bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alpha‐glucogenic activity of mammalian mucosal enzymes on different disaccharides
Authors: Lee Byung‐Hoo , Quexada‐Calvillo Roberto , Nichols Buford , Rose David R. , Hamaker Bruce R. 
Published: June 2021

Small intestine mucosal maltase‐glucoamylase (MGAM) and sucrase‐isomaltase (SI) have two subunits each (N‐ and C‐ terminal) that are involved in the digestion of glycemic carbohydrates to glucose and fructose from diets. In this study, recombinant MGAM and SI enzymes were reacted with disaccharides, namely kojibiose, nigerose, maltose, and isomaltose each containing two glucose molecules as well as sucrose, but with different á‐linkages, to elucidate their digestion abilities. Reactions were carried at 37°C in 10 mM PBS and one unit (U) enzyme activity was defined as 1 μg of glucose released from maltose per 10 min. After enzyme reactions, released glucose was measured by the GOPOD method. Notably, each of the four subunits had á‐(1, 2), (1, 3) and (1, 4) hydrolysis activities, but N‐SI at 100 U was the only one to have á‐(1, 6) hydrolysis activity. Moreover, every subunit had á‐(1, 6) hydrolysis activity at higher enzyme concentration (above 2500 U of subunits except N‐SI). Each subunit had á‐glucosidase activity on different glycosidic linkages though maltase activity was at least 25 times greater than isomaltase activity. Also, only C‐SI and C‐MGAM showed sucrase activity with relatively lower than maltase activity. This is the first report of á‐glucogenic activity of disaccharides for each mucosal enzyme subunit and provides a new view of carbohydrate digestion model in the small intestine.Grant Funding Source: CNRC/ARS/USDA
Analysis of a simulated in vivo environment for selective induction of apoptosis
Authors: Dover Cheri Denise 
Published: June 2021

Apoptosis is thought to play a major role in biological processes and in establishing effective treatments for cancer. The objective of this study was to examine the response of human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells when exposed to known apoptosis inducers and to analyze a simulated in vivo environment to determine whether normal cells (WI‐38 cells) and HEL cells were affected by the chemicals.The HEL cells were treated with camptothecin (CP), vehicle alone, and various heteroarotinoids (HETS) twenty‐four hr after subculture and incubated for an additional 48–72 hr. The cells were harvested and monitored for apoptosis, growth, and viability. Apoptosis was quantitated using the Hoechst/propidium iodide assay. Preliminary results proved one of the five HETS tested had significant elevated levels of apoptosis when compared to the vehicle alone.In an attempt to mimic an in vivo environment, HEL cells, grown in suspension, were introduced to a normal human adherent cell population at various cell densities and allowed to incubate for 72 hr. The majority of the HEL cells adhered to the WI‐38 cells. A large population of HEL cells was resistant to removal from the WI‐38 cells following a vigorous shake, suggesting a strong bond between the cells. In order to determine the selectivity of apoptosis, CP was added to the system. The initial results suggest that both cell types were negatively affected by CP. Support was provided by SRU.
Relationship between serum and synovial fluid concentration of leptin and degree of osteoarthritis
Authors: Schmidt Jenna , Hooshmand Shirin , Arjmandi Bahram 
Published: June 2021

Currently 27 million Americans are affected by osteoarthritis (OA) however, its etiology remains unclear and effective therapies to prevent or halt OA are not available. Evidence suggests that loss of body fat is more important to decrease risk of OA than general weight loss emphasizing the role of fat tissue and its secretions and suggesting a metabolic link between obesity and OA.The objective of this project was to explore the relationship between serum and synovial fluid concentrations of leptin and the degree of OA. Blood and synovial fluid samples were obtained by an orthopedic surgeon from a total of 40 men and women with knee OA undergoing arthroscopic or total knee replacement surgery. Synovial fluid and serum samples were analyzed in duplicate using ELISA method to determine the concentration of leptin.Our findings show a distinct correlation between BMI and serum leptin levels in both males and females (R=0.505, p=0.02; R=0.569, p=0.008). We found that in both men and women, the degree of OA was associated with serum leptin concentrations (R=0.487, p=0.02; R=0.498, p=0.04). Our data also show that females have higher levels of leptin in both serum and synovial fluid than males. Although our results are promising in terms of relation among leptin levels in synovial fluid and serum and the degree of OA, further studies are needed to investigate the exact role of leptin in increasing the severity of OA.
Dietary medical advice and health behavior of minorities with diabetes
Authors: Vaccaro Joan A , Huffman Fatma G 
Published: June 2021

Objectiveto examine the relationships among reported dietary, medical advice given and its association with health behavior of Mexican Americans (MA) and Black non‐Hispanic (BNH) as compared to White non‐Hispanic (WNH) adults diagnosed with diabetes.MethodSecondary analysis of data acquired through the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) for the years 2007–2008. Variables for medical advice, diet and anthropometric measures were merged by subject ID number. First day 24‐hour recall was used for dietary data. Sample weights were applied.ResultsControlling for obesity, MA [OR=2.28 (1.06, 4.93)] and BNH [OR=2.79 (1.43, 5.46)] were more likely than WNH to report that they were told to increase their physical activity (p=0.022). MA [OR=2.15 (1.03, 4.46)] and BNH [OR =1.83 (1.16, 2.88)] were more likely to report being told to reduce fat or calories than WNH (p=0.009). Being told to reduce fat or calories was not a predictor of percent calories from total or saturated fat.ConclusionsThere were significant differences in reported medical advice received for diabetes care by race/ethnicities. These findings suggest ethnic variations in patient‐provider communication and may be a consequence of their health beliefs.
Influence of the built and social environment on adolescent eating behaviors in Baltimore City: Findings from the Baltimore Healthy Eating Zones study
Authors: Christiansen Karina , Qureshi Farah , Schaible Alex , Coutinho Anastasia , Dennisuk Lauren , Rowan Megan T , Park Sohyun , Surkan Pamela , Gittelsohn Joel 
Published: June 2021

Low‐income minority youth in Baltimore City live in an obesogenic food environment with limited access to healthy foods. The Baltimore Healthy Eating Zones Project (BHEZ) seeks to improve access to and consumption of healthy foods in low‐income neighborhoods surrounding Baltimore City recreation centers. Qualitative research, informed by an ecological perspective, was conducted to identify environmental factors impacting eating behaviors of target youth. Two focus groups and 20 in‐depth interviews were conducted with 21 Baltimore City adolescents aged 10–16. Six themes that emerged included those relating to the built environment (accessibility of food, neighborhood safety, school food) and the social environment (family health history, role modeling, peer behaviors). The influence of the family and adult role models emerged as the most salient reported influence on youth eating habits. These findings were used to inform the BHEZ intervention, specifically in developing more targeted messaging. Our findings and resulting intervention strategies have the potential to effectively promote healthy eating and reduce obesity risks among low‐income minority youth and their adult caregivers in Baltimore City.Grant Funding Source: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
The effects of the “En Balance” diabetes education program on physical activity and diabetes control
Authors: Wheeler Gina , Beeson Larry , Montgomery Susanne , Bhajri Khalid , Schulz Eloy , Firek Anthony , DeLeon Marino , Cordero‐MacIntyre Zaida 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of ‘En Balance’ on blood sugar control and physical activity.MethodsHispanic subjects (n=16 males, 23 females) participated in a 3 month education intervention with baseline and three month assessments of physical activity using the Arizona Activity Frequency Questionnaire. Paired sample t‐tests were used to assess mean changes in physical activity energy expenditure, blood samples, anthropometric measures, and body composition using fan beam dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA); Hologic Discovery A (software v. 12.6).ResultsAfter 3 months, there was a significant increase in moderate intensity physical activity energy expenditure (μ=368±894 kcal/day, p<.01) and high intensity physical activity energy expenditure (μ=405±2569 kcal/day, p=.05) compared to baseline, and significant reductions in hemoglobin A1c (−0.90%, p=.01), total cholesterol (−13.44 mg/dl, p=.01), LDL cholesterol (−10.28 mg/dl, p=.03) and waist circumference (−1.52 cm, p=.04).ConclusionCulturally sensitive diabetes education led to significant improvements in moderate and high intensity physical activity energy expenditure and glucose control in this population of Hispanics with diabetes.Funded by: NIH award 5P20MD001632
Demographic and socioeconomic correlates of body fat assessed using DXA in US children and adolescents
Authors: Nguyen Tuan Thanh , Butte Nancy F , Wang Youfa 
Published: June 2021

Few studies examined the association between accurately measured body fat (BF) and socio‐demographic characteristics using nationally representative data in the US. We studied BF distribution and its association with socio‐demographic characteristics, including age, sex, race/ethnicity and poverty income ratio (PIR) in 8–19‐y‐old US youth in NHANES 1999–2004 (n = 7479). BF (measured by DXA) was used in continuous (%BF and fat mass index (FMI = fat mass/height2 (kg/m2)) and categorical (normal, overfat, and excess fat; using %BF cut points 25%, 30% for boys and 30%, 35% for girls) scales. The sex‐race‐specific prevalence of overfat+excess fat was: in boys, 45%, 33% and 57%; and in girls, 63%, 58% and 72%, in whites, blacks and Mexican Americans, respectively. Low‐income youth had higher %BF, FMI, overfat+excess fat rate. The distribution of %BF and FMI varied substantially by age, sex and ethnicity. After controlling for these factors, (1) one unit increase in PIR (scales 0 to 5‐high income) associated with a decrease by ~0.2 kg/m2 FMI, 0.5% (absolute) BF, and 14% (relative) in excess fat rate (P < 0.001); (2) compared with participants with PIR ≥4, those with PIR < 3 had an increase of ~1 kg/m2 FMI, 2% BF (absolute), and 70% (relative) in excess fat rate (P < 0.001; P trend < 0.05). Higher prevalence of excess body fat among US children from low‐income families calls for targeted strategies to fight pediatric obesity.Main source of research support: NIH/NIDDK (R01DK81335‐01A1), NIH/NICHD (1R01HD064685‐01A1, 1R03HD058077‐01A1, R03HD058077‐01A1S1), Vietnam Educational Foundation (VEF), and Thrasher Research Fund.
Enhancement of phase 2 enzyme activities with sodium butyrate is associated with the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and p53
Authors: Matsui‐Yuasa Isao , Enami Yuka , Yaku Keisuke , Kurajyo Chika , Kojima‐Yuasa Akiko 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionDietary fiber fermentation by the colonic bacterial flora produces short chain fatty acids, acetate, propionate and butyrate. Among them, butyrate is considered to be the major energy substrate for colonocytes and, at least in rats, seems to protect against colonic carcinogenesis. In this study, we examined the effect and the mechanisms of short chain fatty acids on the activity of phase 2 enzymes.ResultsSodium butyrate increased phase 2 enzymes, GST and NQO in a dose‐dependent manner, however, other short chain fatty acids did not increase these activities. The mechanism of the induction of phase 2 enzymes with sodium butyrate was related to the increase in the Nrf2 and Nrf2/c‐jun complex protein levels in the nucleus. These results suggested that the Nrf2/c‐jun nuclear translocation levels were more important to the induction of phase 2 enzymes than the Nrf2 levels themselves. Furthermore, sodium butyrate, but not other short chain fatty acids, caused the decrease in the levels of nuclear fraction p53 in a dose‐dependent manner.ConclusionThese results suggested that sodium butyrate brings about the increase in the activities of phase 2 enzymes via an increase in the Nrf2 and Nrf2/c‐jun complex protein levels in the nucleus and a decrease in the levels of nuclear fraction p53.
The anti‐tumor activity of Antrodia camphorate in melanoma cells: Modulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling
Authors: Tsou Hsiao‐Tung , Yang Hsin‐Ling , Hseu You‐Cheng 
Published: June 2021

Antrodia camphorata is well known in Taiwan as a nutritional food. The objective of our study was to determine if fermented culture broth of Antrodia camphorata (AC‐10; 40–120 μg/mL) could modulate the key elements of Wnt pathway in murine melanoma cell (B16F10); an efficacy for chemoprevention of this malignancy. The suppression of β‐catenin, a key mediator of Wnt signaling pathway, was seen in B16F10 cell with AC‐10 administration. The transcriptional targets of c‐myc and cyclin D1 were also dramatically downregulated. We also observed that AC‐10 caused the G1 arrest that was mediated through reductions in the levels of cyclinD1 and CDK4, and increases in p27 and p21 levels in B16F10 cell. In addition, treatment B16F10 with AC‐10 resulted in a significant dose‐dependent increase in apoptosis, which was associated with DNA fragmentation, sub‐G1 phase accumulation. Gelatin zymography and western blotting showed that reduced cell invasion with AC‐10 treatment correlated with MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 expression. These results suggested that AC‐10 may exert anti‐tumor activity by modulating Wnt/β‐catenin pathway.The source of research support: American Society for Nutrition (ASN)
The effects of whole or skinned peanut intake on body composition, lipid profile and fibrinogen in obese women on a low‐energy dietary intervention
Authors: Costa Neuza Maria Brunoro , Fialho Cristiane Goncalves Oliveira , Bressan Josefina , Alfenas Rita Cassia Goncalves , Mattes Richard D 
Published: June 2021

Despite their high energy density, peanut consumption has little effect on body weight. It is also associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Whether they should be recommend for inclusion in energy‐restricted diets is not established. This study evaluated the blood lipid profile, fibrinogen and body composition of obese women on an energy‐restricted diet. Twenty‐four women, 20–50 years old were assigned to 3 groups and consumed 56g of: whole peanut (WP), skinned peanut (SP), and no peanut (NP). No significant group differences were observed for body weight, BMI, lean and fat mass, BMR, waist circumference over the 8 week intervention. Although reported energy intake was lower on NP than WP or SP, weight loss was 1.7, 3.2, and 0.5 kg in the groups, respectively. Total blood cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in both groups consuming peanuts (16%), but not on NP. LDL (−15.1% and −21.8%) and fibrinogen (−18.3% and −4.3%) were also reduced in the peanut groups (WP and SP, respectively), but not significantly. The consumption of peanut with or without skin within the context of a low‐energy dietary intervention led to a lipid profile associated with lower CVD risk without a rise of body weight.Sponsored by Peanut Institute and CNPq
Effect of age on postprandial lipemia after a high‐fat meal high and low in cereal fiber
Authors: angadi siddhartha s , weltman nathan , rodriguez jessica , patrie james , brock david , weltman arthur , gaesser glenn 
Published: June 2021

To assess the effect of age on postprandial lipemia, 10 youths (ages 10–17), 12 adults (ages 19–63), and 13 seniors (ages 65–75) completed two randomly assigned meal challenges on separate days, following an overnight fast: a high‐fat (HF) meal (550 kcal; 35.0 g fat; 34.6 g protein; 24.7 g carbohydrate; 0.3 g fiber), and a HF + fiber meal that included 45 g ready‐to‐eat cereal (680 kcal; 36.3 g fat; 41.3 g protein; 61.7 g carbohydrate; 16.3 g fiber). HF resulted in similar and significant (p<0.05) 4‐hr postprandial increases in triglycerides (TG; mg/dl) across all groups (youths: 105.2 ± 30.9 to 188.1 ± 61.9; adults: 105.1 ± 53.2 to 199.7 ± 90.7; older adults: 94.8 ± 35.7 to 196.8 ± 64.5). Fiber attenuated the TG increase in youth by ~50% (100.2 ± 75.3 to 140.3 ± 57.9; p = 0.056) but not in adults (138.1 ± 97.7 to 212.9 ± 136.6) or older adults (105.5 ± 45.6 to 183.4 ± 65). We conclude that age did not affect postprandial increases in TG following ingestion of a high‐fat meal. However, adding high‐fiber (largely insoluble) ready‐to‐eat cereal to a HF meal attenuated the postprandial hyperlipidemia in youth. This may be due in part to the fact that the cereal fiber content of the meals was not adjusted in proportion to body mass. Because postprandial lipemia may increase cardiovascular disease risk, our findings may have important clinical application in meal planning for children and adolescents.Funding: NIH RR MO100847, Wheat Foods Council
Antioxidant and Immuno‐stimulating Activity of Sesquiterpene Compounds Isolated from Artemisia iwayomogi in HepG2 and RAW 264.7 Cells
Authors: Jang Hae‐Dong , Lee Sang‐Hyun , Kim Jin‐Kyoung , Ra Jeong‐Chan , Kim Young‐Ho 
Published: June 2021

Artemisia iwayomogi has been used as a medical herb to prevent liver diseases such as jaundice, acute hepatitis and cirrhosis in Asian countries. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity of sesquiterpene compounds isolated from Artemisia iwayomogi by in vitro and cellular models. The antioxidant activity was estimated using in vitro ORAC and AAPH‐ or Cu2+‐induced HepG2 cell model. The antioxidant activity of sesquiterpene compounds dose‐dependently increased between 1 and 10 uM in ORAC assay system. In AAPH‐ or Cu2+‐induced HepG2 cells, 10 uM of sesquiterpene compounds efficiently reduced oxidative stress when compared to control. The immune‐stimulating activity of sesquiterpene compounds was estimated using DAF‐FM fluorescence probe and western blotting. The increased formation of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by sesquiterpene compounds treatment may contribute to immune‐stimulating activity of RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that sesquiterpene compounds isolated from Artemisia iwayomogi have the potential as a pharmaceutical food to prevent oxidative stress‐related chronic diseases.Grant Funding Source: ASN
Parameter identifiability and Extended Multiple Studies Analyses (EMSA) of a compartmental model for vitamin A (VA) kinetics: fixing fractional transfer coefficients [L(I,J)s] for absorption
Authors: Park Hyunjin , Tang Guangwen , Green Michael H. 
Published: June 2021

In VA compartmental models in humans, variability in absorption of the oral dose impacts numerical identifiability. Using previous data on serum VA kinetics in 11 U.S subjects given [2H8]retinyl acetate (Tang et al., Am J Clin Nutr, 2003) and a related 6‐compartment whole‐body model (Cifelli et al., J Nutr, 2008), we investigated whether fixing two of the absorption parameters would improve identifiability. Based on mean values in past models, we fixed L(2,1) = 50, where L(2,1) represents initial processing of the ingested dose and L(5,2) = 0.5, where L(5,2) represents direct secretion of retinol bound to retinol‐binding protein from enterocytes into plasma. For each subject, data were fit to the model using the Windows version of the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software and then a population model was generated using EMSA. Statistical certainty was evaluated from the model sum of squares for each subject; numerical identifiability of estimates was evaluated based on fractional standard deviations (FSD) and correlation coefficients (r) after EMSA. All parameters had FSDs that were < 0.5 and none of the parameters had an r above 0.8. We conclude that the relationship L(5,2) = 0.01[L(2,1)] is associated with a model fit that has adequate statistical certainty and that fixing two L(I,J)s related to absorption improves parameter identifiability and reduces the number of adjustable parameters to just five.Grant Funding Source: USDA‐58‐1950‐7‐707
Multi‐vitamin supplementation during pregnancy alters in utero development of CD‐1 mice offspring
Authors: Szeto Ignatius Man Yau , Cho Daniel , Okubo Nobuhiko , Reza‐Lopez Sandra A. , Duan Jiuhua , Huot Pedro S.P. , Ward Wendy E. , Anderson G. Harvey 
Published: June 2021

The effects of multi‐vitamin supplementation during pregnancy in CD‐1 mice on body weight, glucose regulation and the expression of appetite‐regulatory genes in the hypothalamus of the offspring were investigated. Pregnant dams were fed the AIN‐93G diet containing the recommended (1V), 2.5‐fold (2.5V) or 5‐fold (5V) the vitamin content during gestation. Offspring were weaned to a high‐fat obesogenic diet, and sacrificed at weaning or at 13 wk post‐weaning. No difference in birth weight or litter size was observed. Body weight (BW) and body fat were similar among groups at 13 wk post‐weaning. The 5V compared with the 1V gestational diet led to greater glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity, and bone mineral content relative to BW in offspring at 10 wk post‐weaning. It also resulted in lower expression of the leptin receptor (LepR), agouti related‐peptide (AgRP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY), but not pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC), in both male and female pups at weaning. At 13 wk post‐weaning, LepR and NPY in males, AgRP in females, and POMC in males and females were lower. The 2.5V gestational diet reduced expression of LepR in both sexes and POMC in females. Cocaine‐and‐amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) expression was unaffected by the gestational diets. In utero development of regulatory processes are affected by modest increases in the vitamin content of the mouse diet during gestation.Grant Funding Source: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) ‐ Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes (INMD), OOP# 77980
Intrauterine Growth Restriction‐Associated Increase in Lung Elastin is Due to Protein Deficiency
Authors: Rehan Virender K. , Li Yishi , Sakurai Reiko , Torday John 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo determine 1) if increased lung elastin in intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) infant is due to altered alveolar interstitial fibroblast (AIF) differentiation and 2) the specific nutrient deficiency that leads to increased elastin gene expression in the IUGR infant lung.MethodsPregnant rat dams were fed ad lib or on 50% food‐restricted diet. The pups were killed at 9 months and lungs were examined for elastin gene expression (RT‐PCR and Western blotting). Primary rat lung fibroblasts were cultured in DMEM ± fetal bovine serum (FBS), Vitamin D (VD), arachidonic acid (ARA) +doxohexanoic acid (DHA), or bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐ then the expression of elastin and activation of mTOR signaling were examined.ResultsWith food restriction there was a significant increase in elastin gene expression. Culturing primary AIFs without FBS significantly increased the expression and protein levels of various elastin‐related genes, accompanied by mTOR activation. FBS‐restriction associated increase in elastin expression and mTOR activation were only partially blocked by VD and ARA+DHA, but completely blocked with BSA.ConclusionsElastin expression is significantly increased in the lungs of IUGR offspring; this increase is largely due to protein deficiency; and AIF mTOR signaling plays an important role in increased elastin levels in the IUGR offspring lung. (Grant: NIH (HD‐58948).