bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Strength of 5 1/4-In-Diam Shafts as Related to Design of Large Parts
Authors: Horger O. J. , Buckwalter T. V. , Neifert H. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper reports the results of rotating cantilever-bending fatigue tests made on shafts having different size fillets connecting a 5 1/4-in-diam portion to a 6 9/16-in. section. These shafts were machined from normalized and tempered forgings of plain carbon steel of 0.52 per cent carbon content, conforming to S.A.E. 1050 steel. Ten shafts having polished fillets of 27/32 or 9/32 in. radius were tested to determine allowable design fatigue strength on the basis of 30,000,000 revolutions. Also seven shafts were tested having 9/32-in. fillets which were rolled with a single-roller burnishing tool. The endurance limit for the 27/32-in. polished fillet was found to be 25,500 psi, as compared with 18,500 psi for the 9/32 in. fillet. Rolling the 9/32 in. radius increased this value to 24,000 psi or an increase of 30 per cent over the not-rolled fillet. A comparison is also made between the results obtained on small specimens by other investigators with those on the larger members reported here.
The Flutter of a Uniform Cantilever Wing
Authors: Goland Martin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The flutter speed of a uniform cantilever wing (one with a built-in root and with constant mass and stiffness characteristics along its entire span) is determined by integration of the differential equations for the wing motion. The solution is free of the dynamical approximations usually made during flutter analyses of the Rayleigh-Ritz type. A brief discussion of the procedures conventionally employed for the solution of the flutter problem is given, followed by a detailed derivation of the exact method for finding the flutter speed. It is found that a Rayleigh-Ritz type analysis, based on the fundamental uncoupled bending and torsion modes, is entirely adequate for the flutter analysis of a uniform wing. In addition to yielding a flutter speed which is in excellent agreement with the true value, the approximate method adequately predicts the wing shape at flutter. Additional parts of the paper deal with the relation between the uncoupled and the ground modes for the uniform wing, and with the nature of the wing response resulting from forced excitation while in flight.
Microfluidic Concentration Enhancement of Bio-Analyte by Temperature Gradient Focusing via Joule Heating by DC Plus AC Field: A Numerical Approach
Authors: Dutta Amitava , Santra Apurba Kumar , Ganguly Ranjan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We present a detailed numerical analysis of electrophoresis induced concentration of a bio-analyte facilitated by temperature gradient focusing (TGF) in a phosphate buffer solution via Joule heating inside a converging–diverging microchannel. The purpose is to study the effects of frequency of AC field and channel width variation on the concentration of target analyte. We tune the buffer viscosity, conductivity, and electrophoretic mobility of the analyte such that the electrophoretic velocity of the analyte locally balances the electroosmotic flow (EOF) of the buffer, resulting in a local build-up of the analyte concentration in a target region. An AC field is superimposed on the applied DC field within the microchannel in such a way that the back pressure effect is minimized, resulting in minimum dispersion and high concentration of the target analyte. Axial transport of fluorescein-Na in the phosphate buffer solution is controlled by inducing temperature gradient through Joule heating. The technique leverages the fact that the buffer’s ionic strength and viscosity depend on temperature, which in turn guides the analyte transport. A numerical model is proposed and a finite element-based solution of the coupled electric field, mass, momentum, energy, and species transport equations are carried out. Simulation predict peak of 670-fold concentration of fluorescein-Na is achieved. The peak concentration is found to increase sharply as the channel throat width decreases, while the axial spread of concentrated analyte increases at lower frequency of AC field. The results of the work may improve the design of micro concentrator.
Lumped, Constrained Cable Modeling With Explicit State-Space Formulation Using An Elastic Version of Baumgarte Stabilization
Authors: Skjong Stian , Reite Karl Johan , Aarsæther Karl Gunnar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a modeling approach for efficient simulation of slender structures, such as wires, cables and ropes. Lumped structural elements are connected using constraints. These are solved explicitly, using an elastic version of Baumgarte stabilization. This avoids singularities in the matrix inversions. The resulting explicit state-space formulation filters the higher order dynamics and can be solved using simple numerical integration methods. Constraints are demonstrated for modeling different aspects: Internal cable forces, one cable sliding along another cable and contact between cable and seabed. Also, a cable initialization routine is presented for rapid building of different interconnected cable geometries, ranging from cases in offshore crane operations to in-sea equipment such as seismic cables. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed modeling approach; the first one being a test of two connected, sinking cables, and the last one being a larger case demonstrating the use of the cable library in an offshore seismic survey case.
A Recursive Characteristics Analysis-Based Stationarity Evaluation Model for Friction-Induced Attractors in the Sliding Friction Process
Authors: Sun Guodong , Zhang Ying , Zhang Chao , Lang Shihui , Zhu Hua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this study, the coefficient of friction (COF) signals throughout the running-in process were examined by sliding a ring against a static disc. By reconstructing the scalar time-series into multi-dimensional phase spaces, friction-induced attractors were obtained and quantified by recursive characteristics analysis, which can effectively realize the running-in status identification. Moreover, a recursive characteristics analysis-based evaluation model was established to investigate the stationarity of the friction-induced attractors based on the recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) measures. The analyses of the numerically simulated signals and experimental results indicate that the extracted model is an intuitive and effective method. Furthermore, to improve the stationary of the friction-induced attractors, the normal pressure should be low, whereas the relative sliding velocities should be increased appropriately. These results would contribute to the revelation of the recursive characteristics of the tribosystem and the improvement of the stationarity of friction-induced attractors.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Effect of Temperature and Strain Rate on the Plastic Deformation of Body-Centered Cubic Iron Nanowires
Authors: Wu Qian , Wang Yong , Han Tao , Wang Hongtao , Han Laihui , Bao Liangliang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The tensile tests of body-centered cubic (BCC) Fe nanowires were simulated through molecular dynamics methods. The temperature and strain rate effects on the mechanical properties as well as the orientation-dependent plastic deformation mechanism were analyzed. For [001]-oriented BCC Fe nanowires, as the temperature increased, the yield stress and Young’s modulus decreased. While the yield stress and Young’s modulus increased as the strain rate increased. With the increase in temperature, when the temperature was less than 400 K, the twin propagation stress decreased dramatically, and then tended to reach a saturation value at higher temperatures. Under different temperatures and strain rates, the [001]-oriented Fe nanowires all deformed by twinning. The oscillation stage in the stress–strain curve corresponds to the process from the nucleation of the twin to the reorientation of the nanowire. For [110]-oriented Fe nanowires, the plastic deformation is dominated by dislocation slip. The independent events such as the nucleation, slip, and annihilation of dislocations are the causes of the unsteady fluctuations in the stress–strain curve. The Fe nanowires eventually undergo shear damage along the dominant slip surface.
Comparison of Frontal and Transverse Plane Kinematics Related to Knee Injury in Novice Versus Experienced Female Runners
Authors: Harrison Kathryn , Sima Adam , Zernicke Ronald , Darter Benjamin J. , Shall Mary , Williams D.S. Blaise , Finucane Sheryl 
Published: March 2021

Novice runners experience a higher incidence of knee injury than experienced runners, which may be related to aberrant frontal and transverse plane kinematics. However, differences in kinematics between novice and experienced runners have not been fully explored. For this study, 10 novice and 10 experienced female runners ran on a treadmill at 2.68 m/s. Ankle, knee, and hip joint angles during the stance phase were measured using a 3-dimensional motion capture system and modeled using cubic splines. Spline models were compared between groups using a generalized linear model (α = .05). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals of the difference between joint angles throughout stance were constructed to identify specific periods of stance where groups differed in joint position. Angle–angle diagrams of ankle and hip position in the frontal and transverse planes were constructed to depict joint coordination. Novice runners displayed less hip adduction, but greater knee abduction and knee internal rotation compared to experienced runners. Differences in knee joint position may be explained by coordination of hip and ankle motion. Greater knee abduction and knee internal rotation displayed by novice runners compared with experienced runners may help to explain their higher risk for injury.
Modern Arctic Climate Research: Progress, Change of Concepts, and Urgent Problems
Authors: Semenov V. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A review of some major advances in studies of Arctic climate change in the last decade is presented. Mechanisms of positive feedbacks leading to accelerated climate changes in the northern high latitudes are considered. Some recently popular hypotheses of the rapid Arctic climate change that failed when confronted with observed climate changes are exemplified. Urgent problems regarding Arctic climate change are formulated.
Ileal cavernous haemangioma in an adult presenting as a rare cause of small bowel obstruction
Authors: Majethia Hitali Vasant , Dhakre Vijay Waman , Gheewala Husain , Bhuta Prajesh 
Published: March 2021

Haemangiomas of the small bowel are a very rare entity and rarely considered as an aetiology for an intestinal obstruction. Contrast-enhanced CT is the investigation of choice but the lesion can be confused with malignancy or rarely a neuroendocrine tumour. Commonly it presents as abdominal pain with anaemia and/or melaena. With patients presenting without obstruction or acute gastrointestinal bleed, capsule endoscopy has shown to be a useful diagnostic tool.We present here our experience of managing a case of a patient with ileal haemangioma who presented with a subacute small bowel obstruction and underwent a laparoscopic-assisted ileal segmental resection with side-to-side anastomosis. The lesion was a cavernous haemangioma on histopathological analysis.
Single leg hop for distance symmetry masks lower limb biomechanics: time to discuss hop distance as decision criterion for return to sport after ACL reconstruction?
Authors: Kotsifaki Argyro , Whiteley Rod , Van Rossom Sam , Korakakis Vasileios , Bahr Roald , Sideris Vasileios , Graham-Smith Philip , Jonkers Ilse 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundWe evaluated the lower limb status of athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) during the propulsion and landing phases of a single leg hop for distance (SLHD) task after they had been cleared to return to sport. We wanted to evaluate the biomechanical components of the involved (operated) and uninvolved legs of athletes with ACLR and compare these legs with those of uninjured athletes (controls).MethodsWe captured standard video-based three-dimensional motion and electromyography (EMG) in 26 athletes after ACLR and 23 healthy controls during SLHD and calculated lower limb and trunk kinematics. We calculated lower limb joint moments and work using inverse dynamics and computed lower limb muscle forces using an EMG-constrained musculoskeletal modelling approach. Between-limb (within ACLR athletes) and between-group differences (between ACLR athletes and controls) were evaluated using paired and independent sample t-tests, respectively.ResultsSignificant differences in kinematics (effect sizes ranging from 0.42 to 1.56), moments (0.39 to 1.08), and joint work contribution (0.55 to 1.04) were seen between the involved and uninvolved legs, as well as between groups. Athletes after ACLR achieved a 97%±4% limb symmetry index in hop distance but the symmetry in work done by the knee during propulsion was only 69%. During landing, the involved knee absorbed less work than the uninvolved, while the uninvolved knee absorbed more work than the control group. Athletes after ACLR compensated for lower knee work with greater hip work contribution and by landing with more hip flexion, anterior pelvis tilt, and trunk flexion.ConclusionSymmetry in performance on a SLHD test does not ensure symmetry in lower limb biomechanics. The distance hopped is a poor measure of knee function, and largely reflects hip and ankle function. Male athletes after ACLR selectively unload the involved limb but outperform controls on the uninvolved knee.
Public health measures to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Canada during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review
Authors: Polisena Julie , Ospina Maria , Sanni Omolara , Matenchuk Brittany , Livergant Rachel , Amjad Sana , Zoric Igor , Haddad Nisrine , Morrison Andra , Wilson Kumanan , Bogoch Isaac , Welch Vivian A 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThe main objectives of this study were to synthesise and compare pandemic preparedness strategies issued by the federal and provincial/territorial (P/T) governments in Canada and to assess whether COVID-19 public health (PH) measures were tailored towards priority populations, as defined by relevant social determinants of health.MethodsThis scoping review searched federal and P/T websites on daily COVID-19 pandemic preparedness strategies between 30 January and 30 April 2020. The PROGRESS-Plus equity-lens framework was used to define priority populations. All definitions, policies and guidelines of PH strategies implemented by the federal and P/T governments to reduce risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission were included. PH measures were classified using a modified Public Health Agency of Canada Framework for Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness.ResultsA total of 722 COVID-19 PH measures were issued during the study period. Of these, home quarantine (voluntary) (n=13.0%; 94/722) and retail/commerce restrictions (10.9%; n=79/722) were the most common measures introduced. Many of the PH orders, including physical distancing, cancellation of mass gatherings, school closures or retail/commerce restrictions began to be introduced after 11 March 2020. Lifting of some of the PH orders in phases to reopen the economy began in April 2020 (6.5%; n=47/722). The majority (68%, n=491/722) of COVID-19 PH announcements were deemed mandatory, while 32% (n=231/722) were recommendations. Several PH measures (28.0%, n=202/722) targeted a variety of groups at risk of socially produced health inequalities, such as age, religion, occupation and migration status.ConclusionsMost PH measures centred on limiting contact between people who were not from the same household. PH measures were evolutionary in nature, reflecting new evidence that emerged throughout the pandemic. Although ~30% of all implemented COVID-19 PH measures were tailored towards priority groups, there were still unintended consequences on these populations.
Effects of cosmetic and other camouflage interventions on appearance-related and psychological outcomes among adults with visible differences in appearance: a systematic review
Authors: Gholizadeh Shadi , Rice Danielle B , Carboni-Jiménez Andrea , Kwakkenbos Linda , Boruff Jill , Krishnan Ankur , Malcarne Vanessa L , Thombs Brett D 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveVisible differences in appearance are associated with poor social and psychological outcomes. Effectiveness of non-surgical cosmetic and other camouflage interventions is poorly understood. The objective was to evaluate effects of cosmetic and other camouflage interventions on appearance-related outcomes, general psychological outcomes and adverse effects for adults with visible appearance differences.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesMEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid) CINAHL and Cochrane Central databases searched from inception to 24 October 2020. Two reviewers independently reviewed titles and abstracts and full texts.Eligibility criteriaRandomised controlled trials in any language on non-surgical cosmetic or other camouflage interventions that reported appearance-related outcomes, general psychological outcomes or adverse effects for adults with visible appearance differences.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers independently extracted data, assessed intervention reporting using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Outcomes included appearance-related outcomes, general psychological outcomes (eg, depression, anxiety) and adverse effects.ResultsOne head-to-head trial and five trials with waiting list or routine care comparators were included. All had unclear or high risk of bias in at least five of seven domains. Effect sizes could not be determined for most outcomes due to poor reporting. Between-group statistically significant differences were not reported for any appearance-related outcomes and for only 5 of 25 (20%) other psychological outcomes. Given heterogeneity of populations and interventions, poor reporting and high risk of bias, quantitative synthesis was not possible.ConclusionsConclusions about effectiveness of non-surgical cosmetic or other camouflage interventions could not be drawn. Well-designed and conducted trials are needed. Without such evidence, clinicians or other qualified individuals should engage with patients interested in cosmetic interventions in shared decision making, outlining potential benefits and harms, and the lack of evidence to inform decisions.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018103421.
Widespread gaps in the quality of care for primary biliary cholangitis in UK
Authors: Sivakumar Mathuri , Gandhi Akash , Shakweh Eathar , Li Yu Meng , Safinia Niloufar , Smith Belinda Claire , Marshall Aileen , Turner Lucy , Mukhopadhya Ashis , Haboubi Hasan Nadim , Vincent Rebecca , Tan Huey Kuan , Alrubaiy Laith , Jones David E J 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivePrimary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a progressive, autoimmune, cholestatic liver disease affecting approximately 15 000 individuals in the UK. Updated guidelines for the management of PBC were published by The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) in 2017. We report on the first national, pilot audit that assesses the quality of care and adherence to guidelines.DesignData were collected from 11 National Health Service hospitals in England, Wales and Scotland between 2017 and 2020. Data on patient demographics, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) dosing and key guideline recommendations were captured from medical records. Results from each hospital were evaluated for target achievement and underwent χ2analysis for variation in performance between trusts.Results790 patients’ medical records were reviewed. The data demonstrated that the majority of hospitals did not meet all of the recommended EASL standards. Standards with the lowest likelihood of being met were identified as optimal UDCA dosing, assessment of bone density and assessment of clinical symptoms (pruritus and fatigue). Significant variations in meeting these three standards were observed across UK, in addition to assessment of biochemical response to UDCA (all p<0.0001) and assessment of transplant eligibility in high-risk patients (p=0.0297).ConclusionOur findings identify a broad-based deficiency in ‘real-world’ PBC care, suggesting the need for an intervention to improve guideline adherence, ultimately improving patient outcomes. We developed the PBC Review tool and recommend its incorporation into clinical practice. As the first audit of its kind, it will be used to inform a future wide-scale reaudit.
Socioeconomic status during youth and risk of car crash during adulthood. Findings from the DRIVE cohort study
Authors: Mőller Holger , Rogers Kris , Cullen Patricia , Senserrick Teresa , Boufous Soufiane , Ivers Rebecca 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundYoung drivers of low socioeconomic status (SES) have a disproportionally high risk of crashing compared with their more affluent counterparts. Little is known if this risk persists into adulthood and if it differs between men and women.MethodsWe used data from a 2003/2004 Australian survey of young drivers (n=20 806), which included measures of drivers’ demographics and established crash risk factors. These data were linked to police-reported crash, hospital and death data up to 2016. We used negative binomial regression models to estimate the association between participants’ SES, with car crash.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounding, drivers of lowest SES had 1.30 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.42), 1.90 (95% CI 1.25 to 2.88), 3.09 (95% CI 2.41 to 3.95) and 2.28 (95% CI 1.85 to 2.82) times higher rate of crash, crash-related hospitalisation, crash in country areas and crash on streets with a speed limit of 80 km/hour or above compared with drivers of highest SES, respectively. For single-vehicle crashes, women in the lowest SES groups had 2.88 (95% CI 1.83 to 4.54) times higher rate of crash compared with those in the highest SES group, but no differences were observed for men from different SES groups.ConclusionYoung drivers who lived in areas of low SES at the time of the survey had a sustained increased risk of crash over the following 13 years compared with drivers from the most affluent areas. Our findings suggest that in addition to traditional measures, road transport injury prevention needs to consider the wider social determinants of health.