bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of Sahara highlands in the diversification and desert colonization of the Bosc's fringe‐toed lizard
Authors: Liz André Vicente , Rödder Dennis , Gonçalves Duarte Vasconcelos , Velo‐Antón Guillermo , Fonseca Miguel M. , Geniez Philippe , Crochet Pierre‐André , Brito José Carlos 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimThe biogeographic history of the Sahara‐Sahel desert is tightly linked to its extreme and fluctuating palaeoclimate and diverse topography. For the mesic species inhabiting the region, coastal areas and the Nile Valley are perceived as the main pathways to disperse through desert habitats, but past connections may have also occurred throughout currently isolated mountain regions. Herein, we test the trans‐Sahara mountain corridor hypothesis (i.e., mesic connectivity across Central Sahara highlands) and its role in the diversification of a small terrestrial vertebrate.LocationNorth Africa and Arabia.TaxonAcanthodactylus boskianus (Squamata: Lacertidae).MethodsWe integrated multi‐locus mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies with species’ climate‐niche modelling, including palaeo‐projections. Genetic analyses aimed to assess the species’ genetic structure, identify its main mitochondrial lineages and nuclear diversity, and reconstruct its ancestral biogeography. Species’ climate‐niche stability was modelled independently for the Late Pleistocene‐Holocene and the Plio‐Pleistocene, to infer historical climatic refugia and dispersal corridors.ResultsFour spatially structured mitochondrial lineages, integrating several parapatric sub‐lineages, originated during the Plio‐Pleistocene. Nuclear data revealed nine potential candidate species. Climatic refugia were located in mountains and desert fringes, remaining consistent for the Late Pleistocene‐Holocene and the Plio‐Pleistocene. Recurrent North‐South climatic corridors were located along the desert periphery, while others less frequent were found across Central Sahara. Ancestral biogeography analyses recovered a recent Pleistocene colonization of the Sahel throughout eastern Sahara and either Sahara or Sahel origin for Central Sahara populations.Main conclusionsSpecies’ diversification was triggered by a combination of Plio‐Pleistocene climatic cycles across a complex topographic region, where mountains acted as the main diversification hotspots. The historical role of Central Sahara highlands as main non‐peripheral mesic refugia was corroborated. In addition, intermittent climatic connections linked Mediterranean and Sahel ecoregions with Central Sahara refugia, suggesting the existence of alternative trans‐Sahara dispersal routes to the putative coastal and Nile corridors.
Central sympathetic nerve activation in subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Hasegawa Yu , Uchikawa Hiroki , Kajiwara Sosho , Morioka Motohiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life‐threatening condition, and although its two main complications—cerebral vasospasm (CVS)/delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and early brain injury (EBI)—have been widely studied, prognosis has not improved over time. The sympathetic nerve (SN) system is important for the regulation of cardiovascular function and is closely associated with cerebral vessels and the regulation of cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular function; thus, excessive SN activation leads to a rapid breakdown of homeostasis in the brain. In the hyperacute phase, patients with SAH can experience possibly lethal conditions that are thought to be associated with SN activation (catecholamine surge)‐related arrhythmia, neurogenic pulmonary edema, and irreversible injury to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Although the role of the SN system in SAH has long been investigated and considerable evidence has been collected, the exact pathophysiology remains undetermined, mainly because the relationships between the SN system and SAH are complicated, and many SN‐modulating factors are involved. Thus, research concerning these relationships needs to explore novel findings that correlate with the relevant concepts based on past reliable evidence. Here, we explore the role of the central SN (CSN) system in SAH pathophysiology and provide a comprehensive review of the functional CSN network; brain injury in hyperacute phase involving the CSN system; pathophysiological overlap between the CSN system and the two major SAH complications, CVS/DCI and EBI; CSN‐modulating factors; and SAH‐related extracerebral organ injury. Further studies are warranted to determine the specific roles of the CSN system in the brain injuries associated with SAH.
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Soft landings: Extending the cushion hypothesis to financial well‐being in collectivistic cultures
Authors: Warmath Dee , Chen Pan‐Ju , Grable John , Kwak Eun Jin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study extends the cushion hypothesis to examine cultural differences in the role of willingness to take financial risk in an individual's objective financial outcomes (e.g., the experience of material hardship) and in an individual's assessment of their financial well‐being. Using data collected in South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States, we find support for a cushion (i.e., weaker relationship) in the association between material hardship and present and future financial well‐being. A cushion was also observed in a weaker association between willingness to take financial risk and expectations for future financial security but not in the experience of material hardship or current money management stress. Our results suggest that cultural context influences an individual's objective situation as well as their subjective assessment of that situation. This paper adds to existing literature by documenting a cushion effect beyond risk taking to include a person's objective financial situation and financial well‐being.
Have I saved enough to social distance? The role of household financial preparedness in public health response
Authors: Warmath Dee , O'Connor Genevieve E. , Newmeyer Casey , Wong Nancy 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBehavioral responses such as social distancing are important in the fight to contain COVID‐19 transmission, yet motivating such responses is an overwhelming, resource‐intensive task. Using multi‐wave data from 23,735 US adults collected in May/September 2020, and January 2021, this study examines how financial preparedness in the form of savings influences the relationship predicted by the Health Belief Model between the degree of concern for COVID‐19 and engagement in social distancing. Findings indicate that general concern for COVID‐19 is related to the decision to engage in social distancing for individuals who have less saved. Curiously, higher levels of financial preparedness are associated with a lower likelihood of social distancing at least among people who had been laid off during the pandemic. The findings suggest a tradeoff between protecting one's standard of living and their health. Government and public health agencies should consider financial preparedness in the design of public health communications.
Virtue Signaling and the Linguistic Repertoire of Anti‐Blackness: or, “I Would Have Voted for Obama for a Third Term”
Authors: miles‐hercules deandre , Muwwakkil Jamaal 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIncreasing commodification of progressive language in public discourse over the past four decades has resulted in users’ indexical alignment with anti‐racist politics becoming unmoored from expectations of legitimate action toward dismantling white supremacy. In this essay, we describe how this process is enacted through virtue signaling—highlighting one’s morality through the use of language and other signs that invoke progressive sociopolitical values—and the ways it mobilizes the linguistic repertoire of anti‐Blackness. Theorizing this behavior provides a framework to locate and confront the mechanisms that maintain white supremacy and the actors who align themselves with it.
Trends of paediatric head injury and acute care costs in Australia
Authors: Singh Sonia , Babl Franz E , Hearps Stephen J C , Hoch Jeffrey S , Dalziel Kim , Cheek John A 
Published: September 2021

AimPaediatric head injuries (PHI) are the most common cause of trauma‐related emergency department (ED) presentations. This study sought to report the incidence of PHI in Australia, examine the temporal trends from 2014 to 2018 and estimate the patient and population‐level acute care costs.MethodsTaking a public‐sector health‐care perspective, we applied direct and indirect hospital costs for PHI‐related ED visits and acute admissions. All costs were inflated to 2018 Australian dollars ($). The patient‐level analysis was performed with data from 17 841 children <18 years old enrolled in the prospective Australasian Paediatric Head Injury Study. Mechanisms of injury were characterised by the total and average acute care costs. The population‐level data of PHI‐related ED presentations were obtained from the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority. Age‐standardised incidence rates (IR) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated, and negative binomial regression examined the temporal trend.ResultsThe age‐standardised IR for PHI was 2734 per 100 000 population in 2018, with a significant increase over 5 years (IRR 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.14; P < 0.001) and acute care costs of $154 million. Falls occurred in 70% of the study cohort, with average costs per episode of $666 (95% CI: $627–$706), accounting for 47% of acute care costs. Transportation‐related injuries occurred in 4.1% of the study cohort, with average costs per episode of $8555 (95% CI: $6193–$10 917), accounting for 35% of acute care costs.ConclusionPHI have increased significantly in Australia and are associated with substantial acute care costs. Population‐based efforts are required for road safety and injury prevention.
35 Years on the Road from Research to Practice: A Review of Studies on Four Content Enhancement Routines for Inclusive Subject‐Area Classes, Part II
Authors: Fisher Joseph B. , Schumaker Jean Bragg 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article is the second part of a two‐part article focusing on research that has been conducted on Content Enhancement Routines, instructional routines developed to be used during inclusive subject‐area instruction. Part I of this article (Schumaker and Fisher, 2021) reviews the original validation studies that were conducted on four Content Enhancement Routines. This second part of the article reviews 10 empirical studies that have been conducted comparing the effects of two professional development methods (i.e., a computerized workshop and a live workshop) for instructing teachers to use the same four teaching routines. In every study, teacher knowledge of the routine and teacher preparation for using the routine were measured. In four of the studies, teacher implementation of the routine within inclusive classes as well as student performance were also measured. Results were reported for the whole group of students in all four studies, and for students with LD in three of the studies. In all of the studies, teachers made large and significant gains in performance on all measures after both workshop conditions, representing large effect sizes. All in‐service teachers performed the routine at a high level of quality in their classes after 3 hours of instruction. In two studies, the teachers who participated in the computerized instruction earned significantly higher implementation scores than the teachers who participated in the live instruction. Regarding student performance across the studies, the whole group of students and the students with LD earned significantly higher scores on the posttests than on the pretests for both groups of teachers, again representing large effect sizes. Additionally, in two studies, the whole groups of students whose teachers used the software earned significantly higher scores on posttests than the whole groups of students whose teachers participated in live sessions. These studies replicate and extend the studies reviewed in Part I of this article; they show that quality teacher use of four Content Enhancement Routines results in increases in performance for all students, and for students with LD in inclusive classes.
Reading vector data more efficiently: Assessing performance of the OGR simple feature library
Authors: Yang Anran , Jia Qingren , Zhong Zhinong , Jing Ning 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReading vector data files to in‐memory data models efficiently is a crucial step to handle the ever‐growing volume of geographical data. Although advanced IO solutions like distributed file systems or Message Passing Interface parallel IO work well in some high‐end computing environments, the 20‐year‐old OGR simple features library is still the de facto tool for loading vector files when developing GIS algorithms in most scenarios, which is not very efficient when data become larger. In this article, we analyze the bottleneck of the OGR library and find that excessive small objects are the main source of slowness. We then offer advice to improve efficiency when using OGR. To further verify our findings and provide an alternative to the OGR library in performance‐sensitive scenarios, we develop a library based on continuous memory pools to avoid small objects. Experiments show that our advice is effective and our library can be several times faster than the OGR library for IO‐intensive programs.
Barriers to seeking timely treatment for severe childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Kamal Ibne Amin , Jabeen Ishrat , Rahman Mahfuzur , Faruque Abu Syed Golam , Alam Nur H , Ali Shahjahan , Ahmed Tahmeed , Fuchs George J , Duke Trevor , Gyr Niklaus , Sarma Haribondhu 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveDelays in seeking medical attention for childhood pneumonia may lead to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at identifying the drivers of delayed seeking of treatment for severe childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh.MethodsWe conducted a formative study from June to September 2015 in one northern district of Bangladesh. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 rural mothers of children under 5 years with moderate or severe pneumonia. We analysed the data thematically.ResultsWe found that mothers often failed to assess severity of pneumonia accurately due to lack of knowledge or misperception about symptoms of pneumonia. Several factors delayed timely steps that could lead to initiation of appropriate treatment. They included time lost in consultation with non-formal practitioners, social norms that required mothers to seek permission from male household heads (eg, husbands) before they could seek healthcare for their children, avoiding community-based public health centres due to their irregular schedules, lack of medical supplies, shortage of hospital beds and long distance of secondary or tertiary hospitals from households. Financial hardships and inability to identify a substitute caregiver for other children at home while the mother accompanied the sick child in hospital were other factors.ConclusionsThis study identified key social, economic and infrastructural factors that lead to delayed treatment for childhood pneumonia in the study district in rural Bangladesh. Interventions that inform mothers and empower women in the decision to seek healthcare, as well as improvement of infrastructure at the facility level could lead to improved behaviour in seeking and getting treatment of childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh.
Pertussis seroprevalence in mother–infant pairs from India: role of maternal immunisation
Authors: Viswanathan Rajlakshmi , Bafna Sanjay , Patil Kalyani , Jadhav Santoshkumar , Katendra Savita , Mishra Shweta , Maheshwari Shradha , Damle Hemant 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate pertussis antibody status of pregnant women and their newborns, and the impact of antenatal immunisation.DesignObservational study.SettingHospitals in urban western India.ParticipantsPregnant women and their newborns.MethodsPertussis antibody titres in mothers and their newborns were determined. Vaccinated and unvaccinated mothers and their newborns were compared for baseline characteristics, geometric mean titres (GMTs) and placental transfer ratio of antibodies. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to understand the influence of different factors on protective antibody titres.ResultsOf 284 mother–infant pairs, 75 mothers and 73 of their newborns were seropositive for anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG antibodies. 94 women were vaccinated in pregnancy; 51 (54.3%) of these mothers and newborns were PT IgG positive, compared with 24 (12.3%) of the women (and 22 newborns) not vaccinated in pregnancy. Women vaccinated in pregnancy and their newborns had higher GMT (30.88 and 32.54 IU/mL), compared with women who were not vaccinated (12.63%, 2.24 IU/mL) and their newborns (11.58%, 2.53 IU/mL). Placental transfer ratios in newborns of mothers vaccinated in pregnancy and those who had childhood immunisation or natural immunity were similar (1.05 and 1.12, respectively). Protective titres of antibodies at birth (>20 IU/mL) were observed in 72.3% vs 21% of newborns of vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant women, respectively; influenced by mother’s vaccination status and seropositivity.ConclusionProtection against pertussis is low in newborns of mothers who are only immunised during childhood. Vaccination early in pregnancy boosts maternal and neonatal immunity.
Inequitable impact of infection: social gradients in severe COVID-19 outcomes among all confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases during the first pandemic wave in Sweden
Authors: Gustafsson Per E. , San Sebastian Miguel , Fonseca-Rodriguez Osvaldo , Fors Connolly Anne-Marie 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundThe backdrop of the ubiquitous social inequalities has increasingly come into foreground in research on the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lack of high-quality population-based studies limits our understanding of the inequitable outcomes of the disease. The present study seeks to estimate social gradients in COVID-19 hospitalisations, intensive care admissions and death by education, income and country of birth, while taking into account disparities in comorbidities.MethodsWe used a register-based retrospective open cohort design enrolling all 74 659 confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive cases aged >25 years in Sweden during the first wave of the pandemic (until 14 September 2020). Information was retrieved from multiple registers and linked by the unique Swedish personal identity number concerning COVID-19 case identification; COVID-19 hospitalisations, intensive care admissions and death; comorbidities as measured by the Charlson Comorbidity Index; and sociodemographic information. Social gradients were estimated by the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) using Cox regression.ResultsAdjusted analyses showed significant social gradients in COVID-19 hospitalisation, intensive care admission, across education, income and country of birth, which were unaffected by adjustment for comorbidities. Education and country of birth gradients were stronger for hospitalisation and intensive care admissions but small to non-existent for death. In contrast, income gradients were consistent across all three COVID-19 outcomes.ConclusionSocial gradients in severe COVID-19 outcomes are widespread in Sweden, but appear to be unrelated to pre-existing health disparities. Inequitable outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection may therefore be at least partially avoidable and could rely on equitable management of confirmed COVID-19 cases.
The Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the southern Great Xing’an Range, northeastern China: new constraints from A2-type granite and monzodiorite
Authors: Xu Chenghan , Sun Fengyue , Fan Xingzhu , Huo Liang , Yang Depeng , Sun Yinqiang , Zhang Yajing , Wu Dongqian , Yu Lu , Bakht Shahzad 
Published: September 2021

The widespread Early Cretaceous plutons intruding along the southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR) provide evidence for tectonic evolution of the region. Petrological, geochemical, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and zircon Hf isotopic studies are conducted on intrusions from Bianjiadayuan and Hongling areas. These suites classify as A2-type granites and monzodiorites, respectively. The 138–133 Ma A2-type granites originated from partial melting of continental crustal materials at high temperatures and shallow depths with significant addition of juvenile mafic lower crust sourced from a metasomatized mantle. The 136–134 Ma monzodiorites originated from the partial melting of an enriched mantle that was modified by melts of a previously subducted slab coupled with crustal contamination. The Early Cretaceous magmatism in the SGXR occurred in two periods: ∼145–136 Ma (peak at ∼139 Ma; εHf (t) = 5 to 10) and ∼136–130 Ma (peak at ∼131 Ma; εHf (t) = –10 to 15). The Early Cretaceous granite–monzodiorite suite in the SGXR suggests a bimodal magmatism in an extensional setting. The ∼145–130 Ma magmatism may have been triggered by asthenospheric upwelling induced by the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic slab breakoff and large-scale lithospheric delamination resulting from post-orogenic extension. The variation of subduction direction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean likely triggered a change in stress regime at ca. 136 Ma and likely promoted the lithospheric delamination beneath the SGXR resulting in intense magmatism originating from various sources. As such, the Paleo-Pacific Oceanic subduction likely played an important role in the Early Cretaceous magmatism in the SGXR.
Mapping Mechanical Properties of the Tumor Microenvironment by Laser Speckle Rheological Microscopy
Authors: Hajjarian Zeinab , Brachtel Elena F. , Tshikudi Diane M. , Nadkarni Seemantini K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAltered mechanical properties of the tumor matrix have emerged as both the cause and consequence of breast carcinogenesis. Increased tumor stiffness has traditionally provided a viable metric to screen for malignancies via palpation or imaging. Previous studies have demonstrated that the microscale mechanical properties of the cell substrate influence tumor proliferation and invasive migration in vitro. Nevertheless, the association of the mechanical microenvironment with clinical hallmarks of aggressiveness in human breast tumors, including histopathological subtype, grade, receptor expression status, and lymph node involvement is poorly understood. This is largely due to the lack of tools for mapping tumor viscoelastic properties in clinical specimens with high spatial resolution over a large field of view (FoV). Here we introduce laser Speckle rHEologicAl micRoscopy (SHEAR) that for the first time enables mapping the magnitude viscoelastic or shear modulus, |G*(x,y,ω)|, over a range of frequencies (ω = 1–250 rad/second) in excised tumors within minutes with a spatial resolution of approximately 50 μm, over multiple cm2 FoV. Application of SHEAR in a cohort of 251 breast cancer specimens from 148 patients demonstrated that |G*(x,y,ω)| (ω = 2π rad/second) closely corresponds with histological features of the tumor, and that the spatial gradient of the shear modulus, |∇|G*(x,y,ω)||, is elevated at the tumor invasive front. Multivariate analyses established that the metrics, (|G* |) and (|∇|G* ||), measured by SHEAR are associated with prognosis. These findings implicate the viscoelastic properties of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer prognosis and likely pave the path for identifying new modifiable targets for treatment.Significance:Laser speckle rheological microscopy establishes the links between microscale heterogeneities of viscoelasticity and histopathological subtype, tumor grade, receptor expression, as well as lymph node status in breast carcinoma.