bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss of Christianson Syndrome Na+/H+Exchanger 6 (NHE6) Causes Abnormal Endosome Maturation and Trafficking Underlying Lysosome Dysfunction in Neurons
Authors: Pescosolido Matthew F. , Ouyang Qing , Liu Judy S. , Morrow Eric M. 
Published: September 2021

Loss-of-function mutations in endosomal Na+/H+exchanger 6 (NHE6) cause the X-linked neurologic disorder Christianson syndrome. Patients exhibit symptoms associated with both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative abnormalities. While loss of NHE6 has been shown to overacidify the endosome lumen, and is associated with endolysosome neuropathology, NHE6-mediated mechanisms in endosome trafficking and lysosome function have been understudied. Here, we show that NHE6-null mouse neurons demonstrate worsening lysosome function with time in culture, likely as a result of defective endosome trafficking. NHE6-null neurons exhibit overall reduced lysosomal proteolysis despite overacidification of the endosome and lysosome lumen. Akin to Nhx1 mutants inSaccharomyces cerevisiae, we observe decreased endosome-lysosome fusion in NHE6-null neurons. Also, we find premature activation of pH-dependent cathepsin D (CatD) in endosomes. While active CatD is increased in endosomes, CatD activation and CatD protein levels are reduced in the lysosome. Protein levels of another mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR)-dependent enzyme, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, were also decreased in lysosomes of NHE6-null neurons. M6PRs accumulate in late endosomes, suggesting defective M6PR recycling and retromer function in NHE6-null neurons. Finally, coincident with decreased endosome-lysosome fusion, using total internal reflection fluorescence, we also find a prominent increase in fusion between endosomal multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane, indicating enhanced exosome secretion from NHE6-null neurons. In summary, in addition to overacidification of endosomes and lysosomes, loss of NHE6 leads to defects in endosome maturation and trafficking, including enhanced exosome release, contributing to lysosome deficiency and potentially leading to neurodegenerative disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLoss-of-function mutations in the endosomal Na+/H+exchanger 6 (NHE6) cause Christianson syndrome, an X-linked neurologic disorder. Loss of NHE6 has been shown to overacidify endosomes; however, endosome trafficking mechanisms have been understudied, and the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration are largely unknown. In NHE6-null mouse neuronsin vitro, we find worsening lysosome function with days in culture. Notably, pH-dependent lysosome enzymes, such as cathepsin D, have reduced activity in lysosomes yet increased, precocious activity in endosomes in NHE6-null neurons. Further, endosomes show reduced fusion to lysosomes, and increased fusion to the plasma membrane with increased exosome release. This study identifies new mechanisms involving defective endosome maturation and trafficking that impair lysosome function in Christianson syndrome, likely contributing to neurodegeneration.
Association between serum uric acid and renal outcome in patients with biopsy-confirmed diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Zou Yutong , Zhao Lijun , Zhang Junlin , Wang Yiting , Wu Yucheng , Ren Honghong , Wang Tingli , Zhang Rui , Wang Jiali , Zhao Yuancheng , Qin Chunmei , Xu Huan , Li Lin , Chai Zhonglin , Cooper Mark E , Tong Nanwei , Liu Fang 
Published: September 2021

Objective
To investigate the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) level and renal outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Methods
A total of 393 Chinese patients with T2DM and biopsy-proven DN and followed at least 1 year were enrolled in this study. Patients were stratified by the quartiles of baseline level of SUA: Q1 group: 286.02 ± 46.66 μmol/L (n = 98); Q2 group: 358.23 ± 14.03 μmol/L (n = 99); Q3 group: 405.50 ± 14.59 μmol/L (n = 98) and Q4 group: 499.14 ± 56.97μmol/L (n = 98). Renal outcome was defined by progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards model were used to analyze the association between SUA quartiles and the renal outcomes.

Results
During the median 3-year follow-up period, there were 173 ESRD outcome events (44.02%). No significant difference between SUA level and the risk of progression of DN (P = 0.747) was shown in the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. In multivariable-adjusted model, hazard ratios for developing ESRD were 1.364 (0.621–2.992; P = 0.439), 1.518 (0.768–3.002; P = 0.230) and 1.411 (0.706–2.821; P = 0.330) for the Q2, Q3 and Q4, respectively, in comparison with the Q1 (P = 0.652).

Conclusions
No significant association between SUA level and renal outcome of ESRD in Chinese patients with T2DM and DN was found in our study. Besides, the role of uric acid-lowering therapy in delaying DN progression and improving ESRD outcome had not yet been proven. Further study was needed to clarify the renal benefit of the uric acid-lowering therapy in the treatment of DN.
Discourse Markers of French: Multifaceted Look at a Controversial Category
Authors: Vladimirska Elena , Gridina Jelena , Turlā-Pastare Daina 
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we discuss the question of discourse markers (DM) – a category conceived differently by theoretical and applied linguistic approaches. Unlike in applied approaches, in which DMs are considered desemantized/grammaticalized lexical units devoid of their own semantics and therefore of status in the language, we consider DMs to constitute a full-fledged category of language, having its own semantics and distribution, both of which play a crucial role in the construction of discourse (Paillard 2011, 2012; Franckel 2008, 2019). This hypothesis has been developed in theoretical linguistics and has seen little evidence from a perspective of the acquisition and didactics of foreign languages. Based on cross-analysis of linguistic theories (Benveniste 1974; Ducrot 1980; Hopper & Traugott 1993; Culioli 1990,1999; Franckel & Paillard 2008) and on distributional analysis of data of the spoken corpora, we show that the absence of specific linguistic status for DMs has repercussions at the didactic and acquisition levels: DMs are generally approached in an ad hoc manner, all functions combined, which leads on the one hand to gaps in the acquisition of French and, on the other hand, to the ambiguity of criteria for evaluation. Therefore, at the level of applied linguistics, we suggest the integration of DMs in the learning path as a full category, an integration that must be carried out on several axes – semantic, syntax and prosodic – and be based on an authentic oral corpora of the spoken language. At the theoretical level, we use transversal analysis in order to give yet another argument in favor of a semantical-enunciative approach to discursive markers.
ARABIDOPSIS MUESTRA RESISTENCIA NO-HOSPEDERO CONSTITUTIVA CONTRA Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis
Authors: Hurtado Paola , Romero Danilo , López Carrascal Camilo Ernesto 
Published: September 2021

La bacteriosis vascular de la yuca, causada por la bacteria gram negativa Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), anteriormente conocida como Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, es la principal enfermedad bacteriana que compromete su producción. Con la meta de generar una resistencia durable y de amplio espectro a la bacteriosis es posible explotar los mecanismos naturales presentes en plantas no-hospedero. Arabidopsis es una planta modelo extensamente estudiada, la cual es no-hospedero de Xpm. La meta de este estudio fue determinar si la resistencia no-hospedero de Arabidopsis es consecuencia de la presencia de barreras físicas o si esta depende de determinantes genéticos. En este trabajo se evaluó la capacidad de plantas de Arabidopsis de responder a la inoculación con Xpm. Ninguno de los ocho ecotipos de Arabidopsis evaluados mostraron una respuesta hipersensible a la inoculación con ocho diferentes cepas de Xpm. Aunque no se identificó la presencia de especies reactivas de oxígeno si se encontró un bloqueo en el crecimiento de Xpm en las plantas de Arabidopsis. En conjunto, los resultados aquí presentados sugieren que Arabidopsis no está activando una respuesta contra Xpm y que la resistencia observada puede ser consecuencia de las barreras físicas presentes en Arabidopsis que Xpm no es capaz de superar.
Recent developments in filtration media and respirator technology in response to COVID-19
Authors: Wang Peter L. , Roschli Alex , Paranthaman M. Parans , Theodore Merlin , Cramer Corson L. , Zangmeister Chris , Zhang Yuepeng , Urban Jeffrey J. , Love Lonnie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a surge in demand for N95 or equivalent respirators that the global supply chain was unable to satisfy. This shortage in critical equipment has inspired research that addresses the immediate problems and has accelerated the development of the next-generation filtration media and respirators. This article provides a brief review of the most recent work with regard to face respirators and filtration media. We discuss filtration efficiency of the widely utilized cloth masks. Next, the sterilization of and reuse of existing N95 respirators to extend the existing stockpile is discussed. To expand near-term supplies, optimization of current manufacturing methods, such as melt-blown processes and electrospinning, has been explored. Future manufacturing methods have been investigated to address long-term supply shortages. Novel materials with antiviral and sterilizable properties with the ability for multiple reuses have been developed and will contribute to the development of the next generation of longer lasting multi-use N95 respirators. Finally, additively manufactured respirators are reviewed, which enable a rapidly deployable source of reusable respirators that can use any filtration fabric.

Graphic abstract
Features of endobiliary stenting in unresectable tumors in the hepatopancreatoduodenal zone
Authors: Panchenkov D. N. , Ivanov Yu. V. , Sazonov D. V. , Zlobin A. I. , Smirnov A. V. , Astakhov D. A. 
Published: September 2021

Aim. Optimization of endobiliary stenting in patients with unresectable tumors of the organs in the hepatopancreatoduodenal zone, improving the prevention of complications, improving the immediate results of treatment and the quality of patient’s life.Material and methods. From 2011 to 2020, 47 patients with unresectable tumors in the hepatopancreatoduodenal zone underwent endoscopic transpapillary stenting of the common bile duct for obstructive jaundice. A plastic stent was used in 28 patients, and a self-expanding nitinol stent in 19 patients. The results of endobiliary stenting, complications, efficacy and safety of stenting, side effects, quality of biliary tract decompression were evaluated.Results. All patients were perform stenting of the common bile duct. Two complications were recorded during endoscopic transpapillary stenting: bleeding from the area of the major duodenal papilla, which was stopped endoscopically. In the immediate postoperative period – stent displacement was noted in 3 patients, blockage of the stent – in 2 cases, acute post-manipulative pancreatitis – in 1 case, cholangitis — in 2 patients. Satisfactory decompression of the biliary tract was achieved in 44 from 47 patients. There was 1 death.Conclusion. Endoscopic transpapillary stenting of the common bile duct is a low-traumatic, safe and effective method of biliary decompression for tumor obstructive jaundice. Plastic stents should be used for biliary drainage with a life expectancy of ≤6 months. Self-expanding nitinol stents with full or partial coverage is the best chose for life expectancy > 6 months.
The first experience of partial spleen embolization for the correction of thrombocytopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Shabunin A. V. , Bedin V. V. , Drozdov P. A. , Levina O. N. , Tsurkan V. A. , Zhuravel O. S. , Astapovich S. A. 
Published: September 2021

Aim. To assess the efficacy and safety of interventional endovascular partial spleen embolization for the correction of thrombocytopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis.Material and methods. From September 2019 to March 2020, 5 partial spleen embolizations were performed at the surgical clinic of the Botkin Hospital. The indication was the impossibility of conducting courses of regional chemotherapy for primary liver cancer in 2 patients with cirrhosis, portal hypertension, hypersplenism, thrombocytopenia, in 3 patients – the impossibility of conducting adequate antiviral therapy with cirrhosis as a result of chronic viral hepatitis C. The platelet count was < 25 thousand/μl (19.34 ± 1.34 thousand/μl) in all patients at the time of the procedure. The median spleen volume was 1967.54 ± 476.13 (1324.34–2163.54) cm3 . We used Progreat® Terumo 2.8 Fr microcatheter 130 cm for catheterization branches of the splenic artery. Endovascular embolization was performed with microspheres 600 ± 75 nm – 2 ml before occlusion. Computed tomography scan of abdominal cavity with intravenous contrast enhancement and laboratory test of platelet levels were performed. Follow up of patients was carried out at 1, 3 and 6 months after this intervention.Results. The postoperative period in all patients was uncomplicated. Postembolization syndrome (pain, hyperthermia) developed in the early postoperative period in all patients on the next day after the procedure. Computed tomography scan of the abdominal cavity revealed areas of an irregular shape of low density that did not accumulate a contrast agent. The duration of hospitalization was 7.63 ± 3.32 (5–11) days. There were not in-hospital and 30-day mortality in our study.Conclusion. The first experience of endovascular partial spleen embolization showed its safety and efficacy in the correction of thrombocytopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Teleseismic source parameters and rupture characteristics of the 24 November 1987, Superstition Hills earthquake
Authors: Hwang Lorraine J. , Magistrale Harold , Kanamori Hiroo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Long-period body waves from the 24 November 1987, Superstition Hills earthquake are studied to determine the focal mechanism and spatial extent of the seismic source. The earthquake is a complex event consisting of two spatially distinct subevents with different focal mechanisms. Two consistent models of rupture are developed. For both models, the second subevent begins 8 sec after the initiation of the first subevent and the preferred centroid depth lies between 4 to 8 km. Model 1 consists of two point sources separated by 15 to 20 km along strike of the Superstition Hills fault. Model 2 consists of one point source and one line source with a rupture velocity of 2.5 km/sec with moment release distributed along strike of the focal plane at a distance of 10 to 22 km from the epicenter. These moment release patterns show that a significant amount of long-period energy is radiated from the southern segment of the fault. Total moment release for both models is approximately 8 × 1025 dyne-cm. Both models also suggest a change of dip from near vertical near the epicenter to steeply southwesterly dipping along the southern segment of the fault. The difference in rupture characteristics and fault dips seen teleseismically is also reflected in aftershock and afterslip data, and crustal structure underlying the two fault segments. The northern segment had more aftershocks and a smaller proportion of afterslip than the southern segment. The boundary between the two segments lies at a step in the basement that separates a deeper metasedimentary basement to the south from a shallower crystalline basement to the north.
Guided-wave tracking in 3-D: A tool for interpreting complex regional seismograms
Authors: Kennett B. L. N. , Bostock M. G. , Xie J.-K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The tracking of guided-wave trains by raytracing in 3-D structures can provide a means of interpreting complex seismograms at regional distances. The method relies on the interpretation of Lg as the constructive interference of multiple S reflections within the crust, and strong scattering can be simulated by the inclusion of secondary sources.
This approach has been applied to Californian events observed in the southwestern United States whose records at regional distances frequently exhibit an extended and complex Lg coda with significant late energy arriving with group velocities of 2.5 km/sec or less. The general character of this energy precludes an interpretation as the result of stochastic scattering processes or dispersion in low velocity surface sediments; therefore some alternative explanation needs to be sought.
The observed wavetrains of events from two sites in southwestern California (Coalinga and North Baja) at stations LAC, MNV, and ELK have been compared with the predictions from tracking guided-wave patterns. Multipathing of energy by major changes in the thickness of the crustal wave guide is consistent with the extended and often “pulse-like” nature of the Lg coda. Examples of plausible multipathing mechanisms include reflection from the ocean-continent transition, scattering associated with topographic features such as the Sierra Nevada, and resonance within the narrow corridor of Baja California.
Seismic radiation from anSHline source in a laterally heterogeneous planar fault zone
Authors: Ben-Zion Yehuda , Aki Keiiti 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA solution to the class of problems in which an SH line source is operating in a medium consisting of two quarter spaces with an arbitrary number of semi infinite vertical layers in between is given in a frequency-wavenumber domain. The general result is applied to a model with a single vertical layer, and synthetic seismograms are calculated for a source specified as an SH line dislocation at the interface between the vertical layer and the faster quarter space. The numerical examples demonstrate that moderate fault-normal material heterogeneity can have significant effects on the seismic response of a medium. The overall distribution of travel times, amplitudes, and motion polarities in the presence of fault zone material heterogeneity is different from a corresponding distribution in a homogeneous half space. The effects are most prominent near the fault zone, where head waves, surface waves, and trapped modes result in waveform complexities, large amplifications (over an order of magnitude in the fault zone itself), and first-motion polarities which are reversed from homogeneous medium predictions. The results imply that material heterogeneity should be included in fault zone models which are used for the interpretation of observed seismic data and theoretical calculations of near fault responses. Such models can be utilized to obtain important fault zone and earthquake source parameters.
Interpretation of physical status of arrival picks for microseismic source location
Authors: Ge Maochen , Kaiser P. K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The automatic recognition of a microseismic event usually relies on two criteria: threshold voltage level and event recognition time window. Current microseismic source location techniques are severaly limited because the physical status of an arrival pick is not known. This paper presents a theory for the identification of the physical status of an arrival pick. It consists of an arrival time difference analysis and a residual analysis. The theory can be used to discriminate various types of arrival picks critical for microseismic source location. An event-based velocity model can then be established and used to determine the source location more accurately. The theory provides a unique approach that may be utilized in various automatic acoustic/seismic processing systems.
Event detection and location performance of the FINESA array in Finland
Authors: Uski Marja 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The experimental seismic array FINESA in Finland is designed to monitor weak seismic events at regional and teleseismic distances. The array geometry currently comprises 15 short-period vertical seismometers in three concentric rings (A-, B-, and C-rings), with a diameter of the outer ring of about 2 km. In late 1989, the data acquisition system of the array was completely modernized. Signals are now transferred continuously via high-speed telephone lines to the processing centers at the Institute of Seismology in Helsinki and NORSAR in Norway, therefore allowing automatic real-time processing of the recorded data.
In this paper, the detection performance of the array in the current configuration has been evaluated. The results are encouraging: during a 2-week test period, FINESA detected at least one P and one S phase for 84 per cent of the events reported in the regional bulletin of the University of Helsinki, and 99 per cent of the events in the weekly teleseismic bulletins. Many additional events at both distance ranges were also found.
The estimated phase velocities obtained by the broadband frequency-wave-number analysis confidently identify the phase type (teleseismic Pgional PgionalS). However, the resolution of the analysis is not sufficient to separate Pg from Pn and Lg from Sn. The estimated backazimuths are reliable for phase association, the standard deviation of the estimates being 7° for regional P phases, 6° for regional S phases, and 23° for teleseismic P phases.
Finally, preliminary results from FINESA's on-line event location capability showed that the average error in the location estimates is 21 per cent of the true epicentral distance. The greatest error sources are uncertainty in the estimated azimuths and occasional misidentification of secondary phases (Lg, Sn and Rg). The error could be reduced by constructing a regional correction term for the azimuth estimates and “tuning” the phase identification algorithms for FINESA. The characteristics of the Rg-phase need to be especially considered.
Microseismicity and tectonics in northeast India
Authors: Kayal J. R. , De Reena 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Three microearthquake surveys were carried out in Shillong Plateau, Mikir Hills, and Assam valley areas during 1984 to 1986. Some 422 events are relocated by the Homogeneous Station Method. The microseismicity map reveals intense crustal (10 to 40 km) activity beneath the Tura area of Shillong Plateau. The areas to the west of Shillong and the area around Mikir Hills also show high activity. The microseismicity map further shows major tectonic lineaments that are compatible with the Landsat Imagery lineaments and the major faults. Composite focal mechanisms of the microearthquakes show spatial variation of the tectonic stresses in the region. An ENE-WSW horizontal compressive stress is dominant in the Tura area, whereas a SE-NW horizontal compressive stress is dominant in the Shillong and Mikir Hills areas.
Performance of the short-period geophones of the IRIS/PASSCAL Array
Authors: Menke William , Shengold Larry , Hongsheng Guo , Ge Hu , Lerner-Lam Arthur 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We calibrated 64 Mark Products L22-D short-period geophones of the IRIS/PASSCAL Array using a mass-displacement test. The mean natural frequency of the 192 components was 2.1 Hz (slightly larger than the nominal value of 2 Hz) with a standard deviation of about ±0.15 Hz. The standard deviation of the voltage sensitivity is about ±5 per cent. Variability of both sensitivity and natural period are within the manufacturer's published specifications. Three types of nonlinearities were noted: a 5 per cent difference in parameters determined by positive and negative mass-displacements, possibly due to a nonlinear spring (observed on more than 90 per cent of the 192 components tested); apparent cross-axis errors in wide (1 to 2 Hz) bands near 10 Hz; and spurious resonance peaks at frequencies between 22 and 29 Hz (observed on about 20 per cent of the components). Array equalization of seismograms from the Loma Prieta earthquake aftershock survey indicate that the root mean square misfit between two seismograms recorded by different geophones at the same site can be reduced from ∼10 per cent to ∼5 per cent by application of the calibration results.