bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relevance between Fecal Tumor M2 Pyruvate Kinase and Colonoscopy for the Detection of Cancer Colon
Authors: Genedy Muhammed Essam , Ezzat Sherif El-Sayed , Hazzaa Sahar Mohey Eldin , Elbedewy Mohamed Mohamed 
Published: July 2021

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) determination is focused on clinical, serological and endoscopic observations These methods are considered as non-invasive, cost-effective and convenient clinical examination methods. A direct association between M2 Pyruvate Kinase (M2-PK) and separate oncoprotein is the product of dissociation of tetrameric form from dimeric structure in tumor cells. The aim of this analysis is to assess the sensitivity in high risk or symptomatic populations of fecal tumor M2-PK.
Methods: This study is a cross sectional study carried out on 50 patients who were categorized into two groups: 25 patients with colorectal neoplasms (group 1). 25 patients symptomatizing of: diarrhea, persistent abdominal discomfort or bleeding per rectum, without colorectal neoplasms (group 2).
Results: The median value of stool M2-PK showed statistically significance. At cut-off ≥ 70 of stool M2-PK to predict activity, sensitivity was 88%, specificity was 84%, PPV was 84.6% and NPV was 87.5%. AUC was 0.907 and P value was <0.001.
Conclusions: Fecal M2-PK can be used as a pre colonoscopy screening test for CRC patients and is superior to other tumor markers (CEA and CA19.9) as it is more sensitive and specific. As a result of its low cost and ease of use, it is a viable tool for pre-selecting individuals who undergo colonoscopy.
Assessment of Indications, Risk Factors, & Materno-foetal Outcomes of LSCS (Emergency & Planned) in a Tertiary Care Rural Hospital of Wardha District, India
Authors: Gupta Anupama , Muntode Pramita A. , Gaidhane Abhay 
Published: July 2021

Background: Occurrence of elective Caesarean Section (CS) is prevalent in the advanced age group, i.e. 26-30 years while higher incidence of emergency CS is seen in 20-25 years, the younger age group. Emergency caesarean delivery analogous with substantially greater maternal and foetal delivery complications in contrast to elective caesarean sections regardless of its growing acceptance as a preferable alternative to vaginal delivery. The study attempts to determine risk factors for emergency and scheduled caesarean surgeries, along with indications of LSCS and maternal-foetal outcomes.
Method: Prospective observational study will be carried out on post-natal care women who have undergone LSCS in the past 1 week in the rural tertiary care hospital, Wardha. Study participants will be approached in the OBGY Post Natal Care Ward 1or 2 days post-delivery after assuring their comfort. A predesigned & pre-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic profile, maternal details, and reasons for planned/emergency C-section, neonatal details etc.
Results: From the baseline study, the average number of caesarean-sections was 55-60 %. Proportion of elective and emergency caesarean was 41.40 % and 58.60% respectively. Emergency group is expected to show all of the complications significantly higher in terms of both maternal and fetal outcome.
Conclusion: Previous c-section, foetal distress and misrepresentation of the foetus (Breech and Transverse Lie) were recorded as a most important indicator of caesarean section along with obstructed labour. Higher incidence of emergency CS was 20-25 years, while the incidence of elective C-Section was prevalent. in the age group of 26-30 years; Modifiable risk factors for the Caesarean Section, such as early marriage with its associated inadequate pelvic growth and unnecessary avoidance of hospital delivery due to fear of CS, should be discouraged.
Management and Outcomes of Pregnancy with Gestational Hypertension and Hyperthyroidism: A Case Report
Authors: Dagadkar Arundhatee 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Hyperthyroidism associated increases in thyroid hormone concentrations have to be differentiated from physiological adjustments in thyroid hormone economic system that rise up all through being pregnant, especially in the first trimester. For one thousand births, one or two instances of gestational hyperthyroidism exist. It's critical to stumble on hyperthyroidism in a pregnant female due to the fact it is able to have harmful outcomes for each the mom and the infant.
Presenting Complaint and Investigations: Patient’s chief complaints were vomiting, discomfort since 2 days. After physical examination and investigations, doctor diagnosed this as case of G2A1 with 35 weeks gestational age. This was a known case of gestational hypertension with hyperthyroidism. Investigations included Blood test, urine test, thyroid Profile, USG.
Obstetric History: Patient had bad obstetric history. 2.5 months spontaneous abortion was reported.
The Main Diagnoses, Therapeutic Interventions, and Outcomes: Gestational Hypertension with Known case of Hyperthyroidism. The patient had undergone various investigations like blood tests, USG, Physical examination. After physical examination and investigation doctor took a decision of emergency Lower segmental Caesarean section. Under spinal anaesthesia Lower segmental Caesarean section was done and outcome is good.
Nursing Perspectives: Administered fluid replacement i.e. DNS and RL, Fetal monitoring, monitored all vital signs and observed the outcomes of treatment.
Conclusion: Treatment and control of hypertension and hyperthyroidism in pregnancy at the right time increases the pregnancy's outcome.
Exploring the Pathogenic Role of Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and its Management
Authors: Suraj Shaini , Prakash Anand , Dawande Pratibha , Noman Obaid 
Published: July 2021

Every organism is constantly adapting to changes happening in the environment. This adaptation helps in maintaining homeostasis. All organisms must adapt at molecular, cellular, physiological, and behavioral levels. Amongst many factors which act as a threat to homeostasis, one of them is stress. The organism has to bring about both physiological and behavioral changes. The various researches in recent years have shown that adverse life events, along with chronic stress, and depression leads to increased likelihood of relapse in patients with quiescent IBD. Many studies of experimental stress in animal models of colitis support this. Till date, the therapeutic successes of stress reduction therapies have not been explored largely. This is also due to methodological difficulties in going ahead with such studies. This paper tries to explore the recent researches in enhancing our understanding of the pathogenic role played by psychological stress in inflammatory bowel disease and focuses our attention on the need for controlled studies on the curative prospective of stress reduction therapies for IBD.
Comparative Study of Malaria Diagnosis: Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDTs) Against Microscopy among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Specialist Hospital, Sokoto
Authors: Mohammed K. , Iduh M. U. , Saheed S. M. , Ashcroft O. F. , Garba M. K. , Nataala S. U. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. It was estimated that 219 million cases of malaria occur in 87 countries, with an estimated death of 435,000 in 2017 among pregnant women. Other species include P. ovale, P. vivax, and P. malariae is a blood parasite of human and is one of the major public health burdens in developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that about 3.5 billion people globally and 450 million people are thought to be ill as a result of such infections, the majority being children.
Aims: This study was aimed at comparing RDTs against microscopy in the detection of malaria parasite among pregnant women. Samples were collected and analyzed following cross-sectional comparative study design. It was conducted between Septembers to November 2019.
Study Design: This was a cross-sectional, comparative study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted among patients attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Sokoto State, between March and November, 2019.
Methodology: A total of 106 participants were enrolled for the study. Standard parasitological examination was carried out on blood samples using microscopy followed by Rapid Diagnostic test (RDTs).
Results: Finding revealed, in this study, CareStart kit had sensitivity of 77.7%, specificity of 100s%. It is expected that any RDT used for malaria diagnosis should have a high sensitivity of 95% and specificity 97% (WHO, 2003); this is in contrast with the RDTs results in this study.
The false negative (FN) Carestart and SD-Bioline kits in this study were 10% and 21%, respectively using microscopy as the gold standard due to lack of sensitivity of RDTs at low parsitaemia compared to microscopy.
The false positive rate in this study for the Carestart and SD-Bioline kits are 0% and 0% respectively. Out of 106 patients screened, 35% and 24% tested positive for Plasmodiumfalciparum using Carestart and SD-Bioline RDTs respectively, while 45% were positive to malaria by microscopic examination. There was high prevalence of malaria parasite among age group 18-23 which is 42.2%.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that using microscopy is more time consuming compared to RDTs due to the fact that the time taken to read the results for RDTs is within five minutes and that of microscopy is higher compared to RDTs. Over all prevalence of malaria by microscopy was 42.5% while the prevalence of malaria by Carestart and SD-bioline was 33% and 22.6% respectively. Conventional microscopy remains the gold standard compared to RDTs according to this study with the level of its sensitivity and specificity which is higher than RDTs.
Hybrid Speciation
Authors: Abbott Richard J , Rieseberg Loren H 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHybridisation between genetically divergent populations may lead to the formation of new evolutionary lineages. This may occur via duplication of a hybrid's chromosome complement (allopolyploid speciation) or by stabilisation of a fertile hybrid segregant (homoploid hybrid speciation). Although more common in plants, both modes of hybrid speciation also occur in fungi and in animals, including fish, amphibians and insects. The successful origin and establishment of hybrid species is highly dependent on an ability to occupy novel and/or spatially isolated habitats, in order to escape the effects of competition and gene flow from parental species. This ability is favoured by the generation of genetic novelty resulting from the dramatic effects that hybridisation (and genome duplication in allopolyploids) have on modifying genome structure and gene expression. Examples of recently originated allopolyploid and homoploid hybrid species are important models for investigating processes involved in hybrid speciation and establishment.Key ConceptsHybridisation between genetically divergent populations is promoted by habitat disturbance and may lead to the formation of new evolutionary lineages.Hybrid speciation may occur via the duplication of a hybrid's chromosome complement (allopolyploid speciation) or by the stabilisation of a reproductively isolated, fertile hybrid segregant (homoploid hybrid speciation).Allopolyploidy leads to instantaneous reproductive isolation between the allopolyploid neospecies and its parents and is therefore an example of very rapid speciation.Allopolyploidy is very common in higher plants but less common in animals, although examples are known in insects, crustaceans, molluscs, fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.Homoploid hybrid speciation is thought to be relatively rare, although an increasing number of homoploid hybrid species of animals, plants and fungi are being recognised using molecular markers.Homoploid hybrid speciation can be completed within a few generations, although several hundred generations may be required before the genome of the hybrid neospecies is fully stabilised.Considerable genetic novelty is generated in the early stages of allopolyploidy and homoploid hybrid speciation due to the marked effects that hybridisation (and genome duplication in the case of allopolyploidy) have on modifying genome structure and gene expression.Such genetic novelty aids the establishment of hybrid neospecies in ecologically divergent habitats, thus reducing the likelihood of competition and crossing with parents.Several examples are known of new allopolyploid and homoploid hybrid species originating within the past 250 years, and these have become important models for investigating processes involved in hybrid speciation and establishment.
Coalescence: The Sharing of Ancestry of Alleles
Authors: Brookfield John FY 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Coalescence is the process whereby alleles sampled from a population are traced back to a single ancestor. When the variation that exists between the alleles is neutral in its effects on Darwinian fitness, the analysis of expected patterns in coalescent processes is simple. The structure of genealogies can reveal whether the population has been constant in size and whether it has been geographically subdivided. It can also suggest whether selection has operated. Software tools based on coalescence ideas are becoming increasingly useful, as the availability of DNA sequence data showing variation within‐and between‐species increases. These are having an impact on the way in which samples of individuals from different geographic locations are interpreted in terms of the history of populations. Through the study of ancient DNA, and in studies of rapidly evolving viruses, the coalescent approach can be applied to trace the history of samples differing in time.

Key Concepts

Variation exists at the molecular level between alleles in a population, which is mainly the result of neutral or nearly neutral mutations.

Alleles share ancestry and the DNA sequence variation between the alleles is dependent on the shape of the tree linking alleles to a common ancestor.

The tree of alleles, examined backwards in time, is characterised by coalescence events where the number of ancestral lineages is reduced by one.

The rate at which such coalescences occur depends inversely on the (effective) population size.

The pattern of variation thus gives information about the way in which the (effective) population size has changed over time.

Simple models of coalescence assume no recombination and thus a single tree connecting the alleles, but recombination can be included in models using a sequential Markovian coalescent.

Estimation of population size from the rate of coalescence assumes the population is panmictic but subdivided populations can be modelled using a structured coalescent.

Deviations from expected coalescence processes seen for individual genetic loci may indicate adaptive or balancing selection at those loci.
Design and Directional Growth of (Mg1−xZnx)(Al1−yCry)2O4 Single‐Crystal Fibers for High‐Sensitivity and High‐Temperature Sensing Based on Lattice Doping Engineering and Acoustic Anisotropy
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Haoyuan , Zhang Jian , Lin Na , Wang Gao , Jia Zhitai , Zhao Xian , Tao Xutang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHigh‐performance temperature sensors for the harsh environment are vital components for meeting the increasing demands for the development of existing and emerging technologies. In this study, specifically oriented (Mg1−xZnx)(Al1−yCry)2O4 single‐crystal fibers (SCF) are grown by the laser‐heated pedestal growth technique and used as acoustic waveguides for ultrasonic temperature sensors (UTS) for the first time. The anisotropic sensor performance of the MgAl2O4 SCF‐UTS are investigated under a longitudinal wave and transverse wave conditions, and the [110]‐oriented MgAl2O4 SCF‐UTS is found to have the highest sensitivity and resolution among all the MgAl2O4 SCF‐UTS. On this basis, a unit sensitivity of 40.38–67.50 ns °C−1 m−1 and a resolution of 1.24–0.74 °C are achieved for the [110]‐oriented (Mg0.9Zn0.1)(Al0.995Cr0.005)2O4 SCF‐UTS in the range of 20–1200 °C, both of which represent the best sensor performance achieved by a SCF‐UTS to date. The positive temperature‐dependent sensor performance, accompanied by a high working temperature (≈2000 °C) and outstanding anti‐oxidation, indicates that the [110]‐oriented (Mg0.9Zn0.1)(Al0.995Cr0.005)2O4 SCF‐UTS is a promising candidate for ultra‐high temperature sensors. This study demonstrates a feasible strategy for the rational design of high‐performance temperature sensors through a combination of crystal design, acoustic anisotropy, and lattice doping engineering.
Shape‐Memory Photonic Thermoplastics from Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: Boott Charlotte E. , Soto Miguel A. , Hamad Wadood Y. , MacLachlan Mark J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractResponsive materials prepared using shape‐memory photonic crystals have potential applications in rewritable photonic devices, security features, and optical coatings. By embedding chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in a polyacrylate matrix, a shape‐memory photonic crystal thermoplastic (CNC‐SMP) allows reversible capture of different colored states is reported. In this system, the temperature is used to program the shape‐memory response, while pressure is used to compress the helical pitch of the CNC chiral nematic organization. By increasing the force applied (≈140–230 N), the structural color can be tuned from red to blue. Then, on‐demand, the CNC‐SMP can recover to its original state by heating it above the glass transition temperature. This cycle can be performed over 15 times without any loss of the shape‐memory behavior or mechanical degradation of the sample. In addition, multicolor readouts can be programmed into the chiral nematic CNC‐SMP by using a patterned substrate to press the sample, while the glass transition temperature of the CNC‐SMP can be tuned over a 90 °C range by altering the monomer composition used to prepare the polyacrylate matrix.
Organic Semiconductor Nanotubes for Electrochemical Devices
Authors: Eslamian Mohammadjavad , Mirab Fereshtehsadat , Raghunathan Vijay Krishna , Majd Sheereen , Abidian Mohammad Reza 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectrochemical devices that transform electrical energy to mechanical energy through an electrochemical process have numerous applications ranging from robotics and micropumps to microlenses and bioelectronics. To date, achievement of large deformation strains and fast responses remains challenging for electrochemical actuators wherein drag forces restrict the device motion and electrode materials/structures limit the ion transportation. Results for electrochemical actuators, electrochemical mass transfers, and electrochemical dynamics made from organic semiconductors (OSNTs) are reported. The OSNTs device exhibits high‐performance with fast ion transport and accumulation in liquid and gel‐polymer electrolytes. This device demonstrates an impressive performance, including low power consumption/strain, a large deformation, fast response, and excellent actuation stability. This outstanding performance stems from the enormous effective surface area of nanotubes that facilitates ion transport and accumulation resulting in high electroactivity and durability. Experimental studies of motion and mass transport are utilized along with the theoretical analysis for a variable–mass system to establish the dynamics of the device and to introduce a modified form of Euler‐Bernoulli's equation for the OSNTs. Ultimately, a state‐of‐the‐art miniaturized device composed of multiple microactuators for potential biomedical applications is demonstrated. This work provides new opportunities for next‐generation actuators that can be utilized in artificial muscles and biomedical devices.
Elucidating the Mechanism of Fast Na Storage Kinetics in Ether Electrolytes for Hard Carbon Anodes
Authors: Dong Ruiqi , Zheng Lumin , Bai Ying , Ni Qiao , Li Yu , Wu Feng , Ren Haixia , Wu Chuan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe sodium storage performance of a hard carbon (HC) anode in ether electrolytes exhibits a higher initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and better rate performance compared to conventional ester electrolytes. However, the mechanism behind faster Na storage kinetics for HC in ether electrolytes remains unclear. Herein, a unique solvated Na+ and Na+ co‐intercalation mechanism in ether electrolytes is reported using designed monodispersed HC nanospheres. In addition, a thin solid electrolyte interphase film with a high inorganic proportion formed in an ether electrolyte is visualized by cryo transmission electron microscopy and depth‐profiling X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which facilitates Na+ transportation, and results in a high ICE. Furthermore, the fast solvated Na+ diffusion kinetics in ether electrolytes are also revealed via molecular dynamics simulation. Owing to the contribution of the ether electrolytes, an excellent rate performance (214 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 with an ultrahigh plateau capacity of 120 mAh g−1) and a high ICE (84.93% at 1 A g−1) are observed in a half cell; in a full cell, an attractive specific capacity of 110.3 mAh g−1 is achieved after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1.
Ultrasensitive NO2 Gas Sensors Based on Layered α‐MoO3 Nanoribbons
Authors: Li Wei , Xing Kaijian , Liu Porun , Chuang Chenghao , Lu Ying‐Rui , Chan Ting‐Shan , Tesfamichael Tuquabo , Motta Nunzio , Qi Dong‐Chen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe detection and monitoring of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) plays a vital role in the environmental, healthcare, farming, and industrial sectors. However, the development of NO2 gas sensors with simultaneously high sensitivity, reversibility, low detection limit, and excellent selectivity remains challenging. In this work, an ultrasensitive NO2 gas sensor with superb selectivity and reversibility is demonstrated based on α‐phase molybdenum trioxide (α‐MoO3). Nanoribbons of α‐MoO3 are synthesized via vapor phase transport (VPT) and systematically characterized using a combination of advanced characterization probes. At an optimal operating temperature of 125 °C, the α‐MoO3‐based sensor shows a very high sensitivity toward NO2 with a detection limit as low as 24 ppb, while also exhibiting excellent selectivity and reversibility. Such impressive performance originates from the layered nature of the α‐MoO3 nanoribbons as well as the hierarchical assembly of the nanoribbons as the sensing layer. The study demonstrates a facile sensing platform based on α‐MoO3 for ultrasensitive and selective NO2 gas sensing.
Enantioselective Vinylogous Mannich Reaction of Acyclic Vinylketene Silyl Acetals with Acyclic Ketimines
Authors: Ogura Kazuki , Takehara Tsunayoshi , Suzuki Takeyuki , Nakamura Shuichi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe first enantioselective vinylogous Mannich reaction of acyclic vinylketene silyl acetals with acyclic ketimines derived from alkynyl ketoesters was developed. Excellent yields and enantioselectivities were obtained from the reaction using bis(imidazoline)‐Zn(II) catalyst. Based on experiments and MO calculation, a plausible transition state was proposed to explain the stereoselectivity of the reaction. The obtained products were converted into various amines and a lactam. This process provides an efficient route for the synthesis of acyclic δ‐amino‐α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds and their derivatives.magnified image