bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De implementatie van de Europese regelgeving in België
Authors: Merckx Herman 
Published: July 2021

The way Belgium implements European Law, meaning how it transposes EU directives into national law, is heavily influenced by its federal structure. The fact that 7 governments and parliaments may all have to intervene in a transposition of a directive for which the competences are divided between them and the fact that a number of consultative procedures have to be respected (the legal scrutiny by the State Council and the advices to be given by committees consisting of trade and other professional unions) explain why Belgium has been lagging behind in transposing EU directives within their time limit.In Belgium the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is in charge of coordinating the transposition of EU directives and representing Belgium in procedures at the European Court of Justice.
Belgian politics in 1997
Authors: Fiers Stefaan , Deweerdt Mark 
Published: July 2021

The so-called 'Dutroux-case'- the revelation of the kidnapping and the murder of four underaged girls and the apparent malfunctions of the judiciary and the police forces, was the most important issue on the 1997 political agenda. Unanimously, the Chamber of Representatives agreed upon the recommendations of a parliamentary inquiry into the bungled police investigation. Yet the unanimity disappeared quickly when the recommendations on the reorganisation of the police forces had to be implemented.New revelations of the Dassault-case, and the involvement of both socialist parties, put the government underpressure. The events themselves, and the discontent they caused in some majority parties, urged the government to revise the governmental programme. Guy Spitaels, chairman of the Walloon parliament resigned. Guy Coëme, former minister of Defence, alleged ofpassive corruption in the Dassault-case, was referred to the Supreme Court of Appeal by decision of the Chamber of Representatives.
Tussen schok en overgang : de Europese Unie in 2001
Authors: Kerremans Bart , Drieskens Edith 
Published: July 2021

Without doubt, the year 2001 will remain identified with the terrorist attacks of september 11. To some extent, this goes for the European Union as well. The events of september 11 left an important mark on the European integration process, of which the development of the European arrest warrant is an important illustration. Nevertheless, as for the European Union, the year 2001 was more than a year of anti-terrorism measures. In the second semester of2001, the Belgian government assumed the presidency ofthe European Union. 2001 was also the year in which, only weeks after street violence disruputed the European Council ofGöteborg, a protester was killed in the margin ofthe G7-G8 Summit in Genova. In 2001, the gap between the European Union and the United States got larger for a number of policy fields, including National Missile Defence and the Kyoto Protocol. Yet, in the autumn of2001, both power blocks reconciliated at the WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar. In Doha, a new global round of trade negotiations was launched. As in previous years, in 2001, the enlargement process was high on the European agenda. As for the latter, for the first time, ten candidate countries were mentioned by name, making their accession in 2004 a more realistic scenario. The eastern enlargement will radically change the face of the European Union. The Belgian presidency anticipated this impeding metamorphosis and stimulated the adoption of the Laeken Declaration in december 2001. The Declaration laid the foundation for the Convention on the Future of Europe which started on February 28, 2002. The Declaration of Laeken was one of the European highlights of 2001. The low point was the Irish referendum of June 7, 2001, in which a majority of the Irish population rejected the Treaty of Nice. Both events reflect the situation the European Union is faced with today, as they demonstrate the growing tension between the desires of «widening» and «deepening» the European construction. The future willreveal how the European Union went with this growing area of tension.
Improving students’ critical thinking skills using Time Bar Media in Mathemathics learning in the third grade primary school
Authors: Purwaningsih Wahyu , Wangid Muhammad Nur 
Published: July 2021

This study aims to improve the students’ critical thinking skills using time bar media in mathematics learning for in grade IIIA of State Primary School Kotagede I. It used classroom action research as design by Kemmis and McTaggart. The subjects of this research were grade 3th State Primary School Kotagede I with a total of 30 students. The data were collected through observation, written tests, and interviews. The research instrument used was the teacher's activity observation sheet in mathematics learning, written test questions, and interview guides for teachers and students. The instrument of the test each test question there are 6 items in the description. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results showed that the use of time bar media in mathematics learning could improve students' critical thinking skills. The critical thinking skills covered: providing simple explanations, building basic skills, concluding, providing further explanations, and arranging strategies and tactics. The increase in students' critical thinking skills was seen based on the test results in the pre-action (43%) which increased to 80% in the first cycle and increased to 90% in the second cycle. Keywords: students', critical thinking skills, time bar media
First report of Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc. on Bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) causing leaf spot and die back disease in nursery
Authors: KUMAR SANTOSH , SINGH HEMANT KUMAR , KUMAR SANJEEV 
Published: July 2021

Bael is a very popular indigenous fruit of India. Cultivation of bael is a lucrative venture because of its high pharmaceutical importance. The deciduous tree with trifoliate aromatic leaves offering of bael leaves is a compulsory ritual of the worship of lord shiva. In bael nursery, disease appeared during post rainy season (September) as irregular pustules, which was brown in colour, increases very fast and covers the most of the leaf area. After severe infection, affected leaves become dry and fall off. The disease progresses downward causing dieback symptoms but roots are remain healthy and they produces new shoots after destroying the vegetative parts. This type of symptoms incited by Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc. was identified as a causal organism. The pathogenicity test of the fungus was established. Fusarium pallidoroseum produce smooth and creamyhite colony, grew rapidly on PDA medium at 250C to 260C and produced rose pink colored woolly to cottony, flat spreading colonies when mature. The mass of the mycelium was very compact in nature. The fungus produced both macro and micro conidia, which are hyaline, septate and ends are also hook shaped. Mycelia are thin and septate. Macro conidia were produced from phialides on unbranched or branched conidiophpres. Macro conidia born in sporodochia were curved; possess a foot cell, 3-5 septate. Micro conidia are single celled, smooth, hyaline, ovoid to cylindrical.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF UNEXPLORED PLANTS – CUSCUTA REFLEXA AND COCCULUS HIRSUTUS – AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: SINGH ANITA , SINGH VANDANA , B DINESH KUMAR 
Published: July 2021

Objective: The study aimed to document the rarely explored plants, namely, Cuscuta reflexa (CRA) and Cocculus hirsutus (CHP) used by the ethnic people of a specific region. The anti-inflammatory (AI) property of kwath of CRA (KCRA), kwath of CHP (KCHP), and their blend (kwath blend [KB]) was also assessed.
Methods: The KCRA and KCHP were prepared following standard Ayurvedic procedures. The AI property was determined by carrageenan-induced paw edema at doses; 250, 125, and 62.5 mg/kg. The KB (500 mg/kg) was prepared using equal parts of KCRA and KCHP in view of the potential AI property as compared to the individual plants. Ibuprofen (100 mg/kg) was used as the standard AI drug standard drug (SD).
Results: The carrageenan-induced paw inflammation was highest and doubled at 3 h. The oral administration of SD (100 mg/kg) produced a high reduction of edema (78.47%) at 3 h. Both KCRA and KCHP had reduced edema and were equally potent (EC50; 139.8 and 147.3 mg/kg, respectively) at the early phase. However, the efficacy of KCRA was greater than KCHP at the second phase of inflammation (EC50=313.6 and 2760 mg/kg, respectively). KCRA was efficacious and potent as an AI agent. Unlike SD, KB had effectively inhibited paw edema from the 6th h onward. The AI activity of KB was superior compared to individual plant groups.
Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the traditional formulation – kwath of rarely explored plants, namely, CRA, CHP, and KB has AI property and can be explored to develop them as AI agents.
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON ADHERENCE TO LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION AMONG KNOWN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN UDUPI DISTRICT
Authors: SHETTY PRASHANTH , N KARTHIK RAO , RAU N GURUKANTH , PATTANSHETTY SANJAY M , KARANTH DIVYA 
Published: July 2021

Objectives: Hypertension is the more prevalent non-communicable disease and is the major risk factors for the cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle modification plays a very important role in controlling or management of the hypertension. Hence, aim of this study is to assess the adherence and non-adherence to lifestyle modification among known hypertensive patients those who are visiting secondary care hospitals in Udupi District.
Methods: This was a multi-centric hospital based cross-sectional study conducted at three secondary care hospitals. Samples were collected through convenient sampling. Standardized questionnaire used to collect data. Associations are obtained the help of frequencies, prevalence, and mean values, ANOVA test, Chi-square, and binary logistic regression were used for the analysis.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 63.01±11.12 years. Males were 144 (42.2%) and females were 197 (57.8%) of the study population. It was found that the self-assessment is influenced by education level of participant (p=0.003) and time elapsed since diagnosis of hypertension (p<0.001). Majority of the participants from age group of 34 to 48 and 49 to 63 had good adherence to exercise, that is, 70.4% (19) and 74.6% (100), respectively, (p=0.001). Participants with awareness regarding risk factors and complications of hypertension showed good adherence to exercise. The patients, who adhered to exercise, also consumed less quantity of salt.
Conclusion: Instilling positivity in mind of the patient regarding outcome of treatment and lifestyle modifications can help in controlling the high blood pressure and there by prevent cardiovascular and renal disease in the whole population.
IN VIVO EVALUATION OF QUINAPRIL TRILAYERED MATRIX TABLETS
Authors: K ASHWIN , REDDY T RAMA MOHAN 
Published: July 2021

Objective: The aim was to design, formulate, and evaluate the trilayer matrix tablets incorporated with quinapril for extend drug release.
Methods: Quinapril trilayer matrix tablets were formulated using design of experiment software wherein initially 27 formulations (QF1-QF27) were designed for active layer from which one best formulation was chosen based on drug content, swelling index and in vitro release studies. The chosen formulation was formulated into extended release trilayed matrix tablet by varying proportions of polymers by direct compression and was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, drug release. Best formulation was characterized for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), stability, and pharmacokinetic study.
Results: Out of 27 formulations highest drug release was exhibited by QF16 (98.85%) which was formulated into trilayer matrix tablets (AQF16- HQF16). Out of which EQF16 was found to exhibit highest values with 98.42% swelling index, 99.56% drug content, and 99.72% drug release in 24 h. All quinapril trilayer formulations showed zero-order and first-order for marketed product. The optimized formulation EQF16 was found to exhibit no interaction with excipients interpreted by FTIR and no significant changes were observed after loading for stability. In vivo studies conducted using optimized formulation EQF16 attained peak drug concentration (Tmax) of 4.0±0.06 and 1.0±0.03 h for the optimized and commercial formulations, respectively, while mean maximum drug concentration (Cmax) was 302.64±0.07 ng/mL and was significant (p<0.05) as compared to the quinapril marketed product formulation 358.78±0.75 ng/mL.
Conclusion: Hence, quinapril was successfully formulated into trilayer matrix tablet and found to be stable.
Sostenibilidad fiscal: metodología y análisis para la economía ecuatoriana
Authors: Hidalgo-Vinueza Paola , Acosta-González Nicolás 
Published: July 2021

Esta investigación presenta un marco de análisis de la sostenibilidad fiscal para la economía ecuatoriana. En primer lugar, se calculan indicadores estáticos de vulnerabilidad y sostenibilidad fiscal en el contexto de un endeudamiento sostenible y un estado estacionario de las finanzas públicas. En segundo lugar, se desarrolla uno de los indicadores de sostenibilidad fiscal propuesto por Blanchard (1990), pero ajustado a las particularidades de la economía ecuatoriana para evaluar la vulnerabilidad de las finanzas públicas en un entorno de eliminación de los ingresos petroleros. Finalmente, se estima la función fiscal de reacción de la economía ecuatoriana siguiendo a Bohn (1998) con el objetivo de probar la sostenibilidad de la deuda en el largo plazo a través de la respuesta del balance primario ante incrementos en el endeudamiento.
Detección de biomarcadores como herramienta diagnóstica y predictora de nefropatía diabética en personas viviendo con diabetes, asistidas en la Unidad de Atención Primaria del Hospital General de la Plaza de la Salud
Authors: Pelletier-Rodrtguez Gabriela , Acra-Tolari Ricardo , Mejía Dolores 
Published: July 2021

Introducción: la República Dominicana es un país en vías de desarrollo, por lo que la prevención y llegar a tiempo juegan un papel fundamental en el manejo de las enfermedades. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud advirtió que el crecimiento de la Diabetes Mellitus está tomando proporciones epidémicas. Las personas con DM tipo 1 pueden desarrollar nefropatía en un 15 % y aquellos con DM tipo 2 entre 20-40 %.
Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional-descriptivo y transversal. Se tomaron pacientes mayores de 18 años del centro de atención primaria del Hospital General de la Plaza de la Salud (HGPS), con diagnóstico de DM tipo 2 en el periodo febrero-marzo 2019. Se determinó el riesgo pronóstico y diagnóstico para el desarrollo de ND, por la detección de la tasa de filtrado glomerular y biomarcadores por espectrometría de masa con aplicación de un algoritmo matemático diseñado para la predicción y diagnóstico de ND.
Resultados: se incluyeron 92 pacientes con un tiempo de evolución de DM2 menor de 10 años. Se determinó una especificidad de 70.59 % y una sensibilidad de 100 % de esta prueba en la población dominicana.
Conclusión: este tipo de pruebas tienen gran peso para la prevención del desarrollo de ND en pacientes que padecen DM2.
Síndrome bronquial obstructivo recurrente por causas secundarias en pacientes evaluados en el servicio de neumología del Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral durante el periodo 2015-2018
Authors: Elias-Melgen Ricardo , De la Cruz Eulidania 
Published: July 2021

Introducción: el síndrome bronquial obstructivo recurrente representa alta demanda asistencial, el diagnóstico definitivo plantea un problema por la variedad de causas que pueden producirlo con similitud en la forma de presentación.
Objetivo: conocer las causas secundarias de obstrucción bronquial recurrente en los pacientes evaluados en el servicio de neumología del Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral durante el periodo 2015-2018.
Métodos: estudio observacional para conocer las causas secundarias de obstrucción bronquial recurrente en pacientes menores de 5 años de edad. Se aplicó un cuestionario, los datos se procesaron mediante paquete estadístico SPSS 2007, análisis descriptivo y la información se utilizó bajo estricta confidencialidad.
Resultados: 138 pacientes tenían 21 diagnósticos diferentes como causa de obstrucción bronquial; 76.1 % tenían Índice Predictivo para Asma negativo. Disnea (85.5 %), tos (76 %), sibilancia (37.6 %), estridor (23.1 %), mala ganancia de peso (19.5 %) fueron las principales manifestaciones clínicas. En 31 (22.5 %) casos se resolvió la patología de base y la sintomatología; 99 (71.7%) se mantienen estable con tratamiento.
Conclusión: numerosas causas se asocian a obstrucción bronquial recurrente, un diagnóstico definitivo daría la oportunidad de tratamiento adecuado evitando daños irreversibles.
Tumor ovárico, células de la granulomatosa juvenil. A propósito de un caso. Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral (HIRRC), República Dominicana
Authors: Alcántara Elvyn , Roa Firelys , Díaz Zaimy , Espinosa Juan , Feliz Luis 
Published: July 2021

Los tumores ováricos de las células de la granulosa son neoplasias raras, que constituyen solo de 2 % a 5 % de los tumores ováricos. Tienen una incidencia de 1 caso/100,000 mujeres por año. Existen dos subgrupos: la forma adulta y la juvenil. Esta última comprende solamente el 5 % del total de casos y se diagnostica en las primeras tres décadas de la vida, con mediana de 8 a 9 años y se han visto hasta los 30 años. La mayoría de las pacientes se presenta con dolor abdominal localizado, distensión abdominal y masa palpable en pelvis o abdomen. El 10 % de los casos puede debutar con abdomen agudo, debido a ruptura del tumor y hemoperitoneo o por torsión del mismo. La mayoría de las pacientes pre-púberes tienen pubertad precoz isosexual. El tumor es bilateral en 3 % de los casos, generalmente está limitado al ovario al momento del diagnóstico. Suelen responder muy bien a la quimioterapia1, 2.
Presentamos un caso de una femenina de 5 meses de edad procedente de San José de Ocoa; República Dominicana. La cual presenta historia de aumento progresivo del diámetro mamario desde su segunda semana de vida. A la paciente se le realizó un seguimiento externo en nuestro servicio, donde compaginó la exploración física con un aumento progresivo de la circunferencia abdominal junto con estudios complementarios que evidenciaron líquido libre en la cavidad abdominal.
Células madre mesenquimatosas y sus diferentes usos
Authors: Martínez-Sánchez Lina María , Vergara-Yanez Daniela , Herrera-Almanza Laura 
Published: July 2021

Introducción: las células madre mesenquimatosas (CMM) se diferencian de diversos tipos celulares para la regeneración de tejidos, esta característica sumada con la versatilidad del antígeno leucocitario humano (HLA) representan una eficaz alternativa para el tratamiento de enfermedades con tejidos deteriorados. Se pueden obtener a partir de médula ósea, cordón umbilical (CU) y sangre fetal.
Objetivo: analizar los tipos de diferenciación de las CMM, sus métodos de extracción y su relación con bancos de sangre de cordón umbilical (BSCU), a fin de demostrar la eficacia de las CMM, en patologías que impliquen alteración de algún tejido u órgano.
Metodología: se revisaron varias publicaciones en español e inglés en Pubmed, Clinicalkey y Science Direct; desde 2013 hasta 2020. Se usaron los términos sangre fetal, células madre mesenquimatosas, trasplante de Células Madre de Sangre del Cordón Umbilical y bancos de sangre. Con dicha información se redactó un panorama amplio sobre las células mesenquimales y como estas participan en diversas áreas de la salud, con un énfasis importante en sus usos terapéuticos y lo referente a de donde provienen.
Conclusión: a través de la pluripotencialidad de las CMM, se han podido emplear en múltiples patologías pues reestablece tejidos o líneas celulares exitosamente. Así mismo, los recursos para su obtención son claves en la tolerancia de los pacientes, por lo cual una gran opción para su obtención es el CU, que actualmente cuenta con bancos exclusivos para esto.
Trade and Economic Relations between the EAEU Countries during the COVID-2019 Pandemic
Authors: Glinskaya M. V. , Abrosimova V. V. 
Published: July 2021

The relevance of the selected topic of the article is due to the fact that the coronavirus pandemic and the imposed restrictive measures associated with it, which have swept the entire planet, affects all national economies and, accordingly, the integration groups that include these states. The EAEU is no exception. The Eurasian Economic Union was created with the aim of strengthening the national economies and the potential of the member states in the global economy, in which four freedoms operate: the movement of goods, services, finance and labor. Its appearance occurred during the period of global economic instability and geopolitical changes in Eurasia, which affected the situation within the EAEU.The purpose of this article is to study trade and economic relations between the EAEU countries during the COVID-2019 pandemic. Achievement of the goal set in the work was performed based on the application of general scientific methods within the framework of comparative, logical and statistical analysis.The results of the research performed in the article are based on the analysis of statistical information on foreign trade within the integration group, as well as on data on the prevailing trends in foreign economic relations between countries in non-trade spheres.It was concluded that in the context of the COVID-2019 pandemic, the growth rates slowed down, and the intensity of the countries’ foreign economic relations decreased significantly, which aggravates the negative trends in the decrease in the integration ties strength and the increase in contradictions between countries even before the start of the pandemic. The prospects for the recovery and further development of the EAEU member states’ economies are largely associated with the influence of external factors. The macroeconomic forecast for the states of the region critically depends on the nature of the COVID-19 pandemic course. An important factor is that each of the states in the region is in a unique epidemiological situation, which also makes it difficult to assess both the quarantine measures duration and the economic consequences depth of the imposed restrictions.Nevertheless, it is obvious that the EAEU countries intend to continue working towards a joint response to the threat of coronavirus infection. It should be borne in mind that the nature of such interaction will have certain limits associated with the current level of integration.