bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Nomogram-Based Model to Predict Neoplastic Risk For Patients With Gallbladder Polyps
Authors: Zhang Xudong , Wang Jin-Cheng , Wu Baoqiang , Li Tao , Jin Lei , Wu Yong , Gao Peng , Zhang Zhen , Qin Xihu , Zhu Chunfu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Gallbladder polyps (GBPs) assessment seeks to identify early-stage gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). Many studies have analyzed the risk factors for malignant GBPs, and we try to establish a more accurate predictive model for potential neoplastic polyps in patients with GBPs.Methods: This retrospective study developed a nomogram-based model in a training cohort of 233 GBP patients. Clinical information, ultrasonographic findings, and blood tests were retrospectively analyzed. Spearman correlation and logistic regression analysis were used to identify independent predictors and establish a nomogram model. An internal validation was conducted in 225 consecutive patients. Performance of models was evaluated through the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: Age, cholelithiasis, CEA, polyp size and sessile were confirmed as independent predictors for neoplastic potential of GBPs in the training group. Compared with other proposed prediction methods, the established nomogram model presented good discrimination ability in the training cohort (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.845) and the validation cohort (AUC: 0.836). DCA demonstrated the most clinical benefits can be provided by the nomogram. Conclusions: Our developed preoperative nomogram model can successfully evaluate the neoplastic potential of GBPs based on simple clinical variables, that maybe useful for clinical decision-making.
A Nomogram Model for Predicting Prognosis of Obstructive Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Lv Jian , Liu YuanYuan , Jia YiTao , He JingLi , Dai GuangYao , Guo Peng , Zhao ZhaoLong , Zhang YanNi , Li ZhongXin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: The prognosis of obstructive colorectal cancer (oCRC) is worse than non-obstructive CRC, but the individualized prediction model for the prognosis of oCRC patients has not been established. The aim of this study was to select prognostic predictors to built a Nomogram model to predic the prognosis of oCRC patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 181 oCRC partients between February 2012 to December 2017 from three medical hospitals. 129 patients in one of the hospitals were assigned to the training chort.Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to select independent prognostic indicators in a training cohort and a Nomogram model was constructed. 52 patients foom another two hospital were used as the testing cohort to validate the model.Results: Multivariate analysis illustrated the CEA [p=0.037, HR=2.872 (1.065-7.740)], N stage [N1 vs. N0, p=0.028, HR=3.187 (1.137-8.938) ; N2 vs. N0, p=0.010, HR=4.098 (1.393-12.051)] and surgical procedure [p=0.002, HR=0.299 (0.139-0.643)] were independent prognostic factors for OS of oCRC patients. These factors were used to construct the Nomogram model. Both internal and external validation shows it relatively accuracy.Conclusions: CEA, N stage and surgical procedure were independent prognostic factors for OS of oCRC patients, Which can be visually exhibited by Nomogram model.
Evaluating Ecosystems Services Values due to Land use Transformation in the Gojeb Sub-basin, Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Shiferaw Hailu , Alamirew Tena , Kassawmar Tibebu , Zeleke Gete 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
BackgroundLand use land cover (LULC) transformation and ecosystems service valuation (ESVs) play important roles for vegetation restoration and payment for ecosystems service (PES) programs. The objective of this work was to quantify LULC transformations and associated ESVs in the Gojeb sub-basin by analyzing LULC between 1986 and 2016 using satellite images, field observations and ancillary datasets. ResultsThe summarized LULC classes are: bareland, cropland, grassland, forest, plantation, settlement, shrub, water-body and woodland. The ESVs were evaluated for each LULC based on these LULC classes. Forests had the highest cover (> 423000ha ~60%) in 1986 but it reduced to 317000ha (~45%) in 2016. About >56000ha of forests were changed to cultivated land, and >105000ha to different classes. Cultivated land increased from >258000ha (~37%) in 2016 compared to 150000ha (~21.5%) in 1986. The sub-basin had ESVs of US$2.52 billion in 1986 but decreased to US$1.97 billion in 2016; losing about US$0.551 billion within the last 30 years (annual loss rate of US$18.4 million). Potential drivers would be agricultural expansion, land degradation/erosion, landslide and deforestation, indicating that requires concerted effort to restore and manage landscapes for sustainable socio-ecological and economic uses.ConclusionThis study is meaningful for management of natural resources in the catchment, improvement of hydropower production and lifespan of the hydropower reservoir on one hand and productivity of small holder farmers and inhabitants in the basin on the other besides to the lesson learned to other similar basins. Hence, payment for ecosystems service scheme is recommended as a win-win approach to be implemented between upper and downstream users for sustainable use of resources. This study assist policy makers in designing evidence-based solutions for PES programs in the study area and elsewhere.
Therapeutic efficacy of macrolides in management of patients with mild COVID-19
Authors: Rashad Alaa , Nafady Asmaa , Hassan Mohammed H. , Mansour Haggagy , Taya Usama , Bazeed Shamardan Ezzeldin S. , Aref Zaki F. , Sayed Mennatallah Ali Abdelrahman , Nafady-Hego Hanaa , Abdelmaksoud Aida A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Evidence on the efficacy of adding macrolides (azithromycin or clarithromycin) to the treatment regimen for COVID-19 is limited. We testify whether adding azithromycin or clarithromycin to a standard of care regimen was superior to standard of supportive care alone in patients with mild COVID-19.The study included three groups of patients with COVID-19. The azithromycin group included, 107 patients who received azithromycin 500 mg/24 h for 7 days, the clarithromycin group included 99 patients who received clarithromycin 500 /12 h for 7 days, and the control group included 99 patients who received standard care only. All three groups received only symptomatic treatment for control of fever and cough .Clinical and laboratory evaluations of the study participants including assessment of the symptoms duration, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin, D-dimer, complete blood count (CBC), non-contrast chest computed tomography (CT), were performed.The overall results revealed significant early improvement of symptoms (fever, dyspnea and cough) in patients treated with either azithromycin or clarithromycin compared to control group, also there was significant early conversion of SARS-CoV-2 PCR to negative in patients treated with either azithromycin or clarithromycin compared to control group (p˂0.05 for all).There was no significant difference in time to improvement of fever, cough, dyspnea, anosmia, GIT symptoms and time to PCR negative conversion between patients treated with azithromycin compared to patients treated with clarithromycin (p˃0.05 for all). Follow up chest CT done after 2 weeks of start of treatment showed significant improvement in patients treated with either azithromycin or clarithromycin compared to control group (p˂0.05 for all).Adding Clarithromycin or Azithromycin to the therapeutic protocols for COVID-19 could be beneficial for early control of fever and early PCR negative conversion in Mild COVID-19
Comparing success of immediate versus delay loading of implants in fresh sockets: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Eyni Ebrahim , Yousefimanesh Hojatollah , Ashtiani Alireza Hashemi , Saki-Malehi Amal , Olapour Amin , Rahim Fakher 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background and aims: The replacement of teeth with osseointegrated implants is one of the significant advances in the field of restorative dentistry. The time interval between tooth extraction and the implant can be very short or long. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to collect and evaluate articles related to determining the effect of immediate loading of dental implants are placed in the fresh socket initial stability on the clinical success of the implant compared to delay loading procedure. Materials and Methods: In this study, all the available articles indexed in leading databases, including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, PROSPERO, and Scopus were searched. The full text of the articles meeting the primary criteria to be included in this research was obtained and appraised. Data of studies were extracted if they were scored as a high or moderate level of evidence. Results: A total of 2,258 published articles were found through electronic database searching. After screening the titles and abstracts, and full-text of articles 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The results of this study revealed that regarding the success rate, although there was no significant difference between immediate and delay loading of dental implants, immediate procedure showed a lower incidence of bone loss in single implants. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, immediate loading of dental implant, under certain conditions, is a successful treatment process and is effective in reducing treatment time. Thus, immediate loading represents a valid alternative to the traditional delayed loading rehabilitation.
Ionomic and metabolic responses to drought stress in elite wheat seedlings under two phosphorus levels
Authors: Li Chunyan , Xiangchi Zhang , Chao Li , Wen Wan , Cheng Li 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the main food crop in the worldwide. Low soil phosphorus levels and drought conditions are important constraints for wheat production in most of the areas where wheat is grown. In this study, the analysis of mineral elements and metabolites were used to investigate the ionomic and metabolic responses to drought stress of wheat plants cultured by low phosphorus (LP) and conventional phosphorus (CP) supply, respectively.
Results

We found that the wheat plants subjected to LP treatment had denser roots, and the total root volume was significantly higher than that under the CP treatment. The roots cultured by two phosphorus levels underwent the process of programmed cell death under drought stress, however, the genomic DNA degradation level of the roots in LP was significantly weaker than that in CP after rehydration for 3d. The analysis of mineral elements and metabolites showed that CP treatment was more sensitive to drought stress, and drought stress had more influence on the shoots of CP treatment than the roots. While the effect of drought stress on LP treatment roots were greater than that on shoots. With the extension of drought stress, the effect on sugar metabolism was greater.
Conclusions

The wheat plants under LP treatment was more adaptive to drought stress than that in CP treatment, which probably is based on the presence of the comprehensive mobilization of sugar metabolism responsible for the regulation of osmotic balance, as well as the accumulation of various organic acids responsible for the maintenance of the intracellular ion homeostasis.
Community Perceptions of Vaccination Among Influential Stakeholders: Qualitative Research in Rural India
Authors: Dhaliwal Baldeep , Chandrashekhar Riti , Rattani Ananya , Seth Rajeev , Closser Svea , Jain Anika , Bloom David , Shet Anita 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: In India and other low- and middle-income countries, multiple family and community members are influential in caregivers’ perceptions of vaccination. Existing literature indicates the primary caregiver, typically the mother, is instrumental in vaccine decision-making, but this may vary in contexts. We investigated the role of stakeholders in India who influence caregivers’ vaccination perceptions, as this is essential to developing strategies to promote vaccine acceptance and improve uptake.Methods: This research was conducted in 2019 in Mewat District in Haryana, an area in India with extremely low vaccination coverage. We conducted six focus group discussions with 60 participants in the following categories: fathers of children under-5 years old, expectant mothers, mothers-in-law, community health workers, and community influencers such as locally elected officials and religious leaders. Results: Our results highlighted four themes that influence vaccine uptake. First, while caregivers associated vaccination with reductions in specific diseases, they also noted that vaccination services brought broad health gains, including improved nutrition, antenatal guidance, and social support. Second, community health workers critically influenced, positively or negatively, caregivers’ vaccination perceptions. Third, community health workers faced gaps in their education such as limited training on vaccine side-effects, placing them at a disadvantage when dealing with families. Finally, we found that mothers-in-law, fathers, and religious leaders influence caregivers’ perceptions of vaccination. Conclusions: Communication of broader benefits of vaccines and vaccination services by community health workers could be impactful in increasing vaccine acceptance. Vaccine uptake could potentially be improved by facilitating community health workers’ ownership over vaccine acceptance and uptake by involving them in the design and implementation of interventions to target mothers and mothers-in-law. A ‘bottom-up’ approach, leveraging community health workers’ knowledge to design interventions, and giving a voice to key members of the household and society beyond mothers alone, may sustain health improvement in low vaccine coverage areas.
Mathematical modelling of pneumonia dynamics of children under the age of five
Authors: Oluwatobi Idowu Kabir , L.M Erinle-Ibrahim 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper work was designed to study the effect of treatment on the transmission of pneumonia infection. When studying the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases with an objective of suggesting control measures, it is important to consider the stability of equilibrium points. In this paper, basic reproduction number, effective reproduction number, existences and stability of the equilibrium point were established.Using Lyaponov function we discovered that the disease free equilibrium is unstable. The results are presented in graphs and it is discovered that the spread of the infection will be greatly affected by the rate of treatment and natural immunity.
Changes in prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among adults in Bangladesh: An analysis of two waves of nationally representative surveys
Authors: Chowdhury Muhammad Abdul Baker , Islam Mirajul , Rahman Jakia , Uddin Mohammed Taj , Haque Md Rabiul , Uddin Md Jamal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective To examine the change in hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adults in Bangladesh. Methods Cross-sectional analysis was conducted using nationally representative two waves of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) in 2011 and 2018. Survey participants were adults 18 years or older- which included detailed biomarker and anthropometric measurements of 23539 study participants. The change in prevalence of hypertension was estimated, and adjusted odds ratios were obtained using multivariable logistic regression models. Findings From 2011 to 2018, the hypertension prevalence among adults aged ≥35 years increased from 25.84% to 39.40% (p<0.001), with the largest relative increase (97%) among obese individuals. The prevalence of hypertension among women remained higher than men whereas the relative increase among men and women were 75% and 39%, respectively. Regression analysis identified age and BMI as the independent risk factors of hypertension. Other risk factors of hypertension were sex, marital status, education, geographic region, wealth index, and diabetes status in both survey years. Female adults experienced significantly higher hypertension risk in the overall analysis in both survey years, however, in the subgroup analysis gender difference in hypertension risk was not significant in rural 2011 and urban 2018 samples. Conclusion A substantial increase was observed in prevalence of hypertension among Bangladeshi adults and there is no subgroup in which it is decreasing. Population-level approaches directed at adults with hypertension are needed to improve risk factors to prevent hypertension.
Urban residential water usage in response to climate variability in China
Authors: Qin Ping , Chen Shuai , Soo Jie-Sheng Tan , Zhang Xiao-bing 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While it has been shown that climate change poses a significant threat to China’s supply of freshwater resources, it is unclear if household water consumption – the fastest growing source of water demand in China – would also be affected. To fill this knowledge gap, we use a novel dataset from over 40,000 Chinese households, spanning nine years and ten provinces to examine the relationship between daily household water usage and climate variability. We find that water usage have an increasing marginal relationship with daily temperature. Heterogeneity analyses along dimensions of background environmental conditions and socioeconomic groups reveal that household are likely to substitute between water and electricity to cope with high heat. By systematically aggregating the dataset to different temporal scales, we also find evidence of changing behaviors where over time, households are using increasingly more water to cope with high-temperature days. In all, after feeding our results into climate projection models, it is estimated that household water usage will increase by around 4%-29% under RCP8.5. Our findings are especially relevant for water-scarce countries such as China as well as developing countries where water is a cheaper and more accessible resource to cope with heat.
GABAergic neuron-specific whole-brain transduction by AAV-PHP.B incorporated with a new GAD65 promoter
Authors: Hoshino Chiaki , Konno Ayumu , Hosoi Nobutake , Kaneko Ryosuke , Mukai Ryo , Nakai Junichi , Hirai Hirokazu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
GABAergic interneurons play a critical role in tuning neural networks in the central nervous system, and their defects are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Currently, the mDlx enhancer is solely used for adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated transgene delivery into cortical interneurons. Here, we developed a new inhibitory neuron-specific promoter (designated as the mGAD65 promoter), with a length of 2.5 kb, from a mouse genome upstream of exon 1 of the Gad2 gene encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65. Intravenous infusion of blood-brain barrier-penetrating AAV-PHP.B expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of the mGAD65 promoter transduced the whole brain in an inhibitory neuron-specific manner. The specificity and efficiency of the mGAD65 promoter for GABAergic interneurons, which was assessed at the motor cortex, were almost identical to or slightly higher than those of the mDlx enhancer. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the mGAD65 promoter preferentially transduced parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons. Notably, the mGAD65 promoter transduced chandelier cells more efficiently than the mDlx enhancer and robustly labeled their synaptic boutons, called the cartridge, targeting the axon initial segments of excitatory pyramidal neurons. To test the ability of the mGAD65 promoter to express a functional molecule, we virally expressed G-CaMP, a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, in the motor cortex, and this enabled us to monitor spontaneous and drug-induced Ca2+ activity in GABAergic inhibitory neurons. These results suggest that the mGAD65 promoter is useful for AAV-mediated targeting and manipulation of GABAergic neurons with the dominance of cortical PV-expressing neurons, including chandelier cells.
A Clinical and Cost Effectiveness Trial of A Parent Group Intervention To Manage Challenging Restricted and Repetitive Behaviours In Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Study Protocol For a Randomized Controlled Trial.&nbsp;
Authors: Grahame Victoria , Dixon Linda , Fletcher-Watson Sue , Garland Deborah , Glod Magdalena , Goodwin Jane , Grayson Zoe , Heron Saoirse , Honey Emma , Iversen Rebecca , Kasim Adetayo S , Kernohan Ashleigh , Kharatikoopaei Eshan , Couteur Ann Le , Mackie Leila , Mathias Ayesha , Probert Helen , Riby Deborah , Rob Priyanka , Rodgers Jacqui , Rogan Leanne , Thompson Sarah , Vale Luke , Walls Eamonn , Webb Elspeth Imogen , Weetman Christopher , Wolstenhulme Faye , Wood Ruth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Restricted and repetitive behaviours vary greatly across the autism spectrum, and although not all are problematic some can cause distress and interfere with learning and social opportunities. We have, alongside parents, developed a parent group based intervention for families of young children with autism, which aims to offer support to parents and carers; helping them to recognise, understand and learn how to respond to their child’s challenging restricted repetitive behaviours.Methods: The study is a clinical and cost effectiveness, multi-site randomised controlled trial of the Managing Repetitive Behaviours (MRB) parent group intervention versus a psychoeducation parent group Learning about Autism (LAA) (n=250; 125 intervention/125 psychoeducation; ~83/site) for parents of young children aged 3-9 years 11 months with a diagnosis of autism. All analyses will be done under intention-to-treat principle. The primary outcome at 24 weeks will use Generalised Estimating Equation (GEE) to compare proportion of children with improved RRB between the MRB group and the LAA group. The GEE model will account for the clustering of children by parent groups using exchangeable working correlation. All secondary outcomes will be analysed in a similar way using appropriate distribution and link function.The economic evaluation will be conducted from the perspective of both NHS costs, and family access to local community services. A ‘within trial’ cost-effectiveness analysis with results reported as the incremental cost per additional child achieving at least the target improvement in CGI-I scale at 24 weeks.DiscussionThis is an efficacy trial to investigate the clinical and cost effectiveness of a parent group based intervention designed to help parents understand and manage their child’s challenging RRB. If found to be effective this intervention has the potential to improve the well-being of children and their families, reduce parental stress, greatly enhance community participation and potential for learning, and improve longer-term outcomes.Trial Registration: Trial ID: ISRCTN15550611 Date registered: 07/08/2018URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN15550611