bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing Rituals
Authors: Grau Marion 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The final chapter pulls together central threads that characterize this pilgrimage network. Pilgrimage gives a particular ritual form to individuals’ quest to seek recovery, healing, meaning, and connection in their lives. The Norwegian pilgrimage network offers various experiences, narratives, and strategies for pilgrims, hosts, locals, and tourists to engage in rediscovering and reinventing history, making meaning, seeking cultural experiences, reclaiming indigenous history and spirituality, and reconstructing spiritual traditions. The figure of St. Olav provides a prism through which contemporary Norwegians can reflect on the ambivalence of the past, as well as critique present practices and narratives of what it means to be Christian, pushing the boundaries of what it means to be Norwegian, and what saintly lives in the context of climate change might look like. Nidaros Cathedral facilitates such engagement as an adaptable space anchoring widely diverse engagements with both heritage and contemporary society. Thus, these and other ritual practices serve to reconstruct heritage critically in a pilgrimage network that is remarkably open for the transformative reconstruction of spiritual practices and narratives in a shifting sacred geography.
Ties That Bind
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
One of the most effective and proven ingredients of successful addiction treatment is the relationship between the therapist and patient. Known as a therapeutic alliance, the strong professional relationship is the most important piece of treatment and, unfortunately, one of the first things damaged when a patient enters a standard treatment facility. This chapter discusses the importance of the therapeutic relationships and how our system of care must change in order to build strong alliances. Touched on are the skills therapists should have and the most effective interventions therapists should know how to efficiently deploy in practice. Addressed are certain principles that should be continually monitored during a counseling session.
The Twenty-Third-Century Solution
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In light of the issues identified and problems discussed in the preceding chapters, a new addiction treatment is proposed. The COVID-19 pandemic has vividly illustrated how a crisis can lead to disruption and change, including the new and creative use of mobile technologies to bring and keep people together. Using telecom and other Internet-based technologies throughout healthcare systems was once thought to be in our far-off future. However, in response to this pandemic, with little preparation or planning, we have quickly transformed many face-to-face services into virtual/remote ones. These innovations can be leveraged to bring real-time data and better outcomes to the treatment of substance use disorders.
Why War?
Authors: Coker Christopher 
Published: September 2021

What are humanity’s biological origins? What are the mechanisms, including culture, that continue to drive it? What is the history that has allowed it to evolve over time? And what are its functions – how does it survive and thrive by exploiting the features that define us as a species? These are the four questions of the ‘Tinbergen Method’ for explaining animal behavior, developed by the prize-winning Dutch ethologist Nico Tinbergen. The book contends that applying this method to war – which is unique to humans – can help us better understand why conflict is so resilient. The author explores these four questions in both past and present, and looks at our post – human future, assessing how far scientific advances in gene- editing, robotics and AI systems will de- center human agency. From the ancient Greeks to Artificial Intelligence (AI) the book is an exploration of humankind’s propensity to warfare and its behavioral underpinnings. What it offers are new ways of thinking about our species’ unique and deadly preoccupation.
Disability in International Human Rights Law
Authors: de Beco Gauthier 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book examines what international human rights law has gained from the new elements in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons (CRPD). It explores how the CRPD is intricately bound up with other international instruments by studying the relationship between the Convention rights and those protected by other human rights treaties as well as the overall objectives of the UN. Using a social model lens on disability, the book shows how the Convention sheds new light on the very notion of human rights. In order to so, the book provides a theoretical framework which explicitly integrates disability into international human rights law. It explains how the CRPD challenges the legal subject by drawing attention to distinct forms of embodiment, before introducing the idea of the ‘dis-abled subject’ stemming from a recognition that all individuals encounter disability-related issues in the course of their lives. The book also examines how to apply this theoretical framework to a number of rights and highlights the consequences for the implementation of human rights treaties as a whole. It not only builds upon available literature straddling different fields, which include disability studies and legal and political theory, but also draws upon the recommendations of treaty bodies and reports of UN agencies as well as disabled people’s organisations. The book provides an agenda-setting analysis for all human rights experts by inviting them to appreciate the benefits of placing disabled people at the heart of international human rights law.
Virulence evolution
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractVirulence (i.e. reduction of host fitness) results from the parasite–host interaction. It can be an unselected side effect or the result of short-sighted evolution. The evolutionary theory of virulence predicts virulence by the fitness advantages for the parasite. Thereby, trade-offs among virulence level and host recovery or transmission rates are critical. This process can lead to lower, higher, or intermediate virulence, depending on conditions. Vertical transmission generally selects for lower virulence, whereas co-infection tends to increase virulence levels, also depending on genetic relatedness among the parasites. The sensitivity framework more generally addresses virulence levels in different systems; in this context, manipulation by parasites can result in significant virulence effects, especially when avoiding clearance and when effects are delayed. Different vaccination mechanisms can modify the evolution of virulence. Besides, virulence can evolve within hosts; for example, adaptation to a particular host type with serial passage attenuates virulence on other hosts.
Models of Leadership in Plato and Beyond
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book draws on Plato’s philosophy to throw light on contemporary leadership theory and practice. It combines an account of his thought with applications to modern case studies and approaches, in both politics and business. Rather than attempting to give a single ‘one-size-fits-all’ definition of leadership, his strategy was to break it into its different strands. He presents several ‘models’ of leadership, most of them images or analogies: the leader as doctor, navigator, artist, teacher, shepherd, weaver, or sower. Each model points to features of leadership that we intuitively recognize to be important (e.g. curing a social malaise, charting a new course, or weaving together the social fabric). Some were already in wide circulation in Plato’s time, like the shepherd and the navigator. What he did was to make them much richer and more complex. The book goes through the models individually, setting out the essentials of Plato’s thought and then illustrating each model with modern case studies—eighteen in total, including presidents, CEOs, and Nobel laureates. There is also a chapter comparing Plato’s models with four recent leadership approaches. Highly innovative in its approach, this book presupposes no prior knowledge of Plato, although those familiar with his philosophy will find it a fruitful way of re-reading his work. But the focus is first and foremost on leadership, rather than celebrating Plato’s achievements: the priority is to present a multi-faceted approach, which does justice to the complex phenomenon of leadership.
Authoritarian Liberalism in Late Weimar
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This chapter examines the interwar breakdown of liberal democracy in the Weimar Republic. Hermann Heller used the term authoritarian liberalism to capture the conjunction of political authoritarianism and economic liberalism ruling late Weimar. This regime attempted to depoliticize conflict, specifically in the economic sector, which had been threatening the interests of capital. It was ‘tolerated’ by the social democrats, who gradually abandoned democratic projects over the course of the 1920s, leaving behind not only radical options such as democratization of the economy, but also the parliamentary institutions of the Weimar Republic. The chapter concludes by examining how the seizure of power by the Nazi party, although marking a break, in the sense of heralding a regime based on mass mobilization, national redemption, and a cult of violence, continued the trajectory of depoliticization, signalling the ‘end of the political’.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
Restraining State Sovereignty: Imagining a ‘European Germany’
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This chapter examines how post-war Europe was reconstituted through a new regional geopolitics of inter-state relations, an acknowledgement of the interdependence of internal and external domains of state action, and a change in the abstract meaning of sovereignty. Materially, inter-state relations in Europe were reconstituted through the response to the ‘German question’, extraneous factors of Cold War superpower rivalry, and the project of European integration. This was supported by constitutional developments. Domestically, these developments involved commitments to internationalism and Europeanism and the turn to counter-majoritarian institutions, disconnecting state sovereignty from popular sovereignty. Regionally, they involved the constitutionalization of the European Economic Community (EEC), cementing a functionalist ideology and depoliticization through juridical and technical avenues.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
De-democratization of the Political Constitution
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This chapter examines how institutional change in post-war Europe reconstituted inter-state, state society, and social relations in such a way as to restrain sovereignty, depoliticize the economy, and deradicalize politics. The constitutionalism that developed in the post-war era, and the transformation in state-society relations that it signalled, had international, European, and domestic dimensions, which were themselves intertwined. Constitutionalism contributed significantly to the process of de-democratization, in combination with a demobilization of the masses and a de-radicalization of parties of the Left. The transformation of political problems into technical or legal issues, along with the decline of parliamentarism as a touchstone of political legitimacy, and the constitutionalization of the European Treaties, would be facilitated by the relatively high levels of economic growth during the Trente Glorieuses, which permitted welfare corporatism to complement the constitution of a passive authoritarian liberalism. The chapter concludes by noting how this set in motion a dynamic that takes a sharper turn in the ‘new neoliberalism’ of the 1980s.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
The Material Constitution: There is no Alternative … or is There?
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how the material constitution of economic liberalism was entrenched after Maastricht, with Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the neo-liberal drift. In the domain of political economy, the deepening and widening of post-war trends was most evident, the logic of the market being brought to bear on macroeconomic policy with a near-complete political abdication to ordoliberal and neo-liberal demands. The chapter also discusses the dramatic geographical extension of these trends via the process of enlargement of the Union. And, yet, in the socio-economic domain, certain discontinuities could also be identified, and the chapter discusses the opposition to the Maastricht settlement and its political orthodoxy that started to bubble below the surface. It concludes with a discussion of the growing social fractures that developed after Maastricht, albeit without being channelled into a significant political countermovement.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
The New Constitutionalism and its Discontents
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This chapter examines the unsettling of the political constitution by domestic challenges to the euro crisis response, particularly against the actions of the European Central Bank (ECB). The disconnect between postnational discourse and domestic constitutionalism generated critical constitutional moments over who was ‘the guardian’ of the European constitution. These moments were exemplified by the OMT saga, when the German Constitutional Court threatened to invalidate an ECB programme that had existential implications for the eurozone. The chapter will examine how the ECJ’s assertive ruling, in response, did not signal the perfection of European constitutionalism, as suggested by the new constitutionalists, but revealed its precarity, rubber-stamping a programme that was of dubious legitimacy. If this would ‘buy time’ for the project, it would do so in a way that merely concealed the dysfunctionality of Economic and Monetary Union. The chapter concludes that authoritarian liberalism was, ultimately, juridically fortified by these challenges, but left open to further constitutional contestation, revealing the erosion of sovereignty underlying the European construct.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
The Material Constitution in Crisis: Telos, Nomos, and Demos
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This chapter explores how the crisis of the material constitution was underpinned by the erosion of democracy, and not only by the dominance of ordoliberalism and neo-liberalism. It discusses how the deepening of the liberal market rationality of integration came to occur in a more disciplinary mode throughout the euro crisis, dismantling domestic social contracts, if ultimately still under the guidance of domestic elites. This was contested by extraordinary popular countermovements, which emerged to break out of the straitjacket of austerity. In particular, the chapter discusses the election to government in Greece of a left-wing party, Syriza, reflecting broader anti-systemic currents across Europe. The chapter concludes by examining how Syriza’s subsequent capitulation symbolized not merely the increasingly powerful external constraints of EU membership, but the homegrown roots of the dominant constitutional imaginary: a fear of popular sovereignty and of radical democracy under the veil of an ideological Europeanism.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
Insight and Understanding
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we explore a particular sort of understanding, understanding why, and a related sort of knowledge why—firsthand knowledge why—and the place of this in the humanities, including philosophy. We focus on one dimension of the humanities, not the whole, and on the humanistic side of philosophy, though there’s a lot more to philosophy than that. I’ll be arguing for the importance of firsthand intuitive insight. And that in turn will bear interestingly on two questions in the epistemology of the humanities, including philosophy. First question: Given that firsthand intuitive insight has special value and standing in the humanities, how is the epistemic standing of our own beliefs affected when we encounter the disagreement of others? Second, if firsthand intuitive insight is shown to have such special standing and value, how if at all does this affect what epistemological standards are properly operative in humanistic domains? Eventually, we will come to these two questions about the humanities, one about the place of disagreement, and the other about the proper epistemic standards. But first we take up the place and value of intuitive insight.
Suspension, Confidence, and Inquiry
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by reconsidering the nature and varieties of suspension of judgment, and then takes up four questions: First, how is suspension related to degrees of confidence? Second how is it relate to instrumental means=end reasoning? Third, how is it related to inquiry? Fourth, when and how is suspension epistemically appropriate? The chapter begins by laying out an important distinction between deliberative and non-deliberative suspension. That suggests a model for epistemology generally. Thus, we can distinguish between two ways of intentionally omitting judgment: the deliberative and the non-deliberative.
When and How Is Suspension Apt?
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 finds an aim distinctive of suspension and on that basis applies telic virtue epistemology to suspension. Once a performance has a distinctive aim, that automatically induces normative standings of success, competence, and success through competence, or aptness. How should we assess suspension gnoseologically? That is, how should we assess it with respect to our normal epistemic aim when we take up a question? Normally, when we take up a question our aim is to answer it knowledgeably.
Knowledge, Default, and Skepticism
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 introduces a distinctive idea of default assumptions and explains how that idea reconfigures earlier virtue epistemology. Default assumptions are endemic to human performance domains generally including games and sports. Our domains of judgment are only special cases in which a telic normativity allows performers to assume by default the standing of the background conditions required for success and aptness of performance. This enables a fresh treatment of philosophical skepticism. The response to the skeptics will be that they have mistaken what is required for the epistemic quality of ordinary judgments and beliefs. This treatment of skepticism is enabled by analogies between epistemic and athletic performance, and between episteme and praxis more generally.
Ideas for a Reconstruction
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Stoic philosophers in antiquity held that ‘the world is like a city and a polity’, and that human nature is like ‘a code of civil law’ (Cicero, De Finibus III). In his late-antique treatise On Human Nature, Nemesius rejects a variety of Stoic tenets. His world city is certainly not theirs. Nevertheless, this chapter argues that the Syrian philosopher-bishop held—with the Stoics—that humans are, by birth, world-citizens who are in communion with the whole of creation, and indeed, with the Demiurge. It is the ancient idea of a ‘world city’, it is claimed here, which gives structural and conceptual unity to On Human Nature—a unity which many of Nemesius’ interpreters have failed to discern.
The Union of Substances
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, on Human Nature 2–5, Nemesius denies that the soul is a body, a harmony, a mixture, or a quality. His cosmopolitan anthropology rests on the conviction that the human soul is an incorporeal and immortal substance. Yet this creates two acute problems for the bishop. First, how is an incorporeal soul united to a body? And second, is it possible for an immortal soul to be united to a non-human body? In settling the first question, Nemesius draws on both Plato and Galen. ‘The body is an instrument of the soul’, he writes. This is a concept which underlies his physiology and psychology. In his handling of the second question, though, Nemesius uses Galen’s medical philosophy to refute Platonic theories of reincarnation. This is a far-reaching decision: it means that Nemesius’ idea of human nature, as such—as an idea—diverges from much of the Platonic tradition in late antiquity.
Essays in Physics
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Essays in Physics” gives accounts of 32 chosen topics. The level is that of a 3–4-year university course in Physics. The topics discussed are diverse but “mainstream”. Each essay aims to say something fresh that complements what the reader will find elsewhere. Just what “fresh” means inevitably depends somewhat on the subject matter. Some chapters give a “different” slant on a familiar idea (e.g. electromagnetic energy, Lorentz transformation, photon emission). Some contain an analysis not available elsewhere (diffraction, feedback stability). Some correct material that is commonplace in many textbooks (much atomic physics). Some add insightful discussion to standard material (free energy, Brillouin zones). One in particular refines technique (perturbation theory). One brings order to confusion (-m dB). The aim in all cases is to encourage a fuller, and correct, understanding, and an enhanced intellectual acuity (critical faculty). With a subject as mature as physics, it is bold to claim originality. However I will dare to make that claim, in particular for Chapters 10, 22 and 30, but also for parts of most other chapters.
Eternity and Expressive Values
Authors: Suteu Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter scrutinizes the literature on constitutional identity, within which eternity clauses are viewed as repositories of the constitution's core values. It analyses unamendability as the site of constitutional expression and eternity clauses as capable of defending against attacks on the integrity and identity of the entire constitution. It also highlights serious problems with importing the sociological concept of identity into constitutional theory's arsenal. This chapter shows that the concept relies on particular understandings of both liberal constitutionalism and pluralism, as well as on a presumed pacified and coherent constitutional ethos. The concept obscures the deep and continuous contestation of the core constitutional commitments rendered unamendable. The chapter also discusses the rise of constitutional identity review as a form of resistance to supranational integration in Europe.
Eternity as Judicially Created Doctrine
Authors: Suteu Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on implicit unamendability and looks at the spread of unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrines. It discusses the understanding of unamendability as a necessary implication of liberal constitutions in general, whether supplementing or absent any formal eternity clause in the constitutional text. It examines arguments about why courts should recognize an unamendable constitutional core even where the constitution itself is silent on this matter. This chapter also investigates where to locate the elements of the constitutional core and how to restrain unamendability doctrines in order to prevent judicial overreach. It explains how judicially created unamendability is prone to both over- and under-reach in concrete adjudication. It reviews the birth of the basic structure doctrine in India and traces its global influence, as well as demands to develop unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrines in response to democratic backsliding.