bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More on the boundaries of the Vilniškiai subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitija
Authors: Kardelis Vytautas 
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the question of the boundary of the Vilniškiai subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitija and addresses the problematic issues of its borders and area. On the basis of data accumulated during dialectal expeditions, the article thoroughly examines the boundary between the Vilniškiai and the Uteniškiai subdialects of Eastern Aukštaitija. The research has revealed that the boundary drawn between the Vilniškiai and the Uteniškiai subdielects of Eastern Aukštaitija as presented in dialectological literature to this date is not accurate. The article provides a more exact account of the borders between the two subdialects and draws the boundary between them in the map attached. The key conclusions of the article are as follows:
a) It is necessary to thoroughly research the boundaries between the Vilniškiai subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitija and the Širvintiškiai subdialect of Southern Aukštaitija and Eastern Aukštaitija and to examine the territory in the regions of Kernavė (540), Akmena (524), Troškūnai (525), Sužionys and Skirlėnai.
b) The boundary between the Vilniškiai and the Uteniškiai subdialects of Eastern Aukštaitija (starting with Lakaja) should be drawn as illustrated in the map attached.
c) In comparison to the area that is marked in the “Lietuvių kalbos atlasas” and “Lietuvių kalbos tarmių chrestomatyija” maps, the contemporary subdialect of Vilniškiai should exclude not only the district of Vilnius and the region of Pabradė but also the very North-eastern part situated between Visaginas, Liaudėnai, Tilžė, Turmantas and Smalvai. Separate marking should be carried out on the region of Dieveniškės, i.e. it should me marked as a mixed area.
d) The specification of the boundary of the Vilniškiai subdialect is important for the research of the interaction of dialects as well as the relationship between and dynamics of subdialects and Slavic language variations. If a comprehensive study of the language of all the generations was carried out, perhaps the dynamics of the boundaries of the subdialect would also be slightly different. In this regard as well as taking into account conclusions a) and b), the specified boundaries of the Vilniškiai subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitija should nevertheless be considered preliminary.
Analysis of a few verbs (based on the 16–17th century texts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania)
Authors: Smetonienė Anželika 
Published: March 2021

This article analyses a few borrowed verbs found in the ancient Lithuanian writings of the 16–17th century Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They are: bū̃bnyti, -ija, -ijo ‘to beat a drum, to beat or knock with something; fig. to speak widely', sū̃dyti, -ija, -ijo ‘to investigate a case in court, to judge; to condemn; to solve, consider; to advise', triū̃byti, -ija, -ijo ‘ to blow a trumpet, to tootle; to cry, to shout loudly; to gulp, to guzzle, to slurp. Their cognates bū̃bnas ‘a drum; fig. a bleak place with no grass, a shore, a bank; the colour of (playing) cards, sū̃das ‘a public, state body to consider court cases, a court; court premises; court proceedings; court decision, verdict, punishment; judge; expression of opinion, assessment, triūbà ‘a wooden or metal pipe-shaped wind instrument, a pipe (musical instrument), a horn, trumpet; a pipe; a curb; a chimney pipe; binoculars'. Some Lithuanian suffixes (e.g., -avo-) are more common only in verbs of a foreign origin, whereas -y-/-i- are equally frequent in the composition of Lithuanian derivatives formed from non-borrowed nouns. On the basis of the principles of word formation in Lithuanian and by means a comparison with the Slavic language data, the present article is an attempt to show how such verbs formed from borrowed root segments and the suffixes -y-/-i- can be interpreted. The Slavic language data were obtained from the etymological and historical dictionaries of Old Belarussian, Old Ukrainian, Old Polish, Old Russian and the dictionaries of Belorussian, Ukrainian, Polish, Russian dialects and the Slavic proto-language.
Consonant changes in the Klaipėda region highlanders dialects: the 21th century situation
Authors: Bakšienė Rima 
Published: March 2021

This paper describes the former Klaipėda region Highlanders area (from Smaliniñkai (Jùrbarkas region) to Juknáičiai (Šilùtė region)) dialectal situation and usage characteristics of consonants in the specific habitat in the beginning of the 21st century. Recent observations suggest that most of consonant changes (hardening of consonants, usage of middle l’, aspirated and slightly voiceless voiced consonants and etc.) described in the previous works of dialectologists captured in the beginning of 21st century. In the old local population language the use cases of hard consonants in the positions of iota softening before suffixes and endings appear quite often. Consonant hardening begins at about Viešvilė surrounding area (Jùrbarkas region) and stronger going westward, mostly hardening cases recorded in the central area of descriptive dialects of Rukai, Pagėgiai, Bitėnai. The most common hardened consonants in the positions of iota softness are r, v, n, example: tràktọrùs ~ traktorius ‘tractor’, keturu∙ ~ keturių ‘of four’; daržõ∙vu. ~ daržovių ‘of vegetables’, lietùvu. ~ lietuvių ‘of Lithuanians’; ˈran.kinu ~ rankiniu ‘manual’, žinuõ∙s ~ žinios ‘news’. A much less often consonants hardening occurs in the root, example: trùš’u. ~ triušių ‘of rabbits’, gro∙vi∙s ~ griovys ‘ditch’, suntini ~ siuntinį ‘parcel’. In the dialects of the 21st century “middle” l’, common for Klaipėda residents is systematically preserved. In common position of hard l usage in general language this consonant sounds as soft by ear, example: l’a.pαi ~ lapai ‘leafs’, bl’o.gã.i. ~ blogai ‘bad’, kul’dava ~ kuldavo ‘whacked’. In those positions, where in general language it is normal to pronounce the soft l’, example: in iota softening positions this consonant sounds almost as hard l: kõ∙kl’u∙ ~ koklių ‘of tiles’, kaul’ukùs ~ kauliukus ‘dices’, *š’auluõs ~ Šiauliuose ‘in Šiauliai’. Also other consonant changes occur sometimes in described area: non-motivated softness, aspiration, contraposition neutralization of voiceless and voiced consonants and etc. To be highlighted, as it was earlier as in the presence all described consonant changes are not systematic (are variable) in dialect. Consonant hardening phenomenon is undoubtedly related to the West Lithuanian area of dialects which are characterized by the declination of soft stems.
Lithuanian resultatives in the context of neighbouring Slavic languages
Authors: Riaubienė Benita 
Published: March 2021

Resultative secondary predicates, or resultatives, express the state of a participant of an event as a result of the action denoted by a verb. On the other hand, resultatives bear a semantic relation to the main predicate as well. Due to this fact and due to their encoding by adverbs, Lithuanian resultatives are superficially similar to adverbials. This might be the reason why resultative secondary predicates have for a long time remained unnoticed in Lithuanian linguistics. A boundary between resultatives proper and the so-called pseudo-resultatives has to be drawn in order to get an accurate description of the phenomenon. Pseudo-resultatives are constructions semantically and/or formally resembling resultatives proper but lacking the causative relation between the primary and secondary predications; they can, at best, be treated as belonging to the periphery of the domain of resultatives. As the data of Lithuanian, Russian and Polish resultatives reveals, the three languages share some common features. First, all of them encode the basic result component by means of verbal prefixes, while the secondary predicates only specify the result that is already implied by a verb. Secondly, all languages make use of prepositional phrases including the preposition to as one of the strategies for encoding resultative secondary predication. Besides, Lithuanian and Polish, unlike Russian, generally avoid resultatives based on intransitive verbs (except optionally transitive verbs like eat and drink). However, there are major differences as regards the distribution of to-PPs in the languages. In Lithuanian the use of to-PPs is determined by the lexical aspect of a verb: accomplishments usually do not combine with resultative prepositional phrases, while activities do. Another factor operates in Russian and Polish: to-PPs are used with verbs that emphasize a process leading up to the resulting property, while the verbs that highlight the resulting property as such take resultatives encoded by other strategies. In the former case the resulting property is accumulated as the action proceeds: to load the cart full, to eat oneself full, etc. In the latter case a verb usually implies a bundle of finer-grained properties for which the values have to be set in advance: to paint the car red/green/blue, to cook the egg hard/soft, etc. The difference between the accumulated property and the pre-set value can also be formulated in terms of goal and manner: the accumulated property parallels progressing towards the goal, while the pre-set value resembles the manner in which an action is carried out. Polish and Russian, in turn, also show a difference: the former distinguishes two types of resultatives (expressing a pre-set value and expressing an accumulated property), while the latter in addition has a special type of marking for resultatives like to wipe the table clean which are intermediate between the preset-value and the accumulated-property types.
Dialogue in print advertising messages
Authors: Kazlauskaitė Rūta 
Published: March 2021

The interrelations between the participants of the act of communication are based on a dialogue. Print advertising messages are the way of addressing potential customers (addressee). Advertisers (addresser) aim to induce consumers’ desire to have a suggested product or service, to obtain it. To make advertising effective the conversation between close people is imitated, means of expression characteristic to colloquial speech and usual for everyone are used.The article deals with the forms and peculiarities of the dialogue that is actualized in print advertising messages. The statements of one speaker (usually it is the addresser), i. e. cues, can be unexpressed, unspoken, but they are crucial, because they condition the content and form of the expressed (second collocutor’s) speech – in this case a dialogical monologue is used. The participant of the dialogue – the addresser – speaks on his/her behalf or indirectly through the characters of the advertisements.In advertising messages three types of dialogue are actualized: 1. imitated dialogue between an addresser and an addressee – it is composed of questions and answers; 2. direct address of the speaker (addresser) expressed in a monologue; 3. hidden address of the speaker (addresser) expressed in the speech of the characters of the advertisement: monologues and dialogues.Dialogues show that those who suggest the product present themselves as solvers of everyday life problems, order makers, providers and promoters of welfare and satisfaction. They are helpful and kind people caring for the consumers of the product and close to them in various nice features.The main means of expression of the dialogue – addresses and forms of imperative mood (by which the straightforward urge to buy is expressed) or the forms of the pronouns tu, jūs, mes (you singular, you plural, we) and the present tense (by which the advertiser’s intentions are concealed).
The semantic and structural properties of modal markers in old Lithuanian writings (the 16th century)
Authors: Jasionytė-Mikučionienė Erika 
Published: March 2021

The present study examines the expression of modality in the 16th century texts of Old Lithuanian, namely in Jonas Bretkūnas’ Postilė (1591) and Mikalojus Daukša’s Postilė (1599). The aim of the study is to compile the inventory of the modal markers and to give a description of semantic as well as structural features of the modals in the selected old Lithuanian writings. The results show that although the range of modal markers in the 16th century is wide and varied, the expressions of non-epistemic modality are more diverse than the expressions of epistemic modality. The former are expressed by the verbs reikėti ‘need to’, turėti ‘have to’, pareiti(s(i)) ‘have to’, gauti ‘get’, derėti ‘ought to’, the constructions būti privalu ‘be obligatory’ and būti valnu ‘be allowed’, while the latter are expressed by the adverb veikiai (veikiaus) ‘soon’ and the verbal form regis ‘it seems/seemingly’, etc. The greater variety of non-epistemic markers could have been determined by two factors. One of the factors may be that epistemic meanings were not as developed as non-epistemic meanings in the 16th century (it is compatible with the universal development of non-epistemic meaning into epistemic meaning in other languages). The other factor may be connected with the type of texts under study. Deontic meaning prevails in the 16th century texts due to their religious character. They instruct the reader how to follow God‘s commandments and thus live according to God‘s will.
NAMAS ‘house’ and NAMAI ‘home’ in the Lithuanian Language and Culture
Authors: Rutkovska Kristina 
Published: March 2021

The Lithuanian picture of house/home is deeply rooted in folk tradition – the ideal home is the rural home of a person’s childhood. In Lithuanian, there are two expressions that are used to designate the concept, the singular namas – which dictionaries tersely define as a building – and the plural namai, which stands for a broader space and a family staying together. The author discusses synonyms (and quasi-synonyms), antonyms (accenting the opposition between familiarity and strangeness), derivatives and collocations of these words. She reports the results of a questionnarie, which show that namas/namai is often mythicised as a paradise on earth, with the important motif of returning home. Proverbs keep guard over patriarchal relations in the family and portray home as a stronghold. Journalistic texts introduce the concept of a cosmopolitan home, open to the world. The features of the Lithuanian base picture of namas/namai are discussed according to the basic semantic aspects: social, psychosocial (sacralisation of home), mental, physical and functional (home as a shelter protecting individuals from the strange world they fear). Two profiles of the Lithuanian home are identified in the study: a romantic rustic profile grounded in the lasting relationship with the family, and a European, intelligentsia profile located wherever there are (any) people.
The expression of humour in print advertising
Authors: Jurgaitytė Irma 
Published: March 2021

By means of any communication of advertising, it is striven to draw an addressee’s attention, to interest him/her, and, finally, to determine the self-determination to purchase the item or to use the advertised service. In order to achieve the aim, humour is often used. This is an ability to notice funny phenomena of reality, gaiety, tolerant, without hurting derision: being a specific means of communication, it creates a pleasant and positive microclimate of communication. In the advertisements of emotional nature it is not attempted to present constructive and logically grounded information, but it is appealed to a person’s emotions. The language of emotions is close to spoken language, so spoken language actualized in the texts of advertising creates the illusion of direct contact and personality, enhances the interest and promotes an addressee to react. The article analyses linguistic humour expression of print advertising. The descriptive and semantic analysis methods employed in the research helped to analyse and discuss the characteristic means of spoken language which are used to create quips, language plays. It was determined that in print advertising the situation of dialogue is actualized. It is supported with words denoting emotions inherent to spoken language – such words are unexpected and so often witty. The expression of humour is different, but often the usual lexical means are employed: diminutives, neologisms, and jargons. Humour is usually created on the basis of word play, personification and irony, it is often strengthened with silent language – non-verbal language elements covering postures, grimaces, and colours.
(Im)politeness in the discourse on crime: naming of offender
Authors: Jakimovienė Sigita 
Published: March 2021

By focusing on the study of naming of an offender in the media in one particular case when father killed his two children in Saviečiai, this paper provides a perspective on the discourse on crime as the discourse governed by the strategies of impoliteness. The face management theory (Brown and Levinson 1978, 1987) and the insight of face attacking acts (Austin 1987) is considered here to be generally useful for the analyses of the discourse on crime which is, as a rule, about negatively evaluated persons and their actions. Having analysed 46 crime reports in the Lithuanian media published in the period of one month on January 2016, 36 different nominal references of the offender have been found. The results reveal that the level of politeness in the discourse on crime can be assessed considering the naming of an offender. In this discourse the naming of the offender is performed mainly as face attacking acts: 1) a naming word has a negative emotional evaluation or is an obvious insult or nickname which might be considered as a dysphemism (vaikžudys, smurtautojas, skriaudikas, žudikas, siaubūnas, antžmogis, monstras, budelis, išgama, degradas, navikas, alkoholikas, girtuoklis, chuliganas); 2) neutral naming words (vyras, tėvas, A. Beras, etc.) are modified by means of extended attributes that indicate the crime and the victims, the location of the crime. In fact, it often expresses a straightforward negative assessment. This type of naming of the offender with an additional indication of the time of the offense, the date of birth of the offender, the age and sex of the victims, is voluminous (up to 25 words) in this discourse. Such a naming becomes like a brief statement or a story in itself. Developing a discourse on this crime, this type of naming is continuously employed as if there were fears that readers won’t identify the offender. Such a naming or even a nickname substitutes the proper name of the offender in the titles of the articles. The term suspect, which might soften the assertiveness of a statement, is rarely used. The results disclose that to speak negatively in the media articles about crime (to use nicknames, insults, to emphasize the negativity and criticism, to lie in order to make an impression of the negativity) is the norm, so the discourse on crime can be seen as a discourse, allowing the strategies of impoliteness.
Evaluation of dialectal speech in PAPRŪSĖ region: investigation of Vištytis habitat in the beginning of the twenty-first century
Authors: Bakšienė Rima 
Published: March 2021

Vištytis habitat belongs to the western part of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The border of East Prussia has been in this area, so these environs until are often called as paprūsė region. There is described location of Vištytis habitat in the Lithuanian dialect classification, specific features and dialectal attitudes of speakers in the beginning of the twenty-first century. The results of this research are discussed in comparing to other similar studies of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The investigation revealed that the speakers of Vištytis sub-dialect tend to consider local speech variant as standard Lithuanian language. The local speech was evaluated by the speakers as partially non-correct, but attractive. This attitude was mostly determined by aspects of intelligibility and conventionality of the local speech code. Evaluation of dialectal speech in Vištytis habitat for the most part coincides with common self–evaluation pattern of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The short linguistic distance to standard language, fairly high prestige of dialectal speech and the same language code in all linguistic situations are most representative characteristics of this pattern.
Conceptualisation of truth in lexicographic resources. Systemic data analysis
Authors: Snukiškienė Irena 
Published: March 2021

The article presents Lithuanian linguistic cultural image of Truth (Tiesa) reconstructed from lexicographic data. The analysis of the lexicographic definitions of this lexeme in Lithuanian dictionaries (The Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, the dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms and Lithuanian etymological sources) distinguishes two main aspects of its meaning: (1) archaic, associated with jurisdiction, when Truth also meant law, justice and court, and (2) contemporary, used in modern Lithuanian, when Truth is explained though its classical correspondence definition: truth is what corresponds to the reality. Therefore, two semantic levels are distinguished: synchronic and diachronic. The diachronic level analysis shows the semantic development of the word, the specification of its meaning (the loss of the primary judicial meaning), and the synchronic analysis shows that truth in Lithuanian language is a very complex and contradictory concept, containing numerous connotative meanings and semantic shades. The analysis of lexicographic data presents the following linguistic cultural image of Lithuanian Truth: it is a value which is honourable and sacred, unconcealable; on the one hand it possesses many positive aspects, such as courage and the ability to save the world, on the other hand, it is hardly distinguished from lie, very obscure and unfair, may not be integral and is often unpleasant. It is social and religious honesty, directness, avoiding intentional and unintentional deviation. Truth cannot be contrived or human-created.
Survival of Ventilated Extremely Premature Neonates With Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors: McCauley Kortany E. , Carey Elise C. , Weaver Amy L. , Mara Kristin C. , Clark Reese H. , Carey William A. , Collura Christopher A. 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND:
Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a leading mortality risk factor among extremely premature neonates. Because other life-threatening conditions also occur in this population, it is unclear whether severe IVH is independently associated with death. The existence and potential implications of regional variation in severe IVH–associated mortality are unknown.

METHODS:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of mechanically ventilated neonates born at 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation who received care in 242 American NICUs between 2000 and 2014. After building groups composed of propensity score–matched and center-matched pairs, we used the Cox proportional hazards analysis to test our hypothesis that severe IVH would be associated with greater all-cause in-hospital mortality, defined as death before transfer or discharge. We also performed propensity score–matched subgroup analyses, comparing severe IVH–associated mortality among 4 geographic regions of the United States.

RESULTS:
In our analysis cohort, we identified 4679 patients with severe IVH. Among 2848 matched pairs, those with severe IVH were more likely to die compared with those without severe IVH (hazard ratio 2.79; 95% confidence interval 2.49–3.11). Among 1527 matched pairs still hospitalized at 30 days, severe IVH was associated with greater risk of death (hazard ratio 2.03; 95% confidence interval 1.47–2.80). Mortality associated with severe IVH varied substantially between geographic regions.

CONCLUSIONS:
The early diagnosis of severe IVH is independently associated with all-cause in-hospital mortality in extremely premature neonates. Regional variation in severe IVH–associated mortality suggests that shared decision-making between parents and neonatologists is strongly influenced by ultrasound-based IVH assessment and classification.