bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QTL mapping of drought tolerance at germination stage in wheat using the 50 K SNP array
Authors: Ren Yi , Liu Jindong , Zhang Jianxin , Dreisigacker Susanne , Xia Xianchun , Geng Hongwei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDrought is a major concern among abiotic stresses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Breeding resistant cultivars are the most effective means to manage drought stress. F6 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from the cross of Berkut/Worrakatta were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for drought tolerance at germination stage under treatment of PEG6000 using the wheat 50 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Twenty-eight linkage groups were constructed, covering a length of 2220.26 cM. Eighteen QTL were detected based on the drought tolerance coefficients and D-value, explaining 2.7–6.5% of the phenotypic variances, in which 15 were likely to be novel. Three QTL, QGR.xjau-5AS, QCL.xjau-5AS and QD.xjau-5AS for GR, CL and D-value, respectively, at physical positions of 11.70–20.61 Mb between markers AX-111258240 and AX-94458300 on chromosome 5AS accounted for 3.4–4.8% of the phenotypic variances. Three QTL, QGP.xjau-5DL, QSH.xjau-5DL and QD.xjau-5DL for GP, SH and D-value, respectively, were flanked by markers AX-94524442 and AX-110998507 at 560.42–567.39 Mb on chromosome 5DL, accounting for 4.4–6.5% of the phenotypic variances. In addition, the candidate genes TraesCS5A02G022100, TraesCS5B02G014200 and TraesCS5D02G563900 were predicted. Based on transcriptional expression data, the results showed that the expression level of TaGATAs-5A, TaUbox-5B and TaGSTP-5D changed with the increase of treatment time under drought stress in tolerant and sensitive varieties. These are interesting targets in mining drought tolerance genes and the improvement of drought tolerance in wheat.
Why Join? How Civil Society Organizations’ Attributes Signal Congruence and Impact Community Engagement
Authors: Hoellerbauer Simon 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCivil society organizations (CSOs) can facilitate collective action. This makes understanding what shapes whether people are likely to engage with CSOs critically important. This paper argues that whether an organization is perceived as congruent – similar to an individual in values – is a key determinant of whether individuals will engage with it. I use a conjoint survey experiment to test how organizational attributes signaling congruence influence respondents’ willingness to attend a hypothetical organization’s meetings. I find that individuals are more likely to choose organizations that are more likely to be congruent with them, except when it comes to funding. These findings imply that an individual’s level of comfort with a CSO matters for engagement; thus, CSOs need to consider how they match to their publics when reaching out to potential joiners. Furthermore, donors seeking to support CSOs need to pay attention to their impact on perceptions of congruence.
Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes and Possible Signatures of Pulsating Aurora Detected by the Meteor Radar
Authors: Kozlovsky A. , Shalimov S. , Lester M. , Belova E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUsing data of the all‐sky interferometric meteor radar (SKiYMET, 36.9 MHz) operating in the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory (67°22′N, 26°38′E, Finland) we found a specific type of polar mesosphere summer echo (PMSE), the power of which exhibits irregular variations at a frequency of the order of a few Hz. We classified such radar echoes as pulsating PMSE. These echoes were observed in late June‐July in the morning sector (4–12 MLT) during geomagnetic storms. They were received from a narrow range of altitudes near 82 km, which corresponds to the altitude of noctilucent clouds where ice particles of about 50‐nm radii exist. During pulsating PMSE, the SGO ionosonde showed an electron density of the order of 3 × 1011 m−3 around 82 km, and enhanced D‐region ionization was manifested in the cosmic noise absorption. We suggest that the power of PMSE is modulated by bursts of electron precipitation corresponding to the few‐Hz internal modulation of pulsating aurora. During a short precipitation burst of 50–100 keV electrons, additional electrons can attach to the ice particles due to the presence of hyperthermal electrons according to the hypothesis proposed by Rosenberg et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2011.10.011). This leads to an increase of the power of PMSE. After the burst is ended, the ice particles are deionized with a characteristic time of about 0.2 s due to attractive interaction with ions.
Relative Contribution of ULF Waves and Whistler‐Mode Chorus to the Radiation Belt Variation During the May 2017 Storm
Authors: Takahashi Naoko , Seki Kanako , Fok Mei‐Ching , Zheng Yihua , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Kasahara Satoshi , Keika Kunihiro , Hartley David , Kasahara Yoshiya , Kasaba Yasumasa , Higashio Nana , Matsuoka Ayako , Yokota Shoichiro , Hori Tomoaki , Shoji Masafumi , Nakamura Satoko , Imajo Shun , Shinohara Iku 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe investigate the time and location where ULF waves and whistler‐mode chorus contributed to the net flux enhancement of relativistic electrons during the magnetic storm of May 2017. During the early recovery phase, both ULF and chorus waves contribute to the enhancement of relativistic electron fluxes, but ULF waves play roles of the inward diffusion. During the late recovery phase, both Van Allen Probe‐B and Arase show that whistler‐mode chorus contributes to the flux enhancement confined in the L‐value. The CRCM coupled with BATS‐R‐US simulation qualitatively reproduces the global evolution of ULF waves. Although the electron flux is underestimated by the simulation, this study reveals a large anisotropy of hot electrons in the region where whistler‐mode chorus waves were actually observed by satellites. In addition, the estimated magnetic field curvature on the dayside is small during the recovery phase. Furthermore, we investigate the control of wave evolution. Both observations and the simulation suggest that the observed ULF waves in the frequency range of ∼2–5 mHz are excited by the enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure. Observations also indicate that whistler‐mode chorus on the nightside is predominantly excited by hot electrons with temperature anisotropy, whereas the dayside chorus is enhanced by the change of the magnetic field line configuration. The estimated spatial distributions of electron anisotropy and magnetic field curvature provide an explanation for the presence of enhanced whistler‐mode chorus in the dusk sector, which is far from the usual location of wave generation.
Surface Elevation Change of Glaciers Along the Coast of Prudhoe Land, Northwestern Greenland From 1985 to 2018
Authors: Wang Yefan , Sugiyama Shin , Bjørk Anders A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOutlet glaciers in Greenland exhibited rapid frontal retreat, thinning, and flow acceleration in the 21st century. In contrast to a number of studies in the last two decades, long‐term glacier changes are not well known, hence limiting the understanding of ongoing glacier retreat. In this study, we present surface elevation changes of 16 glaciers along the coast of Prudhoe Land, northwestern Greenland, using digital elevation models between 1985 and 2018. All the glaciers experienced surface lowering at a mean rate of −0.55 ± 0.24 m a−1 over the period of study. Surface elevation change has shown a clear shift from 0.14 ± 0.17 m a−1 in 1985–2001 to −1.31 ± 0.20 m a−1 in 2001–2018. Thinning after 2001 was more significant at the glaciers terminating in Inglefield Bredning, represented by the most rapid thinning of Tracy and Farquhar Glaciers at −3.91 ± 0.13 and −2.91 ± 0.18 m a−1, respectively. Glaciers terminating in shallower fjords directly connected to Baffin Bay showed a thinning rate 40% slower than those in the Inglefield Bredning region. Warming trends in atmospheric and ocean temperature since the late 1990s are most likely triggers of the glacier regime shift around 2001. The heterogeneity in the glacier change is attributed to the glacier geometry and fjord bathymetry of each individual glacier, since glaciers terminating in deep fjords are subjected to greater acceleration and are more affected by deep ocean warming.
Estimation of Turbulent Heat Fluxes and Gross Primary Productivity by Assimilating Land Surface Temperature and Leaf Area Index
Authors: He Xinlei , Xu Tongren , Bateni Sayed M. , Ki Seo Jin , Xiao Jingfeng , Liu Shaomin , Song Lisheng , He Xiangping 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, land surface temperature (LST) and leaf area index (LAI) observations are merged with a coupled two‐source surface energy budget–vegetation dynamic model (TSEB–VDM) via a variational data assimilation (VDA) system to predict turbulent heat fluxes and gross primary productivity (GPP). The TSEB and VDM are coupled by relating photosynthesis in the VDM to transpiration in the TSEB equation. Unknown parameters of the VDA approach are the neutral bulk heat transfer coefficient (CHN), evaporative fractions for soil and canopy (EFS and EFC), and specific leaf area (cg). The VDA approach is evaluated at six AmeriFlux sites with distinct vegetative and climatic characteristics. The modeled sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes, and GPP agree well with the corresponding eddy covariance measurements in different environmental conditions. The six‐site average root mean square error (RMSE) of estimated daily H, LE, and GPP is 42.2 W m−2, 51.5 W m−2, and 1.8 gC m−2 d−1, respectively. The outcomes show that the developed VDA approach is able to exploit the implicit information in the sequences of LST and LAI measurements to estimate H, LE, and GPP. Our findings also indicate that the estimates of the H and LE are more sensitive to uncertainties in LST measurements, while the GPP retrievals are more affected by uncertainties in the LAI observations.
Automatic Quality Control of Crowdsourced Rainfall Data With Multiple Noises: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Niu Geng , Yang Pan , Zheng Yi , Cai Ximing , Qin Huapeng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn geophysics, crowdsourcing is an emerging nontraditional environmental monitoring approach that supports data acquisition from individual citizens. However, because of the involvement of undertrained citizens and imprecise low‐cost sensors, crowdsourced data applications suffer from different types of noises that can deteriorate the overall monitoring accuracy. In this study, we propose a machine learning approach for automatic crowdsourced data quality control (CSQC) that detects and removes noisy data inputs in spatially and temporally discrete crowdsourced observations coming from both fixed‐point sensors (e.g., surveillance cameras) and moving sensors (e.g., moving cars/pedestrians). We design a set of features from original and interpolated rainfall data and use them to train and test the CSQC models using both supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms. The performances of the CSQC models under various scenarios assuming no retraining are also tested (hereafter referred to as transferability). The results based on synthetic but realistic data show that the CSQC models can significantly reduce the overall rainfall estimate errors. Under the stationary assumption, the CSQC models based on both supervised and unsupervised algorithms perform well in noisy data identification and overall rainfall estimation error reduction; however, if the model is transferred to other cities with different rainfall patterns or noise compositions (without retraining), supervised multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) show the best performance.
Geochemical Evolution of Eocene Lakes in the Nevada Hinterland of the North American Cordillera
Authors: Canada Andrew S. , Cassel Elizabeth J. , Smith M. Elliot 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEocene strata of the Elko Formation record lacustrine deposition within the Nevada hinterland of the North American Cordillera. We present a detailed geochemical stratigraphy enabled by high‐sampling‐resolution geochronology from lacus trine limestone and interbedded volcanic rocks of the Elko Formation. Two intervals of lacustrine deposition, an early Eocene “Lake Adobe” of limited aerial extent and a laterally extensive middle Eocene “Lake Elko,” are separated by ∼5 m.y. of apparent unconformity. Sediments deposited in the apparently short‐lived (49.5–48.5 Ma) early Eocene Lake Adobe exhibit high‐amplitude covariation of δ18O, δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr, which suggests a dynamically changing catchment and precipitation regime. Lake Elko formed during the middle Eocene, and its strata record three geochemically distinct phases, indicating it was a single interconnected water body that became increasingly evaporative over time. The lower Elko Formation (44.0–42.5 Ma) was deposited in a freshwater lake. Middle Elko Formation (42.5–41.2 Ma) lithofacies and geochemistry suggest that an increasingly saline and alkaline Lake Elko experienced salinity stratification‐induced hypolimnion disoxia and burial of 12C‐rich organic matter. The upper Elko Formation (41.2–40.5 Ma) records a shallow final phase of Lake Elko that experienced short residence times and a breakdown in stratification. A sharp decline of 87Sr/86Sr in the upper Elko Formation reflects an increasing aerial extent of low‐87Sr/86Sr volcanic deposits from nearby calderas. Middle Eocene strata record ponding of paleodrainage, increasing hydrologic isolation and volcanism, consistent with progressive north to south removal of the Farallon flat slab and/or delamination of the lower lithospheric mantle of the North American plate.
Population Vulnerability to the SARS‐CoV‐2 Virus Infection. A County‐Level Geographical‐Methodological Approach in Romania
Authors: Mitrică Bianca , Mocanu Irena , Grigorescu Ines , Dumitraşcu Monica , Pistol Adriana , Damian Nicoleta , Şerban Paul‐Răzvan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe assessment and identification of risk/vulnerable groups and risk factors are vital elements that can help quantify the pandemic potential of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus in order to plan prevention and treatment measures. The aim of the study is to identify a methodological approach of population vulnerability to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus infection. The study identifies reliable data sources and sets up a unitary database with statistical variables, quantitative and qualitative indicators with potential for being updated and improved. The analysis takes into account a number of variables/indicators (e.g., elderly persons, population without physician care, number of people suffering from cardiovascular diseases, number of people suffering from respiratory diseases, dwellings not connected to the public water supply network, no. of medical staff, number of COVID‐19 hospitals, PCR testing laboratories, number of vaccinated persons) grouped into the key vulnerability components: exposure, sensitivity, coping capacity and adaptive capacity. They allowed the computation of the final Index of Population Vulnerability to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus infection and the mapping of different dimensions of vulnerability. The study was performed using the statistical data available at NUTS3/County level provided by different institutions (e.g., the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Public Health, the Strategic Communication Group, and the National Institute of Statistics). The mapping of the different degrees of vulnerability could solve a problem of visibility for possible areas with vulnerable population, but also a problem of communication between different institutional health and administrative levels, as well as between all of them and the local communities and/or professionals.
Coseismic and Early Postseismic Deformation Due to the 2021 M7.4 Maduo (China) Earthquake
Authors: Jin Zeyu , Fialko Yuri 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe 2021 Maduo earthquake ruptured a 150 km‐long left‐lateral fault in the northeast Tibet. We used Synthetic Aperture Radar data collected by the Sentinel‐1A/B satellites within days of the earthquake to derive a finite fault model and investigate the details of slip distribution with depth. We generated coseismic interferograms and pixel offsets from different look directions corresponding to the ascending and descending satellite orbits. At the eastern end the rupture bifurcated into two sub‐parallel strands, with larger slip on the northern strand. Inversions of coseismic displacements show maximum slip to the east of the epicenter. The averaged coseismic slip has a peak at depth of 3–4 km, similar to slip distributions of a number of shallow strike‐slip earthquakes. Postseismic observations over several weeks following the Maduo earthquake reveal surface slip with amplitude up to 0.1 m that at least partially eliminated the coseismic slip deficit in the uppermost crust.
Inconsistent Variations Between the Northern and Southern North Pacific Storm Track
Authors: Yang Minghao , Luo Dehai , Li Chongyin , Li Xin , Yao Yao , Zhao Jingjing , Chen Xiong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, the North Pacific storm track (PST) is divided into the northern PST (NPST) and southern PST (SPST). The consistencies of the interannual‐to‐interdecadal and climatological variations between the NPST and SPST are investigated. On an interannual‐to‐interdecadal scale, the PST‐related meridional dipole of the upper‐level zonal wind anomalies is largely associated with the NPST. Only the NPST is significantly associated with the North Pacific atmospheric blocking and the Pacific‐North American teleconnection pattern. The NPST‐related sea surface temperature anomalies are confined to the North Pacific. In contrast, the SPST‐related sea surface temperature anomalies basically coincide with the Indian Ocean basin mode and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The climatological seasonal cycles of the NPST and SPST exhibit double‐peak and single‐peak structures, respectively, in accordance with the linear baroclinic instability theory. In general, the interannual‐to‐interdecadal and climatological variations in the NPST intensity are inconsistent with those in the SPST intensity.
Multipoint Analysis of Source Regions of EMIC Waves and Rapid Growth of Subpackets
Authors: Ojha Biswajit , Omura Yoshiharu , Singh Satyavir , Lakhina Gurbax S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractElectromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) rising tone emissions are important in understanding the nonlinear wave evolution and interaction with the energetic particles. We present observations of rising tone emissions of EMIC waves by THEMIS A, D, and E spacecraft in the outer magnetosphere. These emissions with subpacket structures in the proton band were observed during the time interval 14:20 UT to 14:30 UT on September 9, 2010. The observed waves are left‐handed polarized with wave normal angles less than . THEMIS A was closest to the equator and was in a higher L‐shell than THEMIS E and D. The smallest radial separation is 2,000 km between THEMIS E and D spacecraft. This configuration of THEMIS allows us to investigate the subpackets of rising tone EMIC waves observed simultaneously at 14:23 UT by three spacecraft. Hilbert Huang Transformation (HHT) is applied to show the variations of the instantaneous frequency and the observed wave amplitude. The direction of energy flow is determined from the analysis of the Poynting flux. There is a rapid nonlinear growth of the EMIC subpackets within one wavelength. Subpackets are dynamic in nature as their structure changes within one wave period, which is further supported by the nonlinear wave growth theory. Optimum and threshold amplitudes for the EMIC wave growth are calculated beside the nonlinear transition time (). Observed ion energies and pitch angle spectra of the ion fluxes are consistent with the energy associated with the Landau and cyclotron resonance conditions.
Damage Evolution of Onnagawa Shale by Postmortem Thresholding of X‐Ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Jayawickrama E. G. , Muto J. , Sasaki O. , Nagahama H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOnnagawa shale samples are deformed through the brittle‐ductile transition by increasing the confining pressure. Brittle deformation is characterized by longitudinal splitting of the sample at 3% axial strain. A distributed conjugate fracture network characterizes the macroscopic deformation in the ductile field with strain hardening. The onset of transition from brittle to ductile deformation is between 4% and 5% axial strain with a single shear plane defined failure. Deformed samples are scanned in a commercially available X‐ray CT machine to investigate the sensitivity of the fracture network to the choice of threshold voxel value. The primary voxel values of the deformed rock are reversed, and their density distribution is approximated by a normal distribution to extract the voxel value density distribution that fabricated the fracture network (residual). Successive thresholding of the residual histogram shows that the generated fracture network is highly sensitive to the choice of threshold. Post peak thresholding of the residual histogram generates voxel volumes of fractures alone and consecutive thresholding shows that the obtained volume segments of the fractures can interpret possible nucleation, growth, and coalescence within the damaged zone. Results further show similarity to previous 4D tomographic strain localization investigations and damage size distributions by acoustic emission studies. Therefore, despite the postmortem nature of the investigation, the new technique opens possibilities to investigate the possible evolution of fracture properties under elevated confining pressures and in the absence of high energy synchrotron facilities.
Seasonal Predictability of Sea Ice and Bottom Temperature Across the Eastern Bering Sea Shelf
Authors: Kearney K. A. , Alexander M. , Aydin K. , Cheng W. , Hermann A. J. , Hervieux G. , Ortiz I. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSeasonal sea ice plays a key role in shaping the ecosystem dynamics of the eastern Bering Sea shelf. In particular, it leads to the formation of a characteristic pool of cold water that covers the bottom of the shelf from winter through summer; the extent of this cold pool is often used as a management index for distribution, productivity, recruitment, and survival of commercially important fish and shellfish species. Here, we quantify our ability to seasonally forecast interannual variability in Bering Sea bottom temperature and sea ice extent. Retrospective forecast simulations from two global forecast models are downscaled using a regional ocean model; the retrospective forecast simulations include 9‐month to 12‐month forecasts spanning 1982–2010. We find that dynamic forecasting can predict summer bottom temperatures across the eastern Bering Sea shelf with lead times of up to 4 months. The majority of the prediction skill derives from the persistence signal, and a persistence forecast is comparably skillful to the dynamic forecast at these lead times. However, forecast skill of sea ice advance and retreat is low when a forecast model is initialized before or during the ice season (October–February); this limits the ability of either dynamic or persistence models to predict summer bottom temperatures when initialized across the late fall to early spring months.