bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐zero‐sum microbiome immune system interactions
Authors: Tuganbaev Timur , Honda Kenya 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFundamental asymmetries between the host and its microbiome in enzymatic activities and nutrient storage capabilities have promoted mutualistic adaptations on both sides. As a result, the enteric immune system has evolved so as not to cause a zero‐sum sterilization of non‐self, but rather achieve a non‐zero‐sum self‐reinforcing cooperation with its evolutionary partner the microbiome. In this review, we attempt to integrate the accumulated knowledge of immune—microbiome interactions into an evolutionary framework and trace the pattern of positive immune—microbiome feedback loops across epithelial, enteric nervous system, innate, and adaptive immune circuits. Indeed, the immune system requires commensal signals for its development and function, and reciprocally protects the microbiome from nutrient shortage and pathogen outgrowth. In turn, a healthy microbiome is the result of immune system curatorship as well as microbial ecology. The paradigms of host–microbiome asymmetry and the cooperative nature of their interactions identified in the gut are applicable across all tissues influenced by microbial activities. Incorporation of immune system influences into models of microbiome ecology will be a step forward toward defining what constitutes a healthy human microbiome and guide discoveries of novel host–microbiome mutualistic adaptations that may be harnessed for the promotion of human health.
Disruption to normal excitatory and inhibitory function within the medial prefrontal cortex in people with chronic pain
Authors: Kang David , Hesam‐Shariati Negin , McAuley James H. , Alam Monzurul , Trost Zina , Rae Caroline D. , Gustin Sylvia M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundGrowing evidence indicates a link between changes in the medial prefrontal cortex and the pathophysiology of chronic pain. In particular, chronic pain is associated with altered medial prefrontal anatomy and biochemistry. Due to the comorbid affective disorders seen across all pain conditions, the medial prefrontal cortex is a region of significance as it is involved in emotional processing. We have recently reported that a decrease in medial prefrontalN‐acetylaspartate and glutamate is associated with increased emotional dysregulation, indicating there are neurotransmitter imbalances in chronic pain. Therefore, we compared medial prefrontal neurochemistry in 24 people with chronic pain conditions to 24 age and sex‐matched healthy controls with no history of chronic pain.MethodGABA‐edited MEGA‐PRESS was used to measure GABA+levels, and short TE PRESS was used to measure glutamate levels in the medial prefrontal cortex. Psychometric measures regarding pain intensity a week before scanning, during the scan and the total duration of chronic pain, were also recorded and compared to measured GABA+and glutamate levels.ResultsThis study reveals that the presence of chronic pain is associated with significant decreases in medial prefrontal GABA+and glutamate. These findings support the hypothesis that chronic pain is associated with altered medial prefrontal biochemistry.ConclusionThe dysregulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter systems supports a model of disinhibition of chronic pain, which may play a key role in both the experience of persistent pain and its associated affective disturbances.SignificanceThis study reveals a significant reduction in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA+) and glutamate within the medial prefrontal cortex in chronic pain sufferers. While the current findings should be considered with reference to a small sample size, the disruption to normal excitatory and inhibitory medial prefrontal cortex function may be key in the development and maintenance of chronic pain and comorbid mental health disorders.
Combined use of β‐cyclodextrin and ionic liquid as electrolyte additives in EKC for separation and determination of carob's phenolics—A study of the synergistic effect
Authors: Christou Atalanti , Stavrou Ioannis J. , Kapnissi‐Christodoulou Constantina P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work, a simple, reliable, and fast capillary electrophoretic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 12 polyphenolic compounds, the most frequently found in carob's pulp and seeds. The present work deals with the development of a novel dual electrophoretic system based on the combined use of β‐CD and ionic liquid (IL) as buffer additives. A baseline separation of the target analytes was achieved in less than 10 min by using a BGE consisting of 35 mM borate along with 15 mM β‐CD and 3 mM l‐alanine tert butyl ester lactate (l‐AlaC4Lac) IL as buffer additives at pH 9.5, a temperature of 25°C, and an applied voltage of 30 kV. The application of the developed electrophoretic method to real samples enabled the identification and quantification of the main phenolic constituents of both ripe and unripe carob pulp extracts. The results revealed the predominance of gallic acid in both ripe (183.92 μg/g carob pulp) and unripe (205.10 μg/g carob pulp) carob pulp and highlighted the great influence of the ripening stage on carobs polyphenolic composition, with unripe pods being more enriched in polyphenols (total phenolics detected: 912.58 and 283.13 μg/g unripe and ripe carob pulp).
The impact of adopting stress‐tolerant maize on maize yield, maize income, and food security in Tanzania
Authors: Gebre Girma Gezimu , Mawia Harriet , Makumbi Dan , Rahut Dil Bahadur 
Published: July 2021

AbstractProductivity growth emanating from scientific advances offered by biotechnology and other plant breeding initiatives offers great promise for meeting the growing food demand worldwide. This justifies investments in agricultural research and development that have led to the development of stress‐tolerant maize varieties (STMVs) in Africa. While most literature has documented the average impacts of STMVs on productivity, this paper is premised on the fact that benefits from technology adoption are not the same across household. The paper addresses this information gap by examining potential heterogeneity in yield, income, and food security benefits from of adopting STMVs using a sample of 720 maize‐producing households from Tanzania. The dose‐response continuous treatment effect method supported by an endogenous switching probit model was used to estimate the heterogenous impact of STMV adoption on the three outcomes of interest. Results show that, overall, the adoption of stress‐tolerant maize varieties increased maize grain yield by about 1 ton/ha, maize income by about $62/ha. The adoption of STMVs also reduced the propensity to report mild, moderate, and severe food insecurity by 34%, 17%, and 6%, respectively. There are substantial idiosyncratic variations in the productivity, income, and food security effects depending on the scale of adoption, with a higher impact at lower dose levels of adoption. The heterogenous and pro‐poor nature of STMV adoption is also revealed through nonparametric results showing higher productivity benefits among households that are less endowed with wealth and knowledge. These findings underscore the need for further scaling of stress‐tolerant maize varieties for greater impact on the livelihoods of poor small‐scale farmers in Tanzania.
Guide to common skin disorders in donkeys
Authors: Thiemann Alex , Sullivan Rebekah 
Published: July 2021

Background: Although they are a minority equine species in the UK, donkeys are both much loved companion animals and conversely frequently neglected and suffer poor welfare. Skin disease is a common complaint and often presents at an advanced state due to a number of factors, including inadequate owner knowledge, infrequent checking and grooming, and a lack of concern for the welfare of the affected donkey, alongside donkey‐specific factors, such as a difference in hair coat from horses.Aim of the article: This article covers the main presenting signs that veterinary surgeons see in donkeys with skin disease, and offers guidance on diagnosis and treatment options.
Bootstrap inference and diagnostics in state space models: With applications to dynamic macro models
Authors: Angelini Giovanni , Cavaliere Giuseppe , Fanelli Luca 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the potentials of the bootstrap as a tool for inference on the parameters of macroeconometric models which admit a state space representation. We consider a bootstrap estimator of the parameters of state space models and show that the bootstrap realizations of this estimator, usually employed to approximate asymptotic confidence intervals,p‐values, and critical values of tests, can be also constructively used to build a test for forms of misspecifications which invalidate asymptotic normality. The test evaluates how “close or distant” the estimated state space model is from the case where asymptotic inference based on the Gaussian distribution applies. We derive sufficient conditions on the number of bootstrap repetitions,B, relative to the number of sample observations,T, for the test statistic to have a well‐defined asymptotic distribution under the null. Throughout the paper, we focus on the state space form of small‐scale monetary dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models and investigate the usefulness of our approach through Monte Carlo experiments and empirical illustrations based on US quarterly data. Results show that (i) bootstrapping the state space form provides highly reliable inference and (ii) the suggested test detects weakly identified parameters reasonably well in finite samples.
Mentor personality and attachment as correlates of youth mentoring relationship quality within a school‐based mentoring intervention: The moderating role of negative interactions
Authors: Younginer S. Taylor , Elledge L. Christian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Aims: Mentor relationship quality is considered a mechanism linking youth mentoring to positive developmental outcomes. It is important to understand the factors that promote high‐quality youth mentoring relationships. The current investigation examined whether certain mentor characteristics were associated with youth mentoring relationship quality.
Method: Children (n = 55) were participating in an efficacy trial of a lunchtime mentoring program for aggressive children. Children received two different mentors over the course of an academic year, resulting in 104 unique mentoring dyads. Analyses examined the unique and interactive influence of mentor personality, attachment style, and negative interactions within the mentoring relationship on mentoring relationship quality.
Results: For both child‐ and mentor‐reported relationship quality, negative interactions moderated the association between some dimensions of mentor personality and relationship quality.
Conclusion: Understanding the influence of mentor personality and attachment tendencies on mentoring relationships requires an appreciation for the context of the mentoring relationship and broader goals of the mentoring intervention.
Role of ultrasound in manual detorsion for testicular torsion
Authors: Hosokawa Takahiro , Tanami Yutaka , Sato Yumiko , Ishimaru Tetsuya , Kawashima Hiroshi , Oguma Eiji 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeManual detorsion can be performed for testicular torsion before scrotal exploration. Using sonographic findings, this study investigated the need for additional treatments after manual detorsion for testicular torsion.MethodsThis study evaluated 13 retrospective cases of testicular torsion subjected to manual detorsion. Manual detorsion was classified as failure or success based on residual spermatic cord twist. The following sonographic findings of the affected testis were compared using the Fisher exact test: whirlpool sign, horizontal or altered lie, and hypoperfusion.ResultsManual detorsion failed in five patients. There was a significant difference in the incidence of the whirlpool sign between the two groups (present/absent sign in the failure vs. success groups: 4/1 vs. 0/8, p = 0.007). Horizontal or altered lie and hypoperfusion in the affected testis were not significantly different between groups (5/0 vs. 3/4, p = 0.07, one case excluded, and 5/0 vs. 4/4, p = 0.10, respectively).ConclusionsUltrasound findings after manual detorsion, particularly, the whirlpool sign, were useful for planning subsequent treatment such as additional manual detorsion or surgical intervention. The testicular axis and the perfusion of the twisted testis may not recover to normal after successful manual detorsion, but if they recover, this procedure could be judged a success.
Pd/C‐catalyzed one‐potSuzuki‐Miyauracross‐coupling/hydrogenation of pyridine derivatives
Authors: Pitna Dinda B. , Tanaka Nao , Usuki Toyonobu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUsing bromopyridines and methoxyphenyl boronic acid as starting materials, consecutive Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling and hydrogenation reactions were undertaken using a heterogeneous Pd/C catalyst in one‐pot manner under mild conditions (balloon‐pressure at room temperature for hydrogenation) with excellent yield. To counter Pd leaching as well as catalyst poisoning, addition of an appropriate amount of H2O was crucial to achieving successful AcOH‐promoted hydrogenation, which ensured a selective reduction of the pyridine rings to the corresponding piperidines.
Gender differences in early stages of language development. Some evidence and possible explanations
Authors: Rinaldi Pasquale , Pasqualetti Patrizio , Volterra Virginia , Caselli Maria Cristina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt is a common feeling that girls speak earlier than boys; however, whether or not there are gender differences in early language acquisition remains controversial. The present paper aims to review the research on gender effects in early language acquisition and development, to determine whether, and from which age, an advantage for girls does eventually emerge. The focus is on the production of actions and communicative gestures, and early lexical comprehension and production, by girls and boys. The data from various studies that were conducted with direct and indirect tools suggest that some gender differences in actions, gesture, and lexical development depend on the interactions of different factors. Studies differ in terms of age ranges, sample sizes, and tools used, and the girl advantage is often slight and/or not evident at all ages considered. Statistical significance for gender differences appears to depend on the greater individual variability among boys, with respect to girls, which results in a greater number of boys classified as children with poor verbal ability. Biological (e.g., different maturational rates), neuropsychological (e.g., different cognitive strategies in solving tasks), and cultural (e.g., differences in the way parents relate socially to boys and girls) factors appear to interact, to create feedback loops of mutual reinforcement.
Tracing anti‐osteoporosis components from raw and salt‐processed semen of Cuscuta chinensis by employing a biochemometrics strategy that integrates ultrasonic‐assisted extraction, quantitation, efficacy assessment in zebrafish, and grey relationship analysis
Authors: Tao Yi , Chen Lin , Pan Meiling , Zhu Fei , Yan Jizhong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSemen of Cuscuta chinensis has been reported to have an anti‐osteoporosis effect, however, the components which account for the anti‐osteoporosis effect have not been clarified. In this work we propose a biochemometrics strategy that integrates quantitation, anti‐osteoporosis evaluation in zebrafish, and grey relationship analysis for the identification of anti‐osteoporosis components from the semen of Cuscuta chinensis. In the beginning, a precise and accurate liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method was established for simultaneous quantitation of seven major components in crude and salt‐processed Cuscuta chinensis. The mode of multiple reaction monitoring was used. Chloramphenicol was selected as the internal standard. The method showed good linearity and repeatability. The recovery rates of each component ranged from 95.4 to 103.9%. The precisions of intra‐day and inter‐day were all within 5.0%. The method was then applied for quantitation of the seven major components in 11 batches of crude and salt‐processed Cuscuta chinensis. Subsequently, the anti‐osteoporosis effects of crude and salt‐processed Cuscuta chinensis were evaluated in zebrafish. Principle component analysis, grey relationship analysis, and partial least squares regression were applied for deciphering the relationship between the contents of seven major components and the anti‐osteoporosis effects. Hyperin, p‐hydroxycinnamic acid, and astragalin were found to be the major anti‐osteoporosis components.
Chiral Photonic Circuits for Deterministic Spin Transfer
Authors: Xiao Shan , Wu Shiyao , Xie Xin , Yang Jingnan , Wei Wenqi , Shi Shushu , Song Feilong , Dang Jianchen , Sun Sibai , Yang Longlong , Wang Yunuan , Yan Sai , Zuo Zhanchun , Wang Ting , Zhang Jianjun , Jin Kuijuan , Xu Xiulai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChiral quantum optics has attracted considerable interest in the field of quantum information science. Exploiting the spin‐polarization properties of quantum emitters and engineering rational photonic nanostructures has made it possible to transform information from spin to path encoding. Here, compact chiral photonic circuits with deterministic circularly polarized chiral routing and beamsplitting are demonstrated using two laterally adjacent waveguides coupled with quantum dots. Chiral routing arises from the electromagnetic field chirality in waveguide, and beamsplitting is obtained via the evanescent field coupling. The spin‐ and position‐dependent directional spontaneous emission are achieved by spatially selective micro‐photoluminescence measurements, with a chiral contrast of up to 0.84 in the chiral photonic circuits. This makes a significant advancement for broadening the application scenarios of chiral quantum optics and developing scalable quantum photonic networks.
Mechanical Properties of Single‐Layer Diamond Reinforced Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposites through Atomistic Simulation
Authors: Li Chengkai , Zhang Zheyi , Zhan Haifei , Zheng Zhuoqun , Bai Jingshuai , Gu Yuantong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLow‐dimensional carbon nanostructures are ideal nanofillers to reinforce the mechanical performance of polymer nanocomposites due to their excellent mechanical properties. Through molecular dynamics simulations, the mechanical performance of poly(vinyl alchohol) (PVA) nanocomposites reinforced with a single‐layer diamond – diamane is investigated. It is found the PVA/diamane exhibits similar interfacial strengths and pull‐out characteristics with the PVA/bilayer‐graphene counterpart. Specifically, when the nanofiller is fully embedded in the nanocomposite, it is unable to deform simultaneously with the PVA matrix due to the weak interfacial load transfer efficiency, thus the enhancement effect is not significant. In comparison, diamane can effectively promote the tensile properties of the nanocomposite when it has a laminated structure as it deforms simultaneously with the matrix. With this configuration, the interlayer sp3 bonds endows diamane with a much higher resistance under compression and shear tests, thus the nanocomposite can reach very high compressive and shear stress. Overall, enhancement on the mechanical interlocking at the interface as triggered by surface functionalization is only effective for the fully embedded nanofiller. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the mechanical properties of PVA nanocomposites reinforced by diamane, which can shed lights on the design and preparation of next generation high‐performance nanocomposites.
High Elongation and Transparent Nacre‐Inspired PVA/MMT Nanocomposites
Authors: Mu Zhongcheng , Wu Shufan , Huang Xiaobin , Zhang Wei , Yi Jiyuan , Jiang Ningjing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCurrently, high strength nacre‐inspired PVA/MMT (polyvinyl alcohol/montmorillonite) nanocomposites with high MMT nanofiller content (50–70 wt%) have been constructed successfully. However, this seriously sacrifices the elongation and reduces the corresponding transparency. In this paper, high elongation and transparent PVA/MMT nanocomposites with high MMT content are prepared by the evaporation‐induced assembly with the introduction of the micro‐crosslinking. Results demonstrate that the micro‐crosslinking can inhibit the formation of rod‐shaped arrays, and contribute to a more ordered layered microstructure, where an elongation of 76.2% in 47.8 wt% MMT content nanocomposites is gained, nearly 19 times of that of non‐crosslinked nanocomposites (ultimate strain is 4.1%). This provides a potential approach for compromise between high strength and excellent elongation at the same MMT content. Moreover, disappearance of rod‐shaped arrays and resultant ordered layered microstructure make eventual films more transparent.
Post‐traumatic disorder symptom severity in the perspective of hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology spectra and dysfunctional personality domains among trauma‐exposed community‐dwelling women
Authors: Somma Antonella , Krueger Robert F. , Markon Kristian E. , Gialdi Giulia , Boscaro Linda , Fossati Andrea 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTo assess the relationships between post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) components, Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) spectra, and dysfunctional personality domains, the Post‐Traumatic Checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5); the Personality Inventory for DSM‐5‐Brief Form+ (PID‐5BF+); and self‐report measures of HiTOP Internalizing, Thought Disorders, and Externalizing spectra were administered to 387 trauma‐exposed Italian community‐dwelling women. Before structural equation modeling (SEM), measurement components of models were assessed using confirmatory factor analyses. Both taxometric and Gaussian mixture analysis results were consistent with a dimensional representation of the PCL‐5 scores. SEM results showed that PTSD components, at least as they were operationalized by the PCL‐5 scores, were positively, significantly, and substantially associated with HiTOP Internalizing and Thought Disorder Spectra latent dimensions, as well as with Negative Affectivity, Detachment, and Psychoticism personality domains.