bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An examination of housing interventions among youth experiencing homelessness: an investigation into racial/ethnic and sexual minority status
Authors: Hill C , Hsu H , Holguin M , Morton M , Winetrobe H , Rice E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study is to explore main and interaction effects of minority and multiple minority statuses on exits from homelessness and the stability of homelessness exits overtime.

Methods
This study utilized the Homeless Management Information System administrative data of 10 922 youth experiencing homelessness collected from a convenience sample of 16 geographically diverse communities across the USA between 2015–17. Using multinomial logistic regression analyses and logistic regression, main effects and interaction effects of racial/ethnic minority identity and sexual/gender minority identity were examined on various homelessness exits (n = 9957) and housing sustainability (n = 5836).

Results
Black youth, relative to White youth, were disproportionately exiting homelessness through incarceration (P &lt; 0.001). Black and Latinx youth were less likely to successfully self-resolve their homelessness (both P &lt; 0.05). Black heterosexual and Black and Latinx non-heterosexual youth were most frequently lost to the homeless system (all P &lt; 0.01). Black youth, relative to White youth, were approximately half as likely to remain stably housed after returning to family (P &lt; 0.01).

Conclusions
With respect to housing exits and exit stability, Black and Latinx heterosexual youth are consistently at a disadvantage. Homelessness/housing systems and programs need to conduct a deeper investigation into how they implement and develop equitable outreach and engagement practices.
Incidence and course of COVID-19 hospitalizations among patients with familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Kharouf Fadi , Ishay Yuval , Kenig Ariel , Bitan Menachem , Ben-Chetrit Eldad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the incidence of hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with FMF, as compared with the general population, and to compare the disease course between FMF inpatients, and age-, sex-, ethnicity- and comorbidity-matched non-FMF COVID-19 inpatients.

Methods
We used electronic medical records to obtain data about the total number of the insured population and the number of FMF patients in the two largest health management organizations in Jerusalem, Clalit and Meuhedet. The total number of COVID-19 inpatients at the Hadassah Medical Center, including those with FMF, for the period between 1 February 2020 and 10March 2021, was retrieved from the electronic medical records of Hadassah. COVID-19 course was compared between the FMF inpatient group and age-, sex-, ethnicity- and comorbidity-matched non-FMF COVID-19 inpatients. Each FMF inpatient was matched with two non-FMF controls.

Results
We found no statistically significant difference in the odds of hospitalization for COVID-19 between FMF patients and the non-FMF population (0.46% vs 0.41%, P = 0.73). Furthermore, we found similar disease severity and therapeutic approach in FMF COVID-19 inpatients and matched non-FMF COVID-19 inpatients.

Conclusions
Neither FMF nor baseline colchicine therapy, appear to affect the incidence of hospitalization for COVID-19 or the disease course, in terms of severity and therapeutic approach.
DOSIMETRIC CHARACTERISATION OF A SUB-NATURAL BACKGROUND RADIATION ENVIRONMENT FOR RADIOBIOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: Kennedy Konnor J , LeBlanc Alexandre , Pirkkanen Jake , Thome Christopher , Tai T C , LeClair Robert , Boreham Douglas R 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Living systems have evolved in the presence of naturally occurring ionising radiation. REPAIR is a research project investigating the biological effects of sub-natural background radiation exposure in SNOLAB, a deep-underground laboratory. Biological systems are being cultured within a sub-background environment as well as two control locations (underground and surface). A comprehensive dosimetric analysis was performed. GEANT4 simulation was used to characterise the contribution from gamma, muons and neutrons. Additionally, dose rates from radon, 40K and 14C were calculated based on measured activity concentrations. The total absorbed dose rate in the sub-background environment was 27 times lower than the surface control, at 2.48 ± 0.20 nGy hr−1, including a &gt;400-fold reduction in the high linear energy transfer components. This modelling quantitatively confirms that the environment within SNOLAB provides a substantially reduced background radiation dose rate, thereby setting the stage for future sub-background biological studies using a variety of model organisms.
The (temporary) end of the Fundatio Europaea (FE)
Authors: Jung Stefanie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In 2012, the European Commission presented a draft regulation proposing the establishment of a European Foundation (called Fundatio Europaea). This article concisely retraces the legislative process of the project, which—unfortunately—was not successful in the end. The project is not expected to be revived in the short or medium term. Concrete alternatives to the FE have not yet been considered either. Nevertheless, regarding social enterprises, the European Union could potentially consider measures partially addressing similar issues.
Is Oral Food Challenge as Safe Enough as It Seems?
Authors: Sengul Emeksiz Zeynep , Ertugrul Aysegul , Ozmen Serap , Cavkaytar Ozlem , Ercan Nazlı , Bostancı İlknur Birol 
Published: July 2021

Background
Oral food challenges (OFCs) assist in the diagnosis of food allergies and are essential to determine whether an allergy has been outgrown. During the OFC, a medical procedure e introduces foods suspected to be allergenic orally in increasing doses. Mild skin reactions such as urticaria or rarely serious life-threatening reactions such as anaphylaxis may develop.

Objective
In this study, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients who experienced anaphylaxis during open OFCs in a tertiary care children’s hospital.

Methods
Patients who underwent OFCs to confirm the presence of a food allergy or to assess tolerance status at the University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Outpatient Clinic between 1 January 2013 and 1 February 2016, were included in the study. Patients’ data were obtained retrospectively from electronic medical records and challenge chart reviews.

Results
A total of 623 OFCs were performed during the period studied. Nine patients (1.4%) between 13 and 67 months of age (mean age: 38.3 months) developed anaphylaxis during their OFC.

Conclusion
OFCs should be performed in a hospital or outpatient office under medical supervision that is adequate for anaphylaxis intervention by an allergy specialist. Close observation of objective and subjective symptoms is essential during the challenge because there are no laboratory tests that can predict an anaphylactic diagnosis or the severity of the reaction.
Extension toward the Trapezius in a Transversely Oriented Latissimus Dorsi Flap for Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Numajiri Toshiaki , Morita Daiki , Tsujiko Shoko , Moriguchi Yoshio 
Published: July 2021

Background:
A transverse paddle latissimus dorsi (LD) flap has the advantage that if the skin paddle is placed in the transverse bra line, the donor site scar is well hidden by underwear. With this transfer, medial back tissues are usually moved to the medial area of the reconstructed breast following 180 degree rotation. Because these tissues are thinner than the lateral thoracic area, the medial part of the reconstructed breast sometimes becomes flatter than expected.

Methods:
To add bulk in the medial lower quadrant for giving an impression of an outward-expanding breast, we modified the LD flap by adding a part of the trapezius muscle. Seven patients underwent mastectomy and simultaneously received a modified LD flap. To hide the donor site scar beneath underwear, the skin paddle needed to be oriented transversely. The additional harvested tissues were tested for vascularity by fluorescence following intravascular injections of indocyanine green. If this was negative, the tissue was not used for breast reconstruction. Postoperatively, another surgeon judged whether this modification had contributed favorably to the reconstructed medial lower quadrant.

Results:
Indocyanine green testing was positive in six cases. The shape of the lower medial quadrant was judged as good in five of the seven cases. Complications included an animation deformity of the LD muscle, donor site seroma, and donor site wound dehiscence.

Conclusion:
This transversely oriented LD flap with extension to the trapezius muscle placed at the bra-line is one option to add bulk to the medial lower quadrant of the reconstructed breast when an additional scar is not desired for cosmetic reasons.
Activation of the intestinal tissue renin-angiotensin system by transient sodium loading in salt-sensitive rats
Authors: Ryuzaki Masaki , Miyashita Kazutoshi , Sato Masaaki , Inoue Hiroyuki , Fujii Kentaro , Hagiwara Aika , Uto Asuka , Endo Sho , Oshida Takuma , Kinouchi Kenichiro , Itoh Hiroshi 
Published: July 2021

Background:
The renal tissue renin-angiotensin system is known to be activated by salt loading in salt-sensitive rats; however, the response in other organs remains unclear.

Method:
Spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to normal tap water or transient high-salt-concentration water from 6 to 14 weeks of age and were thereafter given normal tap water. From 18 to 20 weeks of age, rats given water with a high salt concentration were treated with an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, valsartan.

Results:
Sustained blood pressure elevation by transient salt loading coincided with a persistent decrease in the fecal sodium content and sustained excess of the circulating volume in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Administration of valsartan sustainably reduced the blood pressure and normalized the fecal sodium levels. Notably, transient salt loading persistently induced the intestinal tissue renin-angiotensin system and enhanced sodium transporter expression exclusively in the small intestine of salt-sensitive rats, suggesting the potential connection of intestinal sodium absorption to salt sensitivity.

Conclusion:
These results reveal the previously unappreciated contribution of the intestinal tissue renin-angiotensin system to sodium homeostasis and blood pressure regulation in the pathophysiology of salt-sensitive hypertension.
The Effect of Spinal Orthoses on Immobilizing the Cervical Spine: A Systematic Review of Research Methodologies
Authors: Eddison Nicola , Benyahia Salma , Chockalingam Nachiappan 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the effect of immobilization of the cervical spine using orthotic devices. The review focused on the methodologies of the studies to see if this might be a contributing factor to the lack of available clinical guidelines on spinal immobilization using orthoses.

Methods
This review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines (PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097). The search was conducted in August 2019 within all major databases using relevant phrases. No date restrictions were applied, but the search was restricted to full manuscripts published in English. These searches were then supplemented by tracking all key references from the appropriate articles identified. Articles were selected according to a priori–defined criteria. Initially, data were extracted regarding publication details, orthosis name and group, spinal level studied, and whether cervical range of motion was measured.

Results
A total of 52 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. This article discusses the methodology of the included studies.

Conclusions
There is a clear paucity of well-designed research on immobilization of the cervical spine using orthotic devices. Comparing the results of studies using different types of orthoses is difficult due to the type and age of the participants involved (healthy, pathological, cadaver) and the different techniques of measurement used. This lack of standardization prevents meta-analyses from being performed and may be a contributing factor to the lack of available clinical guidelines. An agreed structured methodology is required to enable meta-analyses and determine clinical guidelines for the prescription of spinal orthoses for cervical spine pathology.
Determinants of functional outcome following ankle fracture
Authors: Audet Megan A. , Benedick Alex , Breslin Mary A. , Schmidt Tegan , Vallier Heather A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives:
To assess the patient and injury characteristics that impact functional outcomes after ankle fracture.

Design:
Retrospective study.

Setting:
Urban level I trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
One thousand patients underwent fixation of ankle fracture (AO/OTA 44) between 2006 and 2015. Four hundred sixteen completed functional outcome surveys by telephone or mail at a mean of 5.9 years after injury.

Intervention:
Open reduction internal fixation.

Main outcome measure:
Foot Function Index (FFI) and Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA).

Results:
Mean age was 46.7 years, with 46.2% male. Higher (worse) FFI scores were seen in tobacco users (38.9 vs 30.1), recreational drug users (45.9 vs 32.7), and the morbidly obese (52.0 vs 30.6), all P < .005. Higher (worse) SMFA dysfunction and bothersome scores were also seen in these groups, and in females and alcohol users. Multiple regression analysis identified female gender, obesity, tobacco and alcohol use, complications, secondary procedures, and multiple additional injuries as independent predictors of higher scores (all P < .04). Fracture patterns, open fracture, and development of arthritis had no impact on FFI or SMFA scores.

Conclusion:
Patient characteristics, not under surgeon-control, such as female sex, obesity, and substance use, appear to contribute to patient-reported functional outcome scores more than injury characteristics.

Level of Evidence:
Level 3, prognostic
Brief Report: Pharmacokinetics of Bictegravir and Tenofovir in Combination With Darunavir/Cobicistat in Treatment-Experienced Persons With HIV
Authors: Salama Engie , Hill Lucas , Patel Nimish , Best Brookie M. , Momper Jeremiah D. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Bictegravir coformulated with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide as a fixed-dose combination (BIC/FTC/TAF 50/200/25 mg) is recommended as an initial regimen in patients who are antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve or virologically suppressed on a stable ARV regimen. However, no real-world pharmacokinetic (PK) data are available in treatment-experienced patients with antiretroviral resistance receiving BIC/FTC/TAF plus a boosted protease inhibitor.

Setting/methods:
This prospective, single-center, nonrandomized pharmacokinetic study enrolled adult treatment-experienced persons with HIV and creatinine clearance >30 mL/min receiving BIC/FTC/TAF + DRV/c as part of routine clinical care. Steady-state PK profiles of BIC, TAF, tenofovir (TFV), and DRV after daily dosing of BIC/FTC/TAF + darunavir/cobicistat (DRV/c) were obtained with samples at predose and 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 hours postdose. The AUC0–24 at steady state was extrapolated by imputing C0 for C24 for each participant (AUC0-tau,exp).

Results:
Nine participants were enrolled with a median age of 59 years (range 54–67) and median number of years on ART of 19 (range 5.8–30). The median (interquartile range [IQR]) BIC AUC0-tau,exp and Cmax values were 128.9 µg*h/mL (78.1–159.5) and 6.9 µg/mL (5.1–9.8), respectively. The median (IQR) TAF AUC0-tau,exp and Cmax values were 0.376 µg*h/mL (0.199–0.430) and 0.276 µg/mL (0.149–0.543), respectively. Predose concentrations of TFV and DRV were comparable with historical data.

Conclusion:
Treatment-experienced persons with HIV receiving BIC/FTC/TAF + darunavir/cobicistat (DRV/c) had BIC exposures (AUC0-tau) that were increased by approximately 26% compared with historical PK data. Although TAF exposures were substantially increased, plasma TFV was only modestly higher. These results suggest that BIC/TAF/FTC + DRV/c is a viable antiviral regimen option for treatment-experienced persons.
Dermatomyositis on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT in a Patient With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Wu Junhao , Qiu Lin , Wang Yingwei , Zhang Chunyin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy often associated with malignancies. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT was performed on a 58-year-old man with newly diagnosed dermatomyositis. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT showed multiple increased FAPI activity in whole-body muscles and nasopharyngeal lesion. A biopsy of the nasopharyngeal lesion confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT can provide a “1-stop” imaging method for patients with dermatomyositis.
Modeling shield immunity to reduce COVID-19 transmission in long-term care facilities
Authors: Lucia-Sanz Adriana , Magalie Andreea , Rodriguez-Gonzalez Rogelio , Leung Chung-Yin , Weitz Joshua S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNursing homes and other long-term care facilities in the United States have experienced severe COVID-19 outbreaks and elevated mortality rates, often following upon the inadvertent introduction of SARS-CoV-2. Following FDA emergency use approval, widespread distribution of vaccines has resulted in rapid reduction in COVID-19 cases in vulnerable, older populations. Yet, vaccination coverage remains incomplete amongst residents and healthcare workers. As such, mitigation and prevention strategies are needed to reduce the ongoing risk of transmission and mortality amongst vulnerable, nursing home populations. One such strategy is that of ‘shield immunity’, in which recovered individuals increase their contact rates and therefore shield individuals who remain susceptible to infection. Here, we adapt recent population-scale shield immunity models to a network context. To do so, we evaluate network-based shield immunity by evaluating how restructured interactions in a bipartite network (e.g., between healthcare workers and long-term care residents) affects SARS-CoV-2 epidemic dynamics. First, we identify a series of rewiring principles that leverage viral testing, antibody testing, and vaccination information to reassign immunized healthcare workers to care for infected residents while retaining workload balance amidst an outbreak. We find a significant reduction in outbreak size when using infection and immune-based cohorting as a weekly intervention. Second, we also identify a preventative strategy using shield-immunity rewiring principles, by assigning susceptible healthcare workers to care for cohorts of immunized residents; this strategy reduces the risk that an inadvertent introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into the facility via a healthcare worker spreads to susceptible residents. Network-based epidemic modeling reveals that preventative rewiring can control the size of outbreaks at levels similar to that of isolation of infectious healthcare workers. Overall, this assessment of shield immunity provides further support for leveraging infection and immune status in network-based interventions to control and prevent the spread of COVID-19.
Senescence of stromal cells contributes to endometrium dysfunction and embryo implantation failure
Authors: Deryabin Pavel I. , Ivanova Julia S. , Borodkina Aleksandra V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSuccessful implantation requires two-sided interaction between genetically normal embryo and properly prepared endometrium. At the cellular level the latter means hormone-regulated differentiation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) into decidual ones that create appropriate microenvironment for invading embryo. Impaired decidualization is proved to mediate implantation failures. Here we elicited ESCs’ senescence as the cause for disturbed decidualization of endometrial stroma and impaired blastocyst implantation. Ability to decidualize and to accept modeled blastocysts inversely correlated with senescence in patients’ ESCs lines. Reduced hormonal responsiveness of senescent ESCs led to inappropriate decidualization dynamics resulting in altered receptivity, disturbed ligand-receptor interaction with trophoblasts and modified architecture of extracellular matrix what hindered blastocysts’ invasion. Furthermore, senescent ESCs caused ‘bystander’ quenching of decidual reaction in adjacent cells reinforcing dysfunction of stromal compartment. Implementation of senomorphics reducing senescence phenotype diminished adverse effects of senescent ESCs on decidualization and implantation using both in vitro models and patients’ lines, what suggests a promising strategy to increase in vitro fertilization efficacy.
Diverse human astrocyte and microglial transcriptional responses to Alzheimer’s pathology
Authors: Smith Amy M. , Davey Karen , Tsartsalis Stergios , Khozoie Combiz , Fancy Nurun , Tang See Swee , Liaptsi Eirini , Weinert Maria , McGarry Aisling , Muirhead Robert C. J. , Gentleman Steve , Owen David R. , Matthews Paul M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTo better define roles that astrocytes and microglia play in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we used single-nuclei RNA sequencing to comprehensively characterize transcriptomes in astrocyte and microglia nuclei isolated post mortem from neuropathologically-defined AD and control brains with a range of amyloid-beta and phospho-tau (pTau) pathology. Significant differences in glial gene expression (including AD risk genes expressed in astrocytes [CLU, MEF2C, IQCK] and microglia [APOE, MS4A6A, PILRA]) were correlated with tissue amyloid and pTau expression. Astrocytes were enriched for proteostatic, inflammatory and metal ion homeostasis pathways. Pathways for phagocytosis, proteostasis and autophagy were highly enriched in microglia and perivascular macrophages. Gene co-expression analyses revealed potential functional associations of soluble biomarkers of AD in astrocytes (CLU) and microglia (GPNMB). Our work highlights responses of both astrocytes and microglia for pathological protein clearance and inflammation, as well as glial transcriptional diversity in AD.