bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limitations of Footprinting as a Means of Infant Identification
Authors: SHEPARD KENNETH S. , ERICKSON TERRY , FROMM H. 
Published: December 2021

Over the past years, the habit of footprinting newborn infants in the delivery room as a means of identification has spread throughout the United States. In many hospitals today this technique is now being questioned, and, indeed, in many states, the process has been dropped. This report will present data designed to show just how satisfactory this technique is under controlled and reasonable conditions.
Materials and Methods
Procedures: Fifty-one newborn infants were footprinted as per routine in the delivery room of this hospital. The nurses doing the printings were familiar with the technique and were careful to prepare the infants' feet before printing.
ISOZYMES: BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Zinkham William H. , Blanco Antonio , Kupchyk Luba 
Published: December 2021

A RECENT and rather surprising discovery in biochemistry was the finding that a single enzyme can exist in several different forms within a single tissue. This discovery not only led to the development of new information concerning the nature of enzymes and enzyme action, but also has contributed to our knowledge of enzyme changes in disease. The purpose of this brief review is to describe the methodology used to recognize the different forms of an enzyme; to indicate the general biological significance of the phenomenon, and in particular, to focus on those areas which have broadened our understanding of the metabolic changes accompanying growth and development; and finally, to present data obtained from the clinical application of enzyme heterogeneity to medical diagnosis.
DEFINITION OF ISOZYMES
Over the years a major objective of the enzymologists has been to prepare enzymes in pure crystalline form. Once this had been accomplished, it was assumed that all of the molecules in the preparation were alike in regards to size, shape, amino acid composition, and the substances (substrates) on which they acted. Enzymes are proteins, and when newer techniques for separating proteins were applied to some of the crystalline enzyme preparations, a heterogeneous population of molecules with the same substrate specificity was discovered. This and other observations suggested to Markert and Møller that the classification of enzymes based on substrate specificity alone would have to be extended. For this reason they proposed the term isozyme to describe the different molecular forms in which proteins with the same enzymatic specificity may exist" within single organism. The most extensively studied enzyme from the point of view of molecular heterogeneity is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
READING RETARDATION: II. PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASPECTS OF READING DISABILITIES
Authors: Klapper Zelda S. 
Published: December 2021

THE Chinese alphabet is said to have been the invention of one Ts'ang Chien, dragon-faced and four-eyed, who patterned the Chinese characters after nature: the stars he saw above him, the marks on the back of the turtle running before him, and the footprints left by birds on the ground below him.
And it is said that Brahma searching for a way to write down his teachings, invented the Hindu letters by copying the patterns of the seams of the human skull.
The puzzling symbolism of the written word to the ancients, whose bewilderment is conveyed by these legends, remains to confound many of us. A writing system may represent objects on ideas directly, or may, as in our alphabet system, be a transformation of spoken language and represent both sounds and ideas. No matter how representational or abstract the written symbols are, learning from experience with the signs is basic to literacy: reading is an active process involving a learned reaction to symbols or symbols of symbols. Provided an opportunity for experience with two-dimensional representations, the mastery of reading skill should proceed as one's own writing system becomes increasingly familiar. When it does not, we are faced with a reading problem and have to look further.
There are many useful conceptual templates one might choose to use in examining the clinical and research findings related to reading disability; one also confronts an impressive array of terminological offerings. The present paper uses the term "dyslexia," and regards reading disability as a major disturbance in adaptive behavior, resulting from deficient mechanisms for processing sensory information.
Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and the Pharmacology of Respiratory Distress
Authors: IVANHOE FRANCIS 
Published: December 2021

Having previously advanced a hypothesis on the mechanism of pulmonary shutdown in hyaline membrane disease, I now can inform you that certain conclusions advanced earlier this year by the undersigned have now been tested in a clinical setting and have been found to hold true.
To be sure, noradrenaline turned out to be too problematical a drug to administer to these infants, and so a synthetic analog of it, ethyl adrianol, was given instead.
Diphenylhydantoin Poisoning in an 18-month-old Infant
Authors: ESPERON LUIZ CARLOS 
Published: December 2021

In view of the absence of reports of accidental poisoning with diphenylhydantoin in the Brazilian literature, and the unusual youth of the patient, this case is briefly presented:
An infant girl of 18 months has been effectively treated with 100 mg daily of Epelin liquid (Parke Davis, 1 ml = 25 mg diphenylhydantoin for epileptic seizures. The medicine was carelessly left where the child could reach it, and circumstances indicated that shortly after her noon meal she had opened the bottle and drunk at least 60 ml of its contents, equal to a dose of 1.5 gm of diphenylhydantoin.
More Pets, Parasites, and Pediatrics
Authors: DEUTCH MAX 
Published: December 2021

Although salmonella infection does not usually produce serious illness, the onset in a child may sometimes be shock-like, and many types of severe salmonella infections have occurred in patients who were being treated with cortisone or antibiotics, in gastrectomized and other post-surgical patients, and in patients in hospital with a debilitating disease.
Recently I saw a 4-year-old asthmatic child who became severely dehydrated at the onset of an attack of gastroenteritis.
Diagnosis of Megacolon: The Rectal Examination
Authors: LOEFFLER JOHN G. 
Published: December 2021

The following comments pertain to an article in Pediatrics, 36:572, 1965.
In their article, "Aganglionic and Functional Megacolon in Children—a Diagnostic Dilemma," Drs. Kottmeier and Clatworthy have done a commendable job in pointing out the pitfalls of diagnosing aganglionic megacolon in the newborn infant. I am afraid, however, that the authors have given the impression that reliance should be made on barium enema and rectal biopsy when distinguishing between aganglionic megacolon and functional constipation in the older child who presents with chronic constipation. In the article no mention was made about the value of a simple digital rectal examination.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN NORMAL NEWBORN INFANTS DURING MODERATE HYPOXIA IN WARM AND COOL ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Cross K. W. , Flynn D. M. , Hill June R. 
Published: December 2021

The oxygen consumption of 20 normal newborn babies was measured using a closed-circuit apparatus with good time-resolution in which the environmental temperature could be closely controlled. In each baby the oxygen consumption while breathing air was compared with the value obtained a few minutes later while breathing 15% oxygen in nitrogen or vice versa. Five babies were examined in a warm environment while naked: some of these were included in the total of 18 babies who were examined in a cool environment, of these 6 were naked and 12 were clothed.
In a warm environment oxygen consumption values were the same whether air or 15% oxygen was breathed.
From 6 naked babies in a cool environment 10 measurements of oxygen consumption were obtained, breathing first air, then 15% oxygen. The mean value breathing air did not differ significantly from that obtained when 15% oxygen was breathed. In a further 12 babies who were in a cool environment but clothed 18 oxygen consumption measurements (air then 15% oxygen) were obtained; again there was no significant difference between the means.
Sixteen additional measurements of oxygen consumption were obtained while the babies were breathing air after 15% oxygen. The mean value was not significantly different from the mean value when breathing 15% oxygen or the mean value in the preceding period breathing air.
It was concluded that breathing 15% oxygen did not depress the oxygen consumption of babies either in a warm environment or a cool one; however, babies in a cool environment were subjected to only a mild degree of cold stimulus, and the metabolic response thus produced was fairly small.
This work failed to confirm earlier reports that 15% oxygen did depress oxygen consumption in newborn babies in a cool environment. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON THYROID, ADRENAL, AND WATER METABOLISM IN THE NEWBORN HUMAN INFANT
Authors: Fisher D. A. , Oddie T. H. , Makoski E. J. 
Published: December 2021

Measurements of fluid and caloric intake, urine output, urine osmolality, creatinine clearance, weight change, 48-hour PBI and thyroid radioiodine clearance, 4-hour hematocrit increment, and 12-hour urinary 17-OH-CS excretion have been conducted in newborn term infants exposed to relatively cold ambient temperature (23-29°C) and contrasted with values in infants incubated at ambient air temperatures of 31-40°C during the first 36-48 hours of life. Deep rectal and skin temperatures were consistently lower in the infants in the cooler environment.
Non-incubated infants showed significantly higher PB! values and higher thyroid radioiodine clearance at 48 hours than did the incubated infants, suggesting that the usual feedback suppression of TSH secretion is inoperative in the infants in the colder environment. These observations are in agreement with the hypothesis that the neonatal hyperthyroid state is the result of thermal receptor stimulation of TSH secretion by the relatively cold extrauterine environment.
The cooler non-incubated infants showed significantly greater urine volumes with significantly lower (urine) osmolality than did the incubated infants. Mean osmolal and creatinine clearance were similar in the two groups of infants. Although this cold induced water diuresis seems most likely due to a larger fluid intake in the non-incubated infants in response to a greater metabolic rate, the observation of similar non-renal water metabolism in cold and warm infants suggests the possibility of a primary "cold diuresis" similar to that observed during acute cold exposure in adults.
A significantly greater increment in hematocrit was observed during the first 4 hours in the colder infants. The mechanism of this response, presumably due to a displacement of plasma volume from the vascular compartment, remains to be defined.
Urinary methylene chloride extractable 17-OH-CS excretion was similar in the cold exposed and the incubated infants.
PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS IN A CHILD WITH HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA: PROBABLE IMPLICATION OF TYPE I VACCINE STRAIN
Authors: Chang Te-Wen , Weinstein Louis , MacMahon H. Edward 
Published: December 2021

1. An instance of paralytic poliomyelitis developing 7 weeks after administration of live type I poliomyelitis virus vaccine in a child with hypogammaglobulinemia is described.
2. The strain of virus isolated from pharyngeal washings and stool possessed the characteristics of "vaccine-like" strain. No other enteroviruses were detected.
3. Antibodies of diphtheria, the 3 serological types of poliomyelitis virus, and a number of other viruses could not be demonstrated despite apparent adequate "immunization" to some of these agents.
4. Histological studies revealed a marked activity in the reparative process in the spinal cord and a conspicuous absence of secondary lymph follicles throughout the body.
5. It is suggested that live vaccines be administered to patients with a significant degree of gamma-globulin deficiency with great caution. The possibility of the simultaneous administration of a properly selected dose of specific antibody or gamma-globulin deserves consideration in such instances.
A New Electrocardiographic Observation in Infants and Children with Hypothyroidism
Authors: ERTUGRUL ALI 
Published: December 2021

Dome-shaped T waves and the absence of the ST segment combined with generalized low voltage of all complexes with bradycardia are specific signs of hypothyroidism. An electrocardiogram of a hypothyroid patient resembles the silhouette of a mosque. The dome-shaped T wave immediately after the QRS complex without a ST segment resembles a minaret with a dome. This finding has been present in 14 of 38 hypothyroid patients. In 12 patients the electrocardiographic changes were suggestive of hypothyroidism, but they were not diagnostic. The electrocardiograms of the remaining 12 patients had only non-specific changes.
When this change is present, it is diagnostic. However, absence of change is not necessarily indicative of the absence of hypothyroidism.
On rare occasions electrocardiographic findings in different types of myocarditis and electrolite disturbances may somewhat resemble these changes. However, these characteristic changes have not been found in any other disease except hypothyroidism in infants and children in our medical center.
Handburgh Der Kinderheilkunde, Vol. IV
Authors: EICHENWALD HEINZ F. 
Published: December 2021

This book represents Volume IV of a massive German effort to discuss all of pediatrics in an encyclopedic fashion, and, if future volumes are as fine as the several already published this effort will represent a notable achievement as well as a landmark in the history of pediatrics.
The present volume contains within its 1,243 pages the general topics of metabolism, nutrition, and gastrointestinal function. Under the general editorship of Drs. Opitz and Schmidt, 59 authors have contributed discussions of consistently high caliber, great thoroughness and attention to detail.
THE EFFECT OF BODY TEMPERATURE ON THE LEVEL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLITES AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Pribylová Hana , Znamenácek Karel 
Published: December 2021

The effect of body temperature on the level of carbohydrate metabolites and oxygen consumption in the newborn was followed in 10 infants placed in incubators at 33°C immediately after birth, and in 30 infants kept at 23°C ambient temperature. Significant differences between the two groups were encountered in concentrations of blood glucose, lactate, and excess lactate. Oxygen consumption was higher in the group in cold environment, indicating a higher metabolic rate after birth.
Factors influencing oxygen consumption, blood levels of glucose, lactate and pyruvate, and their mutual relationships were discussed and the protective influence of high environmental temperatures in newborn infants immediately after birth was considered.
ALL HUMAN BEINGS START LIFE AS BABIES
Authors: Washburn Alfred H. 
Published: December 2021

I AM MOST GRATEFUL to the Academy of Pediatrics for bestowing upon me the C. Anderson Aldrich Award. I am particularly happy to accept it because of my many years of warm friendship with Andy Aldrich. At the same time I accept it with real humility, knowing that it honors Dr. Aldrich whose wisdom and skills, and whose warmth of personality, made him one of the most admired and beloved pediatricians of his time.
I still believe that the Aldrich's Babies are Human Beings is one of the wisest books of our century about the nature of babies growing up in our twentieth century culture. I have chosen my title with some care to suggest the projection of Dr. Aldrich's thinking about babies being human beings. One might think of it as the reverse side of a coin whose obverse bears the words "Babies are Human Beings."
One of the most arresting and dramatic statements concerning the importance of thinking in terms of all human beings having started as babies is the following quotation from Erik Erikson's interesting book entitled Childhood and Society:
One may scan work after work on history, society, and morality and find little reference to the fact that all people start as children and all peoples begin in their nurseries. It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of emotional immaturity in him.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: BROWN AUDREY K. 
Published: December 2021

We are indebted to Dr. J. D. Harley and to Dr. Helen Robin for calling to our attention their report of hemolysis and jaundice in a G-6-PD deficient infant, and particularly for reminding us that administration of drugs to the lactating mother is, in effect, administering the drug to the breast-fed infant.
Our reports differ only in that sulphamethoxypyridazine (Kynex) was administered to the mothers of our infants before delivery. The long-acting drug presumably persisted in the infant long enough to incite hemolysis. The infant described by Harley and Robin received the same agent through breast milk.
Gastric Acidity in the First Day of Life
Authors: Avery Gordon B. , Randolph Judson G. , Weaver Thomas 
Published: December 2021

Elevated pH in the gastric contents of babies immediately after birth suggests the presence of alkaline amniotic fluid in the stomach of the fetus. After the stomach had been lavaged, a strongly acid secretion was immediately noted, implying that the secretory ability of the gastric mucosa is unimpaired immediately after birth. Therefore, no delay in the onset of oral feedings based on poor gastric functioning seems warranted.
Infants born by Cesarean section and not subjected to abdominal compression by the birth process had an even more alkaline gastric residuum at birth, suggesting the presence of excessive amniotic fluid in the stomach of these babies. The recommendation that babies' stomachs be emptied immediately after Cesarean section seems justified to avoid an increased hazard from vomiting and aspiration. This has proved an innocuous and beneficial procedure in our hands.
A Practical Suggestion for Poison Control in the Pediatric Age Group
Authors: JONES J. ALBRIGHT 
Published: December 2021

I am among the numerous pediatricians who have undergone unpleasant and frustrating experiences with little patients who ingested an overdose of some drug, usually aspirin. During the past several years, I have experimented with many types of plastic containers and bottle tops that small children could not remove, but I have been unsuccessful in developing a foolproof container that is economically feasible to manufacture.
Last summer while manipulating the numbers on the combination lock to my bathhouse locker, it suddenly occurred to me that the use of a combination lock on a small metal box was the answer I have been seeking to the problem of safeguarding medicines in the home.
ANTIBIOTIC CONCENTRATIONS IN MIDDLE EAR EFFUSIONS
Authors: Silverstein Herbert , Bernstein Joel M. , Lerner Phillip I. 
Published: December 2021

Penicillin G and oxytetracycline were present in measurable concentrations in effusions taken from the middle ear of patients with acute suppurative otitis media, following an intramuscular injection of either drug from 1 to 3 hours earlier.
Fluid taken from the middle ear space of patients with secretory otitis media given similar injections contained quantities of oxytetracycline too low to measure accurately, while penicillin activity was readily measurable and comparable to levels found in patients with acute suppurative otitis media.
When the antibiotic concentrations present in these effusions were considered in terms of the accepted in vitro inhibitory concentrations of the common middle ear pathogens, penicillin appeared to be the drug better suited for the management of most acute middle ear bacterial infections. Oxytetracycline, on the basis of its in vitro antibacterial activity and the concentrations achieved in the middle ear fluid, does not appear to be the drug of choice if the pathogen is Strep. pyogenes, D. pneumoniae, or Staph. aureus. A limited number of observations suggests that penicillin, though not the ideal drug, has more promise than oxytetracycline in the management of middle ear infections due to H. influenzae.
Preliminary observations suggest that penicillin given by mouth results in concentrations in middle ear effusions adequate to suppress a large proportion of the pathogenic gram-positive cocci that cause middle ear infection. An extensive study of this problem is needed.
Other antibiotics should be studied to find an agent that both enters the middle ear in concentrations equal to or in excess of those needed to inhibit H. influenzae in vitro and possesses the activity of penicillin against the common gram-positive pathogens responsible for middle ear infections.
TOTAL BODY WATER AND SOLIDS IN SIX- TO SEVEN-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES
Authors: Novak Ladislav P. 
Published: December 2021

Total body water of the boys in this study was higher by 1.63 1 and by 3.75% than total water, expressed either in absolute or relative values, of the girls. These mean differences between the sexes were significant. The absolute quantity of body solids was higher in the girls by 0.44 kg. This difference was statistically insignificant. However, body solids expressed as a percentage of body weight were found to be higher by 3.75% in the girls, a difference which was statistically significant.
The relative estimate of fatness by five skinfold measurements revealed all the skinfolds to be smaller in the boys. In particular, the upper arm and the thigh skinfolds were smaller in the boys to a statistically significant extent.
The relative estimate of muscle mass made from the three calculated diameters showed that the boys had slightly greater musculature on their limbs. However, none of these differences proved to be statistically significant.
Drug Distribution by Mail; Prescription by TV
Authors: COHEN JOSEPH S. 
Published: December 2021

The communication of Dr. Joel J. Alpert which appears in the April issue of Pediatrics (37:700, 1966) bears notice by all physicians. The danger of freely sending medications via unsolicited mail to both the layman and the doctor is very likely to be quite underestimated. Even one life is too high a price to pay!
My principal objection beyond the danger of poisoning is the usurping of prescribing medicines from the physician to the mailman and the TV set.
Salmonella Antigen and Antibody in the Immune Mechanism
Authors: MINDEN PERCY , ROTHBERG RICHARD M. 
Published: December 2021

Doctors Gotoff and Cochran should be commended for their efforts to study the immune response of premature infants to Salmonella newport (Pediatrics, 37:610, 1966). This is another example of the practical application of a clinical pediatric problem to examine the development of the human immune mechanism.
The authors state, however, that "the type of antibody produced in all of the infected infants was γM globulin. No γG globlin was detected as late as 56 and 59 days after the onset of symptoms."
Failure to Isolate Streptococci from Children under the Age of 3 Years with Exudative Tonsillitis
Authors: ALPERT JOEL J. , PICKERING M. RUTH , WARREN ROBERT J. 
Published: December 2021

Forty-seven children less than 3 years of age with exudative tonsillitis were studied and only seven (14.6%) were found to have streptococci. Attempts to explain the etiology of this syndrome by virological study were unsuccessful, although 22% of 27 patients studied did have evidence of virus infection.
Children with exudate in this age group do not usually require antimicrobial therapy unless there is proof by culture of the presence of streptococci or unless there is other clinical indication such as otitis media. The presence of exudate is, in fact, a strong indication that the streptococcus is not the etiologic agent.