bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of green clay authigenesis on K–Mg–Fe sequestration in marine settings
Authors: Baldermann Andre , Banerjee Santanu , Czuppon György , Dietzel Martin , Farkas Juraj , Löhr Stefan , Moser Ulrike , Scheiblhofer Esther , Wright Nicky , Zack Thomas 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Retrograde clay mineral reactions (i.e., reverse weathering), including glauconite formation, are first-order controls on element (re)cycling vs sequestration in modern and ancient marine sediments. Here, we report substantial K–Mg–Fe sequestration by glauconite formation in shallow marine settings from the Triassic to the Holocene, averaging 4 ± 3 mmol K·cm−²·kyr− 1, 4 ± 2 mmol Mg·cm−²·kyr− 1 and 10 ± 6 mmol Fe·cm−²·kyr− 1, which is ~ 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to deep-sea settings. Upscaling of glauconite abundances in shallow-water (< 200 m) environments predicts a global K–Mg–Fe uptake of ~ 0.05–0.06 Tmol K·yr− 1, ~ 0.04–0.06 Tmol Mg·yr− 1 and ~ 0.11–0.14 Tmol Fe·yr− 1. We conclude that authigenic clay elemental uptake had a large impact on the global marine K, Mg and Fe cycles throughout Earth`s history, in particular during ‘greenhouse’ periods with sea level highstand. Quantifying authigenic clay formation is key for better understanding past and present geochemical cycling in marine sediments.
Tracking Macrophages in Diabetic Neuropathy With Two-Color Nanoemulsions for Near-Infrared Fluorescent Imaging and Microscopy
Authors: Nichols James M. , Crelli Caitlin V. , Liu Lu , Pham Hoang Vu , Janjic Jelena M. , Shepherd Andrew J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background The incidence of diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy continues to rise, and studies have shown that macrophages play an important role in their pathogenesis. Here we present a novel two-color fluorescently labeled perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion to monitor phagocytic macrophages in vitro and in vivo using non-invasive near infrared fluorescence imaging and fluorescence microscopy in diabetic neuropathy. We next applied this nanoemulsion to the Leprdb/db model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to track macrophages along the length of the peripheral sensory pathway of the hindlimb, where diabetic peripheral neuropathy tends to originate. Methods In vitro assessment of the nanoemulsion was performed by measuring fluorescent signal stability, colloidal stability, and macrophage uptake and subsequent viability. In vivo tracking of the nanoemulsion within Leprdb/db and wild-type mice was performed using both near infra-red fluorescent imaging and confocal microscopy to assess its biodistribution within phagocytic macrophages along the peripheral sensory apparatus of the hindlimb. Results In vitro experiments show two-color nanoemulsion had high levels of fluorescent and colloidal stability, and that it was readily incorporated into RAW 264.7 macrophages. In vivo tracking revealed distribution of the two-color nanoemulsion to macrophages within most tissues of Leprdb/db and wild-type mice which persisted for several weeks, however it did not cross the blood brain barrier. Reduced fluorescence was seen in sciatic nerves of both Leprdb/db and wildtype mice, implying that the nanoemulsion may also have difficulty crossing an intact blood nerve barrier. Additionally, distribution of the nanoemulsion in Lepr db/db mice was reduced in several tissues as compared to wild-type mice. This reduction in biodistribution appears to be caused by the increased number of adipose tissue macrophages in Leprdb/db mice. Conclusions The nanoemulsion in this study has the ability to identify phagocytic macrophages in the Leprdb/db model using both near infra-red fluorescent imaging and fluorescence microscopy. Based on the drug loading capacity of this new nanoemulsion and the role of inflammatory macrophages in diabetes, we foresee this agent being a useful tool in the assessment and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Brain and Breast Cancer Cells with PTEN Loss of Function Demonstrate Enhanced Durotaxis and RHOB Dependent Amoeboid Migration Using 3D Printed Scaffolds and Aligned Microfiber Tracts
Authors: Wieland Annalena , Strissel Pamela L. , Schorle Hannah , Bakirci Ezgi , Janzen Dieter , Beckmann Matthias W. , Eckstein Markus , Dalton Paul D. , Strick Reiner 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with PTEN mutations often lead to brain dissemination with very poor patient outcomes. GBM uses axons and vessels as migratory cues to disseminate, however it is not known, if TNBC shares the same behavior. There is a need to understand brain tumor cell spreading and if GBM and TNBC have similar migration properties involving the signaling pathway RHOB-ROCK-PTEN. We tested for durotaxis, adherence and migration of GBM and TNBC using live-cell imaging and performed molecular analyses on three-dimensional (3D) structures.Methods: Aligned 3D printed scaffolds and microfibers were designed to mimic brain axon tracts and vessels for migration. GBM and TNBC cell lines, each with opposing PTEN genotypes, were analysed with RHO, ROCK and PTEN inhibitors and rescuing PTEN function using live-cell imaging. RNA-sequencing and qPCR of tumor cells in 3D with microfibers were performed, while SEM, confocal microscopy and cell tracking addressed cell morphology. Results: GBM and TNBC with homozygote PTEN loss of function and RHOB high expression were amoeboid shaped and demonstrated enhanced durotaxis, adhesion and migration on 3D microfibers, in contrast to PTEN wildtype GBM and TNBC showing elongated cells and low RHOB. RNA-sequencing exhibited that RHOB was significantly the highest expressed gene in GBM PTEN loss of function cells. Pathway inhibitors and PTEN rescue of function verified an essential role of RHOB-ROCK-PTEN signaling for durotaxis, adhesion, migration, cell morphology and plasticity using 3D printed microfibers. Conclusions: This study validates a significant role of a PTEN genotype for cellular properties including durotaxis, adhesion and migration. GBM and TNBC cells with PTEN loss of function have a greater affinity for stiffer brain structures promoting metastasis. We propose the significance of PTEN and RHOB in cellular oncology not only for primary tumors, but also for metastasizing tumors, where RHOB inhibitors could play an essential role for improved therapy.
Metabolic Plasticity Improves Lobster´s Resilience to Ocean Warming but Not to Climate-driven Novel Species Interactions
Authors: Oellermann Michael , Fitzgibbon Quinn P. , Twiname Samantha , Pecl Gretta T. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Marine species not only suffer from direct effects of warming oceans but also indirectly via the emergence of novel species interactions. While metabolic adjustments can be crucial to improve resilience to warming, it is largely unknown if this improves performance relative to novel competitors. We aimed to identify if spiny lobsters – inhabiting a global warming and species re-distribution hotspot - align their metabolic performance to improve resilience to both warming and novel species interactions. We measured metabolic and escape capacity of two Australian spiny lobsters, resident Jasus edwardsii and the range-shifting Sagmariasus verreauxi, acclimated to current average- (14.0°C), current summer- (17.5°C) and projected future summer- (21.5°C) habitat temperatures. We found that both species decreased their standard metabolic rate with increased acclimation temperature, while sustaining their scope for aerobic metabolism. However, the resident lobster showed reduced anaerobic escape performance at warmer temperatures and failed to match the metabolic capacity of the range-shifting lobster. We conclude that although resident spiny lobsters optimise metabolism in response to seasonal and future temperature changes, they may be unable to physiologically outperform their range-shifting competitors. This highlights the critical importance of exploring direct as well as indirect effects of temperature changes to understand climate change impacts.
The Protective Effects of GPR55 Against Hippocampal Neuroinflammation and Neurogenic Damage in CSDS Mice
Authors: Shen Shiyu , Yu Rui , Li Wei , Liang Ling-Feng , Han Qiuqin , Huang Huijie , Li Bing , Xu Shifen , Wu Gencheng , Zhang Yu-Qiu , Yu Jin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
BackgroundDepression is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses in the world today, the onset of depression is usually accompanied by neuroinflammation and neurogenic damage. Recently, G protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been associated with mood regulation as a third kind of cannabinoid receptor, and the activation of GPR55 was demonstrated recently to have a neuroprotective effect on hippocampal neurogenesis against inflammatory insult. However, its role in regulating depression and anxiety remains poorly understood.Methods10-day chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) was utilized as an animal model of depression to explore the potential antidepressant effect of GPR55 agonist and electroacupuncture (EA), a common therapy for depression in China. Several behavioral tests i.e. forced swimming test, open field test and elevated plus maze were performed to evaluate the depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Expression of GPR55, hippocampal neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis were detected using immunohistochemistry, western blot and RT-PCR. Then, the effect of a GPR55 agonist, O-1602 on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors as well as hippocampal neuroinflammation and neurogenesis was examined. Furthermore, the potential antidepressant effect of 3-week EA treatment was also evaluated in another independent experiment. In the experiment, the behaviors and hippocampal neuroinflammation and neurogenesis were also subsequently examined.ResultsAfter CSDS, the protein level of GPR55 was decreased only in susceptible mice but the mRNA expression was not significantly different in all CSDS mice. Additionally, depression- and anxiety-like behaviors are accompanied by neuroinflammation and reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. And the activation of GPR55 during the process of CSDS prevented the development of depression- and anxiety- like behaviors, as well as hippocampal neuroinflammation and neurogenetic damage. Similarly, EA alleviated the depression- and anxiety-like behaviors, hippocampal neuroinflammation, and neurogenetic damage as well as decreased protein level of GPR55 in hippocampus induced by CSDS.ConclusionsOur research demonstrated that activation of hippocampal GPR55 could rescue depression and anxiety phenotypes, reduce hippocampal neuroinflammation, and enhance hippocampal neurogenesis. Moreover, GPR55 might be involved in the beneficial effect of EA on depression.
Feasibility and Safety of Early Mobilization in Critically Ill Children: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Moerman Damien , Reychler Grégory , Bednarek Pauline , de Cléty Stéphan Clément , Detaille Thierry , Houtekie Laurent 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The study aims to evaluate the feasibility and the safety of early mobilization in critically ill children under 2 years and its impact on comfort scores. This prospective, monocenter clinical trial was conducted in a tertiary care pediatric intensive care unit in Belgium. Twenty children were recruited to the study. Early mobilization was done between 24 and 48 hours of admission. Mobilization of upper and lower limbs was performed according to practice protocol. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP, respectively) and pulsed oxygen saturation were recorded before mobilization, immediately after the treatment and after 10, 30 and 60 minutes. The EDIN score for the extubated children and the COMFORT-B score for the intubated children were used in order to evaluate comfort. The primary outcome was the feasibility and safety of early mobilization. The secondary outcome was to evaluate the impact of early mobilization on comfort. Sixteen sessions were completed and 4 sessions of mobilization were interrupted because of important agitation. HR, SBP and DPB showed no change immediately after the mobilization, compared with baseline. RR and SpO2 were similar at the different times. Agitation had impact on the EDIN and COMFORT-B scores in children whose session was interrupted. No adverse events were reported.Conclusions: Early mobilization is feasible and safe in the majority of critically ill children under 2 years even if the agitation is described as an adverse event. Early mobilization does not influence the cardio-respiratory parameters.Clinical Trial Registration number and date of registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02958124, 10/09/2017
Ionospheric Irregularities During Disturbed Geomagnetic Conditions Over Argentinian EIA Region
Authors: González Gilda de Lourdes 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ionospheric irregularities can severely degrade radio communication and navigation systems. Geomagnetic storms may affect the generation of these irregularities in a way that is not yet fully understood. To improve the forecasting of this phenomenon, we need to study the ionosphere in different regions of the world, and in particular in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) where irregularities are usually more intense. This study analyses the effect of geomagnetic storms on ionospheric irregularities. We examined the occurrence of irregularities at the southern crest of the EIA in Argentina (Tucumán, 26.9°S, 294.6°E, dip latitude 15.5° S) during three intense and one moderate geomagnetic storm of different solar sources, between 2015 and 2018. We used data from an ionosonde, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and magnetometers. Ionogram spread-F, the F-layer bottom side (h'F), the critical frequency of the F2-layer (foF2), the rate of TEC index (ROTI) and the S4 scintillation index were analysed. The data show irregularities were present as range spread-F and moderate TEC fluctuations in one storm: 27 May 2017 (a coronal mass ejection CME-driven storm occurred on local winter), and were absent in the other events. We suggest that eastward disturbance dynamo electric field and over-shielding prompt penetration electric fields may create favourable conditions for developing these irregularities. Whereas, westward storm time electric fields might inhibit the growth of irregularities during the other storms considered. During co-rotating interaction region CIR-driven storms, the westward disturbance dynamo electric field may be associated with the non-occurrence of irregularities.
Static Mechanical, Heat Deflection And Ageing Properties of Cocos Nucifera Filler Reinforced Vinyl Ester Polymer Composites
Authors: Gnanaraj J. David , Mothilal S. , Vignesh V. , Karthick T. , Ismail Sikiru O. , nagarajan rajini , Rabi B. Raja Mohamed , Siengchin Suchart , Mohammad Faruq 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Recently, natural filler reinforced polymer composites are important materials for various engineering applications. Hence, this present work focuses on utilization of coconut shell powder (CSP) as a filler in vinyl ester (VE) resin to produce particulate composite specimens. The particulate composite plates with various weights or filler contents from 5 to 30 wt% were fabricated, using compression molding technique. The fabricated composites were subjected to tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, heat deflection and swelling behavior tests to obtain their corresponding material properties. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was carried out on the coconut shell powder/vinyl ester (CSP/VE) composite specimens to investigate into the presence of their elements, in addition to the aforementioned tests. From the experimental results obtained, it was observed that the optimum mechanical properties of CSP/VE composites were obtained at 15 wt% of filler content, having tensile, flexural and impact strengths of 38.70, 105.13 MPa and 33.04 kJ/m2, respectively. Also, the heat deflection temperature (HDT) results varied from 158 (0 wt%, neat VE resin) to 171 oC along various percentages of filler contents. Lastly, the morphological study/analysis of the fractured CSP/VE composite specimens was conducted by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to confirm the experimental data/results obtained. It was evident that CSP/VE composite structures could be potential substitutes for some synthetic composites. Also, they are suitable for various engineering applications in aerospace, electrical/electronics and automobile industries, based on their properties.
CircRUNX1 Drives Immune Evasion and anti-PD1 Immunotherapy Resistance in Lung Adenocarcinoma by the miR-4739/PCSK9/MHC I Axis
Authors: Zhang Peng-Fei , Xu Yi-Fan , Zhang Ling-Xian , Wu Jing , Fan Yue 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the commonest pathological subtype of lung-derived malignant tumor. Blocking the immune checkpoints interaction between programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) via naturalizing PD-1 or PD-L1 monoclonal antibody is proved to be a effective therapeutic method for drive gene negative LUAD. Dysregulation of circular RNA (circRNA) is a hallmark of cancer and has a critical role in the progression of cancers, including LUAD. However, the exact role of circular RUNX family transcription factor 1 (circRUNX1, hsa_circ_0002360) in LUAD remains unknown. Methods: The expression levels of circRUNX1, miR-4739, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) mRNA were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). PCSK9, histocompatibility complex I (MHC I), CD8, and Foxp3 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or western blot analysis. In vivo assay was carried out to determine the biological function of circRUNX1 on LUAD immune evasion in vivo. The binding relationship between miR-4739 and circRUNX1 or PCSK9 was predicted and verified by Starbase V3.0 online databases, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and RNA-pull down assay. Results: CircRUNX1 expression was frequently increased in LUAD tissues, and forced circRUNX1 expression was associated with poor prognosis, big tumor size, advanced stage, and resistance to anti-PD1 immunotherapy in LUAD patients. Functionally, circRUNX1 overexpression promoted LUAD immune evasion in vivo. In addition, our results demonstrated that circRUNX1 could sponge miR-4739, subsequently, upregulating the PCSK9 expression and promoting to LUAD immune evasion. Conclusion: circRUNX1 promoted cancer immune evasion and resistance to anti-PD1 immunotherapy by regulate miR-4739/PCSK9/MHC I axis in LUAD. Taken together, our findings indicate that circRUNX1 may be a promising therapeutic target for improve the anti-PD1 therapy effect in LUAD patients.
Association of Childhood Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Phenotypes with the Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) in Early Adulthood: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Authors: Valizadeh Majid , Tasdighi Erfan , Barzin Maryam , Hariri Ramyar , Mahdavi Maryam , Dehghan Pooneh , Moghaddam Amin Momeni , Azizi Fereidoun , Hosseinpanah Farhad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) during adolescence has shown an increasing trend. This study aimed to investigate the association of MetS and metabolic phenotypes with a high carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in early adulthood in the framework of a large cohort study. Methods: MetS was defined as proposed by Cook, de Ferranti, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and the pediatric International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Metabolic phenotypes were defined based on the binary clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. The participants were followed up for 18.2 years. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for a high CIMT incidence (≥95th percentile).Results: In this study, 862 adolescents (52.3% males), with the mean age of 13.4±2.2 years, were included. The presence of MetS, based on the definitions proposed by Cook (OR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.01-3.57, P=0.046) and de Ferranti (OR=1.74; 95% CI: 1.04-2.90, P=0.033), was associated with the increased risk of a high CIMT in early adulthood. Metabolic phenotypes, including high waist circumference (WC)/hypertension (HTN), high WC/low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and high triglyceride (TG)/high WC, showed higher risks of a high CIMT. However, these positive associations become insignificant after adjusting for the adulthood BMI, except for the high WC/low HDL-C phenotype (OR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.02-4.11, P=0.044). Conclusion: The high WC/low HDL-C phenotype had a better predictive value and could be used as a simpler alternative for MetS to identify adolescents with a higher risk of high CIMT during early adulthood.
On the Milling Strategy in Machining Curved Surfaces Based on Minimum Stress Concentration by a 3-axis Machining Center
Authors: Li Hang , Zhang Peirong , Su Guosheng , Du Jin , Xu Chonghai 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
3-axis computer numerical control machining centers are used in machining due to their simple operation. When machining curved surfaces, the 3-axis CNC machining centers use interpolation lines segment to fit the curved surfaces. The quality of the machined surface is affected by the length of the interpolation line segment. Sharp corners are formed at the junction of straight segments. The appearance of sharp corners will lead to increased stress concentration. To study the relationship between surface quality and interpolation straight line in surface processing, this paper establishes the mathematical model of surface topography in 3-axis ball-end milling curved surfaces based on the acceleration and deceleration control. Based on the surface topography model, the surfaces stress concentration factor analysis is carried out in machining curved surfaces with variable curvatures with different lengths of interpolation lines. The results show that when the length of interpolation lines and the radius of curvature are kept constant, the stress concentration factor decreases with the increase of the central angle. When the length of the interpolation lines and the central angle are kept constant, the stress concentration factor decreases with the increase of the radius of curvature. When the radius of curvature and the central angle are kept constant, the stress concentration factor increases as the length of the interpolation lines increases. A method of selecting the length of interpolation lines based on the surface’s stress concentration is proposed. Through the optimization of the tool path, the quality of the machined surfaces can be improved.