bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-variate infilling of missing daily discharge data on the Niger basin
Authors: Oyerinde Ganiyu Titilope , Lawin Agnide E. , Adeyeri Oluwafemi E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Niger basin has experienced historical drought episodes and floods in recent times. Reliable hydrological modelling has been hampered by missing values in daily river discharge data. We assessed the potential of using the Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE) to estimate both continuous and discontinuous daily missing data across different spatial scales in the Niger basin. The study was conducted on 22 discharge stations that have missing data ranging from 2% to 70%. Four efficiency metrics were used to determine the effectiveness of MICE. The flow duration curves (FDC) of observed and filled data were compared to determine how MICE captured the discharge patterns. Mann-Kendall, Modified Mann-Kendall, Pettit and Sen's Slope were used to assess the complete discharge trends using the gap-filled data. Results shows that MICE near perfectly filled the missing discharge data with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) range of 0.94–0.99 for the calibration (1992–1994) period. Good fits were obtained between FDC of observed and gap-filled data in all considered stations. All the catchments showed significantly increasing discharge trend since 1990s after gap filling. Consequently, the use of MICE in handling missing data challenges across spatial scales in the Niger basin was proposed.
A Short Review on Key Role of Plants and their Extracts in Boosting up Immune Response to Combat COVID-19
Authors: Khan Mudassir , Saddique Muhammad Abu Bakar , Tahir Huzaifa , Amjad Muhammad Dawood , Ahmad Abdullah , Masood Usama , Khan Dilawar 
Published: May 2021

:In the wake of the recent global pandemic of COVID-19, there has been increasing concern among the general public to improve their immune system. The causative agent of COVID-19 is SARS CoV-2, similar to its relative viruses SARS Cov-1 and MERS. Although vaccines have been developed now and are in public use, still the role of a healthy immune system is crucial as new strains of the virus are being discovered and along with emergence of new strains, short and long term side effects of vaccine cannot be excluded. Plants have been used in herbal medicines and many chemicals since ancient times and extracts in them are found to boost the immune system. Therefore, a consciously maintained diet consisting of plant-based immunity boosters is the need of the hour. Plants are known to provide many chemicals, natural therapeutics and vitamins which naturally enhance our immune system. Recently, vaccination research is also being carried out in transgenic plants. In this review, main focus has been put on highlighting some of the key players within the Kingdom Plantae, which, when taken up in regular diet, can significantly boost our immune system capacity and thus helps the human body to combat this deadly virus more efficiently.
Efficacy of Cladribine Tablets as a Treatment for People With Multiple Sclerosis: Protocol for the CLOBAS Study (Cladribine, a Multicenter, Long-term Efficacy and Biomarker Australian Study)
Authors: Maltby Vicki E , Lea Rodney A , Monif Mastura , Fabis-Pedrini Marzena J , Buzzard Katherine , Kalincik Tomas , Kermode Allan G , Taylor Bruce , Hodgkinson Suzanne , McCombe Pamela , Butzkueven Helmut , Barnett Michael , Lechner-Scott Jeannette 
Published: May 2021

Background
Cladribine tablets (marketed as Mavenclad) are a new oral therapy, which has recently been listed on the pharmaceutical benefits scheme in Australia for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). The current dosing schedule is for 2 courses given a year apart, which has been shown to be effective for treatment of MS for up to 4 years in 75% of patients (based on annualized relapse rate). However, the reinitiation of therapy after year 4 has not been studied.

Objective
This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cladribine tablets over a 6-year period, according to no evidence of disease activity 3.

Methods
This will be a multicenter, 6-year, phase IV, low interventional, observational study that incorporates clinical, hematological, biochemical, epigenetic, radiological and cognitive biomarkers of disease. Participants considered for treatment with cladribine as part of their routine clinical care will be consented to take part in the study. They will be monitored at regular intervals during the initial course of medication administration in years 1 and 2. After year 3, patients will have the option of redosing, if clinically indicated, or to switch to another disease-modifying therapy. Throughout the duration of the study, we will assess blood-based biomarkers including lymphocyte subsets, serum neurofilament light chain, DNA methylation, and RNA analysis as well as magnetic resonance imaging findings (brain volume and/or lesion load) and cognitive performance.

Results
This study has been approved by the Hunter New England Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee. Recruitment began in March of 2019 and was completed by June 2021.

Conclusions
This will be the first long-term efficacy trial of cladribine, which offers reinitiation of therapy in the 3rd year, based on disease activity, after the initial 2 courses. We expect that this study will indicate whether any of the assessed biomarkers can be used to predict treatment efficacy or the need for future reinitiation of cladribine in people with MS.

Trial Registration
This study is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619000257167) with Universal Trial Number (U1111-1228-2165).

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
DERR1-10.2196/24969
Professional Social Media Usage and Work Engagement Among Professionals in Finland Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Four-Wave Follow-Up Study
Authors: Oksa Reetta , Kaakinen Markus , Savela Nina , Hakanen Jari J , Oksanen Atte 
Published: May 2021

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed work life profoundly and concerns regarding the mental well-being of employees’ have arisen. Organizations have made rapid digital advancements and have started to use new collaborative tools such as social media platforms overnight.

Objective
Our study aimed to investigate how professional social media communication has affected work engagement before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of perceived social support, task resources, and psychological distress as predictors and moderators of work engagement.

Methods
Nationally representative longitudinal survey data were collected in 2019-2020, and 965 respondents participated in all 4 surveys. Measures included work engagement, perceived social support and task resources, and psychological distress. The data were analyzed using a hybrid linear regression model.

Results
Work engagement remained stable and only decreased in autumn 2020. Within-person changes in social media communication at work, social support, task resources, and psychological distress were all associated with work engagement. The negative association between psychological distress and work engagement was stronger in autumn 2020 than before the COVID-19 outbreak.

Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted pressure on mental health at work. Fostering social support and task resources at work is important in maintaining work engagement. Social media communication could help maintain a supportive work environment.
Clinical and utilization outcomes associated with tumor mutational burden in a real-world pan-tumor population
Authors: Gautam Santosh , Kachroo Sumesh , DeClue Richard W , Fisher Maxine D , Basu Anirban 
Published: May 2021

Aim & methods:
This real-world study examined the association of tumor mutational burden (TMB) with clinical and healthcare utilization in adults diagnosed with advanced solid tumor 1 January 2015– 31 January 2019.
Results:
There were 170 patients in low-TMB group (TMB<10 mut/Mb) and 32 in high-TMB group (TMB ≥10 mut/Mb). Median overall survival was 18.8 (95% CI: 17.3–28.8) and 15.9 months (95% CI: 11.3–18.0) whereas median progression-free survival was 9.9 (95% CI: 8.6–11.4) and 7.8 months (95% CI: 3.8–12.5) for the low- and high-TMB groups, respectively. Hospitalization (49.4 vs 37.5%), emergency visit (25.3 vs 21.9%), and median overall cost of care (US$135,403 vs 87,570) were all lower in low-TMB group.
Conclusion:
Despite the limited sample, these data provide a historical perspective for examining real-world outcomes associated with TMB.
Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Masyarakat, Serta Kondisi Lingkungan Pada Peningkatan Kasus Leptospirosis di Wilayah Puskesmas Kesugihan II, Kabupaten Cilacap, Jawa Tengah
Authors: Trapsilowati Wiwik , Mulyono Arief , Indriyani Siska , Negari K. Sekar , Nugroho Arief , Joharina Arum Sih , Pujiyanti Aryani , Ristiyanto Ristiyanto , Kinansi Revi Rosavika 
Published: May 2021

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with a wide spread, both in Indonesia and globally. Leptospirosis risk factors are mainly behavioral and environmental factors. This study aims to describe the knowledge, behavior and environment of leptospirosis infected areas in Karangkandri Village, Cilacap Regency, Central Java. The research design was cross sectional with descriptive analysis. Respondents in the study were residents who lived in areas where leptospirosis cases occurred. Data collection was carried out by interview with a structured questionnaire instrument. The results showed that respondents who had knowledge of leptospirosis in the less category were 71.43%, 25.71% in the moderate category and 2.86% in the good category. The behavior of respondents in the less category was 85.71% and 14.29% was moderate, there was no good category. Environmental conditions in 14.29% for the less category and the medium category for 85.71%, there was no good category. Between knowledge and education there was a significant relationship (p <0.05), while knowledge with behavior and knowledge with the environment has an insignificant relationship (p> 0.05). Keywords: Leptospirosis, knowledge, behavior, environment
Abstrak
Leptospirosis merupakan zoonosis dengan penyebaran yang luas, baik di Indonesia maupun secara global. Faktor risiko terkait dengan kejadian leptospirosis terutama faktor perilaku dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengetahuan, perilaku dan lingkungan wilayah tertular leptospirosis di Desa Karangkandri, Kabupaten Cilacap, Jawa Tengah. Rancangan penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan analisis secara deskriptif. Responden penelitian adalah warga yang bertempat tinggal di wilayah terjadi kasus leptospirosis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dengan instrumen kuesioner terstruktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa responden yang memiliki pengetahuan tentang leptospirosis kategori kurang sebesar 71,43%, kategori sedang sebesar 25,71% dan 2,86% kategori baik. Perilaku responden kategori kurang sebesar 85,71% dan sedang sebesar 14,29%, kategori baik tidak ada. Kondisi lingkungan kategori kurang 14,29% dan kategori sedang sebesar 85,71% tidak ada kategori baik. Antara pengetahuan dengan pendidikan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan (p<0,05), sedang pengetahuan dengan perilaku dan pengetahuan dengan lingkungan terdapat hubungan yang tidak signifikan (p>0,05).
Kata kunci: Pengetahuan, perilaku, lingkungan, leptospirosis.
Auditors' Response to Auditor Business Risk: An Analysis Using Public and Private Companies
Authors: Bae Gil Soo , Choi Seung Uk , Lee Jae Eun 
Published: May 2021

SUMMARY
Using audit hours and hourly audit fees for a large sample of public and private companies, we examine how auditors respond to auditor business risk. We find that auditors work more hours and charge higher hourly fees when auditing public companies than when auditing private companies. A difference-in-differences time-series comparison of the pre- and post-initial public offering (IPO) periods also indicates that both audit hours and hourly audit fees are higher for the post-IPO period than for the pre-IPO period of the company. This suggests that auditors respond to an increase in auditor business risk by increasing audit effort and charging a risk premium for the residual risk that additional effort alone does not fully address.
Data Availability: All data are retrieved from the public sources stated in the paper.
JEL Classifications: M4; M42.
The Variety of Diversity Considerations in the Director-Nomination Process: Evidence from the Dow 30
Authors: Cussatt Marc , Harris M. Kathleen , Xiao Fangjun 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
A large body of diversity literature examines outcomes associated with specific dimensions of board diversity, such as gender or racial diversity. This paper provides descriptive evidence on inputs to board diversity by analyzing the language contained in diversity disclosures of companies listed on the 2019 Dow Jones Industrial Average. Our analyses demonstrate that the concept of diversity is vast, has different meanings to different audiences, and continues to evolve. In addition, we investigate whether the language used in the disclosures reflects actual diversity for the boards in our sample. Based on our analyses, we discuss potential normative implications, regulatory insights, and limitations related to the disclosures, and highlight avenues for future research. This study will be of interest to researchers and practitioners evaluating how diversity impacts board performance, as well as practitioners and regulators defining, implementing, and/or assessing diversity policies in the hiring process.
Data Availability: All data are publicly available.
Adding Fuel to the Fire: How Non-Contingent Bonuses Relate to Entitlement and Affect Pursuit of Worker Self-Interest
Authors: Holderness D. Kip , Olsen Kari Joseph , Tomlinson Edward C. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Prior research has explored how psychological entitlement (a trait) fuels worker expressions of self-interest and leads to fraudulent and other counterproductive workplace behaviors. However, entitlement can also be conceptualized as a state. As such, managers might unwittingly contribute to workers' sense of entitlement through administrative decisions that increase workers' state entitlement. We examine the distinction and hypothesized interaction between trait and state entitlement and their effects on workplace outcomes. We test our hypotheses in two settings where worker expressions of self-interest may manifest—in the context of a hypothetical job offer negotiation and an employment simulation. We find that non-contingent bonuses increase state entitlement. We also find that both employees' state and trait entitlement influence workplace outcomes. Thus, to limit negative outcomes due to entitlement in the workplace, managers should consider both whom they hire as well as how workplace incentives foster an entitled workforce.
The Influence of Institutional Differences on Control Mechanisms in Alliances
Authors: Zeng Wei , Lillis Anne M. , Grafton Jennifer , Dekker Henri C. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Cross-border alliances expose firms to heightened risks, posing different governance and control challenges than domestic alliances. We examine the impact of differences in alliance partner countries' institutional environments. Analysis of survey data supports our contention that cross-border alliances involve a greater reliance on formal controls, particularly when firms collaborate with partners in countries with a weaker institutional environment. These relations exist regardless of governance structure (i.e., equity or non-equity alliance) that prior research considers a critical choice for addressing cross-border alliance risks. Additional analyses show that four subdimensions of institutional characteristics (voice and accountability, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption) and one subdimension of formal controls (behavior controls) are the main drivers in the association between institutional distance and reliance on formal controls. These findings demonstrate the distinct impact of institutional environment as a country-level determinant of alliance control choices.
Data Availability: Due to confidentiality agreements with respondents, the data cannot be released publicly.
JEL Classifications: D23; D82; L22; M4.
DENSIDADE POPULACIONAL E ANÁLISE COMPORTAMENTAL DE CEBUS APELLA NA MATA DOS MACACOS ANTES E DURANTE PANDEMIA DA COVID-19
Authors: RODRIGUES Stéfane Ripari , ORTUNHO Vanessa Veronose 
Published: May 2021

A pesquisa teve como objetivo acompanhar as mudanças populacionais e comportamentais da população de Cebus apella que vive na Mata dos Macacos em Santa Fé Do Sul/SP e investigar mudanças que afetaram direta ou indiretamente a população de macaco prego no período anterior e durante a pandemia da Covid-19. A mata é um local turístico onde os animais têm contato direto com os turistas e têm alimentação livre de acordo com o que os visitantes oferecem. Com a pandemia e, consequentemente, o fechamento do local, observaram-se mudanças na população, que mostrou comportamentos, tamanho da população e interação com os humanos alterados. Com as visitas de antes e durante a pandemia, foram registradas todas as alterações observadas de acordo com a situação que a mata vivenciou. Os macacos que, anteriormente, tinham visitas frequentes e comida à vontade, com a pandemia, tiveram a situação transformada, forçando-os a voltarem a ter seus comportamentos mais naturais, buscando seu alimento e sem ligação com turistas.

POPULATION DENSITY AND BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF CEBUS APELLA AT MATA DOS MACACOS BEFORE AND DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

ABSTRACT
The research aimed at monitoring population and behavioral changes of Cebus paella population living in Mata dos Macacos in Santa Fé do Sul, as well as investigating changes that directly or indirectly affected the capuchin monkey population in the period before and during Covid-19 pandemic. The woods are a tourist place where animals are in direct contact with tourists who feed them freely. With the pandemic, and consequently the local lockdown, it was possible to identify some changes in the troop, where behavior, population size, and interaction with humans were changed. With the visits before and during the pandemic, all the changes observed were reported accordingly the situation experienced in the woods. The monkeys that were previously visited and were freely fed, due to de pandemic, had their situation changed and they were forced to switch back to their natural behavior, hunting for their food with no connections with tourists.

Descriptors: Cebus apella. Behavior, Visits.
Harmonics Analysis of Input Current of 3-Phase PWM Rectifier
Authors: Adjie Alfin Prima , Hamid Muhammad Imran 
Published: May 2021

Rectifier is a non-linier load that causes harmonic distortion in the power system. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) method is an effective method in pressing the magnitude of harmonics in a rectifier application, it provides an almost sinusoidal input current. However, the variation of loads that supplied by a rectifier cause the harmonics that arise can still beyond the applicable standard. The amount of harmonics in the operating range of a rectifier need to be identified to determine the filter on the input side. In this research article, 3-phase PWM rectifier was designed with hysteresis current control technique using PSCAD software simulation. Harmonic compensation was carried out by applying an active filter based on P-Q theory to reduce the harmonic distortion that occurs in the input current, thus giving a low total harmonic distortion (THD) value. Based on the simulation, 3-phase PWM rectifier operation starting at a power level of 150 kW, giving a THD value above 5-10% by the increasing the amount of load supplied by the rectifier. The application of active filter based on the P-Q theory is able to compensate harmonics in the input current wave with a THD value below 5% in the rectifier operating range.
Adaptive potential of Pedunculate oak in geographical cultures of the Lower Don
Authors: Кружилин С.Н. , Баранова Т.Ю. , Ищенко О.С. , Писаренко Ю.Н. 
Published: May 2021

Дуб черешчатый, формируя искусственные лесные насаждения имеет различные формы или разновидности: географические, эдафические, фенологические и морфологические. Важное прикладное значение имеют знания о продуктивности и росте географических форм лесных насаждений, для чего создают и в дальнейшем исследуют специальные лесные культуры. Для изучения географической изменчивости видов древесных растений и уточнения их ценности для лесного хозяйства, создания массивов географических пород из посевного материала разного географического происхождения создают испытательные насаждения различных ценных пород. Государственный природный заказник "Горненский", расположенный в центральной части Ростовской области, являясь особо охраняемой природной территорией областного значения, имеет уникальные объекты географических культур, в частности дуба черешчатого (Quercus robur L.). В статье отражены исследования географических культур дуба черешчатого, произрастающих на территории заказника. Исследовано 9 вариантов. Определены лесоводственно-таксационные характеристики изученных вариантов. Выявлено, что к возрасту 42 года лучшее состояние имеют насаждения дуба, созданные из желудей, привезенных из Ставропольского края.Petiolate oak, forming artificial forest stands, has various forms or varieties: geographical, edaphic, phenological and morphological. Knowledge about the productivity and growth of geographical forms of forest stands is of great practical importance, for which special forest crops are created and further studied. To study the geographical variability of woody plant species and clarify their value for forestry, to create arrays of geographical rocks from seed material of different geographical origin, test plantings of various valuable species are created. The state nature Reserve "Gornensky", located in the central part of the Rostov region, is a specially protected natural area of regional significance, has unique objects of geographical cultures, in particular the oak petiolate (Quercus robur L.). The article reflects the research of geographical cultures of oak petiolate growing on the territory of the reserve. 9 variants were investigated. The forestry and taxation characteristics of the studied variants are determined. It was revealed that by the age of 42, the best condition is the oak plantings created from acorns brought from the Stavropol Territory.
Apuntes sobre el neoextractivismo artístico de América Latina
Authors: Berríos González Pablo Salvador 
Published: May 2021

En el cambio al siglo xxi, una parte importante de los países de América Latina gira hacia el neoextractivismo como modelo de desarrollo basado en la exportación de materias primas no procesadas para mejorar su tasa de ganancia. Este cambio tiene a su vez una expresión en el arte latinoamericano a partir de su circulación en el sistema artístico internacional, el que inicia un período de reformulación de sus bases conceptuales, enfrentando desde nuevas plataformas teóricas las condiciones de representación mediante las que es inserto en el sistema artístico internacional.
A partir de esta caracterización, en este artículo indagamos las relaciones que existen entre el modelo productivo del neoextractivismo y la circulación del arte latinoamericano en el sistema artístico internacional en el siglo xxi, estableciendo los vínculos en las estrategias de funcionamiento que entre ellos es posible rastrear.