bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How we do it: ‘tonsil swabs please’ – an alternative use in open neck surgery
Authors: Mathew E , Nair D , Rourke T , Corbridge R 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThyroid and parathyroid surgery often involves the use of heated instruments for dissection. Whilst these are beneficial, accidental thermal damage to the exposed skin edges can occur, resulting in an unsatisfactory cosmetic outcome. Tonsil swabs can be used in head and neck surgery intra-operatively to control bleeding. This paper describes an alternative use for them in protecting wound edges during the procedure.MethodDamp tonsil swabs are sutured onto the wound edges after the initial skin incision. They remain present for the duration of the surgery and are removed at the time of skin closure.ResultsThe tonsil swabs provide protection and help avoid accidental injury to the skin. No complications with this technique have been experienced.ConclusionThis paper describes a simple, effective and practical technique for protecting the skin during neck procedures using resources readily available in a standard ENT operating theatre.
Why the Good is supremely good: a defence of the Monologion proof
Authors: de Ray Christophe 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe opening chapters of Anselm's Monologion contain a ‘proof’ of a perfect being, which has received far less attention than the more famous Proslogion proof, and the ontological arguments derived from it. I wish to rectify this by developing an argument in defence of a crucial premise of the Monologion proof. This premise states that ‘the Good’, i.e. that in virtue of which numerically distinct things may all be good, must itself be a supremely good thing (if it exists). I motivate the argument before considering objections to both premises, as well as putative ‘parodies’ of my argument. Part of the motivation of my argument will involve the claim that the Good, if it is good at all, must be a paradigm good thing. I conclude that theists have a second kind of ontological argument at their disposal.
Statue habit and statue culture in Late Antique Rome
Authors: Machado Carlos 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe statue habit was a defining characteristic of Classical cities, and its demise in Late Antiquity has recently attracted scholarly attention. This article analyzes this process in the city of Rome, charting the decline and abandonment of the practice of setting up free-standing statues between the end of the 3rd c. and the mid 7th c. CE. Focusing on the epigraphic evidence for new dedications, it discusses the nature of the habit in terms of its differences from and continuities with earlier periods. The quantitative evolution of the habit suggests that its end was associated with deeper transformations. The final section examines the broader significance of setting up statues in Late Antique Rome, arguing that the decline of the statue habit must be understood in the context of a new statue culture that saw statue dedications in an antiquarian light, rather than as part of an organic honorific language.
Clashes Involving National Popular Vote, Hare (“RCV”), Maine, Alaska
Authors: Potthoff Richard F. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTApparently unnoticed by its advocates, a prominent effort to improve the troubled US presidential-election system—the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC)—is on a collision course with another effort at electoral change—“ranked-choice voting” (RCV, known previously by less ambiguous names). The NPVIC is a clever device intended, without constitutional amendment, to elect as president the nationwide popular-vote winner (i.e., the plurality-vote winner) rather than the electoral-vote winner. Election results in 2000, 2016, and 2020 enhanced its support. However, the (constitutional) ability of even one state to replace its plurality voting with another voting system causes the popular-vote total posited for the NPVIC to be undefined, thereby rendering the NPVIC unusable. Maine and Alaska recently switched from plurality voting to RCV for presidential elections. Consequently, tangled results and turmoil could occur with the NPVIC. To improve presidential elections, replacing plurality voting with other systems appears to be more sensible than pursuing the NPVIC.
RIGHTS AS RATIONALIZATIONS? PSYCHOLOGICAL DEBUNKING OF BELIEFS ABOUT HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Bublitz Christoph 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTThis paper explores a novel type of argument in legal theory—a psychological debunking argument—by the example of the justification of human rights and based on a psychological dual-process model of decision-making. Debunking arguments undermine confidence in a belief because of shortcomings of the empirical conditions under which it was formed. They thereby open a route from the descriptive to the evaluative, from Is to Ought, without illicitly crossing metaethical waters since they involve normative premises. As they are epistemic, they cannot replace substantive arguments on the merits. However, they may be useful when substantive arguments are stalled or the necessity to make a judgment precludes further discussions.The controversial justification of human rights is a good test case for debunking arguments. The challenge is to find features in the formation of beliefs about human rights that undermine their epistemic justification. Some psychologists claim that relevant beliefs arise from the rationalization of intuitions. This process is ill-suited to generate correct beliefs; so formed beliefs may be debunked. This also shows how legal reasoning might be improved.
Test–Retest Reliability of a Semi-Structured Interview to Aid in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis
Authors: Hergert Danielle C. , Sicard Veronik , Stephenson David D. , Pabbathi Reddy Sharvani , Robertson-Benta Cidney R. , Dodd Andrew B. , Bedrick Edward J. , Gioia Gerard A. , Meier Timothy B. , Shaff Nicholas A. , Quinn Davin K. , Campbell Richard A. , Phillips John P. , Vakhtin Andrei A. , Sapien Robert E. , Mayer Andrew R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:Retrospective self-report is typically used for diagnosing previous pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). A new semi-structured interview instrument (New Mexico Assessment of Pediatric TBI; NewMAP TBI) investigated test–retest reliability for TBI characteristics in both the TBI that qualified for study inclusion and for lifetime history of TBI.Method:One-hundred and eight-four mTBI (aged 8–18), 156 matched healthy controls (HC), and their parents completed the NewMAP TBI within 11 days (subacute; SA) and 4 months (early chronic; EC) of injury, with a subset returning at 1 year (late chronic; LC).Results:The test–retest reliability of common TBI characteristics [loss of consciousness (LOC), post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), retrograde amnesia, confusion/disorientation] and post-concussion symptoms (PCS) were examined across study visits. Aside from PTA, binary reporting (present/absent) for all TBI characteristics exhibited acceptable (≥0.60) test–retest reliability for both Qualifying and Remote TBIs across all three visits. In contrast, reliability for continuous data (exact duration) was generally unacceptable, with LOC and PCS meeting acceptable criteria at only half of the assessments. Transforming continuous self-report ratings into discrete categories based on injury severity resulted in acceptable reliability. Reliability was not strongly affected by the parent completing the NewMAP TBI.Conclusions:Categorical reporting of TBI characteristics in children and adolescents can aid clinicians in retrospectively obtaining reliable estimates of TBI severity up to a year post-injury. However, test–retest reliability is strongly impacted by the initial data distribution, selected statistical methods, and potentially by patient difficulty in distinguishing among conceptually similar medical concepts (i.e., PTAvs. confusion).
Integration of health care in the Basque Country during COVID-19: the importance of an integrated care management approach in times of emergency
Authors: Izagirre-Olaizola Julen , Hernando-Saratxaga Goizalde , Aguirre-García María-Soledad 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe main objective of this study is to analyse the process of integration of health care implemented in the public health system (Osakidetza) of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (CAPV), and assess whether the steps taken to date have helped or hindered the work of health personnel in times of COVID-19. Based on a case study, an assessment is made of the way in which certain tools of the integration process have been applied, if they have worked well and if they have led to better management of the pandemic.For the purpose of this study, a qualitative methodology is chosen consisting of a case study and in-depth interviews with health personnel at the front line of the integration process and the fight against COVID-19.This study makes two fundamental contributions. First, it analyses the health integration process in recent years in the public health system of the Basque Country. Second, it gathers the perceptions of different agents related to the Basque Health System of the way in which the tools of the integration process implemented in recent years have worked during the pandemic, detailing the positive and negative perceptions in this regard.Our conclusions offer a series of strategic recommendations linked to comprehensive patient care and the use of tools related to teleconsulting: the unified medical record, electronic prescription, and non-face-to-face care channels.
GNSS Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval With the Aid of NWM Data for China
Authors: Huang Liangke , Peng Hua , Liu Lilong , Xiong Si , Xie Shaofeng , Chen Jun , Li Junyu , He Hongchang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become a powerful tool for sensing precipitable water vapor (PWV), which is important in investigating long‐term climate or nowcasting. Zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD) and weighted mean temperature (Tm) are the two key parameters for retrieving PWV GNSS observations. ZHD is generally derived from the Saastamoinen model by using surface pressure or numerical weather model (NWM). However, the lack of meteorological observations located at or near the GNSS sites is a big challenge for the calculation of accurate ZHD, leading to inconvenience in GNSS‐derived PWV. In this study, a method for GNSS retrieval in China by using ZHD from the NWM and Tm derived from IGPT2w is proposed. First, a new grid model, namely CGZHD model, is developed for the vertical adjustment of ZHD in China. Then, two types of ZHD products derived from NWM data, that is, postprocessing and forecast ones, namely ZHD and ZHDFC, respectively. Finally, the performance of GNSS PWV estimation for 18 GNSS sites is evaluated with PWVs from collocated radiosonde sites for China. Results show that the CGZHD model has excellent performance against the GPT2w model and previous studies. ZHD and ZHDFC from NWM present high precision after vertical adjustment. In terms of GNSS PWV retrieval, two modes of GNSS PWV estimation results, that is, ZHD and ZHDFC obtained from postprocessing and forecast ones, respectively, show excellent performance in China. The proposed method does not require any in situ meteorological information as input and thus has potential applications for high‐precision and real‐time GNSS PWV retrieval in China.
Seismic Anisotropic Layering in the Yilgarn and Superior Cratonic Lithosphere
Authors: Chen Xiaoran , Levin Vadim , Yuan Huaiyu , Klaser Michael , Li Yiran 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLayering within the cratonic lithosphere has been explored and reported in different cratons using a range of techniques. However, whether there exists a common feature in the lithosphere for all the cratons is not clear yet. In this study, we carry out a comparison study between the Yilgarn craton in Western Australia and the Superior craton in North America that have never been in direct contact throughout their tectonic history. To have a detailed description of the lithospheric layering in both cratons, we employ receiver function analysis with harmonic decomposition to characterize the anisotropic seismic structure beneath 4 long‐operating sites in each craton. We can identify multiple unique anisotropic boundaries above 170 km at all sites in both cratons. Properties of the anisotropic boundaries are distinct both within and across the cratons. Our observation agrees with a commonly accepted view of the cratonic lithosphere consisting of at least two layers. Moreover, it adds new details to the previous view and reveals lateral variations of the anisotropic properties over distances of a few hundreds of kilometers. Such variations in anisotropic properties likely reflect the tectonic history predating the final assembly of cratons, and suggest horizontal movements are necessary for the formation of cratonic lithosphere.
Simulating the Impact of Global Reservoir Expansion on the Present‐Day Climate
Authors: Vanderkelen I. , van Lipzig N. P. M. , Sacks W. J. , Lawrence D. M. , Clark M. P. , Mizukami N. , Pokhrel Y. , Thiery W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractReservoir expansion over the last century has largely affected downstream flow characteristics. Yet very little is known about the impacts of reservoir expansion on the climate. Here, we implement reservoir construction in the Community Land Model by enabling dynamical lake area changes, while conserving mass and energy. Transient global lake and reservoir extent are prescribed from the HydroLAKES and Global Reservoir and Dam databases. Land‐only simulations covering the 20th century with reservoir expansion enabled, highlight increases in terrestrial water storage and decreases in albedo matching the increase in open water area. The comparison of coupled simulations including and excluding reservoirs shows only limited influence of reservoirs on global temperatures and the surface energy balance, but demonstrates substantial responses locally, in particular where reservoirs make up a large fraction of the grid cell. In those locations, reservoirs dampen the diurnal temperature range by up to −1.5 K (for reservoirs covering >15% of the grid cell), reduce temperature extremes, and moderate the seasonal temperature cycle. This study provides a first step towards a coupled representation of reservoirs in Earth System Models.
Convergence Velocity Controls on the Structural Evolution of Orogens
Authors: Knight Ben S. , Capitanio Fabio A. , Weinberg Roberto F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe collision of continental crust results in the formation of orogenic wedges to accommodate convergence. We use 2D thermomechanical models to address the growth of viscoplastic orogenic wedges, focusing on the structural evolution over time. We find that when the shear stress at the base of the crust is below the yield stress then viscous behavior dictates the evolution, with the wedge structure and geometry influenced by the convergence velocity. In contrast, when the shear stress is equal to or above the yield stress across the entire wedge then plastic behavior controls the evolution, with the structural style and geometry independent of convergence velocity. The models highlight the controls of the basal décollement rheology on the deformation style of the orogenic wedge. We find that for increasing crustal thickness, the velocity required to transition from viscous‐to‐viscoplastic and then to plastic‐dominated wedges increases. We determine empirically how the viscous deformation influences wedge strength and estimate an effective friction coefficient based on the geometry of the entire wedge. The models allow inferences on the dominant deformation mechanism currently accommodating convergence in the Zagros, Himalayas, and European Alps when estimating the effective friction coefficient from the geometry, showing the relevant role of rate‐dependent viscous deformation in each orogenic wedge.
Earth’s Albedo and Its Symmetry
Authors: Datseris George , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe properties of Earth's albedo and its symmetries are analyzed using twenty years of space‐based Energy Balanced And Filled product of Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System measurements. Despite surface asymmetries, top of the atmosphere temporally & hemispherically averaged reflected solar irradiance appears symmetric over Northern/Southern hemispheres. This is confirmed with the use of surrogate time‐series, which provides margins of for possible hemispheric differences supported by Clouds and Earth's Radiant System data. time‐series are further analyzed by decomposition into a seasonal (yearly and half yearly) cycle and residuals. Variability in the reflected solar irradiance is almost entirely (99%) due to the seasonal variations, mostly due to seasonal variations in insolation. The residuals of hemispherically averaged are not only small, but also indistinguishable from noise, and thus not correlated across hemispheres. This makes yearly and sub‐yearly timescales unlikely as the basis for a symmetry‐establishing mechanism. The residuals however contain a global trend that is large, as compared to expected albedo feedbacks. It is also hemispherically symmetric, and thus indicates the possibility of a symmetry enforcing mechanism at longer timescales. To pinpoint precisely which parts of the Earth system establish the hemispheric symmetry, we create an energetically consistent cloud‐albedo field from the data. We show that the surface albedo asymmetry is compensated by asymmetries between clouds over extra‐tropical oceans, with southern hemispheric storm‐tracks being 11% cloudier than their northern hemisphere counterparts. This again indicates that, assuming the albedo symmetry is not a result of chance, its mechanism likely operates on large temporal and spatial scales.
An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Grain Size on “Dislocation Creep” of Ice
Authors: Qi Chao , Goldsby David L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe creep behavior of ice is believed to be dominated by dislocation creep at high stresses (1 MPa) and high homologous temperatures (0.9). Dislocation creep of ice is often described by the Glen law, , with a canonical value of 3, and is independent of grain size. Laboratory studies of ice deformation at elevated pressures, however, suggest that dislocation creep of ice is characterized by a value of 4. Here, we deformed ice samples with initial grain sizes of 0.23 and 0.63 mm, at 263 K and confining pressures of 10 or 20 MPa. The experiments yield a value of 3.6 using the peak stresses obtained at a strain 0.02, and reveal a marked dependence of the stress on initial grain size. The nominally constant flow stresses at larger strains, up to 0.2, yield a value of 3.9, and no influence of the initial grain size on the stress is observed. The lower value of at peak stresses and the decrease in peak stress with decreasing initial grain size suggest a contribution to the strain rate from a grain‐size‐sensitive process, such as grain boundary sliding. Our data yield two flow laws, one for isotropic ice and one for highly anisotropic ice deformed to large strains, the latter of which may be used to model flow in high‐strain natural environments.
'We had to take a hammer to get some roots out' - experiences, motivations and challenges among volunteer dentists: a qualitative study
Authors: Gamarra Saulo , Bärnighausen Kate , Wachinger Jonas , McMahon Shannon A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo address a gap in the literature by examining the experiences, motivations and challenges among volunteer dentists engaged in short-term missions to low- and middle-income countries.MethodsIn-depth interviews among volunteer dentists (n = 20) who had provided voluntary dental care in low- or middle-income countries within the preceding five years. Interviews lasted on average 55 minutes and were recorded, transcribed and analysed using NVivo. Routine debriefings complemented analysis. COREQ principles guided this research.ResultsMotivations to volunteer included: exposure to new dental challenges (enhancing competence); discovering a new setting (tourism); and enhancing the lives of clients (humanitarianism). Volunteers enjoyed undertaking new tasks and developing new skills, but were burdened by a high patient load, challenging clinical conditions, peri- and post-operative complications, and a concern that their work was not addressing root causes of inadequate access to basic dental care. Respondents recommended that more information regarding the vision, equipment status, armamentarium and dental supplies be made available pre-departure, and that more dental schools include training on global oral health. Such measures could facilitate volunteers' abilities to provide care while also enhancing their personal and professional development. Creating an appropriate, sizable and competent capacity-building programme for local dentists was described as essential.
USP12 downregulation orchestrates a protumourigenic microenvironment and enhances lung tumour resistance to PD-1 blockade
Authors: Yang Zhaojuan , Xu Guiqin , Wang Boshi , Liu Yun , Zhang Li , Jing Tiantian , Tang Ming , Xu Xiaoli , Jiao Kun , Xiang Lvzhu , Fu Yujie , Tang Daoqiang , Zhang Xiaoren , Jin Weilin , Zhuang Guanglei , Zhao Xiaojing , Liu Yongzhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOncogenic activation of KRAS and its surrogates is essential for tumour cell proliferation and survival, as well as for the development of protumourigenic microenvironments. Here, we show that the deubiquitinase USP12 is commonly downregulated in the KrasG12D-driven mouse lung tumour and human non-small cell lung cancer owing to the activation of AKT-mTOR signalling. Downregulation of USP12 promotes lung tumour growth and fosters an immunosuppressive microenvironment with increased macrophage recruitment, hypervascularization, and reduced T cell activation. Mechanistically, USP12 downregulation creates a tumour-promoting secretome resulting from insufficient PPM1B deubiquitination that causes NF-κB hyperactivation in tumour cells. Furthermore, USP12 inhibition desensitizes mouse lung tumour cells to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Thus, our findings propose a critical component downstream of the oncogenic signalling pathways in the modulation of tumour-immune cell interactions and tumour response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.