bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naturalization and spread of the alien species Ozognathus cornutus (LeConte, 1859) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae: Ernobiinae) in Italy
Authors: Cerasa Giuliano , Lo Verde Gabriella 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOzognathus cornutus(LeConte, 1859) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae: Ernobiinae), species native to North America, is a saproxylophagous species and is known to feed on decaying tissues within conspicuous galls and on vegetal decaying organic material such as dried fruits or small wood shavings and insect excrements in galleries made by other woodboring species. A few years after the first record in 2011, its naturalization in Italy is here reported. The insect was found as successor in galls ofPsectrosema tamaricis(Diptera Cecidomyiidae),Plagiotrochus gallaeramulorum,Andricus multiplicatusandSynophrus politus(Hymenoptera Cynipidae).The galls seem to have played an important ecological role in speeding up the naturalization process. The lowest proportion of galls used byO. cornutuswas recorded forP. tamaricis(23%), the only host belonging to Cecidomyiidae, while the percentages recorded for the other host species, all Cynipidae forming galls on oaks, were higher: 43.6%, 61.1% and 76.9% inA multiplicatus,S. politusandP. gallaeramulorum,respectively. AlthoughO. cornutusis able to exploit other substrates like dried fruits and vegetables, for which it could represent a potential pest, it prefers to live as a successor in woody and conspicuous galls, which thus can represent a sort of natural barrier limiting the possible damages to other substrates.
Intuitions on Semantic Reference
Authors: Vignolo Massimiliano , Domaneschi Filippo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSince Machery et al.Cognition92, B1-B12 (2004) attacked Kripke’s refutation of classical descriptivism, their experiment has been repeated several times, in its original version or in some revised ones, by theorists with contrasting intents. Some repeated the experiment for confirming its results, others for proving them unreliable. One striking characteristic of those surveys is that they mostly replicated the data collected in Machery et al.’sCognition92, B1-B12, 2004 experiment: less than 60% of Westerners showed preference for the causal-historical response. We side with the critics of Machery et al.’s experiment. In this paper, we present the results of a survey that tests some hypotheses for explaining that percentage of Westerners’ preferences without taking it as evidence that more than 40% of Westerners have descriptivist intuitions on semantic reference. The aim of our paper is not merely to question the reliability of Machery et al.’s experiment. In sections 4 and 5 we assess the impact of our survey on the current debate in experimental semantics. We provide a novel account of the nature of the epistemic ambiguity that affects experiments in theory of reference and explain the consequences that our account of the epistemic ambiguity has for subsequent works trying to avoid ambiguities.
Fetal Safety During Fetoscopic Spina-Bifida Repair: Anesthetic Concerns
Authors: Goonasekera Chulananda , Skelton Vanessa A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPrenatal repair of fetal spina-bifida in the 2nd trimester has been shown to improve neurological function after delivery of the baby. Surgery can be performed with partial delivery of the fetus through a uterine incision, or increasingly via fetoscopy. Trocars to allow surgical instrumentation are introduced either via the exteriorized uterus or percutaneously. Both approaches require maternal anesthesia, an immobile anesthetized fetus and a non-contracting uterus. This can be achieved with administration of a general anesthetic to the mother, transplacental anesthesia of the fetus and tocolytic agents as required. Transplacental anesthesia needs to balance adequate depth of anesthesia for the mother and fetus with rapidly reversible uterine atony. The anesthetist is responsible for the safety of both patients. Monitoring of cardio-respiratory parameters for the mother are well established, but the tools available to monitor fetal well-being and access for corrective therapy are limited. Cardiotocography, fetal echocardiography or ultrasound assessment of umbilical or middle cerebral artery blood flow can be monitored for fetal well-being, but interpretation can be difficult. Fetal blood pressure monitoring is not yet feasible. There is a clear need to enhance fetal monitoring and define normal parameters with clear protocols for intervention to improve fetal safety. Abandoning the procedure should be considered to avoid emergency delivery of an extremely premature fetus. More research into suitable fetal monitoring techniques are needed.
Unplanned Disruption Analysis in Urban Railway Systems Using Smart Card Data
Authors: Liu Tianyou , Ma Zhenliang , Koutsopoulos Haris N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMetro system disruptions are a big concern due to their impacts on safety, service quality, and operating efficiency. A better understanding of system performance and passenger behavior under unplanned disruptions is critical for efficient decision making, effective customer communication, and identifying potential improvements. However, few studies explore disruption impacts on individual passenger behavior, and most studies use manually collected survey data. This study examines the potential of using automated collection data to comprehensively analyze unplanned disruption impacts. We propose a systematic approach to evaluate disruption impacts on system performance and individual responses in urban railway systems using automated fare collection (AFC) data. We develop a set of performance metrics to evaluate performance from the perspectives of train operations, information provision (communication), and bridging strategy (shuttle bus services to connect stations impacted by a disruption). We also propose an inference method to quantify the individual response to disruptions (e.g. travel or not, change stations or modes) depending on their trip characteristics with respect to the location and timing of the disruption. The proposed approach is demonstrated using data from a busy metro system. The results highlight the ability of AFC data in providing new insights for the analysis of unplanned disruptions, which are difficult to extract from traditional data collection methods. The case study shows that the disruption impacts are network-wide, and the impacts on passengers continue for a significant amount of time after the incident ended. The behavior highlights the importance of real-time information and the need for timely dissemination.
miR-195-5p Regulates the Phenotype Switch of CCSM Cells by Targeting Smad7
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang Xingyuan , Cong Shengnan , Zhang Jingjing , Zhang Aixia , Pan Lianjun , Ma Jiehua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionPhenotype switch refers to the process in which smooth muscle cells change from contractile type to synthetic type and acquire the ability of proliferation. Phenotypic transformation involves many changes of cell function, such as collagen deposition and fibrosis, which affect the normal erectile function of penis.AimTo investigate the role of miR-195-5p in regulating the Phenotype switch of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM) cells.MethodsA small mother against decapentaplegic 7(Smad7) virus vector and a miR-195-5p mimics or an si-Smad7 viral vector and a miR-195-5p inhibitor were transfected into CCSM cells. The cells were obtained by primary culture of rat corpus cavernosum smooth muscle tissue. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments, Western blotting, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, transwell experiments, MTT assays, and flow cytometry were used to detect miR-195-5p, Smad7, phenotype switch markers of CCSM cells and related protein expression, as well as changes in cell morphology, migration, proliferation and apoptosis.Main Outcome MeasureTo study the regulation of miR-195-5p in CCSM cells by overexpression and silencing strategies.ResultsOverexpressed miR-195-5p promoted the transformation of CCSM cells from a contractile type to a synthetic type. Meanwhile, the migration ability and proliferation ability of CCSM cells increased, and the apoptosis rate decreased. The expression-silencing of miR-195-5p gave rise to the opposite effect. The results of the rescue experiment demonstrated that overexpressed Smad7 rescued the inhibitory of the switch of the CCSM cell phenotype from the contractile type to the synthesis type caused by overexpression of miR-195-5p alone. Moreover, the enhancement effect of the migration ability and proliferation ability of CCSM cells was also eliminated, and the apoptosis rate was increased. Silencing miR-195-5p and Smad7 at the same time resulted in the opposite effect.ConclusionmiR-195-5p may regulate the phenotype switch of CCSM cells by targeting Smad7.
Cerebrospinal fluid flow cytometry: utility in central nervous system lymphoma diagnosis
Authors: Au KLK , Latonas S , Shameli A , Auer I , Hahn C 
Published: May 2021

Flow cytometry of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is used in isolation or as an adjunct to cytology to increase the sensitivity of detecting primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. We aim to evaluate the sensitivity of CSF flow cytometry as a diagnostic tool for primary CNS lymphoma in patients presenting with undifferentiated neurologic symptoms. We retrospectively reviewed all CSF samples received by the Calgary Laboratory Services Flow Cytometry Laboratory from 2012- 2015. Clinical data, laboratory investigations, radiologic imaging studies, and pathological data were analyzed. Clinical review extended to 2 years post CSF flow cytometric testing. The number of samples of CSF flow cytometry that were positive for a hematological malignancy was 43/763 (5.6%). The overall sensitivity of the test was 69.4%. A positive result was more likely to occur in patients with a prior history of a hematological malignancy or abnormal enhancement on MRI (p<0.0001). CSF flow cytometry was negative in all patients who did not have a previous hematological malignancy or abnormal enhancement on MRI (n = 247). CSF flow cytometry has a limited role in screening for primary CNS lymphoma, unless a strictly endorsed testing algorithm is applied. It is, however, an invaluable tool in evaluating CNS involvement in patients with a previous diagnosis of hematolymphoid malignancy or abnormal enhancement on MRI.LEARNING OBJECTIVESThis presentation will enable the learner to:Discuss the costs and benefits of using CSF flow cytometry to diagnose CNS lymphoma
1.Identify appropriate clinical indications for using CSF flow cytometry as a first-line test2.Apply a testing algorithm to increase the diagnostic yield of CSF flow cytometry
Synthesis of glioma histopathology images using generative adversarial networks
Authors: Levine AB , Peng J , Jones SJM , Bashashati A , Yip S 
Published: May 2021

Deep learning, a subset of artificial intelligence, has shown great potential in several recent applications to pathology. These have mainly involved the use of classifiers to diagnose disease, while generative modelling techniques have been less frequently used. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are a type of deep learning model that has been used to synthesize realistic images in a range of domains, both general purpose and medical. In the GAN framework, a generator network is trained to synthesize fake images, while a dueling discriminator network aims to distinguish between the fake images and a set of real training images. As GAN training progresses, the generator network ideally learns the important features of a dataset, allowing it to create images that the discriminator cannot distinguish from the real ones. We report on our use of GANs to synthesize high resolution, realistic histopathology images of gliomas. The well- known Progressive GAN framework was trained on a set of image patches extracted from digital slides in the Cancer Genome Atlas repository, and was able to generate fake images that were visually indistinguishable from the real training images. Generative modelling in pathology has numerous potential applications, including dataset augmentation for training deep learning classifiers, image processing, and expanding educational material.LEARNING OBJECTIVESThis presentation will enable the learner to:
1.Explain basic principles of generative modelling in deep learning.2.Discuss applications of deep learning to neuropathology image synthesis.
Nodding syndrome, an epidemic young-onset epilepsy-dementia complex in Uganda
Authors: Pollanen MS , Onzivua S 
Published: May 2021

Nodding syndrome (NS) is an enigmatic recurrent epidemic neurological disease that affects children in East Africa. The illness begins with nodding of the head and grand mal seizures that may lead to death after several years. The most recent outbreaks of NS occurred in northern Uganda and South Sudan. We describe the clinicopathologic spectrum of NS in Uganda. Ten children or young adults with NS were studied at autopsy and the neuropathological findings correlated with the onset, duration and progression of their neurological illness. All cases had epilepsy with grand mal seizures. Three cases had a clinical course that was predominantly characterized by epilepsy. Seven patients had progressive frontotemporal dementia. Two of the patients with dementia also had progressive quadriparesis. In all cases, the brain revealed tau pathology. In cases with an epilepsy-predominate course, the tau pathology was largely limited to the anterior frontal lobes but cases with dementia had more widespread cortical and subcortical tau pathology. In some cases, the histologic pattern was reminiscent of progressive supranuclear palsy. There are some interesting parallels between NS and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson-dementia complex (ALS/PDC). The similarities are the presence of geographical isolates of disease manifesting in indigenous populations with familial clusters but no clear heritability. Both disorders appear to be related to an unknown environmental factor and both diseases appear to be fading over time in the respective geographical locations. One of the major open questions is whether ALS occurs in NS. This question will be addressed in future clinical studies and postmortem examination of the spinal cord. We propose that NS is a unique epilepsy-dementia complex in East Africa.LEARNING OBJECTIVESThis presentation will enable the learner to:
1.Describe the clinicopathologic features of a nodding syndrome.2.Compare the pathology of NS to ALS/PDC and related disease
Hustling, cycling, peacebuilding: Narrating postwar reintegration through livelihood in Liberia
Authors: McMullin Jaremey R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEx-combatant youth originated the commercial motorcycling sector in Liberia and have played a dominant role in its development. This article collates key insights narrated by one of Liberia's young ex-combatants-turned-commercial motorcyclists, Edwin Nyankoon, to build narrative accounts of peacebuilding around conceptualisation of youth livelihood, identity, and politics after war. The article contributes to diverse literatures on youth agency by emphasising the need for narrative and subject-led methodologies that anchor research questions and data analysis to research participants’ own language and narrated experiences of post war. It applies insights about everyday peace to interpret hustling as bottom-up peacebuilding, in opposition to dominant top-down peacebuilding accounts of ex-combatants. These latter accounts largely fail to see youth actors as peacebuilding agents, constructing them instead as troublemakers and interpreting their livelihood activities in terms of criminality and threat. Additionally, it argues that hustling also constitutes a peacebuilding style. More than a coping strategy or an indicator of peace, hustling-as-peacebuilding-style is performative: relational, embodied, contradictory, and recognisable to its adherents as peace-promoting even if (and arguably because) outsiders construct it as peace-negating. This analysis problematises agency, social relations, gendered identity, and collective security as they relate to ex-combatant and conflict-affected youth during peace processes.
Divided governmental structure and state compliance with international human rights law: A reputation-based approach
Authors: Nie Mintao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrevious research has analysed a range of domestic stakeholders that make national governments’ commitments to international human rights law credible, including an independent judiciary, legislative veto players, political opposition groups, and non-governmental organizations. But how do the power dynamics within the government affect state compliance with international human rights law? Building on the basic understanding that international human rights law needs to pass through domestic political and administrative processes before it can be implemented on the ground, this article articulates a reputation-based theoretical framework to explain how the lack of reputational mechanisms at the local level and national leaders’ shifting of blame for non-compliance to sub-national officials and the internal governance structure – two salient characteristics in a decentralized political system – make international human rights law less effective. A case study of US compliance with Article 36 of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations sheds light on how international reputational concerns interact with divided authority structure to shape national leaders’ and subnational authorities’ policy responses to the enforcement of international human rights standards.
Rheology of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction: sub-pulmonary membrane developing months after primary intervention to treat pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum
Authors: Hanna Baher M. , El-Mozy Wesam E. , El-Saiedi Sonia A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIsolated sub-pulmonary membrane is a rare condition, the origin of which has been debatable. Transcatheter treatment of pulmonary valve atresia with intact interventricular septum by radiofrequency perforation and balloon dilatation to restore biventricular circulation is gaining more popularity, with improving results over time. We report in our experience of 79 cases in 10 years the development of a sub-pulmonary membrane in 4 cases: causing significant obstruction requiring surgical excision in one case that revealed a fibrous membrane on pathology; causing mild right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in another and not yet causing obstruction in 2. On cardiac MRI, the right ventricular outflow tract and the right ventricular outflow tract/pulmonary atresia angle showed no morphological abnormalities.
The Imperative to Discuss European Islam: A Response to Grinell and Črnič
Authors: White Jerry 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrompted by two recent articles in European Review about the place of Islam in Europe, this article argues for the importance of considering the variants of Islam in Europe that are autochthonous as opposed to connected with migration or immigration. The article discusses the specifics of the Crimean Tatars, Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania, and the Muslims of Georgia by way of illustrating how the issues around European Islam are far from being a marginal curiosity and, in fact, point to key issues in continental culture and politics in the twenty-first century.
What If? Tinkering with the Counterfactual: A Comment on US–Washing Machines (Article 22.6-US)
Authors: Balistreri Edward J. , Mavroidis Petros C. , Prusa Thomas J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTypically, the WTO Arbitrator, when charged with evaluating the permissible level of countermeasures (suspension of concessions), has chosen a counterfactual state of the world where the challenged (illegal) measure has not been adopted at all. The Arbitrator then would calculate the trade lost because of the adopted (illegal) measure, and thus, decide on the level of permissible countermeasures. In US–Washing Machines (Article 22.6-US), deviating from this custom, the Arbitrator adopted a different counterfactual, assuming that the complainant had adopted a different, ‘reasonable’ measure. The Arbitrator then evaluated the trade lost based on the distance between the adopted (illegal) and the ‘reasonable’ measure and calculated the level of countermeasures. In this paper, we explain the multitude of perils facing dispute settlement if this approach is adopted in future disputes. We also advance a few thoughts on rethinking the workings of the Arbitrator when measuring the level of permissible countermeasures, since similar slippery slopes risk being reproduced in future cases.
THE SIMPLE SEPARATING SYSTOLE FOR HYPERBOLIC SURFACES OF LARGE GENUS
Authors: Parlier Hugo , Wu Yunhui , Xue Yuhao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this note we show that the expected value of the separating systole of a random surface of genus g with respect to Weil–Petersson volume behaves like
$2\log g $
as the genus goes to infinity. This is in strong contrast to the behavior of the expected value of the systole which, by results of Mirzakhani and Petri, is independent of genus.
The Radiality of the Railway Network in Spain during its Early Stages (1830–67): An Assessment of its Territorial Coherence
Authors: Martí-Romero Jaume , San-José Adrià , Martí-Henneberg Jordi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe initial period of construction of the Spanish railway network is often criticized for its radial structure, centered on Madrid. In this article, the authors describe the role of the state during the initial stage of railway network construction and confirm that although the political will to construct a centralist network certainly influenced its morphology, other social and economic criteria were also influential. With regard to the political motives behind the radial network, the authors argue that part of this interest could have come in response to perceived needs to strengthen the presence of the Spanish state throughout its national territory and to promote a process of state-building. Finally, it must be stressed that the central hypothesis of our article is that the radial structure of the network was a natural consequence of the strategic geographical position of the country’s capital and of the distribution of economic activity within Spanish territory. The article proposes two methodological approaches for evaluating the extent to which the radial design of the network was justified, bearing in mind the locations of Spain’s most productive regions. The results of these two exercises suggest that the radial configuration with which the Spanish rail network was originally designed probably arose naturally as a result of the distribution of economic activity within the country and of the relative advantage that this bestowed on certain regions due to their geographic position.