bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tremellafuciformis polysaccharides inhibit UVA‐induced photodamage of human dermal fibroblast cells by activating up‐regulating Nrf2/Keap1 pathways
Authors: Fu Hao , You ShiQuan , Zhao Dan , An Quan , Zhang Jiachan , Wang Changtao , Wang Dongdong , Li Meng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundUVA radiation can cause skin oxidative stress. Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPS) are the main active ingredient in Tremella. Previous studies have shown that TFPS have protective effects on UVA‐induced oxidative stress cells, but the specific protective mechanism has not been clarified.ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the potential protective mechanism of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides on UVA‐induced damage to human dermal fibroblasts cells.MethodsWe evaluated the protective ability of TFPS against UVA‐induced damage by detecting cell survival rate, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cells, and the scavenging activity of ABTS free radicals, as well as the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and the Nrf2‐Keap‐1 pathway protein and gene were measured to study the protective mechanism of TFPS from photodamage.ResultsTFPS pretreatment can reduce the oxidative stress of UVA‐treated human dermal fibroblasts cells. After TFPS pretreatment, the content of ROS and MDA in the cell decreased significantly and the total antioxidant activity was increased. Among them, the active of CAT, SOD, and GSH‐Px in the cells increased significantly. TFPS can also protect fibroblasts by up‐regulating Nrf2 and down‐regulating Keap1 expression. Finally, it was also found that TFPS pretreatment increased the content of collagen I, elastin, and hyaluronic acid (HA) in skin fibroblasts treated with UVA.ConclusionThese results indicate that a certain concentration of TFPS can effectively alleviate skin damage caused by UVA, and they may be used as an effective component of cosmetics.
Altered frontal connectivity after sleep deprivation predicts sustained attentional impairment: A resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Cai Ye , Mai Zifeng , Li Mingzhu , Zhou Xiaolin , Ma Ning 
Published: March 2021

SummaryA series of studies have shown that sleep loss impairs one’s capability for sustained attention. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanism linking sleep loss with sustained attention has not been elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on the resting‐state brain and explored whether the magnitude of vigilance impairment after acute sleep deprivation can be predicted by measures of spontaneous fluctuations and functional connectivity. We implemented resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging with 42 participants under both normal sleep and 24‐hr sleep‐deprivation conditions. The amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and functional connectivity was used to investigate the neurobiological change caused by sleep deprivation, and the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) was used to measure sustained attention in each state. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the change in ALFF/functional connectivity and vigilance performance. Sleep deprivation induced significant reductions in ALFF in default mode network nodes and frontal‐parietal network nodes, while inducing significant increments of ALFF in the bilateral thalamus, motor cortex, and visual cortex. The increased ALFF in the visual cortex was correlated with increased PVT lapses. Critically, decreased frontal‐thalamus connectivity was correlated with increased PVT lapses, while increased frontal‐visual connectivity was correlated with increased PVT lapses. The findings indicated that acute sleep deprivation induced a robust alteration in the resting brain, and sustained attentional impairment after sleep deprivation could be predicted by altered frontal connectivity with crucial neural nodes of stimulus input, such as the thalamus and visual cortex.
High School Students with Learning Disabilities: Requesting Accommodations in Role‐Play
Authors: McGahee Dwannal W. , King‐Sears Margaret E. , Evmenova Anya S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSelf‐advocacy is an important skill, especially as students transition from high school to postsecondary settings. In this study, five high‐school students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) were taught to use a self‐advocacy intervention to learn to request academic accommodations. A multiple‐baseline across participants design was used to examine the functional relation between the intervention and students’ performance. Students learned the self‐advocacy intervention, consisting of 17 target behaviors, during after‐school sessions across approximately 6 weeks. Based on the visual analysis and percentage of nonoverlapping data, there was strong evidence of a functional relation between the self‐advocacy intervention and an increase in participants’ performance for requesting academic accommodations during role‐play scenarios. Participants maintained self‐advocacy skills 2 weeks after mastery and generalized accommodation requests with other school‐based personnel. Social validity data indicated that participants valued the intervention. Implications for practitioners are discussed for transition and self‐advocacy skills as well as future research opportunities.
Hydrogen isotopic exchange kinetics between organic matter and water: Implications for chemical evolution during meteorite parent body processing
Authors: Kebukawa Yoko , Kobayashi Sachio , Kawasaki Noriyuki , Wang Ying , Yurimoto Hisayoshi , Cody George D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe large variations in hydrogen isotope ratios found in insoluble organic matter (IOM) in chondritic meteorites may be attributed to hydrogen isotopic exchange between IOM and water during aqueous alteration. We conducted D–H exchange experiments (1) during synthesis of IOM simulant (hereafter called chondritic organic analog, COA) from formaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, and ammonia with water, and (2) with the synthesized COA with a secondary reservoir of water. The changes in the D/H ratios obtained by infrared spectra of the COA suggest that most of the hydrogen in the COA is derived from water during synthesis. We further investigated the kinetics of D–H exchange between D‐rich COA and D‐poor water, as well as the opposite case, D‐poor COA and D‐rich water. To help assess understanding exchange kinetics, two‐dimensional isotope imaging obtained using isotope microscope revealed that no gradient D–H exchange profiles were present in the COA grains, indicating that the rate‐limiting step for D–H exchange is not diffusion. Thus, the changes in D/(D + H) ratios were fit by the first‐order reaction rate law. Apparent kinetic parameters—the rate constants, the activation energies, and the frequency factors—were obtained with the Arrhenius equation. Using these kinetic expressions, hydrogen isotopic exchange profiles were estimated for time and temperature behavior. The D–H exchange between organic matter and water is apparently relatively fast and this implies that the aqueous alteration temperatures should have been very low, likely close to 0 °C to maintain hydrogen isotopic disequilibrium between organic matter and liquid water for millions of years.
Dyadic explanations during preparatory self‐study enhance learning: A randomised controlled study
Authors: Rotgans Jerome I. , Cleland Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of the present study was to investigate to which extent preparatory self‐study can be improved by encouraging students to engage in individual self‐explanations or dyadic explanations (ie in pairs). Individual self‐explanations refer to an act of metacognition in which students, after having processed a certain amount of information, attempt to explain their understanding to themselves of what was just learned. Dyadic explanations refer to the same process, but instead of explaining to oneself, the student explains his/her understanding to another student.MethodAn experiment was conducted in which 120 medical students studied a video‐recorded lecture on the role of protein synthesis inhibition on memory reconsolidation. Participants were randomly allocated to one of four conditions: (1) a control condition in which they listened to the lecture once; (2) a control condition in which they listened to the lecture twice; (3) an experimental condition in which they had to listen to the lecture and provide self‐explanations individually; and (4) an experimental condition in which they had to listen to the lecture and provide dyadic explanations. Participants’ knowledge regarding the topic was measured three times: at the start and end of the experiment, and one week after the experiment to determine knowledge retention. Data were analysed by means of a 2 × 2 and 4 × 3 repeated‐measures ANOVA.ResultsThe results suggest that participants who engaged in individual self‐ or dyadic explanations significantly outperformed participants in the two control conditions in terms of learning and retention (F = 5.67, Wilks Λ = 0.94, P = .019, η2 = 0.05). Moreover, the results suggest that dyadic explanations were more effective than individual self‐explanations (F = 3.70, Wilks Λ = 0.83, P = .002, η2 = 0.09).ConclusionsThese outcomes suggest that encouraging students to work in pairs or in small teams to prepare for a learning event results in superior preparation and learning.
Direct phosphorylation of HY5 by SPA kinases to regulate photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Wenli , Paik Inyup , Kim Junghyun , Hou Xilin , Sung Sibum , Huq Enamul 
Published: March 2021

Summary

Elongated hypocotyl5 (HY5) is a key transcription factor that promotes photomorphogenesis. Constitutive photomorphogenic1 (COP1)–Suppressor of phytochrome A‐105 (SPA) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex promotes ubiquitination and degradation of HY5 to repress photomorphogenesis in darkness. HY5 is also regulated by phosphorylation at serine 36 residue. However, the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of HY5 remains unknown.

Here, using extensive in vitro and in vivo biochemical, genetic, and photobiological techniques, we have identified a new kinase that phosphorylates HY5 and demonstrated the significance of phosphorylation of HY5 in Arabidopsis thaliana.

We show that SPA proteins are the missing kinases necessary for HY5 phosphorylation. SPAs can directly phosphorylate HY5 in vitro, and the phosphorylated HY5 is absent in the spaQ background in vivo. We also demonstrate that the unphosphorylated HY5 interacts strongly with both COP1 and SPA1 and is the preferred substrate for degradation, whereas the phosphorylated HY5 is more stable in the dark. In addition, the unphosphorylated HY5 actively binds to the target promoters and is the physiologically more active form. Consistently, the transgenic plants expressing the unphosphorylated form of HY5 display enhanced photomorphogenesis.

Collectively, our study revealed the missing kinase responsible for direct phosphorylation of HY5 that fine‐tunes its stability and activity to regulate photomorphogenesis.
Ligament of Marshall ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Vlachos Konstantinos , Derval Nicolas , Pambrun Thomas , Duchateau Josselin , Martin Claire A. , Bazoukis George , Frontera Antonio , Takigawa Masateru , Nakashima Takashi , Efremidis Michael , Letsas Konstantinos P. , Bourier Felix , André Clémentine , Krisai Philipp , Ramirez F. Daniel , Kamakura Tsukasa , Takagi Takamitsu , Nakatani Yosuke , Tixier Romain , Chauvel Remi , Welte Nicolas , Kitamura Takeshi , Cheniti Ghassen , Sacher Frédéric , Jaïs Pierre , Haïssaguerre Michel , Hocini Mélèze 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBeyond pulmonary vein isolation, the two main additional strategies: Cox‐Maze procedure or targeting of electrical signatures (focal bursts, rotational activities, meandering wavelets), remain controversial. High‐density mapping of these arrhythmias has demonstrated firstly that a patchy lesion set is highly proarrhythmogenic, favoring macro‐re‐entry through conduction slowing and providing pivots for localized re‐entry. Secondly, discrete anatomical structures such as the Vein or Ligament of Marshall (VOM/LOM) and the coronary sinus (CS) have epicardial muscular bundles that are more frequently involved in re‐entry than previously thought. The Marshall Bundle can be ablated at any point along its course from the mid‐to‐distal coronary sinus to the left atrial appendage. If necessary, the VOM may be directly ablated using ethanol infusion to eliminate PV contributions and produce conduction block across the mistral isthmus. Ethanol ablation of the VOM, supplemented with RF ablation, may be more effective in producing conduction block at the mitral isthmus than repeat RF ablation alone.
Inducibility of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation predicts recurrences of atrial fibrillation: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Millenaar Dominic , Becker Nicolas , Pavlicek Valérie , Wintrich Jan , Böhm Michael , Mahfoud Felix , Ukena Christian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is a component of standard care for patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF). Procedural inducibility of AF following PVI has been suggested as predictor of AF recurrence but is discussed controversially. This meta‐analysis aimed at evaluating the relevance of electrophysiological inducibility of AF following PVI for future AF recurrences.MethodsA literature search of MEDLINE and Web of Science was performed until April 2020. Prospective trials of PVI in patients with AF and post‐procedural atrial stimulation to test for inducibility of AF as well as adequate follow‐up for AF recurrence (defined as AF >10 s to >10 min at follow‐up) were included. Odds ratios (ORs) were analyzed using random‐effects models.ResultsA total of 11 trials with 1544 patients (follow‐up 7–39 months, age 56 ± 6 years, predominantly male 74 ± 6%) were included. Inducibility of AF post‐PVI was predictive for AF recurrence during follow‐up (OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.25 to 3.46). Prediction for AF recurrence at follow‐up was better for patients with paroxysmal AF (OR 4.06; 95% CI 1.39 to 11.91), stimulation in the CS (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.17 to 6.79). A trend towards higher ORs was seen without the use of isoproterenol (OR 2.43; 95% CI 1.17 to 5.07), as well as few stimulations during induction and a short definition of AF in meta‐regression analyses.ConclusionsElectrophysiological inducibility of AF following PVI was predictive for future recurrence of AF, in particular in patients with paroxysmal AF, stimulation in only CS and no use of isoproterenol.
Rapid systemic uptake of naloxone after intranasal administration in children
Authors: Malmros Olsson Eva , Lönnqvist Per‐Arne , Stiller Carl‐Olav , Eksborg Staffan , Lundeberg Stefan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundNaloxone has a high affinity for the µ‐opioid receptor and acts as a competitive antagonist, thus reversing the effects of opioids. Naloxone is often administrated intravenously, but there is a growing interest in the intranasal route in treating patients with opioid overdose, and in reversing effects after therapeutic use of opioids. As administration is painless and no intravenous access is needed, the intranasal route is especially useful in children.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the uptake of naloxone 0.4 mg/ml during the first 20 min after administration as a nasal spray in a pediatric population, with special focus on the time to achieve maximum plasma concentration.MethodsTwenty children, 6 months–10 years, were included in the study. The naloxone dose administered was 20 µg/kg, maximum 0.4 mg, divided into repeated doses of 0.1 ml in each nostril. Venous blood samples were collected at 5, 10, and 20 min after the end of administration.ResultsAll patients had quantifiable concentrations of naloxone in venous blood at 5 min, and within 20 min, peak concentration had been reached in more than half of the children. At 20 min after intranasal administration, the plasma naloxone concentrations were within the range of 2–6 nanogram/ml.ConclusionThis study confirms the clinical experience that the rapid effect of naloxone after intranasal administration in children was reflected in rapid systemic uptake to achieve higher peak plasma concentrations than previously reported in adults.
Scrutinizing the impact of water deficit in plants: Transcriptional regulation, signaling, photosynthetic efficacy, and management
Authors: Kaur Harsimran , Kohli Sukhmeen Kaur , Khanna Kanika , Bhardwaj Renu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSuboptimal availability of water limits plant growth, development, and performance. Drought is one of the leading factors responsible for worldwide crop yield reduction. In the future, owing to climate changes, more agricultural land will be affected by prolonged periods of water deficit. Thus, understanding the fundamental mechanism of drought response is a major scientific concern for improvement of crop production. To combat drought stress, plants deploy varied mechanistic strategies and alter their morphological, physiochemical, and molecular attributes. This helps plant to enhance water uptake and storage, reduce water loss and avoid wilting. Induction of several transcription factors and drought responsive genes leads to synthesis of stress proteins, regulation of water channels i.e. aquaporins and production of osmolytes that are essential for maintenance of osmotic balance at the cellular level. Self‐ and hormone‐regulated signaling pathways are often stimulated by plants after receiving drought stress signals via secondary messengers, mitogen‐activated protein kinases, and stress hormones. These signaling cascades often leads to stomatal closure and reduction in transpiration rates. Reduced carbon dioxide diffusion in chloroplast, lowered efficacy of photosystems, and other metabolic constraints limits the key regulatory photosynthetic process during water deficit. The impact of these stomatal and nonstomatal limitations varies with stress intensity, superimposed stresses and plant species. A clear understanding of the drought resistance process is thus important before adopting strategies for imparting drought tolerance in plants. These management practices at present include exogenous hormone application, breeding, and genetic engineering techniques for combating the water deficit issues.
Exploiting the Capabilities of Bayesian Networks for Engineering Risk Assessment: Causal Reasoning through Interventions
Authors: Ruiz‐Tagle Andres , Lopez Droguett Enrique , Groth Katrina M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the last decade, Bayesian networks (BNs) have been widely used in engineering risk assessment due to the benefits that they provide over other methods. Among these, the most significant is the ability to model systems, causal factors, and their dependencies in a probabilistic manner. This capability has enabled the community to do causal reasoning throughassociations, which answers questions such as: “How does new evidence about the occurrence of event change my belief about the occurrence of event ?” Associative reasoning has helped risk analysts to identify relevant risk‐contributing factors and perform scenario analysis by evidence propagation. However, engineering risk assessment has yet to explore other features of BNs, such as the ability to reason throughinterventions, which enables the BN model to support answering questions of the form “How doesdoingchange my belief about the occurrence of event ?” In this article, we propose to expand the scope of use of BN models in engineering risk assessment to support intervention reasoning. This will provide more robust risk‐informed decision support by enabling the modeling of policies and actions before being implemented. To do this, we provide the formal mathematical background and tools to model interventions in BNs and propose a framework that enables its use in engineering risk assessment. This is demonstrated in an illustrative case study on third‐party damage of natural gas pipelines, showing how BNs can be used to inform decision‐makers about the effect that new actions/policies can have on a system.
Bending of Curved Thin Tubes
Authors: Beskin Leon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The stress distribution in curved tubes under the action of applied couples acting either in the plane of curvature of the tube or perpendicularly to that plane greatly differs from the conventional beam distribution, especially in the case of tubes with thin walls and a great curvature of the center line. For that reason, curved tubes with thin walls are much more flexible under applied couples than the corresponding straight tubes. The stress distribution in curved tubes, and its influence on the rigidity, are examined by the author in the case when the ratio of the radius of the center line to the radius of the tube is great. It is also shown that, when this ratio is small, the results relative to rigidity remain fairly accurate, while the results relative to stress distribution are incorrect and require a more complete analysis.
The Structural Efficiency of Wing Covers
Authors: Donovan A. F. , Goland Martin , Goodier J. N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper seeks to establish rational criteria for evaluating the structural efficiencies of sheet-stiffener combinations and alternative constructions used for wing and other surfaces, and to determine the suitability of the available materials for panels of various proportions. The efficiency criteria require the determination of the ideal construction for such panels, and this is carried out. It is found that the primary requirement of the “best” material for the ideal design is a high strength-weight ratio (yield stress-density). A diagram (Fig. 5) is given to determine readily the weights of panels of ideal design made of various materials, all to carry the same load. In general one material is better than another only for a limited range of panel proportions.
The Axial Vibration of Turbine Disks
Authors: Moody A. M. G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The theoretical basis for calculation of disk vibrations developed by Stodola leaves a wide gap to be supplied between theory and useful procedure. This paper outlines a method by which the designer may obtain useful results without resorting to complicated procedures and with a minimum of empirical modifications. Taking Stodola’s differential equations for the energy of an element of a disk, including bending energy when disk is in its position of extreme deflection, kinetic energy as disk passes through its undeflected position, and work done against centrifugal force, the author presents a simplified method of applying them which results in a satisfactory degree of accuracy with but slight expenditure of time in calculations. He points out that static-frequency calculations make a convenient basis for comparing disks and may be checked much more readily experimentally than running frequencies, although the latter may at times be necessary if static-frequency results are too low. In a typical calculation for static frequency for a 3-nodal-diameter vibration of a steel disk, the procedure is demonstrated, and the use of tables of function for simplifying the work is indicated.
Fatigue Tests of Airplane Generator Brackets With Special Reference to Failure of Screw Fastenings
Authors: Wahl A. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fatigue tests on forged-steel airplane-generator brackets of different proportions are described. It was found that in many cases the limiting factor in the strength of the assembly was not that of the bracket itself but rather that of the screw fastenings used to hold the bracket to the generator frame. The fatigue strength of these screw fastenings is largely dependent on the rigidity (or thickness) of the bracket rim, since a flexible rim allows a high variable stress to be set up. Methods, which appear to yield reasonable results for design purposes, are given for calculating screw stresses as well as spoke and rim stresses in brackets of this type.