bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common Differential Diagnostic Issues in Lung Cytopathology: 3 Case Reports and a Review
Authors: Fanaroff Rachel , Legesse Teklu B. , Geisinger Kim R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The diagnosis and staging of lung malignancies increasingly rely on the use of cytologic sampling techniques, particularly endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration is minimally invasive and cost-effective and, most significantly, has been shown to be equivalent to conventional sampling methods. As the role of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration and other cytologic sampling methods, including transthoracic fine-needle aspiration and bronchoalveolar lavage, expands, diagnostic dilemmas arise that may pose a challenge to the cytopathologist. This review discusses 3 cases that illustrate 3 differential diagnoses, with an emphasis on distinguishing lung carcinoma from benign entities.
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Lung
Authors: Burke Allen , Stashek Kristin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this review, we discuss the clinical and pathologic aspects of epithelial neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung and compare the current classification with that of gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocrine neoplasms can be broken down into 2 major categories, which, as currently believed, are not part of a continuum, but rather distinct pathogenetic entities. Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are low-grade malignancies. In the lung, the term “carcinoid” is still applied for these, which are classified as typical or atypical. In the pancreas and GI tract, well-differentiated NETs are graded based on Ki-67 proliferative index into 3 numeric categories. Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are classified in both organ systems into small cell carcinoma and large cell NEC. In this review, “NET” is used interchangeably with “well-differentiated NET.” Although often used in the GI tract, “poorly differentiated NEC” is not a term used in the lung, where the distinction between small cell carcinoma and LCNEC is more clear-cut than in the GI tract.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thymus Arising in a Spindle Cell Thymoma With Prominent Langerhans Cell Infiltrate
Authors: Legesse Teklu , Fanaroff Rachel , Burke Allen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The authors present a case of mixed thymoma and thymic squamous carcinoma. Pleural metastases from the thymoma, which was of the spindled phenotype (type A) were identified in the radical resection specimen. Lymph node metastasis from the carcinoma element was also identified. The thymoma was unique in that there was a prominent Langerhans cell background, a feature previously associated with micronodular thymoma.
Automated Segmentation of Fetal Ultrasound Images Using Feature Attention Supervised Network
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Zhao Huaici , Li Peixuan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Segmentation of anatomical structures from ultrasound images requires the expertise of an experienced clinician, but developing a machine automated segmentation process is complicated because of the existence of characteristic artifacts. In this article, we present a novel end-to-end network that enables automated measurements of the fetal head circumference (HC) and fetal abdomen circumference (AC) to be made from 2-dimensional (2D) ultrasound images during each pregnancy trimester. These measurements are necessary, because the HC and AC are used to predict gestational age and to monitor fetal growth. Automated HC and AC assessments are valuable for providing independent and objective results and are particularly useful for application in developing countries where trained sonographers are in short supply. We propose a scale attention expanding network that builds a feature pyramid inside the network, and the intermediate result of each scale is then concatenated to the feature with a fusion scheme for the next layer. Furthermore, a scale attention module is proposed for selecting the most useful scale and for reducing scale noise. To optimize the network, a deep supervision method based on boundary attention is employed. Results of experiments show that the scale attention expanding network obtained an absolute difference, Hausdorff distance, and dice similarity coefficient of 1.81 ± 1.69%, 1.22 ± 0.77%, and 97.94%, respectively, which were top results in the HC18 data set, and respective results on the abdomen set were 2.23 ± 2.38%, 0.42 ± 0.56%, and 98.04%. The experiments conducted demonstrate that our method provides a superior performance to existing fetal ultrasound segmentation methods.
Sonographic Evaluation of Pulmonary Interstitial Edema in Patient With Preeclampsia
Authors: Gokkus Halil , Cosgun Zeliha , Cosgun Mehmet , Ekici Mustafa Ayhan , Kalaycioglu Oya 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to sonographically detect pulmonary edema, which is a major problem in pregnant women with preeclampsia, in the interstitial phase. We evaluated 41 preeclampsia patients and 21 control subjects prospectively. In the preeclampsia group, 26 patients had severe features, whereas the other 15 patients had none. To detect early fluid loading in lungs, sonographic B lines were counted from the intercostal space by using ultrasonography, and left ventricular loading findings were examined for corporation by using transthoracic echocardiography both before and after birth. In severe preeclampsia, the number of B lines before and after birth is statistically significant compared with the other groups. In addition, the total number of B lines calculated at 24 hours after delivery was significantly lower than that calculated before delivery (P < 0.018). In terms of prenatal E values, a statistically significant difference was found between all groups (P < 0.001). A strong positive and statistically significant relationship was found between B lines and prenatal E/e′ (r = 0.768; P < 0.001). The overall accuracy rate of the prenatal E/e′ and E value for estimation of the B line number classification is 0.791 (95% confidence interval, 0.674–0.908; P < 0.001) and 0.829 (95% confidence interval, 0.722–0.936; P < 0.001), respectively. Pulmonary edema is a serious complication in patients with severe preeclampsia and may be detected interstitially in some patients, even if it does not occur clinically.
Pulsatility and Resistance Indices of Uterine and Ovarian Arteries in Anovulatory Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Doğulu Fehime Funda , Aydoğmuş Süheyla , Gözüküçük Murat 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We aimed to compare the ovarian and uterine artery blood flow of anovulatory patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with those of ovulatory women throughout the menstrual cycle using color Doppler ultrasound. Seventy-one women with PCOS, who were admitted to the infertility outpatient clinic of a training and research hospital, were included in the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups as anovulatory (group 1, n = 23) and ovulatory (group 2, n = 37). Each patient was followed up throughout her menstrual cycle and included in either group 1 or group 2. Anovulatory cycles were determined by consecutive ultrasound examinations, and the progesterone value was measured in the luteal period. Eleven patients were excluded from the study because they did not continue their follow-up. The uterine and ovarian artery pulsatility and resistance indices of all patients in both groups were evaluated 3 times throughout a menstrual cycle: 7th to 10th day, 13th to 17th day, and 21st to 25th day. It was observed that the uterine artery resistances of the patients with anovulatory cycles remained relatively high throughout the menstrual cycle compared with ovulatory cycles. Both pulsatility and resistance indices of uterine and ovarian arteries were significantly higher in anovulatory cycles compared with ovulatory cycles at all evaluation times throughout the menstrual cycle (P < 0.05). Ovarian artery resistance in anovulatory patients did not significantly change during the menstrual cycle. Anovulatory patients with PCOS have higher uterine and ovarian artery resistance than ovulatory artery resistance, and the former shows a significant decrease throughout the cycle.
Brain Data in Pediatric Disorders of Consciousness: Special Considerations
Authors: Ismail Fatima Y. , Saleem Ghazala T. , Ljubisavljevic Milos R. 
Published: September 2021

Summary:
The diagnosis and management of disorders of consciousness in children continue to present a clinical, research, and ethical challenge. Though the practice guidelines for diagnosis and management of disorders of consciousness in adults are supported by decades of empirical and pragmatic evidence, similar guidelines for infants and children are lacking. The maturing conscious experience and the limited behavioral repertoire to report consciousness in this age group restrict extrapolation from the adult literature. Equally challenging is the process of heightened structural and functional neuroplasticity in the developing brain, which adds a layer of complexity to the investigation of the neural correlates of consciousness in infants and children. This review discusses the clinical assessment of pediatric disorders of consciousness and delineates the diagnostic and prognostic utility of neurophysiological and neuroimaging correlates of consciousness. The potential relevance of these correlates for the developing brain based on existing theoretical models of consciousness in adults is outlined.
Mapping the Unconscious Brain: Insights From Advanced Neuroimaging
Authors: Qureshi Abid Y. , Stevens Robert D. 
Published: September 2021

Summary:Recent advances in neuroimaging have been a preeminent factor in the scientific effort to unravel mechanisms of conscious awareness and the pathophysiology of disorders of consciousness. In the first part of this review, we selectively discuss operational models of consciousness, the biophysical signal that is measured using different imaging modalities, and knowledge on disorders of consciousness that has been gleaned with each neuroimaging modality. Techniques considered include diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, different types of nuclear medicine imaging, functional MRI, magnetoencephalography, and the combined transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalography approach. In the second part of this article, we provide an overview of how advanced neuroimaging can be leveraged to support neurological prognostication, the use of machine learning to process high-dimensional imaging data, potential applications in clinical practice, and future directions.
Recent advances in understanding neural correlates of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Zugman Andre , Winkler Anderson M. , Pine Daniel S. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Anxiety disorders are some of the most common psychiatric diagnoses in children and adolescents, but attempts to improve outcome prediction and treatment have stalled. This review highlights recent findings on neural indices related to fear and anxiety that provide novel directions for attempts to create such improvements.

Recent findings
Stimuli capable of provoking fear engage many brain regions, including the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Studies in rodents suggest that sustained, low-level threats are particularly likely to engage the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which appears to malfunction in anxiety disorders. However, anxiety disorders, like most mental illnesses, appear less likely to arise from alterations in isolated brain regions than in distributed brain circuitry. Findings from large-scale studies of brain connectivity may reveal signs of such broadly distributed dysfunction, though available studies report small effect sizes. Finally, we review novel approaches with promise for using such large-scale data to detect clinically relevant, broadly distributed circuitry dysfunction.

Summary
Recent work maps neural circuitry related to fear and anxiety. This circuitry may malfunction in anxiety disorders. Integrating findings from animal studies, big datasets, and novel analytical approaches may generate clinically relevant insights based on this recent work.
A systematic review of instruments for the assessment of eating disorders among adults
Authors: Schaefer Lauren M. , Crosby Ross D. , Machado Paulo P.P. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
The availability of psychometrically sound assessment instruments for assessing eating disorder symptomatology is crucial for both clinical practice and research. The purpose of the current review is to provide the reader with a list of psychometrically validated assessments for adults that are available within the field of eating disorders. Eating disorder interviews and self-report questionnaires were identified using online literature searches, reviewing previous review articles, and via research and/or clinical experience of the authors. The focus of the review was on (1) standard assessments that were frequently used in eating disorder research (such as the Eating Disorder Examination and Eating Attitudes Test), and (2) newer assessments that were developed over the past 5 years. Information compiled on each instrument included the purpose of the assessment, scores that can be derived, psychometric information, translations in other languages, and availability for use in research and clinical settings.

Recent findings
Several recent trends in assessment instruments were identified including updates based upon Diagnostic and Statistical Manual criteria, briefer assessments, assessments for specific populations, and assessment of specific clinical features observed in people with eating disorders.

Summary
The current review provides eating disorder clinicians and researchers a guide for making informed decisions about the selection of eating disorder assessments.
Eating disorders, pregnancy and the postnatal period: a review of the recent literature
Authors: Bye Amanda , Martini Maria Giulia , Micali Nadia 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Eating disorders (ED) are severe psychiatric disorders that affect women in reproductive age. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the impact of maternal ED on pregnancy and the postnatal period. The clinical implications for identification and management of maternal ED are also discussed.

Recent findings
In the last 2 years, 15 articles focused on the impact of maternal ED in pregnancy and postpartum. Findings from this review indicate that around 15% of pregnant women are likely to have had an ED at some point in their lifetime, and about 5% have an ED in pregnancy. Although ED symptoms tend to decrease during pregnancy, remission is often only temporary with symptoms typically resurfacing in the postnatal period. Women with ED are prone to psychiatric comorbidities such as depression and anxiety during the perinatal period, with up to a third of women with ED reporting postnatal depression in clinical studies and prevalence ranging between 40% and 66% in general population samples. Furthermore, recent findings continue to highlight that current and prior history of maternal ED are associated with a heightened risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, most notably preterm birth and adverse birth weight outcomes.

Summary
These findings continue to emphasise the clinical importance of early identification and response to maternal ED to mitigate potentially adverse maternal and infant outcomes.
Deep immune profiling reveals early-stage and highly coordinated immune responses in mild COVID-19 patients
Authors: Capelle Christophe M. , Cire Séverine , Domingues Olivia , Ernens Isabelle , Hedin Fanny , Fischer Aurélie , Snoeck Chantal , Ammerlaan Wim , Konstantinou Maria , Grzyb Kamil , Skupin Alex , Carty Cara L. , Hilger Christiane , Gilson Georges , Celebic Aljosa , Sol Antonio Del , Kaplan Ian M. , Betsou Fay , Abdelrahman Tamir , Cosma Antonio , Vaillant Michel , Fagherazzi Guy , Ollert Markus , Hefeng Feng Q. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhile immunopathology has been widely studied in severe COVID-19 patients, immunoprotective factors in non-hospitalized patients have remained largely elusive. We systematically analyzed 484 peripheral immune cell signatures, various serological parameters and TCR repertoire in a longitudinal cohort of 63 mild and 15 hospitalized patients versus 14 asymptomatic and 26 control individuals. Within three days following PCR diagnosis, we observed coordinated responses of CD4 and CD8 T cells, various antigen presenting cells and antibody-secreting cells in mild, but not hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This early-stage SARS-CoV-2-specific response was predominantly characterized by substantially expanded clonotypes of CD4 and less of CD8 T cells. The early-stage responses of T cells and dendritic cells were highly predictive for later seroconversion and protective antibody levels after three weeks in mild non-hospitalized, but not in hospitalized patients. Our systemic analysis provides the first full picture and early-stage trajectory of highly coordinated immune responses in mild COVID-19 patients.
Estimating salt consumption in 49 low- and middle-income countries: Development, validation and application of a machine learning model
Authors: Guzman-Vilca Wilmer Cristobal , Castillo-Cara Manuel , Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundGlobal targets to reduce salt intake have been proposed but their monitoring is challenged by the lack of population-based data on salt consumption. We developed a machine learning (ML) model to predict salt consumption based on simple predictors, and applied this model to national surveys in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsPooled analysis of WHO STEPS surveys. We used 19 surveys with spot urine samples for the ML model derivation and validation; we developed a supervised ML regression model based on: sex, age, weight, height, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We applied the ML model to 49 new STEPS surveys to quantify the mean salt consumption in the population.ResultsThe pooled dataset in which we developed the ML model included 45,152 people. Overall, there were no substantial differences between the observed (8.1 g/day (95% CI: 8.0-8.2 g/day)) and ML-predicted (8.1 g/day (95% CI: 8.1-8.2 g/day)) mean salt intake (p= 0.065). The pooled dataset where we applied the ML model included 157,699 people; the overall predicted mean salt consumption was 8.1 g/day (95% CI: 8.1-8.2 g/day). The countries with the highest predicted mean salt intake were in Western Pacific. The lowest predicted intake was found in Africa. The country-specific predicted mean salt intake was within reasonable difference from the best available evidence.ConclusionsA ML model based on readily available predictors estimated daily salt consumption with good accuracy. This model could be used to predict mean salt consumption in the general population where urine samples are not available.FundingWellcome Trust (214185/Z/18/Z)
Differential regulation of mouse hippocampal gene expression sex differences by chromosomal content and gonadal sex
Authors: Ocañas Sarah R. , Ansere Victor A. , Tooley Kyla B. , Hadad Niran , Chucair-Elliott Ana J. , Stanford David R. , Rice Shannon , Wronowski Benjamin , Pham Kevin D. , Hoffman Jessica M. , Austad Steven N. , Stout Michael B. , Freeman Willard M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCommon neurological disorders, like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and autism, display profound sex differences in prevalence and clinical presentation. However, sex differences in the brain with health and disease are often overlooked in experimental models. Sex effects originate, either directly or indirectly, from hormonal or sex chromosomal mechanisms. To delineate the contributions of genetic sex (XX v. XY) versus gonadal sex (ovaries v. testes) to the epigenomic regulation of hippocampal sex differences, we use the Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mouse model to uncouple chromosomal and gonadal sex. Transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses of ∼12-month-old FCG mice hippocampi, revealed genomic context-specific regulatory effects of genotypic and gonadal sex on X- and autosome-encoded gene expression and DNA modification patterns. X-chromosomal epigenomic patterns, classically associated with X-inactivation, were established almost entirely by genotypic sex, independent of gonadal sex. Differences in X-chromosome methylation were primarily localized to gene regulatory regions including promoters, CpG islands, CTCF binding sites, and active/poised chromatin, with an inverse relationship between methylation and gene expression. Whereas, autosomal gene expression demonstrated regulation by both genotypic and gonadal sex, particularly in immune processes. These data demonstrate an important regulatory role of sex chromosomes, independent of gonadal sex, on sex-biased hippocampal transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles. Future studies will need to further interrogate specific CNS cell types, identify the mechanisms by which sex chromosomes regulate autosomes, and differentiate organizational from activational hormonal effects.
Simultaneous Dissection of Grain Carotenoid Levels and Kernel Color in Biparental Maize Populations with Yellow-to-Orange Grain
Authors: LaPorte Mary-Francis , Vachev Mishi , Fenn Matthew , Diepenbrock Christine 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTMaize enriched in provitamin A carotenoids could be key in combatting vitamin A deficiency in human populations relying on maize as a food staple. Consumer studies indicate that orange maize may be regarded as novel and preferred. This study identifies genes of relevance for grain carotenoid concentrations and kernel color, through simultaneous dissection of these traits in 10 families of the U.S. maize nested association mapping population that have yellow to orange grain. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified via joint-linkage analysis, with phenotypic variation explained for individual kernel color QTL ranging from 2.4 to 17.5%. These QTL were cross-analyzed with significant marker-trait associations in a genome-wide association study that utilized ∼27 million variants. Nine genes were identified: four encoding activities upstream of the core carotenoid pathway, one at the pathway branchpoint, three within the α- or β-pathway branches, and one encoding a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. Of these, three exhibited significant pleiotropy between kernel color and one or more carotenoid traits. Kernel color exhibited moderate positive correlations with β-branch and total carotenoids and negligible correlations with α-branch carotenoids. These findings can be leveraged to simultaneously achieve desirable kernel color phenotypes and increase concentrations of provitamin A and other priority carotenoids.