bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New classification of autoimmune neuropathies based on target antigens and involved domains of myelinated fibres
Authors: Uncini Antonino , Mathis Stephane , Vallat Jean-Michel 
Published: August 2021

Autoimmune neuropathies are named by eponyms, by descriptive terminology or because of the presence of specific antibodies and are traditionally classified, on the basis of pathology and electrophysiology, as primary demyelinating or axonal. However, autoimmune disorders targeting specific molecules of the nodal region, although not showing pathological evidence of demyelination, can exhibit all the electrophysiological changes considered characteristic of a demyelinating neuropathy and acute neuropathies with antiganglioside antibodies, classified as axonal and due to nodal dysfunction, can present with reversible conduction failure and prompt recovery that appear contradictory with the common view of an axonal neuropathy. These observations bring into question the concepts of demyelinating and axonal nerve conduction changes and the groundwork of the classical dichotomous classification.We propose a classification of autoimmune neuropathies based on the involved domains of the myelinated fibre and, when known, on the antigen. This classification, in our opinion, helps to better systematise autoimmune neuropathies because points to the site and molecular target of the autoimmune attack, reconciles some contrasting pathological and electrophysiological findings, circumvents the apparent paradox that neuropathies labelled as axonal may be promptly reversible and finally avoids taxonomic confusion and possible misdiagnosis.
Using Twitter for sentiment analysis towards AstraZeneca/Oxford, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines
Authors: Marcec Robert , Likic Robert 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionA worldwide vaccination campaign is underway to bring an end to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; however, its success relies heavily on the actual willingness of individuals to get vaccinated. Social media platforms such as Twitter may prove to be a valuable source of information on the attitudes and sentiment towards SARS-CoV-2 vaccination that can be tracked almost instantaneously.Materials and methodsThe Twitter academic Application Programming Interface was used to retrieve all English-language tweets mentioning AstraZeneca/Oxford, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines in 4 months from 1 December 2020 to 31 March 2021. Sentiment analysis was performed using the AFINN lexicon to calculate the daily average sentiment of tweets which was evaluated longitudinally and comparatively for each vaccine throughout the 4 months.ResultsA total of 701 891 tweets have been retrieved and included in the daily sentiment analysis. The sentiment regarding Pfizer and Moderna vaccines appeared positive and stable throughout the 4 months, with no significant differences in sentiment between the months. In contrast, the sentiment regarding the AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine seems to be decreasing over time, with a significant decrease when comparing December with March (p&lt;0.0000000001, mean difference=−0.746, 95% CI=−0.915 to −0.577).ConclusionLexicon-based Twitter sentiment analysis is a valuable and easily implemented tool to track the sentiment regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. It is worrisome that the sentiment regarding the AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine appears to be turning negative over time, as this may boost hesitancy rates towards this specific SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
Few Canadian children and youth were meeting the 24-hour movement behaviour guidelines 6-months into the COVID-19 pandemic: Follow-up from a national study
Authors: Moore Sarah A. , Faulkner Guy , Rhodes Ryan E. , Vanderloo Leigh M. , Ferguson Leah J. , Guerrero Michelle D. , Brussoni Mariana , Mitra Raktim , O’Reilly Norm , Spence John C. , Chulak-Bozzer Tala , Tremblay Mark S. 
Published: August 2021

Daily life has changed for families due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this repeated cross-sectional study was to describe movement behaviours in Canadian children and youth 6 months into the pandemic (T2; October 2020) compared with the start of the pandemic (T1, April 2020). An online survey was distributed to parents (N = 1568) of children and/or youth (5–17 years; 58% girls) in October 2020. The survey assessed changes in movement behaviours (physical activity and play, sedentary behaviours, and sleep) from before the pandemic to October 2020 (T2). We compared these data with spring data (T1; April 2020; Moore et al. 2020; Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act, 17:85) collected using identical methodology (N = 1472; 54% girls). We report correlations between movement behaviours and relevant parental factors and provide word frequency distributions for open-ended responses. During the second wave, 4.5% of children (4.6% girls; 4.3% boys) and 1.9% of youth (1.3% girls, 2.4% boys) met the movement guidelines (3.1% overall). Whereas, during the first wave, 4.8% (2.8% girls, 6.5% boys) of children and 0.6% (0.8% girls, 0.5% boys) of youth were meeting combined guidelines (2.6% overall). Parental support was correlated with their child’s movement behaviours (T1 and T2). Our study demonstrates the ongoing challenges for children and youth to engage in healthy movement during the pandemic. Novelty: Our large-scale national study demonstrates that children and youth were not meeting the 24-hour movement guidelines during the second wave of the pandemic. Our findings illustrate the need to protect children and youth from the collateral consequences of the pandemic.
The Super-Relaxed State and Length Dependent Activation in Porcine Myocardium
Authors: Ma Weikang , Henze Marcus , Anderson Robert L. , Gong Henry , Wong Fiona L. , del Rio Carlos L. , Irving Thomas 
Published: August 2021

Rationale:
Myofilament length-dependent activation (LDA) is the key underlying mechanism of cardiac heterometric autoregulation, commonly referred as the Frank-Starling Law of the heart. Although alterations in LDA are common in cardiomyopathic states, the precise structural and biochemical mechanisms underlying LDA remain unknown.

Objective:
Here, we examine the role of structural changes in the thick filament during diastole, in particular changes in the availability of myosin heads, in determining both calcium sensitivity and maximum contractile force during systole in permeabilized porcine cardiac fibers.

Methods and Results:
Permeabilized porcine fibers from ventricular myocardium were studied under relaxing conditions at short and long sarcomere length using muscle mechanics, biochemical measurements, and X-ray diffraction. Upon stretch, the porcine myocardium showed the increased calcium sensitivity and maximum calcium-activated force characteristic of LDA. Stretch increased diastolic ATP turnover, recruiting reserve myosin heads from the super-relaxed state at longer sarcomere length. Structurally, X-ray diffraction studies in the relaxed-muscle confirmed a departure from the helical ordering of the thick filament upon stretch which occurred concomitantly with a displacement of myosin heads towards actin, facilitating cross-bridge formation upon systolic activation. Mavacamten, a selective myosin-motor inhibitor known to weaken the transition to actin-bound power-generating states and to enrich the ordered super-relaxed state myosin population, reversed the structural effects of stretch on the thick filament, blunting the mechanical consequences of stretch; mavacamten did not, however, prevent other structural changes associated with LDA in the sarcomere, such as decreased lattice spacing or troponin-displacement.

Conclusions:
Our findings strongly indicate that in ventricular muscle, LDA and its systolic consequences are dependent on the population of myosin heads competent to form cross bridges and involves the recruitment of myosin heads from the reserve super-relaxed state pool during diastole.
The International Sakharov Hearings and Transnational Human Rights Activism, 1975–1985
Authors: Boel Bent 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article offers the first scholarly account of the International Sakharov Hearings, which were prompted by the so-called Moscow Appeal (1974) and took place in Copenhagen (1975), Rome (1977), Washington, DC (1979), Lisbon (1983), and London (1985). The article provides a detailed examination of each hearing, from the amateurish and politically murky origins in Copenhagen to the more mainstream and quite successful event in London. The article also attempts an overall assessment of the hearings as an original, important case of an international citizens’ tribunal resulting from transnational human rights activism pursued in Andrei Sakharov's name in the context of the Helsinki process. It raises questions about the roles played by various individuals, networks, and agencies, as well as the possible impact of the hearings, both domestically and internationally.
The Cold War Politics of Soviet Federal Structures, 1945–1965
Authors: Forestier-Peyrat Étienne 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article shows how official discussions of federal arrangements within the USSR affected Soviet foreign policy from the 1940s through the 1960s, especially on questions of decolonization and relations with the United States and other Western countries. Connecting Soviet domestic history and international developments, the article shows how the federal structure of the USSR was used in transnational debates on composite polities, race, and nationality and also how it was debated internally. Attacks on the highly centralized nature of Soviet federal structures in international arenas and the countermeasures adopted as part of the ideological Cold War had long-term as well as short-term effects on Soviet politics and foreign policy. Within the USSR, such attacks raised questions about the ethnofederal structure of the USSR and provided comparison points for both loyalist and dissident proponents of national rights in the country.
Cloud Seeding and Crops Yields: Evaluation of the North Dakota Cloud Modification Project
Authors: Knowles Scott , Skidmore Mark 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe North Dakota Cloud Modification Project was established in 1951 to reduce severe hail damage and increase precipitation in specific counties in North Dakota. Every year, participating counties receive cloud seeding treatment during the months of June, July, and August. Although some atmospheric studies have examined the efficacy of the treatment, few have used statistical procedures to determine how the program affected crop yields and crop losses. We use the panel nature of historical cloud seeding participation and crop data to estimate a two-way fixed effects regression with county-specific time trends to examine the effect of cloud seeding on wheat and barley yields. In addition, we use federal crop insurance data to estimate the effect of cloud seeding on losses for those same crops. Our evaluation indicates that the cloud seeding program had significant positive effects on crop yields and improved loss ratios.
Parental Views on the Role of Social Media in Pediatric Otolaryngology
Authors: Ward Libby M. , Sykora Chelsea A. , Prakash Yash , Cohen Michael B. , Levi Jessica R. 
Published: August 2021

Objective: Social media is playing an increasingly important role in medicine as a tool for patients and their families to find information and connect with others. The goal of this study is to understand parental views on if and how social media should be incorporated into pediatric otolaryngology by physicians and hospitals. Methods: A survey was distributed to parents of pediatric otolaryngologic patients to assess views on professional social media use by physicians and hospitals. The proportion of parents who answered with specific responses in the survey was computed using the SPSS frequency analysis function. Results: One hundred five parents completed the survey. Ninety-six percent of respondents use social media, of which 92% use social media at least once a day (n = 93). Eighty-five percent of respondents said they definitely or probably would visit their physician’s professional social media page (n = 90). Seventy-four percent would be interested in obtaining more information about the physician (n = 76). Forty-one percent would be interested in patient stories (n = 76). Twenty-eight percent would visit out of curiosity (n = 76). Twenty-six percent would want to gather more information about the hospital (n = 76). Seventeen percent would want to connect with other patients and their family members (n = 76). Sixty-seven percent of respondents believe it is important for physicians to have a professional social media page, and 79% of respondents believe it is important for hospitals to have a public social media page (n = 93). Conclusion: The vast majority of parents of pediatric otolaryngologic patients use social media regularly and would want to gather information about their physician and hospital through social media. Therefore, physicians and hospitals should consider using social media as a valuable tool to connect with and relay information to patients and their family members.
Radial Forearm Free Flap Reconstruction of Glossectomy Defects Without Tracheostomy
Authors: Wu Tara J. , Saggi Satvir , Badran Karam W. , Han Albert Y. , Sand Jordan P. , Blackwell Keith E. 
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To assess the feasibility of radial forearm free flap (RFFF) reconstruction of glossectomy defects without tracheostomy tube (TT). Methods: Retrospective review of patients with at least oral tongue defects who underwent RFFF reconstruction. Pre- and intra-operative factors were documented. Post-operative respiratory complications included inability to extubate, pneumonia, or need for re-intubation or TT within 30 days. Results: Twenty-one patients underwent RFFF reconstruction without TT, and 36 patients with TT. The average hospital length of stay was 1.5 days shorter in those without TT ( P < .01). Two patients who underwent TT placement experienced a respiratory complication ( P = .27). There were no respiratory complications among those without TT. After multivariate analyses, large tongue base defect (>25% resection, P < .001) and bilateral neck dissection ( P < .001) were independently associated with TT placement. Conclusions: In our experience, RFFF reconstruction of glossectomy defects is feasible without TT among selected patients with small tongue base defects (≤25% resection) and unilateral neck dissection.
Diagnostic performance and image quality of deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) on unenhanced low-dose abdominal CT for urolithiasis
Authors: Delabie Aurélien , Bouzerar Roger , Pichois Raphaël , Desdoit Xavier , Vial Jérémie , Renard Cédric 
Published: August 2021

Background Patients with urolithiasis undergo radiation overexposure from computed tomography (CT) scans. Improvement of image reconstruction is necessary for radiation dose reduction. Purpose To evaluate a deep learning-based reconstruction algorithm for CT (DLIR) in the detection of urolithiasis at low-dose non-enhanced abdominopelvic CT. Material and Methods A total of 75 patients who underwent low-dose abdominopelvic CT for urolithiasis were retrospectively included. Each examination included three reconstructions: DLIR; filtered back projection (FBP); and hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR; ASiR-V 70%). Image quality was subjectively and objectively assessed using attenuation and noise measurements in order to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), absolute contrast, and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Attenuation of the largest stones were also compared. Detectability of urinary stones was assessed by two observers. Results Image noise was significantly reduced with DLIR: 7.2 versus 17 and 22 for ASiR-V 70% and FBP, respectively. Similarly, SNR and CNR were also higher compared to the standard reconstructions. When the structures had close attenuation values, contrast was lower with DLIR compared to ASiR-V. Attenuation of stones was also lowered in the DLIR series. Subjective image quality was significantly higher with DLIR. The detectability of all stones and stones >3 mm was excellent with DLIR for the two observers (intraclass correlation [ICC] = 0.93 vs. 0.96 and 0.95 vs. 0.99). For smaller stones (<3 mm), results were different (ICC = 0.77 vs. 0.86). Conclusion For low-dose abdominopelvic CT, DLIR reconstruction exhibited image quality superior to ASiR-V and FBP as well as an excellent detection of urinary stones.
Analysis of risk factors associated with flexor pollicis longus injury after volar plating of distal radius fractures
Authors: Lv Yang-Xun , Chen Mang-Mang , Su Chen-Xian , Ye Hao-Nan , Yang Jie , Li Jing 
Published: August 2021

Objective This study was performed to analyze the risk factors associated with flexor pollicis longus (FPL) attrition or rupture after volar plating of distal radius fractures. Methods Three hundred thirty-eight patients with distal radius fractures were included in this retrospective study. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to predict risk factors. Results Univariate analysis showed that sex, volar tilt, the Soong grade, the plate-to-critical line distance (PCLD), the plate-to-volar rim distance (PVRD), and the time of plate removal were significantly associated with FPL attrition or rupture. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that decreased volar tilt, Soong grade 2, PCLD of >2 mm, PVRD of <3 mm, and plate removal at ≥1 year were the risk factors significantly associated with FPL attrition or rupture. Conclusions Reduced volar tilt, Soong grade 2, PCLD of >2 mm, and PVRD of <3 mm appear to be risk factors that are significantly associated with FPL attrition or rupture. The findings of this study also suggest that the risk of tendon rupture is lower if a Soong grade 2 plate is removed, the PCLD is >2 mm, the PVRD is <3 mm, or reduced volar tilt is achieved earlier (at <1 year).
Does Culture Matter? Young and Middle-Aged Iranian-American Adults’ Perspectives Regarding End-of-Life Care Planning
Authors: Rahemi Zahra , Parker Veronica 
Published: August 2021

Background: An increase of cultural diversity and treatment options offer opportunities and challenges related to end-of-life (EOL) care for healthcare providers and policymakers. EOL care planning can help reduce confusion and uncertainty when individuals and family members need to make decisions about EOL care options. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate preferences, attitudes, and behaviors regarding EOL care planning among young and middle-aged Iranian-American adults. Methods: A cross-sectional national sample of 251 Iranian-American adults completed surveys. Paper and online surveys in English and Persian were offered to potential participants. Results: All the participants completed online survey in English language. In incurable health conditions, 56.8% preferred hospitalization and intensive treatments. From the 40.6% participants who preferred comfort care, most preferred care at home (29.5%) compared to an institution (11.1%). Those who preferred hospitalization at EOL mostly preferred intensive and curative treatments. The mean score of attitudes toward advance decision-making was moderately high (11.48 ± 2.77). Favorable attitudes were positively associated with acculturation (r = .31, p < .001), age (r = .15, p < .05), and number of years living in the U.S. (r = .26, p < .001). Conversely, spirituality and favorable attitudes were negatively associated (r = −.17, p < .05). Conclusion: Immigrant and culturally diverse individuals have experienced different living and healthcare environments. These differences can influence their EOL care planning and decisions. Knowledge of diverse perspectives and cultures is essential to design culturally congruent plans of EOL care.
Risk Factors for Prolonged Opioid Use After Ankle Fracture Surgery
Authors: Broggi Matthew S. , Oladeji Philip O. , Spenser Corey , Kadakia Rishin J. , Bariteau Jason T. 
Published: August 2021

Background The incidence of ankle fractures is increasing, and risk factors for prolonged opioid use after ankle fracture fixation are unknown. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors that lead to prolonged opioid use after surgery. Methods The Truven MarketScan database was used to identify patients who underwent ankle fracture surgery from January 2009 to December 2018 based on CPT codes. Patient characteristics were collected, and patients separated into 3 cohorts based on postoperative opioid use (no refills, refills within 6 months postoperative, and refills within 1 year postoperatively). The χ2 test and multivariate analysis were performed to assess the association between risk factors and prolonged use. Results In total, 34 691 patients were analyzed. Comorbidities most highly associated with prolonged opioid use include 2+ preoperative opioid prescriptions (odds ratio [OR] = 11.92; P < .001), tobacco use (OR = 2.03; P < .001), low back pain (OR = 1.81; P < .001), depression (OR = 1.48; P < .001), diabetes (OR = 1.34; P < .001), and alcohol abuse (OR = 1.32; P < .001). Conclusion Opioid use after ankle fracture surgery is common and may be necessary; however, prolonged opioid use and development of dependence carries significant risk. Identifying those patients at an increased risk for prolonged opioid use can aid providers in tailoring their postoperative pain regimen. Levels of Evidence Prognostic, Level III
Older Adults’ Mental Health Through Leisure Activities During COVID-19: A Scoping Review
Authors: Rivera-Torres Solymar , Mpofu Elias , Jean Keller Marian , Ingman Stan 
Published: August 2021

Older adults are at high risk for mental health distress due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. This scoping review aimed to map emerging evidence on the types of leisure and recreation activities (LRA) adults, 60 years and older, are engaged in for their mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. We identified 10 studies on LRA for mental health by older adults with COVID-19 mitigation from a search of the following databases: Medline/PubMed, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, JBI Evidence Synthesis, and Epistemonicos. A narrative synthesis of the data revealed age cohorts of young-old (60–69 years) and middle-old (70–79 years) engaging mainly in online LRA for mental health compared to the older-old adults (80 years and older). The middle-old (70–79 years) and older-old adults (80–89 years) engaged in more physical LRA for mental health compared to the younger-old adults. Across age cohorts, the older adults engaged in social connectedness LRA for mental health wellbeing. COVID-19–safe LRA mental health support interventions for older adults should be tailored to their age cohort predispositions for optimal benefit.