bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability of Photogrammetric Landmarks to the Conventional Cephalogram for Analyzing Soft-Tissue Landmarks in Orthodontics
Authors: Jaiswal Pragya , Gandhi Aniruddha , Gupta Abhinav Raj , Malik Nidhi , Singh Sanjay Kumar , Ramesh Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Graber introduced facial photographs as an internal diagnostic aid. Facial photographs could serve as an important alternative assessment tool in the absence of equipment for cephalometric analysis.

Objectives:
The present study was aimed at assessing whether analyzing the photographs could have precision for assessing the landmarks appropriate for facial analysis. In addition, the relationship between frontal cephalogram and measurements on photographs was assessed.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty individuals including both males and females within the age range of 18 years to 28 years were enrolled in the study. Frontal facial photographs, as well as frontal cephalograms, were obtained for all the included study participants. Various soft-tissue vertical and horizontal landmarks were marked on both radiographs and photographs. The data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis.

Results:
The results showed a statistically insignificant difference between all the vertical and horizontal parameters on photographs and cephalograms. The reliability of the digital photographs was comparable to that of the cephalograms with nonsignificant differences in the recorded mean values using the one-way ANOVA test where the statistical significance level was kept at P ≤ 0.05.

Conclusion:
The present study concluded that photography is a cost-effective and reliable method for soft-tissue landmark identification, and allows recording the images of sufficient quantity for analysis. Low-cost and easily captured photographic images can replace costly radiographic procedures without causing any discomfort to the patients.
The Efficacy of Commercially Available Herbal Dentifrices in Comparison with Conventional Dentifrices against Two Common Oral Microbes: An In vitro Study
Authors: Thounaojam Nikesh , Sanjenbam Nelson , Pal Supriyo , Singh Dharmendra Kumar , Kumar Kunal , Shah Mayank 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Mechanical plaque removal is considered the gold standard for controlling and prevention of plaque and gingivitis. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available herbal dentifrices in comparison with conventional dentifrices against two of the common oral microbes, namely Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Materials and Methods:
To determine the antimicrobial properties of individual dentifrices, the zone of inhibition on the blood agar plates was measured and also disc diffusion method was used for testing the antibacterial properties for which a thin paper disc containing the antimicrobial agent was applied on a culture of bacteria grown on agar media. Each dentifrice was tested in 50% concentration (1:1 dilution [50% w/w] using sterile deionized distilled water/half strength) and 100% concentration (full strength). The blood agar plates were then incubated aerobically at 37°C. The measurement of zone of inhibition was done after 24–48 and 72 h on the underside of the Petri dishes using Vernier calipers.

Results:
At 50% concentration, Regimen B2 showed the maximum zone of inhibition which was closely followed by Regimen A1 for S. mutans, whereas at 100% concentration, Regimen A1 showed better effects. For C. albicans, it was observed that Dabur red toothpaste showed the significantly higher zone of inhibition at 50% concentration when the concentration was made 100% and also Dabur red toothpaste showed the maximum zone of inhibition.

Conclusion:
This concluded that the herbal dentifrices are equally and sometimes better than the conventional ones.
Prevalence of Oral Health Status and Needs in Institutionlized Physically Challenged Children
Authors: Mishra Rahul , Singh Atul Kumar , Tyagi Sanjana , Choudhary Harsha Vardhan , Gupta Shweta Kirti , Kumar Kunal 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Oral hygiene has significant effect on the overall health of an individual as it has vital role in human life, so it is necessary to protect oral hygiene of all children since childhood.

Objectives:
The objectives were to evaluate and compare the prevalence of dental caries and oral hygiene status in institutionalized physically challenged children of Bihar.

Materials and Methodology:
A total of 700 (400 male and 300 female) children were included in the study that were physically handicapped and were institutionalized in various special schools. In this study, complete oral examination was done and was recorded by using Oral Hygiene Status-Simplified given by Greene and Vermillion, 1964, and all statistical analyses were done by using SPSS software. For statistical analysis, Chi-square test and ANOVA were used.

Results:
Out of 700 children, 48.8% (342) had dental caries with mean Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index of 0.86 (standard deviation [SD] ±1.37) and mean dmft index of 0.36 (SD ± 0.98). In this study, orthopedic, blind, deaf and dumb, and compound students were examined. It was observed that the dental caries prevalence was high in the blind group (71%) compared to that of the deaf and dumb group (40.2%), while oral hygiene status was observed as good in 42.2%, fair in 46.9%, and poor in 10.9% of children.

Conclusion:
Every dental professional should be aware of his/her responsibilities and provide both comprehensive and incremental dental care to improve the overall oral hygiene condition of physically handicapped children.
A Comparative Evaluation of Lateral Condylar Guidance by Clinical and Radiographic Methods – Hanau's Formula Revisited
Authors: Praveena Kanagesan , Ajay Ranganathan , Devaki Veeramalai , Balu Kandasamy , Preethisuganya Selvakumar , Menaga Venkatachalam 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Various clinical methods for recording the condylar guidance (CG) are the intraoral check bite method, graphic tracings, and functional recordings. Accuracy of graphic tracings is affected by patient-related factors such as neuromuscular control of the individual, stability of record bases as well as stability of recording media. The current recommended average settings using Hanau's formula questionable, and thus reassessment is needed.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to use radiographic technique to determine the lateral CG and compare these values with those obtained using Hanau's formula and to evaluate whether there are differences between the right and left paths of the condyles.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty completely edentulous patients were selected. Articulator was modified with sectioned protractor for obtaining per degree interval calibration. With the protrusive records, the horizontal CG (H) was adjusted and the Bennett's angle (LCG-C) was calculated using the formula. With the tracing device in the mouth, sub-mento vertex projection radiographs were obtained. Each radiograph was traced and superimposed for Bennett angle determination (LCG-M).

Results:
The median (interquartile range [IQR]) of right and left LCG-C were 15.45 (0.8) and 15.50 (0.7), respectively. The median (IQR) of right and left LCG-M were 37.00 (6.0) and 36.50 (6.8), respectively. A statistically significant difference exists between LCG-C and LCG-M. Both LCG-C and-M values exhibited no variations on both sides.

Conclusions:
Radiographic technique yielded an amplified LCG when compared to the value obtained by Hanau's formula.
Clinico-Histological Evaluation of Dentino-Pulpal Complex of Direct Pulp Capping Agents: A Clinical Study
Authors: Abdul Muqthadir Siddiqui Mohammed , Murali Nikhil , Rai Priyank , Mirza Mubashir Baig , Salim Shazia , Aparna M. , Singh Shalini 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Direct pulp capping treatment (DPC) maintains pulp vitality by promoting healing or repair in dentistry, which can be attributed to the advent of bioceramic materials.

Aim:
This examination looked to evaluate the clinical and histological effectuality of Biodentine with Dycal for DPC.

Materials and Methodology:
In this study, 30 intact human orthodontic teeth undergoing therapeutic extraction were chosen to perform DPC. They were arbitrarily divided into two groups (n = 15) and DPC with Biodentine and Dycal was performed. Composite resin was used as permanent restoration. After a period of 1 and 6 weeks, clinical as well as electric pulp tests were carried out. Asymptomatic patients were re-called after 6 weeks; follow-up radiograph was taken. Electric pulp testing and thermal testing was done to check the pulpal status of the teeth. This was followed by atraumatic extraction, and the teeth were sent for histological examination. SPSS Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.was used for data analysis.

Results:
There was no pain and sensitivity in using Biodentine. Whereas, sensitivity and pain was noted when Dycal was used. The dentinal bridge was better with Biodentine when compared with Dycal.

Conclusion:
In accordance with the obtained results, it was concluded that on clinical and histological evaluation, Biodentine performed better as DPC agent. Subsequently, Biodentine is more dependable for the long-haul protection of dental pulp than Dycal.
Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of 0.2% Chlorhexidine, 2% LemonGrass Oil, and 2% Tea Tree Oil Mouth rinse on Salivary pH: An In vivo Study
Authors: Manikandan Saranya , Bhambal Annette M. , Ratchambiga K. S. , Nithiela M. , Swatheka J. K. , Sridarshini B. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Mouthwashes containing essential oils are used in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Lemongrass oil (LGO) belongs to a section of andropogen called cymbogam of the family germineae and from it, the LGO is extracted. Tea tree oil (TTO) is extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia leaves (Myrtaceae family).

Aim and Objective:
The aim of the study is to evaluate the pH of saliva before and after using LGO and TTO mouth rinse and to determine its relevance to the oral health status.

Materials and Methods:
A purposive sample of 90 participants aged between 26 and 38 years were included in the study. The PH before and after the use of the chlorhexidine, LGO, and TTO mouthwashes are noted using the GC PH strips and a comparative study was made. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
Comparative analysis was made with Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and found that the TTO gives a greater increase in salivary pH with a P = 0.001** (P < 0.05) which is found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:
The study conducted shows beneficial effects of TTO and LGO mouth rinse. Further studies with larger samples may produce more reliable values.
Management of Internal Disc Derangement Using Normal Saline and Sodium Hyaluronate: A Comparative Study
Authors: Singh Neha , Dubey Shailendra Kumar , Bhanawat Nilesh , Rai Gaurav , Kumar Abhishek , Vatsa Ritesh 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the unadorned form of surgical therapy which comprises of lavage of inflammatory enzymes and mediators and improve joint mobility and eliminate pain by pressure of the lavage solution in the upper compartment of TMJ.

Objectives:
The current study was conducted to assess and compare the effectiveness of arthrocentesis with normal saline alone and in conjunction with sodium hyaluronate (SH) injection in the treatment of internal derangement of the TMJ.

Methodology:
Sixty patients with internal derangement of the TMJ were randomly divided into two equal groups; Group 1 was performed with normal saline and Group 2 with normal saline followed by 1 ml of SH. The patients were followed up after 1 week to check for any postoperative complications and 1, 2, and 3 months for subsequent sessions and changes in subjective and objective variables.

Results:
The increase in mouth opening from preoperative to 3 months' postoperatively was 4.9 mm for Group 1 and 6.43 mm for Group 2. The change in the pain score (visual analogue scale scale) in Group 1 from the preoperative session to 3 months' follow-up was 7.23–4.1 and in Group 2 was 7.36–3.7. The difference in clicking/popping in Group 1 from preoperative session to 3 months' follow-up was 2.43–1 and in Group 2 was 2.4–0.53.

Conclusion:
Patients refractory to conservative treatment showed promising results with arthrocentesis with SH than arthrocentesis alone in treatment of TMJ internal derangement.
Cariostatic Efficacy of Cinnamon Water Extract on Streptococcus mutans: An In vitro Study
Authors: Mala Nutan , Sonal Sinha , Kumar Amit , Choudhary Harsh Vardhan , Songara Prafulla , Ramesh Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Dental caries is a chronic, widespread, and infectious disease affecting the large population. Anticariogenic effects of different herbs and natural products are observed, cinnamon among these, showed the ability to inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm.

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to assess the cinnamon water extract use on nicotine exposed S. mutans biolfilms.

Materials and Methods:
Microtiter plates having S. mutans culture were treated using varying nicotine concentration range (0–32 mg/ml). These were then either subjected to cinnamon water (2.5 mg/ml) extract or no treatment and analyzed using a spectrophotometer to see planktonic growth, total growth absorbance, and biofilm formation.

Results:
About 2.5 mg/ml of cinnamon water inhibits the S. mutans biofilm (nicotine-induced) considerably at various nicotine levels (0–32 mg/ml).

Conclusion:
Cinnamon water extract has a powerful inhibitory effect for S. mutans growth. Nicotine-induced S. mutans growth is markedly reduced by treating with cinnamon water extract.
Application of Willems Method as an Age Estimator in Early Adolescents of Bangalore Population
Authors: Shivakumar Boraiah , Bankur Rashmi , Chinna Sudarshan Kumar , Niveditha Boraiah , Jain Vipin , Sundar Deepa 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Dental age (DA) assessment is a reliable method for chronological age (CA) estimation used for criminal, forensic, and anthropologic purposes. Age estimation also provides valuable information when the birth date is unavailable, as in case of migrants. Furthermore, the CA of living people is important for employment and marriage purpose.

Objectives:
The aim of the present study is to check the reliability of the Willems method in the population of Bangalore.

Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted on 205 (109 boys and 96 girls) participants by their radiographic records in the department of forensic odontology using modified Demirjian's method by Willem et al.

Results:
A total of 205 subjects were selected for the study, among which 109 (53.2%) were boys and 96 (46.8%) were girls. The mean CA was 12.23 ± 1.75 and the mean DA was 12.20 ± 1.99. Willems method seems to be reliable in estimating DA in Bangalore populations.

Conclusion:
This study showed that the Willems method gave near precise estimation of the CA.
Knowledge and Practice about Self-Medication for Oral Health Problems among Population in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Gowdar Inderjit Murugendrappa , Alhaqbani Meshal Mohammed , Almughirah Ahmad Mohammed , Basalem Saeed Abdullah , Alsultan Fahad Ibrahim , Alkhathlan Mohammed Rashed 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The aim of this study was to know self-medication practices among the population of Riyadh region for oral health issues.

Methodology:
A questionnaire consisting of demographic self-practice of medication for oral health problems and knowledge about self-medication practices was sent through Google forms and it was in Arabic and English languages. The link of the questionnaire was sent through social and requested to send the link to their friends and relatives.

Results:
About 50.4% of study participants were having self-practice of medication for oral health problems. Self-practice of medication for oral health issues was statistically significant according to age gender and education (P < 0.05). Toothache (62.4%) is the main problem triggering self-medication and lack of time (44.6%) is the main reason for self-medication. Pain killer (68.8%) was the main medication and antibiotics were used by 2.2% of subjects.

Conclusion:
Self-medication practice is prevalent in the world and hence, education regarding its consequences and adverse effects for the general public is mandatory.
Parental Attitude and Awareness toward Preventive Dentistry in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Almalki Sultan A. , Almutairi Majed S. , Alotaibi Abdulmajeed Mohammed , Almutairi Ahmed Saleh , Albudayri Lafi Muqbil , Almutairi Ramzi Zayed 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Preventive oral health of a child is dependent on the parental knowledge toward caries control, care of deciduous tooth, use of space maintainers for malocclusion, and utilization of various procedures available for preventing oral diseases by oral health professionals. This study was aimed to assess the attitude and awareness of preventive dentistry among parents residing in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional, questionnaire study was conducted among 300 male parents. Questionnaire was sent through the use of social media, and responses were collected.

Results:
Seventy-four percent of male Saudi parents were aware of prevention of oral diseases. 38.45% of male parents were aware of preventive dentistry procedure, but preventive dentistry utilization rate was seen among 6% population only. Attitude toward the prevention of oral disease was statistically not significant according to the age group and income but statistically significant according to education. The utilization of preventive procedures was significant according to education and income (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Awareness about preventive dentistry was more among Saudi parents but utilization rate was directly correlated to their education and income. After The utilization of preventive procedures was significant according to education and income (P < 0.05).
Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Turmeric and Chlorhexidine Gel as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Gingivitis
Authors: Singh Swati , Kumar Barun Dev , Verma Santosh Kumar , Kumari Priyanka , Singh Neha 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Dental plaque is a complex ecosystem which consists of densely packed microbial colonies, microbial by-products, salivary glycoproteins and desquamated epithelial cells. Clinical studies have proved the relationship between plaque and periodontal disease.

Aim:
This study compares the anti-plaque efficacy and anti-inflammatory potential of turmeric gel with 0.2% chlorhexidine gel along with scaling and root planing (SRP).

Materials and Methods:
One hundred and fifty individuals were selected and divided into three groups for the study. Group A was instructed to use 0.2% chlorhexidine gel, whereas Group B used turmeric gel along with SRP. Participants were assessed for plaque and gingivitis on the 14th and 21st days. Subjective and objective criteria were assessed. The clinical data were recorded and used for statistical analysis to obtain results.

Results:
The percentage reduction of plaque index (PI) between the chlorhexidine and turmeric gel on 21st day were 74.85 and 65.91 respectively. similarly, the percentage reduction of gingival index (GI) between the chlorhexidine and turmeric gel on 21st day were 58.49 and 62.46 respectively.

Conclusion:
Turmeric gel shows a slightly lower anti-plaque property in comparison to chlorhexidine gel. Their effect on a reduction of gingival inflammation was equal. It was also noted that turmeric gel showed better acceptability and biocompatibility by the participants.
Analysis of Surface Morphology and Elemental Composition on Zirconia Implants Before and After Photofunctionalization by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X ray Spectroscopy – An In vitro Study
Authors: Jaikumar R. Arun , Karthigeyan Suma , Bhat Ramesh , Naidu Madhulika , Natarajan Senthilnathan , Angamuthu Vignesswary 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The purpose of this study is to analyze the surface morphology and elemental composition of zirconia implants before and after photofunctionalization.

Materials and Methods:
Ten zirconia implants (white sky implant system– Bredent Company) five each in the study group and control group was taken. Study group samples were treated with ultraviolet light for 48 h. Microstructured surface of the study and control group blanks at abutment and thread regions were documented by Scanning Electron Microscope The semi-quantitative element composition was analyzed using Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum.

Results:
SEM images of the study and control group divulged a varied array of topographical configuration of the abutment area and thread region at different magnifications. At low magnification, both study and control group revealed plain compact surface and wavy porous area, whereas higher magnification showed dense grainy regions of various sizes and intensities disrupted by pores. EDX spectrum analysis for elemental composition showed increased oxygen concentration in the study group (42.8%) than the control group (29.09%), whereas carbon concentration was lower in photofunctionalized group (34.34%) than in the control group (45.41%).

Conclusion:
In zirconia implants, photofunctionalization is a viable method to effectively enhance the surface topography and hydrophilicity of bone-implant interface.
Factors Influencing Clinical After Effects of Post Orthognathic Surgery - An Observational Clinical Study
Authors: Nasreen Saba , Tagala Mohammed Saif , Samal Sandeep Kumar , Gupta Abhinav Raj , Sah Ram Prasad , Bhattacharjee Debarshi 
Published: June 2021

Background:
For maintaining the occlusion, screws to anchor bones are needed to be used in transalveolar manner to get the intermaxillary fixation in participants with no preoperative orthodontic treatment or participants with loose or broken appliances.

Aims:
The present clinical trial was hence aimed to assess the postoperative complications following orthognathic surgical repair of skeletal malocclusion.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-two participants were divided into two groups (n = 22). In Group I, predrill was done to create the holes in transalveolar position before screw insertion. For Group II, self-cutting screws were used without the drills. The radiographs were then taken to assess the associated root injuries. To evaluate the effect of different steroid doses on the pain, nerve healing, and swelling, the participants were divided into three groups (n = 14). Plate removal and associated factors were also evaluated. Collected data were statistically analyzed.

Results:
In Group where no predrill was done, no root injuries were seen. Considerably less facial edema was observed in Group II and III compared to control Group I. This difference was statistically significant with a P value of 0.2057. At 1 week, 3 months, and 6-month postoperatively in Group II and Group III, no significant difference was seen. No significant difference in the postoperative pain between the groups was seen (P = 0.85103). Neurosensory Visual Analog Score measurement revealed no significant difference between three groups at 6 months with the P value of 0.81821.

Conclusion:
The present study concludes that risk for the root injury is possessed by the screws that require predrill, whereas the self-drilling screws had no risk for root injury.