bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activatable NIR‐II Fluorescent Probes Applied in Biomedicine: Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Gong Liang , Shan Xiuzhi , Zhao Xu‐Hua , Tang Li , Zhang Xiao‐Bing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith the advantage of inherent responsiveness that can change the spectroscopic signals from “off” to “on” state in responding to targets (e. g. biological analytes/microenvironmental factors), activatable fluorescent probes have attracted extensive attention and made significant progress in the field of bioimaging and biosensing. Due to the high depth of tissue penetration, minimal tissue damage and negligible background signal at longer wavelengths, the development of second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II) fluorescent materials provides a new opportunity to develop activable fluorescent probes. Here, we summarized properties, advantages and disadvantages of mainly NIR‐II fluorophores (such as rare earth‐doped nanoparticles, quantum dots, single‐walled carbon nanotubes, small molecule dyes, conjugated polymers and gold nanoclusters), then overviewed current role and development of activatable NIR‐II fluorescent probes (AFPs) for biomedical applications including biosensing, bioimaging and therapeutic. The potential challenges and perspectives of AFPs in deep‐tissue imaging and clinical application are also discussed.
Node Distortion Modulation for Anisotropic Thermal Expansions of Two‐dimensional Coordination Polymers
Authors: Ohtani Ryo , Yanagisawa Junichi , Le Ouay Benjamin , Ohba Masaaki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnisotropic negative thermal expansion is a valuable property of solid‐state materials, influencing their micromechanical and functional response. Two flexible two‐dimensional (2D) cyanide‐bridged coordination polymers (CPs) of type [Fe(salen)]2[M(CN)4] (M=MnN (FeMnN) and Pt (FePt)) were synthesized. Their anisotropic negative thermal expansions was strongly linked to relaxations of node distortions in [Fe(salen)]+ units. Comparison with the [Mn(salen)]+ analogues indicated shorter bond lengths around iron(III), due to the different electronic states. These changes of node structures resulted in FeMnN and FePt exhibiting lower and higher degrees of anisotropic thermal expansion behavior, respectively, than their Mn analogues.
Photoluminescence with Peaked Structure: Inherent to Nanoparticles or Resulting From Impurities in Sample Vial Caps?
Authors: Tripathi Vijay , Linga Reddy Panyala , Panchakarla Leela S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe show that fluorescence emission in the visible spectral range reported in the case of many nanoparticles, polymers, complexes and liquid crystals with molecular type signatures could originate from the organic impurities leaching from the caps of glass vials.
Cyrene™ as a Neoteric Bio‐Based Solvent for Catalyst‐Free Microwave‐Assisted Construction of Diverse Bipyridine Analogues for Heavy‐Metal Sensing
Authors: Tamargo Ramuel John Inductivo , Rubio Peter Yuosef M. , Mohandoss Sonaimuthu , Shim Jae‐Jin , Lee Yong Rok 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn environment‐friendly synthetic protocol was developed to access polyfunctionalized bipyridines from readily available amines, chromone‐3‐carboxaldehydes, and pyridinylacetonitriles under catalyst‐ and additive‐free conditions using the bio‐renewable neoteric solvent dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene™). In this strategy, amines served as both a mild‐base promoter and a substrate. In addition, water was the only by‐product of this reaction. This multi‐component protocol provided highly diverse 2,3‐, 3,3‐, and 3,4‐bipyridines in good‐to‐excellent yields. Operational simplicity, short reaction time, excellent atom economy, and easily obtainable substrates are among the features of this microwave‐assisted synthesis. Additionally, the compounds synthesized via this method have demonstrated the ability to detect heavy metals, specifically mercury(II), copper(II), and iron (III) ions.
Mosquito responses to lethal and nonlethal effects of predation and an insect growth regulator
Authors: Alomar Abdullah A. , Alto Barry W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLethal and nonlethal effects of predation are likely to impact phenotypic traits of potential prey that elude capture. Nonlethal effects of predation on prey can include alterations in behavior or morphology in response to predation risk which may impair prey growth and fitness. The application of pesticide in mosquito control during aquatic stages can interact with predation stress and alter density and phenotypic traits of prey. Insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen is a pesticide that mainly prevents pupal‐adult metamorphosis by mimicking juvenile hormone, whereas the larval stage is not targeted. The use of IGR can therefore act in conjunction with natural aquatic predators that target the larval stage to affect population of prey. In this study, we assessed the invasive mosquito prey Aedes aegypti responses to lethal and nonlethal effects of a combination of IGR and predatory mosquito larvae of Toxorhynchites rutilus. The combination of IGR and Tx. rutilus heavily lowered Ae. aegypti metamorphosis to adulthood more than the independent effects of IGR or Tx. rutilus. Exposing Ae. aegypti larvae to the combination shortened life span of adults after metamorphosis for both males and females, whereas control and numerical density reduction “removals” treatments lengthened life span. Our results show strong lethal and nonlethal outcomes of the combination on Ae. aegypti. These findings suggest an additional benefit, decreases adult life span, of the use of an IGR when combined with a natural predator of mosquitoes that may be exploited to improve mosquito control strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission.
Tribute to Leith Mullings
Authors: Martin Emily 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReflecting on the early days of her career, and her experiences of being mentored by Leith Mullings, Emily Martin shares the ways in which Leith Mullings pioneered intersectionality as a mode of analysis, and advocacy. Martin works through many of Mullings's major scholarly contribution to anthropology and feminist thought, and calls upon her readers to continue Mullings's legacy into the future.
Mechanical and physical properties of polyethylene/sour cherry shell powder bio‐composite as potential food packaging
Authors: Farhadi Sahra , Javanmard Majid 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEco‐friendly composite materials have received more attention in recent years, and research has shown that biostructures have great potential as a solution to meet the needs of sustainability in product design and potential food packaging. In this study, the mechanical, thermal, morphological, water absorption properties and water vapor permeability of bio‐composites based on polyethylene and sour cherry shell powder (SCS) (0% –7.5%) have been investigated. It was observed that 2.5% of sour cherry shell increased elastic modulus and tensile strength and improved mechanical properties. Composites without adding sour cherry shell show 1.28% water absorption. Decreased water absorption was observed for treated composites containing 2.5% of sour cherry shell, and its amount was 1.26%. The presence of sour cherry shell increased the bio‐composite resistance to moisture absorption, but the addition had little effect on the thermal process properties of polyethylene. Vapor permeability in sour cherry shell / polyethylene bio‐composites, which was a significant difference between samples with sour cherry shells (2.5%–7.5%) and samples without sour cherry shells. Results indicated that polyethylene/sour cherry shell composites could be used to replace polyethylene in application such as stretch film, shrink film, and bags of fruit.
Determination of posterolateral oropharyngeal wall thickness and the potential implications for transoral surgical margins in tonsil cancer
Authors: Tomblinson Courtney M. , Fletcher Geoffrey P. , Hu Leland S. , Mi Lanyu , Howard Brittany E. , Nagel Thomas H. , Hinni Michael L. , Hoxworth Joseph M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundMargins in transoral surgery for tonsil cancer can be limited by oropharyngeal wall thickness (OWT), but the normal range is not well established.MethodsIn 240 noncancer subjects, OWT was measured bilaterally in the vicinity of the tonsils with MRI. Statistical analysis was performed to assess for interaction of age, sex, location, and obesity.ResultsMean(SD) OWT measured 3.4(0.6) mm posteriorly, 3.7(2.0) mm between the styloglossus and stylopharyngeus, and 5.3(0.8) mm laterally. OWT was greater in men, correlated with obesity, decreased posteriorly and laterally in the 60–80 versus 40–59 year age groups, and increased when styloglossus/stylopharyngeus were closer. OWT was <5 mm in 36.7%–97.9% of locations, with the largest percentage below this threshold located posteriorly.ConclusionsOWT is frequently <5 mm, particularly in the posterior and intermuscular areas, suggesting that a smaller surgical margin may need to be accepted in transoral tonsil cancer surgery for anatomic reasons.
A mixed‐method pilot study to test a program for friend‐supporters of victims of dating violence
Authors: Park Sihyun , Kim Sin‐Hyang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the acceptability and impact of a bystander program (With You Education) in South Korea, designed to enhance the competencies of friend‐supporters to help victims of dating violence (DV). To assess the potential impact of the program, the participants (n = 46) were asked to complete pre‐, post‐, and 1‐year follow‐up surveys and take part in a focused group interview after the training. Participants exhibited significant changes from pretest to posttest evaluation in terms of their competencies as a supporter. Most improvements were sustained over time. Four qualitative themes revealed the multilayered outcomes of this program: increased readiness to help, awareness of DV, beginning to understand the victims, and awareness of DV as a public health problem. With You Education was seen to be an acceptable program for young adults, which can be potentially utilized as a formal violence‐related education.
Mid‐trimester absent nasal bone and transient unilateral hydronephrosis associated with 16p13.3 microduplication
Authors: Sherer David M. , Hsieh Vicky , Kheyman Mila , Field Alessia , Dalloul Mudar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCharacteristic phenotypic features of 16p13.3 microduplication include impaired mental development, arthrogryposis‐like musculoskeletal anomalies (club‐feet, congenital hip dislocation, and camptodactyly of fingers and toes), facial dysmorphology, and at times congenital cardiac disease. Most of the described affected individuals have microduplications involving the CREBBP gene. Findings indicate this gene to be dosage‐sensitive and likely involved in the phenotypes of 16p13.3 microduplication syndrome. We describe the incidental finding of 16p13.3 microduplication in a fetus with mid‐trimester sonographic examination showing absent nasal bone and transient unilateral hydronephrosis.
Study of a Novel Carboxylic Cellulose Nanofibrils‐Ethoxylated Phytosterol‐Alcohol Environmentally Friendly System on the Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Yuan Jie , Liu Dexin , Li Jiankang , Cui Jie , Tang Hongtao , Wei Xin , He Juan , Zhang Xuehao , Huang Pan , Jia Han 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBio‐polymers and bio‐surfactants have attracted increasing attention for their application in chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) due to the environmental concerns of synthetic chemical agents. Here, a ternary compound system consisted of carboxylic cellulose nanofibrils (CCNF), ethoxylated phytosterol (BPS), and n‐pentanol was constructed. The rheological property and interfacial activity of the compound system and the effects of each component at high temperature (80 °C) was investigated systematically. The ternary compound system exhibited excellent performance in thickening, IFT reduction (<10−2 mN m−1), emulsification, and better salt tolerance. CBP, the ternary system of CCNF (2000 mg L−1), BPS (2000 mg L−1), and n‐pentanol (5000 mg L−1), greatly enhanced the oil recovery (24.3%) in the core flooding tests by its high displacement efficiency and sweep enlargement, which was demonstrated directly in the visual micromodel flooding. As an eco‐friendly system with remarkable performance, the compound system of CBP shows great application potential in EOR.
Ditch and elevated organic thin film transistor‐based improved common source voltage amplifier: Frequency response characteristics and analytical modeling
Authors: Mittal Poornima 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this work, the frequency response of single gate organic thin film transistor (OTFT)‐based common source (CS) voltage amplifier is analyzed. Also, the contact‐channel resistance models are developed to validate the lower/upper cutoff frequency and mid‐band gain. The bandwidth of single gate bottom contact (BC) OTFT‐based amplifier is found to be 16 GHz, but the gain is quite low than the predicted due to its lower transconductance. Surprisingly, voltage gain is improved by four times (12.6 dB more) for dual gate TFT‐based amplifier. Moreover, the bandwidth (1 MHz) is also reasonably good. On applying top gate, biasing the gain is enhanced by 46%. Furthermore, two modified single gate BC structures, ditch and elevated source/drain (S/D) contacts, are incorporated to further augment the amplifier characteristics. Correspondingly, it shows a significant enhancement of 45% and 39% in the gain than that of normal BC. Additionally, the bandwidth is observed to be large and obtained as 100 and 96 MHz, which is also close to the expected analytically.
Transvaginal Ultrasound Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessing Myometrial Infiltration in Endometrioid Low Grade Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Gastón Begoña , Muruzábal Juan C. , Lapeña Sonia , Modroño Ana , Guarch Rosa , García de Eulate Inés , Alcázar Juan L. 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing myometrial infiltration (MI) in patients with low grade endometrioid endometrial cancer.MethodsObservational prospective study performed at a single tertiary care center from 2016 to 2020, comprising 156 consecutive patients diagnosed by endometrial sampling as having an endometrioid grade 1/grade 2 endometrial cancer. TVS and MRI were performed prior to surgical staging for assessing MI, which was estimated using subjective examiner's impression and Karlsson's method for both TVS and MRI. During surgery, intraoperative assessment of MI was also performed. Definitive pathological study considered as reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy for ultrasound, MRI, and intraoperative biopsy was estimated and compared.ResultsSensitivity and specificity of TVS for detecting deep MI were 75 and 73.5% for subjective impression and 65 and 70% for Karlsson method, respectively (P = .54). Sensitivity and specificity of MRI for detecting deep MI were 80 and 87% for subjective impression and 70 and 71.3% for Karlsson method. MRI subjective impression showed a significant better specificity than MRI Karlsson method (P = .03). MRI showed better specificity than TVS when subjective impression was considered (P <.05), but not for Karlsson method. Sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative were 75 and 97%, respectively. Intraoperative biopsy showed better specificity than ultrasound and MRI either using examiner's impression or Karlsson method (P <.05).ConclusionsMRI revealed a significant higher specificity than TVS when assessing deep myometrial infiltration. However, the intraoperative biopsy offers a significant better diagnostic accuracy than preoperative imaging techniques.
A self‐decoupled 32‐channel receive array for human‐brain MRI at 10.5 T
Authors: Tavaf Nader , Lagore Russell L. , Jungst Steve , Gunamony Shajan , Radder Jerahmie , Grant Andrea , Moeller Steen , Auerbach Edward , Ugurbil Kamil , Adriany Gregor , Van de Moortele Pierre‐Francois 
Published: March 2021

PurposeReceive array layout, noise mitigation, and B0field strength are crucial contributors to SNR and parallel‐imaging performance. Here, we investigate SNR and parallel‐imaging gains at 10.5 T compared with 7 T using 32‐channel receive arrays at both fields.MethodsA self‐decoupled 32‐channel receive array for human brain imaging at 10.5 T (10.5T‐32Rx), consisting of 31 loops and one cloverleaf element, was co‐designed and built in tandem with a 16‐channel dual‐row loop transmitter. Novel receive array design and self‐decoupling techniques were implemented. Parallel imaging performance, in terms of SNR and noise amplification (g‐factor), of the 10.5T‐32Rx was compared with the performance of an industry‐standard 32‐channel receiver at 7 T (7T‐32Rx) through experimental phantom measurements.ResultsCompared with the 7T‐32Rx, the 10.5T‐32Rx provided 1.46 times the central SNR and 2.08 times the peripheral SNR. Minimum inverse g‐factor value of the 10.5T‐32Rx (min[1/g] = 0.56) was 51% higher than that of the 7T‐32Rx (min[1/g] = 0.37) with R = 4 × 4 2D acceleration, resulting in significantly enhanced parallel‐imaging performance at 10.5 T compared with 7 T. The g‐factor values of 10.5 T‐32 Rx were on par with those of a 64‐channel receiver at 7 T (eg, 1.8 vs 1.9, respectively, with R = 4 × 4 axial acceleration).ConclusionExperimental measurements demonstrated effective self‐decoupling of the receive array as well as substantial gains in SNR and parallel‐imaging performance at 10.5 T compared with 7 T.
Patient view of the advanced practitioner (AP) role in primary care: A realist‐informed synthesis
Authors: Morris Leah , Moule Pam , Pearson Jennifer , Foster Dave , Walsh Nicola 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundApproximately 30% of general practitioner consultations are due to musculoskeletal disorders (MSKDs). Physiotherapists are trained to assess, diagnose and treat a range of MSKDs, and could provide the first point of contact for primary care patients. There is limited evidence on whether this role is acceptable to patients; however, previous research has explored advanced practitioner (AP) roles in primary care, which could inform this new initiative.AimsThis study used realist synthesis to explore factors that influence patient acceptability of AP roles in primary care.Materials & MethodsA realist synthesis was undertaken to identify initial programme theories regarding acceptability. Databases were searched to identify relevant literature. Identified studies were subject to inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 38 studies included for synthesis. Theory‐specific data extraction sheets were created and utilised. Data were analysed through identifying contexts, mechanisms and outcomes to formulate hypotheses. Hypotheses were validated through consultation with expert stakeholders.ResultsEight theory areas were identified that potentially impacted on patient acceptability of the role: patient's prior experience of condition management; patient's expectations of condition management; communication; continuity of the individual practitioner; practitioner's scope of practice; accessibility; professional hierarchy and promoting the role. Nineteen hypotheses on the AP role were developed around these theory areas.DiscussionRole acceptabiliy was influenced significantly by context and may change as the role develops, for instance, as waiting times change.ConclusionHypotheses will inform a subsequent realist evaluation exploring the physiotherapy AP role in primary care. Future research is needed to understand the acceptability of first contact physiotherapists delivering certain skills.
Multiple cross‐linked networks enhanced ENR‐based composite with excellent self‐healing properties
Authors: Peng Tao , Huang Jiarong , Gong Zhou , Ding Jianping , Chen Yukun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSelf‐healing property is an excellent feature that can improve the reliability and durability of the materials. In this study, carboxylic multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (S‐CNTs) and 2,2′‐dithiodibenzoic acid (DTSA) were introduced into epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) to prepare a self‐healing rubber. S‐CNTs and DTSA could react with epoxy groups of ENR to effectively cross‐link ENR, in which the cross‐linked network consisted of reversible disulfide bonds, β‐hydroxyl ester bonds, and hydrogen bonds. The reconfigurable cross‐linked network endowed the ENR/S‐CNTs/DTSA composites with great self‐healing behavior with efficiency up to 99.7%. The multiple cross‐linked networks also enhanced the mechanical properties of the composite, whose tensile strength reached more than 400% of the neat ENR. Additionally, optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy disclosed the evolution of the damaged area during the self‐healing process, and the crack could be completely repaired after the healing process. This work provides an effective and concise method to prepare self‐healing ENR‐based elastomer, and it may expand the research scope of self‐healing materials.
New psychoactive substances—Designer benzodiazepines
Authors: Wilde Maurice , Auwärter Volker , Moosmann Bjoern 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDesigner benzodiazepines are a rather new class of new psychoactive substances counting 26 compounds by the end of 2019. However, due to their high habit‐forming potential, the easy availability of these drugs in online shops is rather alarming. While the risk of acute health effects or intoxications after the sole consumption of benzodiazepines is low, combined consumption with other central nervous system depressant drugs such as opioids or alcohol can lead to life‐threating conditions. Furthermore, long term use can lead to tolerance and addiction. In this review article the emergence of this drug class is described and the literature on pharmacokinetics and the various methods of detection is discussed. Furthermore, the structure activity relationships of benzodiazepines are summarized in order to predict the potency of newly emerging compounds.This article is categorized under:
Toxicology > New Psychoactive Substances
Reordering Occupation, Race, and Place in Metropolitan New York
Authors: Zapatka Kasey , Mollenkopf John , Romalewski Steven 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe New York metropolitan area is one of the oldest, largest, and perhaps most complex urban region in the United States (U.S.). Its 23.7 million residents live across four states, produce a GDP of more than $1.7 trillion, are governed by a fragmented political system, and experience persistently high degrees of geographic and racial/ethnic inequality and segregation. This chapter investigates the evolving spatial organization of occupation and race across the metropolitan area. While white professionals have traditionally lived in an outer ring of suburbs and blue-collar immigrant and minority groups have lived closer to the city center, our research shows that the forces of gentrification and minority and immigrant suburbanization have been turning the metropolitan area inside out. Specifically, young, usually white, professionals are increasingly located in and around the central city whereas many working-class minorities have shifted away from it. At the heart of this spatial reordering lie the diminishing plurality of native-born whites within the region and the increasing share of immigrant minority groups, especially for foreign-born Hispanics and Asians. This trend has lessened the share of white males in better occupations even as the region’s occupational structure slowly but inexorably tilts toward managerial and professional occupations. Technology is transforming white-collar work as blue-collar work continues to disappear. Dramatic shifts are thus afoot, yet inequality and segregation remain high. We argue that these changes in the spatial organization of the metropolitan area challenge us to see these inequalities from a new vantage point. As elites are now more likely to live among less advantaged groups, this may provide the social basis for new thinking.