bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic observations of a complex firn structure across the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica
Authors: Hollmann Hannes , Treverrow Adam , Peters Leo E. , Reading Anya M. , Kulessa Bernd 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe use seismic refraction data to investigate the firn structure across a suture zone on the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, and the possible role of glacier dynamics in firn evolution. In the downstream direction, the data reveal decreasing compressional-wave velocities and increasing penetration depth of the propagating wave in the firn layer, consistent with$\sim$1 m firn thickening every 6 km. The boundary between the Lambert Glacier unit to the west and a major suture zone and the Mawson Escarpment Ice Stream unit to the east, is marked by differences in firn thicknesses, compressional-wave velocities and seismic anisotropy in the across-flow direction. The latter does not contradict the presence of a single-maximum crystal orientation fabric oriented 45–$90^{\circ }$away from the flow direction. This is consistent with the presence of transverse simple shear governing the region's underlying ice flow regime, in association with elevated strain along the suture zone. The confirmation and quantification of the implied dynamic coupling between firn and the underlying ice requires integration of future seismic refraction, coring and modelling studies. Because firn is estimated to cover$\sim$98% of the Antarctic continent any such coupling may have widespread relevance to ice-sheet evolution and flow.
Do Stereotypes Explain Discrimination Against Minority Candidates or Discrimination in Favor of Majority Candidates?
Authors: Portmann Lea 
Published: March 2021

AbstractScholars have examined the role that negative stereotypes play in electoral discrimination against minority candidates. Incorporating literature on in-group favoritism, the author argues here that some degree of this discrimination can be explained instead by voters holding positive stereotypes of majority candidates and discriminating in their favor. Based on the results of an original moderation-of-process survey experiment carried out in Italy, the study provides evidence of electoral discrimination pertaining to immigrant-origin candidates, concentrated among right-wing citizens. It finds that stereotypes have little mediating effect on discriminationagainstcandidates with a migration background; rather, the primary role played by stereotypes is in discriminationin favor ofmajority candidates, that is, positive bias that reserves electoral benefits to them. The relevance of in-group favoritism is corroborated by the finding that large segments of the Italian voting population hold distinctively positive stereotypes of majority candidates without also negatively stereotyping immigrant-origin candidates.
Saccharomyces boulardiireduces the vertical transmission ofToxocara canislarvae in mice
Authors: Cruz L.A.X. , Hirsch C.D. , de Moura M.Q. , de Avila L.F.C. , Martins L.H.R. , Klafke G.B. , Conceição F.R. , Berne M.E.A. , Scaini C.J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProbiotics have been shown to reduce the intensity ofToxocara canisinfection in mice. However, larval transmission of this nematode also occurs via transplacental and transmammary routes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of theSaccharomyces boulardiiprobiotic on the vertical transmission ofT.canisin Swiss mice. The mice received 107S.boulardiicolony-forming units per gram of food. The supplementation began 15 days before mating and was maintained throughout pregnancy and lactation. The animals were inoculated with 300T.canisembryonated eggs on the 14th day of pregnancy. The presence of larvae was examined in the organs of the females and their offspring. The examined organs included the following: brain, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen, eye, skeletal muscle (carcass) and mammary glands of lactating females. There was a 42% (P= 0.041) reduction in the number of larvae transmitted to offspring in the group that received probiotic-supplemented food (GI). Additionally, there was a 50% reduction (P= 0.023) in the number of larvae found in the brains of lactating offspring in the GI group. These results reveal the potential ofS.boulardiiprobiotic use as an auxiliary method of controlling visceral toxocariasis.
Diagnostic yield of computed tomography in the evaluation of unilateral vocal fold palsy
Authors: Chew H S , Goh J C G , Tham D Y A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is a paucity of Asian-based data regarding the diagnostic yield of computed tomography imaging in the initial assessment of idiopathic unilateral vocal fold palsy.ObjectivesTo investigate the diagnostic yield of computed tomography in idiopathic unilateral vocal fold palsy cases in an Asian tertiary hospital, and to determine the causative pathologies and positive predictive factors.MethodA retrospective chart review was conducted of patients (between 2010 and 2018) with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic unilateral vocal fold palsy who underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the neck and chest at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.ResultsThe overall computed tomography diagnostic yield was 21 per cent, with malignancy accounting for 63.6 per cent of diagnoses. Degree of vocal fold weakness was the only significant predictor of positive computed tomography findings (11.5 per cent in vocal fold paresis vs 29.1 per cent in vocal fold paralysis, p = 0.025). None of the patients with negative computed tomography findings went on to develop disease after a mean follow up of 14.3 months.ConclusionComputed tomography is a useful initial investigation for idiopathic unilateral vocal fold palsy, particularly in cases with vocal fold paralysis.
Fluorescent protein expression in temperature tolerant and susceptible reef-building corals
Authors: Dizon Exequiel Gabriel S. , Da-Anoy Jeric P. , Roth Melissa S. , Conaco Cecilia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFluorescent proteins (FPs) are reported to play an important role as photoprotectants and antioxidants in corals subjected to stressful conditions. Identifying the various FP genes expressed and FP gene expression patterns under stress in diverse coral species can provide insight into FP function. In this study, we identified 16 putative FP homologues from the transcriptomes of corals with varying susceptibility to elevated temperature, includingAcropora digitifera,Favites colemani,Montipora digitataandSeriatopora caliendrum. Each coral expressed a different complement of FP transcripts, which were predicted to have distinct spectral properties. The most diverse and abundant repertoire of FP transcripts, including at least 6 green FPs, were expressed in the temperature-tolerant coral,F. colemani. In comparison, the other corals expressed fewer FP types. Specific FP transcripts exhibited variable expression profiles in coral fragments subjected to 32 ± 1 °C (treatment) or 28 ± 1 °C (control) for up to 72 h, suggesting that distinct FPs may have different roles. Further studies on the expression of the proteins encoded by these FP transcripts, their fluorescence activity, tissue localization, and possible antioxidant properties, are needed to reveal their contribution to thermal stress tolerance in certain species of corals.
Perceived major experiences of discrimination, ethnic group, and risk of psychosis in a six-country case−control study
Authors: Misra Supriya , Gelaye Bizu , Williams David R. , Koenen Karestan C. , Borba Christina P.C. , Quattrone Diego , Di Forti Marta , Tripoli Giada , La Cascia Caterina , La Barbera Daniele , Ferraro Laura , Tarricone Ilaria , Berardi Domenico , Lasalvia Antonio , Tosato Sarah , Szöke Andrei , Llorca Pierre-Michel , Arango Celso , Tortelli Andrea , de Haan Lieuwe , Velthorst Eva , Bobes Julio , Bernardo Miguel , Sanjuán Julio , Santos Jose Luis , Arrojo Manuel , Del-Ben Cristina Marta , Menezes Paulo Rossi , Selten Jean-Paul , Jones Peter B. , Jongsma Hannah E. , Kirkbride James B. , Rutten Bart P.F. , van Os Jim , Murray Robin M. , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , Morgan Craig 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPerceived discrimination is associated with worse mental health. Few studies have assessed whether perceived discrimination (i) is associated with the risk of psychotic disorders and (ii) contributes to an increased risk among minority ethnic groups relative to the ethnic majority.MethodsWe used data from the European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions Work Package 2, a population-based case−control study of incident psychotic disorders in 17 catchment sites across six countries. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the associations between perceived discrimination and psychosis using mixed-effects logistic regression models. We used stratified and mediation analyses to explore differences for minority ethnic groups.ResultsReporting any perceived experience of major discrimination (e.g. unfair treatment by police, not getting hired) was higher in cases than controls (41.8% v. 34.2%). Pervasive experiences of discrimination (≥3 types) were also higher in cases than controls (11.3% v. 5.5%). In fully adjusted models, the odds of psychosis were 1.20 (95% CI 0.91–1.59) for any discrimination and 1.79 (95% CI 1.19–1.59) for pervasive discrimination compared with no discrimination. In stratified analyses, the magnitude of association for pervasive experiences of discrimination appeared stronger for minority ethnic groups (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.12–2.68) than the ethnic majority (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 0.65–3.10). In exploratory mediation analysis, pervasive discrimination minimally explained excess risk among minority ethnic groups (5.1%).ConclusionsPervasive experiences of discrimination are associated with slightly increased odds of psychotic disorders and may minimally help explain excess risk for minority ethnic groups.
Apolipoprotein E e4 allele status and later-life depression in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936
Authors: Iveson Matthew H. , Taylor Adele , Harris Sarah E. , Deary Ian J. , McIntosh Andrew M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrevious results have been mixed regarding the role of the apolipoprotein E e4 (APOE e4) allele in later-life depression: some studies note that carriers experience greater symptoms and increased risk while others find no such association. However, there are few prospective, population-based studies of the APOE e4-depression association and fewer that examine depressive symptom trajectory and depression risk longitudinally. We examined the association between APOE e4 allele status and longitudinal change in depressive symptoms and depression risk in later-life, over a 12-year follow-up period.MethodsWe used data from 690 participants of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 who took part in the Scottish Mental Survey 1947 (aged 11) and were followed-up in later-life over five waves from 2004 to 2019 (aged 70–82). We used APOE e4 allele status to predict longitudinal change in depressive symptom scores and risk of depression (defined by a symptom score threshold or use of depression-related medication). Models were adjusted for sex, childhood cognitive ability, childhood social class, education, adult social class, smoking status and functional limitations at baseline.ResultsDepressive symptom scores increased with age. Once adjusted for covariates, APOE e4 allele status did not significantly predict symptom score trajectories or depression risk. Greater functional limitations at baseline significantly predicted poorer symptom score trajectories and increased depression risk (defined by medications). APOE e4 allele status did not significantly moderate the contribution of sex, education or functional limitations.ConclusionsThere was no evidence that APOE e4 carriers experience an increased risk for later-life depression.
Seabird bycatch vulnerability in pelagic longline fisheries based on modelling of a long-term dataset
Authors: ZHOU CAN , BROTHERS NIGEL 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThe incidental mortality of seabirds in fisheries remains a serious global concern. Obtaining unbiased and accurate estimates of bycatch rates is a priority for seabird bycatch mitigation and demographic research. For measuring the capture risk of seabird interactions in fisheries, the rate of carcass retrieval from hauled gear is commonly used. However, reliability can be limited by a lack of direct capture observations and the substantial pre-haul bycatch losses known to occur, meaning incidence of seabird bycatch is underestimated. To solve this problem, a new measure (bycatch vulnerability) that links an observed interaction directly to the underlying capture event is proposed to represent the capture risk of fishery interactions by seabirds. The new measure is not affected by subsequent bycatch loss. To illustrate how to estimate and analyse bycatch vulnerability, a case study based on a long-term dataset of seabird interactions and capture confirmation is provided. Bayesian modelling and hypothesis testing were conducted to identify important bycatch risk factors. Competition was found to play a central role in determining seabird bycatch vulnerability. More competitive environments were riskier for seabirds, and larger and thus more competitive species were more at risk than smaller sized and less competitive species. Species foraging behaviour also played a role. On the other hand, no additional effect of physical oceanic condition and spatio-temporal factors on bycatch vulnerability was detected. Bycatch vulnerability is recommended as a replacement for the commonly used bycatch rate or carcass retrieval rate to measure the capture risk of an interaction. Combined with a normalized contact rate, bycatch vulnerability offers an unbiased estimate of seabird bycatch rate in pelagic longline fisheries.
Body composition during the first 4 months in infants affected by neonatal abstinence syndrome: a pilot study
Authors: Corr Tammy E. , Schaefer Eric W. , Paul Ian M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNewborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) display symptoms related to neurologic excitability and autonomic dysfunction that result in increased metabolic demands. These infants also exhibit feeding difficulties and/or hyperphagia. Because the effects of these symptoms and behaviors on growth are unknown, we sought to measure serial body composition measurements over the first 4 months in infants with NAS requiring pharmacologic treatment using air displacement plethysmography. Fourteen infants of singleton birth with appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) weight and a gestational age of ≥35 weeks and <42 weeks were evaluated. In mixed-effects models, per week, infants increased in mean fat percent by 1.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85–1.43), fat mass by 90 g (CI: 70–100), and fat-free mass by 140 g (CI: 130–150). The subgroup of infants (N = 5) requiring multidrug therapy for symptom control had lower mean fat percent (−1.2%, CI: −5.2–2.1), fat mass (−60 g, CI: −25–13), and fat-free mass (−270 g, CI: −610–80) across time compared to infants requiring monotherapy. We are the first to report how body composition measures change over time in a small group of patients with NAS. Infants with NAS were smaller and leaner in the first several weeks compared to previously reported body composition measurements in term infants, but grew similarly to their healthy counterparts by 16 weeks. Infants with more severe NAS may be at risk for abnormalities in longer term growth.
Choice of Pedotransfer Functions Matters when Simulating Soil Water Balance Fluxes
Authors: Weihermüller Lutz , Lehmann Peter , Herbst Michael , Rahmati Mehdi , Verhoef Anne , Or Dani , Jacques Diederick , Vereecken Harry 
Published: March 2021

AbstractModeling of the land surface water‐, energy‐, and carbon balance provides insight into the behavior of the Earth System, under current and future conditions. Currently, there exists a substantial variability between model outputs, for a range of model types, whereby differences between model input parameters could be an important reason. For large‐scale land surface, hydrological, and crop models, soil hydraulic properties (SHP) are required as inputs, which are estimated from pedotransfer functions (PTFs). To analyze the functional sensitivity of widely used PTFs, the water fluxes for different scenarios using HYDRUS‐1D were simulated and predictions compared. The results showed that using different PTFs causes substantial variability in predicted fluxes. In addition, an in‐depth analysis of the soil SHPs and derived soil characteristics was performed to analyze why the SHPs estimated from the different PTFs cause the model to behave differently.The results obtained provide guidelines for the selection of PTFs in large scale models. The model performance in terms of numerical stability, time‐integrated behavior of cumulative fluxes, as well as instantaneous fluxes was evaluated, in order to compare the suitability of the PTFs. Based on this, the Rosetta, Wösten, and Tóth PTF seem to be the most robust PTFs for the Mualem van Genuchten SHPs and the PTF of Cosby for the Brooks Corey functions. Based on our findings, we strongly recommend to harmonize the PTFs used in model inter‐comparison studies to avoid artifacts originating from the choice of PTF rather from different model structures.
Improved resolution in single-molecule localization microscopy using QD-PAINT
Authors: Chang Yeonho , Kim Do-Hyeon , Zhou Kai , Jeong Min Gyu , Park Soyeon , Kwon Yonghoon , Hong Triet Minh , Noh Jungeun , Ryu Sung Ho 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSingle-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) has allowed the observation of various molecular structures in cells beyond the diffraction limit using organic dyes. In principle, the SMLM resolution depends on the precision of photoswitching fluorophore localization, which is inversely correlated with the square root of the number of photons released from the individual fluorophores. Thus, increasing the photon number by using highly bright fluorophores, such as quantum dots (QDs), can theoretically fundamentally overcome the current resolution limit of SMLM. However, the use of QDs in SMLM has been challenging because QDs have no photoswitching property, which is essential for SMLM, and they exhibit nonspecificity and multivalency, which complicate their use in fluorescence imaging. Here, we present a method to utilize QDs in SMLM to surpass the resolution limit of the current SMLM utilizing organic dyes. We confer monovalency, specificity, and photoswitchability on QDs by steric exclusion via passivation and ligand exchange with ptDNA, PEG, and casein as well as by DNA point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (DNA-PAINT) via automatic thermally driven hybridization between target-bound docking and dye-bound complementary imager strands. QDs are made monovalent and photoswitchable to enable SMLM and show substantially better photophysical properties than Cy3, with higher fluorescence intensity and an improved resolution factor. QD-PAINT displays improved spatial resolution with a narrower full width at half maximum (FWHM) than DNA-PAINT with Cy3. In summary, QD-PAINT shows great promise as a next-generation SMLM method for overcoming the limited resolution of the current SMLM.
Meta-analysis of neural systems underlying placebo analgesia from individual participant fMRI data
Authors: Zunhammer Matthias , Spisák Tamás , Wager Tor D. , Bingel Ulrike ,   The Placebo Imaging Consortium, Atlas Lauren , Benedetti Fabrizio , Büchel Christian , Choi Jae Chan , Colloca Luana , Duzzi Davide , Eippert Falk , Ellingsen Dan-Mikael , Elsenbruch Sigrid , Geuter Stephan , Kaptchuk Ted J. , Kessner Simon S. , Kirsch Irving , Kong Jian , Lamm Claus , Leknes Siri , Lui Fausta , Müllner-Huber Alexa , Porro Carlo A. , Rütgen Markus , Schenk Lieven A. , Schmid Julia , Theysohn Nina , Tracey Irene , Wrobel Nathalie , Zeidan Fadel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe brain systems underlying placebo analgesia are insufficiently understood. Here we performed a systematic, participant-level meta-analysis of experimental functional neuroimaging studies of evoked pain under stimulus-intensity-matched placebo and control conditions, encompassing 603 healthy participants from 20 (out of 28 eligible) studies. We find that placebo vs. control treatments induce small, widespread reductions in pain-related activity, particularly in regions belonging to ventral attention (including mid-insula) and somatomotor networks (including posterior insula). Behavioral placebo analgesia correlates with reduced pain-related activity in these networks and the thalamus, habenula, mid-cingulate, and supplementary motor area. Placebo-associated activity increases occur mainly in frontoparietal regions, with high between-study heterogeneity. We conclude that placebo treatments affect pain-related activity in multiple brain areas, which may reflect changes in nociception and/or other affective and decision-making processes surrounding pain. Between-study heterogeneity suggests that placebo analgesia is a multi-faceted phenomenon involving multiple cerebral mechanisms that differ across studies.
Unlocking history through automated virtual unfolding of sealed documents imaged by X-ray microtomography
Authors: Dambrogio Jana , Ghassaei Amanda , Smith Daniel Starza , Jackson Holly , Demaine Martin L. , Davis Graham , Mills David , Ahrendt Rebekah , Akkerman Nadine , van der Linden David , Demaine Erik D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractComputational flattening algorithms have been successfully applied to X-ray microtomography scans of damaged historical documents, but have so far been limited to scrolls, books, and documents with one or two folds. The challenge tackled here is to reconstruct the intricate folds, tucks, and slits of unopened letters secured shut with “letterlocking,” a practice—systematized in this paper—which underpinned global communications security for centuries before modern envelopes. We present a fully automatic computational approach for reconstructing and virtually unfolding volumetric scans of a locked letter with complex internal folding, producing legible images of the letter’s contents and crease pattern while preserving letterlocking evidence. We demonstrate our method on four letterpackets from Renaissance Europe, reading the contents of one unopened letter for the first time. Using the results of virtual unfolding, we situate our findings within a novel letterlocking categorization chart based on our study of 250,000 historical letters.
Imine as a linchpin approach for meta-C–H functionalization
Authors: Bag Sukdev , Jana Sadhan , Pradhan Sukumar , Bhowmick Suman , Goswami Nupur , Sinha Soumya Kumar , Maiti Debabrata 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite the widespread applications of C–H functionalization, controlling site selectivity remains a significant challenge. Covalently attached directing groups (DGs) served as ancillary ligands to ensure ortho-, meta- and para-C–H functionalization over the last two decades. These covalently linked DGs necessitate two extra steps for a single C–H functionalization: introduction of DG prior to C–H activation and removal of DG post-functionalization. Here we report a temporary directing group (TDG) for meta-C–H functionalization via reversible imine formation. By overruling facile ortho-C–H bond activation by imine-N atom, a suitably designed pyrimidine-based TDG successfully delivered selective meta-C–C bond formation. Application of this temporary directing group strategy for streamlining the synthesis of complex organic molecules without any necessary pre-functionalization at the meta position has been explored.