bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory Specific to Temporal Features of Sound Is Formed by Cue-Selective Enhancements in Temporal Coding Enabled by Inhibition of an Epigenetic Regulator
Authors: Rotondo Elena K. , Bieszczad Kasia M. 
Published: September 2021

Recent investigation of memory-related functions in the auditory system have capitalized on the use of memory-modulating molecules to probe the relationship between memory and substrates of memory in auditory system coding. For example, epigenetic mechanisms, which regulate gene expression necessary for memory consolidation, are powerful modulators of learning-induced neuroplasticity and long-term memory (LTM) formation. Inhibition of the epigenetic regulator histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) promotes LTM, which is highly specific for spectral features of sound. The present work demonstrates for the first time that HDAC3 inhibition also enables memory for temporal features of sound. Adult male rats trained in an amplitude modulation (AM) rate discrimination task and treated with a selective inhibitor of HDAC3 formed memory that was highly specific to the AM rate paired with reward. Sound-specific memory revealed behaviorally was associated with a signal-specific enhancement in temporal coding in the auditory system; stronger phase locking that was specific to the rewarded AM rate was revealed in both the surface-recorded frequency following response and auditory cortical multiunit activity in rats treated with the HDAC3 inhibitor. Furthermore, HDAC3 inhibition increased trial-to-trial cortical response consistency (relative to naive and trained vehicle-treated rats), which generalized across different AM rates. Stronger signal-specific phase locking correlated with individual behavioral differences in memory specificity for the AM signal. These findings support that epigenetic mechanisms regulate activity-dependent processes that enhance discriminability of sensory cues encoded into LTM in both spectral and temporal domains, which may be important for remembering spectrotemporal features of sounds, for example, as in human voices and speech.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEpigenetic mechanisms have recently been implicated in memory and information processing. Here, we use a pharmacological inhibitor of HDAC3 in a sensory model of learning to reveal the ability of HDAC3 to enable precise memory for amplitude-modulated sound cues. In so doing, we uncover neural substrates for memory's specificity for temporal sound cues. Memory specificity was supported by auditory cortical changes in temporal coding, including greater response consistency and stronger phase locking. HDAC3 appears to regulate effects across domains that determine specific cue saliency for behavior. Thus, epigenetic players may gate how sensory information is stored in long-term memory and can be leveraged to reveal the neural substrates of sensory details stored in memory.
A Text-Based Intervention to Promote Literacy: An RCT
Authors: Chamberlain Lisa J. , Bruce Janine , De La Cruz Monica , Huffman Lynne , Steinberg Jecca Rhea , Bruguera Ren , Peterson Jaime W. , Gardner Rebecca M. , He Zihuai , Ordaz Yesenia , Connelly Elizabeth , Loeb Susanna 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Children entering kindergarten ready to learn are more likely to thrive. Inequitable access to high-quality, early educational settings creates early educational disparities. TipsByText, a text-message–based program for caregivers of young children, improves literacy of children in preschool, but efficacy for families without access to early childhood education was unknown.

METHODS
We conducted a randomized controlled trial with caregivers of 3- and 4-year-olds in 2 public pediatric clinics. Intervention caregivers received TipsByText 3 times a week for 7 months. At pre- and postintervention, we measured child literacy using the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening Tool (PALS-PreK) and caregiver involvement using the Parent Child Interactivity Scale (PCI). We estimated effects on PALS-PreK and PCI using multivariable linear regression.

RESULTS
We enrolled 644 families, excluding 263 because of preschool participation. Compared with excluded children, those included in the study had parents with lower income and educational attainment and who were more likely to be Spanish speaking. Three-quarters of enrollees completed pre- and postintervention assessments. Postintervention PALS-PreK scores revealed an unadjusted treatment effect of 0.260 (P = .040); adjusting for preintervention score, child age, and caregiver language, treatment effect was 0.209 (P = .016), equating to ∼3 months of literacy gains. Effects were greater for firstborn children (0.282 vs 0.178), children in 2-parent families (0.262 vs 0.063), and 4-year-olds (0.436 vs 0.107). The overall effect on PCI was not significant (1.221, P = .124).

CONCLUSIONS
The health sector has unique access to difficult-to-reach young children. With this clinic-based texting intervention, we reached underresourced families and increased child literacy levels.
Sequestration of solid carbon in concrete: A large-scale enabler of lower-carbon intensity hydrogen from natural gas
Authors: Li Jiaqi , Spanu Leonardo , Heo Jeffrey , Zhang Wenxin , Gardner David W. , Carraro Carlo , Maboudian Roya , Monteiro Paulo J. M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Methane pyrolysis is an emerging technology to produce lower-carbon intensity hydrogen at scale, as long as the co-produced solid carbon is permanently captured. Partially replacing Portland cement with pyrolytic carbon would allow the sequestration at a scale that matches the needs of the H2 industry. Our results suggest that compressive strength, the most critical mechanical property, of blended cement could even be improved while the cement manufacture, which contributes to ~ 9% global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, can be decarbonized. A CO2 abatement up to 10% of cement production could be achieved with the inclusion of selected carbon morphologies, without the need of significant capital investment and radical modification of current production processes. The use of solid carbon could have a higher CO2 abatement potential than the incorporation of conventional industrial wastes used in concrete at the same replacement level. With this approach, the concrete industry could become an enabler for manufacturing a lower-carbon intensity hydrogen in a win–win solution.

Impact
Methane pyrolysis is an up-scalable technology that produces hydrogen as a lower carbon-intensity energy carrier and industrial feedstock. This technology can attract more investment for lower-carbon intensity hydrogen if co-produced solid carbon (potentially hundreds of million tons per year) has value-added applications. The solid carbon can be permanently stored in concrete, the second most used commodity worldwide. To understand the feasibility of this carbon storage strategy, up to 10 wt% of Portland cement is replaced with disk-like or fibrillar carbon in our study. The incorporation of 5% and 10% fibrillar carbons increase the compressive strength of the cement-based materials by at least 20% and 16%, respectively, while disk-like carbons have little beneficial effects on the compressive strength. Our life-cycle assessment in climate change category results suggest that the 10% cement replacement with the solid carbon can lower ~10% of greenhouse gas emissions of cement production, which is currently the second-largest industrial emitter in the world. The use of solid carbon in concrete can supplement the enormous demand for cement substitute for low-carbon concrete and lower the cost of the low-carbon hydrogen production. This massively available low-cost solid carbon would create numerous new opportunities in concrete research and the industrial applications.
Circulating tumor cells in breast cancer: clinical and molecular parallels
Authors: Zyuzyukina A. V. , Vatrushkina M. O. , Zamay T. N. , Kolovskaya O. S. , Zamay G. S. , Kichkailo A. S. , Zukov R. A. 
Published: September 2021

Background. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of malignant neoplasm among women, with a high rate of metastasis. Early non-invasive diagnosis is required to increase the effectiveness of anticancer therapy.Objective: to determine the content of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and their derivatives in the peripheral blood using the MDA-231 aptamer, compare the results obtained with the clinical and molecular characteristics of BC.Materials and methods. The study included 22 patients with BC. Detection of CTCs and circulating tumor microemboli was carried out in 3.5 ml of the blood of BC patients with the help of the MDA-231 aptamer which is affine for breast cancer cells, labeled with the fluorescent Cy3 dye. The count of CTCs in the blood samples was performed using fluorescent and laser scanning microscopy.Results and conclusions. The content of CTCs and circulating tumor microemboli in the peripheral blood of patients with BC of various molecular subtypes was analyzed using the MDA-231 aptamer. The relationship between the number of CTCs and the molecular biological subtype was revealed. The obtained results show the possible prognostic value of CTCs use for monitoring effectiveness of anticancer therapy and control of recurrence of BC.
Precision of the determination of focal depth from the spectral ratio of Love/Rayleigh surface waves
Authors: Massé Robert P. , Lambert D. G. , Harkrider David G. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The precision with which the focal depth may be determined using Love/Rayleigh-wave spectral ratios depends on the accuracy of the models for Earth structure and for source mechanism used in the focal depth calculations. Estimates of the precision of the focal depth determination are obtained using the partial derivatives of Love/Rayleigh spectral ratios with respect to the parameters: focal depth, shear velocity, dip angle, and slip angle. We find that errors caused by imprecise knowledge of any of these parameters can be important in practice.
Asymmetric P′P′: An alternative to P′dP′ reflections in the uppermost mantle (0 to 110 km)
Authors: Whitcomb James H. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Precursors to P′P′ (PKPPKP), first interpreted as sub-surface reflections by Gutenberg in 1960 and studied in several later papers by other authors, precede the P′P′ phase by up to 200 sec. This phase, designated P′dP′ where d is the depth of reflection, has unique potential for giving new details of upper-mantle structure. However, as with any newly discovered seismic phase, the uniqueness of its interpretation must be well established. Asymmetric P′P′ phases reflecting from surface or near-surface dipping interfaces pose a challenge to this uniqueness because of their maximum-time nature. Simplified estimates of the amplitudes of asymmetric P′P′ rays are made, including consideration of the relative amplitudes of core phases and the finiteness of the reflecting surfaces of dipping interfaces. These estimates lead to the conclusion that the reading of asymmetric P′P′ at a single station is likely only in the 0- to 30-sec range before the main symmetric P′P′ phase. However, if array beam-forming is used, this range is reduced to 0 to 10 sec. The data indicate that both P′dP′ and asymmetric P′P′ are present at up to 30 sec lead time and array beam-forming is needed to differentiate between the two. A further effect of the maximum-time nature of P′P′ is that, in practice, the geographic location of the reflection point can be determined to within only a few degrees.
Body waves in a “real Earth”. Part I
Authors: Cisternas A. , Betancourt O. , Leiva A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A theoretical analysis of body waves in a “real Earth” is presented. The earth model consists of an arbitrary number of spherical liquid and solid layers. The algebraic part of the analysis deals with the way to obtain generalized rays out of the exact solution. It is shown that the Rayleigh matrix, and not the Rayleigh determinant, should be used to expand the solution into a power series of modified reflection and transmission coefficients in order to obtain rays.
The Mississippi Valley earthquakes of 1811 and 1812: Intesities, ground motion and magnitudes
Authors: Nuttli Otto W. 
Published: September 2021

abstractContemporary newspaper accounts of the 1811-1812 Mississippi Valley earthquake sequence are used to construct a generalized isoseismal map of the first of three principal shocks of the sequence, that of December 16, 1811. The map is characterized by an unusually large felt area, with MM intensities of V as far away as the southeast Atlantic coastal area.By correlating the isoseismal map with that of recent earthquakes for which ground motion data are available, the body-wave magnitude of the December 16, 1811 earthquake is estimated to be 7.2. The other principal shocks, on January 23, 1812 and February 7, 1812, had estimated mb values of 7.1 and 7.4, respectively. The total energy released by the principal shocks and their larger-magnitude aftershocks is estimated to be equivalent to that of an mb = 7.5 (or Ms = 8.0) earthquake.The anomalously large areas of damage and of perceptibility of the principal shocks result from both the surficial geological conditions of the Mississippi Valley and the relatively low attenuation of surface-wave energy in eastern North America.Estimates of the vertical component of ground motion, for an earthquake of mb = 7.2 occurring in eastern North America, are given. These include values for particle velocity, displacement, and acceleration at frequencies of about 3, 1 and 0.3 Hz.
Amplitude-yield scaling for underground nuclear explosions
Authors: Springer D. L. , Hannon W. J. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
About 60 sets of seismic amplitude-yield data were examined using standard regression techniques to determine slopes of amplitude-yield scaling relations for explosions in water-saturated tuffs and rhyolites. Both P-wave amplitudes and Rayleigh-wave amplitudes were studied at selected stations located at regional and teleseismic distances. The source population included only those underground nuclear explosions fired near or below the level of the static water table at Pahute Mesa, Nevada Test Site, and covered about three orders of magnitude in yield.
Statistical tests applied to the slope parameter (b) indicate that the slopes at regional and teleseismic distances are different. An estimated mean value of b for P-wave amplitude/period (A/T) was slightly greater than 0.6 for regional distances but was almost 1.0 for teleseismic distances. The estimated mean value of b for Rayleigh-wave A/T data was about 1.1. At a given distance the slopes seem to be independent of the yield range considered for both P-waves and Rayleigh-waves.
Variation of the frequency-magnitude relation during earthquake sequences in New Zealand
Authors: Gibowicz S. J. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Seven New Zealand earthquake sequences are studied statistically. These comprise six aftershock sequences and one earthquake swarm. The magnitude-stability law of Lomnitz does not hold. During the aftershock sequences the coefficient b, governing the frequency-magnitude relationship, is found to increase rapidly after the main shock, and then to decrease until the occurrence of the largest aftershock, when it again begins to increase. During the earthquake swarm, the coefficient b decreases logarithmically with time. This can be explained in terms of stress changes and is consistent with laboratory studies on rock deformation.
One-array and two-array location capabilities
Authors: Gjøystdal H. , Husebye E. S. , Rieber-Mohn D. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Event location capabilities of a single array and of two arrays in terms of random and biased observational errors have been simulated on the computer. The approach was to obtain a Gaussian distribution of the parameters azimuth, slowness (DT/DΔ) and arrival-time differences which are used in one- and two-array epicenter determinations. Specifying their mean values and variances, a large number of paired values of these parameters are simulated by using a random number generation routine. These observations determine a distribution of event locations in geographic space, from which the axes of the 95 per cent confidence ellipse were calculated. In case of one array, the semi-axes of the confidence ellipse are tabulated as a function of epicentral distance, and fictive variances of azimuth and slowness. The joint event location capability for two arrays is easily computed but not tabulated because of the regional changes in the shape and orientation of the confidence ellipses. The above analysis was supplemented with epicenter determinations using real NORSAR and LASA data. In the West Indies area, the average location error was found to be 310, 161 and 139 km for NORSAR, LASA, and NORSAR and LASA combined.
A model for individual subarray time corrections for the NORSAR array is used for simulating biased location errors, which would be very large if left uncorrected. The results obtained roughly indicate that the array siting area may account for about 45 per cent of the observed slowness anomalies, but no improvement was obtained in the azimuth anomalies. The slowness bias makes it difficult to utilize the NORSAR DT/DΔ measurements for investigations of heterogeneities in the mantle.
Determination of source parameters of small earthquakes from P-wave rise time
Authors: O'Neill M. E. , Healy J. H. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A simple method of estimating source dimensions and stress drops of small earthquakes is presented. The basic measurement is the time from the first break to the first zero crossing on short-period seismograms. Graphs relating these measurements to rise time as a function of Q and instrument response permit an estimate of earthquake source parameters without the calculation of spectra. Tests on data from Rangely, Colorado, and Hollister, California, indicate that the method gives reasonable results.
Numerical seismograms of long-period body waves from seventeen to forty degrees
Authors: Helmberger Donald V. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Long-period wave propagation in the upper mantle is investigated by constructing synthetic seismograms for proposed models. A model consisting of spherical layers is assumed. Generalized ray theory and the Cagniard-de Hoop method is used to obtain the transient response. Preliminary calculations on producing the phases P and PP by ray summation out to periods of 50 sec is demonstrated, and synthetic seismograms for the long-period World Wide Standard Seismograph Network (WWSSN) and Long Range Seismic Measurement (LRSM) instruments are constructed.
Models containing prominent transition zones as well as smooth models predict a maximum in the P amplitude near 20°. The LRSM synthetics are quite similar for the various models because the instrument is relatively narrow-band, peaked at 20 sec. The upper mantle appears smooth at wavelengths greater than 200 km. On the other hand, the WWSSN synthetics are very exciting for models containing structure. The triplications are apparent and the various pulses contain different periods.
The amplitude of the P phase at 30° is down to about 25 per cent of its 20° maximum. The amplitude of the PP phase at 35° is comparable to P. Near 37°, the PP phase grows rapidly reaching about twice the P phase amplitude near 40°. Models containing sharp transition zones produce high-frequency interferences at neighboring ranges. A profile of observations is presented for comparison.
A simple model of the crust and upper mantle in central Chile
Authors: Chuaqui L. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A simplified model of the crust and upper mantle of central Chile is developed with P- and S-wave arrival times and is compared with previous gravimetric work on the area. The following structural parameters were determined: crustal P-wave velocity, upper mantle P-wave velocity, crustal thickness and orientation of the plane separating crust and upper mantle. The model obtained here agrees well with those calculated in the gravimetric study.
Surface-wave attenuation and crustal anelasticity in Central North America
Authors: Mitchell Brian J. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The southeastern Missouri earthquake of October 21, 1965 generated fundamental- and higher-mode Love and Rayleigh waves which were recorded at numerous North American stations. Love-wave amplitude radiation patterns were determined and found to be consistent with theoretical patterns predicted by a fault-plane solution previously inferred from Rayleigh-wave data.
The radiation patterns were used to estimate the source spectrum and values for Love-wave attenuation coefficients for the mid-continent of North America by a least-squares iterative process. The source spectrum derived from Love-wave amplitudes exhibits a peak at periods between 5 and 9 sec and decreases to a lower DC level at longer periods, in agreement with the source spectrum determined previously for Rayleigh waves. The Love-wave attenuation coefficients decrease rapidly from about 0.0018 km−1 at a period of 4 sec to about 0.0001 km−1 at a period of 20 sec. At periods between 20 and 40 sec the values seem to remain nearly constant.
The crust in the mid-continent of North America is characterized by relatively low Qβ values, 75 to 300, in its upper portion. At depths between 15 and 20 km, Qβ increases sharply and decreases again at greater depths. The decrease can be explained as being due to increasing temperature in a homogeneous material, but the sharp increase requires a change in the chemical constitution of the material at mid-crustal depths.
Revised velocities in the Earth's core
Authors: Qamar Anthony 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Travel times and amplitudes of PKP and PKKP from three earthquakes and four underground nuclear explosions are presented. Observations of reflected core waves at nearly normal angles of incidence provide new constraints on the average velocities in the inner and outer core. Interpretation of these data suggests that several small but significant changes to Bolt's (1962) core velocity model (T2) are necessary. A revised velocity model KOR5 is given together with the derived travel times that are consistent with the 1968 tables for P. Model KOR5 possesses a velocity in the transition zone which is 112 per cent lower than that in model T2. In addition, KOR5 has a velocity jump at the transition zone boundary (r = 1782 km) of 0.013 km/sec and a jump at the inner core boundary (r = 1213 km) of 0.6 km/sec. These values are, respectively, 1/20 and 2/3 of the corresponding model T2 values.
The spectral theory of seismic sources
Authors: Randall M. J. 
Published: September 2021

abstractThe far-field results of Brune's spectral theory are shown to be largely independent of his source model; this implies that the theory has even greater power than it seemed, but that its success in explaining the observed spectra does not in itself justify a dislocation model. Expressions are derived for seismic energy and characteristic stress which are independent of assumptions as to source model. For several models, the characteristic stress is found to be a good approximation to the stress-drop.A theoretical relationship between earthquake magnitude ML, stress-drop, and fault size is derived. This provides a means of estimating the stress-drop for earthquakes associated with aftershock sequences, using estimates of ML and fault size, and is consistent with empirical relationships between magnitude and fault size, and between seismic energy and magnitude.