bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parents’ Perspective of Antibiotic Usage in Children: A Nationwide Survey in Italy
Authors: Pierantoni Luca , Lo Vecchio Andrea , Lenzi Jacopo , Corsi Vincenza , Campana Lara , Luca Trobia Gian , Amendolea Antonella , Di Felice Benedetta , Alighieri Giovanni , Fabrizio Giovanna Carmela , Bisceglia Massimo , Peia Francesco , Chiale Federica , Bartolomei Beatrice , Siciliano Chiara , Di Battista Caterina , Passone Eva , di Giovanni Chiara , Piergentili Edward , Donà Daniele , Buonsenso Danilo 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Antibiotics represent the most widely prescribed drugs in children worldwide, both in hospital and community settings. A comprehensive approach to understanding the reasons and determinants of antibiotic prescription in the pediatric age is needed. This study aimed to assess parents’ attitudes and perspectives about antibiotic use.

Methods:
Prospective observational study was conducted in all Italian Regions between February 1 and April 30, 2020, using a standardized questionnaire.

Results:
Six thousand six hundred twenty-five parents from all Italian regions completed the survey. Seventy-six percent of parents were aware that only bacteria are the target of antibiotics, but 92.9% knew that the antibiotic has no direct effect on fever. Antibiotic self-prescription (10.4%) or by remote consultation by phone call (19.9%) or message (9.6%) were relatively common. Ninety-three percent of parents were aware that excessive use of antibiotics could select resistant bacteria and 84.7% of them knew that they could actively fight antibiotic resistance. About two thirds of participants (66.1%) received information on antibiotic resistance from their family pediatrician. Parents born of Italy or those with lower income had a higher probability of having less information from pediatricians or knowledge of proper antibiotic use.

Discussion:
Our study suggests that parents’ knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use and prescription are improving compared with previous studies, while there is still a gap regarding antibiotic resistance, particularly on practices that can reduce its burden. Our study’s negative finding is that families from low-income settings or those born abroad have significantly more misconceptions about important antibiotic practices.
Routine Use of Biomarkers to Rationalize Antibiotic Use During Febrile Episodes in Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Units
Authors: Toro Jessica F. , Peña Eliana , Ramírez Oscar , López Pio , Portilla Carlos A. , López-Medina Eduardo 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Children frequently develop fever after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Although the etiology of many febrile episodes (FEs) is not an infection, patients often receive broad-spectrum antibiotics in response.

Methods:
To improve the judicious use of antibiotics in pediatric HSCT patients, we performed a prospective cohort study of children receiving an HSCT in Clínica Imbanaco (Cali, Colombia) between September 2016 and December 2019. We assessed all FEs occurring during 3 periods (infusion, neutropenic and engraftment). We measured procalcitonin and C-reactive protein (CRP) sequentially during each FE and compared levels among patients with fever due to significant infection (FSI) versus fever not attributable to infection (FNI) in each transplant period.

Results:
There were 166 FEs in 95 patients. FSI accounted for 12%, 42% and 42% of FE during infusion, neutropenic and engraftment periods, respectively. CRP had better discriminatory capacity for FSI versus FNI in the infusion period [area under the curve (AUC) 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62–0.96) for a CRP level of 50 mg/L]. Neither biomarker performed well in the neutropenic period. During the engraftment period, a CRP of 65 mg/L had an AUC of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.65–0.96), while a procalcitonin level of 0.25 ng/mL had an AUC of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.63–1.0). In contrast to procalcitonin, the CRP’s pattern of change throughout the first 3 days of fever in each transplant period was different in FSI compared with FNI.

Conclusion:
Sequential measurement of biomarkers, especially CRP, may allow clinicians to more appropriately manage antibiotic use in pediatric HSCT units.
Lysophosphatidic acid activates nociceptors and causes pain or itch depending on the application mode in human skin
Authors: Düll Miriam M. , Stengel Martina , Ries Vivien , Strupf Marion , Reeh Peter W. , Kremer Andreas E. , Namer Barbara 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is involved in the pathophysiology of cholestatic pruritus and neuropathic pain. Slowly conducting peripheral afferent C-nerve fibers are crucial in the sensations of itch and pain. In animal studies, specialized neurons (“pruriceptors”) have been described, expressing specific receptors, eg, from the Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor family. Human nerve fibers involved in pain signaling (“nociceptors“) can elicit itch if activated by focalized stimuli such as cowhage spicules. In this study, we scrutinized the effects of LPA in humans by 2 different application modes on the level of psychophysics and single nerve fiber recordings (microneurography). In healthy human subjects, intracutaneous LPA microinjections elicited burning pain, whereas LPA application through inactivated cowhage spicules evoked a moderate itch sensation. Lysophosphatidic acid microinjections induced heat hyperalgesia and hypersensitivity to higher electrical stimulus frequencies. Pharmacological blockade of transient receptor potential channel A1 or transient receptor potential channel vanilloid 1 reduced heat hyperalgesia, but not acute chemical pain. Microneurography revealed an application mode–dependent differential activation of mechanosensitive (CM) and mechanoinsensitive C (CMi) fibers. Lysophosphatidic acid microinjections activated a greater proportion of CMi fibers and more strongly than CM fibers; spicule application of LPA activated CM and CMi fibers to a similar extent but excited CM fibers more and CMi fibers less intensely than microinjections. In conclusion, we show for the first time in humans that LPA can cause pain as well as itch dependent on the mode of application and activates afferent human C fibers. Itch may arise from focal activation of few nerve fibers with distinct spatial contrast to unexcited surrounding afferents and a specific combination of activated fiber subclasses might contribute.
Ayahuasca Improves Self-perception of Speech Performance in Subjects With Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: dos Santos Rafael G. , Osório Flávia de Lima , Rocha Juliana Mendes , Rossi Giordano Novak , Bouso José Carlos , Rodrigues Lucas S. , de Oliveira Silveira Gabriela , Yonamine Mauricio , Hallak Jaime E. Cecílio 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Ayahuasca is a classic hallucinogen with anxiolytic and antidepressive properties. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that it improves performance (eg, singing, speech). This controlled trial assessed the effects of ayahuasca on speech performance and anxiety in individuals with social anxiety disorder.

Methods
Seventeen volunteers with social anxiety disorder participated in a pilot, proof-of-concept, randomized, parallel-group trial. Self-perception of performance during a public-speaking test was assessed with the Self-statements During Public Speaking Scale primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included anxiety/subjective effects (Visual Analog Mood Scale; Bodily Symptoms Scale), recognition of emotions in facial expressions (REFE), tolerability measures (cardiovascular measures, self-reports), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma levels. Effects on anxiety and REFE were assessed again 7, 14, and 21 days postdrug.

Findings
Compared with placebo, ayahuasca significantly improved self-perception of speech performance (Self-statements During Public Speaking Scale) and increased somatic symptoms (Bodily Symptoms Scale). There was also a significant time × group interaction in the cognitive deterioration Visual Analog Mood Scale factor and a significant effect of time in the REFE task, especially in reaction time. Other measures were not significantly modified. Ayahuasca was well tolerated, producing mainly nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, and vomiting.

Conclusions
Ayahuasca improved self-perception of speech performance in socially anxious individuals. These effects occurred independent of task-related anxiety and REFE, suggesting that ayahuasca could specifically improve the cognitive aspect of speech performance. Further studies should try to unveil the mechanisms involved in the effects of ayahuasca and to better understand its effects on anxiety.
Forensic Nursing Research: The Basics Explained
Authors: Wickwire Karin A. , Valentine Julie L. , Downing Nancy , Cochran Courtney Bagents , Drake Stacy , Sekula L. Kathleen , Jennings Sara 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
As a growing profession, forensic nursing requires research to establish best practice guidelines leading to evidence-based practice. In addition, forensic nursing quality improvement projects are necessary to evaluate and improve practices and policies. The purpose of this article is to provide step-by-step guidelines on research and quality improvement projects to encourage all forensic nurses to actively contribute to and utilize research in practice. Research will expand our forensic nursing science and knowledge base. Ultimately, forensic nursing research will benefit our patients and communities by establishing enhanced, evidence-based care.
Is Interview Length Associated With Blood Test Participation? Evidence From Three Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Surveys Conducted From 2016 to 2017
Authors: Bray Rachel , Palma Anton M. , Philip Neena M. , Brown Kristin , Levin Bruce , Thompson John L. P. (Seamus) , Ginindza Choice , Mulenga Lloyd B. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
High response rates in surveys are critical to ensuring that findings are unbiased and representative of the target population. Questionnaire length affects response rates, with long interviews associated with partially complete surveys, higher item nonresponse (“don't know” and “refuse” responses), and willingness to participate in future surveys. Our aim is to determine the impact of questionnaire length on blood test participation in population-based HIV surveys.

Methods:
Data are from population-based HIV impact assessments conducted in Zambia, Eswatini, and Lesotho in 2016–2017. The population-based HIV impact assessments consist of an interview followed by a blood draw. Consent for blood draw was obtained before the interview in Eswatini and after the interview in Zambia and Lesotho. Interview length was measured by the survey tablet as the time to complete the survey (interview duration) and the number of questions answered by the participant (questionnaire length). We assessed the effects of questionnaire length and interview duration on blood test participation using logistic regression.

Results:
Across all 3 surveys, the median interview duration was 16 minutes and the median number of questions was 77. In adjusted analyses, there was a negative impact of interview duration on blood draw consent for individuals with unknown status in Lesotho and a positive relationship between questionnaire length and blood draw consent in Zambia for those with HIV-negative and unknown status.

Conclusion:
Although interview length is an important consideration to reduce respondent burden, a longer questionnaire does not necessarily result in lower consent rates for blood testing.
Lessons From Rapid Field Implementation of an HIV Population-Based Survey in Nigeria, 2018
Authors: Jahun Ibrahim , Greby Stacie M. , Adesina Tina , Agbakwuru Chinedu , Dalhatu Ibrahim , Yakubu Aminu , Jelpe Tapdiyel , Okoye McPaul , Ikpe Sunday , Ehoche Akipu , Abimiku Alash'le , Aliyu Gambo , Charurat Manhattan , Greenwell Geoffrey , Bronson Megan , Patel Hetal , McCracken Stephen , Voetsch Andrew C. , Parekh Bharat , Swaminathan Mahesh , Adewole Isaac , Aliyu Sani 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The need for accurate HIV annual program planning data motivated the compressed timeline for the 2018 Nigerian HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey (NAIIS). The survey team used stakeholder cooperation and responsive design, using survey process and paradata to refine survey implementation, to quickly collect high-quality data. We describe processes that led to generation of data for program and funding decisions, ensuring HIV services were funded in 2019.

Setting:
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with approximately 195 million people in 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. Challenges include multiple security threats, poor infrastructure, seasonal rains, and varied health system capacity.

Methods:
Stakeholders worked together to plan and implement NAIIS. Methods from other population-based HIV impact assessments were modified to meet challenges and the compressed timeline. Data collection was conducted in 6 webs. Responsive design included reviewing survey monitoring paradata and laboratory performance. Costs required to correct data errors, for example, staff time and transportation, were tracked.

Results:
NAIIS data collection was completed in 23 weeks, ahead of the originally scheduled 24 weeks. Responsive design identified and resolved approximately 68,000 interview errors, affecting approximately 62,000 households, saving about US$4.4 million in costs. Biweekly field laboratory test quality control improved from 50% to 100% throughout NAIIS.

Conclusions:
Cooperation across stakeholders and responsive design ensured timely release of NAIIS results and informed planning for HIV epidemic control in Nigeria. Based on NAIIS results, funds were provided to place an additional 500,000 HIV-positive Nigerians on antiretroviral therapy by the end of 2020, pushing Nigeria toward epidemic control.
Optimal Selection of COVID-19 Vaccination Sites at the Municipal Level
Authors: Cabanilla Kurt Izak M. , Enriquez Erika Antonette T. , Mendoza Renier , Mendoza Victoria May P. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTIn this work, we present an approach to determine the optimal location of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination sites at the municipal level. We assume that each municipality or town is subdivided into smaller administrative units, which we refer to as villages or barangays. The proposed method solves a minimization problem arising from a facility location problem, which is formulated based on the proximity of the vaccination sites to the villages, number of COVID-19 cases, and population densities of the villages. We present a numerical scheme to solve the optimization problem and give a detailed description of the algorithm, which is coded in Python. To make the results reproducible, the codes used in this study are uploaded to a public repository, which also contains complete instructions on how to use them. As an illustration, we apply our method in determining the optimal location of vaccination sites in San Juan, a town in the province of Batangas, in the Philippines. We hope that this study may guide the local government units in coming up with strategic plans for the COVID-19 vaccine rollout.
High Bandwidth Power Electronics and Magnetic Nanoparticles for Multichannel Magnetogenetic Neurostimulation
Authors: Wang Boshuo , Li Zhongxi , Sebesta Charles E. , Hinojosa Daniel Torres , Zhang Qingbo , Robinson Jacob T. , Bao Gang , Peterchev Angel V. , Goetz Stefan M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe present a power electronic system and magnetic nanoparticles for multiplexed magnetogenetic neurostimulation with three channels spanning a wide frequency range and rapid channel switching capability. This enables selective heating of magnetic nanoparticles with different coercivity using various frequency–amplitude combinations of the magnetic field. Such multiplexed operation could provide the technical means for selective magnetogenetic neurostimulation beyond its spatial focality limits.ApproachThe electronic system uses a hybrid of silicon metal–oxide–semiconductor and gallium-nitride field-effect transistors, which generate the required high-amplitude current up to 500 A in the sub-MHz range and the high-frequency current in the MHz range, respectively. Via three discrete resonance capacitor banks, the system generates an alternating magnetic field in the same liquid-cooled field coil at three distinct frequency channels spanning 50 kHz to 4 MHz. Fast switching between channels is achieved with high-voltage contactors connecting the coil to different capacitor banks. We characterized the system by the output channels’ frequencies, field strength, and switching time, as well as the system’s overall operation stability. Three types of iron oxide nanoparticles with different coercivity are developed to form three magnetothermal channels. Specific absorption rate and infrared thermal imaging measurements are performed with the nanoparticles to characterize their heating and demonstrate selective actuation for all three channels.Main resultsThe system achieved the desired target field strengths for three frequency channels (70 kA/m at 50 kHz, 10 kA/m at 500 kHz, and 1 kA/m at ≥2 MHz), with rapid switching speed between channels on the order of milliseconds. The system can operate continuously for at least two hours at 30% duty cycle with 125 Arms load in the coil, corresponding to a stimulation protocol of cycling the three channels at target strength with 3 s pulses and 7 s interpulse intervals. The nanoparticles were heated with selectivity between 2.3× and 9× for their respective frequency channel. The system’s intended use was thus validated with three distinct channels available for magnetothermal heating.SignificanceWe describe the first combination of a power electronic system and magnetic nanoparticles that achieves three stimulation channels. Selective actuation of nanoparticles is demonstrated for each channel using the same field coil, including a novel composition responding to magnetic fields in the MHz range. This approach could improve the speed and flexibility of frequency-multiplexed magnetogenetic neural stimulation.
LAP1 supports nuclear plasticity during constrained migration
Authors: Jung-Garcia Yaiza , Maiques Oscar , Rodriguez-Hernandez Irene , Fanshawe Bruce , Domart Marie-Charlotte , Renshaw Matt , Marti Rosa M , Matias-Guiu Xavier , Collinson Lucy M , Sanz-Moreno Victoria , Carlton Jeremy G 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTMetastasis involves dissemination of cancer cells away from a primary tumour and colonisation at distal sites. During this process, cancer cells must negotiate multiple physical constraints imposed by the microenvironment and tissue structure. The biophysical properties of the nucleus must be tuned since they pose a challenge to constrained migration. By analysing nuclear genes upregulated during the acquisition of metastatic potential, we discovered increased expression of the inner nuclear membrane protein LAP1 in metastatic melanoma cells and at the invasive fronts of human primary tumours and in metastases. Human cells express two LAP1 isoforms (LAP1B and LAP1C), which differ in their amino terminus. We found that whereas the longer isoform, LAP1B, binds more strongly to nuclear lamins and has restricted motility within the nuclear envelope, the shorter isoform, LAP1C, favours nuclear envelope blebbing and allows migration through constraints. We propose that LAP1 renders the nucleus plastic and enhances melanoma aggressiveness.
Neuronal hyperactivity in a LRRK2-G2019S cellular model of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Lucumi Moreno Edinson , Hachi Siham , Nickels Sarah L. , Kane Khalid I.W. , Moein Masha , Schwamborn Jens C. , Skupin Alexander , Vanden Berghe Pieter , Fleming Ronan M.T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMonogenic Parkinson’s Disease can be caused by a mutation in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene, causing a late-onset autosomal dominant inherited form of Parkinson’s Disease. The function of the LRRK2 gene is incompletely understood, but several in vitro studies have reported that LRRK2-G2019S mutations affect neurite branching, calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function, but thus far, there have been no reports of effects on electrophysiological activity. We assessed the neuronal activity of induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons from Parkinson’s Disease patients with LRRK2-G2019S mutations and isogenic controls. Neuronal activity of spontaneously firing neuronal populations was recorded with a fluorescent calcium-sensitive dye (Fluo-4) and analysed with a novel image analysis pipeline that combined semi-automated neuronal segmentation and quantification of calcium transient properties. Compared with controls, LRRK2-G2019S mutants have shortened inter-spike intervals and an increased rate of spontaneous calcium transient induction.
Post-Insemination Selection Dominates Pre-Insemination Selection in Driving Rapid Evolution of Male Competitive Ability
Authors: Kasimatis Katja R. , Moerdyk-Schauwecker Megan J. , Lancaster Ruben , Smith Alexander , Willis John H. , Phillips Patrick C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSexual reproduction is a complex process that contributes to differences between the sexes and divergence between species. From a male’s perspective, sexual selection can optimize reproductive success by acting on the variance in mating success (pre-insemination selection) as well as the variance in fertilization success (post-insemination selection). The balance between pre- and post-insemination selection has not yet been investigated using a strong hypothesis-testing framework that directly quantifies the effects of post-insemination selection on the evolution of reproductive success. Here we use experimental evolution of a uniquely engineered genetic system that allows sperm production to be turned off and on in obligate male-female populations of Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that enhanced post-insemination competition increases the efficacy of selection and surpasses pre-insemination sexual selection in driving a polygenic response in male reproductive success. We find that after 30 generations post-insemination selection increased male reproductive success by an average of 5- to 7-fold. Contrary to expectation, enhanced pre-insemination competition hindered selection and slowed the rate of evolution. Furthermore, we found that post-insemination selection resulted in a strong polygenic response at the whole-genome level. Our results demonstrate that post-insemination sexual selection plays a critical role in the rapid optimization of male reproductive fitness. Therefore, explicit consideration should be given to post-insemination dynamics when considering the population effects of sexual selection.