bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a forest inventory approach using airborne single photon lidar data: from ground plot selection to forest attribute prediction
Authors: Queinnec Martin , Coops Nicholas C , White Joanne C , McCartney Grant , Sinclair Ian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An increasing number of jurisdictions are integrating airborne laser scanning (ALS) into forest inventory programs to produce spatially explicit and accurate inventories of forest resources. However, wall-to-wall ALS coverage relative to the total area of managed forest remains limited in large forest nations such as Canada, wherein logistics, cost and acquisition capacity can be limiting factors. Technologies such as single photon light detection and ranging (SPL) have emerged commercially, which have the capacity to provide efficient ALS acquisitions over large areas and with a greater point density than conventional linear-mode ALS. However, the large-scale operational application of SPL in a forest inventory still needs to be effectively demonstrated. In this study, we used wall-to-wall SPL data (collected with a Leica SPL100) across a 630 000 ha boreal forest in Ontario, Canada to develop a forest inventory. Specifically, we used a structurally guided sampling approach enabled via a principal component analysis of the SPL100 data to establish a network of 250 ground plots. Random forest models were then used to produce area-based estimates of forest attributes of interest. Results demonstrated that the sampling approach enabled the optimization and enhancement of the existing plot network by extending the range of sampled structural types and reducing the number of plots in oversampled forest types. Moreover, Lorey’s height, basal area, quadratic mean diameter at breast height, stem density, gross and merchantable volume and above-ground biomass were estimated with a relative root mean square error of 8.5, 19.76, 13.97, 30.82, 21.53, 23.79 and 22.87 per cent, respectively, and relative bias &lt;1 per cent. Model accuracies achieved using the SPL100 were comparable with those obtained using linear-mode ALS in a previous forest inventory. This study demonstrates the utility of the SPL100 for the complete development of a forest inventory over large forest areas, from ground plot establishment through to the production of forest attribute estimates.
Impact of optimizing and creating dedicated breast surgical instrument trays using LEAN methodology
Authors: Shetty Spoorthi Sudhakar , Lim Yvonne Lew Fei , Ujagar Gurdip Kaur , Tan Pei Ting , Tan Su-Ming 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesFor surgery to proceed smoothly and expediently, one often neglected factor is the ready availability of relevant surgical instruments. While breast surgery techniques have evolved over the years, surgical instrument trays (SITs) are rarely revised. Consequently, the type and range of surgical instruments in the standard SITs have become inappropriate for surgeons. This results in an increased number of unused instruments (instrument wastage). This study aimed to assess the impact of a dedicated breast SIT using LEAN methodology on operating theater (OT) efficiency and cost savings.MethodsA dedicated breast SIT was assembled using LEAN methodology. The utilization of the dedicated breast SIT was audited by looking at the instrument wastage, OT SIT set-up time, SIT processing time, and cost SIT cost charged to the patient. Data were analyzed using an independent T-test and paired T-test.ResultsBy using LEAN methodology, three commonly used breast SITs with 119 instruments were combined into a single breast SIT with 61 instruments. The mean instrument wastage was reduced from 57.75% to 17%. The processing cost of each SIT was reduced from $71.75 (U.S. dollars) and $41 (major surgery and minor surgery) to $12.86 (P &lt; 0.001). The SIT processing time data time decreased from 140.5 min to 32 min (P &lt; 0.001). Based on a mean volume of 395 breast surgeries per year, a potential cost saving of $17 040 annually may be achieved.ConclusionOptimizing SITs using LEAN methodology can reduce cost and improve efficiency in OT, leading to significant benefits to staff and patients.
Using artificial intelligence to automate meat cut identification from the semimembranosus muscle on beef boning lines
Authors: Prakash Satya , Berry Donagh P , Roantree Mark , Onibonoje Oluwadurotimi , Gualano Leonardo , Scriney Michael , McCarren Andrew 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The identification of different meat cuts for labeling and quality control on production lines is still largely a manual process. As a result, it is a labor-intensive exercise with the potential for not only error but also bacterial cross-contamination. Artificial intelligence is used in many disciplines to identify objects within images, but these approaches usually require a considerable volume of images for training and validation. The objective of this study was to identify five different meat cuts from images and weights collected by a trained operator within the working environment of a commercial Irish beef plant. Individual cut images and weights from 7,987 meats cuts extracted from semimembranosus muscles (i.e., Topside muscle), post editing, were available. A variety of classical neural networks and a novel Ensemble machine learning approaches were then tasked with identifying each individual meat cut; performance of the approaches was dictated by accuracy (the percentage of correct predictions), precision (the ratio of correctly predicted objects relative to the number of objects identified as positive), and recall (also known as true positive rate or sensitivity). A novel Ensemble approach outperformed a selection of the classical neural networks including convolutional neural network and residual network. The accuracy, precision, and recall for the novel Ensemble method were 99.13%, 99.00%, and 98.00%, respectively, while that of the next best method were 98.00%, 98.00%, and 95.00%, respectively. The Ensemble approach, which requires relatively few gold-standard measures, can readily be deployed under normal abattoir conditions; the strategy could also be evaluated in the cuts from other primals or indeed other species.
Use of a larger surface area tip on bipolar radiofrequency wands in hip arthroscopy is associated with significantly lower traction and total surgery times
Authors: Wininger Austin E , Aflatooni Justin O , Harris Joshua D 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTClinical outcomes in arthroscopic hip preservation surgery have improved over the past two decades due to many factors, including advancements in technique and instrumentation. Complications following hip arthroscopy are associated with increased traction and overall surgical times. The purpose of this study was to compare traction and surgical times during hip arthroscopy using two different radiofrequency ablation wands produced by the same manufacturer. The authors hypothesized that the wand with a larger surface area would result in significantly less traction and surgical times. This study was a retrospective comparative investigation on patients who underwent arthroscopic surgery of the central, peripheral, peritrochanteric and/or deep gluteal space compartments of the hip. Both wands are 50-degree-angled probes, but the tip and shaft diameters are 3 and 3.75 mm for Wand A (Ambient Super MultiVac 50; tip surface area 7.1 mm2) compared to 4.7 and 4.7 mm for Wand B (Ambient HipVac 50; tip surface area 17.3 mm2), respectively. There was no difference (P = 0.16) in mean age of Wand A patients (30 females, 20 males; 35.2 years) versus Wand B patients (31 females, 19 males; 32.7 years). Traction time was significantly less in the Wand B group (41 ± 6 versus 51 ± 18 min; P &lt; 0.001), as was surgical time (102 ± 13 versus 118 ± 17 min; P &lt; 0.001). There were no significant differences in the number of labral anchors used or Current Procedural Terminology codes performed between groups. In conclusion, it was observed that the use of a larger surface area wand was associated with significantly less traction and surgical times during hip arthroscopy.
The Practitioner's Bookshelf: Review of Lila Abu-Lughod's Do Muslim Women Need Saving?
Authors: Pasha Suraina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This review considers Lila Abu-Lughod’s Do Muslim Women Need Saving? and reflects on the book’s key implications for human rights practitioners. Through discussions of topical concerns such as veiling, honour crimes and forced marriages, the book critiques the global project of ‘saving’ the Muslim woman in the name of human rights and gender equality. The author reviews the book from the perspective of a human rights educator and a veiled Muslim woman living in the liberal West.
Desert Locust Episode in Pakistan, 2018–2021, and the Current Status of Integrated Desert Locust Management
Authors: Showler Allan T , Shah Sikandar , Sulaiman  , Khan Sheharyar , Ullah Sami , Degola Francesca 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDesert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), swarms during outbreaks, and plagues can invade many countries across vast regions of Africa and Asia, consuming substantial quantities of crops and rangeland vegetation. In the most recent desert locust episode, which originated in Saudi Arabia’s remote interior in June 2018, and swarms entered Pakistan in March 2019, devastating important crops, such as cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; and maize, Zea mays L., in &gt;60 districts of Baluchistan, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh provinces. A national emergency was declared on 1 February 2020. A national emergency was declared on 1 February 2020 and the Department of Plant Protection responded by conducting surveillance and control operations with the assistance of other Pakistani organizations, and multilateral and bilateral international aid agencies. Surveillance and control operations were performed by ground and by air, applying mostly oil-based ultra-low volume insecticide formulations combined with some nonconventional control tactics. The Pakistan government also established a detailed multi-phased locust control policy and a National Locust Control Center with rapid response units deployed to vulnerable districts. To prevent or mitigate desert locust-associated agricultural damage, additional improvements to surveillance and control approaches are needed. The desert locust’s unique behaviors, and the magnitude and intermittency of swarming episodes, pose challenges to the development and implementation of coherent integrated pest management strategies. The status of a possible integrated approach to desert locust management, including proactive and preventive intervention strategies, is discussed.
Citrullination Was Introduced into Animals by Horizontal Gene Transfer from Cyanobacteria
Authors: Cummings Thomas F M , Gori Kevin , Sanchez-Pulido Luis , Gavriilidis Gavriil , Moi David , Wilson Abigail R , Murchison Elizabeth , Dessimoz Christophe , Ponting Chris P , Christophorou Maria A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications add great sophistication to biological systems. Citrullination, a key regulatory mechanism in human physiology and pathophysiology, is enigmatic from an evolutionary perspective. Although the citrullinating enzymes peptidylarginine deiminases (PADIs) are ubiquitous across vertebrates, they are absent from yeast, worms, and flies. Based on this distribution PADIs were proposed to have been horizontally transferred, but this has been contested. Here, we map the evolutionary trajectory of PADIs into the animal lineage. We present strong phylogenetic support for a clade encompassing animal and cyanobacterial PADIs that excludes fungal and other bacterial homologs. The animal and cyanobacterial PADI proteins share functionally relevant primary and tertiary synapomorphic sequences that are distinct from a second PADI type present in fungi and actinobacteria. Molecular clock calculations and sequence divergence analyses using the fossil record estimate the last common ancestor of the cyanobacterial and animal PADIs to be less than 1 billion years old. Additionally, under an assumption of vertical descent, PADI sequence change during this evolutionary time frame is anachronistically low, even when compared with products of likely endosymbiont gene transfer, mitochondrial proteins, and some of the most highly conserved sequences in life. The consilience of evidence indicates that PADIs were introduced from cyanobacteria into animals by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The ancestral cyanobacterial PADI is enzymatically active and can citrullinate eukaryotic proteins, suggesting that the PADI HGT event introduced a new catalytic capability into the regulatory repertoire of animals. This study reveals the unusual evolution of a pleiotropic protein modification.
Sex Differences in Non-AIDS Comorbidities Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Pond Renee A , Collins Lauren F , Lahiri Cecile D 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Women are grossly underrepresented in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinical and translational research. This is concerning given that people with HIV (PWH) are living longer, and thus accumulating aging-related non-AIDS comorbidities (NACMs); emerging evidence suggests that women are at higher risk of NACM development and progression compared with men. It is widely recognized that women vs men have greater immune activation in response to many viruses, including HIV-1; this likely influences sex-differential NACM development related to differences in HIV-associated chronic inflammation. Furthermore, many sociobehavioral factors that contribute to aging-related NACMs are known to differ by sex. The objectives of this review were to (1) synthesize sex-stratified data on 4 NACMs among PWH: bone disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction, and neurocognitive impairment; (2) evaluate the characteristics of key studies assessing sex differences in NACMs; and (3) introduce potential biological and psychosocial mechanisms contributing to emerging trends in sex-differential NACM risk and outcomes among PWH.
Arterial and Mixed Venous Kinetics of Desflurane and Sevoflurane, Administered Simultaneously, at Three Different Global Ventilation to Perfusion Ratios in Piglets with Normal Lungs
Authors: Kretzschmar Moritz , Baumgardner James E. , Kozian Alf , Hachenberg Thomas , Schilling Thomas , Hedenstierna Göran , Larsson Anders 
Published: November 2021

Background
Previous studies have established the role of various tissue compartments in the kinetics of inhaled anesthetic uptake and elimination. The role of normal lungs in inhaled anesthetic kinetics is less understood. In juvenile pigs with normal lungs, the authors measured desflurane and sevoflurane washin and washout kinetics at three different ratios of alveolar minute ventilation to cardiac output value. The main hypothesis was that the ventilation/perfusion ratio (VA/Q) of normal lungs influences the kinetics of inhaled anesthetics.

Methods
Seven healthy pigs were anesthetized with intravenous anesthetics and mechanically ventilated. Each animal was studied under three different VA/Q conditions: normal, low, and high. For each VA/Q condition, desflurane and sevoflurane were administered at a constant, subanesthetic inspired partial pressure (0.15 volume% for sevoflurane and 0.5 volume% for desflurane) for 45 min. Pulmonary arterial and systemic arterial blood samples were collected at eight time points during uptake, and then at these same times during elimination, for measurement of desflurane and sevoflurane partial pressures. The authors also assessed the effect of VA/Q on paired differences in arterial and mixed venous partial pressures.

Results
For desflurane washin, the scaled arterial partial pressure differences between 5 and 0 min were 0.70 ± 0.10, 0.93 ± 0.08, and 0.82 ± 0.07 for the low, normal, and high VA/Q conditions (means, 95% CI). Equivalent measurements for sevoflurane were 0.55 ± 0.06, 0.77 ± 0.04, and 0.75 ± 0.08. For desflurane washout, the scaled arterial partial pressure differences between 0 and 5 min were 0.76 ± 0.04, 0.88 ± 0.02, and 0.92 ± 0.01 for the low, normal, and high VA/Q conditions. Equivalent measurements for sevoflurane were 0.79 ± 0.05, 0.85 ± 0.03, and 0.90 ± 0.03.

Conclusions
Kinetics of inhaled anesthetic washin and washout are substantially altered by changes in the global VA/Q ratio for normal lungs.

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What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Formal Patient Complaints and Malpractice Events Involving Orthopedic Spine Surgeons
Authors: Rae Matthew , Barreto Rocha Daniela F. , Hayes Daniel S. , Haak Michael , Maniar Hemil , Grandizio Louis C. 
Published: November 2021

Study Design.
Case-control study.

Objective.
To analyze patient complaints, potential risk, and malpractice events involving orthopedic spine surgeons over a 10-year period.

Summary of Background Data.
Unsolicited patient complaints may be associated with risk management and malpractice events.

Methods.
We analyzed patient complaint, potential risk event, and malpractice event data for six orthopedic spine surgeons over a 10-year period. Patient complaints were analyzed and classified according to the Patient Complaint Analysis System. Baseline demographics were recorded for patients with complaints as well as the surgeons. A control group consisting of all patients seen by the six surgeons during the study period was created to identify patient and physician risk factors for formal patient complaints. Event rates (for complaints, risk, and malpractice events) were calculated by dividing the number of events by the total number of unique patients seen.

Results.
There were 214 complaint designations among 202 patients with formal complaints, resulting in a complaint rate of 0.79%. Patients were most likely to complain about access and availability (35%) followed by care and treatment (32%). Of the 68 complaints regarding care and treatment, 34 were related to dissatisfaction with surgical outcome. Complications were identified in 26/34 cases. The malpractice event rate ranged from 0.06% to 0.65%. Patients who had surgery (P< 0.0001) or a mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorder (P = 0.0004) were more likely to file complaints compared with the control group.

Conclusion.
While infrequent, patient complaints against orthopedic spine surgeons are most related to access and availability. The rate of malpractice events varies widely between surgeons.
SILICONE OIL–FILLED FOLDABLE CAPSULAR VITREOUS BODY VERSUS SILICONE OIL ENDOTAMPONADE FOR TREATMENT OF NO LIGHT PERCEPTION AFTER SEVERE OCULAR TRAUMA
Authors: Zhang Chun , Xiao Ruihan , Wang Anan , Zhao Zhenquan 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To compare the anatomical and functional outcomes of silicone oil (SO)–filled foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) and SO endotamponade in vitrectomy for patients with no light perception after ocular trauma.

Methods:
A total of 64 patients (64 eyes) with no light perception caused by severe ocular trauma were divided into FCVB and SO groups based on the surgical treatment. The main outcome measurements were retinal reattachment rate, intraocular pressure, best-corrected visual acuity, and number of operations.

Results:
Both the FCVB group (29 eyes) and the SO group (35 eyes) showed significant improvement in postoperative best-corrected visual acuity and intraocular pressure. The two groups showed no significant differences in final intraocular pressure and the retinal reattachment rate. The postoperative vision (≥LP) in the FCVB group was significantly worse than in the SO group (FCVB [4/29] vs. SO [18/35], P = 0.003). However, the number of surgeries in the FCVB group was significantly lower than in the SO group (FCVB [1.10] vs. SO [2.23], P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Vitrectomy combined with SO endotamponade shows better short-term improvement in the treatment of no light perception caused by severe ocular trauma. However, SO-filled FCVB can effectively prevent many complications caused by direct SO endotamponade, such as secondary surgeries or SO dependence.
Modified Carlevale Intraocular Lens Fixation Technique: Two Vitrectomy Ports As Lens Plug Fixation Sites
Authors: Caporossi Tomaso , Governatori Lorenzo , Baldascino Antonio , Mosca Luigi , Scampoli Alessandra , D'Amico Guglielmo , De Vico Umberto , Rizzo Stanislao 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To describe and evaluate the effectiveness of the modified Carlevale intraocular lens (IOL) fixation technique, using two vitrectomy ports as lens plug fixation sites.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective, consecutive, interventional study examined 60 eyes in 60 patients, who underwent 25- or 23-gauge vitrectomy for an IOL subluxation/luxation, lens dislocation, or aphakia, with Carlevale IOL implantation.

Results:
Postoperatively, transient ocular hypotension was observed in four eyes. The mean refractive prediction error was −0.27 ± 0.78 diopters. No postoperative complications, such as retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, or IOL dislocation, were observed in the 4-month follow-up.

Conclusion:
This new technique may be simple, fast, and effective because of fewer scleral wounds and fewer postoperative complications.
Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of XEN45 Implant Versus Trabeculectomy in Asian Eyes
Authors: Kee Ae Ra , Vivien Yip Cherng Hui , Chua Chun Hau , Bryan Ang Chin Hou , Jeremy Hu Youwei , Guo Xiner , Leonard Yip Wei Leon 
Published: November 2021

Précis:
Combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy is able to achieve greater reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP), higher rates of complete surgical success and fewer postoperative manipulations and visits compared with combined phacoemulsification and Xen implantation in glaucomatous eyes.

Purpose:
Our study aims to compare and understand the differences between the efficacy and safety of XEN45 implantation and trabeculectomy in Asian eyes with glaucoma.

Materials and Methods:
This was a retrospective, single-center, comparative study of consecutive patients who underwent combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy (Phaco-Trab) from January 2013 to June 2014 and combined phacoemulsification and XEN45 implantation (Phaco-Xen) from May 2017 to September 2018 in a tertiary Ophthalmology center in Singapore. Outcome measures included IOP, number of anti-glaucoma eyedrops, success rate, factors leading to success/failure, number of postoperative interventions and visits required, and surgical complications.

Results:
A total of 137 eyes (91 Phaco-Trab, 46 Phaco-Xen) were included. Phaco-Trab group had greater mean IOP reduction at all time points beyond postoperative month (POM) 1 (mean difference 2.9 to 3.8 mm Hg; P<0.05), and greater reduction in mean number of antiglaucoma eyedrops beyond POM3, thought this was not statistically significant. At POM12, complete success was achieved in 83.5% in Phaco-Trab and 52.2% of Phaco-Xen group, respectively (P<0.001). There was no significant factor associated with surgical failure, other than the difference in surgical procedure. Phaco-Trab group required fewer number of postoperative interventions (P=0.009), with only a mean of 0.1 bleb interventions required per patient, versus 1.5 in Phaco-Xen group (P<0.001). Safety profiles in both groups were comparable, with no statistically significant difference in intraoperative/postoperative complications.

Conclusion:
Phaco-Trab has significantly higher reduction in both IOP and number of antiglaucoma medications compared with Phaco-Xen group, with greater surgical success and fewer postoperative manipulations and visits. Safety profiles were comparable.