bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Non-Profit Approach to Address Foreign Dependence of Generic Drugs
Authors: Liljenquist Dan , Bai Ge , Sarpatwari Ameet , Anderson Gerard F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the vulnerability of the US generic drug supply chain to foreign production. Many policies have been proposed to mitigate this vulnerability. In this article, we argue that nonprofit drug manufacturers have the potential to make important contributions.
A Market Shaping Approach for the Biopharmaceutical Industry: Governing Innovation Towards the Public Interest
Authors: Mazzucato Mariana , Li Henry Lishi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEnhancing research and development and ensuring equitable pricing and access to cutting-edge treatments are both vital to a biopharmaceutical innovation system that works in the public interest. However, despite delivering numerous therapeutic advances, the existing system suffers from major problems: a lack of directionality to meet key needs, inefficient collaboration, high prices that fail to reflect the public contribution, and an overly-financialized business model.
LIBERALISATION AND THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: Dunne Niamh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article explores the process and impact of liberalisation on the legal profession in England and Wales. Liberalisation brings a tendency to consider the profession in market-focused terms, with the professional–client relationship reconfigured in overtly economic fashion as constituting the interaction of supply and demand. The article examines the past and present structure of the profession, arguments for liberalisation and manifestations of liberalisation efforts. Having identified the distinctive dynamics of supply and demand within legal services markets, the article considers the potential implications, both immediate and in broader societal terms, of reconceptualising the legal profession in this manner.
THE DIPYLONOINOCHOĒAND ANCIENT GREEK DANCE AESTHETICS
Authors: Cullhed Eric 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article asks what the graffito incised on the Dipylon oinochoē (IG I2919, eighth centuryb.c.e.) reveals about the nature of the dance competition that it commemorates. Through a systematic analysis of the evaluative and descriptive meaning of the adjective ἀταλός and its cognates in early Greek epic, it is argued that a narrower definition compared to previous suggestions can be established. The word refers to the carefreeness that is specific to a child or young animal, and its uses typically imply a positive evaluation which is connected not only to the well-being that this carefreeness entails but also to the positive emotion of tenderness and the sentiment of care that it engenders in a perceiver. It is concluded that, when used to specify the criterion by which a dance contest will be adjudicated, the term refers to an aesthetic property that is repeatedly praised in archaic Greek texts in other words: that of dancing with the adorable but short-lived carefree abandon of a child.
Functional traits shape small mammal-helminth network: patterns and processes in species interactions
Authors: Cardoso Thiago dos Santos , Andreazzi Cecilia Siliansky de , Maldonado Junior Arnaldo , Gentile Rosana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the role of species traits in mediating ecological interactions and shaping community structure is a key question in ecology. In this sense, parasite population parameters allow us to estimate the functional importance of traits in shaping the strength of interactions among hosts and parasites in a network. The aim of this study was to survey and analyse the small mammal-helminth network in a forest reserve of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest in order to understand (i) how functional traits (type of parasite life cycle, site of infection in their host, host and parasite body length, host diet, host locomotor habit and host activity period) and abundance influence host–parasite interactions, (ii) whether these traits explain species roles, and (iii) if this relationship is consistent across different parasite population parameters (presence and absence, mean abundance and prevalence). Networks were modular and their structural patterns did not vary among the population parameters. Functional traits and abundance shaped the interactions observed between parasites and hosts. Host species abundance, host diet and locomotor habit affected their centrality and/or vulnerability to parasites. For helminths, infection niche was the main trait determining their central roles in the networks.
Genetic contributions to bipolar disorder: current status and future directions
Authors: O'Connell Kevin S. , Coombes Brandon J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable mental disorder and is estimated to affect about 50 million people worldwide. Our understanding of the genetic etiology of BD has greatly increased in recent years with advances in technology and methodology as well as the adoption of international consortiums and large population-based biobanks. It is clear that BD is also highly heterogeneous and polygenic and shows substantial genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders. Genetic studies of BD suggest that the number of associated loci is expected to substantially increase in larger future studies and with it, improved genetic prediction of the disorder. Still, a number of challenges remain to fully characterize the genetic architecture of BD. First among these is the need to incorporate ancestrally-diverse samples to move research away from a Eurocentric bias that has the potential to exacerbate health disparities already seen in BD. Furthermore, incorporation of population biobanks, registry data, and electronic health records will be required to increase the sample size necessary for continued genetic discovery, while increased deep phenotyping is necessary to elucidate subtypes within BD. Lastly, the role of rare variation in BD remains to be determined. Meeting these challenges will enable improved identification of causal variants for the disorder and also allow for equitable future clinical applications of both genetic risk prediction and therapeutic interventions.
Identification and validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR studies in alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
Authors: Yin Junliang , Hou Lu , Jiang Xinchen , Yang Jie , He Yang , Zhou Xiaokang , Zhu Xiongmeng , Gong Andong , Zhu Yongxing , Chen Zhongyi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Alligatorweed [Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.] is an invasive semiaquatic weed that poses a serious threat to agricultural production and ecological balance worldwide. However, information about genetic factors associated with the adaptation and invasion mechanisms of this species is limited. Screening for appropriate reference genes is important for gene expression and functional analysis research in A. philoxeroides. In this study, 30 candidate genes that showed stable expression in different A. philoxeroides tissues under various treatments in RNA-seq data were chosen to design quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) primers. After the amplification specificity validation, 25 candidates were selected and further evaluated in a diverse set of A. philoxeroides samples, including leaf, stem, and root tissues under drought, salinity, heat, chilling, five herbicides, and corresponding untreated controls using qRT-PCR. The delta-CT method, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder algorithms were used to identify stable reference genes from A. philoxeroides samples. Overall, CoA, RFI2, Tubby, SRP19, and V-ATPase were the top five ideal reference genes in all organs and conditions. Tubby and CoA were the most stable reference genes in the leaf/stem; and RFI2, ERprr, and SPR19 were suitable reference genes for the roots. This work provided a foundation for exploring gene expression profiling of A. philoxeroides, especially those adaptation- and invasion-related genes, which may help in management of this invasive weed.
Global CO2Consumption by Silicate Rock Chemical Weathering: Its Past and Future
Authors: Zhang Sirui , Bai Xiaoyong , Zhao Cuiwei , Tan Qiu , Luo Guangjie , Wang Jinfeng , Li Qin , Wu Luhua , Chen Fei , Li Chaojun , Deng Yuanhong , Yang Yujie , Xi Huipeng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSilicate rock weathering maintains a stable and long‐term absorption of CO2. However, the magnitude, spatial pattern, and evolution characteristics of global silicate rock weathering carbon sink (SCS) remain unclear. To solve this problem, based on high‐precision hydrometeorological data (1996–2017) and CMIP5 data (2041–2060), using the Celine model, we calculated the global silicate rock weathering carbon sink flux (SCSF) magnitude and spatio‐temporal distribution for 1996–2017. We also predicted the SCSF under two future greenhouse gas emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). Then, we produced a spatial data set (0.5 × 0.5) of global SCSF from 1996 to 2017 and found that the global average annual SCSF was 1.67 t/km2/yr, and the SCS was 127.11 Tg/yr. In particular, Brazil's silicate rock contribution accounts for nearly a quarter of the global SCS (24.41%). Although the GEM‐CO2model is now widely used, the SCSF, without considering the temperature, may be overestimated by 5.4%, and the maximum contribution of temperature to it can reach 240 kg/km2/yr. Moreover, the global SCS is now showing a downward trend, but the global emission of greenhouse gases in the future (2041–2060) will continue to increase the carbon sink capacity (23.8%) due to temperature changes. In summary, we have produced a set of high‐resolution spatiotemporal data of the past and the future. The above results fill up the large‐scale data gap of SCSF and provide a scientific basis for quantitatively assessing the impact of climate change on SCS.
Spatial Changes in Late Quaternary Slip Rates Along the Gyaring Co Fault: Implications for Strain Partitioning and Deformation Modes in Central Tibet
Authors: Wang Duo , Chang Hong , Yin Gongming , Han Fei , Mao Zebin , Du Jinhua , Zheng Wenjun , Wang Xulong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudying the slip rate along major strike‐slip faults is critical to understanding the deformation and kinematics in continental collision zones. The Gyaring Co fault was previously regarded as a segment of the southern boundary of eastward extrusion in central Tibet, and its eastern segment was linked to the Xainza rift. However, the spatial distribution of its slip rates is poorly constrained, which limits our knowledge about how deformation is partitioned between strike‐slip and normal faults in central Tibet. Here, we used optically stimulated luminescence dating to determine the ages of displaced landforms (alluvial fans, lake shorelines, and river terraces) along the Gyaring Co fault. The results demonstrate a southeastward decrease in the late Quaternary slip rate from 2–3 mm/yr to 0.5–1.0 mm/yr over a distance of ∼130 km. Although the slip rate of the middle‐west segment of the Gyaring Co fault seems to have decreased slightly (20%) at ∼10 ka, it remained relatively stable during the late Quaternary. Regional analysis suggested that the Gyaring Co fault is kinematically compatible with the Xainza rift and probably has accelerated rift extension in its northern part since the middle Miocene. This northward‐increasing extension rate may accommodate more than half of the observed strain‐rate gradient along the Gyaring Co fault. The difference observed in strain rate requires a strain of ∼1 × 10−8per year, comparable with the average present‐day strain rate of the Tibetan Plateau. The Gyaring Co fault separates the crustal blocks that are also deforming internally, suggesting distributed deformation in central Tibet.
Comparisons Between CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models: Simulations of Climate Indices Influencing Food Security, Infrastructure Resilience, and Human Health in Canada
Authors: Bourdeau‐Goulet Sarah‐Claude , Hassanzadeh Elmira 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe warming climate can considerably affect socioeconomic activities and environmental health conditions in Canada. Climate models play a key role in evaluating the impact of climate change and developing adaption and mitigation strategies corresponding to Canadian regions. This study compares the behavior of climate models participating in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) with their CMIP5 predecessors in representing a set of climate indices relevant to Canada’s agricultural productivity, infrastructure resilience, and environmental health. Our results show that although CMIP5 and CMIP6 multi‐model ensemble mean values for the considered indices are almost similar, the behavior of individual CMIP5 and CMIP6 models or even the model pairs of the same modeling center can be different across Canada. Moreover, the CMIP6 models do not necessarily outperform CMIP5 in comparison to NOAA and NCEP reanalysis datasets in simulating the annual mean and coefficient of variation values for the indices during the historical period. The comparisons between models’ simulations also reveal that the envelope of estimated values based on individual CMIP6 models does not cover or overlap with their CMIP5 counterparts or even with other CMIP6 models. Therefore, the CMIP6 models with higher number of simulations do not necessarily provide a larger range of projections over Canadian regions. The divergence between CMIP5 and CMIP6 models’ behavior is more obvious under the 8.5 W/m2 forcing in the long‐term horizon. Overall, the estimated sign, magnitude, and spatial pattern of changes in the climate indices depend on the considered climate model and forcing scenario.
Pick‐Up Ion Cyclotron Waves Around Mercury
Authors: Schmid D. , Narita Y. , Plaschke F. , Volwerk M. , Nakamura R. , Baumjohann W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMercury is host to a rich and highly dynamic plasma environment, resulting from the interaction of the solar wind with Mercury's intrinsic magnetic field and tenuous exosphere. Ion cyclotron waves generated by the pick‐up of freshly photoionized neutrals are a common physical phenomenon in the exosphere of weakly and/or unmagnetized bodies. Here we study the properties of cyclotron waves generated by proton pick‐up, the so‐called proton cyclotron waves (PCWs), at Mercury. We surveyed 4 years of MESSENGER magnetometer data and identified 5455 PCW events observed over a wide spatial range, where ∼73% of the observed PCWs are located in the solar wind and ∼27% in the magnetosheath. By associating the wave properties with their spatial distribution, we evaluate the characteristics and differences of the PCWs in the two regions.
Constraints on the Latitudinal Profile of Jupiter's Deep Jets
Authors: Galanti Eli , Kaspi Yohai , Duer Keren , Fletcher Leigh , Ingersoll Andrew P. , Li Cheng , Orton Glenn S. , Guillot Tristan , Levin Steven M. , Bolton Scott J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe observed zonal winds at Jupiter's cloud tops have been shown to be closely linked to the asymmetric part of the planet's measured gravity field. Here, we examine to what extent, and at which latitudes, must the flows at depth resemble those at the cloud level to match the gravity signal. We show, using both the symmetric and asymmetric parts of the measured gravity field, that the observed cloud‐level wind profile between 25°S and 25°N must extend unaltered to depths of thousands of kilometers. Poleward, the midlatitude deep jets also contribute to the gravity signal, but might differ somewhat from the cloud‐level winds. We analyze the likelihood of this difference and give bounds to its strength. We also find that to match the gravity measurements, the winds must project inward in the direction parallel to Jupiter's spin axis, and decay inward in the radial direction.
Mouse prefrontal cortex represents learned rules for categorization
Authors: Reinert Sandra , Hübener Mark , Bonhoeffer Tobias , Goltstein Pieter M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe ability to categorize sensory stimuli is crucial for an animal’s survival in a complex environment. Memorizing categories instead of individual exemplars enables greater behavioural flexibility and is computationally advantageous. Neurons that show category selectivity have been found in several areas of the mammalian neocortex1–4, but the prefrontal cortex seems to have a prominent role4,5 in this context. Specifically, in primates that are extensively trained on a categorization task, neurons in the prefrontal cortex rapidly and flexibly represent learned categories6,7. However, how these representations first emerge in naive animals remains unexplored, leaving it unclear whether flexible representations are gradually built up as part of semantic memory or assigned more or less instantly during task execution8,9. Here we investigate the formation of a neuronal category representation throughout the entire learning process by repeatedly imaging individual cells in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. We show that mice readily learn rule-based categorization and generalize to novel stimuli. Over the course of learning, neurons in the prefrontal cortex display distinct dynamics in acquiring category selectivity and are differentially engaged during a later switch in rules. A subset of neurons selectively and uniquely respond to categories and reflect generalization behaviour. Thus, a category representation in the mouse prefrontal cortex is gradually acquired during learning rather than recruited ad hoc. This gradual process suggests that neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex are part of a specific semantic memory for visual categories.
The potential impact of systemic anti-inflammatory therapies in psoriasis on major adverse cardiovascular events: a Korean nationwide cohort study
Authors: Hong Joo Ran , Jeong Hojin , Kim Hyeongsu , Yang Hyun Suk , Hong Ji Youn , Kim Sung Min , Cho Young Ah , Lee Yang Won , Choe Yong Beom , Ahn Kyu Joong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis nationwide population-based cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of systemic anti-inflammatory treatment on the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) risk in patients with psoriasis from January 2006 to December 2018, using a database provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Patients were grouped based on the following treatment modalities: biologics, phototherapy, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and mixed conventional systemic agents. Patients who had not received any systemic treatment were assigned to the control cohort. The incidence of MACE per 1000 person-year was 3.5, 9.3, 12.1, 28.4, 39.5, and 14.5 in the biologic, phototherapy, methotrexate, cyclosporine, mixed conventional systemic agents, and control cohorts, respectively. During the 36-month follow-up, the cumulative incidence of MACE in the phototherapy and biologic cohorts remained lower than that of other treatment modalities. Cyclosporine (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.64–2.71) and mixed conventional systemic agents (HR = 2.57, 95% CI = 2.05–3.22) treatments were associated with increased MACE risk. Methotrexate treatment was not associated with MACE. Our finding demonstrates that treatment modalities may affect cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriasis. Thus, an appropriate combination of anti-psoriatic therapies should be considered to manage patients with high cardiovascular risk.IRB approval status: Waiver decision was obtained by the institutional review board, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (KUH1120107).
Controlled biodegradation of magnesium alloy in physiological environment by metal organic framework nanocomposite coatings
Authors: Khalili Mohammad Amin , Tamjid Elnaz 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMagnesium-based implants (MBIs) have recently attracted great attention in bone regeneration due to elastic modulus similar to bone. Nevertheless, the degradation rate and hydrogen release of MBIs in the body have to be tackled for practical applications. In the present study, we present a metal–organic framework (MOF) nanoplates to reduce the degradation rate of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) with a specific surface area of 1789 m2 g−1 were prepared by solvothermal methods, and after dispersion in a chitosan solution (10% w/w), the suspension was electrospun on the surface of AZ91 alloy. Studying the degradation rate in simulated body fluid (SBF) by electrochemical analysis including potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that the degradation rate of the surface-modified implants decreases by ~ 80% as compared with the unmodified specimens. The reduced alkalization of the physiological environment and hydrogen release due to the implant degradation are shown. In vitro studies by fibroblasts and MG63 osteosarcoma cells exhibit improved cell adhesion and viability. The mechanisms behind the improved degradation resistance and enhanced bioactivity are presented and discussed. Surface modification of MBIs by MOF-chitosan coatings is a promising strategy to control the biodegradation of magnesium implants for bone regeneration.
Influence of the artificial turf certification on physical performance and muscle damage in football players (QUALTURF PROJECT)
Authors: Sanchez-Sanchez Javier , Felipe Jose Luis , Hernandez-Martin Antonio , Viejo-Romero David , Clemente-Suarez Vicente Javier , Gallardo Leonor , Garcia-Unanue Jorge 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to analyse the influence of the FIFA Quality PRO certification of artificial turf pitches on the physical, physiological performance and muscle damage in soccer players. Fifteen healthy male players (21.2 ± 1.4 years; 178.2 ± 4.3 cm; 79.1 ± 8.3 kg) from a university football team were selected to participate in the research. Mechanical properties related to surface–player interaction were assessed on the two surfaces selected for this study. A randomized design was used and the players performed the Ball-sport Endurance and Sprint Test (BEAST90) on the different artificial turf fields. Average time of the 20 m sprints was longer on the FIFA Quality Pro surface than on the non-certified pitch (+ 0.13 s; p < 0.05; CI 95% − 0.01 to 0.27; ES: 0.305). The players’ perceived effort was higher in the first (+ 2.64; p < 0.05; CI 95% 0.92 to 4.35; ES: 1.421) and the second half (+ 1.35; p < 0.05; CI 95% − 0.02 to 2.72; ES: 0.637) of the test on the FIFA Quality Pro field. Comparative analysis between surfaces showed no significant differences in the time spent in each of the heart rate zones and higher concentrations of CK (+ 196.58; p > 0.05; CI 95% 66.54 to 326.61; ES: 1.645) were evidenced in the non-certified pitch surface. In response to a simulated match protocol, markers of post-exercise muscle damage may be reduced on accredited artificial turf fields. These insights can provide the opportunity to maximize the efficiency of training sessions and reduce the risk of injury during the season.