bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of country readiness for drug development: A qualitative study in Indonesia
Authors: Siagian Ria C. , Ayuningtyas Dumilah , Soewondo Prastuti , Thabrany Hasbullah , Achadi Anhari , Bachtiar Novilia S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOver a 5‐year period ending in 2019, 200 pharmaceutical industries in Indonesia were encouraged to transform from generic to research‐based ones. This study aimed to assess the country's readiness for change, to predict the policy impact on drug development in Indonesia. Issues concerning the perceptions of pharmaceutical industries and government institutions on the pursuit of drug development readiness were explored in a qualitative explorative study, employing elements of key levers predicting drug development. Data from interviews and an open‐ended survey of a number of top‐level managers in pharmaceutical industries and relevant government institutions revealed that Indonesia was only partially ready to develop drugs. Drug characteristics, push and pull factors, government resources, and the national program were identified as drivers but failed to deliver any impact. Regulations, pharma capacity, market opportunities, regulatory‐pull factors, key actors, and policy value were among the commonly stated barriers to development.
Important Issues in Planning a Proteomics Experiment: Statistical Considerations of Quantitative Proteomic Data
Authors: Schork Karin , Podwojski Katharina , Turewicz Michael , Stephan Christian , Eisenacher Martin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMass spectrometry is frequently used in quantitative proteomics to detect differentially regulated proteins. A very important but unfortunately oftentimes neglected part in detecting differential proteins is the statistical analysis. Data from proteomics experiments are usually high-dimensional and hence require profound statistical methods. It is especially important to already correctly design a proteomic experiment before it is conducted in the laboratory. Only this can ensure that the statistical analysis is capable of detecting truly differential proteins afterward. This chapter thus covers aspects of both statistical planning as well as the actual analysis of quantitative proteomic experiments.
Between Physiology and Psychology—Ethology and Animal Feelings
Authors: Kirchhelle Claas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores scientific thinking about animal behaviour and welfare from the late nineteenth century onwards. After a period of unsystematic investigations of animal cognition and feelings (affective states), many researchers abandoned allegedly anthropomorphic approaches in favour of new mechanistic behaviourist models. Interest in the evolutionary roots and purpose of behaviour was gradually revived by ethologists from the interwar period onwards. While senior continental ethologists shied away from research on animal feelings, a growing number of Anglo-American ethologists questioned supposed divides between animal and human cognition and anthropomorphic taboos associated with studying affective states. In post-war Britain, the University Federation of Animal Welfare and ethologists Julian Huxley and William Homan Thorpe used research on behaviour and stress to call for improved welfare. Their actions were strongly influenced by Edwardian concepts of science as a progressive force for the moral and spiritual improvement of human society.
Molecular Approaches for Disease Resistance in Rice
Authors: Jamaloddin Mohammed , Mahender Anumalla , Gokulan C. Guru , Balachiranjeevi Chintavaram , Maliha A. , Patel Hitendra Kumar , Ali Jauhar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRice production needs to be sustained in the coming decades, with changing climatic conditions becoming more conducive to the prevalence of disease outbreaks. Major rice diseases collectively cause enormous economic damage and yield instability. Breeding for disease-resistant rice varieties could be one of the best options to counter these disease outbreaks. Disease-screening protocols and newer technologies are essential for effective phenotyping and would aid in gene discovery and function. Understanding the genetics of disease mechanisms and stacking of broad-spectrum disease-resistance genes could lead to faster development of rice varieties with multiple disease resistance. New molecular breeding approaches are discussed for the development of these varieties. The molecular biology of disease resistance is now better understood and could be well manipulated for improved resilience. Transgenic approaches for disease resistance are discussed. Genome-editing tools for the development of disease-resistant rice varieties are thoroughly discussed. The use of bioinformatics tools to speed up the process and to obtain a better understanding of molecular genetics mechanisms of disease resistance is explained.
Molecular Approaches for Insect Pest Management in Rice
Authors: Bentur Jagadish S. , Sundaram R. M. , Mangrauthia Satendra Kumar , Nair Suresh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the progress made in using molecular tools in understanding resistance in rice to insect pests and breeding rice for multiple and durable insect resistance. Currently, molecular markers are being extensively used to tag, map, introgress, and clone plant resistance genes against gall midge, planthoppers, and leafhoppers. Studies on cloned insect resistance genes are leading to a better understanding of plant defense against insect pests under different feeding guilds. While marker-assisted breeding is successfully tackling problems in durable and multiple pest resistance in rice, genomics of plants and insects has identified RNAi-based gene silencing as an alternative approach for conferring insect resistance. The use of these techniques in rice is in the developmental stage, with the main focus on brown planthopper and yellow stem borer. CRISPR-based genome editing techniques for pest control in plants has just begun. Insect susceptibility genes (negative regulators of resistance genes) in plants are apt targets for this approach while gene drive in insect populations, as a tool to study rice-pest interactions, is another concept being tested. Transformation of crop plants with diverse insecticidal genes is a proven technology with potential for commercial success. Despite advances in the development and testing of transgenic rice for insect resistance, no insect-resistant rice cultivar is now being commercially cultivated. An array of molecular tools is being used to study insect-rice interactions at transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, mitogenome, and metagenome levels, especially with reference to BPH and gall midge, and such studies are uncovering new approaches for insect pest management and for understanding population genetics and phylogeography of rice pests. Thus, it is evident that the new knowledge being gained through these studies has provided us with new tools and information for facing future challenges. However, what is also evident is that our attempts to manage rice pests cannot be a one-time effort but must be a continuing one.
Biofortification of Rice Grains for Increased Iron Content
Authors: Matres Jerlie Mhay , Arcillas Erwin , Cueto-Reaño Maria Florida , Sallan-Gonzales Ruby , Trijatmiko Kurniawan R. , Slamet-Loedin Inez 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDietary iron (Fe) deficiency affects 14% of the world population with significant health impacts. Biofortification is the process of increasing the density of vitamins and minerals in a crop, through conventional breeding, biotechnology approaches, or agronomic practices. This process has recently been shown to successfully alleviate micronutrient deficiency for populations with limited access to diverse diets in several countries (https://www.harvestplus.org/). The Fe breeding target in the HarvestPlus program was set based on average rice consumption to fulfil 30% of the Estimated Average Requirement of Fe in women and children. In this review, we present the reported transgenic approaches to increase grain Fe. Insertion of a single or multiple genes encoding iron storage protein, metal transporter, or enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of metal chelator in the rice genome was shown to be a viable approach to significantly increase grain-Fe density. The most successful approach to reach the Fe breeding target was by overexpression of multiple genes. Despite this success, a significant effort of 8–10 years needs to be dedicated from the proof of concept to varietal release. This includes large-scale plant transformation, event selection, collection of data for premarket safety assurance, securing biosafety permits for consumption and propagation, and collection of data for variety registration.
Advances in Two-Line Heterosis Breeding in Rice via the Temperature-Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility System
Authors: Ali Jauhar , Dela Paz Madonna , Robiso Christian John 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHybrid rice technology is a viable strategy to increase rice production and productivity, especially in countries with limited cultivable land for agriculture and irrigation water, along with costlier chemical inputs. The three-line hybrid rice technology adoption rate is slowing down because of restricted heterosis per se, the availability of better combining ability in cytoplasmic male sterile lines, lower hybrid seed reproducibility, and limited market acceptability of hybrids. Two-line heterosis breeding could overcome these shortcomings. However, the wide-scale adoption and use of two-line hybrid rice technology are possible through systematic research and breeding efforts to develop temperature-sensitive genetic male sterile (TGMS) lines with low (<24 °C) critical sterility temperature point, which is discussed in this chapter. Research on the genetics, breeding, grain quality, and resistance to insect pests and diseases for TGMS line development and physiological characterization is also discussed. In addition, the identification and validation of natural sites for TGMS self-seed multiplication and hybrid rice seed production through GIS mapping and climatic data analytical tools are also tackled. The development of high-yielding two-line rice hybrids and improvement in hybrid rice seed reproducibility could help in their wide-scale adoption.
Genetics and Breeding of Heat Tolerance in Rice
Authors: Ye Changrong , Li Xiaolin , Redoña Edilberto , Ishimaru Tsutomu , Jagadish Krishna 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExtreme weather events, especially heat waves, have become more frequent with global warming. High temperature significantly affects world food security by decreasing crop yield. Rice is intensively planted in tropical and subtropical areas in Asia, where high temperature has become a major factor affecting rice production. Rice is sensitive to high temperature, especially at booting and flowering stages. Rice varieties tolerant of high temperature are rare, and only a few heat-tolerant rice varieties have been identified. High temperature at booting and flowering stages causes sterile pollen, decreased pollen shedding, and poor pollen germination, which finally lead to a yield decrease. Heat-tolerant QTLs have been identified in different studies, but new breeding lines with considerable heat tolerance have not been bred using identified heat-tolerance donors and QTLs. Research on heat-tolerant donor identification, QTL mapping, gene cloning, and large-scale phenotyping technology is important for developing heat-tolerant rice varieties.
Genetics and Breeding of Low-Temperature Stress Tolerance in Rice
Authors: Najeeb Sofi , Mahender Anumalla , Anandan Annamalai , Hussain Waseem , Li Zhikang , Ali Jauhar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLow-temperature stress (LTS) is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect crop growth and ultimately decrease grain yield. The development of rice varieties with low-temperature stress tolerance has been a severe challenge for rice breeders for a long time. The lack of consistency of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing LTS tolerance for any given growth stage over different genetic backgrounds of mapping populations under different low-temperature stress conditions remains a crucial barrier for adopting marker-assisted selection (MAS). In this review, we discuss the ideal location and phenotyping for agromorphological and physiological parameters as indicators for LTS tolerance and also the traits associated with QTLs that were identified from biparental mapping populations and diverse rice accessions. We highlight the progress made in the fields of genome editing, genetic transformation, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance in rice. The stage-specific QTLs and candidate genes for LTS tolerance brought out valuable information toward identifying and improving LTS tolerance in rice varieties. We showed 578 QTLs and 38 functionally characterized genes involved in LTS tolerance. Among these, 29 QTLs were found to be colocalized at different growth stages of rice. The combination of stage-specific QTLs and genes from biparental mapping populations and genome-wide association studies provide potential information for developing LTS-tolerant rice varieties. The identified colocalized stage-specific LTS-tolerance QTLs will be useful for MAS and QTL pyramiding and for accelerating mapping and cloning of the possible candidate genes, revealing the underlying LTS-tolerance mechanisms in rice.
Arsenic Stress Responses and Accumulation in Rice
Authors: Murugaiyan Varunseelan , Zeibig Frederike , Anumalla Mahender , Siddiq Sameer Ali , Frei Michael , Murugaiyan Jayaseelan , Ali Jauhar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the world’s most vital staple grains, and 90% of it is produced and consumed in Asia alone. It plays a significant role in the entry of mineral nutrients into the food chain. Arsenic (As) is a toxic heavy metal that threatens the major rice-growing regions in the world, particularly in Asia. Arsenic is ubiquitously present in moderate concentrations in the environment because of natural geological processes and anthropogenic impacts. However, rapid industrialization and excessive use of arsenic-rich groundwater are further fueling the increased arsenic concentration in agricultural topsoil. Arsenic accumulation in rice plants has a significant adverse effect on plant, human, and livestock health. Although arsenic contamination in rice is well documented, its interaction and accumulation in rice are poorly understood. So far, no candidate genes or QTLs associated with arsenic interaction are used in breeding programs for the development of low-arsenic-accumulating rice varieties. The development and adaptation of new low-arsenic-accumulating rice cultivars resilient to arsenic toxicity constitute safe ways to mitigate arsenic contamination in rice. Recent scientific advances in rice genetics, genomics, and physiology have opened up new opportunities to speed up the process of developing low-arsenic-accumulating rice cultivars for the rapidly growing human population.
Three Rationales for a Legal Right to Mental Integrity
Authors: Douglas Thomas , Forsberg Lisa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMany states recognize a legal right to bodily integrity, understood as a right against significant, nonconsensual interference with one’s body. Recently, some have called for the recognition of an analogous legal right tomentalintegrity: a right against significant, nonconsensual interference with one’smind. In this chapter, we describe and distinguish three different rationales for recognizing such a right. The first appeals to case-based intuitions to establish a distinctive duty not to interfere with others’ minds; the second holds that, if we accept a legal right to bodily integrity, then we must, on pain of philosophical inconsistency, accept a case for an analogous right over the mind; and the third holds that recent technological developments create a need for a legal right to mental integrity.
Protection and Consolidation of Stone Heritage by Bacterial Carbonatogenesis
Authors: Jroundi Fadwa , Gonzalez-Muñoz Maria Teresa , Rodriguez-Navarro Carlos 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor millennia, artists and architects around the world used natural stone for the carving of sculptures and the construction of monuments, such as Roman, Greek, and Maya temples, the European cathedrals, and the Taj Mahal, just to name a few. Currently, the survival of these irreplaceable cultural and historical assets is under threat due to their continued degradation caused by various biotic and abiotic weathering processes that affect not only the aesthetic appearance of these structures, but also their durability and survival. The natural precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals by bacteria has been proposed for conservative interventions in monument restoration. This chapter reviews the application of biomineralization by (indigenous) bacterial carbonatogenesis as a novel technology for the protection and consolidation of altered ornamental materials. Carbonatogenesis is based on the ability of some bacteria to induce calcium carbonate precipitation. Laboratory and in situ results support the efficacy of bacterial carbonatogenesis, since remarkable protection and consolidation are achieved on the surface and in depth, without alterations in color or porosity, and without fostering the development of microbiota that could be harmful to the stone material. A discussion on the advantages of this novel biotechnology is provided. Challenges and future work on bioconsolidation of stone artifacts are also outlined.
Microbiota and Biochemical Processes Involved in Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage and Protection
Authors: Gu Ji-Dong , Katayama Yoko 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe world cultural heritage sites face new challenges for an effective protection and management because of destruction and damage initiated by both natural and anthropogenic causes. Fresh rock and sandstone surfaces of buildings are quickly colonized and covered by a layer of microorganisms, including phototrophs, lithotrophs, and heterotrophs to form a biofilm that alters the local conditions of the stone surfaces, especially under the favorable tropical climate conditions for autotrophic microorganisms and plants. Biofilms had been studied with indigenous or pure cultures of isolated microorganisms, but the selective ones that contribute to deterioration of the cultural heritage cannot be confirmed easily. Currently, high-throughput sequencing and metegenomics analyses are capable of obtaining microbial community and composition in great depth, but they also suffer from similar weakness unable to identify the culprits in the community. With these as background, this article presents a different approach by focusing on the biochemical processes and the responsible microorganisms involved to reveal the destruction processes for management and protection. Among these different functional groups of microorganisms, lichens are known as pioneering rock-decomposing microorganisms, and both sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and fungi participate in the decomposition of sandstone via sulfur cycling and initiation of salt attack of the stone afterward, resulting in defoliation and cracking of stone. Other microorganisms including ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea, especially the latter, have been recently detected on sandstone monuments providing evidence on the new organisms involved in the deterioration of cultural heritage and buildings. In addition, fungi can colonize the surfaces of the matured biofilms and play a new role in the removal of them, which has a potential biotechnological application in conservation of cultural heritage. The new proposed approach by focusing the microorganisms with identified biochemical function is more productive than a description of the community composition and assembly when assessing cultural heritage biodeterioration, and this provides basic and useful information for effective protection strategies and management.
Extreme Colonizers and Rapid Profiteers: The Challenging World of Microorganisms That Attack Paper and Parchment
Authors: Pinzari Flavia , Gutarowska Beata 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMicroorganisms form the backbone of life on Earth. Over billions of years, they have colonized and shaped every possible niche on the planet. Microbes have modelled both the land and the sea, and have created favourable conditions for multicellular organisms to thrive in. Our understanding of how microbial diversity is distributed across natural environments and how microbes affect ecosystems is constantly evolving as public databases are set up and new techniques based on massive sequencing are developed. The microbiome found in a particular anthropogenic environment is generally much less complex than those found in natural ones: there is less competition and the main actors are often linked to survival mechanisms regulated by a few limiting factors. Despite this simplicity, it is very difficult to link cause and effect when seeking to identify the role of individual organisms. In the case of biodeterioration of paper and parchment, even when analysing the individual components of a simple phenomenon, it is not always easy to understand the mechanisms at play. Works of art are unique objects and the elements that determine the arrival and establishment of one or more microorganisms and the direction that the biodeterioration process takes are always different. In some cases, however, there are common denominators and predictable mechanisms. The variables that come into play are examined below.
Green Mitigation Strategy for Cultural Heritage Using Bacterial Biocides
Authors: Caldeira Ana Teresa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe microbiota present in cultural heritage objects, made by diverse inorganic and organic materials and inserted into particular environment, represents a complex and dynamic ecosystem composed by bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, algae and lichens, which can induce decay by biological mechanisms. To control the microbial growth several methods are being applied such as mechanical and physical processes and chemical biocides. However, these methods have several weaknesses like be dangerous to handle, material incompatibility or produce environmental and health hazards. Therefore, the identification of effectively biodeteriogenic agents and the design of mitigation strategies directed to these agents without prejudice to historical materials, to the environment and to operators, taking into account the microbial community’s dynamics, is an important challenge to control biodeterioration of cultural heritage. Bacteria, in particular Bacillus spp. are worth for the creation of new green biocides solutions because they produce a great variety of secondary metabolites including ribosomally and non-ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides, known to possess antagonistic activities against many biodeteriogenic fungi and bacteria. The discovery of new safe active compounds and green nanotechnology for direct application in cultural heritage safeguard can in a close future contribute to potentiate a new generation of biocides and safe sustainable methods for cultural heritage.