bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternaria dianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria dianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dianthus
spp., and other members of the
Caryophyllaceae
including
Gypsophila
and
Saponaria
spp. It is occasionally reported from other plants (e.g.
Hibiscus esculentus
(51, 1025; 42, 655)). DISEASE: Carnation blight. The fungus causes yellowing and necrosis of the host tissue, initially killing the leaves but in severe infections, also the stem and eventually the whole plant. The fungus can persist in the soil, from where it can attack seedlings, usually destroying them rapidly. It also infects the host's flowers, seed capsules and seeds. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia: Cyprus, India, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, USSR (Armenia, Republic of Georgia). Australasia & Oceania: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia), New Zealand, USA (Hawaii). Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain Sweden, UK, Yugoslavia. North America: Bermuda, Canada, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, USA. South America: Brazil, Uruguay. TRANSMISSION: Successful growth and sporulation of the fungus requires warm moist conditions (optimal mycelial growth is at
ca
20°C), although mycelium can survive at 0°C. Transmission of conidia is usually via wind, seeds or soil. A damp leaf surface is essential for infection.
Cladosporium echinulatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cladosporium echinulatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dianthus
spp., occasionally also on other similar members of the
Caryophyllaceae
, such as
Lychnis
and
Saponaria
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of carnation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Uganda. Asia: Cyprus, India, Iran, Japan Turkey. Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, England, Finland, Italy, Iceland, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, West Germany, Yugoslavia. North America: Canada (British Columbia), El Salvador, Mexico, USA (California, Florida, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Texas). South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Peru. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed by wind or rain, spreading from leaf to leaf, or to new plants.
Cladosporium phlei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cladosporium phlei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Phleumpratense
(cf. notes). DISEASE: Eyespot of timothy. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan. Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: Denmark, Eire, England, Northern Ireland, Norway, Sweden, USSR (Byelorussia), West Germany. North America: Canada (Quebec), USA (New York, Oregon, Washington). TRANSMISSION: By airborne dispersal of conidia, and by conidia on seeds of the host. Infection requires a high humidity (80-100%) to be successful. Spores germinate at between 3 and 33°C, optimally at 24°C (55, 5249).
Cladosporium pipericola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cladosporium pipericola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Piper betle
. DISEASE: Infection starts at the tips or margins of the leaves and spreads over the main part of the leaf lamina. Lesions spread quickly and cause premature defoliation. Infections can be seen as a fine greenish growth of conidiophores and conidia on the underside. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India (Uttar Pradesh). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia. Cool damp weather favours infection, which is usually first evident in December, becoming severe in January and February.
Entyloma australe
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Entyloma australe
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Physalis peruviana
and other species of
Physalis
. Occasionally on other members of the
Solanaceae
, including
Browallia, Petunia
and
Quincula
spp.,
Solanum nigrum, S. triflorum
and, rarely, on
Lycopersicon
. DISEASE: White smut of
Physalis
. Infection occurs mainly on the leaves, but is occasionally found on stems and other vegetative parts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Taiwan. Australasia: Australia, New Zealand. Central America & West Indies: Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico. North America: Canada, USA. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Uruguay (CMI Map 587, ed. 1, 1988). TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores survive on infected plant remains and in soil, and germinate to infect the new season's crop. Conidia aid dissemination within the crop during the growing season.
Urocystis brassicae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Urocystis brassicae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Brassica campestris
(Indian mustard) and, by inoculation,
B. juncea, B. napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea
var.
capitata
,
B. rapa
var.
lorifolia
and
Raphanus sativus
.DISEASE: Root gall smut of
Brassica campestris
. The plants are stunted, possibly flower early, and have pale leaves, with pods (if formed) empty or with very few, possibly sterile seeds. On careful removal of soil from the roots, galls are found, commonly on the finer roots, and can be readily detached. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India (Pusa), possibly China (as
Tuburcinia coralloides
var.
cantonensis
Ciferri). TRANSMISSION: Soil borne: spore balls are released in soil by the breakdown of the galls, and infection occurs when seed of susceptible hosts is sown in the infected soil. Attempts to induce disease by sowing seed dusted with ustilo-spores in uninfested soil were unsuccessful (6, 208).
Urocystis colchici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Urocystis colchici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Colchicum
spp., including
C. arenarium, C. autumnale, C. bornmulleri, C. latifolium, C. luteum, C. orientale
and
C. vernum
. DISEASE: Leaf smut of
Colchicum
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India, Japan, Turkey, USSR. Europe: widespread, including Austria, Belgium, the British Isles, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported. Presumably ustilospores survive in infected plant remains and in the soil, and germinate to infect the new season's growth; also probably disseminated by infected or contaminated bulbs.
Urocystis violae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Urocystis violae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated and wild violets, principally
Viola odorata
, also
V. adunca, V. alba, V. biflora, V. glabella, V
.
grypoceras, V. longipes, V. lutea, V. nuttallii, V. reichenbackiana, V. riviniana, V. tricolor, V. turkestanica
and other
Viola
spp. and hybrids. DISEASE: Leaf and stem smut of
Viola
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Cyprus, Japan, USSR (Republic of Georgia, Turkestan). Europe: widespread, including Austria, British Isles, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania Sweden, Switzerland, USSR (Estonia), Yugoslavia, possibly extending into north Africa. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Infection is perennial in the rootstock. New infections are initiated from ustilospores which survive in decaying plant parts and in soil. Transmission by seed has been reported (5, 34) but is presumably rare.
Peronophythora litchii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronophythora litchii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Litchi chinensis. Peronophythora litchii
also infected artificially inoculated fruits of tomato, pawpaw and loofah (
Luffa cylindrica
[Luffa aegyptiaca]
)(64, 1198). DISEASE: Fruit rot or downy blossom blight of lychee (litchi); the fungus is a facultative necrotrophic plant pathogen. Diseased flowers turn brown and become covered with whitish masses of sporangia and sporangiophores. Young and ripe fruits, pedicels and leaves are also attacked, their tissues turning brown and dying, especially in periods of heavy rain (64, 688). The infection period was shown in laboratory studies to be fast and temperature dependent, varying from 1 day at 25°C to 3 days at 18°C (64, 1198). Continuous rain in the growing season in May appears important for development of an epiphytotic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: China (Guangdong), New Guinea, Taiwan. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 597. TRANSMISSION: Sporangia not liberated by moving air, but readily dispersed in splash droplets, suggesting a rain-splash mechanism.
Peronospora violae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora violae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Viola acutifolia, V. arvensis, V. biflora, V. calarata, V. canina, V. cornuta, V. kitaibeliana, V. palustris, V. reichenbachiana, V. riviniana, V. silvestris, V. tricolor, V. tricolor
var.
arvensis, V. wittrockiana
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Viola
spp. (violet and pansy); the fungus is an obligately biotrophic plant pathogen. In the early stages of the disease, a light covering of sporophores may be seen on the undersurface of individual leaves, unaccompanied by a colour change in the leaf. Later yellow patches appear on the upper surface of leaves covering a part of, or the whole lobe corresponding with patches of grey down on the leaf undersurface. Infected leaves eventually turn brown and die. Not all shoots are infected. Mildew first appears in October and progresses rapidly in November if the climate is mild and damp, or more slowly if dry. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: USSR (Khazakhstan). Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany (GDR, GFR), Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, USSR (Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Ukraine, White Russia), Yugoslavia. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 599. TRANSMISSION: Boudier (1987) states that 'spectacular attacks of mildew follow sprinkler watering in dry autumn weather', suggesting that dispersal of spores may occur by a water splash mechanism. No other reports have been published.
Phytophthora pseudotsugae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora pseudotsugae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pseudotsuga menziesii
. DISEASE: Root rot of Douglas fir; the fungus is a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: USA (OR, WA). See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 600. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. Presumably soil-borne by zoopores released in favourable conditions.
Plasmopara viticola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Plasmopara viticola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, A. hederacea, A. heterophylla, A. veitchii, Ampelocissus acetosa, A. latifolia, A. salmonea, Cissus caesia, C. gracilis, C. hypoglauca, C. polyantha, Cordifolia sempervirens, Cinerea
sp.,
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, P. tricuspidata, Solonis robusta, Vitis aestivalis, V. amurensis, V. arizonica, V. berlandieri, V. californica, V. cinerea, V. coignetiae, V. cordifolia, V. girdiana, V. labrusca, V. lanata, V. monticola, V. pagnuccii, V. riparia, V. romaneti, V. rupestris, V. silvestris, V. treleasei, V. vinifera
. DISEASE: Grape vine downy mildew; the fungus is an obligately biotrophic plant pathogen. All tissues bearing stomata are infected, becoming discolored, malformed and necrotic. Lesions on affected organs develop a white felt of sporangiophores. Leaves are most susceptible to attack during active growth in early summer, and when very mature in the autumn. Sporangiophores may appear directly on healthy green leaf tissues with no overlying lesion, or as a dense felt under yellow oily lesions on the upper surface (if humidity is high, 5-15 days after infection), or may be absent, leaves presenting only a mosaic of small, angular yellow or dark-red blemishes, limited by the secondary veins (mainly on old leaves in the autumn). During early growth, whole branches are attacked, but later only the extremities of branches are invaded. Infected shoots turn brown, curl up or become hooked at their tips. Nodes are more susceptible to attack than internodes. Tendrils, petioles, inflorescences and bunches also develop similar brown spots and lesions. Bunches are susceptible until the grapes are 5-6 mm diam., after which infection is rare (grey rot followed later by brown rot). Subsequent browning and desiccation of the bunch is caused by penetration of the bunch stalk by mycelium from earlier infections elsewhere. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 221. TRANSMISSION: Oospores present in infected leaf tissues from the previous season's crop germinate in the spring, when air temperatures exceed 12°C and at least 10 mm rain falls in 24 hours, releasing zoospores into water or onto very moist soil from sporangia (64, 2458). Zoospores are projected onto vine leaves near the soil by rain splash, germinate to give hyphae and penetrate tissues via their stomata. Sporangia are liberated in moist air only, are disseminated by air currents, and remain viable for five days in dry air, producing secondary infection sites. Production of sporangia occurs at a relative humidity of 95-100%, and an air temperature of 13-27°C (optimum 18-22°C). Mycelium may overwinter between the bud scales and in diseased leaves, but it has not been established whether this contributes substantially to re-infection of healthy leaf tissues the following spring. There is no evidence for systemic transmission.
Didymella festucae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Didymella festucae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Festuca
spp. DISEASE: Stem eyespot of fescue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: Iceland, Norway. North America: western states. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne ascospores and conidia, also presumably seed-borne.
Mycosphaerella aleuritis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella aleuritis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Aleurites fordii, A. mollucana, A. montana
. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of tung. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Central African Republic, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Zaire (probably also Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon). Asia: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan. Central America & Caribbean: Cuba, Trinidad. North America: USA. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay? (
CMI Distribution Map 278
, ed. 3, 1975). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores and conidia, which are mainly dispersed by rain-splash and wind (45, 1989f).
Mycosphaerella caricae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella caricae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Carica papaya
. DISEASE: Fruit rot, leaf spot and stem rot of pawpaw. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia: Burma, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. Australasia & Oceania: Australia, USA (Hawaii), Papua New Guinea, West Irian. Central America & West Indies: Cuba, Honduras, Mexico. South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by windborne ascospores and conidia, by water splash and contact through natural wounds.
Mycosphaerella populi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella populi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Populus
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of poplar. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Iran. Europe: Austria(?), Czechoslovakia, Italy, Spain, USSR. South America: Argentina. FRANSMISSION: Presumably by windborne ascospores and conidia.
Aspergillus parasiticus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aspergillus parasiticus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Insects
. Frequently found on mealy bugs, corn borers, grasshoppers (Raper & Fennell, 1965), bees (Batra
et al.
, 1973), and ticks (Samsinakova
et al.
, 1974). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide.
Eurotium amstelodami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Eurotium amstelodami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Animals. Eurotium amstelodami
has been isolated from aspergillosis in a pelican (Raper & Fennell, 1965).
On Man. Eurotium amstelodami
has been isolated from a cerebral abscess in a woman and from a foot mycetoma (Raper & Fennell, 1965). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Commonly encountered in tropical and sub-tropical climates, but is also found in temperate areas.
Neosartorya fischeri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Neosartorya fischeri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Man and Animals
. There is some evidence that
N. fischeri
can sometimes act as a pathogen (Raper & Fennell, 1965; Wyllie & Morehouse, 1977). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: A thermotolerant soil species of worldwide distribution.
Cochliobolus tuberculatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus tuberculatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium, Ananas, Arachis, Bambusa, Brassica, Calendula, Centaurea, Citrus, Cocos, Cyperus, Cosmos, Eichornia, Foeniculum, Juncus, Mangifera, Mentha, Musa, Oryza, Pennisetum, Phlox, Pinus, Psidium, Saccharum, Scirpus, Solanum, Sorghum, Tagetes, Telfairia, Triticum, Vigna, Zea
and
Zingiber
. Also isolated from soil and many other substrata. DISEASE: Leaf spot, storage fruit rot of guava, blight of mango. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Egypt, France, India, Indochina, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, USA, USSR. TRANSMISSION: Wind-borne conidia, seed-borne (42, 309; 49, 2848).
Curvularia penniseti
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Curvularia penniseti
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oryza, Pennisetum, Sorghum, Triticum
. Also isolated from
Allium, Dolichos
and
Richardia
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of bajra or pearl millet (
Pennisetum typhoides
[Pennisetum glaucum]
), seedling blight of
Sorghum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, India, Indonesia, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, USA, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and seed-borne (53, 3004; 59, 4574).
Drechslera dematioidea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Drechslera dematioidea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Agrostis, Anthoxanthum, Avena, Cynodon, Dactylis, Eragrostis, Festuca, Hordeum, Lolium, Paspalum, Phleum
and
Triticum
. Also isolated
from Iris, Leucospermum, Pinus
and
Pseudotsuga
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of grasses and blight of pincushions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Europe, New Zealand, North America, South Africa (26, 172; 34, 324, 711; 55, 2077; 65, 4975; 66, 1395). TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia, seed-borne.
Pyrenophora erythrospila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pyrenophora erythrospila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Agrostis, Hordeum
and
Triticum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of bent grass and red top. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Europe, New Zealand, North America. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia.