bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urbanisation differently affects decomposition rates of recalcitrant woody material and labile leaf litter
Authors: Kotze DJ , Setälä H 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLitter decomposition is a fundamental ecosystem process and service that supplies nutrients to the soil. Although decomposition rate is influenced by litter quality, climatic conditions, the decomposer community and vegetation type in non-urban ecosystems, little is known about the degradation of different organic matter types in urban settings. We investigated the decomposition rates of recalcitrant (wood sticks for 4 years) and labile litter (green tea leaves in pyramid-shaped teabags for 3 years) in urban habitats that differed in level of management and disturbance. We found that recalcitrant woody material decomposed slower in urban habitat types (ca. 60–75% mass loss after 4 years in remnant spruce forests, park lawns, ruderal habitats) than in natural to semi-natural spruce forest soils (84% mass loss) outside the city. Labile tea litter, however, decomposed faster in typical open urban habitats (70% mass loss after 3 years in park lawns, ruderal habitats) than in forested habitats (60% mass loss in semi-natural and remnant spruce forests), with a remarkable dichotomy in decomposition rate between open and forested habitats. We suggest that the slower rate of wood decomposition in the city relates to its depauperate saprotrophic fungal community. The faster rate of labile litter decomposition in open habitats is difficult to explain, but is potentially a consequence of environmental factors that support the activity of bacteria over fungi in open habitats. We propose that the reintroduction of decaying woody material into the urban greenspace milieu could increase biodiversity and also improve the ability of urban soils to decompose an array of organic material entering the system. This reintroduction of decaying woody material could either occur by leaving cut logs – due to management – in urban remnant forests, which has been shown to be accepted as natural features by residents in Fennoscandian cities, and by placing logs in urban parks in ways that communicate their intentional use as part of urban landscape design and management.
The Influence of Face Gaze by Physicians on Patient Trust: an Observational Study
Authors: Jongerius Chiara , Twisk Jos W. R. , Romijn Johannes A. , Callemein Timothy , Goedemé Toon , Smets Ellen M. A. , Hillen Marij A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Physicians’ gaze towards their patients may affect patients’ trust in them. This is especially relevant considering recent developments, including the increasing use of Electronic Health Records, which affect physicians’ gaze behavior. Moreover, socially anxious patients’ trust in particular may be affected by the gaze of the physician.

Objective
We aimed to evaluate if physicians’ gaze towards the face of their patient influenced patient trust and to assess if this relation was stronger for socially anxious patients. We furthermore explored the relation between physicians’ gaze and patients’ perception of physician empathy and patients’ distress.

Design
This was an observational study using eye-tracking glasses and questionnaires.

Participants
One hundred patients and 16 residents, who had not met before, participated at an internal medicine out-patient clinic.

Measures
Physicians wore eye-tracking glasses during medical consultations to assess their gaze towards patients’ faces. Questionnaires were used to assess patient outcomes. Multilevel analyses were conducted to assess the relation between physicians’ relative face gaze time and trust, while correcting for patient background characteristics, and including social anxiety as a moderator. Analyses were then repeated with perceived empathy and distress as outcomes.

Results
More face gaze towards patients was associated with lower trust, after correction for gender, age, education level, presence of caregivers, and social anxiety (β=−0.17, P=0.048). There was no moderation effect of social anxiety nor a relation between face gaze and perceived empathy or distress.

Conclusions
These results challenge the notion that more physician gaze is by definition beneficial for the physician-patient relationship. For example, the extent of conversation about emotional issues might explain our findings, where more emotional talk could be associated with more intense gazing and feelings of discomfort in the patient. To better understand the relation between physician gaze and patient outcomes, future studies should assess bidirectional face gaze during consultations.
Association of Kidney Stone Disease (KSD) with Primary Gastrointestinal Surgery: a Systematic Review over Last 2 Decades
Authors: Premakumar Y. , Gadiyar N. , Hameed B. M. Zeeshan , Veneziano D. , Somani B. K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose of review
We aim to provide an up-to-date literature review to further characterise the association of kidney stone disease (KSD) with gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. As KSD is associated with significant morbidity, it is important to quantify and qualify this association to provide better care and management for the patient subgroup.

Objective
To perform a systematic review of the existing literature to evaluate the association of KSD following GI surgery.

Methods
A literature search was performed of the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, Key Urology, Uptodate and Cochrane Trials from January 2000 to June 2020.

Recent Findings
A total of 106 articles were identified, and after screening for titles, abstracts and full articles, 12 full papers were included. This involved a total of 9299 patients who underwent primary GI surgery. Over a mean follow-up period of 5.4 years (range: 1–14.4 years), 819 (8.8%) developed KSD, varying from 1.2 to 83% across studies. The mean time to stone formation was approximately 3 years (range: 0.5–9 years). In the 4 studies that reported on the management of KSD (n = 427), 38.6% went on to have urological intervention.

Summary
There is a high incidence of KSD following primary GI surgery, and after a mean follow-up of 3 years, around 9% of patients developed KSD. While the GI surgery was done for obesity, inflammatory bowel disease or cancer, the risk of KSD should be kept in mind during follow-up, and prompt urology involvement with metabolic assessment, medical and or surgical management offered as applicable.
A lower bound for $$\chi ({\mathcal {O}}_S)$$
Authors: Gennaro Vincenzo Di 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLet $$(S,{\mathcal {L}})$$

(
S
,
L
)

be a smooth, irreducible, projective, complex surface, polarized by a very ample line bundle $${\mathcal {L}}$$
L
of degree $$d > 25$$

d
>
25

. In this paper we prove that $$\chi (\mathcal O_S)\ge -\frac{1}{8}d(d-6)$$

χ

(

O
S

)

≥
-

1
8

d

(
d
-
6
)

. The bound is sharp, and $$\chi ({\mathcal {O}}_S)=-\frac{1}{8}d(d-6)$$

χ

(

O
S

)

=
-

1
8

d

(
d
-
6
)

if and only if d is even, the linear system $$|H^0(S,{\mathcal {L}})|$$

|

H
0

(
S
,
L
)

|

embeds S in a smooth rational normal scroll $$T\subset {\mathbb {P}}^5$$

T
⊂

P

5

of dimension 3, and here, as a divisor, S is linearly equivalent to $$\frac{d}{2}Q$$

d
2

Q

, where Q is a quadric on T. Moreover, this is equivalent to the fact that a general hyperplane section $$H\in |H^0(S,{\mathcal {L}})|$$

H
∈
|

H
0

(
S
,
L
)

|

of S is the projection of a curve C contained in the Veronese surface $$V\subseteq {\mathbb {P}}^5$$

V
⊆

P

5

, from a point $$x\in V\backslash C$$

x
∈
V
\
C

.
The Assessment of Early Complications and Risk Factors Affecting Their Occurrence in Breast Reconstructive Procedures
Authors: Jończyk Justyna , Jankau Jerzy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe presence of postoperative complications may have a significant impact on the outcome of the breast reconstruction. The aim of this study was to investigate early postoperative complications and the risk factors for their occurrence. A prospective analysis was carried out to evaluate surgical outcomes after breast reconstructive surgeries performed over a 2-year period. Procedures included expander/implant (TE/IMP), pedicle transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (pTRAM), and latissimus dorsi (LD) techniques. All adverse events which occurred within 6 weeks of surgery were ranked according to severity based on the contracted Accordion grading system. Outcomes were assessed for their association with surgical, demographic, and clinical variables. Sixty-one consecutive breast reconstruction procedures were analyzed. The overall complication rate was 60.7% (n = 37), and 8 patients (13.1%) required reoperation. The lowest complication rate was observed in implant-based reconstructions (TE/IMP, 18.8%; pTRAM, 72.7%; LD, 78.3%; p = 0.008). Mild complications occurred significantly more often after LD reconstructions (LD, 60.9%; pTRAM, 22.7%; TE/IMP, 12.5%; p = 0.031), while severe complications were significantly more frequent after the pTRAM procedures (pTRAM, 27.3%; TE/IMP, 6.2%; LD, 8.7%; p = 0.047). Severe complications were associated with higher rehospitalization rate (p = 0.010) and longer hospital stay. Study revealed a significant impact of the operative method on the incidence and severity of early complications after breast reconstruction procedures with little effect from other demographic and clinical factors.
Impact of a statewide computed tomography scan educational campaign on radiation dose and repeat CT scan rates for transferred injured children
Authors: Nabaweesi Rosemary , Akmyradov Chary , Aitken Mary E. , Kenney Phillip J. , Ramakrishnaiah Raghu H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Research demonstrates that children receive twice as much medical radiation from Computed Tomography (CT) scans performed at non-pediatric facilities as equivalent CTs performed at pediatric trauma centers (PTCs). In 2014, AFMC outreach staff educated Emergency Department (ED) staff on appropriate CT imaging utilization to reduce unnecessary medical radiation exposure. We set out to determine the educational campaign’s impact on injured children received radiation dose.

Methods:
All injured children who underwent CT imaging and were transferred to a Level I PTC during 2010 to 2013 (pre-campaign) and 2015 (post-campaign) were reviewed. Patient demographics, mode of transportation, ED length of stay, scanned body region, injury severity score, and trauma center level were analyzed. Median effective radiation dose (ERD) controlled for each variable, pre-campaign and post-campaign, was compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results:
Three hundred eighty-five children under 17 years were transferred from 45 and 48 hospitals, pre- and post-campaign. Most (43%) transferring hospitals were urban or critical access hospitals (30%). Pre- and post-campaign patient demographics were similar. We analyzed 482 and 398 CT scans pre- and post-campaign. Overall, median ERD significantly decreased from 3.80 to 2.80. Abdominal CT scan ERD declined significantly from 7.2 to 4.13 (P-value 0.03). Head CT scan ERD declined from 3.27 to 2.45 (P-value < 0.0001).

Conclusion:
A statewide, CT scan educational campaign contributed to ERD decline (lower dose scans and fewer repeat scans) among transferred injured children seen at PTCs. State-level interventions are feasible and can be effective in changing radiology provider practices.
Assessing the application of human-centered design to translational research
Authors: Norman Marie K. , Hamm Megan E. , Schenker Yael , Mayowski Colleen A. , Hierholzer William , Rubio Doris M. , Reis Steven E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Human-centered design (HCD) training offers the potential to improve both team processes and products. However, the use of HCD to improve the quality of team science is a relatively recent application, and its benefits and challenges have not been rigorously evaluated. We conducted a qualitative study with health sciences researchers trained in HCD methods. We aimed to determine how researchers applied HCD methods and perceived the benefits and barriers to using HCD on research teams.

Methods:
We conducted 1-hour, semi-structured interviews with trainees from three training cohorts. Interviews focused on perceptions of the training, subsequent uses of HCD, barriers and facilitators, and perceptions of the utility of HCD to science teams. Data analysis was conducted using Braun and Clarke’s process for thematic analysis.

Results:
We interviewed nine faculty and nine staff trained in HCD methods and identified four themes encompassing HCD use, benefits, challenges, and tensions between HCD approaches and academic culture.

Conclusions:
Trainees found HCD relevant to research teams for stakeholder engagement, research design, project planning, meeting facilitation, and team management. They also described benefits of HCD in five distinct areas: creativity, egalitarianism, structure, efficiency, and visibility. Our data suggest that HCD has the potential to help researchers work more inclusively and collaboratively on interdisciplinary teams and generate more innovative and impactful science. The application of HCD methods is not without challenges; however, we believe these challenges can be overcome with institutional investment.
A comparison of surgical site infections following total hip replacement and total knee replacement surgeries identified by Infection Prevention and Control and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Ellison Jennifer J. R. , Boychuk Lesia R. , Chakravorty David , Chandran A. Uma , Conly John M. , Howatt Andrea , Kim Joseph , Litvinchuk Stacey , Pokhrel Arun , Shen Ye , Smith Christopher , Bush Kathryn 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective:To understand how the different data collections methods of the Alberta Health Services Infection Prevention and Control Program (IPC) and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) are affecting reported rates of surgical site infections (SSIs) following total hip replacements (THRs) and total knee replacements (TKRs).Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:Four hospitals in Alberta, Canada.Patients:Those with THR or TKR surgeries between September 1, 2015, and March 31, 2018.Methods:Demographic information, complex SSIs reported by IPC and NSQIP were compared and then IPC and NSQIP data were matched with percent agreement and Cohen’s κ calculated. Statistical analysis was performed for age, gender and complex SSIs. A P value <.05 was considered significant.Results:In total, 7,549 IPC and 2,037 NSQIP patients were compared. The complex SSI rate for NSQIP was higher compared to IPC (THR: 1.19 vs 0.68 [P = .147]; TKR: 0.92 vs 0.80 [P = .682]). After matching, 7 SSIs were identified by both IPC and NSQIP; 3 were identified only by IPC, and 12 were identified only by NSQIP (positive agreement, 0.48; negative agreement, 1.0; κ = 0.48).Conclusions:Different approaches to monitor SSIs may lead to different results and trending patterns. NSQIP reports total SSI rates that are consistently higher than IPC. If systems are compared at any point in time, confidence on the data may be eroded. Stakeholders need to be aware of these variations and education provided to facilitate an understanding of differences and a consistent approach to SSI surveillance monitoring over time.
ON A PROBLEM OF ERDŐS ABOUT GRAPHS WHOSE SIZE IS THE TURÁN NUMBER PLUS ONE
Authors: QIAO PU , ZHAN XINGZHI 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe consider finite simple graphs. Given a graph H and a positive integer
$n,$
the Turán number of H for the order
$n,$
denoted
$\mathrm {ex}(n,H),$
is the maximum size of a graph of order n not containing H as a subgraph. Erdős asked: ‘For which graphs H is it true that every graph on n vertices and
$\mathrm {ex}(n,H)+1$
edges contains at least two H’s? Perhaps this is always true.’ We solve this problem in the negative by proving that for every integer
$k\ge 4$
there exists a graph H of order k and at least two orders n such that there exists a graph of order n and size
$\mathrm {ex}(n,H)+1$
which contains exactly one copy of
$H.$
Denote by
$C_4$
the
$4$
-cycle. We also prove that for every integer n with
$6\le n\le 11$
there exists a graph of order n and size
$\mathrm {ex}(n,C_4)+1$
which contains exactly one copy of
$C_4,$
but, for
$n=12$
or
$n=13,$
the minimum number of copies of
$C_4$
in a graph of order n and size
$\mathrm {ex}(n,C_4)+1$
is two.
The Labor Movement As an Educational Movement: A Conceptual History of Sivistys Within the Finnish Workers’ Educational Association 1920s–1960s
Authors: Hakoniemi Elina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEducation and popular adult education have been central in the development of Nordic societies, and as such, emphasis on education has also been an essential component of the Nordic labor movements. The article focuses on the conceptual history of sivistys (Bildung), a key concept and a characteristic element of the Finnish workers’ educational movement through the Finnish Workers’ Educational Association during its era of political education from the 1920s until the 1960s. Workers’ education took the concept sivistys from 19th century projects for people’s education, and thus tied workers’ education tightly to the broader field of Nordic popular adult education. In fact, the Finnish workers’ educational movement received more influence from Nordic people’s education than international socialist theories and programs for workers’ education – of which the use of the concept sivistys is a clear example.
Ship-to-ship dialogues and agreements for collision risk reduction
Authors: Argüelles Reyes Poo , García Maza Jesús A. , Martín Felipe Mateos , Bartolomé Marlene 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNon-compliance with or misinterpretation of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) when assessing vessel encounters, and the lack of good communication between the vessels involved in a critical situation, are primary contributing factors in collisions. Vessels engaged in an encounter should be aware that they are part of the same scenario and situation, which can become critical. Sharing and contrasting their information about the encounter would help those responsible to take manoeuvring decisions in a consistent way. There are situations whose evaluation by the respective officers in charge of the navigational watch may diverge and lead to disagreements on the actions to be taken. If there is no proper inter-ship communication, a collision may result. This paper presents a proposal for safety communication implemented in a programmable system using common equipment (automatic identification system), and applies it to a case study of one such special situation, showing how it could help to reduce the risk of collision.
The challenging task to select Salmonella target serovars in poultry: the Italian point of view
Authors: Leati Marta , Zaccherini Alessandra , Ruocco Luigi , D'Amato Stefania , Busani Luca , Villa Laura , Barco Lisa , Ricci Antonia , Cibin Veronica 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) annual report, human salmonellosis is mostly related to consumption of contaminated poultry products. Since 2003 in Europe, the Salmonella serovars considered relevant for human health and subject to control in breeding hens of Gallus gallus are: S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium (including the monophasic variant), S. Infantis, S. Hadar and S. Virchow. Herein, we investigated the Italian epidemiological situation from 2016 to 2018, comparing Salmonella serovar distributions in humans and poultry, in order to identify the target Salmonella serovars that, if controlled, would potentially have the largest public health impact in Italy. The results showed that control of S. Virchow and S. Hadar does no longer seem to be a priority in Italy and that S. Napoli and S. Derby, which are not included in the group of EU target serovars, are among the most frequent serovars isolated from humans in Italy. While S. Derby has its main reservoir in pigs, S. Napoli does not have a specific reservoir. However, because this serovar is frequently isolated from breeding poultry flocks and is characterised by causing severe human illness, it is a potential target Salmonella serovar in breeding hens of Gallus gallus in Italy.
Proof-directed program transformation: A functional account of efficient regular expression matching
Authors: FILINSKI ANDRZEJ 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We show how to systematically derive an efficient regular expression (regex) matcher using a variety of program transformation techniques, but very little specialized formal language and automata theory. Starting from the standard specification of the set-theoretic semantics of regular expressions, we proceed via a continuation-based backtracking matcher, to a classical, table-driven state machine. All steps of the development are supported by self-contained (and machine-verified) equational correctness proofs.
Effects of universal critical CHD screening of neonates at a mid-sized California congenital cardiac surgery centre
Authors: Miller Robin , Martens Timothy , Jodhka Upinder , Tran Jade , Lion Richard , Bock Matthew J 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroduction:CHD affects over 1 million children in the United States. Studies show decreased mortality from CHD with newborn cardiac screening. California began a screening programme on 1 July, 2013. We evaluated the effect of mandatory screening on surgical outcomes at Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital since 1 July, 2013.Methods:We evaluated all infants having congenital heart surgery at Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital between 1 July, 2013 and 31 December, 2018. Primary target diagnoses include hypoplastic left heart syndrome, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, tetralogy of Fallot, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, transposition of the great arteries, tricuspid atresia, and truncus arteriosus. Secondary target diagnoses include aortic coarctation, double outlet right ventricle, Ebstein anomaly, interrupted aortic arch, and single ventricle. Patients were stratified by timing of diagnosis (pre-screen, screen positive, and screen negative). Primary end points were post-operative length of stay, operative mortality, absolute mortality, and actuarial survival.Results:The cohort included 274 infants. Of these, 79% were diagnosed prior to screening (46% prenatally). Only 38% of those screened were positive, with 13% of the cohort having a “missed diagnosis.”Conclusions:Primary targets were more likely to be diagnosed by screening (53%), while secondary targets were unlikely to be diagnosed by screening (10%) (p = 0.004). Outcomes such as length of stay, operative mortality, and actuarial survival were not different based on timing of diagnosis (p > 0.05). Despite late diagnosis, those not diagnosed until after screening did not have adverse outcomes.
Understanding and managing the complex balance between bleeding and thrombosis following cardiopulmonary bypass in paediatric cardiac surgical patients
Authors: Cohen Jordan A. , Faraoni David , Vener David F. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBleeding in the perioperative period of congenital heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with increased morbidity and mortality both from the direct effects of haemorrhage as well as the therapies deployed to restore haemostasis. Perioperative bleeding is complex and multifactorial with both patient and procedural contributions. Moreover, neonates and infants are especially at risk. The objective of this review is to summarise the evidence regarding bleeding management in paediatric surgical patients and identify strategies that might facilitate appropriate bleeding management while minimising the risk of thrombosis. We will address the use of standard and point-of-care tests, and the role of contemporary coagulation factors and other novel drugs.