bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION DOSE FROM INHALATION OF OUTDOOR DUST CONTAINING NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES
Authors: Hanfi Mohamed Y , Yarmoshenko Ilia V , Zhukovsky Michael V 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The 238U, 232Th and 40K concentrations were estimated in the size-fractionated urban surface deposited sediments in Ekaterinburg, Russia. The average concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in dust fraction (0.002–0.05 mm) are 48 ± 7, 28 ± 1 and 510 ± 20 Bq/kg, respectively. The effective dose is estimated depending on the suggested daily scenarios of different exercises which can be assigned to light, moderate and vigorous activity. The results show that the total effective dose received during 20 years by an adult with the light activity is 5.6 μSv under exposure to air dust concentration 1 × 10−4 g/m3, which is typical for the city of Ekaterinburg. Although for the moderate and vigorous activities the total effective dose is 9.9 μSv and 48.8 μSv, respectively, during 20 years at air dust concentration equal to the diurnal Maximum Permissible Limit (1.5 × 10−4 g/m3). Thus, the effective doses due to natural radionuclides in the dust fraction are relatively low in comparison ICRP reference level.
Varieties of neoliberalism: courts, competition paradigms and the Atlantic divide in anti-trust
Authors: Foster Chase 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEuropean anti-monopoly rules are now more intensively enforced than those in the USA, in contrast to the historical pattern. In this article, I evaluate the reasons why, using a combination of historical analysis of legal developments and empirical analysis of the pattern of enforcement and judicial review. Transatlantic differences in economic interests, business power, and the relative influence of economists cannot fully account for the policy divide. American and European anti-trust policy are structured by distinct competition paradigms, which have been institutionalized by courts through case law. In the USA, a laissez-faire jurisprudential regime has blocked or discouraged anti-monopoly enforcement. In Europe, an ordoliberal jurisprudential regime has facilitated a more intensive enforcement program. In highlighting how case law structures regulatory paradigms, the analysis shows that courts can contribute to both ideational continuity and change in economic policy.
Comparing ecological momentary assessment to sensor-based approaches in predicting dietary lapse
Authors: Crochiere Rebecca J , Zhang Fengqing (Zoe) , Juarascio Adrienne S , Goldstein Stephanie P , Thomas J Graham , Forman Evan M 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEcological momentary assessment (EMA; brief self-report surveys) of dietary lapse risk factors (e.g., cravings) has shown promise in predicting and preventing dietary lapse (nonadherence to a dietary prescription), which can improve weight loss interventions. Passive sensors also can measure lapse risk factors and may offer advantages over EMA (e.g., objective, automatic, semicontinuous data collection), but currently can measure only a few lapse predictors, a notable limitation. This study preliminarily compared the burden and accuracy of commercially available sensors versus established EMA in lapse prediction. N = 23 adults with overweight/obesity completed a 6-week commercial app-based weight loss program. Participants wore a Fitbit, enabled GPS tracking, completed EMA, and reported on EMA and sensor burden poststudy via a 5-point Likert scale. Sensed risk factors were physical activity and sleep (accelerometer), geolocation (GPS), and time, from which 233 features (measurable characteristics of sensor signals) were extracted. EMA measured 19 risk factors, lapse, and categorized GPS into meaningful geolocations. Two supervised binary classification models (LASSO) were created: the sensor model predicted lapse with 63% sensitivity (true prediction rate of lapse) and 60% specificity (true prediction rate of non-lapse) and EMA model with 59% sensitivity and 72% specificity. EMA model accuracy was higher, but self-reported EMA burden (M = 2.96, SD = 1.02) also was higher (M = 1.50, SD = 0.94). EMA model accuracy was superior, but EMA burden was higher than sensor burden. Findings highlight the promise of sensors in contributing to lapse prediction, and future research may use EMA, sensors, or both depending on prioritization of accuracy versus participant burden.
Testicular Volume in Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia in Uyo, a South-South Nigerian City
Authors: Okorie Obasi Onwuka , Eyong Michael Eteng , Ekrikpo Udeme Ekpenyong , Ekanem Emmanuel Eyo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionSickle cell anaemia (SCA) often presents in early childhood with repeated vaso-occlusive crisis that leads to ischaemia, infarction and fibrosis which may result in a reduction in expected testicular volume (TV) at puberty.MethodThis was a cross-sectional study of 95 children with SCA aged 1–18 years compared with 95 age-matched controls. Participants responded to an interviewer-administered questionnaire, with their anthropometric measurements taken, pubertal maturity assessed by Tanner staging and testicular ultrasonography done. Changes in TV across the ages were compared graphically and regression analyses were used to determine the factors independently associated with TV. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsIn the prepubertal period, the haemoglobin SS (HbSS) participants had larger median ultrasound TV (MUSTV) compared to the haemoglobin AA (HbAA) controls (p = 0.001). This trend reversed in the pubertal period. On regression analysis, the frequency of testicular pain (p = 0.04), weight (p = 0.02) and pubic hair rating (p = 0.03) of the HbSS participants were significant predictors of increased TVs in the HbSS participants, irrespective of pubertal status.ConclusionThe prepubertal MUSTV of the HbSS participants were higher than those of the HbAA controls, while the HbAA controls had higher MUSTV at puberty and beyond. The frequency of testicular pain episodes, pubic hair rating and weight were independent predictors of TV changes in the HbSS participants. Prevention of repeated vaso-occlusive crisis in the prepubertal period may help prevent the reduction in TV and possible hypogonadism.Lay summarySickle cell anaemia (SCA) causes repeated episodes of painful crisis and in boys, these may affect the way their testes grow. The study set out to document testicular sizes on a one-time basis in boys aged 1–18 years with SCA compared with controls of similar ages. The participants responded to structured questions assisted by the researchers and their body measurements were appropriately taken. Their level of sexual maturation was assessed according to the method by Tanner and the sizes of their testes were measured using an ultrasound machine. The research information was analysed and a statistical value less than 0.05 was taken to mean that there was a difference between the measured variables. The mid-testicular sizes of the SCA participants were noted to be higher than that of their controls during the prepubertal period while the non-SCA boys had higher sizes from puberty onwards. The frequency of testicular pain, weight and pubic hair stage of the SCA boys were important contributors to their increased testes sizes, irrespective of pubertal status. Efforts aimed at preventing painful crisis should start during early childhood to forestall future sexual challenges in adulthood.
Community-based entomological surveillance in three Chagas disease-endemic regions in sub-Andean Bolivia
Authors: Rojas-Cortez Mirko , Pinazo Maria-Jesus , Gascon Joaquim , Gamarra Enzo , Grageda Rosse Mary , Fernandez Rene , Rueda Eduardo , Pinto Jimy , Anzoleaga Helmut Magne , Caballero Yurly Escobar , Urioste Gloria Sandy , Sanchez Jareth , Saravia Ruth , Castellon Mario , Garcia Wilson , Daza Lourdes Ortiz , Mur Isabel Gonzales , Lozano Daniel , Carvalho-Costa Filipe Anibal , Monteiro Fernando Araújo , Torrico Faustino 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Chagas disease is endemic throughout most of Bolivia, with prevalence rates of 25% observed in some geographic areas located mainly in the sub-Andean region.

Methods
Community-based entomological surveillance was carried out in the sub-Andean departments of Cochabamba (municipalities of Cochabamba, Punata and Sacaba), Tarija (municipality of Tarija) and Chuquisaca (municipality of Sucre). The surveillance parameters evaluated were: (i) the proportion of cards with the presence of triatomines; (ii) the distribution of positive cards by area; and (iii) the proportion of cards with the presence of infected triatomines.

Results
Of the cards returned, in 852 (3.1%) there was a mention of the presence of triatomines. The species Triatoma infestans, Triatoma sordida and Triatoma guasayana were identified in 812 (95.3%), 39 (4.6%) and 1 (0.1%), respectively. The median monthly positivity rate of the cards during 2011-2018 was higher in Punata (9.1%; IQR=3.2–15.4%). The median monthly rate was highest in 2012 (2.7%; IQR=0–5.6%). Fifty positive cards (5.8%) presented insects that were positive for trypanosomatids, mainly in Cochabamba and Punata.

Conclusions
The report of triatomines foci by inhabitants represents an effective surveillance system coordinated by a network of specialized and multidisciplinary health centers. These strategies, which should be included in the health policies of endemic countries, enable extending and deepening the dialogue among technicians, communities and their local authorities.
Uncovering the genetic diversity within the Aedes notoscriptus virome and isolation of new viruses from this highly urbanised and invasive mosquito
Authors: Pyke Alyssa T , Shivas Martin A , Darbro Jonathan M , Onn Michael B , Johnson Petrina H , Crunkhorn Andrew , Montgomery Ivan , Burtonclay Peter , Jansen Cassie C , van den Hurk Andrew F 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Australian backyard mosquito, Aedes notoscriptus, is a highly urbanised pest species that has invaded New Zealand and the USA. Importantly, Ae. notoscriptus has been implicated as a vector of Ross River virus, a common and arthritogenic arbovirus in Australia, and is a laboratory vector of numerous other pathogenic viruses, including West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. To further explore live viruses harboured by field populations of Ae. notoscriptus and, more specifically, assess the genetic diversity of its virome, we processed 495 pools, comprising a total of 6,674 female Ae. notoscriptus collected across fifteen suburbs in Brisbane, Australia, between January 2018 and May 2019. Nine virus isolates were recovered and characterised by metagenomic sequencing and phylogenetics. The principal viral family represented was Flaviviridae. Known viruses belonging to the genera Flavivirus, Orbivirus, Mesonivirus, and Nelorpivirus were identified together with two novel virus species, including a divergent Thogoto-like orthomyxovirus and an insect-specific flavivirus. Among these, we recovered three Stratford virus (STRV) isolates and an isolate of Wongorr virus (WGRV), which for these viral species is unprecedented for the geographical area of Brisbane. Thus, the documented geographical distribution of STRV and WGRV, both known for their respective medical and veterinary importance, has now been expanded to include this major urban centre. Phylogenies of the remaining five viruses, namely, Casuarina, Ngewotan, the novel Thogoto-like virus, and two new flavivirus species, suggested they are insect-specific viruses. None of these viruses have been previously associated with Ae. notoscriptus or been reported in Brisbane. These findings exemplify the rich genetic diversity and viral abundance within the Ae. notoscriptus virome and further highlight this species as a vector of concern with the potential to transmit viruses impacting human or animal health. Considering it is a common pest and vector in residential areas and is expanding its global distribution, ongoing surveillance, and ecological study of Ae. notoscriptus, together with mapping of its virome and phenotypic characterisation of isolated viruses, is clearly warranted. Immanently, these initiatives are essential for future understanding of both the mosquito virome and the evolution of individual viral species.
3Digital Humanities
Authors: Eccles Kathryn 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines material published in the field of digital humanities in 2020. It begins with an article in Digital Humanities Quarterly by a group of early-career scholars taking a novel approach to understanding the field, using topic modelling to query a dataset of definitions of digital humanities. The article brings into focus the proliferation of texts in this area, and the extent to which this ongoing discourse impinges on those, particularly early-career, scholars seeking to enter the field. It also observes the upsurge in writing about the lack of diversity and inclusion in the digital humanities, making the arrival of Catherine D’Ignazio and Lauren F. Klein’s Data Feminism all the more welcome. This hugely important text offers an intersectional approach to the study of historical and contemporary social and cultural data, urging scholars to take up their seven principles for uncovering the ways in which power can be uncovered, examined, analysed, and challenged. They offer a vision of what data justice could look like in theory and in practice. Richard Jean So’s Redlining Culture: A Data History of Racial Inequality and Postwar Fiction takes just such an approach to the analysis of literary culture in post-war America. Using an incisive combination of data science and traditional literary scholarly methods, So paints a compelling picture of the persistence of whiteness in literary culture, analysing the whole cycle of literary production to uncover the ways in which power moves through the system.
Radial nerve injury causes long-lasting forelimb sensory impairment and motor dysfunction in rats
Authors: Adcock Katherine S. , Hulsey Daniel R. , Danaphongse Tanya , Haider Zainab , Morrison Robert A. , Kilgard Michael P. , Hays Seth A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract:

Introduction:
Peripheral nerve injury is a common cause of lifelong disability in the United States. Although the etiology varies, most traumatic nerve injuries occur in the upper limb and include damage to the radial nerve. In conjunction with the well-described effects of peripheral damage, nerve injuries are accompanied by changes in the central nervous system. A comprehensive understanding of the functional consequences of nerve injury is necessary to develop new therapeutic interventions.

Objectives:
We sought to characterize changes in sensory and motor function and central neurophysiology after radial nerve injury in rats.

Methods:
To evaluate somatosensory function in the forelimb, we assessed mechanical withdrawal threshold, spontaneous forelimb use, and cold sensitivity in rats 10 and 16 weeks after radial nerve injury. To evaluate motor function, we assessed performance on a forelimb supination task for up to 16 weeks after nerve injury. Physiological changes in the motor and somatosensory cortex were assessed using intracortical microstimulation and multiunit recordings, respectively.

Results:
Our results indicate that radial nerve injury causes long-lasting sensory and motor dysfunction. These behavioral deficits are accompanied by abnormal cortical activity in the somatosensory and motor cortex.

Conclusion:
Our results provide a novel characterization of functional deficits that are consistent with the clinical phenotype in patients with radial nerve injury and provide a framework for future studies to evaluate potential interventions.
Impact of CYP2D6 Polymorphism on Equilibrium Concentration of Fluoxetine in Patients Diagnosed With Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbid Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Zastrozhin Mikhail S. , Skryabin Valentin Y. , Petukhov Alexey E. , Pankratenko Ekaterina P. , Grishina Elena A. , Ryzhikova Kristina A. , Torrado Marco V. , Shipitsyn Valery V. , Bryun Evgeny A. , Sychev Dmitry A. 
Published: September 2021

Introduction:
Fluoxetine is used in the treatment of patients with recurrent depressive disorder. Some of these patients do not achieve an adequate response to a treatment regimen containing fluoxetine, and many of these patients experience dose-dependent adverse drug reactions. The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6 is involved in the biotransformation of fluoxetine, the activity of which is quite dependent on the polymorphism of the gene encoding this enzyme.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of the 1846G>A polymorphism of the CYP2D6 gene on the concentration/dose indicator of fluoxetine in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder and comorbid alcohol use disorder.

Methods:
Our study included 101 patients with major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorder (average age: 41.3±14.5 y) who were treated with fluoxetine at an average dose of 26.1±8.7 mg/d. Treatment efficacy was assessed using validated psychometric scales, and the safety/tolerability of the therapy was assessed using the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser Side-Effect Rating Scale. Genotyping was done using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Therapeutic drug monitoring was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Results:

CYP2D6 genotyping by polymorphic marker 1846G>A (rs3892097) in the 101 patients found that there were 81 patients (80.2%) with the GG genotype (“wild-type,” normal metabolism), 20 (19.8%) with the GA genotype (intermediate metabolism), and no subjects with the AA genotype (poor metabolism). Statistically significant results in treatment efficacy as evaluated by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores at the end of the treatment course were found: GG 9.0 [confidence interval (CI): 6.0; 12.0] and GA 12.0 (CI: 9.5; 14.0), P=0.005. Statistically significant results were also obtained for the safety profile as measured by scores on the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser Side-Effect Rating Scale: GG 3.0 (CI 2.0; 4.0) and GA 5.0 (CI: 4.0; 5.0), P<0.001. Finally, a statistically significant difference was found in concentration/dose indicators of fluoxetine in patients with the different genotypes: GG 4.831 (CI: 3.654; 6.204) and GA 7.011 (CI: 5.431; 8.252), P<0.001.

Conclusion:
The effect of the genetic polymorphism of the CYP2D6 gene on the efficacy and safety profiles of fluoxetine was demonstrated in a group of 101 patients with major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorder.
Association between Positive Airway Pressure Adherence and Healthcare Costs
Authors: An Jaejin , Glick Henry A. , Sawyer Amy M. , Arguelles Jessica , Bae Charles J. , Chen Aiyu , Keenan Brendan T. , Kuna Samuel T. , Maislin Greg , Mazzotti Diego R. , Pack Allan I. , Shi Jiaxiao M. , Watach Alexa J. , Hwang Dennis 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on healthcare costs is uncertain.Research QuestionAre three-year healthcare costs associated with PAP adherence in participants from the Tele-OSA clinical trial?Study Design and MethodsParticipants with OSA and prescribed PAP in the Tele-OSA study were stratified into three PAP adherence groups based on usage patterns over three years: (a) high (consistently ≥ 4 hours/night); (b) moderate (2-3.9 hours/night or inconsistently ≥ 4 hours/night); (c) low (<2 hours/night). Using data from three months of the Tele-OSA trial and 33 months of post-trial follow-up, average healthcare costs (2020 US dollars) in six-month intervals were derived from electronic health records and analyzed using multivariable generalized linear models.ResultsOf 543 participants, 25% were categorized as having high adherence, 22% moderate adherence, and 52% low adherence to PAP therapy. Average (standard deviation) PAP use was 6.5 (1.0) hours, 3.7 (1.2) hours, and 0.5 (0.5) hours for the high, moderate, and low adherence groups, respectively. The high adherence group had the lowest average [standard error] covariate-adjusted six-month healthcare costs ($3,162 [$240]) compared with the moderate ($3,658 [$369]) and low ($4,016 [$315]) adherence groups. Significant cost savings were observed between the high and low adherence groups ($854 [95% CI $158, $1,551]); savings between moderate and low adherence were non-significant ($359 [95% CI -$459, $1,176]).InterpretationIn participants with OSA, better PAP adherence was associated with significantly lower healthcare costs over three years. Findings support the importance of strategies to enhance long-term PAP adherence.
A population-specific missense variant rs1597000001 inCETPpromotes a favorable lipid profile and reduces CETP activity
Authors: Moors Jaye , Krishnan Mohanraj , Sumpter Nick , Takei Riku , Bixley Matt , Cadzow Murray , Major Tanya J. , Phipps-Green Amanda , Topless Ruth , Merriman Marilyn , Rutledge Malcolm , Morgan Ben , Carlson Jenna C. , Zhang Jerry Z. , Russell Emily M. , Sun Guangyun , Cheng Hong , Weeks Daniel E. , Naseri Take , Sefuiva Reupena Muagututi‘a , Viali Satupa‘itea , Tuitele John , Hawley Nicola L. , Deka Ranjan , McGarvey Stephen T. , de Zoysa Janak , Murphy Rinki , Dalbeth Nicola , Stamp Lisa , Taumoepeau Mele , King Frances , Wilcox Philip , McCormick Sally , Minster Ryan L. , Merriman Tony R. , Leask Megan 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTSequencing ofCETPin Māori and Pacific peoples identified a common (MAF ∼2.4%-5.4%) population-specific missense variant (rs1597000001,CETP:c.530C>T p.Pro177Leu) that associates with higher HDL-C levels ([95% CI 0.211; 0.260]) and lower LDL-C ([95% CI -0.209; -0.058]). In a subsample of the study cohort (n = 11), heterozygous carriers of the population-specific variant had lower plasma CETP activity (P= 0.028). Our study identifies a population-specific missense variant inCETPwhich lowers CETP activity with an effect on HDL-C that is comparable to MendelianCETPloss-of-function mutations.