bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oscillatory brain activity links experience to expectancy during associative learning
Authors: Riels Kierstin , Ramos Campagnoli Rafaela , Thigpen Nina , Keil Andreas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAssociating a novel situation with a specific outcome involves a cascade of cognitive processes, including selecting relevant stimuli, forming predictions regarding expected outcomes, and updating memorized predictions based on experience. The present manuscript uses computational modeling and machine learning to test the hypothesis that alpha‐band (8–12 Hz) oscillations are involved in the updating of expectations based on experience. Participants learned that a visual cue predicted an aversive loud noise with a probability of 50%. The Rescorla–Wagner model of associative learning explained trial‐wise changes in self‐reported noise expectancy as well as alpha power changes. Experience in the past trial and self‐reported expectancy for the subsequent trial were accurately decoded based on the topographical distribution of alpha power at specific latencies. Decodable information during initial association formation and contingency report recurred when viewing the conditioned cue. Findings support the idea that alpha oscillations have multiple, temporally specific, roles in the formation of associations between cues and outcomes.
Electrophysiological evidence against parallel motor processing during multitasking
Authors: Mittelstädt Victor , Mackenzie Ian Grant , Leuthold Hartmut , Miller Jeff 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe combined behavioral measures with electrophysiological measures of motor activation (i.e., lateralized readiness potentials, LRPs) to disentangle the relative contribution of premotor and motor processes to multitasking interference in the prioritized processing paradigm. Specifically, we presented stimuli of two tasks (primary and background task) in each trial, but participants were instructed to perform the background task only if the primary task required no response. As expected, task performance was substantially influenced by a task probability manipulation: Background task responses were faster, psychological refractory period effects were smaller, and interference from the second task (i.e., backward compatibility effects) was larger when there was a larger probability that this task required a response. Critically, stimulus‐locked and response‐locked LRP analyses indicate that these behavioral effects of parallel processing were not driven by background task motor processing (e.g., motoric response activation) taking place during primary task processing. Instead, the LRP results suggest that these effects were exclusively localized during premotor stages of processing (e.g., response selection). Thus, the present results generally provide evidence for multitasking accounts allowing parallel task processing during response selection, whereas the task‐specific motor responses are activated in a serial manner. One plausible account is that multiple task information sources can be processed in parallel, with sharing of limited cognitive resources depending on task relevance, but a primary and still active task goal prevents motor activation related to the goals of other tasks in order to avoid outcome conflict.
Participant and narrative characteristics associated with host community members sharing experiences of peacekeeper-perpetrated sexual exploitation and abuse in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Bartels Susan Andrea , Lusamba Sandrine , Lee Sabine 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionPeacekeeper-perpetrated sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) account for 36% of the global reports of formal SEA allegations to the UN between 2007 and 2021. However, formally reported SEA represents only a fraction of that which occurs, and community experiences of peacekeeper-perpetrated SEA are likely different than those reflected in official UN documents.MethodsUsing mixed-methods, cross-sectional data collected in the DRC in 2018, we used descriptive analysis and multivariate Poisson regression with robust error estimates to examine the participant and narrative characteristics associated with sharing an experience about peacekeeper-perpetrated SEA.ResultsParticipants in Bukavu (adjusted relative risk (aRR) 0.85, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.91) and Kalemie (aRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.81) werelesslikely to share narratives about sexual interactions, while civilian UN personnel (aRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.34) were slightlymorelikely to be implicated in narratives about sexual interactions. Narratives in which the outcome was deemed fair to the woman/girl weremorelikely to be about sexual interactions (aRR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.12). Both the regression analysis and the participants’ interpretation of the shared narratives illustrated the significant role poverty played in SEA, suggesting that the outcomes of sexual interactions may have been deemed fair since affected women/girls were perceived to have benefited financially/materially.ConclusionThere is significant variation between host communities in the likelihood of sharing narratives about SEA, which could prove useful for informing more targeted SEA prevention initiatives. Narratives about sexual interactions with UN personnel were more often deemed to have fair outcomes for the affected women/girls, likely related to ongoing poverty in host communities and perceived financial/material gain. These findings highlight how extreme poverty may impact perceptions around informed consent as well as fairness and require further study. Perceptions around fair outcomes would disincentivise formal reporting, which needs to be considered when devising community-based complaint networks.
Systematic review of medical student willingness to volunteer and preparedness for pandemics and disasters
Authors: Byrne Matthew Henry Vincent , Ashcroft James , Alexander Laith , Wan Jonathan C M , Harvey Anna 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveThis systematic review aimed to estimate the willingness of students to volunteer during a disaster, and how well-prepared medical students are for volunteering by assessing their knowledge and medical school curriculum of disaster and pandemic medicine.ResultsA total of 37 studies met inclusion criteria including 11 168 medical students and 91 medical schools. 24 studies evaluated knowledge (64.9%), 16 evaluated volunteering (43.2%) and 5 evaluated medical school curricula (13.5%). Weighted mean willingness to volunteer during a disaster was 68.4% (SD=21.7%, range=26.7%–87.8%, n=2911), and there was a significant difference between those planning to volunteer and those who actually volunteered (p<0.0001). We identified a number of modifiable barriers which may contribute to this heterogeneity. Overall, knowledge of disasters was poor with a weighted mean of 48.9% (SD=15.1%, range=37.1%–87.0%, n=2985). 36.8% of 76 medical schools curricula included teaching on disasters. However, students only received minimal teaching (2–6 hours).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that there is a large number of students who are willing to volunteer during pandemics. However, they are unlikely to be prepared for these roles as overall knowledge is poor, and this is likely due to minimal teaching on disasters at medical school. During the current COVID-19 pandemic and in future disasters, medical students may be required to volunteer as auxiliary staff. There is a need to develop infrastructure to facilitate this process as well as providing education and training to ensure students are adequately prepared to perform these roles safely.
Factors associated with experiencing reassault in Ontario, Canada: a population-based analysis
Authors: Strauss Rachel , Sutradhar Rinku , Gomez David , Luo Jin , Snider Carolyn , Saunders Natasha Ruth 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundIndividuals who experience a violence-related injury are at high risk for subsequent assault. The extent to which characteristics of initial assault are associated with the risk and intensity of reassaults is not well described yet essential for planning preventive interventions. We sought to describe the incidence of reassault and associated risk factors in Ontario, Canada.MethodsIn this population-based retrospective cohort study using linked health and demographic administrative databases, we included all individuals discharged from an emergency department or hospitalised with a physical assault between 1 April 2005 and 30 November 2016 and followed them until 31 December 2016 for reassault. A sex-stratified Andersen-Gill recurrent events analysis modelled associations between sociodemographic and clinical risk factors and reassault.Results271 522 individuals experienced assault (mean follow-up=6.4 years), 24 568 (9.0%) of whom were reassaulted within 1 year, 45 834 (16.9%) within 5 years and 52 623 (19.4%) within 10 years. 40 322 (21%) males and 12 662 (17%) females experienced reassault over the study period. Groups with increased rates of reassault included: those aged 13–17 years versus older adults (age 65+) (males: relative rate (RR) 2.16; 95% CI 1.96 to 2.38; females: RR 2.79; 95% CI 2.39 to 3.26)), those living in rural areas versus urban (males: RR 1.22; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.24; females: RR 1.32; 95% CI 1.27 to 1.37) and individuals with a history of incarceration versus without (males: RR 2.38; 95% CI 2.33 to 2.42; females: RR 2.57; 95% CI 2.48 to 2.67).ConclusionOne in five who are assaulted experience reassault. Those at greatest risk include youth, those living in rural areas, and those who have been incarcerated, with strongest associations among females. Timely interventions to reduce the risk of experiencing reassault must consider both sexes in these groups.
Responses to reduced nicotine cigarette marketing features: a systematic review
Authors: Johnson Andrea C , Mercincavage Melissa , Souprountchouk Valentina , Rogelberg Sasha , Sidhu Anupreet K , Delnevo Cristine D , Strasser Andrew A 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo systematically review the literature regarding responses to commercial and public health marketing features for reduced nicotine cigarettes (RNCs) to anticipate potential industry and regulatory actions should an RNC product standard be issued.Data sourcesWe searched PubMed for English-language articles using several keywords for reduced nicotine products, cigarettes and marketing features published through 2020.Study selectionOf 4092 records, 26 studies were retained for review that met criteria focusing on responses to RNC marketing features.Data extractionSearch terms created by the research team were used for review and included independent extraction and coding by two reviewers. Coding was categorised using study design terminology, commercial and public health features in tobacco regulatory science, and their association with individual responses outlined by several message processing outcomes.Data synthesisMost studies focused on current cigarette smokers and were cross-sectional. Reactions to RNCs and attitudes and beliefs were the most common outcomes measured. For commercial features, articles generally studied RNC advertisements, products and/or descriptors. For public health features, articles studied counter-messaging (eg, warning labels) or general descriptors about nicotine or a reduced nicotine product standard. Commercial features were generally associated with favourable responses. Public health features offset favourable responses across most outcomes, though their efficacy was mixed. Contrasts in results by smoking status are discussed.ConclusionsCommercial marketing of RNCs is appealing and may need stronger regulations or communication campaigns to accurately convey risks. Opportunities exist for future research within tobacco regulatory science.
Polymicrobial and monomicrobial necrotizing soft tissue infections: comparison of clinical, laboratory, radiological, and pathological hallmarks and prognosis. A retrospective analysis
Authors: Naamany Eviatar , Shiber Shachaf , Duskin-Bitan Hadar , Yahav Dafna , Bishara Jihad , Sagy Iftach , Granat Nadav , Drescher Michael 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundNecrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is a life-threatening infection associated with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment consists of surgery and antibiotics. Many studies have addressed NSTI and its subtypes, but few have reviewed the clinical, radiological, and pathological differences between the polymicrobial and monomicrobial diseases. The objective of our study was to evaluate the clinical, radiological, and pathological features of patients with polymicrobial (NSTI I) and monomicrobial (NSTI II) infections and their association with outcome.MethodsThe cohort consisted of patients hospitalized with NSTI at a tertiary medical center in 2002–2019. The medical charts were reviewed for clinical, radiological, and pathological features. Findings were compared between patients in whom blood/tissue bacterial cultures yielded one or more than one pathological isolate. The primary clinical outcome measure of the study was all-cause mortality at 90 days. Secondary outcomes were duration of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, score on the LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis), and need for vasopressor treatment.ResultsA total of 81 patients met the inclusion criteria: 54 (66.6%) with monomicrobial NSTI and 27 (33.3%) with polymicrobial NSTI. There were no significant between-group differences in in-hospital and 90-day mortality. On multivariate analysis, the monomicrobial disease group had a significantly higher 90-day mortality rate in addition to higher rates of in-hospital mortality, ICU admission, and vasopressor use than the polymicrobial disease group.ConclusionOur study is the first to compare the clinical, radiological, and pathological differences between the two most common types of NSTI. The results demonstrate better prognosis for polymicrobial NSTI, with minimal ICU stay, lower mortality, and lower use of vasopressors.Level of evidencePrognostic and epidemiological, level III.
Superradiant stability of five and six-dimensional extremal Reissner–Nordstrom black holes
Authors: Huang Jia-Hui , Cao Tian-Tian , Zhang Mu-Zi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe revisit the superradiant stability of five and six-dimensional extremal Reissner–Nordstrom black holes under charged massive scalar perturbation with a new analytical method. In each case, it is analytically proved that the effective potential experienced by the scalar perturbation has only one maximum outside the black hole horizon and no potential well exists for the superradiance modes. So the five and six-dimensional extremal Reissner–Nordstrom black holes are superradiantly stable. The new method we developed is based on the Descartes’ rule of signs for the polynomial equations. Our result provides a complementary support of previous studies on the stability of higher dimensional extremal Reissner–Nordstrom black holes based on numerical methods.
Alterations of spontaneous brain activity in systematic lupus erythematosus patients without neuropsychiatric symptoms: A resting-functional MRI study
Authors: Piao Sirong , Wang Rong , Qin Haihong , Hu Bin , Du Juan , Wu Hao , Geng Daoying 
Published: October 2021

Purpose To explore the alterations of spontaneous neuronal activity using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF), and regional homogeneity (ReHo) in non-NPSLE patients and their relationship with the anxiety and depression statuses. Methods Twenty-three non-NPSLE patients and 28 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was firstly analyzed by ALFF, fALFF, and ReHo. The relationships between ALFF/fALFF/ReHo values of abnormal regions and anxiety/depression rating scales, including Self-Rating Anxiety (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression (SDS), were also analyzed. Results Compared with HC, non-NPSLE had decreased ALFF values in the bilateral postcentral gyrus, while increased ALFF values in the bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, left putamen, and bilateral precuneus. Non-NPSLE showed reduced fALFF values in the left lingual gyrus, left middle occipital gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, and left superior parietal gyrus, while increased fALFF values were in the left inferior temporal gyrus, right hippocampus, bilateral precuneus, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus. Reduced ReHo values were in the bilateral postcentral gyrus and higher ReHo values were in the left inferior temporal gyrus, left putamen, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus. In the non-NPSLE group, the mean ALFF values of bilateral precuneus were positively correlated with the SAS rating scales (R = 0.5519, p = 0.0176); either were the mean ALFF values of right inferior temporal gyrus and SAS rating scales (R = 0.5380, p = 0.0213). The mean fALFF values of left inferior temporal gyrus were positively correlated with SAS rating scales (R = 0.5700, p = 0.0135). And the mean ReHo values of left putamen were positively correlated with SDS (R = 0.5477, p = 0.0186). Conclusion Non-NPSLE exhibited abnormal spontaneous neural activity and coherence in several brain regions mainly associated with cognitive and emotional functions. The ALFF values of bilateral PCUN, the right ITG, the fALFF values of left ITG, and the ReHo values of left PUT may be complementary biomarkers for assessing the psychiatric symptoms.
Highly Reflective Thin-Film Optimization for Full-Angle Micro-LEDs
Authors: Ye Zhi-Ting , Ho Wen-Tsung , Chen Chia-Hui 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDisplays composed of micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) are regarded as promising next-generation self-luminous screens and have advantages such as high contrast, high brightness, and high color purity. The luminescence of such a display is similar to that of a Lambertian light source. However, owing to reduction in the light source area, traditional secondary optical lenses are not suitable for adjusting the light field types of micro-LEDs and cause problems that limit the application areas. This study presents the primary optical designs of dielectric and metal films to form highly reflective thin-film coatings with low absorption on the light-emitting surfaces of micro-LEDs to optimize light distribution and achieve full-angle utilization. Based on experimental results with the prototype, that have kept low voltage variation rates, low optical losses characteristics, and obtain the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the light distribution is enhanced to 165° and while the center intensity is reduced to 63% of the original value. Hence, a full-angle micro-LEDs with a highly reflective thin-film coating are realized in this work. Full-angle micro-LEDs offer advantages when applied to commercial advertising displays or plane light source modules that require wide viewing angles.
Electroretinography and contrast sensitivity, complementary translational biomarkers of sensory deficits in the visual system of individuals with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Perche Olivier , Lesne Fabien , Patat Alain , Raab Susanne , Twyman Roy , Ring Robert H. , Briault Sylvain 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Disturbances in sensory function are an important clinical feature of neurodevelopmental disorders such as fragile X syndrome (FXS). Evidence also directly connects sensory abnormalities with the clinical expression of behavioral impairments in individuals with FXS; thus, positioning sensory function as a potential clinical target for the development of new therapeutics. Using electroretinography (ERG) and contrast sensitivity (CS), we previously reported the presence of sensory deficits in the visual system of the Fmr1−/y genetic mouse model of FXS. The goals of the current study were two-folds: (1) to assess the feasibility of measuring ERG and CS as a biomarker of sensory deficits in individuals with FXS, and (2) to investigate whether the deficits revealed by ERG and CS in Fmr1−/y mice translate to humans with FXS.

Methods
Both ERG and CS were measured in a cohort of male individuals with FXS (n = 20, 18–45 years) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 20, 18–45 years). Under light-adapted conditions, and using both single flash and flicker (repeated train of flashes) stimulation protocols, retinal function was recorded from individual subjects using a portable, handheld, full-field flash ERG device (RETeval®, LKC Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA). CS was assessed in each subject using the LEA SYMBOLS® low-contrast test (Good-Lite, Elgin, IL, USA).

Results
Data recording was successfully completed for ERG and assessment of CS in most individuals from both cohorts demonstrating the feasibility of these methods for use in the FXS population. Similar to previously reported findings from the Fmr1−/y genetic mouse model, individuals with FXS were found to exhibit reduced b-wave and flicker amplitude in ERG and an impaired ability to discriminate contrasts compared to healthy controls.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the feasibility of using ERG and CS for assessing visual deficits in FXS and establishes the translational validity of the Fmr1−/y mice phenotype to individuals with FXS. By including electrophysiological and functional readouts, the results of this study suggest the utility of both ERG and CS (ERG-CS) as complementary translational biomarkers for characterizing sensory abnormalities found in FXS, with potential applications to the clinical development of novel therapeutics that target sensory function abnormalities to treat core symptomatology in FXS.

Trial registration
ID-RCB number 2019-A01015-52 registered on the 17 May 2019.
Giant vesical calculus associated with migrant IUCD: a case report
Authors: Muhammad Shoaib , Yousaf Amman , Shah Mihir Tejanshu , Nazim Rabia , Qayyum Arif 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Intrauterine copper devices are a popular type of contraceptives, being in use for a long time. Migration of IUCD into the bladder is one of the many side effects of this contraceptive measure. Though a rare phenomenon, IUCD acting as a foreign body can cause stone formation in the bladder.

Case presentation
We present a 42-year-old female patient who presented with increased urinary frequency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain. Examination showed mild tenderness in the suprapubic region. On X-ray pelvis, she was found to have a giant stone covering IUCD in the bladder. She ultimately underwent cystolithotomy, and her IUCD with stone was removed. Consequently, she was discharged on the 4th postoperative day with a satisfactory condition.

Conclusion
Vesical calculus can form following migration of IUCD in the bladder. This article highlights the importance of careful insertion and follow-up investigation of IUCD. Radiological modalities like X-rays pelvis provide excellent visualization of the IUCD and can be used to confirm the accurate location of the contraceptive device.