bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Robust Optimization Method for Systems With Significant Nonlinear Effects
Authors: Yu Jyh-Cheng , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a robust optimization methodology for design involving either complex simulations or actual experiments. The proposed procedure optimizes the worst case response that consists of a weighted sum of expected mean and response variance. The estimation scheme for expected mean and variance adopts the modified 3-point Gauss quadrature integration to assure superior accuracy for systems with significant nonlinear effects. We apply the proposed method to the robust design of geometric parameters of heat treated parts to minimize the cost of post heat treatment operations. The paper investigates the major factors influencing geometric distortions due to heat treatment and the rules of thumb in design. The study focuses on relating dimensional distortion to the design of part geometry. To illustrate the utility of the proposed method, we present the formulation of a case study on allocation of dimensions of preheat treated (green) shafts to minimize the cost of post heat treatment operations. The final result is not presented yet pending the completion of further experiments.
Robust Suspension System Design
Authors: Beard John E. , Sutherland John W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Traditionally, levels for design variables are sought that produce optimal performance of a product. When manufacturing and assembly processes are used to realize the design intent, however, the product performance may differ from that envisioned during design. This is because the performance of a product is often very sensitive to manufacturing and assembly variations. This paper presents a methodology for robust design that incorporates the impact of manufacturing/assembly variations. The methodology characterizes the performance of a manufactured product via a loss function. The loss function measure is attractive from a robust design standpoint since it stresses both desirable performance on the average and small variation in performance from product to product.
The design methodology is demonstrated through a suspension system design application. A model for the kinematic behavior of a suspension system is developed. The scrub rate is selected as the response of interest to demonstrate the methodology. The behavior of the kinematic model, in terms of the loss function, is approximated near a set point and levels of the design variables are sought that minimize the loss. An iterative procedure is described for optimizing the loss function. The application demonstrates that substantial improvements can be made in terms of actual manufactured product performance through the use of the methodology.
Application of the Exact Gradient Approach in Optimal Synthesis of Mechanisms
Authors: Mariappan Jawaharlal , Krishnamurty Sundar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the application of the unified exact gradient approach to optimal synthesis of mechanisms. The exact gradient approach is a systematic and efficient solution procedure that is applicable for any type of mechanism synthesis problem. In this approach, the exact gradients necessary for optimization are developed using a generalized solution procedure based on matrix methods. Availability of exact gradients in this approach enables the utilization of any gradient-based optimization method in mechanism synthesis process. As a result, this approach will be computationally most efficient, since it will not require direct search methods, or, finite difference approximate methods to find optimal solutions. These salient features of this approach are demonstrated with the aid of several mechanism problems and the results discussed.
A Genetic Algorithm for Solving Mixed Discrete Optimization Problems
Authors: Qian Zhihang , Yu Jun , Zhou Ji 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A new optimal method based on genetic algorithms (GAs) is proposed here towards the mixed discrete optimization problems. This method has not only the advantages of high stability and wide adaptability but also a better chance of locating the global optimum. Its efficiency is much higher than that of simple genetic algorithms.
The Function of Value Engineering
Authors: Sturges Robert H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Value Engineering (VE) techniques based on function have been the means to improved products and processes for several decades. It is a social design methodology that is usually episodic in application and often narrowly applied to cost cutting. This paper addresses the role, or function, of VE in a larger model of design practice to give insight into its use, non-use and misuse. The model identifies three aspects of design practice, with a dual functional activity at its center. The process of innovative design highlights the tension between these functions. We conclude that VE is neither a different nor a sufficient way to design compared with more conventional analytical and synthesis techniques. It is rather a parallel and necessary process with different inputs and outputs.
Automated Generation of Optimally Directed Three Dimensional Component Layouts
Authors: Szykman Simon , Cagan Jonathan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This research introduces a novel approach towards automating the generation of three dimensional component layouts. Three dimensional component layout tasks are typically highly combinatorial, and exhibit objective function spaces that can be nonlinear and/or discontinuous due to discrete allowable locations for component placement. We present an approach to the three dimensional component layout problem that employs shape annealing, a design generation technique combining concepts from shape grammars and simulated annealing, to produce optimally directed designs. The shape annealing paradigm sacrifices global optimality in exchange for the ability to find good designs in a reasonable amount of time, given very large, ill-behaved objective function spaces.
Computational Support for Interactive Cable Harness Routing and Design
Authors: Conru Andrew B. , Cutkosky Mark R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We describe a system for routing cable harnesses in complex, three-dimensional environments. The approach taken is to automate the basic routing process as much as possible, while allowing designers to guide the system and modify the numerically generated results at any stage. The system begins by quickly generating a coarse routing based on an initial guess of the cable harness configuration (topological structure). Paths are then successively refined to minimize a cost function, while satisfying physical constraints such as minimum bending radius. Human input is useful both for guiding the system away from local minima and for responding to case-specific constraints not encoded in the router.
Hybrid Method for Multi-Target Parametric Design
Authors: Shah Jami J. , Wu Jian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper examines optimization techniques for parametric design based on statistical, mathematical, and heuristic models. A hybrid method is then proposed based on the strengths of several of these approaches. The new method, called multi-target parametric design method, combines Taguchi’s methodology, conventional (mathematical) optimization methods, and MANOVA statistical technique. It can be used to optimize composite utility functions, while satisfying the quality requirements. The method involves three main steps. First, by applying Taguchi’s method, the optimal quality is determined with a certain set of control variables. Second, these variables are transformed into variable constraints through a relaxing process. Finally, the optimization problem is solved for other design targets under these constraints, using conventional mathematical optimization methods or the Taguchi method.
Genesis of Ribbed Plate and Shells With Isotropic Density Dependent Material
Authors: Mlejnek Hans P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An essential part in the genesis of structures or optimal material distribution is the relation between elastic behaviour and material density. This approach makes use of a isotropic material model, which leads to very simple working conditions. The isotropic model is directly formulated and utilized without employing homogenization based on an artificial microstructure. It is shown in theoretical considerations and demonstrated by examples, that this idea works also very easily with plate and shells, even for very general layer structures.
A Symbolic Approach to the Input-Output Analysis of the Stephenson Six-Bar Linkage
Authors: Zanganeh Kourosh E. , Angeles Jorge 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the authors present a symbolic approach to the calculation of all real angular positions of the output link of the Stephenson mechanism, associated with a given value of the angular position of the input link. Moreover, the input-output sextic polynomial of the mechanism is derived and numerical examples are provided for two of the inversions of the Stephenson linkage.
An Augmented Lagrange Multiplier Based Method for Mixed Integer Discrete Continuous Optimization and its Applications to Mechanical Design
Authors: Kannan B. K. , Kramer Steven N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An algorithm for solving nonlinear optimization problems involving discrete, integer, zero-one and continuous variables is presented. The augmented Lagrange multiplier method combined with Powell’s method and Fletcher & Reeves Conjugate Gradient method are used to solve the optimization problem where penalties are imposed on the constraints for integer / discrete violations. The use of zero-one variables as a tool for conceptual design optimization is also described with an example. Several case studies have been presented to illustrate the practical use of this algorithm. The results obtained are compared with those obtained by the Branch and Bound algorithm. Also, a comparison is made between the use of Powell’s method (zeroth order) and the Conjugate Gradient method (first order) in the solution of these mixed variable optimization problems.
Optimal Approximation of Real Values Using Rational Numbers With Application to the Kinematic Design of Gearboxes
Authors: Pomrehn Leonard P. , Papalambros Panos Y. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article proposes a method for optimally approximating real values with rational numbers. Such requirements arise in the design of various types of gear sets, where integer numbers of gear teeth force individual stage ratios to assume rational values. The kinematic design of an 18-speed gearbox, taken from the literature, is analyzed and solved using the proposed method. The method, called sequential exhaustion, sequentially considers each stage of the gearbox design, exhaustively examining each stage. Examination of 94 solutions leads to a pareto-optimal set containing 11 solutions. Further, although the layout of the gearbox is predefined for the kinematic design problem, certain solutions of the problem exhibit “non-reducing” gear pairs, revealing previously unforeseen changes in the gearbox layout.
Tolerance Allocation Considering Customer and Manufacturer Objectives
Authors: Söderberg Rikard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Involving customer values in the design process is necessary for improving the total quality of a product This paper presents the basic ideas for a method that allows tolerances to be assigned to dimensions in a tolerance chain with regard to both customer and manufacturer objectives. The method uses an extended “quality loss function” to consider customer objectives. The total life of a component is here focused, representing one important aspect of quality. A minimum manufacturing cost function for the tolerance of a critical dimension, dependent on a number of manufactured components, is determined. This function is used to consider manufacturers’ objectives. Based on the customer’s total loss function and the minimum manufacturing cost function, the optimal tolerance limits of a critical dimension are determined. These are the tolerances that simultaneously satisfy the customer and the manufacturer as much as possible.
The ideas behind the method are described using a roller bearing application as an example.
Automated Concurrent Design Based on Combined Feature, Tolerance, Production Process and Cost Models
Authors: Xue Deyi , Dong Zuomin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method for conducting automated concurrent design using combined feature, tolerance, production process and cost models. The introduced features are defined and examined in terms of design function, manufacturing method, and geometric shape and accuracy. The integrated design model has three functions: (a) facilitating the generation of all feasible designs by design feature-based knowledge reasoning using an intelligent CAD system; (b) representing various design information using the geometric primitives of a conventional CAD system; (c) describing a design using production process-oriented manufacturing features for evaluating manufacturability and production costs. This approach can incorporate manufacturing consideration into design phase and identify a cost-effective design satisfying given design functions and achieving minimum production costs. Functions of a prototype system are illustrated using an example.
On the Solution of Nonlinear Engineering Optimization Problems on Parallel Computers
Authors: Grauer Manfred , Boden Harald 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper is intended to give an overview on nonsequential solution approaches in nonlinear optimization and an introduction to the OpTiX-II Decision Support System (DSS) for the solution of nonlinear optimization problems. The purpose of OpTiX-II is (i) to supply engineers/decision makers with the knowledge of an optimization and computer expert, (ii) to make use of modern computer technology (e.g. computer networks, parallel computers) for attaining faster and more reliable problem solutions and (iii) to supply an easy-to-use graphical interface for untrained computer users. Thereby OpTiX-II enables the user to solve nonlinear (decomposed) optimization problems on networks of (heterogeneous, parallel) computers. Currently, the multiprocessor architectures, which are supported by OpTiX-II, range from entry level workstations via multiprocessor Unix workstations to Transputerclusters. A gear reducer design optimization problem will be used for demonstrating the application of OpTiX-II.
Efficient Converters for Feature-Based Mechanical Component Representations
Authors: Rosen David W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To enable the development of design-for-manufacturability tools for thin-walled mechanical components, converters are needed to convert design representations of components into representations with which manufacturability evaluations can be performed. In our work components are designed with features and represented as graphs. Conversely, manufacturing representations consist of manufacturing features, that in general are different than design features. Thus, the problem of converting feature-based representations arises. In this paper, manufacturing features are defined using graph grammars which provide a general, formal, structured description of how to convert features. Unfortunately, using graph grammar parsing as the basis for conversion is not computationally viable due to the nature of graph isomorphism determination. By taking advantage of the known structure of design representations and of manufacturing features, and by utilizing AI techniques for efficient pattern-matchers, it is shown that efficient converters can be constructed that do not require graph isomorphism determination. Conditions are given for the construction of polynomial time converters and a general conversion module is presented. An example converter is illustrated for tooling cost evaluation in injection molding and die casting.
A Hybrid Approach to Intelligent Geometric Design Using Features-Based Design and Feature Recognition
Authors: Gadh Rajit 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The current article presents a new approach to computer aided design based on an abstract geometric entity called a C-loop (Convex/Concave-loop). The approach currently being developed overcomes design limitations in current systems. Design-by-features systems are fast, but not flexible. Design-by-surfaces systems are flexible but cumbersome to use. The current research integrates a design-by-features approach with a design-by-surfaces approach followed by feature recognition. It allows the designer to create a design using design features and to modify these features as needed. The C-loop is the design feature that allows such flexibility. Subsequent to the design step, features pertinent to manufacturing are recognized from the model to perform Design-for-Manufacturability evaluation of the part.
Dynamic Binding of Features and Solid Modelers
Authors: Shah Jami J. , Pherwani Viren 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The work described in this paper investigates the feasibility of standardizing communications between geometric modeling core systems and generic feature-based applications. Since geometric modelers differ in the functionality they provide and feature applications vary in the level of geometric operations they can support internally, a multi-layered communication architecture is proposed. The methodology is analogous to the X-Window standard for graphics. At the lowest level is a library of functions named Geo-lib, which are translated into geometric modeler specific commands. If there was to be a future dynamic interfacing standard, such as STEP-SDAI, these specific calls could be replaced by standard calls, analogous to Geo-Protocol. At the next layer is a library, called Geo-widgets, which are written entirely using Geo-lib functions. At the highest level Geo-Tools, functions used commonly by generic applications. Feature applications can choose to use the library at any level, as necessary. This multi-layered geometric toolkit creates a seamless object oriented bond between the feature application and the geometric modeling core, in such a way that either one could be replaced without requiring any changes to the other.
A General Framework for Decomposition Analysis in Optimal Design
Authors: Wagner Terrance C. , Papalambros Panos Y. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Numerous methods exist in the literature for decomposing mathematical programming (MP) problems. The question for the designer wishing to utilize any of these methods is, what (if any) structure exists in a particular problem, and what (if any) decomposition method(s) may be appropriate for the problem at hand. The paper develops a formal methodology, termed Decomposition Analysis, to answer this question. Decomposition of a mathematical programming problem requires identification of linking variables or functions which effect independent optimization problems. Examination of prevalent methods reveals various structures in an MP problem which determine appropriate decomposition methods for a particular problem. An undirected graph representation of the MP problem facilitates rigorous identification of the desired structures that allow decomposition. The representation is the foundation of the methodology to analyze any particular MP problem for its decomposability.
A Fast and Robust Algorithm for Planar Intersection of Two Cones
Authors: Shene Ching-Kuang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In general, two quadric surfaces intersect in a space quartic curve. However, the intersection curve frequently degenerates to a collection of planar curves. These degenerate cases are often required by design. For example, to blend two cones with a Dupin cyclide or a quadric surface, the cones must have planar intersection. Moreover, degeneracies normally introduce problems into the general intersection algorithms and are difficult to implement in a reliable way. In this paper, we shall present a fast and robust algorithm to detect and compute the planar intersection curves, as well as a technique to find the types of the curves without actually computing them.
On Algebraic Methods for Implicit Swept Solids With Finite Extent
Authors: Ganter M. A. , Storti D. W. , Ensz M. T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we consider geometric construction of swept solids using algebraic methods based on classical envelope theory. Methods are presented for construction of algebraic swept solids with finite extent and variable geometry. Problems of local and global self-intersection (undercutting in the terminology of cam design) are considered, and void removal concepts are demonstrated. Examples presented include offsets of Bezier curves and twisted sweeps with ellipsoidal primitives.
Ratio and Difference Estimation in Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
Authors: Lootsma F. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Since decisions are invariably made within a given context, we model relative preferences as ratios of increments or decrements in an interval on the axis of desirability. Next, we sort the ratio magnitudes into a small number of categories, represented by numerical values on a geometric scale. We explain why the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), typically based on a pairwise-comparison method, is concerned with category judgement of ratio magnitudes, whereas the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) essentially uses the orders of magnitude of these ratios. This provides a common basis for the analysis of the methods in question and for a cross-validation of their results. The present paper summarizes the basic assumptions and the relationship between the two methods.
Bubble-Method: A Special Strategy for Finding Best Possible Initial Designs
Authors: Eschenauer Hans A. , Schumacher A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The position and the arrangement of structural elements in a component — also defined as its topology — decisively influences its deformation and stress behaviour. When developing a new component it is essential to find an optimal topology. The objective of topology optimization is to substitute the existing intuitive design of variants by mathematical-mechanical strategies in the design phase and thus to make it more efficient.
In this paper a special method is introduced, the basic idea of which is to iteratively position new holes, so-called bubbles, in the structure of a component. Therefore, the method is called “Bubble Method”. The bubbles are iteratively positioned by means of various methods, among others by solving a variational problem. The insertion of bubbles signifies a change of the topology class. For the different topology classes, hierarchically subordinate shape optimizations are carried out which determine the optimal shape of the specific new bubble together with the other variable boundaries of the component. The advantages of such a topology optimization method in comparison to traditional, intuitive variant designs are demonstrated by means of a panel-truss-structure.