bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
235 Resource Use for Beef Cattle in the North Central Great Plains
Authors: Lakamp Andrew D , Aherin Dustin , Spencer Douglas , Larson Robert , Weaber Robert L , Bormann Jennifer M , Rolf Megan M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The sustainability of the beef industry has become a point of national interest, particularly the investment of land and water resources. Our objective was to estimate how much land and irrigation water are required to maintain a simulated Angus cow-calf operation in the North Central Great Plains (NCGP) for an average year. A stochastic model was used, which enabled consideration of biological variation. The model computed 100 iterations of a 24-year timeframe (1995–2018). The simulated herd had 100 breeding females with replacement heifers being retained annually. The nutrients required to maintain a body condition score 5 for each individual animal, adjusting for temperature and physiological state, were calculated. A stocking rate of 3.3 hectares (ha) per cow-calf pair and mature cow weight of 600 kg was set, which is representative of the NCGP. Replacement heifers were assumed to be 65% of mature cow weight and allotted 1.22 ha. Bred heifers were assumed to be 85% of mature cow weight and allotted 1.81 ha. The herd was assumed to be grazing from May 1 to October 31. A supplemented ration of 60% alfalfa and 40% corn was provided if an individual’s nutritional needs were not met. Animals were assumed to be delivered a base ration from November 1 to April 30, which consisted of 73% alfalfa, 19% wheat straw, and 8% corn. The amount of irrigation necessary to grow feed was determined by estimating evapotranspiration of each crop then subtracting the amount of precipitation during the growing season. Average crop yield was determined using county level data from the UDSA NASS to estimate how much land would be needed for feed production. Sustaining a 100 head cow-calf herd in the NCGP for an average year requires 103.5 million liters for irrigation, 1288.5 ha for crop production, 357 ha grazing land.
9 What Would Be the Next Feed Amino Acid Based on a Microbial Point of View?
Authors: Kim So-Young 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Global Amino acids market is estimated as $15billion in 2020 and 60% of those volume is used for feed additives. Amino acids are converted to protein efficiently and have a benefit of lowering feeding cost and reducing the nitrogen content of the waste output compared to intact protein diet. Most amino acids are produced using microbial fermentation. Traditionally, amino acids used for feed additives are Lysine, threonine, tryptophan and methionine. Among them methionine was produced only by chemical process, but now methionine can also be produced by microbial fermentation, which can enlarge the choice of methionine from DL-form to L-form. Use of L-form methionine as feed additives reveals new nutritional value of L-methionine compared to DL-methionine. Recently, valine, arginine, isoleucine, and histidine are also included in feeds as functional nutrients thanks to their commercial availability and lower price. Technical progress in microbiology and bioengineering has been made more diverse amino acid to be used as feed additives. Then what would be the next amino acid as feed additivities based on microbial point of view? Leucine, glutamine, tyrosine and phenylalanine could be next possible amino acids based on metabolic pathways of microorganism. These amino acids share the pathways with former feed amino acids such as valine or tryptophan, which means that these can be produced with way that is more economical. In addition, these amino acids could be produced as mixed forms like glutamic acid/glutamine mixture, Tryptophan/tyrosine/phenylalanine mixture, or BCAA forms with cheaper price. Dried fermentation product such as lysine sulfate made by drying of microbial culture broth, could be one of the option for the combination of several new amino acids. Crude protein reduction in feed is one of the big nutritional trend to reach the ideal protein diet and environmental clean situation. Considering the use of new synthetic amino acids in feeds would be a potential way to realize the ideal protein diet.
4 Protein and Amino Acid Concepts and Use in Swine Nutrition: Gary Allee’s Contributions to the Swine Industry
Authors: Goodband Robert D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
I was very fortunate to meet Gary Allee in 1984 when I began my M.S. degree at Kansas State University. I’ll remember Gary most in that he cared about people and truly wanted to serve humanity and make the world a better place through animal agriculture. He helped develop scholars, both nationally and internationally, that would be the future of our industry. Gary was proficient in seeking a solution to a problem and finding the experimental resources to explain it. Very early in his career, he helped verify the concept of a lysine:calorie ratio as a means of explaining the previously varied and inconsistent response to added fat in swine diets. Early research outlined the order of limiting amino acids in various feed ingredients. Gary’s research also focused on determining the nutritional value of protein sources for weanling pigs, such as dried whey, fish meal and dried skim milk that ultimately led to phase feeding strategies for early weaned pigs that are the backbone of our industry. Gary and his students determined lysine and other amino acid requirements for growing pigs and sows under field conditions. He helped elucidate the effects of low-protein, amino acid fortified diets under heat stress environments. As market weights increased, his research was instrumental in determining how to feed heavy weight pigs as well as those fed ractopamine. Gary grasped concepts and applied them into practical solutions in swine nutrition. He was a strong believer and leader in cooperative research among universities but also, at that time, a novel concept of university-industry partnerships. Those of us that can say they knew Gary Allee, are very fortunate and better because of it.
130 Utilization of Nutrack to Assess Variance Components and Heritability of Activity Traits
Authors: Ostrand Lexi M , Trenhaile-Grannemann Melanie D , See Garrett , Schmidt Ty B , Psota Eric , Rohrer Gary A , Mote Benny E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Overall activity and behavior are integral components of sows remaining productive in the herd. This investigation studied overall activity of group housed replacement gilts and the heritability of various activity traits. Beginning around 20 wk of age, video recorded data of approximately 75 gilts/group for a total of 2,378 gilts over 32 groups was collected for 7 consecutive d using the NUtrack System, which tracks distance travelled (m), avg speed (m/s), angle rotated (degrees), and time standing (s), sitting (s), eating (s), and laying (s). The recorded phenotypes were standardized to the distribution observed within a pen for each group. The final values used for analysis were the average daily standardized values. Data were analyzed using mixed models (RStudio V 1.2.5033) including effects of sire, dam, dam’s sire and dam, dam’s grandsire and granddam, farrowing group, barn, pen, and on-test date. Sire had an effect on every activity trait P &lt; 0.001), and dam had an effect on average speed (P &lt; 0.001). The dam’s sire had an effect on all activity traits (P &lt; 0.001) and the dam’s grandsire had an effect on average speed (P &lt; 0.001). Heritabilities and variance components of activity traits were estimated in ASReml 4 using an animal model with a two-generation pedigree. Genetic variances are 0.17 +/- 0.029, 0.19 +/- 0.034, and 0.11 +/- 0.024, residual variances are 0.37 +/- 0.023, 0.41 +/- 0.027, and 0.41 +/- 0.022, phenotypic variances are 0.54 +/- 0.018, 0.60 +/- 0.020, and 0.52 +/- 0.016, and heritabilities are 0.32 +/- 0.048, 0.32 +/- 0.049, and 0.21 +/- 0.044 for average speed, distance, and lie respectively. NUtrack offers potential to aid in selection decisions. Given the results presented herein, continued investigation into these activity traits and their association with sow longevity is warranted.
129 Genomic Relationship Between PRRSV Wild-type Infection and PRRSV Vaccination for Antibody Response and Reproductive Performance
Authors: Sanglard Leticia P , Hickmann Felipe , Huang Yijian , Gray Kent A , Linhares Daniel , Dekkers Jack C , niederwerder Megan , Fernando Rohan , Serão Nick V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Immunoglobulin G antibody response, measured as sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio, to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been proposed as an indicator trait for improved reproductive performance in PRRSV-infected purebred sows and PRRSV-vaccinated crossbred gilts. In this study, we investigated the genetic correlations (rg) of S/P ratio following a PRRSV outbreak and PRRSV-vaccination with performance in non-exposed and PRRSV-exposed sows. PRRSV outbreak phase was defined based on previously described methodologies after the detection of typical clinical signs of PRRSV infection. 541 Landrace sows had S/P ratio measured at ~54 days after the beginning of the PRRSV outbreak (S/Poutbreak), and 906 Landrace x Large White naïve F1 gilts had S/P ratio measured at ~50 days after vaccination with a commercial modified live PRRSV vaccine (S/PVx). 711 and 428 Landrace sows had reproductive performance recorded before and during the PRRSV outbreak, respectively. 811 vaccinated F1 animals had farrowing performance for up to 3 parities. All animals were genotyped for ~28K SNPs. The estimate of rg of S/Poutbreakwith S/PVx was high (rg±SE = 0.72±0.18). Estimates of rg of S/Poutbreak with reproductive performance in F1 sows were low to moderate, ranging from 0.05±0.23 (number stillborn) to 0.30±0.20 (total number born). Estimates of rg of S/PVxwith reproductive performance in non-infected purebred sows were moderate and favorable with number born alive (0.50±0.23), but low (0 to -0.11±0.23) with litter mortality traits. Estimates of rg of S/PVx were moderate and negative (-0.47±0.18) with the number of mummies in PRRSV-infected purebred sows and low with other traits (-0.29±0.18 for total number born to 0.05±0.18 for number stillborn). These results indicate that selection for antibody response following a PRRSV outbreak collected in purebred sows and to PRRSV vaccination collected in commercial crossbred gilts may increase litter size of non-infected and PRRSV-exposed purebred and commercial crossbred sows.
128 Differences in PRRSV Resilience for Reproductive Performance Between Landrace and Duroc Sows
Authors: Hickmann Felipe , Neto José Braccini , Kramer Luke M , Gray Kent A , Huang Yijian , Dekkers Jack C , Sanglard Leticia P , Serão Nick V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Studies on differences in resilience to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) between breeds are scarce in the literature. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess PRRSV resilience in PRRSV wild-type infected sows from two breeds. Farrowing data included 2546 and 2522 litters from 894 Duroc and 813 Landrace sows, respectively, which were housed together and experienced the same PRRSV outbreak. Traits used for this study were number of piglets born alive (NBA), number born dead (NBD), total number born (TNB), and number weaned (NW). The impact of PRRSV infection was evaluated by comparing the reproductive performance of breeds between PRRS phases (pre-PRRS, PRRS, and post-PRRS). PRRS phases were defined based on the reproductive performance data. NBA, NBD, and NW were analyzed as a proportion of TNB using a Poisson mixed model. Pre-defined contrasts were used to evaluate the effect of breed on PRRSV resilience and on return to PRRSV-free performance, representing the differences between breeds for the difference between pre-PRRS and PRRS phases, and pre-PRRS and post-PRRS phases, respectively. There was a significant (P ≤ 0.003) interaction between PRRS phase and breed for all traits, as shown in Table 1. In general, reproductive performance reduced from pre-PRRS to PRRS, and then increased from PRRS to post-PRRS, as expected. The resilience contrast was significant for all traits (P ≤ 0.003). In all cases, the drop in percent reproductive performance from pre-PRRS to PRRS was lower for Duroc than for Landrace, indicating that Duroc sows have greater PRRSV resilience than Landrace sows. The return to PRRSV-free performance contrast had a trending effect for NBD (P = 0.055), and it was not significant for the other traits (P ≥ 0.515). These results indicate that Duroc sows have overall greater phenotypic PRRSV resilience for reproductive performance than Landrace sows.
24 Effects of Spring versus Fall Calving on Fetal Growth, Vigor at Birth, and Neonatal Circulating Metabolites in Beef Calves
Authors: Wichman Lindsey G , Redifer Colby A , Meyer Allison M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To determine the effect of season on perinatal nutrient availability, assessed through fetal growth, calf vigor, and neonatal circulating metabolites, multiparous and primiparous dams (age: 4.7 ± 2.4 yr; BCS: 5.3 ± 0.6) from 4 spring (2014–2017; n = 202) and 4 fall (2015, 2017–2019; n = 177) calving experiments were observed during parturition. Time to stand (spring: 67; fall: 104) was determined as minutes from birth to standing for 5 sec. After birth, calf BW and size (spring: 99; fall: 169; length, heart girth, abdominal girth, and cannon circumference) were recorded. Jugular blood samples were obtained from 63 spring and 89 fall calves at 0 (pre-suckling), 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postnatally. Data were analyzed either with the fixed effect of season (single point) or the fixed effects of season, hour, and their interaction with hour as a repeated effect (over time); calf sex was included when P &lt; 0.25. Experiment was a random effect. Fall-born calves tended to have lighter (P = 0.09) BW and faster (P = 0.05) time to stand than spring-born calves. Season did not affect (P ≥ 0.18) other calf size measures. The season x hour interaction (P ≤ 0.07) affected circulating glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides, urea nitrogen, globulin, and total protein. Spring-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.009) 0 h glucose, 0 and 6 h NEFA, and 0, 6, 12, and 48 h triglycerides than fall-born calves. Fall-born calves had greater (P = 0.03) total protein at 24 h and tended to have greater (P ≤ 0.10) total protein and urea nitrogen at 48 h and globulin at 24 h. Season affected albumin, which was greater (P = 0.003) in fall-born calves. These data suggest that calving season influences perinatal nutrient availability, which may impact the transition to postnatal life.
22 Effects of Housing Cow-calf Pairs on Drylots vs Pasture on Calf Performance and Behavior Through Weaning
Authors: Myerscough Megan , Chapple Wes , Meteer William T , Shike Daniel W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objectives were to analyze the effects of housing cow-calf pairs in drylots or pasture on calf performance and behavior through weaning. Simmental × Angus (2 yr; 108/yr; 81 ± 15.3 d postpartum) spring-calving cows were stratified by age, BW, BCS, and calf sex and allotted to six groups/yr. Groups were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments: drylot (DL) or pasture (PAST). Calves in the drylot had ad libitum access to a diet consisting of corn silage, dried distillers grain, corn stalks, dry rolled corn, and soybean hulls. Calves on PAST received creep feed three weeks prior to weaning. Calf BW was measured on d 0, 55, and 110. Calves were fence-line weaned on d 110. Behavior was observed for two days after weaning. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Drylot calves had greater (P &lt; 0.01) BW at d 55 and 110. There was treatment by time interactions (P &lt; 0.01) for lying and eating on d 111. More PAST calves were lying at h 2 and 3 and eating at h 11 and 12. More DL calves were lying at h 9, 10, 11, and 12. More DL calves were eating at h 2 and tended to at h 3. There was also a treatment by time interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for vocalizations on d 111. More PAST calves vocalized at h 1, however, DL calves vocalized more at h 4 and tended to at h 5. There was treatment by time interactions (P &lt; 0.01) for eating and walking on d 112. More DL calves were eating at h 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9. More PAST calves were walking at h 1 and 2. There was also a treatment by time interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for vocalizations on d 112. More PAST calves vocalized at h 1 and 10. In conclusion, housing cow-calf pairs in drylots improved preweaning performance and altered postweaning behavior.
27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and a Partial Life Cycle Assessment When Growing Pigs Are Fed High Wheat Millrun Diets
Authors: Kpogo Agbee L , Jose Jismol , Panisson Josiane , Predicala Bernardo , Alvarado Alvin , Agnew Joy , Sprenger Charley , Beaulieu Denise A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The impact of feeding growing pigs with high wheat millrun diets on the global warming potential (GWP) of pork production was investigated. In study 1, a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of wheat millrun (0 or 30%) and multi-carbohydrase enzyme (0 or 1 mg kg-1) as main effects was utilized. For each of 16 reps, 6 pigs (60.2±2.2 kg BW) were housed in environmental chambers for 14d. Air samples were collected and analyzed for carbon dioxide (CO2); nitrous oxide (N2O); and methane (CH4). In study 2, data from study 1 and performance data obtained from a previous feeding trial were utilized in a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework that included feed production. The Holos farm model (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge. AB) was used to estimate emissions from feed production. In study 1, total manure output from pigs fed 30% wheat millrun diets was 30% greater than pigs on the 0% wheat millrun diets (P &lt; 0.05), however, Feeding diets with 30% millrun did not affect greenhouse gas (GHG) output (CH4, 4.7, 4.9; N2O, 0.45, 0.42; CO2, 1610, 1711; mg s-1 without or with millrun inclusion, respectively; P &gt; 0.78). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on GHG production (CH4, 4.5, 5.1; N2O, 0.46, 0.42; CO2, 1808, 1513; mg s-1 without or with enzymes, respectively; P &gt; 0.51). In study 2, the LCA indicated that the inclusion of 30% wheat millrun in diets for growing pigs resulted in approximately a 25% reduction in GWP when compared to the no wheat millrun diets. Our results demonstrate that 30% wheat millrun did not increase GHG output from the pigs, and thus the inclusion of wheat millrun in diets of growing pigs can reduce the GWP of pork production.
28 In-feed or In-water Antibiotic Administration Did Not Influence the Fecal Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella in Piglets
Authors: Ishengoma Victor L , Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Shi Xiaorong , Mahmood Taghreed , Hutchens Wade M , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Nagaraja T G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 1,296 weaned piglets were used in a 35-d study to assess the impact of in-feed vs in-water administrations of chlortetracycline (CTC) and or tiamulin on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of Salmonella enterica. Piglets were allocated to 48 pens (27 pigs per pen) and pens were assigned randomly to six treatment groups: control (no antibiotic), in-feed CTC, in-water CTC, in-feed tiamulin, in-water tiamulin, and in feed CTC and tiamulin. Fresh fecal samples were collected randomly from 5 of 27 piglets from each pen on days -7, 0 (pre-treatment), 7, 14 (treatment), 21, and 28 (post-treatment). Salmonella isolation and identification were done by enrichment, plating on selective medium, and species confirmation of putative colonies by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of the isolates were determined using premade antibiotic panel (SensititreTM CMV3AGNF and BOPO7F) and results were interpreted based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. All Salmonella isolates were identified as serotype Typhimurium. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 3.0% (43/1,440) with no treatment effect (P &gt; 0.05). All isolates were resistant (100%) to tetracycline and tiamulin. Additionally, the isolates were resistant to ampicillin (100%), streptomycin (100%), sulfisoxazole (100), ciprofloxacin (95.4%) and nalidixic acid (74.4%). Only a few isolates were resistant to trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (4.7%), ceftriaxone (7.0%), and ceftiofur (7.0%). PCR assays indicated the presence of tetB gene in all isolates, while 11 (25.6%) and 4 (9.3%) isolates were positive for tetD and tetA genes, respectively. Neither in-feed nor in-water administration of CTC or tiamulin impacted the fecal prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in nursery piglets.
17 A De novo Recessive Mutation Causative of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis in Hereford Cattle
Authors: Sieck Renae L , Fuller Anna M , Bedwell Patrick , Ward Jack , Sanders Stacy , Xiang Shi-Hua , Peng Sichong , Steffen David , Petersen Jessica L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In spring 2020, six Hereford calves presented with congenital craniofacial abnormalities attributed to a condition we termed mandibulofacial dysostosis (MD). Pedigree analysis revealed a single common ancestor shared by the sire and dam of each affected calf. We hypothesized that MD in Hereford cattle is attributed to a de novo mutation with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. To avoid production of affected calves, the objective of this study was to identify the cause of MD. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 20 animals (3 affected, 7 obligate carriers, 10 related) yielded 143 variants matching the hypothesized mode of inheritance. Genotyping of 2 additional affected calves, 760 Herefords, and evaluation of WGS data from over 2,500 other individuals led to the discovery of a missense mutation (Chr26 g. 14404993 T &gt;C) in CYP26C1 associated with MD. The amino acid change due to the CYP26C1 variant (p. L188P) is located in an α helix of the protein; modeling suggests the substitution breaks the helix. The mutation is predicted to be deleterious (SIFT = 0) and is otherwise conserved across species. In our data, all heterozygotes had at least one pedigree tie to the suspect founder. CYP26C1 plays a vital role in tissue-specific regulation of retinoic acid (RA) during embryonic development. Dysregulation of RA can result in teratogenesis by altering the endothelin-1 signaling pathway affecting the expression of Dlx genes, critical to mandibulofacial development. Further, multiple human conditions with similar pathologic characteristics are attributed to dysfunction of this gene and/or retinoic acid signaling. We conclude that this recessive missense mutation in CYP26C1 impacts the catalytic activity of the encoded enzyme, leading to excess RA and resulting in the MD phenotype. Breeders can now genotype their animals to identify carriers. These data also contribute to expanding the understanding of craniofacial development across species.