bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Prandial Insulin Applied for Fat Protein Units on
Postprandial Glucose Excursions in Type 1 Diabetes Patients with Insulin Pump
Therapy: Results of a Randomized, Controlled, Cross-Over Study
Authors: Herrmann Ekaterina , Haak Thomas , Lippmann-Grob Bernhard , Tombek Astrid , Hermanns Norbert , Krichbaum Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objective This randomized cross-over study aimed to compare different
algorithms for calculating prandial insulin considering the fat and protein
content of a standardized meal in type 1 diabetes patients using insulin pump
therapy (CSII).
Methods Twenty-six patients received a standardized evening meal for three
consecutive days using different algorithms for insulin dose adjustment: A)
exclusive consideration of carbohydrate content without considering fat-protein
content, B) high-dose algorithm considering additional insulin for fat protein
units (FPUs) with the same factor as for carbohydrates, and C) low-dose
algorithm considering additional insulin for FPUs with half the factor as for
carbohydrates. The primary outcome was the proportion of interstitial glucose
values in the target range (≥ 70 to ≤ 180 mg/dl) during
the post-prandial 12-hour follow-up period. Secondary outcomes were the
occurrence of hypo- and hyperglycemic episodes and the coverage with
carbohydrates for treatment of hypoglycemia.
Results The percentage of glucose values in the target range was
significantly higher when fat-protein content was not considered, whereas, in
the hyperglycemic range, it did not differ significantly among the three groups.
The percentage of hypoglycemic glucose values were the highest in the groups
considering fat-protein content and lowest in the group not considering FPUs
with no significant difference between the two groups in terms of FPUs.
Conclusions In adult type 1 diabetes patients using CSII, it is not
recommended to consider a high fat and protein content in the diet when
calculating prandial insulin dosage with the selected algorithms, as this
increases the risk of hypoglycemia disproportionately.
Plant Subclass and Superclass—The Next Level in Homoeopathy
Authors: Sankaran Rajan , Chunawala Aafreen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn recent years, the knowledge based on the individual ‘Sensation’ of families in Plants, Rows and Columns in Minerals and Sub-kingdoms in Animals has been explored and systematised. Recent research in the plant kingdom has taken this idea one step further. In the plants, we have the kingdom, class, subclass, order, family, remedy and the source. Each of these levels have a certain quality. The main idea behind this research work is to understand the ‘common sensation’ in each of the plant subclasses. As the research into the subclasses further evolved, the concept of superclasses came forth. This knowledge enables the physician to look beyond what he currently knows.
Fibrinolysis and Remote Ischemic Conditioning: Mechanisms and Treatment Perspectives in Stroke
Authors: Krag Andreas Engel , Blauenfeldt Rolf Ankerlund 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy have greatly improved outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, only a minority of patients receive reperfusion therapies, highlighting the need for novel neuroprotective therapies. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), consisting of brief, intermittent extremity occlusion and reperfusion induced with an inflatable cuff, is a potential neuroprotective therapy in acute stroke. The objective of this narrative review is to describe the effect of RIC on endogenous fibrinolysis and, from this perspective, investigate the potential of RIC in the prevention and treatment of stroke. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, and human studies in English were included. Seven studies had investigated the effect of RIC on fibrinolysis in humans. Long-term daily administration of RIC increased endogenous fibrinolysis, whereas a single RIC treatment did not acutely influence endogenous fibrinolysis. Fifteen studies had investigated the effect of RIC as a neuroprotective therapy in the prevention and treatment of stroke. Long-term RIC administration proved effective in reducing new cerebral vascular lesions in patients with established cerebrovascular disease. In patients with acute stroke, RIC was safe and feasible, though its clinical efficacy as a neuroprotectant is yet unproven. In conclusion, a single RIC treatment does not affect fibrinolysis in the acute phase, whereas long-term RIC administration may increase endogenous fibrinolysis. Increased endogenous fibrinolysis is unlikely to be the mediator of the acute neuroprotective effect of RIC in stroke patients, whereas it may partly explain the reduced stroke recurrence associated with long-term RIC treatment.
Tranexamic Acid Treatment for Trauma Victims
Authors: Roberts Ian , Brenner Amy , Shakur-Still Haleema 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWorldwide, traumatic injury is responsible for over 5 million deaths per year, the majority due to exsanguination and head injury. The antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid is the only drug proven to reduce deaths after traumatic injury. Several large randomized controlled trials have provided high-quality evidence of its effectiveness and safety in trauma patients. Early tranexamic acid reduces deaths on the day of the injury in polytrauma patients and patients with isolated traumatic brain injury by around 20%. Treatment is time critical; for patients to benefit, tranexamic acid must be given as soon as possible after injury. Intramuscular administration is well tolerated and rapidly absorbed, with the potential to reduce time to treatment. Because the proportional reduction in bleeding death with tranexamic acid does not vary by baseline risk, a wide range of trauma patients stands to benefit. There are far more low-risk trauma patients than high-risk patients, with a substantial proportion of bleeding deaths in the low-risk group. As such, treatment should not be limited to patients with severe traumatic hemorrhage. We must give paramedics and physicians the confidence to treat a far wider range of trauma patients while emphasizing the importance of early treatment.
Impaired Fibrinolysis in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Antovic Aleksandra , Bruzelius Maria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is complex and involves the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the bloodstream causing a prothrombotic condition. aPL induce excessive activation of the endothelium, monocytes, and platelets in consort with aberrations in hemostasis/clotting, fibrinolytic system, and complement activation. Impaired fibrinolysis has been found in APS patients with thrombotic as well as obstetric manifestations. Increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, together with the presence of aPL against annexin-2, tissue-type plasminogen activator, and plasminogen contribute to the compromised fibrinolytic activity in these patients. Furthermore, unfavorably altered fibrin morphology, less amenable to fibrinolysis, has been proposed as a novel prothrombotic mechanism in APS. This review aims to summarize the present knowledge of the mechanisms involved in impaired fibrinolysis in APS patients. We also present a case from clinical practice as an illustration of fibrinolysis impairment in APS patients from a real-life setting.
Extraventricular Neurocytoma in Parietal Lobe
Authors: Gallego-Henao Katherine , Ramos-Delgado José M. , Moreno-Blanco Angelica , Placido-Méndez Aureliano , Zarate-Mendez Antonio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractExtraventricular neurocytoma (EVN) was classified as a World Health Organization (WHO) grade II tumor; however, EVN is not fully understood; it presents a variable histological feature that included oligodendroglioma-like, neuropil-like matrix, ganglion or gangloid cells, perivascular pseudorosettes, vessel hyalinization, calcifications, and myxoid degeneration. In some very rare cases, atypical histological features such as increased mitotic figures, focal necrosis, endothelial cell proliferation, and Ki-67 index of >2% made this tumor more aggressive and more susceptible to recur. We present the case of a young patient who presents with a 2-year history of seizure without other symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals a parietal lobe and well-circumscribed lesion treated by gross total resection and adjuvant radiotherapy. Clear guidelines to treat this kind of lesions are not well established and there is not a consensus of correct treatment in these tumors.
Role of bacterial RNA polymerase gate opening dynamics in DNA loading and antibiotics inhibition elucidated by quasi-Markov State Model
Authors: Unarta Ilona Christy , Cao Siqin , Kubo Shintaroh , Wang Wei , Cheung Peter Pak-Hang , Gao Xin , Takada Shoji , Huang Xuhui 
Published: April 2021

Significance
The initiation of bacterial transcription requires DNA loading via flexible loading gate of the RNA polymerase complex, consisting of the clamp and β-lobe domain. While the clamp is important in transcription initiation, the role of β-lobe remains unclear. Using quasi-Markov State Models (qMSMs) constructed from molecular dynamics simulations, we showed that the opening of β-lobe is orders of magnitude faster than that of the clamp, which depends on the structure of Switch 2. Strikingly, opening of the β-lobe is sufficient geometrically to accommodate DNA loading even when the clamp is partially closed. These two observations highlight β-lobe’s critical role allowing DNA loading during initiation. Thus, β-lobe is a promising target for antibiotics. qMSM also provides a promising tool investigating biomolecular dynamics.
A case study of GK Aqua Farms in Chikwawa district, Malawi.
Authors: Longwe Priscilla M , Kang'ombe Jeremiah , Kaunda Emmanuel K. W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

This study was carried out to record the experiences of Gopi Krishna (GK) Aqua Farms, with special reference to feeding/fertilization methods, the production cycle and the farm's marketing/distribution strategy. GK Aqua Farms is situated in Chikwawa District, which is in the southern region of Malawi. 19 ha (47 acres) of its land is under water, about 12 ha (30 acres) of which is in an enclosed, fenced area, and the remaining 7 ha (17 acres) in an open, unfenced area. Since GK Aqua Farms started practicing on a commercial scale in November 2004, the business has promoted aquaculture within Malawi and has demonstrated its potential profitability by attaining gross margins of over K3 million (approximately US $21,430) after just one year. The farm raises three species of fish in a polyculture system; common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Tilapia rendalli and Oreochromis siranus. The fish are sold in Chikwawa District as well as in the neighbouring city of Blantyre. The fish are fed artificial diets and are stocked in ponds that are mainly fertilized with livestock manure. Partial harvests are carried out throughout the year, depending on consumer demand, with a complete harvest once a year. The fish are sold at a farm gate price of K400/kg (US $3/kg) for common carp and K250/kg (US $1.8/kg) for tilapia species and at a wholesale price of K500 (US $3.6/kg) for common carp and K300 (US $2.1/kg) for both tilapia species. Since it took over the farm in 2004, GK Aqua Farms has had a continuous rise in production from 4.2 tonnes per year in 2004 to 29.5 tonnes per year in 2008 with an expectation of similar increases over the next few years. The farm faces several problems including pests, inefficient feed supply and low sales during summer. The farm, however, does not operate any integrated aquaculture-agriculture systems.
Sustainability and income opportunities of farming milkfish (Chanos chanos) to local communities in Kenya: assessment of initial trials of earthen ponds.
Authors: Mirera David Oersted , Ngugi Charles C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

This case study documents the development of earthen pond mariculture from the late 1980s to 2009 in Kenya and prospects of community milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture using satellite farmers along the coast of Kenya, as well as challenges to this kind of farming and approaches towards sustainability. Pond mariculture was started in the 1980s by the Kenyan Fisheries Department through the onset of prawn farming (Penaeus indicus and P. monodon) in large scale demonstration ponds at Ngomeni under funding from FAO. The total culture area was estimated at 60 ha and milkfish occurred as a by-product of the prawn culture operations with indications of good growth. Similar observations were made for the milkfish in the artisanal Kwetu prawn culture pond (0.8 ha) that was started in the late 1990s, and one individual middle-scale farmer in Mtwapa creek (Wampare) who had interest in prawn culture at the time and constructed ponds covering an area of 3 ha. The initial recommendations for the potential to culture milkfish in Kenya were made through a research project (Mwaluma, 2002) whose objectives were to assess the potential of mud crab (Scylla serrata) pen culture in natural mangrove channels at Mtwapa creek. Intense participatory research into potential for milkfish culture coupled with extension was initiated at the Kwetu Training Centre along the Kenya coast with satellite groups in 2004. Consequently, improvements have since been achieved with wild seed collection in mangrove pools, use of chicken manure as organic pond fertilizer, and dependency of tidal water exchange, which has led to a maximum growth rate of 1.2 g/day. The demand for milkfish production has increased greatly among the coastal poor (Mirera, 2009b) and presently (Sept 2009) five communities have constructed more than 25 milkfish production ponds with a maximum production capacity of more than 70 kg per crop. These farmers have appreciated the contribution of milkfish culture to achieving food security and income generation for their families. The first harvest of milkfish in the community ponds were bought by the research/extension officer, and were fried and eaten together by all members of the community (including none group members) to demonstrate that milkfish can grow under local culture conditions. In subsequent harvests, the whole community is informed a day before the harvest, whereby they come to the farms during harvesting and buy the fish in quotas at two dollars per kg.
Challenges and lessons learned in the culture of Indian shrimp, Penaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) in Hapas inside fertilized ponds in Mtwapa Creek, Kenya, 2009.
Authors: Wanjiru Caroline 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

World capture fisheries are declining while demand for fish is increasing due to population increase and an upward trend in diet preference where fish is preferred over white meat. It is hoped that aquaculture will help meet this deficit. In Kenya, coastal aquaculture remains under-developed even though over 3900 hectares of land have been designated as suitable for aquaculture. This case study is based on a study where Indian shrimp (Penaeus indicus) were cultured for 106 days, in hapas, inside fertilized ponds at Majaoni in Mtwapa creek, Mombasa district, Kenya. The manures used for pond fertilization were chicken, urea and cow dung. No manure was added in the control treatment. Physical, chemical and biological water parameters were taken weekly, fortnightly and monthly, respectively. Growth performance of the shrimp in terms of weight (g) and length (mm) was monitored fortnightly. The mean growth rates ranged between 1.13 and 2.34% day-1 in the control and chicken manure treated ponds, respectively. The highest net yield (NFY Kg ha-1) and annual production (AP Kg ha-1 yr-1) achieved was 18.87 Kg ha-1 and 64 Kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively, in the cow dung-treated ponds. The data collected from this study formed part of the author's MSc thesis in Aquaculture at the University of Nairobi. A major part of the study was funded by Alcoa Foundation's Conservation and Sustainability Fellowship Program which supported the author as a Practitioner Fellow in 2008. Additional support was provided through the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) small grant programme.
Commercial-scale aquaculture of tilapia species in Zambia.
Authors: Flynn Douglas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

This case study describes the piloting and subsequent commercialization of an integrated pig and fish operation in Zambia. The initial scheme began in October 1981 using indigenous Zambian species including Oreochromis andersonii, Oreochromis macrochir and Tilapia rendalli. Different fertilization techniques were trialled, including organic (chicken manure) and inorganic (compound) fertilisers, and different integration systems were tested; ducks over fish and pigs over fish. Over the 29 years the project has been running, the variety of methods originally trialled have been refined to the extremely productive system in place today. Oreochromis niloticus is the dominant fish species produced, and members of the Clarias genus used as the main predator. The hatchery has been intensified (and now incorporates mono-sexing), aeration systems have been implemented in grow-out ponds and a green-water floating fish pellet has been developed. Yields have increased from an initial average of 2.5 to 3 tons/ha to present yields of over 11 tons/ha. The initial five hectare project has grown to over 45 ha of water producing over 600 tons of fish a year, and a stable herd of 200 sows producing in excess of 4100 slaughter stock per annum.
Comparison trials between Oreochromis andersonii (Kafue Bream) and O. niloticus (imported species) under farm conditions in Zambia.
Authors: Cayron-Thomas Emmanuéle 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

There has been much discussion for many years over the most suitable tilapia species to use in aquaculture. It has been thought for many years that Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was the most productive, especially after it had been developed using the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) protocols, but no trials have taken place under standard farming conditions nor was there ever any consideration taken of the possible ecological side effects of the introduction of alien species into river systems. With the help of a small grant from the Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations, Kalimba Farm, Zambia, undertook to carry out a direct comparison between the suitability of both O. niloticus and O. andersonii for fish culture under normal farm conditions. These trials took place over three years from 2004 to 2007. The overall results concluded that there were definite advantages for both species in different areas, but considering a genetically improved species was being compared with stock that had been genetically isolated for 25 years, the overall results were encouraging for the indigenous O. andersonii. In addition, taking into account the assumed damage to fragile river systems from the introduction of invasive O. niloticus it was felt that efforts should be made in future to encourage the use of O. andersonii as the preferred fish for aquaculture in areas of Zambia that are not already polluted with O. niloticus and, furthermore, an effort should be made to improve O. andersonii through an on-farm selective breeding programme using the GIFT protocols.
Role of the private sector in fry and fingerling production in Uganda.
Authors: Aulanier Félicie , Desprez Damien , Napuru Abudala , Mikolasek Olivier 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

In Uganda, fingerlings are only produced by private sector enterprises. A rapid appraisal approach of fry producers was used to collect quantitative and qualitative information about farm production. Sixty-one hatcheries of catfish, tilapia or mirror carp were identified. Visits were made to 31 farms located in 18 districts and the National Fisheries Resource Research Institute (NaFFIRI) contributed by providing information about five other farms in Buganda Region. Three types of hatcheries were identified without taking one large-scale farm into account. The number of workers was the first variable used to discriminate the farms: six or more workers (Medium Enterprise) against less than six workers (including family workers). Farms with less than six workers are composed of two types as characterized by the destination market of the fingerlings. The first type 'Associative Farm' belongs to a local group of farmers and sells the fingerlings mainly inside the group. The second type, 'Intermediate Enterprise', can be part of an association, but the fingerling production is destined for a wider market. Farms included in this Intermediate Enterprise group also have larger facilities. This type tends to move towards becoming a Medium Enterprise. A fourth type of farm, represented by Source of the Nile (SON) Fish Farm, which was not included in the previous categories, can be considered a 'Large-scale Enterprise'. It was demonstrated that, in Uganda, the Commercial Farms (Medium- and Large-scale Enterprises) also contribute to the development of the aquaculture sector by providing training and innovation. Only SON Fish Farm has established a fish selected breeding programme (tilapia).
Success and failure of sand goby culture.
Authors: Pham Van Khanh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The success in the seed production of the sand goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata) has contributed to the protection of natural resources and the availability of seed for aquaculture. About 30-50 million sand goby fingerlings are produced in hatcheries for domestic and export markets every year. Grow-out production systems of sand goby developed in the 1990s. It helped to increase the incomes of many fish farmers and contributed to the country's foreign exchange earnings. Constraints to hatchery-produced seed for grow-out have resulted in difficulties for sand goby seed producers. Hatchery-produced seed commands a higher price than wild seed and thus is not able to completely replace the natural seed supply. However, wild seed is of uneven size and capture methods are not standardized, resulting in the fish body being easily scratched, leading to disease and mortality. The fish is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions and vulnerable to diseases which are difficult to treat. The market for this species is also limited.
Sustainable aquaculture development in oxbow lakes with emphasis on the involvement of women.
Authors: Kibria Md. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

A total of 600 oxbow lakes are located in the southwestern part of Bangladesh, covering 5,488 ha. An oxbow lake (baor) is an old cut-off river bend, usually in the shape of a horseshoe. Pond aquaculture for women was introduced in oxbow lakes in 1995-1996 to allow their active participation in aquaculture as a livelihood activity. The shallow and silted parts of the baor were excavated into 0.5 to 1.5 ha size fishponds. This study was conducted in 1999 in two selected oxbow lakes in Jessore district to assess the technological and socio-economic effects of fish farming groups (FFGs) and pond aquaculture in oxbow lakes with emphasis on the involvement of women. Three categories of questions (socio-economic, technical and gender) were asked of FFG members. This study shows that initially when the women became involved in pond excavation and dike compaction, as members of the FFGs, most of their men members did not like this. As Bangladesh is a Muslim-dominant country, there is a general idea among men that women should not work outside together with men. However, after a few years, once the success of the women's fish farming activities and marketing became clear, their social status and respect in the society and family increased through their active participation in this process. A total of 23 oxbow lakes in five districts around Jessore, covering 1,400 ha, have been handed over from the Ministry of Land to the Department of Fisheries (DOF). Subsequently, the DoF transferred the user-rights to the beneficiaries for a period of 50 years.