bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crowdsourcing usage, task assignment methods, and crowdsourcing platforms: A systematic literature review
Authors: Zhen Ying , Khan Abdullah , Nazir Shah , Huiqi Zhao , Alharbi Abdullah , Khan Sulaiman 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCrowdsourcing is simply the outsourcing of different tasks or work to a diverse group of individuals in an open call for the purpose of utilizing human intelligence. Crowdsourcing nowadays used to support and enhance software engineering in different aspects. In this proposed study, a systematic literature review was conducted for the last 10 years from 2010 to 2019. During the filtering process, a total of 120 relevant studies have been identified, and then the most relevant 70 studies were selected to include as part of the current study. The proposed study shows the effect of task assignment in crowdsourcing, such as if a task is assigned to an appropriate worker or an inappropriate worker, what will be the consequences. The study also highlights crowdsourcing usage in the field of software engineering. All the existing task assignment methods used for assigning the task to make crowdsourcing activity more effective have been analyzed. The study also highlights all the available crowdsourcing platforms used for a variety of task to be performed. The study concludes by identifying the issues regarding the task assignment and to specify the methods for enhancement in the assignment of tasks for future research in crowdsourcing.
MXene and MoS3−x Coated 3D‐Printed Hybrid Electrode for Solid‐State Asymmetric Supercapacitor
Authors: Ghosh Kalyan , Pumera Martin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecently, 2D nanomaterials such as transition metal carbides or nitrides (MXenes) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted ample attention in the field of energy storage devices specifically in supercapacitors (SCs) because of their high metallic conductivity, wide interlayer spacing, large surface area, and 2D layered structures. However, the low potential window (ΔV ≈ 0.6 V) of MXene e.g., Ti3C2Tx limits the energy density of the SCs. Herein, asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) are fabricated by assembling the exfoliated Ti3C2Tx (Ex‐Ti3C2Tx) as the negative electrode and transition metal chalcogenide (MoS3−x) coated 3D‐printed nanocarbon framework (MoS3−x@3DnCF) as the positive electrode utilizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/H2SO4 gel electrolyte, which provides a wide ΔV of 1.6 V. The Ex‐Ti3C2Tx possesses wrinkled sheets which prevent the restacking of Ti3C2Tx 2D layers. The MoS3−x@3DnCF holds a porous structure and offers diffusion‐controlled intercalated pseudocapacitance that enhances the overall capacitance. The 3D printing allows a facile fabrication of customized shaped MoS3−x@3DnCF electrodes. Employing the advantages of the 3D‐printing facilities, two different ASCs, such as sandwich‐ and interdigitated‐configurations are fabricated. The customized ASCs provide excellent capacitive performance. Such ASCs combining the MXene and electroactive 3D‐printed nanocarbon framework can be used as potential energy storage devices in modern electronics.
Effect of fiber type and content on the mechanical properties and shrinkage characteristics of alkali‐activated kaolin
Authors: Matalkah Faris , Ababneh Ayman , Aqel Ruba 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effect of several fibers on the mechanical properties, drying shrinkage, and microstructural characteristics of alkali‐activated kaolin binders. Four different types of fibers were evaluated in this study: polypropylene (PP) fiber, discontinuous structural synthetic (DSS) fiber, brass‐coated steel (BCS) fiber, and hooked steel (HS) fiber. The fibers were added to the alkali‐activated kaolin at a volume fraction of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. The experimental results revealed that the compressive strength of alkali‐activated binder increased by about 60% when 1% of PP fiber is added, whereas the addition of HS fiber substantially enhanced the flexural strength (more than 200% when 1.5% fiber volume content is added). BCS and HS fibers were found to more effective compared to PP and DSS fibers in maintaining the binder integrity prior to high temperatures exposure. All fiber‐reinforced alkali‐activated composites yielded lower drying shrinkage (≤450 microstrains), where HS fiber was found to effectively prevent the shrinkage of the binder (≤60 microstrains). The microstructural investigation revealed good interfacial bonding between the alkali‐activated binder and the fibers.
Operator complexity: a journey to the edge of Krylov space
Authors: Rabinovici E. , Sánchez-Garrido A. , Shir R. , Sonner J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Heisenberg time evolution under a chaotic many-body Hamiltonian H transforms an initially simple operator into an increasingly complex one, as it spreads over Hilbert space. Krylov complexity, or ‘K-complexity’, quantifies this growth with respect to a special basis, generated by H by successive nested commutators with the operator. In this work we study the evolution of K-complexity in finite-entropy systems for time scales greater than the scrambling time ts> log(S). We prove rigorous bounds on K-complexity as well as the associated Lanczos sequence and, using refined parallelized algorithms, we undertake a detailed numerical study of these quantities in the SYK4 model, which is maximally chaotic, and compare the results with the SYK2 model, which is integrable. While the former saturates the bound, the latter stays exponentially below it. We discuss to what extent this is a generic feature distinguishing between chaotic vs. integrable systems.
A master exceptional field theory
Authors: Bossard Guillaume , Kleinschmidt Axel , Sezgin Ergin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe construct a pseudo-Lagrangian that is invariant under rigidE11and transforms as a density underE11generalised diffeomorphisms. The gauge-invariance requires the use of a section condition studied in previous work onE11exceptional field theory and the inclusion of constrained fields that transform in an indecomposableE11-representation together with theE11coset fields. We show that, in combination with gauge-invariant andE11-invariant duality equations, this pseudo-Lagrangian reduces to the bosonic sector of non-linear eleven-dimensional supergravity for one choice of solution to the section condi- tion. For another choice, we reobtain theE8exceptional field theory and conjecture that our pseudo-Lagrangian and duality equations produce all exceptional field theories with maximal supersymmetry in any dimension. We also describe how the theory entails non-linear equations for higher dual fields, including the dual graviton in eleven dimensions. Furthermore, we speculate on the relation to theE10sigma model.
Genome-wide association studies: assessing trait characteristics in model and crop plants
Authors: Alseekh Saleh , Kostova Dimitrina , Bulut Mustafa , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGWAS involves testing genetic variants across the genomes of many individuals of a population to identify genotype–phenotype association. It was initially developed and has proven highly successful in human disease genetics. In plants genome-wide association studies (GWAS) initially focused on single feature polymorphism and recombination and linkage disequilibrium but has now been embraced by a plethora of different disciplines with several thousand studies being published in model and crop species within the last decade or so. Here we will provide a comprehensive review of these studies providing cases studies on biotic resistance, abiotic tolerance, yield associated traits, and metabolic composition. We also detail current strategies of candidate gene validation as well as the functional study of haplotypes. Furthermore, we provide a critical evaluation of the GWAS strategy and its alternatives as well as future perspectives that are emerging with the emergence of pan-genomic datasets.
Mundgesundheitskompetenz von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund – Erste Auswertungen der MuMi-Studie
Authors: Spinler Kristin , Weil Marie-Theres , Valdez Richelle , Walther Carolin , Dingoyan Demet , Seedorf Udo , Heydecke Guido , Lieske Berit , Kofahl Christopher , Aarabi Ghazal 
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Erste Studien heben den Migrationshintergrund von Menschen in Deutschland als eigenständigen Risikofaktor für eine mangelhafte Mundgesundheit hervor. Ein wichtiger Einflussfaktor könnte hierbei eine niedrigere Mundgesundheitskompetenz von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund sein.

Ziel
In diesem Artikel werden Ergebnisse zur Mundgesundheitskompetenz und Mundgesundheit aus der MuMi-Studie (Förderung der Mundgesundheit und Mundgesundheitskompetenz von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund) vorgestellt.

Material und Methoden
In 40 Hamburger Zahnarztpraxen wurden von Patient*innen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund Daten zu Soziodemografie, Mundgesundheit und Mundgesundheitskompetenz erhoben. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Mundgesundheitskompetenz und Mundgesundheit wurde mittels logistischer Regressionen berechnet. Potenzielle Einflussfaktoren wurden schrittweise in die Berechnungsmodelle eingefügt.

Ergebnisse
Die Gruppen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund unterschieden sich signifikant hinsichtlich ihrer Mundgesundheitskompetenz und ausgewählter klinischer Parameter ihrer Mundgesundheit (Approximalraum-Plaqueindex und Kariessanierungsgrad). Die logistischen Regressionsanalysen zeigen einen deutlichen Zusammenhang zwischen Migrationshintergrund, Mundgesundheitskompetenz und Mundhygiene auch unter Berücksichtigung von Bildung und sozioökonomischem Status.

Diskussion
Der Migrationshintergrund stellt einen eigenständigen Indikator für eine niedrige Mundgesundheitskompetenz und schlechtere Mundgesundheit dar. Dieser Umstand sollte stärker in den Fokus von Forschung und politischen Entscheidungen rücken, um die mundgesundheitliche Chancengleichheit in Deutschland zu erhöhen.
Validation of the in vitro comet assay for DNA cross-links and altered bases detection
Authors: Muruzabal Damián , Sanz-Serrano Julen , Sauvaigo Sylvie , Treillard Bertrand , Olsen Ann-Karin , López de Cerain Adela , Vettorazzi Ariane , Azqueta Amaya 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMechanistic toxicology is gaining weight for human health risk assessment. Different mechanistic assays are available, such as the comet assay, which detects DNA damage at the level of individual cells. However, the conventional alkaline version only detects strand breaks and alkali-labile sites. We have validated two modifications of the in vitro assay to generate mechanistic information: (1) use of DNA-repair enzymes (i.e., formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase, endonuclease III, human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase I and human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase) for detection of oxidized and alkylated bases as well as (2) a modification for detecting cross-links. Seven genotoxicants with different mechanisms of action (potassium bromate, methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, hydrogen peroxide, cisplatin, mitomycin C, and benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide), as well as a non-genotoxic compound (dimethyl sulfoxide) and a cytotoxic compound (Triton X-100) were tested on TK-6 cells. We were able to detect with high sensitivity and clearly differentiate oxidizing, alkylating and cross-linking agents. These modifications of the comet assay significantly increase its sensitivity and its specificity towards DNA lesions, providing mechanistic information regarding the type of damage.
On the determination of the dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy
Authors: Lewis James M. , Koster Timothy W. , LaRue John C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The paper presents a comparison of the dissipation rate obtained from numerical differentiation of the time-resolved velocity, analog differentiation of the hot-wire signal, integration of the velocity derivative spectra obtained from the velocity spectra, and the application of a power decay law. Hot-wire measurements downstream of an active-grid provide the time-resolved velocity with a Taylor Reynolds number in the range of 200–470, turbulence intensities in the range of 5.8–11%, and nominal mean velocities of 4, 6, and 8 m s$$^{-1}$$

-
1

. The dissipation rate calculated using a ninth-order central-difference scheme differs at most by $${\pm }$$
±
4% from the value obtained by analog differentiation. For comparison, a 23rd-order central-difference scheme offers negligible (0.02%) difference relative to the ninth-order scheme. Correction for an apparent uncertainty in the calibration of the analog differentiator reduces the difference to $${\pm }$$
±
2.5%. In contrast, integration of the velocity derivative spectra obtained from the velocity spectra leads to a dissipation rate 14–45% larger than the corresponding values obtained using analog differentiation. Results obtained from the application of a power decay law of turbulence kinetic energy with a nonzero virtual origin to determine the dissipation rate deviate by 1.7%, 1.6%, and 3.6% relative to the corresponding values obtained from the analog differentiator based on the ensemble average of downstream locations with a $${\pm }$$
±
5.6% scatter about the ensemble average.

Graphic abstract
Pembrolizumab for treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in primary immunodeficiency and/or hematologic malignancy: a case series of five patients
Authors: Volk Timo , Warnatz Klaus , Marks Reinhard , Urbach Horst , Schluh Gisela , Strohmeier Valentina , Rojas-Restrepo Jessica , Grimbacher Bodo , Rauer Sebastian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a rare opportunistic infection of the brain by John Cunningham polyomavirus in immune-compromised patients. In cases where no overt option for immune reconstitution is available [e.g., in patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID)], the disease is lethal in the majority of patients. Immune checkpoint inhibition has been applied in recent years with mixed outcomes. We present four novel patients and the follow-up of a previously published patient suffering from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) due to PID and/or hematologic malignancy who were treated with the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab. In two patients with PID, symptoms improved and stabilized. One patient died because of worsening PML another of intracranial hemorrhage which was unrelated to PML or its treatment with pembrolizumab. The fifth patient suffered from PID and died of a pre-existing immune dysregulation, possibly exacerbated by pembrolizumab. The long-term follow-up of the first patient provides support for therapeutic decisions during this therapy and is the longest published clinical course of a patient with checkpoint inhibition for PML. We conclude that pembrolizumab can control PML symptoms long term in a subgroup of patients with PID, in our cases for 21 and 36 months. However, therapy must be started early because symptoms are only partially reversible. In light of severe adverse events, application of pembrolizumab is only justified if the prognosis for the individual patient is very poor.
Regular football training down-regulates miR-1303 muscle expression in veterans
Authors: Mancini A. , Vitucci D. , Orlandella F. M. , Terracciano A. , Mariniello R. M. , Imperlini E. , Grazioli E. , Orrù S. , Krustrup P. , Salvatore G. , Buono P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Regular exercise affects the expression of several genes, proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) in time- and intensity-dependent manner promoting longevity. We previously identified from GeneChip Array analysis several differentially expressed genes and miRNAs in muscle from veteran football players (VPG) compared to active untrained elderly subjects (CG); here we focussed on miRNA-1303 (miR-1303). The aims of the present research were: to analyse the effects of football training on the expression of miR-1303 and to identify its putative target involved in the longevity pathways in skeletal muscle from VPG compared to CG.

Methods
RNA samples from 12 VPG and 12 CG muscle biopsies were used to validate miR-1303 expression. Crossing four different bioinformatic algorithms, we identified 16 putative targets of miR-1303; from these, BAG-2, KLHL7 and KBTBD6 were chosen for further validation by Western blot analysis in LHCN-M2 human myoblasts transiently transfected with miR-1303.

Results
Football training down-regulates miR-1303 expression in muscle from VPG compared to CG and the expression of BAG-2, a chaperon protein involved in the autophagy pathway, inversely correlated to overexpression of miR-1303 in a time-dependent manner, indicating that it is a miR-1303 potential target.

Conclusions
This is the first report, to our knowledge, describing miR-1303 regulation in skeletal muscle by football training and the identification of a target protein, BAG-2, involved in the autophagy pathway. This result contributes to the enlargement of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms linking football training, autophagy and longevity.
Grading of invasive breast carcinoma: the way forward
Authors: van Dooijeweert C. , van Diest P. J. , Ellis I. O. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHistologic grading has been a simple and inexpensive method to assess tumor behavior and prognosis of invasive breast cancer grading, thereby identifying patients at risk for adverse outcomes, who may be eligible for (neo)adjuvant therapies. Histologic grading needs to be performed accurately, on properly fixed specimens, and by adequately trained dedicated pathologists that take the time to diligently follow the protocol methodology. In this paper, we review the history of histologic grading, describe the basics of grading, review prognostic value and reproducibility issues, compare performance of grading to gene expression profiles, and discuss how to move forward to improve reproducibility of grading by training, feedback and artificial intelligence algorithms, and special stains to better recognize mitoses. We conclude that histologic grading, when adequately carried out, remains to be of important prognostic value in breast cancer patients.
Decompression of the greater occipital nerve improves outcome in patients with chronic headache and neck pain — a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Eskilsson Anja , Ageberg Eva , Ericson Hans , Marklund Niklas , Anderberg Leif 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundCompression of the greater occipital nerve (GON) may contribute to chronic headache, neck pain, and migraine in a subset of patients. We aimed to evaluate whether GON decompression could reduce pain and improve quality of life in patients with occipital neuralgia and chronic headache and neck pain.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, selected patients with neck pain and headache referred to a single neurosurgical center were analyzed. Patients (n = 22) with suspected GON neuralgia based on nerve block or clinical criteria were included. All patients presented with occipital pain spreading frontally and to the neck in various degree. Surgical decompression was performed under local anesthesia. Follow-up was made by an assessor not involved in the treatment of the patients, by telephone 2–5 years after the surgical procedure and an interview protocol was used to collect information. The data from the follow-up protocols were then analyzed and reported.ResultsWhen analyzing the follow-up protocols, decreased headache/migraine was reported in 77% and neck pain was reduced in 55% of the patients.ConclusionsDecompression of GON(s) may reduce neck pain and headache in selected patients with persistent headache, neck pain, and clinical signs of GON neuralgia. Based on the limitations of the present retrospective study, the results should be considered with caution.
Psychotropic drug-induced hyponatremia: results from a drug surveillance program–an update
Authors: Seifert Johanna , Letmaier Martin , Greiner Timo , Schneider Michael , Deest Maximilian , Eberlein Christian K. , Bleich Stefan , Grohmann Renate , Toto Sermin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHyponatremia (HN) is the most common electrolyte imbalance (defined as a serum sodium concentration Na(S) of  < 130 mmol/l) and often induced by drugs including psychotropic drugs. AMSP (Arzneimittelsicherheit in der Psychiatrie) is a multicenter drug surveillance program that assesses severe or unusual adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurring during treatment with psychotropic drugs. This study presents data from 462,661 psychiatric inpatients treated in participating hospitals between 1993 and 2016 and serves as an update of a previous contribution by Letmaier et al. (JAMA 15(6):739–748, 2012). A total of 210 cases of HN were observed affecting 0.05% of patients. 57.1% of cases presented symptomatically; 19.0% presented with severe symptoms (e.g., seizures, vomiting). HN occurred after a median of 7 days following the first dose or dose increase. Incidence of HN was highest among the two antiepileptic drugs oxcarbazepine (1.661% of patients treated) and carbamazepine (0.169%), followed by selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs, 0.088%) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (0.071%). Antipsychotic drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, and mirtazapine exhibited a significantly lower incidence of HN. The risk of HN was 16–42 times higher among patients concomitantly treated with other potentially HN-inducing drugs such as diuretic drugs, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and proton pump inhibitors. Female SSNRI-users aged  ≥ 65 years concomitantly using other HN-inducing drugs were the population subgroup with the highest risk of developing HN. The identification of high-risk drug combinations and vulnerable patient subgroups represents a significant step in the improvement of drug safety and facilitates the implementation of precautionary measures.
Caries status of first-born child is a predictor for caries experience in younger siblings
Authors: Grieshaber Andreina , Haschemi Asin Ahmad , Waltimo Tuomas , Bornstein Michael M. , Kulik Eva M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objectives
This study analysed if children of families in need of dental interventions can be identified by using the caries status of the first-born child as a predictor for caries in younger siblings of the same family.

Material and methods
All children aged 4 to 15 years, i.e. 13,596 children, visiting a compulsory school in the canton of Basel-Stadt, Switzerland, during the school year 2017/2018 were analysed. Total caries experience and untreated carious lesions at time of examination were recorded as well as a subset of socioeconomic factors such as gender, age, nationality, birth order and the family’s place of residence.

Results
A total of 6738 schoolchildren who had at least one sibling of school age could be included. Differences in caries experience and the presence of active carious lesions were found for age, nationality and place of residence but not for gender or birth order. Younger siblings had odds of having a history of caries 3.7 times higher (95% confidence interval: 3.0–4.4) and odds of having active carious lesions 3.5 times higher (95% confidence interval: 2.6–4.7) if the eldest child in the family already had caries.

Conclusion
Caries could be shown to be family-dependent. Younger siblings had a more than three-fold higher risk for caries if the first-born child already had carious lesions.

Clinical relevance
Based on these results, the caries status of the first-born child could be used as a potential indicator to detect vulnerable families and to initiate targeted preventive measures.