bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Neuropsychological Functions in Middle Childhood: a Narrative Review of Measures and Their Psychometric Properties Across Context
Authors: Rachel Maina , Fons Van De Vijver J. R. , Amina Abubakar , Perez-Garcia Miguel , Manasi Kumar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
There is a significant number of neuropsychological measures for use among children aged 6–12 years. However, most of these tests have been developed in high-income contexts (HICs). To avoid or to at least to minimize bias in assessment, most researchers carry out cultural adaptations of these tools. In selecting sub-tests to adapt before using the entire test battery, researchers would benefit from having a reference source summarizing available tools and how easily they can be used in different context. This is where the paper makes a contribution. This narrative review has a twofold aim: first, to identify tools commonly used among 6–12-year-olds; second, to summarize the psychometric properties of these tools especially emphasizing their usage across different cultural contexts.

Methods
We searched the literature from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2017 for tools used among children aged 6 to 12 years. An extensive search of PubMed, Psych Info and Web of Science using the keywords (i) neuropsychological or neurocognitive with (ii) assessment or test was done.

Results
A hundred and forty-five papers out of 306 reported on psychometric properties of different tools including Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning—BRIEF (count = 6), Visual-Motor Integration—VMI (count = 6), the Test of Memory Malingering—TOMM (count = 6), MSVT (count = 6) and Continuous Performance Tests—CPT (count = 6). Forty-six percent of the papers reported studies conducted in the USA. Most of these studies were based in high-income countries, which further highlights the need to validate these measures for use in lower- and middle-income countries. Psychometric check was adequate in most tests for measuring executive functioning such as BRIEF, although tests such as CPT that measure complex attention had mixed findings. Moreover, we found that these studies addressed certain aspects of validity and or reliability while leaving out others; thus, a comprehensive picture is lacking.

Conclusion
We propose further studies to thoroughly investigate and report the psychometric properties of these measures, especially in lower- and middle-income countries.
Late Miocene–Early Pliocene planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of deep offshore southwestern Niger Delta
Authors: Adebambo Bamidele Adeniyi , Fadiya Suyi Lawrence 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the deep offshore southwestern Niger Delta has been studied from three wells (DPW-1, DPW-2 and DPW-3). A total of 418 ditch cutting samples (104 samples from DPW-1, 165 from DPW-2 and 149 from DPW-3) taken at 18-m intervals were subjected to standard micropaleontological processing techniques. In total, 42, 52 and 40 planktic foraminiferal species were identified from DPW-1, DPW-2 and DPW-3, respectively. The identified planktic species allow the delineation of the studied section into four biozones—Globorotalia acostaensis(N16),Globigerinoides obliquus extremus/Globorotalia merotumida(N17),Globorotalia margaritae primitiva(N18) andGloborotalia margaritae evoluta/Globigerina nepenthes(N19) zones, based on the first appearance datums (FADs), last appearance datums (LADs) of the nominate taxa and associated assemblages. The well sections dated Late Miocene to Early Pliocene based on the occurrence of certain diagnostic planktic foraminiferal datums such as FADsGloborotalia acostaensis,Globigerinoides obliquus extremus,Globorotalia merotumida/plesiotumida,Globorotalia margaritae primitivaand the LADsGlobigerina nepenthes, Globorotalia margaritae primitivaandGloborotalia margaritae evoluta. The Miocene/Pliocene boundary was placed at the FADGloborotalia margaritae primitiva.In the Niger Delta, this boundary is commonly placed at the FADsGloborotalia margaritae margaritaeandGloborotalia crassaformisprobably due to nonrecovery ofGloborotalia margaritae primitiva.However, in this studied section of the deep offshore southwestern Niger Delta, FADGloborotalia margaritae primitivaoccurs consistently in the three study wells and is therefore considered an appropriate datum for the placement of the Miocene/Pliocene boundary.
Simulation approach on turbulent thermal performance factor of Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid in circular and non-circular ducts
Authors: Wong Ing Jiat Kendrick , Tiong Ngieng Tze Angnes 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper presents the numerical study of thermal performance factor of Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid in circular and non-circular ducts (square and rectangular). Turbulent regime is studied with the Reynolds number ranges from 10000 to 100000. The heat transfer performance and flow behaviour of hybrid nanofluid are investigated, considering the nanofluid volume concentration between 0.1 and 2%. The thermal performance factor of hybrid nanofluid is evaluated in terms of performance evaluation criteria (PEC). This present numerical results are successfully validated with the data from the literature. The results indicate that the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number of Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid are higher than those of Al2O3/water nanofluid and pure water. However, this heat transfer enhancement is achieved at the expense of an increased pressure drop. The heat transfer coefficient of 2% hybrid nanofluid is approximately 58.6% larger than the value of pure water at the Reynolds number of 10000. For the same concentration and Reynolds number, the pressure drop of hybrid nanofluid is 4.79 times higher than the pressure drop of water. The heat transfer performance is the best in the circular pipe compared to the non-circular ducts, but its pressure drop increment is also the largest. The hybrid nanofluid helps to improve the problem of low heat transfer characteristic in the non-circular ducts. In overall, the hybrid nanofluid flow in circular and non-circular ducts are reported to possess better thermal performance factor than that of water. The maximum attainable PEC is obtained by 2% hybrid nanofluid in the square duct at the Reynolds Number of 60000. This study can help to determine which geometry is efficient for the heat transfer application of hybrid nanofluid.
A new graphical technique for acceleration analysis of four bar mechanisms using the instantaneous center of zero acceleration
Authors: Diab Nadim 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this work, a new graphical technique is furnished for acceleration analysis of four bar mechanisms through locating the instantaneous center of zero acceleration$$IC_{a}$$ICaof the coupler link. First, the paper observes the coupler’s$$IC_{a}$$ICalocus and then proceeds with a series of graphical constructions that eventually lead into locating the$$IC_{a}$$ICaand obtaining the linear/angular accelerations of the coupler and follower (or slider) links. Based on the proposed graphical technique, the ease of acceleration analysis for four-bar mechanisms with varying driver’s angular acceleration is demonstrated. Simultaneously, the inflection circle of the coupler curve is constructed without the need to apply Euler-Savary equations. With fewer constructions than classical graphical techniques, the robustness and simplicity of the proposed method are demonstrated by performing acceleration analysis of a slider-crank (RRRP) and a planar quadrilateral linkage (RRRR).
High static low dynamic stiffness outriggers effects on vibration control on cantilever Timoshenko Beam under earthquake excitation
Authors: Ndemanou Buris Peggy , Chamgoué A. Chéagé , Kol Guy Richard , Metsebo Jules 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHigh Static Low Dynamic Stiffness (HSLDS) is a kind of nonlinear visco-elastic device with features of passive control systems. This device presents the main advantages of working without a need for external energy and a maintenance of low cost. Thus, the paper deals with effects of HSLDS-outriggers at a predefined location on a high rise building subjected under earthquake excitation. The partial derivative equations based on the Timoshenko theory are used to model the tall building as an elastic-continuum beam. The nonstationary random approach is used to illustrate the dynamics of earthquake excitation of repeated sequences. Known as the powerful analytical tool and currently applicable to a variety of stochastic and deterministic problems, the stochastic averaging generalized by harmonic function is developed to linearize the modal equation of the structural system. It is showed that the direct simulation is good agreement with equivalent linearization technique. In doing so, it appears that this approximate analytical technique is very convenient to quantify the threshold values of parameters of the HSLDS control device. The obtained results come out that the control device significantly improved the seismic performance of the structural system at an acceptable level.
The digital revolution and digitalized network society
Authors: Knell Mark 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis lecture discusses technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms, but with an emphasis on the digital revolution and the digitalization of the economic and society. It draws its inspiration from works of Joseph Schumpeter, Christopher Freeman, and Carlota Perez on long waves of technological development and places the story within the context of global innovation networks. The lecture contends that the digital revolution not only transformed the world we live in but also created new ways to organize networks within it. We are now in second half of the digital (fifth technological) revolution, when the digitalization of the global networked economy prevails, and not at the beginning of Industrie 4.0. On the contrary, this is the period when economic growth drives the use of innovative digital technologies, including ubiquitous computing, robotics, and artificial intelligence, toward a truly digitalized network society.
Identification of changes in mechanical properties of sandstone subjected to high temperature: meso-and micro-scale testing and analysis
Authors: Różański Adrian , Różańska Anna , Sobótka Maciej , Pachnicz Michał , Bukowska Mirosława 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Material properties largely depend on their structure, and are strongly dependent on the scale of observation. Under the influence of various processes, the structure of a material can undergo evolution, which leads to major changes in the mechanical parameters and morphology of the medium. To understand the behaviour of a given material exposed to the influence of various factors, e.g. loading and temperature treatment, and to be able to modify it appropriately, it is crucial to recognize its structure both in the scale of engineering applications and at the micro-scale. The article proposes a procedure for assessing changes in the structure of sandstone exposed to the temperature treatment. The presented procedure allows the morphology of the material to be evaluated and the influence of temperature treatment on mechanical parameters of rocks to be analysed, by combining use of different laboratory techniques. The changes in rock material have been characterized using three investigative techniques, i.e. a uniaxial compression test, nanoindentation and micro-computed tomography. The uniaxial compression tests were carried out for 11 different temperature values in the range of 23–1000 °C, which enabled the determination of the change in uniaxial compressive strength and Young’s modulus of the sandstone as a function of temperature. Micro-scale laboratory tests were utilised to identify changes in the mechanical and morphological parameters of the sandstone exposed to the temperature of 1000 °C. The results were referred to those obtained for the reference samples, i.e. not subjected to heating (T = 23 °C). Comparison of the results showed an evident relation between the microstructure changes and the mesoscopic properties.
COVID-19 and the ethnicity link – is there a photochemical link?
Authors: Edge Ruth , Truscott T. George 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA hypothesis is proposed to explain the increased detrimental effect of COVID-19 for Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) men and women compared to Caucasian individuals. This is based on the differing photochemistry of phaeomelanin in fair skin and eumelanin in dark/black skin. It is suggested that a range of reactive oxygen species, including, singlet oxygen and the superoxide radical anion, derived via direct photolysis of phaeomelanin, may escape the melanocyte and cause subsequent damage to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is further suggested that (large) carbon and sulphur peroxy radicals, from oxygen addition to radicals formed by carbon–sulphur bond cleavage, may assist via damage to the cell membranes. It is also speculated that light absorption by phaeomelanin and the subsequent C-S bond cleavage, leads to release of pre-absorbed reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen and free radicals, which may also contribute to an enhanced protective effect for fair-skinned people.
Interrelated Factors for Return to Work of Sick-Listed Employees in Sweden
Authors: Selander John , Sun Jing , Tjulin Asa , Buys Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurpose:Long-term sickness absence is a significant human and economic cost in many countries, including Sweden making research on factors which impact on return to work (RTW) relevant. This study has two aims: (1) provide an overview of factors that impact RTW expectations in a national sample of Swedish workers on long-term sickness absence; and (2) gain an understanding of the interrelationships among these factors using a socioecological framework and decision tree analysis.Method:A survey, designed to capture information about demographic variables, health and work ability, workplace contact, supervisor support and expectations of return to work, was mailed to 1,112 randomly selected sick-listed people in Sweden and completed by 534, representing a response rate of 48%.Results:The most important factors affecting RTW expectations were work ability and burnout. Employees reporting high levels of work ability were more likely to expect to RTW compared to those reporting low levels, and this was dependent on their relative burnout score. Those with a high burnout score were less likely to expect to RTW, while for those with a low burnout score RTW expectations were dependent on age, country of birth, and supervisor support. For young employees reporting low work ability and low burnout score, RTW expectations were lower.Conclusions:Our results suggest a more nuanced approach to delivery of RTW services is required, whereby practitioners need to understand the socioecology of the range of factors that impact RTW expectations. The use of decision tree analysis facilitates this understanding by describing the interrelationships between these factors.
The role of mortality concerns in separation and connection effects: comment on Lee and Schwarz
Authors: Horner Dylan E. , Greenberg Jeff 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Using terror management theory and research findings, we expand the framework provided by Lee and Schwarz to highlight the potential link between separation and connection effects to existential, death-related concerns. Specifically, we address how death awareness may motivate separation and connection behaviors and how engaging in these behaviors may serve a protective terror management function.
Bio-culturally grounded: why separation and connection may not be the same around the world
Authors: Lee Albert , Esposito Gianluca 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Central to the account of grounded procedures is the premise that mental experiences are grounded in physical actions. We complement this account by incorporating frameworks in cultural psychology and developmental neuroscience, with new predictions. Through the examples of vicarious experiences and demerit transfer, we discuss why, and how, separation and connection may operate somewhat differently across cultures.
Incomplete grounding: the theory of symbolic separation is contradicted by pervasive stability in attitudes and behavior
Authors: Urminsky Oleg 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The proposed theory is broad enough to accommodate the reduction or elimination of prior influences by a variety of acts symbolizing separation (including cleansing). However, it does not account for stability in psychological variables, and is contradicted by widely documented stability in people's actual attitudes and behavior over time, in multiple domains, despite people's pervasive everyday acts of symbolic separation.
Is IMRT or VMAT superior or inferior to 3D conformal therapy in the treatment of lung cancer? A brief literature review
Authors: Afrin Kazi T. , Ahmad Salahuddin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAim:To identify treatment outcome, dose uniformity, treatment time, toxicity among 3D conformal therapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on literature review.Methods:A literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, BMC—part of Springer Nature, Google Scholar and iMEDPub Ltd with the following keywords for filtering: 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT, lung cancer, local control and radiobiology. A total of 14 publications were finally selected for the comparison of 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT to determine which technique is superior or inferior among these three.Results:Compared to 3D-CRT, IMRT delivers more precise treatment, has better conformal dose coverage to planning target volume (PTV) that covers gross tumour with microscopic extension, respiratory tumour motion and setup margin. 3D-CRT has large number of limitations: low overall survival (OS), large toxicity, secondary malignancies.Conclusions:It is difficult to choose the best technique for treating NSCLC due to patient conditions and technique availability. A high-precision treatment may improve tumour control probability (TCP) and patient’s quality of life. VMAT, whether superior or not, needs more clinical trials to treat NSCLC and requires longer dose optimisation time with the greatest benefit of rapid treatment delivery, improved patient comfort, reduced intrafraction motion and increased patient throughput compared to IMRT and 3D-CRT.
Oxygen Seasonality, Utilization Rate, and Impacts of Vertical Mixing in the Eighteen Degree Water Region of the Sargasso Sea as Observed by Profiling Biogeochemical Floats
Authors: J. Billheimer Samuel , Talley Lynne D. , Martz Todd R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSeasonal oxygen structure and utilization in the Sargasso Sea are characterized using nine profiling floats with oxygen 2021 sensors (years 2005–2008), deployed in an Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) experiment (CLIMODE). During autumn‐winter when the mixed layer is deepening, oxygen increases from the surface to the base of the EDW at 400 m. During spring‐summer, oxygen decreases except between the seasonal pycnocline and compensation depth, creating the seasonal shallow oxygen maximum layer (SOMax) with oxygen production of 0.04 μmol kg−1·day−1. In the underlying seasonal oxygen minimum (SOMin), the oxygen utilization rate (OUR) is 0.10 μmol kg−1·day−1, decreasing with depth to 0.04 μmol kg−1·day−1 in the EDW. Remineralization in May to August is double that of August to November. The Sargasso Sea is a net carbon producer; estimated annual export production from the top 100–250 m is 2.9 mol C m−2 and from the top 400 m is 4.2 mol C m−2. Below the EDW, oxygen decreases seasonally at the same time as in the EDW, indicating remineralization down to 700 m. However, on isopycnals in this deeper layer, oxygen increases during May to September, likely due to lateral advection from nonlocal surface outcrops. Summer shoaling of these isopycnals creates this paradox. The complex vertical oxygen structure in the upper 200 m enables important vertical diffusive flux that modifies the OUR calculated from oxygen change. Ignoring mixing underestimates maximum remineralization by 19% and underestimates maximum net production by 88%. However, vertical mixing is negligible in the deeper layers, so the associated total integrated remineralization error is 5%–9%.
Burying Earth's Primitive Mantle in the Slab Graveyard
Authors: Jones T. D. , Sime N. , van Keken P. E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe evolution of mantle composition can be viewed as a process of destruction whereby the initial chemical state is overprinted and reworked with time. Analyses of ocean island basalts reveals that some portion of the mantle has survived this process, retaining a chemically “primitive” signature. A question that remains is how this primitive signature has survived four and a half billion years of vigorous convection. We hypothesize that some of Earth's primitive mantle is buried within a slab graveyard at the core‐mantle boundary. We explore this possibility using high‐resolution finite element models of mantle convection, in which oceanic lithosphere is produced at zones of plate spreading and subducted at zones of plate convergence. Upon subduction, dense oceanic crust sinks to the base of the mantle and gradually accumulates to form broad, robust thermochemical piles. Sinking oceanic crust entrains the surrounding mantle whose composition is predominantly primitive early in the model's evolution. As a result, thermochemical piles are initially supplied with relatively high concentrations of primitive material—summing up to ∼30% their total mass. The dense oceanic crust dominating the piles resists efficient mixing and preserves the primitive material that it is intermingled with. The significance of this process is shown to be proportional the rate of mantle processing through time and the excess density of oceanic crust at mantle pressures and temperatures. Unlike other theories for the survival of Earth's primitive mantle, this one does not require the early Earth to have large‐scale domains of anomalously high density and/or viscosity.
Insights Into Deep Mantle Thermochemical Contributions to African Magmatism From Converted Seismic Phases
Authors: Boyce A. , Cottaar S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe contribution of mantle upwellings of varying spatial extent to Cenozoic magmatism across Africa is debated because geochemical and seismological tools used to interrogate them are primarily sensitive to either composition or temperature. Thermochemical conditions control the depth at which mantle materials undergo phase changes, which cause seismic discontinuities. Mapping seismic discontinuities across the mantle transition zone (MTZ) and below provides insight into the variable thermochemical nature of upwellings. We present observations of seismic discontinuities beneath Africa obtained from a compilation of P‐to‐s receiver functions (RFs; using Pds, PPds, and PKPds phases), recorded at seismograph networks across Africa between 1990–2019. We exploit a recent high‐resolution African continental P‐wavespeed model to migrate our RFs to depth in a common conversion point stack. Cenozoic magmatism along the East African Rift is largely underlain by a thin MTZ implying a contribution to rift magmatism from sources at or below MTZ depths. The Ethiopian rift is underlain by a depressed d410 and uplifted d660 indicating a moderate positive thermal anomaly at MTZ depths (∼100–150 K). The southern East African Rift displays a greater d410 depression and a regional d660 depression, suggesting a stronger thermochemical anomaly at MTZ depths. Here, seismic conversions at ∼1,025 km depth are collocated with slow wavespeeds within the African Superplume, corroborating evidence for a compositional anomaly. We suggest that the contribution of a purely thermal plume directly below Ethiopia augments conditions for mantle melting and rifting. Distinct upwellings may also affect the MTZ below Cenozoic magmatism in Cameroon and Madagascar.