bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (2008–2018)—rationale, design, methods and lessons learned
Authors: Chan Hing Man , Fediuk Karen , Batal Malek , Sadik Tonio , Tikhonov Constantine , Ing Amy , Barwin Lynn 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the rationale, the participatory nature of the methodology, and the lessons learned during the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES), a community-based participatory research project implemented in eight Assembly of First Nations regions, which includes the entirety of Canada south of the 60thparallel.MethodsFNFNES respected the First Nations principles of Ownership, Control, Access and Possession (OCAP®) (https://fnigc.ca/ocap). A random sampling strategy based on an ecosystem framework comprising 11 ecozones was adopted to collect representative nutritional and environmental health results for all First Nations adults living on-reserve south of the 60thparallel. Data collection occurred during the fall months from 2008 to 2016. Respective First Nations were involved in the planning and implementation of data collection for the five principal components: household interviews, tap water sampling for metals, surface water sampling for pharmaceuticals, hair sampling for mercury, and traditional food sampling for contaminants.ResultsA total of 6487 adults from 92 First Nations participated in the Study (participation rate 78%). A higher percentage of females (66%) participated than males (34%). The average age of males and females was similar (44 and 45 years, respectively). This study offers a novel body of coherent and regionally representative evidence on the human dimension of the ongoing environmental degradation affecting First Nations.ConclusionFNFNES serves as a good example of participatory research. We encourage public health professionals to develop policy and programs building on the participatory dimension of the research as well as on its results. The information collected by the FNFNES is also important for community empowerment, environmental stewardship and the general promotion of good health by and for First Nations peoples in Canada.
Importance of fish for food and nutrition security among First Nations in Canada
Authors: Marushka Lesya , Batal Malek , Tikhonov Constantine , Sadik Tonio , Schwartz Harold , Ing Amy , Fediuk Karen , Chan Hing Man 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Objective
To investigate the relationships between fish/seafood consumption patterns and food security status among First Nations (FN) communities in Canada. We estimated the contribution of fish/seafood to daily nutrient requirements. Barriers to traditional food (TF) access including fish were summarized.

Methods
Data were collected by the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (2008–2018). The sample of this participatory study comprised 6258 randomly selected FN adults. Fish/seafood consumption was estimated with a food frequency questionnaire. Food security status was assessed with the Household Food Security Survey Module. The contribution of fish/seafood to protein, n-3 fatty acid, vitamin (A, B12, D, niacin) and mineral (selenium, zinc) requirements was assessed by comparison to Dietary Reference Intakes.

Results
Regional differences were observed in fish/seafood consumption patterns and their relationship with food security status. In the eastern regions (Ontario, Quebec/Labrador and the Atlantic region), consumption of fish/seafood and other TF was significantly higher among food insecure compared with food secure FN participants. Severely food insecure men (particularly in British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec/Labrador and the Atlantic region) tended to eat a higher amount of TF, including fish/seafood, compared with food secure and moderately food insecure men, while no difference was observed in women. Fish/seafood provided good sources of selected nutrients. However, the high cost of harvesting equipment, industry-related activities and climate change reduce access to fish/seafood and other wildlife.

Conclusion
Fish/seafood continues to be vital to the diet of FN communities. Focusing on policies that support FN increased access to fish/seafood has the potential to decrease food insecurity and support sustainable livelihoods. Future policies should focus on socio-economic determinants of food insecurity and support traditional harvesting and sustainable fisheries among FN communities.
Bayesian Parameter Estimation for Space and Time Interacting Earthquake Rupture Model Using Historical and Physics-Based Simulated Earthquake Catalogs
Authors: Ceferino Luis , Galvez Percy , Ampuero Jean-Paul , Kiremidjian Anne , Deierlein Gregory , Villegas-Lanza Juan C. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThis article introduces a framework to supplement short historical catalogs with synthetic catalogs and determine large earthquakes’ recurrence. For this assessment, we developed a parameter estimation technique for a probabilistic earthquake occurrence model that captures time and space interactions between large mainshocks. The technique is based on a two-step Bayesian update that uses a synthetic catalog from physics-based simulations for initial parameter estimation and then the historical catalog for further calibration, fully characterizing parameter uncertainty. The article also provides a formulation to combine multiple synthetic catalogs according to their likelihood of representing empirical earthquake stress drops and Global Positioning System-inferred interseismic coupling. We applied this technique to analyze large-magnitude earthquakes’ recurrence along 650 km of the subduction fault’s interface located offshore Lima, Peru. We built nine 2000 yr long synthetic catalogs using quasi-dynamic earthquake cycle simulations based on the rate-and-state friction law to supplement the 450 yr long historical catalog. When the synthetic catalogs are combined with the historical catalog without propagating their uncertainty, we found average relative reductions larger than 90% in the recurrence parameters’ uncertainty. When we propagated the physics-based simulations’ uncertainty to the posterior, the reductions in uncertainty decreased to 60%–70%. In two Bayesian assessments, we then show that using synthetic catalogs results in higher parameter uncertainty reductions than using only the historical catalog (69% vs. 60% and 83% vs. 80%), demonstrating that synthetic catalogs can be effectively combined with historical data, especially in tectonic regions with short historical catalogs. Finally, we show the implications of these results for time-dependent seismic hazard.
Creep on the Sargent Fault over the Past 50 Yr from Alignment Arrays with Implications for Slip Transfer between the Calaveras and San Andreas Faults, California
Authors: Mongovin Daniel D. , Philibosian Belle 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThe 55-km-long Sargent fault connects the creeping Calaveras fault with the locked San Andreas fault through the Santa Cruz Mountains west of Gilroy, California. The position of the Sargent fault between these two faults may have implications for slip transfer and strain accumulation between a creeping and locked fault. The detection and measurement of creep on the Sargent fault would indicate where interseismic strain is accumulating adjacent to these neighboring faults. In 1969, two alignment arrays separated by 3.7 km were installed across the central section of the Sargent fault to investigate potential creep. These arrays were measured in 1970 and 1975, and comparison of these measurements yielded a creep rate of 3.4 ± 0.6 mm/yr across two fault strands in the northern array; results from the southern array were never published. In 2019 and 2020, we resurveyed both arrays using a total station and analyzed the results to determine accumulated fault creep. Our results show that between 1970 and 2020, a period of 49.3 yr, the northern array was dextrally offset 164 ± 25 mm across the same two fault strands that were active in the 1970s, yielding an average creep rate of 3.3 ± 1.3 mm/yr. Thus, it appears that the 5 and 50 yr creep rates at this site are similar. The southern array, which may not span the entire fault zone, was dextrally offset 84 ± 13 mm across two fault strands between 1970 and 2019, yielding an average creep rate of 1.7 ± 0.8 mm/yr over 48.9 yr. These recent surveys document continued creep on the Sargent fault, which may reduce seismic strain accumulation and therefore seismic hazard. However, continued aseismic slip on this fault may result in the redistribution of stress and strain to adjacent faults and should be an area of continued study.
Control of rupture by fault geometry during the 1966 parkfield earthquake
Authors: Lindh Allan G. , Boore David M. 
Published: June 2021

abstractA reanalysis of the available data for the 1966 Parkfield, California, earthquake (ML=512) suggests that although the ground breakage and aftershocks extended about 40 km along the San Andreas Fault, the initial dynamic rupture was only 20 to 25 km in length. The foreshocks and the point of initiation of the main event locate at a small bend in the mapped trace of the fault. Detailed analysis of the P-wave first motions from these events at the Gold Hill station, 20 km southeast, indicates that the bend in the fault extends to depth and apparently represents a physical discontinuity on the fault plane. Other evidence suggests that this discontinuity plays an important part in the recurrence of similar magnitude 5 to 6 earthquakes at Parkfield.Analysis of the strong-motion records suggests that the rupture stopped at another discontinuity in the fault plane, an en-echelon offset near Gold Hill that lies at the boundary on the San Andreas Fault between the zone of aseismic slip and the locked zone on which the great 1857 earthquake occurred. Foreshocks to the 1857 earthquake occurred in this area (Sieh, 1978), and the epicenter of the main shock may have coincided with the offset zone. If it did, a detailed study of the geological and geophysical character of the region might be rewarding in terms of understanding how and why great earthquakes initiate where they do.
On the attenuation ofLgwaves in western and central Asia and their use as a discriminant between earthquakes and explosions
Authors: Nuttli Otto W. 
Published: June 2021

abstractData from earthquakes and explosions in the western and central parts of the Soviet Union are used to determine the values of the coefficient of anelastic attenuation of 1-sec period Lg waves from the Russian uplands region and for the region from the Caspian Sea to the southern perimeter of the Soviet Union. For the former region, the value is approximately 0.15 deg−1, and for the latter 0.35 deg−1.Using the empirical Veith and Clawson (1972) curve for the amplitude of P waves at regional distances and theoretical curves for the attenuation of higher mode surface waves for Lg, curves are constructed which show the variation of the amplitude ratio of Lg to P with epicentral distance, with the coefficient of anelastic attenuation as a parameter. When data from explosions and earthquakes in the Soviet Union are compared with the calculated curves, the amplitude ratios of Lg and P on the average are larger for earthquakes than explosions. However, there is much overlap, so that this ratio by itself does not appear to be a useful discriminant between earthquakes and explosions.
Seismic yield estimates from Rayleigh-wave source radiation pattern
Authors: Yacoub Nazieh K. 
Published: June 2021

abstractRayleigh-wave spectral amplitudes generated by two United States nuclear explosions, Rulison and Rio Blanco, were equalized to epicentral distance of 10°, corrected for geometric spreading and instrument response, and filtered by a narrow-band filter to obtain corrected spectral amplitudes. The corrected spectral amplitudes were used in a least-squares scheme to evaluate the symmetric source radiation pattern parameters and average attenuation coefficients, as functions of frequency. The parameters are: the explosive source; the F factor, which is the ratio of the double-couple source to the explosive source; and the radiation pattern azimuth. The evaluated average attenuation coefficients were used, with the station epicentral distance to adjust the corrected spectral amplitudes to obtain the source spectral amplitude, from which the spectral magnitudes were calculated. The explosive source parameters of the radiation pattern and the spectral magnitudes, at different frequencies, were used to estimate the yields of the above two explosions. The estimated yields for the two explosions are within 2 to 6 per cent of the announced yields. The best yield estimate was obtained from the explosive source parameters which estimated the yields for Rulison at 40.6 kt and Rio Blanco at 88.6 kt. The announced yields for Rulison and Rio Blanco are 40 and 90 kt, respectively.
An automatic seismic signal detection algorithm based on the Walsh transform
Authors: Goforth Tom , Herrin Eugene 
Published: June 2021

abstract
An automatic seismic signal detection algorithm based on the Walsh transform has been developed for short-period data sampled at 20 samples/sec. Since the amplitude of Walsh function is either +1 or −1, the Walsh transform can be accomplished in a computer with a series of shifts and fixed-point additions. The savings in computation time makes it possible to compute the Walsh transform and to perform prewhitening and band-pass filtering in the Walsh domain with a microcomputer for use in real-time signal detection.
The algorithm was initially programmed in FORTRAN on a Raytheon Data Systems 500 minicomputer. Tests utilizing seismic data recorded in Dallas, Albuquerque, and Norway indicate that the algorithm has a detection capability comparable to a human analyst. Programming of the detection algorithm in machine language on a Z80 microprocessor-based computer has been accomplished; run time on the microcomputer is approximately 110 real time. The detection capability of the Z80 version of the algorithm is not degraded relative to the FORTRAN version.
A simple and efficient method for introducing faults into finite element computations
Authors: Melosh H. J. , Raefsky A. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
This paper outlines a new method, the “split node technique” for introducing fault displacements into finite element numerical computations. The value of the displacement at a single node point shared between two elements depends upon which element it is referred to, thus introducing a displacement discontinuity between the two elements. We show that the modification induced by this splitting can be contained in the load vector, so that the stiffness matrix is not altered. The number of degrees of freedom is not increased by splitting. This method can be implemented entirely on the local element level, and we show rigorously that no net forces or moments are induced on the finite element grid when isoparametric elements are used. This method is thus of great utility in many geological and engineering applications.
Comparison of synthetic seismograms for anelastic media by asymptotic ray theory and the Thomson-Haskell method
Authors: Krebes E. S. , Hron F. 
Published: June 2021

abstractSynthetic seismograms for P-SV teleseismic waves in a layered anelastic medium are computed by asymptotic ray theory and compared with those computed by a modification of the Thomson-Haskell matrix method for anelastic media, due to Silva (1976). The synthetic seismograms for the two methods agree well with each other, which verifies the validity of the modification of the Thomson-Haskell method. A useful feature of the ray approach is the ability to identify the rays which make up the various events on the seismograms.
Dining satisfaction with quick service restaurants among college students
Authors: McDowall Siriporn , Jia Weijia 
Published: June 2021

The purposes of this research were to investigate the reasons why college students enjoy fast food and why fast food is popular among college students. There were 313 respondents participating in this study. The majority of them were male, between 18-24 years of age, single, and they were freshmen and sophomores. On average, they visited the restaurant 3 times a week. Friends and family were their major source of information, followed by drive-by, the restaurant sign, social media, and billboard. Respondents were most satisfied with billing was accurate, operation hours were convenient, received food as ordered, menu was easy to read and order, and seat availability. Those who were satisfied with the restaurant would come back and recommend their friends and relatives to patron the restaurant.
Incidence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms: a hospital-based study
Authors: Jamdade Pundlik , Shinde Swapnil , Chawada Meghraj J. , Deshmukh Sudhir B. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Commonest complaints for which patients seek hospital care are upper gastrointestinal (UGI) symptoms. Prevalence of these symptoms range from 8-54%. Most common cause is Helicobacter pylori. The objective of this study was to investigate incidence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with UGI symptoms.Methods: Hospital-based study was carried out among 200 cases with esophageal disorders, gastric disorders, duodenal disorders, gastro duodenitis. Predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to record information. Gastric and duodenal biopsy was taken. Rapid antigen test kit was used to identify for Helicobacter pylori. Results: Incidence of Helicobacter pylori was 80%. Most common disorders associated with UGI symptoms were gastritis (29%), gastritis with duodenal ulcer (21%) and esophagitis (21%). They were more common in males except esophageal varices. Gastritis and esophagitis were significantly more in 21-40 years (46.55%) (p<0.05). Most common age of UGI symptoms was 21-40 years (34.5%). H. pylori infection was more among males (62.50%). Most common indication for endoscopy was dyspepsia in 48 (24%).Conclusions: Incidence of H. pylori was 80%. Upper GI diseases are more common in men (65.5%) compared to females (34.5%) with the most affected age group between 21-60 years (68%). H. pylori was the commonest cause of chronic gastroduodenitis in this study.
Jakim rodzajem wnioskowania jest według Arystotelesa argumentacja przez przykład (paradeigma)?
Authors: Stefańczyk Andrzej P. 
Published: June 2021

Argumentem indukcyjnym w retoryce jest paradygmat (przykład); paradygmat jednak nie polega na przechodzeniu od wielu szczegółowych przypadków do pewnego uogólnienia, czyli uniwersalizacji wszystkich poszczególnych przypadków — jak normalnie w argumentacji z indukcji — lecz jest przejściem od jednego szczegółu do szczegółu innego, podobnego, przy czym wymaganym warunkiem jest to, że jeden i drugi konkretny przypadek należą do tego samego rodzaju. Paradygmat zatem nie jest indukcją w znaczeniu ścisłym, ale wydaje się bardziej spełniać warunki analogii. W artykule zostaje sformułowana teza, że u Arystotelesa występują trzy rodzaje wnioskowań: dedukcja, indukcja i wnioskowanie z przykładu; dla zaprezentowania specyfiki wnioskowania przez paradygmat są także analizowane różne typy wnioskowań, tzn. sylogizm apodeiktyczny, dialektyczny, indukcyjny, aby na tym tle wykazać odrębność wnioskowań przez paradygmat, które wydają się być pewnym rodzajem analogii.
Prezentowany więc artykuł jest próbą podania charakterystyki i specyfiki argumentacji przez paradygmat u Arystotelesa w świetle jego Retoryki oraz pism logicznych (Analityki I i Analityki II, Topiki, O dowodach sofistycznych).
On the Kronecker Product of Matrices and Their Applications To Linear Systems Via Modified QR-Algorithm
Authors: Lakshmi N. Vellanki , Madhu Jajula , Dileep Durani Musa 
Published: June 2021

This paper studies and supplements the proofs of the properties of the Kronecker Product of two matrices of different orders. We observe the relation between the singular value decomposition of the matrices and their Kronecker product and the relationship between the determinant, the trace, the rank and the polynomial matrix of the Kronecker products. We also establish the best least square solutions of the Kronecker product system of equations by using modified QR-algorithm.
O corpo negro não tem nome: enfrentando o racismo no currículo de Ciências
Authors: Selles Sandra Escovedo , Ayres Ana Cléa , Benvenuto Fabiana 
Published: June 2021

O artigo propõe-se a refletir sobre as possibilidades de uma educação antirracista, enfrentando a responsabilidade científica na construção do racismo e, para isto, examina as alternativas do currículo de Ciências nesta desconstrução. Tomando a proposição teórica de Ivor Goodson, quando aponta as possibilidades de uma aprendizagem narrativa, o artigo se debruça sobre os relatos de um professor de Ciências que atua em uma escola pública do município do Rio de Janeiro, onde, continuamente, desenvolve um projeto curricular. Este projeto é centrado na disciplina Ciências Naturais, mas envolve outras disciplinas, tendo a Revolta de Vassouras, RJ, no período escravocrata, como pano de fundo. O artigo faz uma releitura de uma pesquisa que analisou o trabalho desse professor (FERREIRA, 2016) e traz suas narrativas sobre a experiência relatada. Esta releitura traça diálogos entre currículo narrativo e linguagem da possibilidade e enfatiza a potência do projeto como modo de interpelação do discurso racista-biológico.Palavras-chave: Currículo narrativo. Educação em Ciências. Racismo. Abstract: The article aims to reflect on the possibilities of an anti-racist education, facing science responsibility in building racism, and for this examines the alternatives of the school curriculum in this deconstruction. Taking Ivor Goodson's theoretical proposition, when he points out the possibilities of narrative learning, the article focuses on the reports of a science teacher who works in a public school in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where he continuously develops a curricular project. This project is centered on the school discipline sciences, but it involves other disciplines, taking the “Revolta de Vassouras”, RJ, during the slave period, as a background. The article re-reads a research that analyzed the teacher's work (FERREIRA, 2016) and uses his narratives about the experience. This reinterpretation traces dialogues between narrative curriculum and pedagogy of possibilities and emphasizes the power of this work as a way to challenge the racist-biological discourse.Keywords: Narrative curriculum. Science education. Racism.
Physiological and biochemical evaluation of <i>Dioscorea alata L.</i> tubes cultivated on a modified ion-exchange substrate
Authors: Karasiova A. N. 
Published: June 2021

Relevance. Currently, there is an increased interest in medicinal plants and preparations from natural herbal raw materials. This is due to the fact that biologically active substances of plants are more easily included in vital processes and do not cause side effects in humans. They can be products of primary (vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, proteins) and secondary biosynthesis (alkaloids, glycosides, tannins). Plants always contain a complex of biologically active substances, but one or several have a therapeutic and prophylactic effect. They are classified as active ingredients and are used in the production of medicines. Some of the promising medicinal plants are species from the genus Dioscorea, for example, Dioscorea alata L., containing a complex of biologically active substances. The aim of this work is to study the effect of humidity and the level of mineral nutrition in the root environment on the accumulation of biologically active compounds in the tubers of the dioscorea winged plant, adapted to in vivo conditions on an ion-exchange substrate of various chemical composition and agrophysical properties.Results. It has been shown that Dioscorea alata L. plants are able to accumulate the greatest amount of starch, dry matter, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids in an ion-exchange substrate modified with 1 g/l of the coarse hydrogel fraction. The data obtained can be used for practical purposes.