bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Persistence of Union Membership within the Coalfields of Britain
Authors: Beynon Huw , Blakely Helen , Bryson Alex , Davies Rhys 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSpatial variance in union membership has been attributed to the favourable attitudes that persist in areas with an historical legacy of trade unionism. Within the United Kingdom, villages and towns located in areas once dominated by coalmining remain among the strongest and most durable bases for the trade union movement. This article empirically examines the effect of living within or near these areas upon union membership. Those residing in ex‐mining areas retain an increased propensity for union membership. However, this effect diminishes sharply with distance. The analysis reveals that particular places can serve as conduits of trade unionism, long after employment within traditional industries has vanished.
Land privatization and deforestation in a commodity production frontier
Authors: Faingerch Melina , Vallejos María , Texeira Marcos , Mastrangelo Matías E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractConservation policies often promote land privatization to reduce incentives for deforestation. However, empirical evidence on the relationship between land‐tenure form and forest conservation outcomes is inconclusive. We combined key informant mapping and geospatial analyses to test the association between the area under tenure and the area deforested by extra‐local private and local nonprivate agents in the Argentine Dry Chaco over four decades (1976–2016). The study area is a typical commodity production frontier within a global deforestation hotspot. We found a strong spatial and temporal coupling between the area under tenure and the area deforested by extra‐local private agents from 1987 to 2006, when a 59% increase in the former was accompanied by a 508% increase in the latter. Local private agents maintained high levels of forest cover, similarly to local nonprivate agents. Our findings have implications for the adaptive design of the Forest Law in the Argentine Dry Chaco.
An investigation into the relationship between equine behaviour when tacked‐up and mounted and epaxial muscle hypertonicity or pain, girth region hypersensitivity, saddle‐fit, rider position and balance, and lameness
Authors: Dyson S. , Bondi A. , Routh J. , Pollard D. 
Published: February 2021

SummaryBackgroundReasons for abnormal behaviour during tacking‐up and mounting are poorly documented.ObjectivesTo relate behavioural abnormalities during tacking‐up or mounting to epaxial muscle hypertonicity or pain, girth region hypersensitivity, ill‐fitting tack, rider position and balance, or equine musculoskeletal pain.Study designProspective observational study; convenience sample of 193 horses.MethodsThe behaviour of horses in a stable or tied up was observed for ≥8 min before systematic palpation of the thoracolumbosacral and girth regions. Owners were asked to tack‐up and mount using their normal regime. A purpose‐designed protocol for assessment of behaviour during tacking‐up and mounting was applied. Lameness was evaluated in‐hand and during ridden exercise. Static and dynamic saddle‐fit were assessed. A static saddle‐fit score was the sum of any saddle‐fit abnormality. Rider position in the saddle, balance and size relative to the saddle were evaluated during ridden exercise. Multivariable negative binomial regression modelling was used to assess the relationship between the sum of tacking‐up and mounting behaviours and horse, rider and tack‐fit variables.ResultsRiding School horses comprised only 12% of the sample population, but had higher rates of abnormal behaviours during both tacking‐up (P<0.0001) and mounting (P = 0.007) compared with General Purpose horses. The rate of abnormal behaviour during tacking‐up for horses with moderate or severe lameness was 1.4 times higher (P = 0.02) than for nonlame horses. Horses with lameness in‐hand or ridden had 1.5 times higher rates of abnormal behaviour during mounting than nonlame horses. Tight tree points (P = 0.03) and epaxial muscle pain (P<0.001) were associated with higher behaviour scores during tacking‐up. Higher static saddle‐fit scores were associated with higher behaviour scores during mounting.Main limitationsOral examination was not performed.ConclusionsThe display of many behaviours during tacking‐up or mounting is likely to reflect lameness or tack‐associated discomfort. Owners must be better educated to recognise these behaviours.
TOWARDS A TENTATIVE TYPOLOGY OF THE LITERARY REFUSENIK
Authors: Schaffner Anna Katharina 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTLiterary history teems with refusenik figures who, in one way or another, and for one reason or another, ‘prefer not to’ partake in many of society's most sacrosanct pursuits and who therefore rebel against fundamental social values, for the most part passively. Yet there is arguably only one pure refusenik in literary history; that is, a figure who is defined by nothing but his act of radical refusal, uncontaminated by any active and positive desires: Melville's Bartleby (1853). Apart from his grand gesture of refusal, Bartleby is a man without qualities, preferences or history, who, in the end, as Deleuze puts it, ‘dies of “civil disobedience”’. Comparatively speaking, Ivan Goncharov's Ivan Ilytch Oblomov (1859) is a feebler kind of refusenik, for he remains positively attached to repose, nostalgia (both for Tsarist Russia and for his childhood), and his gourmandise. Thomas Mann's Gustav von Aschenbach (1912), however, engages once again in a more unadulterated Bartlebian act of primary refusal. In this article I consider some of the primary features and poetological and ideological functions of a range of literary refusenik figures. All of them raise wider ethical questions about the social values against which they openly rebel. These include, above all, the values of productivity and industriousness, and the subscription to a work ethic that endows work with profound existential or spiritual significance.In der Literaturgeschichte wimmelt es von ‘Refusenik’‐Charakteren, die es auf unterschiedliche Weisen und aus unterschiedlichen Gründen vorziehen, zentrale gesellschaftliche Ziele nicht aktiv zu verfolgen, und die somit, zumeist passiv, gegen grundlegende soziale Werte rebellieren. Es gibt jedoch nur einen reinen, absoluten Ur‐Refusenik in Form einer Figur, die durch nichts als ihren Akt der Verweigerung gekennzeichnet ist, und die keinerlei aktive oder positive Begehren und Ziele hat: Melvilles Bartleby (1853). Abgesehen von seiner dramatischen, allumfassenden Verweigerungsgeste bleibt Bartleby ein Mann ohne Eigenschaften, Präferenzen und Geschichte, der, wie Deleuze es formulierte, am Ende an seinem psycho‐sozialen zivilen Ungehorsam zugrunde geht. Ivan Goncharovs Ivan Ilytch Oblomov (1859) ist im Vergleich nur ein halbherziger Refusenik, da er Konzepten wie Müßiggang, Nostalgie und der Schlemmerei positiv verhaftet bleibt. Thomas Manns Gustav von Aschenbach hingegen zelebriert einen nachdrücklicheren Akt der Ablehnung, der Bartlebys Totalverweigerung näher kommt. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht anhand von Fallbeispielen die zentralen poetologischen und ideologischen Funktionen und Charakteristika bedeutsamer literarischer Refusenik‐Figuren. Alle werfen tiefgreifende Fragen zu ethischen Themen auf sowie zu den spezifischen sozialen Werten, gegen die sie rebellieren. Zu diesen gehören vor allem Produktivität und Aktivität und eine Arbeitsethik, die Arbeit streng mit spiritueller und existenzieller Bedeutung verkoppelt.
‘NACH UND NACH MÜSSEN WIR ALLES ABLEHNEN’: HYPERBOLISCHE NEGATIVITÄT BEI THOMAS BERNHARD
Authors: Knobloch Jan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThomas Bernhard's work abounds in rejections. The impulse of not wanting to participate, of refusing to be complicit, lies at the heart of Bernhard's oeuvre. If this refusal is frequently embedded in discursive or even programmatic strategies, it really seems to undermine its own foundations, the very arguments and justifications put forward to make the refusal possible. Before being directed at a specific object, the refusal appears to stem from a more general disposition to say no. Drawing on Der Keller (1976), the second book of Bernhard's Autobiographie, as well as on Auslöschung (1986), the article examines the narrative as well as the discursive aspects of what could be called hyperbolic negativity in Bernhard's work. Hyperbolic negativity is characterised by totalisation. As Auslöschung’s protagonist Murau puts it: ʻBy and by, we have to reject everything.ʼ While in Bernhard's autobiographical writings the primacy of rejection is turned into work and a renewal of life, this impulse becomes aporetic in Auslöschung. Employed as a means of constituting the subject against the determining effects of education, heritage and history, negativity at the same time triggers a destructive turn against the narrator himself. The gnostic attitude, moreover, rules out political action. Yet, as a mode of discourse that is able to point at its unsaid other, hyperbolic negativity generates aesthetic productivity.Ablehnung ist für Thomas Bernhards Werk essenziell. Der Impuls, nicht teilnehmen zu wollen, jegliche Komplizenschaft zu verweigern, führt ins Zentrum von Bernhards Poetik. Wenn diese Verweigerung auch häufig in diskursive oder gar programmatische Strategien eingebettet ist, so unterhöhlt sie doch ihre eigenen Grundlagen: Ebenjene Argumente und Rechtfertigungen, die vorgebracht worden waren, um sie zu ermöglichen. Bevor sie sich gegen ein spezifisches Objekt richtet, scheint die Verweigerung aus einer allgemeinen Disposition hervorzugehen, Nein zu sagen. Im Rückgriff auf Der Keller (1976), den zweiten Band der Autobiographie, sowie auf Auslöschung (1986) untersucht der Artikel die narrativen und diskursiven Aspekte dessen, was man hyperbolische Negativität nennen könnte. Hyperbolische Negativität bestimmt sich durch Totalisierung. In den Worten Muraus, des Protagonisten der Auslöschung: ‘Nach und nach müssen wir alles ablehnen’. Während der Primat der Ablehnung in den autobiografischen Schriften produktiv gemacht wird und in eine Erneuerung des Lebens führt, zeigen sich in Auslöschung deutlich die Aporien dieses Impulses. Soll Negativität einerseits dazu dienen, das Subjekt gegenüber Vergangenheit und Fremdbestimmung (Bildung, Erbe, Geschichte) zu konstituieren, so leitet sie zugleich eine zerstörerische Wendung gegen den Erzähler selbst ein. Die gnostische Haltung schließt politisches Handeln aus. Als Redeweise, die ihr ungesagtes Anderes mit anzeigt, erzeugt hyperbolische Negativität jedoch zugleich ästhetische Produktivität.
DER VERWEIGERTE KNIEFALL EINES BUCHBINDERS: EINE ‘PRIMARY REJECTION’ AM 31. MAI 1839 IN INGOLSTADT
Authors: Gehrlach Andreas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article examines ‘primary rejection’ on the basis of a concrete historical example. This ‘primary rejection’ was that of a Bavarian soldier who in 1839 refused to go on bended knee when taking part in a Corpus Christi procession. Ludwig I had decreed that Protestant soldiers should, like their Catholic counterparts, kneel during Catholic services. In this order to kneel, political, religious, military and aesthetic imperatives are woven together in complex ways. Having been placed in its historical context, the soldier's refusal is used as a ‘theoretical incident’ to investigate the practice of bending the knee. Drawing on Louis Althusser, Blaise Pascal, Siegfried Kracauer, Judith Butler, Sigmund Freud and Ludwig Wittgenstein, an attempt is made to construct a theory of ‘the bended knee’. The ‘primary rejection’ of refusing to kneel can then be seen not as an intuitive refusal to comply with a single demand, but as physical resistance to an entire cluster of imperatives, some of which even contradict each other.Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Verweigerungshaltung der ‘primary rejection’ von einem konkreten historischen Beispiel ausgehend. Diese ‘primary rejection’ bestand darin, dass ein Soldat sich im Jahr 1839 in Bayern weigerte, bei einer Fronleichnamsprozession auf die Knie zu gehen. Vorher hatte Ludwig I. den Befehl gegeben, dass in katholischen Gottesdiensten auch die protestantischen Soldaten einen Kniefall tun sollten. In diesem ‘Kniebeugeerlass’ sind politische, religiöse, militärische und ästhetische Imperative auf komplexe Weise miteinander verwoben. Nach einer Historisierung wird diese Weigerung als ‘Theorieszene’ für die Untersuchung des Kniefalls verwendet. Mit Louis Althusser, Blaise Pascal, Siegfried Kracauer, Judith Butler, Sigmund Freud und Ludwig Wittgenstein wird eine Theoretisierung des ‘in‐die‐Knie‐Gehens’ versucht. Die ‘primary rejection’ der Verweigerung des Kniefalls stellt sich von dort aus als eine intuitive Verweigerung nicht einer einzelnen Aufforderung dar, sondern als körperlich wirksamer Widerstand gegen ein ganzes Bündel an Imperativen, die zum Teil auch widersprüchlich zueinander stehen.
TO ACTIVELY NOT DO OR NOT TO DO: REFLECTIONS ON THE DOUBLE COMMANDMENT TO AVOID ACTION ON THE SHABBAT DAY AS A FORM OF PRIMARY REJECTION1
Authors: Shechter Ella 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTShabbat plays a unique role within Jewish law as it includes both positive and negative orders. Both forms of order supposedly share the same normative content: they both prohibit work on Shabbat – one as a command not to do something, in which one is required not to act; and the other, an order to do something, whereby one must do something in order to not act on Shabbat. Maimonidesʼ ruling on the matter states that the Shabbat order is utterly positive and, in fact, presents the avoidance of acts or the non‐action altogether as one form of action. Thus, he suggests that the command to not do is not identical to a conscious and primary rejection of action. Referring to Franz Rosenzweigʼs approach to the difference between absence, nothingness, and negation – as well as Giorgio Agambenʼs analysis of potential and being as sharing a dualistic relationship – I analyse the positive order of Shabbat as an exemplary form of primary rejection. Referencing Hermann Cohenʼs interpretation of Shabbat, I demonstrate that the communal dimension of Shabbat could make the primary rejection involved in it easier, as it grants the believer a social position within a community of believers.
Predictive factors of postoperative complications and hospital readmission after implementation of the single‐port robotic platform: A single‐center and single‐surgeon experience
Authors: Lenfant Louis , Aminsharifi Alireza , Kim Soodong , Kaouk Jihad 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesTo measure the incidence, and identify potential risk factors of conversion, postoperative complication and readmission for patients treated with urological robotic single‐port surgery.MethodsAll consecutive urological surgery procedures carried out with the single‐port robotic platform by the same surgeon in a single institution between September 2018 and March 2020 were included in this retrospective analysis. Demographic data, main perioperative outcomes and information related to the surgical technique were gathered and analyzed. A logistic regression model was used to assess predictive factors for any grade and high‐grade (e.g. Clavien grade ≥3) postoperative complications, as well as predictive factors for readmission.ResultsAnalysis included 221 patients, of whom 194 (88%) underwent pelvic surgery and 27 (12.2%) underwent upper urinary tract surgery. Only one patient was converted to open surgery in the entire cohort. A total of 40 patients (18.1%) experienced postoperative complications, with grade ≥3 postoperative complications in 7.6% of the entire cohort. On multivariable analysis, the factors significantly associated with the risk of postoperative complication of any grade were diabetes (P < 0.001), perineal approach (P < 0.01) and postoperative pain management with opioids (P = 0.01). Only diabetes (P = 0.03) predicted a grade ≥3 complication. Overall, 17 patients (7.7%) were readmitted during the 3 months after surgery. A body mass index >30 kg/m2 was the only identified predictor of readmission (P = 0.01).ConclusionA wide range of pelvic, extraperitoneal and upper‐tract urological procedures can be carried out using the robotic single‐port platform with a minimal conversion rate and low complication or readmission rate.
Clostridioides difficile infection in a rural New Zealand secondary care centre: an incidence case–control study
Authors: Johnston Matthew , Irwin James , Roberts Sally , Leung Almond , Andersson Hanna‐Sofia , Orme Gareth , Deroles‐Main Jan , Bakker Sarah 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a form of antibiotic‐associated infectious diarrhoea resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Community‐acquired disease in low‐risk individuals is increasingly recognised. There are limited New Zealand data published.AimTo determine the incidence and location of onset of CDI cases in the Manawatu region, and further describe the demographics, risk factors and prevalent C. difficile ribotypes of the population.MethodsWe performed an incidence case–control study of CDI in the Manawatu region between September 2018 and September 2019. Cases were matched to controls with a negative test for C. difficile. Demographic and comorbidity data, location of onset, drug exposure, disease recurrence and 30‐day mortality were collected. Ribotype analysis was performed on C. difficile isolates.ResultsThirty‐two specimens tested toxin positive over 12 months, yielding an incidence of 18.3 cases per 100 000 person‐years. Twenty‐five percent of cases had community onset disease. Cases were more likely to have had amoxicillin/clavulanate or ceftriaxone prescribed. Elevated blood white cell count and lower HbA1c were significantly associated with CDI. The dominant ribotype was 014/020. Two cases were RT 023.ConclusionOur data are similar to previous national data. RT 023 has not been previously reported in New Zealand and has been associated with severe colitis. We demonstrated a significant proportion of community‐acquired cases and the true incidence might be higher. Vigilance for community onset disease is required. These data may allow observation of temporal changes in incidence and infection patterns of CDI in New Zealand.
The Present's Uniqueness
Authors: Dolev Yuval 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper offers an account of what makes the present unique. The present, it is argued, plays a constitutive role regarding succession, pastness and futurity, and is thus a pivot sustaining temporality. This is first shown with respect to experienced temporality, but the claim is then expanded to objective temporal relations and properties. A bulk of the argumentative effort goes towards establishing that, despite the crucial role experienced temporality plays in it, the result of the study is a Wittgensteinean kind of realism regarding objective time. That sets the proposal of this paper apart from both eternalism and presentism.
The Travel Demands of an Elite Rugby Sevens Team: Effects on Objective and Subjective Sleep Parameters
Authors: Leduc Cédric , Robineau Julien , Tee Jason C. , Cheradame Jeremy , Jones Ben , Piscione Julien , Lacome Mathieu 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: To explore the effects of travel related to international rugby sevens competition on sleep patterns. Methods: A total of 17 international male rugby sevens players participated in this study. Actigraphic and subjective sleep assessments were performed daily during 2 separate Sevens World Series competition legs (Oceania and America). The duration of each competition leg was subdivided into key periods (pretour, precompetition, tournament 1, relocation, tournament 2, and posttour) lasting 2 to 7 nights. Linear mixed models in combination with magnitude-based decisions were used to assess (1) the difference between preseason and key periods and (2) the effect of travel direction (eastward or westward). Results: Shorter total sleep time (hours:minutes) was observed during tournament 2 (mean [SD], 06:16 [01:08]), relocation (06:09 [01:09]), and the pretour week (06:34 [01:24]) compared with the preseason (06:52 [01:00]). Worse sleep quality (arbitrary units) was observed during tournament 1 (6.1 [2.0]) and 2 (5.7 [1.2]), as well as during the relocation week (6.3 [1.5]) than during the preseason (6.5 [1.8]). When traveling eastward compared with westward, earlier fall-asleep time was observed during tournament 1 (ES − 0.57; 90% CI, −1.12 to −0.01), the relocation week (−0.70 [−1.11 to −0.28]), and the posttour (−0.57 [−0.95 to −0.18]). However, possibly trivial and unclear differences were observed during the precompetition week (0.15 [−0.15 to 0.45]) and tournament 2 (0.81 [−0.29 to 1.91]). Conclusion: The sleep patterns of elite rugby sevens players are robust to the effects of long-haul travel and jet lag. However, the staff should consider promoting sleep during the tournament and relocation week.
Electrophotocatalytic diamination of vicinal C–H bonds
Authors: Shen Tao , Lambert Tristan H. 
Published: February 2021

Double C–H amination
The conversion of C–H bonds into C–N bonds is broadly useful in producing pharmaceutically important compounds from simple, readily available feedstocks. Shen and Lambert report a method to induce this reaction twice in a row at benzylic and neighboring alkyl carbon centers, using acetonitrile solvent as a convenient source of nitrogen. The method relies on successive electrochemical and photochemical activation of a cyclopropenium catalyst and yields hydrogen gas as a clean co-product.

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Cytomegalovirus retinitis in a patient of granulomatosis with polyangiitis on long-term immunosuppressants
Authors: Reddy Subhakar , Tyagi Mudit , Behera Shashwat , Pappuru Rajeev Reddy 
Published: February 2021

A 69-year-old male patient presented to the retina clinic with a sudden decrease in vision in his right eye since 1 day. He was a known case of granulomatosis with polyangiitis and was on systemic immunosuppression for the past 3 years. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in his right eye was 20/60 and he has no perception of light in the left eye. Fundus examination revealed the presence of retinitis lesions in the right eye and total optic atrophy in the left eye. A vitreous biopsy was done and the PCR was found to be positive for cytomegalovirus (CMV). He was treated with intravitreal ganciclovir injections. Subsequently, the retinitis lesions regressed and BCVA in the right eye improved to 20/40.This case report elaborates on the risks of the development of opportunistic ocular infections in patients receiving long-term systemic immunosuppressants and the need for regular ocular examinations in such cases.
Distal femoral osteotomy for genu valgum deformity caused by malunited Hoffa fracture
Authors: Oda Taiga , Maeyama Akira , Ishimatsu Tetsuro , Yamamoto Takuaki 
Published: February 2021

Hoffa fractures are unstable intra-articular fractures of the femoral condyle that occur in the coronal plane.Insufficient anatomical reduction and internal fixation may lead to non-union or malunion. A 39-year-old man was involved in a traffic accident while riding a motorcycle and was diagnosed with left Hoffa fracture and avulsion fracture of the femoral attachment of the medial collateral ligament. Open reduction and internal fixation were performed 5 days after injury. The patient experienced intermittent knee pain, joint contracture and deformity, and attended our hospital for further treatment 18 months after surgery. CT revealed depression and malunion of the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle, and weight-bearing X-ray showed valgus deformity due to malunion. Distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) was performed and good functional and radiographic results were obtained. This report suggests that DFO is a reasonable treatment for young patients suffering from malalignment due to malunited Hoffa fracture.