bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Fabricated (PAA-PVA/GO) and (PAAm-PVA/GO) Nanocomposites: Functional Groups and Graphene Nanosheets effect on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Al-shammari Athmar K. , Al-Bermany Ehssan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Graphene reinforcement brings high attraction from researchers as its sole properties improving the mechanical and structural properties of nanomaterials. The research aims to explore the effect of the functional group of the polymers have the same mainstay of the polymer chain but with a different end functional group in addition to the influence of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and Poly (acrylamide) (PAAm) were the model polymer. These polymers mixed with Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) separately after dissolved in distilled water (DW) then reinforced with GO applying the developed acoustic-sonication-casting method. The applying method was successfully fabricated the new nanocomposites from these mixed materials for the first time with a ratio of 4.5:4.5:1 wt. % of PAA: PVA: GO and PAAm: PVA: GO as nanocomposites, respectively. The new nanocomposites exhibited homogeneous combinations with an acceptable dispersal of GO in the polymers matrix as presented in the visual microscopy (OM). Coupled with the strong interplay between polymers in the matrix and the polymer with GO nanoparticles as nanocomposites, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) verified the successful preparation of GO. Ultrasound measurements with a multi-frequency channel (30, 40 and 50 kHz) were used to characterize the ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, compressibility and Bulk modulus, etc. Most of the mechanical properties were significantly improved of both new nanocomposites after the contribution of GO in comparison with blended polymers for both nanocomposites up to 74 %, 100 %, 198 and 177% respectively compared to their blended polymers. Interestingly, the PAA-PVA/GO nanocomposites presented a smoother surface and better mechanical results in comparison with PAAm-PVA/GO that showed rough surface and soften behaviour. The results of these new nanocomposites could aid in the development of promising materials for a variety of applications, such as improving oil recovery or developing medical and pharmaceutical applications.
Speech Recognition using Convolution Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Alsobhani Ayad , ALabboodi Hanaa M A , Mahdi Haider 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The use of a speech recognition model has become extremely important. Speech control has become an important type; Our project worked on designing a word-tracking model by applying speech recognition features with deep convolutional neuro-learning. Six control words are used (start, stop, forward, backward, right, left). Words from people of different ages. Two equal parts, men and women, contribute to our speech dataset which is used to train and test proposed deep neural networks. Collect data in different places in the street, park, laboratory and market. Words ranged in length from 1 to 1.30 seconds for thirty people. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is applied as advanced deep neural networks to classify each word from our pooled data set as a multi-class classification task. The proposed deep neural network returned 97.06% as word classification accuracy with a completely unknown speech sample. CNN is used to train and test our data. Our work has been distinguished from many other papers that often use ready-made and fairly consistent data of the isolated word type. While our data are collected in different noisy environments under different conditions and from two types of speech, isolated word and continuous word.
Numerical investigation of flexural strength for functionally graded composite and laminated composite materials
Authors: Hamzah Ahmed Fadhil , Al-Kawaz Ammar Emad , Hunain Mustafa Baqir 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Material properties that can be done to show a smooth and constant change starting with one surface then onto the next, along these lines taking out interface issues and alleviating concentrations of thermal stress. In the present work, a polymeric composite with functionally graded mode and their deflection behavior were studied using analysis through Finite element analysis via ANSYS 16.1 and visual basics 6.0 language depending on Mori Tanka formula and classical laminated theory in order to decide the stiffer material under flexural load. The proposed tests were essentially using the square plates under static uniform stress. The two kinds of composites were involved in a paired of materials with constant volume fraction. The outcomes revealed that stiffness of FGM less than laminate composite.
Influence of polypropylene fibers reinforcement on the mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete used in airports with partial replacement of cement by cement kiln dust
Authors: Al-Tameemi Ali A , Mahdi A’mina K 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study presents the influence of polypropylene fiber (PPF) reinforcement on the mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete (RCC) in which the cementitious materials (CMs) were partially replaced with cement kiln dust (CKD). Characteristics of RCC with partial replacement of CMs with CKD, reinforced with different PPF contents (0.04, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2.5%) were studied. The results clarified that the inclusion of PPF could affect the mechanical properties and cracking behaviour of RCC. It was shown that reinforcing RCC with 0.04%, and 0.1% PPF enhanced the flexural and compressive strength of RCC beside that the mode of tensile failure of RCC had been changed from brittle to ductile failure with successive cracking pattern. The research results indicated that a substantial increase (more than 57%) in flexural strength of RCC was attained by using 0.1% PPF to reinforce RCC with 5% or 10% of CMs replaced with CKD. These findings is of great important in utilizing RCC reinforced with PPF (PPFRRCC) in airports pavements. However, it was noticed that using more than 0.1% content of PPF affected adversely the mechanical properties of RCC. The present research proved that using specified content of PPF could improve the mechanical properties of PPFRRCC to fulfil the requirement airport aprons concrete pavements beside the beneficial impact on reducing the contamination of the environment.
Performance of solid masonry columns after strengthening
Authors: Adnan M Q , Hatem H H , Alghazali H H , Mahdi W H , Mahdi A H , Mohammed M W , Numan M A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Brick masonry is one of the widely used materials for the construction of walls and columns in buildings. In many cases, the built walls and columns fail due to excess lateral loads, environmental degradation, and increased loading requirments due to changes in occupancy. In this paper, an experimental was conducted to understand the performance of building columns made of solid clay bricks strengthening with fiberglass and ferrocement techniques materials. In total, six columns were constructed, two columns were control columns (unconfined), two columns were strengthened and confined with fiberglass mesh and plaster, and the other two columns were strengthened and confined with ferrocement. The experimental results showed that the maximum axial load of unconfined specimens can be increased if they are confined by fiberglass or ferrocement systems. Both systems can be used to repair uncollapsed columns which have been loaded close to failure or exposed to strength deterioration.
Time series analyses for predicting the water quality and river discharge at Al-Kufa river in Iraq
Authors: Hayder Ali M , Alikhan Hussein A , Jihad Ayam J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this study, raw water samples collected from Al-Kufa River station in Al-Kufa city, Iraq were monitored and tested monthly from 2013 to 2017. Chemical and time series analyses were performed on 13 water quality parameters, the river discharge (Q), and water surface elevation (WSE). These water quality parameters were the magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate ([PO4]3-), dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, water temperature (Temp), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness (TH). Regression was used to examine the relationships between the concentrations of the assayed water quality parameters and river discharge. The theoretical models best-fitted with the assayed parameters were evaluated by two tests, the Kolmogorov⁃Smirnov (K⁃S) test and the chi-squared (χ2) test. The relation between the concentrations of the assayed parameters and river discharge was moderate (r-value is between 0.5-0.95) for the parameters EC, TDS, Ca, Cl, Na, and WSE while weaker correlation resul for the other parameters (r<0.5). Equations with second order provided a superior characterization for most of the parameters for which trends were detected, and the river discharge was the unique parameter showing an upward trend based on the nonparametric Spearman’s criterion. Together, the time series analyses and trend detection would help to forecast the safety of water at Al-Kufa station for human consumption.
Detention and Release in Rectangular Gabion Weir
Authors: Al-Fawzy Ali Mekki 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present paper aims to study the mechanization of detention and release processes when a rectangular gabion weir is used in lined irrigation canals as the preliminary solution to treat the problem of lowering water levels generally during the summer season. At this study a laboratory flume canal with dimensions of 10.0 m long by 0.3 m wide and 0.5 m high was used to carry out the weir experiments. The used hydraulic model constructed with dimensions of 0.3 m width by 0.4 m height, and five different lengths of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 m respectively. Whereas the used gravel samples, as filling material, were of monosized gravel with diameters ranged between 9.5-14.0, 14.0-19.0, 19.0-25.0, 25.0-37.5, and 37.5-50 mm respectively. While the measured discharge values during the experiments were in the range of 0.0007-0.015.0 m3/s, they reached a total of 194 test runs. The results showed that the upstream water depth, as Detention depth, is directly proportional to both of the discharge and the length of the weir, and inversely proportional to the diameter of the used gravel sample, the downstream water depth, as Release depth, is directly proportional with discharge, simultaneously there is no clear effect for both the length weirs length and the used gravel sample on it‘s value. Finally, both values of detention and release depths are directly proportional to each other. A series of empirical formulas were made for designers to manage detention and release processes for this type of weirs.
Evaluation of laboratory submerged membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis system for treating textile wastewater and reuse
Authors: Zahraa S H , Gzar H A , Shaimaa H H 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This study aims to assess the overall performance of a membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis membrane for the treatment of textile effluent as well as to investigate their ability in meeting the water reuse standards. The laboratory-scale MBR-RO units were fed with textile wastewater, and the MBR effluent performance was evaluated through water quality for the parameters like total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and colour. The results reveal that the MBR system yields good quality permeate water. We obtained 99%, 90.3%, and 82.5% (average) reduction of TSS, COD, and colour, respectively, with this system. Moreover, the MBR technology is highly effective for pre-RO treatment. We also studied the impact of pressure and temperature applied to the RO membrane on the efficiency for eliminating TDS, COD, colour, and the permeate flux. The results demonstrated that the applied pressure positively affected while the feed temperature negatively affects the overall removal efficiency. This study confirms that the feed temperature, besides pressure, have a positive effect on the flux for an RO system.
Using Google Earth Engine development environment for remote sensing image analysis, Al Shuwija marsh case study
Authors: Hasan Sajjad H , Al-Hameedawi Amjed N M , Ismael H S 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
As a result of climate change, including changing the timing of rainfall and the fluctuation of its quantities, in addition to changing the timing of snowmelt, and thus the variation in the amounts of torrents led to a clear change in the areas of flooded and humid lands, especially in the eastern side of Iraq bordering the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study aims to determine the maximum and minimum submerged area of Al Shuwija marsh basin using Landsat imagery (1984-2019) and provides statistical data on their scale to support planning and studies in this extent. Global Surface Water web application was called into Google earth engine (GEE) platform which used Landsat 5, 7 and 8 imageries to distinguish water and other feature through the spectral reflectance characteristics of different features through thermal band. Near-infrared and shortwave-infrared have been used to isolate pixels procured over vast water from those gained over different surfaces. And then create a chart that summarizes the area of surface water in this basin. Then the GEE conversion function used to convert raster to vector as a step before export result as a vector data which ease to use for calculating area of water classes. So briefly, the result is spatial data (polygon features) of water classes for study area in Keyhole Markup Language (kml) or ESRI Shapefile formats can be downloading from user account at google cloud.
Performance improvement of vertical anchor plates in sandy soil by using geogrid reinforcement
Authors: Al Salami Hind N , Aziz Laith J 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe stabilization of an anchoring system plays a significant role in geotechnical engineering structures. To develop a clear understanding of the vertical plate anchors behavior due to geogrid reinforced soil under various pullout load inclination ranging from (0, 25, 45, 60, and 90) degrees in Cohesionless soil, a series of total (34) tests were carried out. The soil has been investigated by using small-scale model tests. Geogrid with different width and heights placed (vertically or horizontally in front of the vertical anchor plate at different locations were used to reinforce a soil mass in front of square anchor plates. The studied parameters include reinforced soil mass width, soil mass height, the location of geogrid-reinforced soil mass, effect of water content increase, and the inclination angle of pullout load. The test results indicate that Geogrid reinforced mass in front of a vertical anchor plate significantly increases the stiffness of the soil and increases the pullout resistance of shallow anchor plates. According to test outcomes, critical situations also were stated and discussed.
Analytical model for bearing capacity of two closely spaced foundations
Authors: Altaweel A A , Shakir R R 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this study, a new analysis has been developed to determine the bearing capacity of soil under interference of two asymmetric strip foundations conditions. The limit equilibrium method is used considering the soil failure theory under a rough based strip foundation. Three equations are developed to determine the values of the efficiency factors resulting from the effect of interference of foundations for the surcharge, cohesion, and weight. The effect of variable factors on the equations, which represent the angle of friction, the distance between the foundations and the width of the foundations has been studied, and the results have shown that when the interference occurs between the foundations, the soil bearing capacity increases with the increase in the angle of friction and decrease the distance between the foundations, while the change in the width of the foundations has just an effect on interference factor related to the soil weight,ζγ. Comparing the results of the present mathematical model with the results of available theoretical analyses and previous experimental studies shows acceptable and reliable agreement.
Evaluation of the performance of bentonite and red mud mixture as a shield in radioactive waste landfills
Authors: Salati A , Share Isfahani H , Rowshanzamir M A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the present era, due to various industrial developments, there is a need to use different applications of nuclear energy. But the leading challenge is the management of nuclear waste, which emits dangerous rays such as gamma rays. This research aim is to create a layer to be used as a protective coating against radiation in low-level waste landfills. In this paper, bentonite is used as a base material and red mud as an additive. Also, to determine the linear attenuation coefficient (µ), a combination of bentonite with 0, 15, 30, and 45% red mud with bentonite was used. To perform a linear attenuation coefficient test, the NaI (Tl) detector and the source of Co
60 were used at two energy levels of 1173 and 1332 keV. The results of laboratory tests show that the addition of red mud has improved the parameter of the linear attenuation coefficient of radiation at both energy levels so that the energy level of 1173 keV and 1332 keV with the addition of 45% red mud has improved by 16 and 12%, respectively.
Empirical correlation between length of nail and system parameters for a vertical soil nailed wall
Authors: Bazaz Jafar Bolouri , Akhtarpour Ali , Ahmadi Ali 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The stability of excavated slopes in grounds consisting of soil or rock is one of the important topics in geotechnical engineering. The present paper deals with the global stability of a completely vertical wall excavated in non-cohesive ground reinforced by the soil nailing method. The effect of various parameters on the variation of nail length is studied based on the limit equilibrium approach by analysis of 17496 models using the SLOPE/W program. The results indicate that the length of nails increases with the reduction of internal friction angle of soil, surcharge distance from the edge of the wall, tensile strength of the nail material, and number as well as the diameter of rebars used for each nail. However, any increase in groundwater depth, the wall height, surcharge magnitude, soil unit weight, and nails spacing leads to the increased soil nail length. The novelty of current research is the derivation of empirical correlations between the system variables and the optimum length of the nail when the global factor of safety tends to a minimum required value. The relations were verified for four cases properly, which demonstrates the advantages of this study for the design of soil nailed walls.
A new method for estimating pollutant concentration in unsaturated soil using digital image processing technique
Authors: Soleimanian N , Akhtarpour A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In recent decades, the vast potential of entry of solid waste and landfill leachate in soil and groundwater has caused pollutant emission, and concentration in-depth become an important issue. In order to clean or prevent soil contamination, the emission and concentration of the pollutant in soil should be specified. In this study, the digital image processing technique as a new method is used to determine the pollutant concentration in soil depth. In this regard, at first, several experimental tests are done. Then, the image processing technique and numerical simulation are utilized to determine the concentration of pollutants. Experimental test results validate the results of the finite element simulation. The results indicate a good agreement between the image processing method and numerical analyses in estimating concentration. Therefore, the image processing technique can be used as a simple, useful, and time-effective method for estimating concentration in unsaturated soil.
3D numerical simulations of tunneling induced soil deformations
Authors: Ramsheh F A , Rashiddel A , Dias D 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The accurate prediction of the maximum surface subsidence caused by shallow tunneling in soil environments is a valuable criterion for safe design and operation, especially in urban areas. To investigate the surface subsidence due to tunneling, the simultaneous impact of depth and diameter of the tunnel in both saturated and dry conditions have been investigated using a FLAC3D Finite Difference Method. Six models having different diameters (7 m, 8 m, and 9 m), depths (12 m, 16 m, and 20 m), and face pressures (0.34 MPa, 0.36 MPa, and 0.38 MPa) were developed. A step-by-step excavation process of the tunnel advance was considered in the modeling to account for deformations ahead of the face and the shield’s effect. Results showed that depth and diameter induce a significant effect on the ground surface displacement values and crown displacement values. As face pressure increases, the effect of tunnel depth and diameter on surface and crown displacements decreases, and the effect of saturation did not change.
Rehabilitation of eccentrically loaded reinforced concrete columns using CFRP Products
Authors: Hadi Hadi Ali Hussein , HASGÜR Zeki , Hemzah Sadjad Amir 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This study covered the impact of CFRP wrap on pre-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) columns. A total of Ten reinforced concrete columns were made of normal strength concrete, and eight of them were strengthened with CFRP, and all these specimens tested under eccentric loading with two ratios of eccentricity (e/h=0.5 and e/h=0.8). The main parameters in this study included strengthening scheme, pre damaged condition, and the ratio of eccentricity. The failure modes, applied load-displacement curves, ductility index, and the stiffness were analysed. The results showed that the ultimate load capacity and ductility of specimens were improved and increased by using CFRP wrap around the specimens. In addition, the best strengthening scheme has been suggested.
Parametric study of reduced web section of beam to column welded connection with castellated beam having hexagonal openings and subjected to cyclic loading
Authors: Al-Laban Haider E , Salman Nassr 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a finite element (FE) analysis is carried out on a beam to column welded connections with multiple hexagonal web openings. The openings are distributed along the length of the beam which is subjected to cyclic loading protocol proposed by the SAC and FEMA 350 (2000). This study focuses on the interaction of the connections from columns to the perforated beam and mobilization of stresses. Two parameters were addressed: the distance from the face of the column (S), and the web opening spacing (So) including closely spaced opening. The study revealed that the design of mostly controlled reduced web section (RWS) connections should be fundamentally based on the distance of the first opening from the face of the column. Three values of the distance (S) are presented (200 mm, 350mm, and 520 mm). A model with an ideal distance (S) of 350 mm has resulted in an ultimate rotation of 0.039649 rad, which is less than other models, in which rotations were 0.049386 rad and 0.050000 rad, respectively.