bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sodium alginate addition to chocolate milk reduces appetite and glycemic responses in healthy young men
Authors: El Khoury Dalia , Goff H. Douglas , Berengut Shari , Yavorska Nataliya , Kubant Ruslan , Anderson G. Harvey 
Published: June 2021

Sodium alginate reduced appetite and glycemia, when consumed in water‐based drinks. But, its effects when added to usual beverages were not reported. Because chocolate milk (CM) is criticized for its elevated glycemic property, we hypothesized that alginate additions to CM promote satiety and attenuate glycemia. In a randomized crossover design, 24 men (22.9±0.4 years; 22.5±0.3 kg/m2) were provided isovolumetric preloads (325 ml) of CM, 1.25% alginate CM, 2.5% alginate CM or 2.5% alginate solution. All treatments were standardized for lactose and sucrose content and provided 120 min prior to an ad libitum pizza meal. Pizza intake and total caloric intake were not different among treatments. Glucose, insulin and appetite were measured at baseline and at intervals pre‐ and post‐meal. Pre‐meal appetite was attenuated dose‐dependently by alginate; CM with 2.5% alginate resulted in the lowest appetite (P<0.0001). Glucose area under the curve was reduced by 36% after 2.5% alginate CM compared to CM (P=0.004), with no differences with 1.25% alginate CM and 2.5% alginate solution. Yet, glucose peaks at 30 min were lower after 2.5% alginate CM compared to 1.25% alginate CM and CM (P<0.0001). Insulin peaks at 30 min were also lower after 2.5% alginate CM relative to CM (P<0.0001). In conclusion, 2.5% alginate in CM exerted an additive effect on satiety, and improved glycemia in a synergistic manner while reducing insulin demand.Supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada‐Collaborative Research and Development Garant, Dairy Farmers of Ontario and Kraft Canada Inc.
Growth of poor rural Chinese children fed meat as a daily complementary food from 6–18 months of age
Authors: Hambidge K Michael , Sheng Xiaoyang , Westcott Jamie , Sun Qian‐Qian , Hu Yang‐Qi , Liu Jin‐Rong , Liu Shan‐Shan , Zhang Jie , Ma Jin‐Qiu , Geng Shan‐Shan , Krebs Nancy F 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy of a daily intake of meat as a complementary food from 6–18 mo on linear growth in a poor rural Chinese population.MethodsThe project was an unmasked RCT with cluster design in which 60 rural villages were randomly assigned to three groups. The daily interventions were 50g pork (M), equi‐caloric micronutrient‐fortified cereal‐based supplement (FC), and local non‐fortified rice supplement (UC) respectively. Anthropometry was performed at 6 and 18 mo.Results1465 subjects were enrolled at 6 mo of age (511M; 465 FC; 489 UC). At 18 mo old, 1317 subjects completed follow up (462 M; 436 FC; 419 UC). After adjustment for baseline values and mother's education levels, between M and FC, estimated Δ linear growth over 12 mo was 0.399 cm (95% CI: 0.163–0.636 cm, P=0.001), and LAZ was 0.137 (95% CI: 0.053–0.221, P=0.001) by pairwise comparisons. Mean (SD) LAZ, WAZ, & WLZ are given in table.ConclusionMeat was associated with a significantly higher linear growth rate. However treatment group differences were small. Mean LAZ was low at 6 mo and declined further by 18 mo in all groups.Support: Thrasher Research Foundation; Sci & Tech Commission of Shanghai Municipality; Shanghai Key Lab of Ped Gastroenter & Nutr; Nat'l Natural Sci Foundation of China.
Niacin (vitamin B3, nicotinic acid) Decreases VLDLA‐polipoprotein B Secretion and Reduces Hepatic and Blood Lipid Concentrations: Roles of Niacin Metabolism and Autophagy Degradation
Authors: Guo Liang , Tuyama Ana , Butkinaree Chutikarn , Chung Kellie , O'Donnell Michael D. , Montenont Emilie , Fisher Edward A. 
Published: June 2021

Niacin therapy, used either alone or in combination with another agent to reduced the risk of coronary heart disease, is effective in raising and lowering, respectively, HDL‐c and apoB/VLDL triglyceride (TG) levels in dyslipidemia. To further understand if part of the mechanism is by reducing the secretion of apoB‐containing lipoproteins through autophagy, we did a series of niacin studies in isolated primary hepatocytes or in intact mice. Metabolic labeling and pulse‐chase results showed niacin increased intracellular apoB degradation by 30%, and decreased apoB/VLDL TG secretions by 40%. These effects were lost in autophagy‐deficient cells. Mice fed with diet containing 3% niacin had 40% increases in plasma HDL‐c. Feeding high fat diet (HFD) with niacin lowered LDL‐c by 50%. Niacin was able to suppress postprandial plasma triglyceride by 30%. Niacin reduced hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations by 40% and 50%, respectively, in mice fed with HFD. These data suggest niacin decreases hepatic lipid concentrations, apoB/VLDL secretion, and modifies plasma cholesterol levels. Some of the effects required niacin metabolism and autophagy degradation. Supported by grants from the NIH (HL58541) and Merck & Co., Inc.Grant Funding Source: NIH (HL58541) and Merck & Co., Inc.
Exploring two different gross anatomy laboratory experiences: The perspective of the repeating first year medical student
Authors: Fillmore Erin , Seifert Mark F. , Helfenbein Robert J. 
Published: June 2021

This qualitative case study examines the perceptions and experiences of medical students who repeated gross anatomy at Indiana University School of Medicine—Indianapolis under two different formats of instruction. In the fall of 2010, the students experienced the anatomy laboratory as an open laboratory. In the fall of 2011, the course implemented peer teaching in the laboratory and the repeating students experienced this new format of instruction. This study sought to better understand student perspectives regarding the learning processes experienced in these two different laboratory formats and the implications for curriculum and pedagogy in medical education. Four major themes were identified from data analysis: the loss and reclaiming of confidence; the intensification of accountability towards fellow students and future patients; the struggle for, and equalization of power; and the metamorphosis of anatomy as parts into anatomy as body. Results highlight the complex, multifaceted learning experience medical students have while dissecting, and in particular, while teaching their peers. Participants’ experiences encompassed the intellectual, yet transcended it. Exploring these results within the context of curriculum and pedagogy in medical education brings to the forefront important perspectives on the educational, intrapersonal, and interpersonal dynamics present in the laboratory.Grant Funding Source: N/A
Autologous subcutaneous adipose tissue transplant in diet induced obese rats.
Authors: Torres‐Villalobos Gonzalo Manuel , Hamdan‐Pérez Nashla , Torres Nimbe , Ordaz‐Nava Guillermo , Moran‐Ramos Sofia , Noriega Lilia , Bravo‐Reyna Carlos , Torre‐Villalvazo Ivan , Hiriart Marcia , Medina‐Santillan Roberto 
Published: June 2021

Obesity is a complex diseaseObjectiveEvaluate autologous subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) functionality as a therapeutic measure for obesity and its comorbidities.MethodsWe feed Wistar rats with a high‐carbohydrate (HC) or a high animal fat (HF) diet for 90 days. Glucose and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were evaluated each 30 days, oral glucose tolerance test (OGGT) at days 0, 90 and 180. On day 90 surgical procedures were performed randomly on all rats: 1) Sham (S) control, 2) autologous SAT transplant to visceral adipose tissue (T), 3) extraction (E) of SAT.ResultsOn day 180 OGGT showed lower insulin concentrations on T group with HF diet (p =0.002) in comparison to S, as well as a smaller increase in groups T and E on both diets (p=0.004) compared to S. The group with less weight gain was T with both diets. At day 180 TG concentrations were lower in groups E and T of both diets compared to group S. We measured cholesterol and TG in hepatic tissue, it was higher in S and E groups compared with T on HF diet (p=0.008). Rats that underwent autologous SAT transplantation showed a better response during OGGT and a smaller increase in weight compared to S group.ConclusionAutologous SAT transplantation to visceral compartment might be a useful clinical measure to improve carbohydrate metabolism and weight control.
Discovery of selective inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 kinase with potent anti‐human lung carcinoma activity
Authors: Liang Guang , Wang Yi , Zhou Huiping , Li Xiaokun 
Published: June 2021

The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinases represent promising therapeutic targets in a number of cancers. In this study, we developed two potent and selective inhibitors of FGFR1, which we named A114 and A117. We demonstrated that the inhibitors potently inhibit the FGFR1 kinase activity in a non‐ATP competitive manner through caliper mobility shift assay. The docking simulation of indicated compound with FGFR1 protein reveals that the 4‐substituted groups of phenyl ring may occupy the hydrophobic front region, which is consisted of hinge residues (Ile 651, Lys 655, Val 664, Met 667 and Tyr 677). Furthermore, we proved that the inhibitors potently inhibit the growth of numerous FGFR‐dependent cancer cell lines via inactivating the phosphorylation of FGFR1, leading to a decrease in phosphorylation of Akt and ERK signaling. The inhibitory effect in both the FGFR and MAPK signaling pathway finally leads to the decrease in cell viability, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in non‐small cell lung cancer H460 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results suggest the anti‐cancer potential of novel curcumin analogs for the prevention and treatment of FGFR‐depending cancers.The work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81173083 & 21102106).
Comparison of the sialic acid components of mature human milk in three countries
Authors: Burgher Anita M. , Li Xi , Ramirez‐Mayans Jaime A. , Ontijo‐Barrios Ericka M. , Sablan Benjamin , Wali Yassar , Van Alstine Leslie , Pramuk Kathryn 
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the total sialic acid, 3′‐sialyllactose (3SL), 6′‐sialyllactose (6SL), and free sialic acid (SA) of mature human milk and stage of lactation in mothers from the Philippines, Oman and Mexico.Milk samples were obtained from 176 healthy mothers from Mexico, Oman and the Philippines. who were exclusively breast feeding infants (1–4 months old). Anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD) was used to quantify 3SL, 6SL, and free SA in all human milk samples. Total SA was quantified after an acid hydrolysis sample treatment. Method validations were conducted to confirm the precision and accuracy for all analytes.Results
Total SA, Free SA and SA from 3′‐sialyllactose and 6′‐sialyllactose in human milk (Mean, mg/L)

Lactation Stage
28–30 days
31–60 days
61–90 days
91–115 days
All samples

Total Sialic Acid
866
619
484
359
525

SA from 6′SL
226
135
97
51
108

SA from 3′SL
60
59
55
48
55

Free SA
7
9
11
11
10

Other SA
573
417
322
249
354

ConclusionsThe predominant trend demonstrated using an Analysis of Covariance with Lactation Stage in days as the covariate showed that for all measures except the Free Sialic Acid, there is a statistically significant decrease in the amount of Sialic Acid in human milk as Lactation Stage increases (p‐values < 0.0001).This research was funded by Pfizer Nutrition.
Development and in vitro characterization of a novel prenatal multi‐micronutrient powder incorporating differentially microencapsulated calcium carbonate and ferrous fumarate to overcome intra‐intestinal calcium‐iron interactions
Authors: Baxter Jo‐Anna , Roth Daniel , Aimone Ashley , Martinuzzi Frank , Bassani Diego , Zlotkin Stanley 
Published: June 2021

To overcome calcium(Ca)‐iron(Fe) interactions in a prenatal multi‐micronutrient supplement for low‐income settings, we developed a Ca‐Fe‐folic acid (FA) powder for home fortification incorporating enteric coatings sensitive to low pH (for gastric Fe release) and high pH (for mid‐duodenal Ca release). Ca carbonate and ferrous fumarate granules were generated by wet granulation. A fluid‐bed coating process was used to apply subcoat to the Ca granules to improve sphericity and to apply a pH‐sensitive enteric coat. Fe granules were encapsulated with a time‐dependent coating, including FA in the matrix. Fe and Ca dissolution profiles were assessed during sequential exposure to acidic (pH 1.2, 120 min) and basic (pH 5.8, 100 min) media using a modified USP methodology. At pH 1.2, Ca release was 15% after 120 min; Fe release was 90% and 100% at 20 and 35 min, respectively. After 100 min at pH 5.8, 85% of total Ca was released. These dissolution profiles indicated that the differential release of Ca and Fe was achieved within targeted acid‐base environments. Clinical testing to document fractional Ca absorption during pregnancy is underway. Research support was provided by the Saving Lives at Birth partners.Grant Funding Source: Saving Lives at Birth
EPA and DHA do not exert equivalent effects on B lymphocyte plasma membrane organization: Implications for developing biomarkers of fish oil for targeting B cell immunity
Authors: Teague Heather , Gurzell Eric , Rockett Benjamin Drew , Fenton Jenifer , Shaikh Saame Raza 
Published: June 2021

We have established that fish oil, enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can regulate the function of B cells. Specifically, we reported that fish oil exerts immunomodulatory effects on B cell antigen presentation and lipopolysaccharide induced activation. We have also discovered that the functional changes in response to fish oil are accompanied by a disruption in the clustering of signaling lipid microdomains known as lipid rafts, a potential biomarker for B cell activity. Therefore, we first determined the dose of fish oil that serves to disrupt B cell lipid rafts. Administration of fish oil at the human equivalent of 4 grams and above per day (currently used pharmacologically) disrupted raft clustering, which correlated with changes in function. We then determined which fatty acid in fish oil was responsible for disrupting rafts by feeding mice diets enriched either in EPA or DHA. B cells isolated from mice consuming the DHA‐enriched but not the EPA‐enriched diet had diminished raft clustering. Supporting studies in cell culture and in liposomes revealed the same effect. Altogether, our data suggest that DHA is more potent than EPA in disrupting the B cell plasma membrane, which has implications for biomarker development and ultimately the design of fish oil formulations for targeting B cell function.Grant Funding Source: NIH R15AT006122 (to S.R.S.) and NIH R03CA162427 (to J.F.)
Human Airway Epithelial Secretions Inhibit the Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms
Authors: Sorum Alexander W , Zank Allison M , Bankers‐Fulbright Jennifer L 
Published: June 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that rarely causes respiratory disease except in individuals with specific risk factors, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). The ability of P. aeruginosa to readily form biofilms in vivo is associated with airway colonization in susceptible individuals. Thus, we hypothesized that non‐CF airway epithelial cells secrete one or more compounds that inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. To test this, we modified and optimized a static biofilm assay and tested the ability of apical Calu‐3 cell secretions to inhibit biofilm formation by the P. aeruginosa strain, PA14. PA14 formed robust biofilms after 18–24 hours, and biofilm formation was significantly inhibited in the presence of Calu‐3 secretions. Preliminary experiments using secretions from a Calu‐3 cell line not expressing the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) suggest that CF‐like secretions do not inhibit PA14 biofilm formation. Thus, normal airway epithelial cells, but not CF‐like epithelial cells, appear to secrete one or more compounds that inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm formation.This project was funded by the Augsburg College Undergraduate Research and Graduate Opportunities (URGO) Office, the Augsburg Sundquist Scholars Program, the Augsburg McNair Scholars Program, and the Augsburg Department of Biology.
Beneficial effects of Inchinkoto, a herbal medicine, against the stress of major liver surgery.
Authors: Yokoyama Yukihiro , Mizutani Tetsushi , Kawai Kiyotaka , Miyake Takashi , Kokuryo Toshio , Nagino Masato 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveWe sought to elucidate whether Inchinkoto (ICKT), a herbal medicine, has a beneficial effect on the outcome of major liver surgery through animal and human studies.MethodsWistar rats were divided into three groups: 70% hepatectomy (Hx), hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (IR;15 min) and subsequent 70% Hx with vehicle treatment (IRHxV), IR and Hx with ICKT treatment (IRHxK). Rats were sacrificed 1 h after Hx. In human study, the patients who were planned to undergo major hepatectomy were randomly assigned to the group with or without preoperative ICKT treatment (n=30 in each group). The liver samples were harvested at the laparotomy and after the completion of hepatectomy.ResultsIn animal study, the elevation of serum transaminase and the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in the remnant livers were all significantly attenuated by preoperative administration of ICKT. Moreover, gene expressions of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione were also higher in the IRHxK group. In human study, the livers with ICKT pretreatment showed a significantly greater upregulation of Nrf2 in response to the surgical stress (i.e., IR and Hx) as compared to the livers without ICKT pretreatment.ConclusionsPreoperative administration of ICKT may provide beneficial effects through attenuating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the liver following IR and subsequent Hx.
Long‐term atorvastatin treatment alters cardiac ultrastructure in healthy mice while preserving systolic cardiac function
Authors: Godoy Joseph C. , Schilling Jan M. , Schwarz Anna , Asfaw Elizabeth K. , Alvarez Erika A. , Dalton Nancy D. , Niesman Ingrid , Patel Hemal H. , Zemljic‐Harpf Alice E. 
Published: June 2021

Statins lower low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Since statins reduce mevalonate synthesis they also harbor non‐cholesterol dependent effects such as improvement of endothelial function and inhibition of inflammation. Statins are known to cause skeletal muscle side effects, but it is currently unclear if they also affect cardiac muscle. Control mice underwent either atorvastatin (Ator), pravastatin (Prava) (both 5mg/kg/day) or vehicle (Veh) treatment for up to 6.5 months. After two months, Ator and Prava reduced direct non‐fasting LDL‐C compared to Veh. Echocardiography, in two‐week intervals, showed that fractional shortening and wall thicknesses were similar in Ator, Prava, or Veh treated groups. TEM analysis after 6.5 months of treatment showed that only Ator, but not Prava or Veh treated hearts (n=4 each) presented; 1) calcium phosphate granules, either in mitochondria or close proximity, 2) scattered, misorganized, and swollen mitochondria, 3) protein aggregates as well as inclusion bodies, and 4) enlarged, mislocalized T‐tubular structures.This is the first report showing ultrastructural changes in cardiac muscle after long‐term Ator treatment.
The analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of Piperine in mice
Authors: Alhumayyd Mohammad Saad , Bukhari Ishfaq Ali , Mahesar Abdul Latif , Gilani Anwar H 
Published: June 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of piperine and its possible mechanism of action in mice. The analgesic effect was assessed in acetic acid induced writhing and tail flick tests, while the anticonvulsant effect was studied in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐ and picrotoxin (PIC)‐induced seizure models. The administration of piperine (30, 50 and 70 mg/kg; i.p.) exhibited a significant inhibition (P<0.01) of the acetic acid‐induced writhing. In the tail flick assay, piperine (30 and 50 mg/kg; i.p.) and morphine (5 mg/kg; i.p.) caused a significant (P<0.01) increase in the reaction time of mice. Pre‐treatment of animals with naloxone (5 mg/kg; i.p.), reversed the analgesic effect of both piperine and morphine in the tail flick assay, suggesting the involvement of opioid pathway in the observed analgesic effect of piperine.On the other hand, piperine (30, 50 and 70 mg/kg; i.p.), significantly (P<0.01) delayed the onset of PTZ and PIC‐induced seizures in mice. Similarly valproic acid and diazepam, used as standard anticonvulsants, suppressed the PTZ and PIC‐induced seizures in mice, suggesting that piperine may produce its anticonvulsant effect by enhancing GABA‐ergic neurotransmission in the brain.The results of this study show that piperine possesses analgesic and anticonvulsant properties in mice. Additionally, these effects of piperine may be partly mediated via opioid and GABA‐ergic pathways, respectively. Moreover, these finding may substantiate the folkloric uses of black pepper in the management of pain and epilepsy.
The role of social media in recruiting for clinical trials in pregnancy
Authors: Shere Mahvash , Koren Gideon 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveRecruitment of pregnant or planning women to clinical studies using traditional advertising is difficult and slow. Given the widespread use of the internet as a source for medical information and research, we analyze the impact of social media as the primary recruitment tool in an ongoing randomized, open‐label clinical trial among pregnant women.MethodsRecruitment through traditional sources, such as referrals from medical establishments, between April 2007–November 2011 was compared to supplementary online social media recruitment approaches used between December 2011–May 2012. Yearly recruitment and recruitment rates in the two arms were compared using the Mann Whitney U test.ResultsBetween 2007–2011, with over 56 months of recruitment using traditional sources, 35 women were enrolled in the study, resulting in a mean rate of ±0.62 recruits per month. In the 6 months implementing recruitment primarily through social media‐based strategies, 45 women were recruited, for a 12‐fold higher rate of ±7.5 recruits per month (p<0.0001). Attrition rates as a function of total recruitment remained constant, suggesting that social media mainly had a positive impact on recruitment.ConclusionsClinicians and scientists recruiting for clinical studies should learn how to use online social media platforms to improve recruitment rates, thus increasing efficiency and cost‐effectiveness.
Maternal fat‐rich diet alters vasodilatation response in adult offspring
Authors: Clough Geraldine , Musa Moji , Torrens Christopher , Reynolds Richard , Fraser Paul 
Published: June 2021

We have tested the idea that maternal over‐nutrition during pregnancy alters vasodilator signaling pathways in the adult offspring. Female mice were fed either a high fat (HF, 45%) or chow (C) diet for 6 weeks pre‐conception, throughout pregnancy and suckling. After weaning, male offspring were fed the same diet as their dams or switched to the alternative diet to give four dietary groups (CC, HFC, CHF and HFHF), studied at 15 weeks of age. Relaxation to ACh applied topically to cremaster arterioles was attenuated in the CHF and HFC offspring compared to CC. L‐NAME and indomethacin reduced the relaxation in CC offspring by 29% and CHF by 74%, while the HFC and HFHF were unaffected. The specific inhibitors of the SK(Ca) and IK(Ca) channels, apamin and TRAM‐34, abolished the response in the HFC and HFHF groups as well as the residual responses in the CC and CHF groups. These data suggest that the developmental environment results in a shift in ACh‐mediated relaxation from a NO pathway to one that requires opening of Ca‐activated K channels.Supported by the BHF