bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Potential for Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Sport: A Cricket Case Study
Authors: England Rory , Peirce Nicholas , Wedatilake Thamindu , Torresi Joseph , Kemp Simon , Cook Malcolm , Mitchell Sean , Harland Andy 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA review of risk factors affecting airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was synthesised into an ‘easy-to-apply’ visual framework. Using this framework, video footage from two cricket matches were visually analysed, one pre-COVID-19 pandemic and one ‘COVID-19 aware’ game in early 2020. The number of opportunities for one participant to be exposed to biological secretions belonging to another participant was recorded as an exposure, as was the estimated severity of exposure as defined from literature. Events were rated based upon distance between subjects, relative orientation of the subjects, droplet generating activity performed (e. g., talking) and event duration. In analysis we reviewed each risk category independently and the compound effect of an exposure i. e., the product of the scores across all categories. With the application of generic, non-cricket specific, social distancing recommendations and general COVID-19 awareness, the number of exposures per 100 balls was reduced by 70%. More impressive was the decrease in the most severe compound ratings (those with two or more categories scored with the highest severity) which was 98% and the reduction in exposures with a proximity <1 m, 96%. Analysis of the factors effecting transmission risk indicated that cricket was likely to present a low risk, although this conclusion was somewhat arbitrary omitting a comparison with a non-cricketing activity.
Lumbar Erector Spinae Plane Block for Posterior–Superior Iliac Spine Bone Graft Site Pain in Patients Undergoing Occipitocervical and C1–C2 Fusion for Atlantoaxial Dislocation/Odontoid Fracture—A Case Series
Authors: Mariappan Ramamani , Gandham Edmond Jonathan , Stephenson Sam Jenkins , Cherian Noble E. , Lionel Karen Ruby 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pain at the autologous bone graft site from the posterior–superior iliac spine (PSIS) is severe enough to affect the postoperative ambulation. It adds to the morbidity of the surgical procedure. Inadequate pain management at the graft site not only affects the postoperative recovery but also can lead to chronic pain. We report the use of ultrasound (US)-guided lumbar erector spinae plane block (ESPB), to deliver effective analgesia for this pain. Patients who underwent occipitocervical fusion (OCF) and C1–C2 fusion using PSIS for atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD)/odontoid fracture from January to March 2020 and who received US-guided lumbar ESPB were retrospectively studied. All the necessary data were collected from the inpatient hospital, anesthesia, and the acute pain service records. A total of six patients received lumbar ESPB, of which one received a single shot injection, and the rest five had a catheter placement for postoperative analgesia. The average volume of intraoperative and postoperative bolus was 27(range: 15–30) and 21 (range: 15–30) mL of 0.2% ropivacaine, respectively. All patients achieved a unilateral sensory blockade ranging from L1 to L3 dermatomes. None of our patients had a numerical rating scale of > 4 on movement at any time point during the first 48 hours except in one, in whom only a single shot bolus was given. No complications related to ESPB were noted. All were ambulated on the second postoperative day except one. The average length of hospital stay was 6 (range: 4–10) days. US-guided lumbar ESPB provides excellent analgesia for PSIS bone graft site pain and promotes early ambulation.
Childhood-Onset Multifocal Motor Neuropathy with IgM Antibodies to Gangliosides GM1: A Case Report with Poor Outcome
Authors: Pro Stefano , Ursitti Fabiana , Pruneddu Gian Luca , Di Capua Matteo , Valeriani Massimiliano 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is a slowly progressive motor neuropathy characterized by asymmetric muscle weakness without sensory involvement. Typically, MMN respond completely to treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). MMN is even rarer in the pediatric population, where only five patients have been reported up to now.
Case Report We discuss the 3-year follow-up of a 13-year-old girl with MMN who was positive for IgM antibodies to gangliosides GM1. She was diagnosed with MMN in accordance with the European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) criteria. Serological studies revealed that she tested positive for IgM antibodies to GM1. She underwent intravenous methylprednisolone followed by an oral prednisone taper, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), plasma exchange followed by IVIG and prednisone and Rituximab. No improvement was referred. At the present, she shows flaccid tetraplegia, facial diplegia, and bulbar cranial nerve palsy.
Conclusion Although childhood onset MMN is rare, most patients reported in literature respond to IVIg treatment. In a few cases, however, IVIg can be ineffective. In our patient, IVIg as well as treatment with prednisolone, plasma exchange and rituximab have failed.
The role of humorous elements in Cádizchirigotasin creating/reinforcing a local identity
Authors: Padilla Cruz Manuel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper adopts a relevance-theoretic perspective to analyse howchirigotas – one of the types of bands in Cádiz carnival – exploit a series of verbal and visual comic elements in order to create or reinforce local identity: (i) the names of the bands, (ii) their attire, (iii) gestures and (iv) the lyrics of their comical songs, which satirise, mock, criticise, ridicule, praise, flatter or censure events or states of affairs. These elements will be argued to make manifest assumptions, activate (private) mental frames or express attitudes about those events or states of affairs, which the audience discover are already manifest to, and shared by, its members. Checking that other people entertain similar assumptions about and/or have similar attitudes towards those events or states of affairs – i.e. the ‘joy of manifestness’ – will be shown to be essential for generating a feeling of in-group membership on which that of a local identity greatly depends.
Pressure-Corrected Carotid Stiffness and Young’s Modulus: Evaluation in an Outpatient Clinic Setting
Authors: van der Bruggen Myrthe , Spronck Bart , Bos Siske , Heusinkveld Maarten H G , Taddei Stefano , Ghiadoni Lorenzo , Delhaas Tammo , Bruno Rosa Maria , Reesink Koen D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Conventional measures for assessing arterial stiffness are inherently pressure dependent. Whereas statistical pressure adjustment is feasible in (larger) populations, it is unsuited for the evaluation of an individual patient. Moreover, statistical “correction” for blood pressure may actually correct for: (i) the acute dependence of arterial stiffness on blood pressure at the time of measurement; and/or (ii) the remodeling effect that blood pressure (hypertension) may have on arterial stiffness, but it cannot distinguish between these processes.

METHODS
We derived—assuming a single-exponential pressure–diameter relationship—3 theoretically pressure-independent carotid stiffness measures suited for individual patient evaluation: (i) stiffness index β0, (ii) pressure-corrected carotid pulse wave velocity (cPWVcorr), and (iii) pressure-corrected Young’s modulus (Ecorr). Using linear regression analysis, we evaluated in a sample of the CATOD study cohort changes in mean arterial pressure (ΔMAP) and comparatively the changes in the novel (Δβ0, ΔcPWVcorr, and ΔEcorr) as well as conventional (ΔcPWV and ΔE) stiffness measures after a 2.9 ± 1.0-year follow-up.

RESULTS
We found no association between ΔMAP and Δβ0, ΔcPWVcorr, or ΔEcorr. In contrast, we did find a significant association between ΔMAP and conventional measures ΔcPWV and ΔE. Additional adjustments for biomechanical confounders and traditional risk factors did neither materially change these associations nor the lack thereof.

Conclusions
Our newly proposed pressure-independent carotid stiffness measures avoid the need for statistical correction. Hence, these measures (β0, cPWVcorr, and Ecorr) can be used in a clinical setting for (i) patient-specific risk assessment and (ii) investigation of potential remodeling effects of (changes in) blood pressure on intrinsic arterial stiffness.
Frequency of Headaches in Macromastia Patients and Relief After Reduction Mammoplasty
Authors: Can Bilgen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Several studies have reported that neck, back, and shoulder pain can be reduced after macromastia. However, only 1 study has specifically investigated the relation between macromastia and headaches.

Objectives
This study aimed to determine the frequency of headaches in patients with macromastia by examining a sample from our clinic and to determine whether the patients experienced headache relief following breast reduction surgery.

Methods
One hundred patients, out of 456 patients who met the criteria, were contacted by telephone and administered a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 17.0. Normal distribution of the variables was examined by histograms and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. Pearson’s chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate nonparametric variables between the patients who has 1500 grams or less breast tissue removed and the patients more than 1500 grams breast tissue removed.

Results
The incidence of headaches in patients with macromastia was found to be 29%. Among the patients with headaches, 65.52% reported relief after surgery. The relief rate for headaches was found to be associated with the amount of tissue removed.

Conclusions
The incidence of headaches increased in patients with macromastia compared with the general population, and patients reported headache relief after surgery. In addition, as the amount of tissue removal increased, the relief rate for headaches after surgery also increased. Although additional studies are essential, preoperative headaches should be evaluated in breast reduction patients, and the removal of larger amounts of breast tissue should be considered among patients who report headaches.

Level of Evidence: 4
Cohomology of Lie Groupoid Modules and the Generalized van Est Map
Authors: Lackman Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The van Est map is a map from Lie groupoid cohomology (with respect to a sheaf taking values in a representation) to Lie algebroid cohomology. We generalize the van Est map to allow for more general sheaves, namely to sheaves of sections taking values in a (smooth or holomorphic) $G$-module, where $G$-modules are structures, which differentiate to representations. Many geometric structures involving Lie groupoids and stacks are classified by the cohomology of sheaves taking values in $G$-modules and not in representations, including $S^1$-groupoid extensions and equivariant gerbes. Examples of such sheaves are $\mathcal{O}^*$ and $\mathcal{O}^*(*D)\,,$ where the latter is the sheaf of invertible meromorphic functions with poles along a divisor $D\,.$ We show that there is an infinitesimal description of $G$-modules and a corresponding Lie algebroid cohomology. We then define a generalized van Est map relating these Lie groupoid and Lie algebroid cohomologies and study its kernel and image. Applications include the integration of several infinitesimal geometric structures, including Lie algebroid extensions, Lie algebroid actions on gerbes, and certain Lie $\infty $-algebroids.
An insidious case of infectious mononucleosis presenting with acute appendicitis diagnosed postoperatively: a case report
Authors: AlMudaiheem Faisal A , Alhabdan Sultan , Alhalafi Mohammed S , Alshieban Saeed 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a syndrome caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. IM typically presents with fever, pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy. Rarely, it can cause acute appendicitis. We report the case of a 19-year-old female presenting with a chief complaint of colicky, non-radiating abdominal pain for 2 days. Abdominal examination revealed rebound tenderness in right iliac fossa tenderness and splenomegaly. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis was confirmed by computed tomography. She underwent laparoscopic appendectomy and mesenteric lymph node biopsy. She was later diagnosed with IM based on laboratory findings and histopathology results. She received a course of intravenous acyclovir and was discharged. This shows that IM may present with acute appendicitis as the initial presentation and may not be accompanied by any other significant symptoms of IM.
The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Aerobic Exercise on Pain Thresholds and Electroencephalography in Healthy Adults
Authors: Sato Gosuke , Osumi Michihiro , Nobusako Satoshi , Morioka Shu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
We examined whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with aerobic exercise (AE) modulated the pressure pain threshold (PPT) and peak alpha frequency (PAF) measured via resting electroencephalography.

Design
Single-blind experimental study with a cross-over design.

Setting
Neuro Rehabilitation Research Center, Kio University.

Subjects
Ten healthy controls participated in this study.

Methods
Three types of sessions––(i) tDCS, (ii) Sham tDCS/AE, and (iii) tDCS/AE––were tested in this investigation. Anodal stimulation (2 mA, 20 minutes) was applied over the left primary motor cortex. Each session was 20 minutes long. We used the PPT and short-form Profile of Mood States-Brief, as well as PAF measured via resting-electroencephalography, to investigate the effects of tDCS and AE. Heart rate and scores on the Borg scale were used to confirm exercise intensity. PAF was calculated in four regions of interest: frontal, central, parietal, and occipital areas.

Results
The change ratio of PPT increased during each session. The maximum change ratio of PPT were tDCS: 40.7%, Sham tDCS/AE: 51.5%, and tDCS/AE: 83.4%. change ratio of PPT was earlier and higher in the tDCS/AE trials compared with the other sessions. Negative mood was improved after session completion. Significant differences in PAF were found in the occipital area in the Sham tDCS/AE and tDCS/AE sessions.

Conclusions
The combined tDCS and AE intervention induced significant changes in PPT in a single session, with a PAF that was earlier and higher than those produced during the Sham tDCS/AE and tDCS sessions.
Belief Movement, Uncertainty Reduction, and Rational Updating
Authors: Augenblick Ned , Rabin Matthew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
When a Bayesian learns new information and changes her beliefs, she must on average become concomitantly more certain about the state of the world. Consequently, it is rare for a Bayesian to frequently shift beliefs substantially while remaining relatively uncertain, or, conversely, become very confident with relatively little belief movement. We formalize this intuition by developing specific measures of movement and uncertainty reduction given a Bayesian’s changing beliefs over time, showing that these measures are equal in expectation and creating consequent statistical tests for Bayesianess. We then show connections between these two core concepts and four common psychological biases, suggesting that the test might be particularly good at detecting these biases. We provide support for this conclusion by simulating the performance of our test and other martingale tests. Finally, we apply our test to data sets of individual, algorithmic, and market beliefs.
A Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial of a Conservative Fluid Management Strategy Compared With Usual Care in Participants After Cardiac Surgery: The Fluids After Bypass Study*
Authors: Parke Rachael L. , Gilder Eileen , Gillham Michael J. , Walker Laurence J. C. , Bailey Michael J. , McGuinness Shay P. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:
There is little evidence to guide fluid administration to patients admitted to the ICU following cardiac surgery. This study aimed to determine if a protocolized strategy known to reduce fluid administration when compared with usual care reduced ICU length of stay following cardiac surgery.

DESIGN:
Prospective, multicenter, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.

SETTING:
Five cardiac surgical centers in New Zealand conducted from November 2016 to December 2018 with final follow-up completed in July 2019.

PATIENTS:
Seven-hundred fifteen patients undergoing cardiac surgery; 358 intervention and 357 usual care.

INTERVENTIONS:
Randomization to protocol-guided strategy utilizing stroke volume variation to guide administration of bolus fluid or usual care fluid administration until desedation or up to 24 hours. Primary outcome was length of stay in ICU. Organ dysfunction, mortality, process of care measures, patient-reported quality of life, and disability-free survival were collected up to day 180.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Overall 666 of 715 (93.1%) received at least one fluid bolus. Patients in the intervention group received less bolus fluid (median [interquartile range], 1,000 mL [250–2,000 mL] vs 1,500 mL [500–2,500 mL]; p < 0.0001) and had a lower overall fluid balance (median [interquartile range], 319 mL [–284 to 1,274 mL] vs 673 mL [38–1,641 mL]; p < 0.0001) in the intervention period. There was no difference in ICU length of stay between the two groups (27.9 hr [21.8–53.5 hr] vs 25.6 hr [21.9–64.6 hr]; p = 0.95). There were no differences seen in development of organ dysfunction, quality of life, or disability-free survival at any time points. Hospital mortality was higher in the intervention group (4% vs 1.4%; p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS:
A protocol-guided strategy utilizing stroke volume variation to guide administration of bolus fluid when compared with usual care until desedation or up to 24 hours reduced the amount of fluid administered but did not reduce the length of stay in ICU.
The genomic content and context of auxiliary metabolic genes in roseophages
Authors: Huang Xingyu , Jiao Nianzhi , Zhang Rui 
Published: January 2021

SummaryMarine bacteriophages frequently possess auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) that accelerate host metabolism during phage infection. The significance of AMGs in phage infecting the ecologically important Roseobacter clade, found predominantly in marine environments, remains to be determined. Here, we analysed the distribution and genomic context of 180 AMGs, annotated into 20 types, across 50 roseophage genomes. Roseophages share seven high‐frequency AMGs (trx, grx, RNR, thyX, DCD, phoH, and mazG)， most of them involved in the nucleotide biosynthesis pathway that represent conserved intra and inter operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and share ≥97% full‐length DNA sequence similarity. Sporadic AMGs (dUTPase, lexA, degS, Que, NAPRT, AHL, pcnB, ctrA, RTX, RNR‐nrdA, RNR‐nrdE, wclP, and flgJ), present in only one or two OTUs, show high functional diversity. The roseophage AMG repertoire weakly correlates with environmental factors, while host range partially explains the sporadic AMG distribution. Locally co‐linear blocks distribution index (LDI) analysis indicated that high‐frequency roseopodovirus AMGs are restricted to particular genomic islands, possibly originating from limited historical acquisition events. Low‐frequency roseopodovirus AMGs and all roseosiphovirus AMGs have high LDI values, implying multiple historical acquisition events. In summary, roseophages have acquired a range of AMGs through horizontal gene transfer, and the forces shaping the evolution of roseophages are described.
Toward an Archival Measure of the Likelihood of Auditor–Client Management Negotiation: An Exploration of the Audit Lag Measures Conjecture*
Authors: Luo Yan , Salterio Steven E. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTSalterio (2012) hypothesized that adaptations of an audit efficiency measure, audit report lag (the length of time between the financial statement year‐end date and the auditor's report date), could provide measures of underlying auditor–client management (ACM) negotiation likelihood. Salterio argued that these measures would enable archival researchers to examine issues that heretofore were the exclusive domain of experimental and field researchers. Using an audit report lag measure and a measure of abnormal audit report lag lags (the residual based on audit report lag determinants model), we show that a larger lag is associated with higher audit fees after controlling for other known determinants of audit fees. We also show that larger lags are associated with higher levels of discretionary accruals—that is, lower accrual quality. Based on our findings, we suggest that there is support for Salterio's hypothesis that audit report lags and abnormal audit report provide valid archival proxies for the differences in year‐end ACM negotiation likelihood. We suggest that this proxy will allow researchers to study issues related to published accounting numbers in light of whether negotiations are likely to have occurred in addition to providing regulators and others the means to determine what clients of audit firms are more likely to have different types of ACM relationships.
Spot size, distance and emissivity errors in field applications of infrared thermography
Authors: Playà‐Montmany Núria , Tattersall Glenn J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Infrared thermography is increasingly emerging as an analytical approach within the thermal ecology research community, providing unique and rapid temperature information crucial to understanding how plants and animals exchange heat with their environment. What is difficult to appreciate are the numerous ways in which thermography may still yield inaccurate (i.e. deviation from the ‘correct’ value) information if certain tenets are not followed.

In this paper, we examine, demonstrate and discuss these tenets with an aim to provide methodological advice to ecologists interested in employing thermography.

We found that spot size and distance strongly influenced the surface temperature estimates of known, calibrated temperature sources, with similar results observed in maximum eye temperature measurements in wild birds. We also report on how the angle of incidence affects the apparent emissivity of various biological surfaces (fur, feather, skin, leaves), another source of uncertainty in thermography.

The variation in temperature caused by variation in distance and uncertainty in emissivity are large enough to raise flags for field applications of thermography where accuracy is necessary but control over study subjects is limited. Since accurate emissivity and distance parameters are crucial to thermography calculations, our results should serve as a framework to assist ecologists in better experimental design with respect to the use of thermography.