bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interband optical absorption obtained by pseudopotential method for type-II InAs/GaSb SL photodetectors
Authors: Akel Kazım , Hoştut Mustafa , Akın Tayfun , Ergün Yüksel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We have calculated interband optical absorption for InAs/GaSb based type-II superlattice (SL) structures. The empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) has been used as an alternative to the k.p method since it is less sophisticated while providing similar results in the mid wavelength infrared range and long wavelength infrared range atmospherics bands for comparison. EPM results show that the bandgap wavelengths of SLs have been predicted with the underestimating of 0.4 µm. This corresponds to an uncertainty of less than 0.3 monolayer in the layer width. The theoretical estimation is comparable with the uncertainty of the layer width during the growth process. Heterostructures or SLs with their ternary and quaternary alloys can be calculated by this method to identify electronic and optical parameters for both intersubband and interband applications.
Machine learning approach to muon spectroscopy analysis
Authors: Tula T , Möller G , Quintanilla J , Giblin S R , Hillier A D , McCabe E E , Ramos S , Barker D S , Gibson S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In recent years, artificial intelligence techniques have proved to be very successful when applied to problems in physical sciences. Here we apply an unsupervised machine learning (ML) algorithm called principal component analysis (PCA) as a tool to analyse the data from muon spectroscopy experiments. Specifically, we apply the ML technique to detect phase transitions in various materials. The measured quantity in muon spectroscopy is an asymmetry function, which may hold information about the distribution of the intrinsic magnetic field in combination with the dynamics of the sample. Sharp changes of shape of asymmetry functions—measured at different temperatures—might indicate a phase transition. Existing methods of processing the muon spectroscopy data are based on regression analysis, but choosing the right fitting function requires knowledge about the underlying physics of the probed material. Conversely, PCA focuses on small differences in the asymmetry curves and works without any prior assumptions about the studied samples. We discovered that the PCA method works well in detecting phase transitions in muon spectroscopy experiments and can serve as an alternative to current analysis, especially if the physics of the studied material are not entirely known. Additionally, we found out that our ML technique seems to work best with large numbers of measurements, regardless of whether the algorithm takes data only for a single material or whether the analysis is performed simultaneously for many materials with different physical properties.
Ablation of cells in mice using antibody-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Ab-MWCNTs) in combination with microwaves
Authors: Chall Amy , Stagg John , Mixson Andrew , Gato Eric , Quirino Rafael L , Sittaramane Vinoth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This is a proof-of-principle study on the combination of microwaves and multiwalled carbon nanotubes to induce in vivo, localized hyperthermic ablation of cells as a potential methodology for the treatment of localized tumors. Compared to conventional methods, the proposed approach can create higher temperatures in a rapid and localized fashion, under low radiation levels, eliminating some of the unwanted side effects. Following successful ablation of cancer cells in cell culture and zebrafish tumor-xenograft models, it is hypothesized that a cancer treatment can be developed using safe microwave irradiation for selective ablation of tumor cells in vivo using carbon nanotube-Antibody (CNT-Ab) conjugates as a targeting agent. In this study, mice were used as an animal model for the optimization of the proposed microwave treatment strategy. The safe dose of CNT-Ab and microwave radiation levels for mice were determined. Further, CNT-Ab distribution and toxicology in mice were qualitatively determined for a time span of two weeks following microwave hyperthermia. The results indicate no toxicity associated with the CNT-Ab in the absence of microwaves. CNTs are only found in the proximity of the site of injection and have been shown to effectively cause hyperthermia induced necrosis upon exposure to microwaves with no noticeable damage to other tissues that are not in direct contact with the CNT-Ab. To understand the cellular immune response towards CNT-Abs, transgenic zebrafish with fluorescently labeled macrophages and neutrophils were used to assay for their ability to phagocytize CNT-Ab. Our results indicate that macrophages and neutrophils were able to actively phagocytose CNT-Abs shortly after injection. Taken together, this is the first study to show that CNTs can be used in combination with microwaves to cause targeted ablation of cells in mice without any side effects, which would be ideal for cancer therapies.
A capacitive humidity sensor based on all-protein embedded with gold nanoparticles @ carbon composite for human respiration detection
Authors: Ma Liyun , Patil Aniruddha , Wu Ronghui , Zhang Yifan , Meng Zhaohui , Zhang Wenli , Kong Lingqing , Liu Xiang Yang , Wang Jun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Wool and silk fiber are the most extensive resources of protein fibers and have been used in the textile field for many years. The extracted biocompatible proteins are more and more widely used in flexible devices, sensors, tissue engineering, etc. Here, a fully biomaterial based flexible humidity sensor has been successfully fabricated for the first time. Interdigital electrodes of humidity sensor are printed on a transparent sensor substrate made of silk protein by inkjet printing. The humidity sensitive material is gold nanoparticles hosted nitrogen doped carbon (AuNPs@NC), which is fabricated by in situ dispersion of gold nanoparticles in a wool keratin assisted porous carbon precursor. The best treatment condition of the sensitive materials is obtained by comparing the sensitivity of humidity response. Moreover, the as-prepared biocompatible flexible sensor was successfully used to detect human respiration.
DeepDose: a robust deep learning-based dose engine for abdominal tumours in a 1.5 T MRI radiotherapy system
Authors: Tsekas G , Bol G H , Raaymakers B W , Kontaxis C 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present a robust deep learning-based framework for dose calculations of abdominal tumours in a 1.5 T MRI radiotherapy system. For a set of patient plans, a convolutional neural network is trained on the dose of individual multi-leaf-collimator segments following the DeepDose framework. It can then be used to predict the dose distribution per segment for a set of patient anatomies. The network was trained using data from three anatomical sites of the abdomen: prostate, rectal and oligometastatic tumours. A total of 216 patient fractions were used, previously treated in our clinic with fixed-beam IMRT using the Elekta MR-linac. For the purpose of training, 176 fractions were used with random gantry angles assigned to each segment, while 20 fractions were used for the validation of the network. The ground truth data were calculated with a Monte Carlo dose engine at 1% statistical uncertainty per segment. For a total of 20 independent abdominal test fractions with the clinical angles, the network was able to accurately predict the dose distributions, achieving 99.4% ± 0.6% for the whole plan prediction at the 3%/3 mm gamma test. The average dose difference and standard deviation per segment was 0.3% ± 0.7%. Additional dose prediction on one cervical and one pancreatic case yielded high dose agreement of 99.9% and 99.8% respectively for the 3%/3 mm criterion. Overall, we show that our deep learning-based dose engine calculates highly accurate dose distributions for a variety of abdominal tumour sites treated on the MR-linac, in terms of performance and generality.
The time response for the low-temperature poly-silicon thin-film transistors to x-ray irradiation pulse
Authors: Tai Ya-Hsiang , Yeh Shan , Chen Wei-Lin , Chang Ting-Chang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, the time response behavior of low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) thin-film transistors (TFTs) to x-ray irradiation pulses with different frequencies is analyzed. The formulas for the time response of excited and recovery behaviors are proposed for possible use in circuit performance enhancement in real x-ray irradiation situations. The predicted and measured results fit fairly well, which is important in the development of x-ray image sensors using LTPS TFTs.
Improvement of critical temperature of niobium nitride deposited on 8-inch silicon wafers thanks to an AlN buffer layer
Authors: Rhazi Raouia , Machhadani Houssaine , Bougerol Catherine , Lequien Stéphane , Robin Eric , Rodriguez Guillaume , Souil Richard , Thomassin Jean-Luc , Mollard Nicolas , Désières Yohan , Monroy Eva , Olivier Ségolène , Gérard Jean-Michel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study the crystalline properties and superconducting critical temperature of ultra-thin (5–9 nm) NbN films deposited on 8-inch silicon wafers by reactive sputtering. We show that the deposition of NbN on a thin (10–20 nm) AlN buffer layer, also synthesized by reactive sputtering, improves the critical temperature by several Kelvin, up to 10 K for 9 nm NbN on 20 nm AlN. We correlate this improvement to the higher-crystalline quality of NbN on AlN. While NbN deposited directly on silicon is polycrystalline with randomly oriented grains, NbN on AlN(0001) is textured along (111), due to the close lattice match. The superconducting properties of the NbN/AlN stack are validated by the demonstration of fibre-coupled normal-incidence superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. The whole fabrication process is CMOS compatible, with a thermal budget compatible with the integration of other passive and active components on silicon. These results pave the way for the integration of a large number of surface or waveguide-integrated detectors on large-scale silicon wafers. Furthermore, as AlN is transparent over a broad wavelength range from the visible to the near-infrared, the optimized superconducting NbN/AlN stack can be used for a wide variety of applications, from imaging to quantum communications and quantum computing.
Comment on ‘On the criteria of the Langmuir oscillations breaking in a plasma’
Authors: Rathee Nidhi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In a recent article by Frolov and Chizhonkov [Phys. Scr.
95 065604, (2020)], the authors have claimed that the inequality condition on initial electron density and velocity for plasma to sustain oscillation is incorrect in the book Methods in Nonlinear Plasma Theory by Davidson. The purpose of this note is to show the equivalence of both the inequalities as derived by Davidson and by Frolov et al.
Performance analysis of octagonal photonic crystal fiber (O-PCF) for various communication applications
Authors: Hossain Md. Selim , Sen Shuvo , Hossain Md. Mahabub 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this research work, a novel design of octagonal cladding with two elliptical cores in photonic crystal fiber (O-PCF) is studied for application in the terahertz (THz) frequency regime. There exists five layers octagonal figure in circular air holes (CAH) of cladding region with two elliptical shapes of core area are proposed in this research work. The O-PCF features of the fiber have been explored using full vector finite element method (FEM) with perfectly match layer (PML) boundary condition that have been used to confine the light inside the core region properly. Some supplementary significant fiber features for THz signal spread with low confinement loss, high core power fraction, scattering loss and single-mode PCF circumstances of the fiber have also been considered. Simulated results exhibition compares to the low effective material loss (EML) of 0.0153 cm−1, larger effective area of 5.95 × 10–8 m2, core power fraction of 79%, a low confinement loss and scattering loss such as 3.36 × 10–14 dB m−1 and 1.25 × 10–10 dB km−1 respectively at 1 THz frequency regime. To shorten design and smooth fabrication, only circular shaped air holes have been employed. Due to its promising characteristics, the proposed SM-OPCF waveguide provides efficient transmission of broadband terahertz signals. The suggested excellent designed of O-PCF can be used mostly for in nano-optics, biomedical signal processing, optical amplification, SONET and others communication areas.
Preparation, characterization, and optical properties of nanosized Al(III) 3-azo-phenolate salicylic acid thin film for potential application in nonlinear optical crystal
Authors: Hamdalla Taymour A , Algamdi S A , Aljohani Meshari M , Darwish A A A , Mohamed Asmaa K , Mahmoud Mohamed E , Seleim Seleim M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The present research is concentrated on improving the characteristic properties of salicylic acid (SA) within the nonlinear optical crystal. So, the layer-by-layer (LBL) technique was utilized to design and make thin films of nanosized aluminum (III) complex of 3-azo-phenolate salicylic acid (NS Al(III)-3AP-SA) having a high specified surface area with various thicknesses. The synthesized material was deposited on glass and quartz substrates to investigate the structural and optical properties. Characterization of fabricated films was performed using TGA, X-ray, SEM, and FTIR. The prepared NS Al(III)-3AP-SA exhibited a spherical shape with a size between 41–61 nm. The optical transmission spectra were studied in the spectral range of 300 to 1100 nm at room temperature. The refractive index, absorption coefficient, and optical energy gap were determined. It was found that the optical energy gap = 3.78 eV without noticeable variation because of thickness increases. Together with their dependencies on the film thicknesses, the nonlinear and linear optical parameters have been calculated. The results suggest that the assembled NS Al(III)-(3AP-SA) can be categorized as a promising material for the fabrication of nonlinear optical crystal applications.
Heavy ion irradiation induced defects in Zircaloy-4
Authors: Izerrouken M , Hazem R , Yahsi U , Naceri S E , Tav C , Küzeci S , Sari A , Haid F , Ishaq A , Menchi O , Ghamnia M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Radiation damage induced in Zircaloy-4 by 20 MeV Au ions was investigated using Grazing x-ray diffraction (GIXRD), positron annihilation techniques, micro-and nano-hardness techniques. The irradiations were performed at room temperature in the fluence range 1 × 1013–5 × 1014 ions cm−2 corresponding to 0.07–3.63 displacements per atom (dpa). The grazing incidence angle x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) revealed the presence of the hydride precipitates in the analyzed zircaloy-4. According to our experimental data it is found that the amount of these precipitates decreases after irradiation as emphasized by GIXRD and Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) results. The same data revealed also a zircaloy-4 swelling above a certain dose. From the combination of domain size/microstrain with the micro- and nano-hardness results, we conclude that the Zircaloy hardening is mainly due to the dislocation formation indicating the effect of the microstructure on the mechanical properties. Moreover, from the dose dependence of irradiation hardening we conclude that the transition point from low-dose to high-dose regime is observed around 0.07 dpa.
in BLMSSM *
Authors: Chen Jian-Bin , Zhang Meng , Xing Li-Li , Feng Tai-Fu , Zhao Shu-Min , Sun Ke-Sheng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Applying the effective Lagrangian method, we study the flavor changing neutral current process

within the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model, where baryon and lepton numbers are local gauge symmetries. Constraints on the parameters are investigated numerically with the experimental data for the branching ratio of

. Additionally, we present the corrections to direct CP-violation in

and time-dependent CP-asymmetry in

. With appropriate assumptions on the parameters, we find the direct CP-violation

is very small, while one-loop contributions to

can be significant.
Plasma confinement mode classification using a sequence-to-sequence neural network with attention
Authors: Matos F. , Menkovski V. , Pau A. , Marceca G. , Jenko F. , the TCV Team  
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In a typical fusion experiment, the plasma can have several possible confinement modes. At the tokamak à configuration variable, aside from the low (L) and high (H) confinement modes, an additional mode, dithering (D), is frequently observed. Developing methods that automatically detect these modes is considered to be important for future tokamak operation. Previous work (Matos et al 2020 Nucl. Fusion
60 036022) with deep learning methods, particularly convolutional long short-term memory networks (conv-LSTMs), indicates that they are a suitable approach. Nevertheless, those models are sensitive to noise in the temporal alignment of labels, and that model in particular is limited to making individual decisions taking into account only the input data at a given timestep and the past data, represented in its hidden state. In this work, we propose an architecture for a sequence-to-sequence neural network model with attention which solves both of those issues. Using a carefully calibrated dataset, we compare the performance of a conv-LSTM with that of our proposed sequence-to-sequence model, and show two results: one, that the conv-LSTM can be improved upon with new data; two, that the sequence-to-sequence model can improve the results even further, achieving excellent scores on both train and test data.
Rational nanocarrier design towards clinical translation of cancer nanotherapy
Authors: Guo Dandan , Ji Xiaotian , Luo Juntao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe past decades have witnessed an exponential growth in research of cancer nanomedicine, which has evolved into an interdisciplinary field involving chemistry, physics, biology, and pharmacology, pathophysiology, immunology and clinical science in cancer research and treatment. The application of nanoparticles in drug delivery increases the solubility and decreases the toxicity of free drug molecules. The unique feature of cancer pathophysiology, e.g. leaky blood vessel, presents a unique opportunity for nanocarriers to deliver therapeutics selectively to tumor sites based on size selectivity. However, the clinical translation of nanomedicine is mostly limited to the classical liposomal formulations and PEGylation of therapeutics. Numbers of reasons hinder the clinical translation of the novel nanoparticles developed in the last decades for drug delivery. Comprehensive understanding of the properties of nanocarriers and their interactions with the physiological and pathological interfaces is critical to design effective nanoformulations. In addition, understanding the general principles and concerns in pharmaceutical industries and clinical practice for nanotherapeutic development is essential to develop a translatable nanoformulations via rational nanocarrier designs. In this account, we will review the relationship between the physiochemical properties of nanocarriers and biodistribution, and interactions with biological and immunological systems for effective drug delivery and cancer treatments. Further, we review the strategies for rational design of nanocarriers via structure-based approach and bio-mimicking systems to facilitate the clinical translation in enhancing cancer treatment via both chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
Potential role of permafrost thaw on increasing Siberian river discharge
Authors: Wang Ping , Huang Qiwei , Pozdniakov Sergey P , Liu Shiqi , Ma Ning , Wang Tianye , Zhang Yongqiang , Yu Jingjie , Xie Jiaxin , Fu Guobin , Frolova Natalia L , Liu Changming 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Despite the increasing Siberian river discharge, the sensitivity of streamflow to climate forcing/permafrost thawing is poorly quantified. Based on the Budyko framework and superposition principles, we detected and attributed the changes in streamflow regimes for the three great Siberian rivers (Ob, Yenisei, and Lena) during 1936–2019. Over the past 84 years, streamflow of Ob, Yenisei and Lena has increased by ∼7.7%, 7.4% and 22.0%, respectively. Intensified precipitation induced by a warming climate is a major contributor to increased annual streamflow. However, winter streamflow appears to be particularly sensitive to temperature. Whilst rising temperature can reduce streamflow via evapotranspiration, it can enhance groundwater discharge to rivers due to permafrost thawing. Currently, every 1 °C rise in temperature likely leads to 6.1%–10.5% increase in groundwater discharge, depending on the permafrost condition. For permafrost-developed basins, the contribution to increased streamflow from thawing permafrost will continue to increase in the context of global warming.
Trees at the Amazonia-Cerrado transition are approaching high temperature thresholds
Authors: Araújo Igor , Marimon Beatriz S , Scalon Marina C , Fauset Sophie , Marimon Junior Ben Hur , Tiwari Rakesh , Galbraith David R , Gloor Manuel U 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Land regions are warming rapidly. While in a warming world at extra-tropical latitudes vegetation adapted to higher temperatures may move in from lower latitudes this is not possible in the tropics. Thus, the limits of plant functioning will determine the nature and composition of future vegetation. The most temperature sensitive component of photosynthesis is photosystem II. Here we report the thermal safety margin (difference between photosystem II thermotolerance (T50) and maximum leaf temperature) during the beginning of the dry season for four tree species co-occurring across the forest-savanna transition zone in Brazil, a region which has warmed particularly rapidly over the recent decades. The species selected are evergreen in forests but deciduous in savannas. We find that thermotolerance declines with growth temperature >40 °C for individuals in the savannas. Current maximum leaf temperatures exceed T50 in some species and will exceed T50 in a 2.5 °C warmer world in most species evaluated. Despite plasticity in leaf thermal traits to increase leaf cooling in hotter environments, the results show this is not sufficient to maintain a safe thermal safety margin in hotter savannas. Overall, the results suggest that tropical forests may become increasingly deciduous and savanna-like in the future.