bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rate constant ratios in the consecutive chlorination of liquid‐phase p‐xylene with Cl2 and an iron(III) chloride catalyst
Authors: Rigas Fotis P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGiven that p‐xylene is an important chemical feedstock for many final products in the market from pesticides, pharmaceuticals, peroxides to dyes, its chlorinated derivatives are of interest in the chemical industry. In this paper, the rate constant ratios of the consecutive chlorination of p‐xylene at 70°C in a gas–liquid semibatch reactor using molecular chlorine and iron(III) chloride as a catalyst was investigated up to the fourth successive reaction (tetrachloro‐p‐xylene production). The ratios were determined with both mathematical expressions and a graphical method proposed recently in the literature by use of the maxima of the successive products. The ratios found for monochloro‐p‐xylene (2‐chloro‐p‐xylene), dichloro‐p‐xylene (the sum of 2,3‐dichloro‐p‐xylene and 2,5‐dichloro‐p‐xylene), trichloro‐p‐xylene (2,3,5‐trichloro‐p‐xylene), and tetrachloro‐p‐xylene (2,3,5,6‐tetrachloro‐p‐xylene) are k2/k1 = 0.295, k3/k1 = 0.0826, and k4/k1 = 0.00383. The ratio of the dichlo‐isomers produced was also determined as 2.12 in favor of 2,5‐dichloro‐p‐xylene, which is reasonable since 2,3‐dichloro‐p‐xylene is highly hindered by the adjacent groups on the aromatic nucleus. The existing knowledge found in the literature on the rate constant ratios of consecutive reactions was also extended in this paper with a new mathematical expression for the determination of the third stage product peak concentration. The standard uncertainties of the rate constant ratios, the standard deviation of the means, as well as the expanded uncertainties of the means, were calculated. Finally, the propagation of uncertainties for the trichloro‐p‐xylene was estimated using the partial derivatives of this product for each of the rate constants.
Shape Analysis of Energy Polydisperse Polymers
Authors: Singh Thoudam Vilip , Shagolsem Lenin S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe equilibrium properties of an energy polydisperse chain, in which the interaction strengths between the monomers are drawn from a log‐normal distribution, at small polydispersity value are investigated by means of computer simulations. We perform coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulations in an implicit solvent condition, and a comparative study with that of the corresponding homopolymers is carried out. In this study, we focus our attention in understanding the behavior of average instantaneous conformations, characterized through various shape parameters for both energy polydisperse and homopolymer chains as a function of temperature (T). It is found that the energy polydisperse chain has relatively low value of θ‐temperature (Tθ), at which polymer assumes ideal conformation. In particular, we investigate the conformational changes across Tθ and found that for T at/above Tθ the behavior is independent of the chain type and length, whereas for T below Tθ, strong dependence on the chain length is observed. To understand the detailed statistics, we also compare the distributions of chain sizes as well as eigenvalues of the gyration tensor.
Early detection of increased marrow adiposity with age in rats using Z‐spectral MRI at ultra‐high field (7 T)
Authors: Cai Zimeng , Tao Quan , Scotti Alessandro , Yi Peiwei , Feng Yanqiu , Cai Kejia 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundNowadays, the drive towards high‐field MRI is fueled by the pursuit of higher signal‐to‐noise ratio, spatial resolution, and imaging speed. However, high field strength is associated with field inhomogeneity, acceleration of T2* decay, and increased chemical shift, which may pose challenges to conventional MRI for fat quantification in complex tissues such as bone marrow. With proton MRI spectroscopy (1H‐MRS), on the other hand, it is difficult to produce high resolution. As a novel alternative fat quantification method, high‐resolution Z‐spectral MRI (ZS‐MRI) can achieve fat quantification by acquiring direct saturated images of both fat and water under the same TE, which may be less affected by T2* decay and field inhomogeneity.PurposeTo demonstrate ZS‐MRI for marrow adipose tissue (MAT) quantification in rat's lumbar spine and the early detection of MAT changes with age.MethodsThe accuracy of ZS‐MRI for fat quantification at ultra‐high‐field MRI (7 T) was verified with MRS and conventional Dixon MRI in water‐oil mixed phantoms with varying fat fraction (FF). Dixon MRI data were processed with iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation. ZS‐MRI was then used to longitudinally monitor the adiposity in the lumbar spine of young healthy rats at 13, 17, and 21 weeks to detect the early changes of FF with age in MAT. Hematoxylin‐eosin staining of lumbar spines from separated rat groups was performed for verification.ResultsIn ex vivo phantom experiments, both Dixon MRI and ZS‐MRI were well correlated with 1H‐MRS for the quantification of FF at 7 T (R > 0.99). Compared with Dixon MRI, ZS‐MRI showed reduced image artifacts due to field inhomogeneity and presented better agreement with 1H‐MRS for the early detection of increased MAT due to age at 7 T (ZS‐MRI R = 0.78 versus Dixon MRI R = 0.34). The increased MAT FF due to age was confirmed by histology.ConclusionZS‐MRI proves itself as an alternative fat quantification method for bone marrow in rats at 7 T.
Postoperative oral energy and protein intakes for an enhanced recovery after surgery program incorporating early enteral nutrition for pancreaticoduodenectomy: A retrospective study
Authors: Matsugu Yasuhiro , Ito Keiko , Oshita Akihiko , Nobuhara Hiroshi , Tanaka Junko , Akita Tomoyuki , Itamoto Toshiyuki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough postoperative early oral feeding in the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program for pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is deemed safe, the assessment of oral intakes has been insufficient. This study aimed to investigate postoperative oral intakes and the effectiveness of an ERAS program incorporating early enteral nutrition (EN).MethodsIn total, 203 patients with PD were enrolled retrospectively. The first group (group E1; n = 61) comprised 11 ERAS care elements, whereas the second group (group E2; n = 106) comprised 19 elements. The control group (group C; n = 36) was managed using traditional care before ERAS was implemented. Postoperative energy and protein requirements were estimated at 25–30 kcal per kilogram of ideal body weight and 1.2–1.5 g per kilogram of ideal body weight, respectively, and were investigated along with the length of hospital stay (LOS).ResultsThe oral energy and protein intakes from the diets in the ERAS groups at postoperative day 7 significantly increased compared with those in group C. Intakes in groups E1 and E2 were not significantly different and provided <30% of the requirements. However, the total intakes, which were compensated by EN, were maintained at >80% of the requirements. LOS was significantly shorter in groups E1 (31 days) and E2 (19 days) than in group C (52 days).ConclusionsPostoperative early oral energy and protein intakes of this modified ERAS program failed to meet the dietary requirements. However, early EN compensated for the shortages and contributed to the reduction of LOS.
Factors associated with media use for parenting information: A cross‐sectional study among parents of children aged 0–8 years
Authors: Fierloos Irene N. , Windhorst Dafna A. , Fang Yuan , Mao Yuping , Crone Matty R. , Hosman Clemens M.H. , Jansen Wilma , Raat Hein 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimMedia use may strengthen parents’ capacities to deal with parenting issues. This study examined which factors are associated with media use for parenting information.DesignCross‐sectional data of 658 parents of children aged 0–8 years, gathered in the CIKEO cohort study in the Netherlands, were analysed.MethodsMultivariable logistic regression models were used to examine which factors were associated with media use for parenting information.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 33.8 years (SD = 5.0); 94.7% were mothers; 77.4% used media for parenting information. Parents with more questions or concerns (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.59), and parents who received parenting information from their social contacts (OR: 5.57, 95% CI: 3.22, 9.61), had higher odds of media use for parenting information. Older parents (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.00), and parents of older children (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.95), had lower odds of media use for parenting information.
The perpetuation of bribery–prone relationships: A study from Vietnamese public officials
Authors: Nguyen Thang V. , Doan Minh H. , Tran Nhung H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractStudies of bribery have not adequately considered individual psychological processes in the development of bribery–prone relationships. We propose an integration of moral disengagement and the norm of reciprocity as a theoretical lens to explain the evolvement of bribery–prone relationships. Based on qualitative data from a sample of government officials in Vietnam, we found that public officials normally go through a “calculative judgment”, experience a certain level of emotional discomfort and then use rationalization strategies to decide whether to engage in a bribery–prone exchange or relationship. Furthermore, these psychological processes are distinctive in the initiation and perpetuation stages of a bribery–prone relationship. The study suggests that interactions of the norm of reciprocity and wider ethical norms in governing bribery should be further addressed by both researchers and practitioners.
Simultaneous three‐translational‐axis vibration test that considers non‐Gaussianity
Authors: Hosoyama Akira , Tsuda Kazuki , Horiguchi Shogo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPackaging vibration tests are used to evaluate the vibration durability of packaged products by simulating transport vibration. Currently, the vertical Gaussian random vibration test is commonly used. However, in actual transport vibration environments, non‐Gaussian random vibration occurs along various axes simultaneously. To simulate actual transport vibration environments accurately and realistically, this study developed a simultaneous three‐translational‐axis vibration test that considers the three‐axis simultaneity of shock events, which is unique to non‐Gaussian vibration. In addition, to verify the effectiveness of the test, an experiment on the collapse of packaged products was performed by using three sets of vibration data (actual transport vibration data and vibration data with and without the three‐axis simultaneity of shock events), and the collapse time for each dataset was measured. The collapse time obtained using the vibration data with the three‐axis simultaneity of shock events was closer to the collapse time obtained using the actual transport vibration data than the collapse time obtained using the vibration data without the three‐axis simultaneity of shock events. Therefore, the simultaneous three‐translational‐axis vibration test that does not consider the three‐axis simultaneity of shock events may give different results from those obtained under actual transport vibration conditions. Therefore, to simulate actual transport vibration environments accurately and realistically, a simultaneous three‐translational‐axis vibration test that considers the three‐axis simultaneity of shock events should be performed.
Taking off the gown: Impact of discontinuing contact precautions for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing organisms
Authors: Gottlieb Lindsey B. , Walits Emily , Patel Gopi , Schaefer Sarah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Contact precautions are used to prevent the spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing organisms in acute-care hospitals, but supporting data are lacking. We discontinued such precautions for ESBL Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp and found no increased prevalence of these organisms with our change in practice.
Minimally critical regular endomorphisms of
Authors: INGRAM PATRICK 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe study the dynamics of the map
$f:\mathbb {A}^N\to \mathbb {A}^N$
defined by
$$ \begin{align*} f(\mathbf{X})=A\mathbf{X}^d+\mathbf{b}, \end{align*} $$
for
$A\in \operatorname {SL}_N$
,
$\mathbf {b}\in \mathbb {A}^N$
, and
$d\geq 2$
, a class which specializes to the unicritical polynomials when
$N=1$
. In the case
$k=\mathbb {C}$
we obtain lower bounds on the sum of Lyapunov exponents of f, and a statement which generalizes the compactness of the Mandelbrot set. Over
$\overline {\mathbb {Q}}$
we obtain estimates on the critical height of f, and over algebraically closed fields we obtain some rigidity results for post-critically finite morphisms of this form.
Why was early therapeutic research on psychedelic drugs abandoned?
Authors: Hall Wayne 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdvocates of the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs have argued that a promising approach to treatment was prematurely abandoned in the 1960s primarily because of Richard Nixon's ‘War on Drugs’.This paper (1) briefly describes research in the 1950s and 1960s in North America on the use of LSD to treat alcohol dependence, anxiety in terminal illness, and anxiety and depression; and (2) discusses the factors that led to its abandonment.MethodAn analysis of historical scholarship on psychedelic research in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s in North America.ResultsResearch on psychedelic drugs in psychiatry was abandoned for a number of reasons that acted in concert. A major factor was that clinical research on psychedelic drugs was caught up in the tighter regulation of pharmaceutical research after the Thalidomide disaster in 1963. Psychedelic drugs also presented special challenges for randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials in the 1970s that were not as positive as the claims made by their advocates in the 1950s and 1960s. Clinical research became more difficult after 1965 when Sandoz ceased providing psychedelic drugs for research and their nonmedical use was prohibited in 1970.ConclusionsThe demise of psychedelic drug research was not solely due to the ‘War on Drugs’. It was hastened by tighter regulation of pharmaceutical research, the failure of controlled clinical trials to live up to the claims of psychedelic advocates, and the pharmaceutical industry's lack of interest in funding clinical trials.
Scaphoid Dislocation Reconstruction with Scapholunotriquetral Ligament Tenodesis
Authors: Mailey Brian , Brown Amanda L. , Winters James 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTraumatic injuries leading to complex scaphoid dislocations are uncommon. We present a successful reconstructive case after a complex intercarpal instability injury using scapholunotriquetral tenodesis without the need for Kirschner wire fixation and early controlled range of motion therapy. At 3 months, the patient had a pain-free wrist with a 100-degree arc of motion and returned to work with full functionality. A literature review was performed to describe the previously published surgical treatments of this injury pattern and compare functional outcomes.
Validating a Series of Photonumeric Rating Scales for Use in Facial Aesthetics Using Statistical Analysis of Intra- and Inter-rater Reliability
Authors: Lorenc Z Paul , Jones Derek , Kim Jeongyun , Gwak Hee Min , Batham Samixa , Vachon Ginny 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Growing demand for minimally invasive aesthetic procedures to correct age-related facial changes and optimize facial proportions has been met with innovation but has created an unmet need for objective assessment tools to evaluate results empirically.

Objectives
The purpose of this study is to establish the intra- and inter-rater reliability of ordinal, photonumeric, 4-, or 5-point rating scales for clinical use to assess facial aesthetics.

Methods
Board-certified plastic surgeons and dermatologists (3 raters) performed live validation of jawline contour, temple volume, chin retrusion, nasolabial folds, vertical perioral lip lines, midface volume loss, lip fullness, and crow’s feet dynamic- and at rest-rating scales over 2 rounds, 2 weeks apart. Subjects selected for live validation represented the range of scores and included 54 to 83 subjects for each scale. Test-retest reliability was quantitated through intra- and inter-rater reliability, determined from the mean weighted kappa and round 2 intraclass correlation coefficients, respectively. The clinical significance of a 1-grade difference was assessed through rater comparison of 31 pairs of side-by-side photographs of subjects with the same grade or a different grade on the developed scales.

Results
The study demonstrated substantial to near-perfect intra- and inter-rater reliability of all scales when utilized by trained raters to assess a diverse group of live subjects. Furthermore, the clinical significance of a 1-point difference on all the developed scales was established.

Conclusions
The high test-retest reliability and intuitive layout of these scales provide an objective approach with standardized ratings for clinical assessment of various facial features.
Stent deformation in a sutureless aortic valve bioprosthesis: a pilot observational analysis using imaging and three-dimensional modelling
Authors: Aljalloud Ali , Spetsotaki Konstantina , Tewarie Lachmandath , Rossato Leonardo , Steinseifer Ulrich , Autschbach Ruediger , Menne Matthias 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The goal of this analysis of the Perceval aortic bioprosthesis was to investigate the ovalization/deformation of the Perceval prosthesis stent after implantation and its propensity for cusp dysfunction, fluttering, fibrosis and blockage.

METHODS
Between August 2014 and May 2019, a total of 134 patients (52% female) underwent aortic valve replacement with the Perceval bioprosthesis. We reconstructed three-dimensional models of the Perceval stent using thorax computed tomography scans for 16 patients employing the software Mimics (Materialise NV, Leuven, Belgium) and analysed the ovality of the stents. Radial force (RF) measurements were performed to compare the stiffness of the Perceval bioprosthesis to that of other valves.

RESULTS
The three-dimensional reconstructions showed that all Perceval stents exhibited some degree of deformation and ovalization. Ovality in the annulus and commissure section of the Perceval stents ranged from 6.8% to 45% with mean values of 13.6% and 21.9%, respectively. The RF of the Perceval prosthesis was noticeably lower than that of the Edwards Intuity and several transcatheter aortic valve implantation devices. The stent adopted the preoperative shape of the aorta in the 2 patients for whom pre- and postoperative computed tomography data existed.

CONCLUSIONS
The Perceval bioprostheses were deformed to different degrees in all analysed cases. The comparably low RFs might be an explanation for the propensity towards this deformation, which can lead to fluttering, a reduction of the cusps’ mobility. This condition could potentially result in fibrosis as well as increased transvalvular pressure gradients and might be the cause for the increase in lactate dehydrogenase and the decrease in platelet count.
Referral decisions based on a pre-hospital HEART score in suspected non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: final results of the Famous Triage study
Authors: Tolsma R T , Fokkert M J , Van Dongen D N , Slingerland R J , Badings E , Van Der Sluis A , Ottervanger J P , Van 'T Hof A W J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Recent studies show that pre-hospital risk stratification of patients with suspected non-ST-elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTE-ACS) by ambulance paramedics is feasible. However, it is not investigated whether making referral decisions based on this risk stratification is safe and not associated with an increased risk of Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE). The hypothesis of the Famous Triage study is that implementation of referral decisions by ambulance paramedics based on a pre-hospital HEART score (History, ECG, Age, Risk factors and Troponin), is non-inferior to routine management on the occurrence of MACE within 45 days.

Methods
Famous Triage phase III is the first study where referral decisions by paramedics are based on a pre-hospital acquired HEART score. In the second phase (before implementation) a pre-hospital HEART score was assessed without consequences for referral decisions. In the third phase low-risk patients (HEART score ≤3) were not transferred to the hospital. Primary endpoint was the comparison of MACE (acute coronary syndrome, revascularization or death by all causes) within 45 days between phase II and III.

Results
A total of 1,236 patients were included, mean age was 63 years, 43% was female, 700 patients were included in the second phase (all referred to the hospital) and 536 in the third phase in which 149 low-risk patients (28%, HEART score ≤3) were not transferred to the hospital. Occurrence of 45 days MACE was 16.6% in phase II and 15.7% in phase III (p=0.67). Percentage MACE in low-risk patients was 2.9% in phase II and 1.3% in phase III. After adjustments for differences in baseline variables, the odds ratio of 45 days MACE in phase III was 0.88 (95% CI 0.63 – 1.25) as compared to phase II.

Conclusion
Pre-hospital risk stratification of patients with suspected NSTE-ACS, avoiding hospitalization of a substantial number of low-risk patients, is feasible and non-inferior to transferring all patients to the hospital. This pre-hospital triage strategy might improve value based healthcare (equal outcomes at less costs).

Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Roche Diagnostics, The Netherlands