bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visually guided respiratory motion management for Ethos adaptive radiotherapy
Authors: Kim Taeho , Ji Zhen , Lewis Benjamin , Laugeman Eric , Price Alex , Hao Yao , Hugo Geoffrey , Knutson Nels , Cai Bin , Kim Hyun , Henke Lauren 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeEthos adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is emerging with AI‐enhanced adaptive planning and high‐quality cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT). Although a respiratory motion management solution is critical for reducing motion artifacts on abdominothoracic CBCT and improving tumor motion control during beam delivery, our institutional Ethos system has not incorporated a commercial solution. Here we developed an institutional visually guided respiratory motion management system to coach patients in regular breathing or breath hold during intrafractional CBCT scans and beam delivery with Ethos ART.MethodsThe institutional visual‐guidance respiratory motion management system has three components: (1) a respiratory motion detection system, (2) an in‐room display system, and (3) a respiratory motion trace management software. Each component has been developed and implemented in the clinical Ethos ART workflow. The applicability of the solution was demonstrated in installation, routine QA, and clinical workflow.ResultsAn air pressure sensor has been utilized to detect patient respiratory motion in real time. Either a commercial or in‐house software handled respiratory motion trace display, collection and visualization for operators, and visual guidance for patients. An extended screen and a projector on an adjustable stand were installed as the in‐room visual guidance solution for the closed‐bore ring gantry medical linear accelerator utilized by Ethos. Consistent respiratory motion traces and organ positions on intrafractional CBCTs demonstrated the clinical suitability of the proposed solution in Ethos ART.ConclusionThe study demonstrated the utilization of an institutional visually guided respiratory motion management system for Ethos ART. The proposed solution can be easily applied for Ethos ART and adapted for use with any closed bore‐type system, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, through incorporation with appropriate respiratory motion sensors.
A system for equitable workload distribution in clinical medical physics
Authors: Kim Minsun , Ford Eric , Smith Wade , Bowen Stephen R. , Geneser Sarah , Meyer Juergen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundClinical medical physics duties include routine tasks, special procedures, and development projects. It can be challenging to distribute the effort equitably across all team members, especially in large clinics or systems where physicists cover multiple sites. The purpose of this work is to study an equitable workload distribution system in radiotherapy physics that addresses the complex and dynamic nature of effort assignment.MethodsWe formed a working group that defined all relevant clinical tasks and estimated the total time spent per task. Estimates used data from the oncology information system, a survey of physicists, and group consensus. We introduced a quantitative workload unit, “equivalent workday” (eWD), as a common unit for effort. The sum of all eWD values adjusted for each physicist's clinical full‐time equivalent yields a “normalized total effort” (nTE) metric for each physicist, that is, the fraction of the total effort assigned to that physicist. We implemented this system in clinical operation. During a trial period of 9 months, we made adjustments to include tasks previously unaccounted for and refined the system. The workload distribution of eight physicists over 12 months was compared before and after implementation of the nTE system.ResultsPrior to implementation, differences in workload of up to 50% existed between individual physicists (nTE range of 10.0%–15.0%). During the trial period, additional categories were added to account for leave and clinical projects that had previously been assigned informally. In the 1‐year period after implementation, the individual workload differences were within 5% (nTE range of 12.3%–12.8%).ConclusionWe developed a system to equitably distribute workload and demonstrated improvements in the equity of workload. A quantitative approach to workload distribution improves both transparency and accountability. While the system was motivated by the complexities within an academic medical center, it may be generally applicable for other clinics.
“To Thrill You, I'll Use Any Device’: An Interview with Queen founder members Brian May and Roger Taylor
Authors: Winkler Ray 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhat about the bands that grace STUFISH stages – the clients of entertainment architecture? In an intimate and exclusive interview with Queen founder members Brian May and Roger Taylor, Guest‐Editor of this AD issue and STUFISH Design Director Ray Winkler explores their perspectives on gigging, past and present. Much has changed over the course of the rock group's more than 50‐year history, from the theatrical nature of performances to the technology, sound and visuals. They offer their thoughts on it all.
3D‐Printed Anisotropic Polymer Materials for Functional Applications
Authors: Chen Jiayao , Liu Xiaojiang , Tian Yujia , Zhu Wei , Yan Chunze , Shi Yusheng , Kong Ling Bing , Qi Hang Jerry , Zhou Kun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAnisotropy is the characteristic of a material to exhibit variations in its mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical properties, etc. along different directions. Anisotropic materials have attracted great research interest because of their wide applications in aerospace, sensing, soft robotics, and tissue engineering. 3D printing provides exceptional advantages in achieving controlled compositions and complex architecture, thereby enabling the manufacture of 3D objects with anisotropic functionalities. Here, a comprehensive review of the recent progress on 3D printing of anisotropic polymer materials based on different techniques including material extrusion, vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, and sheet lamination is presented. The state‐of‐the‐art strategies implemented in manipulating anisotropic structures are highlighted with the discussion of material categories, functionalities, and potential applications. This review is concluded with analyzing the current challenges and providing perspectives for further development in this field.
Plant‐Based Structures as an Opportunity to Engineer Optical Functions in Next‐Generation Light Management
Authors: Kaschuk Joice Jaqueline , Al Haj Yazan , Rojas Orlando J. , Miettunen Kati , Abitbol Tiffany , Vapaavuori Jaana 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis review addresses the reconstruction of structural plant components (cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses) into materials displaying advanced optical properties. The strategies to isolate the main building blocks are discussed, and the effects of fibrillation, fibril alignment, densification, self‐assembly, surface‐patterning, and compositing are presented considering their role in engineering optical performance. Then, key elements that enable lignocellulosic to be translated into materials that present optical functionality, such as transparency, haze, reflectance, UV‐blocking, luminescence, and structural colors, are described. Mapping the optical landscape that is accessible from lignocellulosics is shown as an essential step toward their utilization in smart devices. Advanced materials built from sustainable resources, including those obtained from industrial or agricultural side streams, demonstrate enormous promise in optoelectronics due to their potentially lower cost, while meeting or even exceeding current demands in performance. The requirements are summarized for the production and application of plant‐based optically functional materials in different smart material applications and the review is concluded with a perspective about this active field of knowledge.
Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Activated Reactive Oxygen Species Amplifier for Enzymatic Cascade Cancer Starvation/Chemodynamic /Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Man , Chang Mengyu , Li Chunxia , Chen Qing , Hou Zhiyao , Xing Bengang , Lin Jun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAt present, some progress has been made in the field of cancer theranostics based on nanocatalysts (NCs), but achieving precise theranostics in response to the specific tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a major challenge. Herein, a TME‐responsive upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)‐based smart UCNPs@Cu–Cys–GOx (UCCG) nanosystem is engineered, which combines natural enzymes and nanozymes so as to amplify reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in situ for cancer starvation/chemodynamic/immunotherapy. One of the biggest merits of this material is that it can be preserved inert (off) in normal tissues, and only in the TME can it be specifically activated (on) through a series of enzymatic cascades to boost ROS production via a strategy of open source (H2O2 self‐supplying ability) and reduce expenditure (glutathione (GSH) consuming ability). More importantly, the enhanced oxidative stress by UCCG NCs reverses the immunosuppressive TME, and facilitates antitumor immune responses. Meanwhile, the starvation/chemodynamic synergistic therapy triggered by UCCG combined with PD‐L1 antibody effectively inhibits the growth of primary tumors and cancer metastasis. In addition, the UCNPs in UCCG present upconversion luminescence enhancement, which can be exploited to visualize the reinforced ROS generation in real time. Collectively, this work provides an original method for the devising and exploitation of UCNPs‐based catalytic immunotherapy.
Interlayer Excitons in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Semiconductors for 2D Optoelectronics
Authors: Liu Yuanda , Elbanna Ahmed , Gao Weibo , Pan Jisheng , Shen Zexiang , Teng Jinghua 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOptoelectronic materials that allow on‐chip integrated light signal emitting, routing, modulation, and detection are crucial for the development of high‐speed and high‐throughput optical communication and computing technologies. Interlayer excitons in 2D van der Waals heterostructures, where electrons and holes are bounded by Coulomb interaction but spatially localized in different 2D layers, have recently attracted intense attention for their enticing properties and huge potential in device applications. Here, a general view of these 2D‐confined hydrogen‐like bosonic particles and the state‐of‐the‐art developments with respect to the frontier concepts and prototypes is presented. Staggered type‐II band alignment enables expansion of the interlayer direct bandgap from the intrinsic visible in monolayers up to the near‐ or even mid‐infrared spectrum. Owing to large exciton binding energy, together with ultralong lifetime, room‐temperature exciton devices and observation of quantum behaviors are demonstrated. With the rapid advances, it can be anticipated that future studies of interlayer excitons will not only allow the construction of all‐exciton information processing circuits but will also continue to enrich the panoply of ideas on quantum phenomena.
Multiscale Understanding of Surface Structural Effects on High‐Temperature Operational Resiliency of Layered Oxide Cathodes
Authors: Liu Xiang , Zhou Xinwei , Liu Qiang , Diao Jiecheng , Zhao Chen , Li Luxi , Liu Yuzi , Xu Wenqian , Daali Amine , Harder Ross , Robinson Ian K. , Dahbi Mouad , Alami Jones , Chen Guohua , Xu Gui‐Liang , Amine Khalil 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe worldwide energy demand in electric vehicles and the increasing global temperature have called for development of high‐energy and long‐life lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with improved high‐temperature operational resiliency. However, current attention has been mostly focused on cycling aging at elevated temperature, leaving considerable gaps of knowledge in the failure mechanism, and practical control of abusive calendar aging and thermal runaway that are highly related to the eventual operational lifetime and safety performance of LIBs. Herein, using a combination of various in situ synchrotron X‐ray and electron microscopy techniques, a multiscale understanding of surface structure effects involved in regulating the high‐temperature operational tolerance of polycrystalline Ni‐rich layered cathodes is reported. The results collectively show that an ultraconformal poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) coating can effectively prevent a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode from undergoing undesired phase transformation and transition metal dissolution on the surface, atomic displacement, and dislocations within primary particles, intergranular cracking along the grain boundaries within secondary particles, and intensive bulk oxygen release during high state‐of‐charge and high‐temperature aging. The present work highlights the essential role of surface structure controls in overcoming the multiscale degradation pathways of high‐energy battery materials at extreme temperature.
Crystal Phase Control during Epitaxial Hybridization of III‐V Semiconductors with Silicon
Authors: Rio Calvo Marta , Rodriguez Jean‐Baptiste , Cornet Charles , Cerutti Laurent , Ramonda Michel , Trampert Achim , Patriarche Gilles , Tournié Éric 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe formation and propagation of anti‐phase boundaries (APBs) in the epitaxial growth of III‐V semiconductors on Silicon is still the subject of great debate, despite the impressive number of studies focusing on this topic in the last past decades. The control of the layer phase is of major importance for the future realization of photonic integrated circuits that include efficient light sources or for new nano‐electronic devices, for example. Here, it is experimentally demonstrated that the main‐phase domain overgrows the anti‐phase domains (APDs) because it grows faster. A large‐scale analysis of the phase evolution based on reflection high‐energy electron diffraction and atomic force microscopy in the case of the molecular beam epitaxy of GaSb on Silicon (001) substrate is presented. The growth rate difference between the two domains is accurately measured and is shown to come from the atomic step distribution at the III‐V surface. The influence of the substrate preparation as well as of the growth condition on this distribution is also clarified.
Doctoral degrees awarded to Blacks in agricultural economics: 1999–2019
Authors: Moser Christine 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper looks at 21 years of data on doctoral degrees granted across the US and compares agricultural economics to economics and other fields. While the percentage of doctoral degrees awarded to Blacks is generally higher than that in economics, both the percent and the number of Blacks completing their degrees have decreased slightly over time in agricultural economics. The number and percent of doctoral degrees across all fields awarded to Black students increased over the same period. The paper also reviews studies related to diversity in the economics and agricultural economics professions and discusses possible reasons for the disparities.
Geographic mobility in the emergency medicine residency match and the influence of gender
Authors: Regan Linda , Gisondi Michael A. , Branzetti Jeremy , Mitchell Meghan , Romeo Michelle , Kayko Caroline , Hopson Laura R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesWomen are underrepresented in emergency medicine (EM) leadership. Some evidence suggests that geographic mobility improves career advancement. We compared movement between medical school and residency by gender. Our hypothesis was that women move a shorter distance than men.MethodsWe collected National Residency Matching Program (NRMP) lists of ranked applicants from eight EM residency programs from the 2020 Main Residency Match. We added the gender expressed in interviews and left the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) number as the unique identifier. Applicant data for matched osteopathic and allopathic seniors in the continental United States was included. We obtained street addresses for medical schools from an AAMC database and residency program addresses from the ACGME website. We performed geospatial analysis using ArcGIS Pro and compared results by gender. NRMP approved the data use and our institutional review board granted exempt status.ResultsA total of 881 of 944 unique applicants met inclusion criteria and included 48.5% (830/1,713) of matched allopaths and 37% of all matched seniors; 48% (420) were female. There was no significant difference between genders for distance moved (p = 0.31). Women moved a mean (±SD) 619 (±698) miles (median = 341 miles, range = 0–2,679 miles); and men, a mean (±SD) 641 (±717) miles (median = 315 miles, range = 0–2,671 miles). Further analysis of applicants traveling less than 50 miles (49 women, 51 men) and by census division showed no significant frequency differences.ConclusionWomen and men travel similar distances for EM residency with the majority staying within geographic proximity to their medical school. This suggests that professional mobility at this stage is not a constraint. Our study findings are limited because we do not know which personal and professional factors inform relocation decisions. Gender is not associated with a difference in distance moved by students for residency. This finding may have implications for resident selection and career development.
Experimental study on breakup of a single bubble in a stirred tank: Effect of gas density and liquid properties
Authors: Zhang Huahai , Wang Yuelin , Sayyar Ali , Wang Tiefeng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBubble breakup plays an important role in gas–liquid flows, but detailed studies are still scarce. In this work, the breakup behavior of a single bubble in a stirred tank was experimentally studied with a high‐speed camera, focusing on the effect of gas density, liquid properties, agitation speed, and mother bubble size. The bubble breakup time, breakup probability, breakup rate, and daughter bubble size distribution were determined. The internal‐flow phenomenon that the gas flowed from the smaller part to the larger part of a deformed mother bubble was observed by a high‐speed camera. The results showed that with increasing gas density, agitation speed, mother bubble size and decreasing surface tension, the bubble breakup rate and probability of equal‐size distribution significantly increased. With increasing liquid viscosity, the bubble breakup rate decreased especially in the high viscosity range. An M‐shaped daughter bubble size distribution was observed, which was consistent with our previous bubble breakup model.
Drop breakage in a single‐pass through vortex‐based cavitation device: Experiments and modeling
Authors: Thaker Abhijeet H. , Ranade Vivek V. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLiquid–liquid emulsions are used in many sectors such as personal care, home care, and food products. There is an increasing need for developing compact and modular devices for producing emulsions with desired droplet size distribution (DSD). In this work, we have experimentally and computationally investigated an application of vortex‐based hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) device for producing emulsions. The focus is on understanding drop breakage occurring in a single‐pass through the considered HC device. The experiments were performed for generating oil‐in‐water emulsion containing 1%–20% rapeseed oil. The effect of pressure drop across the HC device in the range of 50–250 kPa on drop breakage was examined. DSD of emulsions produced through a single pass was measured using the focussed beam reflectance measurements. Comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the Eulerian approach was developed to simulate multiphase cavitating flow. Using the simulated flow, population balance model (PBM) with appropriate breakage kernels was solved to simulate droplet breakage in a vortex‐based HC device. The device showed an excellent drop breakage efficiency (nearly 1% which is much higher than other commercial devices such as rotor–stators or sonolators) and was able to reduce mean drop size from 66 to ~15 μm in a single pass. The CFD and PBM models were able to simulate DSD. The presented models and results will be useful for researchers and engineers interested in developing compact devices for producing emulsions of desired DSD.
Morphological invariant of the midsagittal deep brain anatomy between humans and African great apes
Authors: Amano Hideki , Kochiyama Takanori , Tanabe Hiroki C. , Ogihara Naomichi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesEfforts have been made to mathematically reconstruct the brain morphology from human fossil crania to clarify the evolutionary changes in the brain that are associated with the emergence of human cognitive ability. However, because conventional reconstruction methods are based solely on the endocranial shape, deep brain structures cannot be estimated with sufficient accuracy. Our study aims to investigate the possible morphological correspondence between the cranial and deep brain morphologies based on humans and African great apes, with the goal of a more precise reconstruction of fossil brains.Materials and MethodsMidsagittal endocranial and deep brain landmarks were obtained from magnetic resonance images of humans and three species of African great apes. The average midsagittal endocranial profile of all four species was calculated after Procrustes registration. The spatial deformation function from each of the endocranial profiles to the average endocranial profile was defined, and the brain landmarks enclosed in the endocranium were transformed using the deformation function to evaluate the interspecific variabilities of the positions of the brain landmarks on the average endocranial profile.ResultsThe interspecific differences in the shape‐normalized positions of the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, thalamus center, and brainstem were approximately within the range of 2% of the human cranial length, indicating that the interspecific variabilities of the positions of these deep brain structures were relatively small among the four species.DiscussionSuch an invariant relationship of the deep brain structure and the endocranium that encloses the brain can potentially be utilized to reconstruct the brains of fossil hominins.