bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural correlates of self‐awareness of cognitive deficits in non‐demented patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Yoo Han Soo , Kwon Hyeokjin , Chung Seok Jong , Sohn Young H. , Lee Jong‐Min , Lee Phil Hyu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeThe aim was to investigate the neural correlates of impaired self‐awareness of cognitive deficits (IACd) in non‐demented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsThis cross‐sectional study enrolled 153 drug‐naïve and non‐demented PD patients who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging, dopamine transporter (DAT) positron emission tomography, detailed neuropsychological testing, and the Cognitive Complaints Interview at baseline. Based on the presence of mild cognitive impairment and subjective cognitive complaints, patients were grouped into those with IACd (PD‐IACd+, n = 33) and those with normal recognition of cognitive function (n = 82) or underestimation of cognitive function (n = 38). Cortical thickness, white matter (WM) integrity, DAT availability and cognitive function were compared between the groups.ResultsThe prevalence of IACd was 21.6% in drug‐naïve patients with PD. The PD‐IACd+ group had a lower z‐score in the Stroop color reading test than the other groups. Patients in the PD‐IACd+ group had WM disintegrity, especially in the genu of the corpus callosum and anterior limb of the internal capsule, compared to those without IACd, whilst cortical thickness or striatal DAT availability was comparable regardless of the presence of IACd. Amongst patients with mild cognitive impairment, those with IACd had more severe WM disintegrity than those without IACd.ConclusionStructural connectivity between and from the frontal lobes is closely associated with self‐awareness of cognitive deficits in PD. Evaluating frontal structural connectivity from the early stages of PD will be important in assessing the actual cognitive and daily life performance of patients with PD.
Detecting forest response to droughts with global observations of vegetation water content
Authors: Konings Alexandra G. , Saatchi Sassan S. , Frankenberg Christian , Keller Michael , Leshyk Victor , Anderegg William R. L. , Humphrey Vincent , Matheny Ashley M. , Trugman Anna , Sack Lawren , Agee Elizabeth , Barnes Mallory L. , Binks Oliver , Cawse‐Nicholson Kerry , Christoffersen Bradley O. , Entekhabi Dara , Gentine Pierre , Holtzman Nataniel M. , Katul Gabriel G. , Liu Yanlan , Longo Marcos , Martinez‐Vilalta Jordi , McDowell Nate , Meir Patrick , Mencuccini Maurizio , Mrad Assaad , Novick Kimberly A. , Oliveira Rafael S. , Siqueira Paul , Steele‐Dunne Susan C. , Thompson David R. , Wang Yujie , Wehr Richard , Wood Jeffrey D. , Xu Xiangtao , Zuidema Pieter A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDroughts in a warming climate have become more common and more extreme, making understanding forest responses to water stress increasingly pressing. Analysis of water stress in trees has long focused on water potential in xylem and leaves, which influences stomatal closure and water flow through the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum. At the same time, changes of vegetation water content (VWC) are linked to a range of tree responses, including fluxes of water and carbon, mortality, flammability, and more. Unlike water potential, which requires demandingin situmeasurements, VWC can be retrieved from remote sensing measurements, particularly at microwave frequencies using radar and radiometry. Here, we highlight key frontiers through which VWC has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of forest responses to water stress. To validate remote sensing observations of VWC at landscape scale and to better relate them to data assimilation model parameters, we introduce an ecosystem‐scale analog of the pressure–volume curve, the non‐linear relationship between average leaf or branch water potential and water content commonly used in plant hydraulics. The sources of variability in these ecosystem‐scale pressure‐volume curves and their relationship to forest response to water stress are discussed. We further show to what extent diel, seasonal, and decadal dynamics of VWC reflect variations in different processes relating the tree response to water stress. VWC can also be used for inferring belowground conditions—which are difficult to impossible to observe directly. Lastly, we discuss how a dedicated geostationary spaceborne observational system for VWC, when combined with existing datasets, can capture diel and seasonal water dynamics to advance the science and applications of global forest vulnerability to future droughts.
Predicting virologically confirmed influenza using school absences in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA during the 2007‐2015 influenza seasons
Authors: Quandelacy Talia M. , Zimmer Shanta , Lessler Justin , Vukotich Charles , Bieltz Rachel , Grantz Kyra H. , Galloway David , Read Jonathan M. , Zheteyeva Yenlik , Gao Hongjiang , Uzicanin Amra , Cummings Derek A. T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildren are important in community‐level influenza transmission. School‐based monitoring may inform influenza surveillance.MethodsWe used reported weekly confirmed influenza in Allegheny County during the 2007 and 2010‐2015 influenza seasons using Pennsylvania's Allegheny County Health Department all‐age influenza cases from health facilities, and all‐cause and influenza‐like illness (ILI)‐specific absences from nine county school districts. Negative binomial regression predicted influenza cases using all‐cause and illness‐specific absence rates, calendar week, average weekly temperature, and relative humidity, using four cross‐validations.ResultsSchool districts reported 2 184 220 all‐cause absences (2010‐2015). Three one‐season studies reported 19 577 all‐cause and 3012 ILI‐related absences (2007, 2012, 2015). Over seven seasons, 11 946 confirmed influenza cases were reported. Absences improved seasonal model fits and predictions. Multivariate models using elementary school absences outperformed middle and high school models (relative mean absolute error (relMAE) = 0.94, 0.98, 0.99). K‐5 grade‐specific absence models had lowest mean absolute errors (MAE) in cross‐validations. ILI‐specific absences performed marginally better than all‐cause absences in two years, adjusting for other covariates, but markedly worse one year.ConclusionsOur findings suggest seasonal models including K‐5th grade absences predict all‐age‐confirmed influenza and may serve as a useful surveillance tool.
Factors influencing community‐dwelling older adults’ readiness to adopt smart home technology: A qualitative exploratory study
Authors: Dermody Gordana , Fritz Roschelle , Glass Courtney , Dunham Melissa , Whitehead Lisa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimsAgeing‐in‐place for older people could be more feasible with the support of smart home technology. Ageing in‐place may maximize the independence of older adults and enhance their well‐being and quality of life, while decreasing the financial burden of residential care costs, and addressing workforce shortages. However, the uptake of smart home technology is very low among older adults. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to explore factors influencing community‐dwelling older adults’ readiness to adopt smart home technology.DesignA qualitative exploratory study design was utilized.MethodsDescriptive data were collected between 2019 and 2020 to provide context of sample characteristics for community‐dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years. Qualitative data were collected via semi‐structured interviews and focus groups, to generate an understanding of older adult's perspectives. Thematic analysis of interviews and focus group transcripts was completed. The Elderadopt model was the conceptual framework used in the analysis of the findings.ResultsSeveral factors influenced community‐dwelling older adults’ (N = 19) readiness to adopt smart home technology. Five qualitative themes were identified: knowledge, health and safety, independence, security and cost.ConclusionCommunity‐dwelling older adults were open to adopting smart home technology to support independence despite some concerns about security and loss of privacy. Opportunities to share information about smart home technology need to be increased to promote awareness and discussion.ImpactWider adoption of smart home technology globally into the model of aged care can have positive impacts on caregiver burden, clinical workforce, health care utilization and health care economics. Nurses, as the main providers of healthcare in this sector need to be knowledgeable about the options available and be able to provide information and respond to questions know about ageing‐in‐place technologies to best support older adults and their families.
Associations of urinary sodium excretion with central hemodynamics and changes in vascular structure and function at high altitude
Authors: Zhang Zhipeng , Liao Hang , Zhang Xin , Meng Qingtao , Shi Rufeng , Feng Jiayue , Li Xinran , Gou Qiling , Ye Runyu , Hu Xianjin , Chen Xiaoping 
Published: September 2021

AbstractResearch reports on associations of urinary sodium excretion with central hemodynamic parameters and vascular changes are quite limited in general or non‐hypertensive population. The purpose of the current study was to explore such associations in Chinese general Tibetans living at high altitude. This cross‐sectional study was conducted in Luhuo County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture with average elevation of 3800 meters from December 2018 to January 2019. A total of 294 Tibetans were included in the current study. Twenty‐four hour urinary sodium excretion was estimated by second fasting spot urine in the morning using Kawasaki formula. Central hemodynamic parameters, including central systolic blood pressure (CSBP), central diastolic blood pressure (CDBP), central pulse pressure (CPP), central mean arterial pressure (CMAP), augmentation pressure (AP), and augmentation index standardized for heart rate of 75 (AIx75), were evaluated using the SphygmoCor system. Vascular structures and functions were assessed by carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) test and brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), respectively. Estimated mean 24h urinary sodium excretion of Tibetans in Luhuo County was 5.26±1.61 g. After adjustment, estimated 24h urinary sodium was positively associated with CSBP (β = 1.15, p = .008) and CPP (β = 0.87, p = .013). Line graph of means across urinary sodium quartiles showed that associations of 24 h urinary sodium excretion with AIx75 and baPWV presented approximate “J” shape after controlling for confounders. Estimated 24 h sodium excretion was independently and positively associated with CSBP and CPP. Moreover, association between urinary sodium excretion and arterial elasticity, as evaluated by baPWV and AIx75, presented “J” shape. Further studies are needed to verify J‐shaped association and “safe” zone of sodium intake.
Larval development of the freshwater croaker Pachypops fourcroi (La Cépède 1802) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae)
Authors: Oliveira Lucas S. , Cajado Ruineris A. , Silva Fabíola K. S. , Bialetzki Andréa , Zacardi Diego M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe larval development of Pachypops fourcroi from the lower Amazon River was described through morphological, meristic and morphometric features. Sixty‐five larvae were examined and present a moderate body, slightly elliptical eyes and head ranging from moderate to large. The mouth is initially terminal and becomes subterminal throughout development with three barbels in the mentonian region. The larvae of P. fourcroi can be differentiated from other Sciaenidae in the Amazon basin by the pigmentation pattern, the presence of barbels, head depth, body depth and diameter, and shape of the eye.
Age‐related cognitive impairment is associated with low serum concentrations of testosterone and CSF levels of amyloid beta 42 in male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Darusman Huda Shalahudin , Li Wern Tan , Sajuthi Dondin , Schapiro Steven J. , Hau Jann 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAged memory‐impaired cynomolgus monkeys had significantly lower levels of cerebrospinal amyloid (Aβ42) and serum testosterone compared with young animals and non–memory‐impaired controls. Our findings confirm similar findings in the human and substantiate the usefulness of the cynomolgus monkey as a spontaneous model for aging‐associated senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.
The use of anogenital distance as a non‐invasive predictor of seminal quality in captive squirrel monkey (Saimiri collinsiOsgood 1961)
Authors: Leite Leão Danuza , Vasconcelos Sampaio Wlaisa , da Cunha Sousa Patrícia , Oskam Irma Caroline , Rodrigues dos Santos Regiane , Souza Domingues Sheyla Farhayldes 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundAnogenital distance is considered a non‐invasive measure to assess the development and functionality of sexual organs in different animal species. Hence, this measurement could potentially be used during the selection of non‐human primates for reproductive biotechnology programs. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between anogenital distance and reproductive parameters in captiveSaimiri collinsi.MethodsEight matureS. collinsimales were evaluated. Body weight, reproductive hormone levels, testicular volume, and seminal parameters were determined, and their relationship with anogenital distance measurements was assessed.ResultsAnogenital distance was correlated with seminal volume, sperm motility, vigor, and plasma membrane integrity, but not with body weight, reproductive hormones, and testicular volume.ConclusionThe determination of anogenital distance is a non‐invasive method to predict seminal quality. This procedure has the advantage of providing andrologic information without a negative impact on animal welfare.
Intergenic spaces: a new frontier to improving plant health
Authors: Tonnessen Bradley W. , Bossa‐Castro Ana M. , Martin Federico , Leach Jan E. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryTo more sustainably mitigate the impact of crop diseases on plant health and productivity, there is a need for broader spectrum, long‐lasting resistance traits. Defense response (DR) genes, located throughout the genome, participate in cellular and system‐wide defense mechanisms to stave off infection by diverse pathogens. This multigenic resistance avoids rapid evolution of a pathogen to overcome host resistance. DR genes reside within resistance‐associated quantitative trait loci (QTL), and alleles of DR genes in resistant varieties are more active during pathogen attack relative to susceptible haplotypes. Differential expression of DR genes results from polymorphisms in their regulatory regions, that includes cis‐regulatory elements such as transcription factor binding sites as well as features that influence epigenetic structural changes to modulate chromatin accessibility during infection. Many of these elements are found in clusters, known as cis‐regulatory modules (CRMs), which are distributed throughout the host genome. Regulatory regions involved in plant–pathogen interactions may also contain pathogen effector binding elements that regulate DR gene expression, and that, when mutated, result in a change in the plants’ response. We posit that CRMs and the multiple regulatory elements that comprise them are potential targets for marker‐assisted breeding for broad‐spectrum, durable disease resistance.
Race, Ethnicity, and Twenty‐First Century Rural Sociological Imaginings: A Special Issue Introduction*
Authors: Carrillo Ian , Quisumbing King Katrina , Schafft Kai A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article, which also serves as the introduction for this special guest‐edited issue, examines the history of Rural Sociology's scholarly engagement with rurality, race, and ethnicity. We examine the historical patterns of how Rural Sociology has addressed race and ethnicity, and then present results from a meta‐analysis of empirical articles published between 1971 and 2020. Over time, the methodological approaches and scholarly focus of articles on race and ethnicity within Rural Sociology has gradually expanded to include more analyses of power and inequality using constructivist perspectives, and greater numbers of qualitative inquiries into the lived experiences of both white and nonwhite people. The articles featured in the special issue extend from Rural Sociology's growing attention to race and ethnicity. Together, they suggest the ways in which rural spaces are racially coded, how intersections with race and ethnicity exacerbate rural inequality, how the domination of people and the environment are co‐constituted, and how practices of racism are embedded within contextually specific ecologies. In drawing attention to these contributions, we suggest future directions for the discipline's engagement with rurality, race, and ethnicity, while simultaneously suggesting the ways in which our own disciplinary racial reckoning remains incomplete.
Has DACA promoted work over schooling and professional advancement for qualifying Mexican Dreamers?
Authors: Jones Richard C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study questions whether the Deferred Actionfor Childhood Arrivals (DACA) has promoted the educational and career advancement in a subgroup of Mexican youth who crossed illegally by their parents at a young age, or has not promoted such advancement.MethodsI draw upon recent research on this topic. From the American Community Survey, I drill down to a cohort of young Mexicans who qualified for DACA in 2012, and follow it to 2016.ResultsThis cohort (DACAs) entered the workforce and curtailed college attendance between 2012 and 2016 but also completed college, were employed professionally, and increased their income markedly, relative to a cohort of “Dreamers” (an analogous group that did not qualify for DACA).ConclusionThe integration of DACAs, so beneficial to the country, will be curtailed if DACA is definitively terminated by the disallowal of renewals; DACAs would return to an underclass status resembling that of the Dreamers.
The crowding of social distancing: How social context and interpersonal connections affect individual responses to the coronavirus*
Authors: Leiter Debra , Reilly Jack , Vonnahme Beth 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigates the degree to which social connections and social context shape attitudes and behaviors surrounding the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States.MethodsIn April and August 2020, we surveyed Americans about their social context and asked a range of questions related to the coronavirus and social distancing.ResultsSocial crowding, social networks, and social context are related to support for social distancing policies and compliance with those policies.ConclusionThe coronavirus pandemic created hardships; hardships made more difficult by the inability to physically interact with extended family and friends and the inability to find space away from immediate family. This research suggests that understanding compliance with public policies requires attention to interpersonal connections.
Modelling the introduction and transmission of Campylobacter in a North American chicken flock
Authors: Plishka Mikayla , Sargeant Jan M. , Winder Charlotte , Greer Amy L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCampylobacter is the second leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Although many food production animals carry Campylobacter as commensal bacteria, consumption of poultry is the main source of human infection. Previous research suggests that the biology of Campylobacter results in complete flock colonization within days. However, a recent systematic review found that the on‐farm prevalence of Campylobacter varies widely, with some flocks reporting low prevalence. We hypothesized that the low prevalence of Campylobacter in some flocks may be driven by a delayed introduction of the pathogen. The objectives of this study were to (a) develop a deterministic compartmental model that represents the biology of Campylobacter, (b) identify the parameter values that best represent the natural history of the pathogen in poultry flocks and (c) examine the possibility that a delayed introduction of the pathogen is sufficient to replicate the observed low prevalence examples documented in the literature. A deterministic compartmental model was developed to examine the dynamics of Campylobacter in chicken flocks over a 56‐day time period prior to movement to the abattoir. The model outcome of interest was the final population prevalence of Campylobacter at day 56. The resulting model that incorporated a high transmission rate (β = 1.04) was able to reproduce the wide range of prevalence estimates observed in the literature when pathogen introduction time is varied. Overall, we established that the on‐farm transmission rate of Campylobacter in chickens is likely high and can result in complete colonization of a flock when introduced early. However, delaying the time at which the pathogen enters the flock can reduce the prevalence observed at 56 days. These results highlight the importance of enforcing strict biosecurity measures to prevent or delay the introduction of the bacteria to a flock.
Who dies where? Estimating the percentage of deaths that occur at home
Authors: Adair Tim 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionThe majority of low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) have incomplete death registration systems and so the proportion of deaths that occur at home (ie, home death percentage) is generally unknown. However, home death percentage is important to estimate population-level causes of death from integration of data of deaths at home (verbal autopsies) and in hospitals (medical certification), and to monitor completeness of death notification and verbal autopsy data collection systems. This study proposes a method to estimate home death percentage using data readily available at the national and subnational level.MethodsData on place of death from 152 country-years in 49 countries from 2005 to 2019, predominantly from vital registration systems, were used to model home death percentage standardised for population age and cause distribution. A national-level model was developed using Bayesian model averaging to estimate national, regional and global home death percentage. A subnational-level model was also developed and assessed in populations where alternative data on home death percentage were available.ResultsGlobally, it is estimated that 53.4% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 50.8%–55.9%) of deaths occur at home, slightly higher (59.7%, 95% UI 56.5%–62.7%) in LMICs, substantially higher in low-income countries (79.5%, 95% UI 77.3%–81.5%) and much lower (27.3%, 95% UI 25.2%–29.6%) in high-income countries. Countries with the highest home death percentage are mostly found in South, East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (above 90% in Ethiopia, Chad and South Sudan). As expected, the national model has smaller error than the subnational model.ConclusionThe study demonstrates substantial diversity in the location of deaths in LMICs and fills a significant gap in knowledge about where people die, given its importance for health systems and policies. The high proportion of deaths in LMICs that occur at home reinforces the need for routine verbal autopsy to determine the causes of death.