bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humans Like Us (About 100,000 Years Ago)
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
By 100,000 years ago, humans walked the Earth who were very similar to us physically and genetically, but they lived in small family bands and their culture was much simpler than the culture of any humans living today. The authors argue that these humans had the capacity to participate in more complex cultures and suggest that this capacity evolved because families had to cooperate closely to raise children in times when climate was very variable. Natural selection worked at two levels—on individuals but also on families. Families that were best at cooperating and raising the next generation were most likely to survive. These successful families passed on both their genes and their culture to the next generation. The chapter reviews evidence gained from studies of humans and comparisons of humans and chimpanzees that reveal humans’ unique motivation and ability to work together.
Introduction
Authors: Quinn Emelia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Introduction establishes the key theoretical paradigms within which the book is positioned. It contextualizes the contemporary vegan movement and offers a broad definition of veganism, and its distinction from vegetarianism, before situating the work within the emergent field of vegan theory and detailing its origins in the related fields of animal studies, ecocriticism, posthumanism, food studies, and moral philosophy. Vegan theory’s key points of intersection with contemporary queer theory are also elaborated. The Introduction argues that veganism might best be conceptualized as a state of strategic insufficiency, and queering of normative humanity, in which a sense of failure and complicity co-exists alongside utopian gestures and ethical commitments.
H. G. Wells and Monstrous Vegan Desires
Authors: Quinn Emelia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on the work of H. G. Wells and in particular his The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896). The Beast People of Doctor Moreau manifest a Frankensteinian legacy through their monstrous veganism, iterating the four key traits of the monstrous vegan as identified in Chapter 1. Framed through a consideration of ‘vegansexuality’, this chapter considers the relationship between alimentary and sexual desire. Contextualized in relation to late-nineteenth-century anti-vivisection movements and Darwinian ideas, veganism, as ethical abstraction divorced from the corporeal body, is seen to result in a failure to acknowledge the reality of human desires and the inescapably cannibalistic nature of our relation to others. The veganism of the Beast People is associated with artificiality, as a linguistic appendage that must be continually recited. Veganism is also seen as a spectre of the future, a utopian aspiration corrupted by its contact with the animal body.
J. M. Coetzee and Monstrous Vegan Performativity
Authors: Quinn Emelia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to the work of J. M. Coetzee, establishing a reparative means of confronting violence against the nonhuman. Framed in relation to Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s notion of paranoid and reparative reading, this chapter suggests what might be done with our identification of the monstrous vegan as a pervasive literary trope. Focusing on Coetzee’s Elizabeth Costello texts, this chapter reads Costello as a performative enactment of the monstrous vegan. The staging of veganism as performance is seen to enable a reclamation of joy, pleasure, and optimism: affective states often abandoned in order to bear witness to violence against nonhuman animals. The chapter argues that the literary staging of veganism as monstrous performance provides an important framework for re-investing in the possibilities of vegan identity: offering a mode of detachment that refuses moral purity or the claim of ‘the beautiful soul’ by acknowledging self-interest and an entanglement in the violence of representational strategies.
Alan Hollinghurst and Monstrous Vegan Camp
Authors: Quinn Emelia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to the manifestation of the monstrous vegan trope in two works by the British novelist Alan Hollinghurst: The Swimming-Pool Library (1988) and The Sparsholt Affair (2017). In order to establish the reparative potential of Hollinghurst’s vegan monsters, this chapter establishes the concept of ‘vegan camp’. Vegan camp is defined as a political aesthetic that transforms the trauma of recognizing the exploitation of animals into witty commentary on anthropocentric attitudes. Vegan camp offers the possibility of enjoying that which one is expected to repudiate, a queer mode of being and desiring that hyperbolically performs its failure to stand outside of existing structures of pleasure. Hollinghurst’s novels are seen to offer the potential of embracing derogatory vegan stereotypes as a means of challenging normative scripts of desire. Reading Hollinghurst’s novels through the lens of vegan camp offers a mode of asserting vegan agency.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s main themes. It explains why public health policy matters, and why public policy requires ethical and philosophical reflection. It introduces debates around the definition of disease and illness, and debates about the definition of public health. It examines why public health was initially largely excluded from the purview of medical ethics and bioethics in the 1960s and following decades, and some of the drivers behind the rise of ethical reflection on public health since 2000. It also briefly introduces the structure of the rest of the book.
Ethics for Complex Systems
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the scale of the challenge posed by external validity requires a similarly sizeable response. Not only should practitioners approach evidence collection and interventions in policy differently, but philosophers should also change the way they conceive of ethics. The default should no longer be to start from simplistic causal models or thought experiments, while being dimly aware that these approaches will exclude some features that would be relevant for real-world decision-making. Rather, both practitioners and philosophers should start from the premise that social processes are complex systems. Moreover, complex systems are in important aspects performative: for example, what counts as a breach of trust, or a violation of privacy, is not something that can be discovered once and for all, but is partly constituted by social norms and individual expectations, which will themselves change in response to government action.
The Right to Public Health
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reframes the project of public health within a rights framework. It argues that there is a right to health, and this entails that individuals have a right to public health. Given that there is a right to public health, the state should undertake to reduce health risks. If a state does not take easy steps to reduce risks to health, and as a result allows significant numbers to come to harm or even death, then it violates individuals’ right to public health, and should be criticized as a Neglectful State. The ethical challenge of public health policy is therefore not the one-sided one of avoiding Nannying, but the more complex task of steering a course between Nannying and Neglect. Avoiding Neglect may involve restricting liberty in various ways.
Measuring and Combatting Health-Related Inequalities
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how health systems should measure, and respond to, health-related inequalities. Health equity is often taken to be a core goal of public health, but what exactly health equity requires is more difficult to specify. There are indefinitely many health-related variables that can be measured, and variation in each of these variables can be measured in a number of different ways. Given the systemic interconnections between variables, making a situation more equal in some respects will tend to make it less equal in others. The chapter argues for a pluralist approach to health equity measurement, which takes its cue from the lived experience of individuals’ lives. Reflection on the deepest and most resilient causes of health-related inequalities shows that they are often the result of intersecting structural concentrations of power—structures which it is vital, but very difficult, to break up.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter sums up some general lessons from the book. Philosophers need to move away from implicitly viewing policymakers as outside of the system that they are attempting to steer, towards a dynamic view that sees policymakers as actors within the same system, and who will themselves be acted upon. Philosophy is at heart a form of engaged problem-solving. Philosophical thinking becomes necessary largely because of the ways in which social, political, and technological change disrupts patterns of activity that have become habitual. One central insight, which policymakers should incorporate in interpreting and building on the analysis of this book, is the need to integrate ethical analysis with rigorous analysis of systemic interactions. Realizing that there may be different ways of sustainably ‘solving’ a problem that is shaped by performativity is vital.
Afterword
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This Afterword reflects on the initial experience of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the ways in which the approach to public policy developed in the book is enlightening for analysing the novel challenges posed by the pandemic. It contains a brief summary of the pandemic up to the point of writing, and explains how the ethical framework developed in Part II, and the more detailed reflections developed in Part III, are relevant.
Herod and his Historians
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this introductory chapter, we lay out the scope and aims of our book. Who was Herod, and who wrote about him? In particular, who was Nicolaus of Damascus? And why would we want to try to recover his account of the king? We note that Herod’s modern biographers regularly make assumptions about Nicolaus that are based on a questionable premise, and opt for a new approach. We set our treatment within the history of scholarship and justify our methodological approach to Josephus’ text in the hope of recovering Nicolaus’ own views on the Eastern monarch and much more besides.
Herod the Saviour
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers Nicolaus’ construction of appropriate royal behaviour and ideology through a close examination of the famine episode at AJ 15.299–316. In describing Herod’s actions at the height of his power, Nicolaus (for we argue the passage derives from his work) revealed the same ideas on wealth that we find in his fragments. He also played on the Hellenistic ideas of the king as εὐεργέτης and σωτήρ while reflecting extensively on the importance of close relationships with individual Romans for success in the Augustan world. Furthermore, we may detect Nicolaus’ hand in showing Herod to have mirrored Augustus’ own statecraft in this passage, and in the subtly critical attitude to the Judaean people.
Epilogue
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The description of Herod’s horrid death has universally been attributed to a hostile Jewish tradition. We take this as a final test case, one that pushes our approach to the extreme: could Nicolaus have written even this? For once, we leave the question open, but the discussion then allows us to revisit our methodological approach and summarize our main conclusions. At the end, implications for writing the history of Herod are spelled out.
Karl Barth’s Theological Ethics
Authors: McKenny Gerald 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Barth’s theological ethics is a version of divine command ethics. However, it is a highly unusual version. Its premise is that the Word of God—the revelation and work of God’s grace to human beings in Jesus Christ—is also the command of God, that gospel is also law. What God commands, therefore, is that human beings confirm in their conduct what they already are by virtue of God’s grace to them. Human beings confirm grace in their conduct by performing actions that correspond to grace, so that the moral life is lived as a human analogy to divine grace. The problem with Barth’s divine command ethics is that the claim that grace is the norm of human action fails to do justice to human beings as creatures. For Barth, God’s resolution from eternity to be gracious to human beings and God’s realization of this eternal resolution in time determines human beings as creatures, not just as those who have fallen into sin. It follows that the human creature exists for the actualization of grace, not grace for the perfection of the creature.
Where Ethical and Epistemic Demands Meet
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the idea that we face a dilemma with respect to stereotyping: that when stereotypes reflect social reality, people can either do what is best from an epistemic perspective, and allow the stereotypes to influence their judgements, or they can do what is best from an ethical perspective and avoid stereotyping. This chapter shows that although ethical and epistemic demands sometimes conflict in this way, sometimes they can both be met through stereotyping, and at other times they can both be met by not stereotyping. Rather than facing a relatively straightforward dilemma, we face a serious practical difficulty of discerning, in any specific context, whether the application of a stereotype will facilitate the achievement of either or both ethical and epistemic goals. The argument in this chapter is primarily focused on the case study of stereotyping in medicine but applies broadly to stereotyping across various social domains.
Conclusion
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the central claims of this book. It tracks the journey from the observation that there are multiple ways that stereotypes deceive us to the conclusion that epistemic evaluations of acts of believing stereotypes ought to focus on the dispositions associated with so believing. In the process, the chapter highlights links between various other strands of thought found in this book: the idea that social attitudes that reflect reality can bring epistemic costs while those that fail to reflect reality can have epistemic value; observations about dilemmas that we do and do not face; claims about the limitations of existing theories of the ethics of stereotyping; and arguments relating to the inadequacy of existing accounts of epistemic value to the task of evaluating acts of believing stereotypes.
Making Nonsense of Moore’s Paradox
Authors: Marcus Eric 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
I show how the view on offer resolves Moore’s Paradox. Moorean absurdity does not, as it is generally held, involve an inter-level conflict between first- and second-order beliefs (or the corresponding utterances); it is just a conflict between doxastic stances on the question of a single proposition’s truth. Moore-Paradoxical statements are, in this way, similar to statements of the form “p and not-p.” What makes Moorean absurdity puzzlingly puzzling is that whereas an utterance of “p” expresses the speaker’s stance on the truth of p, the corresponding utterance of “I believe that p” would seem to express the speaker’s stance on the logically unrelated proposition that she believes that p. But this is a mistake. The correct explanation of Moorean absurdity is that both assertion and explicit belief-avowal manifest precisely the same thing: self-conscious knowledge of (first-order) belief.
Gerhard Mueller’s Role in Developing the Concept of Transnational Crime for the United Nations
Authors: Natarajan Mangai 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Mangai Natarajan explores the impact of the influential criminologist Gerhard Mueller on the formation of the concept of transnational crime and its institutionalization in the post-World War II period. She shows how he introduced the term transnational crime in the mid-1970s at the UN Crime Congress in Switzerland as a criminological term to describe cross-border crime, and how it slowly evolved into a legal rather than criminological descriptor and was taken up by the UN criminal justice bureaucracy.
The Emergence of Criminal Law Norms in International Organizations
Authors: Meyer Frank 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Frank Meyer’s historical focus is on the post-World War II period and the activities of the UN, Council of Europe, OECD and the EU in transnational crime control. Advocating an expansion of the scope of transnational criminal law to include a broad range of law-making processes, he provides a detailed multi-dimensional map of these processes, based on a linear model of inputs into the legal process, conversion of these inputs into legal content, and outputs.
A History of Maritime Piracy
Authors: Fedorova Masha , van Kempen Piet Hein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Masha Fedorova and Piet Hein van Kempen eschew explorations of the nature of piracy to focus on whether there is some legal basis for an obligation in conventional and customary international law on states to criminalize piracy, concluding that such an obligation is absent. But the main thrust of the chapter is an historical survey which tries to decipher why this is the case.
British Anti-Slave-Trade Treaties with African and Arab Leaders as Precursors of Modern Suppression Conventions
Authors: Clark Roger S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Roger Clark shifts attention to slave-trading, but rather than focusing on the late 19th and early 20th centuries multilateral treaties against slave-trading he narrows the focus to early treaties entered into with African potentates by Great Britain. Clark illustrates how these treaties served as vehicles for the slow expansion of British enforcement power against slavers, suggesting that extraterritorial enforcement is a key driver in the expansion of transnational criminal law.
Social Anarchy, ‘Common Danger’ or Political ‘Terrorism’? Origins of Transnational Legal Suppression of Terrorism in the Unification of Criminal Laws, 1927–35
Authors: Saul Ben 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Ben Saul takes us back to legal antecedents of modern terrorism laws, unfolding a story of how increases in the level and sophistication of law enforcement cooperation against anarchists led eventually to the attempted negotiation under League auspices of an anti-terrorism convention, the AIDP’s attempts to draft a code of common offences for mankind including terrorism, and the work of the International Bureau for the Unification of Criminal Laws (IBUCL) in trying to unify national criminal laws under the League.
The History of the Global Anti-Human Trafficking Agenda, with a Focus on Prostitution and Sexual Exploitation
Authors: Askola Heli 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Heli Askola examines the early history of international instruments for the suppression of the trafficking in women and children involved in so called ‘white slavery’ as precursors to the more recent developments relating to human trafficking. She challenges the notion of the linear progression in the development of the law and illustrates that the contests between various NGOs and government organizations meant that this development was neither smooth nor uncontested.
Organized Crime
Authors: Forlati Serena 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Serena Forlati examines the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). From an historical perspective. Standing back from the treaty, she analyses how the converging concerns of European states with cross-border crime and US concerns about the post-Cold War threat posed by organized crime together with a willingness to adopt flexible solutions made agreement on such a broad programmatic instrument possible.
The Emerging History of Transnational Criminal Law Relating to Cybercrime
Authors: Brodowski Dominik 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Dominic Brodowski digs through the early days of cybercrime’s emergence emphasizing how it acquired a strong transnational element in various ways and how dominant legal frameworks such as the Budapest Convention emerged from soft law and national legislation. He examines the more recent shift from a prosecutorial focus to the pursuit of evidence held abroad, and the rising political tension around the Russian- and Chinese-backed initiative on a UN convention on cybercrime.
A Short History of Jurisdiction in Transnational Criminal Law
Authors: Jeßberger Florian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Florian Jeßberger explores the development of criminal jurisdiction in multilateral suppression conventions. He identifies general trends, such as extension, specification and standardization, and shows that suppression conventions oscillate between simple replication of firmly settled bases of jurisdiction and integration of innovative, typically subject-matter-specific bases, often pushing the boundaries of the established law of criminal jurisdiction. He also points to the repercussions of jurisdictional rules in transnational criminal law on the ambit of domestic criminal law, by (as treaty practice) shaping the permissive rules under customary international law which limit domestic authority to punish.
Commons, Global (Economic) Governance, and Democracy: Which Way Forward for International Law?
Authors: Cogolati Samuel , Wouters Jan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Millions of people have been depending on commons such as forests, pastures, grazing lands, and fisheries to meet their basic needs for centuries. Because these commons are often left unrecognized, they face the threat of enclosure, which risks depriving peoples in the Global South from their most basic access to essential resources. Legal scholars are therefore called upon to rethink the prevailing system of global governance. Very little has been said about the role that international law could play in the empowerment of communities in the self-management of their resources and in the resistance against enclosure. It remains unclear to what extent international law can require states to recognize the commons as a democratic practice of its own and protect marginalized populations from enclosure and dispossession. This chapter asks the question as to whether international law can be rethought as part of the solution in saving the commons from enclosure.
A Global Public Good? An Empirical Perspective on International Investment Law and Arbitration
Authors: Behn Daniel , Kristian Fauchald Ole , Langford Malcolm 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The relationship between the concepts of international investment law and global public goods poses two essential challenges. The first is whether the international investment regime by design is a global public good. The second is whether the regime delivers benefits that are public and global in nature. This chapter addresses these two challenges through a largely empirical perspective. Drawing on three datasets, the authors seek to move beyond the current theorizing in the literature on this theme and base their findings on a comprehensive de jure and de facto analysis. After having discussed the idea of global public goods, they find that the regime high levels of de facto exclusion and in places rivalry, together with an uneven distribution of benefits, such that the international investment regime only partly fits the requirements for a global public good.