bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pedagogy in undergraduate anatomy course: An argument for case‐based learning
Authors: Kumar Archana , Moritz Gillian , Guy‐Gaytán Candice 
Published: June 2021

A typical anatomy course consists of a didactic lecture, involving rote‐memorization, and is coupled with a laboratory component that provides students with opportunities to experience and confirm what they learned (Bandyopadhyay & Biswas, 2017). Additionally, this pedagogical approach typically utilizes textbooks, two‐dimensional anatomical models, and the student's course success often relies on an ability to memorize facts, rather than synthesize material. When transitioning to medical schools, students will be faced with applying their anatomical knowledge to clinical scenarios, which requires critical thinking and advanced questioning skills that go beyond the rote‐memorization experience they had as an undergraduate (Silen, Wirell, Kvist, Nylander, & Smedby, 2009). One potentially effective way to improve the transition from undergraduate education transition into medical schools, and to support students in making connections between structure, function, and clinical reasoning is by incorporating case‐based learning(CBL) in undergraduate level A&P courses. CBL is a form of inquiry‐based learning used in various health‐care related fields such as medicine and dentistry, and it involves teaching and applying theoretical knowledge to real‐world clinical cases. Because it allows the student to apply knowledge, it could provide the training and knowledge necessary for medical students to transition between lecture and clinical practices. For example, Jamkar, Burdick, Morahan, Yemul, Sarmukadum and Singh (2007), focused on implementing CBL to train undergraduate medical students in surgery. Students were given patient histories and formulated ideas to treat and diagnose the patient. Each student used knowledge they learned from textbooks and in‐class lectures, and students developed a concept map illustrating how they determined patient diseases and diagnoses. Results indicated students improved clinical‐reasoning skills, exhibited increased confidence in treating patients, and were more motivated to learn. Furthermore, the use of CBL in medical schools is shown to improve students content knowledge, teamwork, analytical reasoning, patient interactions, and foster the ability to adapt to a patient's needs. To address A&P preparedness and to ensure that students are successful in their transition to medical school, it is essential that we as professional instructors improve how undergraduate students are learning in undergraduate A&P. In my poster presentation, I will describe the research needed to advance our understanding of CBL and its implications for the design of effective A&P learning environments.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A Global Perspective of Muscular System Coverage in Undergraduate Human Anatomy and Anatomy & Physiology Courses: General Instructional Trends in Muscular System Coverage
Authors: Reynolds Amberly , Goodwin Michael , O'Loughlin Valerie 
Published: June 2021

There is a widely variable breadth of coverage of anatomical content across undergraduate human anatomy courses. A previous study by Saladin (2008) assessed muscle coverage in undergraduate anatomy courses, but the sample size was about 20 individuals who self‐reported their data in response to a listserv question. Thus, a larger, more representative sample was required to be able to assess more accurately the variation among these courses. In response to the need for a more global understanding of the content taught in undergraduate anatomy courses, we prepared a muscular system survey where human Anatomy (or Anatomy & Physiology) faculty could report the extent to which they discuss skeletal muscles in these classes. The survey also collected demographic institutional data such as the type of institution (community college versus 4‐year), course format, and geographic location of the undergraduate institution, so comparisons could be made. The muscular system coverage survey was created and administered to participants online via Qualtrics. Muscles that were surveyed were those listed and described in a typical undergraduate human anatomy text (Human Anatomy, 5th edition textbook by McKinley, O'Loughlin, and Pennefather‐O'Brien (2017)). Participants were recruited via a poster presentation at HAPS 2018 and recruitment emails sent out through AAA, HAPS and AACA listservs. The survey has been examined and the study deemed exempt by Indiana University IRB ‐ Protocol # 1805378498. All data was de‐identified prior to analysis. The data indicated some interesting instructional trends regarding muscular system coverage. First, the identification of specific muscles and their actions are taught at a higher frequency than the teaching of either attachments or innervation. Innervation of specific muscles is the least taught concept across all assessed regions. In each muscular region, certain muscles were taught with higher frequency than others and that is demarcated on the graphs of the poster. This research shows there is a global trend in teaching identification of specific muscles within each region of the human body and often this is accompanied by teaching actions of said muscles. These general instructional trends may increase our understanding of the anatomical education undergraduate students are receiving and will lead to further critical conversations about content development and curriculum.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Effects of 3D Image Resource on Non‐Cadaveric Anatomy Course
Authors: Rogozinski Mariel S , Kulesza Randy J , McCarthy Sarah A 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionLake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM) offers a medical school problem based learning (PBL) pathway where clinical cases facilitate development of educational competencies. However, anatomical understanding is the basis to all clinical cases and must be understood prior to initiation of case studies. Therefore, PBL anatomy at LECOM is taught in a traditional manner but practical application of anatomical material is done in a non‐cadaveric approach.Consistently it has been observed that PBL students struggle with the practical application of anatomy. After completing a needs assessment it was discovered many PBL students credited their struggle to a lack of spatial ability due to the study of only 2D cadaveric images. It was concluded that when PBL anatomy was developed the hidden curriculum pertaining to spatial reasoning was not considered.AimTo increase PBL practical anatomy grades by developing spatial reasoning skills through implementation of a computerized educational tool – Complete Anatomy Modules.MethodsA second year PBL student and anatomy instructor created modules utilizing the Complete Anatomy program.Complete Anatomy published the created modules and provided directions to students to access the program. Furthermore, students were given a demonstration on how to use the program prior to starting the course. Students accessed the program at their discretion to aid in their anatomical learning during laboratory sessions and while studying.Upon completion of the course, a voluntary anonymous survey was distributed to students requesting information on the usage and ease of the program within the course utilizing Likert scale, binary and open‐ended questions. In addition, a round table discussion was hosted to provide students with the opportunity to voice their opinions about the educational tool as well as the overall course. Finally, 2017 and 2018 exam scores are to be statistically compared to determine if practical anatomical exam grades improved and if there was a correlation between scores and the utilization of the educational tool.This study has been reviewed and approved by the LECOM IRB.ResultsThough noted as unfavorable in discussion, surveys found a range of students using the tool daily to never. Many complaints were directed toward technology, cost, and the variety of learning methods. Preliminary data suggests no significant differences in examination scores, however data is currently still being collected and analyzed.Discussion and ConclusionOverall, the educational tool was utilized but not favored or recommended as a requirement in the future. The students enjoyed the interactive features and this data will guide future improvements to the PBL anatomy course.Support or Funding InformationLake Erie College of Osteopathic MedicineThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Cyclophilin A is crucial for efficient Listeria Cell‐to‐Cell Spreading
Authors: Dhanda Arandeep Singh , Lulic Katarina T , Vogl A Wayne , McGee Margaret M , Chiu Robert H , Guttman Julian A 
Published: June 2021

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) bacteria kill 25% of people they infect. To cause disease, these microbes enter their host's cells and commandeer various components of those cells. Importantly, the bacteria generate motile actin‐rich structures attached to their own surface in order to protrude from the host cell's plasma membrane as they attempt to spread into neighboring cells for further infections. These actively spreading bacteria reside within the tips of protrusive actin‐rich structures called listeriopods. To better understand infections caused by Listeria, current research is targeted towards unravelling the precise molecular components involved in the formation of listeriopods. In a screen of proteins found at actin‐rich structures formed by pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), we identified the eukaryotic peptidyl prolyl cis‐trans isomerase (PPIase), cyclophilin A (CypA). Here we tested the hypothesis that CypA is a crucial protein needed to propagate infections by Listeria. Using CypA antibodies we demonstrate that this protein is concentrated specifically at listeriopods. To test the functional importance of CypA at these structures we infected CypA null murine fibroblasts with Listeria and saw that listeriopods were structurally collapsed and twisted. Ultrastructural examination revealed wide‐scale alterations to the organization of actin filaments within the core of the collapsed listeriopods. Importantly, when CypA is re‐expressed in these null cells, listeriopods appear morphologically normal. We used a Listeria cell‐to‐cell spreading assay to examine the ability of listeriopods to protrude into neighboring uninfected cells and found a ~2.5‐fold decrease in the proportion of listeriopods moving cell‐to‐cell when they were generated in CypA knock‐out cells. In conclusion, we have shown that CypA is a key protein needed for bacterial cell‐to‐cell dissemination.Support or Funding InformationGrant Funding Source: NSERC (grant no. 355316 to J.A.G), SFU departmental funds and SFU Multi‐Year Funding (A.S.D)This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Hypothalamic Transcriptome Differences in Tame Versus Aggressive Silver Foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
Authors: Ortega Madison Taylor , Hekman Jessica P , Johnson Jennifer , Lyu Zhen , Joshi Trupti , Behura Susanta K , Mao Jiude , Kukekova Anna V , Rosenfeld Cheryl S 
Published: June 2021

How dogs became domesticated and the underlying neurological events that accompanied this process continues to fascinate scientists. To recapitulate what this domestication process may have entailed, silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have been deliberately bred for tame vs. aggressive behaviors for greater than 50 generations at the Institute for Cytology and Genetics in Novosibirsk, Russia. The hypothalamus is the primary brain region that guides social behaviors, and thus we hypothesized that selective breeding for tameness/aggressiveness has shaped the transcriptomic profile in this brain region. Hypothalamic RNA from 12 tame male and 12 aggressive male foxes was isolated and subjected to RNAseq, followed by qPCR validation for select differentially expressed genes (DEGs). 70 genes were identified as being DEGs. Function annotation indicated that the main processes altered between the two fox groups were anatomical structure development, signal transduction, small molecule metabolic process, plasma membrane, cell differentiation, and transport. Additionally, 148 exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) demonstrated significant allele frequency differences between tame and aggressive foxes. Validation by qPCR analyses revealed that NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Subunit A6(Ndufa6) was significantly upregulated in tame vs. aggressive foxes; whereas Primase And DNA Directed Polymerase(Primpol) was strongly upregulated in aggressive vs. tame foxes. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) analyses also revealed that several gene modules significantly associated with tame vs. aggressive behavior. Current transcriptomic profile results in hypothalamus of tame vs. aggressive foxes are important as they may reveal those genes and pathways that are altered as foxes are bred specifically for tameness/aggressiveness. It remains to be determined whether similar hypothalamic changes occurred in the process of dog domestication.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Virtual Geometric Reconstruction of Australopithecine Femora: A Methodological Evaluation
Authors: Goldstein Deanna M , Sylvester Adam D 
Published: June 2021

The fragmentary nature of fossils, and the need to extract as much information from them as possible, mandates that broken portions be reconstructed. Virtual reconstruction using geometric morphometric techniques based on the thin plate spline (TPS) function can be used to locate landmarks that represent missing portions of fossil specimens. Here we evaluate the accuracy of TPS‐based reconstruction in artificially damaged australopithecine distal femora.Surface models of modern human (n=35) and chimpanzee (n=37) distal femora, as well as those of two australopiths (casts of A.L. 129‐1a and A.L. 333‐4), were created using a structured light scanner. Articular surfaces were trimmed from the rest of the surface model. 1007 sliding semilandmarks were distributed across the articular surface, and semilandmarks were then slid to minimize the bending energy of the TPS function relative to an updated Procrustes average. Fossils were then virtually destroyed by removing semilandmarks to mimic the type of destruction observed in other fossil specimens. Removed portions increased from a small, central hole in the middle of each condyle to removal of the entire condyle. Average chimpanzee and human femora were used as references to create two separate reconstructions using geometric reconstruction based on the TPS function. Procrustes distances (PD) between each reconstruction and the original fossil were calculated to evaluate reconstruction accuracy.Reconstructions based on both human and chimpanzee averages deviated further from the original fossils as the level of artificial damage increased. When the entire medial condyle was reconstructed, the original morphology of both australopithecine fossils was intermediate between the human‐based and chimpanzee‐based reconstructions. For these reconstructions, Procrustes distances indicate that both A.L. 129‐1a and A.L. 333‐4 are most similar to the human‐based reconstruction (A.L. 129‐1a: PD = 0.001 vs. 0.002; A.L. 333‐4: PD = 0.002 vs. 0.003). When the entire lateral condyle was reconstructed, the fossils fell outside the possible morphologies bounded by the human‐based and chimpanzee‐based reconstructions. Procrustes distances indicate that both fossils are more similar to the human‐based reconstructions than those based on the average chimpanzee (A.L. 129‐1a: PD = 0.004 vs. 0.005; A.L. 333‐4: PD = 0.005 vs. 0.009). These results suggest that while the australopithecine medial femoral condyle may be considered an interpolation between chimpanzee and human morphology, the lateral condyle does not follow the same trend. For australopithecine distal femur reconstructions to be accurate, medial and lateral condyles should be considered separately.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A Muscle‐fiber Comparison in Apes Based on Brain Size and Locomotor Style
Authors: Omstead Kailey Madisen , Burrows Anne , Muchlinski Magdalena , Hemingway Holden 
Published: June 2021

The present study was designed to better understand the relationship between muscle mass and brain mass in primates and to illustrate how muscle fiber composition could be used to address evolutionary questions in relation to energetics. Skeletal muscle is composed of two main fiber types; type I (slow‐twitch), which are fatigue‐resistant but slow to contract, and type II (fast‐twitch) which are more quickly fatigued and fast to contract. Type I fibers use aerobic while type II fibers are primarily anaerobic. When active, skeletal muscle is in direct competition with the brain for glucose and oxygen and is an expensive tissue to maintain. Data analyzed from a previous study demonstrated a negative correlation between brain size and type I fibers in lemurs (N=11) suggesting that as brain mass increases, type I fiber composition decreases. Alternatively, muscle fiber composition has been linked to differences in locomotion. This raises the question; which of these explanatory variables plays the greatest role in muscle fiber composition? Based on documented patterns, we hypothesized that; (1) emphasized hominoid primates would have an increase in type I and (2) primates engaging in quick short‐lived movements will have more type II fibers while those engaging in long lived postural movements will have more type I fibers. Accordingly, we calculated the type I and type II fiber frequencies from two upper‐limb and hind‐limb muscles (deltoid, pectoralis major, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles) from four hominoid genera (Gorilla, Pongo, Pan troglodytes and Hylobates lars, N=7) using immunohistochemistry. Formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded muscle samples were sectioned (10um) and immunostained using Type I and Type II Myosin heavy‐chain antibodies (abcam). Histological analysis of muscle morphology was visualized and quantified using light microscopy and Image J. Hylobates, a small‐bodied, small‐brained primate, accounted for 36% average type I fiber composition between all four muscles, compared with Gorilla, a large‐bodied, larger‐brained primate which had a mean type I fiber composition of 31%, (Pongo 46%, P. troglodytes 39%). In comparing type I to type II fibers in the gastrocnemius muscle, Gorilla (14%, 85%) P. troglodytes (28%, 70%) and Hylobates (19%, 79%) displayed a higher type II fiber composition, while Pongo (62%, 38%) had a higher type I composition. These calculated mean differences between taxa and the variability between individual muscle groups suggests locomotor style may have a greater effect on skeletal muscle fiber‐type than brain size.Support or Funding InformationNational Society Foundation, NSF American Association of Anatomists, AAAThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Comparisons of Forelimb Muscular Anatomy in Humans, Macaques, and Chimpanzees: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Kenyon Brittany , Eriksen Amandine , Sirianni Joyce E. 
Published: June 2021

The forearm extensor muscles are physiologically organized into three functional groups; one group is made up of muscles that extend and abduct or adduct the hand at the wrist. Two of these muscles are Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL) and Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB). Both originate from the distal end of the humerus; ECRL inserts onto the base of metacarpal (MC) 2 and ECRB inserts onto the base of MC3. Previous research has demonstrated that 24% of human forearms include an extra extensor muscle, which has important clinical implications.Here, we test the hypothesis that this extra extensor muscle is present in a quarter of human forearms, but not in other primates due to locomotor constraints. Our sample includes prosected human (n=25), macaque (n=90), and chimpanzee (n=2) cadavers. All cadavers (n=117) were surveyed for the presence or absence of accessory extensor muscles, noting the origin and insertion of extra muscles.Results indicate the presence of an additional extensor, most likely Extensor Carpi Radialis Accessorius (ECRA) in 5% of the human sample, and complete absence in both the macaque and chimpanzee samples. Given the similar anatomy among these three species, it is noteworthy that accessory extensor muscles do not appear in non‐human primate forearm muscles, especially in the chimpanzee, which is closely related to humans. However, based on patterns in human evolution, these results are somewhat expected. Throughout primate, including human, evolution, locomotor patterns have changed and allowed for adaptations in the wrist and forelimb. Macaques are terrestrial quadrupeds and thus have stable wrists. Brachiating animals, like chimpanzees, also have stable wrists to support their body weight while suspended. Both of these locomotor patterns are reflected in the musculoskeletal anatomy of these animals. Humans have evolved more flexible wrists, since their forearms are unnecessary for bipedal locomotion. Thus, as a byproduct of primate evolution, species such as humans develop extra extensor muscles for use in tool making and other needs, whereas other primates do not in order to maintain wrist stability for more important demands like locomotion.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Vertebral Regionalization Facilitates Functional Diversification of the Mammalian Axial Skeleton
Authors: Jones Katrina Elizabeth , Angielczyk Kenneth , Pierce Stephanie 
Published: June 2021

The mammalian vertebral column is subdivided into semi‐autonomous modules – regions – which vary strongly in morphology along the column and between species. Although regional differentiation is an important component of the mammalian bauplan, very little is known about the impact of regionalization on vertebral function, nor the evolutionary steps which underlie its origin. To examine the link between regionalization and function, we conducted ex‐vivo biomechanical testing on presacral intervertebral joints of two species: Felis catus – a mammal with strongly‐defined vertebral regions, and Salvator merianae – a lizard with poorly‐defined regions. Regionalization patterns in biomechanical parameters (e.g., stiffness, range of motion) were compared to those in vertebral morphology to test the hypothesis that vertebral regionalization facilitates functional diversification of the axial skeleton.Results indicate tight correlations between presacral morphological and functional regions in Felis. By contrast, subtle morphological regions in Salvator were only associated with transitions in vertebral function at the cervico‐dorsal boundary. Further, form‐function relationships along the column were stronger in Felis and were highly differentiated between vertebral regions. Taken together, these results suggest that evolutionary differentiation of presacral regions in mammals has resulted in both functional diversification and enhanced plasticity in form‐function relationships in the axial skeleton.Support or Funding InformationAAA Postdoctoral fellowship, NSF EAR 1524523This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.