bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stepwise tailoring and test–retest of reproducibility of an ethnic-specific FFQ to estimate nutrient intakes for South Asians in New Zealand
Authors: Parackal Sherly M , Skidmore Paula , Fleming Elizabeth A , Bailey Karl , Bradbury Kathryn E , Wall Clare R 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjective:To develop and test–retest the reproducibility of an ethnic-specific FFQ to estimate nutrient intakes for South Asians (SA) in New Zealand (NZ).Design:Using culturally appropriate methods, the NZFFQ, a validated dietary assessment tool for NZ adults, was modified to include SA food items by analysing foods consumed by SA participants of the Adult Nutrition Survey, in-person audit of ethnic food stores and a web scan of ethnic food store websites in NZ. This was further refined via three focus group discussions, and the resulting New Zealand South Asian Food Frequency Questionnaire (NZSAFFQ) was tested for reproducibility.Setting:Auckland and Dunedin, NZ.Participants:Twenty-nine and 110 males and females aged 25–59 years of SA ethnicity participated in the focus group discussions and the test–retest, respectively.Results:The development phase resulted in a SA-specific FFQ comprising of 11 food groups and 180 food items. Test–retest of the NZSAFFQ showed good reproducibility between the two FFQ administrations, 6 months apart. Most reproducibility coefficients were within or higher than the acceptable range of 0·5–0·7. The lowest intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were observed for β-carotene (0·47), vitamin B12 (0·50), fructose (0·55), vitamin C (0·57) and selenium (0·58), and the highest ICC were observed for alcohol (0·81), iodine (0·79) and folate (0·77). The ICC for fat ranged from 0·70 for saturated fats to 0·77 for polyunsaturated fats. The ICC for protein and energy were 0·68 and 0·72, respectively.Conclusions:The developed FFQ showed good reproducibility to estimate nutrient intakes and warrants the need for validation of the instrument.
Weedy rice (Oryza spp.): what’s in a name?
Authors: Roma-Burgos Nilda , San Sudo Maggie Pui , Olsen Kenneth M. , Werle Isabel , Song Beng-Kah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere are two species of cultivated rice in the world—Oryza sativa L. from Asia and Oryza glaberrima Steud. from Africa. The former was domesticated from the wild progenitor Oryza rufipogon Griff. and the latter from the African wild rice species Oryza barthii A. Shiv. The first known center of rice cultivation in China generated the O. sativa subspecies japonica. The indica subspecies arose from the second center of domestication in the Ganges River plains of India. Variants of domesticated lines and the continuous hybridization between cultivated varieties and the wild progenitor(s) resulted in weedy rice types. Some weedy types resemble the wild ancestor, but the majority of weedy rices today bear close resemblance to cultivated rice. Weedy rice accompanies rice culture and has increased in occurrence with the global shift in rice establishment from transplanting to direct-seeded or dry-drill-seeded rice. Weedy rice (Oryza spp.) is the most difficult weed to control in rice, causing as much as 90% yield loss or abandonment of severely infested fields. The gene flow continuum between cultivar and weedy rice or wild relative, crop de-domestication, and regionalized adaptation have resulted in a myriad of weedy rice types. The complex lineage of weedy rice has resulted in confusion of weedy rice nomenclature. Two names are generally used for weedy rice—Oryza sativa L. and Oryza sativa f. spontanea. Genomic data show that O. sativa L. applies to weedy rice populations derived from cultivated O. sativa, whereas O. sativa f. spontanea applies only to weedy types that primarily descended from O. rufipogon. Neither of these names applies to African weedy rice, which is of African wild rice or O. glaberrima lineage. Therefore, unless the lineage of the weedy population in question is known, the proper name to use is the generalized name Oryza spp.
Magma Reservoir and Magmatic Feeding System Beneath Hakone Volcano, Central Japan, Revealed by Highly Resolved Velocity Structure
Authors: Yukutake Y. , Abe Y. , Honda R. , Sakai S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDelineation of the characteristics of magmatic fluid such as melt and water beneath volcanoes has been challenging. In this study, we obtained a detailed picture of the magma reservoir beneath the felsic caldera of Hakone volcano, central Japan using a velocity model obtained from a dense seismic observation network. In the shallow region of the caldera, a high‐velocity region associated with a solidified magma where many earthquake swarms occur was estimated, and a significantly low‐velocity region exists beneath the lower depth limit of seismicity, deeper than 6 km. The upper part of this low‐velocity region is interpreted as a water‐rich region established by the dehydration from the magma reservoir located beneath it. The temperature in this water‐rich zone was estimated to be above 350°C based on its location below the seismogenic depth. The upper depth of the magma reservoir was determined to be 9 km deep, where the high‐ratio of P‐ to S‐wave velocity was estimated. The volume fraction of melt was estimated as less than 10%, suggesting a highly crystallized mush structure. The low‐velocity zone was estimated beneath the shallow magma reservoir at a depth of 15 km and deep extension of the source region of deep low‐frequency earthquakes. The results could suggest the pathway of magma transport from the deep part of the volcano to this shallow reservoir.
Transports and Accumulations of Greenland Sea Intermediate Waters in the Norwegian Sea
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Zhao Jinping , Hattermann Tore , Lin Long , Chen Ping 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Greenland Sea intermediate waters transported via the Jan Mayen Channel (JMCh) are a significant source for the Iceland‐Scotland Overflow Water. Based on hydrographic data collected by a Norway‐China survey in 2015 and Argo floats, we classify the water masses of the Greenland Sea outflow and then reveal their distributions in the Norwegian Sea. The Atlantic‐origin water produced by density increase during winter in the northern Greenland Sea was an important component of the intermediate waters exported to the Norwegian Sea, accounting for about 30% of the total volume in 2015. The hydrographic data revealed that the major passage of outflow from the Greenland Sea was located in the southern Mohn Ridge in 2015, rather than in the JMCh, as generally recognized. The transport of intermediate waters from the Greenland Sea via the southern Mohn Ridge in the summer of 2015 is estimated to be about 0.8–1.7 Sv. This transport pattern provides a perspective that there exists a multi‐passage system of outflow in the JMCh and Mohn Ridge, promoting a stable supply of intermediate waters to the Norwegian Sea.
Vertical Variation of Turbulent Entrainment Mixing Processes in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds Using High‐Resolution Digital Holography
Authors: Desai Neel , Liu Yangang , Glienke Susanne , Shaw Raymond A. , Lu Chunsong , Wang Jian , Gao Sinan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMarine stratocumulus clouds contribute significantly to the Earth's radiation budget due to their extensive coverage and high albedo. Yet, subgrid variability in cloud properties, such as aerosol concentration, droplet number, and precipitation rates, lead to considerable errors in global climate models. While these clouds usually have small vertical extent, turbulent entrainment‐mixing and precipitation can generate significant variations in droplet number, size, and relative dispersion with altitude. Here, we analyze turbulent entrainment‐mixing processes and the variability in cloud microphysical properties as a function of height within a warm marine stratocumulus cloud layer over the Eastern North Atlantic. We use high‐resolution airborne holographic measurements and compare them with local turbulence measurements. We find that entrainment‐mixing is primarily inhomogeneous near cloud top and homogeneous near cloud base. Further analysis of Damköhler number and transition scale number are able to explain the mixing mechanisms at different cloud heights using phase relaxation but not droplet evaporation as the microphysical time scale. A modified droplet evaporation time scale that considers local saturation deficit using a simple linear mixing model is developed, and it is able to reliably explain the observed mixing mechanisms. This study reinforces the importance of turbulent mixing and the use of appropriate microphysical time scales in determining cloud microphysical processes.
Variability of Surface Radiation Budget Components Over the U.S. From 1996 to 2019—Has Brightening Ceased?
Authors: Augustine John A. , Hodges Gary B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe record of downwelling solar irradiance and other surface radiation budget components for the U.S. has been extended through 2019 using SURFRAD Network data. Brightening of surface solar irradiance of +7.36 Wm−2/decade occurred from 1996 through 2012. In 2013, surface solar radiation sharply decreased to the long‐term mean (representing 1996–2019) and remained near that level through 2017. Successive decreases in 2018 and 2019 yielded a dimming trend of −3.90 Wm−2/decade after 2012, but with a high uncertainty owing to the observed variability and brief period covered. Individually, all stations but Penn State showed brightening trends consistent with the network average, and surface solar irradiance decreased at all stations after 2012. Total surface net radiation showed similar tendencies but the reversal from increasing to decreasing was more gradual because of the response of surface net longwave to the changing solar input. Aerosol optical depth decreased continuously throughout the tenure of the network but accounted for only 3% of the variability of surface solar irradiance, while cloud fraction explained 62%. The mean cloud fraction was 2.4% greater during the dimming period than the brightening period but showed no trends due to high interannual variability. However, annual anomalies of direct‐normal solar radiation, which relate to sun duration and clouds, generally increased to 2012 and then decreased thereafter. Collectively, these results indicate that changing cloud cover was the primary source of brightening and dimming over the U.S. from 1996 to 2019.
Both Cyclone‐induced and Convective Storms Drive Disturbance Patterns in European Primary Beech Forests
Authors: Pettit J. L. , Pettit J. M. , Janda P. , Rydval M. , Čada V. , Schurman J. S. , Nagel T. A. , Bače R. , Saulnier M. , Hofmeister J. , Matula R. , Kozák D. , Frankovič M. , Turcu D. O. , Mikoláš M. , Svoboda M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWind is the leading disturbance agent in European forests, and the magnitude of wind impacts on forest mortality has increased over recent decades. However, the atmospheric triggers behind severe winds in Western Europe (large‐scale cyclones) differ from those in Southeastern Europe (small‐scale convective instability). This geographic difference in wind drivers alters the spatial scale of resulting disturbances and potentially the sensitivity to climate change. Over the 20th century, the severity and prevalence of cyclone‐induced windstorms have increased while the prevalence of atmospheric instability has decreased and thus, the trajectory of Europe‐wide windthrow remains uncertain. To better predict forest sensitivity and trends of windthrow disturbance we used dendrochronological methods to reconstruct 140 years of disturbance history in beech‐dominated primary forests of Central and Eastern Europe. We compared generalized linear mixed models of these disturbance time series to determine whether large‐scale cyclones or small‐scale convective storms were more responsible for disturbance severity while also accounting for topography and stand character variables likely to influence windthrow susceptibility. More exposed forests, forests with a longer absence of disturbance, and forests lacking recent high severity disturbance showed increased sensitivity to both wind drivers. Large‐scale cyclone‐induced windstorms were the main driver of disturbance severity at both the plot and stand scale (0.1–∼100 ha) whereas convective instability effects were more localized (0.1 ha). Though the prevalence and severity of cyclone‐induced windstorms have increased over the 20 century, primary beech forests did not display an increase in the severity of windthrow observed over the same period.
Non‐Closure of Surface Energy Balance Linked to Asymmetric Turbulent Transport of Scalars by Large Eddies
Authors: Liu Heping , Gao Zhongming , Katul Gabriel G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHow large turbulent eddies influence non‐closure of the surface energy balance is an active research topic that cannot be uncovered by the mean continuity equation in isolation. It is demonstrated here that asymmetric turbulent flux transport of heat and water vapor by sweeps and ejections of large eddies under unstable atmospheric stability conditions reduce fluxes. Such asymmetry causes positive gradients in the third‐order moments in the turbulent flux budget equations, primarily attributed to substantially reduced flux contributions by sweeps and sustained large flux contributions by ejections. Small‐scale surface heterogeneity in heating generates ejecting eddies with larger air temperature variance than sweeping eddies, causing asymmetric flux transport in the atmospheric surface layer. Changes in asymmetry with increasing instability are congruent with observed increases in the surface energy balance non‐closure. To assess the contributions of asymmetric flux transport by large eddies to the non‐closure requires two eddy covariance systems on the tower to measure the gradients of the turbulent heat flux and other third‐order moments.
The Preservation of Climate‐Driven Landslide Dams in Western Oregon
Authors: Struble William T. , Roering Joshua J. , Burns William J. , Calhoun Nancy C. , Wetherell Logan R. , Black Bryan A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBedrock landsliding, including the formation of landslide dams, is a predominant geomorphic process in steep landscapes. Clarifying the importance of hydrologic and seismic mechanisms for triggering deep‐seated landslides remains an ongoing effort, and formulation of geomorphic metrics that predict dam preservation is crucial for quantifying secondary landslide hazards. Here, we identify >200 landslide‐dammed lakes in western Oregon and utilize dendrochronology and enhanced 14C dating (“wiggle matching”) of “ghost forests” to establish slope failure timing at 20 sites. Our dated landslide dataset reveals bedrock landsliding has been common since the last Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake in January 1700 AD. Our study does not reveal landslides that date to 1700 AD. Rather, we observe temporal clustering of at least four landslides in the winter of 1889/1890 AD, coincident with a series of atmospheric rivers that generated one of the largest regionally recorded floods. We use topographic and field analyses to assess the relation between dam preservation and topographic characteristics of the impounded valleys. In contrast to previous studies, we do not observe systematic scaling between dam size and upstream drainage area, though dam stability indices for our sites correspond with “stable” dams elsewhere. Notably, we observe that dams are preferentially preserved at drainage areas of ∼1.5 to 13 km2 and valley widths of ∼25 to 80 m, which may reflect the reduced downstream influence of debris flows and the accumulation of mature conifer trees upstream from landslide‐dammed lake outlets. We suggest that wood accumulation upstream of landslide dams tempers large stream discharges, thus inhibiting dam incision.
A Comparative Study on the Distributions of Incoherent and Coherent Plasmaspheric Hiss
Authors: He Zhaoguo , Yu Jiang , Li Kun , Liu Nigang , Chen Zewen , Cui Jun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe perform a comparative study on the distributions of incoherent and coherent plasmaspheric hiss, based on the Van Allen Probe data. The statistics show that incoherent hiss (∼10–20 pT) is widely distributed in dayside plasmasphere, with peak frequencies below 500 Hz; intense coherent hiss (amplitudes up to 80 pT) occurs in outer plasmasphere of L > 4 (L denotes the L‐shell.), whose frequency increases with ambient magnetic field significantly. The Poynting flux analysis indicates that incoherent hiss generally propagates omni‐directionally inside the plasmasphere, with features of external sources; the coherent hiss propagates away from the equatorial region in outer plasmasphere and has a reversed direction in inner plasmasphere, indicating two different wave sources by local generation and ducted lightning generated whistler, respectively. This comparative study helps us to better understand the origination of plasmaspheric hiss.
Evaluating Variations in Tropical Cyclone Precipitation in Eastern Mexico Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Zhu Laiyin , Aguilera Pascual 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTropical Cyclone Precipitation (TCP) is one of the major triggers of flash flooding and landslide in eastern Mexico. We apply different statistical and machine learning techniques to study a 99 years TCP climatology in high resolution. Strong correlations exist between location variables and annual mean TCP, as well as between dynamic variables and event TCP. Topographic variables observe mixed signals with the elevation variances positively correlated with TCP. The Random Forest (RF) model is a powerful tool with excellent fitting and predicting skills for TCP variations. It has a very small out‐of‐sample cross‐validation error and well captures the spatial variations of historical TCP events. Only three location variables are needed to construct the best model for the annual mean TCP while the best model needs 18 variables to explain the complex variations in the event TCP. The distance to the track is the most important variable for the event TCP model and many other factors contribute to the TCP collectively and nonlinearly, which can't be captured fully by the previous correlation analysis. They include translation characteristics of the storms, locations of the precipitation grid, and topography. Event TCP is generally larger in storms with slower translation speed and more variance in their tracks. While the lower coastal area generally has a higher probability of TCP, the higher inland has elevation variances that enhance less frequent but extreme TCP events. The RF algorithm is an efficient machine learning approach showing potentials for future Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting (QPF).
Late Pleistocene Uniform Rate of Thrusting Along the Fault's Strike: A Case Study From the Northern Tian Shan Foreland
Authors: Pang Lichen , Lu Honghua , Wu Dengyun , Guan Xue , Zhao Junxiang , Zheng Xiangmin , Li Youli 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlong‐strike distributions of both the displacement and slip rate of a fault are crucial for understanding its kinematics. This work focuses on along‐strike pattern of the rate of slip on the Huoerguos fault (HF), a thrust fault controlling growth and propagation of the E‐W striking Huoerguos anticline in Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt II in the northern Tian Shan foreland, northwestern China. By using morphological analyses and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating on the terraces, the Late Pleistocene slip rates of the HF have been determined at the north‐flowing Jingou and Sangequan rivers, which are ∼15 km apart and incise deeply the Huoerguos anticline roughly perpendicular to its strike. Our results show that the rate of slip on the HF at the Jingou River is 1.0 + 0.22/−0.15 mm/yr over the past ∼13 kyr. This rate is consistent with the slip rate at the Sangequan River, cutting through the anticline's eastern part, which has been determined between 0.69 + 0.18/−0.11 mm/yr and 1.02 + 0.15/−0.13 mm/yr. This consistence implies that the Late Pleistocene slip rate of the HF is relatively uniform along its strike. Our new data also suggest that the time interval between the age of the topmost terrace alluvium and the basal age of its overlying sediments might not be ignored. Using these two ages as the abandonment age of a given terrace would yield two deformation rates with obvious difference, especially when this terrace has a relatively young abandonment age.
Polygenic risk for obesity and its interaction with lifestyle and sociodemographic factors in European children and adolescents
Authors: Hüls Anke , Wright Marvin N. , Bogl Leonie H. , Kaprio Jaakko , Lissner Lauren , Molnár Dénes , Moreno Luis A. , De Henauw Stefaan , Siani Alfonso , Veidebaum Toomas , Ahrens Wolfgang , Pigeot Iris , Foraita Ronja 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildhood obesity is a complex multifaceted condition, which is influenced by genetics, environmental factors, and their interaction. However, these interactions have mainly been studied in twin studies and evidence from population-based cohorts is limited. Here, we analyze the interaction of an obesity-related genome-wide polygenic risk score (PRS) with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors for BMI and waist circumference (WC) in European children and adolescents.MethodsThe analyses are based on 8609 repeated observations from 3098 participants aged 2–16 years from the IDEFICS/I.Family cohort. A genome-wide polygenic risk score (PRS) was calculated using summary statistics from independent genome-wide association studies of BMI. Associations were estimated using generalized linear mixed models adjusted for sex, age, region of residence, parental education, dietary intake, relatedness, and population stratification.ResultsThe PRS was associated with BMI (beta estimate [95% confidence interval (95%—CI)] = 0.33 [0.30, 0.37],r2 = 0.11,pvalue = 7.9 × 10−81) and WC (beta [95%—CI] = 0.36 [0.32, 0.40],r2 = 0.09,pvalue = 1.8 × 10−71). We observed significant interactions with demographic and lifestyle factors for BMI as well as WC. Children from Southern Europe showed increased genetic liability to obesity (BMI: beta [95%—CI] = 0.40 [0.34, 0.45]) in comparison to children from central Europe (beta [95%—CI] = 0.29 [0.23, 0.34]),p-interaction = 0.0066). Children of parents with a low level of education showed an increased genetic liability to obesity (BMI: beta [95%—CI] = 0.48 [0.38, 0.59]) in comparison to children of parents with a high level of education (beta [95%—CI] = 0.30 [0.26, 0.34]),p-interaction = 0.0012). Furthermore, the genetic liability to obesity was attenuated by a higher intake of fiber (BMI: beta [95%—CI] interaction = −0.02 [−0.04,−0.01]) and shorter screen times (beta [95%—CI] interaction = 0.02 [0.00, 0.03]).ConclusionsOur results highlight that a healthy childhood environment might partly offset a genetic predisposition to obesity during childhood and adolescence.