bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clarifying the association of eating disorder features to suicide ideation and attempts
Authors: Shahnaz Arezoo , Klonsky E. David 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe examine the relationships of eight eating disorder (ED) features to histories of suicide ideation and suicide attempts.MethodParticipants were 387 adults (62% female, mean age = 36 years) recruited via an online platform, and oversampled for the presence of ED features, who completed standardized self‐report measures of study variables.ResultsDifferent ED features predicted suicide ideation versus attempts. Specifically, Restrictive Eating (d = 0.44), Purging (d = 0.30), and Body Dissatisfaction (d = 0.27) were higher among ideators compared to nonsuicidal participants. In contrast, Muscle Building (d = 0.31), Excessive Exercise (d = 0.26), Cognitive Restraint (d = 0.23), and Restrictive Eating (d = 0.20) were higher among attempters compared to ideators—however, we note that the p‐values for these effects range between 0.02 and 0.04 and it is unclear if they would replicate. Independent replication is important.ConclusionFindings have implications for the conceptualization of suicide risk in individuals with EDs.
'The threat is in all of us': Perceptions of loneliness and divided communities in urban and rural areas during COVID‐19
Authors: Van Beek Madison , Patulny Roger 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLoneliness is becoming recognised as an important social issue with health and well‐being consequences. The recent and ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic has likely impacted loneliness through increased social isolation, though the effects may vary across urban and rural locations, where the dynamics of social capital, community cohesion and community divide are likely to differ. This paper consequently examines the different and compounding impacts of isolating disasters, such as bushfires and pandemics, on social capital and loneliness in urban and rural areas of Australia. This article compares experiences of loneliness in rural/regional and urban areas of Australia moving from the aftermath of the 2019–2020 bushfires into the COVID‐19 pandemic. Semi‐structured interviews provide a complex insight into how loneliness is experienced across different locations. The key findings included a higher sense of social divide exacerbating loneliness in rural communities, higher levels of loneliness among participants who lived alone in either area. It was concluded that loneliness was experienced extensively among those who were single and/or lived alone, regardless of their geographical location.
The P2X7 purinergic receptor in intervertebral disc degeneration
Authors: Penolazzi Letizia , Bergamin Leticia S. , Lambertini Elisabetta , Poma Valentina V. , Sarti Alba C. , De Bonis Pasquale , Di Virgilio Francesco , Piva Roberta 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMechanisms involved in the development of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration are only partially known, thus making the implementation of effective therapies very difficult. In this study, we investigated P2X7 purinergic receptor (P2X7R), NLRP3 inflammasome, and interleukin (IL)‐1β expression in IVD specimens at different stages of disease progression, and during the in vitro dedifferentiation process of the primary cells derived thereof. We found that P2X7R, NLRP3, and IL‐1β expression was higher in the IVD samples at a more advanced stage of degeneration and in the expanded IVD cells in culture which partially recapitulated the in vivo degeneration process. In IVD cells, the P2X7R showed a striking nuclear localization, while NLRP3 was mainly cytoplasmic. Stimulation with the semiselective P2X7R agonist benzoyl ATP together with lipopolysaccharide treatment triggered P2X7R transfer to the cytoplasm and P2X7R/NLRP3 colocalization. Taken together, these findings support pathophysiological evidence that the degenerated disc is a highly inflamed microenvironment and highlight the P2X7R/NLRP3 axis as a suitable therapeutic target. The immunohistochemical analysis and the assessment of subcellular localization revealed a substantial expression of P2X7R also in normal disc tissue. This gives us the opportunity to contribute to the few studies performed in natively expressed human P2X7R so far, and to understand the possible physiological ATP‐mediated P2X7R homeostasis signaling. Therefore, collectively, our findings may offer a new perspective and pave the way for the exploration of a role of P2X7R‐mediated purinergic signaling in IVD metabolism that goes beyond its involvement in inflammation.
Is muscle and protein loss relevant in long‐term fasting in healthy men? A prospective trial on physiological adaptations
Authors: Laurens Claire , Grundler Franziska , Damiot Anthony , Chery Isabelle , Le Maho Anne‐Laure , Zahariev Alexandre , Le Maho Yvon , Bergouignan Audrey , Gauquelin‐Koch Guillemette , Simon Chantal , Blanc Stéphane , Wilhelmi de Toledo Françoise 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundFasting is attracting an increasing interest as a potential strategy for managing diseases, including metabolic disorders and complementary cancer therapy. Despite concerns of clinicians regarding protein catabolism and muscle loss, evidence‐based clinical data in response to long‐term fasting in healthy humans are scarce. The objective of this study was to measure clinical constants, metabolic, and muscular response in healthy men during and after a 10 day fast combined with a physical activity programme.MethodsSixteen men (44 ± 14 years; 26.2 ± 0.9 kg/m2) fasted with a supplement of 200–250 kcal/day and up to 3 h daily low‐intensity physical activity according to the peer‐reviewed Buchinger Wilhelmi protocol. Changes in body weight (BW) and composition, basal metabolic rate (BMR), physical activity, muscle strength and function, protein utilization, inflammatory, and metabolic status were assessed during the 10 day fast, the 4 days of food reintroduction, and at 3 month follow‐up.ResultsThe 10 day fast decreased BW by 7% (−5.9 ± 0.2 kg, P < 0.001) and BMR by 12% (P < 0.01). Fat mass and lean soft tissues (LST) accounted for about 40% and 60% of weight loss, respectively, −2.3 ± 0.18 kg and −3.53 ± 0.13 kg, P < 0.001. LST loss was explained by the reduction in extracellular water (44%), muscle and liver glycogen and associated water (14%), and metabolic active lean tissue (42%). Plasma 3‐methyl‐histidine increased until Day 5 of fasting and then decreased, suggesting that protein sparing might follow early proteolysis. Daily steps count increased by 60% (P < 0.001) during the fasting period. Strength was maintained in non‐weight‐bearing muscles and increased in weight‐bearing muscles (+33%, P < 0.001). Glycaemia, insulinemia, blood lipids, and blood pressure dropped during the fast (P < 0.05 for all), while non‐esterified fatty acids and urinary beta‐hydroxybutyrate increased (P < 0.01 for both). After a transient reduction, inflammatory cytokines returned to baseline at Day 10 of fasting, and LST were still lower than baseline values (−2.3% and −3.2%, respectively; P < 0.05 for both).ConclusionsA 10 day fast appears safe in healthy humans. Protein loss occurs in early fast but decreases as ketogenesis increases. Fasting combined with physical activity does not negatively impact muscle function. Future studies will need to confirm these first findings.
Biomass to fuels and chemicals: A review of enabling processes and technologies
Authors: Rathore Anurag S , Singh Anurag 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe growing worldwide concern over the environmental impact of our heavy dependence on fossil fuels has provided impetus for biomass utilisation to produce fuels and chemicals. A cost‐effective conversion technology stands as a challenge for bio‐based fuels and chemicals to be competitive with petroleum‐derived products. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the conversion technologies of biomass, which includes thermochemical and biochemical processes. With a plethora of conversion technologies available, the choice of suitable conversion technology depends on the biomass feedstock availability and the desired end‐product. It is observed that present research is focused on the development of catalysts and optimisation of process parameters to improve the economics of conversion technologies. Efforts are also on towards utilisation of cheaper substrate, lignocellulosic biomass and CO2‐sequestering algae. Though few technologies have reached the commercial stage, conversion technologies for lignocellulosic and marine biomass are still evolving. Further, much impetus is being given to process optimisation for deriving platform chemicals from biomass for value addition and sustainability of the biorefinery concept. Some key developments in these areas are presented in this review. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound is helpful for differentiating benign from malignant parietal pleural lesions
Authors: Findeisen Hajo , Görg Christian , Hartbrich Ruby , Dietrich Christoph Frank , Görg Konrad , Trenker Corinna , Safai Zadeh Ehsan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionTo describe the value of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the differentiation of malignant from benign parietal pleural lesions (PPLs).Materials and MethodsFrom November 2005 to June 2019, 63 patients with histologically/cytologically confirmed PPLs were investigated by CEUS. On CEUS, the extent of enhancement (EE; marked or reduced/absent) and the homogeneity of enhancement (HE; homogeneous or inhomogeneous) were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsIn total, 24/63 lesions were benign, and 39/63 lesions were malignant. On CEUS, 11/24 benign and 36/39 malignant lesions showed a marked enhancement. A marked enhancement was significantly more frequently associated with malignancy compared with benign lesions (p < 0.001). In five cases, due to the absence of enhancement, it was not possible to determine the HE. In the remaining cases, 9/20 benign and 19/38 malignant lesions showed an inhomogeneous enhancement (p = 0.79).ConclusionOn CEUS, marked enhancement was significantly more frequently associated with malignant compared with benign lesions. However, some benign lesions, such as chronic inflammatory processes, may also show a marked enhancement. Therefore, the interpretation of perfusion patterns in these lesions must always take into account the clinical background of the patient.
Comparison of transfer shock and graduation rates across engineering transfer student populations
Authors: Smith Natasha L. , Grohs Jacob R. , Van Aken Eileen M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing the persistence of engineering transfer students can help meet the US national priority of increasing the number of engineering graduates. Many transfer students experience a decrease in their grade point average (GPA) at their receiving institution, known as transfer shock, which can lead to them leaving the institution. This GPA decrease is found to be more prevalent in engineering transfer students.Purpose/HypothesisThe purpose of this study is to analyze a single institutional dataset to determine when transfer shock occurs, how it differs among engineering transfer student subgroups, and if transfer shock is a predictor of graduation within 4 years in engineering.Design/MethodA 10‐year dataset with 789 engineering transfer students was used in this study, and the engineering transfer students were split into four subgroups. Multiple statistical analyses were conducted, including Welch's F‐test, chi‐square, and logistic regression, to understand differences in transfer shock during the first three terms of enrollment as well as 4‐year graduation rates among each subgroup.ResultsTransfer shock extends through the first three post‐transfer terms, resulting in transfer norming. The engineering transfer student subgroups experience different levels of transfer norming; however, the subgroups were not predictors of graduation. The predictors were the transfer GPA and the transfer norming in the first three post‐transfer terms of enrollment.ConclusionsEngineering transfer students are not a homogeneous population; there are key differences between lateral and vertical transfer students. More strategic, longitudinal programming and decision‐making should be considered by institutions.
Cardiovascular serotonergic system: Evolution, receptors, transporter, and function
Authors: Soslau Gerald 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe serotonergic system, serotonin (5HT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and serotonin receptors (5HT‐x), is an evolutionarily ancient system that has clear physiological advantages to all life forms from bacteria to humans. This review focuses on the role of platelet/plasma serotonin and the cardiovascular system with minor references to its significant neurotransmitter function. Platelets transport and store virtually all plasma serotonin in dense granules. Stored serotonin is released from activated platelets and can bind to serotonin receptors on platelets and cellular components of the vascular wall to augment aggregation and induce vasoconstriction or vasodilation. The vascular endothelium is critical to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. While there are numerous ligands, neurological components, and baroreceptors that effect vascular tone it is proposed that serotonin and nitric oxide (an endothelium relaxing factor) are major players in the regulation of systemic blood pressure. Signals not fully defined, to date, that direct serotonin binding to one of the 15 identified 5HT receptors versus the transporter, and the role platelet/plasma serotonin plays in regulating hypertension within the cardiovascular system remain important issues to better understand many diseases and to develop new drugs. Also, expanded research of these pathways in lower life‐forms may serve as important model systems to further our understanding of the evolution and mechanisms of action of serotonin.
Graduate training during the COVID‐19 pandemic: North American genetic counseling students' challenges, intolerance of uncertainty, and psychological well‐being
Authors: Kahn Eva , Sheldon Jane P. , Carmichael Alicia , Yashar Beverly M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has upended genetic counseling (GC) graduate students’ lives, as they have been forced to transition, manage, and acclimate to life during a pandemic. The current study is a first step in understanding their lived experiences during this historic, global event. We investigated academic and personal challenges, intolerance of uncertainty, and psychological well‐being of GC students (n = 248) who trained during the pandemic (GC‐COV cohort) and those who did not (GC‐NoCOV cohort). Participants completed an online survey (July–September 2020) that used validated measures of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Psychological Well‐Being. To assess the academic and personal challenges students experienced during GC graduate training, we developed a 43‐item measure. Principal axis factoring of the items revealed categories of challenges related to the following: Academic & Professional Development, Self‐Regulation & Resilience, Institutional & Program Leadership, and Financial Stability. There was no cohort difference in Psychological Well‐Being. Linear mixed‐effects modeling showed significant cohort differences in challenges. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the GC‐COV cohort's Psychological Well‐Being was statistically significantly predicted by Institutional & Program Leadership challenges (p = .029), Self‐Regulation & Resilience challenges (p = .013), and Intolerance of Uncertainty (p = .010). For the GC‐NoCOV cohort, the statistically significant predictor of Psychological Well‐Being was Self‐Regulation & Resilience challenges (p = .029). Our findings demonstrate that GC students training during the COVID‐19 pandemic have experienced various personal, academic, and psychological disruptions and highlight a need to develop resources and implement interventions supporting students’ academic development and psychological well‐being.
Do research participants share genomic screening results with family members?
Authors: Wynn Julia , Milo Rasouly Hila , Vasquez‐Loarte Tania , Saami Akilan M. , Weiss Robyn , Ziniel Sonja I. , Appelbaum Paul S. , Wright Clayton Ellen , Christensen Kurt D. , Fasel David , Green Robert C. , Hain Heather S. , Harr Margaret , Hoell Christin , Kullo Iftikhar J , Leppig Kathleen A. , Myers Melanie F. , Pacyna Joel E. , Perez Emma F. , Prows Cynthia A. , Kulchak Rahm Alanna , Campbell‐Salome Gemme , Sharp Richard R. , Smith Maureen E , Wiesner Georgia L. , Williams Janet L. , Blout Zawatsky Carrie L. , Gharavi Ali G. , Chung Wendy K. , Holm Ingrid A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe public health impact of genomic screening can be enhanced by cascade testing. However, cascade testing depends on communication of results to family members. While the barriers and facilitators of family communication have been researched following clinical genetic testing, the factors impacting the dissemination of genomic screening results are unknown. Using the pragmatic Electronic Medical Records and Genomics Network‐3 (eMERGE‐3) study, we explored the reported sharing practices of participants who underwent genomic screening across the United States. Six eMERGE‐3 sites returned genomic screening results for mostly dominant medically actionable disorders and surveyed adult participants regarding communication of results with first‐degree relatives. Across the sites, 279 participants completed a 1‐month and/or 6‐month post‐results survey. By 6 months, only 34% of the 156 respondents shared their results with all first‐degree relatives and 4% did not share with any. Over a third (39%) first‐degree relatives were not notified of the results. Half (53%) of participants who received their results from a genetics provider shared them with all first‐degree relatives compared with 11% of participants who received their results from a non‐genetics provider. The most frequent reasons for sharing were a feeling of obligation (72%) and that the information could help family members make medical decisions (72%). The most common reasons indicated for not sharing were that the family members were too young (38%), or they were not in contact (25%) or not close to them (25%). These data indicate that the professional returning the results may impact sharing patterns, suggesting that there is a need to continue to educate healthcare providers regarding approaches to facilitate sharing of genetic results within families. Finally, these data suggest that interventions to increase sharing may be universally effective regardless of the origin of the genetic result.
Innate and adaptive abnormalities in youth with vertically acquired HIV through a multicentre cohort in Spain
Authors: Carrasco Itzíar , Tarancon‐Diez Laura , Vázquez‐Alejo Elena , Jiménez de Ory Santiago , Sainz Talía , Apilanez Miren , Epalza Cristina , Guillén Sara , Tomás Ramos José , Díez Cristina , Bernardino Jose Ignacio , Iribarren José Antonio , Zamora Angielys , Muñoz‐Fernández María Ángeles , Navarro María Luisa ,   the Pediatric National AIDS Research Network of Spain (CoRISpe) integrated in the Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP)
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionImmune abnormalities have been described among youth with vertically acquired HIV (YWVH) despite antiretroviral treatment (ART). The CD4/CD8 ratio could be a useful prognostic marker. We assess immune activation and senescence in a cohort of YWVH in comparison to youth without vertically acquired HIV.MethodsYWVH under suppressive ART were included and compared to a group of HIV‐negative donors (HD) matched by age and sex, from September 2019 to September 2020. Subset distribution and expression of activation, maturation, senescence and exhaustion markers on T and NK cells were studied on peripheral blood mononuclear cells by multiparametric flow cytometry.ResultsThirty‐two YWVH (median age: 24.4 years (interquartile range: 22.5 to 28.3 years)) were included. Among YWVH, CD4‐ and CD8‐T cells showed high levels of activation (HLA‐DR/CD38), IL‐7 receptor expression (CD127) and exhaustion (TIM‐3). Regarding NK cells, YWVH showed increased levels of activation and exhaustion markers compared to HD. Strong inverted correlations were observed between T‐cell activation (HLA‐DR/CD38), senescence (CD57) and exhaustion (TIGIT, PD‐1) levels with the CD4/CD8 ratio among YWVH. HLA‐DR, CD69, NKG2D and NKG2A expression levels on NK cells also correlated with the CD4/CD8 ratio. Age at ART initiation was directly associated with higher frequency of CD16high NK‐cell subsets, exhaustion T‐cell levels (CD57, TIM3) and NK cells activation levels.ConclusionsImmunological changes associated with vertically acquired HIV, characterized by increased activation and exhaustion levels in innate and adaptive immune components, are only partially restored by ART. The CD4/CD8 ratio can be a useful marker of disease progression for routine clinical practice.
Effects of slurry acidification on soil N2O fluxes and denitrification
Authors: Malique Francois , Wangari Elizabeth , Andrade‐Linares Diana Rocío , Schloter Michael , Wolf Benjamin , Dannenmann Michael , Schulz Stefanie , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundReductions of ammonia volatilization resulting from slurry applications to intensively managed grassland may be achieved via slurry acidification. However, it remains uncertain if this may result in pollution swapping, that is, due to reduced ammonia volatilization and increased soil N availability, emission of nitrous oxide from soils may increase.AimsIn this study, we compared control (no fertilizer) and slurry fertilized grassland treatments [not acidified (S) and acidified (AS)] to assess whether slurry acidification results in changes of soil N availability, denitrification potential and activity as well as soil fluxes of nitrous oxide.MethodsThe study was carried out in a montane grassland system in southern Germany, and parameters were followed over a 43‐days period with continuous measurements of soil GHG fluxes and biweekly measurements of microbial and soil parameters preceding and following two fertilizing events.ResultsOver the entire observation period cumulative N2O emissions were significantly elevated for treatments receiving slurry applications, with differences between acidified and non‐acidified slurry treatments being overall insignificant. Transcripts of the nirK type nitrite reductase showed significantly higher numbers in soils of the AS treatment. While soil potential denitrification rates (PDR) did not differ between treatments, there was a strong tendency of increased PDRs for the AS treatment.ConclusionsAgainst expectation, we did not find that application of AS affects PDR or soil N2O emissions significantly, though in tendency higher rates of soil N2O emissions as well as higher potential denitrification rates were found in treatments receiving acidified slurry as compared to the slurry only treatment. Our results indicate that longer observation periods and given the significant spatial variability, higher numbers of replicates are needed, to finally assess if slurry application indeed results in increased soil denitrification activity, soil N2O production and soil‐atmosphere N2O emissions.