bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking the Defects to the Formation and Growth of Li Dendrite in All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Wang Hongchun , Gao Haowen , Chen Xiaoxuan , Zhu Jianping , Li Wangqin , Gong Zhengliang , Li Yangxing , Wang Ming‐Sheng , Yang Yong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe nucleation and growth of Li metal during deposition and the associated dendrite penetration are the critical and fundamental issues influencing the safety and power density of solid‐state lithium metal batteries (SSLBs). However, investigations on Li metal deposition/dissolution especially the formation and growth of Li dendrites and their determining factors in the all‐solid‐state electrochemical systems are still lacking. In this work, in situ observations of the Li metal growth process, and defects induced heterogeneous deposition under cathodic load, are reported. By exploiting in situ scanning electron microscopy, along with electrochemical analytical approaches, the spatial distribution and morphological evolution of the deposited Li at the electrode|solid electrolyte interface are obtained and discussed. This investigation reveals that the formation of lithium whiskers is decided by the local Li ion flux and the deposition active sites, which are closely dependent on the content and types of defects in the polycrystalline electrolyte. Moreover, the defect regions exhibit faster Li deposition kinetics and higher nucleation tendency. These results can advance the fundamental understanding of the Li penetration mechanism in SSLBs.
Local conditions and the economic feasibility of urban wastewater recycling in irrigated agriculture: Lessons from a stochastic regional analysis in California
Authors: Reznik Ami , Dinar Ariel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUsing treated wastewater for crop irrigation could help mitigate water scarcity. We examine the feasibility of this strategy focusing on the role of local conditions, such as the costs and benefits of alternative wastewater discharge options, and adaptability of agricultural production to water quantity and quality changes. Our approach accounts for uncertainties in the availability of natural water resources and regulatory constraints concerning wastewater discharge. Our analysis of a region in Southern California finds reuse for crop irrigation unwarranted; however, utilizing that practice to support agriculture in the region is economically inexpensive. A sensitivity analysis reveals that diversified agriculture and limitations on the safe and remote discharge of treated wastewater are strong incentives for reuse in agricultural irrigation.
No time, no room: On‐shift teaching for any shift
Authors: Khamees Deena , Wolff Meg 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIt can be difficult to carve out dedicated time to teach in the busy environment of the Emergency Department. With some intention, you can find educational opportunities in every shift. Here we highlight some of those opportunities, with careful attention to those without special equipment or preparation required. These can be used to teach less traditional practice points such as interprofessional communication as well as clinical pearls. Select the moments that make the most sense for you, your trainees, and your shift.
Microbial communities in paddy soil as influenced by nitrogen fertilization and water regimes
Authors: Sun Yan , Wang Yichen , Qu Zhi , Mu Weiyi , Mi Wenhai , Ma Yingying , Su Lijun , Si Linlin , Li Jiangye , You Qi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPlastic film mulching (PM) cultivation is an important measure to alleviate the seasonal shortage of water resources. Long‐term nitrogen (N) fertilization under PM cultivation may be more conducive to enhance the ecological relationship between microbial communities involved in nutrient cycling. In this study, the effects of long‐term application of chemical N fertilizer (common prilled urea [PU]) or no N fertilization on the microbial community composition under the traditional flooding (TF) cultivation and PM cultivation were comparatively analyzed. The results demonstrated that water regimes had significant effects on all soil properties except alkali‐hydrolyzable N. Compared with TF cultivation, PM cultivation increased pH and available phosphorus (AP) by 1.14 and 13.67%, respectively, and decreased organic matter and available potassium (AK) by 6.07 and 8.39%, respectively. Nitrogen fertilization levels had significant effects on soil AP and AK, with increases of 1.39 and 1.82 mg kg−1 in PU treatment compared with CK, respectively. Neither water regime nor N fertilization level had a significant influence on soil microbial richness (Chao index) and diversity (Shannon index). However, water regimes played critical roles in driving microbial community changes. Network analysis showed that the microbial community had nonrandom co‐occurrence pattern. Myrmecridium, Defluviicoccus, Emericellopsis, Pseudarthrobacter, and Syntrophorhabdus were the keystone taxa. A higher relative abundance of Defluviicoccus, Emericellopsis, and Syntrophorhabdus was observed in the CKPM treatment, and a higher relative abundance of Myrmecridium and Pseudarthrobacter was observed in the PUPM treatment. Therefore, PM cultivation is an effective measure to improve potential beneficial taxa of soil microbial communities.
Planting date and maturity group impact on soybean seed quality in the southeastern United States
Authors: Morris Tristan C. , Vann Rachel A. , Collins Guy D. , Heitman Joshua , Kulesza Stephanie B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe impacts on soybean seed quality from shifting to using earlier soybean planting dates (PDs) and earlier‐maturing varieties in the southeastern United States are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of diverse PDs and maturity groups (MGs) on soybean protein content, oil content, seed damage, and purple seed stain. Studies were installed across seven North Carolina locations in 2019 and 2020 to determine the impact of PD (mid‐March through mid‐July) and MG (2–7) on seed quality. Protein content declined as planting was delayed for the early MGs (2–5) but was stable across PD for the later MGs (6–7). It was observed that early‐maturing varieties (MG ≤5) had a lower protein content than the later‐maturing varieties (MGs 6–7). The oil content was greater in the early MGs (MGs 2–4) compared with the later MGs (MGs 5–7), with oil content and protein content having an inverse relationship. Seed damage was greatest when planting before late April with early MGs (MGs 2–4). Less purple seed stain was found in MGs 5–7 compared with the earlier MGs across all PDs. Further research is needed to understand how to minimize seed damage and purple seed stain as producers consider shifting to an earlier production system for the associated yield benefits in North Carolina and across the southeastern United States.
When it only takes one to tango: assessing the impact of apomixis in the fern genus Pteris
Authors: Picard Kathryn T. , Ranft Hannah , Grusz Amanda L. , Windham Michael D. , Schuettpelz Eric 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPremiseApomixis (asexual reproduction by seed, spore, or egg) has evolved repeatedly across the tree of life. Studies of animals and angiosperms show that apomictic lineages are often evolutionarily short‐lived and frequently exhibit different distributions than their sexual relatives. However, apomixis is rare in these groups. Less is known about the role of apomixis in the evolution and biogeography of ferns, in which ~10% of species are apomictic. Apomixis is especially common in the fern genus Pteris (34–39% of species); however, because of the limited taxonomic and geographic sampling of previous studies, the true frequency of apomixis and its associations with geography and phylogeny in this lineage remain unclear.MethodsWe used spore analyses of herbarium specimens to determine reproductive mode for 127 previously unsampled Pteris species. Then we leveraged biogeographic and phylogenetic analyses to estimate the global distribution and evolution of apomixis in Pteris.ResultsAmong all Pteris species examined, we found that 21% are exclusively apomictic, 71% are exclusively sexual, and 8% have conflicting reports. Apomixis is unevenly distributed across the range of the genus, with the Paleotropics exhibiting the highest frequency, and has evolved numerous times across the Pteris phylogeny, with predominantly East Asian and South Asian clades containing the most apomictic species.ConclusionsApomixis arises frequently in Pteris, but apomictic species do not appear to diversify. Species that encompass both apomictic and sexual populations have wider ranges than exclusively sexual or apomictic species, which suggests that sexual and apomictic ferns could occupy separate ecological niches.
A meta‐analysis of single visit pollination effectiveness comparing honeybees and other floral visitors
Authors: Page Maureen L. , Nicholson Charlie C. , Brennan Ross M. , Britzman Anna T. , Greer Jessica , Hemberger Jeremy , Kahl Hanna , Müller Uta , Peng Youhong , Rosenberger Nick M. , Stuligross Clara , Wang Li , Yang Louie H. , Williams Neal M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPremiseMany animals provide ecosystem services in the form of pollination including honeybees, which have become globally dominant floral visitors. A rich literature documents considerable variation in single visit pollination effectiveness, but this literature has yet to be extensively synthesized to address whether honeybees are effective pollinators.MethodsWe conducted a hierarchical meta‐analysis of 168 studies and extracted 1564 single visit effectiveness (SVE) measures for 240 plant species. We paired SVE data with visitation frequency data for 69 of these studies. We used these data to ask three questions: (1) Do honeybees (Apis mellifera) and other floral visitors differ in their SVE? (2) To what extent do plant and pollinator attributes predict differences in SVE between honeybees and other visitors? (3) Is there a correlation between visitation frequency and SVE?ResultsHoneybees were significantly less effective than the most effective non‐honeybee pollinators but were as effective as the average pollinator. The type of pollinator moderated these effects. Honeybees were less effective compared to the most effective and average bird and bee pollinators but were as effective as other taxa. Visitation frequency and SVE were positively correlated, but this trend was largely driven by data from communities where honeybees were absent.ConclusionsAlthough high visitation frequencies make honeybees important pollinators, they were less effective than the average bee and rarely the most effective pollinator of the plants they visit. As such, honeybees may be imperfect substitutes for the loss of wild pollinators, and safeguarding pollination will benefit from conservation of non‐honeybee taxa.
The role of genus and life span in predicting seed and vegetative trait variation and correlation in Lathyrus, Phaseolus, and Vicia
Authors: Herron Sterling A. , Rubin Matthew J. , Albrecht Matthew A. , Long Quinn G. , Sandoval Marissa C. , Miller Allison J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPremiseAnnual and perennial life history transitions are abundant among angiosperms, and understanding the phenotypic variation underlying life span shifts is a key endeavor of plant evolutionary biology. Comparative analyses of trait variation and correlation networks among annual and perennial plants is increasingly important as new herbaceous perennial crops are being developed for edible seed. However, it remains unclear how seed to vegetative growth trait relationships correlate with life span.MethodsTo assess the relative roles of genus and life span in predicting phenotypic variation and trait correlations, we measured seed size and shape, germination proportion, and early‐life‐stage plant height and leaf growth over 3 mo in 29 annual and perennial, herbaceous congeneric species from three legume genera (Lathyrus, Phaseolus, and Vicia).ResultsGenus was the strongest predictor of seed size and shape variation, and life span consistently predicted plant height and leaf number at single time points. Correlation networks revealed that annual species had significant associations between seed traits and vegetative traits, whereas perennials had no significant seed‐vegetative associations. Each genus also differed in the extent of integration between seed and vegetative traits, as well as within‐vegetative‐trait correlation patterns.ConclusionsGenus and life span were important for predicting aspects of early‐life‐stage phenotypic variation and trait relationships. Differences in phenotypic correlation may indicate that selection on seed size traits will impact vegetative growth differently depending on life span, which has important implications for nascent perennial breeding programs.
Population genetics and biogeography of the lungwort lichen in North America support distinct Eastern and Western gene pools
Authors: Allen Jessica L. , McMullin R. Troy , Wiersma Yolanda F. , Scheidegger Christoph 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPremisePopulations of species with large spatial distributions are shaped by complex forces that differ throughout their ranges. To maintain the genetic diversity of species, genepool‐based subsets of widespread species must be considered in conservation assessments.MethodsThe population genetics of the lichenized fungus Lobaria pulmonaria and its algal partner, Symbiochloris reticulata, were investigated using microsatellite markers to determine population structure, genetic diversity, and degree of congruency in eastern and western North America. Data loggers measuring temperature and humidity were deployed at selected populations in eastern North America to test for climatic adaptation. To better understand the role Pleistocene glaciations played in shaping population patterns, a North American, range‐wide species distribution model was constructed and hindcast to 22,000 years before present and at 500‐year time slices from then to the present.ResultsThe presence of two gene pools with minimal admixture was supported, one in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and one in eastern North America. Western populations were significantly more genetically diverse than eastern populations. There was no evidence for climatic adaptation among eastern populations, though there was evidence for range‐wide adaptation to evapotranspiration rates. Hindcast distribution models suggest that observed genetic diversity may be due to a drastic Pleistocene range restriction in eastern North America, whereas a substantial coastal refugial area is inferred in the west.ConclusionsTaken together the results show different, complex population histories of L. pulmonaria in eastern and western North America, and suggest that conservation planning for each gene pool should be considered separately.
Highly Efficient and Stereoselective Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction with Chiral Aziridine‐2‐carboxaldehyde and Its Synthetic Applications
Authors: Srivastava Nikhil , Ha Hyun‐Joon 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA straightforward and highly diastereoselective synthesis of β‐(aziridin‐2‐yl)‐β‐hydroxy ketones was achieved by the Mukaiyama aldol reaction of optically pure 1‐(α‐methylbenzyl)‐aziridine‐2‐carboxaldehyde and various enol‐silanes in ZnCl2 via a chelation‐controlled transition state (98 : 2 dr and >82% yields). These β‐(aziridin‐2‐yl)‐β‐hydroxy ketones were applied for the synthesis of various alkaloids including epiallo‐isomuscarine, epi‐enigmol, and epi‐galantinic acid.
Stereodivergent Synthesis of Enantioenriched γ‐Butyrolactones Bearing Two Vicinal Stereocenters Enabled by Synergistic Copper and Iridium Catalysis
Authors: Xiao Lu , Wei Liang , Wang Chun‐Jiang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBy virtue of a fundamentally new reaction model of azomethine ylide serving as a two‐atom synthon, we present the first example of stereodivergent preparation of γ‐butyrolactones via synergistic Cu/Ir‐catalyzed asymmetric cascade allylation/lactonization, and all four stereoisomers of γ‐butyrolactones bearing two vicinal stereocenters are accessible with excellent diastereoselective and enantioselective control. The chiral IrIII‐π‐allyl intermediate was separated and characterized to understand the origin of the regio‐ and stereoselectivity of the initial C−C bond formation process. Control experiments shed some light on the catalyst/substrate and catalyst/catalyst interactions in this dual catalytic system to rationalize the related kinetic/dynamic kinetic resolution process with different catalyst combinations. The enantioenriched γ‐butyrolactone products were converted into an array of structurally complex chiral molecules and organocatalysts that were otherwise inaccessible.
Optimized Synthesis of Solution‐Processable Crystalline Poly(Triazine Imide) with Minimized Defects for OLED Application
Authors: Burmeister David , Tran Ha Anh , Müller Johannes , Guerrini Michele , Cocchi Caterina , Plaickner Julian , Kochovski Zdravko , List‐Kratochvil Emil J. W. , Bojdys Michael J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPoly(triazine imide) (PTI) is a highly crystalline semiconductor, and though no techniques exist that enable synthesis of macroscopic monolayers of PTI, it is possible to study it in thin layer device applications that are compatible with its polycrystalline, nanoscale morphology. We find that the by‐product of conventional PTI synthesis is a C−C carbon‐rich phase that is detrimental for charge transport and photoluminescence. An optimized synthetic protocol yields a PTI material with an increased quantum yield, enabled photocurrent and electroluminescence. We report that protonation of the PTI structure happens preferentially at the pyridinic N atoms of the triazine rings, is accompanied by exfoliation of PTI layers, and contributes to increases in quantum yield and exciton lifetimes. This study describes structure–property relationships in PTI that link the nature of defects, their formation, and how to avoid them with the optical and electronic performance of PTI. On the basis of our findings, we create an OLED prototype with PTI as the active, metal‐free material.
Streptococcus oralis endocarditis leading to central nervous system infection in pregnancy
Authors: Wydall S. , Durrant F. , Scott J. , Cheesman K. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThis report describes a challenging obstetric case in which septic emboli from Streptococcus oralis endocarditis subsequently led to central nervous system infection. There were delays in diagnosis as the patient presented with non‐specific symptoms of fever, diarrhoea and vomiting, initially suspected to be due to viral gastroenteritis and later SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Antibiotics were commenced once gram positive cocci were isolated from a blood culture. The patient made no significant improvement despite antimicrobial therapy and subsequently developed a worsening headache and delirium. This deterioration was not rapidly recognised despite the use of a routine obstetric early warning score. However, a diagnosis of meningitis was made once the potential severity of the patient’s condition was recognised and Streptococcus oralis was identified in cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures. Bacterial endocarditis was diagnosed following transthoracic echocardiography. The patient improved with optimised antimicrobial therapy and delivered a healthy baby. This example highlights how non‐specific symptoms can be caused by rare and life‐threatening illnesses, and emphasises that early warning scores might not easily identify neurological deterioration in obstetric patients.
Exploring the influence of electron beam crosslinking in SEBS/TPU and SEBS‐g‐MA/TPU thermoplastic elastomer blends
Authors: Anagha M. G. , Chatterjee Tuhin , Picchioni Francesco , Naskar Kinsuk 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe effects of electron beam (EB) radiation in thermoplastic elastomers based on SEBS/TPU and SEBS‐g‐MA/TPU are evaluated. 60/40 blend of both the systems were subjected to EB using an ILU type industrial accelerator. Radiation dose was varied from 0 to 100 kGy, and the sol–gel content evaluation along with detailed analysis of mechanical, thermal, rheological, and morphological implications was conducted. The interplay between crosslinking and chain scission was quantified using the Charlesby‐Pinner equation. Both the blends showed the presence of a three‐dimensional cross‐linked network in them after the irradiation. The tensile strength of SEBS/TPU was found to deteriorate with an increase in radiation dose, but an opposite trend was observed in SEBS‐g‐MA/TPU. Improvement in interfacial adhesion between SEBS‐g‐MA and TPU was confirmed. The morphological analysis through atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy clearly showed the appearance of rough ridges and pits due to irradiation along with the cross‐linked networks. From differential scanning calorimetry analysis, the changes in glass transitions and melting endotherm were assessed. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated an improvement in the thermal stability of the blends. The storage modulus and complex viscosity of the samples enhanced as perceived from the rheological measurements. X‐ray diffraction patterns of the blends also showed considerable variation after irradiation.
Dielectric properties of organophosphorus polyurethane ionomers
Authors: Davletbaeva Ilsiya , Sazonov Oleg , Nikitina Elizaveta , Kapralova Victoria , Nizamov Aidar , Akhmetov Ildar , Arkhipov Alexander , Sudar Nicolay 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe dielectric and physical‐mechanical properties of organophosphorus polyurethane ionomers based on the ethers and aminoethers of ortho‐phosphoric acid have been investigated. The influence of the content of ionogenic groups and polyphosphate structures on the dielectric properties of polyurethanes has been analyzed. It is shown that the values of dielectric permittivity and tangent of dielectric loss in a wide frequency range increase with the content of ionogenic groups in polyurethanes studied. In this case, the increase in conductivity is diffusive in nature and is due to the mobility of protons within the phosphate anion clusters. The compositions of samples with a combination of high dielectric properties and excellent physical‐mechanical and adhesion characteristics have been determined. These are samples in which polyphosphate structures are present in addition to phosphate anions.
Direct bonding and de‐bonding on demand of polystyrene and polyamide surfaces, treated with oxygen plasma
Authors: Günther Roman , Caseri Walter R. , Brändli Christof 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSmooth polystyrene (PS) and polyamide 12 (PA 12) surfaces were produced via an injection molding process followed by a smoothing process and subsequently treated with O2 plasma to increase the number of polar groups capable of hydrogen bond formation on the surface. The presence of related groups was evident from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements. The sample topographies were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The plasma treatment allowed the joining of the substrates without adhesive by pressing the substrates together below or around the glass transition temperature. Notably, not only substrates of the same polymer but also PS and PA 12, which are incompatible, were joined with this method. The adhesion between the substrates was determined using a LUMifrac apparatus. The adhesion strength increased with increasing bonding temperature and when both substrates were plasma‐treated, reaching adhesive strengths up to 5.5 ± 1.7 MPa. Remarkably, the joint substrates could be rapidly de‐bonded on demand simply by treatment with water, and the separated substrates could be re‐bonded by renewed plasma treatment.