bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the decreases in regional cerebral blood flow in the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and parietal lobe between suspected non‐Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hayashi Hiroshi , Kobayashi Ryota , Kawakatsu Shinobu , Ohba Makoto , Morioka Daichi , Otani Koichi 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundSuspected non‐Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology (SNAP) shows Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐like neurodegeneration; however, amyloid β, which is a biological marker in AD, remains within normal levels. Since the effectiveness of anti‐dementia drugs for AD on SNAP is unknown, it is important to distinguish between patients with SNAP and AD. We aimed to compare decreases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), precuneus, and parietal lobe critical to AD between SNAP and AD groups using the easy Z‐score imaging system in single‐photon emission computed tomography (eZIS‐SPECT).MethodsWe retrospectively analysed eZIS‐SPECT data of 13 SNAP and 24 AD patients. The three indicators (severity, extent, and ratio) that distinguished AD patients from healthy controls in previous studies were automatically calculated and were compared between the SNAP and AD groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the three indicators of eZIS in discriminating between the two groups.ResultsThe mean values of severity, extent, and ratio were significantly lower in the SNAP group than in the AD group (P = 0.024, P = 0.044, and P = 0.045, respectively). The AUC values for severity, extent, and ratio were 0.668, 0.683, and 0.692, respectively.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that SNAP shows milder reduction of rCBF in the PCC, precuneus, and parietal lobe as compared to AD. However, it may be difficult to distinguish between SNAP and AD with the degrees of decrease in rCBF in these regions.
Communicating Uncertainties About the Effects of Medical Interventions Using Different Display Formats
Authors: McDowell Michelle , Kause Astrid 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCommunicating uncertainties in scientific evidence is important to accurately reflect scientific knowledge , increase public understanding of uncertainty, and to signal transparency and honesty in reporting. While techniques have been developed to facilitate the communication of uncertainty, many have not been empirically tested, compared for communicating different types of uncertainty, or their effects on different cognitive, trust, and behavioral outcomes have not been evaluated. The present study examined how a point estimate, imprecise estimate, conflicting estimates, or a statement about the lack of evidence about treatment effects, influenced participant's responses to communications about medical evidence. For each type of uncertainty, we adapted three display formats to communicate the information: tables, bar graphs, and icon arrays. We compared participant's best estimates of treatment effects, as well as effects on recall, subjective evaluations (understandability and usefuleness), certainty perceptions, perceptions of trustworthiness of the information, and behavioral intentions. We did not find any detrimental effects from communicating imprecision or conflicting estimates relative to a point estimate across any outcome. Furthermore, there were more favorable responses to communicating imprecision or conflicting estimates relative to lack of evidence, where participants estimated the treatment would improve outcomes by 30–50% relative to a placebo. There were no differences across display formats, suggesting that, if well‐designed, it may not matter which format is used. Future research on specific display formats or uncertainty types and with larger sample sizes would be needed to detect small effects. Implications for the communication of uncertainty are discussed.
Assessing the risk of robbery in bank branches to reduce impact on personnel
Authors: de la Cruz López María Pilar , Cartelle Barros Juan José , del Caño Gochi Alfredo , Garaboa Fernández María Concepción , Blanco Leis Jesús 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAccording to existing literature, bank robberies can have a considerable impact on the people involved (employees, customers, and police officers), even if the direct economic losses are negligible. Consequently, this article presents a model to assess the risk of bank robbery, with the aim of reducing the impact on the people and prioritizing the investments in security measures. It is based on the MIVES (Spanish acronym for the Integrated Value Model for Sustainability Assessment) method and it was combined with Monte Carlo simulation as a way of taking into account the uncertainty. Correlations were also modeled, for simulation purposes. Indicators for addressing issues related to security features, employees, operational procedures, and physical and social environment were defined. The model was applied to two fictitious but realistic sets of cases. The first simulation provides a quick overview of the risk level of a fictitious bank, before collecting the full set of data from hundreds or thousands of branches. The second simulation analyzes the risk variation of a specific bank branch over time. The model was also used to assess the risk index of 636 real branches belonging to a Spanish bank. All the results are presented and discussed in depth. The model allows the user to identify the weak points of a branch, so that corrective measures can be taken.
Morphological phylogeny of Panorpidae (Mecoptera: Panorpoidea)
Authors: Wang Ji‐Shen , Hua Bao‐Zhen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPanorpidae is the largest family of Mecoptera with approximately 500 described species in one extinct and eight extant genera. The phylogeny of Panorpidae was inferred from DNA sequences recently, but has not been comprehensively studied based on morphological characters to date. Here, the phylogeny of Panorpidae was analysed for 155 extant species in eight genera based on 182 morphological characters of adults under Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood, respectively, with two species of Choristidae and three species of Panorpodidae as outgroups. The resulting phylogenetic trees are overall consistent with those reconstructed in the molecular analyses, and support the monophyly of two major clades and all the extant genera except Panorpa and Neopanorpa, which may need further splitting. A new subfamily, Neopanorpinae subfam.n., is established to include Neopanorpa and Leptopanorpa, with all the other genera assigned to Panorpinae. Thirty‐two species groups (24 in Panorpa and eight in Neopanorpa) are recognized. We speculate that Panorpidae likely originated from East Asia, with independent dispersal events that probably occurred at least twice for the Indonesian fauna, five times for the Japanese fauna, twice for the western Palearctic fauna, and four times for the Nearctic fauna.This work has been registered in ZooBank:
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7B451D1E‐1DA3‐4D65‐B6BD‐4730B10416E5
Reinforcement Learning for Production‐Based Cognitive Models
Authors: Brasoveanu Adrian , Dotlačil Jakub 
Published: June 2021

AbstractProduction‐based cognitive models, such as Adaptive Control of Thought‐Rational (ACT‐R) or Soar agents, have been a popular tool in cognitive science to model sequential decision processes. While the models have been useful in articulating assumptions and predictions of various theories, they unfortunately require a significant amount of hand coding, both with respect to what building blocks cognitive processes should consist of and with respect to how these building blocks are selected and ordered in a sequential decision process. Hand coding of large, realistic models poses a challenge for modelers, and also makes it unclear whether the models can be learned and are thus cognitively plausible. The learnability issue is probably most starkly present in cognitive models of linguistic skills, since linguistic skills involve richly structured representations and highly complex rules. We investigate how reinforcement learning (RL) methods can be used to solve the production selection and production ordering problem in ACT‐R. We focus on four algorithms from the learning family, tabular and three versions of deep networks (DQNs), as well as the ACT‐R utility learning algorithm, which provides a baseline for the algorithms. We compare the performance of these five algorithms in a range of lexical decision (LD) tasks framed as sequential decision problems. We observe that, unlike the ACT‐R baseline, the agents learn even the more complex LD tasks fairly well. However, tabular and DQNs show a trade‐off between speed of learning, applicability to more complex tasks, and how noisy the learned rules are. This indicates that the ACT‐R subsymbolic system for procedural memory could be improved by incorporating more insights from RL approaches, particularly the function‐approximation‐based ones, which learn and generalize effectively in complex, more realistic tasks.
Head Loss in Flow Through a Cyclone Dust Separator or Vortex Chamber
Authors: Weber H. E. , Keenan J. H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An analysis for predicting the head loss in flow through a cyclone dust separator is presented. The effect of wall friction is indicated by consideration of two cases—one for zero wall friction, the other for wall friction great enough to eliminate the angular momentum of the stream. Comparisons of the analysis are made with the experimental data obtained from a test cyclone in which the flow rate, the depth of the inlet area, the radius of the exhaust pipe, and the extension of the exhaust pipe into the cyclone were variable. In general the agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is good. The regions of deviation between the two results are evaluated qualitatively with respect to the effects of wall friction on the head loss.
Two-Dimensional Inflow Conditions for a Supersonic Compressor With Curved Blades
Authors: Levine Philip 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Results are presented on an analytical study of the flow field existing upstream of a blade row, where the axial flow is subsonic and the relative flow is supersonic. The flow model used as a basis for the calculations assumes isentropic flow, and considers the case where the suction surface is a circular arc in the entrance region. The results clearly show the unique dependence of the flow through a blade row upon the geometry of the entrance region. Using the results, the complete flow field in the entrance region and upstream of the blade row can be constructed easily.
The Effect of Lubricant Inertia in Journal-Bearing Lubrication
Authors: Osterle J. F. , Chou Y. T. , Saibel E. A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Reynolds equation of hydrodynamic theory, modified to take lubricant inertia into approximate account, is applied to the steady-state operation of journal bearings to determine the effect of lubricant inertia on the pressure developed in the lubricant. A simple relationship results, relating this “inertial” pressure to the Reynolds number of the flow. It is found that the inertia effect can be significant in the laminar regime.
Stress-Strain Relations and Vibrations of a Granular Medium
Authors: Duffy J. , Mindlin R. D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A differential stress-strain relation is derived for a medium composed of a face-centered cubic array of elastic spheres in contact. The stress-strain relation is based on the theory of elastic bodies in contact, and includes the effects of both normal and tangential components of contact forces. A description is given of an experiment performed as a test of the contact theories and the differential stress-strain relation derived from them. The experiment consists of a determination of wave velocities and the accompanying rates of energy dissipation in granular bars composed of face-centered cubic arrays of spheres. Experimental results indicate a close agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of wave velocity. However, as in previous experiments with single contacts, the rate of energy dissipation is found to be proportional to the square of the maximum tangential contact force rather than to the cube, as predicted by the theory for small amplitudes.
Superposition of Cretaceous and Cenozoic deformation in northern Tibet: A far-field response to the tectonic evolution of the Tethyan orogenic system
Authors: Wang Ye , Chen Xuanhua , Zhang Yaoyao , Yin Zheng , Zuza Andrew V. , Yin An , Wang Yongchao , Ding Weicui , Xu Shenglin , Zhang Yiping , Li Bing , Shao Zhaogang 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Although the Cenozoic Indo-Asian collision is largely responsible for the formation of the Tibetan plateau, the role of pre-Cenozoic structures in controlling the timing and development of Cenozoic deformation remains poorly understood. In this study we address this problem by conducting an integrated investigation in the northern foreland of the Tibetan plateau, north of the Qilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt, NW China. The work involves field mapping, U-Pb detrital-zircon dating of Cretaceous strata in the northern foreland of the Tibetan plateau, examination of growth-strata relationships, and construction and restoration of balanced cross sections. Our field mapping reveals multiple phases of deformation in the area since the Early Cretaceous, which was expressed by northwest-trending folding and northwest-striking thrusting that occurred in the early stages of the Early Cretaceous. The compressional event was followed immediately by extension and kinematically linked right-slip faulting in the later stage of the Early Cretaceous. The area underwent gentle northwest-trending folding since the late Miocene. We estimate the magnitude of the Early Cretaceous crustal shortening to be ~35%, which we interpret to have resulted from a far-field response to the collision between the Lhasa and the Qiangtang terranes in the south. We suggest that the subsequent extension in the Early Cretaceous was induced by orogenic collapse. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons, sourced from Lower Cretaceous sedimentary clasts from the north and the south, implies that the current foreland region of the Tibetan plateau was a topographic depression between two highland regions in the Early Cretaceous. Our work also shows that the Miocene strata in the foreland region of the northern Tibetan plateau was dominantly sourced from the north, which implies that the rise of the Qilian Shan did not impact the sediment dispersal in the current foreland region of the Tibetan plateau where this study was conducted.
Comparison of two devices for automated oxygen control in preterm infants: a randomised crossover trial
Authors: Salverda Hylke H , Cramer Sophie J E , Witlox Ruben S G M , Gale Timothy J , Dargaville Peter A , Pauws Steffen C , te Pas Arjan B 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of two different automated oxygen control devices on target range (TR) time and occurrence of hypoxaemic and hyperoxaemic episodes.DesignRandomised cross-over study.SettingTertiary level neonatal unit in the Netherlands.PatientsPreterm infants (n=15) born between 24+0 and 29+6 days of gestation, receiving invasive or non-invasive respiratory support with oxygen saturation (SpO2) TR of 91%–95%. Median gestational age 26 weeks and 4 days (IQR 25 weeks 3 days–27 weeks 6 days) and postnatal age 19 (IQR 17–24) days.InterventionsInspired oxygen concentration was titrated by the OxyGenie controller (SLE6000 ventilator) and the CLiO2 controller (AVEA ventilator) for 24 hours each, in a random sequence, with the respiratory support mode kept constant.Main outcome measuresTime spent within set SpO2 TR (91%–95% with supplemental oxygen and 91%–100% without supplemental oxygen).ResultsTime spent within the SpO2 TR was higher during OxyGenie control (80.2 (72.6–82.4)% vs 68.5 (56.7–79.3)%, p<0.005). Less time was spent above TR while in supplemental oxygen (6.3 (5.1–9.9)% vs 15.9 (11.5–30.7)%, p<0.005) but more time spent below TR during OxyGenie control (14.7 (11.8%–17.2%) vs 9.3 (8.2–12.6)%, p<0.05). There was no significant difference in time with SpO2 <80% (0.5 (0.1–1.0)% vs 0.2 (0.1–0.4)%, p=0.061). Long-lasting SpO2 deviations occurred less frequently during OxyGenie control.ConclusionsThe OxyGenie control algorithm was more effective in keeping the oxygen saturation within TR and preventing hyperoxaemia and equally effective in preventing hypoxaemia (SpO2 <80%), although at the cost of a small increase in mild hypoxaemia.Trial registry numberNCT03877198
Economic inequality and depressive symptoms: an individual versus aggregate-level analysis using Mexican survey data
Authors: Esposito Lucio , Villaseñor Adrián , Jacobs Rowena 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThere is a lack of consensus on the relationship between economic inequality and mental health, which may be due to the measures of inequality used in empirical studies. We studied this relationship using individual and aggregate measures of economic inequality, and tested whether there is an interaction between the individual and the aggregate levels.MethodsWe used data from a nationally representative Mexican health survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición, n=44 324) where depressive symptoms were measured through a validated 7-item version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. We estimated multilevel models employing aggregate inequality measures (Gini coefficient) and the individual-level framework of advantageous and disadvantageous inequality, where economic status comprised absolute wealth, relative deprivation and relative affluence.ResultsThe three facets of economic status were independently associated with depressive symptoms, while Gini coefficients showed no associations. Absolute wealth and relative affluence were associated with lower depressive symptoms while relative deprivation was associated with higher depressive symptoms. However, interaction models indicated an interplay between the Gini and relative affluence: higher status became a risk factor at high levels of aggregate economic inequality. For those at the top of the economic hierarchy, being in a context of high inequality more than doubles our measure of depressive symptoms—from 2.08 (95% CI 1.28 to 2.87) to 6.29 (95% CI 4.1 to 8.5) for state inequality and from 2.40 (95% CI 1.64 to 3.16) to 6.24 (95% CI 3.87 to 8.62) for municipal inequality.ConclusionWe provided a novel perspective on the economic gradient in mental health, and on how high aggregate economic inequality may harm also the better off. Policymakers need to consider the consequences of economic inequalities, which can harm the mental health of both those at the bottom and the top of the socioeconomic ladder.
Six-month and 12-month patient outcomes based on inflammatory subphenotypes in sepsis-associated ARDS: secondary analysis of SAILS-ALTOS trial
Authors: Hashem Mohamed D , Hopkins Ramona O , Colantuoni Elizabeth , Dinglas Victor D , Sinha Pratik , Aronson Friedman Lisa , Morris Peter E , Jackson James C , Hough Catherine L , Calfee Carolyn S , Needham Dale M 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundPrior acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) trials have identified hypoinflammatory and hyperinflammatory subphenotypes, with distinct differences in short-term outcomes. It is unknown if such differences extend beyond 90 days or are associated with physical, mental health or cognitive outcomes.Methods568 patients in the multicentre Statins for Acutely Injured Lungs from Sepsis trial of rosuvastatin versus placebo were included and assigned a subphenotype. Among 6-month and 12-month survivors (N=232 and 219, respectively, representing 243 unique survivors), subphenotype status was evaluated for association with a range of patient-reported outcomes (eg, mental health symptoms, quality of life). Patient subsets also were evaluated with performance-based tests of physical function (eg, 6 min walk test) and cognition.FindingsThe hyperinflammatory versus hypoinflammatory subphenotype had lower overall 12-month cumulative survival (58% vs 72%, p<0.01); however, there was no significant difference in survival beyond 90 days (86% vs 89%, p=0.70). Most survivors had impairment across the range of outcomes, with little difference between subphenotypes at 6-month and 12-month assessments. For instance, at 6 months, in comparing the hypoinflammatory versus hyperinflammatory subphenotypes, respectively, the median (IQR) patient-reported SF-36 mental health domain score was 47 (33–56) vs 44 (35–56) (p=0.99), and the per cent predicted 6 min walk distance was 66% (48%, 80%) vs 66% (49%, 79%) (p=0.76).InterpretationComparing the hyperinflammatory versus hypoinflammatory ARDS subphenotype, there was no significant difference in survival beyond 90 days and no consistent findings of important differences in 6-month or 12-month physical, cognitive and mental health outcomes. These findings, when considered with prior results, suggest that inflammatory subphenotypes largely reflect the acute phase of illness and its short-term impact.
Abstract B05: ASN007, an oral ERK1/2 inhibitor, shows strong antitumor activity across a panel of KRAS subtype mutant cancer models
Authors: Reddy Sanjeeva P. , Thompson Scott K. , Usansky Helen , Smith Roger A. , Denis Louis , Gupta Sandeeep 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The RAS/MAPK pathway is one of the most commonly dysregulated signaling pathways found in human cancers. KRAS, HRAS and NRAS genes, which play a critical role in transducing the signal from receptor tyrosine kinases to the downstream target proteins such as BRAF and MEK1/2, are frequently mutated in most solid tumors. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases, ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2), which are downstream of MEK and RAF kinases, serve as a key node in this crucial signaling pathway in tumor cells. Targeting ERK1/2 offers a promising therapeutic strategy for a broad range of cancers, particularly the ones driven by RAS mutations, and in overcoming resistance to MEK/BRAF inhibitors. In this report, we present discovery and characterization of a novel orally bioavailable compound, ASN007, that showed potent inhibition of ERK1/2 kinases in a biochemical assay with IC50 = 2 nM for both targets. Interestingly, ASN007 displayed a much slower dissociation rate (longer target residence time) as compared to other ERK inhibitors. ASN007 showed potent antiproliferative activity that was selective for RAS/MAPK pathway dependent cancer cell lines, and did not affect the growth of cell lines harboring PI3K pathway or receptor tyrosine kinase mutations. Of note, ASN007 showed much more potent and broader activity against a panel of RAS mutant cell lines as compared to other ERK1/2 inhibitors. In a panel of 96 KRAS mutant cell lines, ASN007 showed strong activity across all KRAS subtype mutations, including G12C, G12D, G12V and G13D. In tumor xenograft models harboring KRAS and NRAS mutations, a daily oral dosing regimen of ASN007 provided strong tumor growth inhibition and was well tolerated. ASN007 also showed strong single-agent antitumor activity in colorectal PDX models with various KRAS subtype mutations including G12C, G12D, and G12S. A clinical phase 1 trial of ASN007 in patients with BRAF and KRAS, HRAS and NRAS mutant melanoma, colorectal, non-small lung and pancreatic cancers is currently ongoing (NCT03415126).
Citation Format: Sanjeeva P. Reddy, Scott K. Thompson, Helen Usansky, Roger A. Smith, Louis Denis, Sandeeep Gupta. ASN007, an oral ERK1/2 inhibitor, shows strong antitumor activity across a panel of KRAS subtype mutant cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; 2018 Dec 9-12; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(5_Suppl):Abstract nr B05.