bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CELLULAR GROWTH DURING EARLY MALNUTRITION
Authors: Winick Myron 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Mapes, members of the Academy, and quests. It is a great privilege for me to stand here as a recipient of this award and to tell you about some of the work I have been involved in during the past 6 years.
Before I begin, however, I should like publicly to thank a number of people without whose guidance or direct help none of the work would have been accomplished. My teachers have been many, but four I think have instilled in me the scientific principles and experimental training which are so necessary in any project: Samuel Z. Levine who started my pediatric training; Norman Kretchmer and Robert Greenberg, who gave me the scientific and experimental training necessary for independent investigation; and Wallace McCrory who provided the proper conditions and atmosphere in which to carry out the work.
In addition, I have had the good fortune of an association with individuals throughout the world who have contributed to these studies. Professor Julio Meneghello and his whole department at the University of Chile in Santiago, Dr. John Waterlow, and Drs. Elsie Widdowson and Richard Barnes have all provided me with materials to study, as well as ideas for me to explore. Perhaps more than any, however, I should like to thank the people in my own laboratory. These include Drs. Irving Fish, Robert Karp, Elba Velasco, and finally Pedro Rosso who was invaluable to our work in Chile and who is now continuing his work in New York. A special mention, of course, must be made of Dr. Jo Anne Brasel who has recently combined her expertise with our laboratory staff and who has been an indispensable collaborator during the past 2 years.
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION WITH ECHO VIRUS TYPE 31 IN A NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
Authors: McDonald Louise L. , St. Geme Joseph W. , Arnold Barbara H. 
Published: December 2021

During the summer of 1968 ECHO virus type 31 was isolated from four infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. The index case was admitted from home in a comatose state and harbored ECHO 31 in his throat. Necropsy findings were inconclusive, and no virus was recovered from neural tissues. After the admission of this patient, two infants in the unit developed apneic spells and ECHO 31 was isolated from their CSF, throat, and stool samples. The virus was also isolated from the stool of an asymptomatic infant. ECHO 31 had not been recovered in newborn infants prior to its isolation in these cases.
The isolation techniques currently used in many neonatal units may be inadequate to prevent viral dissemination. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion of neonatal viral disease since careful virologic study will clarify the ecology of these nosocomial infections.
MRS. LYDIA MARIA CHILD IN 1844 TELLS MOTHERS HOW TO DEVELOP THEIR CHILD'S CHARACTER
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Mrs. Lydia Maria Child (1802-1880), a prolific writer and humanitarian reformer, wrote the most widely read early 19th century book to guide mothers in the correct management of their children. Here is her advice on how to develop good affections or character in a child:
It is a common opinion that a spirit of revenge is natural to children. No doubt bad temper, as well as other evils, moral and physical, are often hereditary–and here is a fresh reason for being good ourselves, if we would have our children good. But allowing that evil propensities are hereditary, and therefore born with children, how are they excited, and called into action?
First, by the influences of the nursery–those early influences, which, beginning as they do with life itself, are easily mistaken for the operations of nature; and in the second place, by the temptations of the world.
Now, if a child has ever so bad propensities, if the influences of the nursery be pure and holy, his evils will never be excited, or roused into action, until his understanding is enlightened, and his principles formed, so that he has power to resist them. The temptations of the world will do him no harm; he will "overcome evil with good."
But if, on the other hand, the influences of the nursery are bad, the weak passions of the child are strengthened before his understanding is made strong; he gets into habits of evil before he is capable of perceiving that they are evil. Consequently, when he comes out into the world, he brings no armor against its temptations.
OBSERVATIONS ON HEROIN AND METHADONE WITHDRAWAL IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Reddy A. Mahender , Harper Rita G. , Stern Gertrude 
Published: December 2021

Retrospective analysis of 40 infants born to heroin addicted mothers revealed that 85% developed withdrawal symptoms consisting of central nervous system, gastrointestinal and respiratory disturbances, some within hours of their birth. Respiratory depression at time of delivery was not a prominent feature of these children, suggesting that even in utero, tolerance to chronic narcotic usage develops. A high incidence of low birth weight infants noted by previous authors is substantiated by our study. More than half of these infants were small for gestational age infants rather than true premature infants. Although the morbidity was high, the mortality was limited to two infants both below 1,000 gm birth weight. Serious congenital malformations were not noted in our study.
Withdrawal symptoms were also observed in infants born to methadone-maintained mothers. These infants exhibited a withdrawal pattern consisting of central nervous system, gastrointestinal and respiratory disturbances. Pediatricians should be aware that infants born to methadone maintained mothers may be seriously compromised in the newborn period.
Susceptibility of Medical Students to Mumps: Comparison of Serum Neutralizing Antibody and Skin Test
Authors: Brickman Anthony , Brunell Philip A. 
Published: December 2021

Fifty-nine medical students without a history of parotitis were tested for mumps neutralizing antibody and 88.1% were found to be immune. The results of mumps skin tests showed poor correlation with the results of the serological testing whether or not the size of reactions to placebo antigen were subtracted from the skin test size.
A significant difference between two lots of skin test antigen was detected.
Streptococcal Wound Infection with Evidence of Widespread Tissue Involvement
Authors: Haddow J. E. , Sher N. , Gall D. G. , Green D. 
Published: December 2021

A 5-year-old boy is presented who, in association with a severe streptococcal wound infection, developed evidence of widespread tissue insult. Symptoms included prolonged delirium, confusion, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Biochemical abnormalities included elevated BUN, LDH, SGOT, CPK, and amylase. Urinary sediment was found to be markedly abnormal. Symptoms and laboratory measurements improved slowly on therapy.
Reports of clinical material with some common features are reviewed as well as autopsy findings in fatal streptococcal infections. Also mentioned is a summary of the biochemical and pathologic effects of streptococcal exotoxins in animals. It is hypothesized that streptococcal extracellular products may be responsible for many of the symptoms and biochemical alterations occurring with streptococcal infections.
VITAMIN K SUPPLEMENTATION FOR INFANTS RECEIVING MILK SUBSTITUTE INFANT FORMULAS AND FOR THOSE WITH FAT MALABSORPTION
Authors: Filer Lloyd J. , Barness Lewis A. , Goldbloom Richard B. , Holliday Malcolm A. , Miller Robert , O'Brien Donough , Pearson Howard A. , Scriver Charles R. , Weil William B. , Whitten Charles F. , Cravioto Joaquin , Kline O. L. 
Published: December 2021

Certain milk substitute infant formulas, particularly meat-based and casein hydrolysate based formulas, may be low in vitamin K content in relation to the needs of the infants receiving them. Studies are reviewed of a few infants in which inadequate dietary supply of vitamin K from such sources may have been one factor in the development of hypoprothrombinemia, though this could not be established with certainty.
On theoretical grounds it seems reasonable to increase the level of vitamin K1 in milk substitute formulas to 100 µg/l, particularly because these products are often used in treatment of clinical conditions which are associated with diminished absorption of this vitamin. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) would seem the most appropriate form to be used for supplementation of formulas.
In clinical situations associated with malabsorption of fat, e.g., cystic fibrosis of the pancreas or biliary atresia, and prolonged diarrhea or starvation, vitamin K supplementation of feedings or periodic parenteral administration of vitamin K is recommended.
When parenteral vitamin K is necessary, intravenous administration is rarely indicated. Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is preferred.
Estimation of the Rate of Congenital Malformations
Authors: Selvin Steve , Garfinkel Joseph 
Published: December 2021

In view of the article by A. Khalili, and coauthors,1 we thought it might be interesting to present an alternative way of looking at the estimation of the rate of malformation from multiple sources. Also, we will present some new data on the rates of congenital malformation in New York State.
When death certificates are matched to birth certificates, three possible outcomes exist with respect to congenital malformations. The malformation will be noted on both the death and birth certificates, it will be included on the birth certificate only, or on the death certificate only.
Another Danger from Cats to Sleeping Children
Authors: Rosenthal Robert 
Published: December 2021

I greatly enjoy reading the historical items published in Pediatrics under the by-line, "Noted by T.E.C., Jr., M.D." For me, these short pieces are a welcome addition to the pages of Pediatrics.
In a recent contribution (Pediatrics, 47: 515, 1971), attention is called to a 1905 report of a child who was thought to have been suffocated while sleeping by the weight of a cat lying on the child's chest.
Another widespread superstition is that "the cat steals the sleeping infant's breath" as noted in this quotation from a book written in 1898 for the use of mothers in rearing their children.
THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOUR XYY INFANTS
Authors: Valentine G. H. , McClelland Marilyn A. , Sergovich F. R. 
Published: December 2021

Four XYY infants ascertained from 1,066 unselected newborn infants have been followed for 2½ to 3½ years. None of them show any distinctive physical characteristics, though three of the four lack a C triradius in the palmar dermatoglyphics. All four are of normal stature. Three appear of normal intellect and personality. One is of borderline intelligence and by 2 years was exhibiting aggressive, defiant, and destructive behavior.
There are great problems of what, if anything, to divulge to the parents when an XYY chromomosome complement has been discovered.
THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD: SICKLE CELL DISEASE CRISES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Authors: Pearson Howard A. , Diamond Louis K. 
Published: December 2021

This brief review, being limited in scope to the recognition and management of the life-threatening and painful crises in infants and children with sickle-cell disease, has not even touched on the intriguing mystery of the molecular basis for the sickling phenomenon–how one amino-acid substitution (gene controlled) in the beta chain sequence of 146 amino acids can cause such serious disruption in form and function; or how this mutation occurred in the first place and why it has persisted in contrast to the rapid disappearance of many other deleterious mutants. Nor has there been even mention of the many milder symptoms, signs, and complications due to the presence of Hb. S., either in the homozygous (disease-producing) state or heterozygous form when found in combination with other hereditary hemoglobin defects. The accumulated knowledge about this mutant gene, its biochemical effects, and geographic distribution is enormous. From a fundamental scientific standpoint, sickle cell disease is one of the best understood of human afflictions.
However, from a practical point of view treatment of the patient himself is often only symptomatic and palliative. Nevertheless, prompt and effective therapy of the myriad manifestations of sickle cell disease can effectively reduce morbidity and mortality. The pediatrician who cares for black children in his practice should be familiar with the cardinal diagnostic and clinical aspects of sickle cell disease and its crises.
CONTROLLED TRIAL OF INTENSIVE CARE FOR VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS
Authors: Kitchen W. H. , Campbell D. G. 
Published: December 2021

Two controlled clinical trials were carried out in infants with a birth weight between 1,000 and 1,500 gm. Careful control of arterial oxygen and the infusion of 10% glucose for the first 3 days of life failed to reduce the mortality rate in a group of 118 infants. In the second clinical trial involving 120 patients, the mortality rate was reduced, especially in infants with clinical evidence of respiratory distress syndrome, by the addition to the regime of early vigorous efforts to correct acidosis.
The mortality in comparable infants before the introduction of intensive care in 1965 was 49%. In the era of intensive care, 35% of patients given only routine care died, whereas infants receiving vigorous intensive care had a mortality rate of only 18%. The patients with respiratory distress syndrome showed the most noticeable improvement in survival.
DR. JOB LEWIS SMITH (1827-1897) WRITES ABOUT MATERNAL EMOTIONS AS A CAUSE OF CONGENITAL DEFORMITY
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The best known American pediatrician of his time with the single exception of Abraham Jacobi was Job Lewis Smith.1 In continuous practice of pediatrics in New York City for nearly 50 years, as well as the clinical professor of pediatrics at Bellevue Hospital Medical College for a large part of these years, Dr. Smith exerted an enormous influence on American pediatrics. His textbook of the diseases of children, based entirely on his own clinical experience, is still esteemed as a solid reliable work. In the second edition of this book, Smith wrote:
It is the popular belief, and the belief of many physicians, that vivid mental impressions sometimes have a direct effect on the development of the foetus (sic). Many cases are on record in which infants were born with marks or deformities, corresponding in character with the objects which had been seen and had made a strong impression on the maternal mind at some period of gestation. . . . The multitude of facts which have accumulated justify the belief that deformity . . . is due to the emotions of the mother. . . . I have met the following cases. An Irish woman of strong emotions and superstitions was passing along a street in the first months of her gestation, when she was accosted by a beggar, who raised her hand, destitute of thumb and fingers, and in "God's name" asked for alms. The woman passed on: but reflecting in whose name money was asked, felt that she had committed a great sin in refusing assistance.
Pulmonary Mycobacterium scrofulaceum Infection in a Child
Authors: Cooper Austin R. , Martin Ronald S. 
Published: December 2021

Pulmonary infections due to atypical mycobacteria are very rare in children, in whom they closely simulate infections associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The present case report presents a possible pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (Runyon group II) in a 2-year-old girl. The results of bacteriologic isolation of this organism have to be interpreted with caution, however, since the organism may exist in commensal form in man.
DIFFICULTIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME IN INFANCY
Authors: Shackleton C. H. , Mitchell F. L. , Farquhar J. W. 
Published: December 2021

Pregnanetriol was not excreted by an infant (7 days old) who was later shown to have a defect in steroid 21-hydroxylase. However, the excretion of this compound increased during the following days (1.2 mg on the thirteenth day of life). A high excretion of 3β-hydroxy-Δ steroids was the most noticeable abnormality in steroid excretion noted on the seventh day of life (e.g., 3β, 16α-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one, 15 mg; 3β, 21-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one, 1.4 mg and 3β, 16α-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 7.4 mg). This high 3β-hydroxy-Δ steroid excretion results in difficulties in distinguishing a defect in 3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase from a 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
At the age of 14 months the principal steroids excreted were those predominant in other cases of 21-hydroxylase deficiency, viz. pregnanetriol and 5β-pregnane-3α, 17α, 20α-triol-11-one (11-oxo-pregnanetriol).
PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELAE TO BACTERIAL MENINGITIS: TWO CONTROLLED STUDIES
Authors: Sell Sarah H. W. , Webb Warren W. , Pate John E. , Doyne Emanuel O. 
Published: December 2021

Two controlled studies concern the results of standardized psychological test assessment of long-term sequelae of bacterial meningitis in school age children who were ill before age 3.
In the first group, each survivor was matched with a near-age, nonmeningitic sibling. Results of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children indicated that the mean IQ of the post-meningitic children was 86; control children, 97 (p = &lt; .05). Comparison of each subject with his control revealed that six (29%) were 15 IQ points (1 standard deviation) below the control. In two (10%) the difference exceeded 30 IQ points (2 standard deviations). There were six subjects with IQ scores higher than controls but none by 15 points.
The second investigation compared survivors who were considered to be entirely normal with matched peers in the same classroom. Results of the dependent measures-Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-all indicated that the post-meningitic children functioned at significantly lower levels than their nonmeningitic peers.
It was concluded that both groups of survivors were damaged by the disease. The evidence supports the need for prevention rather than reliance upon cure of meningitis.
THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN CONGENITAL SYPHILIS: AN IMMUNOPATHY
Authors: Hill L. Leighton , Singer Don B. , Falletta John , Stasney Richard 
Published: December 2021

This report describes the renal morphology in an infant, 2½ months of age, who had the nephrotic syndrome secondary to congenital syphilis. A specimen of the kidney obtained by needle biopsy was studied by light, electron, and fluorescent microscopy.
Periarterial cellular infiltrates composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells were prominent in the interstitial tissues. Glomerular visceral and parietal epithelial cells were swollen and increased in number. The axial matrix in many glomeruli was expanded by partially collagenized axial matrix mateial.
Nodular electron dense deposits were numerous in the epithelial aspect of the glomerular basement membrane.
The areas corresponding to the electrondense deposits were strongly stained with fluorescein tagged antisera to IgG, IgM, and fibrinogen. Less intense but still positive staining was obtained with antisera to IgA and β1c globulin.
The nephropathy in congenital syphilis appears to have its basis in the deposition of immune complexes within the glomerular basement membrane. The very young infant, therefore, appears capable of manifesting with an immune deposit disease. The presence of all classes of immunoglobulins in the membranous deposits suggests that the infant has precocious capabilities for producing each of these immunoglobulins.
TEEN-AGE PREGNANCY AND THE PROBLEM OF ABORTION
Authors: Hazard Sprague W. , Allen V. Robert , Eisner Victor , Garell Dale C. , Hammar S. L. , Shaffer Thomas E. , Shen Jerome T. Y. , Tanner Natalia M. , Welty John Allen 
Published: December 2021

In a previous statement approved by the Executive Board of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and subsequently by the House of Delegates of the American Medical Association, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists emphasized the magnitude of the problem of teenage pregnancy and the responsibilities of professionals involved in the care of these young people. Rapid changes in contemporary attitudes and in legislation have caused many physicians and their patients to consider abortion as an acceptable solution to an unwanted pregnancy in adolescent girls. These changes place a heavy responsibility on pediatricians and other physicians caring for adolescents, particularly in regard to their special need for compassionate and considerate understanding.
Although the American Academy of Pediatrics prefers neither to sanction nor to forbid the use of abortion to terminate an unwanted pregnancy in the teen-age girl, it does have the responsibility to insist that physicians considering this recourse provide for appropriate counseling and support for these adolescent girls and other involved persons, including the young fathers. In circumstances where the pediatrician is unable to provide adequate counseling support, he should act as the pivotal person in arranging for a social worker, pastor, or other experienced counselor to conduct this essential of care, both before and after the procedure.
Consistent with his accredited role in preventive medicine, the pediatrician must make certain that adequate information and sex counseling are available to his teenage patients. Contraceptive advice and prescription for the sexually active teenage girl should be accompanied by investigation and alteration of contributing issues wherever possible.
Mood-Altering Drugs and Hyperkinetic Children
Authors: Erenberg Gerald 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Ralph Olsen's recent letter to the Editor,1 questioning the validity of prescribing medication for all children with school behavior problems, is more acceptable to me than the opinions stated in the response of Dr. L. Eugene Arnold.2
As a pediatric neurologist, I have first-hand knowledge of the frequency with which this request is made and have had many opportunities to evaluate the results of pharmacotherapy. The initial problem is that of identifying the child whose hyperactive behavior is due to minimal brain dysfunction (by definition an "organic" process).
Corticosteroids and Group: Comments from a Grass Rooted Ivory Tower
Authors: Shaw Edward B. 
Published: December 2021

Dorland defines croup as "a condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx caused by allergy, foreign body, infection or new growth, occurring chiefly in infants and children and characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistent stridor." Life was simpler when we distinguished false (spasmodic) from true (diphtheritic) croup! Now, we recognize many etiologies, often viral in origin.
In some lofty quarters, accepted opinion might hold that controlled studies have failed to show any value of steroid medication; however, my opinion is based more on 37 years of pediatric practice than on my 13 years in the "tower." A number of laryngologists and anesthesiologists recommend corticosteroids, especially dexamethasone, for treatment of laryngeal edema, even though it is less acceptable to many pediatric faculties and house staffs.
Susceptibility of Medical Students to Mumps: Dubious Value of Currently Available Skin Test Antigens
Authors: St. Geme Joseph W. 
Published: December 2021

We wish to commend Doctors Brickman and Brunell for their interesting study of the "Susceptibility of Medical Students to Mumps."1 They detected mumps virus neutralizing antibody in 88.1% of 59 students without a history of parotid swelling.
During the summer of 1965 Doctor Eric Eisenklam and I studied 66 residents, interns, medical students, and nurses at the University of Minnesota Hospitals. Using a protocol of bleed, mumps skin test, then rebleed in 4 weeks, we discerned that 95% of these young adults had humoral immunity (neutralizing antibody titer of at least 4) to mumps virus.