bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Solvent on Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Efficiency: What is so Special About Acetonitrile?
Authors: Fang Hui , Ma Jianqiang , Wilhelm Michael J. , DeLacy Brendan G. , Dai Hai‐Lung 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe selection of solvent for preparing a working electrode (and to act as the electrolyte) is known to influence the efficiency of dye‐sensitized solar cells. In this topical review, results taken from a systematic study are presented from the authors’ own lab examining how protic and aprotic solvents, as well as solvent polarity, affect adsorption of carboxylic dyes on the titanium dioxide nanoparticle surface and electron injection from the dye to the semiconductor. Adsorption of dye molecules on nanoparticle surfaces is measured through second harmonic light scattering and electron injection through ultrafast transient mid‐infrared absorption. It is revealed that protic solvents do not allow direct adsorption of the dye onto the semiconductor surface, due to hydrogen bonding with the dye and competitive binding to the semiconductor surface. Aprotic solvents, on the other hand, support solvation of the dye molecules but also facilitate dye adsorption on the semiconductor nanoparticle. Among aprotic solvents, it is found that solvents with higher polarity result in larger adsorption free energy for the dye and faster electron injection. Overall, these studies reveal that aprotic solvents with high solvent polarity (such as acetonitrile) yield more efficient solar cell devices.
Polyvinyl Alcohol Enhanced Fluorescent Sulfur Quantum Dots for Highly Sensitive Detection of Fe3+ and Temperature in Cells
Authors: Lei Jiehao , Huang Zeming , Gao Pengxiang , Sun Jiahui , Zhou Li 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs a new class of metal‐free fluorescent dots, sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) have attracted more and more attention because of their unique properties and promising applications in many fields. However, synthesizing SQDs with high optical stability and stimuli‐responsive fluorescence is still in its infancy. Herein, a simple one‐pot strategy is reported for preparing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐capped SQDs from cheap elemental sulfur by employing PVA as ligand. The as‐prepared SQDs with size in range of 1.5–5 nm show fine water dispersibility and stability, bright fluorescence, good optical stability, and low cytotoxicity, which make them potential for cell imaging. In addition, the SQDs show sensitive and selective fluorescence quenching behavior toward Fe3+ with a detection limit of 92 × 10−9 m. Meanwhile, the SQDs also present temperature‐dependent fluorescence and hold promise for working as a nanothermometer. For the first time, the utilization of SQDs for monitoring of Fe3+ and temperature in the interior of cells is confirmed in this study. This work thus opens new opportunities for expanding the application fields of SQDs.
Snowball‐like appearance on radial endobronchial ultrasonography in a patient with invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kawaguchi Takeshi , Himeji Daisuke , Beppu Kiichio , Marutsuka Kousuke 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInvasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA), which is a relatively rare lung adenocarcinoma, is considered a high‐grade subtype and is associated with a poor prognosis. IMA is difficult to diagnose by computed tomography because it requires differentiation from inflammatory diseases, such as atelectasis, infectious pneumonia, and organizing pneumonia. Thus far, no reports of radial endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) findings in IMA have been published. This article presents a case of IMA with a characteristic shadow, snowball‐like appearance on radial EBUS in a 67‐year‐old Japanese man.
Development of Facile and Versatile Platinum Drug Delivering Silicasome Nanocarriers for Efficient Pancreatic Cancer Chemo‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Liu Xiangsheng , Jiang Jinhong , Chang Chong Hyun , Liao Yu‐Pei , Lodico Jared J. , Tang Ivanna , Zheng Emily , Qiu Waveley , Lin Matthew , Wang Xiang , Ji Ying , Mei Kuo‐Ching , Nel Andre E. , Meng Huan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this study a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNP) based platform is developed for high‐dose loading of a range of activated platinum (Pt) chemo agents that can be attached to the porous interior through the use of electrostatic and coordination chemistry under weak‐basic pH conditions. In addition to the design feature for improving drug delivery, the MSNP can also be encapsulated in a coated lipid bilayer (silicasome), to improve the colloidal stability after intravenous (IV) injection. Improved pharmacokinetics and intratumor delivery of encapsulated activated oxaliplatin (1,2‐diamminocyclohexane platinum(II) (DACHPt)) over free drug in an orthotopic Kras‐derived pancreatic cancer (PDAC) model is demonstrated. Not only does IV injection of the DACHPt silicasome provide more efficacious cytotoxic tumor cell killing, but can also demonstrate that chemotherapy‐induced cell death is accompanied by the features of immunogenic cell death (ICD) as well as a dramatic reduction in bone marrow toxicity. The added ICD features are reflected by calreticulin and high‐mobility group box 1 expression, along with increased CD8+/FoxP3+ T‐cell ratios and evidence of perforin and granzyme B release at the tumor site. Subsequent performance of a survival experiment, demonstrates that the DACHPt silicasome generates a significant improvement in survival outcome, which can be extended by delayed administration of the anti‐PD‐1 antibody.
Nanocarbon for Energy Material Applications: N2 Reduction Reaction
Authors: Centi Gabriele , Perathoner Siglinda 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNanocarbons are an important class of energy materials and one relevant application is for the nitrogen reduction reaction, i.e., the direct synthesis of NH3 from N2 and H2O via photo‐ and electrocatalytic approaches. Ammonia is also a valuable energy or hydrogen vector. This perspective paper analyses developments in the field, limiting discussion to nanocarbon‐based electrodes. These aspects are discussed: i) active sites related to charge density differences on C atoms associated to defects/strains, ii) doping with heteroatoms, iii) introduction of isolated metal ions, iv) creation and in situ dynamics of metal oxide(hydroxide)/nanocarbon boundaries, and v) nanocarbon characteristics to control the interface. Discussion is focused on the performances and mechanistic aspects. Aim is not a systematic state‐of‐the‐art report but to highlight the need to use a different perspective in studying this challenging reaction by using selected papers. Notwithstanding the large differences in the proposed nature of the active sites, fall all within a restricted range of performances, far from the targets. A holistic approach is emphasized to make a breakthrough advance.
A Dynamic, Supramolecular View on the Multivalent Interaction between Influenza Virus and Host Cell
Authors: Overeem Nico J. , van der Vries Erhard , Huskens Jurriaan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how influenza viruses traverse the mucus and recognize host cells is critical for evaluating their zoonotic potential, and for prevention and treatment of the disease. The surface of the influenza A virus is covered with the receptor‐binding protein hemagglutinin and the receptor‐cleaving enzyme neuraminidase, which jointly control the interactions between the virus and the host cell. These proteins are organized in closely spaced trimers and tetramers to facilitate multivalent interactions with sialic acid‐terminated glycans. This review shows that the individually weak multivalent interactions of influenza viruses allow superselective binding, virus‐induced recruitment of receptors, and the formation of dynamic complexes that facilitate molecular walking. Techniques to measure the avidity and receptor specificity of influenza viruses are reviewed, and the pivotal role of multivalent interactions with their emergent properties in crossing the mucus and entering host cells is discussed. A model is proposed for the initiation of cell entry through virus‐induced receptor clustering. The multivalent interactions of influenza viruses are maintained in a dynamic regime by a functional balance between binding and cleaving.
Efficient Combination of G‐C3N4 and CDs for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance: A Review of Synthesis, Strategies, and Applications
Authors: Ai Lin , Shi Run , Yang Jie , Zhang Kan , Zhang Tierui , Lu Siyu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecently, heterogeneous photocatalysts have achieved much interest on account of their great potential applications in resolving many tough energy and environmental troubles around the world through an ecologically sustainable way. Heterogeneous nanocomposites composed of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) and carbon dots (CDs) possess broad spectrum absorption, appropriate electronic band structures, rapid carrier mobility, abundant reserves, excellent chemical stability, and facile synthesis methods, which make them promising composite photocatalysts for suitable applications such as photocatalytic solar fuels production and contaminant decomposition. With the rapid development in photocatalysis by hybridization of g‐C3N4 and CDs, a systematic summary and prospection of performance improvement are urgent and meaningful. This review first focuses on various kinds of effectively synthetic methods of composites. Following, the strategies available for enhanced performance, including morphology optimization, spectral absorption improvement, ternary or quaternary composition hybrid, lateral or vertical heterostructures construction, heteroatom doping, and so forth, are fully discussed. Then, the applications mainly in efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation, photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction, and organic pollutants degradation are systematically demonstrated. Finally, the remaining issues and prospect of further development are proposed as some kind of guidance for powerful combination of g‐C3N4 and CDs with high efficiency to photocatalysis.
Expansions in terms of Papkovich–Fadle eigenfunctions in the problem for a half‐strip with stiffeners
Authors: Kovalenko Mikhail D. , Menshova Irina V. , Kerzhaev Alexander P. , Yu Guangming 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe have constructed an exact solution to the boundary value problem in the theory of elasticity for a half‐strip with identical stiffeners along its long sides and a load acting at its end (even‐symmetric deformation). The solution is represented as series in Papkovich–Fadle eigenfunctions whose coefficients are determined from closed formulas. The solution includes two easily variable parameters that characterize the relative tensile‐compressive and flexural rigidities of the stiffeners. The final formulas for the stresses and displacements in the plate as well as for the longitudinal and transverse forces and bending moment in the stiffeners are simple and can be easily used in engineering.
Supersymmetric minisuperspace models in self-dual loop quantum cosmology
Authors: Eder K. , Sahlmann H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study a class of symmetry reduced models of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 super- gravity using self-dual variables. It is based on a particular Ansatz for the gravitino field as proposed by D’Eath et al. We show that the essential part of the constraint algebra in the classical theory closes. In particular, the (graded) Poisson bracket between the left and right supersymmetry constraint reproduces the Hamiltonian constraint.For the quantum theory, we apply techniques from the manifestly supersymmetric approach to loop quantum supergravity, which yields a graded analog of the holonomy-flux algebra and a natural state space.We implement the remaining constraints in the quantum theory. For a certain subclass of these models, we show explicitly that the (graded) commutator of the supersymmetry constraints exactly reproduces the classical Poisson relations. In particular, the trace of the commutator of left and right supersymmetry constraints reproduces the Hamilton constraint operator. Finally, we consider the dynamics of the theory and compare it to a quantization using standard variables and standard minisuperspace techniques.
Manifestly causal in-in perturbation theory about the interacting vacuum
Authors: Baumgart Matthew , Sundrum Raman 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In-In perturbation theory is a vital tool for cosmology and nonequilibrium physics. Here, we reconcile an apparent conflict between two of its important aspects with particular relevance to De Sitter/inflationary contexts: (i) the need to slightly deform unitary time evolution with an iϵ prescription that projects the free (“Bunch-Davies”) vacuum onto the interacting vacuum and renders vertex integrals well-defined, and (ii) Weinberg’s “nested commutator” reformulation of in-in perturbation theory which makes manifest the constraints of causality within expectation values of local operators, assuming exact unitarity. We show that a modified iϵ prescription maintains the exact unitarity on which the derivation of (ii) rests, while nontrivially agreeing with (i) to all orders of perturbation theory.
All Higher-Dimensional Majumdar–Papapetrou Black Holes
Authors: Lucietti James 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe prove that the only asymptotically flat spacetimes with a suitably regular event horizon, in a generalised Majumdar–Papapetrou class of solutions to higher-dimensional Einstein–Maxwell theory, are the standard multi-black holes. The proof involves a careful analysis of the near-horizon geometry and an extension of the positive mass theorem to Riemannian manifolds with conical singularities. This completes the classification of asymptotically flat, static, extreme black hole solutions in this theory.
„In cabin rapid sequence induction“
Authors: Knapp Jürgen , Venetz Philipp , Pietsch Urs 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Überleben von Schwerverletzten ist von der schnellen und effizienten prähospitalen Versorgung abhängig. Die Zeit vom Unfallereignis bis zum Eintreffen des Patienten im Schockraum konnte leider trotz aller Bemühungen der vergangenen Jahrzehnte und trotz des immer dichteren Netzes an Rettungshubschraubern (RTH), bislang nicht relevant verkürzt werden. Ein gewisser Anteil der Schwerverletzten benötigt bereits prähospital eine Narkoseeinleitung (typischerweise als „rapid sequence induction“, RSI). Durch die medizinischen und technischen Fortschritte der Videolaryngoskopie sowie der im deutschsprachigen Raum eingesetzten Luftrettungsmittel erscheint die Möglichkeit, unter bestimmten Bedingungen die Narkoseeinleitung und das Airway-Management in der Kabine des RTH – also während des Transports – durchzuführen, als mögliche Option, um die Prähospitalzeit zu verkürzen. Für die sichere Durchführung sind die im vorliegenden Beitrag behandelten Aspekte elementar. Beispielhaft wird ein Prozedere vorgestellt, das sich seit geraumer Zeit bewährt hat. Die „in cabin RSI“ sollte allerdings nur von zuvor trainierten Teams bei Vorliegen einer klaren „standard operating procedure“ durchgeführt werden.
Topology optimization of multi-scale structures: a review
Authors: Wu Jun , Sigmund Ole , Groen Jeroen P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMulti-scale structures, as found in nature (e.g., bone and bamboo), hold the promise of achieving superior performance while being intrinsically lightweight, robust, and multi-functional. Recent years have seen a rapid development in topology optimization approaches for designing multi-scale structures, but the field actually dates back to the seminal paper by Bendsøe and Kikuchi from 1988 (Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 71(2): pp. 197–224). In this review, we intend to categorize existing approaches, explain the principles of each category, analyze their strengths and applicabilities, and discuss open research questions. The review and associated analyses will hopefully form a basis for future research and development in this exciting field.
Anisotropic tubular neighborhoods of sets
Authors: Chambolle Antonin , Lussardi Luca , Villa Elena 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLet$$E \subset {{\mathbb {R}}}^N$$E⊂RNbe a compact set and$$C\subset {{\mathbb {R}}}^N$$C⊂RNbe a convex body with$$0\in \mathrm{int}\,C$$0∈intC. We prove that the topological boundary of the anisotropic enlargement$$E+rC$$E+rCis contained in a finite union of Lipschitz surfaces. We also investigate the regularity of the volume function$$V_E(r):=|E+rC|$$VE(r):=|E+rC|proving a formula for the right and the left derivatives at any$$r>0$$r>0which implies that$$V_E$$VEis of class$$C^1$$C1up to a countable set completely characterized. Moreover, some properties on the second derivative of$$V_E$$VEare proved.
Early alkaline phosphatase dynamics as biomarker of survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with radium-223
Authors: van der Doelen Maarten J. , Stockhaus Agnes , Ma Yuanjun , Mehra Niven , Yachnin Jeffrey , Gerritsen Winald R. , Nilsson Sten , van Oort Inge M. , Ullén Anders 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Radium-223 is a life-prolonging therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients with symptomatic bone metastases. However, validated biomarkers for response monitoring are lacking. The study aim was to investigate whether early alkaline phosphatase (ALP) dynamics after the first radium-223 injection can act as surrogate marker for overall survival (OS).

Methods
This retrospective multicenter study included consecutive CRPC patients treated with radium-223. Patients were divided into four subgroups based on baseline ALP level (normal/elevated) and early ALP response, defined as ≥10% ALP decrease after the first radium-223 injection. Primary endpoint was OS among the subgroups. Secondary endpoints included time to first skeletal-related event, time to ALP progression, and treatment completion rate.

Results
A total of 180 patients were included for analysis. Median OS was 13.5 months (95% confidence interval 11.5–15.5). Patients with elevated baseline ALP without ALP response after the first injection had significantly worse OS when compared to all other patients (median OS 7.9 months versus 15.7 months, hazard ratio 2.56, 95% confidence interval 1.73–3.80, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that elevated baseline ALP without ALP response after the first injection, the number of prior systemic therapies, baseline LDH level, and baseline ECOG performance status were prognostic factors of OS. Patients with elevated baseline ALP without ALP response after the first injection had significantly shorter times to ALP progression and first skeletal-related event, and more frequently discontinued radium-223 therapy when compared to other patients.

Conclusion
Early treatment–induced changes in ALP after one radium-223 injection were associated with OS in metastatic CRPC patients.
Splenic contraction is enhanced by exercise at simulated high altitude
Authors: Lodin-Sundström Angelica , Holmström Pontus , Ekstam Marcus , Söderberg Daniel , Schagatay Erika 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Splenic contraction increases circulating hemoglobin (Hb) with advantages during hypoxia. As both hypoxia and exercise have been shown to be important separate triggers of splenic contraction we aimed to investigate if the spleen response to simulated high altitude (HA) is enhanced by superimposing exercise.

Method
Fourteen healthy volunteers (seven females) performed the following protocol in a normobaric environment sitting on an ergometer cycle: 20 min rest in normoxia; 20 min rest while breathing hypoxic gas simulating an altitude of 3500 m; 10 min exercise at an individually set intensity while breathing the hypoxic gas; 20 min rest in hypoxia; and finally 20 min rest in normoxia. Spleen measurements were collected by ultrasonic imaging and venous Hb measured at the end of each intervention.

Result
Mean ± SD baseline spleen volume during normoxic rest was 280 ± 107 mL, the volume was reduced by 22% during rest in hypoxia to 217 ± 92 mL (p < 0.001) and by 33% during exercise in hypoxia (189 mL; p < 0.001). Hb was 140.7 ± 7.0 g/L during normoxic rest and 141.3 ± 7.4 g/L during hypoxic rest (NS), but increased by 5.3% during hypoxic exercise (148.6 ± 6.3 g/L; p < 0.001). Spleen volume and Hb were stepwise changed back to baseline at cessation of exercise and return to normoxia.

Conclusion
Splenic contraction is induced by hypoxia and further enhanced by superimposing exercise, and reduced when exercise ceases, in a step-wise manner, showing that the tonic but partial contraction observed in long-term field expeditions to HA may occur also in the short term. This “graded response” may be beneficial during acclimatization to HA, to cope with moderate chronic hypoxia during rest while allowing additional enhancement of oxygen carrying capacity to overcome short bouts of extreme hypoxia caused by exercise.
Histological interpretation of differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN) remains challenging—observations from a bi-national ring-study
Authors: Dasgupta Shatavisha , de Jonge Elf , Van Bockstal Mieke R. , Wong-Alcala Luthy S. M. , Wilhelmus Suzanne , Makkus Lex A. C. F. , Schelfout Katrien , Van de Vijver Koen K. , Smits Sander , Marbaix Etienne , Koljenović Senada , van Kemenade Folkert J. , Ewing-Graham Patricia C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDifferentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN) is a premalignant lesion that is known to progress rapidly to invasive carcinoma. Accurate histological diagnosis is therefore crucial to allow appropriate treatment. To identify reliable diagnostic features, we evaluated the inter-observer agreement in the histological assessment of dVIN, among a bi-national, multi-institutional group of pathologists. Two investigators from Erasmus MC selected 36 hematoxylin-eosin-stained glass slides of dVIN and no-dysplasia, and prepared a list of 15 histological features of dVIN. Nine participating pathologists (i) diagnosed each slide as dVIN or no-dysplasia, (ii) indicated which features they used for the diagnosis, and (iii) rated these features in terms of their diagnostic usefulness. Diagnoses rendered by > 50% participants were taken as the consensus (gold standard). p53-immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for all cases, and the expression patterns were correlated with the consensus diagnoses. Kappa (ĸ)-statistics were computed to measure inter-observer agreements, and concordance of the p53-IHC patterns with the consensus diagnoses. For the diagnosis of dVIN, overall agreement was moderate (ĸ= 0.42), and pair-wise agreements ranged from slight (ĸ= 0.10) to substantial (ĸ= 0.73). Based on the levels of agreement and ratings of usefulness, the most helpful diagnostic features were parakeratosis, cobblestone appearance, chromatin abnormality, angulated nuclei, atypia discernable under × 100, and altered cellular alignment. p53-IHC patterns showed substantial concordance (ĸ= 0.67) with the consensus diagnoses. Histological interpretation of dVIN remains challenging with suboptimal inter-observer agreement. We identified the histological features that may facilitate the diagnosis of dVIN. For cases with a histological suspicion of dVIN, consensus-based pathological evaluation may improve the reliability of the diagnosis.