bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Powerful winds in high-redshift obscured and red quasars
Authors: Vayner Andrey , Zakamska Nadia L , Riffel Rogemar A , Alexandroff Rachael , Cosens Maren , Hamann Fred , Perrotta Serena , Rupke David S N , Bergmann Thaisa Storchi , Veilleux Sylvain , Walth Greg , Wright Shelley , Wylezalek Dominika 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Quasar-driven outflows must have made their most significant impact on galaxy formation during the epoch when massive galaxies were forming most rapidly. To study the impact of quasar feedback, we conducted rest-frame optical integral field spectrograph (IFS) observations of three extremely red quasars (ERQs) and one type-2 quasar at z = 2–3, obtained with the NIFS and OSIRIS instruments at the Gemini North and W. M. Keck Observatory with the assistance of laser-guided adaptive optics. We use the kinematics and morphologies of the [O iii] 5007 Å and H α 6563 Å emission lines redshifted into the near-infrared to gauge the extents, kinetic energies and momentum fluxes of the ionized outflows in the quasars host galaxies. For the ERQs, the galactic-scale outflows are likely driven by radiation pressure in a high column density environment or due to an adiabatic shock. The outflows in the ERQs carry a significant amount of energy ranging from 0.05 to 5 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the quasar’s bolometric luminosity, powerful enough to have a significant impact on the quasar host galaxies. The outflows are resolved on kpc scales, the observed outflow sizes are generally smaller than other ionized outflows observed at high redshift. The high ratio between the momentum flux of the ionized outflow and the photon momentum flux from the quasar accretion disc and high nuclear obscuration makes these ERQs great candidates for transitional objects where the outflows are likely responsible for clearing material in the inner regions of each galaxy, unveiling the quasar accretion disc at optical wavelengths.
Long-term stellar activity variations and their effect on radial-velocity measurements
Authors: Costes Jean C , Watson Christopher A , de Mooij Ernst , Saar Steven H , Dumusque Xavier , Cameron Collier , Phillips David F , Günther Maximilian N , Jenkins James S , Mortier Annelies , Thompson Andrew P G 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Long-term stellar activity variations can affect the detectability of long-period and Earth-analogue extrasolar planets. We have, for 54 stars, analysed the long-term trend of five activity indicators: log $R^{\prime }_\mathrm{{HK}}$, the cross-correlation function (CCF) bisector span, CCF full-width-at-half-maximum, CCF contrast, and the area of the Gaussian fit to the CCF; and studied their correlation with the RVs. The sign of the correlations appears to vary as a function of stellar spectral type, and the transition in sign signals a noteworthy change in the stellar activity properties where earlier type stars appear more plage dominated. These transitions become more clearly defined when considered as a function of the convective zone depth. Therefore, it is the convective zone depth (which can be altered by stellar metallicity) that appears to be the underlying fundamental parameter driving the observed activity correlations. In addition, for most of the stars, we find that the RVs become increasingly redshifted as activity levels increase, which can be explained by the increase in the suppression of convective blueshift. However, we also find a minority of stars where the RVs become increasingly blueshifted as activity levels increase. Finally, using the correlation found between activity indicators and RVs, we removed RV signals generated by long-term changes in stellar activity. We find that performing simple cleaning of such long-term signals enables improved planet detection at longer orbital periods.
Efficient splicing-based RNA regulators for tetracycline-inducible gene expression in human cell culture and C. elegans
Authors: Finke Monika , Brecht Dominik , Stifel Julia , Gense Karina , Gamerdinger Martin , Hartig Jörg S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Synthetic riboswitches gain increasing interest for controlling transgene expression in diverse applications ranging from synthetic biology, functional genomics, and pharmaceutical target validation to potential therapeutic approaches. However, existing systems often lack the pharmaceutically suited ligands and dynamic responses needed for advanced applications. Here we present a series of synthetic riboswitches for controlling gene expression through the regulation of alternative splicing. Placing the 5′-splice site into a stem structure of a tetracycline-sensing aptamer allows us to regulate the accessibility of the splice site. In the presence of tetracycline, an exon with a premature termination codon is skipped and gene expression can occur, whereas in its absence the exon is included into the coding sequence, repressing functional protein expression. We were able to identify RNA switches controlling protein expression in human cells with high dynamic ranges and different levels of protein expression. We present minimalistic versions of this system that circumvent the need to insert an additional exon. Further, we demonstrate the robustness of our approach by transferring the devices into the important research model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, where high levels of functional protein with very low background expression could be achieved.
KEA3: improved kinase enrichment analysis via data integration
Authors: Kuleshov Maxim V , Xie Zhuorui , London Alexandra B K , Yang Janice , Evangelista John Erol , Lachmann Alexander , Shu Ingrid , Torre Denis , Ma’ayan Avi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPhosphoproteomics and proteomics experiments capture a global snapshot of the cellular signaling network, but these methods do not directly measure kinase state. Kinase Enrichment Analysis 3 (KEA3) is a webserver application that infers overrepresentation of upstream kinases whose putative substrates are in a user-inputted list of proteins. KEA3 can be applied to analyze data from phosphoproteomics and proteomics studies to predict the upstream kinases responsible for observed differential phosphorylations. The KEA3 background database contains measured and predicted kinase-substrate interactions (KSI), kinase-protein interactions (KPI), and interactions supported by co-expression and co-occurrence data. To benchmark the performance of KEA3, we examined whether KEA3 can predict the perturbed kinase from single-kinase perturbation followed by gene expression experiments, and phosphoproteomics data collected from kinase-targeting small molecules. We show that integrating KSIs and KPIs across data sources to produce a composite ranking improves the recovery of the expected kinase. The KEA3 webserver is available at https://maayanlab.cloud/kea3.
A Comparison of Quit Outcomes for Men and Women in a Smoking Cessation Program Offering Personalized Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Counseling in Primary Care Clinics
Authors: Voci Sabrina , Veldhuizen Scott , Tien Stephanie , Barker Megan , Minian Nadia , Selby Peter , Zawertailo Laurie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Women may have greater difficulty achieving long-term abstinence following a quit attempt compared to men. We sought to determine whether there were differences in treatment characteristics or outcome between female and male primary care patients enrolled in a smoking cessation program providing personalized nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with counseling support.

Aims and Methods
The sample included 27 601 Ontarians (53% female, 47% male) who enrolled in the Smoking Treatment for Ontario Patients program between 2016 and 2018. Dose, type, and duration of NRT supplied were personalized to need. Thirty-day point prevalence tobacco smoking abstinence was self-reported via online or telephone survey at 6 months after enrollment.

Results
Both female and male participants received a median of 8 weeks of NRT. Types of NRT received were similar, with 80% of both female and male participants receiving patch and short-acting NRT. The total cumulative dose was somewhat higher for men (1373 mg vs. 1265 mg, p &lt; .001); but when calculated as dose per day, per cigarette smoked at baseline, the dose was slightly higher among women (1.6 mg vs. 1.5 mg, p &lt; .001). Quit rates at 6 months were lower for women versus men (24% vs. 27%; adjusted OR = 0.84 [95% CI = 0.78 to 0.90], p &lt; .001). There were no significant interactions between gender and dose, type, or duration of NRT supplied.

Conclusions
Women were slightly less likely to quit than men, despite receiving similar treatment. There was no evidence that women benefitted more or less from variations in dose, type, or duration of NRT supplied.

Implications
Women who received personalized NRT with counseling support in a primary care setting had lower quit success than men. Although the absolute difference in quit outcome was small, the public health impact may be large given the burden of disease associated with continued smoking. NRT supplied was similar for women and men, and there was no evidence upon which to suggest tailoring the dose, duration, or type, based on gender alone. Further research to identify the underlying biological and social factors responsible for reduced quit success will help identify ways to optimize treatment for women.
Dawn of Immigrant Incarceration
Authors: Young Elliott 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the mid-1880s, scores of Chinese migrants were sentenced to six months hard labor at McNeil Island prison off the coast of Washington. After serving their sentences, these Chinese remained in prison when Canada refused to accept them back. The indefinite detention of the Chinese was the first time the government was faced with the contradiction between the still emerging immigration law and the demands of justice. This episode also reveals that the standard narrative that immigration was not criminalized until 1929 is wrong. Further investigation into this prison’s population from 1880 to 1940 uncovered a world of immigrant incarceration, largely based on drug and alcohol offenses. The early history of McNeil Island prison is evidence that the criminalization of immigrants and migration began long before our present era of mass immigrant detention.
“A Particularly Serious Crime”
Authors: Young Elliott 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Machado was just five years old in 1990 when she was brought to the United States by her mother, who was desperate to escape the civil war raging in their home country of El Salvador; she wanted a better life for her two young daughters. In 2015, she was picked up in a traffic stop in Arkansas which triggered her deportation based on a felony conviction from a decade earlier. Machado’s story reveals a radical shift that had been happening since the mid-1990s. Unprecedented numbers of immigrants were being caught in a system that penalized people with mandatory deportations for relatively low-level crimes. Machado does not fit easily into the Manichean distinction made by President Obama in 2014 between “felons” on the one hand and “families” on the other. Machado, like so many others, is both.
The Medieval Classic
Authors: Haynes Justin A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book considers how ancient and medieval commentaries on the Aeneid by Servius, Fulgentius, Bernard Silvestris, and others can give us new insights into four twelfth-century Latin epics—the Ylias by Joseph of Exeter, the Alexandreis by Walter of Châtillon, the Anticlaudianus by Alan of Lille, and the Architrenius by John of Hauville. Virgil’s influence on twelfth-century Latin epic is generally thought to be limited to verbal echoes and occasional narrative episodes, but evidence is presented that more global influences have been overlooked because ancient and medieval interpretations of the Aeneid, as preserved by the commentaries, were often radically different from modern readings of the Aeneid. By explaining how to interpret the Aeneid, these commentaries directly influenced the way in which twelfth-century Latin epic imitated the Aeneid. At the same time, these Aeneid commentaries allow us a greater awareness of the generic expectations held by the original readers of twelfth-century Latin epic. Thus, this book provides a new way to look at the development of allegory and contributes to our understanding of ancient and medieval perceptions of the Aeneid while exploring the importance of commentaries in shaping poetic composition, imitation, and reading.
Myth in the Ylias and Alexandreis
Authors: Haynes Justin A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Evidence drawn from Bernard Silvestris, Servius, and others shows that myth (fabula), specifically in the form of the divine apparatus, was believed to be an essential component of the Aeneid in the twelfth century. Yet, most medieval Latin epics did not have a divine apparatus, so the allegiance of the Ylias and Alexandreis to the Aeneid stands out even more starkly by comparison. What is more, evidence is presented that the divine apparatus of the Alexandreis and Ylias function in a similar way to the twelfth-century interpretation of the Virgilian divine apparatus—through allegory as personification. The chapter closes with an argument that the Ylias and Alexandreis, when read in their twelfth-century context, are more closely aligned with Virgil than Lucan. This conclusion contradicts the current scholarly consensus.
Multiple-Voting Share Structures
Authors: Anand Anita Indira 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on multiple-voting share (MVS) structures, which allow insiders to control governance, thus building the potential for conflicts of interest into the corporation’s own rules. When a firm goes public using an MVS structure, it issues two or more classes of shares, one to the public and another to insiders. The shares that are issued publicly have limited voting rights, while the class issued to insiders carries more voting rights, allowing the insiders to control the company without owning a majority of shares of the firm. This corporate structure disrupts the one-to-one ratio of votes to shares that, in non-MVS firms, gives minority shareholders a voice in the boardroom proportionate to their investment. By allowing issuers to accept public capital without relinquishing control of the corporation, MVS structures raise important questions relating to the rights of investors.
Opening
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This personal narrative chapter details events occurring after the author’s family returned home to Austin, Texas, from their trip to Italy and France. After having a dream, when the author’s family visited his parents in coastal South Carolina, he finally discloses his illness to his parents, nearly eleven months after the diagnosis. The author recounts this conversation as well as how it led to telling his children about his illness, a conversation that he also shares in detail. The next difficult conversation will be with his boss and his colleagues, an event that he recounts in the Epilogue.
Decision Rules
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Group decisions are driven by rules—constitutions, bylaws, contracts. Often the set of choices voted on by the group has been winnowed down by a committee or a backroom process that can strongly control the outcome by determining what choices are offered (and how they are described). This prescreening is often filled with obscure rules and processes. Organizations that come to crucial decision points (sometimes vital to the organization’s future) may find themselves suddenly looking at their bylaws (or whatever controls these processes) to find out how things should be done, but when those rules are poorly constructed (or give immense power to a few select people within the group), bad decisions can emerge that please very few people. The time to review organizational bylaws and rules is before crucial votes appear, not in the midst of major decisions themselves.
Time and Effort
Authors: Mitchell Neil J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The most familiar incentive to delegate is to save time and effort. For parents, it might involve finding others to look after the baby. For shareholders, it involves finding managers to take proper care of their investments. For the thirty-two owners of teams in the National Football league it involves appointing a commissioner to negotiate deals with the media or players on the owners’ behalf. For citizens, it involves electing representatives to run the government. For governments it may involve outsourcing security tasks to militias. There is evidence that delegating some activities makes us happier, but as the chapter describes, it is challenging to keep agents on task.
Perception
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Buddhist accounts of perceptual knowledge as articulated by Dignāga and Dharmakīrti. It identifies the key features of these two epistemologists’ accounts of perception and discusses the important ways in which these two thinkers’ accounts differ from one another. The second half of the chapter explores the question of how far the scope of perceptual knowledge can be extended and looks at the various subtypes of perception that are adopted by Buddhist epistemologists including reflexive perception, mental perception and yogic perception. The chapter concludes by exploring how perceptual cognitions differ from instances of illusion and hallucination.
Testimony
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion of the epistemology of testimony as it plays out in classical Buddhist accounts of knowledge. The chapter begins by describing the contrast between the (non-Buddhist) Nyāya School’s account of testimony and Dharmakīrti’s (Buddhist) account of testimony. The chapter then proceeds to illuminate various other differences between the Nyāya and Buddhist accounts, focusing principally on the distinction between reductive and nonreductive theories of testimonial knowledge and on the distinction between speaker conditions and hearer conditions for testimonial knowledge. The chapter concludes with a section on the transmission theory of testimony and investigates whether the transmission theory would be supported by classical Buddhist epistemologists.
The Great Wall of Mexico
Authors: Popkin Samuel L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ted Cruz appeared to be in the driver’s seat in the race for the 2016 GOP nomination. He won the backing of key evangelical groups and his message also appealed to nonreligious Tea Party members. He was backed by three billionaires and large numbers of small donors. Then he ran into the “Great Wall of Mexico.” Chapter 4 illustrates how the entire GOP establishment was so discredited from overpromising and underdelivering that an outsider like Donald Trump—bragging about his money while attacking everyone else as corrupt—attracted record crowds and a cult-like following to his “identity festivals.” His “birther” claims about President Obama won him a large following among people who didn’t want to accept a nonwhite president. He was the only candidate with a solution to the immigration stalemate—deportation—and the only one to propose taxing the rich to protect Social Security and Medicare. Trump wasn’t the first to come up with these ideas—nearly every single proposal he made had been made earlier by other Republicans—but he was the first to recognize the anger in the GOP’s voting base, and to take Ted Cruz’s incendiary tactics to an even greater extreme.
Conclusion
Authors: Hallinan Dara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter argues that European data protection law, under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), can and ought to be looked at to play a central role in the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking in Europe. In the first instance, the substantive framework presented by the GDPR already offers an impressive baseline level of protection for genetic privacy. In turn, while numerous problems with this baseline standard of protection are identifiable, the GDPR offers the normative flexibility to accommodate solutions to these problems, as well as the procedural mechanisms to facilitate the realisation of solutions. The interaction between GDPR and biobanking is still, however, in the early stages. Whether this potential is realised now depends on the decisions and actions of regulatory stakeholders in the biobanking space. Their decisions have the potential to optimise or undermine the GDPR as a system for the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking. The biobanking community also have consequential choices as to how they perceive and operationalise the GDPR.
Digital Health
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin , Brodwin Erin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Digital health has been touted as a true transformation of health care, but all medical interventions have associated risks that must be understood and quantified. The Internet has brought many advancements, which quickly jumped from our computers into our pockets via powerful and completely connected mobile devices that are now being envisioned as devices for medical diagnostics and care delivery. As health care struggles with cost, inequity, value, and rapid virtualization, solid models of benefit-risk determination, new regulatory approaches for biomedical products, and clear risk-based conversations with all stakeholders are essential. Detailed examination of emerging digital health technologies has revealed 10 categories of digital side effects or “toxicities” that must be understood, prevented when possible, and managed when not. These toxicities include cyberthreat, loss of privacy, cyberchondria and cyber addiction, threats to physical security, charlatanism, overdiagnosis and overtreatment, medical/user error, and the plague of medical misinformation. For digital health to realize its promise, these toxicities must be understood, measured, warned against, and managed as concurrent side effects, in the same fashion as any other medical side effect.
The Evolution of Digital Technologies in Health Care
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although digital health often is touted as something revolutionary and brand new, the truth is that electronic biomedical equipment has existed for decades and many new digital health tools are simply incremental enhancements. In some cases, a device has been miniaturized for convenience and home use. In other cases, novel algorithms are being placed into clinician workflow as decision aids, not unlike the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) that often was consulted during clinical encounters. The part that is new is Internet connectivity and all the accompanying benefits and risks. In this chapter, the history of biomedical tools and their evolution over the last three decades is reviewed in detail with an eye toward understanding incremental advancements, such as miniaturized heart arrhythmia measurement tools, as well as leaps in progress, such as the widespread adoption of electronic health records.
The Technology of Biotechnology and Big Data in Medicine Development
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The rise of big data and digital health in medicine have been concurrent over the last two decades. Often confused, while virtually all digital health solutions, such as sensors wearable devices, and diagnostic algorithms, involve big data, not all big data in health care originates from digital health tools. Genomic sequencing data being one example of this. In this chapter, the role and importance of big data in medicines and medical device discovery and development are detailed with the specific focus of providing a detailed understanding of the product discovery, product development, clinical trials, regulatory authorization, and marketing processes. Concepts such as “dirty data,” regulatory decision-making, remote and virtualized clinical trials, and other key elements of digital health are discussed.