bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autophagy is involved in the replication of H9N2 influenza virus via the regulation of oxidative stress in alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: Zhang Rui-hua , Zhang Hong-liang , Li Pei-yao , Li Chun-hong , Gao Jing-ping , Li Jun , Xu Tong , Wang Xue-jing , Wang Cun-lian , Zhang Hui-chen , Xu Ming-ju , Tian Shu-fei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic factor in influenza A virus infection. It has been found that reactive oxygen species induced by the H9N2 influenza virus is associated with viral replication. However, the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated.

Methods
In this study, the role of autophagy was investigated in H9N2 influenza virus-induced oxidative stress and viral replication in A549 cells. Autophagy induced by H9N2 was inhibited by an autophagy inhibitor or RNA interference, the autophagy level, viral replication and the presence of oxidative stress were detected by western blot, TCID50 assay, and Real-time PCR. Then autophagy and oxidative stress were regulated, and viral replication was determined. At last, the Akt/TSC2/mTOR signaling pathways was detected by western blot.

Results
Autophagy was induced by the H9N2 influenza virus and the inhibition of autophagy reduced the viral titer and the expression of nucleoprotein and matrix protein. The blockage of autophagy suppressed the H9N2 virus-induced increase in the presence of oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased reactive oxygen species production and malonaldehyde generation, and increased superoxide dismutase 1 levels. The changes in the viral titer and NP mRNA level caused by the antioxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), and the oxidizing agent, H2O2, confirmed the involvement of oxidative stress in the control of viral replication. NAC plus transfection with Atg5 siRNA significantly reduced the viral titer and oxidative stress compared with NAC treatment alone, which confirmed that autophagy was involved in the replication of H9N2 influenza virus by regulating oxidative stress. Our data also revealed that autophagy was induced by the H9N2 influenza virus through the Akt/TSC2/mTOR pathway. The activation of Akt or the inhibition of TSC2 suppressed the H9N2 virus-induced increase in the level of LC3-II, restored the decrease in the expression of phospho-pAkt, phospho-mTOR and phospho-pS6 caused by H9N2 infection, suppressed the H9N2-induced increase in the presence of oxidative stress, and resulted in a decrease in the viral titer.

Conclusion
Autophagy is involved in H9N2 virus replication by regulating oxidative stress via the Akt/TSC2/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, autophagy maybe a target which may be used to improve antiviral therapeutics.
The effect of improved dietary control on cognitive and psychiatric functioning in adults with phenylketonuria: the ReDAPT study
Authors: Burgess Nicholas M. , Kelso Wendy , Malpas Charles B. , Winton-Brown Toby , Fazio Timothy , Panetta Julie , De Jong Gerard , Neath Joanna , Atherton Sonny , Velakoulis Dennis , Walterfang Mark 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterised by a deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase. Untreated, PKU is associated with a wide range of cognitive and psychiatric sequelae. Contemporary management guidelines recommend lifetime dietary control of phenylalanine (Phe) levels, however many individuals who discontinue dietary control subsequently suffer symptoms of anxiety, depression and disturbances to cognition. We undertook a prospective cohort study of patients with early-treated phenylketonuria who had ceased dietary control to test the hypothesis that resumption of dietary control of PKU is associated with improvements in measures of psychiatric morbidity and cognitive functioning.MethodsWe re-initiated dietary control for early-treated patients with PKU and monitored cognitive and psychiatric outcomes over a twelve-month period. Assessments included objective cognitive function (measured by cognitive proficiency index (CPI)), anxiety and depression scales. General linear mixed model (GLMM) analyses were performed to assess change in psychometric variables from baseline over twelve months after resumption of dietary control.ResultsA total of nine patients were recruited. Mean age was 33 years (SD = 8.75), five were female. Mean time off dietary control was 19.1 years (SD = 11.3), and mean baseline phenylalanine (Phe) levels were 1108 µmol/L (SD = 293). GLMM analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between CPI and time on diet (b = 0.56 [95% CI = 0.17, 0.95]). Age, time off diet, Phe levels and depression scores were not associated with cognitive function. There was a negative relationship between time on diet and anxiety (b = − 0.88 95% CI = [− 1.26, − 0.50]) and depression ratings (b = − 0.61, 95% CI = [− 0.95, − 0.26]).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated improvements in cognitive function, anxiety, and depression ratings associated with resumption of dietary control of PKU. Raw Phe levels were not strongly associated with psychiatric or cognitive scores in this cohort. These findings support the importance of lifelong treatment for PKU in improving the cognitive and psychiatric sequelae of the disease.
Differential study of the Parabramis pekinensis intestinal microbiota according to different habitats and different parts of the intestine
Authors: Gu Hailong , Feng Yaming , Zhang Ya , Yin Denghua , Yang Zhijing , Tang Wenqiao 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To identify the differences in gut bacterial community of Parabramis pekinensis under different growth conditions, and the effect of the diet in a controlled habitat on the community structure, aiming to provide a comprehensive survey of how the gut microbiota in P. pekinensis varies depending on habitat.

Methods
A total of 73 P. pekinensis from Yangtze River (W), rivers in the outskirts of Jingjiang (Jiangsu province, China, R), and farms (C) were collected to analyze the intestinal microbiota using high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 16S ribosomal RNA gene. We also subdivided the gut into the foregut (F), midgut (M), and hindgut (B) to analyze the differences between them.

Results
The dominant bacterial phyla in P. pekinensis were Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria; meanwhile, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Verrucomicrobia were also highly abundant. It is worth noting that the abundance of Fusobacteria Cetobacterium was also very high. The abundance and diversity of the intestinal microbiota structure of fish taken from breeding farm were significantly lower than those taken from Yangtze river and Suburban river, and the abundance of Aeromonas in the gut of fish taken from Yangtze river was much higher than that of fish taken from Suburban river. Compared to midgut, foregut and hindgut have similar microbiota structures, but did not differ significantly in them.

Conclusions
The core intestinal microbiota of P. pekinensis is the same to other herbivorous and partially omnivorous fish. There were significant differences in the intestinal microbiota structure of P. pekinensis from different habitats, but no significant differences in the microbiota abundance and diversity between the different parts of the intestine.
Inhibition of TGFβ improves hematopoietic stem cell niche and ameliorates cancer-related anemia
Authors: Wang Boyan , Wang Yi , Chen Hainan , Yao Senyu , Lai Xiaofan , Qiu Yuan , Cai Jianye , Huang Yinong , Wei Xiaoyue , Guan Yuanjun , Wang Tao , Wang Jiancheng , Xiang Andy Peng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Cancer cachexia is a wasting syndrome that is quite common in terminal-stage cancer patients. Cancer-related anemia is one of the main features of cancer cachexia and mostly results in a poor prognosis. The disadvantages of the current therapies are obvious, but few new treatments have been developed because the pathological mechanism remains unclear.

Methods
C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously injected with Lewis lung carcinoma cells to generate a cancer-related anemia model. The treated group received daily intraperitoneal injections of SB505124. Blood parameters were determined with a routine blood counting analyzer. Erythroid cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The microarchitecture changes of the femurs were determined by micro-computed tomography scans. Smad2/3 phosphorylation was analyzed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The changes in the hematopoietic stem cell niche were revealed by qPCR analysis of both fibrosis-related genes and hematopoietic genes, fibroblastic colony-forming unit assays, and lineage differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells.

Results
The mouse model exhibited hematopoietic suppression, marked by a decrease of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, as well as an increase of immature erythroblasts and reduced differentiation of multipotent progenitors in the bone marrow. The ratio of bone volume/total volume, trabecular number, and cortical wall thickness all appeared to decrease, and the increased osteoclast number has led to the release of latent TGFβ and TGFβ signaling over-activation. Excessive TGFβ deteriorated the hematopoietic stem cell niche, inducing fibrosis of the bone marrow as well as the transition of mesenchymal stromal cells. Treatment with SB505124, a small-molecule inhibitor of TGFβ signaling, significantly attenuated the symptoms of cancer-related anemia in this model, as evidenced by the increase of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood and the normalized proportion of erythroblast cell clusters. Meanwhile, hindered hematopoiesis and deteriorated hematopoietic stem cell niche were also shown to be restored with SB505124 treatment.

Conclusion
This study investigated the role of TGFβ released by bone remodeling in the progression of cancer-related anemia and revealed a potential therapeutic approach for relieving defects in hematopoiesis.
Diagnosis and treatment of Rosai-Dorfman disease of the spine: a systematic literature review
Authors: Hu Pan-pan , Wei Feng , Liu Xiao-guang , Liu Zhong-jun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeTo review and summarize the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment strategies, and prognosis of spinal Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD).MethodsRDD is also termed as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. We searched the databases of PubMed, Elsevier ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and OVID. The keywords wereRosai-Dorfman diseaseandspine/central nervous system. Research articles and case reports with accessibility to full texts regarding spinal RDD were eligible for the inclusion. A total of 62 articles were included, and they contained 69 cases. We extracted the information of interest and analyzed them using SPSS statistics package.ResultsThe average age was 33.1 ± 18.3 years. The ratio of males to females was 1.9/1. Overall, 63 cases presented with spine-related symptoms. A total of 27 cases (39.1%) had multi-organ lesions, and 12 cases had records of massive lymphadenopathy. Among 47 cases who first manifested spine-related symptoms, 93.6% were preoperatively misdiagnosed. The disease had a predilection for cervical spine (38.8%) and thoracic spine (40.3%). 62.9% of lesions were dura-based. Surgery remained the mainstream treatment option (78.8%), with or without adjuvant therapies. Total lesion resection was achieved in 34.8% of cases. The rate of lesion recurrence/progression was 19.5%, which was marginally lower for total resection than for non-total resection.ConclusionSpinal RDD has no pathognomonic clinical and imaging features. Most cases first present with spine-relevant symptoms. Massive lymphadenopathy is not common, but a tendency for multi-organ involvement should be considered. Spinal RDD has a high recurrence rate; thus, total resection is the treatment of choice. Adjuvant therapies are indicated for multi-organ lesions and residual lesions. A wait and watch strategy is recommended for asymptomatic patients. Herein, a workflow of diagnosis and treatment of the spinal RDD is established.
Data analysis of heavy metal content in riverwater: multivariate statistical analysis and inequality expressions
Authors: Leventeli Yasemin , Yalcin Fusun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to use multivariate statistical methods with asymmetric distributions approach, chemical analysis, and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) device. We investigate data of heavy metal content from Akcay Riverwater to the Mediterranean involving Finike sea coast at Turkey. We determine the chemical content, origin of heavy metals of the surface water in Akcay River, which flows into the Mediterranean realted to the above-mentioned region by multivariate statistical analysis, pollution indices, and density maps involving numerical comments by numbers. With the help of special numbers represented by special chemical components and simmetric statistical methods given above, in this paper, we obtain many new relations and results. Furhermore, we give some comments, observations, and remarks about the results of this paper. These results have a high potential to be used not only in engineering fields and health sciences, but also in applied mathematics, statistics, and other fields.
Entire solutions for several second-order partial differential-difference equations of Fermat type with two complex variables
Authors: Xu Hong Yan , Meng Da Wei , Liu Sanyang , Wang Hua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper is concerned with description of the existence and the forms of entire solutions of several second-order partial differential-difference equations with more general forms of Fermat type. By utilizing the Nevanlinna theory of meromorphic functions in several complex variables we obtain some results on the forms of entire solutions for these equations, which are some extensions and generalizations of the previous theorems given by Xu and Cao (Mediterr. J. Math. 15:1–14, 2018; Mediterr. J. Math. 17:1–4, 2020) and Liu et al. (J. Math. Anal. Appl. 359:384–393, 2009; Electron. J. Differ. Equ. 2013:59–110, 2013; Arch. Math. 99:147–155, 2012). Moreover, by some examples we show the existence of transcendental entire solutions with finite order of such equations.
The effect of vestibular, lingual, and aligner appliances on the quality of life of adult patients during the initial stages of orthodontic treatment
Authors: AlSeraidi Maryam , Hansa Ismaeel , Dhaval Fadia , Ferguson Donald J. , Vaid Nikhilesh R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Patient quality of life (QoL) during orthodontic treatment is an important consideration that requires greater academic investigation as greater focus is placed on enhancing patient experience. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed in three orthodontic appliance groups, i.e., vestibular, lingual, and aligners during the initial stages of treatment. The sample was comprised of 117 adult patient-subjects distributed into 3 groups: vestibular (n = 41), lingual (n = 37), and aligner (n = 39). A WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire surveyed four domains (physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment).

Results
Mean scores for domain 1, physical health, showed that the aligner group (28.1) had significantly greater scores than that of the vestibular (22.7) or lingual (22) groups. Domain 2, psychological health, demonstrated significant differences (P < 0.001) between all groups, with the aligner group scoring the highest (23.2), followed by the lingual (18.4) and vestibular (15.2) groups. Domain 3, social relationship, showed that aligner (10.9) and lingual (10.2) scores were significantly greater (P < 0.001) than those of the vestibular group (7.8). Domain 4, environment, displayed significant differences between all groups, with the aligner group scoring highest (32.1), followed by the lingual group (29.3), and lastly the vestibular group (26.4). Overall, the highest mean score was obtained by the aligner group (23.1) and the lowest mean score was by the vestibular group (18). The mean domain scores for all three groups were significantly different (P ≤ 0.005) from each other (Table 2).

Conclusions
Overall, patients undergoing Aligner therapy reported the overall highest QoL scores, followed by lingual and vestibular groups.
Community-acquired and hospital-acquired respiratory tract infection and bloodstream infection in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia
Authors: Søgaard Kirstine K. , Baettig Veronika , Osthoff Michael , Marsch Stephan , Leuzinger Karoline , Schweitzer Michael , Meier Julian , Bassetti Stefano , Bingisser Roland , Nickel Christian H. , Khanna Nina , Tschudin-Sutter Sarah , Weisser Maja , Battegay Manuel , Hirsch Hans H. , Pargger Hans , Siegemund Martin , Egli Adrian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objectives
SARS-CoV-2 may cause acute lung injury, and secondary infections are thus relevant complications in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. However, detailed information on community- and hospital-acquired infections among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is scarce.

Methods
We identified 220 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients hospitalized at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (between 25 February and 31 May 2020). We excluded patients who declined the general consent (n = 12), patients without clinical evidence of pneumonia (n = 29), and patients hospitalized for < 24 h (n = 17). We evaluated the frequency of community- and hospital-acquired infections using respiratory and blood culture materials with antigen, culture-based, and molecular diagnostics. For ICU patients, all clinical and microbial findings were re-evaluated interdisciplinary (intensive care, infectious disease, and clinical microbiology), and agreement reached to classify patients with infections.

Results
In the final cohort of 162 hospitalized patients (median age 64.4 years (IQR, 50.4–74.2); 61.1% male), 41 (25.3%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, 34/41 (82.9%) required mechanical ventilation, and 17 (10.5%) of all hospitalized patients died. In total, 31 infections were diagnosed including five viral co-infections, 24 bacterial infections, and three fungal infections (ventilator-associated pneumonia, n = 5; tracheobronchitis, n = 13; pneumonia, n = 1; and bloodstream infection, n = 6). Median time to respiratory tract infection was 12.5 days (IQR, 8–18) and time to bloodstream infection 14 days (IQR, 6–30). Hospital-acquired bacterial and fungal infections were more frequent among ICU patients than other patients (36.6% vs. 1.7%). Antibiotic or antifungal treatment was administered in 71 (43.8%) patients.

Conclusions
Community-acquired viral and bacterial infections were rare among COVID-19 pneumonia patients. By contrast, hospital-acquired bacterial or fungal infections were frequently complicating the course among ICU patients.
Evaluation of the deformation shape of a balloon-type dielectric elastomer actuator prestretched with water pressure
Authors: Koike Natsumi , Hayakawa Takeshi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, we evaluated the deformation shape of a balloon-type dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) that has been prestretched with water pressure. We fabricated the DEA with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as the elastomeric material and carbon grease as the electrode. We derived analytical solutions for the deformation of the DEA based on structural mechanical models. Additionally, we compared the deformation shapes obtained by theoretical analysis and experimental results. Our model can partially predict the deformation shape of the DEA with good accuracy. In addition, we discuss the applicable range of the theoretical model and error relative to the experimental results.
Exploring the impact of Artificial Intelligence and robots on higher education through literature-based design fictions
Authors: Cox A. M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractArtificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics are likely to have a significant long-term impact on higher education (HE). The scope of this impact is hard to grasp partly because the literature is siloed, as well as the changing meaning of the concepts themselves. But developments are surrounded by controversies in terms of what is technically possible, what is practical to implement and what is desirable, pedagogically or for the good of society. Design fictions that vividly imagine future scenarios of AI or robotics in use offer a means both to explain and query the technological possibilities. The paper describes the use of a wide-ranging narrative literature review to develop eight such design fictions that capture the range of potential use of AI and robots in learning, administration and research. They prompt wider discussion by instantiating such issues as how they might enable teaching of high order skills or change staff roles, as well as exploring the impact on human agency and the nature of datafication.
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) embolization: prediction of angiographically-confirmed recanalization according to PAVM Diameter changes on CT
Authors: Hong Jihoon , Lee Sang Yub , Cha Jung Guen , Lim Jae-Kwang , Park Jongmin , Lee Jaehee , Cha Seung-Ick , Kim Chang-Ho , Seo Hyewon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
To assess pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) recanalization after embolization based on PAVM diameter changes on computed tomography (CT), with pulmonary angiography used as a gold standard.

Methods
A retrospective review was done of patients from 2008 to 2019 with a PAVM treated with endovascular embolization. The treatment outcome was determined by conventional angiography. Follow-up pulmonary angiography was performed when recanalization was suspected on CT, or embolization of all lesions in multiple PAVM patients could not be completed in a single session. Patients who had no preprocedural or follow-up CT were excluded. Draining vein, feeding artery, and venous sac diameter were measured on CT, and diameter reduction rates were compared with the widely-used, binary 70 % criteria.

Results
Forty-one patients with 114 PAVMs were treated during the study period. Eight patients with 50 PAVMs met the inclusion criteria. Mean vein, artery, and venous sac diameter reduction rates were as follows: 59.2 ± 9.3 %, 47.5 ± 10.6 %, and 62.6 ± 13.2 %, respectively, in the occluded group and 5.4 ± 19.5 %, 11.3 ± 17.7 %, and 26.8 ± 14.2 %, respectively, in the recanalized group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for PAVM recanalization for the draining vein was 1.00, showing a better result than the artery (0.97) and sac (0.99). Patients showed > 42 % draining vein diameter reduction in the occluded group and < 32 % in the recanalized group. The widely-used 70 % criteria showed low specificity for predicting recanalization (draining vein, 7.3 %; venous sac, 41.7 %) but 100 % sensitivity for both the draining vein and venous sac.

Conclusions
The widely-used 70 % binary criteria showed limited performance in predicting outcomes in this angiographically-confirmed case series. Further investigations are warranted to establish a strategy for detecting recanalization after PAVM embolization.