bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the impact of plain packaging of tobacco products on cardiovascular disease in Argentina
Authors: Salgado M. Victoria , Penko Joanne , Fernandez Alicia , Mejia Raul 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionTobacco packaging design is conceived to be attractive. Plain packaging of tobacco products reduces this attractiveness by standardising their shape, size, font and colours.MethodsTo evaluate the effect of applying plain packaging to tobacco products on cardiovascular events and mortality in Argentina, we used the Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model–Argentina, a local adaptation of a well-established computer simulation model that projects cardiovascular and mortality events for the population 35–94 years old using local demographic and consumption data, during the period 2015–2024. After a literature review, we estimated that the implementation of plain packaging of tobacco products would result in an absolute decrease in tobacco prevalence of 0.55% (base-case scenario) and performed a sensitivity analysis assuming a higher and lower decrease of 1.01% and 0.095%, respectively.ResultsOver the 2015–2024 period, the decrease in smoking prevalence associated with plain packaging (0.55%) is projected to avert 1880 myocardial infarctions (MI), 820 strokes and 4320 total deaths in Argentina. The higher estimate of smoking prevalence reduction (1.01%) would translate into 3450 fewer MIs, 1490 fewer strokes and 7920 fewer deaths, while the lower estimate of smoking prevalence reduction (0.095%) would result in 330 fewer MIs, 140 fewer strokes and 750 fewer deaths.ConclusionsThe implementation of plain packaging of tobacco products could reduce cardiovascular events in Argentina, even in the absence of other tobacco control measures. Actual health benefits are likely higher than those presented here, since plain packaging may be most impactful by preventing young people from initiating smoking.
Postoperative complications of endovascular blunt thoracic aortic injury repair
Authors: Abdou Hossam , Elansary Noha N , Darko Louisa , DuBose Joseph J , Scalea Thomas M , Morrison Jonathan J , Kundi Rishi 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundThoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become the standard of care for thoracic aortic aneurysms and increasingly for blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI). Postoperative complications, including spinal cord ischemia and paraplegia, have been shown to be less common with elective TEVAR than with open thoracic or thoracoabdominal repair. Although small cohort studies exist, the postoperative complications of endovascular repair of traumatic aortic injury have not been described through large data set analysis.MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis was performed of the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program registry spanning from 2007 to 2017. All patients with BTAI who underwent TEVAR, as indicated by the Abbreviated Injury Scale or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 or ICD-10), were included. Categorical data were presented as proportions and continuous data as mean and SD. OR was calculated for each postoperative complication.Results2990 patients were identified as having undergone TEVAR for BTAI. The postoperative incidence of stroke was 2.8% (83), and 4.7% (140) of patients suffered acute kidney injury or renal failure. The incidence of spinal cord ischemia was 1.9% (58), whereas 0.2% (7) of patients suffered complete paraplegia. Renal events and stroke were found to occur significantly more frequently in those undergoing TEVAR (OR 1.758, 1.449–2.134 and OR 2.489, 1.917–3.232, respectively). Notably, there was no difference between TEVAR and non-operative BTAI incidences of spinal cord ischemia or paraplegia (OR 1.061, 0.799–1.409 and OR 1.698, 0.728–3.961, respectively).DiscussionPostoperative intensive care unit care of patients after BTAI has historically focused on awareness of spinal cord ischemia. Our analysis suggests that after endovascular repair of blunt aortic trauma, care should involve vigilance primarily against postoperative cerebrovascular and renal events. Further study is warranted to develop guidelines for the intensivist managing patients after TEVAR for BTAI.Level of evidenceLevel III.
A soil health scoring framework for arable cropping systems in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Wu Qianyi , Congreves Kate A. 
Published: July 2021

Farmers are looking for appropriate tools for assessing and interpreting the health status of their soils; however, there is no standardized and prairie-based soil health scoring framework. Accordingly, we focused on developing one for arable cropping systems in Saskatchewan. In 2018, soil samples (0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm depths) were collected from 55 arable fields across Saskatchewan, along with native prairie samples. Various soil chemical, physical, and biological attributes were measured (23 attributes in total). Based on the data distribution for each attribute, we developed scoring functions. The results from multivariate analyses were used to determine the weighting factors needed to integrate the individual scores from each soil attribute into a single Saskatchewan Assessment of Soil Health score. Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) indices (soil organic C, active C, total N, and soil protein) and total phosphorus produced the highest weighting factors. We also tested if there were linkages between the soil health and crop productivity by assessing the cereal yields for the past 10 years as reported from the same rural municipalities where the soil samples were collected. A positive relationship between soil health and yields was most apparent during dry years; thus, we recommend further research to explore this linkage at a finer scale. Overall, this research forms the foundation of a promising framework that can be built upon, and in due course, lead to the development of a tool for producers who are interested in tracking soil health and using the results to inform management.
Evolution of ultrapotassic volcanism on the Kaapvaal craton: deepening the orangeite versus lamproite debate
Authors: Tappe Sebastian , Shaikh Azhar M. , Wilson Allan H. , Stracke Andreas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Orangeites are a significant source of diamonds, yet ambiguity surrounds their status among groups of mantle-derived potassic rocks. This study reports mineralogical and geochemical data for a
c.
140 Ma orangeite dyke swarm that intersects the Bushveld Complex on the Kaapvaal craton in South Africa. The dykes comprise distinctive petrographic varieties that are linked principally by olivine fractionation, with the most evolved members containing minor amounts of primary carbonate, sanidine and andradite garnet in the groundmass. Although abundant groundmass phlogopite and clinopyroxene have compositions that are similar to those of cratonic lamproites, these phases show notable Ti-depletion, which we consider a hallmark feature of type orangeites from the Kaapvaal craton. Ti-depletion is also characteristic of bulk rock compositions and is associated with strongly depleted Th–U–Nb–Ta contents at high Cs–Rb–Ba–K concentrations. The resultant high large ion lithophile element/high field strength element ratios of orangeites suggest that mantle source enrichment occurred by metasomatic processes in the proximity of ancient subduction zones. The Bushveld-intersecting orangeite dykes have strongly enriched Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions (initial
87
Sr/
86
Sr = 0.70701–0.70741;
ε
Nd = −10.6 to −5.8;
ε
Hf = −14.4 to −2.5), similar to those of other orangeites from across South Africa. Combined with the strong Ti–Nb–Ta depletion, this ubiquitous isotopic feature points to the involvement of ancient metasomatized mantle lithosphere in the origin of Kaapvaal craton orangeites, where K-rich metasomes imparted a ‘fossil’ subduction geochemical signature. Previous geochronology studies identified ancient K-enrichment events within the Kaapvaal cratonic mantle lithosphere, possibly associated with collisional tectonics during the 1.2–1.1 Ga Namaqua–Natal orogeny of the Rodinia supercontinent cycle. It therefore seems permissible that the cratonic mantle root was preconditioned for ultrapotassic magma production by tectonomagmatic events that occurred along convergent plate margins during the Proterozoic. However, reactivation of the K-rich metasomes had to await establishment of an extensional tectonic regime, such as that during the Mesozoic breakup of Gondwana, which was accompanied by widespread (1000 × 750 km) small-volume orangeite volcanism between 200 and 110 Ma. Although similarities exist between orangeites and lamproites, these and other potassic rocks are sufficiently distinct in their compositions such that different magma formation processes must be considered. In addition to new investigations of the geodynamic triggers of K-rich ultramafic magmatism, future research should more stringently evaluate the relative roles of redox effects and volatile components such as H
2
O–CO
2
–F in the petrogeneses of these potentially diamondiferous alkaline rocks.
Imaging with Local Speckle Intensity Correlations: Theory and Practice
Authors: Alterman Marina , Bar Chen , Gkioulekas Ioannis , Levin Anat 
Published: July 2021

Recent advances in computational imaging have significantly expanded our ability to image through scattering layers such as biological tissues by exploiting the auto-correlation properties of captured speckle intensity patterns. However, most experimental demonstrations of this capability focus on the far-field imaging setting, where obscured light sources are very far from the scattering layer. By contrast, medical imaging applications such as fluorescent imaging operate in the near-field imaging setting, where sources are inside the scattering layer. We provide a theoretical and experimental study of the similarities and differences between the two settings, highlighting the increased challenges posed by the near-field
setting. We then draw insights from this analysis to develop a new algorithm for imaging through scattering that is tailored to the near-field setting by taking advantage of unique properties of speckle patterns formed under this setting, such as their local support. We present a theoretical analysis of the advantages of our algorithm and perform real experiments in both far-field and near-field configurations, showing an order-of magnitude expansion in both the range and the density of the obscured patterns that can be recovered.
Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Arrest Among Patients With Post‐Myocardial Infarction Ejection Fraction Greater Than 35%
Authors: Adabag Selçuk , Zimmerman Patrick , Lexcen Daniel , Cheng Alan 
Published: July 2021

Background
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) risk increases after myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with a reduced ejection fraction (EF). However, the risk factors for SCA among patients with a post‐MI EF >35% remain poorly understood.

Methods and Results
Using the Optum de‐identified electronic health record data set from 2008 to 2017, we identified patients with an incident MI diagnosis and troponin elevation who had a post‐MI EF >35% and underwent coronary angiography. Primary outcome was SCA within 1 year post‐MI. The database was divided into derivation (70%) and validation (30%) cohorts by random selection. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to generate and validate a risk prediction model. Among 31 286 patients with an MI (median age 64.1; 39% female; 87% White), 499 experienced SCA within 1 year post‐MI (estimated probability 1.8%). Lack of revascularization at MI, post‐MI EF <50%, Black race, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, antiarrhythmic therapy, and absence of beta blocker therapy were independent predictors of SCA. A multivariable model consisting of these variables predicted SCA risk (C‐statistic 0.73). Based on this model, the estimated annual probability of SCA was 4.4% (95% CI, 3.9–4.9) in the highest quartile of risk versus 0.6% (95% CI, 0.4–0.8) in the lowest quartile.

Conclusions
Patients with a post‐MI EF >35% have a substantial annual risk of SCA. A risk model consisting of acute coronary revascularization, EF, race, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, antiarrhythmic therapy, and beta blocker therapy can identify patients with higher risk of SCA, who may benefit from further risk stratification and closer monitoring.
Self-supervised Regularization for Text Classification
Authors: Zhou Meng , Li Zechen , Xie Pengtao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractText classification is a widely studied problem and has broad applications. In many real-world problems, the number of texts for training classification models is limited, which renders these models prone to overfitting. To address this problem, we propose SSL-Reg, a data-dependent regularization approach based on self-supervised learning (SSL). SSL (Devlin et al., 2019a) is an unsupervised learning approach that defines auxiliary tasks on input data without using any human-provided labels and learns data representations by solving these auxiliary tasks. In SSL-Reg, a supervised classification task and an unsupervised SSL task are performed simultaneously. The SSL task is unsupervised, which is defined purely on input texts without using any human- provided labels. Training a model using an SSL task can prevent the model from being overfitted to a limited number of class labels in the classification task. Experiments on 17 text classification datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. Code is available at https://github.com/UCSD-AI4H/SSReg.
Changes in escape behaviour of black iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) over an anthropogenic disturbance gradient
Authors: Panwar Pooja , Gómez-Ruiz Pilar Angélica , Zipple Matthew N. , Sandoval Luis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Studies on the impact of human activity on animal behaviour are critical for understanding the extent to which humans affect ecological dynamics. Previous studies have found that human presence alters antipredator behaviours, which can be measured by flight initiation distance (FID). We investigated escape behaviour of 96 black iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) across a gradient of human disturbance in six sites inside a protected area in Costa Rica. We used a field experiment to test for effect of human disturbance on FID. We found that individuals from higher disturbance sites had shorter FIDs, meaning that black iguanas from disturbed areas allow closer approaches. This finding is consistent with the prediction that some animals become more habituated to human presence as the degree of human disturbance increases. We propose that black iguanas’ ability to alter their behaviour in response to humans’ presence could make them especially adept at invading new environments.
Japanese Buddhism in Germany
Authors: Brandt Laura , Prohl Inken 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The following article describes the perceptions and practices of Japanese Buddhism in Germany, focusing on Zen and its local converts. We will give a short overview of the early reception of Buddhism in Germany, which shaped the foundation of its further development there. The article will then examine the relationship between the German reception of Japanese Buddhism and National Socialism and introduce Eugen Herrigel, who wrote the bestseller Zen in der Kunst des Bogenschießens, which led to increased interest in Buddhist practices. We will trace how institutionalization manifested in the Buddhist landscape in Germany, utilizing Deshimaru Taisen as an example. We will then briefly discuss the influence of Japanese Buddhism on philosophy, psychology, and popular culture. The conclusion will draw attention to the lack of attention to specific themes in previous discussions on Japanese Buddhism, especially on women’s activities in the field.
Impact of entrainment-mixing and turbulent fluctuations on droplet size distributions in a cumulus cloud: An investigation using Lagrangian microphysics with a sub-grid-scale model
Authors: Chandrakar Kamal Kant , Grabowski Wojciech W. , Morrison Hugh , Bryan George H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEntrainment-mixing and turbulent fluctuations critically impact cloud droplet size distributions (DSDs) in cumulus clouds. This problem is investigated via a new sophisticated modeling framework using the CM1 LES model and a Lagrangian cloud microphysics scheme – the “super-droplet method” (SDM) – coupled with sub-grid-scale (SGS) schemes for particle transport and supersaturation fluctuations. This modeling framework is used to simulate a cumulus congestus cloud. Average DSDs in different cloud regions show broadening from entrainment and secondary cloud droplet activation (activation above the cloud base). DSD width increases with increasing entrainment-induced dilution as expected from past work, except in the most diluted cloud regions. The new modeling framework with SGS transport and supersaturation fluctuations allows a more sophisticated treatment of secondary activation compared to previous studies. In these simulations, it contributes about 25%of the cloud droplet population and impacts DSDs in two contrastingways: narrowing in extremely diluted regions and broadening in relatively less diluted. SGS supersaturation fluctuations contribute significantly to an increase in DSD width via condensation growth and evaporation. Mixing of super-droplets from SGS velocity fluctuations also broadens DSDs. The relative dispersion (ratio of DSD dispersion and mean radius) negatively correlates with grid-scale vertical velocity in updrafts, but is positively correlated in downdrafts. The latter is from droplet activation driven by positive SGS supersaturation fluctuations in grid-mean subsaturated conditions. Finally, the sensitivity to model grid length is evaluated. The SGS schemes have greater influence as the grid length is increased, and they partially compensate for the reduced model resolution.
Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Extreme Precipitation Events in the Contiguous United States: Generation of a Database and Climatology
Authors: Dickinson Ty A. , Richman Michael B. , Furtado Jason C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExtreme precipitation across multiple time scales is a natural hazard that creates a significant risk to life, with a commensurately large cost through property loss. We devise a method to create 14-day extreme-event windows that characterize precipitation events in the contiguous United States (CONUS) for the years 1915–2018. Our algorithm imposes thresholds for both total precipitation and the duration of the precipitation to identify events with sufficient length to accentuate the synoptic and longer time scale contribution to the precipitation event. Kernel density estimation is employed to create extreme-event polygons that are formed into a database spanning from 1915 through 2018. Using the developed database, we clustered events into regions using a k-means algorithm. We define the “hybrid index,” a weighted composite of silhouette score and number of clustered events, to show that the optimal number of clusters is 15. We also show that 14-day extreme precipitation events are increasing in the CONUS, specifically in the Dakotas and much of New England. The algorithm presented in this work is designed to be sufficiently flexible to be extended to any desired number of days on the subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) time scale (e.g., 30 days). Additional databases generated using this framework are available for download from our GitHub. Consequently, these S2S databases can be analyzed in future works to determine the climatology of S2S extreme precipitation events and be used for predictability studies for identified events.
CRP and ferritin in addition to the EASIX score predict CAR-T–related toxicity
Authors: Greenbaum Uri , Strati Paolo , Saliba Rima M. , Torres Janet , Rondon Gabriela , Nieto Yago , Hosing Chitra , Srour Samer A. , Westin Jason , Fayad Luis E. , Lee Hun J. , Iyer Swaminathan P. , Nair Ranjit , Nastoupil Loretta J. , Parmar Simrit , Rodriguez Maria A. , Samaniego Felipe , Steiner Raphael E. , Wang Michael , Pinnix Chelsea C. , Flowers Christopher R. , Tummala Sudhakar , Ramdial Jeremy L. , Yalniz Fevzi F. , Hawkins Misha , Rezvani Katayoun , Champlin Richard E. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Neelapu Sattva S. , Kebriaei Partow , Ahmed Sairah 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Endothelial Activation and Stress Index (EASIX) score, defined as [(creatinine × lactate dehydrogenase [LDH])/platelets], is a marker of endothelial activation that has been validated in the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant setting. Endothelial activation is one of the mechanisms driving immune-mediated toxicities in patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T)-cell therapy. This study’s objective was to evaluate the association between EASIX and other laboratory parameters collected before lymphodepletion and the subsequent onset of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell–associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) those patients. Toxicity data were collected prospectively on 171 patients treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) for large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). CRS grades 2 to 4 were diagnosed in 81 (47%) patients and ICANS grades 2 to 4 in 84 (49%). EASIX combined with ferritin (EASIX-F) identified 3 risk groups with CRS grades 2 to 4 cumulative incidence of 74% (hazards ratio [HR], 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-11; P &lt; .001), 49% (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.02-5; P = .04), and 23% (reference), respectively. EASIX combined with CRP and ferritin (EASIX-FC) identified 3 risk groups with an ICANS grade 2 to 4 cumulative incidence of 74% (HR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.9-6.9; P &lt; .001), 51% (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-3.9; P = .025), and 29% (reference). Our results indicate that common laboratory parameters before lymphodepletion correlate with CAR-T–related toxicities and can help support clinical decisions, such as preemptive toxicity management, hospitalization length, and proper setting for CAR-T administration.
Risk of pulmonary emboli after removal of an upper extremity central catheter associated with a deep vein thrombosis
Authors: Houghton Damon E. , Billett Henny Heisler , Gaddh Manila , Onadeko Oluwatomiloba , George Gemlyn , Wang Tzu-Fei , Oo Thein H. , Feng Mingen , Dasgupta Mahua , Jaglal Michael , Streiff Michael B. , Simpson Pippa , Gali Radhika , Baumann Kreuziger Lisa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Standard treatment of catheter-associated upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UE-DVT) is anticoagulation, although catheters are often removed for this indication. The optimal time for catheter removal and whether the act and/or timing of catheter removal is associated with pulmonary embolism (PE) remain unknown. A retrospective cohort study was performed at 8 participating institutions through the Venous thromboEmbolism Network US. Patients with hematologic malignancies and central venous catheter (CVC)–associated UE-DVT were included from 1 January 2010 through 31 December 2016. The primary outcome was objectively confirmed PE within 7 days of UE-DVT diagnosis in anticoagulated patients comparing early (≤48 hours) vs delayed (&gt;48 hours) catheter removal. A total of 626 patients were included, among whom 480 were treated with anticoagulation. Among anticoagulated patients, 255 underwent early CVC removal, while 225 had delayed or no CVC removal; 146 patients received no anticoagulation, among whom 116 underwent CVC removal alone. PE within 7 days occurred in 2 patients (0.78%) with early removal compared with 1 patient (0.44%) with delayed or no CVC removal (P &gt; .9). PE or any cause of death within 7 days occurred in 3 patients in both the early removal (1.18%) and delayed/no removal (1.33%) groups (P &gt; .9). In patients treated with CVC removal only (no anticoagulation), there were no PEs but 3 deaths within 7 days. In patients with hematological malignancy and CVC-associated UE-DVT, early removal of CVCs was not associated with an increased risk of PE compared with delayed or no removal.