bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced alcohol use in patients prescribed pioglitazone
Authors: Dieperink Eric , Hauser Peter , Dockter Kathryn , Miranda Juan , Evenson Meredith , Thuras Paul 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is common and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Currently approved medications are moderately effective. Novel medications are needed to address AUD. Preliminary data suggests pioglitazone may reduce alcohol use.MethodsVeterans seen at the Minneapolis VA Health Care System, who were prescribed pioglitazone for diabetes between October 1, 2015 and September 30, 2016, were identified using a national VA database (N = 49). Further chart review was performed to identify all Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test—Consumption (AUDIT‐C) scores prior to starting pioglitazone. Hierarchical Linear models were used to compare all AUDIT‐C scores on and off pioglitazone and compare the change in AUDIT‐C scores over time before and during pioglitazone was prescribed. AUDIT‐C scores were nested within subject with fixed effects for pioglitazone and random intercept and slope for time.ResultsForty‐nine patients were prescribed pioglitazone and had AUDIT‐C scores of 3 or more. The estimated mean AUDIT‐C score prior to receiving pioglitazone was 3.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.51–4.44) and this was reduced to 2.89 (95% CI: 2.46‐3.32), reflecting a significant change F(1, 323) = 43.3, p < .001 in the score. The primary reduction occurred within the first year of the pioglitazone prescription. This effect remained significant after controlling for age.Conclusion and Scientific SignificanceThis is the first study of pioglitazone used in a clinical sample focused on alcohol use outcome. The data show that pioglitazone may reduce alcohol use in patients with heavy drinking. Clinical trials of pioglitazone are warranted in patients with AUD.
Blame it on the rain: Rainfall variability, consumption smoothing, and subjective well‐being in rural Ethiopia
Authors: Alem Yonas , Colmer Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHow does income uncertainty affect individual well‐being? Combining individual‐level panel data from rural Ethiopia with high‐resolution meteorological data, we estimate that mean‐preserving increases in rainfall variability are associated with reductions in objective consumption and subjective well‐being. Mediation analysis suggests that the estimated reduction in consumption does not fully explain the total effect on individual well‐being. Increased rainfall variability also has a large direct effect on individual well‐being. These findings suggest that the gains from further consumption smoothing are likely greater than estimates based solely on observed consumption fluctuations.
Methods of identification of parathyroid glands in thyroid surgery: A literature review
Authors: Tjahjono Richard , Nguyen Kevin , Phung Daniel , Riffat Faruque , Palme Carsten E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntra‐operative identification and preservation of parathyroid glands is an important but challenging aspect of thyroid surgery. Failure to do so may lead to transient or permanent hypocalcaemia, where the latter represents a serious complication causing life‐long morbidity. It would be beneficial, therefore, if a simple and reliable modality can be developed to assist in the identification of parathyroid glands intra‐operatively. The aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of intra‐operative modalities used to identify parathyroid glands with a particular focus on near‐infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF). Twenty‐seven studies were considered relevant in this literature review. Several modalities have been used to aid parathyroid gland identification, including Raman spectroscopy, indocyanine green angiography, and NIRAF. NIRAF technology allows parathyroid glands to spontaneously give off light (autofluorescence) when exposed to near‐infrared light at a wavelength of 785 nm, creating a contrast between tissues to allow intra‐operative differentiation. Studies utilising NIRAF technology were able to identify 76.3%–100% of parathyroid glands intra‐operatively. Furthermore, two randomised controlled trials comparing NIRAF and white light showed that the use of NIRAF was able to significantly increase the mean number of parathyroid glands detected and reduce the incidence of post‐operative hypocalcaemia. NIRAF is an emerging tool that has been shown to increase the number of intra‐operative parathyroid gland identification and reduce the rate of post‐operative hypocalcaemia in a safe and reproducible manner. Future trials are needed to evaluate the real‐life impact of NIRAF technology in outcomes of patients following thyroid surgery.
Relative growth and sexual dimorphism in the hermit crab Clibanarius signatus Heller, 1861 (Anomura, Diogenidae) from the northern coast of the Persian Gulf, Iran
Authors: Ahmadi Mahdieh , Noori Ahmad , Kalvani Neitali Bita , Antonio Amaro Pinheiro Marcelo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relative growth and sexual dimorphism in the hermit crab Clibanarius signatus. The evaluation was done with 955 specimens (494 males, 251 females, and 210 intersexes) captured in Persian Gulf (Iran) during January to December 2015. Animals were submitted to measurements related to weight (BW, total wet weight) and body size related to cephalic shield (SW, width; and SL, length) and propodus of both chelipeds (CPL, length; and CPW, width). Males were larger and heavier than females and intersexes. Both males and females showed a negative allometric growth for the SL–BW and SL–SW relationships, but a positive allometric growth to intersex specimens. To SL–CPL relationship, a negative allometric growth was confirmed in males and females independent of the laterality of the CPL, whereas a contrast was verified in intersexes, with a positive allometric growth occurred for both hands. To SL–CPW relationship, a negative allometric growth (b < 1) occurred in females, independent of the laterality of the CPW, while in males, a positive allometric pattern was confirmed. In intersexes, this relationship was positive except for the right CPW which was isometric. Sexual dimorphism was evident in Clibanarius signatus, with males being the largest and females the smallest specimens in the population.
Is platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel attenuated in overweight or obese patients and why? A reverse translational study in mice
Authors: Jiang Li‐Ping , Ji Jin‐Zi , Ge Peng‐Xin , Zhu Ting , Mi Qiong‐Yu , Tai Ting , Li Yi‐Fei , Xie Hong‐Guang 
Published: August 2021

Background and PurposeOverweight or obese patients exhibit poorer platelet responses to clopidogrel. However, the mechanisms behind this phenotype remain to be elucidated. Here, we sought to discover whether and why obesity could affect the metabolic activation of and/or platelet response to clopidogrel in obese patients and high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice.Experimental ApproachA post hoc stratified analysis of an observational clinical study was performed to investigate changes in residual platelet reactivity with increasing body weight in patients taking clopidogrel. Furthermore, high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice were used to reveal alterations in systemic exposure of clopidogrel thiol active metabolite H4, ADP‐induced platelet activation and aggregation, the expression of genes involved in the metabolic activation of clopidogrel, count of circulating reticulated and mature platelets, and proliferation profiles of megakaryocytes in bone marrow. The relevant genes and potential signalling pathways were predicted and enriched according to the GEO datasets available from obese patients.Key ResultsObese patients exhibited significantly attenuated antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. In diet‐induced obese mice, systemic exposure of clopidogrel active metabolite H4 was reduced but that of its hydrolytic metabolite was increased due to down‐regulation of certain P450s but up‐regulation of carboxylesterase‐1 in the liver. Moreover, enhanced proliferation of megakaryocytes and elevated platelet count also contributed.Conclusion and ImplicationsObesity attenuated metabolic activation of clopidogrel and increased counts of circulating reticulated and mature platelets, leading to impaired platelet responsiveness to the drug in mice, suggesting that clopidogrel dosage may need to be adjusted adequately in overweight or obese patients.
Urinary albumin creatinine ratio associated with postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective non‐cardiac surgery: A prospective observational study
Authors: Guan Hui‐Lian , Liu He , Hu Xiao‐Yi , Abdul Mannan , Dai Ming‐Sheng , Gao Xing , Chen Xue‐Fen , Zhou Yang , Sun Xun , Zhou Jian , Li Xiang , Zhao Qiu , Zhang Qian‐Qian , Wang Jun , Han Yuan , Cao Jun‐Li 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe blood‐brain barrier (BBB) disruption contributes to postoperative delirium, but cost‐effective and non‐invasive assessment of its permeability is not practicable in the clinical settings. Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), reflecting systemic vascular endothelial dysfunction, may be a prognostic and predictive factor associated with postoperative delirium. The aim was to analyze the relationship between UACR and postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective non‐cardiac surgery.Materials and methodsThrough stratified random sampling, a cohort of 408 individuals aged 60 years and older scheduled for elective non‐cardiac surgery were included between February and August 2019 in the single‐center, prospective, observational study. The presence of delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) or Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM‐ICU) on the day of surgery, at 2 h after the surgery ending time and on the first 3 consecutive days with repeated twice‐daily, with at least 6‐h intervals between assessments. Urine samples were collected on one day before surgery, and 1st day and 3rd day after surgery. The primary outcome was the presence of postoperative delirium, and association of the level of UACR with postoperative delirium was evaluated with unadjusted/adjusted analyses and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsPostoperative delirium was observed in 26.75% (107 of 400) of patients within 3 days post‐surgery. UACR‐Pre (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.14–1.49, p < 0.001), UACR‐POD1 (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.13–1.27, p < 0.001), and UACR‐POD3 (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.08–1.20, p < 0.001) between the delirium and non‐delirium groups show a significant difference, even after adjusting for age, education levels, and other factors.ConclusionAs the marker of endothelial dysfunction, the high perioperative UACR value may be linked to the postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective non‐cardiac surgery.
Large variability in plasma efavirenz concentration in Papua New Guinea HIV/AIDS patients associated with high frequency of CYP2B6 516T allele
Authors: Bordin Andriguetti Natália , Van Schalkwyk Helena Katherina , Barratt Daniel Thomas , Tucci Joseph , Pumuye Paul , Somogyi Andrew Alexander 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPapua New Guinea (PNG) has a high HIV/AIDS prevalence and very high frequency of the CYP2B6 c.516G>T (rs3745274) variant. We have conducted the first investigation of the impact of c.516G>T and patient demographics on plasma efavirenz (EFV) and 8‐hydroxyefavirenz (8OH‐EFV) concentrations, metabolic ratio (8OH‐EFV/EFV) (MR), and their association with adverse effects, in PNG patients with HIV/AIDS. For 156 PNG patients with HIV/AIDS taking EFV 600 mg/day (for 3–156 months), plasma EFV and 8OH‐EFV concentrations were quantified, CYP2B6 c.516G>T genotyped, and demographic and self‐reported adverse effects data recorded. Genotype differences in EFV and 8OH‐EFV concentrations, MR, and percent within therapeutic range (1000–4000 ng/ml) were examined, in addition to EFV and 8OH‐EFV concentration differences between patients experiencing adverse effects. CYP2B6 c.516T allele frequency was 53%. Plasma EFV (p < 0.0001), 8OH‐EFV (p < 0.01), and MR (p < 0.0001) differed significantly between genotypes, with genotype explaining 38%, 10%, and 50% of variability, respectively. Plasma EFV concentrations were significantly higher in T/T (median = 5168 ng/ml) than G/G (1036 ng/ml, post hoc p < 0.0001) and G/T (1502 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) genotypes, with all patients above therapeutic range (n = 23) being T/T genotype (p < 0.0001). EFV and 8OH‐EFV concentrations were not significantly higher in patients experiencing adverse effects. In PNG HIV/AIDS population where the 516T frequency is very high, it explains a substantial portion of variability (38%) in EFV disposition; however, at least for the patients receiving EFV long term, this does not translate into significant side effects.
First episode of psychosis in Guam: The role of ethnicity and neighbourhood factors
Authors: Rosenfarb Irwin Ford , Sharma‐Gopinath Rita , Bhavsar Vishal 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveEthnicity, neighbourhood ethnic density, and four additional neighbourhood factors (urbanicity, crime, voting, and poverty) were examined in relation to the incidence of first episode of psychosis (FEP) in the Pacific Island of Guam.MethodsAll first contact patients seen at the Guam Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse (DMHSA) between January 2005 and December 2007 that met DSM‐IV criteria for the diagnosis of a psychotic disorder were included. At the time of the study, DMHSA was the only psychiatric facility in Guam.ResultsAfter controlling for age and gender, Chamorros, the indigenous people of Guam, had a standardized incidence rate (IR = 151/100 000 person‐years, 95%CI = 129–173) of FEP over twice that of Whites (IR = 66/100 000 person‐years, 95%CI = 34–99). Individuals from Palau had the highest standardized incidence rate (IR = 832/100 000 person‐years, 95%CI = 581–1083). Increased neighbourhood Chamorro density was associated with decreased incidence of FEP among Chamorro individuals (IRR = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.03–0.43). After controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and other neighbourhood factors, urbanicity (IRR = 3.82, 95%CI = 1.86–7.81), voting (IRR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.32–3.20), poverty (IRR = 1.94, 95%CI = 1.40–2.67), and crime (IRR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.00–1.40) remained statistically associated with FEP incidence.ConclusionsThe findings add to prior research that suggests that rates of mental health problems are higher in indigenous than in settler communities and are highest for indigenous people who live in neighbourhoods with few other indigenous individuals. Findings also suggest that even on a small island, with only ~150 000 people, urbanicity is associated with FEP. Finally, results are consistent with other research suggesting that the reduction of crime and social adversity can play a positive role in reducing the incidence of first episode psychosis.
A potential role for restricted intertactical heritability in preventing intralocus conflict
Authors: Gamble Madilyn M. , Calsbeek Ryan G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntralocus sexual conflict, which arises when the same trait has different fitness optima in males and females, reduces population growth rates. Recently, evolutionary biologists have recognized that intralocus conflict can occur between morphs or reproductive tactics within a sex and that intralocus tactical conflict might constrain tactical dimorphism and population growth rates just as intralocus sexual conflict constrains sexual dimorphism and population growth rates. However, research has only recently focused on sexual and tactical intralocus conflict simultaneously, and there is no formal theory connecting the two. We present a graphical model of how tactical and sexual conflict over the same trait could constrain both sexual and tactical dimorphisms. We then use Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), an important species currently protected under the Endangered Species Act, to investigate the possibility of simultaneous sexual and tactical conflict. Larger Coho males gain access to females through fighting while smaller males are favored through sneaking tactics, and female reproductive success is positively correlated with length. We tested for antagonistic selection on length at maturity among sexes and tactics and then used parent–offspring regression to calculate sex‐ and tactic‐specific heritabilities to determine whether and where intralocus conflict exists. Selection on length varied in intensity and form among tactics and years. Length was heritable between dams and daughters (h2 ± 95% CI = 0.361 ± 0.252) and between fighter males and their fighter sons (0.867 ± 0.312), but no other heritabilities differed significantly from zero. The lack of intertactical heritabilities in this system, combined with similar selection on length among tactics, suggests the absence of intralocus conflict between sexes and among tactics, allowing for the evolution of sexual and tactical dimorphisms. Our results suggest that Coho salmon populations are unlikely to be constrained by intralocus conflict or artificial selection on male tactic.
A study on specific learning algorithms pertaining to classify lung cancer disease
Authors: Saminathan Malavika , Ramachandran Manikandan , Kumar Ambeshwar , Rajkumar Kulandaivel , Khanna Ashish , Singh Prakashkumar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLung cancer is a worldwide precarious disease and it is encouraged by the abnormal growth of cells in bronchi. Spotting the cancer cells is unknown until it leads to respiration issues and the muddling of organs working. Due to problems, limited or incorrect selection of hypothesis space, and dropping into local minima, single learners often give erratic output in an existing approach. The ensemble method accomplished a dataset that is free and composed of computed tomography (CT) images. The annotation process reveals observed lung lesions and provides a degree of malignancy for each lesion. Detection of benign and malignant nodules is recognized using deep convolutional frameworks AlexNet, SqueezeNet, GoogleNet, ResNet, and Inception ResNet, achieves higher accuracy (93%) than other convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Eight machine learning methods are involved for achieving better performance. The prediction probability obtained from CNN is applied as input to support vector machines (SVM), K‐nearest neighbours (KNN), naive Bayes (NB), multi‐layer perceptron (MLP), decision trees (DT), gradient boosted regression trees (GBRT), and adaptive boosting. The composition of GoogleNet model and AdaBoost classifier reached the most coherent classification accuracy as 99%. This is one of the best ways to analyse early detection and it increases the survival rate. Therefore, the result from the proposed deep CNN and ML technique achieves better precision than sputum cytology, X‐Ray process, and earlier detection of lung cancer.
The data‐collection on adverse effects of anti‐HIV drugs (D:A:D) model for predicting cardiovascular events: External validation in a diverse cohort of people living with HIV
Authors: Anikpo Ifedioranma , Agovi Afiba Manza‐A. , Cvitanovich Matthew J. , Lonergan Frank , Johnson Marc , Ojha Rohit P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesLittle is known about the external validity of the Data‐collection on Adverse Effects of Anti‐HIV Drugs (D:A:D) model for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among people living with HIV (PLWH). We aimed to evaluate the performance of the updated D:A:D model for 5‐year CVD risk in a diverse group of PLWH engaged in HIV care.MethodsWe used data from an institutional HIV registry, which includes PLWH engaged in care at a safety‐net HIV clinic. Eligible individuals had a baseline clinical encounter between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2014, with follow‐up through to 31 December 2019. We estimated 5‐year predicted risks of CVD as a function of the prognostic index and baseline survival of the D:A:D model, which were used to assess model discrimination (C‐index), calibration and net benefit.ResultsOur evaluable population comprised 1029 PLWH, of whom 30% were female, 50% were non‐Hispanic black, and median age was 45 years. The C‐index was 0.70 [95% confidence limits (CL): 0.64–0.75]. The predicted 5‐year CVD risk was 3.0% and the observed 5‐year risk was 8.9% (expected/observed ratio = 0.33, 95% CL: 0.26–0.54). The model had a greater net benefit than treating all or treating none at a risk threshold of 10%.ConclusionsThe D:A:D model was miscalibrated for CVD risk among PLWH engaged in HIV care at an urban safety‐net HIV clinic, which may be related to differences in case‐mix and baseline CVD risk. Nevertheless, the HIV D:A:D model may be useful for decisions about CVD intervention for high‐risk patients.
Exploring the relationship between Ln leaching and Ln–O binding energy in monazite (Nd, Sm, Eu)
Authors: Zhao Xiaofeng , Li Yuxiang , Teng Yuancheng , Liu Hang , Zheng Xiayu , He Hongni , Wang Shanlin , Ahuja Rajeev 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the chemical durability of waste forms is important for the long‐term deep geological disposal of actinides. However, in‐depth investigations on the leaching mechanism of monazite ceramic waste forms remain to be poorly understand. Inspired by the degradation process of Ce‐monazite controlled by the fracture of Ce–O bond of (010) surface under the action of permeable water molecules, the relationship between Ln leaching and Ln–O binding energy in LnPO4 (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu) monazites is investigated by combining dissolution experiments and first‐principles calculations. The dissolution experiments are performed in 0.001 mol/L HCl solutions at 363 K. Before and after leaching, the phase compositions of specimens are carefully investigated by refined XRD and GIXRD, and the results confirm that the dissolved phases in contact with the leachate are LnPO4 monazite. Some specific issues are discussed in detail by first‐principles calculations, such as the bond length, charge transfer, electron localization function, and chemical bond properties. Moreover, the boundary conditions of crystal‐growing of LnPO4 monazite are investigated to define the chemical potential that is used to calculate the defect formation energy () of Ln vacancy in (010) surface. Importantly, the results show the difficulty order of forming a vacancy defect of Ln on (010) surface is Eu > Sm > Nd, which is consistent with the leaching stability of Ln in LnPO4 (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu) monazite.
Phase equilibria in the ZrO2–Ta2O5–Nb2O5 system: Experimental studies and thermodynamic modeling
Authors: Luo Peide , Wu Xiang , Xiao Wenhui , Zhang Fan , Wang Yao , Huang Dandan , Du Yong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe phase relations in the ZrO2–Ta2O5–Nb2O5 system were experimentally investigated, and thermodynamic modeling was consequently performed in the present work. Samples with the selected compositions were synthesized using coprecipitation method, and then separately equilibrated at 1573 and 1673 K. The microstructural characterizations and phase analyses were carried out with the support of the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX). The phase transformations were measured through differential thermal analysis (DTA). No ternary compounds exist, while Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 phases substantially extend into the ternary system. Moreover, binary Ta2Zr6O17 and Nb2Zr6O17 phases form a continuous solid solution (A2Zr6O17) in the ternary system. A three‐phase equilibrium region β‐Ta2O5 + A2Zr6O17 + Nb2O5 was speculated. Based on the available literature, the ZrO2–Nb2O5, ZrO2–Ta2O5, and Nb2O5–Ta2O5 binary systems were critically evaluated and optimized by means of the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) method. Combining with thermodynamic parameters of the binary systems, phase relations in the ternary system were extrapolated. However, the extrapolation cannot reproduce our experimental results, especially for the ternary solubilities of ZrO2 in the Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 phases and the melting behavior of selected samples. Finally, the ternary mixing parameters were introduced, and our experimental data were well reproduced by the improved thermodynamic descriptions.