bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polarized nature of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: associations with population age structure and behaviours
Authors: Okumura Junko 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Although the scale of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was relatively small in Japan compared with the rest of the world, the polarisation of areas into high- and low-COVID-19-incidence areas was observed among the 47 prefectures. The aims of this study were not only identifying the factors associated with the polarised COVID-19 pandemic in Japan but also discussing effective preventive measures.

Methods
This was an ecological study using online survey data which was cross-sectionally conducted by the author. A total of 6000 respondents who resided in 10 low- and 10 high-COVID-19 incidence prefectures, with a wide gap in terms of COVID-19 incidence, in Japan were recruited. Data on COVID-19 cases and geodemographic information were obtained from official government sites. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare variables between the two areas and age groups.

Results
This study revealed that that age influenced people’s behaviours and perceptions, except one behaviour of ‘wearing facemasks’. The major factors significantly associated with the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people were ‘commuting by private automobile’ (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.444; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.394–0.501), ‘commuting by public transportation’ (AOR, 6.813; 95% CI, 5.567–8.336), ‘washing hands’ (AOR, 1.233; 95% CI, 1.005–1.511), ‘opening windows regularly’ (AOR, 1.248; 95% CI, 1.104–1.412), ‘avoiding crowded places (AOR, 0.757; 95% CI, 0.641–0.893), ‘non-scheduled visits to drinking places’ (AOR, 1.212; 95% CI, 1.054–1.392) and ‘perceived risk of contracting COVID-19’ (AOR, 1.380; 95% CI, 1.180–1.612). These factors were strongly associated with age groups.

Conclusions
Effective preventive measures for COVID-19 transmission can be developed by understanding the characteristics of populated areas, such as public transportation infrastructure and younger people’s movements and behaviours in relation to the population age structure to contain the current epidemic and protect the most vulnerable elderly people.
Isolation, identification, and study of the genetic diversity between three entomopathogenic nematodes belonging to Heterorhabditis sp. using ISSR technique
Authors: Khashaba Etr H. K. , Abd El Azim Amany M. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are widely used in biological control for soil-dwelling stages of many insect pests that are characterized by their safety to most non-target organisms and to the environment.

Results
The objectives of the present study were isolation of EPNs from agricultural soil in Egypt for further use in biological control programs and study the genetic variation among them using the molecular marker inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Three out of 25 soil samples collected from fields cultivated with strawberry, tangerine, and pumpkin were positive for the presence of EPNs, using the Galleria baiting technique. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region indicated that the isolates obtained belong to Heterorhabditis sp. The ITS sequences were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and registered under accession nos. MH553165, MH553168, and MH553169. Six ISSR primers were used. The numbers of polymorphic bands were 42 out of 56, and the polymorphism percentage was 75%. The highest number of bands was 12 bands generated by primer ISSR8 followed by UBC-809 (11 bands) while recorded the lowest band number (4 bands), the percentage of polymorphism ranged from 40% (ISSR1) to 100% (ISSR6).

Conclusion
ISSR marker can be considered a good marker to study genetic diversity and detecting the genetic polymorphism among the nematodes species.
DeepMal: maliciousness-Preserving adversarial instruction learning against static malware detection
Authors: Yang Chun , Xu Jinghui , Liang Shuangshuang , Wu Yanna , Wen Yu , Zhang Boyang , Meng Dan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOutside the explosive successful applications of deep learning (DL) in natural language processing, computer vision, and information retrieval, there have been numerous Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) based alternatives for common security-related scenarios with malware detection among more popular. Recently, adversarial learning has gained much focus. However, unlike computer vision applications, malware adversarial attack is expected to guarantee malwares’ original maliciousness semantics. This paper proposes a novel adversarial instruction learning technique, DeepMal, based on an adversarial instruction learning approach for static malware detection. So far as we know, DeepMal is the first practical and systematical adversarial learning method, which could directly produce adversarial samples and effectively bypass static malware detectors powered by DL and machine learning (ML) models while preserving attack functionality in the real world. Moreover, our method conducts small-scale attacks, which could evade typical malware variants analysis (e.g., duplication check). We evaluate DeepMal on two real-world datasets, six typical DL models, and three typical ML models. Experimental results demonstrate that, on both datasets, DeepMal can attack typical malware detectors with the mean F1-score and F1-score decreasing maximal 93.94% and 82.86% respectively. Besides, three typical types of malware samples (Trojan horses, Backdoors, Ransomware) prove to preserve original attack functionality, and the mean duplication check ratio of malware adversarial samples is below 2.0%. Besides, DeepMal can evade dynamic detectors and be easily enhanced by learning more dynamic features with specific constraints.
The expression profile of circANKRD36 and ANKRD36 as diagnostic biomarkers of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Rashad Nearmeen M. , Sherif Mohamed H. , El-Shal Amal S. , Abdelsamad Mona A. E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
The molecular mechanisms for chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain largely unknown and appear to be multifactorial. In the current study, we aimed to study the circulatory levels of circular ankyrin repeat domain 36 (circANKRD36) and ANKRD36 in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and CKD and to explore their associations with the progression of CKD. This cross-sectional controlled study enrolled 60 patients with T2DM and 40 controls. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses were used to detect the expression levels of circANKRD36 and ANKRD36.

Results
Our results detected that the relative expression levels of circANKRD36 and ANKRD36 were significantly higher in patients with T2DM compared to controls. CircANKRD36 and ANKRD36 were significantly overexpressed in patients with macroalbuminuria (0.2316±0.096, 0.0086±0.0035, respectively) compared microalbuminuria (0.1347±0.032, 0.0037±0.0008, respectively) as well as normoalbuminuria (0.1261±0.018, 0.0027±0.0004, respectively), p˂0.001*.

Conclusion
The relative expression levels of circANKRD36 and ANKRD36 were significantly increased in patients with T2DM more specifically in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and macroalbuminuria.
EGFR Inhibitors Plus Bevacizumab are Superior Than EGFR Inhibitors Alone as First-Line Setting in Advanced NSCLC With EGFR Mutations and BIM Deletion Polymorphisms (BIM-CLICaP)
Authors: Cardona Andrés F. , Ordóñez-Reyes Camila , Ruiz-Patiño Alejandro , Garcia-Robledo Juan Esteban , Barron Lucia Zatarain , Recondo Gonzalo , Rojas Leonardo , Corrales Luis , Martín Claudio , Barrón Feliciano , Sotelo Carolina , Rodríguez July , Ricaurte Luisa , Rolfo Christian , Ávila Jenny , Mayorga Diana , Archila Pilar , Otero Jorge , Mas Luis , Bermudez Maritza , Gamez Tatiana , Carranza Hernán , Vargas Carlos , Rosell Rafael , Arrieta Oscar 
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE BIM activation is essential for epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)–triggered apoptosis in EGFR-mutant non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A deletion in the intron two of the BIM gene results in generation of alternatively spliced isoforms that impairs their apoptotic response to TKIs, conferring the NSCLC cells intrinsic resistance to these medications. Patients with both alterations have poor clinical evolution. The current study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of EGFR-TKIs plus bevacizumab (Bev) versus EGFR-TKIs alone as first-line treatment in advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations and BIM deletions ( BIMdel). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted. BIMdel was detected using polymerase chain reaction analysis and direct sequencing of DNA. BIM protein expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry, and BIM mRNA levels by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Clinical characteristics, overall survival, progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), and treatment-related adverse events were compared between both groups. RESULTS Thirty-three patients were included; 15 received EGFR-TKIs, and 18 received EGFR-TKIs plus Bev. The median age was 63 years, with a majority of recruited female patients. All included individuals had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score of 2 or less. The addition of Bev resulted in a significantly higher ORR (94.4% v 40%, P > .001). Median PFS was longer with the use of the combination therapy (11.12 v 7.87 months; P = .001). Median overall survival tended to be longer in the EGFR-TKIs plus Bev (30.9 v 25.4 months; P = .06) but failed to reach statistical significance. Response in terms of both partial and complete as well as overall favorably affected PFS. CONCLUSION EGFR-TKIs plus Bev conferred a significantly higher ORR and PFS in advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation and BIMdel. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.
Standard Model and 4-groups
Authors: Miković A. , Vojinović M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We show that a categorical generalization of the the Poincaré symmetry which is based on the n-crossed modules becomes natural and simple when n = 3 and that the corresponding 3-form and 4-form gauge fields have to be a Dirac spinor and a Lorentz scalar, respectively. Hence by using a Poincaré 4-group we naturally incorporate fermionic and scalar matter into the corresponding 4-connection. The internal symmetries can be included into the 4-group structure by using a 3-crossed module based on the

group, so that for

we can include the Standard Model into this categorification scheme.
Influence of gluon behavior on heavy-quark pair production
Authors: Boroun G. R. , Rezaei B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We check the impact of the gluon distribution due to the number of active flavor employed in the calculation of heavy-quark deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) electro-production on the reduced cross-section and structure functions determined in the leading-order (LO) and next-to-leading-order (NLO) quantum chromodynamics (QCD) analysis using the Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA) combined data. The charm and beauty structure functions are determined and compared with the HERA combined data. The results are in good agreement with respect to the experimental data. We also compare the obtained charm and bottom structure functions with the results from CTEQ6.6 (CTEQ Collaboration (Nadolsky P. M.
et al.), Phys. Rev. D, 78 (2008) 013004) and NNPDF3.1 (NNPDF Collaboration (Ball R. D.
et al.), Eur. Phys. J. C, 77, (2017) 663) parameterization models. The effect of gluon density on these calculations depends on the number of active flavor at asymptotical values of the momentum transfer Q
2. Also, in the HERA kinematic range, the ratios

and

are obtained. These results and comparison with the HERA combined data demonstrate that the suggested method can be applied in the analysis of new colliders.
Sex Differences in the Effect of Testosterone on Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance From Overweight to Obese Adults
Authors: Li Xiaohui , Liu Jia , Zhou Biao , Li Yinhui , Wu Zhengyu , Meng Hua , Wang Guang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
Adipose tissue distribution and glucose metabolism differ between men and women. Few studies have investigated sex differences in adipose tissue insulin resistance (adipose-IR). Herein, we investigated sex differences in adipose-IR in adults ranging from overweight to obese and the potential factors associated with sex differences in adipose-IR.

Methods
A total of 424 adults had their body mass index (BMI), adipose-IR, and sex hormones evaluated. Based on BMI, males and females were assigned to 4 groups.

Results
In total, males (n = 156) had higher adipose-IR than females with similar BMI levels (n = 268) (P &lt; 0.05). Adipose-IR progressively increased from overweight to class III obesity in both males and females (all P &lt; 0.0001); however, only in the class III obesity group was the adipose-IR significantly higher in males than in females (P = 0.025). There were significant differences in testosterone between males and females (all P &lt; 0.01); testosterone levels were negatively correlated with adipose-IR (r = -0.333, P &lt; 0.001) in males but positively correlated with adipose-IR (r = 0.216, P &lt; 0.001) in females. For the logistic regression analysis, testosterone was an independent protective factor against adipose-IR in males, with an odds ratio of 0.858 (B = -0.153 [95% CI, 0.743-0.991], P = 0.037).

Conclusions
Adipose-IR reflects the progressive deterioration in adipose tissue insulin sensitivity from overweight to obesity in both males and females. Males with class III obesity have more severe adipose-IR than similarly obese females. The sex difference is associated with testosterone, and low testosterone levels may contribute to more severe adipose-IR in obese males.
Clinical and Genetic Analysis of KATP Variants With Heart Failure Risk in Patients With Decreased Serum ApoA-I Levels
Authors: Liu Cheng , Lai Yanxian , Pei Jingxian , Huang Huiling , Zhan Junfang , Ying Songsong , Shen Yan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Context
Lower serum concentration of apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) is causally associated with heart failure (HF) risk. Adenosine triphosphate–sensitive potassium channels (KATP), as gating channels coupling vascular reactivity and metabolism with ischemic protection, become a new potential target of management for HF. The KATP gene sequence is highly polymorphic and has a high degree of genetic heterogeneity.

Objective
This work aimed to determine whether KATP variants predict the risks of decreased ApoA-I concentration and its related HF.

Methods
A total of 634 individuals, including 317 patients with decreased ApoA-I concentration (&lt; 120 mg/dL) and 317 counterpart participants (≥ 120 mg/dL), were retrospectively selected. Five KATP variants were genotyped through the MassARRAY platform. Exosome-derived microRNAs (exo-miRs) expression profiles were identified by next-generation sequencing, and the top 10 differentially expressed (DE) exo-miRs were verified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a validation cohort of 240 individuals with decreased ApoA-I concentration.

Results
KATP rs141294036 was related to an increased risk of lower ApoA-I levels (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.95, P = .002) and HF incidence (adjusted OR = 2.38, P = .009), especially heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; adjusted OR = 2.13, P = .015). After a median 48.6-month follow-up, participants carrying the CC genotype of rs141294036 were associated with an elevated HF rehospitalization risk (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.91, P = .005). Thirty-six exo-miRs were significantly DE between different genotypes of rs141294036 in participants with lower ApoA-I levels, but only 5 exo-miRs (miR-31-5p, miR-126-5p, miR-106a-5p, miR-378i, and miR-181c-5p) were further confirmed.

Conclusion
KATP rs141294036 was associated with increased risks of lower ApoA-I levels, HF incidence (especially HFpEF), and HF rehospitalization in those with the 5 confirmed exo-miRs and its related metabolic pathways.
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD)—Rather a Bystander Than a Driver of Mortality
Authors: Semmler Georg , Wernly Sarah , Bachmayer Sebastian , Leitner Isabella , Wernly Bernhard , Egger Matthias , Schwenoha Lena , Datz Leonora , Balcar Lorenz , Semmler Marie , Stickel Felix , Niederseer David , Aigner Elmar , Datz Christian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Context
Recently, the novel metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) definition has been introduced.

Objective
To assess the relevance of MAFLD for mortality.

Methods
Single-center cohort-study using colorectal cancer screening program involving 4718 subjects aged 45 to 80 who were grouped according to their body mass index (BMI) and the presence or absence of MAFLD. Mortality was compared among these groups by performing a systematic read-out of the national health insurance system, fatty liver (FL) was diagnosed using ultrasound.

Results
Overall prevalence of FL was 47.9%: 1200 (25.4%) patients were lean (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m2) and did not have MAFLD, 73 (1.5%) patients were lean and had nonalcoholic fatty liver disease but did not fulfill criteria for MAFLD, and 221 (4.7%) patients were lean and fulfilled criteria for MAFLD. Additionally, 1043 (22.1%) and 925 (19.6%) subjects had MAFLD with overweight (BMI 25-30 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), respectively, while 1041 (22.1%) and 215 (4.6%) had overweight and obesity, respectively, without FL. During a median follow-up of 7.5 (interquartile range: 4.0-9.6) years, 278 deaths (5.9%) occurred. Of these, 98 (2.1%) were cancer-related, 65 (1.4%) were cardiovascular, and 17 (0.4%) were liver-related. Overall survival was similar between patient strata (after 5 years: 93.9%-98.2%) with lean MAFLD having the numerically worst survival. Although lean and overweight patients with MAFLD had a numerically worse outcome compared to their non-MAFLD counterparts, this association was driven by age and metabolic comorbidities (predominantly diabetes) rather than the presence of MAFLD.

Conclusion
Presence of MAFLD does not increase mortality in a cohort of individuals aged 45 to 80 years.
“I Want to Know How to Protect Myself without Scaring Our Patients”
Authors: Hower Joseph E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDrawing on union convention proceedings, reports, newspapers, speeches, and internal memoranda, this article uses the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) as a case study to explore organized labor’s response to the HIV/AIDS crisis. One the one hand, it shows that AFSCME eventually embraced an ambitious, two-pronged program that fought both for strong workplace safety measures for its members and against discrimination toward those most affected by HIV/AIDS. On the other, it highlights the ways in which the union’s campaign was constrained by a narrow focus on workplace hazards. Prioritizing workers’ protections over patients’ demands for privacy in diagnosis and treatment, AFSCME ultimately subsumed its rhetorical commitment to working-class solidarity beneath what many members saw as a practical need for somatic surveillance and segregation—marginalizing the very communities that the union claimed to protect.
Cold Blood
Authors: Cheng Jih-Fei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article historicizes viral transmissions through the global supply chain of blood plasma between the United States and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Since the 1941 initiation of plasma donation to serve US armed forces, privately exported US blood products have contributed significantly to a globalized industry, valuing $21 billion in sales by 2017. Although maintaining a blood surplus has been crucial for treating illnesses and traumatic injuries, blood banking has been a source for massive viral transmissions, including HIV and hepatitis C. Examining the news, activism, and state responses to blood-borne outbreaks across the United States and PRC, this essay outlines a constellation of viral infections derived from plasma coerced from US prisoners and PRC rural villagers. Viruses archive the structural violences of the global pharmaceutical and blood biotechnology industries. They point to the cyclical relations between persistent class-based racial and ethnic disparities, technoscientific experimentation, and viral epidemics across polities.
Postnatal expression profiles of atypical cadherin FAT1 suggest its role in autism
Authors: Frei Jeannine A. , Brandenburg Cheryl , Nestor Jonathan E. , Hodzic Didier M. , Plachez Celine , McNeill Helen , Dykxhoorn Derek M. , Nestor Michael W. , Blatt Gene J. , Lin Yu-Chih 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Genetic studies have linked FAT1 (FAT atypical cadherin 1) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, the role that FAT1 plays in ASD remains unknown. In mice, the function of Fat1 has been primarily implicated in embryonic nervous system development with less known about its role in postnatal development. We show for the first time that FAT1 protein is expressed in mouse postnatal brains and is enriched in the cerebellum, where it localizes to granule neurons and Golgi cells in the granule layer, as well as inhibitory neurons in the molecular layer. Furthermore, subcellular characterization revealed FAT1 localization in neurites and soma of granule neurons, as well as being present in the synaptic plasma membrane and postsynaptic densities. Interestingly, FAT1 expression was decreased in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) from individuals with ASD. These findings suggest a novel role for FAT1 in postnatal development and may be particularly important for cerebellum function. As the cerebellum is one of the vulnerable brain regions in ASD, our study warrants further investigation of FAT1 in the disease etiology.
Notes on the synonymy of Myrmecophilus bifasciatus Fischer von Waldheim, 1846 (Orthoptera: Myrmecophilidae)
Authors: Stalling Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Myrmecophilus bifasciatus Fischer von Waldheim, 1846 was originally described based on a single specimen originating from Ukraine. The original description of M. bifasciatuswas evaluated, and compared with specimens of M. acervorum(Panzer, [1799]). The description and the illustration given in the original descriptiondo not indicate any difference between nymphs of those two species. Thus, M.bifasciatus has been recognised as a junior synonym of M. acervorum.