bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of large herbivores on fire regimes and wildfire mitigation
Authors: Rouet‐Leduc Julia , Pe'er Guy , Moreira Francisco , Bonn Aletta , Helmer Wouter , Shahsavan Zadeh Shahin A. A. , Zizka Alexander , van der Plas Fons 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Abandonment of agricultural land is widespread in many parts of the world, leading to shrub and tree encroachment. The increase of flammable plant biomass, that is, fuel load, increases the risk and intensity of wildfires. Fuel reduction by herbivores is a promising management strategy to avoid fuel build‐up and mitigate wildfires. However, their effectiveness in mitigating wildfire damage may depend on a range of factors, including herbivore type, population density and feeding patterns.

Here, we review the evidence on whether management with herbivores can reduce fuel load and mitigate wildfires, and if so, how to identify suitable management that can achieve fire mitigation objectives while providing other ecosystem services. We systematically reviewed studies that investigated links between herbivores, fire hazard, fire frequency and fire damage.

We found that, in general, herbivores reduce fuel load most effectively when they are mixed feeders, when grazing and browsing herbivores are combined and when herbivore food preferences match the local vegetation. In some cases, the combination of herbivory with other management strategies, such as mechanical clearing, is necessary to reduce wildfire damage.

Synthesis and Applications. We conclude that herbivores have the capacity to mitigate wildfire damage, and we provide guidance for grazing management for wildfire mitigation strategies. As areas undergoing land abandonment are particularly prone to wildfires, the maintenance or promotion of grazing by domestic or wild herbivores is a promising tool to reduce wildfire risk in a cost‐effective way, while also providing other ecosystem services. Relevant land‐use policies, including fire suppression policies, agricultural and forest(ry) policies could incentivise the use of herbivores for better wildfire prevention.
Exploiting the chemical composition of essential oils from Psidium cattleianum and Psidium guajava and its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties
Authors: de Souza Weysser Felipe Cândido , de Lucena Fernando Azevedo , de Castro Ruann Janser Soares , de Oliveira Cybelle Pereira , Quirino Max Rocha , Martins Laésio Pereira 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe genus Psidium comprises several native Brazilian plants, such as the araçá and guava trees. They are interesting sources of essential oils (EOs) that can be used as natural preservatives in foods due to their bioactive properties. This work aimed to evaluate and correlate the biological properties of the EOs from araçá and guava leaves with their chemical compounds. The gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of EOs. The antimicrobial activity was tested against 16 foodborne pathogens and the antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The major compounds identified in the essential oil of araçá (EOA) were β‐caryophyllene and β‐elemene, representing 38.69% and 7.47%, respectively, whereas β‐selinene (13.83%), α‐humulene (10.90%), and β‐caryophyllene (7.61%) were the major compounds identified in the essential oil of guava (EOG). Both EOs showed activity against Salmonella Enteritidis, with MIC being 1.41 µg/ml for the EOA and 1.37 µg/ml for the EOG. The EOA was more effective than the EOG against strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the MIC being 1.41 µg/ml. The EOA showed 10.43, 12.35, and 3.92 µmol TE/ml at 90 µg/ml whereas the EOG showed 4.54, 8.94, and 3.43 µmol TE/ml at 88 µg/ml for ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, respectively. Thus, the EOs demonstrated an effective action against foodborne pathogens and free radicals, indicative of their potential use as natural preservatives for foods.Practical ApplicationGuava and araçá are native Brazilian plants producers of essential oils, natural compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. The chemical composition of essential oils is responsible for its beneficial properties. The results demonstrated that the essential oils studied are rich in β‐caryophyllene and has excellent activity against malefic microorganisms and free radicals, and can also be used as natural preservatives in foods.
Alcohol use disorder severity moderates clinical response to varenicline
Authors: Donato Suzanna , Green ReJoyce , Ray Lara A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn a multisite clinical trial, varenicline was effective in reducing drinking in both smoking and non‐smoking patients with alcohol dependence. Because alcohol use disorder (AUD) is heterogeneous, research aimed at characterizing features associated with treatment response could advance personalized pharmacotherapy. The current study examined the utility of a multidimensional assessment of AUD severity to identify responders to varenicline treatment.MethodsThe study utilized data from a 13‐week, Phase 2, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multisite trial of varenicline in 200 alcohol‐dependent patients. Four hypothesized measures of AUD severity (i.e., DSM‐IV criterion count, withdrawal, craving, and alcohol‐related consequences) were combined into a single severity factor. A series of multilevel models that included the severity factor were conducted to examine its effects on treatment outcomes.ResultsAll hypothesized indices of AUD severity loaded significantly onto a singular severity factor. Among low‐severity groups, varenicline treatment significantly reduced drinking (i.e., percent heavy drinking days, drinks per day, and drinks per drinking day) and, in the lowest severity group, it improved the mental health component of quality of life more than placebo. The most severe group showed no differences between the varenicline and placebo groups on drinking or quality of life measures.ConclusionsTreatment response to varenicline may be greater among individuals with less‐severe AUD, as evidenced by both reductions in drinking outcomes and improvements in psychosocial functioning.
Maternal and offspring genetic risk score analyses of fetal alcohol exposure and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder risk in offspring
Authors: Haan Elis , Sallis Hannah M. , Ystrom Eivind , Njølstad Pål Rasmus , Andreassen Ole A. , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Munafò Marcus R. , Havdahl Alexandra , Zuccolo Luisa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies investigating the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on childhood attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms using conventional observational designs have reported inconsistent findings, which may be affected by unmeasured confounding and maternal and fetal ability to metabolize alcohol. We used genetic variants from the alcohol metabolizing genes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), as proxies for fetal alcohol exposure to investigate their association with risk of offspring ADHD symptoms around age 7–8 years.MethodsWe used data from 3 longitudinal pregnancy cohorts: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Generation R study (GenR), and the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study (MoBa). Genetic risk scores (GRS) for alcohol use and metabolism using 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from ADH and ALDH genes were calculated for mothers (NALSPAC = 8196; NMOBA = 13,614), fathers (NMOBA = 13,935), and offspring (NALSPAC=8,237; NMOBA=14,112; NGENR=2,661). Associations between maternal GRS and offspring risk of ADHD symptoms were tested in the full sample to avoid collider bias. Offspring GRS analyses were stratified by maternal drinking status.ResultsThe pooled estimate in maternal GRS analyses adjusted for offspring GRS in ALSPAC and MoBa was OR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.97–1.02. The pooled estimate in offspring GRS analyses stratified by maternal drinking status across all the cohorts was as follows: ORDRINKING = 0.98, 95% CI 0.94–1.02; ORNO DRINKING = 0.99, 95% CI 0.97–1.02. These findings remained similar after accounting for maternal genotype data in ALSPAC and maternal and paternal genotype data in MoBa.ConclusionsWe did not find evidence for a causal effect of fetal alcohol exposure on risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring. The results may be affected by limited power to detect small effects and outcome assessment.
Patient and provider factors associated with receipt and delivery of brief interventions for unhealthy alcohol use in primary care
Authors: Lu Yun , Chi Felicia W. , Parthasarathy Sujaya , Palzes Vanessa A. , Kline‐Simon Andrea H. , Metz Verena E. , Weisner Constance , Satre Derek D. , Campbell Cynthia I. , Elson Joseph , Ross Thekla B. , Awsare Sameer V. , Sterling Stacy A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundUnhealthy alcohol use is a serious and costly public health problem. Alcohol screening and brief interventions are effective in reducing unhealthy alcohol consumption. However, rates of receipt and delivery of brief interventions vary significantly across healthcare settings, and relatively little is known about the associated patient and provider factors.MethodsThis study examines patient and provider factors associated with the receipt of brief interventions for unhealthy alcohol use in an integrated healthcare system, based on documented brief interventions in the electronic health record. Using multilevel logistic regression models, we retrospectively analyzed 287,551 adult primary care patients (and their 2952 providers) who screened positive for unhealthy drinking between 2014 and 2017.ResultsWe found lower odds of receiving a brief intervention among patients exceeding daily or weekly drinking limits (vs. exceeding both limits), females, older age groups, those with higher medical complexity, and those already diagnosed with alcohol use disorders. Patients with other unhealthy lifestyle activities (e.g., smoking, no/insufficient exercise) were more likely to receive a brief intervention. We also found that female providers and those with longer tenure in the health system were more likely to deliver brief interventions.ConclusionsThese findings point to characteristics that can be targeted to improve universal receipt of brief intervention.
Metabolomics can provide new insights into perinatal nutrition
Authors: Pintus Roberta , Dessì Angelica , Mussap Michele , Fanos Vassilios 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPerinatal nutrition is a key factor related to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease hypothesis, which states that each and every event that happens during the periconceptional period and pregnancy can affect the health status of an individual. Metabolomics can be a very useful tool for gathering information about the effect of perinatal nutrition on both mothers and newborn infants. This non‐systematic review focuses on the main metabolites detected by this technique, with regard to gestational diabetes, intrauterine growth restriction and breast milk. Conclusion. Nutrition, metabolome and microbiome interactions are gaining interest in the scientific community.
Six simple steps towards making GEES fieldwork more accessible and inclusive
Authors: Lawrence Anya , Dowey Natasha 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFieldwork is a defining aspect of Physical Geography, Earth and Environmental Science (GEES) programme curricula. At its best, fieldwork offers students valuable opportunities to develop independent research skills in real‐world situations, examine analogues for a range of scientific concepts, and socialise with peers. It offers experiences that are challenging to replicate using virtual/remote learning. However, at its worst, traditional fieldwork practice and culture can present barriers to access and hostile environments that epitomise the broader equity, diversity, and inclusivity problems faced by GEES disciplines. With the role of fieldwork increasingly being called into question, here we promote simple adaptations that can make fieldwork more accessible and enjoyable for all.
The locomotion of extinct secondarily aquatic tetrapods
Authors: Gutarra Susana , Rahman Imran A. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTThe colonisation of freshwater and marine ecosystems by land vertebrates has repeatedly occurred in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals over the course of 300 million years. Functional interpretations of the fossil record are crucial to understanding the forces shaping these evolutionary transitions. Secondarily aquatic tetrapods have acquired a suite of anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations to locomotion in water. However, much of this information is lost for extinct clades, with fossil evidence often restricted to osteological data and a few extraordinary specimens with soft tissue preservation. Traditionally, functional morphology in fossil secondarily aquatic tetrapods was investigated through comparative anatomy and correlation with living functional analogues. However, in the last two decades, biomechanics in palaeobiology has experienced a remarkable methodological shift. Anatomy‐based approaches are increasingly rigorous, informed by quantitative techniques for analysing shape. Moreover, the incorporation of physics‐based methods has enabled objective tests of functional hypotheses, revealing the importance of hydrodynamic forces as drivers of evolutionary innovation and adaptation. Here, we present an overview of the latest research on the locomotion of extinct secondarily aquatic tetrapods, with a focus on amniotes, highlighting the state‐of‐the‐art experimental approaches used in this field. We discuss the suitability of these techniques for exploring different aspects of locomotory adaptation, analysing their advantages and limitations and laying out recommendations for their application, with the aim to inform future experimental strategies. Furthermore, we outline some unexplored research avenues that have been successfully deployed in other areas of palaeobiomechanical research, such as the use of dynamic models in feeding mechanics and terrestrial locomotion, thus providing a new methodological synthesis for the field of locomotory biomechanics in extinct secondarily aquatic vertebrates. Advances in imaging technology and three‐dimensional modelling software, new developments in robotics, and increased availability and awareness of numerical methods like computational fluid dynamics make this an exciting time for analysing form and function in ancient vertebrates.
Predictive value of chart‐based frailty evaluation for lung transplant candidates
Authors: Gee Serina , Lee Yoon , Shah Aloukika , Izadmehr Ehsan , Belperio John , Shino Yusaku , Weigt Sam , Goldwater Deena , Schaenman Joanna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFrailty, defined as a state of decreased physiologic reserve, has been correlated with poorer outcomes after hospitalization or surgery. Studies in lung transplant patients have associated frailty with an increased risk of post‐transplant mortality; however, a unified approach is lacking. The identification of frail patients can help clinicians pre‐emptively target modifiable risk factors and may facilitate risk stratification. The Frailty Risk Score (FRS) is a chart review‐based approach based on eight symptoms and four laboratory biomarkers. We applied this method in a retrospective study to investigate its utility in predicting post‐transplant lung outcomes. Eighty‐four lung transplant recipients were evaluated, including 51 older (≥ 60) and 33 younger (< 60) patients. Median FRS score was 3.9, with 63 categorized as frail (75%) and 21 as non‐frail (25%), using a previously published cut‐off of ≥3 to define frailty. A high FRS was associated with readmission in the first year after transplantation and with the number of readmissions. There was also an association between FRS score and death (p = .047). FRS may be a viable tool in the assessment of lung transplant candidates. Frail patients may benefit from earlier referral and targeted therapy prior to transplant, as well as close post‐transplant follow‐up.
Has increasing internet use due to smartphone uptake contributed to the decline in adolescent smoking?
Authors: Ball Jude , Zhang Jane , Stanley James , Waa Andrew , Gurram Niveditha , Edwards Richard 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe emergence of low‐cost smartphone technology has coincided with major declines in adolescent smoking and other risk behaviours. This study explores the relationship between internet use and smoking in adolescents and investigates whether rising internet use contributed to the decline in smoking between 2012 and 2018.MethodsData were drawn from a nationally representative New Zealand survey of students aged 14–15 (N = 11 299), conducted biennially between 2012 and 2018. We used logistic regression to explore the association between internet use and smoking and test whether increasing time on the internet was associated with declining adolescent smoking over the study period.ResultsThe proportion of students spending 5+ hours per day online increased from 15% to 35%. Heavy internet use was not a protective factor for smoking at the individual level. In 2016/2018, some types of past week internet use were associated with decreased risk of smoking (e.g. doing schoolwork, finding out about news), some were associated with increased risk (e.g. social media use) and others appeared to have no association with smoking (e.g. gaming, online shopping). The relative risk of smoking was lower in 2018 relative to 2012 (relative risk 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.51, 0.90, after adjustment for demographic factors). Adding internet use to the model did not help to account for smoking decline.Discussion and ConclusionsWe found no evidence that increasing time spent on the internet during the 2012–2018 period (during which smartphones became ubiquitous) contributed to the decline in adolescent smoking.
Nineteenth‐century mortality trends: a reply to Szreter and Mooney†
Authors: Davenport Romola J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn a recent article in this journal I challenged Szreter and Mooney's account of a mortality crisis in English industrial and manufacturing cities in the periodc. 1830–1850. I argued, first, that there was no robust evidence for a major fall in urban life expectancies in this period; second, that there was evidence for a rise in mortality in early childhood, but that this rise occurred in rural as well as urban populations, and persisted until the 1860s; and third, that an increase in virulence of scarlet fever made a major contribution to this rise. Szreter and Mooney contested these conclusions on two main grounds: that my methodology for estimating urban life expectancies differed from theirs; and that the geography and chronology of scarlet fever patterns did not fit those of early childhood mortality. Here I demonstrate that these criticisms are invalid. Using their methodology I still find no evidence for a dramatic drop in urban life expectancies in the 1830s–40s. I also present new evidence that scarlet fever was a major cause of childhood mortality by the late 1830s and 1840s, in rural as well as urban populations, and could therefore account for the observed rise in early childhood mortality in this period.
Little evidence for an effect of the rubber hand illusion on basic movement
Authors: Reader Arran T. , Trifonova Victoria S. , Ehrsson H. Henrik 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBody ownership refers to the distinct sensation that our observed body belongs to us, which is believed to stem from multisensory integration. This is commonly shown through the rubber hand illusion (RHI), which induces a sense of ownership over a false limb. Whilst the RHI may interfere with object‐directed action and alter motor cortical activity, it is not yet clear whether a sense of ownership over an artificial hand has functional consequences for movement production per se. As such, we performed two motion‐tracking experiments (n = 117) to examine the effects of the RHI on the reaction time, acceleration, and velocity of rapid index finger abduction. We observed little convincing evidence that the induction of the RHI altered these kinematic variables. Moreover, the subjective sensations of rubber hand ownership, referral of touch, and agency did not convincingly correlate with kinematic variables, and nor did proprioceptive drift, suggesting that changes in body representation elicited by the RHI may not influence basic movement. Whilst experiment 1 suggested that individuals reporting a greater sensation of the real hand disappearing performed movements with smaller acceleration and velocity following illusion induction, we did not replicate this effect in a second experiment, suggesting that these effects may be small or not particularly robust. Overall, these results indicate that manipulating the conscious experience of body ownership has little impact on basic motor control, at least in the RHI with healthy participants.
Unilateral jugular vein stenosis in five horses and experience with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
Authors: Paulussen Ellen , Decloedt Annelies , Vera Lisse , Lefere Laurence , van Loon Gunther 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundVenous stenosis, a possible cause of jugular dilatation and congestion, is well known in human medicine but has poorly been described in horses.ObjectiveTo report unilateral jugular vein stenosis as a cause of jugular vein dilatation in horses and describe treatment by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).Study designCase report.MethodsDetails of horses diagnosed with unilateral jugular stenosis were retrieved from medical records.ResultsFive horses were presented with a non‐painful, unilateral dilatation of the jugular vein of which two horses showed headshaking during exercise. In one horse an indwelling catheter had been used and jugular dilatation developed 4 weeks later. In the other horses, no intravenous injections had been administered in the months before jugular dilatation developed. Ultrasonographic examination revealed venous stenosis in all horses approximately 5‐10 cm cranial to the thoracic inlet. The internal diameter at the level of this stenosis was only 1‐3.1 mm. The length of the stenosis was about 15‐19 mm with a markedly thickened intima and media on ultrasonography. After enoxaparin treatment, PTA was performed in three horses. During the procedure the stenotic vein was dilated three times with progressively increasing pressures up to 12 atm. The stenotic diameter increased to a maximum of 4.9 mm with improved jugular blood flow. Aftercare included anti‐inflammatory and anti‐thrombotic therapy.ConclusionJugular vein stenosis occurs in horses and should be included in the differential diagnoses of unilateral jugular vein dilatation. It may present in the absence of previous intravenous treatment. PTA of the jugular vein is feasible to improve jugular blood flow.
Generativity: A systematic review and conceptual framework
Authors: Thomas Llewellyn D. W. , Tee Richard 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe construct of generativity is increasingly adopted to describe system innovation in digital contexts. We systematically review this construct, investigating its antecedents, processes and outcomes in management studies. We draw on different theoretical perspectives to develop an integrative conceptual framework. We argue that generativity is a sociotechnical system where social and technical elements interact to facilitate combinatorial innovation, and where generative fit and governance play a central role. Based on our bibliometric and qualitative analysis, we identify seven components of generativity: generative architecture, generative governance, generative community, generative fit, combinatorial innovation, generative outcomes and generative feedback. We integrate these components into a conceptual framework that describes the relationships among the components and how they collectively result in ecosystem innovation. We also elucidate future research directions for management scholars.