bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable 131I Activity in Renal Stone in a Patient With Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Liu Shihong , Chen Li , Zhang Deping , Cao Chengjian , Shao Fuqiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A 42-year-old woman underwent 131I radiotherapy for thyroid papillary cancer. A focal elevated 131I activity in the right kidney was revealed on the initial whole-body posttherapeutic images, which was located in the region of a renal stone. However, on the follow-up 131I images acquired 6 months later, there was no longer any increased activity in the region of this stone, which had moved into right ureter. Our case indicates that the 131I activity accumulated in the region of urinary stone is due to stagnated radioactive urine rather than due to the stone per se.
Optimal Time for 124I PET/CT Imaging in Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Wu Di , Plyku Donika , Kulkarni Kanchan , Garcia Carlos , Atkins Frank , Tefera Eshetu , Burman Kenneth D. , Wartofsky Leonard , Van Nostrand Douglas 
Published: January 2021

Background
The objective of this study was to determine the optimal time for 124I PET/CT imaging to maximize the detection of locoregional and/or distant metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer.

Methods
Differentiated thyroid cancer patients suspected of having metastatic disease were prepared with low-iodine diet and appropriate thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation. 124I PET and low-dose localization CT were performed over 4 days after oral administration of 31.5 or 62.9 MBq (0.85 or 1.7 mCi) of 124I. Each scan was independently reviewed by 2 nuclear medicine physicians. All foci of activity were categorized, and the visual intensity of uptake was scored by a semiquantitative 3-point grading system (1: mild uptake, 2: moderate uptake, 3: intense uptake). Lesion volumes were determined on the CT image or on the PET images. Background (bkg) was also measured for each lesion and on each individual PET image. For each lesion, the mean activity concentration rate per unit administered activity (ACRmean/AA) and lesion-to-bkg ratios were compared across the 5 different time points. The semiquantitative grade and the quantitative measurements were compared.

Results
A total of 45 124I PET/CT scans were reviewed for 9 patients. In the visual assessment, a total of 31 foci suggestive for or highly suggestive of metastasis were identified on 124I PET/CT. Of these, 6 were seen on the 2-h, 18 on the 24-h, 27 on the 48-h, 24 on the 72-h, and 20 on the 96-h scan. There was a significant difference between the 24- and 48-h scans in the total number of foci (ie, locoregional and distant metastasis) (P < 0.05) and in the number of distant metastases (P < 0.05). The 24-, 48-, and 72-h scans identified the same number of locoregional foci. The 48-h scan visualized more of the distant metastases than any other time point. 124I PET/CT with dual-time-point imaging was superior to single-time-point imaging (97% vs 87%). In the quantitative analysis, the median ACRmean/AA was highest at 24 and 48 h, and the median lesion-to-bkg ratio was variable for different lesion locations. For lung metastases, the highest median lesion-to-bkg ratio was at 72 and 96 h.

Conclusions

124I PET/CT with dual-time-point imaging was superior to any single-time-point imaging (P < 0.10). Based on the visual assessment, dual time points at 48 + 72 h or 48 + 96 h yielded the highest lesion detection rate, whereas for single-time-point imaging, the 48-h images had the highest lesion detection rate. If the 48-h scan is completely negative or has negative 124I uptake in the region of interest, then a 72- or 96-h scan may be valuable. If lung metastases are suspected, then one should consider additional imaging at 72 or 96 h.
False-Positive Uptake of 131I From Basal Cell Papilloma in a Patient With Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Luo Lingling , Wang Jiaqiong , Xia Junyong , Zhang Ran , Yao Xiaobo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A 64-year-old woman with metastatic papillary thyroid cancer underwent a total thyroidectomy followed by 2 courses of 131I therapy. The posttherapeutic whole-body scan after the second dose of 131I therapy showed multifocal bone metastasis. In addition, there is focal abnormal intense radiotracer uptake at the right inguinal region. SPECT/CT revealed that this abnormal focal radioactivity was from a superficial skin lesion. Further physical examination revealed a raised, approximately 1-cm, irregular grayish-brown lesion on the right groin skin. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of basal cell papilloma (seborrheic keratosis).
Hemangioblastoma
Authors: Gohimont Nicolas , Jissendi Tchofo Patrice , Racu Marie-Lucie , Entezari Kim , Salmon Isabelle , Tondeur Marianne , Ene Diana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Hemangioblastoma (HB) is the most common primary intra-axial posterior fossa tumor in adults and is a benign vascular neoplasm. We report the case of a 73-year-old man suffering from biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer where intense overexpression of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) was observed in HB in a PSMA PET/CT. Overexpression of PSMA in tumor-associated vascular structures has been proposed as an explanation of PSMA ligand uptake in several nonprostatic tumors. Given the pathological nature of HB, this mechanism may explain the intense overexpression of PSMA observed in present case.
Reframing cognition: getting down to biological basics
Authors: Lyon Pamela , Keijzer Fred , Arendt Detlev , Levin Michael 
Published: January 2021

The premise of this two-part theme issue is simple: the cognitive sciences should join the rest of the life sciences in how they approach the quarry within their research domain. Specifically, understanding how organisms on the lower branches of the phylogenetic tree become familiar with, value and exploit elements of an ecological niche while avoiding harm can be expected to aid understanding of how organisms that evolved later (includingHomo sapiens) do the same or similar things. We call this approach basal cognition. In this introductory essay, we explain what the approach involves. Because no definition of cognition exists that reflects its biological basis, we advance a working definition that can be operationalized; introduce a behaviour-generating toolkit of capacities that comprise the function (e.g. sensing/perception, memory, valence, learning, decision making, communication), each element of which can be studied relatively independently; and identify a (necessarily incomplete) suite of common biophysical mechanisms found throughout the domains of life involved in implementing the toolkit. The articles in this collection illuminate different aspects of basal cognition across different forms of biological organization, from prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes—the focus of Part 1—to plants and finally to animals, without and with nervous systems, the focus of Part 2. By showcasing work in diverse, currently disconnected fields, we hope to sketch the outline of a new multidisciplinary approach for comprehending cognition, arguably the most fascinating and hard-to-fathom evolved function on this planet. Doing so has the potential to shed light on problems in a wide variety of research domains, including microbiology, immunology, zoology, biophysics, botany, developmental biology, neurobiology/science, regenerative medicine, computational biology, artificial life and synthetic bioengineering.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: conceptual tools and the view from the single cell’.
Origins of eukaryotic excitability
Authors: Wan Kirsty Y. , Jékely Gáspár 
Published: January 2021

All living cells interact dynamically with a constantly changing world. Eukaryotes, in particular, evolved radically new ways to sense and react to their environment. These advances enabled new and more complex forms of cellular behaviour in eukaryotes, including directional movement, active feeding, mating, and responses to predation. But what are the key events and innovations during eukaryogenesis that made all of this possible? Here we describe the ancestral repertoire of eukaryotic excitability and discuss five major cellular innovations that enabled its evolutionary origin. The innovations include a vastly expanded repertoire of ion channels, the emergence of cilia and pseudopodia, endomembranes as intracellular capacitors, a flexible plasma membrane and the relocation of chemiosmotic ATP synthesis to mitochondria, which liberated the plasma membrane for more complex electrical signalling involved in sensing and reacting. We conjecture that together with an increase in cell size, these new forms of excitability greatly amplified the degrees of freedom associated with cellular responses, allowing eukaryotes to vastly outperform prokaryotes in terms of both speed and accuracy. This comprehensive new perspective on the evolution of excitability enriches our view of eukaryogenesis and emphasizes behaviour and sensing as major contributors to the success of eukaryotes.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: conceptual tools and the view from the single cell’.
SARS-CoV-2 Control on a Large Urban College Campus Without Mass Testing
Authors: O’Donnell Chris , Brownlee Kate , Martin Elise , Suyama Joe , Albert Steve , Anderson Steve , Bhatte Sai , Bonner Kenyon , Burton Chad , Corn Micaela , Eng Heather , Flage Bethany , Frerotte Jay , Balasubramani Goundappa K. , Haggerty Catherine , Haight Joel , Harrison Lee H. , Hartman Amy , Hitter Thomas , King Wendy C. , Ledger Kate , Marsh Jane W. , McDonald Margaret C. , Miga Bethany , Moses Kim , Newman Anne , Ringler Meg , Roberts Mark , Sax Terrie , Shekhar Anantha , Sterne Matthew , Tenney Tyler , Vanek Marian , Wells Alan , Wenzel Sally , Williams John 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveA small percentage of universities and colleges conduct mass SARS-CoV-2 testing. However, universal testing is resource-intensive, strains national testing capacity, and false negative tests can encourage unsafe behaviors.ParticipantsA large urban university campus.MethodsVirus control centered on three pillars: mitigation, containment, and communication, with testing of symptomatic and a random subset of asymptomatic students.ResultsRandom surveillance testing demonstrated a prevalence among asymptomatic students of 0.4% throughout the term. There were two surges in cases that were contained by enhanced mitigation and communication combined with targeted testing. Cumulative cases totaled 445 for the term, most resulting from unsafe undergraduate student behavior and among students living off-campus. A case rate of 232/10,000 undergraduates equaled or surpassed several peer institutions that conducted mass testing.ConclusionsAn emphasis on behavioral mitigation and communication can control virus transmission on a large urban campus combined with a limited and targeted testing strategy.
Functional Comparison of Different Exome Capture-based Methods for Transcriptomic Profiling of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tumor Samples
Authors: Shohdy Kyrillus S. , Bareja Rohan , Sigouros Michael , Wilkes David C. , Dorsaint Princesca , Manohar Jyothi , Bockelman Daniel , Xiang Jenny Z. , Kim Rob , Mosquera Juan Miguel , Elemento Olivier , Sboner Andrea , Alonso Alicia , Faltas Bishoy M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe need for fresh frozen (FF) tissue limits implementing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the clinic. The majority of clinical samples are processed in clinical laboratories and stored as formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Exome capture has recently emerged as a promising approach for RNA-seq from FFPE samples. Multiple exome capture platforms are now available. However, their performances have not been systematically compared.MethodsTranscriptomic analysis of 32 FFPE tumor samples from 11 patients was performed using three exome capture-based methods: Agilent SureSelect V6, TWIST NGS Exome, and IDT XGen Exome Research Panel. We compared these methods to TruSeq RNA-seq of fresh frozen (FF-TruSeq) tumor samples from the same patients. We assessed the recovery of clinically relevant biological features, including the expression of key immune genes, expression outliers often associated with actionable genes, gene expression-based subtypes, and fusions using each of these capture methods.ResultsThe Spearman’s correlation coefficients between global expression profiles of the three capture-based methods and matched FF tumor samples, analyzed using TruSeq RNA-seq, were high (rho = 0.72-0.9, p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expression of key immune genes between individual capture-based methods and FF-TruSeq (rho = 0.76-0.88, p < 0.05). All three exome capture-based methods reliably detected the outlier expression of actionable genes, including ERBB2, MET, NTRK1, and PPARG, initially detected in FF-TruSeq. In urothelial cancer samples, the Agilent assay was associated with the highest molecular subtyping agreement with FF-TruSeq (Cohen’s k = 0.7, p < 0.01). Both Agilent and IDT detected all the clinically relevant fusions which were initially identified in FF-TruSeq.ConclusionAll exome capture-based methods had comparable performance and concordance with FF-TruSeq. These findings provide a path for the transcriptomic profiling of vast numbers of FFPE currently stored in biobanks. For specific applications such as fusion detection and gene expression-based subtyping, some methods performed better. By enabling the interrogation of FFPE tumor samples, our findings open the door for implementing RNA-seq in the clinic to guide precision oncology approaches.
Concomitance of octamolybdate isomers in metastable crystal structures isolated using homoleptic CoII/CoIII complexes as structure-directing templates
Authors: Atencio Reinaldo , Briceño Alexander , Bruno-Colmenarez Julia , Silva Pedro , Rodríguez Laura , Sosa Eleida , Limones Erick , Pacheco Yesenia , Cáceres Julio , Vielma Joel 
Published: January 2021

Exploiting the kinetic domain provided by hydrothermal conditions, it was possible to isolate three transient metastable crystal structures, each bearing concomitant pairs of octamolybdate isomers, namely, α–β, γ–β or βcs–βgp stabilized by distinctive homoleptic [Co(bpy)3]
n+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; n = 2 or 3) cations generated in situ: [Co(bpy)3]4[(α-Mo8O26)(β-Mo8O26)]·5H2O (1), [NH4][Co(bpy)3][(γ-Mo8O26)0.5(β-Mo8O26)0.5]·4H2O (2) and [Co(bpy)3]2[(βcs-Mo8O26)0.5(βgp-Mo8O26)]·12H2O (3). Solid 1 with the space group P21/n and unit-cell parameters a = 22.160 (6), b = 14.209 (3), c = 24.641 (4) Å, β = 99.10 (2)° and V = 7661 (3) Å3 resulted in the same crystal structure as that synthesized previously under different conditions by Sun et al. [J. Mol. Struct. (2005), 741, 149–153]. Factors directing the reaction, such as product composition and phase stability, were monitored by analysis of the PXRD patterns of the bulk solids obtained under different experimental conditions. The relative proportions of the mixed phases 1–3 or their stabilization are highly dependent on the initial Co:Mo molar ratio and the reaction temperature. In particular, an increase in temperature induces the transformation of 1–3 into more thermodynamically stable phases formed by one-dimensional coordination polymers [Co(bpy)2(β-Mo8O26)0.5]
n
(4) and [(MoO3)(bpy)]
n
(5). The crystal structures of 1–3 correspond to molecular salts self-assembled by C—H...O—Mo, C...H and H...H intermolecular contacts. A Hirshfeld surface analysis for 1 showed that the C...H and H...H interactions represent an average of 51.8% of the total cation–cation intermolecular contacts. In contrast, these interactions are vastly reduced in 2 (23.0%) and 3 (average 28.5% for both isomers). EPR experiments indicated that the crystal structures of 1 and 3 are paramagnetic, and that for 2 is diamagnetic. The paramagnetism of 3 stems from the in situ formation of [Co(bpy)3]3+ in a high-spin configuration. The structure-directing properties of the [Co(bpy)3]
n+ cations in the isolation and self-assembly of concomitant octamolybdate isomers are also described from the viewpoint of crystal engineering.
Scaffolding the academic language of complex text: an intervention for late secondary students
Authors: Reynolds Dan 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundLate secondary‐level students (those in their final 2 years of secondary school) preparing for the demands of university and careers increasingly face texts written in academic language. Unfortunately, few intervention studies show how instruction can improve their reading achievement.MethodsThe 152 student participants (16–17 years old, U.S. Grade 11) were randomly assigned either to small groups receiving scaffolded instruction while reading complex texts or to a business‐as‐usual control condition. The intervention instruction included tutors supporting students' paraphrasing skills while scaffolding their academic language. Measures included pre‐test and post‐tests of standardised reading comprehension and tutors' reports of the scaffolds they used in each session. Multi‐level regression modelling estimated the causal effect of the intervention (RQ1) and the associations between the types of scaffolds and the comprehension outcome (RQ2).ResultsFor RQ1, assignment to the intervention significantly predicted a 1.20‐point increase in a standardised test widely used for entrance into U.S. universities, which includes a reading comprehension subtest reading scores (d = 0.16). No significant interactions were found by pre‐test scores, race, eligibility for school lunch subsidy or learning disabilities. For RQ2, the scaffolds measure explained 11% of the outcome variance, suggesting that scaffolding contributes significantly to comprehension outcomes. Specifically, rereading scaffolds significantly predicted lower post‐test scores, while syntax and structure scaffolds predicted higher post‐test scores.ConclusionsThis intervention presents a model for future interventions with this understudied population. A focus on complex texts with scaffolding designed to account for the complexity of academic language may be effective in supporting late secondary students' reading comprehension. In addition, certain kinds of scaffolding may be differentially effective if educators help students unpack complicated syntax and attend to the structural features of complex texts.
Ear as an alternative sampling site for GSR analysis following shotgun discharge
Authors: Akçan Ramazan , Demircioglu Derya , Aydogan Halit Canberk , Cavlak Mehmet , Erkan Emre , Demiray Emirhan , Mercan Mustafa , Rıza Tümer Ali 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDetection of GSR particles potentially indicates that a person fired a gun or somehow involved to a shooting event. GSR on the shooter's hand, face, and clothing may disappear within hours and with sweat secretion, washing or cleaning to remove evidences. Due to its anatomical properties, ears are relatively protected; therefore, we aimed to identify GSR particles on ears, to compare its anatomical parts of ears, and compare ears with common GSR sampling sites, based on firing frequency. A 12‐gauge semi‐automatic shotgun was used. In the 4‐week study, one shot in the first week, two consecutive shots in second week, three shots in third week, and five shots in fourth week were fired by six participants. Samples were taken from MAE, CA, and AAECA of both ears and common GSR sampling sites. The characteristic 3‐component structure (Pb/Sb/Ba) of the samples was analyzed by SEM/EDX. Right CA was the most suitable area for sampling, which might be attributed to posture of body during targeting. Right ear was the most suitable area to take samples from CA or MAE in 3‐shot group. Besides, left AAECA in 1‐ and 2‐shot groups and the left MAE in 5‐shot group were the most suitable areas for GSR sampling. In conclusion, ear seems to be a valuable alternative for detection of GSR particles, due to its complex anatomical structure potentially preventing loss of GSR with daily cleaning. Findings suggested that crime scene investigation teams and criminal laboratory staff should consider ear as a valuable alternative for GSR detection.
Tofacitinib overcomes an IFNγ‐induced decrease in NK cell‐mediated cytotoxicity via the regulation of immune‐related molecules in LC‐2/ad
Authors: Okita Riki , Shimizu Katsuhiko , Nojima Yuji , Saisho Shinsuke , Nakata Masao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1)/PD‐1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) axis have shown promising results in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). One major PD‐L1 inducer is IFNγ, which is secreted by T cells and NK cells. Importantly, IFNγ‐induced PD‐L1 is one of the major mechanisms by which cancer cells escape host immunity.MethodsHere, we found that the NSCLC cell line, LC‐2/ad, has a unique character; the PD‐L1 expression in these cells is up‐regulated by both IFNγ and epidermal growth factor (EGF).ResultsComparative analysis of the cell signaling pathway showed that IFNγ activates STAT1 signaling, while EGF activates AKT, MAPK, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase in LC‐2/ad cells. IFNγ‐induced PD‐L1, but not EGF‐induced PD‐L1, was clearly blocked by the JAK‐STAT inhibitor tofacitinib. Interestingly, IFNγ decreased the expression of NK cell‐activating ligands while increasing the expression of MHC class I molecules, resulting in a phenotype that can easily escape from NK cells, theoretically. Finally, we showed that IFNγ stimuli attenuated NK cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in LC‐2/ad cells, which was, however, blocked by tofacitinib.ConclusionsTaken together, our study shows that tofacitinib blocks the IFNγ‐induced transformation from an NK cell‐sensitive phenotype to an NK cell‐resistant one in IFNγ‐reacted LC‐2/ad cells, thereby implicating that tofacitinib may be a promising agent to overcome IFNγ‐induced tumor immune escape, although it may be adapted to the limited number of NSCLC patients.
Sensitization to amphetamine psychostimulant effect: A key role for ventral tegmental area neurotensin type 2 receptors and MAP kinase pathway
Authors: Voyer David , Einsiedel Jürgen , Gmeiner Peter , Lévesque Daniel , Rompré Pierre‐Paul 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNeurotensin is an endogenous neuropeptide that acts as a potent modulator of ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurotransmission. The present study was aimed at determining VTA cell population and neurotensin receptor subtype responsible for the initiation of amphetamine‐induced psychomotor activity and extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK1/2) sensitization. During an induction phase, rats were injected intra‐VTA on two occasions, every second day, with [D‐Tyr11]‐neurotensin (D‐Tyr‐NT), SR142948 (a mix Ntsr1/Ntsr2 receptor subtype antagonist), SR48692 (a Ntsr1 antagonist), D‐Tyr‐NT + SR142498, D‐Tyr‐NT + SR48692, or the vehicle. Effects of intra‐VTA drugs were evaluated at locomotor activity and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Five days after the last VTA microinjection, the effect of a systemic injection of amphetamine was tested (sensitization test). Results show that D‐Tyr‐NT stimulated locomotor activity during the induction phase, an effect that was blocked by SR142948, but not SR48692. Amphetamine also induced significantly higher ambulatory activity in rats preinjected with D‐Tyr‐NT than in rats preinjected with the vehicle. This sensitization effect was again attenuated by SR142948, but not SR48692, hence suggesting that this effect is mediated by Ntsr2 receptors. To confirm this, we tested a highly selective Ntsr2 peptide–peptoid hybrid ligand, NT150. At the concentration tested, NT150 stimulated locomotor activity and lead to sensitized locomotor activity and a selective neurochemical (pERK1/2) response in tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive neurons of the VTA. Both effects were prevented by SR142948. Taken together, these results show that neurotensin, acting on Ntsr2 receptor subtypes, stimulates locomotor activity and initiates neural changes (ERK1/2 phosphorylation) that lead to amphetamine‐induced sensitization.