bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN IMPROVING HEALTH IN THE ELDERLY WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES
Authors: Crnković Ivana , Aleksandar Racz Aleksandar , Železnik Danica , Babić Janko 
Published: January 2021

The goal of the study was to research the level of the quality of life as a whole and within certain domains, the level of physical activity, and to establish the correlation between physical activity and the quality of life in the elderly suffering from type 2 diabetes and the elderly not suffering from from type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Quantitative methodology was used in the research. 120 examinees from 65 to 93 years of age participated in the rand were divided into two groups. The study used a sociodemographic questionnaire for the examinees, WHOQOL-bref questionnaire for the evaluation of the quality of life and PASE questionnaire for the evaluation of the physical activity level in the elderly.In accordance with the set goals, this research established that the perceived quality of life in the elderly does not deviate from the values to be found in the healthy population. The greatest value within the total sample was taken by the domain of satisfaction with the environmental domain, while the satisfaction with the social relations had the lowest average value compared to the other domains. The range of index ITM results amounts to 18.90 to 46.77 with the mean value of 26.47. Persons with type 2 diabetes have a low level of estimated bodily activity and do not participate in any activities such as walking or moving lasting for longer periods of time or being of a higher intensity, which is due to the primary disease.
Direct observation of a magnetic domain change in Ni wire and film on a LiNbO3 substrate using X-ray magnetic circular dichroic photoemission electron microscopy
Authors: Nakamura Ryo , Saegusa Shunya , Akamatsu Naoya , Yamada Keisuke , Ogasawara Takeshi , Oura Masaki , Ohkochi Takuo , Yamaguchi Akinobu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The magnetic domain structure modulation in Ni wires deposited on a LiNbO3 substrate is observed during the application of a DC current or heating. A striped domain structure is formed in the Ni wires that is aligned perpendicular to the X-axis of the LiNbO3 substrate owing to the competition between magnetic shape anisotropy and uniaxial magnetic anisotropy from the heterojunction. We observe that the striped domain structure disappears as the DC current is increased. In the same manner, it is also confirmed that the striped magnetic domain structure disappears as the substrate is heated. These results are considered to arise from the decrease in uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and magnetization owing to an oxidation reaction at the interface. Heterojunctions are identified to play an important role in controlling and modulating the magnetic properties of this system.
Concentration-dependent fluorescence decay and energy transfer in Cr3+ and Nd3+ co-doped Y3Al5O12 ceramic powder
Authors: Honda Yoshiyuki , Motokoshi Shinji , Jitsuno Takahisa , Fujioka Kana , Yamada Toshihiro , Yoshida Minoru 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Energy transfer from Cr3+ to Nd3+ in Cr3+ and Nd3+ co-doped Y3Al5O12 (Nd/Cr:YAG) was investigated by measuring the decay curves of Nd3+ and Cr3+ fluorescence for Cr:YAG and Nd/Cr:YAG ceramic powder samples that were produced by the sol–gel method in a Cr3+ concentration range of 0.1–6.0 mol%. The energy transfer processes in Nd/Cr:YAG could be explained based on dipole–dipole interactions even when the concentration quenching of Cr3+ was included, and the experimental fluorescence decay characteristics of Nd3+ excited through Cr3+ were consistent with the theoretical predictions based on dipole–dipole interactions. For a high-quality Nd/Cr:YAG ceramic with negligible concentration quenching, the energy transfer efficiency from Cr3+ to Nd3+ increased with an increase in Cr3+ concentration.
VOLATILITAS EXCHANGE RATE, INTEREST RATE LEVEL DAN INFLATION RATE TERHADAP STOCK PRICE
Authors: Friantin Siti Hayati Efi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh perubahan nilai tukar,tingkat suku bunga, dan inflasi terhadap harga saham pada perusahaan aneka industri subsektor otomotif dan komponennya yang terdaftar di BEI. Periode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 3 (tiga) tahun, yaitu mulai dari tahun 2016-2018.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sejumlah 13 perusahaan otomotif yang sudah dan masih terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia.Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling sehingga diperoleh sampel sebanyak 12 perusahaan.Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial variabel nilai tukar berpengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan ditunjukkan dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,930. Untuk variabel tingkat suku bunga berpengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan ditunjukkan dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,993. Untuk variabel inflasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,16. Secara simultan nilai tukar, tingkat suku bunga dan inflasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham ditunjukkan dengan nilai F signifikansi sebesar 0,007. Kemampuan variabel nilai tukar, tingkat suku bunga dan inflasi dalam menjelaskan harga saham sebesar 24,9% sebagaimana ditunjukkan dengan besarnya adjusted R squaresebesar 0,249 sedangkan sisanya 75,1% dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lain yang tidak dimasukkan ke dalam model penelitian. Kata Kunci :HargaSaham, Nilai Tukar, Tingkat Suku Bunga, Inflasi.
Exploration advancement of the Stewardson Lake uranium project (Athabasca Basin, Canada) using an integrated geological and geochemical methodology and academic–industry collaboration
Authors: Beyer Steve R. , Stewart Paul , Lahusen Lawrence , Kyser Kurt , Bzdel Lawrence 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTKurt Kyser contributed significantly to understanding the role that fluids play in the formation of unconformity-related U deposits in Canada and Australia and also in the exploration for these deposits. Kurt's exploration research was collaborative with industry, and arguably the most productive of the many industry-collaborative relationships Kurt developed was with Uravan Minerals, a junior exploration company. Ten years of collaborative U-deposit and exploration geochemical research with Uravan, including development of innovative multi-media surface sampling and analytical methods, culminated with the Stewardson Lake uranium exploration project in the Proterozoic Athabasca Basin, Canada. Soil clay separates, pine and spruce tree cores and vegetation, and glacially transported sandstone boulders collected at Stewardson Lake record 207Pb/206Pb ratios as low as 0.18, indicative of radioactive decay of U in a Proterozoic-aged U deposit, and elevated pathfinder elements such as Ni and Co in two areas of the Stewardson Lake property named Areas A and B. Four diamond drill holes in Areas A and B tested targets consisting of anomalous surface-media geochemistry coincident with conductive host rocks determined using geophysical methods. The favorable targeting characteristics were not explained by two of the drill holes in Area A, where only narrow intervals of elevated U, radiogenic Pb, and pathfinder elements or structural disruption that can accompany Athabasca U deposits were intersected. Two drill holes in Area B intersected a broad zone of characteristic chlorite + hematite + illite alteration and U concentrations &gt;1 ppm (aqua regia) in the basal host sandstone. One drill hole in Area B intersected a ∼30-meter-thick hydrothermal alteration zone consisting of silicification, chlorite + kaolinite clay alteration, smoky quartz, Ni-Fe sulfides, and disseminated uraninite accompanied by elevated gamma count rates. Fractures in the host sandstone in Area B record the highest pathfinder concentrations and the most radiogenic Pb isotope ratios and were likely a conduit for secondary dispersion of alteration-related components to the surface. The results validate the Uravan/QFIR exploration model developed over a decade of collaborative applied research and confirm that the Stewardson Lake area is highly prospective to host unconformity-related U mineralization. Lastly, clay alteration mineralogy in the Stewardson Lake area is contrasted with that in the eastern Athabasca Basin, and the value of the industry–academic relationship that benefited both Uravan Minerals and Kurt's Queen's Facility for Isotope Research laboratory is discussed.
Early Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Administration is Associated with Shorter Time to SARS-CoV-2 Swab Negativity
Authors: Trunfio Mattia , Salvador Elena , Gaviraghi Alberto , Audagnotto Sabrina , Marinaro Letizia , Motta Ilaria , Casciaro Riccardo , Ghisetti Valeria , Fava Carmen , Bonora Stefano , Perri Giovanni Di , Calcagno Andrea ,   the e-COVID Study Group
Published: January 2021

Background Antiviral and immune-modulating properties of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) against Coronaviridae have been reported by in vitro studies, but no in vivo evidence is yet available. We sought to know whether the timing of prophylactic doses of LMWH during the course of COVID-19 may affect the time to SARS-CoV-2 nasal-oropharyngeal swab negativization. Methods Retrospective monocentric cross-sectional study on patients requiring sub-intensive ward admission due to first SARS-CoV-2 infection and undergoing early (EH; within 7 days from COVID-19 signs and symptoms onset) versus delayed prophylactic LMWH (DH; after 7 days). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was measured by reverse transcription real-time PCR according to scheduled time points: first swab after 2 weeks from COVID-19 onset, then at 1-week intervals until negativity. Results Time to SARS-CoV-2 swab negativity was shorter in EH (38 patients) compared with DH (55 patients): 22 versus 37 days ( P=0.004). The number of confirmative negative swabs in EH was significantly higher compared with DH at week 2 (21.1% versus 3.6%; P=0.017) and 4 (60.0% versus 19.6%; P<0.001). At univariate, EH differed from DH for several disease severity and clinical management parameters. Nevertheless, after accounting for the differences, Cox regression showed early LMWH administration (hazard ratio [HR] 2.91 [1.51, 5.63]; P=0.002) and higher lymphocytes nadir (HR 1.04 [1.01, 1.08]; P=0.020) as predictors of shorter time to swab negativity. Conclusions This potential antiviral and/or immune-modulating activity of LMWH needs further in vivo confirmations by randomized controlled trials.
Cultiver « la résistance » dans les campagnes colombiennes : comment le quotidien devient politique
Authors: Allain Mathilde 
Published: January 2021

Dans le contexte du conflit colombien, les paysans tentent de rester sur leurs terres dans des conditions socioéconomiques difficiles et malgré la pression qu’exercent divers acteurs armés sur ces territoires. Dans cette situation, comment expriment-ils et transmettent-ils leur insoumission ? L’ethnographie du quotidien permet de replacer les gestes, les attitudes et les mots dans le contexte de violence des campagnes colombiennes et d’appréhender les différentes formes de résistances développées par les habitants. Dans cette situation de contrainte extrême, « résister » consiste à rester sur ses terres, à les cultiver et à s’y maintenir en vie. Le quotidien devient ainsi politique : les habitants redéfinissent leurs pratiques agricoles telles des résistances, et cet esprit d’insoumission se cultive et se transmet dans les campagnes. L’alliance des littératures portant sur les résistances populaires et sur l’action collective en contexte de contrainte permet de penser les liens entre engagement et non-engagement, non pas comme des passages de l’un à l’autre mais comme une possibilité d’appréhender le rapport des non engagés à la mobilisation.
L’écocide : pourquoi ? Éléments d’analyse dans une réflexion jungienne
Authors: Pilyser Ève 
Published: January 2021

En tant qu’analystes, comment pouvons-nous penser les facteurs inconscients collectifs participant à l’avènement de la crise systémique actuelle ? L’axe central de cette problématique me paraît être constitué par le rapport faussé de l’être humain à sa propre nature de créature, l’amenant à projeter collectivement ses problématiques infantiles non résolues sur un mode archétypique, pour tenter de restaurer un soi-corps ayant été artificialisé durant sa construction. Le principe évolutif, soutenu par le Soi, ne cherche-t-il pas à nous faire enfin prendre conscience des limites et des abus des lectures classiques des mythes fondateurs de nos sociétés, afin que nous nous confrontions à notre intériorité psychique sous ses aspects mortifères encore inexplorés au lieu de nous en décharger à ciel ouvert ? La virulence d’un complexe contre-œdipien inconsciemment à l’œuvre et toujours agissant culturellement, au niveau familial œdipien comme religieux, y est inscrite explicitement. Ce complexe demande à être élaboré car il sous-tend le comportement collectif suicidaire inconscient et archaïque qui nous agit en polluant notre Terre-Mère. Le risque pris de l’écocide peut se lire comme une crise occidentale collective d’adolescence dont la génération montante s’empare avec l’espoir d’en transformer la donne archétypique.
Recours différenciés au droit et aux tribunaux civils. Étude des représentations et modes de réception de la justice
Authors: Cappellina Bartolomeo , Vigour Cécile 
Published: January 2021

À partir d’entretiens collectifs, l’article montre que la récurrence des inégalités économiques, sociales et culturelles face au droit et à la justice rend visible leur caractère structurel. C’est pourquoi les enquêté·e·s les critiquent unanimement en tant qu’instrument de domination. Par contraste, l’influence du genre fait l’objet d’interprétations genrées contradictoires ; les traitements différenciés en matière familiale sont attribués au manque de temps et de moyens, et aux pratiques des professionnel·le·s du droit, qui seraient en partie façonnées par des stéréotypes. Contrairement au pénal, les enquêté·e·s identifient peu d’effets de l’appartenance à une minorité visible, excepté en l’absence de maîtrise du français. Enfin, certain·e·s, pas seulement parmi les plus favorisé·e·s, mobilisent le droit comme instrument individuel ou collectif de défense.
Why Are There Strikes?
Authors: nok Chun Kyung , Schaller Zachary , Skaperdas Stergios 
Published: January 2021

Les grèves, tout comme d’autres types de conflits, étaient autrefois difficiles à expliquer d’un point de vue économique. Au départ, on pensait qu’elles étaient le résultat d’erreurs ou d’irrationalité. Puis, dans les années 1980, une explosion de la recherche a fait apparaître l’asymétrie d’information comme une cause importante de grèves. Après avoir passé en revue ces interprétations traditionnelles, nous passons en revue certaines autres plus récentes. Lorsqu’une grève modifie les positions stratégiques futures des syndicats par rapport à une négociation, une grève peut s’ensuivre ; de manière significative, plus l’avenir est considéré comme important (c’est-à-dire plus le facteur d’actualisation est élevé), plus une grève est probable. Dans un nouveau modèle, nous montrons comment une solidarité basée sur l’identification avec le syndicat peut conduire à des grèves. En outre, les asymétries de pouvoir, la construction de la réputation et la politique interne du syndicat peuvent expliquer les grèves dans une perspective économique de choix rationnel. Classification JEL : J52, J53, C78, D74
Coase Goes to War: Contract Choice on the Battlefield
Authors: Piano Ennio 
Published: January 2021

Les approches économiques des conflits tendent à se concentrer sur leurs déterminants, sur les facteurs qui influencent leur issue et sur leurs conséquences pour les parties impliquées. Relativement peu d’attention est accordée à la manière dont ces parties structurent l’organisation interne de leurs efforts pendant le conflit. Cet article s’appuie sur la théorie des choix contractuels pour développer un cadre d’analyse des groupes militaires. Ce cadre permet de faire des prévisions sur deux aspects fondamentaux de l’organisation militaire : les propriétés du contrat entre un principal et ses agents, et l’attribution à différents agents de la propriété des biens militaires (armes, armures, châteaux, etc.). Ces prédictions sont testées par rapport à des preuves historiques sur l’évolution de l’organisation militaire à travers le temps et l’espace.
Dietary selenium supplementation, clarified egg yolk extender and slow cooling improve cryopreserved sperm characteristics of Saanen buck
Authors: Lukusa Kambulu , Hassen Abubeker , Lehloenya Khoboso C. 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
To evaluate the effect of cooling rates, selenium supplementation, and three semen extenders on cooled and frozen-thawed Saanen buck sperm.

Methods:
Twenty Saanen bucks were divided into two groups: the selenium supplemented group and the control group. Ejaculates were collected once weekly by artificial vagina. The first experiment examined the effects of cooling rates and selenium supplementation on semen characteristics of Saanen bucks. Pooled semen was diluted with triladyl extender and split into two aliquots for slow and fast cooling. The second experiment explored the effect of selenium supplementation and semen extenders on post-cryopreserved sperm quality. Ejaculates from each group were divided into three aliquots and diluted with three extenders (i.e. clarified egg-yolk, whole egg yolk, Tris without egg-yolk extenders). All samples were cooled for 2 h at 4 °C and frozen at -196 °C for 24 h. The sperm characteristics such as sperm motility, acrosome integrity, normal morphology, and viability were evaluated by using a phase-contrast microscope.

Results:
In the first experiment, all sperm characteristics were significantly increased in selenium supplemented samples when slow cooling was used (P<0.05). In the second experiment, in cooled semen, sperm motility and viability were significantly increased in both clarified egg yolk and Tris without egg yolk extenders in selenium supplemented samples as compared with whole egg yolk extender, respectively (P<0.05). After freezing-thawing, all sperm parameters of selenium supplemented samples in clarified egg yolk extender were significantly greater than those in Tris without egg yolk extender (P<0.05). However, normal morphology and acrosome integrity of selenium supplemented samples in whole egg yolk extender were similar to those of selenium supplemented samples in clarified egg yolk extender.

Conclusions:
The characteristics of cooled and post-cryopreserved sperm are greater when clarified egg yolk extender is used in semen from selenium supplemented bucks.
Item analysis and optimizing multiple-choice questions for a viable question bank in ophthalmology
Authors: Bhat Subrahmanya K , Prasad Kishan HL 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are useful in assessing student performance, covering a wide range of topics in an objective way. Its reliability and validity depend upon how well it is constructed. Defective Item detected by item analysis must be looked for item writing flaws and optimized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the MCQs for difficulty levels, discriminating power with functional distractors by item analysis, analyze poor items for writing flaws, and optimize.

Methods:
This was a prospective cross-sectional study involving 120 MBBS students writing formative assessment in Ophthalmology. It comprised 40 single response MCQs as a part of 3-h paper for 20 marks. Items were categorized according to their difficulty index, discrimination index, and distractor efficiency with simple proportions, mean, standard deviation, and correlation. The defective items were analyzed for proper construction and optimized.

Results:
The mean score of the study group was 13.525 ± 2.617. Mean difficulty index, discrimination index, and distractor efficiency were 53.22, 0.26, and 78.32, respectively. Among 40 MCQs, twenty-five MCQs did not have non-functioning distractor; 7 had one, 5 had two, and 3 had three. Of the 20 defective items, 17 were optimized and added to the question bank, two were added without modification, and one was dropped.

Conclusion:
Item analysis is a valuable tool in detecting poor MCQs, and optimizing them is a critical step. The defective items identified should be optimized and not dropped so that the content area covered by the defective item is not kept of the assessment.
Changing trends in the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) biosimilars
Authors: Sheth Jay U , Stewart Michael W , Khatri Manoj , Gupta Shashank R , Chawla Shobhit , Rajendran Anand , Narayanan Raja 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to present the outcomes of the 2018 and 2020 Vitreo-retinal Society of India (VRSI) biosimilars of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (VIBE) surveys.

Methods:
An online survey of members of VRSI was conducted in July 2018 and January 2020 regarding their practice-patterns on anti-VEGF biosimilars pertaining to safety, efficacy, pricing, and need for enhanced clinical trials before regulatory approval.

Results:
In 2018, 112 VRSI members participated, whereas in 2020, 98 society members participated. In both surveys, majority of respondents were aware of biosimilars (96%, 2018 vs. 100%, 2020; P = 0.9) and felt that approval of biosimilar drugs should be made more stringent with larger clinical trials (89%, 2018 vs. 91%, 2020; P = 0.93). An increase in use of ranibizumab-biosimilar (41%, 2018 to 56%, 2020; P = 0.2) and a simultaneous significant decline in use of bevacizumab-biosimilar (9%, 2018 to 2%, 2020; P = 0.04) was noted from 2018 to 2020. From 2018 to 2020, the proportion of respondents satisfied with safety (61% to 68%; P = 0.59) and efficacy (65% to 81%; P = 0.32) of ranibizumab-biosimilar increased. However, during the same period, we noted in reduction in satisfaction levels with safety of bevacizumab-biosimilar (30% to 25%; P = 0.54), whereas satisfaction with its efficacy was stable (29% vs 30%; P = 0.99). A substantial proportion of retina specialists considered that current cost of ranibizumab-biosimilar ($130) was sufficiently low for it to be used as a substitute for Avastin (37%, 2018 and 40%, 2020; P = 0.82).

Conclusion:
The VRSI surveys reveal that Indian vitreoretinal specialists are familiar with anti-VEGF biosimilars. There was a progressive trend favoring ranibizumab-biosimilar over bevacizumab-biosimilar. One-third of the participants deem the current price of ranibizumab-biosimilar as appropriate to replace Avastin. Simultaneously, the need for enhanced pharmacovigilance and larger clinical trials are warranted for regulatory approval of these agents.