bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conception en didactique professionnelle d’une formation des tuteurs à l’activité d’observation des pratiques en éducation physique et sportive
Authors: Ciavaldini-Cartaut Solange 
Published: June 2021

Cet article porte sur l’activité d’observation des pratiques d’enseignants débutants en éducation physique et sportive comme étape préalable à la tenue d’entretien de tutorat en année de professionnalisation. Sa visée exploratoire est de montrer la conception et la mise en œuvre d’une formation de formateurs fondée sur l’analyse du travail et de l’activité d’experts dans une perspective de didactique professionnelle (Orly & Vidal-Gomel, 2011 ; Pastré, 1999, 2005, 2011). Les rapports entre le style de tutorat (Clarke, 2006), le modèle opératif et la structure conceptuelle de la situation d’observation mettent en évidence certaines limites des formations traditionnelles au tutorat. Il apparaît également comme nécessaire de permettre aux tuteurs entrant en fonction de revisiter leurs propres croyances ou conceptions sur la formation au métier d’enseignant afin de reconfigurer leurs compétences acquises ou déclaratives à des fins de développement professionnel.
La triple démarche de l’enseignant en contexte hypermoderne
Authors: Pachod André 
Published: June 2021

Situé dans un contexte hypermoderne caractérisé par de nouveaux rapports au temps, aux autres, à soi, aux savoirs, l’enseignant est invité à activer une triple démarche. La première, de nature sociologique, le fait évoluer dans un environnement contemporain à connaître et à comprendre dans ses évolutions, ses réalités, ses attentes, ses contradictions, ses défis. La seconde démarche, d’ordre philosophique et anthropologique, situe l’enseignant devant ou face à cette hypermodernité, l’invitant à s’arrêter pour questionner l’offre éducative et retenir certaines orientations. La troisième démarche est résolument éthique : au sein de sa classe et de l’école, il agit de façon éthique en décidant de priorités au service de la réussite de l’élève.
La transmission de legs ottomans en Tunisie. La maisonnée Bū Ḥājib des années 1870 aux années 1930
Authors: Oualdi M’hamed 
Published: June 2021

À travers l’étude d’une stratégie patrimoniale développée par la famille Bū Ḥājib, dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle à Tunis, cet article explore les formes multiples de legs ottomans et de pratiques provinciales ottomanes que des sujets tunisiens continuaient à mobiliser durant les cinq premières décennies de la colonisation française de la Tunisie. Cette étude de cas démontre ainsi que les stratégies familiales développées à partir de maisonnées – si cruciales dans la vie sociale et politique des provinces ottomanes aux temps modernes – continuaient à être des lieux de transformation sociale durant la période coloniale notamment par le biais des femmes. Cette approche micro permet aussi de remettre en cause une historiographie qui n’a pensé l’histoire de cette région que par le colonial et en ne se focalisant que sur les relations entre la métropole française et les colonies maghrébines, oubliant au passage, d’autres temporalités et d’autres territoires méditerranéens tels que l’Italie, Istanbul et Le Caire qui étaient encore des lieux importants pour des sujets tunisiens à l’époque.
La lettre de suicide du Premier Ministre ‘Abd al-Muḥsin al-Sa‘dūn
Authors: Schlaepfer Aline 
Published: June 2021

Plus d’une dizaine d’années après le retrait de l’administration ottomane des provinces irakiennes de l’Empire, en novembre 1929, le Premier Ministre d’Irak ‘Abd al-Muḥsin al-Sa‘dūn met fin à ses jours en se tirant une balle de cœur. Et comme ultime déclaration, il adresse à son fils ‘Alī une lettre d’adieu qu’il rédige, non pas en arabe, mais en turc ottoman. Cet article interroge les mécanismes d’élaboration d’une « mémoire d’État hachémite » sous la monarchie de Fayṣal, centrée sur une arabité en apparence homogène et immémoriale, en se demandant s’il a pu exister, dans son ombre, une multiplicité de mémoires évoluant en marge. Sur la base d’une analyse détaillée de la trajectoire politique et personnelle du Premier Ministre – entre son bagage sociopolitique turc ottoman d’une part, et les tensions récurrentes avec le leadership chiite du sud de l’Irak d’autre part – il identifie et examine les enjeux d’une politique identitaire complexe, derrière l’écran d’une arabité revendiquée. L’héritage de la langue turque : amnésie ou indifférence ?
The Importance of Hemoglobin Levels Before and During Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Carcinoma Cervix
Authors: Sequeira Lanisha Jolitha , Fernandes Donald , Shankar Sharaschandra , Athiyamaan MS , Rao Sandesh B , Vidyasagar MS , Mohsina V , Santhmayer Sheeba 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
Carcinoma cervix forms a major burden among malignancies in women in India. Anemia is very common among Indian women and a high proportion of carcinoma cervix patients present with anemia. Previous studies show that hemoglobin level may be considered as a prognostic factor in carcinoma cervix. It has been observed that anemia is associated with diminished radiocurability in patients with carcinoma of the cervix. However, the therapeutic benefit of the measures to correct anemia remains debatable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of hemoglobin concentrations and its correction by blood transfusions before and during treatment and the response to chemoradiation.

Materials and Methods:
Fifty patients with histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (Stage II to IV) from December 2018 to May 2020 were taken up for this study. Patients received definitive chemoradiation of 50 Gy in 25 fractions, 2 Gy/fraction, 5 fractions per week, along with-weekly injection cisplatin/carboplatin, followed by brachytherapy. All patients had their pretreatment hemoglobin levels measured at the first consultation. The effects of hemoglobin concentrations at presentation and during therapy on the clinical response to radiotherapy were studied. Blood transfusions and the time point when transfusions were given were recorded.

Results:
Eighteen patients received packed red blood cell transfusion before the start of radiation therapy and 9 patients received packed cell transfusion during radiation therapy. Out of the 18 patients who received transfusion before RT, 3 patients had complete response. Out of the 9 patients who received transfusion during radiation, 4 had complete response. The presence of anemia had a significant impact on the response rate. Pretreatment anemia was associated with poor response and local control among patients who underwent chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer.

Conclusion:
Pretreatment hemoglobin and hemoglobin levels during radiation therapy were prognostic factors for local control, in addition to stage and histology, which might have independently predicted the outcome.
Cellular responses against Schistosoma mansoni in immunized Balb/c mice with soluble proteins from intermediate host, Biomphalaria pfeifferi
Authors: Kuria Kennedy M. , Waihenya Rebecca , Kutima Hellen , Njoki Peninnah , Yole Dorcas S. 
Published: June 2021

Scores of millions of people around the world are infected by Schistosoma mansoni causing considerable morbidity, mortality and loss of productivity. Safe chemotherapeutic agents have been used though there are challenges of re-infection due to resistance. Both epidemiological and experimental data suggest that acquired cell mediated immunity play significant roles in regulating the intensity of S. mansoni infection as well as its patho-physiologic sequelae. Improved control of this trematode parasite may be obtained with immunization to enhance the resistance of individuals to risk of infection. This study investigated the cellular responses of mice immunized with soluble proteins from foot and digestive gland of the vector snail and challenged with S. mansoni. The proteins were used to immunize the experimental groups then challenged with the S. mansoni. The experimental groups were FT (immunized with foot protein) and DG (immunized with digestive gland). The parameters, which were analyzed to demonstrate protection, included; the worm counts and cellular (IFN-γ, IL-5 cytokines) responses. It was observed that, the experimental groups showed significant protection in terms of worm reduction and immune responses. The group vaccinated with foot protein showed higher protection (87.5%) as compared to the group vaccinated with the digestive gland (50%) in terms of worm reduction. Cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-5) production was present in different levels during the assay time points which showed an aspect of protection. The Foot protein of the vector showed more immunizing power than the digestive gland. Research towards utilizing the two proteins as feasible vaccine candidates is encouraged
Immune recovery among HIV-infected patients in northwestern Tanzania after 2 years of anti-retroviral therapy use: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mpondo Boniventura C.T. , Kabangila Rodrick , Lucheri Ephraim , Ernest Alex , Kidenya Benson R. 
Published: June 2021

Background: The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with significant and sustained decrease in the viral RNA levels that allows the immune system to recover. The extent of this immune recovery depends on the baseline CD4 count. Evidence on the extent of immune recovery in patients with advanced HIV from resource limited settings is scarce. The objective of this study was to determine immune recovery in a cohort of HIV infected outpatients after using ART for a period of 2 years. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in an outpatient HIV clinic at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania. CD4+ T-cell counts for HIV-positive adults at the time of enrolment were measured and retrospectively followed up during ART eligibility screening process prior to initiation of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. We then compared the CD4+ T-cell counts at baseline and that during the enrolment. Results: A total of 238 patients files were screened for enrolment. Of the 238 patients, 171 (71.8%) fulfilled the criteria and were enrolled for the study. The lack of participation was due to death 17 (7.1%), lost to follow-up 32 (13.4%) and refusal 18 (9.5%). Of the 171 patients, the median CD4 count at the time of ART initiation was 153 cells/µl [Interquartile range (IQR): 78 – 199], 164 (95.9%) had increased their CD4 cells count, with 74.3% having an increase of more than 150 cells/µl. Only 8 (4.7%) patients had a decline of CD4 cell count. The median CD4 cells count after a 2-year follow up was significantly higher (396 [IQR: 295 – 567]) than at baseline (153 [IQR: 78 – 199]) cells/ul; p-value <0.0001). Conclusion: The CD4 cells count increased significantly after a follow up period of 2 years after ART use in this cohort. Early diagnosis and ART initiation could therefore improve outcomes in HIV-infected patients in resource limited settings.
Blood transfusion practice in surgery at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania
Authors: Chalya Phillipo L , Mbunda Fidelis , Mabula Joseph B , Massinde Anthony N , Kihunrwa Albert , Gilyoma Japhet M 
Published: June 2021

Background: Preoperative over-ordering of blood for surgical intervention, in excess of the actual and anticipated needs is a common practice in many developing countries. This can be decreased by simple means of changing the blood cross matching and ordering schedule depending upon the type of surgery performed. The aim of this study was to assess the blood transfusion practice in surgery at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania.Methods and Patients: This was a prospective cross sectional study among patients undergoing major operations at Bugando Medical Centre. We evaluated blood ordering and transfusion practices in emergency and elective surgical procedures at our centre and calculated different indices such as cross-match to transfusion ratio (C/T ratio), transfusion probability (% T) and transfusion index (TI). Next Maximal Surgical Blood Ordering System (MSBOS) was estimated for each procedure.Results: The overall blood utilization was only 28.2% at our centre, consisting of 17.1% in the elective operations and 26.9% in the emergency operations. Significant blood utilization was nil in most of the routine elective cases suggesting cross-matching of blood to be a culture than necessity. Generally, the overall blood transfusion of the requested blood as indicated by indices of C/T ratio, %T, TI and MSBOS were 3.5, 28.7%, 0.33 and 0.45, respectively. The overall CT ratio, %T, Ti and MSBOS in the elective operations were 5.8, 15.9%, 0.2 and 0.3, respectively. In the emergency operations, the overall CT ratio, %T, Ti and MSBOS were 3.7, 22%, 0.32 and 0.48, respectively.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that over-ordering of blood in excess of the actual needs is a common practice in our setting. Blood ordering pattern needs to be revised and over-ordering of blood should be minimized. This can be possible by the estimation of MSBOS for each procedure and requisition as calculated.
Oral candida infection among HIV patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in northern, Tanzania
Authors: Ngasala Gwakisa , Mgabo Maseke R. , Mrema John G. , Sabuni Janet , Mwakalinga Steven , Kajeguka Debora C. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Oral candidiasis has been a global health challenge especially in immunocompromised patients particularly with HIV infection. Though the incidence and prevalence of opportunistic infections have been reduced due to the use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), oral candidiasis remains the most frequently HIV-associated oral lesion in Tanzania. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of oral candida infection in HIV positive patients and investigate the relationship between oral manifestations and the level of immunosuppression. Method: This study was carried out at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, Tanzania. The study included 314 HIV patients with complete clinical results records who were diagnosed with HIV and who were on ARV and attending the hospital for care and treatment. Results: Prevalence of oral candida was 42.0% (132/314). Age group 6-27 years accounted for half of the infections (49/98). A significantly higher prevalence of candida infection (66.7%; 24/36) was obseved among patients with <200 cells/µl than in those with 200-500 cells/µl or >500 cells/µl (Chi-square χ2=14.9, p=0.001). The mean CD4+T-cell counts in HIV patients infected with oral candida was lower (523±35) than patients without oral candida infection (645±31 cells/µl), (ANOVA, p= 0.009). The mean CD4+ T-cell count among HIV patients on ART and those not on ART was not statistically different. Conclusion: The prevalence of oral candida infection was significantly higher in patients with CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/µl.
Group A Streptococcus pharyngitis among schoolchildren in Mbulu District, Tanzania
Authors: Makuka Fatuma , Mwakalinga Steven , Mattaka Hassan , Kipanyula Maulilio , Manjurano Alphaxard 
Published: June 2021

Streptococcal pharyngitis continues to be one of the most common childhood illnesses throughout the world. Recent evidence indicates an increased incidence of group A Streptococcal (GAS) infections, which is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity on the global scale. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence of group A Streptococcus infection among primary schoolchildren in Mbulu district, northern Tanzania. This study was carried out in five primary schools, namely Mangisha, Gunyoda, Kainam, Hyloto and Tsaayo. GAS pharyngitis was diagnosed clinically and confirmed by laboratory investigation using a rapid test. A total of 320 study participants were recruited in the study. Overall, more than half (53.8%) of the children were females. The overall prevalence of Group a Streptococcal infection was 6.9% (95%CI [4.4-10.2]). The highest frequency of GAS infection was observed among children at Hyloto primary school (14.3%) while, none of the children in Tsaayo had GAS infection. This study potentially indicates that group A Streptococcal infection prevalent among schoolchildren in Mbulu district calling for the need of education to create awareness of the condition in the community.
Magnitude and factors associated with injection site infections among underfives in a district hospital, northern Tanzania
Authors: Mushi Martha F. , Mushi Clara T. , Moremi Nyambura , Mirambo Mariam M. , Mshana Stephen E. 
Published: June 2021

Injections are among the major procedures in health care facilities which need to be handled under sterile conditions. Unsafe injections have been found to cause deaths due to its associated complications. The burden of injection site infections is unknown in Tanzania. This study was designed to determine the burden of injection site infections and factors associated to it among underfives in a district hospital, northern Tanzania. This cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted at Huruma Hospital in Rombo District, northern Tanzania from November to December 2013. This study included children of less than five years attending reproductive child health clinic for the routine immunization. Demographic data and clinical information were collected using pre-tested self-administered questionnaires, with both closed and open ended questions. A total of 200 underfives attending clinics for vaccination were recruited. Majority (n=125, 62.5%) were males. Out of 200 underfives, 60 (30%) were infants. Injection site infections were observed in 18 (9%, 95% CI: 5-12.9) of children; of whom 13 (72.2%) were females. Factors associated with injection site infections were female sex (OR 5.03, 95% CI; 1.58-18.71, P=0.001), severe malnutrition (OR 90, 95% CI; 9.5-398, p<0.001) and HIV infection (OR 21.5, 95% CI; 4.27-114.19, p<0.001). In conclusion, injection site infection rate is relatively high in this hospital and was associated with female sex, malnutrition and positive HIV status. Proper care and follow up should be instituted when injections are given to this high risk group of underfives.
The impact of microfinance programmes on access to health care, knowledge to health indicators and health status among women in Moshi, Tanzania
Authors: Mtamakaya Christopher D. , Kessy Joachim , Jeremia Damian , Msuya Sia , Stray-Pedersen Babill 
Published: June 2021

Background: Microfinance Institutions (MFI) award small loans and women are the primary target. Whilst much literature has explored and acknowledged its impact on poverty alleviation and gender equality few studies have examined whether the added income also improves health outcomes to program clients. This study examined the association between participation in MFI programmes and wellbeing of clients and their family members via social determinants of health in Moshi, Tanzania.Methods: Cross-sectional data among non-elderly women were collected between October and December 2011. Multistage random sampling technique was employed to obtain study participants. The primary predictor variable was participation in MFI programs while the outcome measures were: odds of facing exclusion to health care, knowledge to health indicators related to health promotion, and self-assessed health status. A questionnaire was used to collect extensive data on demographic and socioeconomic information of the study participants.Results: A total of 900 women participated in the study. Program participation was found to be associated with increasing age (p<0.001), increasing number of living children (p<0.002) and level of income (p<0.001). We found no association between program participation and access to health care, knowledge to health indicators related to health promotion and self-assessed health status. Only one out of seven indicators (14.2%) was significantly associated with MFI participation and access to health care. Two out of six (33.3%) health indicators showed association to MFI programme participation, while only 3 out of 15 (20%) dimensions measured in self-assessed health status showed significant association to MFI programme participation.Conclusion: These findings indicate that MFI programme participation is not associated with improved health outcomes of clients and their family members in Moshi. Strategies are needed to enhance the health-promoting capacity of MFI programmes in Moshi as shown elsewhere.
Seroprevalence and risk factors for human brucellosis in agro-pastoral areas in Tanzania
Authors: Asakura Shingo , Makingi George , John Kunda , Kazwala Rudovick , Makita Kohei 
Published: June 2021

Background: Brucellosis is an endemic zoonosis in Tanzania. This study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of human brucellosis and its risk factors in agro-pastoral areas in Morogoro Region, Tanzania.
Methods: Questionnaire survey and blood sampling were conducted from January to February 2018 at four villages. Anyone living in the villages and wished to participate were involved. Competitive ELISA was used for diagnosis. Risk factor analysis for sero-positivity in human and analysis for the association of sero-positivity between cattle and human within each farm were conducted, using the data of farm-level bovine brucellosis status from our bovine brucellosis research performed in 2016.
Results: The seroprevalence was 33.3% (44/132). In univariable analysis, the Maasai were significantly more sero-positive (56.5%) than other tribes (28.4%) (OR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.28–8.41). Drinking raw milk was a risk factor in both univariable and multivariable analyses (OR = 3.97, 95% CI: 1.61–10.20). A negative association between sero-positivity in cattle and human within each farm was found (p<0.01). The Maasai performed more risk-taking behaviours for human infection than other tribes: drinking raw milk (p<0.01) or blood (p<0.01) and helping delivery of cattle with bare hands (p=0.03).
Conclusions: The Maasai were at high risk of human brucellosis. More detailed survey and educational interventions are urgently needed.
OS CONCEITOS DA GEOGRAFIA E SUA IMPORTÂNCIA PARA O ENSINO APRENDIZAGEM
Authors: Santos Robson Alves dos 
Published: June 2021

A reflexão apresentada neste artigo trata-se de enfatizar a importância da utilização dos conceitos centrais da Geografia em seu ensino aprendizagem. Propõe-se que as concepções teóricas e metodológicas dos professores de Geografia articule os meios físicos e humanos e suas múltiplas interações na produção do espaço geográfico por meio de seus conceitos centrais como espaço geográfico, território, região, paisagem e lugar. Assim, por meio desses, o aluno deve compreender, entender, e se inserir no mundo, no espaço em que ele vive e pertence e dele participar, construindo seus próprios conhecimentos. Palavras-chaves: Conceitos. Espaço geográfico. Ensino aprendizagem.
RISCOS GEOLÓGICOS URBANOS NOS MORROS DA CIDADE DE RECIFE – PERNAMBUCO
Authors: Villa Verde Vanessa Gomes Rolim , Santos Almany Costa 
Published: June 2021

Recife, Pernambuco, possui uma área de 218,50 km2, uma população estimada de 1.637.834habitantes, com densidade populacional de 7.039,64hab./km², e 38,1% dos recifenses tem a renda per capta mínima de ½ salário mínimo, interferências na ocupação dos morros geram pontos de riscos nas encostas. Portanto, o estudo dos riscos associados às erosões é uma ferramenta essencial para o planejamento do uso do solo e sua ocupação. Será apresentado um panorama sobre os riscos associados a erosão urbana, a partir das características geológicas (tipos litológicos, solos, descontinuidades e modo de ocorrência), geomorfológicas (forma de relevo e declividade), e da influência antrópica, além de identificar as áreas mais susceptíveis aos processos erosivos e fornecer informações básicas para o controle dos riscos, orientações preventivas e corretivas. A geologia bastante diversificada, com ocorrência de rochas plutônicas, vulcânicas e sedimentares das Bacias Pernambuco e Paraíba, além de, sedimentos diversos friáveis e erodíveis também contribuem nos movimentos de massa. Os pontos de riscos dos morros e encostas, foram baseados na NBR 11.682.