bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of a Radar Echo Extrapolation‐Based Deep Learning Method in Strong Convection Nowcasting
Authors: Yin Jian , Gao Zhiqiu , Han Wei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStrong convection nowcasting has been gaining importance in operational weather forecasting. Recently, deep learning methods have been used to meet the increasing requirement for precise and timely nowcasting. One of the promising deep learning models is the convolutional gated recurrent unit (ConvGRU), which has been proven to perform better than traditional methods in strong convection nowcasting. Despite its encouraging performance, ConvGRU tends to produce blurry radar echo images and fails to model radar echo intensities that have multi‐modal and skewed distributions. To overcome these disadvantages, we tested the structural similarity (SSIM) and multiscale structural similarity (MS‐SSIM) indexes as loss functions. The SSIM and MS‐SSIM loss functions are composed of luminance, contrast, and structure and provide more information about the intensity, grade, and shape of the radar echo, which can reduce blurring. Due to multi‐layer downscaling, MS‐SSIM extracted more radar echo characteristics, and its extrapolation was the most realistic and accurate among all of the loss function schemes. Only the MS‐SSIM scheme successfully predicted strong radar echoes after 2 h, especially those at the rainstorm level.
Basal Crevasse Formation on Byrd Glacier, East Antarctica, as Proxy for Past Subglacial Flooding Events
Authors: Child Sarah F. , Stearns Leigh A. , van der Veen C. J. , Elósegui Pedro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLinear elastic fracture mechanics suggests that short‐lived flow accelerations, such as the one initiated by a flooding event beneath Byrd Glacier in 2006, can form abnormally large basal crevasses at the grounding line. Airborne radar measurements acquired in 2011 reveal hundreds of basal crevasses ranging in height from 40–335 m. Particle tracking results show that formation of the largest basal crevasse occurred at the grounding line during the 2006 flooding event. Very large basal crevasses form distinctive surface depressions directly overhead, which are observed along the Byrd Glacier flowline to the terminus of the Ross Ice Shelf. By using these surface depressions as proxies for abnormally large basal crevasses, we create a timeline of past subglacial flooding events on Byrd Glacier. Understanding the frequency of flooding events and their effect on glacier dynamics will help inform models of ice sheet stability and subglacial hydrology.
Atmospheric Deposition Promotes Relative Abundances of High‐Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Producers in the Western North Pacific
Authors: Li Haowen , Zhou Shengqian , Zhu Yucheng , Zhang Ruifeng , Wang Fanghui , Bao Yang , Chen Ying 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHaptophytes and Dinoflagellates are two cosmopolitan algae associated with dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) synthesis, which regulates the marine biogenic flux of DMS to the atmosphere with potential effects on global climate. Attempting to reveal the potential impact of atmospheric deposition on the growth of high‐DMSP producers, four bioassay experiments were conducted in the western North Pacific (WNP) by adding aerosols, nutrients, and trace metals. Our results showed that the percentage of high‐DMSP producers increased substantially from coastal seas (<1%) to the open ocean (∼17%) with the dominance of Dinophyceae and Haptophyceae, respectively. Aerosol additions largely increased the percentage of high‐DMSP producing species in the subtropical gyre of WNP. Specifically, atmospheric dissolved inorganic nitrogen, soluble Cu and Fe promoted Dinophyceae taxa, Chrysochromulina, and Phaeocystis and E. huxleyi, respectively. It is very likely that atmospheric deposition could lift the relative abundance of high‐DMSP producers in the vast oligotrophic oceans and potentially contribute to the climate change.
The Earth's Surface Controls the Depth‐Dependent Seismic Radiation of Megathrust Earthquakes
Authors: Yin Jiuxun , Denolle Marine A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMegathrust earthquakes exhibit a ubiquitous seismic radiation style: low‐frequency (LF) seismic energy is efficiently emitted from the shallowest portion of the fault, whereas high‐frequency (HF) seismic energy is efficiently emitted from the deepest part of the fault. Although this is observed in many case‐specific studies, we show that it is ubiquitous in global megathrust earthquakes between 1995 and 2021. Previous studies have interpreted this as an effect of systematic depth variation in either the plate interface frictional properties (Lay et al., 2012) or the P wavespeeds (Sallarès & Ranero, 2019). This work suggests an alternative hypothesis: the interaction between waves and ruptures due to the Earth's free surface is the leading mechanism that generates this behavior. Two‐dimensional dynamic rupture simulations of subduction zone earthquakes support this hypothesis. Our simulations show that the interaction between the seismic waves reflected at the Earth's free surface and the updip propagating rupture results in LF radiation at the source. In contrast, the downdip propagation of rupture is less affected by the free surface and is thus dominated by HF radiation typical of buried faults. To a second degree, the presence of a realistic Earth structure derived from P‐wave velocity (VP) tomographic images and realistic VP/VS ratio estimated in boreholes further enhances the contrast in source radiation. We conclude that the Earth's free surface is necessary to explain the observed megathrust earthquake radiation style, and the realistic structure of subduction zone is necessary to better predict earthquake ground motion and tsunami potential.
A Global Assessment of Precipitable Water Vapor Derived From GNSS Zenith Tropospheric Delays With ERA5, NCEP FNL, and NCEP GFS Products
Authors: Chen Biyan , Yu Wenkun , Wang Wei , Zhang Zhetao , Dai Wujiao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn precipitable water vapor (PWV) retrievals from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data, the two essential parameters, namely, surface pressure () and weighted mean temperature (), are often not available due to the lack of collocated meteorological sensors or improper data retention. Hence, this study presents a comprehensive assessment of the GNSS PWV retrieval using alternative and data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ReAnalysis 5, National Centers for Environmental Prediction Final (NCEP FNL) Analysis, and NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) products. The assessment was based on 691 globally distributed GNSS stations over the entire year of 2019. The zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD) and integrated from the three types of numerical weather prediction (NWP) atmospheric profiles achieve varying accuracies in ranges of 2.4–3.0 mm and 1.1–1.5 K, respectively. PWVs estimated using ZHD and integrated from the NWP profiles obtain accuracies of about 1.6–2.0 mm. These PWVs are slightly better than those using ZHD and calculated by empirical models with surface pressure and temperature from the NWP datasets. The assessment of PWVs with the global pressure and temperature 2 wet model yields a root mean square (RMS) error of 3.73 mm. The relative RMS decreases from 30%‐40% at high latitudes (70–80°S/N) to ∼5% around the equator. The monthly variations of relative RMS show that (a) low‐latitude regions outperform the high‐latitude regions, and (b) winter months have significantly worse performance than other months in both hemispheres.
Analyzing COVID‐19 Using Multisource Data: An Integrated Approach of Visualization, Spatial Regression, and Machine Learning
Authors: Wu Chao , Zhou Mengjie , Liu Pengyu , Yang Mengjie 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As the number of COVID‐19 infections and deaths worldwide continues to increase rapidly, the prevention and control of COVID‐19 remains urgent. This article aims to analyze COVID‐19 from a geographical perspective, and this information can provide useful insights for rapid visualization of spatial‐temporal epidemic information and identification of the factors important to the spread of COVID‐19. A new type of vitalization method, called the point grid map, is integrated with calendar‐based visualization to show the spatial‐temporal variations in COVID‐19. The combination of mixed geographically weighted regression (mixed GWR) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) is used to identify the potential factors and the corresponding importance. The visualization results clearly reflect the spatial‐temporal patterns of COVID‐19. The quantified results reveal that the impact of population outflow from Wuhan is the most important factor and indicate statistically significant spatial heterogeneity. Our results provide insights into how multisource big geodata can be employed within the framework of integrating visualization and analytical methods to characterize COVID‐19 trends. In addition, this work can help understand the influential factors for controlling and preventing epidemics, which is important for policy design and effective decision‐making for controlling COVID‐19. The results reveal that one of the most effective ways to control COVID‐19 include controlling the source of infection, cutting off the transmission route, and protecting vulnerable groups.
Caldera Collapse and Volcanic Resurfacing in Arabia Terra Provide Hints of Vast Under‐Recognized Early Martian Volcanism
Authors: Chu Yin Yau Yoyo , Michalski Joseph R. , Wright Shawn P. , Webb A. Alexander G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractArabia Terra is an ancient, geologically complex region of Mars. It is not typically described as volcanic because it lacks prominent, easily recognizable shield volcanoes. However, Arabia Terra contains flood lavas and widespread layered materials that might represent airfall pyroclastics from unknown sources. Here we explore the geology of some complex topographic depressions in Arabia Terra previously hypothesized to represent collapse features termed “plains style caldera complexes,” an enigmatic category of volcanic feature on Mars characterized by surface collapse rather than construction of topographic shields. Geomorphological observations and geologic mapping carried out here support a volcanic origin of these features, providing a possible source for volcaniclastic sediments. The identification of caldera complexes in Arabia Terra raises the questions of how they are linked to the geotectonic setting of the region and whether similar features might be much more abundant in the ancient Martian crust than is currently recognized.
Predictability of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere During Major Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Richter J. H. , Edwards J. , Glanville A. A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe predictability of the middle atmosphere during major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) is investigated based on subseasonal hindcasts in the Community Earth System Model, version 2 with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model as its atmospheric component (CESM2[WACCM6]). The CESM2(WACCM6) hindcasts allow for the first comprehensive investigation into the predictability of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) during SSWs. Analysis of 14 major SSWs demonstrates that CESM2(WACCM6) hindcasts initialized 5–15 days prior to the SSW onset are able to predict the timing of the SSW, though they underestimate the strength of the SSW. Aspects of the MLT variability, such as the mesosphere cooling and enhanced semidiurnal tide, are found to be well predicted. The demonstrated ability to predict MLT variability during SSWs indicates the potential for improved multi‐day space weather forecasting. Improved space weather forecasting may be achieved by using whole atmosphere models that can predict the MLT variability that drives ionosphere‐thermosphere variability during SSWs.
A Shallow Thermocline Bias in the Southern Tropical Pacific in CMIP5/6 Models Linked to Double‐ITCZ Bias
Authors: Samuels Maya , Adam Ori , Gildor Hezi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA basin‐wide strong shallow bias in the thermocline of the southern tropical Pacific is found in an ensemble of models from the coupled model intercomparison project phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5/6). The bias is present in over 90% of models examined and is equally represented in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. In contrast to observations, where the southern thermocline is far deeper than its northern counterpart, models have a hemispherically symmetric tropical thermocline. The shallow thermocline bias is closely linked to the well known double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) bias; more so for the physical thermocline (i.e., depth of maximal vertical thermal gradient) than the commonly used C isotherm thermocline proxy. A shallow thermocline bias is further found to be associated with climatic conditions including wider separation of double ITCZ peaks, a pronounced cold tongue, and a spurious south equatorial counter current.
Process variations between Swiss units treating neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and their effect on short-term outcome
Authors: Adams Mark , Brotschi Barbara , Birkenmaier André , Schwendener Katharina , Rathke Verena , Kleber Michael , Hagmann Cornelia ,   Swiss National Asphyxia and Cooling Register Group, Bassler Dirk , Natalucci Giancarlo , Böttger Susanne , Frey Bernhard , Bernet Vera , Grass Beate , Rogdo Bjarte , Hoigné Irene , Stocker Martin , Berger Thomas M. , Fontana Matteo , Hegi Lukas , Meyer Philipp , Konetzny Gabriel , Schulzke Sven M. , Wellmann Sven , Hug Maya , Humpl Tilman , Wagner Bendicht , Daetwyler Karin , Riedel Thomas , Scharrer Brigitte , Binz Nicolas , Truttmann Anita , Schneider Juliane 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective
To compare therapeutic hypothermia (TH) treatment of term and near-term neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) between neonatal units.

Study design
Population-based, retrospective analysis of TH initiation and maintenance, and of diagnostic imaging. The comparison between units was based on crude data analysis, indirect standardization, and adjusted logistic regression.

Results
TH was provided to 570 neonates with HIE between 2011 and 2018 in 10 Swiss units. We excluded 121 off-protocol cooled neonates to avoid selection bias. Of the remaining 449 neonates, the outcome was favorable to international benchmarks, but there were large unit-to-unit variations in baseline perinatal data and TH management. A total of 5% neonates did not reach target temperature within 7 h (3–10% between units), and 29% experienced over- or undercooling (0–38%).

Conclusion
Although the neonates had favorable short-term outcomes, areas for improvement remain for Swiss units in both process and outcome measures.
Targeting LAG3/GAL-3 to overcome immunosuppression and enhance anti-tumor immune responses in multiple myeloma
Authors: Bae Jooeun , Accardi Fabrizio , Hideshima Teru , Tai Yu-Tzu , Prabhala Rao , Shambley Aaron , Wen Kenneth , Rowell Sean , Richardson Paul G. , Munshi Nikhil C. , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractImmune profiling in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), and multiple myeloma (MM) provides the framework for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Here, we demonstrate decreased CD4+ Th cells, increased Treg and G-type MDSC, and upregulation of immune checkpoints on effector/regulatory and CD138+ cells in MM patients, compared MGUS/SMM patients or healthy individuals. Among the checkpoints profiled, LAG3 was most highly expressed on proliferating CD4+ Th and CD8+ Tc cells in MM patients BMMC and PBMC. Treatment with antibody targeting LAG3 significantly enhanced T cells proliferation and activities against MM. XBP1/CD138/CS1-specific CTL generated in vitro displayed anti-MM activity, which was further enhanced following anti-LAG3 treatment, within the antigen-specific memory T cells. Treg and G-type MDSC weakly express LAG3 and were minimally impacted by anti-LAG3. CD138+ MM cells express GAL-3, a ligand for LAG3, and anti-GAL-3 treatment increased MM-specific responses, as observed for anti-LAG3. Finally, we demonstrate checkpoint inhibitor treatment evokes non-targeted checkpoints as a cause of resistance and propose combination therapeutic strategies to overcome this resistance. These studies identify and validate blockade of LAG3/GAL-3, alone or in combination with immune strategies including XBP1/CD138/CS1 multipeptide vaccination, to enhance anti-tumor responses and improve patient outcome in MM.
Miura-ori structured flexible microneedle array electrode for biosignal recording
Authors: Hou Yue , Li Zhaoyu , Wang Ziyu , Yu Hongyu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHighly reliable signal recording with low electrode-skin impedance makes the microneedle array electrode (MAE) a promising candidate for biosignal sensing. However, when used in long-term health monitoring for some incidental diseases, flexible microneedles with perfectly skin-tight fit substrates lead to sweat accumulation inside, which will not only affect the signal output but also trigger some skin allergic reactions. In this paper, a flexible MAE on a Miura-ori structured substrate is proposed and fabricated with two-directional in-plane bendability. The results from the comparison tests show enhanced performance in terms of (1) the device reliability by resisting peeling off of the metal layer from the substrate during the operation and (2) air ventilation, achieved from the air-circulating channels, to remove sweat. Bio-signal recordings of electrocardiography (ECG), as well as electromyography (EMG) of the biceps brachii, in both static and dynamic states, are successfully demonstrated with superior accuracy and long-term stability, demonstrating the great potential in health monitoring applications.
Sexually dimorphic neuroanatomical differences relate to ASD-relevant behavioral outcomes in a maternal autoantibody mouse model
Authors: Bruce Matthew R. , Jones Karen L. , Vernon Anthony C. , Silverman Jill L. , Crawley Jacqueline N. , Ellegood Jacob , Lerch Jason P. , Van de Water Judy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractImmunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies reactive to fetal brain proteins in mothers of children with ASD have been described by several groups. To understand their pathologic significance, we developed a mouse model of maternal autoantibody related ASD (MAR-ASD) utilizing the peptide epitopes from human autoantibody reactivity patterns. Male and female offspring prenatally exposed to the salient maternal autoantibodies displayed robust deficits in social interactions and increased repetitive self-grooming behaviors as juveniles and adults. In the present study, neuroanatomical differences in adult MAR-ASD and control offspring were assessed via high-resolution ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 6 months of age. Of interest, MAR-ASD mice displayed significantly larger total brain volume and of the 159 regions examined, 31 were found to differ significantly in absolute volume (mm3) at an FDR of <5%. Specifically, the absolute volumes of several white matter tracts, cortical regions, and basal nuclei structures were significantly increased in MAR-ASD animals. These phenomena were largely driven by female MAR-ASD offspring, as no significant differences were seen with either absolute or relative regional volume in male MAR-ASD mice. However, structural covariance analysis suggests network-level desynchronization in brain volume in both male and female MAR-ASD mice. Additionally, preliminary correlational analysis with behavioral data relates that volumetric increases in numerous brain regions of MAR-ASD mice were correlated with social interaction and repetitive self-grooming behaviors in a sex-specific manner. These results demonstrate significant sex-specific effects in brain size, regional relationships, and behavior for offspring prenatally exposed to MAR-ASD autoantibodies relative to controls.
Oxytocin administration in neonates shapes hippocampal circuitry and restores social behavior in a mouse model of autism
Authors: Bertoni Alessandra , Schaller Fabienne , Tyzio Roman , Gaillard Stephane , Santini Francesca , Xolin Marion , Diabira Diabé , Vaidyanathan Radhika , Matarazzo Valery , Medina Igor , Hammock Elizabeth , Zhang Jinwei , Chini Bice , Gaiarsa Jean-Luc , Muscatelli Françoise 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOxytocin is an important regulator of the social brain. In some animal models of autism, notably in Magel2tm1.1Mus-deficient mice, peripheral administration of oxytocin in infancy improves social behaviors until adulthood. However, neither the mechanisms responsible for social deficits nor the mechanisms by which such oxytocin administration has long-term effects are known. Here, we aimed to clarify these oxytocin-dependent mechanisms, focusing on social memory performance. Using in situ hybridization (RNAscope), we have established that Magel2 and oxytocin receptor are co-expressed in the dentate gyrus and CA2/CA3 hippocampal regions involved in the circuitry underlying social memory. Then, we have shown that Magel2tm1.1Mus-deficient mice, evaluated in a three-chamber test, present a deficit in social memory. Next, in hippocampus, we conducted neuroanatomical and functional studies using immunostaining, oxytocin-binding experiments, ex vivo electrophysiological recordings, calcium imaging and biochemical studies. We demonstrated: an increase of the GABAergic activity of CA3-pyramidal cells associated with an increase in the quantity of oxytocin receptors and of somatostatin interneurons in both DG and CA2/CA3 regions. We also revealed a delay in the GABAergic development sequence in Magel2tm1.1Mus-deficient pups, linked to phosphorylation modifications of KCC2. Above all, we demonstrated the positive effects of subcutaneous administration of oxytocin in the mutant neonates, restoring hippocampal alterations and social memory at adulthood. Although clinical trials are debated, this study highlights the mechanisms by which peripheral oxytocin administration in neonates impacts the brain and demonstrates the therapeutic value of oxytocin to treat infants with autism spectrum disorders.
Visual electrophysiology in the assessment of toxicity and deficiency states affecting the visual system
Authors: O’Neill Emily K. , Smith Richard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVisual disturbance or visual failure due to toxicity of an ingested substance or a severe nutritional deficiency can present significant challenges for diagnosis and management, for instance, where an adverse reaction to a prescribed medicine is suspected. Objective assessment of visual function is important, particularly where structural changes in the retina or optic nerve have not yet occurred, as there may be a window of opportunity to mitigate or reverse visual loss. This paper reviews a number of clinical presentations where visual electrophysiological assessment has an important role in early diagnosis or management alongside clinical assessment and ocular imaging modalities. We highlight the importance of vitamin A deficiency as an easily detected marker for severe combined micronutrient deficiency.