bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic bounce effect in quantum BTZ black hole
Authors: Xu Zhen-Ming , Zhang Pan-Pan , Wu Bin , Zhang Xing 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A novel thermodynamic phenomenon has been observed in the quantum Bañados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (qBTZ) black hole, utilizing generalized free energy and Kramers escape rate. This phenomenon also reveals the unique property of the quantum black hole. The stochastic thermal motion of various thermodynamic states within the black hole system induces phase transitions, under the influence of generalized free energy which obtained by extending Maxwell’s construction. Through the analysis of Kramers escape rate, it is discovered that the qBTZ black hole thermodynamic system exhibits a bounce effect. It originates from the non-monotonicity of entropy in black hole thermodynamic systems. Furthermore, the overall thermodynamic picture of the qBTZ black hole has been obtained under different quantum backreactions.
Theory of neutrino fast flavor evolution. Part II. Solutions at the edge of instability
Authors: Fiorillo Damiano F. G. , Raffelt Georg G. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In dense neutrino environments, such as provided by core-collapse supernovae or neutron-star mergers, neutrino angular distributions may be unstable to collective flavor conversions, whose outcome remains to be fully understood. These conversions are much faster than hydrodynamical scales, suggesting that self-consistent configurations may never be strongly unstable. With this motivation in mind, we study weakly unstable modes, i.e., those with small growth rates. We show that our newly developed dispersion relation (Paper I of this series) allows for an expansion in powers of the small growth rate. For weakly unstable distributions, we show that the unstable modes must either move with subluminal phase velocity, or very close to the speed of light. The instability is fed from neutrinos moving resonantly with the waves, allowing us to derive explicit expressions for the growth rate. For axisymmetric distributions, often assumed in the literature, numerical examples show the accuracy of these expressions. We also note that for the often-studied one-dimensional systems one should not forget the axial-symmetry-breaking modes, and we provide explicit expressions for the range of wavenumbers that exhibit instabilities.
Automated inspection of the tip condition of a welding tungsten electrode
Authors: Trebuľa Marek , Čierny Lukáš , Dekan Martin , Kovaríková Zuzana , Prištiak Ján , Nagy František , Duchoň František 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis article introduces an innovative inspection system designed to check the condition of the welding electrode tip. The system combines 2D laser scanning with advanced analytical algorithms, enabling fast, accurate, and automated inspection. Developed PC software controls the synchronized movement of welding electrodes and the scanner, allowing the creation of 3D point clouds representing the surface of the electrodes. These data are analysed to identify deformations, contamination, and surface imperfections. The inspection results are communicated with the welding control system, contributing to improved weld quality and efficiency in industrial production processes. This innovation has the potential to change how the condition of welding electrodes is monitored in industrial sectors.
Analysis of virtual reality teaching methods in engineering education: assessing educational effectiveness and understanding of 3D structures
Authors: Ka Jonghyeon , Kim Haryun , Kim Jihyung , Kim Wooksung 
Published: January 2025

AbstractConventional digital learning with 2D videos or simulations on monitors and tablets has limitations in engineering education when covering complex concepts or complicated 3D structures. In response, virtual reality (VR) has been introduced as an immersive method that can enhance learning effectiveness. This study analyzed the impact of VR on overall learning outcomes and understanding of 3D structures in engineering education, comparing it with traditional digital learning approaches. We conducted a study with 40 participants who learned about LCD-related topics using two methods: VR-based learning and 2D video-based learning (2DLM). To evaluate their performance, we carried out a performance-based assessment consisting of a quiz and 3D reconstruction tasks, as well as a perception-based assessment using a questionnaire. As for the results, the VR-based learning showed a 12% improvement in post-test quiz scores and a 13% improvement in 3D reconstruction test scores compared to the 2DLM. Additionally, the questionnaire results confirmed that VR learning increased engagement by 11.9%, immersion by 18.6%, motivation by 10.3%, cognitive benefits by 9.3%, and perceived learning effectiveness by 8.7%. While VR showed better learning outcomes, these findings should be interpreted considering the small sample size, the specific learning topics addressed, and the partial integration of media and educational methods. Nevertheless, our results indicate that VR is more effective than conventional learning resources in supporting general memorization, understanding, and the specific comprehension of 3D structures.
Broad acceptance of sustainable insect-based shrimp feeds requires reproducible and comparable research
Authors: Barth Annalena , Stelbrink Björn , Klüber Patrick , Schubert Patrick , Bendag Slim , Wilke Thomas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF) has great potential as a sustainable aquaculture feed. However, for shrimp aquaculture, research on BSF-based feeds has only recently started and the few available studies show a heterogeneous picture in terms of growth parameters of shrimp. While some of these varying results may be explained by the properties of the insect feed used, it is likely that yet unknown parameters also play a role. Moreover, pre-treatment, experimental design, and statistical analyses performed may influence the outcome of feeding experiments. Therefore, the general goal of this study is to establish basic reporting guidelines for BSF-based feeding trials in Pacific white shrimp (PWS), building on literature data and a best-practice study. Here, we (i) identify several contributing parameters that may influence life-history parameters of shrimp fed with BSF, including the genetic composition or strain of BSF used; (ii) show that the partial substitution of fishmeal-based compounds with BSF larvae could be a sustainable alternative to fishmeal-based feeds for PWS as the production index did not differ significantly between treatment and control groups in our best-practice study; and (iii) propose reporting guidelines with 39 parameters to be considered in future insect-based feeding studies in PWS to facilitate comparability and reproducibility. Overall, our study may contribute to improving the ecological, economic, and social sustainability of shrimp aquaculture through insect-based feeds.
Diterpene chemical space of Aeollanthus buchnerianus Briq. aerial part
Authors: Bitchagno Gabin T. M. , Reynolds Nathan , Simmonds Monique S. J. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe Plectranthinae clade, which includes genera such as Plectranthus, Ocimum, and Aeollanthus, is well known for its diverse array of diterpenoids. While numerous studies have deepened the understanding of diterpene diversity across the clade, Aeollanthus species remain underexplored, with only two studies focusing on their diterpene profiles. The NMR-based chemical profiling of the EtOAc leaf extract of the rocky and succulent species Aeollanthus buchnerianus Briq. reveals a range of diterpenes with isopimarane and abietane skeletons including several previously unreported analogues. Interestingly, the isolated compounds provided insights into the breakdown patterns of both diterpene classes by examining the product ions in their MS2 spectra. These data offer valuable information for evaluating the taxonomic position of this species in relation to other species within the clade.
Graphical Abstract
Resveratrol activates PGC-1α pathway via PRAKK1 to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and alleviate inflammatory responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Hu ChunLi , An YanHao , Ma XueHu , Feng Xue , Ma Yun , Ma Yanfen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Mastitis in dairy cows is an important factor restricting the healthy development of dairy industry. Natural extracts have become a research hotspot to alleviate and prevent diseases because of their unique properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol (RES) on the mitochondrial biosynthesis, antioxidation, and anti-inflammatory in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and its mechanism involved. Blood samples were collected from six healthy cows and six mastitis affected cows, respectively, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to treat BMECs to construct inflammation models, gene interference is achieved by transfection. The results showed that messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) was down-regulated and mitochondrial biogenesis-related gene expression was disrupted in the blood of mastitis cows and LPS-induced BMECs. RES is the best active substance to activate PGC-1α. The addition of RES can effectively alleviate the production of BMECs reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial damage induced by LPS, and improve the antioxidation and anti-inflammatory ability, while the alleviation effect of RES is inhibited after interfering with protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit α 1 (PRKAA1). In summary, our study emphasizes that PRKAA1 is a key gene mediating the activation of PGC-1α by RES, which regulates mitochondrial biosynthesis, inhibits ROS release, attenuates mitochondrial damage, and improves mitochondrial antioxidant capacity through the activation of PGC-1α by PRKAA1, thus attenuating the inflammatory response in BMECs.
An assessment of cord ferritin concentration and its predictors among a cohort of Canadian preterm and term infants
Authors: Pei Lulu X. , Hutcheon Jennifer A. , Karakochuk Crystal D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Low iron (Fe) stores at birth may adversely influence child cognitive and motor development. The aims of this study were to assess cord blood Fe levels and explore maternal and neonatal factors associated with Fe status. Cord blood specimens (n 46) were obtained from the BC Children’s Hospital BioBank in Vancouver, Canada. The primary outcome was cord plasma ferritin, measured using sandwich-ELISA. Predictors of interest included maternal age, gestational age, gravidity, infant sex, birth weight and delivery method. Median (interquartile range (IQR)) maternal age and gestational age at delivery was 33·5 (29·3–35·8) years and 36·5 (30·0–39·0) weeks, respectively, and 44 % of infants were female. Median (IQR) cord ferritin was 100·4 (75·7–128·9) µg/l, and 26 % had low Fe status (ferritin <76 µg/l). Among preterm deliveries, a 1-week increase in gestational age was associated with a 6·22 (95 % CI (1·10, 9·52)) µg/l increase in median cord ferritin. However, among term deliveries, a negative trend was observed (–2·38 µg/l per week of gestation (95 % CI (–34·8, 0·78))), indicating a potential non-linear relationship between gestational age and cord ferritin. Female term infants had higher cord ferritin compared with males (β (95 % CI): 30·3 (18·4, 57·9) µg/l), suggesting sex-specific differences in Fe transfer, acquisition and utilisation. Cord ferritin was higher with vaginal deliveries compared with caesarean sections (β (95 % CI): 39·1 (29·0, 51·5) µg/l). Low Fe status may be a concern among infants in Canada; however, further research is needed to inform appropriate thresholds to define optimal Fe status in cord blood.
Influence of Initial Slab Dip, Plate Interface Coupling, and Nonlinear Rheology on Dynamic Weakening at the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere Boundary
Authors: Bhavsar Vivek , Jadamec Margarete , Knepley Matthew 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe slab dip and long‐term coupling along the plate interface can vary both between and within subduction zones. However, how the initial slab dip and resistance at the plate interface affect the dynamic viscous resistance of the asthenosphere at the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is less understood. This paper presents two‐dimensional (2D) visco‐plastic models that examine the surface plate velocity and dynamic weakening of the asthenosphere as a function of three values of initial slab dip (, , ) and six upper bounds on the plate interface coupling (, , , , , ). The models use a composite viscosity in the upper mantle and examine both the instantaneous and time‐dependent flow. The instantaneous models show that decreasing the plate interface coupling bound results in an increase in the subducting plate speed and extent of dynamic weakening of the asthenosphere adjacent to the LAB (sub‐LAB asthenosphere), peaking for models with a slab dip of . The time‐dependent results show the surface plate motion and thickness of the weakened asthenosphere evolve during several million years of subduction, with models with an initial slab dip of and weakest plate interface coupling bound producing the fastest subducting plate speeds and greatest dynamic weakening in the sub‐LAB asthenosphere over time. The results show the surface motion is correlated with dynamic weakening in the sub‐LAB asthenosphere due to the effects of the strain‐rate‐dependent rheology. This reduced viscous resistance to slab sinking facilitates subduction and mantle flow over time, thus facilitating plate tectonics.
Isolation of Primary Remanent Magnetization From Himalayan Rocks: Insights From Partially Remagnetized Upper Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds in Southern Tibet, China
Authors: Yuan Jie , Jiang Zhaoxia , Huang Wentao , Liu Caicai , Tsering Thubtan , Zhang Shuai , Qi Kaixian , Yang Zijuan , Shen Zhongshan , Cai Shuhui , Liu Shuangchi , Qin Huafeng , Zhang Chunxia , Yang Zhenyu 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOceanic red beds, preserving primary depositional remanent magnetization, play a key role in reconstructing the Tethyan paleogeography. However, partial remagnetization caused by chemical processes could be pervasive in these rocks, leading to flawed reconstructions, and thus, differentiating secondary and primary remanences is important. In this paper, we conduct multiple X‐ray diffraction, petrographic, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and rock magnetic analyses on the Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORBs) from the Cailangba section in the Gyangze region of the Tethyan Himalaya. Our results reveal that the CORBs contain coarse‐grained detrital hematite with a narrow coercivity distribution, as well as fine‐grained authigenic hematite with a broad coercivity distribution. The coarse‐grained population is mainly composed of >400 nm hematite grains and unblocks close to the Néel temperature (675°C), consistent with a detrital origin. In contrast, the fine‐grained population is mainly composed of <30−400 nm hematite grains and progressively unblocks below 650°C, consistent with a chemical (authigenic) origin. In addition to these two populations of hematite, a small amount of goethite, unblocking below 120°C, is detected. Due to the distinct unblocking temperature spectra of these two populations of hematite, isolating the primary detrital remanence of the coarse‐grained hematite from the chemical remanence of the fine‐grained hematite in the CORBs through high‐resolution thermal demagnetization treatment is feasible. This study lends confidence to the paleomagnetic studies of these oceanic red beds in Tethyan paleogeographic reconstructions.
Optical Quantification of Wind‐Wave Breaking and Regional Variations in Different Offshore Seas Using Landsat‐8 OLI Images
Authors: Yin Ziyao , Lu Yingcheng 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOceanic whitecaps, as indicators of increased air–sea exchange, can be effectively captured by Landsat‐8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images with a 30‐m spatial resolution. This study used a new adaptive iterative triangle algorithm, which was applied to 400 OLI images synchronized with National Data Buoy Center‐measured wind speeds, covering the different offshore areas of the United States over the last ten years to automatically extract whitecap‐affected pixels. By integrating radiative transfer equations, we calculated the whitecap coverage (W), determined that a 4 km window size is optimal for calculating W, and established a whitecap coverage‐sea surface wind speed model. A sliding window method was used to achieve high‐resolution (100 m) large‐area sea surface wind speed estimations. More importantly, this study provides new insights into the impact of different wind and wave conditions on W and regional variations in the whitecap coverage‐sea surface wind speed model from an optical satellite perspective, which can effectively quantify the wind‐wave breaking and distinguish the regional variations of them in different offshore seas. By comparing with 10‐m resolution data from the Sentinel‐2 Multi‐Spectral Instrument, we further clarified the impact of spatial resolution on the selection of methods for calculating W, revealing scale effects in optical remote sensing of whitecap detection and proposing corresponding W calculation strategies. These results demonstrate the potential of high‐resolution optical remote sensing for monitoring whitecaps, estimating sea surface winds and studying air–sea interactions.
Atmospheric River Detection Under Changing Seasonality and Mean‐State Climate: ARTMIP Tier 2 Paleoclimate Experiments
Authors: Rush W. D. , Lora J. M. , Skinner C. B. , Menemenlis S. A. , Shields C. A. , Ullrich P. , O’Brien T. A. , Brands S. , Guan B. , Mattingly K. S. , McClenny E. , Nardi K. , Nellikkattil A. , Ramos A. M. , Reid K. J. , Shearer E. , Tomé R. , Wille J. D. , Leung L. R. , Ralph F. M. , Rutz J. J. , Wehner M. , Zhang Z. , Lu M. , Quagraine K. T. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are filamentary structures within the atmosphere that account for a substantial portion of poleward moisture transport and play an important role in Earth's hydroclimate. However, there is no one quantitative definition for what constitutes an atmospheric river, leading to uncertainty in quantifying how these systems respond to global change. This study seeks to better understand how different AR detection tools (ARDTs) respond to changes in climate states utilizing single‐forcing climate model experiments under the aegis of the Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP). We compare a simulation with an early Holocene orbital configuration and another with CO2 levels of the Last Glacial Maximum to a preindustrial control simulation to test how the ARDTs respond to changes in seasonality and mean climate state, respectively. We find good agreement among the algorithms in the AR response to the changing orbital configuration, with a poleward shift in AR frequency that tracks seasonal poleward shifts in atmospheric water vapor and zonal winds. In the low CO2 simulation, the algorithms generally agree on the sign of AR changes, but there is substantial spread in their magnitude, indicating that mean‐state changes lead to larger uncertainty. This disagreement likely arises primarily from differences between algorithms in their thresholds for water vapor and its transport used for identifying ARs. These findings warrant caution in ARDT selection for paleoclimate and climate change studies in which there is a change to the mean climate state, as ARDT selection contributes substantial uncertainty in such cases.
Clouds and Ammonia in the Atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn Determined From a Band‐Depth Analysis of VLT/MUSE Observations
Authors: Irwin Patrick G. J. , Hill Steven M. , Fletcher Leigh N. , Alexander Charlotte , Rogers John H. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe visible spectrum of Jupiter contains absorption bands of methane (619 nm) and ammonia (647 nm) that can be used to probe the cloud‐top pressures and ammonia abundance in Jupiter's atmosphere. Recently, it has been shown that filter‐averaged observations of Jupiter made with telescopes and filters accessible to backyard astronomers can be reduced to yield ammonia maps that bear a remarkable similarity with distributions derived using more complex radiative transfer methods. Here, we determine the reliability of this method by applying it to observations made with the MUSE instrument at ESO's Very Large Telescope, and find excellent correspondence with the retrieved products from multiple‐scattering retrieval model analyses. We find that the main level of reflection in Jupiter's atmosphere is at 2–3 bar, which is far beneath the anticipated ammonia ice condensation level at 0.7 bar, and conclude that pure ammonia ice cannot be the main cloud constituent. We show that the spatial variations of ammonia determined at 2–3 bar are strongly correlated with those determined from thermal‐infrared observations, and microwave observations by the Very Large Array and the Juno spacecraft. Finally, we show that the same technique can be applied to observations of Saturn, again yielding maps of ammonia abundance at 2–3 bar that are well‐correlated with thermal‐IR observations made near 5 m by Cassini/VIMS and JWST/MIRI. Similarly, the main level of reflectivity is found to be lie far beneath the expected condensation level of ammonia in Saturn's atmosphere at 1.8 bar.
Understanding low-threshold mode-locking at multi-GHz repetition rate
Authors: He Wenbin , Pang Meng , Russell Philip St. J. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractContinuous-wave mode-locking at multi-GHz repetition rates is achieved in an ultrashort laser cavity at critical pulse energies 100 times lower than predicted by conventional theory. The authors reveal that dynamic gain depletion and recovery between consecutive round-trips is the key factor behind a low-pulse-energy transition from Q-switched mode-locking (QSML) to continuous-wave mode-locking (CWML). As well as providing new insight into gain dynamics, the results suggest a practical route to low-threshold lasing at very high-repetition rates.
Self-induced optical non-reciprocity
Authors: Wang Zhu-Bo , Zhang Yan-Lei , Hu Xin-Xin , Chen Guang-Jie , Li Ming , Yang Peng-Fei , Zou Xu-Bo , Zhang Peng-Fei , Dong Chun-Hua , Li Gang , Zhang Tian-Cai , Guo Guang-Can , Zou Chang-Ling 
Published: January 2025

AbstractNon-reciprocal optical components are indispensable in optical applications, and their realization without any magnetic field has attracted increasing research interest in photonics. Exciting experimental progress has been achieved by either introducing spatial-temporal modulation of the optical medium or combining Kerr-type optical nonlinearity with spatial asymmetry in photonic structures. However, extra driving fields are required for the first approach, while the isolation of noise and the transmission of the signal cannot be simultaneously achieved for the other approach. Here, we propose the mechanism of nonlinear non-reciprocal susceptibility for optical media and experimentally realize the self-induced isolation of optical signals without any external bias field. The self-induced isolation by the input signal is demonstrated with an extremely high isolation ratio of 63.4 dB, a bandwidth of 2.1 GHz for 60 dB isolation, and a low insertion loss of ~1 dB. Furthermore, the new mechanism allows novel functional optical devices, including polarization purification and non-reciprocal leverage. A complete passive isolator is realized by introducing an asymmetry cavity. It is demonstrated that the 70 μW signal could lever the non-reciprocity and realize a 30 dB isolation of the backward laser with a power 100 times higher. The demonstrated nonlinear non-reciprocal medium provides a versatile tool to control light and deepen our understanding of light-matter interactions and enables applications ranging from topological photonics to unidirectional quantum information transfer in a network.