bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A semi‐Markov model comparing the lifetime cost‐effectiveness of mesh prophylaxis to prevent parastomal hernia in patients undergoing end colostomy creation for rectal cancer
Authors: Mohiuddin Syed , Reeves Barnaby C. , Smart Neil J. , Hollingworth William ,   the CIPHER study group
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimParastomal hernia (PSH) is a common problem following colostomy. Using prophylactic mesh during end colostomy creation may reduce PSH incidence, but concerns exist regarding the optimal type of mesh, potential long‐term complications, and cost‐effectiveness of its use. We evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of mesh prophylaxis to prevent PSH in patients undergoing end colostomy creation for rectal cancer.MethodsWe developed a decision‐analytical model, stratified by rectal cancer stages I–IV, to estimate the lifetime costs, quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) and net monetary benefits (NMBs) of synthetic, biologic and no mesh from a UK NHS perspective. We pooled the mesh‐related relative risks of PSH from 13 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and superimposed these on the baseline (no mesh) risk from a population‐based cohort. Uncertainty was assessed in sensitivity analyses.ResultsSynthetic mesh was less costly and more effective than biologic and no mesh to prevent PSH for all rectal cancer stages. At the willingness‐to‐pay threshold of £20,000/QALY, the incremental NMBs (95% CI) ranged between £1,706 (£1,692 to £1,720) (stage I) and £684 (£678 to £690) (stage IV) for synthetic versus no mesh, and £2,038 (£1,997 to £2,079) (stage I) and £1,671 (£1,653 to £1,689) (stage IV) for synthetic versus biologic mesh. Synthetic mesh was more cost‐effective than no mesh unless the relative risk of PSH was ≥0.95 for stages I–III and ≥0.93 for stage IV. [Correction added on 05 October 2021 after first online publication: The estimation of health outcomes (QALYs) for all three interventions evaluated (synthetic mesh; biologic mesh; no mesh) have been corrected in this version.]ConclusionsSynthetic mesh was the most cost‐effective strategy to prevent the formation of PSH in patients after end colostomy for any rectal cancer stage; however, conclusions are dependent on which subset of RCTs are considered to provide the most robust evidence.
Use of prophylactic mesh during initial stoma creation to prevent parastomal herniation: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Mohiuddin Syed , Hollingworth William , Rajaretnam Niroshini , Reeves Barnaby C. , Smart Neil J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimParastomal hernia (PSH) is a common complication following stoma creation. Previous reviews found mesh reinforcement during initial stoma creation beneficial in reducing PSH incidence. Since then, several multicentre randomised controlled trials (RCTs) produced widely ranging results rendering previous findings debatable. This current review assessed whether combining the latest larger multicentre RCTs would alter the previous findings.MethodsThe Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and Embase were searched from the respective dates of inception until 15 January 2021. RCTs were included if they compared mesh with no mesh during initial stoma creation in adult patients to prevent PSH. Included RCTs were summarised narratively and meta‐analysed to estimate the relative risk (RR) of PSH incidence (primary analysis), peristomal complications and PSH repair (secondary analyses). Several subgroup analyses were performed, including mesh type (synthetic/biologic), surgical technique (open/laparoscopic) and mesh position (sublay/intraperitoneal).ResultsThirteen RCTs were included in the primary meta‐analysis (1070 patients); PSH incidence was reduced in patients with mesh compared with patients without mesh at maximal follow‐up (RR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.39–0.77; I2 = 67%; P < 0.01). The number of PSH repairs was fewer in patients who had mesh (RR = 0.63; 0.35–1.14; I2 = 6%; P = 0.39), with no difference in peristomal complications (RR = 0.96; 0.55–1.70; I2 = 0%; P = 0.71), comparing with no mesh. Subgroup analyses suggested that placing synthetic mesh using an open sublay technique might be more beneficial.ConclusionsProphylactic mesh reinforcement during initial stoma creation reduces PSH incidence and potentially its repair, without an increase in peristomal complications. However, substantial heterogeneity among included RCTs limits confidence in the results.
Cytomorphological spectrum of cysticercosis: A study of 26 cases
Authors: Gupta Deepika , Gupta Prajwala , Jain Swasti , Rahar Seema 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundCysticercosis is a systemic parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium. It is the most common parasitic disease worldwide. Fine needle aspiration cytology can play an important role in prompt recognition of this disease.ObjectiveTo study the role of FNAC in the diagnosis of cysticercosis.Materials and methodsThis study included 26 patients with parasitic infestation who presented with palpable subcutaneous and intramuscular nodules at different sites. Their clinical presentations and fine needle aspiration cytomorphological features are reported.ResultsThe age range of these patients was 7‐60 years. The majority were males. The most commonly affected site was head and neck followed by upper extremity. Most of the cases were clinically misdiagnosed as lipomas, neurofibromas, lymphadenitis, epidermal inclusion cyst, sialadenitis, and soft tissue tumours. The aspirate was clear fluid in the majority of cases. All of the cases revealed fragments of bladder wall with associated granulomas in seven cases and giant cells in four cases. However, none of the case revealed hooklets.ConclusionFine needle aspiration cytology can provide a simple, minimally invasive, low‐cost, outpatient diagnostic technique for the diagnosis of cysticercosis, as cytological diagnosis is quite clear when the actual parasitic structures are identified in the smear.
Prospective for Yemen’s violent contradictions
Authors: Kadri Jude 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article aims to provide an analysis of the military capacity, ideological power, war strategies, and class interests of the different parties in the current Yemeni war. On one level, this article aims to unveil the strengths of the different players in Yemen as well as their interactions in order to show the current balance of power that appears to be in favor of the Houthis. On another level, it aims to show that even though the Houthis are “winning” or might have even “won” the war already, the overall class tensions are creating structural misery in Yemen (through bombings, state failure, widespread famine, and more). The severity and deep political meaning of these class tensions overdetermined by imperialism reveal a gloomy prospect for Yemen. Indeed, because of the nature of the overlapping contradictions, the Houthis will stay dominant nationally, but the war will go on under different forms.
Cross‐habituation to deterrents correlates with desensitisation of the corresponding deterrent neuron in the larva of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon
Authors: Zhou Dong‐Sheng , Teng Tao , Liu Jian‐Hui , Long Jiu‐Mei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHabituation (accepting food sources previously rejected) and cross‐habituation (accepting food sources containing deterrents after exposure to unrelated deterrents) induced by dietary experience are observed in lepidopteran larvae, but the physiological mechanisms underlying these phenomena are poorly understood. In this study, behavioural and electrophysiological responsiveness to three unrelated deterrents were investigated in larvae of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Caterpillars were fed with one of four diets: ‘normal’ artificial diet or diet with low amounts of the alkaloid strychnine, the phenolic chlorogenic acid (CA), or the diterpene fumaropimaric acid (FA). These three chemicals are structurally different and are all deterrent to A. ipsilon caterpillars. In behavioural, dual‐choice assays with chemical‐treated leaf discs, caterpillars reared on normal diet fed less on treated discs, i.e., were highly deterred by the three chemicals. However, caterpillars fed on chemical‐infused diets did not distinguish between treated and non‐treated discs, i.e., they showed behavioural habituation. In triple‐choice leaf disc assays, larvae fed with CA were deterred by both CA and FA and vice versa, i.e., larvae fed diet with CA or FA showed cross‐habituation. There was no cross‐habituation between strychnine and CA/FA. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that the same deterrent neuron in the lateral sensilla styloconica responds to CA and FA. Desensitisation of this neuron, through exposure to CA or FA in diet, was correlated with the observed cross‐habituation. A different deterrent neuron, in the medial sensilla styloconica, responded to strychnine. Thus, no generalisation of either habituation or desensitisation occurred to deterrents that elicited responses from different deterrent neurons in the lateral and the medial sensilla styloconica. Cross‐habituation to deterrents correlated with desensitisation of the corresponding deterrent neuron.
Biochemical and immune responses of model organism Galleria mellonella after infection with Escherichia coli
Authors: Sugeçti Serkan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGalleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is used as an invertebrate model organism to study the virulence of bacteria pathogenic to humans. In this study, the oxidative effects of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (Migula) (Enterobacteriaceae) on the model organism were investigated. The levels of metabolic enzymes, non‐enzymatic antioxidants, and biochemical parameters were measured in the hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after E. coli inoculation. The results show that the levels of cell damage indicators – such as aspartate transferase, alanine transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase – increased 8 h after E. coli infection. The levels of creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, and amylase increased in order to regulate the energy metabolism (negatively affected by the E. coli infection) and to reduce the biochemical effects of oxidative damage. Amounts of the non‐enzymatic antioxidants uric acid, bilirubin, and albumin also increased after E. coli infection, whereas the amount of total protein was not affected. Altogether, E. coli infection caused oxidative stress and damage to the hemolymph of G. mellonella.
Leukoaraiosis and acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Tang Xiaojia , Jiang Li , Luo Yuhan , Fan Hongyang , Song Lilong , Liu Peipei , Chen Yingzhu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIschaemic stroke is characterized by high morbidity, high disability rate, high mortality and high recurrence rate, which can have a grave impact on the quality of life of the patients and consequently becomes an economic burden on their families and society. With the developments in imaging technology in recent years, patients with acute cerebral infarction are predominantly more likely to be diagnosed with leukoaraiosis (LA). LA is a common degenerative disease of the nervous system, which is related to cognitive decline, depression, abnormal gait, ischaemic stroke and atherosclerosis. The aetiology of LA is not clear and there is no gold standard for imaging assessment. Related studies have shown that LA has an adverse effect on the prognosis of cerebral infarction, but some experts have contrary beliefs. Hence, we undertook the present review of the literature on the mechanism and the effect of LA on the prognosis of patients with acute ischaemic stroke.
Co‐aggregation of mixture components of montmorillonite, kaolinite and humus
Authors: Zhang Yekun , He Aizhou , Tian Rui , Yang Shishu , Li Hang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSoil particle aggregation is closely related to soil quality and pollutant migration in the environment. Soil is a naturally complex system with multi‐components, including different organic and inorganic particles. However, current studies with respect to particle aggregation by dynamic light scattering (DLS) have centred on single‐component particles. Therefore, the application of DLS to mixture components is an important issue in soil science research. In this study, montmorillonite (Mont), kaolinite (Kaol) and humic acid (HA) particles were mixed in different mass ratios to form two‐ and three‐mixture components, and then the aggregation kinetics of the mixture components in KNO3 solutions were studied by DLS. The results showed that (a) for any given mixing ratio of two‐ and three‐mixture component particles, there was only one critical coagulation concentration (CCC) value observed for the mixture components; (b) the CCCs of the two‐mixture components aggregation were always between the CCC values of each single component in the mixture, and the CCC values of the three‐mixture components aggregation were always between those of the two‐components aggregation. Based on those experimental results we concluded that, for mixture components aggregation, all the components would participate in the aggregation with equal probability, and the aggregation should be driven by the average DLVO forces of the mixture components. Therefore, for the mixture components of natural soil, the soil particle aggregation would be a co‐aggregation process, and the DLS technique would thus be a useful tool to study the real soil aggregation. Meanwhile, HA would decrease soil particle aggregation by increasing the DLVO/XDLVO repulsive forces, rather than promoting soil particle aggregation.Highlights
The aggregation of mixture colloids analysed by DLS is an important issue in soil science research.
There was only one CCC for mixture colloids with different colloidal components.
The aggregation of mixture colloids (soil) is a co‐aggregation process.
HA will decrease soil particle aggregation by increasing the DLVO/XDLVO repulsive forces.
Inhibitory synapse loss and accumulation of amyloid beta in inhibitory presynaptic terminals in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kurucu Hatice , Colom‐Cadena Martí , Davies Caitlin , Wilkins Lewis , King Declan , Rose Jamie , Tzioras Makis , Tulloch Jane H. , Smith Colin , Spires‐Jones Tara L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeSynapse degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) correlates strongly with cognitive decline. There is well‐established excitatory synapse loss in AD with known contributions of pathological amyloid beta (Aβ) to excitatory synapse dysfunction and loss. Despite clear changes in circuit excitability in AD and model systems, relatively little is known about pathology in inhibitory synapses.MethodsHere human postmortem brain samples (n = 5 control, 10 AD cases) from temporal and occipital cortices were examined to investigate whether inhibitory synapses and neurons are lost in AD and whether Aβ may contribute to inhibitory synapse degeneration. Inhibitory neurons were counted in all six cortical layers using stereology software, and array tomography was used to examine synapse density and the accumulation of Aβ in synaptic terminals.ResultsDiffering inhibitory neuron densities were observed in the different cortical layers. The highest inhibitory neuron density was observed in layer 4 in both brain regions and the visual cortex had a higher inhibitory neuron density than the temporal cortex. There was significantly lower inhibitory neuron density in AD than in control cases in all six cortical layers. High‐resolution array tomography imaging revealed plaque‐associated loss of inhibitory synapses and accumulation of Aβ in a small subset of inhibitory presynaptic terminals with the most accumulation near amyloid plaques.ConclusionsInhibitory neuron and synapse loss in AD may contribute to disrupted excitatory/inhibitory balance and cognitive decline. Future work is warranted to determine whether targeting inhibitory synapse loss could be a useful therapeutic strategy.
Inflammatory and neurotrophic factor plasma levels are related to epilepsy independently of etiology
Authors: Alvim Marina K. M. , Morita‐Sherman Marcia E. , Yasuda Clarissa L. , Rocha Natália P. , Vieira Érica L. , Pimentel‐Silva Luciana R. , Henrique Nogueira Mateus , Barbosa Renata , Watanabe Nancy , Coan Ana Carolina , Lopes‐Cendes Iscia , Teixeira Antonio L. , Cendes Fernando 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveInflammation plays an essential role in epilepsy. Studies indicate that cytokines and neurotrophic factors can act in neuroexcitability and epileptogenesis. We aimed to investigate the association between plasma inflammatory and neurotrophic markers, seizure frequency, and chronic epilepsy subtypes.MethodsWe studied 446 patients with epilepsy and 166 healthy controls. We classified patients according to etiology and seizure frequency. We measured plasma levels of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17, interferon‐γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNFr1), sTNFr2, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophic factor 3 (NT3), NT4/5, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay or cytometric bead array.ResultsThe plasma levels of BDNF, NT3, NGF, and sTNFr2 were higher, whereas IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17, IFNγ, TNFα, CNTF, and sTNFr1 were lower in patients than controls. IL1, GDNF, and NT4/5 were similar between groups. These markers did not correlate with age, sex, and epilepsy duration. The molecule sTNFr2 was the best marker to discriminate patients from controls (area under the curve = .857), also differing between patients with frequent and infrequent seizures.SignificanceThis large cohort confirmed that patients with epilepsy have abnormal levels of plasma inflammatory and neurotrophic markers independent of the underlying etiology. Plasma level of sTNFr2 was related to seizure frequency and discriminated people with or without epilepsy with good accuracy, making it a potential biomarker for epilepsy and seizure burden.
Rapamycin promotes autophagy cell death of Kaposi’s sarcoma cells through P75NTR activation
Authors: Lupinacci Simona , Perri Anna , Toteda Giuseppina , Vizza Donatella , Lofaro Danilo , Pontrelli Paola , Stallone Giovanni , Divella Chiara , Tessari Gianpaolo , La Russa Antonella , Zaza Gianluigi , Bonofiglio Renzo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTOR‐I) Rapamycin, a drug widely used in kidney transplantation, exerts important anti‐cancer effects, particularly in Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS), through several biological interactions. In this in vivo and in vitro study, we explored whether the activation of the autophagic pathway through the low‐affinity receptor for nerve growth factor, p75NTR, may have a pivotal role in the anti‐cancer effect exerted by Rapamycin in S. Our Kimmunohistochemistry results revealed a significant hyper‐activation of the autophagic pathway in KS lesions. In vitro experiments on KS cell lines showed that Rapamycin exposure reduced cell viability by increasing the autophagic process, in the absence of apoptosis, through the transcriptional activation of p75NTR via EGR1. Interestingly, p75NTR gene silencing prevented the increase of the autophagic process and the reduction of cell viability. Moreover, p75NTR activation promoted the upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumour suppressor that modulates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, our in vitro data demonstrated, for the first time, that in Kaposi's sarcoma, autophagy triggered by Rapamycin through p75NTR represented a major mechanism by which mTOR inhibitors may induce tumour regression. Additionally, it suggested that p75NTR protein analysis could be proposed as a new potential biomarker to predict response to Rapamycin in kidney transplant recipients affected by Kaposi's sarcoma.
A systematic review and gap analysis of frailty and oral health characteristics in older adults: A call for clinical translation
Authors: Slashcheva Lyubov D. , Karjalahti Erika , Hassett Leslie C. , Smith Barbara , Chamberlain Alanna M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis systematic review updates the evidence for association between oral health characteristics and frailty status, identifying gaps in translational dental research and application of frailty assessment into clinical practice.BackgroundClinicians have little guidance on stage‐appropriate dental treatment for medically complex older adults. Oral health characteristics have been associated with frailty status, determined through validated assessment tools representing a concise measure of health. Translation of frailty assessment into dental practice has not been the focus of previous reviews.MethodsUtilising the PRISMA framework for systematic reviews, a comprehensive database search identified articles describing the association of interest. Those included were cross‐sectional or longitudinal, in English, included participants aged 50 years or older, used validated frailty assessments and measured clinically relevant oral health outcomes. From 835 screened articles, 26 full‐text articles were eligible for quality appraisal and synthesis.ResultsFrailty prevalence ranged from 8.5% to 66.0%. Most studies utilised the Fried frailty criteria. Qualitative synthesis of 17 cross‐sectional and nine longitudinal studies demonstrated significant covariate‐adjusted association between frailty status and number of teeth, chewing ability, prosthetic characteristics, dental caries, periodontitis, dental utilisation and oral health‐related quality of life factors. Variability in findings reflected study sample diversity based on country of study origin, age at recruitment, sample size, frailty assessment type, use of clinical versus self‐reported outcome measures and differences in statistical analysis.ConclusionDespite robust evidence of association with oral health characteristics, frailty assessment has yet to be sufficiently applied to translational dental research and clinical practice.
Distribution of Australian dental practices in relation to the ageing population
Authors: Kamil Wisam , Kruger Estie , McGeachie John , Jean Gillian , Tennant Marc 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to analyse and map the distribution of the ageing population, by sociodemographic profiling, in private and public dental practices in Australia.BackgroundThe rapid increase in the aged population in Australia requires a comprehensive approach to ensure accessibility to geriatric dental services. However, the availability of dental services for the older people requires further investigation of the demographic distribution of need.Materials and MethodsDental practices were located and mapped against the ageing population data. The address for each dental practice in Australia was compiled from online access sources. Australian socioeconomic data were integrated with dental practices, clinic locations and older populations using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology.ResultsThere was an uneven distribution of dental practices across Australia's States and Territories (NT and ACT). Tasmania had the highest ratio of private practices to the older population (1:1000) and the highest percentages of this ageing cohort (32%, 61%) that lived more than 5 km from private and public dental practices respectively.Higher percentages of dental practices were located in areas of lower socioeconomic status in Tasmania, Queensland and South Australia (47%, 42% and 38%) respectively, however, these areas were associated with higher ageing population densities.ConclusionThere is a geographic maldistribution of dental practices in relation to the spatial distribution of Australia's older population, with the inequity most pronounced in the most disadvantaged areas. This inequality requires a National approach to match dental services to the population that they serve.