bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amplitude Statistics of Nakagami‐m Distributed Weather Clutter Observed by X‐Band Marine Radar
Authors: Sayama Shuji 
Published: January 2021

Under strong wind caused by a low pressure with fronts passing near Honshu, I have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an X‐band marine radar with a frequency of 9.41 GHz, a beamwidth of 1.0°, a pulsewidth of 0.5 μs, and a pulse‐repetition frequency of 1600 Hz. To investigate such clutter amplitude statistics, I have introduced the Nakagami‐m distribution to radar signal processing for the first time and used the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). It has been found that the weather clutter amplitudes obey the Nakagami‐m distribution with the shape parameter of m = 5.85 for entire data and the log‐normal, Weibull, log‐Weibull, and Nakagami‐m distributions with the shape parameters of σ = 0.189 to 0.259, c = 6.52 to 7.81, c = 26.66 to 35.51, and m = 5.23, respectively, for small data within the beam width of an antenna. The number of the minimum AIC (MAIC) of the log‐normal, Weibull, log‐Weibull, and Nakagami‐m distributions to data is 4, 12, 4, and 1, respectively, from 21 small data. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Melatonin increases the anticancer potential of doxorubicin in Caco‐2 colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Jadid Mahdieh Farhoudi Sefidan , Aghaei Elnaz , Taheri Elham , Seyyedsani Nasrin , Chavoshi Reza , Abbasi Samane , Khorrami Afshin , Goleij Pouya , Hajazimian Saba , Taefehshokr Sina , Isazadeh Alireza , Shanehbandi Dariush 
Published: January 2021

AbstractColorectal cancer (CC) is an important human malignancy with high cancer related death worldwide. The chemotherapy using doxorubicin hydrochloride is one of the most common cancer therapeutic methods. However, drug resistance lowers the treatment efficacy in CC patients. The combination therapies seem to be more promising by taking the advantage of synergistic effects. The present study aimed to evaluate a new strategy to enhance the anticancer activity of doxorubicin in Caco‐2 CC cell line by co‐administration of melatonin. The effects of doxorubicin, melatonin, and their combinations (Dox‐Mel) were investigated on the proliferation and viability, morphological alterations, and tumor spheroid formation. Flow cytometry was employed to compare the apoptotic situation of the cells in study groups. Changes in metastatic potential of the cells were assessed by wound healing assay and trans‐well migration assays. Moreover, expression of BAX, SMAC, BCL‐2, SURVIVIN, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9 genes were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR and western blotting. Our study showed that doxorubicin, melatonin, and Dox‐Mel significantly decreased the proliferation and viability, tumor spheroid formation, invasion, and migration. Furthermore, the changes were in a concentration and time dependent manner. There was an increase in apoptosis rate in the treatment groups. Expression of genes involved in apoptosis and cell motility were altered significantly. It was observed that anticancer activity of Dox‐Mel combination was significantly more than doxorubicin and melatonin treatments alone. We showed an enhanced apoptotic and anticancer activity of doxorubicin and melatonin combination chemotherapy on CC cell line than doxorubicin or melatonin treatments alone. This combination could promote the treatment efficiency and alleviate the un‐intended side effects by lowering the dose of doxorubicin prescription.
Evapotranspiration estimation in rain gardens using soil moisture sensors
Authors: Hess Amanda , Wadzuk Bridget , Welker Andrea 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRain gardens are increasing in use as the shift from gray to green infrastructure continues. Water that enters a rain garden is removed by three mechanisms: overflow to an outlet, percolation to the underlying soil, and evapotranspiration (ET) to the atmosphere. Despite the importance of ET in aiding a rain garden to recover void space during the time between storm events, it is not often measured or calculated because it is so difficult to do so. This paper explores the use of soil moisture sensors to estimate ET, since they are relatively inexpensive to purchase and install. Three rain garden weighing lysimeters in Villanova, PA, were used for this study. Over a 3‐yr study period daily ET was calculated each dry day and summed during the time in between storm events >25 mm. The cumulative changes of soil moisture readings during the interevent time at three depths were compared with the concurrent cumulative changes in the lysimeter weight readings. Cumulative soil moisture change was found to be strongly correlated to the cumulative ET for the different lysimeter media and drainage types. Using the two soil moisture sensors at the top and bottom of the soil column provided a similar result to using all soil moisture reading depths. The best single soil moisture reading depth was at the bottom of the lysimeter. The ET estimates via soil moisture tracking performed similar to uncalibrated potential ET estimates, but not as well as calibrated ET estimates.
The Smart Rivers approach: Spatial quality in flood protection and floodplain restoration projects based on river DNA
Authors: Peters Bart , van Buuren Michaël , van den Herik Keesjan , Daalder Martijn , Tempels Barbara , Rijke Jeroen , Pedroli Bas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMany river rehabilitation projects have been implemented in the past 30 years, strengthening the natural dynamics and ecology of river systems, while reconciling the functions of flood protection, navigation, sediment extraction, and cultural identity. Still, the planning and design of floodplain projects is subject to debate on how to best follow the “natural” characteristics of specific river stretches, the “DNA of the river.” Unlike many other approaches of integrated river management, this approach entails a design strategy for spatial quality in river floodplain development projects at local and regional level, where the current discharge characteristics of the upstream river basin are taken as given. Starting point is the landscape ecological basis of the river, defining the characteristic (hydro‐morphological) processes and geomorphological/geological structures in each stretch of the river and floodplain area. An in‐depth characterization of these structures and processes helps design floodplains that can accommodate the various river management and development objectives. Often economically strong functions, like flood protection, can be partnered with weaker ones, such as ecosystem restoration. To safeguard spatial quality and sustainability in these integrated projects, the governance aspect is essential. Therefore the Smart Rivers approach addresses both substantial aspects (the “DNA of the River”) as well as procedural and governance elements (called the “Quality Relay”). The principles of the approach are applicable to project design along regulated rivers in densely populated areas all over the world.This article is categorized under:
Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Bootstrapping Coulomb and Higgs branch operators
Authors: Gimenez-Grau Aleix , Liendo Pedro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We apply the numerical conformal bootstrap to correlators of Coulomb and Higgs branch operators in 4d$$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 superconformal theories. We start by revisiting previous results on single correlators of Coulomb branch operators. In particular, we present improved bounds on OPE coefficients for some selected Argyres-Douglas models, and compare them to recent work where the same cofficients were obtained in the limit of large r charge. There is solid agreement between all the approaches. The improved bounds can be used to extract an approximate spectrum of the Argyres-Douglas models, which can then be used as a guide in order to corner these theories to numerical islands in the space of conformal dimensions. When there is a flavor symmetry present, we complement the analysis by including mixed correlators of Coulomb branch operators and the moment map, a Higgs branch operator which sits in the same multiplet as the flavor current. After calculating the relevant superconformal blocks we apply the numerical machinery to the mixed system. We put general constraints on CFT data appearing in the new channels, with particular emphasis on the simplest Argyres-Douglas model with non-trivial flavor symmetry.
O(n, n) invariance and Wald entropy formula in the Heterotic Superstring effective action at first order in α′
Authors: Ortín Tomás 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We perform the toroidal compactification of the full Bergshoeff-de Roo version of the Heterotic Superstring effective action to first order in α′. The dimensionally-reduced action is given in a manifestly-O(n, n)-invariant form which we use to derive a manifestly-O(n, n)-invariant Wald entropy formula which we then use to compute the entropy of α′-corrected, 4-dimensional, 4-charge, static, extremal, supersymmetric black holes.
Machine learning and algebraic approaches towards complete matter spectra in 4d F-theory
Authors: Bies Martin , Cvetič Mirjam , Donagi Ron , Lin Ling , Liu Muyang , Ruehle Fabian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Motivated by engineering vector-like (Higgs) pairs in the spectrum of 4d F-theory compactifications, we combine machine learning and algebraic geometry techniques to analyze line bundle cohomologies on families of holomorphic curves. To quantify jumps of these cohomologies, we first generate 1.8 million pairs of line bundles and curves embedded in dP3, for which we compute the cohomologies. A white-box machine learning approach trained on this data provides intuition for jumps due to curve splittings, which we use to construct additional vector-like Higgs-pairs in an F-Theory toy model. We also find that, in order to explain quantitatively the full dataset, further tools from algebraic geometry, in particular Brill-Noether theory, are required. Using these ingredients, we introduce a diagrammatic way to express cohomology jumps across the parameter space of each family of matter curves, which reflects a stratification of the F-theory complex structure moduli space in terms of the vector-like spectrum. Furthermore, these insights provide an algorithmically efficient way to estimate the possible cohomology dimensions across the entire parameter space.
Collider probes of real triplet scalar dark matter
Authors: Chiang Cheng-Wei , Cottin Giovanna , Du Yong , Fuyuto Kaori , Ramsey-Musolf Michael J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We study discovery prospects for a real triplet extension of the Standard Model scalar sector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and a possible future 100 TeV pp collider. We focus on the scenario in which the neutral triplet scalar is stable and contributes to the dark matter relic density. When produced in pp collisions, the charged triplet scalar decays to the neutral component plus a soft pion or soft lepton pair, yielding a disappearing charged track in the detector. We recast current 13 TeV LHC searches for disappearing tracks, and find that the LHC presently excludes a real triplet scalar lighter than 248 (275) GeV, for a mass splitting of 172 (160) MeV with ℒ = 36 fb−1. The reach can extend to 497 (520) GeV with the collection of 3000 fb−1. We extrapolate the 13 TeV analysis to a prospective 100 TeV pp collider, and find that a ∼ 3 TeV triplet scalar could be discoverable with ℒ = 30 ab−1, depending on the degree to which pile up effects are under control. We also investigate the dark matter candidate in our model and corresponding present and prospective constraints from dark matter direct detection. We find that currently XENON1T can exclude a real triplet dark matter lighter than ∼ 3 TeV for a Higgs portal coupling of order one or larger, and the future XENON20T will cover almost the entire dark matter viable parameter space except for vanishingly small portal coupling.
Generalization of Heron’s and Brahmagupta’s equalities to any cyclic polygon
Authors: Dulio Paolo , Laeng Enrico 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIt is well known that Heron’s equality provides an explicit formula for the area of a triangle, as a symmetric function of the lengths of its edges. It has been extended by Brahmagupta to quadrilaterals inscribed in a circle (cyclic quadrilaterals). A natural problem is trying to further generalize the result to cyclic polygons with a larger number of edges. Surprisingly, this has proved to be far from simple, and no explicit solutions exist for cyclic polygons having $$n>4$$

n
>
4

edges. In this paper we investigate such a problem by following a new and elementary approach, based on the idea that the simple geometry underlying Heron’s and Brahmagupta’s equalities hides the real players of the game. In details, we propose to focus on the dissection of the edges determined by the incircles of a suitable triangulation of the cyclic polygon, showing that this approach leads to an explicit formula for the area as a symmetric function of the lengths of these segments. We also show that such a symmetry can be rediscovered in Heron’s and Brahmagupta’s results, which consequently represent special cases of the provided general equality.
Individual layer fabrication (ILF): a novel approach to additive manufacturing by the use of wood
Authors: Henke Klaudius , Talke Daniel , Bunzel Frauke , Buschmann Birger , Asshoff Carsten 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA novel process named ‘individual layer fabrication (ILF)’ is presented, in which objects are built up by laminating individually contoured wood-based panels. However, contrary to the well-known process of ‘laminated object manufacturing (LOM)’, in ILF, the individual panels are not shaped by a subtractive process but additively by selective binding of wooden particles. The particles are spread as a thin layer onto a built platform. A liquid adhesive is then applied only to those areas where the contoured panel is to be generated. As each layer is fabricated individually, the ILF process allows the application of mechanical pressure. Thereby, compared to other additive manufacturing techniques, the necessary amount of binder can be significantly reduced and mechanical properties comparable to particle boards can be achieved.
Bulk-surface virtual element method for systems of PDEs in two-space dimensions
Authors: Frittelli Massimo , Madzvamuse Anotida , Sgura Ivonne 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper we consider a coupled bulk-surface PDE in two space dimensions. The model consists of a PDE in the bulk that is coupled to another PDE on the surface through general nonlinear boundary conditions. For such a system we propose a novel method, based on coupling a virtual element method (Beirão Da Veiga et al. in Math Models Methods Appl Sci 23(01):199–214, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1051/m2an/2013138) in the bulk domain to a surface finite element method (Dziuk and Elliott in Acta Numer 22:289–396, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0962492913000056) on the surface. The proposed method, which we coin the bulk-surface virtual element method includes, as a special case, the bulk-surface finite element method (BSFEM) on triangular meshes (Madzvamuse and Chung in Finite Elem Anal Des 108:9–21, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2015.09.002). The method exhibits second-order convergence in space, provided the exact solution is $$H^{2+1/4}$$

H

2
+
1
/
4

in the bulk and $$H^2$$

H
2

on the surface, where the additional $$\frac{1}{4}$$

1
4

is required only in the simultaneous presence of surface curvature and non-triangular elements. Two novel techniques introduced in our analysis are (i) an $$L^2$$

L
2

-preserving inverse trace operator for the analysis of boundary conditions and (ii) the Sobolev extension as a replacement of the lifting operator (Elliott and Ranner in IMA J Num Anal 33(2):377–402, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1093/imanum/drs022) for sufficiently smooth exact solutions. The generality of the polygonal mesh can be exploited to optimize the computational time of matrix assembly. The method takes an optimised matrix-vector form that also simplifies the known special case of BSFEM on triangular meshes (Madzvamuse and Chung 2016). Three numerical examples illustrate our findings.
Improvements in identification and quantitation of alkylated PAHs and forensic ratio sourcing
Authors: Ghetu Christine C. , Scott Richard P. , Wilson Glenn , Liu-May Rachel , Anderson Kim A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractParent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in a number of different sources in varying proportions depending on the source material and weathering. This range of PAH sources can make it difficult to determine the origin of exposure(s). Ratios of alkylated and parent PAHs have been applied as a forensic tool to distinguish between different sources. However, few studies have examined PAH ratios comprehensively as indicators for sourcing beyond a single study area or matrix type. In this paper, we introduce an expanded analytical method based on ASTM D7363-13a which we adapted for a gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry instrument. The modifications increase selectivity and sensitivity compared to the ASTM method. We added five alkylated series to the method. This method has then been applied to 22 independent forensic ratios. We evaluated the method and the forensic ratios with certified reference materials and known environmental samples. This analytical method and thirteen PAH ratios were found to accurately predict sources of PAHs.
Graphical abstract
Extrapolation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sunitinib in children with gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Khosravan Reza , DuBois Steven G. , Janeway Katherine , Wang Erjian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The starting dose of sunitinib in children with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) was extrapolated based on data in adults with GIST or solid tumors and children with solid tumors.

Methods
Integrated population pharmacokinetics (PK), PK/pharmacodynamics (PD), and exposure–response analyses using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approaches were performed to extrapolate PK and PD of sunitinib in children with GIST at projected dose(s) with plasma drug exposures comparable to 50-mg/day in adults with GIST. The analysis datasets included PK/PD data in adults with GIST and adults and children with solid tumors. The effect of covariates on PK and safety/efficacy endpoints were explored.

Results
Two-compartment models with lag time were successfully used to describe the PK of sunitinib and its active metabolite SU012662. PK/PD models were successfully built to describe key continuous safety and efficacy endpoints. The effect of age on sunitinib apparent clearance (CL/F) and body surface area on SU012662 CL/F was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001): children who were younger or of smaller body size had lower CL/F; however, age and body size did not appear to negatively affect safety or efficacy response to plasma drug exposure.

Conclusion
Based on PK, safety, and efficacy trial simulations, a sunitinib starting dose of ~ 25 mg/m2/day was predicted to provide comparable plasma drug exposures in children with GIST as in adults with GIST treated with 50 mg/day. However, in the absence of a tumor type effect of sunitinib on CL/F in children, the projected equivalent dose for this population would be ~ 20 mg/m2/day.
Radiological differences between chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTEPD) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH)
Authors: Capone Carmine , Valentini Adele , Spinillo Silvia Lina , Klersy Catherine , Celentano Anna , Pin Maurizio , Monterosso Cristian , Dore Roberto , Bassi Emilio Maria , Zacchino Michela , Rodolico Giuseppe , Corsico Angelo Guido , Preda Lorenzo , Ghio Stefano , D’Armini Andrea Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to describe the radiological features of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTEPD), not yet systematically described in the literature. Furthermore, we compared vascular scores between CTEPD and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients, trying to explain why pulmonary hypertension does not develop at rest in CTEPD patients.

Methods
Eighty-five patients (40 CTEPD, 45 CTEPH) referred to our centre for pulmonary endarterectomy underwent dual-energy computed tomography pulmonary angiography (DE-CTPA) with iodine perfusion maps; other 6 CTEPD patients underwent single-source CTPA. CT scans were reviewed independently by an experienced cardiothoracic radiologist and a radiology resident to evaluate scores of vascular obstruction, hypoperfusion and mosaic attenuation, signs of pulmonary hypertension and other CT features typical of CTEPH.

Results
Vascular obstruction burden was similar in the two groups (p = 0.073), but CTEPD patients have a smaller extension of perfusion defects in the iodine map (p = 0.009) and a smaller number of these patients had mosaic attenuation (p < 0.001) than CTEPH patients, suggesting the absence of microvascular disease. Furthermore, as expected, the two groups were significantly different considering the indirect signs of pulmonary hypertension (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
CTEPD and CTEPH patients have significantly different radiological characteristics, in terms of signs of pulmonary hypertension, mosaic attenuation and iodine map perfusion extension. Importantly, our results suggest that the absence of peripheral microvascular disease, even in presence of an important thrombotic burden, might be the reason for the absence of pulmonary hypertension in CTEPD.

Key Points
• CTEPD and CTEPH patients have significantly different radiological characteristics.
• The absence of peripheral microvascular disease might be the reason for the absence of pulmonary hypertension in CTEPD.
Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen—a 15N tracing study
Authors: Kalu Subin , Oyekoya Gboyega Nathaniel , Ambus Per , Tammeorg Priit , Simojoki Asko , Pihlatie Mari , Karhu Kristiina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA 15N tracing pot experiment was conducted using two types of wood-based biochars: a regular biochar and a Kon-Tiki-produced nutrient-enriched biochar, at two application rates (1% and 5% (w/w)), in addition to a fertilizer only and a control treatment. Ryegrass was sown in pots, all of which except controls received 15N-labelled fertilizer as either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. We quantified the effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, as well as the fate of fertilizer-derived ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in terms of their leaching from the soil, uptake into plant biomass, and recovery in the soil. We found that application of biochars reduced soil mineral N leaching and N2O emissions. Similarly, the higher biochar application rate of 5% significantly increased aboveground ryegrass biomass yield. However, no differences in N2O emissions and ryegrass biomass yields were observed between regular and nutrient-enriched biochar treatments, although mineral N leaching tended to be lower in the nutrient-enriched biochar treatment than in the regular biochar treatment. The 15N analysis revealed that biochar application increased the plant uptake of added nitrate, but reduced the plant uptake of added ammonium compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Thus, the uptake of total N derived from added NH4NO3 fertilizer was not affected by the biochar addition, and cannot explain the increase in plant biomass in biochar treatments. Instead, the increased plant biomass at the higher biochar application rate was attributed to the enhanced uptake of N derived from soil. This suggests that the interactions between biochar and native soil organic N may be important determinants of the availability of soil N to plant growth.