bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smooth stochastic density field reconstruction
Authors: Aragon-Calvo M A 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We introduce a method for generating a continuous, mass-conserving and high-order differentiable density field from a discrete point distribution such as particles or haloes from an N-body simulation or galaxies from a spectroscopic survey. The method consists on generating an ensemble of point realizations by perturbing the original point set following the geometric constraints imposed by the Delaunay tessellation in the vicinity of each point in the set. By computing the mean field of the ensemble we are able to significantly reduce artefacts arising from the Delaunay tessellation in poorly sampled regions while conserving the features in the point distribution. Our implementation is based on the Delaunay Tessellation Field Estimation (DTFE) method; however, other tessellation techniques are possible. The method presented here shares the same advantages of the DTFE method such as self-adaptive scale, mass conservation, and continuity, while being able to reconstruct even the faintest structures of the point distribution usually dominated by artefacts in Delaunay-based methods.
Additionally, we also present preliminary results of an application of this method to image denoising and artefact removal, highlighting the broad applicability of the technique introduced here.
Lifetimes and rotation within the solar mean magnetic field
Authors: Ross Eddie , Chaplin William J , Hale Steven J , Howe Rachel , Elsworth Yvonne P , Davies Guy R , Nielsen Martin Bo 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We have used very high-cadence (sub-minute) observations of the solar mean magnetic field (SMMF) from the Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON) to investigate the morphology of the SMMF. The observations span a period from 1992 to 2012, and the high-cadence observations allowed the exploration of the power spectrum up to frequencies in the mHz range. The power spectrum contains several broad peaks from a rotationally modulated (RM) component, whose linewidths allowed us to measure, for the first time, the lifetime of the RM source. There is an additional broadband, background component in the power spectrum which we have shown is an artefact of power aliasing due to the low fill of the data. The sidereal rotation period of the RM component was measured as 25.23 ± 0.11 d and suggests that the signal is sensitive to a time-averaged latitude of ∼12°. We have also shown the RM lifetime to be 139.6 ± 18.5 d. This provides evidence to suggest that the RM component of the SMMF is connected to magnetic flux concentrations (MFCs) and active regions (ARs) of magnetic flux, based both on its lifetime and location on the solar disc.
Dust entrainment in galactic winds
Authors: Kannan R , Vogelsberger M , Marinacci F , Sales L V , Torrey P , Hernquist L 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Winds driven by stellar feedback are an essential part of the galactic ecosystem and are the main mechanism through which low-mass galaxies regulate their star formation. These winds are generally observed to be multiphase with detections of entrained neutral and molecular gas. They are also thought to enrich the circumgalactic medium around galaxies with metals and dust. This ejected dust encodes information about the integrated star formation and outflow history of the galaxy. Therefore it is important to understand how much dust is entrained and driven out of the disc by galactic winds. Here, we demonstrate that stellar feedback is efficient in driving dust-enriched winds and eject enough material to account for the amount of extraplanar dust observed in nearby galaxies. The amount of ejected dust depends on the sites from where they are launched, with dustier galaxies launching more dust-enriched outflows. Moreover, the outflowing cold and dense gas is significantly more dust enriched than the volume filling hot and tenuous material. These results provide an important new insight into the dynamics, structure, and composition of galactic winds and their role in determining the dust content of the extragalactic gas in galaxies.
Precision medicine in Fabry disease
Authors: Lenders Malte , Brand Eva 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the α-galactosidase A (GLA) gene, leading to a deficiency in α-galactosidase A. The lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids, primarily globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and its deacylated form, globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3), results in progressive renal failure, cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac arrhythmia and recurrent cerebrovascular events, significantly limiting life expectancy in affected patients. In male patients, a definitive diagnosis of FD involves demonstrating a GLA deficiency in leucocytes. In females, because of the potential high residual enzymatic activity, the diagnostic gold standard requires molecular genetic analyses. The current treatment options for FD include recombinant enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) with intravenous agalsidase-α (0.2 mg/kg body weight) or agalsidase-β (1 mg/kg body weight) every 2 weeks as well as an oral pharmacological chaperone (migalastat 123 mg every other day) that selectively and reversibly binds to the active sites of amenable mutant forms of the GLA enzyme. These therapies facilitate cellular Gb3 clearance and an overall improvement of disease burden. However, ERT can lead to infusion-associated reactions, as well as the formation of neutralizing anti-drug antibodies in ∼40% of all ERT-treated males, leading to an attenuation of therapy efficacy. This article reviews the clinical presentation, diagnosis and interdisciplinary clinical management of FD and discusses the therapeutic options, with a special focus on precision medicine, accounting for individual variability in genetic mutations, Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 levels, allowing physicians to predict more accurately which prevention and treatment strategy is best for which patient.
Immigration and Democracy in Japan
Authors: Strausz Michael 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the politics of immigration in Japan. It begins with an overview of the foreign community in Japan today in comparative perspective, focusing on several competing explanations for why Japan is such an outlier when compared with other advanced industrialized countries. It also examines the new visa categories that were formalized by the 1989 and 2018 revisions to the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act, including visas for those with Japanese ancestry and “trainees” (in the case of the 1989 revision), and visas for laborers who had previously been excluded, including agricultural workers and construction workers (in the case of the 2018 revision). Additionally, this chapter discusses Japan’s famously restrictive refugee admission policy as well as the relationship between public opinion, civil society, and immigration policy in Japan. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the ways that Japan’s immigration policy and policymaking might impact the future of Japan’s democracy. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the way that Japan deals with both the admission and treatment of foreign laborers will help shape the nature of Japan’s democracy going forward.
Japan and the Environment
Authors: Reimann Kim 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of environmental politics in Japan over the postwar period and identifies the main factors and actors shaping environmental policy. The literature on Japanese environmental politics has shifted its focus over time from domestic to global environmental issues, mirroring transformations in Japan’s political economy and international status. After successfully confronting the domestic problem of severe pollution in the 1970s and early 1980s, Japan became one of the world’s largest donors of environmental foreign aid, starting in the early 1990s and continuing today. Throughout all periods, there have been continuities as well as changes. In terms of representation and democracy, the Japanese state has consistently prioritized concerns of business and local governments in the policymaking process. In addition to having greater voice, these constituencies have also benefited materially from policies through their access to various green funds. In contrast, NGOs and citizens have tended to be left out of policy discussions and have exercised voice largely through protest and critiques of government policies. The chapter ends by examining the case of climate change to explore these patterns in more recent years.
Japan-China Relations
Authors: Wan Ming 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Japan’s current China policy is a crucial part of an evolving political process of reasserting its autonomy under fast-changing circumstances at home and abroad. While structural features such as balance of power and political regime gaps are important, foreign policy management better explains the twists and turns in Japan-China relations. Some major events can also transform the structure of a bilateral relationship. Security-centric studies have become prominent in the past decade in light of China’s dramatic rise, a sharp departure from mainstream analysis in the 1990s, which focused on diplomacy, economics, culture, and history. The bilateral relationship has been on a steady upswing since mid-2017, but none of the bilateral disputes have been resolved. Both politically strong, leaders in both countries have a mutual interest in avoiding a worsening bilateral relationship that would damage their policy agendas.
Boundaries, Relationality, and Style Provinces in Australian Rock Art
Authors: Kelly Madeleine , Brady Liam M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Identifying style provinces is a popular topic of enquiry in Australian rock art research. At the core of these studies is the focus on the style or manner of depiction of motifs as a key indicator for determining patterns of motif similarity and difference, and their corresponding spatial distribution. In identifying spatial continuities and discontinuities based on a formal analysis of rock art motifs fixed in place, researchers sometimes limit their ability to understand the relational dimensions associated with past and present graphic systems more broadly. This chapter reviews and critiques the formal, style-based methods of delineating discontinuities in rock art as boundaries and uses Nancy Williams’s work on Yolngu boundaries as a framework to further build on research into spatial discontinuities in rock art as flexible, intersecting, and fluid. In doing so, the authors also draw attention to the role of relational understandings and decorative portable objects in characterizing intersecting style-based discontinuities. Using two case studies from northern Australia, they demonstrate how the spatial and social boundaries expressed in rock art are often much more complex than originally envisaged.
Mortars and Pestles Make the Mid-Holocene Occupation of New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago Visible
Authors: Swadling Pamela 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Stone mortars and pestles are distributed across New Guinea, but few have been found in West Papua. As they are now securely dated to the Mid-Holocene, their distribution can be used as the basis for modelling Mid-Holocene population concentrations. Artefacts with elaborate morphologies also allow the modelling of social interaction. The declining availability of the Castanopsis nut following land clearance would have played a major role in the abandonment of mortars and pestles in the highlands. Decreasing coastal connectivity due to the infilling of the Sepik-Ramu inland sea may have also played a role in this abandonment. The continued availability of canarium and coconuts in coastal areas allowed the making of nut and starch puddings to continue. However, the pottery bought by Austronesian speakers (Lapita) would have allowed tubers to be steam-cooked, and the softer result probably led to stone versions of mortars and pestles being abandoned and replaced with wooden versions.
The Archaeology of Social Transformation in the New Guinea Highlands
Authors: Gaffney Dylan , Denham Tim 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article examines three key aspects of New Guinea Highlands prehistory, with important implications for regional and global archaeology, including evidence for (1) adaptive flexibility at high altitudes, particularly within montane rainforests and grasslands; (2) plant-food production and cultivation in the tropics; and (3) the emergence of incipient social stratification and how it was transformed by the production and redistribution of material culture, plants, and animals. After synthesizing the archaeological evidence, we propose that social transformations amongst highland groups were intraregionally variable and involved a sequential diversification of subsistence practices that overlapped and persisted through time. Because communities, and their sociotechnical practices, were differently interconnected across the mountains, and at times to the lowlands, coasts, and islands as well, each subregion transformed asymmetrically at different rates and scales through time. The high diversity of highland cultures observed in the early twentieth century by ethnographers is likely to have arisen from these asymmetric processes of growth.
Swamp and Delta Societies of the Papuan Gulf, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Urwin Chris , Rhoads James W. , Bell Joshua A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Papuan Gulf’s littoral coastline has been emerging and transforming since the late Pleistocene. Large river deltas such as the Fly, Kikori, and Purari transport sediments into the Coral Sea, and these are reworked by prevailing tides and seasonal currents to form a world of sand and swamps that Papuan Gulf peoples inhabit. This article reviews the archaeology of key sites in the region and identifies themes for future explorations of the region’s rich heritage. It explores how the region’s delta-dwelling societies occupied, modified, and made sense of their relatively fluid physical environments. Two aspects are explored in detail: (1) the potential to historicize the emergence of sago cultivation and its role in sustaining local settlements and long-distance trade; and (2) the contribution of nuanced spatial histories of migration and place-making to the region’s narrative.
Japan and Peaceful Change in the International System The Persistent Peace Nation
Authors: Berger Thomas U. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Since 1945 Japan has espoused the principles of peace and peaceful change in the international system. At the same time, it has built a powerful military and has been a key ally for the United States in the Asia-Pacific region. This has opened it up to the charge of being hypocritical. In recent years this charge has gained credence as the government of Prime Minister Abe Shinzō has sought to systematically dismantle many of the institutions on which the notion of Japan as a “peace nation” is founded. What is frequently forgotten is the extent to which the notion of the Japanese peace nation has been contested from the beginning. Japan today remains strongly committed to the principles of peace and peaceful change, and while it has pragmatically sought to adjust its military policies to reflect the increased security threats it faces in the region, it has also expanded its commitment to building regional institutions and relying on diplomacy and trade, rather than military might, as a tool for resolving foreign policy differences.
Deuteronomy
Authors: Knafl Anne K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Biblical scholars typically consider genre as part of their analysis of a biblical text. The literary genre of Deuteronomy is most commonly compared to either a treaty covenant or to a law code. Deuteronomy contains clear parallels to the treaty structure preserved in Hittite and neo-Assyrian traditions. At the same time, the central place of the Deuteronomic Code (12:1–26:19) suggests that Deuteronomy is a law code. Deuteronomy shares characteristics in common with other genres, such as exhortation, and traditions, such as wisdom. The defining characteristic of Deuteronomy is appropriation and reinterpretation of earlier compositions and forms.
Introduction
Authors: Hangan Horia , Kareem Ahsan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This Oxford handbook on non-synoptic wind systems is an outlook of the state of knowledge of various aspects of these wind systems and their impacts on our natural and build environment. During the last two decades, it has become clear that these types of winds dominate in terms of damage in some geographical areas; at the same time, they are different from the large-scale synoptic winds for which the knowledge matured. As opposed to the synoptic winds, the non-synoptic ones are localized in both space and time, three dimensional in nature while having similar intensities. The handbook explores the particularities of this type of wind in terms of climatology, surface layer, and aerodynamic and structural impacts on buildings, structures, and natural habitat. It also addresses the implications on risk analysis, engineering guidelines and codes, socioeconomic aspects, and insurance policies. The handbook comes at the moment when the state of knowledge in this area has evolved but is not yet mature. Therefore, it provides the opportunity to inform and trigger debate.
Medical Liability
Authors: Søvig Karl Harald , Furrow Barry 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a comparison of liability/compensation systems across countries, which can be challenging because of substantial differences in tort doctrine, judicial systems, and administrative compensation mechanisms. It approaches the problem of patient injury in a healthcare system from the dual (and dueling) perspectives of system responsibility and provider culpability. The basic question that the chapter asks is this: Who should bear the economic costs of medical adverse events? The US system remains solidly anchored in the tort liability system, with its emphasis on negligence-based culpability in medical malpractice cases—but with timid moves toward enterprise liability and statutory communication and resolution programs. By contrast, the Scandinavian systems have publicly funded patient compensation funds.
Decisions at the End of Life
Authors: Orentlicher David , Sándor Judit 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the similarities and differences between US and European legal thinking and jurisprudence regarding end-of-life medical care. In recent decades, courts and legislatures have increasingly respected the right to self-determination of patients or their families in deciding about the way people want to die. In most jurisdictions, patients may have unwanted medical treatment withheld or withdrawn, even when the treatment would be or is life-sustaining. Hospice and other palliative care are important alternatives, although in many cases, suffering may still persist. In a small but growing number of jurisdictions, patients may receive a lethal dose of medication to bring about death. Less recognized, but very important too, are cases in which patients request life-sustaining care that their health care providers consider “futile.” As with other rights, the right to make medical decisions is subject to limits. In deciding the extent of rights to make end-of-life decisions, the law has recognized that while seriously ill patients have the greatest stake in their medical care, family members, healthcare providers, and the state also have important interests. Accordingly, health law has had to balance a number of competing interests in determining when it is permissible to discontinue medical care or take other actions that will shorten life, and the scope of the right to decide has been much debated.
Youth Emancipation and Theologies of Domination, Resistance, Assistance, and Prosperity
Authors: Mapadimeng Mokong S. , Swartz Sharlene 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay describes the role that religion has played in South Africa and the Global South’s struggle for freedom from the domination of colonial Christianity and from colonial oppression more generally. It does so by describing the nature of God and of human relationships in Indigenous African religion and the philosophy of ubuntu/botho and its clash with colonial Christianity of the 18th to 20th centuries. In the 1960s–1980s with the emergence of Black Theology, liberation Theologies, and the Black Consciousness Movement there was a liberating turn, led by young people and young theologians, that resulted in political freedom. However, in the early 21st century, these gains of religion as emancipation have been eroded as Christian faith, and young people, have embraced prosperity and reconstruction theology, which has had the effect of diluting the role that religious faith can play in bringing about emancipation and social justice for the many young people of the Global South who practice religious faith in numbers that exceed that of their Global North counterparts.
Freirean Inspired Trialogues to Empower Youth to Solve Local Community Challenges
Authors: Araujo Ulisses F. , Pinheiro Viviane , Arantes Valeria 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Paulo Freire, the Brazilian philosopher, educator, and a leading Southern theorist, has been extraordinarily influential worldwide. He is considered one of the founders of critical pedagogy, and influenced educators in Latin America, Africa, and Asia with his ideas of liberation, freedom, and emancipation. This essay presents an example of an educational program developed in Brazil, where Freire’s dialogical theory and principles were adapted to address the challenges faced by youth in education and the skills they need for the communities in which they live. It shows how a Freirean-inspired pedagogical model and active-learning methodologies can become transferable trialogues for other Southern educational experiences. These can empower the youth to solve local community challenges and transform societies in unequal places.
Navigational Capacities for Southern Youth in Adverse Contexts
Authors: Swartz Sharlene 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay identifies six navigational capacities or contextual formative abilities that young people in Southern contexts, and those who care about them, may find helpful to debate and nurture. These navigational capacities are the capacity (1) to act alone as an individual in a community; (2) to aspire beyond culturally bounded horizons without resorting to exit, apathy, or violent struggles; (3) to acquire a range of capitals that include money, networks, dignity, and a knowledge of the rules of the game; (4) to recognize and analyze the influence of social structures and policies on their lives; (5) to achieve open identities to ensure justice along multiple axes of oppression; and (6) to act collectively in pursuit of better lives for self and others. The idea of navigational capacities acknowledges that adversity, change, and movement are a constant feature of the landscape of youth in the Global South. Thus, developing flexible capacities—rather than hard skills, rigid assets, or only adaptive resilience—is a more helpful goal for youth development. The essay describes these capacities, their theoretical foundations, and potential as a framework for practice and analysis in youth work and youth studies research in the Global South.