bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medial gastrocnemius growth in children who are typically developing: Can changes in muscle volume and length be accurately predicted from age?
Authors: Obst Steven , Florance Kaysie , Heales Luke , Barber Lee 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMuscle size is an important determinant of muscular fitness and health, and so it is important to have accurate estimates of actual muscle growth in children. This study compared actual versus age‐predicted growth rates of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle in young children over a 12‐month period. Three‐dimensional ultrasound was used to measure MG length and volume in 50 children (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age = 70.3 ± 29.9 months) to establish age‐predicted muscle growth rates using a least‐squares linear regression. Twenty children (mean ± SD age = 78.5 ± 27.2 months) were followed up at 6 and 12 months to establish actual muscle growth of MG volume and length. These data were then compared to their age‐predicted muscle growth from the linear regression equation using paired t‐tests and Bland–Altman limits of agreement method. Age‐predicted MG growth significantly underestimated actual muscle growth for both volume and length at each timepoint. On average, actual muscle volume and length were 11.5% and 21.5% greater than the age‐predicted volume and length respectively. Caution is warranted when predicting future muscle size in young children based solely on age.
Predictors of oral chemotherapy adherence at home among Chinese cancer patients: An observational prospective study
Authors: Chen Yongfeng , Zhang Liyuan , Wei Cuiling , Chen Fangfang , Bai Jinbing 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTo explore whether medication non‐adherence experience, readiness for hospital discharge, financial toxicity and symptoms predicted oral chemotherapy adherence at home for Chinese cancer patients.BackgroundOral chemotherapy adherence is critical to determine the treatment efficacy among cancer patients. Identifying predictors before discharge from hospital based on transition theory could assist healthcare providers to improve oral chemotherapy adherence at home.DesignAn observational prospective study.MethodsBetween October 2018 and December 2019, self‐reported questionnaires were used to collect data among 151 cancer patients with oral chemotherapy at home. At discharge, baseline data of patient‐perceived readiness for hospital discharge, financial toxicity and non‐adherence experience were collected, while symptoms and adherence of oral chemotherapy at home were collected after finishing one cycle of oral chemotherapy at home (21 days, the first 14 days received oral chemotherapy). Regression analyses were performed for the predictors’ explorations. The STROBE guidelines were followed.ResultsAmong 151 participants with oral chemotherapy at home, 30.46% of patients reported medication non‐adherence experience at discharge and 82.12% of patients reported adherence to oral chemotherapy at home. Patients with non‐adherence experience at discharge were 5.4 times more likely to being non‐adhered to oral chemotherapy at home. Numbness were the most frequent and severe symptoms during at home, patients with numbness were 6.6 times more likely to being non‐adhered to oral chemotherapy. Although patients reported high level of readiness for discharge and financial toxicity at discharge, which did not predicted oral chemotherapy adherence at home.ConclusionsPatients with medication non‐adherence experience at discharge and symptom of numbness from oral chemotherapy suggested a higher risk of oral chemotherapy non‐adherence at home.Relevance to clinical practicePreventive interventions should focus on patients with previous medication non‐adherence experience at discharge and experiencing numbness to promote oral chemotherapy adherence.
Human white adipose tissue: A highly dynamic metabolic organ
Authors: Arner Peter , Rydén Mikael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecent technological developments have allowed determination of the age of fat cells and their lipids in adult humans. In contrast to prior views, this has demonstrated a high turnover rate of the fat cells (10%/year) and their unilocular lipid droplets (six times/10 years). Fat cell turnover is increased in obesity and when adipose tissue is composed of many but small adipocytes (hyperplasia, a benign adipose phenotype). While fat mass gain increases adipocyte number and size, only the latter is altered (decreased) after weight loss, which may facilitate weight regain. Fat cell lipid turnover is attenuated in subjects with excess body fat. In the subcutaneous region, this dysregulation occurs already in the overweight state while in the visceral depot, it is only observed in severe obesity. This may explain why the latter depot is particularly pernicious in the overweight/obese state as it allows for more rapid lipid fluxes between visceral fat and the liver. Adipose lipid turnover decreases during ageing due to impaired breakdown (lipolysis) of stored triglycerides. If this decline is not compensated by reduced adipocyte lipid uptake, bodyweight will increase over time. In concordance with this, low lipolysis rates are a risk factor for future weight gain and glucose intolerance. Adipose lipid turnover is also decreased in insulin resistance and certain forms of dyslipidemia. Altogether, adult human adipose tissue is in a highly dynamic state. Alterations in the turnover of fat cells and their lipids are therefore novel factors to consider in the pathophysiology of common metabolic disorders.
Does the adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene confer risk of sleepwalking?
Authors: Fournier Simon , Dauvilliers Yves , Warby Simon C. , Labrecque Marjorie , Zadra Antonio , Boucetta Soufiane , El Gewely Maryam , Kaddioui Houda , Lopez Régis , Montplaisir Jacques Y. , Bareke Eric , Tétreault Martine , Desautels Alex 
Published: December 2021

SummarySleepwalking is a common non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnia and a significant cause of sleep‐related injuries. While evidence suggest that the occurrence of this condition is partly determined by genetic factors, its pattern of inheritance remains unclear, and few molecular studies have been conducted. One promising candidate is the adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene. Adenosine and the ADA enzyme play an important role in the homeostatic regulation of NREM sleep. In a single sleepwalking family, genome‐wide analysis identified a locus on chromosome 20, where ADA lies. In this study, we examined if variants in the ADA gene were associated with sleepwalking. In total, 251 sleepwalking patients were clinically assessed, and DNA samples were compared to those from 94 unaffected controls. Next‐generation sequencing of the whole ADA gene was performed. Bio‐informatic analysis enabled the identification of variants and assessed variants enrichment in our cohort compared to controls. We detected 25 different coding and non‐coding variants, of which 22 were found among sleepwalkers. None were enriched in the sleepwalking population. However, many missense variants were predicted as likely pathogenic by at least two in silico prediction algorithms. This study involves the largest sleepwalking cohort in which the role of a susceptibility gene was investigated. Our results did not reveal an association between ADA gene and sleepwalking, thus ruling out the possibility of ADA as a major genetic factor for this condition. Future work is needed to identify susceptibility genes.
Towards resolving taxonomic uncertainties in wolf, dog and jackal lineages of Africa, Eurasia and Australasia
Authors: Krofel M. , Hatlauf J. , Bogdanowicz W. , Campbell L. A. D. , Godinho R. , Jhala Y. V. , Kitchener A. C. , Koepfli K.‐P. , Moehlman P. , Senn H. , Sillero‐Zubiri C. , Viranta S. , Werhahn G. , Alvares F. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSuccessful conservation depends on accurate taxonomy. Currently, the taxonomy of canids in Africa, Eurasia and Australasia is unstable as recent molecular and morphological studies have questioned earlier phenetic classifications. We review available information on several taxa of Old World and Australasian Canis with phylogenetic uncertainties (namely, African jackals, Asian wolves and Australasian dogs), in order to assess the validity of suggested scientific names and provide a scientific basis for reaching a taxonomic consensus primarily based on molecular data, but also including morphology, biogeography and behavioural ecology. We identify major knowledge gaps, provide recommendations for future research and discuss conservation implications of an updated taxonomic framework. Recent molecular studies indicate that the former Afro‐Eurasian ‘golden jackal’ represents two distinct lineages, the golden jackal (Canis aureus) from Eurasia and the African wolf (C. lupaster) from Africa. Phylogenetic research also indicates that the side‐striped and black‐backed jackals form a monophyletic group that branched earlier than Canis, Cuon and Lycaon, which should be reassigned to the genus Lupulella as L. adusta and L. mesomelas, respectively. The Himalayan/Tibetan and Indian wolf lineages appear to have diverged earlier and are distinct from all other grey wolves (C. lupus) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genome data. However, until genome‐wide data from multiple individuals across the range clarify relationships with other taxa, we suggest referring to the Himalayan/Tibetan wolf lineage as Canis lupus chanco. We support the currently accepted nomenclature for the Indian wolf Canis lupus pallipes for the wolf populations found on the Indian subcontinent and possibly also in south‐western Asia (exact geographical boundary pending). The information presented here provides a current and consistent taxonomic framework for use by conservationists and other practitioners, but it is also intended to stimulate further research to resolve current uncertainties affecting the taxonomy of Old World canids.
Membership in a kind: Nature, norms, and profound disability
Authors: Vorhaus John 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCan rationality serve as the basis of respect for people who do not have this capacity? This paper starts from the assumption that rationality is both the norm for the human species and the basis of respect. The paper considers whether the species norm determines the nature of those profoundly disabled people who do not themselves possess the norm‐related characteristics, and if it does, whether this implies that these same individuals are owed respect. The principal conclusion is that, while a positive response to these questions has its merits, it faces hard questions of its own, some of which appear insoluble. If that is what they are, then any attempt to ground respect for profoundly disabled people on an appeal to rationality as the species norm will fail, and those of us who believe that this group of human beings is owed respect will have to come up with an alternative explanation.
“How dare you?!”: A self‐verification perspective on how performance influences the effects of abusive supervision on job embeddedness and subsequent turnover
Authors: Smith Troy A. , Boulamatsi Artemis , Dimotakis Nikolaos , Tepper Bennett J. , Runnalls Blake A. , Reina Christopher S. , Lucianetti Lorenzo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHigher‐performing employees are extremely important to organizations due to their superior contribution to unit performance and vaulted value within their teams. In turn, they espouse higher work‐specific self‐worth (WSSW) evaluations that influence how they react to abusive supervision. Taking a self‐verification perspective, we theoretically explain how performance (through WSSW) augments the aversive nature of abusive supervision, which in turn affects higher‐performing employees’ job embeddedness and subsequent decisions to quit their jobs. Across three field studies, our model is supported as we find that performance is positively related to WSSW, which magnifies the negative effects of abusive supervision on satisfaction. Consequently, we discover that as job performance (and in turn self worth) increases, abusive supervision indirectly reduces job embeddedness and increases turnover through two forms of satisfaction. We expound upon how these findings contribute to both theory and practice.
No increase in alcohol dehydrogenase levels following repeated ethanol exposure in young honeybee workers
Authors: Miler Krzysztof , Stec Daniel , Pardyak Laura , Kamińska Alicja , Kuszewska Karolina 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSome workers of the honeybee show high alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) levels and high resistance to the sedative effects of alcohol, yet it is unknown whether these two issues are directly related. Here we looked for a link between ADH levels and sedation latency in response to alcohol exposure. We used molecular and immunoblotting methods to investigate a possible induction of ADH production in young, ADH‐lacking workers in response to repeated ethanol vapour presentation. Although we found increased sedation latency in individuals after several ethanol encounters, this was not accompanied by detectibly increased ADH levels in such workers. The lack of ethanol‐induced ADH production indicated that it was not needed for increased coping with alcohol inebriation. In this work, we expanded current knowledge about the effects of alcohol on honeybee workers and related it to the existing literature on the subject.
The Huge Missing Factor in Leak-Before-Break Analysis: How a Circumferential Through-Wall-Crack in a Pipe System Changes the Flexibility and Reduces the Applied Moments
Authors: Uddin Mohammed , Wilkowski Gery , Kalyanam Suresh , Brust Fedrick 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In typical leak-before-break (LBB) analyses in the nuclear industry, the uncracked piping normal operating forces and moments are applied in a cracked-pipe analytical procedure to determine normal leakage, and the combined forces and moments under normal operating condition and safe shutdown earthquake seismic loading are used in a fracture analysis to predict margins on “failure.” The International Piping Integrity Research Program (IPIRG) performed in 1990–1998 provided some insights to typical LBB behaviors where pipe system tests were conducted with simulated seismic loadings. The test results showed a large margin on LBB, which was also recognized in 2011 when the Argentinian Atucha II plant was analyzed using a robust full FE model. It was found that when circumferential through-wall cracks were put in the highest stressed locations, the applied moment dropped for both normal operating and N + safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) loading as the crack length increased. The through-wall crack size for causing a double-ended guillotine break (DEGB) was greater than 90% of the circumference. Similar results were also found for a petrochemical pipe system where thermal expansion stresses are much higher than the primary stresses. Even with very low toughness materials, the critical crack size leading to DEGB was greater than 80% of the circumference. The implication of this work is that pragmatically there is much higher margin for DEGB failure in nuclear plant operation, and efforts would be better focused on the potential for a small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SB-LOCA).
Summation of Multi-Finger Vibrotactile Stimuli
Authors: Murray Anne M. , Klatzky Roberta L. , Khosla Pradeep K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We have developed a vibrotactile glove that stimulates the fingertips of the wearer’s hand to convey grip force information while he/she is manipulating remote objects with a robotic hand. In this paper, we present a psychophysical experiment to examine how multi-finger vibrotactile stimulation is perceived by the user. Magnitude estimations of the overall strength of vibration were obtained using sinusoidal signals varying in amplitude and frequency. We have found that increasing the number of fingers stimulated increases the perceived vibration magnitude, but by a rule of diminishing returns. Additionally, we have found that finger separation and thumb “differentiation” are not factors in the magnitude judgements. By using multiple stimulation points, it may be possible to expand the perceived sensitivity range that is used to encode grip force information in a telemanipulation environment; thus a larger range or more refined range of force values can possibly be conveyed to the user.
A New Method for Design and Control of Haptic Interfaces for Display of Rigid Surfaces
Authors: Springer Scott L. , Ferrier Nicola J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper addresses the often-cited problems associated with haptic display of rigid bodies or “virtual walls”. Traditional haptic interfaces employ an actuator directly coupled to the human operator that provides a force proportional to wall penetration distance and velocity. A new paradigm for design and control of haptic displays is proposed that utilizes a de-coupled actuator and pre-contact distance sensing to improve stability and response performance. Dynamic models of real human/rigid body contact and prior haptic display models are developed and compared with the proposed method. Errors in the force and energy transfer are identified and associated with virtual wall penetration distance, required in traditional virtual wall haptic models. Results of the simulation of the dynamic models are presented, identifying system force response errors attributable to delay, wall penetration, wall model spring constant, and wall model damping constants.
Hybrid Neural Network for Modeling Automotive Clutches
Authors: Parvataneni V. , Cao M. , Wang K. W. , Fujii Y. , Tobler W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) based models to capture the dynamic engagement torque of a wet clutch system are developed and analyzed. A two-layer recurrent ANN with output feedback is chosen as the baseline architecture since its simplicity allows easy implementation and efficient execution. Although this model exhibits good performance in capturing the overall mean level of the engagement torque as a function of time, it is unable to predict some of the important clutch dynamics behaviors. To improve the performance, additional neurons that represent the first principles of the clutch engagement process are incorporated into the neural network model. In other words, a hybrid model in which physical knowledge is implicitly embedded within the ANN architecture is derived. This hybrid model is trained and tested with experimental data. The results show that the performance of the hybrid network is much superior to that of the baseline ANN. It can successfully capture not only the trends, but also the detailed characteristics of the clutch engagement torque as a function of time.
The “Rutgers Ankle” Orthopedic Rehabilitation Interface
Authors: Girone Michael J. , Burdea Grigore C. , Bouzit Mourad 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a novel ankle rehabilitation device currently under development. The haptic interface component has a Stewart platform structure with pneumatic actuators controlled by an electronic interface. It allows movement of the ankle though its full range of motion. The system communicates with a PC through an RS232 port. The PC will run game-like virtual reality exercises that control the movement and output forces of the device. These simulations will make exercising more enjoyable, transparently recording patient progress for evaluation by therapists.
The “Rutgers Ankle” Orthopedic Rehabilitation Interface will facilitate the healing of one of the most often injured joints of the body. Inherently safe and easy-to-operate, it will combine the capabilities of many current rehabilitation devices. This system will enhance rehabilitation routines by providing three types of exercises: strengthening, stretching, and balancing. Eventually, this system will allow patients to exercise in their homes while being monitored remotely by therapists or physicians.
A Nonlinear Observer for Minimizing Quantization Effects in Virtual Walls
Authors: Madill Daniel R. , Wang David W. L. , Ching Mennas C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Quantization effects can reduce the achievable stiffness of virtual walls. Phase delays introduced by filtering are also an issue. This paper presents a non-linear model-based observer that produces smooth position and velocity estimates with very little delay based on measured position and force signals. Compensation for Coulomb friction and motor saturation is incorporated into the estimator. Use of the estimator in the implementation of a virtual wall yielded higher wall stiffnesses and better performance. Model-based estimator design was possible due to the design of the manipulator. The three degree-of-freedom manipulator employed is direct-drive, gravity-balanced, and dynamically-decoupled with nearly linear dynamics. The robot structure itself is employed as a force sensor, reducing the cost of the device.
A “Kane’s Dynamics” Model for the Active Rack Isolation System
Authors: Hampton R. David , Beech Geoffrey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Many microgravity space-science experiments require vibratory acceleration levels unachievable without active isolation. The Boeing Corporation’s Active Rack Isolation System (ARIS) employs a novel combination of magnetic actuation and mechanical linkages, to address these isolation requirements on the International Space Station (ISS). ARIS provides isolation at the rack (International Standard Payload Rack, or ISPR) level.
Effective model-based vibration isolation requires (1) an appropriate isolation device, (2) an adequate dynamic (i.e., mathematical) model of that isolator, and (3) a suitable, corresponding controller. ARIS provides the ISS response to the first requirement. This paper presents one response to the second, in a state-space framework intended to facilitate an optimal-controls approach to the third. The authors use “Kane’s Dynamics” to develop an state-space, analytical (algebraic) set of linearized equations of motion for ARIS.
Real-Time Modeling, Simulation, and Control System Design of a Dual Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Gospodareva Veronika , Hamel William , Hatmaker Claudell , Hodgson Jeffrey , Jesse Stephen , McCracken John , Rutherford Craig , Smith Matt 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Graduate Automotive Technology Education (GATE) Center at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) offers courses addressing the simulation, modeling, and control system design of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). In the Spring of 1999 such a course was conducted to support the UTK FutureCar Challenge entry for 1999. The vehicle modeled is a Dual-configuration Hybrid Electric Vehicle (DHEV) which uses a planetary power-split device similar to the Toyota Hybrid System used in the Toyota “Prius”. The goals of the course included the development of a real-time simulator that could incorporate actual vehicle control hardware in the simulator loop. This “control-hardware-in-the-loop” (CHIL) configuration was used for simulation, control system design, and troubleshooting. This approach allows the simulation of normal vehicle operating conditions as well as emergency fault handling situations in which it may not be desirable to subject the actual prototype vehicle to a given test condition. Additionally, it is possible to do a great deal of control system testing and development without an operating vehicle.