bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comment on Kärrholm et al. “Designing the Swedish Crime Harm Index: an Evidence-Based Strategy”
Authors: Sarnecki Jerzy 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Question
Is the Swedish Crime Harm Index as presented and corrected in this Journal as reported by Kärrholm et al. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing (2020a, b) a valid method for studying the long-term development of crime and of the harm caused by crime?

Data
Cited publications in this journal, Swedish crime statistics, and other evidence on historical changes in Swedish crime reporting.

Methods
Documentation of the ways in which crime counting in different categories has changed over time in Sweden.

Findings
The authors do not seem to have considered important aspects of the way the Swedish crime statistics are assembled. An overestimation of the increase in cases of homicide and of the penalty value of offenses that do not usually result in custodial sentences are two examples. The authors also fail to consider legislation that criminalizes previously unpunished (harmful) behavior.

Conclusion
The historical CHI, as it has been constructed by Kärrholm et al. is not an appropriate method for studying the long-term development of crime and of the harm caused by crime. In a time of net-widening and increasing punitiveness in the justice system, the CHI will show an increase even with no change in actual crime behavior. A simple measure of the current harm caused by crime may be useful for short-term analysis, planning, and the evaluation of police efforts, but it is inadequate as a means of studying the longitudinal development of the crime problem. In the calculation of CHI, harm caused by crimes that do not lead to imprisonment should also be included.
The EDIT Survey: Identifying Emergency Department Information Technology Knowledge and Training Gaps
Authors: Kollek Daniel , Barrera David , Stobert Elizabeth , Homier Valérie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjective:To review Emergency Department internet connectivity, cyber risk factors, perception of risks and preparedness, security policies, training and mitigation strategies.Methods:A validated targeted survey was sent to Canadian ED physicians and nurses between March 5, 2019 and April 28, 2019.Results:There were 349 responses, with physicians making up 84% of the respondents (59% urban teaching, 35% community teaching, 6% community non-teaching hospitals). All had multiple passwords, 93% had more than 1 user account, over 90% had to log repeatedly each workday, 52% had to change their passwords every 3 months, 75% had multiple methods of authentication and 53% reported using a terminal where someone else was already logged in. Passwords were used to review laboratory and radiology data, access medical records and manage patient flow. Majority of the respondents (51%) did not know if they worked with internet linked devices. Only 7% identified an ‘air gapped’ computer in their facility and 76% used personal devices for patient care, with less than a third of those allowing the IT department to review their device. A total of 26 respondents received no cyber security training.Conclusion:This paper revealed significant computer-human interface dysfunctionality and readiness gaps in the event of an IT failure. These stemmed from poor system design, poor planning and lack of training. The paper identified areas with technical or training solutions and suggested mitigation strategies.
The Kodaira Problem for Kähler Spaces with Vanishing First Chern Class
Authors: Graf Patrick , Schwald Martin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLetXbe a normal compact Kähler space with klt singularities and torsion canonical bundle. We show thatXadmits arbitrarily small deformations that are projective varieties if its locally trivial deformation space is smooth. We then prove that this unobstructedness assumption holds in at least three cases: ifXhas toroidal singularities, ifXhas finite quotient singularities and if the cohomology group${\mathrm {H}^{2} \!\left ( X, {\mathscr {T}_{X}} \right )}$vanishes.
Measuring Procedural and Substantial Amendment Rules: An Empirical Exploration
Authors: Garoupa Nuno , Santos Botelho Catarina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConstitutional amendment difficulty or rigidity has generated extensive literature in recent times, both conceptually and empirically. Although constitutional scholars seem divided about the importance and significance of amendment limits, there has been a proliferation of indicators and statistical analysis. In this Article, while recognizing the normative debate, we provide an empirical exploration for thirty-seven countries based on factor analysis of both formal procedural rules—usually the focus of empirical work—and substantial amendment rules—which are less developed in the quantitative literature. We discuss the existing contradictions across available indicators. Implications for the literature are derived.
Developments in German Criminal Law: The Urgent Issues Regarding Prolonged Pre-Trial Detention in Germany
Authors: Jung Sina , Petrick Carolin , Schiller Eva Maria , Münster Lukas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFreedom is one of the fundamental rights enshrined in Art. 2(2)(2) of the German Constitution. However, nearly 30,000 remand prisoners were incarcerated in pre-trial detention in Germany in 2017 pending trial. Due to the presumption of innocence, remand prisoners are subjected to a flagrant violation of their constitutional right to freedom. After outlining the legal pre-requisites of pre-trial detention under German law, this article addresses various legal areas of conflict arising from periods of prolonged pre-trial detention by examining a case brought before the Federal Constitutional Court in Germany in 2018. At the same time, the article demonstrates how severely pre-trial detention affects the personal lives of remand prisoners. The longer any such period of pre-trial detention lasts, the more important the question is whether this deprivation of liberty can be justified. Over the past few years, the number of cases involving protracted pre-trial detention has increased dramatically due to overworked courts. By emphasizing that a lack of judicial resources cannot justify lengthy terms of pre-trial detention, this article highlights the importance of the fundamental right to freedom of each and every one of us.
Quantifying marine reservoir effect variability along the Northwest Coast of North America
Authors: Schmuck Nicholas , Reuther Joshua , Baichtal James F. , Carlson Risa J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecognition of marine reservoir effect (MRE) spatial and temporal variability must be accounted for in any radiocarbon-based paleoclimate, geomorphological, or archaeological reconstruction in a coastal setting. ΔR values from 37 shell-wood pairs across southern Southeast Alaska provide a robust local evaluation of the MRE, reporting a local Early Holocene weighted ΔR average of 265 ± 205, with a significantly higher ΔR average of 410 ± 60 for samples near limestone karst. Integration with our synthesis of extant MRE calibrations for the Northwest Coast of North America suggests that despite local variability, regional ΔR averages echo proxies for coastal upwelling: regional weighted averages were at their highest in the Bølling-Allerød interstade (575 ± 165) and their lowest in the Younger Dryas stade (−55 ± 110). Weighted ΔR averages across the Northwest Coast rose to a Holocene high during the Early Holocene warm period (245 ± 200) before settling into a stable Holocene average ΔR of 145 ± 165, which persisted until the late Holocene. Our quantification of local and regional shifts in the MRE shines a light on present methodological issues involved in MRE corrections in mixed-feeder, diet-based calibrations of archaeological and paleontological specimens.
ASSESSING THE CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY OF EL MIRÓN CAVE, CANTABRIAN SPAIN
Authors: Hopkins Rachel J A , Straus Lawrence Guy , González Morales Manuel R 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTEl Mirón is an important archaeological cave site in Cantabria (Spain) with a stratigraphy covering the late Middle Paleolithic to the Modern Period. The Magdalenian levels are especially rich in artifacts, faunal remains, and features, and included the burial of an adult female (“the Red Lady”), as well as other scattered human remains, while the Neolithic levels contained the oldest combined evidence of ceramics, domesticated grain and livestock in the region. However, in the absence of diagnostic artifacts in many levels that would always provide a traditional cultural chronology, radiocarbon dating has been essential in understanding the temporal framework for human activity at the site. Over the duration of more than two decades, the El Mirón Project has therefore obtained 93 radiocarbon dates, which cover the entire stratigraphic record as found in several different excavation areas. In light of the considerable methodological advances that radiocarbon dating has seen since 1996 we aim to evaluate the reliability of the published 14C record for El Mirón Cave, and to improve the accuracy of the radiocarbon based chronostratigraphy through Bayesian modeling. The results shed light on which dates may be used for future research and where dating discrepancies reflect taphonomic processes, thereby advancing intra-site and regional archaeological comparisons.
Retro-aortic brachiocephalic vein with azygous vein continuation: a rare vascular variant
Authors: Mahendran Arjun K. , Chandran Arun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present an infant with incidentally found retro-aortic left brachiocephalic vein draining directly into azygous vein. This rare vascular variant is asymptomatic but does have clinical implications with surgical and interventional procedures.
The inaugural United States World Hospice and Palliative Care Day Celebration: A virtual coming together
Authors: Rosa William E. , Pandey Shila , Epstein Andrew S. , Connor Stephen R. , Nelson Judith E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveOn October 10, 2020, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Supportive Care Service hosted their first-ever United States (US) World Hospice and Palliative Care Day (WHPCD) Celebration. The purpose of this article is to describe the US inaugural event in alignment with the broader goals of WHPCD and provide lessons learned in anticipation of the second annual conference to be held on October 5–6, 2021.MethodsDescription of the inaugural event in the context of COVID-19 and WHPCD, co-planning conference team reflection, and attendee survey responses.ResultsThe Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance initially launched WHPCD in 2005 as an annual unified day of action to celebrate and support hospice and palliative care around the world. The US-based innovative virtual conference featured 23 interprofessional hospice and palliative care specialists and patient and family caregiver speakers across nine diverse sessions addressing priorities at the intersection of COVID-19, social injustice, and the global burden of serious health-related suffering. Two primary aims guided the event: community building and wisdom sharing. Nearly 270 registrants from at least 16 countries and one dozen states across the US joined the free program focused on both personal and professional development.Significance of resultsUnlike many other academic conferences and professional gatherings that were relegated to online forums due to pandemic-related restrictions, the US WHPCD Celebration was intentionally established to create a virtual coming together for collective reflection on the barriers and facilitators of palliative care delivery amid vast societal change. The goal to ensure a globally relevant and culturally inclusive agenda will continue to draw increased participation at an international level during future annual events. Finally, the transparent and respectful sharing of palliative care team experiences in the year preceding the conference established a safe environment for both individual expression and scholarly discussion.
The Pulse of the Amazon: Fluxes of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Nutrients, and Ions From the World's Largest River
Authors: Drake Travis W. , Hemingway Jordon D. , Kurek Martin R. , Peucker‐Ehrenbrink Bernhard , Brown Kristina A. , Holmes Robert M. , Galy Valier , Moura Jose M.S. , Mitsuya Miyuki , Wassenaar Leonard I. , Six Johan , Spencer Robert G. M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Amazon River drains a diverse tropical landscape greater than 6 million km2, culminating in the world's largest export of freshwater and dissolved constituents to the ocean. Here, we present dissolved organic carbon (DOC), organic and inorganic nitrogen (DON, DIN), orthophosphate (PO43−), and major and trace ion concentrations and fluxes from the Amazon River using 26 samples collected over three annual hydrographs. Concentrations and fluxes were predominantly controlled by the annual wet season flood pulse. Average DOC, DON, DIN, and PO43− fluxes (±1 s.d.) were 25.5 (±1.0), 1.14 (±0.05), 0.82 (±0.03), and 0.063 (±0.003) Tg yr−1, respectively. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption (at 350 nm) was strongly correlated with DOC concentrations, resulting in a flux of 74.8 × 106 m−2 yr−1. DOC and DON concentrations positively correlated with discharge while nitrate + nitrite concentrations negatively correlated, suggesting mobilization and dilution responses, respectively. Ammonium, PO43−, and silica concentrations displayed chemostatic responses to discharge. Major and trace ion concentrations displayed clockwise hysteresis (except for chloride, sodium, and rubidium) and exhibited either dilution or chemostatic responses. The sources of weathered cations also displayed seasonality, with the highest proportion of carbonate‐ and silicate‐derived cations occurring during peak and baseflow, respectively. Finally, our seasonally resolved weathering model resulted in an average CO2 consumption yield of (3.55 ± 0.11) × 105 mol CO2 km−2 yr−1. These results represent an updated and temporally refined quantification of dissolved fluxes that highlight the strong seasonality of export from the world's largest river and set a robust baseline against which to gauge future change.
A Modeling Study of the Tripole Pattern of East China Precipitation Over the Past 425 ka
Authors: Dai Gaowen , Zhang Zhongshi , Otterå Odd Helge , Langebroek Petra M. , Yan Qing , Zhang Ran 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe traditional paleoclimatological view suggests that monsoonal China was overall wetter when the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was strong. However, this view is at odds with the understanding of modern climate, which demonstrates an analogous “tripole precipitation pattern” in monsoonal China. Little is known about the spatial pattern of paleo‐precipitation in monsoonal China, particularly during the past glacial‐interglacial cycles. Here, we provide evidence for a potential tripole precipitation pattern in monsoonal China over the past 425 ka using climate modeling, and compare the results with paleoclimate records available from China. Our simulations illustrate that more (less) precipitation in North China and South China, and less (more) precipitation in the Central‐East China during strong (weak) EASM periods associated with high (low) boreal summer insolation. Our results agree with the present understanding of modern East Asian climate, and furthermore confirm that the boreal summer insolation is the dominant forcing for the intensity of EASM and the response of subtropical high pressures is fundamental in modulating the precipitation pattern in monsoonal China on orbital timescales. This temporal and spatial variability of precipitation, as revealed in our simulations, shows the potential high complexities in hydroclimatic conditions in monsoonal China throughout the past glacial‐interglacial cycles. Nevertheless, whether the tripole precipitation pattern in monsoonal China over the past 425 ka is robust enough still should be tested, preferable by taking advantage of existing and new well‐dated and explicit indicative precipitation archives in Central‐East China.
The Phase of Water Ice Which Forms in Cold Clouds in the Mesospheres of Mars, Venus, and Earth
Authors: Mangan T. P. , Plane J. M. C. , Murray B. J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWater ice clouds form in the mesospheres of terrestrial planets in the solar system (and most likely elsewhere) by vapor deposition at low pressures and temperatures. Under these conditions a range of crystalline and amorphous phases of ice might form. The phase is important because it influences nucleation kinetics, density, vapor pressure over the solid, growth rates and particle shape. In the past, the temperature range over which these different phases exist has been defined on the basis of depositing ice at low temperature and warming it while observing phase changes. However, the direct deposition of ice at a range of temperatures relevant for the terrestrial planets has not been systematically investigated. Here we present X‐ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements of water ice deposited at temperature intervals between 88 and 145 K in a vacuum chamber. XRD patterns showed that low density amorphous ice was formed at ≤120 K, stacking disordered ice I formed from 121 to 135 K and hexagonal ice I formed at 140 and 145 K. Direct deposition results in the stable hexagonal phase at much lower temperatures than when warming stacking disordered ice. All three phases of water ice observed here are possible in clouds in the mesospheres of Earth and Mars, while on Venus only amorphous ice is likely to form.
Reply to the Comment on “Tu et al., an Analytical Solution of Groundwater Flow in a Confined Aquifer With a Single‐Well Circulation System, Water Resources Research, First Published: 12 June 2020.”
Authors: Tu Kun , Wu Qiang , Simunek Jirka , Chen Chaofan , Zhu Ke , Zeng Yifan , Xu Shengheng , Wang Yang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe authors appreciate Dr. Kabala's interest in our work and his commitment to protecting research work integrity and scientific records accuracy. They are of the utmost importance to us as well. After receiving the Comment, we made it our highest priority to respond, address the concerns raised, and carefully re‐examine our manuscript. This reply is to “Comment on ‘An analytical solution of groundwater flow in a confined aquifer with a single well circulation system, by Tu et al.'”
Thank You to Our 2020 Peer Reviewers
Authors: Manighetti Isabelle , Abercrombie Rachel , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Bernabé Yves , Bostock Michael , Dekkers Mark , Parman Stephen W. , Schmitt Douglas , Tregoning Paul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMembers of the editorial board of JGR‐Solid Earth express their appreciation to those who served as peer reviewers for the journal in 2020.
Key bacterial taxa and metabolic pathways affecting gut short-chain fatty acid profiles in early life
Authors: Tsukuda Naoki , Yahagi Kana , Hara Taeko , Watanabe Yohei , Matsumoto Hoshitaka , Mori Hiroshi , Higashi Koichi , Tsuji Hirokazu , Matsumoto Satoshi , Kurokawa Ken , Matsuki Takahiro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Infant gut microbiota development affects the host physiology throughout life, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are promising key metabolites mediating microbiota-host relationships. Here, we investigated dense longitudinally collected faecal samples from 12 subjects during the first 2 years (n = 1048) to identify early life gut SCFA patterns and their relationships with the microbiota. Our results revealed three distinct phases of progression in the SCFA profiles: early phase characterised by low acetate and high succinate, middle-phase characterised by high lactate and formate and late-phase characterised by high propionate and butyrate. Assessment of the SCFA–microbiota relationships revealed that faecal butyrate is associated with increased Clostridiales and breastfeeding cessation, and that diverse and personalised assemblage of Clostridiales species possessing the acetyl-CoA pathway play major roles in gut butyrate production. We also found an association between gut formate and some infant-type bifidobacterial species, and that human milk oligosaccharides (HMO)-derived fucose is the substrate for formate production during breastfeeding. We identified genes upregulated in fucose and fucosylated HMO utilisation in infant-type bifidobacteria. Notably, bifidobacteria showed interspecific and intraspecific variation in the gene repertoires, and cross-feeding of fucose contributed to gut formate production. This study provides an insight into early life SCFA–microbiota relationships, which is an important step for developing strategies for modulating lifelong health.
Beyond DNA repair and chromosome instability—Fanconi anaemia as a cellular senescence-associated syndrome
Authors: Helbling-Leclerc Anne , Garcin Cécile , Rosselli Filippo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFanconi anaemia (FA) is the most frequent inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, due to mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in replication fork protection, DNA interstrand crosslink repair and replication rescue through inducing double-strand break repair and homologous recombination. Clinically, FA is characterised by aplastic anaemia, congenital defects and cancer predisposition. In in vitro studies, FA cells presented hallmarks defining senescent cells, including p53-p21 axis activation, altered telomere length, mitochondrial dysfunction, chromatin alterations, and a pro-inflammatory status. Senescence is a programme leading to proliferation arrest that is involved in different physiological contexts, such as embryogenesis, tissue remodelling and repair and guarantees tumour suppression activity. However, senescence can become a driving force for developmental abnormalities, aging and cancer. Herein, we summarise the current knowledge in the field to highlight the mutual relationships between FA and senescence that lead us to consider FA not only as a DNA repair and chromosome fragility syndrome but also as a “senescence syndrome”.
NIK promotes metabolic adaptation of glioblastoma cells to bioenergetic stress
Authors: Kamradt Michael L. , Jung Ji-Ung , Pflug Kathryn M. , Lee Dong W. , Fanniel Victor , Sitcheran Raquel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCancers, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), undergo coordinated reprogramming of metabolic pathways that control glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to promote tumor growth in diverse tumor microenvironments. Adaptation to limited nutrient availability in the microenvironment is associated with remodeling of mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetic capacity. We recently demonstrated that NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) regulates mitochondrial morphology to promote GBM cell invasion. Here, we show that NIK is recruited to the outer membrane of dividing mitochondria with the master fission regulator, Dynamin-related protein1 (DRP1). Moreover, glucose deprivation-mediated metabolic shift to OXPHOS increases fission and mitochondrial localization of both NIK and DRP1. NIK deficiency results in decreased mitochondrial respiration, ATP production, and spare respiratory capacity (SRC), a critical measure of mitochondrial fitness. Although IκB kinase α and β (IKKα/β) and NIK are required for OXPHOS in high glucose media, only NIK is required to increase SRC under glucose deprivation. Consistent with an IKK-independent role for NIK in regulating metabolism, we show that NIK phosphorylates DRP1-S616 in vitro and in vivo. Notably, a constitutively active DRP1-S616E mutant rescues oxidative metabolism, invasiveness, and tumorigenic potential in NIK−/− cells without inducing IKK. Thus, we establish that NIK is critical for bioenergetic stress responses to promote GBM cell pathogenesis independently of IKK. Our data suggest that targeting NIK may be used to exploit metabolic vulnerabilities and improve therapeutic strategies for GBM.