bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of clomazone‐tolerance mechanism in a long‐grain cultivar of rice
Authors: Guo Feng , Endo Masaki , Yamaguchi Takuya , Uchino Akira , Sunohara Yukari , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Iwakami Satoshi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDClomazone is a potent herbicide for controlling weeds that have evolved resistance to other herbicides due to its unique mode of action. Clomazone is used in rice cultivation, but is limited to long‐grain cultivars because other cultivars are highly sensitive to it. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of clomazone tolerance in a long‐grain cultivar.RESULTSThe long‐grain cultivar Kasalath tolerated approximately five‐fold higher doses of clomazone compared to two short‐grain cultivars, Nipponbare and Koshihikari. While Arabidopsis thaliana transformed with a rice cytochrome P450, CYP81A6, showed resistance to clomazone, the cyp81a6 knockout Kasalath was unchanged in its clomazone sensitivity. The inheritance of clomazone sensitivity in the F1 and F2 of Kasalath and Nipponbare indicated the involvement of multiple loci for clomazone tolerance. Four chromosome segment substitution lines of Nipponbare/Kasalath and Koshihikari/Kasalath exhibited partial tolerance to clomazone. The overlapping DNA region among the four lines is on chromosome 5 within 11.5 Mb.CONCLUSIONMultiple loci are involved in clomazone tolerance in Kasalath, one of which is located on chromosome 5. This information will help develop short‐grain cultivars tolerant to clomazone. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Socio‐economic groups moving apart: An analysis of recent trends in residential segregation in Australia's main capital cities
Authors: Azpitarte Francisco , Alonso‐Villar Olga , Hugo‐Rojas Felipe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe study changes in the spatial distribution and segregation of socio‐economic groups in Australia using a new data set with harmonised census data for 1991 and 2011. We find a general increase in residential segregation by education and occupation groups across the major capital cities in Australia. Importantly, these trends cannot be explained in general by changes in the demographic structure of groups and areas but rather by the rise in the over and underrepresentation of groups across areas. In particular, our analysis reveals clear diverging trends in the spatial configuration of high and low socio‐economic groups as measured by their occupation and education. Whereas high‐skilled groups became more concentrated in the inner parts of cities, the low‐educated and those working in low‐status occupations became increasingly overrepresented in outer areas. This pattern is observed in all five major capital cities, but it is especially marked in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised control trials
Authors: Zeleke Eden Dagnachew , Assefa Dawit Getachew , Joseph Michele , Bekele Delayehu , Tesfahunei Hanna Amanuel , Getachew Emnet , Manyazewal Tsegahun 
Published: January 2021

SummaryHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection caused by mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) continues to pose challenges to global health. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for preventing HBV MTCT. PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched through August 2020. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were selected that evaluated the efficacy and safety of TDF for preventing MTCT of HBV compared with the standard of care, placebo or other HBV therapies. The primary outcomes were HBV MTCT rate and maternal HBV DNA level. Secondary outcomes were infant and maternal safety outcomes. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses Guidelines, and prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020186275). Of 240 citations, three RCTs that involved 651 participants were included. The pooled result showed that TDF can reduce the risk of HBV MTCT after 6 months postpartum by 80% (risk ratio [RR] 0.2, 95% confidence interval [CI 0.06–0.7], n = 584) with low heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). TDF demonstrated HBV DNA suppression at delivery, though there was heterogeneity among individual studies (RR 0.13, 95% CI [0.08–0.20] and (RR 0.36, 95% CI [0.27–0.49]). Maternal and infant safety outcomes were comparable among treated and untreated mothers and infants born to them. The quality of evidence varied from high to very low. There is evidence that TDF effectively interrupted MTCT of HBV and suppressed HBV DNA level. Available studies on safety are very limited and heterogeneous, emphasising the need for additional RCTs with complete safety indicators.
Tobit Kalman filtering for fractional‐order systems with stochastic nonlinearities under Round‐Robin protocol
Authors: Geng Hang , Wang Zidong , Yi Xiaojian , Alsaadi Fuad E. , Cheng Yuhua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this article, the Tobit Kalman filtering problem is investigated for a class of discrete time‐varying fractional‐order systems in the presence of measurement censoring and stochastic nonlinearities under the Round‐Robin protocol (RRP). The fractional‐order dynamic model is described by the Grunwald–Letnikov difference equation, and the statistical means are utilized to characterize the stochastic nonlinearities that include state‐dependent stochastic disturbances as a special case. The RRP is employed to decide the transmission sequence of sensors so as to alleviate undesirable data collisions. Under the RRP scheduling, only one sensor is permitted to transmit its measurement over the network at each time instant. In light of the renowned orthogonality projection principle, a protocol‐based fractional Tobit Kalman filter is devised with the fractional dynamics and stochastic nonlinearities elaborately addressed. In the pursuit of the filter design, a couple of new terms appear which are in relation to the RRP, fractional dynamics and stochastic nonlinearities arise, and these terms are adequately handled recursively or off‐line. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method.
Synthetic Routes to Bioactive Bipyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Dawood Kamal M. , Abbas Ashraf A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe synthetic routes to six differently connected bipyrazole systems 1,1′‐, 1,3′‐ and 1,4′‐, 3,3′‐, 3,4′‐ and 4,4′‐bipyrazoles are thoroughly reported. Two main synthetic platforms are outlined; i) cyclocondensation reactions of tetraketones or pyrazoles having difunctional moieties with hydrazines, or pyrazolyl‐hydrazines with difunctional substrates, ii) 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines with bis‐olefines, or bis‐nitrilimines with activated alkenes and alkynes. Many of the reported bipyrazoles have potent applications; in pharmaceutical and material science areas.
Direct Z‐scheme N‐doped TiO2/MoS2 Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Photodegradation of Methylene Blue under Simulated Sunlight
Authors: Li Song‐jie , Li Yuan‐yuan , Shao Li‐xiang , Wang Cheng‐duo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe N‐doped TiO2/MoS2 heterojunction with direct Z‐scheme was prepared by growing MoS2 flowers on the surface of N‐doped TiO2 (N‐TiO2) spheres. The results show that the N‐TiO2 sphere is composed of nanoparticles with the diameter of about 10 nm. The MoS2 flowers with the diameter of 500 nm could grow homogeneously on the surface of N‐TiO2 spheres, and the latter could prevent the accumulation of MoS2 nanopetals. The N‐TiO2/MoS2 heterojunction has a narrow band gap of 2.05 eV and high activity for degrading methylene blue (MB). The degradation rate of MB by N‐TiO2/MoS2 can reach 97.9 % under simulated sunlight, which is much higher than those of TiO2, MoS2 and N‐TiO2. Moreover, the N‐TiO2/MoS2 heterojunction shows a good stability and the degradation rate of MB keeps up to 85.9 % after being subjected to five cycles.
Preparation and Property Studies of Polyaniline Film for Flexible Counter Electrode of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells by Cyclic Voltammetry
Authors: Jiao Shouzheng , Wen Jinyue , Zhou Yang , Sun Zhicheng , Liu Yuanyuan , Liu Ruping 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this work, a polyaniline film was synthesized on the surface of ITO (indium tin oxide)–PET (polyethylene terephtalate) plastic substrate by cyclic voltammetry electrochemical method to prepare a transparent flexible counter electrode. Then, the surface growth mechanism of polyaniline film was analyzed, and the AC impedance and cyclic voltammetry curves were tested. The dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device was assembled for photocurrent density‐voltage curves (J‐V) test, and the photoelectric performance of the flexible polyaniline counter electrode was further discussed. All of the above tests were compared to electrochemically deposited Pt electrodes. The results show that the polyaniline has a larger specific surface area for the electrode, which is more conductive to the catalytic reduction of the iodide on the electrode. Moreover, its porous structure is more conductive to the diffusion and reaction of
redox couples. Under the influence of dense layer and porous structure of polyaniline film, the cell performance of 25‐sweep‐segment polyaniline counter electrode is the best. Comparing with the conventional Pt electrode, the flexible counter electrode prepared by electrochemical synthesis not only has the same performance, but also reduces the cost by about 40 %, which is of great significance for promoting the application of DSSC.
Advanced High‐Performance Potassium–Chalcogen (S, Se, Te) Batteries
Authors: Huang Xianglong , Sun Jiachen , Wang Liping , Tong Xin , Dou Shi Xue , Wang Zhiming M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCurrent great progress on potassium‐chalcogen (S, Se, Te) batteries within much potential to become promising energy storage systems opens a new avenue for the rapid development of potassium batteries as a complementary option to lithium ion batteries. The discussion mainly concentrates on recent research advances of potassium–chalcogen (S, Se, Te) batteries and their corresponding cathode materials in this review. Initially, the development of cathode materials for four types of batteries is introduced, including: potassium–sulfur (K–S), potassium–selenium (K–Se), potassium–selenium sulfide (K–SexSy), and potassium–tellurium (K–Te) batteries. Next, critical challenges for chalcogen‐based electrodes in devices operation are summarized. In addition, some pragmatic strategies are proposed as well to relieve the low electronic conductivity, large volumetric expansion, shuttle effect, and potassium dendrite growth. At last, the perspectives on designing advanced cathode materials for potassium–chalcogen batteries are provided with the goal of developing high‐performance potassium storage devices.
Image‐Based Elastography of Heterochromatin and Euchromatin Domains in the Deforming Cell Nucleus
Authors: Ghosh Soham , Cuevas Victor Crespo , Seelbinder Benjamin , Neu Corey P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractChromatin of the eukaryotic cell nucleus comprises microscopically dense heterochromatin and loose euchromatin domains, each with distinct transcriptional ability and roles in cellular mechanotransduction. While recent methods are developed to characterize the mechanics of nucleus, measurement of intranuclear mechanics remains largely unknown. Here, the development of “nuclear elastography,” which combines microscopic imaging and computational modeling to quantify the relative elasticity of the heterochromatin and euchromatin domains, is described. Using contracting murine embryonic cardiomyocytes, nuclear elastography reveals that the heterochromatin is almost four times stiffer than the euchromatin at peak deformation. The relative elasticity between the two domains changes rapidly during the active deformation of the cardiomyocyte in the normal physiological condition but progresses more slowly in cells cultured in a mechanically stiff environment, although the relative stiffness at peak deformation does not change. Further, it is found that the disruption of the Klarsicht, ANC‐1, Syne Homology domain of the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton complex compromises the intranuclear elasticity distribution resulting in elastically similar heterochromatin and euchromatin. These results provide insight into the elastography dynamics of heterochromatin and euchromatin domains and provide a noninvasive framework to further investigate the mechanobiological function of subcellular and subnuclear domains limited only by the spatiotemporal resolution of the acquired images.
Linearly Polarized Electroluminescence from MoS2 Monolayers Deposited on Metal Nanoparticles: Toward Tunable Room‐Temperature Single‐Photon Sources
Authors: Puchert Robin P. , Hofmann Felix J. , Angerer Hermann S. , Vogelsang Jan , Bange Sebastian , Lupton John M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBreak junctions in noble‐metal films can exhibit electroluminescence (EL) through inelastic electron tunneling. The EL spectrum can be tuned by depositing a single‐layer crystal of a transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) on top. Whereas the emission from the gaps between silver or gold nanoparticles formed in the break junction is spectrally broad, the hybrid metal/TMDC structure shows distinct luminescence from the TMDC material. The EL from individual hotspots is found to be linearly polarized, with a polarization axis apparently oriented randomly. Surprisingly, the degree of polarization is retained in the EL from the TMDC monolayer at room temperature. In analogy to polarized photoluminescence experiments, such polarized EL can be interpreted as a signature of valley‐selective transitions, suggesting that spin‐flip transitions and dephasing for excitons in the K valleys are of limited importance. However, polarized EL may also originate from the metal nanoparticles formed under electromigration which constitute optical antenna structures. Such antennae can apparently change over time since jumps in the polarization are observed in bare silver‐nanoparticle films. Remarkably, photon‐correlation spectroscopy reveals that gold‐nanoparticle films exhibit signatures of deterministic single‐photon emission in the EL, suggesting a route to designing room‐temperature polarized single‐photon sources with tunable photon energy through the choice of TMDC overlayer.
A new burnetiid from the middle Permian of Zambia and a reanalysis of burnetiamorph relationships
Authors: Kammerer Christian F. , Sidor Christian A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA new taxon of burnetiamorph therapsid, Mobaceras zambeziense gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of a partial skull recovered from the lower Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Guadalupian) of Zambia. This taxon can be distinguished from all previously known burnetiamorphs by its unique cranial boss morphology, including a bulbous nasal boss on a ‘stalk’ and highly discretized, exaggerated anterior and posterior supraorbital bosses. Burnetiamorph phylogeny has recently become contentious; here, support for conflicting phylogenetic topologies is evaluated on a character‐by‐character basis and a revised phylogenetic analysis is presented. The clades Burnetiamorpha and Burnetiidae are supported with their traditional composition, including genera (viz. Bullacephalus and Pachydectes) recently assigned to a separate family (Bullacephalidae, here considered synonymous with Burnetiidae). The traditional dichotomy within Burnetiidae into Burnetiinae and Proburnetiinae is upheld, with Mobaceras recovered as a burnetiine, along with Bullacephalus, Burnetia, Niuksenitia, and Pachydectes.
A unique hybodontiform skeleton provides novel insights into Mesozoic chondrichthyan life
Authors: Stumpf Sebastian , López‐Romero Faviel A. , Kindlimann René , Lacombat Frederic , Pohl Burkhard , Kriwet Jürgen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAsteracanthuswas one of the most common Mesozoic hybodontiform chondrichthyans, given that remains traditionally referred to this genus have been reported almost worldwide from Middle Triassic to Late Cretaceous strata so far.Asteracanthuswas erected by Louis Agassiz for Late Jurassic fin spines with stellate tubercles. Later, Arthur Smith Woodward synonymizedStrophodus, originally introduced by Agassiz for distinctive crushing teeth of Triassic–Cretaceous age, withAsteracanthusbased on associated teeth and spines from the English Middle Jurassic. This taxonomic scheme has been accepted for more than 130 years until now, although articulated material has never been found. Here, we present a unique hybodontiform skeleton from the German Late Jurassic, displaying a striking combination of characters: tuberculate dorsal fin spines reminiscent ofAsteracanthus, and multicuspid teeth that markedly differ from the crushing teeth previously referred to this genus. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, we compared its fin spines with those that were found in association with Agassiz'sStrophodusteeth, providing evidence thatAsteracanthusandStrophodusin fact represent two valid genera distinct from all other hybodontiforms. Morphological features that distinguish fin spines ofStrophodusfrom those of all other hybodontiforms include a straight anterior border and distally distributed posterior denticles. These observations led us to present an emended diagnosis forAsteracanthus. Dentally,Asteracanthusshows strong resemblance toHybodus, but it otherwise lacks a palatobasal process on the palatoquadrate. Therefore, and in the absence of any reliable phylogenetic framework, we recommend treatingAsteracanthusasincertae familiaeuntil hybodontiform interrelationships are resolved.
Identifikation alter Stahlsorten: Überarbeitung der Werkstoffabschnitte in der Richtlinie 805 der Deutschen Bahn AG
Authors: Kühn Bertram , Hoyer Natalie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDer Schwerpunkt im Bausektor hat sich in den letzten Jahren zunehmend auf den Bereich des Bauens im Bestand konzentriert. Während für die Planung und Konstruktion neuer Bauwerke die erforderlichen Eigenschaften von Baustählen den gültigen Lieferbedingungen entnommen werden können, dienen zur Orientierung bei der Bewertung alter Baukonstruktionen vornehmlich vorhandene Bauwerksunterlagen. Für zahlreiche Brückenbauwerke, die um das Jahr 1900 herum errichtet wurden, liegen jedoch z. T. keine oder unvollständige Bestandsunterlagen vor, weswegen die zum Bau verwendete Stahlsorte oftmals unbekannt ist. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass im Laufe der Zeit verschiedene Änderungen an Tragwerken vorgenommen wurden, welche z. T. nicht in den Bestandsunterlagen dokumentiert sind. Im Bahnsektor finden sich deshalb in der Modulfamilie 805 neben wichtigen Hinweisen zur „Tragsicherheit bestehender Eisenbahnbrücken“ auch Angaben zur Materialidentifikation. Kürzlich wurde von der DB Netz AG eine grundhafte Überarbeitung der Richtlinie beschlossen. Ein Teil dieser Überarbeitung befasst sich mit dem Fall, dass auch ohne Bestandsunterlagen eine Zuordnung des vorliegenden Materials vorgenommen werden kann. Hierzu wurden die in der Richtlinie gegebenen Materialkennwerte von Altstahl validiert und angepasst sowie ein Vorschlag erarbeitet, unter welchen Bedingungen und Vorgaben wie genau solche Untersuchungen durchgeführt werden sollen. Der vorliegende Aufsatz beschreibt die wesentlichen Neuerungen.
Directed induction of alveolar type I cells derived from pluripotent stem cells via Wnt signaling inhibition
Authors: Kanagaki Shuhei , Ikeo Satoshi , Suezawa Takahiro , Yamamoto Yuki , Seki Masahide , Hirai Toyohiro , Hagiwara Masatoshi , Suzuki Yutaka , Gotoh Shimpei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Alveologenesis is a developmental step involving the expansion of the lung surface area which is essential for gas exchange. The gas exchange process is mediated by alveolar type I (AT1) cells, which are known to be differentiated from alveolar type II (AT2) or bipotent cells. Due to the difficulty of isolating and culturing primary AT1 cells, the mechanism underlying their differentiation is not completely understood. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of fibroblast-dependent alveolar organoids (FD-AOs), including human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived epithelial cells and fetal lung fibroblasts, and identified hiPSC-derived AT1 (iAT1) cells. A comparison of the FD-AOs and fibroblast-free alveolar organoids showed that iAT1 cells were mainly present in the FD-AOs. Importantly, the transcriptomes of iAT1 cells were remarkably similar to those of primary AT1 cells. Additionally, XAV-939, a tankyrase inhibitor, increased iAT1 cells in passaged FD-AOs, suggesting that these cells were differentiated from hiPSC-derived AT2 (iAT2) cells through the inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling. Consequently, our scRNA-seq data allowed us to define iAT1 cells and identify FD-AOs as a useful model for investigating the mechanism underlying human AT1 cell differentiation from AT2 cells in vitro.
Influence of different drilling methods on the behavior of post‐installed mechanical fasteners in uncracked and cracked concrete
Authors: Schwenn Michael , Zeman Oliver , Schorn Josef , Bergmeister Konrad 
Published: January 2021

AbstractInnovative drilling methods gain importance in the field of post‐installed fasteners. For this reason, users, customers and manufacturers demand methods other than the standard drilling procedure of hammer drilling, as they are hollow drilling with included cleaning and diamond drilling without emitting drill dust. One open question regarding these drilling methods is the equivalence of the behavior under the conditions of cracked concrete over the entire lifetime. These conditions are typically tested in the crack movement test, which simulates the real behavior of a fastener in cracked concrete over a designed lifetime of 50 years. In this contribution, the example of a post‐installed mechanical bolt anchor is used to explain how a difference in the behavior is a consequence of different drilling methods in noncracked concrete, in cracked concrete and in cracked concrete in which the crack is cycled. Additionally, it is observed that the behavior in the crack cycling test is significantly influenced by the drilling method.
Life‐cycle cost optimization of wind‐excited tall buildings using surrogate models
Authors: Micheli Laura , Alipour Alice , Laflamme Simon 
Published: January 2021

SummaryAs buildings become taller and slender, they become more sensitive to wind‐induced vibrations. Commonly used solutions to mitigate wind‐induced vibrations are structural system modifications and integration of supplemental damping devices. This paper presents a procedure to optimize the structural system and the damping device configuration with the goal of reducing wind‐induced vibrations. The performance of the building is expressed in terms of life‐cycle cost (LCC), allowing to consider not only the initial costs associated with the integration of wind‐induced vibration mitigation system but also the lifetime savings due to vibration suppression. The proposed procedure employs a set of Kriging surrogate models to analyze a large number of different structural properties/damping device characteristics. The combination that minimizes the LCC is taken as the optimal configuration. The procedure is demonstrated on a wind‐sensitive 39‐story building equipped with passive dampers. Results demonstrated that the accuracy of the Kriging surrogate models depends on the number of input variables considered, with an average root mean square error of 2.5% for the floors without dampers and 5% for the floors equipped with damping devices, respectively. It was also demonstrated that optimal stiffness–damping device configuration and LCC depend on the assumed cost of the structural system modifications.