bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Picturing England between the Wars
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This book discusses the relationship between word and image in writing of many kinds during the inter-war years, seeing it as central to the presentation of factual and fictional material. It first examines studies of an England increasingly felt as threatened by suburban expansion, and then moves to consider official and independent house designs, seeing them as another form of imagined involvement and experience of the actual. It goes on to argue that visual material was for the first time central to book publishing, in dust jackets, internal illustration, and the design of books as part of the period’s social structures. Magazines aimed at general readers, for men, and for women are explored to show word and image unite to convey information, give advice and show shared interests. The final section considers ways in which the need for protection in the air and on the ground were treated, with official presence in magazines. A final section explores other uses of word and image, and the ways in which they contributed to wartime material and the construction of an ideal nation.
Some Versions of Arcady
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Even before the War, a sadness at the loss of the countryside was strong; later, it became far stronger. Edric Holmes’s London’s Countryside shows this well, combining text with vignette illustrations of places felt to be under threat by speculative building and an invasion of day-trippers. The feeling was already strong in the writings of E. M. Forster, Edward Thomas, and others. Maps for travellers both showed a rural ideal in their covers and made possible further intrusions in the contents. Books such as Macmillan’s Highways and Byways series, begun before the War, had much the same effect in their combination of word and image, now made increasingly available in cheaper editions which retained the designs of F. L. Griggs. But for some, including the poet and composer Ivor Gurney, looking at maps offered a retreat into earlier, happier times.
Modern Pilgrims
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the 1930s B. T. Batsford published many books about English life and landscape. All had modern-style dust jackets and contained around 150 photographs. Series titles including ‘The Modern Pilgrim’s Library’ suggest readers far from rural life. Introductions deplore loss of fields to suburbs and trippers with special disdain for bungalows, although the books encourage visitors to the very places being laying waste. Photographs include very few people, with only an occasional child or young woman: this is still a time of mourning. Other books discuss London, with up to date metropolitan images and a satirical tone; and Speed, in which outmoded English record-holders are proudly shown, while German aircraft display menacing strength. All the books match image and text with care and precision, and the layout makes careful use of current printing techniques; yet the effect is again one of a description from exile.
Moving towards Truths
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Later in the period, more realistic views of the countryside began to emerge, with concern to protect open spaces and see farming as an endangered industry, not a pleasing spectacle. Writers reflected these changes with less idealistic views. Francis Brett Young’s Portrait of a Village did this, but its illustrations by Joan Hassall continued the romanticised approach. William Beach Thomas is forward-looking in The English Countryside, with more contemporary photographs and even the discussion of national parks. Yet even here there is a yearning for the older village and its traditions. The chapter ends with a discussion of the vocabulary of country writing, with villages that ‘nestle’ in hills, and vistas that are ‘charming’, ‘graceful’, all seen from a sentimental distance. Propaganda films of 1939 return to similar imagery: all contrast sharply with the directness of writing about the ruined villages of Belgium and France.
Modernism
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The popular rejection of Modernist architecture is shown in the response to Highpoint II, an apartment building in Hampstead. The Architectural Review, however, argued in its favour in an article that itself followed Modernist design, matching word and image to its subject. Despite public conservatism, modern building techniques were common, but concealed within traditional, especially neo-Georgian, exteriors. The Review’s 1928 survey of domestic architecture contained very few modernist buildings. The Silver End village, Crowsteps, and High and Over were among the Modernist buildings discussed in both the Review and Country Life, the latter voicing caution, beneath a heading designed by the Edwardian illustrator Arthur Rackham. Modernism was accepted, but in commercial buildings or homes of wealthy intellectuals. Some books, such as Broadcasting House, matched Modernism of subject with modern design; most others, including those of Randal Phillips, used the same technique of image-description-plan as that for traditional buildings.
The Practical Habit
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Although men’s magazines of the time appear to focus on a single subject, many, include articles on a range of subjects. One of the earliest, Hobbies, includes pieces on football, stamp collecting or gardening alongside those on making picture frames or pipe racks. Later magazines had a sharper focus, as revealed in titles such as Practical Motorist, Practical and Amateur Wireless and Popular Flying. Many described tasks of maintenance and construction with complex diagrams, yet still gave instructions in continuous prose, not simple lists. In this, they lagged behind women’s magazines. Like them, though, they carried pages of readers’ tips, suggesting the importance of being part of a group. They also focus on activities done in or around the home, again resembling magazines for women. Other magazines contained first-hand war recollections, often with maps and drawings by the authors, as important ways of sharing events familiar to many.
Air-Mindedness
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the 1930s, magazines on flying became increasingly conscious of possible war, and included items matching government policy on flying. The King’s Air Force booklet used images skilfully to make RAF careers attractive to young men. Like the magazine Flying, it used images of obsolete and new aircraft to stress readiness for war, while making subtle illustrated reference to German warplanes and military exercises. Its verbal-visual reporting of a 1939 raid on Germany used techniques from the earlier war to stress heroism and involvement for readers. Air Raid Precautions were publicised by cigarette cards, making them widely accessible, but also in the Illustrated London News and a Government publication, both unconsciously aimed at higher social groups. Anderson Shelters for protection against air raids were also publicised; only the ILN did so to reveal their inadequacies for working-class terraced houses, showing a more complex word–picture relationship.
Ireland and Northern Ireland
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Of all the regions of the UK, Northern Ireland will be most impacted by Brexit. Of all the Member States of the EU, the Republic of Ireland will also be most affected by UK withdrawal. As this chapter explains, the main challenge concerns how to avoid a ‘hard border’ for the movement of persons or goods across the island of Ireland, of the sort that could undermine cross-community support for the peace process based on the Good Friday Agreement. As for persons: Ireland and the UK have agreed, on a bilateral basis, to maintain the existing Common Travel Area between the two states. As for goods: the EU and the UK agreed to a dedicated Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland that seeks to manage customs and regulatory standards and controls, in a way that avoids a ‘hard border’ across the island of Ireland, while still protecting the EU’s Customs Union and Single Market, and at the same time allowing the UK to pursue regulatory divergence and an independent trade policy.
Meeting the therapist
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for the understanding of the close relationship between the doctor–patient interaction and the placebo effect. Several aspects of the doctor–patient interaction are considered, from the patient’s trust and admiration towards the therapist to the doctor’s empathic and compassionate behaviour. All these highly complex brain functions have been described from a neuroscientific perspective and represent what is called social neuroscience, a branch of the neurosciences which investigates complex social behaviours. Within this neurobiological framework, the events taking place in trust, hope, empathy, and compassion are examined so as to give a general perspective of social neuroscience. Importantly, a better understanding of these mechanisms can maximize the good interaction between doctors and patients and minimize bad interaction.
The brain of the demented patient
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for better understanding of the responses to a therapy in dementia, particularly those psychological factors related to the placebo effect. The crucial point here is that the three steps ‘feeling sick’, ‘seeking relief’, ‘meeting the therapist’, are all modified, or totally absent, in the demented patient. In fact, different types of dementia may lead to changes in the perception of some symptoms, first and foremost pain. As to ‘seeking relief’, the demented patient does not have a purposive behavioural repertoire that is aimed at seeking a doctor for relieving his own symptoms, thus the demented patient does not have expectations of positive therapeutic outcomes. Similarly, in ‘meeting the therapist’ the cognitively impaired patient cannot interact with health professionals, thus the interaction is based only on the doctor’s inference of the symptoms through observation.
Immune and endocrine systems
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the placebo effect in the immune and endocrine system is described, where learning, mainly Pavlovian conditioning, is the basic mechanism. Conditioned immunosuppression affects a number of immune mediators, like interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Nocebo effects may occur in the immune system; indeed, some negative allergic reactions may be induced by the administration of nocebos. Some mechanisms in the endocrine system are also described. In fact, the responses of some hormones, like insulin, growth hormone, and cortisol, have been successfully obtained by means of a conditioning procedure. In addition, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis may represent an important system in placebo and nocebo responsiveness in the endocrine system.
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this chapter it is emphasized how, compared to other systems, little is known about the mechanisms of placebo and placebo-related effects in both the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Side effects in placebo groups of cardiovascular clinical trials are common and might represent the basis of nocebo effects, although no definitive mechanism is known. Heart activity can be conditioned and can also be affected during a placebo analgesic response. Not only may placebo-activated endogenous opioids act on pain transmission, but on the heart and the respiratory centres as well. As to the respiratory system, asthma and cough are powerfully affected by placebos but the underlying mechanisms are unknown.
Gastrointestinal and genitourinary disorders
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes some mechanisms in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary disorders, although little is known in this area. Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the best models of gastrointestinal disorders for understanding placebo mechanisms and several brain regions are inhibited by a placebo treatment in people suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. Gastrointestinal symptoms can be conditioned by means of a conditioning procedure, which indicates that learning may play an important role. Subjective symptoms are more affected than objective symptoms in genitourinary disorders. In addition, expectations are crucially involved in sexual functions.
How to run a placebo study
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter is addressed to those who want to run a study aimed at identifying the underlying mechanisms of placebo effects. To study a placebo effect requires specific designs that cannot be performed in the classic clinical trial setting. Complex experimental designs are particularly necessary when one wants to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms, for example by means of agonist and antagonist drugs. Complex pharmacological designs have used up to twelve experimental arms (groups) in order to answer specific questions. To study the role of learning in placebo effects, for example conditioning, one needs to control the associations between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli both in the experimental and in the clinical setting. In addition, several approaches are possible for hiding a therapy from the subject’s view, so that he is totally unaware that a treatment is being performed, thus allowing the investigation of placebo effects without the administration of placebos.
Development of Social Cognition in Adolescence and the Importance of Mating
Authors: Donaldson Sarah , Mills Kathryn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Adolescents experience rapid growth in biology, cognition, and behaviours, which are essential for navigating social complexity within the human environment. One added complexity includes the development of romantic relationships. The onset of puberty prepares the body for biological processes of reproduction, allowing for the ability to conceive, carry, and rear offspring. It follows that maturing cognitive and affective systems develop concurrently to support reproductive competence, transitioning the mind towards identifying and maintaining mating relationships. This chapter reviews current literature in the development of adolescent social cognition, and proposes ways in which these mechanisms also support the emergence of a mating-focused mentality in adolescent youth. Hormonal and neurological influences on social cognition during adolescence are discussed, followed by more focused assessments of research investigating (1) face perception, (2) mentalizing, and (3) emotional regulation/executive control. How these processes support the advancement of mating cognition across adolescence will be highlighted.
The Future of Research on Social Interaction
Authors: Bradford Elisabeth E. F. , De Lillo Martina , Ferguson Heather J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Our daily lives involve many instances of social interactions, from parents talking with their children, friends catching up on each other’s news, to a customer interacting with a shop assistant. Throughout these instances of social interaction, human beings show a remarkable ability to compute ‘invisible’ mental states, allowing inference of what another person believes, can see, or has knowledge of. As highlighted throughout this book, these sociocognitive capacities are critical in determining successful social interactions, and thus furthering our understanding of social interactions in ‘real-world’ scenarios remains a key research topic. This chapter examines some of the cutting-edge methods used to study social cognition abilities, core research questions that are being explored within the field of social cognition (including ways to approach second-person neuroscience), and discusses factors that might influence social interaction abilities and how these could be used to develop intervention protocols for improving social cognition.
Understanding Cabinet Government
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis C. , Rhodes R. A. W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea of cabinet government as a way of doing business in executive government. Even though often written off as no longer functional, it still survives, even if there is no single job description. This chapter introduces the three key questions of the book: ➢ What dilemmas do cabinet governments face? ➢ In what way do they differ across countries? ➢ Why is there a common thread to all systems despite different constitutional and institutional architecture? The chapter examines the different approaches to cabinet government: constitutional, institutional, public administration, and policy analysis. It explains why the authors adopted an interpretivist approach where traditions and beliefs shape the choices of individuals. The chapter identifies the common dilemmas that must be managed in all political systems: the process, political, policy, leadership, and accountability dilemmas. It also identifies the five examples of cabinet government systems the book considers: the United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.
The Political Dilemma
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis C. , Rhodes R. A. W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Cabinet government is party government; members of cabinet are there because they are members of a majority or a coalition party. The position of the party and its potential future are always significant in determining policy decisions. The concept of collective responsibility for decisions of cabinet government is common to all systems, even if interpreted in different ways. Different regimes lead to variations in the dilemmas that cabinets must confront. This chapter considers the dynamics within three forms of government: majoritarian, coalition, and the Swiss non-coalition. n majoritarian governments, leaders who control party and parliament are have few restrictions on their actions as long as they retain that support. If not, they can be vulnerable to internal revolt. In coalition governments, the maintenance of the coalition often takes precedence over any individual policy issue. The Swiss non-coalition is topic driven, with each item to be separately negotiated through the Council.
Saxon Female Monasticism c.852–1024
Authors: Greer Sarah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The suggestion that early medieval Saxon female monasticism is unique or exceptional for its intensity and prestige dominates current scholarship. Explanations for this exceptionality have focused on an apparent preponderance of widows in Saxony and a regional association of commemoration with women rather than reformed monks or clerics. Instead, this chapter argues that Saxony’s later conversion to Christianity, compared to the rest of the Carolingian Empire, is a more crucial factor in the spread of female monasteries throughout this region. It traces the timeline of the known convents in Saxony to highlight that the foundation of new female monasteries was not steadily increasing across the ninth and tenth centuries, but rather experienced ebbs and flows of popularity in response to other social and political factors.
Rewriting the Origins of Quedlinburg
Authors: Greer Sarah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The foundation of Quedlinburg by Queen Mathilda in 936 seems obvious; numerous sources from the later tenth and eleventh century describe the queen as the individual responsible for setting up a convent on the site of her husband’s tomb. However, there is a striking lack of contemporary evidence for Mathilda as the founder of Quedlinburg from the early history of the monastery. This chapter reassesses our assumptions about Quedlinburg as a foundation of Queen Mathilda by considering how her reputation as Quedlinburg’s founder slowly accreted over the course of the tenth century. When the women of Quedlinburg themselves created a new history of the world––and of their monastery––in the early eleventh century, they were able to deploy this memory of Queen Mathilda to emphasize their institution’s memorial power to a new Ottonian king.
The Disputed Succession, 1678–85
Authors: Smith Hannah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Standing armies remained of intense concern to parliament during the years of the Popish Plot and Exclusion Crisis. After all, Charles II had yet to disband an army raised for a war with France that had not been waged. The disputed heir to the throne, the duke of York, was a self-proclaimed Catholic military man. Scottish Conventiclers were in rebellion and had to be suppressed by military force. Moreover, the king became estranged from the duke of Monmouth, who was not only the army’s captain-general but also posed as York’s Protestant rival for the succession to the throne.
War and Peace, 1689–1702
Authors: Smith Hannah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
William III immediately took Britain into the Nine Years’ War against the French. This chapter examines how William purged the army of James VII and II’s supporters in order to fight the war. However, William was never certain of his new army’s political loyalties. Nor could he trust its British senior officers, some of whom, such as John Churchill, the future duke of Marlborough, had joined William in 1688 but had become alienated from him. William’s relations with parliament were equally troubled, and never more so than during the biggest political crisis after the end of the war, the standing army debates over the peacetime army.
The War of Succession, 1702–14
Authors: Smith Hannah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the politics of Queen Anne’s army, as successive ministries, with the Crown’s backing, attempted to ‘model’ the army to bolster their own position and aims. In an increasing tense political environment, and as the question of the succession to the throne became pressing, the army was divided by party politics, and party allegiance determined army appointments. The chapter examines Anne’s deteriorating relationship with her exceptionally successful captain-general, John Churchill, 1st duke of Marlborough. Marlborough led her army to a series of victories against the French, most famously at the battle of Blenheim, and was rewarded with ‘Blenheim House’ near Woodstock. The queen’s relations with Marlborough became ever more fraught when Marlborough demanded the post of captain-general for life, prompting suspicions that he aimed to take supreme power.
Defending and Disputing the Rival Kings, 1714–50
Authors: Smith Hannah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the early Georgian army’s political allegiances and analyses how the soldier-kings George I and George II and their ministers set about creating loyalism within the army. There was little support for the ’15 Rebellion among the king’s troops. Nonetheless, Jacobites still hoped that the army would intervene to restore the Stuart claimant to the throne, as it had in 1660, and this belief was a central component of Jacobite plotting in the early 1720s. But while George I and George II’s army remained loyal to them, it was beset with national resentments, particularly during the War of the Austrian Succession, when George II favoured his Hanoverian army.