bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis on Seismicity and Stress Triggering of Strong Earthquakes Sequence in Central Tibet
Authors: Yang Gang , Lei Dongning , Wu Jianchao 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Central Tibet constitutes part of the central part of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which is one of the highest seismic activity areas in China. This paper discussed the regularity of seismic activity in this area. Based on a stratified viscoelastic earth model, we calculated the Coulomb stress changes imparted from the 4 strong earthquakes (M≥6.3) the Bengco - southeastern piedmont of Nyainqentanglha mountain fault zone in this region. The result shows that the study area may enter a new active period from 2020. There was a trigger between strong earthquakes (M≥6.3) on the Bengco fault - southeastern piedmont of Nyainqentanglha mountain fault zone. The post-seismic viscous relaxation effect of a strong earthquake had a significant impact on subsequent earthquakes(M≥6.3). In future 100 years, the Coulomb stress loading is more than 1.0 MPa in northwest section of Bengco fault and central of Nimu segment of southeastern piedmont of Nyainqentanglha mountain fault, thence strong earthquakes may occur in this two fault segments. The maximum magnitude of the earthquake will be M6.7 in the future 100 years.
Short-Term Risk of Incision Surgery in The Eyelids of Pediatric and Adolescent Patients With Allergic Conjunctivitis: An Increasingly Important Health Perspective
Authors: Wang Li Lyung , Kwon Ji-Won , Lee Ju-Yeun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The global prevalence of allergic diseases has increased dramatically in recent decades. From a global health perspective, they have been considered as a major chronic disease, and the related social burden has also been increasing worldwide. In line with this trend, we investigated the short-term risk of incision surgery for eyelid inflammatory masses in pediatric and adolescent patients with allergic conjunctivitis (AC). The prevalence of AC and incision surgery showed a similar pattern of bimodal peaks during the spring and autumn of South Korea, reflecting the peak allergic seasons. The risk of incision surgery in patients with AC is 4.27 times higher than that of patients without AC and the risk of incision surgery among patients with AC is higher in age between 6-9 years and women. These findings strongly suggests that the incision surgery risk due to eyelid inflammation mass is higher in patients with AC than that of patients without AC. Furthermore, greater attention should be paid to its risk on the age between 6-9 years and women.
Usability of 11C-methionine positron emission tomography for differentiation of intracranial brain tumor from non-neoplastic lesions before treatment
Authors: Yamaki Tomohiro , Higuchi Yoshinori , Iwadate Yasuo , Matsutani Tomoo , Hirono Seiichiro , Sasaki Hikaru , Ryota Sasao , Toda Masahiro , Onodera Shinji , Oka Nobuo , Kobayashi Shigeki 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We investigated the usability of 11C-methionine positron emission tomography (11C-METPET) for the differentiation of intracranial brain tumors from non-neoplastic lesions before treatment. Among 425 consecutive patients who underwent 11C-METPET imaging, 113 pretreatment patients were analyzed. Quantitative data including mean, peak, and maximum standardized uptake values and the ratios of lesion uptake to mean and maximum contralateral normal frontal lobe gray matter uptake (Lmax/Nmean and Lmax/Nmax), were analyzed. Next, the optimal cut-off for the differential diagnosis of brain tumors from non-neoplastic lesions were determined using receiver-operating characteristics curves. Finally, positive and negative predictive value were calculated. The final diagnoses for brain tumors included central nervous system tumor, lymphoma, and metastatic brain tumor, whereas the non-neoplastic lesions included neurovascular disease, dysplasia, encephalopathy, and inflammatory disease. An Lmax/Nmax of greater than 2.01 and an Lmax/Nmean of greater than 2.23 provided the best sensitivity and specificity for the differential diagnosis of brain tumor. However, the positive and negative predictive value were 96.5% and 47.4%, respectively, for Lmax/Nmax, and 93.7% and 50%, respectively, for Lmax/Nmean. Considering high positive predictive value and low negative predictive value in relation to the diagnosis based on the optimal cut-off, the utilization of 11C-METPET imaging before treatment requires careful attention.
Characteristics of Gut Microbiota in Diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome of Han Nationality in Southwest China
Authors: Yao Chengjiao , Li Yilin , Luo Lihong , Xie Fengjiao , Xiong Qin , Li Tinglin , Yang Chunrong , Feng Peimin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Backgroud To study of gut microbiota in IBS-D of Han nationality in Southwest China, explore its relationship with environmental factors and differential expression function of gut microbiota in patients. Methods 120 cases of IBS-D group and 63 cases of HCs group were recruited, baseline data such as age, height, weight, monthly income, work intensity, eating habits and exercise were collected. HAMA and HAMD scores were performed on the two groups. IBS-D group was scored with IBS-SSS and IBS-QOL, and the differences in gastrointestinal symptoms, mental and psychological status and quality of life were compared. The laboratory tests were performed such as blood routine and liver function. Fresh feces of the two groups were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing. Then analyze the differences of gut microbiota between the two groups, and look for typical biomarkers of each. According to the dominant species and differentially expressed species at different classification levels, FAPROTAX was used to predict the functional differences of gut microbiota between the two groups. Taking the above scores and laboratory tests as environmental factors, spearman correlation analysis was conducted at the phylum level to explore the impact of environmental factors on the occurrence and development of gut microbiota and IBS-D. Results IBS-D patients are mostly concentrated in low-medium income people with medium-high labor intensity. The sleep time, exercise time, intake of vegetables and fruits of IBS-D are significantly lower than those of HCs, and the proportion of IBS-D who like to eat pepper is significantly higher than those of HCs. The scores of HAMA and HAMD, Urea nitrogen, AST, ALT , GGT in IBS-D were significantly higher than those in HCs.The richness of gut microbiota in IBS-D was significantly lower than that in HCs, but not diversity and eveness. The beta diversity index of gut microbiota community was significantly different between the two groups. The biomarkers of IBS-D were Prevotella, Clostridiales and Roseburia, the biomarkers of HCs were Veillonellaceae, Bacteroides-coprocola, Bifidobacteriales, Bifidobacteriumde, etc. The functions of gut microbiota in IBS-D were significantly up-regulated in cellulolysi, xylanolysis, and significantly down-regulated in fermentation, methanogenesis, nitrite_ammonification, nitrate_reduction. Correlation analysis showed that multiple intestinal microorganisms were closely related to HAMA, IBS-SSS, IBS-QOL, inflammatory indexes and liver enzymes. Conclusion There are significant differences in richness of gut microbiota, flora structure and flora function between IBS-D and HCs in Southwest China. These differences may be closely related to environmental factors such as eating habits, living habits and mental and psychological factors.The trial was registered and approved in China Clinical Trial Registry (Registration No.ChiCTR2100045751)
The Generalized Plant Allometry that Advances Metabolic Ecology Theory
Authors: Sopp Stuart Bryce Dixon , Valbuena Ruben 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Plant allometry is key for determining the role of forests in global carbon cycles, through the calculation of tree biomass using proxy measurements such as tree diameters or heights. Metabolic ecology theory (MET) considers the general principles that underpin allometry, but MET scaling relationships have been challenged on their lack of fit to empirical data and global applicability. We postulated that MET scaling is applicable only for plant tissues combining conductive and supportive functionality (tracheids), but as plants evolved tissues of specialized conductive functionality (vessels) their allometry progressed into more complex relationships. According to this principle, we deducted generalized MET (gMET) relationships with mechanistically deducted coefficients. Our gMET models proved to have exceptional empirical support against global datasets, achieving unbiased predictions across biomes worldwide. These results prove gMET models to be a crucial improvement to MET-based allometry, providing a universally applicable theoretical framework for worldwide estimations of forest carbon.
An Experimental Evaluation of Particle Impact Dampers Applied on the Tool for Milling of Hardened Steel Complex Surface
Authors: Saciotto Victor Rossi , Diniz Anselmo Eduardo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the manufacturing of dies and molds, vibrations may represent serious problems, since the finishing tool used is usually slender (high Length / Diameter ratio) in order to machine deep cavities with complex geometry, typical of these products. Vibration is an undesirable phenomenon in any machining operation as it can lead to poor surface finish, lower material removal rate and increased tool wear. The use of impact dampers in the tool has proven to be an effective method for reducing vibration in machining processes. Damping occurs through energy dissipation and linear momentum exchange during intermittent collisions between the main structure (in this case the milling tool) and a free mass (spheres or cylinders placed within a tool cavity). Although efficient, these types of dampers are highly nonlinear. Thus, the aim of this work is to analyze the effect of different materials and geometries (steel spheres, tungsten spheres and steel cylinders) acting as impact dampers inside a ball nose end milling tool. To do so, milling of a convex D6 steel surface was performed, comparing commercial tool holders with dampened ones. The results showed that the tools with impact dampers generated lower values of roughness in the workpiece (around 30% of the value observed in the conventional steel tool holder for the case of steel cylinders and around 40% for both spheres) and presented lower levels of vibration when compared to the same tool without the impact damper, mainly in the machining of workpiece regions where radial and tangential forces are predominant. The tool which used tungsten spheres generated roughness surfaces similar to those obtained with steel spheres, while the tool that used steel cylinders only generated lower roughness in the regions where the axial force component is not predominant, which shows that their performance is highly dependent on the resulting force direction.
New insights into the role of PTCH1 protein in serous ovarian carcinomas
Authors: Karin-Kujundzic Valentina , Covarrubias-Pinto Adriana , Skrtic Anita , Vranic Semir , Serman Ljiljana 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is essential for normal embryonic development, while its hyperactivation in adult organism is associated with development of various cancers, including ovarian cancer. The role of the Hh signaling pathway in ovarian cancer, as well as in certain histological subtypes of ovarian cancer, is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of PTCH1 protein and changes in the promoter methylation status of the corresponding gene, in a cohort of low- (LGSC) and high-grade (HGSC) serous ovarian carcinomas and HGSC cell lines (OVCAR5, OVCAR8 and OVSAHO).
Methods

PTCH1 protein expression level was analyzed using immunohistochemistry in tissue samples, and by immunofluorescence and Western blot in cell lines. DNA methylation pattern of PTCH1 gene were analyzed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare differences in expression of PTCH1 protein among ovarian tumor samples compared with normal tissue samples, while Spearman’s correlation was used to test the association between DNA promoter methylation of the PTCH1 gene and expression of the corresponding protein.
Results

PTCH1 protein expression level was significantly higher in HGSCs and LGSCs compared with control tissues (healthy ovaries and fallopian tubes). Similarly, cancer cell lines exhibited significantly higher PTCH1 protein expression in comparison with normal fallopian tube non-ciliated epithelium cell line (FNE1). Nuclear localization of the PTCH1 protein in tumor tissue and cultured tumor cells suggests that this protein could play an active tumor promoter role in the nuclei of serous ovarian carcinoma cells. PTCH1 protein fragments of different molecular weights were detected in the cell lines, indicating possible proteolytic cleavage of this protein, resulting in the generation of soluble N-terminal fragments that are translocated to the nucleus. DNA methylation of the PTCH1 gene promoter was not in line with the expression level of this protein, suggesting that possibly other mechanisms, either epigenetic or posttranslational, regulate PTCH1 gene expression and protein level in serous ovarian carcinomas.
Conclusions

Our results indicate that PTCH1 protein could play an active tumor promoter role in the pathogenesis of serous ovarian carcinoma.
Micro-Extrusion Process And Microstructure Evolution of Miniature Heat Pipe In 6063 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Liu Yongda , Xu Jie , Zhang Zhengwu , Liu Gang , Shan Debin , Zhang Lixin , Guo Bin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Micro-extrusion process of miniature heat pipe with axial micro grooves is particularly difficult due to ultra-large extrusion ratio and complex cross-sectional shape. In this study, the shape control of a miniature heat pipe in 6063 aluminum alloy with boundary dimension of 5×4 mm has been successfully realized during micro-extrusion. Micro-extrusion process and microstructure evolution of the miniature heat pipe were investigated by the combination of finite element (FE) analysis with experiments. The results show that material flow deformation behavior during micro-extrusion is highly affected by size effect, and lower ram speed is conductive to forming integrity, dimension accuracy and surface quality of the heat pipe profile. The primary mechanism for micro-extrusion failure of micro-grooves is severely more uneven material flow between the micro rib and base region at higher ram speed, which is caused by size effect and results in shear deformation and even fractures of micro rib. Further research shows that, compared to the extrusion using as-cast billets, much coarser grains were obtained after micro-extrusion using as-extruded billets at an ultra-large extrusion ratio of 205. Besides that, the entirely different texture components after extrusion were obtained instead of the typical < 100 > //ED or < 111 > //ED fiber texture components. These atypical texture components can be regarded as texture deviating from ideal texture by a certain angle (15° or 20°) along φ axis or φ1 axis.
Image-level trajectory inference of tau pathology using variational autoencoder for Flortaucipir PET
Authors: Hong Jimin , Kang Seung Kwan , Alberts Ian , Lu Jiaying , Sznitman Raphael , Lee Jae Sung , Rominger Axel , Choi Hongyoon , Shi Kuangyu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
PurposeAlzheimer’s disease (AD) studies revealed that abnormal deposition of tau spreads in a specific spatial pattern, namely Braak stage. However, Braak staging is based on post mortem brains, each of which represents the cross-section of the tau trajectory in disease progression, and numerous studies were reported that does not conform to this model. This study aimed to identify the tau trajectory and additionally quantify the tau progress in a data-driven approach using the continuous latent space learned by variational autoencoder (VAE). Methods1080 [18F]Flortaucipir brain PET images were collected from Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. VAE was built to compress the hidden features from tau images in latent space. Hierarchical clustering and minimum spanning tree were applied to organize the features and calibrate them to the tau progression, thus deriving pseudo-time. The image-level tau trajectory was inferred by continuously sampling across the calibrated latent features. We assessed the pseudo-time with regards to tau standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) in AD-vulnerable regions, amyloid deposit, glucose metabolism, cognitive scores and clinical diagnosis. ResultsWe identified 4 clusters that plausibly capture certain stages of AD and organized the clusters in the latent space. The inferred tau trajectory agreed with the Braak staging. According to the derived pseudo-time, tau first deposits in the parahippocampal and amygdala, and then spreads to fusiform, inferior temporal lobe, and posterior cingulate. Prior to the regional tau deposition, amyloid accumulates first. ConclusionThe spatiotemporal trajectory of tau progression inferred in this study was consistent with Braak staging, and the profile of other biomarkers in disease progression agreed well with previous findings. We addressed that this approach additionally carries a potential to quantify tau progression as a continuous variable taking a whole-brain tau image into account.
Transcriptome Profiles of Anopheles Gambiae Harboring Natural Low-Level Plasmodium Infection Reveal Adaptive Advantages For The Mosquito
Authors: Carr Ann , Rinker David C. , Dong Yuemei , Dimopoulos George , Zwiebel Laurence J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on the mosquito’s health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host-preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission-stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendage, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead, suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.
Robustness of Majorana Zero-energy State in a Spin-orbit Coupled Semiconductor/superconductor Heterostructure
Authors: Wang Zheng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Based on the principle of linearized stability proposed by Lyapounov, we investigate the robustness of Majorana zero energy state (MZES), which plays an important role in topological quantum computation. Our study is different from previous works that usually explore the stability of MZES by the numerical test of some special perturbations, our treatment is suitable for arbitrary perturbations. Since our method follows the stability theory of differential equation, the results we obtained are reliable. As an example, we demonstrate it by the stability of MZES in the spin-orbit coupled semiconductor/ superconductor junction, the analytical and numerical results indicate that the MZES is unstable in this system.
Saponins in Management of Hepatic Disorders: A Review
Authors: Chaudhary Jasmine , Jain Akash , Dahiya Randhir 
Published: September 2021

Abstract:
Liver disease is one of the major factors responsible for increased morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Presently, limited therapeutic options are available to treat liver diseases. Moreover,
allopathic medications are a double-edged sword due to their unfavorable side effects and exaggerated
cost of therapy associated with the treatment. Transplantation of the liver is still in infancy
state and is associated with staggering cost as well as non-accessibility of donors. Moreover, the
cost of treatment is also a very significant hindrance in the treatment of liver disorders. Therefore,
the focus is shifting to evaluate the potential of herbal drugs for the management of liver disorders.
Although the course of treatment with the herbals is slow yet, the effects are more promising due to
lesser side effects and reduced cost of therapy. Numerous plants have been reported to possess hepatoprotective
activity due to the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,
etc. Among these phytoconstituents, saponins are considered more promising candidates in the management
of hepatic disorders. The present review is focused on the plants containing saponins
used in the management of hepatic disorders with their underlying mechanisms.
Nanotherapeutics in Tumour Microenvironment for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Rana Dhwani , Salave Sagar , Longare Suraj , Agarwal Rishabh , Kalia Kiran , Benival Derajram 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Cancer continues to be the most annihilating illness and despite vast
research in understanding cancer biology as well as rational drug designing progressing profoundly,
cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide. The conventional
chemotherapeutic agents being exploited for cancer therapy contain several limitations, including
less selectivity, nonspecific targeting and high off-target effects, and the emergence of
multidrug resistance. These drawbacks can be addressed by employing the use of nanotherapeutics.

Objective:
The main objective of this review is to summarize various mechanisms of cancer
genesis. It focuses on several strategies employed for modifying nano formulations for localization
and emerging stimuli-based nanotherapeutics with recent examples.

Methods:
The method involved the collection of the articles from different search engines like
Google, PubMed, and ScienceDirect for the literature to get appropriate information regarding
the topics.

Results:
Studies revealed that nanoscale-based therapy provides targeted delivery, minimizes
the off-target effects, and improves the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment modalities. The
characteristics of nanoparticles like larger surface area become favourable and provide a platform
for surface modifications, thereby improving cell targeting, internalization, and opportunities
for delivering multiple agents. Advances in rational designing like stimuli-responsive
therapies employing the use of sensitive nanocarriers, further provide high specificity, controlled
release, and more efficient delivery of chemotherapeutic agents.

Conclusion:
Characteristics of the nanoscale delivery system like larger surface area provide
us with ample options for desired modifications, hence providing multimodal delivery of
chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Nano therapy serves well as a potential tool for
improving cancer therapies.