bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1918/19. Markstein der deutschen Demokratie. Neuerscheinungen zum 100. Jahrestag der Revolution
Authors: Wyrwa Ulrich 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungWährend die deutsche Revolution von 1918/19 im Zuge des 50. Jahrestages Gegenstand heftiger Kontroversen war, ist sie bald darauf in Vergessenheit geraten. Der 100. Gedenktag führte zu einer Wiederentdeckung der Revolution. Sie gilt nicht mehr als verraten, steckengeblieben oder gar überflüssig, sie wird auch nicht mehr allein vom Ende der Weimarer Republik her als a priori zum Scheitern verurteilt abgetan, vielmehr als Aufbruch in die Demokratie gewürdigt.Die Revolution ging jedoch nicht aus einer revolutionären Situation hervor, sondern, wie hier vorgestellte Neuerscheinungen zeigen [I.], aus dem Krieg. Die aus Anlass des 100. Jahrestages erschienenen neuen Gesamtdarstellungen [II.] weisen zumeist die alten Legenden von der verratenen Revolution zurück und betonen die Errungenschaften und demokratischen Potenziale, auch die Dynamik der revolutionären Situation, die Ängste der Akteure und die Gewaltgeschichte der Revolution. Regional- und stadtgeschichtliche Studien [III.] wiederum arbeiten die Unterschiede der revolutionären Entwicklungen und vor allem die Breite der Rätebewegungen heraus. Entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Revolution hatte die Spaltung der Sozialdemokratie, Gegenstand weiterer Neuerscheinungen [IV.], aber nicht nur Arbeiter traten als Akteure hervor, sondern auch Intellektuelle [V.] und Künstler, wie hier besprochene Ausstellungskataloge zeigen [VI.].Obgleich gelegentlich die alten Legenden von der verratenen Revolution bedient werden, erscheint die deutsche Revolution von 1918/19 zum 100. Jubiläum in einem neuen, zwar immer noch ambivalenten, zugleich aber positiveren Licht.Das abschließende Resümee diskutiert die neuen Einsichten in die demokratischen Potenziale der Revolution, die Bedeutung der Rätebewegung, den Bolschewismus als die „große Furcht“, das Umschlagen der friedlichen Revolution in Gewalt sowie das Aufkommen des extremen Antisemitismus.
BITs & Bonds: The International Law and Economics of Sovereign Debt
Authors: Pahis Stratos 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecent jurisdictional decisions suggest that sovereign debt will be subject to bilateral investment treaties (BITs) for the foreseeable future. This Article argues that applying BITs to sovereign bonds threatens to undermine the core economic function of those treaties by encouraging inefficient state and creditor behavior and raising the overall cost of sovereign debt. It further argues that this concern can be addressed through an interpretative approach that leads to the equal treatment of like creditors.
A History of Diagnostic Investigations in Epilepsy Surgery
Authors: Hanjani Khashayar , Fatehi Mostafa , Schmidt Nis , Aghakhani Yayha , Redekop Gary J. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT:
Epilepsy surgery has progressed significantly in the last 150 years. Functional brain maps allowed for the localization of epileptogenic lesions based on seizure patterns, allowing surgeons like McEwan and Horsely to treat epilepsy surgically. Berger’s electroencephalogram marked the first modality directly identifying epileptic abnormalities. Penfield and Jasper collaborated, as neurosurgeon and neurologist, to use EEG for surgery. Meanwhile, Wada developed the amobarbital test, improving the protection of language and memory. Talairach and Bancaud pioneered invasive monitoring of deep brain activity with stereoelectroencephalography before the computer age made CT and MRI possible. Looking forward, AI and robotics hold promise for further improving outcomes.
Kakutani equivalence for products of some special flows over rotations
Authors: WEI DAREN 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe study Kakutani equivalence for products of some special flows over rotations with roof function smooth except a singularity at
$0\in \mathbb {T}$
. We estimate the Kakutani invariant for products of these flows with different powers of singularities and rotations from a full measure set. As a corollary, we obtain a countable family of pairwise non-Kakutani equivalent products of special flows over rotations.
Minimal definable graphs of definable chromatic number at least three
Authors: Carroy Raphaël , Miller Benjamin D. , Schrittesser David , Vidnyánszky Zoltán 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We show that there is a Borel graph on a standard Borel space of Borel chromatic number three that admits a Borel homomorphism to every analytic graph on a standard Borel space of Borel chromatic number at least three. Moreover, we characterize the Borel graphs on standard Borel spaces of vertex-degree at most two with this property and show that the analogous result for digraphs fails.
Novel method of calculating adjusted antibiotic use by microbiological burden
Authors: Winders Hana R. , Al-Hasan Majdi N. , Jones Bruce M. , Childress Darrell T. , Stover Kayla R. , Britt Benjamin B. , Chahine Elias B. , Lau Suetping , Andrews Pamela D. , Junco Shauna Jacobson , Wrenn Rebekah H. , Crane Brad J. , Wong Jordan R. , Seddon Megan M. , Bland Christopher M. , MacVane Shawn H. , Gibson Geneen M. , Bookstaver P. Brandon 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective:To determine the usefulness of adjusting antibiotic use (AU) by prevalence of bacterial isolates as an alternative method for risk adjustment beyond hospital characteristics.Design:Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study.Setting:Hospitals in the southeastern United States.Methods:AU in days of therapy per 1,000 patient days and microbiologic data from 2015 and 2016 were collected from 26 hospitals. The prevalences of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were calculated and compared to the average prevalence of all hospitals in the network. This proportion was used to calculate the adjusted AU (a-AU) for various categories of antimicrobials. For example, a-AU of antipseudomonal β-lactams (APBL) was the AU of APBL divided by (prevalence of P. aeruginosa at that hospital divided by the average prevalence of P. aeruginosa). Hospitals were categorized by bed size and ranked by AU and a-AU, and the rankings were compared.Results:Most hospitals in 2015 and 2016, respectively, moved ≥2 positions in the ranking using a-AU of APBL (15 of 24, 63%; 22 of 26, 85%), carbapenems (14 of 23, 61%; 22 of 25; 88%), anti-MRSA agents (13 of 23, 57%; 18 of 26, 69%), and anti-VRE agents (18 of 24, 75%; 15 of 26, 58%). Use of a-AU resulted in a shift in quartile of hospital ranking for 50% of APBL agents, 57% of carbapenems, 35% of anti-MRSA agents, and 75% of anti-VRE agents in 2015 and 50% of APBL agents, 28% of carbapenems, 50% of anti-MRSA agents, and 58% of anti-VRE agents in 2016.Conclusions:The a-AU considerably changes how hospitals compare among each other within a network. Adjusting AU by microbiological burden allows for a more balanced comparison among hospitals with variable baseline rates of resistant bacteria.
Social Transmission Bias and Investor Behavior
Authors: Han Bing , Hirshleifer David , Walden Johan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe offer a new social approach to investment decision making and asset prices. Investors discuss their strategies and convert others to their strategies with a probability that increases in investment returns. The conversion rate is shown to be convex in realized returns. Unconditionally, active strategies (e.g., high variance and skewness) dominate, although investors have no inherent preference for these characteristics. The model has strong predictions for how the adoption of active strategies depends on investors’ social networks. In contrast with nonsocial approaches, sociability, self-enhancing transmission, and other features of the communication process determine the popularity and pricing of active investment strategies.
Redescription and molecular analysis ofPallisentis(Pallisentis)nandaiSarkar, 1953 (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) in India
Authors: Amin O.M. , Heckmann R.A. , Chaudhary A. , Rubtsova N.Y. , Singh H.S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPallisentis(Pallisentis)nandaiSarkar, 1953 is a freshwater fish parasite restricted to the Indian subcontinent in the Ganga River and its tributaries. It was described from the leaffish,Nandus nandus(Hamilton) from the Ganga River delta at Calcutta. We recovered variant specimens from the same host species from the Ganga near its headwaters at Bijnor about 1500 km away. Our specimens were clearly identifiable asP. nandaibut varied considerably from those in the original description, especially in the size of proboscis hooks, receptacle and lemnisci. The original description was incomplete (missing line drawings of female trunk and reproductive system, male trunk, complete proboscis, hooks and hook roots) and inaccurate (proboscis, hooks, receptacle wall), and some measurements were lumped together for both sexes. We provide a complete description and include new morphological information including the first description of para-receptacle structure in the genusPallisentisVan Cleave, 1928, scanning electron microscopy and microscope images, molecular analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) of hooks and spines of our specimens for the first time. Additional details of proboscis hook roots, trunk spines, micropores and micropore distribution are described. The unique metal composition of hooks (EDXA) demonstrated a considerably high but variable level of sulphur and negligible level of calcium in collar and trunk spines and hook tips, but a higher level of sulphur and calcium at the hook basal arch than at the hook tip and edge. A comparison with the EDXA pattern of another species ofPallisentis,P. İndicaMital & Lal, 1976, were considerably different. The phylogenetic position ofP. nandaiwithin Eoacanthocephala was generated to assess the molecular characterization based on 18S and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA sequences. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses placedP. nandaiin a clade with otherPallisentisspecies under the family Quadrigyridae. This is the first report based on molecular evidence forP. nandai.
Brainstem glucose metabolism predicts reward dependence scores in treatment-resistant major depression
Authors: Wu Guo-Rong , Baeken Chris 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt has been suggested that individual differences in temperament could be involved in the (non-)response to antidepressant (AD) treatment. However, how neurobiological processes such as brain glucose metabolism may relate to personality features in the treatment-resistant depressed (TRD) state remains largely unclear.MethodsTo examine how brainstem metabolism in the TRD state may predict Cloninger's temperament dimensions Harm Avoidance (HA), Novelty Seeking (NS), and Reward Dependence (RD), we collected 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG PET) scans in 40 AD-free TRD patients. All participants were assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). We applied a multiple kernel learning (MKL) regression to predict the HA, NS, and RD from brainstem metabolic activity, the origin of respectively serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic neurotransmitter (NT) systems.ResultsThe MKL model was able to significantly predict RD but not HA and NS from the brainstem metabolic activity. The MKL pattern regression model identified increased metabolic activity in the pontine nuclei and locus coeruleus, the medial reticular formation, the dorsal/median raphe, and the ventral tegmental area that contributed to the predictions of RD.ConclusionsThe MKL algorithm identified a likely metabolic marker in the brainstem for RD in major depression. Although 18FDG PET does not investigate specific NT systems, the predictive value of brainstem glucose metabolism on RD scores however indicates that this temperament dimension in the TRD state could be mediated by different monoaminergic systems, all involved in higher order reward-related behavior.
Examining Veterans’ Interactions with the UK Social Security System through a Trauma-Informed Lens
Authors: SCULLION LISA , CURCHIN KATHERINE 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper uses the principles of trauma-informed care – safety, collaboration, choice, trustworthiness, and respect – to reflect on the quality of veterans’ treatment within the UK social security system. Drawing upon new data from qualitative longitudinal research with veterans in four geographical locations across England, UK, it explores their experiences within the social security system, highlighting specific issues relating to their interactions with the Work Capability Assessment (WCA) but also the conditionality inherent within the UK benefits system. Overall, it is evident that there is a lack of understanding of the impact of trauma on people’s psychosocial functioning and, as a result, veterans are treated in ways which are variously perceived as disrespectful, unfair or disempowering and in some cases exacerbate existing mental health problems. We propose that the application of trauma-informed care principles to the UK social security system could improve interactions within this system and avoid re-traumatising those experiencing on-going or unresolved trauma. The paradigm of trauma-informed care has been used internationally to examine health, homelessness, prison and childcare services, but ours is the first exploration of its application to the delivery of social security.
A Mulk of One's Own: Languages of Sovereignty, Statehood, and Dominion in the Eighteenth-Century “Empire of Hindustan”
Authors: Abbott Nicholas J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOver the course of the eighteenth century, India's Mughal empire (1526–1858) fragmented into a number of regional polities that were, in turn, gradually subsumed under the paramount authority of the British East India Company. This essay describes concomitant developments in the empire's Persianate political language, particularly with regard to ideas of sovereignty, statehood, and dominion. It argues that by the mid-eighteenth century, the Mughal “empire of Hindustan” was increasingly framed as a territorialised governing institution comprising emerging provincial sovereignties rooted in local ruling households. This conceptual dispensation, however, remained ill-defined until the 1760s, when a treaty regime dominated by the Company built upon this language to concretise the empire as a confederacy of independent, sub-imperial states. The essay contends that in the short term, this redefinition bolstered the authority of incipient dynasties in provinces like Awadh, but in the longer term generated conflicts that abetted the expansion of colonial rule and laid conceptual foundations for British paramountcy in India.
Optimal group testing
Authors: Coja-Oghlan Amin , Gebhard Oliver , Hahn-Klimroth Max , Loick Philipp 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the group testing problem the aim is to identify a small set of k ⁓ nθ infected individuals out of a population size n, 0 < θ < 1. We avail ourselves of a test procedure capable of testing groups of individuals, with the test returning a positive result if and only if at least one individual in the group is infected. The aim is to devise a test design with as few tests as possible so that the set of infected individuals can be identified correctly with high probability. We establish an explicit sharp information-theoretic/algorithmic phase transition minf for non-adaptive group testing, where all tests are conducted in parallel. Thus with more than minf tests the infected individuals can be identified in polynomial time with high probability, while learning the set of infected individuals is information-theoretically impossible with fewer tests. In addition, we develop an optimal adaptive scheme where the tests are conducted in two stages.
Doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defect closure through tricuspid approach: a clinical analysis
Authors: Wang Guanxi , Liu Rui , Ma Kai , Zhang Benqing , Pang Kunjing , Qi Lei , Hua Zhongdong , Li Shoujun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground:The research was to introduce the experience of doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defect (DCVSD) repaired through tricuspid approach.Methods:From January, 2015 to September, 2019, 86 consecutive DCVSD paediatrics underwent repair via right subaxillary vertical incision (RAVI) through tricuspid approach. Perioperative and follow-up data were collected.Results:The age and weight at operation were 28.1 ± 18.5 (range: 7–101) months and 12.2 ± 4.2 (6–26.5) kg. There were two patients combined with discrete subaortic membrane, two patients with patent ductus arteriosus, one patient with atrial septal defect, and two patients with abnormal muscle bundle in right ventricular outflow tract. The mean size of ventricular septal defect was 7.0 ± 2.4 (3–13) mm. The defect was repaired with a piece of Dacron patch in 68 patients or directly with 1–2 pledgetted polypropylene sutures in 18 patients. The cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross-clamp time were 46.2 ± 13.3 (23–101) minutes and 29.2 ± 11.5 (12–84) minutes. After 3.1 ± 2.4 (0–14) hours’ ventilator assist and 23.2 ± 32.1 (0–264) hours’ ICU stay, all patients were discharged safely. At the latest follow-up (27.9 ± 14.6 months), echocardiography showed trivial residual shunt in two patients. There was no malignant arrhythmia occurred and there was no chest deformity or asymmetrical development of the breast was found.Conclusions:DCVSD repaired via right subaxillary vertical incision through tricuspid approach was safe and feasible, providing a feasible alternative to median sternotomy, and it can be performed with favourable cosmetic results.
Coronary arterial abnormalities detected in children over 10 years following initial Kawasaki disease using cardiac computed tomography
Authors: Chakraborty Rajkumar , Singhal Manphool , Pandiarajan Vignesh , Sharma Avinash , Pilania Rakesh K. , Singh Surjit 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective:To evaluate whether Kawasaki disease predisposes to premature atherosclerosis and to assess status of coronary artery abnormalities at least 10 years after diagnosis.Material and methods:A prospective study was carried out on 21 patients who were diagnosed with Kawasaki disease at least 10 years back and are on regular follow-up. The study was conducted on 128 Slice Dual Source computed tomography scanner with electrocardiography-triggered radiation optimised protocols for assessment of coronary artery abnormalities and calcifications.Results:Study cohort had 21 subjects – 15 males and 6 females (age range: 11–23 years; mean: 15.76 + 3.72 years). Mean age at time of diagnosis was 3.21 + 2.48 years. Mean time interval from diagnosis of Kawasaki disease to computed tomography coronary angiography was 12.59 + 2.89 years. Four children had evidence of coronary artery abnormalities on transthoracic echocardiography at time of diagnosis. Of these, two had persistent abnormalities on computed tomography coronary angiography. One subject (4.76%) had coronary calcification that was localised to abnormal coronary artery segment. Four coronary artery abnormalities (one saccular; three fusiform aneurysms) were noted in two subjects.Conclusion:Prevalence of coronary artery calcification is low and, if present, is localised to abnormal segments. This calcification is likely dystrophic rather than atherosclerotic. It appears that coronary artery abnormalities can persist for several years after acute episode of Kawasaki disease. Periodic follow-up by computed tomography coronary angiography is now a feasible non-invasive imaging modality for long term surveillance of patients with Kawasaki disease who had coronary artery abnormalities at time of diagnosis.
Dynamic exercise changes in venous pressure and liver stiffness in Fontan patients: effects of Treprostinil
Authors: Possner Mathias , Chaudhry Anisa , Dillman Jonathan R. , Urbina Elaine M. , Gao Zhiqian , McCoy Connie , Faust Michelle , Rossiter Harry B. , Powell Adam W. , Mays Wayne , Veldtman Gruschen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground:Systemic venous hypertension and low cardiac output are believed to be important mediators of liver injury after the Fontan procedure. Pulmonary vasodilators have the potential to improve such haemodynamics. The aim of this study was to assess the acute effects of exercise on liver stiffness and venous pressures and to assess the impact of inhaled Treprostinil on this response.Methods:In this prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 14 patients with a Fontan circulation were randomised to inhalation of placebo and Treprostinil. Incremental and constant work rate exercise tests were performed to assess the effect of Treprostinil on exercise tolerance. Venous pressures were measured throughout and liver stiffness at rest and immediately after peak exercise.Results:Mean age was 27.8 ± 7.9 years and 66% were females. Exercise acutely increased liver stiffness by 30% (mean shear wave speed: 2.38 ± 0.71 versus 2.89 ± 0.51 ms, p = 0.02). Peripheral venous pressures increased acutely during both incremental (12.1 ± 2.4 versus 22.6 ± 8.0 mmHg, p < 0.001) and constant work rate exercise (12.5 ± 2.5 versus 23.4 ± 5.2 mmHg, p < 0.001). Overall, Treprostinil failed to attenuate exercise-induced increases in liver stiffness. Compared with placebo, Treprostinil did not significantly impact venous pressure responses, VO2peak, nor exercise endurance times.Conclusions:Peripheral venous pressure increased acutely during exercise by an average of 88% above baseline and was not altered by administration of inhaled Treprostinil. Liver stiffness measured immediately post-exercise increased acutely by an average of 30%, with no attenuation following Treprostinil inhalation.