bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural features of the mesonephros of semianadromous fish on the example of the European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus)
Authors: Flerova E. A. 
Published: June 2021

At present, special attention is drawn to the study of the adaptation of aquatic organisms to a complex of environmental factors precisely at the cellular level. It is very important to study the structural and functional features of the kidney, which not only plays a key role in osmoregulation, but also makes a significant contribution to maintaining homeostasis at the level of functioning of a single nonspecific defense system of the body. In this aspect, the study of species belonging to a unique ancient group, united in the order salmoniformes, is highly relevant. Using the methods of light and electron microscopy, we investigated the morphology and ultrastructure of the mesonephros of the population of the semianadromous ecological form European smelt Osmerus eperlanus inhabiting the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea and performing spawning migrations in the Luga River of the Leningrad Region. The general scheme of the trunk kidney organization is given, the structural features and the ratio of leukocytes and structures of the smelt nephron are revealed. It is shown that the development of hematopoietic tissue in the mesonephros, the number of mature forms of granulocytes are systematic signs which do not depend on the ecology of the species. The ratio of leukocytes, the width of the cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells, the structure and number of granules in granulocytes are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the cellular link of the immune system under certain conditions of the species habitat. The ultrafine structure of the ion-transporting interstitial cells, as well as the ultrastructural features found in the smelt nephron, can be considered cytological markers of smelt adaptation to a semianadromous lifestyle.
Morphological identification of Nematodirus spathiger nematodes (Nematoda, Molineidae) obtained from the small intestine of sheep
Authors: Melnychuk V. , Yevstafieva V. , Pishchalenko M. , Reshetylo O. , Antipov A. 
Published: June 2021

Strongyloidiases are caused by nematodes of the suborder Strongylida and are the most widely prevalent group of gastrointestinal helminthiases of sheep in many regions of the world. Among gastrointestinal strongylids, the helminths of the genus Nematodirus are represented by the largest number of species and highest infection rates in sheep. Nematodirosis causes significant economic losses in the sheep industry through decreased sheep productivity, delayed growth and development of young animals, and a reduced resistance to other diseases. Timely and accurate diagnosis of nematodirosis and identification of the pathogen will effectively prevent the disease and help to carry out treatment and prevention measures. Therefore, the aim of the work was to study the definitive morphometric characters of mature males and females of Nematodirus spathiger Railliet, 1896, obtained from the small intestine of domestic sheep. The results of experimental studies showed that nematodes of this species morphologically are characterized by a thin filiform body, a vesicle at the head end and a chitinous tooth in a short oral capsule. The differential morphological features of male nematodes of N. spathiger include specifics of the structure of spicules, their distal end and the shape and location of the rays of the caudal bursa; in females, those are the features of the structure of the vulva and tail end. In identification of male nematodes of N. spathiger, it is proposed to use 40 metric parameters, of which 11 characterize the overall size of the body, esophagus and vesicles, 24 refer to the size of the tail bursa, 5 to the size of the spicules and the enveloping membrane. To help identify the females of N. spathiger, 25 parameters are chosen, of which 14 also characterize the overall size of the body, esophagus and head vesicle, 6 refer to the size of the cuticular formations of the vulva and its location, and 5 to the size of the tail end, the location of the anus and the size of the tail spike.
The influence of microwave electromagnetic radiation on rat heart morphogenesis during thyroidectomy
Authors: Drobakhin O. O. , Magro V. I. , Kosharnyi V. V. , Rutgaizer V. H. , Abdul-Ohly L. V. 
Published: June 2021

It is known that electromagnetic radiation affects the functional systems of living beings, in particular, the endocrine and cardiovascular systems and directly the heart cells and their functioning. In this case, the influence of electromagnetic radiation significantly affects the properties of the cardiovascular system and changes physiological processes in it. Moreover, sensitivity to signals is higher for biosystems with a higher level of organization. The method of simulating hypothyroidism for rats makes it possible to develop an experimental model for analyzing morphogenetic changes in the rat heart. Under conditions of hypothyroidism modeling, destructive changes in muscle fibers are observed in the myocardium after thyroidectomy, but after microwave irradiation with an exposure of 45 minutes, a regenerative-compensatory reconstruction of the structural components of the myocardium of the heart wall occurs. After thyroidectomy and microwave irradiation with an exposure of 120 minutes, an increase in degenerative and destructive processes in the heart myocardium was observed. For the first time, a comparative ultramicroscopic study using electron microscopy was carried out. It showed that after electromagnetic irradiation with an exposure of 45 minutes, the general structure of the mitochondrial apparatus does not change. Irradiation with an exposure of 120 minutes causes the destruction of subsarcolemal and paranuclear organelles, edema and degradation of intermyofibrillar mitochondria. After exposure to electromagnetic radiation with the exposure of 45 minutes in a hypothyroid state, a compensatory restructuring of the energy apparatus of the contractile cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle occurs due to the formation of mitochondria and an increase in their contact interaction. After exposure to radiation for 120 minutes, the development of destructive-degenerative processes in the mitochondrial apparatus of left ventricular cardiomyocytes, deepening of damage to intermitochondrial contacts was observed. The most significant increase in the relative volume of the endothelium in the areas of the rat heart myocardium was observed for the case of microwave irradiation only (without experimental hypothyroidism) with exposure duration of 45 minutes. Immunohistochemical study both for the case of microwave irradiation only and for the case of microwave irradiation under conditions of experimental hypothyroidism allows us to conclude that morphogenetic transformations are highly active in the myocardium of the heart when the duration of exposure is 45 minutes. This study will make it possible to develop recommendations for persons with thyroid diseases on the duration of daily exposure of staying in electromagnetic field emitted by devices with characteristics similar to the case under study.
«После признания и торжества национального начала многие общечеловеческие вопросы разрешаются»: европейский опыт и российский национальный проект в работах А. Д. Градовского.
Authors: Венгер Наталья Викторовна 
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the article is to study the researches by A. Gradovsky, dedicated to the problem of nationalism as a phenomenon that manifested itself in the 19th century Western Europe. The author studies how the scholar correlated the above-named phenomena with the situation in the Russian Empire. N. Venger has found out the place of Gradovsky in the context of the general polemic about the Russian national project. Being rather a scholar, teacher and observer than a politician and publicist, Gradovsky reflected the European experience through the prism of the Russian Empire`s history. His Eurocentricity was important due to the fact that the dominant conservative ideology had rejected the western pattern of development for a long time. Most of Gradovsky's articles on national issues were created in the 1870s – at the beginning of 1880s. The scholar was never able to propose a global national project for the Russian Empire. However, projecting European phenomena onto the Russian Empire`s future development, Gradovsky paid attention to the most painful points of the society, which impede the progress of the national project`s formation and required reforms. The author created his own concept of ethnicity and nation, discussed the issue of the language unification and state religion role as well as advocated freedom of conscience. The topics of serfdom remnants overcoming, the elimination of estates, the emancipation of the peasantry were of great importance for the scholar. Gradovsky also touched on the problem of choosing Russia`s national idea, which he associated with Slavism. Supporting decisive actions in Polish uprising suppressing, Gradovsky insisted on keeping a dialogue with the Poles. While solving the German question, he demanded to avoid Russian xenophobia regarding the Russian Germans. It was not clear what the scholar thought about the possibility to create a national state from the totally heterogeneous Russian empire.
High SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Urine Sediment Correlates with Acute Kidney Injury and Poor COVID-19 Outcome
Authors: Caceres Paulo S. , Savickas Gina , Murray Shannon L. , Umanath Kausik , Uduman Junior , Yee Jerry , Liao Tang-Dong , Bolin Steven , Levin Albert M. , Khan Moomal N. , Sarkar Sarah , Fitzgerald Jamie , Maskey Dipak , Ormsby Adrian H. , Sharma Yuvraj , Ortiz Pablo A. 
Published: June 2021

Significance statement
AKI has been recognized as a common complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is associated with disease severity and mortality. The mechanisms behind these associations remain obscure, due, in part, to unsuccessful attempts to consistently detect the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in urine, despite evidence of kidney tropism. This study consistently quantifies the SARS-CoV-2 genome via quantitative RT-PCR in cells of urine sediments from patients with COVID-19. It was found that viral load in urine sediment was higher within 2 weeks of the AKI event among patients with COVID-19, and it correlated with increased risk of death. Quantification of viral load in urine sediment offers a noninvasive approach that could help identify and care for those patients with COVID-19 who are at higher risk of kidney injury and poor outcome.

Background
AKI is a complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is associated with high mortality. Despite documented kidney tropism of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there are no consistent reports of viral detection in urine or correlation with AKI or COVID-19 severity. Here, we hypothesize that quantification of the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in urine sediment from patients with COVID-19 correlates with occurrence of AKI and mortality.

Methods
The viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in urine sediments (U-viral load) was quantified by qRT-PCR in 52 patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, who were hospitalized between March 15 and June 8, 2020. Immunolabeling of SARS-CoV-2 proteins Spike and Nucleocapsid was performed in two COVID-19 kidney biopsy specimens and urine sediments. Viral infectivity assays were performed from 32 urine sediments.

Results
A total of 20 patients with COVID-19 (39%) had detectable SARS-CoV-2 U-viral load, of which 17 (85%) developed AKI with an average U-viral load four-times higher than patients with COVID-19 who did not have AKI. U-viral load was highest (7.7-fold) within 2 weeks after AKI diagnosis. A higher U-viral load correlated with mortality but not with albuminuria or AKI stage. SARS-CoV-2 proteins partially colocalized with the viral receptor ACE2 in kidney biopsy specimens in tubules and parietal cells, and in urine sediment cells. Infective SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in urine sediments.

Conclusion
Our results further support SARS-CoV-2 kidney tropism. A higher SARS-CoV-2 viral load in urine sediments from patients with COVID-19 correlated with increased incidence of AKI and mortality. Urinary viral detection could inform the medical care of patients with COVID-19 and kidney injury to improve prognosis.
Phase and structural transformations when forming a welded joint from rail steel. Report 2. Isothermal diagram of decomposition of supercooled austenite of R350LHT rail steel
Authors: Polevoi E. V. , Simonov Yu. N. , Kozyrev N. A. , Shevchenko R. A. , Bashchenko L. P. 
Published: June 2021

An isothermal diagram of decomposition of supercooled austenite of R350LHT steel was constructed based on the results of dilatometric, metallographic and hardness analysis of this decomposition during continuous cooling and under isothermal conditions. When comparing the thermokinetic and isothermal diagrams, it was found that the thermokinetic diagram plotted during continuous cooling shifts downward and to the right in comparison with the isothermal diagram. This result is fully consistent with the known regularities. During the research, the critical points of R350LHT steel were determined: Ас1 = 711 °С; Мn = 196 °С. This isothermal diagram was used to determine the temperature of the minimum stability of overcooled austenite, which was 500 °C. Under isothermal conditions, pearlite-type structures appear in the temperature range from 700 to 600 °C. At 550 °C, a mixture of pearlitic and bainitic structures is formed. In the temperature range from 500 to 250 °C, bainitic structures are formed: at 500 – 400 °C – upper bainite; at 350 ° C – a mixture of upper and lower bainite; at 300 – 250 °С – lower bainite. Almost in the entire studied temperature range of overcooled austenite isothermal decomposition, an increase in the hardness of the transformation products is observed with a decrease in the holding temperature from 246 HV (at 700 °C) to 689 HV (at 250 °C). However, at a temperature of 500 °C, a slight drop in hardness occurs, which is apparently caused by the appearance of retained austenite during the development of bainitic transformation.
Hydrometallurgical enrichment of polymetallic and ferromanganese ore
Authors: Nokhrina O. I. , Rozhikhina I. D. , Rybenko I. A. , Golodova, M. A. , Izrail’skii A. O. 
Published: June 2021

The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of leaching of polymetallic manganese-containing and ferromanganese ore. Thermodynamic calculations and experimental studies on enrichment of manganese-containing raw materials made it possible to determine the main technological parameters of the extraction of manganese, iron and non-ferrous metals, and to develop technological schemes for enrichment of various types of manganese-containing raw materials. The studies were carried out for polymetallic and ferromanganese ores of the Kaigadat deposit, the Selezen deposit, the Sugul site, located in the Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass. Before carrying out laboratory studies, the authors have performed thermodynamic analysis of ore leaching, chemical and X-ray structural analyzes of the samples. Laboratory tests were carried out on a multichamber autoclave unit MKA-4-75 using calcium and iron chlorides as solvents. Since the introduction of a reducing agent into the charge during leaching significantly improves the conditions for dissolution of oxides and hydroxides of manganese in calcium chloride, a series of experiments was conducted with the use of charcoal in the charge. Thermodynamic calculations have shown that the leaching process is fully implemented in the temperature range from 323 to 673 K. The results of the experiments confirmed the theoretical research results. The obtained data allowed the authors to propose a technological scheme for hydrometallurgical enrichment of polymetallic and ferromanganese ores to produce high-quality concentrates. All processed products are suitable for use. The use of optimal technological parameters of enrichment allows 95–97 % of manganese, up to 80 % of nickel, up to 99 % of cobalt, and 96–98 % of iron to be extracted from polymetallic manganese-containing raw materials. As a result of the deposition of these elements, high-quality concentrates of manganese, nickel, iron, cobalt are obtained. According to the proposed technological scheme for ferromanganese raw materials with a high content of silicates, it is possible to obtain high-quality concentrates of manganese and iron, while the extraction of manganese is 90–92 %, and of iron – 86–90 %.
Mathematical modeling of filling the CCM mold with liquid metal during its supply from a rotating submersible nozzle
Authors: Odinokov V. I. , Evstigneev A. I. , Dmitriev E. A. , Alexandrov S. Yu. , Usanov G. I. 
Published: June 2021

Experimental studies of the flow of liquid metal in CCM mold are long, complex and labor consuming process. Therefore, mathematical modeling by numerical methods is increasingly used for this purpose. The article considers a new technology for liquid metal supply into a mold. The authors present original patented design of the device, consisting of direct-flow and rotating bottom nozzles. The main results of investigations of the melt flow in the mold are considered. The objects of research were hydrodynamic and heat flows of liquid metal at new process of steel casting into a CCM mold of rectangular section. The result is spatial mathematical model describing flows and temperatures of liquid metal in the mold. To simulate the processes occurring during metal flow in the mold, special software was designed. Theoretical calculations are based on fundamental equations of hydrodynamics, equations of mathematical physics (equation of heat conduction taking into account mass transfer) and proven numerical method. The area under study was divided into elements of finite dimensions; for each element, resulting system of equations was written in difference form. The results are fields of velocities and temperatures of metal flow in the mold volume. A calculation program was compiled based on developed numerical schemes and algorithms. An example of calculation of steel casting into a mold of rectangular cross-section, and flow diagrams of liquid metal along various sections of the mold are given. Vector flows of liquid metal in different sections of the mold are clearly presented at different angles of rotation of the deep-bottom nozzle. The authors have identified the areas of intense turbulence. Metal flows of the described technological process were compared with traditional metal supply through a fixed bottom nozzle.
Bacterial biofilm production and water stress resistance by rhizobacteria associated to sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Linnaeus (POACEAE)
Authors: Montaldo Yamina , Santos Tania Marta Carvalho dos , Silva João Manoel da , Cristo Crísea Cristina Nascimento de , Ramalho Neto Cícero Eduardo 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT: The water restriction is a limiting factor in agricultural production. Some rhizobacteria, to live in symbiosis with the plant, can benefit plant growth. Among the skills of micro-organisms is the ability to survive in extreme environments, such as water stress, as well as having the biofilm production ability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of four bacterial isolates from sugarcane rhizosphere as resistance to water restriction and biofilm production. A qualitative and other quantitative assay to produce biofilm was conducted. The qualitative assay was based on colorimetry with crystal violet. The qualitative test was developed by the violet colorimetric ratio of technical and optical density at 540 nm. Bacterial growth testing in low water activity was developed by inoculating the bacterial isolates in the TSA culture medium (10%) supplemented with sorbitol (405 gL-1) at 28 °C, yielding the corresponding Aw value 0.919. All strains were able to produce biofilms in both tests however isolated Bacillus subtilis was most effective, with the greatest biofilm production ratio. All isolates were also skilled in the growing culture medium with low water activity.
KEYWORDS: plant protection, rhizobacteria, plant gowth promotion, symbiosis.
Aplicabilidade de jogo educativo para o ensino da biodiversidade do Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque
Authors: Dias Priscila Costa , Sá Dayse Maria Cunha , Mendes Bianca Mamede , Nascimento Yuri Nascimento do 
Published: June 2021

RESUMO: O presente estudo buscou verificar a aplicabilidade de um jogo didático para o ensino da biodiversidade do Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque (PNMT). Inicialmente, foi aplicado um questionário composto por perguntas fechadas, para obter dados empíricos dos alunos sobre o PNMT e utilização de jogos didáticos no ensino escolar. Posteriormente, foi feita uma palestra para ensinar aspectos de áreas protegidas do Amapá, focando principalmente no PARNA Tumucumaque. Ao fim da palestra, os alunos utilizaram o jogo de roleta, para que de forma descontraída aprendessem características da fauna e flora da Unidade de Conservação estudada. No término das atividades, os alunos receberam novamente o questionário, para se obter os conhecimentos alcançados sobre o PARNA Tumucumaque após as atividades teóricas e práticas. Quando foram indagados sobre a utilização de jogos didáticos serem relevantes no processo de ensino da disciplina de biologia, obteve-se que 100% (N=32) dos estudantes são favoráveis à presença de jogos para o entendimento dos conteúdos. Ao serem questionados sobre a possibilidade de usarem um jogo de roleta para aprenderem aspectos da fauna e flora do PARNA Tumucumaque, os resultados demonstraram que 100% (N=32) dos alunos eram favoráveis à sua utilização para a aprendizagem. Demonstrando que os estudantes apresentam interesse em aprender com uma metodologia diferente de aulas tradicionais e que o lúdico pode ser eficaz para o ensino de características das Unidades de Conservação do Amapá.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Aprendizagem, Educação Ambiental, Lúdico.
A organização dos agricultores familiares do município de Carlos Barbosa/RS
Authors: Gomes Ligian Cristiano , Cancelier Janete Webler 
Published: June 2021

RESUMO: A partir do presente estudo, busca-se compreender como estão organizados os agricultores familiares do município de Carlos Barbosa/RS, no que se refere as principais atividades agropecuárias, tomando como referência dados disponibilizados pela Emater e pela Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Rural. Para isso, buscou-se identificar as diversas atividades, que, no momento, viabilizam a reprodução e permanência da agricultura familiar. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados na investigação que resultaram neste artigo buscam elementos que propiciem a compreensão do fenômeno analisado. A pesquisa é qualitativa e exploratória, com utilização de entrevista semiestruturada. Como resultado verificou-se que a agricultura familiar exerce importante papel na produção de alimentos e no fornecimento de matéria prima, como o leite, para indústrias de laticínios. As unidades pesquisadas são diversificadas, havendo unidades cuja produção se caracteriza pelas lavouras temporárias e outras pelas permanentes, associadas à criação de animais.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Agricultura familiar; Diversificação; Carlos Barbosa/RS.