bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criminal Law and Procedure
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The primary statute of criminal law in Japan is the Criminal Code of 1907. There are various separate laws which provide for specific crimes, generally denoted as ‘special criminal laws’. Some offences were added by way of such special laws in the recent years including the law against terrorist acts of 2019. The The Criminal Code is divided into the General Part and the Special Part. The former lays down the general principles and basic concepts of criminal law such as intention, negligence, attempt, accomplice, etc. The latter lists specific offences. Constitution guarantees the rights of defendants and suspects. Criminal procedure has become much more transparent, and better protection is given to suspects.
The Undivided Self
Authors: Charles David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aristotle initiated the systematic investigation of perception, the emotions, memory, desire, and action, developing his own account of these phenomena and their interconnection. My aim is to gain a philosophical understanding of his views and to examine how far they withstand critical scrutiny. Aristotle’s approach calls into question the way in which our, post-Cartesian, mind–body problem is set up. He was guided throughout by a conception of both the psychological and the material that was rejected by those who originally formulated and subsequently sought to address our problem. His views challenge basic aspects of today’s conventional thinking about psycho-physical phenomena and their place in a material world. They offer the resources to dissolve, rather than solve, the mind–body problem we have inherited.
Perception, Desire, and Action
Authors: Charles David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aristotle, it is argued, applied the style of account he developed for perception of sounds, colours, and tastes to the perception of objects, their size and movement, and to imagination and practical thought. His discussion of these topics is best understood, in line with the Impure Form Interpretation, as presenting them as, in the way explained, inextricably psycho-physical. It constitutes his attempt to develop an integrated picture of how perception leads to desire and to bodily action in unified, essentially and inextricably embodied human subjects. This discussion provides the basis for an understanding of his account of the distinctively human soul and its characteristic activities.
Measuring Non-Financial Forms of Capital
Authors: Cordaro Francesco , Desdoigts Alain , Geibler Justus von , Senik Claudia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 turns to the measurement of performance in delivering corporate and ecosystem purposes. The metrics are designed to capture the pain points in the ecosystem that need to be addressed and the success of the intervention in addressing them. This requires measures of non-financial as well as financial performance. The chapter provides an overview of measurements of non-financial forms of capital: natural, human, and social. In examining natural capital, it contrasts input measures that record the amount of natural resources that are used in the production process and output measures that examine the impact of the inputs on products, emissions, waste, etc. It notes that measuring inputs is in general more straightforward than outputs and it therefore argues that natural capital metrics should be constructed around inputs rather than outputs.
The Impact of Mutual Profit on Business Behaviour
Authors: Eccles Robert , Stroehle Judith 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 15 describes how Mars and Oxford University are monitoring the impact that adoption of mutual P&L management accounting is having on the management of different parts of the Mars business. Incorporating expenditures as investments in human, social, and natural capital is expected to encourage management to engage in activities that have effects on, amongst other things, sourcing supplies, packaging, and storage. It encourages the leadership to promote activities that at present are discouraged by concerns about the firm’s bottom line but in future will be recognized for what they are, namely investments in assets that contribute to the delivery of the corporate purpose. The chapter acknowledges that this process will be constrained not only by the adoption of appropriate accounting systems but also by the degree to which the firm’s financial, investment, ownership, and engagement arrangements are conducive to the adoption of innovative practices and investments.
The Impact of Mutuality on Ownership
Authors: Michie Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 17 describes how the concept of mutuality extends well beyond that of mutually owned businesses. Mars itself is entirely owned by the Mars family. Many of the companies described in the book are stock corporations with external shareholders. One of the ways in which family firms can retain a focus on the common purpose of the business after the family has withdrawn or sold out to other shareholders is through ‘industrial foundations’ that confer a substantial fraction of the ownership of firms on foundations. These are particularly commonplace in Denmark and Germany, and some of the most successful companies in the world, such as the shipping company Maersk and the media firm Bertelsmann have these ownership forms. The principle of the Economics of Mutuality is about aligning the interests of diverse parties to a common purpose. This can be adopted in companies with any type of ownership but where it takes the form of, for example, mutuals or foundations, then it creates a commitment to the common purpose that may not be observed to the same degree elsewhere.
A Taxonomy of Training Data
Authors: Sobel Benjamin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Many machine learning applications depend on unauthorized uses of copyrighted training data. Scholars and lawmakers often articulate this problem as a deficiency in copyright’s exceptions and limitations. In fact, today’s predicament results not from inadequate exceptions to copyright, but rather from two systemic features of the regime—the absence of formalities and the low threshold of copyrightable originality—combined with technology that turns routine activities into acts of authorship. This chapter taxonomizes AI applications by their training data. Four categories emerge: (1) public-domain data, (2) licensed data, (3) market-encroaching uses of copyrighted data, and (4) non-market-encroaching uses of copyrighted data. Copyright can only regulate market-encroaching uses, but these uses comprise only a narrow subset of AI, and copyright’s remedies are ill-suited to address them. The chapter concludes with a discussion of solutions to the problems it identifies. It observes that the exception for Text and Data Mining in the European Union’s Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market represents a positive development because the exception addresses structural causes of AI’s copyright problems. The TDM provision styles itself as an exception, but it may be better understood as a formality: rights holders must affirmatively reserve the right to exclude materials from training datasets. Thus, the TDM exception addresses a cause of AI’s copyright dilemma. The next step for an equitable AI framework will be to transition towards rules that not only clarify that non-market-encroaching uses do not infringe copyright, but also facilitate remunerated uses of copyrighted works for market-encroaching purposes.
Metafiction and the Postwar Novel
Authors: Dean Andrew 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book examines the origins, poetics, and capacities of self-reflexive fiction across the globe after World War II. Focusing on three authors’ careers—J. M. Coetzee, Janet Frame, and Philip Roth—it seeks to circumvent the large-scale theoretical paradigms (such as ‘postmodernism’) that have long been deployed to describe this writing. The book does so by developing new terms for discussing the intimacies of metafictional writing, derived from the writing of Miguel de Cervantes and J. L. Borges. The ‘self of writing’ refers to the figure of the author that a writer may imagine exists independently from discourse. The ‘public author as signature’ represents the public understandings of an author that emerge from biography and the author’s corpus itself. The book shows how these figures of authorship are handled by authors, as they draw on the materials offered by their own corpora and communities of readers. Sometimes, this book shows, authors invent distinctively literary ways of adjudicating enduring political debates: the responsibility of a novelist to the political aspirations of a community, the ability of the novel to pursue justice on behalf of others, and the public good that literature serves. Yet this is not a story of unmitigated success: the book also demonstrates how metafiction can be used as a way to close down interpretive schemes and to avoid contributing to public value. Through a close focus on literary environments, the book ultimately gives a finer-grained account of the history of postwar metafiction, and offers new ways of theorizing the relationship between fiction, life-writing, and literary institutions.
Faces in the Water
Authors: Dean Andrew 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how New Zealand author Janet Frame responded to both the demands of a national literature and biographical enquiry into her life. Frame in her early work courts the idea that madness provides special insight, an understanding that was read biographically by the masculine cultural nationalist coterie surrounding her at this time. However, in her later work she seeks to replace this public image with her own vision of authorship. Between two pairs of novels from the 1960s and 1970s, as well as her 1980s autobiographies, this chapter shows a dimension of metafiction that is less discussed, in which the form is used by an author to attempt to control her reception and to prescribe certain approaches. In particular, Frame would become preoccupied with an understanding of public attention as a form of contamination, and would in turn seek a purity of literary vision. The chapter closes by showing how representations of Frame’s life by biographers and film-makers, even after her death, have continued to participate in battles over the public reception of the author within New Zealand literary culture.
What’s Love Got To Do With It?
Authors: Lindheim Sara H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Octavian/Augustus, following in the footsteps of both Pompey and Caesar, relentlessly pursues territorial expansion abroad, while at home he presents the Roman people with the image of himself as unstoppable expansionist. In one otherwise unprepossessing poem Propertius makes a strikingly romantic assertion: Cynthia prima fuit, Cynthia finis erit (1.12.20). The word choice—finis—gives pause, especially when this particular elegy (1.12) and the ones with which Propertius surrounds it (1.8a, 1.8b, and 1.11) emphasize geographical space. To be more precise, they focus on Cynthia’s propensity to move through geographical space, away from the Propertian amator. Anxieties emerge from Propertius’ elegies when he imagines the individual faced with an infinite and ever-changing world. The Propertian amator struggles to establish and cling to the possibility of known and definable boundaries. He seeks to render Cynthia his finis and to anchor his self-definition to her.
Painted Worlds and Porous Walls
Authors: Lindheim Sara H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Propertius’ fourth and final book of elegies also dramatizes the anxieties that emerge when one draws a map. The false promise of order and control, of being able to determine what is “in” and differentiate it from what is “out,” what is “Roman” as opposed to what is “non-Roman” returns in the guise of an Augustan-era map that the young wife, Arethusa, consults in elegy 4.3 and of the walls around early Rome in Tarpeia’s story of transgression from elegy 4.4. Propertius intertwines cartographic fines with the fortified boundaries of the new city, until he retrospectively reconstructs the problem of porous limits as an originary one for Rome, one that does not solely spring up with the imperial expansion of the Augustan age but always already existed at the very beginnings of the city.
Time and Antiquity in American Empire
Authors: Storey Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This is a book about two empires—ancient Rome and the United States—and what happens to historical time when we think about them together. Ranging from the present day to the late eighteenth century, it tracks how the political and cultural imagination turned Roman antiquity into an object of mutual recognition—an analogy—for the imperial US state, sometimes for the sake of its justification and perpetuation, and sometimes as a tool of critique and resistance. To tackle this, it is divided into three parts: an introduction that lays out the conceptual and methodological stakes, a second part of two chapters on American empire’s political foundations—the republic and the slave—and a third on the popular genres that have stepped into America and Rome’s sometimes strange orbit: Christian fiction, travel narratives, and science fiction. But through this conjunction of literary history, classical reception studies, and the philosophy of history, this book is also a way into a more fundamental inquiry: about how we imagine both our politics and ourselves within and across historical time. Time and Antiquity in American Empire ultimately builds a new relationship between text and context, and between history and culture; one located in the oscillating, dialectical dynamics of the analogy, and in a grasp of temporality better understood through metaphors of interconnection—constellations and networks. Offering a fresh reckoning with the historicist protocols of literary study, it suggests that recognizing the forms of time that emerge when we analogize with the past is also a way of thinking about how we have read—and how we might yet, in a continuing spirit of critique, read.
Dominion without End
Authors: Storey Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The first of three chapters on specific popular genres, it considers the intimacies of religion and empire through a cluster of key texts that engage with retellings of the ancient Christian story. The chapter begins with Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ, taking the compound of Romanized spectacle and Christianized moral economy as the basis of American imperial politics. Closer consideration of three texts, separated by 130 years—by Lew Wallace, Gore Vidal, and William Ware—generates not just local case studies of how assertions of ahistorical Christian moralism have been aligned with politically contingent American sovereignty, but forms an initial claim about how “Christian fiction” more generally theorizes a specific historical temporality both inimical to conventional ideas of progress and yet wedded to American civilizational superiority.
Introduction
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Introduction describes the revitalization of one of the most controversial religious and political movements in recent American history. During a period of significant demographic and cultural change, a large number of religious and political conservatives have migrated into the Pacific Northwest. Many of these migrants are influenced by the claims of Christian Reconstruction, or “theonomy.” From their base in northern Idaho, these latter-day theonomists are developing the work of R. J. Rushdoony, Gary North, and others of the first generation of the writers of Christian Reconstruction, reiterating their optimistic view of the future, an eschatological position known as postmillennialism, as well as their expectation that the expansion of Christian influence around the world will be marked by changes in government and by a widespread return to the demands of Old Testament law.
Social Connectedness and Local Contagion
Authors: Leister C Matthew , Zenou Yves , Zhou Junjie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study a coordination game among agents in a network. The agents choose whether to take action (e.g. adopting a new technology) in an uncertain environment that yields increasing value in the actions of neighbours. We develop an algorithm that fully partitions the network into communities (coordination sets) within which agents have the same propensity to adopt. Our main finding is that a novel measure of network connectedness, which we term “social connectedness,” determines the propensity to adopt for each agent. Social connectedness captures both the number of links each agent has within her community (interconnectedness) as well as the number of links she has with members of other communities who have a higher propensity to adopt (embeddedness). There is a single coordination set if and only if the network is balanced—that is, the average degree of each subnetwork is no larger than the average degree of the network. Finally, we demonstrate that contagion is localized within coordination sets, such that a shock to an agent uniformly affects this agent and all members of her coordination set but has no impact on the other agents in the network.
Coincident rapid expansion of two SARS-CoV-2 lineages with enhanced infectivity in Nigeria
Authors: Ozer Egon A. , Simons Lacy M. , Adewumi Olubusuyi M. , Fowotade Adeola A. , Omoruyi Ewean C. , Adeniji Johnson A. , Dean Taylor J. , Zayas Janet , Bhimalli Pavan P. , Ash Michelle K. , Godzik Adam , Schneider Jeffrey R. , Mamede João I. , Taiwo Babafemi O. , Hultquist Judd F. , Lorenzo-Redondo Ramon 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced transmissibility or decreased susceptibility to immune responses is a major threat to global efforts to end the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Disparities in viral genomic surveillance capabilities and efforts have resulted in gaps in our understanding of the viral population dynamics across the globe. Nigeria, despite having the largest population of any nation in Africa, has had relatively little SARS-CoV-2 sequence data made publicly available. Here we report the whole-genome sequences of 74 SARS-CoV-2 isolates collected from individuals in Oyo State, Nigeria in January 2021. Most isolates belonged to either the B.1.1.7 Alpha “variant of concern” or the B.1.525 Eta lineage, which is currently considered a “variant of interest” containing multiple spike protein mutations previously associated with enhanced transmissibility and possible immune escape. Nigeria has the highest reported frequency of the B.1.525 lineage globally with phylogenetic characteristics consistent with a recent monophyletic origin and rapid expansion. Spike protein from the B.1.525 lineage displayed both increased infectivity and decreased neutralization by convalescent sera compared to Spike proteins from other clades. These results, along with indications that the virus is outpacing the B.1.1.7 lineage in Nigeria, suggest that the B.1.525 lineage represents another “variant of concern” and further underline the importance of genomic surveillance in undersampled regions across the globe.
Disruptions in effective connectivity within and between default mode network and anterior forebrain mesocircuit in prolonged disorders of consciousness
Authors: Coulborn Sean , Taylor Chris , Naci Lorina , Owen Adrian M. , Fernández-Espejo Davinia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecent research indicates prolonged disorders of consciousness (PDOC) result from structural and functional impairments to key cortical and subcortical networks including the default mode network (DMN) and the anterior forebrain mesocircuit (AFM). However, the specific mechanisms which underpin such impairments remain unknown. It is known that disruptions in the striatal-pallidal pathway can result in the over inhibition of the thalamus and lack of excitation to the cortex that characterises PDOC. Here, we used spectral dynamic causal modelling and parametric empirical Bayes on rs-fMRI data to assess whether DMN changes in PDOC are caused by disruptions in the AFM.PDOC patients displayed overall reduced coupling within the AFM, and specifically, decreased self-inhibition of the striatum paired with reduced coupling from striatum to thalamus. This led to loss of inhibition from AFM to DMN, mostly driven by posterior areas including the precuneus and inferior parietal cortex. In turn, the DMN showed disruptions in self-inhibition of the precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex.Our results provide support for the anterior mesocircuit model at the subcortical level but highlight an inhibitory role for the AFM over the DMN, which is disrupted in PDOC.
HIV infection is linked with reduced error-related default mode network suppression and poorer medication management abilities
Authors: Flannery Jessica S. , Riedel Michael C. , Salo Taylor , Poudel Ranjita , Laird Angela R. , Gonzalez Raul , Sutherland Matthew T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveBrain activity linked with error processing has rarely been examined among persons living with HIV (PLWH) despite importance for monitoring and modifying behaviors that could lead to adverse health outcomes (e.g., medication non-adherence, drug use, risky sexual practices). Given that cannabis (CB) use is prevalent among PLWH and impacts error processing, we assessed the influence of HIV serostatus and chronic CB use on error-related brain activity while also considering associated implications for everyday functioning and clinically-relevant disease management behaviors.MethodsA sample of 109 participants, stratified into four groups by HIV and CB (HIV+/CB+, n=32; HIV+/CB-, n=27; HIV-/CB+, n=28; HIV-/CB-, n=22), underwent fMRI scanning while completing a modified Go/NoGo paradigm called the Error Awareness Task (EAT). Participants also completed a battery of well-validated instruments including a subjective report of everyday cognitive failures and an objective measure of medication management abilities.ResultsAcross all participants, we observed expected error-related anterior insula (aI) activation which correlated with better task performance (i.e., less errors) and, among HIV-participants, fewer self-reported cognitive failures. Regarding awareness, greater insula activation as well as greater posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) deactivation were notably linked with aware (vs. unaware) errors. Regarding group effects, unlike HIV-participants, PLWH displayed a lack of error-related deactivation in two default mode network (DMN) regions (i.e., PCC, medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC]). No CB main or interaction effects were detected. Across all participants, reduced error-related PCC deactivation correlated with reduced medication management abilities and PCC deactivation mediated the effect of HIV on such abilities. More lifetime CB use was linked with reduced error-related mPFC deactivation among HIV-participants and poorer medication management across CB users.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that insufficient error-related DMN suppression linked with HIV infection, as well as chronic CB use among HIV-participants, has real-world consequences for medication management behaviors. We speculate that insufficient DMN suppression may reflect an inability to disengage task irrelevant mental operations, ultimately hindering error monitoring and behavior modification.