bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning About Systemic Resilience From Studies of Student Resilience
Authors: Theron Linda 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Manifold studies account for student resilience—that is, successful learning and development in the face/aftermath of significant stressors. These studies compel attention to multiple systems at micro and macro level, and associated supports, that scaffold positive student outcomes in the face of risk. Accordingly, this chapter uses student resilience studies to make a case for a more systemic understanding of human resilience. An exploration of the interacting systems that co-facilitate student resilience prompts three propositions: (a) the resilience of a challenged human system (or subsystem) is meaningfully co-facilitated by co-occurring human and non-human systems at the micro through to macro levels; (b) co-occurring, co-facilitative systems are functional (i.e., resilient) systems; and (c) there might be a cost to the co-facilitative system or subsystem, but this potential cost can be moderated by the provision of relevant interventions and/or rewards.
Psychological Resilience in Response to Adverse Experiences
Authors: Popham Cassandra M. , McEwen, and Fiona S. , Pluess Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the field of developmental psychology, resilience is broadly understood as positive adaptation despite exposure to adversity. The concept provides an explanation for the wide variability in mental health outcomes observed in children exposed to adverse experiences. Although resilience has become an important and influential concept in the field, some fundamental questions remain, such as how it should be defined and operationalized and what the specific processes are that lead to positive mental health outcomes in some children but not others. These questions are particularly relevant in the context of the global refugee crisis to understand and promote resilience in children exposed to war and displacement. In this chapter the authors argue that a holistic view is required to understand resilience and provide a model integrating five important psychological concepts. The five components of our integrated model of resilience suggest that (a) development is nested within multiple psychosocial and bio-ecological systems; (b) individual differences in environmental sensitivity influence the individual response to both negative and positive aspects of the environment; (c) resilience mechanisms can be investigated across multiple levels of analysis; (d) the conceptualization of positive adaptation should consider multiple outcome dimensions; and (e) resilience represents a developmental process that needs to be examined longitudinally. After presenting this model, the authors review empirical studies in relation to each of these five components and suggest how they can be further applied in the study of resilience to war and displacement in refugee children.
The Multisystem Approach to Resilience in the Context of Organizations
Authors: Crane Monique 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores a multisystem approach to employee resilience. Although individual-level perspectives have dominated the science of occupational resilience and intervention approaches there is a growing body of work that is giving consideration to the role of organizational systems in employee resilience. Proponents of a multisystem approach to employee resilience suggest that suboptimal workplace environments are major contributors to decrements in employee resilience. The question that this chapter addresses is how employers should look after their staff. The answer is via a multisystems approach to staff resilience that involves attention to job design, job demands, supportive leadership behaviors, and available job-based resources to cope with workplace demands.
Decolonial Enactments of Human Resilience
Authors: Atallah Devin G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Critical insights on multisystemic resilience are grounded in Global South knowledge on the complexity of human relationality, which underscores that resilience does not fit neatly into ecological models. These insights are rooted in colonized communities’ embodied and emplaced struggles for dignity and decolonization. Therefore, this chapter shares the author’s reflections on multisystemic dimensions of human resilience emerging from voices of two displaced Palestinian families who participated in one of the author’s previously completed studies in the colonized territory of the West Bank. When reading through the intergenerational narratives of the two Palestinian refugee families featured in this chapter, the author invites readers to accompany him in bearing witness to stories of profound suffering associated with colonial structural violence, yet also stories of radical rehumanization, which manifest as decolonial enactments of resilience.
The Embodied Multisystemic Resilience of Architecture and Built Form
Authors: McGrath Brian , Lei Dongxue 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Architecture and built form embody resilience at multiple scales in time and space and are multisystemic. This chapter introduces the concept of operative panarchy, which combines Saverio Muratori’s project to activate the historical knowledge of architecture, cities, and territory and panarchy, based on Lance H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling’s description of adaptive transformations in human and natural systems. Operative panarchy, therefore, offers a framework for embodying multisystemic resilience, through incorporating the empirical evidence and historical analysis of human adaptation and ecosystem transformation in the historical evidence of architecture and built form. Archeological and cultural records, together with our common familiarity with the built environment, demonstrate how humans creatively reorganize and change in response to crisis, both minor everyday sensorimotor breakdowns and unprecedented catastrophic events. An operative panarchy diverges from previous discussions on applying various technical understandings of resilience to the professional practices of architecture and urban design and planning and proposes a more universal and embodied understanding of the multisystemic resilience of architecture and built form. Various examples will be presented, including a discussion on developing the concept of operative panarchy in response to the unprecedented speed and scale of urban development in contemporary China.
Multisystemic Resilience
Authors: Brown Katrina 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which cross-disciplinary understandings of resilience support the development and application of multisystemic resilience approaches based on evidence in current literature. It focuses on how systems thinking—especially complex adaptive systems—has informed the evolution of social-ecological systems resilience analysis and the extent to which this provides an example of multisystemic resilience. It reviews some of the underlying concepts and principles in the field and the boundary-pushing areas of recent research. Finally, it identifies how systemic resilience analysis can make a difference in understanding key global challenges and suggests ways forward for development of a multisystemic resilience field.
Curiosity
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the intellectual virtue of curiosity, a trait that involves our having and cultivating a healthy appetite for knowledge. Curiosity is distinguished from its vice counterparts—indifference and gluttony. The former is a vice of deficiency, the latter a vice of excess. The chapter then explores what it is to “hit the target” in cultivating a healthy intellectual appetite by cultivating a desire for knowledge about the right objects that is exercised at the right times, cultivated in the right ways, and exercised with a motive for knowledge as such. The chapter aims to establish that, contrary to conventional wisdom, curiosity did not kill the cat.
How We Grow in Intellectual Virtue
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a framework and suggestions for growth in intellectual virtue. It likens our growth in intellectual virtue to a trip to an important destination. Any well-planned trip requires a clear destination, an assessment of our current location, and a map from getting from where we are to where we want to go. Likewise, any good plan for growth in intellectual virtue requires a clear conception of intellectual virtue, an accurate assessment of our current intellectual character, and paths from getting from our current character to a more virtuous one. Chapters 1–11 provide the clear conception needed here. This chapter considers our current intellectual character by introducing the well-known categories of continence and incontinence. It suggests that many of us exhibit neither virtues nor vices, but rather, traits—like continence or incontinence—that lie between the two. It closes with several suggestions for growth in intellectual virtue, including help from friends and mentors, emulation of exemplars, and specific, intelligent practice.
Organogenesis
Authors: Loose Günther , Vogt Günter , Charmantier-Daures Mireille , Charmantier Guy , Harzsch Steffen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of the major organ systems in crustaceans, including musculature, nervous system, circulatory system, digestive system, osmoregulatory system, excretory system, reproductive system, and sensory organs. It describes the morphological unfolding of these organ systems, which generally follows cleavage, gastrulation, and segmentation in the course of ontogeny. Particular emphasis is given to the organ-specific temporal dynamics of development, the onset of functionality, and possible correlations with developmental mode, life history, and ecology. The anatomy and cellular characteristics of developing organs are generally better investigated than aspects of physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Investigations in different crustaceans revealed that the speed of development of the various organ systems varies considerably within an individual and between species. As a rule of thumb, anlagen of the nervous tissue, muscular tissue, digestive system, and excretory organs appear first, followed by the circulatory system. Osmoregulatory organs are formed later. The reproductive organs are the last to emerge and to become functional. The mode of development, behavior, and ecology of the postembryonic stages seem to be major determinants that influence the speed differences of organogenesis. This is reflected by timing differences in development of the digestive system between directly and indirectly developing representatives or species with or without lecithotrophic larvae. Other features of the dynamics of organogenesis suggest evolutionary constraints, such as the delayed development of the nervous system in postnaupliar, relative to naupliar, segments in some species. Mechanistic constraints may be involved in heart development and development of nontransitory osmoregulatory organs.
Patterns of Larval Development
Authors: Møller Ole Sten , Anger Klaus , Guerao Guillermo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore the different patterns of development following the hatching of the crustacean larvae. For many groups of crustaceans, the free-living, postembryonic, and prejuvenile phase is by far the most important part of their life cycle, providing the link between different life modes in successive phases (e.g., between a sessile adult life and the need for long-range planktonic dispersal). Among the aspects covered, we discuss the specific criteria for what a “larva” is, including the necessity for defining specific larval traits that are lacking in other phases of the life cycle. We examine the typical anamorphic and hemianamorphic developmental patterns based on larval examples from a wide selection of groups from Decapoda to Copepoda, Thecostraca to Branchiopoda. In these groups, we examine the most common larval development patterns (including intraspecific variability) of, for example, the zoea, furcilia, copepodite, nauplius, and cypris larvae. We also expand on the importance of the molting cycle as the main driver in larval ontogeny and evolution. Finally, we discuss some of the more general trends of crustacean larval development in light of the general patterns and latest knowledge on tetraconate and arthropod evolution.
Metamorphosis in Crustaceans
Authors: Haug Joachim T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Many crustaceans undergo considerable morphological and ecological changes throughout ontogeny. Especially drastic and rapid cases are generally addressed as metamorphosis, which cannot be easily differentiated from nonmetamorphic development; a comparative view is necessary. Evolutionary changes lead to a more metamorphic development either by changing the speed of the developmental process or the morphological difference between earlier and later stages. Five cases of evolutionary changes are differentiated: (1) Skipping stages: An ancestrally gradual developmental pattern becomes more metamorphic as the morphological changes of several molts occur in a single molt; the intermediate stage is skipped. (2) Peramorphosis: A developmental pattern becomes more metamorphic by increasing the morphological difference between early and late stages by “adding” new morphologies to the later part of individual development. (3) Delay and acceleration, single step: A single larval stage becomes delayed in development, more resembling the earlier stage, but differing more strongly from the next stage; hence, this later molt becomes more metamorphic. (4) Delay and acceleration, globally: Several larval stages are delayed in development and hence increase the morphological difference to the later larval stages; this stronger difference is bridged by a single, more metamorphic molt. (5) Caenogenesis: new structures evolve in earlier stages, increasing the difference to later stages; these structures become reduced usually in a single molt, making it more metamorphic. For all cases, examples are presented. Furthermore, terminological issues are discussed, as well as costs and benefits of metamorphic development, followed by a short comparison to insects.
Response to Visual, Chemical, and Tactile Stimuli
Authors: Cohen Jonathan H. , Epifanio Charles E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Early life history in marine benthic crustaceans often includes externally brooded eggs that hatch into free-swimming planktonic larvae. These larvae are relatively strong swimmers, and movement in the vertical plane provides a number of advantages, including modulation of horizontal transport and assurance of favorable predator–prey interactions. Swimming behavior in larval crustaceans is regulated by predictable external cues in the water column, primarily light, gravity, and hydrostatic pressure. Light-regulated behavior depends upon the optical physics of seawater and the physiology of light-detecting sensory structures in the larvae, which overall vary little with ontogeny. Swimming in response to light contributes to ecologically significant behaviors in planktonic crustacean larvae, including shadow responses, depth regulation, and diel vertical migration. Moreover, the photoresponses themselves, and in turn the evoked behaviors, change with the needs of larvae as development progresses. Regarding other sensory modalities, crustacean embryos and larvae respond to chemical cues using bimodal sensilla (chemosensory and mechanosensory) as contact receptors, and aesthetascs for detection of water-soluble cues. Processes and behaviors are stimulated by larval detection of chemical cues throughout ontogeny, including egg-hatching, avoidance of predators during free-swimming stages, and, ultimately, settlement and metamorphosis in juvenile habitats. The latter process can also involve tactile cues. The sensory-mediated behaviors described here for crustacean larvae have parallels in numerous arthropod and nonarthropod taxa. Emerging directions for future research on sensory aspects of behavior in crustacean larvae include multimodal sensory integration and behavioral responses to changing environmental stressors.
Predation and Competition
Authors: Bashevkin Samuel M. , Morgan Steven G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Crustacean larvae are subject to predation by a diverse assemblage of invertebrate and vertebrate predators. These predators can find larval prey through visual, tactile, or chemical means and then capture larvae with feeding currents, grasping appendages, suction, or filtering sieves. In response to this predation, crustacean larvae have evolved extensive morphological defenses such as long spines and hard chitinous carapaces. They also exhibit sophisticated behaviors, including extensive vertical and horizontal migrations to avoid encountering predators, rapid darting to evade attacks by nearby predators, and strong swimming to escape after an attack by a predator. Chemical defenses have not yet been documented in crustacean larvae. Interspecific differences in defensive capabilities can be profound, including crab zoeae with spines zero to seven times their body length, and copepod nauplii with dichotomous swimming behaviors that trade off detectability by predators with escape ability. Our review of the literature on predator gut contents and lab feeding experiments found that crustacean larvae are consumed by a vast diversity of predators of all feeding types. These include gray whales, fishes, ascidians, bivalves, octopus larvae, cnidarians, insects, and numerous other crustaceans. Crustacean larvae are important components of many predators’ diets, and the primary food for others, including larvae of commercially important species such as cod. Future research on chemical defenses and phenotypic plasticity are needed to fill gaps in our knowledge of crustacean larval defenses. The predatory threats faced by crustacean larvae and their defensive adaptations have important implications for our understanding of the evolution of larval forms in Crustacea and the factors determining crustacean abundance and distribution.
Costs and Benefits of Brooding among Decapod Crustaceans: The Challenges of Incubating in Aquatic Systems
Authors: Fernández Miriam , Brante Antonio , Baldanzi Simone 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses general patterns of brooding in decapod crustaceans from aquatic to terrestrial environments, addressing behavioral adaptations as well as costs and benefits. Brooding embryos is a common feature among decapods. However, brooding exhibits a wide range of modes that are highly dependent on the environment. Brooding is less common in marine systems, whereas there is a general pattern of extended brooding with terrestrialization. Exceptions are crabs that have invaded land directly via the seashore, i.e. land crabs that have indirect development like their marine ancestors. During terrestrialization, adaption to environmental stressors like desiccation, UV radiation, temperature variability, mechanical support, and osmolality seemed to generally favor decreasing larval development and increasing duration of brood care. Thus, crustaceans developed more complex brooding mechanisms as adaptive responses to the colonization of land (e.g., osmoregulation of the maternal fluids, marsupial fluid, sealed and specialized marsupium, provision of nutritious material, grooming and cleaning, ventilation of the embryo masses). However, clear brooding behaviors are also observed among several marine species (e.g. grooming and cleaning, oxygen provision). The major efforts to characterize general brooding patterns among decapod crustaceans and describe brooding behaviors were not accompanied by comprehensive studies to understand the costs and the benefits of brooding. Several studies have addressed the positive influence of the mother on embryo development, but the efforts to quantify the impact on embryo survival are still limited. This chapter identifies problems that need further consideration to reach a deeper understanding of the evolution of brooding in decapod crustaceans.
Detecting Cryptic Female Choice in Decapod Crustaceans
Authors: McLay Colin L. , Dennenmoser Stefan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Decapod Crustacea (shrimps, lobsters, and crabs) employ a range of different reproductive mechanisms that affect paternity, but does it include cryptic female choice (CFC)? This chapter focuses on events surrounding the fertilization of an egg by a sperm and the opportunities where cryptic fertilization bias might occur. It presents a new model of decapod fertilization, defined in terms of space and time to fertilization. Females have several ways to store sperm and influence fertilization outcomes, which should be affected by (1) their growth pattern (indeterminate or determinate), (2) the link between molting and mating (soft-shell or hard-shell mating), (3) fertilization latency, and (4) how sperm are protected (no protection or storage is separate from the oviduct, or storage in a seminal receptacle is linked to the oviduct). Paternity data available for 26 decapods show that in 85% of species, females carry broods with multiple paternity and 15% have broods with single paternity. Therefore many (if not most) females mate with several males and so they certainly could make a choice. However, whether this pattern is due to CFC or merely reflects mating history is a matter of debate. At present, there are no unequivocal data that demonstrate CFC: outcomes caused by male mate guarding and sperm competition cannot be distinguished from female choice. The challenge is to understand what females might be choosing and how to detect that choice. Detecting CFC in field data is difficult, if not impossible, because both single and multiple paternities could be favored.
Alternative Reproductive Tactics
Authors: Garner Shawn , Neff Bryan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) describe variation among individuals of a single sex in the tactics used to obtain mating opportunities. In crustaceans, ARTs have been observed in multiple taxa and take a variety of forms. ARTs are most commonly observed in males and are generally associated with intense competition among males to monopolize access to breeding females. ARTs frequently involve a guard tactic that competes with other males to monopolize access to females, while a second usurper tactic foregos competition with other males and instead obtains mating opportunities through sneaking behavior. Guard and usurper tactics may be expressed conditionally based on a male’s ability to guard a female (e.g. his body size, the abundance of competitors), or may be expressed as discrete phenotypes that can also include morphological differentiation. For example, in Jassa amphipods the guard tactic is associated with large body size and an enlarged “thumb” on the claw that is used in aggressive interactions with other males, while the usurper tactic is associated with small body size and a reduced thumb. The usurper tactic can take two forms in a marine isopod: small males (gamma) use sneaking behavior to avoid competition with large males (alpha), whereas intermediate-sized males (beta) use female mimicry to avoid competition. Overall, ARTs are well-represented in crustaceans, with many opportunities for continued study to better characterize these unique adaptations.