bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urinary Metabolite Biomarkers for the Detection of Synthetic Cannabinoid ADB-BUTINACA Abuse
Authors: Sia Chi Hon , Wang Ziteng , Goh Evelyn Mei Ling , Tan Yen Li , Fong Ching Yee , Moy Hooi Yan , Chan Eric Chun Yong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
(S)-N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3carboxamide (ADB-BUTINACA) is an emerging synthetic cannabinoid that was first identified in Europe in 2019 and entered Singapore's drug scene in January 2020. Due to the unavailable toxicological and metabolic data, there is a need to establish urinary metabolite biomarkers for detection of ADB-BUTINACA consumption and elucidate its biotransformation pathways for rationalizing its toxicological implications.

Methods
We characterized the metabolites of ADB-BUTINACA in human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis. Enzyme-specific inhibitors and recombinant enzymes were adopted for the reaction phenotyping of ADB-BUTINACA. We further used recombinant enzymes to generate a pool of key metabolites in situ and determined their metabolic stability. By coupling in vitro metabolism and authentic urine analyses, a panel of urinary metabolite biomarkers of ADB-BUTINACA was curated.

Results
Fifteen metabolites of ADB-BUTINACA were identified with key biotransformations being hydroxylation, N-debutylation, dihydrodiol formation, and oxidative deamination. Reaction phenotyping established that ADB-BUTINACA was rapidly eliminated via CYP2C19-, CYP3A4-, and CYP3A5-mediated metabolism. Three major monohydroxylated metabolites (M6, M12, and M14) were generated in situ, which demonstrated greater metabolic stability compared to ADB-BUTINACA. Coupling metabolite profiling with urinary analysis, we identified four urinary biomarker metabolites of ADB-BUTINACA: 3 hydroxylated metabolites (M6, M11, and M14) and 1 oxidative deaminated metabolite (M15).

Conclusions
Our data support a panel of four urinary metabolite biomarkers for diagnosing the consumption of ADB-BUTINACA.
Parallel Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms for Bubble Sort, Selection Sort and Insertion Sort
Authors: Ganapathi Pramod , Chowdhury Rezaul 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We present efficient parallel recursive divide-and-conquer algorithms for bubble sort, selection sort, and insertion sort. Our algorithms have excellent data locality and are highly parallel. The computational complexity of our insertion sort is ${{\mathcal{O}}}\left ({n^{\log _2 3}}\right )$ in contrast to ${{\mathcal{O}}}\left ({n^2}\right )$ of standard insertion sort.
Dichloroacetate inhibits the degeneration of decellularized cardiovascular implants
Authors: Chekhoeva Agunda , Nakanishi Sentaro , Sugimura Yukiharu , Toshmatova Mahfuza , Assmann Anna Kathrin , Lichtenberg Artur , Akhyari Payam , Assmann Alexander 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Intima hyperplasia is a major issue of biological cardiovascular grafts resulting in progressive in vivo degeneration that particularly decreases the durability of coronary and peripheral vascular bypasses. Previously, dichloroacetate (DCA) has been reported to prevent the formation of hyperplastic intima in injured arteries. In this study, the effect of DCA on the neointima formation and degeneration of decellularized small-caliber implants was investigated in a rat model.

METHODS
Donor rat aortic grafts (n = 22) were decellularized by a detergent-based technique, surface-coated with fibronectin (50 µl ml−1, 24 h incubation) and implanted via anastomoses to the infrarenal aorta of the recipients. Rats in the DCA group (n = 12) received DCA via drinking water during the whole follow-up period (0.75 g l−1), while rats without DCA treatment served as controls (n = 10). At 2 (n = 6 + 5) and 8 (n = 6 + 5) weeks, the grafts were explanted and examined by histology and immunofluorescence.

RESULTS
Systemic DCA treatment inhibited neointima hyperplasia, resulting in a significantly reduced intima-to-media ratio (median 0.78 [interquartile range, 0.51–1.27] vs 1.49 [0.67–2.39] without DCA, P &lt; 0.001). At 8 weeks, neointima calcification, as assessed by an established von Kossa staining-based score, was significantly decreased in the DCA group (0 [0–0.25] vs 0.63 [0.06–1.44] without DCA, P &lt; 0.001). At 8 weeks, explanted grafts in both groups were luminally completely covered by an endothelial cell layer. In both groups, inflammatory cell markers (CD3, CD68) proved negative.

CONCLUSIONS
Systemic DCA treatment reduces adverse neointima hyperplasia in decellularized small-caliber arterial grafts, while allowing for rapid re-endothelialization. Furthermore, DCA inhibits calcification of the implants.
The forgotten role of food cultures
Authors: Bourdichon François , Arias Emmanuelle , Babuchowski Andrzej , Bückle Anne , Bello Fabio Dal , Dubois Aurélie , Fontana Alessandra , Fritz Duresa , Kemperman Rober , Laulund Svend , McAuliffe Olivia , Miks Marta Hanna , Papademas Photis , Patrone Vania , Sharma Dinesh K , Sliwinski Edward , Stanton Catherine , Von Ah Ueli , Yao Su , Morelli Lorenzo 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Fermentation is one of if not the oldest food processing technique, yet it is still an emerging field when it comes to its numerous mechanisms of action and potential applications. The effect of microbial activity on the taste, bioavailability and preservation of the nutrients and the different food matrices has been deciphered by the insights of molecular microbiology. Among those roles of fermentation in the food chain, biopreservation remains the one most debated. Presumably because it has been underestimated for quite a while, and only considered – based on a food safety and technological approach – from the toxicological and chemical perspective. Biopreservation is not considered as a traditional use, where it has been by design – but forgotten – as the initial goal of fermentation. The ‘modern’ use of biopreservation is also slightly different from the traditional use, due mainly to changes in cooling of food and other ways of preservation, Extending shelf life is considered to be one of the properties of food additives, classifying – from our perspective – biopreservation wrongly and forgetting the role of fermentation and food cultures. The present review will summarize the current approaches of fermentation as a way to preserve and protect the food, considering the different way in which food cultures and this application could help tackle food waste as an additional control measure to ensure the safety of the food.
A two-stage testing strategy for detecting genes×environment interactions in association studies
Authors: Zhou Jiabin , Li Shitao , Zhou Ying , Sheng Xiaona 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Identifying gene×environment (G×E) interactions, especially when rare variants are included in genome-wide association studies, is a major challenge in statistical genetics. However, the detection of G×E interactions is very important for understanding the etiology of complex diseases. Although currently some statistical methods have been developed to detect the interactions between genes and environment, the detection of the interactions for the case of rare variants is still limited. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a new method to detect the interactions between genes and environment for rare variants. In this study, we extend an existing method of adaptive combination of P-values (ADA) and design a novel strategy (called iSADA) for testing the effects of G×E interactions for rare variants. We propose a new two-stage test to detect the interactions between genes and environment in a certain region of a chromosome or even for the whole genome. First, the score statistic is used to test the associations between trait value and the interaction terms of genes and environment and obtain the original P-values. Then, based on the idea of the ADA method, we further construct a full test statistic via the P-values of the preliminary tests in the first stage, so that we can comprehensively test the interactions between genes and environment in the considered genome region. Simulation studies are conducted to compare our proposed method with other existing methods. The results show that the iSADA has higher power than other methods in each case. A GAW17 data set is also applied to illustrate the applicability of the new method.
Horizontal transmission and recombination of Wolbachia in the butterfly tribe Aeromachini Tutt, 1906 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Authors: Zhao Zimiao , Zhu Jianqing , Hoffmann Ary A , Cao Lijun , Shen Li , Fang Jie , Ma Shuojia , Liu Qunxiu , Yu Weidong , Tang Liying , Wang Yongqiang , Jiang Weibin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Wolbachia is arguably one of the most ubiquitous heritable symbionts among insects and understanding its transmission dynamics is crucial for understanding why it is so common. While previous research has studied the transmission pathways of Wolbachia in several insect lineages including Lepidoptera, this study takes advantage of data collected from the lepidopteran tribe Aeromachini in an effort to assess patterns of transmission. Twenty-one of the 46 species of Aeromachini species were infected with Wolbachia. Overall, 25% (31/125) of Aeromachini specimens tested were Wolbachia positive. All Wolbachia strains were species-specific except for the wJho strain which appeared to be shared by three host species with a sympatric distribution based on a cophylogenetic comparison between Wolbachia and the Aeromachini species. Two tests of phylogenetic congruence did not find any evidence for cospeciation between Wolbachia strains and their butterfly hosts. The cophylogenetic comparison, divergence time estimation, and Wolbachia recombination analysis revealed that Wolbachia acquisition in Aeromachini appears to have mainly occurred mainly through horizontal transmission rather than codivergence.
NPSV: A simulation-driven approach to genotyping structural variants in whole-genome sequencing data
Authors: Linderman Michael D , Paudyal Crystal , Shakeel Musab , Kelley William , Bashir Ali , Gelb Bruce D 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Structural variants (SVs) play a causal role in numerous diseases but are difficult to detect and accurately genotype (determine zygosity) in whole-genome next-generation sequencing data. SV genotypers that assume that the aligned sequencing data uniformly reflect the underlying SV or use existing SV call sets as training data can only partially account for variant and sample-specific biases.

Results
We introduce NPSV, a machine learning–based approach for genotyping previously discovered SVs that uses next-generation sequencing simulation to model the combined effects of the genomic region, sequencer, and alignment pipeline on the observed SV evidence. We evaluate NPSV alongside existing SV genotypers on multiple benchmark call sets. We show that NPSV consistently achieves or exceeds state-of-the-art genotyping accuracy across SV call sets, samples, and variant types. NPSV can specifically identify putative de novo SVs in a trio context and is robust to offset SV breakpoints.

Conclusions
Growing SV databases and the increasing availability of SV calls from long-read sequencing make stand-alone genotyping of previously identified SVs an increasingly important component of genome analyses. By treating potential biases as a “black box” that can be simulated, NPSV provides a framework for accurately genotyping a broad range of SVs in both targeted and genome-scale applications.
How can constitutional review experiments fail? Lessons from the 1925 Chilean Constitution
Authors: Verdugo Sergio 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Constitutional designers establishing a new judicial review mechanism can fail to make that mechanism a relevant instrument for checking the power of incumbent legislators or presidents. Judges may refuse to exercise their newly established powers, politicians may refuse to obey their rulings, or the judiciary may be packed, among other possible reasons. The causes can be attributed to the existence of a dominant party system, the lack of political competition, problems of institutional design, or judicial culture. This article contributes to the understanding of this problem by exploring the failed constitutional mechanism that Chilean constitutional designers established in 1925. The 1925 Chilean Constitution established the power of judicial review of legislation for the first time in Chile’s history, but the Supreme Court generally avoided to be involved in political battles. Chile had a competitive political system with frequent and regular rotation in power. The literature claims that, under these conditions, we should expect judges to be more independent and empowered, but this is not what happened in the Chilean case. Scholars studying this period of Chilean constitutional history generally associate the passivity of the Supreme Court with a legalistic culture promoting an apolitical and formalistic judicial behavior. This article claims that the narrative of judicial apoliticism served to justify, and perhaps to persuade, the Supreme Court’s choice not to intervene in politics, but more attention needs to be given to the institutional weaknesses of the judiciary of that time and to the possible strategic judicial choice.
The Varieties of Coups D’état: Introducing the Colpus Dataset
Authors: Chin John J , Carter David B , Wright Joseph G 
Published: July 2021

AbstractInterest in authoritarian politics and democratic breakdown has fueled a revival in scholarship on coups d'état. However, this research is held back by the fact that no global coup dataset captures theoretically salient information on the identity of coup-makers, their goals, and the relationship between the coup leaders and the ruling regime. We introduce the Colpus dataset, new global data on coup types and characteristics in the post–World War II era. These data introduce a typology of coups, measurement strategy, and coding procedures to differentiate between whether coups seek to preserve existing ruling coalitions (leader reshuffling coups) or significantly alter ruling coalitions (regime change coups). We show trends in coup types across time and space. Finally, we demonstrate that poverty—an established determinant of coups—only predicts regime change coups. Colpus data will be of use to scholars of political instability and conflict, regime change, leadership accountability, the political economy of democracy and dictatorship, and related topics.
Estimated pill intake with on-demand PrEP with oral TDF/FTC using TFV-DP concentration in dried blood spots in the ANRS IPERGAY trial
Authors: Goldwirt Lauriane , Bauer Rebecca , Liegeon Geoffroy , Charreau Isabelle , Delaugerre Constance , Cotte Laurent , Pialou Gilles , Cua Eric , Laghzal Aïcha , Buschman Lane , Anderson Peter L , Mourah Samia , Meyer Laurence , Molina Jean-Michel ,   the ANRS IPERGAY Study Group
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentration in dried blood spots (DBSs) is a reliable pharmacokinetics biomarker of adherence to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). We aimed to use DBSs to estimate pill intake among participants using on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and to identify predictive factors associated with higher TFV-DP concentrations.

Methods
DBSs were collected at the last study visit of the open-label phase of the ANRS IPERGAY study, assessing on-demand oral TDF/emtricitabine for PrEP among MSM and transgender female participants. We quantified TFV-DP in DBSs centrally. We assessed correlation between pill count and TFV-DP concentration by Spearman correlation and explored associations between participant demographics, sexual behaviour and PrEP use during sexual intercourse (SI) with TFV-DP concentrations by univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.

Results
The median age of the 245 participants included in this study was 40 years, with a median body weight of 73 kg. Median (IQR) TFV-DP concentration reached 517 (128–868) fmol/punch, corresponding to an estimated intake of 8–12 tablets per month (2–3 doses per week). Only 39% of participants had a TFV-DP concentration above 700 fmol/punch. TFV-DP concentrations were moderately correlated with pill count (r: 0.59; P &lt; 0.001). In multivariate analysis, only systematic use of PrEP during SI and more frequent episodes of SI in the past 4 weeks were significantly associated with higher TFV-DP levels [OR (95% CI): 11.30 (3.62–35.33) and 1.46 (1.19–1.79), respectively; P &lt; 0.001].

Conclusions
Among participants using on-demand PrEP, estimated pill intake reached 8–12 tablets per month and was correlated with frequency and systematic use of PrEP for SI.
Effect of feed restriction on dairy cow milk production: a review
Authors: Leduc Antoine , Souchet Sylvain , Gelé Marine , Le Provost Fabienne , Boutinaud Marion 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the dairy cow, negative energy balance affects milk yield and composition as well as animal health. Studying the effects of negative energy balance on dairy cow milk production is thus essential. Feed restriction (FR) experiments attempting to reproduce negative energy balance by reducing the quantity or quality of the diet were conducted in order to better describe the animal physiology changes. The study of FR is also of interest since with climate change issues, cows may be increasingly faced with periods of drought leading to a shortage of forages. The aim of this article is to review the effects of FR during lactation in dairy cows to obtain a better understanding of metabolism changes and how it affects mammary gland activity and milk production and composition. A total of 41 papers studying FR in lactating cows were used to investigate physiological changes induced by these protocols. FR protocols affect the entire animal metabolism as indicated by changes in blood metabolites such as a decrease in glucose concentration and an increase in non-esterified fatty acid or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations; hormonal regulations such as a decrease in insulin and insulin-like growth factor I or an increase in growth hormone concentrations. These variations indicated a mobilization of body reserve in most studies. FR also affects mammary gland activity through changes in gene expression and could affect mammary cell turnover through cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and exfoliation of mammary epithelial cells into milk. Because of modifications of the mammary gland and general metabolism, FR decreases milk production and can affect milk composition with decreased lactose and protein concentrations and increased fat concentration. These effects, however, can vary widely depending on the type of restriction, its duration and intensity, or the stage of lactation in which it takes place. Finally, to avoid yield loss and metabolic disorders, it is important to identify reliable biomarkers to monitor energy balance.
Evaluation of sow thermal preference across three stages of reproduction
Authors: Robbins Lindsey A , Green-Miller Angela R , Lay Donald C , Schinckel Allan P , Johnson Jay S , Gaskill Brianna N 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The metabolic heat production of modern pigs has increased by an average of 16%, compared with sows of 30 years ago. Therefore, it is likely that temperature recommendations require updating to meet the needs of modern pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether different reproductive stages of sows altered thermal preference and if current recommendations required updating. Twenty multiparous sows (3.4 ± 1.2 parity) in different reproductive stages (nonpregnant: n = 7; mid-gestation: 58.5 ± 5.68 d, n = 6; and late-gestation: 104.7 ± 2.8 d, n = 7) were tested. Thermal preference was individually tested, and sows could freely choose a temperature, using a thermal gradient between 10.4 and 30.5 °C. Sows were given 24 h to acclimate to the thermal apparatus. Before testing began, sows were given daily feed allotment and returned to the apparatus. Video from the 24-h test period was used to record sow behavior (time spent inactive), posture (upright and sternal and lateral lying), and location using instantaneous scan samples every 15 min. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. A cubic regression model was used to calculate the sow’s most preferred temperature based on the location, or temperature, in which they spent the most time. The preference range was calculated using peak temperature preference ±SE for each sow. The reproductive stage altered where sows spent their time within the thermal gradient (P &lt; 0.01). Late-gestation sows preferred cooler temperatures (14.0 °C) than mid-gestation (14.8 °C; P &lt; 0.01) and nonpregnant sows (14.8 °C; P &lt; 0.01). In summary, sow thermal preferences were within the lower half of the current recommended range (10 to 25 °C). This indicates that temperatures at the higher end of the recommended range could be uncomfortable to sows and that the thermal comfort zone of sows may be narrower than recommendations indicate.
Testicular Changes of Honey Bee Drones,Apis mellifera(Hymenoptera: Apidae), During Sexual Maturation
Authors: Klein Colby D , Kozii Ivanna V , Wood Sarah C , Koziy Roman V , Zabrodski Michael W , Dvylyuk Ihor , de Mattos Igor Medici , Moshynskyy Igor , Honaramooz Ali , Simko Elemir 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe normal developmental anatomy and histology of the reproductive tract of the honey bee drone, Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758), has been well documented. The post-emergence maturation changes of the accessory glands are likewise well understood, but the normal histological changes of the testicle undergoing physiologic atrophy are not well characterized. To address this knowledge gap, herein we describe the anatomy and sequential histological stages of normal testicular atrophy of drones sampled daily from emergence to sexual maturity in the spring (June) and early summer (July). Testicular histological changes during maturation are characterized by the following stages: I) conclusion of spermiogenesis; II) evacuation of spermatodesms from tubular lumens; III) progressive follicular cell atrophy, and IV) complete atrophy and collapse of testicular parenchyma. Tubular changes occur in a basilar to apical direction where segments closer to the vas deferens are histologically more mature than corresponding apical segments. In addition, the rate of testicular maturation was found to change with seasonal progression. This description of physiologic testicular atrophy should be useful for future studies investigating potential pathological effects of stressors on drone testes during sexual maturation.
Spray and Pour-On Acaricides Killed Tennessee (United States) Field-Collected Haemaphysalis longicornis Nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in Laboratory Bioassays
Authors: Butler R A , Chandler J G , Vail K M , Holderman C J , Trout Fryxell R T 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Asian longhorned tick) is an exotic and invasive tick species presenting a health and economic threat to the United States (U.S.) cattle industry due to its ability to transmit pathogens and infest hosts in large numbers. The objective of this study was to evaluate available products at causing H. longicornis mortality in a laboratory bioassay. The efficacy of products was evaluated at label rates using H. longicornis nymphs collected from a cattle farm in eastern Tennessee in two different bioassays (spray or dip) against untreated controls. After exposure, ticks were transferred to clean petri dishes and checked for mortality at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 24, and 48 h post exposure. No mortality occurred in the untreated controls, whereas all treated ticks were dead within 24 h of exposure (P &lt; 0.0001). These findings support the hypothesis that currently available spray and pour-on products are effective at causing H. longicornis mortality. We conclude that these acaricides can be used as a component to prevent H. longicornis dispersal and for control in the U.S.