bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models of overpressure build-up in shallow sediments by glacial deposition and glacial loading with respect to chimney formation
Authors: Wangen Magnus 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChimneys and pipe structures have been observed in the caprock above the Utsira Aquifer in the North Sea. The caprock is of Pleistocene age and the chimneys appear to have been formed by natural hydraulic fracturing towards the end of the last glaciation. We study six different models for the pressure build-up in the Utsira Aquifer with respect to chimney formation. The first two models produce overpressure by a rapid deposition of glacial sediments. Using these two models, we show that the caprock permeability must be as low as 100 nD for sufficiently strong overpressure to develop. This value seems to be one order of magnitude lower than the measured permeabilities of the caprock. The four remaining models produce overpressure by a glacial loading of the caprock and the aquifer. This study shows that a 1-D model of a caprock with soil properties cannot produce conditions for chimney formation unless the least horizontal compressive stress is much less than the overburden. Furthermore, a 1-D poroelastic model of glacial loading of an aquifer and a caprock cannot produce conditions for chimney formation based on available geomechanical data. However, we demonstrate that a 2-D poroelastic model can produce conditions for chimney formation with glacial loads that partially cover the surface.
A Comparison of Genetic Representations and Initialisation Methods for the Multi-objective Shortest Path Problem on Multigraphs
Authors: Beke Lilla , Weiszer Michal , Chen Jun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper compares different solution approaches for the multi-objective shortest path problem (MSPP) on multigraphs. Multigraphs as a modelling tool are able to capture different available trade-offs between objectives for a given section of a route. For this reason, they are increasingly popular in modelling transportation problems with multiple conflicting objectives (e.g., travel time and fuel consumption), such as time-dependent vehicle routing, multi-modal transportation planning, energy-efficient driving, and airport operations. The multigraph MSPP is more complex than the NP-hard simple graph MSPP. Therefore, approximate solution methods are often needed to find a good approximation of the true Pareto front in a given time budget. Evolutionary algorithms have been successfully applied for the simple graph MSPP. However, there has been limited investigation of their applications to the multigraph MSPP. Here, we extend the most popular genetic representations to the multigraph case and compare the achieved solution qualities. Two heuristic initialisation methods are also considered to improve the convergence properties of the algorithms. The comparison is based on a diverse set of problem instances, including both bi-objective and triple objective problems. We found that the metaheuristic approach with heuristic initialisation provides good solutions in shorter running times compared to an exact algorithm. The representations were all found to be competitive. The results are encouraging for future application to the time-constrained multigraph MSPP.
Development and validation of an Arabic pediatric sensorimotor development test
Authors: Alabdulkarim Lamya 
Published: March 2021

Aim:
The main concern of Arab rehabilitation therapists is the paucity of a valid clinical assessment tool that fits the demographic and cultural specificities of the pediatric population. This study aimed to describe and validate a localized evidence-based instrument for assessing sensorimotor development in Saudi Arabian children.

Methods:
The Arabic Pediatric Sensorimotor Development Test (A-P-SMDT) designed for Saudi Arabian preschoolers was used for 110 children (3–6 years) in this prospective cross-sectional study. The instrument has two constructs: sensorimotor integration and visual perception and visuomotor integration, with 10 themes and 52 items. Face, content and construct validity and internal consistency were calculated. Cronbach's α was used to test internal consistency. A Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test and Bartlett's test of sphericity were used to test sampling adequacy.

Results:
Five clinicians and 25 senior clinicians reported good face validity. The content validity index was 3.45, indicating the degree to which the content of the test matches a content domain. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.95, indicating excellent internal consistency. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure for sampling adequacy was 0.80. Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (chi-square = 3400.43, df = 122, p = .00), indicating that the 10 test domains had a good level of correlation.

Conclusion:
The preliminary results on the Arabic Pediatric Sensorimotor Development Test showed acceptable reliability and validity, which could be useful for identifying children at risk of sensorimotor disorders and delays in a mainstream non-clinical population.
Global prevalence and predictors of postoperative delirium among non-cardiac surgical patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Abate Semagn Mekonnen , Checkole Yigrem Ali , Mantedafro Bahiru , Basu Bivash , Aynalem Alem Eskeziya 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Background:
Postoperative delirium is a recent health problem among the elderly which is associated with delayed functional recovery, longer hospital stays, increased morbidity and mortality, and incurs a significant financial cost. Body of evidence is lacking on the global prevalence of postoperative delirium and its determinants. Therefore, this study aimed to provide evidence on the prevalence of postoperative delirium.

Methods:
A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed/Medline; Science direct and LILACS from December 2010 to August 2020 without language restriction. The Heterogeneity among the included studies was checked with forest plot, χ2 test, I2 test, and the p-values. All observational studies reporting the prevalence of postoperative delirium were included.

Results:
A total of 930 articles were identified from different databases and 70 articles were selected for evaluation after the successive screening. Forty-three articles with 13,179 participants were included. The Meta-Analysis revealed that the global prevalence of postoperative delirium was 20% (95% confidence interval (CI):17 to 24). The systematic review showed that postoperative delirium was approximately 3 times more likely in patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia, OR = 2.68 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10 to 6.54).

Conclusion:
The Meta-Analysis revealed that postoperative delirium among surgical patients is strongly associated with different modifiable risk factors. Therefore, the perioperative mitigating strategic protocol should be employed to prevent postoperative delirium and its undesirable outcomes.

Registration:
This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered research registry with the registration number (UIN: reviewregistry979).

Highlights
55059 Developing the COmmuNity kNowlEdge to aCtion Toolkit (CONNECT) to reduce breast cancer screening disparities Let’s CONNECT
Authors: Haynes David , Hughes Kelly 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Advanced spatial analysis techniques are used to target a community education intervention for Immigrant and African American women to increase breast cancer screening. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We are addressing breast cancer screening disparities through the development of the COmmuNity kNowlEdge to aCtion Toolkit (CONNECT). CONNECT implements a mixed-methods approach using GIScience, community education, and social media to mitigate the impact of breast cancer screening disparities for Immigrant African and African American women. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used advanced spatial analysis techniques, Spatially Adaptive Filters (SAF) to reveal mammography screening rates below the state level. SAF create screening maps of This new information allows lay health educators to identify and engage their communities in the Breast Cancer Champions program. We transformed and curated existing cancer educational material into culturally relevant educational training for lay health educators. Lay health educators participate in educational trainings and receive stipends for conducting formal and informal breast cancer education and screening events. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have identified four principles for designing culturally relevant education materials.
1.Visual representation of the community in materials2.Positive Framing3.Statistics and graphs should be minimal4.Appropriate reading level and minimizing jargonDue to COVID-19, our breast cancer champions are engaging with their community in socially responsible ways (i.e., engaging through social media, developing and placing community education flyers, community radio spots). Our social media campaign, which began in October has already attracted over 1000 followers. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Despite the disruption of COVID-19, our project continues reduce breast cancer screening disparities. We have developed and created culturally appropriate materials and are currently training Champions. By incorporating an online presence into our community outreach, we are increasing the ways we connect with our community.
81941 Evaluating race, socioeconomic status, and the effect of radiation treatment in patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction
Authors: Soto Edgar , Bond Grant , Botwsorth Jeremy , Fang Hua A. , Myers Rene P. , King Timothy W. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Disparities are multifactorial in etiology we seek to elucidate the effects of social determinants of health such as race on the outcomes of autologous flap reconstruction. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Immediate breast reconstruction has increased in recent years yet, racial and socioeconomic disparities in the receipt of postmastectomy breast reconstruction persist. We review the usage of autologous flaps for immediate breast reconstruction in a single institution with a diverse population to determine the effect of radiation on flap survival. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The database of a Southeastern tertiary referral center was queried for patients who received autologus flaps for immediate reconstruction following mastectomy. Patients were stratified based on whether they received no radiation (TRAM), neoadjuvant radiation (TRAM + Pre-XRT), or post-reconstruction radiation (TRAM + PMRT). So far, we have identified 91 patients (157 breasts) meeting inclusion criteria from 2006 to 2017. Patient demographics and outcomes were compared based on radiation status. The primary outcome (reconstructive success) was defined as breast reconstruction without flap loss. Comorbidities, socioeconomic status, and method of reconstruction were collected. Statistical analysis included t-tests, chi-square tests and logistic regression were appropriate using R. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: At the moment, we focus on outcomes of transverse rectus abdominus flaps and are adding information on 4 other flap-based methods. There were 68 in the solely TRAM group, 33 in TRAM+Pre-XRT and 56 in TRAM+PMRT with equivalent demographics between all groups for Age, Race and BMI (Table 1). In terms of race most patients self-identified as White (68%), followed by Black (24%) and Other (8%), p=0.172. There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of tobacco use with the type of radiation used (p=0.007) with the PTRAM+ PMRT group having the highest percentage. When analyzing major and minor complications based on radiation received or reconstructive success there was no significant difference regardless of radiation treatment with the group overall achieving a 97.4% success rate (p=0.229). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Despite the known racial disparities in healthcare and the deleterious effects of radiation therapy on wound healing, there was no significant difference found in the incidence of major or minor complications in patients receiving neoadjuvant or post-reconstruction radiation therapy regardless of patient demographics.
THE TRANSNATIONAL GOVERNANCE OF BANK RESOLUTION AND THE TREATMENT OF NATIONAL REGULATORY VARIATION IN THE EU
Authors: Georgosouli Andromachi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe transnational governance of bank resolution must be well-designed to provide credible solutions to financial crisis management. While at policy level, there is a broad consensus on best practice, the implementation stage often leaves something to be desired. Focusing on the implementation of the relevant Financial Stability Board (FSB) recommendations in the EU, this article explores this issue and proposes certain reforms. It argues for closer EU control and scrutiny over national decision-making without, however advocating a “one-size-fits-all” approach. Its main insight is that the promotion of transnational convergence need not come at the expense of the distinctive attentiveness of EU law to local conditions nor indeed involve a massive shake-up of the existing EU architecture. Its aim is to contribute to scholarly and public policy debates in this field in anticipation of the EU response to the final conclusions of the post-implementation evaluation of the FSB recommendations, which is currently in progress.
Person-centred Australian residential aged care services: how well do actions match the claims?
Authors: Seah Sylvia Sing Lynn , Chenoweth Lynn , Brodaty Henry 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecent inquiries into residential aged care services, including the 2018–2019 Australian Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety, have informed revisions to the 2019 Australian Aged Care Quality Standards. Reforms to the Standards include a greater focus on person-centred services, consumer-directed care and authentic participation in decision-making on service provision by residents and their family members. In respect of person-centred services, the revised Standards reflect the four elements of the ‘Valuing, Individualised Care, Personal Perspective, Social Environment’ (or VIPS) framework for quality aged (social) care services in the United Kingdom. This qualitative study investigated whether the quality of services in a convenience sample of seven Australian aged care homes, which claimed to be person-centred, aligned with the four elements and 24 indicators of the VIPS framework. Data were obtained via semi-structured interviews with a volunteer sample of people associated with these seven aged care homes: 12 residents, 15 family members and 18 staff members in various roles. Data were analysed deductively with a priori reference to the 24 VIPS framework indicators, achieving data saturation for four common themes which indicated more person-centredness and ten common themes indicating less person-centredness. Only two of seven homes adhered to the four elements and 24 indicators of the VIPS framework across most service offerings. The remaining five homes offered some aspects of a person-centred service. The study findings provide insight to the factors which support and hamper the implementation of the VIPS-informed indicators of a person-centred aged care service and, therefore, what is needed to help meet person-centred requirements as outlined in the 2019 Australian Aged Care Quality Standards.
The influence of care place and diagnosis on care communication at the end of life: bereaved family members’ perspective
Authors: O'Sullivan Anna , Alvariza Anette , Öhlén Joakim , ex. Håkanson Cecilia Larsdotter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the influence of care place and diagnosis on care communication during the last 3 months of life for people with advanced illness, from the bereaved family members’ perspective.MethodA retrospective survey design using the VOICES(SF) questionnaire with a sample of 485 bereaved family members (aged: 20−90 years old, 70% women) of people who died in hospital was employed to meet the study aim.ResultsOf the deceased people, 79.2% had at some point received care at home, provided by general practitioners (GPs) (52%), district nurses (36.7%), or specialized palliative home care (17.9%), 27.4% were cared for in a nursing home and 15.7% in a specialized palliative care unit. The likelihood of bereaved family members reporting that the deceased person was treated with dignity and respect by the staff was lowest in nursing homes (OR: 0.21) and for GPs (OR: 0.37). A cancer diagnosis (OR: 2.36) or if cared for at home (OR: 2.17) increased the likelihood of bereaved family members reporting that the deceased person had been involved in decision making regarding care and less likely if cared for in a specialized palliative care unit (OR: 0.41). The likelihood of reports of unwanted decisions about the care was higher if cared for in a nursing home (OR: 1.85) or if the deceased person had a higher education (OR: 2.40).Significance of resultsThis study confirms previous research about potential inequalities in care at the end of life. The place of care and diagnosis influenced the bereaved family members’ reports on whether the deceased person was treated with respect and dignity and how involved the deceased person was in decision making regarding care.
Modeling Human Migration Under Environmental Change: A Case Study of the Effect of Sea Level Rise in Bangladesh
Authors: De Lellis Pietro , Ruiz Marín Manuel , Porfiri Maurizio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSea level rise (SLR) could have catastrophic consequences worldwide. More than 600 million people currently living in coastal areas may see their livelihood at risk and choose to migrate in the near future. Predicting when, how, and where people could migrate under environmental change is critical to devise effective policy initiatives and improve our preparedness. Here, we propose a modeling framework to predict the effect of SLR on migration patterns from easily accessible geographic and demographic data. The framework adapts the radiation model to capture unwillingness or inability to migrate of affected residents, as well as return migration and cascading effects in migration patterns. We apply the mathematical model to study internal migration in Bangladesh, where we predict a complex and counterintuitive landscape of migration patterns between districts. Our predictions indicate that the impact of SLR on 816,000 people by 2050 will trigger cascading effects in migration patterns throughout the entire country. The population of each of the 64 districts will change, leading to a total variation of 1.3 million people. Migration from inundated regions in the center will trigger non‐trivial patterns, including a reduction in the population of the district of the capital Dhaka.
A Rock Record of Complex Aeolian Bedforms in a Hesperian Desert Landscape: The Stimson Formation as Exposed in the Murray Buttes, Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Banham Steven G. , Gupta Sanjeev , Rubin David M. , Edgett Kenneth S. , Barnes Robert , Van Beek Jason , Watkins Jessica A. , Edgar Lauren A. , Fedo Christopher M. , Williams Rebecca M. , Stack Kathryn M. , Grotzinger John P. , Lewis Kevin , Ewing Ryan C. , Day Mackenzie , Vasavada Ashwin R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLithified aeolian strata encode information about ancient planetary surface processes and the climate during deposition. Decoding these strata provides insight regarding past sediment transport processes, bedform kinematics, depositional landscape, and the prevailing climate. Deciphering these signatures requires a detailed analysis of sedimentary architecture to reconstruct dune morphology, motion, and the conditions that enabled their formation. Here, we show that a distinct sandstone unit exposed in the foothills of Mount Sharp, Gale crater, Mars, records the preserved expression of compound aeolian bedforms that accumulated in a large dune field. Analysis of Mastcam images of the Stimson formation shows that it consists of cross‐stratified sandstone beds separated by a hierarchy of erosive bounding surfaces formed during dune migration. The presence of two orders of surfaces with distinct geometrical relations reveals that the Stimson‐era landscape consisted of large dunes (draas) with smaller, superimposed dunes migrating across their lee slopes. Analysis of cross‐lamination and subset bounding surface geometries indicate a complex wind regime that transported sediment toward the north, constructing oblique dunes. This dune field was a direct product of the regional climate and the surface processes active in Gale crater during the fraction of the Hesperian Period recorded by the Stimson formation. The environment was arid, supporting a large aeolian dune field; this setting contrasts with earlier humid depositional episodes, recorded by the lacustrine sediments of the Murray formation (also Hesperian). Such fine‐scale reconstruction of landscapes on the ancient surface of Mars is important to understanding the planet’s past climate and habitability.
Pyrolysis of Oxalate, Acetate, and Perchlorate Mixtures and the Implications for Organic Salts on Mars
Authors: Lewis J. M. T. , Eigenbrode J. L. , Wong G. M. , McAdam A. C. , Archer P. D. , Sutter B. , Millan M. , Williams R. H. , Guzman M. , Das A. , Rampe E. B. , Achilles C. N. , Franz H. B. , Andrejkovičová S. , Knudson C. A. , Mahaffy P. R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOrganic salts, such as Fe, Ca, and Mg oxalates and acetates, may be widespread radiolysis and oxidation products of organic matter in Martian surface sediments. Such organic salts are challenging to identify by evolved gas analysis but the ubiquitous CO2and CO in pyrolysis data from the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Curiosity rover indirectly points to their presence. Here, we examined laboratory results from SAM‐like analyses of organic salts as pure phases, as trace phases mixed with silica, and in mixtures with Ca and Mg perchlorates. Pure oxalates evolved CO2and CO, while pure acetates evolved CO2and a diverse range of organic products dominated by acetone and acetic acid. Dispersal within silica caused minor peak shifting, decreased the amounts of CO2evolved by the acetate standards, and altered the relative abundances of the organic products of acetate pyrolysis. The perchlorate salts scrubbed Fe oxalate CO releases and shifted the CO2peaks to lower temperatures, whereas with Ca and Mg oxalate, a weaker CO release was observed but the initial CO2evolutions were largely unchanged. The perchlorates induced a stronger CO2release from acetates at the expense of other products. Oxalates evolved ∼47% more CO2and acetates yielded ∼69% more CO2when the perchlorates were abundant. The most compelling fits between our organic salt data and SAM CO2and CO data included Martian samples acquired from modern eolian deposits and sedimentary rocks with evidence for low‐temperature alteration.