bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Old Age Care
Authors: Spasova Slavina , Vanhercke Bart 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyses the main issues related to inequalities in access and affordability of long-term care (LTC) provision in the European Union (EU). It discusses the core challenge of access to LTC for the elderly to residential and home care services and the different models of institutionalization/deinstitutionalization. It also focuses on how LTC schemes have been ‘in the making’ in the EU, presenting the most important features of the reforms that have taken place in Member States’ LTC systems over the past 5 years. The EU as a region compared to the rest of the world leads the field in providing LTC services to its citizens. However, the authors show that significant inequalities exist between Member States and even within individual countries regarding expenditure on LTC and services and benefits provided, as well as in the situation of informal carers.
Homeless Politics in the United States
Authors: Willison Charley E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Public health studies issues and policies implemented and often governed by local-level public health departments. Yet public health policy research emphasizes state and federal relations. Obscuring the role of local politics and in designing and implementing public health policies inaccurately portrays the functioning of public health systems and may lead to incomplete assumptions about the effects of health politics on public health. Homelessness is no exception, with a long history of expanded governing authority for communities and local governments. To understand homeless policy governance, we must draw from theories of urban politics and intergovernmental relations that have been developed to explain social policy. Chapter 2 develops the main theoretical argument of the book: limited coordination between policy interests governing homeless policy and trends of decentralization in homeless policy governance contribute to fewer publicly funded policy alternatives for solutions to chronic homelessness and increases the policy alternatives for private actors.
The Integrated State
Authors: Willison Charley E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
San Francisco represents municipalities with a local supportive housing policy. San Francisco highlights the significance of policy implementation as a critical process that cannot be overlooked when examining policy success. San Francisco should seemingly be very well positioned to successfully tackle chronic homelessness compared to other cities across the United States with a centralized municipal Continuum of Care, strong local tax base, and historical investment in social and health services for at-risk groups. Yet, many efforts have stagnated at the implementation phase. San Francisco is a city with a very visible homelessness epidemic. The problem will not be solved until implementation problems can be overcome by improving participatory equity in political decision-making to include minorities and at-risk groups, limiting elected officials’ ability to interfere with bureaucrats’ duties to carry out supportive housing regulation, and improving state level coordination with municipal goals to reduce administrative burden and align funding mechanisms.
The Fragmented State
Authors: Willison Charley E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Atlanta represents municipalities with a supportive housing policy in municipalities that are majority Black and in states that have not expanded Medicaid. Atlanta’s Continuum of Care is integrated into municipal government. Atlanta’s move to integrate the Continuum of Care into local government occurred when the Continuum of Care restructured, moving from a trijurisdictional arrangement to separate city and county institutions. The restructuring was prefaced by an investment in homelessness and chronic homelessness prevention and services by the city of Atlanta. Subsequently, the city adopted a supportive housing policy and implemented pilot programs to reduce policing of persons experiencing chronic homelessness. Despite positive changes, Atlanta still suffers from barriers to policy implementation resulting from: histories of race and segregation, including separate policy efforts mobilizing police to move persons experiencing chronic homelessness to other jurisdictions; limited governmental funding and reliance on nongovernmental actors as providers and funders; and metropolitan fragmentation inhibiting policy coordination.
The Delegated State
Authors: Willison Charley E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Shreveport serves as the representative case for municipalities without a local government level supportive housing policy. Shreveport is a case where the Continuum of Care, municipal policy goals, decision-making, and implementation remain very separate. The separation is evident in policy decision-making and implementation, where the municipal government has little to no involvement in homeless policy aside from coordinating pass-through federal funding. Limited involvement by Shreveport’s municipal government presents direct barriers to supportive housing policy design and implementation by restricting authority and resources available to the Continuum of Care to coordinate policy activities. Policy activities constrained by the limited municipal authority for the Continuum of Care include challenges reducing policing of persons experiencing chronic homelessness and severe mental illness and limited ability to participate in municipal decision-making, which disadvantaged the Continuum of Care in debates over new shelter or low-income housing constructions compared to economic elites in the Downtown Development Authority.
For Those About to Rock
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
If Bach is the sound of God whistling while he works, then AC/DC is the sound of God ordering another round in a strip bar on a Saturday night. Led by the inimitable Bon Scott, AC/DC and hard rock acts of the second half of the 1970s established the macho sensibilities of the genre, while the appearance of 1950s nostalgia, American punk and new wave, and the anti-disco backlash were indicative of further trends affecting politics and pop culture. Deepening divisions of class, gender, and race—some of them ugly—were now being mirrored by all strands of the entertainment industry.
Introduction
Authors: Bierma Lyle D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of past scholarship on the topic of John Calvin and the efficacy of baptism. It identifies three basic schools of interpretation—instrumentalist, parallelist, and developmental—and summarizes the works of major representatives of each category. It then proceeds to a prospectus for the book, proposing (1) a method that examines all of Calvin’s major writings on baptism through five phases of his life and (2) the thesis that in attempting to chart a middle course between Roman Catholic and Zwinglian/Anabaptist views of the sacraments, Calvin constructed a doctrine of baptismal efficacy that displayed elements of all three interpretative categories outlined earlier. Furthermore, although there was change and development in Calvin’s understanding of baptismal efficacy, these were only changes in emphasis, nuance, and clarity, and not the more dramatic shifts that some in the past have suggested.
Works from Calvin’s Second Period in Geneva to the Consensus Tigurinus (1541–48)
Authors: Bierma Lyle D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter Abstract: This chapter explores the third phase of development in Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy by examining six major works from the early years of his second ministry period in Geneva (1541–48): the Catechism of the Church of Geneva (1542/1545), the baptismal liturgy in The Form of Prayers (1542), the second revision of the Institutes (1543), his commentary on 1 Corinthians (1546), a polemical treatise, Acts of the Council of Trent: With the Antidote (1547), and his commentaries on Paul’s epistles to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians (1548). The evidence adduced in this chapter shows that although Calvin did not move in a substantially new direction in his understanding of the efficacy of baptism during this period, he did shift to an entirely positive use of the term “instrument” and to a heavier emphasis on baptism as a means of grace.
Baptismal Efficacy in the Reformed Confessions
Authors: Bierma Lyle D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter Abstract: To round out the narrative of this book, this chapter examines the impact of Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy on the codification of Reformed theology in eight major statements of faith. Six are from the era of the great national confessions (c. 1555–70), which straddled the death of Calvin in 1564: the French [Gallican] Confession (1559), the Scots Confession (1560), the Belgic Confession (1561), the Heidelberg Catechism (1563), the Second Helvetic Confession (1566), and the Thirty-Nine Articles (1571). The other two are a well-known pair of English doctrinal statements from the mid-seventeenth century: the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646) and Westminster Larger Catechism (1647). The chapter concludes that most of these confessions display Calvinian features in their doctrines of baptismal efficacy. Only the Heidelberg Catechism and Second Helvetic Confession do not go beyond symbolic parallelism to symbolic instrumentalism—another indication of the theological diversity within early Reformed Protestantism.
Baptismal Efficacy in Calvin’s Theology
Authors: Bierma Lyle D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter Abstract: This concluding chapter restates the central thesis of the book and summarizes the supporting material from the preceding chapters. The thesis is that when it comes to the three schools of interpretation introduced in chapter 1, Calvin’s doctrine of the efficacy of baptism does not fit exclusively into any one of them. In a lifelong attempt to chart a middle course between Roman Catholic and Zwinglian/Anabaptist views of the sacraments, Calvin constructed a doctrine of baptismal efficacy that displayed elements of all three categories and that carried over into his doctrine of infant baptism and many of the historic Reformed confessions. Aspects of his instrumental approach to baptism underwent change and development over his lifetime but not to the extent that some scholars have suggested. The overall trajectory was one of increasing clarity and refinement of basic themes already present in incipient form in the Institutes of 1536.
God, Suffering, and the Value of Free Will
Authors: Ekstrom Laura W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book focuses on arguments from suffering against the existence of God and on a variety of issues concerning agency and value that they bring out. The central aim is to show the extent and power of arguments from evil. The book provides a close investigation of an under-defended claim at the heart of the major free-will-based responses to such arguments, namely that free will is sufficiently valuable to serve as the good, or to serve prominently among the goods, that provides a God-justifying reason for permitting evil in our world. Offering a fresh examination of traditional theodicies, it also develops an alternative line the author calls a divine intimacy theodicy. It makes an extended case for rejection of the position of skeptical theism. The book expands upon an argument from evil concerning a traditional doctrine of hell, which reveals a number of interesting issues concerning fault, agency, and blameworthiness. In response to recent work contending that the problem of evil is defanged since God’s baseline attitude toward human beings is indifference, the book defends the essential perfect moral goodness of God. Finally it takes up the question of whether or not it makes sense to live a religious life as an agnostic or as an atheist.
Divine Intimacy Theodicy
Authors: Ekstrom Laura W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops what the author calls a divine intimacy theodicy in response to the problem of evil. It highlights reflections of this theodicy in the thinking of several historical and contemporary philosophers, theologians, and religious practitioners, including some medieval mystics. The central idea is that some occasions of suffering may qualify as religious experiences that serve to promote closeness with God. Despite its value as a strategy a religious person might use for coping with suffering, the author argues that ultimately the divine intimacy view does not succeed in answering the concerns of the non-theist who poses arguments from evil against the existence of God. The chapter closes by discussing prospects for a hybrid theodicy.
Hell and Fault
Authors: Ekstrom Laura W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses issues concerning agential freedom, moral fault, and punishment. It argues that David Lewis is right that there is an especially virulent non-standard argument from evil, which can be seen more clearly by an expansion of his argument. What Lewis calls “the neglected argument” is an argument concerning the rationality of belief in an eternal hell on the part of theists. It is an argument for the incoherence of what Lewis calls the orthodox story concerning God and hell. The argument is not on its own an argument for atheism, since it leaves intact a variety of metaphysical positions, including universalist theism and forms of religiosity other than those involving an affirmation of the existence of a being who is essentially omniscient, omnipotent, and perfectly good. It stands, nonetheless, as a powerful argument from evil demanding attention from any perfect being theist who endorses the existence of a non-empty eternal hell.
Religion on the Cheap
Authors: Ekstrom Laura W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It seems a natural thought that worshipping God and taking part in related communal religious activities does not make sense if one does not believe that God is real. But not all share this thought: some think it is perfectly sensible to engage in traditional communal religious activities centered on God without believing that God—an essentially omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good agent who creates whatever universe there is—really exists. This chapter argues that certain attempts to make sense of this way of thinking and this way of life, such as those described by Howard Wettstein and Gary Gutting, do not succeed in making sense of them. It further points out that there are real costs associated with not assenting to the claim that the proposition, “God exists,” realistically construed, is true, but suggests that one should be prepared to absorb those costs rather than trying to have it both ways—rather than getting religion (of a particular sort) on the cheap.
Narratives of Success
Authors: Shepherd Laura J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the “success stories” of the WPS agenda, interrogating how the agenda emerges as a triumph of transnational advocacy, a step forward in the seemingly endless search for strategies to mitigate against gendered inequalities and discrimination, and the prompt for—or ally of—related policy initiatives such as the UK’s Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative or the “feminist foreign policy” commitments of Sweden and Canada. Multiple articulations of success feature in the narrative of the agenda; for the purpose of identifying the fabula, I have organized these into two primary dimensions. First, the narration of the WPS agenda frequently cites the agenda itself as a success. The second dimension of the success story is the narration of moderate successes in implementation of the WPS agenda. These are the moments of change and, by implication, improvement to organizational structure or individual experience that the agenda has brought about. Over time, the ways in which these victories are presented, particularly in the Secretary-General’s reports but also in the contributions to and statements at Security Council Open Debates and even in interview data, rely more and more on quantitative data. Further, in terms of subject specificity, these successes are related increasingly to the prevention of sexual violence and women’s participation in peace processes, while other dimensions of the agenda are less well attended.
Narratives of Tensions and Pressures
Authors: Shepherd Laura J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The WPS agenda is usually described in terms of four “pillars” of activity: the participation of women in peace and security governance; the prevention of violence and conflict; the protection of women’s rights and bodies; and gender-sensitive relief and recovery programming. Over time, however, the emphasis given to each of these pillars has varied, and different actors have supported different initiatives under each pillar, with different political effects. The story of tension evident in the data collected or co-produced is primarily articulated in this chapter in terms of imbalance across the various pillars (which in itself is interesting, as it presupposes the virtue or desirability of balance). Further, tensions and pressure points are politically and strategically deployed as rationales for (limited) engagement across the agenda as a whole by certain actors.
Silences, Secrets, and Sensibilities
Authors: Shepherd Laura J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores representations of silence, and perceived absences, in the WPS stories analyzed here. Specific silences and absences have a formative effect on the political affordances generated by the WPS agenda; the “common sense” of WPS is that these dimensions should be left unspoken lest they provide cynics and skeptics with critical ammunition to undermine the agenda. Examining these silences and absences as constitutive of the WPS agenda, and therefore as implicated in both its failures and its successes, reinforces the plurality and polyvalences of WPS as it emerges as a knowable policy agenda through its narration. The suppressed frustrations and the barely detectable influences and influencers are as much part of the formation of the WPS agenda as the indicators, audits, and action plans. This chapter surfaces some of these silences and secrets and describes the sensibilities that emerge through the storytelling.
Resisting Narrative Closure
Authors: Shepherd Laura J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief conclusion to the arguments developed throughout this book. It revisits the questions driving the investigation presented here, recapping the logics identified and reflecting on the implications of these logics for the imaginable future(s) of the WPS agenda. It also revisits the contribution that the book hopes to make, both to research on global governance and to research on the WPS agenda. The chapter situates the WPS agenda as a form of international policymaking and international policy practice constituted in and through the stories that are told about it and argues that in order to apprehend WPS as a knowable policy agenda, due analytical attention should be paid to the ways in which it is narrated. Through analysis of narrative and discourse, it is possible to identify the logics that organize and (re)produce meaning in particular configurations and that therefore structure the horizons of possibility around WPS as a policy agenda. The plural logics identified resist efforts to close down or narrow the meaning of WPS as a policy agenda in global politics, and so effective political engagement—the realization of agenda—depends on sitting with, and finding productive potential in, multiplicity, polysemy, and ambivalence.
Fed Power
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence , King Desmond 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Federal Reserve, created more than a century ago, is the most powerful central bank in the world. The Fed’s power to alter the money supply, move interest rates, and to intervene to save Wall Street and large corporations helps many Americans, but not equally. Specific industries in finance and large businesses reap lopsided and often concealed benefits while homeowners, workers, and Americans of color slip further behind. The substantial expansion of the Fed’s power circumvents America’s constitutional checks and contributes to economic inequality and racial disparities. The second edition of Lawrence R. Jacobs and Desmond King’s Fed Power extends their decisive account of the Fed’s favoritism toward Wall Street and big business during the 2008–2009 financial crisis to the Fed’s unprecedented responses to the economic collapse sparked by the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. In five chapters, Jacobs and King discuss the origins of the Federal Reserve System, its maneuvering to advance its capacity and autonomy to act independent of Congress and the presidency, and unprecedented support for Wall Street and big business during in the crises in 2008–2009 and 2020. Fed Power analyses how the scale of the Fed’s economic interventions since 2008 is provoking public unease, organized protests and advocacy, and congressional pressure for reform. The deadly coronavirus and the Movement for Black Lives are intensifying the push for democratic accountability, stringent regulation of banks, and new policies to reduce economic inequality and Black-White disparities. Fed Power is a corrective to both the Bank’s self-serving claims of serving the public even as it favors the best-off, and the reluctance of researchers to recognize the Fed’s role in America’s racial and economic inequalities.
Robust Peacekeeping Mandates
Authors: Longobardo Marco 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter examines the connection between some recent robust mandates and jus post bellum, based on missions operating in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, and South Sudan. In the framework of robust mandates, peacekeepers’ main responsibilities are to protect civilians and support the local central government in regaining full control over its territory. The author discusses the pros and cons of robust mandates to reach a just and stable post-conflict arrangement. He argues that some recent robust mandates can have some immediate positive effects, but also may make respect for post bellum principles more problematic in the long term. Their contribution to just peace is questionable and requires further study.
Vetting
Authors: Mayer-Rieckh Alexander 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the transitional justice literature, vetting has a prominent place and is the most frequently discussed measure to prevent the recurrence of abuses. This chapter situates vetting in the framework of jus post bellum and argues that vetting can contribute to a variety of distinct aims and hence, appeals simultaneously to various concerns and audiences. The chapter moves to describe the many reasons why vetting processes can fail and have failed, and cautions against a myopic approach to vetting that fails to link vetting to related processes. It concludes arguing that vetting can fulfil the high expectations often placed onto it only if basic rights are respected in the process, if done within a reasonable timeframe and with proportionate resources, and if embedded in a comprehensive prevention strategy.