bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sterilization and the Retarded Female: Another Perspective
Authors: Crain Lucy S. 
Published: December 2021

Drs Vining and Freeman should be commended for their recent excellent summary of sterilization of retarded individuals and their comment: "the retarded are not homogeneous and that decisions regarding sterilization and hysterectomy must be individualized."1
I feel compelled to note, however, that menstruation should not be viewed as an "unwanted impediment," but as a very normal function of female life. In fact, surgical termination of menses by hysterectomy for the purpose of improved hygiene or of contraception seems to me somewhat like attempting to kill gnats with a bazooka!
Infant Car Seat Safety
Authors: Simmons Jean 
Published: December 2021

As president of California Strolee, Inc, I am writing in response to the article in your December issue (Pediatrics 64:848, 1979) entitled, "Children's Car Seat Restraints: When Top-Tether Straps are Ignored, Are the Restraints Safe?" by Quentin McDonald. To say we were shocked that a prestigious scientific journal such as yours would print such a biased, irresponsible and self-serving document is truly an understatement.
First and foremost, let us set the record straight. The tests cited in the article were commissioned by the Bobby Mac Company (a small manufacturer of infant restraint systems).
Pre-participation Sports Assessment
Authors: Garrick James G. , Smith Nathan J. 
Published: December 2021

The paper by Goldberg et al (Pediatrics 66:736, 1980) is of interest to the primary care physician in documenting not only what may be one approach to the often demanding and frustrating problem of large numbers of pre-participation health examinations, but most particularly in reporting what is found in a large number of such examinations when performed on high school boy and girl athletes. The physician may not appreciate that there are as many as 7 million high school students involved in interscholastic sports programs each year; potentially all are candidates for this type of health evaluation.
If the pre-participation sports examination is to be effective and economically realistic, its goals must be precisely defined.
Transillumination—A Technical Note
Authors: Donn Steven M. , Kuhns Lawrence R. , Roloff Dietrich W. 
Published: December 2021

Transillumination has become a standard diagnostic tool in the neonatal intensive care unit. Most centers now
See Images in the PEF File
utilize a fiberoptic light probe such as the Mini-Light or Omni-Source light (Med General, Minneapolis) for transillumination. We have used this device for several years and have noticed that over time there is a continual loss of fiberoptic bundles, which gradually diminishes the overall intensity of the light. This may not be visually apparent until a significant number of contiguous fibers have broken (Fig 1).
The Feeding of Solids Debate
Authors: Ganelin Robert S. 
Published: December 2021

I find the statement of the Committee on Nutrition in the June issue (Pediatrics 65:1178, 1980) disconcerting. I recognize that it addresses an issue (feeding of solids) about which definitive judgements are impossible and for which rigidity is unrealistic and unnecessary. However, the Committee, I feel, has arrived at conclusions which are not harmonious with the background information it provides.
Throughout the commentary the statement is made that solid foods should be introduced between 4 and 6 months of age.
On Growing New Neurons: Are Early Intervention Programs Effective
Authors: Ferry Peggy C. 
Published: December 2021

In recent years, there has been an exponential proliferation of developmental stimulation programs for environmentally deprived and neurologically handicapped children.1 Premature infants in neonatal intensive care units are being cuddled, patted, stroked with vibrators, and rocked in water beds and motorized hammocks. They are exposed to flashing lights, dangling birds and toys, and piped-in heartbeat sounds and music ("This Old Man"). Infants and preschoolers with neurologic disorders roll on beach balls in special "infant classrooms," on "therapeutic playgrounds," and in "creative play centers." We have home-based, parent-oriented programs; home-based child-oriented programs; center-based, child-oriented programs; and, logically, center-based, parent/child-oriented ones. Older children with learning disabilities practice walking on balance beams to improve their gross motor skills and learning abilities. The age of children at entry, the nature of their handicaps, the type and duration of intervention, the materials used, and the qualifications of teachers and therapists all vary in a flood of new programs. "Infant stim" and developmental therapy programs now represent a major industry in our country, employing thousands of personnel (infant therapists, child development specialists, movement therapists, physical and occupational therapists, early child educators, parent trainers, home teachers, and aides).
Without intending to promise normal brain development, personnel in many of these programs convey to parents the message that stimulation and intervention will, in effect, grow new brain cells. Sensory integration therapy, for example, reportedly "enhances the organization of brain mechanisms and neural integration."2 Vestibular impairment is treated by providing "a bombardment of stimulation through the many different vestibular receptors activating synapses and increasing the number of impulses converging on neurons."
The Pediatrician's Orientation to Infant Stimulation Programs
Authors: Browder J. Albert 
Published: December 2021

A statement for pediatricians concerning the very popular and widely touted infant stimulation programs is past due in view of the rapid development of these services in the past decade. At present most communities have infants and young children involved in early education programs. As long ago as 1974, interest in these early educational interventions led to a national conference sponsored by the President's Committee on Mental Retardation and the Association for Childhood Education International.1 It was apparent at the time of the national conference that most of the programs functioned outside of health delivery systems. The literature dealing with delivery models and research on their effects are in nonpediatric literature. Therefore, pediatricians are generally unfamiliar with the several types of programs that have evolved and their advantages and disadvantages. In this issue Denhoff,2 on behalf of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Children with Handicaps, reviews the state of the art in infant stimulation programs, especially those for biologically impaired infants and/or those considered at high risk.
It is important to realize that there are two different types of children involved, and that each group's needs are quite different. The first type are children in whom environmental factors are the major events leading to concern for mental development. This so-called cultural-socially deprived group is felt by many to constitute the majority of the borderline and mildly retarded children. They are by far the largest group of handicapped in our school systems. The second type are the biologically impaired, ie, children with brain damage, sensory deficits, or physical impairments; they are a very heterogeneous group.
A Discussion of Early Intervention for Infants with Down Syndrome
Authors: Bricker Diane , Carlson Laurel , Schwarz Robert 
Published: December 2021

Recently, a physician-colleague brought to our attention an article entitled, "Early Intervention for Infants with Down Syndrome: A Controlled Trial," by Piper and Pless.1 Although it is encouraging to find that these investigators are exploring the parameters of early intervention with handicapped infants, some of their conclusions are of concern and have prompted the formulation of a response. In particular, we would like to discuss this article's findings in relation to (1) existing efficacy data that suggest early intervention with young handicapped children may be effective; and (2) methodologic weaknesses in the research design employed by Piper and Pless.
A critical problem currently confronting the field of early intervention is the evaluation of the effectiveness of early programming for handicapped infants and their families. Major impediments to the documentation of program effects include the unsuitability of existing instrumentation for assessing the progress of handicapped infants and the scarcity of feasible evaluation research designs.2,3 To complicate matters further, randomly assigned control or untreated groups for comparison are rarely possible. Ethical concerns surrounding the withholding of services from infants assigned to control groups, coupled with recent state and federal mandates calling for the provision of educatinal services for all handicapped children of school age and permissive programming for the preschool child, are collectively operating to reduce and eventually eliminate available handicapped infants and children who might serve as non-intervention control subjects.4
Despite the design limitations associated with research involving young handicapped children, efficacy findings based on descriptive and quasi-experimental methodology do exist.
ABRAHAM JACOBI ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SYSTEMATIC INSTRUCTION IN THE DISEASES OF CHILDHOOD IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

As a specialty, pediatrics, or "pediatry" or "pedology," as it was called in the nineteenth century, was introduced to America by Abraham Jacobi (1830-1919).1
He wrote:
There never was any systematic instruction in the diseases of children, by a teacher appointed for that branch of medicine exclusively, until (in 1860) I established a weekly children's clinic in the New York Medical College, at that time on East Thirteenth Street. That was the first of its kind in the United States. When the college ceased to exist (in 1865) I established a children's clinic in the University Medical College and in 1870 in the [Columbia] College of Physicians and Surgeons. In both these institutions, as also in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, such clinics have existed since, and a number of the medical schools of the country have imitated the example.
In them, a single hour weekly, during the regular courses of the winter, is given to the student of medicine for the special study of the diseases of children, who will, in his future practice, form the majority of his patients. In the course of four so-called years, which the legislatures of our States pronounce sufficient for the attainment of all medical knowledge required for the welfare of a country, the student is pressed very hard for time. There are a number of branches which he is taught to deem worth his while and attention, by being told that he will be examined in them before obtaining his diploma; but the diseases of children are not now among these.
Soft Tissue Infection Associated with Haemophilus aphrophilus
Authors: White Christopher B. , Lampe Richard M. , Copeland Randolph L. , Morrison Robert E. 
Published: December 2021

Haemophilus aphrophilus is an uncommon cause of human infection. Brain abscess, 1-5 endocarditis, 2,5-8 abdominal wound infections, 5-9 and infections associated with the oropharynx2,5 are the most commonly reported presentations in children (Table). The presentation and management of a child who developed a soft tissue infection of the leg associated with H aphrophilus are presented.
CASE REPORT
A 12-year-old boy struck an opponent's mouth with his right knee while playing soccer. No obvious wound was noted. Four days later, the soft tissue about his knee became red, swollen, and tender. The bursa and joint were not involved. Incision and drainage of the subcutaneous abscess near the right knee was accomplished.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Kauffman Ralph E. 
Published: December 2021

The Committee on Drugs did not categorically recommend against the use of naloxone to reverse the effects of maternally administered narcotic analgesics. However, the Committee did recommend that naloxone not be used during the second stage of labor, but be reserved for administration directly to infants, who are significantly depressed and have a high probability of being narcotized, as an adjunct to standard resuscitation efforts.
The recommendation against administration of naloxone to the mother just prior to delivery was developed and published jointly by the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology after careful review of recent literature and some unpublished data.
Transient Nephromegaly Simulating Infantile Polycystic Disease of the Kidneys
Authors: Stapleton F. Bruder , Hilton Saskia , Wilcox John , Leopold George R. 
Published: December 2021

The discovery of bilaterally enlarged kidneys near the time of birth often portends a poor prognosis for renal function. Important diagnostic considerations include obstructive uropathy, renal venous thromboses, Wilms'tumor, infantile polycystic kidney disease, and renal multicystic dysplasia. In this report, we describe a child in whom enlarged bilateral kidneys were noted during the first day of life and to whom a presumptive clinical diagnosis of infantile polycystic kidney disease was incorrectly assigned, primarily on the basis of the excretory urogram. By 6 weeks of age, however, the kidney size was normal, and at 2 years of age, the boy remains in good health with radiographically normal kidneys.
CASE REPORT
Plant Fiber Intake in the Pediatric Diet
Authors: Barness Lewis A. , Daliman Peter R. , Anderson Homer , Collipp Platon Jack , Nichols Buford L. , Walker W. Allan , Woodruff Calvin W. , Anderson Betty E. , White Philip L. , Egan Mary C. , Cheney Margaret , Roy Claude C. , Moore Melinda , Chopra Joginder , Brown Myrtle L. , Sarett Herbert P. , Fjellstedt Thorsten J. , Teply L. J. , Kennedy Eileen , Darby Wffliam J. , Lewy Peter , Tomarelli Rudolph M. , Benson John D. , Purvis George A. , Licari Jerome , Lockhart Haines B. , Saperstein Sidney 
Published: December 2021

Dietary fiber has been defined as the part of material in foods impervious to the degradative enzymes of the human digestive tract. The dietary fiber of plants is comprised of carbohydrate compounds including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, mucilages, and a noncarbohydrate substance, lignin. These substances, which form the structure of plants, are present in the cell walls of all parts including the leaf, stern, root, and seed.1 Animal tissue also contains indigestible substances.
Crude fiber and dietary fiber are not the same thing. Crude fiber refers to the residue left after strong acid and base hydrolysis of plant material. This process dissolves the pectin, gums, mucilages, and most of the hemicellulose and mainly is a measure of the cellulose and lignin content. Clearly, this method tends to underestimate the total amount of fiber in the food.1 Most food composition tables give only crude fiber values.
Current interest in fiber was stimulated by the suggestion that it might help to prevent certain diseases common in the United States, namely diverticular disease, cancer of the colon, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and coronary heart disease.2-4 African blacks in rural areas where the fiber intake was high rarely had these diseases; however, during the past 20 years as this population moved to the cities and adopted Western habits (including a Western diet), they began to suffer from the same "Western-type" diseases.
A high-fiber diet increases fecal bulk, produces softer, more frequent stools, and decreases transit time through the intestine.5 These factors may be responsible for the supposed beneficial effects of fiber.
Development of Meningitis During Therapy with Cefamandole
Authors: Aronoff S. C. , Thomford W. , Bertino J. S. , Speck W. T. 
Published: December 2021

Cefamandole nafate is a relatively new cephalosporin approved for use in pediatric patients. This compound offers certain advantages over previously approved cephalosporins including its in vitro antimicrobial activity against β-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae. The purpose of this report is to describe a potential hazard associated with the use of this and closely related antimicrobial agents in life-threatening bacterial infections.
CASE REPORT
This was the first Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital admission for this 7-month-old boy with a ten-day history of fever and irritability. Seven days prior to admission he was seen by a local physician for fever. No source of infection was noted and the infant was treated with 300,000 units of intramuscular procaine penicillin.
Does the Early Application of Silver Nitrate Impair Maternal Attachment?
Authors: Butterfield Perry M. , Emde Robert N. , Svejda Marilyn J. 
Published: December 2021

In a statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) on "Prophylaxis and Treatment of Neonatal Gonococcal Infections" (Pediatrics 65: 1047, 1980), it was suggested that eye prophylaxis might be delayed up to one hour after birth in order to facilitate maternal attachment. Cited in the AAP statement was our 1977 study that demonstrated that silver nitrate administration in the delivery room decreases eye openness in the newborn and inhibits visual response within the first hour after birth.1
The eyes have been cited as central to the baby's ability to solicit affection.2-4 However, there has been little systematic information available to define the role of eye-to-eye contact in the attachment process.
Breast-feeding and Contraception
Authors: Segal Sydney , Pruitt Albert W. , Anyan Walter R. , Hill Reba M. , Kauffman Ralph E. , Mofenson Howard C. , Shinefield Henry R. , Singer Harvey S. , Weinberger Miles M. , Ballin John C. , Catz Charlotte , Farchione Louis , Freeman Martha M. , Frigoletto Fredric , Penna Richard P. , Licata Sam A. , Oakley Godfrey , Sawchuk Steven 
Published: December 2021

Emphasis on the advantages of breast-feeding to the infant and to the nursing mother has been accompanied by resurgent interest in this practice. Although breast-feeding has many desirable features, the needs of the lactating mother and her nursing infant may not always be complementary. Possible competition between the mother's requirement for adequate contraception and the infant's nutrition or maturation is an important example. For this reason, the relationship between breast-feeding and various forms of contraception has been reviewed.
LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA
Nursing mothers experience lactational amenorrhea of longer duration than postpartum amenorrhea of women who do not breast-feed their infants.1-3 In addition to a decline in maternal estrogen levels following delivery, hyperprolactinemia— enhanced by suckling—facilitiates the onset of breast milk production.4,5 Depending to some extent on the frequency of breast-feeding, modestly raised prolactin levels may be maintained for several or many months post partum.4,6-8 Many studies suggest that prolactin exerts antagonistic effects on the secretion and actions of gonadotropins, and lactational amenorrhea seems to parallel the presence of hyperprolactinemia.7,8 As breast-feeding continues, the prolactin levels usually return to normal, with some episodic increases occurring in response to suckling. The contraceptive action provided by breast-feeding alone is well established. When breast-feeding is used exclusively and amenorrhea exists, ovulation usually does not occur before the end of the tenth postpartum week.3 However, this contraceptive effect is not universal; 5% to 10% of women with lactational amenorrhea become pregnant, and an even greater proportion of nursing mothers who have reinitiated menstruation become pregnant.2,9 These data indicate that women who want to breast-feed and also avoid pregnancy need to use contraception for complete protection, beginning about four to five weeks post partum when breast-feeding is firmly established.9
A PLEA TO GIVE WEAKLY CHILDREN A FAIR CHANCE BY WILLIAM FARR (1865)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

William Far (1807-1883) ranks with John Graunt (1620-1674) for his contributions to medical statistics. He was the first to express mathematically the rise and fall of epidemic disease by applying statistical methods to epidemiology. That he also had a deep concern for the frail and premature infant is evident in the following plea directed toward the medical audience.
Great qualities of soul are often hidden in the frail child. One Christmas day a premature posthumous son was born in England of such an extremely diminutive size, and apparently of so perishable a frame, that two women who were sent to Lady Pakenham at North Witham, to bring some medicine to strengthen him, did not expect to find him alive on their return. He would inevitably have been consigned to the caverns of Taygetus if the two women had carried him to Spartan tryers. As it was, the frail boy grew up into Newton, lived more than four-score years, and revealed to mankind the laws of the universe. If he had perished, England would not have been what it is in the world. In Paris one evening a puny child in a neat little basket was picked up: he had been left at the church door, the commissary of police was about to carry him to the foundling hospital, when a glazier's wife exclaimed: "You will kill the child in your hospital, give him to me; I have no children, I will take care of him."
She cherished her boy, poor as she was, until some one, perhaps his father, settled a small annuity on his life, with which he was educated at the Mazarin College, where he displayed the early genius of a Pascal: it was D'Alembert, to whom we are indebted for a new calculus, for the grand introduction to the Cyclopaedia, and for innumerable physical discoveries.
Dental Caries Potential of Liquid Medications
Authors: Feigal Robert J. , Jensen Mark E. , Mensing Candace A. 
Published: December 2021

Cariogenicity of seven commonly prescribed liquid medications was studied. Sucrose content of the medications ranged from 0 to 70 gm/100 ml. Initial pH and buffering capacity were measured and found to vary widely among the medications. Intraoral microbial plaque pH changes were determined at intervals for 30 minutes following an oral rinse with each medication. These data were compared with plaque pH changes caused by rinsing with an established cariogenic challenge, 10% sucrose solution. Decreased plaque pH was caused by each medication tested. The extent and duration of the pH drop varied among the medications. Patterns of the pH curves are discussed in relation to sucrose content, endogenous pH, and buffering capacity of the medications. Intraoral pH response to several medications equaled or exceeded that seen when sucrose rinses alone were given. The findings are discussed in relation to dental caries-producing potential of long-term therapy with liquid medications, and two cases are presented that implicate liquid medications as a major etiologic factor leading to rampant dental decay.
It is concluded that health practitioners should be aware of the sucrose content of pediatric medications. Patient education to ensure adequate oral clearance following each dose of medication is an essential first step in minimizing the risk of dental decay posed by long-term therapy with liquid medications.