bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximal Oxygen Uptake Is Underestimated during Incremental Testing in Hypertensive Older Adults: Findings from the HAEL Study
Authors: SCHAUN GUSTAVO Z. , ALBERTON CRISTINE L. , GOMES MARIA LAURA B. , SANTOS LUCAS P. , BAMMAN MARCAS M. , MENDES GRACIELE F. , HÄFELE MARIANA S. , ANDRADE LUANA S. , ALVES LEONARDO , DE ATAIDES VINÍCIUS A. , CARMONA MARCO A. , LÁZARO RAFAEL , BOTTON CÍNTIA E. , UMPIERRE DANIEL , PINTO STEPHANIE S. , WILHELM EURICO N. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The present cross-sectional study aimed to investigate whether a maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) verification phase (VER) could improve the accuracy of a previous graded exercise test (GXT) to assess individual V˙O2max in hypertensive individuals.

Methods
Thirty-three older adults with hypertension (24 women) taking part in the Hypertension Approaches in the Elderly Study (NCT03264443) were recruited. Briefly, after performing a treadmill GXT to exhaustion, participants rested for 10 min and underwent a multistage VER to confirm GXT results. Individual V˙O2max, RER, maximal heart rate (HRmax), and RPE were measured during both GXT and VER tests. Mean values were compared between bouts using paired sample t-tests, and V˙O2max was also compared between GXT and VER on an individual basis.

Results
Testing was well tolerated by all participants. Both absolute (P = 0.011) and relative (P = 0.014) V˙O2max values were higher in VER than that in GXT. RER (P < 0.001) and RPE (P = 0.002) were lower in VER, whereas HRmax (P = 0.286) was not different between the two trials. Individual V˙O2max comparisons revealed that 54.6% of the participants (18/33) achieved a V˙O2max value that was ≥3% during VER (mean = 13.5%, range = +3% to +22.1%, ES = 0.062), whereas 87.9% (29/33) of the tests would have been validated as a maximal effort if the classic criteria were used (i.e., V̇O2 plateau or at least two secondary criteria).

Conclusion
In sedentary older individuals with hypertension, GXT to exhaustion underestimated V˙O2max in more than half of tested participants, even when established, but criticized criteria were used to confirm whether a maximal effort was attained. Using VER after GXT is a quick approach to assist with the verification of an individual’s V˙O2max.
Factors Protecting against a Decline in Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: FEARNBACH S. NICOLE , FLANAGAN EMILY W. , HÖCHSMANN CHRISTOPH , BEYL ROBBIE A. , ALTAZAN ABBY D. , MARTIN CORBY K. , REDMAN LEANNE M. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The spread of COVID-19 and the associated stay-at-home orders and shutdowns of gyms and fitness centers have drastically influenced health behaviors leading to widespread reductions in physical activity (PA). The recent Call to Action from the American College of Sports Medicine has promoted “innovative strategies to promote PA during the COVID-19 pandemic.” We aimed to identify individual-level factors that protected against declines in PA levels amid the COVID-19 restrictions.

Methods
We used the Pennington Biomedical COVID-19 Health Behaviors Survey for our analyses and used mixed-effect linear and generalized linear models to estimate the effects of individual-level factors on changes in PA levels during the COVID-19 restrictions.

Results
Participants (n = 4376) provided information on PA behaviors before and during the COVID-19 shutdown. Overall, PA levels declined by a mean ± SD of 112 ± 1460 MET·min·wk−1 during the COVID-19 shutdown; however, changes in PA were heterogeneous, with 55% of the participants reporting increases in or maintenance of PA during that time. Several social and demographic factors were significantly related to declines in PA, including high prepandemic PA levels, living alone (difference = 118 MET·min·wk−1), low household income (difference between the highest and the lowest income group = 363 MET·min·wk−1), COVID-19-related changes in income (difference = 110 MET·min·wk−1), and loss of employment (difference = 168 MET·min·wk−1). The substitution of prepandemic gym attendance with the purchase and use of home exercise equipment or exercise through virtual fitness platforms promoted increases in PA during the COVID-19 shutdown.

Conclusions
While promoting PA through the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to consider demographic factors, which greatly influence health behaviors and implementation of, and access to, replacement behaviors. The promotion of such strategies could help maintain PA levels during potential future stay-at-home orders.
Prevalence and factors associated with multimorbidity among primary care patients with decreased renal function
Authors: Hirst Jennifer A. , Ordóñez Mena José M. , O’Callaghan Chris A. , Ogburn Emma , Taylor Clare J. , Yang Yaling , Hobbs F. D. Richard 
Published: January 2021

Objectives
To establish the prevalence of multimorbidity in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1–5 and transiently impaired renal function and identify factors associated with multimorbidity.

Design and setting
Prospective cohort study in UK primary care.

Participants
861 participants aged 60 and older with decreased renal function of whom, 584 (65.8%) had CKD and 277 (32.2%) did not have CKD.

Interventions
Participants underwent medical history and clinical assessment, and blood and urine sampling.

Primary and secondary outcome measures
Multimorbidity was defined as presence of ≥2 chronic conditions including CKD. Prevalence of each condition, co-existing conditions and multimorbidity were described and logistic regression was used to identify predictors of multimorbidity.

Results
The mean (±SD) age of participants was 74±7 years, 54% were women and 98% were white. After CKD, the next most prevalent condition was hypertension (n = 511, 59.3%), followed by obesity (n = 265, 30.8%) ischemic heart disease (n = 145, 16.8%) and diabetes (n = 133, 15.4%). Having two co-existing conditions was most common (27%), the most common combination of which was hypertension and obesity (29%). One or three conditions was the next most prevalent combination (20% and 21% respectively). The prevalence of multimorbidity was 73.9% (95%CI 70.9–76.8) in all participants and 86.6% (95%CI 83.9–89.3) in those with any-stage CKD. Logistic regression found a significant association between increasing age (OR 1.07, 95%CI 1.04–0.10), increasing BMI (OR 1.15, 95%CI 1.10–1.20) and decreasing eGFR (OR 0.99, 95%CI 0.98–1.00) with multimorbidity.

Conclusions
This analysis is the first to provide an accurate estimate of the prevalence of multimorbidity in a screened older primary care population living with or at risk of CKD across all stages. Hypertension and obesity were the most common combination of conditions other than CKD that people were living with, suggesting that there may be multiple reasons for closely monitoring health status in individuals with CKD.
Post–COVID-19 Cholangiopathy: A Novel Entity
Authors: Roth Nitzan C. , Kim Angela , Vitkovski Taisia , Xia Jianxiang , Ramirez Guillermo , Bernstein David , Crawford James M. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Liver chemistry abnormalities are a frequent manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but are usually transient and resolve with disease resolution.

Methods:
We describe the clinical course and histologic features of 3 adults who developed prolonged and severe cholestasis during recovery from critical cardiopulmonary COVID-19.

Results:
These patients had clinical and histologic features similar to secondary sclerosing cholangitis of the critically ill patient, but with unique histologic features including severe cholangiocyte injury and intrahepatic microangiopathy suggestive of direct hepatic injury from COVID-19.

DISCUSSION:
We believe that these cases constitute a novel severe post–COVID-19 cholangiopathy with potential for long-term hepatic morbidity.
Progress in magnetic Fe3O4nanomaterials in magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Li Hongcai , Yang Shuanqiang , Hui David , Hong Ruoyu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAt present, high-sensitivity, high-penetration-depth, and accurate tissue resolution clinical imaging effect are required, while computer transverse scanning, microwave imaging, and fluorescence imaging (FL) cannot meet the requirements of clinical imaging, but the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can meet the requirements of clinical dissecting details. The effect of MRI imaging is closely related to the contrast agent (CA). As an important type of CA, Fe3O4and its analogues have been widely concerned because of their low toxicity and relatively low price. In this review, we summarize the development and improvement of CAs based on Fe3O4and its analogues fromT2imaging mode and development limitation in the initial single modulus imaging mode, toT1imaging mode overcoming the limitations ofT2imaging and the limitations of its own in application, to the later development of dual modulus imaging form, and to the current multi-modulus imaging form. Simultaneously, we demonstrate the research progress, preparation methods, and future trends based on Fe3O4and its analogues CAs for MRI, the current application status is preliminarily summarized, and the future development trend is prospected.
Microstructural evolution and properties of Cu–20 wt% Ag alloy wire by multi-pass continuous drawing
Authors: Cheng Chu , Song Kexing , Mi Xujun , Wu Baoan , Xiao Zhu , Xie Haofeng , Zhou Yanjun , Guo Xiuhua , Liu Haitao , Chen Dingbiao , Shen Xiaoyu , Ding Yong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Cu–20 wt% Ag alloy wire rod was prepared using three-chamber vacuum cold mold vertical continuous up-casting followed by multi-pass continuous drawing. The evolution of microstructure, mechanical property, and electrical property of the Cu–20 wt% Ag alloy wire during multi-pass continuous drawing was studied. After multi-pass continuous drawing, the continuous network eutectic structure in the longitudinal section of the as-casted rod was gradually drawn into long fibers that approximately parallel to the axial direction, while the space of the continuous network eutectic structure in the transverse section is getting smaller and smaller. Both the preferred orientation of copper and silver grains are (1,1,1). With the increase of drawing strain (η), the tensile strength of Cu–20 wt% Ag alloy wire gradually increases while the elongation gradually decreases. When the diameter is drawn to 0.02 mm (η = 11.94), the tensile strength of the alloy is 1,682 MPa and elongation is 2.0%. The relationship between tensile strength, elongation, and diameter conforms to Allometric and Boltzmann functions, respectively.
Role of fractal-fractional operators in modeling of rubella epidemic with optimized orders
Authors: Al Qurashi Maysaa Mohamed 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Fractal-fractional (FF) differential and integral operators having the capability to subsume features of retaining memory and self-similarities are used in the present research analysis to design a mathematical model for the rubella epidemic while taking care of dimensional consistency among the model equations. Infectious diseases have history in their transmission dynamics and thus non-local operators such as FF play a vital role in modeling dynamics of such epidemics. Monthly actual rubella incidence cases in Pakistan for the years 2017 and 2018 have been used to validate the FF rubella model and such a data set also helps for parameter estimation. Using nonlinear least-squares estimation with MATLAB function lsqcurvefit, some parameters for the classical and the FF model are obtained. Upon comparison of error norms for both models (classical and FF), it is found that the FF produces the smaller error. Locally asymptotically stable points (rubella-free and rubella-present) of the model are computed when the basic reproduction number

{ {\mathcal R} }_{0}

is less and greater than unity and the sensitivity is investigated. Moreover, solution of the FF rubella system is shown to exist. A new iterative method is proposed to carry out numerical simulations which resulted in getting insights for the transmission dynamics of the rubella epidemic.
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene: Current analytical techniques and approaches for biological monitoring
Authors: Soleimani Esmaeel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBenzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are a group of volatile organic compounds that human exposure to them may result in the development of some diseases, including cancer. Biological monitoring plays an important role in exposure assessment of workers occupationally exposed to chemicals. Several metabolites have been proposed for biological monitoring of individuals who are exposed to BTEX. There are a variety of extraction methods and analytical techniques for the determination of unmetabolized BTEX in exhaled air and their urinary metabolites. The present study aimed to summarize and review the toxicokinetics of BTEX and sample preparation and analytical methods for their measurement. Metabolites of BTEX are discussed to find out reliable ones for biological monitoring of workers exposed to these chemicals. In addition, analytical methods for unmetabolized BTEX in exhaled air and their metabolites were reviewed in order to obtain a comparison between them in term of selectivity, sensitivity, simplicity, time, environmental-friendly and cost. Given the recent trends in sample preparation, including miniaturization, automation, high-throughput performance, and on-line coupling with analytical instrument, it seems that microextraction techniques, especially microextraction by packed sorbents are the methods of choice for the determination of the BTEX metabolites.
Contact network uncertainty in individual level models of infectious disease transmission
Authors: Almutiry Waleed , Deardon Rob 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Infectious disease transmission between individuals in a heterogeneous population is often best modelled through a contact network. This contact network can be spatial in nature, with connections between individuals closer in space being more likely. However, contact network data are often unobserved. Here, we consider the fit of an individual level model containing a spatially-based contact network that is either entirely, or partially, unobserved within a Bayesian framework, using data augmented Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). We also incorporate the uncertainty about event history in the disease data. We also examine the performance of the data augmented MCMC analysis in the presence or absence of contact network observational models based upon either knowledge about the degree distribution or the total number of connections in the network. We find that the latter tend to provide better estimates of the model parameters and the underlying contact network.
MYC promotes cancer progression by modulating m6A modifications to suppress target gene translation
Authors: Wu Gongwei , Suo Caixia , Yang Ying , Shen Shengqi , Sun Linchong , Li Shi‐Ting , Zhou Yingli , Yang Dongdong , Wang Yan , Cai Yongping , Wang Nana , Zhang Huafeng , Yang Yun‐Gui , Cao Jie , Gao Ping 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe MYC oncoprotein activates and represses gene expression in a transcription‐dependent or transcription‐independent manner. Modification of mRNA emerges as a key gene expression regulatory nexus. We sought to determine whether MYC alters mRNA modifications and report here that MYC promotes cancer progression by down‐regulating N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) preferentially in transcripts of a subset of MYC‐repressed genes (MRGs). We find that MYC activates the expression of ALKBH5 and reduces m6A levels in the mRNA of the selected MRGs SPI1 and PHF12. We also show that MYC‐regulated m6A controls the translation of MRG mRNA via the specific m6A reader YTHDF3. Finally, we find that inhibition of ALKBH5, or overexpression of SPI1 or PHF12, effectively suppresses the growth of MYC‐deregulated B‐cell lymphomas, both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which MYC suppresses gene expression by altering m6A modifications in selected MRG transcripts promotes cancer progression.
Hair cortisol and cortisone measurements for the diagnosis of overt and mild Cushing’s syndrome
Authors: Brossaud Julie , Charret Léa , De Angeli Delia , Haissaguerre Magalie , Ferriere Amandine , Puerto Marie , Gatta-Cherifi Blandine , Corcuff Jean-Benoît , Tabarin Antoine 
Published: January 2021

Objective
Hair cortisol (HF) and cortisone (HE) measurements reflect tissular exposure to cortisol over months and are increased in overt Cushing’s syndrome (CS). No data is available in mild CS. We compared the diagnostic performance of HF and HE between patients with overt or mild CS.

Design
Single centre retrospective study.

Methods
HF&HE were measured by LC-MS/MS in 48 consecutive adult females with Cushing’s disease (CD), ectopic ACTH syndrome, secreting adenomas and carcinomas, and adrenal incidentalomas. All had impaired dexamethasone suppression tests. Overt CS (n = 25) was diagnosed in front of specific symptoms, a mean UFC (>1.5 ULN) and increased midnight serum cortisol or salivary cortisol. Mild CS (n = 23) was diagnosed in patients lacking specific symptoms and displaying at least one additional biological abnormality including mildly increased UFC (≤1.5 ULN), increased midnight serum cortisol or salivary cortisol and suppressed plasma ACTH in patients with adrenal tumours. In this study, 84 healthy subjects and obese patients served as controls.

Results
HF and HE showed roughly similar performance in overt CS (92 and 100% sensitivity, 91 and 99% specificity, respectively). HF and HE were lower in mild CS but higher than in controls (P < 0.01). HE was correlated with midnight serum cortisol (P < 0.02) and volume of adrenal incidentalomas (P < 0.04) but not with UFC. HF and HE had 59% and 68% sensitivity, and 79 and 94% specificity, respectively, for the diagnosis of mild CS. Contrary to UFC, both HF and HE were in the range of overt CS in 11/23 patients with mild CS. Patients with mild CS and increased HE required more antihypertensive treatments and showed worser lipid profiles than patients with normal HE.

Conclusions
HF and HE measurement performed better in overt than in mild CS but is a useful adjunct to diagnose mild CS and to identify adrenocortical incidentalomas responsible for excessive cortisol exposure.
The Christian philosophy of man in Poland in the face of the challenges of the 20th and 21st centuries
Authors: Mazur Piotr Stanisław 
Published: January 2021

According to the author of the article, Christian anthropology is characterized by an affirmative approach to Christianity and personalism in the understanding of man. During the last century in Poland it faced four key challenges for its development which were: 1) searching for a proper model of social life connected with the rejection of individualism and collectivism; 2) the clash with collectivist totalitarianism (communism) which imposes an erroneous concept on man; 3) resignation of the Church in her teaching from the domination of the Thomistic model of understanding the world and man; 4) establishment of a naturalistic and transhumanistic model of man in the culture of the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Christian anthropology responded to the first three calls with a specific type of personalism: social – in the first case, metaphysical – in the second, liberalist and ethical – in the third. At present time, it must seek a personalistic response to the fourth challenge, while the author believes that Christian anthropology is threatened by fideistic personalism resulting from the acceptance of the naturalistic image of man coming from detailed sciences and the abandonment of attempts to philosophically justify his personal status.
Does inguinal hernia repair increase urinary retention? Our 10-year results
Authors: Efendiye Ferec , Celasin Haydar 
Published: January 2021

Background: This study aimed to determine the incidence of urinary retention in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair at our hospital as well as the predictors of urinary retention.Methods: Patients who underwent inguinal hernia repair at Lokman Hekim university Akay hospital between January 2010 and January 2020 were included in the study. The total number of patients was 578. The patients were divided into two groups: group-1 (patients who developed urinary retention following inguinal hernia repair) and group-2 (patients who did not develop urinary retention following inguinal hernia repair). The relationship between urinary retention and age, history of preoperative BPH, type and localization of hernia, operative and anesthesia time, perioperative NSAID, narcotic analgesic and antispasmodic use, presence of DM and rheumatic diseases and perioperative fluid replacement was investigated. Results: The median ages were 57.7±15.1 (20-74) and 48.8±17.5 (18-89) in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p<0.001). 5.36% (31/578) of the patients developed urinary retention. The group-1 were found to be at a more advanced age (p<0.001), have higher rates of BPH and DM (p<0.001), longer operative time (p<0.001), higher rate of perioperative antispasmodic use (p<0.001), higher rate of perioperative fluid replacement (p<0.001) and a lower rate of perioperative NSAID use (p<0.001) compared to those who did not develop postoperative urinary retention. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, advanced age, history of DM and BPH, antispasmodic use, longer operative time, high amount of postoperative fluid replacement and no perioperative use of NSAIDs lead to an increased risk of urinary retention.
Kewajiban Penggunaan Vaksin: Antara Legalitas dan Formalitas dalam Pandangan Maqashid Al-Syariah
Authors: Hafidzi Anwar 
Published: January 2021

<p><em>This study shows that Indonesian Umrah or Hajj pilgrims have used the Meningitis Vaccine with the Maqashid al-Sharia approach. This study differs from other studies in the methodology used as a justification for the desire to use vaccinations as a pre-condition for carrying out worship in Mecca. Although this vaccine is permitted, researchers see that there are other loopholes that could expose the use of the vaccine for the purposes of sharia. This study is focused on </em><em>normative</em><em> analysis and the MUI Fatwa No: 06 of 2010 regarding the Use of Hajj and Umrah Pilgrim Meningitis Vaccines. This study demonstrates that meningitis vaccinations with different amounts and substances are conditionally approved. This condition is specified in the Saudi Arabia government's implementation and does not interfere with the Sharia aims that can endanger one another. Vaccines are not only a formality, they are often intended to protect and avoid infectious diseases and are compulsory before they are used for Hajj and Umrah in Saudi Arabia.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><strong>Abstrak </strong></p><p>Penelitian ini akan mengungkap pengunaan vaksin meningitis yang selama ini sudah digunakan oleh jamaah umrah atau haji Indonesia dengan pendekatan Maqashid al-Syariah. Penelitian ini berbeda dengan peneliti lainnya pada pendekatan yang digunakan sebagai alasan kebolehan menggunakan vaksin sebagai pra-syarat melaksanakan ibadah ke Mekkah. Meskipun vaksin ini diperbolehkan, tapi peneliti melihat bahwa ada celah lain yang dapat mengungkap penggunaan vaksin dari tujuan syariah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kajian normatif dan Fatwa MUI Nomor: 06 Tahun 2010 tentang Penggunaan Vaksin Meningitis bagi Jamaah Haji dan Umrah. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa kebolehan vaksin meningitis dengan berbagai kadar dan kandungan zatnya dianggap dibolehkan dengan syarat. Persyaratan ini dinyatakan dalam implementasi pemerintah Saudi Arabia dan tidak bertentangan dengan tujuan-tujuan syariah yang bisa membahayakan diri sendiri dan orang lain.</p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em><br /></em><em></em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>