bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allocation of Reproductive Efforts
Authors: Goos Jared M. , Jeyasingh Punidan D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The allocation of resources is a fundamental component of all life history models. Inherent in these models is the concept of allocation trade-offs, where finite resources must be allocated to certain life history traits at the expense of others. Reproduction is thought to be a costly trait in most organisms, and thus allocation to reproduction could drive the evolution of other life history traits. Much research has examined patterns of resource allocation to reproduction and the resulting trade-offs with other life history traits, both within and among taxa. In many respects, empirical work on crustaceans has pioneered our understanding of life history evolution. In this chapter, we examine the great diversity in allocation of resources to reproduction among crustaceans. For many years, crustaceans have served as important models in understanding the importance of a variety of resources (e.g., energy, inorganic nutrients, organic nutrients) to reproduction. Diversity in allocation to reproduction is evident regardless of the resource under investigation. Because of the interconnectedness among such resource parameters, and the rapid change in the availability of such resources in the Anthropocene, frameworks integrating variation in multiple resource axes have much promise in discovering general rules underlying reproductive allocation in natural populations. Given the diverse allocation strategies employed, and the rich history of studies examining reproductive allocation, crustaceans will continue to be an important taxon for such work.
Environmental Influences on Crustacean Sex Determination and Reproduction: Environmental Sex Determination, Parasitism, and Pollution
Authors: Dunn Alison M. , Rigaud Thierry , Ford Alex T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the influences of environmental factors on sex determination, sex ratios, and reproductive behavior in the Crustacea, focusing in particular on amphipod and isopod examples. A range of abiotic and biotic environmental factors influence reproduction in Crustacea, including temperature, day length, pollutants, and parasites. Individual crustaceans may benefit from these environmental influences, but in other cases, reproductive biology responses to biotic and abiotic environments may be detrimental to individual fitness. Environmental Sex Determination (ESD) falls into the former category. ESD is an adaptive mechanism of sex determination that is rare, but has evolved in diverse taxa. Evidence from gammarid amphipods is used to explore the evolution of ESD in response to a patchy environment. While ESD is an adaptive mechanism of sex determination, the impact of other environmental factors can be very costly. Parasitic castrators can lead to a reduction or total cessation of reproduction in crustacean hosts, driving population declines. In contrast, parasitic feminizers convert male hosts into females, enhancing maternal parasite transmission but also leading to sex ratio distortion in the host population. The chapter discusses parasite-host coevolutionary conflict and reviews evidence that selection on the host in response to parasitic sex ratio distortion has led to altered mate choice in amphipods, and to the evolution of a novel system of sex determination in isopods. Human-induced environmental influences can also be seen in Crustacea, and the chapter discusses how parasites, ESD, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals can each affect sex determination and lead to abnormal intersex phenotypes. It ends by highlighting areas for future research on the diverse world of crustacean reproduction.
Animal Personality and Investment in Reproduction: Hermit Crabs and Other Crustaceans as Model Organisms
Authors: Briffa Mark 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Animal personality has been demonstrated in a wide range of taxa, including crustaceans. This chapter defines personality as consistent variation in behavior among individuals. It describes related ideas about how individuals can differ in the way they adjust their behavior to match the current situation (“behavioral plasticity”) and how they might differ in how consistent their behavior is within a particular situation (“within individual variation”). Such behavioral variation may represent a component of wider syndromes encompassing among-individual differences in life history traits such as growth, metabolism, and fecundity. First, the chapter reviews studies that have tested these ideas in a range of crustacean species. It then focuses on a series of studies on the common European hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. In both cases, it describes details of the experimental approaches and analyses used to study personality in crustaceans. While boldness appears to be a key personality trait in hermit crabs and other crustaceans, bold individuals are not necessarily those with the greatest success in acquiring resources or with the greatest life history productivity (i.e., investment in growth and reproduction). Rather, individuals that win fights and invest heavily in respiratory pigments and in reproduction appear to behave consistently more cautious when compared to other individuals from the same population. Despite these initial findings, there is a paucity of studies that investigate links between personality and mating behavior in crustaceans, or that investigate the behavior of females; these areas should be priorities for future work.
Getting Grand Strategy Right
Authors: Brands Hal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights ten common fallacies in the study of grand strategy and clarifies the misconceptions underlying them. Clearing away this conceptual confusion can lead to more productive debates about grand strategy writ large; it can also better inform discussions about the prospects for American grand strategy today. One of the fallacies is thinking of grand strategy as a principle or a doctrine rather than a process. Another is the idea that only certain types of grand strategies are worthy of the label. An additional one is the idea that democracies in particular just cannot get grand strategy right. The chapter then looks at the importance of politics and policy debates to grand strategy.
Denizens of a Center
Authors: Irwin Ryan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the most commonly utilized historical example of grand strategy—the early Cold War—and revisits the period's most frequently analyzed protagonists: George Kennan, Walter Lippmann, and Dean Acheson. However, it is not about that era's seminal strategic doctrine: containment. Instead, it explores the relationship between law and power and argues for a new understanding of the intellectual architecture of the early Cold War. At mid-century, American liberals shared a particular vocabulary about strategy—about realism itself—that reflected specific claims about natural law, sovereign interdependence, and World War I. Drawing on rarely examined primary documents, the chapter excavates this conversation and suggests that these assumptions informed how American leaders defined their aspirations and their capabilities. At a time when US leaders are profoundly divided over the country's foreign policy, there is value in revisiting the concepts that animated and circumscribed an earlier generation's strategic thought.
Establishing Pro-ᶜAbbāsid Orthodoxy
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines conversion themes in pre-miḥna historical works, written by historians who lived and wrote before the enforcement of the miḥna in 218/833. These works are the earliest available from the ᶜAbbasid era. The chapter analyzes how the caliphs’ attempts to establish a pro-ᶜAbbāsid orthodoxy influenced history writing and thus impacted historical depictions of conversion. Tracing and analyzing topoi of conversion, the chapter demonstrates how pro-ᶜAbbāsid historians portrayed the conversion of major Umayyad figures unfavorably, advancing pro-Shīᶜite and pro-ᶜAlid depictions. ᶜAbbāsid depictions are contrasted with pre-ᶜAbbāsid portrayals to emphasize how religio-political disputes shape the historiographical narrative.
Attempts at Compromise
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on the aftermath of the miḥna and the continued fight for orthodoxy in the period (218/833–299/911). It examines the interaction between the caliphs and their historians, tracing and analyzing conversion topoi in works written during this period. It establishes how the ᶜAbbāsid caliphs’ attempts—both at compromise with the traditionists and at maintaining the fight for ᶜAbbāsid claims—have redesigned conversion depictions. This period witnessed both the suppression of extreme views and the elevation of moderate portrayals of conversion. Conversion depictions in the aftermath of the miḥna were influenced by reconciliatory attempts between the rulers and historians, as evidenced by the harmonization of differing ideologies.
Income, Wealth, Employment, and Beyond
Authors: Medgyesi Márton , Tóth István György 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at trends in 10 Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, exploring both convergence between these countries and the centre of the European Union on the one hand and comparative inequality trends within some of the CEE economies on the other. Time trends are presented from the beginning of the 1990s until the most recent available year. The aim is to explore patterns of income convergence and inequality developments experienced during and after the transition from non-democratic regimes and centrally planned economies to competitive markets and representative democracies. Attention is paid to between-country similarities and dissimilarities of the paths taken, attempting to find out whether homogeneity or heterogeneity dominates between the observed countries, both in relation to trends and results.
Rising Inequality in the Egalitarian Nordics
Authors: Barth Erling , Moene Kalle , Pedersen Axel West 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter demonstrates that while the Nordic countries remain relatively affluent and egalitarian, inequality of disposable household income has been on the rise over the past 30 years. The increase in income inequality and relative income poverty has been strongest in Sweden and more modest in three other countries. In Sweden and, to a lesser extent, in Finland and Denmark, a reduced role for social transfers among the working age population has contributed to a decline in relative income levels enjoyed by the bottom deciles. Often in the wake of serious macroeconomic downturns, politicians have reduced the generosity of social transfers to improve labour market incentives. Even if these reforms have had the intended effect on employment, the increase in earnings has not been sufficient to replace the loss of social transfers.
Saved by the Baguette
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Volcanoes are an important cause of catastrophic tsunamis, none more so than Santorini (Thera) that erupted with devastating power approximately 1600 bc. This Late Bronze Age eruption generated a tsunami that rampaged throughout the Mediterranean and saw the beginning of the end for the Minoan civilization at the time. In more recent times, the 1883 eruption of Krakatau in Indonesia caused similar mayhem. However, the recent eruption of Krakatau’s child, Anak Krakatau, shows the disturbing ability of volcanoes to rebuild and repeat. In this chapter, these events and several more are charted through their local and distant effects, concluding with a salutary tale about the man in Martinique who was saved by a stolen baguette.
Creating Art
Authors: Kingwell Mark 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ethics and aesthetics are not always conjoined, but this chapter argues for a close connection between. Good design is its own kind of responsibility: to the norms of architectural history, but also to the possibility of elegant innovations that can, just a revolutionary work of art in another medium, alter the conversation. Some architects do not consider themselves artist, but the greats ones did and do so still.
The Origins of Technopopulism
Authors: Bickerton Christopher J. , Accetti Carlo Invernizzi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins of the technopopulist political logic. It does so by identifying the origins and principal contours of the ideological political logic which preceded it. It then explores the relative decline of the ideological logic and the rise of technopopulism. The technopopulist logic has superimposed itself upon the ideological logic, leading to a complex interaction between the two. The theme of the chanpter is the formation and decline of organizing interests and the complex relationship between societal change and evolutions in national political party systems. The overarching narrative is of the separation of state from society (referred to process of disintermediation) and the connection of this to technopopulism. The rise of the technopopulist political logic is associated with a number of macro-historical processes, such as secularization, cognitive mobilization, and the decline of organized interests. However, the relationship between these processes and the rise of technopopulism is shaped by nationally specific experiences. The empirical focus of the chapter is on British, French, and Italian politics, but the argument refers also to broader changes that held across national political systems in Western Europe since 1945.
Joseph Addison and the Domestication of Paradise Lost
Authors: Corns Thomas N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the profound impact the editorial interventions and elaborate textual notes that Patrick Hume contributed to Tonson’s sixth edition of Paradise Lost in 1695 had on Milton’s status as a popular and accessible writer. Hume’s Annotations on Milton’s Paradise Lost, the first significant editorial treatment of a vernacular poet, acknowledges that a new readership had emerged that needed the kinds of assistance that Milton’s educated Protestant contemporaries had not required when reading the lifetime editions of 1667–9 and 1674. The shift in Milton’s status, from that of an elite-culture writer embedded in a radical political and theological tradition to that of the cultural icon of a broadly conceived English Protestantism, both prompted and was advanced by Joseph Addison’s remarkable series of essays on Paradise Lost in The Spectator.
A Just and Lasting Peace After War
Authors: Peperkamp Lonneke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While a ‘just and lasting peace’ is the axiomatic goal of a just war, it is not clear what that means exactly. The central question of this chapter is: How should a just war theorist understand peace, insofar that peace is the goal of just war theory, taking into account the theory’s middle position between political realism and moral idealism? In the first part of this chapter, the contemporary debate is mapped and various positions on peace are made explicit. This reveals a shift towards a more positive concept of peace. How far should this shift go? The second part of this chapter places the peace continuum in a lively debate in political philosophy on the role of feasibility constraints in normative theory. This chapter argues that a ‘just and lasting peace’ must be understood as a decent peace that is ‘just enough’.
Reconciliation and a Just Peace
Authors: Gallen James 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter re-examines reconciliation and the concept of just peace. Reconciliation is typically accepted as an aspirational goal, namely as a means to re-establish trust in norms, institutions, and civic community. Drawing on Dworkin’s theory of integrity, this chapter argues that reconciliation should be primarily understood as civic discourse in a post bellum context, namely as an instrument to empower affected victim-survivors and to identify legitimate areas of disagreement. Ultimately, this chapter argues the role of the international community in reconciliation, setting forth a holistic and critically engaged concept of it and the need of interdisciplinarity to assess such meaning.
Inclusion, Justice, and Peace in Colombia
Authors: Easterday Jennifer S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the interplay between inclusion and accountability, using the Colombian peace process as an example. The chapter examines how inclusive input into the peace process, including a referendum, can shape the nature of accountability in post-conflict situations. Drawing on the ‘peace before justice’ debate, the chapter asks whether extensive inclusion can be an impediment to peace, or a guarantor of just peace. It discusses the role of women in the negotiations and the Special Jurisdiction for Peace It concludes that peace processes should be inclusive and promote gender equality to support sustainable peace.
Downloading and Installing R
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a primer on getting started with the R language. It provides a brief background and history of R and a guide to downloading and installing R on three different operating systems (Windows, Mac, and Linux). It also gives an introduction to the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), the installation and use of the RStudio Integrated Development Environment (IDE), the basic commands concerning saving code that’s been written, and changing working directories.
Individual Differences Between Observers in Face Matching
Authors: Bate Sarah , Mestry Natalie , Portch Emma 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests vast individual differences in face-matching performance in both lay perceivers and relevant professionals. However, the field is hampered by a paucity of psychometric-standard assessment tasks. This chapter reviews the current evidence supporting individual differences in face matching, in light of the reliability of the available tools. The potential underpinnings of these individual differences are reviewed, alongside the overlap between different continua of face-processing skills. Given that so-called super-recognizers may offer a powerful security tool in relevant settings, the identification and deployment of these individuals are critically discussed. In particular, the reliability and appropriateness of current terminology and assessment tools are considered, together with potential limitations in the performance of even the strongest face matchers. While the current conceptualization of super-recognition can no doubt advance academic theory, this approach may not adequately identify the best individuals for real-world forensic face-matching tasks.
Forensic Face Matching
Authors: Moreton Reuben 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Forensic face matching evidence has been presented in UK courts for over 30 years to provide crucial identification evidence in criminal investigations. To be admissible as evidence in UK courts, face matching must be conducted by a suitably qualified expert using scientifically validated procedures. Contrary to this notion, however, the field has been largely self-regulated, with little empirical investigation into the validity of face matching procedures and extensive criticism of forensic face matching in the scientific literature. Practitioner working groups are now addressing these criticisms and standardizing working practices, but further effort is required to ensure that the procedures used for forensic face matching are reliable and the limitations known. This chapter provides a critical analysis of the forensic face matching procedures used in the UK and internationally by forensic face examiners, alongside studies and case examples that have challenged and tested the reliability and accuracy of these procedures.
Anger and Injustice
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Individual acts of violence are always situated in the context of a community of relationships with others. Anger, as a passion, can be used for good or ill and this chapter will explore ways in which anger can be expressed. This chapter will address two broad questions on biosocial capacities for anger and two theological questions. In what sense is the human capacity for anger shaped through biological or cultural influences? What specific contexts reduce the likelihood of anger and what are the evolutionary advantages? In what sense might anger become sinful in theological terms? How might God’s anger be perceived in Augustine and contemporary theology? This chapter will begin by exploring evolutionary aspects of aggression and how these are related to social psychological categories. In philosophical terms, Aristotle’s definition of anger and the specific criteria for its presence are important, but so is the difference between anger and hatred. Thomas Aquinas defines anger as one of the moral passions and works out in what circumstances it become sinful. Thomistic discussion is still relevant to contemporary analysis even though Aquinas did not have access to the evolutionary and psychological data that are available in a contemporary context.
Consciousness
Authors: Siewert Charles 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives consciousness a central role in value. It begins by showing how we can interpret and defend the idea that many common forms of consciousness are intrinsically beneficial to us—even if we don’t embrace subjectivism about well-being. It then shows how we can rationally accord these benefits such importance that we would find our own continued existence worthless without them. Neither objective list nor desire-satisfactionist views of well-being threaten this result. Moreover, regarding subjects’ desire-satisfaction: we can see that this bears on a non-instrumental concern for them only if they are capable of subjective experience: consciousness makes desires matter morally. Finally, the moral significance of consciousness is further deepened by seeing how our self-expressive experience entitles us to a respect that is due beings who make themselves accountable to norms—and how, since we are such beings, our lives have irreplaceable value.
The Value of Consciousness in Medicine
Authors: O’ Leary Diane 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
generally accept that medicine’s conceptual and ethical foundations are grounded in recognition of personhood. With patients in vegetative state, however, we’ve understood that the ethical implications of phenomenal consciousness are distinct from those of personhood. This suggests a need to reconsider medicine’s foundations. What is the role for recognition of consciousness (rather than personhood) in grounding the moral value of medicine and the specific demands of clinical ethics? I suggest that, according to holism, the moral value of medicine is secured when conscious states are recognized in everyday medical science. Moreover, consciousness fully motivates traditional principles of clinical ethics if we understand respect for autonomy as respect for the dominion of an experiencer in the private, inescapable realm of bodily experience. When medicine’s foundations are grounded in recognition of consciousness, we understand how patients fully command respect even when they lack capacity to exercise their bodily dominion through decision-making.
Arthur Rimbaud
Authors: Hofmann Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter presents a reading of probably the most celebrated ship-poem in existence, written exactly one hundred and fifty years ago by a teenaged boy in provincial France who had never seen the sea. The poem, in which the boat ‘speaks’, is read as unusually brilliant homework, as autobiography, as showing-off, as prophecy, as an account of empire. The Pyrrhic continuance or persistence of the drowning boat is read as an image of literature itself.