bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-B-22 Humoral factors of protection of the vaginal mucosa in healthy cows and with mycoplasmosis
Authors: Busharova Julia V , Vasilev Roman M , Vasileva Svetlana V , Trushkin Vyacheslav A , Nikitina Anastasia A , Panova Nataliya , Gaponova Viktoriya N , Polistovskaia Polina A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Maintaining reproductive health is an urgent task in intensive livestock farming. The study of the influence of pathogens of the Mycoplasmataceae family on the microecology and protective properties of the vagina is of particular interest. The studies were carried out on non-pregnant cows 3–4 years old. Was formed 2 groups of 8 animals each. The first group is healthy cows in which the PCR test for Mycoplasma spp. was negative. The second group - cows with a positive PCR test and serological identification of M. bovigenitalium, without pronounced clinical signs of vaginitis. In both groups of animals, vaginal secretions were collected from the vaginal wall using a special spoon. In secret, by the method of radial immunodiffusion in a gel according to Mancini, the content of immunoglobulins of classes Ig G, Ig M, Ig A and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was determined, as well as the activity of lysozyme - by the nephelometric method. The study showed that the content of Ig G and the total content of immunoglobulins in the vaginal secretion in healthy cows and cows with mycoplasmosis did not have significant differences. The concentration of Ig A in cows with mycoplasmosis was 0.018±0.001 g/l, which was 25% less than in healthy cows, but it turned out to be insignificant (P &gt; 0.05). The content of Ig M and sIgA in secretion in healthy cows was 0.039±0.002 and 0.067±0.005 g/l, while in cows with mycoplasmosis it significantly increased by 38.5 and 43%, respectively. The activity of lysozyme in the secretion of healthy cows was 11.71±0.41%, while in infected cows it decreased by 2 times. With genital mycoplasmosis in cows, a quantitative redistribution of immunoglobulin classes and a decrease in lysozyme activity are observed in the vaginal secretion.
PSI-10 Effect of a plant extract mixture (pronutrients) on serum cytokines, intestinal integrity indicators and productive performance in broilers with raw soybean inclusion in the diet
Authors: Ruiz Alejandra V , Betancourt López Liliana L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Plant extracts contain active molecules called pronutrients that could replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in order to improve intestinal integrity, optimize feed utilization and consequently, increase productive performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a mixture of pronutrients on hematological parameters, serum cytokins regulation, intestinal morphology, organs weight and productive parameters. The trial was conducted with 480 one-day-old male broilers of the Ross AP 308 divided into 3 groups: Group CON - Basal diet only, Group AB supplemented with bacitracin methylene disalicylate and Halquinol continuously, and Group PR with a mixture powder of pronutrients, respectively. The experiment lasted up to the 35th day of age. 3 % of crude soybean was added to all basal diets as a challenge for intestinal integrity. All data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and P value less than 0.05 was set as statistically significant and 0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.1 as tendency. A decrease of all serum cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) in supplemented broilers with pronutrients was observed. The intestinal morphology parameters were better (length and villi depth) and performance parameters such as feed intake, body weight and feed conversion rate (FCR) throughout the trial were improved in broilers supplemented with pronutrients (P &lt; 0.05). Dietary supplementation with a natural additive based on pronutrients demonstrated to be an effective alternative to AGP to improve intestinal morphology, productive performance and regulating hematological and immune values in broilers challenged with diets containing raw soybean.
PSI-17 Genetic analysis of weaning weight in Hungarian Simmental cattle
Authors: Ajasa Afees , Vágó Barnabás , Füller Imre , Komlósi István , Posta János 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of the study was to partition the total phenotypic variation in the weaning weight of Hungarian Simmental calves into their various causal components. The data used was provided by the Association of Hungarian Simmental Breeders. The dataset comprised of the weaning weight records of 44,278 calves (sire = 879, dam = 14,811) born from 1975 to 2020. A total of six models were fitted to the weaning weight data. Herd, birth year, calving order and sex were included as fixed effects in the models. Model 1 had direct genetic effect as the only random effect. Model 2 had a permanent maternal environment as an additional random effect. Model 3 had both direct and maternal genetic effects, with their covariance is being zero. Model 4 was similar to Model 3 but with non-zero direct-maternal genetic covariance. Model 5 had direct, maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects and a zero direct-maternal genetic covariance. Model 6 was similar to model 5 but the direct-maternal genetic effect was assumed to be correlated. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood method with the Wombat software. The best fit model was determined using the Log likelihood ratio test. Inclusion of direct maternal genetic covariance increased the variance components estimates dramatically which resulted in a corresponding increase in the direct and maternal heritability estimates. The best fitted model (Model 4) had direct and maternal genetic effects as the only random effects with a non-zero direct-maternal genetic covariance. The direct heritability, maternal heritability and direct-maternal genetic correlation estimate of the best model was 0.57, 0.16 and -0.78, respectively. Our result suggests the problem of (co)sampling variation in the partitioning of additive genetic effect into direct and maternal components.
PSI-16 Estimation of pigs live body weight from digital images using reference objects
Authors: Wang Zhuoyi , Tulpan Dan , Bergeron Renee 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The live body weight (LBW) is an important parameter providing guidance for estimation of growth and feed conversion efficiency, body condition, presence of disease, and management of housing, nutrition and animal health in different life stages of livestock. This research study explores the possibility of developing a semi-automatic analytic system that estimates the LBW of pigs by applying machine learning methods that use approximated biometric measurements extracted from digital images acquired with consumer-level cameras in the presence of a reference object. Images corresponding to 12 pigs were sampled on two different dates 1 month apart and acquired using a consumer-level Motorola X4 mobile phone. The best 3 images for each pig were selected for each time point. Six measurements were extracted from each image using ImageJ. A total of 72 data points were analyzed using RStudio, and the generated correlation plot confirmed the positive correlations between the 6 predictors and LBW. Five machine learning (ML) methods were used to model the dependency between the measured parameters and LBW using WEKA. The Random Forest model outperformed all the other models and predicted LBW with the highest prediction accuracy (97%) and the lowest prediction error (MAE = 6.54), which could represent a good candidate for further studies. In conclusion, the semi-automatic image-based system is a promising approach combining machine learning, digital image analysis and manual scale extraction with the aid of reference objects of known size for accurate pig LBW estimation. The next stage of this study aims to integrate automatic image acquisition and image processing solutions in the current approach. This novel system will be cost- and time-efficient, and it can contribute to the development of intelligent solutions for scientific research and enhancing animal productivity in commercial pig farms.
PSI-2 A procedure for urine collection in pre-weaned heifer calves
Authors: Ceja Guadalupe , Boerman Jacquelyn P , Neves Rafael C , Johnson Nicholas S , Schoonmaker Jon P P , Jorgensen Matthew W , Johnson Jay S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Urine collection is a useful tool to analyze intestinal permeability in cattle for research and diagnostic purposes. However, urine sampling techniques often rely on total waste collection, which reduces the ability to perform more frequent sampling and obtain accurate and sterile urine volumes. A potential alternative is urethral catheters, which have been used in cows and weaned heifers. However, urethral catheters have not been thoroughly tested in pre-weaned dairy heifer calves. The study objective was to develop a urethral catheter placement procedure in pre-weaned heifer calves for continuous and accurate urine collection. Fifteen Holstein heifer calves had catheters placed at 8 ± 2 days (37.5 ± 3.38 kg BW) and 40 ± 2 days (59.3 ± 5.38 kg BW) of age. During the procedure, calves were individually housed (1.87 m2/calf) and restrained. The vulva was cleaned using betadine and 70% ethanol and then a sterile, lubricated 8.9 cm speculum was inserted into the vagina. A sterile guidewire (145 cm x 0.89 cm) was inserted into a lubricated sterile 10 FR catheter. The catheter was inserted into the urethral opening (~5–7 cm into vagina), guided into the bladder, and the catheter balloon was filled with water (10 mL). The guide wire was removed, and urine flow confirmed correct placement before a 4 L urinary drainage bag was attached to the catheter. Individual calf health observations were made twice over a 24-hour period and included vaginal discharge, bleeding, redness or inflammation, and tissue discharge in the urine. Occurrence rate was determined using PROC FREQ in SAS 9.4. Regardless of catheterization timing, bleeding and tissue discharge occurred at a rate of 3.33% ± 0.18, and vaginal discharge and inflammation occurred at a rate of 6.70% ± 0.25. In summary, this procedure is a viable method for total urine collection in pre-weaning heifer calves.
PSI-19 Influence of cattle breed and forage type on organic dairy heifer performance
Authors: Fonnesbeck Sawyer , Thornton Kara J , Waldron Blair , Stott Rusty , Sweat Alexis , Rood Kerry , Creech Earl , Young Allen Y , Isom Clay 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Many breeds of dairy cattle exist, but questions remain about their relative performance within exclusively forage-based systems in the United States. This paucity of data is especially apparent in relation to heifer development, which is the second largest expense on most dairy farms. We evaluated the performance of prepubertal heifers from four different genetic backgrounds (“breeds”) within a rotational grazing system in the Intermountain West. For each of two 105-day grazing seasons, 24 dairy heifers from each of four different breeds [Holstein (HO), Jersey (JE), Holstein/Jersey crossbred (HJ), and Swedish Red/Holstein/Montbeliarde crossbred (SHM)] were randomly assigned to one of two pasture treatments that consisted of either grass only (MONO) or grass interseeded with the legume birdsfoot trefoil (BFT; MIX). Main effects of treatment and breed (and potential interactions) on heifer average daily gain (ADG), change in percent mature body weight (CPMBW), fecal egg count (FEC), rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA), and body condition scores (BCS) were evaluated. There was a significant effect of pasture treatment on ADG, with MIX heifers averaging 0.48 kg of gain/day, whereas MONO heifers averaged 0.29 kg/day (P &lt; 0.0001). Change in BCS was significantly affected by treatment (P = 0.0012) and breed (P &lt; 0.0001). Significant effects of treatment (P &lt; 0.0001), breed (P = 0.0005), and treatment*breed (P = 0.0005) on CPMBW were also found. Treatment and breed had no effect on FEC or total rumen VFA content (P &gt; 0.05). Overall, we found that Jerseys were able to gain a higher percentage of their mature body weight and lose less body condition while on pasture than heifers of other breeds. We also found that grazing BFT can have significant positive effects on ADG, BCS, and CPMBW. Further research is needed to more thoroughly evaluate the influence of heifer genetics (breed) on metrics of growth, health, reproductive performance, and production in pasture settings.
PSI-7 Comparison of 6-day versus 7-day CIDR protocol with GnRH and PGFα to synchronize crossbred beef cows for fixed-timed ai with sexed semen at two different times
Authors: Noga Nicole N , Powell Jeremy G , Littlejohn Brittni P , Rook Whitney L , Mussard Martin , Garcia-Guerra Alvaro , Cauble Reagan N , Looney Charles R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Preliminary data indicate that shortening the progesterone exposure with CIDR can improve conception rates compared to the established 7-day CO-Synch protocols. The objective was to determine the effects of shortening progesterone exposure from 7 days to 6 days among crossbred beef cows and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) with sex-sorted semen. A total of 147 fall calving (September-November) crossbred beef cows from one location were randomized to one of four treatments: 1 and 4) 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol with administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and a CIDR insert on day 0, prostaglandin F2α (PGF) at CIDR removal on day 7, and FTAI occurring 66 h (Treatment 1) or 74 h (Treatment 4) later; 2 and 3) 6-d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol with administration of GnRH and CIDR insert on day 0, prostaglandin F2α (PGF) at CIDR removal on day 6, and FTAI occurring 72 h (Treatment 2) or 80 h (Treatment 3) later. Sex-sorted semen from Angus sires was used for AI. Pregnancy was determined by ultrasound 40 days after AI. Pregnancy rate was analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with CIDR and AI service time as fixed effects. Chi-square analysis was used to assess the number of pregnant and open cows in each treatment using the FREQ procedure of SAS. There was no difference (P = 0.78) in pregnancy rates between 6-d CIDR (0.59 ± 0.05%) and 7 d CIDR (0.57 ± 0.05%) protocols. Cattle bred a shorter period after CIDR removal (0.64 ± 0.05%) had numerically (P = 0.11) greater pregnancy rates compared to those with a longer period after CIDR removal (0.51 ± 0.05%). There was no difference in the number of pregnant and open cows between treatment groups. These data suggest that using a 6-day or 7-day protocol, regardless of breeding time, results in similar conception rates.
PSIII-7 Seasonal effects on nutritional value of Oklahoma prairie grass when grazed in extensive or intensive systems
Authors: Montgomery Dagan , Lalman David , Beck Paul A , Hagen Darren , Salisbury Carlee M , Foote Andrew P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of sampling month and grazing system on tallgrass prairie forage nutritive value. Native tallgrass prairie pastures (n = 6) were assigned to either an extensive (EXT) or intensive (INT) grazing system for 5 consecutive years. Extensive system pasture annual stocking rate was 6.1 hectares per cow-calf pair with cows remaining in their respective pastures year-round. Intensive system pasture annual stocking rate was 3.0 hectares per cow-calf pair with cows present in the pastures 160 days per year [mid-May through mid-July (58 ± 6 d) and mid-September through mid-December (102 ± 4 d)]. Forage samples were collected monthly from two to four locations within each pasture. Samples were dried, separated into subsamples of leaf material and whole plant matter, ground, and analyzed using near-infrared spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using a mixed model (SAS 9.4) with grazing system, month, sample type (leaf or whole), and all two-way interactions as fixed effects and year as a random effect. Forage crude protein (CP) was not different between leaf or whole plant samples (P = 0.97) and increased (P &lt; 0.001) in May (10.8% CP), declined in the fall, and stayed low (2 – 4% CP) in both systems. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was greater during May to July (P = 0.040) in the EXT than the INT pastures. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) differed by month (P &lt; 0.001) and was lowest between April and May. In vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD) was greater in INT (63.7%) than EXT (62.3%) pastures regardless of month (P &lt; 0.001), and both systems were greater during May through August (65 – 75%; P &lt; 0.001) than the winter months (56 – 60%). These data indicate that protein supplementation is likely required outside of May and June, especially for lactating cows.
PSIII-5 Predicting live weight using linear body measurements in growing beef calves
Authors: Rotondo Vanessa , Tulpan Dan , Wood Katharine M , Paibomesai Marlene , Osborne Vern R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate how linear body measurements relate to and can be used to predict calf body weight using linear and machine learning models. To meet these objectives, a total of 103 Angus cross calves were enrolled in the study from wk 2 - 8. Calves were weighed and linear measurements were collected weekly, such as: poll to nose, width across the eyes (WE), width across the right ear, neck length, wither height, heart girth (HG), midpiece height (MH), midpiece circumference, midpiece width (MW), midpiece depth (MD), hook height, hook width, pin height, top of pin bones width (PW), width across the ends of pin bones, nose to tail body length, the length between the withers and pins, forearm to hoof, cannon bone to hoof. These measurements were taken using a commercial soft tape measure and calipers. To assess relationships between traits and to fit a model to predict BW, data were analyzed using the Weka (The University of Waikato, New Zealand) software using both linear regression (LR) and random forest (RF) machine learning models. The models were trained using a 10-fold cross-validation approach. The automatically derived LR model used 11 traits to fit the data to weekly BW (r2 = 0.97), where the traits with the highest coefficients were HG, PW and WE. The RF model improved further the BW predictions (r2= 0.98). Additionally, sex differences were examined. Although the BW model continued to fit well (r2 0.97), some of the top linear traits differed. The results of this study suggest that linear models built on linear measurements can accurately estimate body weight in beef calves, and that machine learning can further improve the model fit.
PSIII-26 The effects of maternal melatonin supplementation during pregnancy on longissimus dorsi muscle morphometrics in bovine fetuses at 240 days of gestation
Authors: Dobbins Thomas W , Contreras-Correa Zully E , Dennis Amberly A , Reid Dana S , Sidelinger Darcie R , King Heath H , Lemley Caleb O , Burnett Derris D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional hormone that positively impacts postnatal growth and weaning weight in cattle offspring when supplemented to adequately fed dams during gestation. However, it is unclear whether supplemental melatonin is effective as a countermeasure to decrease effects of a nutritionally compromised pregnancy on fetal tissues. The current study evaluated the efficacy of maternal melatonin supplementation during gestation, as a therapeutic in nutrient restricted beef heifers using fetal LM morphometrics for evaluation of carcass tissue growth. On gestational d 160, 25 Brangus heifers were assigned to one of four groups in a 2 x 2 factorial: nutrient restricted (RES-CON: 60% NRC; n = 6), adequate fed (ADQ-CON; 100% NRC; n = 6), nutrient restricted supplemented with 20 mg melatonin (RES-MEL; n = 7), or adequate fed supplemented with 20 mg melatonin (ADQ-MEL; n = 6). Treatments were top-dressed with 2 mL of melatonin dissolved in 100% ethanol (10 mg/mL) or 2 mL of ethanol (control). At gestational d 240, Caesarean sections and fetal necropsies were performed, both fetal LM were dissected to determine weight, length, and midline circumference. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was a diet by treatment interaction wherein the mass of the left and right LM was increased (P0.035) by an average of 42.46 g in RES-MEL offspring compared to RES-CON fetuses, but no differences (P0.0812) among ADQ groups. Restricted nutrition decreased left LM circumference (10.21 vs. 10.95 cm; P = 0.0445). Treatment had no effect on LM length (P0.1139). In the present study, maternal melatonin supplementation during the Summer promoted muscle growth and mitigated the adverse effects of a nutritionally compromised pregnancy on LM morphometrics. These data are indicative of the potential for melatonin as a gestational therapeutic for prenatal muscle growth and improved efficiency of meat animal production.
PSIV-15 Examining the relationship between breed type and anabolic implant protocols in performance in the feedlot, health, and temperament of beef steers
Authors: Reichhardt Caleb C , Alberto Anthony F , Briggs Reganne K , Smith Laura A , Okamoto Lillian L , Roholt Bryce , Bowman Brett , Garcia Matthew D , Thornton Kara J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to compare anabolic implant protocols in feedlot steers of two different breed types. Sixty steers were stratified by weight and breed in a 2 x 3 factorial design examining two different breeds: Angus (AN; n = 38) or Santa Gertrudis influenced (SG; n = 22), and three implant strategies: no implant (CON; n = 20), a moderate implant protocol (d0 implant: Revalor-G, d56 implant: Revalor-IS, d112 implant: Revalor-S; MOD; n = 20), or a vigorous implant protocol (d0 implant: Revalor-IS, d56 implant: Revalor-S, d112 implant: Revalor-200; VIG; n = 20). Steers were randomly placed into pens equipped with GrowSafe® bunks and fed the same ration. Weight, chute score (CS), exit velocity, blood, temperature, hip height and 12th rib fat thickness were collected approximately every 28d over a 112d period. Over the 112 d, SG steers tended (P = 0.10) to gain more hip height than AN steers. Anabolic implant protocol influenced total gain with both VIG and MOD steers gaining more (P &lt; 0.01) than CON. On d 0, SG steers had a higher (P &lt; 0.01) CS compared to AN steers, with this being maintained through the course of the trial. There was also as a tendency for there to be a breed*treatment effect (P = 0.06) on d112, with SG-MOD having a higher (P = 0.04) CS than AN-VIG, and a tendency (P = 0.08) for SG-VIG to have a higher CS than AN-VIG. Moderate and VIG implant protocols may be a useful tool to increase performance in feedlot steers. However, this research did find that SG influenced steers may have a more excitable temperament, but implant protocol did not influence (P &gt; 0.05) temperament.