bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilot-scale enrichment of anammox biofilm using secondary effluent as source water
Authors: Tao Runxian , Zheng Xingcan , Guo Xingfang , Li Mai , Shen Shifeng , Yang Min , Sun Yongli , Wu Fansong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Enough biomass of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria is essential for maintaining a stable partial nitrification/anammox (PN/A) wastewater treatment system. Present enrichment procedures are mainly labor-intensive and inconvenient for up-scaling. A simplified procedure was developed for enrichment of anammox biofilm by using secondary effluent as source water with no supplement of mineral medium and unstrict control of influent dissolved oxygen (DO). Anammox biofilm was successfully enriched in two pilot-scale reactors (XQ-cul and BT-cul) within 250 and 120 days, respectively. The specific anammox activity increased rapidly during the last 2 months in both reactors and achieved 2.54 g N2-N/(m2·d) in XQ-cul and 1.61 g N2-N/(m2·d) in BT-cul. Similar microbial diversity and community structure were obtained in the two reactors despite different secondary effluent being applied from two wastewater treatment plants. Anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria genera abundance reached up to 37.4% and 43.1% in XQ-cul and BT-cul biofilm, respectively. Candidatus Brocadia and Ca. Kuenenia dominated the enriched biofilm. A negligible adverse effect of residual organics and influent DO was observed by using secondary effluent as source water. This anammox biofilm enrichment procedure could facilitate the inoculation and/or bio-augmentation of large-scale mainstream PN/A reactors.
DISTATIS: A Promising Framework to Integrate Distance Matrices in Molecular Phylogenetics
Authors: Agüero-Chapin Guillermin , Jiménez Yuliana , Sánchez-Rodríguez Aminael , Molina-Ruiz Reinaldo , Vivanco Oscar , Antunes Agostinho 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Molecular phylogenetic algorithms frequently disagree with the approaches
considering reproductive compatibility and morphological criteria for species delimitation. The
question stems if the resulting species boundaries from molecular, reproductive and/or morphological
data are definitively not reconcilable; or if the existing phylogenetic methods are not sensitive
enough to agree morphological and genetic variation in species delimitation.

Objectives :
We propose DISTATIS as an integrative framework to combine alignment-based (AB)
and alignment-free (AF) distance matrices from ITS2 sequences/structures to shed light whether
Gelasinospora and Neurospora are sister but independent genera.

Methods:
We aimed at addressing this standing issue by harmonizing genus-specific classification
based on their ascospore morphology and ITS2 molecular data. To validate our proposal, three phylogenetic
approaches: i) traditional alignment-based, ii) alignment-free and iii) novel distance integrative
(DI)-based were comparatively evaluated on a set of Gelasinospora and Neurospora species.
All considered species have been extensively characterized at both the morphological and reproductive
levels and there are known incongruences between their ascospore morphology and
molecular data that hampers genus-specific delimitation.

Results:
Traditional AB phylogenetic analyses fail at resolving the Gelasinospora and Neurospora
genera into independent monophyletic clades following ascospore morphology criteria. In contrast,
AF and DI approaches produced phylogenetic trees that could properly delimit the expected monophyletic
clades.

Conclusions:
The DI approach outperformed the AF one in the sense that it could also divide the
Neurospora species according to their reproduction mode.
Determinants of Wine Prices: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Gál Péter 
Published: January 2021

Wine is a highly differentiated product sold at a wide range of different prices. This article aims to provide a systematic review of the literature written on the determinants of wine prices globally. The article runs a search on the combination of keywords “wine”, “price”, “determinant” in the Web of Science, Scopus, JSTOR, ProQuest, and Science Direct databases. Based on a final set of 46 articles written between 1998 and 2018, results suggest that terroir and quality ratings are the most significant determinants of wine prices, while objective quality and label data also determines wine prices, though to a different extent and with a different sign in some cases. The hedonic pricing method was the most common way of analyzing the relationship between wines prices and their determinants, and results are similar for most regions and varieties. We believe that our results can be useful for researchers, stakeholders, and even for decision-makers in better understanding the factors lying behind wine prices.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes: D12, D40 Q11
Társasági adó – új paradigmára van szükség! – I.
Authors: Török László 
Published: January 2021

Mióta a társasági adó intézménye létezik, nehezen megoldható feladatot jelent a társasági adó alapjának egzakt meghatározása. Amíg az államok a lehető legnagyobb, az adóalanyok a lehető legkisebb adóalapban érdekeltek. Az adóalap meghatározásának nemzeti és nemzetek feletti szabályai irreális gyakorisággal módosulnak, betartásuk csaknem lehetetlen, ezért állandósulni látszanak a konfliktusok az országok, valamint a vállalatok és az adóhivatalok között a fizetendő társasági adóval összefüggésben. A transz- és multinacionális vállalatok térnyerésével pedig kimutathatók a társasági adóval kapcsolatos agresszív adótervezésre, a burkolt adóelkerülésre irányuló erőfeszítések is. A nemzeti kormányok két- és többoldalú szerződésekkel próbálják ennek elejét venni, de a közelmúltban leleplezett, több milliárd euró/dollár nagyságrendű társasági adóügyek verdiktjei azt igazolják, hogy ezek nem bírnak elrettentő erővel, vagyis az eddig megtett intézkedések koránt sem elégségesek az adóelkerülések megakadályozására. Kutatási hipotézisemben azt állítom, hogy a társasági adó mai formájában nemzeti és globális szinten is fenntarthatatlan a bonyolult rendszere és manipulálhatósága miatt, valamintjelentős makro- és mikroszintű implicit költségei következtében. Ezt követően javaslatot teszek egy olyan hozzáadott érték alapú új adóra és adókulcsra, mellyel a megszüntetésre kerülő társasági adó miatt kieső államháztartási bevétel ekvivalens és esszenciálisan letisztult módon pótolható. Ezután elvégzem a javaslatom szerinti új adónem tesztjét az Európai Unió országainak hozzáadottérték-adatai alapján. Végül bemutatom a társasági adót helyettesítő új globális adó területi elvét és hozzájárulását a nemzeti közteherviseléshez.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kódok: C53, E62, H24, K34
Network meta-analysis of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in the second-line setting for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Parikh Neehar D , Marshall Alexander , Betts Keith A , Song Jinlin , Zhao Jing , Yuan Muhan , Wu Aozhou , Huff Keith D , Kim Richard 
Published: January 2021

Aims:
To compare the efficacy of nivolumab 1 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg with regorafenib 160 mg, cabozantinib 60 mg and nivolumab 3 mg/kg monotherapy for second-line treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Materials & methods:
Indirect comparison using network meta-analysis and propensity score weighting.
Results:
Nivolumab 1 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg had significantly higher objective response rate (median 31.2% [95% credible interval: 19.6–44.5%]) than cabozantinib (4.2% [2.0–6.5%]) and regorafenib (4.8% [1.1–8.3%]), and significantly longer overall survival (cabozantinib: hazard ratio: 0.46 [95% credible interval: 0.27–0.79]; regorafenib: 0.56 [0.32–0.97]). Nivolumab 1 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg had significantly better objective response rate (difference 21.0% [4.5–37.5%]) and overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.58 [0.35–0.96]) than nivolumab monotherapy.
Conclusion:
Nivolumab 1 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg had a superior efficacy versus cabozantinib 60 mg, regorafenib 160 mg and nivolumab 3 mg/kg monotherapy as second-line therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Innovación: una perspectiva sociológica
Authors: Fernández-Esquinas Manuel 
Published: January 2021

Este artículo ofrece un marco de análisis de la perspectiva sociológica sobre la innovación. Presenta una serie de herramientas que son útiles para estudiar la relación de la innovación con dimensiones sociales fundamentales. Realiza una contribución al campo interdisciplinar de los estudios sobre la innovación a través de una serie de conceptos y mecanismos explicativos expuestos de manera sistemática. El artículo discute algunas limitaciones en los estudios sobre innovación para tratar fenómenos de naturaleza social y especifica el significado de la innovación desde los principios del canon sociológico. Aborda las relaciones de la innovación con algunos aspectos de la cultura (normas, valores, repertorios cognitivos e instituciones) y de la estructura social (clases sociales, ocupaciones, redes y organizaciones).
Magnetic resonance morphometry of the brain in the advanced stages of Parkinson's disease and vascular parkinsonism
Authors: Iskhakova E. V. , Trufanov A. G. , Efimtsev A. Yu. , Yurin A. A. , Lepekhina A. S. , Fokin V. A. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction. MR-morphometry is a method of image processing independent of the researcher, which allows you to get the results of measuring the volume of the brain structures and the thickness of various areas of the cortex and helps in the differential diagnosis in assessing the results of MRI. Our study used MR-morphometry to identify structural markers in the differential diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism in the examination of patients with Parkinson's symptoms. Purpose of research. Visualization of the distribution of atrophic changes in brain structures in vascular parkinsonism and in the advanced stages of Parkinson's disease, as well as the identification of characteristic parts of the brain that undergo a pathological process to increase the accuracy of differential diagnosis. Materials and methods. The results of magnetic resonance morphometry of patients using the postprocessing of native MR images using Freesurfer software are analyzed. We examined 29 patients with vascular parkinsonism and 19 patients with Parknison disease, at stage 4 according to Hyun and Yar. Summary. The application of the method of postprocessing data processing of MR-morphometry allows instrumental confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, as well as to clarify the pathogenesis of neurological syndromes observed in progressive supranuclear paralysis.
Diagnostic opportunities of magnetic resonant imagingmri of heart in differential diagnosis of phenotypical forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Malov A. A. , Dzhordzhikiya R. K. , Abushayev A. I. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Phenotype variants of left ventricular (LV) remodeling in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are often associated with abnormalities of the mitral valve (MV), myocardiumstructure, contributing to the development of medium and/or subaortic obstruction. Itcauses the detail visualization of morphological obstruction substrates, tissue characteristics.Aim. To evaluate the possibilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of various forms of HCM and combined abnormalities.Materials and methods. 75 patients with suspected HCM were examined. For verification, all patients underwentMRI using protocol: short-pulse T1w-TSE/ T2w-TSE (STIR), gradient echo in cine (CINE), T1-weighted post-contrast images (Inversion Recovery IR-MDE). Results. Patients classified into 4 types according to the anatomical principle (Wiggle E.D. et al., 1985). In addition to the most frequent forms affecting the interventricular septum (IVS) — 64 patients, unusual forms covering the apical zones and papillary muscles — 11 patients. The majority of patients were diagnosed with abnormalities of MV, divided into abnormalities of the number and position of papillary muscles, as well as the ratio of chords and muscles. Myocardial crypts were diagnosed in 12 patients, some combined with areas of non-compact myocardium. Post-contrast visualization using the delayed contrast technique allowed differentiating HCM with accumulation diseases, excluding cavity thrombosis, and evaluating the severity of myocardial fibrosis.Conclusions. MRI allows to estimate in details anatomic picture of LV remodeling, to diagnose features of the mitral valve, tissue characteristics that allows to stratify risk of sudden death, classify the HCM phenotype form and to determine the volume of surgical intervention.
Differential diagnosis of acute and chronic pulmonary thromboembolism according to MSCT data
Authors: Uchevatkin A. A. , Yudin A. L. , Kondakov A. K. , Abovich Yu. A. , Afafnas'eva N. I. , Yumatova E. A. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction. One of the important problems of medical imaging is the differential diagnosis of patients with acute and chronic pulmonary embolism. The widely used minimally invasive technique of multispiral computed tomography with intravenous bolus contrast enhancement can serve to solve this problem, in particular, to assess the state of the parenchyma and vascular structures of the lungs.The purpose. To assess the state of bronchial arteries and parenchymal changes in the lungs in pulmonary thromboembolism based on the results of multispiral computed tomography and their role in the more precise diagnosis of this disease.Materials and methods. An analysis of CT-angiopulmonography of 600 patients with suspected PE was performed. 87 patients with confirmed pulmonary thromboembolism were selected and divided into groups according to the final diagnosis: group 1 — acute pulmonary embolism, group 2 — chronic pulmonary embolism. CT data were analyzed for the presence of pathologically changed bronchial arteries, as well as lung's parenchymal changes (including mosaic perfusion, fibrotic changes, bronchial dilatation with or without wall thickening).Results. Bronchial arteries were assessed in patients with acute and chronic pulmonary embolism and the diagnostic value of the detected changes was determined. Acute pulmonary embolism does not lead to such dilatation of the bronchial arteries as chronic pulmonary embolism. In diagnostically unclear cases, secondary parenchymal signs visible on CT (mosaic perfusion and dilated bronchi without wall thickening) can be useful in the differential diagnosis of acute and chronic pulmonary embolism.Conclusions. Most patients with chronic pulmonary embolism demonstrated dilated bronchial arteries, in contrast to patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Lung's parenchymal changes (a mosaic perfusion pattern and bronchial dilation without wall thickening) were more common in patients with chronic pulmonary embolism. These CT-signs can help differentiate acute from chronic pulmonary embolism in unclear clinical situations.
Clinical and functional characteristic of adaptation of the cardiovascular system of seafarers during autonomous cruise
Authors: Malinina E. V. , Kondrashova N. M. , Kotelnikov V. N. , Gerashchenko E. V. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose. Assessment of functional state of circulatory system in seafarers at different stages independent cruise.Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of the results of the study of three groups of 180 seafarers on the third, ﬁfth and sixth months of cruise was conducted. The obtained results were subjected to statistical processing according to the rules of variation statistics.Results and its discussion. Functional state of circulatory system in seafarers depends on the kind of military professional activity. Thus, among the staff officers, the number of prehypertensive states is increasing, and for the personnel of surface ships a slightly greater physical working capacity is noted in comparison with divers. At the same time, an increase in the temperature of the skin of the lower extremities was typical for divers, that is deﬁnitely important for the control and early prevention of overheating. At the same time, the most noticeable decrease in working capacity is observed in the command staff, while the indicator was quantitatively correlated with the results of daily monitoring of blood pressure and ECG. In addition, it was revealed that the process of adaptation of the body’s regulatory systems reaches its maximum by the end of the third month of cruise and is determined by an increase in endurance and a decrease in morbidity among seafarers.
The State’s Attitude to Cryptocurrency as an Indicator of Its Trust in Society
Authors: Antoncheva O. A. , Apanasenko T. E. 
Published: January 2021

It is proposed to justify the applicability of indicators of state confidence in civil society, that is, the state’s faith in the loyalty of society to it and in the ability to maintain its own legitimacy. The first indicator is the legalization of cryptocurrency, the second is the creation of a state cryptocurrency.There is a direct connection between the degree of legalization of cryptocurrency and the level of state confidence in the loyalty of society to it. The creation of state national cryptocurrency is a signal of a drop in state confidence in its own legitimacy.
Why Punishment Does Not Fit the Crime: Experimental Evidence That Situational Circumstances Crowd Out Damage Done
Authors: Wall Joseph , Fogarty Timothy J. , Gissel Jodi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Regulators desire punishment that restores individuals to monetary positions before the damage and deters future violations. Thus, enforcement effectiveness is partially a function of punishment severity. Under the Securities and Exchange Commission's oversight, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority provides enforcement and punishment guidelines for securities fraud cases. However, motivation crowding theory suggests extenuating and aggravating circumstances may complicate punishment. We investigate the concern that individuals charged with punishing securities fraud might be excessively tolerant, illustrated by recommended sanctions. Using two samples of participants—compliance examiners and securities arbitrators—in an experimental task that manipulates the fraudster's motivation, history, and personal gain, we find participants may be overly influenced by situational circumstances. Further, participants recommend monetary sanctions that fail to achieve regulators' restoration goals. We discuss practical implications of these findings for regulators. Further, we illustrate the need to extend motivation crowding theory to consider factors associated with non-direct financial benefits.
Regional Therapies for Extremity Sarcoma
Authors: Colombo Chiara , Pasquali Sandro 
Published: January 2021

Several regional therapies are used for the local treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS), especially for tumors at high risk for local recurrence. Surgery with negative tumor resection margins is the main treatment for primary STS. External-beam radiation therapy is considered for deeply seated, large, and high-grade disease to lower the risk of local recurrence. A combination of preoperative chemo-radiation is associated with improved local control. TNF-α-based isolated limb perfusion is another regional chemotherapy strategy available at specialized surgical oncology units for unresectable STS. Other strategies suitable for management of advanced STS include cryoablation and radiofrequency. This review discusses these and other current regional treatment strategies.

This review contains 10 figures, 6 Tables and 64 references
Key words: cryoablation, extremity, hyperthermia, isolated limb perfusion, limb infusion, radiotherapy, regional therapy, sarcoma
Approach to the Patient with Respiratory Symptoms
Authors: Silvestri David , Huang Calvin 
Published: January 2021

Respiratory complaints are among the most common symptoms encountered by emergency physicians (EPs). Collectively, acute and chronic respiratory diseases account for 11.1% of all mortality and 8.8% of all disability-adjusted life-years lost worldwide. Acute respiratory infections are the single greatest contributor to the overall global burden of disease. Chronic respiratory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and occupational lung disease, affect an estimated 1 billion people. Many of these chronic conditions present as acute and life-threatening exacerbations in emergency care settings. Respiratory complaints are not specific to pulmonary pathology. Indeed, cardiovascular, neurologic, musculoskeletal, and even gastrointestinal and endocrine diseases can all manifest principally with respiratory symptoms. Moreover, primary conditions of the lung need not present with respiratory symptoms and may instead be heralded only by nonspecific symptomatology, including weakness or confusion. The EP’s approach must be systematic, rooted in a firm grasp of relevant respiratory pathophysiology, with a rapid and yet comprehensive approach to stabilization, diagnosis, and treatment. This review covers the pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, and disposition and outcomes of respiratory diseases in the emergency department. Figures show an illustration of the respiratory system and the relation of oxygen saturation, partial pressure, and minute ventilation. The table lists clinical indications for microbiological testing in suspected community-acquired pneumonia.
Key words: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dyspnea, expiratory wheeze, respiratory symptoms
This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 98 references.
The Spleen
Authors: III Donald P. Lesslie , Kao Lillian S. 
Published: January 2021

The structure of the spleen allows it to carry out its major functions, which can be categorized as hematologic and immunologic. The importance of the spleen in the immunologic response is evidenced by the increased risk of infection in patients with congenital absence of splenic dysfunction and in splenectomized patients. The presence of one or more accessory spleens is the most common congenital abnormality related to splenic development. This review covers the history, embryology, congenital anomalies, anatomy, and histology/pathophysiology of the spleen. It is important for the student and general surgeon to understand the anatomy and physiology of the spleen to perform operative procedures on the spleen, to avoid intraoperative complications during splenectomy as well as procedures such as mobilization of the splenic flexure and distal pancreatectomy, and to care for the postoperative splenectomized patient.
This review contains 7 highly rendered figures and 17 references.
Nutritional Considerations In The Management Of Dyslipidemia
Authors: Saleh Mohamad , Welty Francine K 
Published: January 2021

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in industrialized countries, is a dietary disease. In this review, we summarize the evidence from prospective, observational studies and randomized primary and secondary prevention trials of various diets supporting a role of dietary components in the development of CVD and in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and cardiovascular events. The role of saturated fat in raising cholesterol and triglyceride is discussed, as well as studies showing that elevated levels of both LDL-C and triglyceride increase the risk of atherosclerosis and that lowering of LDL-C lowers the risk of CVD and its clinical sequelae, including unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and death. Randomized trials of omega-3 fatty acids and the Mediterranean diet and CVD outcomes are reviewed. Classification and causes of various types of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are summarized. Finally, guidelines for nutritional management and treatment of these lipid disorders to lower levels of LDL-C and triglyceride and prevent CVD are provided.
This review contains 4 figures, 5 tables and 64 references
Key words: cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, lipids, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Mediterranean diet, nutrition, saturated fat, triglyceride