bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The competition between fracture nucleation, propagation, and coalescence in dry and water-saturated crystalline rock
Authors: McBeck Jessica A. , Zhu Wenlu , Renard François 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The continuum of behavior that emerges during fracture
network development in crystalline rock may be categorized into three
end-member modes: fracture nucleation, isolated fracture propagation, and
fracture coalescence. These different modes of fracture growth produce
fracture networks with distinctive geometric attributes, such as clustering
and connectivity, that exert important controls on permeability and the
extent of fluid–rock interactions. To track how these modes of fracture
development vary in dominance throughout loading toward failure and thus
how the geometric attributes of fracture networks may vary under these
conditions, we perform in situ X-ray tomography triaxial compression
experiments on low-porosity crystalline rock (monzonite) under upper-crustal
stress conditions. To examine the influence of pore fluid on the varying
dominance of the three modes of growth, we perform two experiments under
nominally dry conditions and one under water-saturated conditions with 5 MPa of
pore fluid pressure. We impose a confining pressure of 20–35 MPa and then
increase the differential stress in steps until the rock fails
macroscopically. After each stress step of 1–5 MPa we acquire a
three-dimensional (3D) X-ray adsorption coefficient field from which we
extract the 3D fracture network. We develop a novel method of tracking
individual fractures between subsequent tomographic scans that identifies
whether fractures grow from the coalescence and linkage of several fractures
or from the propagation of a single fracture. Throughout loading in all of
the experiments, the volume of preexisting fractures is larger than that of
nucleating fractures, indicating that the growth of preexisting fractures
dominates the nucleation of new fractures. Throughout loading until close to
macroscopic failure in all of the experiments, the volume of coalescing
fractures is smaller than the volume of propagating fractures, indicating
that fracture propagation dominates coalescence. Immediately preceding
failure, however, the volume of coalescing fractures is at least double the
volume of propagating fractures in the experiments performed at nominally
dry conditions. In the water-saturated sample, in contrast, although the
volume of coalescing fractures increases during the stage preceding failure,
the volume of propagating fractures remains dominant. The influence of
stress corrosion cracking associated with hydration reactions at fracture
tips and/or dilatant hardening may explain the observed difference in
fracture development under dry and water-saturated conditions.
Formação de educadores para o terceiro setor
Authors: Dos Santos Deivis Perez Bispo 
Published: February 2021

Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa que se voltou para a análise e reflexão de questões pertinentes à formação de educadores para o Terceiro Setor. Especificamente, optou-se pela realização de um estudo de caso sobre o curso Formação de Formadores para o Terceiro Setor oferecido pelo Senac-SP. A partir de levantamento bibliográfico, foram indicadas as origens do conceito Terceiro Setor e as principais teorias e abordagens que se relacionam ao Setor na atualidade. Procurou-se, ainda, explicitar as características centrais da educação no Terceiro Setor, suas origens históricas e os principais processos de ensino-aprendizagem que permeiam essa modalidade educacional. Os referenciais teóricos identificados sobre Terceiro Setor e Educação orientaram a análise do curso estudado. Além de identificar as matrizes teóricas e metodológicas subjacentes ao curso Formação de Formadores para o Terceiro Setor, buscou-se apresentar, ao final deste estudo, sugestões e propostas que possam contribuir para a melhoria do próprio curso e oferecer dados sistematizados para o desenvolvimento de outros programas de formação de educadores para o Terceiro Setor. Palavras-chave: formação de educadores. educação no terceiro setor. cidadania e educação.
States of Emergency
Authors: Grogan Joelle 
Published: February 2021

States of Emergency Analysing Global Use of Emergency Powers in Response to COVID-19
The measures taken in response to the coronavirus pandemic have been among the most restrictive in contemporary history, and have raised concerns from the perspective of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. Building on a study of the legal measures taken in response to pandemic in 74 countries, this article considers the central question of the use of power during an emergency: is it better or worse for democracy and the rule of law to declare an emergency or, instead, to rely on ordinary powers and legislative frameworks? The article then considers whether the use of powers (ordinary or emergency) in response to the pandemic emergency has ultimately been a cause, or catalyst of, further democratic deconsolidation. It concludes on a note of optimism: an emerging best practice of governmental response reliant on public trust bolstered by rationalized and transparent decision-making and the capacity to adapt, change and reform measures and policies.
Governments as Covid-19 Lawmakers in France, Italy and Spain
Authors: Griglio Elena 
Published: February 2021

Governments as Covid-19 Lawmakers in France, Italy and Spain: Continuity or Discontinuity
Executive dominance in Covid-19 lawmaking has been a major trend worldwide. Governments have leveraged emergency prerogatives to boost their legislative powers, often sidelining the role of parliaments. The impact of executive lawmaking on fundamental liberties has been unprecedented. However, government’s capacity to exercise full legislative powers is not absolutely new to many European countries.This trend is analysed in the article comparing practices in the pandemic and in normal times, not specifically related to a state of emergency. To this end, three countries have been selected because of their constitutional clauses allotting lawmaking powers to the government even outside of emergency situations. This refers to the decree-laws in Italy and Spain and the ordonnances in France. The question addressed is whether there are relevant differences in the use made of these mechanisms during the pandemic.The results of this comparative analysis demonstrate that there is much continuity in the executive’s reliance on these mechanisms. However, discontinuity may be detected on the ground of the exceptional impact produced on constitutional rights and on the substantive values that legislation should protect. Therefore, from the perspective of the rollback of the emergency legislation, the role of parliaments, based on the core difference in the democratic status between lawmaking and legislation, turns out to be crucial.
Het opzettelijk in ernstige mate schenden van de verkeersregels
Authors: ter Haar R. (Rob) , Hornman M.J. (Mark) 
Published: February 2021

Het opzettelijk in ernstige mate schenden van de verkeersregels
Artikel 5a WVW vult het ‘strafgat’ tussen de artikelen 5 en 6 WVW voor die gevallen waarin ernstig verkeersgevaarlijk gedrag zonder noemenswaardige gevolgen blijft.Dit artikel geeft nadere (lees: een meer ruimhartige) invulling aan het begrip roekeloosheid. In deze bijdrage wordt, mede aan de hand van de eerste verschenen jurisprudentie, ingegaan op het voor artikel 5a WVW benodigde ‘in ernstige mate schenden van de verkeersregels’, het opzetvereiste en het ‘te duchten gevaar’.Voorts wordt bekeken in hoeverre het ‘onder invloed zijn’ daarop van invloed is en wat de betekenis van deze wetswijziging is voor de invulling van het (omstreden) begrip roekeloosheid.
Ultime fragilité et sublime espérance : l’expérience de la mort
Authors: Lemieux Raymond 
Published: February 2021

L’espérance est cette vertu propre à l’humain qui lui permet de concevoir un monde
différent et l’engage à travailler à son avènement. Que peut-il advenir, dès lors, dans ce
passage ultime de sa vie où il est confronté à la mort ? Trois facettes de la question sont
explorées : comment se présente désormais l’expérience de la mort ? Comment s’y greffe
l’espérance, anthropologiquement et théologiquement ? Comment le fait de vivre appelle une
ouverture à l’altérité qui est comme pare-feu à l’encontre des pulsions mortifères ? Le défi
de la vie n’est-il pas dès lors d’espérer, malgré tout ?
Le deuil du Moi en Soi devant la mort annoncée
Authors: Saucier Gilles 
Published: February 2021

Cet article propose une représentation de la dynamique du deuil du Moi en Soi chez la personne recevant un pronostic fatal en contexte de soins palliatifs. Appréhender sa mort prochaine interpelle inévitablement, pouvant susciter une urgente quête de sens en réponse au doute et au désarroi. Lorsque la fragilité du corps se révèle à travers une déchéance accélérée, la personne peut perdre une part significative de sa capacité d’agir pour donner sens à son existence. Soumise à une temporalité lui semblant souvent trop courte, elle se voit alors contrainte d’exposer sa vulnérabilité en risquant une nouvelle forme d’Être à soi et à l’Autre, empreinte d’un désir renouvelé. Comment accompagner spirituellement la personne dans cette transformation ?
Face Mask Utilization in the Era of COVID-19: Nigeria Experience
Authors: Edet Clement Kevin , Harry Agiriye M. , Wegbom Anthony Ike , Raimi Olatunde , Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis , Kiri Victor Alangibi 
Published: February 2021

Background: The use of face masks has been accepted and recommended globally as a tool for COVID-19 protection. The government of Nigeria made wearing of face masks compulsory in public places. However, no evidence has shown user compliance or knowledge. This study investigated the knowledge and utilization of face masks among the Nigerian population.
Methods: This was a web-based cross-sectional survey conducted from July 2 to August 28, 2020, using a convenience sampling technique. This was in adherence to the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) guideline of physical/social distancing. Data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to present the results.
Results: A total of 811 respondents participated in the survey with the mean age of 36.93±12.17 years. Almost all the respondents 91.9% and 94% were aware that face masks can reduce the spread of COVID-19 and should be worn in the public respectively. 95.3% of the participants had used a face mask as a protection against COVID-19. Furthermore, 90.2% used face masks in the public, 53% used it when entering restricted places, 45.5% when with a suspected case and 30.7% used a mask due to fear of arrest/punishment. The majority of respondents used homemade masks (70%) and 71.2% reused their masks, but maintained poor cleaning culture.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated adequate knowledge and utilization of face masks among the population. The homemade mask was mostly used. However, there was a poor mask cleaning culture among the population. There should be intensive public awareness campaigns through social and mass media on how to clean reusable face masks.
Quando o corpo se torna indigente: Uma etnografia sobre os processos de morrer à luz do estado
Authors: Lobo Andréa De Souza , Sobreira Luiza Báo 
Published: February 2021

Este estudo tem por objetivo discutir questões sobre a construção da identidade do corpo morto enquanto indigente. Referimo-nos aos cadáveres que adentram ao Instituto Médico Legal do Distrito Federal sem os documentos que o classificam. Buscamos discorrer sobre o que legitima a atualização do status do morto, que passa a ser lido como não-identificado, ignorado, ou, simplesmente, indigente. Neste processo, é fundamental compreender quem faz parte da construção dessa narrativa: instituições, saberes e papéis. Os departamentos policiais, a metodologia médica-jurídica e os documentos são produzidos através de uma cadeia técnico-burocrático de criação. Definidora de fatos e verdades, a ciência médica serve-se de instrumento ao Estado para criar discursos, a fim de dar sentido a estes corpos, cujo o desconhecimento é a única informação. Dotado de racionalidade e poder, o Estado autoriza as narrativas sobre estes corpos. Os marginalizados em vida permanecem marginalizados na morte.
Psychopathy and violent video game playing: Multiple associations in a juvenile justice system involved sample
Authors: Jahic Ilma , DeLisi Matt , Vaughn Michael G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractViolent video game playing is a consistent risk factor for aggression, but research on its psychopathology and trait underpinnings are primarily based on community or university student samples, thus the ecological validity to adjudicated and juvenile justice system‐involved youth lacks clarity. This is an important void in the literature because relative to youth in the general population, adjudicated and detained youth evince greater psychopathology, more severe delinquency and violence histories, and clinical psychopathic features. Negative binomial regression models using data from 252 youth in residential placements found that several psychopathic features are significantly associated with violent video gaming. The role of psychopathy operated differently across gender and arrest chronicity, and across models remorselessness emerged as an important correlate. Given the desensitization that can occur with violent video game play, it is of particular concern among delinquent youth with psychopathic personality features.
Ice‐Templated, Large‐Area Silver Nanowire Pattern for Flexible Transparent Electrode
Authors: Han Jingkai , Yang Jiankui , Gao Weiwei , Bai Hao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFlexible transparent electrodes are critically important for the emerging flexible and stretchable electronic and optoelectronic devices. To this end, transparent polymer films coated with silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been intensively studied in the past decade. However, it remains a grand challenge to achieve both high conductivity and transmittance in large‐area films, mainly due to the poor alignment of AgNWs and their high junction resistance. Here, the successful attempt to realize large‐area AgNW patterns on various substrates by a 2D ice‐templating approach is reported. With a relatively low dosage of AgNWs (4 µg·cm−2), the resulted flexible electrode simultaneously achieves high optical transmittance (≈91%) and low sheet resistance (20 Ω·sq−1). In addition, the electrode exhibits excellent durability during cyclic bending (≈10 000 times) and stretching (50% strain). The potential applications of the flexible transparent electrode in both touch screen and electronic skin sensor, which can monitor the sliding pressure and direction in real‐time, are demonstrated. More importantly, it is believed that the study represents a facile and low‐cost approach to assemble various nanomaterials into large‐area functional patterns for advanced flexible devices.
High‐Dose Steroid Dissolving Microneedle for Relieving Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Jang Mingyu , Kang Bo Mi , Yang Huisuk , Ohn Jungyoon , Kwon Ohsang , Jung Hyungil 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDissolving microneedles (DMN) supplemented with therapeutic molecules have been developed to enhance transdermal delivery efficiency of topically applied drugs in a minimally invasive manner. However, the dose of the drugs in DMN system is limited owing to the low solubility of drug. In fact, although triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is one of the most widely prescribed drugs for relieving atopic dermatitis (AD), its poor dissolving nature makes it difficult to design and fabricate DMN containing therapeutic dosage of TA. In this study, TA suspension is introduced to encapsulate therapeutic dosage of TA. Sonication and composition optimization of polymers is key to fabricate high dose TA–DMN to induce particle size reduction and dispersion stability of suspension, respectively. After confirming the physical performance of TA–DMN using the selected formulation in vitro, the anti‐inflammatory effects of TA–DMN are evaluated in vivo using a mouse model affected with skin inflammation to mimic AD in humans. Herein, high‐dose TA–DMN is presented as a candidate agent for relieving AD and, furthermore, for wide application in the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases in which high‐dose steroid drugs are required.
Recent Advances in Cell Membrane‐Derived Biomimetic Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Raza Faisal , Zafar Hajra , Zhang Shulei , Kamal Zul , Su Jing , Yuan Wei‐En , Mingfeng Qiu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractImmunotherapy will significantly impact the standard of care in cancer treatment. Recent advances in nanotechnology can improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. However, concerns regarding efficiency of cancer nanomedicine, complex tumor microenvironment, patient heterogeneity, and systemic immunotoxicity drive interest in more novel approaches to be developed. For this purpose, biomimetic nanoparticles are developed to make innovative changes in the delivery and biodistribution of immunotherapeutics. Biomimetic nanoparticles have several advantages that can advance the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Thus there is a greater push toward the utilization of biomimetic nanotechnology for developing effective cancer immunotherapeutics that demonstrate increased specificity and potency. The recent works and state‐of‐the‐art strategies for anti‐tumor immunotherapeutics are highlighted here, and particular emphasis has been given to the applications of cell‐derived biomimetic nanotechnology for cancer immunotherapy.
An Organodiselenide Comediator to Facilitate Sulfur Redox Kinetics in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhao Meng , Chen Xiang , Li Xi‐Yao , Li Bo‐Quan , Huang Jia‐Qi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered as promising next‐generation energy storage devices due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density, where soluble lithium polysulfides are crucial in the Li–S electrochemistry as intrinsic redox mediators. However, the poor mediation capability of the intrinsic polysulfide mediators leads to sluggish redox kinetics, further rendering limited rate performances, low discharge capacity, and rapid capacity decay. Here, an organodiselenide, diphenyl diselenide (DPDSe), is proposed to accelerate the sulfur redox kinetics as a redox comediator. DPDSe spontaneously reacts with lithium polysulfides to generate lithium phenylseleno polysulfides (LiPhSePSs) with improved redox mediation capability. The as‐generated LiPhSePSs afford faster sulfur redox kinetics and increase the deposition dimension of lithium sulfide. Consequently, the DPDSe comediator endows Li–S batteries with superb rate performance of 817 mAh g−1 at 2 C and remarkable cycling stability with limited anode excess. Moreover, Li–S pouch cells with the DPDSe comediator achieve an actual initial energy density of 301 Wh kg−1 and 30 stable cycles. This work demonstrates a novel redox comediation strategy with an effective organodiselenide comediator to facilitate the sulfur redox kinetics under pouch cell conditions and inspires further exploration in mediating Li–S kinetics for practical high‐energy‐density batteries.
Anomalously Low Heat Conduction in Single‐Crystal Superlattice Ceramics Lower Than Randomly Oriented Polycrystals
Authors: Cho Hai Jun , Wu Yuzhang , Zhang Yu‐Qiao , Feng Bin , Mikami Masashi , Shin Woosuck , Ikuhara Yuichi , Sheu Yu‐Miin , Saito Keiji , Ohta Hiromichi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHeat conduction in ceramics is attributed to phonon propagation, which can be strongly suppressed at boundaries. Usually, polycrystals show lower thermal conductivity (κ) than single crystals, as polycrystals contain many grain boundaries. For functional applications in thermal management technologies, ceramics with low thermal conductivity are required. While grain boundary engineering is effective for reducing κ, its utilization is limited by the fact that other functional properties are often damaged. Here it is shown that single‐crystalline oxide of InGaO3(ZnO)m with a natural superlattice structure exhibits anomalously lower κ than polycrystals. Single‐crystalline films of InGaO3(ZnO)m (m = integer), which has a superlattice structure of InO2−/GaO(ZnO)m+ stacking along the c‐axis with a controllable layer thickness of m, are fabricated. It is found that the κ perpendicular to the superlattices decreases with decreasing m‐value, and the minimum κ is 1.1 W m−1 K−1 (m = 4, 5), which is lower than randomly oriented polycrystalline InGaO3(ZnO)m. On the other hand, the κ parallel to the superlattices have similar values with those of polycrystalline. The present finding suggests that layer boundaries between different components inside single crystal can also function as thermal resistance, which will be useful for the material design of thermal management technologies.
Ultrafast Laser Inducing Continuous Periodic Crystallization in the Glass Activated via Laser‐Prepared Crystallite‐Seeds
Authors: Zhang Bo , Wang Zhuo , Tan Dezhi , Liu Xiaofeng , Xu Beibei , Tong Limin , Kazansky Peter G. , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTailoring ultrafast light–matter interaction as an enabler to create functional periodic crystalline patterns inside transparent dielectrics is of great scientific and technological significance but remains a tremendous challenge because of plenty of unclarified process details and physical mechanisms. Here, a dynamic process of ultrafast laser‐induced continuous periodic crystallization (CPC) to generate self‐organized crystal arrays (CAs) inside the glass is reported. The crystallite‐seeds induced by ultrafast laser are revealed to offer an auxiliary effect that can initiate and maintain the CPC process, which promises the high‐efficiency writing of CAs. The auxiliary effect originates from photo‐induced defects in the crystallite‐seeds, functions by drastically decreasing the pulse energy threshold for writing CAs, and can be manipulated by tuning the glass compositions and laser parameters. The created CAs are erasable and rewritable, which allows for potential applications in optical information encryption and data storage. This work not only opens up an avenue for creating embedded periodic crystalline patterns with extremely high efficiency but also helps to clarify the dynamics of ultrafast laser nanostructuring inside transparent dielectrics.
Ultrahigh‐Water‐Content Photonic Hydrogels with Large Electro‐Optic Responses in Visible to Near‐Infrared Region
Authors: Yue Youfeng , Norikane Yasuo , Gong Jian Ping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe embedding of photonic crystals within stimuli‐responsive hydrogels has attracted tremendous interest because it provides new applications such as optical switches, displays, and sensors. However, the production of electrically tunable photonic hydrogels with a wide range of color tunability, fast electrical response, and high stability for repeated use is still challenging. Here, electrically tunable photonic hydrogels are fabricated using ultrahigh‐water‐content polyelectrolyte layered hydrogels composed of thousands of bilayer domain structures. The layered hydrogel exhibits versatile color tunability by applying an electric field parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the gel layers. The hydrogel exhibits homogeneous color tuning when a perpendicular electric field is applied, while it shows a large rainbow‐like electric‐optic response in the visible to near‐infrared region when a parallel electric field is applied. Additionally, by a simple method using patterned electrodes, a reflective display showing the designed characters is demonstrated and maintained for hours underwater without an external source of energy. Moreover, the electrically induced optical patterns can be erased, and the responsive photonic hydrogel shows excellent stability for repeated use. We anticipate that this study will provide the foundation for the development of responsive photonic hydrogels with new and large electro‐optical effects for future chromatic applications.