bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No‐analogue associations in the fossil record of southern conifers reveal conservatism in precipitation, but not temperature axes
Authors: Brown Matilda J. M. , Brodribb Timothy J. , Jordan Gregory J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimSouthern conifers have evolved under different evolutionary pressures compared with northern lineages, but in both regions these plants have undergone extensive extinction and range alteration over the Cenozoic (the last 66 Myr). It is not possible to observe the ecology of fossils directly, but indirect evidence of changes in bioclimatic envelopes can be derived from no‐analogue assemblages (i.e., groups of co‐occurring fossils that have climatically incongruous living relatives). We identify and examine the specific pairs of no‐analogue fossils within assemblages to disentangle the effects of climatic factors on past conifer extinctions and suggest which of these factors are likely to threaten southern conifer biodiversity in the future.LocationSouthern Hemisphere.Time periodCenozoic.Major taxa studiedConifers.MethodsWe use a recently developed method, “hyperoverlap”, to identify no‐analogue pairs of southern conifers. We characterize each pair in terms of temperature and precipitation and evaluate temporal patterns in no‐analogue pairs. These analyses represent a novel approach to studying both no‐analogue fossils and past changes in bioclimatic envelopes.ResultsWe identified 240 no‐analogue pairs in the Cenozoic record of southern conifers. Most (75.4%) observations of no‐analogue pairs are likely to result from a change in the thermal (rather than hydrological) distribution between the fossil taxa and their extant counterparts, regardless of region or assemblage age. Thus, the fossil record shows some thermal lability, but strong hydrological stability in the tolerances of these plants. This implies that most southern conifers have inhabited wet climates through the Cenozoic, which is consistent with physiological evidence suggesting strong conservatism in drought tolerance.Main conclusionsSouthern conifers have adapted successfully to a wide range of temperatures, but future changes in rainfall are likely to pose the greatest threat to these plants, either directly or indirectly (e.g., through increased incidence of fire in mesic areas).
Spatiotemporal evolution and spatial relevance of urban resilience: Evidence from cities of China
Authors: Shi Tao , Qiao Yurong , Zhou Qian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBased on 2012–2017 panel data of 282 China’s cities, this paper uses the entropy method to calculate an urban resilience index, uses spatial cold–hot spots model to explore spatial characteristics of urban resilience, uses revised the gravity model to construct urban resilience spatial network characteristics, and uses the social network analysis method to analyze spatial network characteristics of urban resilience. The results show that: (1) Urban resilience of China’s cities has been gradually improved, and there is a geographical aggregation effect, with significant changes in hot spots and insignificant changes in cold spots. (2) Urban resilience has obvious spatial correlation and linkage effects and strong temporal fluctuation. The cities with higher degree centrality and closeness centrality are consistent in spatial distribution, mostly located in Bohai Rim, Pan‐Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and some central regions. The centrality obviously shows non‐equilibrium in spatial distribution. The cities with high centrality are mostly provincial capitals. (3) The “club effect” has not yet been reflected in the urban resilience spatial network, and the advantages of different regions are obviously different. Therefore, it is necessary to face up to the spatial difference of urban development and enhance the diversity and pertinence of urban resilience construction.
Evidence‐based clinical practice guidelines for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 2020
Authors: Tokushige Katsutoshi , Ikejima Kenichi , Ono Masafumi , Eguchi Yuichiro , Kamada Yoshihiro , Itoh Yoshito , Akuta Norio , Yoneda Masato , Iwasa Motoh , Yoneda Masashi , Otsuka Motoyuki , Tamaki Nobuharu , Kogiso Tomomi , Miwa Hiroto , Chayama Kazuaki , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Shimosegawa Tooru , Takehara Tetsuo , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a serious public health issue not only in Western countries but also in Japan. Within the wide spectrum of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of disease that often develops into liver cirrhosis and increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While a definite diagnosis of NASH requires liver biopsy to confirm the presence of hepatocyte ballooning, hepatic fibrosis is the most important prognostic factor in NAFLD. With so many NAFLD patients, it is essential to have an effective screening method for NAFLD with hepatic fibrosis. As HCC with non‐viral liver disease has increased markedly in Japan, effective screening and surveillance of HCC are also urgently needed. The most common death etiology in NAFLD patients is cardiovascular disease event. Gastroenterologists must, therefore, pay close attention to CVD when examining NAFLD patients. In the updated guidelines, we propose screening and follow‐up methods for hepatic fibrosis, HCC, and CVD in NAFLD patients. Several drug trials are ongoing for NAFLD/NASH therapy, however, there is currently no specific drug therapy for NAFLD/NASH. In addition to vitamin E and thiazolidinedione derivatives, recent trials have focused on sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) analogues, and effective therapies are expected to be developed. These practical guidelines for NAFLD/NASH were established by the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology in conjunction with the Japan Society of Hepatology. Clinical evidence reported internationally between 1983 and October 2018 was collected, and each clinical and background question was evaluated using the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. This English summary pro‐ vides the core essentials of these clinical practice guidelines, which include the definition and concept, screening systems for hepatic fibrosis, HCC and CVD, and current therapies for NAFLD/NASH in Japan.
Association between the albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) score and severity of portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH): A data‐mining analysis
Authors: Kawaguchi Takumi , Honda Akihiro , Sugiyama Yoichi , Nakano Dan , Tsutsumi Tsubasa , Tahara Nobuhiro , Torimura Takuji , Fukumoto Yoshihiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionPortopulmonary hypertension (PoPH) is a severe complication of chronic liver disease. We aimed to investigate the etiology of chronic liver disease and the factors associated with the severity of PoPH.Subjects and MethodsEchocardiography was undergone in 833 patients with chronic liver disease during 2005–2019 and 13 patients (1.6%) were diagnosed with PoPH in this observational study. At the diagnosis of PoPH, liver function was evaluated by albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) score. Severe PoPH was defined as (1) mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) ≥50 mmHg or (2) mPAP: 35–49 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance ≥400 dyne/s/cm5. Factors associated with severe PoPH were evaluated by decision‐tree analysis.ResultsIn patients with PoPH, the leading etiology of chronic liver disease was hepatitis C virus (HCV) (46.2% [sustained virological response (SVR): 23.1% and non‐SVR: 15.4%]). Severe PoPH was observed in 53.8% of patients and the 5‐year survival rate was 48.1%. There was a significant correlation of mPAP with ALBI score (r = 0.6456, p = 0.0171). In the decision‐tree and random forest analyses, the most impacted classifier for severe PoPH was the ALBI score. In patients with ALBI score ≥−1.45, all patients showed severe PoPH, while the prevalence of severe PoPH was 25.0% in patients with ALBI score <−1.45.ConclusionsWe found that HCV including SVR was the major etiology of chronic liver disease in patients with PoPH. Moreover, we revealed that the ALBI score was the most impacted factor associated with severe PoPH. Thus, ALBI score may be useful for the estimation of pulmonary vascular resistance.
When a threatened species becomes a threat: a key to reading the Habitats Directive based on occurrence and distribution of Cerambyx cerdo L. in Mediterranean urban and peri‐urban areas
Authors: Mannu Roberto , Torres‐Vila Luis M. , Olivieri Maurizio , Lentini Andrea 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Cerambyx cerdo is a large saproxylic species included in the Annex IV of the European Habitats Directive as a ‘priority species’.
Although C. cerdo populations have shown a significant decline in size and distribution in central and northern European forests, in the Mediterranean basin it is often considered as a pest in urban and peri‐urban areas.
Based on European legislations currently in use, we propose a simplified decision‐making flowchart that should be followed regarding the adoption of different control measures against severe C. cerdo infestations.
The role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in the immune system and disease
Authors: McDonald Charlotte , Xanthopoulos Charalampos , Kostareli Efterpi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a TEC kinase with a multifaceted role in B‐cell biology and function, highlighted by its position as a critical component of the B‐cell receptor signalling pathway. Due to its role as a therapeutic target in several haematological malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, BTK has been gaining tremendous momentum in recent years. Within the immune system, BTK plays a part in numerous pathways and cells beyond B cells (i.e. T cells, macrophages). Not surprisingly, BTK has been elucidated to be a driving factor not only in lymphoproliferative disorders but also in autoimmune diseases and response to infection. To extort this role, BTK inhibitors such as ibrutinib have been developed to target BTK in other diseases. However, due to rising levels of resistance, the urgency to develop new inhibitors with alternative modes of targeting BTK is high. To meet this demand, an expanding list of BTK inhibitors is currently being trialled. In this review, we synopsize recent discoveries regarding BTK and its role within different immune cells and pathways. Additionally, we discuss the broad significance and relevance of BTK for various diseases ranging from haematology and rheumatology to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Overall, BTK signalling and its targetable nature have emerged as immensely important for a wide range of clinical applications. The development of novel, more specific and less toxic BTK inhibitors could be revolutionary for a significant number of diseases with yet unmet treatment needs.
The effects of changes in temperature and salinity on the quality of shells selected by the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus
Authors: Gilliand Sarah , Pechenik Jan A. , Clark Daria 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntertidal zones are highly dynamic environments. At low tide, temperatures and salinities in intertidal tide pools can change substantially and quickly, depending on the weather conditions on a given day and the volume of water in the pools. As we begin to feel the effects of climate change more strongly, conditions in tide pools will likely become even more extreme. The long‐wristed hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus can be found intertidally and subtidally along the Atlantic coast of North America from Nova Scotia to Florida, as well as along the Gulf coast. At low tide, they can often be found in tide pools. We tested the effects of temperature, salinity and their combination on the ability of hermit crabs to select high‐quality shells of appropriate size over relatively small shells and shells that had been drilled by predatory snails. Exposing hermit crabs to a temperature of 33°C and a salinity of 40 ppt after a gradual increase from 21°C and 30 ppt had the greatest effect on the quality of shells occupied by the hermit crabs over the next 24 h, compared with shells occupied by hermit crabs that remained at the control temperature and salinity of 21°C and 30 ppt. Changing the temperature and salinity to 30°C and 40 ppt also had a noticeable effect on shell choice, as did increasing the temperature alone to 33°C. Our results suggest that as the planet warms and precipitation patterns change, intertidal hermit crabs of the species P. longicarpus will likely more often be found occupying shells that are damaged or not of an appropriate size, leaving the hermit crabs more exposed to predation, desiccation and other stressors.
Population structure, habitat preferences, feeding strategies, and diet of the brittle star Ophiopholis aculeata in nearshore and offshore habitats of the northwest Atlantic
Authors: Volage Fanny , Hamel Jean‐François , Mercier Annie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOphiopholis aculeata is a ubiquitous brittle star (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) known to occur from the upper subtidal to the bathyal zone. Individuals from shallow inshore habitats (rhodolith beds and rock fields) and deeper offshore locations in eastern Canada were studied to assess the population structure, habitat selection, diet, and feeding strategies of this species through use of stable isotope analyses, gut contents, and laboratory experiments. Potential drivers of habitat selection such as depth, light conditions, body size, sex, intraspecific competition, and presence of predators were examined. This study highlighted variable population size structures and abundances as well as diversified food sources and feeding strategies (i.e., suspension and deposit feeding, scavenging, predation on live organisms, and even cannibalism) as a function of native depth and habitat. It also revealed that studies on the feeding biology of brittle stars must carefully consider sex and life stage as driving factors.
Embedded Bilateralism, Integration Theory, and European Crisis Politics: France, Germany, and the Birth of the EU Corona Recovery Fund*
Authors: Krotz Ulrich , Schramm Lucas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhat explains the creation of the EU corona recovery fund? Why did the Union agree on a large‐scale financial response to the corona pandemic, despite member states' very different immediate reactions to the crisis and their opposing attitudes towards common debt? This article argues for the decisiveness of France and Germany's role within the Union and their tight bilateral political cooperation. The ‘embedded bilateralism’ approach to European integration and EU politics explains how and why France and Germany, starting from different poles, came together and established joint positions, paving the way for an overall European compromise. Focusing on these two countries' particular leadership role advances the theoretical debate about the actors most crucial for driving European integration, especially in times of severe crisis.
Synergistic association of the copper/zinc ratio under inflammatory conditions with diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Asahi Diabetes Complications Study
Authors: Takao Toshiko , Yanagisawa Hiroyuki , Suka Machi , Yoshida Yoko , Onishi Yukiko , Tahara Tazu , Kikuchi Takako , Kushiyama Akifumi , Anai Motonobu , Takahashi Kazuyuki , Wakabayashi Sugawa Sayaka , Yamazaki Hiroki , Kawazu Shoji , Iwamoto Yasuhiko , Noda Mitsuhiko , Kasuga Masato 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionWe aimed to study the relationships among the copper (Cu)/zinc (Zn) ratio, inflammatory biomarkers, and the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsA cross‐sectional study was performed on 651 patients with type 2 diabetes. DKD was defined as a urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/g creatinine and/or an estimated glomerular filtration rate using cystatin C of < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Areas under the curves (AUCs), cutoff values, and thresholds for detecting DKD were determined for the Cu/Zn ratio, soluble tumor necrosis factor‐α receptor 1 (sTNFαR1), and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP). Patients were categorized by each cutoff value of sTNFαR1 and the Cu/Zn ratio. Odds ratios (ORs) and biological interactions for the prevalence of DKD were determined.ResultsDKD was identified in 220 patients. AUC/optimal cutoff values were 0.777/1300 pg/mL for sTNFαR1, 0.603/1.1648 for the Cu/Zn ratio, and 0.582/305 ng/mL for hsCRP. The ORs for DKD were higher, but not significantly, in the sTNFαR1 < 1300 and Cu/Zn ≥ 1.1648 group, significantly higher in the sTNFαR1 ≥ 1300 and Cu/Zn < 1.1648 group (P < 0.0001), and further synergistically elevated in the sTNFαR1 ≥ 1300 and Cu/Zn ≥ 1.1648 group (P < 0.0001) compared with the sTNFαR1 < 1300 and Cu/Zn < 1.1648 group after multivariable adjustment. Levels of sTNFαR1 were significantly higher in the sTNFαR1 ≥ 1300 and Cu/Zn ≥ 1.1648 group than in the sTNFαR1 ≥ 1300 and Cu/Zn < 1.1648 group (P = 0.0006).ConclusionsUnder an inflammatory initiation signal of elevated serum sTNFαR1 levels, an increase in the Cu/Zn ratio may further exacerbate inflammation and is synergistically associated with a high prevalence of DKD in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Species divergence and repeated ancient hybridization in a Sulawesian lake system
Authors: Mandagi Ixchel F. , Kakioka Ryo , Montenegro Javier , Kobayashi Hirozumi , Masengi Kawilarang W. A. , Inomata Nobuyuki , Nagano Atsushi J. , Toyoda Atsushi , Ansai Satoshi , Matsunami Masatoshi , Kimura Ryosuke , Kitano Jun , Kusumi Junko , Yamahira Kazunori 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn increasing volume of empirical studies demonstrated that hybridization between distant lineages may have promoted speciation in various taxa. However, the timing, extent and direction of introgressive hybridization remain unknown in many cases. Here, we report a possible case in which repeated hybridization promoted divergence of Oryzias ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae) on Sulawesi, an island of Wallacea. Four Oryzias species are endemic to the Malili Lake system in central Sulawesi, which is composed of five tectonic lakes; of these, one lake is inhabited by two species. Morphological and population genomic analyses of genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms revealed that these two sympatric species are phylogenetically sister to but substantially reproductively isolated from each other. Analyses of admixture and comparison of demographic models revealed that the two sympatric species experienced several substantial introgressions from outgroup populations that probably occurred soon after they had secondary contact with each other in the lake. However, the ratio of migrants from the outgroups was estimated to be different between the two species, which is consistent with the hypothesis that these introgressions aided their divergence or prevented them from forming a hybrid swarm. Repeated lake fragmentations and fusions may have promoted diversification of this freshwater fish species complex that is endemic to this ancient lake system.
The benefit of being public: Evidence from survival analysis of corporate financing
Authors: Yoshida Takashi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study empirically investigates the most typical benefit of being public (i.e., having listed firm status), namely, ease of financing. Applying the Cox proportional hazards model to the data of Japanese public and private firms from 1999 to 2011, I find that being public enhances a firm's responsiveness of debt issuance, debt retirement, and equity increase to the deviation of the actual leverage from the estimated target leverage. I argue that the enhancement in the responsiveness of these financing decisions provides evidence on the ease of financing that results from being public.
Moisture diffusivity, hardness, gelatinization temperature, and thermodynamic properties of ultrasound assisted soaking process of cowpea
Authors: Yıldırım Ali 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study describes the combined effect of ultrasound and temperature on water absorption of cowpea kernel during soaking process. The process was made at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90°C in water absorption conditions named control (without ultrasound) and ultrasound treatment (40 kHz, 200 W; 50% and 100% amplitude). Fick's second diffusion model for water absorption and asymptotic first order texture model for hardness together with Arrhenius and Eyring–Polanyi approaches were successfully used to evaluate effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (Deff), texture degradation coefficient (kF), gelatinization temperature, and thermodynamic properties of cowpea during soaking process. The models fitted the experimental data satisfactorily with R2 > 0.99, RMSE < 0.09 and X2 < 0.0137. Ultrasound treatment (50% and 100% amplitudes) and temperature increased significantly (p ≤ .05) the Deff and kF of cowpeas during soaking process. Average gelatinization temperature of cowpea from the Fick's and Asymptotic first order texture models together with Arrhenius equations was found as 68.5°C. Negative values of enthalpy, entropy, and increase of Gibbs free energy changes with increasing temperature and ultrasound treatment confirming the effect of temperature and ultrasound on effective moisture diffusivity of cowpea during soaking. Moisture content, harness, Deff, kF and thermodynamic properties of cowpea during soaking process were affected by both the temperature and ultrasound amplitude, which means shortening the soaking and cooking time of cowpea.Practical applicationsThe results of this study could be assisted to industrial producers of cowpea in understanding of heat and mass transfer phenomena during ultrasound‐assisted hydration process of cowpea kernel in soaking, cooking, wet milling, fermentation, formulation of meals, and storage processes.