bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The transcriptomic landscapes of rice cultivars with diverse root system architectures grown in upland field conditions
Authors: Kawakatsu Taiji , Teramoto Shota , Takayasu Satoko , Maruyama Natsuko , Nishijima Ryo , Kitomi Yuka , Uga Yusaku 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYRoot system architecture affects plant drought resistance and other key agronomic traits such as lodging. However, although phenotypic and genomic variation has been extensively analyzed, few field studies have integrated phenotypic and transcriptomic information, particularly for below‐ground traits such as root system architecture. Here, we report the phenotypic and transcriptomic landscape of 61 rice (Oryza sativa) accessions with highly diverse below‐ground traits grown in an upland field. We found that four principal components explained the phenotypic variation and that accessions could be classified into four subpopulations (indica, aus, japonica and admixed) based on their tiller numbers and crown root diameters. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes associated with specific subpopulations were enriched with stress response‐related genes, suggesting that subpopulations have distinct stress response mechanisms. Root growth was negatively correlated with auxin‐inducible genes, suggesting an association between auxin signaling and upland field conditions. A negative correlation between crown root diameter and stress response‐related genes suggested that thicker crown root diameter is associated with resistance to mild drought stress. Finally, co‐expression network analysis implemented with DNA affinity purification followed by sequencing analysis identified phytohormone signaling networks and key transcription factors negatively regulating crown root diameter. Our datasets provide a useful resource for understanding the genomic and transcriptomic basis of phenotypic variation under upland field conditions.
Association of Veterinary Hematology and Transfusion Medicine (AVHTM) transfusion reaction small animal consensus statement (TRACS). Part 3: Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Odunayo Adesola , Nash Katherine J , Davidow Elizabeth B. , Blois Shauna L. , Goy‐Thollot Isabelle , Harris Lauren , Humm Karen , Musulin Sarah , Sharp Claire R. , Spada Eva , Thomason John , Walton Jenny , Jane Wardrop K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically review available evidence to develop guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of transfusion‐associated reactions in dogs and cats.DesignStandardized and systemic evaluation of the literature (identified through Medline via PubMed and Google Scholar searches) was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. The available evidence was evaluated using PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions generated for each reaction type. The evidence was categorized by level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Guidelines, diagnostic, and treatment algorithms were generated based on the evaluation of the evidence. Consensus on the final guidelines was achieved through Delphi‐style surveys. Draft recommendations were disseminated through veterinary specialty listservs for review and comments, which were evaluated and integrated prior to final publication.ResultsMedline via PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched. There were 14 Population Intervention Comparison Outcome questions identified and corresponding worksheets were developed focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of transfusion‐associated reactions in dogs and cats. Fourteen guidelines and four algorithms were developed with a high degree of consensus.ConclusionsThis systematic evidence evaluation process yielded recommended diagnostic and treatment algorithms for use in practice. However, significant knowledge gaps were identified, demonstrating the need for additional research in veterinary transfusion medicine.
Association of Veterinary Hematology and Transfusion Medicine (AVHTM) Transfusion Reaction Small Animal Consensus Statement (TRACS) Part 2: Prevention and monitoring
Authors: Davidow Elizabeth B. , Blois Shauna L. , Goy‐Thollot Isabelle , Harris Lauren , Humm Karen , Musulin Sarah , Nash Katherine J. , Odunayo Adesola , Sharp Claire R. , Spada Eva , Thomason John , Walton Jenny , Wardrop K. Jane 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically review available evidence to develop guidelines for the prevention of transfusion reactions and monitoring of transfusion administration in dogs and cats.DesignEvidence evaluation of the literature (identified through Medline searches through Pubmed and Google Scholar searches) was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. Evidence was evaluated using PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions generated for each reaction type. Evidence was categorized by level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Guidelines for prevention and monitoring were generated based on the synthesis of the evidence. Consensus on the final recommendations and a proposed transfusion administration monitoring form was achieved through Delphi‐style surveys. Draft recommendations and the monitoring form were made available through veterinary specialty listservs and comments were incorporated.ResultsTwenty‐nine guidelines and a transfusion administration monitoring form were formulated from the evidence review with a high degree of consensusConclusionsThis systematic evidence evaluation process yielded recommended prevention and monitoring guidelines and a proposed transfusion administration form. However, significant knowledge gaps were identified, demonstrating the need for additional research in veterinary transfusion medicine.
The Theory of Plasticity—An Outline of Work Done in Russia
Authors: Sokolovsky W. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The theory of plasticity as an important part of the mechanics of continuous materials has occupied the attention of many Russian workers in recent years. In the first paper in this field published in 1935, by S. Sobolev (17) the propagation in time of a plastic zone was investigated around a circular hole in an infinite plate. The plastic zone was assumed to have a polar symmetric shape. Based on the works of L. Prandtl, Th. von Kármán, R. von Mises, H. Hencky, A. Nadai, and others, more recently, a group of young Russian engineers have investigated further the theory of plasticity and added many new developments to it. While the investigations abroad and in Europe, outside of Russia, were being aimed at establishing the validity of the theory of plasticity, most of the papers appearing in the literature in Russia were devoted to the solutions of concrete problems. This review does not attempt to discuss broadly the work done in the theory of plasticity. The author confines himself to certain parts of the theory which have been developed in Russia. Naturally those closest to his own scientific interests have been selected for treatment.
Design of Crankpins for Locomotives
Authors: Horger O. J. , Cantley W. I. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This progress report presents the results of a fatigue investigation made on full-size 9 1/2-in-diam crankpins by the Association of American Railroads. The primary object of this study was to develop an improved crankpin-and-wheel assembly which will alleviate crankpin fatigue failures occurring in the wheel-fit portion in service. A total of 50 full-size crankpin-and-wheel assemblies were tested, using four different types of pins. All pins were of plain-carbon steel, normalized and tempered, having a carbon content of 0.52 per cent and manganese of 0.80 per cent. Large double-ended cantilever-type fatigue machines subjected the crankpin-and-wheel assemblies to rotating-hending stresses. The fatigue resistance of the conventional assembly, against the crankpin breaking off in the wheel fit, may be expressed as 100 per cent. The other three types of pins gave values of 136, 146, and over 200 per cent (Table 7). Even with this greatly improved breaking-off strength, shallow fatigue cracks were found to initiate in the wheel-fit portion of all four types of pins at bending stresses much below what was required to propagate the cracks to complete fracture.
Measurements of Friction in a Pipe for Subsonic and Supersonic Flow of Air
Authors: Keenan J. H. , Neumann E. P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The apparent friction coefficient was determined experimentally for the flow of air through smooth pipes at subsonic and supersonic velocities. Values of the Mach number ranged from 0.27 to 3.87, and of Reynolds number from 1 × 105 to 8.7 × 105. In supersonic flow the results were found to be strongly influenced by the presence of oblique shocks formed at the junction of nozzle and pipe. The effect of these shocks on the coefficient of friction was determined. Nozzle forms were devised which eliminated the shocks and their effects. It was found that at distances from the pipe inlet greater than 50 diam the apparent coefficient of friction for compressible flow at Mach numbers greater or less than 1 is approximately equal, for equal Reynolds numbers, to the coefficient of friction for incompressible flow with completely developed boundary layer. Mach numbers greater than 1 are rarely maintained for lengths greater than 50 diam. For attainable lengths, the coefficient of friction is a function of the ratio of length to diameter and the Reynolds number, with the Mach number at entrance determining the maximum attainable length.
General Stress-Strain Laws of Elasticity and Plasticity
Authors: Gleyzal A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The stress-strain laws discussed in this paper apply to problems where the material is elastic in some regions and plastic in others, for example, in a plastic-torsion problem or in a plastic-bending problem. These laws have experimental verification for metals in cases where strains are small and stresses and strains are either monotonically increasing or monotonically decreasing at any one point.
Reconstructing Compressor Non-Uniform Circumferential Flow Field From Spatially Undersampled Data—Part 1: Methodology and Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Lou Fangyuan , Key Nicole L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The flow field in a compressor is circumferentially non-uniform due to the wakes from upstream stators, the potential field from both upstream and downstream stators, and blade row interactions. This non-uniform flow impacts stage performance as well as blade forced vibrations. Historically, experimental characterization of the circumferential flow variation is achieved by circumferentially traversing either a probe or the stator rows. This involves the design of complex traverse mechanisms and can be costly. To address this challenge, a novel method is proposed to reconstruct compressor non-uniform circumferential flow field using spatially under-sampled data points from a few probes at fixed circumferential locations. The paper is organized into two parts. In the present part of the paper, details of the multi-wavelet approximation for the reconstruction of circumferential flow and use of the particle swarm optimization algorithm for selection of probe positions are presented. Validation of the method is performed using the total pressure field in a multi-stage compressor representative of small core compressors in aero engines. The circumferential total pressure field is reconstructed from eight spatially distributed data points using a triple-wavelet approximation method. Results show good agreement between the reconstructed and the true total pressure fields. Also, a sensitivity analysis of the method is conducted to investigate the influence of probe spacing on the errors in the reconstructed signal.
Uncertainty Quantification of Spalart–Allmaras Turbulence Model Coefficients for Compressor Stall
Authors: He Xiao , Zhao Fanzhou , Vahdati Mehdi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The turbulence model in Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations is crucial in the prediction of the compressor stall margin. In this paper, parametric uncertainty of the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model in predicting two-dimensional airfoil stall and three-dimensional compressor stall has been investigated using a metamodel-based Monte Carlo method. The model coefficients are represented by uniform distributions within physically acceptable ranges. The quantities of interest include characteristic curves, stall limit, blockage size, and turbulence magnitude. Results show that the characteristics can be well predicted in the stable flow range, but the inaccuracy and the uncertainty increase when approaching stall. The stall point of the airfoil can be enveloped by the parametric uncertainty range, but that of the rotor cannot. Sensitivity analyses identified the crucial model coefficients to be source related, where an increase in the predicted turbulence level will delay the onset of stall. Such results imply that implementing new turbulence production terms with respect to the rotor-specific flow features is likely to improve the model accuracy. The findings in this paper not only provide engineering rules of thumb for the model users but also guide the future implementation of a data-driven turbulence model for the model developers.
Numerical and Experimental Study on Rotating Stall in Industrial Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Miura Toshimasa , Yamashita Hideaki , Takeuchi Ryota , Sakai Naoto 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Centrifugal compressors employed in the oil and gas industry are operated at high gas pressure conditions and are used in a wide operation range. Accurate prediction of the rotating stall and the destabilizing aerodynamic force is one of the key technologies for these compressors. The aim of this study is to establish a method of accurately predicting the inception of rotating stall and its effect on shaft vibration. To achieve this, numerical investigations are carried out by unsteady flow and rotordynamic simulations. To validate the accuracy, an experiment is carried out at relatively high gas pressure conditions. In the first part of the study, the accuracy of compressor performance prediction is studied by steady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. It is found that by taking the wall roughness effect into account, the predicted performance shows good agreement with the experimental result. In the second part of the study, the accuracy of predicting the rotating stall is studied. In the experiment, two types of rotating stalls are measured. One is a multiple-cell stall induced in the vaneless diffuser and the other is a one-cell stall induced in the impeller. It is found that the simulation can predict the inception of the rotating stall with relatively high accuracy as the predicted results show good agreement with the experimental results in terms of cell count, rotation speed, pressure fluctuation level, and the effect on shaft vibration. Through this study, the effectiveness of simulation is validated for the stall and vibration prediction.
Application of Scale Adaptive Simulation Model to Studying Cooling Characteristics of a High Pressure Turbine Blade Cutback Trailing Edge With Different Cooling Configurations
Authors: Li Yue-feng , Xu Hua-zhao , Wang Jian-hua , Song Wei , Wang Ming , Liu Tai-qiu , Wang Xu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Effective cooling structure design in the trailing edge (TE) of a high pressure turbine (HPT) blade is essential to increase turbine efficiency and maintain structural integrity. To obtain efficient cooling structures and understand clearly cooling mechanism, this paper adopted numerical simulation methods to investigate fluid flow and cooling characteristics in detail downstream of an HPT blade TE cutback region. The effects of typical TE configurations on cutback cooling performance are investigated including three types of internal turbulators (cylindrical pin fins and elliptic pin fins arranged in streamwise and spanwise orientations), the cutback with/without land extensions and three kinds of ejection lip profiles (one straight lip shape marked as “A” and two rounded lip shapes marked as “B” and “C,” respectively). The scale adaptive simulation (SAS) is implemented to study the complex unsteady mixing process downstream of the cutback under operating condition of blowing ratio M = 0.65. The results from the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω model are compared as well. SAS is capable to reproduce the periodical vortex shedding phenomena and resolve the vortices coherent structures. Compared with the experimental data, SAS provides more accurate predictions in terms of laterally averaged adiabatic cooling effectiveness ηaw and discharge coefficient Cd than the SST k–ω model. At the rear part of the cutback surface, large deterioration in ηaw is predicted by SAS for all configurations, but ηaw is considerably overpredicted by the SST k–ω model except for the case of elliptic pin fins with spanwise orientation. The elliptic pin fins with streamwise orientation significantly improve ηaw at the rear part of the cutback surface over the baseline model with cylindrical pin fins and slightly increase Cd. However, the elliptic pin fins with spanwise orientation drastically reduce the ηaw and Cd. Downstream of the cutback, the coherent structures are strongly disturbed and become chaotic compared with the TE with cylindrical and streamwise oriented elliptic pin fins. The application of land extensions only causes an evident change to the coherent structure immediate downstream of the lip and slightly improves ηaw and reduces Cd over the baseline model at the rear part of the cutback surface. Rounded lip shapes B and C also show an obvious increase in ηaw at the rear part of the cutback surface but only a minor increase in Cd compared with the straight lip shape A. The rounded lip helps the coolant diffuse into the TE cutback and reduce the intensity of mixing. Due to larger rounding radius of shape B, the cooling effectiveness predicted by shape B is slightly better than shape C.
“As Many as Possible for as Long as Possible”—A Case Study of a Soccer Team That Fosters Multiple Outcomes
Authors: Erikstad Martin K. , Tore Johansen Bjørn , Johnsen Marius , Haugen Tommy , Côté Jean 
Published: March 2021

The personal assets framework suggests that dynamic elements of (a) personal engagement in activities, (b) quality social dynamics, and (c) appropriate settings will influence an athlete’s long-term outcomes of performance, personal development, and continued participation in sport. The aim of the present study was to conduct a case study of a Norwegian age-restricted team that was successful in promoting participation, performance, and positive development for individual participants and to investigate how the dynamic elements of activities, social dynamics, and settings have led to these long-term outcomes. The results indicated that the case is a best-practice example of successful attainment of personal development and long-term participation and performance through appropriate structure and application of the dynamic elements within the personal assets framework, including enjoyable peer-led play activities and quality practice, quality relationships with teammates and coaches, and access to facilities.
Treatment of advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia, are we on the way to personalised medicine?
Authors: Rinke Anja , Auernhammer Christoph J , Bodei Lisa , Kidd Mark , Krug Sebastian , Lawlor Rita , Marinoni Ilaria , Perren Aurel , Scarpa Aldo , Sorbye Halfdan , Pavel Marianne Ellen , Weber Matthias M , Modlin Irvin , Gress Thomas M 
Published: March 2021

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia (GEPNEN) comprises clinically as well as prognostically diverse tumour entities often diagnosed at late stage. Current classification provides a uniform terminology and a Ki67-based grading system, thereby facilitating management. Advances in the study of genomic and epigenetic landscapes have amplified knowledge of tumour biology and enhanced identification of prognostic and potentially predictive treatment subgroups. Translation of this genomic and mechanistic biology into advanced GEPNEN management is limited. ‘Targeted’ treatments such as somatostatin analogues, peptide receptor radiotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors are treatment options but predictive tools are lacking. The inability to identify clonal heterogeneity and define critical oncoregulatory pathways prior to therapy, restrict therapeutic efficacy as does the inability to monitor disease status in real time. Chemotherapy in the poor prognosis NEN G3 group, though associated with acceptable response rates, only leads to short-term tumour control and their molecular biology requires delineation to provide new and more specific treatment options.The future requires an exploration of the NEN tumour genome, its microenvironment and an identification of critical oncologic checkpoints for precise drug targeting. In the advance to personalised medical treatment of patients with GEPNEN, clinical trials need to be based on mechanistic and multidimensional characterisation of each tumour in order to identify the therapeutic agent effective for the individual tumour.This review surveys advances in NEN research and delineates the current status of translation with a view to laying the basis for a genome-based personalised medicine management of advanced GEPNEN.
Targeting cancer-associated fibroblast-secreted WNT2 restores dendritic cell-mediated antitumour immunity
Authors: Huang Tu-Xiong , Tan Xiang-Yu , Huang Hui-Si , Li Yu-Ting , Liu Bei-Lei , Liu Kai-Sheng , Chen Xinchun , Chen Zhe , Guan Xin-Yuan , Zou Chang , Fu Li 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveSolid tumours respond poorly to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies. One major therapeutic obstacle is the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the TME and negatively regulate antitumour T-cell response. Here, we aimed to uncover the mechanism underlying CAFs-mediated tumour immune evasion and to develop novel therapeutic strategies targeting CAFs for enhancing ICI efficacy in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC).DesignAnti-WNT2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used to treat immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice bearing subcutaneously grafted mEC25 or CMT93 alone or combined with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and the antitumour efficiency and immune response were assessed. CAFs-induced suppression of dendritic cell (DC)-differentiation and DC-mediated antitumour immunity were analysed by interfering with CAFs-derived WNT2, either by anti-WNT2 mAb or with short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown. The molecular mechanism underlying CAFs-induced DC suppression was further explored by RNA-sequencing and western blot analyses.ResultsA negative correlation between WNT2+CAFs and active CD8+T cells was detected in primary OSCC tumours. Anti-WNT2 mAb significantly restored antitumour T-cell responses within tumours and enhanced the efficacy of anti-PD-1 by increasing active DC in both mouse OSCC and CRC syngeneic tumour models. Directly interfering with CAFs-derived WNT2 restored DC differentiation and DC-mediated antitumour T-cell responses. Mechanistic analyses further demonstrated that CAFs-secreted WNT2 suppresses the DC-mediated antitumour T-cell response via the SOCS3/p-JAK2/p-STAT3 signalling cascades.ConclusionsCAFs could suppress antitumour immunity through WNT2 secretion. Targeting WNT2 might enhance the ICI efficacy and represent a new anticancer immunotherapy.