bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thirlwall’s law, uneven development, and income distribution
Authors: Sasaki Hiroaki 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study builds a North–South trade and uneven development model and investigates the effects of changes in income distribution (the profit share) on economic growth rates of both countries. How a change in each country’s profit share affects both countries’ growth rates differs for the short‐ and long‐run equilibria. For example, in the short‐run equilibrium, an increase in the North’s profit share deteriorates the terms of trade and then decreases the South’s growth rate. On the other hand, in the long‐run equilibrium, an increase in the North’s profit share either increases or decreases the South’s growth rate through Thirlwall’s law.
Pain intensity of sedated paediatric intensive care unit patients during treatment and care procedures
Authors: Akgün Derya , İnal Sevil 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough various pharmacological and non‐pharmacological methods are used in the management of pain in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, patients experience more pain than those being treated in other units.Aim and objectivesThis study was conducted to determine the intensity of pain during invasive patient care and dressing change procedures in sedated paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients and to assess the impact of analgesics and demographic factors. The study also sought to evaluate any correlation between the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) and COMFORT scales.DesignThe research was conducted as a descriptive cross‐sectional study.MethodsThe total sample size consisted of 30 mild‐to‐moderately sedated patients under the age of 18 in the PICU of a university hospital in Turkey between September the 1st, 2016, and December the 31st, 2016. The procedures were classified in to three groups: Invasive, Patient Care and Dressing Change. The FLACC and COMFORT scales were utilized to assess pain.ResultsThe intensity of pain did not differ according to the demographic characteristics (median [IQR]) by gender—COMFORT female: (16.05 [15.10‐17.0]); male: (15.15 [14.7‐16.5]) (P = .284)—age: (COMFORT: P = .165); intensive care admission indications: (COMFORT: P = .647); or administration of analgesics—COMFORT Yes: (15.90 [14.80‐16.65]), No: (15.50 [14.70‐16.45]) (P = .634). The invasive procedures produced the most intense pain (median [IQR]): FLACC: (5 [4‐6])/COMFORT: (16 [15‐20]). Patient care procedures were second in intensity of pain FLACC: (4 [3‐5])/COMFORT: (15 [14‐17]), while dressing changes produced significantly less pain FLACC: (3 [2‐4])/COMFORT: (14 [12‐17]) (P < .001). A positive correlation was noted between the pain scores observed on the FLACC and COMFORT scales (rs: Invasive procedures:0.992/Care procedure:0.991/Dressing procedures: 0.996) (P < .001).ConclusionsBesides invasive procedures, patient care and dressing changes also cause sedated PICU patients' pain. The pain management was insufficient to prevent pain for most of the procedures in the PICU.Relevance to clinical practiceBesides making use of evidence‐based pharmacological and non‐pharmacological methods in invasive procedures, care must also be focused on preventing pain during patient care and dressing procedures so that the most effective treatment can be achieved.
Preparing for the 2020—2021 influenza season
Authors: de St. Maurice Annabelle , Martin‐Blais Rachel , Halasa Natasha 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has altered health seeking behaviors and has increased attention to non‐pharmaceutical interventions that reduce the risk of transmission of respiratory viruses including SARS‐CoV‐2 and influenza. While the potential impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on influenza is not fully known, in the Southern hemisphere influenza infection rates appear to be very low. Influenza vaccine efficacy for 2019–2020 season was comparable to prior season and influenza vaccine recommendations for pediatric immunizations remain similar to prior years. Influenza treatments continue to include neuraminidase inhibitors as well as baloxavir for treatment and in some instances prophylaxis.
Bayesian Criterion-Based Variable Selection
Authors: Maity Arnab Kumar , Basu Sanjib , Ghosh Santu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBayesian approaches for criterion based selection include the marginal likelihood based highest posterior model (HPM) and the deviance information criterion (DIC). The DIC is popular in practice as it can often be estimated from sampling-based methods with relative ease and DIC is readily available in various Bayesian software. We find that sensitivity of DIC-based selection can be high, in the range of 90–100%. However, correct selection by DIC can be in the range of 0–2%. These performances persist consistently with increase in sample size. We establish that both marginal likelihood and DIC asymptotically disfavour under-fitted models, explaining the high sensitivities of both criteria. However, mis-selection probability of DIC remains bounded below by a positive constant in linear models with g-priors whereas mis-selection probability by marginal likelihood converges to 0 under certain conditions. A consequence of our results is that not only the DIC cannot asymptotically differentiate between the data-generating and an over-fitted model, but, in fact, it cannot asymptotically differentiate between two over-fitted models as well. We illustrate these results in multiple simulation studies and in a biomarker selection problem on cancer cachexia of non-small cell lung cancer patients. We further study the performances of HPM and DIC in generalized linear model as practitioners often choose to use DIC that is readily available in software in such non-conjugate settings.
Cool deltas: Sedimentological, geomorphological and geophysical characterization of ice‐contact deltas and implications for their reservoir properties (Salpausselkä, Finland)
Authors: KurjaŃski Bartosz , Rea Brice R. , Spagnolo Matteo , Cornwell David G. , Howell John , Comte Jean‐Christophe , GonzÁlez QuirÓs AndrÉs , Palmu Jukka‐Pekka , Oien Rachel P. , Gibbard Philip L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSediments deposited by glacial meltwaters (for example, ice‐contact delta deposits) form permeable packages in the subsurface that can act as reservoirs for both water and hydrocarbons. They are also an important source of aggregate for the construction industry. As reservoirs they are challenging to characterize in terms of their structure, flow and storage properties due to their complex depositional history. In this study, ice‐contact deltas of Salpausselkä I and II end moraines in Southern Finland are studied using a combination of geomorphological mapping, sedimentological studies and near surface geophysical methods. Sedimentary logs from isolated outcrops were correlated to ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles to unravel the internal structure and depositional history of these ice‐contact deltas. Subsequently, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and gravity data were analysed to estimate the depth to bedrock and to model porosity distribution within the sediments. Results of the study suggest that the delta deposits have a broad range of porosities (10 to 42%) with lowest values found in the bottomset beds. The most variable porosities are in the subaqueous ice‐contact–fan zone, and consistently high porosities occur in delta foreset/topset facies. Detailed sedimentary logging linked to the GPR data shows heterogeneities such as mud drapes on foresets and kettle holes which are below the resolution of ERT and gravity methods but significantly affect reservoir properties of the deltas. Moreover, oscillation of the ice‐margin may have introduced larger heterogeneities (for example, buried ice marginal ridges, or eskers) into the sedimentary sequence which are atypical for other Gilbert‐type deltas. Finally, subglacially sculpted, highly variable bedrock topography exerts a major control on sediment distribution within the delta making reservoir volume and quality less predictable. This work has implications for present‐day freshwater aquifers and low enthalpy geothermal energy in southern Finland and other deglaciated regions, as well as hydrocarbon exploration of analogous deposits in the subsurface from Pleistocene and pre‐Pleistocene glaciogenic sequences.
Emergence of continents above sea‐level influences sediment melt composition
Authors: Liebmann Janne , Spencer Christopher J. , Kirkland Christopher L. , E. Bucholz Claire , He Xiao‐Fang , Santosh M. , Xia Xiaoping P. , Martin Laure , Evans Noreen J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Archean‐Proterozoic transition heralded a number of fundamental changes on Earth, including the oxygenation of the atmosphere, a marked emergence of continents above sea‐level, and an increase in δ18O of felsic magmas. The potential drivers for the latter are changes in the composition of supracrustal material or increased crustal reworking. Although the onset of subduction‐induced continental collision and associated enhanced crustal recycling could produce high‐δ18O felsic magmas, temporally constrained zircon δ18O reveals an increase in δ18O at ~2.35 Ga that predates the oldest widely recognized supercontinent. In this work, we use the O and Hf isotope ratios of magmatic zircon crystals in Archean and Proterozoic sediment‐derived granitoids of the North China Craton to track the incorporation of supracrustal material into magmas. The results are consistent with a Paleoproterozoic increase of continental freeboard producing sedimentary reservoirs with comparatively elevated δ18O that subsequently partially melted to generate the granitoids.
Determinants of switch to paediatric second‐line antiretroviral therapy after first‐line failure in Cameroon
Authors: Njom‐Nlend Anne‐Esther , Efouba Nadège , Brunelle Sandie Arsène , Fokam Joseph 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveWith scale‐up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) children, treatment failure and switch to subsequent ART regimens are common. Our objectives were to evaluate switching practices and identify factors associated among children and adolescents failing their first‐line ART.MethodsA facility‐based survey study was conducted in a cohort of children living with HIV experiencing virological failure (VF) at the Essos Hospital Centre of Yaounde, Cameroon. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire, and key variables were as follows: (a) VF defined as viral load (VL) > 1000 copies/ml, (b) rate of switch to second‐line and (c) reason(s) for switching ART. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the association between study variables, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 106 children experiencing VF were enrolled: median age was 8 [interquartile range (IQR): 3–15] years; 60.38% were boys and 39.62% were orphans of one/both parents. A proportion of 69% were at the WHO clinical stage III/IV, and 13.21% were experiencing immunological failure (CD4 < 200 cells/mm3). The median duration on first‐line ART was 36 [IQR: 7–157] months prior to detecting VF, and the rate of switch to second‐line ART was 70.75% (75/106). Delay in switching ART after a confirmed VF was 11 [IQR: 7–16] months. After switch to second‐line ART, the median time to achieve undetectable VL (<40 copies/ml) was 14 [IQR: 9–21] months. Multivariate analysis revealed that only children with viral rebound (aOR = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.03–0.24) were less likely to be switched. Of note, being orphaned (aOR = 0.35, CI = 0.11–1.11), biological sex (aOR = 1.77, CI = 0.60–5.29) and immune status (aOR = 0.19, CI = 0.03–1.31, 0.09) had no significant effect on switching to second‐line ART.ConclusionIn this paediatric population experiencing VF after about 3–4 years from ART initiation, the majority are switched to second‐line ART after a delay of almost one year. Delayed switch to second‐line was driven essentially by viral rebound, underscoring the need for close viral monitoring.
Effect of drought stress on herbicide performance and photosynthetic activity of Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (winter wild oat) and Hordeum spontaneum (wild barley)
Authors: Alizade Saeid , Keshtkar Eshagh , Mokhtassi‐Bidgoli Ali , Sasanfar Hamidreza , Streibig Jens C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe severity of drought is increasing owing to global climate change. Knowledge about the influence of drought on weeds and herbicide performance is necessary for optimising herbicide applications. Therefore, dose‐response trials were conducted to investigate the influence of drought stress on the efficacy of four herbicides. Drought‐stressed and non‐stressed Hordeum spontaneum seedlings were exposed to nine doses of sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron‐methyl. Clodinafop‐propargyl and mesosulfuron‐methyl + iodosulfuron‐methyl sodium were applied to drought‐stressed and non‐stressed seedlings of Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana. Leaf greenness index (SPAD), total chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate of both species were measured. The efficacy of herbicides on H. spontaneum was not influenced by drought stress. In contrast, the performance of herbicides on A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana was reduced under drought stress, where the ED50 increased by 1.5‐fold. The low doses (<2.2 g a.i. ha−1) of mesosulfuron‐methyl + iodosulfuron‐methyl‐sodium caused hormesis on A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana. Total chlorophyll content and SPAD index of both species increased due to drought stress. The stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate of A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana decreased under drought stress, while H. spontaneum was not influenced. The lack of detrimental effect of drought stress on sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron‐methyl performance might be attributed to similar stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate of the drought‐stressed and non‐stressed H. spontaneum. The performance reduction in herbicides on drought‐stressed A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana might be owing to the reduction in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate. Using adjuvants, diverse formulations and early application of herbicides were suggested for future research to hamper the negative effect of drought on herbicides.
A Cost-Efficient Data-Driven Approach to Design Space Exploration for Personalized Geometric Design in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Kang SungKu , Deng Xinwei , Jin Ran 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is considered as a key to personalized product realization as it provides great design flexibility. As the flexibility radically expands the design space, current design space exploration methods for personalized geometric designs become time-consuming due to the use of physically based computer simulations (e.g., finite element analysis or computational fluid dynamics). This poses a significant challenge in design for an efficient personalized product realization cycle, which imposes a tight computation cost constraint to timely respond to every new requirement. To address the challenge, we propose a cost-efficient data-driven design space exploration method for personalized geometric design in AM, enabling feasible design regions under the computation constraint. Specifically, the proposed method adopts surrogate modeling of efficient voxel model-based design rules to identify feasible design regions considering both manufacturability and personalized needs. Since design rules take much less time for evaluation than physically based simulations, the proposed method can contribute to timely providing feasible design regions for an efficient personalized product realization cycle. Moreover, we develop a cost-based experimental design for surrogate modeling, which enables the evaluation of additional design points to provide more precise feasible design regions under the computation cost constraint. The merits of the proposed method are elaborated via additively manufactured microbial fuel cell (MFC) anode design.
Revisiting Failure of Brittle Materials
Authors: Kwon Y. W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Failures of isotropic brittle materials were revisited to find out whether there are unified failure criteria, which can be applied to a load-carrying structural component made of a brittle material regardless of whether the component has a crack, a circular notch, or neither of these. To this end, a set of failure criteria were considered to determine failure of a local point which may be located at the crack tip, a notch tip, or any other location. The proposed criteria consist of two conditions, of which both must be satisfied for failure to occur. The first condition is that the local stress must not be lower than the failure strength of the material. The second condition is the stress-gradient condition. Even if the stress at a local point far exceeds the failure strength of the material, failure will not initiate until the stress gradient condition is satisfied. Four different examples cases were presented to explain the proposed failure concept.
Numerical Simulation of Thermal Diffusivity Measurements With the Laser-Flash Method to Evaluate the Effective Property of Composite Materials
Authors: Potenza M. , Coppa P. , Corasaniti S. , Bovesecchi G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The laser-flash method (LFM) is a technique commonly used to measure thermal diffusivity of homogeneous and isotropic materials, but can also be applied to macroscopically inhomogeneous materials, such as composites. When composites present thermal anisotropy, as fiber-reinforced, LFM can be used to measure the effective thermal diffusivity (αeff) in the direction of heat flux. In this work, the thermal behavior of composites during thermal diffusivity measurements with the LFM was simulated with a finite element model (FEM) using a commercial software. Three composite structures were considered: sandwich layered (layers arranged in series or parallel), fiber-reinforced composites, and particle composite (spheres). Numerical data were processed through a nonlinear least-square fitting (NL-LSF) to obtain the effective thermal diffusivity of the composite. This value has the meaning of “dynamic effective thermal diffusivity.” Afterward, the effective thermal conductivity (λeff) is calculated from the dynamic effective thermal diffusivity, equivalent heat capacity, and density of the composite. The results of this methodology are compared with the analytically calculated values of the same quantity. This last assumes the meaning of “static effective thermal conductivity.” The comparison of the dynamic and static property values is so related to the inhomogeneity of the samples, and a deviation of the temperature versus time trend from the analytical solution for the perfectly homogeneous sample gives information about the lack of uniformity of the sample.
Age-Related Differences in Hip Flexion Maximal and Rapid Strength and Rectus Femoris Muscle Size and Composition
Authors: Farrow Ahalee C. , Palmer Ty B. 
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to examine the effects of age on hip flexion maximal and rapid strength and rectus femoris (RF) muscle size and composition in men. Fifteen young (25 [3] y) and 15 older (73 [4] y) men performed isometric hip flexion contractions to examine peak torque and absolute and normalized rate of torque development (RTD) at time intervals of 0 to 100 and 100 to 200 milliseconds. Ultrasonography was used to examine RF muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity. Peak torque, absolute RTD at 0 to 100 milliseconds, and absolute and normalized RTD at 100 to 200 milliseconds were significantly lower (P = .004–.045) in the old compared with the young men. The older men exhibited lower cross-sectional area (P = .015) and higher echo intensity (P = .007) than the young men. Moreover, there were positive relationships between cross-sectional area and absolute RTD at 0 to 100 milliseconds (r = .400) and absolute RTD at 100 to 200 milliseconds (r = .450) and negative relationships between echo intensity and absolute RTD at 100 to 200 milliseconds (r = −.457) and normalized RTD at 100 to 200 milliseconds (r = −.373). These findings indicate that hip flexion maximal and rapid strength and RF muscle size and composition decrease in old age. The relationships observed between ultrasound-derived RF parameters and measurements of RTD suggest that these age-related declines in muscle size and composition may be relevant to hip flexion rapid torque production.
Detrital zircons from Late Paleozoic Ice Age sequences in Victoria Land (Antarctica): New constraints on the glaciation of southern Gondwana
Authors: Zurli Luca , Cornamusini Gianluca , Woo Jusun , Liberato Giovanni Pio , Han Seunghee , Kim Yoonsup , Talarico Franco Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Lower Permian tillites of the Beacon Supergroup, cropping out in Victoria Land (Antarctica), record climatic history during one of the Earth's coldest periods: the Late Paleozoic Ice Age. Reconstruction of ice-extent and paleo-flow directions, as well as geochronological and petrographic data, are poorly constrained in this sector of Gondwana. Here, we provide the first detrital zircon U-Pb age analyses of both the Metschel Tillite in southern Victoria Land and some tillites correlatable with the Lanterman Formation in northern Victoria Land to identify the source regions of these glaciogenic deposits. Six-hundred detrital zircon grains from four diamictite samples were analyzed using laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Geochronological and petrographic compositional data of the Metschel Tillite indicate a widespread reworking of older Devonian Beacon Supergroup sedimentary strata, with minor contribution from Cambro-Ordovician granitoids and meta-sedimentary units as well as Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks. Euhedral to subhedral Carboniferous–Devonian zircon grains match coeval magmatic units of northern Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land. This implies, in accordance with published paleo-ice directions, a provenance from the east-southeast sectors. In contrast, the two samples from northern Victoria Land tillite reflect the local basement provenance; their geochronological age and petrographic composition indicates a restricted catchment area with multiple ice centers. This shows that numerous ice centers were present in southern Gondwana during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age. While northern Victoria Land hosted discrete glaciers closely linked with the northern Victoria Land-Tasmania ice cap, the west-northwestward flowing southern Victoria Land ice cap contributed most of the sediments comprising the Metschel Tillite.