bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biohydrogen Machinery: Recent Insights, Genetic Fabrication, and Future Prospects
Authors: Madavi Tanushree Baldeo , Chauhan Sushma , Jha Meenakshi , Choi Kwon-Young , Pamidimarri Sudheer D. V. N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe increase in global carbon footprints forced mankind to look for alternative carbon‐free fuels. Biohydrogen is an ideal fuel, free of carbon footprint, which has the potential to replace fossil fuels. Its high energy content per gram has a great commercial value. Bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae are developed with various cellular machineries for hydrogen production. Detailed information on these hydrogen‐producing cellular machineries, their mechanism of catalysis, and modern genetic engineering and fabrication studies for the enhancement of hydrogen production are reviewed and discussed.
Peripheral artery disease and clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhu Jianfu , Tan Xiaowei , Zhou Jian Zhong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac rhythm disturbance and leads to morbidity and mortality. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with atherosclerotic risk factors and always classified as a vascular disease and deemed to be a bad complication of AF. In patients with AF, the risk and prognostic value of PAD have not been estimated comprehensively.HypothesisPAD is associated with all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, and other outcomes in patients with AF.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for prospective studies published before April 2021 that provided outcomes data on PAD in confirmed patients with AF. Heterogeneity was estimated using the I2 statistic. The fixed‐effects model was used for low to moderate heterogeneity studies, and the random‐effects model was used for high heterogeneity studies.ResultsEight prospective studies (Newcastle‐Ottawa score range, 7–8) with 39 654 patients were enrolled. We found a significant association between PAD and all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25–1.62; p < .001), CV mortality (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.32–2.05; p < .001) and MACE (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.38–2.22; p < .001) in patients with AF. No significant relationship was found in major bleeding (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.95–1.57; p = 0.118), myocardial infarction (MI) (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.17–3.67; p = .038), and stroke (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.87–1.50, p = 0.351).ConclusionsPAD is associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality, CV mortality, and MACE in patients with AF. However, no significant association was found with major bleeding, MI, and stroke.
Aliphatic 18F‐Radiofluorination: Recent Advances in the Labeling of Base‐Sensitive Substrates**
Authors: Bratteby Klas , Shalgunov Vladimir , Herth Matthias Manfred 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAliphatic fluorine‐18 radiolabeling is the most commonly used method to synthesize tracers for PET‐imaging. With an increasing demand for 18F‐radiotracers for clinical applications, new labeling strategies aiming to increase radiochemical yields of established tracers or, more importantly, to enable 18F‐labeling of new scaffolds have been developed. In recent years, increased attention has been focused on the direct aliphatic 18F‐fluorination of base‐sensitive substrates in this respect. This minireview gives a concise overview of the recent advances within this field and aims to highlight the advantages and limitations of these methods.
A Dual NMR Probe Approach to Understanding the Electronic Properties of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Barnett Christopher , Cole Marcus L. , Harper Jason B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe electronic properties of a series of imidazolium‐derived N‐heterocyclic carbenes systematically substituted at the 4,5‐positions were investigated through NMR analysis of their palladium and selenone derivatives. This combined approach provided information on both the σ‐donating ability and the π‐accepting ability of the carbenes, allowing correlation with the electronic nature of the substituents on the carbene and providing an understanding of the structural features that affect these properties; in principle, this allows design of related ligands with known electronic parameters. Along with a greater understanding of the electronic properties of this series of carbenes, the work allows a comparison of the utility of both NMR probes based on the information gained, and the differences in requirements for preparation and acquisition. With this in mind, the selenone probe is proposed as being able to provide a wide range of electronic information, along with being relatively easily prepared.
Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Smith Paul 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAnimal models with high translational validity are essential tools in understanding disease pathogenesis and in the development of therapeutic strategies. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by progressive neurological deficits and socioeconomic burden. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most extensively utilized animal model of MS, with well‐characterized rodent and non‐human primate variants. The EAE model is typically induced by either active immunization with myelin‐derived proteins or peptides in adjuvant or by passive transfer of activated myelin‐specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. To date, the EAE model has been an essential tool in the development of at least seven U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)−approved immunomodulatory drugs for the treatment of MS, including glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and natalizumab. However, the translational validity of the EAE model is frequently compromised due to poor study design, inconsistent clinical scoring endpoints, and inappropriate statistical calculations. No single animal model accurately reflects the complexity of human MS pathogenesis. Beyond EAE, multiple additional animal models are described, including Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and cuprizone‐induced demyelination, which facilitate the study of pathogen‐induced CNS autoimmunity and remyelination, respectively. This overview summarizes several of the most frequently used animal models of MS and highlights key factors that significantly influence the experimental outcome and affect translational validity. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Seasonal patterns of taxonomic and functional beta diversity in submerged macrophytes at a fine scale
Authors: Wang Hao , Fu Hui , Wen Zihao , Yuan Changbo , Zhang Xiaolin , Ni Leyi , Cao Te 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpatiotemporal variation in community composition is of considerable interest in ecology. However, few studies have focused on seasonal variation patterns in taxonomic and functional community composition at the fine scale. As such, we conducted seasonal high‐density sampling of the submerged macrophyte community in Hongshan Bay of Erhai Lake in China and used the generalized dissimilarity model (GDM) to evaluate the effects of environmental factors and geographic distance on taxonomic and functional beta diversity as well as corresponding turnover and nestedness components. At the fine scale, taxonomic turnover and nestedness as well as functional turnover and nestedness showed comparable contributions to corresponding taxonomic and functional beta diversity, with different importance across seasons. All taxonomic and functional dissimilarity metrics showed seasonal variation. Of note, taxonomic beta diversity was highest in summer and lowest in winter, while functional beta diversity showed the opposite pattern. Taxonomic and functional turnover showed similar change patterns as taxonomic and functional beta diversity. Taxonomic nestedness was low in summer and high in winter. Functional nestedness was also lower in summer. These results suggest that under extreme environmental conditions, both turnover and nestedness can exist at the fine scale and seasonal community composition patterns in submerged macrophytes should be considered. Future investigations on community assembly mechanisms should pay greater attention to long‐term dynamic characteristics and functional information.
Preferential Formation of Side‐Pocket‐Substituted Zinc Phthalocyanines Emitting Beyond 800 nm
Authors: McKearney Declan , Roberts Ryan J. , Mitchell Devon , Cheung Jeffrey C. F. , Williams Vance E. , Leznoff Daniel B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA series of zinc (1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25‐octabutoxy)phthalocyanine (2) complexes that spontaneously form 5‐coordinate complexes with anionic axial ligands neutralized with side‐pocket cations, of the form Cation‐PcZnX (X=Cl, OAc; Cation=H+ or Li+), was synthesized and structurally characterized. The side‐pocket protonation of the axial‐chloride species pushed the emission maximum from 760 nm (for axial ligand‐free 2) to 826 nm, well into the NIR region. A 1D‐coordinated chain bridged by lithium and chloride atoms was isolated and structurally characterized, representing the first side‐pocket metalated PcM species. This preferential formation of axially substituted [PcZnX]− “ate” complexes and their sequestration of both protons and lithium cations, opens a new series of materials with unique structural and electronic properties. Furthermore, their ability to both absorb and emit in the NIR region makes them desirable for numerous applications.
Form-Specific and Probabilistic Environmental Risk Assessment of 3 Engineered Nanomaterials (Nano-Ag, Nano-TiO2, and Nano-ZnO) in European Freshwaters
Authors: Hong Hyunjoo , Adam Véronique , Nowack Bernd 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The release of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) to the environment necessitates an assessment of their environmental risks. The currently available environmental risk assessments (ERA) for ENMs are based on an analysis of the total flows of a specific ENM to the environment and on ecotoxicity studies performed with pristine ENMs. It is known that ENMs undergo transformation during product use and release and in technical systems such as wastewater treatment. The aim of the present study was therefore to perform an ERA of 3 ENMs (nano-Ag, nano-TiO2, and nano-ZnO) based on a form-specific release model and a form-specific analysis of ecotoxicological data. Predicted environmental concentration values were derived using a form-specific material flow model. Species sensitivity distributions were used to derive predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for the pristine ENMs and for dissolved and transformed Ag and ZnO. For all ENMs, the matrix-embedded form was included in the assessment. A probabilistic assessment was applied, yielding final probability distributions for the risk characterization ratio (RCR). For nano-Ag, the form-specific assessment resulted in a decrease of the mean RCR from 0.061 for the approach neglecting the different release forms to 0.034 because of the much lower PNEC of transformed Ag. Likewise, for nano-ZnO, the form-specific approach reduced the mean RCR from 1.2 to 0.86. For nano-TiO2, the form-specific assessment did not change the mean RCR of 0.026. This analysis shows that a form-specific approach can have an influence on the assessment of the environmental risks of ENMs and that, given the availability of form-specific release models, an updated ERA for ENMs can be performed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2629–2639. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
The effect of incorporating herbal (Lippia javanica) infusion on the phenolic, physicochemical, and sensorial properties of fruit wine
Authors: Chawafambira Armistice 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe use of medicinal herbs in food processing to improve food quality and human health is growing in sub‐Saharan Africa. Herbal infusions have perceived medicinal benefits. This study investigated the effect of incorporating L. javanica extract on the phenolic, physicochemical, and sensory properties of a Uapaca kirkiana fruit‐based wine. The fruit and L. javanica were analyzed for proximate, pH, total soluble sugars (TSS), total sugar, titratable acidity, phenolics, and antioxidant activity (AOA). The prepared substrate was fermented at optimized fermentation temperature of 23°C, pH of 3.4, inoculum concentration of 9.5% (v/v) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and L. javanica extract concentration of 10% (v/v). The produced wine had a pH, total sugar, TSS, total acidity, and vitamin C content of 3.1 ± 0.2, 3.0 ± 0.1 g/L, 4.8 ± 0.1%, 5.9 ± 0.01 g/L, and 4.4 ± 0.1 mg/100 g, respectively. The wine had 12.2 ± 2.1 mg GAE/g, 0.06 ± 0.01 mg/g, and 1.8 ± 1.1 mg CE/g total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids, respectively. The alcohol, free sulfur dioxide (SO2), AOA, and color values of the produced wine were 10.2 ± 0.1 alcohol by volume (ABV)%, 58.1 ± 1.2 mg/L, 73.1 ± 0.1 EC50 mg/L, and 40.4 ± 2.1% yellow, respectively. The flavor, color, and overall acceptance of the produced wine were rated as “good” and were significantly different (p < .05) from control wine. The addition of L. javanica extracts enhanced total phenol, color, and sensory properties of the wine. The utilization of U. kirkiana fruit by incorporating L. javanica infusion can reduce postharvest losses and improve nutrition and health.
Detection of mental fatigue state using heart rate variability and eye metrics during simulated flight
Authors: Qin Hao , Zhou Xiaozhou , Ou Xuhan , Liu Yue , Xue Chenqi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPilot mental fatigue is a growing concern in the aviation field due to its significant contributions to human errors and aviation accidents. Long work hours, sleep loss, circadian rhythm disruption, and workload are well‐known reasons, but there is a need to accurately detect pilot mental fatigue to improve aviation safety. However, due to the highly restricted cockpit environment and the complex nature of mental fatigue, feasible in‐flight detection remains under‐investigated. The objective of this study is to define a promising approach for mental fatigue detection based on psychophysiological measurements in flying‐relevant environments. Eleven participants engaged in a simulated flight experiment, where several conventional heart rate variability (HRV) and ocular indices were examined to study their relevance to mental fatigue. Additionally, a Toeplitz Inverse Covariance‐Based Clustering (TICC) method was performed to determine the ground truth, after which supervised machine learning was adopted to enable automated mental fatigue detection using HRV and eye metrics. Results showed that HRV and eye metrics were sensitive to the mental fatigue induced by prolonged flight‐relevant tasks. The TICC method helped determine the ground truth for mental fatigue and identify its three distinct levels. Furthermore, a supervised learning‐based detection of mental fatigue was achieved using a support vector machine with the greatest detection accuracy of 91.8%. The findings and methodology of this study provide new insights into the fatigue countermeasures in restricted cockpit environment and lay the groundwork for further explorations into the mental fatigue induced by prolonged flight missions.
Hydrological and catchment controls on event‐scale dissolved organic carbon dynamics in boreal headwater streams
Authors: Ducharme Adrienne A. , Casson Nora J. , Higgins Scott N. , Friesen‐Hughes Karl 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHydrological events transport large proportions of annual or seasonal dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loads from catchments to streams. The timing, magnitude and intensity of these events are very sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, particularly across the boreal region where snowpacks are declining and summer droughts are increasing. It is important to understand how landscape characteristics modulate event‐scale DOC dynamics in order to scale up predictions from sites across regions, and to understand how climatic changes will influence DOC dynamics across the boreal forest. The goal of this study was to assess variability in DOC concentrations in boreal headwater streams across catchments with varying physiographic characteristics (e.g., size, proportion of wetland) during a range of hydrological events (e.g., spring snowmelt, summer/fall storm events). From 2016 to 2017, continuous discharge and sub‐daily chemistry grab samples were collected from three adjacent study catchments located at the International Institute for Sustainable Development‐Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario, Canada. Catchment differences were more apparent in summer and fall events and less apparent during early spring melt events. Hysteresis analysis suggested that DOC sources were proximal to the stream for all events at a catchment dominated by a large wetland near the outlet, but distal from the stream at the catchments that lacked significant wetland coverage during the summer and fall. Wetland coverage also influenced responses of DOC export to antecedent moisture; at the wetland‐dominated catchment, there were consistent negative relationships between DOC concentrations and antecedent moisture, while at the catchments without large wetlands, the relationships were positive or not significant. These results emphasize the utility of sub‐daily sampling for inferring catchment DOC transport processes, and the importance of considering catchment‐specific factors when predicting event‐scale DOC behaviour.
Attention profiles following preterm birth: A review of methods and findings from infancy to adulthood
Authors: Ginnell Lorna , Boardman James P. , Reynolds Rebecca M. , Fletcher‐Watson Sue 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChildren born preterm are at increased risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and subclinical attention problems. The ADHD profile that presents following prematurity has been characterized by inattention without impulsivity or hyperactivity. This supports the existence of a preterm attentional phenotype. This review aims to examine the preterm attentional profile regarding three attention networks: alerting, orienting, and executive attention, and to survey the methods used for measuring attention networks. We conclude that prematurity is associated with impairments in the attention networks, but a robust and detailed articulation of a distinctive preterm attention phenotype cannot be ascertained from the available data. Future research should focus on addressing methodological challenges associated with measuring attention, protocol harmonization, open data sharing, and longitudinal studies utilizing a variety of measurement types. Delineating the developmental trajectory of attention will improve understanding of the pathway from prematurity to attentional problems including ADHD and guide interventions.
Measurement invariance of the Phubbing Scale across 20 countries
Authors: Błachnio Agata , Przepiórka Aneta , Gorbaniuk Oleg , Bendayan Rebecca , McNeill Monika , Angeluci Alan , Abreu Ana Maria , Ben‐Ezra Menachem , Benvenuti Martina , Blanca Maria J. , Brkljacic Tihana , Babić Nenad Čuš , Gorbaniuk Julia , Holdoš Juraj , Ivanova Ana , Karadağ Engin , Malik Sadia , Mazzoni Elvis , Milanovic Anita , Musil Bojan , Pantic Igor , Rando Belen , Seidman Gwendolyn , D'Souza Lancy , Vanden Abeele Mariek M. P. , Wołońciej Mariusz , Wu Anise M. S. , Yu Shu 
Published: June 2021

Mobile phone addiction is a robust phenomenon observed throughout the world. The social aspect of mobile phone use is crucial; therefore, phubbing is a part of the mobile phone addiction phenomenon. Phubbing is defined as ignoring an interlocutor by glancing at one's mobile phone during a face‐to‐face conversation. The main aim of this study was to investigate how the Phubbing Scale (containing 10 items) might vary across countries, and between genders. Data were collected in 20 countries: Belarus, Brazil, China, Croatia, Ecuador, India, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK, Ukraine and USA. The mean age across the sample (N = 7696, 65.8% women, 34.2% men) was 25.32 years (SD = 9.50). The cross‐cultural invariance of the scale was investigated using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) as well as the invariance analyses. Additionally, data from each country were assessed individually via confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). We obtained two factors, based on only eight of the items: (a) communication disturbances and (b) phone obsession. The 8 items Phubbing Scale.
Association of ABCC2 Haplotypes to Mycophenolic Acid Pharmacokinetics in Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Brazeau Daniel , Meaney Calvin J. , Consiglio Joseph D. , Wilding Gregory E. , Cooper Louise M. , Venuto Rocco C. , Tornatore Kathleen M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMycophenolic acid exhibits significant interpatient pharmacokinetic variability attributed to factors including race, sex, concurrent medications, and enterohepatic circulation of the mycophenolic acid glucuronide metabolite to mycophenolic acid. This conversion by enterohepatic circulation is mediated by the multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2, encoded by ABCC2. This study investigated ABCC2 haplotype associations with mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in 147 stable kidney transplant recipients receiving mycophenolic acid in combination with calcineurin inhibitors. The role of the ABCC2 genotypes ‐24C>T (rs717620), 1249C>T (rs2273697), and 3972C>T (rs3740066) were evaluated in prospective, cross‐sectional pharmacokinetic studies of stable recipients receiving mycophenolic acid and either tacrolimus or cyclosporine. Haplotype phenotypic associations with mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetic parameters were computed using THESIAS (v. 3.1). Four ABCC2 haplotypes with estimated frequencies greater than 10% were identified (H1:CGC [wild type], H9:CGT, H2:CAC, H12:TGT). There were no differences in haplotype frequencies by either race or sex. There were significant associations of pharmacokinetic parameters with ABCC2 haplotypes for mycophenolic acid clearance (L/h), mycophenolic acid AUC0‐12h (mg·h/L), and the ratio of mycophenolic acid glucuronide to mycophenolic acid AUC0‐12h. The wild‐type haplotype ABCC2 CGC had greater mycophenolic acid AUC0‐12h (P = .017), slower clearance (P = .013), and lower mycophenolic acid glucuronide to mycophenolic acid AUC0‐12h ratio (P = .047) compared with the reduced function ABCC2 haplotype CGT. These differences were most pronounced among patients receiving tacrolimus cotreatment. No phenotypic associations were found with the cyclosporine‐mycophenolic acid regimen. Variation in ABCC2 haplotypes contributes to subtherapeutic mycophenolic acid exposure and influences interpatient variability in pharmacokinetic phenotypes based on concurrent calcineurin inhibitor treatment.