bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocean Currents, Jet Streams, and Polar Bears
Authors: Taillant Jorge Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter is divided into four sections, describing various impacts of glacier melt on different Earth ecosystems, including the effects of melting ice and water temperature on changes to ocean currents, on the global air Jet Stream, and on land surfaces, such as the popping up effect (the surface rebound effect) of the Earth once glaciers recede. It discusses the role of glacier meltwater for energy generation, as well as the impacts of the acceleration of glacier melt on flora and fauna, such as polar bears, salmon, and river bed and riparian biota.
Conclusion
Authors: Schonig Jordan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This conclusion examines a methodological similarity between the book’s attention to small details of movement and the discourse of “cinephilic moments,” which describes a mode of spectatorship that fixates on brief fragments of movement on screen. While cinephilic moments are often understood as resistant to formal analysis due to their apparent contingency, this conclusion shows how each chapter of The Shape of Motion has demonstrated a method of locating formal significance in cinephilic moments through the close analysis of motion. Rather than simply dwelling on the apparent uniqueness of those individual moments, each chapter collects and groups those singular moments according to the forms of movement they take, thereby yielding new theories of cinematic experience in addition to new insights about individual films.
Introduction
Authors: Waller James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Today, more than 50 years since the Troubles began and more than 20 years after they “ended,” has Northern Ireland rebuilt differently enough so as to ensure nonrecurrence of violent conflict? Has the conflict, while perhaps managed and contained, been transformed—structurally and relationally—into a win-win situation for both sides embroiled in the conflict? Does Northern Ireland have the resiliency to withstand the internal and external stressors that may threaten a destabilization of its fragile peace? To answer those questions requires an honest analysis of the current vulnerabilities in Northern Ireland related to memory, governance, and social fragmentation, as well as an assessment of the actors, organizations, and strategies that can reduce or reverse those vulnerabilities. Engaging these coupled realities of risk and resilience, situated in a contextual understanding of contemporary accelerators and triggers of potential conflict, is where reasons for hope, however fragile, will be found.
“The Walls Entered into Our Souls”
Authors: Waller James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Negative trends among risk factors in the categories of memory (Chapter 3) and governance (Chapter 4) shackle a society in the bonds of fragility. This can lead to, as well as be the result of, an increased susceptibility to social disharmony and isolation. This state of disconnect between the larger society and the groupings of some members of that society is known as fragmentation. While fragmentation can manifest itself along economic, institutional, or geographic lines, this chapter focuses on risk factors related specifically to social fragmentation. In everyday life in contemporary Northern Ireland, social fragmentation undeniably rules over the full spectrum of the lived experience. This chapter examines five specific risk factors related to social fragmentation: (1) identity-based social divisions, (2) demographic pressures, (3) unequal access to basic goods and services, (4) gender inequalities, and (5) political instability.
The Struggle for Sports Commons
Authors: Janaka Biyanwila S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
S.Janaka Biyanwila’s essay captures the trajectory of sports cultures in the Global South from their emergence in the aftermath of decolonization struggles with their democratization, but subsequent transformation post-1990s wave of globalization into sports consumers cultures. How can these new markets in sports cultures dominated by male oligarchies celebrating ‘sports spectacles’ be transformed to sports commons that encourage participatory democratic sports cultures? Focusing on the sports markets in cricket, badminton, football and even kabaddi and using a labour perspective, the presence of the invisible underside of sports workers is highlighted to reclaim sports as a public good, for local communities, and an accessible common cultural property.
India’s Olympic Encounter
Authors: Majumdar Boria 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Boria Majumdar’s essay steps back into colonial times through newly discovered material, and describes the making of India’s Olympic moment connecting it to nationalism and representation, that was truly political providing a sportive lens to understand the complex evolution of modern Indian society. Local benefactors encouraged sporting institutions making cricket and athletics accessible to Indians. Prior to the 1920s popularly known for India’s entry into Olympic competition through the support of philanthropists, in the previous decade there was feverish correspondence between colonial officials and the Olympic association discussing prospects of ‘Indian’ participation in the 1912 Stockholm Games.
A Sociological Understanding of Sport in India
Authors: Pike Elizabeth C.J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Elizabeth Pike’s essay explains how theoretical concepts and understandings have been utilised with effect to perceive and understand sports in society, illustrating it with emerging issues in India. The importance of developing a genuinely post-colonial sociology of sports is underlined through adopting theoretical frameworks located within the discipline of sociology to explore and explain specific case studies of sports across regions, structures of operation, social distinctions, and the like. The focus is on dwelling on interdisciplinarity grounded in a range of perspectives that shed light on the social dimensions of sport in India.
Labours of Care in Sport
Authors: Gopal Meena 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Meena Gopal’s essay employs a feminist perspective of care and an autoethnographic method to explore the dimensions of a nurturing, mentoring practice in athletics. It is done through an unravelling of school, club and social intersections, illuminating possibilities of a sports commons even while nurturing competitive excellence. The labours of mentoring and care in the arena of athletics hopes to generate sport as a space that is participatory, inclusive and emancipatory. In the 1980s, the skewed nature of public schools meant that sport received less state support, while private institutions were able to nurture some sports talent due to sustained mentorship.
A City and a Sport
Authors: Bhattacharya Nikhilesh 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The first hockey clubs in India were established in Calcutta in the mid 1800s. And yet by the 1960s, hockey was no longer a prominent sport in the city. Nikhilesh Bhattacharya takes us on a journey into the past of hockey in Calcutta structuring a history of the city’s significance to the game that has been lost in the telling. The author shows that a historiography of a sport need not be based on a perusal of documents alone, but may be explored through the experiences of players on the field and in the lives they led outside the sport as well. In this chapter while the narrative of the 50-odd years before independence is built on newspaper reports, magazine articles and existing literature on hockey, for the later years, the story unfolds in the words and lives of hockey greats, Keshav Datt, Jaswant Singh Rajput, Leslie Claudius and Gurbux Singh and Joseph Thomas Galibardy (through the words of his son Neville Galibardy.)
The Uneven Development of Sport Policy in India
Authors: Kruthika N.S. , Sood Sarthak 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Although there have been efforts to have a uniform set of guidelines to govern sport across the country, no national sports policy has had long-lasting or consistent effect in sports governance. This disconnect between National and State sports policies has meant that differing standards have been imposed on sports organisations across the country. Any attempt at creating an effective sports policy in India, Kruthika N.S. and Sarthak Sood argue, must first scrutinise the development and implementation of various state and national sports policies that have been codified in the past. This chapter aims to suggest recommendations on the themes to be tackled in an effective sports policy. India must urgently facilitate an ecosystem conducive for sports development, from the grassroots level to elite sport. Such a plan, especially with our nation of great inequalities, will require collective action by both the Centre and the States and should envisage a governance system that can sustain and embrace Indian sport.
Doping in Sports
Authors: Mohan K.P. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Elite sports requires the reasoned development and fair implementation of rules and regulations across nations K P Mohan details how doping regulations are applied and misapplied in India, underlining the disarray in sports administration. At a time when doping is threatening to isolate nations from the mainstream of Olympic sports, and Russia is struggling to shed its ‘state-sponsored’ doping image to retain its place in the world of sports, India seems unperturbed by its status as one of the leading countries in the world of doping. For three successive years from 2013, India had the dubious distinction of being number three in the world doping charts but the attempts to curb the menace have not met with desired results. The author argues, with grave evidence that India needs to devise better programmes of educating athletes and implementing regulations.
State, Market, and Media in Indian Cricket
Authors: Halder Avipsu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Avipsu Halder’s essay distils a watershed moment when big private broadcasters muscled out state media, and sports became vulnerable to global market forces. Using a political economy perspective the author points out that the socioeconomic groups that dominate the state and its agencies are also at the helm in sports, especially cricket and its governance. Further the differences among these forces over India’s globalisation played itself out in the disputes over broadcast rights and regulations in the early years. The author examines two moments, one, the Hero Cup and how the Doordarshan lost its rights to broadcast. and the allocation of television rights for Indian Premier League matches in and after 2004. In both cases the roles played by the state, its media arm, a private players and the cricketing bodies.
The Unraveling
Authors: Bosco David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The world wars of the 20th century saw the collapse of pre-war rules designed to protect merchant shipping from interference. In both wars, combatants engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare and imposed vast ocean exclusion zones, leading to unprecedented interference with ocean commerce. After World War I, the United States began to supplant Britain as the leading naval power, and it feuded with Britain over maritime rights. Other developments in the interwar period included significant state-sponsored ocean research, including activity by Germany in the Atlantic and the Soviets in the Arctic. Maritime commerce was buffeted by the shocks of the world wars. Eager to trim costs, US shipping companies experimented with “flags of convenience” to avoid new national safety and labor regulations. The question of the breadth of the territorial sea remained unresolved, as governments bickered about the appropriate outer limit of sovereign control.
Jockeying for Position
Authors: Bosco David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Falklands War was a reminder that naval conflict could mean massive restrictions on the use of the oceans. Meanwhile, few Western countries ratified the Convention in the decade after it was finalized. With the Convention stalled, the United States conducted “freedom of navigation” operations to ensure that countries did not claim more of the oceans than Washington thought legal. US operations led to a clash with Libya and a confrontation with the Soviet Union. Other countries focused on sharpening claims to islands, which could give governments rights to nearby waters. At the same time, pressure grew on countries to grapple with overfishing. The costs of unrestricted high-seas fishing became evident in the Bering Sea, where a multinational fleet exhausted fish stocks. The thawing of the Cold War led to diplomatic breakthroughs on both high-seas fishing and seabed mining, paving the way for large-scale ratifications of the Convention.
Two Options for the Branching of Histories
Authors: Belnap Nuel , MÜller Thomas , Placek Tomasz 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter discusses how the histories in a common BST structure are related. By the axioms of the core theory of BST, any two histories share some past, but there are different ways to implement this. These are distinguished by the so-called prior choice principles, which make specific demands on the way in which histories branch. On one option (which yields structures of BST92), histories branch, or remain undivided, at points, which means that there is a maximal element in the overlap of any two histories. The other option (which yields BSTNF structures) prohibits the existence of such maximal elements and works with so-called choice sets. The chapter discusses the pattern of branching in the two theories, BST92 and BSTNF, also with respect to topology. As it turns out, the two theories are are intertranslatable. The chapter ends with a sketch of these translatability results.
Branching in Relativistic Space-Times
Authors: Belnap Nuel , MÜller Thomas , Placek Tomasz 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter shows how local indeterminism underlying BST combines with relativistic space-times. First it defines particular BST structures in which histories are isomorphic to Minkowski space-times. It further argues that many general relativistic space-times are one-history structures of BST. It introduces the notion of non-Hausdorff differential manifolds and investigates if they can be interpreted modally, as structures of BST with multiple histories. It investigates bifurcating curves in non-Hausdorff manifolds, which are natural representations of alternative evolutions of point-like objects. As the required bifurcating curves are unlikely in General Relativity, whereas there are cases of indeterministic general relativistic space-times, the chapter concludes that General Relativity is globally indeterministic, but locally deterministic.
Design of Spoken Language Tests for Hearing L1 Children
Authors: Roy Penny , Chiat Shula 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The identification of language problems and subsequent evaluation of interventions depend in part on the availability of useful and psychometrically robust assessments to determine the nature and severity of a child’s problems and monitor progress. This chapter addresses issues involved in the development of spoken language tests for L1 children and the ways in which they have been addressed, with reference to specific examples. Spoken language here refers to oral language, both receptive (comprehension) and expressive (production). The authors draw on a range of existing tests to illustrate the decisions that need to be made when assessing children’s language; they then discuss issues that arise in the development of new tests, drawing on examples of tests that the authors have themselves developed.
Discussion of Issues Related to Spoken and Signed Language Test Design for L1 Children
Authors: Chiat Shula , Herman Rosalind , Rowley Katherine , Roy Penny 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to the development of spoken language tests (Chapter 1.1) and signed language tests (Chapter 1.2) for L1 children and the ways in which they have been addressed. We highlight the common issues and challenges in spoken and signed language assessment as well as the differences, e.g., availability of tests. In so doing, we consider how experience with spoken language assessment—for example, the development of methods for assessing language abilities that are independent of language experience—may inform test development in signed language. We also consider how awareness of issues in signed language assessment may increase awareness of similar issues that are easily overlooked in spoken language assessment—for example, the range of communication contexts and partners that children regularly encounter—and stimulate critical reflection on the use of language tests in general. One specific recommendation the chapter has for developers of signed language tests in the future is to consider areas that are unique to signed communication and critical to signing children’s language development.
Discussion of Issues Related to Score Use and Interpretation of First Spoken and Signed Language Assessments
Authors: Boudreault Patrick , Camilleri Bernard , Enns Charlotte 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A standardized assessment of spoken languages will collect data from native, monolingual speakers, thus establishing the range of receptive and/or expressive abilities of children across different ages. Similarly, normative data for standardized assessments of signed language are established by collecting data from native signing deaf children. Where the difference arises is the way in which the normative data relate to the target populations and the individuals within those populations who are being assessed. While standardized assessments of spoken language are normed on and predominantly intended for use with native speakers of that language, standardized assessments of signed language are intrinsically designed for use with a heterogenous group of children, of whom only a minority have the opportunity of learning signed language as their native language. In this chapter, key items related to score use and interpretation in first language (L1) assessment that were presented in Chapters 2.1 and 2.2 will be jointly discussed by the authors.
Dynamic Assessment of Learners of a Spoken Language
Authors: Hasson Natalie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Dynamic assessment (DA), or the assessment of learning potential, is becoming recognized as an alternative method that has wide application within the assessment of language. In moving away from comparison to normative data, the assessment enables a wider range of children to be assessed, including all of those for whom the norms do not apply, such as children with autistic spectrum conditions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), hearing loss, and bi- or multilingual children. In addition to differentiating language difficulties due to lack of experience with the target language from developmental language disorders (DLD), the DA procedure contributes a considerable amount of qualitative information about the learning skills of the test-taker. This chapter reviews the multiple models and methods of DA and the work that has been done to develop tools to assess language skills in first language learners.
Dynamic Assessment of Learners of a Signed Language
Authors: Mann Wolfgang , Hoskin Joanna , Dumbrill Hilary 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors discuss the use of dynamic language assessment with signing deaf children. This is a fairly new area, and, in spite of the growing interest on behalf of researchers and practitioners, there is very limited research. Given the lack of available studies, the authors use anecdotal information that draws on observations made by two of the authors from their own work with signing deaf children, one in a hospital and the other in a school setting. Some of the questions that will guide the discussions are: What makes dynamic assessment useful for signing deaf children? And, how do we determine that dynamic assessment is appropriate for a particular child, and how do we evaluate whether it works? The authors finish with a look at possible future directions and present recommendations on how to make dynamic assessment (more) meaningful for use with signing deaf children.
Assessing Spoken Language Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kissel Frisbie Amy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the author discusses assessment of language development in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). According to evidence-based practice, it is vital to evaluate all aspects of communication in order to determine a specific diagnosis or to direct intervention. While this is true for any child suspected of having a language impairment, it is especially true for children also diagnosed with ASD. Although there are a number of accepted standardized measures to evaluate receptive and expressive language and speech articulation, evaluation of pragmatic abilities is often more complicated. With the incidence of children and young adults with ASD, and social (pragmatic) communication disorders, on the rise in all settings, it is vital to thoughtfully consider best practice related to the thorough assessment of communication abilities for those with ASD, from our youngest learners to adolescents.
Discussion of Issues Related to Assessment of Signed or Spoken Language Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kissel Frisbie Amy , Shield Aaron , Mood Deborah , Salamy Nicole , Henner Jonathan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a joint discussion of key items presented in Chapters 4.1 and 4.2 related to the assessment of deaf and hearing children on the autism spectrum . From these chapters it becomes apparent that a number of aspects associated with signed language assessment are relevant to spoken language assessment. For example, there are several precautions to bear in mind about language assessments obtained via an interpreter. Some of these precautions apply solely to D/HH children, while others are applicable to assessments with hearing children in multilingual contexts. Equally, there are some aspects of spoken language assessment that can be applied to signed language assessment. These include the importance of assessing pragmatic language skills, assessing multiple areas of language development, differentiating between ASD and other developmental disorders, and completing the language evaluation within a developmental framework. The authors conclude with suggestions for both spoken and signed language assessment.
Developmental Language Disorder and the Assessment of Spoken Language
Authors: Murphy Carol-Anne , Frizelle Pauline , McKean Cristina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Developmental language disorder (DLD), previously known as specific language impairment (SLI), is a long-term developmental disorder affecting approximately 7.5% of children. Language abilities in children with DLD are variable and can be challenging to ascertain with confidence. This chapter aims to discuss some of the challenges associated with assessing the language skills of children with DLD through an overview of different forms of language assessment including standardized language testing, language sample analysis, and observations. Uses and limitations of the different forms of assessment are considered, bearing in mind the different functions of assessment and the need to gain a full understanding of children’s profiles of strength and weakness and communicative functioning in context. The authors conclude with requirements for best practice in assessment and promising avenues of development in this area.