bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Suiza de América: Direct democracy, anti-presidentialism, and constitutional entrenchment in Uruguay’s Constitution of 1918
Authors: Katz Andrea Scoseria 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In Latin America, the drafters of early nineteenth-century constitutions were skeptical of implementing republican forms of government. At the turn of the twentieth century, Uruguay became an exception by bucking this legacy. Under the Swiss-educated reformist José Batlle y Ordóñez (1856–1929), the groundwork was laid for a new constitution that would bring about a secular democratic republic. Indeed, the 1918 Constitution replaced a conservative and centralist constitutional system with a plural executive and a regime of participatory democracy. This article advances a new interpretation of Batllista Uruguay’s distinctive institutions and argues that, despite the 1918 Constitution’s brief endurance, Uruguay’s distinctly republican form of democracy has proven to be an effective mechanism for constitutional entrenchment by virtue of its having helped to create popular support for the rule of law and institutional stability.
Phoenix Rising:The Book of Phoenixand Black Feminist Resistance
Authors: Mafe Diana Adesola 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis essay focuses on Nnedi Okorafor’s 2015 novel The Book of Phoenix and reads the black female protagonist and narrator, Phoenix Okore, as a powerful metaphor for a radical twenty-first-century black feminist politics and a signifier of the contemporary social movement Say Her Name. Phoenix is the product of experimentation, “a slurry of African DNA and cells” (146) who is birthed by an African American surrogate mother and then raised in a laboratory prison. She herself identifies as “SpeciMen, Beacon, Slave, Rogue, Fugitive, Rebel, Saeed’s Love, Mmuo’s Sister, Villain” (224). Okorafor thus imagines a multilayered metaphor that speaks to the complexities of black female identities in the new millennium. True to her name, Phoenix is repeatedly reborn from her own ashes after dying at the hands of a white supremacist organization called the Big Eye. Hers is, by turns, neo-slave narrative, cautionary tale, and social critique. As a revolutionary black woman who is never meant to be a simplistic paragon, Phoenix ultimately uses her superhuman abilities and her rage to change the world, albeit in a cataclysmic way. Although the novel predates our current historical moment—namely, international protests, calls for police reform in the wake of George Floyd’s murder, and the dismantling of racist iconography—it serves as an uncanny reflection, if not a harbinger, of this moment. Furthermore, it models the ways in which fiction channels our most desperate desires, especially the need for justice.
Place-Based Learning in Three Bildungsromane: To Kill a Mockingbird; Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry; and Under the Feet of Jesus
Authors: Horwitz Jennifer 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article, which focuses on Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird (1960); Mildred Taylor’s Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry (1976); and Helena María Viramontes’s Under the Feet of Jesus (1995), argues that the American bildungsroman is a genre that is uniquely situated to challenge and recast dominant assumptions about education in the United States. Although mainstream forms of education are often presented as neutral and inevitable, or what education scholar Kevin Kumashiro deplores as “commonsensical,” the three young protagonists positioned on the margins of dominant society in Lee’s, Taylor’s, and Viramontes’s texts know otherwise. Drawing on the work of bell hooks and Edward Soja, this article analyzes the educational geographies that the protagonists must move through to show that these geographies are structured through choices that center the white, ruling class and disadvantage poor white children and children of color. While formal schooling in the novels conceptually and materially reinforce a power structure of marginalization and domination—the same power structure that has led to the current climate crisis—the three novels also offer a corrective. It is only when the three protagonists stand outside institutional sites of education and center themselves in the local community that they are able to counter their oppressive schooling with place-based knowledge. The transformative educations across these bildungsromane demonstrate relational, or, in environmental terms, ecological, ways of thinking as the means to combat a status quo that obscures our material connection to each other and to the earth.
Which AGN jets quench star formation in massive galaxies?
Authors: Su Kung-Yi , Hopkins Philip F , Bryan Greg L , Somerville Rachel S , Hayward Christopher C , Anglés-Alcázar Daniel , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Wellons Sarah , Stern Jonathan , Terrazas Bryan A , Chan T K , Orr Matthew E , Hummels Cameron , Feldmann Robert , Kereš Dušan 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Without additional heating, radiative cooling of the halo gas of massive galaxies (Milky Way-mass and above) produces cold gas or stars exceeding that observed. Heating from active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets is likely required, but the jet properties remain unclear. This is particularly challenging for galaxy simulations, where the resolution is orders-of-magnitude insufficient to resolve jet formation and evolution. On such scales, the uncertain parameters include the jet energy form [kinetic, thermal, cosmic ray (CR)]; energy, momentum, and mass flux; magnetic fields; opening angle; precession; and duty cycle. We investigate these parameters in a $10^{14}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ halo using high-resolution non-cosmological magnetohydrodynamic simulations with the FIRE-2 (Feedback In Realistic Environments) stellar feedback model, conduction, and viscosity. We explore which scenarios qualitatively meet observational constraints on the halo gas and show that CR-dominated jets most efficiently quench the galaxy by providing CR pressure support and modifying the thermal instability. Mildly relativistic (∼MeV or ∼1010K) thermal plasma jets work but require ∼10 times larger energy input. For fixed energy flux, jets with higher specific energy (longer cooling times) quench more effectively. For this halo mass, kinetic jets are inefficient at quenching unless they have wide opening or precession angles. Magnetic fields also matter less except when the magnetic energy flux reaches ≳ 1044 erg s−1 in a kinetic jet model, which significantly widens the jet cocoon. The criteria for a successful jet model are an optimal energy flux and a sufficiently wide jet cocoon with a long enough cooling time at the cooling radius.
Electromagnetic field and complexity of relativistic fluids in f (G) gravity
Authors: Bhatti M Z , Khlopov Maxim Yu , Yousaf Z , Khan S 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The principal idea behind this manuscript is to inspect the complexity of dissipating as well as non-dissipating self-gravitating sources which are coupled with locally anisotropic charged matter. The gravitational equations in the regime of $f(\mathbb {G})$ ($\mathbb {G}$ is the Gauss–Bonnet invariant) theory have elaborated for the imperfectly charged stellar configuration to scrutinize the charged object in the presence of $f(\mathbb {G})$ corrections. The impact of charge distribution on the connection between density inhomogeneity, Weyl tensor, and pressure anisotropy is investigated. By incorporating the constraints of QH (i.e. the quasi-homologous) evolution and CF = 0, (where CF denotes the complexity factor) multiple analytical solutions to the $f(\mathbb {G})$ equations of gravity are developed defining the imperfectly charged compact spherical matter. Some of these stellar models (exact solutions) portray a spherical collapsing configuration of a charged fluid in which there arise a cavity about the fluid centre, while other models exhibit a fluid configuration wherein the sphere is totally filled by the fluid. These interior solutions to $f(\mathbb {G})$ gravitational equations may exhibit some appealing astrophysical phenomenons.
Anesthetic management during transsphenoidal pituitary surgery
Authors: Esfahani Kamilla , Dunn Lauren K. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
Pituitary adenoma resections comprise a large proportion of intracranial tumor surgeries. This patient population is medically and physiologically complex and requires careful perioperative planning and management on the part of the anesthesiologist. This review will summarize anesthetic considerations for pre, intra, and postoperative management of patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.

Recent findings
An endoscopic approach is favored for patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Hemodynamic monitoring is important to maintain cerebral perfusion and avoid risk of bleeding; however, ‘controlled’ hypotension may have adverse effects. Multimodal analgesia is effective for the management of postoperative pain and may reduce the risk of postoperative complications, including respiratory depression and postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Summary
Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is a preferred approach for the surgical management of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas with symptoms of mass effect and functioning adenomas that cannot be otherwise managed medically. Understanding tumor pathologies and systemic effects are essential for preoperative planning and providing safe anesthetic care during the perioperative period.
Comparison of Equiosmolar Doses of 7.5% Hypertonic Saline and 20% Mannitol on Cerebral Oxygenation Status and Release of Brain Injury Markers During Supratentorial Craniotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tsaousi Georgia G. , Pezikoglou Ioakeim , Nikopoulou Anastasia , Foroglou Nicolaos G. , Poulopoulou Aikaterina , Vyzantiadis Timoleon-Achilleas , Vasilakos Dimitrios 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Hyperosmolar therapy is the mainstay of treatment to reduce brain bulk and optimize surgical exposure during craniotomy. This study investigated the effect of equiosmolar doses of 7.5% hypertonic saline (HTS) and 20% mannitol on intraoperative cerebral oxygenation and metabolic status, systemic hemodynamics, brain relaxation, markers of cerebral injury, and perioperative craniotomy outcomes.

Methods:
A total of 51 patients undergoing elective supratentorial craniotomy were randomly assigned to receive 7.5% HTS (2 mL/kg) or 20% mannitol (4.6 mL/kg) at scalp incision. Intraoperative arterial and jugular bulb blood samples were collected at predefined time intervals for assessment of various indices of cerebral oxygenation; multiple hemodynamic variables were concomitantly recorded. S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase levels were determined at baseline, and at 6 and 12 hours after surgery for assessment of neuronal injury. Brain relaxation and perioperative outcomes were also assessed.

Results:
Demographic and intraoperative data, brain relaxation score, and perioperative outcomes were comparable between groups. Jugular bulb oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen, arterial-jugular oxygen and carbon dioxide differences, and brain oxygen extraction ratio were favorably affected by 7.5% HTS up to 240 minutes postinfusion (P<0.05), whereas mannitol was associated with only a short-lived (up to 15 min) improvement of these indices (P<0.05). The changes in cerebral oxygenation corresponded to transient expansion of intravascular volume and improvements of cardiovascular performance. Increases in S100B and neuron-specific enolase levels at 6 and 12 hours after surgery (P<0.0001) were comparable between groups.

Conclusions:
The conclusion is that 7.5% HTS has a more beneficial effect on cerebral oxygenation than an equiosmolar dose of 20% mannitol during supratentorial craniotomy, yet no clear-cut clinical superiority of either solution could be demonstrated.
Timing of Flap Coverage With Respect to Definitive Fixation in Open Tibia Fractures
Authors: Kuripla Casey , Tornetta Paul , Foote Clary J. , Koh Justin , Sems Andrew , Shamaa Tayseer , Vallier Heather , Sorg Debra , Mir Hassan R. , Streufert Benjamin , Spitler Clay , Mullis Brian , McGowan Brian , Weinlein John , Cannada Lisa , Charlu Jonathan , Wagstrom Emily , Westberg Jerald , Morshed Saam , Cortez Abigail , Krause Peter , Marcantonio Andrew , Soles Gillian , Lipof Jason 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
We conducted a large, U.S wide, observational study of type III tibial fractures, with the hypothesis that delays between definitive fixation and flap coverage might be a substantial modifiable risk factor associated with nosocomial wound infection.

Design:
A retrospective analysis of a multicenter database of open tibial fractures requiring flap coverage.

Setting:
Fourteen level-1 trauma centers across the United States.

Patients:
Two hundred ninety-six (n = 296) consecutive patients with Gustilo III open tibial fractures requiring flap coverage at 14 trauma centers were retrospectively analyzed from a large orthopaedic trauma registry. We collected demographics and the details of surgical care. We investigated the patient, and treatment factors leading to infection, including the time from various points in care to the time of soft-tissue coverage.

Intervention:
Delay definitive fixation and flap coverage in tibial type III fractures.

Main Outcome Measurements:
(1) Results of multivariate regression with time from injury to coverage, debridement to coverage, and definitive fixation to coverage in the model, to determine which delay measurement was most associated with infection. (2) A second multivariate model, including other factors in addition to measures of flap delay, to provide the estimate between delay and infection after adjustment for confounding.

Results:
Of 296 adults (227 M: 69 F) with open Gustilo type III tibial fractures requiring flap coverage, 96 (32.4%) became infected. In the multivariate regression, the time from definitive fixation to flap coverage was most predictive of subsequent wound infection (odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.08, n = 260, P = 0.02) among the time measurements. Temporary internal fixation was not associated with an increased risk of infection in both univariate (P = 0.59) or multivariate analyses (P = 0.60). Flap failure was associated with the highest odds of infection (odds ratio 6.83, 95% confidence interval 3.26 to 14.27, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Orthoplastic teams that are dedicated to severe musculoskeletal trauma, that facilitate coordination of definitive fixation and flap coverage, will reduce the infection rates in Gustilo type III tibial fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke Among Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: An International Multicenter Coronavirus Disease 2019 Critical Care Consortium Study*
Authors: Cho Sung-Min , Premraj Lavienraj , Fanning Jonathon , Huth Samuel , Barnett Adrian , Whitman Glenn , Arora Rakesh C. , Battaglini Denise , Porto Diego Bastos , Choi HuiMahn , Suen Jacky , Bassi Gianluigi Li , Fraser John F. , Robba Chiara , Griffee Matthew 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Stroke has been reported in observational series as a frequent complication of coronavirus disease 2019, but more information is needed regarding stroke prevalence and outcomes. We explored the prevalence and outcomes of acute stroke in an international cohort of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 who required ICU admission.

DESIGN:
Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected database.

SETTING:
A registry of coronavirus disease 2019 patients admitted to ICUs at over 370 international sites was reviewed for patients diagnosed with acute stroke during their stay.

PATIENTS:
Patients older than 18 years old with acute coronavirus disease 2019 infection in ICU.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Of 2,699 patients identified (median age 59 yr; male 65%), 59 (2.2%) experienced acute stroke: 0.7% ischemic, 1.0% hemorrhagic, and 0.5% unspecified type. Systemic anticoagulant use was not associated with any stroke type. The frequency of diabetes, hypertension, and smoking was higher in patients with ischemic stroke than in stroke-free and hemorrhagic stroke patients. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was more common among patients with hemorrhagic (56%) and ischemic stroke (16%) than in those without stroke (10%). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients had higher cumulative 90-day probabilities of hemorrhagic (relative risk = 10.5) and ischemic stroke (relative risk = 1.7) versus nonextracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. Hemorrhagic stroke increased the hazard of death (hazard ratio = 2.74), but ischemic stroke did not—similar to the effects of these stroke types seen in noncoronavirus disease 2019 ICU patients.

CONCLUSIONS:
In an international registry of ICU patients with coronavirus disease 2019, stroke was infrequent. Hemorrhagic stroke, but not ischemic stroke, was associated with increased mortality. Further, both hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke were associated with traditional vascular risk factors. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use was strongly associated with both stroke and death.
Circulating immune- and inflammation-related biomarkers and early-stage noncardia gastric cancer risk
Authors: Song Minkyo , Rabkin Charles S. , Ito Hidemi , Oze Isao , Koyanagi Yuriko N. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Kasugai Yumiko , Matsuo Keitaro , Camargo M. Constanza 
Published: July 2021

Background
In Helicobacter pylori-driven gastric cancer, mucosal colonization induces chronic inflammation that may variably progress to cancer. Prospective studies of circulating inflammation-related proteins have suggested weak associations with gastric cancer risk. To assess potential utility as a screening tool in clinical settings, we examined circulating levels of a wide range of key inflammation molecules for associations with early-stage gastric cancer.

Methods
We used pretreatment EDTA plasma from 239 individuals with early-stage noncardia gastric cancer (203 stage I and 36 stage II) and 256 age-frequency-matched H. pylori-seropositive cancer-free controls within the Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center. Levels of 92 biomarkers were measured by proximity extension assays using Olink’s Proseek Immuno-oncology Panel. Odds ratios (ORs) for association with gastric cancer risk were calculated for quantiles (two to four categories) of each biomarker from unconditional logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, smoking and alcohol consumption. Two-sided P values <0.05 were considered as significant. The false discovery rate (FDR) was used to correct for multiple comparisons.

Results
Of 83 evaluable biomarkers, lower levels of TNFRSF12A (per quartile OR, 0.82; nominal P-trend = 0.02) and ADGRG1 (per quartile OR, 0.84; nominal P-trend = 0.03) were associated with early-stage gastric cancer but were not statistically significant after FDR correction.

Conclusion
Our study did not identify any inflammation-related biomarkers that may be useful for early disease detection. To date, this is the first assessment of circulating inflammation-related proteins in early-stage gastric cancer. Given the complex inflammation processes preceding malignant transformation, further investigation of other biomarkers is warranted.
EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIFOCAL VERSUS MONOFOCAL INTRAOCULAR LENSES
Authors: Lee Jong Young , Joo Kwangsic , Park Sang Jun , Woo Se Joon , Park Kyu Hyung 
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
To compare the visual/anatomical outcomes and feasibility of epiretinal membrane surgery between patients with multifocal or monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs).

Methods:
We reviewed the medical records of 46 patients who underwent epiretinal membrane surgery under multifocal or monofocal IOL pseudophakia. The operation time, mean changes in best-corrected visual acuity, and central macular thickness, and complications were compared between the groups.

Results:
Macular surgery was performed in 22 and 24 eyes with multifocal and monofocal IOLs, respectively. The total operation time and the total membrane peeling time were similar in both groups (P = 0.125, P = 0.462, respectively). The mean time to create a membrane edge or flap with retinal microforceps was longer for multifocal than for monofocal IOLs (P = 0.013). The mean changes in best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness were similar in both groups (P = 0.682, P = 0.741, respectively). Complications were similar between groups.

Conclusion:
With multifocal IOLs, vision outside the central surgical field was blurred, requiring more time to create the membrane flap. Retinal surgeons should anticipate the difficulty in precise focusing when creating a membrane flap in macular surgery in patients with multifocal IOLs and should pay more attention to the macular surgery.
COMPARISON OF RETROBULBAR, SUB-TENON ANESTHESIA AND MEDIAL CANTHUS EPISCLERAL ANESTHESIA FOR 25-GAUGE POSTERIOR VITRECTOMY
Authors: Roman-Pognuz Derri , Scarpa Giuseppe , Virgili Gianni , Roman-Pognuz Erik , Paluzzano Giacomo , Cavarzeran Fabiano 
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy, safety, and globe akinesia between retrobulbar anesthesia, sub-Tenon anesthesia, and medial canthus episcleral anesthesia for 25-gauge posterior vitrectomy.

Methods:
A total of 340 25-gauge vitrectomy data sheets were retrospectively collected between November 2017 and June 2019. Ninety patients were included in the study. These patients were matched by sex and age to receive retrobulbar anesthesia (group 1, n = 30), sub-Tenon anesthesia (group 2, n = 30), and medial canthus episcleral anesthesia (group 3, n = 30). Globe akinesia was recorded after the injection of anesthetic at 2, 5, and 10 minute time intervals. Patients were asked to rate the pain during administration of anesthesia, during surgery, and postoperatively using the visual analog pain scale.

Results:
For a perfect block, at 10 minutes, retrobulbar outperformed both sub-Tenon and medial canthus episcleral anesthesia which seemed quite similar. During administration, the three techniques did not show statistically different effects on pain. Regarding perioperative pain, retrobulbar outperformed medial canthus episcleral anesthesia.

Conclusion:
All three techniques allowed for safe surgery. Retrobulbar obtained the best results, although sub-Tenon proved to be a valid alternative. Medial canthus episcleral anesthesia obtained mostly good and fair blocks and acceptable pain levels during surgery. Further studies should investigate whether optimal anesthetic efficacy can be obtained with sub-Tenon and medial canthus episcleral techniques when higher volumes are used.