bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring resilience in adult daughter and spousal carers of people living with dementia in North West England: an ecological approach
Authors: Donnellan Warren James , Bennett Kate Mary , Watson Natalie 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
Research has shown that informal carers of people living with dementia (PLWD) can be resilient in the face of caregiving challenges. However, little is known about resilience across different kinship ties. This study aims to update and build on our previous work, using an ecological resilience framework to identify and explore the factors that facilitate or hinder resilience across spousal and adult daughter carers of PLWD.

Design/methodology/approach
This study conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of 13 carers from North West England and analysed the data using a constructivist grounded theory approach (Charmaz, 2003).

Findings
Adult daughters were motivated to care out of reciprocity, whereas spouses were motivated to care out of marital duty. Spouses had a more positive and accepting attitude towards caregiving and were better able to maintain continuity, which facilitated their resilience.

Research limitations/implications
Resilience emerged on multiple levels and depended on the type of kinship tie, which supports an ecological approach to resilience. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Originality/value
This paper makes a novel contribution to the literature as it uses an in-depth qualitative methodology to compare resilience across spousal and adult daughter carers of PLWD. This study adopts an ecological approach to identify not just individual-level resilience resources but also interactive community- and societal-level resources.
Railways redistribute plant species in mountain landscapes
Authors: Rashid Irfan , Haq Shiekh Marifatul , Lembrechts Jonas J. , Khuroo Anzar A. , Pauchard Aníbal , Dukes Jeffrey S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

The significant portion of global terrestrial biodiversity harboured in the mountains is under increasing threat from various anthropogenic impacts. Protecting fragile mountain ecosystems requires understanding how these human disturbances affect biodiversity. As roads and railways are extended further into mountain ecosystems, understanding the long‐term impacts of this infrastructure on community composition and diversity gains urgency.

We used railway corridors constructed across the mountainous landscapes of the Kashmir Himalaya from 1994 to 2013 to study the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on species distributions and community dynamics. In 2014 and 2017, we collected vegetation data along 31 T‐shaped transects laid perpendicular to the railway line, adopting the MIREN (Mountain Invasion Research Network) road survey methodology.

Plant communities shifted significantly from 2014 to 2017, potentially because of an ongoing species redistribution after railway construction, driven mainly by declines in both native and non‐native species richness, and an increasing abundance of a few non‐native species, especially in areas away from the railway track.

These patterns indicate an advancing succession, where initially—rare—pioneer species are replaced by increasingly dominant and often non‐native competitors, and potentially suggest a trend towards delayed local extinctions after the disturbance event. Native and non‐native species richness was negatively correlated with elevation, but that relationship diminished over time, with the abundance of non‐natives significantly increasing at higher elevations.

Synthesis and applications. Transport corridors seem to facilitate the spread of non‐native species to higher elevations, which has serious implications considering the warming mountain tops. Our results indicate that the plant communities next to railways do not reach equilibrium quickly after a disturbance. More than 10 years after railway establishment within Kashmir Himalaya, succession continued, and signs pointed towards a landscape increasingly dominated by non‐native species. Our study indicates that the single disturbance event associated with constructing railway in this Himalayan region had large and long‐lasting effects on plant communities at and around this transport corridor and suggests the need for a long‐term region‐wide coordinated monitoring and management program.
Light and depth dependency of nitrogen fixation by the non‐photosynthetic, symbiotic cyanobacterium UCYN‐A
Authors: Gradoville Mary R. , Cabello Ana M. , Wilson Samuel T. , Turk‐Kubo Kendra A. , Karl David M. , Zehr Jonathan P. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe symbiotic cyanobacterium UCYN‐A is one of the most globally abundant marine dinitrogen (N2)‐fixers, but cultures have not been available and its biology and ecology are poorly understood. We used cultivation‐independent approaches to investigate how UCYN‐A single‐cell N2 fixation rates (NFRs) and nifH gene expression vary as a function of depth and photoperiod. Twelve‐hour day/night incubations showed that UCYN‐A only fixed N2 during the day. Experiments conducted using in situ arrays showed a light‐dependence of NFRs by the UCYN‐A symbiosis, with the highest rates in surface waters (5–45 m) and lower rates at depth (≥ 75 m). Analysis of NFRs versus in situ light intensity yielded a light saturation parameter (Ik) for UCYN‐A of 44 μmol quanta m−2 s−1. This is low compared with other marine diazotrophs, suggesting an ecological advantage for the UCYN‐A symbiosis under low‐light conditions. In contrast to cell‐specific NFRs, nifH gene‐specific expression levels did not vary with depth, indicating that light regulates N2 fixation by UCYN‐A through processes other than transcription, likely including host–symbiont interactions. These results offer new insights into the physiology of the UCYN‐A symbiosis in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean and provide clues to the environmental drivers of its global distributions.
Invisible actors: Understanding the micro‐activities of public sector employees in the development of public–private partnerships in the United States
Authors: Opara Michael , Okafor Oliver Nnamdi , Ufodike Akolisa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPublic–private partnerships (P3s) have continued to grow in importance both as an alternative infrastructure delivery model and a management practice in many jurisdictions and across institutional contexts. This study draws on theinstitutional workperspective to investigate the nature and form of micro‐activities that interact to cement a policy through the examination of the implementation of P3s as a management practice. The study advances our understanding of how the micro‐activities of governmental agents and actors affect the development, codification, and support structures of P3s. We adopt a multi‐location, field‐based case approach and a diversified institutional setting presented by P3‐adopting regions in the United States. We deploy an institutional work perspective to identify the micro‐activities that are undertaken as part of the P3 routinisation and acceptance process. Following Perkmann and Spicer's classification, and consistent with the concept of institutional work (Lawrence & Suddaby), we find that the ordinary day‐to‐day micro‐activities undertaken by government employees, categorised aspolitical work,technical work, andcultural work, are structurally, strategically, and intentionally deployed to achieve the successful implementation of P3s. In addition, we uncover a complementary managerial micro‐activity undertaken alongside institutional work, what we termorganisational restructuring, as part of the composite of activities that facilitate a successful P3 implementation. We suggest that the nature, extent, and impact of ordinary government employee micro‐activities on the implementation and acceptance of P3s deserve further empirical inquiry.
A unifying framework for quantifying and comparing n‐dimensional hypervolumes
Authors: Lu Muyang , Winner Kevin , Jetz Walter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

The quantification of Hutchinson's n‐dimensional hypervolume has enabled substantial progress in community ecology, species niche analysis and beyond. However, most existing methods do not support a partitioning of the different components of hypervolume. Such a partitioning is crucial to address the ‘curse of dimensionality’ in hypervolume measures and interpret the metrics on the original niche axes instead of principal components. Here, we propose the use of multivariate normal distributions for the comparison of niche hypervolumes and introduce this as the multivariate‐normal hypervolume (MVNH) framework (R package available on https://github.com/lvmuyang/MVNH).

The framework provides parametric measures of the size and dissimilarity of niche hypervolumes, each of which can be partitioned into biologically interpretable components. Specifically, the determinant of the covariance matrix (i.e. the generalized variance) of a MVNH is a measure of total niche size, which can be partitioned into univariate niche variance components and a correlation component (a measure of dimensionality, i.e. the effective number of independent niche axes standardized by the number of dimensions). The Bhattacharyya distance (BD; a function of the geometric mean of two probability distributions) between two MVNHs is a measure of niche dissimilarity. The BD partitions total dissimilarity into the components of Mahalanobis distance (standardized Euclidean distance with correlated variables) between hypervolume centroids and the determinant ratio which measures hypervolume size difference. The Mahalanobis distance and determinant ratio can be further partitioned into univariate divergences and a correlation component.

We use empirical examples of community‐ and species‐level analysis to demonstrate the new insights provided by these metrics. We show that the newly proposed framework enables us to quantify the relative contributions of different hypervolume components and to connect these analyses to the ecological drivers of functional diversity and environmental niche variation.

Our approach overcomes several operational and computational limitations of popular nonparametric methods and provides a partitioning framework that has wide implications for understanding functional diversity, niche evolution, niche shifts and expansion during biotic invasions, etc.
Stability of schizophrenia diagnosis in a 10‐year longitudinal study on first episode of non‐affective psychosis: Conclusions from the PAFIP cohort
Authors: Suárez‐Pinilla Paula , Suárez‐Pinilla Marta , Setién‐Suero Esther , Ortiz‐García de la Foz Víctor , Mayoral‐Van Son Jacqueline , Vázquez‐Bourgon Javier , Gómez‐Revuelta Marcos , Juncal‐Ruíz María , Ayesa‐Arriola Rosa , Crespo‐Facorro Benedicto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the 10‐year stability of schizophrenia diagnosis in a cohort of first‐episode psychosis (FEP) patients and the factors associated with it.MethodsChanges in diagnosis of 209 FEP patients were described during 10 years of follow‐up. Related factors with maintenance or change of schizophrenia diagnosis were evaluated in prospective and retrospective approaches through binary logistic regressions, ROC and survival curves.ResultsOut of the 209 patients, 126 were diagnosed of schizophrenia 6 months after their inclusion in the clinical program. Prospective analyses showed that eight of those 126 schizophrenia patients had changed to a different diagnosis after 10 years, and predictors of change were better childhood premorbid adjustment, less severity of clinical global impression at baseline, and diagnosis of comorbid personality disorder during follow‐up. Retrospectively, out of the 154 patients with schizophrenia in the 10‐year assessment, 36 had a different diagnosis at baseline, and those factors related to a different prior diagnosis than schizophrenia were better socioeconomic status and shorter duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). A survival analysis on the timing of schizophrenia diagnosis showed that male gender and longer DUP were predictors of earlier definite diagnosis.ConclusionsDiagnostic stability of schizophrenia in our FEP sample is high, especially prospective stability, and the group of patients with diagnostic change corresponded to a milder psychopathological profile before and at the onset of disease. Moreover, we observed a cautious attitude in the diagnosis of schizophrenia in patients with shorter DUP who had schizophrenia diagnosis after 10 years.
Autism comorbidities show elevated female‐to‐male odds ratios and are associated with the age of first autism diagnosis
Authors: Rødgaard Eya‐Mist , Jensen Kristian , Miskowiak Kamilla Woznica , Mottron Laurent 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association between the comorbidity rates in autism and sex, birth year and the age at which autism was first diagnosed and compare the relative impact of each.MethodUsing the Danish National Patient Registry, cumulative incidences up to the age of 16 for 11 comorbid conditions (psychosis, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, eating disorders, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, tic disorders, sleep disorders or intellectual disability) were calculated for individuals with autism (N = 16,126) and non‐autism individuals (N = 654,977). Individuals were further stratified based on the age at the first autism diagnoses and comorbid diagnoses up to the age of 16 were compared.ResultsMost comorbidities were significantly associated with birth year and sex. Female/male odds ratios for 8 of 11 comorbid conditions were up to 67% higher than the corresponding odds ratios in the non‐autism population, including conditions that are generally more common in males than in females as well as conditions that are more common in females. All comorbidity rates were significantly associated with the age at the first autism diagnosis, which was a stronger predictor than sex and birth year for 8 conditions.ConclusionsComorbidity rates for females exceed what would be expected based on the sex ratios among non‐autistic individuals, indicating that the association between autism and comorbidity is stronger in females. Comorbidity rates are also highly dependent on the age at the first autism diagnosis, which may contribute to autism heterogeneity in research and clinical practice.
Is neurotrauma training in rural New South Wales still required following the implementation of the New South Wales State Trauma Plan?
Authors: Yusof Vessey Johan , Shivapathasundram Ganeshwaran , Francis Nevenka , Sheridan Mark 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn New South Wales (NSW), Australia, trauma accounts for 6% of deaths. Trauma patients receiving definitive care in regional trauma centres are 34% more likely to have a fatal outcome compared to level 1 centres. Following the implementation of the NSW State Trauma Plan where patients with major trauma are fast tracked to regional trauma services, should NSW rural surgeons and retrieval doctors continue to receive surgical training in neurotrauma?MethodsThe study's primary objective was to ascertain which NSW regional and rural hospitals have the equipment to perform neurotrauma and when it was last used. The study also examined the outcome of those patients who had undergone an emergency neurosurgical procedure.ResultsOf the 149 regional and rural hospitals in NSW, 16 stored a Hudson brace, perforator, burr and Gigli saw sterile and ready to use in the operating theatre. Only one hospital utilised the equipment in the last year and 11 in the last 10 years. Of those patients who had undergone an emergency neurosurgical procedure, two patients died prior to transfer and three were confirmed deceased after transfer to a tertiary centre.ConclusionThe implementation of the NSW State Trauma Plan has streamlined the trauma triage process and transport of neurotrauma patients to regional and major trauma services. However, it is likely that knowledge of how to perform burr hole and craniectomy for the evacuation of extradural haematoma remains a useful skill for the rural surgeon and retrieval doctor if transport is delayed.
Bordering and Debordering Spaces of Asylum in the City of Frankfurt: Municipal Refugee Accommodation and Neighbourhood‐Based Volunteering
Authors: Blank Martina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe segregation of refugees in collective accommodation centres represents an integral component of the European border regime and its complex interplay of inclusion and exclusion. The corresponding spatial, symbolic and discursive demarcations, however, are not simply implemented politically from above, but negotiated on the ground on a daily basis. One crucial group of actors in the German context are neighbourhood‐based volunteers. These groups frequently accompany accommodation centres with support structures. Based on contributions in the field of critical border studies and on the example of a municipal accommodation facility in Frankfurt, Germany, this paper demonstrates how volunteers, through their practices and engagement with refugees and others, on one hand, and dominant discourses, institutions and regulations on the other, participate in the production of locally specific spaces of asylum that are marked by simultaneous and contradictory processes of bordering and debordering.
Conditional intensity: A powerful tool for modelling and analysing point process data
Authors: Diggle Peter J. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe conditional intensity function of a spatial point process describes how the probability that a point of the process occurs ‘at’ a particular point in its carrier space depends on the realisation of the process in the remainder of the carrier space. Provided that the point process is simple, the conditional intensity determines all of the properties of the process, in particular its likelihood function. In this paper, we review the use of the conditional intensity function in the formulation of point process models and in making inferences from point process data, giving separate consideration to temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal settings. We argue that the conditional intensity function should take centre‐stage in spatiotemporal point process modelling and analysis.
Exposure to electronic media was negatively associated with speech and language development at 18 and 24 months
Authors: Asikainen Marja , Kylliäinen Anneli , Mäkelä Tiina E. , Saarenpää‐Heikkilä Outi , Paavonen E. Juulia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimThis study evaluated early speech and language development at 18 and 24 months, and associated factors, based on parental reports.MethodWe followed up the CHILD‐SLEEP birth cohort of 1667 Finnish‐speaking families, who were randomly recruited in 2011–2013 during routine visits to maternity clinics in the Pirkanmaa Hospital District of Finland. The women were approximately 32 weeks’ pregnant at enrolment. Parents reported the size of their child's expressive vocabulary, word combinations, intelligibility, finger‐pointing and adherence to instructions. A subsample was studied using the Expressive Language subscale of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition.ResultsThe children's vocabulary was smaller than previously reported. At 18 months of age, 68.8% of the 997 children had a vocabulary of 20 words or less and 35.7% used about five words at most. At 24 months, 32.4% of the 822 children had a vocabulary of 50 words or less and 18.4% used about 20 words at most. Longer child and parental exposure to electronic media was negatively associated with the size of the child's expressive vocabulary.ConclusionVocabulary size at 18 and 24 months was smaller than previously reported and negatively associated with exposure to electronic media.
Calcineurin (PPP3CB) regulates angiotensin II‐dependent vascular remodelling by potentiating EGFR signalling in mice
Authors: Nolze Alexander , Köhler Conny , Ruhs Stefanie , Quarch Katja , Strätz Nicole , Gekle Michael , Grossmann Claudia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimThis study investigates the role of calcineurin for angiotensin II (AngII)‐induced vascular remodelling with the help of a mouse model lacking the catalytic beta subunit of calcineurin (PPP3CB KO).MethodsWildtype (WT) and PPP3CB KO mice were treated for 4 weeks with AngII followed by assessment of blood pressure, histological evaluation of aortas and mRNA analysis of aortic genes PPP3CB‐dependently regulated by AngII. Primary murine vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were used for qPCR, ELISA and Western Blot experiments as well as wound healing and cell proliferation assays.ResultsUpon AngII treatment, PPP3CB KO mice showed less aortic media thickening, lumen dilation and systolic blood pressure compared to WT mice. Next‐generation sequencing data of aortic tissue indicated an increase in extracellular matrix components (EMCs), cell migration and cell proliferation. A PPP3CB‐dependent increase in EMC was confirmed by qPCR in aorta and VSMCs. PPP3CB‐dependent stimulation of VSMC migration could be verified by wound healing assays but markers of enhanced cell proliferation were only detectable in aortic tissue of WT mice but not in isolated WT or KO VSMCs. We could demonstrate in VSMCs with pharmacological inhibitors that PPP3CB leads to enhanced heparin‐binding EGF‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF) secretion, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation and consecutive stimulation of transforming growth factor β(TGFβ) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) signalling that enhances collagen expression.ConclusionAngII‐induced vascular remodelling involves PPP3CB, which leads to enhanced EMC production, VSMC migration and sustained increase in systolic blood pressure via HBEGF/EGFR‐TGFβ‐CTGF signalling.
Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method for estimating variance components
Authors: Arakawa Aisaku , Hayashi Takeshi , Taniguchi Masaaki , Mikawa Satoshi , Nishio Motohide 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm is a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, and the method has a potential to improve estimating parameters effectively. Hamiltonian Monte Carlo is based on Hamiltonian dynamics, and it follows Hamilton's equations, which are expressed as two differential equations. In the sampling process of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, a numerical integration method called leapfrog integration is used to approximately solve Hamilton's equations, and the integration is required to set the number of discrete time steps and the integration stepsize. These two parameters require some amount of tuning and calibration for effective sampling. In this study, we applied the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method to animal breeding data and identified the optimal tunings of leapfrog integration for normal and inverse chi‐square distributions. Then, using real pig data, we revealed the properties of the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method with the optimal tuning by applying models including variance explained by pedigree information or genomic information. Compared with the Gibbs sampling method, the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method had superior performance in both models. We have provided the source codes of this method written in the Fortran language at https://github.com/A-ARAKAWA/HMC.