bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Formation of Auxospores in Cocconema Cistula, Ehr
Authors: Schmitz FR. , O’Meara E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Pfitzer’s investigations upon the structure and development of the Bacillariaæ have shown that this minute family of monocellular organisms possesses a mode of development which has not been hitherto observed in any other group of either the animal or vegetable kingdom. By means of a continuous process of fission into two the size of the single cells diminishes, till at length it reaches its minimum. Whereupon there interposes a formation of spores—auxospores, as Pfitzer calls them—which checks the regular process of division, and produces cells possessing the maximum size of the species, and in all other respects precisely similar to the mother-cells. These primary cells then commence anew the same process of division, which continuously gives birth to generations of cells, each more diminutive than the preceding. So the life of each "single species undergoes a progressive diminution until, from time to time, a fresh act of rejuvenescence brings back the organism to its original dimensions.
On the Stem-Structure of the Carboniferous Lycopodiaceæ
Authors: Thiselton Dyer W. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Professor Williamson has recently described, in the ‘Transactions of the Royal Society,’1 the various types of stem-structure possessed by the plants of the Coal-measures which are now, by general consent, referred to the Lycopodiaceæ. The great difference which exists amongst these types is remarkable, and renders them far from easy to correlate with one another. Professor Williamson’s descriptions and drawings leave little or nothing to be desired. But it is altogether doubtful whether the terminology he has employed will find general acceptance. Looking at the relationship of a Lycopod to a flowering plant, it is difficult to see how more than a homoplastic resemblance can be asserted to exist between the stems of the arborescent representatives of either. Professor Williamson, however, is satisfied that the correspondence is homogenetic, and unhesitatingly employs for the fossil Lycopodiaceæ the terms used in describing a dicotyledonous axis. It seems far better, as Mr. Carruthers has urged, to avoid prejudging in this way what is, at the best, hardly an open question. The opposite course, no doubt, has the sanction of Brongniart, but at the time that that botanist wrote such material as he had the opportunity of studying led him to the conclusion that these structures actually belonged to Exogens. Professor Williamson, claiming to have given the coup de grâce to Brongniart’s theory, still uses the terms which were appropriate to it.
Researches on Bacteria1
Authors: Cohn Ferdinand 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Twenty years ago Cohn published his first researches On Bacteria. In the interim these organs have attained special importance in Pasteur’s theory of fermentations and Hallier’s theory of contagious disease; further, they have been the objective point of certain supposed demonstrations of spontaneous generation. Leuwenhoek and 0. F. Muller already knew Bacteria, but Ehrenberg first distinguished the genera Bacterium, Vibrio, Spirochœta, and Spirillum. Dujardin added somewhat to the systematic knowledge of these forms; but since his time great confusion has been introduced by]the vague use of names and introduction of new terms. Especially Pasteur, whose researches are greatly lessened in value by want of knowledge, on his part, of the terminology and methods of biology, has made confusion. He speaks with “sovereign will” of“végétaux cryptogames microscopiques,” “Animacules,” “Champignons,” “Infusoires,” “Torulacées, Bactéries, Vibrioniens, Monades,” occasionally introducing the varied and undefined names, “Mycoderma,” “Mucor,” “Mucedinées,” and “levure.” Then we have from other writers the terms Microzyma, Bacteridium, Micrococcus, Leptothrix, Mycothrix, Microsporon, Mikrobacterien, Meso-mikrobacterien, Zooglæa, Microsphæra, and Amylobacter.
On a New Alga, Crenothrix Polyspora (Cohn), from the Well-Water of Breslau
Authors: Cohn F. , Archer W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Whilst the water-supply of many large towns, both at home and abroad, is, it is to be be feared, not everything that could be wished as regards purity, it is to be hoped that few are so badly off in that respect as, according to Cohn, the town of Breslau appears to be. The greater part of a paper in the first part of his ‘Beiträge’1, 2 is taken up with an account of the microscopic analysis of samples from various public wells, which revealed all sorts of “abominations.”
On Xanthine and some of its Crystalline Compounds
Authors: Richardson B. Wills 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
For the opportunity of examining microscopically some of the salts of xanthine I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Neubauer, of Wiesbaden, who sent me a specimen of xanthine from urine, as well as one prepared artificially from guanine. As urine, according to Dr. Neubauer, contains only about one gramme of xanthine in 600 pounds; my obligation to him is therefore not an inconsiderable one.
Archebiosis and Heterogenesis.
Authors: L. Smith H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In investigating a subject so difficult as “The Beginnings of Life,” or “Archebiosis,” as Dr. Bastian calls it, we cannot be too careful in experimenting, or too cautious in interpreting results. Dr. Bastian very properly insists upon this when criticising the views of the “Panspermatists,” and has devised certain experiments, which as they appear to him are crucial. At present I feel disposed to admit the conclusions to which he has arrived from these experiments, viz., that life can originate de novo, so far as Bacteria, Torulæ, and certain minute algoid filaments are concerned, of all of which, however, we have only the slightest knowledge—very little, in fact, except that certain minute things, apparently living, and called by these names, do really exist. Granting, then, for the present, that Dr. Bastian has made out a clearcase as regards the de novo origin of these organisms, one must pause here, and affirm that he has not proved anything beyond this All the wonderful changes and transformations, or at least the majority of them, detailed in Part HI of the second volume of his ‘Beginnings of Life,’ under the name of “Heterogenesis,” are simple conjectures, as he will find when he subjects these statements to such critical tests as he has applied to those of Pasteur, and others of the “air germ” school. This is the more unfortunate, because the perusal of the first volume of Dr. Bastian’s so far really excellent book, led me, as doubtless it has others, to believe that the same care and conscientious search for truth would characterize the whole. But now, when I find so much of manifest error in ground which, for fifteen years past, I have carefully and patiently worked over, I cannot help feeling somewhat shaken as to the truth of the results which Dr. Bastian has arrived at in those parts of his book in which he treats of subjects with which I am less familiar ? If Dr. Bastian, or any one competent, “will but devote two or three months to the careful study of the changes which” (he supposes) “are apt to take place in the substance of many of the fresh water Algæ, or in those beautiful green animalized organisms known by the name of Euglenæ, some of whose marvellous transformations” (as he asserts) “were faithfully described more than twenty years ago in the highly valuable, but much neglected memoir of Dr, Gros,” then he, or any other competent observer, would find that there is no proof - for the majority (if not for all) of these “marvellous transformations;” and Dr. Bastian himself would learn that he would have produced a better book if he (as well as others) had neglected the memoir of Dr. Gros.
Illustrated Guide to the Fish, Amphibian Reptilian, and supposed Mammalian Remains of the Northumberland Carboniferous Strata. With Atlas of Ten Plates
Authors: Pallister Barkas Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Mr. Barkas does not seem to be at all sure as to what his work ought to be called, for while the designation given above is quoted from the title-page, we find impressed on the outside boards the alternative title of ‘Manual of CoalMeasure Palæontology.’ The book consists, however, of notes on such fossil vertebrate remains from the Northumberland coal-field as have come under his own observation, and can in no sense be called a “manual” even of any one department of the somewhat extensive domain of “Coal-Measure Palæontology.” The remains described in the ten chapters are for the most part very fragmentary, and have been also mainly derived from one stratum of shale known as the Low Main Coal Shale. Mr. Barkas describes and names as new some fishes, and several Labyrinthodonts. He claims the discovery of true reptilian remains in the Northumberland coal-measures, and even advances the theory that certain footprints and a fragment of a jaw are mammalian. Should the latter supposition prove true Mr. Barkas is certainly on the high road to eminence as a palæontological investigator. We are certainly glad to see these discoveries published in a compact and accessible form, seeing that many of the original descriptions first appeared in the ‘English Mechanic,’ a periodical which most people would consider a somewhat strange medium for the publication of original palaeontological work.
On the Motion Accompanying Assimilation and Growth in the Fucaceæ
Authors: Martin Duncan P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
How do the dark olive-coloured Fucoids respire? and whence do they obtain their recondite elementary belongings ? are questions which most physiological botanists have asked themselves during their sea-side rambles. Authority answers readily enough respecting the respiration, and will probably insist that the nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous combinations, the iodine, bromine, the potash, soda, and the phosphates are separated from the sea-water in which they all exist as inorganic substances. It is assumed that the plant exercises a selective function, and that the rushing wave yields up the elements in binary compounds to the superficial cells. These can alone be the agents of the nutrition of the plant, for there is no true root and no special circulatory system. Washed by the sea, the cell-wall permits of an endosmosis, and a liquid enters which is barely salt, and which contains the well-known ultimate principles of these cellular plants. Were the colouring matter of the Fucus green, and were its proximate compounds only combinations of C,H,O, and C,H,O,N, the effect of light and life on the carbonic acid and free ammonia in the sea water would be deemed sufficient to account for the assimilation.
The Resting-Spores of Peronospora infestans, Mont
Authors: Smith Worthington G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The two accompanying photographs (Plate XIX) were taken from nature by the aid of the microscope on July 31st last. They represent the oogonia and antheridia of Peronospora infestans, Mont., from one of the tubers of the American potatoes grown this year in the garden of the Royal Horticultural Society at Chiswick. The whole plant experimented upon was badly attacked by the Peronospora, and on the tuber being cut into halves the exposed surfaces became covered with the normal fruiting branches of the now well-known fungus. On these tubers being kept under glass for further experiment a condition of watery decomposition at once set in, and the tubers and water alike were infested in every direction by hyphæ, oogonia and antheridia, similar to those here figured. I regret that I lost the greater part of the material from this individual tuber, as one half of the specimen suffered from too much moisture and the other half from too little ; every one acquainted with moulds well knows that the least superabundance of moisture or the least drought at once destroys the mould. The bodies here photographed were those present in the turbid fluid which oozed from the Peronospora-in fee ted tuber, and the whole of this liquid I have preserved intact. For three or four days after the exudation had been placed in a phial these reproductive bodies floated, grew, and united in pairs on the surface ; but after the lapse of a week they all descended to the bottom of the phial, where they have ever since remained. Before the phial was sealed repeated experiments were made with a test-tube, before many other observers, to show that the fecundated oospores were present in abundance at the bottom of the liquid.
An Account of Professor Haeckel’s recent Additions to the Gastræa-theory
Authors: Lan-kester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the last numbers of the ‘Jenaische Zeitschrift’ Professor Haeckel has continued his important discussion1 of the facts of development in connection with the significance of the primitive germ-layers as the key to animal genealogy. Some useful terms are introduced by him to designate phenomena which have been more or less clearly recognised during the development of this subject in the past three years, and further, some original observations on the development of particular animals are given. By the courtesy of Professor Haeckel I am able to place before the readers of this Journal four of the instructive plates which illustrate his recent contributions to the Gastræa-theory ; and I propose to give some account of his views, without, however, committing myself to complete agreement with them.
Note on Stenogramma Interrupta (Agardh)
Authors: Wright E. Perceval 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the number of ‘Grevillea’ for December, 1874, and at p. 88, there will be found a notice, by E. M. Holmes, of Stenogramma interrupta, in which the author states—1. That “the tetrasporic fruit of this rare and beautiful Alga has not hitherto been recorded as occurring in Britain.” 2. That it “is not described in any of the more recent works on Marine Algæ published in England.” 3. That so far as the author is aware, no figure of the tetraspores has ever been published. 4. That though Miss Gifford forwarded a specimen having tetraspores to Dr. W. H. Harvey in 1848, no further notice of the plant was taken by him and that it was probably lost.
Preparation of Sections of Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortex for Microscopic Examination
Authors: Lewis W. Bevan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The histological analysis of animal tissues, so far as it relates to processes of preparation and staining for the better differentiation of the elementary constituents under microscopic examination, has long been regarded as an important item in physiological and pathological research. Much has already been accomplished in this sphere of labour, yet much still remains to be done, especially in the histology of the central nervous system. New statements in regard to the staining of brain sections which have recently been advanced require mature consideration and experimental verification before they become standard facts for the guidance of the physiological inquirer. Until this sifting of evidence is accomplished we cannot hope to find any substantial basis for the establishment of histological science.
Observations on the Early Development of the Common Trout (Salmo fario)
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In March, 1872, a paper was read before the Royal Microscopical Society, in which I described and illustrated the segmentation and spontaneous movement of the germ of the fertilized trout’s ovum, as observed in the living condition. These observations, as far as the segmentation is concerned, were in accordance with the older assertions of Rusconi, Vogt,1 Lereboullet,2 and Coste, on Teleostean fishes, and were opposed to those of Stricker.3 In that paper (which was printed in the ‘Monthly Microscopical Journal,’ May, 1872) I have stated that in the germ of the trout’s ovum segmentation, at least in its earlier stages, is of the same regular type as in other Teleostean fishes, and that only in the more advanced stages the blastoderm presents the appearance as if the elements of cleavage—i. e. the embryo-cells—originated by being constricted off from the main body of the blastoderm, in a manner similar to that described by Stricker.
Recent Researches on the Nuclei of Animal and Vegetable Cells, and especially of Ova
Authors: Priestley John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While much important knowledge of the protoplasmic bodies of cells had rewarded the labours of histological workers, only a few ascertained facts, together with various ill-supported theories, existed respecting the intimate nature and the functions of the nuclei. During the present decade however, much of the energy of research has been directed to repair this deficiency; and the body of fact which we possess concerning nuclei is rapidly gaining in size and solidity. Some of the publications which have assisted in the impulse are those of which an account is now to be attempted.
On the genus Astrorhiza of Sandahl, lately described as Haeckelina
Authors: Bessels Dr. , Carpenter W. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
[In consequence of the publication by Dr. Bessels in the ‘Jenaische Zeitschrift,’ vol. ix, of a description of the animal and test of Astrorhiza as a new genus, the following extract from a paper “On the Rhizopodal Fauna of the Deep Sea,” presented to the Royal Society June 17, 1869 (abstracted in ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society,’ vol. xviii, p. 59), has been forwarded to us for publication by Dr. Carpenter.—Eds.]
Note on Bacterium rubescens and Clathrocystis roseo-persicina
Authors: Lankester  
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I am continually examining new and varied growths of Bacterium rubescens, and the more I see of it, the more I am convinced that Professor Cohn’s separation of it into the various species of Clathrocystis and Monas is altogether untenable. I have before me whilst writing this a rich growth which has the characteristic redder tint (not the bluer peach variety) of Bacterio-purpurin. This growth consists of a dense mass of red-coloured Vibrio of the typical form. I consider it to be like the red-coloured Spirillum described by Dr. Klein in this Journal, October, 1875, and the Ophidomonas sanguinea of Ehrenberg—a form-phase of Bacterium rubescens.
On the coincidence of the blastopore and anus in palu-dina vivipara
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Dr. N. Bobretzky, of Kiew, to whom we owe invaluable works on the developmental histories of Astacus, Pal æmon, and Oniscus, has recently published in the ‘Archiv fur Mikrosk. Anatomie’ (vol. xiii, p. 95) a memoir entitled ‘Studien iiber die embryonale Eutwickelung der Gastropoden.” His observations relate almost exclusively to the genera Nassa,Natica and Fusus and were made in Dr. Dohrn’s Zoological Station at Naples. Six plates illustrate this work, which is remarkable for the fact that the studies of which it gives an account are the first in which the method of cutting sections has been applied to the examination of the very delicate and small eggs and embryos of Gastropod Molluscs. Dr. Bobretzky has also used and recommends a method which consists in hardening the embryo in dilute chromic acid and then observing it under the microscope as an opaque object.
Epicrisis systematis floridearum. auctore Jacobo Georgio Agardh. lipsiæ: apud t. o. weigel, 1876
Authors: Merrifield Mary P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
After an interval of thirteen years Professor Agardh has published, under the above title, the third volume of Pecies, Genera, ET Ordines Algarum.’ The first volume of the work, it will be remembered, contained the Melanospermeæ, the second, which was divided into three parts, contained the Florideæ. Of these parts, the first was published in 1851, the second in 1852, and the third part, which treated of the Rhodomele Æ only, in 1863.
On the Colouring Matters of Various Animals, and especially of Deep-Sea Forms dredged H.M.S. Challenger
Authors: Moseley H. N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the voyage of the Challenger I made a continued series of observations with the spectroscope on the colouring matters of the various. Invertebrata procured by the dredge and trawl. The colours were examined spectroscopically in almost all cases in which an animal presented marked coloration, but usually further attention was only paid in those instances in which a spectrum presenting isolated bands was obtained, such colouring matters being of most immediate interest because they are able to be readily identified.
The doctrine of contagium vivum and its application to medicine.
Authors: Roberts William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Gentlemen,—The notion that contagious diseases are produced by minute organisms has prevailed in a vague way from a remote age; but it is only within the last twenty years—since the publication of Pasteur’s researches on fermentation and putrefaction—that it has assumed the position of a serious pathological doctrine. In the last decade, startling discoveries of organisms in the blood have given this doctrine the support of actual observation; and its application as a guide in the treatment of wounds by Professor Lister has made it a subject of universal interest to medical practitioners.
On the Hinged Teeth of the Common Pike
Authors: Tomes Charles S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Notwithstanding the activity of biological research in almost every other direction, it has happened that the teeth, more especially of reptiles and fishes, have received but little attention, and thus many most interesting peculiarities, although met with in creatures exceedingly common, have escaped notice. The angler (Lophius piscatorius) has long been known to possess hinged teeth, capable of being bent inwards towards the mouth, but by virtue of the elasticity of the hinge at once resuming the upright position when pressure is removed from them; this arrangement was formerly supposed to be peculiar to the angler, but Professor Owen (‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ 1866) added Anableps and Pœcilia to his list of fish with movable teeth.
The Red Vascular Fluid of the Earthworm a Corpusculated fluid
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In describing the anatomy of the Earthworm in the sixth volume of this Journal some years since, I made the statement, which was in agreement with the current opinion, that the red vascular fluid of that animal is free from corpuscles. This statement, like several others contained in the same essay, is erroneous. I am happy in this case to be able myself to furnish a more correct account of a feature in the organisation of the Earthworm which, however small and insignificant in point of fact, has yet been the subject of much discussion and speculation.
Note on the Movements of the Vibracula in Caberea Boryi, and on the supposed Common Nervous System in the Polyzoa
Authors: Hincks Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The theory of a common or colonial nervous system in the Polyzoa, first propounded by Fritz Müller, must be regarded as still subgudace. The question may be approached on two sides, the histological and the physiological. Müller’s attention seems to have been first drawn to the subject by the behaviour of the polypides in certain cases which, appeared to point to the existence of a system of nerves apart from the individual cells, by which the members of the colony are to some extent controlled, and brought into relation. He refers specially to the energetic movements of the peduncle of Pedicellina, after the fall of the body, and to the simultaneous movements of the cells in Mimosella gracilis, a fact which I had previously observed and recorded. He was thus led to investigate the stems and branches of some of the Ctenostomata, and demonstrated the existence of the (supposed) ganglia and trunks of the colonial system. Smitt adopted his views and made similar observations on the Cheilostomata.