bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glides are high vowels in onsets and codas: A case of Southern Vietnamese
Authors: Akamine Sho 
Published: March 2021

Glides, /j/ and /w/, are recognized as semivowels in Vietnamese, and they are conventionally and widely written as /i̯/ and /u̯/, respectively (Phạm & Mcleod 2016, Tran, Vallée & Granjon 2019). The implication of the conventional transcription of the two semivowels is that they are non-syllabic /i/ and /u/, suggesting that /i̯/ and /u̯/ might have similar or nearly identical acoustic properties with the two high vowels /i/ and /u/. As the semivowels are only allowed in onsets and codas, and the vowels are allowed in nuclei (Kirby 2011, Phạm & Mcleod 2016, Brunelle 2017, Tran et al. 2019), the only difference between the two semivowels and the two vowels might be where they can appear. That is, the semivowels might be non-syllabic positional variants of the high vowels that appear in onsets and codas (Levi, 2008). To examine this hypothesis, audio files in which a native female speaker of Southern Vietnamese recites the 200 Swadesh words in her dialect were collected, and the first formant (F1) and the second formant (F2) of each word that contains either /i/, /u/, /i̯/ or /u̯/ were measured using Praat (Boersma & Weenink 2020). Analyses on the F1 showed no significant difference on the F1 between /i/ and /i̯/ (p = .97) or /u/ and /u̯/ (p = .78). Similarly, there was no significant difference on the F2 between /i/ and /i̯/ (p = .91) or /u/ and /u̯/ (p = .91). The results support that /i/ and /i̯/ as well as /u/ and /u̯/ have nearly identical phonetic properties.
On the syntax of 'why'-like 'how' in Korean
Authors: Kim Okgi 
Published: March 2021

The wh-phrase ettehkey 'how' in Korean is forced to be interpreted as a reason wh-adverbial corresponding to way 'why' when it occurs with a causative-key toy-construction with past tense. In this paper, I try to answer a simple but fundamental question of whether or not reason ettehkey is base-generated in the same position as the 'high' wh-adjunct way (Ko 2005, 2006). I argue that reason ettehkey in an interrogative clause is externally merged in its checking position, Spec-CIntP, just like way (Ko 2006), whereas manner/instrumental ettehkey originates below NegP.
Distribution Pattern and its Correlation for Oral Cancer Rate and Human Development Rank for Countries
Authors: Kuruvilla Jacob , Nayar Kesavan Rajasekharan 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
There is a general interpretation that the distribution and pattern of various cancers exhibit geographical variations between developed and developing countries. However, as far as oral cancer is concerned, these differential patterns of distribution are not much documented.

Aim and Objective:
This review is aimed to bring in the existence of geographical disparities and its pattern for oral cancer incidence and mortality. The objectives of this review are: (1) To compare and comment on the trends in estimates for oral cancer incidence and mortality for the years 2002, 2008, and 2012. (2) To correlate oral cancer incidence and mortality values for 2012 with the human development index (HDI) scores for 2012 for each country. Design: Ecological approach and entire review was carried out using two secondary data sets, and they were (i) Age-standardized oral cancer incidence and mortality value for all countries published by the International Agency on Cancer Research for the years 2002, 2008, and 2012. (ii) HDI score for all countries for the year 2012 released by the United Nations Development Program.

Results:
A diametric pattern of distribution was observed across the two strata of countries. When developed countries have higher rates for incidence, low developed countries have higher rates for mortality.
New Experimental Zirconia-Reinforced Rice Husk Nanohybrid Composite and the Outcome of Its Surface Roughness and Microhardness in Comparison with Commercialized Nanofilled and Microhybrid Composite Resins
Authors: Lin Galvin Sim Siang , Ghani Nik Rozainah Nik Abdul , Ismail Noor Huda , Singbal Kiran , Noorani Tahir Yusuf , Mamat Noraida 
Published: March 2021

Background:
An ideal composite resin should demonstrate smooth surface after polishing and high hardness value to provide long-term success. Thus, this study aimed to compare the surface roughness and microhardness of new experimental zirconia-reinforced rice husk nanohybrid composite (Zr-Hybrid) with commercialized nanofilled (Filtek-Z350-XT) and microhybrid composite (Zmack-Comp) resins before and after artificial ageing.

Methods:
One hundred and eighty standardized disc samples were prepared, of which ninety samples each were used for surface roughness and microhardness test, respectively. They were divided equally into: Group 1 (Filtek-Z350-XT), Group 2 (Zmack-Comp), and Group 3 (Zr-Hybrid). For surface roughness test, all samples were polished with aluminium oxide discs and further subdivided into aged and unaged subgroups, in which composite samples in aged subgroups were subjected to 2500 thermal cycles. Next, all the samples were subjected to surface roughness test using a contact stylus profilometer. As for microhardness test, all the aged and unaged samples were tested using a Vickers hardness machine with a load of 300 kgf for 10 s and viewed under a digital microscope to obtain microhardness value. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference and paired sample t-test with significance level set at P = 0.05.

Results:
In both the aged and unaged groups, Zr-Hybrid showed statistically significantly lower surface roughness (P < 0.05) than Filtek-Z350-XT and Zmack-Comp, but no statistically significant difference was noted between Filtek-Z350-XT and Zmack-Comp (P > 0.05). A similar pattern was noted in microhardness test, whereby Zr-Hybrid showed the highest value (P < 0.05) followed by Filtek-Z350-XT and lastly Zmack-Comp. Besides, significant differences in surface roughness and microhardness were noted between the aged and unaged groups.

Conclusion:
Zr-Hybrid seems to demonstrate better surface roughness and microhardness value before and after artificial ageing.
Comparative Assessment of Canal Transportation, Dentin Loss, and Remaining Root Filling Material by Different Retreatment Files - An In vitro Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ali Afzal , Saraf Prahlad , Kamatagi Laxmikant , Khasnis Sandhya 
Published: March 2021

Aim:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the centering ability, canal transportation and efficacy of re-treatment rotary and hand files in removing Gutta Percha from root canals using Cone Beam Computed Tomography(CBCT).

Materials and Methods:
Sixty extracted human maxillary anteriors were obturated and randomly divided into three groups. Root fillings were removed with ProTaper Universal retreatment system, R-Endo system, and Hedstrom files. CBCT scans were taken.

Statistical Analysis and Results:
The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 15.0, IBM). The mean and standard deviation among the groups was calculated by one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann– Whitney U-tests, and the comparison among the various groups was done by post hoc Tukey's test. A statistically significant amount of remaining root canal filling material and canal transportation was noted (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
No system completely removed the root filling material from root canals. Manual instrumentation resulted in more dentin loss and canal transportation than rotary file system.
Comparison of Jet Injection Technique with Conventional Injection Technique in Patients Undergoing Endodontic Therapy
Authors: Hameed Mahaboob Shahul , Kumar Senthil , Charanya C. , Muthalagu M. , Anitha M. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
In order to reduce the fear and anxiety of injection during root canal procedures, Madajet injection technique was substituted for the first time among the adult patients to obtain its efficacy and to overcome the painful procedure during the conventional syringe technique.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to compare the clinical efficacy and level of patient acceptance of jet injections with conventional syringe technique in patients with symptomatic pulpitis.

Methodology:
Seventy patients were randomly divided into needleless pressure injection technique using Madajet XL and conventional syringe technique. The onset of anesthesia was evaluated using the electric pulp tester, and the pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale scoring criteria.

Statistical Analysis:
The obtained data were tabulated and subjected to the statistical analysis using the Chi-square test.

Results:
Needleless pressure injection technique (Madajet XL) proves to be effective in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis during endodontic procedure.

Conclusion:
It can be concluded that the needle-less pressure injection technique (Madajet XL) promises to be a viable mode of pain control during endodontic procedures as it converts the solution to a tiny droplet which is then carried by the myelin sheath.
Efficacy of Laser Photoacoustic Streaming in Paediatric Root Canal Disinfection - An Ex-Vivo Study
Authors: Yavagal Chandrashekar Murugesh , Patil Viplavi Chavan , Yavagal Puja Chandrashekar , Kumar N Kiran , Hariharan Madhu , Mangalekar Sachin B 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Various techniques have been employed to enhance the root canal disinfection rate using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as an irrigant. Photon initiated photo-acoustic streaming using lasers is a newer method of endodontic disinfection.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of photo-initiated photoacoustic streaming and conventional irrigation technique using 2.5% NaOCl for root canal disinfection in primary teeth.

Setting and Design:
Laboratory setting and ex-vivo design.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty extracted primary teeth were selected in which Enterococcus faecalis incubation was done in the root canals and bacterial counts were obtained before the intervention. The teeth were randomly allocated into two groups. Group I samples were irrigated with conventional syringe method using 2.5% NaOCl and Group II samples were irrigated using photon-initiated photo-acoustic streaming method with erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser (wavelength - 2940 nm). Postintervention samples were obtained, and bacterial colony count was done. Wilcoxon Signed- Ranks Test and Mann–Whitney test were applied to test the intragroup and intergroup differences in the bacterial counts.

Results:
Postintervention results showed no bacterial growth in the canals irrigated using Laser (P = 0.004) whereas, fewer bacterial colonies were observed in NaOCl group (P = 0.005). There was statistically significantly higher reduction in E. faecalis counts in Laser Activated irrigation (LAI) group compared to NaOCl group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Total elimination of E. faecalis counts was obtained by the use of laser activated NaOCl irrigation in the infected root canals, hence, it can be considered as an effective method for pediatric endodontic disinfection.
Comparative Evaluation of Instrumentation Time, Obturation Time, and Radiographic Quality of Obturation Using Two Rotary Systems and Manual Technique for Primary Molar Pulpectomies – In vivo Study
Authors: Shah Heeral Sureshkumar , Patil Vishwas Mohanrao , Kamath Ananth P. , Mathur Aditi Anmol 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Ideal pulpectomy for primary dentition demands fast, simple procedures, with short treatment times and minimal appointments. Recently, exclusive pediatric rotary files are available for use in primary teeth. There is a paucity of literature on the clinical efficacy of pediatric rotary files. Hence, this study was planned to evaluate and compare pediatric rotary files and K-files.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare instrumentation time, obturation time, and radiographic quality of obturation using rotary systems (Kedo-S; Pro-AF Baby GOLD files) and manual (K-files) technique in primary molar pulpectomies.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-five primary mandibular molars from 42 children aged 5–9 were selected. Single-visit pulpectomy was performed after dividing selected teeth into three equal groups: (i) K-files, (ii) Kedo-S files, (iii) Pro-AF Baby GOLD files. Instrumentation and obturation times were recorded during the procedure. Immediate postoperative radiographs were taken and evaluated later for obturation quality by two independent evaluators blinded to the instrumentation technique. The results were then statistically analyzed.

Results:
Kedo-S (Group II) files required the least instrumentation time followed by Pro-AF (Group III) and K-files (Group I). The superior quality of obturation in lesser time was achieved using Pro-AF files (Group III) followed by Kedo-S (Group II) and K-files (Group I).

Conclusion:
Pediatric rotary files are efficient alternatives to hand instrumentation and can be considered as the standard of care in pulpectomies of primary teeth.
Duplications of the alimentary tract in infants and children
Authors: Keshri Rupesh , Prasad Ramjee , Chaubey Digamber , Hasan Zaheer , Kumar Vijayendra , Thakur Vinit Kumar , Yadav Ramdhani , Kumar Rakesh , Bakhtiyar Asjad Karim , Rahul Sandip Kumar 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Duplications of the alimentary tract are known for their embryonic, anatomical, clinical, and pathologic variations. Summarizing the features of these lesions would reveal these characteristics and guide appropriate management. The objectives of this study are to describe the clinical features and characteristics of all cases of duplication of alimentary tract managed at a tertiary center.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective study on all cases of duplications of the alimentary tract managed at a tertiary center from July 2015 to June 2020 (5 years) was conducted after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Data regarding history, demographic details, symptoms, clinical features and investigation results, and intraoperative and histopathologic findings were collected from the hospital records and analyzed.

Results:
Twenty-eight cases of duplication were managed during this period. They had different locations (esophageal-5 [cervical-2 and thoracic-3], gastric-1, jejunal-3, ileal – 11, cecal-3, appendicular-2, colorectal-1, rectal-1, and posterior anal canal-1) and site-specific symptoms but definite histopathology with evidence of adjacent gastrointestinal tissue on microscopic examination. Unique cases included cervical esophageal duplication, bleeding ileal duplication (ID) with heterotopic mucosa, ID with bezoar, jejunal duplication with malrotation, appendicular duplication with type 2 pouch colon and anorectal malformation, rectal duplication, and posterior anal duplication. Case-specific management ensured minimal complication without any mortality.

Conclusion:
Variable location and site-specific symptoms necessitate individualized case-specific management of duplication anomalies. Histopathology confirms both native and heterotopic gastrointestinal tissues and is indispensable for the diagnosis.
Efficacy of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to ropivacaine in transversus abdominis plane block for paediatric laparoscopic surgeries
Authors: Garg Kashish , Bhardwaj Neerja , Yaddanapudi Sandhya , Sen Indu M , Mathew Preethy J , Kanojia Ravi P 
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims:
α2 agonists have been utilised in regional blocks, but very little data is available for their use in transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in paediatric laparoscopic (LAP) surgeries. This study investigated the analgesic effect of ropivacaine alone versus its combination with dexmedetomidine for TAP block in children undergoing LAP surgery.

METHODS:
A randomised, double-blind trial was conducted in 50 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 1 and 2 children of 2–8 years undergoing LAP abdominal surgery. Children were randomised to receive a total volume of 0.5 ml/kg of 0.2% ropivacaine (LA group) or 0.2% ropivacaine with 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine (LAD group) for performing ultrasound-guided bilateral TAP block postoperatively (PO). Patients were monitored PO for vital signs, pain, sedation, time to first rescue analgesic and total analgesic consumption for 24 h. Time to first rescue analgesic was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and analysed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Pain and sedation scores were expressed as median [interquartile range (IQR)] and analysed using Mann–Whitney U test.

Results:
First rescue analgesic demand was significantly longer (P = 0.001) in LAD (474.8 min) versus LA group (240.9 min) but total analgesics consumption in first 24 h was comparable. Pain scores were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in LAD compared to LA group at all times PO. Each group had comparable but significantly lower sedation scores up to 24 h PO.

Conclusion:
Addition of dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine in TAP block prolongs the time to first analgesic requirement without a difference in the total analgesic consumption.
Clinical outcomes of using remdesivir in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19
Authors: Mahajan Lakshmi , Singh A P , Gifty  
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims:
When the world was frantically searching for a drug effective against the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, remdesivir, a broad-spectrum anti-viral medication, became a part of the COVID treatment. We planned a study to evaluate improvement in clinical outcomes with remdesivir treatment for five days.

Methods:
Participants more than 40-years old and with moderate to severe COVID-19 but not on mechanical ventilation were randomly assigned into two groups-remdesivir group (34 cases) to receive the study drug intravenous (IV) remdesivir for five days plus the standard care (SC) and non-remdesivir group (36 cases) to receive the SC but not to receive the study drug. Follow-up was continued for 12 days after the beginning of treatment or until discharge/death. Patient's clinical status was assessed by laboratory investigations and physical examination (from day 1 to day 12 on a 4-point ordinal scale and from day 12 to 24 on a 6-point ordinal scale). Oxygen support requirements and adverse events were recorded. The data were entered and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0.

Results:
High-flow oxygen support and non-invasive ventilation was required at baseline by lesser patients in the remdesivir group. In the end, both groups had similar outcomes after adjustment for baseline clinical status. There was no statistical difference in mortality between the two groups (p = 0.749). Patients in both groups had an equal time to recovery. There was no difference in the occurrence of adverse effects of remdesivir between the two groups.

Conclusion:
Remdesivir therapy for five days did not produce improvement in clinical outcomes in moderate to severe COVID-19 cases.
Long Turnaround Times in Viral Load Monitoring of People Living with HIV in Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Mbiva Fredrick , Tweya Hannock , Satyanarayana Srinath , Takarinda Kudakwashe , Timire Collins , Dzangare Janet , Nzombe Phoebe , Apollo Tsitsi M , Khabo Bekezela , Mazarura Exevia 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
Routine viral load (VL) testing is fraught with challenges in resource-limited settings which lead to longer turnaround times for the return of VL results. We assessed the turnaround times for VL testing and factors associated with long turnaround (>30 days) in Marondera, Zimbabwe, between January and September 2018.

Methods:
This was an analytical study of routine program data. Data were extracted from electronic records and paper-based reports at two laboratories and at antiretroviral therapy (ART) facilities. The unit of analysis was the VL sample. Duration (in days) between sample collection and sample testing (pre-test turnaround time), duration between sample testing and receipt of VL result at ART the site (post-test turnaround time), and duration between sample collection and receipt of result at the ART site (overall turnaround time) were calculated. Days on which the VL testing machine was not functional, and workload (number of tests done per month) were used to assess associations. We used binomial log models to assess the factors associated with longer turnaround time.

Results:
A total of 3348 samples were received at the two VL testing laboratories, and 3313 were tested, of these, 1111 were analyzed for overall turnaround time. Pre-test, post-test, and overall turnaround times were 22 days (interquartile range (IQR): 11–41), 51 days (IQR: 30–89), and 67 days (IQR: 46–100), respectively. Laboratory workload (relative risk [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–1.14) and machine break down (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.14–1.17) were associated with long turnaround time.

Conclusions:
Routine VL turnaround time was long. Decentralizing VL testing and enhancing laboratory capacity may help shorten the turnaround time.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MIND MAP DENGAN APLIKASI PREZI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MTs. MIFTAHUL ULUM SIDOMUKTI
Authors: Putri Chamelia 
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan Mind Map dengan aplikasi Prezi terhadap peningkatan aktivitas belajar dan hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini dilakukan di MTs. Miftahul Ulum Sidomukti pada siswa kelas VII yang berjumlah 37 siswa pada mata pelajaran IPS pokok bahasan Lembaga Sosial. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif kausal dengan penentuan daerah penelitian menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Alat pengumpulan data menggunakan angket, tes berupa ulangan harian, dokumentasi dan wawancara. Derajat valid dan reliabel alat dengan uji validitas dan reliabilitas, uji analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linier dengan bantuan program SPSS Versi 22. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) nilai sig. dari variabel penggunaan Mind Map dengan Aplikasi Prezi terhadap aktivitas belajar siswa sebesar 0.000, kesimpulan sig. 0,05, berarti penggunaan Mind Map dengan Aplikasi Prezi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap aktivitas belajar siswa; 2) nilai sig. dari variabel penggunaan Mind Map dengan Aplikasi Prezi terhadap hasil belajar siswa adalah 0.000, kesimpulan sig. 0,05, berarti penggunaan Mind Map dengan Aplikasi Prezi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Saran yang diajukan agar para guru menyajikan pembelajaran di dalam kelas dengan lebih menarik seperti menggunkan aplikasi Prezi dan menggunakan Mind Map yang memudahkan siswa untuk belajar, memahami materi dan menciptakan kegiatan pembelajaran lebih menyenangkan.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BLENDED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK PADA MATERI CARA BUDIDAYA IKAN YANG BAIK (CBIB) DI SMK
Authors: Soetomo Yunita Widiana 
Published: March 2021

Penelitian penerapan Model Pembelajaran Blended Learning bertujuan meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik pada materi Cara Budidaya Ikan yang Baik (CBIB) selama pembelajaran di masa pandemi covid 19. Subyek penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas XII APAT SMK Negeri 1 Bendahara, Aceh Tamiang, berjumlah 19 orang. Penelitian dilakukan sebanyak 2 siklus. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini digunakan tes, observasi dan angket. Pengolahan data secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu pada siklus awal, prosentase ketuntasan hasil belajar peserta didik baru mencapai 26,32%, pada siklus I prosentase ketuntasan hasil belajar peserta didik mencapai 52,63 %, dan terjadi peningkatan prosentase ketuntasan hasil belajar peserta didik menjadi 94,74 % pada siklus II. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tindakan kelas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi penyampaian materi secara daring dan pelaksanaan praktikum secara luring di kelas XII APAT di SMK Negeri 1 Bendahara Aceh Tamiang. dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik.