bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The VISCACHA survey
Authors: Dias B. , Angelo M. S. , Oliveira R. A. P. , Maia F. , Parisi M. C. , De Bortoli B. , Souza S. O. , Katime Santrich O. J. , Bassino L. P. , Barbuy B. , Bica E. , Geisler D. , Kerber L. , Pérez-Villegas A. , Quint B. , Sanmartim D. , Santos J. F. C. , Westera P. 
Published: March 2021

Context. The interactions between the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds (SMC and LMC) created the Magellanic Bridge; a stream of gas and stars pulled out of the SMC towards the LMC about 150 Myr ago. The tidal counterpart of this structure, which should include a trailing arm, has been predicted by models but no compelling observational evidence has confirmed the Counter-Bridge so far.
Aims. The main goal of this work is to find the stellar counterpart of the Magellanic Bridge and Counter-Bridge. We use star clusters in the SMC outskirts as they provide a 6D phase-space vector, age, and metallicity which help characterise the outskirts of the SMC.
Methods. Distances, ages, and photometric metallicities were derived from fitting isochrones to the colour-magnitude diagrams from the VISCACHA survey. Radial velocities and spectroscopic metallicities were derived from the spectroscopic follow-up using GMOS in the CaII triplet region.
Results. Among the seven clusters analysed in this work, five belong to the Magellanic Bridge, one belongs to the Counter-Bridge, and the other belongs to the transition region.
Conclusions. The existence of the tidal counterpart of the Magellanic Bridge is evidenced by star clusters. The stellar component of the Magellanic Bridge and Counter-Bridge are confirmed in the SMC outskirts. These results are an important constraint for models that seek to reconstruct the history of the orbit and interactions between the LMC and SMC as well as constrain their future interaction including with the Milky Way.
Diagnosing of Bearing Faults in Induction Motor by Adopting DWT-Based Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
Authors: Thamer Haider Lateef , Al-Lamey Baqer Turki , Al-Thammer Diyah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper introduces technology for detecting bearing damage to the 3-phase induction machine that is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the stator current signal (iq) is decomposed by adopting (DWT) and extract RMS values of the current signal (iq). The second stage is to enter the external RMS values of the stator current signal (iq) into the trained artificial neural network to detect these defects. With this mechanism, One can protect the induction motor from damage. This is done by using a simulation program simulink/MATLAB2019. The computed results show that better performance can be achieved using such a technique.
Modern technologies as urban management tools that work to sustain and develop urbanization in cities
Authors: Mahmood Hadeel M , Mahdi Khawla H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The city and its urban growth generated exceeded the basic designs and plans due to the lack of application of laws and implementers’ familiarity with the rules of urban planning or the absence of laws and the governmental role. This is caused a deficit in the urban planning of the foundations and standards to achieve a life that gives the requirements of adequate housing. In this paper, we tried to apply new technical methods to control and solve Problems and cooperated with planning cadres that work to counter changes in the city. This supports to improve the role of management and the reality of urban plans and management. Modern methods are applied covering the requirements of sustainability and development to serve its community and neighborhoods of MODON. This has been studied with international experiences to activate the principle of urban sustainability and development.
Effectivness of giving clove oil as an anaesthetic for survival rate and number of leucocytes in cantang grouper (Epinephelus sp.) in the closed transportation
Authors: Nurkomaria S , Suprapto H , Sudarno  
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cantang groupers is one of fish commodities that have high economic value. Live fish transport has several problems for fish and one of the problem is stress in fish. Many stressors can cause mortality of fish if the fish body can not tolerate it. One way that can be used to reduce stress on fish which can increase the value of survival and decrease leucocytess during the transport is giving clove oil as an anaesthetic. This study aim to determine the effect of clove oil as an anesthetic substance on the survival rate (SR) and number of leucocytes in cantang grouper (Ephinephelus sp.) in the closed transport. The method is an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD), with five treatments and three replications. The main parameters observed were survival rate and leucocytes of cantang groupers. The data obtained will be analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that administration of clove oil as an anesthetic may improve the survival rate and lower the number of leucocytes of cantang grouper, after the closed transport for 10 hours. The highest survival rate is 86,67% and the Leucocytes is 2,35×104 cell/mm3 with 10ppm of clove oil dosage.
Study Recycling Effluents of Hospital WWTP with Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Rochmah V , Widiasa I N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane technology has been used extensively in seawater desalination, drinking water production, brackish water treatment, and industrial wastewater treatment, whereas in hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) has not been much studied. Effluents of hospital WWTP can still be reprocessed with filtration technology to improve its quality, so that it can replace the role of clean water that has been taken from ground water, and can even save water use by the Regional Water Supply Company. This study aims to examine the performance of reverse osmosis (RO) technology for recycling effluents of hospital WWTP. The results showed that the reverse osmosis (RO) system with a polyamide membrane proved to be effective for recycling effluents of hospital WWTP. The value of the concentration of processed water (product) RO when viewed from the TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) parameters has decreased and meets clean water quality standards according to existing regulations. Increased operating time causes a decrease in permeate flux. Increased operating pressure causes increased permeate flux and rejection efficiency. The use of RO systems with polyamide membranes is expected to be the best choice for recycling effluents of hospital WWTP under current conditions.
Stranger in a strange land: genetic variation of native insect resistance biomarkers in UK Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.)
Authors: Tumas Hayley R , Soufi Ziad , Woolliams John A , McLean J Paul , Lee Steve , Cottrell Joan E , Ilska Joanna J , Lopez Gustavo , MacKay John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Reforestation in the British Isles (UK and Ireland) has been dominated with the use of an exotic conifer tree species, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.). Sitka breeding in the UK was developed from a single provenance, the Haida Gwaii Islands (Canada), which is both well suited to the British climate and highly susceptible to the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi L.) in its native range. We examined variation and heritability of insect resistance related traits and assessed potential trade-offs with tree growth in 50 full-sibling families and 13 clonally replicated genotypes growing in the UK. We measured bark levels of three terpenes (dehydroabietic acid, (+)-3-carene and terpinolene) shown to confer resistance to the white pine weevil in Sitka spruce’s native range, on the principle that these defence compounds may also contribute to pest resistance in the UK. We compared our results with published findings from the native range and also used individuals from a Haida Gwaii seed lot grown in the UK for comparison of terpene levels. Dehydroabietic acid content in the UK breeding population was similar to populations from resistant native populations, but (+)-3-carene and terpinolene levels were relatively low. Narrow sense heritability for dehydroabietic acid, (+)-3-carene and terpinolene was estimated as 0.20, 0.93 and 0.98, respectively from the full-sib data, and this evidence of genetic variance was supported by estimates of broad sense heritability from the smaller clonal study. Terpene content was found to be positively correlated to growth traits. The heritability estimates and genetic correlations indicate that selective breeding should be effective in raising levels in the UK breeding population of the three candidate terpenes implicated in weevil resistance. However, low levels observed indicate that other provenances from the native range may produce greater short-term improvements for two of the terpenes.
Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among Older Adults in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Lee Kathy , Mauldin Rebecca L , Tang Weizhou , Connolly John , Harwerth Joseph , Magruder Karen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The purpose of this project was to examine individual-level ethnic and racial differences and facility-level differences in types of complaints and rates of complaint resolution in a local long-term care ombudsman program.

Research Design and Methods
We employed a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design. First, we analyzed secondary complaint data based on residents’ race and ethnicity (n = 464) and facility characteristics (n = 101). We then conducted 2 focus groups with ombudsmen (n = 12) to provide context for our quantitative findings and to explore the ombudsmen’s views on disparities in long-term care facilities.

Results
Racial and ethnic minority residents were more likely to generate complaints related to residents’ rights than nonminority residents. Assisted living facilities were more likely to have complaints related to residents’ rights and outside agencies than nursing homes. The rate of complaint resolution increased among facilities with a higher proportion of minority residents, compared to facilities with a lower proportion of minority residents. However, an estimation of cross-level interaction revealed that non-Hispanic White residents in these facilities experienced faster complaint resolution than minority residents. Ombudsmen expressed concerns about communication barriers between minority residents and facility staff and discussed different complaint types and resolution rates according to facility types.

Discussion and Implications
Our findings highlight disparities across long-term care facilities as well as disparities in care minority residents experience. Long-term care ombudsman program complaint data should be disaggregated by race and ethnicity of the residents to advocate for policy change at facility, state, and federal levels.
China
Authors: Cai Congyan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relationship between China and global security. Since the 1980s, the landscape of global security has transformed and, accordingly, China has redefined its concept of security, first contending that the risk of global confrontation and, in particular, military threats to China had significantly reduced in the 1980s and, secondly, by proposing the New Security Concept in the 1990s. Moreover, China was welcomed internationally for its increasing contribution to international security by participating in United Nations peacekeeping operations. In the second decade of the twenty-first century, however, a number of events have occurred which have adversely affected global security. Ultimately, the question of how to deal with global security concerns that stem from the rise of China is part of a far-reaching process on how a rising China treats, and is treated in, the international legal order. As such, the chapter addresses the following issues: What is the international security landscape in relation to a rising China? How has China transformed its traditional conception of sovereignty in order to engage with international security? Should any new legal regulations be considered to address security threats in relation to a rising China? Should legal means exclusively be relied on to address international security?
Europe
Authors: Methymaki Eleni , Ozcelik Asli 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of Europe as an actor of global (in)security. The place of Europe in the global security landscape is often analysed with a focus on the European Union or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or both. But European States’ security approaches are not subsumed under the policies and politics of these organizations. The chapter looks at the National Security Strategies (NSSs) of nineteen European States to identify the security approaches of European States’ from their national perspectives, inquiring at the same time whether an embryonic ‘European’ security perspective emerges from them. To evaluate whether this is borne out in practice, the chapter then considers two spheres of securitization which, as evident from the NSSs, are perceived as essential to the maintenance of Europe itself: security at its borders and in its wider neighbourhood.
The Global South and the Law and Governance of Global Security
Authors: Rodiles Alejandro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the Global South in international security. In a constantly changing global political environment, certain States from the South occupy a pivotal position when it comes to addressing specific security crises, be it due to their regional leadership or because they are otherwise regarded as indispensable brokers in highly complex political and cultural constellations. In terms of insecurity, the South is no longer primarily regarded as a bloody theatre of major power confrontation, but as a source of insecurity in and of itself. The chapter then considers some of the evolving contours of the law and governance of global security. There is a growing reliance on ad hoc arrangements that contribute to the decentralization and deformalization of the classical international security architecture centred on treaties and international institutions. Also, the merger of security and development is undergoing profound transformations, as shown by the ongoing United Nations peacebuilding review, and by dynamically evolving practices on counter-terrorism focused on resilience-building in communities and amongst ordinary people. Paradoxically, while these practices are, to a great extent, driven by the growing agency of the South, their consequences seem to partly curtail this agency. Finally, the chapter refers to studies that trace the trajectories of globally informed and locally applied security practices, paying attention to the aforementioned paradox.
The African Union
Authors: Owino Jerusha Asin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the security regime of the African Union(AU) mandated to promote peace and stability under the AU: the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) established in 2003. The chapter charts the institutional development of the mechanisms under the APSA against a volatile threat matrix and the deployment of these mechanisms in situational exigencies. It also illustrates the nature of the APSA as a security regime complex by unpacking the dense network of partnerships that operate within it. The chapter next demonstrates the pillars on which the APSA rests by engaging with select interventions made under each pillar. While the chapter concludes that the APSA has been proven to be an indispensable mechanism in addressing some conflicts, it also partly mirrors the past, present, and potential future of the large and fragmented continent it was designed for. The APSA is therefore not the penultimate representation of a collective security apparatus, but an evolving work in progress.
The European Union
Authors: Nanopoulos Eva 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the European Union’s relationship and contribution to the international law of global security through the lens of ‘ambivalence’. The reasons for this approach are threefold. First, that relationship oscillates between symbiosis and friction. On the one hand, the European Union (EU) has been gradually integrated into the global security architecture. On the other hand, the EU, as a power bloc and ‘autonomous’ legal community, also provides a source of conflict with, disassociation from, or destabilization of, global security arrangements. Second, the interaction between EU law and global security law, as well as the substantive contribution of the EU to the law of global security, produces mixed results. Finally, the ambivalence of the EU as a ‘global security provider’ has also explanatory value when it comes to contemporary developments and challenges, particularly as they emerge from the EU’s response to the increased ‘questioning’ of the European project and the global liberal order more generally, and that cut across several aspects of global security.
Interpol—The International Criminal Police Organization
Authors: Gless Sabine , Zeitler Helge Elisabeth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the role of the International Criminal Police Organization, or Interpol, in the global security architecture. The turbulent history of Interpol can be seen in certain geopolitical controversies of the past, most prominently the Nazi takeover during the Second World War and its subsequent loss of significance during the Cold War. It was only after the 9/11 attacks that Interpol’s technical infrastructure and internal organization were overhauled and it was given a broader mandate to actively participate in the fight against terrorism. With an increasingly visible role in the global security architecture, Interpol is now viewed as an important stakeholder, cooperating closely with key players in the United Nations system as well as at regional and national levels, significantly influencing the global approach to fighting terrorism and other serious crimes. The chapter then examines Interpol’s authority to act and the relevant legal framework. It analyses recent developments and contemporary challenges for Interpol, which has risen from an association of police authorities to an international organization, increasingly engaging in activities that influence global security and can infringe on individual liberties and human rights.
Non-Governmental Organizations
Authors: Binder Christina 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the relevance and impact of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the international law of global security. Security is a complex concept in today’s ever-complicated world. The traditional State-centric approach to security has been complemented, albeit not replaced, by a more human-oriented aspect. Today, NGOs may participate in the security discourse as increasingly relevant stakeholders, ensuring that a focus on human rights and the common interests of humankind is maintained in security debates. The chapter considers the role of NGOs in global and regional security arrangements. It then looks at their contribution in the field of global security in terms of standard-setting, norm application, and interpretation, as well as with regard to compliance and enforcement, in areas where the individual is centre stage: international humanitarian law, international criminal law, and international human rights law. Finally, the chapter examines the applicable international legal framework regulating engagement by NGOs and assesses whether NGO practice has been influenced by the ever-changing global security landscape.
Vertex Green’s Functions of a Quarter-Plane: Links Between the Functional Equation, Additive Crossing and Lamé Functions
Authors: Assier R C , Shanin A V 
Published: March 2021

Summary
In our previous work (R. C. Assier and A. V. Shanin, Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 72, 2019), we gave a new spectral formulation in two complex variables associated with the problem of plane-wave diffraction by a quarter-plane. In particular, we showed that the unknown spectral function satisfies a condition of additive crossing about its branch set. In this article, we study a very similar class of spectral problem and show how the additive crossing can be exploited in order to express its solution in terms of Lamé functions. The solutions obtained can be thought of as tailored vertex Green’s functions whose behaviours in the near-field are directly related to the eigenvalues of the Laplace–Beltrami operator. This is important since the correct near-field behaviour at the tip of the quarter-plane had so far never been obtained via a multivariable complex analysis approach.
Prevalence of Familial Mediterranean Fever in Children with Cryptogenic Cirrhosis
Authors: Varol Fatma İlknur , Tabel Yılmaz , Yoloğlu Saim , Yeşilada Elif 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundFamilial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory disease characterized by abdominal and chest pain and recurrent fever due to inflammation in the serosal membranes such as peritoneum, pleura and synovia. In FMF, recurrent inflammatory cytokine production may lead to cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of FMF in children with cryptogenic cirrhosis and it was found to be high, to add FMF among the etiological causes of cirrhosis.Materials and methodsThis prospective cohort study conducted at the Hospital of İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey. In this study, 44 patients diagnosed with cryptogenic cirrhosis by biopsy, in the Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Clinic, were included, after the other reasons that may cause chronic liver disease were excluded. MEVF gene analysis was performed for all patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis.ResultsFMF genetic mutation was detected in 9 (20%) of 44 patients. M694V mutation was detected in one patient (2.27%) and E148Q homozygous mutation was detected in one patient (2.27%). Various other heterozygous mutations were detected in seven other patients. Homozygous and heterozygous R202Q mutations were detected in one patient.ConclusionWe suggest that FMF plays a role in the etiologic differential diagnosis of cryptogenic cirrhosis.
Comparison of rotational thromboelastometry parameters with 20-minute whole blood clotting test as a predictor of envenoming in Russell's viper bite patients
Authors: Gooneratne Lallindra V , Dharmasena Iresha , Premawardana Nuwan , Wimalachandra Manujasri , Arya Roopen , Gnanathasan Ariaranee 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Coagulopathy is an important and common systemic clinical syndrome caused by snake envenoming. The major clinical effect of Russell's viper (RV) envenoming is haematotoxicity. The 20-min whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) is the standard test for identification of envenoming in resource-limited settings. However, its reliability as a diagnostic test has been questioned. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) assays different phases of clot formation from initiation to fibrinolysis. Our objective was to compare parameters of ROTEM with WBCT20 and the international normalized ratio (INR) as predictors of envenoming in RV bite patients.

Methods
Fifty-three patents with RV bite presenting to Anuradhapura Hospital, Sri Lanka were recruited. Epidemiological and clinical data were obtained. Venous blood samples were collected at admission for ROTEM, INR and WBCT20.

Results
A total of 46 of 53 patients with RV bites received antivenom serum (AVS); 74% had a non-clottable WBCT20. All 46 had at least one abnormal ROTEM parameter and 93% had a prolonged EXTEM clotting time (EXTEM-CT). The sensitivity of a prolonged INR was only 55%.

Conclusions
EXTEM-CT is a better predictor of envenoming and the need for AVS than WBCT20 in RV bites (p=0.02). It provides a numerical value that can be used post-AVS to objectively assess the response and decide on further treatment.