bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Black Intellectual's Odyssey
Authors: Kilson Martin 
Published: July 2021

In 1969, Martin Kilson became the first tenured African American professor at Harvard University, where he taught African and African American politics for over thirty years. In A Black Intellectual's Odyssey, Kilson takes readers on a fascinating journey from his upbringing in the small Pennsylvania milltown of Ambler to his experiences attending Lincoln University—the country's oldest HBCU—to pursuing graduate study at Harvard before spending his entire career there as a faculty member. This is as much a story of his travels from the racist margins of twentieth-century America to one of the nation's most prestigious institutions as it is a portrait of the places that shaped him.
He gives a sweeping sociological tour of Ambler as a multiethnic, working-class company town while sketching the social, economic, and racial elements that marked everyday life. From narrating the area's history of persistent racism and the racial politics in the integrated schools to describing the Black church's role in buttressing the town's small Black community, Kilson vividly renders his experience of northern small-town life during the 1930s and 1940s.
At Lincoln University, Kilson's liberal political views coalesced as he became active in the local NAACP chapter. While at Lincoln and during his graduate work at Harvard, Kilson observed how class, political, and racial dynamics influenced his peers' political engagement, diverse career paths, and relationships with white people. As a young professor, Kilson made a point of assisting Harvard's African American students in adapting to life at a white institution.
Throughout his career, Kilson engaged in pioneering scholarship while mentoring countless students. A Black Intellectual's Odyssey features contributions from three of his students: a foreword by Cornel West and an afterword by Stefano Harney and Fred Moten.
Twelve Months of Time-restricted Eating and Resistance Training Improves Inflammatory Markers and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
Authors: MORO TATIANA , TINSLEY GRANT , PACELLI FRANCESCO Q. , MARCOLIN GIUSEPPE , BIANCO ANTONINO , PAOLI ANTONIO 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Recently, a modified intermittent fasting protocol was demonstrated to be able to maintain muscle mass and strength, decrease fat mass, and improve some inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy resistance-trained males after 2 months. The present study sought to investigate the long-term effects on these parameters.

Methods
The experiment was a single-blind randomized study. Twenty healthy subjects were enrolled and underwent 12 months of either a time-restricted eating (TRE) diet or a normal diet (ND) protocol, along with resistance training. In the TRE protocol, subjects consumed their energy needs in three meals during an 8-h period of time each day (1 pm, 4 pm, and 8 pm). Subjects in the ND group also had three meals, which were consumed at 8 am, 1 pm, and 8 pm. Groups were matched for kilocalories consumed and macronutrient distribution at baseline.

Results
After 12 months of TRE, body mass, fat mass, insulin-like growth factor 1, and testosterone were significantly lower compared with ND. Moreover, inflammatory markers (interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor α), insulin sensitivity (fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index), and lipid profile (cholesterol, HDL, and LDL) significantly improved after TRE compared with ND. Finally, subjects in TRE spontaneously decreased their daily energy intake, whereas those in ND maintained their starting kilocalories per day. No adverse events were reported.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that long-term TRE combined with a resistance training program is feasible, safe, and effective in reducing inflammatory markers and risk factors related to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
Tanner–Whitehouse and Modified Bayley–Pinneau Adult Height Predictions in Elite Youth Soccer Players from the Middle East
Authors: LOLLI LORENZO , JOHNSON AMANDA , MONACO MAURICIO , CARDINALE MARCO , DI SALVO VALTER , GREGSON WARREN 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To provide the first scrutiny of adult height prediction protocols based on automated Greulich–Pyle and Tanner–Whitehouse (TW) skeletal ages applied to elite youth soccer players from the Middle East.

Methods
We examined the application of modified Bayley–Pinneau (BoneXpert®), TW-II, and TW-III protocols using mixed-longitudinal data available for 103 subjects (chronological age range, 19.4 to 27.9 yr) previously enrolled as academy student-athletes (annual screening range, one to six visits). Random-effects generalized additive models quantified the presence of systematic mean differences between actual versus predicted adult height. Effects were deemed practically equivalent based on the location of the confidence interval (95% CI) against a realistic difference value of Δ = ± 1 cm. Each model pooled residual standard deviation described the actual precision of height predictions and was used to calculate a 95% prediction interval.

Results
The BoneXpert® method overpredicted adult height systematically at chronological ages in the range of approximately 13.5 to 14.5 yr (95% CI range, −1.9 to −1 cm) and Greulich–Pyle skeletal ages between 13.5 and 15 yr (95% CI range, −3.1 to −1 cm). Effects based on TW-II were practically equivalent across the chronological and skeletal age measurement ranges, with this protocol yielding adult height predictions with a precision (standard deviation) of approximately ±2.6 cm. The mean TW-III effects indicated systematic adult height overpredictions until the attainment of 14.5 and 15 yr of chronological age (95% CI range, −3.8 to −1.1 cm) and TW-III skeletal age (95% CI range: −5.2 to −2.3 cm), respectively.

Conclusions
Tanner–Whitehouse-II adult height prediction method provided more consistent estimates and can be considered the method of choice for talent development purposes in youth soccer players from the Middle East.
Genetic and Environmental Effects on the Individual Variation and Continuity of Participation in Diverse Physical Activities
Authors: KAARTINEN SARA , SILVENTOINEN KARRI , KORHONEN TELLERVO , KUJALA URHO M. , KAPRIO JAAKKO , AALTONEN SARI 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Participation in diverse physical activities has beneficial health effects. However, little is known on how genetic and environmental factors affect this trait. Thus, we examined to what extent these factors explain participation in diverse leisure-time physical activities from late adolescence to adulthood using a twin study design.

Methods
The participants were Finnish twins who reported their participation in diverse leisure-time physical activities at ages 17 (n = 5429) and 34 yr (n = 4246). The number of physical activities engaged in was analyzed using applications of structural linear modeling for twin data.

Results
On average, the total number of physical activities engaged in during leisure time was slightly over three at both ages and in both sexes, with moderate heritability estimates (40%–58%) from adolescence to adulthood. Environmental factors shared by co-twins (e.g., childhood family environment) influenced only in adolescence, being higher for women. Environmental influences unique to each co-twin explained the remaining variances (34%–57%), being higher at age 34 yr. Participation in diverse leisure-time physical activities correlated moderately between ages 17 and 34 yr (men: r
trait = 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.25–0.35; women: r
trait = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.22–0.31). In addition, genetic influences on participation in physical activities correlated moderately between adolescence and adulthood (r
A = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.39–0.64, and 0.44, 95% CI = 0.34–0.55, respectively). These common genetic influences explained 93% of the trait correlations found in men and 85% in women.

Conclusions
Genetic and unique environmental influences explain a large proportion of variation in the number of leisure-time physical activities. However, the estimates vary by age and sex. Common genetic background mainly explains the continuity of the participation in diverse leisure-time physical activities between adolescence and adulthood.
SWAT 76 evaluation: randomised evaluation of sending pre-notification cards to trial participants before a face-to-face primary outcome measurement to increase attendance
Authors: Treweek Shaun , Gallant Stephanie , Anderson Annie S. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Retention is considered the second highest trial methods priority in the UK after recruitment. Methods: This Study Within A Trial (SWAT) evaluated whether sending a pre-notification card around one month before a face-to-face primary outcome measurement visit compared to not sending the card increased trial retention. The SWAT was a two-arm, parallel randomised (1:1 allocation ratio), stratified by centre, study. It was embedded within the ActWELL host trial, which evaluated whether women receiving lifestyle change counselling from volunteer coaches improved outcomes including weight and physical activity. The SWAT primary outcome was the difference in the proportion of participants attending the host trial primary outcome measurement visit. The secondary outcome was the direct cost of sending cards. Host trial participants and research staff at the primary outcome visit were blind to the SWAT. Analysis was intention-to-treat. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: 558 host trial participants took part in the SWAT and were included in the analysis. Of the 274 women sent a card, 231 attended the primary outcome visit (84.3%) compared to 230/284 (81.0%) for those not receiving a card. Sending a pre-notification card may result in a slight increase in attendance at a face-to-face primary outcome measurement visit at 1-year: risk difference = 3.3% (95% confidence interval = -3.0% to 9.6%). This is GRADE low certainty evidence. A recording error meant it was unclear whether 17 participants allocated to the card were actually sent one but a sensitivity analysis did not change the overall result or conclusion. The direct cost of producing and sending the cards was £192 GBP (€213 EUR; $260 USD), or £21.33 (€23.55; $28.77 per additional retained participant. Discussion: Trialists could consider using pre-notification as they may gain a slight increase in retention to face-to-face trial measurement visits but further evaluations are needed.
Depression among pet owners and non-pet owners: a comparative cross-sectional study in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Chakma Samar Kishor , Islam Taswib Tajwar , Shahjalal Md. , Mitra Dipak Kumar 
Published: July 2021

Background: Depression is a major contributor to overall global disease burden, often beginning in the teenage years and continuing into later life. Previous studies have reported high global rates of depression during these formative years, including in Bangladesh. At the same time, the therapeutic effect that pet ownership can have on depression is increasingly being recognized. However, studies examining these effects in Bangladesh are scarce. This study examined the association between household pet ownership and depression among people older than 13 years in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using online and offline approaches. We used a snowball sampling technique to identify pet owners aged greater than 13 years residing in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Both web-based survey questionnaires using social media and hard copies were used to collect data from urban-dwelling pet owners. Logistic regression was used to identify the independent role of pet ownership in depression, adjusting for confounders including age, sex, marital status, known chronic disabilities, and other variables. Results: A total of 140 pet owners and an equal number of non-pet owners participated in the study. Pet owners were found to be 41% less depressed than non-pet owners (AOR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.31–1.14). In addition, males (AOR: 3.38; 95% CI: 1.50–7.62) who were either unmarried (AOR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.05–4.16), smoked tobacco (AOR: 5.27; 95% CI: 1.50–18.53), or had a physical disability (AOR: 5.27; 95% CI: 1.50–18.53) were significantly more likely to be depressed. Conclusion: Regression analysis revealed that in Dhaka, pet owners were associated with lower levels of depression compared to non-pet owners. Keywords: Pets and depression, animal-assisted activities, pets and mental health, pets and psychological health.
Naïve, unenculturated chimpanzees fail to make and use flaked stone tools
Authors: Bandini Elisa , Motes-Rodrigo Alba , Archer William , Minchin Tanya , Axelsen Helene , Hernandez-Aguilar Raquel Adriana , McPherron Shannon P. , Tennie Claudio 
Published: July 2021

Background: Despite substantial research on early hominin lithic technologies, the learning mechanisms underlying flake manufacture and use are contested. To draw phylogenetic inferences on the potential cognitive processes underlying the acquisition of both of these abilities in early hominins, we investigated if and how one of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), could learn to make and use flakes.Methods: Across several experimental conditions, we tested eleven task-naïve chimpanzees (unenculturated n=8, unknown status n=3) from two independent populations for their abilities to spontaneously make and subsequently use flakes as well as to use flakes made by a human experimenter.Results: Despite the fact that the chimpanzees seemed to understand the requirements of the task, were sufficiently motivated and had ample opportunities to develop the target behaviours, none of the chimpanzees tested made or used flakes in any of the experimental conditions.Conclusions: These results differ from all previous ape flaking experiments, which found flake manufacture and use in bonobos and one orangutan. However, these earlier studies tested human-enculturated apes and provided test subjects with flake making and using demonstrations. The contrast between these earlier positive findings and our negative findings (despite using a much larger sample size) suggests that enculturation and/or demonstrations may be necessary for chimpanzees to acquire these abilities. The data obtained in this study are consistent with the hypothesis that flake manufacture and use might have evolved in the hominin lineage after the split betweenHomoandPan7 million years ago, a scenario further supported by the initial lack of flaked stone tools in the archaeological record after this split. We discuss possible evolutionary scenarios for flake manufacture and use in both non-hominin and hominin lineages.
Relações raciais na educação de jovens e adultos trabalhadores: desafios à ciência geográfica
Authors: Da Silva Tiago Dionisio 
Published: July 2021

Neste artigo, buscou-se refletir sobre a interseccionalidade entre classe e raça no contexto da sociedade brasileira, entrelaçando com o desenvolvimento do sistema educacional para compreender a demanda e manutenção da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), caracterizada por trabalhadores e negros especialmente. Assim, apontamos para a quebra de paradigma no ensino de geografia, no sentido de acolher as novas demandas sociais trazidas pelos inúmeros movimentos sociais, em nosso caso, os movimentos negros e que têm desdobramentos diretos para o ensino de geografia, pois reconfiguram o espaço geográfico, logo implica no processo de ensino/aprendizagem da geografia. Sob essa perspectiva, optamos por uma abordagem metodológica pautada na pesquisa qualitativa e bibliográfica. Observamos a necessidade de olharmos para a EJA como um campo educacional marcado pela exclusão social e racial. Isso precisa estar fortemente demarcado nas pesquisas, práticas pedagógicas e na elaboração e aplicação das políticas públicas voltadas para esse público. Os estudantes da EJA são hegemonicamente trabalhadores ou filhos da classe trabalhadora, além da grande maioria ser negra, portanto, essas duas dimensões precisam ser/estar contempladas na EJA. No bojo dessa discussão, defendemos a ideia de que a geografia, a partir do seu objeto de estudo, o espaço geográfico, tem muito para contribuir com esse combate ao racismo, pois as análises geográficas podem desvendar as desigualdades socioeconômicas e raciais que permeiam a formação do espaço brasileiro e, por consequência a posição que esses jovens e adultos trabalhadores, e na sua grande maioria, negros, ocupam em nossa sociedade.
Efectos derivados de la exposición laboral en las mujeres trabajadoras embarazadas expuestas a sustancias peligrosas: revisión sistemática
Authors: Barriocanal-Gómez Pablo , Del Pozo-Díez Carmen Mª , Kudryavtseva Olga , Portillo Chicano Iratxe , Sanz-Valero Javier 
Published: July 2021

Objetivo: Revisar los efectos derivados de la exposición laboral en las mujeres trabajadoras embarazadas expuestas a sustancias peligrosas.
Métodos: Análisis crítico de los trabajos recuperados mediante revisión sistemática en MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS y MEDES, hasta enero 2021. La ecuación de búsqueda se formuló́ mediante los descriptores «Pregnancy», «Hazardous Substances» y «Occupational Exposure», utilizando también los Entry Terms relacionados y los filtros: «Humans» y «Adult: 19+ years». La calidad de los artículos se evaluó mediante el cuestionario STROBE y el nivel de evidencia y grado de recomendación mediante los criterios SIGN.
Resultados: De las 420 referencias recuperadas (366 de forma digital y 54 manual), aplicando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 35 artículos. La evaluación mediante STROBE dio mediana de 15,32 y según los criterios SIGN se obtuvo grado de evidencia 2+ y recomendación C. La obsolescencia fue elevada (semiperiodo de Burton-Kebler: 22,00; índice de Price: 0,00%). En 25 de los 35 estudios revisados la exposición fue a disolventes orgánicos. En 22 artículos se notificó alteraciones congénitas.
Conclusiones: Los trabajos revisados presentaron un alto índice de obsolescencia y un grado de evidencia y recomendación que no permitió asegurar por completo la validez y fiabilidad de las observaciones realizadas. Los resultados mostraron la asociación entre la exposición a sustancias peligrosas con la aparición de diferentes daños para la salud de la trabajadora embarazada y su descendencia. La mayor exposición fue a los disolventes orgánicos y el efecto más observado las alteraciones congénitas.
High-performance surface plasmon resonance refractometer based on a no-core fiber coated with a silver film
Authors: Liu Yundong , Chen Hailiang , Li Hongyu , Zhang Song , Gao Zhigang , Feng Yuhui , Zhang Yingyue , Li Shuguang 
Published: July 2021

Owing to their high sensitivity, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensors depict broad application prospects in biochemical detection, environmental monitoring, and food safety. In this paper, an optical fiber-based SPR sensor is proposed and demonstrated for the refractive index (RI) detection of liquid samples. This sensor is composed of a multimode fiber (MMF), a no-core fiber (NCF), and another MMF that is connected in sequence. The length of the NCF is 2 cm. A thin silver film is deposited on the NCF surface to stimulate the SPR effect. Experimental results indicated that the shift amount of resonance dip wavelength is as high as 303.6 nm as RI increases from 1.333 to 1.4107. A sensitivity of 2507.58 nm/RIU with a fitting linearity

R
2

of 0.9931 is obtained in the lower RI region of 1.333–1.3723, while the sensitivity and

R
2

reaches 5228.21 nm/RIU and 0.97395, respectively, in the higher RI region of 1.3723–1.4107. Compared with previously reported RI sensors, the proposed fiber optic SPR sensor exhibits the advantages of simple structure, small volume, low cost, high sensitivity, and wide detection range.
Citizen science project characteristics: Connection to participants’ gains in knowledge and skills
Authors: Peter Maria , Diekötter Tim , Kremer Kerstin , Höffler Tim 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundBiodiversity is being lost rapidly and its conservation is thus one of the most urgent tasks today. For biodiversity conservation to be successful, the public needs to gain an awareness and understanding of biodiversity and its importance. Moreover, species experts are needed who have the skills necessary for identifying and recording biodiversity. Previous research showed that citizen science projects can contribute to educating the public about biodiversity. However, it is still unclear how project characteristics connect to participants’ knowledge and skills and how citizen science projects should be designed if they are to foster participants’ learning.AimWe aimed to investigate specific characteristics of biodiversity citizen science projects that could potentially influence participants’ learning. We explored the following project characteristics from both the project coordinators’ and the participants’ perspectives: information and training provided to participants, social interaction among participants, contact between participants and staff, and feedback and recognition provided to participants.Methods and resultsIn order to examine the extent to which these project characteristics are connected to participants’ gains in knowledge and skills, we conducted a comprehensive study across 48 biodiversity citizen science projects in Europe and Australia. We found that participants’ perceived gains in knowledge and skills were significantly related to the five project characteristics as reported by the participants: information received by the participants, training received by the participants, social interaction among participants, contact between participants and staff, and feedback and recognition received by the participants.ConclusionWe conclude that by deliberately designing citizen science projects to include features such as interaction and feedback, these projects could achieve higher learning outcomes for the participants. Thereby, suitable modes of communication between projects and their participants are crucial. We provide specific suggestions for the design of biodiversity citizen science projects and for future research on project characteristics and participant outcomes.