bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monochoria hastata (hastate-leaved pondweed).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Monochoria hastata is a tropical aquatic herb, almost entirely restricted to its native distribution of South-East Asia and Oceania (Boonkerd et al., 1993). It is a weed of rice fields in South-East Asia, with a prolific seed production and a high capacity to reproduce vegetatively (Ali et al., 2018). It is only listed as invasive in rice fields in Singapore, without further details (PIER, 2019). M. hastata is not reported as invasive in natural habitats; nor is there information about its effects on biodiversity. Outside its native range, M. hastata is reported as expected to spread and invade rice fields in Pakistan, facilitated by flooding events associated to monsoon rains (Ali et al., 2018). Although is not found in the New World, M. hastata is declared as a Federal Noxious Weed in the USA, because of the detrimental effects it could cause to agriculture (Coile, 1996). In Oceania, M. hastata is reported only as cultivated in Fiji, without further details (PIER, 2019). In the Northern Territory of Australia, M. hastata is classified as vulnerable because of the deterioration of aquatic habitats and the invasion of exotic weeds (India Biodiversity Portal, 2019).
Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamagrass).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Tripsacum dactyloides is cultivated as a forage crop in areas within and outside its native distribution range. The species establishes slowly and competes poorly with annual grasses and weeds during its first year of establishment, but after that, it competes effectively with most perennial and broadleaf plants. Currently, T. dactyloides is listed as invasive only in Cuba. However, this species is often reported to be growing as a 'weed' in ruderal areas, forest edges, and disturbed and open forests in areas within and outside its native distribution range.
Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

A. nervosa is a liana from the tropics and sub-tropics, reported as invasive in Reunion, Hawaii (USA), Cuba, Australia, New Caledonia and Tonga, but with little information about the invasiveness of the species or its effects on habitats and native species in these countries (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012; PIER, 2016). In Cuba it is reported as a transformer and invasive species (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012). In Queensland, Australia it is reported as thriving around Townsville and rampaging around Cooktown. It is also reported as an environmental weed in Australia (PIER, 2016), where it is an aggressive invader of rainforest and other tropical forest communities in northern Queensland (Weeds of Australia, 2016).
Brassica juncea (mustard).
Authors: Vélez Augusto C. Carvajal 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Brassica juncea has been distributed worldwide as a crop, and has escaped cultivation to become naturalized in fields, wasteland and roadsides as a weed. Seeds can persist in fields after harvesting and become a weed for subsequent crops. It is an invasive weed in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the Americas, and many Pacific Islands, although it is not considered a significant weed in Canada. As some Brassica species use allelochemicals to inhibit other species and B. juncea extract has been shown to have a deleterious effect on sunflower germination and growth, this species could reduce local biodiversity.
Urochloa reptans (sprawling signalgrass).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Urochloa reptans is an annual grass regarded as native to Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, Australia and the Pacific region, although its status is ambiguous in many countries. The species grows forming clumps of slender, creeping culms up to 50 cm tall that are capable of displacing other plants and grasses. It is considered an important weed in agricultural lands and pastures, but it can also invade disturbed sites, degraded forests, coastal areas, river and creek beds, and riparian forests. Currently, it is listed as invasive in Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and some islands in Oceania, where it has been reported invading relatively undisturbed forests.
A re-evaluation of castor (
Ricinus communis
L.) as a crop plant.
Authors: Kammili Anjani Kammili Anjani 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Castor (
Ricinus communis
L.) has been transformed from a wasteland colonizer to an important industrial oilseed crop. Its seed oil is one of the most sought-after vegetable oils because of its rich properties and variety of end-users. Castor is an ancient crop but its production now has been limited mainly to India, China and Brazil, for many reasons. Castor oil is a hot market commodity product. It has been recently recognized as an efficient feedstock for biodiesel production. Increasing demand world over for biofuel resources and many recently identified industrial uses of castor oil have escalated castor oil demand. Global demand for castor oil is rising constantly at 3-5% per annum. In the last decade, many countries have started making serious exploratory efforts at growing castor as there is a tremendous scope to establish castor as a supplementary crop production option to farmers and to provide significant returns on investment given high global demand for castor oil. In view of the increasing worldwide interest in castor oil, this review evaluates the global scenario of castor cultivation, exports and imports of castor oil, new interests in castor oil and genetic improvement in productivity. In addition, the current research challenges and priorities have been discussed in the review.
Effects of rubber cultivation on biodiversity in the Mekong Region.
Authors: He Pia He Pia , Martin K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the Mekong Region, the expansion of rubber plantations is a major threat to the remaining natural forests and has led to a considerable degradation of biodiversity. The shift from traditional agriculture to rubber cultivation additionally reduced landscape and agricultural system diversity and with this, the availability of potentially useful habitat types for species originating from natural forest. In most cases, monoculture rubber plantations showed to harbour less than half of the species richness in various plant and animal groups compared with natural forest, and often it was found or being assumed that many of these species are unable to exist permanently in rubber plantations. There is clear evidence that the existence natural forest area is essential for the conservation of large portions of native forest species in rubber-dominated landscapes. Alteration of rubber monoculture land use can only contribute effectively to species conservation if natural forest plots remain. Furthermore, suggested restoration concepts such as the conversion of rubber plantations into forest on marginal sites and land-sharing approaches are currently only vaguely described, and their contribution to the conservation of native forest species remains uncertain. In addition, modalities of stakeholder involvement, economic compensation and ecologically reasonable implementation of such measures are still unexplained. As an ecologically reasonable and economically feasible method to improve species diversity in rubber monoculture plantations, we suggest the promotion of natural undergrowth vegetation to enlarge suitable habitat structures in connection with natural forest. This can be reached through the cease of weeding and herbicide application and potentially through the cultivation of useful wild plants.
Shorter and Rugged Analytical GC Method for Residual Solvents Content in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
Authors: Ramanjaneyulu S , Rao K M V Narayana , Pulipaka Shyamala 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This work describes the highly selective and sensitive robust analytical method (gas chromatography) for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of commonly used residual solvents (like methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, methyl tert-butyl ether, n-hexane, 1-propanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) and dimethylformamide), in an active pharmaceuticals ingredients. The developed method was optimized with good resolution (&gt;1.9 between close eluting solvents) and a shorter run time (20 min). All the solvents were separated using GC column DB–624, 30-m length, 0.32-mm diameter, 1.8-μm particle size, nitrogen as a carrier gas and recorded the signals using flame ionization detector (FID). Further, analytical method validation has been performed for the developed analytical method and the validation results demonstrated its routine application for the determination of residual solvents content by GC–head space (HS). The practical application was demonstrated by the suitable API batch analysis (having sample Con. 40 mg/mL). The present developed method has more advantages than the other methods for the qualitative and quantitative applications, such as shorter runtime, selective for multiple solvents (11 organic solvents) analysis at a time, highly sensitive at ppm levels. This GC–HS method could be used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the residual solvents content in APIs.
Role of oxidative stress in calcific aortic valve disease and its therapeutic implications
Authors: Greenberg Harry Z E , Zhao Guoan , Shah Ajay M , Zhang Min 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the end result of active cellular processes that lead to the progressive fibrosis and calcification of aortic valve leaflets. In western populations, CAVD is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and in the absence of effective drugs, it will likely represent an increasing disease burden as populations age. As there are currently no pharmacological therapies available for preventing, treating, or slowing the development of CAVD, understanding the mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the disease is important for identifying novel therapeutic targets. Recent evidence has emerged of an important causative role for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of CAVD, inducing the differentiation of valve interstitial cells into myofibroblasts and then osteoblasts. In this review, we focus on the roles and sources of ROS driving CAVD and consider their potential as novel therapeutic targets for this debilitating condition.
Effects of single nucleotide polymorphism ascertainment on population structure inferences
Authors: Dokan Kotaro , Kawamura Sayu , Teshima Kosuke M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data are widely used in research on natural populations. Although they are useful, SNP genotyping data are known to contain bias, normally referred to as ascertainment bias, because they are conditioned by already confirmed variants. This bias is introduced during the genotyping process, including the selection of populations for novel SNP discovery and the number of individuals involved in the discovery panel and selection of SNP markers. It is widely recognized that ascertainment bias can cause inaccurate inferences in population genetics and several methods to address these bias issues have been proposed. However, especially in natural populations, it is not always possible to apply an ideal ascertainment scheme because natural populations tend to have complex structures and histories. In addition, it was not fully assessed if ascertainment bias has the same effect on different types of population structure. Here, we examine the effects of bias produced during the selection of population for SNP discovery and consequent SNP marker selection processes under three demographic models: the island, stepping-stone, and population split models. Results show that site frequency spectra and summary statistics contain biases that depend on the joint effect of population structure and ascertainment schemes. Additionally, population structure inferences are also affected by ascertainment bias. Based on these results, it is recommended to evaluate the validity of the ascertainment strategy prior to the actual typing process because the direction and extent of ascertainment bias vary depending on several factors.
SPECIALIZED TRANSDUCTION BY BACTERIOPHAGE P22 IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM: GENETIC AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE TRANSDUCING GENOMES AND THE PROPHAGE ATTACHMENT SITE
Authors: Chan Russell K , Botstein David 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
P22pro-1 and P22pro-3 are specialized transducing derivatives of phage P22 that carry the proA and proB genes of Salmonella typhimurium. These genes lie immediately adjacent to the prophage attachment site on the bacterial chromosome. By examining DNA heteroduplexes in the electron microscope, we found that DNA molecules from P22pro-1 and P22pro-3 each contain a substitution which adds length to the composite genome making the intracellular replicated genome too long to fit into a single phage particle. In this respect, and in many of their biological properties, the proline-transducing phages resemble P22Tc-10, another specialized transducing phage with an oversize, intracellular replicated genome which carries a tetracycline-resistance determinant from an R-factor.—Unlike P22Tc-10, however, P22pro-1 and P22pro-3 fail to integrate normally during lysogenizing infections, even when provided with all known integration functions. These results suggest that the proline substitutions have created a defect in the phage attachment site and suggest that the Campbell model for the formation of specialized transducing phages is applicable to phage P22 with the additional feature that oversize genomes can be produced and propagated.—A physical and genetic map of the P22 genome near the prophage attachment site was constructed which shows that the insertion from the R-factor in P22Tc-10 is not at the attachment site: it is therefore unlikely that P22Tc-10 was formed in an abnormal prophage excision event as envisioned in the Campbell model, but was instead the result of a direct translocation from the R-plasmid to P22.
SIMULATION OF X-LINKED SELECTION IN DROSOPHILA
Authors: Hedrick Philip W 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The change in gene frequency for two X-linked mutants, y and w, in a number of experiments was compared to that predicted from a genetic simulation program which utilized estimated differences in relative mating ability, fecundity, and viability. The simulation gave excellent predictions of gene frequency change even when experiments were started with different initial gene frequencies in the males and females or when the two loci were segregating simultaneously. The rate of elimination was slower when there were unequal initial gene frequencies than when males and females had equal initial gene frequencies. Simulation demonstrated that this was a general phenomenon when there is strong selection but that the opposite is true for weak selection. In two other experiments, the mating advantage of wild-type males was balanced by a fecundity advantage in mutant females. In all four replicates of both experiments, the mutant was maintained for several generations at the high initial frequency but then decreased quickly and was eliminated. Results obtained restarting one of these experiments with flies from a generation after the decline in gene frequency indicated that a linked gene and not frequency-dependent selection was responsible for the unpredictable gene-frequency change in the mutant. Using a least squares technique, it was found that a recessive fecundity locus 15 map units from the w locus gave the best fit for bothexperiments.
EXTENSION OF THE LIMITS OF THE XDH STRUCTURAL ELEMENT IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Gelbart William , McCarron Margaret , Chovnick Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Experiments expanding the array of mutants affecting the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) structural element in Drosophila melanogaster are described. These include rosy eye color mutants which exhibit interallelic complementation, and mutants with normal eye color but lowered levels of XDH. Evidence is presented which argues that these are structural alterations in the enzyme. Recombination experiments were performed using these mutants as well as some electrophoretic variants. The two ends of the rosy locus are marked with mutant sites which are clearly structural in nature; the XDH structural element and the rosy null mutant map are completely concordant. A possible procedure to recover control element mutants is described.
MARKER EFFECTS ON REVERSION OF T4rII MUTANTS
Authors: Ronen Amiram , Rahat Ana , Halevy Calomira 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The frequencies of 2-aminopurine- and 5-bromouracil-induced A:T → G:C transitions were compared at nonsense sites throughout the rII region of bacteriophage T4. These frequencies are influenced both by adjacent base pairs within the nonsense codons and by extracodonic factors. Following 2AP treatment, they are high in amber (UAG) and lower in opal (UGA) codons than in allelic ochre (UAA) codons. In general, 5BU-induced transitions are more frequent in both amber and opal codons than in the allelic ochre codons. 2AP- and 5BU-induced transition frequencies in the first and third positions of opal codons are correlated with those in the corresponding positions of the allelic ochre codons. Similarly, the frequencies of 2AP-induced transition in the first and second positions of amber codons and their ochre alleles are correlated. However, there is little correlation between the frequencies of 5BU-induced transitions in the first and second positions of allelic amber and ochre codons.
THE mei-9a MUTANT OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER INCREASES MUTAGEN SENSITIVITY AND DECREASES EXCISION REPAIR
Authors: Boyd J B , Golino M D , Setlow R B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The mei-9a mutant of Drosophila melanogaster, which reduces meiotic recombination in females (Baker and Carpenter 1972), is deficient in the excision of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in both sexes. Assays were performed in primary cultures and established cell lines derived from embryos. An endonuclease preparation from M. luteus, which is specific for pyrimidine dimers, was employed to monitor UV-induced dimers in cellular DNA. The rate of disappearance of endonuclease-sensitive sites from DNA of control cells is 10-20 times faster than that from mei-9a cells. The mutant mei-218, which is also deficient in meiotic recombination, removes nuclease-sensitive sites at control rates. The mei-9a cells exhibit control levels of photorepair, postreplication repair and repair of single strand breaks. In mei-9 cells DNA synthesis and possibly postreplication repair are weakly sensitive to caffeine. Larvae which are hemizygous for either of the two mutants that define the mei-9 locus are hypersensitive to killing by the mutagens methyl methanesulfonate, nitrogen mustard and 2-acetylaminofluorene. Larvae hemizygous for the mei-218 mutant are insensitive to each of these reagents. These data demonstrate that the mei-9 locus is active in DNA repair of somatic cells. Thus functions involved in meiotic recombination are also active in DNA repair in this higher eukaryote. The results are consistent with the earlier suggestions (Baker and Carpenter 1972; Carpenter and Sandler 1974) that the mei-9 locus functions in the exchange events of meiosis. The mei-218 mutation behaves differently in genetic tests and our data suggest its function may be restricted to meiosis. These studies demonstrate that currently recognized modes of DNA repair can be efficiently detected in primary cell cultures derived from Drosophila embryos.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF TRANSDUCTION BY BACTERIOPHAGE ϕγ. I. GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TRANSDUCING SEGMENT
Authors: Gratia Jean-Pierre 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The bacteriophage Φγ, though related to the lambdoid phage φ80, has unusual features in its specialized transduction and is being investigated to determine the mechanism of the transduction process. Genetic analysis of the transducing element gives evidence for a relatively long and uniform linear segment, up to about 1% of the E. coli chromosome, extending in either direction from the prophage attachment site, e.g., on the right side: att80-tonB-trpABCDE-cysB-pryF. The att end includes a variable amount of phage genome, probably very short in most particles. In a small fraction of the transducing particles the phage segment may be more extensive and, conversely, the bacterial segment is shorter, ending around cysB. The transducing segment from modificationless bacteria carries a site susceptible to the K-restriction system which affects the efficiency of transduction.
GENE CONVERSION AND INTRAGENIC RECOMBINATION AT AT THE SUP6 LOCUS AND THE SURROUNDING REGION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Dicaprio Laura , Hastings P J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Spontaneous secondary mutations of the ochre suppressor SUP6 were selected in a haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unselected tetrads were dissected from crosses heterozygous for one of three alleles of SUP6 and for three other loci in this region which span a length of 14 map units (his2, cdc14 and met10). The study showed that all of these markers were characterized by high frequency of meiotic gene conversion and long conversion lengths which frequently extended into adjacent marked loci. Despite the high conversion frequency of SUP6, recombination between alleles of this locus reached a maximum frequency of only 2 × 10-3 prototrophs/spore. Although the allelic recombination frequencies were not distance dependent and consequently could not be used to order the alleles, the inequality between the two recombinant outside marker combinations among selected intragenic recombinants produced an internally consistent map of the suppressor locus. Recombination at SUP6 (whether detected as conversion in tetrads or the production of recombinants among random spores) was accompanied by significantly less than 50% outside marker recombination.
LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM FOR TWO X-LINKED GENES IN SARDINIA AND ITS BEARING ON THE STATISTICAL MAPPING OF THE HUMAN X CHROMOSOME
Authors: Filippi G , Rinaldi A , Palmarino R , Seravalli E , Siniscalco M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The distribution of four X-linked mutants (G6PD, Deutan, Protan and Xg) among lowland and once highly malarial populations of Sardinia discloses a clear-cut example of linkage disequilibrium between two of them (G6PD and Protan). In the same populations the distribution of G6PD-deficiency versus colorblindness of the Deutan type and the Xg blood-group is not significantly different from that expected at equilibrium. These data suggest indirectly that the loci for G6PD and Protan may be nearer to one another than those for G6PD and Deutan.
FREQUENCIES OF TWELVE ASCUS-TYPES AND ARRANGEMENT OF THREE GENES FROM TETRAD DATA
Authors: Harashima Satoshi , Oshima Yasuji 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Equations expressing the theoretical frequencies of twelve ascus-types in the tetrad analysis of a triply heterozygous diploid are described. Using these equations, a mapping procedure for a gene, X, is proposed. The procedure requires that two genes, X and Y, of the same phenotype be heterozygous and that the map position of Y be known, and that another standard gene, Z, show an independent phenotype from X and Y. This procedure does not require the laborious allelism test of the segregants to determine the allelic 2:2 segregation in tetrads for the X and Y genes, which is indispensable for mapping by the conventional procedure. The exact placement of the X gene on a chromosome is possible by the X2 minimization procedure in comparison with the expected frequencies of the six ascus-types or four spore-types deduced from the twelve expected ascus-types to give the optimal fit with the observed data.