bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equi-Lipschitz minimizing trajectories for non coercive, discontinuous, non convex Bolza controlled-linear optimal control problems
Authors: Mariconda Carlo 
Published: November 2021

This article deals with the Lipschitz regularity of the “approximate” minimizers for the Bolza type control functional of the form
\[

J
t

(
y
,
u
)
≔

∫
t
T

Λ
(
s
,
y
(
s
)
,
u
(
s
)
)

d
s
+
g
(
y
(
T
)
)

J_t(y,u)≔\int _t^T\Lambda (s,y(s), u(s))\,ds+g(y(T))

\]
among the pairs

(
y
,
u
)

(y,u)

satisfying a prescribed initial condition

y
(
t
)
=
x

y(t)=x

, where the state

y
y

is absolutely continuous, the control

u
u

is summable and the dynamic is controlled-linear of the form

y
′

=
b
(
y
)
u

y’=b(y)u

. For

b
≡
1

b\equiv 1

the above becomes a problem of the calculus of variations. The Lagrangian

Λ
(
s
,
y
,
u
)

\Lambda (s,y,u)

is assumed to be either convex in the variable

u
u

on every half-line from the origin (radial convexity in

u
u

), or partial differentiable in the control variable and satisfies a local Lipschitz regularity on the time variable, named Condition (S). It is allowed to be extended valued, discontinuous in

y
y

or in

u
u

, and non convex in

u
u

. We assume a very mild growth condition, actually a violation of the Du Bois-Reymond–Erdmann equation for high values of the control, that is fulfilled if the Lagrangian is coercive as well as in some almost linear cases. The main result states that, given any admissible pair

(
y
,
u
)

(y,u)

, there exists a more convenient admissible pair

(

y
¯

,

u
¯

)

(\overline y, \overline u)

for

J
t

J_t

where

u
¯

\overline u

is bounded,

y
¯

\overline y

is Lipschitz, with bounds and ranks that are uniform with respect to

t
,
x

t,x

in the compact subsets of

[
0
,
T
[
×

R

n

[0,T[\times \mathbb {R}^n

. The result is new even in the superlinear case. As a consequence, there are minimizing sequences that are formed by pairs of equi-Lipschitz trajectories and equi-bounded controls. A new existence and regularity result follows without assuming any kind of Lipschitzianity in the state variable. We deduce, without any need of growth conditions, the nonoccurrence of the Lavrentiev phenomenon for a wide class of Lagrangians containing those that satisfy Condition (S), are bounded on bounded sets “well” inside the effective domain and are radially convex in the control variable. The methods are based on a reparametrization technique and do not involve the Maximum Principle.
Potato tuber-inducing activities of jasmonic acid and related-compounds (II)
Authors: Miyawaki Kanji , Inoue Shiro , Kitaoka Naoki , Matsuura Hideyuki 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
New information is being accumulated for plant-derived oxylipins, such as jasmonic acid (JA) amino acid conjugates. However, these compounds have not being examined for their activity in promoting potato tuber formation. It was found that (−)-JA had the highest activity followed cis-(−)-OPDA, (+)-4, 5-didehydroJA, cis-(+)-OPDA-l-Ile, and (−)-JA-l-Ile, -Leu, -Phe, -Val, although iso-OPDA and 3,7-didehydroJA did not exhibit activity.
Regulation of mouse primordial follicle formation by signaling through the PI3K pathway
Authors: Burton Joshua J N , Luke Amanda J , Pepling Melissa E 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCell signaling mediated by the KIT receptor is critical for many aspects of oogenesis including the proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells, as well as the survival, growth, and maturation of ovarian follicles. We previously showed that KIT regulates cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation, and in this study, have investigated the mechanisms downstream of the receptor by modulating the activity of two downstream signaling cascades: the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. E17.5 ovaries were cultured for 5 days with a daily dose of media supplemented with either the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, the MEK inhibitor U0126, or a DMSO vehicle control. Our histological observations aligned with the established role of PI3K in oocyte growth and primordial follicle activation but also revealed that LY294002 treatment delayed the processes of cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation. U0126 treatment also led to a reduction in oocyte growth and follicle development but did not appear to affect cyst breakdown. The delay in cyst breakdown was mitigated when ovaries were dually dosed with LY294002 and KITL, suggesting that while KIT may signal through PI3K to promote cyst breakdown, other signaling networks downstream of the receptor could compensate. These observations unearth a role for PI3K signaling in the establishment of the ovarian reserve and suggest that PI3K might be the primary mediator of KIT-induced cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation in the mouse ovary.
Do coping strategies really affect cardiovascular events? The Isfahan cohort study of adults in Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office
Authors: Roohafza Hamidreza , Askari Mozhde , Nouri Fatemeh , Talaei Mohammad , Sarrafzadegan Nizal , Sadeghi Masoumeh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Aims
Psychological factors are among the most suspected indicators which may cause atherosclerosis. Coping strategies modifying psychological stress may be significantly associated with health outcomes. However, little is known about the influence of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies on major adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. The purpose of this study is to examine this idea among a sample of adults. Design: cohort study.

Methods and results
The Isfahan cohort study (ICS) is a longitudinal population-based, prospective study. Participants (N=6323 individuals aged 35 years or greater at baseline) were selected by multistage random sampling with 6-year intervals (i.e. 2001: 6323 individuals, 2007: 3296 individuals, and 2013: 1706 individuals). Adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies were evaluated by a multicomponent self-administered stress management paper-based questionnaire. All CVD events were confirmed by a blinded panel of experts and a marginal cox regression model was used to model the survival data. Adaptive coping strategies could be protective against CVD events with hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) [0.97 (0.95–0.99)] and maladaptive coping strategies seem to be a risk factor, 1.02 (1.01–1.04) in the whole population. Individuals younger than 60 showed similar results, with 0.96 (0.93–0.98) and 1.04 (1.01–1.07) for adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, respectively. However, these findings were not replicated among seniors older than age 60.

Conclusion
Based on our results, coping strategies have an important role in cardiovascular events, particularly among young adults. According to the results, informing patients about adaptive stress management may promote primary prevention of CVD events.
Effects of temperature, moisture content and storage on dormancy release and germination of European hornbeam (Carpinus betulusL.) seeds
Authors: Suszka Jan , Bujarska-Borkowska Barbara , Tylkowski Tadeusz , Wawrzyniak Mikołaj Krzysztof 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMature seeds of European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) are characterized by deep physical and morphological dormancy. Although a procedure for their stratification is well developed, secondary dormancy prevents many healthy seeds from germinating, and this affects the productivity of the specie’s nursery material. The objective of this work was to determine optimal conditions for germination of European hornbeam seeds, and how to avoid the induction of their secondary dormancy. We also aimed at establishing methods for controlling the seed germination prior to sowing. Harvested nuts were stratified in a substrate at 20°/3°C for 4 + 16–18 weeks. Following stratification, the seeds were dried up to 25, 20, 15 and 10 per cent moisture content or frozen in the substrate at −3°C for 8, 16 or 32 weeks. The seeds dried up to 10 and 15 per cent moisture content were also stored at −3°C for 8, 16 and 32 weeks. After stratification, drying, storing and freezing, the seeds were germinated at the laboratory at 20°C and 3/20°C (16 + 8 h). However, reliable germination results were only achieved when the seeds not germinating at the above listed temperatures were additionally germinated at 3°C. Poor germination at 20° and 3/20°C was due to the induction of secondary dormancy. Stratified seeds of European hornbeam were found sensitive to dehydration. Their viability decreased considerably, particularly after drying up to 10 per cent moisture content, and in the seeds dried to 15 per cent the viability further decreased during storage. The seeds that were not dried but frozen at −3°C after stratification retained their germination ability for at least 16 weeks. Our results shows dual effects of temperature on germination control of hornbeam seeds. In laboratory practice applying temperature cycles of 3°/20°C at 16/8 h intervals is recommended to avoid the induction of secondary dormancy.
Proteasome-mediated degradation of keratins 7, 8, 17 and 18 by mutant KLHL24 in a foetal keratinocyte model: Novel insight in congenital skin defects and fragility of epidermolysis bullosa simplex with cardiomyopathy
Authors: Logli Elena , Marzuolo Elisa , D’Agostino Marco , Conti Libenzio Adrian , Lena Anna Maria , Diociaiuti Andrea , Dellambra Elena , Has Cristina , Cianfanelli Valentina , Zambruno Giovanna , El Hachem May , Magenta Alessandra , Candi Eleonora , Condorelli Angelo Giuseppe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEpidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) with cardiomyopathy (EBS-KLHL24) is an EBS subtype caused by dominantly inherited, gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding for the ubiquitin-ligase KLHL24, which addresses specific proteins to proteasomal degradation. EBS-KLHL24 patients are born with extensive denuded skin areas and skin fragility. Whilst skin fragility rapidly ameliorates, atrophy and scarring develop over time, accompanied by life-threatening cardiomyopathy. To date, pathogenetic mechanisms underlying such a unique disease phenotype are not fully characterized. The basal keratin 14 (K14) has been indicated as a KLHL24 substrate in keratinocytes. However, EBS-KLHL24 pathobiology cannot be determined by the mutation-enhanced disruption of K14 alone, as K14 is similarly expressed in foetal and postnatal epidermis and its protein levels are preserved both in vivo and in vitro disease models. In this study, we focused on foetal keratins as additional KLHL24 substrates. We showed that K7, K8, K17 and K18 protein levels are markedly reduced via proteasome degradation in normal foetal keratinocytes transduced with the mutant KLHL24 protein (ΔN28-KLHL24) as compared to control cells expressing the wild-type form. In addition, heat stress led to keratin network defects and decreased resilience in ΔN28-KLHL24 cells. The KLHL24-mediated degradation of foetal keratins could contribute to congenital skin defects in EBS-KLHL24. Furthermore, we observed that primary keratinocytes from EBS-KLHL24 patients undergo accelerated clonal conversion with reduced colony forming efficiency (CFE) and early replicative senescence. Finally, our findings pointed out a reduced CFE in ΔN28-KLHL24-transduced foetal keratinocytes as compared to controls, suggesting that mutant KLHL24 contributes to patients’ keratinocyte clonogenicity impairment.
Drug resistance profiles and influencing factors among HIV-infected children and adolescents receiving long-term ART: a multicentre observational study in China
Authors: Yan Liting , Yu Fengting , Liang Jiangming , Cheng Yuewu , Li Huiqin , Zhao Qingxia , Chen Jinfeng , Chen Meiling , Guo Jing , Zhao Hongxin , Zhang Fujie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To analyse the characteristics and determinants of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in HIV-infected children and adolescents on long-term ART in China.

Methods
An observational cohort study was conducted in five centres. All participants younger than 15 years at ART initiation were screened, and those identified as having virological failure (VF) with viral load (VL) ≥ 400 copies/mL were included for genotypic resistance testing. Logistic regression analysis was performed and the accumulation of major mutations was analysed in a subgroup of resistant individuals with complete VL results since HIV diagnosis.

Results
Among 562 eligible participants, protease and RT regions were successfully amplified for 93 who failed treatment with a median of 10.0 years ART. Sixty-eight (73.1%) harboured ≥1 major mutations. NRTI, NNRTI and dual-class resistance accounted for 48.4%, 63.4% and 38.7%, respectively. Only 3.2% were resistant to PIs. Age at ART initiation [adjusted OR (aOR) = 0.813, 95% CI 0.690–0.957], subtype B (aOR = 4.378, 95% CI 1.414–13.560) and an initial NNRTI-based regimen (aOR = 3.331, 95% CI 1.180–9.402) were independently associated with DRMs. Among 40 resistant participants with additional VL data, 55.0% had continued VF on a suboptimal regimen and the estimated duration of VF was positively correlated with the total number of major mutations (r = 0.504, P = 0.001).

Conclusions
The development of DRMs was common in children and adolescents receiving long-term treatment, and continued VF was prevalent in those with resistance. Timely genotypic testing and new child-friendly formulations are therefore urgently required.
Characteristics of elastic wave dispersion and attenuation induced by microcracks in complex anisotropic media
Authors: Li Xiaobin , Yan Jianguo , Qi Qiaomu , Xie Rui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe mechanism of dispersion and attenuation induced by fluid flow among pores and microcracks in rocks is an important research topic in geophysical domain. A generalised frequency-dependent fourth-rank tensor is proposed and derived herein by combining Sayers's discontinuity tensor formula and Gurevich's squirt flow model. Furthermore, a proposed method for establishing a cracked model with cracks embedded in a transversely isotropic (TI) background medium is developed. Based on the new formulation, we investigate the characteristics of dispersion, attenuation and azimuthal anisotropy of three commonly encountered vertical crack distributions, including aligned cracks, monoclinic cracks and cracks with partial random orientations. We validate the developed model by comparing its predictions with those of the classic anisotropic squirt flow model for an aligned crack. The numerical analyses indicate that the azimuth is independent of frequency when the maximum attenuation is observed for all three crack distributions. In a low-frequency range in the case of an anisotropic background, the attenuation of the qP-wave is inversely proportional to velocity, whereas the attenuation of the qSV-wave is proportional to velocity. In addition, the inherent anisotropy of the rock does not significantly affect the dispersion and attenuation owing to squirt flow. Finally, to investigate the applicability of the theory, we model laboratory data of a synthetic porous sandstone with aligned cracks. Overall, the models agree well with laboratory data. The complex characteristics determined through this study may be useful for the seismic characterisation of fractured reservoirs.
The Effect of Streaming Chat on Perceptions of Political Debates
Authors: Asbury-Kimmel Victoria , Chang Keng-Chi , McCabe Katherine T , Munger Kevin , Ventura Tiago 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBroadcast media consumption is becoming more social. Many online video “livestreams” come with embedded livestreaming chatboxes, uniting the on-screen and social components. We investigate how streaming chat shapes perceptions of political events. We conducted a field experiment during the September 2019 Democratic Primary Debate where subjects were assigned to view the debate with or without streaming chat. We use text analyses to characterize the frequency, toxicity, and tone of comments in the chat. Our experimental findings indicate that Democratic subjects assigned to the Facebook (social) chat condition reported lower affect toward Democrats and a worse viewing experience, aligned with the toxic and overwhelming nature of the chat. The polarity of candidate-directed comments also influenced candidate evaluations and perceived performance in the polls. This suggests that consumers of mass media will be both more immediately affected by social feedback and likely to make inferences about the experiences of their fellow consumers.
Spectrophotometric azole and amphotericin B MIC readings against Aspergillus fumigatus sensu lato using the EUCAST 9.3.2 methodology. Are ≥90 and ≥95% fungal growth inhibition endpoints equally suitable?
Authors: Serrano-Lobo Julia , Gómez Ana , Muñoz Patricia , Escribano Pilar , Guinea Jesús 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We recently reported high essential (97.1%) and categorical (99.6%) agreements between azole and amphotericin B MICs against Aspergillus fumigatus sensu lato obtained by visual and spectrophotometric readings using a ≥ 95% fungal growth endpoint and following the EUCAST methodology (doi: 10.1128/AAC.01693-20). Here, we compared the aforementioned MICs against spectrophotometric MIC readings obtained using a ≥ 90% inhibition endpoint. Spectrophotometric readings using either ≥ 90% or ≥ 95% fungal growth inhibition resulted in high categorical (&gt;99.9%) agreements with visual MIC readings against A. fumigatus sensu stricto. In contrast, agreements with visual MICs against cryptic species were higher with the use of a ≥ 95% fungal growth inhibition endpoint.

Lay Summary
Spectrophotometrically obtained MIC readings using either ≥ 90% or ≥ 95% fungal growth inhibition endpoints and following the EUCAST methodology are suitable against A. fumigatus sensu stricto. However, the ≥ 95% fungal growth inhibition endpoint is preferred against cryptic species.
Rotation and deformation of strangeon stars in the Lennard-Jones model
Authors: Gao Yong , Lai Xiao-Yu , Shao Lijing , Xu Ren-Xin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The strong interactions at low energy scales determine the state of the supranuclear matter in the pulsar-like compact objects. It is proposed that the bulk strong matter could be composed of strangeons, which are quark clusters with a nearly equal number of three light-flavor quarks. In this work, to characterize the strong-repulsive interactions at short distances and the non-relativistic nature of the strangeons, the Lennard-Jones model is used to describe the equation of state (EoS) of strangeon stars (SSs). We investigate the static, the slowly rotating, and the tidally deformed SSs in detail. The corrections resulted from the finite surface densities are considered crucially in the perturbative approaches. We also study the universal relations between the moments of inertia, the tidal deformabilities, and the quadrupole moments. Those results are ready to be used for various purposes in astrophysics, and possible constraints from contemporary observations on the parameter space of the Lennard-Jones model are discussed. Future observations of the pulsars’ radio signals, the X-ray emissions from the hot spots on the surface of the stars, and the gravitational waves (GWs) from binary mergers can give tighter constraints or even verify or falsify the existence of SSs.
Model-independent reconstruction of cosmological accelerated–decelerated phase
Authors: Capozziello Salvatore , Dunsby Peter K S , Luongo Orlando 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We propose two model-independent methods to obtain constraints on the transition and equivalence redshifts, ztr and zeq, respectively. In particular, we consider ztr as the onset of cosmic acceleration, whereas zeq the redshift at which the densities of dark energy and pressureless matter are equated. With this prescription, we expand the Hubble and deceleration parameters up to two hierarchical orders and show a linear correlation between transition and equivalence, from which we propose exclusion plots where zeq is not allowed to span. To this end, we discuss how to build up cosmographic expansions in terms of ztr and compute the corresponding observable quantities by directly fitting the luminosity and angular distances and the Hubble rate with cosmic data. We make our computations through Monte Carlo fits involving Type Ia supernova, baryonic acoustic oscillation, and Hubble most recent data catalogues. We show that at 1σ confidence level the Lambda cold dark matter predictions on ztr and zeq are slightly confirmed, although at 2σ confidence level dark energy expectations cannot be excluded. Finally, we theoretically interpret our outcomes and discuss possible limitations of our overall approach.
The complex intracluster medium of Abell 1569 and its interaction with central radio galaxies
Authors: Tiwari Juhi , Singh Kulinder Pal 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the first in-depth study of X-ray emission from a nearby (z ∼ 0.0784) galaxy cluster Abell 1569 using an archival Chandra observation. A1569 consists of two unbound subclusters – a northern subcluster (A1569N) hosting a double-lobed radio galaxy 1233+169 at its centre, and a southern subcluster (A1569S) harbouring a wide-angle-tailed (WAT) radio source 1233+168. X-ray emission from A1569N and A1569S extends to a radius r ∼248 kpc and r ∼370 kpc, respectively, indicating that the two gas clumps are group-scale systems. The two subclusters have low X-ray luminosities (∼1042–43 erg s−1), average elemental abundances ∼1/4 Z⊙, low average temperatures (∼2 keV), and lack large (r ≳ 40–50 kpc) cool cores associated with the intracluster gas. We detect a pair of cavities coincident with the radio lobes of 1233+169 in A1569N. The total mechanical power associated with the cavity pair is an order of magnitude larger than the X-ray radiative loss in the cavity-occupied region, providing corroborating evidence for cavity-induced heating of the intragroup gas in A1569N. A1569S exhibits possible evidence for a small-scale cluster-subcluster merger, as indicated by its high central entropy, and the presence of local gas elongation and a density discontinuity in between the bent radio tails of 1233+168. The discontinuity is indicative of a weak merger shock with Mach Number, M ∼ 1.7. The most plausible geometry for the ongoing interaction is a head-on merger occurring between A1569S and a subcluster falling in from the west along the line bisecting the WAT tails.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma In Situ: No More Serendipity?
Authors: Brem Candice E. , Wolpowitz Deon , Chang Kyung Hee , Bhawan Jag 
Published: November 2021

Abstract:
A 50-year-old man, with a history of extensive sun exposure and multiple previous non-melanoma skin cancers, presented with an asymptomatic 8-× 10-millimeter scaly, skin-colored papule on his right shoulder. Subsequent biopsy and excision revealed epidermal hyperplasia containing large atypical basaloid cells with pagetoid spread. Immunoperoxidase staining for cytokeratin-20 demonstrated a focal perinuclear dot-like pattern, and after excluding other in situ entities, a diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma In Situ (MCCIS) was rendered. MCCIS is a very rare entity. Although approximately 18% of Merkel cell carcinomas have epidermal involvement, currently only 17 cases of MCCIS have been reported, of which only 7 had no associated neoplasm. Previously, MCCIS was considered a serendipitous or incidental finding, as most cases co-existed with squamous cell carcinoma in situ. This case is unique in that it was not associated with a squamous lesion, and in addition, the pagetoid spread was unusual and has only occasionally been described. As such, MCCIS should be added to list of in situ epidermal lesions with pagetoid spread.