bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The multicellular interplay of microglia in health and disease: lessons from leukodystrophy
Authors: Berdowski Woutje M. , Sanderson Leslie E. , van Ham Tjakko J. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Microglia are highly dynamic cells crucial for developing and maintaining lifelong brain function and health through their many interactions with essentially all cellular components of the central nervous system. The frequent connection of microglia to leukodystrophies, genetic disorders of the white matter, has highlighted their involvement in the maintenance of white matter integrity. However, the mechanisms that underlie their putative roles in these processes remain largely uncharacterized. Microglia have also been gaining attention as possible therapeutic targets for many neurological conditions, increasing the demand to understand their broad spectrum of functions and the impact of their dysregulation. In this Review, we compare the pathological features of two groups of genetic leukodystrophies: those in which microglial dysfunction holds a central role, termed ‘microgliopathies’, and those in which lysosomal or peroxisomal defects are considered to be the primary driver. The latter are suspected to have notable microglia involvement, as some affected individuals benefit from microglia-replenishing therapy. Based on overlapping pathology, we discuss multiple ways through which aberrant microglia could lead to white matter defects and brain dysfunction. We propose that the study of leukodystrophies, and their extensively multicellular pathology, will benefit from complementing analyses of human patient material with the examination of cellular dynamics in vivo using animal models, such as zebrafish. Together, this will yield important insight into the cell biological mechanisms of microglial impact in the central nervous system, particularly in the development and maintenance of myelin, that will facilitate the development of new, and refinement of existing, therapeutic options for a range of brain diseases.
How to generate graded spinal cord injuries in swine – tools and procedures
Authors: Züchner Mark , Escalona Manuel J. , Teige Lena Hammerlund , Balafas Evangelos , Zhang Lili , Kostomitsopoulos Nikolaos , Boulland Jean-Luc 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a medically, psychologically and socially disabling condition. A large body of our knowledge on the basic mechanisms of SCI has been gathered in rodents. For preclinical validation of promising therapies, the use of animal models that are closer to humans has several advantages. This has promoted the more-intensive development of large-animal models for SCI during the past decade. We recently developed a multimodal SCI apparatus for large animals that generated biomechanically reproducible impacts in vivo. It is composed of a spring-load impactor and support systems for the spinal cord and the vertebral column. We now present the functional outcome of farm pigs and minipigs injured with different lesion strengths. There was a correlation between the biomechanical characteristics of the impact, the functional outcome and the tissue damage observed several weeks after injury. We also provide a detailed description of the procedure to generate such a SCI in both farm pigs and minipigs, in the hope to ease the adoption of the swine model by other research groups.
Appetitive olfactory learning suffers in ants when octopamine or dopamine receptors are blocked
Authors: Wissink Maarten , Nehring Volker 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTAssociative learning relies on the detection of coincidence between a stimulus and a reward or punishment. In the insect brain, this process is carried out in the mushroom bodies under the control of octopaminergic and dopaminergic neurons. It was assumed that appetitive learning is governed by octopaminergic neurons, while dopamine is required for aversive learning. This view has recently been challenged: both neurotransmitters are involved in both types of learning in bees and flies. Here, we tested which neurotransmitters are required for appetitive learning in ants. We trained Lasius niger workers to discriminate two mixtures of linear hydrocarbons and to associate one of them with a sucrose reward. We analysed the walking paths of the ants using machine learning and found that the ants spent more time near the rewarded odour than near the other, a preference that was stable for at least 24 h. We then treated the ants before learning with either epinastine, an octopamine receptor blocker, or flupentixol, a dopamine receptor blocker. Ants with blocked octopamine receptors did not prefer the rewarded odour. Octopamine signalling is thus necessary for appetitive learning of olfactory cues, probably because it signals information about odours or reward to the mushroom body. In contrast, ants with blocked dopamine receptors initially learned the rewarded odour but failed to retrieve this memory 24 h later. Dopamine is thus probably required for long-term memory consolidation, independent of short-term memory formation. Our results show that appetitive olfactory learning depends on both octopamine and dopamine signalling in ants.
Radiotherapy CT-based contouring atlas for non-malignant skeletal and soft tissue disorders: a practical proposal from Spanish experience
Authors: Alvarez Beatriz , Montero Angel , Hernando Ovidio , Ciervide Raquel , Garcia Juan , Lopez Mercedes , Garcia-Aranda Mariola , Chen Xin , Flores Ines , Sanchez Emilio , Valero Jeannette , Prado Alejandro , Alonso Rosa , Alonso Leyre , Fernandez-Leton Pedro , Rubio Carmen 
Published: July 2021

Objective: Interest in low-dose radiotherapy (LD-RT) for the symptomatic treatment of nonmalignant conditions, including inflammatory and degenerative disorders of the joints and para-articular soft tissues, has increased substantially in recent years. In the present document, we provide a CT-based contouring atlas to help identify and delineate the most common osteoarticular regions susceptible to LD-RT. Methods: The clinical efficacy of LD-RT is supported by a large body of evidence. However, there is no consensus on the parameters for contouring the planning target volume (PTV). Moreover, 3D simulation and planning should be the standard of care even for nonmalignant disorders. For this reason, the present guidelines were prepared to help guide PTV contouring based on CT images, with the same quality criteria for patient immobilization, treatment simulation, planning and delivery as those routinely applied for cancer radiotherapy. Results: PTV for radiotherapy requires precise identification of the target areas based on CT and other imaging techniques. Using a series of cases treated at our institution, we have defined the PTVs for each location on the simulation CT to establish the relationship between the image and the anatomical structures to be treated. We also specify the immobilization systems used to ensure treatment accuracy and reproducibility. Conclusions: This comprehensive atlas based on CT images may be of value to radiation oncologists who wish to use LD-RT for the symptomatic treatment of degenerative or inflammatory osteoarticular diseases. Advances in knowledge: The recommendations and contouring atlas described in this article provide an eminently practical tool for LD-RT in non-malignant conditions, based on the same quality criteria recommended for all modern radiotherapy treatments in Spain.
CODECHECK: an Open Science initiative for the independent execution of computations underlying research articles during peer review to improve reproducibility
Authors: Nüst Daniel , Eglen Stephen J. 
Published: July 2021

The traditional scientific paper falls short of effectively communicating computational research. To help improve this situation, we propose a system by which the computational workflows underlying research articles are checked. The CODECHECK system uses open infrastructure and tools and can be integrated into review and publication processes in multiple ways. We describe these integrations along multiple dimensions (importance, who, openness, when). In collaboration with academic publishers and conferences, we demonstrate CODECHECK with 25 reproductions of diverse scientific publications. These CODECHECKs show that asking for reproducible workflows during a collaborative review can effectively improve executability. While CODECHECK has clear limitations, it may represent a building block in Open Science and publishing ecosystems for improving the reproducibility, appreciation, and, potentially, the quality of non-textual research artefacts. The CODECHECK website can be accessed here: https://codecheck.org.uk/.
Towards recognizing the mechanisms of effects evoked in living organisms by static magnetic field. Numerically simulated effects of the static magnetic field upon simple inorganic molecules.
Authors: Ciesielski Wojciech , Girek Tomasz , Oszczęda Zdzisław , Soroka Jacek , Tomasik Piotr 
Published: July 2021

Background: Recognizing effects of static magnetic field (SMF) of varying flux density on flora and fauna is attempted. For this purpose, the influence of static magnetic field upon molecules of water, nitrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane and molecular oxygen was studied. Methods: Computations of the effect of SMF of 0.1, 1, 10 and 100T flux density were performed in a computer vacuum involving advanced computational methods. Results: It was shown that SMF polarizes molecules depending on applied flux density but it neither ionizes nor breaks valence bonds. Three-molecular conglomerates of very dense packing form systems involving supramolecular orbitals. These orbitals deteriorate with an increase in the SMF flux density developing highly polarized structures. They are entirely different from these originally formed out of SMF. Conclusions: Small inorganic molecules commonly present in living organisms of flora and fauna can substantially influence functioning of those organisms when exposed to SMF.
Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light levels in CLN2 disease patients treated with enzyme replacement therapy normalise after two years on treatment
Authors: Iwan Katharina , Patel Nina , Heslegrave Amanda , Borisova Mina , Lee Laura , Bower Rebecca , Mole Sara E. , Mills Philippa B. , Zetterberg Henrik , Mills Kevin , Gissen Paul , Heywood Wendy E. 
Published: July 2021

Classic late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN2 disease) is caused by a deficiency of tripeptidyl-peptidase-1. In 2017, the first CLN2 enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) cerliponase alfa (Brineura) was approved by the FDA and EMA. The CLN2 disease clinical rating scale (CLN2 CRS) was developed to monitor loss of motor function, language and vision as well as frequency of generalised tonic clonic seizures. Using CLN2 CRS in an open label clinical trial it was shown that Brineura slowed down the progression of CLN2 symptoms. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a protein highly expressed in myelinated axons. An increase of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood NfL is found in a variety of neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative, traumatic, and cerebrovascular diseases. We analysed CSF NfL in CLN2 patients treated with Brineura to establish whether it can be used as a possible biomarker of response to therapy. Newly diagnosed patients had CSF samples collected and analysed at first treatment dose and up to 12 weeks post-treatment to look at acute changes. Patients on a compassionate use programme who were already receiving ERT for approximately 1yr had CSF samples collected and NfL analysed over the following 1.3 years (2.3 years post-initiation of ERT) to look at long-term changes. All newly diagnosed patients we investigated with classical late infantile phenotype had high NfL levels >2000 pg/ml at start of treatment. No significant change was observed in NfL up to 12 weeks post-treatment. After one year of ERT, two out of six patients still had high NfL levels, but all patients showed a continued decrease, and all had low NfL levels after two years on ERT. NfL levels appear to correspond and predict improved clinical status of patients on ERT and could be useful as a biomarker to monitor neurodegeneration and verify disease modification in CLN2 patients on ERT.
The relative incidence of COVID-19 in healthcare workers versus non-healthcare workers: evidence from a web-based survey of Facebook users in the United States
Authors: Flaxman Abraham D. , Henning Daniel J. , Duber Herbert C. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Healthcare workers are at the forefront of the COVID-19 pandemic and it is essential to monitor the relative incidence rate of this group, as compared to workers in other occupations. This study aimed to produce estimates of the relative incidence ratio between healthcare workers and workers in non-healthcare occupations. Methods: Analysis of cross-sectional data from a daily, web-based survey of 1,822,662 Facebook users from September 8, 2020 to October 20, 2020. Participants were Facebook users in the United States aged 18 and above who were tested for COVID-19 because of an employer or school requirement in the past 14 days. The exposure variable was a self-reported history of working in healthcare in the past four weeks and the main outcome was a self-reported positive test for COVID-19. Results: On October 20, 2020, in the United States, there was a relative COVID-19 incidence ratio of 0.73 (95% UI 0.68 to 0.80) between healthcare workers and workers in non-healthcare occupations. Conclusions: In fall of 2020, in the United States, healthcare workers likely had a lower COVID-19 incidence rate than workers in non-healthcare occupations.
Psychophysiological Aspects in the Clinical Picture of Disease in Patients Who Received Local Radiation Injury
Authors: Metlyaeva Nelya , Lartsev M. , Bushmanov A. , Galstyan I. , Ryabinina L. , Sukhova M. , Skorobogatykh E. , Kirilchev A. , Shcherbatykh O. , Torubarov F. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To evaluate in dynamics the psychophysiological adaptation of a patient who received local radiation damage to the tissues of the left half of the chest IV (extremely severe) severity (23 years of observation).
Material and methods: Patient KTS, 66 years old, as the main diagnosis are the effects of local radiation damage to the skin and underlying tissues of the left half of the chest from external radiation (about 3 % of body surface area) IV extremely severe. Before receiving a radiation injury, she was able-bodied and socially adapted, worked as a nurse. In 1996, she was diagnosed with stage I left breast cancer T1N0M0 stage I, in connection with which she underwent a sectoral resection of the mammary gland. Then the patient underwent a course of radiation therapy. By retrospective assessment, the total dose of therapeutic effect before the incident was 10 Gy. At the time of the next session of radiation therapy in connection with the breakdown of the apparatus, a sharp uncontrolled increase in the dose of ionizing radiation (more than 100 Gy) occurred, causing serious injury. The patient was admitted to the Institute of Biophysics Clinic on the 5th day. Psychophysiological research was carried out with the use of automated software and methodic complex «Expert», designed to study the personal characteristics of a person, cognitive and intellectual personality characteristics in 2001 – 2017 years.
Results: The effects of local radiation damage to the skin and underlying tissues of the left half of the chest from external irradiation of IV (extremely severe) degree in the form of cicatricial-atrophic changes of the soft tissues, with no bone skeleton remain. Disorders of mental adaptation are expressed in the form of senesto-hypochondria disorders, autism of perception, demonstrativeness, apathetic depression and introversion. The most profound contribution to the reduction of the adaptation of the victim is brought about by the features of deep internal disharmony caused by contradictory combinations of demonstrativeness, schizoid traits, anxious depression and affective rigidity.
Conclusion: The data obtained indicate that impaired mental adaptation is an integral part of the clinical picture of local radiation injuries, and reveal the urgent need not only of specific treatment of radiation injury, but also of psychotropic pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.
Practice of prescribing antipsychotics in schizophrenia during 2013-2018 based on data from the National Health Fund
Authors: Anczewska Marta , Balicki Marek , Droździkowska Amelia , Gorczyca Piotr , Janus Jolanta , Paciorek Sylwia , Plisko Robert , Zięba Mariusz 
Published: July 2021

CelAnaliza praktyki preskrypcyjnej leków przeciwpsychotycznych w schizofrenii w latach 2013 - 2018.MetodaSchizofrenia jest analizowana jako jedna z pięciu chorób o najwyższym wskaźniku utraconych lat życia w zdrowiu - Disability Adjusted Life Years - DALY. W pracy wykorzystano sprawozdawcze dane jednostkowe Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia (NFZ), które zostały wykazane płatnikowi w latach 2013 - 2018. Pacjenci byli identyfikowani poprzez kod w Powszechnym Elektronicznym Systemie Ewidencji Ludności (PESEL), leki poprzez Europejski Numer Artykułu (EAN). Do analizy włączono 209 334 osoby dorosłe z rozpoznaniem F20 do F20.9 wg ICD-10, które w ciągu roku miały przepisany co najmniej jeden lek przeciwpsychotyczny. Substancje czynne ordynowanych leków przeciwpsychotycznych zostały podzielone na typowe (I generacji), atypowe (II generacji) oraz leki przeciwpsychotyczne długodziałające I i II generacji. Analiza statystyczna zawiera statystyki opisowe dla wybranych przekrojów. W badaniu zastosowano regresję liniową, jednoczynnikową analizę wariancji oraz Test T. Wszystkie analizy statystyczne zostały przygotowane przy pomocy R w wersji 3.6.1 oraz programu Microsoft Excel.WynikiW latach 2013 - 2018 liczba leczonych w sektorze publicznym pacjentów z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii wzrosła o 4%. Największy przyrost liczby chorych odnotowano wśród osób z rozpoznaniem F20.8 (schizofrenia innego rodzaju). W analizowanych latach wzrosła liczba pacjentów, którym przepisano doustne leki przeciwpsychotyczne II generacji oraz znacząco liczba pacjentów, którym przepisano leki przeciwpsychotyczne długo działające, a zwłaszcza te II generacji (risperidon LAI, olanzapina LAI).WnioskiRozszerzenie badania przez włączenie informacji o praktyce preskrypcyjnej w sektorze prywatnym zapewniłoby pełniejszy obraz badanego zjawiska.
Analysis of psychiatric services for patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, reported to the National Health Fund in the years 2009–2018
Authors: Anczewska Marta , Balicki Marek , Droździkowska Amelia , Gorczyca Piotr , Janus Jolanta , Paciorek Sylwia , Plisko Robert , Zięba Mariusz 
Published: July 2021

CelAnaliza świadczeń psychiatrycznych dla pacjentów z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii, sprawozdanych do Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia w latach 2009-2018.Materiał i metodySchizofrenia jest analizowana jako jedna z chorób o najwyższym wskaźniku utraconych lat życia w zdrowiu (Disability Adjusted Life Years - DALY). W badaniu wykorzystano sprawozdawcze dane jednostkowe Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia (NFZ), które zostały wykazane płatnikowi w latach 2009-2018. Pacjenci byli identyfikowani przy użyciu kodu w Powszechnym Elektronicznym Systemie Ewidencji Ludności (PESEL). Analizowano świadczenia udzielone osobom dorosłym, tj. osobom, które w roku zakończenia udzielania świadczenia miały co najmniej 18 lat, dla których główną chorobą była schizofrenia identyfikowana poprzez kody wg ICD-10: F20 do F20.9. Sprawozdane świadczenia przeanalizowano według warunków udzielania świadczeń oraz kodów produktów rozliczeniowych, określonych w zarządzeniu Prezesa Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia z dnia 28.06.2019 r.WynikiW latach 2009-2018 wzrosła o 5% liczba pacjentów z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii, leczonych w sektorze publicznym. W analizowanych latach liczba pacjentów leczonych stacjonarnie zmniejszyła się o 9%, przy wzroście o 6% liczby osób korzystających ze świadczeń ambulatoryjnych i leczenia środowiskowego. W oddziałach psychiatrii sądowej obserwowano bardzo wysoki wzrost (o 212%) liczby hospitalizowanych pacjentów. W 2018 roku średnia liczba dni hospitalizacji wynosiła 43 dni w oddziale psychiatrycznym ogólnym (podstawowym) oraz 279 dni w oddziale psychiatrii sądowej. Bardzo niski odsetek osób chorujących (poniżej 3%) korzystał z terapii dziennej. W leczeniu ambulatoryjnym zdecydowanie dominującą formą pomocy były porady lekarskie, natomiast mniej niż 10% pacjentów korzystało z innego rodzaju świadczeń. W 2018 roku sprawozdano średnio cztery wizyty / porady na pacjenta.WnioskiW latach 2009–2018, większość pacjentów z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii była w sektorze publicznym leczona przy użyciu tradycyjnego modelu opieki: konsultacji medycznej i hospitalizacji psychiatrycznej. Zaleca się reorganizację systemu – wdrożenie i rozwój opieki całościowej skoordynowanej z modelem opieki środowiskowej. Rozszerzenie badania o informacje z sektora niepublicznego dałoby pełny obraz funkcjonowania systemu i ułatwiłoby ocenę potrzeb systemowych tej grupy pacjentów.
Eosinophilic Granuloma: A Rare and Often Benign Condition Presenting as a Lump on the Head, which was Easily Treated
Authors: Pires Tatiana , Duarte Santos Catarina , Gonzalez Santos Miguel , Luz Luís , Ferrão Ana , Banza Maria J. 
Published: July 2021

Eosinophilic granuloma is a localized, non-invasive form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. It usually develops in the long bones and is more frequent in children under the age of 10 years. It is very rare in adults. We present the case of a young woman admitted to hospital for persistent refractory left parietal headache, later revealed to be caused by an eosinophilic granuloma.
Small animal Review
Authors: Gough Alex 
Published: July 2021

Summary: The VetCompass™ programme has, over recent years, been a rich source of new publications on veterinary primary care. The brain child of Dan O'Neill, Senior Lecturer in Companion Animal Epidemiology at the Royal Veterinary College, VetCompass utilises the clinical records of large numbers of veterinary practices to discover new evidence regarding breed specific health data and information on the prevalence and management of specific diseases. Its conclusions can subsequently inform both individual veterinary practice and policy, at an organisational level. At the time of writing, the VetCompass database comprises data from over 20 million animals from over 1800 UK veterinary practices. This month's Small Animal Review looks at three recent examples to be published using data from the project.
Family Role in the Development of Self-Determination for Youth With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Scoping Review
Authors: Dean Evan E. , Kirby Anne V. , Hagiwara Mayumi , Shogren Karrie A. , Ersan Deniz Tekin , Brown Stephanie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The development of self-determination is promoted by supportive contexts during adolescence; families are a key part of this context. In adolescent populations, research suggests families can support self-determination in a number of ways, yet less is known about how self-determination is promoted within families of youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a scoping review to examine the existing evidence pertaining to the role families of youth with IDD play in supporting the development of self-determination. A review of 24 publications revealed that existing research has focused on understanding family perspectives on self-determination, but there is a lack of studies investigating how families provide supports for self-determination in the home context for youth with IDD. Additionally, little intervention work has focused on supporting families to promote self-determination. Based on the findings, implications for future research and practice are provided.