bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of a contextually appropriate measure of psychological distress in Sierra Leone
Authors: Horn Rebecca , Jailobaeva Kanykey , Arakelyan Stella , Ager Alastair 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies of psychological distress in Sierra Leone have typically used measures which were developed for use in other contexts, and which often have not been adapted or validated for use in Sierra Leone. This has resulted in a lack of reliable information about the patterns of psychological distress within the population, which is a barrier to the development of effective and appropriate mental health services. The aim of the study was to develop a locally-appropriate measure of psychological distress for Sierra Leone.MethodsThe new measure consists of two instruments: the Sierra Leone Psychological Distress Scale (SLPDS) and a gendered measure of ability to carry out daily tasks—a Function scale—as an indication of the severity of distress. A three-phase mixed methods exploratory sequential study was conducted. Phase 1 was item generation and testing, leading to the development of a set of potential items for both instruments. Phase 2 was a small pilot study (N = 202) leading to the selection of the final set of items for both measures. Phase 3 was a validation phase where the SLPDS and the Function scale were administered with a larger sample of 904 respondents. Item analysis was used to assess the internal consistency of the scales, and Exploratory Factor Analysis to explore the properties of the SLPDS.ResultsExploratory factor analysis using the principal axis factoring with an oblique rotation identified a three-factor structure for the 18-item SLPDS. Internal consistency for the SLPDS (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89) and three subscales was good (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.73). The internal reliability of the male and female versions of the Function scale was also found to be acceptable (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90 for the female scale and 0.79 for the male scale).ConclusionsTogether the SLPD and Function scales provide a locally-validated tool which will enable government bodies and local and international non-governmental organisations in Sierra Leone to assess mental health and psychosocial needs. This will support both effective service provision and the evaluation of initiatives designed to improve mental health and psychosocial wellbeing.
A novel framework for integrating social media as cooperative learning tool in higher education’s classrooms
Authors: Hamadi Mostafa , El-Den Jamal , Azam Sami , Sriratanaviriyakul Narumon Cherry 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite the considerable body of literature on social media (SM)’s use as formal educational tools within universities, little has been done to provide a comprehensive adoption framework for SM as cooperative learning (CL) instruments. Nonetheless, the pedagogical arguments for SM’s use in HE have theory support. This paper proposes an original SM integration framework based on CL methods within higher education (HE). An integrative review of relevant literature followed by a thematic review of six peer-reviewed empirical research and a thorough examination of relevant SM adoption models are conducted to identify commonalties and themes. In total, six themes were identified and incorporated as major components in the proposed framework. To the best of our knowledge, no previous research has proposed a framework that incorporates CL principles to support an effective SM integration process in HE. This paper proposes a novel integration framework which is a theoretically driven pedagogical guide for incorporating SM in HE’s classrooms. It provides valuable insights on SM’s use in education and forms the basis for future quantitative and qualitative (framework-testing) research in this area of study.
High Coexpression of the Ghrelin and LEAP2 Receptor GHSR With Pancreatic Polypeptide in Mouse and Human Islets
Authors: Gupta Deepali , Dowsett Georgina K C , Mani Bharath K , Shankar Kripa , Osborne-Lawrence Sherri , Metzger Nathan P , Lam Brian Y H , Yeo Giles S H , Zigman Jeffrey M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Islets represent an important site of direct action of the hormone ghrelin, with expression of the ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor; GHSR) having been localized variably to alpha cells, beta cells, and/or somatostatin (SST)-secreting delta cells. To our knowledge, GHSR expression by pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-expressing gamma cells has not been specifically investigated. Here, histochemical analyses of Ghsr-IRES-Cre × Cre-dependent ROSA26-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) reporter mice showed 85% of GHSR-expressing islet cells coexpress PP, 50% coexpress SST, and 47% coexpress PP + SST. Analysis of single-cell transcriptomic data from mouse pancreas revealed 95% of Ghsr-expressing cells coexpress Ppy, 100% coexpress Sst, and 95% coexpress Ppy + Sst. This expression was restricted to gamma-cell and delta-cell clusters. Analysis of several single-cell human pancreatic transcriptome data sets revealed 59% of GHSR-expressing cells coexpress PPY, 95% coexpress SST, and 57% coexpress PPY + SST. This expression was prominent in delta-cell and beta-cell clusters, also occurring in other clusters including gamma cells and alpha cells. GHSR expression levels were upregulated by type 2 diabetes mellitus in beta cells. In mice, plasma PP positively correlated with fat mass and with plasma levels of the endogenous GHSR antagonist/inverse agonist LEAP2. Plasma PP also elevated on LEAP2 and synthetic GHSR antagonist administration. These data suggest that in addition to delta cells, beta cells, and alpha cells, PP-expressing pancreatic cells likely represent important direct targets for LEAP2 and/or ghrelin both in mice and humans.
Tumour cell CD99 regulates transendothelial migration via CDC42 and actin remodelling
Authors: Mannion Aarren J. , Odell Adam F. , Taylor Alison , Jones Pamela F. , Cook Graham P. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Metastasis requires tumour cells to cross endothelial cell (EC) barriers using pathways similar to those used by leucocytes during inflammation. Cell surface CD99 is expressed by healthy leucocytes and ECs, and participates in inflammatory transendothelial migration (TEM). Tumour cells also express CD99, and we have analysed its role in tumour progression and cancer cell TEM. Tumour cell CD99 was required for adhesion to ECs but inhibited invasion of the endothelial barrier and migratory activity. Furthermore, CD99 depletion in tumour cells caused redistribution of the actin cytoskeleton and increased activity of the Rho GTPase CDC42, known for its role in actin remodelling and cell migration. In a xenograft model of breast cancer, tumour cell CD99 expression inhibited metastatic progression, and patient samples showed reduced expression of the CD99 gene in brain metastases compared to matched primary breast tumours. We conclude that CD99 negatively regulates CDC42 and cell migration. However, CD99 has both pro- and anti-tumour activity, and our data suggest that this results in part from its functional linkage to CDC42 and the diverse signalling pathways downstream of this Rho GTPase.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Learning walks in an Australian desert ant,Melophorus bagoti
Authors: Deeti Sudhakar , Cheng Ken 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTThe central Australian ant Melophorus bagoti is the most thermophilic ant in Australia and forages solitarily in the summer months during the hottest period of the day. For successful navigation, desert ants of many species are known to integrate a path and learn landmark cues around the nest. Ants perform a series of exploratory walks around the nest before their first foraging trip, during which they are presumed to learn about their landmark panorama. Here, we studied 15 naive M. bagoti ants transitioning from indoor work to foraging outside the nest. In 3–4 consecutive days, they performed 3–7 exploratory walks before heading off to forage. Naive ants increased the area of exploration around the nest and the duration of trips over successive learning walks. In their first foraging walk, the majority of the ants followed a direction explored on their last learning walk. During learning walks, the ants stopped and performed stereotypical orientation behaviours called pirouettes. They performed complete body rotations with stopping phases as well as small circular walks without stops known as voltes. After just one learning walk, these desert ants could head in the home direction from locations 2 m from the nest, although not from locations 4 m from the nest. These results suggest gradual learning of the visual landmark panorama around the foragers’ nest. Our observations show that M. bagoti exhibit similar characteristics in their learning walks to other desert ants of the genera Ocymyrmex and Cataglyphis.
Correlated decision making across multiple phases of olfactory-guided search in Drosophila improves search efficiency
Authors: van Breugel Floris 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Nearly all motile organisms must search for food, often requiring multiple phases of exploration across heterogeneous environments. The fruit fly, Drosophila, has emerged as an effective model system for studying this behavior; however, little is known about the extent to which experiences at one point in their search might influence decisions in another. To investigate whether prior experiences impact flies’ search behavior after landing, I tracked individually labelled fruit flies as they explored three odor-emitting but food-barren objects. I found two features of their behavior that are correlated with the distance they travel on foot. First, flies walked larger distances when they approached the odor source, which they were almost twice as likely to do when landing on the patch farthest downwind. Computational fluid dynamics simulations suggest this patch may have had a stronger baseline odor, but only ∼15% higher than the other two patches. This small increase, together with flies’ high olfactory sensitivity, suggests that their flight trajectory used to approach the patches plays a role. Second, flies also walked larger distances when the time elapsed since their last visit was longer. However, the correlation is subtle and subject to a large degree of variability. Using agent-based models, I show that this small correlation can increase search efficiency by 25–50% across many scenarios. Furthermore, my models provide mechanistic hypotheses explaining the variability through either a noisy or stochastic decision-making process. Surprisingly, these stochastic decision-making algorithms enhance search efficiency in challenging but realistic search scenarios compared with deterministic strategies.
A real-world study evaluating ultrasound-guided percutaneous non-targeted liver biopsy needle failures and pathology sample-quality assessment in both end-cut and side-notch needles
Authors: Zhong Jim , Allard Rachel , Hewitson Dominic , Weston Michael , Hulson Oliver , Burbidge Simon , Lambie Hannah , Kaye Tom , Wyatt Judith I , Albazaz Raneem 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
To determine biopsy device failures, causative factors, complications and sample quality of the 16G end-cut Biopince™ and side-notch Bard™ needles.

Methods:
All ultrasound-guided non-targeted liver biopsies between 01/01/2016 and 31/12/2018 were included. Operator, device, number of failures, complications and repeat biopsies were recorded. Histopathology samples were reviewed for all cases of needle failure and a group with no failures, and graded “yes/no” for the presence of steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. The pathology slides from these cases were reviewed to assess biopsy sample quality (length and portal tract number). The failure and no-failure groups were compared in terms of device type/histology, and sample quality was compared between the needle types.

Results:
1004 patients were included. 93.8% (n = 942) required one needle pass to obtain a sample and 6.2% (n = 62) required &gt;1 pass due to needle failure. Total of 76 needle failures, more with end-cut than side-notch needles (8.7% vs 2.9%) (p &lt; 0.001). No needle failures resulted in complication. The presence of liver fibrosis was associated with fewer needle failures (p = 0.036). The major complication rate was 0.4% (4/1044). A biopsy with &gt;10 portal tracts was obtained in 90.2% of specimens &gt; 20 mm long, compared with 66% of 16–20 mm biopsies and 21% of &lt;16 mm biopsies. The target of &gt;10 portal tracts was achieved in 10/26 (38.5%) of side-notch biopsies and 64/90 (71.1%) of end-cut biopsies (p = 0.004).

Conclusion:
Ultrasound-guided liver biopsy is safe and sample quality is consistently good when a core &gt;20 mm long is obtained. The end-cut biopsy device generated reliably good quality biopsy samples; however, the needle failure rate was significantly higher than the side-cut needle.

Advances in knowledge:
Ultrasound-guided liver biopsy specimen quality is consistently good when a core &gt;20 mm long is obtained which can be achieved with a single pass using the 16G BiopinceTM end-cut needle, although the needle failure rate is significantly higher than the 16G Max-Core™ Bard™ side-notch needle.
Rebalancing the extra-judicial scales: Documentary aesthetics and the legacy of the Central Park Five
Authors: Baliño Rios Sofia 
Published: July 2021

The Central Park jogger case has returned to news headlines with the 2019 Netflix mini-series When They See Us, a dramatised account of the original trials. It has reignited debate over the injustices faced by the Black community in the United States, and led to lawsuits and job resignations on the part of former police investigators and prosecutors. Since the case’s inception, issues of race, media reporting, economics, and the identity of New York City have influenced the trial and its aftermath and have inspired documentaries, books, and the landmark 1990 essay “Sentimental Journeys” by Joan Didion. In this article, I argue that the creators of two of these works, by testing the boundaries of narrative, demonstrate that the case was inexorably tainted by a pervasive feeling of social precarity and racial prejudice which cost five young men several years of their lives, and offer a productive line of enquiry for acknowledging such factors and their influence, if not resolving them.
A simple optical pH sensor based on pectin and Ruellia tuberosa L-derived anthocyanin for fish freshness monitoring
Authors: Nazaruddin Nazaruddin , Afifah Nurul , Bahi Muhammad , Susilawati Susilawati , Sani Nor Diyana Md. , Esmaeili Chakavak , Iqhrammullah Muhammad , Murniana Murniana , Hasanah Uswatun , Safitri Eka 
Published: July 2021

A simple optical pH sensor using the active compound anthocyanin (ACN), derived Ruellia tuberosa L. flower immobilized in a pectin membrane matrix, was been fabricated and employed to monitor the freshness of tilapia fish at room temperature and 4oC storage. The quantitative pH values were measured based on the UV-Vis spectroscopy absorbance. The optimum pectin weight and ACN concentrations were 0.1% and 0.025 mg/L. The sensor showed good sensitivity at 0.03 M phosphate buffer solution. The sensor’s reproducibility was evaluated using 10 replicate sensors where a standard deviation of 0.045 or relative standard deviation of 9.15 was achieved. The sensor displayed an excellent response after 10 minutes of exposure, possessing a response stability for 10 consecutive days. The decrease in pH value of the Tilapia fish from 7.3 to 5 was observed in a 48 hour test, which can be used as the parameter when monitoring fish freshness. Overall, this reported optical pH sensor has a novelty as it could be used to monitor the rigor mortis phase of fish meat, which is useful in food industry.
Essential oil extraction from onion using ethanol and CO2 as an extraction fluid mixture
Authors: dos Santos Etiandra , Tingeira Teresa Saleme , da Costa Vicencia de Fátima Cristovão , Chiarello Luana Marcele , Chivanga Barros António André 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Essential oils are volatile chemical compounds, widely known by their fragrance, as well as by antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. These oils are generally extracted from aromatic plants in procedures using conventional solvents. Methods: In this study, essential oil was extracted from onion (previously chopped and dried) using a mixture of ethanol and CO2 as the extraction fluid. The essential oil obtained from the extraction was collected and purified and the mass was determined (by weighing) to evaluate the effect of CO2 flow on the yield. The essential oil extracted and purified was characterized to determine the acid and refraction indexes, viscosity, and specific mass. Results: The values obtained for refraction and acid indexes are within limits and similar to the average reported in literature. In all cases, when the CO2 was used, there was an increase the essential oil recovery. In terms of quality, the products from this process were characterized to determine the density, acid index and refraction index. The results obtained were similar to those published in the literature. Discussion: The proposed apparatus and CO2 methodology can be considered a good alternative to boost the extraction of essential oil aiming the obtaining of new products for use as raw materials in different industrial processes. Since this apparatus presents more than double extraction yield than Soxhlet experiment.
A study of the role and educational needs of ophthalmic specialist nurses
Authors: Rattanasirivilai Pornjittra , Shirodkar Amy-lee 
Published: July 2021

Aims: To explore the current roles, responsibilities and educational needs of ophthalmic specialist nurses (OSNs) in the UK. Method: A survey of 73 OSNs ranging from band 4 to band 8 was undertaken in May 2018. Findings: 73% of OSNs undertake more than one active role, with 59% involved in nurse-led clinics; 63% felt formal learning resources were limited, with 63% reporting training opportunities and 21% reporting time as major barriers to further training. More than 38% emphasised hands-on clinic-based teaching had a greater impact on their educational needs. Some 64% were assessed on their skills annually and 59% felt confident with their skill set. Conclusion: The Ophthalmic Common Clinical Competency Framework provides a curriculum and assessment tools for OSNs to use as a structure to maintain clinical skills and knowledge. Eye departments should use this as guidance to target learning needs and improve standards of care to meet the changing needs of society.
Innovative approaches to teaching vascular access to nursing students in the COVID-19 era
Authors: Marchionni Caroline , Connolly Madolyn , Gauthier Mélanie , Lavoie-Tremblay Mélanie 
Published: July 2021

Purpose: For the student nurse, peripheral venous cannulation is one of the most stressful skills to be learned. Although some healthcare employers/establishments offer courses on vascular access and infusion nursing as part of their onboarding programs, ultimately educational institutions should share the responsibility to ensure that graduating nurses can provide safe infusion therapies. Methods: An innovative vascular access and infusion nursing (VAIN) curriculum was created and mapped onto the entry to practice undergraduate nursing program at McGill University in Montréal, Québec, Canada. This presented an opportunity to implement new teaching approaches. Results: Students experienced multiple new teaching approaches including multimedia and experiential learning and live simulation to ensure acquisition of knowledge and psychomotor skills. The teaching approaches had to be rapidly modified with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: The VAIN curriculum emphasizes simulation and directed practice, seeking to increase competence, confidence, and knowledge. The pandemic underscored the need for flexibility and creativity in content delivery.
Phenotypic differences between highlanders and lowlanders in Papua New Guinea
Authors: André Mathilde , Brucato Nicolas , Plutniak Sébastien , Kariwiga Jason , Muke John , Morez Adeline , Leavesley Matthew , Mondal Mayukh , Ricaut François-Xavier 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesAltitude is one of the most demanding environmental pressures for human populations. Highlanders from Asia, America and Africa have been shown to exhibit different biological adaptations, but Oceanian populations remain understudied [Woolcock et al., 1972; Cotes et al., 1974; Senn et al., 2010]. We tested the hypothesis that highlanders phenotypically differ from lowlanders in Papua New Guinea, as a result of inhabiting the highest mountains in Oceania for at least 20,000 years.Materials and methodsWe collected data for 13 different phenotypes related to altitude for 162 Papua New Guineans living at high altitude (Mont Wilhelm, 2,300–2,700 m above sea level (a.s.l.) and low altitude (Daru, <100m a.s.l.). Multilinear regressions were performed to detect differences between highlanders and lowlanders for phenotypic measurements related to body proportions, pulmonary function, and the circulatory system.ResultsSix phenotypes were significantly different between Papua New Guinean highlanders and lowlanders. Highlanders show shorter height (p-value = 0.001), smaller waist circumference (p-value = 0.002), larger Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) (p-value = 0.008), larger maximal (p-value = 3.20e -4) and minimal chest depth (p-value = 2.37e -5) and higher haemoglobin concentration (p-value = 3.36e -4).DiscussionOur study reports specific phenotypes in Papua New Guinean highlanders potentially related to altitude adaptation. Similar to other human groups adapted to high altitude, the evolutionary history of Papua New Guineans appears to have also followed an adaptive biological strategy for altitude.