bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD40L-Stimulated B Lymphocytes Are Polarized toward APC Functions after Exposure to IL-4 and IL-21
Authors: Possamaï David , Pagé Gabriel , Panès Rébecca , Gagnon Étienne , Lapointe Réjean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
B lymphocytes have multiple functions central to humoral immunity, including Ag presentation to T cells, cytokine secretion, and differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells. In vitro expansion of human B cells by continuous IL-4 stimulation and engagement of their CD40 receptor by CD40L has allowed the use of these IL-4–CD40–B cells in research for the induction of Ag-specific T cell immune responses. However, in vivo, follicular helper T cells also influence B cell activity through the secretion of IL-21. The impact of both cytokines on multiple B cell functions is not clearly defined. To further understand these cytokines in CD40–B cell biology, we stimulated CD40–B cells with IL-4 or IL-21 or both (Combo) and characterized the proliferation, subsets, and functions of these cells. We demonstrate that IL-21– and Combo-CD40–B cells are highly proliferative cells that can be rapidly expanded to high numbers. We show that IL-21–CD40–B cells polarize to Ab-secreting plasma cells, whereas IL-4– and Combo-CD40–B cells are mostly activated mature B cells that express molecules associated with favorable APC functions. We further demonstrate that both IL-4– and Combo-CD40–B cells are efficient in promoting T cell activation and proliferation compared with IL-21–CD40–B cells. Thus, our study provides a better appreciation of CD40–B cell plasticity and biology. In addition, the stimulation of B cells with CD40L, IL-4, and IL-21 allows for the fast generation of high numbers of efficient APC, therefore providing a prospective tool for research and clinical applications such as cancer immunotherapy.
Gut Microbiota Regulate Gut–Lung Axis Inflammatory Responses by Mediating ILC2 Compartmental Migration
Authors: Pu Qinqin , Lin Ping , Gao Pan , Wang Zhihan , Guo Kai , Qin Shugang , Zhou Chuanmin , Wang Biao , Wu Erxi , Khan Nadeem , Xia Zhenwei , Wei Xiawei , Wu Min 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Gut microbiota is increasingly linked to the development of various pulmonary diseases through a gut–lung axis. However, the mechanisms by which gut commensal microbes impact trafficking and functional transition of immune cells remain largely unknown. Using integrated microbiota dysbiosis approaches, we uncover that the gut microbiota directs the migration of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) from the gut to the lung through a gut–lung axis. We identify Proteobacteria as a critical species in the gut microbiome to facilitate natural ILC2 migration, and increased Proteobacteria induces IL-33 production. Mechanistically, IL-33–CXCL16 signaling promotes the natural ILC2 accumulation in the lung, whereas IL-25–CCL25 signals augment inflammatory ILC2 accumulation in the intestines upon abdominal infection, parabiosis, and cecum ligation and puncture in mice. We reveal that these two types of ILC2s play critical but distinct roles in regulating inflammation, leading to balanced host defense against infection. Overall results delineate that Proteobacteria in gut microbiota modulates ILC2 directional migration to the lung for host defense via regulation of select cytokines (IL-33), suggesting novel therapeutic strategies to control infectious diseases.
Prescription Pattern, Follow-up Pattern, and Medication Adherence in Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Ramamurthy Parthasarathy , Alexander Aneesh , Solomon Susan , Thilakan Pradeep , Rudravaram Vishnu Vardhan 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Drug utilization research on psychotropic drug use facilitates rational prescriptions in psychiatric patients. Low follow-up rates and nonadherence to psychotropic medications are key challenges in psychiatry. The objective of this study was to determine the prescription pattern of psychotropic medications, the follow-up pattern, and medication adherence in psychiatric outpatients.

Materials and Methods:
In this retrospective observational study, the prescription pattern and number of follow-ups were abstracted for each new psychiatric outpatient for a period of 6 months from the time of the first assessment. In addition, medication adherence was assessed using a secondary database analysis. A continuous measure of medication acquisition (CMA) was calculated and those patients with CMA of 0.8 or more were considered adherent.

Results:
A total of 317 patients were included in the study. At the first visit, 198 patients (62.46%) were prescribed two psychotropic medications. Out of the total sample, 157 (49.53%) were prescribed once-daily medication and 151 (47.63%) received twice-daily medication. During the follow-up visits, the primary medication was changed in 40 (12.62%) patients and polypharmacy was used in 23 (7.26%) patients. After the initial visit, 138 (43.53%) patients did not come for even a single follow-up visit. Only 50 (15.77%) patients had a medication prescription for at least 80% of the study period.

Conclusion:
Olanzapine, escitalopram, sertraline, and clonazepam were the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medications. Most patients were prescribed two psychotropic medications which included one benzodiazepine. However, polypharmacy was an uncommon practice. Follow-up rate and medication adherence were poor across different diagnostic categories.
A Comparative Study to Assess Burnout and its Correlates Among Doctors and Nurses Working at Dedicated COVID-19 Facility of Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Authors: Parikh Minakshi N. , Patel Dhruvkumar Shaileshbhai , Patel Vrunda Ashok , Kansagra Parth R. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The high contagiousness of the COVID 19 disease, the uncertain course, and the high morbidity and mortality has led to unprecedented burden on the health care system, especially when the crisis has gone on for more than 5 months with no end in sight. The chronic high degree stress has made burnout in health care workers (HCWs) a reality that needs urgent attention which can otherwise lead to compromised patient care apart from their own suffering.

Aims and Objectives:
This study was planned to assess and compare the burnout in doctors and nurses of our dedicated COVID 19 hospital, to understand its correlates, and look for any implications on future policy decisions.

Materials and Methods:
Our study assessed and compared the burnout in 150 doctors and 150 nurses of our dedicated COVID 19 hospital using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). The CBI Scale is a 19 item scale including three domains of burnout in the form of personal (1–6), work related (7–13), and patient related burnout (14–19). More than 25% average score on these items is taken as the presence of burnout.

Results:
We found burnout in 58% of all HCWs with 78% in doctors (n = 150) and 38% in nurses (n = 150), the difference being statistically significant. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to find common factors affecting burnout among both the groups, which were female gender, facing stigma due to COVID 19 duty, regular exercise/yoga, and dissatisfaction with administrative services. Our findings propose to emphasize the need to address the impact of working under pressure for sustained periods among HCWs.
HIP-HOP CULTURE REPRESENTATION IN TELEVISION ADVERTISING
Authors: Setiawan Kristanto , Maliki Dyah Nurul 
Published: June 2021

This research used framing analysis by Gamson and Modigliani. This research utilized framing analysis to tell storyline of Nano-Nano Chewy Advertising. Framing Analysis by Gamson and Modigliani has been using to get hip-hop culture representative by using framing devices and reasoning devices element. This research using descriptive qualitative approach. Technique Data collecting in this research is documentation, participant passive observation, and interview. Data collecting in this research is framing analysis by Gamson and Modigliani.
The result of research showing that there is an hip-hop culture representative in Nano-Nano Chewy Advertising. The representative is showing by rapping, breakdance, grafiti and fashion element. Nano-Nano Chewy Advertising have an objective to create an cool, fun, and cheeful association. This association was developed specially for Nano-Nano target market which is an teenager.
This research tell that there is a functional and emotional benefit from Nano-Nano Chewy product. The Creative concept that looks cheerfull is associates with the brand tagline “Rame Rasanya”. This Advertising was create to maintain Nano-Nano top of mind brand awareness.

Keyword: framing, hip-hop, representation, Advertising, Nano-Nano Chewy.
GOOGLE CLASSROOM OR MOODLE? : UNIVERSITY STUDENT SATISFACTION IN DISTANCE LEARNING COMMUNICATION DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Wiradharma Gunawan 
Published: June 2021

Distance learning is currently very much influenced by communication media. If in the past distance learning was done by module correspondence via postal delivery, now it is done using public internet facilities. Especially in the COVID-19 pandemic, almost all tertiary institutions utilize online learning for their lectures. There are two features that are commonly and commonly used as learning communication tools namely using Moodle and Google Classroom. The researcher uses the value expectation theory which is a derivative of the uses and gratification theory as a guideline for analyzing data and problems found in this study. Discussion Motives will include information, personal identity, integration and social interaction, and entertainment. Satisfaction will be achieved if the motive is fulfilled. The gap between satisfaction sought and satisfaction obtained will indicate differences in the level of satisfaction. The research method used is a comparative survey research. Data collection techniques through questionnaires were given to each of 116 Moodle and Google Classroom feature users in one of the public higher education in Jakarta. The results of this study were 232 PTN students were satisfied after using Moodle and Google Classroom features.

Keywords: Motive, Satisfaction, Google Classroom, Moodle.
La plataforma Moodle y la autopreparación del estudiante en la disciplina Lenguaje y Comunicación
Authors: Arrocha Rodríguez Olaysi 
Published: June 2021

El curso 2021 en las universidades cubanas se ha visto afectado por la situación epidemiológica de la Covid 19 , sin embargo los procesos sustantivos educacionales no paran, se toman medidas al respecto para frenar el impacto del virus en el sector educacional y una de las vías propuestas es el uso de la plataforma Moodle, pero el desconocimiento de docentes y estudiantes para su uso, dificultades en la conexión en determinados horarios y poca accesibilidad por parte de los estudiantes hacen de ella un poco empleo. La muestra utilizada es no probabilística de tipo intencional, seleccionados 25 estudiantes y cuatro profesores de la carrera Español- Literatura de la universidad de Ciego de Ávila, se utilizaron diferentes métodos del nivel empírico como la observación, entrevistas, encuestas y el método estadístico que se utilizó para demostrar cuantitativamente los resultados obtenidos, la investigación responde al siguiente objetivo : analizar el poco uso que se le da a la plataforma Moodle como herramienta interactiva para el logro eficiente de la autopreparación de los estudiantes en la disciplina Lenguaje y Comunicación.
La motivación al aprendizaje en la Educación Virtual Universitaria
Authors: Morales Morales Sara Eliza 
Published: June 2021

El estudio se realizó debido a la necesidad e importancia de conocer el impacto que ha tenido la pandemia COVID-19 en la motivación para el aprendizaje del estudiante universitario a través de la educación virtual, tomando en cuenta que esta forma de educación, surgió por la necesidad del surgimiento del primer caso de Coronavirus en el país, es así como las autoridades de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, deciden suspender en marzo de 2020 todas las actividades presenciales, esta migración de educación presencial a virtual, fue de inmediato, fue por esa situación que se decidió realizar un estudio en donde se evidencie la situación del estudiante universitario y cómo ha estado en relación a motivación dentro de su aprendizaje. El estudio se realizó desde el enfoque cualitativo, de tipo exploratorio, con diseño fenomenológico, utilizando un tipo de muestra no probabilística, por voluntarios. Dentro de los principales hallazgos se puede mencionar que el estudiante universitario tuvo que sobrellevar distintos factores que afectaron la motivación de su aprendizaje, como el propio virus, el encierro, el acceso a internet, el factor económico, familiar, etc., pero además se encuentran las motivaciones intrínsecas que hacen que el estudiante siga con sus metas de educación. A pesar de lo ya mencionado, la motivación del estudiante con respecto a su aprendizaje se mantuvo hacia el cumplimiento de metas.
Neurosurgery in the Dutch Antilles: A minireview of recent developments
Authors: Dos Santos Rubio E.J. , Merkies I.S.J. 
Published: June 2021

Curaçao is an island in the Southern Caribbean Sea, which formed part of the Dutch Antilles and Aruba, Bonaire, part of Saint Martin, Saba, and Statia. Aruba was the first country of the Dutch Antilles to dissolute in 1986 (1). On October 10th of 2010, Curaçao and Saint Martin also became constituent countries within the Dutch kingdom. Bonaire, Saba, and Statia became “special municipalities,” also known as administrative divisions, within the Dutch state (2).
Curaçao is the biggest of the six islands, with an area of 444 km2/ 171.4 sq.mi, situated 65 km (40mi) north of the Venezuelan coast (3). Curaçao is of multi-cultural composition (mainly Afro-Caribbean) and has three official languages; Papiamentu, Dutch, and English. Spanish is widely spoken on the island as well.3 It has a little less the 160,000 inhabitants (4).
The Inaugural Issue of the Journal of Global Neurosurgery
Authors: E Farmer Paul 
Published: June 2021

Over the last decade, the field of Global Surgery, which some of us had termed the “neglected stepchild of Global Public Health,” has expanded to bridge the gap in surgical care. Evidence of a burgeoning field of research, practice, and cooperation abounds: the 16 countries of the Southern Africa Development Community, for example, are working together to strengthen surgical care in the region. During the most recent meeting of the World Health Organization’s Western Pacific Regional Committee, the 37 member states unanimously agreed to a regional action framework for safe and affordable surgery. A global coalition is forming to meet the need for 143 million surgical procedures in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by the end of the decade.

Academic institutions have an essential role and responsibility in the quest for global access to safe and affordable surgical services. In response to pressing material disparities faced by district hospitals, academic institutions can partner with the public sector and bolster access to services by helping provide the staff, space, systems, and social supports required for quality care. By conducting relevant and timely research, investigators inform the planning, financing, and implementation of surgical care delivery programs. Furthermore, specialists are well placed to bring their expertise to bear on disparities in access and outcome, and neurosurgeons are advancing research to link their area of clinical practice to broader efforts for global health equity; this includes, of course, an emphasis on forging fruitful and equitable research collaborations across the globe. To that end, I congratulate all involved in launching the inaugural issue of the Journal of Global Neurosurgery (JGNS).
The RapeseedMap10 database: annual maps of rapeseed at a spatial resolution of 10 m based on multi-source data
Authors: Han Jichong , Zhang Zhao , Luo Yuchuan , Cao Juan , Zhang Liangliang , Zhang Jing , Li Ziyue 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Large-scale, high-resolution maps of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), a
major oilseed crop, are critical for predicting annual production and
ensuring global energy security, but such maps are still not freely
available for many areas. In this study, we developed a new pixel- and
phenology-based algorithm and produced a new data product for rapeseed
planting areas (2017–2019) in 33 countries at 10 m spatial resolution based
on multiple data. Our product is strongly consistent at the national level
with official statistics of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations. Our rapeseed maps achieved F1 spatial consistency scores of
at least 0.81 when compared with the Cropland Data Layer in the United
States, the Annual Crop Inventory in Canada, the Crop Map of England, and
the Land Cover Map of France. Moreover, F1 scores based on independent
validation samples ranged from 0.84 to 0.91, implying a good consistency
with ground truth. In almost all countries covered in this study, the
rapeseed crop rotation interval was at least 2 years. Our derived maps
suggest, with reasonable accuracy, the robustness of the algorithm in
identifying rapeseed over large regions with various climates and
landscapes. Scientists and local growers can use the freely downloadable
derived rapeseed planting areas to help predict rapeseed production and
optimize planting structures. The product is publicly available at
https://doi.org/10.17632/ydf3m7pd4j.3 (Han et al., 2021).
Satellite rainfall products outperform ground observations for landslide prediction in India
Authors: Brunetti Maria Teresa , Melillo Massimo , Gariano Stefano Luigi , Ciabatta Luca , Brocca Luca , Amarnath Giriraj , Peruccacci Silvia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Landslides are among the most dangerous natural hazards, particularly in developing countries, where ground observations for operative early warning systems are lacking. In these areas, remote sensing can represent an important detection and monitoring process to predict landslide occurrence in space and time, particularly satellite rainfall products that have improved in terms of accuracy and resolution in recent times. Surprisingly, only a few studies have investigated the capability and effectiveness of these products in landslide prediction in reducing the impact of this hazard on the population. We have performed a comparative study of ground- and satellite-based rainfall products for landslide prediction in India by using empirical
rainfall thresholds derived from the analysis of historical landslide events. Specifically, we have tested Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)
and SM2RAIN-ASCAT satellite rainfall products, and their merging, at daily
and hourly temporal resolution, and Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)
daily rain gauge observations. A catalogue of 197 rainfall-induced landslides that occurred throughout India in the 13-year period between April 2007 and October 2019 has been used. Results indicate that satellite rainfall products outperform ground
observations thanks to their better spatial (0.1∘ vs. 0.25∘) and temporal (hourly vs. daily) resolutions. The better performance is obtained through the merged GPM and SM2RAIN-ASCAT products,
even though improvements in reproducing the daily rainfall (e.g. overestimation of the number of rainy days) are likely needed. These findings open a new avenue for using such satellite products in landslide
early warning systems, particularly in poorly gauged areas.
New methods to improve the vertical extrapolation of near-surface offshore wind speeds
Authors: Optis Mike , Bodini Nicola , Debnath Mithu , Doubrawa Paula 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Accurate characterization of the offshore wind resource has been hindered by a sparsity of wind speed observations that span offshore wind turbine rotor-swept heights. Although public availability of floating lidar data is increasing, most offshore wind speed observations continue to come from buoy-based and satellite-based near-surface measurements. The aim of this study is to develop and validate novel vertical extrapolation methods that can accurately estimate wind speed time series across rotor-swept heights using these near-surface measurements. We contrast the conventional logarithmic profile against three novel approaches: a logarithmic profile with a long-term stability correction, a single-column model, and a machine-learning model. These models are developed and validated using 1 year of observations from two floating lidars deployed in US Atlantic offshore wind energy areas. We find that the machine-learning model significantly outperforms all other models across all stability regimes, seasons, and times of day. Machine-learning model performance is considerably improved by including the air–sea temperature difference, which provides some accounting for offshore atmospheric stability. Finally, we find no degradation in machine-learning model performance when tested 83 km from its training location, suggesting promising future applications in extrapolating 10 m wind speeds from spatially resolved satellite-based wind atlases.
Privacy and Data Protection Practices of Digital Lending Apps in Kenya
Authors: (CIPIT) Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Technology 
Published: June 2021

The Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Technology Law (CIPIT) has been studying the impact of digital identities on society. This has included policy research on the legal and technical aspects of the national digital ID system Huduma Namba under which the Government is integrating all its identification documents. This research shows that the national digital identity system also integrates with privately issued digital identities such as mobile phone numbers and social media accounts. We anticipate that as national digital ID uses increase, so will the linkage with private systems. This is already evident from e-government services, where payments for Government services, such as passport applications, drivers’ licences, national health insurance and hospital bills in public hospitals are made using mobile money platforms. We also appreciate that private digital ID is more developed and has more uses than national digital ID. For example, a 2019 survey, undertaken by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), estimates that access to financial products had risen from 26.7% in 2006 to 89% of the population in 2019. This is attributed partly to the availability of digital products such as “mobile banking, agency banking, digital finance and mobile apps”. These products make use of personal data, which broadly falls under digital identities. This study seeks to understand the privacy implications of digital ID by looking at digital lending apps.