bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incarcerated and strangulated inguinal hernias in children: A 10-year retrospective analysis
Authors: Talabi Ademola , Sowande Oludayo , Tanimola Adebayo , Adumah Collins , Adejuyigbe Olusanya 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: In pediatric inguinal hernia, the most feared complication is incarceration, which can lead to catastrophic consequences if not resolved expeditiously. Aims: This study assessed the usefulness of manual reduction of complicated inguinal hernia in children. Settings and Design: This study was designed to study the age at presentation, gestation age at birth, duration of symptoms, success rate of manual reduction of incarcerated inguinal hernia, subsequent treatment, operative findings, and outcome of strangulated cases in pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study involving 56 children under 15 years of age with a diagnosis of complicated inguinal hernia managed between January 2009 and December 2018 at a tertiary care hospital in Nigeria. Demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, management, and outcome were retrieved. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 (IBM Corp., NY, USA). The results were presented as frequencies and percentages. Categorical variables were analyzed using Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results: The age of patients ranged between 8 days and 14 years, with a median of 2 months; 79% were infants. Males outnumbered females by a ratio of 27:1, and the rate of incarceration was 5.0%. Majority (89.3%) had no previous hospital visits. Those who had successful manual reduction was 80%. Time of presentation was a statistically significant factor for successful reduction, P < 0.05. One patient experienced en masse reduction, and there was no mortality. Conclusion: Majority of those with incarcerated inguinal hernias were infants, and manual reduction was associated with early presentation.
Treatment of anterior dental crossbite in adult Libyan patient
Authors: Elsheikhi Fatma 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjective: Anterior crossbite presents when one or more of the upper incisors occlude lingual to lower incisors. Several techniques were used to correct anterior crossbite. The aim of this article was to present the treatment of anterior crossbite under skeletal Class I relationship using multilooped archwire. Methods: A 24-year-old female has a complaint of anterior crossbite. She has concave profile, all her teeth present except the maxillary canines, 4 mm reverse overjet, 4 mm crowding in the lower anterior and 25% overbite. The treatment was started in the lower arch by the extraction of the lower first premolars. Different arch sequences of nickel–titanium alloys, followed by different sequences of stainless steel archwires were used. Results: The correction of crossbite was achieved successfully within 18 months. Normal overjet and overbite and orthognathic profile were accomplished. Conclusion: The treatment of anterior crossbite was achieved using retraction multilooping arch to achieve normal overjet and overbite.
Corona virus disease 2019 pandemic: Addressing the needs of refugees and migrants in the european region
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh , Shrivastava Prateek 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has influenced the lives of millions of people across the world and forced all the public health authorities to divert their attention towards the disease. The refugees and migrants have been recognized as vulnerable population groups and it is a must that in general, we should try to meet the needs of these population groups in this ongoing pandemic. Considering the practical concerns pertaining to the difficulty in accessing health care or residing in overcrowded settings or poor water supply, it makes them extremely vulnerable to COVID-19 infection, as all these factors play an important role in enhancing the transmission of the disease. The need of the hour is to prevent the possibility of stigma and discrimination and ensure that reliable and timely information is passed to them through trustworthy resources. Further, all steps should be taken to inform them about the need to maintain social distancing, use of personal protective equipment and strict adherence to the infection prevention and control recommendations. In conclusion, in the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, the refugees and migrants deserve equal priority and attention like that of the general population. However, considering their vulnerability to acquire the infection due to varying environmental and social attributes, it becomes crucial to facilitate early detection and isolation of the cases and thereby interrupt the chain of transmission and thus reduce the overall caseload.
The Effect of Heat-Treated Single-File Systems on Dentinal Crack Formation
Authors: Ozlek E , Gunduz H 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to compare the formation of dentinal crack after root canal preparation performed with different heat treated single-file systems.

Materials and Methods:
Forty mandibular premolar teeth were randomly divided into four groups according to the file system to be used during the preparation (n = 10): Group 1: Reciproc Blue; group 2: One Curve; group 3: HyFlex EDM; group 4: (control group) hand files. During the cleaning and shaping, irrigation was performed with a total of 10 ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 2 mL of distilled water. Then sections were taken from the roots (3, 6 and 9 mm). Sections were examined on a stereomicroscope to determine the presence of cracks. Chi-square test was used for data analysis.

Results:
There was a significant difference between the groups in dentinal crack frequency (P <.05). HyFlex EDM (13.3%) caused less dentinal crack than One Curve (26.7%) and Reciproc Blue (30%). No cracks were observed in the control group. When 3, 6, and 9 mm were evaluated within themselves, dentinal crack formation did not differ according to the groups (P > 0.05). A statistically higher mean value was obtained in the control group compared to the other groups in terms of working time (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
All the files used during root canal preparation formed dentin crack. Hy-Flex EDM caused less dentinal cracks than other file systems. The flexibility of nickel-titanium instruments because of heat treatment seems to have a significant influence on dentinal crack formation.
Are Saudi Healthcare Students Aware of COVID-19, and Do They Behave Safely During Viral Outbreaks?
Authors: Natto ZS , Alshaeri HK 
Published: March 2021

Aims:
The purpose of this study is to understand healthcare students' knowledge of COVID-19 and the precautionary behaviors they practiced in Saudi Arabia during the MERS-CoV2 outbreak.

Subjects and Methods:
This cross-sectional study utilized an online questionnaire consisting of 29 items and three sections. The first section collected demographic information, including age, gender, location, and level of education. The second section assessed their knowledge of clinical characteristics, treatments, and disease prevention. The third section addressed the students' behaviors.

Results:
Respondents included 223 students, of which 37.2% were males and 62.8% were females. The largest group of respondents included medical students (44.8%), followed by dental students (41.3%). Overall, students demonstrated a thorough knowledge of disease transmission, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of COVID-19. However, some of the respondents could not identify the full name of the disease, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (64.6%), or provide a current estimate of the number of cases diagnosed globally (49.8%). Additionally, most of the survey respondents (93.3%) reported that they had followed social distancing guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health.

Conclusion:
While most health students were knowledgeable about most aspects of COVID-19, others did not follow universal precautions during the outbreak, which identifies better incorporation of such information in students' academic programs.
The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy of Diabetes Management and Well-Being in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Çalli D , Kartal A 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Self-efficacy is defined as the ability of an individual to perform an action successfully or her/his perception of being able to control events. The self-efficacy perception of diabetes management may affect well-being of the patient.

Aims:
This study aimed to examine the relationships between self-efficacy of diabetes management and well-being in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Subjects and Methods:
The study used a descriptive correlational design. Sample of the study included 200 patients with type 2 diabetes. Sociodemographic and disease-related questionnaire form “Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management” and “Well-Being Questionnaire” have been used as data collection tools. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the predictors of well-being in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Results:
Self-efficacy level, age, level of compliance with treatment, and state of doing exercise were found to be statistically significant predictors of well-being in type 2 diabetic patients. Self-efficacy level for diabetes management was found to be the strongest predictor of well-being in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Conclusion:
Self-efficacy level of diabetes management is a factor that affects well-being in type 2 diabetes patients and it should be considered during interventions for improving the well-being of patients.
Analysis of Root and Canal Morphology of Fused and Separate Rooted Maxillary Molar Teeth in Turkish Population
Authors: Aydin H 
Published: March 2021

Aims:
To investigate the root canal anatomy and the incidence of fused roots in maxillary first molar (MFM) and maxillary second molar (MSM) teeth in the Turkish population and compare them to teeth with separate roots using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods:
CBCT images of 616 MFMs and 703 MSMs were analyzed from 402 patients for the number of roots and the presence of fusion. The canal configuration of teeth with separate and fused roots was compared. Type of fusion and canal merging positions were determined. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:
Five hundred and seventy-one (92.69%) MFMs had three separate roots, one (0.16%) had four roots and the incidence of root fusion was 7.14%. An additional mesiobuccal (MB) canal was present in 79.34% of the teeth with three separate roots. There was no merging of canals in 36 of 44 teeth with fused roots. The prevalence of fusion was higher in the MSMs (23.47%). The incidence of three and four separate roots in MSM teeth was 74.68% and 1.85%, respectively. The prevalence of additional MB canals in teeth with three separate roots was 53.14%. There was no canal merging in 60% of the fused rooted teeth. There were two-merged canals in 31.52% and multiple merged canals in 8.48% of the MSMs.

Conclusions:
In the Turkish population, the incidence of root fusion in the MFMs and MSMs was 7.14% and 23.47%, respectively, with more canal merging in the MSMs.
Psychological effects of COVID-19 on hospital staff
Authors: Guo Jianming , Liao Lianming , Wang Baoguo , Li Xiaoqiang , Guo Lianrui , Tong Zhu , Guan Qinghua , Zhou Mingyue , Wu Yingfeng , Zhang Jian , Dardik Alan , Gu Yongquan 
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVE:
This study examined the psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) outbreak on medical staff in China.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In February 2020, an online survey was carried out by using an online survey tool (WeChat) to evaluate the effects of the outbreak on the mental health of medical staff in China.

RESULTS:
A total of 11,118 medical staff responded to the survey. About 4.98% of the respondents reported middle and high levels of anxiety, while 13.47% of the respondents reported middle and high levels of depression since the COVID-19 outbreak. Nurses, frontline medical staff, and younger medical staff were more likely to have anxiety and depression than physicians, nonfrontline medical staff, and older medical staff.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although the serious psychological impact of COVID-19 is not so common in medical staff in China, programs are needed to protect them against the negative impacts of COVID-19.
Dexamethasone and COVID-19: Strategies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries to Tackle Steroid-Related Strongyloides Hyperinfection
Authors: Olivera Mario J. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTCOVID-19 can trigger a systemic inflammatory response that in some cases leads to severe lung involvement, multisystem dysfunction, and death. Dexamethasone therapy, because of its potent anti-inflammatory effects, has been proposed for the management of hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19. The subject of this article is to discuss potential strategies to tackle Strongyloides hyperinfection in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 receiving dexamethasone therapy in low- and middle-income countries. In this context, dexamethasone treatment has been found to be generally safe. However, its use in people coinfected with undetected Strongyloides stercoralis increases the risk for Strongyloides hyperinfection/dissemination a potentially fatal complication. Infection caused by S. stercoralis may remain asymptomatic or with mild symptoms in humans for several years. Early detection and specific treatment prevent a fatal evolution of this complication, but the challenge is to screen before corticosteroid therapy. In some cases, presumptive treatment may be justified. Ivermectin is the gold standard for treatment.
Variation in Calculating and Reporting Antimalarial Efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Published Reports
Authors: Plucinski Mateusz M. , Hastings Ian M. , Moriarty Leah F. , Venkatesan Meera , Felger Ingrid , Halsey Eric S. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTAntimalarials, in particular artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), are critical tools in reducing the global burden of malaria, which is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. Performing and reporting antimalarial efficacy studies in a transparent and standardized fashion permit comparison of efficacy outcomes across countries and time periods. This systematic review summarizes study compliance with WHO laboratory and reporting guidance pertaining to antimalarial therapeutic efficacy studies and evaluates how well studies from sub-Saharan Africa adhered to these guidelines. We included all published studies (January 2020 or before) performed in sub-Saharan Africa where ACT efficacy for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection was reported. The primary outcome was a composite indicator for study methodology consistent with WHO guidelines for statistical analysis of corrected efficacy, defined as an article presenting a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of corrected efficacy or reporting a per-protocol analysis where new infections were excluded from the numerator and denominator. Of 581 articles screened, we identified 279 for the review. Molecular correction was used in 83% (232/279) to distinguish new infections from recrudescences in subjects experiencing recurrent parasitemia. Only 45% (99/221) of articles with therapeutic efficacy as a primary outcome and performing molecular correction reported corrected efficacy outcomes calculated in a way consistent with WHO recommendations. These results indicate a widespread lack of compliance with WHO-recommended methods of analysis, which may result in biases in how antimalarial effectiveness is being measured and reported from sub-Saharan Africa.
Microcephaly Outcomes among Zika Virus–Infected Pregnant Women in Honduras
Authors: Alger Jackeline , Buekens Pierre , Cafferata Maria Luisa , Alvarez Zulma , Berrueta Mabel , Bock Harry , Bustillo Carolina , Calderón Alejandra , Callejas Allison , Castillo Mario , Ciganda Alvaro , Fúnes Jenny , García Jorge , García Kimberly , Gibbons Luz , Gilboa Suzanne M. , Harville Emily W. , Hernández Gustavo , López Raquel , López Wendy , Lorenzana Ivette , Tulio Luque Marco , Maldonado Carlos , Moore Cynthia A. , Ochoa Carlos , Parham Leda , Pastrana Karla , Rico Fátima , Rodríguez Heriberto , Stella Candela , Valencia Diana , Varela Douglas , Wesson Dawn M. , Zúniga Concepción , Tong Van T. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe impact of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection on pregnancies shows regional variation emphasizing the importance of studies in different geographical areas. We conducted a prospective study in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, recruiting 668 pregnant women between July 20, 2016, and December 31, 2016. We performed Trioplex real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR (rRT-PCR) in 357 serum samples taken at the first prenatal visit. The presence of ZIKV was confirmed in seven pregnancies (7/357, 2.0%). Nine babies (1.6%) had microcephaly (head circumference more than two SDs below the mean), including two (0.3%) with severe microcephaly (head circumference [HC] more than three SDs below the mean). The mothers of both babies with severe microcephaly had evidence of ZIKV infection. A positive ZIKV Trioplex rRT-PCR was associated with a 33.3% (95% CI: 4.3–77.7%) risk of HC more than three SDs below the mean.
Ancient and Medieval Authors on Georgian- Ossetian and Ossetian-Abkhazian Relations
Authors: Дзидзоев В.Д. 
Published: March 2021

Рассматриваются древние и средневековые письменные источни-
ки, в которых отражаются взаимоотношения народов Кавказа, а именно грузин и
осетин, с одной стороны, осетин и абхазов – с другой. За многие века в их отно-
шениях были периоды не только дружбы и взаимопонимания, но также времена-
ми напряженность в силу различных объективных и субъективных причин. Автор
пытается анализировать их с учетом возможностей журнальной статьи.
The article considers ancient and medieval written sources, which refl ect the
relationship between the peoples of the Caucasus, namely the Georgians and Ossetians,
on the one hand, and the Ossetians and Abkhazians, on the other. For many centuries, in
their relationship there were periods of not only friendship and mutual understanding, but
also at times tension due to various objective and subjective reasons. The author tries to
analyze them taking into account the possibilities of the journal article.
Alans and islam
Authors: Туаллагов А.А. 
Published: March 2021

Статья посвящена некоторым примерам интерпретаций находок
исламских артефактов в аланских погребениях. Материалы данных погребений
свидетельствуют о приверженности их хозяев традиционным аланским веро-
ваниям. Поэтому попытки некоторых авторов трактовать их как отражение
принятия ислама аланами следует признать ошибочными.
The article is devoted to some examples of interpretations of the fi nds of
Islamic artifacts in Alanian burials. The materials of these burials testify to the adherence
of their owners to the traditional Alanian beliefs. Therefore, the attempts of some authors
to interpret them as a refl ection of the acceptance of Islam by the Alans should be
recognized as erroneous.
CAUSES OF DELAY IN CLEARANCE OF GOODS AT THE PORT OF MOMBASA
Authors: Wanyama Tabitha 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: The study was an investigation into the challenges facing clearing and forwarding activities at the port of Mombasa.Methodology: The study adopted an exploratory study design which was descriptive in nature. A population of 265 was used out of which a sample of 100 respondents was chosen. To select the 100 sampling units/respondents, the researcher used purposive sampling method. The data was collected using questionnaires which had both open and closed ended questions. The methods used in the analysis of the data were descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies, pie charts and cross-tabulation.Results: Findings in the study indicated that some of the challenges facing clearing and forwarding processes at the port of Mombasa included poor education and training of clearing agents, abandonment of goods by agents due to poor pricing, lack of automation, low level mechanization, bureaucratic processes from governmental agencies and poor road network which causes congestion. In conclusion, the research identified that the challenges were both human resource oriented (inadequately skilled workforce) as well as systemic (resulting from a failure in the coordination between the various players in the clearing system).Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: It was recommended in this study that the various players such as KRA, KPA, governmental agencies, importer/exporters, clearing agents among others should improve their individual processes and efficiency to enhance coordination and faster clearing. It was recommended that a further study should be carried out by both the KPA and the KRA management involving a larger population and sample to reflect the strategies that other major ports in the world have undertaken to enable them ease the congestion at their ports so that they find out what factors need to be implemented to fasten the clearance. Further study should also include stakeholders outside the clearing and importers fraternity such as the government, and the community as a whole.