bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out with the New And In With the Old: Reviving a Traditional Makah Halibut Hook for Modern Fisheries Management Challenges
Authors: Stewart Ian J , Scordino Jonathan J (Čibuqsus) , Petersen Joseph R , Wise Alex W , Svec Cole I , Buttram Reginald H , L Monette Joshua , Gonzales Maria R , Svec Russell , Scordino Joe , Butterfield Kaeden , Parker William , Buzzell Laurence A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Although fisheries challenges evolve rapidly, historical approaches may provide “new” tools for managers. In the state of Washington, the Makah Tribe have used čibu·d, their traditional fishhook, to target Pacific Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis long before the advent of modern fisheries. We describe our experience in rediscovering this historical harvesting method, testing the species selectivity, refining the approach, and producing a tool ready for application in modern fisheries management. Over nearly a decade, we were able to uncover substantial traditional knowledge in the community. Turning this knowledge into a reproducible and consistent product for testing proved difficult. Initial attempts to deploy the gear using commercial longlines encountered a range of challenges, but suggested refinements for further research. Subsequent experiments in recreational fisheries were successful due to the lessons learned during initial work. Our experience may be of value to others hoping to investigate historical methods with potential for addressing modern problems.
Synthesis of middle–long–middle structured intralipids by biological catalysis and the evaluation of intralipids’ protective effect on liver injury rats
Authors: Liu Changsheng , Chen An’nan , Xu Li , Wang Tianqi , Zhang Renwei , Xu Juntao , Yu Yue , Nie Kaili , Deng Li , Wang Fang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntralipids are widely used to provide energy and necessary fatty acids for the patients. The structure of lipids may affect their function. We developed a bio‐catalyzed route to prepare various intralipids and investigated the protective effect of intralipids against α‐naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) induced liver injury rats, further discussing the structure–function relationship. The middle–long–middle (MLM) structural intralipid was synthesized through alcoholysis‐esterification, and the influence factors were investigated. ANIT treatment caused liver injury, further making hepatocyte damage, and increasing related biochemical indexes, like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TBIL). Especially, MLM‐based and structoglyceride (STG) intralipids worked better in the early stage, to reduce the AST, ALT, and TBIL (p < .05). MLM showed a comparative advantage over other intralipids to accelerate the reduction of ALT (1st day) and AST (3rd day). MLM intralipid might be a promising next‐generation intralipid than the current STG intralipid liver‐injury patients. The biological catalysis MLM‐based intralipids can make the maximum utilization of fatty acids for the liver regeneration, where middle‐chain fatty acid (MCFA) in sn‐1,3 position can be metabolized directly to provide energy and long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA) in sn‐2 position can be delivered effectively for cell membrane repairing.
Methylphenidate use in geriatric depression: A systematic review
Authors: Smith Kristin R. , Kahlon Christie H. , Brown Jamie N. , Britt Rachel B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesGeriatric depression is common and is often associated with coexisting medical illnesses, cognitive dysfunction, or both. Treatment with pharmacotherapy is usually required, and many patients may not respond to initial therapy. Thus, there is a need for adjunctive treatment options. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate (MPH) in the treatment of geriatric depression.MethodsPubMed (1946–December 2020) and Embase (1947–December 2020) were queried using the following search terms: geriatrics, aged, geriatric patient, or elderly and depressive disorder, depression, major depression or late‐life depression, and MPH. Studies were included if they were a randomized‐controlled trial or open‐label trial that investigated use of MPH for treatment of depression in adults aged 60 years and older.ResultsAfter screening per the inclusion criteria, five prospective trials were included. All studies found improvement in depressive symptoms with use of MPH or MPH combined with citalopram. Study durations ranged from 8 to 16 weeks and MPH dosing ranged from 5 to 90 mg per day.ConclusionsBased on the reviewed literature, MPH appears to be most effective when combined with citalopram and used short‐term. MPH should be initiated at a low dose and titrated up to 10 or 20 mg per day based on response. Larger, long‐term trials are needed to further define the role of MPH in this population.
Factors associated with the severity of delirium
Authors: Tachibana Masako , Inada Toshiya , Ichida Masaru , Kojima Shihori , Shioya Mayumi , Wakayama Kazuki , Ozaki Norio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundVarious factors affecting the development of delirium have been identified. However, the associations between the severity of delirium and potentially related factors have not been adequately investigated. The aim of the present study was to explore factors associated with the severity of delirium and to identify the reversible contributing factors.MethodsA total of 577 patients with delirium referred to the Department of Psychiatry during the 5 years from May 2015 to April 2020 at a general hospital were included. The Delirium Rating Scale‐revised‐98 (DRS‐R‐98) was used to measure the severity of delirium. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether individual factors were associated with the severity of delirium.ResultsIntensive care unit admission (p = 0.003), use of benzodiazepines (p = 0.01), dementia (p = 0.02), and older age (p = 0.045) were all positively associated the severity of delirium, while use of β‐blockers (p = 0.001) was negatively associated with the severity of delirium.ConclusionsReversible contributing factors, that is use of benzodiazepines, should be avoided as much as possible, especially in elderly patients or patients with dementia or patients who need critical care in ICU. Reducing the dose of benzodiazepines or switching them to other drugs should be a priority.
Generalized–ensemble method study: A helix‐mimetic compound inhibits protein–protein interaction by long‐range and short‐range intermolecular interactions
Authors: Higo Junichi , Takashima Hajime , Fukunishi Yoshifumi , Yoshimori Atsushi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA heterocyclic compound mS‐11 is a helix‐mimetic designed to inhibit binding of an intrinsic disordered protein neural restrictive silence factor/repressor element 1 silencing factor (NRSF/REST) to a receptor protein mSin3B. We apply a generalized ensemble method, multi‐dimensional virtual‐system coupled molecular dynamics developed by ourselves recently, to a system consisting of mS‐11 and mSin3B, and obtain a thermally equilibrated distribution, which is comprised of the bound and unbound states extensively. The lowest free‐energy position of mS‐11 coincides with the NRSF/REST position in the experimentally‐determined NRSF/REST‐mSin3B complex. Importantly, the molecular orientation of mS‐11 is ordering in a wide region around mSin3B. The resultant binding scenario is: When mS‐11 is distant from the binding site of mSin3B, mS‐11 descends the free‐energy slope toward the binding site maintaining the molecular orientation to be advantageous for binding. Then, finally a long and flexible hydrophobic sidechain of mS‐11 fits into the binding site, which is the lowest‐free‐energy complex structure inhibiting NRSF/REST binding to mSin3B.
Gut microbiota dysbiosis in functional gastrointestinal disorders: Underpinning the symptoms and pathophysiology
Authors: Wei Lai , Singh Rajan , Ro Seungil , Ghoshal Uday C 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFunctional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), currently known as disorders of gut–brain interaction, are emerging microbiota–gut–brain abnormalities that are prevalent worldwide. The pathogenesis of FGIDs is heterogeneous and is intertwined with gut microbiota and its derived molecule‐modulated mechanisms, including gut dysmotility, visceral hypersensitivity, gut immune abnormalities, abnormal secretion, and impaired barrier function. There has been phenomenal progress in understanding the role of gut microbiota in FGIDs by underpinning the species alternations between healthy and pathological conditions such as FGIDs. However, the precise gut microbiota‐directed cellular and molecular pathogeneses of FGIDs are yet enigmatic. Determining the mechanistic link between the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases has been difficult due to (i) the lack of robust animal models imitating the various aspects of human FGID pathophysiology; (ii) the absence of longitudinal human and/or animal studies to unveil the interaction of the gut microbiota with FGID‐relevant pathogenesis; (iii) uncertainty about connections between human and animal studies; and (iv) insufficient data supporting a holistic view of disease‐specific pathophysiological changes in FGID patients. These unidentified gaps open possibilities to explore pathological mechanisms directed through gut microbiota dysbiosis in FGIDs. The current treatment options for dysbiotic gut microbiota are limited; dietary interventions, antibiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation are the front‐line clinical options. Here, we review the contribution of gut microbiota and its derived molecules in gut homeostasis and explore the possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved in FGIDs leading to potential therapeutics options.
Advances in immunotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Miyazawa Motoki , Katsuda Masahiro , Kawai Manabu , Hirono Seiko , Okada Ken‐ichi , Kitahata Yuji , Yamaue Hiroki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAdvances in immunotherapy against advanced cancers can be considered stunning and epoch‐making. Meanwhile, efficacy of immune‐based therapies, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, remains insufficient in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, differing from other immunogenic cancers. To date, neither immunotherapies targeting immune system acceleration nor release of immunologic brakes have been able to overcome the robust immune barrier in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, which is characterized by rich fibrotic stroma and accumulation of immunosuppressive myeloid cells. However, by receiving an immune checkpoint blockade, patients with abundant tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma clearly have better prognosis, and patients with mismatch repair deficiency have achieved better outcomes, albeit in a small population of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We overview recent preclinical and clinical studies that have been concerned with immune‐based therapies including cancer vaccine and immune checkpoint inhibitors. By providing a deep insight into the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, we suggest the possibility of comprehensive immune intensification that could reverse the tumor microenvironment, making it conducive to cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity for overcoming pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Female labour force participation and dowries in Pakistan
Authors: Makino Momoe 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDowries are prevalent in South Asian countries, despite legal bans. Theoretical studies suggest that increasing women's financial contribution to households is the key to effectively abolishing this practice. To empirically examine this proposition, we conducted a unique survey in rural Pakistan and gathered contemporaneous information about the expected amount of dowry for unmarried daughters. The estimation results show a negative association between female labour force participation and the expected amount of dowry, whereas no negative association is observed with other marriage expenses. These findings suggest that the negative association derives from appreciation of working women rather than their stigmatization.
Finding the right fit: Mock victims' preferences for police interviewer characteristics
Authors: Snow Mark D. , Akca Davut , Connors Christina J. , Crough Quintan , Eastwood Joseph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVictims can provide details necessary to resolve criminal investigations but may be reluctant to come forward and fully disclose an incident to law enforcement. Although evidence‐based interviewing techniques such as rapport‐building have shown promise in increasing cooperation, the potential impact of interviewers' inherent characteristics (e.g., age and gender) on information disclosure has been relatively under examined. We investigated mock sexual assault victims' preferences for various police interviewer characteristics and the impact of these preferences on hypothetical reporting behaviour. Participants rated interviewers' interpersonal skills as highly important. Gender differences were observed, with only female participants consistently reporting that having a same‐gender interviewer was important. Participants also indicated that if they were provided with their preferred interviewer, they would feel more comfortable, provide more detail, and would be more willing to report the offence to police. Our findings suggest that matching interviewees with their preferred interviewers may improve interviewing and investigative outcomes.
Interannual variability of mid‐summer heat wave frequency over the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Huang Xiaomei , Zhang Tuantuan , Jiang Xingwen , Liu Sijia , Xiao Dingmu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHeat waves generally hit the Sichuan Basin (SCB) in summer, especially in July and August. This study investigates the interannual variability of mid‐summer heat wave frequency (HWF) over the SCB. The leading mode of the SCB mid‐summer HWF, which explains 48% of the total variance, exhibits an uniform spatial pattern and an increasing trend. This leading pattern mainly dominated by two factors: the mid‐to‐upper‐level height anomalies over western Europe and tropical convection anomalies. On one hand, the mid‐level height anomalies over western Europe could affect the HWF over most parts of the SCB by inducing an eastward‐propagating atmospheric teleconnection wave train to northeastern Asia, which causes a northwestward shifted western North Pacific subtropical high, leading to significant subsidence anomalies over the SCB, hence induces less cloudiness and below‐normal precipitation in‐situ. Consequently, there are increased surface solar radiation and decreased soil moisture over the region, favouring the occurrence of HWs there. On the other hand, the enhanced Philippine Sea convection and suppressed tropical eastern Indian Ocean convection excite an anomalous lower‐tropospheric cyclone dominant over the western North Pacific and southern China, which could weaken the transport of water vapour from the tropic oceans to the northeastern SCB and then contributes to decreased precipitation, favouring a higher HWF.
Chiroptical Cross‐Linked Polymers Grown via Radical Polymerization around Chiral Nanosilica
Authors: Tsunega Seiji , Jin Ren‐Hua 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChiral polymers are often prepared by two ways depending upon chiral monomers, chiral catalysts, and chiral auxiliaries which always come from organics: one is the enantio‐selective polymerization of prochiral or racemic monomers or polymerization of optically active monomers; and the other one is the molecular imprinting technique, which creates chiral recognition sites inside a densely cross‐linked polymer gel. Herein, a unique method for the synthesis of chiroptical cross‐linked polymers via radical polymerization of achiral divinyl monomers in the mediation of the inorganic chiral nanosilica is reported. The monomers that are cross‐linkable such as divinylbenzene (DVB) and N,N′ ‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) are physically adsorbed onto chiral silica bundles and then polymerized by dispersion of those monomers/silica bundles in the presence of radical initiators. The products are characterized by SEM, FT‐IR, solid‐state 13C NMR, TGA, and CD. Very interestingly, the cross‐linked polymers themselves obtained via final removal of the chiral silica show remarkable chiroptical activity with mirror relationship and can make achiral guest of porphyrin adsorbed on the polymers become optically active.
Time dependence in diffusion MRI predicts tissue outcome in ischemic stroke patients
Authors: Lampinen Björn , Lätt Jimmy , Wasselius Johan , van Westen Danielle , Nilsson Markus 
Published: March 2021

PurposeReperfusion therapy enables effective treatment of ischemic stroke presenting within 4–6 hours. However, tissue progression from ischemia to infarction is variable, and some patients benefit from treatment up until 24 hours. Improved imaging techniques are needed to identify these patients. Here, it was hypothesized that time dependence in diffusion MRI may predict tissue outcome in ischemic stroke.MethodsDiffusion MRI data were acquired with multiple diffusion times in five non‐reperfused patients at 2, 9, and 100 days after stroke onset. Maps of “rate of kurtosis change” (k), mean kurtosis, ADC, and fractional anisotropy were derived. The ADC maps defined lesions, normal‐appearing tissue, and the lesion tissue that would either be infarcted or remain viable by day 100. Diffusion parameters were compared (1) between lesions and normal‐appearing tissue, and (2) between lesion tissue that would be infarcted or remain viable.ResultsPositive values of k were observed within stroke lesions on day 2 (P = .001) and on day 9 (P = .023), indicating diffusional exchange. On day 100, high ADC values indicated infarction of 50 ± 20% of the lesion volumes. Tissue infarction was predicted by high k values both on day 2 (P = .026) and on day 9 (P = .046), by low mean kurtosis values on day 2 (P = .043), and by low fractional anisotropy values on day 9 (P = .029), but not by low ADC values.ConclusionsDiffusion time dependence predicted tissue outcome in ischemic stroke more accurately than the ADC, and may be useful for predicting reperfusion benefit.
Automated renal segmentation in healthy and chronic kidney disease subjects using a convolutional neural network
Authors: Daniel Alexander J. , Buchanan Charlotte E. , Allcock Thomas , Scerri Daniel , Cox Eleanor F. , Prestwich Benjamin L. , Francis Susan T. 
Published: March 2021

PurposeTotal kidney volume (TKV) is an important measure in renal disease detection and monitoring. We developed a fully automated method to segment the kidneys from T2‐weighted MRI to calculate TKV of healthy control (HC) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.MethodsThis automated method uses machine learning, specifically a 2D convolutional neural network (CNN), to accurately segment the left and right kidneys from T2‐weighted MRI data. The data set consisted of 30 HC subjects and 30 CKD patients. The model was trained on 50 manually defined HC and CKD kidney segmentations. The model was subsequently evaluated on 50 test data sets, comprising data from 5 HCs and 5 CKD patients each scanned 5 times in a scan session to enable comparison of the precision of the CNN and manual segmentation of kidneys.ResultsThe unseen test data processed by the 2D CNN had a mean Dice score of 0.93 ± 0.01. The difference between manual and automatically computed TKV was 1.2 ± 16.2 mL with a mean surface distance of 0.65 ± 0.21 mm. The variance in TKV measurements from repeat acquisitions on the same subject was significantly lower using the automated method compared to manual segmentation of the kidneys.ConclusionThe 2D CNN method provides fully automated segmentation of the left and right kidney and calculation of TKV in <10 s on a standard office computer, allowing high data throughput and is a freely available executable.
Finite element modeling of spherical indentation in a poro‐elasto‐plastic medium via step displacement loading
Authors: Liu Ming , Huang Haiying 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA hydromechanically coupled finite element method (FEM) algorithm following a mixed continuous Galerkin formulation for displacement and pore pressure is adopted for modeling of spherical indentation in a poro‐elasto‐plastic medium. The fully saturated porous medium is assumed to be isotropic and elasto‐perfectly plastic, obeying a Drucker‐Prager yield criterion with an associative or non‐associative flow rule. The Newton‐Raphson method with the tangent stiffness scheme is employed to deal with plasticity in the solid skeleton. A stabilization scheme, which permits equal‐order interpolation for the displacement and pore pressure fields and suppresses pore pressure oscillation in the incompressible or nearly incompressible limit, is incorporated in this FEM algorithm. The FEM algorithm is extensively benchmarked with poroelastic analytical solutions to the problems of Terzaghi, Mandel, Cryer, and De Leeuw and an analytic solution for one‐dimensional poro‐elasto‐plastic consolidation. Numerical simulations of poroelastic spherical indentation via step displacement loading are conducted to show that the normalized indentation force as a function of dimensionless time has only relatively weak dependence on material properties through a single derived parameter . Such universality is shown for three types of surface drainage conditions. For indentation in a poro‐elasto‐plastic medium, it is shown that even though plasticity occurs immediately at the undrained limit, if cohesion is within a certain range, there is no plastic strain accumulation during the transient period and the normalized force relaxation behavior could be approximated as poroelastic.
High costs and limited dietitian services for home enteral nutrition users: A Canadian study
Authors: Sandhu Rebekah , Saran Delara , Ho Gloria , Vandop Kristina , Hussain Whitney 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundHome enteral nutrition (HEN) is the provision of nutrition through a tube outside the hospital. The Canadian prevalence of HEN is not previously well understood. This study aimed to (1) describe the demographics and healthcare usage of HEN in adults in a Canadian health authority, (2) compare the proportion of HEN‐related hospital visits between patients who did and did not receive a community registered dietitian (RD) follow‐up, and (3) determine associations between demographic and healthcare usage of HEN adults .MethodsA retrospective chart review was conducted on the records of HEN patients with a tube placed between April 1, 2012, and March 31, 2015. Descriptive and comparative statistics were applied.ResultsA total of 390 adults were discharged receiving HEN. The majority (74.9%, n = 271) of the sample did not have any record of visiting a community RD up to 6 years after tube placement. Fifty‐three percent of the sample visited the hospital for HEN‐related complications, costing CAD $14,324,465.00 (USD $10,677,946.00) to the healthcare system. Multiple regression analysis revealed that females ( P < .05), jejunostomy tubes ( P < .05), and older age ( P < .05) were associated with more hospital or emergency room visits.ConclusionThis study found a higher prevalence of HEN patients and more varied demographic and clinical characteristics than previously reported. The healthcare costs per patient per year exceed previous reports. Further research is needed to explore the population's experiences and develop interventions that improve gaps in the healthcare system.