bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cognitive and perceptual processes that affect observer performance in lung cancer detection: a scoping review
Authors: Van De Luecht Monica‐Rose , Reed Warren Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionEarly detection of malignant pulmonary nodules through screening has been shown to reduce lung cancer‐related mortality by 20%. However, perceptual and cognitive factors that affect nodule detection are poorly understood. This review examines the cognitive and visual processes of various observers, with a particular focus on radiologists, during lung nodule detection.MethodsFour databases (Medline, Embase, Scopus and PubMed) were searched to extract studies on eye‐tracking in pulmonary nodule detection. Studies were included if they used eye‐tracking to assess the search and detection of lung nodules in computed tomography or 2D radiographic imaging. Data were charted according to identified themes and synthesised using a thematic narrative approach.ResultsThe literature search yielded 25 articles and five themes were discovered: 1 – functional visual field and satisfaction of search, 2 – expert search patterns, 3 – error classification through dwell time, 4 – the impact of the viewing environment and 5 – the effect of prevalence expectation on search. Functional visual field reduced to 2.7° in 3D imaging compared to 5° in 2D radiographs. Although greater visual coverage improved nodule detection, incomplete search was not responsible for missed nodules. Most radiological errors during lung nodule detection were decision‐making errors (30%–45%). Dwell times associated with false‐positive (FP) decisions informed feedback systems to improve diagnosis. Interruptions did not influence diagnostic performance; however, it increased viewing time by 8% and produced a 23.1% search continuation accuracy. Comparative scanning was found to increase the detection of low contrast nodules. Prevalence expectation did not directly affect diagnostic accuracy; however, decision‐making time increased by 2.32 seconds with high prevalence expectations.ConclusionVisual and cognitive factors influence pulmonary nodule detection. Insights gained from eye‐tracking can inform advancements in lung screening. Further exploration of eye‐tracking in lung screening, particularly with low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT), will benefit the future of lung cancer screening.
Preliminary investigation of spinal level and postural effects on thoracic muscle morphology with upright openMRI
Authors: Pai S Anoosha , Zhang Honglin , Street John , Wilson David R. , Brown Stephen H. M. , Oxland Thomas R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveSpinal‐muscle morphological differences between weight‐bearing and supine postures have potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications. While the focus to date has been on cervical and lumbar regions, recent findings have associated spinal deformity with smaller paraspinal musculature in the thoracic region. We aim to quantitatively investigate the morphology of trapezius (TZ), erector spinae (ES) and transversospinalis (TS) muscles in upright postures with open upright MRI and also determine the effect of level and posture on the morphological measures.MethodsSix healthy volunteers (age 26 ± 6 years) were imaged (0.5 T MROpen, Paramed, Genoa, Italy) in four postures (supine, standing, standing with 30° flexion, and sitting). Two regions of the thorax, middle (T4‐T5), and lower (T8‐T9), were scanned separately for each posture. 2D muscle parameters such as cross‐sectional area (CSA) and position (radius and angle) with respect to the vertebral body centroid were measured for the three muscles. Effect of spinal level and posture on muscle parameters was examined using 2‐way repeated measures ANOVA separately for T4‐T5 and T8‐T9 regions.ResultsThe TZ CSA was smaller (40%,P= .0027) at T9 than at T8. The ES CSA was larger at T5 than at T4 (12%,P= .0048) and at T9 than at T8 (10%,P= .0018). TS CSA showed opposite trends at the two spinal regions with it being smaller (16%,P= .0047) at T5 than at T4 and larger (11%,P= .0009) at T9 than at T8. At T4‐T5, the TZ CSA increased (up to 23%), and the ES and TS CSA decreased (up to 10%) in upright postures compared to supine.ConclusionGeometrical parameters that describe muscle morphology in the thorax change with level and posture. The increase in TZ CSA in upright postures could result from greater activation while upright. The decrease in ES CSA in flexed positions likely represents passive stretching compared to neutral posture.
Knockdown of long non‐coding RNA RMRP protects cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury via the microRNA‐613/ATG3 axis and the JAK2/STAT3 pathway
Authors: Wei Li , Peng Ya , Yang Xiao‐Jun , Zhou Peng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury can induce the mitophagy of neurons in the ischemic brain. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of various injuries, especially in cerebral I/R injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism of lncRNA RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP) in cerebral I/R injury. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model was established. Neurological deficit score, pathological structure, infarcted area, neuron number, cell apoptosis, and coagulation ability of MCAO mice were evaluated. The expressions of RMRP, microRNA (miR)‐613, and ATG3 in MCAO mice were detected. The binding relationships among miR‐613, RMRP, and ATG3 were predicted and verified. Neuro 2A (N2a) cells were treated with oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to simulate I/R injury. Cell viability and apoptosis assays were performed. The effects of miR‐613, ATG3, and RMRP on I/R injury were verified by functional rescue experiments. JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation level was detected. We found significantly upregulated RMRP and ATG3, and downregulated miR‐613 expressions in MCAO mice. RMRP could escalate ATG3 mRNA expression through miR‐613. RMRP knockdown promoted viability and inhibited apoptosis of OGD/R‐treated N2a cells, which could be reversed by miR‐613 inhibition or ATG3 overexpression. RMRP overexpression inhibited the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. We demonstrated that lncRNA RMRP competitively bound to miR‐613, leading to the increase of ATG3 expression and the inhibition the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, thus promoting cerebral I/R injury in mice.
Disparities in Speech Therapy for Voice Disorders Between English‐ and Non‐English‐Speaking Patients
Authors: Huwyler Camille , Merchant Maqdooda , Jiang Nancy 
Published: February 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate whether language of choice affects compliance with speech therapy for voice disorders.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsA retrospective study was performed at Kaiser Permanente Northern California to compare compliance with referrals to speech therapy for voice disorders between English‐ and non‐English‐speaking patients. Patients referred from January 2012 through December 2017 were included. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and to determine social and demographic factors affecting compliance.ResultsOf 7,333 patients referred to speech therapy for a voice disorder, 7,171 were identified as English speaking and 162 as non‐English speaking. The two cohorts were similar in terms of gender and proportion over 65 years of age, although non‐English‐speaking individuals were more likely to be Hispanic or Asian than English speakers, who were more likely to be White or African American. Overall compliance was lower among non‐English‐speaking patients than English speakers (63% vs 74%) (P = .0011). Logistic regression showed that the need for an interpreter was significantly associated with higher noncompliance (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.11–2.18), as was age less than 65 and income less than the study aggregate median income. Being multiracial or having a voice disorder of neurologic origin was associated with better compliance.ConclusionThis study demonstrates significant noncompliance with speech therapy for a variety of voice disorders. This problem is exacerbated for patients who do not speak English and who are younger, of lower income, or are referred for functional voice disorders. In‐person interpreters or multilingual speech therapists may help to improve compliance.Level of EvidenceIV Laryngoscope, 131:E2298–E2302, 2021
Plant community changes determine the vegetation and soil δ13C and δ15N enrichment in degraded alpine grassland
Authors: Li Chengyang , Peng Fei , Lai Chimin , Xue Xian , You Quangang , Chen Xiaojie , Liao Jie , Ma Shaoxiu , Wang Tao 
Published: February 2021

Abstractδ13C and δ15N are extensively used to understand the biogeochemical mechanisms that moderate ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) processes. Little is known about the responses of δ13C and δ15N to alpine grassland degradation on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which prevents a full understanding of degradation‐induced changes in C and N cycling there. We investigated the vegetation δ13C and δ15N, soil δ13C and δ15N, soil properties, and plant community composition of alpine grassland on the QTP that were in different states of degradation. Our results show that the vegetation δ13C and δ15N, and soil δ13C and δ15N, increased with the severity of degradation, whereas soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N content decreased as degradation became more severe. The aboveground biomass percentage of forbs was positively correlated with the soil C/N ratio, vegetation δ13C, and soil δ13C, and accounted for the largest proportion of the variance for both vegetation δ13C and soil δ13C (17.25 and 23.65%, respectively). The vegetation δ15N and soil δ15N were negatively correlated with the soil C/N ratio, which explained the largest proportion of the variance (18.01 and 25.81%, respectively). Our results suggest that C cycling is strongly moderated by plant community composition, because forbs species and C4 species, were more prevalent in degraded alpine grassland. Meanwhile, N cycling is indirectly regulated by changes in community composition via its effect on the soil C/N as the degradation became more severe for alpine grassland on the QTP.
Size‐based characterization of freshwater dissolved organic matter finds similarities within a waterbody type across different Canadian ecozones
Authors: Aukes Pieter J. K. , Schiff Sherry L. , Venkiteswaran Jason J. , Elgood Richard J. , Spoelstra John 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDissolved organic matter (DOM) represents a mixture of organic molecules that vary due to different source materials and degree of processing. Characterizing how DOM composition evolves along the aquatic continuum can be difficult. Using a size‐exclusion chromatography technique (liquid chromatography‐organic carbon detection [LC‐OCD]), we assessed the variability in DOM composition from both surface and groundwaters across a number of Canadian ecozones (mean annual temperature spanning −10°C to +6°C). A wide range in DOM concentration was found from 0.2 to 120 mg C L−1. Proportions of different size‐based groupings across ecozones were variable, yet similarities between specific waterbody types, regardless of location, suggest commonality in the processes dictating DOM composition. A principal component analysis identified 70% of the variation in LC‐OCD derived DOM compositions could be explained by the waterbody type. We find that DOM composition within a specific waterbody type is similar regardless of the differences in climate or surrounding vegetation where the sample originated from.
New Advanced Glycation End Products Observed in Rat Urine by Untargeted Metabolomics after Feeding with Heat‐Treated Skimmed Milk Powder
Authors: Zhou Xiaomin , Ulaszewska Maria M. , De Gobba Cristian , Rinnan Åsmund , Poulsen Malene W. , Chen Jie , Mattivi Fulvio , Hedegaard Rikke Vingborg , Skibsted Leif Horsfelt , Dragsted Lars Ove 
Published: February 2021

ScopeMilk powder is commonly consumed throughout the world. However, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) will form in milk powder during thermal processing and long‐term storage. This study aimed to identify such compounds with potential as new urinary biomarkers of intake of heat‐treated skimmed milk powder (HSMP).Methods and ResultsA parallel study is performed with different dosages of HSMP as well as hydrolyzed HSMP and untreated skimmed milk powder (SMP) in 36 rats. The 24‐h urine samples on day 7 or 8 are collected and profiled by untargeted UPLC‐Qtof‐MS metabolomics. Statistical analysis revealed 25 metabolites differentiating SMP and HSMP; nineteen of these structures are proposed as lysine‐ and arginine‐derived AGEs, and heterocyclic compounds.ConclusionThese metabolites may potentially serve as biomarkers of food intake pending further validation to assess intakes of heat‐processed dairy foods and thus help to elucidate the effects of HSMP consumption or dietary AGEs on human health.
Atypical fibrillation and fasciculation potentials: An exercise in waveform identification and analysis
Authors: Barkhaus Paul E. , Nandedkar Sanjeev D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNo consensus criteria exist for recording and analyzing waveforms in clinical electromyography (EMG). There have been significant technical improvements in recent decades that are under‐used in both routine practice and research. In current practice, disciplined techniques in acquisition and analysis of signals are required to appropriately define them. As an example, we describe such an exercise in acquisition and analysis. During a routine study, atypical spontaneous activity was encountered. High‐quality digital recordings were stored for off‐line analysis. These revealed waveforms that could be isolated and quantitatively defined using basic instrumentation available on most modern EMG systems: “slow” firing fibrillation potentials and a repeating fasciculation potential. Subjective analysis alone could not have identified them. To improve accuracy in identification and understanding of these waveforms, we propose criteria for data collection and signal analysis. This is critical for quality in routine practice, education, and proper reporting of electrophysiological signals.
Using measured resting metabolic rate to derive calorie prescriptions in a behavioral weight loss program
Authors: Lanoye Autumn , Evans Ronald K. , Leahey Tricia M. , LaRose Jessica G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveWithin behavioral weight loss (BWL) programs, using measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a more accurate—yet costlier—alternative to the standard method of assigning calorie prescriptions using baseline weight. This investigation aimed to assess differences between calorie goals prescribed using each method including demographic predictors and associations with weight loss.MethodsThis is an ancillary study to a trial comparing approaches to motivational enhancement in a 6‐months BWL program designed for emerging adults age 18–25 (N = 308). RMR was measured at baseline and used to derive calorie prescriptions; standard calorie goals were retrospectively assigned for the purpose of these analyses.ResultsStandard calorie prescriptions were significantly higher than those derived from RMR. Sex and race were significant predictors of calorie prescription discrepancies: using the standard method, women and Black participants were assigned higher calorie goals than their RMR would indicate. Calorie goal discrepancy did not predict 6‐months weight change.ConclusionsDifferences in calorie prescriptions between approaches were significant; however, it remains to be determined whether measuring RMR is worth the cost, time, and participant burden. It may be the case that this consideration has greater impact for certain subgroups—namely, women and Black participants.
Two‐year weight trajectories following completion of a behavioral weight loss maintenance intervention
Authors: Gavin Kara L. , Voils Corrine I. , Yancy William S. , Olsen Maren K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionLong‐term effects of behavioral weight loss maintenance interventions need to be assessed in order to understand their durability of effects. This can be evaluated with the use of weights recorded in the electronic medical record. The goal of this study was to use electronic health record (EHR)‐recorded weight to examine outcomes 2 years beyond the completion of a trial in which participants were randomized to receive a weight maintenance intervention or usual care after required initial weight loss.MethodsWeights collected in the Veteran's Affairs national EHR were obtained for 2 years following trial completion. Outliers and implausible weights were identified and removed prior to analysis. Mixed‐effects models with quadratic time were fit to estimate between‐arm differences in weight change.ResultsModel‐estimated weight at trial completion was 109.7 kg for usual care and 106.8 kg for intervention, estimated difference of −2.9 kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: −8.8, 3.0; p = 0.34). Two years later, estimated mean weight collected from (n = 211) participants with available EMR weights was 111.5 kg for usual care and 108.0 kg for intervention, estimated difference −3.4 kg (95% CI: −9.3, 2.4 kg; p = 0.35).ConclusionsWhile not statistically significant, weights from the EHR suggest the possibility of a clinically meaningful difference that should be confirmed by future adequately powered studies.
TRIM28 variants and Wilms' tumour predisposition
Authors: Hol Janna A , Diets Illja J , de Krijger Ronald R , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M , Jongmans Marjolijn CJ , Kuiper Roland P 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTRIM28 was recently identified as a Wilms' tumour (WT) predisposition gene, with germline pathogenic variants identified in around 1% of isolated and 8% of familial WT cases. TRIM28 variants are associated with epithelial WT, but the presence of other tumour components or anaplasia does not exclude the presence of a germline or somatic TRIM28 variant. In children with WT, TRIM28 acts as a classical tumour suppressor gene, with both alleles generally disrupted in the tumour. Therefore, loss of TRIM28 (KAP1/TIF1beta) protein expression in tumour tissue by immunohistochemistry is an effective strategy to identify patients carrying pathogenic TRIM28 variants. TRIM28 is a ubiquitously expressed corepressor that binds transcription factors in a context‐, species‐, and cell‐type‐specific manner to control the expression of genes and transposable elements during embryogenesis and cellular differentiation. In this review, we describe the inheritance patterns, histopathological and clinical features of TRIM28‐associated WT, as well as potential underlying mechanisms of tumourigenesis during embryonic kidney development. Recognizing germline TRIM28 variants in patients with WT can enable counselling, genetic testing, and potential early detection of WT in other children in the family. A further exploration of TRIM28‐associated WT will help to unravel the diverse and complex mechanisms underlying WT development. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Design of halloysite modification for improvement of mechanical properties of the epoxy based nanocomposites
Authors: Jelić Aleksandra , Marinković Aleksandar , Sekulić Milica , Dikić Stefan , Ugrinović Vukašin , Pavlović Vladimir , Putić Slaviša 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, halloysite nanotubes (HNT) were modified by: 3‐glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO), 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTES), and 2,2‐Bis[4‐(glycidyloxy) phenyl] propane (DGEBA), and incorporated in the epoxy resin matrix to enhance its mechanical properties. The HNT/epoxy nanocomposite materials were prepared by mixing different ratios of untreated/treated HNT with neat epoxy resin. Characterization of untreated/treated HNT was performed by Fourier‐transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The quantity of grafted molecules and thermal stability of newly synthesized materials were determined by thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis. Tensile properties of newly synthesized materials were compared, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the fracture surfaces were performed. Incorporation of APTES modified HNT (HNTAPT) and two‐step modification APTES followed by DGEBA (HNTAPTDG) has increased the tensile strength of the nanocomposite materials up to 72% and 61%, and strain at break up to 1082% and 1216%, respectively, compared to neat epoxy. It was concluded that the modification of HNT contributed to the enhancement of the dispersion and the cross‐linking in the epoxy resin matrix.
Preparation of a Bimetallic NiFe‐MOF on Nickel Foam as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhao Tao , Cheng Chen , Wang Dong , Zhong Dazhong , Hao Genyan , Liu Guang , Li Jinping , Zhao Qiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA series of bimetallic metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) were prepared on three‐dimensional nickel foam (NF) using a one‐pot synthesis, marked as NiFe‐MOF/NF. The structure of the as‐prepared NiFe‐MOF/NF was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), FT‐IR and Raman. Compared with the monometallic Ni‐MOF material, the incorporation of Fe greatly changes the inherent properties of Ni‐MOF. Electrochemical measurement results show the optimized NiFe‐MOF/NF [Ni : Fe=3 : 7 (molar ratio)] has better electrocatalytic performance and the current densities of 50 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2 have low overpotentials of 225 mV and 251 mV, respectively, for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline solution. In particular, the inverse curve of linear sweep voltammetry shows an ultralow overpotential of only 160 mV at current density of 10 mA cm−2. NiFe‐MOF/NF also has excellent stability and can run continuously for at least 50 h. NiFe‐MOF/NF has remarkable OER performance, which is mainly due to the high conductivity, the large specific surface area and the synergistic effects of Fe and Ni in MOFs. The work presents a general strategy for the synthesis of electrocatalytic materials for effective and scalable electrocatalytic water oxidation.
Host‐Guest Inclusion Complexes of Geraniol and Nerol with Acyclic Cucurbit[n]urils: Preparation, Characterization and Controlled Release
Authors: Gao Rui , Yang Waixiang , Xu Jicang , Chen Liyuan , Yang Jing , Wang Baoxing , Yang Bo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTwo main components of rose essential oil, geraniol and nerol are highly volatile, and hardly water‐soluble, which limit their further development and application in food and cosmetics industry. Host‐guest inclusion complexation could be a promising strategy to address these issues. Herein, new inclusion systems of geraniol and nerol with two acyclic cucurbit[n]urils (ACBs) were fabricated, and their binding behaviors both in solution and solid states were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, NMR, XRD, FT‐IR spectroscopy and TGA. The results confirmed the formation of host‐guest inclusion complexes. The stoichiometry of the complexes was proved to be 1 : 1 by Job's plot. The possible inclusion modes were proposed by 2D‐ROESY experiments. The pH‐dependent release of guest molecules from the inclusion complexes has been studied via UV‐Vis spectroscopy. The heat‐controlled release properties of guest molecules from the solid inclusion complexes were studied via 1H NMR spectra. The complexes featured less volatilization under low temperature, longer retention time, better water solubility and improved heat‐controlled release properties. In brief, this work uncloses a new strategy to enhance the performance of essential oils and flavors/fragrances and further their application in the field of cosmetic and food industry.