bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anticipated effects of abiotic environmental change on intraspecific social interactions
Authors: Fisher David N. , Kilgour R. Julia , Siracusa Erin R. , Foote Jennifer R. , Hobson Elizabeth A. , Montiglio Pierre‐Olivier , Saltz Julia B. , Wey Tina W. , Wice Eric W. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTSocial interactions are ubiquitous across the animal kingdom. A variety of ecological and evolutionary processes are dependent on social interactions, such as movement, disease spread, information transmission, and density‐dependent reproduction and survival. Social interactions, like any behaviour, are context dependent, varying with environmental conditions. Currently, environments are changing rapidly across multiple dimensions, becoming warmer and more variable, while habitats are increasingly fragmented and contaminated with pollutants. Social interactions are expected to change in response to these stressors and to continue to change into the future. However, a comprehensive understanding of the form and magnitude of the effects of these environmental changes on social interactions is currently lacking. Focusing on four major forms of rapid environmental change currently occurring, we review how these changing environmental gradients are expected to have immediate effects on social interactions such as communication, agonistic behaviours, and group formation, which will thereby induce changes in social organisation including mating systems, dominance hierarchies, and collective behaviour. Our review covers intraspecific variation in social interactions across environments, including studies in both the wild and in laboratory settings, and across a range of taxa. The expected responses of social behaviour to environmental change are diverse, but we identify several general themes. First, very dry, variable, fragmented, or polluted environments are likely to destabilise existing social systems. This occurs as these conditions limit the energy available for complex social interactions and affect dissimilar phenotypes differently. Second, a given environmental change can lead to opposite responses in social behaviour, and the direction of the response often hinges on the natural history of the organism in question. Third, our review highlights the fact that changes in environmental factors are not occurring in isolation: multiple factors are changing simultaneously, which may have antagonistic or synergistic effects, and more work should be done to understand these combined effects. We close by identifying methodological and analytical techniques that might help to study the response of social interactions to changing environments, highlight consistent patterns among taxa, and predict subsequent evolutionary change. We expect that the changes in social interactions that we document here will have consequences for individuals, groups, and for the ecology and evolution of populations, and therefore warrant a central place in the study of animal populations, particularly in an era of rapid environmental change.
Increased all‐cause mortality in concomitant atopic dermatitis and asthma: A nationwide registry‐based study
Authors: Ali Zarqa , Ulrik Charlotte Suppli , Egeberg Alexander , Thyssen Jacob Pontoppidan , Francis Thomsen Simon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundExcess mortality has been reported for adults with atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma.ObjectiveTo assess the mortality rate in adults with concomitant AD and asthma.MethodsAdults with hospital‐diagnosed AD were matched (1:4) with non‐AD individuals from the background population.ResultsThe study cohort comprised 8,095 adults with AD (of which 1,201 (14.8%) had concomitant asthma) and 32,380 reference individuals without AD from the background population (of which 878 (2.7%) had asthma). A total of 1,057, 330, 55 and 99 deaths were observed among subjects with neither AD nor asthma, AD only, asthma only, and subjects with concomitant AD and asthma, respectively. The mortality rate per 1,000 person‐years was 4.75 (95% CI 4.47–5.05) for subjects with neither AD nor asthma, 7.17 (95% CI 5.92–10.05) for asthma only, 7.09 (95% CI 6.37–7.90) for AD only and 10.87 (95% CI 8.92–13.23) for concomitant AD and asthma. Risk for all‐cause mortality was increased in subjects with concomitant AD and asthma compared to asthma only (HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.07–2.15) and neither AD nor asthma (HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.83–2.81) but not compared to subjects with AD only (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.87–1.39). However, compared to AD only subjects with AD and asthma had increased risk of death due to pulmonary disease (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.04–3.15).ConclusionAdults with AD, asthma or both conditions have increased risk of death, and further concomitant AD and asthma have increased risk of death compared with asthma alone.
Unilateral basal ganglia restricted diffusion in anti‐leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated 1 encephalitis mimicking cerebral infarction: A report on two cases and literature review
Authors: Poh Mervyn Q. W. , Chiew Hui Jin , Xu Zheyu , Tan Kevin , Lim Tchoyoson C. C. , Yeo Tianrong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging T1‐weighted basal ganglia hyperintensity is observed in patients with anti‐leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated 1 encephalitis presenting with faciobrachial dystonic seizure (FBDS), but not in patients without FBDS.Case presentationWe report two patients with anti‐leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated 1 encephalitis who developed ‘infarct‐like’ basal ganglia magnetic resonance imaging changes: one did not have FBDS, whereas the other developed FBDS 2 months after initial presentation. The lack of FBDS and unilateral basal ganglia restricted diffusion without T1‐hyperintensity resulted in the initial misdiagnosis of ischemic stroke in both cases.ConclusionOur report adds to the heterogeneity of anti‐leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated 1 encephalitis and highlights the need to consider this diagnosis in patients who present atypically.
Affordability and features of home scales for self‐weighing
Authors: Park Ji Seok , Bramante Carolyn , Vakil Rachit , Lee Grace , Gudzune Kimberly 
Published: July 2021

SummarySelf‐weighing is an evidence‐based weight management strategy, which requires patients to have a home scale. For clinicians to effectively counsel patients on self‐weighing, they should be aware of the costs and features available in typical home scales. Our objective was to describe the cost and features of the top bathroom scales available online. We performed content analysis of top 100 scales listed on a popular online retailer. Two coders independently extracted price and scale features (i.e., digital connectivity, body mass index [BMI] calculation, maximum weight accommodated). We used t‐tests and ANOVA, as appropriate, to examine the relationships between price and features. Among the 97 scales included, mean scale price was $28.99 (SD $21.06; range $7.20–$139.95). Of the advanced features, 20.6% of scales had digital connectivity and 28.9% calculated BMI. Scales with advanced features cost significantly more than scales without (digital connectivity: $49.18 vs. $23.74, P < 0.001; BMI calculation: $42.92 vs. $23.33, P < 0.001). Most scales (76.2%) had a maximum weight of 351–400 lbs, and only 17.5% could accommodate >400 lbs. Price was higher for scales with a higher maximum weight (P = 0.002). No scale with maximum weight > 500 lbs had advanced features. Scales that have digital connectivity for telemedicine or can accommodate higher weights are less commonly available online and their costs may be prohibitive for some patients who need these features. Future research might consider testing whether insurance coverage for scales improves scale access and patient weight management outcomes.
Effects on the thickness of single‐layer mouthguards with different model positions on the forming table and different sheet frame shapes for the forming device
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumi , Bando Yogetsu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground/AimEffectiveness and safety of mouthguards are greatly affected by their thickness. The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of the frame shape of the forming device on how the model position on the forming table affects the anterior and posterior mouthguard thickness.Materials and MethodsMouthguards were thermoformed using 4.0‐mm‐thick ethylene‐vinyl‐acetate sheets and a vacuum forming device. Square sheets were fixed with the square frame of the forming device. Circular sheets were fixed to the forming device with a circular frame. The model was placed with its anterior rim positioned 40, 30, 20, or 10 mm from the front of the forming table. The model position was marked on the forming table so that it was constant under each condition. Six mouthguards were fabricated for each condition. Mouthguard thicknesses of the incisal edge, labial and buccal surfaces, and the cusp were measured. Differences in the rate of thickness reduction due to frame shapes and model positions were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA.ResultsDifference in the thickness reduction rate depending on the frame shape was observed on the labial and buccal surfaces, and it was significantly greater with the circular frame than with the square frame (p < .01). In the anterior region, the thickness reduction rate tended to increase as the model position was moved toward the front of the forming table. The thickness reduction rate of the posterior portion was lowest when the model's molar was positioned at the center of the forming table.ConclusionsThe labial thickness of the mouthguard was not affected by the frame shape if the distance from the model to the frame was larger than the model height. However, the buccal thickness was thinner with the circular frame than with the square frame regardless of the model position.
Large variability in response to projected climate and land‐use changes among European bumblebee species
Authors: Prestele Reinhard , Brown Calum , Polce Chiara , Maes Joachim , Whitehorn Penelope 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBumblebees (Bombus ssp.) are among the most important wild pollinators, but many species have suffered from range declines. Land‐use change, agricultural intensification, and the associated loss of habitat have been identified as drivers of the observed dynamics, amplifying pressures from a changing climate. However, these drivers are still underrepresented in continental‐scale species distribution modeling. Here, we project the potential distribution of 47 European bumblebee species in 2050 and 2080 from existing European‐scale distribution maps, based on a set of climate and land‐use futures simulated through a regional integrated assessment model and consistent with the RCP–SSP scenario framework. We compare projections including (1) dynamic climate and constant land use (CLIM); (2) constant climate and dynamic land use (LU); and (3) dynamic climate and dynamic land use (COMB) to disentangle the effects of land use and climate change on future habitat suitability, providing the first rigorous continental‐scale assessment of linked climate–land‐use futures for bumblebees. We find that direct climate impacts, although variable across species, dominate responses for most species, especially under high‐end climate change scenarios (up to 99% range loss). Land‐use impacts are highly variable across species and scenarios, ranging from severe losses (up to 75% loss) to considerable gains (up to 68% gain) of suitable habitat extent. Rare species thereby tend to be disproportionally affected by both climate and land‐use change. COMB projections reveal that land use may amplify, attenuate, or offset changes to suitable habitat extent expected from climate impact depending on species and scenario. Especially in low‐end climate change scenarios, land use has the potential to become a game changer in determining the direction and magnitude of range changes, indicating substantial potential for targeted conservation management.
Spatiotemporal variability and origin of CO2 and CH4 tree stem fluxes in an upland forest
Authors: Barba Josep , Poyatos Rafael , Capooci Margaret , Vargas Rodrigo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe exchange of multiple greenhouse gases (i.e., CO2 and CH4) between tree stems and the atmosphere represents a knowledge gap in the global carbon cycle. Stem CO2 and CH4 fluxes vary across time and space and are unclear, which are their individual or shared drivers. Here we measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes at different stem heights combining manual (biweekly; n = 678) and automated (hourly; n > 38,000) measurements in a temperate upland forest. All trees showed CO2 and CH4 emissions despite 20% of measurements showing net CH4 uptake. Stem CO2 fluxes presented clear seasonal trends from manual and automated measurements. Only automated measurements captured the high temporal variability of stem CH4 fluxes revealing clear seasonal trends. Despite that temporal integration, the limited number of automated chambers made stand‐level mean CH4 fluxes sensitive to “hot spots,” resulting in mean fluxes with high uncertainty. Manual measurements provided better integration of spatial variability, but their lack of temporal variability integration hindered the detection of temporal trends and stand‐level mean fluxes. These results highlight the potential bias of previous studies of stem CH4 fluxes solely based on manual or automated measurements. Stem height, temperature, and soil moisture only explained 7% and 11% of the stem CH4 flux variability compared to 42% and 81% for CO2 (manual and automated measurements, respectively). This large unexplained variability, in combination with high CH4 concentrations in the trees' heartwood, suggests that stem CH4 fluxes might be more influenced by gas transport and diffusivity through the wood than by drivers of respiratory CO2 flux, which has crucial implications for developing process‐based ecosystem models. We postulate that CH4 is likely originated within tree stems because of lack of a consistent vertical pattern in CH4 fluxes, evidence of CH4 production in wood incubations, and low CH4 concentration in the soil profile but high concentrations within the trees' heartwood.
Determinants of zoogeographical boundaries differ between vertebrate groups
Authors: Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Mazel Florent , Falaschi Mattia , Marta Silvio , Thuiller Wilfried 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimWorldwide distribution patterns of living animals are structured in multiple zoogeographical regions, characterized by faunas with homogeneous composition that are separated by sharp boundaries. These zoogeographical regions can differ depending on the considered animal group, probably because they have distinct characteristics such as dispersal, metabolism, or evolutionary history, and thus divergent responses to major biogeographical drivers, such as tectonic movements, abrupt climate transitions and orographic barriers. Here, we tested if the drivers of biogeographical boundaries are different between vertebrate classes with strongly divergent traits and evolutionary history.LocationGlobal.Time periodPresent.Major taxa studiedAmphibians, birds and mammals.MethodsWe focused on terrestrial biogeographical boundaries, considering multiple potential drivers: spatial heterogeneity of present‐day climate, altitudinal variation, long‐term tectonic movements and past climate change (temperature). We used spatially explicit regression models and geographically weighted regressions to select and quantify the factors explaining the position of the biogeographical boundaries between vertebrate classes.ResultsFor mammals, tectonic movements, abrupt climatic transitions and orographic barriers jointly determined extant biogeographical boundaries, with tectonic movements being the most important. For birds, abrupt climatic transitions played the strongest role, while the effect of orographic barriers was weak. For amphibians, biogeographical boundaries mostly corresponded to areas with abrupt climatic transitions. The strongest transitions of amphibian faunas occur in areas with abrupt shifts of temperature and precipitation regimes.Main conclusionsOur analyses confirmed that different drivers have jointly shaped the global vertebrate biogeographical regions, and highlight that taxa with different features show heterogeneous responses across the globe. Eco‐physiological constraints likely increase the importance of spatial heterogeneity of climate, while dispersal limitations magnify the relevance of physical barriers (mountain chains and long‐term tectonic instability). Integrating among‐taxa heterogeneity into analyses thus provides a more complete view of how different processes determine biodiversity variation across the globe.
Histories of the pox
Authors: Weisser Olivia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis essay charts key approaches to the history of disease by focusing in particular on how historians of early modern Europe have examined venereal disease, commonly called the pox. In offering a state of the field overview, the essay covers studies of past understandings of the disease, the place of the pox in early modern medical practice, the history of hospitals, literary methods, and newer cultural and realist approaches to the topic. Rather than uphold any one method as more valuable than the next, the essay looks at various historical debates and approaches, as well as the assumptions and questions that underlie them, to chart a path for how the field might develop.
Runt‐related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) aggravates pathological cardiac hypertrophy by promoting p53 expression
Authors: Zhang Dianhong , Liang Cui , Li Pengcheng , Yang Lulu , Hao Zhengyang , Kong Lingyao , Tian Xiaoxu , Guo Chenran , Dong Jianzeng , Zhang Yanzhou , Du Binbin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCardiac hypertrophy and the resultant heart failure are among the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide; thus, identifying the key factor mediating pathological cardiac hypertrophy is critically important for developing the strategy to protect against heart failure. Runx1 (Runt‐related transcription factor 1) acts as an essential transcription factor that functions in a variety of cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, tissue growth and DNA damage response. However, relatively little is known about the role of Runx1 in heart, especially cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In the present study, we investigated the role of Runx1 in experimentally pathological cardiac hypertrophy. The in vitro model was induced by Ang II exposure to cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, and the in vivo pathological cardiac hypertrophy models were induced by chronic pressure overload in mice. Runx1 expression is increased in heart tissues from mice with pressure overload–induced cardiac hypertrophy and in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in response to Ang II stimulation. Moreover, knockdown of cardiac Runx1 alleviates the pressure overload–induced cardiac hypertrophy. Mechanistically, Runx1 activates the p53 signalling by binding to the p53 gene and promotes its transcription. Rescue experiments indicate that Runx1 promotes cardiac hypertrophy in a p53‐dependent manner. Remarkably, we demonstrated that Ro5‐3335 (a Runx1 inhibitor) acts as a potential therapeutic drug for treating pathological cardiac hypertrophy. In summary, we conclude that Runx1 is a novel mediator and therapeutic target for pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
Etiological links between autism and difficulties in initiating and maintaining sleep: a familial co‐aggregation and twin study
Authors: Taylor Mark J. , Larsson Henrik , Lundström Sebastian , Lichtenstein Paul , Butwicka Agnieszka 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundDifficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) are frequent features of autism, yet little is known about why these conditions co‐occur. One possibility is that they share etiological factors, yet this hypothesis remains to be tested using quantitative genetic designs. We thus investigated etiological links between autism and DIMS using familial co‐aggregation and twin methods.MethodsTwins, siblings, half‐siblings, and cousins of 50,097 individuals with autism were identified from Swedish population registries. Their risk of DIMS, defined through diagnoses of insomnia and/or melatonin prescriptions, was then estimated. Twin analyses conducted on 15,279 child and adolescent twin pairs investigated etiological links between DIMS and ASD.Results22.8% of autistic individuals had DIMS. Monozygotic co‐twins of individuals with autism were most at risk of DIMS compared to the reference group (OR = 6.6 [2.5–17.4]), followed by dizygotic co‐twins (OR = 2.6 [1.5–4.5]) and full siblings (OR = 2.5 [2.4–2.6]). Half‐siblings and cousins of individuals with autism were least likely to have DIMS relative to the reference group (OR range = 1.3–1.5). Twin analyses estimated a correlation of 0.57 (0.53–0.61) between autism and DIMS, with a genetic correlation of 0.62 (0.60–0.68). These overlapping genetic factors explained 94% of the covariance between these conditions. Autistic traits also showed genetic overlap with DIMS.ConclusionsOur results suggest that shared genetic mechanisms underlie autism and DIMS, which may lead them to co‐occur. Untangling the etiological overlap between these conditions has potential to assist in understanding the etiology of each condition, as well as their associated outcomes.
Too big to succeed? Overstaffing in firms
Authors: Hvide Hans K. , Zhang Yanren 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOverstaffing appears to be a source of significant inefficiencies in organizations, but there is little economic theory that informs us why. We extend the canonical Lazear–Rosen tournament model to a dynamic setting that yields overstaffing at the managerial level. Overstaffing can be optimal in first best, without moral hazard, if the redundant manager gains experience and increases the firm's future productivity. In second best, overstaffing can be a way to provide incentives to young workers without “overpaying” middle‐aged workers, a point that is illustrated with several examples from real world organizations. The model may offer some independent interest by integrating a generational structure into a tournament model.