bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age-Related Increase in Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in Skeletal Muscle Reduces Life Span inDrosophila
Authors: Hunt Liam C , Demontis Fabio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMetabolic adaptations occur with aging but the significance and causal roles of such changes are only partially known. In Drosophila, we find that skeletal muscle aging is paradoxically characterized by increased readouts of glycolysis (lactate, NADH/NAD+) but reduced expression of most glycolytic enzymes. This conundrum is explained by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an enzyme necessary for anaerobic glycolysis and whose expression increases with aging. Experimental Ldh overexpression in skeletal muscle of young flies increases glycolysis and shortens life span, suggesting that age-related increases in muscle LDH contribute to mortality. Similar results are also found with overexpression of other glycolytic enzymes (Pfrx/PFKFB, Pgi/GPI). Conversely, hypomorphic mutations in Ldh extend life span, whereas reduction in PFK, Pglym78/PGAM, Pgi/GPI, and Ald/ALDO levels shorten life span to various degrees, indicating that glycolysis needs to be tightly controlled for optimal aging. Altogether, these findings indicate a role for muscle LDH and glycolysis in aging.
Regional seismic velocity changes following the 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest, California earthquake from autocorrelations and P/S converted waves
Authors: Lu Y , Ben-Zion Y 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARY
We examine regional transient changes of seismic velocities generated by the 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake in California, using autocorrelations of moving time windows in continuous waveforms recorded at regional stations. We focus on traveltime differences in a prominent phase generated by an interface around 2 km depth, associated with transmitted Pp waves and converted Ps waves from the ongoing microseismicity. Synthetic tests demonstrate the feasibility of the method for monitoring seismic velocity changes. Taking advantage of the numerous aftershocks in the early period following the main shock, we obtain a temporal resolution of velocity changes up to 20 min in the early post-main-shock period. The results reveal regional coseismic velocity drops in the top 1–3 km with an average value of ∼2 per cent over distances up to 100 km from the Ridgecrest event. These average velocity drops are likely dominated by larger changes in the shallow materials and are followed by rapid recoveries on timescales of days. Around the north end of the Ridgecrest rupture and the nearby Coso geothermal region, the observed coseismic velocity drops are up to ∼8 per cent. The method allows monitoring temporal changes of seismic velocities with high temporal resolution, fast computation and precise spatial mapping of changes. The results suggest that significant temporal changes of seismic velocities of shallow materials are commonly generated on a regional scale by large events.
Globalization, deglobalization and Great Power politics
Authors: Ripsman Norrin M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Commercial liberalism would suggest that whereas globalization was conducive to great power cooperation—or at least moderated competition—deglobalization is likely to ignite greater competition amongst the Great Powers. In reality, however, the picture is much more complex. To begin with, the intense globalization of the 1990s and 2000s is not responsible for moderating Great Power tensions; instead, it is itself a product of the security situation resulting from the end of the Cold War. Furthermore, while globalization did serve to reinforce cooperation between the United States and rising challengers, such as China, which sought to harness the economic gains of globalization to accelerate their rise, it also created or intensified fault-lines that have led to heightening tensions between the Great Powers. Finally, while we are currently witnessing increasing tensions between the US and both China and Russia, deglobalization does not appear to be the primary cause. Thus, geoeconomic conditions do not drive security relations; instead, the geoeconomic environment, which is itself influenced by Great Power politics, is better understood as a medium of Great Power competition, which may affect the character of Great Power competition and its intensity, but does not determine it.
Globalization, deglobalization and knowledge production
Authors: Behera Navnita Chadha 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Although globalization processes have brought the world closer through the exchange of knowledge, ideas and practices, advances in knowledge dissemination have not been mirrored by expansion in sites and modes of knowledge production. This article probes this disjuncture and asks how deglobalization might chart different pathways by delving into the intellectual history of the making of International Relations (IR). Focusing its gaze on the structuring principles of knowledge creation and modes of knowing rather than specific issues and problematiques of IR, it analyses the historical impact of western Enlightenment thinking through centuries-long imperialism, which continues to limit the agency of many states in the re-making of their life-worlds. The article describes deglobalization as a longue durée historical response that offers different possibilities for countering or challenging the discursive hegemony of the ‘West’. It discusses a ‘nationalist’ response by China—a rising power and a more dispersed, global academic endeavour seeking to decolonize IR's modes of knowledge production to better account for the diverse ground realities of its many worlds.
Racial and Ethnic Distribution of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States
Authors: Barnes Edward L , Nowell William B , Venkatachalam Shilpa , Dobes Angela , Kappelman Michael D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The current burden of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in minority populations is largely unknown. We sought to evaluate the relative prevalence of CD and UC across racial and ethnic groups within the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network (PCORnet).

Methods
We queried electronic health records from 337 centers from January 2013 to December 2018. We compared the relative prevalence of CD and UC across racial/ethnic groups to the general PCORnet populations using χ 2 and univariable logistic regression.

Results
Among 39,864,077 patients, 114,168 had CD, and 98,225 had UC. Relative to the overall PCORnet population, Black adult patients were significantly less likely than White patients to have a diagnosis of CD (odds ratio [OR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.52–0.54) or UC (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.40–0.43). Pediatric Black patients were also less likely to have a diagnosis of CD (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.39–0.43) or UC (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.35–0.41). Adult Hispanic patients were less likely to have a diagnosis of CD (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.32–0.34) or UC (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.44–0.46) compared with non-Hispanic patients. Similarly, pediatric Hispanic patients were less likely to have a diagnosis of CD (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.32–0.36) or UC (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.47–0.53).

Conclusions
Despite the increasing racial and ethnic diversity in the United States, these data suggest that CD and UC are modestly less prevalent among patients of non-White races and Hispanic ethnicity.
699Are we treating our older generations appropriately?
Authors: Abbas Shazia Shehzad , Majeed Tazeen , Nair Balakrishnan R , Forder Peta M. , Weaver Natasha , Byles Julie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
This study aims to understand the disease burden of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and how it is treated among older Australian women.

Methods
Data from the oldest cohort (born 1921-26) of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health were linked to state based hospital data to identify AF and to Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme data for medication details. Yearly prevalence and incidence of AF was calculated, followed by calculation of proportions for different medications received.

Results
A total of 6671 women were eligible for the analysis. About 1827 women from were identified as having AF between 2000-2015. Despite steady incidence, prevalence of AF increased from 2.7% (95%CI=1.6%-3.8%) when women were aged 74-79 years to 24.8% (95%CI=23.2%-26.4%) in 2015 when women were 89-94 years. About 10% of women with AF did not receive any treatment for AF and another 60% did not receive any prophylaxis for thromboembolism within 3 years of AF onset. More than three quarters of women with AF received a combination of medications. Rate control with Vitamin K Inhibitors and Rate control with Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors were the most common combinations.

Conclusions
Older women have high prevalence of AF. These women are undertreated for the prevention of the most common and disabling complication of AF, stroke.

Key messages
Prevalence of AF is increasing and women receive inadequate treatment rendering them at risk of serious complications like stroke. This results in reduced quality of life for patients as well as burdens the health care system.
107Antecedent cardiovascular disease, medication use, and risk of developing ALS: a population-based nested case-control study
Authors: Magid Hoda Abdel , Topal Barbara , McGuire Valerie , Hinman Jessica , Karasakis Edward , Nelson Lorene 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
We investigated the association between hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and atrial fibrillation with the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study also examined associations with use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin II receptors blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and antiarrhythmics

Methods
We conducted a population-based nested case-control study in the Medicare fee for service population, including 3,714 enrollees ages 65 and above with newly diagnosed ALS between 2006-2014. Cases were compared with 18,750 sex-, age, county, and enrollment-matched controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models adjusting for diabetes, obesity, tobacco use, socioeconomic status, and controlling for confounding by indication. Medication use was identified through claims pharmacy data and similarly analyzed using a dose response approach.

Results
The fully adjusted OR for any CVD diagnosis was 0.93 (95% CI 0.86–1.02). Our results varied across cause-specific CVD diagnoses. We observed inverse associations for heart failure (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.70–0.89) and atrial fibrillation (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.76–0.92). ALS risk was reduced with use of ACEIs (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.77–0.91), calcium channel blockers (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.59–0.70), and beta blockers (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.71–0.83).

Conclusions
In this large population-based Medicare study, the risk of ALS was 7% lower among individuals with any CVD diagnosis.

Key messages
Our findings suggest having a cardiovascular condition or use of a CVD medication may be protective for ALS.
1261Epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in Japan, 2017–2018: results from the nationwide survey
Authors: Ae Ryusuke , Makino Nobuko , Kosami Koki , Matsubara Yuri , Nakamura Yosikazu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of acquired pediatric heart disease in developed countries. The study aimed to summarize the epidemiologic characteristics, treatments, and cardiac complications of KD, using data from the nationwide survey in Japan.

Methods
The nationwide survey in Japan has been conducted biennially since 1970. The survey respondents were hospitals specializing in pediatrics and those with ≥100 beds and a pediatric department throughout Japan, where KD patients were eventually hospitalized. The most recent survey was completed in 2019, obtaining information for patients who developed KD during 2017–2018.

Results
The survey identified 32528 KD patients, which comprised 15164 (47%) in 2017 and 17364 (53%) in 2018. The highest annual incidence rate was recorded in 2018 (359 per 100,000 children aged 0–4 years). After 1982, patients with ≤4 principal KD signs increased, resulting in 6847 (21%) patients diagnosed during 2017–2018. Among 30784 patients who received initial intravenous immunoglobulin administration, 6061 (20%) did not respond. Within 30 days of KD onset, 9.0% of patients were diagnosed with cardiac complications, and consequently, 2.6% of patients developed cardiac sequelae after the acute illness.

Conclusions
The annual number of patients developing KD in Japan increased from 1970 through 2018, while the proportion of KD patients with cardiac complications decreased. Recent advances in KD treatments might have contributed to preventing the development of cardiac complications.

Key messages
We analyzed large-scale data and summarized the epidemiologic characteristics, treatments, and cardiac complications of KD in Japan.
1072Mental health difficulties among adolescents in Ghana, coping mechanisms and the support systems: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Agbozo Faith , Amobaa Noella Dufie , Runge-Ranzinger Silvia , Grys Pauline 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Despite their vulnerability, mental health of adolescents has received little attention in developing countries. We investigated the mental health difficulties faced by adolescents, their coping strategies and school-based support systems.

Methods
Design was a convergent mixed-methods study. Quantitative data was collected

using the validated strengths and difficulties questionnaire to assess the mental health of 405 adolescents in four senior high schools (SHS) in the Techiman Municipality, Ghana. Qualitative data was collected through in-depth interview with 18 teachers and seven focused group discussions among 35 students. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) for mental health difficulties were estimated through ordinal logistic regression in Stata 14.2. Qualitative data were analysed by thematic content analysis using ATLAS.ti 7.1.

Results
Over half (58.5%) experienced abnormalities related to peer (20.5%), emotional (16.3%), conduct (13.3%) and hyperactivity (3.0%) problems and prosocial behaviours (5.4%). Significant determinants were being female (OR = 2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.47-3.50), bullied (OR = 1.72, CI:1.07-2.75), domestic violence (OR = 1.87, CI:1.10-3.17), substance abuse (OR = 8.14, CI: 1.41-46.8), academic pressure (OR = 2.40, CI:1.30-4.42), and perceived poor performance (OR = 7.36 CI:2.83-19.16). Mental health difficulties were attributed to financial challenges, spiritual influences, intimate relationships, bullying, and domestic violence. Coping strategies included isolation, substance abuse and spiritual help. Guidance and counselling unit, the main support system, was ineffective due to issues with trust, confidentially, and qualified counsellors.

Conclusions
As mental health difficulties were prevalent, school-based support systems, particularly guidance and counselling needs strengthening, including being manded by trained personnel. It is time to incorporate mental health education into school curricula.

Key messages
Mental disorders among adolescents are common. While guardians and religious bodies are critical, many of the triggers occur in school necessitating mental health-friendly school environments.
1287Grief and mourning and its relation with anxiety and depressive symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Aguiar Ana , Pinto Marta , Duarte Raquel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
During these unprecedented times, individuals who experience the sudden death of a family member or friend, already miss the anticipatory grief and are now also prevented from a proper farewell. This study aimed to address prolonged grief disorder since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic

Methods
A virtual snowball sampling survey was disseminated through social networking channels. The study enrolled participants from general resident population in Portugal with ≥18 years. Characteristics of the sample were summarized using descriptive statistics. Anxiety and depression symptoms are described by absolute and relative frequencies and compared through the Chi-square test.

Results
A total of 929 participants completed the survey; 17.9% (n = 166) have lost someone since the beginning of the pandemic, making our final sample. Most were female (66.9%); median age of 35 years and 70.5% had a high education degree. Participants who had lost a grandparent consisted of 28.3% of the sample, father and/or mother 9.0%, and a friend 22.3%. We found a prevalence of 30.7% of anxiety symptoms and 10.2% of depression symptoms (p = 0.030). Also, 16.8% have had a high score on the PG13, which show that these people can mourned for longer periods.

Conclusions
Paying the last tribute to a loved one is a mental health gesture that allows individuals to make amends and reconcile with life.

Key messages
The need arises to give timely attention to the psychological consequences due to the COVID-19 pandemic concerning grief
1491Impact of COVID19 on years of life lost with and without disability across 18 European-countries
Authors: Ahmadi-Abhari Sara , Bandosz Piotr , Kivimaki Mika , Middleton Lefkos 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
To accurately assess the impact of COVID19 on life-expectancy, years of life lost, and prevalence of dementia and disability, a model integrating calendar-trends in cardiovascular-disease, dementia, disability and mortality is required. We estimated these impacts in Austria, Belgium, Czech-Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK.

Methods
Data to inform the ten-state Monte-Carlo Markov-model for the 18 European countries were derived from official-statistics for population-numbers and mortality-rates (age&sex-specific) and from Survey for Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe for prevalence-estimates and transition-probabilities. Impact of COVID19 was measured comparing the estimates derived from incorporating expected mortality rates assuming calendar-trends in mortality and incidence of dementia, disability, and cardiovascular-disease continue those of the past two-decades, and those incorporating excess COVID19 mortality.

Results
Assuming COVID-19 vaccination and termination of the pandemic will be accomplished by the end of 2021, the pandemic will have resulted in a loss of 9.3M (95% Uncertainty-Interval 1.3M-29.8M) person-years of life, including 7.1M person-years of dementia-free life and 5.2M person-years of disability-free life among the 289M population (as of 2019) above age-35. The effects on prevalence of dementia, disability and life-expectancy will be presented.

Conclusions
The impact of the pandemic on disability-free person-years of life lost are devastating, marking a need for more rapid actions to halt the spread of epidemics.

Key messages
Accurate estimation of future prevalence of dementia and disability to quantify the impact of the pandemic on years of life lost needs to simultaneously account for the declining trends in incidence of dementia and the decline in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality resulting in increased life-expectancy and a larger pool susceptible to dementia and disability.
The COVID19 pandemic is estimated to result in 9.3million person-years of life lost in 18 European countries including a loss of 7.1M person-years of dementia-free life and 5.2M person-years of disability-free life.
151Infant and young child feeding practices and ARI and diarrhoea in Ethiopia: A PSM approach
Authors: Ahmed Kedir Yimam 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Understanding the associations between infant and young child feeding (IYCF) and ARI and diarrhoea can inform IYCF policy interventions and advocacy in Ethiopia. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between IYCF practices and ARI and diarrhoea in Ethiopian children.

Methods
This study used the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data for the years 2000 (n = 3680), 2005 (n = 3528), 2011 (n = 4037), and 2016 (n = 3861). The association between IYCF practices and (i) ARI and (ii) diarrhoea were investigated using propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression models.

Results
Early initiation of breastfeeding (Odds ratio [OR]: 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72, 0.92) and EBF (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.83) were associated with lower risk of ARI. Bottle-fed children had higher odds of ARI (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.68). Early initiation of breastfeeding and EBF were associated with a lower odds of diarrhoea (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.94 for Early initiation of breastfeeding and OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.65 for EBF). Infants who were predominantly breastfed were less likely to experience diarrhoea (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.89).

Conclusions
Early initiation of breastfeeding and EBF were associated with a lower risk of ARI and diarrhoea. Bottle feeding was associated with a higher risk of ARI.

Key messages
Interventions targeting improved early initiation of breastfeeding, EBF, and avoidance of bottle feeding should be prioritised and scaled-up.
913Factors of premature atrial contractions among general Japanese men
Authors: Ahmed Sabrina , Miura Katsuyuki , Hisamatsu Takashi , Kadota Aya , Fujiyoshi Akira , Segawa Hiroyoshi , Torii Sayuki , Takashima Naoyuki , Kondo Keiko , Ueshima Hirotsugu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Premature atrial contractions (PACs) are known predictor of atrial fibrillation; however very little has been revealed on its factors among Asian general population. We assessed the frequency of higher PAC counts and its association with relevant factors in general Japanese men.

Methods
We have conducted a population based cross sectional study among 517 healthy men from Kusatsu, Japan, aged between 40 and 79 years. 24 hours Holter electrocardiogram was performed to assess the PAC frequency. We divided participants into quartiles based on number of PACs/hour to compare the characteristics by using Cochran–Mantel–Hanzal test and ANOVA. We defined the highest quartile as event and multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the significance with relevant factors.

Results
Median number of PACs was 2.84 PACs/hour. The highest quartile of PAC counts was &gt;7.86PACs/hour. Age, triglycerides, blood pressure, ventricular contractions and heart rates were different among quartiles. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, higher age (OR, 95% CI: 1.35, 1.01-1.67), lower mean heart rates (OR, 95% CI: 0.97, 0.94-0.99), higher heart rate difference in a day (OR, 95% CI: 1.40, 1.12-1.75) and lower triglyceride (OR, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.33-0.82) were independently, significantly associated with highest quartile of PACs.

Conclusions
Higher PACs evaluated by Holter ECG was associated with higher age, lower heart rate, higher heart rate difference, and lower triglyceride in general Japanese men.

Key messages
The PAC frequency was high. Age, mean heart rates, difference between maximum and resting heart rates, triglycerides are possible risk factors for frequent PAC counts.