bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of River Valley Project in South Pennaiyar Catchment of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Manivannan S. , Khola O. P. S. , Kannan K. , Dhayani B. L. , Thilagam V. Kasthuri 
Published: February 2021

Aims: The impact of comprehensive interventions in erosion control, improving water availability, development of agro-forestry, sustainable management of natural resources, enhancement of agricultural productivity and socio-economic aspects of the farmers was studied. Assessment of effectiveness of watershed development programme, identification of major issues and lacunae in project implementation across the watersheds also has been studied.
Study Design: Multistage stratified sampling technique was adopted in selection of study watersheds (secondary sampling unit-SSU), farmers (primary sampling units-PSU) and structures for detailed surveys.
Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in South Pennaiyar catchement in Dharmapuri, Salem, Villupuram, Vellore, Thiruvannamalai districts of Tamil Nadu. The study was conducted for three years period during 2012-14.
Methodology: Sample based before and after project evaluation approach, employing budgeting techniques. By employing stratified random sampling method 15 study watersheds (SWS) were selected and the benchmark data collected by the project implementing agency (PIA) at the time of project planning were used for the study. All the collected data were analyzed through budgeting techniques or appropriate statistics. The cash flow table was developed which were further aggregated along with other miscellaneous costs of the project to generate total cost and benefit stream of the project.
Results: The evaluation study reveals that runoff reduction of 8 to 10 percent and soil loss varies in the range of 1.1 to 1.9 t ha-1yr-1 after the project compare to 4.1 to 4.9 t ha-1yr-1 before the project shows the reduction of 3 t ha-1yr-1. Gully control structures made their impacts in terms of arresting silts at the rate of about 10.1 cum yr-1 in one watershed and stabilized the gullies. Increased water table in the range of 0.32 and 0.93 m with increased duration of water availability in wells for more than 9 months and increased recuperation rate (1.8 to 6.5 per cent) were observed. An additional surface storage capacity of 26.4 ha - m per watershed was created due to watershed interventions. The Net Present value of the project is about Rs. 52,238 lakhs without considering intangible benefits. The economic soundness of the project is also amply indicated by BCR (1.65:1) and IRR (53%) and the whole investment made in the project can be recovered within seven years. The NPV of the project further improved by inclusion of monetary value of the nutrient due to reduced soil erosion. The value of NPV was more than Rs. 63,968 Lakhs with 1.72 BCR and 65.5 % IRR.
Conclusion: River valley project in South Pennaiyar catchment of Tamil Nadu is economically viable and recommended to be taken on priority for sustainable agricultural growth in the river / reservoir catchments.
Medicinal Plants in Physical Exercise: A Review
Authors: Dias Nikole Costa , Marinho Natália Pandolfi , Barbalho Sandra Maria , Araújo Adriano Cressoni , Detregiachi Claudia Rucco Penteado , Audi Mauro , Chagas Eduardo Federighi Baisi , Buchaim Rogério Leone , Buchaim Daniela Vieira , Guiguer Elen Landgraf 
Published: February 2021

Background: The use of medicinal plants may have an effective action on the performance of athletes.
Aims: This review aimed to evaluate the effects of the use of medicinal plants and some phytocompounds on physical performance.
Methodology: MEDLINE/PUBMED and EMBASE were consulted following the PRISMA guidelines.
Results: Panax ginseng increases the anti-fatigue effect, decreases the stress promoted by the physical exercise, and improves muscular function through gene expression enhancement. Arnica montana has a crucial anti-inflammatory action showing relief of muscular pain a. Zingiber officinale has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic role on muscular pain, and it can be used to speed up the recovery of muscular strength after intense activity. Ephedra sinica is related to thermogenic and sympathomimetic effects, being able to increase the energetic state. Capsaicin increases the energetic expenditure due to fat oxidation, promotes the anti-fatigue effect, and enhances the athlete’s resistance. Caffeine has ergogenic importance related to its antioxidant capacity, and it improves mental alertness condition.
Conclusion: The nutritional supplementation with products derived from medicinal plants may be an efficient alternative to improve the athlete’s performance, being a natural substitute for synthetic supplements, which usually are forbidden in competitions.
Evaluation of Lactulose Prescribing Pattern in Outpatient Setting
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. 
Published: February 2021

Aim: This study aims to describe the prescribing pattern of lactulose in the outpatient setting of a public hospital.
Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Alkharj city. Prescription data were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records in the outpatient setting of the hospital.
Results: A total of 113 patients received lactulose in the outpatient setting of the hospital. Most of them were males (66.37%). Approximately 24% of the patients aged between 30-39 years and about 20.35% of them aged between 20-29. Most of the patients received lactulose for 7 days (70.8%). Most of the prescriptions were written by the Emergency department (84.07%).
Conclusion: Lactulose prescribing was uncommon in the present study. Nevertheless, it is important to use it appropriately to increase its efficacy and safety. The patient should take it as recommended, and the health care professionals should counsel patients about their medications.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Elytraria acaulis Roots
Authors: Singh Simmi , Nigam Rajesh , Sharma Ambika , Kumar Ashish , Laxmi Vijay 
Published: February 2021

The main objectives of this study were to qualitatively evaluate the profile of phytochemical constituents of Elytraria acaulis root (EAR) extracts. The dried powder of the roots of the plant was extracted with three different solvents namely petroleum ether, methanol and water, and subjected to various phytochemical tests and UV-VIS spectrophotometry to ascertain the principal constituents contained in the extracts. The result revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides with various other phytoconstituents in different extracts of Elytraria acaulis roots (EAR). We suggest that various extracts of Elytraria acaulis roots (EAR) might have potential chemical constituents that could be used in the future for the development of novel therapeutic agent.
Gradient Magnetic Separation and Fluorescent Imaging‐Based Heterogeneous Circulating Tumor Cell Subpopulations Assay with Biomimetic Multifunctional Nanoprobes
Authors: Liao Ziyi , Han Lan , Li Qingjin , Li Linyao , Liu Yuan , Song Yang , Tan Weihong , Song Erqun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe heterogeneity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) greatly impacts cancer metastasis and malignancy, contributing to increased mortality. Therefore, the analysis of such heterogeneity is essential to clinical diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients. Though varied, the types and expression levels of proteins on heterogeneous CTCs enable specific recognition and separation. Accordingly, herein the sequential magnetic separation and fluorescence visualization‐based assay of heterogeneous CTCs after the model tumor cells of BT474Her2+++, LNCaPPSMA++, and MDA‐MB‐231Vim+ binding with corresponding antibody‐modified biomimetic fluorescent‐magnetic nanoprobes with different magnetic sensitivities is reported. These nanoprobes‐bound cell subpopulations are specifically recognized and magnetically separated at different time points under an external magnetic field with good capture performance within several minutes. Moreover, a low detection limit of 1 cell mL−1 in blood sample could be achieved. Consequently, the as‐proposed strategy based on gradient magnetic separation, fluorescent imaging, and biomimetic membrane, shows promise for clinical applications.
Tabletized Supramolecular Assemblies for Sublingual Peptide Immunization
Authors: Kelly Sean H. , Opolot Emmanuel E. , Wu Yaoying , Cossette Benjamin , Varadhan Ajay K. , Collier Joel H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWidespread vaccination is essential to global health. Significant barriers exist to improving vaccine coverage in lower‐ and middle‐income countries, including the costly requirements for cold‐chain distribution and trained medical personnel to administer the vaccines. A heat‐stable and highly porous tablet vaccine that can be administered sublingually via simple dissolution under the tongue is described. SIMPL tablet vaccines (Supramolecular IMmunization with Peptides subLingually) are produced by freeze‐drying a mixture of self‐assembling peptide‐polymer nanofibers, sugars, and adjuvant. Sublingual immunization with SIMPL tablets raises antibody responses against both a model epitope from ovalbumin and a clinically relevant epitope from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further, sublingual antibody responses are not diminished after heating the tablets for 1 week at 45 °C, in contrast to a more conventional carrier vaccine (KLH). This approach directly addresses the need for a heat‐stable and easily deliverable vaccine to improve equity in global vaccine coverage.
Reducing Energy Disorder of Hole Transport Layer by Charge Transfer Complex for High Performance p–i–n Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Guiying , Xue Rongming , Stuard Samuel J. , Ade Harald , Zhang Chenjie , Yao Jianlin , Li Yaowen , Li Yongfang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSolution‐processed organic semiconductor charge‐transport layers (OS‐CTLs) with high mobility, low trap density, and energy level alignment have dominated the important progress in p–i–n planar perovskite solar cells (pero‐SCs). Unfortunately, their inevitable long chains result in weak molecular stacking, which is likely to generate high energy disorder and deteriorate the charge‐transport ability of OS‐CTLs. Here, a charge‐transfer complex (CTC) strategy to reduce the energy disorder in the OS‐CTLs by doping an organic semiconductor, 4,4′‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(trimethylsilyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl)bis(N,N‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)aniline) (BDT‐Si), in a commercial hole‐transport layer (HTL), poly[bis(4‐phenyl) (2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine (PTAA), is proposed. The formation of the CTC makes the PTAA conjugated backbone electron‐deficient, resulting in a quinoidal and stiffer character, which is likely to planarize the PTAA backbone and enhance the ordering of the film in nanoscale. The resultant HTL exhibits a reduced energy disorder, which simultaneously promotes hole transport in the HTL, hole extraction at the interface, energy level alignment, and quasi‐Fermi level splitting in the device. As a result, the p–i–n planar pero‐SCs with optimized HTL exhibit the best power conversion efficiency of 21.87% with good operating stability. This finding demonstrates that the CTC strategy is an effective way to reduce the energy disorder in HTLs and to improve the performance of planar pero‐SCs.
Synthetic Biology: Emerging Concepts to Design and Advance Adeno‐Associated Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy
Authors: Wagner Hanna J. , Weber Wilfried , Fussenegger Martin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThree recent approvals and over 100 ongoing clinical trials make adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐based vectors the leading gene delivery vehicles in gene therapy. Pharmaceutical companies are investing in this small and nonpathogenic gene shuttle to increase the therapeutic portfolios within the coming years. This prospect of marking a new era in gene therapy has fostered both investigations of the fundamental AAV biology as well as engineering studies to enhance delivery vehicles. Driven by the high clinical potential, a new generation of synthetic‐biologically engineered AAV vectors is on the rise. Concepts from synthetic biology enable the control and fine‐tuning of vector function at different stages of cellular transduction and gene expression. It is anticipated that the emerging field of synthetic‐biologically engineered AAV vectors can shape future gene therapeutic approaches and thus the design of tomorrow's gene delivery vectors. This review describes and discusses the recent trends in capsid and vector genome engineering, with particular emphasis on synthetic‐biological approaches.
Poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers containing pendant phenyl: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Li Pengcheng , Yan Dawei , Luo Lin , Tang Wanli , Ren Haohao , Yan Yonggang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA series of poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers (PENAPs) were synthesized with bisphenol A (BP‐A), bisphenol AP (BP‐AP) and 2,6‐Dichlorobenzonitrile (DCBN) via a nucleophilic substitution polycondensation reaction. FTIR and 1H‐NMR were used to confirm the structure of PENAPs. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of PENAPs determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) ranged from 154.2 to 200.8°C. The 5% weight lost temperature (T5%) of PENAPs were 418.9–447.7°C. The tensile and DMA test indicated that PENAPs possessed excellent mechanical properties with tensile strength more than 92.8 MPa and storage modulus more than 1.0 GPa at about 150°C. The melt flowability was measured by rheology properties testing ranging from 80 to 1639 GPa at 290°C and under shear frequency 100 Hz, which indicated the copolymers had good flowability and thermal stability. Additionally, PENAPs could be dissolved in many solutions, which meant PENAPs had good solubility and can be processed by solution method.
The chances of thermooxidation stabilization of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) during processing–A critical evaluation
Authors: Tocháček Jiří , Přikryl Radek , Menčík Přemysl , Melčová Veronika , Figalla Silvestr 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe performance of a series of thermooxidation stabilizers was investigated in poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) during processing by multiple extrusion at 190°C. The issue was to find out if PHB may be processing stabilized or not. Phenols of different steric hindrance, phosphites, amine oxide, hydroxylamine, lactone, hindered amine and carbodiimide were tested as potential stabilizers and their efficiencies compared with non‐stabilized polymer as a reference. Multiple extrusion data was evaluated using the processing degradation index (PDI) formerly designed for polypropylene. Changes in molecular weight were monitored as well. The results have shown that none of the stabilizing structures, currently successfully used in other polymers, have the ability to protect PHB. This indirectly implies that no radical chain scission takes place during PHB processing, i.e. no thermooxidation takes place. Moreover, nearly all of the tested structures act as prodegradants in PHB, some of them very strong. The strongest ones contain P or N atoms with asymmetrical free electron pairs in their molecules that evidently accelerate the main degradation mechanism of PHB—thermally induced cis‐elimination.
Manganese‐catalyzed Electro‐oxidative Azidation‐annulation Cascade to Access Oxindoles and Quinolinones
Authors: Maiti Debabrata , Mahanty Kingshuk , De Sarkar Suman 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn environmentally benign and proficient electro‐oxidative tandem azidation‐radical cyclization strategy is reported. Manganese‐catalyzed electrochemical reaction in an undivided cell at room temperature and the use of NaN3 as the cheapest azide source are the key features of this protocol. Using this approach, a series of oxindole and quinolinone derivatives are synthesized in high yields. The synthesized azide functionality was efficiently converted to various valuable derivatives.
A Review on Data‐Driven Learning Approaches for Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Chemical Processes
Authors: Taqvi Syed Ali Ammar , Zabiri Haslinda , Tufa Lemma Dendena , Uddin Fahim , Fatima Syeda Anmol , Maulud Abdulhalim Shah 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFault detection and diagnosis for process plants has been an active area of research for many years. This review presents a concise overview on supervised and unsupervised data‐driven approaches for fault detection and diagnosis in chemical processes. Methods based on supervised and unsupervised data‐driven techniques are reviewed, and the challenges in the field of fault detection and diagnosis have also been highlighted. It is observed that most of the data‐driven approaches are application specific, in that no single method can be used to obtain a generalized solution for nearly all purposes. The methods reviewed differ significantly from one to the other, and hence it is difficult to generalize any key similarity. The majority of the works proposed in the literature focused mainly on single fault detection, and do not cover the root‐cause diagnosis of the detected faults. In cases where both detection and diagnosis are performed, the focus is mainly for a single fault. In addition, majority of the articles do not extend to the diagnosis of the root cause for multiple and simultaneous faults.
The Digital Twin – Your Ingenious Companion for Process Engineering and Smart Production
Authors: Bamberg Andreas , Urbas Leon , Bröcker Sönke , Bortz Michael , Kockmann Norbert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis essay of the temporary Working Group “100% Digital” of the Association “Process, Apparatus and Plant Engineering” PAAT in ProcessNet addresses characteristics of a digital twin from the user's point of view and is intended to help solution providers to give product development a customer‐oriented direction. For this purpose, the different data models are described which play a role in the life cycles of chemical processes, plants, and products. In particular, for existing (brownfield) plants, essential aspects of the digital twin are subsequently formulated. Further expressions and consequences, e.g., on qualification and training, are deduced from the above.
Realigning the Chemistry and Parameterization of Lithium‐Sulfur Battery Models to Accommodate Emerging Experimental Evidence and Cell Configurations
Authors: Parke Caitlin D. , Subramaniam Akshay , Subramanian Venkat R. , Schwartz Daniel T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExperimental insights into lithium‐sulfur (LiS) battery chemistry have resulted in practical improvements in cell coulombic efficiency, sulfur utilization, and cycle life. However, optimization of this complex battery chemistry requires experimentally aligned modeling tools. A porous electrode theory‐based model incorporating key electrolyte dissociation chemistry is developed for the LiS cell. The proposed chemistry produces a radical anion species that is widely observed spectroscopically in LiS electrolytes. We explore the implications of radical anion formation on the current‐voltage behavior within the context of a state‐of‐art high energy density LiS cell with low electrolyte:sulfur (E/S) ratio and ideally‐protected anode. Parameters describing the dissociation reaction equilibrium and kinetics are shown to alter the electrolyte speciation in ways that can be linked to observations from LiS electrolyte engineering experiments.
Redox Flow Batteries: Stationary Energy Storages with Potential
Authors: Girschik Jan , Kopietz Lukas , Joemann Michael , Grevé Anna , Doetsch Christian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOn the way to a secure, economic, and environmentally compatible future of energy supply, the share of renewable energies will rise strongly as part of the energy transition. To ensure a constant and resilient energy supply, despite the fluctuations of renewable energies, efficient energy storage systems are crucial. One of the most promising technologies are redox flow batteries. They are of particular importance in the field of stationary applications, due to their flexible and independent scalability of capacity and power output as well as their high cycle stability, calendric service life, and operational safety.
The impact of weighting materials on carbonate pore system and rock characteristics
Authors: Gamal Hany , Suleymanov Vagif , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Adebayo Abdulrauf , Bageri Badr 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe infiltration of the drilling fluids into the drilled formation causes significant alterations in the rock properties due to the interaction between the drilling fluid and the rock pore system. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the most common weighting materials used in water‐based mud (WBM) on carbonate pore system and rock characteristics. Rock‐mud interaction was imposed by using a customized high‐pressure high‐temperature (HPHT) filtration test cell under 2068 kPa differential pressure and 93°C temperature to simulate downhole conditions. For filtration properties, ilmenite WBM showed the maximum values (10.9 cm3 filtrate volume and 8.7 mm thickness), while baryte recorded the lowest filtrate volume (6.2 cm3) and thickness (4.2 mm). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) profiles illustrated the changes in the rock pore system due to two aspects: precipitation and dissolution. A general porosity reduction was recorded with all formulations, namely 7.5% and 10.1% for hematite and ilmenite, respectively. The rock permeability showed severe damage after mud exposure that caused the rock average pore size to decrease from macro to meso‐porous. After the mud invasion, the rock electrical resistivity showed alterations with all drilling fluids. Compressional wave velocities (Vp) showed an increasing trend that ranged from 2.52% increase for baryte‐WBM to 6.35% increase by Micromax‐WBM. A general reduction was found for shear wave velocities (Vs) after mud exposure, Micromax‐WBM showed no changes in Vs, while hematite and ilmenite showed the largest decreases of 6.71% and 5.56%, respectively.
Recent Advances in Nanopore Sensing†
Authors: Cui Mengjie , Ge Yaxian , Zhuge Xiao , Zhou Xin , Xi Dongmei , Zhang Shusheng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNanopore sensing is developing into a powerful label‐free approach to investigate the features of biomolecules at the single‐molecule level. When a charged molecule is captured within a nanopore, it modulates the ionic current, which can be recorded in real time to reveal the properties of the target molecule. To date, nanopores have been used to sense a variety of analytes, including DNA, RNA, proteins, enzymes, small molecules, cancer cells, and metal ions, and can also provide information on biomolecular structures. In this review, we highlight the progress made in nanopore sensing over the past five years (2016—2020), and provide an outlook on future developments and directions in the field
Clerodenoids A—F: C‐ring Aromatized and/or Rearranged Abietane Diterpenoids from Clerodendrum chinense var. simplex
Authors: Qi Jingjing , Zhang Yan , Liu Qunfang , Liu Hongchun , Fan Yaoyue , Yue Jianmin 
Published: February 2021

Main observation and conclusionAs part of our continuing efforts toward the discovery of the biologically active diterpenoids from medicinal plants, six new C‐ring aromatized abietane diterpenoids, clerodenoids A—F (1—6), were isolated from Clerodendrum chinense. These C‐ring aromatized compounds mainly belonged to the rearranged abietane skeletons of 17(15→16)‐abeo‐abietane (2—4) and 17(15→16), 18(4→3)‐diabeo‐abietane (5 and 6). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data, X‐ray crystallography, and ECD calculation. Compounds 5 and 6 displayed strong antiproliferative activities against A549 and HL‐60 cell lines.