bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in exploration and exploitation in group decision‐making: Evidence from immersive simulations of major incident emergencies
Authors: Wilkinson Byron , Cohen‐Hatton Sabrina R. , Honey Robert C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMulti‐agency groups are brought together to make strategic decisions in response to major incident emergencies. Here, we investigated decision‐making processes in 18 multi‐agency groups who were video recorded while engaged in simulated major incident emergencies involving a potential need to evacuate individuals from the location of the incident. Three general categories of decision‐making activity were used to code the videos: situation assessment (SA), plan formulation (PF) and plan execution (PE). Analysis of the transitions between these decision‐making activities showed that there were marked between‐group departures from normative models of decision‐making, which predict an orderly transition from SA to PF and then from PF to PE. These departures appeared to reflect between‐group differences in the tendency to explore information (evident in reciprocal transitions between SA and PF) or exploit information (apparent in transitions to and from SA and PF to PE). Moreover, the tendency to explore but not exploit information was associated with the number of transitions to critical decisions (i.e. to evacuate individuals from the location of the incident).
Chromosome‐scale inference of hybrid speciation and admixture with convolutional neural networks
Authors: Blischak Paul D. , Barker Michael S. , Gutenkunst Ryan N. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInferring the frequency and mode of hybridization among closely related organisms is an important step for understanding the process of speciation and can help to uncover reticulated patterns of phylogeny more generally. Phylogenomic methods to test for the presence of hybridization come in many varieties and typically operate by leveraging expected patterns of genealogical discordance in the absence of hybridization. An important assumption made by these tests is that the data (genes or SNPs) are independent given the species tree. However, when the data are closely linked, it is especially important to consider their nonindependence. Recently, deep learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used to perform population genetic inferences with linked SNPs coded as binary images. Here, we use CNNs for selecting among candidate hybridization scenarios using the tree topology (((P1, P2), P3), Out) and a matrix of pairwise nucleotide divergence (dXY) calculated in windows across the genome. Using coalescent simulations to train and independently test a neural network showed that our method, HyDe‐CNN, was able to accurately perform model selection for hybridization scenarios across a wide breath of parameter space. We then used HyDe‐CNN to test models of admixture in Heliconius butterflies, as well as comparing it to phylogeny‐based introgression statistics. Given the flexibility of our approach, the dropping cost of long‐read sequencing and the continued improvement of CNN architectures, we anticipate that inferences of hybridization using deep learning methods like ours will help researchers to better understand patterns of admixture in their study organisms.
Midazolam versus dexamethasone‐ondansetron in preventing post‐operative nausea‐vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries
Authors: Prakash Kelika , Meshram Tanvi , Jain Priyanka 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundMidazolam reduces post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) when compared to a placebo or when used as an adjuvant to other antiemetics. The present study was designed to compare midazolam with a combination of dexamethasone‐ondansetron in preventing PONV.MethodsOne hundred and twenty patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries having 2 or more risk factors for PONV (simplified Apfel score) were randomised into 2 groups of 60 each. Patients in group D received 8‐mg dexamethasone and 4‐mg ondansetron for PONV prophylaxis while those in group M received 2‐mg midazolam towards the end of surgery. The proportion of patients (frequency) who had PONV, post‐operative nausea (PON) and post‐operative vomiting (POV) was noted over 24 hours over the following intervals: 0‐2 hours, 2‐24 hours and 0‐24 hours.ResultsThe frequency of PONV at 24 hours in group D and group M was 30% and 33.3% respectively and was not significantly different (P = .70). There was no difference in the time to achieve post‐anaesthesia discharge score of ≥9 between the two groups {5 minutes (5, 5) in group D; 5 minutes (1.25, 5) in group M, P = .48}. Ten patients in group D and 11 in group M required a rescue antiemetic over 24 hours (P = .81). The frequency of PON, POV and PONV as well as the median PONV score was similar at all time periods.ConclusionMidazolam does not result in significantly different frequency of PONV than a combination of dexamethasone‐ondansetron.
Transcriptomic changes due to early, chronic intermittent alcohol exposure during forebrain development implicate WNT signaling, cell‐type specification, and cortical regionalization as primary determinants of fetal alcohol syndrome
Authors: Fischer Máté , Chander Praveen , Kang Huining , Mellios Nikolaos , Weick Jason P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundFetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) due to gestational alcohol exposure represents one of the most common causes of nonheritable lifelong disability worldwide. In vitro and in vivo models have successfully recapitulated multiple facets of the disorder, including morphological and behavioral deficits, but far less is understood regarding the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying FAS.MethodsIn this study, we utilized an in vitro human pluripotent stem cell‐based (hPSC) model of corticogenesis to probe the effects of early, chronic intermittent alcohol exposure on the transcriptome of first trimester‐equivalent cortical neurons.ResultsWe used RNA sequencing of developing hPSC‐derived neurons treated for 50 days with 50 mM ethanol and identified a relatively small number of biological pathways significantly altered by alcohol exposure. These included cell‐type specification, axon guidance, synaptic function, and regional patterning, with a notable upregulation of WNT signaling‐associated transcripts observed in alcohol‐exposed cultures relative to alcohol‐naïve controls. Importantly, this effect paralleled a shift in gene expression of transcripts associated with regional patterning, such that caudal forebrain‐related transcripts were upregulated at the expense of more anterior ones. Results from H9 embryonic stem cells were largely replicated in an induced pluripotent stem cell line (IMR90‐4), indicating that these patterning alterations are not cell line‐specific.ConclusionsWe found that a major effect of chronic intermittent alcohol on the developing cerebral cortex is an overall imbalance in regionalization, with enrichment of gene expression related to the production of posterodorsal progenitors and a diminution of anteroventral progenitors. This finding parallels behavioral and morphological phenotypes observed in animal models of high‐dose prenatal alcohol exposure, as well as patients with FAS.
Review of topical gelatin‐based haemostatic agents; an insidious culprit of intraoperative anaphylaxis?
Authors: White Roland Z. , Kerr Lachlan , White Tyler J. , Sampson Matthew J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAn under‐recognized complication of gelatin‐based haemostatic agents is their potential to cause anaphylactic reactions. This review aims to collate and analyse casein the literature of intraoperative anaphylaxis secondary to locally applied haemostatic agents.MethodsAn electronic search was performed on databases Medline, Embase, Pubmed and ProQuest. A total of 7671 articles were reviewed from title and abstract. After exclusion criteria and duplicates removed, 19 articles with 21 cases were included for analysis. Data extracted from each of the articles included patient demographics, haemostatic agent used, surgery type, known allergies and any objective evidence of hypersensitivity post anaphylactic episode, that is tryptase levels, IgE levels, skin prick testing.ResultsFifty‐seven percent of cases involved patients <18 years of age; 57% of cases involved spinal surgery; 100% of cases displayed objective evidence of hypersensitivity (tryptase levels, bovine or porcine IgE levels, or skin prick testing). Thirty‐three percent of patients had exposure preoperatively to a known agent causing anaphylaxis or allergy which would preclude the use of a gelatin‐based haemostat. These products included vaccines, spam meats, red meat, Jell‐O and CollaPlug. Gelatin‐based haemostat agents included Floseal, Gelfoam, Surgiflo, fibrin glue, Avitene, haemofibrine sponge, topical bovine thrombin and thrombin‐soaked gelatin.ConclusionIncreased awareness of allergy to gelatin‐based haemostats for surgical and anaesthetic is imperative, with 33% of cases having a known contraindication to gelatin‐based haemostat. This review highlights important aspects in the pre‐operative patient history and post‐event patient investigation that could assist anaesthetists and surgeons in the prevention of future events.
Dung beetle activity had no positive effect on nutrient concentration or performance of established rainforest seedlings
Authors: Urrea‐Galeano Lina Adonay , Andresen Ellen , Coates Rosamond , Mora Francisco , del‐Val Ek , Nava Mendoza Maribel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDung beetle activity causes many changes in the soil when they remove feces from the surface. In temperate grasslands and in greenhouse experiments, these changes have been found to positively affect established plants, but information about these effects under natural conditions in tropical forests is practically nonexistent. In a tropical rainforest (Los Tuxtlas, Mexico), we carried out field experiments with seedlings of six tree species (Brosimum alicastrum, Calophyllum brasiliense, Cymbopetalum baillonii, Diospyros digyna, Omphalea oleifera, and Poulsenia armata), to assess whether feces burial by dung beetles had any positive effect on them. We estimated foliar nitrogen and phosphorus, seedling survival, growth and resource allocation, under three treatment levels: (a) feces added and beetles active, (b) feces added and beetles excluded, and (c) no feces added (and consequently no beetles active). We analyzed data at two levels: community (all plant species together) and individual species. Dung beetle activity did not increase the concentration of foliar nutrients or seedling performance (survival, growth); in one species, it modified resource allocation. At the community level and for two species, dung beetle activity decreased the probability of seedlings growing in height. Our study provides evidence on how extrapolating the effects of dung beetle activity from other study systems into tropical forests can be problematic. More studies will be needed before we can have a clearer idea of the effects that feces burial by dung beetles have on established plants in tropical forests.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Systematic insight into the active constituents and mechanism of Guiqi Baizhu for the treatment of gastric cancer
Authors: Li Ling , Jin Xiao‐jie , Li Jia‐wei , Li Cheng‐hao , Zhou Shuang‐yan , Li Jun‐jie , Feng Cai‐qin , Liu Dong‐ling , Liu Yong‐qi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTraditional Chinese medicine treatment of diseases has been recognized, but the material basis and mechanisms are not clear. In this study, target prediction of the antigastric cancer (GC) effect of Guiqi Baizhu (GQBZP) and the analysis of potential key compounds, key targets, and key pathways for the therapeutic effects against GC were carried out based on the method of network analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment. There were 33 proteins shared between GQBZP and GC, and 131 compounds of GQBZP had a high correlation with these proteins, indicating that the PI3K‐AKT signaling pathway might play a key role in GC. From these studies, we selected human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and programmed cell death 1‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) for docking; the results showed that 385 and 189 compounds had high docking scores with HER2 and PD‐L1, respectively. Six compounds were selected for microscale thermophoresis (MST). Daidzein/quercetin and isorhamnetin/formononetin had the highest binding affinity for HER2 and PD‐L1, with Kd values of 3.7 μmol/L and 490, 667, and 355 nmol/L, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation studies based on the docking complex structures as the initial conformation yielded the binding free energy between daidzein/quercetin with HER2 and isorhamnetin/formononetin with PD‐L1, calculated by molecular mechanics Poisson‐Boltzmann surface area, of −26.55, −14.18, −19.41, and −11.86 kcal/mol, respectively, and were consistent with the MST results. In vitro experiments showed that quercetin, daidzein, and isorhamnetin had potential antiproliferative effects in MKN‐45 cells. Enzyme activity assays showed that quercetin could inhibit the activity of HER2 with an IC50 of 570.07 nmol/L. Our study provides a systematic investigation to explain the material basis and molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treating diseases.
The Learning Signal in Perceptual Tuning of Speech: Bottom Up Versus Top‐Down Information
Authors: Zhang Xujin , Wu Yunan Charles , Holt Lori L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCognitive systems face a tension between stability and plasticity. The maintenance of long‐term representations that reflect the global regularities of the environment is often at odds with pressure to flexibly adjust to short‐term input regularities that may deviate from the norm. This tension is abundantly clear in speech communication when talkers with accents or dialects produce input that deviates from a listener's language community norms. Prior research demonstrates that when bottom‐up acoustic information or top‐down word knowledge is available to disambiguate speech input, there is short‐term adaptive plasticity such that subsequent speech perception is shifted even in the absence of the disambiguating information. Although such effects are well‐documented, it is not yet known whether bottom‐up and top‐down resolution of ambiguity may operate through common processes, or how these information sources may interact in guiding the adaptive plasticity of speech perception. The present study investigates the joint contributions of bottom‐up information from the acoustic signal and top‐down information from lexical knowledge in the adaptive plasticity of speech categorization according to short‐term input regularities. The results implicate speech category activation, whether from top‐down or bottom‐up sources, in driving rapid adjustment of listeners' reliance on acoustic dimensions in speech categorization. Broadly, this pattern of perception is consistent with dynamic mapping of input to category representations that is flexibly tuned according to interactive processing accommodating both lexical knowledge and idiosyncrasies of the acoustic input.
The effect of paper surface‐coating pigments and binders on colour gamut and printing parameters
Authors: Ozcan Arif , Tutak Dogan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOne of the most important factors affecting the printing quality of printing processes is the surface structure of the printing material. The surface structure of the paper formed by fibres can be modified and smoothed out using coatings that make it more suitable for printing. In this study, three different types of coating pigments were prepared and applied onto an 80 g/m2 base paper surface. Styrene butadiene latex and polyvinyl alcohol were used as binders, and three different types of pigments, precipitated calcium carbonate, clay and zeolite, were used as pigments in the prepared coatings. The physical and optical properties of all calendered and non‐calendered papers were measured and compared. All the prints were produced with an ink‐jet digital printing machine upon the coated and calendered papers for recording the printability parameters. The ΔE00 differences between colours, tone values, colour gamuts and colour gamut volumes were measured from the surfaces of the printed papers. The results showed that the coating type had a better effect on print quality, and that the printability properties of coated papers and even calendered papers were very good.
Adoption of a novel smart mobile‐health application technology to track chronic immunosuppression adherence in solid organ transplantation: Results of a prospective, observational, multicentre, pilot study
Authors: Melilli Edoardo , Cestone Giuseppe , Revuelta Ignacio , Meneghini Maria , Lladó Laura , Montero Nuria , Manonelles Anna , Diaz Maribel , Coloma Ana , Torregrosa Vicenç , Baliellas Carme , Cruzado Josep M. , Diekmann Fritz , Grinyó Josep , Bestard Oriol 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundLow adherence to chronic immunosuppression is associated with suboptimal transplantation outcomes. Mobile‐health technology is a promising tool to monitor medication adherence, but data on patient engagement to these tools are lacking.MethodsProspective, observational, multicenter, 2‐phase trial in kidney and liver transplant recipients, investigating the degree of engagement to TrackYourMed® (TYM), a novel m‐Health technology with a QR code‐scan app to track immunosuppression adherence and its association with drug monitoring.ResultsOut of 204 consecutive transplant patients, 90 patients were eligible to participate. 61 (68%) used TYM regularly, 21 (23%) never or barely used it, 5 (5.5%) were irregular users, and 3 (3.3%) were lost to follow‐up. 6‐month total correct intakes (CIN) ranged between 69%–76%, 12%–19% intakes were out‐of‐time (OUT), and 9%–12% were missed (MIS). Notably, a rate of intakes out of the scheduled time higher than 20% in the 6 days prior to blood immunosuppressant trough levels was associated with a higher intra‐patient variability (17 IQR 13–21% vs. 29 IQR 23%–36%, p = .001), and with a higher dose‐adjustment (p < .001). At 1 year, 53(59%) patients were still active users of TYM.ConclusionsImplementing m‐Health technologies promoting immunosuppression adherence may be useful for a relevant number of transplant patients and help transplant physicians identifying erratic immunosuppression adherence.
Targeting intensive job assistance to ex‐offenders by the nature of offense: Results from a randomized control trial
Authors: Bollinger Christopher R. , Yelowitz Aaron 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs many as two‐thirds of newly‐released inmates will be arrested for a new offense within 3 years. This study evaluates the impact of job assistance on recidivism rates among ex‐offenders. The job assistance program, run though the private company America Works, uses a network of employers to place clients. Ex‐offenders were randomly assigned to intensive job assistance (treatment group) or the standard program (control group). The intensive program is meant to improve average work readiness for ex‐offenders. It reduces the likelihood of subsequent arrest among nonviolent ex‐offenders, but has little effect on violent ex‐offenders. The rearrest rate for nonviolent ex‐offenders in the treatment group was 19 percentage points lower than those in the control group. The rearrest rate for violent ex‐offenders in the treatment group was indistinguishable from those in the control group. We estimate benefits from intensive job assistance from averted crimes and find that they outweigh the $5,000 up‐front cost for nonviolent ex‐offenders.
Divergent responses of phenology and growth to summer and autumnal warming
Authors: Yan Tao , Fu Yongshuo , Campioli Matteo , Peñuelas Josep , Wang Xuhui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPlant phenology is highly sensitive to climate change, and shifts in autumnal foliar senescence are critical for plant productivity and nutrient cycling. Global warming has delayed the timing of foliar senescence, but the response of autumnal foliar senescence to nonuniform seasonal warming remains poorly understood, with experimental evidence in trees especially scarce. We therefore conducted a field experiment on seasonally asymmetric warming on 2‐year‐old larch (Larix principis‐rupprechtii) seedlings in two hydrologically contrasting years (wet 2018 and dry 2019). Autumnal and year‐round warming significantly delayed the timing of foliar senescence by 6 and 7 d in 2018, the wet year, with corresponding temperature sensitivities of 6.73 ± 1.47 and 8.26 ± 1.00 d/°C, respectively. Interestingly, the dates of senescence did not change across the warming treatments in 2019, the dry year. However, there was no significant effect of summer warming on the timing of foliar senescence neither in the wet nor dry year. The delayed autumnal foliar senescence was responsible for an increase in biomass only in the wet year, 2018. In contrast, summer warming, but not autumnal warming, increased the mortality of the seedlings in both 2018 and 2019. These results suggest that the hydrological conditions substantially modify the response of autumnal phenology and growth to seasonal warming. Autumnal warming increases growth, whereas summer warming could cause carbon starvation/hydraulic failure, reduce growth, and lead to higher mortality. Our results suggest that the functioning, ecosystem services, and sustainability of forests in the future depend on the strength and pattern of nonuniform seasonal warming. This study can inspire new research in phenology and tree growth in experiments with asymmetric warming.
A Comparison of Residential Apartment Rent Price Predictions Using a Large Data Set: Kriging Versus Deep Neural Network
Authors: Seya Hajime , Shiroi Daiki 
Published: March 2021

Despite several attempts to compare and examine the predictive accuracy of real estate sales and rent prices between the regression‐based and neural‐network (NN)‐based approaches, the results are largely mixed. Prior study limitations include a small sample size and a disregard for spatial dependence, which is an essential characteristic of real estate properties. Hence, this study aims to add new empirical evidence to the literature on comparing regression‐based with NN‐based rent price prediction models through sophistications by (1) examining different and relatively large‐scale sample sizes (n = 104, 105, 106), and (2) considering the spatial dependence of either the application of nearest neighbor Gaussian processes (NNGP) or the latitude‐longitude coordinate function (in the case of a deep neural network [DNN]). A case study of apartment rent prices in Japan shows that, given an increase in sample size, the out‐of‐sample predictive accuracies of the DNN approaches and that of NNGP are nearly equal in the order of n = 106. However, the DNN may have higher predictive accuracy than the NNGP for both higher‐ and lower‐end properties whose rent prices deviate from the median.