bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Necessities Laid Bare: An Examination of Possible Justifications for Peter Townsend’s Purely Relative Definition of Poverty
Authors: DUNN ANDREW 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe EU and OECD’s use of poverty lines set at a percentage of national average income is testimony to the widespread acceptance of Peter Townsend’s purely relative poverty definition. It has often been defended, including by Townsend, as a development of Adam Smith’s reference to ‘necessaries’ differing across social contexts. This article contends that Townsend’s definition is clearly inconsistent with Smith’s work but entirely consistent with a passage by Wilhelm Schulz which established the term ‘relative poverty’ and asserted that people’s material needs are proportionate to their nation’s economic output per head; Karl Marx quoted that passage in a short piece that criticised Smith. A recent defence of Townsend’s definition is its supposed international public endorsement in empirical studies of socially perceived necessities. A review of this evidence finds that publics, like Smith and British poverty researchers before Townsend – most notably Seebohm Rowntree – see the extent of material need as affected by social context but not proportionate to national average income. Publishing purely relative and absolute purchasing power poverty statistics together offers a way of portraying hardship levels that is balanced to reflect publics’ more narrowly relative understanding of material needs.
Decreased vitamin D levels in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients
Authors: Marazziti Donatella , Barberi Filippo M. , Fontenelle Leonardo , Buccianelli Beatrice , Carbone Manuel G. , Parra Elisabetta , Palermo Stefania , Massa Lucia , Tagliarini Claudia , Della Vecchia Alessandra , Mucci Federico , Arone Alessandro , Dell’Osso Liliana 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper compared vitamin D levels in adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and explored possible correlations with patients’ characteristics.MethodsFifty outpatients with OCD, according to DSM-5 criteria, were included and assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRDS).ResultsAll the patients except one showed lower vitamin D levels than normative values (>30 nm/L). Vitamin D values of the whole sample were negatively correlated with Y-BOCS total, compulsion subscale, and some items’ scores, specifically “interference from obsessions,” “distress associated with obsessions,” and “time spent on compulsions”. The same relationships were detected in men, while women showed negative correlations between vitamin D levels and Y-BOCS compulsion subscale and “resistance to compulsions,” “degree of control of compulsions,” “insight” item scores.ConclusionsOur findings would indicate that vitamin D might be involved in the pathophysiology of OCD, and that it is possibly related to the severity of the disorder and to typical symptoms, with some sex-related peculiarities. Further studies are necessary to support or not our findings and to ascertain the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in patients with OCD.
INTERACTION OF A SINGULAR SURFACE WITH A STRONG SHOCK IN THE INTERSTELLAR GAS CLOUDS
Authors: JENA J. , MITTAL S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe investigate the interaction between a singular surface and a strong shock in the self-gravitating interstellar gas clouds with the assumption of spherical symmetry. Using the method of the Lie group of transformations, a particular solution of the flow variables and the cooling–heating function for an infinitely strong shock is obtained. This paper explores an application of the singular surface theory in the evolution of an acceleration wave front propagating through an unperturbed medium. We discuss the formation of an acceleration, considering the cases of compression and expansion waves. The influence of the cooling–heating function on a shock formation is explained. The results of a collision between a strong shock and an acceleration wave are discussed using the Lax evolutionary conditions.
Massive GNSS Network Analysis Without Baselines: Undifferenced Ambiguity Resolution
Authors: Geng Jianghui , Mao Shuyin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInteger ambiguity resolution (IAR) plays a key role in high‐precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). While GNSS network analysis is usually achieved through double‐difference (DD) IAR, undifferenced (UD) IAR has also been developed in recent years to achieve network analysis station by station. It is normally acquiesced in that DD‐IAR and UD‐IAR should achieve equivalent results, which is however not the case in a number of studies. We investigated four representatives DD‐IAR and UD‐IAR strategies using 1 year of GPS data from 192 globally distributed stations, where the position repeatability and the root mean squares error (RMSE) against the International GNSS Service weekly solutions were both quantified. We found that the position repeatability and the RMSE of DD‐IAR were both worse than those of UD‐IAR at over 90% of stations for the east component, though the largest deteriorations were only 0.6 and 0.7 mm, respectively. We demonstrate that it is the incorrectly resolved DD ambiguities, though accounting for far less than 1%, that degrade DD‐IAR. Identifying such problematic ambiguities requires sophisticated quality control for DD‐IAR, because the integer offset of an incorrect DD ambiguity might have been absorbed evenly by the cross‐connected mass of DD ambiguities throughout the network, and consequently does not manifest as an outlier in the ambiguity‐fixed solution. We, therefore, recommend UD‐IAR for GNSS network analysis since it is immune to the error propagation resulting from incorrect integer ambiguities at other stations and thus more efficient to achieve ambiguity‐fixed solutions.
The NPF Effect on CCN Number Concentrations: A Review and Re‐Evaluation of Observations From 35 Sites Worldwide
Authors: Ren Jingye , Chen Lu , Fan Tianyi , Liu Jieyao , Jiang Sihui , Zhang Fang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe new particle formation (NPF) effect on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) differs from region to region and remains highly uncertain. Here, we re‐evaluate the NPF‐initiated enhancements in CCN number concentrations (E_NCCN) by compiling results from 35 field sites worldwide and five global models. We show the E_NCCN at sites close to the anthropogenic sources are more than 2‐fold as large as that at remote sites with supersaturations of 0.1%–1.0%. The enhancements anti‐correlate with the time scales for the new particles to grow to CCN size, which are 5–10 and 20–30 hr at polluted and remote sites, respectively. We further reveal that under polluted environments the condensational growth of new particles may be accelerated, leading to larger E_NCCN. The models fail to simulate the E_NCCN in polluted regions. Our study highlights the importance of parameterizing the time scale of NPF to affect CCN differently for remote and polluted regions in models.
Electromagnetic Response of the Mid‐Latitude Ionosphere to Power Transmission Lines
Authors: Fedorov E. N. , Mazur N. G. , Pilipenko V. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTo foresee a plausible electromagnetic contamination of the near‐Earth space by anthropogenic activity, a magnitude of electromagnetic response in the upper ionosphere to 50/60 Hz power line emission (PLE) is to be modeled. For that we have calculated the spatial structure of electromagnetic disturbance in the mid‐latitude atmosphere and ionosphere immersed into an inclined geomagnetic field . The electromagnetic field is excited by a large‐scale 50/150 Hz oscillating linear current suspended above the ground. The elaborated model is based on numerical solution of full‐wave equations in a realistic ionosphere whose parameters have been reconstructed with the use of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. The PLE wave beam in the ionosphere is not guided by , but still is shifted equatorward from the vertical. The response of the nightside upper ionosphere is slowly decreasing with diminishing of latitude. The amplitude of PLE electric component in the upper ionosphere generated by the unbalanced power line current with intensity of 10 Amperes can reach 1 V/m which is sufficient to be detected by a low‐Earth‐orbit satellite. For a better insight into PLE transmission through the ionosphere a basic information about ELF waves in the multi‐ion plasma is provided.
Growth factor signaling predicts therapy resistance mechanisms and defines neuroblastoma subtypes
Authors: Lebedev Timofey , Vagapova Elmira , Spirin Pavel , Rubtsov Petr , Astashkova Olga , Mikheeva Alesya , Sorokin Maxim , Vladimirova Uliana , Suntsova Maria , Konovalov Dmitry , Roumiantsev Alexander , Stocking Carol , Buzdin Anton , Prassolov Vladimir 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNeuroblastoma (NB) has a low frequency of recurrent mutations compared to other cancers, which hinders the development of targeted therapies and novel risk stratification strategies. Multikinase inhibitors have shown potential in treating high-risk NB, but their efficacy is likely impaired by the cancer cells’ ability to adapt to these drugs through the employment of alternative signaling pathways. Based on the expression of 48 growth factor-related genes in 1189 NB tumors, we have developed a model for NB patient survival prediction. This model discriminates between stage 4 NB tumors with favorable outcomes (>80% overall survival) and very poor outcomes (<10%) independently from MYCN-amplification status. Using signaling pathway analysis and gene set enrichment methods in 60 NB patients with known therapy response, we identified signaling pathways, including EPO, NGF, and HGF, upregulated in patients with no or partial response. In a therapeutic setting, we showed that among six selected growth factors, EPO, and NGF showed the most pronounced protective effects in vitro against several promising anti-NB multikinase inhibitors: imatinib, dasatinib, crizotinib, cabozantinib, and axitinib. Mechanistically kinase inhibitors potentiated NB cells to stronger ERK activation by EPO and NGF. The protective action of these growth factors strongly correlated with ERK activation and was ERK-dependent. ERK inhibitors combined with anticancer drugs, especially with dasatinib, showed a synergistic effect on NB cell death. Consideration of growth factor signaling activity benefits NB outcome prediction and tailoring therapy regimens to treat NB.
Incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle and proton gradient in Pandoravirus massiliensis: is it still a virus?
Authors: Aherfi Sarah , Brahim Belhaouari Djamal , Pinault Lucile , Baudoin Jean-Pierre , Decloquement Philippe , Abrahao Jonatas , Colson Philippe , Levasseur Anthony , Lamb David C , Chabriere Eric , Raoult Didier , La Scola Bernard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The discovery of Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus, the first isolated giant virus of amoeba, challenged the historical hallmarks defining a virus. Giant virion sizes are known to reach up to 2.3 µm, making them visible by optical microscopy. Their large genome sizes of up to 2.5 Mb can encode proteins involved in the translation apparatus. We have investigated possible energy production in Pandoravirus massiliensis. Mitochondrial membrane markers allowed for the detection of a membrane potential in purified virions and this was enhanced by a regulator of the tricarboxylic acid cycle but abolished by the use of a depolarizing agent. Bioinformatics was employed to identify enzymes involved in virion proton gradient generation and this approach revealed that eight putative P. massiliensis proteins exhibited low sequence identities with known cellular enzymes involved in the universal tricarboxylic acid cycle. Further, all eight viral genes were transcribed during replication. The product of one of these genes, ORF132, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and shown to function as an isocitrate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Our findings show for the first time that a membrane potential can exist in Pandoraviruses, and this may be related to tricarboxylic acid cycle. The presence of a proton gradient in P. massiliensis makes this virus a form of life for which it is legitimate to ask the question “what is a virus?”.
TNF-α synergises with IFN-γ to induce caspase-8-JAK1/2-STAT1-dependent death of intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Woznicki Jerzy A. , Saini Nisha , Flood Peter , Rajaram Subhasree , Lee Ciaran M. , Stamou Panagiota , Skowyra Agnieszka , Bustamante-Garrido Milan , Regazzoni Karine , Crawford Nyree , McDade Simon S. , Longley Daniel B. , Aza-Blanc Pedro , Shanahan Fergus , Zulquernain Syed A. , McCarthy Jane , Melgar Silvia , McRae Bradford L. , Nally Ken 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRewiring of host cytokine networks is a key feature of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease (CD). Th1-type cytokines—IFN-γ and TNF-α—occupy critical nodes within these networks and both are associated with disruption of gut epithelial barrier function. This may be due to their ability to synergistically trigger the death of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) via largely unknown mechanisms. In this study, through unbiased kinome RNAi and drug repurposing screens we identified JAK1/2 kinases as the principal and nonredundant drivers of the synergistic killing of human IECs by IFN-γ/TNF-α. Sensitivity to IFN-γ/TNF-α-mediated synergistic IEC death was retained in primary patient-derived intestinal organoids. Dependence on JAK1/2 was confirmed using genetic loss-of-function studies and JAK inhibitors (JAKinibs). Despite the presence of biochemical features consistent with canonical TNFR1-mediated apoptosis and necroptosis, IFN-γ/TNF-α-induced IEC death was independent of RIPK1/3, ZBP1, MLKL or caspase activity. Instead, it involved sustained activation of JAK1/2-STAT1 signalling, which required a nonenzymatic scaffold function of caspase-8 (CASP8). Further modelling in gut mucosal biopsies revealed an intercorrelated induction of the lethal CASP8-JAK1/2-STAT1 module during ex vivo stimulation of T cells. Functional studies in CD-derived organoids using inhibitors of apoptosis, necroptosis and JAKinibs confirmed the causative role of JAK1/2-STAT1 in cytokine-induced death of primary IECs. Collectively, we demonstrate that TNF-α synergises with IFN-γ to kill IECs via the CASP8-JAK1/2-STAT1 module independently of canonical TNFR1 and cell death signalling. This non-canonical cell death pathway may underpin immunopathology driven by IFN-γ/TNF-α in diverse autoinflammatory diseases such as IBD, and its inhibition may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of anti-TNFs and JAKinibs.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) alleviates senescence, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation in osteoarthritis via the SIRT1-mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Lu Hongwei , Jia Chao , Wu Dengying , Jin Haidong , Lin Zeng , Pan Jun , Li Xiucui , Wang Wei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a complex condition that involves both apoptosis and senescence and currently cannot be cured. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), known for its role as a potent regulator of glucose and energy metabolism, protects from various diseases, possibly by mediating autophagy. In the present study, the role of FGF21 in the progression of OA was investigated in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro, the results revealed that FGF21 administration alleviated apoptosis, senescence, and extracellular matrix (ECM) catabolism of the chondrocytes induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) by mediating autophagy flux. Furthermore, CQ, an autophagy flux inhibitor, could reverse the protective effect of FGF21. It was observed that the FGF21-induced autophagy flux enhancement was mediated by the nuclear translocation of TFEB, which occurs due to the activation of the SIRT1-mTOR signaling pathway. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that FGF21 treatment could reduce OA in the DMM model. Taken together, these findings suggest that FGF21 protects chondrocytes from apoptosis, senescence, and ECM catabolism via autophagy flux upregulation and also reduces OA development in vivo, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic agent in OA.
Serglycin induces osteoclastogenesis and promotes tumor growth in giant cell tumor of bone
Authors: He Yunfei , Cheng Dongdong , Lian Cheng , Liu Yingjie , Luo Wenqian , Wang Yuan , Ma Chengxin , Wu Qiuyao , Tian Pu , He Dasa , Jia Zhenchang , Lv Xianzhe , Zhang Xue , Pan Zhen , Lu Jinxi , Xiao Yansen , Zhang Peiyuan , Liang Yajun , Yang Qingcheng , Hu Guohong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGiant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is an aggressive osteolytic bone tumor characterized by the within-tumor presence of osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), which are induced by the neoplastic stromal cells and lead to extensive bone destruction. However, the underlying mechanism of the pathological process of osteoclastogenesis in GCTB is poorly understood. Here we show that the proteoglycan Serglycin (SRGN) secreted by neoplastic stromal cells plays a crucial role in the formation of MGCs and tumorigenesis in GCTB. Upregulated SRGN expression and secretion are observed in GCTB tumor cells and patients. Stromal-derived SRGN promotes osteoclast differentiation from monocytes. SRGN knockdown in stromal cells inhibits tumor growth and bone destruction in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model of mice. Mechanistically SRGN interacts with CD44 on the cell surface of monocytes and thus activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK), leading to osteoclast differentiation. Importantly, blocking CD44 with a neutralizing antibody reduces the number of MGCs and suppresses tumorigenesis in vivo. Overall, our data reveal a mechanism of MGC induction in GCTB and support CD44-targeting approaches for GCTB treatment.
Physical basis for the determination of lumen shape in a simple epithelium
Authors: Vasquez Claudia G. , Vachharajani Vipul T. , Garzon-Coral Carlos , Dunn Alexander R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe formation of a hollow lumen in a formerly solid mass of cells is a key developmental process whose dysregulation leads to diseases of the kidney and other organs. Hydrostatic pressure has been proposed to drive lumen expansion, a view that is supported by experiments in the mouse blastocyst. However, lumens formed in other tissues adopt irregular shapes with cell apical faces that are bowed inward, suggesting that pressure may not be the dominant contributor to lumen shape in all cases. Here we use live-cell imaging to study the physical mechanism of lumen formation in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cell spheroids, a canonical cell-culture model for lumenogenesis. We find that in this system, lumen shape reflects basic geometrical considerations tied to the establishment of apico-basal polarity. A physical model incorporating both cell geometry and intraluminal pressure can account for our observations as well as cases in which pressure plays a dominant role.
Soft gamma rays from low accreting supermassive black holes and connection to energetic neutrinos
Authors: Kimura Shigeo S. , Murase Kohta , Mészáros Péter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Universe is filled with a diffuse background of MeV gamma-rays and PeV neutrinos, whose origins are unknown. Here, we propose a scenario that can account for both backgrounds simultaneously. Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei have hot accretion flows where thermal electrons naturally emit soft gamma rays via Comptonization of their synchrotron photons. Protons there can be accelerated via turbulence or reconnection, producing high-energy neutrinos via hadronic interactions. We demonstrate that our model can reproduce the gamma-ray and neutrino data. Combined with a contribution by hot coronae in luminous active galactic nuclei, these accretion flows can explain the keV – MeV photon and TeV – PeV neutrino backgrounds. This scenario can account for the MeV background without non-thermal electrons, suggesting a higher transition energy from the thermal to nonthermal Universe than expected. Our model is consistent with X-ray data of nearby objects, and testable by future MeV gamma-ray and high-energy neutrino detectors.
Dissecting transition cells from single-cell transcriptome data through multiscale stochastic dynamics
Authors: Zhou Peijie , Wang Shuxiong , Li Tiejun , Nie Qing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAdvances in single-cell technologies allow scrutinizing of heterogeneous cell states, however, detecting cell-state transitions from snap-shot single-cell transcriptome data remains challenging. To investigate cells with transient properties or mixed identities, we present MuTrans, a method based on multiscale reduction technique to identify the underlying stochastic dynamics that prescribes cell-fate transitions. By iteratively unifying transition dynamics across multiple scales, MuTrans constructs the cell-fate dynamical manifold that depicts progression of cell-state transitions, and distinguishes stable and transition cells. In addition, MuTrans quantifies the likelihood of all possible transition trajectories between cell states using coarse-grained transition path theory. Downstream analysis identifies distinct genes that mark the transient states or drive the transitions. The method is consistent with the well-established Langevin equation and transition rate theory. Applying MuTrans to datasets collected from five different single-cell experimental platforms, we show its capability and scalability to robustly unravel complex cell fate dynamics induced by transition cells in systems such as tumor EMT, iPSC differentiation and blood cell differentiation. Overall, our method bridges data-driven and model-based approaches on cell-fate transitions at single-cell resolution.
Atomic layer deposition triggered Fe-In-S cluster and gradient energy band in ZnInS photoanode for improved oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Meng Linxing , He Jinlu , Zhou Xiaolong , Deng Kaimo , Xu Weiwei , Kidkhunthod Pinit , Long Run , Tang Yongbing , Li Liang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractVast bulk recombination of photo-generated carriers and sluggish surface oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics severely hinder the development of photoelectrochemical water splitting. Herein, through constructing a vertically ordered ZnInS nanosheet array with an interior gradient energy band as photoanode, the bulk recombination of photogenerated carriers decreases greatly. We use the atomic layer deposition technology to introduce Fe-In-S clusters into the surface of photoanode. First-principles calculations and comprehensive characterizations indicate that these clusters effectively lower the electrochemical reaction barrier on the photoanode surface and promote the surface OER reaction kinetics through precisely affecting the second and third steps (forming processes of O* and OOH*) of the four-electron reaction. As a result, the optimal photoanode exhibits the high performance with a significantly enhanced photocurrent of 5.35 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE and onset potential of 0.09 VRHE. Present results demonstrate a robust platform for controllable surface modification, nanofabrication, and carrier transport.