bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticle‐Mediated Explosive Anti‐PD‐L1 Factory Built in Tumor for Advanced Immunotherapy
Authors: Park Mihyeon , Lim Junha , Lee Seohee , Nah Yunyoung , Kang Yeoul , Kim Won Jong 
Published: January 2025

AbstractImmunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies, has revolutionized oncology. However, it encounters challenges such as inadequate drug accumulation and limited efficacy against “cold” tumors characterized by lack of T cell infiltration and immunosuppressive microenvironments. Here, a controlled antibody production and releasing nanoparticle (CAPRN) is introduced, designed to augment ICB efficacy by facilitating tumor‐targeted antibody production and inducing photodynamic cell death. CAPRN achieves tumor‐specific accumulation via pH‐responsive PEG detachment, enabling efficient intracellular gene delivery encoding anti‐PD‐L1 antibody. Laser‐induced photodynamic therapy (PDT) not only triggers cancer cell death but also facilitates targeted antibody release from dying tumor cells. CAPRN demonstrates significant anti‐tumor efficacy, attributed to multiple effects including enhanced antibody release, dendritic cell (DC) maturation, and T cell activation. Moreover, CAPRN exhibits substantial tumor suppression in both primary and bilateral tumor models, accompanied by activated T cell infiltration and enhanced immune responses. This study presents a novel strategy for priming robust immunotherapy, offering targeted antibody release through laser‐assisted photodynamic nanoparticles.
Unveiling the Oxidation Mechanisms of High‐entropy Carbides Through Atomic‐scale Dynamic Observation
Authors: Zhuang Lei , Wen Zihao , Liu Yiwen , Yang Jing , Yu Hulei , Chu Yanhui 
Published: January 2025

AbstractUnderstanding the behavior of high‐entropy carbides (HECs) under oxygen‐containing environments is of particular importance for their promising applications in structural components, catalysis, and energy‐related fields. Herein, the structural evolution of (Ta, Ti, Cr, Nb)C (HEC‐1) nanoparticles (NPs) is tracked in situ during the oxidation at the atomic scale by using an open‐cell environmental aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. Three key stages are clearly discerned during the oxidation of HEC‐1 NPs at the atomic level below 900 °C: i) increased amorphization of HEC‐1 NPs from 300 to 500 °C due to the energetically favorable formation of carbon vacancies and substitution of carbon with oxygen atoms; ii) nucleation and subsequent growth of locally ordered nanocluster intermediates within the generated amorphous oxides from 500 to 800 °C; and iii) final one‐step crystallization of non‐equimolar MeO2 and Me2O5 (Me = metallic elements, Ta, Ti, Cr, and Nb) high‐entropy oxides above 800 °C, accompanied with the reduction in atomic defects. This result is further confirmed by theoretical calculations that these observed high‐entropy oxide phases are thermodynamically preferable to generate above 830 °C. The study provides direct evidence of the ordered–disordered–ordered structural transition of HECs during oxidation.
Construction of Full‐Spectrum‐Response Bi3O4Br:Er3+@Bi2O3‐x S‐Scheme Heterojunction With [Bi─O] Tetrahedral Sharing by Integrated Upconversion and Photothermal Effect Toward Optimized Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Li Zhifeng , Xu Liang , Yin Zhaoyi , Ma Junhao , Dong Xiaoyi , Wang Shangyong , Song Zhiguo , Qiu Jianbei , Li Yongjin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDesigning and optimizing photocatalysts to maximize the use of sunlight and achieve fast charge transport remains a goal of photocatalysis technology. Herein, a full‐spectrum‐response Bi3O4Br:Er3+@Bi2O3‐x core–shell S‐scheme heterojunction is designed with [Bi─O] tetrahedral sharing using upconversion (UC) functionality, photothermal effects, and interfacial engineering. The UC function of Er3+ and plasmon resonance effect of Bi2O3‐x greatly improves the utilization of sunlight. The equivalent layer structure of Bi3O4Br and Bi2O3‐x facilitates the construction of high‐quality S‐scheme heterojunction interfaces with close atomic‐level contact obtained from the [Bi─O] tetrahedral sharing and the resulting Bi3O4Br:Er3+@Bi2O3‐x core–shell morphology, enabled efficient charge transfer. Furthermore, localized temperature increase, induced by photothermal effects, enhanced the chemical reaction kinetics. Benefiting from the distinctive construction, the Bi3O4Br:Er3+@Bi2O3‐x heterojunctions exhibit excellent performance in the photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A that is 2.40 times and 4.98 times greater than that of Bi3O4Br:Er3+ alone under full‐spectrum light irradiation and near‐infrared light irradiation, respectively. This work offers an innovative perspective for the design and fabrication of full‐spectrum‐response S‐scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with efficient solar energy utilization based on high quality interfaces, UC functionality, and the photothermal effect.
Control Over Vertical Composition in Low Complexity Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Dong Xinyun , Lee Byongkyu , Song Runqiao , Neu Justin , Kashani Somayeh , You Wei , Ade Harald 
Published: January 2025

AbstractInverted organic solar cells are promising due to their better stability compared to conventional structures. Donors with low synthetic complexity are desirable to lower costs. However, inverted devices are rarely used in low‐complexity systems. To investigate the reasons, the low‐complexity PTQ10:BTP‐eC9 binary system is benchmarked against the high‐complexity PM6:BTP‐eC9 system. In PTQ10:BTP‐eC9, where the efficiency of inverted devices lags the conventional structure significantly, distinct wetting layers are observed in conventional and inverted device structures. Conversely, the vertical distribution of PM6:BTP‐eC9 remains unaffected by changes in interlayer materials. The surface is always enriched in BTP‐eC9, but less for PM6. Importantly, the addition of PC71 BM reduces the nonuniform vertical composition gradients. As the PC71 BM concentration increases, the efficiency of the inverted PTQ10 devices approach that of the conventional devices and PTQ10:BTP‐eC9:PC71 BM (1:1.2:0.4) exhibits negligible efficiency differences between inverted (14.01%) and conventional (14.49%) architectures. The concentration‐gradients aredriven by the interfacial energy between the active layer and interlayer materials and the casting kinetics in the case of the surface. Understanding the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects provides valuable insights for optimizing the performance of inverted organic solar cells, bringing them closer to practical applications.
Nominal Lanthanum Niobate, a Versatile Additive for Reducing Grain Boundary Resistance in Conductive Ceramics
Authors: Liu Limin , Liu Yujian , Zhou Xiaoliang , Tietz Frank , Grüner Daniel , Yang Tingting , Jin Lei , Liu Xingyu , Malzbender Jürgen , Schwaiger Ruth , Dunin‐Borkowski Rafal E. , Ma Qianli 
Published: January 2025

AbstractConductive ceramics currently play a vital role in human life. In practical applications, most conductive ceramics are polycrystalline, and their overall conductivity (σtotal) is influenced by both bulk and grain boundary resistances (Rbulk and Rgb, respectively). While Rbulk is mainly of academic interest, Rgb often determines the quality of a conductive ceramic component. Currently, studies discussing the influence of specific methods on grain boundary resistances are typically related to individual ceramics. In this study, it is discovered that the addition of 0.5–3 mol% nominal LaNbO4 significantly reduces the Rgb of several well‐known conductive ceramics, such as rhombohedral NaSICON‐type Na+‐ion‐conducting Na3.4Zr2Si2.4P0.6O12 and Li+‐ion conducting Li1.5Al0.5Ti1.5P3O12, Li+‐ion‐conducting tetragonal perovskite Li0.34La0.56TiO3, oxygen‐ion‐conducting cubic fluorite 8 mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2, and electron‐conducting perovskite SrTiO3 (sintered in a reducing atmosphere). In particular, for NZSP and LATP, the enhanced σtotal reaches 9.3 × 10−3 S cm−1 and 2.1 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C, surpassing previously published results. Detailed investigations reveal that the microstructure of the grain boundaries in all the ceramics undergoes significant improvements. The findings elevate the importance of research on grain boundaries, inspiring the development of conductive ceramics with higher σtotal for superior applications.
Dynamic Covalent Spiropyran Exchange for Rapid Structural Diversification
Authors: Drichel Alwin , Garmshausen Yves , Hecht Stefan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractHere we disclose that spiropyrans are able to undergo dynamic covalent exchange via their corresponding merocyanine isomers. In the latter, the indolinium moieties can be exchanged by a Michael‐type addition‐elimination sequence, in which a methylene indoline attacks a merocyanine and subsequently the initial indoline fragment is cleaved. The rate and position of the exchange equilibrium strongly depend on the reaction conditions as well as the substitution pattern on the methylene indoline fragments. Importantly, spiropyran cross exchange is catalyzed by indolinium salts and provides the opportunity for rapid in situ structural diversification of spiropyrans. This was used as synthetic tool to access various, hitherto inaccessible spiropyrans as potential dual‐color photoinitiators for xolography. Moreover, we foresee application to screen dynamic covalent libraries of spiropyrans for photochromic properties and to exploit their light‐sensitivity to bias the thermal equilibrium.
Defluorinative C−O Coupling between Trifluoromethylarenes and Alcohols via Copper Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Saha Priya , Jin Mingoo , Huang Dennis Chung‐Yang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractFluorine‐containing compounds have shown unparalleled impacts in the realm of functional molecules, and the ability to prepare novel structures has been crucial in unlocking new properties for applications in pharmaceutical and materials science. Herein, we report a copper‐catalyzed, photoinduced defluorinative C−O coupling between trifluoromethylarenes and alcohols. This method allows for direct access to a wide selection of difluorobenzylether (ArCF2OR) molecules, including a compound displaying liquid crystal behavior. Through slight modification of the protocol, we were able to generate difluorobenzyliodide (ArCF2I) products, another class of synthetically useful fluorine‐bearing molecules. Mechanistic investigations first suggested that ArCF2I can serve as a reservoir to steadily supply the key ArCF2⋅ radical species. Furthermore, experimental evidence supported a mechanism consisting of two collaborative cycles: C−F activation operated by a homoleptic Cu(I) coordinated by two bisphosphine ligands as the photocatalyst and C−O coupling promoted by a Cu(I) ligated by a single bisphosphine ligand. The critical roles of the two salt additives, lithium iodide and zinc acetate, in orchestrating the two cycles were also elucidated. This dual‐role copper catalyst demonstrates the power of base metal photoredox catalysis in achieving both substrate activation and chemical bond formation via a single catalytic system.
Potential of role play as an educational tool in biochemistry to facilitate medical education
Authors: Nimesh Archana 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCommonly used traditional didactic lecture in biochemistry being non‐interactive has several disadvantages which students find boring and difficult to retain. This study reviews the potential of role play to teach biochemistry effectively. Studies published till June 2024 on the topic role play in medical education and biochemistry were searched using ‘Ovid Discovery’ software showing studies available in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Studies having matched keywords like ‘role play, roleplay, role‐play, education, medical, biochemistry and genetics’ appearing in title or text article were included while studies that were irrelevant, in non‐English language or duplicated studies were excluded. Literature search revealed 8 studies for reviewing the topic. Studies that have tested effectiveness of role play in biochemistry have shown that it can bridge the gap between theory and practice. Role play is dramatization of a theme simulating real‐life scenarios evoking learner's critical thinking process, activation of cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains. It creates lasting memory in retaining topics besides motivating student for self‐directed learning. It also develops confidence, communication, and language skills among students. Role play can be a powerful tool to teach biochemistry for integrating knowledge of biochemistry with clinical concepts. The authors recommend that biochemistry lectures and practical sessions should be reinforced through role plays especially for topics having clinical relevance. The author proposes several applications of role play in biochemistry to demonstrate metabolic pathways, experimental skills, metabolic disorders, accidental emergencies in lab, do's and don'ts in labs, pre analytical errors affecting biochemistry lab results.
Noninvasive Biofluorometric Sensing and Imaging Analysis of Blood VOCs for Novel Wearable Sensor
Authors: Mitsubayashi Kohji 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBlood contains volatile biomarkers related to diseases and metabolism. We developed a biofluorometric gas sensor that measures acetone with high sensitivity and confirmed its significance in lipid metabolism and diabetes when applied to breath measurement. Furthermore, regarding transcutaneous gases that permeate through the skin from blood, a biofluorometric gas‐imaging system for ethanol vapor as the target chemical was developed and analyzed the secretion dynamics of transcutaneous gases at each skin site, thus showing the stable release of blood‐derived volatile markers from the ear canal. Based on the results, we have developed a headphone‐type gas sensor and succeeded in continuous and stable transcutaneous gas measurement, thus indicating the future potential of a novel wearable biosensor for blood VOCs.
Improved Dietary Diversity Through Potato Commercialization in Nyandarua County, Kenya
Authors: Wakaba Denis , Ateka Josiah , Mbeche Robert 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTFood insecurity and malnutrition are global challenges and might escalate with the effect of climate change. Whilst transitioning from subsistence to commercial agriculture is seen as a promising strategy to address these issues, the specific pathways remain unclear. This is in light of literature showing mixed effects of crop commercialisation on food security and nutrition (FSN). We use data from a household survey of 388 households conducted in Nyandarua – one of Kenya's leading potato‐producing counties but faces higher levels of malnutrition compared to the national average. In the study, FSN was measured using the food insecurity experience scale (FIES) and the households' dietary diversity score (HDDS). The effect of crop commercialisation on the two FSN indicators was measured using the ordered probit and truncated Poisson regression models. The results show a moderate level of potato commercialisation. The results indicate a moderate level of potato commercialisation (based on a commercialisation score of 0.4 out of a possible 1). Whilst most households were generally food secure (96%), dietary diversity was somewhat limited. The Econometric analysis reveals that, whilst potato commercialisation did not influence food security, it has a positive effect on household dietary diversity. This study contributes to the understanding of the pathways through which the commercialisation of staple food crops impacts FSN – a contribution that has received limited research attention in the literature. Additionally, the study also emphasises the importance of considering local contexts and preferences when designing interventions to improve FSN outcomes. Based on the findings, we reflect on the implications of the findings in nutrition‐specific and responsive initiatives in a developing country context.
Yield Loss of a Rice Ratoon Crop is Affected by Nitrogen Supply in a Mechanized Ratooning System
Authors: Zhou Yongjin , Ji Yanlan , Li Zhong , Tu Debao , Xi Min , Xu Youzun 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTYield loss of the ratoon crop due to rolling damage during the mechanical harvesting of the main crop (MEC) severely limits the promotion of mechanized rice ratooning technology. Our previous study showed that MEC changed the population structure of the ratoon crop by forming a rolled zone and non‐rolled zone (NRZ), resulting in a positive border effect on the yield of the NRZ, which reduced the yield loss. Nitrogen (N) management has a great impact on matter accumulation and yield formation in ratoon crops. However, it remains unclear whether the border effect on the yield of NRZ is affected by the N rate. The hypothesis is that N rates would affect the border effect on NRZ yield, thereby increasing or decreasing yield loss. To address this question, field experiments were conducted with two harvest methods for the main crop (MEC: mechanical harvesting, MAN: manual harvesting) and three N rates for the ratoon crop (N0: 0, MN: 120, and HN: 180 kg N ha−1) in 2021 and 2022. The results showed that the yield loss declined from 22.4% to 13.2% as the N rate increased from 0 to 180 kg ha−1. The reduction in yield loss was attributed to the increased border effect of higher N supply on NRZ yield. The border effect on NRZ yield was −7.0%, 5.0%, and 10.7% in N0, MN, and HN, respectively. Compared with MAN, the yield reduction of NRZ in N0 was mainly due to the lower yield of the nonrolled side row (R2) and middle row (R3), while the yield increase in NRZ in MN was mainly due to the increased yield of the nonrolled single row (R1), and the yield increase in NRZ in HN was mainly due to the increased yield of both R1 and R2. A high N rate improved root vigor and increased the N uptake and leaf area index of nonrolled rows in MEC, which increased the panicles m−2 and total dry matter weight. With the increase in the N rate, the border effect on these yield attributes of R1 and R2 gradually increased, especially for R1, thereby increasing the border effect on the NRZ yield. Our results indicate that the border effect on the NRZ yield was affected by the N rate. High N supply reduced yield loss of the ratoon crop by increasing the border effect on NRZ yield. The appropriate N rate should be further determined to balance the yield and economic and environmental benefits of the ratoon crop in mechanized rice ratooning systems.
Dedifferentiation of a Chondrosarcoma of the Larynx: A Case Report
Authors: Charous Steven J. , Yuhan Brian , Stenson Kerstin M. , Talati Vidit , McMullen Phillip 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundChondrosarcomas of the larynx, relatively rare tumors with low grade pathology in approximately 95% of cases, can most often be managed with conservation laryngeal procedures. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas are much more rare and aggressive requiring more aggressive surgical extirpation.MethodsA patient underwent three debulking procedures for a laryngeal chondrosarcoma Grade I/II histologically over a 2.5 year period of time during which slow growth was closely monitored. He then presented with relatively rapid onset of hoarseness and shortness of breath. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy demonstrated new bilateral vocal fold fixation with near occlusion of his subglottis by soft tissue mass.ResultsA total laryngectomy was performed that pathologically demonstrated a Grade III dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Shortly thereafter, the patient developed regional metastases, then distant metastases and then succumbed to the disease.ConclusionThis first case of a Grade III dedifferentiating chondrosarcoma arising from closely monitored and multiple debulked previously Grade I/II tumor demonstrates the potential change in aggressiveness in low‐grade chondrosarcomas of the larynx. Sudden increase in growth along with a soft tissue component to the tumor based on exam and/or imaging should heighten suspicion for dedifferentiation of the tumor and necessitates a more aggressive surgical resection. However, the chance of cure once dedifferentiation occurs is drastically reduced.
Infrared‐Assisted Hot Air Drying of Turmeric Slices: Effects on Drying Kinetics, Quality, Efficiency, Energy Considerations, and Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Jeevarathinam G. , Pandiselvam R. , Pandiarajan T. , Deepa J. , Dinesh Kumar S. , Preetha P. , Krishnakumar T. , Asha Monicka A. , Balakrishnan M. , Amirtham D. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThe commercial value of turmeric is significantly influenced by the percentage of volatile compounds. Drying techniques reported in previous studies for turmeric showed a reduction in volatile compounds, which negatively affected the quality and market value. In this investigation, drying trials were conducted on turmeric slices with bed thicknesses ranging from 10–25 and 10–50 mm using infrared drying, hot air drying (HAD), and infrared‐assisted hot air drying (IR‐HAD) methods at temperatures of 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C. The air velocity was maintained at 2 m/s, with an infrared radiation intensity of 3.02 W/cm². The results indicated that IR‐HAD at 70°C with a bed thickness of 25 mm achieved the best outcomes in terms of drying rate, efficiency, specific energy consumption, and CO₂ emissions. Conversely, IR‐HAD at 60°C with a bed thickness of 25 mm was optimal for retaining quality parameters, such as curcumin, oleoresin, color, and starch content. Notably, the drying time at 70°C for the 10–25‐mm bed thickness was 54.54% shorter compared with 50°C for IR‐HAD. Statistical analysis revealed significant effects (p < 0.01) of drying techniques, bed thickness, and drying temperatures on quality parameters. IR‐HAD at 60°C with a bed thickness of 25 mm emerged as the preferred operating condition for producing high‐quality turmeric. Nonlinear regression analysis confirmed the suitability of seven different thin‐layer drying models, with the page model being the most accurate predictor of turmeric slice drying under varied conditions. IR‐HAD demonstrated its potential to accelerate the drying rate during the initial stage of the process, with reduced thickness proving more effective due to the increased surface area facilitating faster moisture removal. IR‐HAD at 60°C retains the maximum percent of volatile compounds and maintains the quality by faster and uniform drying. Therefore, employing IR‐HAD offers a more energy‐efficient sustainable method while ensuring quality retention in dried turmeric slices.
Investigation of Heat Transfer of Nanoencapsulated Phase Change Material and Water in a Trapezoidal Cavity With a Sliding Wall
Authors: Younis Obai , Khetib Yacine , Abderrahmane Aissa , Almitan Khalid H. , Laidoudi Houssem , Belazreg Abdeldjalil , Ahmed Awadallah 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIn recent years, nanoencapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) have gained great interest in thermal management and control applications. This paper addresses the mixed convection of water and NEPCM confined within a lid‐driven trapezoidal cavity. The bottom wall of the cavity is of a wavy shape; moreover, the cavity includes a hot flame and is subjected to a magnetic field. The Galerkin‐finite element method was used to address the system governing equations and the results obtained were validated by preceding research works. The impacts of bottom wall undulation number (N = 1–4), Hartmann number (Ha) of 0–100, Reynolds number (Re) of 0–500, and hot flame location (left, center, and right) on thermal fields and flow pattern are presented and discussed. The findings show that placing the hot flame at the center gives the maximum thermal transfer rate while augmenting the undulation number of the bottom wall obstructs the liquid flow and hence reduces heat transmission rates. At the maximum Reynolds number, increasing the undulation number of the bottom wall from 1 to 4 and Ha from 0 to 100 reduces the Nusselt number by 26.7% and 54%, respectively.