bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contested theories of prison labor practice
Authors: DelSesto Matthew 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn recent years, prison strikes and controversies have brought public attention to the systemic problems with prison labor in the United States. Such labor often exploits people who are imprisoned to do work that is vital to society—including firefighting, farming, or manufacturing consumer goods—with wages that can be less than a dollar per hour in highly coercive working conditions. Although there is call to end prison labor today, theories of prison labor have historically been contested, even among activists and progressive reformers. Accordingly, this review offers a short sociological history of labor in correctional environments, highlights contemporary controversies, and argues for a more fine‐grained approach to the relationships among labor, prisons, and reentry. It traces the field of reformers and scholars that have made arguments for punitive, rehabilitative, restorative, and transformative approaches to work. The contested theories of prison labor across time and space suggest that a better understanding is needed of what makes labor exploitative and what forms of labor have the potential to transform the root causes of crime, within and beyond prison walls. Overall, this review has implications for those who study prison and reentry programs, relationships between crime and community, and the political economy of incarceration.
Coronavirus seroprevalence among villagers exposed to bats in Thailand
Authors: Suwannarong Kanokwan , Janetanakit Taveesak , Kanthawee Phitsanuruk , Suwannarong Kangsadal , Theamboonlers Apiradee , Poovorawan Yong , Tun Hein M. , Chanabun Sutin , Amonsin Alongkorn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA serological survey of human coronavirus antibodies among villagers in 10 provinces of Thailand was conducted during 2016–2018. Serum samples (n = 364) were collected from participants from the villages and tested for coronavirus antibodies using a human coronavirus IgG ELISA kit. Our results showed that 10.44% (38/364; 21 males and 17 females) of the villagers had antibodies against human coronaviruses. The odds ratio for coronavirus positivity in the villagers in the central region who were exposed to bats was 4.75, 95% CI 1.04–21.70, when compared to that in the non‐exposed villagers. The sociodemographics, knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the villagers were also recorded and analysed by using a quantitative structured questionnaire. Our results showed that 62.36% (227/364) of the villagers had been exposed to bats at least once in the past six months. Low monthly family income was statistically significant in increasing the risk for coronavirus seropositivity among the villagers (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.13–7.49). In‐depth interviews among the coronavirus‐positive participants (n = 30) showed that cultural context, local norms and beliefs could influence to bat exposure activities. In conclusion, our results provide baseline information on human coronavirus antibodies and KAP regarding to bat exposure among villagers in Thailand.
Species diversity in Friesea (Neanuridae) reveals similar biogeographic patterns among Antarctic Collembola
Authors: Stevens Mark I. , Greenslade Penelope , D’Haese Cyrille A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe pan‐Antarctic distributions of several collembolan species have been supported by morphology for over 120 years. However, for most species where molecular data are available, these are now known to belong instead to several species, and most classified as short‐range endemics. One such species, Friesea grisea, had a pan‐Antarctic distribution that has been in question, but until recently, specimens of F. grisea from the type locality on South Georgia have not been included in any molecular appraisal. Here, we compare the molecular identity of specimens of F. grisea, from South Georgia, with other Antarctic and sub‐Antarctic species using the mitochondrial COI gene. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis for 14 species of Friesea from southern regions, including F. grisea sensu stricto with species previously identified as ‘F. grisea’ (F. antarctica, F. gretae and F. propria) confirms the distinctness of the South Georgian specimens based on molecular data, and these results are confirmed morphologically. The genus Friesea is one of the most speciose genera of Collembola known in the Antarctic region, and we provide an annotated key (dichotomous and interactive versions) to all Friesea species in the sub‐Antarctic and Antarctica. We compare the biogeography of Friesea to other Collembola from the region to highlight our current understanding of species boundaries and island linkages.
Vibration Control of Flexible Joint Robots Using a Discrete-Time Two-Stage Controller Based on Time-Varying Input Shaping and Delay Compensation
Authors: Pham Minh-Nha , Hazel Bruce , Hamelin Philippe , Liu Zhaoheng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Most industrial serial robots use decentralized joint controllers assuming rigid body dynamics. To prevent exciting the flexible mode, gains are kept low, resulting in poor control bandwidth and disturbance rejection. In this paper, a two-stage flexible joint discrete controller is presented, in which the decentralized approach is extended with a stiffness to take into account the dominant coupling mode. In the first-stage, an input shaping feedforward shapes the rigid closed-loop dynamics into desired dynamics that does not produce link vibrations. Robotic dynamic computation based on a recursive Newton–Euler algorithm is conducted to update the feedforward link inertia parameter during robot motion. A second-stage is added to increase disturbance rejection. A generalized Smith predictor (GSP) is developed to compensate for delay and feedback sensor filtering. An effective methodology is presented to optimize the control loop gains. Numerical simulations and experiments on a six-joint robot manipulator confirm that the proposed controller improves control performances in terms of bandwidth, vibration attenuation, and disturbance rejection.
An Automated Layout Design System for Industrial Plant Piping
Authors: Narikawa N. , Fujimoto S. , Sasaki N. , Azuma S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a new approach to an automated layout design system for industrial plant piping. The routing system, which is the main part of this layout system, is composed of three steps, according to the practical layout design process. By dividing the layout design into the optimal routing phase (Step 1, Step 2) and the arrangement phase (Step 3), it is possible to design without depending on the routing order, and with small computer memory storage capacities. The optimal route is obtained by using the routing algorithm and heuristic search, based on expert knowledge. The arrangements are made by applying the enumeration method, taking the strong and weak constraints into account.
Development of an Automated Testing System
Authors: Kelso Frank M. , Riley Donald R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Design is an iterative, model-based process in which both analytical and experimental testing play an important role. Research in the area of automating the design process hopes to both reduce the iterative design cycle time and improve the quality of the resulting design. Automating the design process, however, suggests automating the testing process as well. Considering the iterative nature of design, testing plays an important role not only in suggesting improvements in successive design iterations, but also in validating the modeling assumptions and simplifications made during the design process.
This paper discusses the role of testing in the design process, and proposes a computational model which can be used to facilitate automation of the mechanical testing process. The proposed computational model represents the materials test in terms of the operational definition of the material property, and attempts to adequately abstract and represent the important elements of an actual system: the applied service conditions, the physical response of the material, and the empirical relationships which exist between the two. Specifically, deterministic finite state machines (DFSM’s) are proposed to represent the process control knowledge necessary in executing a test and controlling the servohydraulic testing system.
Knowledge-Based Diagnostics and Design Systems
Authors: Wang Sherman S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Substantial literature using knowledge-based system techniques has been accumulated over the past few years in the fields of diagnostics, modeling and design. Many of these techniques have been successfully used by a wide variety of industrial companies. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of these new techniques, and an examination of their advantages and limitations for industrial applications. These techniques will help to insure the integrity of future concurrent design and manufacturing development. The purpose of our survey study is to show that the design and modeling of product functions and their associated diagnostic processes should be tightly coupled. The design and diagnostic tasks should be supported by integrated and intelligent software. Many examples of knowledge-based systems for disk drive diagnostics and design will also be included.
Integration of CAD to CAM Through Optimum Process Planning and Expert System Approach: A Comparison
Authors: Jha Nand K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Integration of CAD to CAM has emerged as most important tool of automation in manufacturing. This integration can be achieved by various means. In this paper two different approaches have been studied. These are optimum process planning and expert system process planning. A comparison of both approaches has been presented thorough an example.
Design for Injection Molding and Die Casting: A Knowledge-Based Approach
Authors: Poli Corrado , Rajagopalan Swaminath 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an IBM-pc compatible knowledge based system developed for the evaluation of injection molded and die cast parts. The system directs the designers’ attention to the part’s various costly to produce features, thus, guiding them into designing more economical to produce parts. The software is such that it can be used at both the very early configurational stage of part design and at the later parametric design stage. Unlike other design for injection molding systems, this system can be used without a detailed knowledge of the process. The use of the software is illustrated by analyzing an injection molded part.
Form Feature Recognition by Convex Decomposition
Authors: Kim Yong Se 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A convex decomposition method, called Alternating Sum of Volumes (ASV), uses convex hulls and set difference operations. ASV decomposition may not converge, which severely limits the domain of geometric objects that can be handled. By combining ASV decomposition and remedial partitioning for the non-convergence, we have proposed a convergent convex decomposition called Alternating Sum of Volumes with Partitioning (ASVP). In this article, we describe how ASVP decomposition is used for recognition of form features. ASVP decomposition can be viewed as a hierarchical volumetric representation of form features. Adjacency and interaction between form features are inherently represented in the decomposition in a hierarchical way. Several methods to enhance the feature information obtained by ASVP decomposition are also discussed.
Hyperq/Plastics: An Expert System for Plastic Material and Process Selection
Authors: Beiter Kurt , Krizan Steven , Ishii Kosuke , Hornberger Lee 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The selection of material and processing techniques for plastic parts is a challenging task for design engineers. This paper describes the development of an intelligent program that helps engineers perform this task. An extensive survey of practicing engineers, product designers and material specialist revealed that these experts used both qualitative and quantitative selection methodologies. The program described, HyperQ/Plastics, is a HyperCard program that uses Prolog to combine these two types of selection methodologies. The current version of this program is undergoing tests at several industrial sites.
A Meta Knowledge Base for Machining Process Selection
Authors: Shah Jami J. , Hsiao David W.-C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The work reported here is part of a larger project aimed at developing a system for concurrent design and manufacturing. One of the manufacturing applications is manufacturability evaluation performed on design models based on features. The model is not restricted to a limited set of predefined features, but can contain user-defined features that the application program, such as the Manufacturability Evaluator, has no prior knowledge of. A methodolgy was developed whereby the manufacturability evaluator could understand design features from a manufacturing viewpoint and automonously generate feasible machining process sequences for undocumented features. This requires that the system decompose design features into some generic fundamental terms and compare this representation to the capabilities of common machining operations. Therefore, the system needs deeper knowledge about machining processes than that afforded by production rules. In our method, undocumented features are partially evaluated to derive the faces intersecting at concave edges. An algorithm is developed to organize these faces into manufacturing features. The meta knowledge base captures the fundamental characteristics of a machining process by its elementary producible volume and the limitations of tool motions. This representation enables the manufactuability evaluator to create alternative machining sequences for undocumented features.
PWBMA: An Object-Oriented Knowledge-Based System for Manufacturability of Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Padhy Sisir K. , Dwivedi S. N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cooperative or concurrent product development is gaining popularity and will become norms of the Industry of the Future. To avoid problem created by designs not amenable to manufacturing, the designer should be aware of manufacturing constraints. Electronics manufacturing is one of the fastest growing segment of manufacturing domain today. The rapid change in the manufacturing of printed wiring boards with the induction of surface mounted components makes the system design more complex. To capture the manufacturability constraints of the manufacturing of printed wiring boards (printed wiring board is another name of printed circuit boards), a knowledge-base is developed to assist the designer. Rules and guidelines pertaining to manufacturability are formulated and incorporated into the knowledge-base. The implementation of the meta-level knowledge to increase the efficiency of the system is also presented. The system is developed using an object-oriented paradigm and capable of suggesting design modification to the designer at the early stage of design to eliminate the manufacturing problems in the later phase of board production. The broad user interface makes the system very user friendly.
An Intelligent CAD Environment for Routine Mechanical Design
Authors: Shah Jami J. , Sen Somnath , Ghosh Sutanu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the functional requirements and architecture design of a system for supporting routine mechanical design of parts, assemblies, or systems. The majority of activity in routine design involves the use of heuristic rules, procedures, and analysis techniques that are well understood and widely accepted. Taking advantage of the common features in routine design, which are domain independent, it is possible to construct a domain independent shell. The shell, named “The Design Machine®” commands a feature-based assembly modeler, a feature-based part modeler, and a solid modeler, in that order. The system includes abstract sketching facility, icon compiler, a knowledge base building facility, inferencing capabilities (The Design Engine®), and intelligent data management.
An Extensible Computer Environment for Modeling and Analysis in Mechanical Design
Authors: Mashburn T. A. , Anderson D. C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates a computer environment approach for the exploration of design behavior in the mechanical design process. Generic component types and behavior modelers are developed based on the needs of mechanical designers and are represented in a computer environment. Built-in component types and physical behaviors are also developed. Extension can then occur as needed during design refinement. The resulting system can support exploration and knowledge refinement during design.
Automated Model Generation Using the KIF Declarative Language
Authors: Hurst Terril N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Logic-based artificial intelligence researchers propound the declarative programming paradigm as a solution to problems arising from conventional procedural programming methods. A formal language possessing a declarative semantics, called Knowledge Interchange Format (or KIF), has been used for interchanging information between disparate programs, each containing specialized internal representations to support specific requirements. A simple system has been developed to evaluate the utility of KIF and declarative programming. The domain chosen for this evaluation was lumped-parameter dynamic systems analysis, due to its well-established vocabulary and concepts. In particular, bond graph theory formed the basis of the knowledge representation which was written in KIF.
Models were generated to analyze the physical dynamics of a servomechanism used in a compact disc player. Fully automated model construction and solution was achieved, beginning with a set of library elements written in KIF and ending with solution of a set of first-order differential equations which characterize dynamic behavior. Work has begun to include assembly as well as bond graph information in order to evaluate the system’s utility for managing constraints in multiple domains.
Based on demonstrated success in the dynamics and assembly domains, the next step will be to apply declarative programming to more-open domains, such as functional tolerancing, for which a comprehensive vocabulary and conceptual framework is still lacking. The hope is that the declarative paradigm will contribute to the formalization of several domains which can then be more easily integrated within a concurrent engineering environment, thus fostering conceptual product designs which are more robust with respect to manufacturability constraints.
Towards a Logical Theory of Engineering Design Information
Authors: Salustri F. A. , Venter R. D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Recent research in Design Theory and Methodology has sought to formalize the engineering design process without particular concern for the paradigm used to model design information. The authors propose that no correct formalization of the design process can be achieved without first formalizing the semantics of the information used in the process. To this end, the authors present a new theory meant to formalize the semantics of design information that is independent of its use in a design process. Using symbolic logic, the theory is presented as a set of axioms, and draws from the object orientation and hypertext paradigms. Design entities are modeled by formal units called objects, and are related by formal structures called links. Abstraction mechanisms relevant to design are formalized and the role of constraints is explored. The hybrid model is meant not only to aid in the study of the design process itself, but also to improve communications between designers, assist standardization of design specifications, and develop new, powerful software tools to aid the designer in his work.
Design of Cellular Manufacturing Systems: A Heuristic Approach
Authors: Gu Peihua 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Clustering based algorithms have been used for machine cells grouping for years and have been considered as a feasible approach because the algorithms are flexible and easy to implement on computers. However, two major deficiencies have been identified for clustering algorithms in this research; they are inconsistency and possible mis-clustering. Inconsistency is usually caused by arbitrary determination of initial cluster centres and mis-clustering, from the manufacturing point of view, is due to pattern similarity as the unique criterion for the cluster-seeking process.
A new heuristic clustering algorithm has been developed and applied to formation of machine cells. The algorithm not only overcomes common drawbacks of clustering methods, but also minimizes bottleneck machines required. The algorithm consists of three parts: 1) determination of initial clustering centres, 2) cluster-seeking process, and 3) minimization of number of bottleneck machines. The initial clustering centres are determined by finding a set of components which require the most different machine operations, then the cluster-seeking process is carried out based on manufacturing similarity. The final step is to minimize the number of bottleneck machines required for forming independent cells. Another advantage of the algorithm is that it can generate alternate cells configurations by simply changing input parameters. This provides an opportunity to resolve conflict between formed cells and some physical constraints such as plant space, machine location, cranes available and the like. Examples are provided to illustrate the approach.
Robotic Grip Determination From Solid Models
Authors: Gabriele Gary A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Design for Assembly (DFA) can have a significant influence on the cost of a product. DFA is especially beneficial for products that are robotically assembled, due to the limitations placed on the product design by the automated assembly equipment. Automated assembly analysis systems have been developed to assess the assemblability of a product but, many lack an interface to the product CAD database. The lack of a CAD interface requires the user to examine every part in the assembly to determine the characteristics and features that promote efficient assembly. This is a time consuming and tedious process.
An automated assembly analysis system is described that will automatically analyze a product design to determine if it can be assembled on a particular assembly system and suggest improvements in the design. Three main stages of the system are identified. The first stage determines if the individual parts of the assembly can be presented to the work station. The second stage determines if the individual parts of the assembly can be grasped and manipulated by the end effectors. The third stage determines if every part in the assembly can be positioned and inserted into the assembly to complete the assembly process.
A prototype system was developed that addresses the second stage of the proposed automated assembly analysis system and is described herein. The Robotic Grip Determining (RGD) program examines a B-Rep solid model of a part to determine if it can be grasped by a modeled end effector. If the RGD program determines that the part can be grasped, a list of gripping positions are generated that describe how the end effector can grasp the part. These gripping positions can then be passed to the third stage of the proposed automated assembly-system.