bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jewish Spiritualization as “Meaning Injection”
Authors: Lebel Udi , Ben-Hador Batia , Ben-Shalom Uzi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An ethnography was conducted during a seminar for military officers organized by the “Jewish consciousness” (Toda’a Yehudith) unit recently established within the Israel Defense Forces’ Military Rabbinate Corps. The unit does not provide religious services but offers workshops, lectures, and seminars for all soldiers, religious or secular, in an attempt to infuse a sense of “Jewish spirit” intended to empower and enhance motivation to serve. The authors observe that the main aim of the seminar is to “inject meaning” into military service. This is made all the more significant as the seminar is directed at “blue-collar” officers, lacking the aura of combat and its symbolic capital. The authors argue that the seminar has succeeded in positioning their service as attractive, productive, and meaningful by infusing a Jewish-spiritualistic discourse. The use of the language of Judaism and its attribution of a spiritual meaning parallel to “New Age” discourse enables soldiers to imagine their daily service in a more meaningful way, masking the alienation, routine, and marginality of their daily work. This serves to draw participants closer to the Zionist-religious discourse, as only from this perspective is it possible to ascribe such meaning, mission, and recognition to their daily work. A post-modern motif (spiritual meaning) is coopted in favor of the reproduction of a modern hegemony (religion in the army).
Santo Niño in Recoding the History of the Spanish Conquest
Authors: Lee Christina H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Santo Niño de Cebu is one of the most revered saints in the Philippines and draws tens of thousands of devotees during his fiestas, like few others. Santo Niño’s origins and cult formation can be traced to the very first instances of the Spanish conquest. This chapter analyzes the documentary genealogy of the colonial discourse that figures Santo Niño as the symbol for the predestined Christianization of the Philippines and tracks the rise of a native counter-narrative at the end of the sixteenth century that denies his Spanish origins. Its argues that for the Cebuano subjects, as well as other natives of the colonized Philippines, to speak of the pre-Hispanic origins of Santo Niño could have been a means to maintain their own collective memory of the material and spiritual pillage that arose with the Spanish conquest.
Our Lady of Caysasay, the Chinese Goddess of the Sea
Authors: Lee Christina H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the foundation and growth of the devotion to a foot-high wooden icon of the Immaculate Conception who has also been identified as Ma-Cho, the Chinese goddess of the sea and seafarers, since the seventeenth century. It argues that Tagalogs, Spaniards, and Chinese embraced the devotion to Our Lady of Caysasay as a means to protest the indiscriminate massacre of the Chinese of 1639. Tagalog and Spanish grievances over the mass killings of the Christian Chinese in the Taal region were recorded in an investigation conducted by the Manila Church in 1640. The investigation concerned Juan Imbin, a Christian Chinese stonecutter who was believed to have been pulled out of the sea and revived by Our Lady of Caysasay after he had been executed, along with other condemned Chinese, by Spanish forces. Imbin’s miracle investigation is also the only extant source that voices the story of the massacre from the point of view of the Chinese who were targeted by the order of extermination. I argue that it is only by examining the testimonies of witnesses who participated in the investigation of the miracle that we can understand why this particular story was chosen to be remembered by the community at large.
Matthew’s Story
Authors: Myers Alicia D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns to the Gospel of Matthew, beginning with a basic overview of historical contexts before digging more deeply into a specific issue, this time the various manifestations of Jewish practices in the Second Temple period. Emphasizing the Jewishness of Jesus, this chapter offers an overview of different Second Temple Jewish “schools of thought,” both those appearing in the Gospels and Acts and those we know of from extrabiblical materials. The chapter, then, gives a literary overview of Matthew before examining three main themes: Jesus’s origins and kingship, the Sermon on the Mount, and Jesus’s reception by Matthew’s minor characters, including the Gospels’ problematic portrayal of Jewish religious leaders. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of reading Matthew in its context as a Jewish writing that participates in intra-Jewish polemic in order to combat anti-Jewish and anachronistic interpretations.
Luke’s Story, Part 2
Authors: Myers Alicia D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the second of Luke’s two volumes, the book of Acts. Giving special attention to its relationship to the Gospel of Luke, this chapter presents Acts as an ancient historiography and explores what that means for its historicity. Building on Roman understandings of identity, this chapter describes ancient understandings of conversion and repentance. Rather than a fundamental change, repentance and conversion were understood as redirecting oneself as a result of a dramatic or divine intervention. In Acts, this intervention comes through the Holy Spirit. Continuing with the Gospel’s emphasis on inclusion, Acts presents God as giving this Spirit to “all flesh.” The chapter then gives a literary overview before discussing three main themes: the story of Pentecost and God’s gift of the Spirit; God’s message for all people as the fulfillment of the Abrahamic promise; and the conflicts faced by believers living in the Roman Empire.
The Ten Dollar Opera
Authors: Hecht Stuart J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter posits that the musical Hamilton functions as the incarnation of a new modernism and draws upon Bertolt Brecht’s theater, and The Threepenny Opera in particular, as instruments with which to examine Hamilton, both theatrically and culturally. With Hamilton, Miranda takes modernist theatrical forms originally designed to challenge the traditional status quo and uses them instead to assert a new status quo. That Miranda—racially identified as Latino and making deliberate use of diversity in his cast—should identify with the monied elite is a new chapter in American culture. Hamilton praises privilege, ultimately, as much as it does Horatio Alger’s old notion of moving from rags to riches. Hamilton’s staging and structure strongly echo Brecht, which points out how the old Left has been subverted here to promote a conservative agenda, rather than challenge both, as such devices were originally designed to do.
Musical “Founders Chic”
Authors: Lodge Mary Jo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The musicals Hamilton and 1776 take liberties with the historical record in the service of their musical stories. It can be argued that some of the decisions the creators of both shows made in their process are actually meant to communicate American heritage, rather than American history. In his 1996 book Mickey Mouse History and other Essays on American Memory, Mike Wallace has argued that heritage offers “the appropriate past for the desired future,” without the constraints of historical fact (15). Certainly, Sherman Edwards’s musical 1776 summons images of America’s patriotic heritage, right down to the iconic signing of the Declaration of Independence—which didn’t quite happen as the show depicts. This chapter explores how Hamilton, like 1776, creates Wallace’s “appropriate past for the desired future” by examining the adaptation process for the show, particularly as it relates to the musical’s treatment of race and gender.
Taking Hamilton to the Streets
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Brief live shows, later called Ham4Ham, preceded the ticket lottery held during every preview performance of Hamilton on Broadway, and then later, on two-show days. This chapter examines how creator Miranda used the Ham4Ham shows to take Hamilton to the streets as part of a long lineage of Latinx theater-making traditions. This chapter coins the term “aesthetics of accessibility” to describe a Latinx theater-making philosophy of accessibility that finds its roots in the early work of El Teatro Campesino and the Puerto Rican Traveling Theatre in the 1960s and 1970s. Ham4Ham officially ended in 2016, so this essay also looks to the future of aesthetics of accessibility and how Latinx theater and performance continues to be at the forefront of evolving the American theater. Ultimately, Ham4Ham blurs the lines between commerce and generosity; this essay questions what happens when the aesthetics of accessibility are produced in a commercial Broadway context.
Linguistic Diversity and Human Migrations in Gabon
Authors: Manni Franz , Nerbonne John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Gabon is an African country located very close to the homeland of Bantu languages (Cameroon). Starting about 5,000 years ago, Bantu-speaking populations diffused into almost all sub-Saharan Africa. By processing with computational linguistic methods (Levenshtein distance) two independently collected lexical data sets recording the pronunciation of 88 and 158 words in more than 50 linguistic varieties spoken in Gabon, we obtained a numerical classification of the major linguistic groups. We compared this classification to those available based on historical linguistics methods (cognate-sharing defined by experts), and found them to overlap, which indicates that the two methods capture the same signal of linguistic difference (and relatedness). To focus on the historical relatedness between major linguistic clusters, we controlled for the linguistic similarity related to contact, proportional to geographic vicinity, and suggested that the first Bantu-speaking groups to people Gabon where those speaking KOTA-KELE (B20) languages. The other varieties concern five different immigration waves (B10, B30, B40, B50-B60-B70—Guthrie nomenclature) that penetrated Gabon later in history. To conclude, we suggest a peopling scenario that incorporates available paleoclimatic, archaeological, and population genetic evidence.
Migration of Garifuna
Authors: Crawford Michael H. , Phillips-Krawczak Christine , Beaty Kristine G. , Boaz Noel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the causes and consequences of migrations as well as population expansions and reductions of the Garifuna (also known as the Black Caribs), and the Carib and Arawak Native Americans from South America to the Leeward Islands of the Caribbean. In the 1600s, African slaves were brought by the British to the Lesser Antilles and admixed with Indigenous Native Americans to establish the Garifuna populations. British colonial takeover of St. Vincent (called Yurumein by the Garifuna) from the French resulted in conflict over land ownership with the Black Caribs, a war, and the forcible relocation of the Garifuna from St. Vincent to Baliceaux Island, Bay Islands, and eventually to the coast of Central America-- Honduras. From two founding communities established near Trujillo, Honduras, the Garifuna populations expanded through fission to form 54 villages distributed along the coast of Central America from Belize to Nicaragua. The evolutionary consequences of these migrations included an exceptional fertility in the founding populations, high genetic variability in some communities due to admixture between Native American and African populations, and resistance to malaria due to genes brought by the parental populations. The Garifuna provide an evolutionary success story driven by their unique history of migrations and genetic ancestry.
Migration of the Zoques to the Mountain Region of Tabasco, Mexico
Authors: Terreros-Espinosa Eladio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The mountain region of Tabasco was a significant area in the interregional exchange network in pre-Hispanic times and during the colonial period. Additionally, the exchange of various regional products followed the intricate network of trade routes within the coastal plain and Chiapas. Therefore, the role played by the settlements of the Sierra Tabasqueña within the commercial chain that existed between pre-Hispanic times and the first half of the last century was undoubtedly reflected among these territories. Trade was an important part of the economy of the Zoque settlements established in the Tabasqueña mountain range. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Proto-Mixe-Zoque speakers from several centuries BC were among the first foreign groups to migrate to Tabasco, merging with the local inhabitants. The documents written by Spaniards in the first half of the 16th century state that the Province of the Sierra de Tabasqueña was occupied by Zoque-speaking inhabitants. Based on the analysis of pre-Hispanic pottery recovered in this region, a chronology can be proposed from the Early Preclassic to the Protoclassic period, continuing into the Late-Terminal-Classic through the Late-Postclassic period.
The Banishment of Death
Authors: Camposampiero Matteo Favaretti 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Leibniz upholds immortalism in its extreme form. Nothing ever really dies, for animals (and not only their souls) are indestructible except by God’s power. Eighteenth-century philosophers described Leibniz’s doctrine as exilium mortis or “the banishment of death”, which most of them rejected as an implausible, ridiculous, or even scandalous notion. In order to understand this negative reaction, this chapter reconstructs the German debate among Leibniz’s contemporaries and immediate posterity on such issues as: Is the banishment of death a novelty or just an updated version of some traditional belief? How can the living body preserve its own identity through the dramatic transformations caused by death? On the other hand, the general hostility that surrounded the banishment-of-death doctrine suggests that the denial of natural mortality was actually perceived as a threat to Christian dogma – which challenges the naive assumption that immortalist claims are mere expression of a philosopher’s pious concerns.
Learning to Live a Human Life
Authors: Shapiro Lisa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how some early modern philosophers conceive of learning, how that conception intertwines with models of education, and how it ties into what can only be characterised as a movement to educate women in particular. The discussion focuses on education that aims to teach us both that we are free and how to use that freedom well. Yet as institutions of education inculcate customs and habits in students, a central question arises about how custom and habit, which are in many ways not only apparently antithetical to our freedom but also interfere with our understanding that we are free, are integral to our learning how to live freely and well.
Emotions, Virtues, and Vices in the Sienese Reflection on Violence and its Remedies
Authors: Zanetti Domingues Lidia Luisa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 builds on the description of models of criminal justice from the previous chapter by investigating how these different visions of society translated into the representation and promotion in the sources of different virtues, behaviours, and emotions as the appropriate reactions to offences and violence. Specific attention will be given to penitential constructions of the virtues of mercy, humility, and patience in sources such as hagiography and sermons. In this chapter, the methodology of the relatively new field of the ‘history of emotions’ is applied to the central themes of the thesis, and it is argued that this constitutes a particularly fruitful avenue of research neglected so far by scholars of communal Italy.
Communal Legislation and the Pursuit of Divine Justice
Authors: Zanetti Domingues Lidia Luisa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on lay views of criminal justice as expressed in Sienese ‘programmatic’ texts such as statutes. It aims to challenge the idea, expressed by some scholars of the Italian city-states, that communal justice was essentially vengeful in nature, by showing that, as in religious conceptions of justice, lay justice was also a polysemic concept that encompassed both ideas of revenge and mercy. It suggests that, even though the values of the ‘culture of revenge’ were indeed still central in the education of late medieval Sienese, as suggested by previous scholars, ‘private’ revenge between individuals or families was not legalized, even though ‘public’ revenge could be legitimized by making reference to religious concepts such as those described in Chapter 4. This highlights how religious elaborations on crime and violence were not just passively received by lay elites, but transformed to serve their own purposes.
The Development of Criminal Justice in Siena and the Influence of Religious Ideas
Authors: Zanetti Domingues Lidia Luisa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 checks the practical influence of the previously described theoretical elaborations in sources such as petitions, minutes of assemblies, and court records. It provides examples of how religious actors directly influenced the Sienese to create spaces for mercy in the judicial system of the city, especially for the benefit of poorer citizens: such examples show, the thesis argues, that references to religious principles by communal governments were not entirely instrumental, but the result of an effective dissemination of ideas by friars and lay penitents. The chapter also shows the high level of ‘legal consciousness’ of the Sienese, including those who did not participate in the government of the city for reasons of gender or social class: in petitions for amnesties they were indeed able to manipulate effectively the three discourses of criminal justice described in this thesis to their own benefit, instead of limiting themselves to absorbing them passively.
Beef
Authors: Young Alasdair R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter revisits one of the most discussed cases of EU non-compliance with WTO rules; its ban on hormone-treated beef. It provides a fuller and more nuanced analysis of the case than is found in the existing literature. It covers the policy from its initial adoption through the end of 2019 and includes a discussion of the EU’s efforts to shelter its policy during the Uruguay Round negotiations. The beef hormones case is one of only two in which enforcement tariffs were imposed, with both the United States and Canada adopting tariffs. The chapter demonstrates that tariffs did not prompt affected exporters to lobby for lifting the ban, as assumed by demand-side explanations. Rather, EU policy makers, caught between a desire to comply (in order to uphold the then new WTO and avoid encouraging reciprocal abrogation) and a belief that hormone-treated beef was unsafe, sought to change the form, but not the substance, of the bans to make them WTO compatible.
Bananas
Authors: Young Alasdair R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes one of the two instances in which enforcement tariffs were imposed: the EU’s banana trade regime (BTR). The analysis charts the origins of the policy through the EU’s efforts to protect it under multilateral trade rules before focusing on how the EU responded once it lost the complaint brought by the United States and Latin American banana producers. The EU responded in three acts. Only the second act has attracted much scholarly attention, which has led to some questionable conclusions about the impact of tariffs. The chapter exploits variation in conditions and outcomes over the three acts. Although adversely affected exporters lobbied for policy change during the second act, they were absent in the other two when changes were also adopted. In addition, there is no indication that their efforts affected the preferences of policy makers during the second act. Policy makers struggled to balance advancing the EU’s ambitious agenda in the Doha Round of multilateral trade talks with its obligations to domestic and African and Caribbean banana producers. The chapter argues that the EU’s policy reforms became more radical as the preferences of EU policy makers regarding the treatment of African and Caribbean producers changed for reasons unrelated to the dispute.
Conclusion
Authors: Young Alasdair R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws together the findings from the qualitative comparative analysis and the case studies (cross-case comparison) to debunk the demand-side account of compliance and qualify the impact of the number of veto players. It makes the case that the EU’s response to adverse WTO rulings is best explained by supply-side factors and that policy makers are motivated primarily by the rationalist considerations of reciprocity and reputation. The chapter considers how generalizable these conclusions are beyond the EU. It also reflects on the implications of the analysis for the effectiveness of the WTO and the character of the EU as an international actor. It concludes by reflecting on the utility of the concept of compliance.
The Intelligibility of Emotional Experience
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The final chapter addresses a central issue in contemporary theorizing about emotional experience, namely the sense in which emotions are intelligible. The chapter focuses on an experiential and first-person sense of emotional intelligibility. This notion of emotional intelligibility is developed in terms of the intrinsic rational intelligibility of emotional experience. It is argued that we sometimes experience the felt valenced attitude component of an emotion as an appropriate response to the ‘demand’ of the value to be recognized, as a response to the ‘power’ the value is experienced as possessing (resulting in the values as affective powers view, or VAP). Cases of emotional recalcitrance, and their phenomenology of affective persistence, are then discussed. Finally, pathological cases are considered in which such intelligibility goes missing, and it is suggested that the combination of the feeling-towards-value view and the VAP can account for such cases.
Demonic Phenomena
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers a variety of phenomena by which demons are perceived, focusing upon the more wondrous or miraculous. For Augustine, demons have power only over bodies and appearances, not human understanding and will. This restricts demonic power to the natural, causal limitations of corporeal things, which they only know externally—scientifically, as it were—and not contemplatively in God as the angels do. It also makes it possible for the saints to resist them with virtue, by which demons are made the ‘sport of angels’. This is demonstrated by a review of a variety of demonic phenomena that appear in Augustine’s writings including divination, prodigies, signs, temptation, and possession, which are analysed according to the two basic categories of deception and affliction. The chapter ends with a comparison of angelic and demonic miracles. Occasionally Augustine claims that angelic miracles have greater power than those of demons, but it is more essential in his work to differentiate them not according to their perceived power but by their meaning. The self-love in which they fell is the self-love to which all the works of demons ultimately refer and by which they are identifiable in those works.