bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward the Development of a Comprehensive Clinically Oriented Patient Profile: A Systematic Review of the Purpose, Characteristic, and Methodological Quality of Classification Systems of Adult Spinal Deformity
Authors: Kwan Kenny Yat Hong , Naresh-Babu J , Jacobs Wilco , de Kleuver Marinus , Polly David W , Yilgor Caglar , Wu Yabin , Park Jong-Beom , Ito Manabu , van Hooff Miranda L ,   on behalf of the AO Spine Knowledge Forum Deformity
Published: January 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Existing adult spinal deformity (ASD) classification systems are based on radiological parameters but management of ASD patients requires a holistic approach. A comprehensive clinically oriented patient profile and classification of ASD that can guide decision-making and correlate with patient outcomes is lacking.

OBJECTIVE
To perform a systematic review to determine the purpose, characteristic, and methodological quality of classification systems currently used in ASD.

METHODS
A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science for literature published between January 2000 and October 2018. From the included studies, list of classification systems, their methodological measurement properties, and correlation with treatment outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS
Out of 4470 screened references, 163 were included, and 54 different classification systems for ASD were identified. The most commonly used was the Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab classification system. A total of 35 classifications were based on radiological parameters, and no correlation was found between any classification system levels with patient-related outcomes. Limited evidence of limited quality was available on methodological quality of the classification systems. For studies that reported the data, intraobserver and interobserver reliability were good (kappa = 0.8).

CONCLUSION
This systematic literature search revealed that current classification systems in clinical use neither include a comprehensive set of dimensions relevant to decision-making nor did they correlate with outcomes. A classification system comprising a core set of patient-related, radiological, and etiological characteristics relevant to the management of ASD is needed.
Experimental exploration of five-qubit quantum error-correcting code with superconducting qubits
Authors: Gong Ming , Yuan Xiao , Wang Shiyu , Wu Yulin , Zhao Youwei , Zha Chen , Li Shaowei , Zhang Zhen , Zhao Qi , Liu Yunchao , Liang Futian , Lin Jin , Xu Yu , Deng Hui , Rong Hao , Lu He , Benjamin Simon C , Peng Cheng-Zhi , Ma Xiongfeng , Chen Yu-Ao , Zhu Xiaobo , Pan Jian-Wei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Quantum error correction is an essential ingredient for universal quantum computing. Despite tremendous experimental efforts in the study of quantum error correction, to date, there has been no demonstration in the realisation of universal quantum error-correcting code, with the subsequent verification of all key features including the identification of an arbitrary physical error, the capability for transversal manipulation of the logical state and state decoding. To address this challenge, we experimentally realise the [5, 1, 3] code, the so-called smallest perfect code that permits corrections of generic single-qubit errors. In the experiment, having optimised the encoding circuit, we employ an array of superconducting qubits to realise the [5, 1, 3] code for several typical logical states including the magic state, an indispensable resource for realising non-Clifford gates. The encoded states are prepared with an average fidelity of $57.1(3)\%$ while with a high fidelity of $98.6(1)\%$ in the code space. Then, the arbitrary single-qubit errors introduced manually are identified by measuring the stabilisers. We further implement logical Pauli operations with a fidelity of $97.2(2)\%$ within the code space. Finally, we realise the decoding circuit and recover the input state with an overall fidelity of $74.5(6)\%$, in total with 92 gates. Our work demonstrates each key aspect of the [5, 1, 3] code and verifies the viability of experimental realisation of quantum error-correcting codes with superconducting qubits.
Animacy as a Sexual Device
Authors: Chen Mel Y. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationships between gender and sexuality and the linguistic concept of animacy. Opening with an overview of linguistic animacy, it moves into a discussion of its import for discussions of forms of sociopolitical power such as colonialism, and their relationship to dehumanization as well as agency. It explores the potentiality of animacy for revisory approaches to humanity, turning to the use of animacy in the particular case of the pronominal “it” in considerations of linguistic gender and transnational trans identity. The chapter concludes with a reiteration of the ways animacy is useful as a sexual device.
Populist Discourse and Desire for Social Justice
Authors: Barát Erzsébet 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on populism by describing the role of discourse in articulating a “we” as an empty signifier. The emergence of “gender-ideology” discourse is presented as key to contemporary forms of exclusionary populism, as demonstrated in a case study of Hungary’s recent modification of the national register to prevent transgender individuals from retroactively changing their “sex at birth” status. The chapter argues that the discrediting of gender as an ideology mobilizes not only exclusionary right-wing populism but also feminisms asserting binary distinctions of a biologized sex and gender. While the government defends “us, the Hungarian people” against a “gender” that is not material but pure propaganda, self-identified progressive feminists dismiss trans-politics for focusing on identity instead of political economy. Both groups thus use “gender ideology” to mobilize an exclusionary rhetoric of hate. The chapter proposes that “us, the people” may instead be used to motivate a radical left populism organized around a “feminist people” of flexible inclusivity.
Women in Deuteronomy
Authors: Jacobs Sandra 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The integrity of the family unit, with its focus on patriarchal succession and genealogical continuity, was paramount in all strata of the Hebrew Bible. Despite acute fears of the seductive dangers of women, this did not prevent Deuteronomy maximizing a man’s acceptable sexual relationships, to include taking foreign captives as wives—in defiance of its integral prohibition of intermarriage. Nor did its laws mitigate the abuse of women, whose exclusion from “the congregation of the Lord” restricted their participation in hearing Deuteronomy’s public recitation.
The City of Meroe
Authors: Grzymski Krzysztof 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMeroe, the ancient Medewi/Bedewi, was a capital city of the kingdom of Kush. Its remains were discovered by the late 18th- to early 19th-century European travelers who relied on descriptions left by Classical authors such as Herodotus and Strabo. Thanks to the excavations carried out by British, Sudanese, Canadian, and German archaeologists we know the general layout of the city and have a basic grasp of its historical development. The earliest remains go back to the 10th century bce, but the main period of its development was from the 6th century bce to the 2nd century ce. The site of Meroe comprises four main areas: the walled Royal City, the Temple of Amun and surrounding religious complex, and two large mounds covering the domestic remains. Among the most important finds were numerous palaces, an astronomical observatory and iron production facilities. The inhabitants of Meroe relied on agriculture and cattle breeding. The gradual decline of the city began in the 3rd century ce but was given a final blow with the Axumite invasion in the 4th century ce.
Death and Burial in the Kingdom of Meroe
Authors: Francigny Vincent 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article presents an overview of funerary customs and their antecedents in the kingdom of Meroe (300 bce–350 ce), with a focus on elite burials. In a land exposed to gradual changes after a long period of Egyptian colonization, cultural entanglement has created new religious beliefs supported by a unique architecture and statuary, in addition to new traditions regarding mortuary rituals. Copying the royal funerals, high-ranked officials are buried with rich equipment (weaponry, vessels, jewelry, coffins, shrouds) while at the surface a pyramid or a tumulus will mark the grave and become the theater of a cult for the dead fusing with the cult of Osiris. Easily accessible from settlements, the Meroitic grave appears as a new place to intercede with the gods and maintain the influence of some families over local communities.
Women in Ancient Kush
Authors: Lohwasser Angelika , Phillips Jacke 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGender as one of the main categories of human identity is only sparsely traced in ancient Nubia, but at least some statements on royal and elite—and to a lesser extent non-elite—women are possible. This chapter focuses on royal women of the Kingdom of Kush and on non-elite women in general. It attempts to point out their specific roles in ideology, politics, and religion. General outlines of their situations in life (outfit, occupation) and death (burials) also are presented.
Lak
Authors: Friedman Victor A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter gives a grammatical overview of the Kumukh dialect of Lak, which is the basis of the Lak standard language, which is one of the offical languages of the Republic of Daghestan in the Russian Federation. Lak is a member of the Dagestanian branch of the Nakh-Daghestanian (Northeast) Caucasian family and is spoken by close to 200,000 people, mostly in the central highlands of Daghestan. Topics of interest covered in this chapter include glottalization and gemination in stops and affricates, pharyngealized vowels, agglutination, exuberant gender agreement, Lak’s complex tense-aspect-mood-evidential system, ergative and biabsolutive agreement patterns, and long-distance anaphora wherein a reflexive in a subordinate clause can refer to the absolutive or ergative (= genitive) subject of the main clause. Among Daghestanian languages, Lak is also remarkable for the fact that its dialectal differentiation is not as strong as in other Daghestanian branches, especially its closest relative, Dargwa.
Abaza and Abkhaz
Authors: O’Herin Brian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter surveys the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Abaza and Abkhaz, two closely related languages of the Northwest Caucasian family. These languages are strongly head-marking, expressing agreement with all core arguments and many non-core arguments, and utilizing an ergative-absolutive pattern of agreement. Typologically unusual are ‘wh-agreement’ forms corresponding to a questioned or relativized position. Verbal morphology is complex beyond this rich agreement, with directionals, applicatives, and a sizable subclass of separable verbs (i.e., those having non-contiguous roots). There is greater variation in morpheme order than often seen. The tense-mood system makes a fundamental distinction between dynamic verbs and stative predicates (nouns, postpositions, and certain lexically specified verbs), with more tense options in the dynamic system. Another distinction which cuts across predicates of both types is that between indicative and non-indicative tenses (traditionally ‘finite’ and ‘non-finite,’ though not satisfying the usual diagnostics for finiteness). Negation is expressed by verbal affixes, but in various configurations depending on factors such as tense and mood. Syntactically, these languages are basically head-final (SOV), though with variation allowed based on pragmatic functions. Typologically significant is the pervasive use of relativized forms (pseudo-clefting) and converbs. Abaza and Abkhaz are known for their large consonant inventories, enriched by ejectives, palatalization, and labialization, as well as uvular and pharyngeal places of articulation, and contrasting with a minimal two-vowel system.
Segmental Phonetics and Phonology in Caucasian languages
Authors: Beguš Gašper 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter surveys the major topics of Caucasian segmental phonetics and phonology, focusing on topics with broader implications for general phonetic and phonological theory. The author first presents an acoustic phonetic analysis of phonemic inventories in the three Caucasian families, including both a review of recent instrumental data on the topic as well as a new analysis of new and existing experimental acoustic data. This analysis focuses on four primary topics: obstruents with different laryngeal features, typologically unusual segments, small vocalic inventories, and pharyngealization. The new acoustic data from a nonce-word experiment in Georgian and Megrelian offer evidence that aspiration in voiceless stops gradually, yet significantly shortens if another voiceless stop precedes the relevant one in a given word. The second part reviews analyses of Caucasian phonotactics, primarily of South Caucasian consonant clusters that play a crucial role in discussions on production versus perception in phonology. The chapter concludes with a collection of phonological alternations that have potential for future research on phonology.
Languages and Sociolinguistics of the Caucasus
Authors: Dobrushina Nina , Daniel Michael , Koryakov Yuri 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a sociolinguistic account of the languages of the Caucasus, including figures for speakers and their geographical distribution, language vitality, the official status of the languages, orthography, and writing practices. The chapter discusses language repertoires typical of different areas in the Caucasus, and their change over the 20th century. As a showcase, it provides an overview of traditional multilingualism in Daghestan, the most linguistically dense are in the Caucasus. It discusses various patterns of interethnic communication, including lingua franca and asymmetrical bilingualism. We show that bilingualism was gendered, and how Russian was spreading in the area as a new lingua franca. The chapter surveys the outcomes of language contact, covering both lexical borrowing (including main references to etymological research) and providing examples of structural convergence, with a special focus on the area of the highest language density in the Caucasus, Dagestan. Data in the chapter are based both on official sources (censuses), on information provided by experts and on the authors’ own work in the field.
Tone and Intonation in Languages of the Caucasus
Authors: Borise Lena 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the issues pertaining to tone and intonation in the languages of the Caucasus. Lexical tonal distinctions and phrasal intonational contours are addressed together here, highlighting the fact that, acoustically, both phenomena rely on changes in F0 (fundamental frequency). The languages discussed here include Abkhaz-Adyghe, Nakh-Dagestanian, Kartvelian (South Caucasian), and one of the larger Indo-European languages of the area, Ossetic (both Iron and Digoron varieties). The chapter first discusses the lexical tonal systems that have been reported for some languages of the Caucasus, ranging from the systems in which tonal contrasts are present on stressed syllables only to those that make tonal distinctions on each syllable. As part of the discussion, conflicting language descriptions are introduced, and the role of pitch movements in the available descriptions of stress in the languages of the Caucasus is considered. Next, the chapter turns to languages that have been described as phrasal prominence languages – that is, languages in which phrase-level (as opposed to word-level) prosody plays the primary role. Finally, the chapter offers a survey of the available instrumental studies of phrasal prosody in the languages of the Caucasus. Overall, many issues related to tone and intonation in the languages of the Caucasus require extensive further research. The main aim of this chapter is to inform and encourage further investigations, both instrumental and theoretical.
Religion and Revolution, Mexico: 1910–1940
Authors: Fallaw Ben 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Catholics in Mexico had a complex, often-contentious relationship with the factions of the Revolution’s armed phase (1910–1920), the postrevolutionary state, and the state’s popular base. Revolutionary anticlericalism erupted in three waves (1914–1917, 1925–1928, and 1932–1938) and was expressed in ways ranging from iconoclasm to scientism. At the same time, there were diverse Catholic responses to revolutionary anticlericalism, including armed resistance in the first (1926–1929) and second (1932–1938) Cristero Wars, attendance strikes against federal schooling, collaboration with some state actors, and widespread electoral participation. Catholic ideology and organizations undermined key elements of postrevolutionary state formation—not just socialist education but also the formation of labor unions, land grants, and social reforms. The Church–state dialectical relationship reshaped Mexican Catholicism and encouraged alternative religious expressions such as spiritualism, Protestantism, and the separatist Catholicism of the Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana (ICAM). Even after President Lázaro Cárdenas curbed direct attacks on the Church and religious sensibilities in the mid-1930s, Catholic ideology and lay organizations sustained their opposition to the postrevolutionary state in much of Mexico. The decline in open Church–state conflicts (especially violent ones) in the late 1930s indicated an uneasy truce rather than widespread legitimization of the postrevolutionary state in the eyes of Catholics.
Punk in Russia: From the “Declassed Elements” to the Class Struggle
Authors: Gololobov Ivan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of punk in Russia since its inception at the end of the 1970s. It pays particular attention to the changing perception of class belonging and the political engagement of the punk scene in Russia. Whereas in the West punk was a political movement closely associated with its working-class background, in the Soviet Union it emerged as a protest of middle-class intellectuals fighting for the right to be different and to stand out from the uniformed workers’ and peasants’ collective. This defined the particular stand of early Russian punk toward the genre’s social engagement and political appeal. Working-classness and political commitment—initial conditions of punk identity in the West—became something early Russian punk was positioned against. The dramatic transformation of Russian society over the following decades inevitably affected the cultural ideology of Russian punk, and from the 1990s onward it had to find its place and defend its significant difference amid the realities of “wild” neoliberal capitalism. The chapter shows how in Russia punk evolved from being a highly individualistic and apolitical practice to one of the most radical and politically committed scenes, closely affiliated with other struggles on the Left.
From Punk to Poser: T-Shirts, Authenticity, Postmodernism, and the Fashion Cycle
Authors: Sklar Monica , Donahue Mary Kate 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The graphic T-shirt is a highly nuanced, multifaceted garment, communicating both a personal style and a greater symbolism. This article analyzes the use of punk rock imagery on graphic T-shirts both as a form of an identity marker for the wearer and as a call to authenticity. A survey of open-ended short questions, as well as interviews, were performed with a random sample of individuals from the punk community, retailers that merchandise products to that scene, and others who wear the garments associated with the style. With origins in the late 1960s, graphic T-shirts are often associated with music and subculture; more specifically, band T-shirts ubiquitously communicate several social meanings. Traditionally, band T-shirts were purchased at a concert or directly from a member of the musical group. Today, mass-market retailers are laden with their own designs of famous band T-shirts and other graphic T-shirts. With this increased access to punk-style band T-shirts, more consumers are finding meaning in these garments. Thus, there are three main groups of people who wear punk T-shirts—the Lifestyle Wearer, the Semi-Adopter, and the Design Wearer. While all three wearers have individual motives for wearing the punk T-shirt, the debate over authenticity often rears its head. Wearer intention and viewer perception impact the functionality and social communication of the garment. Despite its widespread presence in the fashion cycle, the punk T-shirt remains meaningful to those who are active in the subculture.
Humanism in the Middle East
Authors: Hussain Khurram 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter is an exploration of the concept and practice of humanism in the Muslim Middle East, from the seventh-century Prophetic dispensation to the present times. Humanism has often been described as the peculiar fruit of the European Renaissance. The chapter challenges this claim by investigating the incidence of humanism in the Middle East around a three-tiered axis. First, humanism as a focus on this-worldly rather than other-worldly matters is not only compatible with the “worldliness” of an Islamic ethos but was historically encouraged by it. Second, modernist reformers portray humanism as an earlier “modern” age in the history of the Middle East that they now seek to renew. Finally, inasmuch as humanism is a form of anthropocentrism, theological ideas like al-insān al-kāmil, the perfect man, allow for such humanism to be embedded within a broader Islamic theocentrism. The chapter concludes with possible humanistic futures in the Middle East.
Meditation in Prison
Authors: Auty Katherine M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In recent years interest in the use of meditation programs in prison has grown considerably, yet empirical research evidence for their effectiveness has been slower to accumulate. This chapter explores the application of meditation programs that take place within prison walls and evaluates their effectiveness in three key areas: (i) mental health and psychological wellbeing; (ii) substance misuse; (iii) and reoffending behavior. Evidence from prison studies, most of them conducted in the USA, is reviewed with a focus on their effectiveness. The philosophical and historical context of meditation is taken into account, and key concepts and definitions are critiqued. The chapter explores the meditation practices that are most often found in prison, such as Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and Vipassana meditation. It examines meditation’s role as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of substance misuse disorders and more general applications that aim to enhance well-being. The limitations of current studies together with directions for future research are also discussed.