bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A narrative review of the ethnomedicinal usage of Cannabis sativa Linnaeus as traditional phytomedicine by folk medicine practitioners of Bangladesh
Authors: Shakil Shahriar S. M. , Gowan Matt , Hughes Kerry , Azam Md. Nur Kabidul , Ahmed Md. Nasir 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
There is a worldwide interest in the use of Cannabis sativa for biomedicine purposes. Cannabis has ethnomedicinal usage as a natural medicine in Bangladesh and cultivated during the British Empire period for revenues.

Objective
Folk medicine practitioners (FMPs) from different districts of Bangladesh have been using Cannabis sativa, but until now there have not been any compiled studies particularly regarding this practice. Hence, this review is an effort to retrieve the traditional usage of Cannabis sativa as a phytomedicine from published ethnomedicinal studies.

Methods and materials
Information was searched by using the search terms “ethnomedicinal Cannabis sativa and Bangladesh”; “Bangladesh cannabaceae and ethnomedicinal survey”; “ganja, bhang and folk medicine Bangladesh”; “tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinoid and therapeutic, clinical trial”; and “cannabis and pharmacological/biological” and retrieved from ethnobotanical articles available on PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. A search of the relevant scientific literature also was conducted to assess the efficacy of the ethnomedicinal usage of Cannabis sativa.

Results
While reviewing over 200 ethnomedicinal plants’ survey articles, we found that FMPs of Bangladesh from 12 different districts used Cannabis sativa to treat cited ailments like sleep-associated problems (n=5), neuropsychiatric and CNS problems (n=5), and infections and respiratory problems (n=5) followed by rheumatism, gastrointestinal, gynecological (n=4 each), cancer, sexual, and other ailments including hypertension, headache, itch, increases bile secretion, abortifacient, dandruff, fever, and urinary problems (n=1 each). There are a total of 15 formulations identified from the 11 out of 18 ethnomedicinal plant survey reports. The leaf was the main plant part used (53.8%), followed by root (23%), seed (7.7%) and flower, inflorescence, resin, and all parts 3.8% respectively.

Conclusions
Sales and cultivation of Cannabis are illegal at present in Bangladesh, but the use of Cannabis sativa as a natural phytomedicine has been practiced traditionally by folk medicine practitioners of Bangladesh for many years and validated through relevant pharmacological justification. Although Cannabis sativa possesses ethnomedicinal properties in the folk medicine of Bangladesh, it is, furthermore, needed to conduct biological research to consolidate pharmacological justification about the prospects and challenges of Cannabis and cannabinoids’ use in Bangladesh as safer biomedicine in the future.
Risk assessment and the adsorptive removal of some pesticides from synthetic wastewater: a review
Authors: Garba Zaharaddeen N. , Abdullahi Amina K. , Haruna Abdurrashid , Gana Sa’adatu A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe need for environmental protection and remediation processes has been an increasing global concern. Pesticides are used as biological agents, disinfectants, antimicrobials, and also in a mixture of some chemical substances. Their modes of application are through selective dispensing and attenuation processes which act upon any pest that compete with the production, processing, and storage of foods and also in agricultural commodes. The pests might comprise weeds, insects, birds, fish, and microbes.Main bodyPesticides are commonly found in water surface, landfill leachate, ground water, and wastewater as pollutant. An overview of recently studied adsorption processes for the pesticide elimination from polluted water has been reported in this study utilizing activated carbon, clay materials, biomass materials, metal organic frame work, graphene, and carbon-based materials as well as agricultural wastes as adsorbents. The risk assessment and cost analysis of adsorbents were also provided.ConclusionEvidences from literature recommend modified adsorbent and composite materials to have a prospective use in pesticide removal from wastewater. The adsorption data obtained fitted into different isotherm and kinetic models and also the thermodynamic aspect have been discussed.Graphical abstract
High flow nasal cannula oxygen and non-invasive mechanical ventilation in management of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Shoukri Amr Mounir 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
High flow nasal cannula oxygen (HFNCO) is a relatively new technique used to deliver oxygen in respiratory failure patients. This retrospective study is aiming to assess the role and benefits of using HFNCO compared to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in management of patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Results
A retrospective analysis of the files of 63 patients with COVID-19 and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), 37 patients received HFNCO as initial therapy, and 26 patients were primarily treated with NIV. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of baseline characteristics, laboratory tests, arterial blood gases, PaO2/FiO2 values, and vital signs. Re-assessment after 24 h of starting treatment with either HFNCO or NIV showed significant improvement (P<0.01) in the respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygenation parameters. The magnitude of improvement of the vital signs and oxygenation was not significantly different between patients using HFNCO or NIV. Success rate of HFNCO was 86.4%, endotracheal intubation with invasive mechanical ventilation was required in 10.81% of patients, and mortality rate was 2.7%. Success rate of NIV was 84.6%, endotracheal intubation rate was 11.53%, and mortality rate was 3.8%. No significant difference (P>0.05) between the 2 groups as regards the duration of treatment, rate of endotracheal intubation with invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality rate.

Conclusion
High flow nasal cannula oxygen (HFNCO) is effective in the management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure associated with COVID-19. Its efficacy is similar to NIV, with no difference in the duration of treatment, endotracheal intubation rate, or mortality rate.
Settler Colonial Studies and/as the Transnational Western
Authors: Young Alex Trimble 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe article explores contemporary debates regarding the representation of Indigenous resistance in the field of settler colonial studies by putting the work of Australian theorist Patrick Wolfe into conversation with the political allegories articulated in two contemporary Western films. Its first section, tracing what Wolfe called his “pharmacological indebtedness” to Gayatri Spivak, considers the methodological problems for settler colonial studies that have emerged from Wolfe’s critique of the settler intellectual’s representation of Indigenous resistance. The second section suggests an alternative direction for transnational settler colonial studies by undertaking a comparative reading of two films—Hell or High Water (2016) written by US settler filmmaker Taylor Sheridan, and Goldstone (2016) written and directed by Indigenous Australian (Gamilaroi) director Ivan Sen. Both films collapse the detective genre with settler colonialism’s most recognizable representational genre: the Western. In so doing, they articulate narratives about the ongoing crimes of settler colonialism that offer novel perspectives on the question of what is knowable—and by whom—under settler colonialism’s structure of violence.
From Violence as Anti-Politics to Politics as Anti-Violence
Authors: Balibar Étienne 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article discusses violence in its intrinsic relationship to politics. This conjunction of politics and violence is not just a special feature of our historical experience; rather it can never be separated from it, albeit with distinct forms and to different degrees. Starting from situations embodying extreme violence, or cruelty, and contrasting them with a politics of civility, this article argues that if we want to define the conditions and the goals of politics, it is not enough to just be mindful of violence, or to see it as a central problem for politics. What we need is a new foundation for politics, arising from the consideration of extreme violence. Extreme violence, therefore, is not one question among others for politics; it is the question where the possibility or impossibility of politics is at stake.
La heterogeneidad sintagmática de los adverbios en español
Authors: Jiménez Juliá Tomás 
Published: March 2021

La heterogeneidad sintagmática de los adverbios en español
El adverbio ha sido desde las primeras descripciones gramaticales por parte de los estoicos una clase heterogénea, que recogía todo lo que no era nombre, verbo o partícula. Ello ha hecho que dentro de esta clase de palabra se encuentren unidades sintagmáticamente muy diferentes, tanto unidades léxicamente plenas y expandibles como otras sin posibilidad de expansión y con contextos fijados. La presente contribución propone posibles criterios sintagmáticos con el fin de ordenar el campo de esta clase de palabra de manera similar a como se ordenan otras clases de palabras léxicas.
Optimization: From Its Inception
Authors: Magnanti Thomas L. 
Published: March 2021

Optimization has been one of the most fundamental and extensive contributions of management science/operations research, with an enormous number of contributions and subfields developed by many researchers and practitioners. When the journal Management Science launched in 1954, little was known about optimization, including some results in nonlinear optimization and the simplex method and duality developed for linear programming. However, linear programming computations were limited to problems with at most 101 linear constraints. Then some early contributions by seminal researchers began to develop foundations for the field. I will review a few of these early contributions, focusing on the traveling sales problem and integer programming, decomposition, and column generation. I will summarize some research and applied contributions since then, including the enormous development of computations. I will focus on linear and integer programs with some material on combinatorial optimization. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, Special Section of Management Science: 65th Anniversary.
Stable evanescent wave mode-locked laser based on a photonic-crystal-fiber-induced Mach–Zehnder filter as a gain-tilt equalizer
Authors: Ridha Fay F. , Salman Ansam M. , Al-Janabi Abdulhadi 
Published: March 2021

In this paper, a switchable multichannel ytterbium-doped fiber laser based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) has been experimentally demonstrated. The MZI is fabricated by splicing a short piece of nonlinear photonic-crystal fiber (NLPCF) between two segments of a single-mode fiber. MZI-based NLPCF gathering with the intracavity birefringence polarization controller offers functions as both the selective comb filter and the mode locker. The laser can emit a single, dual, triple, or quadruple channel that can be varied in the spectral span around1030–1050 nm by only adjusting the pump power or polarization state. A stable evanescent wave, picosecond mode-locking generation with variable repetition rate (24.5 to 18.23 MHz and 34.64 MHz) has been realized via only inserting the polarization controller and adjusting its state inside the cavity. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this the first demonstration of a passive filter based on a NLPCF-MZ interferometer to generate switchable mode-locked pulses delivered from a single laser oscillator.
High-accuracy longitudinal position measurement using self-accelerating light
Authors: Prabhakar Shashi , Plachta Stephen Z. D. , Ornigotti Marco , Fickler Robert 
Published: March 2021

Radially self-accelerating light exhibits an intensity pattern that describes a spiraling trajectory around the optical axis as the beam propagates. In this article, we show in simulation and experiment how such beams can be used to perform a high-accuracy distance measurement with respect to a reference using simple off-axis intensity detection. We demonstrate that generating beams whose intensity pattern simultaneously spirals with fast and slow rotation components enables a distance measurement with high accuracy over a broad range, using the high and low rotation frequency, respectively. In our experiment, we achieve an accuracy of around 2 µm over a longitudinal range of more than 2 mm using a single beam and only two quadrant detectors. Because our method relies on single-beam interference and only requires a static generation and simple intensity measurements, it is intrinsically stable and could find applications in high-speed measurements of longitudinal position.
Tuberculosis treatment intervention trials in Africa: A cross-sectional bibliographic study and spatial analysis
Authors: Hohlfeld Ameer S. J. , Mathebula Lindi , Pienaar Elizabeth D. , Abrams Amber , Lutje Vittoria , Ndwandwe Duduzile , Kredo Tamara 
Published: March 2021

Background
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB) poses a substantial burden in sub-Saharan Africa and is the leading cause of death amongst infectious diseases. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are regarded as the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions. We aimed to describe published TB treatment trials conducted in Africa.

Methods
This is a cross-sectional study of published TB trials conducted in at least one African country. In November 2019, we searched three databases using the validated Africa search filter and Cochrane’s sensitive trial string. Published RCTs conducted in at least one African country were included for analysis. Records were screened for eligibility. Co-reviewers assisted with duplicate data extraction. Extracted data included: the country where studies were conducted, publication dates, ethics statement, trial registration number, participant’s age range. We used Cochrane’s Risk of Bias criteria to assess methodological quality.

Results
We identified 10,495 records; 175 trials were eligible for inclusion. RCTs were published between 1952 and 2019. The median sample size was 206 participants (interquartile range: 73–657). Most trials were conducted in South Africa (n = 83) and were drug therapy trials (n = 130). First authors were from 30 countries globally. South Africa had the most first authors (n = 55); followed by the United States of America (USA) (n = 28) and Great Britain (n = 14) with fewer other African countries contributing to the first author tally. Children under 13 years of age eligible to participate in the trials made up 17/175 trials (9.71%). International governments (n = 29) were the most prevalent funders. Ninety-four trials provided CONSORT flow diagrams. Methodological quality such as allocation concealment and blinding were poorly reported or unclear in most trials.

Conclusions
By mapping African TB trials, we were able to identify potential research gaps. Many of the global north’s researchers were found to be the lead authors in these African trials. Few trials tested behavioural interventions compared to drugs, and far fewer tested interventions on children compared to adults to improve TB outcomes. Lastly, funders and researchers should ensure better methodological quality reporting of trials.
Introduction of precordial Doppler ultrasound to confirm correct peripheral venous access during general anesthesia in children: A preliminary study
Authors: Kojima Taiki , Kitamura Kana , Ichiyanagi Shogo , Watanabe Fumio , Yamaguchi Yukiko , Sato Emi , Tani Daisuke , Kako Hiromi , Kandil Ali I. , Ohde Sachiko , Miyazu Mitsunori 
Published: March 2021

Background
Delayed identification of infiltration and dysfunction of peripheral intravenous (PIV) access can lead to serious consequences during general anesthesia in children. This preliminary study aimed to describe the application of precordial Doppler ultrasound during general anesthesia in children to detect and confirm the correct PIV access and to evaluate the accuracy of this method.

Methods
This was a single-center, preliminary study that was conducted in children (<18 years) who were scheduled for elective surgeries between October 2019 and March 2020. Rater anesthesiologists judged the change in precordial Doppler sound (S test) before and after injection of 0.5 mL/kg of normal saline (NS) via PIV. Blood flow velocity before and after NS injection was recorded, and multiple cutoff points were set to analyze the accuracy of detecting the infiltration and dysfunction of PIV catheter (V test).

Results
The total incidence of peripheral infiltration and dysfunction of PIV catheter was 7/512 (1.4%). In the S test, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were 5/7 (71.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 29.0%–96.3%), 490/505 (97.0%; 95% CI, 95.1%–98.3%), 24.0, 0.29, and 0.84, respectively. The V test showed that the reasonable threshold of blood flow velocity change was 1.0 m/s, with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and AUC of 4/7 (57.1%; 95% CI, 18.4%–90.1%), 489/505 (96.8%; 95% CI, 94.9%–98.2%), 18.0 and 0.44, and 0.84, respectively.

Conclusions
This preliminary study demonstrated that precordial Doppler ultrasound is a feasible, easy-to-use, and noninvasive technique with good accuracy to confirm the correct PIV access during general anesthesia in children. However, its accuracy requires further evaluation.
Nota del editor. Presentación de “Miradas laterales sobre las transiciones, la memoria y la violencia”
Authors: Gatti Gabriel 
Published: March 2021

Este artículo presenta el número monográfico“Miradas laterales sobre las transiciones, la memoria y la violencia”. El número cuenta con las contribuciones de Alfonso Pérez-Agote en la sección de Fundamentales. Lo acompañan los trabajos de Alejandro Castillejo, Germán Labrador, Jesús Izquierdo, Isabel Piper y Margarita Maria Velez-Maya, Marta Rodríguez-Fouz y Caroline Guibet Lafaye.
Primary Esophageal Tuberculosis Without Dysphagia or Odynophagia in a Patient Without HIV
Authors: Ogbomo Henry , Thiesen Aducio , Zepeda-Gomez Sergio , Kohansal-Vajargah Ali 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We report a case of primary esophageal tuberculosis in a 35-year-old woman without HIV who presented with a month's history of epigastric and chest pain without dysphagia or odynophagia and was found to have histologic evidence of multiple caseating granulomata on esophageal biopsy, which was confirmed positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA and cultures.
Myelofibrosis and Portal Hypertension: The Case for Primary Variceal Screening
Authors: Sherman Marc Samuel , Samore Wesley R. , Pratt Daniel Stephan 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Myelofibrosis is a hematologic condition that predisposes to the formation of large and small portal venous clots. Portal injury is believed to underlie the mechanism of development of noncirrhotic portal hypertension in this population. We describe a patient with myelofibrosis, proven portal hypertension, and extramedullary hematopoiesis with no imaging or pathologic evidence of microvascular or macrovascular portal clot. We provide a concise review of the literature which highlights that patients with myelofibrosis and related conditions of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis present not infrequently with portal hypertension and variceal bleeding. We propose this population may benefit from primary variceal screening.
Management of Gastroduodenal Artery Pseudoaneurysm Rupture With Duodenal Ulcer Complicated by Coil Migration
Authors: Chang Dennis , Patel Purvi , Persky Seth , Ng Joseph , Kaell Alan 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Rupture of visceral artery aneurysms or visceral artery pseudoaneurysms is an unusual cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Although most visceral artery aneurysms and visceral artery pseudoaneurysms occur in the splenic artery or hepatic artery, they can rarely occur in the gastroduodenal artery. These are at high risk for rupture, with a 40%–70% mortality. We report a case of recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm despite endoscopic treatment and endovascular embolization complicated by coil migration into the duodenum.
Self-Matching Properties of Beatty Sequences
Authors: Masáková Z. , Pelantová E. 
Published: March 2021

We study the selfmatching properties of Beatty sequences, in particular of the graph of the function ⌊ jβ ⌋ against j for every quadratic unit βϵ (0,1). We show that translation in the argument by an element Gi of a generalized Fibonacci sequence almost always causes the translation of the value of the function by Gi=1. More precisely, for fixed i ϵ ℕ, we have ⌊β(j+Gi)⌋ = ⌊βj⌋ + Gi=1, where j ϵ Ui. We determine the set Ui of mismatches and show that it has a low frequency, namely βi.
Power Producer Production Valuation
Authors: Kněžek M. 
Published: March 2021

The ongoing developments in the electricity market, in particular the establishment of the Prague Energy Exchange (PXE) and the associated transfer from campaign-driven sale to continuous trading, represent a significant change for power companies. Power producing companies can now optimize the sale of their production capacities with the objective of maximizing profit from wholesale electricity and supporting services. The Trading Departments measure the success rate of trading activities by the gross margin (GM), calculated by subtracting the realized sales prices from the realized purchase prices and the production cost, and indicate the profit & loss (P&L) to be subsequently calculated by the Control Department. The risk management process is set up on the basis of a business strategy defining the volumes of electricity that have to be sold one year and one month before the commencement of delivery. At the same time, this process defines the volume of electricity to remain available for spot trading (trading limits).
UNRRA and Support for Science
Authors: Frydryšková J. 
Published: March 2021

The Second World War was the most devastating war in history. Millions of people died, countless cities were destroyed and economic recovery was one of the most important problems dealt with in past-war conferences. The US needed an economically stable Europe, and for this reason they started preparing a recovery program before the war came to an end. One of the most important programs was UNRRA. UNRRA consisted of two parts – relief and rehabilitation. An important part of rehabilitation was the Fellowships Program, which was the first international scholarship program after the Second World War. This program provided scholarships for specialists from every country that received help from UNRRA. These specialists returned to their own country after their residency and helped with the recovery. This was the main reason for the Fellowships program.