bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Tunneling Based Method for Mixed-Discrete Constrained Nonlinear Optimization
Authors: Kott Gregory J. , Gabriele Gary A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the development of a new method to solve mixed-discrete optimization problems. The method is a two phase approach similar to Tunnel Methods developed for global optimization of continuous problems. It uses a SQP optimization solver in the first phase and an efficient rounding procedure to find discrete solutions in the second phase. All components utilized in this heuristic method are implemented with an emphasis on efficiency. The method was implemented in MATLAB and the solutions of three classical design problems are given. The results show the new method is very robust in finding high quality solutions which are consistently as good or better than past published results.
A Relaxed Lexicographic Pattern Search Method for Solving Design Problems With Nondifferentiable Constraints and Goals
Authors: Bauer Matthew D. , Rosen David W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In engineering design, many design problems have multiple constraints and objectives, which may be nondifferentiable. For this problem type, only zero-order solution methods are applicable. In this paper, we present a relaxed lexicographic pattern search method for solving this design problem type, where the objectives are preferenced in either an Archimedean or preemptive formulation. The Hooke-Jeeves (HJ) pattern search method is the basis of this method, which is implemented as the MORPS (Multi-Objective Randomized Pattern Search) algorithm. The HJ pattern search method is used because it requires only function values and has an intuitive graphical interpretation through which to gain insight into the nature of complex design spaces. A relatively new class of simultaneous product/process design problem utilizing virtual prototypes to support design for disassembly is introduced to motivate the need for the MORPS algorithm. An example, based on the design of an automotive center console for disassembly, illustrates the application of the MORPS algorithm.
The Datum Flow Chain: A Systematic Approach to Assembly Design and Modeling
Authors: Mantripragada R. , Whitney D. E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In order to be able to lay out, analyze, outsource, assemble, and debug complex assemblies, we need ways to capture their fundamental structure in a top-down design process, including the designer’s strategy for kinematically constraining and locating the parts accurately with respect to each other. We describe a concept called the “Datum Flow Chain” to capture this logic. The DFC relates the datum logic explicitly to the product’s key characteristics, assembly sequences, and choice of mating features, and provides the information needed for tolerance analyses. Two types of assemblies are addressed: Type-1 where the assembly process puts parts together at their prefabricated mating features, and Type-2 where the assembly process can incorporate in-process adjustments to redistribute variation. Two types of assembly joints are defined: mates that pass dimensional constraint from part to part, and contacts that merely provide support. The scope of DFC in assembly planning is presented using several examples. Analysis tools to evaluate different DFCs and select the ones of interest are also presented.
Thermo-Geometrical Design Models for Solid Freeform Fabrication With Material Transfer
Authors: Doumanidis Charalabos , Kwak Yong-Min 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In thermal solid freeform fabrication of layered products, simultaneous quality assurance of the part geometry and material structure requires concurrent design of the process conditions with the product features. For a heat transfer analysis yielding the material structure, an analytical, distributed-parameter quasi-linear thermal model is developed and tested in scan welding. This is based on Green’s field, identified in-process by infrared temperature sensing to reflect thermal nonlinearities. Similarly, a mass transfer model of the layer surface geometry is established on an analogous concept of the material deposition field, approximated by an ellipsoidal shape and identified in-process by Laser 3D scanning of the part topology in fused deposition modeling tests. The invertibility and computational efficiency of both models provide a basis for design of adaptive feedback control strategies for the thermogeometrical characteristics of rapid prototypes.
Fixture-Based Usefulness Measures for Hybrid Process Planning
Authors: Balasubramanian Sundar , Elinson Alexei , Herrmann Jeffrey W. , Nau Dana S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a usefulness measure that supports ongoing work on a hybrid process planning approach that combines the best characteristics of both variant and generative process planning while avoiding their worst limitations. To specify the fixtures needed by a process plan for a new design, the hybrid approach must identify existing designs and process plans that have fixtures that can hold the new design. Because traditional geometric similarity measures are inadequate, we have developed a new fixture-based usefulness measure.
Design for Optimal Welding Orientation
Authors: Yao Z. , Bradley H. D. , Maropoulos P. G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The process time and cost of a weld product depend largely on the decisions to select the weld orientation and relevant fixtures. Such decisions must be made at the early stages of the design process so that necessary design changes can easily be made to achieve an optimal design solution. However, traditional CAD and CAPP systems cannot support weld product design and welding process planning unless detailed design information is available.
The present paper describes a “Design for Orientation” method which can be applied in the early stages of weld product design. The method is based on CAPABLE/Welding, which is an aggregate process planning system for weld products. By utilizing a feature-based aggregate product model in a concurrent engineering environment, feasible welding orientations can automatically be generated. Computer algorithms have been developed for evaluating the orientations of a weld feature, generating welding orientation options for a fabrication and processing the equipment constraints. The results can be used in the design process to reduce the number of set-ups, increase the efficiency of welding processes and reduce the cost of fixtures.
A Geometric Theory for Form, Profile and Orientation Tolerances: Evaluation Algorithms and Simulation Results
Authors: Gou J. B. , Chu Y. X. , Li Z. X. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Using the geometric theory for formulation of form, profile and orientation tolerances, we develop a simple geometric algorithm, called the Symmetric Minimum Zone (SMZ) algorithm, to unify the computation of form, profile and orientation tolerances. First, using a technique of numerical analysis, we transform the non-differentiable minimization problem into a differentiable minimization problem over an extended configuration space. Then, we solve the latter problem by computing the solutions of a sequence of linear programming problems which can be easily derived using the geometric properties of SE(3)/G0. The SMZ algorithm is incorporated into a software package called GTPack for tolerance verification. Numerous simulation experiments show that the SMZ algorithm has several important features which could lead to its rapid acceptance in the industry: (1) consistency with the Y14.5M standard, (2) computational efficiency, (3) robustness with respect to variations in initial conditions; and (4) implementational simplicity. We also give extensive simulation results comparing the performances of the SMZ algorithm against the best known algorithms in the literature.
Collision Detection for Assembly Planning Using Solid Modelling
Authors: Golabi Sa’id , Abhary Kazem 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Details of a method for detecting collision of two parts when one is moved along a direction are discussed in this paper. Reduced number of grid points and the rays emit from these points to detect the intersection of a moving part with a fixed part, is the main advantage of this method comparing with the previous works in the literature. The intersection of rays, sent from a plane considerably far from both parts, with the faces of moving and fixed part are detected in this methods. If any ray intersects the moving part before intersecting the fixed part, the moving part will collide with the fixed part in that direction. Determining the starting point of the rays and detecting intersection of rays with the parts are also discussed in this paper.
Modeling of Feature-Based Design Process
Authors: Gao Fei , Roller Dieter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Capturing design process is becoming an important topic of feature-based modeling, as well as in product data exchange, concurrent design, and cooperative design. Three critical issues on the modeling of design process are considered in this paper, namely, feature concepts, feature evolution, and the semantic consistencies of the states of product models. A semantics-based product model is introduced to facilitate the description of both conceptual and detailed models, and to maintain the semantic consistencies of product states. The process is represented by feature states and their evolution records. Feature type variation and prototype-based design are proposed to support feature evolution. A conceptual description of the design process and an example are given.
Managing Function Constraints in Design Sheet™
Authors: Reddy Sudhakar Y. , Fertig Kenneth W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Design Sheet™ is a constraint management system specially designed for doing conceptual design cost and performance tradeoff studies. It represents the design models as constraints between design variables, and uses graph-theoretic algorithms to decompose large systems of nonlinear equations into smaller pieces that can be solved robustly. This paper describes extensions to Design Sheet that enable it to manage functions as variables in a constraint network. The paper also discusses the new capabilities of function encapsulation and explicit differentiation that are built on top of these extensions. The ability to encapsulate a part of the constraint network into a function, and use it in other constraints, promotes model reuse and improves computational efficiency. The capability to automatically differentiate certain variables with respect to other design variables allows Design Sheet to be used for solving practical optimization problems. In combination with the tradeoff capability, this enables the designer to track changing optima in trade studies. The paper also provides a couple of optimization examples to demonstrate these new capabilities.
Towards a Consistent Preference Representation in Engineering Design
Authors: Wan Jie , Krishnamurty Sundar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Multiattribute utility theory is commonly used to define and represent the decision-maker’s preferences under conditions of uncertainty and risk. A major issue in implementing this approach deals with the identification and generation of appropriate utility functions, especially in an often nonlinear and complex engineering design environment. Typically, the decision-maker’s preferences are provided through lottery questions rather than based on deductive reasoning to reflect the nonlinear tradeoffs among the attributes. The use of such an intuitive procedure can lead to inconsistent and inexact preference information that may result in inaccuracy and rank reversal problems. Alternatively, this paper presents an Interactive Preference-Modeling (IPM) method towards a consistent preference representation in engineering design. Focusing on the preference orientation by implicitly articulating the designer’s priorities, this method provides a methodical framework to check and eliminate inconsistency in preference information, and to accurately express preferences through rational pairwise comparisons. The development of IPM method and its utilization in the determination of the system utility function from a consistent set of local utility functions are presented in the context of a beam design problem and the results are discussed.
Modeling of Incomplete and Uncertain Information in Relational Database for Engineering Design and Production Management: Review and Future Work
Authors: Li Q. , Ma Z. M. , Zhang W. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The current engineering design and production management puts an essential requirement on information modeling and manipulation, i.e., the need to represent evolutionary information with engineering and production processes. Such a need requires dealing with so called incomplete and uncertain information, which will be discussed in this paper. The contribution of the paper includes an elaboration of the information soundness (in database). Based on this elaboration the need to represent incomplete and uncertain information is explained. The state of the art of the representation and the manipulation of incomplete and uncertain information in database is then shown in a relational database environment. This will also include the authors’ work. Finally, some ideas on future work are discussed, including an important observation, i.e., the need to study fuzzy probabilistic information.
Evaluation of a Mechanical Assembly Using Manual and Robotic Methods
Authors: Risbud Sameer , Jain Utkarsh , Vartak Amol , Soni A. H. , Gandhi Nilesh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper attempts to evaluate the assembly of a conventional paper dispenser using manual as well as robotic method. The main thrust of the paper is using the Boothroyd and Dewhurst DFA charts for the assembly evaluation and analysis and commenting critically on the effectiveness of the charts. Thus the paper presents a case study in the analysis of assemblies using Boothroyd and Dewhurst DFA charts.
Rule Based Number Synthesis for Kinematic Linkage Mechanism With Full Revolute Joints
Authors: Karunamoorthy Swami , Condoor Sridhar S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Number synthesis is an important building block of type synthesis and it needs to be performed a priori to dimensional synthesis. The number synthesis methods available in the literature are not effective in predicting all possible linkage combinations. There is a need for a unified, yet simple, procedure to generate a complete list of Kinematic Link Set Solution (KLSS). An emphasis is given in this paper to develop such a method based on the analogy of isomers. It resulted in an easy procedure that is rule-based. The procedure is efficient in producing a linkage atlas for a given degree of freedom. A program is developed to generate the linkage atlas based on these rules. The results show that the rule-based approach is viable for pedagogical as well as industrial applications.
A New Approach Combining Numerical Analysis and Three Dimensional Simulation for Design of Worm Gearing With Preferable Localized Tooth Contact
Authors: Su D. , Yang F. , Gentle C. R. , Reith D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A new approach has been developed for design of worm gear drives with preferable localised tooth contact (PLTC). The approach consists of numerical analysis and three-dimensional simulation within an advanced CAE package. The numerical analysis secures the localised contact, which provides mathematical models and a numerical calculation procedure to determine the modification parameters for the PLTC. With the three-dimensional simulation, the tooth contact pattern at any instant and the moving direction of the localised contact area can be predicted; moreover, the interference between the modified tooth surfaces can be detected, and, hence, it can be avoided at design stage. The simulation proves that the PLTC is much less sensitive to the errors arising from manufacturing and assembly, which is beneficial for achieving a high transmission quality and cutting down the time and efforts spent in production and assembly.
Introduction of Two-Link, In-Plane, Bistable Compliant MEMS
Authors: Jensen Brian D. , Howell Larry L. , Salmon Linton G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A bistable mechanism has two stable states within its range of motion. Its advantages include the ability to stay in two positions without power input and despite small external disturbances. Therefore, bistable micro-mechanisms could allow the creation of MEMS with improved energy efficiency and positioning accuracy. This paper presents the first bistable MEMS which function within the plane of fabrication. These bistable mechanisms, known as “Young” bistable mechanisms, obtain their energy storage characteristics from the deflection of two compliant members, have two pin joints connected to the substrate, and can be constructed of two layers of polysilicon. The pseudo-rigid-body model overcomes problems with nonlinearities in the analysis and design of these mechanisms. This approach allows greater freedom and flexibility in the design process. Testing of the mechanisms demonstrated their bistable behavior and the repeatability of the stable positions.
Design of Electrostatic Micro Mirrors for Improved Stability Though Surface Contact
Authors: Moulton Timothy , Ananthasuresh G. K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There exists a need to stabilize the electrostatic actuation commonly used in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). Most electrostatically actuated MEMS devices act as variable capacitors with varying gap between the charged conductors. Electrostatic force in these devices is a nonlinear attractive force between the conductors resulting in a complex dynamic system. These systems are stable for only a small portion of the initial gap. In this paper a design method is presented for electrostatic micro-mirrors with improved stability. Controllable, stable electrostatic actuation can be achieved through surface contact between the two conductors. Once in contact with the surface, the compliance of the structure is used to stabilize the electrostatic actuation over a long range of motion. Beam based variable angle mirrors were designed and fabricated using the Multi-User MEMS Process at MCNC technology center. The design methods for stable electrostatic actuation were tested on these mirrors. Some characteristics are noted and their implementation into future designs is discussed.
Experimental Analysis and Parameter Estimation for Mechanisms
Authors: Wang Deming , Beale David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The paper presents an experimental method to estimate dynamic parameters of general mechanisms. The signals of dynamic motion and external force of mechanisms were obtained by a piezo-electric accelerometer and a hammer force transducer. A set of linear dynamic parameter equations are derived from nonlinear motion equations and constraint equations of mechanisms to estimate the dynamic parameters of the system. The accuracy of the parameter estimation depends on the number of non-zero singular values and the condition number of the parameter equations. A typical four-bar linkage was taken as an example for accuracy analysis of the dynamic parameter estimation.
Analytical Model Method for Dynamics of N-Celled Tetrahedron-Tetrahedron Variable Geometry Truss Manipulators
Authors: Xu Li Ju , Li Hong , Fan Shou Wen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper some fundamental formulae are derived for tetrahedron-based variable geometry truss manipulator which is composed of a series of tetrahedrons stacked upon each other such that one link in each cell is made variable on length. Analytical model for dynamics of the manipulator is established, and expressions in numeric-symbolic form of model matrices are derived. An example is given for illustration.
Lower-Pair Joint Geometry
Authors: Waldron Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper contains a geometrically based proof that the six lower pair joint types identified by Reuleaux are the only possible kinematic joints for which contact occurs solely over surfaces. The surface geometries for which line contact can occur and the relationship between the geometry of the contacting surfaces and the connectivity, or number of degrees of freedom of the joint is also discussed.
SphinxCAM: Computer-Aided Manufacturing for Spherical Mechanisms
Authors: Ketchel John S. , Larochelle Pierre M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present SphinxCAM, a computer-aided manufacturing software for spherical four-bar mechanisms. The kinematics of spherical mechanisms are reviewed as they pertain to their manufacture. This is followed by a brief review of some of the current computer-aided design (CAD) software for spherical four-bar mechanisms, e.g. Sphinx, SphinxPC, and Isis. These software packages provide the three-dimensional visualization and computational capabilities necessary to design spherical four-bar mechanisms. However, to date no tools exist to aid in the manufacture of spherical mechanisms. SphinxCAM, when used with the CAD tools mentioned above, facilitates the design, visualization, and manufacture of spherical four-bar mechanisms.
Screw Polygons, Finite Screws, and Biquaternions
Authors: Rico M. José María , Gallegos J. Victor , Duffy Joseph 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this contribution, the close relationship between screw polygons, finite screws, and biquaternions is elucidated. Further, it is shown that a reinterpretation of screw polygon problems in terms of biquaternions leads to a simple and straightforward solution of the direct problem of screw polygons. Moreover, the reintrepretation allows a simple solution of a pair of types of the inverse problem of screw polygons. As indicated by Mavroidis and Roth, these latter problems had not been previously reported in the literature.
Screw Theory and Helicoidal Fields
Authors: Gallardo A. Jaime , Rico M. José María 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chevallier [1991] regarded a screw as the geometric representation of a “helicoidal” field: i.e. a vector field with helicoidal properties. In this contribution, this identification is employed to develop a formal approach to systematically define “reduced acceleration state” and “reduced jerk state”. Furthermore, it is shown that the comparison of the velocity state, “reduced acceleration state” and “reduced jerk state” is sufficient to determine if a pair of infinitesimal motions of a rigid body are, or not, equal.
Displacement Analysis of Multi-Loop Mechanisms Using Gröbner Bases
Authors: Dhingra A. K. , Almadi A. N. , Kohli D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The displacement analysis problem for planar mechanisms can be written as a system of algebraic equations, in particular as a system of multivariate polynomial equations. Elimination theory based on resultants and polynomial continuation are some of the methods which have been used to solve this problem. This paper explores an alternate approach, based on Gröbner bases, to solve the displacement analysis problem for planar mechanisms. It is shown that the reduced set of generators obtained using the Buchberger’s algorithm for Gröbner bases not only yields the input-output polynomial for the mechanism, but also provides comprehensive information on the number of closures and the relationships between various links of the mechanism. Numerical examples illustrating the applicability of Gröbner bases to displacement analysis of 10 and 12-link mechanisms and determination of coupler curve equation for 8-link mechanisms are presented.