bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
278 Effect of Feeding CARS on Digestibility in Finishing Cattle Diets
Authors: Gibbons John , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E , Spore Tyler , Wilson Hannah , Wilson Jonathan W , Butterfield Kylie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the digestibility of a novel liquid feed, Condensed Algal Residue Solubles (Veramaris, Blair, NE) in finishing cattle diets. Mass production of algae to harvest omega-3 fatty acids results in byproduct production of CARS (25.4% DM, 19.3% CP, 8.3% Fat, 9.96% Na on DM basis), made up of the de-oiled algae cells and residual fermentation substrates. The CARS product has generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated crossbred steers were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments over 3 collection periods, for a 3 x 3 replicated Latin Square design. Treatments differed by increasing inclusion of CARS (0, 2.5, and 5% of diet DM) fed with CARS replacing steam flaked corn (72, 69.5, and 67% of diet DM as CARS inclusion increased). All diets contained 15% dry distillers grains, 8% alfalfa haylage, and 5% supplement. Cattle were dosed with 10 g of titanium dioxide per day. Duodenal and fecal samples were collected four times per day across four days and composited by period for each animal. Fecal samples were analyzed for titanium dioxide concentration to determine fecal output and diet digestibility. Data were analyzed with CARS inclusion and period as fixed effects and animal as a random effect. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of CARS inclusion. There were no significant differences for DM intake and OM intake between the different CARS inclusions (P ≥ 0.17), averaging 7.76 kg DM/d and 6.94 kg OM/d. Total tract DM digestibility was not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.71) and averaged 73.0%. Total tract OM digestibility was also not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.93) and averaged 71.1%. Replacing steam flaked corn with CARS up to 5% of diet DM in finishing cattle diets did not affect diet digestibility.
277 Survey of Feedlot Nutritionists Provides Insight on How Industry Professionals Gather Practical Information
Authors: Rients Emma L , VanDerWal Allison , Reynolds Mary E , Loy Daniel D , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A survey of feedlot nutritionists was conducted regarding how industry professionals use published resources. Surveys were included in the spring 2020 mailing to 550 potential attendees of the Plains Nutrition Council meeting. Sixty-two responses were returned via postal service or an online survey platform (Qualtrics). Participants were asked to rank the importance of types of resources, peer-reviewed journals and learning platforms, and demographic questions. A scale of 1 to 5 was used, with 1 being not important and 5 being most important. Data were analyzed using PROC FREQ in SAS 9.4. An overwhelming majority of participants, 90%, reported serving the Plains and Midwest regions, with service split evenly between the regions. Seventy-nine percent of participants reported having a Ph.D. or other professional degree. Interestingly, 43% of participants reported having less than 16 years of professional nutritional consulting experience, and 39% reported having greater than 26 years of experience with the balance reporting in between. Of the resources offered, 87% of participants ranked peer reviewed journals as a 4 or 5, indicating they are one of the most important resources. Eighty percent of respondents found open access publications important (4 or 5), while only 49% said the same for articles accessed via membership/subscription. For Journal of Animal Science, 84% indicated an importance of 4 or 5. Not surprisingly, 75% responded as being a member of ASAS but only 34% responded as attending national or sectional ASAS meetings. This suggests a large population uses memberships for journals and other resources, but not for meetings. Participants were able to write in additional resources they find valuable, and 9 of 14 participants who listed additional resources responded with some form of in-house or commercial research. Through these data, feedlot nutrition researchers can better understand how to reach intended audiences in future publications.
274 Effects of Revalor ih/revalor-200 Re-implant Program or Revalor-xh on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Heifers Fed for 179, 200, or 221 Days
Authors: Nuttelman Brandon L , Hutcheson John P , Nichols Wade T , Streeter Marshall N , Crawford Grant I , Walter Lee-Anne J , Renter David G , Amrine David , Depenbusch Brandon , Wells Tyler 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare feedlot performance and carcass traits between two implant programs in heifers harvested at 3 different days on feed (DOF; 179, 200, or 221 d). Crossbred beef heifers (n = 3,084; 291 + 3.9 kg) were used in a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Revalor-IH (80 mg TBA and 8 mg E2) was administered on arrival followed by Revalor-200 (200 mg TBA and 20 mg E2) 94 d before harvest (IH/200) or Revalor-XH (80 mg TBA and 8 mg E2, uncoated; 120 mg TBA and 12 mg E2, coated) was administered on arrival (XH). No implant × DOF interaction was detected (P ≥ 0.09) for any parameter. Heifers subjected to IH/200 had greater (P ≤ 0.01) final BW, ADG (P &lt; 0.01) and G:F (P = 0.01). As DOF increased, BW increased (P ≤ 0.01) while ADG (P&lt;0.01) and G:F (P ≤ 0.01) decreased. Hot carcass weight was greater (P = 0.01) for IH/200 compared with XH (367 vs. 361 kg, respectively). Heifers receiving XH had greater marbling scores (P = 0.02; 582 vs. 568) and BF (P = 0.01; 1.78 vs 1.70 cm) compared with IH/200 while re-implanted heifers had increased (P = 0.01) REA (86.5 vs. 83.2 cm2). Heifers implanted with XH tended to be fatter than those implanted with IH/200 having a greater (P = 0.01) proportion of USDA Prime and fewer (P&lt;0.01) USDA Select. Increasing DOF increased (P ≤ 0.03) HCW, DP, BF, REA, marbling, and proportion of USDA Prime carcasses. Growth performance and HCW were increased for IH/200 compared with XH heifers. Increasing DOF resulted in poorer ADG and G:F but increased HCW.
67 Current Status and Future Prospective of the Use of Plant Bioactive Compounds in Dairy and Beef Cattle
Authors: Calsamiglia Sergio , Rodriguez-Prado Maria , Fernandez-Turren Gonzalo , Castillejos Lorena 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the last 20 years there has been extensive in vitro research on the effects of plant extracts and essential oils on rumen microbial fermentation. The main objectives have been to improve energy metabolism through a reduction in methane emissions and an increase in propionate production; and to improve protein metabolism by reducing proteolysis and deamination. While the positive results from in vitro studies has stimulated the release of commercial products based on blends of essential oils, there is limited in vivo evidence on the rumen fermentation and production performance effects. A literature search was conducted to select in vivo studies where information on rumen fermentation and animal performance was reported. For dairy cattle, we identified 37 studies of which 21 were adequate to test production performance. Ten studies reported increases and 3 decreases in milk yield. For beef cattle, we identified 20 studies with rumen fermentation profile and 22 with performance data. Average daily gain improved in 7 and decreased in 1 study. Only 1 out of 16 studies reported an improvement in feed efficiency. Data indicate that out of more than 500 products tested in vitro, only around 20 have been tested in vivo in different mixtures and doses. The use of statistical approaches will allow to describe the conditions, doses and responses in dairy and beef cattle performance. The search for postruminal effects offers another alternative use. Evidence for effects on the intestinal and systemic effects on the immune system and antioxidant status (i.e., capsicum, garlic, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde curcuma, catechins, anethol or pinene), and in the modulation of metabolic regulation (capsicum, cinnamaldehyde, curcuma or garlic) may open the opportunity for future applications. However, stability of the product in the GI tract, description of the mechanisms of action and the impact of these changes on performance needs to be further demonstrated.
146 Association Between Gilts and Sows Body Condition and Reproductive Performance
Authors: Huerta Isaac , Fernandez Pilar , Vier Carine M , Aguero Carmen , Lu Ning , Blanco Patricia , Sala Ruben , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the association between gilts and sows body condition (BC) with reproductive performance. Data from 4,543 gilts (PIC Landrace, Hendersonville TN) was collected from January 2017 and July 2019 in a 5,000-sow farm located in Spain. The sow caliper was used to assess BC and was measured in units. Measurements were taken pre-farrowing at d 110 to 113 of gestation and at the day of weaning. Caliper units were used to classify gilt BC at farrowing as thin (&lt; 12), ideal (12–15) and fat (&gt;15). Caliper loss was determined as the caliper units at weaning minus the caliper units pre-farrowing. Response variables included total born, retention rate up to parity 3, total pigs born and total pigs weaned up to parity 3 per gilt served. Tested predictors included BC at farrowing, caliper loss during lactation, number of weaned pigs, lactation length, age at first breeding, wean-to-estrus interval. Data were analyzed with the lm and glm functions from the stats package in R, and final models were selected based on backwards elimination. There was a significant interaction between gilt BC at farrowing and caliper loss in the first lactation. Gilts in ideal condition at farrowing had greater (P &lt; 0.05) retention rate and number of total pigs born and total pigs weaned per gilt served up to parity 3 compared to thin and fat gilts. Fat gilts that lost more than 3 caliper units during lactation had further reduction in retention rate and productivity up to parity 3 compared to fat gilts that lost up to 3 caliper units. For every unit of caliper lost during the first, second, and third lactation, subsequent total born was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) by 0.27, 0.12, and 0.19 pigs, respectively. Results indicated that over-conditioned females are negatively associated with retention and productivity up to parity 3.
149 Evaluation of Hammermill Tip Speed, Air Assist, and Screen Hole Diameter on Ground Corn Characteristics
Authors: Braun Michaela B , Dunmire Kara M , Sodak Michael , Shepherd Jerry , Fisher Randy , Coble Kyle , Paulk Chad B , Stark Charles R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate hammermill tip speed, assistive airflow and screen hole diameter on hammermill throughput and characteristics of ground corn. Corn was ground using two Andritz hammermills (Model: 4330–6, Andritz Feed & Biofuel, Muncy,PA) measuring 1-m in diameter each equipped with 72 hammers and 300 HP motors. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design with 3 tip speeds (3,774, 4,975, and 6,176 m/min), 3 screen hole diameters (2.3, 3.9 and 6.3 mm), and 3 air flow rates (1,062, 1,416, and 1,770 fan RPM). Corn was ground on 3 separate days to create 3 replications and treatments were randomized within day. Samples were collected and analyzed for moisture, particle size, and flowability characteristics. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with grinding run serving as the experimental unit and day serving as the block. There was a 3-way interaction for standard deviation (Sgw), (linear screen hole diameter × linear hammer tip speed × linear air flow, P = 0.029). There was a screen hole diameter × hammer tip speed interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for geometric mean particle size dgw (P &lt; 0.001) and composite flow index (CFI) (P &lt; 0.001). When tip speed increased from 3,774 to 6,176 m/min the rate of decrease in dgw was greater as screen hole diameter increased from 2.3 to 6.3 mm resulting in a 67, 111, and 254 µm decrease in dgw for corn ground using the 2.3, 3.9, and 6.3 mm screen hole diameter, respectively. For CFI, increasing tip speed decreased the CFI of ground corn when ground using the 3.9 and 6.3 mm screen. However, when grinding corn using the 2.3 mm screen, there was no evidence of difference in CFI when increasing tip speed. In conclusion, the air flow rate did not influence dgw of corn but hammer tip speed and screen size were altered and achieved a range of dgw from 304 to 617 µm.
147 Effect of Within-pen Variation in Weaning Weight on the Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Morris Jenny R , Ellis Michael , Shull Caleb M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of housing newly-weaned pigs in uniform versus mixed weight groups on nursery growth performance (5.9 ± 1.1 to 26.2 ± 2.9 kg BW). Pigs were assigned to a weaning weight (WW) quartile: Q1 (light; 4.2 ± 0.1 kg), Q2 (medium-light; 5.5 ± 0.1 kg), Q3 (medium-heavy; 6.3 ± 0.2 kg), and Q4 (heavy; 7.5 ± 0.1 kg). A RCBD was used (blocking factor = start date) with 5 treatments: Control (equal number of pigs from each quartile); Uniform Q1 (all pigs from Q1); Uniform Q2 (all pigs from Q2); Uniform Q3 (all pigs from Q3); Uniform Q4 (all pigs from Q4). There were 16 replicates and 3,503 pigs, with mixed-gender pens of 44. Pen was the experimental unit; data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (fixed effect = treatment; random effect = replicate). Overall ADG and ADFI increased (P &lt; 0.05) according to WW quartile for the Uniform treatments, with the Control being intermediate. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) between treatments for Overall G:F. A contrast statement was used to compare Control to the mean of all 4 Uniform treatments. Compared to Control, the mean of the 4 Uniform treatments had similar (P &gt; 0.05) overall ADG (0.44 vs. 0.44 kg, respectively) and ADFI (0.72 vs. 0.68 kg, respectively), but greater (P &lt; 0.05) overall G:F (0.637 vs. 0.611, respectively). Comparison of pigs from each quartile within Control pens with the respective quartile in Uniform pens suggested no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of weight quartile on ADG (respective means for Control vs Uniform: Q1 0.34 vs. 0.36 kg; Q2 0.39 vs. 0.40 kg; Q3 0.42 vs. 0.42 kg; Q4 0.47 vs. 0.45 kg). These results suggest that penning nursery pigs in uniform versus mixed weight groups had limited effect on growth performance.
148 Effects of the Immunization Against Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone in Gilts and Boars Under Commercial Conditions
Authors: Lima Gustavo , Camargos Angélica , Cavalcante Rosiel , Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei A , Siqueira Amanda , Silva Fabyano , Silva Caio 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of immunocastration on growth performance, carcass characteristics and reproductive tract traits of gilts and boars. A total of 1,584 gilts and boars (PIC 337 x Camborough®, 6.11±0.29 kg, 20.64±0.81 days of age) were blocked by weaning group, and the gilt pens were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments, which consisted of: T1) non-immunocastrated gilts, T2) immunocastrated gilts; whereas the boar pens were alloted to: T3) immunocastrated barrows. There were a total of 12 pens per treatment for T1 and T2, and 24 pens per treatment for T3, with 33 pigs per pen. The immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (administrated with Vivax®, Zoetis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) was given at 108±1.16 and 143±1.16 days of age (21 days before harvest). Growth performance was assessed from day 143 of age until harvest. Performance data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit, and carcass and reproductive tract data were analyzed with pig as the experimental unit. Initial (day 143) and final (day 164) body weights were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for T3 than T1 or T2, with no evidence for differences between T1 and T2 (P &gt; 0.05). There were no evidence for treatment differences (P &gt; 0.05) for average daily gain and feed efficiency. Average daily feed intake was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) for T1 compared to T2 or T3. Hot carcass weight and lean content were greater (P &lt; 0.05) and backfat thickness was thinner (P &lt; 0.05) for T3 compared to T1 or T2, but no evidence for treatment differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for loin depth. The ovary weights and the percentage of ovulatory follicles were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for T1 compared to T2. Results of this study show no evidence for differences for immunocastration on growth performance of gilts or barrows. However, immunocastration influenced gilts’ reproductive tract traits.
241 Evaluation of a DFM and OA, Alone or in Combination, on Sow Reproductive and Litter Growth Performance
Authors: Thayer Morgan T , Richert Jacob A , Rulon Karissa N , Asmus Matthew D , Jones Daniel B , Radcliffe John S , Richert Brian T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Forty-seven sows and their progeny were used to determine if feeding gestating and lactating sows a Bacillus licheniformis direct-fed microbial (DFM), an organic acid blend of medium chain and short chain fatty acids (OA), or in combination improves sow lactation feed and water intake, litter growth, and subsequent reproductive performance. On approximately d80 of gestation, sows were fed one of four diets in a 2 x 2 factorial design: 1) gestation control (CON; 0.55% SID Lysine), 2) CON with DFM (1.6x109 CFU/kg of complete feed), 3) CON with 0.4% OA, 4) CON with both DFM and OA. Dietary treatments were also fed throughout lactation (1.00% SID Lysine) starting on approximately d112 of gestation when sows entered farrowing facility. There was a tendency (P = 0.079) for DFM to decrease the amount of sow body weight loss in lactation by approximately 6% compared to sows not consuming the DFM, likely related to DFM sows numerically (P = 0.124) consuming 8.4% more feed during d7-14 of lactation. Sows fed the OA diets had fewer mummies/litter (P = 0.038) compared to diets not containing OA. Sows fed diets with the DFM gave birth to lighter pigs born alive (P = 0.003) compared to non-DFM fed sows, and a tendency for an interaction (P = 0.092) existed where feeding OA+DFM lessened the decrease in born alive BW. There was an interaction tendency (P = 0.133) where sows fed DFM returned to estrus 22 hours sooner than CON, but only 8 hours sooner when sows were fed the OA+DFM diet. In conclusion, feeding a Bacillus licheniformis DFM to sows may decrease pig born alive weight but reduce sow BW loss through 6.4% more lactation feed intake, quickening the return to estrus. Feeding the OA alone or in combination did not improve sow reproductive and litter growth performance in this study, and may require a larger sample size.
242 Evaluation of a DFM and OA, Alone or in Combination, on Sow Offspring’s Nursery Growth Performance
Authors: Thayer Morgan T , Richert Jacob A , Rulon Karissa N , Asmus Matthew D , Jones Daniel B , Schinckel Allan P , Radcliffe John S , Richert Brian T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Progeny from sows fed diets containing a Bacillus licheniformis direct-fed microbial (DFM), an organic acid blend of medium and short chain fatty acids (OA), DFM+OA, or a control (CON) diet from d80 of gestation until weaning were used to determine if feeding CON, DFM, OA, or DFM+OA to the dam and/or progeny post-weaning improved nursery growth performance. Weaned pigs from 47 dams (n = 384, Initial BW=6.15 kg) were blocked by initial BW and sex and allotted (6 pigs/pen, 8 pens/treatment) to one of 8 nursery treatments. Pigs from CON sows were fed a negative (NC; no antibiotics, pharmacological Zn or Cu) or positive [PC; Neo-Terramycin phases 1 and 2 (827 and 551 ppm) and Carbadox phase 3 (55 ppm)] control diet. Pigs from sows fed DFM, OA, or DFM+OA were fed the NC diet or a diet representative of their dam. Diets with DFM contained 1.6x109 CFU/kg DFM and diets with OA contained 0.5, 0.4, and 0.3% OA in phases 1–3, respectively. Weaning weight was used as a covariate for nursery performance. For all phases and overall, PC fed pigs had greater ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P &lt; 0.05). Feeding DFM or OA in sow diets improved (interaction; P&lt; 0.042) nursery pig G:F, but DFM+OA offspring had no improvement for d7–14, 0–14, and 0–21 G:F. Feeding DFM or OA to sows and their progeny decreased ADFI (interaction; P &lt; 0.042) but improved G:F (interaction; P &lt; 0.028) for d7–14 and 0–14 with DFM+OA having no improvement above CON. For d14–21 and 0–21, feeding DFM or OA to sows and their progeny decreased ADFI whereas DFM+OA increased ADFI above CON (interaction; P &lt; 0.019). In conclusion, feeding DFM or OA to sows or their offspring may improve nursery feed efficiency and feeding DFM+OA diet to sows and their progeny may increase ADFI late in the nursery period.
237 Stable Performance with Reduced Antibiotic Use in Piglets Vaccinated with an E. coli F4/F18 Vaccine for the Prevention of F18-ETEC Post-weaning Diarrhea
Authors: Vangroenweghe Frédéric A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Post-weaning Escherichia coli diarrhea (PWD) remains a major cause of economic losses for the pig industry. PWD, caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), typically provokes mild to severe watery diarrhea between 5–10 days after weaning. Recently, an oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine (Coliprotec® F4/F18; Elanco) was approved on the European market, which reduces the impact of PWD provoked by F4-ETEC and F18-ETEC. The objective was to compare technical results and antibiotic use following E. coli F4/F18 vaccination with previous standard therapeutic approach under field conditions. A 1600-sow farm (weaning at 26 days) with diagnosed problems of PWD due to F18-ETEC was selected. Piglets were vaccinated at 21 days with the oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine. At weaning, no standard group medication (ZnO and antibiotics) was applied for prevention of PWD. Several performance parameters were collected: treatment incidence (TI100), mortality and days in nursery. Statistical analysis was performed using JMP 14.0 – comparison of means. Oral E. coli F4/F18 vaccination significantly reduced TI100 (7 ± 2 days to 0 ± 1 days; P &lt; 0.05). Mortality rate remained stable (2.05% in Control to 1.96% in Vaccinated group; P &lt; 0.05). Days in nursery (40 ± 3 days) remained at the same level compared to pre-vaccination. The results show that live E. coli F4/F18 vaccination against PWD has led to similar technical performance parameters and mortality, in combination with a significant reduction in medication use. In conclusion, control of PWD through oral vaccination is a successful option in order to prevent piglets from the negative clinical outcomes of F18-ETEC infection during the post-weaning period.