bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eternity Faces ‘the People’
Authors: Suteu Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at a trend that seemingly contradicts the global rise of eternity clauses: popular participation in constitution-making processes. It discusses whether the deeper democratic embeddedness of constitutions as pursued through participatory processes can help address democratic anxiety about eternity clauses. It maps several processes of constitution-making that can be characterized as participatory, with a view to determining whether unamendability was incorporated into the final constitutional drafts, how it was debated, and why alternative design choices have been adopted. This chapter seeks to test empirically those theoretical arguments about eternity clauses that view them as repositories of constituent intent. It also explores eternity clauses as the high point of the battle between rigidity and openness in constitutional design.
Relinquishing Eternity
Authors: Suteu Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the possibility of repealing eternity clauses and renouncing doctrines of implicit unamendability. It looks at two case studies from Turkey and India, where backtracking from an eternity clause and basic structure doctrine were debated and ultimately rejected. It also explores the possibility of placing judicial doctrines of unamendability on formal constitutional footing and discusses the impact of this move on constitutional adjudication. This chapter examines the distinctions upon which unamendability repeal rests, such as between constitutional amendment and constitutional revision, between formal and informal amendments, and between amendment and revolution. It shows how pushing back against unamendability is very difficult through formal constitutional change and unlikely through judicial interpretation.
Conclusion
Authors: Suteu Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter revisits the most troubling aspect of unamendability: its deep tension with democratic constitutionalism. It reasserts the necessity to take seriously the darker reality of constitutional unamendability. This reality includes the often fraught and deeply contested origin of eternity clauses, as well as their use as a vehicle for judicial self-empowerment to block democratically legitimate constitutional change and their irrelevance when democratic backsliding actually occurs. The chapter is less an attempt to argue for or against the embrace of unamendability in a given context and more a warning about the very real dangers of constitutional eternity in practice.
Discrete Communication Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The book present essential theory and practice of the discrete communication systems design, based on the theory of discrete time stochastic processes, and their relation to the existing theory of digital communication systems. Using the notion of stochastic linear time invariant systems, in addition to the orhogonality principles, a general structure of the discrete communication system is constructed in terms of mathematical operators. Based on this structure, the MPSK, MFSK, QAM, OFDM and CDMA systems, using discrete modulation methods, are deduced as special cases. The signals are processed in the time and frequency domain, which requires precise derivatives of their amplitude spectral density functions, correlation functions and related energy and pover spectral densities. The book is self-sufficient, because it uses the unified notation both in the main ten chapters explaining communications systems theory and nine supplementary chapters dealing with the continuous and discrete time signal processing for both the deterministic and stochastic signals. In this context, the indexing of vital signals and finctions makes obvious distinction beteween them. Having in mind the controversial nature of the continuous time white Gaussian noise process, a separate chapter is dedicated to the noise discretisation by introducing notions of noise entropy and trauncated Gaussian density function to avoid limitations in applying the Nyquist criterion. The text of the book is acompained by the solutions of problems for all chapters and a set of deign projects with the defined projects’ topics and tasks and offered solutions.
Pluralistic Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter advocates a pluralistic form of virtue ethics according to which there are several ultimate grounds of virtue, features which make traits of character excellences as opposed to deplorable or bad. These are fundamental evaluatively significant features in objects to which virtue is characteristically responsive (such as the value of those items). We call these fundamental features bases of ethical response. We could say then that virtues have but one ultimate general ground if there is but one basis of ethical response and a plurality of ultimate grounds if there are several (such as value, status, and the good for an individual). Thus, according to a monistic form of virtue ethics, for all traits, what makes that trait a virtue is that it is a disposition of (basically) correct responsiveness to the fundamental basis of ethical response (such as value, or the good for an agent), whereas for a pluralistic virtue ethics for any virtue what makes that trait a virtue is that it is a disposition of characteristically good or correct responsiveness to any or all of a number of fundamental bases of ethical response (such as value, considerations of status, and the good for).
Forming Impressions
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Perception and intuition are our basic sources of knowledge about the concrete world around us, and more abstract matters such as mathematics, metaphysics, and morality. Perception and intuition, however, are also capacities we deliberately improve in ways that draw on our knowledge about these domains. How can the sensory and intellectual impressions that lie at the foundation of our knowledge themselves be informed by our knowledge? In Forming Impressions: Expertise in Perception and Intuition, Chudnoff addresses this and other questions that derive from trying to understand the improvability of our basic sources of knowledge. At the extreme of improvement lies expertise, and there is a wealth of research on the structures and mechanisms underlying expert perception and expert intuition that promises to illuminate the nature and significance of improvements to these sources of knowledge in general. Taking this cue, the first part of the book lays the groundwork for the rest by elaborating an interpretation of the psychology of expertise. The second part develops a setting for thinking about the epistemology of expert perception and expert intuition. The third part of the book explores the significance of the resulting view of intuition and its improvability for recent debates about philosophical methodology. Chudnoff defends a rationalist view of the role of intuition in philosophy that can be traced back to classic works on methodology such as Descartes’ Rules and Spinoza’s Emendation of the Intellect.
Introduction: Fresh Water and Its Features
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter offers a preview of the challenges and opportunities attached to water. It presents the features of water as a finite resource and the challenges that accompany its management and protection. The tensions that pertain to and opportunities associated with the different uses of water are highlighted. Moreover, the relevance of a disciplinary inquiry when examining water issues is explained. The chapter also gives an overview of the key developments since the first edition of this book was published. Overall, the chapter introduces the various themes in the book and frames the issues at the heart of this study.
State-Firm Coordination and Upgrading
Authors: Garcia Calvo Angela 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Since the 1980s, Spain and South Korea have experienced a dramatic transformation from middle-income to advanced economies. How did Spain and South Korea upgrade? While market liberalization and globalization were important forces for change, and states continue to be central in the organization of the Spanish and Korean economies, the liberal and the developmental state perspectives do not provide an comprehensive explanation of these transformations. Building on a combination of historical institutionalism and international business literatures, this book argues that upgrading was underpinned by cooperative models based on interdependencies and quid pro quo exchanges between national governments and large firms. The negotiated nature of these arrangements opened the door to institutional variation and enabled Spain and Korea to pursue different strategies. Spain adopted an integrational approach based on foreign direct investment, technological outsourcing, and regional integration. Korea pursued a techno-industrial strategy that prioritized self-sufficiency and the development of local technological capacity. These strategies enabled Spanish and Korean firms across multiple complex sectors to reach the efficiency frontier, but resulted in different productive specializations in complex services and manufacturing respectively. Through this comparative study of transformation in Spain and Korea, this book shifts our perspective on the political economy of economic transformation from markets or states to state–firm coordination as a driver for economic transformation, from one to at least two different pathways to upgrading, and from a world divided into emerging economies and world leaders to a more nuanced perspective that recognizes the perspective of new advanced economies.
Universals
Authors: Culicover Peter W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter reviews the approach to universals in contemporary grammatical theory as expressions of Universal Grammar (UG), the human faculty of language. The view developed in this chapter is that what is universal is conceptual structure, and grammatical universals arise as a consequence of pressures to formulate constructional grammars that express conceptual structure as simply as possible. The chapter argues that the constructional approach provides a natural framework for explaining language variation and change.
Lay Preaching and Living Saints
Authors: Easterling Joshua S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the hesitant and outright critical responses to new forms of sainthood that developed within and beyond England at the close of the twelfth century and into the thirteenth. This chapter situates orthodox hostility toward these “new saints” in relation both to the gift of prophecy, to which many charismatics aspired, and to debates about preaching. At this chapter’s centre is an Anglo-Latin rule for anchorites, the Regula reclusorum (c.1280), which is examined alongside several twelfth- and thirteenth-century figurations of preachers and prophets. Here a discourse directed against allegedly “false” prophets and preachers owes much to the collaboration between the charismatic voices that emerged through lay-anchoritic communities and the forms of sanctity that were quickly gaining ascendancy in the thirteenth century. Contemporary anchorites often summoned the demonic nightmare of orthodox culture by replicating and thereby obviating clerical work, as well as by encouraging lay preaching.
Involution and Enterprise in Rural Areas
Authors: Ponte Stefano , Brockington Dan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the patterns of poverty, prosperity, and rural transformation in Tanzania through longitudinal research examining livelihoods and asset change in a twenty-year period. We argue that some current measures of rural transformation are inadequate for capturing forms of change that matter to rural Africans. We consider in detail some of the processes that lie behind such change in selected locations in Morogoro region, noting the importance of improvements that are taking place through smallholder agriculture. In conclusion, the article discusses the implications of these findings for agricultural policy while also cautioning about the blindness of our methods to other forms of poverty.
The Danger of a Single Study
Authors: Nduku Promise , Tshabalala Nkululeko , Putuka Moshidi , Ravat Zafeer , Langer Laurenz 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines how taking a more systematic approach to developing responsive evidence bases that can inform research, policy, and practice on community health worker (CHW) training in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) supports the provision of more effective and equitable CHW programmes. It also explores methodologies and tools to develop such evidence bases and how these can and have been used to inform decision-making. We argue that by focusing on single primary studies rather than the combined body of evidence, research and practice on the training of CHWs in LMICs is overlooking systemic patterns in the evidence base. Decisions on which types of training programmes to implement in LMICs are often based on single evaluations of programmes conducted out of context or informed by general principles for workplace-based learning. Better matching research and practice needs with the available evidence base will facilitate a more effective translation of knowledge on the training of CHWs into practice and policy decisions.
Conclusion
Authors: Hakimi Laura , Geniets Anne , O’Donovan James , Winters Niall 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Training and supervision are paramount to well-functioning, adaptable Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes. Balancing theoretical and methodological research, lessons from health worker practice, and case studies, this volume has sought to provide a resource to practitioners, policymakers and academics striving to design equitable, participatory CHW programmes. Weaving together interdisciplinary and multiregional perspectives, this book has focussed on the design, implementation and evaluation of technology-based programmes for training and supervision of CHWs, particularly in low- and middle income countries. In doing so, it has set out a roadmap for future equitable, pedagogy-driven CHW programmes.
Excessive movement
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes two quite different types of excessive movement that may occur in a child with ADHD, although it is important to note that many children with ADHD are not overactive. The first type is the hyperactivity, also called overactivity, that occurs as part of the condition in some, but by no means all, children with the disorder. The second type of excessive movement is a tic disorder. By definition, a tic disorder is a type of sudden, repetitive movement (motor tic) or vocalization (vocal tic). Both of these types of tics are more common in children with ADHD.
Learning difficulties
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Specific deficits in information processing in the brain are the commonest causes of academic difficulties in children with ADHD. For many children with ADHD, academic difficulty is not confined to a particular subject but occurs across several areas of study. This chapter explores learning difficulties in ADHD, including common areas of difficulty, including written expression, oral expression, and others. The chapter also discusses when problems become apparent, the causes of learning difficulty in ADHD (poor concentration, impulsivity, working memory impairment, defiance, low self-esteem, social difficulties, poor incentival motivation, auditory processing impairment, difficulties in spelling, handwriting, and organizing), as well as dyslexia and ADHD, and the gifted child with ADHD.
Home management
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Children with ADHD are very challenging to bring up. No plan of management can ever be successful if it is not based on a comprehensive assessment of the child’s particular strengths and difficulties. Look upon the child with ADHD as someone whose behaviour and learning inadequacies are due to a hidden disability that are not of his, or his parents’, making. This chapter explores home management of ADHD, including steps in management—i.e. understanding the condition, explaining the condition to the child, parents’ needs, the needs of siblings, improving the child’s self-esteem, the parents’ role as a teacher, and working with a school.
School management
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The average school-aged child spends well over a third of her time in school. A child’s experiences in the classroom, and in the playground, will affect her academic attainments, the development of her self-esteem, and her social skills. It is important that the teacher should create a proper learning environment for the child with ADHD in the classroom, as well as on the playground. This chapter discusses school management of ADHD, including selection of a school, and effective strategies for teaching children with ADHD. It includes teacher’s attitudes, the classroom, the playground, and the teacher’s role in monitoring the effects of medication.
Behaviour modification
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
When your child has ADHD, the first step in a behaviour modification programme is to observe your child’s behaviour and identify the behaviour you want to change. One of the advantages of medication is that it allows children to be more successful in a behaviour modification programme. Should you need help when working on a behaviour modification programme, do not hesitate to consult your doctor and ask for a referral to a psychologist. This chapter describes behaviour modification in the management of ADHD, including encouraging good behaviour so it can be rewarded, how to reward good behaviour, how to discourage undesirable behaviour, and important considerations in a behaviour modification plan.
Judicial Review of Administration in Europe
Authors: della Cananea Giacinto , Bussani Mauro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book is about judicial review of public administration. Many have regarded this as dividing European legal orders, with judicial review of administrative action in the general courts or specialized administrative courts, or with different distance from the executive. There has been considerably less comparison of the basic procedural and substantive principles. The comparative study in this book of procedural fairness and propriety in the courts reveal not only differences but also some common and connecting elements, in a ‘common core’ perspective. The book is divided into four parts. The first explains the nature and purpose of a comparison to understand the relevance and significance of commonality and diversity between the legal systems of Europe, and which considers other legal systems which are more or less distant and distinct from Europe, such as China and Latin America. The second part contains an overview of the systems of judicial review in these legal orders. The third part, which is the heart of the ‘common core’ method, contains both a set of hypothetical cases and the solutions, according to the experts of the legal systems selected for our comparison, to the cases. The fourth part serves to examine the answers in comparative terms to ascertain not so much whether a ‘common core’ exists, but how it is shaped and evolves, also in response to the influence of supranational legal orders as the European Union and the Council of Europe.
The Common Core of European Administrative Laws and the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration
Authors: Stelkens Ulrich 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines a research project carried out at the German Research Institute of Public Administration and the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer. This 'Speyer project' studies the development, content, and effectiveness of the written and unwritten standards of good administration drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe (CoE), i.e. on the basis of its Statute (SCoE) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which is a sort of 'second pillar' of the CoE. These CoE standards are called 'pan-European principles of good administration'. This 'Speyer project' can be understood as a counterpart to the project carried out by Giacinto della Cananea and Mauro Bussani on the Common Core of European Administrative Law (CoCEAL) as it has a similar objective: to ascertain whether, despite many differences between European systems of administrative law, there are some connecting elements, or a 'common core', and, if so, whether such 'connecting elements' can be formulated in legal terms rather than as generic idealities. However, the methodological approach of the 'Speyer project' clearly differs from the 'factual approach' adopted in CoCEAL.
Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in the European Union
Authors: Gnes Matteo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses administrative procedure and judicial review in the European Union. The requirement of judicial oversight of administrative action, which results from the common constitutional traditions of the Member States of the EU, is a general principle of EU law, and it is applicable both to proceedings before the Court of justice and before national courts, when EU law is invoked before them. The EU courts carry out a generalized review on any binding acts. Although there are certain differences between acts that may be challenged according to the different remedies provided by EU law, in order to be challengeable, the acts must fulfil several conditions. The most important are: they must be binding and produce legal effects, be definitive and be taken by EU institutions in the exercise of their competencies. Article 263 TFEU provides that the acts of EU institutions may be annulled on grounds of 'lack of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of the Treaties or of any rule of law relating to their application, or misuse of powers'. Acts or failure to act may give rise to the liability of EU institutions.
Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in Germany
Authors: Weidemann Lilly 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores administrative procedure and judicial review in Germany. The German Basic Law contains a guarantee of access to justice. According to section 40(1) of the Code of Administrative Court Procedure (CACP), recourse to the administrative courts shall be available in all public-law disputes of a non-constitutional nature insofar as the disputes are not explicitly allocated to another court by a federal statute. German administrative court procedure generally aims to protect subjective rights. In general, all measures taken by a public authority are subject to review by courts. This principle forms an essential part of the fundamental rights constitutionally guaranteed. Thus, no measure by the public administration is excluded from this guarantee. The infringement of a procedural provision with protective effects does not necessarily lead to the right of the applicant to have the decision quashed. This usually requires the infringement of a right of the appellant resulting from substantive law. Damages cannot be claimed within the same (administrative) court proceeding that aims to quash an administrative decision.