bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cervical spine injuries requiring surgery in a Level I trauma centre in a major German city
Authors: Hackenberg Roslind Karolina , Stoll Paul , Welle Kristian , Scorzin Jasmin , Gathen Martin , Rommelspacher Charlotte , Kabir Koroush 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Cervical spine injuries (CSI) are rare in trauma patients, at about 9.2–16.5/100,000 inhabitants in Scandinavia and Canada, and the annual incidence of CSI surgeries in Norway is around 3.0/100,000 inhabitants. However, despite their rarity, the incidence of CSI has increased, thereby assuming an increasing need for surgery. Outside of Scandinavia, no data about the incidence of CSI and subsequent surgeries exist. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse CSI epidemiology and surgery in a German city with a Level I trauma centre both to understand the injury and improve needs–based planning.

Methods
This retrospective, monocentre study included all patients who presented with CSI from 2012–2017 at a university hospital with a Level I trauma centre in a major German city and had permanent residency within the city. Based on the assumption that the patients represented all CSI injuries in the city, as they were treated at the only available Level I trauma centre, the annual incidence of surgeries and neurologic deficits due to CSI were calculated.

Results
A total of 465 patients with 609 CSI were identified. Of these patients, 61 both received surgery and resided in the city (mean age, 68.1 ± 18.3 years; 26 female, 35 male). The incidence of CSI surgeries was calculated as 3.24/100,000 person years (1.75/100,000 in the upper and 1.54/100,000 in the subaxial cervical spine). Neurologic deficits occurred in 0.64/100,000 person years. The incidence of both surgeries and neurologic deficits showed no significant changes over the 6-year study period.

Conclusions
Compared to Scandinavia, an increasing annual incidence for CSI surgeries and neurologic deficits were found. For long-term demand planning with adaptability to demographic changes, cross-regional studies including long-term follow-up are necessary.
An exploratory analysis of head-tilting in dogs
Authors: Sommese Andrea , Miklósi Ádám , Pogány Ákos , Temesi Andrea , Dror Shany , Fugazza Claudia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLittle is known about head-tilts in dogs. Based on previous investigations on the head turning and the lateralised brain pattern of human speech processing in dogs, we hypothesised that head-tilts may be related to increased attention and could be explained by lateralised mental functions. We observed 40 dogs during object-label knowledge tests and analysed head-tilts occurring while listening to humans requesting verbally to fetch a familiar toy. Our results indicate that only dogs that had learned the name of the objects tilted their heads frequently. Besides, the side of the tilt was stable across several months and tests. Thus, we suggest a relationship between head-tilting and processing relevant, meaningful stimuli.
A comparison of emulsifiers for the formation of oil-in-water emulsions: stability of the emulsions within 9 h after production and MR signal properties
Authors: Fritz Victor , Martirosian Petros , Machann Jürgen , Daniels Rolf , Schick Fritz 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a basis for the selection of suitable emulsifiers in oil-in-water emulsions used as tissue analogs for MRI experiments. Three different emulsifiers were investigated with regard to their ability to stabilize tissue-like oil-in-water emulsions. Furthermore, MR signal properties of the emulsifiers themselves and influences on relaxation times and ADC values of the aqueous phase were investigated.Materials and methodsPolysorbate 60, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and soy lecithin were used as emulsifiers. MR characteristics of emulsifiers were assessed in aqueous solutions and their function as a stabilizer was examined in oil-in-water emulsions of varying fat content (10, 20, 30, 40, 50%). Stability and homogeneity of the oil-in-water emulsions were evaluated with a delay of 3 h and 9 h after preparation using T1mapping and visual control. Signal properties of the emulsifiers were investigated by1H-MRS in aqueous emulsifier solutions. Relaxometry and diffusion weighted MRI (DWI) were performed to investigate the effect of various emulsifier concentrations on relaxation times (T1and T2) and ADC values of aqueous solutions.ResultsEmulsions stabilized by polysorbate 60 or soy lecithin were stable and homogeneous across all tested fat fractions. In contrast, emulsions with SDS showed a significantly lower stability and homogeneity. Recorded T1maps revealed marked creaming of oil droplets in almost all of the emulsions with SDS. The spectral analysis showed several additional signals for polysorbate and SDS. However, lecithin remained invisible in1H-MRS. Relaxometry and DWI revealed different influences of the emulsifiers on water: Polysorbate and SDS showed only minor effects on relaxation times and ADC values of aqueous solutions, whereas lecithin showed a strong decrease in both relaxation times (r1,lecithin = 0.11 wt.%−1 s−1, r2,lecithin = 0.57 wt.%−1 s−1) and ADC value (Δ(ADC)lecithin =  − 0.18 × 10–3mm2/s⋅wt.%) with increasing concentration.ConclusionLecithin is suggested as the preferred emulsifier of oil-in-water emulsions in MRI as it shows a high stabilizing ability and remains invisible in MRI experiments. In addition, lecithin is suitable as an alternative means of adjusting relaxation times and ADC values of water.
Co-designing engaging and accessible data visualisations: a case study of the IPCC reports
Authors: Morelli Angela , Johansen Tom Gabriel , Pidcock Rosalind , Harold Jordan , Pirani Anna , Gomis Melissa , Lorenzoni Irene , Haughey Eamon , Coventry Kenny 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCreating scientifically rigorous and user-friendly data visualisations can play a critical role in making complex information more accessible to wider audiences and supporting informed decision-making. ‘Co-design’ encapsulates a way of approaching data visualisation that ensures a deep and shared understanding between those creating the visuals (e.g. information designers, content experts, cognitive scientists) and the audience/users. This essay describes co-designing data visualisations with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). A multidisciplinary design team made up of information designers and cognitive and social scientists worked closely with IPCC authors and staff to develop data visualisations for the Summary for Policymakers (SPM) of the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C and the Special Report on Climate Change and Land. In this essay, the authors consider the three crucial elements that underpin a successful co-design process—practical tools and a flexible method; cognitive science and psychology to better understand the needs of users; and the importance of trust and leadership. The authors reflect on the application of the co-design approach in an IPCC context, noting specific challenges and including recommendations for future IPCC reports. The mutual learning experience of the special reports indicates a shift towards a design culture within parts of the IPCC that recognises the value of telling a compelling visual story while retaining scientific integrity—an approach that has been retained for the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report.
What do you mean by learning lab?
Authors: Sanchez Eric , Paukovics Elsa , Cheniti-Belcadhi Lilia , El Khayat Ghada , Said Bilal , Korbaa Ouajdi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDigital and innovation competencies are nowadays highly required for students and faculty members in higher education institutions. We therefore need environments that incubate innovative learning scenarios to develop these competencies. We conducted a design-based research with the dual objective to develop learning labs in four universities and to document the design and implementation process and the addressed challenges. In this paper, we describe the concept of learning lab and the process of its setting up based on the experiments and observations conducted in the four learning labs in Lebanon, Egypt, Tunisia and Switzerland. A learning lab is defined as a physical, digital and human space for observation, experimentation and evaluation, to rethink and enrich learning and teaching attitudes and practices at the university. A learning lab is an incubator of pedagogical innovation and digital learning structured on three dimensions: spaces, activities and communities. We also identify the main challenges for the design and implementation of a learning lab. These challenges consist of the institutionnalisation of the learning lab and building, growing and nurturing a learning community.
High manganese and nickel concentrations in human hair and well water and low calcium concentration in blood serum in a pristine area with sulphide-rich bedrock
Authors: Kousa Anne , Loukola-Ruskeeniemi Kirsti , Hatakka Tarja , Kantola Marjatta 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe report the trace element status of residents living in areas with naturally sulphide-rich bedrock and soil in two municipalities in Finland, Sotkamo and Kaavi. Altogether, 225 people from these sparsely populated regions participated voluntarily by providing hair and blood samples. The concentrations of calcium, zinc and copper in serum as well as selenium and cadmium in whole blood did not show correlation with those concentrations in hair samples. Calcium concentration in serum was slightly lower in the sulphide-rich areas (median value 91.4 mg/l, n = 103) than in the areas with adjacent sulphur-poor bedrock (median value 93.6 mg/l, n = 82). The concentrations of Ni and Mn in hair correlated with those in drinking water. The highest Mn and Ni concentrations in the water samples from private wells were 1620 µg/l and 51 µg/l and the highest concentrations in human hair samples 36.44 mg/kg and 12.3 mg/kg, respectively. The challenge with elevated trace element concentrations in some well waters is well documented. In northern countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway and Canada), only 10% of the population depend on private well water, and 90% have access to monitored municipal water supplies. Compared with data available from sulphide mine sites globally, the nickel and manganese concentrations in human hair samples were high in our sulphide-rich study area at Sotkamo representing the trace element status of residents under natural conditions.
Silicon Lens Optimization to Create Diffuse, Uniform Illumination from Incoherent THz Source Arrays
Authors: Zatta Robin , Headland Daniel , Ashna Eamal , Jain Ritesh , Hillger Philipp , Grzyb Janusz , Pfeiffer Ullrich R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractArrays of terahertz (THz) sources provide a pathway to overcoming the radiation power limitations of single sources. Several independent sources of THz radiation may be implemented in a single integrated circuit, thereby realizing a monolithic THz source array of high output power. Integrated THz sources must generally be backside-coupled to extended hemispherical dielectric lenses in order to suppress substrate modes and extract THz power. However, this lens also increases antenna gain and thereby produces several non-overlapping beams. This is because individual source pixels are relatively large. Hence, their spatial separation on-chip translates to angular separation in the far-field. In other words, there are gaps in their field of view into which very little THz power is projected. Therefore, they cannot homogeneously illuminate an imaging target. This article presents a simple, practical, and scalable method to convert arrays of incoherent THz sources into a diffuse, uniform illumination source without the need for reducing pixel size. Briefly, individual beam divergence is optimized by tailoring the dimensions of the extended hemispherical dielectric lens such that the far-field beams of adjacent source pixels overlap and combine to form a uniform far-field beam. We applied this method to an incoherent 8 × 8-pixel THz source array radiating 10.3 dBm at 0.42 THz as a proof of concept and thereby realized a 10.3-dBm 0.42-THz diffuse, uniform illumination source that was then deployed in a demonstration of THz active imaging.
The partly parametric and partly nonparametric additive risk model
Authors: Hjort Nils Lid , Stoltenberg Emil Aas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAalen’s linear hazard rate regression model is a useful and increasingly popular alternative to Cox’ multiplicative hazard rate model. It postulates that an individual has hazard rate function $$h(s)=z_1\alpha _1(s)+\cdots +z_r\alpha _r(s)$$

h

(
s
)

=

z
1

α
1

(
s
)

+
⋯
+

z
r

α
r

(
s
)

in terms of his covariate values $$z_1,\ldots ,z_r$$

z
1

,
…
,

z
r

. These are typically levels of various hazard factors, and may also be time-dependent. The hazard factor functions $$\alpha _j(s)$$

α
j

(
s
)

are the parameters of the model and are estimated from data. This is traditionally accomplished in a fully nonparametric way. This paper develops methodology for estimating the hazard factor functions when some of them are modelled parametrically while the others are left unspecified. Large-sample results are reached inside this partly parametric, partly nonparametric framework, which also enables us to assess the goodness of fit of the model’s parametric components. In addition, these results are used to pinpoint how much precision is gained, using the parametric-nonparametric model, over the standard nonparametric method. A real-data application is included, along with a brief simulation study.
Quality of life among women with symptomatic, screen-detected, and interval breast cancer, and for women without breast cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional study from Norway
Authors: Moshina Nataliia , Falk Ragnhild S. , Botteri Edoardo , Larsen Marthe , Akslen Lars A. , Cairns John A. , Hofvind Solveig 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Breast cancers detected at screening need less aggressive treatment compared to breast cancers detected due to symptoms. The evidence on the quality of life associated with screen-detected versus symptomatic breast cancer is sparse. This study aimed to compare quality of life among Norwegian women with symptomatic, screen-detected and interval breast cancer, and women without breast cancer and investigate quality adjusted life years (QALYs) for women with breast cancer from the third to 14th year since diagnosis.

Methods
This retrospective cross-sectional study was focused on women aged 50 and older. A self-reported questionnaire including EQ-5D-5L was sent to 11,500 women. Multivariable median regression was used to analyze the association between quality of life score (visual analogue scale 0–100) and detection mode. Health utility values representing women’s health status were extracted from EQ-5D-5L. QALYs were estimated by summing up the health utility values for women stratified by detection mode for each year between the third and the 14th year since breast cancer diagnosis, assuming that all women would survive.

Results
Adjusted regression analyses showed that women with screen-detected (n = 1206), interval cancer (n = 1005) and those without breast cancer (n = 1255) reported a higher median quality of life score using women with symptomatic cancer (n = 1021) as reference; 3.7 (95%CI 2.2–5.2), 2.3 (95%CI 0.7–3.8) and 4.8 (95%CI 3.3–6.4), respectively. Women with symptomatic, screen-detected and interval cancer would experience 9.5, 9.6 and 9.5 QALYs, respectively, between the third and the 14th year since diagnosis.

Conclusion
Women with screen-detected or interval breast cancer reported better quality of life compared to women with symptomatic cancer. The findings add benefits of organized mammographic screening.
Pushing Droplet Through a Porous Medium
Authors: Matyka Maciej 
Published: October 2021

AbstractI use a mechanical model of a soft body to study the dynamics of an individual fluid droplet in a random, non-wettable porous medium. The model of droplet relies on the spring–mass system with pressure. I run hundreds of independent simulations. I average droplets trajectories and calculate the averaged tortuosity of the porous domain. Results show that porous media tortuosity increases with decreasing porosity, similar to single-phase fluid study, but the form of this relationship is different.
Late Glacial and Holocene buried black soils in Emilia (northern Italy): genetic and paleoenvironmental insights
Authors: Bianchini G. , Accorsi C. A. , Cremonini S. , De Feudis M. , Forlani L. , Salani G. M. , Vianello G. , Antisari L. Vittori 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The existence of black horizons (BHs) is often highlighted in European soils, and in the Po River plain of northern Italy. Nevertheless, BH chronological frameworks and genetic models are still debated. The present study investigated the genesis of BHs in the eastern Po Plain where they are buried at various depths.

Materials and methods
Soil sequences were investigated with a multidisciplinary approach integrating geomorphologic, stratigraphic, pedologic, geochemical, isotopic, palynological, and radiometric analyses.

Results and discussion
The formation of the studied BHs was scattered over time from the Last Glacial Maximum to at least the middle Holocene. The new data indicate that BHs developed when the landscape was dominated by coniferous forest during conditions that were totally different from the current pedoclimatic setting. The recurrent presence of black particles indicates that this vegetation cover was systematically affected by fire episodes that induced soil degradation and mineralization processes of the original organic compounds, thus contributing to darkening of the upper soil horizons.

Conclusions
BH formation clearly coincided with cold time lapses. Evidence for repeated fire events (natural or human-induced?) provides insights for the controversial debate on early anthropogenic impacts on the environment.
Urban Spaces, Plants, and People in the Nineteenth-Century Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Molina Diego 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUrban Spaces, Plants, and People in the Nineteenth-Century Bogotá, Colombia. Despite recent efforts to understand the uses of plants in Latin American cities, we know little about ethnobotanical practices in the pre-industrial nineteenth-century urban environments of this region. In order to address this gap in the existing literature, I examined the uses of ornamental, edible, and medicinal plants alongside “non-timber forest products” (NTFPs) in daily life in Bogotá (Colombia) between 1830 and 1910. Primary and secondary data were collected from textual and iconographic historical sources in libraries, archives, museums, and herbaria in Colombia and the United Kingdom. The results suggest that access to urban spaces such as patios, solares, or adjacent ecosystems broadly defined the ways that people related to and used plants, which in turn illustrates how social hierarchies influenced botanical knowledge. This study represents an initial effort to explore the heretofore neglected history of ways of using plants in Latin American cities in the period immediately prior to their modernization.
Predicting the outcomes of the Korean national accreditation system for higher education institutions: a method using disclosure data for outsiders
Authors: Lee Don Dong-hyun , Cho Soon-jeong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFor outsiders to higher education institutions (HEIs) in South Korea, predicting the outcomes of the International Education Quality Assurance System (IEQAS)—a Korean institutional accreditation system for HEIs—is challenging. The annual IEQAS accreditation has been conducted behind closed doors; the assessment process is confidential, and there is little access to the data for the public and individuals. However, many stakeholders, such as overseas applicants to Korean HEIs, may want to predict whether particular universities will pass the upcoming IEQAS. Hence, we sought an alternative method for the outsiders to predict a binary result of the IEQAS accreditation by utilizing disclosure data that the Korean government has published. To best predict the outcomes, we mapped out a threefold discrete model combining logistic regression, discriminant analysis, and neural network. We collected the information disclosed by the Ministry of Education in 2019 on 138 Korean private HEIs and then analyzed the secondary public dataset in line with the discrete method that ensures generalizability. Results showed (i) three education investment factors, and one school operations factor appeared as key predictors among the tested indices; (ii) education cost per student within education investment proved to be the most crucial element; and (iii) while leveraging the disclosed data turned out to be reliable, neural network’s predictive accuracy was higher than those reported using logistic regression and discriminant analysis. By processing the publicly available disclosure data, our self-study model may effectively assist in predicting IEQAS outcomes, and it can also be used as a diagnostic, prior to accreditation, by local HEIs in other nations to check their preparedness and likelihood of success within similar contexts.
Aquifer evaluation in parts of north-central Nigeria from geo-electrical derived parameters
Authors: Naiyeju J. O. , Oladunjoye M. A. , Adeniran M. A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn order to reduce the level of risk associated with borehole drilling, it is important to have detailed knowledge about the aquifer distribution. In a view to generating groundwater potential model of Lokoja and its environs, the detailed subsurface characterization was carried out using a GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis approach. One hundred and twenty-four vertical electrical sounding (VES) data points were covered within the study area using the Schlumberger array of electrical resistivity surveys. Hydrogeological investigation of one hundred and twenty-four existing boreholes within the vicinity of the sounded VES points was carried out by measuring in situ parameters of each borehole such as borehole depth, elevation, static water level and borehole yield. A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis-Analytical Hierarchy Process (MCDA)-AHP-based was carried out by estimating the probabilistic ratings for the classes of parameters used for modeling groundwater potential. Four groundwater potential influencing factors, namely coefficient of anisotropy, transverse resistance, aquifer resistivity and aquifer thickness, were classified and rated. The output of the multi-criteria decision analysis was processed in the GIS environment to produce a groundwater potential index map. The obtained model was validated by comparing it with in situ borehole yield data to determine the accuracy of the proposed model. The groundwater potential map generated classified the study area into low, medium and high yield zones. Areas with medium potential zones dominate the largest part of the with 66% area coverage, and the dominance of these zones was visible in the northern and western part of the study area. Areas with high groundwater potential exist toward the southern and eastern sections of the study area. This area was observed to be underlined with sandstone, siltstone and migmatite. The validation exercise carried out on the proposed model reveals a 70% prediction accuracy.