bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting psychosocial development of very low birth weight infants at 18 and 36 months of age
Authors: Inoue Miyuki , Nemoto Atsushi , Naito Atsushi , Shiozawa Yukimi , Kobayashi Ayaka 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimTo identify relationships between neonatal factors including conditions and treatments, nurturing environment, and psychosocial development of children born at very low birth weight (VLBW).MethodsIn this longitudinal study, the medical records of 113 VLBW infants were examined, and the children were then followed up at 18 and 36 months of age. Their developmental quotient (DQ) was assessed using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD), and their parents were asked about their own health, financial situation, education, and family support. Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to explore relationships between DQ, potentially significant predictors on the KSPD, and nurturing environment.ResultsDQ at 18 months was associated with the following neonatal factors: mechanical ventilation days (β = −.241, p = .020), Apgar score at 5 min (β = .278, p = .005), periventricular leukomalacia (β = −.218, p = .006), and treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (β = −.171, p = .048) (adjusted R2 = .32). DQ at 36 months was associated with the following neonatal and parenting factors: mechanical ventilation days (β = −.354, p < .001), periventricular leukomalacia (β = −.207, p = .009), sex (β = −.199, p = .011), mother's educational background (β = −.304, p < .001), mother's health status (β = −.159, p = .042) (adjusted R2 = .35).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that in addition to neonatal clinical parameters including conditions and treatments, the nurturing environment after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit influences the psychosocial development of VLBW infants.
Developmental regulation of barrier‐ and non‐barrier blood vessels in the CNS
Authors: Ben‐Zvi A. , Liebner S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) is essential for creating and maintaining tissue homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS), which is key for proper neuronal function. In most vertebrates, the BBB is localized to microvascular endothelial cells that acquire barrier properties during angiogenesis of the neuroectoderm. Complex and continuous tight junctions, and the lack of fenestrae combined with low pinocytotic activity render the BBB endothelium a tight barrier for water‐soluble molecules that may only enter the CNS via specific transporters. The differentiation of these unique endothelial properties during embryonic development is initiated by endothelial‐specific flavours of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in a precise spatiotemporal manner. In this review, we summarize the currently known cellular (neural precursor and endothelial cells) and molecular (VEGF and Wnt/β‐catenin) mechanisms mediating brain angiogenesis and barrier formation. Moreover, we introduce more recently discovered crosstalk with cellular and acellular elements within the developing CNS such as the extracellular matrix. We discuss recent insights into the downstream molecular mechanisms of Wnt/β‐catenin in particular, the recently identified target genes like Foxf2, Foxl2, Foxq1, Lef1, Ppard, Zfp551, Zic3, Sox17, Apcdd1 and Fgfbp1 that are involved in refining and maintaining barrier characteristics in the mature BBB endothelium. Additionally, we elute to recent insight into barrier heterogeneity and differential endothelial barrier properties within the CNS, focussing on the circumventricular organs as well as on the neurogenic niches in the subventricular zone and the hippocampus. Finally, open questions and future BBB research directions are highlighted in the context of taking benefit from understanding BBB development for strategies to modulate BBB function under pathological conditions.
The therapeutic effects of journal writing for parents of PICU patients: A research brief
Authors: Board Rhonda 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeThe admission of a critically ill child to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) is well known to be a stressful experience for parents. The overall aim of this study was to explore whether the use of journal writing would be acceptable and feasible to PICU parents as a stress‐reducing intervention.Design and MethodsA longitudinal, quasi‐experimental two‐group study design was conducted with a convenience sample of 28 parents. Experimental group parents were given instructions on how to journal write each day their child was hospitalized, while control group parents received usual care. Data were collected at three evaluation time points.ResultsThe response rates at the final time point (6–8 weeks after discharge) were 93% for the control group and 71% for the experimental group. Outcome measure trends were similar for parents in both groups, with most perceiving mild‐to‐moderate stress from the PICU environment. A significant correlation was found between the perceived stress from the PICU environment and parental traumatic stress symptoms 6–8 weeks postdischarge for the experimental group (Time 1 r = .919, p = .00; Time 2 r = .969, p = .00). The majority of the experimental group parents wrote in their journals daily and found the intervention helpful.Practice ImplicationsAlthough further research is warranted, journal writing is a simple‐to‐do intervention that should be considered for use with future PICU parents.
Coagulation status, fibrinolysis, and platelet dynamics in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy
Authors: Jablonski Wennogle Sara A. , Olver Christine S. , Shropshire Sarah B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoagulation status is poorly understood in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE). Fibrinolytic activity and platelet dynamics have not been evaluated in CIE dogs.ObjectivesTo assess coagulation status and fibrinolysis in normoalbuminemic CIE dogs (CIE‐N) and CIE dogs with protein‐losing enteropathy (CIE‐PLE) compared to healthy controls (HC). To evaluate thromboelastography (TEG) variable differences between groups and for correlations with clinicopathologic data. To report platelet dynamics in CIE dogs.AnimalsTwenty‐five client‐owned dogs with CIE (n = 16 CIE‐N; n = 9 CIE‐PLE); 14 HC beagle dogs.MethodsAll dogs had tissue factor + tissue plasminogen activator TEG. Nine of 25 CIE dogs had whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry. The TEG variables and coagulation data were compared between all CIE vs HC dogs, CIE‐N dogs vs HC, and CIE‐PLE dogs vs HC. Clinicopathologic and coagulation data were available for CIE dogs and assessed for correlation to TEG variables.ResultsDogs with CIE had higher maximum amplitude (MA; P < .001), longer clot lysis times (CLTs; P < .001), lower % lysis after 30 minutes (LY30; P < .001), and % lysis after 60 minutes (LY60; P < .001) compared to HC, suggesting hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis. When separated out, both CIE‐N and CIE‐PLE dogs had higher MA, longer CLT, and lower LY30 and LY60 compared to HC. Serum albumin and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations, and plasma antithrombin and fibrinogen concentrations moderately correlated with MA.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceNormoalbuminemic and hypoalbuminemic CIE dogs were considered hypercoagulable based on TEG compared to HC. Some CIE dogs displayed hypofibrinolytic phenotypes on TEG.
Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario‐an updated analysis
Authors: Sharma Bharti , Nonzom Skarma 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSuperficial mycoses of skin, nails and hair are among the common fungal infections. They are caused by dermatophytes, non‐dermatophyte moulds, yeasts and yeast‐like fungi. Such fungal infections are widespread all over the world and are predominant in tropical as well as subtropical regions. Environmental factors, such as warm, humid and pitiable hygienic conditions, are conducive for their growth and proliferation. Although it does not cause mortality, it is known to be associated with excessive morbidity which may be psychological or physical. This affects the quality of life of the infected individuals which leads to a negative impact on their occupational, emotional and social status. Such infections are increasing on a global scale and, therefore, are of serious concern worldwide. This review article covers the global and Indian scenario of superficial mycoses taking into account the historical background, aetiological agents, prevalence, cultural and environmental factors, risk factors, pathogenesis and hygienic practices for the prevention of superficial mycoses.
Mesophyll‐derived sugars are positive regulators of light‐driven stomatal opening
Authors: Flütsch Sabrina , Santelia Diana 
Published: March 2021

SummaryGuard cell membrane ion transport and metabolism are deeply interconnected, and their coordinated regulation is integral to stomatal opening. Whereas ion transport is exceptionally well understood, how guard cell metabolism influences stomatal movements is less well known. Organic metabolites, such as malate and sugars, fulfill several functions in guard cells during stomatal opening as allosteric activators, counter‐ions, energy source and osmolytes. However, their origin and exact fate remain debated. Recent work revealed that the guard cell carbon pool regulating stomatal function and plant growth is mostly of mesophyll origin, highlighting a tight correlation between mesophyll and guard cell metabolism. This review discusses latest research into guard cell carbon metabolism and its impact on stomatal function and whole plant physiology.
Right heart failure considerations in pediatric ventricular assist devices
Authors: Law Sabrina P. , Morales David L. S. , Si Ming‐Sing , Friedland‐Little Joshua M. , Joong Anna , Bearl David W. , Bansal Neha , Sutcliffe David L. , Philip Joseph , Mehegan Mary , Simpson Kathleen E. , Conway Jennifer , Peng David M. ,   the ACTION Learning Network
Published: March 2021

AbstractRight heart failure (RHF) is a vexing problem in children after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation that can negatively impact transplant candidacy and survival. Anticipation, prevention, early identification and appropriate medical and device management of RHF are important to successful LVAD outcomes. However, there is limited pediatric evidence to guide practice. This pediatric‐focused review summarizes the relevant literature and describes the harmonized approach to RHF from the Advanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Network (ACTION). This review seeks to improve RHF outcomes through the sharing of best practices and experience across the pediatric VAD community.
Response of growth, photosynthetic electron transfer, and chloroplast ultrastructure to different LED light combination in green onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
Authors: Gao Song , Liu Xuena , Liu Ying , Cao Bili , Chen Zijing , Xu Kun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith the rapid development of facility agriculture, it has become popular to study the influences of different light qualities on the growth, material metabolism, and morphology of horticultural crops. Last several years, green onions cultivation models have undergone major changes, and facility cultivation has developed rapidly. To determine the impact of light quality on the green onions, we studied the parameters connected to photosynthesis, incorporating growth, and development, photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll fluorescence, light response curve, photosynthetic electron transfer, and chloroplast ultrastructure. We roundly analyzed the influences of different LED light combination (white: W, white‐blue combination 3:1:WB, white‐green combination 3:1:WG, white‐yellow combination 3:1:WY, and white‐red combination 3:1:WR, light intensity: 500 ± 10 μmol photons m−2 s−1) on the photosynthetic performance of green onions. The WB light led to better results than those of the WR, WG, and WY. There were significant performance improvements in leaf area, plant height, stem thickness, relative growth rate (RGR), pigment content, photosynthetic capacity, photosynthetic electron transfer efficiency, and chloroplast ultrastructure integrity. In contrast, plants treated with WG and WY were exposed to appreciably blocked light, but they effectively formed a light protection mechanism. The results of this research not only provided insight into the response mechanism of crop photosynthesis to different light qualities, but they also provided a scientific foundation for better planting green onions.
A Mesh Reduction Approach to Parametric Surface Polygonization
Authors: Khan M. Asif , Vance Judy M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Surface polygonization is the process by which a representative polygonal mesh of a surface is constructed for rendering or analysis purposes. This work presents a new surface polygonization algorithm specifically tailored to be applied to a large class of models which are created with parametric surfaces. This method has particular application in the area of building virtual environments from computer-aided-design (CAD) models. The algorithm is based on an edge reduction scheme that collapses two vertices of a given polygon edge onto one new vertex. A two step approach is implemented consisting of boundary edge reduction followed by interior edge reduction. A maximin optimization is used to determine the location of the new vertex. The concept of a visible region as the location space of the new vertex is introduced.
The method presented here differs from existing methods in that it takes advantage of the fact that for many models, the exact surface representation of the model is known before the polygonization is attempted. Because the precise surface definition is known, a maximin optimization procedure, that uses the surface information, can be used to locate the new vertex. The algorithm attempts to overcome the deficiencies in existing techniques while minimizing the number of polygons required to represent a surface and still maintaining surface integrity in the rendered model. This paper presents the algorithm and testing results.
A Genetic Design Methodology for Structure Configuration
Authors: Roston Gerald P. , Sturges Robert H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Human designers and optimization codes are very good at improving the performance of existing designs, however, due to time and resource constraints, human designers tend to limit the range of alternative configurations considered. This paper presents a methodology, called Genetic Design (GD), to aid the designer by generating viable design alternatives. GD uses formal grammars for artifact description and representation, evaluates the artifacts automatically and manipulates the representations with genetic programming-like operations. GD can explore a wide breadth of the available design space, though at shallow depth, and presents alternatives to the human designer. The combination of GD’s ability to explore the design space and the human engineer’s ability to optimize existing configurations, promotes the production of viable, new design concepts by avoiding the inefficiencies associated with trial and error methods. This paper explores one application of GD: the design of simple truss bridges.
A General Design Program Based on Genetic Algorithms With Applications
Authors: Kalker Cornelia M. , Offermans Marcel F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When designing constructions, a number of decisions must be made as to types of constructions, values of geometric or other design variables, choices of materials and selection of standard values. These decisions are often based on conflicting requirements. In the present paper, a genetic algorithm is proposed for finding an optimal solution for those problems.
The genetic algorithm has been implemented in an interactive program. The problem is formulated in terms of design parameters and relations (equalities, inequalities or procedures) between them. This information is parsed by a preprocessor and results in a problem definition that can be optimized with the genetic algorithm.
During the optimization, the process can be followed and controlled by the designer. The values of all design parameters can be monitored, search intervals can be changed and parameters of the algorithm modified. All this speeds up the algorithm and improves the designer’s insight in the problem.
As an example the design of navigation locks is treated.
Construction of a CAD Model From 3D Homogenization Output
Authors: Marsan Anne L. , Dutta Deba 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A homogenization method has been recently developed to optimize the topology of a structure. This method will suggest a structural topology, but the results will be in a discretized, finite element form. Most engineering applications, however, require smooth structures, whether the faces of the structures be planar or curved. Given the topology of a three-dimensional structure as suggested by the homogenization method, an algorithm is developed to interpret the structure and generate a smooth, manufacturable surface representation of the structure. Some steps of the algorithm require designer inputs. An example is given which demonstrates this algorithm.
Illustration of Bilevel Formulations in Concurrent Design Modeling
Authors: Badhrinath K. , Rao J. R. Jagannatha 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Multi-player mathematical games can potentially be very useful modeling tools in concurrent design. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a variety of concurrent decision-making models that arise in two simple applications where explicit models can be obtained to represent the typical stages of design and manufacturing in product development. The resulting models are bilevel formulations and have the interpretation of a Stackelberg game between two players. The solutions in these models show that while a rich class of concurrent designs are obtained, such bilevel models also lead to different types of singularities in their solution sets.
Micromechanical Modeling of Composites Fracture
Authors: Kobelev V. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper considers the new micromechanical models of fracture of fiber-reinforced composites. The main emphasis is made on the determination of the exact analytical solutions of appearing fracture problems, which allow derivation of the closed functional formulas for limit fracture stresses. These expressions are suited for subsequent use in the formulations of optimal design problems. The model presented here describes the deformation and tearing of cloth. The material under study is made up of two families of orthogonal fibers. The object of investigation is the distribution of stresses in the neighborhood of the end of a semi-infinite tear. The description of the stress-strain state in the neighborhood of the end of the tear reduces to the solution of a mixed boundary-value problem for an infinite system of difference equations. When cast in terms of generating functions for an infinite vector of unknowns, the problem reduces to a RIEMANN-HELBERT problem. The analytical solution to the problem shows that the character of tearing of the material depends critically on the stresses in the fibers parallel to the direction of the tear: if the fibers parallel to the tear are stretched, then a finite rip in the material has an elliptical shape and the asymptotic behavior of the stresses around the end of the tear is similar to behavior of a solid elastic body with a crack. Conversely, if there is no stretching of the fibers parallel to the tear, then the sides of the tear intersect at a right angle, and the first unbroken fiber bears a considerably larger load than when stresses in parallel fibers are absent.
A Shape Annealing Approach to Optimal Truss Design With Dynamic Grouping of Members
Authors: Shea Kristina , Cagan Jonathan , Fenves Steven J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A shape annealing approach to truss topology design considering the tradeoff between the mass of a structure and multiple members of the same size, called a class of members, is presented. The problem of optimal grouping involves finding a structural design with an optimal number of classes and the optimal sizes of those classes; cross-sectional area is considered as the measure of size in this paper. Multiple members of a uniform cross-sectional area is advantageous when considering the cost of purchasing and fabricating materials to build a structure. The shape annealing method (Reddy and Cagan 1994) is used as an approach to solve this problem by incorporating a method for dynamic grouping of members into classes and adding a constraint for the number of allowable classes. This method is demonstrated on arch and truss problems. As well, results from an imposed symmetry constraint for the truss problem will be shown.
Topology Optimization With Multiple Constraints
Authors: Yang R. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Topology optimization is used for determining the best layout of structural components to achieve predetermined performance goals. The density method which uses material density of each finite element as the design variable is employed. Unlike the most common approach which uses the optimality criteria methods, the topology design problem is formulated as a general optimization problem and is solved by the mathematical programming method. One of the major advantages of this approach is its generality; thus it can solve various problems, e.g. multi-objective and multi-constraint problems. In this study, the structural weight is chosen as the objective function and structural responses such as the compliances, displacements, and the natural frequencies are treated as the constraints. The MSC/NASTRAN finite element code is employed for response analyses. One example with four different optimization formulations was used to demonstrate this approach.
An Algorithm for Automated Design Variable Selection in Structural Shape Optimization With Intrinsically Defined Geometry
Authors: Widmann James M. , Sheppard Sheri D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A major difficulty encountered in the shape optimization of structural components is the selection of an adequate set of shape design variables. The quality of the solution and the value of the optimal objective function depend on the chosen set of design variables. This paper presents an algorithm for the automated selection of intrinsically defined design variables to solve two-dimensional structural shape optimization problems. The algorithm arrives at a sufficient set of design variables by solving a series of optimization problems. Using the results of intermediate solutions, the algorithm adaptively refines the set of design variables until the solution converges. The algorithm specifies the addition and deletion of design variables and makes use of a model compatibility constraint to determine whether the analysis model must be updated. Two examples are presented which illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Computerized Design and Generation of Cycloidal Gearing
Authors: Litvin Faydor L. , Feng Pin-Hao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The generation and design of cycloidal (trochoidal) gearing that have found application in Wankel engines, and Root’s blowers and pumps are considered.
The following topics will be covered: (i) the generation and geometry of planar cycloidal gearing and rotors of screw Root’s blowers, and (ii) an improved design that avoids profile and surface singularities.
Computer programs have been developed that support the proposed analytical solutions.
The developed theory is illustrated with examples.