bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acne therapy with lasers and light including photodynamic therapy
Authors: Gold Michael H. , Utley Collette , Kleinrock Marci , Lee Caroline 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUtilizing lasers and light sources for the treatment of acne vulgaris has gained in popularity over the past several years. Newer and safer devices have been introduced which have been shown to be beneficial for many suffering from acne vulgaris. This manuscript will review some of the most important lasers and light sources for acne vulgaris, from the beginning of our understanding of these to current day uses.
Stock collapse and its effect on species interactions: Cod and herring in the Norwegian‐Barents Seas system as an example
Authors: Durant Joël M. , Aarvold Leana , Langangen Øystein 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBoth the Norwegian Spring Spawning herring (Clupea harengus) and the Northeast Arctic (NEA) cod (Gadus morhua) are examples of strong stock reduction and decline of the associated fisheries due to overfishing followed by a recovery. Cod and herring are both part of the Barents Sea ecosystem, which has experienced major warming events in the early (1920–1940) and late 20th century. While the collapse or near collapse of these stocks seems to be linked to an instability created by overfishing and climate, the difference of population dynamics before and after is not fully understood. In particular, it is unclear how the changes in population dynamics before and after the collapses are associated with biotic interactions. The combination of the availability of unique long‐term time series for herring and cod makes it a well‐suited study system to investigate the effects of collapse. We examine how species interactions may differently affect the herring and cod population dynamic before and after a collapse. Particularly we explore, using a GAM modeling approach, how herring could affect cod and vice versa. We found that the effect of cod biomass on herring that was generally positive (i.e., covariation) but the effect became negative after the collapse (i.e., predation or competition). Likewise a change occurred for the cod, the juvenile herring biomass that had no effect before the collapse had a negative effect after. Our results indicate that the population collapses may alter the inter‐specific interactions and response to abiotic environmental changes. While the stocks are at similar abundance levels before and after the collapses, the system is potentially different in its functioning and may require different management action.
Impact of groundwater depth on hydraulic performance and growth of Haloxylon ammodendron in a desert region of central Asia
Authors: Xu Gui‐Qing , Mi Xiao‐Jun , Ma Jian , Ma Jie , Tang Li‐Song 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAnthropogenic withdraw of groundwater and climatic drought limits the water availability for phreatophytic vegetation in arid regions. In this study, a small xeric, phreatophytic tree Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A. Mey.) was investigated to understand the influence of depth to groundwater (DGW) on hydraulic traits and on the trade‐off between drought tolerance and leaf area increment. A suite of traits including leaf water potential, pressure–volume (P–V) curves, Huber value, assimilation branch growth and osmotic regulation substance was measured across five sites with DGW ranges from 3.45 to 15.91 m. Our results indicate that H. ammodendron was subject to greater water stress with increasing DGW, as indicated by decreased predawn (Ψpd) and midday (Ψmd) branch water potential. We also found that growth rate declined as Huber value increased with increasing DGW in the early growing season (EGS). Solute sugar, as a major osmotic substance, drives decreases in osmotic potential at full turgor and thus constrains assimilation branch growth with increasing DGW in EGS. Therefore, osmotic adjustment accompanied with water potential regulation (Ψpd–Ψmd) and plasticity of Huber value allows this phreatophyte to absorb water from deeper soil layers and tolerate drought. However, these adaptive adjustments cannot fully compensate for nonoptimal water conditions as growth rate continued to decrease as DGW increased in EGS and even became negative in the late growing season (LGS) at almost all sites. Greater depth of groundwater had a significant effect on H. ammodendron and may have similar effects for other non‐riparian phreatophytic plants in arid regions.
Seasonal drought and its effects on frog population dynamics and amphibian disease in intermittent streams
Authors: Kupferberg Sarah J. , Moidu Hana , Adams Andrea J. , Catenazzi Alessandro , Grefsrud Marcia , Bobzien Steven , Leidy Robert , Carlson Stephanie M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogenic fungusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd), has contributed to amphibian declines globally, but drivers of outbreaks vary locally. Here, we explore the role of drought in population and host‐disease dynamics of the endangered stream‐breeding foothill yellow‐legged frog (Rana boylii). In central California (USA) where severity of seasonal drought is increasing, we observed the non‐native, Bd‐tolerant and lentic‐adapted North American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) extend into streams when flood disturbance was minimal. Analysis of skin swabs revealed that prevalence and load of Bd infection among bullfrogs was low. Yet, among the native frogs, prevalence and load intensified as the seasonal drought progressed and surface flow became intermittent. When temperatures decreased in autumn and frogs concentrated at a reduced number of water points, we found dozens of dead foothill yellow‐legged frogs (2018–2019). Necropsies suggested chytridiomycosis as the likely cause of death. Despite recent lethal outbreaks, foothill yellow‐legged frog population abundance appeared resilient based on comparison to prior decades when no die‐offs were observed. Wet–dry mapping of the stream channel and retrospective analysis of hydrologic records revealed that the native frogs spawn away from perennial pools, a behaviour that may allow them to avoid bullfrogs and predatory fish. In an ecological trade‐off, tadpoles face the risk of the stream drying before metamorphosis. Fluctuations in population size thus corresponded to extremes of inter‐annual variation in streamflow that limit recruitment rather than disease outbreaks. We conclude that hydrologic constraints, which climate change may exacerbate, appear to override the stressors of non‐indigenous species and chytridiomycosis.
Novel approach to monitor intravenous immunoglobulin pharmacokinetics in humans using polymorphic determinants in IgG1 constant domains
Authors: van Tilburg Sander J. , Jacobs Bart C. , Ooijevaar‐de Heer Pleuni , Fokkink Willem‐Jan R. , Huizinga Ruth , Vidarsson Gestur , Rispens Theo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractClinical efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment (IVIg) is related to its pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. Its usual evaluation, by measuring serum total IgG levels, is imprecise, because IVIg cannot be distinguished from endogenous IgG. We developed ELISAs to specifically monitor the PK of IVIg using the polymorphic determinants G1m(a), G1m(x), and G1m(f). The specificity of the IgG1 allotype assays was sufficient to determine IVIg concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/mL in sera from individuals not expressing the respective markers. IVIg was quantified in posttreatment serum from patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) by measuring IgG1 allotypes not expressed endogenously. After serotyping, 27/28 GBS patients were found eligible for IVIg monitoring using one or two genetic markers. In 17 cases, IVIg levels could be determined by both anti‐G1m(a) and anti‐G1m(x) measurement, showing significant correlation. Longitudinal monitoring of IVIg PK in seven GBS patients showed potential differences in clearance of total IgG versus IVIg‐derived IgG, highlighting that total IgG measurements may not accurately reflect IVIg PK. To summarize, anti‐IgG1 allotype assays can discriminate between endogenous IgG and therapeutic polyclonal IgG. These assays will be an important tool to better understand the variability in IVIg PK and treatment response of all patients treated with IVIg.
Exploring patient preference heterogeneity for pharmacological treatments for chronic pain: A latent class analysis
Authors: Walsh David A. , Boeri Marco , Abraham Lucy , Atkinson Jo , Bushmakin Andrew G. , Cappelleri Joseph C. , Hauber Brett , Klein Kathleen , Russo Leo , Viktrup Lars , Turk Dennis 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundSeveral pharmaceutical treatments for chronic pain caused by osteoarthritis (OA) and chronic low back pain (CLBP) are available or currently under development, each associated with different adverse events (AEs) and efficacy profiles. It is therefore important to understand what trade‐offs patients are willing to make when choosing between treatments.MethodsA discrete‐choice experiment (DCE) was conducted with 437 adults with chronic pain caused by OA and/or CLBP. Respondents were presented with a series of scenarios and asked to choose between pairs of hypothetical treatments, each defined by six attributes: level of symptom control; risks of heart attack, rapidly progressive osteoarthritis and dependency; frequency and mode of administration and cost. Attributes were based on known profiles of oral nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, opioids and injected nerve growth factor inhibitors, the last of which were under clinical development at the time of the study. Data were analysed using a latent class (LC) model to explore preference heterogeneity.ResultsOverall, respondents considered improving symptom control and reducing risk of physical dependency to be the most important attributes. The LC analysis identified four participant classes: an ‘efficacy‐focused’ class (33.7%), a ‘cost‐averse’ class (29.4%), a ‘physical‐dependence–averse’ class (19.6%) and a ‘needle‐averse’ class (17.3%). Subgroup membership was incompletely predicted by participant age and their responses to comprehension questions.ConclusionsPreference heterogeneity across respondents indicates a need for a personalized approach to offering treatment options. Symptom improvement, cost, physical dependence and route of administration might be important to different patients.SignificanceMultiple treatment options that differ substantially in terms of efficacy and adverse events are available for the management of chronic pain. With a growing emphasis on a patient‐centred care model that incorporates patients’ priorities and values into treatment decisions, there is a need to understand how individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain balance the benefits and risks of treatment and how treatment priorities vary among individuals. This study was designed to identify patient preferences for different characteristics of treatments for the management of chronic pain and to investigate how preferences differ among respondents.
Study on abrasive particle impact modeling and cutting mechanism
Authors: Mu Mingfei , Feng Long , Zhang Qiang , Zang Wanshun , Wang Haixia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAbrasive water jet impact is widely applied in processing, oil fracturing, coal mining, rock crushing, and other engineering fields. The influence of abrasive particles on cutting performance is one of the main characteristics of this technology, which is different from pure fluid cutting. Therefore, as for improving the cutting performance of abrasive water jet, studying the cutting mechanism of abrasive water jet, and clarifying the mapping relationship between particle parameters and cutting, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarify the impact failure mechanism and material removal mechanism of abrasive particles in the process of high‐speed impact. In order to study the effect of abrasive particles on cutting performance, irregular abrasive particles are simplified to angular particles and circular particles in this paper. The impact shooting process of particles in abrasive jet cutting is numerically simulated by using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, and the target impact experiments are carried out. The fracture processes of ductile materials and brittle targets impacted by different shapes of particles are studied. The results are showed as follows. Firstly, the SPH numerical model has high accuracy and successfully reproduces the collision process of particles in the process of abrasive jet cutting, including the deformation mechanisms such as plowing, cracking and crushing of the target, and the error of the dent curve formed by the collision is less than 0.5 mm. Secondly, the impact mechanism of angular and circular particles is different for targets with different material properties. For ductile materials, the process of material accumulating to failure value is slow, mainly by the way of accumulation removal. And for brittle materials, it mainly produces plastic deformation and failure, without obvious material accumulation and extrusion area. Thirdly, different impact angles of particles have great influence on material removal.
Analyzing surface electromyography signals to predict fatigue in Longissimus thoracis and Iliocostalis Cervicis muscles: A statistical model
Authors: Salmanzadeh Hamed , Doroodi Maryam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGiven that people in many jobs suffer from intense pressure being imposed on their muscles, work‐related disabilities such as musculoskeletal disorders have turned into a major concern in industrial countries. Considering the significant financial and physical burden these disorders can put on people and society as a whole, preventing these issues seems more reasonable than remedying them. In this respect, there is a need for further studies concerning the prediction of muscle fatigue and activity under different working conditions. Accordingly, the present study considers an important aspect of this issue by focusing on postures in which the workers do not have access to the work station in the frontal direction. More specifically, the main purpose of this study is to present a statistical model to predict muscle fatigue, for which electromyographic signals are collected from the muscles of individuals while working at a simulated workstation, according to which the activities of the Longissimus thoracis and Iliocostalis Cervicis muscles are evaluated. Afterward, the wavelet transform is employed via Rbio 3.1 function at seven levels to process the collected signals, followed by using the normal mean absolute value index for feature extraction. Finally, some statistical models are created by the generalized estimating equation method. According to the results, posture factors, assembly cycle time, and rest intervals between cycles, which are variables, revealed significant impacts (p < .05) on muscle fatigue. It should be mentioned that the most suitable levels of the mentioned variables are also determined based on the Taguchi design of the conducted experiments. The presented statistical models can be used for designing and comparing workstations with respect to pressure on muscles for more effectively assigning workstations to employees, planning, and scheduling work cycles, and designing industrial machinery.
Darcy–Forchheimer up/downflow of entropy optimized radiative nanofluids with second‐order slip, nonuniform source/sink, and shape effects
Authors: Samantaray Sudhanshu Shekhar , Shaw Sachin , Misra Ashok , Nayak Manoj Kumar , Prakash Jagdish 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article examines the influence of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanoparticles shapes on the radiative up and down flow of nanofluids past a thin needle. This nanofluid flow is considered in the presence of Darcy‐Forchheimer effects, thermal radiation, Wu's slip, and non‐uniform heat source/sink. Brick, cylinder, platelet, and blade shapes of nanoparticles are considered. Numerical solutions are attained by a well‐known shooting technique. A comprehensive discussion regarding the effects of physical parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number is carried out. Outcomes reveal that fluid velocities of SWCNT/MWCNT‐Water nanofluids behave in the opposite manner in up and down flows of nanofluids in the order of brick, cylinder, platelet and blade‐shaped nanoparticles. The porosity parameter regulates the heat transfer rate efficaciously. The surface viscous drag intensifies for the nanofluids involving the nanoparticles in the order of their shapes as brick, blade, cylinder, and platelet.
A multi‐objective approach to select hydrological models and constrain structural uncertainties for climate impact assessments
Authors: Saavedra Danny , Mendoza Pablo A. , Addor Nans , Llauca Harold , Vargas Ximena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe assessment of climate change impacts on water resources and flood risk is typically underpinned by hydrological models calibrated and selected based on observed streamflow records. Yet, changes in climate are rarely accounted for when selecting hydrological models, which compromises their ability to robustly represent future changes in catchment hydrology. In this paper, we test a simple framework for selecting an ensemble of calibrated hydrological model structures in catchments where contrasting climatic conditions have been observed. We start by considering 78 model structures produced with the FUSE modular modelling framework and rely on a Pareto scheme to select model structures maximizing model efficiency in both wet and dry periods. The application of this approach in three case study basins in Peru enables the identification of structures with good robustness, but also good performance according to hydrological signatures not used for model selection. We also highlight that some model structures that perform well according to traditional efficiency metrics have low performance in contrasting climates or suspicious internal states and fluxes. Importantly, the model selection approach followed here helps to reduce the spread in precipitation elasticities and temperature sensitivities, providing a clearer picture of future hydrological changes. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of using contrasting climatic conditions in a multi‐objective framework to produce robust and credible simulations, and to constrain structural uncertainties in hydrological projections.
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in brain ischemia enhaces axonal regeneration associated with IGF‐1
Authors: Li Ting‐Ting , Zhang Lan‐Chun , Xiong Liu‐Lin , Yu Chang‐Yin 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveThis study was aimed to evaluate the role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in treating brain ischemia and its associated mechanism.MethodsForty‐five healthy adult female rats were randomly divided into three group, including sham, brain ischemia (BI) and BMSCs transplantation group. The BMSCs were harvested from the GFP‐transgenic (green fluorescence) rats. Immunohistochemical staining of CD44 and expression of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) were identified in cultured BMSCs in vitro. Then, BMSCs were injected into tail vein of the rats immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Neurological function was evaluated by neurological severity scale (NSS) at 3 days (d), 7 d and 14 d post operation. The axonal regeneration and expression of IGF‐1 was assayed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot.ResultsBMSCs could express several NTFs in vitro, neurological function indicated by the NSS was improved significantly at 7 d and 14 d post BMSCs transplantation compared with BI group. The expression of IGF‐1 associated with axonal growth indicated by GAP43 labelling was elevated in BMSCs treatment rats.ConclusionBMSCs treatment improves neurological function which is associated with IGF‐1 upregulation and axonal regeneration. This study provide a new insights into pathogenesis and treatment of BI, based on BMSCs transplantion.
Genetic study of a Chinese pedigree with early onset Parkinson’s disease caused by novel compound heterozygous mutations in PARKIN gene
Authors: Zhang Li , Luo Ai‐Di , Pan Cheng‐Yu , Liu Mei , Liao Shu‐Sheng 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveTo explore the genetic basis for a Chinese pedigree where two siblings were affected with early‐onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD).MethodsClinical examinations and genomic analyses were performed on five subjects belonging to two generations of a Han Chinese family. Target regions capture and high throughput sequencing were used to screen these genes associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), tremor, spinocerebellar ataxia, and dystonia. The multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) method was applied to detect rearrangements and large deletion in PARKIN exons.ResultsTwo family members were diagnosed with PD by clinical manifestations. Compound heterozygous mutations, consisting of a fragment deletion in exon 2 and 3 of the PARKIN gene, identified by MLPA in II‐3, II‐5. Individual exon2 deletion mutations were detected in II‐1 while individual exon3 deletion mutations were detected in two thirds generations (III‐5, III‐6). The compound heterozygous mutations have co‐segregated with the disease in the pedigree. Other mutations in some genes associated with PD, tremor, dystonia and other movement disorders were not detected.ConclusionA novel compound heterozygous deletion mutations of the PARKIN gene were identified in a Chinese pedigree and might represent a cause of familial EOPD with autosomal dominant inheritance. Early‐onset Parkinson's disease (PD) with PARKIN gene mutation has genetic and clinical heterogeneity.
A network pharmacological approach to investigate the pharmacological effects of CZ2HF decoction on Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wei Yu , Gao Jian‐Mei , Xu Fan , Shi Jing‐Shan , Yu Chang‐Yin , Gong Qi‐Hai 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, which brings tremendous burden to the sufferers and society. However, ideal tactics are unavailable for AD. Our previous study has shown that CZ2HF, a Chinese herb preparation, mitigates cognitive impairment in AD rats; whereas, its detailed mechanism has not been elucidated.MethodsPublic databases were applied to collect and identify the chemical ingredients of eight herbs in CZ2HF. Criteria of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion was used to screen oral bio‐availability and drug‐likeness. STITCH database and Therapeutic Target Database were applied to decipher the relationship between compounds and genes related to AD. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology term analyses were used to identify the involved signaling pathways. Cytoscape was adopted to establish the networks The molecular docking was used to validate the interactions between the candidate compounds and their potential targets.Results914 compounds were identiﬁed in eight herbal medicines of CZ2HF. Among them, 9 compounds and 28 genes were highly involved in the pathologic process of AD. Furthermore, the mechanism of CZ2HF to AD was based on its anti‐inflammatory effects mainly through lipopolysaccharide‐mediated signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. Core genes in this network were TNF, ICAM1, MMP9 and IL‐10.ConclusionThis study predicts the active compounds in CZ2HF and uncovers their protein targets using holistic network pharmacology methods. It will provide a insight into the underlying mechanism of CZ2HF to AD from a multi‐scale perspective.