bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Youth Employment Policies: Tackling Meanings and Social Norms within National Contexts
Authors: Longo María Eugenia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The transnational urgency of tackling youth employment problems has prompted state interventions, which have strongly geared youth policies toward employability. Applying a cognitive and interpretative approach, this article compares youth employment policies in four contexts—France, Canada, Quebec and Argentina—to highlight frames of reference and social norms involved in public action. The results reveal, first, commonalities and differences in public-policy approaches, in terms of goals, targeted populations, solutions, services and tools. Second, beyond policies’ formal characteristics, semantic analysis highlights the major national references and policy directions in the realm of youth employment. Third, the frames of reference show social norms shaping state solidarity and young people’s role in the labour market. The results stem from a documentary analysis of some 100 youth employment policies and programs, as well as interpretative analysis of interviews (N = 20) with experts and coordinators of some of the main policies in each context.
Who are the Young People Who Engage as Youth Representatives? Routes into Formal Youth Participation
Authors: Walther Andreas , Lüküslü Demet 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Young people’s participation—or lack thereof—has been an area of broad debate in youth policy in recent decades. A key argument is that young people’s participation is seen as vital for the future of democracy (as young people are seen as the future of societies) and that youth policies need to establish youth representation structures where young people learn democratic citizenship like youth councils or youth parliaments. However, there is some ambivalence associated with such forms of participation. On the one hand, only a minority of young people seem to consider them a ‘real’ opportunity for influence, while, on the other hand, analysis has revealed the paternalistic structures of such adult-led youth participation. Both require and contribute to the reproduction of a specific adult citizenship habitus.
Indeed, some young people participate in youth representation which we refer to as ‘formal participation’. The aim of this paper is to understand why and how these young people actually engage in institutionalised forms of youth participation that according to most of their peers are ineffective and irrelevant. Research has been limited on this question to date, although—as we argue—such knowledge not only identifies the conditions and requirements under which young people follow the call of being ‘made’ citizens (Hall et al., 1999) but also sheds light on why so many young people do not participate in formal youth participation that they feel does not fit their needs and interests.
Based on qualitative interviews with young people involved in different forms of youth representation in three different European cities conducted in the context of a European research project, the paper adopts a biographical approach and aims to answer the question of what makes young people become and stay involved in youth councils, youth parliaments, and/or youth organisations. Against the background of exemplary biographical cases, key dimensions of formal participation biographies are elaborated that explain why certain young people are attracted to rather than deterred from acquiring an adult citizenship habitus. A key finding is that such biographies are not so much the result of value-driven education processes but are functional for coping with specific biographical constellations.
Margaret A. Simons, Rebel at Heart
Authors: Simons Margaret A. , Ruonakoski Erika 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this interview, Margaret A. Simons describes her path to philosophy and existentialism, her struggles in the male-dominated field in the 1960s and 1970s, and her political activism in the civil rights and women’s liberation movements. She also discusses her encounters with Simone de Beauvoir and Beauvoir’s refusal to own her philosophical originality, suggesting that Beauvoir may have adopted a more conventional narrative of a female intellectual to circumvent the public’s resistance to her radical ideas in the 1950s.
Beauvoir en Iran, d’ hier à aujourd’ hui
Authors: Chafiq Chahla 
Published: October 2021

Résumé
En Iran, la traduction de l’ œuvre de Beauvoir connaît, depuis les années 1950, un parcours virevoltant, qui croise les bouleversements de l’ histoire contemporaine du pays. L’ autrice du présent article souhaite comprendre cette réception contrastée, avant et après la révolution iranienne de 1979. Elle cerne l’ évolution socioculturelle et politique de l’ Iran contemporain, puis se penche sur le moment où la traduction s’ intéresse à Beauvoir. Elle termine par une réflexion sur l’ héritage beauvoirien actuel.
Michèle Le Dœuff, pionnière des études beauvoiriennes
Authors: Le Dœuff Michèle , Chaperon Sylvie , Rouch Marine 
Published: October 2021

Résumé
Michèle Le Dœuff est une philosophe qui a beaucoup contribué aux études beauvoiriennes, mais dont l’ apport a été sous-évalué. Pourtant, Le Dœuff a été la première à faire un travail critique, philosophique et féministe autour du Deuxième Sexe, d’ abord dans son célèbre article « Cheveux longs, idées courtes » (1977), puis de façon plus approfondie dans L’ Étude et le rouet (1989). Les études beauvoiriennes ont sans doute encore beaucoup à puiser dans l’ œuvre de Le Dœuff.
Who Wants to Live Forever? Astrological Methods for Calculating Lifespan in Western Culture and Perspectives on Determinism in Astrology
Authors: Avelar Helena 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The calculation of an individual’s life span has been a constant presence in premodern astrological practice. It was used by physicians to calculate the expected life of a patient or to ascertain if an illness was likely to be fatal. On a personal level, this knowledge could also offer a means of control over one’s life and, more importantly, a way to prepare their access to a rewarding afterlife.
This article contains an overview of determinism in astrology and a brief survey of the main methodologies used to determine the length of life, exploring their history, primary sources, and variations from antiquity to the early modern period. Although it discusses to some extent the chief methods for determining the lifespan, an in-depth study of the techniques, with all their details and discrepancies is out of its scope. The goal is to correlate the astrological practice with different perspectives on determinism and free will.
The development of international law through the lens of the Italian doctrine
Authors: Iovane Massimo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This review essay analyses a very interesting collection of essays providing a fresh examination of international law schools operating in Italy from the early medieval period to current times. The Essay will show that the book adopts a completely new presentation of this subject, offering thus an unbiased assessment of the doctrinal debate developed in between the two World Wars.
Art. 11 of the Italian Constitution between text and context
Authors: Cappuccio Laura 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Luigi Bonanate’s book “Costituzione italiana: articolo 11” analyses Article 11 of the Italian Constitution through the prism of its application. Bonanate provides the reader, in a clear and compelling style, with a complete interpretation of Article 11, combining the analysis of the preparatory work in the Constituent Assembly with its doctrinal interpretation and political application. The book does not only analyse the drafting of this article, but also focuses on the “political history of Article 11”, on the contemporary debate by the scientific community and, finally, on its relations with the international legal system.
Low-level laser therapy and static stretching exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Robbins Sarah R , Alfredo Patrícia P , Junior Washington S , Marques Amelia P 
Published: October 2021

Objectives To investigate the laser effect associated with stretching exercise on pain and functionality in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Design A randomised controlled trial Setting Special Rehabilitation Services. Subjects We enrolled 215 knee osteoarthritis patients (430 knees were treated). Intervention Group Laser + Stretch ( n = 43), Placebo + Stretch ( n = 43), Stretch ( n = 43), Laser ( n = 43) and Control ( n = 43) were treated with active laser and stretching exercises; placebo laser and stretching exercises; stretching exercises; active laser, and control, respectively. Interventions were conducted 3 times a week for 8 or 11 weeks. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the change in knee pain and disability. Secondary outcomes included severity of osteoarthritis, mobility, knee range of motion, flexibility, activity, severity of osteoarthritis and medication intake for pain relief. Results The patients’ average age was 63.52 (6.8) years. Pain scores at baseline and post treatment ( p < 0.001) were 7.43 (2.10) and 2.79 (1.92) for group Laser + Stretch, 7.39 (1.98) and 4.47 (2.82) for group Placebo + Stretch, 6.83 (1.42) and 4.24 (2.43) for group Stretch, 6.61 (1.68) and 2.94 (2.65) for group Laser, 6.74 (1.75) and 6.47 (2.29) for group Control, respectively. Disability score at baseline and post treatment ( p = 0.000237) were 12.36 (5.02) and 8.08 (4.64) for group Laser + Stretch, 12.71 (5.12) and 9.90 (4.95) for group Placebo + Stretch, 11.83 (2.77) and 7.20 (5.28) for group Stretch, 11.58 (5.59) and 8.21 (6.18) for group Laser, 11.23 (4.68) and 11.45 (4.83) for group Control, respectively. Conclusion Laser therapy combined with stretching exercises improves pain during rest, activities of daily living, stiffness, muscle shortening and range of motion in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Myocardial uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE: correlation with cardiac disease and risk factors
Authors: Itani Malak , Haq Adeel , Amin Manik , Mhlanga Joyce , Lenihan Daniel , Iravani Amir , Trikalinos Nikolaos A 
Published: October 2021

Background Myocardial uptake on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT is often observed and its clinical relevance is poorly understood. Purpose To detect any correlation between myocardial uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE and presence of cardiac disease or risk factors. Material and Methods In this institutional review board-approved retrospective study, we reviewed 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT scans in our institution between 1 May 2018 and 30 September 2018. A semi-quantitative score (MUS) for myocardial uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE was developed by measuring mean standardized uptake value (SUV) in five myocardial regions, corrected by blood pool activity, and MUS was validated between two readers. We investigated the relationship between MUS and presence of cardiac disease or risk factors, including Framingham score and coronary calcification. Results A total of 145 scans were included (79 women; mean age = 56.9  ±  13.7 years). Inter-reader agreement was excellent with intraclass correlation coefficient (r)  =  0.964 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.903–0.987; P < 0.001). There was a weak but significant positive correlation between MUS and presence of coronary calcifications (Spearman rho  =  0.20; P = 0.016). MUS was higher in patients with heart disease or risk factors (n = 83, mean MUS 2.03, 95% CI = 1.85–2.21) compared to those without (n = 23, mean MUS 1.40, 95% CI = 1.17–1.62; P < 0.001), although the cardiac disease group was older with a higher percentage of men (62.0 years, 57.8% men compared to 47.6 years, 13.0% men; P value <0.0001 for both comparisons). Conclusion For patients undergoing 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT scan, an elevated MUS might indicate an underlying heart disease.
Retinal nerve fiber layer characteristics in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a retrospective case series
Authors: Feng Li-Guo , Chen Ying , He Fei-Fang , Yao Yu-Feng 
Published: October 2021

Objective To evaluate changes in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thicknesses, included ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Methods This was a retrospective, nonrandom, observational case series study. Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations and systemic examinations were performed. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography scanning was used to measure peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular volume. Results In total, 108 eyes in 54 patients with SIH were evaluated; these were compared with 108 eyes in 54 healthy controls. The mean ages were 38.2 ± 9.4 years (patients with SIH) and 38.9 ± 9.4 years (healthy controls). In both groups, 33 patients were women (61.1%). The peripapillary RNFL and GCIPL were thinner in patients with SIH than in healthy controls (100.08 ± 9.94 µm vs 104.83 ± 8.35 µm and 81.46 ± 5.67 µm vs 85.67 ± 4.57 µm, respectively). Among patients with SIH, the GCIPL was thinner in patients with visual field defects (79.81 ± 5.62 µm vs 82.39 ± 5.12 µm). Conclusions The RNFL and GCIPL were thinner in patients with SIH than in healthy controls. The GCIPL was thinner in eyes with visual field defects among patients with SIH.
Attribute specification effect on hedonic and utilitarian options
Authors: Liu Hsin-Hsien , Chou Hsuan-Yi 
Published: October 2021

Integrating ideas and theories from the numerosity effect and utilitarian/hedonic consumption, this research explores how hedonic and utilitarian attributes specified with contracted and expanded specifications affect consumer preferences. Results from two experiments indicate an expanded utilitarian attribute enhances consumer preference for choosing the utilitarian option. However, an expanded hedonic attribute does not influence preference for choosing the hedonic option. The relative perceived guilt of the hedonic option and the perceived attractiveness of the utilitarian option mediate the effect. Acquisition format (purchase vs windfall) moderates this effect by influencing consumers’ perceived guilt from choosing the hedonic option. JEL Classification: C91, D12, M31
Breastfeeding Mother and Child Clinical Outcomes After COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Low Jia Ming , Lee Le Ye , Ng Yvonne Peng Mei , Zhong Youjia , Amin Zubair 
Published: October 2021

Background: Pre-approval clinical trials of the Pfizer/BioNTech messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2 did not include participants who were breastfeeding. Therefore, there is limited evidence about outcomes of breastfeeding mother–child dyads and effects on breastfeeding after vaccination. Research Aims: To determine: (1) solicited adverse effects (e.g., axillary lymphadenopathy, mastitis, and breast engorgement), which are unique to lactating individuals; and (2) systemic and local adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine on mothers and potential effects on their breastfed infants. Method: This was a prospective cohort study of lactating healthcare workers ( N = 88) in Singapore who received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccination (Pfizer/BioNTech). The outcomes of mother–child dyads within 28 days after the second vaccine dose were determined through a participant-completed questionnaire. Results: Minimal effects related to breastfeeding were reported by this cohort; three of 88 (3.4%) participants had mastitis, one (1.1%) participant experienced breast engorgement, five of 88 (5.7%) participants reported cervical or axillary lymphadenopathy. There was no change in human milk supply after vaccination. The most common side effect was pain/redness/swelling at the injection site, which was experienced by 57 (64.8%) participants. There were no serious adverse events of anaphylaxis or hospital admissions. There were no short-term adverse effects reported in the infants of 67 lactating participants who breastfed within 72 hr after BNT162b2 vaccination. Conclusions: BNT162b2 vaccination was well tolerated in lactating participants and was not associated with short-term adverse effects in their breastfed infants. Study Protocol Registration: The study protocol was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04802278).
Types of Caregiving Experience and Their Association With Caregiver Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life
Authors: Sung Pildoo , Goh Veronica Shimin , Azman Nur Diyana , Visaria Abhijit , Malhotra Rahul 
Published: October 2021

Objective This study examines distinct types of caregiving experience, each formed by varied combinations of caregiving burden and benefits, and their association with caregiver depressive symptoms and quality of life. Methods: We apply latent profile analysis and multivariable regression to data on 278 caregivers participating in the Caregiving Transitions among Family Caregivers of Elderly Singaporeans (TraCE) study in 2019–2020. Results: We identify four caregiving experience types: (1) balanced (low burden and moderate benefits, 40% of caregivers), (2) satisfied (low burden and high benefits, 33%), (3) intensive (high burden and high benefits, 17%), and (4) dissatisfied (moderate burden and low benefits, 10%). Caregivers with dissatisfied and intensive caregiving experience tend to report higher depressive symptoms and lower quality of life compared to those with satisfied caregiving experience. Discussion: A person-centered approach helps capture the heterogeneity in caregiving experience. Policymakers should develop tailored interventions by caregiving experience types for promoting caregiver well-being.
Configurations of hope at the Afghanistan National Institute of Music
Authors: Howell Gillian 
Published: October 2021

In settings of conflict and hardship, education can be a portal through which future lives are imagined. Experiences of schooling are thus tied closely to the generation of hope and the transformation of young lives. The goal of the Afghanistan National Institute of Music (ANIM), a vocational music school in Kabul, is to transform lives through music and education, by restoring music practices, cultural rights, and the country’s relationships with the rest of the world. Hope is central to this multi-faceted project and is cultivated within the school, strategically, as a source of protection and a driver of desired change. Conceptual in scope, this article explores how hope was situated and configured within the learning experience at ANIM and entwined with the school’s transformation goals during the years 2015–2017. Using concepts of hope from critical anthropology and sociology and thematic analysis of interviews with ANIM students and teachers, it presents four configurations of hope at ANIM. It examines how these configurations were produced, nurtured, and distributed through activities, organisational culture, and environmental factors, in varying degrees of intensity and dynamism. In so doing, this article shows hope to be a complex and ambivalent resource for social impact in contexts in which music education, social transformation goals, and international aid converge. Hope produces agencies that can drive transformation, but it is always shaped and conditioned by the complex challenges and power asymmetries of the wider context.
The influence of child-based factors and parental inputs on expressive language abilities in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Song Xue-Ke , So Wing-Chee 
Published: October 2021

Studies of language development in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been primarily focused on the influence of child-based factors such as autism traits, IQ, and initial language skills. Yet the findings of these studies are inconclusive. There has, moreover, been little research compared the relative influences of child-based factors with environmental factors, (e.g. parental inputs). The current study attempts to fill this research gap by examining a range of both child-based factors and parental inputs. We measured the structural language abilities manifested in parent-child interactions over four time points across nine months in 42 Chinese-speaking autistic children ( M = 57.42 months, SD = 11.39). Our results showed that children’s mean length of utterance (MLU), word types, and word tokens grew rapidly, but their development trajectories varied. Initial expressive language ability was a significant predictor of children’s language outcomes, while nonverbal IQ and autism traits did not relate to children’s language abilities when controlling for initial expressive language ability. Parents’ MLU, word tokens, and word types did not associate with children’s structural language abilities. The findings shed lights on the importance of one of the child-based factors in particular, that is, initial expressive language skills, in the language development of autistic children. Lay abstract Language impairment is one of the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) that alerts parents to take their children for early diagnosis and intervention. Little is known about how children’s autism traits, IQ, initial language abilities and parental inputs influence their language abilities. In addition, only a few studies have compared the relative influence of these factors. The present study addressed these issues by examining the structural language in parent-child spontaneous interactions. Forty-two Cantonese (Chinese)-speaking autistic children aged four to eight were recruited. Their expressive language skills grew rapidly more than 9 months, but their development trajectories varied. Initial expressive language ability is the only significant predictor of child language outcomes and language growth trajectories. In contrast, nonverbal cognition, autism traits, and parents’ input do not affect language outcomes in children with ASD. Therefore, early language intervention is crucial for autistic children at all severity and IQ levels.
The Effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Interventions in Prison Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Malik Nabeela , Facer-Irwin Emma , Dickson Hannah , Bird Annie , MacManus Deirdre 
Published: October 2021

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is overrepresented in prison relative to community populations and can be difficult to manage in an environment which can inherently exacerbate trauma-related symptomology. Little is known about the effectiveness of trauma-focused interventions in prison and less is known about factors that moderate the effectiveness of these interventions. Aim/Methods: We examined the effectiveness of trauma-focused interventions in prison relative to prison controls using meta-analytic techniques. We further used meta-regression analysis to examine treatment, methodological and participant-level moderators to determine factors that increased the effectiveness of these interventions. Results: From 16 studies eligible for the meta-analysis, we found a small but significant effect size for trauma-focused interventions. Phase 2 trauma processing interventions and interventions delivered individually led to greater reductions in PTSD symptoms. Studies utilizing an active treatment control resulted in smaller effect sizes than those using waitlist or no contact controls. Treatment length, study quality, outcome type, and gender were not significant moderators of treatment effectiveness. Conclusion: Findings from this review are encouraging but should be interpreted with caution. Results suggest that trauma processing therapies, and individual modality trauma-focused interventions can be effective and delivered successfully in prison. However, inadequate comparison groups do not allow a firm conclusion to be drawn. There is a need for high quality Randomized Controlled Trial’s that additionally measure Complex PTSD, utilize a modular treatment approach, and include treatments recommended in the National Institute for health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines such as Trauma-focused CBT and Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR).