bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design optimization of exhaust manifold’s length for Spark Ignition (SI) engine through CFD analysis on low-end rpm using Taguchi’s Method
Authors: Murali R , Shahriman A B , Razlan Z M , Ahmad W K W , Azizul A I , Rojan M A , Ma’arof M I N , Radzuan M A , Hassan M A S M , Ibrahim Z 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The exhaust system especially the exhaust manifold is an important factor that affects the performance of any SI engine. The most influential boundary condition in the exhaust manifold is backpressure where it is defined as the difference between maximum pressure in the exhaust system and the atmospheric pressure. Higher backpressure was documented to reduce the overall performance of an IC engine and increases its fuel consumption based on previous studies. Even though backpressure could not be removed entirely from the exhaust system, it could be reduced the maximize the engine’s performance. This study aimed to reduce the backpressure in the exhaust manifold of the 115cc SI engine by optimizing its lengths (by taking consideration of the impact of bending angles) through Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis and Taguchi’s method. From the results, it was found that the bending angles are more dominant in reducing the backpressure even after the lengths are optimized. It was found that the optimal length configuration reduces the backpressure by 13.56%. Therefore, the outcome of this study shows that the optimal length configuration offers lower backpressure which significantly reduces the harmful impacts on the engine’s performance.
Effect of Cold Forging on Wear Resistance of High Carbon Steel for Dolomite Hammer Mill
Authors: Marthini V. , Nabilah S.A.W. , Afendi Mohd , Majid Mariam , Syafiq W.M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Hammer mill machine widely use during the process of material reduction in the dolomite industry. The dolomite stone is crushed to the desired shape by the repeated impact of the hammer or crusher. However, since the dolomite stone is milled inside the grinding machine with the help of crusher, it is still challenging because of variety of problem such as the crusher for dolomite hammer mill needs to be changed frequently and no exact data to predict the time taken for the crusher to start wear and how long the crusher can be used before crusher become to wear. In this study, the authors attempt to investigate the effect of cold forging on the wear resistance of high carbon steel for dolomite hammer mill. Specimens of the high carbon steel were prepared for the purpose of this study as per ASTM D695. Cold forging process was conducted using the smith forging method at targeted 3% cold work. Rockwell hardness tester was used to measure the hardness of the specimen. The prototype of the hammer mill machine was used to measure the wear rate to mimic the working principle of the actual hammer mill machine used in the dolomite mining industry. The microstructural analysis was done using a digital metallurgical microscope. The hardness was found to increase from 28.20 HRA to 29.74 HRA for the high carbon steel after conducting the cold forging process. The cold forging process can help to improve the mechanical properties of the material by improving the strength of the material. Moreover, the wear rate of high carbon steel was found to decrease with an increase in hardness. The cold forging process is found to have a significant effect on the hardness and wear rate of high carbon steel. The result obtained in this study is comparable with the previously reported study.
Investigation of Physical Properties on HA/nGO Coating Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Nursyifa H H , Nooraizedfiza Z , Rafizah A M , Hajar M I 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
AZ91D magnesium alloys have been referred to as a revolutionary material for biomedical applications, particularly in orthopaedics as a bone implant material. This is attributable to the good strength and strong biocompatibility of magnesium and its alloys with bone tissue relative to other metallic alloys. The rapid degradation of pure magnesium has, sadly, reduced its therapeutic use. As a consequence, the efficacy of hydroxyapatite (HA) and graphene oxide (GO) in corrosion resistance has demonstrated tremendous potential to improve its defensive properties in order to address this vulnerability. AZ91D alloy has been coated with HA/GO by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) at a specific concentration and voltage, with varying treatment times. Surface roughness, elemental composition analysis and surface morphology analysis were tested at different treatment time. The sample enduring 15 min of treatment time was found to have the greatest resistance to corrosion due to its surface morphology and the importance of surface roughness was within the range of recommended roughness for a biomedical implant.
Numerical modeling of thermal field during friction stir welding using tool with polygonal pin profile
Authors: Stephen Leon J , Essadiqi Elhachmi , Lakshmanan T , Ravi Rajesh , Selvaraj M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Friction stir welding produces better joint strength comparing with other conventional fusion welding techniques as the complete metal joining operation is executed in solid state itself. Even though the quality of weld is comparatively good, this joining technique has its own disadvantages. Improper material flow along the weld line may result in weld defects. Usage of polygonal pin geometry in tool pin rather than using conventional cylindrical pin geometry enhances flow of plasticized metal under the tool shoulder in the stir zone. Major problem associated with polygonal shaped tool pin is poor tool life. Yield strength of material under the tool shoulder creates opposing force for the movement of tool pin, which is submerged inside the workpiece for the entire joining process. Uneven stress distribution along the outer surface of the polygonal tool pin shape leads to premature tool failure. As the strength of material is a temperature dependent property, the heat input during the process has to be optimised with respect to the geometrical shape of the tool pin to improve tool life without compromising the weld quality a lot. In this paper, the variation in thermal field based on the geometrical shape of the tool pin was analysed using MATLAB based on the moving coordinate system. Rosenthal equation was used to estimate variation the peak temperature and temperature distribution with respect to pin shape in the view of optimising thermal environment towards better weld quality.
Effect of ternary fuel blends on performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine
Authors: Vinodkumar V , Karthikeyan A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The higher alcohol such as hexanol was added at various concentrations with diesel in this current research work while retaining the neem biodiesel at 20% concentration to form the ternary fuel blend. In a single cylinder diesel engine, three distinct ternary blends (B20HB10, B20HB20, B20HB30) were taken and all the blends were tested and the results were contrasted with a binary blend (D80:B20, namely B20) and pure diesel fuel. The experiment showed that when the alcohol concentration rises from 10 % to 30 % because of the decrease in calorific value, the brake thermal efficiency decreases slightly. In addition, owing to the availability of intrinsic oxygen in it, all the ternary blend contributes to a decrease in HC and CO emissions, which leads to more complete combustion. It was also found that there was a substantial reduction in NOx emissions for all ternary blend due to the high latent heat of vaporization.
Study of Cerium Silica as a catalyst in CI engine fuelled with plastic oil blend
Authors: Balaji G , Suriya M , Vigneshwar M , Shapthagiri Saandeep 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEmissions from automobiles cause major damage to the environment NOx is one of those gases responsible for enhancing the greenhouse effect. To overcome these sorts, most vehicles are employed with catalytic converter. Cerium silica is used as a catalytic material to reduce the emissions from the CI engine. Two methods such as impregnation and co-precursor are employed in the preparation of ceria silica. Ceria silica is molded into solid by adding TMOS [Tetra methyl orthosilicate], Absolute ethanol, DI water, Propylene oxide, and cerium salt. The mould used in the exhaust gas as a catalytic material after-treatment system. The study is done to reduce various exhaust emissions. The engine that is employed is a 5.2kW single cylinder CI engine. Plastic oil blend is used in this process to run the engine which is being produced by pyrolysis process from waste plastic materials.
Study On Performance and Emission Characteristics of VCR Diesel Engine Fuelled with Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Biodiesel
Authors: Rajesh K , Aravindhan N , Manimaran B , Elavarasan D , Dinesh Kumar L , Mohan Kumar T 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This work consider the use of PFAD oil for the production of renewable and environment friendly biodiesel fuel as an alternative to conventional diesel. Test quantities of PFAD oil biodiesel were produced through transesterification reaction, 20% methanol (vol% PFAD oil), 0.8% (wt%) potassium hydroxide catalyst at 60oC reaction temperature and 90 min reaction time. The PFAD oil biodiesel produced was subsequently blended with petroleum diesel and characterized as alternative diesel fuel through ASTM standard fuel test. Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) engine test rig was used to determine the effect of compression Ratio (CR) on the performance and emission characteristics of the test fuel. Test were carried out at compression ratios of 16:1, 17:1, and 18:1 at different load. The performance parameters like Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) were studied. At higher compression ratio the increase in BTE is observed for PFAD20 blend when compared to diesel. BSFC of biodiesel blend is higher at all compression ratios due to lower heating value of the fuel. However the biodiesel exhibited lower emission at CR 18 compared to neat diesel except NOx. The NOx is increased due to higher compression and better combustion characteristics of the biodiesel blend. Thus B20 blend at CR18 can be effectively used in diesel engine with better performance and reduced emissions.
Novel designs of cavity receiver for a solar parabolic dish concentrator
Authors: Issa Obada Omar , Thirunavukkarasu V , Sudhakar P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To enhance the performance of a parabolic dish concentrator, it must achieve the maximum thermal performance of the receiver. Hence the optimization of the receiver performance will play an essential role in optimizing the system of solar parabolic dish concentrator. Lot of studies investigated many configurations and designs for receivers and compared the performance among them. Study of new and novel designs will enrich this field of study and pave the road to reach optimal receiver. The objective of this study is to develop the existing design further towards the best design. Cavity receivers, especially conical receivers are known for high thermal efficiency. This study investigate four designs of conical receivers, three of them are novel designs using Ansys Fluent software. The investigated receivers are helical conical, pentagon conical, rectangular conical, and triangle conical respectively in the order of their performance. At 300 K the thermal performance of the best receiver which is helical conical is 66.68%, and the optical efficiency are 89.2%.
Review of cascade refrigeration systems for vaccine storage
Authors: Kasi Parthiban , Cheralathan M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Various models are already developed to achieve the refrigerating effect. Each refrigeration system has its own set of benefits and drawbacks, as well as a unique application. The vapor compression refrigeration system and the sorption refrigeration system are the two most prominent refrigeration technologies that may be utilized for a variety of purposes. In the medical profession, cascade refrigeration will be established in the storage of blood banks, plasma, vaccines, bone banks, biological fluids storage, etc. Storing heat-sensitive vaccines at the right temperature is crucial yet often difficult by the availability of ultralow temperature cold storage. This paper has reviewed that the different types of cascade refrigeration systems for a better refrigerating effect on vaccine storage.
Effect of bifurcation in phase change material by heat transfer tube in a horizontal solar thermal energy storage
Authors: Sarma Ishani , Bhimesh S , Senthil Ramalingam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A horizontal thermal storage that uses a phase change material (PCM) for energy reposition undergoes melting at the base and corners due to minimal natural convection. A storage container is split into two halves using a rectangular duct, which improves convection currents and facilitates heat transfer with a low melting time. The results emphasize the duct design in determining PCM melting. The fluid is held at a constant temperature of 50-60 °C at a flow rate of 5 kg/min. Conventional tube and duct designs are investigated. Thus, PCM melting increases up to 30% with enhanced melting rate. Comparing conventional fluid tube, rectangular duct is beneficial to improve the melting rate through reducing PCM size in the container.
Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with biofuel and oxygenated additives
Authors: Shukla Apoorv , Mishra Aman , Paneerselvam S , Mathanraj V 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The entire world has been seeing a continuous surge in the number of automobiles globally. This has further lead to a severe increase in the consumption of fossil fuels such as diesel, petrol, natural gas, etc. Biofuel can serve as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuel made from renewable resources, such as edible as well as non-edible vegetable oils. This paper focuses on various studies related to the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with Simarouba oil as the bio fuel and Isobutanol as the oxygenated additives. The experiments were carried out on a 4 - stroke, single cylinder diesel engine by varying load. Extensive research work is being done in this field using a variety of biofuels. Bio fuels are nothing but the fuels that are obtained from plants to be used in Internal Combustion engines which in turn have the added advantage of lower emissions to that of conventional diesel and gasoline. Simarouba oil blends had been used in direct injection compressed ignition engine as an alternate fuel that has similar properties of diesel.
Analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system employing tetrafluroethane and difluroethane as refrigerants
Authors: Goyal Kunal , Nanditta R V , Teja Potteli Dharma , Malarmannan S , Manikandaraja G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The axiomatic effects of ozone layer depletion have caused additional damage in the last few decades. The accretion in greenhouse gases has transformed to take cardinal steps immediately. The concoct blend of 1,1,1,2 Tetrafluroethane (R134a) and 1,1, Difluroethane (R152) a was tested in a vapour compression refrigeration system as these are non-toxic, eco-friendly, non-flammable and non-corrosive. Experimental performance analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system using R134a and blends of R152a and R134a is done for different dimensions of expansion valves. Various parameters like coefficient of performance (COP), refrigerating effect and compressor work were analyzed. Refrigeration effect and compressor work of R134a was higher than R152a. COP value was reliable for 60/40 ratio of R152a and R134a and maximum COP was achieved with the blend of 90/10 ratio in the first expansive coil. These aberrant results could be overcome by amalgamation of R134a and R152a as the discharge temperature of R152a is effectively controlled by blending.
Experimental investigation of performance of shell and coil heat exchanger in waste heat recovery systems in CI engine
Authors: Nanditta R V , Gowtham R , Udayakumar P , Manikandaraja G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study analyses heat transfer coefficients in a shell and tube heat exchanger and the effectiveness of reduced temperature of exhaust gases in shell and helically coiled tube heat exchanger. This facilitates low installation cost, high performance and improved safety. The experimental setup consists of a shell with a coaxial outer tubular, end plates attached to the inner walls and a spiral coil through which water flows. These end plates encompass a shell cavity in tubular shape. This facilitates the inlet and outlet intended for exhaust gas. The coil is wounded in such a way that the axis of shell fit the inner and outer walls with limited radial clearance. Due to axial spacing of coils from one another, a spiral path is generated in the interior shell cavity which provide amenities for water flow. This path creates, helps in reducing the temperature of exhaust gas.
Study of heat generation and dissipation mechanism for an exciter shaft and its impact
Authors: Santhana Krishnan R , Nayani Sudha Sindhuja 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Compactor is a heavy-duty machinery that uses compaction to reduce the size of waste materials or biomass or compaction of load. A bearing is a machine element that restricts relative motion to only the desired motion, and decreases friction between moving parts. It is an essential component in a compactor and is used for supporting the exciter shaft. Compaction is achieved by vibration of roller drum, which in turn is achieved by means of generated at the exciter shaft with an eccentric mass. During this process of generation of forced excitation, heat is generated at shaft to bearing interface. The current heat generation and dissipation paths for the bearing on the exciter shaft of the compactor were studied and calculated. Suggestions for heat dissipation optimization are provided. Various optimization methods were devised for heat dissipation to improve the wear as well as efficiency of the bearing and further testing is required for implementation of same.
Software designed to digitize transitional characteristics when conducting bioimpedance studies on a biological object
Authors: Tomakova R A , Tomakov V I , Korsynskiy N A , Egorov I S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The essence of the article is to develop a method for the formation of descriptors intended for neural networking classifiers of medical risks based on the analysis of transition processes in the biomaterial in the in vivo experiment.
The essence of the proposed method is to form the test effects of the probing current on the anatomical areas with anomalous electrical conductivity and obtaining the amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of the impedance of the biomaterial to which the test effect was carried out. The coordinates of the Cowla’s graphic were used as descriptors. Cowla’s graphic was obtained on the basis of the conversion of Carson counts of the transition process in a quadrupole, the element of which is the impedance of the studied biomaterial. A sequence of unipolar rectangular pulses was supplied to the inlet of the quadrupole.
It is shown that the linear model of the biomaterial impedance allows you to obtain descriptors based on its amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics, taking into account the dissipative properties of the biomaterial. The receipt of the Cowla’s graphic model with its dissipative properties, allows you to build medical risk classifiers for socially significant diseases.
On the efficiency of power transformers with «star-zig-zag with zero» winding connection scheme in rural electricity networks supplying household consumers
Authors: Hanin Yu I , Rodionova O V , Panchishkin A P , Zaichkina M A , Shakhbazova Ya E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The dependencies of the loss coefficient on the value of reverse- and zero-sequence current unbalance coefficients are obtained, allowing estimating the energy efficiency of power transformers operation at different unbalance characteristics. The electricity losses were calculated from these dependencies and from data obtained from instrumental measurements at rural substations supplying household consumers. It was obtained that the power transformer with «the star-zigzag with zero» scheme is 6 times more energy efficient than the power transformer with «the star–star with zero» scheme. However, with small values of the currents asymmetry (for five cases studied), the power transformer with «the star-zigzag with zero» scheme has overestimated power losses.
Classification of maintenance techniques and diagnosing failures methods
Authors: Nawfal Mustafa Mohanad 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Equipment components essentially the parts responsible for power transmission and bearings will expose to multiple types of stresses, including external stresses coming from the nature of the working and internal stresses resulting from movement between the moving parts or thermal industrial processes. These stresses lead to damage or defect, which adversely affect the current or future performance of these systems. To ensure the reliability of the machine or structure has to establish a continuous condition monitoring system that can detect the abnormal condition state early. This paper will cover the monitoring techniques used to observe the mechanical conditioning of the vital components(such as bearings, shafts, gearboxes, etc.) In an ultra-low frequency rotating machinery in industrial applications including hydroelectric generator, steel mills, paper mills, water sewage plants, cement kilns, and wind turbines.
The search for R&D partners based on patent data
Authors: Borodin N , Korobkin D , Bezruchenko A , Fomenkov S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, companies still rely heavily on expert knowledge when selecting research and development partners (R&D, R&D). In this paper, it is proposed to identify and select potential technology partners based on the analysis of the USPTO patent array using the Problem & Solution model. The process of identifying R&D partners will be based on the similarity of solutions to technological problems. This paper shows the development of software for extracting the semantic SAO structures from USPTO patent documents, which are used to form the Problem and Solution structures, and selecting potential technology partners based on them. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the developed algorithms for parsing patents; extracting SAO using semantic text analysis; formation of Problem-Solution structures based on SAO data; identifying R&D partners based on similarities in solutions to technological problems.
Cucumber cultivation technology using tunnel covers
Authors: Ovchinnikov A S , Borodychev V V , Akulinina M A , Krutoyarov A A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Obtaining early cucumber production in the Volgograd region sharp-continental climate with frequent early spring frosts is possible only with using tunnel covers. A distinctive feature of the considered technology is cucumber cultivation using tunnel covers with insulated zone organization by making cracks in the soil with filling them with straw. This provides the comfortable conditions creation for the plants preservation when there is a sharp drop in air and soil temperature in spring and a possible return of spring frosts. Maintaining soil moisture in the 0,5 m layer at the level of 90% of the lowest moisture capacity by drip irrigation allowed to obtain a cucumber yield at the level of 85,9 t/ha, which is 7,8 t/ha more than in the basic option.