bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peasant Resistance in Burkina Faso's Cotton Sector
Authors: Engels Bettina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article examines how and why smallholder peasants mobilize for collective action to put forward their claims. Taking the resistance by cotton farmers in Burkina Faso as a case study, it demonstrates that institutions of neoliberal governance – which are presented by their proponents as making governance more “effective” by improving the participation of various public and private stakeholders in different degrees – nevertheless fail to represent the interests of the large population of agrarian poor. In the 2010s, the cotton sector in Burkina Faso became a field of contention, with smallholder cotton producers mobilizing on a massive scale to take collective action. It is argued that the mobilization of cotton farmers can be explained through the effects of the sector's liberalization. Economic liberalization, which has been promoted by the World Bank since the mid-1990s, has changed the institutional setting of the sector and has significantly impacted the ways and means of collective claim-making available to farmers. Building on primary data (qualitative interviews, focus group discussions, observations) collected during several months of field research between 2018 and 2020, and analyses of press reports and a variety of documents, recent protests by cotton farmers are examined and related to these liberalization policies.
Investigating cow−calf contact in a cow-driven system: performance of cow and calf
Authors: Føske Johnsen Julie , Grønmo Kischel Stine , Sætervik Rognskog Maren , Vagle Inga , Engelien Johanssen Juni Rosann , Ruud Lars Erik , Ferneborg Sabine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this research communication we describe the performance of dairy cow−calf pairs in two cow-driven CCC-systems differing in cows' access to the calves through computer-controlled access gates (smart gates, SG). We investigated cows' machine milk yield in the automatic milking system (AMS), calf growth, and intake of supplemental milk and concentrate. Two groups each with four cow-calf pairs were housed in a system with a cow area, a calf creep and a meeting area. SG's controlled cow traffic between the meeting area and the cow area where cows could obtain feed, cubicles and the AMS. Calves hadad libitumaccess to supplemental milk and concentrate. During the suckling phase of 31 d, cow access to the meeting area was free 24 h/d (group 1) or restricted (group 2) based on milking permission. Following the suckling phase, cow access was gradually decreased over 9 d (separation phase). During the suckling phase, cows' machine milk yield (mean ±sd) in the AMS was 11.4 ± 6.38 kg/d. In the separation phase, the yield increased to 25.0 ± 10.37 kg/d. Calf average daily gain (ADG) was high during the suckling phase: 1.2 ± 0.74 kg. During the separation phase, ADG decreased to 0.4 ± 0.72 kg which may be related to a low intake of supplemental milk. Calves' concentrate intake increased with age, and all calves consumed >1 kg/d after separation. We conclude that cows nurse the calf in a cow-directed CCC system well resulting in high ADG, and AMS milk yields were, at least, partially maintained during the suckling phase. Although the AMS yields increased in response to separation, calf ADG was decreased. A low sample size limits interpretation beyond description but provides a basis for hypotheses regarding future research into CCC-systems.
Teaching repertoires and pedagogical improvisation in music teacher practices
Authors: Espeland Åsmund , Stige Brynjulf 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this article, we describe the characteristics of repertoires in music teaching and discuss how these repertoires are related to pedagogical improvisation. The empirical background for the article is classroom observations and interviews with two experienced music teachers. Video-taped examples of teacher repertoires and improvisational teaching practices are included in the article, where we argue that repertoires should be viewed as emerging practices. They can be identified and categorised as ‘techniques’ and ‘teaching acts’ performed by the teachers in constant interplay with the pupils within the context of overall learning activities in the music classroom.
Identification of patient variables that are associated with ventricular end-diastolic pressure before the bidirectional Glenn operation
Authors: Schwartz Matthew C. , Karunanandaa Aravinth , Anderson William E. , Herlong J. Rene , Paolillo Joseph , Wallis Gonzalo , Kirshbom Paul , Maxey Thomas S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroduction:Systemic ventricular end-diastolic pressure is important in patients with single ventricle heart disease. Predictors of an elevated systemic ventricular end-diastolic pressure prior to bidirectional Glenn operation have been incompletely identified.Methods:All patients who underwent bidirectional Glenn operation operation at our centre between January 2007 and March 2017 were retrospectively identified and patient variables were extracted. For patients who had undergone Fontan operation at the time of this study, post-Fontan patient variables were also extracted.Results:One-hundred patients were included with a median age at pre-bidirectional Glenn operation catheterisation of 4.5 months. In total, 71 (71%) patients had a systemic right ventricle. At the pre-bidirectional Glenn operation catheterisation, the mean systemic ventricular end-diastolic pressure was higher amongst those with systemic right ventricle compared to left ventricle (9.1 mmHg ± 2.1 versus 7.7 ± 2.7 mmHg, p < 0.01). On univariate analysis, pre-bidirectional Glenn operation systemic ventricular end-diastolic pressure was positively associated with the presence of a systemic right ventricle (p < 0.01), history of recoarctation (p = 0.03), history of Norwood operation (p = 0.04), and ventricular systolic pressure (p < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, systemic ventricular end-diastolic pressure was positively associated with the presence of a systemic right ventricle (p < 0.01) and ventricular systolic pressure (p < 0.01). Amongst those who had undergone Fontan operation at the time of study (n = 49), those with a higher pre-bidirectional Glenn operation systemic ventricular end-diastolic pressure were more likely to have experienced death, transplantation, or listed for transplantation (p = 0.02) and more likely to have had heart failure symptoms (p = 0.04) at a mean time from Fontan of 5.2 years ± 1.3.Conclusions:In patients undergoing bidirectional Glenn operation operation, the volume-loaded, pre-bidirectional Glenn operation state may expose diastolic dysfunction that has prognostic value.
Comparison of motor outcomes between preschool children with univentricular and biventricular critical heart disease not diagnosed with cerebral palsy or acquired brain injury
Authors: Ricci M. Florencia , Fung Alastair , Moddemann Diane , Micek Victoria , Bond Gwen Y. , Guerra Gonzalo G. , Day Chelsea , Robertson Charlene M.T. ,   for the Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-up Program
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis comparison study of two groups within an inception cohort aimed to compare the frequency of motor impairment between preschool children with univentricular and biventricular critical congenital heart disease (CHD) not diagnosed with cerebral palsy/acquired brain injury, describe and compare their motor profiles and explore predictors of motor impairment in each group.Children with an intellectual quotient <70 or cerebral palsy/acquired brain injury were excluded. Motor skills were assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2. Total scores <5th percentile indicated motor impairment. Statistical analysis included χ2 test and multiple logistic regression analysis.At a mean age of 55.4 (standard deviation 3.77) months, motor impairment was present in 11.8% of those with biventricular critical CHD, and 32.4% (p < 0.001) of those with univentricular critical CHD. The greatest difference between children with biventricular and univentricular CHD was seen in total test scores 8.73(2.9) versus 6.44(2.8) (p < 0.01) and in balance skills, 8.84 (2.8) versus 6.97 (2.5) (p = 0.001). Manual dexterity mean scores of children with univentricular CHD were significantly below the general population mean (>than one standard deviation). Independent odds ratio for motor impairment in children with biventricular critical CHD was presence of chromosomal abnormality, odds ratio 10.9 (CI 2.13–55.8) (p = 0.004); and in children with univentricular critical CHD odds ratio were: postoperative day 1–5 highest lactate (mmol/L), OR: 1.65 (C1.04–2.62) (p = 0.034), and dialysis requirement any time before the 4.5-year-old assessment, OR: 7.8 (CI 1.08–56.5) (p = 0.042).Early assessment of motor skills, particularly balance and manual dexterity, allows for intervention and supports that can address challenges during the school years.
Photochemical and Microbial Degradation of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter Exported From Tidal Marshes
Authors: Logozzo Laura , Tzortziou Maria , Neale Patrick , Clark J. Blake 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWetlands export chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to estuaries, where CDOM is removed and transformed through biotic and abiotic process, subsequently impacting nutrient cycling, light availability, ecosystem metabolism, and phytoplankton activity. We examined the bioavailability and photoreactivity of CDOM exported from four Chesapeake Bay tidal marshes across three seasons and along an estuarine salinity gradient using three incubation treatments: 14‐day microbial (MD), 7‐day combined photochemical/microbial (PB + MD), and 7‐day microbial incubation after photobleaching (MD after PB). CDOM absorption at 300 nm (aCDOM300) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations showed strong seasonality, with minima in winter, but CDOM quality (absorption spectral slopes, fluorescence component ratios) was less variable seasonally. PB + MD over 7 days decreased aCDOM300 (−56.0%), humic‐like fluorescence (−67.6%), and DOC (−17.8%), but increased the spectral slope ratio SR (=S275–295/S300–350) (+94.8%), suggesting a decrease in CDOM molecular weight. Photochemistry dominated the PB + MD treatment. Photoreactivity was greater during the winter and in marsh/watershed versus down‐estuary sites, likely due to less previous light exposure. Prior photobleaching increased the bioavailability of marsh‐exported CDOM, resulting in a greater loss of aCDOM300 and DOC, and a greater increase in humic‐like fluorescence (−6.0%, −5.9%, and +18.4% change, respectively, over 7‐day MD after PB incubations, vs. −2.8%, −5.5%, and +2.6% change, respectively, over 14‐day MD incubations). CDOM exported from a marsh downstream of a major wastewater treatment plant showed the greatest photoreactivity and bioavailability. This highlights the significance of human activity on estuarine CDOM quality and biogeochemical cycles.
Non‐Gaussian Parameter Inference for Hydrogeological Models Using Stein Variational Gradient Descent
Authors: Ramgraber Maximilian , Weatherl Robin , Blumensaat Frank , Schirmer Mario 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe sustainable management of groundwater demands a faithful characterization of the subsurface. This, in turn, requires information which is generally not readily available. To bridge the gap between data need and availability, numerical models are often used to synthesize plausible scenarios not only from direct information but also from additional, indirect data. Unfortunately, the resulting system characterizations will rarely be unique. This poses a challenge for practical parameter inference: computational limitations often force modelers to resort to methods based on questionable assumptions of Gaussianity, which do not reproduce important facets of ambiguity such as Pareto fronts or multimodality. In search of a remedy, an alternative could be found in Stein Variational Gradient Descent (SVGD), a recent development in the field of statistics. This ensemble‐based method iteratively transforms a set of arbitrary particles into samples of a potentially non‐Gaussian posterior, provided the latter is sufficiently smooth. A prerequisite for this method is knowledge of the Jacobian, which is usually exceptionally expensive to evaluate. To address this issue, we propose an ensemble‐based, localized approximation of the Jacobian. We demonstrate the performance of the resulting algorithm in two cases: a simple, bimodal synthetic scenario, and a complex numerical model based on a real world, prealpine catchment. Promising results in both cases—even when the ensemble size is smaller than the number of parameters—suggest that SVGD can be a valuable addition to hydrogeological parameter inference.
Recovery of logged forest fragments in a human-modified tropical landscape during the 2015-16 El Niño
Authors: Nunes Matheus Henrique , Jucker Tommaso , Riutta Terhi , Svátek Martin , Kvasnica Jakub , Rejžek Martin , Matula Radim , Majalap Noreen , Ewers Robert M. , Swinfield Tom , Valbuena Rubén , Vaughn Nicholas R. , Asner Gregory P. , Coomes David A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe past 40 years in Southeast Asia have seen about 50% of lowland rainforests converted to oil palm and other plantations, and much of the remaining forest heavily logged. Little is known about how fragmentation influences recovery and whether climate change will hamper restoration. Here, we use repeat airborne LiDAR surveys spanning the hot and dry 2015-16 El Niño Southern Oscillation event to measure canopy height growth across 3,300 ha of regenerating tropical forests spanning a logging intensity gradient in Malaysian Borneo. We show that the drought led to increased leaf shedding and branch fall. Short forest, regenerating after heavy logging, continued to grow despite higher evaporative demand, except when it was located close to oil palm plantations. Edge effects from the plantations extended over 300 metres into the forests. Forest growth on hilltops and slopes was particularly impacted by the combination of fragmentation and drought, but even riparian forests located within 40 m of oil palm plantations lost canopy height during the drought. Our results suggest that small patches of logged forest within plantation landscapes will be slow to recover, particularly as ENSO events are becoming more frequent.
A self-sustainable wearable multi-modular E-textile bioenergy microgrid system
Authors: Yin Lu , Kim Kyeong Nam , Lv Jian , Tehrani Farshad , Lin Muyang , Lin Zuzeng , Moon Jong-Min , Ma Jessica , Yu Jialu , Xu Sheng , Wang Joseph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite the fast development of various energy harvesting and storage devices, their judicious integration into efficient, autonomous, and sustainable wearable systems has not been widely explored. Here, we introduce the concept and design principles of e-textile microgrids by demonstrating a multi-module bioenergy microgrid system. Unlike earlier hybrid wearable systems, the presented e-textile microgrid relies solely on human activity to work synergistically, harvesting biochemical and biomechanical energy using sweat-based biofuel cells and triboelectric generators, and regulating the harvested energy via supercapacitors for high-power output. Through energy budgeting, the e-textile system can efficiently power liquid crystal displays continuously or a sweat sensor-electrochromic display system in pulsed sessions, with half the booting time and triple the runtime in a 10-min exercise session. Implementing “compatible form factors, commensurate performance, and complementary functionality” design principles, the flexible, textile-based bioenergy microgrid offers attractive prospects for the design and operation of efficient, sustainable, and autonomous wearable systems.
Apparent nosocomial adaptation of Enterococcus faecalis predates the modern hospital era
Authors: Pöntinen Anna K. , Top Janetta , Arredondo-Alonso Sergio , Tonkin-Hill Gerry , Freitas Ana R. , Novais Carla , Gladstone Rebecca A. , Pesonen Maiju , Meneses Rodrigo , Pesonen Henri , Lees John A. , Jamrozy Dorota , Bentley Stephen D. , Lanza Val F. , Torres Carmen , Peixe Luisa , Coque Teresa M. , Parkhill Julian , Schürch Anita C. , Willems Rob J. L. , Corander Jukka 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEnterococcus faecalis is a commensal and nosocomial pathogen, which is also ubiquitous in animals and insects, representing a classical generalist microorganism. Here, we study E. faecalis isolates ranging from the pre-antibiotic era in 1936 up to 2018, covering a large set of host species including wild birds, mammals, healthy humans, and hospitalised patients. We sequence the bacterial genomes using short- and long-read techniques, and identify multiple extant hospital-associated lineages, with last common ancestors dating back as far as the 19th century. We find a population cohesively connected through homologous recombination, a metabolic flexibility despite a small genome size, and a stable large core genome. Our findings indicate that the apparent hospital adaptations found in hospital-associated E. faecalis lineages likely predate the “modern hospital” era, suggesting selection in another niche, and underlining the generalist nature of this nosocomial pathogen.
Evolution of the locomotor skeleton in Anolis lizards reflects the interplay between ecological opportunity and phylogenetic inertia
Authors: Feiner Nathalie , Jackson Illiam S. C. , Stanley Edward L. , Uller Tobias 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnolislizards originated in continental America but have colonized the Greater Antillean islands and recolonized the mainland, resulting in three major groups (Primary and Secondary Mainland and Greater Antillean). The adaptive radiation in the Greater Antilles has famously resulted in the repeated evolution of ecomorphs. Yet, it remains poorly understood to what extent this island radiation differs from diversification on the mainland. Here, we demonstrate that the evolutionary modularity between girdles and limbs is fundamentally different in the Greater Antillean and Primary MainlandAnolis. This is consistent with ecological opportunities on islands driving the adaptive radiation along distinct evolutionary trajectories. However, Greater AntilleanAnolisshare evolutionary modularity with the group that recolonized the mainland, demonstrating a persistent phylogenetic inertia. A comparison of these two groups support an increased morphological diversity and faster and more variable evolutionary rates on islands. These macroevolutionary trends of the locomotor skeleton inAnolisillustrate that ecological opportunities on islands can have lasting effects on morphological diversification.
Time-resolved single-cell analysis of Brca1 associated mammary tumourigenesis reveals aberrant differentiation of luminal progenitors
Authors: Bach Karsten , Pensa Sara , Zarocsinceva Marija , Kania Katarzyna , Stockis Julie , Pinaud Silvain , Lazarus Kyren A. , Shehata Mona , Simões Bruno M. , Greenhalgh Alice R. , Howell Sacha J. , Clarke Robert B. , Caldas Carlos , Halim Timotheus Y. F. , Marioni John C. , Khaled Walid T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt is unclear how genetic aberrations impact the state of nascent tumour cells and their microenvironment. BRCA1 driven triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been shown to arise from luminal progenitors yet little is known about how BRCA1 loss-of-function (LOF) and concomitant mutations affect the luminal progenitor cell state. Here we demonstrate how time-resolved single-cell profiling of genetically engineered mouse models before tumour formation can address this challenge. We found that perturbing Brca1/p53 in luminal progenitors induces aberrant alveolar differentiation pre-malignancy accompanied by pro-tumourigenic changes in the immune compartment. Unlike alveolar differentiation during gestation, this process is cell autonomous and characterised by the dysregulation of transcription factors driving alveologenesis. Based on our data we propose a model where Brca1/p53 LOF inadvertently promotes a differentiation program hardwired in luminal progenitors, highlighting the deterministic role of the cell-of-origin and offering a potential explanation for the tissue specificity of BRCA1 tumours.
Naturally acquired blocking human monoclonal antibodies to Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2b
Authors: Chan Li-Jin , Gandhirajan Anugraha , Carias Lenore L. , Dietrich Melanie H. , Vadas Oscar , Visentin Remy , França Camila T. , Menant Sebastien , Soldati-Favre Dominique , Mueller Ivo , King Christopher L. , Tham Wai-Hong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPlasmodium vivax preferentially invades reticulocytes and recognition of these cells is mediated by P. vivax Reticulocyte Binding Protein 2b (PvRBP2b) binding to human Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and Transferrin (Tf). Longitudinal cohort studies in Papua New Guinea, Thailand and Brazil show that PvRBP2b antibodies are correlated with protection against P. vivax infection and disease. Here, we isolate and characterize anti-PvRBP2b human monoclonal antibodies from two individuals in Cambodia with natural P. vivax infection. These antibodies bind with high affinities and map to different regions of PvRBP2b. Several human antibodies block PvRBP2b binding to reticulocytes and inhibit complex formation with human TfR1-Tf. We describe different structural mechanisms for functional inhibition, including either steric hindrance with TfR1-Tf or the reticulocyte membrane. These results show that naturally acquired human antibodies against PvRBP2b can inhibit its function which is important for P. vivax invasion.
RALYL increases hepatocellular carcinoma stemness by sustaining the mRNA stability of TGF-β2
Authors: Wang Xia , Wang Jin , Tsui Yu-Man , Shi Chaoran , Wang Ying , Zhang Xin , Yan Qian , Chen Miao , Jiang Chen , Yuan Yun-Fei , Wong Chun-Ming , Liu Ming , Feng Zeng-yu , Chen Honglin , Ng Irene Oi Lin , Jiang Lingxi , Guan Xin-Yuan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGrowing evidences suggest that cancer stem cells exhibit many molecular characteristics and phenotypes similar to their ancestral progenitor cells. In the present study, human embryonic stem cells are induced to differentiate into hepatocytes along hepatic lineages to mimic liver development in vitro. A liver progenitor specific gene, RALY RNA binding protein like (RALYL), is identified. RALYL expression is associated with poor prognosis, poor differentiation, and metastasis in clinical HCC patients. Functional studies reveal that RALYL could promote HCC tumorigenicity, self-renewal, chemoresistance, and metastasis. Moreover, molecular mechanism studies show that RALYL could upregulate TGF-β2 mRNA stability by decreasing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. TGF-β signaling and the subsequent PI3K/AKT and STAT3 pathways, upregulated by RALYL, contribute to the enhancement of HCC stemness. Collectively, RALYL is a liver progenitor specific gene and regulates HCC stemness by sustaining TGF-β2 mRNA stability. These findings may inspire precise therapeutic strategies for HCC.