bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Victory Tower Built by a Slave: The Chand Minar at Daulatabad in Deccan India
Authors: Manohar Mohit 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Chand Minar (1446) at Daulatabad Fort is one of the tallest pre-modern stone minarets in the world and has long been recognized as a major work of Indo-Islamic architecture. Yet surprisingly little is known about the building: its iconography and the reason for its construction have not been established; even its height is frequently misreported by half. The present article analyzes the building’s architecture and urban context and critically reads its inscriptions against the Tārīkh-i Firishta (ca. 1610), the main primary text for the history of the medieval Deccan. In so doing, the article demonstrates that issues of race shaped the courtly politics in the Deccan at the time of the minaret’s construction. The Chand Minar was commissioned by Parvez bin Qaranful, an African military slave, who dedicated the building to the Bahmani sultan ʿAla⁠ʾ al-Din Ahmad II (r. 1436–58). The article shows that the building commemorated the role of African and Indian officers in a 1443 military victory of the Bahmani sultanate (1347–1527) against the Vijayanagara empire (1336–1664). The construction of the Chand Minar impressed upon Ahmad II the importance of retaining in his court dark-skinned officers from India and Africa (dakkaniyān) at a time when their standing was threatened by the lighter-skinned gharībān, who had immigrated from the western Islamic regions. The article thus presents a detailed study of an important but neglected monument while shedding new light on racial factionalism in the fifteenth-century Deccan.
Images for Instruction: A Multilingual Illustrated Dictionary in Fifteenth-Century Sultanate India
Authors: Gupta Vivek 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article focuses on the Miftāḥ al-Fużalāʾ (Key of the Learned) of Muhammad ibn Muhammad Daʾud Shadiyabadi (ca. 1490). The Miftāḥ is an illustrated dictionary made in the central Indian sultanate of Malwa, based in Mandu. Although the Miftāḥ’s only illustrated copy (British Library Or 3299) contains quadruple the number of illustrations as Mandu’s famed Niʿmatnāmah (Book of Delights) and is a unicum within the arts of the Islamicate and South Asian book, it has received minimal scholarly attention. The definitions in this manuscript encompass nearly every facet of Indo-Islamicate art history. The Miftāḥ provides a vocabulary for subjects including textiles, metalwork, jewelry, arms and armor, architecture, and musical instruments. The information transmitted by the Miftāḥ is not limited to the Persian, Hindavi, Turki, and Arabic language of the text, but also includes the visual knowledge depicted in paintings. Through an analysis of this manuscript as a whole, this study proposes that the Miftāḥ’s manuscript was an object of instruction for younger members of society and utilizes wonder as a didactic tool.
Sculpted Muqarnas: The Five Capitals in the Alhambra as a Case Study for the Proportions of Western Profiles
Authors: Ferrer Pérez-Blanco Ignacio , Zufferey Marie-Pierre 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the Alhambra of the Nasrid era (1230–1492), a transformed type of capital emerged that incorporated muqarnas to materialize the transition from the column to the abacus. Although the Alhambra contains the most muqarnas compositions from the Occident (Iberian Peninsula), the present understanding of “Western” muqarnas is based upon two carpentry manuscripts from the 1630s, from different authors on each side of the Atlantic (López de Arenas and Fray Andrés de San Miguel). In this research, the proportions of the muqarnas profiles from each manuscript are studied and compared to each other to articulate the formal consequences of their differences. By sculpting four examples of muqarnas capitals in the Alhambra, this study assesses whether the results correspond to the information provided in the manuscripts. The particularities that arise from these simple muqarnas capitals shed light on the proportions of the Alhambra muqarnas, generate new profiles that are distinct from those of the manuscripts, and establish geometrical relationships that have hitherto been unclear. These observations offer a basis for future tests on other muqarnas compositions in Nasrid palaces, therefore advancing the definition of the formal language of the Alhambra muqarnas.
Seeing the Unseen: Plaster Reliefs in Middle Byzantine Constantinople
Authors: Vanni Flavia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the scarce, but crucial evidence for plaster reliefs in Constantinople between the ninth and the thirteenth centuries. While many plaster reliefs survived in the Balkan peninsula, there is room to confirm that they were also used in the capital. Plaster reliefs were a quick substitution for marble, but could also answer aesthetic needs and architectural conventions that continued from Late Antiquity in to Middle and Late Byzantine architecture, even with some changes.
Does COVID-19 Cause Hypertension?
Authors: Akpek Mahmut 
Published: December 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak remains a major public health challenge worldwide. The present study investigated the effect of COVID-19 on blood pressure (BP) during short term follow-up. A total of 211 consecutive COVID-19 patients who were admitted to Parkhayat Kutahya hospital were retrospectively screened. Information was obtained from the electronic medical records and National health data registry. The study outcome was new onset of hypertension according to the Eight Joint National Committee and European Society of Cardiology Guidelines. Finally, 153 confirmed COVID-19 patients (mean age 46.5 ± 12.7 years) were enrolled. Both systolic (120.9 ± 7.2 vs 126.5 ± 15.0 mmHg, P <.001) and diastolic BP (78.5 ± 4.4 vs 81.8 ± 7.4 mmHg, P <.001) were significantly higher in the post COVID-19 period than on admission. New onset hypertension was observed in 18 patients at the end of 31.6 ± 5.0 days on average ( P <.001). These findings suggest that COVID-19 increases systolic and diastolic BP and may cause new onset hypertension.
Epidemiology of Blindness From Facial Trauma: A Multi-Centre Nigerian Study
Authors: Famurewa Bamidele A. , Oginni Fadekemi Olufunmilayo , Adewara Bolajoko A. , Fomete Benjamin , Aniagor Chukwudi , Aluko-Olokun Bayo , Morgan Regina E. , Amedari McKing I. 
Published: December 2021

Study Design This is a multi-centre retrospective study. Objective To determine the prevalence of blindness and pattern of facial trauma associated with blindness among Nigerians. Methods A multi-centre retrospective study of all patients with facial trauma resulting in blindness, that were co-managed by maxillofacial surgeons and ophthalmologists in 4 Nigerian public tertiary hospitals between January 2010 and December 2019 was undertaken. Data was analysed by IBM SPSS Statistics (version 21.0 for windows, IBM© Inc, Chicago, IL). Results Of 2070 patients who presented with major facial injuries during the study period, 61 eyes of 56 (2.7%) patients were blind. Blindness was bilateral and unilateral in 5 (8.9%) and 51 (92.1%) patients, respectively. The mean age (SD) at presentation was 36.2 (16.6) years, and 47 (83.9%) of these patients were males. Road traffic accident (n = 27; 48%) was the commonest mechanism of facial trauma, the cheek (n = 18; 40.9%) was the commonest site of associated soft tissue injury and zygomatic complex fracture (n = 19; 24.1%) was the commonest related fracture. Globe rupture (n = 34; 55.7%) was the leading cause of blindness. Enucleation (n = 7; 13.2%) and evisceration (n = 22; 41.5%) were performed on 29 eyes of which 12 (41.4%) patients had ocular prosthesis post-operatively. Conclusions Blindness was recorded in 2.7% of Nigerians with facial trauma. The commonest mechanism of trauma and cause of blindness in at least one eye were road traffic accident and globe rupture, respectively. Eye removal surgery was necessary in about half of the blind eyes.
High-risk multiple myeloma: how to treat at diagnosis and relapse?
Authors: Mateos María-Victoria , Martínez Borja Puertas , González-Calle Verónica 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Patients with multiple myeloma have experienced a great improvement in survival over the past century because of the introduction of novel therapeutic strategies. However, a subgroup of patients with poorer outcomes than expected is considered high risk and identified by the presence of patient- and disease-based factors such as frailty, extramedullary disease, cytogenetic abnormalities, or even relapses occurring earlier than expected according to the baseline factors. Although the management of patients with high-risk features is not well established because of the lack of specific trials in this subgroup of patients and because of their underrepresentation in the clinical trials, treatment should be planned on 2 pillars: (1) poor prognosis with the presence of high-risk features can be at least improved or even abrogated by achieving a deep and sustained response over time, and (2) this can most likely be obtained through using the best therapeutic options and in a response-adapted way. Some clinical trials that have been planned or are ongoing include only patients with high-risk features, using the most effective therapies (proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies) as well as chimeric antigen receptor T cells and T-cell engagers that will unravel what the best therapeutic approach will be to overcome the poor prognosis of the presence of high-risk features.
Minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma: why, when, where
Authors: Yee Andrew J. , Raje Noopur 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Improvements in multiple myeloma therapy have led to deeper responses that are beyond the limit of detection by historical immunohistochemistry and conventional flow cytometry in bone marrow samples. In parallel, more sensitive techniques for assessing minimal residual disease (MRD) through next-generation flow cytometry and sequencing have been developed and are now routinely available. Deep responses when measured by these assays correspond with improved outcomes and survival. We review the data supporting MRD testing as well as its limitations and how it may fit in with current and future clinical practice.
Clots in unusual places: lots of stress, limited data, critical decisions
Authors: Mathew Carol , Zumberg Marc 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Although much less common than deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities or lungs, clots in unusual locations, including the splanchnic, cerebral, retinal, upper-extremity, and renal locations, present with significant morbidity and mortality. In the last 2 decades, treatment of clots in these unusual locations is primarily managed medically, with interventional and surgical approaches reserved for more severe or refractory cases. The hematologist is well positioned to provide consultation to organ-specific specialties (ie, neurosurgery, hepatology, ophthalmology), especially because acquired and congenital hypercoagulability plays a major role, and anticoagulation is often the primary treatment. Historically, treatment has been based on expert opinion, but systematic reviews and meta-analyses have recently been published. Various societies have produced guidelines for the treatment of clots in unusual locations; however, randomized clinical trial data remain scarce. In the last few years, increasing data have emerged concerning the efficacy of the direct oral anticoagulants in treating clots in unusual locations. Cases have recently been described highlighting atypical thrombosis associated with COVID-19 infection as well as with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca) vaccine and Johnson and Johnson's Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. This article reviews clots in unusual locations with an emphasis on the splanchnic (mesenteric, portal, splenic, hepatic) and cerebral circulation. Through a case-based approach, key questions are posed, and data are presented to help guide diagnosis and treatment.
Relapsed disease: off-the-shelf immunotherapies vs customized engineered products
Authors: Karmali Reem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Innovations in immuno-oncology for lymphomas have outpaced therapeutic developments in any other cancer histology. In the 1990s, rituximab, a CD20 monoclonal antibody, drastically changed treatment paradigms for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs). In parallel, the concept that T cells could be genetically reprogrammed and regulated to address tumor cell evasion was developed. Twenty years later, this concept has materialized—3 customized engineered CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) constructs have been embraced as third-line therapies and beyond for aggressive B-NHL. Responses with CARTs are durable in 30% to 40% of patients, with consistent results in older patients, primary refractory disease, high-grade B-cell lymphoma, and patients with concurrent secondary central nervous system disease, all features historically associated with poorer outcomes. Challenges associated with the administration of CARTs include cumbersome and time-consuming manufacturing processes, toxicities, and cost, not to mention a substantial risk of relapse. Fortunately, as our understanding of how to manipulate the immune system to achieve full antitumor potential has grown, so has the rapid development of off-the-shelf immunotherapies, with CD20/CD3 bispecific antibodies standing out above all others. These agents have shown promising activity in aggressive B-NHL and have the potential to circumvent some of the challenges encountered with customized engineered products. However, toxicities remain substantial, dosing schedules intensive, and experience limited with these agents. Novel customized and off-the-shelf therapeutics as well as rational combinations of these agents are underway. Ultimately, growing experience with both customized engineered and off-the-shelf immunotherapies will provide guidance on optimal methods of delivery and sequencing.
Controversies in the management of early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Blum Kristie A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET)–adapted chemotherapy and radiotherapy approaches are currently used for the initial treatment of early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) with progression-free survival and overall survival exceeding 85% and 95%, respectively. However, despite general agreement on the prognostic value of interim PET in HL, frontline treatment approaches vary among institutions with respect to how pretreatment clinical risk factors determine treatment selection, the definition of PET negativity, which chemotherapy regimen to initiate and how many cycles to administer, and when to incorporate radiation. Furthermore, as recent trials have confirmed improved efficacy and manageable toxicity when brentuximab and checkpoint inhibitors are combined with frontline regimens such as doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine in advanced-stage HL, these agents are now under evaluation as frontline therapy in early-stage HL. A number of issues will affect the use of these agents in early-stage HL, including the costs, early and late toxicities with these agents, patient population (favorable or unfavorable risk groups), how to incorporate them (concurrently or sequentially), and whether they can ultimately replace cytotoxic therapy with similar efficacy and fewer late effects. Future treatment paradigms for early-stage HL may change significantly once randomized studies are completed incorporating these agents into frontline therapy. Ideally, frontline use of brentuximab and checkpoint inhibitors in early-stage HL will result in improved outcomes compared with current PET-adapted approaches with decreased risks of late toxicities that continue to afflict long-term survivors of HL.
What factors guide treatment selection in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome?
Authors: Kim Youn H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) comprises a spectrum of T-cell lymphomas with primary skin involvement. Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) are the common subtypes of CTCL in which patients present with widely diverse profiles of skin involvement and varying extents of extracutaneous disease. Patients with early-stage disease have an excellent prognosis and are managed primarily with skin-directed therapies; however, those with advanced-stage MF or SS often require multiple lines and recurrent courses of systemic therapies. Many options are available when considering systemic agents, and it is often challenging to know how to prioritize therapies to address a patient's objective disease and quality of life issues. Appreciating the disease heterogeneity and understanding the patient's overall disease profile (eg, skin, lymph nodes, blood, large cell transformation) serve as a useful framework in aligning therapies that can optimally treat active sites of disease. Tissue or blood biomarkers can be integrated into our process of prioritizing therapies and personalizing management in MF or SS. Multidisciplinary management and optimizing supportive care are additional key elements for a favorable outcome. Appropriate patients with high-risk disease should be considered for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
Diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making for the neutropenic patient
Authors: Connelly James A. , Walkovich Kelly 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDetermining the cause of a low neutrophil count in a pediatric or adult patient is essential for the hematologist's clinical decision-making. Fundamental to this diagnostic process is establishing the presence or lack of a mature neutrophil storage pool, as absence places the patient at higher risk for infection and the need for supportive care measures. Many diagnostic tests, eg, a peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy, remain important tools, but greater understanding of the diversity of neutropenic disorders has added new emphasis on evaluating for immune disorders and genetic testing. In this article, a structure is provided to assess patients based on the mechanism of neutropenia and to prioritize testing based on patient age and hypothesized pathophysiology. Common medical quandaries including fever management, need for growth factor support, risk of malignant transformation, and curative options in congenital neutropenia are reviewed to guide medical decision-making in neutropenic patients.
How to evaluate and treat the spectrum of TMA syndromes in pregnancy
Authors: Scully Marie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is the broad definition for thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and end-organ damage. Two important categories are thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and complement-mediated hemolytic-uremic syndrome (CM-HUS). Pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period are associated with TMAs specific to pregnancy in rare situations. These include pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. TTP and CM-HUS may present in pregnancy. However, the diagnosis may not be immediately obvious as they share characteristics of pregnancy-related TMAs. Within this review, we discuss investigations, differential diagnosis of TMAs in pregnancy, and management. The importance is a risk of maternal mortality but also poor fetal outcomes in relation to TTP and CM-HUS. Treatment of these disorders at presentation in pregnancy is discussed to achieve remission and prolong fetal viability if possible. In subsequent pregnancies, a treatment pathway is presented that has been associated with successful maternal and fetal outcomes. Critical to this is a multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, the fetal medicine unit, and neonatologists.
Psychosocial and financial issues after hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Buchbinder David , Khera Nandita 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
With improvement in survival after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), it has become important to focus on survivors' psychosocial issues in order to provide patient-centered care across the transplant continuum. The goals of this article are to describe updates in the literature on certain psychosocial domains (emotional/mental health and social/financial) in HCT survivors, offer a brief overview of the status of the screening and management of these complications, and identify opportunities for future practice and research. An evidence-based approach to psychosocial care can be broken down as primary (promoting health, raising awareness, and addressing risk factors), secondary (screening and directing early pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions), and tertiary (rehabilitating, limiting disability, and improving quality of life) prevention. Implementing such an approach requires close coordination between multiple stakeholders, including transplant center staff, referring hematologist/oncologists, and other subspecialists in areas such as palliative medicine or psychiatry. Innovative models of care that leverage technology can bring these stakeholders together to fulfill unmet needs in this area by addressing barriers in the delivery of psychosocial care.
Acute GVHD: think before you treat
Authors: Newell Laura F. , Holtan Shernan G. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) has become more nuanced in recent years with the development of improved risk classification systems and a better understanding of its complex, multisystem pathophysiology. We review contemporary approaches to the risk stratification and initial treatment of aGVHD, including ongoing clinical trials. We summarize the findings that led to the first US Food and Drug Administration approval for steroid-refractory aGVHD (SR-aGVHD), ruxolitinib, as well as some of the challenges clinicians still face in treating SR-aGVHD. Finally, we discuss the evaluation and management of steroid-dependent aGVHD, which affects approximately one-third of patients who have long-term, waxing and waning symptoms distinct from chronic GVHD. Future clinical trials for aGVHD treatment may identify steroid-sparing approaches for patients who have a high likelihood of response and approaches to improve tissue repair and dysbiosis for those unlikely to respond to immunosuppression alone.
Smoldering multiple myeloma: evolving diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies
Authors: Visram Alissa , Cook Joselle , Warsame Rahma 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The adage for smoldering myeloma (SMM) has been to observe without treatment, until criteria for active multiple myeloma were satisfied. Definitions and risk stratification models have become more sophisticated, with prognostication tailored to include high-risk cytogenetics as per the most recent International Myeloma Working Group 2020 risk model. Moreover, progress in defining genomic evolution and changes in the bone marrow microenvironment through the monoclonal continuum have given insight into the complexities underlying the different patterns of progression observed in SMM. Given recent data showing improved progression-free survival with early intervention in high-risk SMM, the current dilemma is focused on how these patients should be treated. This case-based article maps the significant advancements made in the diagnosis and risk stratification of SMM. Data from landmark clinical trials will also be discussed, and ongoing trials are summarized. Ultimately, we outline our approach to SMM and hope to impart to the reader a sound concept of the current clinical management of SMM.