bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Saving Retrofitting of Existing Public Building: A Case Study in Shanghai Area
Authors: Qu Y 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In order to reduce energy consumption of commercial and public buildings, a series of policies has been implemented in Shanghai area. And retrofitting of inefficient commercial and public buildings serves as one of the main measures. However, there is little study about the effect and economic analysis of energy saving retrofitting, which hinders the popularizing of energy saving retrofitting. Under the sponsorship of the government of Shanghai and World Bank, a typical office building in Changning district of Shanghai was studied about whether it could be retrofitted into a nearly zero energy building through a series of passive and active technologies. During the design stage, based on energy consumption simulations, it was found that nearly zero energy building could save 37.1% energy compared with baseline building. Among the adopted technologies, high-efficiency lamp and photovoltaic system had a relatively higher energy saving ratio, which were followed by high-efficiency cooling and heating system, natural lighting and envelope insulation. Natural ventilation had the least energy saving ratio. By one-year field monitoring of energy consumption after building retrofitting, it was found that the retrofitted building was able to control the CO2 emission per unit area to be less than 25 kg/m2 · a, which met the goal of nearly zero energy building. And the incremental cost per unit area of nearly zero energy building is ￥1553 compared to baseline building. High efficiency lighting is the most cost-effective technology. The conclusions drawn in this study could provide reference for similar retrofitting projects in Shanghai area.
Exploring New Building Energy Saving Control Strategy Application under the Energy Internet of Things
Authors: Qin Y D , Ke J , Wang B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper makes innovative research on developing a data-driven control strategy under the Energy Internet of Things architecture. On the one hand, the platform aims to provide data representation and interpretable analysis for different stakeholders (end users, construction operators or managers) to realize the flexibility and scalability of the platform; on the other hand, it can improve the thermal comfort and also reduce the power consumption of buildings. However, to process vast amounts of data, it is critical to select appropriate control methods and design optimization issues. Data-driven predictive control (DPC) is a control technology that replaces model-based predictive control (MPC). When applied to complex building operations, MPC is implemented by using the control-oriented data-driven model. The key to DPC technology is the use of CatBoost algorithm, which is highly interpretable and easy to be operated by stakeholders. This paper chooses TDNN, LightGBM, and CatBoost to compare and analyze building energy consumption. Numerical simulation results show that the CatBoost algorithm’s performance is better than other algorithms, and the complexity and implementation cost is significantly reduced.
Active Damping and Passive Control Strategy for Three-Phase LCL Grid-Connected Inverter
Authors: Xie J L , Liao D C , Chen T T , Chen J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Compared with traditional controllers such as PI based on classic control theory, the article applies passive control (PBC) theory to the design of three-phase LCL grid-connected inverter controllers. The mathematical model of the system based on Euler-Lagrange (EL) is established, and the damping method of the trap is used to suppress the resonance spikes generated by the system, so that the system meets the requirements of grid connection. The simulation results verify the feasibility of the scheme.
Innovation Control Strategy Simulation Research of Once-through Steam Generator
Authors: Sun Y L , Cheng S Y , Xia G L , li L , Zhang B W 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The new type of nuclear power plant adopts once-through steam generator (OTSG) which can supply steam to the turbine, control and operation of OTSG is different from the traditional natural circulation steam generator, the control strategy of the traditional natural circulation steam generator is not applicable to OTSG. In order to meet the demand of the general operation of the integrated reactor, the operation control of OTSG is put forward. The paper proposes a double const control strategy that the average temperature of the primary circuit coolant and the secondary circuit steam pressure are kept constant, also proposesa coordinated control strategy considering reactor and turbine as a whole. The control strategy is different the traditional control method. In order to verify the control strategy, simulation experiments are carried out in a full-scale simulator system. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy of OTSG in integrated reactor to meet the load demand, also can effectively guarantee the dynamic characteristics of pressure steam generator and related parameters of OTSG.
Research on Application of Solar Air Heating in Buildings of Villages in Northern China—Based on Experimental Study
Authors: Liu Z J , Xu W , Zhang L H , Li Z , Li J , Li A S , Feng A R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a test bench was built to study the thermal performance of three typical air collectors. Based on the test data, this paper conducted a comprehensive study on the physical and economic performance of the solar air heating systems including indoor temperature, solar energy guarantee rate, investment payback period and life cycle cost, and gave recommendations for their applications. The research showed that under the specified air flow rate range, the efficiency of the three typical collectors all reached above 45%. When the flow rate increased twice, the efficiencies of the V-groove collector, S-type spoiler collector, seams penetration collector were increased by 16%, 20%, 19%, respectively. This research recommended the ideal flow rate for solar air heating in China was 36 m3/(h.m2) ~ 54 m3/(h.m2). The simulation results in15 typical cities showed that the solar energy guarantee rate was generally above 20%, and in more than half of cities the solar energy guarantee rate reached 30% or above, with the highest in Lhasa, reached 62%. Economic analysis indicated more than 70% of the cities in northern China have a simple payback period of less than 6 years. The results indicated that solar air heating technology not only has a wide range of adaptability but also yield great financial benefits in northern China. This paper will have a significant impact on guiding the application of solar air heating in rural areas of China.
Analysis and Testing of U.S.-China Key Technology for Charging Interoperability of Electric Vehicles
Authors: Zhang X , Cui J , Zhang W , Ye J D , Li X L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
At present, China has overtaken the United States to become the world’s largest new energy vehicle market. Due to differences in developmental trajectory, developmental mode, and charging standards, China and the U.S. have common interests and the foundation for cooperation, which can work together for a win-win development. Charging interoperability is the basis for ensuring charging safety and interchangeability of electric vehicles. This study examined and compared the differences between China and the U.S. in the standards for conductive AC charging of electric vehicles. The requirements for a control pilot circuit, proximity circuit, current capacity, and charging-state transition timing were analysed. Hierarchical and layered interoperability test cases based on GB/T 34657 and SAE J2953 series were presented. A dual interface interoperability test system was constructed and used to verify the test method rationale. The results provided a mutual inspection solution for AC charging equipment between China and the U.S. and accelerated global application and promotion of the electric vehicle industry.
Deep-Adversarial-Transfer Learning Based Fault Classification of Power Lines in Smart Grid
Authors: Han J , Miao S H , Yin H R , Guo S Y , Wang Z X , Yao F X , Lin Y J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Due to the insufficiency of actual fault samples, the machine learning based fault classification models of the power lines in smart grid are generally trained using the simulated fault samples acquired from software, such as Matlab/Simulink. Yet, the fault features of actual and simulated fault samples are different, and the existed methods might not be valid or accurate enough in classifying the fault types of actual power lines. Thus, a new fault classification model for actual power lines in smart grid based on deep-adversarial-transfer learning is proposed. Firstly, the conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) is applied for the augmentation of actual fault samples, so as to increase the data amount to some extent. Then, the loss function of convolutional neural network (CNN) is resigned based on transfer learning, and a new fault classification framework based on improved CNN (I-CNN) is proposed. The I-CNN based model is trained using both adversarial and simulated samples, and can make the distrubution of both catergories of samples features closer, thereby achieving to classify the fault types of actual power lines. To verify the method validity, the real-world power line is used for case study. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Fast Frequency and Phase Lock of Grid-connected TGS Based on FIR Filter
Authors: Ji F , Xu J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The thermoelectric generation system (TGS) has many advantages such as clean, no mechanical vibration and high reliability. When TGS is connected to the power grid, it requires that the frequency and phase are same as the power grid. It will take a number of working periods for the response time under the traditional method. A frequency and phase lock method with FIR filter will be introduced in the paper. It is based on the Capture and EPWM module of TMS320F28335. The phase lock can be carried out in one period. And the working frequency of TMS320F28335 is 150MHZ. Therefore, the speed of the whole operation is fast. The experimental results show that the method is feasible.
What’s the Role Of Corn Ethanol Fuel in China: From the Life Cycle Cost View
Authors: Sun Y M , Chung K H 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChina originally planned to use fuel ethanol gasoline nationwide in 2020, and taking corn as an important raw material of ethanol gasoline, this paper analyzed the life cycle cost model of corn fuel ethanol gasoline and traditional gasoline from production to consumption, including internal and external cost calculations. The internal cost is the actual cost of the industry chain, while the external cost is converted into the cost value by examining the environmental impact of pollutant emission levels in each stage of the life cycle of ethanol gasoline production. Based on this model, by selecting the project data of specific regions and manufacturers in China, it can be calculated as follows: The main links affecting the internal cost of ethanol gasoline production are crude oil procurement cost, refinery and ethanol plant construction cost; The main influencing link of external cost is the emission of ethanol gasoline combustion, including the fuel, power and other energy consumption factors in the production of ethanol and gasoline; The cost can be optimized from the perspective of production technology, technological process, energy material consumption and various labor costs. Assuming E10 is used in the whole Chinese market, the empirical results are as follows: among the pollutants produced by the use of ethanol-added gasoline in the whole region, CO2emission reduction is the largest, exceeding 53 million tons, followed by CO and wastewater emission reduction of 1.78 million tons and 1.58 million tons respectively. In terms of the conventional gasoline, the CO emission reduction of about 20% is the largest, followed by about 17% reduction of HC, about 15% reduction of SO2and about 9% reduction of CO2respectively. These results show that the promotion of ethanol gasoline (E10) usage in China has a considerable reduction effect of emission if the availability of raw materials are sufficient. The life cycle external cost of ethanol gasoline is 11.45%, lower than that of conventional gasoline. In 2019, China’s fuel ethanol production capacity was 4.15 million tons, and the actual production was about 3 million tons. Assuming that all of it were used to produce E10 ethanol gasoline, compared with traditional gasoline consumption, the emission reduction benefit of E10 gasoline would be nearly $84.7 million.
New Process of Solidification under Low Temperature of Cation Conductive NaSn2(PO4)3 Synthesized Hydrothermally
Authors: Shimanouchi R , Okubo R , Sato H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
NaSn2(PO4)3 hard bulk materials were successfully obtained by low-temperature calcination (~600 °C) from hydrothermally synthesized sols without a powder-press or sintering at high temperature. A hydrothermal reaction was performed at 250 °C for 5 h using an aqueous solution of NaOH, an aqueous solution of SnCl4, and H3PO4 as starting materials. The ratio of the starting materials was changed, and the range in which NaSn2(PO4)3 was formed was investigated. As a result, the sample hydrothermally synthesized under the synthesis conditions of Na: Sn: P = 2.75: 0.50: 1.75 was produced as a white sol in a Teflon container. In order to remove Cl from this sol, an immersion treatment with deionized water was performed. After immersion treatment for 3 h, and calcination at 600-900 °C, it was possible to obtain the target substance NaSn2(PO4)3 as a hard bulk material.
Study on Water Model Experimental of Waste Circuit Board Treatment by Top-Blowing Bath Smelting Method
Authors: Zhao X X , Liu Y , Liu X Q , Zhang T A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Through the water model experiment of oxygen-enriched top-blowing bath smelting, the effects of factors such as gas flow, lance position and liquid height on the bubble size distribution and liquid splash height during top blowing process of waste circuit boards were studied. The results showed that, the mixing effect worked best when the lance blew in the center of the molten pool. With a suitable increase of the gas flow, the impact of bubble refinement in the molten pool can be optimized. At the same time, the liquid splash, slag entrapment and liquid level fluctuation were aggravated. Appropriately increasing the liquid height can inhibit liquid splash to a certain extent. Considering the effect of bubble refinement and liquid splash height, the optimal experimental conditions of this experimental system were as follows. A straight barrel lance with a diameter of 15mm was installed in the center of the furnace body, the liquid height was 80mm, the lance submersion depth was 40mm, and the gas flow was 7.48Nm3/h.
The Influence of the Clearance on Performance of Compressor
Authors: Geng M F , Chen A Y , Chen D X 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cold compressor (CC) was adopted to pump saturated liquid helium to obtain subcooled helium. In the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) system, cold presses were studied and would replace the oil ring pump. The cold compressor processing and installation had been completed, and it had been tested by cold nitrogen gas. For cold compressors, testing at low temperature was essential, but the real working condition of low-temperature helium gas had great risks for large helium cryogenic system. Therefore, an independent cold nitrogen test system was an economical solution. In this work, numerical simulation and quantitative analysis method were used to investigate the flow field around different tip clearances and mass flow by CFD at liquid nitrogen temperature, and they were validated by experiments. When the tip clearance was increased by 0.1mm, the pressure ratio dropped 0.27% and the polytropic efficiency dropped 0.82%. To a certain extent, a larger tip clearance could improve the surge condition and had little influence on the efficiency. Therefore, in the design and operation, the tip clearance could be appropriately increased.
Effects of different ratio of red and blue light on flowering and fruiting of tomato
Authors: Fan Xiaoxue , Yang Yana , Xu Zhigang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this study, the effects of red and blue Light Emitting Diodes (LED) light on flowering and fruiting in the facility cultivation of tomato plants were investigated, tomato plants were subjected to 4 light treatments, dysprosium lamp (as the control, CK) and another three LEDs light with different ratios of red and blue light (RB1, RB2, RB3, R, B). The results showed that under the light with the ratio of red and blue 1:1, the time of first flower and first fruit appeared significantly earlier. The pollen viability and the content of soluble solids sucrose were the highest, and the ratio of sugar to acid is high, which made tomatoes taste great. This study is expected to provide theoretical basis for the high-quality cultivation of tomato seedlings.
Study on the antibacterial activity of dandelion leaf tea
Authors: Li Shuhuan , Chi Xiaojun , Bo Yongheng , Zheng Mengyao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, Shandong dandelion tea was selected as the research object. Its water-soluble and fat-soluble components were extracted by alcohol precipitation method and Soxhlet extraction method, respectively. Antibacterial effects were tested on four different types of strains including Staphylococcus aureus (S.A), Salmonella (SE), Escherichia coli (E. coil) and Candida albicans (CA) in vitro by coating and drilling method. Results showed that dandelion tea powder had certain bacteriostatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Candida albicans. Water-soluble components mainly had bacteriostatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Escherichia coli, and showed the strongest bacteriostatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus but nearly no bacteriostatic effect on Candida albicans. Fat-soluble components had obvious bacteriostatic effect on Candida albicans, but not on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Study on the biological hazards and control measures of the Dunhuang manuscripts
Authors: Zhang Chao , Lan Xiao-Jun , Bai Xue-Tao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Dunhuang manuscripts are world-renowned precious paper cultural relics, and it is necessary to conduct research on the prevention and control of harmful biological hazards. Taking 6 Dunhuang manuscripts as the research object, through appearance observation, data measurement and literature review, the paper material characteristics are analyzed, and the types of microorganisms on its surface are collected, cultivated and identified, and the cellulolytic ability of the Penicillium strains in them is determined. The spore germination rate of Penicillium at different temperatures was measured, and the effect of low temperature on Penicillium harming paper relics was analyzed. The results showed that the 6 Dunhuang manuscripts were made of hemp paper and thin white paper from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. A total of 12 bacteria species and 1 fungus species were isolated and identified. Among them, Penicillium has the ability to decompose cellulose on paper, which is the main harmful microorganism to the Dunhuang manuscripts, low temperature can significantly reduce the germination rate of Penicillium, so low-temperature refrigeration technology can be used to effectively inhibit the damage of Penicillium to paper cultural relics.
The flavor chemistry of pork broth: a review
Authors: Fan Yuting 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Pork is widely consumed in the world. The unique and attractive flavor is one of the major drivers of consumer liking for pork. Even though the flavor of pork products varies heavily depending on the processing and cooking method, pork broth is very popular in East Asian countries and could serve as a perfect model for studying the flavor chemistry of pork. While quite a number of studies have been carried out on this topic, only a few meet the basic criteria of modern flavor chemistry approaches. By reviewing these publications, 12 volatile compounds, including 4 sulfur containing compounds, 4 aldehydes, 1 alcohol, 1 ester, 1 lactone, and 1 carboxylic acid, were selected as the major aroma active components in pork broth. While the taste of pork broth mainly comes from the basic tastants such as amino acids, organic acids, inorganic minerals, and nucleotides, the role of taste modifiers in pork broth has yet to be investigated. More research is needed to further clarify the flavor chemistry of pork broth.
Exploring the potential pharmacological mechanism of Coix seed on pneumonia based on network pharmacology and molecular docking
Authors: Shen Xingang , Qiu Zhaozhi , Wang Yueqin , Gao Ling , Liu Ying , Liu Yunfeng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo explore the potential target and mechanism of action of Coix seed in the treatment of pneumonia by means of network pharmacology and molecular docking. To construct the potential protein interaction network and “component-target” network diagram, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed, then molecular docking was used for verification. In coix seed, 7 effective components and 144 corresponding potential targets were obtained by screening with OB ≥ 30% and DL ≥ 0.18% as thresholds. A total of 5014 pneumonia related targets were obtained, and 90 common targets were obtained.151 nodes and 251 edges were read in the “component-target” visual network diagram. A total of 19 signal pathways with significant differences were obtained by KEGG enrichment analysis. The molecular docking showed that the compounds in Coix seed had higher binding energy with the key proteins that caused pneumonia. This study preliminarily explored the potential action mechanism of coix seed in treating pneumonia by multiple channels and multiple targets, providing scientific basis for clinical application and in-depth study of this decoction piece.