bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Furfural and organic acid targeted carbon dot sensor array for the accurate identification of Chinese baijiu
Authors: Li Ailan , Jia Junjie , Fan Yao , Chen Hengye , Wang Songtao , Shen Caihong , Dai Hupiao , Zhou Chunsong , Fu Haiyan , She Yuanbin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBaijiu quality control has always been a major challenge for researchers. In this paper, taking furfural which is closely related to baijiu brewing process and organic acids related to baijiu fermentation process and microorganism types as the main discriminating factors, a carbon dot (CDs) sensor array targeting furfural and organic acids was constructed to identify 41 kinds of baijiu. Through the fluorescence response investigation of CDs synthesized by isomers of benzenediol, aminophenol, and phenylenediamine to different baijiu, two CDs synthesized by meta‐benzene substitutions containing ‐NH2 were selected to build a fluorescence sensor array. Due to the aggregation‐induced enhancement effect between furfural and the CDs, and the protonation of organic acid and the CDs, different fluorescence changes were observed, the sensor array combined with partial least squares regression could quantitatively analyze furfural and organic acids. What is more, semi‐quantitative analysis of furfural and lactic acid in baijiu was performed. Owing to the interaction of the two CDs with furfural and organic acids in baijiu, the sensor array could accurately identify different baijiu through linear discriminant analysis. This sensor array has potential applications in the quantitative analysis of flavor substances in other alcoholic beverages, moreover, this method could provide a quick response and practical tool for real‐time quality control monitoring in the baijiu industry.
Influence of production systems on phenolic characteristics and antioxidant capacity of highbush blueberry cultivars
Authors: Jung Young Sung , Kwak In Ae , Lee Sang Gil , Cho Hye‐Sung , Cho Youn‐Sup , Kim Dae‐Ok 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBlueberry is a crop grown worldwide due to the excellent quality and high polyphenol content of its fruit and tolerance to cold conditions. We investigated the influence of three production systems, namely an open field, heated greenhouse, and non‐heated (plastic) greenhouse, on the phenolic characteristics (total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content) and antioxidant capacities of “Spartan” (northern highbush), “Sharpblue” (southern highbush), and “O'Neal” (southern highbush) blueberry cultivars. The non‐heated production system showed the highest phenolic characteristics and antioxidant capacity in “Spartan” and “O'Neal,” while the open field production system showed the highest phenolic characteristics and antioxidant capacity in “Sharpblue.” Derivatives of delphinidin and malvidin were two of the most abundant anthocyanins. The heated greenhouse production system resulted in larger amounts of delphinidin derivatives compared with the other production systems, while the blueberry grown in the non‐heated greenhouse produced larger amount of malvidin derivatives. The anthocyanin profiles varied according to production system and blueberry cultivars. The principal component analysis loading plot of blueberries for individual anthocyanins explained over 95% of the total variance. In summary, the results of this study suggest that a strategic approach to blueberry production could elevate the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of cultivated blueberry.Practical ApplicationThe highbush blueberry, a rich source of bioactive polyphenols, is a popular fruit. The microclimate of the production system of highbush blueberries affects the concentrations of antioxidative phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins. Therefore, discovering and applying the appropriate method of production for each blueberry cultivar could facilitate production of high‐quality blueberries rich in phenolic antioxidants.
Effect of capsaicinoids in hot pepper powder on microbial community and free sugar during kimchi fermentation
Authors: Chung Young Bae , Lee Hyojung , Hwang Sojeong , Seo Hye‐Young , Suh Hyung Joo , Jo Kyungae 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEffect of capsaicinoids in hot pepper powder (HP) contains various chemical compounds, including capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, which are the main ingredients of the spicy taste. To evaluate the effect of HP on the microbial community in kimchi fermentation, kimchi [kimchi‐HP, kimchi‐HPE and kimchi‐HPER made by adding HP, HP alcohol extract (HPE) and HPE residues (HPER)] was fermented at 4°C for 28 days. The pH and titratable acidity of the samples and the number of bacteria changed with fermentation time. Kimchi‐HPER had significantly higher total viable and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) than other samples after 28 days of fermentation. The capsaicinoids content did not differ before and after fermentation, whereas the major free sugar content decreased, and the mannitol content increased. The principal component analysis (PCA) biplots showed similar patterns between kimchi‐HP and ‐HPE. It was confirmed that Leuconostoc and Weissella were related to the initial fermentation, and Lactobacillus was involved in late fermentation. Kimchi‐HP and kimchi‐HPE increased the ratio of Lactobacillus sakei and decreased that of Leuconostoc mesenteroides compared to kimchi‐HPER. Overall, these results revealed that capsaicinoids contained in HP affected Lactobacillus proliferation and mannitol increase during kimchi fermentation.
Listeria environmental sampling tests are compatible with polymorphic locus sequence typing
Authors: Edlind Tom , Liu Yanhong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFood processors invest significant resources into environmental sampling to detect contamination with potential pathogens, particularly Listeria monocytogenes. To facilitate these efforts, multiple environmental sampling tests (ESTs) have been developed and commercialized that minimize workload, turnaround time, and cost while providing convenient colorimetric detection. For presumptive‐positive ESTs, we hypothesized that a relatively minor additional investment could provide, in addition to species confirmation, valuable strain typing data for tracking pathogen spread through a facility, identifying harborage sites, and distinguishing sporadic from persistent or resident contaminants. This hypothesis is based on the demonstrated compatibility of polymorphic locus sequence typing (PLST) with crude samples including food enrichments. Five Listeria ESTs were tested here: broth‐based InSite (Hygiena), Path‐Chek (Mericon), and Pathfinder (Hardy Diagnositics); and gel‐based Petrifilm (3M) and HardyChrom (Hardy Diagnostics). ESTs were inoculated with strains representing two common L. monocytogenes serotypes and nonpathogenic Listeria innocua. Following incubation, broths or suspended colonies were heat treated to inactivate bacteria. Lysates or purified DNAs were prepared and used as templates in PCRs targeting the previously described PLST loci LmiMT1 and LisMT2. Single clear products were obtained from all inoculated ESTs; uninoculated controls were negative. PCR products were subjected to Sanger sequencing, yielding high‐quality chromatograms. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed identities to previously determined sequences and revealed relatedness to serotype‐matched strains represented in GenBank databases.Practical ApplicationMultiple environmental sampling tests have been commercialized in recent years to facilitate the proactive detection of pathogens, particularly Listeria monocytogenes, within food processing facilities. Coupling a positive detection test with strain typing would enhance its value by providing data that can be used to track pathogen spread through a facility, identify harborage sites, and distinguish sporadic from resident contamination.
Comparative analysis of volatile and carotenoid metabolites and mineral elements in the flesh of 17 kiwifruit
Authors: Zhang Haipeng , Mo Xiaoqin , Tang Dongmei , Ma Yuhua , Xie Yunxia , Yang Hongbin , Shi Meiyan , Li Lin , Li Wenyun , Yan Fuhua , Zhang Yajuan , Zhang Hongyan , Xu Juan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractKiwifruit contains abundant nutritive compounds and is highly favored by the consumers worldwide. Therefore, detailed metabolic profiling is important to provide theoretic basis for the improvement of kiwifruit quality. In this study, the levels of volatiles, carotenoids, and mineral elements in the flesh of 17 kiwifruit accessions were evaluated. Acids and esters were the main volatiles in kiwifruit. During these 17 kiwifruit accessions, “Chenhong,” three “Jinyan,” and two “Guichang” germplasms were specifically rich in aromatic esters, which might be associated with their special taste. The main carotenoids were lutein, β‐carotene, and zeaxanthin, and their levels were also genotype specific, with the green‐fleshed “Guichang” having the highest level of carotenoids, and red‐fleshed “Fuhong” and “Chenhong” being rich in zeaxanthin. Partial correlation analysis showed that the contents of some mineral elements were significantly correlated with those of specific volatiles and carotenoids, indicating the impacts of mineral elements on the accumulation of volatiles and carotenoids in the kiwifruit flesh. These results indicated that the contents of carotenoids and volatiles seemed to be affected by mineral elements and also provided a new potential method for improving fruit flavor quality in production.
Microplastics contamination in food and beverages: Direct exposure to humans
Authors: Jin Mengke , Wang Xue , Ren Tao , Wang Jian , Shan Jiajia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSince microplastics (MPs) bring the potential risks to human health when plastics are ingested, more needs to be known about the presence and abundance of human ingestion of MPs. To address these issues, we reviewed 108 publications in Web of Science concerning abundances, sources, and analytical methods of MPs in human daily intake including fish, salt, drinking water, beverages, package food, and other food. The results demonstrate that aquatic food products (fish and bivalves) present a wide range of 0–10.5 items/g for bivalves and 0–20 items/individual for fish. Salt data in literatures present a concentration of 0–13,629 particles/kg. Drinking water is also a pathway of MPs exposure to human, presenting a concentration range from 0 to 61 particles/L for tap water and 0 to 6292 MPs/L for bottled water. Besides, MPs have been found in beverages, package food, sugar, honey, vegetables, and fruits. Therefore, human intake of MPs via ingestion is a nonnegligible exposure route.
Optimization of ultrasonic‐assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Hemerocallis citrina and the antioxidant activity study
Authors: Meng Qingran , Chen Zhihong , Chen Feng , Zhang Zhiguo , Gao Wenjie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe present study discussed the optimization of the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction of polysaccharides from daylily polysaccharides (DPs). The extracted crude polysaccharides were further separated and purified, and the antioxidant activities including 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐111 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2'‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities of the obtained fractions were also evaluated. The results showed that the optimal ultrasonic‐assisted extraction parameters with DPs yield of 15.25 ± 1.13% were water to powder ratio of 25 ml/g, extraction power of 694 W, extraction temperature of 71°C, extraction time of 38 min, and three times extraction. By DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column, four water‐soluble polysaccharide fractions (DP‐1, DP‐2, DP‐3, and DP‐4) were successfully obtained. Monosaccharide component analysis showed that the four obtained fractions were all hetero‐polysaccharides that mainly contained rhamnose, arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in different molar ratios. All the four DP fractions did show obvious antioxidant activities in vitro, and the DP‐3 component had relatively high ABTS free radical scavenging activity. Overall, our research showed that DPs could provide cheap raw materials for the development of natural antioxidants in medicines, functional foods, and even cosmetics.Practical ApplicationThis article deals with the optimization of the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction of polysaccharides from daylily and its antioxidant activities. The results showed that the optimal ultrasonic‐assisted extraction yield of DPs was 15.25 ± 1.13%. By DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column, four water‐soluble polysaccharide fractions were successfully obtained, and all the four DP fractions did show obvious antioxidant activities in vitro. Daylily polysaccharides could provide cheap raw materials for the development of natural antioxidants in medicines, functional foods, and even cosmetics.
The effects of pectin and wax on the characteristics of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions
Authors: Elik Aysel , Koçak Yanik Derya , Ozel Baris , Oztop Mecit Halil , Göğüş Fahrettin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe study was aimed to investigate characteristics of emulsion containing pectin, wax, maltodextrin, and carotenoid enriched flaxseed oil by means of stability, rheology, particle size, and low‐resolution of time domain nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry measurements. Emulsions were prepared with different carotenoid enriched‐flaxseed oil concentrations (6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% w/w) and ratios of maltodextrin/(pectin+wax) (3:1, 6:1, 9:1, and 12:1 g/g). Percentage separation of 12% oil 12:1 ratio of maltodextrin/(pectin+wax) (g/g), 15% oil 9:1, and 12:1 ratios of maltodextrin/(pectin+wax) (g/g) of emulsions was determined as 2.0 ± 0.5%, 4.0 ± 0.5%, and 8.0 ± 0.5%, respectively. No separation was observed in other emulsions. The rheological behavior of emulsions was best described by the power law model. When the concentration of pectin+wax in the emulsion decreased, the n values of the emulsions were close to 1, indicating that the fluid behavior approaches Newtonian behavior. Moreover, the emulsion viscosity was observed to increase when pectin and wax concentrations in the emulsion increased. The increase in pectin and wax concentration in emulsions with oil contents of 6% and 9% resulted in a reduction in the average particle size. However, if the oil concentration in the emulsions was 12% or more, the increase in the ratio of maltodextrin/(pectin+wax) (g/g) led to a decrease in the average particle size. NMR transverse relaxation times (T2) of emulsions were measured and results showed that T2 values for almost all formulations decreased when the ratio of maltodextrin/(pectin+wax) reduced.Practical ApplicationStudy results demonstrated that the combination of pectin and wax together with maltodextrin as a filling material could be an alternative way to improve emulsion stability. Findings of this study provided useful guidance for the future studies about the potential use of pectin, wax, and maltodextrin as wall material in encapsulation of oils or in producing edible films.
A review of medical image data augmentation techniques for deep learning applications
Authors: Chlap Phillip , Min Hang , Vandenberg Nym , Dowling Jason , Holloway Lois , Haworth Annette 
Published: June 2021

SummaryResearch in artificial intelligence for radiology and radiotherapy has recently become increasingly reliant on the use of deep learning‐based algorithms. While the performance of the models which these algorithms produce can significantly outperform more traditional machine learning methods, they do rely on larger datasets being available for training. To address this issue, data augmentation has become a popular method for increasing the size of a training dataset, particularly in fields where large datasets aren’t typically available, which is often the case when working with medical images. Data augmentation aims to generate additional data which is used to train the model and has been shown to improve performance when validated on a separate unseen dataset. This approach has become commonplace so to help understand the types of data augmentation techniques used in state‐of‐the‐art deep learning models, we conducted a systematic review of the literature where data augmentation was utilised on medical images (limited to CT and MRI) to train a deep learning model. Articles were categorised into basic, deformable, deep learning or other data augmentation techniques. As artificial intelligence models trained using augmented data make their way into the clinic, this review aims to give an insight to these techniques and confidence in the validity of the models produced.
21st Century Capitalism and Innovation for Health
Authors: Sell Susan K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract21st century capitalism undermines health outcomes in myriad ways. Structural economic changes have had negative effects on medical innovation and public health and are poorly aligned with social goals. Key features of the contemporary political economy include both monopoly capitalism, based upon stringent intellectual (IP) protection that suppresses economic competition, and Wall Street capitalism, or financialization, that prioritizes value extraction over value creation to maximize shareholder value. Contemporary trends in the pharmaceutical and medical device industries, digital health, and regulatory change demonstrate some of the negative impacts of 21st century capitalism on public health.
The Big Digital Contact Tracing Experiment1
Authors: de Bengy Puyvallée Antoine , Storeng Katerini Tagmatarchi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOver a third of the world’s countries have launched contact‐tracing apps in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic, generating much hype about the prospect of automating contact‐tracing to manage outbreaks and to alleviate costly and labour‐intensive ‘manual’ contact tracing. Despite the stringent scientific criteria applied to the development of vaccines and other ‘biomedical countermeasures’ in responding to the pandemic, digital contact tracing has been widely recommended despite being an unproven public health intervention. Evidence for its effectiveness is thin, based on theoretical mathematical modelling and unsystematic observations across diverse country contexts. Establishing evidence of effectiveness is complicated by the fact that two private corporations, Apple and Google, own the technology upon which most government contact‐tracing apps are based and which, by design, restricts access to needed data on privacy grounds. In this policy insight, we make the case for why public health authorities urgently need to establish the effectiveness and societal implications of this big digital contact‐tracing experiment.
Emerging Consensus on ‘Ethical AI’: Human Rights Critique of Stakeholder Guidelines
Authors: Fukuda‐Parr Sakiko , Gibbons Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVoluntary guidelines on ‘ethical practices’ have been the response by stakeholders to address the growing concern over harmful social consequences of artificial intelligence and digital technologies. Issued by dozens of actors from industry, government and professional associations, the guidelines are creating a consensus on core standards and principles for ethical design, development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI). Using human rights principles (equality, participation and accountability) and attention to the right to privacy, this paper reviews 15 guidelines preselected to be strongest on human rights, and on global health. We find about half of these ground their guidelines in international human rights law and incorporate the key principles; even these could go further, especially in suggesting ways to operationalize them. Those that adopt the ethics framework are particularly weak in laying out standards for accountability, often focusing on ‘transparency’, and remaining silent on enforceability and participation which would effectively protect the social good. These guidelines mention human rights as a rhetorical device to obscure the absence of enforceable standards and accountability measures, and give their attention to the single right to privacy. These ‘ethics’ guidelines, disproportionately from corporations and other interest groups, are also weak on addressing inequalities and discrimination. We argue that voluntary guidelines are creating a set of de facto norms and re‐interpretation of the term ‘human rights’ for what would be considered ‘ethical’ practice in the field. This exposes an urgent need for action by governments and civil society to develop more rigorous standards and regulatory measures, grounded in international human rights frameworks, capable of holding Big Tech and other powerful actors to account.
Determining maximal achievable effect sizes of antidepressant therapies in placebo‐controlled trials
Authors: Hieronymus Fredrik , Lisinski Alexander , Hieronymus Magnus , Näslund Jakob , Eriksson Elias , Østergaard Søren Dinesen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveAntidepressants outperform placebo with an effect size of around 0.30. It has been suggested that effect sizes as high as 0.875 are necessary for a minimal clinically important difference. Whether such effect sizes are achievable in placebo‐controlled trials is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to assess what effect sizes are theoretically achievable in placebo‐controlled trials of antidepressants.MethodsPatient‐level analyses comparing Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS‐17) outcomes for simulated antidepressant therapies to placebo‐treated participants (n = 2201) from clinical trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.ResultsAn optimally effective antidepressant, where all treated participants achieve HDRS‐17 scores comparable to those displayed by healthy volunteers (remission‐type model), had a maximum effect size of 1.75, with a mean difference of 11.6 points on the HDRS‐17. In simulations where patients received an additional 50% symptom reduction over that obtained with placebo (improvement‐type model), the maximum effect size was 1.08 with a mean HDRS‐17 difference of 7.2. When adjusting for normal rates of treatment discontinuation, maximum effect sizes were 1.10 (remission‐type model) and 0.76 (improvement‐type model) with HDRS‐17 mean differences of 8.8 and 5.6, respectively.ConclusionsThree methodological issues (i) a large and variable placebo response, (ii) a high rate of dropout and (iii) HDRS‐17‐ratings significantly larger than zero in healthy volunteers, reduce the degree of treatment‐placebo separation achievable in depression trials. Assuming that those who discontinue treatment have only partial response, even a highly effective antidepressant would have difficulties surpassing such effect size cut‐offs as have been suggested to signify a minimal clinically important difference.
Extrusion of debris with and without intentional foraminal enlargement – A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Machado Ricardo , Vigarani Gislayne , Macoppi Tainara , Pawar Ajinkya , Glaci Reinke Stella Maria , Kovalik Gonçalves Ana Cristina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis systematic review and meta‐analysis was sought to assess whether intentional foraminal enlargement (IFE) is responsible for extrusion of a larger quantity of debris from extracted human teeth with fully formed apexes. Following the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis – PRISMA, electronic and manual searches were performed to identify studies that evaluated the extrusion of debris, comparing different apical limits of instrumentation (with/without IFE). The quality of the studies selected was evaluated, and statistical analysis was conducted. To perform the meta‐analysis, just 3 papers could be used. The heterogeneity was high, however; there was no statistically significant difference in relation to the extrusion of debris in teeth either submitted or not submitted to IFE. The general risk of bias was moderate. In conclusion, IFE is not responsible for extrusion of a larger quantity of debris from extracted human teeth with fully formed apexes.