bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental health of older people with mild and moderate intellectual disability in Australia
Authors: Hussain R. , Wark S. , Janicki M. P. , Parmenter T. , Knox M. , Tabatabaei‐Jafari H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe progressive increase in life expectancy of people with intellectual disability (ID) has resulted in enhanced survival into old age and has also seen a growth in research on both lifelong and emerging ageing‐related health issues. Health issues amongst provider‐supported adults have been previously studied, but these studies have not always included older community‐dwelling adults with ID.MethodsA study examining the extent of mental health of 391 community‐dwelling adults with ID age 60 and older in both metropolitan and rural areas of two East Coast Australian states was undertaken using a cross‐sectional survey. Examined were a range of demographic (age, sex, living arrangements, employment and socio‐economic status) and life (co‐morbidities, adverse life events and social support) factors. Data were parsed by two age groupings (60–65:n = 234 and >65:n = 157).ResultsFindings revealed that older community‐dwelling adults with ID have many of the same mental health disorders as do other ageing people, with the exception of significant psychiatric disorders often associated with older age. Over a third (35%:n = 137) reported some one or more mental health disorders. Age, sex, location (rural or urban), financial hardship, social support or type of living arrangement were not statistically significant as risk factors for poor mental health. However, employment status was a clear predictor. Stepwise regression models showed a strong association between mental ill‐health and adverse life events and between mental ill‐health and multiple physical co‐morbidities.ConclusionsThe cross‐sectional nature of the study limits causal inference. The cumulative effect of chronic health conditions and adverse life events cannot be prevented retrospectively. However, greater awareness amongst both health professionals and care staff that older adults with ID have a high likelihood of significant and/or repeated traumas and need better health care to limit physical co‐morbidity may assist in providing support that is better tailored to individual needs in older age to reduce the burden of mental ill‐health.
Beliefs regarding COVID‐19 vaccines among Canadian workers in the intellectual disability sector prior to vaccine implementation
Authors: Lunsky Y. , Kithulegoda N. , Thai K. , Benham J. L. , Lang R. , Desveaux L. , Ivers N. M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundWorkers supporting adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience significant stress in their essential role during COVID‐19 due to the high risk of their clients contracting COVID‐19 and having adverse outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to describe the attitudes of workers towards COVID‐19 vaccination prior to vaccination rollout, with a view to informing strategies to promote vaccine uptake within this high‐risk sector.MethodsAn online survey was sent via email to workers supporting adults with ID in Ontario, Canada, between January 21 and February 3, 2021 by agency leadership and union representatives.ResultsThree thousand and three hundred and seventy‐one workers, representing approximately 11.2% of Ontario workers supporting adults with ID completed an online survey. Most reported that they were very likely (62%) or likely (20%) to get a COVID‐19 vaccine (vaccination intent) although 18% reported they were less likely to do so (vaccination nonintent). Workers with vaccination nonintent were younger and were more likely to endorse the beliefs that (1) it will not benefit them or those around them, (2) it was not part of their job, (3) rapid development confers uncertainties and risks, and (4) they were scared of potential vaccine side effects.ConclusionsThere is need to address common misconceptions among workers supporting adults with ID to help activate them as vaccine advocates in the communities they serve. Partnered efforts between workers, unions and agency leadership with public health experts to address concerns are required.
Chocolate ingestion in dogs: 156 events (2015–2019)
Authors: Weingart C. , Hartmann A. , Kohn B. 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo describe the clinical features and outcome of dogs after chocolate ingestion.Material and MethodsRetrospective evaluation of clinical signs, clinical pathological findings, therapy and outcome of 156 dogs after chocolate ingestion. The concentration of methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine) was calculated based on the type of chocolate and the amount ingested.ResultsOne hundred and twelve dogs had no clinical signs. Forty‐four dogs had clinical signs of chocolate intoxication. Twenty‐eight of these 44 dogs ingested dark and bitter chocolate. Reasons for presentation were agitation (33), tremor (22), vomiting (21), panting (11), polyuria/polydipsia (seven) and diarrhea (two). Common clinical findings were sinus tachycardia (28), tachypnea/panting (14), hyperthermia (10) and dehydration (seven). Clinical pathological findings in 34 of 44 dogs consisted of hyperlactataemia (23), hypokalaemia (16), mild hyperglycaemia (16) and mild alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation (14). After decontamination (apomorphine, activated carbon) and symptomatic treatment (fluid therapy, esmolol, forced diuresis, sedatives), 43 of the 44 dogs survived.Clinical SignificanceIn dogs with potential chocolate intoxication, the type and amount of chocolate and the time of ingestion are important factors. Cardiovascular, neurological and gastrointestinal signs are the most common clinical signs. In this case series, the prognosis after decontamination and symptomatic therapy was good, with a mortality rate of less than 3%.
Elafibranor and liraglutide improve differentially liver health and metabolism in a mouse model of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Perakakis Nikolaos , Stefanakis Konstantinos , Feigh Michael , Veidal Sanne S. , Mantzoros Christos S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsThis study aimed to assess and compare the effects of the GLP‐1 analog liraglutide and the PPARα/δ agonist elafibranor on liver histology and their impact on hepatic lipidome, metabolome, Kupffer and hepatic stellate cell activation in a model of advanced non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsMale C57BL/6JRj mice with biopsy‐confirmed hepatosteatosis and fibrosis induced by 36‐week Amylin liver NASH (AMLN) diet (high‐fat, fructose and cholesterol) were randomized to receive for 12 weeks: (a) liraglutide (0.4 mg/kg/day s.c.), (b) elafibranor (30 mg/kg/day p.o.) and (c) vehicle. Metabolic status, liver pathology, markers of inflammation, Kupffer and stellate cell activation, and metabolomics/lipidomics were assessed at study completion.ResultsElafibranor and liraglutide improved weight, insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis and NAFLD activity score (pre‐to‐post biopsy). Elafibranor had a profound effect on hepatic lipidome, demonstrated by reductions in glycerides, increases in phospholipids, and by beneficial regulation of mediators of fatty acid oxidation, inflammation and oxidative stress. Liraglutide had a major impact on inflammatory and fibrogenic markers of Kupffer and hepatic stellate cell activation (Galectin‐3, Collagen type I alpha 1, alpha‐smooth muscle actin). Liraglutide exerted beneficial effects on bile acid and carbohydrate metabolism, demonstrated by restorations of the concentrations of bile acids, glycogen metabolism by‐products and pentoses, thus facilitating glycogen utilization turnover and nucleic acid formation.ConclusionsLiraglutide and elafibranor robustly but through different pathways improve overall metabolic health and liver status in NAFLD. These data indicate important differences in the respective mechanisms of action and support the notion for their evaluation as combination therapies in the future.
EpCam is required for maintaining the integrity of the biliary epithelium
Authors: Zhan Yougen , Ward Stephen C. , Fiel Maria Isabel , Teruya‐Feldstein Julie , McKay Eileen M. , Dekio Fumiko 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsTufting enteropathy (TE) is a rare congenital disorder often caused by mutations in the gene encoding epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCam). The disease leads to diarrhoea, intestinal failure and dependence on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). These patients often have liver impairments, but the pathology and mechanism of the damage are not well understood. We evaluated liver biopsies from TE patients to understand the pathophysiology.MethodsWe identified three patients with TE who underwent liver biopsy. Two normal controls and 45 patients on TPN secondary to short gut syndrome were selected for comparison (five were age‐ and TPN duration matched to the TE patients).ResultsWe found that all TE patients showed a complete loss of EpCam expression in enterocytes and biliary epithelial cells, while the normal and TPN groups show basolateral expression. Histologically TE patients showed ductopenia, which was not seen in control groups. E‐cadherin and β‐catenin are normally located along the lateral membrane of biliary epithelial cells. However, they were relocated to the apical membrane in TE patients, indicating a defect in the apical‐basal polarity of cholangiocytes. We examined hepatic reparative cells and found near absence of hepatic progenitor cells and intermediate hepatobiliary cells with mild reactive ductular cells in TE patients.ConclusionOur findings show that TE is associated with disrupted polarity of cholangiocyte and ductopenia. We demonstrate for the first time a role of EpCam in the maintenance of integrity of biliary epithelium. We also provided evidence for a disrupted development of hepatic reparative cells.
End of magmatism in the upper crust of asteroid 4 Vesta
Authors: Jourdan F. , Forman L. , Kennedy T. , Benedix G. K. , Eroglu E. , Mayers C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAsteroid 4 Vesta is the only largely preserved differentiated asteroid and thus is an excellent proxy to study early magmatism occurring on planets and moons. In this study, we focus on eucrite Pecora Escarpment (PCA) 82502, a medium‐ to fine‐grained eucrite which chemical analyses suggest belongs to the main howardite–eucrite–diogenite clan, albeit with some peculiarities. We carried out backscattered electron and electron backscattered diffraction microscopy analyses of the meteorite along with step‐heating40Ar/39Ar dating analyses of various types of groundmass aliquots. We show that Pecora Escarpment 82502 is composed of medium‐grained igneous crystalline clasts and smaller fractured satellite clasts surrounded by approximately 50 µm wide impact melt veins of the same composition. Our results show that the large crystalline clasts and fine‐grained veins both display little evidence of shock processes. Six groundmass aliquots from large crystalline clasts returned concordant plateau (>70% of39Ar) or mini‐plateau (50–70% of39Ar)40Ar/39Ar ages with a weighted mean of 4531 ± 6 Ma (P = 0.67). Thermodynamic cooling and40Ar diffusion models suggest that the K/Ar system recorded and preserved the igneous age despite subsequent infiltration of hot and quickly quenched melt veins. Our new igneous age, combined with evidence for four other young volcanic and plutonic eucrites of similar age, shows that Vesta was still magmatically active around 4531 Ma. The lack of younger ages suggests that this age might well represent the end of the magmatic activity in the upper crust of Vesta. When combined with existing paleomagnetic constraints, our data suggest that 4 Vesta had an active dynamo that was still active ~35 Ma after accretion.
Inversion breakpoints and the evolution of supergenes
Authors: Villoutreix Romain , Ayala Diego , Joron Mathieu , Gompert Zachariah , Feder Jeffrey L. , Nosil Patrik 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe coexistence of discrete morphs that differ in multiple traits is common within natural populations of many taxa. Such morphs are often associated with chromosomal inversions, presumably because the recombination suppressing effects of inversions help maintain alternate adaptive combinations of alleles across the multiple loci affecting these traits. However, inversions can also harbour selected mutations at their breakpoints, leading to their rise in frequency in addition to (or independent from) their role in recombination suppression. In this review, we first describe the different ways that breakpoints can create mutations. We then critically examine the evidence for the breakpoint‐mutation and recombination suppression hypotheses for explaining the existence of discrete morphs associated with chromosomal inversions. We find that the evidence that inversions are favoured due to recombination suppression is often indirect. The evidence that breakpoints harbour mutations that are adaptive is also largely indirect, with the characterization of inversion breakpoints at the sequence level being incomplete in most systems. Direct tests of the role of suppressed recombination and breakpoint mutations in inversion evolution are thus needed. Finally, we emphasize how the two hypotheses of recombination suppression and breakpoint mutation can act in conjunction, with implications for understanding the emergence of supergenes and their evolutionary dynamics. We conclude by discussing how breakpoint characterization could improve our understanding of complex, discrete phenotypic forms in nature.
Divergent diapause life history timing drives both allochronic speciation and reticulate hybridization in an adaptive radiation ofRhagoletisflies
Authors: Inskeep Katherine A. , Doellman Meredith M. , Powell Thomas H. Q. , Berlocher Stewart H. , Seifert Nicholas R. , Hood Glen R. , Ragland Gregory J. , Meyers Peter J. , Feder Jeffrey L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDivergent adaptation to new ecological opportunities can be an important factor initiating speciation. However, as niches are filled during adaptive radiations, trait divergence driving reproductive isolation between sister taxa may also result in trait convergence with more distantly related taxa, increasing the potential for reticulated gene flow across the radiation. Here, we demonstrate such a scenario in a recent adaptive radiation ofRhagoletisfruit flies, specialized on different host plants. Throughout this radiation, shifts to novel hosts are associated with changes in diapause life history timing, which act as “magic traits” generating allochronic reproductive isolation and facilitating speciation‐with‐gene‐flow. Evidence from laboratory rearing experiments measuring adult emergence timing and genome‐wide DNA‐sequencing surveys supported allochronic speciation between summer‐fruitingVacciniumspp.‐infestingRhagoletis mendaxand its hypothesized and undescribed sister taxon infesting autumn‐fruiting sparkleberries. The sparkleberry fly andR. mendaxwere shown to be genetically discrete sister taxa, exhibiting no detectable gene flow and allochronically isolated by a 2‐month average difference in emergence time corresponding to host availability. At sympatric sites across the southern USA, the later fruiting phenology of sparkleberries overlaps with that of flowering dogwood, the host of another more distantly related and undescribedRhagoletistaxon. Laboratory emergence data confirmed broadly overlapping life history timing and genomic evidence supported on‐going gene flow between sparkleberry and flowering dogwood flies. Thus, divergent phenological adaptation can drive the initiation of reproductive isolation, while also enhancing genetic exchange across broader adaptive radiations, potentially serving as a source of novel genotypic variation and accentuating further diversification.
Functional and structural characterization of AntR, an Sb(III) responsive transcriptional repressor
Authors: Viswanathan Thiruselvam , Chen Jian , Wu Minghan , An Lijin , Kandavelu Palani , Sankaran Banumathi , Radhakrishnan Manohar , Li Mingshun , Rosen Barry P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe ant operon of the antimony‐mining bacterium Comamonas testosterone JL40 confers resistance to Sb(III). The operon is transcriptionally regulated by the product of the first gene in the operon, antR. AntR is a member of ArsR/SmtB family of metal/metalloid‐responsive repressors resistance. We purified and characterized C. testosterone AntR and demonstrated that it responds to metalloids in the order Sb(III) = methylarsenite (MAs(III) >> As(III)). The protein was crystallized, and the structure was solved at 2.1 Å resolution. The homodimeric structure of AntR adopts a classical ArsR/SmtB topology architecture. The protein has five cysteine residues, of which Cys103a from one monomer and Cys113b from the other monomer, are proposed to form one Sb(III) binding site, and Cys113a and Cys103b forming a second binding site. This is the first report of the structure and binding properties of a transcriptional repressor with high selectivity for environmental antimony.
Altered chromatin conformation and transcriptional regulation in watermelon following genome doubling
Authors: Garcia‐Lozano Marleny , Natarajan Purushothaman , Levi Amnon , Katam Ramesh , Lopez‐Ortiz Carlos , Nimmakayala Padma , Reddy Umesh K. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryPolyploidy has played a crucial role in plant evolution, development and function. Synthetic autopolyploid represents an ideal system to investigate the effects of polyploidization on transcriptional regulation. In this study, we deciphered the impact of genome duplication at phenotypic and molecular levels in watermelon. Overall, 88% of the genes in tetraploid watermelon followed a >1:1 dosage effect, and accordingly, differentially expressed genes were largely upregulated. In addition, a great number of hypomethylated regions (1688) were identified in an isogenic tetraploid watermelon. These differentially methylated regions were localized in promoters and intergenic regions and near transcriptional start sites of the identified upregulated genes, which enhances the importance of methylation in gene regulation. These changes were reflected in sophisticated higher‐order chromatin structures. The genome doubling caused switching of 108 A and 626 B compartments that harbored genes associated with growth, development and stress responses.
Efficacy and safety of suprachoroidal triamcinolone injection in horses with poorly responsive equine recurrent uveitis
Authors: Gagnon Nicole A. , Hartley Claudia , Gilger Brian C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveEquine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a chronic, immune‐mediated intraocular inflammatory disease, is a common cause of blindness in horses. The severity and recurrent nature of ERU makes it difficult to treat with current therapeutics leading to a poor visual prognosis. The suprachoroidal space (SCS), a potential space between the choroid and sclera surrounding the ocular posterior segment, offers a promising alternative site for drug application to the eye. Corticosteroid administration within this space is hypothesized to be safe and effective at controlling intraocular inflammation, especially in horses with poorly responsive ERU.Animal studiedHorses with active, poorly responsive ERU.Procedure(s)A retrospective study was performed with 29 horses (36 total eyes) that received SCS injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) with ERU not well controlled with standard uveitis treatment. A standardized ocular inflammation score (OIS) was used to assess inflammation at the time of injection and at follow‐ups.ResultsStandardized OIS revealed a significant decrease in ocular inflammation over time after SCS TA administration (p < .004). Adverse effects after injections occurred in <20% of the horses at follow‐up, but some of these effects were attributed to chronic inflammation prior to effective treatment, long‐term topical corticosteroid use, or complications from hospitalization rather than the SCS injections. Most horses (86.7%) in this study remained visual greater than 3 months after SCS injection.ConclusionsBased on these results, SCS TA injections appear to be a safe and possible effective treatment modality for managing poorly responsive ERU; further clinical study is warranted.
Germination biology, distribution and control of the invasive species Eragrostis curvula [Schard. Nees] (African Lovegrass): A global synthesis of current and future management challenges
Authors: Roberts Jason , Florentine Singarayer , van Etten Eddie , Turville Christopher 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEragrostis curvula (African Lovegrass) is an invasive C4 perennial grass that is threatening natural ecosystems globally. Native to Africa, this species can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, from acidic soils to areas with low rainfall and regions with frequent fires, which assists in its widespread distribution. With its large production of small seeds (0.3 to 0.7 mm) and quick seed germination, it has the ability to form dense swards which can limit the recruitment of other more desirable species in the landscape. Due to its invasive behaviour, E. curvula can now be found in several countries (Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United States of America) where it causes environmental and economic degradation of the land, particularly if appropriate management is not applied. Previous management on the species has been focused on restoring competitive grasslands and pastures, grazing management, herbicide application, large‐scale burning and manual removal; however, in many regions there has been little to no long‐term success in reducing the species spread. Therefore, this review aimed to synthesise the existing research into the biology, distribution and management of E. curvula, whilst identifying any research gaps which may help improve the effective management of the species.
A New Method to Find the Forced Response of Nonlinear Systems With Dry Friction
Authors: Altamirano Gregory , Tien Meng-Hsuan , D'Souza Kiran 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Coulomb friction has an influence on the behavior of numerous mechanical systems. Coulomb friction systems or dry friction systems are nonlinear in nature. This nonlinear behavior requires complex and time-demanding analysis tools to capture the dynamics of these systems. Recently, efforts have been made to develop efficient analysis tools able to approximate the forced response of systems with dry friction. The objective of this paper is to introduce a methodology that assists in these efforts. In this method, the piecewise linear nonlinear response is separated into individual linear responses that are coupled together through compatibility equations. The new method is demonstrated on a number of systems of varying complexity. The results obtained by the new method are validated through the comparison with results obtained by time integration. The computational savings of the new method are also discussed.
Effect of an Added Mass on the Vibration Characteristics for Raster Scanning of a Cantilevered Optical Fiber
Authors: Kiekens Kelli C. , Vega David , Thurgood Harrison T. , Galvez Dominique , McGregor Davis J. , Sawyer Travis W. , Barton Jennifer K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Piezoelectric tube actuators with cantilevered optical fibers have enabled the miniaturization of scanning image acquisition techniques for endoscopic implementation. To achieve raster scanning for such a miniaturized system, the first resonant frequency should be of the order of 10 s of Hz. We explore adding a mass at an intermediate location along the length of the fiber to alter the resonant frequencies of the system. We provide a mathematical model to predict resonant frequencies for a cantilevered beam with an intermediate mass. The theoretical and measured data match well for various fiber lengths, mass sizes, and mass attachment locations along the fiber.