bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tunable infrared metamaterial-based biosensor for detection of hemoglobin and urine using phase change material
Authors: Patel Shobhit K. , Parmar Juveriya , Sorathiya Vishal , Nguyen Truong Khang , Dhasarathan Vigneswaran 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper reports about the outcomes from an investigation carried out on tunable biosensor for detection using infrared in the range of 1.5 µm and 1.65 µm. The biosensor is made of phase change material formed by different alloy combinations, Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST). The nature of GST allows for the material to change phase with changes in temperature, giving the tunable sensing property for biosensing application. Sensor built with amorphous GST (aGST) and crystalline GST (cGST) in different design structures were tested on different concentrations of biomolecules: hemoglobin (10 g/l, 20 g/l, 30 g/l and 40 g/l); and urine (0–1.5 mg/dL, 2.5 mg/dL, 5 mg/dL and 10 mg/dL). The tunable response observed from the tests demonstrates the potential application of the materials in the design of switching and sensing systems.
mmsig: a fitting approach to accurately identify somatic mutational signatures in hematological malignancies
Authors: Rustad Even H. , Nadeu Ferran , Angelopoulos Nicos , Ziccheddu Bachisio , Bolli Niccolò , Puente Xose S. , Campo Elias , Landgren Ola , Maura Francesco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMutational signatures have emerged as powerful biomarkers in cancer patients, with prognostic and therapeutic implications. Wider clinical utility requires access to reproducible algorithms, which allow characterization of mutational signatures in a given tumor sample. Here, we show how mutational signature fitting can be applied to hematological cancer genomes to identify biologically and clinically important mutational processes, highlighting the importance of careful interpretation in light of biological knowledge. Our newly released R package mmsig comes with a dynamic error-suppression procedure that improves specificity in important clinical and biological settings. In particular, mmsig allows accurate detection of mutational signatures with low abundance, such as those introduced by APOBEC cytidine deaminases. This is particularly important in the most recent mutational signature reference (COSMIC v3.1) where each signature is more clearly defined. Our mutational signature fitting algorithm mmsig is a robust tool that can be implemented immediately in the clinic.
PEGylated AIEgen molecular probe for hypoxia-mediated tumor imaging and photodynamic therapy
Authors: Li Jun , Liu Wei , Li Zuhao , Hu Yingcai , Yang Jinfeng , Li Jishan 
Published: March 2021

By linking a PEG chain to the AIEgen fluorophore via a hypoxia-responsive azo group, we here report a novel PEGylated AIEgen molecular probe for hypoxia-mediated tumor imaging and photodynamic therapy.
Osteoporose-Update 2021
Authors: Jakob Franz 
Published: March 2021

Was ist neu?
Romosozumab Romosozumab ist ein humanisierter Antikörper gegen das Osteozyten-spezifische Protein Sklerostin. Die Neutralisierung von Sklerostin mit Romosozumab fördert die Knochenneubildung. Die schnelle Zunahme an Knochenmasse reduziert deutlich das Frakturrisiko und geht bereits nach einem Jahr in ein Plateau über. Als Erhaltungstherapie ist eine anschließende antiresorptive Therapie erforderlich. Romosozumab ist zugelassen als neues anaboles Wirkprinzip für die Behandlung der schweren Osteoporose. Es besteht ein Warnhinweis für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen wie Myokardinfarkt oder Schlaganfall in den letzten 12 Monaten.
Primär anabole Therapie Nach Aufhebung des G-BA-Therapiehinweises zu Teriparatid mit dem 06.04.2019 ist eine primär anabole Therapie der Osteoporose ohne vorherige antiresorptive Behandlung möglich. Das Vorgehen sollte individualisiert an die Krankheitsaktivität und das Frakturrisiko angepasst werden. Die anabole Therapie erfolgt mit Romosozumab oder Teriparatid, jeweils gefolgt von einer Erhaltungstherapie mit einem Antiresorptivum. Eine primär antiresorptive Behandlung ist unverändert sinnvoll bei ausreichend erhaltener Knochenstruktur und hohem Verlust-/Frakturrisiko.
Individualisierte Langzeitkonzepte Leitliniengerechte individualisierte Langzeitkonzepte müssen dem persönlichen Risikoprofil und der Krankheitsaktivität gerecht werden. Behandlungsziele („treat to target“) sind die funktionelle Wiederherstellung auf das Niveau vor Fraktur(en) und die bestmögliche Reduktion des zukünftigen Frakturrisikos. Die Langzeittherapie besteht aus sinnvollen Sequenzen, eine lebenslange Therapie mit einem einzigen Medikament ist nicht durchführbar.
Die Therapie von Lückensituationen
Authors: Riemekasten Sandra , Klapper Horst-Uwe 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungLückensituationen bei Patienten stellen eine therapeutische
Herausforderung für Zahnärzte und Kieferorthopäden
dar und bedürfen einer komplexen interdisziplinären
Behandlung. Für jeden Patienten muss ein stimmiges Gesamtkonzept
erarbeitet werden, welches auf die individuellen Gegebenheiten angepasst
ist. Dieser Artikel bietet einen Überblick über Ursachen und
Therapieansätze bzw. Lösungen.
An adaptive behavioral immune system: a model of population health behavior
Authors: Saad Julian M. , Prochaska James O. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe understanding that immunity could be strengthened in the general population (e.g., through vaccine interventions) supported global advances upon acute infectious disease epidemics in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. However, in the twenty-first century, global populations face chronic disease epidemics. Research demonstrates that diseases largely emerge from health risk behavior. The understanding of how health behavior, like the biological immune system, can be strengthened in the general population, could support advances in the twenty-first century. To consider how health behavior can be strengthened in the general population, the authors present a theoretical model of population health behavior. The model operationalizes health behavior as a system of functions that, like the biological immune system, exists in each member of the population. Constructs are presented that operationalize the specific decisions and habits that drive health behavior and behavior change in the general population. The constructs allow the authors to present parallels (1) among existing behavior change theories and (2) between the proposed system and the biological immune system. Through these parallels, the authors introduce a model and a logic of population-level health behavior change. The Adaptive Behavioral Immune System is an integrative model of population health behavior.
Wielding the human rights weapon against the American empire: the second Russell Tribunal and human rights in transatlantic relations
Authors: Tulli Umberto 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe article discusses the evolution from the 1966–1967 “first” Russell Tribunal, an unofficial and political gathering that censured the USA for its aggression in Vietnam, to the “second” Russell Tribunal, which took place in Rome and Brussels between 1974 and 1976 and put human rights violations in Latin America in the international spotlight. Both Tribunals shared a profound anti-Americanism and an explicit proximity to Third Worldism. Yet, there was also an important difference, since the language of human rights shaped only the “second” Tribunal. The article is mostly based on documentary sources held by the Fondazione Lelio and Lisli Basso in Rome. This choice is based on the importance Italian Senator Lelio Basso had for the Tribunal. Basso was the main organizer and the driving force of the Tribunal and coordinated many transnational groups in support of this event. Moreover, his intellectual reflections on decolonization as a revolutionary force and his fierce anti-Americanism offered a blueprint for the proceedings and the sentence of the Tribunal. Bringing together the recent literature on the emergence of human rights during the 1970s and that on European anti-Americanism, the article shows how some prominent European intellectuals and politicians appropriated human rights jargon to criticize American foreign policy and denounce its responsibilities for ongoing human rights violations in Latin America. In doing so, it argues that the human rights language renewed European anti-Americanism during the 1970s.
Wave-resistance sleeper with locally resonant phononic crystals: Bandgap property and vibration reduction mechanism
Authors: Cui Rixin , Zhou Jinsong , Gong Dao 
Published: March 2021

As an artificially engineered metamaterial, locally resonant phononic crystals (LRPCs) exhibit great potential for the vibration reduction of urban rail transit due to their capability to prohibit the propagation of elastic waves with long wavelengths. This study proposes a wave-resistance sleeper with negative dynamic mass density by periodically embedding LRPCs into the concrete sleeper and provides new approaches to improve its bandgap property. Furthermore, the vibration reduction effect of the wave-resistance sleeper applied in a slab track was evaluated with a three-dimensional half-track model. The results show that the wave-resistance sleeper has two bandgaps below the frequency of 2000 Hz and can effectively prohibit the vibration within the bandwidth from transmitting to the track bed. Setting intervals in the rubber coating and increasing the void fraction can significantly reduce boundary frequencies of the first bandgap, whereas the second bandgap attenuates completely as the vibration can no longer be localized in the discontinuous rubber coating. A larger metal core is beneficial for obtaining a wider bandgap in the low-frequency range, whereas a thicker rubber coating can be used to obtain a wider bandgap in the medium-frequency range. To obtain wider bandgaps, the steel tube used should be as thin as possible and the use of an oval metal core should be avoided. It is hoped that the research results can provide a useful reference for the vibration reduction of track in rail transit.
ZYP1 is required for obligate cross-over formation and cross-over interference inArabidopsis
Authors: France Martin G. , Enderle Janina , Röhrig Sarah , Puchta Holger , Franklin F. Chris H. , Higgins James D. 
Published: March 2021

SignificanceThe synaptonemal complex (SC) is a meiosis-specific proteinaceous ultrastructure required to ensure cross-over (CO) formation in the majority of sexually reproducing eukaryotes. It is composed of two lateral elements adjoined by transverse filaments. Even though the general structure of the SC is conserved throughout kingdoms, phenotypic differences between mutants perpetuate the enigmatic role of the SC. Here, we have used genetic and cytogenetic approaches to show that the transverse filament protein, ZYP1, acts on multiple pathways of meiotic recombination inArabidopsis. ZYP1 is required for CO assurance, thus ensuring that every chromosome pair receives at least one CO. ZYP1 limits the number of COs and mediates CO interference, the phenomenon that reduces the probability of multiple COs forming close together.
Bipolaris victoriae (Victoria blight of oats).
Authors: Taylor Philip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

A disease almost unknown prior to 1944 (Romanko, 1957), Bipolaris victoriae is a potentially destructive disease of oats (it reduced the Iowa oat crop by 32% in 1947) (Anon, 1965) that currently has a limited host range and geographical spread. It has been reported from several continents and associated with several crops, however its status as a pathogen on crops could be questioned in all cases with the exception of oats, timothy grass and switch grass. It is seedborne and thus any trade in seed both for cultivation or for livestock feed is a potential means of spread. The virulence of the fungus is due to the production of a peptide often called a host-specific toxin 'victorin'. The disease has generally been controlled through the use of genetically resistant lines but the resistance gene which confers resistance to victorin actually causes plants to become susceptible to crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata (Lorang et al., 2007).
Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite).
Authors: Henderson Gregg 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

C. formosanus is often transported by boats and shipping containers to port cities before being carried further inland via landscape materials such as railroad ties (railway sleepers). This may explain the current C. formosanus distribution in the USA with coastal areas more densely infested than inland areas (Hochmair and Scheffrahn, 2010). Temperature and humidity are primary factors affecting the establishment of C. formosanus, and it is potentially invasive to areas of high humidity approximately 35° north and south of the equator (Su and Tamashiro, 1987). Competition from native species is another limiting factor for many exotic pests, but C. formosanus is more aggressive and is known to out-compete the endemic termites such as Reticulitermes species. Another factor that has allowed the successful establishment and spread of C. formosanus in exotic areas has been the pest control industry's heavy reliance on soil termiticide barriers for subterranean termite control since the 1950s. Numerous studies, using mark-recapture methods, have revealed that a single colony of C. formosanus might contain several million termites that forage up to 100 m in the soil (Lai, 1977; Su and Scheffrahn, 1988). These agree with the results of excavation studies for C. formosanus colonies (Ehrhorn, 1934; King and Spink, 1969). Because of the large colony size, the application of soil termiticides beneath a structure does not usually have a major impact on the overall population, and the surviving colony continues to produce alates that can further infest nearby areas. Once established, C. formosanus has never been completely eradicated from an area. The dependency of soil termiticide barriers as the primary tool for subterranean termite control is probably the main reason for the establishment and spread of C. formosanus from four isolated port cities in the 1960s in the USA to all south-eastern states by 2001.
Cornu aspersum (common garden snail).
Authors: Cowie Robert , Ansart Armelle , Madec Luc , Guiller Annie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

C. aspersum, the common garden snail, is represented by several forms that are highly differentiated genetically. Only one lineage, the western one, is considered to be invasive in regions where it has been introduced recently (since the sixteenth century) either accidentally or intentionally (e.g. North and South America, South Africa, Oceania). It was in California, USA, where it was introduced in the 1850s, that it was first treated (1931) as a regulated pest. Its success in colonizing new areas after introduction and establishment may be due to: (i) large phenotypic variation in combinations of life-history traits, especially reflecting a high degree of plasticity (e.g. trade-off of egg weight/egg number), and (ii) great resistance against natural enemies. Also, genetic data indicate that C. aspersum is capable of establishing even after a severe genetic bottleneck.
Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar).
Authors: Maes Koen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

The tobacco caterpillar, S. litura, is one of the most important insect pests of agricultural crops in the Asian tropics. It is widely distributed throughout tropical and temperate Asia, Australasia and the Pacific Islands (Feakin, 1973; Kranz et al., 1977). Records of S. litura having limited distribution in (or being eradicated from) Germany, Russian Federation, Russian Far East, the UK and Réunion may in fact refer to S. littoralis. Both S. litura and S. littoralis are totally polyphagous (Brown and Dewhurst, 1975; Holloway, 1989) and therefore have huge potential to invade new areas and/or to adapt to new climatic and/or ecological situations. The Spodoptera group consists of closely related species with similar ecology that are difficult to identify to species level.
Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato).
Authors: Osdaghi Ebrahim 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Ralstonia solanacearum is included in the A2 (high risk) list of quarantine organisms by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). EPPO Code for R. solanacearum is RALSSO, while the phytosanitary categorization of the species in EPPO A2 list is no.58, EU: I/A2 (EPPO, 2018). Bacterial wilt disease was first reported in southern USA in the late nineteenth century on tomato plants (Smith, 1896). Infected plant materials (e.g. potato tubers) transmit the pathogen over long distances; hence, quarantine inspections and plant sanitary practices are the cornerstone of disease management (EPPO, 2018). R. solanacearum strains in the race 3 group are a select agent under the US Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 (USDA, 2005). Peculiarly, the organism, if not yet already present in North America in pelargonium (Strider et al., 1981), was introduced with cuttings of this host by American companies producing these cuttings for their markets in countries like Kenya and Guatemala (Norman et al., 1999, 2009; Kim et al., 2002; Williamson et al., 2002; O'Hern, 2004). A similar situation led to introductions of the pathogen from Kenya into some northern European nurseries. Once the source (contaminated surface water) was recognized and proper control measures (use of deep soil water, disinfection of cutting producing premises and replacement of mother stock), the problem was solved and the disease in greenhouses eradicated (Janse et al., 2004). Similarly race 1 has been introduced into greenhouses with ornamental plants (rhizomes, cuttings or fully grown plants) such as Epipremnum, Anthurium, Curcuma spp. and Begonia eliator from tropical areas (Norman and Yuen, 1998, 1999; Janse et al., 2006; Janse, 2012). Introduction can and did occur from Costa Rica and the Caribbean, Indonesia, Thailand and South Africa. However, this idea of placing pathogens on bioterrorist list for unclear and perhaps industry-driven reasons and its effects, is strongly opposed in a recent publication from leading phytobacteriologists. This is because R. solanacearum is an endemic pathogen, causing endemic disease in most parts of its geographic occurrence, moreover normal quarantine regulations are already in place where the disease is not present or only sporadically and are thought to be more efficient and less damaging to trade and research than placing this pathogen on select agent lists and treating it as such (Young et al., 2008). Peculiarly, it has been used in the control of a real invasive species, the weed kahili ginger (Hedychium gardenarium) in tropical forests in Hawaii. This is not without risks because strains occurring on this weed host were thought to be non-virulent, but later appeared to be virulent on many edible and ornamental ginger species as well (Anderson and Gardner, 1999; Paret et al., 2008). Another threat for these countries could be strains belonging to race 1, biovar 1 (phylotype I) that have already been reported from field-grown potatoes in Portugal (Cruz et al., 2008).
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (bacterial canker or blast (stone and pome fruits)).
Authors: Balestra Giorgio M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

P. syringae pv. syringae occurs in many areas, from the tropics to the frigid zone (e.g. Alaska). It attacks major crops, including beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas, stone fruits, pome fruits, kiwi fruit and grain sorghum. The diseases caused by this bacterium are very important in many countries throughout the world. For instance, bacterial brown spot occurs wherever beans are grown, and canker diseases of fruit trees caused by P. syringae pv. syringae are widespread and may be devastating, causing great losses or requiring much effort to protect plants from them.
Arion vulgaris (Spanish slug).
Authors: Anderson Roy 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

The invasiveness of A. vulgaris is related to several factors. Its ability and readiness to colonize humanly-disturbed environments is of major importance. Proschwitz (1997) observed that 99% of Swedish records were from synanthropic habitats and only 1% from natural woodlands. With a proximity to humans, comes the possibility of passive dispersal through trade, particularly in living plants. The garden centre trade and horticulture are particularly implicated (Weidema, 2006). In Poland, there is evidence from studies of molecular diversity that A. vulgaris has originated from repeated, separate introductions from other parts of Europe (Soroka et al., 2007). The ability of A. vulgaris to utilize a great variety of food sources and types has been well-documented and must aid dispersal and colonization. Other than its country of origin (France), it is considered to be invasive across western and central Europe, from the Pyrenees to eastern Poland and from southern France to north Italy, Austria and Slovakia and within an isolated range in eastern Bulgaria.
Policy and political consequences of mandatory climate impact assessments: an explorative study of German cities and municipalities
Authors: Rilling Benedikt , Tosun Jale 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTSince May 2019, several German cities and municipalities have declared a ‘climate emergency’, an action which makes climate impact assessments mandatory for all projects or policy proposals. How have the processes in the local governments changed in response to the emergency status? How have the processes in the city and municipal councils changed? And how, if at all, has the relationship between elected politicians (who make up the city and municipal councils) and bureaucrats (who make up the local government) changed? Based on 13 interviews carried out with representatives of city and municipal councils and local governments, we show, first, that local governments expect a higher workload and to spend more time on cross-sectoral coordination and cooperation. Second, the issue of climate change is now part of the political agenda in the local councils. Third, the administrative actors are now in a stronger position vis-à-vis the political ones as they can de facto veto projects or policies. Overall, we conclude that local-level climate politics has changed following the declaration of the emergency status; however, the design of the corresponding policies has not changed to reflect the cross-sectoral character of responses to climate change.
The continuum limit of quantum gravity at second order in perturbation theory
Authors: Kellett Matthew , Mitchell Alex , Morris Tim R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We show that perturbative quantum gravity based on the Einstein–Hilbert action, has a novel continuum limit. The renormalized trajectory emanates from the Gaussian fixed point along (marginally) relevant directions but enters the diffeomorphism invariant subspace only well below a dynamically generated scale. We show that for pure quantum gravity to second order in perturbation theory, and with vanishing cosmological constant, the result is the same as computed in the standard quantisation. Although this case is renormalizable at second order for kinematic reasons, the structure we uncover works in general. One possibility is that gravity has a genuine consistent continuum limit even though it has an infinite number couplings. However we also suggest a possible non-perturbative mechanism, based on the parabolic properties of these flow equations, which would fix all higher order couplings in terms of Newton’s constant and the cosmological constant.