bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 40: A case report and literature review
Authors: Han Fengyue , Su Dan , Qu Chuanqiang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases with ataxia as the main clinical manifestation. The phenotypes, gene mutations, and involved sites of different subtypes show a high degree of heterogeneity. The incidence of SCA varies greatly among different subtypes and the case of SCA40 is extremely rare. The aim of this study is to report a rare case of SCA40 and systematically review the incidence, gene mutation, and phenotype of SCAs, especially SCA40.
Sind Abiturientenberufe immer von Vorteil? Schulbildungsbezogene Segmentation in der Ausbildung und überqualifizierte Beschäftigung bei Männern und Frauen
Authors: Hall Anja 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Berufe des dualen Systems unterscheiden sich nicht nur horizontal nach ihrer fachlichen Ausrichtung, sondern auch vertikal hinsichtlich des schulbildungsspezifischen Zugangs. Im Beitrag werden deshalb ein höheres, ein mittleres und ein niedrigeres Segment unterschieden. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit diese Segmente die Wahrscheinlichkeit beeinflussen, überqualifiziert beschäftigt zu sein, d. h. eine Tätigkeit unterhalb des Ausbildungsniveaus auszuüben. Die Analysen basieren auf den Daten der BIBB/BAuA-Erwerbstätigenbefragung 2018 und logistischen Mehrebenenmodellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Überqualifizierung zwar mit der Höhe des Segments sinkt, der Segmenteffekt jedoch mit dem Geschlecht interagiert. Während sich bei Männern zwischen höherem und mittlerem Segment kein Unterschied im Überqualifizierungsrisiko zeigt, sind die typischen Abiturientenberufe des höheren Segments bei Frauen mit einer deutlich geringeren Wahrscheinlichkeit der Überqualifizierung verbunden. Unterschiede zu Männern zeigen sich im höheren Segment nicht.
Abortion: Life-Course Stages and Disruptive Life Events
Authors: Minkus Lara , Drobnič Sonja 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPregnancy termination and its interplay with critical life stages and events has rarely been subjected to careful scrutiny in the social sciences, mainly due to a lack of high-quality survey data. Using the first eleven waves (2008–2018) of the German Family Panel Study (pairfam) and employing linear probability models, we examine women and also men with partners who either had induced abortion (N=260 women; N=170 men) or became parents (N=1478 women; N=1220 men). We frame abortion as a social process in which life circumstances and disruptive life events fundamentally shape the decision to carry a pregnancy to term or to discontinue it. We find that teenage or late pregnancy, educational enrollment, previous children, partnership dissolution, and economic uncertainty are associated with induced abortion. Our evidence suggests that abortion decisions are powerfully shaped by life-course contingencies and their complex intertwining.
Publikations- und Evaluationspraktiken in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften, 1930–2020: Eine Fallstudie
Authors: Vanderstraeten Raf 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungWissenschaft wird häufig als selbstorganisierendes und selbstkontrollierendes System beschrieben, und die wissenschaftliche Fachliteratur mit ihren Peer-Review-Verfahren als das Grundmodell dieser Form der Selbstorganisation. Der Genese dieses Modells wurde jedoch bisher kaum historisch-soziologische Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Die vorherrschende Perspektive hat eher dazu ermutigt, zeitgenössische Ideen über gute und schlechte Wissenschaft auf frühere Epochen zurück zu projizieren. In dieser Arbeit analysiere ich die Geschichte einflussreicher Fachzeitschriften im Bereich der Erziehungswissenschaft. Ich beschäftige mich mit den sich verändernden Erwartungen an Herausgeber und Autoren und gehe näher ein auf die sich ändernde Bedeutung von Peers und Peer Review. Die dominanten Bewertungsmechanismen heben auch die Bedeutung von Peer-Reviewed Publikationen hervor. Insgesamt zeigen diese Analysen, dass die soziale Struktur der Wissenschaft viel weniger stabil ist als oft angenommen. Zu vermuten ist, dass die zunehmende Betonung der Rankings und Impact Faktoren die Selektion von neuen Varianten determinieren wird.
Dissociated Role of Thalamic and Cortical Input to the Lateral Amygdala for Consolidation of Long-Term Fear Memory
Authors: Lee Yeji , Oh Jung-Pyo , Han Jin-Hee 
Published: October 2021

Post-encoding coordinated reactivation of memory traces distributed throughout interconnected brain regions is thought to be critical for consolidation of memories. However, little is known about the role of neural circuit pathways during post-learning periods for consolidation of memories. To investigate this question, we optogenetically silenced the inputs from both auditory cortex and thalamus in the lateral amygdala (LA) for 15 min immediately following auditory fear conditioning (FC) and examined its effect on fear memory formation in mice of both sexes. Optogenetic inhibition of both inputs disrupted long-term fear memory formation tested 24 h after FC. This effect was specific such that the same inhibition did not affect short-term memory and context-dependent memory. Moreover, long-term memory was intact if the inputs were inhibited at much later time points after FC (3 h or 1 d after FC), indicating that optical inhibition for 15 min itself does not produce any nonspecific deleterious effect on fear memory retrieval. Selective inhibition of thalamic input was sufficient to impair consolidation of auditory fear memory. In contrast, selective inhibition of cortical input disrupted remote fear memory without affecting recent memory. These results reveal a dissociated role of thalamic and cortical input to the LA during early post-learning periods for consolidation of long-term fear memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCoordinated communications between brain regions are thought to be essential during post-learning periods for consolidation of memories. However, the role of specific neural circuit pathways in this process has been scarcely explored. Using a precise optogenetic inhibition of auditory input pathways, either thalamic or cortical or both, to the LA during post-training periods, we here show that thalamic input is required for consolidation of both recent and remote fear memory, whereas cortical input is crucial for consolidation of remote fear memory. These results reveal a dissociated role of auditory input pathways to the LA for consolidation of long-term fear memory.
“Everything Seems Unreal”: How Adolescents Cope with COVID-19 Quarantine Experience
Authors: Adler Asta , Stančaitienė Gintė , Grauslienė Izabelė , Nasvytienė Dalia , Skabeikytė Gabrielė , Barkauskienė Rasa 
Published: October 2021

Adolescents were a particularly vulnerable group at the time of the pandemic. Restrictions applied during quarantine brought a lot of stress and challenges for the youth. The aim of this study was to reveal how adolescents cope with challenges faced during the lockdown due to COVID-19. Twenty four 13–17-year-old adolescents participated in a qualitative study using semi-structured in-depth interviews via Zoom. Findings revealed seven themes related to youth coping behavior during lockdown: 1. withdrawal behavior, 2. focus on particular activities, 3. social support seeking within family and via the internet with friends, 4. expression of overwhelming emotions, 5. protest against quarantine restrictions, 6. attempts to maintain “active oneself”, 7. search for the personal meaning of the lockdown. Understanding the coping behaviors and helping adolescents reflect their mental states in stressful situations could be effective interventions in order to reduce the risk of future psychological problems.
Risk of Behavioural and Emotional Disorders in Lithuanian School Aged Children as Assessed with SDQ During the Second Lockdown due to COVID-19
Authors: Jusienė Roma , Baukienė Edita , Breidokienė Rima 
Published: October 2021

As a result of the outbreak of COVID-19 and consequent restrictions, the distance education was introduced in Lithuania in 2020 spring (the first lockdown, lasted for around 3 months) and 2020 autumn (the second lockdown, still lasting, June 2021). The prevalence of children’s mental health problems during the first lockdown was similar to pre-epidemic rates in Lithuania, but the prolonged lockdown (and therefore school closure) might have more negative consequences on children’s mental health. This study aimed to reveal the incidence of mental health problems as rated by parents with a Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire during the second lockdown in school aged children. This research sample included data of 514 children (46% girls), aged 7 to 14 years old (mean age 10.15 years, SD = 3.47). The children’s mental health problems were assessed using a Lithuanian version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, parental form, in April–May 2021. Results revealed that 29.6% of Lithuanian children had scores in the clinical (abnormal) range of emotional problems and 21.6% – of conduct problems. Based on total difficulties score, 31.6% of children get in clinical range of emotional and behavioural problems, as rated by parents by the end of the second lockdown. The results are compared to pre-pandemic epidemiological rates of emotional and behavioural problems reported and those documented after the first quarantine in Lithuania and highlight important findings for professionals and policy makers about the detrimental effects of prolonged lockdown and school closure on children’s mental health.
Composites of functional polymers: Toward physical intelligence using flexible and soft materials
Authors: Ford Michael J. , Ohm Yunsik , Chin Keene , Majidi Carmel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMaterials that can assist with perception and responsivity of an engineered machine are said to promote physical intelligence. Physical intelligence may be important for flexible and soft materials that will be used in applications like soft robotics, wearable computers, and healthcare. These applications require stimuli responsivity, sensing, and actuation that allow a machine to perceive and react to its environment. The development of materials that exhibit some form of physical intelligence has relied on functional polymers and composites that contain these polymers. This review will focus on composites of functional polymers that display physical intelligence by assisting with perception, responsivity, or by off-loading computation. Composites of liquid crystal elastomers, shape-memory polymers, hydrogels, self-healing materials, and transient materials and their functionalities are examined with a viewpoint that considers physical intelligence.
Graphic Abstract
Generation of Distal Renal Segments Involves a Unique Population of Aqp2+ Progenitor Cells
Authors: Gao Chao , Chen Lihe , Chen Enuo , Tsilosani Akaki , Xia Yang , Zhang Wenzheng 
Published: October 2021

Significance Statement
Renal progenitor cells could become critical for regenerative medicine and reveal mechanisms of pathology. Understanding their role in development may help kidney organoid generation. The identity of the progenitors of the distal renal segments, however, remains mysterious. We identify a unique subset of Aqp2+ cells through Aqp2Cre- and Aqp2ECE/+
-based lineage tracing in mice as the progenitors. Unlike regular principal cells and intercalated cells, the progenitors coexpress Aqp2 and V-ATPase subunits B1 and B2, and they are clonogenic, multipotent, and self-renew, generating DCT2, CNT1, CNT2, and CD cells. We demonstrate (1) high fidelity of both models; (2) the common origin and molecular identity of DCT2, CNT1, CNT2, and CD segments; and (3) a unique population of Aqp2+ cells functioning as progenitors.

Background
Progenitor cells have clonogenicity, self-renewal, and multipotential capacity, and they can generate multiple types of cells during development. Evidence demonstrating the existence of such progenitor cells for renal distal segments is lacking.

Methods
To identify Aqp2+ progenitor (AP) cells, we performed in vivo lineage tracing using both constitutive (Aqp2Cre RFP/+) and Tamoxifen-inducible (Aqp2ECE/+ RFP/+, Aqp2ECE/+ Brainbow/+, and Aqp2ECE/+ Brainbow/Brainbow) mouse models. Aqp2Cre RFP/+ mice were analyzed from E14.5 to adult stage. The inducible models were induced at P1 and examined at P3 and P42, respectively. Multiple segment- or cell-specific markers were used for high-resolution immunofluorescence confocal microscopy analyses to identify the cell types derived from Aqp2+ cells.

Results
Both Aqp2Cre and Aqp2ECE/+
faithfully indicate the activation of the endogenous Aqp2 promoter for lineage tracing. A subset of Aqp2+ cells behaves as potential AP. Aqp2Cre-based lineage tracing revealed that embryonic APs generate five types of cells, which form the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT2), connecting tubule segments 1 and 2 (CNT1 and CNT2, respectively), and collecting ducts (CDs). The α- and β-intercalated cells were apparently derived from embryonic AP in a stepwise manner. Aqp2ECE/+
-based lineage tracing identified cells coexpressing Aqp2 and V-ATPase subunits B1 and B2 as the potential AP. Neonate APs generate daughter cells either inheriting their property (self-renewal) or evolving into various DCT2, CNT, or CD cells (multipotentiality), forming single cell-derived multiple-cell clones (clonogenicity) during development.

Conclusion
Our study demonstrates that unique Aqp2+ B1B2+ cells are the potential APs to generate DCT2, CNT, CNT2, and CD segments.
A Rare Tooth Anomaly (Double Teeth) in Deciduous Teeth: A Case Report
Authors: Ghorbanyjavadpour Fataneh 
Published: October 2021

Introduction: The Size and shape of the teeth are genetic characteristics. Anomaly in tooth size and shape is due to disturbances in a sequence of morph differentiation and his to differentiation in tooth bud formation periods and is more common in permanent dentition than deciduous teeth. The most common tooth size discrepancy is in the upper lateral incisor and upper and lowers 2nd premolar teeth. About 5% of malocclusions are due to tooth size discrepancy. For having the best occlusion, we must have the appropriate size and shape of teeth. As there is a relation between deciduous and permanent teeth, proper evaluation and timely intervention are essential for achieving a good occlusion in anterior and posterior segments of permanent teeth. Thus we need interceptive orthodontic in mixed dentition period with a good treatment plan for removing the malformed tooth at the proper time and appliance therapy for eruption guidance of other teeth.
Case Report: A rare tooth anomaly (double teeth) in deciduous teeth: The case reported here is a 9- years old boy with a delayed eruption of the right lower permanent lateral incisor and gemination of lower right deciduous canine and crowded upper incisors that refer to the orthodontic department of dental school of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences on7th October of 2020.
Conclusion: After creating patient’s file, the further steps of molding from the patient and gathering all diagnostic records such as panoramic radiography, intraoral photography was carried out and ordered to remove the malformed baby tooth afterward. In the next stage, on the patient’s treatment, we installed a strap onto the patient’s first permanent molars, remolded them, then created a lingual arch to maintain the vegetative space in the lower permanent canine and prevent its collapse, and increased the patient’s overbite.
Factors Affecting COVID-19 Transmission and Modelling of Close Contact Tracing Strategies
Authors: Yazdani Shahram , Heydari Majid , Foroughi Zeynab , Jabali Hadi 
Published: October 2021

Background: Close contact tracing is an essential measure that countries are applying to combat the epidemic of COVID-19. The purpose of contact tracing is to rapidly identify potentially infected individuals and prevent further spread of the disease. In this study, based on the factors affecting the COVID-19 transmission, a scoring protocol is provided for close contact tracing.
Methods: First, the factors affecting the COVID-19 transmission in close contacts were identified by a rapid review of the literature. Data were gathered by searching the Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Then, by formulating and scoring the identified factors with two sessions of the expert panel, close contact transmission risk score determined, and a protocol for contacts tracing was designed.
Results: Close contact transmission risk depends on the contact environment characteristics, the infectivity (virus shedding) of the sentinel case, and contact characteristics. Based on these factors, the close contact transmission risk score and contact tracing protocol were prepared.
Conclusion: The close contact transmission risk scores will provide the ability to contact classifications and developing specific tracing strategies for them. Given that there are not any specific treatments for COVID-19 and lack of universal vaccination, applying nonpharmaceutical measures such as contact tracing along with physical distancing is very crucial. Therefore, we recommended this model to the evaluation of exposure risk and contact tracing.
Exploration, Collection and Characterization of Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verd.] Germplasm
Authors: Sirisha A.B.M. 
Published: October 2021

Background: Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) verd.] is an underutilized arid food legume known to grow well in diverse environmental conditions like poor soils, low rainfall etc. Horsegram is a drought resistant crop used for fodder, feed, seed, green manuring and in ayurvedic medicine. It is grown as Rabi crop in Andhra Pradesh. Compared to other pulse crops, efforts in conservation horsegram germplasm is poor which is essential for the future breeding purpose. There will be a danger of loss of germplasm if they are not collected and conserved. The Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh i.e., Araku region is a rich source of diversified germplasm of legumes, medicinal plants, millets and ancient crops. Among which, horsegram is one of the crop with wide diversified germplasm. Hence the present effort is done in collection and characterization of the germplasm for further use in the breeding process. Broadening the genetic base in horsegram through interspecific hybridization employing diverse germplasm will be useful in improving pest and disease resistance, grain quality, protein percentage and nutritional factors. Methods: Expedition was conducted during Rabi 2018 and 25 horse gram seed samples were collected from the local regions of tribal tracts of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh along with passport data using the GPS machine. The germplasm lines were evaluated and morphologically characterized during Rabi 2019 at Agricultural Research Station, Yellamanchili, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, for fifteen characters. Principal component analysis was carried out to identify the diverse germplasm lines and to know the contribution of the variables. Result: The investigation showed that all the horse germplasm lines are inherited to the farmers from their ancestors. Study revealed that, the seed yield per plant showed a range of 2.40 to 6.40 g and the days maturity recorded a range of 87 to 106 days. Principal component analysis showed that all the variables except 100 seed weight (g) showed positive loading. Among the variables plant height (cm), dry haulm weight (g) and seed yield per plant recorded maximum percentage of contribution. The genotypes HG-24, HG-7, HG-19, HG-15, HG-22 recorded highest positive scores. The genotypes HG-5, HG-10, HG-3, HG-16, HG-8, HG-4, HG-10, HG-24 and HG-7 has shown wide divergence which may be further adopted in the breeding programme for horsegram improvement.
Dark-humus soils on the updated soil map of Russian Federation scale 1 : 2.5 M
Authors: Ananko T. V. , Gerasimova M. I. 
Published: October 2021

The dark-humus soil type was included in the updated legend of the Soil Map of the Russian Federation at scale 1 : 2.5 M, converted to the system of Soil Classification of Russia. The soil profile starts with the dark-humus horizon gradually merging to the parent rock; any mid-profile diagnostic horizons are absent. Large areas of dark-humus soils are found in the forest-steppe, steppe and taiga zones of the European Russia, Western and Central Siberia, in the Trans-Baikal region, the Altai-Sayany Mountains, and the Caucasus. The type of dark-humus soils comprises both mesomorphic soils (of normal moisture conditions) and soils with additional surface or ground-water moisture. The main prerequisites for the formation of dark-humus soils are, on the one hand, the climatic conditions favorable for the dark-humus horizon formation, and, on the other hand, parent material - mostly derivates of hard rocks, restricting the development of mid-profile diagnostic horizons. In the updated map, the following initial legend units are partially or completely converted to dark-humus soils: several units of chernozems, dark-gray forest and gray forest non-podzolized soils, soddy-taiga base-saturated and slightly unsaturated soils, several mountain soils, a significant part of soddy-calcareous soils, as well as some mountainous forest-meadow soils. The diversity of dark-humus soils subtypes is determined by secondary carbonate features, weak signs of clay accumulation and podzolization, alteration of the mineral mass, gley and cryogenic phenomena.