bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macromolecular helicity induction and static helicity memory of poly(biphenylylacetylene)s bearing aromatic pendant groups and their use as chiral stationary phases for high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ikai Tomoyuki , Okuda Shogo , Yashima Eiji 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTwo novel poly(biphenylylacetylene)s (PBPAs) bearing achiral alkylphenyl groups at the 4′‐position of the biphenyl pendant through ester linkers with different sequences were synthesized by the rhodium‐catalyzed polymerization of the corresponding monomers. The influence of the alkylphenyl pendants and the ester sequences on the macromolecular helicity induction and subsequent static helicity memory was investigated. In addition, the chiral recognition ability as chiral stationary phases for high‐performance liquid chromatography of the helicity‐memorized PBPAs was also examined. Both polymers formed almost perfect right‐ and left‐handed helical conformations through noncovalent chiral interactions with enantiomeric alcohols, and their induced macromolecular helicities were completely retained (“memorized”) after removal of the helix inducer. A PBPA bearing a 4‐n‐butylphenoxycarbonyl pendant group with a static helicity memory showed a remarkably high chiral recognition ability toward a wide variety of chiral aromatics, including simple point chiral compounds, axially chiral biaryls, a chiral spiro compound, helicenes, and planar chiral cyclophanes, particularly under the reversed‐phase conditions.
Long‐term vegetation restoration increases carbon sequestration of different soil particles in a semi‐arid desert
Authors: Bai Lihua , Zhang Hong , Zhang Jianguo , Li Xiao , Wang Bo , Miao Hongzhi , Sial Tanveer Ali , Dong Qiang , Fu Guangjun , Li Limin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractVegetation restoration in desert areas has an important influence on soil carbon sequestration. To understand the long‐term effects of vegetation restoration on soil particle composition and carbon sequestration of different soil particles in semi‐arid deserts, we collected the topsoil of different types of vegetation restored for different periods at the southeast margin of Mu Us Desert and analyzed the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents in soil particles of different sizes. The results demonstrated that after vegetation restoration, soil particles of <0.05 mm and aggregates in arbor lands and shrub lands increased 8 and 4 times and 4.67 and 4 times than shifting sandy land (CK), respectively. The SOC and SIC in different soil particles under vegetation increased with the restoration period. Among different vegetation forms, arbor land had significant effect on SIC fixation. Soil particles of <0.05 mm contained the highest SOC and SIC contents (16.8 and 0.78 g/kg), followed by aggregates (8.26 and 6.79 g/kg), 0.05–0.25 mm (8.24 and 4.55 g/kg), and >0.25 mm (5.23 and 2.25 g/kg). As for total SOC storage, it was positively correlated with the organic carbon storage of <0.05 mm particles. We concluded that SOC and SIC of <0.05 mm soil particles and aggregates increase with the restoration period and play a leading role in soil carbon sequestration. From the perspective of long‐term soil carbon sequestration, the best vegetation restoration mode in Mu Us Desert would be arbor forest.
Practice‐based evidence: Perspectives of effective characteristics of Australian group‐based physical activity programs for postpartum women
Authors: Peralta Louisa R. , Yager Zali , Prichard Ivanka 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIssue addressedMany postpartum women often do not achieve recommendations of at least 150 minutes moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) each week. Previous qualitative work has focused on postpartum women's barriers and challenges to being active, with recent research starting to explore the characteristics of PA programs and women who are active during the postpartum period. Yet, little research has focused on the characteristics of key stakeholders and community organisations that support women to sustain their PA engagement during the postpartum period.MethodsThis research generates practice‐based evidence to provide essential insights for effective implementation, strategies and actions of community group‐based PA programs that recruit and retain postpartum women to ensure future interventions are scalable and sustainable. Ten participants (90% female), ranging in age from 34 to 40 years, were recruited from nine community organisations/businesses. The ten participants engaged in semi‐structured interviews for an average length of 31 minutes.ResultsInductive thematic analysis revealed four overarching themes (i) effective practitioners have a history of, and passion for women's health and PA; (ii) low‐cost, connected approaches attract postpartum women into community group‐based PA programs; (iii) inclusive, flexible, varied, and holistic approaches sustain postpartum women's participation; and (iv) utilise connections to overcome barriers to community group‐based PA programs. These four themes were informed by twelve sub‐themes relating to the background of stakeholders and practitioners and the approaches that they use to attract and sustain postpartum women in community group‐based PA programs.ConclusionsPractice‐based findings should inform future practices and the development of future real‐world group‐based PA interventions for postpartum women.So what?Specifically, interventions will need to be designed and implemented by practitioners who have a history of, and passion for women's health and PA, be low‐cost, connected approaches, that are inclusive, flexible, varied, and holistic that prioritise physical, emotional, and social wellbeing.
Synthesis of various functionalized 2H‐azirines: An updated library
Authors: De Aramita , Majee Adinath 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the current extensive review, we pay special attention to the progress in the synthesis of 2H‐azirine. Content is organized by several main approaches for the synthesis of 2H‐azirines such as‐ Neber rearrangement, decomposition of vinyl azides, oxidative cyclization of enamines, ring contraction of isoxazoles or oxazaphospholes, radical addition/cyclization of alkynes, Swern oxidation or elimination reactions of aziridine derivatives, catalytic decomposition of α‐oximino diazo compounds, addition of silyldibromomethyllithium compounds to nitriles, addition of carbenes to nitriles and via azirine‐azirine transformations. Some of these approaches open up access to new 2H‐azirine derivatives and make the already established compounds more convenient. A description of these methods and the progress of using well‐known reactions leading to the aziridine system are presented in this section. This review surveys the progress of various functionalized 2H‐azirine formation reactions from the exploration period to the present.
Trifluorodiazoethane: A versatile building block to access trifluoromethylated heterocycles
Authors: Kumar Anuj , Khan Waqas Ahmad , Ahamad Shakir , Mohanan Kishor 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTrifluoromethylated heterocycles have attracted remarkable interest in the last decades. The beneficial physicochemical and biological properties imparted by the incorporation of trifluoromethyl group into heterocycles have been the key factors to the frequent occurrence of trifluoromethyl group in several heterocycles of pharmaceutical and agrochemical relevance. In consequence, the construction of this class of compounds has become a major subject of research in recent years. In this context, 2,2,2‐trifluorodiazoethane (CF3CHN2) has emerged as an important reagent in the synthesis of trifluoromethylated heterocycles, thanks to the versatility of this reagent in undergoing a multitude of synthetic transformations. CF3CHN2 readily participates in [2 + 1]‐, [3 + 2]‐, and [3 + 3]‐cycloaddition reactions, as a trifluoromethyl‐containing dipole, thereby creating new approaches to trifluoromethylated heterocycles. The last decade has witnessed phenomenal growth in this area, and now, several methods are available to access highly functionalized 5‐ and 6‐membered trifluoromethyl‐containing heterocycles. In this review, we aim to demonstrate the use of CF3CHN2 in the preparation of different classes of CF3‐substituted heterocycles, giving emphasis to the past 10 years.
Ionic liquid‐assisted synthesis of 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4H‐chromenes: A sustainable overview
Authors: Chatterjee Rana , Bhukta Swadhapriya , Dandela Rambabu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn advanced research, the role of ionic liquid is gradually enhanced as an alternative finding. For a long time, many strategies have been developed based on the ionic liquid conveying the role of greener solvents or catalysts. In the case of multi‐component synthesis, ionic liquids have a wide range of applications to revise a method in a sustainable and greener approach. The last two decades have given a number of methods to achieve the 4H‐chromene derivatives by applying different types of ionic liquids. Especially, 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4H‐chromene moiety that exhibits pharmacological and biological activity, have been synthesized using simple or functionalized ionic liquids such as basic, acidic, neural, metal‐tagged, or carbon‐oriented ionic liquid. In this review, we have concised the multicomponent reactions that have been reported to synthesize the 4H‐chromene derivatives following the versatility of ionic liquids.
The anti‐fatigue activity of corn peptides and their effect on gut bacteria
Authors: Feng Zhiyuan , Wei Ying , Xu Yaguang , Zhang Ruixue , Li Mingliang , Qin Huimin , Gu Ruizeng , Cai Muyi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDCorn peptides (CPs) are rich in branched‐chain amino acids such as leucine and have a variety of biological activities such as antioxidant and improved lipid distribution. In this article, we prepared CPs by enzymatic digestion of corn proteins and evaluated their anti‐fatigue activity.RESULTSWe evaluated the anti‐fatigue effect of CPs through an exhaustive swimming experiment. The results showed that CPs were able to significantly reduce the rate of body weight gain and prolong the duration of exhaustive swimming. Besides, CPs reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels after exercise, while they significantly increased muscle glycogen and liver glycogen stores. They reduced muscle cell damage from exercise. In addition, CPs were effective in increasing AMPK, PGC‐1α and PI3K protein expression levels and promoting Akt phosphorylation. Correlation analysis showed that CPs increased the abundance of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Akkermansia in the gut microflora.CONCLUSIONCPs, which enhanced exercise performance in mice and could modulate gut microbial composition, had significant anti‐fatigue activity. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
A novel liquid chromatography‐fluorescence method for the determination of delafloxacin in human plasma
Authors: Hernandis Verónica , Escudero Elisa , Marín Pedro 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDelafloxacin is a novel fluoroquinolone antibiotic that was approved by the European Medicine Agency to treat bacterial infections of the skin and underlying tissues, and community‐acquired pneumonia. Despite being in the market since 2019 in the European Union, there is no published liquid chromatography‐fluorescence method for delafloxacin quantification in biological samples. A novel, rapid, and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine delafloxacin in human plasma using its native fluorescence. Plasma delafloxacin concentrations were determined by reverse‐phase chromatography with fluorescence detection at 405/450 nm of excitation/emission wavelengths. Delafloxacin was separated on a Kromasil C18 column 250 × 4.6 mm id, 5 µm using isocratic elution. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile (52/48). Retention times were 5.4 and 11.6 min for delafloxacin and valsartan (internal standard), respectively. Regression calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.1–2.5 µg/mL. The lower limit of detection was 0.05 µg/mL, and the lower limit of quantification was 0.1 µg/mL. Accuracy and precision were always <11%, and the limit of quantification was <16%. Mean recovery was 98.3%. This method can be applied to determine delafloxacin in human plasma and could be useful to perform pharmacokinetic studies.
Linking Long-Term Changes in Social-Ecological Systems with Development of Property Rights
Authors: Larsson Jesper , Päiviö Sjaunja Eva-Lotta 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe chapter examines the links between long-term changes in social-ecological systems and the development of property rights by studying self-governance, common-pool resources (CPRs), and property rights in a Sami context. The main conclusion is that Sami by and large created their own rules for how natural resources should be harvested and consumed, as well as for how resources should be monitored and rules should be enforced. Well-defined property rights were a prerequisite for people to engage in, and gain profits from, land-use regimes. We conclude that user’s access to natural resources, and rights to use them, determined the households’ economic performance and development. Features of two frameworks are introduced. They give a background to our theoretical thinking and provide a means of organizing the inquiry.
Hunting
Authors: Larsson Jesper , Päiviö Sjaunja Eva-Lotta 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe chapter outline which species were hunted in the boreal forest and how they were hunted or trapped, and which animals were hunted in the mountains. The conditions for hunting were better in the boreal forest than in the mountains due to differences in topography, habitats, and species composition. Hunting led to extinction of wild reindeer and depopulation of fur animals; while small-game hunting for subsistence continued to be important. In the forest region, strong property rights to game developed through the skatteland, and hunting was a private enterprise. Hunting in the mountain region developed in the opposite direction and was open access after the wild reindeer was extinct. Hunting became important for social justice, and poor Sami had access to hunting grounds
Reindeer Pastoralism
Authors: Larsson Jesper , Päiviö Sjaunja Eva-Lotta 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe chapter focuses on intensive reindeer husbandry or reindeer pastoralism, which was a tenure system that emerged in the early modern period. Reindeer pastoralism and grazing are deeply interconnected and we therefore illuminate the ecological settings for reindeer grazing. A large part of the debate about governing common-pool resources has dealt with pastoralists and their grazing lands. Important features of reindeer pastoralism are described, including a discussion about how the number of tame reindeer developed in early modern era. The chapter ends with a portrayal of and a discussion about individual households’ rights to use certain areas for grazing, chiefly based on descriptions of contemporary court rulings from the local court in Jokkmokk. We show how a common-property regime evolved.
Other Income Sources
Authors: Larsson Jesper , Päiviö Sjaunja Eva-Lotta 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we stress the fact that households’ incomes were complex and came together by a mix of activities. To fully understand how households managed their livelihoods, activities other than fishing, hunting, and reindeer herding also need to be considered. Diversification was an active and systematic choice for these households, not something they did occasionally. Some of these activities were for subsistence, some for exchange. What households could produce was to a large extent determined by their main mode of production, which in turn was linked to rights or access to resources. The more engaged users were in reindeer pastoralism, the less time they had to spend on other activities, and the more they traded.
From Private to Common: Coevolution of Land-Use Practices and Property Rights
Authors: Larsson Jesper , Päiviö Sjaunja Eva-Lotta 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the concluding chapter, we synthesize the results and discuss how changing land-use regimes among Sami in interior northwest Fennoscandia interrelated with the development of property rights between 1550 and 1780. During this period, a new tenure system, reindeer pastoralism, developed. For households that had amassed large reindeer herds, it became crucial to access both large pastures in the mountains and in the boreal forest to have enough grazing. This led to the establishment of common-property regimes in both the mountains and the boreal forest, where grazing became a CPR. The emergence of this kind of common-property regime is best described as a bottom-up process as it assumes that local users design and implement institutions for common use that all or most users adhere to.
The extra-nice dimensions
Authors: Oset Sinha R. , Ruas M. A. S. , Wik Atique R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe define the extra-nice dimensions and prove that the subset of locally stable 1-parameter families in $$C^{\infty }(N\times [0,1],P)$$

C
∞

(
N
×

[
0
,
1
]

,
P
)

is dense if and only if the pair of dimensions $$(\dim N, \dim P)$$

(
dim
N
,
dim
P
)

is in the extra-nice dimensions. This result is parallel to Mather’s characterization of the nice dimensions as the pairs (n, p) for which stable maps are dense. The extra-nice dimensions are characterized by the property that discriminants of stable germs in one dimension higher have $${\mathscr {A}}_e$$

A
e

-codimension 1 hyperplane sections. They are also related to the simplicity of $${\mathscr {A}}_e$$

A
e

-codimension 2 germs. We give a sufficient condition for any $${\mathscr {A}}_e$$

A
e

-codimension 2 germ to be simple and give an example of a corank 2 codimension 2 germ in the nice dimensions which is not simple. Then we establish the boundary of the extra-nice dimensions. Finally we answer a question posed by Wall about the codimension of non-simple maps.
Future precipitation changes in three key sub-regions of East Asia: the roles of thermodynamics and dynamics
Authors: Li Jiao , Zhao Yang , Chen Deliang , Kang Yanzhen , Wang Hui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have projected an increase in future summer precipitation across East Asia (EA). This study investigates the relative contributions of thermodynamic and dynamic components to future precipitation changes in three key sub-regions of EA where the maximum centers of the historical precipitation are located (the tropical region, East China, and the Japan and Korea sector), and analyzes the causes of the changes in thermodynamic and dynamic components. Outputs from 30 climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) are used. From these, the five best-performing models for historical summer precipitation climatology for EA are selected. The future summer precipitations in the three sub-regions over the near- to mid-term (2020–2069) and the long-term (2070–2095) are then examined using the multi-model ensemble mean of the five models selected (MMM05). The projections were driven by four combined scenarios of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and forcing levels of the Representative Concentration Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). The results show that long-term precipitations under SSP5-8.5 are greater than those under the other scenarios across all sub-regions. After the 2070s under SSP5-8.5, a marked precipitation intensification is identified in all three sub-regions, but with different rates of increase. The projected precipitation increase is primarily attributed to the thermodynamic component, while the dynamic component related to circulation changes is relatively weak. Further analysis indicates that the pattern of the thermodynamic component in the three sub-regions is dominated by the climatological upward motion, mediated by an increase in moisture.
Postmortem fluorescence angiography of the explanted human heart
Authors: Lux Constantin , Klinger Miriam , Sauer Patrick , Verhoff Marcel A. , Kettner Mattias 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWithin the scope of this technical report, the feasibility of indocyanine green (ICG) as a fluorescent agent for postmortem angiography of the heart is tested. The study included 4 deceased persons with no respective medical history of heart diseases. The basic patterns of findings in ICG fluorescence angiography associated with healthy hearts are presented. The method can easily be integrated into a workflow without restricting the macroscopic or histologic diagnostics. This paper represents the fundamental technical and analytical basis for upcoming studies concerning the possibilities and limitations of fluorescence angiography in the diagnosis of heart pathology.
Consistent coupling of positions and rotations for embedding 1D Cosserat beams into 3D solid volumes
Authors: Steinbrecher Ivo , Popp Alexander , Meier Christoph 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe present article proposes a mortar-type finite element formulation for consistently embedding curved, slender beams into 3D solid volumes. Following the fundamental kinematic assumption of undeformable cross-section s, the beams are identified as 1D Cosserat continua with pointwise six (translational and rotational) degrees of freedom describing the cross-section (centroid) position and orientation. A consistent 1D-3D coupling scheme for this problem type is proposed, requiring to enforce both positional and rotational constraints. Since Boltzmann continua exhibit no inherent rotational degrees of freedom, suitable definitions of orthonormal triads are investigated that are representative for the orientation of material directions within the 3D solid. While the rotation tensor defined by the polar decomposition of the deformation gradient appears as a natural choice and will even be demonstrated to represent these material directions in a$$L_2$$L2-optimal manner, several alternative triad definitions are investigated. Such alternatives potentially allow for a more efficient numerical evaluation. Moreover, objective (i.e. frame-invariant) rotational coupling constraints between beam and solid orientations are formulated and enforced in a variationally consistent manner based on either a penalty potential or a Lagrange multiplier potential. Eventually, finite element discretization of the solid domain, the embedded beams, which are modeled on basis of the geometrically exact beam theory, and the Lagrange multiplier field associated with the coupling constraints results in an embedded mortar-type formulation for rotational and translational constraint enforcement denoted asfull beam-to-solid volume coupling(BTS-FULL) scheme. Based on elementary numerical test cases, it is demonstrated that a consistent spatial convergence behavior can be achieved and potential locking effects can be avoided, if the proposed BTS-FULL scheme is combined with a suitable solid triad definition. Eventually, real-life engineering applications are considered to illustrate the importance of consistently coupling both translationalandrotational degrees of freedom as well as the upscaling potential of the proposed formulation. This allows the investigation of complex mechanical systems such as fiber-reinforced composite materials, containing a large number of curved, slender fibers with arbitrary orientation embedded in a matrix material.