bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Acquire and Beget a Temperance": The Virtue of Temperance in The Faerie Queene Book II and Hamlet
Authors:   , Hubbard Gillian Chell 
Published: November 2021

<p>Shakespeare's Hamlet, like Spenser's The Faerie Queene Book II, is a work systematically concerned with the virtue of temperance. This conclusion is reached partly from comparison between Spenser and Shakespeare. But I also set their works in the context of a range of relevant sources available to the Early Modern period. While comparisons between aspects of FQII and Hamlet are not unknown, critical attention to their common foundation in temperance has been limited. Like Spenser in FQII, Shakespeare in Hamlet is concerned with a virtue that has its roots in the interconnected Greek precepts "Know Thyself", "Nothing in Excess' and "Think Mortal Thoughts." To be sophron (temperate) is to live in accordance with these precepts. Spenser presents the opposed vice of intemperance through the excesses of avarice and lust in the Cave of Mammon and the Bower of Bliss. Shakespeare portrays a court in Elsinore where excess, irascibility, lust and avarice for power are barely concealed beneath a veneer of Ciceronian social decorum and a didactic commitment to self-control. Comparison with the varied aspects of temperance in FQII makes clear how constantly and variously Hamlet reflects upon temperance and intemperance. There is an underlying tension in both FQII and Hamlet between traditional ideals of moderation and self-control on the one hand, and imagery and archetypes of the Fall and tainted human nature on the other. This tension arises naturally in a treatment of a virtue which, although it derives from classical thought, was carefully assimilated into Christian theology by the Church Fathers. As in much Early Modern writing, we find strands of Platonic, Aristotelian and Stoic thought that privilege reason (on the one hand) intermingled with (on the other) an Augustinian emphasis on the heart, the will, and dependence on Christian grace. In Hamlet Shakespeare portrays Claudius as one intractably intemperate in the Aristotelian sense, a condition made apparent in his inability to repent. Claudius' apparent rational self-control is based on premises that are ultimately false; his actions therefore derive from "false prudence" as defined by Aquinas. His projection of reasonableness forces his antagonist, Hamlet, into a range of irascible and irrational behaviour, some of which is calculated and some of which is not. Both Spenser and Shakespeare present an anatomy of the processes of rational self-control and their disruption by the passions. Both are also concerned with the metaphysical dimensions of temperance, both Platonic and Pauline. When Hamlet (like a Greek sophronistes) sees it as his duty to act against Claudius, "this canker of our nature," he is expressing a confused mixture of desires--for ethical and spiritual transformation, political reformation, justice, and an irascible lust for vengeance. It is no coincidence that the problematic endings of both FQII and Hamlet echo the conclusion of the Aeneid and its failure to reconcile justice and temperance.</p>
An Examination of the Information Behaviour of New Entrepreneurs in the Start-Up Phase of a Business
Authors:   , Leslie Susan Elder 
Published: November 2021

<p>This research set out to examine in detail how eight first-time entrepreneurs went about finding out what they felt they needed to know during the first months of their business's operation, and in particular how they constructed their problems or questions in discourse and how they went about addressing them. Based on Brenda Dervin's Sense-Making methodology and work by Pamela McKenzie, the research involved semi-structured interviews in which participants were invited to recount specific instances of problems or questions they had experienced in their business. Data analysis involved close reading of both the interview transcripts and the researcher's notes and observations in order to draw out key themes and enable analysis of the discursive practices respondents used, particularly in privileging some information sources over others. The research found that the respondents experienced questions and problems largely relating to a small number of business issues, principally around the mechanics of setting up a company, deciding what kinds of services to provide and learning about the market environment in which they were operating. Like other studies of the information behaviour of small business owners, the research found that all of the respondents reported acting on information obtained from friends, colleagues or family. Most had consulted professional advisors, and all but one talked of using the Internet as a source of information. Only one respondent had sought assistance from an enterprise agency. The objectives of this research were twofold; to gather information about the actual behaviour of new entrepreneurs, and to test the potential usefulness of the sense-making methodology to an understanding of new business owners' information needs. Both of these objectives were largely met, with the research concluding that Sense-Making offers a valid and useful model with which to investigate the information behaviour of new entrepreneurs.</p>
Service as Theatre: The Customer Service Behaviour of Librarians in a Market Driven World
Authors:   , Cherry Jane 
Published: November 2021

<p>The purpose of this research is to explore the attitude of librarians to service. Previous studies showed that although many librarians identified service as their most important value, librarians were still perceived by many customers as unfriendly and unhelpful. Using Goffman's theory of dramaturgy the study looks at the relationship between the library service ethic and the market driven service ethic attributed to retail, and whether there is conflict between these two models, and if so what affect this is having on the attitudes and behaviour of librarians. This qualitative study uses focus groups to gather data. Focus group participants were all practicing librarians from the Wellington area. The research concludes that there is a conflict between the two service models which is directly affecting the attitude and thus the behaviour of librarians. The marketing model is perceived as a threat to the core functions of libraries because of its 'one size fits all' approach to service. Participants felt this model was a threat to genuine authentic service and personal autonomy.</p>
A Selected Annotated Bibliography of the resources on the Perceptions and Attitudes in Relation to People Who Stutter: Covering the Period from 1990 to the Present Day
Authors:   , Hwang Kyu Won 
Published: November 2021

<p>Stuttering, or fluency disorder, is one of the most baffling and debilitating communication disorders of all time. Research has shown that people with stuttering suffer from a range of negative emotions and that strong negative stereotypes of stutterers exist in society. Some of the most important factors in stuttering treatment have been known to be the perceptions and attitudes toward and of stutterers. To assist practitioners and researchers in the related field, a selective annotated bibliography has been complied on the basis of the two key concepts of perception and attitude and their relationships with stuttering. Access points are offered via generic index at the end.</p>
Aligned Nanorods of AlPO4-5 Within the Pores of Anodic Alumina
Authors:   , King L J. 
Published: November 2021

<p>Anodic aluminium oxide has been identified as a versatile porous template material having high pore density, (up to 1010 cm-2), controllable channel length and monodisperse pore diameter within the range 20-250 nm. A number of studies have demonstrated the concept of utilizing the porous structure for directing the growth of various nanostructures. An example of this is the growth of crystals of the aluminophosphate AlPO4-5 within the anodic nanochannels. The high aspect ratio of the template pores encourages growth of the crystals in the preferred c-axis orientation. We have produced membranes of this material and investigated the degree of crystal alignment using X-ray diffraction. The relative degree of preferred orientation is over 200 for a typical membrane. Field emission SEM micrographs clearly show the aligned crystals within the pores. The inclusion of luminescent guest molecules within the pores of the zeolite has also been achieved. This work describes the synthesis, characterization and potential application of these membranes.</p>
The Effect of Illustrations on the Ability of Children to Draw Inferences While Reading Narrative Texts
Authors:   , Protheroe Pamela Irene Mary 
Published: November 2021

<p>Materials used to teach reading in New Zealand schools, as elsewhere, generally include illustrations to help learners develop reading skills. The present research tests the claim that the availability of pictures can hinder rather than help the complex constructive processes of reading and considers whether or not boys are more at risk than girls. It does this by considering how pictures affect the ability of learners to practice making inferences and how the use of pictures in instructional material might be one factor that could affect the development of an ability to integrate the skill of making inferences with the other skills that are performed during reading. The construction of a mental model while reading gives rise to making inferences and depends on the integration of such inferences. This process leads to an enhanced memory of the text and assists comprehension. Four questions were raised: To what extent do 7-9 year old readers draw inferences from pictures rather than text? Is there any difference between male and female readers of this age and in each of these reader groups in how illustrations affect their ability to draw inferences from text? Do pictures hinder 7 -9 year old readers who can decode text well and have a high level of vocabulary knowledge but do not comprehend well (referred to throughout as 'difference poor readers') in their attempts to incorporate general knowledge in their comprehension of text? Do pictures hinder 7-9 year old good readers in the same way? A repeated measures study was designed; 48 children read four stories each, rotated between 4 groups (good readers and poor readers, male and female) so that each story was read with and without pictures. Each child read 2 stories in one condition in the first session and the other 2 stories in the other condition in the second session. The order in which the stories were read was also rotated. The children gave oral answers to questions designed to probe for evidence of inference making after each reading with books open and then re-told the stories with books closed. Results indicated that for these participants, the male difference poor readers were more likely than any in the other groups to make more inferences from the text without the pictures; for some the response also indicated that the nature of their reading experience was profoundly affected. The good readers also tended to make fewer inferences with pictures as did half of the female difference poor readers. The other half seemed to make very few inferences unless pictures were present but these inferences were more influenced by the text than the pictures. These findings suggest that if the aim is to teach comprehension of text then learning materials might be more effective if they did not contain illustrations.</p>
Encyclopaedic Fiction, Cultural Value, and the Discourse of the Great Divide
Authors:   , Cooke Simon 
Published: November 2021

<p>Recent postmodern work on cultural evaluation, such as Barbara Smith's Contingencies of Value (1989), argues that cultural value cannot be treated as an inherent or objective quality of cultural products. Instead, cultural value must be understood as "value for": relative, that is, to the identities and interests of particular cultural consumers and producers. Theorists (for instance, John Frow in his 1995 study Cultural Studies and Cultural Value) have employed similar relativist logic in their analyses of the putative "structures" or institutions that supposedly give shape to Western culture-as-a-whole: "high" culture, "popular" culture, "mass" culture and so on. This "postaxiological" strain of cultural theory undermines the real-world integrity of those categories by suggesting that they (the categories) are merely contingent effects of critical / evaluative discourse. Other archetypically "postmodern" arguments in literary and cultural studies have focused on charting or advocating both the demise of the modernist "great divide" between "high" and "low" culture, and its replacement, in cultural production and criticism, with more permissive and socially egalitarian modes of interplay between "high" and "low" culture. Some critics and critically aware cultural producers have treated these two projects as though they are complementary facets of a general "postmodern" turn. Yet contesting or reversing obsolete hierarchies of cultural value does not necessarily lead critics to contemplate the status of "high"/"low" categories themselves. A meaningful refusal of the logic of the modernist "great divide" would obligate critics and producers to reflect on the contingency of those categories and their own interests with respect to those categories. Juxtaposing an "encyclopaedic" modernist text renowned for its interspersion of "high" and "low" cultural elements (James Joyce's Ulysses) with a postmodern text that seems knowingly to do the same (David Foster Wallace's Infinite Jest), two case studies illustrate the inseparability of readings or narratives that are couched in "high"/"low" terms from the particular interests of cultural producers and consumers.</p>
The Origin of Objects
Authors:   , Kinnaird Zakary Sebastian 
Published: November 2021

<p>This thesis forms a series of texts inquiring into the integration of semiological studies in product design. Semiology is often illustrated in systems; it is these systems that govern the practice of product design in the contemporary studio environment. The designer today can struggle to cope with the arbitrary nature of this system, and frequently does not fully understand the implications of working with semiological systems. By understanding their construction the designer can benefit by actively participating in the system's configuration, this may occur by directly imposing oneself into the system or by carefully observing a defective system in order promptly amend it. The thesis is configured in our 'books', each book examining the semiological system from a different perspective. Particular attention is given to the origin within the semiological system; this is mirrored differently in each of the four books...</p>
Spatial Patterns in Plant Diversity
Authors:   , Almeida Danilo Coelho de 
Published: November 2021

<p>The present study is divided into two parts: Firstly, null models where used to test whether plant communities in a New Zealand forest were assembled deterministically or stochastically. Secondly, a relationship between a plant trait; Leaf Mass per Area (LMA) and environmental conditions was investigated in a New Zealand forest. For the first study abundance of adult species was recorded in thirty 30m x 30m plots at Otari Wilton's Bush. In a subsample of six plots, the abundance of seedling species was also recorded. Null models for species co-occurrence, species richness, species abundance and niche overlap were used in order to establish how plant communities assemble at Otari Wilton's Bush. There was evidence of both determinist and stochasticity in some aspects of the plant community, it appears that seedlings are mainly randomly assembled whereas, determinism appears to be the main driver of community composition for mature trees. Results therefore suggest a pluralistic approach should be used in order to explain plant community patterns at Otari Wilton's Bush. For the second study, of all species observed in the first study only those species found in five or more of the plots were examined. For those species, the height of the two highest individuals was measured. From each individual, six fully exposed leaves were collected and measured. Measurements of environmental conditions were also collected for all plots. Principal component analysis and multiple regression was used to analyse the data. Height related (vertical) trends were observed for three surveyed species such that LMA significantly increased with plant height. Horizontal patterns were observed for two species, and for three species it was not possible to distinguish the association of tree height (vertical) and position along the forest (horizontal) with LMA. Potentially, by including more species in future studies a clearer pattern will be observed. It could also be that different species display different strategies regarding LMA and if so, a study more focused on individual species in isolation may be able to provide more informative explanations.</p>
Telling the Truth about People's China
Authors:   , Shaw Alistair 
Published: November 2021

<p>This work is a discussion of the history of the construction and propagation over time (1949- 2002), by New Zealanders, of positive images of the People's Republic of China (PRC). This was done primarily through the New Zealand China Friendship Society. The thesis also looks at China-aligned communist parties, students who went on New Zealand University Students' Association study tours in the 1970s, and key interlocutors such as Rewi Alley. These other groups had cross-membership with the NZCFS but differing engagements with China. The images propagated by the New Zealanders altered over time in response to changes in the PRC, developments in New Zealand, and shifting characteristics amongst the people who were engaged in the practice of producing images of the PRC. The thesis looks at how these observers of the PRC, and the organisations which they are combined, are themselves created, and see themselves, in relation to their process of viewing the PRC. This idea of a shifting sense of China and the changing sense of self is explored using a range of ideas. These include ideology, subjectivity, concepts of truth and practices of truth-telling. The thesis is an attempt to provide a sympathetic reading of a wide range of material and trying to understand what the PRC has meant at different times, in different circumstances and to different people. Accounts of the PRC are examined contextually. This involves the re-reading of a range of texts that have 'written' the PRC for those New Zealanders who, in different circumstances, have themselves been sympathetic to projections of successes taking place in the PRC.</p>
Disturbances in the Ether
Authors:   , Smith Tony Rex 
Published: November 2021

<p>We criticise the current philosophical practice of invoking causation as a solution to various problems in various fields of philosophy. Our specific concern is that many of these solutions to problems rely on the intuition that causation is "the cement of the universe". We question whether several different analyses of causation which are supposed to substantiate this intuition (or at least are treated as if they substantiate this intuition) in fact substantiate this intuition. We begin by establishing a basic desideratum for such an analysis of causation - that causal dependence ought to track physical dependence in this universe. We investigate in turn a Lewis-style counterfactual analysis of causation, the transference analysis developed by Aronson, Fair and Heathcote, and the process analyses developed by Salmon and Dowe. Rather to our surprise, none of the analyses fulfil our basic desideratum. Although this is not in itself conclusive grounds for scepticism about causation, our results speak against casually invoking analyses of causation in order to solve particular varieties of philosophical problems.</p>
High Temperature Superconductors Through the Van Hove Singularity
Authors:   , Williams Keryn Anne 
Published: November 2021

<p>The antibonding VHS of the high temperature superconductor Bi-2212 appears in the extreme overdoped regime, a part of the cuprate phase diagram little studied to date. Observation of this VHS motivated taking a fresh look at the cuprates using fundamentals of electronics as the foundation for understanding the physics involved in the superconductivity of these materials. In the study of the high temperature superconductors it appears important questions have been overlooked, notably the possible contribution of the gapped state and whether these materials are better considered as doped semiconductors rather than as 'poor' metals. We also find the question of the contribution of oxygen, a substance with a strong magnetic signature, to data of the oxygen-doped cuprates has been neglected. Comparison with non-oxygen doping is supportive of the view the oxygen dopant contributes noticeably to magnetic data. Through magnetic susceptibility measurements the antibonding VHS location, predicted by use of Fermi liquid theory, is well confirmed in polycrystals of the lead-doped cuprate Bi-2212. It was found that the peak in the DOS at the VHS produces no corresponding local peak in the critical temperature versus doping. Instead, the VHS appears associated with the disappearance of the superconductivity, rather than with the maximum critical temperature. We find the metal-insulator transition plays an important role. There are two of these in the cuprates, a horizontal doping dependent one and a vertical temperature dependent one. They affect each other. Noting the consequences of doping an insulator until a metallic state is reached enables a connection to be made between doping and pressure. Three requirements are identified for superconductivity to occur: 1. screening 2. pairing 3. charge mobility Each requirement may be separately satisfied in a manner whereby each can vary differently as a function of the same variable. The superconductivity of the cuprates is found to arise out of an underlying non-metallic state. As such, BCS theory, being formulated to explain superconductivity arising from metallic conduction, cannot be directly applicable. However, although HTS materials are a rich repository of both novel and familiar solid state physics, evidence does not appear to support the notion that superconductivity in the cuprates is caused by "exotic" physics. We also find cause for optimism regarding the development of new or improved superconducting materials.</p>