bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathological predictive factors for late recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease
Authors: Nahm Ji Hae , Lee Hye Sun , Kim Haeryoung , Yim Sun Young , Shin Ji‐hyun , Yoo Jeong Eun , Ahn Sang Hoon , Choi Jin Sub , Lee Ju‐Seog , Park Young Nyun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsLate recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is regarded as de novo HCC from chronic hepatitis. This study investigated clinicopathological and molecular factors to develop a nomogram for predicting late HCC recurrence (>2 years after curative resection).MethodsThe training and validation cohorts included HCC patients with a major aetiology of hepatitis B who underwent curative resection. Clinicopathological features including lobular and porto‐periportal inflammatory activity, fibrosis and liver cell change were evaluated. Proteins encoded by genes related to late recurrence were identified using a reverse phase protein array of 95 non‐tumourous liver tissues. Immunoexpression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) was measured.ResultsLate recurrence occurred in 74/402 (18%) and 47/243 (19%) in the training and validation cohorts respectively. Cirrhosis, moderate/severe lobular inflammatory activity, and expression of pSTAT3, pERK1/2, and SYK proteins correlated to the gene signature of hepatocyte injury and regeneration were independently associated with late recurrence, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 2.0 (1.2‐3.3), 21.1 (4.3‐102.7) and 6.0 (2.1‐17.7) respectively (P < .05 for all). A nomogram based on these variables (histological parameters and immunohistochemical marker combinations) showed high reliability in both the training and validation cohorts (Harrell’s C index: 0.701 and 0.716; 95% confidence intervals: 0.64‐0.76 and 0.64‐0.79 respectively).ConclusionsThe combination of pSTAT3, pERK1/2 and SYK immunoexpression with high lobular inflammatory activity and cirrhosis (fibrosis) predicts late HCC recurrence.
A new symbiotic lineage related to Neisseria and Snodgrassella arises from the dynamic and diverse microbiomes in sucking lice
Authors: Říhová Jana , Batani Giampiero , Rodríguez‐Ruano Sonia Maria , Martinů Jana , Vácha František , Nováková Eva , Hypša Václav 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe phylogenetic diversity of symbiotic bacteria in sucking lice suggests that lice have a complex history of symbiont acquisition, loss, and replacement throughout their evolution. These processes have resulted in the establishment of different, phylogenetically distant bacteria as obligate mutualists in different louse groups. By combining metagenomics and amplicon screening across several populations of three louse species (members of the genera Polyplax and Hoplopleura) we describe a novel louse symbiont lineage related to Neisseria and Snodgrassella, and show its independent origin in the two louse genera. While the genomes of these symbionts are highly similar, their respective distributions and status within lice microbiomes indicate that they have different functions and history. In Hoplopleura acanthopus, the Neisseriaceae‐related bacterium is a dominant obligate symbiont present across several host populations. In contrast, the Polyplax microbiomes are dominated by the obligate symbiont Legionella polyplacis, with the Neisseriaceae‐related bacterium co‐occurring only in some samples and with much lower abundance. The results thus support the view that compared to other exclusively blood feeding insects, Anoplura possess a unique capacity to acquire symbionts from diverse groups of bacteria.
The McdAB system positions α‐carboxysomes in proteobacteria
Authors: MacCready Joshua S. , Tran Lisa , Basalla Joseph L. , Hakim Pusparanee , Vecchiarelli Anthony G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCarboxysomes are protein‐based organelles essential for carbon fixation in cyanobacteria and proteobacteria. Previously, we showed that the cyanobacterial nucleoid is used to equally space out β‐carboxysomes across cell lengths by a two‐component system (McdAB) in the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. More recently, we found that McdAB systems are widespread among β‐cyanobacteria, which possess β‐carboxysomes, but are absent in α‐cyanobacteria, which possess structurally and phyletically distinct α‐carboxysomes. Cyanobacterial α‐carboxysomes are thought to have arisen in proteobacteria and then horizontally transferred into cyanobacteria, which suggests that α‐carboxysomes in proteobacteria may also lack the McdAB system. Here, using the model chemoautotrophic proteobacterium Halothiobacillus neapolitanus, we show that a McdAB system distinct from that of β‐cyanobacteria operates to position α‐carboxysomes across cell lengths. We further show that this system is widespread among α‐carboxysome‐containing proteobacteria and that cyanobacteria likely inherited an α‐carboxysome operon from a proteobacterium lacking the mcdAB locus. These results demonstrate that McdAB is a cross‐phylum two‐component system necessary for positioning both α‐ and β‐carboxysomes. The findings have further implications for understanding the positioning of other protein‐based bacterial organelles involved in diverse metabolic processes.Plain language summaryCyanobacteria are well known to fix atmospheric CO2 into sugars using the enzyme Rubisco. Less appreciated are the carbon‐fixing abilities of proteobacteria with diverse metabolisms. Bacterial Rubisco is housed within organelles called carboxysomes that increase enzymatic efficiency. Here we show that proteobacterial carboxysomes are distributed in the cell by two proteins, McdA and McdB. McdA on the nucleoid interacts with McdB on carboxysomes to equidistantly space carboxysomes from one another, ensuring metabolic homeostasis and a proper inheritance of carboxysomes following cell division. This study illuminates how widespread carboxysome positioning systems are among diverse bacteria. Carboxysomes significantly contribute to global carbon fixation; therefore, understanding the spatial organization mechanism shared across the bacterial world is of great interest.
Delirium care knowledge in critical care nurses: A multiple‐choice question‐based quiz
Authors: Ho Mu‐Hsing , Traynor Victoria , Chen Kee‐Hsin , Montayre Jed , Lin Yen‐Kuang , Chang Hui‐Chen (Rita) 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundLack of evidence regarding whether a useful examination instrument such as an multiple choice question (MCQ) quiz is reliable for assessing delirium care knowledge.AimTo develop and psychometrically test a MCQ‐based quiz for assessing the delirium care knowledge in critical care nurses.DesignInstrument development and psychometric evaluation study.MethodsThe development and validation process consisted of two phases. The first Phase focused on the quiz development, which was achieved through the following steps: (a) generation of an initial 20‐item pool; (b) assessment of content validity; (c) assessment of face validity; (d) conduction of a pilot test, involving the collection of data from 217 critical care nurses through an online survey; and (e) item analysis and item elimination according to item difficulty and discrimination indices. The MCQ quiz was finalized through the development process. The second phase emphasized quiz validation through estimation of the internal consistency, split‐half and test–retest reliability, and construct validity using parallel analysis with exploratory factor analysis (EFA).ResultsA final 16‐item MCQ quiz was emerged from the item analysis. The Kuder–Richardson formula 20 coefficient for the overall quiz indicated good internal consistency (0.85), and the intraclass correlation coefficient with a 30‐day interval also indicated that the questionnaire had satisfactory stability (0.97). EFA confirmed that the quiz had appropriate construct validity, and four factors could explain 60.87% of the total variance.ConclusionIn this study, the MCQ, and single best answer quiz for assessing delirium care knowledge was developed, and its reliability and validity for this purpose were demonstrated.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study introduced an evidence‐based quiz designed for future use in delirium care research and education that has significant implications for MCQ‐based knowledge assessment in clinical practice.
Crop diversity enriches arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in an intensive agricultural landscape
Authors: Guzman Aidee , Montes Marisol , Hutchins Leslie , DeLaCerda Gisel , Yang Paula , Kakouridis Anne , Dahlquist‐Willard Ruth M. , Firestone Mary K. , Bowles Timothy , Kremen Claire 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are keystone symbionts of agricultural soils but agricultural intensification has negatively impacted AMF communities. Increasing crop diversity could ameliorate some of these impacts by positively affecting AMF. However, the underlying relationship between plant diversity and AMF community composition has not been fully resolved.

We examined how greater crop diversity affected AMF across farms in an intensive agricultural landscape, defined by high nutrient input, low crop diversity and high tillage frequency. We assessed AMF communities across 31 field sites that were either monocultures or polycultures (growing > 20 different crop types) in three ways: richness, diversity and composition. We also determined root colonization across these sites.

We found that polycultures drive the available AMF community into richer and more diverse communities while soil properties structure AMF community composition. AMF root colonization did not vary by farm management (monocultures vs polycultures), but did vary by crop host.

We demonstrate that crop diversity enriches AMF communities, counteracting the negative effects of agricultural intensification on AMF, providing the potential to increase agroecosystem functioning and sustainability.
Untangling structural factors driving genome stabilization in nascent Brassica napus allopolyploids
Authors: Ferreira de Carvalho Julie , Stoeckel Solenn , Eber Frédérique , Lodé‐Taburel Maryse , Gilet Marie‐Madeleine , Trotoux Gwenn , Morice Jérôme , Falentin Cyril , Chèvre Anne‐Marie , Rousseau‐Gueutin Mathieu 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Allopolyploids have globally higher fitness than their diploid progenitors; however, by comparison, most resynthesized allopolyploids have poor fertility and highly unstable genome. Elucidating the evolutionary processes promoting genome stabilization and fertility is thus essential to comprehend allopolyploid success.

Using the Brassica model, we mimicked the speciation process of a nascent allopolyploid species by resynthesizing allotetraploid Brassica napus and systematically selecting for euploid individuals over eight generations in four independent allopolyploidization events with contrasted genetic backgrounds, cytoplasmic donors, and polyploid formation type. We evaluated the evolution of meiotic behavior and fertility and identified rearrangements in S1 to S9 lineages to explore the positive consequences of euploid selection on B. napus genome stability.

Recurrent selection of euploid plants for eight generations drastically reduced the percentage of aneuploid progenies as early as the fourth generation, concomitantly with a decrease in number of newly fixed homoeologous rearrangements. The consequences of homoeologous rearrangements on meiotic behavior and seed number depended strongly on the genetic background and cytoplasm donor.

The combined use of both self‐fertilization and recurrent euploid selection allowed identification of genomic regions associated with fertility and meiotic behavior, providing complementary evidence to explain B. napus speciation success.
Working in the end times
Authors: Rolf Steven 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCapitalism has always generated predictions of its demise. One common form such predictions take is the fear of an absence of sufficient work to go around. In an important new text, Daniel Susskind argues that revolutions in computational power are already bringing about such a condition, which will soon lead to a secular stagnation of employment. I argue that even if correct in its conclusions, Susskind’s argument doesn’t bear scrutiny – since it pays little attention to the critical dynamics shaping today’s global economy (globalisation, financialisation, and a slowdown in investment and productivity). Examining these factors carefully gives us a very different take on turbulent techno‐economic change.
The impact of COVID‐19 on oral surgery training
Authors: Aulakh Gurnam , Wanis Christine , Wilson Gavin , Moore Richard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimCoronavirus disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, originated in December 2019 from Wuhan, China. This virus has spread worldwide, with over 16 million cases and over 650,000 deaths. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) has resulted in significant impact on the livelihoods of the British public and has had implications for healthcare delivery. The cancellation of elective procedures is likely to affect oral surgery (OS) specialty training. This paper aims to ascertain the extent of any impact of COVID‐19 on OS specialty training.Material and MethodsA survey was created for OS specialty trainees in the United Kingdom. A variety of questions were used, including multiple choice, yes/no, Likert scales and free text answers. All questions were related to the impact of COVID‐19 on training.ResultsA total of 34 full responses were recorded. Results showed that COVID‐19 has had an immense impact on OS training, with most trainees recording high anxiety levels regarding the future of their training. The overall experience of most trainees involved a reduction in logbook procedures, cancelled study days, courses or conferences.ConclusionAlthough OS training has been deficient during this period, some trainees reported positive experiences while redeployed in other fields or specialties. In addition, we highlight the significant effect on trainees' mental health. Most trainees suggested a training period extension to remedy deficiencies. From this paper, we identify the wide‐ranging effects of the pandemic, and OS trainees now await decisions on the future of specialty training.
Shared Belief and the Limits of Empathy
Authors: Betzler Monika , Keller Simon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo showaffective empathyis to share in another person's experiences, including her emotions. Most philosophers who write about emotions accept the broadly cognitivist view that emotions are rationally connected with beliefs. We argue that affective empathy is also rationally connected with belief; you can only share in another's emotions insofar as you can share certain of her beliefs. In light of that claim, we argue that affective empathy brings both epistemic dangers and epistemic benefits, that the ideal of universal empathy cannot be built upon affective empathy, and that affective empathy cannot be the basis of morality.
Group Action Without Group Minds
Authors: Silver Kenneth 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGroups behave in a variety of ways. To show that this behavior amounts to action, it would be best to fit it into a general account of action. However, nearly every account from the philosophy of action requires the agent to have mental states such as beliefs, desires, and intentions. Unfortunately, theorists are divided over whether groups can instantiate these states—typically depending on whether or not they are willing to accept functionalism about the mind. But we can avoid this debate. I show how a more general view of action captures what is central to action without mentioning mental states, and I argue that a group’s members can fulfill the role in group action that mental states play in our actions. Group behavior is explicable in terms of reasons, regardless of whether the group itself cognizes those reasons. After discussing the kind of reasons at issue and arguing that groups can act in light of them without minds, I assess how this account bears on the question of group responsibility.
A Tale of Two Countries and Two Stages: South Africa, China and the Lewis Model
Authors: Knight John 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe paper compares the economic progress of two countries, South Africa and China, in relation to the Lewis model. These economies are chosen because they have interesting similarities and also interesting differences. At the start of economic reform in China and with the advent of democracy in South Africa, both countries had surplus labour: they were at the first, labour‐surplus, stage of the Lewis model. It is shown that, since then, South Africa has continued to experience surplus labour: the unemployment rate has risen. By contrast, China’s labour market is shown to have tightened, and there is evidence that China has entered the second, labour‐scarce, stage of the Lewis model. The difference lies in their growth rates. There are sections explaining why the South African economy has grown slowly and why the Chinese economy has grown rapidly, in relation to the growth of their labour forces. The Lewis model provides an enlightening framework for explaining how widely the fruits of economic development can be shared.
Comparing warning signs of suicide between suicide decedents with depression and those non‐diagnosed psychiatric disorders
Authors: Kim Eun Ji , Kim Yuwon , Lee Gusang , Choi Jin Hwa , Yook Vidal , Shin Myung‐Hee , Jeon Hong Jin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveEarly recognition of a high‐risk group impending suicide is important. We aimed to compare warning signs depending on the nature of the psychiatric disorder and whether it was a documented diagnosis.MethodsData of suicide decedents were collected from police records from 2013 to 2017. We evaluate psychiatric symptoms and warning signs in three aspects (language, behavior, and affect) using the Korea‐Psychological Autopsy Checklist for Police Records (K‐PAC‐PR).ResultsA total of 13,265 suicide decedents were recruited for this study. Of them, 66.9% of females and 46.7% of males diagnosed psychiatric disorders, with depressive disorder being the most common one. Warning signs were observed in 93.0% of suicide decedents. They were observed more in those who were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, especially in those with a depressive disorder. “Talking about dying or suicide” was the most common warning sign in all groups, and “apathetic behavior” was the most related warning sign for depressive disorder. Especially for “talking about dying or suicide,” the proportion of observed “within a week” was high, making it valuable as a warning sign.ConclusionWarning signs were commonly found in suicide decedents regardless of gender. They were more common among the decedents diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, especially among those with a depressive disorder.
Validity and reproducibility of VO2max testing in a respiration chamber
Authors: Kleinloog Jordi P. D. , van Laar Stephen P. G. A. , Schoffelen Paul F. M. , Plasqui Guy 
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate whether VO2max can be accurately measured in a respiration chamber. Thirty participants aged 23.4 ± 3.9 years with a wide range in VO2max were included. Participants performed four incremental cycle ergometer tests (VO2max) with a minimum of 5 days between tests. These tests consisted of one familiarization test with face mask, followed by two VO2max tests in the respiration chamber and one test with face mask in randomized order. Oxygen consumption and CO2 production were measured continuously using Omnical (Maastricht University, the Netherlands) gas analysis system. The mean VO2max was 3634 ± 766 ml, which resulted in mean VO2max per lean body mass of 60.8 ± 8.0 ml/kg. Repeated respiration chamber tests showed a high concordance, and no significant differences were detected between tests (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (Rc) = 0.99; ∆70 ± 302 ml/min; p = .38). There was high concordance between the mean VO2max from both respiration chamber tests and the mean face mask tests, and no significant difference (Rc = 0.99; ∆41 ± 173 ml/min; p = .22) was observed. The Bland‐Altman plots showed no proportional bias between different tests. In conclusion, the respiration chamber has been found to be a valid and reproducible method for measuring VO2max. New research opportunities are possible in the respiration chamber, such as maximal exercise testing during 24‐hour measurements.
Exploring the landscape of psychological threat: A cartography of threats and threat responses
Authors: Reiss Stefan , Leen‐Thomele Eline , Klackl Johannes , Jonas Eva 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOver the recent years, research in the field of threat and defense has accumulated evidence on how encounters with various psychological threats influence human behavior, cognition, motivation, affect, and health. Unifying different theoretical threat models, the General Process Model of Threat and Defense claims that different threatening concerns have a similar underlying dynamic. Some years after the publication of this theory, we deem it important to take a comparative look at psychological threat, comparing threats regarding their properties and outcomes on personal and social level. As potential dimensions to describe psychological threats, we discuss the existential nature of concerns, phenomenological worlds involved, and thwarted needs in threat encounters. We also discuss data‐driven approaches to threat classifications, describing first empirical efforts to create threat taxonomies, and suggest directions for future research. This research will enhance our understanding of threat dynamics, and will help us make stronger, more clear‐cut assumptions about human behavior upon experiencing threat.
Global, regional and national disability‐adjusted life years due to HIV from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Wu Jiayuan , Lai Tianwen , Han Huanqin , Liu Jie , Wang Shuangmiao , Lyu Jun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesIncreasing life expectancy and decreasing mortality in patients with HIV infection are well documented. However, details of how many of the years of healthy life are damaged by HIV infection vs. good health have not been understood. We conducted this study to provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of the global burden, as measured by disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs), of HIV infection.MethodsData on HIV‐related DALY were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The absolute numbers and age‐standardised rates of DALYs due to HIV were reported between 1990 and 2019. Estimated annual percentage changes in age‐standardised rates by sex, region and nation were calculated to quantify the temporal trends in HIV burden.ResultsGlobal HIV infection caused 47.63 million DALYs in 2019, presenting a 1.28‐fold increase from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, years of life lost contributed to most of the total DALYs, but the increases in HIV‐related years lived with disability have outpaced increases in years of life lost. The age‐standardised rates of HIV‐related DALYs in 2019 decreased as the sociodemographic indexes increased. The highest age‐standardised rates were observed in sub‐Saharan Africa, and the greatest increments over time were detected in Oceania.ConclusionsGlobally, HIV continues to cause enormous healthy life loss. The first and foremost strategy for controlling the HIV burden is still the reduction of premature deaths, and much effort needs to be exerted to mitigate the harm of comorbidities.