bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TEMPO‐Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers: A Renewable Nanomaterial for Environmental and Energy Applications
Authors: Liu Shasha , Low Ze‐Xian , Xie Zongli , Wang Huanting 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl radical)‐mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNFs), which are derived from abundantly available wood biomass, possess uniform and ultrafine diameters of 3–10 nm and high aspect ratios, and are functionalized with carboxyl groups. The fabrication process of TOCNFs is more environmentally friendly than that of other types of cellulose, such as microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and TOCNFs possess a more uniform and ultrafine diameter. In recent years, TOCNF‐based adsorbents, nanocomposites, and membranes have been studied extensively in various fields, such as environmental remediation, energy, and smart materials. This review summarizes the recent advances in the applications of TOCNFs in the abovementioned fields. In particular, the preparation, adsorption ability, and removal efficiency of TOCNF‐based absorbents, separation performance of various kinds of TOCNF‐based membranes, wide applications of TOCNFs in energy storage and conversion, and TOCNF‐based smart materials are discussed. The beneficial role of TOCNFs in the abovementioned applications is highlighted, including their low environmental impact, high aspect ratio, high strength, ability to be functionalized, and renewability. It is believed that this timely review will facilitate further research on the innovation and applications of TOCNFs in fields such as environmental remediation, energy, and smart materials.
Ultratransparent PMN‐PT Electro‐Optic Ceramics and Its Application in Optical Communication
Authors: Fang Ze , Jiang Xiaodong , Tian Xue , Zheng Fengji , Cheng Mingqiang , Zhao Erding , Ye Wanneng , Qin Yalin , Zhang Yongcheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractElectro‐optic (E‐O) materials are essential to modern information society, especially for optical switches, modulators, and filters in optical communication. In this paper, ultrahigh transparent (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐xPbTiO3 (PMN‐PT) relaxor ferroelectric ceramics are fabricated. The effect of Sm‐doping content (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mol%) on PMN‐PT transparent ceramics is systematically investigated on the optical transparency, electro‐optic coefficient, extinction ratio, and half‐wave voltage. Results indicate that 0.5 mol% Sm‐doped PMN‐PT ceramic shows the optimal comprehensive performance, including high transparency of 69.6%, large quadratic E‐O coefficient of 35 × 10–16 m2 V−2, decent extinction ratio of 32 dB, and low half‐wave voltage (113 V at d = L = 1 mm). An electro‐optic modulator is designed based on the PMN‐PT transparent ceramics and its application in optical communication is realized, such as rapid information modulation, analog signal (audio frequency), and digital signal (graphic patterns) transmission. These results indicate that Sm‐doped PMN–xPT transparent ceramics are promising candidates for E‐O modulation applications.
Dual‐Stimuli‐Responsive Photoluminescence of Enantiomeric Two‐Dimensional Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Gao Fei‐Fei , Li Xiang , Qin Yan , Li Zhi‐Gang , Guo Tian‐Meng , Zhang Zhuo‐Zhen , Su Guo‐Dong , Jiang Chongyun , Azeem Muhammad , Li Wei , Wu Xiang , Bu Xian‐He 
Published: April 2021

Abstract2D hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) are highly responsive to external stimuli and therefore have application potential as sensing materials. Though their optical properties upon singular thermal or pressure stimulation have been recently investigated, their dual‐stimuli‐responsive behaviors have not yet been explored. Here, the dual‐stimuli‐responsive luminescence of a pair of new enantiomeric 2D Dion–Jacobson HOIPs, R+[(4‐aminophenyl)ethylamine]PbI4 and S‐[(4‐aminophenyl)ethylamine]PbI4, is reported. The photoluminescence results show that their 485 nm emissions can be red‐shifted by ≈6 nm upon heating, and further increased to 529 nm under pressure. Such dual‐stimuli‐responsive emissions expand their Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates successively from (0.140, 0.272) to (0.283, 0.473). Detailed structural analysis and first principles calculations reveal that the temperature‐ and pressure‐responsive behaviors arise from the predominant electron–phonon interactions over thermal expansion effect and pressure‐induced in‐plane PbI bond contraction, respectively. The findings open up a new pathway to successively tune the optical emission of 2D HOIPs via a dual‐stimuli‐responsive approach.
Organic Doping at Ultralow Concentrations
Authors: Radha Krishnan Raj Kishen , Liu Shiyi , Dahal Drona , Paudel Pushpa Raj , Lüssem Björn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOrganic doping is widely used for defining the majority charge carriers of organic thin films, tuning the Fermi level, and improving and stabilizing the performance of organic light‐emitting diodes and organic solar cells. However, in contrast to inorganic semiconductors, the doping concentrations commonly used are quite high (in the wt% range). Such high concentrations not only limit the scope of doping in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), but also limit the doping process itself resulting in a low doping efficiency. Here, the mechanism of doping at ultralow doping concentrations is studied. Doped C60 metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) junctions are used to study doping at the 100 ppm level. With the help of a small‐signal drift‐diffusion model, it is possible to disentangle effects of traps at the gate dielectric/organic semiconductor interface from effects of doping and to determine the doping efficiency and activation energy of the doping process. Doped C60 OFETs with an ultralow operation voltage of 800 mV and an excellent on/off ratio of up to 107 are realized. The devices have low subthreshold swing in the range of 80 mV dec−1 and a large transconductance of up to 8 mS mm−1.
On‐Chip Metasurface‐on‐Facets for Ultra‐High Transmission through Waveguides in Near‐Infrared
Authors: Falek Eran , Katiyi Aviad , Greenberg Yakov , Karabchevsky Alina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNature has long inspired scientists and engineers to develop transparent surfaces via constructing anti‐reflective surfaces. In absence of anti‐reflection (AR) coating, silicon reflects about 35% of light for a single interface air−silicon. Here, inspired by jellyfish anti‐reflective eyes, a man‐made anti‐reflective surface on the facet of the waveguide is proposed and demonstrated for waveguides transparency in near‐infrared. The optimized metamaterial with unit cells of 560 × 560 nm shows transparency of 2.6 times better as compared to the waveguide with blank facet. Metasurfaces are milled on the waveguides facets with a focused ion beam. Silicon‐on‐insulator waveguides are tested with an inline set‐up. Far‐field scattering diagrams reveal that it is the special geometry of the unit cells of the engraved metamaterial, which can be associated with the directional scattering resulting in combined effect: on one hand the ultra‐high transparency of the device and on the other hand the efficient coupling to the low‐order modes due to the focusing dielectric nano‐antennas effect. Reported here waveguide facets as AR metamaterials on a chip, opens up opportunities to engineer transparent on‐chip devices with high coupling efficiency for diverse applications from sensing to quantum technologies.
Overcoming the Tumor Microenvironmental Barriers of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas for Achieving Better Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Alzhrani Rami , Alsaab Hashem O. , Vanamala Kushal , Bhise Ketki , Tatiparti Katyayani , Barari Ayatakshi , Sau Samaresh , Iyer Arun K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive disease with the lowest survival rate among all solid tumors. The lethality of PDAC arises from late detection and propensity of the tumor to metastasize and develop resistance against chemo and radiation therapy. A highly complex tumor microenvironment composed of dense stroma, immune cells, fibroblast, and disorganized blood vessels, is the main obstacle to current PDAC therapy. Despite the tremendous success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancers, PDAC remains one of the poorest responders of ICIs therapy. The immunologically “cold” phenotype of PDAC is attributed to the low mutational burden, high infiltration of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells and T‐regs, contributing to a significant immunotherapy resistance mechanism. Thus, the development of innovative strategies for turning immunologically “cold” tumor into “hot” ones is an unmet need to improve the outcome of PDAC ICIs therapies. Other smart strategies, such as nanomedicines, sonic Hedgehog inhibitor, or smoothened inhibitor, are discussed to enhance chemotherapeutic agents' efficiency by disrupting the PDAC stroma. This review highlights the current challenges and various preclinical and clinical strategies to overcome current PDAC therapy difficulties, thus significantly advancing PDAC research knowledge.
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Expedite Identification of Therapeutic Phytochemical Combination for Alcoholic Hepatic Injury
Authors: Sang Xiao , Wang Boqian , Zhao Peng , Ding Xiaolong , Ahmad Khan Zara , Yu Jianhua , Ding Xianting 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlant‐originated compounds, also known as phytochemicals, could improve health through either daily consumption or medical treatments. Conventional developments of phytochemical therapies are often based on the action mechanism of single compounds. However, compounds within a plant or across different plants are numerous, and their interactions potentially mold its therapeutic effect, which is hard to explore with conventional approaches. To address such challenges, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) platform featuring Monte Carlo method‐based modeling (MCM2) for rapid identification of the optimal dose combinations is devised. MCM2 utilizes both the mean and variances within multiple replicates, and thus maximizes the optimization efficiency. MCM2 is applied to optimize the therapeutic effect on alcoholic hepatic injury of a quaternary dose combination of products from Gynostemma pentaphyllum and Lotus leaf, which are identified through in vitro screening of 50 products extracted from 24 herbal medicine candidates. The optimal combination identified by MCM2 is then tested on murine model. Both in vitro and in vivo results confirmed the AI‐optimized phytochemical combination significantly reduced acute alcoholic liver injury. The AI platform introduced in this study could serve to promptly identify optimal combinatorial regimens with potential synergy, which enhances the efficiency during the development of compound medicine.
Spatial Engineering of Microbial Consortium for Long‐Lasting, Self‐Sustaining, and High‐Power Generation in a Bacteria‐Powered Biobattery
Authors: Liu Lin , Mohammadifar Maedeh , Elhadad Anwar , Tahernia Mehdi , Zhang Yunxiang , Zhao Wenfeng , Choi Seokheun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBacteria‐powered biobatteries using multiple microbial species under well‐mixed conditions demonstrate a temporary performance enhancement through their cooperative interaction, where one species produces a resource that another species needs but cannot synthesize. Despite excitement about the artificial microbial consortium, those mixed populations cannot be robust to environmental changes and have difficulty generating long‐lasting power because individual species compete with their neighbors for space and resources. In nature, microbial communities are organized spatially as multiple species are separated by a few hundred micrometers to balance their interaction and competition. However, it has been challenging to define a microscale spatial microbial structure in miniature biobatteries. Here, an innovative technique to design microscale spatial structures with microbial multispecies for significant improvement of the biobattery performance is demonstrated. A solid‐state layer‐by‐layer agar‐based culture platform is proposed, where individual microcolonies separately confined in microscale agar layers form a 3‐D spatial structure allowing for the exchange of metabolites without physical contact between the individual species. The optimized microbial co‐cultures are determined from selected hypothesis‐driven naturally‐occurring bacteria. Vertically and horizontally structured 3‐D microbial communities in solid‐state agar‐based microcompartments demonstrate the practicability of the biobattery, generating longer and greater power in a more self‐sustaining manner than monocultures and other mixed populations.
Architecting Amorphous Vanadium Oxide/MXene Nanohybrid via Tunable Anodic Oxidation for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Wang , Peng Jian , Hua Weibo , Liu Ying , Wang Jinsong , Liang Yaru , Lai Weihong , Jiang Yue , Huang Yang , Zhang Wei , Yang Huiling , Yang Yingguo , Li Lina , Liu Zhenjie , Wang Lei , Chou Shu‐Lei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStructural engineering and creating atomic disorder in electrodes are promising strategies for highly efficient and rapid charge storage in advanced batteries. Herein, a nanohybrid architecture is presented with amorphous vanadium oxide conformally coated on layered V2C MXene (a‐VOx/V2C) via tunable anodic oxidation, which exhibits a high reversible capacity of 307 mAh g–1 at 50 mA g–1, decent rate capability with capacity up to 96 mAh g–1 at 2000 mA g–1, and good cycling stability as a cathode for sodium‐ion batteries. The a‐VOx layer enables reversible and fast Na+ insertion/extraction by providing sufficient vacancies and open pathways in the amorphous framework, unlike the irreversible phase transition in its crystalline counterpart, while layered V2C MXene offers abundant electron/ion transfer channels, which are joined together to boost the electrochemical performance. Notably the improved reversibility and structural superiority of the a‐VOx/V2C nanohybrid are clearly revealed by in situ Raman, in situ transmission electron microscopy, in situ synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, demonstrating a reversible V–O vibration and valence oscillation between V4+ and V5+ in the disordered framework, with robust structural stability and unobstructed Na+ diffusion. This work provides a meaningful reference for the elaborate design of MXene‐based nanostructured electrodes toward advanced rechargeable batteries.
Evaluation of soil potassium‐holding capacity based on waterlogging‐simulation experiments
Authors: Zhao Xinlin , Gao Shuaishuai , Lu Dianjun , Chen Xiaoqin , Wang Huoyan , Zhou Jianmin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEvaluating the capacity and loss risk of soil nutrients is helpful to make fertilization strategies. Herein, the term of soil potassium (K)‐holding capacity (SKHC) was put forward to assess the capacity and loss risk of plant‐available K of specific soils. In this study, SKHC was evaluated via soil waterlogging‐simulation experiments using 14 different soils. The K concentrations in surface water were measured, and a critical K concentration was selected to indicate high soil K loss. Results showed that the surface water K concentration (Ksw) was significantly affected by waterlogging time, temperature, and soil thickness. The average Ksw of 5‐cm soil columns waterlogged for 24 h for the 14 soils was 5 mg L–1 (1.57–8.57 mg L–1); this was subsequently used as the critical K concentration. By repeating the waterlogging simulation experiment with soils treated with different rates of K fertilizer, a quadratic relationship between the K rate and Ksw was found and used to determine the K rate required making the Ksw reach the critical K concentration. For the 14 soils, SKHC ranged from 133 to 2,054 mg kg–1 and can be classified into four levels: low, <500 mg kg–1; moderate, 500–1,000 mg kg–1; high, 1,000–1,500 mg kg–‐1; and extremely high, >1,500 mg kg–1. These results allowed the preliminary establishment of an SKHC evaluation method and grading system. Future studies should verify the SKHC under field conditions and optimize the assessment method proposed in this study.
Regiodivergent Functionalization of Isoquinoline‐1,3(2H,4H)‐dione Derivatives via Aerobic Umpolung
Authors: Li Ying‐Xian , Feng Xiao‐Bing , Jia Xue‐Min , Jin Huang , Chen Fei , Zhao Yong‐Long , Zhang Ji‐Quan , Wang Jian‐Ta , Guo Bing , Tang Lei , Yang Yuan‐Yong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA mild and green methodology for the regiodivergent functionalization of isoquinoline‐1,3(2H,4H)‐diones under aerobic conditions was developed. Under a catalytic amount of base, heteroatom nucleophiles went through an imide opening/ring contraction sequence to give the thermodynamic controlled product; while carbon based nucleophiles led to kinetic controlled aldol type product. Moreover, the aldol type product was transformed into the benzo[c]phenanthridine core structures under transition metal free condition, which provides an environmental benign access to this framework.
Multi‐Mode Reconfigurable DNA‐Based Chemical Reaction Circuits for Soft Matter Computing and Control
Authors: Tang Qian , Lai Wei , Wang Peipei , Xiong Xiewei , Xiao Mingshu , Li Li , Fan Chunhai , Pei Hao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeveloping smart material systems for performing different tasks in diverse environments remains challenging. Here, we show that by integrating stimuli‐responsive soft materials with multi‐mode reconfigurable DNA‐based chemical reaction circuits (D‐CRCs), it can control size change of microgels with multiple reaction pathways and adapt expansion behaviors to meet diverse environments. We first use pH‐responsive intramolecular conformational switches for regulating DNA strand displacement reactions (SDRs). The ability to regulate SDRs with tunable pH‐dependence allows to build dynamic chemical reaction networks with diverse reaction pathways. We confirm that the designed DNA switching circuits are reconfigurable at different pH and perform different logic operations, and the swelling of DNA switching circuit‐integrated microgel systems can be programmably directed by D‐CRCs. Our approach provides insight into building smart responsive materials and fabricating autonomous soft robots.
Electrochemical Generation of Hypervalent Bromine(III) Compounds
Authors: Sokolovs Igors , Mohebbati Nayereh , Francke Robert , Suna Edgars 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn sharp contrast to hypervalent iodine(III) compounds, the isoelectronic bromine(III) counterparts have been little studied to date. This knowledge gap is mainly attributed to the difficult‐to‐control reactivity of λ3‐bromanes as well as to their challenging preparation from the highly toxic and corrosive BrF3 precursor. In this context, we present a straightforward and scalable approach to chelation‐stabilized λ3‐bromanes by anodic oxidation of parent aryl bromides possessing two coordinating hexafluoro‐2‐hydroxypropanyl substituents. A series of para‐substituted λ3‐bromanes with remarkably high redox potentials spanning a range from 1.86 V to 2.60 V vs. Ag/AgNO3 was synthesized by the electrochemical method. We demonstrate that the intrinsic reactivity of the bench‐stable bromine(III) species can be unlocked by addition of a Lewis or a Brønsted acid. The synthetic utility of the λ3‐bromane activation is exemplified by oxidative C−C, C−N, and C−O bond forming reactions.
Synthesis of reactive self‐adhesive branched polyurethane dispersant for textile pigment printing
Authors: Zeng Tengchao , He Guiping , Li Xinxiang , Wang Chaoxia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA series of reactive branched polyurethane dispersants (BPUs) were successfully synthesized based on epoxy as reactive group and nitrogen‐containing heterocycles as anchoring group. The branched polyurethane was adopted an ''A2 + B3'' approach with diisocyanate prepolymer and trimethylolpropane. The structure, molecular weight, and thermodynamic property of BPUs were characterized. The pigment dispersions were prepared with BPUs as the dispersant by ball milling, and then the characteristic parameters such as pigment particle size, viscosity, stability, color properties, and fastness were evaluated. Excellent dispersing performances were observed that the particle size of five dispersions were below 200 nm, with the viscosity as low as 6–9 mPa·s. It is worth noting that the pigment dispersion prepared by BPU exhibited excellent stability and self‐adhesive performance. These dispersions were printed on cotton fabrics without adhesives, their water washing fastness was approximately grade 4. And the dry rubbing and wet rubbing fastnesses were 3 and 2–3, respectively.
The research progress in recording layer of the inkjet printing materials
Authors: Chen Juxiang , Zhang Ke , Zhang Kuiyuan , Yang Lei , Jiang Bo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInkjet printing has become a prevailing printing technology due to its practicability and rapidity. The color inkjet printing as one of the inkjet printing has color comprehensive and high clarity compared with traditional printing. The key point of the color inkjet printing is the introducing of special recording layer which has great influence on the printing quality. However, the printing quality of the color inkjet printing depends on the compositions and performance of the recording layer and the infiltration behavior between the ink and the recording layer. Specially, the theoretical study of the infiltration behavior between the ink and the recording layer is the key to guiding the structural design. In this review, the types and compositions of the recording layer were clearly analyzed, the process and evaluation methods of ink infiltration and the performance evaluation system of the recording layer were also summarized. Ultimately, the current bottleneck and the development trend of the recording layer were put forward.
Carbon Nanofiber and Poly[2‐(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] Trimethylammonium Chloride Composite as a New Benchmark Carbon‐based Electrocatalyst for Sulfide Oxidation
Authors: Aziz Abdul , Shah Syed Shaheen , Jafar Mazumder Mohammad A. , Oyama Munetaka , Al‐Betar Abdul‐Rahman 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere is an overwhelming desire to develop new sulfide oxidation electrocatalysts that perform at low potentials and exhibit high current density for the removal and efficient sensing of sulfide. This article describes a comparative electrochemical analysis of various commercially available carbon materials and polymer/surfactant composite electrocatalysts for direct electrooxidation of sulfide in an aqueous solution. The composites were prepared from five different carbon materials multiwalled carbon nanotubes, fullerene‐C60, graphene, glassy carbon, and carbon nanofibers (CNF) and four different polymers: chitosan, polyvinylidene fluoride, Nafion, and indigenously synthesized poly[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (PMTC). The carbon@polymer composites were prepared by a simple ultrasonication technique, and the electrodes were prepared by drop‐drying the prepared composite on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The CNF@PMTC showed the highest positive zeta potential that allowed an accumulation of many negatively charged sulfide ions at the CNF@PMTC surface. Cyclic voltammetry was used for the electrooxidation of sulfide in an aqueous solution of tris buffer (0.05 M; pH 8.0) and KNO3 (0.1 M). The lowest sulfide oxidation peak potential (i. e., −51 mV vs. standard hydrogen electrode) with a high catalytic current response (730 μA/cm2) of the CNF@PMTC‐modified ITO electrode among the tested and previously reported carbon‐based electrode materials make it ideal for direct sulfide electrooxidation. Taking this and its simple preparation method into account, CNF@PMTC can be considered a benchmark carbon‐based electrocatalyst for sulfide oxidation.