bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private or public adjudication? Procedure, substance and legitimacy
Authors: Kryvoi Yarik 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article identifies the essential differences between public and private adjudication and their implications for the legitimacy and efficiency of dispute resolution institutions, as well as the rule of law. Public adjudication comes at a significant cost for the taxpayers but helps secure a consistent body of case law, promotes public policy goals, and allows third parties to know the rules of conduct in advance to prevent undesirable activities. This article shows that procedural rules of these institutions (regardless of whether the procedure is called adjudication or arbitration) differ when it comes to the appointment of adjudicators, their professional background, and how long they serve. Public and private institutions consistently follow different approaches to transparency and confidentiality of proceedings, the application of primarily substantive rules or principles to resolve disagreements, and the extent to which decisions can be reviewed internally or externally. By examining the procedural rules and practices of selected institutions, the article asserts three main claims. First, the choice of public or private adjudication is likely to lead to different procedural outcomes, including the cost of the process and the duration. Second, the legitimacy of any dispute resolution system must rest on both procedural and substantive aspects, while in reality these two are often viewed in isolation. Finally, the article shows how institutions could learn from each other to become more efficient and strengthen their legitimacy.
Explaining power and authority in international courts
Authors: Capps Patrick , Olsen Henrik Palmer 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt has recently been suggested that the study of international legal life should take an ‘empirical turn’: a turn which has often focused on how patterns of authority emerge and operate in relation to international courts. In what follows it is argued that this empiricism fails to distinguish (for the purposes of sociological inquiry) authority from various other concepts such as power or consensus in the study of international law and courts. This is because this method focuses only on overt signs, such as observable action or statements of intention, and at the level of the sign these concepts are not obviously distinguishable. However, one solution to this problem, which is to collapse socially significant and distinct categories such as authority and consensus into a broad category of ‘power’, requires the adoption of an implausible and inconsistent view of agency in explanations of legal authority. By contrast, and in line with the long-standing interpretivist tradition in sociological and legal method, we claim that in order to interpret the observable signs of compliance to international legal rules and principles as indicative of authority, consensus, or power, it is necessary to interpolate an account of the reasons which give rise to the compliance we observe. This, in turn, explains why international legal doctrine, as an axiological structure, gives rise to the behaviour of its addressees, such as state officials.
Abnormal origin of the left pulmonary artery from the descending aorta and heterotaxy syndrome: an undescribed phenotypic association
Authors: Moreau de Bellaing Anne , Bonnet Damien , Houyel Lucile 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExtensive screening in a newborn with prenatal suspicion of VACTERL syndrome identified an anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the descending aorta with an arterial duct and left aortic arch, and normal intra-cardiac anatomy. Other anatomical anomalies suggested heterotaxy syndrome. At one-month-old, re-implantation of the 3.5 mm left pulmonary artery was performed by direct tension-low anastomosis. Post-operative course was complicated by severe left pulmonary atelectasis, and the patient died 20 days later.
Development and Validation of a Cognitive Reserve Index in HIV
Authors: Kaur Navaldeep , Fellows Lesley K. , Brouillette Marie-Josée , Mayo Nancy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectives:In the neuroHIV literature, cognitive reserve has most often been operationalized using education, occupation, and IQ. The effects of other cognitively stimulating activities that might be more amenable to interventions have been little studied. The purpose of this study was to develop an index of cognitive reserve in people with HIV, combining multiple indicators of cognitively stimulating lifetime experiences into a single value.Methods:The data set was obtained from a Canadian longitudinal study (N = 856). Potential indicators of cognitive reserve captured at the study entry included education, occupation, engagement in six cognitively stimulating activities, number of languages spoken, and social resources. Cognitive performance was measured using a computerized test battery. A cognitive reserve index was formulated using logistic regression weights. For the evidence on concurrent and predictive validity of the index, the measures of cognition and self-reported everyday functioning were each regressed on the index scores at study entry and at the last follow-up [mean duration: 25.9 months (SD 7.2)], respectively. Corresponding regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed.Results:Professional sports [odds ratio (OR): 2.9; 95% CI 0.59–14.7], visual and performance arts (any level of engagement), professional/amateur music, complex video gaming and competitive games, and travel outside North America were associated with higher cognitive functioning. The effects of cognitive reserve on the outcomes at the last follow-up visit were closely similar to those at study entry.Conclusion:This work contributes evidence toward the relative benefit of engaging in specific cognitively stimulating life experiences in HIV.
Target-date funds and portfolio choice in 401(k) plans
Authors: Mitchell Olivia S. , Utkus Stephen P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTarget-date funds in corporate retirement plans grew from $5 billion in 2000 to $734 billion in 2018, partly because federal regulation sanctioned these as default investments in automatic enrollment plans. We show that adopters delegated pension investment decisions to fund managers selected by plan sponsors. Inclusion of these funds in retirement saving menus raised equity shares, boosted bond exposures, curtailed cash/company stock holdings, and reduced idiosyncratic risk. The adoption of low-cost target-date funds may enhance retirement wealth by as much as 50% over a 30-year horizon.
Leaf Wax and Sr‐Nd Isotope Evidence for High‐Latitude Dust Input to the Central South China Sea and Its Implication for Fertilization
Authors: Yang Yi , Bendle James A. , Pancost Richard D. , Yan Yan , Ruan Xiaoyan , Warren Bridget , Lü Xiaoxia , Li Xuejie , Yao Yongjian , Huang Xianyu , Yang Huan , Xie Shucheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecent time‐series from sediment traps show abnormally high chlorophyll‐a concentrations and primary productivity in the oligotrophic central South China Sea (SCS), especially during wintertime. Here we present new insights from compound‐specific hydrogen isotopic analysis of leaf wax n‐alkanes and Sr‐Nd isotope compositions extracted from four basin‐wide surface sediment transects. We find that the deepest surface sediments in the central basin contain the most depleted n‐alkane hydrogen isotopes, suggesting inputs from higher latitude soils in northern China. This is supported by the Sr‐Nd isotope compositions of the same surface sediments. We propose that aeolian dust is transported by the winter monsoon and might fertilize the phytoplankton bloom in the central SCS. This process may have been enhanced in ancient times when the winter monsoon was stronger, driving both vertical mixing and dust transport to the central basin.
The PTEN and ATM axis controls the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and tumorigenesis in HER2-positive breast cancer
Authors: Bassi Christian , Fortin Jerome , Snow Bryan E. , Wakeham Andrew , Ho Jason , Haight Jillian , You-Ten Annick , Cianci Emily , Buckler Luke , Gorrini Chiara , Stambolic Vuk , Mak Tak W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe tumor suppressor PTEN is disrupted in a large proportion of cancers, including in HER2-positive breast cancer, where its loss is associated with resistance to therapy. Upon genotoxic stress, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is activated and phosphorylates PTEN on residue 398. To elucidate the physiological role of this molecular event, we generated and analyzed knock-in mice expressing a mutant form of PTEN that cannot be phosphorylated by ATM (PTEN-398A). This mutation accelerated tumorigenesis in a model of HER2-positive breast cancer. Mammary tumors in bi-transgenic mice carrying MMTV-neu and Pten398A were characterized by DNA damage accumulation but reduced apoptosis. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of PTEN at position 398 is essential for the proper activation of the S phase checkpoint controlled by the PI3K–p27Kip1–CDK2 axis. Moreover, we linked these defects to the impaired ability of the PTEN-398A protein to relocalize to the plasma membrane in response to genotoxic stress. Altogether, our results uncover a novel role for ATM-dependent PTEN phosphorylation in the control of genomic stability, cell cycle progression, and tumorigenesis.
RNF20 and RNF40 regulate vitamin D receptor-dependent signaling in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Kosinsky Robyn Laura , Zerche Maria , Kutschat Ana Patricia , Nair Asha , Ye Zhenqing , Saul Dominik , von Heesen Maximilian , Friton Jessica J. , Schwarzer Ana Carolina , Paglilla Nadia , Sheikh Shehzad Z. , Wegwitz Florian , Sun Zhifu , Ghadimi Michael , Newberry Rodney D. , Sartor R. Balfour , Faubion William A. , Johnsen Steven A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite the identification of several genetic factors linked to increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated in detail. The ubiquitin ligases RNF20 and RNF40 mediate the monoubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 120 (H2Bub1) and were shown to play context-dependent roles in the development of inflammation. Here, we aimed to examine the function of the RNF20/RNF40/H2Bub1 axis in intestinal inflammation in IBD patients and mouse models. For this purpose, intestinal sections from IBD patients were immunohistochemically stained for H2Bub1. Rnf20 or Rnf40 were conditionally deleted in the mouse intestine and mice were monitored for inflammation-associated symptoms. Using mRNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq, we analyzed underlying molecular pathways in primary intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) isolated from these animals and confirmed these findings in IBD resection specimens using ChIP-seq.The majority (80%) of IBD patients displayed a loss of H2Bub1 levels in inflamed areas and the intestine-specific deletion of Rnf20 or Rnf40 resulted in spontaneous colorectal inflammation in mice. Consistently, deletion of Rnf20 or Rnf40 promoted IBD-associated gene expression programs, including deregulation of various IBD risk genes in these animals. Further analysis of murine IECs revealed that H3K4me3 occupancy and transcription of the Vitamin D Receptor (Vdr) gene and VDR target genes is RNF20/40-dependent. Finally, these effects were confirmed in a subgroup of Crohn’s disease patients which displayed epigenetic and expression changes in RNF20/40-dependent gene signatures. Our findings reveal that loss of H2B monoubiquitination promotes intestinal inflammation via decreased VDR activity thereby identifying RNF20 and RNF40 as critical regulators of IBD.
Characterizing block-copolymer micelles used in nanomedicines via solution static scattering techniques
Authors: Akiba Isamu , Sakurai Kazuo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBlock copolymers are well recognized as excellent nanotools for delivering hydrophobic drugs. The formulation of such delivery nanoparticles requires robust characterization and clarification of the critical quality attributes correlating with the safety and efficacy of the drug before applying to regulatory authorities for approval. Static solution scattering from block copolymers is one such technique. This paper first outlines the theoretical background and current models for analyzing this scattering and then presents an overview of our recent studies on block copolymers.
Analysis of the ex-vivo transformation of semen, saliva and urine as they dry out using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometric approach
Authors: Das Tanurup , Harshey Abhimanyu , Srivastava Ankit , Nigam Kriti , Yadav Vijay Kumar , Sharma Kapil , Sharma Arun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe ex-vivo biochemical changes of different body fluids also referred as aging of fluids are potential marker for the estimation of Time since deposition. Infrared spectroscopy has great potential to reveal the biochemical changes in these fluids as previously reported by several researchers. The present study is focused to analyze the spectral changes in the ATR-FTIR spectra of three body fluids, commonly encountered in violent crimes i.e., semen, saliva, and urine as they dry out. The whole analytical timeline is divided into relatively slow phase I due to the major contribution of water and faster Phase II due to significant evaporation of water. Two spectral regions i.e., 3200–3400 cm−1 and 1600–1000 cm−1 are the major contributors to the spectra of these fluids. Several peaks in the spectral region between 1600 and 1000 cm−1 showed highly significant regression equation with a higher coefficient of determination values in Phase II in contrary to the slow passing Phase I. Principal component and Partial Least Square Regression analysis are the two chemometric tool used to estimate the time since deposition of the aforesaid fluids as they dry out. Additionally, this study potentially estimates the time since deposition of an offense from the aging of the body fluids at the early stages after its occurrence as well as works as the precursor for further studies on an extended timeframe.
Biochip with multi-planar electrodes geometry for differentiation of non-spherical bioparticles in a microchannel
Authors: Farooq Amina , Butt Nauman Z. , Hassan Umer 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA biosensor capable of differentiating cells or other microparticles based on morphology finds significant biomedical applications. Examples may include morphological determination in the cellular division process, differentiation of bacterial cells, and cellular morphological variation in inflammation and cancer etc. Here, we present a novel integrated multi-planar microelectrodes geometry design that can distinguish a non-spherical individual particle flowing along a microchannel based on its electrical signature. We simulated multi-planar electrodes design in COMSOL Multiphysics and have shown that the changes in electrical field intensity corresponding to multiple particle morphologies can be distinguished. Our initial investigation has shown that top–bottom electrodes configuration produces significantly enhanced signal strength for a spherical particle as compared to co-planar configuration. Next, we integrated the co-planar and top–bottom configurations to develop a multi-planar microelectrode design capable of electrical impedance measurement at different spatial planes inside a microchannel by collecting multiple output signatures. We tested our integrated multi-planar electrode design with particles of different elliptical morphologies by gradually changing spherical particle dimensions to the non-spherical. The computed electrical signal ratio of non-spherical to spherical particle shows a very good correlation to predict the particle morphology. The biochip sensitivity is also found be independent of orientation of the particle flowing in the microchannel. Our integrated design will help develop the technology that will allow morphological analysis of various bioparticles in a microfluidic channel in the future.
Sarcopenia is associated with poor prognosis after chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Katsui Kuniaki , Ogata Takeshi , Sugiyama Soichi , Yoshio Kotaro , Kuroda Masahiro , Hiraki Takao , Kiura Katsuyuki , Maeda Yoshinobu , Toyooka Shinichi , Kanazawa Susumu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe intended to investigate whether muscle and adipose masses were associated with prognosis among patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were undergoing chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). We retrospectively explored data of patients with stage III NSCLC who underwent definitive CCRT (≥ 60 Gy) between January 2004 and March 2018 at our hospital. We examined the relationship of overall survival (OS) with body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle index (SMI), psoas muscle index (PMI), visceral adipose tissue index (VAI), subcutaneous adipose tissue index (SAI), and visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio (VSR) using log-rank tests for the univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazard models for the multivariate analysis. Overall, 16, 32, and 12 patients had stage IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC NSCLC, respectively. The total radiotherapy dose ranged from 60 Gy/30 fractions to 66 Gy/33 fractions. In the univariate analysis, the performance status (PS), BMI, and SMI were associated with OS, whereas the PMI, VAI, SAI, and VSR were not. In the multivariate analysis, the PS and SMI were associated with OS. The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 2.91 and 1.28–6.64 for PS, and 2.36 and 1.15–4.85 for SMI, respectively. The 1, 3, and 5-year OS rates were 92.1%, 59.6%, and 51.0% in patients with high SMI, and 63.6%, 53.8%, and 17.9% in patients with low SMI, respectively. The SMI correlated with prognosis in our study population, whereas adipose mass did not. Therefore, sarcopenia should be considered while predicting the OS in such patients.
CXCL2/10/12/14 are prognostic biomarkers and correlated with immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lin Tong , Zhang E , Mai Pei-pei , Zhang Ying-zhao , Chen Xiang , Peng Li-sheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground: C-x-C motif chemokine ligands (CXCLs) are critical regulators of cancer immunity and angiogenesis, which affect disease progression and treatment responses. The character of each CXCL in the prognosis and immune infiltration of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients is unclear yet. Methods: Differentially expressed CXCLs between HCC and normal control were screened by Oncomine and GEPIA2. Genetic alternations of CXCLs in HCC were analyzed by cBioPortal. Clinicopathological relevance of CXCLs in HCC patients was analyzed using UALCAN. The prognostic value of CXCLs was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Correlations of CXCLs’ expression with immune infiltration, chemokines and their receptors were assessed integrating TIMER, TISIDB, and GEPIA2. The co-expressed genes of CXCLs were discovered, and functional enrichment analysis was performed for them. Results:CXCL9/10 was significantly higher expressed while CXCL2/12/14 was lower expressed in HCC than normal tissues, but they didn’t show significant clinicopathological relevance in HCC patients. High-expression of CXCL2/10/12/14 indicated favorable outcomes of HCC patients. The expression of CXCL9/10/12/14 was significantly positively correlated with not only the infiltration and biomarkers’ expression of various tumor-infiltrating immune cells but also the abundance of chemokines and their receptors. The co-expressed genes of the five CXCLs were extracellular components and regulated immune or inflammatory responses and signaling pathways of chemokine, Toll-like receptor and tumor necrosis factor might be involved. Conclusion: The present study proposed CXCL2/10/12/14 might predict outcomes of HCC patients and were extensively related with the immune microenvironment in HCC. It would be a prospective therapeutic strategy for HCC to enhance effective immunity surveillance through intervening in these CXCLs.
Abundance–age relations with red clump stars in open clusters
Authors: Casamiquela L. , Soubiran C. , Jofré P. , Chiappini C. , Lagarde N. , Tarricq Y. , Carrera R. , Jordi C. , Balaguer-Núñez L. , Carbajo-Hijarrubia J. , Blanco-Cuaresma S. 
Published: June 2021

Context. Precise chemical abundances coupled with reliable ages are key ingredients to understanding the chemical history of our Galaxy. Open clusters (OCs) are useful for this purpose because they provide ages with good precision.
Aims. The aim of this work is to investigate the relation between different chemical abundance ratios and age traced by red clump (RC) stars in OCs.
Methods. We analyzed a large sample of 209 reliable members in 47 OCs with available high-resolution spectroscopy. We applied a differential line-by-line analysis, performing a comprehensive chemical study of 25 chemical species. This sample is among the largest samples of OCs homogeneously characterized in terms of atmospheric parameters, detailed chemistry, and age.
Results. In our metallicity range (−0.2 < [M/H] < +0.2) we find that while most Fe-peak and α elements show a flat dependence on age, the s-process elements show a decreasing trend with increasing age with a remarkable knee at 1 Gyr. For Ba, Ce, Y, Mo, and Zr, we find a plateau at young ages (< 1 Gyr). We investigate the relations between all possible combinations among the computed chemical species and age. We find 19 combinations with significant slopes, including [Y/Mg] and [Y/Al]. The ratio [Ba/α] shows the most significant correlation.
Conclusions. We find that the [Y/Mg] relation found in the literature using solar twins is compatible with the one found here in the solar neighborhood. The age–abundance relations in clusters at large distances(d > 1 kpc) show larger scatter than those in clusters in the solar neighborhood, particularly in the outer disk. We conclude that, in addition to pure nucleosynthetic arguments, the complexity of the chemical space introduced by the Galactic dynamics must be taken into account in order to understand these relations, especially outside of the local bubble.