bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The EU during Brexit
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the European Union during Brexit, explaining how the EU institutions and Member States reacted to the UK’s decision to leave the EU. It outlines how they went about this in the course of the withdrawal negotiations. The EU institutions and Member States managed to adopt a very united stance vis-à-vis a withdrawing state, establishing effective institutional mechanisms and succeeding in imposing their strategic preferences in the negotiations with the UK. Nevertheless, the EU was also absorbed during Brexit by internal preparations to face both the scenario of a ‘hard Brexit’—the UK leaving the EU with no deal—and of a ‘no Brexit’—with the UK subsequently delaying exit and extending its EU membership. Finally, during Brexit the EU increasingly started working as a union of 27 Member States—the EU27—which in this format opened a debate on the future of Europe and developed new policy initiatives, especially in the field of defence and military cooperation.
The EU because of Brexit
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the European Union because of Brexit, focusing on a number of transitional problems that the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU—and its delay owing to subsequent requests to extend EU membership for extra time—posed for the EU’s functioning and funding. In particular, it emphasizes the consequences of Brexit for the composition of the 9th European Parliament (2019–2024), and its elections in May of 2019. It explains how the participation of the UK in this democratic process had pro tempore effects on both the EP outlook and its electoral outcome. The chapter also considers the transitional institutional challenges faced because of Brexit by both the European Commission and the Council of the EU. It highlights the implications of Brexit for the EU’s multi-annual financial framework (MFF), stressing how the UK’s withdrawal created a budget gap for the EU, attributable to the way the EU is funded, and how this would create challenges in the next MFF negotiations—as indeed happened.
The EU besides Brexit
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the European Union besides Brexit, shedding light on the multiple other crises that the EU has recently faced in addition to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom. In the last decade, the EU has weathered the euro-crisis, the migration crisis, and the rule of law crisis, each of which has continued to sour throughout the Brexit negotiations. In addition to these old crises, the EU has now faced new ones—as shown by the difficulties of dealing with the issue of enlargement, the problem of climate change, and particularly the catastrophic Covid-19 pandemic. All of these crises have exposed the disunity of the EU—a counter-point to the unity that emerged in the Brexit negotiations. The chapter explains the difficulties of the EU27 in successfully tackling once and for all any of these crises, and the growing centripetal pulls at play, owing to the rise of very different visions of European integration—what can be called a ‘polity’, a ‘market’, and an ‘autocracy’ conception of the EU, which are competing with each other.
The EU after Brexit
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the European Union after Brexit and articulates the case for constitutional reforms. Reforms are necessary to address the substantive and institutional shortcomings that patently emerged in the context of Europe’s old and new crises. Moreover, reforms will be compelled by the exigencies of the post-Covid-19 EU recovery, which pushes the EU towards new horizons in terms of fiscal federalism and democratic governance. As a result, the chapter considers both obstacles and opportunities to reform the EU and make it more effective and legitimate. On the one hand, it underlines the difficulties connected to the EU treaty amendment procedure, owing to the requirement of unanimous approval of any treaty change, and the consequential problem of the veto. On the other hand, it emphasizes the increasing practice by Member States to use intergovernmental agreements outside the EU legal order and stresses that these have set new rules on their entry into force which overcome state veto, suggesting that this is now a precedent to consider.
The EU beyond Brexit
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the future of the European Union beyond Brexit and analyses the plan, precedents, and prospects for the Conference on the Future of Europe. The establishment of the Conference on the Future of Europe is potentially an innovative model and path-breaking initiative to reform the EU and make it more effective and legitimate, along the lines of prior, out-of-the-box initiatives such as the Conference of Messina and the Convention on the Future of Europe. The Covid-19 pandemic has delayed the start of the Conference on the Future of Europe, but has also increased its urgency. Yet, the chances of success of this initiative are closely connected to the mechanics of treaty reform. As such, the chapter suggests that the Conference should consider channelling its output into a Political Compact, subject to an entry into force rule that do away with the unanimity requirement, as it has been done previously in the field of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Clearly, success cannot be taken for granted and there are many difficulties ahead, but the EU is facing a decisive moment.
From Close-Ups to Long Shot
Authors: Vauchez Antoine 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In a context in which EU case law is increasingly politicized, this chapter questions our analytical equipment when it comes to understanding the ‘political role’ of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Moving from close-ups to long shot views of EU case-lawyering, the chapter repositions judicial decision-making in a dense web of political, social, and professional ramifications within and outside the Court itself. By articulating micro, meso, and macro levels of analysis, it escapes ontological discussions about the political nature of the Court (‘neoliberal’, ‘federalist’, etc.) and suggests a research strategy able to empirically measure and geographically map out the Court’s embeddedness in Europe’s laws, politics, and societies.
Waiting for the Barbarians
Authors: Nicola Fernanda G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers some methodological insights to those who wish to embark on a study of the archival history of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Through her voyage into this newly opened archive, the author unpacks the comparative legal history emerging from the jurisprudence of the ECJ, a supranational court embedded in different European legal traditions. The author relies on the findings of the new legal historians who have brought to the surface legal and political resistance to the constitutionalization narrative of the ECJ. She also relies on the work of sociologists who have focused on professional networks of Eurolawyers as a powerful engine for the integration and liberalization of the single market. By deploying these insights, the chapter offers a novel reading of the grands arrêts through the dossiers de procédure now open to the public in electronic format at the Historical Archives of the EU.
The Relevance of the Network Approach to European Case Law
Authors: Šadl Urška , Tarissan Fabien 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter argues that the network approach is a viable methodology in legal empirical research, which can be used to study the case law of the Court of Justice. To demonstrate this potential, the chapter: first, shows how to obtain detailed information about the law from the citation network; second, it illustrates how to assess the legal relevance of cases by looking at case citations; and, third, it explores how to infer the doctrinal influence of selected landmark cases. All examples adapt different citation network tools to the study of legal structures and legal discourse which can focus, frame, support, and guide doctrinal analysis.
Liberty, Equality, and Popular Sovereignty
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter documents the role of appeals to the liberty of the people in Roman political discourse, as evidenced in the writings of Sallust and Livy as well as Cicero’s. Liberty’s relation to contested notions of equality is discussed at length, particularly as it is explored in Livy and in On the commonwealth. Finally, the chapter turns to On the commonwealth’s conception of popular sovereignty: of the res publica as the property of the people, over which it must be able to exercise rights of ownership, if political liberty is to be secured and maintained.
Cosmopolitanism, Imperialism, and the Idea of Law
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The cosmopolitan idea that humans have wider and more universal allegiances than to their immediate communities is presented by Cicero in On the commonwealth in both Platonic and Stoic forms. In On laws the more evidently Stoic idea of law as prescriptive right reason governs his argument. The chapter explains what Cicero takes its universal prescriptive force to consist in, and the way he conceives it to be embodied in the law codes of well-regulated constitutions of particular states, whether the Roman Republic at its best or any other ‘good and stable nation’. In On the commonwealth he had argued for the thesis that such states cannot exist or conduct their affairs without justice, which in Book 3 is the focus of a full-scale debate, particularly concerned with the justice or injustice of imperialism, not least Roman imperialism.
Republican Virtues
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Talk of the virtues, something of signal importance in the entire Western republican tradition, was seldom absent from Cicero’s lips, whether in his oratory, letters, or theoretical writings. He is forever listing virtues or concatenating virtue words. This chapter examines some of the more theoretically grounded lists that he proposes in three of his opening chapters: civic (in On the commonwealth), Roman (in Tusculan disputations), and cardinal (in On duties). His frequent pairing of constantia and gravitas is highlighted, and his treatments in On duties of justice, magnitudo animi, and verecundia are of particular interest and receive extended discussions. The chapter concludes with a portrait of Cicero’s supremely reliable and honest republican citizen as exemplar of virtue.
Republican Decision-making
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
On duties makes development of natural impulses to virtue the basis for how one ought to act. But identifying what actually is the right and honourable thing to do in the public sphere can still be problematic, even if the overriding importance of claims upon citizens of obligations to the res publica are recognized. When the res publica is in trouble, and when civilized order is either unstable or broken down completely, then it may become entirely opaque whether any action a citizen might take could properly or effectively promote the well-being of the res publica. For Cicero, citizen and statesman in turbulent and dangerous times, such issues were as much existential as theoretical, with the potential to destabilize theory too. This chapter first explores his theoretical treatment of decision-making in On duties, and then the difficulties of fitting principle to practice encountered in civil war and its aftermath.
Elucidation of the Effects of Bisphenol A and Structural Analogs on Germ and Steroidogenic Cells Using Single Cell High-Content Imaging
Authors: Rajkumar Abishankari , Luu Trang , Beal Marc A , Barton-Maclaren Tara S , Robaire Bernard , Hales Barbara F 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Concerns about the potential adverse effects of bisphenol A (BPA) have led to an increase in the use of replacements, yet the toxicity data for several of these chemicals are limited. Using high-content imaging, we compared the effects of BPA, BPAF, BPF, BPS, BPM, and BPTMC in germ (C18-4 spermatogonial) and steroidogenic (MA-10 Leydig and KGN granulosa) cell lines. Effects on cell viability and phenotypic markers were analyzed to determine benchmark concentrations (BMCs) and estimate administered equivalent doses (AEDs). In all 3 cell lines, BPA was one of the least cytotoxic bisphenol compounds tested, whereas BPM and BPTMC were the most cytotoxic. Interestingly, BPF and BPS were cytotoxic only in MA-10 cells. Effects on phenotypic parameters, including mitochondria, lysosomes, lipid droplets, and oxidative stress, were both bisphenol- and cell-line specific. BPA exposure affected mitochondria (BMC: 1.2 μM; AED: 0.09 mg/kg/day) in C18-4 cells. Lysosome numbers were increased in MA-10 cells exposed to BPA or BPAF but decreased in KGN cells exposed to BPAF or BPM. Lipid droplets were decreased in C18-4 cells exposed to BPF and in MA-10 cells exposed to BPTMC but increased in BPF, BPM, and BPTMC-exposed KGN cells. BPA and BPM exposure induced oxidative stress in MA-10 and KGN cells, respectively. In summary, structurally similar bisphenols displayed clear cell-line-specific differences in BMC and AED values for effects on cell viability and phenotypic endpoints. This approach, together with additional data on human exposure, may aid in the selection and prioritization of responsible replacements for BPA.
Local Anesthesia Injection in Upper Blepharoplasty Surgery: A Side at a Time or Both Sides at Once? A Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: Ohana Oded , Ayala-Haedo Juan , Anagnostopolous Apostolos , Lee Wendy W. 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND
Perceived pain during local anesthesia injections can be effected by the injection sequence.

OBJECTIVE
We sought to compare pain levels during local anesthesia injections during upper lid blepharoplasty (ULB) using 2 surgical sequences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Patients with ULB were randomized to either have local anesthesia injection followed by ULB in the right eyelid and then in the left (Group A) or to have local anesthesia injection to both eyelids followed by ULB on both eyelids (Group B). Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain score of 0 to 10.

RESULTS
Forty patients were included and randomized. The mean VAS score in Group A was 2.60 ± 1.84 and 3.30 ± 1.62 (right and left, respectively, p value = .035). The mean VAS score in Group B was 2.55 ± 1.63 and 2.80 ± 1.67 (right and left eyelids, respectively, p value = .258). No intergroup difference in pain was found.

CONCLUSION
Patients having sequential anesthesia during ULB perceived more pain on injection to the second eyelid, whereas patients having local anesthesia followed by ULB perceived the same amount of pain in both eyes. Pain levels in both groups were similar. Local anesthesia injections in both groups were well tolerated.
Hypopigmentation in Extramammary Paget Disease Is an Important Prognostic Factor for High Recurrence Rate and Poor Surgical Outcome
Authors: Choi Sooyie , Oh Yeongjoo , Chung Kee Yang , Oh Byung Ho , Roh Mi Ryung 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND
Several studies have reported the presence of hypopigmentation in extramammary Paget disease (EMPD). However, an in-depth analysis regarding its clinical implication is lacking.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the clinical characteristics of EMPD in the Korean population and to determine the implication of hypopigmentation on clinical outcomes.

METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed 124 cases of EMPD who underwent surgical treatment from a single tertiary hospital from December 2005 to March 2019. Baseline characteristics of the patients and hypopigmentation patterns were analyzed. Moreover, the number of stages of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and recurrence rate were evaluated in relation to the hypopigmentation.

RESULTS
A total of 67.7% (n = 84) of the patients showed hypopigmentation. The adjusted odds ratio for recurrence in the hypopigmented group was 5.980, which was statistically significant (95% confidence interval = 1.347–26.553, p-value = 0.019). Furthermore, the average number of MMS stages was 2.92 in the hypopigmentation group, compared with 1.82 in the nonhypopigmentation group (p-value = .0016).

CONCLUSION
Hypopigmented lesions may disguise the tumor margin, thus raising the recurrence rate after surgery and the number of stages of MMS. The hypopigmentation status must be considered when deciding the surgical margin.
Epibulbar Proliferative Fasciitis, a Variant of Nodular Fasciitis: A Differential Diagnosis of Conditions With Focal or Diffuse Myxoid Stromas
Authors: Jakobiec Frederick A. , Barrantes Paula Cortes , Ma Lina , Mihm Martin 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
To describe the clinical and pathologic features of a case of epibulbar proliferative fasciitis and to compare it with other focal or diffuse myxoid lesions.

Methods:
A clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed. The clinical history, photographic documentation, history, and referred slides were reanalyzed. Additional immunohistochemical stains were performed at our institution.

Results:
A 68-year-old woman developed over a week a brightly vascularized and focally hemorrhagic placoid lesion on the temporal side of the OS. She had had earlier augmentation breast surgery that had been mistakenly initially reported to us to be for breast carcinoma. Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained reactions revealed microscopically a spindle cell lesion with an intact nonkeratinizing epithelium and a background myxoid stroma with prominent capillaries and a light dispersion of small T-cell lymphocytes. Most striking among the spindle cells were some widely separated large atypical cells. The atypical cells were cytokeratin positive, but an expansive panel of immunohistochemical stains for breast carcinoma was negative. The lesion was diagnosed as proliferative fasciitis and has not recurred after 1-year follow up.

Conclusion:
A rapidly evolving conjunctival lesion is unlikely to be a primary or metastatic carcinoma. In the current case, the large ganglioform or rhabdomyoblast-like cells displayed diffuse cytokeratin positivity, still consistent with a mesenchymal or connective tissue cell lineage. Cytokeratin expression has been a finding previously reported in connective tissue tumors and in lymphoma cells. While the current lesion clinically resembles a conventional nodular fasciitis, the presence of the large atypical cells can lead to the misdiagnosis of a sarcoma, which typically displays a much higher Ki-67 proliferation index in comparison with nodular/proliferative fasciitis.
Purely Behavioral: A Scoping Review of Nonpharmacological Behavioral and Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Persons Living With HIV
Authors: Ramos S. Raquel , O'Hare Olivia M. , Hernandez Colon Ailene , Kaplan Jacobs Susan , Campbell Brynne , Kershaw Trace , Vorderstrasse Allison , Reynolds Harmony R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for 900,000 deaths annually. People living with HIV are at a higher risk of developing CVD. We conducted a scoping review guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis. In July 2020, six databases were searched: PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, as well as reference lists of relevant studies and key journals. Our review identified 18 studies that addressed nonpharmacological behavioral interventions into the following: physical activity (n = 6), weight loss (n = 2), dietary interventions (n = 1), and multicomponent interventions (n = 9). In the past 10 years, there has been an increased emphasis on nonpharmacological behavioral approaches, including the incorporation of multicomponent interventions, to reduce cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV. The extant literature is limited by underrepresentation of geographic regions and populations that disproportionately experience CVD.
Telehealth Exercise Intervention in Older Adults With HIV: Protocol of a Multisite Randomized Trial
Authors: Oursler Krisann K. , Marconi Vincent C. , Briggs Brandon C. , Sorkin John D. , Ryan Alice S. ,   FIT VET Project Team
Published: January 2021

Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) have reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, but a high intensity, easily disseminated exercise program has not yet been successfully developed in older PWH. The purpose of this article is to describe a synchronous telehealth exercise intervention in older PWH, delivered from one medical center to two other centers. Eighty older PWH (≥50 years) on antiretroviral therapy will be randomized to exercise or delayed entry control groups. Functional circuit exercise training, which does not entail stationary equipment, will be provided by real-time videoconferencing, 3 times weekly for 12 weeks, to small groups. Continuous remote telemonitoring of heart rate will ensure high exercise intensity. We hypothesize that telehealth exercise will be feasible and increase cardiorespiratory fitness and reduce sarcopenia and frailty. Findings will provide new insight to target successful aging in older PWH and can also be widely disseminated to PWH of any age or other patient populations.
It Cannot Happen, Never: A Qualitative Study Exploring Youth Views on Disclosure of HIV Diagnosis to Their Sexual Partners in Southern Malawi
Authors: Zgambo Maggie , Arabiat Diana , Ireson Deborah 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
With the availability of antiretroviral therapy, more children living with HIV live longer than before and grow into young adulthood. This study examined the concerns of youth about disclosure of an HIV diagnosis to their sexual partners and attempted to gain an understanding of their HIV status disclosure experiences, views, and plans. A focused ethnography was undertaken. Using semi-structured interviews, data were collected from 20 youth between the ages of 15 and 24 years who were attending an HIV clinic. The findings highlight that youth generally struggled to disclose their HIV status to their sexual partners. The most frequent reasons for concealing their HIV status was fear of relationship termination, being unmarried, and fear that their sexual partners may reveal their HIV diagnosis to the community, thereby predisposing them to stigmatization, discrimination, and prejudice. There is a need to develop and strengthen HIV disclosure support groups for youth to help them develop life skills for overcoming HIV-related stigma.