bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Season of Lambing on Gastrointestinal Nematode (GIN) Infection of Lambs
Authors: Burke Joan M , Miller James E , Wood Erin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective was to examine GIN infection and BW of lambs born in fall (Oct–Nov; n = 20–158/yr; n = 716 total) or winter (Jan–Feb; n = 65–208/yr; n = 1717 total). Katahdin lambs born between 2008 and 2020 were weaned between 90–120 d of age and supplemented with a 15% CP grain mix when forage quality was low. Dams were supplemented up to 30 d before to 60 d post-lambing. BW and FAMACHA scores were determined at approximately 60, 90, 120, and 150 d of age; FEC and PCV were determined at approximately 90, 120, and 150 d of age. Lambs were dewormed if FAMACHA score was &gt; 3. Data were analyzed using mixed models with a repeated statement for day of sample collection, and age within season-yr used as a covariate. Season × yr × day influenced all traits (P &lt; 0.001); litter number, sex, age of dam influenced BW (P &lt; 0.001). FEC were higher in fall than winter born lambs only on d 90, and similar on d 120 and 150 (P &lt; 0.001). PCV was lower in winter than fall born lambs on d 120 and 150 (P &lt; 0.001), and FAMACHA lower on all days measured in fall than winter lambs (P &lt; 0.001) making the winter born more susceptible to anemia with a greater need for deworming. Haemonchus contortus was the predominant GIN on most days of culture for both seasons. Fall compared with winter lambs were lighter in BW at all time points (P &lt; 0.001) possibly due to poor forage quality available to dams. Rainfall data will be presented. GIN control was more manageable in fall than winter born lambs, but they weighed less.
Designing a High Enrollment Asynchronous Core Curriculum Science Course, General Animal Science for Declared Non-animal Science Majors
Authors: Frenzel Leslie , Paudyal Sushil , Dunlap Kathrin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
General Animal Science is a core curriculum science class providing students with an overview of the livestock industry. This case study describes delivery of a high enrollment (n = 634) asynchronous core curriculum science class, General Animal Science, for non-animal science majors. The class progresses from basic agriculture nomenclature, to reproduction, nutrition, genetics, food safety, and concludes with growth and development of beef, sheep, horses, swine, dairy, poultry, and provides a brief description of the companion animal industry. Asynchronous design requires clear and repetitive communication, organized course content, and effective faculty and student engagement. Use of multiple platforms including a learning management system (Canvas), email, and video announcements is helpful for communication and a detailed schedule creates expectations for course progression, vital in an asynchronous course. While content was delivered primarily via lecture and supplementary materials, optional zoom sessions and virtual office hours generate additional engagement opportunities. Learning outcomes were assessed via weekly topic-focused formative student activities and quizzes vs conventional summative exams. Automated grading of assessments provided students with frequent, real-time feedback. In a post-course survey conducted among students enrolled in the Fall 2020 course (n = 634), 97.9% of respondents agreed that course participation was a valuable learning experience and the majority (50.5%) attributed it to lectures, 22% to assignments, 12.2% to group projects, 11.04% to supplementary materials, and 3.9% to optional office hours. Respondents indicated a mean score of 2.02 (SD 2.84) on a Likert scale (0–10) on likely to change their major to Animal Science. This was expected as Biomedical sciences, Agribusiness, Economics, Psychology, and Business were the most frequently declared majors. We concluded that structured schedule utilizing multiple methods of communication and formative assessments are valuable components of a large asynchronous core curriculum general animal science course, and that this course has potential to educate and engage non-animal science majors.
Equine in Vitro Digestibility Using Different Cecal Fluid Dilutions
Authors: Davis Cody , Carrell Russell C , Thompson Serena , Cole Madison , Dillard S Leanne L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In vitro digestibility (IVTD) is a useful tool for determining nutritive value of forages. The majority of equine forage digestion occurs in the cecum; however, many studies use fecal inoculum. The current study aimed to determine the optimal buffer:cecal fluid for batch culture fermentation and compare this method with fecal IVTD. Three horses were sourced from the Auburn University Veterinary School. Fecal material was collected via a rectal grab sample, placed in a plastic bag, and into a 39°C water bath. The cecal contents were collected using an abdominal incision within 5 min of termination. Contents were placed in a pre-warmed (39°C) thermos. Cecal fluid was strained and proportioned into 3 treatments (100:0, 75:25, and 50:50 cecal fluid:buffer). Fecal material was weighed and mixed with buffer to achieve a 10:90 by weight. Three samples of alfalfa, bermudagrass, and perennial peanut hay were randomly assigned to a fluid treatment and placed in the respective jar, digested for 48h, then underwent neutral detergent fiber analysis. The experiment was designed as a 4 × 3 factorial with horse considered random (n = 9). Statistical analysis was conducted using Proc Mixed (SAS Inst, Cary, NC) with α = 0.05. There was no effect of fluid treatment on IVTD (P = 0.12). However, a forage effect was observed (P &lt; 0.001). Alfalfa and perennial peanut IVTD were not different (75.6%; P = 0.40), but greater (P &lt; 0.001) than bermudagrass (48.1%). This study showed that no difference in cecal fluid and fecal material occurred when used as microbial inoculant sources for a Daisy-II batch fermentation for determination of equine IVTD.
Using Pressure Mapping to Optimize Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injury Prevention Strategies in the Burn Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Yesantharao Pooja S , El Eter Leen , Javia Vidhi , Werthman Emily , Cox Carrie , Keenan Julie , Moseley Rachel , Orosco Rowena , Cooney Carisa , Caffrey Julie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Although prior studies have demonstrated the utility of real-time pressure mapping devices in preventing pressure ulcers, there has been little investigation of their efficacy in burn intensive care unit (BICU) patients, who are at especially high risk for these hospital-acquired injuries. This study retrospectively reviewed clinical records of BICU patients to investigate the utility of pressure mapping data in determining the incidence, predictors, and associated costs of hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs). Of 122 patients, 57 (47%) were studied prior to implementation of pressure mapping and 65 (53%) were studied after implementation. The HAPI rate was 18% prior to implementation of pressure monitoring, which declined to 8% postimplementation (chi square: P = .10). HAPIs were less likely to be stage 3 or worse in the postimplementation cohort (P &lt; .0001). On multivariable-adjusted regression accounting for known predictors of HAPIs in burn patients, having had at least 12 hours of sustained pressure loading in one area significantly increased odds of developing a pressure injury in that area (odds ratio 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.5, P = .04). Patients who developed HAPIs were significantly more likely to have had unsuccessful repositioning efforts in comparison to those who did not (P = .02). Finally, implementation of pressure mapping resulted in significant cost savings—$6750 (standard deviation: $1008) for HAPI-related care prior to implementation, vs $3800 (standard deviation: $923) after implementation, P = .008. In conclusion, the use of real-time pressure mapping decreased the morbidity and costs associated with HAPIs in BICU patients.
Exploring the Background, Context, and Stressors of Caregiving to Elderly Burned Patients: A Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Bayuo Jonathan , Aniteye Patience , Richter Solina , Agbenorku Pius 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Elderly persons are at risk of experiencing burns and require support from both formal and informal caregivers. Informal caregiving in this situation has been minimally explored. Guided by the Stress Process Model, this study aimed at exploring the background, context, and stressors of informal caregivers of elderly burned persons during hospitalization. A qualitative descriptive design was utilized. Purposive sampling approach was used to recruit fourteen (14) informal caregivers who rendered care to elderly burned persons during hospitalization. Interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim following which directed content analysis was undertaken deductively. Three categories and six subcategories emerged which characterize the background, context, and stressors of informal caregiving to elderly burn patients. All the injuries occurred in the home setting and its sudden nature led to varied postburn emotional responses which characterized the context of burns caregiving. Primary stressors that emerged were related to the injury, actual caregiving demand, and concerns regarding increasing frailty levels. Secondary stressors identified were financial concerns and lifestyle changes. The findings suggest that the occurrence of burn injury served as a precursor to postburn stress response among informal caregivers. Increasing frailty levels, adequacy of household safety measures, and financial issues were key concerns which emphasize the need for psychosocial/transitional support, innovative healthcare financing measures, and continuing education on burns prevention in the home setting.
Improved efficacy of meglumine antimoniate incorporated in anionic liposomes against Leishmania infantum infecting canine macrophages
Authors: Ortega Vanessa , Radaic Allan , de Jesus Marcelo Bispo , de Paula Eneida , Giorgio Selma 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease and several drugs have been used in the treatment, including meglumine antimoniate (AME). The chemotherapy reaches clinical cure but does not eliminate parasites, contributing to drug resistance. To improve AME efficacy we incorporated it in anionic liposomes. The antiparasitic activity and intracellular localization were investigated in canine macrophages infected with Leishmania infantum.

Methods
Liposomes (L-AME) is composed of egg phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidyl serine and α-tocopherol (4 : 3 : 0.4 : 0.07 mol%) plus AME. L-AME size, polydispersity, zeta potential and morphology were analysed as well as antileishmanial activity and intracellular localization in DH82 macrophages.

Key findings
Liposomes (360 nm) zeta potential range from −40 to −65 mV, had 23% encapsulation efficiency and were stable for 180 days at 4°C. Free AME was cytotoxic towards L. infantum infected macrophages (ID50 = 0.012 M) while L-AME did not reduce cell viability. L-AME colocalized with parasites inside macrophages in a time-dependent manner, and reduced the percentage of infected cells and the number of intracellular parasites, decreasing the infection index (75–80%) twice as compared with AME treatment.

Conclusions
Liposomal AME is a promising delivery system for treating visceral leishmaniasis, improving meglumine efficacy against L. infantum and minimizing its cytotoxicity towards canine macrophages
Rice inter-subspecies hybridization can improve nitrogen use efficiency
Authors: Wang Xiue 
Published: May 2021

This article comments on:Sun Y, Wu Y, Wang YZ, Wang S, Wang X, Li G, Zhang X, Liang Z, Li J, Gong L, Wendel JF, Wang D, Liu B. 2021. Homoploid F1 hybrids and segmental allotetraploids of japonica and indica rice subspecies show similar and enhanced tolerance to nitrogen deficiency than parental lines. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 5612–5624.
Increased sensitivity of a new commercial reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR for the detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in respiratory specimens
Authors: Dellière Sarah , Hamane Samia , Aissaoui Nesrine , Gits-Muselli Maud , Bretagne Stéphane , Alanio Alexandre 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Optimal sensitivity to detect low Pneumocystis loads is of importance to take individual and collective measures to avoid evolution towards Pneumocystis pneumonia and outbreaks in immunocompromised patients. This study compares two qPCR procedures, a new automated RTqPCR using the GeneLEAD VIII extractor/thermocycler (GLVIII; ∼2.2 h workflow) and a previously validated in-house qPCR assays (IH; ∼5 h workflow) both targeting mtSSU and mtLSU for detecting P. jirovecii in 213 respiratory samples. GLVIII was found to be more sensitive than IH, detecting eight more specimens. Bland-Altman analysis between the two procedures showed a Cq bias of 1.17 ± 0.07 in favor of GLVIII.

Lay Summary
The fungus Pneumocystis needs to be detected early in respiratory samples to prevent pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. We evaluated a new commercial RTqPCR on 213 respiratory samples to detect Pneumocystis and found it more sensitive and faster than our routine sensitive in-house qPCR assay.
Analysing the gamma-ray activity of neutrino emitter candidates: comparing TXS 0506+056 with other blazars
Authors: Marinelli Antonio , Sacahui J Rodrigo , Sharma Ankur , Osorio-Archila Mabel 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
On 2017 September 22, the IceCube collaboration sent an alert for an EHE (Extreme High Energy) event, corresponding to the reconstruction of a muonic neutrino (IC-170922A) with energy ∼290 TeV. A multiwavelength follow-up campaign associated this neutrino event with a gamma-ray flaring state of the BL Lac TXS 0506+056 located at z = 0.3365. From the same position of the sky, a muonic neutrino excess is observed in a time window of 110 d around 2014 December 13. These observations together suggest TXS 0506+056 as a possible neutrino emitter. We report here a long-term gamma-ray monitoring of this source and we compare it with other blazars spatially correlated with astrophysical muonic neutrino events observed by IceCube. We characterize the most significant gamma-ray flares of the blazars in the sample and introduce the blazar duty cycle as an important parameter to be considered when assessing a possible neutrino counterpart. For the selected blazars, we show the expected neutrino flux variability with different time binning assuming the gamma-rays observed by Fermi-LAT as a product of a leptohadronic emission scenario. The neutrino expectations from the blazar sample are then compared with the IceCube discovery flux searching for the optimal time bin in a multimessenger context. This analysis indicates that the detection of a single flare represents a challenge for a single cubic kilometre detector, underlining the importance of increasing the size of current neutrino telescopes and obtaining a good monitoring of the entire sky through a global neutrino network.
Optical counterparts of ULXs in two dwarf galaxies: NGC 4861 and NGC 4449
Authors: Ela M Ozdogan , Akyuz A , Aksaker N , Avdan S , Oralhan I Akkaya , Vinokurov A , Allak S , Solovyeva Y , Atapin K , Bizyaev D 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the results of a search for optical candidates of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) in two dwarf galaxies, NGC 4861 and NGC 4449, using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) archival data. With precise astrometry, we confirm that NGC 4861 X1 is associated with an H ii complex and we conclude that NGC 4861 X2 resides in a young star group of mass 400 ± 80 M⊙. We also find that NGC 4449 X7 is associated with three optical candidates within an error radius of 0.2 arcsec at the 90 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence level. Absolute magnitudes (Mv) of these candidates are determined as −5.0 and −4.1. The age and mass values for the three candidates are estimated as 40–50 Myr and ∼8 M⊙, respectively, using stellar evolutionary tracks. The locations of optical candidates suggest a possible association with a nearby group of stars. In addition, we analysed previously unused archival data of XMM–Newton, Chandra, and Swift where the sources were detected. Although the X-ray spectral data do not allow us to discriminate between physical models, long-term data at hand are consistent with the sources being in luminous hard states.
The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) III: carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in the bulge
Authors: Arentsen Anke , Starkenburg Else , Aguado David S , Martin Nicolas F , Placco Vinicius M , Carlberg Raymond , González Hernández Jonay I , Hill Vanessa , Jablonka Pascale , Kordopatis Georges , Lardo Carmela , Mashonkina Lyudmila I , Navarro Julio F , Venn Kim A , Buder Sven , Lewis Geraint F , Wan Zhen , Zucker Daniel B 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The most metal-deficient stars hold important clues about the early buildup and chemical evolution of the Milky Way, and carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars are of special interest. However, little is known about CEMP stars in the Galactic bulge. In this paper, we use the large spectroscopic sample of metal-poor stars from the Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) to identify CEMP stars ($\rm {[C/Fe]} \geqslant +0.7$) in the bulge region and to derive a CEMP fraction. We identify 96 new CEMP stars in the inner Galaxy, of which 62 are very metal-poor ($\rm {[Fe/H]} \lt -2.0$); this is more than a 10-fold increase compared to the seven previously known bulge CEMP stars. The cumulative fraction of CEMP stars in PIGS is $42^{\, +14\, }_{\, -13} {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for stars with $\rm {[Fe/H]} \lt -3.0$, and decreases to $16^{\, +3\, }_{\, -3} {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for $\rm {[Fe/H]} \lt -2.5$ and $5.7^{\, +0.6\, }_{\, -0.5} {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for $\rm {[Fe/H]} \lt -2.0$. The PIGS inner Galaxy CEMP fraction for $\rm {[Fe/H]} \lt -3.0$ is consistent with the halo fraction found in the literature, but at higher metallicities, the PIGS fraction is substantially lower. While this can partly be attributed to a photometric selection bias, such bias is unlikely to fully explain the low CEMP fraction at higher metallicities. Considering the typical carbon excesses and metallicity ranges for halo CEMP-s and CEMP-no stars, our results point to a possible deficiency of both CEMP-s and CEMP-no stars (especially the more metal-rich) in the inner Galaxy. The former is potentially related to a difference in the binary fraction, whereas the latter may be the result of a fast chemical enrichment in the early building blocks of the inner Galaxy.
The Gaia-ESO survey: a lithium depletion boundary age for NGC 2232
Authors: Binks A S , Jeffries R D , Jackson R J , Franciosini E , Sacco G G , Bayo A , Magrini L , Randich S , Arancibia-Silva J , Bergemann M , Bragaglia A , Gilmore G , Gonneau A , Hourihane A , Jofré P , Korn A J , Morbidelli L , Prisinzano L , Worley C C , Zaggia S 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Astrometry and photometry from Gaia and spectroscopic data from the Gaia-ESO Survey (GES) are used to identify the lithium depletion boundary (LDB) in the young cluster NGC 2232. A specialized spectral line analysis procedure was used to recover the signature of undepleted lithium in very low luminosity cluster members. An age of 38 ± 3 Myr is inferred by comparing the LDB location in absolute colour−magnitude diagrams (CMDs) with the predictions of standard models. This is more than twice the age derived from fitting isochrones to low-mass stars in the CMD with the same models. Much closer agreement between LDB and CMD ages is obtained from models that incorporate magnetically suppressed convection or flux-blocking by dark, magnetic starspots. The best agreement is found at ages of 45−50 Myr for models with high levels of magnetic activity and starspot coverage fractions &gt;50 per cent, although a uniformly high spot coverage does not match the CMD well across the full luminosity range considered.
Spatially and size-resolved analysis of gold nanoparticles in rat spleen after intratracheal instillation by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
Authors: Nordhorn Ilona D , Dietrich Dörthe , Verlemann Christine , Vennemann Antje , Schmid Robin , Elinkmann Matthias , Fuchs Joshua , Sperling Michael , Wiemann Martin , Karst Uwe 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In a dual approach, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was applied to investigate spleen samples of rats after intratracheal instillation of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated gold nanoparticles. First, spatially resolved imaging analysis was deployed to investigate gold translocation from the lungs to the spleen and to investigate the distribution pattern of gold in the spleen parenchyma itself. Using the same instrumental setup, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in single particle mode was applied to determine the species of translocated gold. Single particle analysis allows the determination of particle size distributions and therefore to distinguish between ionic species, intact nanoparticles, and agglomerates. A translocation of instilled gold from the lungs to the spleen was demonstrated for gold nanoparticles of 30 and 50 nm diameter. Furthermore single particle analysis revealed the translocation of intact gold nanoparticles in a non-agglomerated state.
Plasma metabolite indices are robust to extrinsic variation and useful indicators of foraging habitat quality in Lesser Scaup
Authors: Smith Eric J , Anteau Michael J , Hagy Heath M , Jacques Christopher N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Energy acquisition and storage are important for survival and fecundity of birds during resource-limited periods such as spring migration. Plasma-lipid metabolites (i.e. triglyceride [TRIG], β-hydroxybutyrate [BOHB]) have been used to index changes in lipid stores and, thus, have utility for assessing foraging habitat quality during migration. However, such an index may be affected by energetic maintenance costs, diet, and other factors, and further validation under experimental conditions is needed to understand potential sources of variation and verify existing indices. We evaluated a plasma-lipid metabolite index using 30 female and 28 male wild Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis; hereafter scaup) held in short-term captivity (~24 hr) during spring migration. Similar to previous observational studies, BOHB was negatively associated and TRIG was positively associated with mass change (R2 = 0.68). BOHB estimates were nearly identical to those published on free-living scaup, but TRIG estimates differed from free-living scaup and varied by sex, with females having a greater rate of predicted mass change than captive and free-living males. Our results suggest TRIG may be a better measure of energy income than deposition because lipid deposition likely varies with energetic maintenance costs, stress, and underlying physiological processes while TRIG relates primarily to energy income. In contrast, BOHB was a reliable predictor of negative mass change across sexes. The sex-based differences in apparent lipid deposition rates warrant further research before a generalizable model is advisable for comparing mass change predictions across studies. However, if predictions are standardized, this technique is generally robust to variations in energy income vs. lipid deposition across sexes. Accordingly, our evaluation provides verification for the utility of plasma-lipid metabolites as an indicator of foraging habitat quality during migration.