bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic analysis reveals a polygenic architecture of antler morphology in wild red deer (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Peters Lucy , Huisman Jisca , Kruuk Loeske E. B. , Pemberton Josephine M. , Johnston Susan E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSexually selected traits show large variation and rapid evolution across the animal kingdom, yet genetic variation often persists within populations despite apparent directional selection. A key step in solving this long‐standing paradox is to determine the genetic architecture of sexually selected traits to understand evolutionary drivers and constraints at the genomic level. Antlers are a form of sexual weaponry in male red deer (Cervus elaphus). On the island of Rum, Scotland, males with larger antlers have increased breeding success, yet there has been no evidence of any response to selection at the genetic level. To try and understand the mechanisms underlying this observation, we investigate the genetic architecture of ten antler traits and their principal components using genomic data from >38,000 SNPs. We estimate the heritabilities and genetic correlations of the antler traits using a genomic relatedness approach. We then use genome‐wide association and haplotype‐based regional heritability to identify regions of the genome underlying antler morphology, and an empirical Bayes approach to estimate the underlying distributions of allele effect sizes. We show that antler morphology is highly repeatable over an individual's lifetime, heritable and has a polygenic architecture and that almost all antler traits are positively genetically correlated with some loci identified as having pleiotropic effects. Our findings suggest that a large mutational target and genetic covariances among antler traits, in part maintained by pleiotropy, are likely to contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation in antler morphology in this population.
Niche breadth affects bacterial transcription patterns along a salinity gradient
Authors: Rain‐Franco Angel , Mouquet Nicolas , Gougat‐Barbera Claire , Bouvier Thierry , Beier Sara 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the molecular mechanisms that determine a species' life history is important for predicting their susceptibility to environmental change. While specialist species with a narrow niche breadth (NB) maximize their fitness in their optimum habitat, generalists with broad NB adapt to multiple environments. The main objective of this study was to identify general transcriptional patterns that would distinguish bacterial strains characterized by contrasted NBs along a salinity gradient. More specifically, we hypothesized that genes encoding fitness‐related traits, such as biomass production, have a higher degree of transcriptional regulation in specialists than in generalists, because the fitness of specialists is more variable under environmental change. By contrast, we expected that generalists would exhibit enhanced transcriptional regulation of genes encoding traits that protect them against cellular damage. To test these hypotheses, we assessed the transcriptional regulation of fitness‐related and adaptation‐related genes of 11 bacterial strains in relation to their NB and stress exposure under changing salinity conditions. The results suggested that transcriptional regulation levels of fitness‐ and adaptation‐related genes correlated with the NB and/or the stress exposure of the inspected strains. We further identified a shortlist of candidate stress marker genes that could be used in future studies to monitor the susceptibility of bacterial populations or communities to environmental changes.
Crafting the plant root metabolome for improved microbe‐assisted stress resilience
Authors: Hong Yechun , Zhou Qian , Hao Yuqiong , Huang Ancheng C. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryPlants and microbes coinhabit the earth and have coevolved during environmental changes over time. Root metabolites are the key to mediating the dynamic association between plants and microbes, yet the underlying functions and mechanisms behind this remain largely illusive. Knowledge of metabolite‐mediated alteration of the root microbiota in response to environmental stress will open avenues for engineering root microbiotas for improved plant stress resistance and health. Here, we synthesize recent advances connecting environmental stresses, the root metabolome and microbiota, and propose integrated synthetic biology‐based strategies for tuning the plant root metabolome in situ for microbe‐assisted stress resistance, offering potential solutions to combat climate change. The current limitations, challenges and perspectives for engineering the plant root metabolome for modulating microbiota are collectively discussed.
The rare Schwannoma of the extracranial portion of the inferior alveolar nerve: Report of six cases
Authors: Ord Robert A. , Dyalram Donita , Younis Rania H. , Papadimitriou John C. , Lubek Joshua E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimSchwannomas of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) are extremely rare benign tumours most often occurring within the intraosseous mandible. The authors review our experience with schwannomas of the inferior alveolar nerve over a 20‐year period.Materials and MethodsRetrospective cohort series at an academic tertiary care medical centre.ResultsA total of six cases were found, three male and three females. Four patients were white and 2 of Asian ethnicity. The average age was 46.8 years (range 21–67). Three of the cases were asymptomatic and three cases presented with ipsilateral mental nerve paraesthesia. The most common location was within the intraosseous body of the posterior mandible (n = 4). Management was related to the anatomic site and was surgical in three cases, observational in two cases and one patient did not follow‐up for treatment. The major surgical morbidity was ipsilateral numbness of the lower lip.ConclusionsSchwannomas of the IAN are extremely rare benign tumours. Treatment options include complete surgical excision generally amenable to an intraoral approach. In cases in which patients are fearful of paraesthesia of the IAN/mental nerve, appropriate long‐term imaging can be used to follow those selected cases.
Noninvasive ventilation in children: A review for the pediatric anesthesiologist
Authors: Sequera‐Ramos Luis , Garcia‐Marcinkiewicz Annery , Riva Thomas , Fuchs Alexander 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPreserving adequate respiratory function is essential in the perioperative period. Mechanical ventilation with endotracheal intubation is widely used for this purpose. In select patients, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) may be an alternative to invasive ventilation or may complement respiratory management. NIV is used to provide ventilatory support and increase gas exchange at the alveolar level without the use of an invasive artificial airway such as an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy. NIV includes both continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Indications for NIV range from acute hypoxic respiratory failure in the intensive care unit or the emergency department, to chronic respiratory failure in patients with neuromuscular disease with nocturnal hypoventilation. In the perioperative setting, NIV is commonly applied as CPAP, and bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP). There are limited data on the role of NIV in children in the perioperative setting, and there are no clear guidelines regarding optimal timing of use and pressure settings of perioperative NIV. Contraindications to the use of NIV include reduced level of consciousness, apnea, severe respiratory distress, and inability to maintain upper airway patency or airway protective reflexes. Common problems encountered during NIV involve airway leaks and asynchrony with auto‐triggering. High‐flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) has emerged as an alternative to NIV when trying to decrease the work of breathing and improve oxygenation in children. HFNO delivers humidified and heated oxygen at rates between 2 and 70 L/min using specific nasal cannulas, and flows are determined by the patient's weight and clinical needs. HFNO can be useful as a method for preoxygenation in infants and children by prolonging apnea time before desaturation, yet in children with decreased minute ventilation or apnea HFNO does not improve alveolar gas exchange. Clinicians experienced with these devices, such as pediatric intensivists and pulmonary medicine specialists, can be useful resources for the pediatric anesthesiologist caring for complex patients on NIV.
Heavy metal uptake by bryophytes and vascular plants in a manganese carbonate slag field, China
Authors: Lu D. , Zhang Z. H. , Wang Z. H. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Slag produced in mining and smelting of manganese carbonate ore potentially pollutes the environment and endangers the health of humans and other living organisms.

This study investigates the uptake of six heavy metals, Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cr and Cd, by bryophytes and vascular plants growing on manganese carbonate slag in the Houshangou Slag Field near Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China. Determination of heavy metal uptake in bryophytes and vascular plants may identify species suitable as biomonitors for bioremediation of polluted lands.

Eight bryophyte taxa were identified in the study area; among which, Bryum argenteum and Physcomitrium eurystomum were dominant; life forms of bryophytes were predominantly short turfs. Three monocotyledons, all Poaceae, and five dicotyledons were recorded in four families. The highest heavy metal uptake in bryophytes, Mn content by B. argenteum, was more than 25,000 mg·kg−1. Furthermore, determination of heavy metal content in roots, leaves and fruits of six vascular plants demonstrated that each had a unique capacity for heavy metal accumulation: roots, leaves and fruits of similar plant species exhibited varying uptake capacity. Mn content in leaves was recorded in the order: B. davidii > A. tricolor > E. crus‐galli > C. argentea > P. acinosa > C. album.

In summary, B. argenteum, Echinochloa crus‐galli and Phytolacca acinosa have strong enrichment capacity for heavy metals. These species could be used for comprehensive treatment of heavy metal pollution in electrolytic Mn slag fields, and for bioremediation of polluted areas associated with Mn mining and processing.
Environmental enrichment increases aquatic animal welfare: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Zonghang , Gao Lijia , Zhang Xiumei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWith the rapid development of aquaculture and the gradual decrease in fishery resources, aquatic animal welfare (AAW) has received increasing attention from animal protection organisations, government departments, biologists, fish culturists and consumers. Although environmental enrichment (EE) can potentially benefit AAW, the relevant results are sharply mixed, and the drivers for these discrepancies are largely unclear. In this study, we conducted a series of meta‐analyses to overcome this knowledge gap. We firstly compiled a full data set, consisting of 1171 effect sizes from 147 studies across 82 species and then performed a multilevel mixed‐effects model to evaluate the overall effect size and conduct the subsequent meta‐regression analyses. Overall, our results showed that aquatic animals from a physically enriched environment had significantly improved AAW compared with their counterparts from barren environments. For moderators, specific welfare traits, animal taxa, animal stages, enrichment types and enrichment colours showed strong positive EE effects on AAW. Subsequently, we constructed a fish data set and reran the meta‐analysis, yielding results substantially similar to those obtained using the full data set. Finally, we performed a multi‐model inference to identify the importance ranking of potential moderators. Results showed that enrichment type, animal taxon and welfare category are the best moderators of the direction and magnitude of EE effects on AAW. These results provide insights into the possible drivers of EE effects on aquatic animals with important implications for aquaculture, fisheries, conservation, research and aquarium, providing evidence‐based guidance for future animal welfare theories and practices.
Impact of soft palate visibility and tongue position on early diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea among patients with tooth loss – An observational preliminary study
Authors: Babu Annapoorani , Maheswari Mani Uma , Mohamed K Kasim , Jeyapalan Karthigeyan , Kumar S Tharun , Saravanakumar Prathiba 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was estimated to affect 15% to 30% of males and 5% to 15% of females with prevalence increasing with progressive tooth loss and its early identification can reduce the sequalae of OSA. Apnea‐hypopnea index is confirmatory but unsuitable for clinical settings to detect OSA and concise screening tools are required to detect OSA in edentulous patients.AimTo evaluate the impact of soft palate visibility and tongue position on incidence of OSA among edentulous patients.MethodologyThirty two edentulous participants aged between 30 and 65 years were grouped as partially edentulous (PE) and completely edentulous (CE). STOP‐BANG Questionnaire (SBQ) was used to assess the scores in OSA risk factors. Mallampati score assessed soft palate visibility. Wright's Classification graded tongue position. Spearmann test evaluated the correlation between the soft palate visibility and tongue position on the OSA scores. Mann–Whitney U test evaluated influence of tooth loss and gender on OSA scores.ResultsPositive correlation existed between Mallampati scores, Wright's classification and OSA scores (p < .05). CE participants and male participants had more OSA scores at (p < .05) and (p < .01).ConclusionsSBQ and Mallampati score can assist in chairside screening of OSA. Early screening for OSA in edentulous patients will direct for early intervention and prevent unforeseen sequalae.
Ambivalence and moral dilemmas in women’s lived experiences of obesity and pregnancy: Qualitative insights for maternal lifestyle interventions
Authors: Jensen Sissel D. , Andreassen Pernille , Knorr Sine , Rasmussen Louise , Ovesen Per , Kampmann Ulla , Bruun Jens M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundMaternal obesity is a global health concern that is associated with significant effects on both short‐ and long‐term health of both mother and child. However, maternal lifestyle interventions tend to focus solely on diet and physical activity in ways that disembody and disengage the social context in which women live their lives.AimsThe aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of maternal obesity and delve into how experiences of the body and motherhood affect women's motivation for participating in a postpartum lifestyle intervention.MethodA qualitative study using in‐depth semi‐structured interviews based on participant‐generated photographs was used to allow the women to openly express their lived experiences of maternal obesity. The study emanated from a gynaecological department of a major Danish hospital, and five pregnant or postpartum women living with obesity participated. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using an Interpretive Phenomenological Approach.ResultsThe analysis identified an overall theme of ambivalence and four subthemes among the participating women. The themes reflected contrasting feelings where the obese body was simultaneously an arena for aesthetic failure, functional success and moral dilemmas. Experiences of weight stigma and moral accusations in healthcare settings further increased the women's sense of ambivalence and challenged their strong desire to lose weight.ConclusionThis study highlights an ambivalent and vulnerable situation of maternal obesity which makes moral sensitivity towards weight and body concerns crucial to consider in future maternal health interventions. Our data suggest that an emphasis on functionality and capability rather than aesthetics and measured ideals would be useful in providing care and support in postpartum lifestyle interventions for women living with obesity.
Blood unit segments accurately represent the biophysical properties of red blood cells in blood bags but not hemolysis
Authors: Islamzada Emel , Matthews Kerryn , Lamoureux Erik , Duffy Simon P. , Scott Mark D. , Ma Hongshen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe biophysical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) provide potential biomarkers for the quality of donated blood. Blood unit segments provide a simple and nondestructive way to sample RBCs in clinical studies of transfusion efficacy, but it is not known whether RBCs sampled from segments accurately represent the biophysical properties of RBCs in blood bags.Study Design and MethodsRBCs were sampled from blood bags and segments every two weeks during 8 weeks of storage at 4°C. RBC deformability was measured by deformability‐based sorting using the microfluidic ratchet device in order to derive a rigidity score. Standard hematological parameters, including mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and hemolysis were measured at the same time points.ResultsDeformability of RBCs stored in blood bags was retained over 4 weeks storage, but a progressive loss of deformability was observed at weeks 6 and 8. This trend was mirrored in blood unit segments with a strong correlation to the blood bag data. Strong correlations were also observed between blood bag and segment for MCV, MCHC, and MCH but not for hemolysis.ConclusionRBCs sampled from blood unit segments accurately represent the biophysical properties of RBCs in blood bags but not hemolysis. Blood unit segments provide a simple and nondestructive sample for measuring RBC biophysical properties in clinical studies.
Clinical and biochemical profile of 786 sequential episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ooi Emma , Nash Katrina , Rengarajan Lakshmi , Melson Eka , Thomas Lucretia , Johnson Agnes , Zhou Dengyi , Wallett Lucy , Ghosh Sandip , Narendran Parth , Kempegowda Punith 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionWe explored the clinical and biochemical differences in demographics, presentation and management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsThis observational study included all episodes of DKA from April 2014 to September 2020 in a UK tertiary care hospital. Data were collected on diabetes type, demographics, biochemical and clinical features at presentation, and DKA management.ResultsFrom 786 consecutive DKA, 583 (75.9%) type 1 diabetes and 185 (24.1%) type 2 diabetes episodes were included in the final analysis. Those with type 2 diabetes were older and had more ethnic minority representation than those with type 1 diabetes. Intercurrent illness (39.8%) and suboptimal compliance (26.8%) were the two most common precipitating causes of DKA in both cohorts. Severity of DKA as assessed by pH, glucose and lactate at presentation was similar in both groups. Total insulin requirements and total DKA duration were the same (type 1 diabetes 13.9 units (9.1–21.9); type 2 diabetes 13.9 units (7.7–21.1); p=0.4638). However, people with type 2 diabetes had significantly longer hospital stay (type 1 diabetes: 3.0 days (1.7–6.1); type 2 diabetes: 11.0 days (5.0–23.1); p<0.0001).ConclusionsIn this population, a quarter of DKA episodes occurred in people with type 2 diabetes. DKA in type 2 diabetes presents at an older age and with greater representation from ethnic minorities. However, severity of presentation and DKA duration are similar in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, suggesting that the same clinical management protocol is equally effective. People with type 2 diabetes have longer hospital admission.
Four decades of epidemiological data reveal trajectories towards malaria elimination in Kheda district (Gujarat), western part of India
Authors: Baharia Rajendra Kumar , Yadav Chander Prakash , Sharma Amit 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundMalaria is a main public health problem in India and was so particularly in the state of Gujarat in the western part of the country. This study assesses the effects of various interventions on malaria cases using data from the last 33 years (1987–2019).MethodsHere we have analysed 33 years of malaria epidemiological data from a malaria clinic in Kheda district in Gujarat. The data were digitised yearly and monthly, age-wise and gender-wise, and descriptive analysis was performed to assess the effects of several interventions on malaria burden.ResultsDuring 1987–2019, our clinic diagnosed 5466Plasmodium vivaxand 4732P. falciparummalaria cases. Overall, there was a declining trend in malaria cases except for the years 1991, 1994, 2004 and 2005. The year 2004 especially witnessed an epidemic in Kheda as well as throughout Gujarat. Malaria infections were most common (40%) among the 21–40 years age group. Fever was the most common symptom in all age groups.InterpretationIntroduction of revised drug policy and improved surveillance technique (rapid diagnosis kits) have strengthened the diagnosis and treatment of malaria in the district. Use of pyrethroid in indoor residual insecticide spray has also strengthened vector control. Among the various interventions used, long-lasting insecticide nets and introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy have played significant roles in controlling malaria cases. A more drastic decline inP. falciparumcases versusP. vivaxis evident, but the latter persists in high proportions and therefore new tools for malaria control will be needed for elimination.
Intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women with chronic mental illness attending a psychiatry outpatient department: cross-sectional facility-based study, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Zerihun Tigist , Tesfaye Markos , Deyessa Negussie , Bekele Delayehu 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV), and associated factors, in reproductive-aged women attending psychiatric outpatient departments.DesignCross-sectional facility-based study.SettingOutpatient psychiatric clinics of public hospitals in Addis Ababa.ParticipantsReproductive aged women with chronic mental illness (CMI) who attended follow-up in psychiatric outpatient clinics.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe data were collected using a multi-culturally validated instrument from randomly sampled women with CMI. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with IPV.ResultFour hundred and twenty-two women who were attending the psychiatric outpatient clinics took part in the study. The majority of participants 62.0% (95% CI 56.1 to 68.8) experienced IPV at least once in their lifetime. The most common form of IPV experienced by women was emotional violence (60%; 95% CI 55.0 to 64.7). One hundred and eighty-six (44.1%; (95% CI 39.3 to 48.8)) respondents experienced physical or sexual violence during the last year. A history of divorce (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=5.64; 95% CI 2.75 to 11.56) and having a mental illness for more than 5 years (AOR=2.23; 95% CI 1.26 to 3.93) were associated with any form of IPV.ConclusionThe high prevalence of IPV among women attending psychiatric outpatient services highlights the need to routinely inquire about IPV and develop effective strategies to prevent it among this vulnerable group.