bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing the burden of student loan debt: A case-based review of influencing considerations
Authors: Greene Elisa M , Greene W Nathan , Greene William L 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Purpose
The following review is offered as an aid for encouraging deeper understanding by pharmacy graduates of approaches to debt management.

Summary
The phenomenon of growing debt for pharmacists and other professionals has been well described. Significant debt is widespread with both pharmacy students and graduates; a recent study described the debt-to-income ratio for pharmacists to have risen by 141% between 2010 and 2016. This increasing debt burden causes significant pressure for these individuals—whether while in training, early in their career, or, increasingly, even in midcareer. Dealing with debt has become a major consideration in the profession. Given that financial education is addressed only minimally, if at all, in pharmacy curricula, pharmacists find it challenging to understand and fully consider the myriad factors influencing the accumulation and repayment of debt in the context of their financial goals. Personal financial, repayment, behavioral, and emotional/psychological factors must be considered to choose an optimal strategy to address debt. This article describes various repayment plans, particularly focusing on those offered with direct loans, and it reviews in some detail 5 comprehensive repayment strategies (using these plans). Three case studies derived from real-life pharmacist-planner interactions illustrate the many factors that must be considered as a pharmacist chooses the optimal approach to debt repayment in their unique life situation.

Conclusion
Education of students and pharmacists regarding the various factors related to handling student debt may facilitate decision-making that is both financially and personally beneficial.
Subthalamic and pallidal deep brain stimulation: are we modulating the same network?
Authors: Sobesky Leon , Goede Lukas , Odekerken Vincent J J , Wang Qiang , Li Ningfei , Neudorfer Clemens , Rajamani Nanditha , Al-Fatly Bassam , Reich Martin , Volkmann Jens , de Bie Rob M A , Kühn Andrea A , Horn Andreas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe subthalamic nucleus and internal pallidum are main target sites for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Multiple trials that investigated subthalamic versus pallidal stimulation were unable to settle on a definitive optimal target between the two. One reason could be that the effect is mediated via a common functional network.To test this hypothesis, we calculated connectivity profiles seeding from deep brain stimulation electrodes in 94 patients that underwent subthalamic and 28 patients with pallidal treatment based on a normative connectome atlas calculated from 1000 healthy subjects. In each cohort, we calculated connectivity profiles that were associated with optimal clinical improvements.The two maps showed striking similarity and were able to cross-predict outcomes in the respective other cohort (R = 0.37 at P &lt; 0.001; R = 0.34 at P = 0.032). Next, we calculated an agreement map, which retained regions common to both target sites. Crucially, this map was able to explain an additional amount of variance in clinical improvements of either cohort when compared to the maps calculated on each cohort alone. Finally, we tested profiles and predictive utility of connectivity maps calculated from different motor symptom subscores with a specific focus on bradykinesia and rigidity.While our study is based on retrospective data and indirect connectivity metrics, it may deliver empirical data to support the hypothesis of a largely overlapping network associated with effective deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease irrespective of the specific target.
The Deubiquitinating Enzyme OTUD5 Sustains Inflammatory Cytokine Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Dinallo Vincenzo , Di Fusco Davide , Di Grazia Antonio , Laudisi Federica , Troncone Edoardo , Di Maggio Giulia , Franzè Eleonora , Marafini Irene , Colantoni Alfredo , Ortenzi Angela , Stolfi Carmine , Di Daniele Nicola , Monteleone Ivan , Monteleone Giovanni 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsThe inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]-associated immune response is marked by excessive production of a variety of inflammatory cytokines, which are supposed to sustain and amplify the pathological process. OTUD5 is a deubiquitinating enzyme, which regulates cytokine production by both innate and adaptive immune cells. Here, we investigated the expression and role of OTUD5 in IBD.MethodsOTUD5 expression was evaluated in mucosal samples of patients with Crohn’s disease [CD], patients with ulcerative colitis [UC], and controls, as well as in mice with trinitrobenzene-sulphonic acid [TNBS]-induced colitis by real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Moreover, OTUD5 was assessed in lamina propria mononuclear cells [LPMC] stimulated with inflammatory cytokines. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were evaluated in LPMCs of IBD patients and in colitic mice transfected with a specific OTUD5 antisense oligonucleotide [AS].ResultsOTUD5 protein, but not RNA, expression was increased in inflamed ileal and colonic mucosal samples of patients with CD and patients with UC as compared with controls. In IBD, OTUD5-expressing cells were abundant in both epithelial and lamina propria compartments, and non-CD3+, HLA-DR+ LPMC were one of the major sources of the protein. OTUD5 expression was enhanced by IFN-γ through a p38/MAPK-dependent mechanism, and the AS-induced knockdown of OTUD5 in LPMCs of IBD patients and colitic mice reduced TNF-α.ConclusionsOur data show that OTUD5 is overexpressed in both CD and UC and suggest the involvement of such a protein in the amplification of the aberrant cytokine response in IBD.
Technology-Skill Complementarity in Early Phases of Industrialisation
Authors: Franck Raphaël , Galor Oded 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This research explores the effect of early industrialisation on human capital formation. Exploiting exogenous regional variations in the adoption of steam engines across France, the study suggests that, in contrast to conventional wisdom that views early industrialisation as a predominantly deskilling process, the industrial revolution was conducive for human capital formation, generating wide-ranging gains in literacy rates and educational attainment. However, this increase in human capital formation was limited to basic literacy and numeracy and did not entail an increase in the share of pupils in middle and high schools in the population.
Effectiveness and feasibility of smoking counselling: a randomized controlled trial in an Italian emergency department
Authors: Castello Luigi Mario , Airoldi Chiara , Baldrighi Marco , Bortoluzzi Sara , Cammarata Liborio Martino , Franchetti Pardo Livia , Gardino Clara Ada , Payedimarri Anil Babu , Giorchino Matteo , Pistone Giovanni , Stampini Viviana , Avanzi Gian Carlo , Faggiano Fabrizio 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
5A’s counselling is recommended for screening and treating patients with smoking addiction. The emergency department (ED) setting might be a suitable environment for conducting interventions for smoking cessation. The present study aims to determine the feasibility and effectiveness on smoking cessation of 5A’s counselling administered to ED patients by nurses.

Methods
Parallel group randomized trial assessing 5A’s counselling for smoking cessation vs. usual care at a University Hospital in the North of Italy. The primary end-point was prevalence of tobacco-free patients. The secondary outcomes at 6- and 12-month follow-up were (i) consecutive past 30-day smoking abstinence; (ii) past 7-day 50%, or more, decrease in daily tobacco consumption over baseline; and (iii) number of attempts to quit smoking.

Results
A total of 480 patients were randomized to intervention (n = 262) or usual care (n = 218). Intention to treat analysis displayed no differences in primary and secondary outcomes between groups. A slight but not statistically significant enhancement in cessation was recorded in the intervention group [relative risk (RR) = 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.58–1.87] at 6 months, whereas a reversed observation at 12 months (RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.50–1.47). Similar results were obtained for the secondary outcomes. Per protocol analysis increased the size of the results. Of the 126 smokers receiving counselling, 18 were visited and treated at the local smoking cessation centre, with 12 of them successfully completing the treatment.

Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that the ED is not a suited environment for 5A’s counselling.
Conditional impairment of Coxiella burnetii by glucose-6P dehydrogenase activity
Authors: Sanchez Savannah E , Omsland Anders 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Coxiella burnetii is a bacterial obligate intracellular parasite and the etiological agent of query (Q) fever. While the C. burnetii genome has been reduced to ∼2 Mb as a likely consequence of genome streamlining in response to parasitism, enzymes for a nearly complete central metabolic machinery are encoded by the genome. However, lack of a canonical hexokinase for phosphorylation of glucose and an apparent absence of the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, a major mechanism for regeneration of the reducing equivalent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), have been noted as potential metabolic limitations of C. burnetii. By complementing C. burnetii with the gene zwf encoding the glucose-6-phosphate-consuming and NADPH-producing enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), we demonstrate a severe metabolic fitness defect for C. burnetii under conditions of glucose limitation. Supplementation of the medium with the gluconeogenic carbon source glutamate did not rescue the growth defect of bacteria complemented with zwf. Absence of G6PD in C. burnetii therefore likely relates to the negative effect of its activity under conditions of glucose limitation. Coxiella burnetii central metabolism with emphasis on glucose, NAD+, NADP+ and NADPH is discussed in a broader perspective, including comparisons with other bacterial obligate intracellular parasites.
Time and belief in exercise importance predict increased activity during initial COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland
Authors: Forde Cuisle , Wyse Jason , Barrett Emer 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe aim of this work was to investigate physical activity levels and the associated barriers and facilitators to physical activity in Irish adults during initial COVID-19 restrictions. Members of the general population completed an online questionnaire. Responses from 1274 participants (1274/1568, 81% completion rate) indicated that the majority (46.1%, n = 587) of people were more active than usual during the restrictions, however, 28.6% (n = 365) reported being less active. Fifty-five percent (55.3%, n = 702) of participants were meeting public health physical activity guidelines and more than half (53.3%, n = 679) reported finding new ways to be active. Walking (86%, n = 1101), physical activity in the home (47%, n = 593) and online resources (38%, n = 483) were the most frequently reported types of physical activity people engaged in. Having more time to be physically active [OR 2.326 (SD 1.948–2.794)] and a greater belief in the importance of physical activity [OR 1.192 (SD 1.001–1.444)] were predictive of exercising more than usual. Being unable to access their usual means of exercise [OR 1.612 (SD 1.369–1.902)], advised not to go outside the home [OR 1.402 (SD 1.165–1.698)] and working more than usual [OR 1.201 (SD 1.013–1.443)] were predictive of exercising less than usual. There was a positive trend in physical activity engagement by Irish adults during initial COVID-19 restrictions, likely influenced by increased time, belief that exercise was important and increased use of home-based and online exercise resources. However, almost one in three people reported being less active than usual, highlighting the need for targeted support during restriction periods.
Semi-supervised target classification in multi-frequency echosounder data
Authors: Choi Changkyu , Kampffmeyer Michael , Handegard Nils Olav , Salberg Arnt-Børre , Brautaset Olav , Eikvil Line , Jenssen Robert 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Acoustic target classification in multi-frequency echosounder data is a major interest for the marine ecosystem and fishery management since it can potentially estimate the abundance or biomass of the species. A key problem of current methods is the heavy dependence on the manual categorization of data samples. As a solution, we propose a novel semi-supervised deep learning method leveraging a few annotated data samples together with vast amounts of unannotated data samples, all in a single model. Specifically, two inter-connected objectives, namely, a clustering objective and a classification objective, optimize one shared convolutional neural network in an alternating manner. The clustering objective exploits the underlying structure of all data, both annotated and unannotated; the classification objective enforces a certain consistency to given classes using the few annotated data samples. We evaluate our classification method using echosounder data from the sandeel case study in the North Sea. In the semi-supervised setting with only a tenth of the training data annotated, our method achieves 67.6% accuracy, outperforming a conventional semi-supervised method by 7.0 percentage points. When applying the proposed method in a fully supervised setup, we achieve 74.7% accuracy, surpassing the standard supervised deep learning method by 4.7 percentage points.
Identification of recruitment regime shifts with a hidden Markov stock-recruitment model
Authors: Tang Xiaozhuo , Zheng Nan , Rideout Rick M , Wang Shijia , Zhang Fan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Stock-recruitment relationships (SRRs) may differ substantially among environmental regimes. We developed a methodology including a Hidden Markov Stock-recruitment Model (HMSM), the maximum likelihood approach and a model selection procedure to identify abrupt changes of stock-recruitment (SR) dynamics. This method allows us to objectively identify the unobserved regimes, estimate regime-specific parameters, and predict the transition probabilities among regimes. First, we used simulation to verify that our method could identify the correct number of regimes and estimate the model parameters well. Then, we applied the models to an Atlantic cod stock on the southern Grand Bank off Newfoundland, Canada. Results indicated that the HMSM assuming 2 regimes performed the best, and the cod stock shifted to a regime characterized with lower productivity and higher density dependence in late 1980s. Additionally, the estimated probability to return to the previous high-productivity regime was very low, suggesting the cod stock may remain at the low-productivity regime for a prolonged period. Overall, we consider the methodology proposed in this paper as a useful tool to model regime shifts of SRRs in fisheries stock assessment.
A high-order fully discrete scheme for the Korteweg–de Vries equation with a time-stepping procedure of Runge–Kutta-composition type
Authors: Dougalis Vassilios A , Durán Ángel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We consider the periodic initial-value problem for the Korteweg–de Vries equation that we discretize in space by a spectral Fourier–Galerkin method and in time by an implicit, high-order, Runge–Kutta scheme of composition type based on the implicit midpoint rule. We prove $L^{2}$ error estimates for the resulting semidiscrete and the fully discrete approximations. Some numerical experiments illustrate the results.
Evaluation of Rapid Polymyxin Pseudomonas test in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates with various degrees of multidrug resistance
Authors: Sánchez-López Javier , Cortés-Cuevas José Luis , Díez-Aguilar María , López-Causapé Carla , Cantón Rafael , Morosini María Isabel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is of great concern among MDR bacteria and rapid and reliable in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing methods are extremely necessary. Colistin is, in many cases, among the limited useful alternatives for these isolates. Unfortunately, only a few reliable in vitro methods are validated for testing susceptibility to colistin. Although EUCAST and CLSI recommend broth microdilution (BMD) as the standard method for antibiotic susceptibility testing, this method is not routinely performed in microbiology laboratories. However, some commercial products based upon BMD have tested well and offer consistent results.

Objectives
To evaluate the performance of the colorimetric Rapid Polymyxin Pseudomonas Test (RPPT) (ELITech Microbiology, France).

Methods
Eighty-seven clinical P. aeruginosa strains, prospectively collected in two microbiology laboratories exhibiting either susceptibility or various degrees of multidrug resistance, including to colistin, were used. Different susceptibility testing methods were simultaneously performed and compared with reference BMD and interpreted using 2020 EUCAST criteria.

Results
Results indicate an essential agreement (EA) of 97.7% for RPPT while the other tests did not reach 90% of EA [66.7% MicroScan, 63.2% Etest (bioMérieux, France) and 60.9% other MIC Test Strips (MTS, Liofilchem, Italy)]. The categorical agreement was 98.9% for RPPT, 87.4% for MTS, 85.1% for Etest and 64.4% for MicroScan.

Conclusions
The RPPT was able to accurately detect both colistin-susceptible and -resistant isolates within 4 h, offering a rapid alternative for a prompt decision about the inclusion of this antibiotic in a patient’s treatment.
Granular Cell Tumor of the Breast: Radiologic–Pathologic Correlation
Authors: Ghannam Suzanne M , Carter Gloria J , Villatoro Tatiana M , Berg Wendie A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Granular cell tumor (GCT) is an uncommon neoplasm arising from perineural Schwann cells that can arise anywhere in the body and is particularly rare in the breast. Imaging typically shows an irregular, noncalcified mass with high density on mammography and intense posterior shadowing on US that mimics malignancy. Benign GCTs can be locally aggressive and invade the skin or chest wall. Core biopsy is necessary for diagnosis. Polygonal- to spindle-shaped cells with prominent cytoplasmic eosinophilic granules show S-100 and CD68 staining on immunohistochemistry and lack cytokeratin, estrogen, or progesterone expression. The vast majority of GCTs are benign, albeit locally infiltrative, tumors cured by wide local excision.
On the discovery of stars, quasars, and galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere with S-PLUS DR2
Authors: Nakazono L , Mendes de Oliveira C , Hirata N S T , Jeram S , Queiroz C , Eikenberry Stephen S , Gonzalez A H , Abramo R , Overzier R , Espadoto M , Martinazzo A , Sampedro L , Herpich F R , Almeida-Fernandes F , Werle A , Barbosa C E , Sodré Jr. L , Lima E V , Buzzo M L , Cortesi A , Menéndez-Delmestre K , Akras S , Alvarez-Candal Alvaro , Lopes A R , Telles E , Schoenell W , Kanaan A , Ribeiro T 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a catalogue of stars, quasars, and galaxies for the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey Data Release 2 (S-PLUS DR2) in the Stripe 82 region. We show that a 12-band filter system (5 Sloan-like and 7 narrow bands) allows better performance for object classification than the usual analysis based solely on broad bands (regardless of infrared information). Moreover, we show that our classification is robust against missing values. Using spectroscopically confirmed sources retrieved from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR16 and DR14Q, we train a random forest classifier with the 12 S-PLUS magnitudes + 4 morphological features. A second random forest classifier is trained with the addition of the W1 (3.4 $\mu\mathrm{m} $) and W2 (4.6 $\mu\mathrm{m} $) magnitudes from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Forty-four per cent of our catalogue have WISE counterparts and are provided with classification from both models. We achieve 95.76 per cent (52.47 per cent) of quasar purity, 95.88 per cent (92.24 per cent) of quasar completeness, 99.44 per cent (98.17 per cent) of star purity, 98.22 per cent (78.56 per cent) of star completeness, 98.04 per cent (81.39 per cent) of galaxy purity, and 98.8 per cent (85.37 per cent) of galaxy completeness for the first (second) classifier, for which the metrics were calculated on objects with (without) WISE counterpart. A total of 2926 787 objects that are not in our spectroscopic sample were labelled, obtaining 335 956 quasars, 1347 340 stars, and 1243 391 galaxies. From those, 7.4 per cent, 76.0 per cent, and 58.4 per cent were classified with probabilities above 80 per cent. The catalogue with classification and probabilities for Stripe 82 S-PLUS DR2 is available for download.
The dust attenuation law in z ∼ 6 quasars
Authors: Di Mascia F , Gallerani S , Ferrara A , Pallottini A , Maiolino R , Carniani S , D’Odorico V 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the attenuation law in z ∼ 6 quasars by combining cosmological zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations of quasar host galaxies, with multifrequency radiative transfer calculations. We consider several dust models differing in terms of grain-size distributions, dust mass, and chemical composition, and compare the resulting synthetic spectral energy distributions with data from bright, early quasars. We show that only dust models with grain-size distributions in which small grains ($a\lesssim 0.1~\mu {\rm m}$, corresponding to $\approx 60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total dust mass) are selectively removed from the dusty medium provide a good fit to the data. Removal can occur if small grains are efficiently destroyed in quasar environments and/or early dust production preferentially results in large grains. Attenuation curves for these models are close to flat, and consistent with recent data; they correspond to an effective dust-to-metal ratio fd ≃ 0.38, i.e. close to the Milky Way value.