bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factores comerciales que determinan la oferta exportable de Chenopodium quinoa desde Perú
Authors: Linares Vizcarra Mitzi Lourdes Del Carmen , Rivera Carazas Adolfo Alexander 
Published: January 2021

Mediante el presente trabajo de investigación, reflejamos los Factores comerciales que determinan el suministro exportable de Chenopodium quinoa, la que en adelante denominaremos por su nombre comercial “Quinoa” o “Quinua” desde Perú.

El problema radica, en la existencia del nivel de competencia entre las economías productoras actuales y la eventual transformación de los importadores actuales en futuros proveedores internacionales, los que se hacen cada vez más competitivos por las razones que desarrollaremos en el transcurso de esta investigación.

Dicho esto, debemos tener cuidado de la forma en que presentaremos el producto, que determina el suministro exportable de quinua.

Los Objetivos: Identificar los factores comerciales y demostrar su aplicación en la formación de un suministro exportable de quinua, y la forma de cómo interviene la calidad del producto final en la exportación de la quinua en el Perú.

Metodología: Se efectuará a través de un proceso de análisis de datos, los que previamente serán recolectados, por lo que se utilizará un enfoque deductivo.

Resultados: El análisis estadístico realizado para este estudio se desarrolló primero en MS Excel para realizar la segmentación de mercados y obtener el grado de priorización, y luego en SPSS, se realizó el análisis de conglomerados bietápico. Una vez que se construyó la base de datos, los datos se analizaron para preparar tablas y gráficos estadísticos que ayudaron a interpretar los resultados obtenidos.

Conclusiones de la Investigación: Los Ministerios de Comercio Exterior y Agricultura, deben considerar las variables comerciales para el desarrollo de una mejor gestión agroexportadora de la quinua, de forma sostenible y rentable.
Other Vesiculobullous Diseases
Authors: Czernik Annette , Varma Aakaash , Levitt Jacob 
Published: January 2021

Less common immunobullous diseases include cicatricial pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, and linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Diagnosis of these entities are made through direct immunofluorescence, sometimes requires salt-split skin, as well as, in the case of cicatricial pemphigoid, mucosal scarring. As in pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid, common therapies include rituximab, prednisone, and IVIg. Dapsone can be particularly effective in linear IgA bullous dermatosis and bullous lupus. Dermatitis herpetiformis is a rare cutaneous manifestation of gluten sensitivity, characterized by pruritic vesicles on extensor surfaces, that responds to dapsone and gluten avoidance. This diagnosis is confirmed with biopsy and positive serology for anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA. Blistering hypersensitivity reactions include TEN, SJS, erythema multiforme, and fixed drug eruption. All are characterized by varying degrees of keratinocyte necrosis. Common to the management of all include cessation of the offending agent. TEN can be managed by cyclosporine, TNF-inhibition, or—more controversially—IVIg. SJS can be effectively managed with systemic steroids. EM responds variably to a number of agents, including antiviral nucleoside analogues, prednisone, thalidomide, apremilast, and tofacitinib. Infectious causes of blisters include Staphylococcus aureus, HSV, and varicella zoster virus. Epidermolysis bullosa comprises a variety of genetically defective structural proteins of the skin. Recessive variants and those affecting deeper proteins carry more severe phenotypes. Management is best achieved at specialty centers and involves careful wound care as well as prevention of friction. Gene therapy is on the horizon for these disorders. Other blistering entities, mechanical or inflammatory in nature, are also discussed at the end of this chapter.
This review contains 13 figures, 1 table, and 86 references.
Keywords: Blisters, bullae, bullous, pemphigoid, necrolysis
Valvular Heart Disease - Part II
Authors: Jacob Miriam S. , Griffin Brian P 
Published: January 2021

Valvular heart disease is an important cause of cardiac morbidity in developed countries despite a decline in the prevalence of rheumatic disease in those countries. This chapter discusses the many etiologies of valvular heart disease and presents methods for assessment and management. Specific valvular lesions discussed include mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and tricuspid and pulmonary disease. The section on tricuspid disease includes a discussion of mechanical prostheses (ball-in-cage and tilting-disk) and biologic prostheses (xenografts, allografts, and autografts) and their complications.
This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 53 references.
Keywords: Valvular heart disease, stenosis, regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), aortic stenosis, congenital bicuspid valve, senile valvular calcification, aortic regurgitation, chordae or papillary muscles
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infections
Authors: Atkinson T. Prescott , M. Geisler William , Waites Ken B. 
Published: January 2021

The class Mollicutes includes organisms in the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. They are prokaryotes that lack a cell wall, and are among the smallest known living organisms in both cellular dimensions and genome sizes. At least 17 different species inhabit the mucosae of the respiratory and urogenital tracts of humans, several of which are pathogenic in a variety of clinical illnesses. Their fastidious nature and often slow growth in vitro have hampered understanding of their roles as agents of human disease. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important cause of community acquired respiratory infections that occur endemically and epidemically worldwide in persons of all ages and ranges in severity from mild to life-threatening. Molecular-based laboratory techniques have resulted in increased understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology M. pneumoniae infections as well as improved means for laboratory detection. Resistance of M. pneumoniae to macrolide antimicrobials has emerged worldwide over the past several years, complicating treatment strategies.
This review contains 2 figures, 1 table and 58 references
Key Words: Antimicrobial Resistance, Ciliated respiratory epithelium, Community Acquired Pneumonia, Cytadherence, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Reinfections
Other Vesiculobullous Diseases
Authors: Varma Aakaash , Czernik Annette , Levitt Jacob 
Published: January 2021

Less common immunobullous diseases include cicatricial pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, and linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Diagnosis of these entities are made through direct immunofluorescence, sometimes requires salt-split skin, as well as, in the case of cicatricial pemphigoid, mucosal scarring. As in pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid, common therapies include rituximab, prednisone, and IVIg. Dapsone can be particularly effective in linear IgA bullous dermatosis and bullous lupus. Dermatitis herpetiformis is a rare cutaneous manifestation of gluten sensitivity, characterized by pruritic vesicles on extensor surfaces, that responds to dapsone and gluten avoidance. This diagnosis is confirmed with biopsy and positive serology for anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA. Blistering hypersensitivity reactions include TEN, SJS, erythema multiforme, and fixed drug eruption. All are characterized by varying degrees of keratinocyte necrosis. Common to the management of all include cessation of the offending agent. TEN can be managed by cyclosporine, TNF-inhibition, or—more controversially—IVIg. SJS can be effectively managed with systemic steroids. EM responds variably to a number of agents, including antiviral nucleoside analogues, prednisone, thalidomide, apremilast, and tofacitinib. Infectious causes of blisters include Staphylococcus aureus, HSV, and varicella zoster virus. Epidermolysis bullosa comprises a variety of genetically defective structural proteins of the skin. Recessive variants and those affecting deeper proteins carry more severe phenotypes. Management is best achieved at specialty centers and involves careful wound care as well as prevention of friction. Gene therapy is on the horizon for these disorders. Other blistering entities, mechanical or inflammatory in nature, are also discussed at the end of this chapter.
This review contains 13 figures, 1 table, and 86 references.
Keywords: Blisters, bullae, bullous, pemphigoid, necrolysis
Diseases Due to Chlamydiaceae
Authors: Stamm Walter E 
Published: January 2021

The Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacteria that produce a wide variety of infections in many mammalian and avian species. Three species belonging to two genera of Chlamydiaceae infect humans: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. C. trachomatis is exclusively a human pathogen and is transmitted from person to person via sexual contact, perinatal transmission, or close contact in households. C. psittaci, in contrast, is more widely distributed in nature, producing genital, conjunctival, intestinal, or respiratory infections in many avian and mammalian species. C. pneumoniae is a fastidious organism that produces upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonitis in both children and adults. This chapter details the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of chlamydial diseases. Sexually transmitted diseases, perinatal infections, adult inclusion conjunctivitis, trachoma, and psittacosis are covered. The chapter also includes tables outlining comparative features of the three species and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases caused by C. trachomatis, as well as a figure illustrating the life cycle of Chlamydiaceae.
This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 2 tables, and 87 references.
Surgical Coverage of Diabetic Feet
Authors: Bekeny Jenna C. , Kotha Vikas S. , Zolper Elizabeth G. , Kennedy Christopher J. , Day Jonathan , Fan Kenneth L. , Attinger Christopher E. , Evans Karen K. 
Published: January 2021

Historically, patients with chronic diabetic foot ulcers were managed with major lower extremity amputations such as below-knee amputations and above-knee amputations. With the advancement of microsurgical techniques, patients have been able to achieve limb salvage and reap the associated morbidity and mortality benefits. In order to ensure successful limb salvage, a patient’s biomechanic, diabetic, vascular, and infectious profiles need to be optimized. Serial debridement supplemented with antibiotics until negative deep tissue cultures is the gold standard for infection eradication. A surgeon needs to have a good understanding of patient and wound-specific anatomic considerations. Simpler techniques, such as primary closure, skin grafting, and Integra placement, may be used. In complex wounds, more involved reconstructive modalities, such as local flap or free tissue transfer, may be required. Coverage selection depends on an intimate understanding of the patient’s comorbidities, wound characteristics, and vascular status.
This review contains 7 figures, 2 tables, and 32 references.
Keywords: diabetic foot ulcer, chronic wound, nonhealing vasculopathic wound, local flap, free flap, free tissue transfer, abductor digiti minimi flap, abductor hallicus flap, flexor digitorum brevis flap
Acute Testicular Torsion Management
Authors: Berrondo Claudia , Mevorach Robert A. , Cubillos Jimena 
Published: January 2021

Testicular torsion is a common cause of acute scrotal pain and requires timely diagnosis and treatment to prevent testicular loss. Several factors must be taken into consideration when determining the appropriate treatment algorithm for patients. The definitive treatment is surgical exploration with orchiectomy or orchiopexy of the affected testicle and contralateral orchiopexy. The use of manual detorsion depends on the ability to proceed with immediate surgical exploration and should not delay definitive treatment. Recent developments in the understanding of ischemia-reperfusion injury in testicular torsion have led to the potential for nonsurgical adjuvants in the treatment of testicular torsion, although none are currently being used in practice. The treatment of neonatal torsion remains controversial and practice patterns vary greatly. Medicolegal concerns also play a role in the treatment decisions in both neonatal and nonneonatal testicular torsion.
This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 54 references.
Key Words: compartment syndrome, detorsion, infertility, ischemia-reperfusion injury, orchiopexy, surgical exploration, testicular prosthesis, testicular torsion
Screening Prostate-Specific Antigen and Early Detection
Authors: Cooperberg Matthew R 
Published: January 2021

Prostate cancer early detection based on screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been a highly controversial topic over the years. Early detection and treatment of high-risk prostate cancer explains a large proportion of greater than 50% reduction in age-standardized prostate cancer mortality observed since the early 1990s. However, this public health success has come at the cost of high levels of overdiagnosis of low-risk tumors, and many men have suffered from overtreatment of these entirely indolent lesions. Data from randomized trials increasingly clearly indicate a prostate cancer mortality advantage with screening. Other cohort studies, moreover, suggest that an early, baseline PSA test around age 45 or 50 years can predict cancer risk over years and decades, potentially allowing subsequent screening intervals to be personalized, further reducing both over- and underdiagnosis. Other aspects of a smarter screening paradigm include focused attention on men at higher risk based on ancestry, family history, and other factors; consideration of other variables together with PSA; selective use of secondary testing with emerging blood and urine tests; and reservation of treatment only for men at risk of prostate cancer mortality. Such an approach should be able to reduce further prostate cancer morbidity and mortality, while minimizing the harms of over-diagnosis and overtreatment.

This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 88 references.
Key Words: Prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen, early detection, cancer screening, guidelines, risk stratification, epidemiology, PLCO, ERSPC, USPSTF, CISNET
Temporal Trends in Incident Hospitalization for Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcer in Type 2 Diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study
Authors: Hamilton Emma J. , Davis Wendy A. , Siru Ranita , Baba Mendel , Norman Paul E. , Davis Timothy M.E. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether, reflecting trends in other chronic complications, incident hospitalization for diabetes-related foot ulcer (DFU) has declined over recent decades in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants with type 2 diabetes from the community-based Fremantle Diabetes Study phases I (FDS1; 1,296 participants, mean age 64.0 years, 48.6% males, recruited 1993–1996) and II (FDS2; 1,509 participants, mean age 65.4 years, 51.8% males, recruited 2008–2011) were followed from entry to first hospitalization for/with DFU, death, or 5 years (whichever came first). Incident rate ratios (IRRs) and incident rate differences (IRDs) were calculated for FDS2 versus FDS1 overall and in 10-year age-groups. Cox proportional hazards modeling determined independent predictors of first DFU hospitalization in the combined cohort.

RESULTS
Incident DFU hospitalization (95% CI) was 1.9 (0.9–3.3)/1,000 person-years in FDS1 during 5,879 person-years of follow-up and 4.5 (3.0–6.4)/1,000 person-years in FDS2 during 6,915 person-years of follow-up. The crude IRR (95% CI) was 2.40 (1.17–5.28) (P = 0.013) and IRD 2.6 (0.7–4.5)/1,000 person-years (P = 0.010). The highest IR for any age-group was 23.6/1,000 person-years in FDS2 participants aged 31–40 years. Age at diabetes diagnosis (inverse), HbA1c, insulin use, height, ln(urinary albumin/creatinine), absence of any foot pulse, previous peripheral revascularization, and peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN) were independent predictors of incident hospitalization for/with DFU.

CONCLUSIONS
Incident DFU hospitalizations complicating type 2 diabetes increased between FDS phases, especially in younger participants, and were more likely in those with PSN, peripheral arterial disease, and suboptimal glycemic control at baseline.
Assessing the Impact of Expert Labelling of Training Data on the Quality of Automatic Classification of Lithological Groups Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Kuchin Yan , Mukhamediev Ravil , Yakunin Kirill , Grundspenkis Janis , Symagulov Adilkhan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Machine learning (ML) methods are nowadays widely used to automate geophysical study. Some of ML algorithms are used to solve lithological classification problems during uranium mining process. One of the key aspects of using classical ML methods is causing data features and estimating their influence on the classification. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the impact of expert opinions on the classification process. In other words, we have prepared the data, identified the experts and performed a series of experiments with and without taking into account the fact that the expert identifier is supplied to the input of the automatic classifier during training and testing. Feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) has been used as a classifier. The results of the experiments show that the “knowledge” of the ANN of which expert interpreted the data improves the quality of the automatic classification in terms of accuracy (by 5 %) and recall (by 20 %). However, due to the fact that the input parameters of the model may depend on each other, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method has been used to further assess the impact of expert identifier. SHAP has allowed assessing the degree of parameter influence. It has revealed that the expert ID is at least two times more influential than any of the other input parameters of the neural network. This circumstance imposes significant restrictions on the application of ANNs to solve the task of lithological classification at the uranium deposits.
Estimating the Efforts of Mobile Application Development in the Planning Phase Using Nonlinear Regression Analysis
Authors: Prykhodko Sergiy , Prykhodko Natalia , Knyrik Kateryna 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The authors consider the construction of a nonlinear multiple regression model, its confidence and prediction intervals to evaluate the efforts of mobile application development in the planning phase based on the multivariate normalizing transformation and outlier detection. The constructed model is compared to the linear regression model and nonlinear regression models based on the univariate transformations, such as the decimal logarithm, Box–Cox, and Johnson transformation. This model, in comparison with other regression models, has better prediction accuracy.
Leading public service reform: Some reflections
Authors: Watt Robert , Perkins Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The past decade has been a period of intense reform, bookended by two crises of seismic proportions – the troika bailout of Ireland in 2010 and the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. This paper details the reforms which have been led by the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform over the past decade. Also, drawing on Robert Watt’s reflections of leading public service reform, it sets out lessons learned and factors which we regard as necessary to ensuring successful reform. Finally, a range of priority areas for the future are identified.
The Use of Non-Saccharomyces Yeast and Enzymes in Beer Production
Authors: Cioch-Skoneczny Monika , Klimczak Krystian , Satora Paweł , Skoneczny Szymon , Zdaniewicz Marek , Pater Aneta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper was to test the potential of selected non-Saccharomyces strains for beer production, by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a control sample. For some of variants brewing enzymes were added to wort to increase the content of fermentable sugars. The non-Saccharomyces yeasts differed in the fermentation process rate. The basic beer physiochemical parameters were assessed, including: alcohol content, extract, free amino nitrogen, sugars, acidity, colour, and the profile of volatile compounds and metal ions. The use of enzymes caused an increase in alcohol and fusel alcohols concentration in beers obtained. Total acidity, free amine nitrogen content, colour and sugar content indicated that the tested non-Saccharomyces yeast allowed obtaining beers with the proper analytical parameters.
Application of the ρV coefficient and distance correlation to the analysis of multivariate association
Authors: Janiszewska Malwina , Szczepańska-Álvarez Anna , Zawieja Emilia 
Published: January 2021

Summary
The aim of this paper is to study the association between two random vectors related to two groups of characteristics. To analyze the multivariate association, the ρV coefficient and distance correlation are used. Two methods (classical and recent) are compared and illustrated with real data.
On a new approach to the analysis of variance for experiments with orthogonal block structure. IV. Experiments in split-plot designs
Authors: Caliński Tadeusz , Łacka Agnieszka , Siatkowski Idzi 
Published: January 2021

Summary
This paper provides estimation and hypothesis testing procedures for experiments in split-plot designs. These experiments have been shown to have a convenient orthogonal block structure when properly randomized. Due to this property, the analysis of experimental data can be carried out in a relatively simple manner. Relevant simplification procedures are indicated. According to the adopted approach, the analysis of variance and hypothesis testing procedures can be performed directly, rather than by combining the results of analyses based on some stratum submodels. The practical application of the presented theory is illustrated by examples of real experiments in appropriate split-plot designs. The present paper is the fourth in the planned series of publications on the analysis of experiments with orthogonal block structure.
Comparative evaluation of goodness of fit tests for normal distribution using simulation and empirical data
Authors: Anastasiou Achilleas , Karagrigoriou Alex , Katsileros Anastasios 
Published: January 2021

Summary
The normal distribution is considered to be one of the most important distributions, with numerous applications in various fields, including the field of agricultural sciences. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the most popular normality tests, comparing the performance in terms of the size (type I error) and the power against a large spectrum of distributions with simulations for various sample sizes and significance levels, as well as through empirical data from agricultural experiments. The simulation results show that the power of all normality tests is low for small sample size, but as the sample size increases, the power increases as well. Also, the results show that the Shapiro–Wilk test is powerful over a wide range of alternative distributions and sample sizes and especially in asymmetric distributions. Moreover the D’Agostino–Pearson Omnibus test is powerful for small sample sizes against symmetric alternative distributions, while the same is true for the Kurtosis test for moderate and large sample sizes.