bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Expert Witness
Authors: Wahlberg Lena , Dahlman Christian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter maps out the scope of the epistemic authority of expert witnesses as interpreters and explainers of evidence and uncertainties that fall within their expertise. They argue that experts should only testify about questions of fact and ought not to express their opinions on questions of law and other ultimate adjudicative issues such as the probability of a hypothesis given the evidence. Rather, experts should facilitate the factfinder’s assessment of how strongly the evidence supports the underlying hypothesis, given all the uncertainties involved. In this chapter, our focus will be on the part where the expert is replaceable (not on first-hand observations). Further, the chapter examines how this role should be understood and constrained.
The Role of Rules in the Law of Evidence
Authors: Schauer Frederick 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter starts out with Bentham’s antinomian thesis that rejected the very idea of setting up rules for selecting and evaluating evidence. Bentham believed that factfinding should be governed by epistemically good reasons as a process unconstrained by artificial legal rules. The author observes that most legal systems took up this approach by softening the hard edges of rules (as in common law jurisdictions) and by following the basically free-proof model of factfinding (as in countries that adopted the continental European approach). Yet, he claims that the law of evidence still remains substantially an affair of rules. Why this is the case and whether it should be the case, is the subject of this chapter.
Excluding Evidence for Integrity’s Sake
Authors: Holroyd Jules , Picinali Federico 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the concept of “integrity” has been frequently discussed by scholars, and deployed by courts, in the domain of criminal procedure. In this chapter, the authors are concerned with how the concept has been employed in relation to the problem of the admissibility of evidence obtained improperly. In conceptualizing and addressing this problem, the advocates of integrity rely on it as a standard of conduct for the criminal justice authorities and as a necessary condition for the state authority to condemn and punish. The authors raise a series of challenges that need answering before integrity can perform these roles. Their aim is not to show that integrity is useless in normative theorizing about the admissibility of evidence, and about the criminal process in general. Rather, it is to give guidance for the elaboration of a theory of integrity that is cogent, coherent, and has useful implications for the process of proof.
Weight of Evidence
Authors: Nance Dale A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes and operationalizes a concept of “weight” as denoting the relative degree to which evidence has been developed on the basis of which to determine disputed claims. This concept was coined by John Maynard Keynes and later applied in the context of judicial proof by a number of scholars. The author distinguishes weight from the degree to which evidence favors one side over the other, and then assays the different ways this concept of weight can be operationalized. He identifies the strengths and weaknesses of various theories, and advocates a conception of weight that emphasizes its connection to fundamental policy choices about the importance of accuracy in litigation and, perhaps, the allocation of the risk of error. He argues that a common failure to appreciate the differences between ordinary decision-making under uncertainty and formal adjudication is responsible for confusion about the role of weight in the latter.
Bayesianism: Objections and Rebuttals
Authors: Fenton Norman , Lagnado David 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
While the laws of probability are rarely disputed, the question of how we should interpret probability judgments is less straightforward. Broadly, there are two ways to conceive of probability—either as an objective feature of the world, or as a subjective measure of our uncertainty. Both notions have their place in science, but it is the latter subjective notion (the Bayesian approach) that is crucial in legal reasoning. This chapter explains the advantages of using Bayesian networks in adjudicative factfinding. It addresses a number of common objections to the Bayesian approach, such as “There is no such thing as a probability of a single specified event”; “The Bayesian approach only works with statistical evidence”; “The Bayesian approach is too difficult for legal factfinders to comprehend”; and “A Bayesian network can never capture the full complexity of a legal case.” Fenton and Lagnado offer rebuttals to each of these objections.
Race, Evidence, and Epistemic Injustice
Authors: Rose Jasmine B. Gonzales 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter starts off with a definition of “racist evidence” that includes: (1) evidence that suggests one racial group is inferior to or superior to another racial group in any way, (2) products of structural racism, (3) racially disparate evidentiary burdens in proving one’s racialized reality, and (4) the ways that racism distorts observation, perception and—accordingly—belief, which is then utilized as a basis of proof in legal proceedings.” Based on this definition, the chapter identifies and analyzes the epistemic problems posed by racialized factfinding and relates them to the broader notion of cultural cognition. This discussion focuses on the epistemic failings of “racial character evidence” and the unequal evidentiary treatment of white—as opposed to Black and Brown—“racialized reality evidence,” especially on matters of structural racism and race relations with law enforcement. While white racialized reality evidence receives “implicit judicial notice” and is fast-tracked to the jury box, the racialized reality evidence of Black and Brown people is subject to the full rigors of evidentiary scrutiny and often times suppressed. This system results in apervasive type of epistemic injustice.
Cities and Their Churches
Authors: Keser Kayaalp Elif 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter is about the churches in the cities of the region. In the introduction to the chapter, some common features of these cities are pointed out. The cities of Nisibis, Edessa, Amida, Dara, Constantia, and Martyropolis are dealt with under separate headings, while Batnae and Carrhae, for which we do not have much evidence, are discussed in the introduction to the chapter. Not much church architecture has remained in the cities. Yet, what has survived and what has been recorded in the past lets us see a wide variety of plan types (basilicas, variations of domed basilicas, an aisled-tetraconch, and an octagon), a distinctive architectural sculpture that is mostly classical in character, and strong imperial patronage. After each city, the churches and monasteries in the hinterland of these cities are discussed. Some rural areas, such as the Tektek Mountains, the region around Derik, and Kale-i Zerzevan near Amida, stand out for their surviving remains.
Appearance in Reality
Authors: Heil John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Appearance in Reality addresses topics in fundamental metaphysics, extending positions developed in From and Ontological Point of View (2003) and The Universe as We Find It (2012). This is not simply ‘Part III’ of a three-part project, however. The book takes what readers familiar with those earlier volumes would likely regard as a surprising turn, finding common ground between divergent ‘Aristotelian’ and ‘Humean’ cosmologies in Spinoza. The book includes considerable new and newly framed material on essences, universals, relations, emergence, hylomorphism, modality, conscious experiences, free will, and related topics. A substance–property ontology is proposed, one in which properties are not universals, but modes, particular modifications of particular substances. The ontology is meant to be consistent with both atomistic and non-atomistic cosmologies, or with whatever cosmology physics eventually settles on. One of the book’s unifying themes concerns the problem of reconciling what Wilfrid Sellars called the manifest and scientific images. The aim is to understand how the appearances comport with our best guess as to the nature of reality. The question of the relation of appearance to reality has always been central to metaphysics, but it is one faced by any reflective agent. Its unavoidability drives metaphysics. Far from being an idle pastime, metaphysics is not optional.
Ontological Categories
Authors: Heil John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter advances a preliminary account of categories of what there is. We find ourselves surrounded by objects that interact in various ways. Refining this idea points to three seemingly indispensable categories: substance, property, relation. Properties are ways particular substances are. Substance and property are correlative categories: every substance must be some way or other and every way must be a way some substance is. The possibility that relations are ‘founded’ is introduced and explicated by reference to truthmaking: truthmakers for relational truths could turn out to be nonrelational features of the universe. In the same vein, truthmakers for truths invoking traditionally important categories including universal, attribute, and modality might be fully particular propertied substances.
Qualities Unbound
Authors: Heil John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Physics explains why things do what they do by identifying their powers, abstracting from things’ qualitative natures. The silence of physics on the qualitative nature of things does not mean that physics eschews qualities thereby marginalizing qualities of conscious experiences along with all the rest. Accepting that properties, including the properties of quarks and leptons, are empowering qualities opens the way to the possibility of understanding of how conscious experiences might comport with the universe as characterized by physics. The distinctively private, subjective character of conscious experiences—and the ‘first-’ versus ‘third-person perspectives’—are taken to be expressions of the difference between an agent’s being in a given state and someone’s observing the agent’s being in that state.
Sleepless in COVID-19: racial disparities during the pandemic as a consequence of structural inequity
Authors: Cheng Philip , Casement Melynda D , Cuellar Ruby , Johnson Dayna A , Kalmbach David , Cuamatzi Castelan Andrea , Drake Christopher L 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
Insomnia has been on the rise during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which may disproportionately affect racial minorities. This study characterized racial disparities in insomnia during the pandemic and evaluated mechanisms for such disparities.

Methods
Participants included 196 adults (48 Black) from a 2016–2017 clinical trial of insomnia treatment who were reevaluated in April 2020. Race was evaluated as a predictor of change in insomnia, impact of COVID-19, and COVID-19 stress. Mediation models using the PRODCLIN method evaluated the extent to which: (1) COVID-19 impact accounted for Black-White disparities in change in insomnia, and (2) COVID-19 stress accounted for associations between discrimination and change in insomnia.

Results
Increases in insomnia symptoms during COVID-19 were greater in Black compared to White participants, with 4.3 times the odds of severe insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index ≥ 22). Symptom severity was associated with pre-pandemic experiences of discrimination. Black participants were also disproportionately impacted by COVID-19, with twice the odds of irreparable loss of income/employment and four times the rate of COVID-19 diagnoses in their sociofamilial network compared to White participants. The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 accounted for 69.2% of the relationship between race and change in insomnia severity, and COVID-19 related stress accounted for 66.5% of the relationship between prior history of racial discrimination and change in insomnia severity.

Conclusions
Black-White disparities in insomnia severity during COVID-19 may be driven by structural inequities resulting in the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on Black Americans. Results lend support for the minority stress model in the context of sleep health.

Clinical Trial Registration
Sleep to Prevent Evolving Affecting Disorders (SPREAD). NCT number: NCT02988375. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02988375.
Effects of nitrogen addition and increased precipitation on xylem growth ofQuercus acutissimaCaruth. in central China
Authors: Yu Biyun , Rossi Sergio , Liang Hanxue , Guo Xiali , Ma Qianqian , Zhang Shaokang , Kang Jian , Zhao Ping , Zhang Wei , Ju Yuxi , Huang Jian-Guo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAtmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and increasing precipitation affect carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, but how these two concurrent global change variables affect xylem growth in trees (i.e., independently or interactively) remains unclear. We conducted novel experiments in central China to monitor the xylem growth in a dominant species (Quercus acutissima Caruth.) in response to N addition (CN), supplemental precipitation (CW) or both treatments (CNW), compared with untreated controls (C). Measurements were made at weekly intervals during 2014–15. We found that supplemental precipitation significantly enhanced xylem growth in the dry spring of 2015, indicating a time-varying effect of increased precipitation on intra-annual xylem growth. Elevated N had no significant effect on xylem increment, xylem growth rate, and lumen diameters and potential hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of earlywood vessels, but Ks with elevated N was significantly negatively related to xylem increment. The combination of additional N and supplemental precipitation suppressed the positive effect of supplemental precipitation on xylem increment in the dry spring of 2015. These findings indicated that xylem width was more responsive to supplemental precipitation than to increasing N in a dry early growing season; the positive effect of supplemental precipitation on xylem growth could be offset by elevated N resources. The negative interactive effect of N addition and supplemental precipitation also suggested that increasing N deposition and precipitation in the future might potentially affect carbon sequestration of Q. acutissima during the early growing season in central China. The effects of N addition and supplemental precipitation on tree growth are complex and might vary depending on the growth period and local climatic conditions. Therefore, future models of tree growth need to consider multiple-time scales and local climatic conditions when simulating and projecting global change.
Multiple Cranial Neuropathies and Pachymeningitis in a Patient With a Pathogenic Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2 Polymorphism
Authors: Vegunta Sravanthi , Bohnsack John , Crum Alison , Digre Kathleen , Katz Bradley , Seay Meagan , Quigley Edward , Kennedy Sean , Mamalis Nick , Warner Judith 
Published: November 2021

Abstract:
An 11-year-old boy presented with 2 weeks of intermittent headache, right orbital pain, and constant diplopia. Brain MRI showed dural thickening and enhancement of the right lateral cavernous sinus, right orbital apex, and tentorium. Initial cerebral spinal fluid analysis showed only mild pleocytosis, and serum diagnostics were unrevealing. The working diagnosis was Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. His pain and sixth nerve palsy resolved with corticosteroids. Five months after initial presentation, he developed new numbness of the right cheek, complete right ophthalmoplegia, and weakness and numbness of his right hand and leg, all of which were responsive to steroids. Fifteen months later, he returned to the emergency department with 2 weeks of left-sided headaches and acute diplopia. On examination, he had a left cranial nerve 6 palsy. Dural biopsy showed diffuse mononuclear inflammatory cell reaction consisting mostly of lymphocytes with no signs of granuloma formation, nor any epithelioid or giant cells. His clinical course was consistent with an autoinflammatory condition of unknown etiology. Genetic testing with an immunodeficiency panel showed a risk allele in NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) c.3019dup (p.Leu1007Prof*2) that is associated with an increased risk for Crohn disease. His clinical condition had similarities to central nervous system sarcoidosis. Because of the similarities between our patient's clinical, imaging, and genetic findings and neurosarcoidosis, he was switched to a more targeted therapy—infliximab. His condition has since been stable for nearly 2 years. In conclusion, genetic testing should be considered in patients with suspected occult autoimmunity.
Warmth or competence? The effects of cool and cuteness on the perceived quality of digital products
Authors: Li Baoku , Nan Yafeng , Yao Ruoxi 
Published: November 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of cuteness and cool on the perceived quality of digital products, the mediating effect of brand perception (warmth and competence) and the moderating effect of the individual perception level.Design/methodology/approachThis paper utilizes experimental design and survey methods to collect data and the ANOVA, independent sample t-test and bootstrap analysis methods to verify the assumed hypotheses.FindingsStudies 1 and 2 demonstrate that cuteness (vs cool) is more likely to promote the perception of brand warmth (vs competence), and the brand perception plays a mediating role between cuteness (cool) and the perceived quality. Study 3 replicates the findings of Study 2 and indicates that people with high-cuteness (vs low-cuteness) perception are the same to perceive the brand warmth to promote the perceived quality of digital products, but people with high-cool (vs low-cool) perception are more likely to perceive the brand competence to promote the perceived quality of digital products.Practical implicationsBased on the conclusions in this paper, marketers could emphasize the cool information of digital products in advertisements to promote the perceived quality to promote younger consumers' willingness to pay (WTP). Furthermore, firms could shape warm brand images by the perception of cuteness because cuteness is positively associated with the warmth of brand perception (e.g. the logo of Three Squirrels, a Chinese nut business brand that consists of three cute squirrels).Originality/valueFrom a theoretical standpoint, this paper contributes to the brand perception when consumers accept product information with the characteristics of cuteness or cool. Second, a model of perceived quality of digital products is built based on the stereotype content theory. Third, this paper considers individual perception levels on cuteness and cool as the boundaries to conduct further conceptual model.
How can hotel smartphone apps enhance hotel guest experiences? An integrated model of experiential value
Authors: Kim Hyeongmin , Huh Chang , Song Chanho , Lee Myong Jae 
Published: November 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among the experiential value of hotel apps, the cognitive and affective evaluation of hotel apps users, hotel apps users’ satisfaction and their endorsement for the hotel apps. Specifically, this study examined the relationships that enhance hotel guests’ experiences through hotel apps.

Design/methodology/approach
The measurement items were developed through extensive literature review. This study used a web-based survey to test an integrated model of the experiential value. With a total of 320 usable samples, partial least squares structural equation modeling was carried out to identify key “driver” constructs and validate the proposed model.

Findings
A significant relationship was found in the playfulness of hotel apps and hotel guests’ cognitive and affective evaluations of the hotel apps, which positively influence hotel guests’ satisfaction and their endorsement for the hotel apps. Hotel apps should create fun and entertainment features in the hotel apps so that the users of hotel apps can be enjoyable during their usage. In addition, providing hotel apps users with time saving and easy use of the hotel apps can affect their satisfaction and endorsement for the hotel apps.

Originality/value
This study confirmed the positive links among hotel apps users’ experiential value, their cognitive and affective evaluation of the hotel apps, their satisfaction of using the hotel apps and their endorsement for the hotel apps. This study also revealed that hotel apps can be hotels’ effective communication tool that enhances existing and potential customers’ overall experiences.
The effect of plant invasion on soil microbial carbon‐use efficiency in semi‐arid grasslands of the Rocky Mountain West
Authors: Nasto Megan K. , McLeod Morgan Luce , Bullington Lorinda , Lekberg Ylva , Stark John M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Grassland ecosystems invaded by exotic plant species often exhibit substantially higher above‐ground productivity and soil nitrogen (N) than the native communities they replace. These shifts are likely associated with altered microbial carbon (C) and N cycling, but we know surprisingly little about how these processes change with plant invasion.

Targeting four invasive plant species common in the Rocky Mountain West, we collected soils from invaded and adjacent uninvaded grassland field plots, as well as from an experimental garden. We used a laboratory incubation of soils with 13C‐ and 15N‐labelled substrates to examine how microbial C respiration, C assimilation and N cycling differed among plant communities. To assess how these rates corresponded with plant productivity and microbial communities, we measured above‐ground plant biomass and characterized bacterial and fungal communities using Illumina sequencing.

In the paired observational plots, soil microbial communities associated with invaders generally had higher respiration rates and lower growth rates than those associated with the native plant communities, leading to a lower microbial carbon‐use efficiency (CUE). Overall, soil substrate with a lower C:N was related to decreased CUE, and lower CUE was related to increased gross and net N mineralization. In turn, faster gross N mineralization was related to greater above‐ground biomass. These patterns coincided with significant differences in fungal communities, whereas bacterial communities varied by site. Invasive plants also altered microbial communities in the experimental plots, but this was not associated with shifts in microbial CUE, which was low overall.

Synthesis. Our results provide evidence that invasive plants alter bacterial and fungal communities. These shifts were not associated with changes in microbial CUE and, thus, the often‐assumed link between compositional and functional shifts was not apparent in this study. However, lower CUE was associated with elevated rates of N cycling and productivity, which, in low‐productivity systems, could help explain the increased growth and success of exotic plant invaders.