bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Completion pancreatectomy or a pancreas-preserving procedure during relaparotomy for pancreatic fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy: a multicentre cohort study and meta-analysis
Authors: Groen J V , Smits F J , Koole D , Besselink M G , Busch O R , den Dulk M , van Eijck C H J , Groot Koerkamp B , van der Harst E , de Hingh I H , Karsten T M , de Meijer V E , Pranger B K , Molenaar I Q , Bonsing B A , van Santvoort H C , Mieog J S D ,   the Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Group
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Despite the fact that primary percutaneous catheter drainage has become standard practice, some patients with pancreatic fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy ultimately undergo a relaparotomy. The aim of this study was to compare completion pancreatectomy with a pancreas-preserving procedure in patients undergoing relaparotomy for pancreatic fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study of nine institutions included patients who underwent relaparotomy for pancreatic fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy from 2005–2018. Furthermore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Results
From 4877 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy, 786 (16 per cent) developed a pancreatic fistula grade B/C and 162 (3 per cent) underwent a relaparotomy for pancreatic fistula. Of these patients, 36 (22 per cent) underwent a completion pancreatectomy and 126 (78 per cent) a pancreas-preserving procedure. Mortality was higher after completion pancreatectomy (20 (56 per cent) versus 40 patients (32 per cent); P = 0.009), which remained after adjusting for sex, age, BMI, ASA score, previous reintervention, and organ failure in the 24 h before relaparotomy (adjusted odds ratio 2.55, 95 per cent c.i. 1.07 to 6.08). The proportion of additional reinterventions was not different between groups (23 (64 per cent) versus 84 patients (67 per cent); P = 0.756). The meta-analysis including 33 studies evaluating 745 patients, confirmed the association between completion pancreatectomy and mortality (Mantel–Haenszel random-effects model: odds ratio 1.99, 95 per cent c.i. 1.03 to 3.84).

Conclusion
Based on the current data, a pancreas-preserving procedure seems preferable to completion pancreatectomy in patients in whom a relaparotomy is deemed necessary for pancreatic fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy.
Associations between pancreatic expression quantitative traits and risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Pistoni Laura , Gentiluomo Manuel , Lu Ye , López de Maturana Evangelina , Hlavac Viktor , Vanella Giuseppe , Darvasi Erika , Milanetto Anna Caterina , Oliverius Martin , Vashist Yogesh , Di Leo Milena , Mohelnikova-Duchonova Beatrice , Talar-Wojnarowska Renata , Gheorghe Cristian , Petrone Maria Chiara , Strobel Oliver , Arcidiacono Paolo Giorgio , Vodickova Ludmila , Szentesi Andrea , Capurso Gabriele , Gajdán László , Malleo Giuseppe , Theodoropoulos George E , Basso Daniela , Soucek Pavel , Brenner Hermann , Lawlor Rita T , Morelli Luca , Ivanauskas Audrius ,   PanGenEU Study Investigators, Kauffmann Emanuele Federico , Macauda Angelica , Gazouli Maria , Archibugi Livia , Nentwich Michael , Loveček Martin , Cavestro Giulia Martina , Vodicka Pavel , Landi Stefano , Tavano Francesca , Sperti Cosimo , Hackert Thilo , Kupcinskas Juozas , Pezzilli Raffaele , Andriulli Angelo , Pollina Luca , Kreivenaite Edita , Gioffreda Domenica , Jamroziak Krzysztof , Hegyi Péter , Izbicki Jakob R , Testoni Sabrina Gloria Giulia , Zuppardo Raffaella Alessia , Bozzato Dania , Neoptolemos John P , Malats Núria , Canzian Federico , Campa Daniele 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal cancers. Its poor prognosis is predominantly due to the fact that most patients remain asymptomatic until the disease reaches an advanced stage, alongside the lack of early markers and screening strategies. A better understanding of PDAC risk factors is essential for the identification of groups at high risk in the population. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been a powerful tool for detecting genetic variants associated with complex traits, including pancreatic cancer. By exploiting functional and GWAS data, we investigated the associations between polymorphisms affecting gene function in the pancreas (expression quantitative trait loci, eQTLs) and PDAC risk. In a two-phase approach, we analysed 13 713 PDAC cases and 43 784 controls and identified a genome-wide significant association between the A allele of the rs2035875 polymorphism and increased PDAC risk (P = 7.14 × 10−10). This allele is known to be associated with increased expression in the pancreas of the keratin genes KRT8 and KRT18, whose increased levels have been reported to correlate with various tumour cell characteristics. Additionally, the A allele of the rs789744 variant was associated with decreased risk of developing PDAC (P = 3.56 × 10–6). This single nucleotide polymorphism is situated in the SRGAP1 gene and the A allele is associated with higher expression of the gene, which in turn inactivates the cyclin-dependent protein 42 (CDC42) gene expression, thus decreasing the risk of PDAC. In conclusion, we present here a functional-based novel PDAC risk locus and an additional strong candidate supported by significant associations and plausible biological mechanisms.
COVID-19: a pandemic converged with global tobacco epidemic and widespread vaping—state of the evidence
Authors: Besaratinia Ahmad 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis review highlights the convergence of three global health challenges at a crossroad where the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) meets the tobacco epidemic and vaping. It begins with an overview of the current knowledge on the biology, pathophysiology and epidemiology of COVID-19. It then presents the state of smoking and vaping during the pandemic by summarizing the published data on prevalence, use patterns, product availability/accessibility, sales records and motivation to quit before and after the start of the pandemic. It highlights the state of evidence on the association of tobacco product use with COVID-19 infection and transmission rates, symptom severity and clinical outcomes. Also discussed are proposed biological mechanisms and behavioral factors that may modulate COVID-19 risk in tobacco product users. Furthermore, competing hypotheses on the protective effect of nicotine against COVID-19 as well as the claimed ‘smokers’ paradox’ are discussed. Considerations and challenges of COVID-19 vaccination in tobacco product users are underscored. Collectively, the present data show an ‘incomplete’ but rapidly shaping picture on the association of tobacco product use and COVID-19 infection, disease course and clinical outcomes. Evidence is also growing on the mechanisms by which tobacco product use may contribute to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Although we await definitive conclusions on the relative risk of COVID-19 infection in tobacco product users, compelling data confirm that many comorbidities associated with/caused by smoking predispose to COVID-19 infection, severe disease and poor prognosis. Additionally, it is becoming increasing clear that should smokers get the disease, they are more likely to have serious health consequences.
Education and Income Show Heterogeneous Relationships to Lifespan Brain and Cognitive Differences Across European and US Cohorts
Authors: Walhovd Kristine B , Fjell Anders M , Wang Yunpeng , Amlien Inge K , Mowinckel Athanasia M , Lindenberger Ulman , Düzel Sandra , Bartrés-Faz David , Ebmeier Klaus P , Drevon Christian A , Baaré William F C , Ghisletta Paolo , Johansen Louise Baruël , Kievit Rogier A , Henson Richard N , Madsen Kathrine Skak , Nyberg Lars , R Harris Jennifer , Solé-Padullés Cristina , Pudas Sara , Sørensen Øystein , Westerhausen René , Zsoldos Enikő , Nawijn Laura , Lyngstad Torkild Hovde , Suri Sana , Penninx Brenda , Rogeberg Ole J , Brandmaier Andreas M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Higher socio-economic status (SES) has been proposed to have facilitating and protective effects on brain and cognition. We ask whether relationships between SES, brain volumes and cognitive ability differ across cohorts, by age and national origin. European and US cohorts covering the lifespan were studied (4–97 years, N = 500 000; 54 000 w/brain imaging). There was substantial heterogeneity across cohorts for all associations. Education was positively related to intracranial (ICV) and total gray matter (GM) volume. Income was related to ICV, but not GM. We did not observe reliable differences in associations as a function of age. SES was more strongly related to brain and cognition in US than European cohorts. Sample representativity varies, and this study cannot identify mechanisms underlying differences in associations across cohorts. Differences in neuroanatomical volumes partially explained SES–cognition relationships. SES was more strongly related to ICV than to GM, implying that SES–cognition relations in adulthood are less likely grounded in neuroprotective effects on GM volume in aging. The relatively stronger SES–ICV associations rather are compatible with SES–brain volume relationships being established early in life, as ICV stabilizes in childhood. The findings underscore that SES has no uniform association with, or impact on, brain and cognition.
Analytical Sensitivity and Specificity of Four Point of Care Rapid Antigen Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR, Quantitative Droplet Digital PCR, and a Mass Spectrometric Antigen Assay as Comparator Methods
Authors: Karon Brad S , Donato Leslie J , Bridgeman Amber R , Blommel Joseph H , Kipp Benjamin , Maus Anthony , Renuse Santosh , Kemp Jennifer , Madugundu Anil K , Vanderboom Patrick M , Chavan Sandip , Dasari Surendra , Singh Ravinder J , Grebe Stefan K , Pandey Akhilesh 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
We evaluated the analytical sensitivity and specificity of 4 rapid antigen diagnostic tests (Ag RDTs) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) as the reference method and further characterizing samples using droplet digital quantitative PCR (ddPCR) and a mass spectrometric antigen test.

Methods
Three hundred fifty (150 negative and 200 RT-qPCR positive) residual PBS samples were tested for antigen using the BD Veritor lateral flow (LF), ACON LF, ACON fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), and LumiraDx FIA. ddPCR was performed on RT-qPCR–positive samples to quantitate the viral load in copies/mL applied to each Ag RDT. Mass spectrometric antigen testing was performed on PBS samples to obtain a set of RT-qPCR–positive, antigen-positive samples for further analysis.

Results
All Ag RDTs had nearly 100% specificity compared to RT-qPCR. Overall analytical sensitivity varied from 66.5% to 88.3%. All methods detected antigen in samples with viral load &gt;1 500 000 copies/mL RNA, and detected ≥75% of samples with viral load of 500 000 to 1 500 000 copies/mL. The BD Veritor LF detected only 25% of samples with viral load between 50 000 to 500 000 copies/mL, compared to 75% for the ACON LF device and &gt;80% for LumiraDx and ACON FIA. The ACON FIA detected significantly more samples with viral load &lt;50 000 copies/mL compared to the BD Veritor. Among samples with detectable antigen and viral load &lt;50 000 copies/mL, sensitivity of the Ag RDT varied between 13.0% (BD Veritor) and 78.3% (ACON FIA).

Conclusions
Ag RDTs differ significantly in analytical sensitivity, particularly at viral load &lt;500 000 copies/mL.
The Nationalisation of British History: Historians, Nationalism and the Myths of 1940
Authors: Edgerton David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Neither the idea that Britain ‘stood alone’ in 1940, nor that the British war was a ‘people’s war’, were at all common during the Second World War. If anything was thought to be ‘alone’, it was the empire, though the more common view was that the empire always had allies. ‘People’s war’ was a rare synonym for ‘total war’ and was sometimes used in an internationalist sense of a war of many peoples, and as the sort of war Britain should be, but was not, fighting. However, from 1945 a national ‘alone’ came into usage, for example by Churchill; but only from the 1960s was it a commonplace in history books. ‘People’s war’ became more widely used in histories written in the 1960s, which defined it in a national progressive sense, although the term did not become common until the 1990s. Both ideas were essentially the creations of historians, who nationalised the history of what was an imperial and internationalist war, often turning it into a radically different domestic story focused on a national Home Front (ignoring the many imperial home fronts), a story which marginalised the military, foreign and political history of the war, and indeed the social history of the military as well. Historians later assumed that ‘alone’ and ‘people’s war’ represented wartime nationalist ideologies, and wrote about them critically. Yet until recently they did not recognise that it was the very particular nature of the histories written in the 1960s which had generated these terms, and which embodied very particular analyses of British history and of the Second World War. The paper ends by arguing that much greater understanding is needed of the core assumptions which lie beneath the historiography of twentieth-century Britain.
Non-traditional implantable cardioverter-defibrillator configurations and insertion techniques: a review of contemporary options
Authors: Tonko Johanna B , Rinaldi Christopher A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) have revolutionized the treatment of acquired or inherited cardiac diseases associated with a high risk of sudden cardiac death due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Contemporary ICD devices offer reliable arrhythmia detection and discrimination algorithms and deliver highly efficient tachytherapies. Percutaneously inserted transvenous defibrillator coils with pectoral generator placement are the first-line approach in the majority of adults due to their extensively documented clinical benefit and efficiency with comparably low periprocedural implantation risks as well as the option of providing pain-free tachycardia treatment via anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP), concomitant bradycardiaprotection, and incorporation in a cardiac resynchronization therapy if indicated. Yet, expanding ICD indications particularly among younger and more complex patient groups as well as the increasingly evident long-term consequences and complications associated with intravascular lead placements promoted the development of alternative ICD configurations. Most established in daily clinical practice is the subcutaneous ICD but other innovative extravascular approaches like epicardial, pericardial, extra-pleural, and most recently substernal defibrillator coil placements have been introduced as well to overcome shortcomings associated with traditional devices and allow for individualized treatment strategies tailored to the patients characteristics and needs. The review aims to provide practical solutions for common complications encountered with transvenous ICD systems including restricted venous access, high defibrillation/fibrillation thresholds (DFTs), and recurrent device infections. We summarize the contemporary options for non-traditional extravascular ICD configurations outlining indications, advantages, and disadvantages.
Optimized workflows for high-frequency seismic interferometry using dense arrays
Authors: Xu Y , Lebedev S , Meier T , Bonadio R , Bean C J 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARYHigh-frequency seismic surface waves sample the top few tens of meters to the top few kilometres of the subsurface. They can be used to determine 3-D distributions of shear-wave velocities and to map the depths of discontinuities (interfaces) within the crust. Passive seismic imaging, using ambient noise as the source of signal, can thus be an effective tool of exploration for mineral, geothermal and other resources, provided that sufficient high-frequency signal is available in the ambient noise wavefield and that accurate, high-frequency measurements can be performed on this signal. Ambient noise imaging using the ocean-generated noise at 5–30 s periods is now a standard method, but less signal is available at frequencies high enough for deposit-scale imaging (0.2–30 Hz), and few studies have reported successful measurements in broad frequency bands. Here, we develop a workflow for the measurement of high-frequency, surface wave phase velocities in very broad frequency ranges. Our workflow comprises (1) a new noise cross-correlation procedure that accounts for the non-stationary properties of the high-frequency noise sources, removes bandpass filtering, replaces temporal normalization with short time window stacking, and drops the explicit spectral normalization by adopting cross-coherence; (2) a new phase-velocity measurement method that extends the bandwidth of reliable measurements by exploiting the (resolved) 2π ambiguity of phase-velocity measurements and (3) interstation-distance-dependent quality control that uses the similarity of subgroups of dispersion curves to reject outliers and identify the frequency ranges with accurate measurements. The workflow is highly automated and applicable to large arrays. Applying our method to data from a large-N array that operated for one month near Marathon, Ontario, Canada, we use rectangular subarrays with 150-m station spacing and, typically, 1 hr of data and obtain Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity measurements in a 0.5–30 Hz frequency range, spanning over 5.9 octaves, twice the typical frequency range of 1.5–3 octaves in previous studies. Phase-velocity maps and the subregion-average 1-D velocity models they constrain show a high-velocity anomaly consistent with the known, west-dipping gabbro intrusions beneath the area. The new structural information can improve our understanding of the geometry of the gabbro intrusions, hosting the Cu-PGE Marathon deposit.
Radiation of sound waves from a coaxial duct with perforated screen
Authors: Tiryakioglu Burhan , Tiryakioglu Ayse 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Radiation of sound waves by a coaxial rigid duct with perforated screen is investigated by using the Mode Matching technique in conjunction with the Jones’ Method. The geometry of the problem consists semi-infinite outer duct and infinite inner duct. It is assumed that the duct walls are fully rigid. The solution of current study contains an infinite sets of coefficients satisfying an infinite systems of linear algebraic equations. These systems are truncated at a certain number and then solved numerically. The effects of open and perforated case, frequency and porosity on the radiation phenomenon are shown graphically. In the present study, perforated screen makes the problem more interesting when it is compared with the unperforated screen. In this context, solution of the problem is compered numerically with similar studies, which are used different method to obtain Wiener–Hopf equation, existing in the literature. As a result, it is observed that in the absence of a perforated screen, there is a perfect agreement between the two results.
Origin, bifurcation structure and stability of localized states in Kerr dispersive optical cavities
Authors: Parra-Rivas P , Knobloch E , Gelens L , Gomila D 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Localized coherent structures can form in externally driven dispersive optical cavities with a Kerr-type non-linearity. Such systems are described by the Lugiato–Lefever (LL) equation, which supports a large variety of dynamical states. Here, we review our current knowledge of the formation, stability and bifurcation structure of localized structures in the one-dimensional LL equation. We do so by focusing on two main regimes of operation: anomalous and normal second-order dispersion. In the anomalous regime, localized patterns are organized in a homoclinic snaking scenario, which is eventually destroyed, leading to a foliated snaking bifurcation structure. In the normal regime, localized structures undergo a different type of bifurcation structure, known as collapsed snaking. The effects of third-order dispersion and various dynamical regimes are also described.
The first-order theory of the computably enumerable equivalence relations in the uncountable setting
Authors: Andrews Uri , Lempp Steffen , Mustafa Manat , Schweber Noah D 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We generalize the analysis of Andrews, Schweber and Sorbi of the first-order theory of the partial order of degrees of c.e. equivalence relations to higher computability theory, specifically to the setting of a regular cardinal.
The considerable impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and COVID-19 on the UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory activities and workload
Authors: Borman Andrew M , Fraser Mark , Patterson Zoe , McLachlan Sue , Palmer Michael D , Mann Ciara , Oliver Debra , Brown Phillipa , Linton Christopher J , Dzietczyk Agnieszka , Hedley Michelle , Gough Martin , Johnson Elizabeth M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Starting late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a devastating global pandemic of coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) with ∼179 million cases and ∼3.9 million deaths to date. COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe illness with acute respiratory distress requiring critical care in up to 40% of hospitalized patients. Numerous reports have identified COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) as an important infective complication of COVID-19. In the UK, the pandemic has had unprecedented impacts on the National Health Service (NHS'): each wave of infections required hospitals to reconfigure for large surges in patients requiring intensive care, to the detriment of most aspects of non-COVID care including planned operations, outpatient appointments, general practitioner consultations and referrals. The UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory (MRL) offers a comprehensive service for the diagnosis and management of fungal disease nationwide, with a test portfolio that includes: diagnosis of allergies to fungal and other respiratory allergens; diagnosis of superficial and invasive/systemic fungal infections using traditional mycological, serological and molecular approaches; identification and susceptibility testing of the causative fungi; therapeutic drug monitoring of patients receiving antifungal therapy. Here, we describe the impact of the first 14 months of the COVID-19 pandemic on MRL activities. Changes to MRL workload closely mirrored many of the NHS-wide challenges, with marked reductions in ‘elective’ mycological activities unrelated to the pandemic and dramatic surges in tests that contributed to the diagnosis and management of COVID-19-related secondary fungal infections, in particular CAPA and candidemia in COVID-19 patients in intensive care.

Lay summary
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the UK National Health Service, with hospitals forced to repeatedly reconfigure to prepare for large surges in COVID-19 patients. Here we describe the impact of the first 14 months of the UK pandemic on the workload of the National Mycology Reference Laboratory.