bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active Control of Spontaneous Orientation Polarization of Tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3) Films and Its Effect on Performance of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Esaki Yu , Tanaka Masaki , Matsushima Toshinori , Adachi Chihaya 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVacuum‐deposited amorphous organic films with an anisotropic amorphous structure are known to exhibit spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP). In this study, amorphous structures of tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3) films are controlled by substrate temperature (Tsub) during vacuum deposition. The effect of density, molecular orientation, and SOP of Alq3 films on the performance of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is comprehensively investigated. The SOP of Alq3 films is significant at low Tsub and becomes weaker as Tsub increases. The presence of SOP certainly improves electron injection from a metal cathode and, therefore, increases the current in OLEDs. External quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of OLEDs are increased by ≈40% when Tsub for the Alq3 deposition is increased from 260 to 328 K. The increased EQEs are attributed to several factors, which include not only increased photoluminescence quantum yields and light outcoupling efficiencies but also suppressed singlet‐polaron annihilation originating from the reduced SOP. Operational stability of OLEDs is also affected by Tsub and becomes the highest when Alq3 layers are vacuum‐deposited at Tsub = 299 K. These findings indicate the importance of controlling organic amorphous structures and SOP in films to maximize OLED performance and contribute to a better understanding of working mechanisms of OLEDs.
2D Material‐Based Heterostructures for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Wang Shijian , Zhao Sai , Guo Xin , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract2D materials are regarded as promising electrode materials for rechargeable batteries because of their advantages in providing ample active sites and improving electrochemical reaction kinetics. However, it remains a great challenge for 2D materials to fulfill all requirements for high‐performance energy storage devices in terms of electronic conductivity, the number of accessible active sites, structural stability, and mass production capability. Recent advances in constructing 2D material‐based heterostructures offer opportunities for utilizing synergistic effects between the individual blocks to achieve optimized properties and enhanced performance. In this perspective, the latest advances of 2D material‐based heterostructures are summarized, with particular emphasis on their multifunctional roles in high‐performance rechargeable batteries. Synthetic strategies, structural features in mixed dimensionalities, structure engineering strategies, and distinct functionalities of the 2D material‐based heterostructures in various electrochemical applications are systematically introduced. Finally, challenges and perspectives are presented to highlight future opportunities for developing 2D material‐based heterostructures for practical energy storage.
Bidirectionally Compatible Buffering Layer Enables Highly Stable and Conductive Interface for 4.5 V Sulfide‐Based All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wang Longlong , Sun Xingwei , Ma Jun , Chen Bingbing , Li Chao , Li Jiedong , Chang Liang , Yu Xinrun , Chan Ting‐Shan , Hu Zhiwei , Noked Malachi , Cui Guanglei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHigh‐voltage all‐solid‐state lithium batteries (HVASSLBs) are considered attractive systems for portable electronics and electric vehicles, due to their theoretically high energy density and safety. However, realization of HVASSLBs with sulfide solid electrolytes (SEs) is hindered by their limited electrochemical stability, resulting in sluggish interphase dynamics. Here, a bidirectionally compatible buffering layer design scheme is proposed to overcome the interfacial challenges of sulfide‐based HVASSLBs. As a proof of concept, it is found that NASICON‐type LixZr2(PO4)3 surprisingly exhibit great compatibility with both 4.5 V LiCoO2 and Li6PS5Cl, based on the results of first‐principles calculations and various in situ/ex situ characterizations. This compatibility significantly restrains the interface reactivity and boosts interfacial Li‐ion transport. Therefore, 4.5 V sulfide‐based HVASSLBs can exhibit remarkably enhanced initial discharge capacity (143.3 vs 125.9 mAh·g−1 at 0.2C), capacity retention (95.53% vs 74.74% after 100 cycles), and rate performance (97 vs 45 mAh·g−1 at 2C). This work sheds light on the great prospects of sulfide‐based HVASSLBs with high‐rate characteristics, and constitutes a crucial step toward the rational design of interface and interphase chemistry for high‐performance sulfide‐based HVASSLBs.
Realizing Solid‐Phase Reaction in Li–S Batteries via Localized High‐Concentration Carbonate Electrolyte
Authors: He Mengxue , Li Xia , Yang Xiaofei , Wang Changhong , Zheng Matthew Liu , Li Ruying , Zuo Pengjian , Yin Geping , Sun Xueliang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have attracted significant attention because of their high theoretical energy density and low cost. However, their poor cyclability caused by the shuttle effect in ether‐based electrolytes remains a great challenge for their practical application. Herein, a novel electrolyte is proposed by combining widely used carbonate solvents diethyl carbonate/fluoroethylene carbonate and inert diluent 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropyl ether for Li–S batteries based on typical mesoporous carbon/sulfur (KB/S) materials. Differing from the conventional dissolution‐precipitation mechanism, the sulfur cathodes demonstrate a solid‐phase reaction route in the developed electrolyte, which is realized with the assistance of an in situ formed compact cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) film on the cathode caused by the nucleophilic reaction between lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and carbonate solvents. The formed CEI film can effectively block the infiltration of carbonate solvents and can completely suppress the generation of LiPSs, thus eliminating the shuttle effect. As a result, the KB/S electrode demonstrates a stable cycling performance at 2 C by maintaining a discharge capacity of 570 mAh g–1 after 600 cycles, corresponding to an average capacity decay of 0.057% per cycle. More significantly, this strategy provides a new pathway toward future development of Li–S batteries based on solid‐phase conversion.
Water‐Wave Driven Route Avoidance Warning System for Wireless Ocean Navigation
Authors: Ren Zewei , Liang Xi , Liu Di , Li Xunjia , Ping Jianfeng , Wang Ziming , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe internet of things in the context of the ocean is vitally important. For ships sailing on the wide ocean in adverse weather conditions, evasion of marine islands and reefs is crucial to ensure safe navigation. Here, a hybrid wave energy harvesting nanogenerator is proposed (HW‐NG) as a power source for long‐distance wireless transmission, and demonstrated a self‐powered route avoidance warning system for ocean navigation. The HW‐NG is developed based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and an electromagnetic generator (EMG), integrated by a pendulum structure. The TENG based on a contact‐separation mode is designed into a spring‐assisted multilayered structure, in which the EMG unit is well hybridized. Simply relying on the energy extracted from water waves, the HW‐NG can establish long‐distance (1.5 km) communication nodes on the sea. In application, a large HW‐NG network could be developed in the adjacent water areas of islands or reefs. With a network formed by hundreds of thousands of HW‐NGs, the forewarning signal transmission could be realized per second on the sea. More importantly, the wireless emitting is spontaneous through the designed automatic switch module. This work demonstrates a practicable strategy for ensuring safety of sea transportation based on wave energy collection.
Defect‐Rich High‐Entropy Oxide Nanosheets for Efficient 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Electrooxidation
Authors: Gu Kaizhi , Wang Dongdong , Xie Chao , Wang Tehua , Huang Gen , Liu Yanbo , Zou Yuqin , Tao Li , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHigh‐entropy oxides (HEOs), a new concept of entropy stabilization, exhibit unique structures and fascinating properties, and are thus important class of materials with significant technological potential. However, the conventional high‐temperature synthesis techniques tend to afford micron‐scale HEOs with low surface area, and the catalytic activity of available HEOs is still far from satisfactory because of their limited exposed active sites and poor intrinsic activity. Here we report a low‐temperature plasma strategy for preparing defect‐rich HEOs nanosheets with high surface area, and for the first time employ them for 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) electrooxidation. Owing to the nanosheets structure, abundant oxygen vacancies, and high surface area, the quinary (FeCrCoNiCu)3O4 nanosheets deliver improved activity for HMF oxidation with lower onset potential and faster kinetics, outperforming that of HEOs prepared by high‐temperature method. Our method opens new opportunities for synthesizing nanostructured HEOs with great potential applications.
Oligonucleotide Phosphorothioates Enter Cells by Thiol‐Mediated Uptake
Authors: Laurent Quentin , Martinent Rémi , Moreau Dimitri , Winssinger Nicolas , Sakai Naomi , Matile Stefan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOligonucleotide phosphorothioates (OPS) are DNA or RNA mimics where one phosphate oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom. They have been shown to enter mammalian cells much more efficiently than non‐modified DNA. Thus, solving one of the key challenges with oligonucleotide technology, OPS became very useful in practice, with several FDA‐approved drugs on the market or in late clinical trials. However, the mechanism accounting for this facile cellular uptake is unknown. Here, we show that OPS enter cells by thiol‐mediated uptake. The transient adaptive network produced by dynamic covalent pseudo‐disulfide exchange is characterized in action. Inhibitors with nanomolar efficiency are provided, together with activators that reduce endosomal capture for efficient delivery of OPS into the cytosol, the site of action.
Tissue Fluid Triggered Enzyme Polymerization for Ultrafast Gelation and Cartilage Repair
Authors: Zhang Qi , Xu Huaxing , Wu Chu , Shang Yinghui , Wu Qing , Wei Qingcong , Zhang Qi , Sun Yao , Wang Qigang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe in situ gelation of injectable precursors is desirable in the field of tissue regeneration, especially in the context of irregular defect filling. The current driving forces for fast gelation include the phase‐transition of thermally sensitive copolymers, click chemical reactions with tissue components, and metal coordination effect. However, the rapid formation of tough hydrogels remains a challenge. Inspired by aerobic metabolism, we herein propose a tissue‐fluid‐triggered cascade enzymatic polymerization process catalyzed by glucose oxidase and ferrous glycinate for the ultrafast gelation of acryloylated chondroitin sulfates and acrylamides. The highly efficient production of carbon radicals and macromolecules contribute to rapid polymerization for soft tissue augmentation in bone defects. The copolymer hydrogel demonstrated the regeneration‐promoting capacity of cartilage. As the first example of using artificial enzyme complexes for in situ polymerization, this work offers a biomimetic approach to the design of strength‐adjustable hydrogels for bio‐implanting and bio‐printing applications.
Cloning and functional analysis of autophagy‐related gene 7 in Bombyx mori, silkworm
Authors: Ye Wentao , Bian Dandan , Mao Tingting , Dai Minli , Feng Piao , Zhu Qingyu , Ren Yuying , Li Fanchi , Gu Zhiya , Li Bing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSilkworm (Bombyx mori) is an important economic insect and an attractive model system. A series of autophagy‐related genes (Atgs) are involved in the autophagic process, and these Atgs have been proved to play important roles in the development. Atg7 stands at the hub of two ubiquitin‐like systems involving Atg8 and Atg12 in the autophagic vesicle. In the present study, we cloned and characterized a BmAtg7 gene in Bombyx mori. The open reading frame (ORF) of BmAtg7 was 1908 bp in length, and it encoded a polypeptide of 635 amino acids. BmAtg7 was highly expressed in the posterior silk gland, fatbody, and epidermis. The expression profile of BmAtg7 in the fatbody showed an increasing tendency from day 1 of the 5th instar to the prepupal stage. After chlorantraniliprole (CAP) exposure, the transcriptional level of BmAtg7 was continuously decreased. After depletion of BmAtg7 by RNAi, the expressions of BmAtg7, BmAtg8, and BmEcr were all downregulated, while the expression of BmJHBP2 was upregulated. However, depletion of BmAtg7 did not prevent the metamorphosis of silkworm from larvae to pupae, while the occurrence of such process was delayed. After the 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) treatment, the expression characteristics of these four genes (BmAtg7, BmAtg8, BmEcr and BmJHBP2) were contrary to the results after depletion of BmAtg7. Our results suggested that although CAP exposure could significantly inhibit the expression of BmAtg7 continuously, the changes of BmAtg7 was not the key factor in CAP‐induced metamorphosis defects.
Joint optimization of maintenance and spares ordering policy for a use‐oriented product‐service system with multiple failure modes
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhao Xian , Song Yanbo , Qiu Qingan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe use‐oriented product‐service system, such as the bike‐sharing system and the electric vehicle charging station, has gained wide application in engineering fields. Use‐oriented product‐service systems are commonly subject to failures of software and hardware. Failed software can be repaired while failures of hardware require the replacement by spares. An innovative joint optimization model of maintenance and spares ordering policy is proposed for a use‐oriented product‐service system in this work where different types of spares are considered for hardware failure. System effectiveness is maximized by simultaneously considering the incurred costs, system availability, spares availability and the availability of repair engineers. Then, the related reliability probabilistic indices and costs are derived through the continuous time Markov process. To overcome the computational complexity, a greedy search algorithm is applied to obtain a balanced optimal solution for the number of repair engineers and spares inventory policies of different types of parts. Finally, some numerical instances are given to demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed joint optimization model.
Sustainable pilot‐scale production of a Salicornia oil, its conversion to certified aviation fuel, and techno‐economic analysis of the related biorefinery
Authors: Laveille Paco , Uratani Joao , Barron Jose G. G. , Brodeur‐Campbell Michael , Chandak Nilesh R. , George Abraham , Morin Stephane , Galvan Alejandro R. , Berthod Mikael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe 2 ha pilot‐plant Seawater Energy and Agriculture System (SEAS) in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE), integrates aquaculture ponds, which produce fish and shrimp, with fields of Salicornia and mangrove used as a natural filter to clean the waste seawater from the ponds. The SEAS is a sustainable solution that addresses the food security issues of countries with large deserts or arid regions. At the same time, it produces economically viable fuels from biomass, using non‐arable lands and non‐drinkable water. After harvesting and pressing Salicornia seeds (2 t ha−1 year−1), a custom‐made process serves to pre‐treat the vegetable oil (0.7 t ha−1 year−1) containing 85 wt% C18 and 10 wt% C16 fatty acids as triglycerides. The first step of the UOP Ecofining® process produces an oil composed of linear C15‐C18 alkanes. Analytical data suggest the oil feed converts at 60 wt% by hydrodeoxygenation and at 40 wt% through decarboxylation/decarbonylation. The subsequent hydrocracking/isomerization step provided 3.4 wt% C1–C4, 34.8 wt% green naphtha, 47.5 wt% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), and 14.2 wt% green diesel. After distillation, the SAF has been certified following ASTM D7566 before being blended with conventional jet fuel and used successfully on a commercial passenger flight in January 2019. The techno‐economic study shows that the biorefinery part is economically sustainable when reaching a production scale of 900bbd, required for a SEAS surface of 20 000 ha. At this scale, expected revenue and conversion costs per MT of feed are, respectively, $589 and $290. The resulting benefit, associated with a CAPEX of $115M, would lead to a payback time of 6.9 years. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A ready‐to‐use fluorescence probe of Pd2+ in water: novel tricyclic heterocyclic base on 1,3,4‐oxadiazole
Authors: Su Ke , Huang Xiaomei , Wei Wei , Zeng Xiaotong , Xiang Siyu , Yang Haijun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA ready‐to‐use hetero‐tricyclic compound, 5,5′‐(furan‐2,5‐diyl) bis (1,3,4‐ oxadiazol‐2‐amine) (5), was synthesized with a good yield; it has an suitable fluorescence characteristic and research founded that it can respond to trace Pd2+ in water at a normal pH range. A fluorescence titration revealed the detection limit for Pd2+ was as low as 3.97 × 10−9 M. Density‐functional theory calculation using Guassian09 implied that the breakage of conjugation and coplanarity of compound 5 led to fluorescence quenching. Compound 5 could be applied as a chemical probe to detect trace amounts of Pd2+ with good accuracy, fast response time, excellent selectivity, and high sensitivity. FT‐IR, NMR, and MS were used to characterize the chemical structure of compound 5.
Towards enhancement of gas–liquid mass transfer in bioelectrochemical systems: Validation of a robust CFD model
Authors: Karimi Mohsen , Widén Tove , Nygård Yvonne , Olsson Lisbeth , Ström Henrik 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMass transfer has been identified as a major bottleneck in gas fermentation and microbial conversion of carbon dioxide to chemicals. We present a pragmatic and validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for mass transfer in bioelectrochemical systems. Experiments were conducted to measure mixing times and mass transfer in a Duran bottle and an H‐cell. An Eulerian–Eulerian framework with a simplified model for the bubble size distribution (BSD) was developed that utilized only one additional equation for the bubble number density while including the breakup and coalescence. Validations of the CFD model for mixing times showed that the predictions were within the confidence intervals of the measurements, verifying the model's capability in simulating the hydrodynamics. Further validations were performed using constant and varying bubble diameters for the mass transfer. The results showed the benefits of a simplified BSD model, as it yielded improvements of seven and four times in accuracy when assessed against the experimental data for the Duran bottle and H‐cell, respectively. Modeling of the H‐cell predicted that a lower stirring rate improves mass transfer compared with higher stirring rates, which is of great importance when designing microbial cultivation processes. The model offers a feasible framework for advanced modeling of gas fermentation and microbial electrosynthesis.
A probability formula derived from serum indicators, age, and comorbidities as an early predictor of dementia in elderly Chinese people
Authors: Gong Qing , Xie Lianhong , Bi Minghui , Yu Lina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionBlood‐based indicators are potentially economical and a safe method for screening a population for dementia, although their predictive values have not been unequivocally confirmed. The present study proposes a dementia prediction formula based on serum indicators and patient characteristics.MethodsFrom January 2016 to December 2018, the data of elderly patients older than 60 years admitted to the Department of Neurology and Geriatrics in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to verify the patients’ characteristics and serum indicators associated with the risk of dementia. After receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) analyses, we propose a dementia prediction formula and cutoff values for the predictive ability of early dementia.ResultsFour thousand seven hundred twenty two elderly patients were enrolled, and the incidence of dementia was 12.0% (565). When patients had ≥8 comorbidities, their risk of developing dementia was 20 times higher than those without comorbidities. After multivariate regression analysis, age (OR: 1.086, p < .001) and homocysteine (HCY) concentrations (OR: 1.017, p = .003) were proven to be linked to the risk of developing dementia, while total cholesterol (TC) (OR: 0.674, p = .005) was a protective factor for dementia. We developed a formula of age + low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) + TC + HCY + number of comorbidities as a good predictor of dementia (AUC: 0.79), with a probability (cutoff) value of 0.112 (sensitivity 87.4%, specificity 55.8%, and accuracy 60.5%).ConclusionsHigh‐serum HCY and low TC were risk factors for developing dementia. A cutoff value > 0.112 derived from our formula was an excellent predictor for people at a high risk of developing dementia, and may be a potentially useful diagnostic tool for identifying patients at risk for dementia in routine clinical practice.
Using electrophysiological measures to evaluate the sense of presence in immersive virtual environments: An event‐related potential study
Authors: Grassini Simone , Laumann Karin , Thorp Sebastian , Topranin Virginia de Martin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSense of presence has been often explored in the context of virtual reality (VR) and immersive visual technologies; however, standardized and objective measures of the sense of presence have been difficult to find. Studies attempting to find physiological correlates of sense presence using electroencephalography (EEG) have reported mixed results. In the present study, we used brain event‐related potentials (ERPs) elicited by auditory stimuli to identify an objective physiological index of sense of presence during VR, attempting to replicate the findings of previous studies and explain the heterogeneity of results reported in the literature. Participants in our experiment were asked to experience an immersive virtual environment using a modern head‐mounted display while passively hearing task‐irrelevant frequent standard and infrequent deviant tones as in a classic auditory oddball paradigm. Subsequently, they were asked to complete a battery of questionnaires aimed to estimate their sense of presence during the VR. EEG and questionnaire data from three‐seventh participants were analyzed. ERP components evoked by the auditory stimuli were then analyzed. Late ERP components (after 450 ms from stimulus onset) registered over central brain areas were associated with the sense of presence as measured with questionnaires, while earlier components were not associated with presence. The use of different questionnaires and the content of the VR environment may both be a plausible explanation for heterogeneous results as reported in previous studies. The present study showed that late ERP components recorded over the central brain may represent good electrophysiological correlates of the subjective sense of presence.