bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution of Cdh20mRNA demarcates somatotopic subregions and subpopulations of spiny projection neurons in the rat dorsolateral striatum
Authors: Takahashi Masanori , Fukabori Ryoji , Kawasaki Hiroshi , Kobayashi Kazuto , Kawakami Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe dorsolateral striatum (DLS) of rodents is functionally subdivided into somatotopic subregions that represent each body part along both the dorsoventral and anteroposterior (A‐P) axes and play crucial roles in sensorimotor functions via corticostriatal pathways. However, little is known about the spatial gene expression patterns and heterogeneity of spiny projection neurons (SPNs) within somatotopic subregions. Here, we show that the cell adhesion molecule gene Cdh20, which encodes a Type II cadherin, is expressed in discrete subregions covering the inner orofacial area and part of the forelimb area in the ventral domain of the DLS (v‐DLS) in rats. Cdh20‐expressing cells were localized in the v‐DLS at the intermediate level of the striatum along the A‐P axis and could be classified as direct‐pathway SPNs or indirect‐pathway SPNs. Unexpectedly, comprehensive analysis revealed that Cdh20 is expressed in SPNs in the rat DLS but not in the mouse DLS or the ferret putamen (Pu). Our observations reveal that Cdh20 expression demarcates somatotopic subregions and subpopulations of SPNs specifically in the rat DLS and suggest divergent regulation of genes differentially expressed in the v‐DLS and Pu among mammals.
Towards Development, Maintenance, and Standardized Phenotypic Characterization of Single‐Seed‐Descent Genetic Resources for Lupins
Authors: Kroc Magdalena , Tomaszewska Magdalena , Czepiel Katarzyna , Bitocchi Elena , Oppermann Markus , Neumann Kerstin , Guasch Luis , Bellucci Elisa , Alseekh Saleh , Graner Andreas , Fernie Alisdair R. , Papa Roberto , Susek Karolina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWell‐characterized genetic resources are fundamental to maintain and provide the various genotypes for pre‐breeding programs for the production of new cultivars (e.g., wild relatives, unimproved material, landraces). The aim of the current article is to provide protocols for the characterization of the genetic resources of two lupin crop species: the European Lupinus albus and the American Lupinus mutabilis. Intelligent nested collections of lupins derived from homozygous lines (single‐seed descent) are being developed, established, and exploited using cutting‐edge approaches for genotyping, phenotyping, data management, and data analysis within the INCREASE project (EU Horizon 2020). This will allow us to predict the phenotypic performance of genotyped lines, and will further boost research and development in lupins. Lupins stand out due to their high‐quality seed protein (∼40% of seed dry weight) and other primary components in the seeds, which include fatty acids, dietary fiber, and minerals. The potential of lupins as a crop is highlighted by the multiple benefits of plant‐based food in terms of food security, nutrition, human health, and sustainable production. The use of lupins in foods, along with other well‐studied and widely used food legumes, will also provide a greatly diversified plant‐based food palette to meet the Global Goals for Sustainable Development to improve people's lives by 2030. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Lupin seed phenotypic descriptorsBasic Protocol 2: Lupin seed imagingBasic Protocol 3: Standardized phenotypic characterization of lupin genetic resources grown towards primary seed increase (development of single‐seed descent genetic resources)
Regulatory roles of osteopontin in human lung cancer cell epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transitions and responses
Authors: Shi Lin , Hou Jiayun , Wang Lin , Fu Huirong , Zhang Yiwen , Song Yuanlin , Wang Xiangdong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundLung cancer is still the main cause of death in patients with cancer, due to poor understanding of intracellular regulations. Of those, osteopontin (OPN) may induce the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote tumor cell metastasis. The present study aims to evaluate the regulatory mechanism of internal and external OPN in the development of lung cancer.MethodsWe evaluated genetic variations and different bioinformatics of genes in chromosome 4 among subtypes of lung cancer using global databases. We validated the expression of OPN and EMT‐related proteins (e.g., E‐cadherin, vimentin) in 208 non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors and the adjacent nontumorous tissues, further to explore the function of OPN in the progression of lung cancer, with a focus on a potential communication between OPN and EMT in the lung cancer.ResultsWe found that OPN might act as a target molecule in lung cancer, which is associated with lymph node metastasis, postresection recurrence/metastasis, and prognosis of patients with lung cancer. Biological behaviors and pathological responses of OPN varied among diseases, challenges, and severities. Overexpression of OPN was correlated with the existence of EMT in lung cancer tissues. Internal and external OPN plays the decisive roles in lung cancer cell movement, proliferation, and EMT formation, through the upregulation of OPN‐PI3K and OPN‐MEK pathways. PI3K and MEK inhibitors downregulated the process of EMT and biological behaviors of lung cancer cells, probably through altering vimentin‐associated cytoskeletons.ConclusionOPN can be a metastasis‐associated or specific biomarker for lung cancer and a potential target for antimetastatic treatment.
Is time ready for combination therapy at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes?
Authors: Prattichizzo Francesco , Ceriello Antonio 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEmerging evidence is showing a range of beneficial effects for GLP‐1 receptor agonists and especially SGLT‐2 inhibitors on the cardio‐renal axis in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Preliminary findings suggest that: 1‐ such benefit extends also to patients with T2D without pre‐existing CVD; and 2‐ background therapies do not modify the effect of these drugs. Given these considerations, some authors advanced the hypothesis that these novel agents might undermine the first‐line position of metformin in the treatment algorithm of T2D. Here, we briefly discuss some pros and cons of such scenario, proposing a “starting” combination therapy with metformin plus one novel agent with trial‐proven benefit as the best option to make use of the available knowledge and minimize the risk of complications in patients with newly diagnosed T2D.
Regional specific differentiation of integumentary organs: SATB2 is involved in α‐ and β‐keratin gene cluster switching in the chicken
Authors: Lin Gee‐Way , Liang Ya‐Chen , Wu Ping , Chen Chih‐Kuan , Lai Yung‐Chih , Jiang Ting‐Xin , Haung Yen‐Hua , Chuong Cheng‐Ming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAnimals develop skin regional specificities to best adapt to their environments. Birds are excellent models in which to study the epigenetic mechanisms that facilitate these adaptions. Patients suffering from SATB2 mutations exhibit multiple defects including ectodermal dysplasia‐like changes. The preferential expression of SATB2, a chromatin regulator, in feather‐forming compared to scale‐forming regions, suggests it functions in regional specification of chicken skin appendages by acting on either differentiation or morphogenesis.ResultsRetrovirus mediated SATB2 misexpression in developing feathers, beaks, and claws causes epidermal differentiation abnormalities (e.g. knobs, plaques) with few organ morphology alterations. Chicken β‐keratins are encoded in 5 sub‐clusters (Claw, Feather, Feather‐like, Scale, and Keratinocyte) on Chromosome 25 and a large Feather keratin cluster on Chromosome 27. Type I and II α‐keratin clusters are located on Chromosomes 27 and 33, respectively. Transcriptome analyses showed these keratins (1) are often tuned up or down collectively as a sub‐cluster, and (2) these changes occur in a temporo‐spatial specific manner.ConclusionsThese results suggest an organizing role of SATB2 in cluster‐level gene co‐regulation during skin regional specification.
Freshwater wild biota exposure to microplastics: A global perspective
Authors: Cera Alessandra , Scalici Massimiliano 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Current understanding on the exposure of freshwater organisms to microplastics (plastics sized between 1 µm and 5 mm) has arisen mostly from laboratory experiments—often conducted under artificial circumstances and with unrealistic concentrations. In order to improve scientific links through real ecosystem exposure, we review field data on the exposure of free‐living organisms to microplastics.

We highlight that the main outputs provided by field research are an assessment of the occurrence and, at times, the quantification of microplastics in different animal taxa. Topics of investigation also include the causes of contamination and the development of biological monitoring tools. With regard to taxa, fish, mollusks, and arthropods are at the center of the research, but birds and amphibians are also investigated. The ingestion or occurrence of microplastics in organs and tissues, such as livers and muscles, are the main data obtained. Microorganisms are studied differently than other taxa, highlighting interesting aspects on the freshwater plastisphere, for example, related to the structure and functionality of communities. Many taxa, that is, mammals, reptiles, and plants, are still under‐examined with regard to exposure to microplastics; this is surprising as they are generally endangered.

As biota contamination is acknowledged, we contribute to an interdisciplinary scientific discussion aimed at a better assessment of knowledge gaps on methodology, impact assessment, and monitoring.
Habitat selection by vulnerable golden bandicoots in the arid zone
Authors: Lohr Cheryl A. , Nilsson Kristen , Sims Colleen , Dunlop Judy , Lohr Michael T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn 2010, vulnerable golden bandicoots (Isoodon auratus) were translocated from Barrow Island, Western Australia, to a mainland predator‐free enclosure on the Matuwa Indigenous Protected Area. Golden bandicoots were once widespread throughout a variety of arid and semiarid habitats of central and northern Australia. Like many small‐to‐medium‐sized marsupials, the species has severely declined since colonization and has been reduced to only four remnant natural populations. Between 2010 and 2020, the reintroduced population of golden bandicoots on Matuwa was monitored via capture–mark–recapture data collection, which was used in spatially explicit capture–recapture analysis to monitor their abundance over time. In 2014, we used VHF transmitters to examine the home range and habitat selection of 20 golden bandicoots in the enclosure over a six‐week period. We used compositional analysis to compare the use of four habitat types. Golden bandicoot abundance in the enclosure slowly increased between 2010 and 2014 and has since plateaued at approximately one quarter of the density observed in the founding population on Barrow Island. The population may have plateaued because some bandicoots escape through the fence. Golden bandicoots used habitats dominated by scattered shrubland with spinifex grass more than expected given the habitat's availability. Nocturnal foraging range was influenced by sex and trapping location, whereas diurnal refuge habitat, which was typically under a spinifex hummock with minimal overstory vegetation, was consistent across sex and trapping location. Our work suggests that diurnal refuge habitat may be an important factor for the success of proposed translocations of golden bandicoots.
Ecological and behavioral mechanisms of density‐dependent habitat expansion in a recovering African ungulate population
Authors: Becker Justine A. , Hutchinson Matthew C. , Potter Arjun B. , Park Shinkyu , Guyton Jennifer A. , Abernathy Kyler , Americo Victor F. , da Conceiçāo Anagledis , Kartzinel Tyler R. , Kuziel Luca , Leonard Naomi E. , Lorenzi Eli , Martins Nuno C. , Pansu Johan , Scott William L. , Stahl Maria K. , Torrens Kai R. , Stalmans Marc E. , Long Ryan A. , Pringle Robert M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMajor disturbances can temporarily remove factors that otherwise constrain population abundance and distribution. During such windows of relaxed top‐down and/or bottom‐up control, ungulate populations can grow rapidly, eventually leading to resource depletion and density‐dependent expansion into less‐preferred habitats. Although many studies have explored the demographic outcomes and ecological impacts of these processes, fewer have examined the individual‐level mechanisms by which they occur. We investigated these mechanisms in Gorongosa National Park, where the Mozambican Civil War devastated large‐mammal populations between 1977 and 1992. Gorongosa’s recovery has been marked by proliferation of waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), an historically marginal 200‐kg antelope species, which is now roughly 20‐fold more abundant than before the war. We show that after years of unrestricted population growth, waterbuck have depleted food availability in their historically preferred floodplain habitat and have increasingly expanded into historically avoided savanna habitat. This expansion was demographically skewed: mixed‐sex groups of prime‐age individuals remained more common in the floodplain, while bachelors, loners, and subadults populated the savanna. By coupling DNA metabarcoding and forage analysis, we show that waterbuck in these two habitats ate radically different diets, which were more digestible and protein‐rich in the floodplain than in savanna; thus, although individuals in both habitats achieved positive net energy balance, energetic performance was higher in the floodplain. Analysis of daily activity patterns from high‐resolution GPS‐telemetry, accelerometry, and animal‐borne video revealed that savanna waterbuck spent less time eating, perhaps to accommodate their tougher, lower‐quality diets. Waterbuck in savanna also had more ectoparasites than those in the floodplain. Thus, plasticity in foraging behavior and diet selection enabled savanna waterbuck to tolerate the costs of density‐dependent spillover, at least in the short term; however, the already poorer energetic performance of these individuals implies that savanna occupancy may become prohibitively costly as heterospecific competitors and predators continue to recover in Gorongosa. Our results suggest that behavior can provide a leading indicator of the onset of density‐dependent limitation and the likelihood of subsequent population decline, but that reliable inference hinges on understanding the mechanistic basis of observed behavioral shifts.
The state, transport, and fate of aboveground terrestrial arthropod eDNA
Authors: Valentin Rafael E. , Kyle Kathleen E. , Allen Michael C. , Welbourne Dustin J. , Lockwood Julie L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) analyses have become invaluable for detecting and monitoring aquatic and terrestrial species and assessing site biodiversity within aquatic environments or soil. Recent studies have extended these techniques by using eDNA to identify the presence of aboveground terrestrial arthropods directly from vegetative surfaces. However, while the dynamics of eDNA state, transport, and fate (its “ecology”) have been explored within aquatic environments and soil, they have yet to be explored within aboveground terrestrial systems. Here, we explore the ecology of terrestrial eDNA deposited by fluid‐feeding arthropods on leaf surfaces. We carried out a series of experiments to evaluate the optimal filter pore size for intracellular eDNA collection, how eDNA is affected by rain events, and its degradation rate under different solar radiation conditions. We found that the captured concentration of intracellular eDNA was not significantly affected by an increase in filter pore size, suggesting a wide range of viable pore size options exist for targeting intracellular eDNA. We also found extracellular eDNA from fluid excrement degrades more rapidly than intracellular when exposed to solar radiation, indicating the latter is a more viable target for collection. Finally, we identified that rainfall or mist will remove most terrestrial eDNA present on vegetation surfaces. We provide researchers and environmental managers key insights into successfully designing and carrying out aboveground terrestrial arthropod eDNA surveys that maximize detection probability.
Antigen carbohydrate 125 as a biomarker in heart failure: a narrative review
Authors: Núñez Julio , de la Espriella Rafael , Miñana Gema , Santas Enrique , Llácer Pau , Núñez Eduardo , Palau Patricia , Bodí Vicent , Chorro Francisco J. , Sanchis Juan , Lupón Josep , Bayés‐Genís Antoni 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCongestion explains many of the signs and symptoms of acute heart failure (AHF) and disease progression. However, accurate quantification of congestion is challenging in daily practice. Antigen carbohydrate 125 (CA125) or mucin 16 (MUC16), a large glycoprotein synthesized by mesothelial cells, has emerged as a reliable proxy of congestion and inflammation in patients with heart failure (HF). In AHF syndromes, CA125 is strongly associated with right‐sided HF parameters and a higher risk of adverse clinical events beyond standard prognostic factors, including natriuretic peptides. Furthermore, CA125 has the potential for both monitoring and guide HF treatment following a decompensated HF event. The wide availability of CA125 in most clinical laboratories, together with its standardized measurement and reduced cost, makes this marker attractive for routine use in decompensated HF. Further research is required to understand better its biological role and its promising utility as a tool to guide decongestive therapy in HF.
Chasing C,C‐Palladacycles
Authors: García‐López José‐Antonio , Saura‐Llamas Isabel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe different approaches for the synthesis of C,C‐palladacycles are reviewed in this manuscript. These species hold a bidentate ligand that chelates the Pd atom through two C‐donor moieties. Their relevance is closely related to the fact that they are intermediates in many palladium‐catalyzed transformations. Furthermore, some of them have been used as efficient catalyst in cross coupling reactions. The review is structured according to the different strategies that have been employed to achieve the synthesis of the C,C‐palladacycle derivatives, starting with those involving one elemental step (such as the oxidative addition of strained C−C bonds to Pd(0) or the transmetalation reactions between organometallic reagents and Pd(II) precursors), and continuing with more complex processes, where at least two elementary steps of Pd chemistry are involved (for example, carbometalation of alkenes followed by a C−H activation process). A final section highlights some aspects of synthetic methodologies based on Pd catalysis in which one or several C,C‐palladacyclic intermediates are involved.
Quantitative Microstructural Characterization of Plutonium Oxalate Auto‐Degradation and Evidence for PuO2 Nanocrystal Formation
Authors: Corbey Jordan F. , Sweet Lucas E. , Sinkov Sergey I. , Reilly Dallas D. , Parker Cyrena M. , Lonergan Jason M. , Johnson Timothy J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt has been known since the 1950s that plutonium oxalate powders change color and lose mass over time when stored at room temperature in air. Despite several studies monitoring these changes, there are still discrepancies in the literature regarding the speciation of intermediate and final products that result from this decomposition. Presented here for the first time is a comprehensive series of time‐resolved powder X‐ray diffraction experiments coupled with solid‐state optical spectroscopy and electron microscopy of aged plutonium (III) and (IV) oxalate powders. These data provide fresh insight into the chemical and structural changes that occur in these solids over time at room temperature and represent new evidence suggesting both plutonium (III) and plutonium (IV) oxalates auto‐decompose to form nanocrystalline plutonium oxide in the solid state.
Sunflower Oil–Beeswax Oleogels Are Promising Frying Medium for Potato Strips
Authors: Aydeniz Guneser Buket , Yılmaz Emin , Uslu Eda Keskin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSunflower oil–beeswax oleogels at 3% (BWO‐3) and 8% (BWO‐8) organogelator concentration are prepared to evaluate oleogels as frying medium for potato strip frying against commercial sunflower oil (SO). Rheological and thermal analyses of oleogels prove that the samples are fully solid (20±3 °C) and totally liquid (180 °C), and thermoreversible. Fresh and used (after frying) fat analyses show that free fatty acidity (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and total polar materials (TPM) are enhanced in all samples at the 7th h, but the relative enhancement levels are lower in oleogel samples. Potato strips fried in oleogels absorb significantly less oil (11.97% and 12.07%) than the control sample (15.20%). Potatoes fried in oleogels are also more bright and yellower than the control sample. Textural profile of the fried potatoes indicates that the samples fried in oleogels are harder, springier, and gummier than that of the control sample. Sensory analysis shows that oleogel fried potatoes get higher sensory scores. Also, overall acceptability of potatoes fried in BWO‐8 sample is the highest (8.50) among all. The prepared oleogels are found quite promising frying medium in this study. Further studies with other types of oleogels in extended period frying of various foods are suggested.Practical applications: The development of innovative frying techniques to produce healthier products with lower fat and calorie values are still a remarkable research area. Oleogelation is an emerging strategy used for solid‐like oil designing and based on the formation of 3D networks by the addition of organogelators. Oleogelation is accepted as a healthy strategy to structure liquid oils into solid consistency, and oleogels have great edible applications in processed foods, and can be used as a frying medium. This work can guide the use of sunflower oil–beeswax oleogels as a frying medium and allow the development of more healthy fried snacks.