bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detects Progression in Parkinson's Disease: A Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Rasagiline
Authors: Arpin David J. , Mitchell Trina , Archer Derek B. , Burciu Roxana G. , Chu Winston T. , Gao Hanzhi , Guttuso Thomas , Hess Christopher W. , Lai Song , Malaty Irene A. , McFarland Nikolaus R. , Pasternak Ofer , Price Catherine C. , Shukla Aparna Wagle , Wu Samuel S. , Okun Michael S. , Vaillancourt David E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundRasagiline has received attention as a potential disease‐modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether rasagiline is disease modifying remains in question.ObjectiveThe main objective of this study was to determine whether rasagiline has disease‐modifying effects in PD over 1 year. Secondarily we evaluated two diffusion magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences to determine the best sequence to measure disease progression.MethodsThis prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial assessed the effects of rasagiline administered at 1 mg/day over 12 months in early‐stage PD. The primary outcome was 1‐year change in free‐water accumulation in posterior substantia nigra (pSN) measured using two diffusion magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences, one with a repetition time (TR) of 2500 ms (short TR; n = 90) and one with a TR of 6400 ms (long TR; n = 75). Secondary clinical outcomes also were assessed.ResultsAbsolute change in pSN free‐water accumulation was not significantly different between groups (short TR: P = 0.346; long TR: P = 0.228). No significant differences were found in any secondary clinical outcomes between groups. Long TR, but not short TR, data show pSN free‐water increased significantly over 1 year (P = 0.025). Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale testing of motor function, Part III increased significantly over 1 year (P = 0.009), and baseline free‐water in the pSN correlated with the 1‐year change in Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale testing of motor function, Part III (P = 0.004) and 1‐year change in bradykinesia score (P = 0.044).ConclusionsWe found no evidence that 1 mg/day rasagiline has a disease‐modifying effect in PD over 1 year. We found pSN free‐water increased over 1 year, and baseline free‐water relates to clinical motor progression, demonstrating the importance of diffusion imaging parameters for detecting and predicting PD progression. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Review on the broadband time‐delay‐signature‐suppressed chaotic laser
Authors: Wei Xiaojing , Qiao Lijun , Chai Mengmeng , Zhang Mingjiang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChaotic laser generated by semiconductor lasers has been attached great importance in areas of secure communication, random number generation, and optical sensing. This article mainly reviews the research progress in the performance improvement of chaotic laser, including bandwidth enhancement and time‐delay signature suppression. First, the methods of chaotic laser generation and the existing problems are briefly introduced. Then, innovative methods for the optimization of chaotic characteristics are analyzed and discussed. The integrated chaotic semiconductor lasers are also discussed. At last, avenues for the development trends and future applications of chaotic semiconductor lasers are prospected.
Timing evaluation of a PET detector block based on semi‐monolithic LYSO crystals
Authors: Cucarella Neus , Barrio John , Lamprou Efthymios , Valladares Celia , Benlloch Jose M. , Gonzalez Antonio J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeDetectors for positron emission tomography (PET) typically use two types of scintillation crystals, pixelated or monolithic. A variant of these types of scintillators are the so‐called semi‐monolithic crystals. They consist of a monolithic crystal segmented in one direction in pieces called slabs. These scintillators have the potential to successfully combine the benefits of pixelated and monolithic configurations, providing good timing and spatial resolutions as well as the capacity to decode the depth of interaction (DOI) information. In this work, the timing performance of a detector based on semi‐monolithic crystals was studied in depth. The energy response was also evaluated.MethodsThe semi‐monolithic detector consists of 1 × 24 LYSO slabs of 25.4 × 12 × 0.95 mm3 each. The bottom surface of the slabs is coupled to an array of 8 × 8 silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) of 3 × 3 mm2 active area, 50 μm cell size and 3.2 mm pitch. The 64 output signals were independently readout by the TOFPET2 ASIC. In order to achieve the best coincidence time resolution (CTR), four different time walk corrections were tested. Additional work investigated the best method of combining the timestamps belonging to the same event.ResultsThe resolvability of the slabs in the measured flood maps improves with the thickness of a light guide placed in between the scintillators and photosensors. The energy resolution does not change significantly with values as good as 13.7%. Regarding the CTR, values of 335.8, 363, 369.8, and 402.5 ps have been obtained for the whole detector for no light guide, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm thickness light guide cases, respectively. These values further improve to 276.1, 302.6, 305.6 and 336.2 ps, respectively, when energy‐weighted averaging of timestamps is applied.ConclusionsWe have shown both an excellent timing resolution and good energy resolution for a PET detector based on semi‐monolithic crystals. The use of light guides of different thicknesses does not significantly affect the energy resolution of the whole detector, but the timing capabilities slightly worsen with the increasing thickness of the light guide.
Energieträger: Wie teuer Fortbewegung ist
Authors: Machhammer Otto 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDeutscher Netzstrom oder importierte Kraftstoffe: Eine betriebswirtschaftliche Kostenbetrachtung soll helfen, den besten Mix aus batterie‐ und wasserstoffbetriebenen Fahrzeugen und solchen auf Basis synthetischer Kraftstoffe zu finden. Als Energiequellen dienen Sonne und Wind.
Disorder explains dual‐band reflection spectrum in spherical colloidal photonic supraparticle assemblies
Authors: Kuhn Eduard , Röhlig David , Sowade Enrico , Rittrich Dirk , Willert Andreas , Schulz Stefan E. , Baumann Reinhard R. , Thränhardt Angela , Blaudeck Thomas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSpherical colloidal photonic supraparticle systems or assemblies (SCAs) are investigated as a model system for confined optical and photonic components. Simulations of the reflection spectrum to calculate their photonic and optical properties for different parameter constellations are compared with experimental studies by microreflectance spectroscopy (RS) on SCAs fabricated by inkjet in‐flight deposition, proving the existence of a dual‐band reflection spectrum originating from the supraparticle system. Finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) calculations are employed to verify these findings as a function of structural parameters. Both, theory and experiment, show a double reflection peak for the SCAs and agree well in the variation of position and shape, scaling clearly with the packing density of the SCAs. Reducing this parameter from 0.6 to 0.3, the higher‐wavelength reflection maximum decreases in intensity and increases in width but keeps its spectral position. The lower‐wavelength reflection maximum decreases in intensity, increases in width and shows a red shift. The results clearly indicate that aspects of disorder decisively contribute to the particular spectral photonic properties of the supraparticle system which are usually related to order in photonic crystals. This finding can stipulate novel, tailor‐made nanostructured optical components such as low‐dimensional micro resonators and waveguides.
Developing Standards to Support the Clinical Translation of Stem Cells
Authors: Cao Jiani , Hao Jie , Wang Lei , Tan Yuanqing , Tian Yuchang , Li Shiyu , Ma Aijin , Fu Boqiang , Dai Jianwu , Zhai Peijun , Xiang Peng , Zhang Yong , Cheng Tao , Peng Yaojin , Zhou Qi , Zhao Tongbiao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Stem cells, which could be developed as starting or raw materials for cell therapy, hold tremendous promise for regenerative medicine. However, despite multiple fundamental and clinical studies, clinical translation of stem cells remains in the early stages. In contrast to traditional chemical drugs, cellular products are complex, and efficacy can be altered by culture conditions, suboptimal cell culture techniques, and prolonged passage such that translation of stem cells from bench to bedside involves not only scientific exploration but also normative issues. Establishing an integrated system of standards to support stem cell applications has great significance in efficient clinical translation. In recent years, regulators and the scientific community have recognized gaps in standardization and have begun to develop standards to support stem cell research and clinical translation. Here, we discuss the development of these standards, which support the translation of stem cell products into clinical therapy, and explore ongoing work to define current stem cell guidelines and standards. We also introduce general aspects of stem cell therapy and current international consensus on human pluripotent stem cells, discuss standardization of clinical-grade stem cells, and propose a framework for establishing stem cell standards. Finally, we review ongoing development of international and Chinese standards supporting stem cell therapy.
Development and Investigational New Drug Application of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Products in China
Authors: Zhao Qinjun , Han Zhibo , Wang Jialun , Han Zhongchao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have broad application prospects for regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal, high plasticity, ability for differentiation, and immune response and modulation. Interest in turning MSCs into clinical applications has never been higher than at present. Many biotech companies have invested great effort from development of clinical grade MSC product to investigational new drug (IND) enabling studies. Therefore, the growing demand for publication of MSC regulation in China necessitates various discussions in accessible professional journals. The National Medical Products Administration has implemented regulations on the clinical application of MSCs therapy. The regulations for MSCs products as drug have been updated in recent years in China. This review will look over the whole procedure in allogeneic MSC development, including regulations, guidance, processes, quality management, pre-IND meeting, and IND application for obtaining an approval to start clinical trials in China. The review focused on process and regulatory challenges in the development of MSCs products, with the goal of providing strategies to meet regulatory demands. This article describes a path for scientists, biotech companies, and clinical trial investigators toward the successful development of MSC-based therapeutic product.
Regulation and different functions of the animal microRNA‐induced silencing complex
Authors: Frédérick Pierre‐Marc , Simard Martin J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAmong the different types of small RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in controlling gene expression at the mRNA level. To be active, they must associate with an Argonaute protein to form the miRNA induced silencing complex (miRISC) and binds to specific mRNA through complementarity sequences. The miRISC binding to an mRNA can lead to multiple outcomes, the most frequent being inhibition of the translation and/or deadenylation followed by decapping and mRNA decay. In the last years, several studies described different mechanisms modulating miRISC functions in animals. For instance, the regulation of the Argonaute protein through post‐translational modifications can change the miRISC gene regulatory activity as well as modulate its binding to proteins, mRNA targets and miRISC stability. Furthermore, the presence of RNA binding proteins and multiple miRISCs at the targeted mRNA 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) can also affect its function through cooperation or competition mechanisms, underlying the importance of the 3′UTR environment in miRNA‐mediated repression. Another way to regulate the miRISC function is by modulation of its interactors, forming different types of miRNA silencing complexes that affect gene regulation differently. It is also reported that the subcellular localization of several components of the miRNA pathway can modulate miRISC function, suggesting an important role for vesicular trafficking in the regulation of this essential silencing complex.This article is categorized under:
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA‐Protein Complexes
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Biogenesis of Effector Small RNAs
The impact of nutritional counseling on thyroid disorders in head and neck cancer patients after (chemo)radiotherapy: results from a prospective interventional trial
Authors: Löser Anastassia , Ramke Kerstin , Grohmann Maximilian , Krause Linda , Roser Pia , Greinert Franziska , Finger Anna , Sommer Margaret , Culmann Eva , Lorenz Tessa , Becker Saskia , Henze Marvin , Schodrok Daniel , von Grundherr Julia , Tribius Silke , Krüll Andreas , Petersen Cordula 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the impact of nutritional counseling on the development of hypothyroidism after (chemo)radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients to propose a new normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model.Materials and methodsAt baseline, at the end of (chemo)radiotherapy, and during follow-up, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with free thyroxin (fT3 and fT4), nutritional status, and nutrient intake were prospectively analyzed in 46 out of 220 screened patients. Patients received (chemo)radiotherapy within an intervention (individual nutritional counseling every 2 weeks during therapy) and a control group (no nutritional counseling).ResultsOverall median follow-up was 16.5 [IQR: 12; 22] months. Fourteen patients (30.4%) presented with hypothyroidism after 13.5 [8.8; 17] months. During (chemo)radiotherapy, nutritional status worsened in the entire cohort: body mass index (p < 0.001) and fat-free mass index (p < 0.001) decreased, calorie deficit (p = 0.02) increased, and the baseline protein intake dropped (p = 0.028). The baseline selenium intake (p = 0.002) increased until the end of therapy. Application of the NTCP models by Rønjom, Cella, and Boomsma et al. resulted in good performance of all three models, with an AUC ranging from 0.76 to 0.78. Our newly developed NTCP model was based on baseline TSH and baseline ferritin. Model performance was good, receiving an AUC of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.61–0.87), with a sensitivity of 57.1% and specificity of 96.9% calculated for a Youden index of 0.73 (p = 0.004; area = 0.5).ConclusionBaseline TSH and ferritin act as independent predictors for radiotherapy-associated hypothyroidism. The exclusion of such laboratory chemistry parameters in future NTCP models may result in poor model performance.
Baseline-dependent clock offsets in VLBI data analysis
Authors: Krásná Hana , Jaron Frédéric , Gruber Jakob , Böhm Johannes , Nothnagel Axel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe primary goal of the geodetic Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) technique is to provide highly accurate terrestrial and celestial reference frames as well as Earth orientation parameters. In compliance with the concept of VLBI, additional parameters reflecting relative offsets and variations of the atomic clocks of the radio telescopes have to be estimated. In addition, reality shows that in many cases significant offsets appear in the observed group delays for individual baselines which have to be compensated for by estimating so-called baseline-dependent clock offsets (BCOs). For the first time, we systematically investigate the impact of BCOs to stress their importance for all kinds of VLBI data analyses. For our investigations, we concentrate on analyzing data from both legacy networks of the CONT17 campaign. Various aspects of BCOs including their impact on the estimates of geodetically important parameters, such as station coordinates and Earth orientation parameters, are investigated. In addition, some of the theory behind the BCO determination, e.g., the impact of changing the reference clock in the observing network on the BCO estimate is introduced together with the relationship between BCOs and triangle delay closures. In conclusion, missing channels, and here in particular at S band, affecting the ionospheric delay calibration, are identified to be the dominant cause for the occurrence of significant BCOs in VLBI data analysis.
Who’s miserable now? Identifying clusters of people with the lowest subjective wellbeing in the UK
Authors: Dolan Paul , Laffan Kate , Velias Alina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPolicymakers are generally most concerned about improving the lives of the worst-off members of society. Identifying these people can be challenging. We take various measures of subjective wellbeing (SWB) as indicators of the how well people are doing in life and employ Latent Class Analysis to identify those with greatest propensity to be among the worst-off in a nationally representative sample of over 215,000 people in the United Kingdom. Our results have important implications for how best to analyse data on SWB and who to target when looking to improve the lives of those with the lowest SWB (The authors owe a massive debt of gratitude to the Office for National Statistics for their support throughout this research. We are particularly grateful to Dawn Snape and Eleanor Rees for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this paper, to Salah Mehad for the thorough review of methodology, and to Vahe Nafilyan for advice on clustering analysis. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for the very helpful comments. Thank you all very much.).
Consecutive monitoring method for pecan orchards and discovery of a mysterious circle in a pecan orchard with UAV
Authors: Yamagata H. , Noda K. , Randall J. J. , Kamiya H. , Oki K. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this study, we established consecutive monitoring methods using UAV in pecan orchards of 64 ha each, in San Simon, Arizona, USA. Activity monitoring, tree height map creation and ground surface temperature analysis of trees by UAV with near infrared (NIR)/TIR camera were conducted for pecan orchards in San Simon, Arizona, USA. Using established continuous monitoring methods, the UAV images of a 3-year-old pecan orchard showed circular traces of alfalfa cultivation prior to installation of pivot irrigation that was previously not observed. Tree growth measurements was compared to the trees planted inside and outside of the circle. Growth and tree health activity was found to be better when the trees were outside of the circle.
Algorithms for flows over time with scheduling costs
Authors: Frascaria Dario , Olver Neil 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFlows over time have received substantial attention from both an optimization and (more recently) a game-theoretic perspective. In this model, each arc has an associated delay for traversing the arc, and a bound on the rate of flow entering the arc; flows are time-varying. We consider a setting which is very standard within the transportation economic literature, but has received little attention from an algorithmic perspective. The flow consists of users who are able to choose their route but also their departure time, and who desire to arrive at their destination at a particular time, incurring a scheduling cost if they arrive earlier or later. The total cost of a user is then a combination of the time they spend commuting, and the scheduling cost they incur. We present a combinatorial algorithm for the natural optimization problem, that of minimizing the average total cost of all users (i.e., maximizing the social welfare). Based on this, we also show how to set tolls so that this optimal flow is induced as an equilibrium of the underlying game.
Biomedical Ontologies to Guide AI Development in Radiology
Authors: Filice Ross W. , Kahn Charles E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe advent of deep learning has engendered renewed and rapidly growing interest in artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology to analyze images, manipulate textual reports, and plan interventions. Applications of deep learning and other AI approaches must be guided by sound medical knowledge to assure that they are developed successfully and that they address important problems in biomedical research or patient care. To date, AI has been applied to a limited number of real-world radiology applications. As AI systems become more pervasive and are applied more broadly, they will benefit from medical knowledge on a larger scale, such as that available through computer-based approaches. A key approach to represent computer-based knowledge in a particular domain is an ontology. As defined in informatics, an ontology defines a domain’s terms through their relationships with other terms in the ontology. Those relationships, then, define the terms’ semantics, or “meaning.” Biomedical ontologies commonly define the relationships between terms and more general terms, and can express causal, part-whole, and anatomic relationships. Ontologies express knowledge in a form that is both human-readable and machine-computable. Some ontologies, such as RSNA’s RadLex radiology lexicon, have been applied to applications in clinical practice and research, and may be familiar to many radiologists. This article describes how ontologies can support research and guide emerging applications of AI in radiology, including natural language processing, image–based machine learning, radiomics, and planning.
Neuerungen in der Rechtsschutzorganisation im Immissionsschutzrecht
Authors: Saurer Johannes 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Umwelt-Rechtsbehelfsgesetz 2017 und das Investitionsbeschleunigungsgesetz 2020 haben die gerichtlichen Zuständigkeiten im Immissionsschutzrecht signifikant verändert. Die erstinstanzliche Zuständigkeit der Oberverwaltungsgerichte wurde erheblich erweitert. Für Rechtshelfe Dritter gegen Windenergieanlagen an Land wurde das Entfallen der aufschiebenden Wirkung mit Gesamthöhe von über 50 Metern angeordnet. Der folgende Beitrag analysiert die Neuerungen in der Rechtsschutzorganisation.