bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro‐Raman study of cesanite (Ca2Na3 (OH)(SO4)3) in chloride segregations from Udachnaya‐East kimberlites
Authors: Grishina Svetlana , Goryainov Sergey , Oreshonkov Aleksandr , Karmanov Nikolay 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCesanite (Ca2Na3(OH)(SO4)3), a rare mineral, has been found in a few places restricted to a geothermal field and caves. We report the new occurrence of cesanite in quite different geological site—within sulfate‐rich melt inclusions in chloride segregations from kimberlites of Udachnaya‐East pipe (Siberia). Two halite generations: сesanite free and сesanite‐bearing, were distinguished in concentrically zonal segregations according to the results of the mineral and sulfate melt inclusion study by micro‐Raman spectroscopy and SEM‐EDS. We have applied the Raman spectroscopy and first principles calculations to understand structural and vibrational properties of cesanite daughter mineral in polyphase sulfate inclusions. Polarized spectra provided additional information on the overlapped components of the spectral profile. The Raman spectra of cesanite in the range of OH stretching vibrations are reported for the first time. The study aims to clarify the source of the NaSCl‐enrichment in the Udachnaya‐East pipe, which is highly discussed.
Stress Disorders and the Risk of Nonfatal Suicide Attempts in the Danish Population
Authors: Street Amy E. , Jiang Tammy , Horváth‐Puhó Erzsébet , Rosellini Anthony J. , Lash Timothy L. , Sørensen Henrik T. , Gradus Jaimie L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAccurate documentation of the associations between stress disorders and suicide attempts provides important information about a high‐risk population and target group for preventative interventions. In this case‐cohort study, cases were all individuals born or residing in Denmark who made a nonfatal suicide attempt during 1995–2015 (n = 22,974). The comparison subcohort included a 5% random sample of the Danish population on January 1, 1995 (n = 265,183). Stress disorder diagnoses and suicide attempts were identified using ICD‐10 codes from national medical registries. The presence of any stress disorder substantially increased the rate of suicide attempts versus the comparison subcohort, rate per 100,000 person‐years (PYs) = 604 vs. 13. We observed associations between each type of stress disorder and suicide attempts, hazard ratios (HRs) = 10.1–37.6, even after adjustment for potential confounders, adjusted HRs = 1.8–8.3, with the strongest associations for adjustment disorder relative to other diagnoses. After adjusting for demographic and health variables, the rate of suicide attempts among individuals with any stress disorder diagnosis was nearly 13 times the suicide attempt rate in the comparison cohort. A bias analysis demonstrated that associations remained robust despite potential differential misclassification of suicide attempts. Study strengths included the use of individual‐level data linked across administrative and medical registries in the setting of universal health care and the use of longitudinal analyses capturing data over 20 years. The study demonstrated associations between the full range of stress disorders and suicide attempts, extending research specific to posttraumatic stress disorder.
Optical Vernier Effect: Recent Advances and Developments
Authors: Gomes André D. , Bartelt Hartmut , Frazão Orlando 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe optical analog of the Vernier effect applied to fiber interferometers is a recent tool to enhance the sensitivity and resolution of optical fiber sensors. This effect relies on the overlap between the signals of two interferometers with slightly detuned interference frequencies. The Vernier envelope modulation generated at the output spectrum presents magnified sensing capabilities (i.e., magnified wavelength shift) compared to that of the individual sensing interferometers that constitute the system, leading to a new generation of highly sensitive fiber sensing devices. This review analyses the recent advances and developments of the optical Vernier effect from a fiber sensing point‐of‐view. Initially, the fundamentals of the effect are introduced, followed by an extensive review on the state‐of‐the‐art, presenting all the different configurations and types of fiber sensing interferometers used to introduce the optical Vernier effect. This paper also includes an overview of the complex case of enhanced Vernier effect and the introduction of harmonics to the effect.
Long‐Term Retarded Release for the Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib through Temperature‐Sensitive Dendritic Glycopolymers as Drug Delivery System from Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement
Authors: Lai Thu Hang , Keperscha Bettina , Qiu Xianping , Voit Brigitte , Appelhans Dietmar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor the local treatment of bone defects, highly adaptable macromolecular architectures are still required as drug delivery system (DDS) in solid bone substitute materials. Novel DDS fabricated by host–guest interactions between β‐cyclodextrin‐modified dendritic glycopolymers and adamantane‐modified temperature‐sensitive polymers for the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BZM) is presented. These DDS induce a short‐ and long‐term (up to two weeks) retarded release of BZM from calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC) in comparison to a burst release of the drug alone. Different release parameters of BZM/DDS/CPC are evaluated in phosphate buffer at 37 °C to further improve the long‐term retarded release of BZM. This is achieved by increasing the amount of drug (50–100 µg) and/or DDS (100–400 µg) versus CPC (1 g), by adapting the complexes better to the porous bone cement environment, and by applying molar ratios of excess BZM toward DDS with 1:10, 1:25, and 1:100. The temperature‐sensitive polymer shells of BZM/DDS complexes in CPC, which allow drug loading at room temperature but are collapsed at body temperature, support the retarding long‐term release of BZM from DDS/CPC. Thus, the concept of temperature‐sensitive DDS for BZM/DDS complexes in CPC works and matches key points for a local therapy of osteolytic bone lesions.
Synthesis and properties of low‐cost, photochromic transparent hydrogel based on ethaline‐assisted binary tungsten oxide‐molybdenum oxide nanocomposite for optical memory applications
Authors: Oderinde Olayinka , Ejeromedoghene Onome , Fu Guodong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTungsten oxide‐based composites are important smart materials for wider usage in efficient energy windows, rewritable inks and other colored displays. However, the problem of agglomeration has made it challenging to be employed in transparent, photo‐reversible materials especially in functional hydrogels. We herein report the preparation of high transparent hydrogel using water‐soluble tungsten oxide‐molybdenum oxide nanocomposites. The hydrogel was characterized with FTIR, TGA, XPS, SEM, and UV–Vis–NIR, while the mechanical properties were also analyzed. The FTIR confirmed that the metal oxides combined with the polymer units via strong metal‐oxygen bond. For the TGA, the as‐prepared hydrogel was still able to maintain a weight loss of 18.12% at 500°C compared to 10.45% for pristine hydrogel. Also, the EDX mapping revealed microscopic metal oxides particles sizes, without any cluster phenomenon appearance. Additionally, the as‐prepared hydrogel revealed good mechanical properties as it could sustain a high deformation ratio (λ) of 86.3% at a stress of 60.3 MPa due to hydrogen bond crosslinking and ionic bond linkages. Moreover, the hydrogel exhibited high percentage transmittance (T%) of ~83%, as well as remarkable photochromic response, with absorption peaks at ~490, ~630 and ~730 nm appearing as the exposure time of the UV light increases. Furthermore, change in color was observed in 5 s, deepening to deep blue‐black at 300 s exposure to UV, while complete reverse fading was achieved in ~6 h in ambient air without external stimulus, hence making it a good potential for applications in various optical memory, sensors and rewritable devices.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Lessons from a randomized controlled trial in children
Authors: Griese Matthias , Stehling Florian , Schwerk Nicolaus , Rosewich Martin , Jerkic Pera‐Silvija , Rock Hans , Ruckes Christian , Kronfeld Kai , Sebah Daniela , Wetzke Martin , Seidl Elias 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionHypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in children is a severe interstitial lung disease and potentially, a chronic condition, if not treated appropriately. No evidence‐based guidelines are available; in particular, the role of systemic glucocorticoid therapy is unclear.MethodsThe aim of this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, multi‐center, phase II trial in pediatric HP was to assess the outcome of HP in children after 6 months of treatment and to compare 3 months of treatment with oral prednisolone or placebo.ResultsAfter 1.5 years and the inclusion of only four children, we terminated the study prematurely. Two of the children randomized to prednisolone did not achieve the predefined response of FVC to normal. One child treated with placebo recovered to normal, similar to another child treated with prednisolone. All children treated with steroids developed drug‐related side effects.DiscussionThis uncompleted study illustrates the urgent medical need for evidence‐based treatment protocols for this condition. We discuss the hurdles which were specific for completion of this trial in a rare condition. Among other options, we suggest the inclusion of children into an all‐age study of HP, as in adults the same questions are unanswered.
Polyphenol‐solubility alters amyloid fibril formation of α‐synuclein
Authors: So Masatomo , Kimura Yuto , Yamaguchi Keiichi , Sugiki Toshihiko , Fujiwara Toshimichi , Aguirre Cesar , Ikenaka Kensuke , Mochizuki Hideki , Kawata Yasushi , Goto Yuji 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAmyloid fibril formation is associated with various amyloidoses, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Amyloid fibrils form above the solubility of amyloidogenic proteins or peptides upon breaking supersaturation, followed by a nucleation and elongation mechanism, which is similar to the crystallization of solutes. Many additives, including salts, detergents, and natural compounds, promote or inhibit amyloid formation. However, the underlying mechanisms of the opposing effects are unclear. We examined the effects of two polyphenols, that is, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and kaempferol‐7─O─glycoside (KG), with high and low solubilities, respectively, on the amyloid formation of α‐synuclein (αSN). EGCG and KG inhibited and promoted amyloid formation of αSN, respectively, when monitored by thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis revealed that, although interactions of αSN with soluble EGCG increased the solubility of αSN, thus inhibiting amyloid formation, interactions of αSN with insoluble KG reduced the solubility of αSN, thereby promoting amyloid formation. Our study suggests that opposing effects of polyphenols on amyloid formation of proteins and peptides can be interpreted based on the solubility of polyphenols.
A Holistic Review of the State‐of‐the‐Art Microfluidics for Exosome Separation: An Overview of the Current Status, Existing Obstacles, and Future Outlook
Authors: Ding Lihua , Yang Xiaonan , Gao Zibo , Effah Clement Yaw , Zhang Xiaoju , Wu Yongjun , Qu Lingbo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm), are secreted by almost all types of cells into virtually all body fluids. These small vesicles are attracting increasing research attention owing to their potential for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and the complexity of bio‐fluids pose significant challenges for their isolation. Even the “gold standard,” differential centrifugation, suffers from poor yields and is time‐consuming. In this context, recent developments in microfluidic technologies have provided an ideal system for exosome extraction and these devices exhibit some fascinating properties such as high speeds, good portability, and low sample volumes. In this review, the focus is on the state‐of‐the‐art microfluidic technologies for exosome isolation and highlight potential directions for future research and development by analyzing the challenges faced by the current strategies.
4‐in‐1 Multipurpose Excipient from Musa acuminata Fruit by Alkaline‐Steeping/Retrogradation (ASR) in Acetaminophen Tablet Formulation
Authors: Autamashih Musa , Ebrahim Naushaad , Egieyeh Samuel , Aucamp Marique , Rosa Paulo Cesar Pires , Poka Madan S. , Ngilirabanga Jean Baptiste , Samsodien Halima 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe conventional approach in the tablet formulation of acetaminophen (ACM) suggests the use of five or more different excipients in a wet granulation tableting process. The use of many excipients in tablet formulation may negatively create excipient–excipient interactions, excipient–drug interactions, exaggerated product side effects, and high drug load. Cutting‐edge technology would be the use of one excipient with a quadrupled functional purpose (4‐in‐1) by direct compression tableting. In this study, a novel two‐phase process called “alkaline‐steeping/retrogradation” (ASR) is employed to obtain the desired starch polymer excipient of quadrupled functional purpose. In phase I, the biopolymer is extracted from the unripe fruits of Musa acuminata by a modified alkaline solution steeping method, while in phase II, 50% w/w of the extracted polymer is retrograded. The retrograded product is re‐mixed with the non‐retrograded 50% w/w that is left from phase I. This gives a novel 50–50% w/w blend named Musa acuminata advanced starch polymer (MAP). To authenticate the efficiency of the ASR, the physicomechanical, analytical, and drug release properties of different concentrations of MAP/ACM solid systems are characterized to ascertain the compatibility. The ASR method produces a unique semi‐hygroscopic biopolymer excipient of quadruple‐function in ACM high‐dose tablet formulation by direct compression.
Machine learning for hydrologic sciences: An introductory overview
Authors: Xu Tianfang , Liang Feng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe hydrologic community has experienced a surge in interest in machine learning in recent years. This interest is primarily driven by rapidly growing hydrologic data repositories, as well as success of machine learning in various academic and commercial applications, now possible due to increasing accessibility to enabling hardware and software. This overview is intended for readers new to the field of machine learning. It provides a non‐technical introduction, placed within a historical context, to commonly used machine learning algorithms and deep learning architectures. Applications in hydrologic sciences are summarized next, with a focus on recent studies. They include the detection of patterns and events such as land use change, approximation of hydrologic variables and processes such as rainfall‐runoff modeling, and mining relationships among variables for identifying controlling factors. The use of machine learning is also discussed in the context of integrated with process‐based modeling for parameterization, surrogate modeling, and bias correction. Finally, the article highlights challenges of extrapolating robustness, physical interpretability, and small sample size in hydrologic applications.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water
Introduction
Authors: Löbner Sebastian , Gamerschlag Thomas , Kalenscher Tobias , Schrenk Markus , Zeevat Henk 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn order to help to explain cognition, cognitive structures are assumed to be present in the mind/brain. While the empirical investigation of such structures is the task of cognitive psychology, the other cognitive science disciplines like linguistics, philosophy and artificial intelligence have an important role in suggesting hypotheses. Researchers in these disciplines increasingly test such hypotheses by empirical means themselves. In philosophy, the traditional way of referring to such structures is viaconcepts, i.e. those mental entities by which we conceive reality and with the help of which we reason and plan. Linguists traditionally refer to the cognitive structures asmeanings—at least those linguists with a mentalistic concept of meaning do who do not think of meaning as extra-mental entities.
Modification and Default Inheritance
Authors: Strößner Corina , Schuster Annika , Schurz Gerhard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractModification usually decreases the judged likelihood of typicality statements. People judge “Old coyotes howl” as less likely than just “Coyotes howl”. This paper addresses this so-called modification effect. In order to analyse the effect, we propose an extended modification model based on the selective modification model by Smith et al. (1988) and Barsalou’s (1992) frames. In this model we introduce cross-attributional constraintsModification effect, relevant modification that explain how a change in one dimension leads to an alteration of another attribute, especially if the modifierModification is not typical. Finally, we discuss data from Connolly et al. (2007) and present new experimental evidence from an explorative study.
Escitalopram Restores Reversal Learning Impairments in Rats with Lesions of Orbital Frontal Cortex
Authors: Tait David S. , Bowman Ellen E. , Miller Silke , Dovlatyan Mary , Sanchez Connie , Brown Verity J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe term ‘cognitive structures’ is used to describe the fact that mental models underlie thinking, reasoning and representing. Cognitive structures generally improve the efficiency of information processing by providing a situational framework within which there are parameters governing the nature and timing of information and appropriate responses can be anticipated. Unanticipated events that violate the parameters of the cognitive structure require the cognitive model to be updated, but this comes at an efficiency cost. In reversal learning a response that had been reinforced is no longer reinforced, while an alternative is now reinforced, having previously not been (A+/B− becomes A−/B+). Unanticipated changes of contingencies require that cognitive structures are updated. In this study, we examined the effect of lesions of the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and the effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), escitalopram, on discrimination and reversal learning. Escitalopram was without effect in intact rats. Rats with OFC lesions had selective impairment of reversal learning, which was ameliorated by escitalopram. We conclude that reversal learning in OFC-lesioned rats is an easily administered and sensitive test that can detect effects of serotonergic modulation on cognitive structures that are involved in behavioural flexibility.
We Can Do This: The Institute for Healthcare Improvement Adverse Drug Events Collaborative
Authors: Leape Lucian L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRewind to 1995, before Annenberg and the NPSF. “Patient safety” was not on many agendas, but methods to change systems to improve quality of care were beginning to be developed. Policy-makers and the healthcare establishment were slow to respond to the new information on the extent of medical error and our calls for a new approach, but one person instantly recognized the challenge: Don Berwick of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI).
Introduction: “Fully Nonlinear”
Authors: Gowanlock Jordan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe introduction to Animating Unpredictable Effects establishes a specific category of digital animation that is based on making unpredictable simulations. The book situates this form of animation in the context of key discussions about the relationship between animation and automation, and about the agency digital animators have when working with increasingly opaque software tools. The introduction further situates this type of animation in the history of cinema, which has long been preoccupied with natural motion and topics of contingency.
Topologically twisted index of T[SU(N)] at large N
Authors: Coccia Lorenzo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We compute, in the large N limit, the topologically twisted index of the 3d T[SU(N)] theory, namely the partition function on $$ {\Sigma}_{\mathfrak{g}}\times {S}^1 $$

Σ
g

×

S
1

, with a topological twist on the Riemann surface $$ {\Sigma}_{\mathfrak{g}} $$

Σ
g

. To provide an expression for this quantity, we take advantage of some recent results obtained for five dimensional quiver gauge theories. In case of a universal twist, we correctly reproduce the entropy of the universal black hole that can be embedded in the holographically dual solution.
Efficient TALEN-mediated gene knockin at the bovine Y chromosome and generation of a sex-reversal bovine
Authors: Wang Ming , Sun ZhaoLin , Ding Fangrong , Wang Haiping , Li Ling , Li Xue , Zheng Xianjin , Li Ning , Dai Yunping , Wu Changxin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFunctional elucidation of bovine Y-chromosome genes requires available genome editing technologies. Meanwhile, it has yet to be proven whether the bovine Sry gene is the main or single factor involved in the development of the male phenotype in bovine. Here, we efficiently knocked out four Y-linked genes (Sry, ZFY, DDX3Y, and EIF2S3Y) in bovine fetal fibroblasts (BFFs) with transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) individually. Furthermore, we used TALEN-mediated gene knockin at the Sry gene and generated a sex-reversal bovine by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The resulting bovine had only one ovary and was sterile. We demonstrate, for the first time, that the Sry gene is an important sex-determining gene in bovine. Our method lays a solid foundation for detecting the biology of the bovine Y chromosome, as it may provide an alternative biological model system for the study of mammalian sex determination, and new methods for the practical application in agricultural, especially for sex predetermination.
Was machen Urologen in der Praxis?
Authors: Goebell Peter J. , El-Khadra Sulafah , Horstmann Marcus , Kollenbach Peter , Lüdecke Gerson , Quack Thomas , Rug Michael , Stephan-Odenthal Michael , Bode-Greuel Kerstin , Zink Saskia , Lieberkühn Patrick , Schulze Matthias 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungAuch (berufs)politisch hat das Thema Versorgung und Versorgungsforschung an Relevanz gewonnen und stellt für die Gesundheitspolitik und die an der Versorgung Beteiligten eine wichtige Basis dar. Der Zugang zu relevanten Daten und die Möglichkeiten zur Analyse sind daher umkämpfter denn je, liefern sie doch die besten Argumente und Fakten in jedem Diskurs um letztlich begrenzte Ressourcen des gesamten Gesundheitssektors. Allen randomisierten klinischen Studien und prospektiven Datensammlungen ist gemein, dass sie einen festen vordefinierten Rahmen der zu erfassenden verschiedenen Datenpunkte zugrunde gelegt haben, um störende Einflussfaktoren möglichst zu kontrollieren. Auch Analysen aus retrospektiven Datensammlungen benutzen eine vordefinierte Auswertematrix und filtern die vorhandenen Daten auf diese festgelegten Datenpunkte. Ein ungefilterter Blick auf alle Daten wäre aber der Idealzustand. Näherungsweise sollten in diesem Projekt so viele Daten wir möglich „ungefiltert“ erfasst werden und in einem Datenpool gesammelt werden, die dann durch sich ständig verbessernde Analysealgorithmen aufgearbeitet werden können. Über die automatisierte Extraktion von Daten aus dem Arzt‑/Praxisinformationssystem (AIS) in UROscience wird ein Datenpool entstehen, der für viele Fragestellungen zur Versorgungsrealität genutzt werden kann. Die hier vorgestellte erste Analyse zeigt, dass auf Basis der bereits vorhandenen Daten eine vielseitig einsetzbare Stichprobe für die Darstellung des Versorgungsalltags aus der urologischen Praxis zur Verfügung steht.