bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unravelling the physics of multiphase AGN winds through emission line tracers
Authors: Richings Alexander J , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Stern Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Observations of emission lines in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) often find fast (∼1000 km s−1) outflows extending to kiloparsec scales, seen in ionized, neutral atomic and molecular gas. In this work we present radiative transfer calculations of emission lines in hydrodynamic simulations of AGN outflows driven by a hot wind bubble, including non-equilibrium chemistry, to explore how these lines trace the physical properties of the multiphase outflow. We find that the hot bubble compresses the line-emitting gas, resulting in higher pressures than in the ambient interstellar medium or that would be produced by the AGN radiation pressure. This implies that observed emission line ratios such as [O iv]$_{25 \, \rm {\mu m}}$ / [Ne ii]$_{12 \, \rm {\mu m}}$, [Ne v]$_{14 \, \rm {\mu m}}$ / [Ne ii]$_{12 \, \rm {\mu m}}$, and [N iii]$_{57 \, \rm {\mu m}}$ / [N ii]$_{122 \, \rm {\mu m}}$ constrain the presence of the bubble and hence the outflow driving mechanism. However, the line-emitting gas is under-pressurized compared to the hot bubble itself, and much of the line emission arises from gas that is out of pressure, thermal and/or chemical equilibrium. Our results thus suggest that assuming equilibrium conditions, as commonly done in AGN line emission models, is not justified if a hot wind bubble is present. We also find that ≳50 per cent of the mass outflow rate, momentum flux, and kinetic energy flux of the outflow are traced by lines such as [N ii]$_{122 \, \rm {\mu m}}$ and [Ne iii]$_{15 \, \rm {\mu m}}$ (produced in the 10$^{4} \, \rm {K}$ phase) and [C ii]$_{158 \, \rm {\mu m}}$ (produced in the transition from 10$^{4} \, \rm {K}$ to 100 K).
Mapping the inhomogeneous Universe with standard sirens: degeneracy between inhomogeneity and modified gravity theories
Authors: Kalomenopoulos Marios , Khochfar Sadegh , Gair Jonathan , Arai Shun 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) and an accompanying electromagnetic (E/M) counterpart have been suggested as a future probe for cosmology and theories of gravity. In this paper, we present calculations of the luminosity distance of sources taking into account inhomogeneities in the matter distribution that are predicted in numerical simulations of structure formation. In addition, we show that inhomogeneities resulting from clustering of matter can mimic certain classes of modified gravity theories, or other effects that dampen GW amplitudes, and deviations larger than $\delta \nu \sim \mathcal {O}(0.1)\ (99{{\ \rm per\ cent}}\ \rm {C.L.})$ to the extra friction term ν, from zero, would be necessary to distinguish them. For these, we assume mock GWs sources, with known redshift, based on binary population synthesis models, between redshifts z = 0 and z = 5. We show that future GW detectors, like Einstein Telescope or Cosmic Explorer, will be needed for strong constraints on the inhomogeneity parameters and breaking the degeneracy between modified gravity effects and matter anisotropies by measuring ν at $5 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and $1 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ level with 100 and 350 events, respectively.
Exploring the relation between dust mass and galaxy properties using Dusty SAGE
Authors: Triani Dian P , Sinha Manodeep , Croton Darren J , Dwek Eli , Pacifici Camilla 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We explore the relation between dust and several fundamental properties of simulated galaxies using the Dusty SAGE semi-analytic model. In addition to tracing the standard galaxy properties, Dusty SAGE also tracks cold dust mass in the interstellar medium (ISM), hot dust mass in the halo, and dust mass ejected by feedback activity. Based on their ISM dust content, we divide our galaxies into two categories: ISM dust-poor and ISM dust-rich. We split the ISM dust-poor group into two subgroups: halo dust-rich and dust-poor (the latter contains galaxies that lack dust in both the ISM and halo). Halo dust-rich galaxies have high outflow rates of heated gas and dust and are more massive. We divide ISM dust-rich galaxies based on their specific star formation rate (sSFR) into star-forming and quenched subgroups. At redshift z = 0, we find that ISM dust-rich galaxies have a relatively high sSFR, low bulge-to-total (BTT) mass ratio, and high gas metallicity. The high sSFR of ISM dust-rich galaxies allows them to produce dust in the stellar ejecta. Their metal-rich ISM enables dust growth via grain accretion. The opposite is seen in the ISM dust-poor group. Furthermore, ISM dust-rich galaxies are typically late-types, while ISM dust-poor galaxies resemble the early-type population, and we show how their ISM content evolves from being dust-rich to dust-poor. Finally, we investigate dust production from z = 3 to z = 0 and find that all groups evolve similarly, except for the quenched ISM dust-rich group.
A hierarchical clustering method for quantifying satellite abundance
Authors: Xi Chengyu , Taylor James E 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a new method for quantifying the abundance of satellites around field galaxies and in groups. The method is designed to work with samples such as photometric redshift catalogues, that do not have full spectroscopic coverage, but for which some redshift or distance information is available. It consists of identifying the galaxies most likely to be centrals, and using the clustering signal around them as a template to iteratively decompose the full population into satellite and central populations. Thus, it is similar to performing crowded-field photometry by using isolated stars to determine the point spread function of the image. The method does not identify individual satellites or centrals conclusively, but assigns a probability to each galaxy of being one or the other. Averaged over a large sample, it provides a statistical estimate of satellite abundance, even in crowded fields with large redshift uncertainties. We test the method using data from the COSMOS field, which includes a large set of local objects with accurate photometric redshifts. We measure satellite abundance as a function of central stellar or halo mass, as well as the satellite luminosity function, and find results consistent with previous studies, but extending over a broader range of central masses. We also consider a number of possible systematic uncertainties in the method, and show that they are generally smaller than our random errors. Having presented the method in this paper, we will use it to study the properties of the satellite populations in a forthcoming one.
A comparative analysis of Galactic extinction at low Galactic latitudes
Authors: Schröder A C , van Driel W , Kraan-Korteweg R C 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We use near-infrared (J − K) colours of bright 2MASS galaxies, measured within a  7- arcsec-radius aperture, to calibrate the Schlegel, Finkbeiner & Davis DIRBE/IRAS Galactic extinction map at low Galactic latitudes (|b| &lt; 10°). Using 3460 galaxies covering a large range in extinction (up to AK$=1{_{.}^{\rm m}}15$ or E(B − V) $\simeq 3{_{.}^{\rm m}}19$), we derive a correction factor f = 0.83 ± 0.01 by fitting a linear regression to the colour-extinction relation, confirming that the Schlegel et al. maps overestimate the extinction. We argue that the use of only a small range in extinction (e.g., AK$\lt 0{_{.}^{\rm m}}4$) increases the uncertainty in the correction factor and may overestimate it. Our data confirm the Fitzpatrick extinction law for the J- and K-band. We also tested four all-sky extinction maps based on Planck satellite data. All maps require a correction factor as well. In three cases, the application of the respective extinction correction to the galaxy colours results in a reduced scatter in the colour-extinction relation, indicating a more reliable extinction correction. Finally, the large galaxy sample allows an analysis of the calibration of the extinction maps as a function of Galactic longitude and latitude. For all but one extinction map, we find a marked offset between the Galactic Centre and Anticentre region, but not with the dipole of the cosmic microwave background. Based on our analysis, we recommend the use of the GNILC extinction map by Planck Collaboration XLVIII with a correction factor f = 0.86 ± 0.01.
A comparison of quasar emission reconstruction techniques for z ≥ 5.0 Lyman α and Lyman β transmission
Authors: Bosman Sarah E I , Ďurovčíková Dominika , Davies Frederick B , Eilers Anna-Christina 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Reconstruction techniques for intrinsic quasar continua are crucial for the precision study of Lyman α (Ly α) and Lyman β (Ly β) transmission at z &gt; 5.5, where the λ &lt; 1215 Å emission of quasars is nearly completely absorbed. While the number and quality of spectroscopic observations have become theoretically sufficient to quantify Ly α transmission at 5.0 &lt; z &lt; 6.0 to better than $1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, the biases and uncertainties arising from predicting the unabsorbed continuum are not known to the same level. In this paper, we systematically evaluate eight reconstruction techniques on a unified testing sample of 2.7 &lt; z &lt; 3.5 quasars drawn from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. The methods include power-law extrapolation, stacking of neighbours, and six variants of principal component analysis (PCA) using direct projection, fitting of components, or neural networks to perform weight mapping. We find that power-law reconstructions and the PCA with fewest components and smallest training sample display the largest biases in the Ly α forest (${-}9.58{{\ \rm per\ cent}}/{+}8.22{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, respectively). Power-law extrapolations have larger scatters than previously assumed of ${+}13.1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}/{-}13.2{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ over Ly α and ${+}19.9{{\ \rm per\ cent}}/{-}20.1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ over Ly β. We present two new PCAs that achieve the best current accuracies of $9{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for Ly α and $17{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for Ly β. We apply the eight techniques after accounting for wavelength-dependent biases and scatter to a sample of 19 quasars at z &gt; 5.7 with IR X-Shooter spectroscopy, obtaining well-characterized measurements for the mean flux transmission at 4.7 &lt; z &lt; 6.3. Our results demonstrate the importance of testing and, when relevant, training, continuum reconstruction techniques in a systematic way.
Ion bulk speeds and temperatures in the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P from RPC-ICA measurements
Authors: Bergman Sofia , Stenberg Wieser Gabriella , Wieser Martin , Johansson Fredrik Leffe , Vigren Erik , Nilsson Hans , Nemeth Zoltan , Eriksson Anders , Williamson Hayley 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Comets are constantly interacting with the solar wind. When the comet activity is high enough, this leads to the creation of a magnetic field free region around the nucleus known as the diamagnetic cavity. It has been suggested that the ion-neutral drag force is balancing the magnetic pressure at the cavity boundary, but after the visit of Rosetta to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko the coupling between ions and neutrals inside the cavity has been debated, at least for moderately active comets. In this study, we use data from the ion composition analyser to determine the bulk speeds and temperatures of the low-energy ions in the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P. The low-energy ions are affected by the negative spacecraft potential, and we use the Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software to model the resulting influence on the detected energy spectra. We find bulk speeds of 5–10 km s−1 with a most probable speed of 7 km s−1, significantly above the velocity of the neutral particles. This indicates that the collisional coupling between ions and neutrals is not strong enough to keep the ions at the same speed as the neutrals inside the cavity. The temperatures are in the range 0.7–1.6 eV, with a peak probability at 1.0 eV. We attribute the major part of the temperature to the fact that ions are born at different locations in the coma, and hence are accelerated over different distances before reaching the spacecraft.
Convergent Biochemical Pathways for Xanthine Alkaloid Production in Plants Evolved from Ancestral Enzymes with Different Catalytic Properties
Authors: O’Donnell Andrew J. , Huang Ruiqi , Barboline Jessica J. , Barkman Todd J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Convergent evolution is widespread but the extent to which common ancestral conditions are necessary to facilitate the independent acquisition of similar traits remains unclear. In order to better understand how ancestral biosynthetic catalytic capabilities might lead to convergent evolution of similar modern-day biochemical pathways, we resurrected ancient enzymes of the caffeine synthase (CS) methyltransferases that are responsible for theobromine and caffeine production in flowering plants. Ancestral CS enzymes of Theobroma, Paullinia, and Camellia exhibited similar substrate preferences but these resulted in the formation of different sets of products. From these ancestral enzymes, descendants with similar substrate preference and product formation independently evolved after gene duplication events in Theobroma and Paullinia. Thus, it appears that the convergent modern-day pathways likely originated from ancestral pathways with different inferred flux. Subsequently, the modern-day enzymes originated independently via gene duplication and their convergent catalytic characteristics evolved to partition the multiple ancestral activities by different mutations that occurred in homologous regions of the ancestral proteins. These results show that even when modern-day pathways and recruited genes are similar, the antecedent conditions may be distinctive such that different evolutionary steps are required to generate convergence.
A RanBP2-type zinc finger protein functions in intron splicing in Arabidopsis mitochondria and is involved in the biogenesis of respiratory complex I
Authors: Bentolila Stéphane , Gipson Andrew B , Kehl Alexander J , Hamm Lauren N , Hayes Michael L , Mulligan R Michael , Hanson Maureen R 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe RanBP2 zinc finger (Znf) domain is a prevalent domain that mediates protein interaction and RNA binding. In Arabidopsis, a clade of four RanBP2 Znf-containing proteins, named the Organelle Zinc (OZ) finger family, are known or predicted to be targeted to either the mitochondria or the plastids. Previously we reported that OZ1 is absolutely required for the editing of 14 sites in chloroplasts. We now have investigated the function of OZ2, whose null mutation is embryo lethal. We rescued the null mutant by expressing wild-type OZ2 under the control of the seed-specific ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) promoter. Rescued mutant plants exhibit severely delayed development and a distinctive morphological phenotype. Genetic and biochemical analyses demonstrated that OZ2 promotes the splicing of transcripts of several mitochondrial nad genes and rps3. The splicing defect of nad transcripts results in the destabilization of complex I, which in turn affects the respiratory ability of oz2 mutants, turning on the alternative respiratory pathway, and impacting the plant development. Protein-protein interaction assays demonstrated binding of OZ2 to several known mitochondrial splicing factors targeting the same splicing events. These findings extend the known functional repertoire of the RanBP2 zinc finger domain in nuclear splicing to include plant organelle splicing.
Does kidney transplantation with a standard or expanded criteria donor improve patient survival? Results from a Belgian cohort
Authors: Hellemans Rachel , Kramer Anneke , De Meester Johan , Collart Frederic , Kuypers Dirk , Jadoul Michel , Van Laecke Steven , Le Moine Alain , Krzesinski Jean-Marie , Wissing Karl Martin , Luyckx Kim , van Meel Marieke , de Vries Erwin , Tieken Ineke , Vogelaar Serge , Samuel Undine , Abramowicz Daniel , Stel Vianda S , Jager Kitty J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Changes in recipient and donor factors have reopened the question of survival benefits of kidney transplantation versus dialysis.

Methods
We analysed survival among 3808 adult Belgian patients waitlisted for a first deceased donor kidney transplant from 2000 to 2012. The primary outcome was mortality during the median waiting time plus 3 years of follow-up after transplantation or with continued dialysis. Outcomes were analysed separately for standard criteria donor (SCD) and expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidney transplants. We adjusted survival analyses for recipient age (20–44, 45–64 and ≥65 years), sex and diabetes as the primary renal disease.

Results
Among patients ≥65 years of age, only SCD transplantation provided a significant survival benefit compared with dialysis, with a mortality of 16.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.2–19.9] with SCD transplantation, 20.5% (95% CI 16.1–24.6) with ECD transplantation and 24.6% (95% CI 19.4–29.5) with continued dialysis. Relative mortality risk was increased in the first months after transplantation compared with dialysis, with equivalent risk levels reached earlier with SCD than ECD transplantation in all age groups.

Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that older patients might gain a survival benefit with SCD transplantation versus dialysis, but any survival benefit with ECD transplantation versus dialysis may be small.
Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Spasmodic Dysphonia: A Phase I Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Trial
Authors: Honey Christopher R , Krüger Marie T , Almeida Timóteo , Rammage Linda A , Tamber Mandeep S , Morrison Murray D , Poologaindran Anujan , Hu Amanda 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a dystonia of the vocal folds causing difficulty with speech. The current standard of care is repeated botulinum toxin injections to weaken the adductor muscles. We sought to ameliorate the underlying neurological cause of SD with a novel therapy—deep brain stimulation (DBS).

OBJECTIVE
To assess the safety of DBS in SD through phase I trial, and to quantify the magnitude of any benefit.

METHODS
Six patients had left ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim) thalamic DBS and were randomized to 3 mo blinded-DBS “on” or “off” followed by a crossover. Primary outcomes were quality of life and quality of voice during the blinded phase. Patients continued with open-DBS “on.” Secondary outcomes were comparisons of pre- and 1-yr cognitive, mood, and quality of life. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02558634).

RESULTS
There were no complications. Every patient reported an improvement in quality of life (P = .07) and had an improvement in quality of their voice (P = .06) when their blinded DBS was “on” versus “off.” The trend did not reach statistical significance with the small sample size. Secondary outcomes showed no difference in cognition, an improvement in mood, and quality of life at 1 yr.

CONCLUSION
This phase I randomized controlled trial confirmed that DBS can be performed safely in patients with SD. Blinded DBS produced a strong trend toward improved quality of life and objective quality of voice despite the small sample size. The cerebellar circuit, not the pallidal circuit, appears to be crucial for motor control of the vocal folds.
Rare sugars and their health effects in humans: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the evidence from human trials
Authors: Ahmed Amna , Khan Tauseef A , Dan Ramdath D , Kendall Cyril W C , Sievenpiper John L 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContextRare sugars are monosaccharides and disaccharides (found in small quantities in nature) that have slight differences in their chemical structure compared with traditional sugars. Little is known about their unique physiological and cardiometabolic effects in humans.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and synthesis of controlled intervention studies of rare sugars in humans, using PRISMA guidelines.Data SourcesMEDLINE and EMBASE were searched through October 1, 2020. Studies included both post-prandial (acute) and longer-term (≥1 week duration) human feeding studies that examined the effect of rare sugars (including allulose, arabinose, tagatose, trehalose, and isomaltulose) on cardiometabolic and physiological risk factors.Data extractionIn all, 50 studies in humans focusing on the 5 selected rare sugars were found. A narrative synthesis of the selected literature was conducted, without formal quality assessment or quantitative synthesis.Data synthesisThe narrative summary included the food source of each rare sugar, its effect in humans, and the possible mechanism of effect. Overall, these rare sugars were found to offer both short- and long-term benefits for glycemic control and weight loss, with effects differing between healthy individuals, overweight/obese individuals, and those with type 2 diabetes. Most studies were of small size and there was a lack of large randomized controlled trials that could confirm the beneficial effects of these rare sugars.ConclusionRare sugars could offer an opportunity for commercialization as an alternative sweetener, especially for those who are at high cardiometabolic risk.Systematic Review RegistrationOSF registration no. 10.17605/OSF.IO/FW43D.
Family firms and management practices
Authors: Tsoutsoura Margarita 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article reviews the existing literature about management practices in family firms, the most prevalent form of corporate ownership around the world. I summarize the existing evidence that shows family firms are less likely to adopt structured management practices, especially ‘dynastic’ family firms that combine family ownership and control. I discuss what might be the unique features of family firms that drive the lower adoption of management practices, despite the evidence that improving management boosts their productivity and performance.
Blood purification for sepsis: an overview
Authors: Zhang Ling , Feng Yuying , Fu Ping 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ failure exacerbated by a maladaptive infection response from the host, and is one of the major causes of mortality in the intensive care unit. In recent decades, several extracorporeal blood purification techniques have been developed to manage sepsis by acting on both the infectious agents themselves and the host immune response. This research aims to summarize recent progress on extracorporeal blood purification technologies applied for sepsis, discuss unanswered questions on renal replacement therapy for septic patients, and present a decision-making strategy for practitioners.