need for case-by-case assessment of iron oxide nanoparticles.
Outcomes of Adrenalectomy and the Aldosteronoma Resolution Score in the Black and Hispanic Population
Authors: Romero‐Velez Gustavo , Laird Amanda M. , Barajas Manuel E. , Sierra‐Salazar Mauricio , Herrera Miguel F. , Libutti Steven K. , Parides Michael K. , Pereira Xavier , McAuliffe John C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundOutcomes after adrenalectomy in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) are variable. The aldosteronoma resolution score (ARS) uses preoperative variables to calculate a score that identifies those patients that are more likely to have resolution of hypertension after adrenalectomy. We aim to determine the efficacy of adrenalectomy and whether the ARS accurately predicts clinical success in a Black and Hispanic population.MethodsWe reviewed patients who underwent adrenalectomy for PA from 2004 to 2018 at two academic centers treating primarily Hispanic and Black patients. Postoperative outcomes were evaluated based on the primary aldosteronism surgical outcome consensus criterion. Retrospectively, the accuracy of ARS was determined by a receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the curve (AUC).ResultsForty‐three Hispanic and 10 Black patients underwent adrenalectomy for PA. Twenty‐two patients (41.5%) had complete clinical success. Variables associated with complete clinical success in the univariate analysis were female gender (p = 0.026), younger age (p = 0.001), lower preoperative aldosterone (p = 0.035), lower preoperative systolic blood pressure (p = 0.001), fewer number of preoperative antihypertensive medications (p = 0.007) and a higher ARS (p = 0.003). On multivariate analysis, only fewer number of preoperative antihypertensive medications was independently associated with complete clinical success (p = 0.026). The AUC of the ARS was 0.746.ConclusionThe rate of clinical success from adrenalectomy is good for Hispanic and Black patients with PA. Our analysis shows that the ARS is an accurate test of clinical success in Hispanic and Black patients. The ARS may be utilized preoperatively to frame expectations after adrenalectomy in these populations.