bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Societal multilingualism à la balkanique: The Montenegrin Velja Gorana and beyond
Authors: Morozova Maria S , Rusakov Alexander Yu 
Published: June 2021

Aims and objectives: The goal of the article is to explore the properties of bilingual and multilingual situations with balanced, or non-polyglossic, relationships between languages in the modern Balkans. A comparison with non-balanced, or polyglossic, settings aims at determining the factors that support balanced bilingualism in one Balkan community and result in different dominance configurations in the others. Methodology: We focus, on the one hand, on the community’s inner diversity and the variation in linguistic competence among its individual members, showing how the differences of the various groups of speakers contribute to the maintenance of bilingualism in the community across several generations. On the other hand, we consider speech community as a unit of study and see how factors such as geographical location, size, and presence or absence of ties with the surrounding region, contribute to the loss or maintenance of community bilingualism and multilingualism in different parts of the Balkan linguistic area. Findings: The main case that is scrutinized is the situation of “balanced language contact” in a small-scale village community of Velja Gorana (Montenegro). Its analysis is based on field observations made in the bilingual families of Velja Gorana in 2013 to 2015. Besides, we overview a range of Balkan bilingual and multilingual communities, based on the existing literature, and analyse the patterns of (socio)linguistic dominance of the languages spoken in each community. Originality: The article provides a description of a balanced situation in the modern Balkans and offers a model for understanding of the Balkan bilingualism and multilingualism, taking into consideration several factors interacting at different levels, from individual speaker to the speech community. Implications: The proposed model explains the diversity of bilingual and multilingual situations of the modern Balkans. This enables us to make predictions about the ways of development of these situations and suggest how the past Balkan situations could have been organized.
Predicting the effect of weathering and corrosion on the bond properties of bamboo- and steel-reinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks
Authors: Raavi Satya Sai Deep , Tripura Deb Dulal 
Published: June 2021

In this article, the effect of weathering and corrosion on the bond properties of bamboo- and steel-reinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks was investigated. The treated, untreated bamboo and steel reinforcement types were considered under regular and weathered categories. Reinforcement of 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm diameters were used along with 10% of cement as stabilizer. A total of 90 reinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks were prepared and tested for bond strength. The investigation shows that the bond force and bond strength of all the blocks reduced due to weathering and corrosion of reinforcement. In case of blocks with bamboo reinforcement only, a minor reduction in bond properties (bond force and bond strength) was identified, but in case of blocks with steel reinforcement, a major reduction in bond properties was identified. All the blocks failed by either lateral splitting, pullout or pullout along with lateral splitting. However, the pullout failure was observed only in the blocks with weathered or corroded reinforcement, making it clear that the mode of failure was influenced by the type and physical condition of the reinforcement. Based on the results obtained, it was not advisable to use of corroded steel (CS) bars as reinforcement in rammed earth. However, considering the bond properties, treated bamboo can be a potential and economical alternative to CS. A series of statistical analysis was performed using the test data to predict the bond properties correlating perimeter, diameter, type and condition of reinforcement. The regression equations generated from statistical analysis represent a strong correlation between the actual and predicted values and can be used for predicting the bond properties of rammed earth accurately.
Psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression following major physical civilian trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Qureshi Arham , Dickenson Edward , Wall Peter 
Published: June 2021

Introduction Approximately 16% of the world’s burden of disease is attributable to traumatic injury. Psychological symptoms, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are prevalent in this population and impact recovery from physical injury. Nevertheless, mental health has not been considered to the same degree as physical health. Psychological interventions are used widely as treatments for PTSD. Methods Systematic searches of computerised databases were conducted. Randomised controlled trials of psychological treatments for PTSD following major physical civilian trauma were included. The main outcome measure was clinician-assessed symptoms of PTSD (CAPS), with findings for anxiety and depression also reported. Included studies data were extracted and entered using RevMan 5.3 software. Quality assessments were performed, and data were analysed for summary effects. Results 10 studies were included. With regard to CAPS <6 months, individual CBT did significantly better than usual care/wait list (SMD (95% CI) = −1.24 [−1.82, −0.67]) and non-CBT treatments (SMD (95% CI) = −1.32 [−2.64, −0.04]). Non-CBT treatments were not significantly better than usual care/wait list (SMD (95% CI) −1.40 [−2.91, 0.11]). CBT was superior to usual care/wait list for reducing depressive (SMD (95% CI) −0.67 [−0.98, −0.37]) and anxiety (SMD (95% CI) −0.70 [−1.22, −0.18]) symptoms both in the shorter and longer term. Conclusion Individual CBT was superior to wait list/usual care, and there was limited evidence for non-CBT treatments in reducing clinician and self-rated PTSD, depressive and anxiety symptoms in the shorter term; however, the latter comparison was based on few studies with small sample sizes. Longer-term effects of treatments remain uncertain. There is a need for adequately powered RCTs investigating PTSD treatments following major physical civilian trauma in the longer term. There was considerable heterogeneity in the studies, so care must be taken in interpreting the results of this review.
Comfort Equals Nurturing: Young People Talk About Mental Health Ward Design
Authors: Hutton Alison , Wilson Rhonda , Foureur Maralyn 
Published: June 2021

Aim: The aim of this research was to obtain user perspectives of adolescent patients to inform the redesign of an adolescent mental health inpatient facility ward unit in regional Australia. Background: It is well established that the consumer will use and understand unit space differently than the health professional, because of their unique positioning and depth of experience. The participation of young people in the design of ward environments and programs is essential. Methods: A combination of focus groups and interviews was undertaken with eight participants. Results: This study found that, in its current form, the unit revolves around routines, tasks, and patient safety, which in turn are driven by secure spaces and surveillance of the patients. Due to these routines and tasks, the aspects of individualized patient care and personal impetus and comfort are lost. Adolescent patients are able to identify solutions to enhance their hospital stay in the mental health context without being excessive and unrealistic in their suggestions. Conclusions: When designing an adolescent unit, there needs to be some consideration as to how the group using the unit understands space. Through their role and depth of hospital experience, the adolescent patient will use and understand unit space differently from that of the health professional whose role is a worker. Therefore, it is necessary to gain the perspectives of adolescent patients for efficient and effective functioning of such an environment and to suit the needs of those it is “built for,” the adolescent patient.
Cartilage Biomarkers Coll2-1 and Coll2-1NO2 Are Associated with Knee OA MRI Features and Are Helpful in Identifying Patients at Risk of Disease Worsening
Authors: Hick Anne-Christine , Malaise Michel , Loeuille Damien , Conrozier Thierry , Maugars Yves , Pelousse Franz , Tits Cédric , Henrotin Yves 
Published: June 2021

Objective: To assess the cross-sectional association between serum levels of Coll2-1 and Coll2-1NO2, two cartilage degradation biomarkers; the burden of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and clinical outcomes; and to evaluate the predictive value of these biomarkers on progression. Design: A total of 121 subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA) were followed during 1 year with pain, function, and MRI assessment (PRODIGE study). Type II collagen-specific biomarker Coll2-1 and its nitrated form Coll2-1NO2 were directly measured in serum using immunoassays at baseline and after 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. Results: Serum Coll2-1 and Coll2-1NO2 were correlated with several baseline knee features quantified with Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS). Coll2-1 was significantly correlated with periarticular cysts/bursitis (ρ = 0.29, P < 0.01), subarticular bone attrition (ρ = 0.25, P = 0.01), subarticular cysts (ρ = 0.24, P = 0.02), and articular cartilage integrity (ρ = 0.23, P = 0.03) WORMS subscores for the whole joint as well as with the medial femorotibial joint sum score (ρ = 0.26, P = 0.01) and medial femorotibial joint cartilage (ρ = 0.23, P = 0.02). Coll2-1NO2 correlated with WORMS total score (ρ = 0.23, P = 0.02), WORMS scores in the patellofemoral (ρ = 0.23, P = 0.02) and medial femorotibial compartments (ρ = 0.21, P = 0.03), with osteophytes scores (ρ = 0.27, P < 0.01), subarticular cysts (ρ = 0.24, P = 0.019), and intraarticular loose bodies (ρ = 0.27, P = 0.007). Baseline Coll2-1NO2 was higher in subjects with a pain worsening (426.4 pg/mL [278.04-566.95]) as compared to non-progressors (306.84 pg/mL [200.37-427.84]) over 1 year (AUC = 0.655, P = 0.015). Conclusion: Serum cartilage biomarkers Coll2-1 and Coll2-1NO2 are associated with several knee OA features quantified with WORMS. Our study also shows that the baseline value of Coll2-1NO2 is positively associated with pain worsening.
Real-world discontinuation rate of teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Norborg Hilde , Riise Trond , Myhr Kjell-Morten , Grytten Nina , Wergeland Stig 
Published: June 2021

Background For patients with MS, medication switches increase the risk of disease reactivation. Objective Compare discontinuation rates due to treatment failure or side effects between teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate, and investigate clinical variables affecting discontinuation rates. Methods All patients who received teriflunomide or dimethyl fumarate at Haukeland University Hospital from 2013 until 2018 were identified. Clinical and demographic variables were extracted from the Norwegian MS Registry. Cause-specific Cox regression models estimated the rate of discontinuation due to treatment failure or side effects. Results We included 354 patients treated with either dimethyl fumarate ( n = 185) or teriflunomide ( n = 169). We found 38% lower risk of discontinuation because of treatment failure for patients using dimethyl fumarate compared to teriflunomide ( p < 0.05). In a treatment-naive subgroup ( n = 183), we found a 38% reduced risk of discontinuation for any reason among patients using dimethyl fumarate ( p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between treatment groups in discontinuation rate due to side effects, although more patients reported side effects when treated with dimethyl fumarate. Conclusion Our findings suggests that dimethyl fumarate has a lower risk of discontinuation because of treatment failure among both treatment-experienced and treatment-naive patients.
Multiple sclerosis in Kenya: Demographic and clinical characteristics of a registry cohort
Authors: Jamal Imran , Shah Jasmit , Mativo Peter , Hooker Juzar , Wallin Mitchell , Sokhi Dilraj Singh 
Published: June 2021

Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults. There is limited literature regarding the burden of MS in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Objective To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with MS (PwMS) presenting to a tertiary referral hospital in Nairobi. Methods We conducted a retrospective descriptive study for PwMS presenting to Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi from 2008–2018. Results 99 cases met the diagnostic criteria for MS with a male to female ratio of 1:4. Majority (68.7%) of PwMS were indigenous Africans with a mean age of onset of 30.7 years. Mean duration from symptom onset to first neuro-imaging was 5.04 years. Only 33% of patients had sensory symptoms at onset whereas 54.5% had vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency. Majority (79.5%) had relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and 56.6% were initiated on disease modifying therapy (DMT). Only 21.2% of patients on DMT were non-compliant. Patients with RRMS were more likely to be initiated on DMT at our hospital (p < 0.001). Conclusion Clinical characteristics of these patients largely resemble those of other SSA cohorts and African American patients. There was a delay between symptom onset and neuroimaging. There were also issues with DMT compliance.
Social Isolation in a Population-Based Sample of Emerging Adults: Who Is on Their Own?
Authors: Simone Melissa , Loth Katie , Peterson Carol B. , Berge Jerica M. , Eisenberg Marla E. , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne 
Published: June 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the associations between social isolation, social contextual factors, and behavioral and psychological health during emerging adulthood. Methods: Participants (n = 1,568) were drawn from EAT 2018 (mean age = 22.1 ± 2.0). Logistic regressions tested the associations between social isolation, contextual factors, and behavioral and psychological health. Results: Approximately 16% of the sample reported social isolation. Emerging adults with socially marginalized identities (e.g., racial/ethnic, socioeconomic), who were unemployed, and/or lived alone had higher odds of experiencing social isolation. Social isolation was associated with more risky health behaviors and lower self-esteem. Discussion: Emerging adults who were socially disadvantaged (e.g., unemployed) had greater risk of social isolation. Findings suggest that social isolation is more strongly linked with behavioral health than psychological health. Generally, findings suggest that access to community resources and areas wherein social connections can be formed may to be important for behavioral health in emerging adulthood.
Injury Profile Among Street Workout Practitioners
Authors: Ngo Jake K. , Solis-Urra Patricio , Sanchez-Martinez Javier 
Published: June 2021

Background: Street workout (SW) is an urban sport based on calisthenic exercises. Injury profiles and risk factors are widely explored in various sport disciplines. However, because of the lack of research in SW, injury profiles have not yet been established. Purpose: To investigate the characteristics and prevalence of injuries and variables that may increase these odds in SW practitioners. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: An electronic survey was conducted between September 2018 and March 2019 in order to obtain practitioner information, physical activity level, training characteristics, and injury information of SW practitioners. Responses from 93 practitioners were eligible for analysis. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association among several variables and the presence of injury in the past 12 months based on odds ratios (ORs). Results: Overall, 62.4% of the 93 participants reported an injury in the previous 12 months, and tendinopathy was the most reported diagnosis (31.0% of injured practitioners). High injury frequency was reported in the shoulder (23.0%) and back (upper and mid) (18.4%). Overtraining was the most reported perception of cause of injury (56.9%). Most injured practitioners (20.7%) performed freestyle exercises before the injury, followed by upper body exercises. A history of previous injuries (OR, 4.078; P = .005) and the middle and higher tertiles of vigorous physical activity (OR, 4.370; P = .015 and OR, 5.634; P = .003, respectively) were associated with a higher odds of injury. Conclusion: In SW, the shoulder and back (upper and mid) were the most injured body parts, with tendinopathy being the most frequent diagnosis. Overtraining was typically reported as the perceived cause of injury, with freestyle and upper limb exercises the most performed exercises when injured. A history of previous injuries, along with vigorous physical activity, was found to augment the odds of injury. More research is needed to corroborate our findings, along with increased knowledge about SW practice and injuries.
Single-Stage Arthroscopic Cartilage Repair With Gel Scaffold and BMAC
Authors: Heng Christian Hwee Yee , Lee Yee Han Dave 
Published: June 2021

Background: Injectable scaffold augmentation has been gaining traction as a promising modality for single-stage cartilage repair. It involves the use of a biological scaffold that augments microfracture techniques by aiding in clot stabilization and maturation. The scaffold provides a matrix that helps with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) retention and encourages differentiation along a chondrogenic lineage. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) has also been proposed as an alternative source of MSCs to microfracture, and it can potentially avoid the pitfalls of microfracture techniques. Indications: Injectable scaffold augmentation to microfracture techniques are recommended in lesions >4 cm, as long-term follow-up has shown increasing failure over time with microfracture alone. Technique Description: We describe a technique of autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis using CartiFill, a porcine-derived type 1 collagen scaffold, combined with BMAC as a source of MSCs (avoiding the use of microfracture). Results: Injectable scaffold augmentation has been shown in recent studies to lead to better radiological fill, higher quality of histological repair, and better clinical outcomes as compared with microfracture alone. These injectable scaffolds have the versatility to be used on lesions which have traditionally been considered difficult to address, such as vertical or inverted lesions. Moreover, the use of scaffolds allows the repair to be further augmented with BMAC which provides a source of MSCs without the need to perform microfracture and perforate the subchondral bone. Discussion/Conclusion: Scaffold augmentation is a promising technique that improves upon the results of conventional microfracture repair by allowing augmentation with BMAC, as well as giving surgeons the versatility to apply the scaffold on vertical/inverted lesions. BMAC is also a viable alternative source of MSCs for cartilage repair.
Genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow in rice landraces from Yunnan, China: effects of isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-environment
Authors: Cui Di , Tang Cuifeng , Lu Hongfeng , Li Jinmei , Ma Xiaoding , A Xinxiang , Han Bing , Yang Yayun , Dong Chao , Zhang Feifei , Dai Luyuan , Han Longzhi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Understanding and identifying the factors responsible for genetic differentiation is of fundamental importance for efficient utilization and conservation of traditional rice landraces. In this study, we examined the spatial genetic differentiation of 594 individuals sampled from 28 locations in Yunnan Province, China, covering a wide geographic distribution and diverse growing conditions. All 594 accessions were studied using ten unlinked target genes and 48 microsatellite loci, and the representative 108 accessions from the whole collection were sampled for resequencing.

Results
The genetic diversity of rice landraces was quite different geographically and exhibited a geographical decline from south to north in Yunnan, China. Population structure revealed that the rice landraces could be clearly differentiated into japonica and indica groups, respectively. In each group, the rice accessions could be further differentiated corresponded to their geographic locations, including three subgroups from northern, southern and middle locations. We found more obvious internal geographic structure in the japonica group than in the indica group. In the japonica group, we found that genetic and phenotypic differentiation were strongly related to geographical distance, suggesting a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD); this relationship remained highly significant when we controlled for environmental effects, where the likelihood of gene flow is inversely proportional to the distance between locations. Moreover, the gene flow also followed patterns of isolation by environment (IBE) whereby gene flow rates are higher in similar environments. We detected 314 and 216 regions had been differentially selected between Jap-N and Jap-S, Ind-N and Ind-S, respectively, and thus referred to as selection signatures for different geographic subgroups. We also observed a number of significant and interesting associations between loci and environmental factors, which implies adaptation to local environment.

Conclusions
Our findings highlight the influence of geographical isolation and environmental heterogeneity on the pattern of the gene flow, and demonstrate that both geographical isolation and environment drives adaptive divergence play dominant roles in the genetic differentiation of the rice landraces in Yunnan, China as a result of limited dispersal.