bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical distillation for image compressive sensing reconstruction
Authors: Lee Bokyeung , Ku Bonhwa , Kim Wanjin , Ko Hanseok 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCompressive sensing (CS) is an effective algorithm for reconstructing images from a small sample of data. CS models combining traditional optimisation‐based CS methods and deep learning have been used to improve image reconstruction performance. However, if the sample ratio is very low, the performance of the CS method combined with deep learning will be unsatisfactory. In this letter, a deep learning‐based CS model incorporating hierarchical knowledge distillation to improve image reconstruction even at varied sample ratios. Compared to the state‐of‐art methods with all compressive sensing ratios, the proposed method improved performance by an average of 0.26 dB without additional trainable parameters.
Conceptualizing the elements of research impact: towards semantic standards
Authors: Belcher Brian , Halliwell Janet 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAny effort to understand, evaluate, and improve the impact of research must begin with clear concepts and definitions. Currently, key terms to describe research results are used ambiguously, and the most common definitions for these terms are fundamentally flawed. This hinders research design, evaluation, learning, and accountability. Specifically, the terms outcome and impact are often defined and distinguished from one another using relative characteristics, such as the degree, directness, scale, or duration of change. It is proposed instead to define these terms by the kind of change rather than by the degree or temporal nature of change. Research contributions to a change process are modeled as a series of causally inter-related steps in a results chain or results web with three main kinds of results: (i) the direct products of research, referred to as outputs; (ii) changes in the agency and actions of system actors when they are informed/influenced by research outputs, referred to as outcomes; and (iii) tangible changes in the social, economic, environmental, or other physical condition, referred to as realized benefits. Complete definitions for these terms are provided, along with examples. This classification aims to help focus research evaluation appropriately and enhance appreciation of the multiple pathways and mechanisms by which scholarship contributes to change.
Disciplinary power and practices of body politics: an evaluation of Dalit women in Bama’s Sangati and P. Sivakami’s The Grip of Change through Foucauldian discourse analysis
Authors: Ghosh Aditya 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThrough a Foucauldian reading of Bama’s Sangati (2005) and P. Sivakami’s The Grip of Change (2006a, 2006b), this paper attempts to delineate the permeation and maintenance of disciplinary power in the social structure and assertion of patriarchal politics in the subjugation of Dalit female bodies. The detrimental politics of patriarchal discourse, the paper argues, degrades the existence of Dalit women, and excludes them from the equation of power relations by delimiting their access to society’s productive resources and restricting their sexuality. Disciplinary power, which acts as a patriarchal tool, prescribes acceptable gestures and required behaviour, and through constant surveillance normalizes a dominant male order. It reduces Dalit women’s existence into an amorphous property, readily mutilated and moulded under the whims of a phallocentric order. Discursive practices further constitute practices of body politics, making the female body an object of active site of political struggle. The paper studies Sangati and The Grip of Change as literary exemplars to demonstrate how disciplinary power, as underscored by Foucault’s discourse analysis, intervenes and determines the life of Dalit women. It not only lays bare the covert body politics of patriarchy with the unfiltered depiction of women’s exploitation and atrocities, but also represents a paradigm shift by advocating ways of emancipation for Dalit women.
Styles, standards and meaning
Authors: Meyerhoff Miriam , Abtahian Maya Ravindranath , Gafter Roey J. , Horesh Uri , Kasstan Jonathan R. , Keegan Peter , King Jeanette 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Style, in the study of variation and change, is intimately linked with broader questions about linguistic innovation and change, standards, social norms, and individual speakers’ stances. This article examines style when applied to lesser-studied languages. Style is both (i) the product of speakers’ choices among variants, and (ii) something reflexively produced through the association of variants and the social position of the users of those variants. In the context of the languages considered here, we ask “What questions do we have about variation in this language and what notion(s) of style will answer them?” We highlight methodological, conceptual and analytical challenges for the notion of style as it is usually operationalised in variationist sociolinguistics. We demonstrate that style is a useful research heuristic which – when marshalled alongside locally-oriented accounts of, or proxies for “standard” and “prestige”, in apparent time – allows us to describe language and explore change. It is also a means for exploring social meaning, which speakers may have more or less conscious control over.
Modelling stylistic variation in threatened and under-documented languages
Authors: Kasstan Jonathan R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe centrality of style is uncontested in sociolinguistics: it is an essential construct in the study of linguistic variation and change in the speech community. This is not the case in the language-obsolescence literature, where stylistic variation among endangered-language speakers is described as an ephemeral, or “marginal” resource, and where speakers exhibiting “stylistic shrinkage” become “monostylistic”. This argument is invoked in variationist theory too, where “monostylism” is presented as support for the tenets of Audience Design (Bell 1984). This article reports on a study that adopts variationist methods in a context of severe language endangerment. Evidence from two linguistic variables in Francoprovençal demonstrates the presence of socially meaningful stylistic variation among the last generation of fluent speakers, offering counter-evidence to classic claims. This evidence is used to argue that accounts of stylistic variation in language obsolescence are not sufficiently nuanced and should be reconsidered in light of recent research.
Concept-based instruction for applied L2 acquisition
Authors: Zakhia Doueihi Julien , François Thomas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study’s objective is to present an overview of experimental applications of Concept-Based Instruction (CBI)
for Second Language Acquisition. CBI aims to describe complex grammatical notions in a thorough manner in order to facilitate
their acquisition. Even though CBI is still considered as a recent domain in language teaching, the growing body of research makes
it timely to present a systematic review, which is currently lacking. In the present paper, we will first describe the theoretical
background upon which CBI is grounded. Then, we will carry out an analysis of 29 CBI studies in which a classroom experiment was
performed, with the objective of considering the strengths and limits of this teaching method.
Robustness of the cosmological constant damping mechanism through matter eras
Authors: Evnin Oleg , Massart Victor , Nguyen Kévin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A dynamical resolution to the cosmological constant fine-tuning problem has been previously put forward, based on a gravitational scalar–tensor theory possessing de Sitter attractor solutions characterized by a small Hubble expansion rate, irrespective of an initially large vacuum energy. We show that a technically natural subregion of the parameter space yields a cosmological evolution through radiation- and matter-dominated eras that is essentially indistinguishable from that predicted by general relativity. Similarly, the proposed model automatically satisfies the observational constraints on a fifth force mediated by the new scalar degree of freedom.
Weak second Bianchi identity for static, spherically symmetric spacetimes with timelike singularities
Authors: Burtscher Annegret , Kiessling Michael K-H , Tahvildar-Zadeh A Shadi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The (twice-contracted) second Bianchi identity is a differential curvature identity that holds on any smooth manifold with a metric. In the case when such a metric is Lorentzian and solves Einstein’s equations with an (in this case inevitably smooth) energy–momentum–stress tensor of a ‘matter field’ as the source of spacetime curvature, this identity implies the physical laws of energy and momentum conservation for the ‘matter field’. The present work inquires into whether such a Bianchi identity can still hold in a weak sense for spacetimes with curvature singularities associated with timelike singularities in the ‘matter field’. Sufficient conditions that establish a distributional version of the twice-contracted second Bianchi identity are found. In our main theorem, a large class of spherically symmetric static Lorentzian metrics with timelike one-dimensional singularities is identified, for which this identity holds. As an important first application we show that the well-known Reissner–Weyl–Nordström spacetime of a point charge does not belong to this class, but that Hoffmann’s spacetime of a point charge with negative bare mass in the Born–Infeld electromagnetic vacuum does.
Transmission x-ray microscopy and its applications in battery material research—a short review
Authors: Spence Stephanie , Lee Wah-Keat , Lin Feng , Xiao Xianghui 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Transmission x-ray microscopy (TXM), which can provide morphological and chemical structural information inside of battery component materials at tens of nanometer scale, has become a powerful tool in battery research. This article presents a short review of the TXM, including its instrumentation, battery research applications, and the practical sample preparation and data analysis in the TXM applications. A brief discussion on the challenges and opportunities in the TXM applications is presented at the end.
Optimal time decay of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations for a reacting mixture
Authors: Feng Zefu , Hong Guangyi , Zhu Changjiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we are concerned with the large-time behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem on the compressible Navier–Stokes equations for ideal reacting gases. The asymptotic stability of the constant equilibrium state with strictly positive constant density, temperature and the vanishing velocity, mass fraction of the reactant is established under suitable small initial perturbation in

H

N

(

R

3

)

(

N
⩾
3

)

. Precisely, we show the convergence of the density, velocity and temperature towards the corresponding equilibrium state with the optimal rate

(

1
+
t

)

−

3

4

in L
2-norm as well as the convergence of the mass fraction to the equilibrium state with the optimal rate

e

−
ϕ

(

1

)

t

(

1
+
t

)

−

3

4

in L
2-norm. Furthermore, the optimal decay rates for the spatial-derivatives of the solution are also obtained. The proof is based on the time-weighted energy estimate and continuation argument.
The classical compact groups and Gaussian multiplicative chaos
Authors: Forkel Johannes , Keating Jonathan P 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We consider powers of the absolute value of the characteristic polynomial of Haar distributed random orthogonal or symplectic matrices, as well as powers of the exponential of its argument, as a random measure on the unit circle. We also consider the case where these measures are restricted to the unit circle minus small neighborhoods around ±1. We show that for small enough powers and under suitable normalization, as the matrix size goes to infinity, these random measures converge in distribution to a Gaussian multiplicative chaos (GMC) measure. Our result is analogous to one relating to unitary matrices previously established by Christian Webb (2015 Electron. J. Probab.
20). We thus complete the connection between the classical compact groups and GMC. To prove this convergence when excluding small neighborhoods around ±1 we establish appropriate asymptotic formulae for Toeplitz and Toeplitz + Hankel determinants with merging singularities. Using a recent formula due to Claeys et al (2021 Int. Math. Res. Not. rnaa354), we are able to prove convergence on the whole of the unit circle.
Compact 1 × N power splitters with arbitrary power ratio for integrated multimode photonics
Authors: Franz Yohann , Guasoni Massimiliano 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We introduce a 1 × N integrated power splitter for the multimode photonics platform. The device converts an input laser beam into a higher-order mode beam, which afterwards is split. The core of this setup is represented by a non-uniform array of N waveguides that allows achieving arbitrary power splitting. The system exhibits high modal purity and is tested against wavelength variations and fabrication errors. The possibility to include a multi-input port configuration, leading to various power ratios via a single device, provides further flexibility. Our analysis is validated by finite-element-method simulations. At the best of our knowledge, this represents the first design of a device for arbitrary 1 × N power splitting of higher-order modes.
Image simulation in high resolution transmission electron microscopy considering atom as an electrostatic interferometer
Authors: Bhat Usha , Datta Ranjan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn alternative approach to image simulation in high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is introduced after a comparative analysis of the existing image simulation methods. The alternative method is based on considering the atom center as an electrostatic interferometer akin to the conventional off-axis electron biprism within few nanometers of focus variation. Simulation results are compared with the experimental images of 2D materials of MoS2, BN recorded under the optimum combination of third order spherical aberrationCs=−35μm and defocusΔf=1, 4, and 8 nm and are found to be in good agreement.
Implementation and Effectiveness of a Completely Virtual Pathology Rotation for Visiting Medical Students
Authors: Koch Lisa K , Correll-Buss Allison , Chang Oliver H 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) upended in-person medical education, relocating many activities online. We designed a completely virtual pathology rotation to replace our traditional visiting rotation.

Methods
The virtual away rotation was listed in the Visiting Student Application Service (VSAS) and advertised on social media as well as various medical student mailing lists. Nine students were selected to participate in three month-long rotations. The virtual curriculum mirrored our typical in-person clerkship with didactic lectures and daily signout but also included activities exclusive to the virtual rotation such as digitally scanned slide trays and small-group problem-based learning. Anonymous surveys were conducted in which both participants and instructors rated their experiences.

Results
Postrotation feedback was overwhelmingly positive from both participants and instructors. Students considered virtual slide sessions as the most effective teaching tool and did not feel hindered overall by lack of in-person experiences. Volunteer trainee instructors indicated the experience improved their teaching and diagnostic skills and expressed interest in teaching future virtual courses.

Conclusions
The success of the virtual away rotation raises consideration for applications beyond the pandemic era and may provide a more level playing field for medical students from underrepresented groups.
Choice of nest attributes as a frontline defense against brood parasitism
Authors: Moreras Angela , Tolvanen Jere , Morosinotto Chiara , Bussiere Elsa , Forsman Jukka , Thomson Robert L 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBreeding- and nest-site choice is a behavioral strategy often used to counter negative interactions. Site choices before breeding prevent costs of predation and competition but have been neglected in the context of brood parasitism. For hosts of brood parasites, the earlier brood parasitism is prevented in the breeding cycle the lower the future costs. Suitable nest-sites for cavity-nesting common redstarts (Phoenicurus phoenicurus), a host of the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), are a limited resource, but their cavity-nesting strategy could potentially deter predators and brood parasites. We altered the entrance size of breeding cavities and investigated redstart nest-site choice and its consequences to nest predation and brood parasitism risk, although accounting for potential interspecific competition for nest sites. We set-up paired nest-boxes and let redstarts choose between 7 cm and 5 cm entrance sizes. Additionally, we monitored occupancy rates in nest-boxes with 3 cm, 5 cm, and 7 cm entrance sizes and recorded brood parasitism and predation events. We found that redstarts preferred to breed in 5 cm entrance size cavities, where brood parasitism was eliminated but nest predation rates were comparable to 7 cm entrance size cavities. Only in 3 cm cavities both, brood parasitism and predation rates were reduced. In contrast to the other cavity-nesting species, redstart settlement was lowest in 3 cm entrance size cavities, potentially suggesting interspecific competition for small entrance size cavities. Nest-site choice based on entrance size could be a frontline defense strategy that redstarts use to reduce brood parasitism.
Identifying and classifying goals for scientific knowledge
Authors: Boguslav Mayla R , Salem Nourah M , White Elizabeth K , Leach Sonia M , Hunter Lawrence E 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMotivationScience progresses by posing good questions, yet work in biomedical text mining has not focused on them much. We propose a novel idea for biomedical natural language processing: identifying and characterizing the questions stated in the biomedical literature. Formally, the task is to identify and characterize statements of ignorance, statements where scientific knowledge is missing or incomplete. The creation of such technology could have many significant impacts, from the training of PhD students to ranking publications and prioritizing funding based on particular questions of interest. The work presented here is intended as the first step towards these goals.ResultsWe present a novel ignorance taxonomy driven by the role statements of ignorance play in research, identifying specific goals for future scientific knowledge. Using this taxonomy and reliable annotation guidelines (inter-annotator agreement above 80%), we created a gold standard ignorance corpus of 60 full-text documents from the prenatal nutrition literature with over 10 000 annotations and used it to train classifiers that achieved over 0.80 F1 scores.Availability and implementationCorpus and source code freely available for download at https://github.com/UCDenver-ccp/Ignorance-Question-Work. The source code is implemented in Python.
ACEs, Places and Inequality: Understanding the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Poverty on Offending in Childhood
Authors: Jahanshahi Babak , Murray Kath , McVie Susan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOver the last three decades, an extensive body of research evidence has emerged on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and a range of negative outcomes, including offending. Using data from a Scottish child cohort study, this article seeks to better understand how both ACEs and material deprivation influence childhood offending. We show that while the number of ACEs is a strong predictor of childhood offending, certain types of childhood adversity are of greater importance than others. We also find that living in persistent poverty at the neighbourhood level remains a key predictor of childhood offending, but there are complex interactions between poverty and ACEs that should be considered in developing policy responses.
Dynamic Time Warping Identifies Functionally Distinct fMRI Resting State Cortical Networks Specific to VTA and SNc: A Proof of Concept
Authors: Philips Ryan T , Torrisi Salvatore J , Gorka Adam X , Grillon Christian , Ernst Monique 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Functional connectivity (FC) is determined by similarity between functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals from distinct brain regions. However, traditional FC analyses ignore temporal phase differences. Here, we addressed this limitation, using dynamic time warping (DTW) within a machine-learning framework, to study cortical FC patterns of 2 spatially adjacent but functionally distinct subcortical regions, namely Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). We evaluate: 1) the influence of pair of brain regions considered, 2) the influence of warping window sizes, 3) the classification efficacy of DTW, and 4) the uniqueness of features identified. Whole brain 7 Tesla resting state fMRI scans from 81 healthy participants were used. FC between 2 subcortical regions of interests (ROIs) and 360 cortical parcels were computed using: 1) Pearson correlations (PCs), 2) dynamic time-warped PCs (DTW-PC). The separability of SNc-cortical and VTA-cortical network was validated on 40 participants and tested on the remaining 41, using a support vector machine (SVM). The SVM separated the SNc-cortical versus VTA-cortical network with 74.39 and 97.56% test accuracy using PC and DTW-PC, respectively. SVM–recursive feature elimination yielded 20 DTW-PC features that most strongly contributed to the separation of the networks and revealed novel VTA versus SNc preferential connections (P &lt; 0.05, Bonferroni–Holm corrected).
Digital Chest Radiography Enhances Screening Efficiency for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Primary Health Clinics in South Africa
Authors: Moodley Nishila , Velen Kavindhran , Saimen Amashnee , Zakhura Noor , Churchyard Gavin , Charalambous Salome 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Optimized tuberculosis (TB) screening in high burden settings is essential for case finding. We evaluated digital chest X-ray with computer-aided detection (CAD) software (d-CXR) for identifying undiagnosed TB in three primary health clinics in South Africa.

Methods
The cross-sectional study consented adults who were sequentially screened for TB using the World Health Organization (WHO) 4 symptom questionnaire and d-CXR. Participants reporting ≥1 TB symptom and/or CAD score ≥60 (suggestive of TB) provided 2 spot sputum for Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) and liquid culture testing, respectively. TB yield (proportion of screened tested positive) and number needed to test (NNT; no of tests to identify one TB patient) were calculated. Risk factors for microbiologically confirmed or presumed (on radiological grounds) were determined.

Results
Among 3041 participants, 45% (1356 of 3041) screened positive on either d-CXR or symptoms. TB yield was 2.3% (71 of 3041) using Xpert Ultra and 2.7% (82 of 3041) using Xpert Ultra plus culture. Modelled TB yield (identified by Xpert Ultra) by screening approach was: 1.9% (59 of 3041) for d-CXR alone, 2.0% (62 of 3041) for symptoms alone and 2.3% (71 of 3041) for both. The NNT was 9.7 for d-CXR, 17.8 for symptoms and 19.1 for d-CXR and/or symptom. Males, those with previous TB, untreated HIV or unknown HIV status, and acute illness were at higher risk of developing TB.

Conclusion
d-CXR screening identified a similar yield of undiagnosed TB compared to symptom-based screening, however required fewer diagnostic tests. Due to its objective nature, d-CXR screening may improve case detection in clinics.