bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of a semianalytical strain assessment and multiaxial fatigue analysis to compare rolling contact fatigue in twin‐disk and full‐scale wheel/rail contact conditions
Authors: Zani Nicola , Ekh Magnus , Ekberg Anders , Mazzù Angelo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA semianalytical model is introduced to assess rolling contact fatigue problems in railway applications. The constitutive law is based on the nonlinear kinematic and isotropic hardening model of Chaboche–Lemaitre, which allows the cyclic elastoplastic strain under the contact surface to be evaluated. The much higher computational effectiveness in comparison with finite element (FE) analyses is quantified. The Dang Van multiaxial fatigue criterion is implemented to evaluate the rolling contact fatigue in the subsurface elastic region where cracking is relatively rare but more dangerous than surface cracks. The influence of the presence of sulfides in the wheel matrix in decreasing fatigue strength is also assessed by means of Murakami's approach. The model is used to compare conditions under small‐scale twin‐disk experiments to full‐scale wheel/rail contact conditions. It is found that, for the same Hertzian pressure, the small‐scale contact is more conservative in that it causes a deeper plasticized layer as compared with the elliptical full‐scale contact. In the investigated cases, crack initiation is also not expected according to Dang Van criterion in neither of the studied contact conditions.
Tracheal trauma in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Kezar Sarah , Shroyer Monica , Doyle‐Meyers Lara , Gilbert Margaret , Russell‐Lodrigue Kasi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTracheal disruption is a previously unreported complication of nonhuman primate social trauma. Two cases were identified in rhesus macaques with subcutaneous emphysema. These cases resolved with medical management and demonstrate that the combined use of radiography and tracheoscopy allows rapid assessment and diagnosis of tracheal trauma in nonhuman primates.
Association between cognitive function and self‐reported antihypertensive medication adherence among middle‐aged and older hypertensive women
Authors: Chou Cheng‐Chen , Chien Li‐Yin , Liaw Jen‐Jiuan , Wang Chi‐Jane , Liu Ping‐Yen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDesignThis study applied a cross‐sectional, descriptive correlational design.Aims and objectivesThe purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between cognitive function and self‐reported antihypertensive medication adherence in middle‐aged and older hypertensive women.BackgroundAlthough medication adherence is an essential key for preventing complications from hypertension, poor medication adherence is common among middle‐aged and older hypertensive women. Taking medications involves a cognitive process. Little is known about the contribution of cognitive function to adherence to antihypertensive medication in middle‐aged and older women.MethodsThis study used a convenience sample of 137 women aged ≥50 years recruited from a medical centre in southern Taiwan. Participants completed a survey of demographic and clinical information and self‐reported medication adherence, and received cognitive function tests. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between cognitive function and medication adherence. This study followed the STROBE guidelines.ResultsMore than one‐fourth of the women (27%) reported poor adherence. Women with poor adherence appeared to have a significantly lower memory than women with good adherence. Memory was positively associated with antihypertensive medication adherence after controlling for age, blood pressure and duration of hypertension. Working memory, executive function and psychomotor speed were not significantly related to antihypertensive medication adherence.ConclusionsReduced memory function was associated with poorer antihypertensive medication adherence among middle‐aged and older women. Middle‐aged and older women with hypertension and poor memory performance are at risk of poor medication adherence. Future prospective studies examining the causal relationship between cognitive function and antihypertensive medication adherence are warranted.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses could evaluate the memory of middle‐aged and older hypertensive women when assessing antihypertensive medication adherence in clinical practice and provide relevant interventions.
The great powers in Central America: US response to Chinese activities in the region
Authors: Rod Zdeněk , Himmer Michal 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent scholarship has argued that the People's Republic of China is paving its way into Central America, which is considered a US strategic area of interest. As the current evidence suggests, there will be a competition between the two great powers in the region. China has not only a business interest, but also a political one. In the past few years, Panama and El Salvador dismantled their diplomatic ties with Taiwan and recognized the PRC instead. It remains unclear whether the United States seeks to use its foreign policy tools to respond in the region. This article analyzes what types of policy tools the United States applies toward its allies to maintain its position in Central America. The first part reviews the literature on foreign policy toolkits and presents the research design. The empirical section then analyzes three existing forms of foreign policy tools (military, economic, and diplomatic) in the chosen countries. The article concludes that the United States uses its policy tools there, with certain limitations.
Local hormones and growth factors to enhance orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review of animal studies
Authors: Parcianello Roberta Gaia , Amerio Ettore , Giner Tarrida Lluís , Nart José , Flores Mir Carlos , Puigdollers Pérez Andreu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundProlonged treatment times are the main reason capable of affecting patient compliance with orthodontic treatment.ObjectivesA systematic review was made to determine whether the local administration of hormones and growth factors effectively enhances orthodontic tooth movement, and to identify possible adverse effects in animal studies.Materials and methodsFive databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) were checked for experimental studies reporting one of the following outcomes: orthodontic tooth movement, histological outcomes and side effects. After data extraction, orthodontic tooth movement linked to adjunctive substances was analysed using forest plots. The risk of bias and the quality of evidence were determined with the SYRCLE tool and the GRADE tool, respectively.ResultsTwenty‐four studies were included in the systematic review. On a specific dose level, epidermal growth factor + liposomes, fibroblast growth factor and prostaglandin E2 + Ca were supported by a moderate level of evidence and rated as highly effective in increasing tooth movement in animal models. Likewise, there was histological evidence of increased bone remodelling after the administration of these substances. Other compounds were supported by a low to very low level of evidence.ConclusionsHormones and growth factors may have a relevant impact upon orthodontic tooth movement rate. In specific formulations, prostaglandin E2, fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor showed promising results.
Fluid reservoir thickness and aberration relationship in keratoconic eyes with scleral lenses
Authors: Balakrishnan Akshaya C , Badrinarayanan Aparna , Sivaraman Viswanathan , Kumar Ramar Mahesh , Iqbal Asif 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effect of varying the fluid reservoir (FR) thickness of scleral lenses (SL) on corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), contrast sensitivity (CS) and higher‐order aberrations (HOAs) in keratoconic eyes.MethodsForty eyes with keratoconus were fitted with a diagnostic Boston Sight SL having three different FR thicknesses. CDVA, CS and HOAs were measured before and after 30 min of lens wear. An i‐Trace aberrometer and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) were used to measure HOAs and FR thickness, respectively.ResultsStatistically significant improvements in CDVA and CS were seen with different FR thickness lenses (p < 0.01). Baseline CDVA (0.22 ± 0.15) improved to 0.03 ± 0.06, 0.04 ± 0.07 and 0.07 ± 0.08 with low, standard and high FR lenses, respectively. Post‐hoc testing showed better CDVA with low (p = 0.006) and standard FR (p = 0.009) lenses compared to high FR lenses. Before lens wear, CS was 1.27 ± 0.27, which improved to 1.67 ± 0.11, 1.73 ± 0.12 and 1.66 ± 0.89 with low, standard and high FR lenses, respectively. Lenses with standard FR showed better CS compared with those having low (p = 0.009) and high FRs (p < 0.001). A statistically significant reduction of higher order‐root mean square aberrations (HO‐RMS), coma, spherical aberration, secondary astigmatism and trefoil were found with all FR thickness lenses compared to baseline (p < 0.01). No significant difference was noted between lenses (p = 0.01). All three lenses corrected almost equal amount of HOAs. A moderate positive correlation was observed between CDVA and HO‐RMS (r = 0.61, p < 0.001) for low FR lenses.ConclusionsBostonSight SCLERALs were found to be very effective in improving vision, CS and reducing HOAs in keratoconus. Lenses with varying FR thickness showed equal effectiveness in visual performance and reducing HOAs. FR thickness should be considered an important factor to provide better vision and CS by minimising HOAs, as well as to maintain the normal physiology of eyes with keratoconus.
Prior's puzzle generalized
Authors: D'Ambrosio Justin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPrior's puzzle is standardly taken to be the puzzle of why, given the assumption thatthat‐clauses denote propositions, substitution of the proposition that for that within the complements of many propositional attitude verbs is invalid. I show that Prior's puzzle is much more general than is ordinarily supposed. There are two variants on the substitutional form of the puzzle—a quantificational variant and a pronominal variant—and all three forms of the puzzle arise in a wide range of verbal complements, rather than merely in the complements of propositional attitude verbs. The generalized puzzle shows that a range of proposed solutions to the original puzzle fail, or are radically incomplete, and also reveals the connections between Prior's puzzle and debates over the nature of semantic types and higher‐order quantification. I go on to develop a novel, higher‐order solution to the generalized form of the puzzle, and I argue that this higher‐approach is superior to its first‐order alternatives.
Generation of ultrafast, transient, highly acidic pH spikes in the radiolysis of water at very high dose rates: relevance for FLASH radiotherapy
Authors: Sultana Abida , Alanazi Ahmed , Meesungnoen Jintana , Jay-Gerin Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2021

Monte Carlo multi-track chemistry simulations were carried out to study the effects of high dose rates on the transient yields of hydronium ions (H3O+) formed during low linear energy transfer (LET) radiolysis of both pure, deaerated and aerated liquid water at 25 °C, in the interval ∼1 ps – 10 μs. Our simulation model consisted of randomly irradiating water with N interactive tracks of 300-MeV incident protons (LET ∼ 0.3 keV/µm), which simultaneously impact perpendicularly on the water within a circular surface. The effect of the dose rate was studied by varying N. Our calculations showed that the radiolytic formation of H3O+ causes the entire irradiated volume to temporarily become very acidic. The magnitude and duration of this abrupt “acid-spike” response depend on the value of N. It is most intense at times less than ∼10–100 ns, equal to ∼3.4 and 2.8 for N = 500 and 2000 (i.e., for dose rates of ∼1.9 × 109 and 8.7 × 109 Gy/s, respectively). At longer times, the pH gradually increases for all N values and eventually returns to the neutral value of seven, which corresponds to the non-radiolytic, pre-irradiation concentration of H3O+. It is worth noting that these early acidic pH responses are very little dependent on the presence or absence of oxygen. Finally, given the importance of pH for many cellular functions, this study suggests that these acidic pH spikes may contribute to the normal tissue-sparing effect of FLASH radiotherapy.
Children’s palliative care education and training: developing an education standard framework and audit
Authors: Neilson Susan , Randall Duncan , McNamara Katrina , Downing Julia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The need to align the range of guidance and competencies concerning children’s palliative care and develop an education framework have been recommended by a UK All-Party Parliament Group and others. In response to these recommendations the need for a revised children’s palliative care competency framework was recognized. A Children’s Palliative Care Education and Training Action Group, comprising champions in the field, was formed across UK and Ireland in 2019 to take this work forward. Their aim was to agree core principles of practice in order to standardize children’s palliative care education and training.

Methods
Over four meetings the Action Group reviewed sources of evidence and guidance including palliative care competency documents and UK and Ireland quality and qualification frameworks. Expected levels of developing knowledge and skills were then agreed and identified competencies mapped to each level. The mapping process led to the development of learning outcomes, local indicative programme content and assessment exemplars.

Results
Four sections depicting developing levels of knowledge and skills were identified: Public Health, Universal, Core, Specialist. Each level has four learning outcomes: Communicating effectively, Working with others in and across various settings, Identifying and managing symptoms, Sustaining self-care and supporting the well-being of others. An audit tool template was developed to facilitate quality assurance of programme delivery. The framework and audit tool repository is on the International Children’s Palliative Care Network website for ease of international access.

Conclusions
The framework has received interest at UK, Ireland and International launches. While there are education programmes in children’s palliative care this is the first international attempt to coordinate education, to address lay carer education and to include public health.
How will the introduction of the sugar tax affect the consumption habits of households in Poland?
Authors: Wolak Jacek 
Published: October 2021

Motivation: Numerous scientific studies indicate a significant relationship between the number of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed and the problem of overweight and obesity. This, in turn, is a significant risk factor for many diseases, especially type 2 diabetes. Poland is a country where the consumption of sugar, especially in a processed form that is dangerous to health, is constantly growing. As a result, now two-thirds of the society are struggling with the problem of overweight, while obesity can be said in every fourth case, the forecasts are even more pessimistic. Recently, a fiscal policy with the use of the “sugar tax” is a popular tool to combat the growing consumption of sweetened beverages. The Polish government is also following this path, and the tax is scheduled to be in force at the beginning of 2021.
Aim: The aim of the study is to analyse the impact of the sugar tax on prices and, consequently, on the future consumption of sweetened beverages and other related goods.
Results: Based on the data of the Central Statistical Office concerning household expenditure in 2018, the complete demand model was estimated, considering demographic variables. As a result, the price and profit elasticities of demand for sweetened drinks and related goods were estimated. The results obtained in the study indicate that the introduction of the sugar tax will reduce the consumption of SSB, and the size of the changes depends on the analysed demographic factors. The decrease in consumption of sweetened beverages will increase the interest in beverages with a lower sugar content.
Association of race and health insurance in treatment disparities of colon cancer: A retrospective analysis utilizing a national population database in the United States
Authors: Hao Scarlett , Snyder Rebecca A. , Irish William , Parikh Alexander A. 
Published: October 2021

Background
Both health insurance status and race independently impact colon cancer (CC) care delivery and outcomes. The relative importance of these factors in explaining racial and insurance disparities is less clear, however. This study aimed to determine the association and interaction of race and insurance with CC treatment disparities.

Study setting
Retrospective cohort review of a prospective hospital-based database.

Methods and findings
In this cross-sectional study, patients diagnosed with stage I to III CC in the United States were identified from the National Cancer Database (NCDB; 2006 to 2016). Multivariable regression with generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were performed to evaluate the association of insurance and race/ethnicity with odds of receipt of surgery (stage I to III) and adjuvant chemotherapy (stage III), with an additional 2-way interaction term to evaluate for effect modification. Confounders included sex, age, median income, rurality, comorbidity, and nodes and margin status for the model for chemotherapy. Of 353,998 patients included, 73.8% (n = 261,349) were non-Hispanic White (NHW) and 11.7% (n = 41,511) were non-Hispanic Black (NHB). NHB patients were less likely to undergo resection [odds ratio (OR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61 to 0.72, p < 0.001] or to receive adjuvant chemotherapy [OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.87, p < 0.001] compared to NHW patients. NHB patients with private or Medicare insurance were less likely to undergo resection [OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.91, p = 0.004 (private insurance); OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.66, p < 0.001 (Medicare)] and to receive adjuvant chemotherapy [0.77, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.87, p < 0.001 (private insurance); OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.91, p < 0.001 (Medicare)] compared to similarly insured NHW patients. Although Hispanic patients with private and Medicare insurance were also less likely to undergo surgical resection, this was not the case with adjuvant chemotherapy. This study is mainly limited by the retrospective nature and by the variables provided in the dataset; granular details such as continuity or disruption of insurance coverage or specific chemotherapy agents or dosing cannot be assessed within NCDB.

Conclusions
This study suggests that racial disparities in receipt of treatment for CC persist even among patients with similar health insurance coverage and that different disparities exist for different racial/ethnic groups. Changes in health policy must therefore recognize that provision of insurance alone may not eliminate cancer treatment racial disparities.
Influence of thick soft superficial layers of seabed on ground motion and its treatment suggestions for site response analysis
Authors: Jiang Qifeng , Rong Mianshui , Wei Wei , Zhang Bin , Wang Jixin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe thick soft superficial layers of the seabed greatly influence ground motion generally. It is worth studying how to find out the influence of these soft layers on ground motion parameters and determine reasonable seismic fortification parameters for ocean engineering. Numerical experiments of site response analysis are designed using two offshore engineering sites in this study. First, the borehole profiles are selected and stripped layer by layer to generate new profiles. Second, 108 acceleration time histories are synthesized which basically represent the diversity of input motions’ amplitude and frequency. Third, a method that can automatically calculate characteristic periods and normalize response spectra is created to improve calculation efficiency. Fourth, peak accelerations, response spectra, and characteristic periods at different depths of the profiles with different stripping depths are calculated. The results show that the thick soft superficial layers can significantly decrease peak ground accelerations and increase characteristic periods, resulting in serious “low-fat” response spectra. The situation can be greatly improved by stripping off the soft superficial layers. After stripping off the thick soft superficial silt layers, if stripping is continued further, the variation in the superficial amplification ratios of peak accelerations and superficial characteristic periods will no longer be drastic, and the superficial amplification ratios and characteristic periods both tend to be mostly the same. The relative deviation of the amplification ratio of peak ground acceleration between a profile stripped and that without stripping can be 143%, and it can be 83% for characteristic period. It is advisable to strip off thick soft superficial layers to perform site response analysis, and the shear force at the bottom of the silt should be considered in engineering based on local seismic activity level, and the silt’s and the structure’s physical parameters.
Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Authors: Jones Morgan L , Baris Yasemin , Taylor Martin R G , Yeeles Joseph T P 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe human replisome is an elaborate arrangement of molecular machines responsible for accurate chromosome replication. At its heart is the CDC45‐MCM‐GINS (CMG) helicase, which, in addition to unwinding the parental DNA duplex, arranges many proteins including the leading‐strand polymerase Pol ε, together with TIMELESS‐TIPIN, CLASPIN and AND‐1 that have key and varied roles in maintaining smooth replisome progression. How these proteins are coordinated in the human replisome is poorly understood. We have determined a 3.2 Å cryo‐EM structure of a human replisome comprising CMG, Pol ε, TIMELESS‐TIPIN, CLASPIN and AND‐1 bound to replication fork DNA. The structure permits a detailed understanding of how AND‐1, TIMELESS‐TIPIN and Pol ε engage CMG, reveals how CLASPIN binds to multiple replisome components and identifies the position of the Pol ε catalytic domain. Furthermore, the intricate network of contacts contributed by MCM subunits and TIMELESS‐TIPIN with replication fork DNA suggests a mechanism for strand separation.
Supplier risk assessment strategy
Authors: Sipos Csanád , Szűcs Edit Gizella 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of the study is to create an effective and standard risk assessment tool that provides the company with support and security in purchasing of new products. The goal was to create a tool that complements and standardizes risk assessment forms and shows rapid results. Using the procurement risk management system, the risk associated with a given product can be determined easily and in a short time. In the process, critical areas where hazards may occur can be clearly identified and the risk can be minimized if properly managed.