bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereolithography-assisted fabrication of 3D printed polymeric film for topical berberine delivery: in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo investigations
Authors: Choudhury Dinesh , Sharma Peeyush Kumar , Suryanarayana Murty Upadhyayula , Banerjee Subham 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
3D printed polymeric film intended for topical delivery of berberine (BBR) was developed using stereolithography (SLA) to enhance its local concentrations. PEGDMA was utilized as photopolymerizing resin, with PEG 400 as an inert component to facilitate BBR solubilization and permeation.

Methods
Three batches of topical films were printed by varying resin and PEG 400 compositions. In-vitro physicochemical characterizations of the 3D printed films were performed using several analytical techniques including ex-vivo drug permeation studies. In-vivo skin irritation studies were also conducted to assess the skin irritation potential.

Key findings
Films were 3D printed according to design specifications with minimal variations. Microscopic analysis confirmed 3D architecture, while thermal and X-ray diffraction studies revealed amorphous BBR entrapment. Drug permeation study showed effective ex-vivo diffusion up to 344.32 ± 61.20 µg/cm2 after 24.0 h possessing a higher ratio of PEG 400. In-vivo skin irritation studies have suggested the non-irritant nature of printed films.

Conclusions
Results indicated the suitability of SLA 3D printing for topical application in the treatment of skin diseases. The presence of PEG 400 in the printed 3D films facilitated BBR diffusion, resulting in an improved flux in ex-vivo model and non-irritant properties in vivo.
Bilateral primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a case report
Authors: Batista Baskara , Safriadi Ferry 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Primary testicular lymphoma is a rare but aggressive form of extranodal lymphoma.
A 48-year-old man came with painless lump on both testicles since 10 months ago. Testicular tumour marker revealed increased LDH. Testicular USG revealed semi-solid spongiform mass in the right epididymis and bilateral testicles, suggesting malignancy and minimal bilateral hydroceles. Histopathologic examination revealed diffuse large B-cell type lymphoma.
Orchiectomy alone is not the definite treatment. Chemotherapy was given to increase survival rate. It is important to diagnose the disease with adequate diagnostic work up to achieve better prognosis and early treatment.
The Varsity Drag: Gender, Sexuality, and Cross-Dressing at the University of Cambridge, 1850–1950
Authors: Janes Dominic 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The records of student societies show that cross-dressing was a very popular practice at Cambridge University from the second half of the nineteenth century not only in drama but at a wide range of social events. Male and female students were segregated from one another in single-sex colleges because of the perceived moral dangers of co-education. One result of this was that plays were acted entirely by men or by women. Men’s performances of female glamour were sexualized in ways that appeared to confirm cross-sex desire but also contained the potential for flirtation with same-sex eroticism. Some student male actors began to accentuate knowingly queer elements of cross-dressing during the 1920s at a time when homosexuality was becoming more widely discussed in association with gender inversion. The authorities, meanwhile, had become less worried about preventing romantic liaisons between members of the opposite sex than they were about the possibility of same-sex scandals. Drama societies that recruited from across the University began to debate the admission of women members as a way of preventing the student stage from becoming associated with homosexuality and effeminacy. Productions in which men and women only performed as their own sex restored an appearance of heterosexual normality. Cross-dressing had a long afterlife in burlesque reviews in which the audience could be led to understand that it was camp homosexuality that was being parodied.
Biomarkers of DNA damage response improve in vitro micronucleus assays by revealing genotoxic mode of action and reducing the occurrence of irrelevant positive results
Authors: Avlasevich Svetlana , Pellegrin Tina , Godse Manali , Bryce Steven , Bemis Jeffrey , Bajorski Peter , Dertinger Stephen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We have previously described two flow cytometry-based in vitro genotoxicity tests: micronucleus (MN) scoring (MicroFlow®) and a multiplexed DNA damage response biomarker assay (MultiFlow®). Here, we describe a strategy for combining the assays in order to efficiently supplement MN analyses with a panel of biomarkers that comment on cytotoxicity (i.e. relative nuclei count, relative increased nuclei count, cleaved PARP-positive chromatin and ethidium monoazide-positive chromatin) and genotoxic mode of action (MoA; i.e. γH2AX, phospho-histone H3, p53 activation and polyploidy). For these experiments, human TK6 cells were exposed to each of 32 well-studied reference chemicals in 96-well plates for 24 continuous hours. The test chemicals were evaluated over a range of concentrations in the presence and absence of a rat liver S9-based metabolic activation system. MultiFlow assay data were acquired at 4 and 24 h, and micronuclei were scored at 24 h. Testing 32 chemicals in two metabolic activation arms translated into 64 a priori calls: 42 genotoxicants and 22 non-genotoxicants. The MN assay showed high sensitivity and moderate specificity (90% and 68%, respectively). When a genotoxic call required significant MN and MultiFlow responses, specificity increased to 95% without adversely affecting sensitivity. The dose–response data were analysed with PROAST Benchmark Dose (BMD) software in order to calculate potency metrics for each endpoint, and ToxPi software was used to synthesise the resulting lower and upper bound 90% confidence intervals into visual profiles. The BMD/ToxPi combination was found to represent a powerful strategy for synthesising multiple BMD confidence intervals, as the software output provided MoA information as well as insights into genotoxic potency.
Louisa May Alcott
Authors: Phillips Anne K. 
Published: October 2021

Louisa May Alcott (b. 1832–d. 1888) is among the most enduring of 19th-century American authors. Publishing in diverse genres, including fantasy, realism, gothic fiction, sketches, and poetry, she found favor with broad audiences. Her first notable success, Hospital Sketches (1863), reflected her experiences as a nurse during the Civil War. In the same period, she won a $100 prize from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper for “Pauline’s Passion and Punishment,” one of the sensation stories featuring drug use, murder, and other illicit activities that she published anonymously or pseudonymously. Having also placed her work in respected literary magazines such as the Atlantic Monthly, Alcott built relationships with the leading editors of her era. In 1867, editor Thomas Niles of the Boston publishing firm Roberts Brothers invited Alcott to write a novel for girls that might compete with books for boys produced by authors such as Horatio Alger and “Oliver Optic” (William T. Adams). Alcott demurred for months until driven by her family’s chronic poverty to accept Niles’s offer. Volume 1 of Little Women (1868) introduces adolescent sisters Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy March as well as Theodore “Laurie” Laurence, their wealthy, attractive neighbor. Encouraged by the girls’ wise, loving mother Marmee, they nurture artistic aspirations despite social, economic, and gender constraints. Readers immediately demanded a sequel. In the subsequent volume (1869), Alcott’s protagonists maintain to varying degrees their artistic ambitions and dreams while moving beyond the boundaries of family and home. Little Women spawned two sequels, Little Men (1871) and Jo’s Boys (1886), among other fiction. Although she later famously dismissed such work as “moral pap for the young,” Alcott nonetheless offered in it distinctive, lively representations of American youth and domestic life. Her work contrasts with other writings for young readers of the era, which was far more pious and lachrymose. The rediscovery of her lurid sensation stories in the 1940s and their republication in the 1970s provided scholars with new insights into Alcott’s life and writings, highlighting layers of anger, satire, and subversion in her work. Alcott advocated in her writings progressive causes such as educational reform, dress reform, temperance, suffrage, and racial equality. Among other works, An Old-Fashioned Girl (1869), Eight Cousins (1875), and Rose in Bloom (1876), as well as Alcott’s novels for adults Moods (1864) and Work: A Story of Experience (1873), continue to attract avid interest from scholars and enduring enthusiasm from fans.
Application of a global age-coding system (“WRP”), based on molts and plumages, for use in demographic and other studies of birds
Authors: Pyle Peter , Gahbauer Marcel , Johnson Erik I , Ryder Thomas B , Wolfe Jared D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Determination of a bird’s age or cohort is critical for studies on avian demography, occurrence patterns, behavior, and conservation management. Age designations have largely been developed in north-temperate regions and utilize calendar-based or seasonally based codes; however, in tropical regions and in the southern hemisphere, these coding systems have limited utility at best. To address these issues, we had previously devised the “WRP system,” based on the nomenclature of Humphrey and Parkes (H–P) and Howell et al., which defines molts in an evolutionary context applicable to birds globally. Here we refine and build upon core concepts and definitions of the WRP coding system, resolving key limitations that were identified during its first decade of use. The WRP system employs a three-letter alpha code in which each letter describes a different aspect of H–P terminology: the molt cycle (which informs a bird’s age) and molt and plumage status within the cycle (each of which can also inform age). Here we recommend the continued use of most of the original (“core”) WRP coding while augmenting the system with an optional adjunct-code entry for comprehensiveness, clarity, and flexibility, and we clarify a few additional codes to cover less common molting and plumage strategies. For most users, from 7 to 13 core and 1 adjunct WRP code will be sufficient to describe all plumages and provide molt status and ages for demographic studies or other purposes. The revised WRP system is flexible enough to be adapted to the specific goals of programs while also providing core codes that can facilitate the comparison of avian age, molt, and plumage status on a global basis. We anticipate that our revised and standardized version of the WRP system will be easily adopted and could eventually replace calendar-based and seasonally based coding.
Hydroclimatic drivers associated with an unusual bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa and increase of CyanoHABs in a deep oligotrophic lake
Authors: Fuentes Norka , Ríos-Henríquez Catalina , Díaz Patricio A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Hydroclimatic and anthropogenic factors in climate change scenarios contribute to ecological changes of harmful cyanobacterial algal blooms in lakes. This study describes the variability of the bathymetric and temporal distribution of cyanobacterial communities in a deep oligotrophic lake. An increase of two to nine in the detection of CyanoHABs potential was observed, likely linked to nitrogen contributions to Lake Rupanco during the last 36 years related to changes in land use and the cultivation of salmonids. We recorded an unusual bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa in winter, 2017 at 30 m during the total mixing period of the lake, associated with the highest N/P index (16.24), the increase of total nitrogen (75 μg/L) and climatic conditions that favored the availability of nitrogen of this cyanobacterium. This study provides information on the causes of increased cyanobacteria in a deep oligotrophic lake. Long-term information on the composition of cyanobacterial communities is very helpful in determining ecological changes.
Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Youth with Autism: High Prevalence and Impact on Functioning
Authors: Fombonne Eric , Croen Lisa A. , Bulkley Joanna E. , Varga Alexandra M. , Daida Yihe G. , Hatch Brigit A. , Dickerson John F. , Lynch Frances L. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
Emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) may co-occur with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and impair children's functioning beyond autism symptomatology. We compared the prevalence of EBPs in youths with or without ASD and evaluated their unique contribution to impairment in ASD.

Methods:
We surveyed 1267 children (79.4% boys, mean age: 9.2 years, range: 3–17) recruited at 3 sites in Kaiser Permanente and OCHIN primary care clinical networks, with confirmed International Classification of Diseases-10th ed. diagnosis of ASD (N = 564), asthma (N = 468), or neither (N = 429). Children from the 2 comparison groups were age-matched and sex-matched to the ASD group. EBPs and impairment were measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and autism symptomatology by the Social Responsiveness Scale in the ASD group only.

Results:
EBPs and impairment mean scores were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in participants with ASD compared with children from the 2 comparison groups, across sexes and age groups, with no significant difference between the asthma and control groups. Among children with ASD, both EBPs and autistic symptoms were significantly correlated with impairment (r = 0.64 and r = 0.65, respectively) and explained a significant proportion of impairment variance (R
2 = 0.525; p < 0.001) in multiple linear regression. In the relative importance analysis, EBPs and autistic symptoms explained comparable proportions of impairment variance (46% and 52%, respectively) with no significant difference between their relative weights (mean difference: 0.03; 95% confidence interval: −0.049 to 0.114).

Conclusion:
Among youth with ASD, high levels of EBPs impair daily functioning as much as autistic symptoms. Systematic detection and management of EBPs may improve functioning and outcomes in youth with ASD.
The impact of socioeconomic status and race on the outcomes of congenital heart disease
Authors: Nashed Lydia M. , O’Neil Jennifer 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Studying the outcomes of congenital heart disease and their associations allows paediatric cardiologists and intensivists to improve the care and health equity of their patients. This review presents the most recent literature discussing the socioeconomic and racial disparities that pervade the outcomes of patients with congenital heart disease in every facet of treatment. The outcomes of congenital heart disease discussed are prenatal detection, maintenance of care, quality of life, neurodevelopment and mortality.

Recent findings
Historically, it has been documented that patients with congenital heart disease who are of racial and ethnic minorities disproportionately experience poor outcomes. Recently, the association between racial minorities and mortality has been traced to underlying socioeconomic disparities emphasizing that race and ethnicity are not independent determinants of health.

Summary
The effect of socioeconomic status on the outcomes of congenital heart disease is profound and reaches beyond the association with racial and ethnic minorities. Changes to address these disparities in outcomes must be made at the individual, institutional, community and system levels.
An Analysis of HPV Infection and Distribution in Cervical and Genital Samples With Condyloma Acuminatum: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Hu Wen , Shi Yan , Guan Meng-Meng , Zhang Xiang-Yue , Zhang Jing-Zhan , Wang Peng , Liu Xin-Mei , Kang Xiao-Jing 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes condyloma acuminata, which is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HPV infection and HPV genotype distribution in patients with condyloma acuminatum in Urumqi, China.

Methods:
A total of 835 cervical and genital samples were collected from outpatients treated for condyloma acuminatum between December 2016 and December 2018. HPV genotyping was performed with the HPV Genotyping Real-time PCR Kit for 23 different HPV types. Statistcal analysis was conducted using the chi-square test.

Results:
The total prevalence of HPV infection was 80.72% (674/835) in patients with condyloma acuminatum in Urumqi. The HPV genotypes were HPV-6 (372/835, 44.55%), HPV-11 (180/835,21.56%), HPV-16 (91/835,10.90%), HPV-43 (65/835, 7.78%), HPV-42 (56/835, 6.71%), and HPV-58 (53/835, 6.35%). Among HPV-infected individuals, 49.11% (331/674) were infected by a single HPV subtype, while 50.89% (343/674) were infected by multiple HPV subtypes. The prevalence of HPV infection was higher in females (82.14%, 276/336) than in males (79.76%, 398/499) (χ
2 = 0.73, P=0.39), and higher in other ethnicities (86.36%, 133/154) than in people of Han ethnicity (79.76%, 541/ 681) (χ
2 = 3.866, P=0.049). The peak prevalence of HPV infection was observed in the age groups of 20–29 years and 30–39 years.

Conclusion:
HPV infection was detected in most patients with condyloma acuminatum in Urumqi with prevalence of 80.72%, and the most common HPV types were HPV-6, -11, -16, -43, -42, and -58. The detection of HPV genotypes is very important to monitor HPV infection so that effective treatment is administered to patients with condyloma acuminatum.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and COVID-19: interrelationships
Authors: Singh Dave , Mathioudakis Alexander G. , Higham Andrew 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COVID-19 have many potentially negative interrelationships, which may influence the course of infection and clinical outcomes. The aim of this review is to provide clinicians with an up-to-date perspective of the complex interactions between COPD and COVID-19.

Recent findings
We consider mechanisms that could increase SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility in COPD, including increased ACE2 expression, reduced antiviral defence and dysfunctional immunity. We review evidence that COPD is associated with worse clinical outcomes from COVID-19 in analyses that have adjusted for confounding factors, and describe the mechanisms responsible. We discuss the use of inhaled corticosteroids in the context of susceptibility to COVID-19, and consider the impact of COVID-19 on the usual care of COPD patients.

Summary
The current review highlights the evidence that COPD patients have worse outcomes from COVID-19, and the multiple mechanisms responsible.
Longitudinal Development of Health‐related Quality of Life and Fatigue in Children on Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Nagelkerke Sjoerd C.J. , van Oers Hedy A. , Haverman Lotte , Vlug Lotte E. , de Koning Barbara A.E. , Benninga Marc A. , Tabbers Merit M. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to describe the longitudinal development of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and fatigue in children with chronic intestinal failure (CIF) on home parenteral nutrition (PN) and compare these children to the general population.Methods:Prospective, observational study conducted over 7 years in patients suffering from CIF receiving home PN from 2 tertiary hospitals in the Netherlands. Every 6 months, parents (if child <8 years old) or patients (if child ≥8 years old) completed 2 questionnaires: Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 (PedsQL) Generic and Fatigue on the KLIK (kwaliteit van leven in kaart [Dutch Acronym for Quality of Life in Clinical Practice]) Patient Reported Outcome Measures portal, which were compared with the general population. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were constructed to investigate the course of HRQOL over time.Results:Thirty‐five patients were included (40% girls). At time of last KLIK contact, patients received HPN for a median of 5.3 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2.9–9.7). In total, 272 questionnaires were completed. PedsQL generic total score for ages 5 to 7 and 8 to 12 years was significantly lower than the general population (P < 0.01 for both age groups) with effect sizes of 0.73 and 0.71, respectively. PedsQL fatigue total score for ages 5 to 7 years was also significantly lower (P = 0.01; effect size 0.70). LMMs for PedsQL Generic and Fatigue total score 2 to 7 and 8 to 18 years showed no significant coefficient for duration of home PN.Conclusions:Children suffering from CIF receiving home PN ages 5 to 12 years report lower HRQOL scores than the general population. HRQOL and fatigue do not change during long‐term treatment with home PN in these children.
Clinical Features and Outcomes of Paediatric Patients With Isolated Colonic Crohn Disease
Authors: Berger Tal David , Lee Huey Miin , Padmanaban Lavenya Ramasamy , Wine Eytan , Yerushalmy‐Feler Anat , Hojsak Iva , Kazeka Denis , Serban Daniela Elena , Yogev Dotan , Ledder Oren , Lionetti Paolo , Scarallo Luca , Gasparetto Marco , Croft Nicholas M. , Miele Erasmo , Staiano Annamaria , Meredith Joseph , Aloi Marina , Alvisi Patrizia , Urlep Darja , Weiss Batia , Malham Mikkel , Matar Manar , Navas‐López Víctor Manuel , Romano Claudio , Dipasquale Valeria , Norsa Lorenzo , Kolho Kaija‐Leena , Shamir Raanan , Shouval Dror S. ,   Paediatric IBD Porto Group of ESPGHAN
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:Adult studies suggest that patients with isolated colonic Crohn disease (L2 CD) exhibit unique characteristics differentiating them from patients with ileo‐caecal (L1) CD and ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to characterize clinical features and outcomes of paediatric patients with L2.Methods:Retrospective data was collected through the Porto Inflammatory Bowel Disease group of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) on Paediatric patients with L2, L1 or UC at different time‐points. Outcome measures included time to first flare, hospital admissions, initiation of anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα) drug, stricture and surgery.Results:Three hundred patients were included: 102 L1, 94 L2 and 104 UC. Rates of hematochezia at presentation were 14.7%, 44.7% and 95.2%, while rates of fever were 12.7%, 26.6% and 2.9%, for patients with L1, L2 and UC, respectively (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Skip lesions were identified in 65% of patients with L2, and granulomas in 36%, similar to L1 patients. Rates of anti‐Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic (pANCA) positivity significantly differed between the three groups: 25.4% and 16.7% for patients with L2, compared with 55.2% and 2.3%, and 1.8% and 52.9% for patients with L1 and UC, respectively. Response rates to exclusive enteral nutrition were comparable between L1 and L2 (78.3–82.4%), as was the response to oral steroids (70.4–76.5%) in the three groups. While times to first flare and admission were similar between groups, patients with L1 were commenced on anti‐TNFα earlier. Moreover, stricturing phenotype and need for colectomy were very rare in patients with L2.Conclusions:Significant differences are observed in the clinical presentation and outcomes of Paediatric patients with L2, compared to patients with L1 and UC.