bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMPLICITNESS AND EXPLICITNESS IN COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK
Authors: Yilmaz Yucel , Granena Gisela 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis aptitude–treatment interaction study investigated the extent to which explicit and implicit cognitive abilities are differentially related to learning outcomes under two corrective feedback conditions. One hundred and thirteen intermediate English learners of Spanish were randomly assigned to an implicit feedback (recast), explicit feedback (explicit correction), or control group after completing tests from two aptitude batteries (High-Level Language Aptitude Battery [Hi-LAB] and LLAMA). Linguistic improvement on noun-adjective gender agreement and Differential Object Marking was assessed using grammaticality judgment and oral production tasks. Results showed that implicit but not explicit abilities were relevant for the acquisition of gender agreement under implicit feedback as measured by grammaticality judgments. In contrast, explicit but not implicit abilities were relevant for the acquisition of object marking under explicit feedback as measured by oral production. These results lent support to a double dissociation, but they also suggested higher-order interaction effects between the type of cognitive ability, outcome measure, and target structure.
“Do I Have a Memory Problem? I Can’t Recall”: An Evaluation of Measurement Invariance in Subjective Reporting of Memory Symptoms among Persons with and without Objective HIV-Associated Memory Impairment
Authors: Sheppard David P. , Gallagher Matthew W. , Morgan Erin E. , Outlaw Angulique Y. , Naar Sylvie , Woods Steven Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective:Memory symptoms and objective impairment are common in HIV disease and are associated with disability. A paradoxical issue is that objective episodic memory failures can interfere with accurate recall of memory symptoms. The present study assessed whether responses on a self-report scale of memory symptoms demonstrate measurement invariance in persons with and without objective HIV-associated memory impairment.Method:In total, 505 persons with HIV completed the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Objective memory impairment (n = 141) was determined using a 1-SD cutoff on clinical tests of episodic memory. PRMQ measurement invariance was assessed by confirmatory factor analyses examining a one-factor model with increasing cross-group equality constraints imposed on factor loadings and item thresholds (i.e., configural, weak, and strong invariance).Results:Configural model fit indicated that identical items measured a one-factor model for both groups. Comparison to the weak model indicated that factor loadings were equivalent across groups. However, there was evidence of partial strong invariance, with two PRMQ item thresholds differing across memory impairment groups. Post hoc analyses using a 1.5-SD memory impairment cutoff (n = 77) revealed both partial weak and partial strong invariance, such that PRMQ item loadings differed across memory groups for three items.Conclusions:The PRMQ demonstrated a robust factor structure among persons with and without objective HIV-associated memory impairment. However, on select PRMQ items, individuals with memory impairment reported observed scores that were relatively higher than their latent score, while items were more strongly associated with the memory factor in a group with greater memory impairment.
Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting: Prolonged Delayed Recognition as Sensitive Measurement for Different Profiles of Long-Term Memory and Metacognitive Confidence in Stroke Patients
Authors: Lammers Nikki A. , Lugtmeijer Selma , de Haan Edward H.F. , Kessels Roy P.C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective:Deficits in episodic memory are frequently reported after ischemic stroke. In standard clinical care, episodic memory is assessed after a 20–30 min delay, with abnormal memory decay over this period being characterized as rapid forgetting (RF). Previous studies have shown abnormal forgetting over a prolonged interval (days to weeks) despite normal acquisition, referred to as accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF).Method:We examined whether ALF is present in stroke patients (N = 91) using immediate testing (T1), testing after a short delay (20–30 min, T2), and testing after a prolonged delay (one week, T3). Based on performance compared to matched controls (N = 85), patients were divided into (1) patients without forgetting, (2) patients with RF between T1 and T2, and (3) patients with ALF at T3. Furthermore, confidence ratings were assessed.Results:ALF was present in a moderate amount of stroke patients (17%), but ALF was even more prevalent in our stroke sample than RF after a 20–30 min delay (which was found in only 13% of our patients). Patients reported a lower confidence for their responses, independent of their actual performance.Conclusions:Adding a one-week delayed measurement may potentially assist in identifying patients with memory decrements that may otherwise go undetected.
Perspectives on My Career in Organic Geochemistry
Authors: Meyers Philip A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractI have had the pleasure of studying the organic geochemistry of sediments of lakes and oceans for 50 years. I have especially enjoyed the versatility of organic geochemistry; it can be applied to studies of many kinds of geological sequences and parts of geological time. As an important part of my career, I sailed as a shipboard organic geochemist on seven ocean‐drilling cruises that recovered organic carbon‐rich Cretaceous black shales, Mediterranean sapropels, and upwelling zone sediments. Because most marine sediments contain less than one‐tenth of a percent of organic carbon, learning more about the properties and the paleoceanographic processes important to the formation of these carbon‐rich deep‐sea sequences has been a long‐term theme of my career. At the same time, I have studied organic geochemical records in lakes, where higher sedimentation rates and greater organic carbon concentrations enable higher resolution investigation of depositional processes than in the oceans. In addition, I have studied peat sequences, which provide relatively detailed records of the paleoclimatic histories of their locations. In summary, my scientific curiosity has permitted me to be a paleoceanographer, a paleolimnologist, a paleoclimatologist, and above all an organic geochemist.
Earth System Models Are Not Capturing Present‐Day Tropical Forest Carbon Dynamics
Authors: Koch Alexander , Hubau Wannes , Lewis Simon L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTropical forests play a key role in absorbing carbon from the atmosphere into the land surface. Recent analyses of long‐term (1985–2014) forest inventory plots across the tropics show that structurally intact tropical forest are a large carbon sink, but that this sink has saturated and is projected to be in long‐term decline. Here we compare these results with estimates from the two latest generations of Earth System Models, Climate Modelling Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) (19 models) and CMIP6 (17 models). While CMIP5 and CMIP6 are of similar skill, they do not reproduce the observed 1985–2014 carbon dynamics. The “natural” pan‐tropical carbon sink from inventory data is 0.99 Pg C yr−1 (95% CI 0.7–1.3, n = 614) between 2000 and 2010, the best sampled decade, double the CMIP6 multimodel‐mean of 0.45 Pg C yr−1 (95% CI 0.35–0.55). The observed saturating and declining sink is not captured by the models, which show modest increases in sink strength. The future (2015–2040) “natural” pan‐tropical sink from a statistical model driven by extrapolating past trends of its putative environmental drivers decreases by 0.23 Pg C per decade (95% CI 0.09–0.39) until the 2030s, while the CMIP6 multimodel‐mean under the climate change scenario closest to the statistical model project an increasing carbon sink (0.54 Pg C per decade; 95% CI 0.25–0.67). CMIP multimodel‐means reproduce the response of carbon gains from tree growth to environmental drivers, but the modeling of carbon losses from tree mortality does not correspond well to the inventory data. The model‐observation differences primarily result from the treatment of mortality in models.
Magnetotail Dipolarizations and Ion Flux Variations During the Main Phase of Magnetic Storms
Authors: Runov A. , Angelopoulos V. , Henderson M. G. , Gabrielse C. , Artemyev A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNear‐Earth tail dipolarizations are usually associated with fast plasma flows and an increase in energetic particle fluxes. Yet, the role of these dipolarizations in energetic ion flux transport toward the inner magnetosphere and in ring current (including partial ring current) development during the main phase of a geomagnetic storm is not fully understood. We investigated observations from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes A, D, and E with apogees at X ≈ −13 RE and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) geosynchronous spacecraft in the midnight magnetic local time (MLT) sector (21.5–1.5 h MLT) during the main phases of storms with integrated Dst exceeding 600 nT*hr from the 2010 to 2016 THEMIS tail seasons. We selected 10 storms during which at least one of the THEMIS probes was in the midnight sector during a storm’s main phase and identified 39 dipolarization events with a Bz increase exceeding 10 nT within 500 s during these storms’ main phases. In 21 of the 39 events, an increase in the magnetic field elevation angle Θ estimated from LANL magnetospheric plasma analyzer (MPA) data was detected at geosynchronous orbit (GEO) within ±15‐min‐long time window around dipolarization onset detected by THEMIS. In only 10 of those 21 events, however, did ion fluxes at energies from 50 to 500 keV increase in three or more consecutive energy bins at LANL. Comparisons of ion spectra collected by THEMIS and LANL in these 10 events revealed a similar increase in fluxes at energies E > 20 keV. Our results indicate that a dipolarization that occupies a large portion of the nightside magnetosphere from GEO to ∼12 RE is a necessary but not sufficient condition for energetic ion flux enhancements at GEO. As suggested in previous studies, an increase in the azimuthal electric field (i.e., enhanced earthward magnetic flux transport) is most likely required for an ∼100 keV ion flux increase at GEO.
Effects of Buoyancy Flux on Upper‐Ocean Turbulent Mixing Generated by Non‐Breaking Surface Waves Observed in the South China Sea
Authors: Zhuang Zhanpeng , Yuan Yeli , Zheng Quanan , Zhou Chaojie , Zhao Xinhua , Zhang Ting 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe surface waves are the most energetic motions, which have great contribution to the turbulent mixing in the upper ocean. In this study, a novel turbulent mixing scheme is proposed in terms of the non‐breaking wave velocity shear module with the buoyancy flux. In the scheme, the mixing coefficients can be calculated empirically from the significant wave height, the wave number, the wave frequency, the buoyancy frequency, and the turbulence Prandtl number. The buoyancy fluxes, as well as the non‐breaking wave velocity shear production, are important for the upper‐ocean turbulent mixing, and make the calculated turbulence dissipation rate closer to in situ observations, which are provided by the “Responses of Marine Hazards to Climate Change in the Western Pacific (ROSE)” Project. The effects of the buoyancy flux on the turbulent mixing are examined based on three numerical experiments using the MASNUM ocean model. In the experiments, the topography, the lateral boundaries, initialization conditions, and the surface forcing fluxes are taken from the GEBCO, HYCOM/NCODA, and ERA5 data, respectively. Comparing to the AVHRR remote sensing sea surface temperature (SST) products and in situ observations, the simulated results with the non‐breaking wave‐generated turbulent mixing gain significant improvement in the SST, upper‐ocean temperature structure, and the mixed layer compared with the classic Mellor‐Yamada scheme. The results show that the buoyancy flux is able to suppress the enhanced non‐breaking wave‐generated turbulent mixing, so that the improved model simulates the observations better than that without the buoyancy effects.
Estimating River Channel Bathymetry in Large Scale Flood Inundation Models
Authors: Neal Jeffrey , Hawker Laurence , Savage James , Durand Michael , Bates Paul , Sampson Christopher 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFlood inundation modeling across large data sparse areas has been increasing in recent years, driven by a desire to provide hazard information for a wider range of locations. The sophistication of these models has steadily advanced over the past decade due to improvements in remote sensing and modeling capability. There are now several global flood models (GFMs) that seek to simulate water surface dynamics across all rivers and floodplains regardless of data scarcity. However, flood models in data sparse areas lack river bathymetry because this cannot be observed remotely, meaning that a variety of methods for approximating river bathymetry have been developed from uniform flow or downstream hydraulic geometry theory. We argue that bathymetry estimation in these models should follow gradually varying flow theory to account for both uniform and nonuniform flows. We demonstrate that existing methods for bathymetry estimation in GFMs are only accurate for kinematic water surface profiles and are unable to simulate unbiased water surface profiles for reaches with diffusive or shallow water wave properties. The use of gradually varied flow theory to estimate bathymetry in a GFM reduced model error compared to a target water surface profile by 66% and eliminated bias due to backwater effects. For a large‐scale test case in Mozambique this reduced flood extents by 40% and floodplain storage by 79% at the 5 years return period. The wet bias associated with uniform flow derived channels could have significant implications for modeling the role floodplains play in attenuating river discharges, potentially overstating their role.
Trace Metal Enrichments in Water of the Okavango Delta (Botswana): Hydrological Consequences
Authors: Dauteuil O. , Jolivet M. , Dia A. , Murray‐Hudson M. , Makati K. , Barrier L. , Bouhnik Le Coz M. , Audran A. , Radenac A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Okavango Delta in northern Botswana is an endorheic ecosystem formed by 150,000 islands surrounded by a flood plain. The vegetation of these islands displays an external tree ring enclosing a barren interior domain with evaporitic deposits. We sampled the groundwater into piezometers across an island at the southwest of the Delta, and drilled sediments. The geochemical analysis of the water exhibits two different compositions: a fresh water in the floodplain and a saline water in the interior part. These inner samples display enrichments in heavy metals, metalloids and critical metals such as, Rare Earth Elements (REE). The latest show a continuous enrichment from LREE to HREE and positive Ce and Eu anomalies, associated to alkaline pH. Overall, the two types of displayed REE patterns fingerprint two different water sources. The geochemistry of sediments indicates the same composition whatever the sample location and no traces of evaporitic deposits was found. The variations in the water table depth in the piezometers shows different hydrological behaviors in between the floodplain and the barren zone which does not follow the flood cycle. Thus, we document two different aquifers with independent hydrological behaviors: a surface fresh‐water aquifer in the floodplain connected to the channels, and a saline confined aquifer below the islands. The contrasted geochemical composition of the waters explains the distribution of the vegetation which survives through access to fresh water. The hydrological architecture of this island in the southwestern Delta differs from other islands, highlighting the hydrological complexity of the Okavango Delta.
Small heat-shock protein HSPB3 promotes myogenesis by regulating the lamin B receptor
Authors: Tiago Tatiana , Hummel Barbara , Morelli Federica F. , Basile Valentina , Vinet Jonathan , Galli Veronica , Mediani Laura , Antoniani Francesco , Pomella Silvia , Cassandri Matteo , Garone Maria Giovanna , Silvestri Beatrice , Cimino Marco , Cenacchi Giovanna , Costa Roberta , Mouly Vincent , Poser Ina , Yeger-Lotem Esti , Rosa Alessandro , Alberti Simon , Rota Rossella , Ben-Zvi Anat , Sawarkar Ritwick , Carra Serena 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOne of the critical events that regulates muscle cell differentiation is the replacement of the lamin B receptor (LBR)-tether with the lamin A/C (LMNA)-tether to remodel transcription and induce differentiation-specific genes. Here, we report that localization and activity of the LBR-tether are crucially dependent on the muscle-specific chaperone HSPB3 and that depletion of HSPB3 prevents muscle cell differentiation. We further show that HSPB3 binds to LBR in the nucleoplasm and maintains it in a dynamic state, thus promoting the transcription of myogenic genes, including the genes to remodel the extracellular matrix. Remarkably, HSPB3 overexpression alone is sufficient to induce the differentiation of two human muscle cell lines, LHCNM2 cells, and rhabdomyosarcoma cells. We also show that mutant R116P-HSPB3 from a myopathy patient with chromatin alterations and muscle fiber disorganization, forms nuclear aggregates that immobilize LBR. We find that R116P-HSPB3 is unable to induce myoblast differentiation and instead activates the unfolded protein response. We propose that HSPB3 is a specialized chaperone engaged in muscle cell differentiation and that dysfunctional HSPB3 causes neuromuscular disease by deregulating LBR.
Inferring experimental procedures from text-based representations of chemical reactions
Authors: Vaucher Alain C. , Schwaller Philippe , Geluykens Joppe , Nair Vishnu H. , Iuliano Anna , Laino Teodoro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe experimental execution of chemical reactions is a context-dependent and time-consuming process, often solved using the experience collected over multiple decades of laboratory work or searching similar, already executed, experimental protocols. Although data-driven schemes, such as retrosynthetic models, are becoming established technologies in synthetic organic chemistry, the conversion of proposed synthetic routes to experimental procedures remains a burden on the shoulder of domain experts. In this work, we present data-driven models for predicting the entire sequence of synthesis steps starting from a textual representation of a chemical equation, for application in batch organic chemistry. We generated a data set of 693,517 chemical equations and associated action sequences by extracting and processing experimental procedure text from patents, using state-of-the-art natural language models. We used the attained data set to train three different models: a nearest-neighbor model based on recently-introduced reaction fingerprints, and two deep-learning sequence-to-sequence models based on the Transformer and BART architectures. An analysis by a trained chemist revealed that the predicted action sequences are adequate for execution without human intervention in more than 50% of the cases.
The reference genome of Miscanthus floridulus illuminates the evolution of Saccharinae
Authors: Zhang Guobin , Ge Chunxia , Xu Pingping , Wang Shukai , Cheng Senan , Han Yanbin , Wang Yancui , Zhuang Yongbin , Hou Xinwei , Yu Ting , Xu Xitong , Deng Shuhan , Li Quanquan , Yang Yinqing , Yin Xiaoru , Wang Weidong , Liu Wenxue , Zheng Chunxiao , Sun Xuezhen , Wang Zhenlin , Ming Ray , Dong Shuting , Ma Jianxin , Zhang Xiansheng , Chen Cuixia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMiscanthus, a member of the Saccharinae subtribe that includes sorghum and sugarcane, has been widely studied as a feedstock for cellulosic biofuel production. Here, we report the sequencing and assembly of the Miscanthus floridulus genome by the integration of PacBio sequencing and Hi-C mapping, resulting in a chromosome-scale, high-quality reference genome of the genus Miscanthus. Comparisons among Saccharinae genomes suggest that Sorghum split first from the common ancestor of Saccharum and Miscanthus, which subsequently diverged from each other, with two successive whole-genome duplication events occurring independently in the Saccharum genus and one whole-genome duplication occurring in the Miscanthus genus. Fusion of two chromosomes occurred during rediploidization in M. floridulus and no significant subgenome dominance was observed. A survey of cellulose synthases (CesA) in M. floridulus revealed quite high expression of most CesA genes in growing stems, which is in agreement with the high cellulose content of this species. Resequencing and comparisons of 75 Miscanthus accessions suggest that M. lutarioriparius is genetically close to M. sacchariflorus and that M. floridulus is more distantly related to other species and is more genetically diverse. This study provides a valuable genomic resource for molecular breeding and improvement of Miscanthus and Saccharinae crops.
Site dependence of surface dislocation nucleation in ceramic nanoparticles
Authors: Amodeo Jonathan , Maras Emile , Rodney David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe extremely elevated strength of nanoceramics under compression arises from the necessity to nucleate highly energetic dislocations from the surface, in samples that are too small to contain pre-existing defects. Here, we investigate the site dependence of surface dislocation nucleation in MgO nanocubes using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations, nudged-elastic-band method calculations and rate theory predictions. Using an original simulation setup, we obtain a complete mapping of the potential dislocation nucleation sites on the surface of the nanoparticle and find that, already at intermediate temperature, not only nanoparticle corners are favorable nucleation sites, but also the edges and even regions on the side surfaces, while other locations are intrinsically unfavorable. Results are discussed in the context of recent in situ TEM experiments, sheding new lights on the deformation mechanisms happening during ceramic nanopowder compaction and sintering processes.