bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High night temperature effects on wheat and rice: Current status and way forward
Authors: Impa Somayanda M. , Raju Bheemanahalli , Hein Nathan T. , Sandhu Jaspreet , Prasad P.V. Vara , Walia Harkamal , Jagadish S.V. Krishna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRapid increases in minimum night temperature than in maximum day temperature is predicted to continue, posing significant challenges to crop productivity. Rice and wheat are two major staples that are sensitive to high night‐temperature (HNT) stress. This review aims to (i) systematically compare the grain yield responses of rice and wheat exposed to HNT stress across scales, and (ii) understand the physiological and biochemical responses that affect grain yield and quality. To achieve this, we combined a synthesis of current literature on HNT effects on rice and wheat with information from a series of independent experiments we conducted across scales, using a common set of genetic materials to avoid confounding our findings with differences in genetic background. In addition, we explored HNT‐induced alterations in physiological mechanisms including carbon balance, source–sink metabolite changes and reactive oxygen species. Impacts of HNT on grain developmental dynamics focused on grain‐filling duration, post‐flowering senescence, changes in grain starch and protein composition, starch metabolism enzymes and chalk formation in rice grains are summarized. Finally, we highlight the need for high‐throughput field‐based phenotyping facilities for improved assessment of large‐diversity panels and mapping populations to aid breeding for increased resilience to HNT in crops.
Aspergillus niger, the causal agent of black mould disease in date fruits, infects and colonizes flowers and young fruitlets
Authors: Cohen Yuval , Shulhani Ran , Rot Yehuda , Zemach Hanita , Belausov Eduard , Grinberg‐Baran Maayan , Borenstein Menachem , Pivonia Shimon , Ezra David , Shtienberg Dani 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBlack mould, caused by Aspergillus niger, is the main fungal disease affecting date fruits. Symptoms develop inside the fruit, at the inner space between the pulp and the seed. This study focuses on the aetiology of black mould disease in Medjoul fruit. We followed symptom appearance naturally and after artificial A. niger inoculation at different development and maturity stages. Symptoms developed in only a short period during early fruit ripening. However, fruits were commonly colonized at earlier stages of development. Artificial inoculation of flowers and setting fruitlets increased the level of fruit colonization, while fungicide spraying at these stages decreased colonization. Several weeks following flower inoculation by A. niger, mycelium could be detected on degenerating stigmas and carpels as well as between the fruit and the calyx. Following inoculation with an A. niger strain expressing green fluorescent protein (A. nigerGFP), the pathogen was detected on stigmas of setting fruitlets but not within the stigmatic tissue or the transmitting tract of the carpel. The A. nigerGFP strain was detected during fruit development below the base of the large fruitlets and above the calyx surrounding the vascular bundle leading into the fruit. The results suggest that A. niger can infect and colonize flowers and setting fruitlets, grows on the degenerating carpels, and remains latent at a protected site at the base of the fruit until ripening. It then induces the typical black mould symptoms. The significance of these results for developing means to cope with the disease is discussed.
Mechanistic insights of CRISPR/Cas‐mediated genome editing towards enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in plants
Authors: Bhat Mujtaba Aamir , Mir Rakeeb Ahmad , Kumar Vijay , Shah Ali Asghar , Zargar Sajad Majeed , Rahman Safikur , Jan Arif Tasleem 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAbiotic stresses such as temperature (high/low), drought, salinity, and others make the environment hostile to plants. Abiotic stressors adversely affect plant growth and development; and thereby makes a direct impact on overall plant productivity. Plants confront stress by developing an internal defense system orchestrated by compatible solutes, reactive oxygen species scavengers and phytohormones. However, routine exposure to unpredictable environmental stressors makes it essential to equip plants with a system that contributes to sustainable agricultural productivity, besides imparting multi‐stress tolerance. The sustainable approach against abiotic stress is accomplished through breeding of tolerant cultivars. Though eco‐friendly, tedious screening and crossing protocol limits its usage to overcome stress and in attaining the goal of global food security. Advancement on the technological front has enabled adoption of genomic engineering approaches to perform site‐specific modification in the plant genome for improving adaptability, increasing the yield and in attributing resilience against different stressors. Of the different genome editing approaches, CRISPR/Cas has revolutionized biological research with wider applicability to crop plants. CRISPR/Cas emerged as a versatile tool in editing genomes for desired traits in highly accurate and precise manner. The present study summarizes advancement of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing tool in its adoption to manipulate plant genomes for novel traits towards developing high‐yielding and climate‐resilient crop varieties.
Physical activity and sedentary time in children and adolescents with asthma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mackintosh Kelly A. , McNarry Melitta A. , Berntsen Sveinung , Steele James , Sejersted Ellen , Westergren Thomas 
Published: February 2021

The influence of asthma on physical activity (PA) in youth remains equivocal. This review synthesizes the evidence regarding the influence of asthma on PA and sedentary time and evaluates the role of key moderators for this relationship. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, six electronic databases and gray literature were searched. Primary studies in English were included if they reported device‐assessed PA in youth with and without asthma. Random effects meta‐analyses examined the effect of asthma on PA and, separately, sedentary time. Mixed‐effect meta‐regression analyses were conducted using age and sex as moderators, with sub‐group comparisons for study quality and asthma diagnosis criteria. Overall, of 3944 citations retrieved, 2850 were screened after the removal of supplication and 2743 citations excluded. Of the 107 full‐text publications reviewed, 16 were included in data extraction and analysis, with 15 and five studies included in the PA and sedentary time meta‐analyses, respectively. The robust effect size estimate for the influence of asthma on PA and sedentary time was −0.04 [95% CI = −0.11, 0.03] and −0.09 [95% CI = −0.12, −0.06], indicating a non‐significant and significant trivial effect, respectively. The effect of asthma on PA levels or sedentary time was not associated with age or sex. Youth with controlled asthma are equally physically (in)active as their healthy peers, with asthma associated with less sedentary time. However, methodological limitations and a paucity of clear methodological reporting temper these conclusions. More rigorous device‐based assessments, with a particular focus on sedentary time, and more robust diagnoses of asthma, especially with regard to severity, are needed.
A protein kinase–major sperm protein gene hijacked by a necrotrophic fungal pathogen triggers disease susceptibility in wheat
Authors: Zhang Zengcui , Running Katherine L. D. , Seneviratne Sudeshi , Peters Haugrud Amanda R. , Szabo‐Hever Agnes , Shi Gongjun , Brueggeman Robert , Xu Steven S. , Friesen Timothy L. , Faris Justin D. 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYSeptoria nodorum blotch (SNB), a disease caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum, is a threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. Multiple inverse gene‐for‐gene interactions involving the recognition of necrotrophic effectors (NEs) by wheat sensitivity genes play major roles in causing SNB. One interaction involves the wheat gene Snn3 and the P. nodorum NE SnTox3. Here, we used a map‐based strategy to clone the Snn3‐D1 gene from Aegilops tauschii, the D‐genome progenitor of common wheat. Snn3‐D1 contained protein kinase and major sperm protein domains, both of which were essential for function as confirmed by mutagenesis. As opposed to other characterized interactions in this pathosystem, a compatible Snn3‐D1–SnTox3 interaction was light‐independent, and Snn3‐D1 transcriptional expression was downregulated by light and upregulated by darkness. Snn3‐D1 likely emerged in Ae. tauschii due to an approximately 218‐kb insertion that occurred along the west bank of the Caspian Sea. The identification of this new class of NE sensitivity genes combined with the previously cloned sensitivity genes demonstrates that P. nodorum can take advantage of diverse host targets to trigger SNB susceptibility in wheat.
TECHNOLOGY, THEOLOGY, AND SPIRITUALITY IN THE DIGITAL AGE
Authors: Jackelén Antje 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDigitalization and the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) will bring about substantial changes in all aspects of life. This happens in a world marked by the poisonous synergy of five Ps, polarization, populism, protectionism, post‐truth, patriarchy, as well as an ambiguous interplay of secularization and new visibility of religion.If development of AI is to be beneficial for people and planet a number of challenges must be met. In this regard, religion‐and‐science dialogue needs improvement in making things not only intellectually but also spiritually fit. Ethics should be involved from the beginning rather than being called upon first when problems arise. Faith communities have a prophetical, diaconal, ethical, and theological role.Based on the characterization of life as a fourfold web of relationality, personal, social, political, as well as global issues are identified and discussed. These include mental health disorders, addiction, manipulation, and self‐exploitation. Reflections on leadership suggest resilience, coexistence, and hope as theological key components for navigating the uncharted realms of the digital age.
Constraint-Based Solid Modeling in a Virtual Reality Environment
Authors: Gao Shuming , Wan Huagen , Peng Qunsheng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
With the rapid development of the virtual reality technology, the research on the integration of virtual reality with CAD system becomes more and more popular. The VR-based CAD system allows the designer to make design in a more intuitive and more convenient manner. But, on the negative side, it has difficulty in creating the precise geometric model of a product which is one of the most important part of the product model. This paper presents an approach for constraint based solid modeling in a virtual reality environment. The approach not only allows the designer to create, edit and visualize the design by direct 3D manipulations in a virtual environment, but also makes the created solid model precise by recognizing and solving the geometric constraints involved in the initial design. To effectively support direct 3D manipulations and fast change propagation, we adopt a new constraint based solid model which, besides the typical constituents, includes the Shape Control Point, Location Pattern, Explicit Shape Constraint, etc. Guided by the Location Pattern of each primitive, recognizing and solving of location constraints in our approach reaches real-time. The proposed approach has been implemented and a prototype system has been developed.
Real-Time Dynamic Balancing and Walking Control of a 7-Link Planar Biped
Authors: Troy James J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Physically based modeling and feedback control techniques are used to simulate realistic motion for a planar 7-link biped. Multibody modeling, contact constraints, optimal balancing, and gait cycle generation will be discussed. Efficient multibody dynamics computation allows accurate motion to be simulated in real-time. A full state feedback linear-quadratic regulator control system is used to generate the joint actuator torques for balancing, and a state machine-PD controller is used for walking motion. The control system was designed to maintain stability on various surface environments and in the presence of external disturbances. Real-time interactive simulation software has been developed to allow the user to operate the biped system within a 3D virtual environment. Comparison of the 7-link biped simulation results to other planar biped models, as well as to human walking data, is presented.
A Visualization Model for Printed Woven Textiles
Authors: Hunting Brad , Derby Stephen , Puffer Raymond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes significant issues relating to the visual response modeling of on demand printed textiles. The visualization technique described comments on surface geometry, dye spread, substrate color, and color space conversion. The observations are based on experimental data and account for fiber properties, thread geometry, and weave geometry. This work is applicable to pre-press visualization of random access dot placement printed textiles. Software was developed to implement a model of printed textile visualization based on the issues presented here. The visualization process provides rapid evaluation of printing results to design parameter changes.
Development of Automated Fixture Planning Systems
Authors: Ma W. , Li J. , Rong Y. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fixturing is an important manufacturing activity. Computer-aided fixture design technique is being rapidly developed to reduce the lead time involved in manufacturing planning. An automated fixture configuration design system has been developed to select automatically modular fixture components and place them into position with satisfactory assembly relationships. In this paper, an automated fixturing planning system is presented in which fixturing surfaces and points are automatically determined based on workpiece geometry and operational information. Fixturing surface accessibility, feature accuracy, and fixturing stability are the main concerns in the fixture planning. The system development, fixture planning decision procedure, and an implementation example are presented in the paper.
An Intelligent ES-ANNs System for Objective Evaluation of Leather Handle
Authors: Su Zhenwei , Su Daizhong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Basic problems and the bottleneck of current approaches for objective assessment of leather handle are discussed. As a solution, a new approach, an expert system (ES) based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed, in which the ES and ANNs co-operate in a superiority complementary way. The knowledge base of the system can be built in an effective way and the evaluation of leather handle can be conducted on-line. A case study has been conducted, and it has been demonstrated that the approach is capable of handling non-linear relationships among multiple measurement parameters of leather handle.
Agent-Based Collaborative Design of Parts in Assembly
Authors: Mori Toshiki , Cutkosky Mark R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we propose an architecture in which engineering design agents interact with each other, exchange design information and keep track of state information to assist with collaborative design. We present an example involving CAD agents, for which each state corresponds to a particular design model. If a designer publishes a new design, the operation is recorded as a state transition that triggers action. Focusing on the history of design states and operations, we present a coordination algorithm that corresponds to the tracking of Pareto optimality. A prototype implementation is described, using a commercial 3D CAD system and agent interfaces written in Java.
The Detection of Form Features in CAD Models Using Three Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Analysis
Authors: Qamhiyah Abir , Sun Lei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper reports on exploring the application of three-dimensional discrete Wavelet transform (DWT) to the recognition of form features in CAD models. The multi-resolution behavior of Wavelet transform (WT) and its proven pattern recognition capabilities enables the identification of form features of different scales. An example demonstrating the application of WTs to the recognition of form features is presented. The input to the WT is a digitized representation of the object, and the output is currently a digitized representation of the extracted form features.
Influence of Imperfections in Working Media on Diesel Engine Indicator Process: Part 1 — Theory
Authors: Danov Stanislav N. , Gupta Ashwani K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Several improvements to the mathematical model of the indicator process, taking place in a diesel engine cylinder, are proposed. The thermodynamic behavior of working media is described by the equation of state, valid for real gases. Analytical mathematical dependencies between thermal parameters (pressure, temperature, volume) and caloric parameters (internal energy, enthalpy, specific heat capacities) have been obtained. These equations have been applied to the various products encountered during the burning of fuel and the gas mixture as a whole in the engine cylinder under conditions of high pressures and temperatures. An improved mathematical model, based on the first law of thermodynamics, has been developed by taking into account imperfections in the working media that appear under high pressures and temperatures. The numerical results show that there are significant differences between the values calculated using ideal gas behavior and the real gas, in particular at high pressure and high temperature conditions. The numerical experiments show that if the pressure is above 8 to 9 MPa, the imperfections in working medium must be taken into consideration. The results obtained from the mathematical dependency of the caloric parameters can also be used to model any energy conversion and combustion process, such as, advanced gas turbine engines which operate at high pressure ratios, rockets.
CAD Data Repair Based on Virtual Topology
Authors: Sheffer Alla , Blacker Ted , Bercovier Michel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Automatic and rapid transfer of CAD data among different CAD systems or engineering applications is of crucial importance for the acceleration of the product development processes. Geometric models generated by CAD systems often require multiple editing and adjustment within the receiving system. The major reason for this is that models generated by CAD systems often contain errors in their representation, such as cracks, duplication or overlaps. Such errors often hamper further processing like finite element analysis, rapid prototyping, etc.
In our previous work the concept of virtual topology was introduced which permits construction of valid topological models without prior geometrical correction. The virtual B-Rep provides a consistent geometric description of the model which is sufficient for many engineering applications. However providing an exact geometric description of the model if often desirable for further processing purposes.
In this work a new algorithm for repair of CAD models geometry is described. The algorithm is based on the model topology provided by the virtual B-Rep. The generated geometric description consists of the topological connectivity information on the model and of a triangular conformal faceting of the model faces envelope.
Modeling Noise in Approximation-Based Robust Design: A Comparison and Critical Discussion
Authors: Koch Patrick N. , Mavris Dimitri , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Robust design techniques are being developed that incorporate computational experimentation and approximation for efficient exploration of a preliminary design space. Critical to such approximation-based robust design approaches is the effective modeling of the effects of noise (uncontrollable factors) on performance (measuring and modeling performance variation). Given that approximations are sought for efficient exploration, the question addressed in this paper is the following: How can noise be modeled and incorporated effectively into the preliminary design of complex systems to effectively identify robust solutions?
Three approaches for modeling noise when approximate performance models are sought are tested and compared in this paper: statistical expected value and Taylor’s expansion, design of experiments (DOE)-based Monte Carlo simulation, and product arrays. The focus in this testing and comparison is on modeling and predicting performance variation. The example problem employed is the preliminary design of the thermodynamic cycle for a commercial turbofan turbine engine. The approximate models constructed for this example using each modeling approach are employed for exploring the preliminary design space and identifying robust solutions. The robust solutions obtained are compared and a discussion of the appropriate uses of each modeling approach is presented.
Vibration of the Rotor Shell in a Trochoidal-Type Machine Without Apex Seals
Authors: Li Shuangqing , Shung John B. , Barron Randall F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The natural frequencies and dynamic response of a trochoidal cylindrical shell in a trochoidal-type machine are studied. Both analytical method and finite element method (FEM) solutions are obtained. The mode shapes obtained by the two approaches match quite well. The model established can be applied to control the running clearance between rotor and chamber in this type of machine, which is critical to the performance of the machine.
Topology Optimization Algorithm for Plates and Shells Subjected to Plastic Deformations
Authors: Yuge Kohei , Iwai Nobuhiro , Kikuchi Noboru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A topology optimization method for plates and shells subjected to plastic deformations is presented. The algorithms is based on the generalized layout optimization method invented by Bendsϕe and Kikuchi (1988), where an admissible design domain is assumed to be composed of microstructures with periodic cavities. The sizes of the cavities and the rotational angles of the microstructures are design variables which are optimized so as to minimize the applied work. The macroscopic material tensor for the porous material is numerically calculated by the homogenization method for the sensitivity analysis. In this paper, the method is applied to two-dimensional elasto-plastic problems. A database of the material tensor and its interpolation technique are presented. The algorithm is expanded into thin shells subjected to finite deformations. Several numerical examples are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of these algorithms.
Exploiting Discrepancies in Function Computation Time Within Optimization Models
Authors: Nelson Sigurd A. , Papalambros Panos Y. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Computational models in engineering often use a range of analysis functions within the same optimization problem, from finite element models to analytical expressions. The computational expense of these models often differs by orders of magnitude, and practical optimization algorithms should address this discrepancy. In this article, in an effort to reduce the number of expensive analyses, a technique is discussed for modifying trust region algorithms to utilize the inexpensive functions directly when calculating iterates. The technique is applied to a trust region algorithm of Yuan, and two numerical examples are given.