bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of deep learning‐based artificial intelligence techniques for breast cancer detection on mammograms: Results from a retrospective study using a BreastScreen Victoria dataset
Authors: Frazer Helen ML , Qin Alex K , Pan Hong , Brotchie Peter 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionThis study aims to evaluate deep learning (DL)‐based artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for detecting the presence of breast cancer on a digital mammogram image.MethodsWe evaluated several DL‐based AI techniques that employ different approaches and backbone DL models and tested the effect on performance of using different data‐processing strategies on a set of digital mammographic images with annotations of pathologically proven breast cancer.ResultsOur evaluation uses the area under curve (AUC) and accuracy (ACC) for performance measurement. The best evaluation result, based on 349 test cases (930 test images), was an AUC of 0.8979 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.873, 0.923] and ACC of 0.8178 [95% CI 0.785, 0.850]. This was achieved by an AI technique that utilises a certain family of DL models, namely ResNet, as its backbone, combines the global features extracted from the whole mammogram and the local features extracted from the automatically detected cancer and non‐cancer local regions in the whole image, and leverages background cropping and text removal, contrast adjustment and more training data.ConclusionDL‐based AI techniques have shown promising results in retrospective studies for many medical image analysis applications. Our study demonstrates a significant opportunity to boost the performance of such techniques applied to breast cancer detection by exploring different types of approaches, backbone DL models and data‐processing strategies. The promising results we have obtained suggest further development of AI reading services could transform breast cancer screening in the future.
Acceptance and image quality of high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Klose‐Jensen Rasmus , Keller Kresten Krarup , Langdahl Bente , Hauge Ellen‐Margrethe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveHigh‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR‐pQCT) requires longer immobilization time than conventional radiography, which challenges patient acceptance and image quality. Therefore, the aim was to investigate the acceptance of HR‐pQCT in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and secondly the effect of an inflatable hand immobilization device on motion artefacts of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints.MethodsFifty patients with established RA and a median (interquartile range) age of 64.3 (55.0‐71.2) years had their MCP joints scanned by HR‐pQCT with the hand positioned with and without an inflatable immobilization device followed by a full radiographic examination and a questionnaire on the imaging experience. The comparability of the erosion measures was investigated with and without the immobilization device using Bland‐Altman plot and intrareader repeatability by intraclass correlation coefficient. The motion artefacts were graded for each acquisition, and intrareader repeatability was investigated by Cohen's kappa coefficient.ResultsForty percent of the patients preferred HR‐pQCT imaging, only 6% preferred conventional X‐ray. Seventy‐four percent reported it was not difficult to keep their fingers steady during the scan. Sixty percent of the patients reported the immobilization device helped keep their fingers steady. However, as motion artefacts were sparse, no clinically relevant difference was observed concerning the effect of the immobilization device on readability. The intrareader repeatability and comparability for the erosion measures were excellent.ConclusionThe high patient acceptance adds to the feasibility of HR‐pQCT imaging of MCP joints in RA. The inflatable immobilization device did not reduce motion‐induced image degradation.
Multiple plant hormone catabolism activities: an adaptation to a plant‐associated lifestyle by Achromobacter spp.
Authors: Nascimento Francisco X. , Glick Bernard R. , Rossi Márcio J. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryElaborating the plant hormone catabolic activities of bacteria is important for developing a detailed understanding of plant–microbe interactions. In this work, the plant hormone catabolic and plant growth promotion activities of Achromobacter xylosoxidans SOLR10 and A. insolitus AB2 are described. The genome sequences of these strains were obtained and analysed in detail, revealing the genetic mechanisms behind its multiple plant hormone catabolism abilities. Achromobacter strains catabolized indoleacetic acid (IAA) and phenylacetic acid (PAA) (auxins); salicylic acid (SA) and its precursor, benzoic acid (BA); and the ethylene precursor 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC). The inoculation of cucumber plants resulted in increased plant growth and development, indicating the beneficial properties of SOLR10 and AB2 strains. Genomic analysis demonstrated the presence of IAA, PAA and BA degradation gene clusters, as well as the nag gene cluster (SA catabolism) and the acdS gene (ACC deaminase), in the genomes of strains SOLR10 and AB2. Additionally, detailed analysis revealed that plant hormone catabolism genes were commonly detected in the Achromobacter genus but were mostly absent in the Bordetella genus, consistent with the notion that Achromobacter evolved in soils in close association with its plant hosts.
Genetic signature of human longevity in PKC and NF‐κB signaling
Authors: Ryu Seungjin , Han Jeehae , Norden‐Krichmar Trina M. , Zhang Quanwei , Lee Seunggeun , Zhang Zhengdong , Atzmon Gil , Niedernhofer Laura J. , Robbins Paul D. , Barzilai Nir , Schork Nicholas J. , Suh Yousin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGene variants associated with longevity are also associated with protection against cognitive decline, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that common physiologic pathways act at the interface of longevity and cognitive function. To test the hypothesis that variants in genes implicated in cognitive function may promote exceptional longevity, we performed a comprehensive 3‐stage study to identify functional longevity‐associated variants in ~700 candidate genes in up to 450 centenarians and 500 controls by target capture sequencing analysis. We found an enrichment of longevity‐associated genes in the nPKC and NF‐κB signaling pathways by gene‐based association analyses. Functional analysis of the top three gene variants (NFKBIA, CLU, PRKCH) suggests that non‐coding variants modulate the expression of cognate genes, thereby reducing signaling through the nPKC and NF‐κB. This matches genetic studies in multiple model organisms, suggesting that the evolutionary conservation of reduced PKC and NF‐κB signaling pathways in exceptional longevity may include humans.
Conflict, Protection, and Punishment: Repercussions of Violence in Eastern DR Congo
Authors: Lindsey Summer 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHow does armed conflict affect attitudes that tolerate violence against women? This article examines the effects of armed violence on preferences for punishing crimes against women using original quantitative data from 80 focus groups across 20 villages in Democratic Republic of Congo and a matched pair design. Challenging unidirectional logics within theories of violence against women, the data reveal that local exposure to armed violence increases how severely men prefer to punish rape while decreasing how severely men and women prefer to punish domestic violence. Building inductively, I develop a theory of protective masculine norms to account for armed conflict's gendered and crime‐specific effects. When armed violence heightens demand for local male protection, crimes perceived to pose a community threat are affected differently from “private” crimes.
Impact of the pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block on postoperative analgesia and functional recovery following total hip arthroplasty: a randomised, observer‐masked, controlled trial
Authors: Pascarella G. , Costa F. , Del Buono R. , Pulitanò R. , Strumia A. , Piliego C. , De Quattro E. , Cataldo R. , Agrò F. E. , Carassiti M. ,   collaborators
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block is a novel regional anaesthesia technique that aims to provide hip analgesia with preservation of motor function, although evidence is currently lacking. In this single‐centre, observer‐masked, randomised controlled trial, patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty received pericapsular nerve group block or no block (control group). Primary outcome measure was maximum pain scores (0–10 numeric rating scale) measured in the first 48 h after surgery. Secondary outcomes included postoperative opioid consumption; patient mobilisation assessments; and length of hospital stay. Sixty patients were randomly allocated equally between groups. The maximum pain score of patients receiving the pericapsular nerve group block was significantly lower than in the control group at all time‐points, with a median (IQR [range]) of 2.5 (2.0–3.7 [0–7]) vs. 5.5 (5.0–7.0 [2–8]) at 12 h; 3 (2.0–4.0 [0–7]) vs. 6 (5.0–6.0 [2–8]) at 24 h; and 2.0 (2.0–4.0 [0–5]) vs. 3.0 (2.0–4.7 [0–6]) at 48 h; all p < 0.001. Moreover, the pericapsular nerve group showed a significant reduction in opioid consumption, better range of hip motion and shorter time to ambulation. Although no significant difference in hospital length of stay was detected, our results suggest improved postoperative functional recovery following total hip arthroplasty in patients who received pericapsular nerve group block.
Leading change by protecting group identity in the 2019 Canadian general election
Authors: Syfers Lily , Rast David E. , Gaffney Amber M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOften leaders who attempt to enact large‐scale changes face resistance from group members who perceive the change as a drastic alteration of the core identity features of their group. Core changes to a group's identity can create a sense of collective identity discontinuity, indicating the group's sense of “who we are” is fundamentally altered. Leaders can circumvent this by emphasizing how the proposed change is consistent with the group's identity, although this may be influenced by whether group members are uncertain and perceive the leader as group prototypical. Two preregistered studies measured the degree to which participants felt self‐uncertain and perceived their in‐group political party leaders (Study 1) and newly reelected Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (Study 2) as group prototypical and as promoting collective identity continuity before (N= 408) and after (N= 209) the 2019 Canadian General Election. Study 1 results supported the preregistered hypotheses, and Study 2 extended these findings by exploring the hypothesized interaction from Study 1 in the postelection context. We discuss these results in the social identity framework, implicating the importance of a leader's promotion of collective identity continuity in promoting change during uncertain times.
Exploring the formation of social entrepreneurship from an ecological perspective: Evidence from South Korea
Authors: Cho Sangmi , Chun JongSerl , An Soyoung 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study explores the formation of social entrepreneurship from an ecological perspective as developing personal attributes taking into account the dynamic context of external factors. Semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with 22 social entrepreneur trainees are conducted based on the grounded theory. The main finding is that the paradigm of the social entrepreneurship formation is described through close interactions between the purposeful actors and the decisive environments. Especially, the interdisciplinary social‐economic educational program in which individual attributes are developed—that is, social welfare, business administration, and health studies programs—are part of an important process through which social entrepreneurship is formed. Thus, the study suggests that systematically organized social‐economic education programs should serve as intermediaries in connecting individuals and the environment around them.
Hairy and iridescent chaetae of the sea mouse Aphrodita (Annelida, Errantia)
Authors: Tilic Ekin , Neunzig Nina , Bartolomaeus Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe bright iridescent chaetae of Aphrodita species have fascinated scientists for decades. The particular nanoscale substructure of these chitinous bristles resembles photonic crystals and manipulates the incident light in a way that results in spectacular structural coloration. Even though Aphrodita's chaetae have garnered great attention from the field of biomimetics, the few previous ultrastructural studies primarily focused on acicular chaetae that are much less iridescent than the thin capillary notochaetae. In this paper, we present new ultrastructural data on the chaetae of two species of Aphrodita and illustrate their formation process. Our results allow us to specify the prerequisite for iridescent chaetae. Aphrodita species are dorsally covered with a matted felt of intertwined chaetae, and we further discuss the evolution of feltage chaetae in Aphroditiformia. In addition to iridescent feltage chaetae, we also provide new insights into the chaeotogenesis of pilose chaetae. For the first time, our study shows that the hairy tips and ornamentation of the chaetae is formed by follicle cells alone and thus attribute a further role to this type of cells.
Infant T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with t(6;7) (TCRB‐MYB) translocation
Authors: Ramdeny Pemantah Sandheeah , Mullanfroze Khushnuma , de Lorenzo Paola , Grazia Valsecchi Maria , Meijerink Jules , Pieters Rob , Baruchel Andre , Vora Ajay 
Published: July 2021

SummaryT‐ALL is rare in infancy with only 10 (1.5%) of 651 patients of that subtype in the Interfant‐06 infant ALL trial. We report 3 cases of t(6;7) (TCR/MYB) infant T‐cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia who appear to have a distinct clinical presentation with CNS disease and refractory disease or late relapse.
A genus at risk: Predicted current and future distribution of all three Lagopus species reveal sensitivity to climate change and efficacy of protected areas
Authors: Scridel Davide , Brambilla Mattia , de Zwaan Devin R , Froese Nick , Wilson Scott , Pedrini Paolo , Martin Kathy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimCold‐adapted species are considered vulnerable to climate change. However, our understanding of how climate‐induced changes in habitat and weather patterns will influence habitat suitability remains poorly understood, particularly for species at high latitudes or elevations. Here, we assessed potential future distributions for a climate‐sensitive genus, Lagopus, and the effectiveness of protected areas in tracking shifting distributions.LocationBritish Columbia, Canada.MethodsUsing community science observations from 1970 to 2020, we built species distribution models for white‐tailed (L. leucura), rock (L. muta) and willow ptarmigan (L. lagopus) across British Columbia, a globally unique region harbouring all three ptarmigan species. We assessed the impact of climate (direct) and climate‐induced habitat change (indirect) on potential future distributions of ptarmigan.ResultsWhite‐tailed and rock ptarmigan were associated with colder temperatures and tundra‐like open habitats and willow ptarmigan with open, shrub habitats. Future projections based on climate and vegetation scenarios indicated marked losses in suitable habitat by the 2080s (RCP +8.5 W/m2), with range declines of 85.6% and 79.5% for white‐tailed and rock ptarmigan, respectively, and a lower 61.3% for willow ptarmigan. Predicted current and future suitable habitat occurred primarily outside of current protected areas (67%–82%), yet range size declined at a less pronounced rate within protected areas suggesting a capacity to buffer habitat loss.Main conclusionsPtarmigan are predicted to persist at higher elevations and latitudes than currently occupied, with the magnitude of elevation shifts consistent with trends observed elsewhere in the Holarctic. Our spatially explicit assessment of potential current and future distributions of ptarmigan species provides the first comprehensive evaluation of climate change effects on the distribution of three congeneric, cold‐adapted species with different habitat preferences and life‐history traits. We also highlight the potential role of protected areas in preserving suitable future sites for ptarmigan and other climate‐sensitive or high‐elevation species.
Global patterns of extinction risk and conservation needs for Rodentia and Eulipotyphla
Authors: Kennerley Rosalind J. , Lacher Thomas E. , Hudson Michael A. , Long Barney , McCay Shelby D. , Roach Nicolette S. , Turvey Samuel T. , Young Richard P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo explore global patterns in spatial aggregations of species richness, vulnerability and data deficiency for Rodentia and Eulipotyphla. To evaluate the adequacy of existing protected area (PA) network for these areas. To provide a focus for local conservation initiatives.LocationGlobal.MethodsTotal species, globally threatened (GT) species, and Data Deficient (DD) species richness were calculated for a 1° resolution grid. Correspondence analyses between global species richness against GT species richness were performed. To assess PA network adequacy, a correspondence analysis was conducted to identify areas of high richness and GT species richness that have poor protection.ResultsSix hotspots were identified for GT eulipotyphlans, encompassing 40% of GT species. Three of these contain higher numbers of GT species than would be expected based on their overall species richness. Ten priority regions were identified for GT rodents, which together contain 34% of all GT species. Six contain higher numbers of GT rodent species than would be expected based on their overall species richness. For DD species, 15% of DD eulipotyphlans were represented within three priority regions, whereas 18 were identified for rodents, capturing 53% of all DD species. Areas containing lower numbers of protected GT eulipotyphlan species than expected include Mexico; Cameroonian Highlands; Albertine Rift; Tanzania; Kenya; Ethiopia; western Asia; India; and Sri Lanka. Areas containing lower numbers of protected GT rodent species than expected are Borneo, Sumatra and Sulawesi. Five eulipotyphlans and 44 rodents have ranges which fall completely outside of PAs.Main conclusionRodentia and Eulipotyphla priority regions should be considered separately to one another and to other mammals. This analysis approach allows us to pinpoint and delineate geographical areas which represent key regions at a global level for rodents and eulipotyphlans, in order to facilitate conservation, field research and capacity building at a local level.
Efficacy of lifestyle intervention in adults with impaired glucose tolerance with and without impaired fasting plasma glucose: A post hoc analysis of Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study
Authors: Gong Qiuhong , Zhang Ping , Wang Jinping , Gregg Edward W. , Cheng Yiling J. , Li Guangwei , Bennett Peter H. ,   For the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study Group
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsThe extent that pre‐diabetic fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels influence the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in preventing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is uncertain. We aimed to determine if the outcome of lifestyle intervention in people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) differs in those with normal or impaired FPG levels.Materials and MethodsData were used from the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study, which was a 30‐year follow‐up of a 6‐year randomized trial of lifestyle intervention in 576 people with IGT. We then conducted a post‐hoc analysis to compare the efficacy of intervention to reduce the incidence of T2DM and its complications in those with baseline FPG <100 mg/dL and FPG ≥100 mg/dL.ResultsLifestyle intervention reduced the cumulative incidence of T2DM by 37%‐46% in those with baseline FPG <100 mg/dL and by 47%‐51% in those with FPG ≥100 mg/dL. The FPG <100 mg/dL group had a lower cumulative incidence of diabetes and 6.41 years median delay in its onset compared with 2.21 years delay in the FPG ≥100 mg/dL group. In those with FPG <100 mg/dL intervention was associated with at least as great a reduction in cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality as in the FPG ≥100 mg/dL group.ConclusionsLifestyle intervention reduced the incidence of T2DM in people with IGT regardless of baseline FPG levels, and in those with FPG <100 mg/dL led to a substantial delay in its onset. All persons with IGT, with normal or impaired FPG levels, may benefit from lifestyle intervention to delay its onset and mitigate the incidence of T2DM.
Soil multifunctionality: Synergies and trade‐offs across European climatic zones and land uses
Authors: Zwetsloot Marie J. , van Leeuwen Jeroen , Hemerik Lia , Martens Henk , Simó Josa Iolanda , Van de Broek Marijn , Debeljak Marko , Rutgers Michiel , Sandén Taru , Wall David P. , Jones Arwyn , Creamer Rachel E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWith increasing societal demands for food security and environmental sustainability on land, the question arises: to what extent do synergies and trade‐offs exist between soil functions and how can they be measured across Europe? To address this challenge, we followed the functional land management approach and assessed five soil functions: primary productivity, water regulation and purification, climate regulation, soil biodiversity and nutrient cycling. Soil, management and climate data were collected from 94 sites covering 13 countries, five climatic zones and two land‐use types (arable and grassland). This dataset was analysed using the Soil Navigator, a multicriteria decision support system developed to assess the supply of the five soil functions simultaneously. Most sites scored high for two to three soil functions, demonstrating that managing for multifunctionality in soil is possible but that local constraints and trade‐offs do exist. Nutrient cycling, biodiversity and climate regulation were less frequently delivered at high capacity than the other two soil functions. Using correlation and co‐occurrence analyses, we also found that synergies and trade‐offs between soil functions vary among climatic zones and land‐use types. This study provides a new framework for monitoring soil quality at the European scale where both the supply of soil functions and their interactions are considered.Highlights
Managing and monitoring soil multifunctionality across Europe is possible.
Synergies and trade‐offs between soil functions exist, making it difficult to maximize the supply of all five soil functions simultaneously.
Synergies and trade‐offs between soil functions vary by climatic zone and land‐use type.
Climate regulation, biodiversity and nutrient cycling are less frequently delivered at high capacity.