bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Puzzle of the Sophist
Authors: Vlasits Justin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The many definitions of sophistry at the beginning of Plato’s Sophist have puzzled scholars just as much as they puzzled the dialogue’s main speakers: the Visitor from Elea and Theaetetus. The aim of this paper is to give an account of that puzzlement. This puzzlement, it is argued, stems not from a logical or epistemological problem, but from the metaphysical problem that, given the multiplicity of accounts, the interlocutors do not know what the sophist essentially is. It transpires that, in order to properly account for this puzzle, one must jettison the traditional view of Plato’s method of division, on which divisions must be exclusive and mark out relations of essential predication. It is then shown on independent grounds that, although Platonic division in the Sophist must express predication relations and be transitive, it need not be dichotomous, exclusive, or express relations of essential predication. Once the requirements of exclusivity and essential predication are dropped, it is possible to make sense of the reasons that the Visitor from Elea and Theaetetus are puzzled. Moreover, with this in hand, it is possible to see Plato making an important methodological point in the dialogue: division on its own without any norms does not necessarily lead to the discovery of essences.
On an “Important Principle” of Arrow and Debreu
Authors: Vilks Arnis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn their seminal 1954 paper on the existence of competitive equilibrium, Arrow and Debreu state what they call an “important principle”, namely that it is necessary for the existence of equilibrium that every consumer has some asset or can supply some labour service which has a positive price at equilibrium. It does not seem to have been noticed that this claim is incorrect. We provide a very simple model of a private ownership economy with three goods where a competitive equilibrium exists, but consumers who have nothing to sell but their labour end up with zero wealth in equilibrium. As zero wealth must be taken to mean non-survival, and the Arrow–Debreu model is frequently interpreted as assuming that all consumers can survive without trade, we also briefly discuss the issue of non-survival in equilibrium. We finally point out that our example illustrates the possibility that technological progress may result in a situation where the value of work becomes negligible.
Palmitic acid and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids dominate in mycelia of mangrove Halophytophthora and Salispina species in Taiwan
Authors: Su Chun-Jui , Ju Wen-Ting , Chen Yi-Min , Chiang Michael W.L. , Hsieh Sung-Yuan , Lin Han-Jia , Jones E.B. Gareth , Pang Ka-Lai 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Marine oomycetous species produce, among other fatty acids, omega-6 arachidonic acid (ARA) and omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), with implications for the industrial potential of this group of organisms and the need to find an isolate with high production. This study screened 14 isolates of marine oomycetous species: Halophytophthora avicenniae, H. batemanensis, H. exoprolifera, H. polymorphica and Salispina spinosa cultured from fallen mangrove leaves in Taiwan for 24 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in their mycelia. This paper is the first to report C18:1n-7 vaccenic acid, C20:1 eicosenoic acid, C24:1 nervonic acid, C20:2n-6 eicosadienoic acid, C22:4n-6 adrenic acid, C20:4n-3 eicosatetraenoic acid and C22:5n-3 docosapentaenoic acid in mycelia of Halophytophthora and Salispina species, and the fatty acid profiles of H. batemanensis and H. exoprolifera. Five fatty acids were dominant in the mycelia of the isolates, i.e. C16:0 palmitic acid, C18:1n-9 oleic acid, C18:2n-6 linoleic acid, C20:4n-6 arachidonic acid and C20:5n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid. For the essential fatty acids, S. spinosa produced the highest level of arachidonic acid (27–31% of total fatty acid (TFA), 141–188 mg l−1 yield) while H. avicenniae IMB212 produced the highest percentage of EPA (15% of TFA) while H. polymorphica IMB227 produced the highest yield (96 mg l−1). Different species and isolates of the same species produced different fatty acid profiles, and further research effort may yield a high production isolate of industrial significance and also important fatty acids from the marine environment.
Impact of the reinforced metal structure on the mechanical properties foamed aluminium composites at the load
Authors: Mareeva Olga , Ermilov Vladimir , Snezhko Vera , Benin Dmitrii , Bakshtanin Alexander 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper is an experimental study of the quasi-static mechanical compressive properties of the reinforced closed-cell aluminum alloy foams with different cell orientations at different strain rates. The reinforced foam samples were obtained via the powder metallurgical route. The results of the compression tests revealed that the deformation behavior and mechanical properties of foamed aluminum composites are highly dependent on the orientation of the reinforcing mesh. Differences in the deformation behavior of foams appear to be influenced by the mechanical properties of the matrix material, by foam deformation mechanisms, and by the mechanical properties of the reinforcement. The yield stress, plateau stress, densification stress, and energy absorption capacity of unreinforced foam samples improved linearly with increasing strain rate due to dynamic recrystallization and softening of the foam matrix material. The reinforced foam samples exhibit nonlinear deformation behavior. It was also found that the mechanical properties reduction of transverse reinforced foams was slightly lower compared to foams with longitudinal reinforcement at varying strain rates because of the large contribution of the mechanical properties of the reinforcement. The results of the present study can be employed to modelling and obtain impact-resistant fillers for complex structures in transport construction.
An Optimal Control Study with Quantity of Additional food as Control in Prey-Predator Systems involving Inhibitory Effect
Authors: Ananth V. S. , Vamsi D. K. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Additional food provided prey-predator systems have become a significant and important area of study for both theoretical and experimental ecologists. This is mainly because provision of additional food to the predator in the prey-predator systems has proven to facilitate wildlife conservation as well as reduction of pesticides in agriculture. Further, the mathematical modeling and analysis of these systems provide the eco-manager with various strategies that can be implemented on field to achieve the desired objectives. The outcomes of many theoretical and mathematical studies of such additional food systems have shown that the quality and quantity of additional food play a crucial role in driving the system to the desired state. However, one of the limitations of these studies is that they are asymptotic in nature, where the desired state is reached eventually with time. To overcome these limitations, we present a time optimal control study for an additional food provided prey-predator system involving inhibitory effect with quantity of additional food as the control parameter with the objective of reaching the desired state in finite (minimum) time. The results show that the optimal solution is a bang-bang control with a possibility of multiple switches. Numerical examples illustrate the theoretical findings. These results can be applied to both biological conservation and pest eradication.
Singular tuples of matrices is not a null cone (and the symmetries of algebraic varieties)
Authors: Makam Visu , Wigderson Avi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The following multi-determinantal algebraic variety plays a central role in algebra, algebraic geometry and computational complexity theory:

SING

n
,
m

{{\rm SING}_{n,m}}

, consisting of all m-tuples of

n
×
n

{n\times n}

complex matrices which span only singular matrices. In particular, an efficient deterministic algorithm testing membership in

SING

n
,
m

{{\rm SING}_{n,m}}

will imply super-polynomial circuit lower bounds, a holy grail of the theory of computation.
A sequence of recent works suggests such efficient algorithms for memberships in a general class of algebraic varieties, namely the null cones of linear group actions. Can this be used for the problem above? Our main result is negative:

SING

n
,
m

{{\rm SING}_{n,m}}

is not the null cone of any (reductive) group action! This stands in stark contrast to a non-commutative analog of this variety, and points to an inherent structural difficulty of

SING

n
,
m

{{\rm SING}_{n,m}}

.
To prove this result, we identify precisely the group of symmetries of

SING

n
,
m

{{\rm SING}_{n,m}}

. We find this characterization, and the tools we introduce to prove it, of independent interest. Our work significantly generalizes a result of Frobenius for the special case

m
=
1

{m=1}

, and suggests a general method for determining the symmetries of algebraic varieties.
Culture codes and semiotics
Authors: Berger Arthur Asa 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper argues that culture can be understood as a collection of codes that people learn as they grow up in a particular society and that these codes have certain attributes that explain their power. I suggest that codes must be coherent, be concrete, be clear, have continuity, and be communicated. I conclude with a discussion of national codes in comedy and offer the example of Japan, where people have different humor codes than in America.
Learning of monotone functions with single error correction
Authors: Selezneva Svetlana N. , Liu Yongqing 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Learning of monotone functions is a well-known problem. Results obtained by V. K. Korobkov and G. Hansel imply that the complexity φM
(n) of learning of monotone Boolean functions equals

C
n

⌊
n

/

2
⌋

$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
C_n^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}
\end{array}$

+

C
n

⌊
n

/

2
⌋
+
1

$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
C_n^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor+1}
\end{array}$

(φM
(n) denotes the least number of queries on the value of an unknown monotone function on a given input sufficient to identify an arbitrary n-ary monotone function). In our paper we consider learning of monotone functions in the case when the teacher is allowed to return an incorrect response to at most one query on the value of an unknown function so that it is still possible to correctly identify the function. We show that learning complexity in case of the possibility of a single error is equal to the complexity in the situation when all responses are correct.
Bauernproteste in Deutschland
Authors: Heinze Rolf G. , Bieckmann Rabea , Kurtenbach Sebastian , Küchler Armin 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
In die deutsche Protestlandschaft haben sich seit dem Herbst 2019 ebenfalls Bäuerinnen und Bauern eingereiht, die u. a. durch Blockaden und Mahnwachen auch Anfang 2021 immer wieder Aufmerksamkeit erregen. Die Forderungen und Anliegen, die mit den Protesten durchgesetzt werden sollen, sind vielfältig und beziehen sich sowohl auf ökonomische Existenzsorgen als auch auf gesellschaftliche Anerkennungsdefizite. Um einen Einblick in die Hintergründe und die zugrundeliegenden Sorgen zu erlangen, wurde eine quantitative Befragung im landwirtschaftlichen Protestmilieu durchgeführt, deren Ergebnisse in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt werden. Nach einer agrarsoziologischen Einordnung, wird der Fokus insbesondere auf die politische Verortung der protestierenden Bäuerinnen und Bauern gelegt.
20 Jahre Weltsozialforum
Authors: Schröder Christian 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungVor zwanzig Jahren, als das Weltsozialforum zum ersten Mal in Porto Alegre in Brasilien stattfand, war es eine Veranstaltung, die sich für eine Globalisierung ‚von unten‘ einsetzte. Was hat sich seit dem ersten Weltsozialforum bis hin zur pandemiebedingt erstmalig rein virtuellen, fünfzehnten Ausgabe des Weltsozialforum des Jahres 2021 verändert? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage nahm der Autor an verschiedenen Aktivitäten während der Veranstaltungstage im Januar 2021 teil, analysierte Dokumente und führte Gespräche mit langjährigen Weltsozialforumsaktivist*innen. Die Antwort lautet: Verändert hat sich vieles, aber (immer noch) nicht der Grundansatz des Weltsozialforums.
Regieren ohne Grund: Die CDU mit und nach Merkel
Authors: Dürr Tobias 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Von 72 Jahren seit der Gründung der Bundesrepublik im Jahr 1949 stellte die Christdemokraten 52 Jahre den Bundeskanzler oder die Bundeskanzlerin. Vielleicht wird dies auch nach den Bundestagswahlen 2021 so sein. Dennoch bleibt zu fragen, ob mit Armin Laschet die CDU einen zeitgemäßen Vorsitzenden und potentiellen Bundeskanzler stellt, der die anstehenden großen Herausforderungen etwa in der Klimapolitik angemessen beantworten kann.
Signale aus der Provinz – Die Landtagswahlen in Baden-Württemberg, Rheinland-Pfalz und Sachsen-Anhalt
Authors: Eith Ulrich 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Nach den drei Landtagswahlen in Baden-Württemberg, Rheinland-Pfalz und Sachsen-Anhaltz im ersten Halbjahr 2021 bleibt der Ausgang der Bundestagwahl weiterhin offen. Es lassen sich aus den drei Wahlen keine parteipolitischen Trends, wonach landespolitische Erfolge oder Niederlagen auch zu entsprechenden Zuwächsen oder Verlusten in den bundesweiten Umfragen führen, ableiten. Es wird wahlentscheidend sein, ob und wie die Parteien ihre zentralen Themen zur Wählermobilisierung setzen und wer die öffentliche Themenagenda in seinem Sinne entscheidend mitgestalten kann. Hierfür liefern die drei letzten Landtagswahlen vielfältiges aktuelles Anschauungsmaterial. Die Grünen müssen zudem entscheiden, inwieweit sie sich durch die erfolgreiche grüne Politik in Baden-Württemberg für ihren Bundestagswahlkampf inspirieren lassen. Ein politischer Umbruch erscheint möglich, die Bundestagswahl im September hat das Potential zur Critical Election.
„It’s not dark yet, but it’s getting there”
Authors: Mielke Gerd 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung„Critical elections“ haben eine spezifische Vorgeschichte: Sie bringen „weniger normale“ Wahlergebnisse mit auffälligen Veränderungen im sozio-ökonomischen, kulturellen und auch im politischen Vor- und Umfeld in Zusammenhang. Die These des amerikanischen Wahlforschers Valdimer Orlando Key jr. von den „critical elections“ und den Kontextveränderungen in ihrem jeweiligen Vorfeld führt im Umkehrschluss zu der Hypothese, dass markante Kontextveränderungen ihrerseits „critical elections“ mit Umbrüchen in der Wählerschaft auslösen. Diese Hypothese wird hier auf die kommende Bundestagswahl 2021 bezogen. Als markantestes Merkmal wird dabei die Neupositionierung der Grünen im Parteiensystem hervortreten. Wie sich diese vermutlich neue Stellung der Grünen zukünftig auf die anderen Elemente des Parteiensystems und die daraus erwachsenden Koalitionsoptionen auswirken wird, ist noch nicht abzuschätzen. Es wird weitreichende Folgen für die Entwicklung auch fast aller anderen Parteien nach sich ziehen, die sich dann wiederum bei den kommenden Wahlen, auch auf Landesebene, manifestieren werden.
Die Grünen als neuer Pol im deutschen Parteiensystem?
Authors: Mielke Gerd 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Vieles spricht dafür, die Grünen als die strategischen Gewinner der Legislaturperiode 2017–2021 einzuschätzen. Union und SPD haben als bislang tragende Säulen des bundesrepublikanischen Parteiensystems viel von ihrer einstigen Dominanz eingebüßt. Das nicht nur mit Blick auf den zum Teil dramatischen Rückgang ihrer Stimmenanteile, sondern vor allem für die starken Einbußen in ihren Traditionswählerschaften, die wiederum mit der Preisgabe ihrer jeweiligen „Markenkerne“ durch die christdemokratischen und sozialdemokratischen Parteieliten verbunden sind. Die Erschöpfung von Union und SPD einerseits und die gleichzeitige Stabilisierung der Grünen auf einem vergleichbaren Stimmenniveau andrerseits haben im Lauf der Legislaturperiode ein Parteiensystem hervorgebracht, in dem sich vor allem die SPD in ihrer Position als Alternative und Gegenpol zur CDU/CSU durch die Grünen herausgefordert sieht. Die erkennbaren Bewegungen und Rochaden auf dem Wählermarkt, die allein von den Grünen vollzogen worden sind, sollte die Bundestagswahl 2021 ihren Platz als eine „critical election“ in der deutschen Wahlgeschichte finden.
Klimaliste: Eingriff in die DNA der Grünen
Authors: Farin Klaus 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Die Klimaliste gibt den Teilen der Klimabewegung eine Stimme, die ihren Glauben an die Grünen verloren haben – in einer wissenschaftsbasierten Bewegungspartei mit einer neuartigen Kommunikationskultur.
Towards a diachronic typology of individual person markers
Authors: Konnerth Linda , Sansò Andrea 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this introduction we propose an agenda for working towards a diachronic typology of individual person markers. Rather than tracking the development of entire paradigms, our goal is to arrive at a better understanding of the diachronic pathways of those source constructions that end up as a conventionalized means of marking a particular person or person scenario, i.e. the specific (di)transitive person configuration. We discuss how this diachronic typology will need to consider certain types, or characteristics, of person markers, such as free vs. bound forms; SAP vs. 3rd person forms; or the status of person scenario markers. With respect to the source constructions and pathways, it is useful to distinguish between category-internal (e.g., person shift) and category-external (e.g., impersonal constructions) sources that give rise to person forms. We further offer a brief summary of the types of motivations that have been argued to lie behind the observed changes. Other issues of interest involve the stability vs. susceptibility for change as well as the optionality and synchronic variation of person forms, which may precede diachronic change.
Differential innovation in 2nd person pronouns and agreement indexation in Trans-Himalayan languages
Authors: DeLancey Scott 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTibeto-Burman languages show a drastic difference in the stability of independent and bound 2nd person forms. The 2nd person pronoun *naŋis the most stable form in the Proto-Trans-Himalayan paradigm, preserved in almost every low-level clade, while 1st person is sometimes replaced. But 2nd person indexation in the verb is highly unstable. There were two distinct forms already in PTH, a suffix #-na, belonging to the original paradigm, and an innovative prefix #tV-, as well as an irrealis form which could be used with 2nd person reference. In daughter languages across the family we find further innovations in this category. These facts pose two questions. The first – why is 2nd person indexation so unstable? – can be interpreted in terms of politeness and face management. But this raises another question – if 2nd person indexation is inherently unstable, why is 2nd person independent pronominal reference not? The difference in stability reflects a difference in function. In Tibeto-Burman languages, with or without argument indexation, independent pronouns are always ‘optional’, i.e. carry some information management function such as contrast. Thus when pronominal reference to the addressee might be awkward, it can always be avoided, so there is no need to innovate face-saving substitutes for it. In contrast, in languages with argument indexation, the verbal index is obligatory, so any desire to avoid direct reference to one’s interlocutor requires adopting an alternative construction which then, over time, may grammaticalize into a new 2nd person index.
Unification electrocoagulation-adsorption treatment for removal of COD and surfactant from automobile wastewater
Authors: Thakur Chandrakant 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The automobile sectors are an essential field of the service provider circle. The principal eminent impact identified with the vehicle service workshops, is the discharge of used surfactant, engine oil, and washed water into the surface and water bodies. In this context, this study’s objective is to treat the automobile wastewater by unified/combined electrocoagulation-adsorption (ECA) to achieve the permissible removal limits of COD and surfactant. ECA treatment experiments were conducted by varying adsorbent dose, mixing time, and electrolysis time using Box Behnken design model. By performing experiments, the optimum conditions were statistically obtained at ECA time of 25 min, mixing speed of 465 rpm, and adsorbent dosage of 1.81 mg/L for 71.58% COD removal and 77.91% surfactant removal. The outcomes show that the experimental results of this investigation were in good agreement with the model predictions.
Role of Ti and Y in the nucleation of the primary α-Al of Al7075–Ti–Y natural composites and influence of ultrasonic vibration
Authors: Chen Xiao-Hui , Liu Lei , Li Jinbo , Zhang Fayun 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Al7075–Ti–Y natural composites were prepared by using a combination of ultrasonic vibration and casting. The effects of titanium (Ti) and yttrium (Y) on the nucleation of primary α-Al were studied and the influencing mechanism of Y on the TiAl3 formation was analysed. Furthermore, a reaction kinetics model of TiAl3 under ultrasonic vibration was established. The results showed that the uniformly distributed TiAl3 and Al3Y nano-particles resulted in grain refinement. Y changed the morphology of TiAl3 and the appearance of corrosion pits was related to the fact that Y was dissolved within the TiAl3 structure to form Ti(Al,Y)3. The established model revealed that ultrasonic vibration significantly promoted the formation of TiAl3, and that ultrasonic time was the main factor affecting its growth.
Unsteady MHD free convection flow past a vertical permeable flat plate in a rotating frame of reference with constant heat source and variable thermal boundary condition in a nanofluid
Authors: Rao Pentyala Srinivasa , Kumar Anil 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The problem of unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) free convection flow of nano-fluid past an oscillation moving vertical semi-infinite permeable flat plate with constant heat source and vertical variable thermal boundary condition in a rotating frame of reference is studied theoretically. The boundary layer has the oscillatory type of solution because slip velocity is assumed to oscillate in time with constant frequency. The governing equations are solved using small perturbation approximation. For this investigation, we use two types of nano-particles in base fluid, namely Cu (copper) and Al2O3 (aluminium oxide). The effect of various types of suspended metallic nano-particles and non-dimensional physical parameters on the fluid flow and heat transfer rate are presented and discussed through the graphs.
Simulation and modeling of different cell shapes for closed-cell LM-13 alloy foam for compressive behavior
Authors: Verma Karan Singh , Panthi Sanjay , Mondal Dehi Pada 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the present investigation, a two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) model of closed-cell AlSi12Mg1Cu1 alloy foam (AAFs) of 0.35 relative density of different cell shapes, i.e., square, hexagonal, octagonal, and circular shaped cell established with the help of ABAQUS simulation software. Experimentation is also done for 0.35 relative density metal foam to report its compressive behavior. The plateau stress

σ

p
l

$\left(\right.{\sigma }_{pl}$

) and energy absorption capacity (E
ab) of AAFs (ρ
rd = 0.35) properties are calculated from the plotted stress–strain graph and a significant effect of cell shape on compressive performance observed. By SEM characterization, it was noted that the experimental specimen also had near circular cells. The strength and energy absorption values are calculated for square-shape, circular-shaped, octagonal-shaped, and hexagonal-shaped cells in descending order from maximum to minimum. A convergence study is also carried out concerning the number of elements to obtain the most accurate FE results.