bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using gradient Forest to predict climate response and adaptation in Cork oak
Authors: Vanhove Mathieu , Pina‐Martins Francisco , Coelho Ana Cristina , Branquinho Cristina , Costa Augusta , Batista Dora , Príncipe Adriana , Sousa Paulo , Henriques André , Marques Isabel , Belkadi Bouchra , Knowles L. Lacey , Paulo Octávio S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractClimate change is impacting locally adapted species such as the keystone tree species cork oak (Quercus suber L.). Quantifying the importance of environmental variables in explaining the species distribution can help build resilient populations in restoration projects and design forest management strategies. Using landscape genomics, we investigated the population structure and ecological adaptation of this tree species across the Mediterranean Basin. We applied genotyping by sequencing and derived 2,583 single nucleotide polymorphism markers genotyped from 81 individuals across 17 sites in the studied region. We implemented an approach based on the nearest neighbour haplotype ‘coancestry’ and uncovered a weak population structure along an east–west climatic gradient across the Mediterranean region. We identified genomic regions potentially involved in local adaptation and predicted differences in the genetic composition across the landscape under current and future climates. Variants associated with temperature and precipitation variables were detected, and we applied a nonlinear multivariate association method, gradient forest, to project these gene–environment relationships across space. The model allowed the identification of geographic areas within the western Mediterranean region most sensitive to climate change: south‐western Iberia and northern Morocco. Our findings provide a preliminary assessment towards a potential management strategy for the conservation of cork oak in the Mediterranean Basin.
Evidence of a rapid and adaptive response of hemipteran mouthparts to a physical barrier
Authors: Allen Pablo E. , Cui Quentin , Miller Christine W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAnimals have encountered novel foods at points throughout history, due to factors such as range expansions and niche shifts driven by competition. One of the first challenges presented by novel foods is how to eat them. Mouthpart morphology is thus critical during the process of host shifts. Developmental plasticity in mouthparts is one potential mechanism that may allow animals to tolerate new foods and eventually to thrive upon them. Here, we investigated the extent to which insect mouthparts from two geographically distant populations can converge in morphology when feeding on common resources. We conducted a common garden/reciprocal transplant experiment using two populations of the cactus bug, Narnia femorata, that differ in mouthpart length. This insect uses straw‐like mouthparts (hereafter ‘beak’) to get through the cactus fruit wall to reach the pulp inside. Our experimental results revealed clear developmental plasticity in beak length. Insects from both populations grew longer beaks when they fed on the cactus fruit with the thicker walls, and they grew shorter beaks when they fed on the cactus fruit with the thinner walls. Thus, insects from distant populations exhibited immediate developmental responses to a new food, and in the predicted directions. These results suggest that some fauna may be able to respond more rapidly than predicted when they encounter novel plants.
Flagellum Malfunctions Trigger Metaboly as an Escape Strategy in Euglena gracilis
Authors: Chen Yong‐Jun , Huang Guo‐Bin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEuglenoids present the ability to alter the shape of their bodies, a process referred to as metaboly. Metaboly is usually used by phagotrophic cells to engulf their prey. However, Euglena gracilis is osmotrophic and photosynthetic. Though metaboly was discovered centuries ago, it remains unclear why E. gracilis undergo metaboly and what causes them to deform, and some consider metaboly to be a functionless ancestral vestige. Here, we discover that flagellum malfunctions trigger metaboly and metaboly is a smart escape strategy adopted by E. gracilis when the proper rotation and beating of the flagellum are hindered by restrictions including surface obstruction, sticking, resistance, or limited space. Metaboly facilitates escape in five ways: (i) detaching the body from the surface; (ii) enlarging the space between flagellum and the restricting surface which restores beating and rotation of the flagellum; (iii) decreasing the torque of viscous resistance for rotation of the body; (iv) decreasing the length of the body; and (v) crawling backwards on a surface or swimming backwards if the flagellum completely malfunctions or has broken off. Our findings suggest that metaboly plays a key role in enabling E. gracilis to escape from harmful conditions when flagellar functions are impaired or absent.
Certificates of Confidentiality: Protecting Human Subject Research Data in Law and Practice
Authors: Wolf Leslie E. , Patel Mayank J. , Tarver Brett A. Williams , Austin Jeffrey L. , Dame Lauren A. , Beskow Laura M. 
Published: January 2021

Answering important public health questions often requires collection of sensitive information about individuals. For example, our understanding of how HIV is transmitted and how to prevent it only came about with people's willingness to share information about their sexual and drug-using behaviors. Given the scientific need for sensitive, personal information, researchers have a corresponding ethical and legal obligation to maintain the confidentiality of data they collect and typically promise in consent forms to restrict access to it and not to publish identifying data.The interests of others, however, can threaten researchers' promises of confidentiality when legal demands are made to access research data (e.g., through subpoena). In some cases, the subject of the litigation is tightly connected to the research questions, and litigants' interest in the data is not surprising. Researchers conducting studies on tobacco or occupational or other chemical exposures, for example, are relatively frequent targets of subpoenas.
Conflict Resolution in the Clinical Setting: A Story Beyond Bioethics Mediation
Authors: Morreim Haavi 
Published: January 2021

Rarely do ethics consults focus on genuine moral puzzlement in which people collectively wonder what is the right thing to do. Far more often, consults are about conflict. Each side knows quite well what is “right.” The problem is that the other side is too blind or stubborn to recognize it. And so the ethics consultant is called, perhaps in the hope that s/he will throw the weight of ethics toward one side and end the controversy so everyone can get on with other business.Perhaps the greater problem in these scenarios is that even if one side “wins” by gaining the power to dictate what happens next, the toxicity permeating the relationships often markedly worsens and other conflicts erupt, major and minor.
Effects of ML351 and tissue plasminogen activator combination therapy in a rat model of focal embolic stroke
Authors: Cheng Guangsen , Zhao Wei , Xin Yongjie , Huang Guomin , Liu Yongkang , Li Zhongliang , Zhan Meixiao , Li Yong , Lu Ligong , van Leyen Klaus , Liu Yu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThrombolytic stroke therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is limited by risks of hemorrhagic transformation (HT). We have reported that a new 12/15‐lipoxygenase (12/15‐LOX) inhibitor ML351 reduced tPA related HT in mice subjected to experimental stroke under anticoagulation. In this study, we asked whether ML351 can ameliorate tPA induced HT in an embolic stroke model. Rats were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion with 2 or 3 hr ischemia and tPA infusion, with or without ML351. Regional cerebral blood flow was monitored 2 hr after ischemia and continuously monitored for 1 hr after treatment for determining reperfusion. Hemoglobin was determined in brain homogenates and infarct volume was quantified at 24 hr after stroke.12/15‐LOX, cluster of differentiation 68(CD68), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and tight junction proteins expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. ML351 significantly reduced tPA related hemorrhage after stroke without affecting its thrombolytic efficacy. ML351 also reduced blood–brain barrier disruption and improved preservation of junction proteins. ML351 and tPA combination improved neurological deficit of rats even though ML351 did not further reduce the infarct volume compared to tPA alone treated animals. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines were suppressed by ML351 both in vivo and in vitro experiments. We further showed that ML351 suppressed the expression of c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase (JNK) in brains and microglia cultures, whereas exogenous 12‐HETE attenuated this effect in vitro. In conclusion, ML351 and tPA combination therapy is beneficial in ameliorating HT after ischemic stroke. This protective effect is probably because of 12/15‐LOX inhibition and suppression of JNK‐mediated microglia/macrophage activation.
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Efficacy of topical calcipotriol betamethasone dipropionate as a new adjuvant therapy to follicular unit extraction technique in treatment of stable vitiligo: clinical, dermoscopic and immunohistological study
Authors: Abd Elazim Nagwa E. , Kamal Ahmed , Abdel Gaber Reham M. , Fathy Eman , EL‐Deek Heba E. M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundFollicular unit extraction (FUE) grafting is a surgical procedure which provides the vitiliginous patches with undifferentiated stem cells of the hair follicles. It has been postulated that adjuvant therapy enhances the results. This is the first study to assess two different adjuvant therapies vs FUE alone.AimsTo study the efficiency of FUE alone or combined with either topical calcipotriol betamethasone dipropionate (CBD) or NB‐UVB phototherapy in cases of nonsegmental stable vitiligo. To assess the role of dermoscopy in monitoring the pattern and degree of repigmentation.Patients/ Methods53 patients with 94 lesions with stable nonsegmental vitiligo were divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 16) with 30 lesions received FUE alone. Group 2 (n = 18) with 32 lesions received FUE plus topical CBD. Group 3 (n = 19) with 32 lesions received FUE plus NB‐UVB phototherapy. Assessment was done by grades of repigmentation, color match, percent of size reduction, and immunohistochemical evaluation of perilesional CD8+T lymphocytes.ResultsThe fastest onset of repigmentation was observed in both groups 2 and 3 in the second week (16.7%, 10.5%, respectively).Group 2 achieved the best response by all methods of assessment. Perifollicular diffuse repigmentation was the commonest dermoscopic pattern in 60 lesions (63.8%). There was a statistically significant decrease in perilesional CD8+T lymphocytes after 4 months.ConclusionFUE is an effective method of surgical treatment of stable vitiligo, and topical CBD as a new adjuvant therapy is successful in targeting the immunological background of vitiligo. Dermoscopy has an essential role in monitoring the repigmentation response.
Determining Frailty in People With Intellectual Disabilities in the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Festen Dederieke A. M. , Schoufour Josje D. , Hilgenkamp Thessa I. M. , Oppewal Alyt 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundAcross the world, frailty is part of the guidelines that are being developed in the COVID‐19 pandemic for triaging in crisis situations. The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) evaluates the ability to perform daily tasks to identify frail individuals, potentially excluding those from intensive care (IC) treatment. Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience varying degrees of dependence, distinct from age‐related physical deterioration. Using the CFS for triage in crisis situations could potentially unjustifiably exclude individuals with ID from IC treatment. Our objective was to compare the classification of individuals with ID into different frailty categories based on the CFS and the well‐studied ID‐frailty index and to determine suitability of CFS for evaluation of frailty in individuals with ID during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsThis retrospective analysis of the observational healthy aging and intellectual disabilities (HA‐ID) study included 982 individuals with ID of ≥50 years, who were classified according to the CFS and the ID‐frailty index.ResultsOf the cohort of 982 older adults with ID, 626 (63.7%) would be classified as moderately frail (CFS score 6), but 92% of this group is not moderately frail according to the ID‐frailty index. Furthermore, 199 (20.3%) would be classified as at least severely frail (CFS score 7–9), but 74.9% of this group is not severely frail according to the ID‐frailty index. Overall, 730 out of 982 (74.9%) individuals would be incorrectly classified by the CFS as too frail to have a good probability of survival. The ID‐frailty index predicts mortality better than the CFS in individuals with ID.ConclusionsOur results show the CFS is not suitable to evaluate frailty in individuals with ID, with potential dramatic consequences for triage and decision‐making during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We strongly recommend using the ID‐frailty index when assessing probability of survival for individuals with ID.
Influence of the interposition of pink muscle fibers in the dorsal ordinary muscle on the postmortem hardness of meat in various fishes
Authors: Wang Yao , Liang Jia , Miyazaki Riho , Sun Hanying , Zhao Xianxian , Hirasaka Katsuya , Hamada Yuki , Tachibana Katsuyasu , Liu Baolin , Taniyama Shigeto 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe previously showed that the tenderization of ordinary muscle during ice storage is affected by the interposition of pink muscle fibers in the ordinary muscle. However, little is known about whether or not the interposition of pink muscle fibers affects the hardness of raw fish meat. To clarify the influence of the interposition of pink muscle fibers in the dorsal ordinary muscle on hardness of meat, the breaking strengths and the fiber types of the dorsal ordinary muscle of eight fish species (a total of 37 specimens) were discriminated. The breaking strengths among fish species were within a range of 6.5–19.1 N/cm2. Pink muscle fibers were found in the dorsal ordinary muscle of six out of the eight fish species ranging from 0.0 to 56.0% in quantity ratio, and 0.0 to 19.3% in area ratio, respectively. The quantity ratio and area ratio of pink muscle fibers in the dorsal ordinary muscles of all eight fish species samples positively correlated with the breaking strength. Relative to the quantity ratio (p < .05), the area ratio (p < .02) of pink muscle fibers was more representative of postmortem texture hardness. In conclusion, the high interposition ratio of pink muscle fibers in ordinary muscle could potentially improve the postmortem hardness, the texture, and even the flesh quality of raw fish meat.
Evaluation of non‐starch polysaccharide addition in Turkish noodles: ELECTRE techniques approach
Authors: Göksel Saraç Meryem 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the present study, the effects of non‐starch polysaccharide addition into noodle samples were determined in uncooked and cooked noodle samples from cooking, physicochemical, textural, and sensorial aspects. Turkish‐type noodles were obtained using apple (AFN), carrot (CFN), inulin (IFN), and pea (PFN) fibers among the non‐starch polysaccharides. Moreover, the sensory analyses were performed using elimination et choixtraduisant la realite—elimination and choice translating reality (ELECTRE), one of the multi‐criteria decision‐making approach methods. The cooking loss values were found to be low in the final products containing a high amount of dietary fibers. The hardest product among the cooked noodles was the noodle produced using pea fiber that was also the one with the lowest water absorption value. Because of the different characteristics of dietary fibers, the noodles also have different properties. Based on the criteria selected as a result of the ELECTRE analysis performed for sensorial analysis, the most preferred product following the control sample was found to be the IFN sample. The others were ranked as the ones obtained using pea, carrot, and apple fiber.
Hepatitis C virus cure before hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis is associated with improved survival
Authors: Lockart Ian , Hajarizadeh Behzad , Alavi Maryam , Davison Scott , Prakoso Emilia , Levy Miriam T. , George Jacob , Dore Gregory J. , Danta Mark 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure on survival in patients with HCV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been examined, although many studies have been subject to survivor treatment selection bias. We assessed the impact of HCV cure before HCC diagnosis on overall survival. Patients with HCV‐related HCC at three referral hospitals in Australia were included retrospectively (January 2008 to December 2019). The risk of death following HCC diagnosis among patients who achieved HCV cure before HCC diagnosis was compared to patients who were viraemic at diagnosis. Among 422 patients with HCV‐related HCC, 101 (24%) achieved HCV cure before HCC diagnosis, 37 with interferon (IFN) and 64 with direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. Patients with HCV cure were more likely to have no cirrhosis or Child‐Pugh A liver disease (83% vs. 66%, p = .002), surveillance detection (71% vs. 48%, p < .001), HCC stage O or A (64% vs. 45%, p < .001) and receive curative initial HCC management (51% vs. 28%, p < .001), compared with patients who were viraemic at diagnosis. The 5‐year overall survival was 51% in the HCV cure group and 22% in the viraemic group. In adjusted analysis, risk of death was lower in patients with HCV cure before HCC diagnosis compared with patients who were viraemic at diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.44–0.91; p = .013). Patients with HCV‐related HCC who have achieved HCV cure before HCC diagnosis have improved overall survival compared with patients who were viraemic at diagnosis.
Listening to Songs and Singing Benefitted Initial Stages of Second Language Pronunciation but Not Recall of Word Meaning
Authors: Baills Florence , Zhang Yuan , Cheng Yuhui , Bu Yuran , Prieto Pilar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe present study explored whether listening to songs and singing can improve second language pronunciation and vocabulary learning at beginning stages of language acquisition. One hundred and eight Chinese students underwent a 4‐min training session to learn 14 words from a meaningful French song about the parts of the body in either one of two conditions: in Experiment 1, listening to rhythmic speech vs listening to the same words but in a song (50 participants), and in Experiment 2, listening to vs singing a song (58 participants). Accentedness ratings of pretest and posttest recordings revealed that (a) the song listening group reduced accentedness significantly more than the rhythmic speech listening group (Experiment 1); and (b) singing and listening to a song yielded similar significant improvements after training (Experiment 2). No advantage of song listening compared to rhythmic speech listening nor of singing compared to song listening was found for word recall. Individual measures of working memory and imitation ability significantly influenced our results.
Deconstructing stigma as a barrier to treating DGBI: Lessons for clinicians
Authors: Feingold Jordyn H. , Drossman Douglas A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractStigma, defined as social devaluation based on negative stereotypes toward a particular population, is prevalent within health care and is a common phenomenon in disorders of gut‐brain interaction (DGBI). Characteristically, DGBI including functional dyspepsia (FD) lack a structural etiology to explain symptoms, have high psychiatric co‐morbidity, and respond to neuromodulators traditionally used to treat psychopathology. As a result, these disorders are frequently and wrongly presumed to be psychiatric and carry a great deal of stigma. Stigma has profound adverse consequences for patients, including emotional distress, medication non‐adherence, barriers to accessing care, and increased symptoms. The basis for stigma dates back to the 17th Century concept of mind‐body dualism. Patients and health care providers need to understand the factors that promote stigma and methods to ameliorate it. In this minireview, we address the data presented in Yan et al.'s (Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2020, e13956). We offer concrete solutions for clinicians to mitigate the impact of stigma to optimize treatment adherence and clinical outcomes for patients with DGBI.
Insect species richness affects plant responses to multi‐herbivore attack
Authors: Fernández de Bobadilla Maite , Bourne Mitchel E. , Bloem Janneke , Kalisvaart Sarah N. , Gort Gerrit , Dicke Marcel , Poelman Erik H. 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Plants are often attacked by multiple insect herbivores. How plants deal with an increasing richness of attackers from a single or multiple feeding guilds is poorly understood.

We subjected black mustard (Brassica nigra) plants to 51 treatments representing attack by an increasing species richness (one, two or four species) of either phloem feeders, leaf chewers, or a mix of both feeding guilds when keeping total density of attackers constant and studied how this affects plant resistance to subsequent attack by caterpillars of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella).

Increased richness in phloem‐feeding attackers compromised resistance to P. xylostella. By contrast, leaf chewers induced a stronger resistance to subsequent attack by caterpillars of P. xylostella while species richness did not play a significant role for chewing herbivore induced responses. Attack by a mix of herbivores from different feeding guilds resulted in plant resistance similar to resistance levels of plants that were not previously exposed to herbivory.

We conclude that B. nigra plants channel their defence responses stronger towards a feeding‐guild specific response when under multi‐species attack by herbivores of the same feeding guild, but integrate responses when simultaneously confronted with a mix of herbivores from different feeding guilds.
Genetic architecture and adaptation of flowering time among environments
Authors: Yan Wenjie , Wang Baosheng , Chan Emily , Mitchell‐Olds Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Summary

The genetic basis of flowering time changes across environments, and pleiotropy may limit adaptive evolution of populations in response to local conditions. However, little information is known about how genetic architecture changes among environments.

We used genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) in Boechera stricta (Graham) Al‐Shehbaz, a relative of Arabidopsis, to examine flowering variation among environments and associations with climate conditions in home environments. Also, we used molecular population genetics to search for evidence of historical natural selection.

GWAS found 47 significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence flowering time in one or more environments, control plastic changes in phenology between experiments, or show associations with climate in sites of origin. Genetic architecture of flowering varied substantially among environments. We found that some pairs of QTLs showed similar patterns of pleiotropy across environments. A large‐effect QTL showed molecular signatures of adaptive evolution and is associated with climate in home environments. The derived allele at this locus causes later flowering and predominates in sites with greater water availability.

This work shows that GWAS of climate associations and ecologically important traits across diverse environments can be combined with molecular signatures of natural selection to elucidate ecological genetics of adaptive evolution.