bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Segregation in Mexico City: Scale, Social Classes, and the Primate City
Authors: Monkkonen Paavo , Paloma Giottonini M. , Comandon Andre 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMexico City is known as one of the largest cities in the world and thought by many to be one of the most unequal. Not surprisingly, it has received more attention than other Mexican urban areas. However, the city’s internal social organization is often misunderstood. Mexico City stands out as a city where segregation is relatively low, and levels of inequality are actually lower than perceptions. Moreover, between 1990 and 2010, both segregation and inequality have declined. This chapter examines these changes. We report on changes in occupational structure and patterns of segregation by educational level. Educational level is different from income or occupation, but these three dimensions of socioeconomic conditions are closely linked. While the overall level of segregation between educational groups in the city has slightly decreased, residential patterns of educational groups have changed significantly. The number of neighborhoods with high concentrations of highly educated people increased significantly and expanded geographically. At the same time, the prevalence of neighborhoods with residents with low and middle educational attainment has diminished and neighborhoods that house people of all educational categories or high and middle categories are more numerous. This chapter illustrates the complexity of segregation patterns in such a large metropolitan area, as well as the challenges of determining why patterns have changed.
Social Polarization and Socioeconomic Segregation in Shanghai, China: Evidence from 2000 and 2010 Censuses
Authors: Pan Zhuolin , Liu Ye , Xiao Yang , Li Zhigang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChina’s rapid economic growth since the early 1980s has been accompanied by a substantial increase in economic inequality. Economic restructuring, rural–urban migration, globalization and marketization have jointly led to a transformation of the socio-spatial structure of large Chinese cities. Although a handful of studies have examined the level and pattern of socioeconomic segregation in a particular Chinese city using neighbourhood-level census data from the year 2000, little research has been done to investigate in-depth changes in the level and pattern of segregation using more up to date and more geographically detailed data. This chapter aims to examine the levels, patterns and drivers of socioeconomic segregation in Shanghai, China, using neighbourhood-level and subdistrict-level data from the 2000 and 2010 decennial population census. This chapter uses the dissimilarity index to measure the overall level of socioeconomic segregation by occupation and household registration (hukou) status. Based on a location quotient and neighbourhood composition, it also illustrates the change in the spatial pattern of segregation. The chapter ends with a discussion on the possible drivers of segregation and policy suggestions to combat segregation in large Chinese cities.
Subprefects: (Trans)Regional Tools of Integration?
Authors: van der Burg Martijn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the Napoleonic subprefects who have been in office in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany. Within the prefectoral system, these sous-préfets were the highest officials at arrondissement (disctrict) level. Activities of subprefects, somewhat neglected by historians, give insight into how French tried to rally the locals, and how this affected the daily functioning of the Empire. Discussed are subprefects’ sociocultural backgrounds, imperial careers, and perception of Napoleonic governance. Subprefects had to balance national, local, and personal interest. Integration at district level was hard when the letter of the administrative legislation and the precise instructions from above were rigidly adhered to. Subprefects traveling the Empire linked events in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany to developments elsewhere, promoting integration into the Empire. Circulation patterns reflect different ideas on the required level of integration. It is argued that the figure of the subprefect was a potential ‘tool of integration’. That subprefects were close to the ground could contributed to the effectiveness of Napoleonic governance. But subprefects also coped with demanding prefects, and interference of other agents of the central state. Reversely, unwilling subprefects were in a position to hinder the integration process.
Trends in method-specific suicide in Brazil from 2000 to 2017
Authors: McDonald Keltie , Machado Daiane Borges , Castro-de-Araujo Luís F. S. , Kiss Lígia , Palfreyman Alexis , Barreto Maurício L. , Devakumar Delanjathan , Lewis Glyn 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Understanding long-term patterns of suicide methods can inform public health policy and prevention strategies. In Brazil, firearm-related policies may be one salient target for suicide prevention. This study describes trends in method-specific suicide at the national and state-levels in Brazil, with a particular focus on firearm-related suicides.

Methods
Brazilian mortality data for suicide and undetermined intent among people aged 10 years and older between 2000 and 2017 were obtained from the National Mortality Information System. We examined national and state-level trends in age-standardised suicide rates for hanging, self-poisoning, firearms, jumping from a high place, other, and unspecified methods. We also compared total rates of mortality from suicide and undetermined intent over the period. Applying Joinpoint regression, we tested changes in trends of firearm-specific suicide rates.

Results
The total suicide rate increased between 2000 and 2017. Rates of hanging, self-poisoning by drugs or alcohol and jumping from a high place showed the largest increases, while firearm-specific suicide rates decreased over the study period. Trends in methods of suicide varied by sex and state.

Conclusion
It is of public health concern that suicide rates in Brazil have risen this millennium. Restricting access to firearms might be an effective approach for reducing firearm-specific suicides, especially in states where firearm availability remains particularly high. Treatment and management of substance misuse may also be an important target for suicide prevention policies. More work is needed to understand the causes of rising suicide rates in Brazil and to improve the mental health of the population.
Experiences, knowledge of functions, and social acceptance of robots: an exploratory case study focusing on Japan
Authors: Nomura Tatsuya , Tanaka Motoharu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough Japanese society has become aware of some types of robots, social acceptance of robots is still not widespread. This study conducted an online questionnaire survey to investigate the relationships between experiences with and knowledge of vacuum, pet-type, and communication robots and acceptance of these robots, including the intention to use and trust. The results suggested that experiences with, knowledge of functions, and acceptance of the robots differed depending on the type of robot, and the influence of these factors on acceptance of the robots also differed depending on the robot types.
Computational analysis of an infinite magneto-thermoelastic solid periodically dispersed with varying heat flow based on non-local Moore–Gibson–Thompson approach
Authors: Abouelregal Ahmed E. , Mohammad-Sedighi Hamid , Shirazi Ali H. , Malikan Mohammad , Eremeyev Victor A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this investigation, a computational analysis is conducted to study a magneto-thermoelastic problem for an isotropic perfectly conducting half-space medium. The medium is subjected to a periodic heat flow in the presence of a continuous longitude magnetic field. Based on Moore–Gibson–Thompson equation, a new generalized model has been investigated to address the considered problem. The introduced model can be formulated by combining the Green–Naghdi Type III and Lord–Shulman models. Eringen’s non-local theory has also been applied to demonstrate the effect of thermoelastic materials which depends on small scale. Some special cases as well as previous thermoelasticity models are deduced from the presented approach. In the domain of the Laplace transform, the system of equations is expressed and the problem is solved using state space method. The converted physical expressions are numerically reversed by Zakian’s computational algorithm. The analysis indicates the significant influence on field variables of non-local modulus and magnetic field with larger values. Moreover, with the established literature, the numerical results are satisfactorily examined.
Comparison of yield, chemical composition and farinograph properties of common and ancient wheat grains
Authors: Biel Wioletta , Jaroszewska Anna , Stankowski Sławomir , Sobolewska Magdalena , Kępińska-Pacelik Jagoda 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe chemical composition of 4 spring wheat species was analyzed: einkorn (Triticum monococcum) (local cv.), emmer (Triticum dicoccon) (Lamella cv.), spelt (Triticum spelta) (Wirtas cv.), and common wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Rospuda cv.). Mean emmer and einkorn yield was significantly lower than that of common wheat. The analyses of the wheat grain included the content of total protein, crude ash, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrates, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. The grains of the tested ancient wheats were richer in protein, lipids, crude fibre, and crude ash than the common wheat grains. The significantly highest levels of crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash were found in einkorn. As the protein concentration in the grain increased, the calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels increased, and the zinc and manganese levels decreased. Genotypic differences between the studied wheats were reflected in the concentrations of the minerals and nutrients, an observation which can be useful in further cross-linkage studies. Dough made from common wheat and spelt flour showed better performance quality classifying it to be used for bread production. In turn, flour from emmer and einkorn wheat may be intended for pastry products, due to short dough development time and constancy as well as high softening.
When two worlds collide: the influence of an obstacle in peripersonal space on multisensory encoding
Authors: Menger Rudmer , De Haan Alyanne M. , Van der Stigchel Stefan , Dijkerman H. Chris 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMultisensory coding of the space surrounding our body, the peripersonal space, is crucial for motor control. Recently, it has been proposed that an important function of multisensory coding is that it allows anticipation of the tactile consequences of contact with a nearby object. Indeed, performing goal-directed actions (i.e. pointing and grasping) induces a continuous visuotactile remapping as a function of on-line sensorimotor requirements. Here, we investigated whether visuotactile remapping can be induced by obstacles, e.g. objects that are not the target of the grasping movement. In the current experiment, we used a cross-modal obstacle avoidance paradigm, in which participants reached past an obstacle to grasp a second object. Participants indicated the location of tactile targets delivered to the hand during the grasping movement, while a visual cue was sometimes presented simultaneously on the to-be-avoided object. The tactile and visual stimulation was triggered when the reaching hand passed a position that was drawn randomly from a continuous set of predetermined locations (between 0 and 200 mm depth at 5 mm intervals). We observed differences in visuotactile interaction during obstacle avoidance dependent on the location of the stimulation trigger: visual interference was enhanced for tactile stimulation that occurred when the hand was near the to-be-avoided object. We show that to-be-avoided obstacles, which are relevant for action but are not to-be-interacted with (as the terminus of an action), automatically evoke the tactile consequences of interaction. This shows that visuotactile remapping extends to obstacle avoidance and that this process is flexible.
Radioembolization versus portal vein embolization for contralateral liver lobe hypertrophy: effect of cirrhosis
Authors: Nebelung Heiner , Wolf Thomas , Bund Sebastian , Radosa Christoph Georg , Plodeck Verena , Grosche-Schlee Sabine , Riediger Carina , Hoffmann Ralf-Thorsten , Kühn Jens-Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Preoperative hypertrophy induction of future liver remnant (FLR) reduces the risk of postoperative liver insufficiency after partial hepatectomy. One of the most commonly used methods to induce hypertrophy of FLR is portal vein embolization (PVE). Recent studies have shown that transarterial radioembolization (TARE) also induces hypertrophy of the contralateral liver lobe. The aim of our study was to evaluate contralateral hypertrophy after TARE versus after PVE taking into account the effect of cirrhosis.

Methods
Forty-nine patients undergoing PVE before hemihepatectomy and 24 patients with TARE as palliative treatment for liver malignancy were retrospectively included. Semi-automated volumetry of the FLR/contralateral liver lobe before and after intervention (20 to 65 days) was performed on CT or MRI, and the relative increase in volume was calculated. Cirrhosis was evaluated independently by two radiologists on CT/MRI, and interrater reliability was calculated.

Results
Hypertrophy after PVE was significantly more pronounced than after TARE (25.3% vs. 7.4%; p < 0.001). In the subgroup of patients without cirrhosis, the difference was also statistically significant (25.9% vs. 8.6%; p = 0.002), whereas in patients with cirrhosis, the difference was not statistically significant (18.2% vs. 7.4%; p = 0.212). After PVE, hypertrophy in patients without cirrhosis was more pronounced than in patients with cirrhosis (25.9% vs. 18.2%; p = 0.203), while after TARE, hypertrophy was comparable in patients with and without cirrhosis (7.4% vs. 8.6%; p = 0.928).

Conclusion
TARE induces less pronounced hypertrophy of the FLR compared to PVE. Cirrhosis seems to be less of a limiting factor for hypertrophy after TARE, compared to PVE.

Graphic abstract
Distinct genomic features across cytolytic subgroups in skin melanoma
Authors: Roufas Constantinos , Georgakopoulos-Soares Ilias , Zaravinos Apostolos 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSkin melanoma is a highly immunogenic cancer. The intratumoral immune cytolytic activity (CYT) reflects the ability of cytotoxic T and NK cells to eliminate cancer cells, and is associated with improved patient survival. Despite the enthusiastic clinical results seen in advanced-stage metastatic melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, a subgroup of them will later relapse and develop acquired resistance. We questioned whether CYT associates with different genomic profiles and thus, patient outcome, in skin melanoma.MethodsWe explored the TCGA-SKCM dataset and stratified patients to distinct subgroups of cytolytic activity. The tumor immune contexture, somatic mutations and recurrent copy number aberrations were calculated using quanTIseq, MutSigCV and GISTIC2. Chromothriptic events were explored using CTLPScanner and cancer neoepitopes were predicted with antigen garnish. Each tumor's immunophenoscore was calculated using Immunophenogram. Mutational signatures and kataegis were explored using SigProfiler and compared to the known single or doublet base substitution signatures from COSMIC.ResultsMetastatic skin melanomas had significantly higher CYT levels compared to primary tumors. We assessed enrichment for immune-related gene sets within CYT-high tumors, whereas, CYT-low tumors were enriched for non-immune related gene sets. In addition, distinct mutational and neoantigen loads, primarily composed of C > T transitions, along with specific types of copy number aberrations, characterized each cytolytic subgroup. We found a broader pattern of chromothripsis across CYT-low tumors, where chromosomal regions harboring chromothriptic events, contained a higher number of cancer genes. SBS7a/b, SBS5 and SBS1 were the most prevalent mutational signatures across both cytolytic subgroups, but SBS1 differed significantly between them. SBS7a/b was mutually exclusive with SBS5 and SBS1 in both CYT subgroups. CYT-high patients had markedly higher immunophenoscore, suggesting that they should display a clinical benefit upon treatment with immune checkpoint inhibition therapy, compared to CYT-low patients.ConclusionsOverall, our data highlight the existence of distinct genomic features across cytolytic subgroups in skin melanoma, which might affect the patients' relapse rate or their acquisition of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition therapies.
Simultaneous Casualty Admissions—Do they Affect Treatment in the Receiving Trauma Center?
Authors: Teuben Michel Paul Johan , Mand Carsten , Moosdorf Laura , Sprengel Kai , Shehu Alba , Pfeifer Roman , Ruchholtz Steffen , Lefering Rolf , Pape Hans‐Christoph , Jensen Kai Oliver 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSimultaneous trauma admissions expose medical professionals to increased workload. The impact of simultaneous trauma admissions on hospital allocation, therapy, and outcome is currently unclear. We hypothesized that multiple admission‐scenarios impact the diagnostic pathway and outcome.MethodsThe TraumaRegister DGU® was utilized. Patients admitted between 2002–2015 with an ISS ≥ 9, treated with ATLS®‐ algorithms were included. Group ´IND´ included individual admissions, two individuals that were admitted within 60 min of each other were selected for group ´MULT´. Patients admitted within 10 min were considered as simultaneous (´SIM´) admissions. We compared patient and trauma characteristics, treatment, and outcomes between both groups.Results132,382 admissions were included, and 4,462/3.4% MULTiple admissions were found. The SIM‐group contained 1,686/1.3% patients. The overall median injury severity score was 17 and a mean age of 48 years was found. MULT patients were more frequently admitted to level‐one trauma centers (68%) than individual trauma admissions were (58%, p < 0.001). Mean time to CT‐scanning (24 vs. 26/28 min) was longer in MULT / SIM patients compared to individual admissions. No differences in utilization of damage control principles were seen. Moreover, mortality rates did not differ between the groups (13.1% in regular admissions and 11.4%/10,6% in MULT/SIM patients).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that simultaneous treatment of injured patients is rare. Individuals treated in parallel with other patients were more often admitted to level‐one trauma centers compared with individual patients. Although diagnostics take longer, treatment principles and mortality are equal in individual admissions and simultaneously admitted patients. More studies are required to optimize health care under these conditions.
Ergebnisse der filtrierenden Trabekulotomie (FTO) im Vergleich zur konventionellen Trabekulektomie (TE) – eine gematchte Fall-Kontroll-Studie
Authors: Glatzel Caroline Maria , Patzkó Ágnes , Matlach Juliane , Grehn Franz 
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung
Ziel
Ziel dieser Studie war es, die 2‑Jahres-Ergebnisse der filtrierenden Trabekulotomie (FTO) im Vergleich zur konventionellen Trabekulektomie (TE) bei primärem Offenwinkelglaukom, Pseudoexfoliationsglaukom und Pigmentglaukom zu untersuchen.

Patienten und Methoden
Es wurden 30 konsekutive Patienten nach FTO und 87 Patienten nach TE nach intraokularem Druck (IOD) und Alter im Verhältnis 1:3 gematcht. Primärer Endpunkt war das Erreichen des Zieldrucks nach 2 Jahren. Als vollständiger Erfolg wurde ein IOD ohne Medikamente von ≤ 18 mm Hg bei gleichzeitiger IOD-Reduktion um ≥ 30 % definiert, als qualifizierter Erfolg, wenn hierfür zusätzlich Medikamente erforderlich waren. Sekundäre Endpunkte waren mittlere Drucksenkung, resultierende Sehschärfe, Komplikationen und nachfolgende Operationen. Die Operationstechnik der filtrierenden Trabekulotomie ist als Video zu diesem Beitrag abrufbar.

Ergebnisse
Zwei-Jahres-Daten konnten von 27 Patienten aus der FTO-Gruppe und 68 Patienten aus der TE-Gruppe erhoben werden. Die Patienten beider Gruppen wurden vor Beginn der Studie bezüglich Alter und IOD gematcht, waren aber auch bezüglich Sehschärfe, Geschlecht und Medikation nicht unterschiedlich. Der Median des präoperativen IOD unter Therapie betrug in beiden Gruppen 23,0 mm Hg. Nach den oben genannten Kriterien wurde ein qualifizierter 2‑Jahres-Erfolg bei 70,4 % der FTO-Gruppe und bei 77,6 % der TE-Gruppe erzielt (p = 0,60), ein vollständiger 2‑Jahres-Erfolg bei 33,3 % der FTO-Gruppe und bei 56,7 % der TE-Gruppe (p = 0,07). Beide Operationsmethoden senkten den Augeninnendruck nach 24 Monaten signifikant (p < 0,001), und zwar auf 12,8 mm Hg in der FTO-Gruppe und 11,0 mm Hg in der TE-Gruppe. Die Sehschärfe war postoperativ bei beiden Gruppen etwas verringert, unterschied sich jedoch nicht signifikant zwischen beiden Gruppen. Komplikations- und Reoperationsrate waren gering und unterschieden sich nicht zwischen den Gruppen.

Schlussfolgerung
FTO und TE sind nach 2 Jahren weitgehend gleichwertig bezüglich Zieldruck, IOD-Senkung, Sehschärfe und Komplikationen.
Meningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis induces phenotypic changes in cortical microglia that differentially associate with neurodegeneration
Authors: van Olst Lynn , Rodriguez-Mogeda Carla , Picon Carmen , Kiljan Svenja , James Rachel E. , Kamermans Alwin , van der Pol Susanne M. A. , Knoop Lydian , Michailidou Iliana , Drost Evelien , Franssen Marc , Schenk Geert J. , Geurts Jeroen J. G. , Amor Sandra , Mazarakis Nicholas D. , van Horssen Jack , de Vries Helga E. , Reynolds Richard , Witte Maarten E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMeningeal inflammation strongly associates with demyelination and neuronal loss in the underlying cortex of progressive MS patients, thereby contributing significantly to clinical disability. However, the pathological mechanisms of meningeal inflammation-induced cortical pathology are still largely elusive. By extensive analysis of cortical microglia in post-mortem progressive MS tissue, we identified cortical areas with two MS-specific microglial populations, termed MS1 and MS2 cortex. The microglial population in MS1 cortex was characterized by a higher density and increased expression of the activation markers HLA class II and CD68, whereas microglia in MS2 cortex showed increased morphological complexity and loss of P2Y12 and TMEM119 expression. Interestingly, both populations associated with inflammation of the overlying meninges and were time-dependently replicated in an in vivo rat model for progressive MS-like chronic meningeal inflammation. In this recently developed animal model, cortical microglia at 1-month post-induction of experimental meningeal inflammation resembled microglia in MS1 cortex, and microglia at 2 months post-induction acquired a MS2-like phenotype. Furthermore, we observed that MS1 microglia in both MS cortex and the animal model were found closely apposing neuronal cell bodies and to mediate pre-synaptic displacement and phagocytosis, which coincided with a relative sparing of neurons. In contrast, microglia in MS2 cortex were not involved in these synaptic alterations, but instead associated with substantial neuronal loss. Taken together, our results show that in response to meningeal inflammation, microglia acquire two distinct phenotypes that differentially associate with neurodegeneration in the progressive MS cortex. Furthermore, our in vivo data suggests that microglia initially protect neurons from meningeal inflammation-induced cell death by removing pre-synapses from the neuronal soma, but eventually lose these protective properties contributing to neuronal loss.