bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poverty, Inequality, and the International Monetary Fund: How Austerity Hurts the Poor and Widens Inequality
Authors: Stubbs Thomas , Kentikelenis Alexander , Ray Rebecca , Gallagher Kevin P. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Among the drivers of socio-economic development, this article focuses on an important yet insufficiently understood international-level determinant: the spread of austerity policies to the developing world by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In offering loans to developing countries in exchange for policy reforms, the IMF typically sets the fiscal parameters within which development occurs. Using an original dataset of IMF-mandated austerity targets, we examine how policy reforms prescribed in IMF programs affect inequality and poverty. Our empirical analyses span a panel of up to 79 countries for the period 2002–2018. Using instrumentation techniques, we control for the possibility that these relationships are driven by the IMF imposing harsher austerity measures precisely in countries with more problematic economies. Our findings show that stricter austerity is associated with greater income inequality for up to two years, and that this effect is driven by concentrating income to the top 10% of earners while all other deciles lose out. We also find that stricter austerity is associated with higher poverty headcounts and poverty gaps. Taken together, our findings suggest that the IMF neglects the multiple ways its own policy advice contributed to social inequity in the developing world.
Weight changes of children in 1 year during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Gwag Si-Hwa , Oh Ye Rim , Ha Jae Wook , Kang Eungu , Nam Hyo-Kyoung , Lee Yoon , Rhie Young-Jun , Lee Kee-Hyoung 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed everyday life. The Korean government urged schools to close as a measure of social distancing, and children and adolescents seemed to gain weight due to home confinement. We aimed to investigate the trends in weight changes in children during the pandemic period.

Materials and Methods
This retrospective study included 139 children aged between 6 and 12 years who visited the pediatric endocrine clinic for regular growth follow-up for 1 year during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed changes in the body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, and proportion of children who were overweight or obese over a period of 1 year.

Results
The BMI and BMI z-scores of the 139 children increased significantly over the year. The increase was maximum during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic, with little change between the third and sixth month of the pandemic. The proportion of children who were overweight or obese increased over time, from 24.5% at the COVID-19 pandemic baseline to 38.1% 1 year later (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The COVID-19-related lockdown resulted in significant weight gain in Korean children. Changes in BMI showed different trends depending on the degree of school closure. An overall shift from normal weight to overweight or obesity was observed during the pandemic period.
Influence of Covid-19 infection on fetal thymus size after recovery
Authors: Goncu Ayhan Sule , Turgut Ezgi , Oluklu Deniz , Ozden Tokalioglu Eda , Menekse Beser Dilek , Moraloglu Tekin Ozlem , Sahin Dilek 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the long-term effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection on the fetal immune system by fetal thymus size measurements with ultrasound (USG).

Methods
This prospective study was conducted in the Turkish Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital between November 1, 2020 and April 1, 2021, with recovered, pregnant women, four weeks after they had been confirmed for the SARS-CoV-2 infection by real-time polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR). COVID-19 recovered (CR) pregnant women compared with age-matched pregnant controls in terms of demographic features, fetal thymic-thoracic ratio (TTR), and laboratory parameters.

Results
There was no difference in demographic features between the two groups. TTR found significantly lower in the CR group than the control group (p=0.001). The fetal TTR showed a significant and moderate correlation with maternal monocyte counts, monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and red cell distribution width (RDW); while it did not correlate with lymphocyte counts, c-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin levels.

Conclusions
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) reduces fetal thymus size in pregnant women with mild or moderate symptoms after recovery from the infection.
The Inward Turn and the Future of Tort Theory
Authors: Abraham Kenneth S. , White George E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The future of tort theory cannot be sensibly imagined without understanding its past. Our aim is to understand where tort theory has been in order to predict where it may go. We contend that tort theory has experienced two different eras, and that it may well be about to enter a third. In the first era, spanning roughly the first three-quarters of the twentieth century, tort theory faced outward to the world, focusing on issues affecting redress for civil injuries that were being decided in the courts and emerging in American society at large. In the second era, roughly the last 30 to 40 years, tort theory turned inward and focused mostly on itself. The tort theory that has been done during this second era, valuable though it has been, may well have borne most of its scholarly fruit. We may therefore be ready to move into a third era, in which tort theory turns outward again and becomes occupied with the cutting-edge issues of tort law policy and principle that will be generated as the twenty-first century progresses. This Essay chronicles the first era, in which tort theory faced outward, the second era, in which tort theory turned inward, and identifies three issues that we believe may be on the tort theory agenda, when and if tort theory turns outward again. These involve the coordination and systematization of tort with other sources of regulation and compensation; redressing data theft and digital invasions of privacy; and heightened sensitivity to harm associated with sex, gender, and race-related misconduct.
Hearing the shape of a drum for light: isospectrality in photonics
Authors: Park Seungkyun , Lee Ikbeom , Kim Jungmin , Park Namkyoo , Yu Sunkyu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The independent tailoring of wave quantities lays the foundation for controlling wave phenomena and designing wave devices. The concept of isospectrality, which suggests the existence of systems that provide identical spectra, has inspired a novel route to the spectrum-preserved engineering of wave–matter interactions in photonics, acoustics, and quantum mechanics. Recently, in photonics, constructing isospectral optical structures has become an emerging research topic to handle the intricate spectral responses of the systems composed of many-particles or inhomogeneous materials. The cornerstones in this field have stimulated the realization of non-Hermitian systems with real eigenspectra, one-dimensional structures exhibiting higher-dimensional physics, and novel engineering methodologies for broadband devices such as phase-matched multiplexers and multimodal lasing platforms. Here we review recent achievements based on isospectrality in photonics. We outline milestones in two different subfields of supersymmetric photonics and interdimensional isospectrality. We illustrate that isospectrality has paved the way for the independent control of wave quantities, showing great potential for the analytical and platform-transparent design of photonic systems with complex structures and materials.
Application of response surface method in the separation of radioactive material: a review
Authors: Da Tianxing , Chen Tao , Ma Yan , Tong Zhenfeng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Response Surface Method (RSM) is one of the most popular and powerful tools for experimental design and optimization. This paper first reviewed the research progress of RSM in the separation and recovery of various radioactive materials, and verified the application of RSM in adsorption isotherm analysis and thermodynamic calculation. The main advantage of RSM in radioactive material separation is the reduction in the number of experiments required, resulting in considerably less radioactive material consumption, secondary waste generation, workload and radiation dose, which is valuable for the research of radioactive material separation.
An update on the progress of microbial biotransformation of commercial monoterpenes
Authors: Mittal Ruchika , Srivastava Gauri , Ganjewala Deepak 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Monoterpenes, a class of isoprenoid compounds, are extensively used in flavor, fragrance, perfumery, and cosmetics. They display many astonishing bioactive properties of biological and pharmacological significance. All monoterpenes are derived from universal precursor geranyl diphosphate. The demand for new monoterpenoids has been increasing in flavor, fragrances, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals. Chemical methods, which are harmful for human and the environment, synthesize most of these products. Over the years, researchers have developed alternative methods for the production of newer monoterpenoids. Microbial biotransformation is one of them, which relied on microbes and their enzymes. It has produced many new desirable commercially important monoterpenoids. A growing number of reports reflect an ever-expanding scope of microbial biotransformation in food and aroma industries. Simultaneously, our knowledge of the enzymology of monoterpene biosynthetic pathways has been increasing, which facilitated the biotransformation of monoterpenes. In this article, we have covered the progress made on microbial biotransformation of commercial monoterpenes with a brief introduction to their biosynthesis. We have collected several reports from authentic web sources, including Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus published in the past few years to extract information on the topic.
Comparison of Vertical and Horizontal Reactive Strength Index Variants and Association With Change of Direction Performance
Authors: Šarabon Nejc , Kozinc Žiga , Bishop Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Šarabon, N, Kozinc, Ž, and Bishop, C. A comparison of vertical and horizontal reactive strength index variants and association with change of direction performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(1): 84–90, 2023—This study sought to investigate the interrelationship between different vertical and horizontal variants of reactive strength index (RSI) and change of direction (CoD) performance. Thirty-one male volleyball players (age: 22.4 ± 3.9 years) performed bilateral drop jumps (DJs), bilateral and unilateral countermovement jumps (CMJs), and triple hops for distance. The RSI was calculated as the ratio of jump height and contact time (DJ), jump height and time to takeoff (CMJ), flight time or hop distance and contact time (triple hop), and 505 CoD test. Reactive strength index obtained from DJ and CMJ tasks exhibited excellent trial-to-trial reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.91–0.94), whereas triple hop–based RSI had only moderate reliability (ICC = 0.67–0.74). The relationships among different RSI variants were moderate to high (i.e., DJ to CMJ: r = 0.57–0.69, p ≤ 0.004; DJ to triple hop: r = 0.54–0.66, p ≤ 0.021; and CMJ to triple hop: r = 0.42–0.63, p ≤ 0.037). For the triple hop, the associations between RSI based on hop flight time and RSI based on hop distance were high for hop 1–2 (r = 0.77–0.83; p < 0.001) and very high for hop 2–3 (r = 0.91–0.92; p < 0.001). All RSI variants were in small to moderate negative correlation with 505 test performance (r = −0.38 to −0.45; p ≤ 0.042). The agreement in interlimb asymmetry direction between RSI from unilateral CMJ and triple hop RSI variables was slight to moderate (kappa coefficient = 0.06–0.36). In conclusion, although interrelationships between RSI variants were moderate to high, the direction of interlimb asymmetry was inconsistent, highlighting the notion of movement variability in limb dominance.
Socially Dangerous Consequences Of Criminal Offenses In The Field Of Public Procurement
Authors: Cheredarchuk A.M. 
Published: December 2021

In the article the author analyzes the national legislation, scientific research and the results of law enforcement activities of law enforcement agencies in the field of public procurement. It has been established that the opacity and inefficiency of mechanisms for controlling the public procurement process leads to the use of corruption schemes to embezzle budget funds, legalize and misappropriate them by unscrupulous officials and, as a consequence, to «shadow» the national economy.
In the current conditions of the country’s development, corruption is perhaps the most negative consequence of criminal acts in the field of public procurement. Corruption in the public procurement system, as in any other area, is associated with the exercise of power, distribution or redistribution of material resources or funds, a phenomenon that is not new or even national.
Another clear example of the consequences of public procurement crime is the threat of unfair competition.
Among the abuses committed by public procurement participants, the greatest degree of security threat is conspiracy of participants. A conspiracy is an agreement between two or more participants in a procurement procedure aimed at setting the price of a competitive bidding offer or a price offer at artificial or non-competitive levels with or without the knowledge of the customer.
The main danger of fictitious entrepreneurship is property damage to legal entities and individuals, the state, which, in turn, is expressed in concealing the facts of prohibited activities, illegal conversion of non-cash into cash, creating preconditions for tax evasion and other illegal goals, promoting legalization ( money laundering) of funds obtained by criminal means, etc.
Internetional Experience Of Legal Regulation Of The Status Of Non-Entrepreneurial Legal Entities
Authors: Zozuliak O.I. , Paruta Yu.I. 
Published: December 2021

The article deals with studying the legislation of individual countries on the legal status of non-entrepreneurial legal entities. It is stated that in international practice there is no single term that would describe all non-entrepreneurial legal entities. Typically, several terms are used, such as non-for-profit orgnisation, non­governmental organization, charity organization, private voluntary organization, civil social organization.
In the scientific work authors analyzed the documents that are common to the whole European community and individual countries. The main features of non­entrepreneurial legal entities according to European standards are outlined. Among them: the main goal can not be making a profit, and in the case of making a profit it is aimed at achieving the goals for which the organization was created, non­entrepreneurial legal entities with legal personality acquire the same rights as other legal entities, the possibility of creating member organizations and organizations without membership. It is noted that the division of non-entrepreneurial legal entities on the basis of the system is the fundamental in Poland. That is why non­entrepreneurial legal entities in Poland are divided into companies and foundations. German law provides the creation of not only companies and foundations, but also associations that may not be intended for business purposes.
The scientific work studies not only the provisions of legislative acts, but also the scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists. In particular, doctrinal approaches to non-entrepreneurial legal entities in Germany, Japan, England and Wales were studied.
It is concluded that it is not possible to accept the legal model of a non­entrepreneurial legal entity of a certain country and introduce it into national legislation, because each country has its own peculiarities.
The Importance Of The General Principles Of European Union Law In Ensuring Public And Private Interests In Environmental Relations
Authors: Moroz H.V. 
Published: December 2021

The article is aimed at studying the content of the general principles of European Union (EU) law, their importance in ensuring public and private interests in environmental relations.
It is argued that the principles of law are based on public interests and needs, so the most important characteristic of the principles of law is their ability to put emphasis on the most important values of public life. It is established that the full potential of the principles of law is best manifested in the administration of justice, most clearly reflected in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, less perfectly - in the judicial system of Ukraine.
The general principles common to the legal systems of the EU member states are the following: 1) the principle of proportionality; 2) the principle of legal certainty; 3) the principle of legitimate expectations.
Performing its functions, the state may intervene in the private sphere within acceptable limits, and the criteria of the principle of proportionality are used to optimize such intervention in order to satisfy the general public interest. The following criteria are defined: 1) the legality of intervention; 2) a legitimate purpose (justification of intervention by the general interest); 3) a fair balance between the interests of property rights and public interests. The intervention should ideally be proportionate, measured, optimal and easy for the entity. In essence, this principle is designed to control the law not only in terms of the legitimacy of the influence of the authorities on fundamental rights but also on its balance in general. Legal certainty requires not only the promulgation of adopted laws or other regulations but also the relative clarity of their content so that individuals can predict and determine their behavior, the limits of manifestation and realization of their interests. The principle of legitimate expectations (reasonable predictability of court decisions) in the procedural sense applies to uniform and consistent law enforcement practice, avoidance of selective justice. The use of the concept of legitimate expectations is effective for application in cases of the protection of private property rights as well as the right to public property and public interests. It is allowed to limit the principle of protection of legitimate expectations, for example, if there is an overriding public interest, which is applicable in terms of environmental relations.
The article argues that the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, as a source of law, provides a legal interpretation of substantive and procedural norms that would be vague without practical explanation. In the meantime, it is argued that in the process of approximating the environmental norms of Ukraine with EU law, the specifics of the environmental sphere and the competitive nature of the interests of entities that implement the corresponding regulations have to be considered.
Regelungsautonomie der Sportverbände vs. Kartellverbot – Zum Anwendungsbereich der Meca-Medina-Ausnahme
Authors: Bien Florian , Becker Björn Christian 
Published: December 2021

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag klärt das Verhältnis zwischen sportverbandlicher Regelungsautonomie und Kartellverbot. Ausgangspunkte sind das grundlegende Urteil des EuGH in der Rechtssache Meca-Medina und die Anwendung der vom Gerichtshof in Meca-Medina aufgestellten Grundsätze durch das EuG im Fall ISU. Der Beitrag weist nach, dass die vom Gerichtshof judizierte Einschränkung des Kartellverbots im Fall „rein sportlicher Regelwerke“ ihre Grundlage in der verfassungsrechtlich geschützten Vereinigungsfreiheit und der daraus resultierenden Regelungsautonomie der Verbände hat. Vor diesem Hintergrund lässt sich die vom EuGH in Meca-Medina durchgeführte Verhältnismäßigkeitsprüfung dogmatisch als Versuch deuten, praktische Konkordanz zwischen Verbandsautonomie und Wettbewerbsschutz herzustellen (II.5.). Angesichts der zentralen Bedeutung, die dem Grundrecht der Vereinigungsfreiheit als Bezugspunkt der Meca-Medina-Ausnahme zukommt, wird die sachliche und persönliche Reichweite der Meca-Medina-Ausnahme aufgefächert und abgegrenzt (III.1., III.2.). Unterschieden werden vier Grundtypen verbandlicher Regelwerke (I.2.). Es zeigt sich, dass Sportausübungsregeln im engeren und im weiteren Sinne sowie interne Organisationsregeln (Verbandsregeln des Typs 1 und 2) in den Schutzbereich der Verbandsautonomie fallen, weshalb hier eine Einschränkung des Kartellverbots aufgrund der Verhältnismäßigkeitsprüfung in Betracht kommt. Der darüberhinausgehende Versuch von Sportverbänden, das wettbewerbliche Verhalten von Verbandsmitgliedern gegenüber verbandsexternen Dritten oder gar von verbandsexternen Dritten selbst zu reglementieren (Regelungen des Typs 3 und 4) erfährt demgegenüber keine Privilegierung im Hinblick auf das Kartellverbot.
Frequency of Neonatal Bilirubin Testing and Hyperbilirubinemia in a Large Health Maintenance Organization
Authors: Newman Thomas B. , Escobar Gabriel J. , Gonzales Veronica M. , Armstrong Mary Anne , Gardner Marla N. , Folck Bruce F. 
Published: December 2021

Objective.To determine the frequency and interhospital variation of bilirubin testing and identified hyperbilirubinemia in a large health maintenance organization.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.Eleven Northern California Kaiser Permanente hospitals.Subjects.A total of 51 387 infants born in 1995–1996 at ≥36 weeks' gestation and ≥2000 g.Main Outcome Measure.Bilirubin tests and maximum bilirubin levels recorded in the first month after birth.Results.The proportion of infants receiving ≥1 bilirubin test varied across hospitals from 17% to 52%. The frequency of bilirubin levels ≥20 mg/dL (342 μmol/L) varied from .9% to 3.4% (mean: 2.0%), but was not associated with the frequency of bilirubin testing (R2 = .02). Maximum bilirubin levels ≥25 mg/dL (428 μmol/L) were identified in .15% of infants and levels ≥30 mg/dL (513 μmol/L) in .01%.Conclusions.Significant interhospital differences exist in bilirubin testing and frequency of identified hyperbilirubinemia. Bilirubin levels ≥20 mg/dL were commonly identified, but levels ≥25 mg/dL were not.
Physiologic Stability of Newborns During Cup- and Bottle-feeding
Authors: Howard Cynthia R. , de Blieck Elisabeth A. , ten Hoopen Cynthia B. , Howard Fred M. , Lanphear Bruce P. , Lawrence Ruth A. 
Published: December 2021

Background.
To prevent breastfeeding problems, cup-feeding has been recommended as a method of providing medically necessary supplemental feedings to breastfed infants.

Objectives.
To compare amounts ingested, administration time, and infant physiologic stability during cup-, bottle-, and breastfeeding.

Design/Methods.
A total of 98 term, healthy newborns were randomized to either cup-feeding (n = 51) or bottle-feeding (n = 47). The heart (HR), respiratory (RR), and oxygen (O2) saturation rates were monitored on these infants and 25 breastfed newborns during 1 feeding. Differences in amounts ingested and administration times were evaluated with t tests and physiologic data with repeat measures analysis of variance.

Results.
There were no significant differences in administration time, amounts ingested or overall HR, RR, and (O2) saturation rates, between cup and bottle groups. Breastfed infants had longer administration times and lower overall HR, RR, and higher O2 saturation as compared with cup- and bottle-fed infants.

Conclusions.
Administration times, amounts ingested, and infant physiologic stability do not differ with cup- and bottle-feeding. Breastfeeding takes longer than cup- or bottle-feeding, but infants experience less physiologic variability. These data support cup-feeding as an alternative to bottle-feeding for supplying supplements to breastfed infants.