bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the spectroscopic signatures of layering in the ejecta of Type Iax supernovae
Authors: Magee M R , Gillanders J H , Maguire K , Sim S A , Callan F P 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Investigations of some Type Iax supernovae (SNe Iax) have led to the suggestion that their ejecta must be layered to some degree. Such an ejecta structure has been argued as inconsistent with the well-mixed composition predicted by pure deflagrations. Based on explosion models, we create toy models in which the ejecta are artificially stratified and progressively mixed until a uniform composition is obtained. We find that models that are heavily mixed, containing burned and unburned material at all velocities, produce reasonably good agreement with SN 2012Z, for which a layered structure has been suggested. We also discuss how existing ejecta compositions determined for SNe Iax do not necessarily contradict pure deflagration models and may be consistent with a steeper density profile. We investigate previous claims that differences in line profile shapes may be due to strong blending, by presenting a series of models with different plasma states. These models indicate that blending could indeed explain differences in the observed profiles. Alternatively, stratification could also explain such differences; however, all of our models indicate that this does not necessarily require stratification in abundance. Sufficient stratification in the ionization state can be achieved even for a well-mixed model. Based on our analysis, we demonstrate that there is insufficient evidence to suggest the ejecta of SNe Iax must be layered and therefore argue the pure deflagration scenario is not ruled out, even for the brightest SNe Iax. Our analysis does not indicate the ejecta cannot be layered to some degree, but observations within days of explosion are necessary to determine the extent to which the outer ejecta could be layered.
Clarifying transfer function approximations for the large-scale gravitational wave background in ΛCDM
Authors: Kite Thomas , Chluba Jens , Ravenni Andrea , Patil Subodh P 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTThe primordial gravitational wave background (GWB) offers an exciting future avenue of discovery for new physics. Its information content encodes multiple eras in the early Universe’s history, corresponding to many orders of magnitude in frequency and physical scale to be measured today. By numerically solving for the GW transfer functions we provide simple yet accurate formulas describing the average power of the large-scale energy spectrum of the GWB for arbitrary primordial tensor power spectra. In doing so, we can pedagogically explain and clarify previous GWB literature, highlight the important cosmological parameters of various GWB features, and reveal multiple ways in which cancelling conceptual errors can give deceptively accurate results. The scales considered here are particularly important for CMB probes of the GWB, via B-modes and spectral distortions. In particular, we carefully study the effects of both neutrino damping, and the precise nature of the transition between the radiation-dominated (RD) and matter-dominated (MD) eras. A byproduct of numerically solving the problem is the ability to study the robustness of common approximations in the literature. Specifically, we show that a numerical treatment is especially important around the RD–MD transition, and for a brief moment of history where neutrino damping occurs during MD. In passing, we also discuss the effects of late acceleration caused by dark energy – showing that this can be neglected in most practical GWB applications – and the effects of changing relativistic degrees of freedom on the GWB at very small scales.
Fast cooling and internal heating in hyperon stars
Authors: Anzuini F , Melatos A , Dehman C , Viganò D , Pons J A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Neutron star models with maximum mass close to 2 M⊙ reach high central densities, which may activate nucleonic and hyperon direct Urca neutrino emission. To alleviate the tension between fast theoretical cooling rates and thermal luminosity observations of moderately magnetized, isolated thermally-emitting stars (with Lγ ≳ 1031 erg s−1 at t ≳ 105.3 yr), some internal heating source is required. The power supplied by the internal heater is estimated for both a phenomenological source in the inner crust and Joule heating due to magnetic field decay, assuming different superfluidity models and compositions of the outer stellar envelope. It is found that a thermal power of W(t) ≈ 1034 erg s−1 allows neutron star models to match observations of moderately magnetized, isolated stars with ages t ≳ 105.3 yr. The requisite W(t) can be supplied by Joule heating due to crust-confined initial magnetic configurations with (i) mixed poloidal-toroidal fields, with surface strength Bdip = 1013 G at the pole of the dipolar poloidal component and ∼90 per cent of the magnetic energy stored in the toroidal component; and (ii) poloidal-only configurations with Bdip = 1014 G.
Neurovascular, Muscle, and Skin Changes on [18F]FDG PET/MRI in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome of the Foot: A Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Yoon Daehyun , Xu Yingding , Cipriano Peter W , Alam Israt S , Mari Aparici Carina , Tawfik Vivianne L , Curtin Catherine M , Carroll Ian R , Biswal Sandip 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
The goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneous [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for noninvasive visualization of muscular, neurovascular, and skin changes secondary to complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).

Subjects
Seven adult patients with CRPS of the foot and seven healthy adult controls participated in our [18F]FDG PET/MRI study.

Methods
All participants received whole-body PET/MRI scans 1 hour after the injection of 370MBq [18F]FDG. Resulting PET/MRI images were reviewed by two radiologists. Metabolic and anatomic abnormalities identified, were grouped into muscular, neurovascular, and skin lesions. The [18F]FDG uptake of each lesion was compared with that of corresponding areas in controls using a Mann-Whitney U-test.

Results
On PET images, muscular abnormalities were found in five patients, neurovascular abnormalities in four patients, and skin abnormalities in two patients. However, on MRI images, no muscular abnormalities were detected. Neurovascular abnormalities and skin abnormalities in the affected limb were identified on MRI in one and two patients, respectively. The difference in [18F]FDG uptake between the patients and the controls was significant in muscle (P = .018) and neurovascular bundle (P = .0005).

Conclusions
The increased uptake of [18F]FDG in the symptomatic areas likely reflects the increased metabolism due to the inflammatory response causing pain. Therefore, our approach combining metabolic [18F]FDG PET and anatomic MR imaging may offer noninvasive monitoring of the distribution and progression of inflammatory changes associated with CRPS.
A comparison of modelling the spatio-temporal pattern of disease: a case study of schistosomiasis japonica in Anhui Province, China
Authors: Su Qing , Bergquist Robert , Ke Yongwen , Dai Jianjun , He Zonggui , Gao Fenghua , Zhang Zhijie , Hu Yi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe construction of spatio-temporal models can be either descriptive or dynamic. In this study we aim to evaluate the differences in model fitting between a descriptive model and a dynamic model of the transmission for intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum in Guichi, Anhui Province, China. The parasitological data at the village level from 1991 to 2014 were obtained by cross-sectional surveys. We used the fixed rank kriging (FRK) model, a descriptive model, and the integro-differential equation (IDE) model, a dynamic model, to explore the space–time changes of schistosomiasis japonica. In both models, the average daily precipitation and the normalized difference vegetation index are significantly positively associated with schistosomiasis japonica prevalence, while the distance to water bodies, the hours of daylight and the land surface temperature at daytime were significantly negatively associated. The overall root mean square prediction error of the IDE and FRK models was 0.0035 and 0.0054, respectively, and the correlation reflected by Pearson's correlation coefficient between the predicted and observed values for the IDE model (0.71; p&lt;0.01) was larger than that for the FRK model (0.53; p=0.02). The IDE model fits better in capturing the geographic variation of schistosomiasis japonica. Dynamic spatio-temporal models have the advantage of quantifying the process of disease transmission and may provide more accurate predictions.
A Comparison of BREAST-Q Scores between Prepectoral and Subpectoral Direct-to-Implant Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Le Nicole K. , Persing Sarah , Dinis Jacob , Gabrick Kyle S. , Wu Robin T. , Sinnott Catherine J. , Avraham Tomer , Young Anke Ott , Alperovich Michael 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Subpectoral breast implant placement has in recent history predominated in breast reconstruction, but there has been more recent adoption of prepectoral implant reconstruction. There has been limited study to date of patient-reported outcomes comparing the two techniques.

Methods:
Patients who underwent direct-to-implant breast reconstruction between 2013 and 2018 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Eligible patients were asked to complete BREAST-Q domains comparing quality of life and satisfaction. Descriptive, t test, chi-square test, and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to compare BREAST-Q scores. Significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05.

Results:
There were 64 patients (114 breasts) who underwent prepectoral reconstruction and 37 patients (68 breasts) who underwent subpectoral reconstruction. Among the 101 women (182 breasts), there were no significant differences between BREAST-Q scores and implant position for the Satisfaction with Breasts domain (adjusted p = 0.819), Psychosocial Well-being domain (adjusted p = 0.206), or Physical Well-being Chest domain (adjusted p = 0.110). The subpectoral implant cohort was associated with higher scores, 53 versus 47, for the Sexual Well-being module (adjusted p = 0.001).

Conclusions:
Patients undergoing direct-to-implant breast reconstruction had comparable BREAST-Q satisfaction scores for most modules regardless of implant plane. The subpectoral implant cohort scored higher for sexual well-being.
Randomized Clinical Trial of the Accuracy of Patient-Specific Implants versus CAD/CAM Splints in Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Li Biao , Wei Hongpu , Jiang Tengfei , Qian Yifeng , Zhang Tianjia , Yu Hongbo , Zhang Lei , Wang Xudong 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The maxilla position is essential for the aesthetic and functional outcomes of orthognathic surgery. Previous studies demonstrated the advantages of patient-specific implants in orthognathic surgery. However, more data are needed to confirm the superiority of patient-specific implants over surgical splints created with computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the accuracy of patient-specific implants and CAD/CAM splints for maxilla repositioning in orthognathic surgery.

Methods:
Patients (n = 64) who required orthognathic surgery were randomly assigned to use either patient-specific implants (patient-specific implant group) or CAD/CAM surgical splints (splint group) to reposition the maxilla. The outcome evaluation was completed by comparing virtual plans with actual results. The primary outcome was the discrepancies of the centroid position of the maxilla. Other translation and orientation discrepancies of the maxilla were also assessed.

Results:
The authors analyzed 27 patients in the patient-specific implant group and 31 in the splint group. The maxilla position discrepancy was 1.41 ± 0.58 mm in the patient-specific implant group and 2.20 ± 0.94 mm in the splint group; the between-group difference was significant (p < 0.001). For the patient-specific implant group, the largest translation discrepancy was 1.02 ± 0.66 mm in the anteroposterior direction, and the largest orientation discrepancy was 1.85 ± 1.42 degrees in pitch. For the splint group, the largest translation discrepancy was 1.23 ± 0.93 mm in the mediolateral direction, and the largest orientation discrepancy was 1.72 ± 1.56 degrees in pitch.

Conclusion:
The result showed that using patient-specific implants in orthognathic surgery resulted in a more accurate maxilla position than CAD/CAM surgical splints.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, I.
Microanatomy of the Frontal Branch of the Facial Nerve: The Role of Nerve Caliber and Axonal Capacity
Authors: Ruewe Marc , Engelmann Simon , Huang Chi W. , Klein Silvan M. , Anker Alexandra M. , Lamby Philipp , Bleys Ronald L. A. W. , Tamm Ernst R. , Prantl Lukas , Kehrer Andreas 
Published: October 2021

Background:
A commonly seen issue in facial palsy patients is brow ptosis caused by paralysis of the frontalis muscle powered by the frontal branch of the facial nerve. Predominantly, static methods are used for correction. Functional restoration concepts include the transfer of the deep temporal branch of the trigeminal nerve and cross-facial nerve grafts. Both techniques can neurotize the original mimic muscles in early cases or power muscle transplants in late cases. Because axonal capacity is particularly important in cross-facial nerve graft procedures, the authors investigated the microanatomical features of the frontal branch to provide the basis for its potential use and to ease intraoperative donor nerve selection.

Methods:
Nerve biopsy specimens from 106 fresh-frozen cadaver facial halves were obtained. Histologic processing and digitalization were followed by nerve morphometric analysis and semiautomated axon quantification.

Results:
The frontal branch showed a median of three fascicles (n = 100; range, one to nine fascicles). A mean axonal capacity of 1191 ± 668 axons (range, 186 to 3539 axons; n = 88) and an average cross-sectional diameter of 1.01 ± 0.26 mm (range, 0.43 to 1.74 mm; n = 67) were noted. In the linear regression model, diameter and axonal capacity demonstrated a positive relation (n = 57; r
2 = 0.32; p < 0.001). Based on that equation, a nerve measuring 1 mm is expected to carry 1339 axons.

Conclusion:
The authors’ analysis on the microanatomy of the frontal branch could promote clinical use of cross-facial nerve graft procedures in frontalis muscle neurotization and free muscle transplantations.
Association between asthma and suicidality in 9-11-year-old children
Authors: Hoffman Kevin W. , Visoki Elina , Argabright Stirling T. , Didomenico Grace E. , Chaiyachati Barbara H. , Moore Tyler M. , Barzilay Ran 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundSuicidal thoughts and behavior (STB) in children are a growing health concern, and more data is needed regarding their biological underpinnings. Immune processes such as inflammation have been associated with STB, primarily in adults. Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disorder in children and has been associated with STB in adolescent and adult populations, but data in children is lacking. We wished to study associations of asthma with childhood STB given asthma’s potential as a clinically relevant model for childhood chronic immune dysregulation.MethodsUsing data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N=11,878, 52% males, mean age 9.9 years at baseline assessment and 10.9 years at 1-year follow up), we assessed associations between asthma and STB at both baseline and 1-year follow up.ResultsWe found that asthma at baseline assessment (n=2,214, 18.6%) is associated with STB, controlling for multiple confounders including demographics, socioeconomic factors and environmental confounders such as air pollution (odds ratio (OR)=1.2, 95%CI 1.01-1.42, P=0.039). Indicators of recently active asthma were not significantly associated with suicidality at baseline assessment (currently taking asthma medication: OR=1.22, 95%CI 0.93-1.60, P=0.146), or at 1-year follow up (past year asthma-related clinical visit: OR=1.13, 95%CI 0.87-1.47, P=0.357). Proxy-measures of asthma severity (number of asthma medications or clinical visits) did not reveal a significant dose response relationship with STB.ConclusionsFindings suggest an association between history of asthma and STB in children, which may not be related to asthma disease state. Further research is needed to investigate mechanisms underlying this relationship.
Dementia and hearing-aid use: a two-way street
Authors: Naylor Graham , Dillard Lauren , Orrell Martin , Stephan Blossom , Zobay Oliver , Saunders Gabrielle 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesHearing-aid use may reduce risk of dementia, but cognitive impairment makes hearing-aid use more challenging. These two causal pathways may both manifest as an association between reduced hearing-aid use and incident dementia. This study examined the effects of each pathway separately, through a unique combination of longitudinal data regarding hearing, general health, dementia diagnoses and continuity of HA use.MethodsLongitudinal health records data from 380,794 Veterans who obtained hearing aids from the US Veterans Affairs healthcare system were analysed. Analysis 1 (n=72,180) used logistic regression to model the likelihood of a dementia diagnosis at 3 year 6 months (3y6m) to 5 years post hearing-aid fitting for patients previously free of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Analysis 2 (n=350,918) modelled the likelihood of being a persistent hearing aid user at 3y2m after fitting, contrasting sub-groups with differing levels of cognitive function at the time of fitting. Models controlled for relevant predictors available in the dataset.ResultsIn analysis 1, the adjusted OR for incident dementia was 0.73 (ci 0.66-0.81) for persistent (vs. non persistent) hearing-aid users. In analysis 2, the adjusted OR for hearing-aid use persistence was 0.46 (ci 0.43-0.48) in those with pre-existing dementia (vs. those remaining free of MCI and dementia).ConclusionThe results indicate substantial effects from both causal pathways. Research studying protective effects of hearing-aid use against dementia needs to account for this. Clinically, hearing devices and hearing care processes must be accessible and usable for all, regardless of their level of cognitive function.
The contributions of cartilage endplate composition and vertebral bone marrow fat to intervertebral disc degeneration in patients with chronic low back pain
Authors: Bonnheim Noah B. , Wang Linshanshan , Lazar Ann A. , Zhou Jiamin , Chachad Ravi , Sollmann Nico , Guo Xiaojie , Iriondo Claudia , O’Neill Conor , Lotz Jeffery C. , Link Thomas M. , Krug Roland , Fields Aaron J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeThe composition of the subchondral bone marrow and cartilage endplate (CEP) could affect intervertebral disc health by influencing vertebral perfusion and nutrient diffusion. However, the relative contributions of these factors to disc degeneration in patients with chronic low back pain (cLBP) have not been quantified. The goal of this study was to use compositional biomarkers derived from quantitative MRI to establish how CEP composition (surrogate for permeability) and vertebral bone marrow fat fraction (BMFF, surrogate for perfusion) relate to disc degeneration.MethodsMRI data from 60 patients with cLBP were included in this prospective observational study (28 female, 32 male; age = 40.0 ± 11.9 years, 19–65 [mean ± SD, min–max]). Ultra-short echo-time MRI was used to calculate CEP T2* relaxation times (reflecting biochemical composition), water-fat MRI was used to calculate vertebral BMFF, and T1ρ MRI was used to calculate T1ρ relaxation times in the nucleus pulposus (NP T1ρ, reflecting proteoglycan content and degenerative grade). Univariate linear regression was used to assess the independent effects of CEP T2* and vertebral BMFF on NP T1ρ. Mixed effects multivariable linear regression accounting for age, sex, and BMI was used to assess the combined relationship between variables.ResultsCEP T2* and vertebral BMFF were independently associated with NP T1ρ (p = 0.003 and 0.0001, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, NP T1ρ remained significantly associated with CEP T2* (p = 0.0001) but not vertebral BMFF (p = 0.43).ConclusionPoor CEP composition may play a significant role in disc degeneration severity and can affect disc health both with and without deficits in vertebral perfusion.
Assessment of knowledge retention of healthcare staff through telephonic interview after training for rotavirus vaccine introduction in India
Authors: Quadri Syed F , Kaur Amanjot , Ray Arindam , Koshal Seema Singh , Shersiya Mayank , Haldar Pradeep , Kapur Sanjay , Haseeb Mohammed , Roy Arup Deb 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies have shown that while training has significant potential in improving the knowledge and skills of healthcare staff, the beneficial effect of training may decline with time. Studies have emphasized the role of assessment in understanding the relevance of the training structure and content and employing course correction as per the need. Besides, there is a lack of literature on the assessment of the level of knowledge retention among the participants. This study aims to conduct an assessment study to determine the level of knowledge retention.MethodsThe study was conducted among frontline health workers who received training on the rotavirus vaccine introduction. Assessments were conducted at a gap of one month and twelve months after the intervention. Simple percentages were used to compare the level of knowledge retention and McNemar’s chi-square test to determine P values.ResultsThis is the first study conducted in India to assess the retention of knowledge 12 months after the new vaccine introduction training of health care professionals. The study comprised 41 participants who demonstrated an increase in the level of knowledge retention at the end of 1-month; however, a decline in the knowledge retention was seen at 12-months. For the issue of missed second dose among children who received the first dose, an increase in knowledge level and retention was observed.ConclusionThe study results showed that a time-bound decline in knowledge retention occurs. The authors recommend regular monitoring, refresher training to supplement the primary training.
The effect of corporate social responsibility practices on tax avoidance: an empirical study in the French context
Authors: Chouaibi Jamel , Rossi Matteo , Abdessamed Nouha 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the negative impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR), business ethics and responsible corporate governance on tax avoidance within a sample of 119 French industrial companies from 2010 to 2019.

Design/methodology/approach
To test the current hypotheses of this study, the authors applied linear regressions with panel data using the Thomson Reuters ASSET4 database from a sample of 119 French companies over the period of 2010–2019.

Findings
The results show that companies with no conduction of CSR activities are more aggressive in the avoidance of taxes than others, confirming the idea that CSR could be seen as a facet of corporate culture that affects business corporate tax avoidance.

Practical implications
The results have interesting implications for investors and other partners who are interested in the business. Thus, for the government, to develop financial transparency, the improvement of the means of legal action such as the tax administration and the support of the action of civil society are pivotal to strengthen the legitimacy of tax.

Originality/value
This work is one of the studies that examine the effect of CSR, ethics and responsible governance on tax avoidance.