bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The vulnerability of reef fishes to environmental exposure in Komodo National Park and its surrounding waters
Authors: Oktaviani D , Sulaiman P S , Puspasari R 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Komodo National Park (KNP) is administratively located in the Komodo district, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The geographical position is connected to the coast of the Flores Sea and the Indian Ocean. Fishing is the main livelihood for approximately 13% of the district population. There are 60 reef fish species found in the area, and small scale fishers were mostly operated to support their livelihood. This study aims to determine the vulnerability of five high-value reef fish species to environmental exposure, i.e., Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepède, 1802); Variola louti (Forsskål, 1775); Epinephelus fuscogutattus (Forsskål, 1775); Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801); and Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775). The observation was carried out during 2019. The analysis was performed by the method for assessing the vulnerability of marine fish and shellfish species to a changing climate. The approach consisted of sensitivity attribute and exposure factor based on reasonable time series data availability. The results indicated that the vulnerability indices of P. leopardus, V. louti, and E. fuscoguttatus to aquatic environment variabilities were high. This means that the three populations are strongly influenced by environmental conditions on the coral reef ecosystem. The vulnerability indices of L. malabaricus and L. gibbus to the aquatic environment variables were moderate or sufficiently affected by environmental conditions to the coral reef ecosystem. One should be considered that these findings with the data-quality scoring at a category 2 and 3 or limited data to adequate data. These indices showed that necessary to manage and protect the marine and coastal ecosystems of Komodo National Park and its surroundings from anthropogenic pressures and adapt to environmental exposure factors. This should be supported by the identification of grouper and snapper spawning aggregation areas in the National Park.
Analysis of water pollution in microbiology aspect of some watersheds at Ambon City, Maluku Province
Authors: Kaihena M , Talakua C M , Pagaya J , Talakua S M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This research aims to study the factors that affect water pollution and the difference in water pollution microbiology at several watersheds in Ambon City. This research used the sample of well water and river water at Wai Ila, Wai Batu Merah, and Wai Ruhu watersheds. The sample obtained was analyzed using the method of determining MPN and water pollution method. The data obtained were analyzed with the use of regression - correlation test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The correlation and regression test indicates the factors which affect the pollution of well water from microbiological aspects in terms of the number of coliform bacteria and E. coli is the factor of the utilization of the well, the distance to the well, septic tank and its structure, the frequency of cleaning wells and income level, with P-value in the ANOVA of 0.049. While the factors that affect water pollution of the river from the aspect of microbiology are the population, average income head of the family, absence of livestock farming, and sanitation around the river, with a P-value in ANOVA of 0.050. One Way ANOVA test results against the average number of coliform and E.coli in river Wai Ila, Wai Batu Merah, and Wai Ruhu watersheds shows there is a significant difference between the pollution from the aspect of environmental microbiology especially the number of bacteria coliform and E.coli in river water of the three watersheds with P-value value each of 0.048 and 0.028 (a < 0.05).
Lactic acid bacteria profile isolated from “laor” worms (Polychaeta) fresh from Lawena Beach, Ambon Maluku
Authors: Mailoa M N , Sormin R B D , Leiwakabessy J , Wattimena M L 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the characteristics of lactic acid bacterial isolates (LAB) from fresh laor worms. LAB isolation was carried out by using a multilevel dilution technique with 0.9% NaCl diluent then grown on MRS Agar media with 1% CaCO3 added and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. This research was using descriptive methods of morphological characterization and biochemical tests on LAB isolates. The total LAB on fresh laor worms was 6.8 x 104-7.4 x104 CFU/g. The morphological and biochemical characterization showed that LAB isolates were three categories: round colony shape, small size, milky white color with convex elevation, round cell shape, short chain (isolate Bl 6); short stem cell shape (isolate Bl 2, Bl 3, Bl 4); the form of short chain stem cells (isolate Bl 3). The catalase test interpretation of the isolates showed a negative results and the Gram staining showed LAB isolates were Gram positive. Two genera of lactic acid bacteria were suspected as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus.
‘I’ll Get You, Tom and Jerry. And That Little Dog, Too!’: Adaptation, Transmedia, and Franchise Management in theTom and JerryandWizard of OzCrossovers
Authors: McGowan David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article will offer a close reading of two Warner Bros. direct-to-video animated features—Tom and Jerry & the Wizard of Oz (2011) and Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016)—as an example of the transmedia tendencies of studios in the conglomerate era. Although The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Tom and Jerry were originally MGM productions, the modern distribution of these works provides an insight into the complicated post-‘Golden Age’ trajectories of studio archives. Ted Turner’s brief takeover of MGM in the mid-1980s stripped the studio of many of its assets, while the merger of Turner’s company with Warner Bros. in 1996 brought these MGM properties under Warner control. The Tom and Jerry/Wizard of Oz crossover films heavily reference the 1939 MGM movie (the songs, the ruby slippers, and so on)—something that other adaptations of Baum’s novels have not been permitted to do. This paper will suggest that these new extensions of old brands subtly rewrite MGM’s industrial history in favour of establishing them as Warner Bros. franchises, while also re-establishing the brand identity of the 1939 film at a time where Oz adaptations are facing greater competition, particularly from the successful stage musical Wicked (2003).
quincunx: an R package to query, download and wrangle PGS Catalog data
Authors: Magno Ramiro , Duarte Isabel , Maia Ana-Teresa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Motivation
The Polygenic Score (PGS) Catalog is a recently established open database of published polygenic scores that, to date, has collected, curated and made available 721 polygenic scores from over 133 publications. The PGS Catalog REST API is the only method allowing programmatic access to this resource.

Results
Here, we describe quincunx, an R package that provides the first client interface to the PGS Catalog REST API. quincunx enables users to query and quickly retrieve, filter and integrate metadata associated with polygenic scores, as well as polygenic scoring files in tidy table format.

Availability and implementation
quincunx is freely available under an MIT License, and can be accessed from https://github.com/maialab/quincunx.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Dynamic Microwave-Assisted Micelle Extraction Coupled with Cloud Point Preconcentration for the Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Soil
Authors: Wu Lijie , Li Zhanchao , Hu Mingzhu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A green and simple method, dynamic microwave-assisted micelle extraction coupled with cloud point preconcentration, was developed for the determination of triazine herbicides in soil samples. The method has the advantages of those two extraction procedures, which could eliminate the interferences from complex soil samples greatly. Non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 aqueous solution used as extraction solvent was continuously pumped into soil samples. The resulting extract was heated and centrifuged in the presence of NaCl. After centrifugation, the analytes were enriched into the surfactant-rich phase. No filtration or cleaning steps were required. Several key parameters were investigated. The Box–Behnken design was applied to optimize the experimental factors involved in the dynamic microwave-assisted micelle extraction. Good linearity was observed in the range of 1.00–250.00 μg kg−1. The limits of detection were ranged between 0.26 and 1.71 μg kg−1. The recoveries of analytes ranged from 80.3 to 98.3% with the relative standard deviations ranging from 1.1 to 6.6%.
Thin-Layer Chromatography Gradient Optimization Strategy for Wet Load Adsorption Flash Chromatography
Authors: Kręcisz Paweł , Czarnecka Kamila , Szymański Paweł 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chromatography is one of the most popular methods for the separation of compounds in modern pharmaceutical industry and science. Despite the extensive use of the reversed phase chromatography in analytical and preparative applications, the normal phase adsorption chromatography has a special place in purifying post-reaction mixtures or the separation of natural extracts, especially in wet load mode, because of simplicity and high velocity of preparation. Complex mixtures, more difficult to separate, require gradient methods to obtain better results of separations. These methods can be developed by external software, but the automatic methods are often not very accurate and the negative impact of wet load application on separation quality is considerable in them. Therefore, we present the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) gradient optimization strategy for wet load separations to obtain repeatable results of separations for different compounds without worrying about negative impact of wet loading on separation quality. The strategy provides information about an elution model of desired compound, which is used to develop the gradient method. The strategy also allows to standardize the separation length, because gradient methods performed by the TLC gradient optimization strategy have a very similar duration time in column volumes. The method can also be simply scaled because of using the column volume as a base unit in calculations.
What Might (Finally) Kill the Jus ad Bellum?
Authors: Hakimi Monica 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
There is a long tradition of international relations and legal scholars warning of the demise of the jus ad bellum—the body of international law that governs when states may use force across national borders. I argue in this Lecture, presented at The University College London Faculty of Laws in October 2020, that these warnings have mostly been wrong. The reason they have been wrong is that they have misdiagnosed the main threat to the jus ad bellum, or at least, they have myopically focused on and grossly overstated the seriousness of a particular kind of threat. And in doing so, they have diverted attention away from other challenges that might actually push the contemporary jus ad bellum to the breaking point—and that we might now confront.
Time outweighs the effect of host developmental stage on microbial community composition
Authors: Dibner Reilly R , Weaver A Monique , Brock Marcus T , Custer Gordon F , Morrison Hilary G , Maignien Lois , Weinig Cynthia 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Thousands of microbial taxa in the soil form symbioses with host plants, and due to their contribution to plant performance, these microbes are often considered an extension of the host genome. Given microbial effects on host performance, it is important to understand factors that govern microbial community assembly. Host developmental stage could affect rhizosphere microbial diversity while, alternatively, microbial assemblages could change simply as a consequence of time and the opportunity for microbial succession. Previous studies suggest that rhizosphere microbial assemblages shift across plant developmental stages, but time since germination is confounded with developmental stage. We asked how elapsed time and potential microbial succession relative to host development affected microbial diversity in the rhizosphere using monogenic flowering-time mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Under our experimental design, different developmental stages were present among host genotypes after the same amount of time following germination, e.g. at 76 days following germination some host genotypes were flowering while others were fruiting or senescing. We found that elapsed time was a strong predictor of microbial diversity whereas there were few differences among developmental stages. Our results support the idea that time and, likely, microbial succession more strongly affect microbial community assembly than host developmental stage.
Staphylococcal trafficking and infection—from ‘nose to gut’ and back
Authors: Raineri Elisa J M , Altulea Dania , van Dijl Jan Maarten 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic human pathogen, which is a leading cause of infections worldwide. The challenge in treating S. aureus infection is linked to the development of multidrug-resistant strains and the mechanisms employed by this pathogen to evade the human immune defenses. In addition, S. aureus can hide asymptomatically in particular ‘protective’ niches of the human body for prolonged periods of time. In the present review, we highlight recently gained insights in the role of the human gut as an endogenous S. aureus reservoir next to the nasopharynx and oral cavity. In addition, we address the contribution of these ecological niches to staphylococcal transmission, including the roles of particular triggers as modulators of the bacterial dissemination. In this context, we present recent advances concerning the interactions between S. aureus and immune cells to understand their possible roles as vehicles of dissemination from the gut to other body sites. Lastly, we discuss the factors that contribute to the switch from colonization to infection. Altogether, we conclude that an important key to uncovering the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection lies hidden in the endogenous staphylococcal reservoirs, the trafficking of this bacterium through the human body and the subsequent immune responses.
MiR-592 activates the mTOR kinase, ERK1/ERK2 kinase signaling and imparts neuronal differentiation signature characteristic of Group 4 medulloblastoma
Authors: Paul Raikamal , Bapat Purna , Deogharkar Akash , Kazi Sadaf , Singh Satish Kumar Vishram , Gupta Tejpal , Jalali Rakesh , Sridhar Epari , Moiyadi Aliasgar , Shetty Prakash , Shirsat Neelam Vishwanath 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a common malignant brain tumor in children, consists of four molecular subgroups WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4. Group 3, Group 4 tumors have an overlap in their expression profiles and genetic alterations but differ significantly in their clinical characteristics, with Group 3 having the worst 5-year overall survival of &lt;60%. MiR-592 is overexpressed predominantly in Group 4 tumors. MiR-592 expression reduced the anchorage-independent growth, invasion potential and tumorigenicity of Group 3 medulloblastoma cells. DEPTOR, an endogenous inhibitor of the mTOR kinase, and EML1 were identified as novel targets of miR-592. The miR-592 mediated decrease in the DEPTOR expression levels activated both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complex in medulloblastoma cells. However, the miR-592 expression also decreased the AKT kinase activity, likely to be due to the activation of the inhibitory feedback of the mTOR signaling. MiR-592 expression upregulated several neuronal differentiation-related genes, a characteristic of Group 4 medulloblastoma in Group 3 cell lines. The expression of miR-592 also upregulated the activity of ERK1/ERK2 kinases indicating activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. The inhibition of MAPK signaling by the ERK1/ERK2 inhibitor and mTOR signaling by rapamycin abrogated the miR-592-mediated upregulation of neuronal differentiation-related genes. Group 4 medulloblastomas showed higher activity of the mTOR and MAPK signaling compared to Group 3 tumors. Thus, miR-592 overexpression appears to be a driver event and a determining factor of Group 4 biology, which activates the mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways and thereby imparts its characteristic expression profile of neuronal differentiation-related genes.
Understanding Drivers of Variation and Predicting Variability Across Levels of Biological Organization
Authors: McEntire Kira D , Gage Matthew , Gawne Richard , Hadfield Michael G , Hulshof Catherine , Johnson Michele A , Levesque Danielle L , Segura Joan , Pinter-Wollman Noa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Differences within a biological system are ubiquitous, creating variation in nature. Variation underlies all evolutionary processes and allows persistence and resilience in changing environments; thus, uncovering the drivers of variation is critical. The growing recognition that variation is central to biology presents a timely opportunity for determining unifying principles that drive variation across biological levels of organization. Currently, most studies that consider variation are focused at a single biological level and not integrated into a broader perspective. Here we explain what variation is and how it can be measured. We then discuss the importance of variation in natural systems, and briefly describe the biological research that has focused on variation. We outline some of the barriers and solutions to studying variation and its drivers in biological systems. Finally, we detail the challenges and opportunities that may arise when studying the drivers of variation due to the multi-level nature of biological systems. Examining the drivers of variation will lead to a reintegration of biology. It will further forge interdisciplinary collaborations and open opportunities for training diverse quantitative biologists. We anticipate that these insights will inspire new questions and new analytic tools to study the fundamental questions of what drives variation in biological systems and how variation has shaped life.
Convex X-ray spectra of PKS 2155-304 and constraints on the minimum electron energy
Authors: Jagan Sitha K , Sahayanathan S , Rieger Frank M , Ravikumar C D 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The convex (concave upward) high-energy X-ray spectra of the blazar PKS 2155-304, observed by XMM-Newton, is interpreted as the signature of subdominant inverse-Compton emission. The spectra can be well fitted by a superposition of two power-law contributions which imitate the emission due to synchrotron and inverse-Compton processes. The methodology adopted enables us to constrain the photon energy down to a level where inverse-Compton emission begins to contribute. We show that this information supplemented with knowledge of the jet Doppler factor and magnetic field strength can be used to constrain the low-energy cut-off γminmec2 of the radiating electron distribution and the kinetic power Pj of the jet. We deduce these quantities through a statistical fitting of the broad-band spectral energy distribution of PKS 2155-304 assuming synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton emission mechanisms. Our results favour a minimum Lorentz factor for the non-thermal electron distribution of γmin ≳ 60, with a preference for a value around γmin ≃ 330. The required kinetic jet power is of the order of Pj ∼ 3 × 1045 erg s−1 in case of a heavy, electron–proton dominated jet, and could be up to an order of magnitude less in case of a light, electron–positron dominated jet. When put in context, our best-fitting parameters support the X-ray emitting part of blazar jets to be dominated by an electron–proton rather than an electron–positron composition.
A mechanical model for magnetized relativistic blastwaves
Authors: Ai Shunke , Zhang Bing 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The evolution of a relativistic blastwave is usually delineated under the assumption of pressure balance between forward- and reverse-shocked regions. However, such a treatment usually violates the energy conservation law, and is inconsistent with existing magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation results. A mechanical model of non-magnetized blastwaves was proposed in previous work to solve the problem. In this paper, we generalize the mechanical model to the case of a blastwave driven by an ejecta with an arbitrary magnetization parameter $\sigma_{\rm ej}$. We test our modified mechanical model by considering a long-lasting magnetized ejecta and found that it is much better than the pressure-balance treatment in terms of energy conservation. For a constant central engine wind luminosity $L_{\rm ej} = 10^{47} {\rm erg ~ s^{-1}}$ and $\sigma_{\rm ej}&lt;10$, the deviation from energy conservation is negligibly small at small radii but only reaches less than $25{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ even at 1019 cm from the central engine. For a finite lifetime of the central engine, the reverse shock crosses the magnetized ejecta earlier for the ejecta with a higher $\sigma_{\rm ej}$, which is consistent with previous analytical and numerical results. In general, the mechanical model is more precise than the traditional analytical models with results closer to those of numerical simulations.
Age at onset in axial spondyloarthritis around the world: data from the Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society Peripheral Involvement in Spondyloarthritis study
Authors: Boel Anne , López-Medina Clementina , van der Heijde Désirée M F M , van Gaalen Floris Alexander 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
Age at onset is useful in identifying chronic back patients at an increased risk of axial SpA (axSpA). However, the majority of data on which the criterion of age at onset &lt;45 years is based originates from Europe. Therefore it is unknown if this criterion applies in other parts of the world. We aimed to assess the age at onset of axSpA and its relationship with HLA-B27 and gender across the world.

Methods
Analyses were applied to patients from 24 countries across the world with an axSpA diagnosis and known age at onset of axial complaints. Cumulative probability plots were used to display the cumulative distribution of age at onset of axial symptoms. Linear regression models were built to assess the effect of HLA-B27 and gender on age at onset of axial symptoms.

Results
Of 2579 axSpA patients, 92% had an age at onset of axial symptoms &lt;45 years, with only small variations across the geographical regions [Asia, n = 574 (94%); Europe and North America, n = 988 (92%); Latin America, n = 246 (89%); Middle East and North Africa, n = 771 (91%)]. Age at onset of axial symptoms was consistently lower in HLA-B27-positive patients {median 25 years [interquartile range (IQR) 19–32] vs 31 [IQR 22–39]} and male patients [median 25 years (IQR 19–33) vs 28 (IQR 21–37)], but in multivariable models an additional statistically significant effect of male gender independent of HLA-B27 was only found in Asia.

Conclusion
Around the world, the great majority of axSpA patients had an age at onset of axial disease of &lt;45 years, with HLA-B27 and male gender associated with earlier disease onset.