bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Las empresas sociales implicadas en la formación para desempleados. El difícil reto de la Innovación Social
Authors: Carvajal Muñoz M. Rosario 
Published: July 2021

En las últimas décadas se ha incrementado notablemente la participación de organizaciones, públicas y privadas, impartiendo formación para desempleados, destacando las empresas sociales y su relación con la administración y las empresas. Recientemente, la Unión Europea está incentivando a estas organizaciones a iniciativas de innovación social para que den mejores soluciones a problemas sociales como el desempleo. Pero la innovación social requiere de la cooperación conjunta entre empresas sociales y organizaciones públicas y privadas. Desde esta perspectiva, se parte del planteamiento teórico de Pestoff, ejemplificado en su triángulo del bienestar, que relaciona las organizaciones del tercer sector, como las empresas sociales, con el Estado, el mercado y la comunidad. La investigación se realizó en la provincia de Cádiz en 2018, una zona con alta tasa de paro. Se utilizaron las siguientes técnicas de investigación: encuesta a centros colaboradores de la Junta, análisis de fuente secundaria del censo de centros de la Junta de Andalucía, 12 entrevistas en profundidad a diferentes tipologías de organizaciones, y 7 entrevistas focales a colectivos desempleados vulnerables. Entre los resultados de la investigación se constató que las organizaciones mantienen relaciones jerárquicas con la administración, escasas relaciones de cooperación entre ellas, y competencia entre centros, además de fluidas relaciones con las empresas locales, pero insuficiente inserción laboral. Estos factores no propician las condiciones para la innovación social, porque no fomentan la cooperación entre organizaciones ni favorecen los contactos con la comunidad, manteniendo en precaria situación social y laboral a los desempleados vulnerables.
La gratuidad del cargo de patrono en el régimen fiscal privilegiado. Análisis crítico y propuesta de reforma
Authors: Palacios Ronda Esteban 
Published: July 2021

Asociaciones y Fundaciones, entidades sin ánimo de lucro integrantes del denominado Tercer Sector, permiten atender necesidades reales tanto de personas desfavorecidas como de sectores y actividades caracterizadas por la persecución del interés general. Sin embargo, no puede afirmarse que los poderes públicos faciliten a estas entidades, con la decisión necesaria, la obtención de recursos con los que atender sus fines. De la misma manera que una Asociación declarada de utilidad pública puede ver revocada su calificación si obtiene recursos mediante el ejercicio de actividades económicas, una Fundación que retribuya a sus Patronos por el ejercicio de sus funciones perderá la posibilidad de acogerse al régimen fiscal privilegiado establecido por la Ley 49/2002, a resultas de la literalidad de una normativa que parece desconocer la realidad fundacional.En la primera parte de este trabajo examinaremos la configuración gratuita del cargo de Patrono de Fundaciones, compararemos la rigidez con que el ordenamiento se produce frente a ella con los intentos de, por una u otra vía, suavizar los restantes requisitos exigidos legalmente para la aplicación del régimen fiscal privilegiado. A continuación señalaremos las consecuencias que de la gratuidad del cargo de Patrono se derivan para el buen desarrollo de la entidad y, por último, apuntaremos algunas reflexiones que entendemos permitirían subsanar lo que, a nuestro juicio, supone una rémora para el correcto funcionamiento de las Fundaciones y por ende del Tercer Sector.
Mujeres en la Economía Social y Solidaria: ¿alternativas socioeconómicas para todas?
Authors: Di Masso Tarditti Marina , Ezquerra Samper Sandra , Rivera-Ferre Marta Guadalupe 
Published: July 2021

En Cataluña, coincidiendo con el estallido de la crisis económica iniciada en 2008, se ha producido un crecimiento continuado de iniciativas socioeconómicas en el marco de la Economía Social y Solidaria (ESS), un sector caracterizado por una importante participación femenina. En un contexto de gran vulnerabilidad económica y vital, las mujeres han generado, entre otras estrategias, respuestas destinadas a satisfacer necesidades individuales y colectivas a través de una gestión cooperativa. En el proyecto ‘Crisis y alternativas en femenino’ hemos analizado esas alternativas socioeconómicas protagonizadas por mujeres en Cataluña desde el marco conceptual de la Economía Feminista (EF) para comprender en qué medida pueden estar reproduciendo desigualdades sociales. Desde esta inquietud, y con vocación de contribuir al diálogo entre la ESS y la EF, nos preguntamos por el grado de democratización de la ESS en Cataluña en términos de inclusividad, es decir, de las opciones existentes para el acceso a las mismas. Con este fin hemos querido identificar los ejes de desigualdad que condicionan las posibilidades reales para la participación de las mujeres en la ESS. Para ello hemos entrevistado y analizado las características socioeconómicas y demográficas de 17 mujeres en cuatro ámbitos de actividad: cuidados y atención a las personas, agroecología, vivienda y construcción de redes y comunidad. Nuestros resultados sugieren que existen desigualdades de acceso a la ESS para las mujeres en virtud de cinco ejes: el nivel socioeconómico, el nivel formativo, el lugar de origen, las responsabilidades familiares, y el capital político-relacional.
El papel de las cofradías de pescadores de Galicia en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible: protección de los recursos marinos y equidad
Authors: García Lorenzo Iria 
Published: July 2021

Las cofradías de pescadores son organizaciones regionales que agrupan a los pescadores de pequeña escala y mariscadores (en el caso de Galicia). Su papel dentro del sector pesquero les otorga competencias en la gestión y explotación de recursos marinos, actividades que realizan de modo colectivo. Esta posición permite a las cofradías influir en diferentes aspectos del desarrollo sostenible, principalmente en el nivel local.Partiendo de casos de estudio anteriores, este trabajo busca avanzar en el papel que juegan las cofradías de pescadores de Galicia en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. En concreto, el análisis se centra en la protección de los recursos marinos, del objetivo de Vida Submarina, y en la consecución de la equidad, del objetivo de Reducción de las Desigualdades. Las funciones atribuidas dentro de la cogestión de los recursos marinos, su origen tradicional, su carácter autogestionario y el cumplimiento de los principios cooperativos son las principales características de las cofradías que pueden favorecer la implementación de estos Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
Toward a New Metrics for the Evaluation of the Social Added Value of Social Enterprises
Authors: Bassi Andrea , Vincenti Giorgia 
Published: July 2021

There is a widespread dissatisfaction among nonprofit leaders and managers, private funders and public decision-makers concerning the current systems of social impact assessment of nonprofit organizations/social enterprises (NPO/SE).The systems of performance measurement of NPO/SE vary greatly in relationship to a series of endogenous and exogenous variables related to different organizational environments: economic, political, social and cultural.The aim of this article is to present an innovative theoretical framework on the basis of which it is possible to define a set of indicators for the evaluation of the social added value produced by NPO/SE.Our hypothesis is that NPO/SE are characterized by their ability to generate different outcome at each of the dimensions of social life: micro, meso and macro. Meaning, a sense of responsibility at the micro level; relational goods at the meso level; and social capital at the macro level.The article illustrates the assessment tool called S.A.V.E. applied, as empirical reference, to three Italian social enterprises operating in the field of health and social services (local welfare systems).
Los determinantes de la compra de productos con etiquetas de contenido social y ambiental
Authors: Carrero Isabel , Valor Carmen , Redondo Raquel 
Published: July 2021

Las empresas social y medioambientalmente responsables realizan grandes inversiones para obtener los sellos que las certifiquen como tales. De cara a diferenciarse en el mercado, los logos o etiquetas responsables son considerados como un vehículo eficaz para comunicar al consumidor los atributos sociales y ambientales de los productos. Sin embargo, estudios previos concluyen que la mayoría de los consumidores no las conocen, no las entienden o no creen en ellas. Mientras que trabajos anteriores han examinado la influencia de las actitudes en la compra de productos con etiquetas, este trabajo analiza la influencia de la comprensión y de variables asociadas a la motivación en la compra de productos con etiquetado responsable. A partir de entrevistas estructuradas a 289 consumidores en Madrid, se concluye que el conocimiento de la etiqueta es un antecedente clave de la compra de productos con atributos éticos. Así, las organizaciones interesadas en el marcado RSE deben invertir en comunicación orientada a construir el conocimiento de la etiqueta. A partir de los resultados encontrados, se formulan sugerencias para profesionales y académicos interesados en el marketing de productos con etiquetado a contenido social y ambiental.
Sex-Based Differences in Oxygen Cost of Walking and Energy Equivalents in Minimally Disabled Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis and Controls
Authors: Manca Andrea , Cano Antonella , Ventura Lucia , Martinez Gianluca , Frid Lior , Deriu Franca , Kalron Alon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background:
Elevated oxygen cost of walking and energy equivalents are reported for highly and moderately disabled individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, less is known about minimally impaired individuals. Moreover, no sex-based data on the metabolic rates of individuals with MS are available. In this cross-sectional study, the metabolic rates and temporospatial parameters of gait during overground walking in minimally disabled individuals with MS versus matched controls were quantified and whether sex-based differences occur was examined.

Methods:
Sixty-nine minimally impaired adults with MS (37, relapsing-remitting MS [RRMS]; 32, clinically isolated syndrome [CIS]) and 25 matched controls completed two 6-minute walking bouts at comfortable and fast speeds. The oxygen cost of walking, energy equivalents, and respiratory exchange ratio were recorded through breath-by-breath open-circuit spirometry. Gait analysis was performed via a portable electronic walkway.

Results:
At comfortable but not at fast speed, men with RRMS showed higher oxygen cost of walking than men with CIS (+17.9%, P = .04) and male controls (+21.3%, P = .03). In the RRMS group, men showed higher oxygen cost of walking (+19.2%, P = .04) and energy equivalents (+19.2%, P = .02) than women. Elevated oxygen cost of walking and energy equivalents in men were paralleled by significantly larger base of support and step time asymmetry during walking.

Conclusions:
Metabolic demands are elevated while walking in minimally disabled individuals with RRMS. Furthermore, higher energy demands occur in men, probably due to increased step symmetry and base of support. Clinicians are advised to follow energy expenditure metrics collected while walking because they can indicate a decrease in fitness, even in the early phase of MS.
After the War and Repressions: Mediating of Traumatic Experiences in Estonian Life Stories
Authors:   Institute of Cultural Research, University of Tartu, Estonia, Jaago Tiiu 
Published: July 2021

This article looks at how contemporary life stories reflect the historical-political events that took place in the 1940s, and their impact on the development of family relationships. The focus is on the expression of traumatic experiences caused by these events. Observable events, such as the Second World War, living under a foreign power, political repressions, escape to the West, etc., and their impact on Estonian society have been analysed by Estonian sociologists using the concept of cultural trauma. Literary researchers have studied this subject from the perspective of literary trauma theory. This article provides an analysis of Estonian life stories, which is based on the tools of folkloristic narrative research and the trauma conception. Although the narrators do not use the word ‘trauma’, it can be assumed that they express their traumatic experiences in some special way. It appears, for instance, that these first-person narratives provide a laconic description of the situation, relatively free of the emotion that possessed the narrator in the situation being described. The narrative style is determined by the distance between the narrator and the event that traumatizes them. This distance can be created by the narrator through using urban legends and rumours to characterize the general attitudes of the period being described. When the events of the twentieth century were discussed in the stories told in the 1990s, the dynamics of family relationships between two or three generations came to the fore in the stories told in the present time. The changing focus of the stories, shifting from events to the subject of intimacy, directs researchers to observe the transmission and transformation of trauma in a new context.
Longitudinal change in TSPO PET imaging in progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kang Yeona , Pandya Sneha , Zinger Nicole , Michaelson Nara , Gauthier Susan A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe objective of this pilot study was to assess a 2‐year change in innate immune burden in 15 progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using PK11195‐PET. Sixteen age‐matched healthy controls (HC) were included for baseline comparison. PK11195 uptake was higher in MS patients compared to HC within normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) and multiple gray matter regions. In patients, PK11195 uptake increased in NAWM (p = 0.01), cortex (p = 0.04), thalamus (p = 0.04), and putamen (p = 0.02) at 12 months. Among patients remaining at 24 months, there was no further increase in PK11195. Our data suggest that innate immune activity may increase over time in patients with progressive MS.
An Integrated Microfluidic‐SERS Platform Enables Sensitive Phenotyping of Serum Extracellular Vesicles in Early Stage Melanomas
Authors: Wang Jing , Kao Yung‐Ching , Zhou Quan , Wuethrich Alain , Stark Mitchell S. , Schaider Helmut , Soyer H. Peter , Lin Lynlee L. , Trau Matt 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrecise detection of early melanomas is essential as the stage of disease guides treatment options. One growing field that may facilitate the advancement of early melanoma detection, is achieved through profiling serum extracellular vesicles (EVs) using sensitive nanotechnology. As a proof of principle, using a detection platform that combines a microfluidic device and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), the expression profiles of 4 protein biomarkers in serum EVs (termed as “EV SERS signatures”) derived from 20 early stage melanoma patients (including in situ melanoma) and 21 healthy participants are multiplexed. Significantly higher signal intensities of selected protein biomarkers are observed in serum EVs from melanoma patients compared with healthy participants, with mean fold‐changes ranging from 3.7 to 4.2. It is demonstrated that the EV SERS signatures can accurately separate melanoma patients and healthy individuals, with an area under the curve of 0.95. Thus, with further development, this ultra‐sensitive detection platform, combined with the panel of melanoma‐associated biomarkers, has the ability to differentiate early stage melanoma patients from healthy participants.
Dopant‐Free Polymer HTM‐Based CsPbI2Br Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 17% in Sunlight and 34% in Indoor Light
Authors: Guo Zhanglin , Jena Ajay Kumar , Takei Izuru , Ikegami Masashi , Ishii Ayumi , Numata Youhei , Shibayama Naoyuki , Miyasaka Tsutomu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTo abate the issue of moisture‐assisted phase transition of CsPbI2Br, caused by hygroscopic dopants used in the hole‐transporting material (HTM), developing dopant‐free HTMs is necessary. In this work, a new polymer, PDTDT, is developed as a dopant‐free HTM for CsPbI2Br solar cells, and the device performance and stability are systematically compared with cells employing dopant‐free P3HT. CsPbI2Br solar cells using PDTDT show an efficiency of 17.36% with VOC of 1.42 V and FF of 81.29%, which is one of the highest values for CsPbI2Br cells. Moreover, a record‐high efficiency of 34.20% with VOC of 1.14 V under 200 lux indoor light illumination and efficiency of 14.54% (certified efficiency of 13.86%) for a 1 cm2 device under one sun are accomplished. Importantly, PDTDT shows superior/comparable device stability to P3HT, promising its potential to be an alternative to popular doped Spiro‐OMeTAD and P3HT HTM.
Purely Electrical Controllable Complete Spin Logic in a Single Magnetic Heterojunction
Authors: Zhao Xiaonan , Dong Yanan , Chen Weibin , Xie Xuejie , Bai Lihui , Chen Yanxue , Kang Shishou , Yan Shishen , Tian Yufeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFully electrical manipulation of magnetism, preferably through spin current, is highly desired to achieve energy‐efficient, nonvolatile, and programmable spin logic devices. It is demonstrated in this study that in a single Pt/IrMn/Co/Ru/CoPt heterojunction, all 16 Boolean logic functions can be realized in a purely electrical way, relying on electrical manipulation of magnetic‐field‐free spin‐orbit torque (SOT) switching. By applying current pulses along with two orthogonal directions, the exchange bias between IrMn and Co, and the SOT switching polarity (clockwise or counterclockwise) of perpendicularly magnetized CoPt, can be reversibly controlled, enabling complete spin logic within a single nonvolatile memory. This study makes a significant step towards practical electrical programmable spin logic devices.
Highly Luminescent Metal‐Free Perovskite Single Crystal for Biocompatible X‐Ray Detector to Attain Highest Sensitivity
Authors: Song Xin , Li Qian , Han Jiang , Ma Chuang , Xu Zhuo , Li Haojin , Wang Peijun , Yang Zhou , Cui Qingyue , Gao Lili , Quan Zewei , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Zhao Kui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSolution‐processed metal‐based halide perovskites have taken a dominant position for perovskite optoelectronics including light emission and X‐ray detection; however, the toxicity of the included heavy metals severely restricts their applications for wearable, lightweight, and transient optoelectronic devices. Here, the authors describe investigations of large (4 × 6 × 2 mm3) 3D metal‐free perovskite MDABCO‐NH4I3 (MDBACO = methyl‐N′‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octonium) single crystal and its charge recombination and extraction behavior for light emission and X‐ray detection. Unlike conventional 3D metal‐based perovskites, this lightweight and biocompatible perovskite large crystal is processed from aqueous solution at room temperature, and can achieve both an extremely long carrier lifetime up to ≈1.03 µs and the formation of self‐trapped excited states for luminescence. These features contribute to a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) as high as ≈53% at room temperature and an X‐ray sensitivity up to 1997 ± 80 μC Gy cm−2 at 50 V bias (highest among all metal‐free detectors). The ability to tune the perovskite band gap by modulating the structure under high pressure is also demonstrated, which opens up applications for the crystal as colored emitters. These attributes make it a molecular alternative to metal‐based perovskites for biocompatible and transient optoelectronics.
A Simple Process to Prepare High‐Efficiency Durable Oil–Water Filter
Authors: Hu Jiawei , Chen Yi , Zhou Yueyun , Fan Xiaokun , Li Jie , Li Zhihan , Cai Rong , Zeng Guangsheng , Liu Wenyong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA simple process is designed to conveniently prepare a high‐efficiency oil–water filter to satisfy the need to separate oil from large amounts of oily wastewater. In this strategy, a porous sand core (SC) is selected as the substrate, and a hydrophilic sodium alginate gel layer is introduced to uniformly cover the outer and inner surfaces of the SC by briefly and successively soaking the SC into sodium alginate solution and CaCl2 solutions. Significant underwater ultra‐oleophobicity is achieved by combining a hydrophilic gel coating with a rough surface microstructure. This modified filter exhibits excellent oil–water separation ability. The SCs with various pore sizes exhibit a separation efficiency of nearly 100% when filtering various oil–water mixtures and oil‐in‐water emulsions, and a water flux of approximately 200–5000 L m–2 h–1 depending on the pore size of the SC and the operating pressure. Moreover, the filter reveals excellent chemical stability, excellent mechanical strength, ease of cleaning, and strong durability, thereby making it a potential candidate for large‐scale applications in wastewater treatment.
Plasma‐Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 on Graphene Using Monolayer hBN as Interfacial Layer
Authors: Canto Bárbara , Otto Martin , Powell Michael J. , Babenko Vitaliy , O'Mahony Aileen , Knoops Harm C. M. , Sundaram Ravi S. , Hofmann Stephan , Lemme Max C. , Neumaier Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe deposition of dielectric materials on graphene is one of the bottlenecks for unlocking the potential of graphene in electronic applications. The plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of 10 nm thin high quality aluminum oxide (Al2O3) on graphene is demonstrated using a monolayer of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as protection layer. Raman spectroscopy is performed to analyze possible structural changes of the graphene lattice caused by the plasma deposition. The results show that a monolayer of hBN in combination with an optimized deposition process can effectively protect graphene from damage, while significant damage is observed without an hBN layer. Electrical characterization of double gated graphene field effect devices confirms that the graphene does not degrade during the plasma deposition of Al2O3. The leakage current densities are consistently below 1 pA µm−2 for electric fields across the insulators of up to 8 MV cm−1, with irreversible breakdown happening above. Such breakdown electric fields are typical for Al2O3 and can be seen as an indicator for high quality dielectric films.
Nanostructured Glass Composite for Self‐Calibrated Radiation Dose Rate Detection
Authors: Lin Liting , Lv Shichao , Xie Wenqiang , Feng Xu , Zhao Yujun , Yang Zhongmin , Qiu Jianrong , Zhou Shifeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe wide applications of ionizing radiation in various important technologies such as 3D industrial tomography, mammography, and small‐animal micro‐CT with low energy X‐ray have increased the demand for precise radiation measurement. Detection technologies have undergone remarkable progress, but most of them strictly rely on the complicate calibration process, thus remarkably limiting their applications. Here, a nanostructured glass composite system for self‐calibrated radiation dose rate detection (at 40 keV X‐ray) is described. Results show that the in situ precipitation of LiGa5O8 nano‐domains from glass composite results in unique emission centers at ≈496 and ≈718 nm with distinct ionizing radiation response. Subsequently, the radiation level is directly assessed by comparing the radiative transition ratio of these two centers. The nanostructured glass composite can also be constructed into fiber, which exhibits perfect core‐clad configuration and maintains excellent optical activity. The novel principle device with self‐calibrated function is successfully constructed, and the application for online radiation monitoring is demonstrated. The results not only provide an alternative opportunity for developing the next generation of ionizing radiation detection system, but also suggest a powerful pathway for the creation of new optical function through nanocrystallization of glass.