bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heidelberg
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
After the wedding, Elizabeth and Frederick began the journey to his ancestral home, Heidelberg, and were entertained royally in the United Provinces. After persuading the States General to join the Protestant Union, Frederick left Elizabeth in the United Provinces to prepare Heidelberg Castle for her arrival. Heidelberg had accommodated two, complementary, households since the death of Elector Friedrich IV in 1610: that of the Administrator of the Lower Palatinate, the Duke of Zweibrücken-Veldenz, who would govern until Frederick came of age, and that of Frederick’s mother, the Electress-Dowager Louise Juliana. The arrival of Frederick and Elizabeth in 1613 introduced two new households into the equation – to make matters more confusing, Elizabeth’s own household was riven along factional lines; the majority of her ladies-in-waiting were English, while most of her gentlemen were Scots. The couple failed to agree on matters of precedence, as Elizabeth believed that her status as a royal-born princess accorded her a higher status than anyone else at court, including Frederick. There were also financial problems, and Hans Meinhard Schomberg, the head of Elizabeth’s household, tried hard to solve both the financial and precedence issues. Elizabeth soon delivered the Palatinate a male heir while Frederick’s first decision on reaching his majority was whether or not to go to war. Elizabeth became increasingly reliant on Schomberg, and his being called away to fight at the newly reignited Jülich-Berg & Cleves crisis, along with her husband falling prey to fits of melancholy, left her at the mercy of her mother-in-law.
In the Service of the Electress
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Elizabeth had to negotiate complex networks of honour and obligation with little money, and gives her jewellery away to servants to force James to reward them by buying the pieces back. Another way for Elizabeth to assert her authority was through the hiring of Salomon de Caus, designer of the famous Hortus Palatinus and several masques. Elizabeth’s position was further enhanced by the Dowager Electress retiring to her dower. As relations within the court improved, Elizabeth went against her father’s wishes by approving the marriage of Schomberg with Anne Dudley, her chief lady-in-waiting. Dudley, however, died shortly afterwards and Elizabeth was grief-stricken. The conflicts over precedence returned during a disastrous state visit to Stuttgart, and Elizabeth, homesick, spent increasing amounts of time at the hunt. After a report by Sir Henry Wotton on morale at Heidelberg, Lady Harington was sent to raise Elizabeth’s spirits. Elizabeth gave birth to a second son, Charles Louis, on 1 January 1618, but was still desperate to return to England, and soon received permission to undertake the journey from her father. Carleton, afraid that she would not be received warmly by the Stuart court, sent her a gift of monkeys. He need not have worried, as Frederick banned her from travelling as she was once more pregnant – this time with Elisabeth. Elizabeth attempted to hide her next pregnancy, with Rupert, in order that she might undertake the journey but was unsuccessful, and would not try to leave Heidelberg again.
Losing Champions
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
1626 was a dangerous year for those wedded to Elizabeth’s cause. The first major loss was Christian of Brunswick, who succumbed to illness aged 26. Elizabeth bore this badly, lapsing into a melancholy exacerbated by the ill-health of her most recent child, Henriette. Having lost one champion, another, Bethlen Gabor of Transylvania, made peace with the Emperor. To make matters worse, Mansfeld’s battered body also gave up the fight. When Christian IV was defeated at Lütter, everyone blamed Buckingham for diverting resources from The Hague Alliance. Buckingham had compounded the Cadiz debacle, supporting the Huguenots under siege at Isle de Rhé. Intending to forge a coalition with the French, he merely precipitated a Franco-Stuart war. While Charles I tried to bolster Danish forces, Buckingham’s subsequent assassination surprised nobody. Elizabeth employed Miereveldt and Honthorst to help charm Charles with politically motivated portraiture. Charles opened peace talks with the French and the Spanish; his wife Henrietta Maria finally produced a male heir. Frederick took his firstborn Frederick Henry to view a Spanish treasure ship recently captured by the Dutch, but his barge capsized and Frederick Henry drowned. But as the Franco-Stuart war was ended by treaty and the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus opened a new phase in the Thirty Years War, landing at Usedom and winning a string of dramatic victories against Imperial forces, the Palatinate was within touching distance. Frederick joined Gustavus in battle, but as his inferior. Just as Elizabeth opened new negotiations to recover her dower Frankenthal, Gustavus died.
Dwindling Influence
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Her ally the Landgravine of Hesse died, but Elizabeth could not afford mourning clothes. The Hague had become a centre of elite entertainment under Elizabeth's influence, with masques (Ballet de la Carmesse, with soldiers of the Dutch Army dancing) and literary salons (such as L'Ordre de l'union de la Joye, with Huygens and Johan de Witt). Many of the Stuart contingent nevertheless left The Hague, feeling less than welcome following the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War. Rupert and Maurice were surprised by a hurricane close to the Virgin Islands - Maurice drowned; Elizabeth hung onto her hope that he had survived for years. Elizabeth believed she could return to Germany, if not to Frankenthal than to Heidelberg Castle, where rooms were being prepared for her. In 1653 she informed the States of Holland of her plans, and 164 creditors presented their accounts. Another embassy was sent to parliament with the request to clear her debts. In 1654, the States of Holland finally granted her a pension. Elizabeth did not want to leave without settling her debts, or retrieving her jewels from the pawnshops. Charles Louis wanted to empty Rhenen yet further. Louise Hollandine converted to Catholicism. Cromwell died. Elizabeth abandoned plans to return to Germany as Charles Louis had so many domestic troubles (he was asking for a divorce to marry below his station). After spending a week with her nephews in Brussels, she wanted to return to England, now that the stage for the Restoration had been set.
Abundances of phosphorus in bright F-G type main-sequence stars
Authors: Sadakane Kozo , Nishimura Masayoshi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Abundances of phosphorus (P) in 45 main sequence F-G type stars (including the Sun by using reflected light from the minor planet Vesta) in the metallicity range [Fe/H] from −0.4 to +0.3 have been determined. The effective temperatures of target stars range from 5500 to 6600 K. Two lines of P i at 9750.75 Å and at 9796.83 Å (multiplet No. 2) are analysed by using a profile fitting method. Significant star-to-star scatters up to 0.4 dex have been found at all metallicities. We find three stars (HD 9826, HD 20010, and HD 82328) in which values of [P/Fe] are lower than −0.20, showing that P is deficient with respect to Fe in these stars. Such objects have never been reported in the past and may have an impact on the theoretical studies of origin and evolution of P. The sample contains 18 stars with confirmed planets (not including the Sun) and no significant difference in abundance of P has been found between stars with planets and those with no confirmed planet.
Firm Organization with Multiple Establishments
Authors: Gumpert Anna , Steimer Henrike , Antoni Manfred 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We show theoretically and empirically that the managerial organization of multiestablishment firms is interdependent across establishments. To derive our result, we study the effect of geographic frictions on firm organization. In our model, we assume that a CEO’s time is a resource in limited supply, shared across headquarters and establishments. Geographic frictions increase the costs of accessing the CEO. Hiring middle managers at one establishment substitutes for CEO time, which is reallocated across all establishments. Consequently, geographic frictions between the headquarters and one establishment affect the organization of all establishments of a firm. Our model is consistent with novel facts about multiestablishment firm organization that we document using administrative data from Germany. We exploit the opening of high-speed railway routes to show that not only the establishments directly affected by faster travel times but also the other establishments of the firm adjust their organization. Our findings imply that local conditions propagate across space through firm organization.
Informal Risk Sharing with Local Information
Authors: Ambrus Attila , Gao Wayne , Milán Pau 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article considers the effect of contracting limitations in risk-sharing networks, arising for example from observability, verifiability, complexity, or cultural constraints. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for Pareto efficiency under these constraints in a general setting, and we provide an explicit characterization of Pareto efficient bilateral transfer profiles under CARA utility and normally distributed endowments. Our model predicts that network centrality is positively correlated with consumption volatility, as more central agents become quasi-insurance providers to more peripheral agents. The proposed framework has important implications for the empirical specification of risk-sharing tests, allowing for local risk-sharing groups that overlap within the village network.
Intelligence, Errors, and Cooperation in Repeated Interactions
Authors: Proto Eugenio , Rustichini Aldo , Sofianos Andis 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study how strategic interaction and cooperation are affected by the heterogeneity of cognitive skills of groups of players, over consecutive plays of repeated games with randomly matched opponents using Prisoner’s Dilemma as stage game. We observe overall higher cooperation rates and average final payoffs in integrated treatment groups—where subjects of different IQ levels interact together—than in separated treatment groups. Lower IQ subjects are better off and higher IQ subjects are worse off in integrated groups than in separated groups. Higher IQ subjects adopt harsher strategies when they are pooled with lower IQ subjects than when they play separately. We demonstrate that this outcome should be expected in learning and evolutionary models where higher intelligence subjects exhibit lower frequency of errors in the implementation of strategies. Estimations of errors and strategies in our experimental data are consistent with the model’s assumptions and predictions.
Portfolios for Long-Term Investors
Authors: Cochrane John H 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
How should long-term investors form portfolios in our time-varying, multi-factor and friction-filled world? Two conceptual frameworks may help: first, look directly at the stream of payments that a portfolio and payout policy can produce. Second, include a general equilibrium view of the markets’ economic purpose, and the nature of investors’ different preferences, risk-taking ability, and function in that equilibrium. These perspectives can rationalize some of investors’ behaviors, suggest substantial revisions to standard portfolio theory, and help us to apply portfolio theory in a way that is useful in practice.
Harnessing dendritic cells for innovative therapeutic cancer vaccines
Authors: Plumas Joël 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
The clinical activity of new immunotherapies in cancer, such as anti-Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/Programmed death-ligand 1, has revealed the importance of the patient's immune system in controlling tumor development. As in infectious diseases, dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for inducing immune responses in cancer. Unfortunately, autologous DC-based vaccines have not yet demonstrated their clinical benefit. Here, we review recent research using allogeneic DCs as alternatives to autologous DCs to develop innovative therapeutic cancer vaccines.

Recent findings
A novel approach using an allogeneic plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) line as an antigen presentation platform showed great potency when used to prime and expand antitumor-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo in a humanized mouse model. This PDC platform, named PDC∗vac, was first evaluated in the treatment of melanoma with encouraging results and is currently being evaluated in the treatment of lung cancer in combination with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.

Summary
Therapeutic cancer vaccines are of particular interest because they aim to help patients, to mount effective antitumor responses, especially those who insufficiently respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. The use of an allogeneic plasmacytoid DC-based platform such as PDC∗vac could greatly potentiate the efficacy of these new immunotherapies.
Histopathological Analysis of Decellularized Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa after Treatment of Skin Ulcer
Authors: Kobayashi Hisashi , Imai Yasuo , Hirao Takayuki , Nakao Ko , Kajinaka Hayato , Kishi Kazuo 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Decellularized porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS), commercialized as an extracellular matrix rich in cell-inducing substrates and factors, has been clinically applied to treat intractable skin ulcers and has shown therapeutic effects. The SIS reportedly induces cell infiltration and integrates with the ulcer bed after 3–7 days of application. The attached SIS degenerates over time, and the remaining mass appears as slough, below which is granulation tissue that is essential for healing. This study aimed to determine whether the slough should be removed in clinical settings.

Methods:
Five patients with intractable skin ulcers were included in this case series. Seven days after applying a two-layer fenestrated-type SIS to the ulcer, the removed slough was histopathologically examined.

Results:
The collagen fibers of the SIS somewhat degenerated, and inflammatory cell infiltration was observed from the ulcer side to the surface side of the SIS. Neovascularization was similarly observed on the ulcer side. The degree of inflammatory cell infiltration decreased from the ulcer side to the surface side, whereas pus (ie, aggregates of neutrophils) was observed on the surface and ulcer edges. Additionally, the removed slough contained regenerative epithelium on the ulcer side of the remaining collagen fibers.

Conclusions:
After treating intractable skin ulcers using SIS, we recommend removal of the upper surface and ulcer edge of the degenerated SIS or slough to prevent infection and preservation of the lower side of the degenerated SIS to maintain the granulation tissue and regenerative epithelium.
Drug-induced bile duct injury: new agents, new mechanisms
Authors: Scoazec Jean-Yves 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
Drug-induced bile duct injury can be caused by a long list of agents. In most cases, damage is because of T-cell-mediated idiosyncratic reactions. Recently, a number of new agents, including not only drugs but also herbal supplements, have been incriminated and new mechanisms of bile duct injury have emerged. This review will focus on these new data.

Recent findings
New members of drug families already known to be responsible for bile duct injury have been incriminated. New players have been identified, such as herbal supplements, like kratom, and recreational drugs, such as ketamine used outside the medical setting. Anticytokine monoclonal antibodies are rarely involved. In contrast, antineoplastic treatments are of growing concern, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, which induce immune-related adverse effects because of the excessive stimulation of the immune system and its lack of regulation.

Summary
Two patterns of bile duct injury are recognized. Drug-induced small-duct cholangiopathies target the smaller bile ducts; acute injuries eventually progress to chronic disease in the form of the vanishing bile duct syndrome. Drug-induced sclerosing cholangitis target large bile ducts, with a protracted chronic course; the onset of symptoms may be delayed after drug discontinuation; potentially severe, life-threatening complications can occur.
EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM Dynamic Ultrasound Protocols for Elbow
Authors: Ricci Vincenzo , Güvener Orhan , Chang Ke-Vin , Wu Wei-Ting , Mezian Kamal , Kara Murat , Leblebicioğlu Gürsel , Pirri Carmelo , Ata Ayşe Merve , Dughbaj Muhammad , Jain Nitin B. , Stecco Carla , Özçakar Levent 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this dynamic protocol, ultrasound examination of the elbow using different maneuvers is described for several/relevant elbow problems. Scanning videos are coupled with real-time patient examination videos for better understanding. The authors believe that this practical guide—prepared by an international consensus of several experts (EURO-MUSCULUS: European Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Study Group and USPRM: Ultrasound Study Group of ISPRM [International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine])—will help musculoskeletal physicians perform a better and uniform/standard approach.
Reliability and validity of 3D limb scanning for ankle-foot orthosis fitting
Authors: Powers Olivia A. , Palmer Jeff R. , Wilken Jason M. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Recent decreases in the cost of 3D scanners and improved functionality have resulted in increased adoption for ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) fittings, despite limited supporting data. For 3D limb scanning to be a feasible alternative to traditional casting methods, a consistent and accurate representation of limb geometry must be produced at a reasonable cost.

Objectives:
To evaluate the repeatability and validity of multiple lower limb measurements obtained using low-cost 3D limb scanning technology.

Study design:
Prospective, randomized, crossover-controlled, cross-sectional, reliability, and validity study.

Methods:
Physical measurements and 3D limb scans were completed for 30 participants. 11 measurements were selected for comparison based on their relevance to AFO fittings. Validity was assessed by comparison of physical and scan-based measures using Pearson's correlation coefficients and root mean square differences. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients and minimal detectable change (MDC) values. Bland–Altman plots were generated for data visualization.

Results:
All correlation values were above or equal to 0.80. Most intraclass correlation coefficient values were above 0.95. MDC values for physical and scan-based measurements differed by less than 2.0 mm. Scan MDC values were around or below 4 mm for foot and ankle measures and under 6 mm for circumference and length measures.

Conclusions:
The results of this study demonstrate that low-cost 3D limb scanning can be used to obtain valid and reliable measurements of 3D limb geometry for the purpose of AFO fitting, when collected using the clinically relevant standardized conditions presented here.
Impact of the COVID-19 restrictions on physical activity and quality of life in adults with lower limb amputation
Authors: Mellema Mirjam , Risnes Martha , Mirtaheri Peyman , Gjøvaag Terje 
Published: December 2021

Background:
This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on ambulatory activity and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in people with a lower limb amputation (LLA) in Norway. We hypothesized that the restrictions would negatively affect HR-QoL and decrease prosthetic wear time and ambulatory activity in participants with already limited mobility.

Methods:
Twenty individuals with LLA (age and time since amputation 56.2 ± 11.9 and 22.3 ± 20.1 years, respectively) participated. Ambulatory activity (stepwatch: prosthetic wear time; steps per day; minutes of low-intensity (1–15 steps min-1), moderate-intensity (16–40 steps min-1), and high-intensity ambulation (>40 steps min-1)) and HR-QoL (EQ-5D-5L) data were collected prepandemic and 8–12 months later during pandemic restrictions. Semistructured interviews identified personal experiences of coping with restrictions.

Results:
Prosthetic wear time decreased significantly (−1.0 ± 1.5 hours day-1
, p < 0.05). Steps per day (440 ± 1481), moderate-intensity and high-intensity ambulation (3.7 ± 23.4, and 4.8 ± 13.9 minutes day-1, respectively), and EQ-5D-5L index (.02 ± .10) increased, whereas low-intensity ambulation decreased (−1.5 ± 16.1 minutes day-1), all nonsignificant changes. Qualitative analysis identified three themes related to coping with restrictions: (1) personal situation, (2) a prosthetic user’s perspective, and (3) mindset.

Conclusions:
Increased time spent at home might explain the decreased prosthetic wear time. Contrary to the hypothesis, participants did not decrease their physical activity, and the declined low-intensity ambulation was offset by increased moderate-intensity and high-intensity ambulation. A positive mindset, intrinsic motivation, and health awareness may be important factors for maintaining ambulatory activity and HR-QoL in people with LLA.
Toward improving residual limb climate within prostheses for persons with lower limb loss: a technical note
Authors: Knight Ashley D , Hendershot Brad D , Sleeman Todd J , Dearth Christopher L , Starker Felix , Schneider Urs , Koehler-McNicholas Sara R , Barrons Kyle , Nickel Eric , Mion Spencer , Ferguson John , Slater Billie Savvas , Voss Gregory O , Koester Karl , Hansen Andrew H 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Individuals with lower limb loss often wear a gel liner and enclosed socket for connecting to a terminal prosthetic device. Historically, a significant limitation to traditional liners and sockets is that they are thermal insulators, thereby trapping heat and moisture within, which can lead to numerous deleterious issues, including loss of suspension and residual limb skin problems, and, in turn, reductions in mobility, function, and overall quality of life. To mitigate these issues, new approaches are therefore needed to enhance the residual limb climate (e.g. breathability and air permeability), allowing the dispersal of heat and moisture from within the liner and socket.

Methods:
In this study, a multidisciplinary team sought to establish the feasibility of an innovative prosthetic liner-socket system, designed to improve residual limb climate by capitalizing on passive (i.e. nonpowered) ventilation to reduce temperature/moisture and improve socket comfort for persons with transtibial amputations. Focus group meetings, along with an iterative design approach, were implemented to establish innovative design and development concepts that led to a passively ventilated liner-socket system.

Conclusions:
Ex vivo design has supported the feasibility of developing a passively ventilated liner-socket. To build on these successes, future development and human subjects testing are needed to finalize a commercially viable system. Implementing a passively ventilated liner-socket system that improves residual limb health and comfort, without compromising function or mobility of the user, into standard clinical care may encourage a more active lifestyle and enhance the quality of life for individuals after lower limb loss.