bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Knowledge Resource Categorization and Tracking: Conceptual Framework Study
Authors: Afzal Muhammad , Hussain Maqbool , Hussain Jamil , Bang Jaehun , Lee Sungyoung 
Published: May 2021

Background
Since the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization, the disease has gained momentum with every passing day. Various private and government sectors of different countries allocated funding for research in multiple capacities. A significant portion of efforts has been devoted to information technology and service infrastructure development, including research on developing intelligent models and techniques for alerts, monitoring, early diagnosis, prevention, and other relevant services. As a result, many information resources have been created globally and are available for use. However, a defined structure to organize these resources into categories based on the nature and origin of the data is lacking.

Objective
This study aims to organize COVID-19 information resources into a well-defined structure to facilitate the easy identification of a resource, tracking information workflows, and to provide a guide for a contextual dashboard design and development.

Methods
A sequence of action research was performed that involved a review of COVID-19 efforts and initiatives on a global scale during the year 2020. Data were collected according to the defined structure of primary, secondary, and tertiary categories. Various techniques for descriptive statistical analysis were employed to gain insights into the data to help develop a conceptual framework to organize resources and track interactions between different resources.

Results
Investigating diverse information at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels enabled us to develop a conceptual framework for COVID-19–related efforts and initiatives. The framework of resource categorization provides a gateway to access global initiatives with enriched metadata, and assists users in tracking the workflow of tertiary, secondary, and primary resources with relationships between various fragments of information. The results demonstrated mapping initiatives at the tertiary level to secondary level and then to the primary level to reach firsthand data, research, and trials.

Conclusions
Adopting the proposed three-level structure allows for a consistent organization and management of existing COVID-19 knowledge resources and provides a roadmap for classifying future resources. This study is one of the earliest studies to introduce an infrastructure for locating and placing the right information at the right place. By implementing the proposed framework according to the stated guidelines, this study allows for the development of applications such as interactive dashboards to facilitate the contextual identification and tracking of interdependent COVID-19 knowledge resources.
Drónok a Közel-Keleten
Authors: Ember István , Szilágyi-Kiss Hajnalka 
Published: May 2021

A Közel-Kelet egy olyan konfliktuszóna, amelyet folyamatosan szükséges vizsgálni. Mivel a vallási és etnikai kérdések jelentős forrásai a térségben folyó katonai, félkatonai és terroristaszervezetek műveleteinek, nem várható jelentős csillapodás azokban. A drónok mint napjaink pilóta nélküli repülőeszközei egyre nagyobb szerepet töltenek be ezekben a konfliktusokban, ezért fontos összegezni azok felhasználási lehetőségeit. Mindezek mellett elengedhetetlen, hogy az egyre fejlődő technikai eszközökkel lépést tartva keressünk modern megoldásokat a katonáknak, akik a hadszíntéren tevékenykednek. Jelen esetben a tűzszerész-szakfeladatok támogatásához azonosítjuk be azokat a technikai elvárásokat, amelyekkel egy ilyen repülőeszköznek rendelkeznie szükséges.
Indirect Effects of Microplastic-Contaminated Soils on Adjacent Soil Layers: Vertical Changes in Soil Physical Structure and Water Flow
Authors: Kim Shin Woong , Liang Yun , Zhao Tingting , Rillig Matthias C. 
Published: May 2021

Previous microplastic research under laboratory conditions has focused on microplastics that are homogeneously mixed into test media, in order to maximize test reproducibility and uniform bio-accessibility. Here we specifically focused on testing the idea that microplastics in soil could affect adjacent soil layers not containing microplastic themselves. We included two different microplastics (low-density polyethylene films and polyacrylonitrile fibers) and carried out a soil column test consisting of three different vertical layers (0–3 cm, top, control soil; 3–6 cm, middle, microplastic-containing soil; 6–9 cm, bottom, control soil). Our study shows that microplastic-containing soil layers can act as an anthropogenic barrier in the soil column, interrupting the vertical water flow. These changes directly affected the water content of adjacent layers, and changes in the proportion of soil aggregate sizes occurred for each depth of the soil columns. We also observed that these physical changes trigger changes in soil respiration, but do not translate to effects on enzyme activities. These results imply that the soil environment in non-contaminated parts of the soil can be altered by microplastic contamination in adjacent layers, as might occur for example during ploughing on agricultural fields. More generally, our results highlight the need to further examine effects of microplastic in experiments that do not treat this kind of pollution as uniformly distributed.
Identification of TH Variants in Chinese Dopa-Responsive Dystonia Patients and Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Li Xin-yao , Yang Ying-mai , Li Li-bo , Zhang Meng-yu , Huang Yang-yu , Wang Jie , Wang Lin , Wan Xin-hua 
Published: May 2021

Background: Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is a movement disorder that is highly clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Our study summarizes clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes in patients with dopa-responsive dystonia with the aim of obtaining further knowledge on this disorder.Methods: Patients who met DRD genetic diagnostic criteria through whole-exome sequencing and took levodopa for over 3 years were included in our study. Detailed information was collected on these patients, including family history, age at onset, age and dosage at starting levodopa, current medication and dosage, levodopa duration, diurnal fluctuation, and other clinical features. The Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale-Motor (BFMDRS-M) score was used to evaluate patients' dystonia and variation after levodopa. According to the long-term outcomes, patients were further graded as good (dystonia improved by more than 50% after levodopa, and no further motor symptoms appeared) and poor (dystonia improved by &lt;50% after levodopa, or new motor symptoms appeared).Results: A total of 20 DRD patients were included (11 with GCH1 variants, 9 with TH variants). During long-term levodopa treatment, three patients with TH variants (3/20, 15%) developed motor symptoms, including body jerks and paroxysmal symptoms, and responded well to increasing levodopa doses. The patient with homozygous mutation c.1481C&gt;T/p. Thr494Met harbored more serious symptoms and poor response to levodopa and showed decreased cardiac uptake in MIBG.Conclusions: Most DRD patients showed satisfactory treatment outcomes after long-term levodopa, whereas few patients with TH variants presented motor symptoms, which is considered to be related to dopamine insufficiency. For patients with motor symptoms after long-term levodopa, increasing the dose slowly might be helpful to relieve symptoms.
Patterns of Health Service Use Among Young People With Cerebral Palsy in England
Authors: Ryan Jennifer M. , Lavelle Grace , Theis Nicola , Kilbride Cherry , Noorkoiv Marika 
Published: May 2021

Background: Although the provision of healthcare for people with cerebral palsy (CP) is typically focussed on childhood, many people with CP require access to services periodically throughout their life. Few studies have examined patterns of health service use among young people with CP in England. Understanding patterns of use may inform future service development.Objective: To describe patterns of visits to rehabilitation and medical professionals among ambulatory young people with CP living in England, and identify factors associated with service use.Methods: Sixty-two young people with CP aged 10–19 years [mean (SD) age 13.7 (2.5) years] in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I-III reported visits to a range of health professionals, hospital admissions and visits to the emergency department over a median duration of 34 weeks (min–max: 12–34 weeks). Negative binomial models were used to examine factors associated with number of visits.Results: Physiotherapists were the most commonly used professional, with 67.7% of participants visiting a physiotherapist at least once, followed by dentists (66.1%), general practitioners (48.4%), occupational therapists (40.3%) and orthopaedic surgeons (40.3%). Physiotherapists were also the most frequently visited professional with a total of 473 visits (13.3 visits per person-year). Speech and language therapists (5.0 visits per person-year), occupational therapists (4.5 visits per person-year) and nurses (4.3 per person-year) were the next most frequently visited professionals. Age, GMFCS level, and speech impairment were associated with rate of visits to a physiotherapist.Conclusions: The proportion of young people who visited medical and rehabilitation professionals during the study period varied considerably depending on the profession. Generally, the proportion of young people using services was low. In the context of limited resources, data on service use in combination with data on unmet need, may support the reorganisation of services to maximise benefits to young people with CP.
Peripheral Precocious Puberty of Ovarian Origin in a Series of 18 Girls: Exome Study Finds Variants in Genes Responsible for Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Authors: Brauner Raja , Bignon-Topalovic Joelle , Bashamboo Anu , McElreavey Ken 
Published: May 2021

Background: Peripheral precocious puberty of ovarian origin is a very rare condition compared to central form. It may be associated with an isolated ovarian cyst (OC). The causes of OC in otherwise healthy prepubertal girls is currently unknown.Methods: Exome sequencing was performed on a cohort of 18 unrelated girls presenting with prenatal and/or prepubertal OC at pelvic ultrasonography. The presenting symptom was prenatal OC in 5, breast development in 7 (with vaginal bleeding in 3) and isolated vaginal bleeding in 6. All had OC ≥ 10 mm. The girls had no other anomalies. Four patients had a familial history of ovarian anomalies and/or infertility.Results: In 9 girls (50%), candidate or known pathogenic variants were identified in genes associated with syndromic and non-syndromic forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism including PNPLA6, SEMA3A, TACR3, PROK2, KDM6A, KMT2D, OFD1, GNRH1, GNRHR, GLI3, INSR, CHD7, CDON, RNF216, PROKR2, GLI3, LEPR. Basal plasma concentrations of gonadotropins were undetectable and did not increase after gonadotropin-releasing hormone test in 3 of them whilst 5 had prepubertal values. The plasma estradiol concentrations were prepubertal in 6 girls, high (576 pmol/L) in one and not evaluated in 2 of them.Conclusions: In the first study reporting exome sequencing in prepubertal OC, half of the patients with OC carry either previously reported pathogenic variants or potentially pathogenic variants in genes known to be associated with isolated or syndromic forms of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Functional studies and studies of other cohorts are recommended to establish the causality of these variants.
How to Value Orphan Drugs? A Review of European Value Assessment Frameworks
Authors: Blonda Alessandra , Denier Yvonne , Huys Isabelle , Simoens Steven 
Published: May 2021

Background: Decision-makers have implemented a variety of value assessment frameworks (VAFs) for orphan drugs in European jurisdictions, which has contributed to variations in access for rare disease patients. This review provides an overview of the strengths and limitations of VAFs for the reimbursement of orphan drugs in Europe, and may serve as a guide for decision-makers.Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using the databases Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science. Only publications in English were included. Publications known to the authors were added, as well as conference or research papers, or information published on the website of reimbursement and health technology assessment (HTA) agencies. Additionally, publications were included through snowballing or focused searches.Results: Although a VAF that applies a standard economic evaluation treats both orphan drugs and non-orphan drugs equally, its focus on cost-effectiveness discards the impact of disease rarity on data uncertainty, which influences an accurate estimation of an orphan drug’s health benefit in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). A VAF that weighs QALYs or applies a variable incremental cost-effectiveness (ICER) threshold, allows the inclusion of value factors beyond the QALY, although their methodologies are flawed. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) incorporates a flexible set of value factors and involves multiple stakeholders’ perspectives. Nevertheless, its successful implementation relies on decision-makers’ openness toward transparency and a pragmatic approach, while allowing the flexibility for continuous improvement.Conclusion: The frameworks listed above each have multiple strengths and weaknesses. We advocate that decision-makers apply the concept of accountability for reasonableness (A4R) to justify their choice for a specific VAF for orphan drugs and to strive for maximum transparency concerning the decision-making process. Also, in order to manage uncertainty and feasibility of funding, decision-makers may consider using managed-entry agreements rather than implementing a separate VAF for orphan drugs.
La Cité de Dieu comme apologie
Authors: Marion Jean-Luc 
Published: May 2021

La Cité de Dieu pose une difficulté interprétative particulière : à première lecture, les thèmes de la théologie (et de la philosophie) des autres œuvres de saint Augustin n’y apparaissent que très peu ou pas du tout, tandis que sont développées des questions tout autres, parfois surprenantes (les démons, la mythologie latine, l’histoire romaine, etc. – et même le refus de la théologie). Or la comparaison de cet agenda avec les Apologies tant latines que grecques des siècles antérieurs (de Justin à Tertullien) suggère qu’en fait saint Augustin reprend, hors de son propre champ de recherches, et en grand style, le genre, les objets, les arguments et les buts de l’apologie contre les païens.
Des deux cités aux deux régimes. Augustinisme et philosophie politique moderne
Authors: Tardivel Émilie 
Published: May 2021

Cet article s’inscrit dans une réflexion sur le tournant que représente la philosophie politique moderne. Il a pour but de déconstruire la manière dont Michel Villey expose ce tournant : dans des cours professés entre 1961 et 1966 à la Faculté de droit de Paris, ce dernier extrapole, à la pensée juridique moderne, le mythe de l’« augustinisme politique », qui avait été forgé par Henri-Xavier Arquillière pour caractériser la source principale des doctrines théocratiques médiévales. Cette déconstruction montre que la philosophie politique moderne provient certes d’un motif central de la Cité de Dieu , mais ce motif subit une double interprétation qui en modifie la signification : Luther accomplit le passage du motif spirituel des deux cités au problème théologico-politique des deux régimes, tandis que Hobbes fait entrer ce problème en philosophie sur la base des principes de la métaphysique classique.
Avant les amitiés. Saint Augustin et la possibilité de l’amitié
Authors: de Saxcé Anne 
Published: May 2021

Comment penser l’amitié sans recourir à une affirmation politique ou théologique ? Nous montrons d’abord la reprise chrétienne et la transformation de l’amitié, telle que la concevait l’Antiquité, à partir de la réinterprétation augustinienne des textes de Cicéron. Puis nous proposons de réfléchir à cette nouvelle conception de l’amitié, en nous appuyant sur les textes de Jacques Derrida, qui cherche à établir la possibilité d’une amitié d’« avant les amitiés », fondée sur aucune fraternité. Pour Derrida, une telle amitié est rendue possible par le langage, qui se pense d’abord comme hospitalité. Nous reprenons enfin la lecture des textes d’Augustin, pour montrer leur convergence avec cette nouvelle définition de l’amitié, en éclairant le rôle qu’y joue la confessio .
« L’accès au logement en Tunisie 1970-2020. Évolution des politiques et renouvellement des modalités de régulation »
Authors: Ben Othman Hend , Yassine Turki Sami 
Published: May 2021

Les politiques de l’habitat en Tunisie ont été marquées depuis les années 1970 à la fois par un désengagement de l’Etat du système de production au profit des lotisseurs et des promoteurs privés et par une intervention forte en matière de réhabilitation des quartiers informels. Le recours à un urbanisme de dérogation pour faciliter la mise en place du programme spécifique de logements sociaux obéit à des logiques propres : instrumentalisation politique pour la production des logements sociaux, absorption des revendications populaires par la tolérance envers les nouvelles constructions non réglementaires et saisie des opportunités offertes par les bailleurs pour la réhabilitation des quartiers informels. Aujourd’hui, avec les crises politiques à répétition et l’engagement encore timide dans la décentralisation, il semble difficile d’imaginer des changements substantiels dans les politiques de l’habitat. Entre-temps, les dynamiques de construction informelle se prolongent sur le terrain et continuent à correspondre au format le plus à même d’absorber les demandes.
Oman : une politique de logement pour forger un État-nation moderne
Authors: Klinger Thibaut 
Published: May 2021

En 1970, Qābūs devient sultan d’Oman par un coup d’Etat qui renverse son père avec l’appui des Britanniques, principalement en vue de moderniser le pays : cette politique est qualifiée de « renaissance bienheureuse » ou « Nahḍa ». La politique du logement est le levier majeur de cette action, et prend la forme principale de la promotion de la maison individuelle sur parcelle de terrain octroyée par le souverain. Ce choix est au cœur de la redistribution de la manne pétrolière et de l’objectif de justice sociale qui légitime le pouvoir royal. S’il a des points communs avec ceux des pays voisins, le dispositif omanais se distingue en ciblant l’ensemble de la population de nationalité omanaise. Cette politique du logement a permis de faire accéder la population à une vie urbaine moderne, mais elle n’est pas sans poser de nombreuses questions aujourd’hui, en particulier sur le plan de la cohésion sociale ou d’un étalement urbain problématique face à l’objectif de développement durable.
La RFA et l’Afrique subsaharienne. Entre passé refoulé et avenir incertain (1950-1980)
Authors: Georget Jean-Louis 
Published: May 2021

L’Allemagne a longtemps ignoré l’Afrique. Après la rétrocession de ses colonies, l’Afrique n’a pas été une priorité pour la politique étrangère allemande. À partir de la création de la RFA, on peut reconnaître plusieurs périodes distinctes dans cette histoire des relations de la RFA avec l’Afrique subsaharienne : d’abord, entre 1945 et 1975, les efforts continus de la République fédérale pour s’implanter dans cette zone, temps marqué par la confrontation avec sa rivale est-allemande ; puis, l’époque où cette rivalité cesse d’être l’alpha et l’oméga de la politique ouest-allemande avec l’arrivée des sociaux-démocrates qui, à partir de 1966, essayent de définir ce que peut être une politique africaine en dehors du manichéisme qui a jusqu’alors prévalu ; enfin, l’ère ouverte par la crise économique pétrolière de 1973 qui signifie la relégation du continent africain au second plan des préoccupations ouest-allemandes jusqu’à la réunification.
Gellert en France : une bibliographie et quelques réflexions
Authors: Genton François 
Published: May 2021

Que reste-t-il de l’œuvre de Christian Fürchtegott Gellert en France et en français ? Aucun des livres de cet auteur n’est disponible sur le marché du livre en France. Aucune traduction n’a été publiée en France depuis la moitié du XIX e siècle. Ce texte tente de faire le bilan des traductions françaises d’œuvres intégrales de Gellert ou d’extraits tirés de ses œuvres et esquisse une description de l’importance en français et en France de cet auteur et de son œuvre.
« An Ingrained Antipathy » : traduire et adapter le théâtre français en Angleterre, du pillage à la suprématie culturelle (1843-1886)
Authors: Ramos Gay Ignacio 
Published: May 2021

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser la pratique de la traduction et de l’adaptation d’œuvres françaises pour la scène londonienne pendant près d’un demi-siècle de la période victorienne (1843-1886). À partir des témoignages de dramaturges, de critiques, d’acteurs et de chroniques journalistiques, il est possible d’observer comment le recours au matériel étranger est conçu, dans un premier temps, comme un exemple de pillage intellectuel qui affaiblit la construction de l’identité nationale autour de l’art dramatique. Dans un deuxième temps, au fil du siècle, ce « vol » ou « pillage » sera conçu en termes positifs, laissant place à une « renaissance » de l’art dramatique britannique. Dans les deux cas, le fondement de l’activité créatrice dans les œuvres créées en France confirmera ce que certains critiques ont appelé la suprématie culturelle française au XIX e siècle.
TLR4 Transactivates CD8+ T Lymphocytes upon Acute Sterile Tissue Injury
Authors: Wienhöfer Lisa , Marker Max , Antoni Anne-Charlotte , Sutter Kathrin , Sander André , Dudda Marcel , Flohé Stefanie B 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Acute major tissue injury induces immune dysregulation that is characterized by the development of systemic sterile inflammation and an increased risk for opportunistic infections. Although the contribution of the innate immune system has been examined in detail, research on the impact of acute sterile tissue damage on the T cell compartment remains limited. In the current study, we used a clinically relevant mouse model for traumatic skeletal muscle injury to investigate the impact of sterile tissue damage on diverse subpopulations of CD4+ Th and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in systemic and local lymphoid organs. For the first time, to our knowledge, we provide evidence that injury selectively induced the expression of the activation marker CD69 on naive and central/virtual memory CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes but not in the spleen of male mice. CD4+ Th cells remained unaffected in both organs. The activation of CD8+ T cells was dependent on signaling through TLR4. Within a few hours, injury triggered the expression of IL-12 in the lymph nodes in a TLR4-dependent manner. Blocking of IL-12 prevented the activation of naive and central memory CD8+ T cells after injury. Thus, early after traumatic tissue damage, TLR4 transactivates naive and central/virtual memory CD8+ T cells through innate cytokines in local lymph nodes, where they might modulate forthcoming local immune responses.