bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growing Up in the Shadow of the Past: Second-Generation Holocaust Survivors’ Childhoods as Depicted in Israeli Documentary Films
Authors: Steir-Livny Liat 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Holocaust survivors were represented in Eretz Israeli documentary cinema. In the initial period from 1945 until the 1960s, documentaries, as was the case for other facets of Eretz-Israeli/Israeli culture, emphasized the Zionist lessons of the Holocaust and centered on the national collective transformation of Holocaust survivors from “ashes to renewal.” Documentaries produced in the 1960s and 1970s began dealing with the Jewish past in the diaspora and with the Holocaust itself in greater depth; by the late 1980s, they were exploring such issues as how survivors dealt with post-trauma and the transgenerational transfer of trauma to survivors’ children. This chapter focuses on the representation of second-generation Holocaust survivors in Israeli documentary cinema from the 1980s onwards.
Rites of Passage: Jewish Representations of Children and Childhood in Contemporary Cinema
Authors: Abrams Nathan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Despite the great importance Judaism places on children, childhood is a curiously overlooked topic in Jewish film and television studies. This chapter proposes to begin filling the gap by exploring how the universal theme of childhood has been represented in more specific ways, focusing on Jewish cinema specifically. By exploring a series of representations of children and childhood (sometimes Jewish, sometimes not) up to and including the age of 13, it examines films dealing with the child en route to adulthood through the key rite of passage of bar/bat mitzvah; the child as vulnerable and in need of protection, but whose childhood is brutally cut short during the Holocaust; and films in which childhood is not explicitly Jewish but can be read thus. Such representations consider the condition of children and childhood as a comment on the Jewish condition in contemporary society.
Inferential statistics
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 13 of Performing Music Research outlines a range of statistical approaches designed to identify associations (or “relationships”) between variables. it starts with correlation and regression, which allow the nature and strength of the relationships between two or more variables to be quantified. Next, it considers approaches with specific applications: analyzing relationships between categorical variables; testing the reliability of questionnaires and raters; reducing a large number of variables to a smaller number of underlying factors; and understanding complex interactions within networks of variables. The chapter sets out examples of the situations in which each test can be used, provides guidance on conducting it using standard statistical software, and advises on how best to interpret and report its results.
A New Reign
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets out the religious expectations on Victoria at her accession in 1837—a blend of the new and the old. While she inherited her dynasty’s commitments to the maintenance of Protestantism and the established church, she was also subject to the new emotional intensity with which religious people regarded their monarchs. The chapter’s survey of religious responses to the deaths of Victoria’s immediate predecessors illustrates how this intensity took hold. It argues that reactions to Victoria’s coronation and to early assassination attempts against her show that she remained, in the eyes of her new subjects, not just a moving, but also a sacral, providential figure. If, in these ways, Victoria was the last Hanoverian, then she quickly distanced herself from the political Protestantism of her predecessors.
A Darkened Earth
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how the destruction of Victoria’s household through the deaths of her mother and husband in 1861 tested her faith, prompting an anguished search for spiritual and material sources of consolation. While this alarmed her friends and advisers, it also created a new template for popular attitudes to the throne, as preachers encouraged their congregations to feel emotional community with the mourning Queen. Victoria’s insistence that she had a religious obligation to pile up ever more baroque monuments to her husband’s virtues, ranging from the Royal Mausoleum at Frogmore and the Albert Memorial Chapel to a series of pious memoirs, eventually generated resistance and scepticism. Nonethelessas later chapters will show, her widowhood became an enduring symbol of her soft power, which allowed preachers to wax eloquent on her lonely suffering.
Disunited Kingdom
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses Victoria’s efforts to cope with the religious diversity of the United Kingdom. Although Victoria’s admiration for the Church of Scotland, which was centred on the Highlands and a small circle of eloquent preachers, made her a biased participant in disputes over its established status, impressions of Victoria’s Presbyterian sympathies sank deep in Scotland and around the Empire. Victoria had hoped to commend herself to the Irish as she had to the Scots, by paying respect to their different kind of national faith, but the chapter shows that her estrangement from Irish Roman Catholics mounted with her reluctance to cross the Irish Sea. Though increasingly appreciative of Roman Catholicism as she encountered it during travel or in the lives of friends and relatives, and friendly towards popes, who she hoped might bring the Irish hierarchy to heel, Victoria could not translate these affinities into a constructive relationship with Catholic Ireland.
Oecumenic Colonial Carnivals
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Although historians have long recognized the importance of Victoria’s Golden and Diamond Jubilees as occasions that strengthened articulations of imperial ideology, they have not always been understood as distinctively religious events. This chapter begins by tracing the growing expectation that Victoria should become the centre of national religious occasions, which ran against her wishes but proved impossible to deny. It then moves on to discuss the ways in which, with the telling exception of Irish Roman Catholics, different Christian denominations celebrated enthusiastically but distinctively during the Jubilees. It shows how Jubilee sermons constructed Victoria as a godly sovereign and called for a restoration of the British Empire’s Christian ideals. The chapter also argues, though, that the meaning of the Jubilees cannot be reduced to Christian chauvinism. The homages of Jews, Hindus, and Muslims were not merely sycophantic acts of imitation, but attempts to align Victoria with their distinctive religious positions and the hopes they held of Empire.
Flowers Through Concrete
Authors: Fürst Juliane 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Flowers through Concrete: Explorations in Soviet Hippieland does what the title promises. It takes readers on a journey into a world few knew existed: the lives and thoughts of Soviet hippies, who in the face of disapproval and repression created a version of Western counterculture, skilfully adapting, manipulating, and shaping it to their late socialist environment. This book is a quasi-guide into the underground hippieland, situating the world of hippies firmly in late Soviet reality and offering an unusual history of the last Soviet decades as well as a case study in the power of transnational youth cultures. It tells the almost forgotten story of how in the late sixties hippie communities sprang up across the Soviet Union, often under the tutelage of a few rebellious youngsters coming from privileged households at the heart of the Soviet establishment. Flowers through Concrete recounts not only a compelling story of survival against the odds—hippies were harassed by police, shorn of their hair by civilian guards, and confined in psychiatric hospitals by doctors who believed nonconformism was a symptom of schizophrenia. It also advances a surprising argument: despite obvious antagonism the land of Soviet hippies and the world of late socialism were not incompatible. Indeed, Soviet hippies and late socialist reality meshed so well that the hostile, yet stable, relationship that emerged was in many ways symbiotic. Ultimately, it was not the KGB but the arrival of capitalism in the 1990s that ended the Soviet hippie sistema.
Origins
Authors: Fürst Juliane 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The first chapter charts the history of the Soviet hippie movement all across the Soviet Union, using both declassified KGB and party documents as well as personal interviews. It explores the role of the official press in inspiring youngsters to become ‘hippies’ and the crucial transmission belt of diplomatic parents and other Soviet elites allowed to have direct contact with the West. It delves into the world of intellectual circles in Moscow in the 1960s, which provided some of the intellectual soil on which a Soviet variation of hippie ideals could grow. It subsequently traces some of the fashion and style roots of the Soviet hippies, which range from the Soviet stiliagi to the British Beatles, from glimpses of Western hippies to the Soviet-infused imagination of youngsters wanting to look different than the rest.
Consolidation
Authors: Fürst Juliane 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues the chronological history of the Soviet hippie movement. It turns its gaze specifically on Moscow, where Iurii Burakov (alias Solntse) was instrumental in creating a loose association of hippies and their friends, which soon became known as the sistema. It explores the personality of Iura, who left a rich archive of auto-biographical writing, revealing a thoughtful young man steeped in his Soviet socialization, which left him with a strong desire for self-improvement and a collective mission. With greater organization on the part of the hippies, the state also mustered a stronger response. Both developments culminated in the 1 June 1971 demonstration, organized by Iura Burakov as a collective action against the American war in Vietnam, but which de facto was used by the authorities as a sting operation to capture the data of Moscow hippies and their like-minded peers. The demonstration resulted in the arrest of hundreds of hippies, possibly more than a thousand. Iura Burakov was left with the tarnished reputation of a potential traitor, entangled in the web of KGB tactics, which were first directed at destroying, later at co-opting the sistema.
Naturally Free Action
Authors: Deery Oisín 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Do we have free will? This book argues that the answer to that question is “yes,” by showing how the concept of free will refers to many actual behaviors, and how free actions are a natural kind. Additionally, the book addresses the role of phenomenology in fixing the reference of the concept, and argues that free-agency phenomenology is typically accurate, even if determinism is true. The result is a realist, naturalistic framework for theorizing about free will, according to which free will exists and we act freely. For the most part, this verdict is reached independently of addressing the compatibility question, which asks whether free will is compatible with determinism. Even so, the book weighs in on that question, arguing that the natural-kind view both supports compatibilism and provides compatibilists with an attractive way to be realists about free will. The resulting position is preferable to previous natural-kind accounts as well as to revisionist accounts of free will and moral responsibility. Finally, the view defuses recent empirical threats to free will and is able to address emerging questions about whether an artificially intelligent agent might ever act freely or be responsible for its behaviors.
Free-agency experience and belief
Authors: Deery Oisín 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that (1) people tend to presuppose indeterminism as required for free will, and (2) people’s free-agency experiences suggest that they have indeterministic free will. However, most deny that (3) people’s presupposition of indeterminism has its source in their experience. This chapter explains how (3) might be true. It does so by appeal to the phenomenon of prospection, which is the mental simulation of future possibilities for the purpose of guiding action. The resulting view fills in at least some of the details of the HPC natural-kind view defended in Chapters 2 and 3, and also some details of the dual-content view about free-agency phenomenology defended in Chapters 4 and 5. It also links this view about phenomenology to the natural-kind view.
Justice Across Ages
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana Uhuru 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Age structures our lives and societies. It shapes social institutions, roles, and relationships, as well as how we assign obligations and entitlements within them. Each life-stage also brings its characteristic opportunities and vulnerabilities, which spawn multidimensional inequalities between young and old. How should we respond to these age-related inequalities? Are they unfair in the same way gender or racial inequalities are? Or is there something distinctive about age that mitigates ethical concern? This book addresses these and related questions, offering a theory of justice between age groups. The book sets forth ethical principles to guide a fair distribution of goods like jobs, healthcare, income, and political power among persons at different stages of their life. At a time where young people are starkly underrepresented in legislatures and subject to disproportionally high unemployment rates, the book moves from foundational theory to the specific policy reforms needed today. If we are ever to live in a society where people are treated as equals, the book argues, we must pay vigilant attention to how age membership can alter our social standing. We should regard with suspicion commonplace forms of age-based social hierarchy, such as the political marginalization of teenagers and young adults, the infantilization of young adults and older citizens, and the spatial segregation of elderly persons. This position carries important implications for how we should think about the political and moral value of equality, design our social and political institutions, and conduct ourselves in a range of contexts including families, workplaces, and schools.
Equality over Time
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana Uhuru 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Age is nothing like merit and effort. We have no more control over our age than over our ethnicity, and yet others may fail to treat us as equals on that basis. At the same time, we tend to tolerate differential treatment by age more than we do for other suspect grounds. After an analysis of age discrimination compared to other cases of discrimination, this chapter proposes that this is because age is “special” in at least one morally significant way: we can expect to pass through all the categories as we age, and so inequalities between age groups can be compatible with equal treatment of persons over time. This basic fact gives traction to a dominant view on equality through time: complete lives egalitarianism. This chapter critically examines the intuitive position that we should look for evidence of inequalities over time, rather than at each time segment, to establish whether a society is fair. It also discusses the implications of complete lives egalitarianism for intergenerational justice.
Relational Equality Between Age Groups
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana Uhuru 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter makes the case that synchronic equality can have value beyond its derivative impact on complete-lives equality and lifespan prudence. It proposes to draw on relational egalitarianism to explain what is wrong with a variety of intuitively troubling cases of synchronic inequality. While reasons of distributive fairness naturally give traction to the diachronic approach, there is no such pull to focus on complete lives when approaching inequalities relationally. Relational reasons can thus explain our reluctance to accept some troubling cases of synchronic inequalities better than competing views. When deciding whether an inequality between young and old is acceptable, the chapter argues, their relationships should be investigated for hierarchies in status, standing, respect, and power. The synchronic relational principle proposed in this chapter illuminates important social issues that have been under-discussed by philosophers—as illustrated by the case of infantilization by age—and has important policy implications.
Basic Income versus Basic Capital
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana Uhuru 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the egalitarian proposal of enforcing a right to unconditional cash. It discusses when the payment should be made—in a lump sum at the beginning of individuals’ adult lives (as proponents of the basic capital grant argue), or in regular installments throughout people’s adult lives (as proponents of the basic income guarantee argue). Drawing on the previously developed temporal framework, the chapter provides an original account of the values underpinning the policies. A number of claims found throughout the literature are systematized and novel arguments are added along the way. The chapter concludes both that the debate between the two policy proposals is best described as a conflict about the temporality of justice and proposes that basic income be the baseline of egalitarian unconditional cash policies. Recognizing the diachronic power of basic capital, though, the chapter ends with an original version of basic income that incorporates a baby bond.
Internet Jurisdiction Law and Practice
Authors: Hörnle Julia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Jurisdiction is the foundational concept for both national laws and international law as it provides the link between the sovereign government and its territory, and ultimately its people. The internet challenges this concept at its root: data travels across the internet without respecting political borders or territory. This book is about this Jurisdictional Challenge created by internet technologies. The Jurisdictional Challenge arises as civil disputes, criminal cases, and regulatory action span different countries, rising questions as to the international competence of courts, law enforcement, and regulators. From a technological standpoint, geography is largely irrelevant for online data flows and this raises the question of who governs “YouTubistan.” Services, communication, and interaction occur online between persons who may be located in different countries. Data is stored and processed online in data centres remote from the actual user, with cloud computing provided as a utility. Illegal acts such as hacking, identity theft and fraud, cyberespionage, propagation of terrorist propaganda, hate speech, defamation, revenge porn, and illegal marketplaces (such as Silkroad) may all be remotely targeted at a country, or simply create effects in many countries. Software applications (“apps”) developed by a software developer in one country are seamlessly downloaded by users on their mobile devices worldwide, without regard to applicable consumer protection, data protection, intellectual property, or media law. Therefore, the internet has created multi-facetted and complex challenges for the concept of jurisdiction and conflicts of law. Traditionally, jurisdiction in private law and jurisdiction in public law have belonged to different areas of law, namely private international law and (public) international law. The unique feature of this book is that it explores the notion of jurisdiction in different branches of “the” law. It analyses legislation and jurisprudence to extract how the concept of jurisdiction is applied in internet cases, taking a comparative law approach, focusing on EU, English, German, and US law. This synthesis and comparison of approaches across the board has produced new insights on how we should tackle the Jurisdictional Challenge. The first three chapters explain the Jurisdictional Challenge created by the internet and place this in the context of technology, sovereignty, territory, and media regulation. The following four chapters focus on public law aspects, namely criminal law and data protection jurisdiction. The next five chapters are about private law disputes, including cross-border B2C e-commerce, online privacy and defamation disputes, and internet intellectual property disputes. The final chapter harnesses the insights from the different areas of law examined.
Jurisdiction of the Criminal Courts in Cybercrime Cases in Germany and England
Authors: Hörnle Julia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 deals with the jurisdiction of the criminal courts and the applicable criminal law (the ambit of the criminal law) and contrasts the English common law with German law in cybercrime cases, highlighting the similarity of the challenges and the differences in approach of both countries. As a broad rule of thumb, English common law (largely) restricts criminal jurisdiction to the territoriality principle, whereas German law recognizes the active and the passive personality principle, sometimes coupled with the double criminality rule, meaning that the act must be a criminal offence in the place where it was carried out. Notably, German law has codified the universality principle for certain offences, and by so doing exceeds its obligations under international treaties; for example, in respect of child sexual exploitation and abuse materials. Both countries face the same challenges in applying the territoriality principle and connecting cybercrime offences to their respective territories (eg in respect of the question where illegal content online was published). Criminal jurisdiction (subject to specific statutory exceptions) in England has long been confined by the terminatory approach, but has now been reformed by a substantial measure test. Finally, the chapter examines inchoate offences and the specific provisions on jurisdiction contained in the Computer Misuse Act.
Digital Investigations in the Cloud—Criminal Enforcement Cooperation
Authors: Hörnle Julia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines jurisdiction in criminal investigations where the digital evidence is stored in another country, as is likely where data is stored in the cloud. The territoriality principle and sovereignty mean that states are not allowed to carry out acts of investigations outside their territory. Internet technologies and remote cloud storage in the twenty-first century mean that much forensic evidence is likely to be physically stored in another country. If law enforcement authorities seize a computer on their territory it is increasingly likely that some of the data is stored in the cloud. Therefore, traditional investigatory powers limited to territory (such as a warrant to seize physical items) are not sufficient. This raises difficult questions of whether powers in respect of extended computer searches or disclosure orders can be implemented extraterritorially without breaching international law. This chapter provides a detailed examination of the traditional mechanisms of international cooperation through mutual legal assistance, the difficulties inherent in the traditional approach and the mechanisms to overcome these difficulties, including unilateral acts by states and new forms of international cooperation, such as the US system of bilateral agreements envisaged in the Cloud Act and, for the EU, the EU E-Evidence Proposal. The chapter critically analyses the data protection and human rights issues implicated by cross-border digital investigations and the role of private service providers who may disclose data in response to foreign law enforcement requests.