bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethyl‐iophenoxic acid as a quantitative bait marker for small mammals
Authors: JACOBLINNERT Kyra , IMHOLT Christian , SCHENKE Detlef , JACOB Jens 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBait markers are indispensable for ecological research but in small mammals, most markers are invasive, expensive and do not enable quantitative analyses of consumption. Ethyl‐iophenoxic acid (Et‐IPA) is a non‐toxic, quantitative bait marker, which has been used for studying bait uptake in several carnivores and ungulates. We developed a bait with Et‐IPA, assessed its palatability to common voles (Microtus arvalis), and determined the dose‐residue‐relation for this important agricultural pest rodent species. Et‐IPA concentrations of 40 to 1280 μg Et‐IPA per g bait were applied to wheat using sunflower oil or polyethylene glycol 300 as potential carriers. In a laboratory study, common voles were offered the bait and blood samples were collected 1, 7, and 14 days after consumption. The samples were analyzed with LC‐ESI‐MS/MS for blood residues of Et‐IPA. Sunflower‐oil was the most suitable bait carrier. Et‐IPA seemed to be palatable to common voles at all test concentrations. Dose‐dependent residues could be detected in blood samples in a dose‐dependent manner and up to 14 days after uptake enabling generation of a calibration curve of the dose‐residue relationship. Et‐IPA was present in common vole blood for at least 14 days, but there was dissipation by 33–37% depending on dose. Et‐IPA meets many criteria for an “ideal” quantitative bait marker for use in future field studies on common voles and possibly other small mammal species.
Destinations of nursing and allied health graduates from two Australian universities: A data linkage study to inform rural placement models
Authors: Sutton Keith , Depczynski Julie , Smith Tony , Mitchell Eleanor , Wakely Luke , Brown Leanne J. , Waller Susan , Drumm Daniel , Versace Vincent L. , Fisher Karin , Beauchamp Alison 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveCombined, nursing and allied health constitute most of the Australian health workforce; yet, little is known about graduate practice destinations. University Departments of Rural Health have collaborated on the Nursing and Allied Health Graduate Outcomes Tracking to investigate graduate entry into rural practice.DesignData linkage cohort study.SettingMonash University and the University of Newcastle.ParticipantsGraduates who completed their degree in 2017 across seven disciplines.Main outcome measure(s)The outcome variable was Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency principal place of practice data. Explanatory variables included discipline, age, gender, location of origin, and number and duration of rural placements.ResultOf 1130 graduates, 51% were nurses, 81% females, 62% under 21 years at enrolment, 23% of rural origin, 62% had at least one rural student placement, and 23% had over 40 cumulative rural placement days. At the time of their second Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency registration, 18% worked in a ‘Rural principal place of practice.’ Compared to urban, rural origin graduates had 4.45 times higher odds ratio of ‘Rural principal place of practice.’ For graduates who had <20 cumulative rural placement days, compared to zero the odds ratio of ‘Rural principal place of practice’ was the same (odds ratio = 1.10). For those who had 20‐40 rural placement days, the odds ratio was 1.93, and for >40 rural placement days, the odds ratio was 4.54).ConclusionRural origin and more rural placement days positively influenced graduate rural practice destinations. Outcomes of cumulative placements days may compare to immersive placements.
Patient, surgical and hospital factors associated with the presence of a consultant surgeon during hip fracture surgery. Do we know the answer?
Authors: Fajardo Pulido Diana , Ryder Tayhla , Harris Ian A. , Close Jaqueline C. T. , Chehade Mellick J. , Seymour Hannah , Harris Roger , Armstrong Elizabeth , Mitchell Rebecca 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundProvision of quality care can help to reduce adverse health outcomes following hip fracture. While surgical management by either a consultant or junior surgeon has shown inconclusive differences in patient outcomes, consultant presence is often recommended, yet little is known about the factors that influence whether a consultant surgeon is present during hip fracture surgery. The aim of this study is to examine patient, surgical and hospital factors associated with having a consultant surgeon present during hip fracture surgery.MethodsAn examination of hip fracture surgeries of adults aged ≥ 50 years admitted to hospitals in Australia and New Zealand between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2018 using data from the Australia and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with the presence of a consultant surgeon during hip fracture surgery.ResultsThere were 29 530 hip fracture surgeries 58.1% had a consultant surgeon present (range 8.5–100% by hospital). Patients were more likely to have a consultant surgeon present during surgery if they had private health insurance, were operated on after hours, required total hip replacements or were operated on in hospitals that conducted ≤150 surgeries per year.ConclusionThere is variation in the presence of consultant surgeons within Australia and New Zealand during hip fracture surgery, potentially associated with the complexity of surgery and hospital factors. However, further research is needed to determine the optimum level of supervision required based on patient factors and surgical complexity.
What reduces support for civil liberties: Authoritarianism, national identity, and perceived threat
Authors: Mužík Michal , Šerek Jan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough civil liberties are considered to be one of the pillars of democracy, their support among people is far from unconditional. The aim of this article is to examine the predictors of people's willingness to trade off their civil liberties for a more restrictive form of government. We hypothesize that civil liberties trade‐off is positively predicted by individuals’ authoritarianism and national identity and that the effects of both variables are mediated by perceived threat. Our sample came from the Czech Republic and consisted of 309 respondents who participated in an online survey. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Our results supported all of our hypotheses. Perceived threat had the strongest effect on civil liberties trade‐off. At the same time, perceived threat partially mediated the effect of authoritarianism and completely mediated the effect of national identity on civil liberties trade‐off.
Conservation implications of living in forest remnants: Inbreeding and genetic structure of the northernmost mantled howler monkeys
Authors: Solórzano‐García Brenda , Zubillaga Diego , Piñero Daniel , Vázquez‐Domínguez Ella 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe current unprecedented rates of environmental perturbation, particularly in rain forest ecosystems, are jeopardizing the persistence of a variety of tropical species. The development of adequate conservation programs requires incorporating the evolutionary history and population genetic information of species, especially in those threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. Mexican mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana) represent the northernmost distribution of primates in America, a Critically Endangered species mainly inhabiting forest remnants. We assessed historical and contemporary patterns of genetic variation inA.p. mexicanapopulations from five regions across its geographic distribution in Mexico. We employed non‐invasive sampling techniques and evaluated microsatellite loci and mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from 127 individuals from 15 wild and two semi‐captive populations. Our data demonstrate negative genetic effects onA.p. mexicanaas a result of isolation, fragmentation, and small effective population size. Results revealed two mitochondrial lineages and three genetically differentiated nuclear clusters, along with reduced nuclear genetic diversity, limited gene flow, and significant inbreeding, associated with concurrent processes of historical dispersion and contemporary landscape changes. Accordingly, we argue thatA.palliata mexicanain Mexico is an independently evolving unit that meets the criteria for being assigned as an Evolutionarily Significant Unit, crucial for the preservation of the howler monkeys’ phylogenetic and functional diversity. The three genetic clusters identified are essential for the maintenance of the adaptive diversity and long‐term survival of this howler subspecies. Our genetic approach and conservation recommendations may be useful for other endangered primates inhabiting fragmented populations.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Referential Form and Memory for the Discourse History
Authors: Yoon Si On , Benjamin Aaron S. , Brown‐Schmidt Sarah 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe way we refer to things in the world is shaped by the immediate physical context as well as the discourse history. But what part of the discourse history is relevant to language use in the present? In four experiments, we combine the study of task‐based conversation with measures of recognition memory to examine the role of physical contextual cues that shape what speakers perceive to be a part of the relevant discourse history. Our studies leverage the differentiation effect, a phenomenon in which speakers are more likely to use a modified expression to refer to an object (e.g., dotted sock) if they had previously described a similar object (e.g., striped sock) than when they had not described a similar object. Two physical cues—the background that framed the to‐be‐described pictures and the position of the pictures in the display—were manipulated to alter perceptions about the relevant discourse context. We measured the rate with which speakers modify referring expressions to differentiate current from past referents. Recognition memory measures following the conversation probed what was and was not remembered about past discourse referents and contexts. Analysis of modification rates indicated that these contextual grouping cues shaped perceptions about the relevant discourse context. The contextual cues did not affect memory for the referents, but the memory for past referents was better for speakers than for listeners. Our findings show that perceptions about the relevant discourse history are a key determinant of how language is used in the moment but also that conversational partners form asymmetric representations of the discourse history.
Essentialist Biases Toward Psychiatric Disorders: Brain Disorders Are Presumed Innate
Authors: Berent Iris , Platt Melanie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA large campaign has sought to destigmatize psychiatric disorders by disseminating the view that they are in fact brain disorders. But when psychiatric disorders are associated with neurobiological correlates, laypeople's attitudes toward patients are harsher, and the prognoses seem poorer. Here, we ask whether these misconceptions could result from the essentialist presumption that brain disorders are innate. To this end, we invited laypeople to reason about psychiatric disorders that are diagnosed by either a brain or a behavioral test that were strictly matched for their informative value. Participants viewed disorders as more likely to be innate and immutable when the diagnosis was supported by a brain test as compared to a behavioral test. These results show for the first time that people spontaneously essentialize psychiatric conditions that are linked to the brain, even when the brain probe offers no additional diagnostic or genetic information. This bias suggests that people consider the biological essence of living things as materially embodied.
High adherence to recommended diabetes follow‐up procedures by general practitioners is associated with lower estimated cardiovascular risk
Authors: Nøkleby Kjersti , Berg Tore J. , Mdala Ibrahimu , Buhl Esben S. , Claudi Tor , Cooper John G. , Løvaas Karianne F. , Sandberg Sverre , Jenum Anne K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsTo explore whether the general practitioners’ (GPs’) performance of recommended processes of care was associated with estimated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and poor glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsA cross‐sectional study from Norwegian general practice including 6015 people with type 2 diabetes <75 years old, without CVD and their 275 GPs. The GPs were split into quintiles based on each GP’s average performance of six recommended processes of care. The quintiles were the exposure variable in multilevel regression models with 10‐year risk of cardiovascular events estimated by NORRISK 2 (total and modifiable fraction) and poor glycaemic control (HbA1c >69 mmol/mol (>8.5%)) as outcome variables.ResultsThe mean total and modifiable estimated 10‐year CVD risk was 12.3% and 3.3%, respectively. Compared with patients of GPs in the highest‐performing quintile, patients treated by GPs in the lowest quintile had an adjusted total and modifiable CVD risk that was 1.88 (95% CI 1.17–2.60) and 1.78 (1.14–2.41) percent point higher. This represents a relative mean difference of 16.6% higher total and 74.8% higher modifiable risk among patients of GPs in the lowest compared with the highest quintile. For patients with GPs in the lowest‐performing quintile, the adjusted odds of poor glycaemic control was 1.77 (1.27–2.46) times higher than that for patients with a GP in the highest quintile.ConclusionsWe found a pattern of lower CVD risk and better glycaemic control in patients of GPs performing more recommended diabetes processes of care.
Effects of acute exercise at different intensities on fine motor‐cognitive dual‐task performance while walking: A functional near‐infrared spectroscopy study
Authors: Park Soo‐Yong , Reinl Maren , Schott Nadja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudies on the effects of acute exercises on cognitive functions vary greatly and depend on the duration and intensity of exercise and the type of cognitive tasks. This study aimed to investigate the neural correlates that underpin the acute effects of high‐intensity interval (HIIE) versus moderate‐intensity continuous exercise (MCE) on fine motor‐cognitive performance while walking (dual‐task, DT) in healthy young adults. Twenty‐nine healthy right‐handers (mean age: 25.1 years ± 4.04; 7 female) performed the digital trail‐making‐test (dTMT) while walking (5 km/h) before and after acute exercise. During task performance, the hemodynamic activation of the frontopolar area (FPA), dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC), and motor cortex (M1) was recorded using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Both HIIE and MCE resulted in improved dTMT performance, as reflected by an increase in the number of completed circles and a reduction in the time within and between circuits (reflecting improvements in working memory, inhibition, and decision making). Notably, HIIE evoked higher cortical activity on all brain areas measured in the present study than the MCE group. To our knowledge, these results provide the first empirical evidence using a mobile neuroimaging approach that both HIIE and MCE improve executive function during walking, likely mediated by increased activation of the task‐related area of the prefrontal cortex and the ability to effectively use, among other things, high fitness levels as neural enrichment resources.
Chronic use of renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system blockers and mortality in COVID‐19: A multicenter prospective cohort and literature review
Authors: Gault Nathalie , Esposito‐Farèse Marina , Revest Matthieu , Inamo Jocelyn , Cabié André , Polard Élisabeth , Hulot Jean‐Sébastien , Ghosn Jade , Chirouze Catherine , Deconinck Laurène , Diehl Jean‐Luc , Poissy Julien , Epaulard Olivier , Lefèvre Benjamin , Piroth Lionel , De Montmollin Etienne , Oziol Eric , Etienne Manuel , Laouénan Cédric , Rossignol Patrick , Costagliola Dominique , Vidal‐Petiot Emmanuelle ,   the French‐Covid cohort investigators, study group
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsThe role of renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers on the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is debated. We assessed the association between chronic use of RAAS blockers and mortality among inpatients with COVID‐19 and explored reasons for discrepancies in the literature.Methods and resultsWe included adult hypertensive patients from a prospective nationwide cohort of 3512 inpatients with COVID‐19 up to June 30, 2020. Cox proportional hazard models with various adjustment or propensity weighting methods were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of 30‐day mortality for chronic users versus non‐users of RAAS blockers. We analyzed data of 1160 hypertensive patients: 719 (62%) were male and 777 (67%) were older than 65 years. The main comorbidities were diabetes (n = 416, 36%), chronic cardiac disease (n = 401, 35%), and obesity (n = 340, 29%); 705 (61%) received oxygen therapy. We recorded 135 (11.6%) deaths within 30 days of diagnosis. We found no association between chronic use of RAAS blockers and mortality (unadjusted HR = 1.13, 95% CI [0.8–1.6]; propensity inverse probability treatment weighted HR = 1.09 [0.86‐1.39]; propensity standardized mortality ratio weighted HR = 1.08 [0.79–1.47]). Our comprehensive review of previous studies highlighted that significant associations were mostly found in unrestricted populations with inappropriate adjustment, or with biased in‐hospital exposure measurement.ConclusionOur results do not support previous concerns regarding these drugs, nor a potential protective effect as reported in previous poorly designed studies and meta‐analyses. RAAS blockers should not be discontinued during the pandemic, while in‐hospital management of these drugs will be clarified by randomized trials. NCT04262921.
Paternal exposure to exercise and/or caffeine and alcohol modify offspring behavioral and pathophysiological recovery from repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in adolescence
Authors: Eyolfson Eric , Bhatt Dhyey , Wang Melinda , Lohman Alexander W. , Mychasiuk Richelle 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOnly recently has the scope of parental research expanded to include the paternal sphere with epidemiological studies implicating stress, nutrition and alcohol consumption in the neurobiological and behavioral characteristics of offspring. This study was designed to determine if paternal exposure to caffeine, alcohol and exercise prior to conception would improve or exacerbate offspring recovery from adolescent repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI). Sires received 7 weeks of standard drinking water, or caffeine and ethanol and were housed in regular cages or cages with running wheels, prior to being mated to control females. At postnatal day 40, offspring were administered RmTBI or sham injuries and were assessed for post concussive symptomology. Post‐mortem quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used to assess gene expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and changes in telomere length. Additionally, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA's) were run on serum to detect levels of cytokines, chemokines and sex hormones. Paternal experience did not improve or exacerbate RmTBI behavioral outcomes. However, female and male offspring displayed unique responses to RmTBI and paternal experience, resulting in changes in physical, behavioral and molecular outcomes. Injury and paternal exercise modified changes in female offspring, whereas male offspring were affected by paternal exercise, caffeine and alcohol treatment. Additionally, paternal experience and RmTBI modified expression of many genes in the PFC, NAc, telomere length and levels of sex hormones. Although further exploration is required to understand the heterogeneity that exists in disease risk and resiliency, this study provides corroborating evidence that paternal experiences prior to conception influences offspring development.
Improved performance of the eastern spruce budworm on black spruce as warming temperatures disrupt phenological defences
Authors: Bellemin‐Noël Bastien , Bourassa Stéphane , Despland Emma , De Grandpré Louis , Pureswaran Deepa S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPhenological shifts, induced by global warming, can lead to mismatch between closely interacting species. The eastern spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana, an important outbreaking insect defoliator in North America, mainly feeds on balsam fir,Abies balsamea, which has historically been well synchronized with the insect. But as climate change pushes the northern range limit of the budworm further north into the boreal forest, the highly valuable black spruce,Picea mariana, historically protected against the budworm by its late budburst phenology, is suffering increased defoliation during the current outbreak. We tested the hypothesis that rising temperatures can lead, not to a mismatch, but to an improved match between the budworm and black spruce through differential phenological advancement. For 3 years, eastern spruce budworm larvae were reared from instar 2 to pupae, on both black spruce and balsam fir, in a temperature free‐air controlled enhancement experiment (T‐FACE) consisting in 24 field plots, half of which were heated at +2°C from March to October. Our results show that every year, larval development was faster on heated trees and pupation was earlier than on unheated trees. Bud development was also accelerated in heated trees of both species. However, there was no difference in mass between pupae that developed at +2°C and controls at the end of the season. Finally, we found no difference either in development rate or pupal mass between larvae reared on black spruce and those reared on balsam fir. This suggests that under higher temperature regimes, eastern spruce budworm will be as successful on black spruce as on balsam fir, as black spruce budburst becomes better synchronized with the insect's emergence from diapause. This could lead to critical changes in outbreak dynamics and severity with important ecological state shifts at the landscape level.
Practical Review and Comparison of Modified Covariance Estimators for Linear Mixed Models in Small‐sample Longitudinal Studies with Missing Data
Authors: Gosho Masahiko , Noma Hisashi , Maruo Kazushi 
Published: April 2021

SummaryMixed‐effects models for repeated measures (MMRMs) with an ‘unstructured’ (UN) covariance structure are frequently used in primary analyses for group comparisons of incomplete continuous longitudinal data from drug development trials. However, MMRM‐UN analysis could lead to convergence problems in numerical optimisation, especially in trials with a small sample size or high dropout rate. Although the so‐called sandwich covariance estimator is robust against the misspecification of the covariance structure, its performance deteriorates for small sample sizes. We review eight modified covariance estimators adjusted for small‐sample bias and compare their performances in the framework of MMRM analysis through simulations. In terms of the type 1 error rate and coverage probability of confidence intervals for group comparisons, Mancl and DeRouen's covariance estimator (MD) shows the best performance among the modified covariance estimators, followed by Fay and Graubard's estimator. The performance of MD is nearly equivalent to that of the Kenward–Roger method with a UN structure. The Kenward–Roger method with first‐order autoregressive structure results in substantial inflation of the type 1 error rate in the scenario where the variance of measurements increases across visits. In summary, we recommend the use of MD in MMRM analysis if the convergence problem involving a UN structure occurs in small clinical trials.