bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporating broadband durability in measuring geographic access to health care in the era of telehealth: A case example of the 2-step virtual catchment area (2SVCA) Method
Authors: Alford-Teaster Jennifer , Wang Fahui , Tosteson Anna N A , Onega Tracy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic has expanded telehealth utilization in unprecedented ways and has important implications for measuring geographic access to healthcare services. Established measures of geographic access to care have focused on the spatial impedance of patients in seeking health care that pertains to specific transportation modes and do not account for the underlying broadband network that supports telemedicine and e-health. To be able to measure the impact of telehealth on healthcare access, we created a pilot augmentation of existing methods to incorporate measures of broadband accessibility to measure geographic access to telehealth. A reliable measure of telehealth accessibility is important to enable policy analysts to assess whether the increasing prevalence of telehealth may help alleviate the disparities in healthcare access in rural areas and for disadvantaged populations, or exacerbate the existing gaps as they experience “double burdens.”
Accumulation of Nε-(carboxyethyl) lysine in Caenorhabditis elegans is correlated with the formation of ketone body
Authors: Sugawa Hikari , Yachi Ayuka , Fujimoto Yuki , Nagai Ryoji 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are formed when proteins react with carbonyl compounds, and they gradually accumulate with age. However, AGE accumulation with ageing is not fully understood because longevity studies in mammals are time-consuming. Therefore, we used Caenorhabditis elegans to evaluate the correlation between ageing and AGE accumulation. Age-synchronized C.elegans nematodes were cultured for 3 and 12 days. The levels of Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine, Nω-(carboxymethyl) arginine, Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolone-2-yl) ornithine and Nε-(carboxyethyl) lysine (CEL) were compared. Glucose, methylglyoxal and acetol were incubated with human serum albumin, and CEL formation was evaluated. The levels of methylglyoxal and ketone bodies in C.elegans were quantified. CEL accumulation increased significantly with culture duration. Methylglyoxal and ketone bodies—possible forerunners of AGE accumulation—were also quantified with respect to culture duration. The levels of ketone bodies increased significantly during culture, and correlated closely with CEL accumulation (R2 = 0.72, P = 0.0008), whereas the levels of methylglyoxal did not increase over time. CEL was formed in vitro in a time-dependent manner from methylglyoxal and acetol when incubated with human serum albumin (HSA) at the same temperature as C.elegans culture, suggesting that increased levels of CEL in C.elegans are attributable to ketone bodies.
An Examination of Employee Immunization Policies Among Colorado Child Care Providers
Authors: Dullea Elizabeth J , Abbott Elizabeth K , O’Leary Sean T , Wasserman Stephanie , Cataldi Jessica R 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundChild care employee vaccination policies can protect children and adults from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in child care programs. We aimed to understand the prevalence and characteristics of employee immunization policies at child care facilities and support among child care administrators for statewide employee vaccination regulations.MethodsA postal mail survey was distributed to a cross-sectional sample of 300 center-based and 300 home-based child care programs in Colorado. Programs were asked to report whether they had any type of policy requiring employee immunizations and if they would support statewide regulations mandating employee immunizations for influenza, pertussis, and measles.ResultsThe response rate was 48% (288/600). About 55% of child care programs reported having an employee immunization policy. Child care centers (73%) were more likely than home-based child care programs (30%, P &lt; .001) to report having a policy. Overall, 62% of respondents reported that they would support one or more statewide regulations requiring child care employees to be vaccinated. Home-based programs (71%) were more likely than center-based programs (53%, P = .001) to support one or more statewide child care employee immunization regulations.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate the variability of employee immunization policies at child care programs across Colorado. These results may be used to inform strategies to increase employee immunization uptake and reduce the incidence of VPDs, including developing comprehensive employee immunization policies at the facility and state level. Future research is needed to understand vaccination knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among child care employees including their perspectives on employee vaccination policies and regulations.
Feasibility of intensity modulated radiotherapy with involved field radiotherapy for Japanese patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Abe Takanori , Iino Misaki , Saito Satoshi , Aoshika Tomomi , Ryuno Yasuhiro , Ohta Tomohiro , Igari Mitsunobu , Hirai Ryuta , Kumazaki Yu , Miura Yu , Kaira Kyoichi , Kagamu Hiroshi , Noda Shin-ei , Kato Shingo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The feasibility of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with involved field radiotherapy (IFRT) for Japanese patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) remains unclear. Here we reviewed our initial experience of IMRT with IFRT for Japanese patients with LA-NSCLC to evaluate the feasibility of the treatment. Twenty LA-NSCLC patients who were treated with IMRT with IFRT during November 2019 to October 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received 60 Gy in 30 fractions of IMRT and were administered concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. The median patient age was 71 years old and the group included 15 men and 5 women. The patient group included 2 patients with stage IIB, 11 patients with stage IIIA, 5 patients with stage IIIB, and 2 patients with stage IIIC disease. Histological diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma in 14 patients, adenocarcinoma in 5 patients, and non-small cell lung cancer in 1 patient. The median follow-up period was 8 months. The incidence of grade 3 or greater pneumonitis was 5%, and grade 3 or greater esophagitis was not observed. None of the patients developed regional lymph node, with only recurrence reported so far. These findings indicate that IMRT with IFRT for Japanese patients with LA-NSCLC is feasible in terms of acute toxicity. Further study with a larger number of patients and longer follow-up to clarify the effect of treatment on patient prognosis is required.
Risk factors for acute mountain sickness in travellers to Cusco, Peru: coca leaves, obesity and sex
Authors: Caravedo Maria A , Mozo Karen , Morales Maria L , Smiley Hunter , Stuart Jared , Tilley Drake H , Cabada Miguel M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) may occur after rapid ascents to altitudes &gt;2500 m. Cusco (3350 m) in Peru is a popular destination for altitude inexperienced travellers. This study aimed at evaluating the incidence and risk factors for AMS among a cohort of foreign Spanish language students in Cusco.

Methods
We performed a cohort study among young healthy foreign Spanish language students arriving to Cusco between 2012 and 2016. Consenting students answered an enrollment questionnaire on demographics, travel history and intended AMS preventive behaviour within 48 h of arrival. At 4–5 days after enrollment participants answered a second questionnaire about actual preventive behaviour before symptoms and the development of symptoms compatible with AMS during their first 48 h in Cusco. We used the 2018 Lake Louise Scoring System for AMS diagnosis. Participants with headache and a score ≥ 3 were considered to have AMS.

Results
We enrolled 142 language students, the median age was 21 years (interquartile range 20–25) and 57% were female. Participants decreased physical activity (38%), increased fluid intake (34%), drank coca leaf tea (34%), took acetazolamide (16%) and acclimatized at a lower altitude (6%) to prevent AMS. Thirty-nine percent had AMS. In the multivariate analysis, obesity [odds ratio (OR) 14.45 (2.33–89.6)] and female sex [OR 4.32 (1.81–10.28)] were associated with increased risk of AMS. Taking acetazolamide [OR 0.13 (0.03–0.56)] was associated with decreased AMS risk. Consumption of coca leaf tea was not associated with decreased risk of AMS.

Conclusions
In our cohort, AMS affected two out of five travellers. Obesity and female sex were associated with increased risk. Drinking coca leaf tea for prevention did not decrease the risk of AMS. Acetazolamide prophylaxis was associated with decreased risk of AMS.
Corporate social responsibility and joint venture governance—the forgotten issues
Authors: Fowler Reg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Corporate social responsibility is moving from a ‘soft law’ phase when international companies are expected to develop and follow voluntary codes of good practice on issues such as human rights, modern slavery, environmental protection and climate change, and into a phase of ‘hard law’ and enforceable duties of care. This article looks ahead to the issues that such new laws will create for unincorporated joint ventures in the oil and gas sector. The legislation will intentionally get around the principle of corporate separateness with the result that every joint venture participant, the operator and their respective parent companies will have a greater or lesser duty of care to check for and eliminate the same abuses. Will the legislation allow the joint venture participants to rely upon the operator to fulfil those duties for them and how will liability cascade if the duty of care is breached? And what of the state’s liability if it also had an obligation not to cause, or to eliminate, the abuses which the joint venture failed to spot and/or remediate? Can the joint venture seek a contribution from the state?
These Guiding Principles are grounded in recognition of:
(a) States’ existing obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights and fundamental freedoms;
(b) The role of business enterprises as specialized organs of society performing specialized functions, required to comply with all applicable laws and to respect human rights;
(c) The need for rights and obligations to be matched to appropriate and effective remedies when breached.
‘Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights—Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework’
A Descriptive Analysis of Pediatric Transports Throughout the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command
Authors: Sam Ashley E , Hamele Mitchell T , Matos Renée I , Fagiana Angela M , Borgman Matthew A , Maddry Joseph K , Schauer Steven G 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM) has over 375,000 military personnel, civilian employees, and their dependents. Routine pediatric care is available in theater, but pediatric subspecialty, surgical, and intensive care often require patient movement. Transfer is frequently performed by military air evacuation teams and intermittently augmented by civilian services. Pediatric care requires special training and equipment, yet most transports are staffed by non-pediatric specialists. We seek to describe the epidemiology of pediatric transport missions in INDOPACOM.MethodsA retrospective review of all patients less than 18 years old transported within INDOPACOM and logged into the Transportation Command Regulating and Command and Control Evacuation System (TRAC2ES) database from June 2008 through June 2018 was conducted. Data are reported using descriptive statistics. Patients were categorized into four age groups: neonatal (&lt;31 days), infant (31-364 days), young children (1 to &lt;8 years), and older children (8-17 years).ResultsDuring the study period, 687 out of 4,217 (16.3%) transports were children. Median age was 4 years (interquartile range 6 months to 8 years) and 654 patients (95.2%) were transported via military fixed-wing aircraft. There were 219 (31.9%) neonates, 162 (23.6%) infants, 133 (19.4%) young children, and 173 (25.2%) older children. Most common diagnoses encountered were respiratory, cardiac, or abdominal, although older children had a higher percentage of psychiatric diagnoses (28%). Mechanical ventilation was used in 118 (17.2%) patients, and 75 (63.6%) of these patients were neonates.ConclusionsWithin TRAC2ES, nearly one in six encounters were patients aged &lt;18 years, with neonates or infants representing nearly one of three pediatric encounters. Slightly more than one in six pediatric patients required intubation for transport. The data suggest the need for appropriately trained transport teams and equipment be provided to support these missions.
Room-temperature coherent manipulation of single-spin qubits in silicon carbide with a high readout contrast
Authors: Li Qiang , Wang Jun-Feng , Yan Fei-Fei , Zhou Ji-Yang , Wang Han-Feng , Liu He , Guo Li-Ping , Zhou Xiong , Gali Adam , Liu Zheng-Hao , Wang Zu-Qing , Sun Kai , Guo Guo-Ping , Tang Jian-Shun , Li Hao , You Li-Xing , Xu Jin-Shi , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Spin defects in silicon carbide (SiC) with mature wafer-scale fabrication and micro/nano-processing technologies have recently drawn considerable attention. Although room-temperature single-spin manipulation of colour centres in SiC has been demonstrated, the typically detected contrast is less than 2$\%$, and the photon count rate is also low. Here, we present the coherent manipulation of single divacancy spins in 4H-SiC with a high readout contrast ($-30\%$) and a high photon count rate (150 kilo counts per second) under ambient conditions, which are competitive with the nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. Coupling between a single defect spin and a nearby nuclear spin is also observed. We further provide a theoretical explanation for the high readout contrast by analysing the defect levels and decay paths. Since the high readout contrast is of utmost importance in many applications of quantum technologies, this work might open a new territory for SiC-based quantum devices with many advanced properties of the host material.
The Impact of COVID-19 on UNAIDS 90–90–90 Targets: Calls for New HIV Care Models
Authors: Guaraldi Giovanni , Borghi Vanni , Milic Jovana , Carli Federica , Cuomo Gianluca , Menozzi Marianna , Santoro Antonella , Orlando Gabriella , Puzzolante Cinzia , Meschiari Marianna , Franceschini Erica , Bedini Andrea , Ferrari Filippo , Gennari William , Sarti Mario , Mussini Cristina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We compared 90–90–90 targets in 2020, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with the targets across the period 2017–2019 in people with HIV. We observed a significant loss in the 90–90–90 objectives in 2020 when compared with 2017–2019 that might be attributable to the COVID-19 crisis.
Forgiveness of Dolutegravir-Based Triple Therapy Compared With Older Antiretroviral Regimens: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort of Adherence Patterns and HIV-RNA Replication
Authors: Parienti Jean-Jacques , Fournier Anna L , Cotte Laurent , Schneider Marie-Paule , Etienne Manuel , Unal Guillemette , Perré Philippe , Dutheil Jean-Jacques , Morilland-Lecoq Elodie , Chaillot Fabien , Bangsberg David R , Gagneux-Brunon Amandine , Prazuck Thierry , Cavassini Matthias , Verdon Renaud , Hocqueloux Laurent 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundFor many people with HIV (PWH), taking antiretroviral therapy (ARV) every day is difficult.MethodsAverage adherence (Av-Adh) and log-transformed treatment interruption (TI) to ARV were prospectively measured over 6 months using electronic drug monitoring (EDM) in several cohorts of PWH. Multivariate linear regression models including baseline confounders explored the influence of EDM-defined adherence (R2) on 6-month log10 HIV-RNA. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to compare the risk of HIV-RNA detection (VR) within subgroups stratified by lower (≤95%) and higher (&gt;95%) Av-Adh.ResultsThree hundred ninety-nine PWH were analyzed with different ARVs: dolutegravir (n = 102), raltegravir (n = 90), boosted PI (bPI; n = 107), and NNRTI (n = 100). In the dolutegravir group, the influence of adherence pattern measures on R2 for HIV-RNA levels was marginal (+2%). Av-Adh, TI, and Av-Adh × TI increased the R2 for HIV-RNA levels by 54% and 40% in the raltegravir and bPI treatment groups, respectively. TI increased the R2 for HIV-RNA levels by 36% in the NNRTI treatment group. Compared with the dolutegravir-based regimen, the risk of VR was significantly increased for raltegravir (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 45.6; 95% CI, 4.5–462.1; P = .001), NNRTIs (aOR, 24.8; 95% CI, 2.7–228.4; P = .005), and bPIs (aOR, 28.3; 95% CI, 3.4–239.4; P = .002) in PWH with Av-Adh ≤95%. Among PWH with &gt;95% Av-Adh, there were no significant differences in the risk of VR among the different ARVs.ConclusionsThese findings support the concept that dolutegravir in combination with 2 other active ARVs achieves greater virological suppression than older ARVs, including raltegravir, NNRTI, and bPI, among PWH with lower adherence.
Superficial Temporal Artery Extended Interposition Graft to Anterior Cerebral Artery Bypass for the Treatment of a Large Fusiform Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Sudhir Bhanu Jayanand , Murali Sanjay Honavalli , Jamaluddin Mohamed Amjad , Venkat Easwer Hariharan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Fusiform aneurysms of the distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) are infrequent. Clip reconstruction and sequential progressive clipping have been described in the management of giant thrombosed DACA aneurysms.
1,2
Customized revascularization with bypass, side-to-side anastomosis, and trapping of the aneurysmal segment have also been performed for treating DACA aneurysms.
3-12
We present a 2-dimensional operative video of superficial temporal artery (STA) to distal anterior cerebral artery bypass, followed by trapping of the aneurysm-bearing segment. A 57-yr-old lady presented with a large ruptured subcallosal fusiform DACA aneurysm (WFNS grade 1, Fisher grade 1). Angiography revealed a 1.3 × 0.9 cm fusiform aneurysm in the DACA.
Informed consent was secured from the patient and her family for the surgery and permission was obtained for the publication of the patient's image/surgical video. The frontal and parietal branches of the STA were dissected. The parietal branch was explanted and used as a free interposition graft between the frontal branch (end-to-end anastomosis) and calloso-marginal artery (end-to-side anastomosis). After confirming blood flow through the bypass using Doppler, the aneurysm was trapped and excised.
The patient had an uneventful recovery. Her postoperative computed tomography (CT) head revealed no evidence of neurological insult. The patency of the bypass conduit and the complete removal of the aneurysm were confirmed using a digital subtraction angiogram. Histopathological examination revealed an eccentric atheromatous plaque with a lipid core. There was no evidence of intraplaque hemorrhage. This extended STA graft utilizing the frontal and parietal branches of the STA, and its implantation into the distal ACA, offers a novel bypass strategy for tackling fusiform aneurysms of the DACA. Anastomosis to the calloso-marginal artery ensured perfusion of the ACA territory through the pericallosal artery during temporary occlusion.
Crowding-in or Crowding-out? How Subsidies Signal the Path to Financial Independence of Social Enterprises
Authors: Reichert Patrick , Hudon Marek , Szafarz Ariane , Christensen Robert K 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn today’s multisector configurations, there is little clarity about whether and how public and private subsidies influence social enterprises’ pursuit of financial stability. We address the strategic role of donors in the social-business life cycle whereby social enterprise start-ups rely on subsidies, while mature social enterprises strive for independence from donors. To address the “missing middle,” we develop a typology of subsidy instruments and an intermediary signaling model to clarify how subsidies shape the evolution of outcomes for social enterprises. We argue that source variation matters for certain instruments like corporate intangibles and governmentally subsidized credit guarantees, which trigger crowding-in effects and attract commercial partners, while preventing perverse crowding-out effects, such as soft budget constraints. To illustrate this commercialization story, we draw upon a microfinance case study, demonstrating how public and private donors can induce crowding-in and crowding-out effects. In short, our subsidy typology helps unpack the signals that public and private subsidies send to commercial funders of social enterprises and how they shape the path to future financial independence.
On “Trade Induced Technical Change: The Impact of Chinese Imports on Innovation, IT, and Productivity”
Authors: Campbell Douglas L , Mau Karsten 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Bloom et al. (2016) find that Chinese import competition induced a rise in patenting, IT adoption, and total factor productivity (TFP) by up to 30% of the total increase in Europe in the late 1990s and early 2000s. We uncover several coding errors in an important robustness check of their patent results. When corrected, we find no statistically significant relationship between Chinese competition and patents. Other specifications in the original paper use a problematic $ \log(1+\rm patents) $ transformation. This normalization induces bias given low average patent counts for firms in China-competing sectors and rapidly declining patents across the sample.
Social factors and chronic pain: the modifying effect of sex in the Stockholm Public Health Cohort Study
Authors: Prego-Domínguez Jesús , Skillgate Eva , Orsini Nicola , Takkouche Bahi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the relationship between social factors (socio-economic status, household load and job strain) and chronic pain occurrence, and the role of gender in this relationship.

Methods
We used data corresponding to 8 years of follow-up of the Stockholm Public Health Cohort Study (2006–2014) to compute Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs) and additive interaction measures of chronic pain episodes, social factors, and sex in 16 687 subjects.

Results
For men, increased rates of chronic pain occurrence were observed for skilled workers (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.61) and lower non-manual employees (IRR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.78), compared with unskilled workers; subjects with high household load (IRR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.88), compared with those with a null score; and subjects with active jobs (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.51), compared with those with low-strain jobs. For women, we observed decreased rates of chronic pain occurrence in lower (IRR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.99), intermediate (IRR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.88) and higher non-manual employees (IRR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.79), compared with unskilled workers. Compared with subjects with a null score, women with low household load showed a lower rate of chronic pain occurrence (IRR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.00). Compared with subjects with low-strain jobs, those with passive jobs (IRR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.44) and high-strain jobs (IRR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.09) showed higher rates of chronic pain occurrence.

Conclusion
In general, our analysis yielded different, if not opposite, results when data were stratified by sex. Sex may then represent an effect modifier of the relationship between social factors and chronic pain.