bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Judicial Elaboration of Standards for Public Administrations in France
Authors: Mercier Jérémy 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter underlines how administrative law has taken a much greater significance in France since the period 1890–1910. This period is not only symbolic of a full development of administrative law around the notion of public power (puissance publique) or public service (service public) but also of the ramifications given to the very notion of State and public administration. The chapter deals with different theories (Hauriou, Duguit, etc.) related to a redefinition of the State and public services. It discusses four specific aspects: the institutional context, the case law of the Conseil d’État, the innovative orientations concerning the action of the public authorities, and the creative role of this case law.
Initial Investigation on Excess of Power: Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Italy (1890–1910)
Authors: Bassani Alessandra 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study has been carried out in accordance with a precise methodology: it examines the decisions handed down by the Fourth Chamber of the Council of State in its first twenty years of operation on the issue of excess of power. An interpretation of excess of power could be proposed whereby its substance is not to be found in the concept itself, but rather in the explanations provided by the organ that created it as it examines each individual case. Thus, excess of power cannot be pinned down to one single concept, nor should the continuity among its various manifestations be understood conceptually; rather it must be examined from a historical perspective on a case-by-case basis. It is there that it can be seen how excess of power has characterized the work of the Council of State more than any other issue over the course of its existence.
The Historical Foundations of Judicial Review in the United Kingdom
Authors: McCormick Conor 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses judicially developed standards for reviewing administrative actions in the United Kingdom between 1890 and 1910. By exploring the context, reach, types, and frequency of judicial review during that timeframe—fin de siècle—this historical analysis reveals both significant changes and significant continuities by comparison with twenty-first century standards. The chapter concentrates in particular on reported cases which undermine the Diceyan claim that administrative law did not exist in the United Kingdom during this timeframe; and reflects on the inconsistencies that pervaded that body of law. It concludes that some judges tended to deploy concepts which had the effect of restraining administrative actions, whereas other judicial constructs tended to facilitate the administrative arrangements contested in court. As such, it recommends that the role of judicial review at this time should be characterized with this duality of purpose firmly in mind.
The Development of Administrative Law in the United Kingdom (1890–1910)
Authors: Thomas Robert 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers some reflections and thoughts on the evolution of nineteenth-century fin de siècle administrative law in the United Kingdom. The period 1890–1910 was a time of social, political, and economic change. Administrative power was expanding and there was a need for administrative law controls over the exercise of such power. The chapter examines the following principal themes: the dominant tradition of Diceyan constitutionalism and its reaction to the growth of administrative power; the development of judicial review by the courts; and the growth of non-judicial remedies in the form of tribunals. It is argued that the period between 1890 and 1910 was a formative one for both the administrative state and administrative law. Many of the developments in administrative law during this period still provide the key building blocks on which contemporary administrative law is based.
The Ambivalence of Gay Liberation
Authors: Griffiths Craig 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book explores ways of thinking, feeling, and talking about homosexuality in the 1970s, an influential decade sandwiched between the partial decriminalization of sex between men in 1969, and the arrival of the HIV/AIDS crisis in the early 1980s. Moving beyond divided Cold War Berlin, this book also shines a light on the scores of lesser-known West German towns and cities that were home to a gay group by the end of the 1970s. Yet gay liberation did not take place only in activist meetings and on street demonstrations, but also on television, in magazine editorial offices, ordinary homes, bedrooms—and beyond. In considering all these spaces and individuals, this book provides a more complex account than previous histories, which have tended to focus only on a social movement and only on the idea of ‘gay pride’. By drawing attention to ambivalence, this book shows that gay liberation was never only about pride, but also about shame; characterized not only by hope, but also by fear; and driven forward not just by the pushes of confrontation, but also by the pulls of conformism. Ranging from the painstaking emergence of the gay press to the first representation of homosexuality on television, from debates over the sexual legacy of 1968 to the memory of Nazi persecution, The Ambivalence of Gay Liberation is the first English-language book to tell the story of male homosexual politics in 1970s West Germany. In so doing, this book changes the way we think about this key period in modern queer history.
Introduction
Authors: Griffiths Craig 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This introduction briefly places the 1970s into a longer history of homosexual emancipation in Germany, before moving onto the different ways historians have conceptualized gay liberation. The chapter calls into question the significance of the Stonewall Riots in New York City in 1969. For West Germans, the partial decriminalization of male homosexuality that same year was more important. Even so, 1969 was not a clear-cut turning-point. This introduction sets out the book’s central lens of analysis, ambivalence—the simultaneous attachment to conflicting feelings and attitudes. Drawing on queer, sociological, and psychoanalytic theory, the introduction advances three axes of ambivalence: pride/shame, normal/different, and hope/fear. This framework allows us to explore the tensions and complexities of the 1970s, as well as appreciate continuities in homosexual politics. Gay liberation was never simply the result of the more radical or the more confrontational outlook winning out over the forces of respectability and moderation.
Samuel Wesley in 1688
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines Wesley’s position while at Oxford and during the Glorious Revolution, when he graduated from Oxford, was ordained, and married. It also considers Wesley’s loyalty to James II and his willingness to switch his allegiance to William and Mary. Wesley was strongly committed to James II and supported him well into the autumn of 1688; he may even have times his marriage in November 1688 to ensure he did so under what he then saw as a legitimate monarch. Nevertheless, in 1689 Wesley swore the oaths to accept William and Mary, and unlike his wife, remained committed to the Protestant succession up to and beyond 1714. The chapter also examines Wesley’s marriage and his early career as a naval chaplain and later as a curate in London, neither of which provided him with sufficient income to support a family. It concludes with consideration of Wesley’s poetic output in the 1690s and especially his poems on the death of Mary II and Archbishop Tillotson.
Wesley, Sacheverell, and Convocation
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 explains the role that Wesley played in the events in Church and State between 1709 and 1714, the high point of Tory High Church ambition in Church and State. It suggests that Wesley probably did contribute to the defence of Henry Sacheverell, who was on trial in the House of Lords on the political charge of preaching a seditious sermon. Sacheverell and Wesley have so much in common that Wesley’s claim that he contributed to the defence seems entirely plausible. As a member of Convocation, between 1710 and 1713, Wesley emerged as an important figure in the period. In addition to much committee work and supporting the High Church Tory agenda, he also drafted a key report in 1713 which advanced the High Church clergy’s case against the Bishops and argued that the failure to pursue Church reform was the responsibility of the Latitudinarian Bishops. Also considered is Wesley’s response to the Peace of Utrecht, a major Tory victory against continuing a Whig war.
A Tory Marriage
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the Wesleys’ marriage as a deeply political and fraught relationship. Samuel and Susanna Wesley were both Tories and held High Church principles, but it seems that Susanna was a Jacobite, following the Revolution of 1688; whereas Samuel accepted the offer of the throne to William and Mary. In contrast to the usual accounts of the marriage, which suggest two moments of discord, this chapter suggests that their relationship was marked by sustained and enduring conflict. Starting in 1701–2 the couple separated over Susanna’s refusal to say ‘amen’ at prayers for the King. The breach was only superficially resolved in 1702. Thereafter the marriage remained a source of tension. In 1711 Susanna’s establishment of a prayer meeting in Epworth while Samuel was in London led to friction between them. A year later, Samuel reported his wife to the Bishop of Lincoln for her failure to accept the invalidity of her dissenting baptism.
The Wesleys’ Tory Ghost
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 looks at the involvement of Samuel Wesley and his family in the supernatural. It argues that the supernatural was profoundly political in this period. The contemporary examples of witchcraft and apparitions were heavily influenced by the Tory-Whig divide and by the High-Low Church divisions. Often belief in supernatural phenomena was regarded as the preserve of the educated and those of High Church and Tory principles. Whigs and Low Churchmen tended to adopt a more rationalist approach. The central discussion of the chapter is of ‘Old Jeffrey’, the Epworth Rectory Ghost which haunted the house for three months in 1716. The hauntings took form of noises and apparitions. It was especially well-documented because John Wesley was at school in London and asked for detailed accounts of the episode. The disturbances of 1716–17 almost certainly reflect community, political, and family divisions which marked the Wesleys in Epworth. There is also evidence that ‘Old Jeffrey’ shared Susanna’s Jacobite politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The conclusion reviews the life of Samuel Wesley and judges whether he was a success or a failure as both a parish clergyman and as a High Church Tory. It also examines the degree to which Wesley was representative of other High Churchmen and Tories in the period 1685-1720. His children clearly idolised their father and in particular his oldest son, Samuel junior, who was ordained but never held a parish, preferring instead to be a schoolmaster at Blundells School in Devon, published a poem on his father’s death. The poem represented Samuel Wesley as tolerant towards dissenters, misunderstood in politics and an eirenic and even tempered man. The reality was somewhat different. Nevertheless, Samuel Wesley junior’s poem in some respects began the process of sanitising Wesley’s family and personality from the reality. In some respects, Wesley might have preferred to be known as a poet rather than a clergyman who lived a fractious life.
The Time Revolutionaries of 1859
Authors: Gamble Clive 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The three principals, their partners, families, and networks are introduced. The chapter uses Darwin’s explanation of natural selection in 1857: ‘We have almost unlimited time; no-one but a practical geologist can fully appreciate this.’ Evans, Lubbock, and Prestwich were all practical geologists but with conflicting interests in managing London’s water supply for health and business. The chapter explores their geological passion and how they came to investigate the question of great human antiquity—the crux of the time revolution. The idea of using stone tools as a proxy for remote human ancestors is examined and the challenges which faced them set out. The characters of the principals are mapped onto the ideals in Samuel Smiles’s Self-Help, where zeal and perseverance sum up the qualities of success in all walks of life. George Eliot’s observations in Adam Bede on the men of New Leisure provides another fit for the three time revolutionaries. The preoccupation of the mid-nineteenth century with time is also examined using three inventions, the railways and railway time, shrinking distance—and hence time—by telegraphy, and freezing time with photographs. Examples range across literature and engineering.
Afterword
Authors: Gamble Clive 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
150 years after it was found the search began for the missing flint that was photographed and described on 27 April 1859. This chapter explores what other documentation was lost and, in particular, the two photographs taken on the day of discovery. The idea of archaeology as an experiment is also discussed. The historically important flint was re-discovered in the Prestwich collection that, after his death in 1896, went to the Natural History Museum. Until 2008 its importance was not recognised. It was possible to match the flint tool, identified by a well-glued label in Prestwich’s handwriting, with the close-up photograph taken in 1859. But when examined in detail a question emerged about its authenticity. Was it a genuine artefact or a forgery by one of the quarrymen that deceived both Evans and Prestwich?
Adaptation and the Brain
Authors: Healy Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe rationale for this work is to make some sort of sense of the seeming myriad of adaptive explanations for why vertebrate brains vary in size. The role that natural selection has played in brain size has been addressed using the comparative method, which allows identification of evolutionary patterns across species. One starting assumption is that brain size is a useful proxy for intelligence and therefore that large-brained animals are more intelligent than smaller-brained animals. Five classes of selection pressure form the majority of explanations: ecology, technology, innovation, sex, and sociality. After chapters in which I describe the difficulties of measuring both brain size and intelligence (cognition), I address the evidence for each of the five factors in turn, reaching the conclusion that although ecology provides the best explanations for variation in the size of brain regions, none of the factors yet offers a robust and compelling explanation for variation in whole brain size. I end by providing the steps I consider necessary to reach such an explanation, steps that I suggest are feasible, if challenging.
Introduction
Authors: Healy Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis brief introductory chapter begins with the key question to be addressed in the book: why does brain size vary among animal species? It contains a short outline of the book’s contents and establishes the rationale for the examination of the evidence that has been gathered using the comparative method over the past five decades. I explain that the book will be both a review and a critique of the work that has attempted to explain which natural selection pressures led to changes in brain size. This is a focus that, to a large extent, excludes work that addresses mechanistic explanations for brain size.
The Sexual Brain
Authors: Healy Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMorphological and behavioural differences between the sexes are ubiquitous across the animal kingdom. There is also good evidence for differences in some brain regions between males and females, in humans, some rodents, and many songbirds. I look at the data for sex differences in cognition, of which there are some that show differences in spatial cognition and in hippocampal structure, at least some of which may be explained by variation in hormone levels. The thesis of The Mating Mind by Geoffrey Miller considerably increased interest in using sexual selection to explain variation in brain size. From female mate choice, male–male competition, sperm competition, mating strategy, to parental care, there are some data that appear to support selection acting on one species rather than the other in sexually a selected manner but I conclude that the data are not generally supportive of the Sexual Brain Hypothesis.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Healy Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, I conclude that ecology has been shown to explain variation in the size of brain regions in multiple species, which is not the case for any of the other hypotheses. I go on to suggest the steps that need to be taken to collect the requisite data: collecting data on size of brain regions with identifiable function, choosing the appropriate cognitive test and collecting data from appropriate species, better quantification of ecological factors along with data collected from individuals that differ in age, sex, and geographical location, and demonstration that better cognition confers fitness benefits. Each of these is in both principle and practice feasible, if challenging to assemble for one hypothesis/taxonomic group. With these data, we may eventually be able to shed light on what has caused human brains to become relatively large.
Institutions and Business Strategies
Authors: Coen David , Katsaitis Alexander , Vannoni Matia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on business’ relationship with the EU’s institutions, in particular the European Commission and the European Parliament. From a theoretical perspective, the chapter discusses the role of legitimacy and information-expertise as central resources defining business access. It then examines the growing role of political parties, and the rise of political financing as an alternative lobbying resource. Empirically, the chapter draws from a large-N analysis of a population of 12,000 lobbyists, business, and policy-maker surveys, and an analysis EU-level political parties’ budgets. The chapter also includes a case study on the use of information and business strategies across institutional settings focusing on the European Emissions Trading Scheme. The chapter’s analyses shows how business interests mobilize in similar proportions across institutions. Interestingly, when lobbying members of the European Parliament they address parties across the ideological spectrum. Simultaneously, business donations to EU-level parties are increasing over time, with centre-right and Eurosceptic parties outperforming centre-left and left wing parties. In doing so this chapter contributes to discussions about, information-access, input/output legitimacy, political financing, and business lobbying politicization.
Making Sense of the Complexity of Business-Government Relations in the EU
Authors: Coen David , Katsaitis Alexander , Vannoni Matia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, we develop a political theory of the firm that draws from a micro-, meso-, and macro-perspective. In doing so, we develop a theory that brings together a set of pieces that form a sum greater than its parts. Specifically, it looks at how the structure and functions of institutions affect how the firm behaves in the political arena. It goes on to look at the variation in business behaviour across policy areas and stages of the policy cycles and it concludes with the focus on the internal features of the company. The chapter concludes by providing some recommendations for scholars of business and politics, policy-makers, and lobbyists.
The fluoride transporter FLUORIDE EXPORTER (FEX) is the major mechanism of tolerance to fluoride toxicity in plants1
Authors: Tausta S. Lori , Berbasova Tanya , Peverelli Martin , Strobel Scott A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fluoride is everywhere in the environment, yet it is toxic to living things. How biological organisms detoxify fluoride has been unknown until recently. Fluoride-specific ion transporters in both prokaryotes (Fluoride channel; Fluc) and fungi (Fluoride Exporter; FEX) efficiently export fluoride to the extracellular environment. FEX homologs have been identified throughout the plant kingdom. Understanding the function of FEX in a multicellular organism will reveal valuable knowledge about reducing toxic effects caused by fluoride. Here, we demonstrate the conserved role of plant FEX (FLUORIDE EXPORTER) in conferring fluoride tolerance. Plant FEX facilitates the efflux of toxic fluoride ions from yeast cells and is required for fluoride tolerance in plants. A CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana FEX renders the plant vulnerable to low concentrations (100-µM) of fluoride at every stage of development. Pollen is particularly affected, failing to develop even at extremely low levels of fluoride in the growth medium. The action of the FEX membrane transport protein is the major fluoride defense mechanism in plants.
Response to: H. George Frederickson’s Giving the Public in Public Administration its Due
Authors: Bozeman Barry 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This response to George Frederickson’s retirement speech on the meaning of “public” in public administration highlights Frederickson’s intellectual influence, both on this author and, especially, the entire field of public administration theory. The current paper argues that both the empirical and normative meanings of public are vital and that the interaction of the two helps frame not only public administration theory but also the practice of public administration. By treating “public” as little more than a sector label, a stereotype, it is easy to march in lockstep with those who misguidedly marginalize public administration as little more than a means of addressing market failure.
A prospective longitudinal study shows putamen volume is associated with moderate amphetamine use and resultant cognitive impairments
Authors: Kendrick Keith M , Daumann Joerg , Wagner Daniel , Koester Philip , Tittgemeyer Marc , Luo Qiang , Gouzoulis-Mayfrank Euphrosyne , Becker Benjamin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) have become a critical public health issue. Animal models have indicated a clear neurotoxic potential of ATSs. In humans, chronic use has been associated with cognitive deficits and structural brain abnormalities. However, cross-sectional retrospective designs in chronic users cannot truly determine the causal direction of the effects.

Objective
To prospectively determine effects of occasional ATS use on cognitive functioning and brain structure.

Methods
In a prospective longitudinal study design, cognitive functioning and brain structure were assessed at baseline and at 12-month follow-up in occasional ATS users (cumulative lifetime use &lt;10 units at baseline).

Results
Examination of change scores between the initial examination and follow-up revealed declined verbal memory performance and putamen volume in users with high relative to low interim ATS exposure. In the entire sample, interim ATS use, memory decline, and putamen volume reductions were strongly associated.

Conclusions
The present findings support the hypothesis that ATS use is associated with deficient dorsal striatal morphology that might reflect alterations in dopaminergic pathways. More importantly, these findings strongly suggest that even occasional, low-dose ATS use disrupts striatal integrity and cognitive functioning.