bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MPU6050 MODULE CONTROL UNIT ON THE IC BUS BASED ON A MICROCONTROLLER
Authors: Буслаев А.Б. , Кошелева Н.Н. , Белокопытов С.С. 
Published: May 2021

Рассматривается модуль GY-521, на котором установлена микросхема MPU6050, объединяющая в одном корпусе акселерометр, гироскоп и температурный датчик. Такие датчики изготовлены на основе микромеханических систем (МЭМС), основным преимуществом которых является малый размер, низкое энергопотребление и небольшая стоимость. Одновременное использование акселерометра и гироскопа позволяет определить изменение движения тела в трехмерном пространстве. Рассмотрены основные характеристики используемого модуля. Управление микросхемы осуществляется с помощью архитектуры интерфейса IC «ведущий-ведомый». В работе ведомым является MPU6050, а ведущим (производит запрос на чтение или запись данных) является микроконтроллер, имеющий в своем составе аппаратную шину передачи данных IC. Показана возможная программная реализация алгоритма подключения нескольких ведомых устройств (шести микросхем MPU6050). Представлена принципиальная схема подключения к одному порту ввода-вывода микроконтроллера. Рассмотрен алгоритм работы микроконтроллера с подключенными микросхемами (шестью) MPU6050. Приведены пример программы (с использованием языка ассемблер) инициализации связи с MPU6050, а также программа считывания данных для снятия последних измерений акселерометра, гироскопа, температурного датчика. Применение нескольких модулей с одновременным считыванием с них информации позволяет осуществлять контроль систем управления полетом, имеющих совокупность нескольких управляющих поверхностей и устройств
The paper considers the GY-521 module, which is equipped with the MPU6050 chip, which combines an accelerometer, a gyroscope and a temperature sensor in one housing. Such sensors are made on the basis of micromechanical systems (MEMS), the main advantages of which are small size, low power consumption and low cost. The simultaneous use of an accelerometer and a gyroscope allows you to determine the change in the movement of a body in three-dimensional space. We considered the main characteristics of the module used. The control of the chip is carried out using the architecture of the IC interface "master-slave". In operation, the MPU6050 is the host, and the master (makes a request to read or write data) is a microcontroller that has an IC hardware data bus. We show a possible software implementation of the algorithm for connecting multiple slave devices (six MPU6050 chips). We present a schematic diagram of the connection to a single I/O port of the microcontroller. We consider the algorithm of operation of the microcontroller with connected chips (six) MPU6050. We give an example of a program (using the assembly language) for initializing communication with the MPU6050, as well as a program for reading data for taking the latest measurements of the accelerometer, gyroscope, and temperature sensor. The use of several modules with simultaneous reading of information from them allows you to control flight control systems that have a set of several control surfaces and devices
DEVELOPMENT OF A HEAT-DRIVEN DEVICE FOR MOLDING LARGE-SIZED CONCRETE PRODUCTS
Authors: Боташев А.Ю. , Мусаев А.А. , Саидов М.А. 
Published: May 2021

Устройство с тепловым энергоприводом для прессования является разновидностью импульсных устройств. Оно позволяет значительно снизить себестоимость прессуемых железобетонных изделий. Для обеспечения высокой мощности устройства для прессования и уменьшения его габаритных размеров и металлоемкости в его конструкции используется тепловой энергопривод внутреннего сгорания. Существующие прессы для прессования бетонных изделий большой мощности конструктивно сложны и дороги. Поэтому прессование применяют в основном при формовании штучных бетонных изделий небольшого размера. Разработан новый вид устройства для прессования крупногабаритных бетонных изделий. Для выполнения этой цели сделано устройство с тепловым энергоприводом для прессования крупногабаритных бетонных изделий, обеспечивающее высокую прочность этих изделий. Разработанное устройство имеет высокую производительность. Получены зависимости для определения энергосиловых параметров данного устройства, а также необходимой величины давления топливной смеси, обеспечивающей осуществление процесса прессования. В частности, для прессования бетонной плиты площадью 1мвполне достаточно давления топливной смеси 0,9 МПа. При этом давление и усилие прессования составляют: P = 11,7 МПа При увеличении давления топливной смеси до 2 МПа усилие прессования достигает 20 МН, что вполне достаточно для прессования крупногабаритных бетонных изделий
A device with a thermal power drive for pressing is a type of impulse devices. It allows one to significantly reduce the cost of compacted reinforced concrete products. To ensure high power of the device for pressing and to reduce its overall dimensions and metal consumption, a thermal energy drive of internal combustion is used in its design. Existing presses for molding concrete products of high power are structurally complex and expensive. Therefore, pressing is used mainly in the formation of small-sized concrete pieces. This article is devoted to the development of a new type of device for pressing large-sized concrete products. To achieve this goal, we developed a device with a thermal power drive for pressing large-sized concrete products, which ensures the high strength of these products. The developed device has a high performance. We obtained dependences for determining the power parameters of the device, as well as the required pressure of the fuel mixture, which ensures the implementation of the pressing process. In particular, for pressing a concrete slab with an area of 1 m, a fuel mixture pressure of 0.9 MPa is sufficient. In this case, the pressure and the pressing force are: P = 11,7 МРа , With an increase in the pressure of the fuel mixture to 2 MPa, the pressing force reaches 20 MN, which is quite enough for pressing large-sized concrete products
Are people consistent when reading nonwords aloud on different occasions?
Authors: Ulicheva Anastasia , Coltheart Max , Grosseck Oxana , Rastle Kathleen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTests of nonword reading have been instrumental in adjudicating between theories of reading and in assessing individuals’ reading skill in educational and clinical practice. It is generally assumed that the way in which readers pronounce nonwords reflects their long-term knowledge of spelling–sound correspondences that exist in the writing system. The present study found considerable variability in how the same adults read the same 50 nonwords across five sessions. This variability was not all random: Nonwords that consisted of graphemes that had multiple possible pronunciations in English elicited more intraparticipant variation. Furthermore, over time, shifts in participants’ responses occurred such that some pronunciations became used more frequently, while others were pruned. We discuss possible mechanisms by which session-to-session variability arises and implications that our findings have for interpreting snapshot-based studies of nonword reading. We argue that it is essential to understand mechanisms underpinning this session-to-session variability in order to interpret differences across individuals in how they read nonwords aloud on a single occasion.
Brought to Light. II. Revealing the Origins of Cloaked Spiral Features in Cluster Passive Dwarf Galaxies
Authors: Smith Rory , Michea Josefina , Pasquali Anna , Calderón-Castillo Paula , Kraljic Katarina , Paudel Sanjaya , Lisker Thorsten , Shin Jihye , Ko Jongwan , Peletier Reynier F. , Grebel Eva K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In our companion paper (Brought to Light I: Michea et al.), we reveal spectacular spiral-galaxy-like features in deep optical imaging of nine Virgo early-type dwarf galaxies, hidden beneath a dominating smooth stellar disk. Using a new combination of approaches, we find that bar- and spiral-like features contribute 2.2%–6.4% of the total flux within 2 R
eff. In this study, we conduct high-resolution simulations of cluster harassment of passive dwarf galaxies. Following close pericenter passages of the cluster core, tidal triggering generates features in our model disks that bear a striking resemblance to the observed features. However, we find the disks must be highly rotationally supported (V
peak/σ
0 ∼ 3), much higher than typically observed. We propose that some early-type dwarfs may contain a few percent of their mass in a cold, thin disk that is buried in the light of a hot, diffuse disk and only revealed when they undergo tidal triggering. The red optical colors of our sample do not indicate any recent significant star formation, and our simulations show that very plunging pericenter passages (r
peri < 0.25r
vir) are required for tidal triggering. Thus, many cluster early-type dwarfs with less-plunging orbits may host a yet-undetected cold stellar disk component. We discuss possible origin scenarios and consider why similar-mass star-forming galaxies in the field are significantly more thin-disk dominated than in our cluster sample.
On the Possibility of Stellar Lenses in the Black Hole Candidate Microlensing Events MACHO-96-BLG-5 and MACHO-98-BLG-6
Authors: Abdurrahman Fatima N. , Stephens Haynes F. , Lu Jessica R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Although stellar-mass black holes (BHs) are likely to be abundant in the Milky Way (N = 108–109), only 20 have been detected to date, all in accreting binary systems. Gravitational microlensing is a proposed technique to search for isolated BHs, which have not yet been detected. Two specific microlensing events, MACHO-1996-BLG-5 (M96-B5) and MACHO-1998-BLG-6 (M98-B6), initially observed near the lens-source minimum angular separation in 1996 and 1998, respectively, have long Einstein crossing times (>300 days), identifying the lenses as candidate black holes. Twenty years have elapsed since the time of lens-source closest approach for each of these events, indicating that if the lens and source are both luminous, and if their relative proper motion is sufficiently large, the two components should be spatially resolvable. In this work, we attempt to eliminate the possibility of a stellar lens for these events by: (1) using Keck near-infrared adaptive optics images to search for a potentially now-resolved, luminous lens, and (2) examining multi-band photometry of the source to search for flux contributions from a potentially unresolved, luminous lens. We combine detection limits from NIRC2 images with light-curve data to eliminate all non-BH lenses for relative lens-source proper motions above 0.81 mas yr−1 for M96-B5, and 2.48 mas yr−1 for M98-B6. Furthermore, we use WFPC2 broad-band images to eliminate the possibility of stellar lenses at any proper motion. We present the narrow range of non-BH possibilities permitted by our varied analyses. Finally, we suggest future observations to constrain the remaining parameter space via the methods developed in this work.
Radial Diffusion of Planetary Radiation Belts’ Particles by Fluctuations with Finite Correlation Time
Authors: Osmane Adnane , Lejosne Solène 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Radial diffusion in planetary radiation belts is a dominant transport mechanism resulting in the energization and losses of charged particles by large-scale electromagnetic fluctuations. In this study, we revisit the radial diffusion formalism by relaxing the assumption of zero correlation time in the spectrum of fluctuations responsible for the transport of charged particles. We derive a diffusion coefficient by assuming fluctuations that (1) are time homogeneous, (2) too small to trap the particles, and (3) can decorrelate on timescales comparable to the transit time of the particles. We demonstrate through self-similar solutions of the Fokker–Planck equation that autocorrelation time τ

c
much larger than the linear transit time/particle drift period

τ

L

=

Ω

D

−
1

results in characteristic time for transport independent of the drift frequency and faster than for short correlation time. In both instances, that is for short (τ

L
≫ τ

c
) and long (τ

L
≪ τ

c
) autocorrelation time, the diffusion of particles is subdiffusive since the variance of increments along the magnetic drift shells L*, scales as 〈ΔL*2〉 ∼ t

s
, with s < 1. However, in the absence of sources and sinks, particle transport for both short and long autocorrelation times result in equilibrium distribution along L* with differences of less than 10% across lower magnetic drift shells. The main consequence of incorporating finite correlation time appears in intermediate times much longer than the drift period but before the distribution function reaches equilibrium and indicates the importance of quantifying observationally the spectral properties of fluctuations for the modeling of planetary radiation belts.
Simulating the Solar Minimum Corona in UV Wavelengths with Forward Modeling II. Doppler Dimming and Microscopic Anisotropy Effect
Authors: Zhao 赵 Jie 洁 , Gibson Sarah E. , Fineschi Silvano , Susino Roberto , Casini Roberto , Cranmer Steven R. , Ofman Leon , Li 黎 Hui 辉 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In ultraviolet (UV) spectropolarimetric observations of the solar corona, the existence of a magnetic field, solar wind velocity, and temperature anisotropies modify the linear polarization associated with resonant scattering. Unlike previous empirical models or global models, which present blended results of the above physical effects, in this work, we forward-model expected signals in the H i Lyα line (121.6 nm) by adopting an analytic model that can be adjusted to test the roles of different effects separately. We find that the impact of all three effects is most evident in the rotation of the linear polarization direction. In particular, (1) for magnetic fields between ∼10 and ∼100 G, the Hanle effect modifies the linear polarization at low coronal heights, rotating the linear polarization direction clockwise (counterclockwise) when the angle between the magnetic field and the local vertical is greater (less) than the van Vleck angle, which is consistent with the result of Zhao et al.; (2) solar wind velocity, which increases with height, has a significant effect through the Doppler dimming effect at higher coronal heights, rotating the linear polarization direction in an opposite fashion to the Hanle effect; and (3) kinetic temperature anisotropies are most significant at lower heights in open nonradial magnetic field regions, producing tilt opposite to isotropic Doppler dimming. The fact that the three effects operate differently in distinct spatial regimes opens up the possibility for using linear polarization measurements in UV lines to diagnose these important physical characteristics of the solar corona.
X-Ray Emission from the PeVatron-candidate Supernova Remnant G106.3+2.7
Authors: Fujita Yutaka , Bamba Aya , Nobukawa Kumiko K. , Matsumoto Hironori 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We report the discovery of diffuse X-ray emission around the supernova remnant (SNR) G106.3+2.7, which is associated with VER J2227+608 and HAWC J2227+610 and is known as a candidate for a PeV cosmic-ray accelerator (PeVatron). We analyze observational data of Suzaku around the SNR and the adjacent pulsar PSR J2229+6114. We find diffuse X-ray emission that is represented by either thermal or nonthermal processes. However, the metal abundance for the thermal emission is <0.13 Z
⊙, which may be too small in the Milky Way and suggests that the emission is nonthermal. The intensity of the diffuse emission increases toward PSR J2229+6114 in the same way as radio emission, and it is in contrast with gamma-ray emission concentrated on a molecular cloud. The X-ray photon index does not change with the distance from the pulsar and it indicates that radiative cooling is ineffective and particle diffusion is not extremely slow. The X-ray and radio emissions seem to be of leptonic origin and the parent electrons may originate from the pulsar. The gamma-ray emission appears to be of hadronic origin because of its spatial distribution. The parent protons may be tightly confined in the cloud separately from the diffusing electrons.
Accretion-induced Black Hole Spin-up Revised by Numerical General Relativistic MHD
Authors: Ł. Król Dominika , Janiuk Agnieszka 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We investigate the accretion-induced spin-up of the black hole via numerical simulations. Our method is based on general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics of the slowly rotating flows in the Kerr metric, where possibly transonic shock fronts may form. We account for the changing black hole mass and spin during accretion that enforces dynamical evolution of the spacetime metric. We first study nonmagnetized flows with shocks, and we also include magnetic field endowed in the gas. The aim of this study is to verify whether the high-mass black holes may be produced with large spins, even though at birth the collapsars might have contained slowly or moderately spinning cores. In this way, we put constraints on the content of angular momentum in the collapsing massive stars. Our studies are also showing that shock fronts and magnetic fields may halt accretion and limit the black hole spin-up in the exploding supernovae.
Interstellar Pickup Ion Observations Halfway to the Termination Shock
Authors: McComas D. J. , Swaczyna P. , Szalay J. R. , Zirnstein E. J. , Rankin J. S. , Elliott H. A. , Singer K. , Spencer J. , Stern S. A. , Weaver H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this study, we extend the prior interstellar pickup ion (PUI) observations from the Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument on New Horizons out to nearly 47 au—essentially halfway to the termination shock in the upwind direction. We also provide significantly improved analyses of these and prior observations, including incorporating a cooling index, α, to characterize the nonadiabatic heating of PUI distributions. We find that the vast majority (93.6%) of all distributions show additional heating above adiabatic cooling. Speed jumps indicate compressional waves and shocks with associated enhancements in core solar wind and PUI densities and temperatures. Interestingly, additional heating of the PUIs as indicated by a peak in the cooling index follows the jumps by about a week. We characterize nearly continuous solar wind and H+ PUI data over ∼22–47 au, producing radial gradients, “fiducial” values at 45 au—halfway to the nominal upstream termination shock—for direct comparison to models, and extrapolated values at the shock. These termination shock values are n
PUI = (4.1 ± 0.6) × 10−4 cm−3, T
PUI = (5.0 ± 0.4) × 106 K, P
PUI = 30 ± 4 fPa, α = 2.9 ± 0.2, n
PUI/n
Total = 0.24 ± 0.02, T
PUI/T
SW = 716 ± 124, P
PUI/P
SW = 173 ± 32, P
PUI/P
SW − Dyn = 0.14 ± 0.01. The PUI thermal pressure exceeds by more than an order of magnitude the thermal solar wind and magnetic pressures in the outer heliosphere. SWAP provides the first and only direct observations of interstellar PUIs in the outer heliosphere, which are critical for both inferring the plasma conditions at the termination shock and understanding PUI-mediated shocks in general. This study examines these observations and serves as the citable reference for these critical data.
Changer de métier pour devenir enseignant : transitions professionnelles et dynamiques identitaires
Authors: Perez-Roux Thérèse 
Published: May 2021

En France, l’entrée dans le métier enseignant est accompagnée d’un temps de formation en alternance. L’étude s’intéresse à ce moment de transition professionnelle pour des futurs enseignants en Lycée professionnel qui ont à assurer la formation des élèves, dans un métier qu’ils ont eux-mêmes exercé pendant plusieurs années. Sur la base d’une double méthodologie, nous présentons trois portraits de futurs enseignants en conduite routière, aux parcours différents en termes de niveau de diplôme, d’expérience professionnelle, de rapport à la formation et au(x) métier(s). Les résultats rendent compte des registres de savoirs mobilisés, fonctionnant comme obstacles ou ressources dans le processus de professionnalisation. Ils éclairent certaines conditions favorisant la transition professionnelle : complémentarité des espaces de formation, modalités d’insertion dans l’établissement d’accueil, appui sur les collectifs de travail, temporalité nécessaire aux transformations. Des formes de remaniement apparaissent de façon différenciée. Elles sont organisées autour d’un projet identitaire qui nécessite de relier passé et avenir, image de soi et reconnaissance d’autrui, diversité des expériences et mise en cohérence de l’action dans un nouvel univers professionnel pour lequel nombre de repères restent à construire.
La notion de situation dans l'étude des phénomène d'enseignement et d'apprentissage des langues : vers une perspective socio-didactique
Authors: Dolz Joaquim , Tupin Frédéric 
Published: May 2021

Cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une progression ayant donné lieu à une réflexion et à plusieurs publications successives initiées en 2006. Après avoir tenté d'élargir les frontières de la notion de situation et de son usage pour éclairer les phénomènes d'enseignement-apprentissage sous l'effet des apports de la sociologie (Tupin, 2006) puis, plaidé pour une appréhension conjointe du « sujet épistémique » et du « sujet social », via l'organisation d'un dialogue entre didactique et sociologie (Tupin & Dolz, 2008), le présent article vise à revisiter la stratification de la notion de situation et de son usage, sous l'angle particulier de la co-présence des langues dans la société, à l'école et dans la classe. Ce texte met en perspective un ensemble de registres au fil desquels la notion de situation est convoquée et se décline dans le champ d'intervention de la didactique des langues. Les caractéristiques du matériau linguistique semblent à cet égard confronter le système didactique à un objet particulier, celui des connaissances et pratiques langagières à l'œuvre dans le contexte scolaire. La transversalité de cet objet qui embrasse des statuts forts différents, des contenus multiples et d’importantes variations d’usage réinterroge les liens à tisser entre les « phénomènes internes » et « phénomènes externes » à la classe. Cette hétérogénéité qui caractérise tant les situations scolaires que leurs traductions didactiques nécessite une mise en lumière grâce aux approches croisées de la sociolinguistique et des didactiques des langues. La prochaine étape consistera à réactiver un modèle articulant « face interne » et « face externe » des situations d'enseignement-apprentissage dans le mouvement dialectique qui les unit.
CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICAL WRITING IN ENGLISH
Authors: Taavitsainen Irma 
Published: May 2021

Eighteenth-century scientific and medical developments have direct relevance to our modern world as they paved the way towards more modern practices. This article presents an overview of English medical writing during the century when, for example, new technical equipment like the microscope opened up new horizons, laboratory medicine took its first steps, and dissemination of medical knowledge developed and diversified. My assessment is qualitative but based on firm quantitative evidence of linguistic data by an innovative Digital Humanities method that revealed the changing trends and put them in ranking order. Most importantly, medicine achieved a new level of professionalization in the eighteenth century. More attention started to be paid to public health, new institutions were founded, and new topics emerged with the expansion of the British Empire.