bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights from national survey on household expenditure for primary healthcare services availed through informal healthcare providers
Authors: Prasad Banuru Muralidhara , Tripathy Jaya Prasad , Thekkur Pruthu , Muraleedharan V.R. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Ensuring accessible and affordable primary healthcare services of optimal quality is a core component of universal health coverage (UHC). Though a substantial percentage of population avail healthcare services from informal healthcare providers (IHPs) in rural India, the information regarding the extent of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure during such encounters is limited.

Method:
The study analyzed publicly available data of 75th National Sample Survey (NSS) to understand the household expenditure pattern on availing service from IHPs. OOP expenditure for services availed from IHPs were extracted from main data sets and analyzed for both out-patient care and hospitalization. The OOP was summarized across the five wealth quintiles based on monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) and disease groupings derived from the ailments recorded during the survey.

Results:
In total, 721 households accessed IHPs as part of out-patient consultation for infectious disease (67%). Households from rural areas (78%), households belonging to backward groups (75%), households from the poorest quintile and women (52%) access the services of IHPs. The median OOP for all services was INR 240 (IQR 120–600) and more than 90% of total OOP is accounted for medical expenditure.

Conclusion:
The programs need to define healthcare packages to engage IHPs to increase the reach and reduce OOP expenditure on households.
Social, health system and clinical determinants of fever mortality during an outbreak of dengue fever in Kerala, India
Authors: Sujatha Chintha , Sudha Reshma R. , Surendran Anish T. , Reghukumar Aravind , Valamparampil Mathew J. , Sathyadas Indu P. , Chandrasekharan Prajitha K. 
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives:
The morbidity and mortality spectrum of the south Indian state of Kerala is dominated by chronic non-communicable diseases, yet febrile illnesses because of neglected tropical diseases and emerging viral infections are often reported. As fever deaths are mostly avoidable, understanding the determinants of mortality is essential for implementing preventive measures.

Methods:
A case-control study was done during an ongoing dengue outbreak in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala during 2017–18. Cases included all fever deaths from the line list of Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP). Data were obtained from hospital case records and by interviewing patients or care givers. The theoretical model for determinants of mortality was constructed at three levels namely sociodemographic factors, access to health care and health seeking behavior, and clinical determinants.

Results:
This study confirmed association of mortality with age above 40 years (P = 0.010, OR = 3.48), being heavy built (P = 0.029, OR = 13.25), clinical symptoms of breathlessness (P < 0.001, OR = 24.89), restlessness (P < 0.001, OR = 97.26), clinical signs of drowsiness (P = 0.024, OR = 7.97), hypotension (P < 0.001, OR = 42.22), complications such as ARDS (P = 0.047, OR = 171.56), and myocarditis (P = 0.012, OR = 16.59). A low occupation status of semiskilled work or less (P = 0.012, OR = 0.30), choosing a nearby hospital for treatment (P = 0.018, OR = 0.48) and shortening the time gap between onset of symptom and final diagnosis (P = 0.044, OR = 0.72) was found to be protective.

Conclusion:
Along with biological and clinical factors, distal determinants like social factors, health seeking behavior, and health system factors are associated with fever mortality.
A Study of the Spectrum of Ocular Manifestations in Patients with Thalassemia
Authors: Ramakrishnan Reshma , Agrawal Mamta , Gandhi Priyanka , Choudhary Ayushi , Jesmin Alex , Choudhary Ankita 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Thalassemia is a globally prevalent genetic disorder. Patients with thalassemia are prone to develop systemic and ocular adverse effects such as myocardial iron loading, heart failure, decreased visual acuity, color vision abnormalities, contrast sensitivity changes, ocular surface disease, lens opacities, etc. Fundus abnormalities such as retinal pigment epithelium degeneration, arteriovenous (AV) tortuosity, etc. may be seen. Patients with the long-standing disease are at risk of developing ocular adverse effects that demand baseline ophthalmic evaluation and regular monitoring.

Context:
Need for a regular ophthalmic checkup in patients with thalassemia.

Aim:
To determine the prevalence of ocular manifestations in patients with thalassemia.

Settings and Design:
A cross-sectional study was conducted by recruiting patients with thalassemia after obtaining ethical approval from the institute and informed consent from the parents.

Materials and Methods:
Fifty patients with thalassemia underwent a detailed ophthalmic evaluation, and the findings were recorded. The Statistical Package AQ6 for the Social Sciences software was used for statistical analysis.

Results:
Ocular involvement was seen in 37 patients (74%). We observed that 20% of the patients had decreased visual acuity, 38% of the patients had mild dry eye disease, and 14% of the patients had AV tortuosity.

Conclusion:
Ocular changes in patients with thalassemia occur over a long period. Adverse effects such as ocular surface diseases, lens opacities, increased cup disc ratio, retinal pigment epithelium degeneration, etc. may progress and cause visual impairment at a later stage. It is important to create awareness in these patients to prevent long-term side effects and maintain optimum visual health.
A Study of Helicobacter pylori in chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder carcinoma
Authors: Bashir Saba , Saldanha Prema 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Chronic cholecystitis (CC) accounts for more than 90% of cholecystectomies. Some recent work has demonstrated the presence of Helicobacter pylori in bile and the gallbladder of more than three-fourths of the patients with gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) and in more than half of the patients with CC.

Objective:
To study the histopathological findings and to demonstrate the presence of H. pylori in CC and GBC in our region.

Materials and Methods:
One hundred fifty cholecystectomy specimens received during two years were examined after obtaining ethical clearance for the study. The specimens were received in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The specimens were processed, paraffin-embedded, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosinand Giemsa stain, for the detection of H. pylori. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for H. pylori was done on 35 cases.

Results:
Of the 150 cases of cholecystectomy specimens, the majority of the patients were in the age group of 41–50 years, with the male:female (M:F) ratio being 1:1.9. The most common lesion was chronic calculous cholecystitis (76%). The spectrum of lesions in our study included chronic acalculouscholecystitis (1.3%), follicular cholecystitis (4.6%), xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (3.3%), acute over CC (2.6%), eosinophilic cholecystitis (2%), cholesterolosis (2%), choledochal cyst (1.3%), acute calculous cholecystitis (1.3%), empyema (0.66%), and gallbladder carcinoma (GBC; 3.3%). Giemsa stain on 150 cases was negative for H. pylori. On 35 cases an IHC was done; none detected H. pylori, indicating that H. pylori infection does not contribute to the development of gallstones in this region.
PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI DATA KARYAWAN PT. SOCFIN INDONESIA MEDAN
Authors: Gustiana Zelvi 
Published: June 2021

PT. Socfin Indonesia merupakan salah satu instansi yang telah memanfaatkan komputer sebagai media dalam melaksanakan kegiatannya. Namun jenis sistem yang digunakan sangat memungkinkan timbulnya berbagai kerumitan untuk menyajikan suatu informasi cepat dan mudah, khususnya untuk mendata suatu informasi data karyawan, informasi dan data penggajian pada Instansi ini. Hal ini tentu saja dapat dicegah dengan membuat suatu program sistem informasi yang handal sebagai pemproses dan penyimpan data. Dengan mempertimbangkan hal tersebut, penulis tertarik untuk merancang sebuah sistem informasi data karyawan pada PT. Socfin Indonesia, dimana sebelumnya pendataan karyawan masih dilakukan dengan secara manual yang sama sekali tidak menyentuh dengan suatu sistem pemograman, sehingga menyebabkan ketidak efisienan informasinya dan banyak membuang waktu untuk menyajikan suatu informasi pada PT. Socfin Indonesia. Adapun judul yang diangkat penulis adalah “Perancangan Sistem Informasi Data Karyawan PT. SOCFIN INDONESIA Medan”
US Foreign Policy at the Initial Stage of the Cold War
Authors: Lakishyk D. , Puhachova-Lakishyk D. 
Published: June 2021

The article examines the formation of the main directions of the US foreign policy strategy at the beginning of the Cold War. The focus is on determining the vectors of the United States in relation to the spatial priorities of the US foreign policy, the particular interests in the respective regions, the content of means and methods of influence for the realization of their own geopolitical interests. It is argued that the main regions that the United States identified for itself in the early postwar years were Europe, the Middle and Far East, and the Middle East and North Africa were the peripheral ones (attention was also paid to Latin America). It is stated that the most important priorities of American foreign policy were around the perimeter of the zone of influence of the USSR, which entered the postwar world as an alternative to the US center of power. Attention is also paid to US foreign policy initiatives such as the Marshall Plan and the 4th Point Program, which have played a pivotal role inshaping American foreign policy in the postwar period.
SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS TREATMENT WITH MUSTARD OIL: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Soham Samajpaty  
Published: June 2021

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic skin disease which is primarily associated with sp. Malassezia infection on the epidermis of the skin. The disease is characterized by massive skin exfoliation of seborrheic regions like forehead, behind pinna of ear, armpits, nasolabial fold, dandruff in the scalp, etc. Around 5% of general population is a victim of this disease. The patient condition often becomes a hindrance for his or her livelihood and results into low self-esteem. Modern medical therapy recommends use of selenium sulfide sulfide, azole group of antibiotics like ketokonazole, Econazole, Clotrimazole, etc. In severe cases corticosteroids like Betamethasone dipropionate (0.05% potency) is also used. But all these have not given clinically efficient results. The clinical symptoms visible in this disease are scaling or exfoliation of skin; redness and swelling of affected regions along with itching. Neutrophilic infiltration in the epidermal crust and dense presence of inflammatory mediators in the region are found in the region on performing histological studies using skin biopsy.
In the ancient Indian medical system of Ayurveda, mustard oil or Sarshapa taila has been characterized as deep penetrating, hot potency, pungent smelling fluid effective against skin itching and urticaria. This is a case report of experimental mustard oil therapy on a patient with Seborrheic dermatitis. It is being addressed by the global health community from both the fields of modern medicine and Ayurveda to carry a much deeper study on the topic and the therapy method which is being shown in this research.
AN EXPLORATORY REVIEW OF PHARMCOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NOTCHI KUDINEER- A SIDDHA HERBAL DECOCTION USED IN COVID-19
Authors: A Ragaroobine  , A Ragavanee  , S Joseph Maria Adaikalam  , N Kabilan  , Sudha Seshayyan  
Published: June 2021

COVID-19 Caused by the novel corona virus (SARS-CoV-2), which has already pushed the entire global community to change their priorities towards finding a suitable anti-viral medicine and a vaccine. While most of the countries have started to prescribe vaccines, which show varied levels of efficacy, finding an effective anti-viral medicine against the virus is still in the early stages despite full-fledged research activities at global level. Many countries particularly those having a rich traditional health science background like India and China started to recommend medicines belonging to local health traditions. The public utilization of those medicines also yielded good results in terms of prevention of the viral infection, reducing the severity of disease or/and reducing the number of days required to recover from the disease as perceived and reported by the patients and doctors.
In Tamil Nadu, there are more than 80 million populations. Siddha medicine is the most widely used system of traditional medicine. ‘Suram’ is the Tamil word equivalent to the term ‘fever’. Kabasuram (Also known as Aiya suram) is one among the 64 types of fevers mentioned in Siddha symptoms of which are identical to those of COVID-19. “Notchi kudineer”– a Siddha herbal formulation is being used since many centuries for fever and respiratory disorders with remarkable success. This review article attempts to explore the pharmacological evidence in support of the therapeutic usage of “Notchi kudineer” hence justifying its usage in respiratory related illnesses having fever as a main symptom like the current pandemic of COVID-19.
Le Privilège des livres. Bilinguisme et concurrence culturelle dans le Roman de Fauvel remanié et dans les gloses au premier livre de l'Ovide moralisé
Authors: Radomme Thibaut 
Published: June 2021

Dans le processus d’émancipation de la langue vernaculaire face au latin, le XIVe siècle est généralement considéré comme le moment où le français achève d’imposer son statut de nouvel idiome de référence. Composés dans les années 1310, le Roman de Fauvel et l’Ovide moralisé se distinguent de la production de l’époque : rédigés initialement en français, ils sont tous deux le théâtre d’une surprenante réapparition du latin au gré de l’insertion de pièces musicales ou de gloses marginales bilingues dans certains de leurs témoins, manuscrits de luxe manifestement destinés à la haute aristocratie laïque. En se fondant sur l’analyse des interactions entre le texte français et les sections latines, le présent ouvrage suggère d’interpréter le bilinguisme du corpus à la lumière du dilemme occupant les clercs sous le règne des derniers Capétiens, partagés entre le désir d’instruire utilement les laïcs et l’ambition de préserver leur privilège sur les livres.
UNRAVELLING THE TRIANGLE: CLARIFYING THE EMPLOYMENT STATUS WITHIN OUTSOURCING TRIANGULAR EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN KENYA
Authors: Muindi Melissa , Muli Elizabeth , Gichuki Njaramba 
Published: June 2021

Purpose: This paper aimed at unravelling the triangle by assessing the employment status of outsourced workers within outsourcing triangular employment relationships (TERs) in Kenya.
Methodology: The study adopted desk research in which data was collected from relevant books, journal articles, government reports, legal commentaries, periodicals, relevant statutes, treaties and conventions on the current Kenyan legal framework and its underlying assumptions that pose challenges to outsourced workers. This paper is divided into three main sections. The first discussed the attribution of employment status under Kenya’s labour laws. Due regard was given to the statutory definitions and key judicial tests. The second part focused on the employment status of outsourced workers in outsourcing TERs. Though outsourced workers relate with two authority figures, namely the outsourcing company and the client enterprise, the law classifies the outsourcing company as the outsourced workers’ employer. The law does not define the relationship between the client enterprise and the outsourced workers which poses unique challenges to the workers. These are compounded when outsourcing TERs arise from the conversion of employees to outsourced workers. The third part identified measures to clarify employment status within outsourcing TERs. The paper underscores the importance of clarifying the employment status within outsourcing TERs.
Findings: It was found that current law on employment status envisages standard employment relationships (SERs) but does not adequately cater for outsourcing TERs. It classifies the outsourcing company as the outsourced workers’ employer, and does not factor in that the client enterprise usually exercises day-to-day control over their outsourced workers’ activities. It was found that this poses unique challenges when there is transfer of employment from SERs to outsourcing, which may lead to employee misclassification.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Adopting joint employee status in Kenya’s legal framework would enable placing some employer obligations on the client enterprise, even though it does not formally attach employer status on it. In addition, the express prohibition of sham arrangements and the limitation of outsourcing arrangements to non-core business activities would curb the use of outsourcing TERs to evade employment responsibilities through employee misclassification.
KEMANUSIAAN-SUBSTITUSIONAL KRISTUS DALAM PEMIKIRAN THOMAS F. TORRANCE
Authors: Yordani Putra Yeremia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract: This paper focuses on Thomas F. Torrance's thought on the Vicarious Humanity of Christ. Torrance understands that the redemptive work of Christ is not restricted to the moment of His death on the cross, but is in all moments of His human life. Torrance places great emphasis on the understanding that Christ in His humanity stands in our place and represents us before God the Father. Through His obedience, Christ restored the humanity of sinful believers as a perfect response to God. This truth stresses that Christ's redemption is not just a matter of the forgiveness of sins, but also is the bestowing of a restorative impact on the whole being of the believers. Therefore, the Vicarious Humanity of Christ becomes the ontological basis for the life of the believers. This thought gives great significance to the lives of believers, including the aspects of faith, repentance, and worship.

Keywords: The Vicarious Humanity of Christ, Fallen Humanity, Perfect Response, Thomas F. Torrance.

Abstrak: Tulisan ini menyoroti pemikiran Thomas F. Torrance mengenai Kemanusiaan-Substitusional Kristus. Torrance memahami karya penebusan Kristus bukan hanya dibatasi pada momen kematian-Nya di atas kayu salib, melainkan dalam seluruh momen kehidupan-Nya sebagai manusia. Torrance sangat menekankan pemahaman bahwa Kristus dalam kemanusiaan-Nya berdiri di tempat kita dan mewakili kita di hadapan Allah Bapa. Melalui ketaatan-Nya, Kristus memulihkan kemanusiaan orang percaya yang telah berdosa sebagai respons sempurna kepada Allah. Kebenaran ini menegaskan bahwa penebusan Kristus bukan hanya soal pengampunan dosa, tetapi juga penganugerahan dampak restoratif pada seluruh keberadaan diri orang percaya. Oleh karena itu, Kemanusiaan-Substitusional Kristus menjadi dasar ontologis bagi kehidupan orang percaya. Pemikiran ini memberikan signifikansi yang besar bagi kehidupan orang percaya, di antaranya dalam aspek iman, pertobatan, dan ibadah.

Kata-kata kunci: Kemanusiaan-Substitusional Kristus, Kemanusiaan Berdosa, Respons Sempurna, Thomas F. Torrance
Қазіргі қазақ прозасындағы постмодернизм құбылысы
Authors: Құралай Темірбекқызы Жанұзақова  , Нұрай Абытқызы Әбдікәрім  
Published: June 2021

"Мақалада қазақ әдебиетінде постмодернизмнің пайда болу алғышарттары мен қалыптасу тарихы, оның әдеби формалары, даму ерекшеліктері қазіргі қазақ жазушыларының прозалық туындылары негізінде талданады. Әлемдік әдебиет пен қазақ әдебиетіндегі постмодернизм құбылыстарына салыстырмалы талдау жүргізіледі. Мазмұндық-құрылымдық өзгерістері сараланып, ХХ–ХІХ ғасырдағы постмодернизмнің негізгі бағыт-бағдары талданады. Постмодернистік мәтіннің негізгі сипаттамалары мен көркемдік ерекшеліктері айқындалған. Постмодернизмнің қазіргі әдеби процесте көркемдік және дүниетанымдық жүйе екендігі қарастырылады. Қазіргі әдеби кеңістіктегі постмодернистік тенденциялардың ерекшеліктері туралы еңбектер басшылыққа алынды. Постмодернизмнің басты белгілері, қазақ әдебиетіндегі көрінісі әлемдік әдеби процесс аясында пайымдалады. Қазақ әдебиетінде постмодернистік сарында қалам тербеген жазушылар Д. Амантайдың «Гүлдер мен кітаптар», А. Жақсылықовтың «Сны окаянных» («Малғұндардың түстері»), А. Кемелбаеваның «Ағаш үй» шығармаларындағы постмодернистік тенденциялар зерделенді. Постмодернизмнің жаңа жаһандық рухани құндылықтарды бейнелеудегі рөлі мен постмодернизмнің табиғаты, көркемдік-эстетикалық мәні туралы қорытындылар жасалады. "
The The relationship between NLRP3 rs10159239 and Vaspin rs2236242 gene variants and obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Kerget Buğra , Kerget Ferhan , Yüce Kahraman Çiğdem , Aksakal Alperen , Araz Ömer 
Published: June 2021

Background: In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), recurrent upper airway obstruction and apnea/hypopnea episodes result in endothelial dysfunction, which leads to the release of many proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS induces NLRP3, a protein involved in the synthesis of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18; vaspin is a serine protease inhibitor that has an important role in suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of NLRP3 rs10159239 (rs9239) and vaspin rs2236242 (rs6242) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on OSA development.
Methods: This study included 220 individuals who underwent polysomnography (118 patients with OSA and 102 healthy controls). NLRP3 rs9239 and vaspin rs6242 mutation frequencies were analyzed.
Results: The NLRP3 rs9239 SNP genotype analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between the OSA and control groups. In the vaspin gene analysis, the rs6242 AA genotype was significantly more frequent in the OSA group compared with the control group, while the AT genotype was more frequent in controls (P = 0.004, P = 0.02). Comparison of rs6242 allele levels showed that the A allele was significantly more frequent in OSA patients than in controls (P = 0.03). The AA genotype was significantly more frequent in patients with severe OSA than in patients with mild or moderate OSA and the control group (P = 0.001 for all). Serum vaspin levels were significantly lower in carriers of the AA genotype than those with AT and TT genotypes (P = 0.001).
Conclusion: The vaspin rs6242 SNP AA genotype increased susceptibility to OSA, while the AT genotype appeared to be protective. The lower plasma vaspin levels in OSA compared with the control group and in patients with the AA genotype suggest that vaspin may be a protective biomarker for OSA.
ĐÁNH GIÁ HIỆU QUẢ ĐIỀU TRỊ PHỤC HỒI CHỨC NĂNG VẬN ĐỘNG CỦA BỆNH NHÂN ĐỘT QUỴ NHỒI MÁU NÃO BẰNG ĐIỆN CHÂM KẾT HỢP PHƯƠNG PHÁP TẬP BOBATH
Authors: Đức Minh Nguyễn , Vinh Quốc Nguyễn 
Published: June 2021

Mục tiêu: Đánh giá hiệu quả điều trị của điện châm kết hợp phương pháp tập Bobath trong phục hồi chức năng vận động bệnh nhân liệt nửa người sau đột quỵ nhồi máu não. Đối tượng và phương pháp: 60 bệnh nhân được chẩn đoán liệt vận động do đột quỵ nhồi máu não sau giai đoạn cấp, không phân biệt giới tính, tình nguyện tham gia nghiên cứu. Nhóm đối chứng được điều trị bằng điện châm, nhóm nghiên cứu điều trị như nhóm đối chứng kết hợp tập vận động theo phương pháp Bobath. Đánh giá thay đổi mức độ liệt theo thang điểm Henry, tình trạng lâm sàng và khả năng sinh hoạt độc lập sau 28 ngày điều trị. Kết quả: Tỷ lệ BN chuyển được 2 độ liệt theo Henry ở nhóm nghiên cứu là 46,67%; điểm Orgogozo trung bình của bệnh nhân nhóm nghiên cứu tăng từ 56,67±12,50 trước điều trị lên 85,67 ± 9,54 sau điều trị, 50% bệnh nhân chuyển được 2 độ liệt; điểm Barthel trung bình của bệnh nhân nhóm nghiên cứu tăng từ 39,30 ± 9,22 trước điều trị lên 72,70 ± 7,27 sau điều trị, số bệnh nhân chuyển được 2 độ liệt chiếm 53,33%, cao hơn có ý nghĩa so với nhóm đối chứng. Kết luận: Điện châm kết hợp phương pháp tập Bobath có tác dụng điều trị phục hồi chức năng vận động trên các bệnh nhân liệt nửa người do đột quỵ nhồi máu não sau giai đoạn cấp.