bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implication of seismicity for failure of a section of the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Bakun W. H. , Stewart R. M. , Bufe C. G. , Marks S. M. 
Published: June 2021

abstractOn January 15, 1973, a magnitude ML 4.1 earthquake occurred near Cienega Road on the San Andreas Fault about 20 km south of Hollister, California. A 3-km-long segment of the fault southeast of the earthquake was aseismic for the 7 weeks preceding the event, although microearthquakes occurred at both its ends. The first day's aftershocks occurred at the northwest end of the aseismic segment; later aftershock activity migrated to the southeast, filling the remainder of the segment.If the discontinuous surface trace of the fault can be extrapolated to the focal region of the earthquakes to define fault geometry at depth, then aftershocks occurred primarily on one continuous segment of the fault and epicenter locations and direction of rupture propagation (inferred from the azimuthal pattern of P-wave radiation) of the precursory shocks correlate with the discontinuities in the trace that terminate the segment. The 1970 to 1976 deficit in seismic slip within the segment suggests that fault creep accounts for a significant part of cumulative slip within the segment. The pattern of seismicity is consistent with the hypothesis that creep on the segment before the main shock caused a buildup of stress at the ends of the segment or at the ends of adjacent offset segments.Correlation of seismicity and discontinuities or bends in the mapped fault trace are the basis for an extension and refinement of the “stuck” and “creeping” patch model of the San Andreas Fault in central California. Patch boundaries extend from the free surface down through the seismogenic zone. Creeping patches lie beneath smooth continuous segments of the fault trace. Stuck patches lie beneath discontinuities or bends in the fault trace.
Wave train characteristics of long-range, high-frequencyPn,Sncrossing an ocean bottom hydrophone array
Authors: McCreery Charles S. , Sutton George H. 
Published: June 2021

abstractDuring February and March 1976 high-frequency Pn,Sn phases from several earthquakes in the distance range 18° to 29° were recorded on magnetic type from an array of bottom mounted hydrophones near Wake Island. Large discrepancies were found between the actual arrival sequences of these phases and those expected for uniform propagation of a plane wave front across the array. Furthermore, the signal envelopes of the wave trains were dissimilar on different hydrophones for any given Pn,Sn phase. Comparisons between arrival sequences on the different hydrophones and between the signal envelopes on a given hydrophone from groups of earthquakes with nearly identical hypocenters indicate that differences in velocity structure near individual hydrophones cannot explain these observations. They are more likely the result of either the mechanism of generation or of long-range propagation for Pn and Sn, or both.
Qestimates using the coda of local earthquake
Authors: Herrmann Robert B. 
Published: June 2021

abstractAn extension of the Aki (1969) coda model takes into account the instrument and Earth Q-filter effects on the dispersion of the coda. The coda dispersion and coda shapes are easily derived and plotted as a function of t* = t/Q. Observed data can be overlaid on master curves to directly estimate shear-wave Q and to normalize for earthquake moment to estimate the attenuation coefficient of γ. The method works well when the earthquakes studied have corner frequencies greater than the combined peak response of the instrument and Earth Q-filters. Comparing results from central California and the southeastern United States, there is a slight indication that the excitation of the coda is inversely proportional to Q.
The excitation and attenuation of seismic crustal phases in Iran
Authors: Nuttli Otto W. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe most prominent crustal phases of Iranian earthquakes recorded by stations in Iran are the first P (Pn or refracted P), Pg, Sn, and Lg. Pg, Sn, and Lg appear as trains of waves whose attenuation behaves as that of dispersed surface waves. For 1-sec period Pg, Sn and Lg, the coefficient of anelastic attenuation has an average value of 0.0045 km−1, similar to that for California but much greater than that for eastern North America. For 3-sec period Lg waves, the average value is 0.003 km−1. The excitation of 1-sec Pg and Lg waves is approximately equal. The amplitude of their vertical components for an mb = 5.0 earthquake at 10-km epicentral distance is 270 μm. The 10-km amplitude of vertical-component, 3-sec period Lg waves is 800 μm for an mb = 5.0 earthquake. For all epicentral distances the resultant horizontal, 1-sec period Lg motion is twice that of the vertical component. The 10-km value of the resultant horizontal Sn motion for an mb = 5.0 earthquake is 240 μm, slightly less than half that of Lg. The amplitude of the first P motion is, in general, one or more orders of magnitude smaller than that of the other crustal phases to distances of 500 km. However, at distances of 1000 to 1500 km the amplitude of first P is comparable to that of the other phases. Formulas are given to compute body-wave magnitude of Iranian earthquakes from the amplitudes of 1-sec period, vertical component Pg and Lg waves as well as amplitudes of the first arrival.
Simulation of strong ground motions
Authors: Hadley David M. , Helmberger Donald V. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe estimation of potential strong ground motions at short epicentral distances (Δ = 10 to 25 km) resulting from large earthquakes, M ≧ 6.5, generally requires extrapolation of a limited data set. The goal of this project has been to quantify the extrapolation through a simulation technique that relies heavily upon the more extensive data set from smaller magnitude earthquakes. The simulation utilizes the smaller events as Green's functions for the elements of a larger fault. Comparison of the simulated peak acceleration and duration with the data from the Parkfield earthquake is very good. Simulation of three earthquakes, M = 5.5, 6.5, and 7.0 indicate that the slope of the peak acceleration versus distance curve (Δ = 5 to 25 km) flattens, for strike-slip earthquakes, as the magnitude increases.
A technical note on PGA-intensity relations with applications to damage estimation
Authors: McCann Martin W. , Sauter Franz , Shah Haresh C. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
The use of peak ground acceleration (PGA)-Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) relations is discussed. A review of previous investigations in this area suggests that almost instinctively, a linear function, relating the log10(PGA) to MMI is assumed. This note proposes a quadratic form for such a relationship. The motivation for this study was provided by the application of PGA-MMI relations to the problem of damage estimations due to strong earthquake ground motion. A function relating PGA to MMI allows one to convert the probabilistic information on PGA, the typical parameter of seismic hazard analyses, to MMI, the parameter most commonly correlated to structural damage. The uncertainties in the variables used in the damage estimation are discussed.
Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935
Authors: Singh D. D. , Gupta Harsh K. 
Published: June 2021

abstractSource mechanisms of two major destructive earthquakes which occurred at the Bihar-Nepal border and in the Quetta region on January 15, 1934 and May 30, 1935, respectively, are determined using the P-wave first motions, S-wave polarization angles, and surface-wave spectral data. The high stress drop and apparent stress associated with these events suggest that high tectonic stresses are prevailing in these regions. A major part of the stresses accumulated before the occurrence of the two earthquakes had been released through the main shock. An investigation of temporal and spatial variation of regional seismicity reveals possible existence of seismic gaps before the occurrence of these two major events.
A numerical study ofP-,SV-, andSH-wave generation in a plane layered medium
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Herrmann R. B. 
Published: June 2021

abstractA solution for the surface displacements due to buried dislocation sources in a multi-layered elastic medium is found using the Haskell (1964) paper as a starting point and more importantly, for notation. Through the introduction of some simple matrix operations, the Haskell (1964) solution is made simultaneously more compact and computationally stable. Time histories are computed for a perfectly elastic medium by performing classical contour integration in the complex wavenumber plane. A new aspect in the evaluation of those contours is introduced because of the recognition of nonzero singularity contributions of the Hankel and modified Bessel functions at k = 0. Theoretical ground motion time histories are presented to show the usefulness of the formulation. The overall objective of this paper is to incorporate the modifications made since 1964 to the Haskell (1964) paper in an easily understandable, step-by-step development.
Prediction of the Sungpan-Pingwu earthquakes, August 1976
Authors: Wallace Robert E. , Teng Ta-Liang 
Published: June 2021

abstract
On August 16, 22, and 23, 1976, a succession of three large earthquakes (M = 7.2, 6.8, 7.2) occurred in the Sungpan-Pingwu area of Szechuan Province, People's Republic of China. Their successful predictions resulted in a substantial reduction in the loss of lives. The epicenters of these events progressed from north to south along the Huya Fault, a NNW-striking fault between the NE-trending Lungmenshan fracture zone and the north-trending Mienchiang fracture zone in western Szechuan. The greatest intensity reported was IX; isoseismals were crudely elliptical with the long axis parallel to the trend of the Huya Fault. The predictions were made with a reasonably good magnitude window (less than 0.5 magnitude unit), a rather large space window (about 150 km ×150 km), and a remarkably good time window (within a day). The detailed prediction process began with field monitoring some 6 yr before the Sungpan-Pingwu events and ended with the final issuance of warning and mass evacuation.
During the few weeks preceding the earthquakes, about 1,300 observations of noninstrumental anomalies and precursory phenomena were reported by scientists and lay brigades: outgassings, fireballs and other earthquake lights, abnormal animal and plant behavior, and telluric currents.
Intensities and isoseismal map for the St. Elias earthquake of February 28, 1979
Authors: Stover C. W. , Reagor B. G. , Wetmiller R. J. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe magnitude 7.2 St. Elias earthquake of February 28, 1979 was felt over an area of about 500,000 km2 of Alaska, United States, and Canada. The maximum intensity was VII at Icy Bay Lumber Camp. No major damage resulted as the epicenter was in an unpopulated area of Alaska. Isoseismal maps are also presented for the earthquakes of September 4, 1899, September 10, 1899, 21 hr, October 9, 1900, and July 10, 1958; magnitudes 8.3, 8.6, 8.3, and 7.9, respectively. The felt areas of the 1899 and 1958 earthquakes were not significantly larger than the St. Elias felt area considering the uncertainty of their limit of perceptibility. The October 9, 1900 earthquake appears to be located in the Kodiak Island region and not near Cape Yakatage as previously published.
Antifungal susceptibility of clinically significant candida species by disk diffusion method
Authors: Reddy Edula Ajitha 
Published: June 2021

Antifungal susceptibility of candida. To perform antifungal susceptibility testing on candida isolates by disk diffusion method & study its susceptibility pattern. The present study was conducted in the department of Microbiology in a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad from January 2013 to June 2014, with prior approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. The present study was designed to perform antifungal susceptibility test on Candida isolates by Disk Diffusion Method and study its susceptibility pattern. 102 Candida isolates were subjected to Antifungal susceptibility testing by Disk diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton Agar + 2% Glucose and 0.5 μg/mL Methylene Blue Dye (GMB) Mediumas per CLSI guidelines. : Antifungal susceptibility test shows that C. albicans is more susceptible to all the antifungal agents tested. Resistance to azole group of drugs was more pronounced in non-albicans candida spp. Voriconazole seemed to be superior to Fluconazole with a better susceptibility in the Fluconazole resistant strains also.Findings of the antifungal susceptibility test suggest that Candida spp., differ in their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates will be helpful in guiding physicians to select the appropriate antifungal drug so that therapeutic failures can be avoided thus decreasing patient morbidity and mortality.
Study of listeriosis in spontaneous abortions during preganacy at tertiary care centre
Authors: A Dawane Snehal , Shegakar Vijay 
Published: June 2021

Listeriosis is an emerging zoonotic disease. Listeria monocytogenes is an uncommon cause of illness in general population, however, in some high risk groups including neonates, pregnant women, elderly persons, immunosuppressed transplant recipients and others with impaired cell mediated immunity, it is important cause of life threatening bacteremia meningoencephalitis. Listeriosis is 18 times more common in pregnancy (12/100,000) than in the non-pregnant population (0.7/100,000) and 16-27% of all infections with Listeria occur in pregnant women. Isolation of bacteria by conventional methods of microscopy and culture on selective agar PALCUM agar after enrichment of samples by using UVM1, UVM2 .Speciation of listeria done by carbohydrate fermentation test followed by study of pathogenicity by hemolysis on sheep blood agar and CAMP test followed by antimicrobial susceptibility test done.Out of total 131 patients having history of Spontaneous abortion were screened for Listeria, in that 10(7.6%) were carrying Listeria out of which 3(2.29%) of them found to be positive for L. monocytogenes and 07(5.34%) were other Listeria spp. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in present study was 03(2.29%) from spontaneous abortion cases.Based on the results of present study it is concluded that Listeria monocytogenes is responsible for spontaneous abortions in spontaneous abortion during pregnancy in humans.
Determination of the incidence of carbapenem-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients suffering with diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: C Patil Sangeetha , Y A Surekha 
Published: June 2021

The present study was undertaken to determine the incidence of carbapenem-resistant in patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers. A total of one hundred patients with diabetic ulcer admitted in surgical wards, VIMS, Bellary were studied. Swabs were collected from the depth of the ulcers on the feet of the diabetic patients. From each patient, two swabs were collected. One swab was used for the isolation of aerobic bacteria and the other for preparation of smear for Gram stain. Debrided necrotic material was also collected. After sample collection, the specimens were processed immediately in the laboratory. Out of 100 cases, 40 (40%) patients presented with ulcer of 2-4 weeks duration. Out of 165 organisms isolated, most common isolate were 38(23.03%), followed by 34 (20.6%), 2(16.96%), 26(15.75%), 23(13.93%), 8(4.84%), 4(2.42%) and 4(2.42%) The carbapenems seem to be successful against the .
Comparative study of different methods of microscopy followed by a culture method in the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinically and radiologically suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Sridhar Aarthi , Gopi Anjana , Dalal Abhilasha , Ravi Divya 
Published: June 2021

To compare the sensitivity of 2 microscopic methods for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) along with culture and drug susceptibility testing to first line drugs.: The cross-sectional study comprises 200 suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis both clinically and radiologically in KIMS, Bangalore over a period of 2 years. Samples (sputum/BAL fluid) were collected, processed and stained by Ziehl Neelson (ZN) and Fluorescent methods. Culture and drug susceptibilty testing was done for Streptomycin, Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Ethambutol by Mycobacterium growth indicator tube (MGIT) method after decontamination.Fischer’s test : 1. Out of 200 samples: 1.120 were male and 80 were female; 2. 18 were positive by Ziehl Neelson, 21 by Fluorescent and 28 by culture; 3. Majority of the patients belonged to age group 41-50 years (23%); 4. InMGIT, 26 were M.tb and 2 were Non-tubercular mycobacteria; 5. Out of 26 M.tb isolates, 4 were resistant to streptomycin, 6 to isoniazid, 2 to rifampicin and 9 to ethambutol.1. The sensitivity of Fluorescent staining (64.28%) is higher than that of Ziehl-Neelson (51.7%); 2. In MGIT, 26 were M.tb and 2 were Non tubercular mycobacteria; 3. 2 were Multi-drug resistant- tuberculosis (MDR-TB) This study made us aware of the need for prompt detection, identification and appropriate treatment of Tuberculosis due to the rising incidence of MDR-TB.
Stimulation of Soybean (Glycine max) Growth and Yield using Bradyrhizobium Inoculants in the Semi-arid Environment of Botswana
Authors: Mosupiemang M. , Bareeleng K. , Chiduwa M.S. , Molosiwa O.O. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Crop yields in the semi-arid regions are low due to climatic and soil related constraints. Soybean as one of the most important legume crops grown worldwide, has a role to contribute nitrogen to improve nutrient poor soils in Africa. A study was conducted to examine the effects of Bradyrhizobium spp inoculations on the growth and yield of soybean varieties in a glasshouse. Methods: The study was arranged in a randomized complete block factorial design, with factor A being two soybean varieties (Bimha and Status) while factor B was inoculation using four Bradyrhizobium strains and the uninoculated control. Result: Bradyrhizobium inoculation significantly (P less than 0.001) affected days to 50% flowering, days to emergence, nodule number, root dry weight and grain yield and yield traits. Parameters that were affected by both inoculant strain and variety included days to 50% flowering, days to emergence, number of pods per plant, pod weight and number of seeds per pod. The interaction effect of variety and Bradyrhizobium inoculant strain was observed only on number of pods per plants. Our study shows that soybean grows well when inoculated with Bradyrhizobium inoculants, in semi-arid conditions of Botswana.
CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN AND FEATURES OF THE PROCESSES IN THE ROASTING SHAFT FURNACES BY USING GASEOUS FUEL
Authors: Vytiaganets Valentin , Shaporev Valeriy , Pitak Inna , Baranova Antonina 
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes shaft furnaces for lime production. According to the method of firing, shaft furnaces are of bulk type, semi-gas type, gaseous and liquid fuels. The disadvantages of the operation of the main modern kilns during lime burning have been established. The main aggregates for high-tonnage lime production are mine lime kilns, in which blast furnace coke or anthracite, or high-quality coals are used as fuel. Generally, lean fuels are used in industries where, together with the technological cycle, carbon dioxide is used, which are contained in flue gases with a concentration of 36−40%mass. The data on the operation of six furnaces on the territory of Ukraine at the enterprises showed that gas shaft furnaces of cylindrical and slotted type with a straight-lining profile were widely used. The parameters of such furnaces are productivity from 100 to 250 tons per day, shaft diameter from 3.2 to 5.4 m, and height 6−8 furnace diameters. Most often, they use heating systems with central and two rows of peripheral injection burners without protrusion. The most critical part of all furnaces is the distribution of gas flow rates over the cross-section of the furnace shaft and the depth of radial penetration of the gas flow into the material layer. Calculations of τ1 and τП were carried out in the following way: for τ1, the temperature range of the medium was chosen from 1300 to 250−300 °С, τox − the temperature range for the material was chosen from 1000 to 100 °С and the density of the product was taken into account at the degree of decomposition of limestone 98% (=1700 kg/m3). In the preheating zone, the limiting stage is the supply of heat from the gas to the lump material, and at the same time can be taken equal to ⁓400−450 kJ/(m2∙h∙К) and τ1 is estimated as 0.8÷1 hour. The total residence time of the material in the furnace (in the heating zone and in the firing zone) is estimated at 1.4÷1.5 hours. The average speed of material movement in the cylindrical part of the furnace is estimated as 0.004 m/s, which makes it possible to consider the filtering layer conditionally stationary. These characteristics affect the quality of limestone and the uniformity of limestone firing that was the basis for the design of roasting shaft kilns using gaseous fuel.
Study of teenage students’ musculoskeletal health, teenage students training program: the application of intervention mapping approach
Authors: NeJhaddadgar Nazila , Tavafian Sedigheh Sadat , ziapour arash , Abbas Jaffar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background: According to the studies conducted, adolescence and its related health issues are of the most significant issues. The purpose of the study was to develop a Musculoskeletal Health intervention-training program using intervention mapping approach (IMA).Methods: The present study was a study protocol where IMA was used as a planning framework for developing musculoskeletal Health intervention-training program. Six intervention mapping steps were completed in the study. As the first step, needs assessment was performed by reviewing the studies, qualitative evaluation and interviews. In the second step, matrix of change objectives was designed. Later on, after designing the program and planning the program implementation, the program evaluation plan was developed.Results: IMA guided us in designing and implementing a control-oriented training program with the participation of the participants along with the definition of outcomes, performance goals and determinants, theoretical methods and practical applications, intervention program, implementation and step by step assessment.Conclusion: Intervention mapping is a participation-based approach to design and implement promotion programs.