bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brazilian railroad: public concession for private use
Authors: Nunes Ivanil 
Published: February 2021

Analyzing the process of Brazilian railroads re-privatization and the main products of these railroads, it is verified that a small line of goods composes most of the products leaded by Brazilian rail transport. In its majority, the transported products belong to the own shareholders of these new companies, growing up like this an atypical situation in that the entrepreneur-rail is customer of itself own. First, this study brings a short history of privatization/re-nationalizing in the area, which will be the base of the discussion around this process. Then, it is intended to detach the stockholder composition of the new Brazilian railroad and the participation of each one of them in relation to the transported cargo joint, beyond the characteristics of these products. Finally, the products transported by railroad are enumerated and their relation to the respective own share-holders of the companies is established.
Senior customers’ attitudes towards the social responsibility actions of pharmacies and drugstores
Authors: Bacha Maria De Lourdes , Berlezzi Fernando Luis Cazarotto , Vianna Nadia Wacila Hanania , Santos Jorgina Francisca Severino dos 
Published: February 2021

In this article the attitudes of senior customers are analyzed considering the actions of social responsibility of pharmacies and drugstores in the city of São Paulo. A quantitative and empiric research was carried out taking into account the concept of attitude and the theory regarding the social responsibility, with a non-probabilistic sample of 200 buyers in the city of São Paulo, in 2006. A structured questionnaire was used for field work. The results show ineffective actions of social responsibility from pharmacies and drugstores, in spite of the benefits they could bring to the institutional image and brand.
Digital money – an implementation of micropayments
Authors: Breternitz Vivaldo , Almeida Martinho Isnard Ribeiro de , Galhardi Antonio Cezar , Maccari Emerson Antonio 
Published: February 2021

This paper intends to describe the process of money development, the advantages of using it digitally and the difficulties this process is facing. It is focused on the concept of e-purses or e-wallets, describing one of the most successful forms of digital money, the Octopus (Hong Kong based). Its main goal is to help those who wish to study this subject under a corporative strategy point of view. It presents the reasons that led to the development of the Octopus, the steps followed by the companies that manage it, the current situation and the future development perspectives. The paper presents some considerations on the opportunity of adopting other systems that are similar to the Octopus in highly populated areas, as well as the conditions required to its success.
Chiropractic student diagnosis and management of headache disorders: A survey examining self-perceived preparedness and clinical proficiency
Authors: Moore Craig , Whillier Stephney , Funabashi Martha , De Carvalho Diana , Adams Jon , Fernandez Matthew , Giuriato Rosemary , Swain Michael 
Published: February 2021

Objective
To explore the self-perceived preparedness and clinical proficiency in headache diagnosis and management of Australian chiropractic students in senior years of study.

Methods
Australian chiropractic students in the 4th (n = 134) and 5th year (n = 122) of 2 chiropractic university programs were invited to participate in an online cross-sectional survey. Descriptive analyses were conducted for all variables. Post hoc analyses were performed using simple linear regression to evaluate the relationship between self-perceived preparedness and correctness of headache diagnosis and management scores.

Results
Australian chiropractic students in senior years demonstrated moderate overall levels of self-perceived preparedness and proficiency in their ability to diagnose and manage headache disorders. Final-year students had a slightly higher self-perceived preparedness and proficiency in headache diagnosis and management compared to those students in the 4th year of study. There was no relationship between self-perceived preparedness and correctness of headache diagnosis and management for either 4th- or 5th-year chiropractic students.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that there may be gaps in graduate chiropractic student confidence and proficiency in headache diagnosis and management. These findings call for further research to explore graduate chiropractic student preparedness and proficiency in the diagnosis and management of headache disorders.
Myxobolus cerebralis Causes Presporogonic Mortality in Juvenile Mountain Whitefish
Authors: Americus Benjamin , Schisler George J. , Bartholomew Jerri L. , Atkinson Stephen D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recent range expansions of whirling disease impelled us to understand the impacts of its causative agent, the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, on lesser-studied fish hosts. Mountain Whitefish Prosopium williamsoni overlap broadly with M. cerebralis across the western United States and Canada, and populations have experienced widespread declines since the 1990s. To evaluate effects of the parasite on Mountain Whitefish, we revisit formerly unpublished work of the Colorado Division of Wildlife (now Colorado Parks and Wildlife), comparing infection in age-matched Mountain Whitefish, Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Brown Trout Salmo trutta. To complement the original report, we reanalyze mortality data and include additional SEM imagery. Infection of M. cerebralis in juvenile Mountain Whitefish was characterized by a brief but heavy period of mortality in the first 2 weeks after exposure, with limited pathology. This clinical effect is unique among the known salmonid hosts of M. cerebralis.
Excellent Intrinsic Long‐Term Thermal Stability of Co‐Evaporated MAPbI3 Solar Cells at 85 °C
Authors: Dewi Herlina Arianita , Li Jia , Wang Hao , Chaudhary Bhumika , Mathews Nripan , Mhaisalkar Subodh , Bruno Annalisa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThermal stability is a critical criterion for assessing the long‐term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, it is shown that un‐encapsulated co‐evaporated MAPbI3 (TE_MAPbI3) PSCs demonstrate remarkable thermal stability even in an n‐i‐p structure that employs Spiro‐OMeTAD as hole transport material (HTM). TE_MAPbI3 PSCs maintain over ≈95% and ≈80% of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 1000 and 3600 h respectively under continuous thermal aging at 85 °C. TE_MAPbI3 PSCs demonstrate remarkable structural robustness, absence of pinholes, or significant variation in grain sizes, and intact interfaces with the HTM, upon prolonged thermal aging. Here, the main factors driving TE_MAPbI3 stability are assessed. It is demonstrated that the excellent TE_MAPbI3 thermal stability is related to the perovskite growth process leading to a compact and almost strain‐stress‐free film. On the other hand, un‐encapsulated PSCs with the same architecture, but incorporating solution‐processed MAPbI3 or Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 as active layers, show a complete PCE degradation after 500 h under the same thermal aging condition. These results highlight that the control of the perovskite growth process can substantially enhance the PSCs thermal stability, besides the chemical composition. The TE_MAPbI3 impressive long‐term thermal stability features the potential for field‐operating conditions.
An MOF‐Based Luminescent Sensor Array for Pattern Recognition and Quantification of Metal Ions
Authors: Guan Lingling , Jiang Ziwei , Cui Yuanjing , Yang Yu , Yang Deren , Qian Guodong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe development of a convenient method for the discrimination of typically quenching metal ions such as Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Fe3+ is of great interest but still a challenge. By simultaneously incorporating Eu3+ and organic dye 3,3′‐diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DOC) into a metal‐organic framework, MOF‐253, a luminescent sensor array MOF‐253⊃Eu3++DOC with three emission centers is generated. Utilizing the diversity of quenching responses of metal ions to the different emission centers, five metal ions including Ag+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Co2+ and Ni2+ can be well distinguished with a discrimination accuracy of 100% at a concentration as low as 60 µm. Subsequently, the binary and ternary mixtures of three metal ions (Fe3+, Co2+, and Ni2+) can also be discriminated successfully. Furthermore, taking Cu2+ and Ag+ as examples, this MOF‐based sensor array can quantify the ion concentration at a low range from 0 to 15 µm. Most probably, this is the first case of simultaneous recognition and quantitation of metal ions in an aqueous solution using an MOF‐based luminescent sensor array. Since a variety of luminescent species including organic dyes and lanthanide ions can be introduced into MOFs to generate multiple‐dimensional luminescence, such strategy will open a new avenue for luminescent sensor assays.
How product attributes and consumer attitudes affect purchase prices of japonica rice in China
Authors: Wu Wenhao , Zhou Lin , Chien Hsiaoping 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on japonica rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) and examines how product attributes, consumer attitudes, consumer demographics, and regional differences influence different categories of the daily purchase prices of japonica rice in China. Online questionnaires were distributed to 492 respondents from the inland, coastal, and northern regions of China. The study applied an ordered logit regression and a multinomial logit regression to analyze the survey data and understand the differences among various categories based on purchase prices. Consumers with high income and educational levels, who are more concerned with the environment and their health and have greater trust in government supervision of rice quality, as well as inland consumers, are more likely to purchase high‐priced japonica rice, whereas the price factor has a negative relationship with such purchases. The results provide sufficient information to the japonica rice industry to expand its market and improve its profitability.
Regulating Fe2(MoO4)3 by Au Nanoparticles for Efficient N2 Electroreduction under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Yao Jiaxin , Zhou Yitong , Yan Jun‐Min , Jiang Qing 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAmmonia, as an important chemical, has played an indispensable role in the fields of fertilizer precursors, fuel, and energy carriers over time. The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) has attracted extensive attention due to the potential availability of clean energy under mild conditions, while electrochemical catalysts still need further optimization and exploration restricted by the strong chemical bonds of NN. In this work, it is proposed that a small amount of noble metal (Au) modified Fe2(MoO4)3 can serve as active sites in eNRR. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the interaction of Au with Fe2(MoO4)3 reduces the reaction energy of the rate determining step and inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction, which increase the eNRR activity and selectivity of Au/Fe2(MoO4)3. As expected, according to the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance measurement as the exclusive quantitative detection approach, the as‐prepared Au/Fe2(MoO4)3 achieves outstanding eNRR performance with 7.61 µg h−1 mg−1cat. NH3 production rate and 18.79% Faradaic efficiency at −0.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.2 m Na2SO4 under ambient conditions.
A rainbow of acridinium chemiluminescence
Authors: Best Quinn A. , Haack Richard A. , Swift Kerry M. , Bax Brian M. , Tetin Sergey Y. , Hershberger Stefan J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMulticolor chemiluminescent acridinium derivatives were synthesized by attaching various common fluorophores to the N10‐acridinium position through a piperazine linker. Triggering of each acridinium derivative using alkaline hydrogen peroxide resulted in a chemiluminescence spectrum dominated by a strong emission (>95%) from the attached fluorophore. The highly quenched emission from the triggered acridinium, acting as a donor, points to a highly efficient intramolecular energy transfer in acridinium‐based chemiluminophore‐fluorophore tandems. A variable, and in many cases minimal, spectral overlap between the donor emission and the acceptor absorption may indicate that in such tandems the energy transfer follows the Dexter electron exchange mechanism. Moreover, fluorophores affixed through the acridinium 9‐position produce a typical acridinium emission profile, demonstrating the need for close distances and favorable intramolecular orientation of the donor and acceptor moieties for the energy transfer to occur. A family of red‐shifted chemiluminescent labels, all sharing a uniform triggering method, will find immediate application in multicolor ligand‐receptor assays. Along with the multiplexing capabilities, the red‐shifted chemiluminescent detection offers a higher tolerance to green‐colored biological interferences and will therefore benefit many screening and diagnostic clinical tests.
Application of Neuron‐Selective Fluorescent Probe, NeuA, To Identify Mouse Retinal Degeneration
Authors: Park Sung‐Jin , Woon Queenie Tan Shu , Er Jun Cheng , Wong Bernice H. , Liu Xiao , Kang Nam‐Young , Barathi Veluchamy A. , Silver David L. , Chang Young‐Tae 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe retina is part of the central nerve system (CNS) and has various interneurons and sensory neurons such as photoreceptor cells. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited condition that is characterized by photoreceptor degeneration. Herein, we developed a fluorescent probe‐NeuA‐for detecting retinal neuronal cells and applied NeuA to discriminate between healthy and RP retinas. The staining pattern of NeuA in the retinas of healthy and RP mouse models was examined in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo using confocal microscopy, the fluorescent fundus microscopy and optical coherent tomography (OCT). NeuA strongly stained the outer segment layer of photoreceptor cells and some bipolar cells in the healthy retina, but there was only weak staining in the photoreceptor degenerated retinas. Therefore, NeuA probe can be used as the detecting RP tools in the preclinical conditions.
Synergism on Electronic Structures and Active Edges of Metallic Vanadium Disulfide Nanosheets via Co Doping for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Seawater
Authors: Zhao Mengxuan , Yang Mingyang , Huang Weijie , Liao Wenchao , Bian Haidong , Chen Dazhu , Wang Lei , Tang Jiaoning , Liu Chen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSeawater electrolysis with clean hydrogen energy has bright prospects due to the abundant reserves of seawater on our planet. However, the highly desirable direct seawater splitting with efficient electrocatalyst is still lacking. Herein, Co‐doped metallic VS2 nanosheets with modulated electronic structures and numerous exposed edges were proposed and evaluated as superior catalysts for hydrogen evolution from seawater. The enlarged number of edges through reducing nanosheet size and enriching sulfur defects by Co doping contribute to numerous active sites exposed, leading to desirable catalytic performances. The Co‐doped VS2 nanosheets with 10 % V substituted by Co exhibit excellent catalytic performance in simulated seawater with an onset potential of 196 mV and possesses long‐term stability without obvious current decay after 12‐h test. Moreover, this sample also delivers lower overpotentials of 234 mV at −10 mA cm−2 in acid media. The study can further broaden the development of vanadium chalcogenides in seawater catalysis.
The impact of corporate social responsibility on innovation in small and medium‐sized enterprises: The mediating role of debt terms and human capital
Authors: Santos‐Jaén José Manuel , Madrid‐Guijarro Antonia , García‐Pérez‐de‐Lema Domingo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to study the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) over small and medium‐sized enterprise (SME) innovation and the effect of two mediating variables, debt terms and human capital. Based on a sample of 2825 Spanish SMEs and applying a structural equations modeling, the results demonstrate that the effect of CSR on innovation is mediated by debt terms and by good human resource practices. Part of the positive effect of CSR on innovation occurs through these two variables, which, alone, positively and significantly affect innovation in SMEs. Consequently, the positive effect of CSR practices on debt terms through a decrease in asymmetric information goes further, also having repercussions on innovation. Additionally, the suitable development of human resource practices based on strategies oriented toward CSR allow companies to carry out greater and more efficient innovative activities. This paper contributes to the CSR literature considering the human resource management and the debt access in the relationship between CSR and innovation. The findings reveal important implications for policy makers and managers. For the former, the results show that it would be interesting to carry out actions aimed at assisting SMEs, especially those with fewer resources available, to implement a suitable CSR strategy, supporting sustainable development in SMEs. And, for the latter, CSR‐oriented innovation has proven to be a valuable strategy for more efficient SMEs management because of the multiple competitive advantages it generates.
A trust‐based mechanism in multipath routing using Biogeography‐Shun Optimization
Authors: Govindaraj Mahalakshmi , Arumugam Suresh 
Published: February 2021

SummaryIn mobile ad hoc network, a group of mobile nodes interconnect with each other in an ad hoc manner without any centralized administration. Various applications are based on integrating mobile ad hoc network and cloud computing to enhance the processing and storing of mobile nodes. Cloud service providers provide mobile ad hoc network users access to applications and other mobile ad hoc network users. Implementing security mechanism for ad hoc routing can be a daunting task owing it its unique network traits. Blackhole attack found in the mobile ad hoc network takes place when malicious nodes attract data packets using a fresh destination route and drop the packets. In this work, a trust‐based routing that has a probability of a new packet forwarding is proposed to mitigate blackhole attacks. The ad hoc on‐demand multipath distance vector routing protocol is used in this work, which is based on the trust model that measures the trust of nodes and composes a decision, respectively. A novel optimization technique that has its basis in the Biogeography‐Shun Optimization algorithm is suggested for enhancing the multipath routing. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed method attains better performance by enhancing lifetime of network and packet delivery ratio and reducing end‐to‐end delay.
Fault detection of energy‐aware grid systems in big data environment
Authors: Fan Zheyuan 
Published: February 2021

SummaryGrid technology based on parallel theory is used to study a large amount of data processing. This research mainly discusses the fault detection of grid dynamic system in a big data environment. In order to verify the communication efficiency between different security nodes of the ZSS system under different operating system conditions, this study will use four physical computers and VM Ware software to establish a simulated communication environment, using GlobusToolkit (GT)'s existing deployment mechanism to realize the overall grid dynamic deployment architecture. Using Web service technology remotely calls the monitoring module interface of resource nodes in the domain and uses standard protocols to send monitoring data. At the same time, in order for the management node to save the monitoring data in the local standardized form of XML, the administrator can use the saved historical data to process system failures, analyze, and predict system performance. In order to solve the problem of information explosion, a fault detector is used to precisely control the cost of message detection and the state distribution of the detection result and the time of message delay. Under special circumstances, it takes 60 min to execute a 30‐min job, and the fault detection point consumes an average of 54.33 min. The research results show that the fault‐tolerant strategy can improve the performance of resource consumption in the fault‐tolerant tracking system. Adopting the method of dynamically adjustable detection interval can effectively reduce the overhead of the grid dynamic system. The detection method used in this study can meet the application requirements of the grid.
Studies of electrical and optical properties of cadmium‐doped zinc oxide for energy conversion devices
Authors: Zahra Marriam , Ali Amjad , Khalil Arif , Rehman Saif Ur , Mushtaq Naveed , Akbar Muhammad , Raza Rizwan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this modern era, energy devices have become an important part of our daily life. Various types of energy conversion devices have been developed to meet the current energy demands. Semiconductor anode (CdZnO) has been synthesized by the sol‐gel method and lattice constants and the band gap results have been compared experimentally and theoretically. XRD results show that Cd‐doped ZnO shifts the peaks toward the lower angles, increases the lattice parameters, and decreases the crystallite size (48 nm). Microstructure of Cd‐doped ZnO shows the agglomerations of particles, found in the shape of cubes, hexagons, and dumbbell shapes with diameter in the range of 2–7 µm. The experimentally obtained conductivity of CdZnO is 0.142 S/cm at 550°C. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows the decreased resistance with an increase in temperature. The doped system shows a maximum open circuit voltage of 0.95 V and performance of 0.52 W/cm2 at 550°C.
Recent Advances on Nanomaterials to COVID‐19 Management: A Systematic Review on Antiviral/Virucidal Agents and Mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2 Inhibition/Inactivation
Authors: Carvalho Anna Paula A. , Conte‐Junior Carlos A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is recognized as a public health emergency of worldwide concern. Nanomaterials can be effectively used to detect, capture/inactivate or inhibit coronavirus cell entry/replication in the human host cell, preventing infection. Their potential for nanovaccines, immunoengineering, diagnosis, repurposing medication, and disinfectant surfaces targeting the novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) is highlighted. In this systematic review the aim is to present an unbiased view of which and how nanomaterials can reduce the spread of COVID‐19. Herein, the focus is on SARS‐CoV‐2, analyzing 46 articles retrieved before December 31, 2020. The interface between nanomaterials is described, and the main mechanisms to inhibit SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenesis and viral inactivation are also discussed. Nanocarbons, biopolymeric, copper, and silver nanoparticles are potential antiviral and virucidal agents toward self‐cleaning and reusable filter media and surfaces (e.g., facial masks), drug administration, vaccines, and immunodiagnostic assays. Trends in toxicology research and safety tests can help fill the main gaps in the literature and overcome health surveillance's challenges. Phytochemicals delivery by nanocarriers also stand out as candidates to target and bio‐friendly therapy. Nanocellulose might fill in the gaps. Future research using nanomaterials targeting novel therapies/prophylaxis measures to COVID‐19 and future outbreaks is discussed.