bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences and similarities in feeding behaviors between Guatemalan mothers and their children
Authors: Gatica Giovanna Laura María , Ramírez-Zea Manuel , Letona Paola , Caballero Benjamin 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo identify feeding behaviors in mothers and their offspring.MethodsMothers and children (4th–6th grade) were recruited (91 pairs) in low‐income urban schools from Guatemala City. A validated 24‐hr food list, which allows assessing food frequency at each meal, was administered to each mother and child in 3 days of the same week. A Monday was included in all cases, to get data from the previous Sunday. Overweight/obesity classification for mothers and children were made according to WHO standards.ResultsThe ten food items most consumed by mothers and children differed just in one food item (snacks was ranked 6th place in children, while boiled black‐beans was ranked 10th in mothers). Taking into account food items that were consumed at least once a week (31 for the mothers and 36 for the children), principal component analysis showed different food patterns between the mother and her child. Girls consumed more non‐fried vegetables, fruit, and fruit juice while boys consumed more artificial juice. Mothers with normal BMI consumed more sweet bread compared to overweight/obese mothers, who consumed more soda.ConclusionsDaily food consumption between mothers and their children were similar and the variability was explained by particular food patterns that included similar and different foods.Grant Funding Source: NHLBI HHSN 268200900028C
Age of introduction of ten sentinel complementary foods as reported for 6 to 12 month old, low‐income infants in metropolitan, Quetzaltenango (Western Highlands), compared to Guatemala City and Santo Domingo Xenacoj (Central Highlands)
Authors: Vossenaar Marieke , Campos Raquel , Hernandez Liza , Solomons Noel W 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThe WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first 6 mo of life. Evidence complied in earlier studies of CeSSIAM documented that mixed feeding often occurs earlier.ObjectiveTo compare the pattern of age of introduction of commonly consumed foods in the western highlands with what has been reported from the central highlands of Guatemala.MethodsAge of introduction of 10 sentinel foods was queried by means of structured face‐to‐face interviews in 6 to 11 mo old infants living in 2 urban areas (Quetzaltenango, n=128 and Guatemala City, n=64) and 1 rural area (Santo Domingo Xenacoj, n=64).ResultsItems most frequently reported as introduced before 6 mo in Quetzaltenango were vegetables (28%), followed by fruits (27%), Incaparina® (23%), potatoes (20%), and sweet rolls (17%). These rates of premature introduction are higher than reported in a poor neighborhood in Guatemala City with a respective: fruits (18%); vegetables (17%); potatoes (14%); Incaparina® (13%); and rice (11%). The hierarchy in a Mayan village was: potatoes (15%); vegetables (13%); Incaparina® (13%); rice (12%); and oatmeal (11%).ConclusionDifferent patterns of early introduction of food and beverage items contribute to the precocious occurrence of mixed feeding in the first semester of infancy in distinct regions of Guatemala.Funded by the Nestlé Foundation, Switzerland
Weight status in HIV‐positive women after termination of a drug and lipid‐based nutrient supplement intervention is predicted by food availability and health
Authors: Jordan-Bell Elizabeth , Adair Linda , Flax Valerie , Chasela Charles , Kayira Dumbani , Daza Eric , Tembo Martin , Chitsulo Phindile , Jamieson Denise , van der Horst Charles , Bentley Margaret 
Published: June 2021

This study examined weight status in HIV‐positive Malawian mothers after they completed an antiretroviral (ARV) and nutritional supplement intervention. Women in the Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition study (n=2369) received either lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) to prevent maternal depletion or no LNS and were further randomized to receive ARVs to prevent HIV transmission or no ARVs from delivery through 24 wks of exclusive breastfeeding and 4 wks of rapid weaning. All women received a 2 kg/wk family maize supplement and enhanced standard of care for 48 wks. Women on ARVs entered rapid weaning with a lower mean BMI than the other groups and had negligible weight change (<0.3 kg) in the subsequent 24 wks, while women in the LNS, no ARVs group lost weight (−1.0 kg) post‐supplementation. Termination of ARVs and LNS had no serious consequences for maternal weight status: <4% of women lost >10% weight from wks 24 to 48. A longitudinal random effects model controlling for 24 wk BMI showed that vomiting (p<0.01), diarrhea (p<0.01), oral thrush (p<0.05), hungry season (p<0.01), and famine year of 2005 (p=0.02) were negatively associated with weight, while CD4 count (p<0.01) was positively associated with weight. Thus, the key predictors of weight status in this population were food availability and health status.Support: CDC (U48‐DP000059‐01); Gates Foundation (OPP53107); CPC (NICHD 5 R24 HD050924)
Palmitic acid induces but docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibits inflammasome‐mediated secretion of IL‐1β in monocytes by modulating the activation of Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2)
Authors: Snodgrass Ryan G , Huang Shurong , Choi Il-Whan , Rutledge John C , Hwang Daniel 
Published: June 2021

Activation of proinflammatory pathways in monocytes leads to enhanced inflammation in various tissues which in turn can promote the development of many chronic diseases. Unlike other cytokines, IL‐1β production is regulated at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels. TLR activation induces expression of pro‐ IL‐1β that needs to be processed by activated inflammasome to release bioactive IL‐1β. High saturated fat consumption is associated with increased postprandial inflammation. However the mechanism remains unclear. Thus, we determined whether 1) a major dietary saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (C16), as well as lipolysis products of postprandial triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins (TGRL) containing palmitic acid as the major fatty acid, induce IL‐1β expression and stimulate inflammasome‐mediated IL‐1β secretion in monocytes, 2) whether this process is TLR‐mediated and, 3) whether DHA inhibits this process. Results show that C16 and TGRL lipolysis products induce but DHA inhibits the expression and secretion of IL‐1β by reciprocally modulating TLR2 activation as assessed by recruitment of TLR2 and adaptor molecules into lipid rafts (faithful readout for direct activation of TLR2). Together, these results suggest that inflammasome‐mediated inflammatory responses in blood monocytes can be dynamically modulated by types of dietary fat we consume.Grant Funding Source : USDA‐ARS WHNRC Program Funds and NIHDK 064007
The role of GPR30 in breast cancer cell migration
Authors: Doran Heather , Ross Ruth A 
Published: June 2021

Some cells, although lacking the canonical estrogen receptors (ERs) still display rapid non‐genomic signalling in response to estrogen. Recently, a G protein coupled receptor; GPR30 (or GPER) and an alternative splice variant of the traditional ERα (ERα36) have been proposed as alternative estrogen receptors that may mediate these non‐genomic effects. This study investigated the role of GPR30 and ERα36 in breast cancer cell migration. Using a combination of cell migration assays, actin polymerisation measurements and immuno‐fluorescence we have demonstrated that SKBr3 cells (a ER receptor negative, breast cancer cell line) migrate towards the GPR30/ERα36 agonist G‐1; an effect that is attenuated by G‐15, a GPR30/ERα36 antagonist and pERK inhibitors, but not by ROCK inhibitors. We have also demonstrated that G‐1 activates a rapid signalling pathway involving changes in the actin cytoskeleton. The findings may progress the development of new therapeutics targeting ER negative breast cancer tumors.This research was sponsored by Selcia Limited (Ongar, Essex) and the University of Aberdeen
Prolactin induces BCRP/ABCG2 expression in T‐47D breast cancer cells via activation of multiple signalling cascades
Authors: Wu Alex , Dalvi Pooja , Yang Mingdong , Lu Xiaoli , Harper Patricia A , Ito Shinya 
Published: June 2021

The drug transporter Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2) has been shown to be upregulated in certain drug resistant breast cancer cells and in the normal mammary gland during lactation. Given the important role of the lactogenic hormone prolactin in breast cancer and lactation biology, we investigated the effect of prolactin on BCRP expression in T‐47D human breast cancer epithelial cells. Prolactin upregulated BCRP mRNA and protein expression in a dose‐dependent manner. Induction of BCRP mRNA by prolactin was blocked by the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D. To characterize the mechanism responsible for prolactin‐induced BCRP mRNA expression, we systematically inhibited members of the three major pathways activated in prolactin signalling: JAK2/STAT5, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT. Knockdown of JAK2 by siRNA attenuated the prolactin‐BCRP response. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of STAT5 by siRNA or small molecule inhibitor, respectively, blunted prolactin‐induced BCRP mRNA expression. Treating cells in the presence of the MAPK pathway inhibitors PD98059 (20μM) and U0126 (10μM), and the PI3K pathway inhibitors LY294002 (10μM) and Wortmannin (25nM), significantly attenuated the effect of prolactin on BCRP mRNA expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate overlapping roles for JAK2/STAT5, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT signalling in prolactin‐induced BCRP expression.Funding provided by CIHR.
Developmental Changes in Airway Smooth Muscle Relaxation Mediated by NO and PGE2
Authors: Jakupaj Muharrem , Temaj Gazmend , Cenaj Asllan , Sopi Ramadan B 
Published: June 2021

In this study we investigated changes in relaxation of airways during development and we sought to determine to what extent NO and PGE2 contribute to this response during postnatal maturation. Airway segments were excised from trachea of rats at four different ages (1, 2, and 4 wk and 3 mo). In precontracted tracheal smooth muscle (TSM), electrical field stimulation (EFS) was applied to induce relaxation, in absence or presence of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor (L‐NAME) or cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) or combined. EFS‐induced relaxation of TSM significantly decreased with advancing postnatal age (overall, P < 0.001). The maximal relaxant responses were as follows: at 1wk, 70.2 ± 4.6%; at 2 wk, 55.7 ± 5.2%; at 4 wk, 37.4 ± 4.2% and 3 mo, 22.3 ± 3.7%. Pretreatment with L‐NAME or indomethacin or both, significantly reduced the EFS‐induced relaxation (P < 0.001) compared with controls. Although both inhibitors reduced relaxation, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between inhibitors in the extent of relaxation reduce. While at 1 and 2 wk, the relaxation was predominantly reduced by indomethacin, at 3 mo. it was predominated by L‐NAME, whereas there was no difference at 4 wk. We conclude that relaxation of ASM decreases with age and the relaxation mediatory mechanisms alternate during maturation, predominating at by PGE2 at first weeks and replaced by NO at later stages.Supported by Ministry of Health.
Modulation Of Renal Glucose Transport By Sweet Taste Sensing At The Proximal Tubule Brush Border Membrane
Authors: Chichger Havovi , Marks Joanne , Srai Kaila , Debnam Edward S , Unwin Robert J 
Published: June 2021

Taste sensing by the T1R family of G protein‐coupled receptors is important for nutrient recognition in response to energy needs. In the intestinal epithelium, expression of the sweet taste heterodimer T1R2/3 is elevated by luminal glucose or artificial sweetener. This in turn promotes glucose uptake across the brush border membrane (BBM) via increased GLUT2 and SGLT1 protein levels. Renal glucose reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule (PT) and is mediated by SGLT1, SGLT2 and GLUT2, however whether renal taste receptors exist and influence renal glucose transport is unknown.Using RT‐PCR, we identified T1R2 and T1R3 mRNA in the rat kidney, while western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that the proteins are expressed at the PT BBM. Infusion of the artificial sweetener saccharin, for 2 hrs, caused a significant increase in BBM protein levels of T1R2 and T1R3. Concomitantly, we observed an increase in the Vmax for SGLT‐mediated glucose transport across the PT BBM (saccharin: 2.33 ± 0.44 vs saline: 0.95 ± 0.09 nmol/mg protein/4 sec, p<0.01) and a 77% increase in the expression of SGLT1, with no change in SGLT2 protein levels.Our findings demonstrate the presence of sweet taste receptors at the PT BBM and indicate that these receptors influence renal glucose handling. Furthermore, we postulate that T1R2/3 presents a novel target to modulate renal glucose reabsorption in obesity and diabetes.
Electroacupuncture Attenuated Muscle Atrophy Induced by Hindlimb Suspension in Rats
Authors: Lee Sukho , Hong Junyoung , Kim Kijeong , Ni Qingwen 
Published: June 2021

Preventing skeletal muscle atrophy is critical for maintaining quality of life and has been a major concern for those who experienced microgravity, aging process, neuromuscular disease, and various injuries.PURPOSETo investigate whether acupuncture and/or herb medicine can attenuate muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension.METHODSThirty five female SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1) Control (CON), 2) Hindlimb Suspension (HS), 3) HS + Herb (HSH), 4) HS + Acupuncture (HSA), and 5) HS + Combination of two treatments (HSHA) (n=7 each). Huang Qi (once a day) and Electro‐Acupuncture (15 mins, 3/wks) were applied for 21 days. The data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA with Least Significant Difference post hoc test.RESULTSHindlimb suspension induced atrophy of 36.8% in soleus muscle compared to control group.

Group
CON
HS
HSH
HSA
HSHA

Soleus
106±13.6
67±8.4*
68±8.8*
85±8.6*#^
91±14.7*#^

Data (mg): Mean±SD,
p<0.05 from CON.
p<0.05 from HS.
p<0.05 from HSH

Herb itself was not able to attenuate atrophy. However, muscle in HSA and HSHA were significantly higher than HS indicating that acupuncture ameliorated muscle atrophy. Also low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance measurement showed that spin‐spin T2 relaxation times were shorter after HS, then after HSA and HSHA treatments, the relaxation times were longer (recover) than HS, and similar to control group.CONCLUSIONAcupuncture could be used to prevent (or attenuate) atrophy of skeletal muscle caused by various reasons including aging, space travel, injury and neuromuscular disease.
Preventive effects of premodulated interferential and pulsed currents on muscle atrophy in deep layer of rat hindlimb muscle
Authors: Tanaka Minoru , Fujita Naoto , Fujino Hidemi 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveDifferential effects of premodulated interferential and pulsed currents on atrophy in deep muscle layer were investigated in this present study.MethodsThe rats were randomly divided into four groups: hindlimb unloading for 2 weeks (HU), hindlimb unloading plus electrical stimulation with pulsed current (ES), hindlimb unloading plus electrical stimulation with premodulated interferential current (P‐ES), and weight‐matched control (Cont) groups. One bout of electrical stimulation delivered 3 s (time on: 1 s maximum tetanic isometric contraction; time off: 2 s) for 1 min, followed by 5 min of rest. Finally, the stimulation was provided for 240s in a day during 2 weeks.ResultsFor the soleus muscle located in deep layer of hindlimb, the mean muscle fiber cross sectional area in the HU group was significantly less than that in the Cont group. Although there were no significant differences between the HU and ES groups, the value in the P‐ES group was significantly larger than that in the HU and ES groups. The expression level of ubiquitinated proteins in the P‐ES group was significantly less than that in the HU and ES groups.ConclusionFor prevention of atrophy in deep muscle layer, electrical stimulation with premodulated interferential current was effective compared with pulsed current. It is thought that this result was due to efficient energy transfer by premodulated interferential current.
Docosahexaenoic acid prevents atrophy‐related signaling in palmitate‐treated myotubes
Authors: Woodworth-Hobbs Myra , Zheng Bin , Price Russ 
Published: June 2021

Lipid accumulation promotes insulin resistance and dysfunctional protein metabolism in skeletal muscle, resulting in debilitating muscle atrophy. While the saturated fatty acid palmitate (PA) induces muscle insulin resistance and promotes apoptosis and atrophic signaling pathways, omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improve insulin sensitivity and may attenuate activation of pathways that lead to atrophy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of saturated and omega‐3 fatty acids on atrophy‐related signaling pathways in skeletal muscle cells with the hypothesis that DHA prevents the detrimental effects of PA. C2C12 myotubes were treated with 0.1mM DHA and/or 0.5mM PA for 48 h. Insulin (100nM; 15 min) was added to cells to activate signaling pathways. The expression of proteins involved in atrophic and apoptotic signaling pathways was examined by Western analysis. PA reduced myotube size and number. PA also reduced insulin‐stimulated Akt, MEK1/2, and Foxo3a phosphorylation plus induced caspase‐3 and actin‐fragmentation. All of these responses were blocked by the addition of DHA; DHA alone had minimal effects on these pathways. In conclusion, these data suggest that DHA protects C2C12 myotubes from activation of atrophic signaling pathways by high levels of saturated fatty acids by maintaining insulin survival signaling.Support: NIH DK007734
Inhibition of Glycolysis and mTORC1 activation in Human Skeletal Muscle with Blood Flow Restriction Exercise
Authors: Gundermann David M , Dickinson Jared M , Fry Christopher S , Walker Dillon K , Volpi Elena , Rasmussen Blake B 
Published: June 2021

Low‐intensity resistance exercise (RE) coupled with blood flow restriction (BFR) stimulates an increase in muscle size and strength, however the mechanisms contributing to the anabolic effects of BFR exercise are not well understood. One potential mechanism includes the acidosis‐induced inhibition of glycolysis leading to an accumulation of glycolytic intermediates known to stimulate mTORC1 signaling. The aim of this preliminary study was to compare glycolytic flux from BFR exercise and traditional RE. Young men were divided into two groups. One group performed leg extensions at 70% 1RM (traditional RE). A second group performed leg extensions at 20% 1RM coupled with BFR. The number of repetitions was similar between groups. Phosphorylation of mTOR and muscle protein synthesis in the vastus lateralis was increased to a similar extent in both groups following exercise. Muscle glycogen decreased 37% after traditional RE, whereas it was unchanged following BFR exercise. Lactate production increased in both groups but did not disperse during BFR until after the release of the cuff. The maintenance of muscle glycogen levels in concert with increased lactate production following BFR exercise is in agreement with a proposed mechanism in which accumulated glycolytic intermediates may contribute to increased mTORC1 signaling following BFR exercise.Funded by: NIAMS R01AR049877, NIA P30AG024832, NIH T32HD07539
Skeletal muscle fibroblast collagen expression is negatively regulated by satellite cells
Authors: Fry Christopher Schaffer , Jackson Janna R , McCarthy John J , Peterson Charlotte A 
Published: June 2021

Interaction between satellite cells and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of skeletal muscle has been demonstrated, and recent evidence suggests that satellite cells may regulate ECM remodeling following overload in muscle. We utilized mouse primary myoblasts and fibroblasts in co‐culture in addition to a genetically modified mouse model (Pax7‐DTA) to investigate the role of satellite cells in regulation of skeletal muscle ECM. The Pax7‐DTA mouse allows for the conditional ablation of >90% of satellite cells in adult mice following the administration of tamoxifen. Control/tamoxifen treated animals were randomized to sham or synergist ablation surgery, leading to overload of the plantaris muscle for 2 weeks. Microarray analysis was performed to determine if the loss of satellite cells altered plantaris gene expression. The loss of satellite cells under rest and overload conditions was associated with increased expression of a number of different collagens, as well as ECM structural and remodeling genes. Co‐culturing mouse myoblasts with fibroblasts led to a 40% decrease in the mRNA expression of Col VIa2 and Fibronectin compared to fibroblasts co‐cultured with fibroblasts. These results suggest that satellite cells are involved in the regulation and maintenance of the ECM both under rest and during muscle hypertrophy.Funding: NIAMS R01AR060701 and the Jeane B. Kempner Postdoctoral Fellowship.
Angiotensin II depletes the skeletal muscle satellite cell pool and prevents skeletal muscle regeneration
Authors: Yoshida Tadashi , Galvez Sarah , Rezk Bashir M. , Semprun-Prieto Laura , Sukhanov Sergiy , Yablonka-Reuveni Zipora , Delafontaine Patrice 
Published: June 2021

Chronic conditions such as congestive heart failure or end‐stage renal disease are characterized by increased angiotensin II (Ang II) and cachexia and we have shown that Ang II infusion in rodents causes sustained skeletal muscle wasting. To determine potential effects of Ang II on muscle regeneration we infused C57BL/6 mice with Ang II together with skeletal muscle injection of cardiotoxin (CTX). Ang II reduced the number of regenerating myofibers compared to CTX injected sham‐infused control (67.7% decrease at day 7, p<0.01), suggesting that Ang II prevents muscle regeneration. Ang II reduced myofiber‐associated satellite cells (SCs) in Myf5nLacZ/+ mice. Ang II reduced the number of SCs (CD45−/Sca‐1−/CD11b−/CD31−/CD34+/Integrin‐α7+ population by FACS) and this effect was blocked by candesartan, a specific AT1 receptor blocker, and in AT1aR−/− mice. Quantitative PCR on sorted SCs and FACS analysis showed the high expression of AT1R in SCs compared to myofibers or interstitial cells, suggesting that Ang II directly acts on SCs to reduce their number. Ang II reduced the SC proliferation marker MyoD in vivo, and Ang II dose‐dependently decreased MyoD expression in SC culture in vitro. These data suggest that Ang II signals via the AT1aR on SCs and prevents SC proliferation via suppression of MyoD expression, thereby inhibiting normal skeletal muscle regeneration.This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (R01HL080682 and R01HL070241).