bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial differences in no‐show rates for screening mammography
Authors: Hensing Whitney L. , Poplack Steven P. , Herman Cheryl R. , Sutcliffe Siobhan , Colditz Graham A. , Ademuyiwa Foluso O. 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundDifferences in utilization of screening mammography partly explain the increased breast cancer mortality observed in African American (AA) women compared with non‐Hispanic White women. However, the contribution of noncompliance from women who do not come for their scheduled screening mammography appointment (ie, no‐shows) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate racial differences in no‐show rates for screening mammography.MethodsWomen scheduled for routine screening mammograms between January 2018 and March 2018 were identified from the Joanne Knight Breast Health Center at Siteman Cancer Center in St. Louis, Missouri. Using a case‐control design, this study retrospectively identified patients who no‐showed for their mammograms (cases) and randomly sampled an equal number of patients who completed their mammograms (controls). These participants were compared by race. The main outcome measure was whether AA race was associated with no‐shows for screening mammography.ResultsDuring the study period, 5060 women were scheduled for screening mammography, and 316 (6.2%) did not keep their appointment (ie, they no‐showed). Women who no‐showed were more likely to be AA than women who kept their appointment (odds ratio, 2.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.90‐3.67). Even after adjustments for marital status, insurance type, and place of residence, AA race was still significantly associated with no‐shows for screening mammography.ConclusionsThis study identified a no‐show rate of 6.2% for screening mammography at the authors' institution. Women who no‐showed were more likely to be AA than women who completed their mammogram even after adjustments for multiple factors. These data can be leveraged for future studies aimed at improving mammography attendance rates among AA women.
High CD8/CD33 ratio in peritoneal metastatic lesions is associated with favorable prognosis in gastric cancer
Authors: Yamaguchi Takahisa , Kinoshita Jun , Saito Hiroto , Shimada Mari , Terai Siro , Moriyama Hideki , Okamoto Koichi , Makino Isamu , Nakamura Keishi , Tajima Hidehiro , Ninomiya Itasu , Fushida Sachio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundTumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and other immune cells have been reported as a prognostic factor in several tumors, including gastric cancer, and they play an important role in antitumor effect at the primary site. There were few reports on the immune status in peritoneal metastatic lesions for gastric cancer.AimsThe aims of this study were to assess the prognostic significance of TILs (CD4, CD8, CD19, regulatory T cells [Tregs]), and myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in peritoneal metastatic lesions.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated 60 patients for gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis who were treated between 2009 and 2016 in our institute. Immunohistochemistry for CD4, CD8, CD19, FOXP3, and CD33 was performed in the peritoneal metastatic lesions. The absolute numbers of immune cells and ratios were evaluated, and the relationship between immune‐related marker and overall survival (OS) was investigated.ResultsA high infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes or high CD8/CD33 ratio was a better prognosis for OS in univariate analysis using all immunologic variables (P = .012, P = .001). In multivariate analysis for clinical and immunologic variables, high CD8/CD33 ratio was identified as an independent prognostic factor for OS (Hazard ratio: 0.291, 95% confidence interval: 0.126‐0.670, P = .004).ConclusionHigh CD8/CD33 ratio and high infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes in peritoneal metastatic lesions were favorable prognoses for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis. It is necessary to modify the immune microenvironment result to increase the level of CD8+ lymphocytes in the peritoneal metastatic lesions.
α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Peptide Foldamers
Authors: Legrand Baptiste , Maillard Ludovic T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite their concomitant emergence in the 1990s, γ‐peptide foldamers have not developed as fast as β‐peptide foldamers and to date, only a few γ‐oligomer structures have been reported, and with sparse applications. Among these examples, sequences containing α,β‐unsaturated γ‐amino acids have recently drawn attention since the Z/E configurations of the double bond provide opposite planar restrictions leading to divergent conformational behaviors, from helix to extended structures. In this Review, we give a comprehensive overview of the developments of γ‐peptide foldamers containing α,β‐unsaturated γ‐amino acids with examples of applications for health and catalysis, as well as materials science.
Prognostic Factors and Treatment‐Effect Modifiers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Baranello Giovanni , Gorni Ksenija , Daigl Monica , Kotzeva Anna , Evans Rachel , Hawkins Neil , Scott David A. , Mahajan Anadi , Muntoni Francesco , Servais Laurent 
Published: April 2021

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare, progressive neuromuscular disease characterized by loss of motor neurons and muscle atrophy. Untreated infants with type 1 SMA do not achieve major motor milestones, and death from respiratory failure typically occurs before 2 years of age. Individuals with types 2 and 3 SMA exhibit milder phenotypes and have better functional and survival outcomes. Herein, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify factors that influence the prognosis of types 1, 2, and 3 SMA. In untreated infants with type 1 SMA, absence of symptoms at birth, a later symptom onset, and a higher survival of motor neuron 2 (SMN2) copy number are all associated with increased survival. Disease duration, age at treatment initiation, and, to a lesser extent, baseline function were identified as potential treatment‐modifying factors for survival, emphasizing that early treatment with disease‐modifying therapies (DMT) is essential in type 1 SMA. In patients with types 2 and 3 SMA, factors considered prognostic of changes in motor function were SMN2 copy number, age, and ambulatory status. Individuals aged 6–15 years were particularly vulnerable to developing complications (scoliosis and progressive joint contractures) which negatively influence functional outcomes and may also affect the therapeutic response in patients. Age at the time of treatment initiation emerged as a treatment‐effect modifier on the outcome of DMTs. Factors identified in this review should be considered prior to designing or analyzing studies in an SMA population, conducting population matching, or summarizing results from different studies on the treatments for SMA.
Adding cognition to AT(N) models improves prediction of cognitive and functional decline
Authors: O'Shea Deirdre M. , Thomas Kelsey R. , Asken Breton , Lee Athene K.W. , Davis Jennifer D. , Malloy Paul F. , Salloway Stephen P. , Correia Stephen ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionThis study sought to determine whether adding cognition to a model with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers based on the amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration/neuronal injury—AT(N)—biomarker framework predicts rates of cognitive and functional decline in older adults without dementia.MethodsThe study included 465 participants who completed amyloid positron emission tomography, cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and serial neuropsychological testing. Using the AT(N) framework and a newly validated cognitive metric as the independent variables, we used linear mixed effects models to examine a 4‐year rate of change in cognitive and functional measures.ResultsThe inclusion of baseline cognitive status improved model fit in predicting rate of decline in outcomes above and beyond biomarker variables. Specifically, those with worse cognitive functioning at baseline had faster rates of memory and functional decline over a 4‐year period, even when accounting for AT(N).DiscussionIncluding a newly validated measure of baseline cognition may improve clinical prognosis in non‐demented older adults beyond the use of AT(N) biomarkers alone.
Spindle cell tumour with thymus‐like differentiation (SETTLE) on fine needle aspiration cytology: A case report highlighting diagnostic pitfalls
Authors: Adegun Oluyori K. , Proctor Ian , Falzon Mary , Pomplun Sabine 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA 7‐year‐old girl presented with a painless neck swelling localised near the left lobe of the thyroid gland, which was initially investigated by fine needle aspiration cytology. This raised a differential diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma and small round blue cell tumour. Only after several additional clinical investigations and a total thyroidectomy was a definitive diagnosis of spindle cell tumour with thymus‐like differentiation (SETTLE) reached. This case report highlights how contemporaneous clinical and investigation findings made arriving at a definitive diagnosis challenging, contributed to diagnostic delay, and ultimately influenced choice of treatment.
miR‐148a weaves its thread into the plasma cell fate
Authors: Tellier Julie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe plasma cells (PC) are characterized by their rarity, their formidable capacity to continuously secrete massive amounts of antibodies and the potential to live through the whole life span of the organism that houses them. Because of the potency of their effector function, their differentiation and survival are tightly regulated. The PC identity is implemented and maintained by a transcriptional program that allow them to face the challenges entailed by their longevity and high metabolic activity. The main transcription factors overseeing this transcriptional network have been identified (BLIMP1, IRF4, XBP1), but new players, like miRNA, continue to emerge and bring new layers of complexity to the regulatory loops.In the current issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2021. 51: 1089–1109], Pracht et al. identify miR‐148a as a significant actor of the PC program that favors the differentiation through the inhibition of competitor fates, and supports the survival and fitness of the long‐lived PC. In this commentary, we will discuss the place of miR‐148a in the PC transcriptional network and its potential as a therapeutic target in PC‐driven diseases.
A chip off the (im)moral block? Lay beliefs about genetic heritability predicts whether family members’ actions affect self‐judgments
Authors: Peetz Johanna , Wohl Michael J. A. , Wilson Anne E. , Dawson Andrew 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe idea of heritability may have consequences for individuals’ sense of self by connecting identity to the actions of others who happen to share genetic ties. Across seven experimental studies (total N = 2,628), recalling morally bad or good actions by family members influenced individuals’ moral self among those who endorse a lay belief that moral character is genetically heritable, but not among those who did not endorse this belief (Study 1–5). In contrast, recalling actions by unrelated individuals had no effect, regardless of lay beliefs (Study 2, 5), the endorsement of other relevant lay beliefs did not moderate the effect of parent's actions on self‐judgments (Study 3). Individuals who endorsed heritability beliefs also chose less helpful responses to hypothetical helping scenarios if they had recalled unhelpful (vs. helpful) acts by a genetically related family member (Study 5). Taken together, these studies suggest that lay beliefs in the role of genetics are important for self‐perceptions.
Mega‐scale glacial lineations formed by ice shelf grounding in the Canadian Beaufort Sea during multiple glaciations
Authors: Riedel Michael , Dallimore Scott , Wamsteeker Michael , Taylor Gary , King Edward L. , Rohr Kristin M. M. , Hong Jong Kuk , Jin Young Keun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMega‐scale glacial lineations formed by the raking of ice shelves across the seafloor have been reported from multiple polar regions. Here, we present the first evidence of continental slope situated buried lineations in the southern Canadian Beaufort Sea in present‐day water depths of 220 to 800 m. Three separate surfaces with lineations are defined at sub‐seafloor depths of 40 m to 390 m. All lineations are mostly parallel to the general trend of slope contours. The uppermost surface is recognized over a distance of 56 km. In water depths > 500 m the lineations are parallel to each other at a consistent direction (43°–44°). The second lineated surface is a regionally occurring erosional unconformity. This event has two sub‐sets of lineations: mid‐slope situated lineations oriented at 42°–48°, and lineations closer to the continental shelf break at 55°–59°. The third lineated surface is an unconformable horizon buried up to 390 m below seafloor with lineaments oriented between 30° and 55°. All three sets of lineations are interpreted to have been produced by ice‐ploughing on the paleo‐seafloor through the grounding of an ice shelf. Our observations are similar to those documented along the slope off northern Alaska, Chukchi Rise, and Lomonosov Ridge. Collectively, these observations support the concept of an extensive ice shelf across the Arctic Ocean that grounded locally along its margins during multiple glaciations, including during the penultimate (or an earlier) glaciation. The youngest set of lineations indicates ice movement to the southwest with a suggested source in Amundsen Gulf and/or M'Clure Strait. Tentative age considerations for these youngest lineations indicate the first evidence for an analogous extensive ice shelf configuration for the Last Glacial Maximum.
Diagnostic value of loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay for hand, foot, and mouth disease
Authors: Chen Ying‐Zhou , Zhan Zhi‐Qing , Zhou Li‐Quan , Chen Min‐Shan , Cao Xun‐Jie , Li Ya‐Ping , Guo Xu‐Guang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundNowadays, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has a significant negative impact on children's health, especially in the Asia‐Pacific region. Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) is a highly efficient and convenient novel tool. However, its diagnostic accuracy for HFMD is still not clear. Therefore, we conducted a meta‐analysis in order to evaluate the potential of LAMP assay for the diagnosis of HFMD, in which the reference standard was polymerase chain reaction (PCR).MethodsA protocol was predetermined (CRD42020212882) in PROSPERO. We retrieved seven databases including PubMed for relevant studies published before October 2020. Articles were included if they compared the diagnostic efficiency of LAMP with PCR for HFMD through detecting clinical samples which was more than 15. Statistical analysis was performed by STATA 15.1 software. Risk of bias and applicability were assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. No funding was used for the study.ResultsA total of 18 retrospective studies including 2495 samples from China were finally included. Reference standards of them included RT‐PCR and non‐RT‐PCR. The merged sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were 1.00 (0.97–1.00) and 0.97 (0.88–0.99), respectively. The pooled PLR, NLR, and DOR with 95% CI were 11.17 (5.91–21.11), 0.05 (0.03–0.09), and 538.12 (183.17–1580.83), respectively. The AUC of SROC was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99–1.00).ConclusionIn conclusion, our research revealed high sensitivity and specificity of LAMP in diagnosing HFMD. However, more high‐quality research is required to prove this conclusion.
Professional killers: The role of extracellular vesicles in the reciprocal interactions between natural killer, CD8+ cytotoxic T‐cells and tumour cells
Authors: Del Vecchio Filippo , Martinez‐Rodriguez Verena , Schukking Monique , Cocks Alexander , Broseghini Elisabetta , Fabbri Muller 
Published: April 2021

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate the cross‐talk between cancer cells and the cells of the surrounding Tumour Microenvironment (TME). Professional killer cells include Natural Killer (NK) cells and CD8+ Cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTLs), which represent some of the most effective immune defense mechanisms against cancer cells. Recent evidence supports the role of EVs released by NK cells and CTLs in killing cancer cells, paving the road to a possible therapeutic role for such EVs. This review article provides the state‐of‐the‐art knowledge on the role of NK‐ and CTL‐derived EVs as anticancer agents, focusing on the different functions of different sub‐types of EVs. We also reviewed the current knowledge on the effects of cancer‐derived EVs on NK cells and CTLs, identifying areas for future investigation in the emerging new field of EV‐mediated immunotherapy of cancer.
Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles contain immunostimulatory DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan that activate innate immune receptors and induce autophagy
Authors: Bitto Natalie J. , Cheng Lesley , Johnston Ella L. , Pathirana Rishi , Phan Thanh Kha , Poon Ivan K. H. , O'Brien‐Simpson Neil M. , Hill Andrew F. , Stinear Timothy P. , Kaparakis‐Liaskos Maria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGram‐positive bacteria ubiquitously produce membrane vesicles (MVs), and although they contribute to biological functions, our knowledge regarding their composition and immunogenicity remains limited. Here we examine the morphology, contents and immunostimulatory functions of MVs produced by three Staphylococcus aureus strains; a methicillin resistant clinical isolate, a methicillin sensitive clinical isolate and a laboratory‐adapted strain. We observed differences in the number and morphology of MVs produced by each strain and showed that they contain microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) including protein, nucleic acids and peptidoglycan. Analysis of MV‐derived RNA indicated the presence of small RNA (sRNA). Furthermore, we detected variability in the amount and composition of protein, nucleic acid and peptidoglycan cargo carried by MVs from each S. aureus strain. S. aureus MVs activated Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2, 7, 8, 9 and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2) signalling and promoted cytokine and chemokine release by epithelial cells, thus identifying that MV‐associated MAMPs including DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan are detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Moreover, S. aureus MVs induced the formation of and colocalized with autophagosomes in epithelial cells, while inhibition of lysosomal acidification using bafilomycin A1 resulted in accumulation of autophagosomal puncta that colocalized with MVs, revealing the ability of the host to degrade MVs via autophagy. This study reveals the ability of DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan associated with MVs to activate PRRs in host epithelial cells, and their intracellular degradation via autophagy. These findings advance our understanding of the immunostimulatory roles of Gram‐positive bacterial MVs in mediating pathogenesis, and their intracellular fate within the host.
Structural Investigation of Diol and Triol Poly(oxypropylene)‐Poly(oxyethylene) Block Copolymers Micelles: Composition Dependence, Temperature Response and Clouding Behavior
Authors: Teixeira Cilâine Verônica , Alencar Marques Yuri , Carvalho de Abreu Fantini Márcia , da Rocha Santos Bittencourt Diomar , Pinto Oliveira Cristiano Luís 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSolution behavior of two commercially used polyether glycols with poly(oxyethylene) (PEO)‐poly(oxypropylene) (PPO)‐poly(oxyethylene) (PEO) triblock composition—Diol (linear) and Triol (star‐like)—was studied, concerning the concentration and temperature effects until the cloud point (CP). 2‐(2‐butoxyetoxy) ethanol (DB) increased their miscibility with water. The structural study was performed with 25% DB in water, which produced isotropic solutions at room temperature at all polymer concentrations. Micelle's formation was only observed above 40% of polymer, when reversed micelles were formed. The solvent nuclei of the reversed micelles increased with increasing polymer concentrations, caused by dehydration of the PPO chains, then decreased at further higher concentrations, with completely dehydrated hydrophobic chains. When CP is reached, the solvent nuclei are separated by large polymer domains, without phase separation. Neither ordered nor gel phase was formed, probably due to a combination of high miscibility and short hydrophobic segments. The study was performed by Small‐Angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and complemented by Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The main contribution of this work is based on the fact that the knowledge of the solubility behavior of Diol and Triol, by changing the solvent or temperature, opens up new possibilities of their use to phase separation processes in industrial applications and delivery systems. Moreover, the elucidation of mechanisms of solubility allows for the design of novel polyether glycols with tailored solution behavior for efficient performance in its target use. All applications rely on their solution behavior and can be benefited from the present results.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Charge Transport Property of Ethynylene‐Bridged Anthracene Oligomers
Authors: Zhu Juanjuan , Hayashi Hironobu , Chen Meng , Xiao Chengyi , Matsuo Kyohei , Aratani Naoki , Zhang Lei , Yamada Hiroko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA set of ethynylene‐bridged anthracene oligomers from monomer to tetramer is synthesized and characterized. The red‐shifts in the UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectra indicate the π‐extension with elongation of the linear chain. Cyclic voltammetric measurements suggest that their highest occupied molecular orbitals are located lower than –5.0 eV, indicating high air stability. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of a trimer needle crystal indicates that anthracene units display a twisted arrangement, adopting a face‐to‐face packing structure. The dip‐coating method with a very slow pulling rate provides crystalline films of dimer and trimer. The top‐contact bottom‐gate organic field‐effect transistor devices reveal that trimer shows better charge transport property (8.0 × 10–3 cm2 V–1 s–1) than dimer (8.9 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1). Furthermore, the single‐crystal field‐effect transistor of trimer shows mobility up to 0.14 cm2 V–1 s–1, which is higher than that of tetramer (3.3 × 10–2 cm2 V–1 s–1). This is likely due to the larger amount of defects in tetramer crystals that are caused by the free rotation of ethynylene units, while the trimer achieves a good balance between the effective π‐conjugation and defectless crystal formation.
Deficient topological measures on locally compact spaces
Authors: Butler S. V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTopological measures and quasi‐linear functionals generalize measures and linear functionals. We define and study deficient topological measures on locally compact spaces. A deficient topological measure on a locally compact space is a set function on open and closed sets which is finitely additive on compact sets, inner regular on open sets, and outer regular on closed sets. Deficient topological measures generalize measures and topological measures. First we investigate positive, negative, and total variation of a signed set function that is only assumed to be finitely additive on compact sets. These positive, negative, and total variations turn out to be deficient topological measures. Then we examine finite additivity, superadditivity, smoothness, and other properties of deficient topological measures. We obtain methods for generating new deficient topological measures. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a deficient topological measure to be a topological measure and to be a measure. The results presented are necessary for further study of topological measures, deficient topological measures, and corresponding non‐linear functionals on locally compact spaces.