bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERIZATION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM MUTANTS WITH ALTERED GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Funanage Vicky L , Brenchley Jean E 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A number of glutamine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium were isolated and characterized genetically. Three of the mutations appear to be closely linked and are complemented by episomes carrying the glnA region of Escherichia coli. The lesions in these strains are approximately 20% linked by P1 transduction with a mutation in the rha gene, but are unlinked to ilv. Another mutation causing glutamine auxotrophy in strain JB674 is genetically distinct from the others. Strain JB674 grown in glucose medium containing ammonia as the nitrogen source has reduced levels of glutamine synthetase that is more adenylylated than in the parent strain, suggesting that the enzyme can not be deadenylylated normally. The lesion causing glutamine auxotrophy in JB674 lies in the region corresponding to the glnB and glnE genes affecting glutamine synthetase modification in Klebsiella areogenes. Four Gln+ revertants of JB674 have glutamine synthetase activities 4 to 6 fold higher than normal. One mutation causing this increased enzyme synthesis has been shown by three-factor crosses with the glnA mutations to lie near or within the glnA gene.
VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES IN USTILAGO MAYDIS: MUTANTS WITH PARTIAL GENOMES
Authors: Koltin Yigal 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Mutants with partial genomes for the virus-like particles of U. maydis were recovered following treatment with nitrosoguanidine. Examination of the properties retained by progeny of genetic crosses indicates that the 2.9 × 106 dalton component of double-stranded RNA contains the information for capsid formation and dsRNA replication. Other components appear to contain the information for killer function and immunity to killer. The use of such mutants for studies on the evolution of viruses with segmented genomes is discussed.
EVIDENCE FOR A SET OF CLOSELY LINKED AUTOSOMAL GENES THAT INTERACT WITH SEX-CHROMOSOME HETEROCHROMATIN IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Sandler L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is proposed that there exists a special region in the euchromatin of the left arm of chromosome 2 (contained within sections 31-32 of the standard salivary gland chromosome map) that is defined by a set of genes, each one of which interacts with a specific sex-chromosome heterochromatic segment. The evidence for the existence of this region is, first, the exhibition, mapping, and analysis of five different maternal-effect, embryonic semi-lethals located in region 31-32. Secondly, in each case the consequence of the maternal effect is markedly influenced by the amount of X- or Y-chromosome heterochromatin carried by the progeny of mutant mothers. The nature of this interaction and possible reasons for the existence of the cluster of autosomal genes are discussed
Is the Use of Routine Echocardiograms Warranted in Large Pediatric Burns?
Authors: Wilmot Ivan , Chang Philip , Fowler Laura , Warner Petra 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction can develop in large pediatric burns during the acute and recovery phase. When occurring in this population, the cardiac abnormality appears as left ventricular dysfunction or dilated cardiomyopathy. Recent studies have demonstrated perioperative and long-term cardiac dysfunction resulting in longer hospital stays for patients over 40% total body surface area. The objective of this study was to assess if early use of echocardiograms in large burns would allow for early recognition of patients at risk for cardiac dysfunction. Pediatric burn patients ages 0 to 18 years who sustained a burn injury of 30% TBSA or more or developed cardiac dysfunction during hospital course were evaluated. Echocardiograms were obtained upon admission with monthly repeats until three normal studies were attained or the patient was discharged and when symptomatic. Of the 130 acute burn patients admitted during 7/2017 to 10/2018, 10 patients met criteria for enrollment in this study. The average age was 5 years (0.8–10 years), 70% were males and 90% sustained flame injuries.Total TBSA average was 45% (24–70%) with average full-thickness burns of 33% (0–67%). Twenty echocardiogram studies were obtained. One patient with 25% TBSA burn, demonstrated severe left ventricular dysfunction with an ejection fraction (EF) of 25% from post-arrest myocardial stunning. Repeat echocardiogram studies demonstrated full recovery with normal EF. The remaining patients, despite large TBSA injuries, did not exhibit any abnormalities on echocardiogram examinations. No cardiac interventions were required. Use of echocardiograms is best performed on symptomatic burn patient populations.
Age Is Just a Number: Considerations for Older Adults in Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Habr Dany , McRoy Lynn , Papadimitrakopoulou Vassiliki A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Older adults continue to be underrepresented in cancer clinical trials, despite most cancer occurrence peaking in the later decades of life. Consequently, diagnostic and management strategies are commonly extrapolated from data on younger patients, thus challenging the delivery of informed cancer care in this patient population. Several recommendations and calls to action have been released by cancer societies, advocacy organizations, and regulatory agencies to guide inclusion of older adults in clinical trials. Effective implementation, however, requires awareness and close collaboration between all stakeholders involved in the clinical trial journey. We herein provide insights and experience from a drug developer on key considerations to optimize participation and retention of older adults in cancer clinical trials and discuss those under 4 key domains: trial eligibility and design, assessments and endpoints, patients and oncologists, and data reporting.
Mail Routes and the Costs of Expansion, 1866–83
Authors: Blevins Cameron 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the transportation of mail in the western United States. During the 1860s and 1870s the Post Office Department contracted with private stagecoach companies to carry the mail on its behalf, allowing it to extend mail routes across the region without establishing its own costly public infrastructure. Government mail contracts effectively subsidized the western stagecoach industry and facilitated the region’s breakneck growth during these decades. But staging companies began to lobby, collude, and bribe their way into exorbitant contracts worth millions of dollars, and by the end of the 1870s the situation had devolved into a full-fledged institutional crisis. This chapter is a story about mismanagement, fraud, and corruption, but it also speaks to the federal government’s lack of centralized administrative capacity. The decentralized agency model may have allowed the US Post to rapidly spread across the West, but this frenetic regional expansion project came with considerable costs.
Money Orders and National Integration, 1864–95
Authors: Blevins Cameron 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 traces the expansion of the postal money order system between the 1860s and 1890s, a service that allowed people to send small sums of money safely and cheaply through the mail. This chapter offers another counterpoint to assumptions about the inevitable tides of bureaucratization and national integration in the 19th-century West. First, unlike much of the US Post, the money order system was a centralized bureaucracy, managed by a career technocrat named Charles Macdonald. But Macdonald’s efficient management was predicated on limiting its spatial coverage to a relatively small number of western post offices. Second, money orders allowed westerners to conduct long-distance transactions that helped integrate them into a national consumer market. Mapping where the residents of one western town actually sent money orders during the 1890s reveals the unexpected pattern that despite an age of nationalizing forces, their remittances stayed largely within a regional orbit.
Perceiving and capturing opportunities through social interaction
Authors: Elfring Tom , Klyver Kim , van Burg Elco 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents an entrepreneurship-as-networking perspective on opportunity perception, evaluation, and action. Entrepreneurial opportunities are seen as relationally constituted; thus, social networks are a fundamental aspect of all opportunity-related processes. The network ties upon which entrepreneurs can draw largely influence their opportunity perceptions and, conversely, entrepreneurs intentionally shape their networks to get to those opportunities. In opportunity evaluation, the feedback of others is essential to identify an opportunity’s feasibility and desirability. At the same time, these others often engage in shaping and co-creating the opportunities. In opportunity action, entrepreneurs tend to create strong embeddedness by forming their teams and hiring their employees from among their close ties. By discussing the key networking mechanisms of embedding, accessing, transferring, diversifying, and socializing for each of these opportunity-related processes, the authors highlight both the positive and negative generative aspects of the social interactions and social networks in relation to entrepreneurial opportunities.
Justice and Egalitarian Relations
Authors: Schemmel Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key features and motivations of liberal relational egalitarianism. It notes that social justice and social equality have mostly been treated as separate values in the history of modern Western political thought, and that contemporary liberal egalitarianism is traditionally thought to require a form of distributive equality. It then argues that weaving social justice and social equality together in an account of relational equality as an urgent and stringent demand of liberal social justice is therefore a novel project worth attempting. It goes on to outline the overall argument of the book and the contribution of each chapter, as well as the different literatures and rival theories it draws on, and concludes by delineating the social scenario it is a theory for: primarily, for a society characterized by a reasonably well-functioning institutional structure capable of organizing social cooperation by enabling and sustaining a complex division of labour.
Popular Manifestation
Authors: Frank Jason 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
While contemporary democratic theory has explored the paradoxes of peoplehood and the dilemmas of authorization and legality that follow from them, this chapter focuses on a related but conceptually distinct problem: the question of how popular sovereignty’s authorizing entity, the people, publicly appears, how it makes itself tangible to the senses, how the people takes shape as a collective actor when no formal rules and procedures for identifying popular will exist, or when these rules and procedures are so deeply contested as to be effectively deauthorized. This chapter examines how this issue emerges in the work of two seminal theorists of modern democracy who have written extensively on the French Revolution—Carl Schmitt and Claude Lefort—only to be redirected from the aesthetic-political problem of manifestation to the political theological problem of incarnation.
Counseling Persons with Parkinson’s
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues the case study begun in Chapter 8, demonstrating how Phases Two and Three of the loss-based counseling approach look in practice. Together, the counselor and client should proceed with their work in light of the client having a deeper awareness and understanding of his needs and desires. Through further dialogue and by virtue of an ongoing convergence of their horizons of experience, they now collaborate further with the goal of formulating a plan for ameliorating the client’s various concerns. The chapter attends particularly to formulating a plan of action based on primary identified problems and their effects, with the focus here returning to the five purposeful actions, receiving, enduring, adjusting, relocating, and sojourning, and how these inform the work of mourning. The chapter concludes with practical tips for continuing to utilize what the client has learned after counseling ends.
Epilogue
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Two major branches of social and engineering sciences—social choice theory and systems analysis—seldom come together. Social choice theory guides the methods we use to choose among a given slate of alternatives. Systems analysis helps us think of new choices. Our efforts in this book are to show how the two areas of thought can be combined fruitfully to enhance organizational decision-making. Systems perspectives encourage thinking about how things interconnect. Deliberation processes that allow nonlinear thinking encourage systemwide thinking. Multi-criteria decision methods tell us how to evaluate choices with multiple dimensions of value. New methods of social choice give people methods to vote on all the choices together, holistically. Combining all of these will lead to a system that produces better design, decisions, and democracy.
The Social Brain
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how children’s theory of mind springs from their social brains. Neuroscience shows that adults have a theory-of-mind neural network. Children’s developing theory of mind uses some of the same neural regions that are used by adults. But, it also shows considerable neural change over time. Theory of mind is a deeply developmental achievement, driven by experience and learning. Because the brain is plastic, that experience and learning also shape the structure and functioning of the brain. We experience and learn new things, and the brain changes in response. Indeed, theory-of-mind understandings and theory-of-mind brain activations change throughout childhood, together, step by step. There is no simple brain-tells-all story. Mind reading is learned; the social brain is a product of learning as well.
Why Delegate?
Authors: Mitchell Neil J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
There is no escaping the delegation relationship, whether in our everyday lives or in the wider economic or political world. This chapter introduces the central concepts that help us understand delegation such as principal, agent, information asymmetry, moral hazard, adverse selection, can’t control and won’t control and the various incentives to delegate. The aims of the book are to develop a broader more descriptively useful logic of delegation that has wide applicability and to do so in an informal and accessible way using real world examples. The book is structured around the variety of economic and political incentives to delegate, stretching from saving time and effort to saving reputation and position and finding someone to blame for wrongdoing.
Knowledge
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter carries out a detailed analysis of Dharmakīrti’s definitions of the term pramāṇa. After elucidating his definitions and subsequent Indian interpretations of them, it is argued that we can characterize the standard post-Dharmakīrtian account of knowledge as a novel, truth-tracking cognition. The second half of the chapter explores how this Buddhist account of knowledge compares to analyses of knowledge in the contemporary analytic tradition of epistemology. It is argued, for example, that the Buddhist account cannot be assimilated to analyses of knowledge that appeal to justification, nor to standard versions of reliabilism. Instead, it more closely resembles the theory of knowledge defended by David Armstrong.
State Institutions
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Article VIII of the Colorado Constitution, on state institutions. Section 1 requires that the general assembly establish and support educational, reformatory, and penal institutions, and empowers it to establish other institutions for the “public good.” The general assembly has liberally used this power to create community colleges, universities, and state colleges. Sections 2 and 3 establish Denver as the state capital unless changed at a general election by a two-thirds vote of the people. Original Section 5 created, as institutions of the new state, the University at Boulder, the Agricultural College at Fort Collins, the School of Mines at Golden, and the school for the deaf at Colorado Springs, and gave them substantial autonomy. A 1970 amendment broadened coverage to all higher education institutions and gave the General Assembly control over them so long as its intent is clearly expressed.
Officers
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Article XII of the Colorado Constitution, which defines state officers and their duties and restrictions. Sections 2 through 7 are an important part of the framers’ efforts to provide a code of behavior for state and local officials. Section 4 disables anyone from holding state or local office who has been convicted of specified financial crimes, and Sections 6 and 7 attempt to combat bribery. Sections 10 and 11 define vacancies, terms of office, and changes in salaries. Sections 13 through 15 establish and set rules for the state’s personnel system. The chapter relates the complex and contested history of the civil service provisions.
Mining and Irrigation
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article XVI of the Colorado Constitution, which deals with mining and irrigation. Mining and agriculture were Colorado’s principal industries in 1876, so provisions relating to both, and to irrigation in particular, were major subjects of discussion at the convention. Section 2 requires laws to protect the health and safety of miners and prohibits employment in mines of children under twelve. Sections 3 and 4 authorize statutes to regulate drainage of mines and to provide for teaching mining and metallurgy in “institutions of learning” supported by the state. The article’s celebrated Sections 5 and 6 assert public ownership of the unappropriated water of every natural stream and establish the right to appropriate the water of any stream for a beneficial use. Section 7 confers a private power of eminent domain for rights-of-way to convey water.
Publication of Legal Advertising.
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at former Article XXIII of the Colorado Constitution, which was repealed in 1994. It had concerned publication of legal advertising related to ballot measures. The article was added in 1918 to require that proposed constitutional amendments and initiated and referred bills “be published in two issues of two newspapers of opposite political faith in each county in the state.” As those terms indicate, the article was modeled on the tradition of newspapers identified with political parties and the existence of an abundance of local papers. As those customs disappeared, the article needed revision. Instead, the 1994 amendment repealed the article and transferred its function to new Article V, Section 1(7.3), which requires the general assembly’s research staff to publish proposed ballot measures in legal newspapers.
Ethics in Government
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers Article XXIX of the Colorado Constitution on ethics in government. The article was added by citizens’ initiative in 2006. Its essential purpose was to outlaw gifts defined in Section 3 to public officers, employees, and their families. The section’s stricter ban allows no gift of any value by lobbyists except for campaign contributions; it specifically outlaws meals and beverages. Enforcement is committed to an Independent Ethics Commission (IEC) appointed as specified in Section 5. Since undertaking enforcement of the amendment, IEC has issued numerous decisions. Rulings are often responses to anticipatory requests by public officials, but some address attempts to discredit political opponents.
Challenges to the Application of the Concept of Vulnerability and the Principle of Best Interests of the Child in the Case Law of the ECtHR Related to Detention of Migrant Children
Authors: Turković Ksenija 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The administrative detention of migrant children, and the conditions of deprivation of liberty, pose serious challenges to the realisation of their rights. The present chapter discusses the concept of vulnerability and the principle of the best interests of the child, and their legal consequences, for the effective respect, protection, and fulfilment of the human rights of migrant children in the context of immigration detention. In doing so, it gives a short overview of the developments in the Court’s case law related to detention of migrant children. Using the Court’s concepts of vulnerability, the best interests of the child, and circumscribed child’s autonomy, as well as taking inspiration from other international instruments and EU law, this chapter attempts to demonstrate where the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law on the detention of migrant children in particular under Articles 3, 5, and 8 of the ECHR could grow further, and the opportunities for such growth, as well as the barriers to it.
Memory as Political Strategy
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter locates the origins of collective memory in international strategy. To that end it first looks at existing sociological and political works which situate collective memory’s beginnings in the domestic sphere. However, in the immediate aftermath of an often-traumatic event to be remembered, publics remain predominantly silent, leaving policymakers with little to gain from making politics with memory, at least at home. In the international sphere, incentive structures, on the other hand, are different. As such, this chapter moves the emerging struggle over the formation of collective memory from the domestic to the international sphere; and with it, away from its origins in a country’s public and into the hands of its foreign policy officials. The new assumptions on collective memory’s beginnings are then demonstrated in the cases of West Germany and Austria. The empirical study illustrates that the two successor states to the Third Reich started to confront their Nazi legacy first in the international, post-war environment. The question of reparation payments to the State of Israel in 1952 forms the ‘critical situation’ for qualitative analysis and demonstrates how West German and Austrian officials initially constructed collective memory as a political strategy directed at an international audience.
The Context and State of the Art in European Biobanking
Authors: Hallinan Dara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the context and state of the art in European biobanks and biobanking. Specifically, it seeks to provide an overview of the emergence, function, and practice of the current European biobanking landscape. It begins by looking at the emergence of biobanks and biobanking, exploring the Human Genome Project (HGP). The chapter then focuses on genomic research—the activity biobanks support—and considers its social significance and prospects. Against this background, it offers a definition for the concepts of biobank and biobanking. This definition is then used to map the range of types of biobanks, and biobanking activity, identifiable across Europe. The chapter concludes with a consideration of trends which will define European biobanking in future.