bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Russia and Europe’s northern and eastern flanks
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges F. Ben , Lindley-French Julian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
What threat does Russia actually pose to Europe’s defence? Russia has become more aggressive since President Putin came to power in 2000. It is modernizing its armed forces and has forged a new strategy of complex strategic coercion. Many Russians see this as necessary because of the enlargement of NATO and the EU and that a critical Russian national interest is to have strong Russian armed forces. However, Russia is also a relatively poor and politically unstable state and the cost of maintaining such an effort in the wake of COVID-19 could prove crippling, which makes Russia potentially dangerous, particularly to its immediate neighbours. There are also many technical and materiel road-bumps on the way to developing the Russian future force Putin likes to imply already exists. Consequently, it is Russian economic weakness and political instability allied to the overbearing cost of the Russian security state that poses the greatest danger to European defence and the prospect of more adventurism, such as the 2014 seizure of Crimea and Donbass from Ukraine.
Could Europe defend Europe?
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges F. Ben , Lindley-French Julian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
With the rise of the European Union, many champion a European defence of Europe. These calls have become more siren with President Trump’s criticisms of the European allies and profound tensions in the critical US–German strategic partnership. France has called for European strategic autonomy organized around and focused on the Franco-German defence axis. However, strategic autonomy is a consequence of strategic influence and in the defence domain that means relevant and relative military power. Given post-COVID-19 pressures, the only way such a defence could be realized is via an integrated European defence and a European strategic public–private partnership that goes far beyond that which exists today. And yet, many European states see defence and the use of force as the core of state sovereignty and are unwilling to sacrifice relatively weak force for the sake of the greater good. So, can Europeans defence-innovate? They will have to, and in the form of Permanent Security Cooperation (PESCO) they have a vehicle to make Europeans more defence capable. But, could Europe defend Europe? No, not without profound and radical change.
Antipodean Alice
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses how the Alice in Wonderland prototype developed by Lewis Carroll became influential for writers and artists after 1945. It aligns its treatment of sexuality with what Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht called the ‘frozen time’ of the Cold War era, showing how Australian painter Charles Blackman deployed representations of Alice to project a world in which time was reversed. This is linked to Blackman’s interest in Indigenous culture and to explorations of temporality in the work of English film director Nicolas Roeg. Similarly reflexive representations of time in playwright Jean Genet and film-maker Ingmar Bergman are counterpointed with the absurdist style of composer György Ligeti, whose opera Le Grand Macabre frames Cold War politics within a burlesque setting. This chapter concludes with an analysis of Vladimir Nabokov, also much influenced by Carroll, who in his later fictions seeks explicitly to put time and space into reverse.
Queer Poetic Time
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter argues that the representation of ‘queer’ time in postmodernist poetry extends beyond sexuality to encompass heterodox approaches to temporality more broadly. It starts by considering English poet Philip Larkin, suggesting how he reworked modernism within burlesque forms to evoke shifts in spatio-temporal scale. The second section, ‘Against Chrononormativity’, extends this analysis across various American postmodernist poets, arguing that interrogations of normative temporality in relation to gay sexuality (particularly in Adrienne Rich and Thom Gunn) can be understood as commensurate with reconstitutions of linear time in the work of John Ashbery and Louise Glück. It concludes by drawing comparisons with two Australian postmodernist poets, John Tranter and Les Murray, both of whom seek to reorient the direction of time. It discusses Tranter’s crossing of postcolonial theory with formalism, while also examining how Murray draws upon Indigenous culture and human/animal relations to reconfigure Western culture from a posthumanist perspective.
‘Reverse-Thinking’
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStarting from Hayden White’s Metahistory, this chapter considers how what White called a ‘retroactive’ style of writing becomes naturalized in postmodernist aesthetics. The first section ranges widely over contemporary US fiction, and it also considers antipodean influences on the music of Philip Glass and John Cage, the films of Jean-Luc Godard and the video installations of Christian Marclay. The second section tracks this reverse-thinking through celebrated postmodern fabulists John Barth and Salman Rushdie, showing how their playful narratives address changing social conditions. The third section discusses the shift away from progressive sequence in the films of David Lynch and Michael Haneke, indicating how this relates to surrealism, psychoanalysis, and geographical displacement. The final section analyses contemporary Australian fiction in terms of its spatio-temporal recalibrations, exploring how the planetary turn common to the fiction of Tim Winton, Gail Jones, and Christos Tsiolkas has become characteristic of postmodernism more widely.
Returning to the Roots
Authors: Shams Fatemeh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the enduring symbiosis between the village motif, social justice, and populist politics in Iran during the first three decades after the revolution. At first, it briefly highlights the evolution of the allegorical village in classical and contemporary Persian poetry. The focus will later be shifted towards the representation of the village in revolutionary poetry. We will see that it has remained a recurring motif in Persian poetry of the post-revolutionary period, employed by a variety of writers and state institutions for a range of means. As a symbol, it has been a conduit into which any ideology can be poured; the village allegory can be manipulated to both condemn and support the official politics of the state. The chapter examines the key socio-political influences behind the evolution of rural themes, the work of official poets, and the impact of the village on the cultural doctrine of the Islamic Republic.
Constitutional Nature
Authors: Larsen Signe Rehling 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of the constitutional theory of the federation and demonstrates how this theory provides an answer to the question of the legal and political nature of the EU. The federation is a discrete political form that transcends the ‘statist’ categories of Staatenbund (confederation) and Bundesstaat (federal state). These categories still obscure both federal theory and EU law scholarship, including the ‘sui generis’ thesis. The federation, or federal union, is founded on a federal compact (Bundesvertrag) between its Member States. This compact is a constitutional contract (Verfassungsvertrag) that gives birth to a new political entity, the Union, and transforms the Member States’ constitutions politically. The federation is a double political existence, consisting of the Union and the Member States, and it therefore has twin sources of authority. The federation is a genuine political order characterized by the internal absence, contestation or repression of sovereignty.
State Transformation and Teleology
Authors: Larsen Signe Rehling 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the foundations and principles of public authority in the federation and the EU. The federation is a political association, but sovereignty is not at the heart of its public law. The federation is a dual political existence, and has a dual governmental structure composed of the institutions of the Union and of the Member States, neither of which can be explained by the theory of the state. The Union is not a new omni-competent ‘super-state’. Its powers are conferred and ‘functional’ because they are derived from achieving the aims of the Union (the federal telos). But the Member States are not states ‘in the classical sense’ either. Becoming a Member State entails a process of state transformation and constraints on the exercise of public authority. This process of state transformation is intertwined with the emergence of the constitutional regimes of the Member States.
ISDS in Action
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The legal imagination framing ISDS practice is closely related to how arbitrators connect storytelling with the interpretation of investment treaties and other relevant laws. This chapter examines several influential awards, placing the facts of each dispute within the broader social and political context of the investment, the conflict, and the economic sector. The analysis highlights how arbitrators think of foreign investment relations, and the extent to which they focus on, or silence, issues of distribution, recognition, and embeddedness. The cases are discussed chronologically in order to identify what has changed—and what has not—in arbitrators’ reasoning. Cases covered in this chapter include Santa Elena v. Costa Rica, Metalclad v. Mexico, TecMed v. Mexico, SD Myers v. Canada, Methanex v. USA, Glamis v. USA, Chemtura v. Canada, Occidental v. Ecuador 2, Philip Morris v. Uruguay, and Eli Lilly v. Canada.
The Low Road
Authors: Schapiro Tamar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I address the last constraint, asymmetric pressure. How is it that your inclination can put asymmetric pressure on your will? I argue that this is a deep and general problem, one that familiar theories of strength and weakness of will tend to elide. What, in principle, could pressure a free will? My Kantian claim is that the only thing that can pressure a free will is the burden of freedom itself. Inclinations, as such, cannot pressure the will. But if their nature is as I have described, they provide us with the opportunity to flee our freedom, by providing us with an animal mind to flee into. Instead of humanizing our incentive, we dehumanize ourselves. Similarly, I argue, we can be weak in relation to our social environment. Social scripts do not pressure us directly, but they give us the opportunity to flee into automaticity.
The Human versus the Animal
Authors: Cykowski Beth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the standard interpretation of Heidegger’s account of animality in order to give the reader a sense of the disquiet that it inspires among commentators. The chapter examines the critics who argue that Heidegger’s comparative exanimation of animality amounts to his own version of a classical valorisation of life, an ordering of beings that places the human at the top. The chapter then proposes a new way of looking at the lectures, one based on the conviction that Heidegger has not simply fallen into the trap of straightforwardly ranking the human above the rest of nature. It concludes that there is a deeper significance to Heidegger’s reflections on animality, one that can be appreciated if we attend to the broader metaphysical context of Heidegger’s claims.
From Life to Spirit
Authors: Cykowski Beth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter embarks upon a critical dialogue with The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics, focusing on Heidegger’s use of the concept of ‘spirit’. As it is one half of the crucially important life/spirit divide, one would assume that Heidegger would pay as much attention to spirit as he does to life, and, in this vein, analyse anthropology as thoroughly as he does biology. However, Heidegger restricts his comments concerning anthropology to the few cursory remarks in Part One, in which he denounces the discipline as a problematic form of Darstellung. The chapter argues that with these remarks Heidegger ignores the body of work, spearheaded by Max Scheler during the 1920s, known as ‘philosophical anthropology’. Moreover, despite the fact that Heidegger critiques what he sees as deep delusions implicit in anthropology, this German tradition contains insights that resonate with his own project in The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics.
The Outcome, Criticisms and Legacy of Heidegger’s Comparative Examination
Authors: Cykowski Beth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how, in the final stages of The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics, Heidegger demonstrates the manner in which we can travel upstream from the metaphysical quagmire of our situation in order to access deeper and more essential knowledge of the human, metaphysics, and physis. To facilitate this move, Heidegger considers it necessary to review what has been garnered from the study of our contemporary situation and its expression through the media of Kulturphilosophie and biology. The chapter argues that Heidegger’s hope throughout the lecture course has been that, by coming to know the essential distinctions that arise in these fields in all their superficiality, we will enable ourselves to go deeper into the attunement of profound boredom, and eventually to replace the contemporary opposition between life and spirit with a more primordial understanding of the human and its status within physis.
Locating Korea from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Kwon Hyeong-ki 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Before historically tracing the evolution of Korean capitalism from the early 1960s, this chapter locates the current Korean capitalism from a comparative perspective. To explore the extent of change in Korean state-led capitalism and whether the developmental state remains effective under globalization, this chapter first examines what a developmental state is, compared with the Anglo-Saxon free market system and social corporatism. Criticizing the prevalent DS theorist accounts, including both conflating context-specific elements of Korean DS with state-led developmentalism in general, and too broad definition of DS based on developmental mindset, this chapter emphasizes the different modes of economic operation and governance. By exploring different patterns of reconstituting national economy in the course of national corporations’ globalization, this chapter locates the Korean developmental pattern in globalization from a comparative perspective.
Emotional pathologies and holidays as therapy
Authors: Benger Alaluf Yaara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the role medical discourse played in the emotional economy of holidaymaking in Britain between 1870 and 1918. Physicians were crucial in the effort to make emotions into objects that could be pathologized and managed, and they helped forge a link between nature and health and between workers and holidaymaking. The analysis of medical texts reveals that holidays in nature, ‘taking the waters’, and embracing sea air and sunshine, continued to be viewed as therapeutic throughout the period. However, as the pathology to be healed was increasingly framed in emotional terms, the cure was correspondingly articulated as the provision of ‘positive’ emotional experiences. The chapter examines how emotions were gradually pathologized in the context of modernity and urban labour from the 1860s onwards. Outlining the emotional history of neurasthenia and overwork, which played a central role in the development of psychology as an independent discipline, the chapter shows that ‘the worker’ was increasingly conceptualized by the medical profession as a vulnerable emotional subject irrespective of gender and occupation. The chapter then explores how scientists thought overwork could be cured, demonstrating that the theorization of ‘change’ as a means to manage emotions undergirded the new take on holidaymaking as an efficient way to help people manipulate their emotional state and avoid the negative effects of work. By positioning themselves as the experts on the management of emotions, physicians became closely involved in reframing the goals of leisure and the strategies of the holiday industry.
Conclusion
Authors: Benger Alaluf Yaara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter reflects on how the history of emotions of Victorian and Edwardian holidaymaking can offer a better understanding of leisure consumption and of the entanglement of emotions, morality, and economy more generally. The book asserts that medical conceptions of emotions were imperative to the popularization of holidaymaking and to the transformation of its main objective from physical cure to emotion management. Nonetheless, the emotional economy model reveals that medical thought was by no means the only sphere of knowledge production significant for holiday culture; rather, heterogeneous bodies of knowledge all contributed to the formation of both the meaning of ‘the emotional’ and its commercial experience. The book illustrates the blurred lines between commercial and political, healthy and moral, as well as the overlapping roles of the producer, the advertiser, the doctor, and the holidaymaker. Addressing the different conceptions of emotional and moral economy, the chapter reflects on the theoretical potential of these models and offers guidelines for a comprehensive use of the concept of the ‘emotional economy’. Specifically, it elaborates on the need to account for the conceptual history of emotions, the performative dimensions of emotional experience and consumer behaviour, and the interaction between multiple spheres of knowledge production. Looking ahead to the central place of tourism in twenty-first-century societies and its relation to stress and burnout, the chapter calls on future research of past and present leisure cultures to take emotions seriously, and to rethink common notions of rationality, authenticity and agency.
A ‘Common Core’ Research on Government Liability in Tort
Authors: Cananea Giacinto della 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at government liability in tort as an entry point for the whole comparative research on European administrative laws. The chapter is in four parts. It first illustrates the main features of the new research, in particular the combined use of history and legal comparison and the choice of a ‘factual’ analysis, based on hypothetical cases. Second, it explains the reasons underlying the choice of administrative liability, which may be regarded as a worst-case scenario. Third, some issues in methodology are examined, including the construction of the questionnaire, which is at the heart of the ‘common core’ method, and the choice of a variety of legal systems, including that of a non-State entity, the EU. In the final part, there is an analysis of the implications that follow from the study of government liability for the whole research. While less recent comparative studies had a high level of abstraction, the factual approach sheds light on both differences and similarities between the legal systems selected. From this viewpoint, not only is government liability in tort characterized by both commonality and diversity, but their importance has also variably changed across time.
Concluding Remarks: Towards Convergence?
Authors: Cananea Giacinto della , Caranta Roberto 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter charts convergence and divergences in the approaches to liability from procedurally illegal decisions or omissions. It focuses on three aspects relevant in assessing if, and to what extent, the jurisdictions analysed are converging beyond the widespread acceptance of governmental liability for illegal decisions or omissions. The first aspect investigated is whether annulment or other specific administrative law remedies must be sought before (or along with) damages. The answer more often than not turns around the institutional question whether or not the same court is competent for both sets of remedies. A second aspect is whether additional requirements, besides illegality, are needed for a successful damages claim. This might include a subjective element or a more or less objectivized reference to the gravity of the breach. Finally, the actual causal link between procedural breaches and potential damages might be questioned, with courts possibly resorting to different techniques to exclude or mitigate governmental liability. The analysis shows that the different outcomes in terms of liability are such not by any accident but because of path dependency due to institutional choices (general courts versus specialized administrative courts), due to the preference courts may or may not have for remedies other than damages and, finally, due to the deference or lack thereof paid by courts to the discretion left to the administration.
The Theory and Practice of Founding Regional Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Caserta Salvatore 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares the foundations of the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) and the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) with those of the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) and of the Mercosur Permanent Review Court (PRC). The goal is to provide general considerations related to the actors and factors that may be deemed of central importance for founding regional courts, and to confirm the value of the approach taken in this book. Similar to those of the CACJ and CCJ, the foundations of the ATJ and of the Mercosur PRC also extended over relatively long periods of time and were finally unlocked by the occurrence of events that were only partially and indirectly related to the two Courts. Against this background, the chapter draws general theoretical conclusions on the foundations of Regional Economic Courts (RECs) in Latin American and the Caribbean.
Gay Liberation, ‘1968’, and the Alternative Left
Authors: Griffiths Craig 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the ambivalent relationship between gay liberation and ‘1968’. First, the chapter delves into the sexual politics of the West German student movement, before analysing the subsequent links between homosexual politics, second-wave feminism, and the 1970s alternative left. This alternative left provided not just ideological influences but also a space for gay liberation. The chapter therefore explores not just the political connections but also the textual and spatial context of this alternative left. Gay activists were often less preoccupied by the Öffentlichkeit, the wider public sphere, than by the left-alternative Gegenöffentlichkeit, the counter-public, with its sprawling network of independently produced papers and zines, alongside its alternative spaces: bars, bookshops, housing, and theatre collectives. After exploring the hitherto little acknowledged queer participation in this counter-public, the chapter examines the efforts of gay activists to gain recognition from sought-after leftist partners, which culminated in gays characterizing themselves as victims of fascism.