bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated visual classification of DOM‐based presentation failure reports for responsive web pages
Authors: Althomali Ibrahim , Kapfhammer Gregory M. , McMinn Phil 
Published: February 2021

SummarySince it is common for the users of a web page to access it through a wide variety of devices—including desktops, laptops, tablets and phones—web developers rely on responsive web design (RWD) principles and frameworks to create sites that are useful on all devices. A correctly implemented responsive web page adjusts its layout according to the viewport width of the device in use, thereby ensuring that its design suitably features the content. Since the use of complex RWD frameworks often leads to web pages with hard‐to‐detect responsive layout failures (RLFs), developers employ testing tools that generate reports of potential RLFs. Since testing tools for responsive web pages, like ReDeCheck, analyse a web page representation called the Document Object Model (DOM), they may inadvertently flag concerns that are not human visible, thereby requiring developers to manually confirm and classify each potential RLF as a true positive (TP), false positive (FP), or non‐observable issue (NOI)—a process that is time consuming and error prone. The conference version of this paper presented Viser, a tool that automatically classified three types of RLFs reported by ReDeCheck. Since Viser was not designed to automatically confirm and classify two types of RLFs that ReDeCheck's DOM‐based analysis could surface, this paper introduces Verve, a tool that automatically classifies all RLF types reported by ReDeCheck. Along with manipulating the opacity of HTML elements in a web page, as does Viser, the Verve tool also uses histogram‐based image comparison to classify RLFs in web pages. Incorporating both the 25 web pages used in prior experiments and 20 new pages not previously considered, this paper's empirical study reveals that Verve's classification of all five types of RLFs frequently agrees with classifications produced manually by humans. The experiments also reveal that Verve took on average about 4 s to classify any of the RLFs among the 469 reported by ReDeCheck. Since this paper demonstrates that classifying an RLF as a TP, FP, or NOI with Verve, a publicly available tool, is less subjective and error prone than the same manual process done by a human web developer, we argue that it is well‐suited for supporting the testing of complex responsive web pages.
Management of Impacted Canines
Authors: Varghese George 
Published: February 2021

AbstractImpacted canines are one of the common problems encountered by the oral surgeon. Patients may present at different ages and many cases will be incidental findings. Close interaction with the paedodontist and orthodontist is required to get an optimal outcome. Surgical removal may not be the best treatment in all the cases and particular treatment plan will have to be tailored for the needs of the patient. Localizing the impacted canine seems not a challenge any more with the advent of CBCT, in indicated cases. This chapter elaborates on canine impaction, keeping in mind the basic principles mentioned in the chapter on third molar impactions. Premolars, incisors and other teeth may be impacted but most of the surgical principles and approaches mentioned for canine can be applied to them as well.
Odontogenic Infections: General Principles
Authors: Shukla Anand , Mehrotra Divya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhen the host defense mechanism is low, a highly virulent pathogen from a decayed tooth, either through a periapical or periodontal route, may get an environment that favours it growth, leading to odontogenic infection that follows the path of least resistance. Such an infection may spread locally into various facial spaces or may present systemic involvement, leading to mild, moderate or severe infection. Management of such infection involves assessment of the cause, severity, hosts immune response, removal of the cause, surgical intervention including drainage along with pharmacotherapeutics and regular follow ups till it is completely resolved.
Fracture of the Mandibular Condyle
Authors: Dhupar Vikas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCondylar fractures of the mandible have intrigued surgeons for decades. This is because of many reasons which have ranged from difficulty in evaluating to managing condylar fractures which have always courted controversies. There has been an attempt to classify condylar fractures from the mid nineteenth century. During early times most of the classifications were focused on purpose of locating the fracture rather than on treatment. As radiological imagery evolved condylar fractures are better understood and have resulted in a different approach to their management. This resulted in a change of classification systems which are focused on management. At the same time a better understanding of the various approaches to the condylar region along with the improvement of armamentarium has resulted in the shift of management of condylar fractures which at one time was closed to open reduction and fixation. In this chapter the focus is on various classifications systems, evaluation of the patient, management and outcome with various modalities of treatment.
Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis
Authors: Anchlia Sonal 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to inculcate a newer, deeper understanding of TMJ Ankylosis– both from the pathological as well as the clinical view point. Newer classifications may now determine surgical procedures. Interpositional materials may not be just soft tissues interposed between the cut ends, but also hard tissues forming the new Ramus Condyle Unit (RCU). Facial deformity may be recognized to be as important as inability to open the mouth; more so, if accompanied by Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Multi-staged treatment plans of release first followed by asymmetry correction may be replaced by single staged joint replacement & total facial aesthetic as well as functional rehabilitation. Finally, the importance of unfavorable events in TMJ Ankylosis surgery may be recognized, which would lead to better results in terms of treatment goals, i.e. to restore joint function, improve facial appearance & airway issues, correct malocclusion & re-establish harmony between the TMJ, the face and the teeth.
Principles of Surgical Management of Oral Cancer
Authors: Mehta Sushma , Kuriakose Moni Abraham 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), is a heterogenous disease with respect to risk factors, geographic predelictions, treatment response and outcome. Although non-surgical treatment is employed in other head and neck sub-sites, surgery is the primary treatment modality to treat oral cancers followed by adjuvant treatment either in the form of radiation or chemoradiation based on the risk features on final histopathology. It is utmost importance that all the patients before undergo treatment are discussed and treatment plan is formulated in a multidisciplinary tumor board. This chapter intent to elaborate the basic surgical principles involved in management of different sub-sites of oral cavity as well as reconstruction of the defects.
Specificity of mRNA Folding and Its Association with Evolutionarily Adaptive mRNA Secondary Structures
Authors: Yu Gongwang , Zhu Hanbing , Chen Xiaoshu , Yang Jian-Rong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The secondary structure is a fundamental feature of both non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs). However, our understanding of the secondary structures of mRNAs, especially those of the coding regions, remains elusive, likely due to translation and the lack of RNA-binding proteins that sustain the consensus structure like those binding to ncRNAs. Indeed, mRNAs have recently been found to adopt diverse alternative structures, but the overall functional significance remains untested. We hereby approach this problem by estimating the folding specificity, i.e., the probability that a fragment of an mRNA folds back to the same partner once refolded. We show that the folding specificity of mRNAs is lower than that of ncRNAs and exhibits moderate evolutionary conservation. Notably, we find that specific rather than alternative folding is likely evolutionarily adaptive since specific folding is frequently associated with functionally important genes or sites within a gene. Additional analysis in combination with ribosome density suggests the ability to modulate ribosome movement as one potential functional advantage provided by specific folding. Our findings reveal a novel facet of the RNA structurome with important functional and evolutionary implications and indicate a potential method for distinguishing the mRNA secondary structures maintained by natural selection from molecular noise.
Classification of the Gut Microbiota of Patients in Intensive Care Units During Development of Sepsis and Septic Shock
Authors: Liu Wanglin , Cheng Mingyue , Li Jinman , Zhang Peng , Fan Hang , Hu Qinghe , Han Maozhen , Su Longxiang , He Huaiwu , Tong Yigang , Ning Kang , Long Yun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The gut microbiota of intensive care unit (ICU) patients displays extreme dysbiosis associated with increased susceptibility to organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock. However, such dysbiosis is difficult to characterize owing to the high dimensional complexity of the gut microbiota. We tested whether the concept of enterotype can be applied to the gut microbiota of ICU patients to describe the dysbiosis. We collected 131 fecal samples from 64 ICU patients diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing to dissect their gut microbiota compositions. During the development of sepsis or septic shock and during various medical treatments, the ICU patients always exhibited two dysbiotic microbiota patterns, or ICU-enterotypes, which could not be explained by host properties such as age, sex, and body mass index, or external stressors such as infection site and antibiotic use. ICU-enterotype I (ICU E1) comprised predominantly Bacteroides and an unclassified genus of Enterobacteriaceae, while ICU-enterotype II (ICU E2) comprised predominantly Enterococcus. Among more critically ill patients with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores &gt; 18, septic shock was more likely to occur with ICU E1 (P = 0.041). Additionally, ICU E1 was correlated with high serum lactate levels (P = 0.007). Therefore, different patterns of dysbiosis were correlated with different clinical outcomes, suggesting that ICU-enterotypes should be diagnosed as independent clinical indices. Thus, the microbial-based human index classifier we propose is precise and effective for timely monitoring of ICU-enterotypes of individual patients. This work is a first step toward precision medicine for septic patients based on their gut microbiota profiles.
Screening of Potential Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer with Diagnostic Value Using Label-Free Global Proteome Analysis
Authors: Song Yongxi , Wang Jun , Sun Jingxu , Chen Xiaowan , Shi Jinxin , Wu Zhonghua , Yu Dehao , Zhang Fei , Wang Zhenning 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is known as a top malignant type of tumors worldwide. Despite the recent decrease in mortality rates, the prognosis remains poor. Therefore, it is necessary to find novel biomarkers with early diagnostic value for GC. In this study, we present a large-scale proteomic analysis of 30 GC tissues and 30 matched healthy tissues using label-free global proteome profiling. Our results identified 537 differentially expressed proteins, including 280 upregulated and 257 downregulated proteins. The ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) results indicated that the sirtuin signaling pathway was the most activated pathway in GC tissues whereas oxidative phosphorylation was the most inhibited. Moreover, the most activated molecular function was cellular movement, including tissue invasion by tumor cell lines. Based on IPA results, 15 hub proteins were screened. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve, most of hub proteins showed a high diagnostic power in distinguishing between tumors and healthy controls. A four-protein (ATP5B-ATP5O-NDUFB4-NDUFB8) diagnostic signature was built using a random forest model. The area under the curve (AUC) values of this model were 0.996 and 0.886 for the training and testing sets, respectively, suggesting that the four-protein signature has a high diagnostic power. This signature was further tested with independent datasets using plasma enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays, resulting in an AUC value of 0.778 for distinguishing GC tissues from healthy controls, and using immunohistochemical tissue microarray analysis, resulting in an AUC value of 0.805. In conclusion, this study identifies potential biomarkers and improves our understanding of the pathogenesis, providing novel therapeutic targets for GC.
Phosphoproteomics Reveals the AMPK Substrate Network in Response to DNA Damage and Histone Acetylation
Authors: Jiang Yuejing , Cong Xiaoji , Jiang Shangwen , Dong Ying , Zhao Lei , Zang Yi , Tan Minjia , Li Jia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved energy sensor that plays roles in diverse biological processes via phosphorylating various substrates. Emerging studies have demonstrated the regulatory roles of AMPK in DNA repair, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. Herein, using mass spectrometry-based proteomic technologies, we systematically investigate the regulatory network of AMPK in DNA damage response (DDR). Our system-wide phosphoproteome study uncovers a variety of newly-identified potential substrates involved in diverse biological processes, whereas our system-wide histone modification analysis reveals a link between AMPK and histone acetylation. Together with these findings, we discover that AMPK promotes apoptosis by phosphorylating apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) in an irradiation (IR)-dependent manner and regulates histone acetylation by phosphorylating histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) in an IR-independent manner. Besides, we reveal that disrupting the histone acetylation by the bromodomain BRD4 inhibitor JQ-1 enhances the sensitivity of AMPK-deficient cells to IR. Therefore, our study has provided a resource to investigate the interplay between phosphorylation and histone acetylation underlying the regulatory network of AMPK, which could be beneficial to understand the exact role of AMPK in DDR.
The long-term bio-behavioural effects of juvenile sildenafil treatment in Sprague-Dawley versus flinders sensitive line rats
Authors: Saayman Juandré Lambertus Bernardus , Steyn Stephanus Frederik , Brink Christiaan Beyers 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective:
To investigate the long-term effects of juvenile sub-chronic sildenafil (SIL) treatment on the depressive-like behaviour and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels of adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) versus Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats.

Methods:
SD and FSL rats were divided into pre-pubertal and pubertal groups, whereafter 14-day saline or SIL treatment was initiated. Pre-pubertal and pubertal rats were treated from postnatal day 21 (PND21) and PND35, respectively. The open field and forced swim tests (FST) were performed on PND60, followed by hippocampal BDNF level analysis 1 day later.

Results:
FSL rats displayed greater immobility in the FST compared to SD rats (p < 0.0001), which was reduced by SIL (p < 0.0001), regardless of treatment period. Hippocampal BDNF levels were unaltered by SIL in all treatment groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Juvenile sub-chronic SIL treatment reduces the risk of depressive-like behaviour manifesting during young adulthood in genetically susceptible rats.
The British Academy Brian Barry Prize EssayWhy Is There No Just Riot Theory?
Authors: Havercroft Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGiven the prevalence of riots throughout human history, the lack of normative theorizing about them compared to other forms of political violence is striking. The author hypothesizes that this is due to riots' extra-institutionality. Riots areextra-publicbecause they involve the participation of crowds, rather than institutionalized groups such as parties or social movements. They areextra-statebecause they violate the state's monopoly on violence. Riots areextra-legalbecause they constitute a form of unlawful assembly. They are alsoextra-parliamentarybecause they operate outside the normal legislative process. This article considers justifiable reasons to resist each of these foundational institutions, and proposes provisional criteria for a justifiable riot. The author concludes by urging political theorists to further examine the normative dimension of riots.
Yield gap in milk production is considerable in Indian Himalayan state of Meghalaya
Authors: Kemboi Evans , Feroze S. M. , Singh Ram , Ahmed Jabir , Tyngkan Hehlangki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractYield gaps in milk production are here defined as the differentials between the actual yield obtained by the dairy farmer and the potential farm yield (production achieved by the top 10% of farmers: Gap 2) as well as the differential between this potential farm yield and the yield registered in the research stations (Gap 1). Assessment of yield gaps provides valuable information on potential production enhancement and drivers behind yield gaps. Milk production can be increased by narrowing the predominant large yield gaps in resource-poor smallholder farming system. Hence, this study assessed the milk yield gap and factors affecting the yield gap in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya, a state located in the north-eastern Himalayan region of India. This research paper provides a scope for exploring the possibilities for improving dairy production in the state as well as contributing to literature through incorporating crucial determinants responsible for milk yield gap. A sample of 81 respondents was drawn purposely from two blocks of the district. The results indicated that the average number of cattle per household was 9.38 in standard animal units. The total yield gap was estimated at 6.20 l (91.06%) per day, composed of 0.80 l (11.76%) per day of yield gap I and 5.40 l (79.30%) per day of yield gap II. This demonstrates that the top performing farms were achieving a production level not dissimilar to that obtained on the research stations, but many were doing far less well. The size of cattle shed, dairy farming experience, concentrate price and human labour were the important determinants of the yield gap. Hence, encouraging the right stocking density of cattle, training on the preparations of home-made concentrates, access to cheap and quality concentrates, incorporating training and experience sharing on proper dairy management practices and use of technology could benefit the dairy farmers of the region.
Reversibility of mucociliary clearance and olfaction impairment following endoscopic sinus surgery: a prospective observational study
Authors: Hema V , Rebekah G , Kurien R 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveChronic rhinosinusitis is associated with altered mucociliary clearance and olfaction. The study aimed to analyse the reversibility of impairment and endoscopic factors predicting changes in mucociliary clearance and olfactory parameters.MethodsThis prospective study included patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Pre- and post-operative measurements of mucociliary clearance, olfactory thresholds, and identification scores were recorded.ResultsOf the 96 patients, 65.6 per cent had polyposis and 80.2 per cent underwent primary surgery. Improvements in mucociliary clearance and olfaction scores were seen in all patients, with greater reversibility of impairment in patients with polyposis and in those who underwent revision surgery. The presence of polyps correlated significantly with changes in mucociliary clearance and olfaction.ConclusionThe study highlights improvements in mucociliary clearance, olfactory thresholds and identification scores after functional endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyposis, as well as for primary and revision surgeries. Adequate post-operative care and prevention of polyps recurrence help to improve mucociliary clearance and olfaction scores.
Development of a low-cost copro-LAMP assay for simultaneous copro-detection of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati
Authors: Avila Héctor Gabriel , Risso Marikena Guadalupe , Ruybal Paula , Repetto Silvia Analía , Butti Marcos Javier , Trangoni Marcos David , Grune Löffler Sylvia , Pérez Verónica Mirtha , Periago María Victoria 
Published: February 2021

AbstractToxocariasis is a zoonotic disease caused mainly by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati and diagnosis in dogs and cats is an important tool for its control. For this reason, a new coprological loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of these species. The primer set was designed on a region of the mitochondrial cox-1 gene. Amplification conditions were evaluated using a temperature gradient (52°C to 68°C), different incubation times (15–120 min), and different concentrations of malachite green dye (0.004–0.4% w/v). The analytical sensitivity was evaluated with serial dilutions of genomic DNA from T. canis and T. cati adult worms, and with serial dilutions of DNA extracted from feces using a low-cost in-house method. The specificity was evaluated using genomic DNA from Canis lupus familiaris, Felis catus, Escherichia coli, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma caninum, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and Taenia hydatigena. The LAMP assay applied to environmental fecal samples from an endemic area showed an analytical sensitivity of 10–100 fg of genomic DNA and 10−5 serial dilutions of DNA extracted from feces using the low-cost in-house method; with a specificity of 100%. Additionally, the total development of the assay was carried out in a basic laboratory and per-reaction reagent cost decreased by ~80%. This new, low-cost tool can help identify the most common agents of toxocariasis in endemic areas in order to manage prevention strategies without having to rely on a laboratory with sophisticated equipment.
Zoroastrian law and the spread of Islam in Iranian society (ninth–tenth century)
Authors: Sahner Christian C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article explores three important Zoroastrian legal texts from the ʿAbbasid period, consisting of questions and answers to high-ranking priests. The texts contain a wellspring of information about the social history of Zoroastrianism under Islamic rule, especially the formative encounter between Zoroastrians and Muslims. These include matters such as conversion, apostasy, sexual relations with outsiders, inheritance, commerce, and the economic status of priests. The article argues that the elite clergy responsible for writing these texts used law to refashion the Zoroastrian community from the rulers of Iran, as they had been in Late Antiquity, into one of a variety ofdhimmīgroups living under Islamic rule. It also argues that, far from being brittle or inflexible, the priests responded to the challenges of the day with creativity and pragmatism. On both counts, there are strong parallels between the experiences of Zoroastrians and those of Christians and Jews, who also turned to law as an instrument for rethinking their place in the new Islamic cosmos. Finally, the article makes a methodological point, namely to show the importance of integrating Pahlavi sources into wider histories of Iran and the Middle East during the early Islamic period.