bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicon integrated multi-mode ring resonator
Authors: Ye Mengyuan , Sun Chunlei , Yu Yu , Ding Yunhong , Zhang Xinliang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Ring resonator is an essential element in silicon integrated circuit, it is widely used as filter, wavelength multiplexer and switch in single-mode operation regime. As the rapid development of mode division multiplexing (MDM) technique, ring resonator that can process multi-mode signals simultaneously and uniformly is highly desired. However, the severe modal dispersion makes identical transmission for different modes very hard. In this paper, by breaking through the limitation of conventional multi-mode manipulation design with evanescent coupling or mode interference, we propose and demonstrate a multi-mode ring resonator (MMRR) inspired by the free space geometric optics. Arbitrary number of supporting modes can be achieved by simply widening the waveguide width. For proof-of-concept demonstration, an MMRR supporting four modes is fabricated with uniform transmittance. Furthermore, architecture of cascaded four MMRRs are also demonstrated experimentally.
Familiar Patterns and New Initiatives: UK Civil Society and Government Initial Responses to the Covid-19 Crisis
Authors: Harris Margaret 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper describes and analyses the response of UK civil society in the early months of the Covid-19 crisis, roughly the period March to July 2020. While focussing primarily on civil society actors, the paper includes an exploration of how civil society and the national government interacted with each other. It considers the extent to which responses to the Covid-19 crisis reflect familiar patterns of behaviour by civil society in the UK, and in the relationship between the government and ‘third sector’. The paper concludes by pointing to emergent issues for civil society as the UK looked towards recovery from the initial wave of crisis.
Early-Responding Civil Society and a Late Coming State: Findings from Turkey during the Pandemic
Authors: Doğan Erhan , Genç H Deniz 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
By building on available literature and interview notes with the NGOs working mainly on refugees and irregular migrants, this study examines the experiences of civil society in Turkey in the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the main findings is that NGOs responded quite early and with agility to the sufferings of people before the state entered into the field and implemented its own rules and methods to deal with the crisis. The study also reveals that the pandemic affected the focus of the NGOs, their services, finances, and working methods in the field. The organizations we examined adapted to a new online working environment which increased demand for their services and aggravated difficulties in assuring clients access to needed healthcare services. The study finds that relations with the local and central governments remain difficult, and during the pandemic, the NGOs were compelled to act very cautiously. While suffering from their society’s political polarization, they report that xenophobia continues to rise and has been worsened by the impact of the pandemic.
Purification of 89Sr from FBTR irradiated Yttria target by extraction chromatography using HDEHP impregnated XAD-7 resin
Authors: Gundu Venkata Surya Ashok Kumar , Vithya Jayagopal , Rajarajan Senthilvadivu , Kumar Ramalingam 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

89Sr is used in bone pain palliative care of cancer patients and the same is being produced presently via the 89Y(n, p)89Sr reaction by irradiating yttria target in Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR). An efficient separation method was standardized for the removal of bulk yttrium target by extraction chromatography using di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) impregnated on XAD-7 resin. In the present paper, the extraction behavior of Sr(II) and Y(III) was studied as a function of the concentration of nitric acid in the aqueous phase and concentration of HDEHP in the resin phase. The separation of Sr(II) and Y(III) was standardized using the above resins and the method was subsequently applied satisfactorily for the removal of yttrium from the dissolver solution of FBTR irradiated yttria pellet towards the purification of 89Sr. A baseline separation of 89Sr and Y was achieved. Leaching and breakthrough capacity studies were evaluated for the resins and it was established that the stability and capacity of the resins were satisfactory. The breakthrough capacity was found to be 12 mg Y(III) per gram of the HDHEP resin whereas the leaching studies established that the resins are stable for multiple cycle of operations.
Extraction of tetra- and hexavalent actinide ions from nitric acid solutions using some diglycolamide functionalized calix[4]arenes
Authors: Gujar Rajesh B. , Verma Parveen K. , Mohapatra Prasanta K. , Iqbal Mudassir , Huskens Jurriaan , Verboom Willem 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Neptunium is one of the most important minor actinide elements with some of its isotopes having very long half-lives, therefore necessitating its separation from acidic radioactive wastes. Solvent extraction of Np4+ and NpO2
2+ was studied using three multiple diglycolamide (DGA) extractants with n-propyl, n-octyl and 3-pentyl substituents termed as L

I
, L

II
and L

III
, respectively, in a mixed diluent of 5% isodecanol and 95% n-dodecane. For comparison purpose, the extraction of Pu4+ and UO2
2+ was carried out under identical conditions. The extraction efficiency of the ligands for the tetravalent ions followed the trend: L

II
> L

I
> L

III
, which changed to L

III
> L

II
> L

I
for the hexavalent ions. While the extraction of the tetravalent ions was reasonably good (ca. 90–98%) with an extremely low (5.0 × 10−5 M) ligand concentration, poor extraction (ca. 5–16%) of the hexavalent ions was seen even with a 20 times higher concentration of the ligand. In general, Pu4+ was better extracted than Np4+, while NpO2
2+ was marginally better extracted then UO2
2+. A ‘solvation’ type extraction mechanism was proposed based on the extraction profiles obtained as a function of the concentrations of the feed nitric acid, extractant as well as nitrate ion. The extracted species were found out to be M(NO3)4·mL and MO2(NO3)2·nL (M = Np or Pu, 1 < m < 2, n ≃ 1).
Recent developments in catalyst pretreatment technologies for cobalt based Fisher–Tropsch synthesis
Authors: Shiba Nothando Cynthia , Yao Yali , Liu Xinying , Hildebrandt Diane 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Stringent environmental regulations and energy insecurity necessitate the development of an integrated process to produce high-quality fuels from renewable resources and to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, in this case Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The FT activity and selectivity are significantly influenced by the pretreatment of the catalyst. This article reviews traditional and developing processes for pretreatment of cobalt catalysts with reference to their application in FTS. The activation atmosphere, drying, calcination, reduction conditions and type of support are critical factors that govern the reducibility, dispersion and crystallite size of the active phase. Compared to traditional high temperature H2 activation, both hydrogenation–carbidisation–hydrogenation and reduction–oxidation–reduction pretreatment cycles result in improved metal dispersion and exhibit much higher FTS activity. Cobalt carbide (Co2C) formed by CO treatment has the potential to provide a simpler and more effective way of producing lower olefins, and higher alcohols directly from syngas. Syngas activation or direct synthesis of the metallic cobalt catalyst has the potential to remove the expensive H2 pretreatment procedure, and consequently simplify the pretreatment process, which would make it more economical and thus more attractive to industry.
Probabilistic contraction under a control function
Authors: Choudhury Binayak S. , Tiwari Vandana , Som Tanmoy , Saha Parbati 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Probabilistic metric spaces are metric structures having uncertainty built within their geometry, which has made them into an appropriate context for modelling many real life problems. Theoretical studies on these structures have also appeared extensively. This paper is intended for some development of fixed point theory in probabilistic metric spaces, which is an active area of contemporary research. We define a new contraction mapping in such spaces and show that the contraction has a unique fixed point if such spaces are G-complete with an arbitrary choice of a continuous t-norm. With a minimum t-norm, the result is further extended in any complete probabilistic metric space. The contraction is defined with the help of a control function which is different from several other control functions used in probabilistic fixed point theory by other authors. The methodology of the proof is new. An illustrative example is given. The present work is a part of probabilistic analysis.
Continuous-time mean-variance portfolio selection with regime-switching financial market: Time-consistent solution
Authors: Alia Ishak , Chighoub Farid 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper studies optimal time-consistent strategies for the mean-variance portfolio selection problem. Especially, we assume that the price processes of risky stocks are described by regime-switching SDEs. We consider a Markov-modulated state-dependent risk aversion and we formulate the problem in the game theoretic framework. Then, by solving a flow of forward-backward stochastic differential equations, an explicit representation as well as uniqueness results of an equilibrium solution are obtained.
Optimised calibration programmes for comparators for instrument transformers
Authors: Mester Christian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Traditionally, instrument transformers are calibrated using bridges. By definition, bridges use the null method of measurement. The traditional calibration programme for instrument transformer bridges characterise namely this null measurement. Many new commercial comparators for instrument transformer use a very different method. They sample the secondary signals of reference and device under test (dut) transformer independently. Based on the samples, magnitude and phase of both signals are determined. Ratio error and phase displacement are calculated. Consequently, the significance of their calibration using the traditional calibration programme is limited. Moreover, the operating range of modern comparators is much larger than that of bridges. The additional versatility cannot be used without an adapted calibration programme. This article analyses the calibration programmes for both technologies. An experimental study confirms both the suitability of the new calibration programme and the need to chose the calibration programme depending on the technology of the device to be calibrated. The conclusion is very general and applies to all measurement problems where an operating principle is replaced by another – when changing the operating principle, it is important to check the calibration programme and adapt it if necessary.
Ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Erzeugung eines statischen Drehmoments im Bereich von 1 mN·m bis 1 N·m
Authors: Sasiuk Taras , Fröhlich Thomas , Theska René , de Oliveira Rafael Soares 
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung
Drehmomentsensoren mit einem kleinen Messbereich bis zu 1 N·m sind Teil verschiedener Präzisionsgeräte, wie beispielsweise Roboter oder Werkzeuge für medizinische Operationen und Nanofabrikationsgeräte. Die Drehmomentsensoren benötigen häufig eine Kalibrierung, für die eine Rückführbarkeit nachgewiesen werden muss. Gemäß gesetzlichem Auftrag haben die nationalen metrologischen Institute die Aufgabe, die Drehmomenteinheiten zu realisieren und die geforderte Rückführbarkeit zu ermöglichen. Dieser Artikel zeigt, wie nach einem neuen Prinzip statische Drehmomente im Bereich von 1 mN·m bis 1 N·m erzeugt werden können. Ziel der laufenden Arbeiten war die Umsetzung dieser neuen Idee der Drehmomenterzeugung zur Schaffung einer neuen, präziseren Drehmoment-Normalmesseinrichtung. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der neuen Methode wurde mit der Erzeugung von statischen Drehmomenten nach dem Stand der Technik (PTB-Drehmoment-Normalmesseinrichtung) verglichen.
Biological variation of glycated albumin, glucose and albumin in healthy Turkish subjects
Authors: Oğuz Osman , Mercan Hilal , Hocaoglu-Emre F. Sinem 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Biological variation (BV) in laboratory tests can be defined as the variation in analyte concentration over time within and between individuals. Glycated albumin (GA) is a ketoamine which is used in the short-term monitoring of diabetes. The aim of this research was to determine BV of GA, glucose, and albumin under a well-designed and standardized protocol.

Methods
Blood samples were collected weekly from 21 healthy subjects (10 males, 11 females) for four consecutive weeks. Samples were analyzed using enzymatic methods in duplicate. After subjected to outlier and normality tests, variables as the within-subject biologic coefficient of variation (CVI) and between-subject biologic coefficient of variation (CVG), the index of individuality (II), and reference change value (RCV) were calculated.

Results
Analytical coefficient of variation (CVA) was 3.5, 1.78, and 2.9%, for GA, glucose and albumin, respectively. The estimates for CVI and CVG: GA: 4.1%, 6.3%; glucose: 3.8%, 4.8%; albumin: 3.5%, 4%. RCVs and IIs were: 15%, 0.60; 12%, 0.79; 13%, 0.9 for GA, glucose and albumin, respectively.

Conclusions
The BV data of GA derived from this study might be applied to understand routine test results better and establish the quality standards for the analyte.
Prevention of extra-analytical phase errors by non-analytical automation in clinical laboratory
Authors: Bakan Ebubekir , Bakan Nuri 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
During previous decades, significant improvements in laboratory errors have become a substantial part of reducing preventable diagnostic errors. In clinical laboratory practice, the errors in the testing process are primarily associated with extra-analytical phase error sources, influencing the test result quality profoundly. Thus, the management of these critical error sources makes their effects preventable thanks to automation and computer sciences. The implementation of non-analytical automated systems requires a risk management strategy based on laboratory’s workflow and bottlenecks. Then, the improvements can be measured and evaluated by the usage of quality indicators (QI). Consequently, the total quality of laboratory diagnostics and higher patient safety is closely dependent on this type of automation. This review will help laboratory professionals, managers, and directors improve the total testing processes (TTP). The automation technologies have added a serious impact on the proficiency of laboratory medicine. Several instrumentations have now partially or entirely automated many manual tasks to improve standardization, organization, efficiency, and TTP quality. The implementation of non-analytical automation has made them manageable. As a result, non-analytical automation within and outside the clinical laboratory will necessarily lessen the error sources’ effect on the total test process, enhancing the quality of the test results.
Crosslinguistic similarity and variation in the simultaneous morphology of sign languages
Authors: Brentari Diane , Horton Laura , Goldin-Meadow Susan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTwo differences between signed and spoken languages that have been widely discussed in the literature are: the degree to which morphology is expressed simultaneously (rather than sequentially), and the degree to which iconicity is used, particularly in predicates of motion and location, often referred to as classifier predicates. In this paper we analyze a set of properties marking agency and number in four sign languages for their crosslinguistic similarities and differences regarding simultaneity and iconicity. Data from American Sign Language (ASL), Italian Sign Language (LIS), British Sign Language (BSL), and Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL) are analyzed. We find that iconic, cognitive, phonological, and morphological factors contribute to the distribution of these properties. We conduct two analyses—one of verbs and one of verb phrases. The analysis of classifierverbsshows that, as expected, all four languages exhibit many common formal and iconic properties in the expression of agency and number. The analysis of classifierverb phrases(VPs)—particularly, multiple-verb predicates—reveals (a) that it is grammatical in all four languages to express agency and number within a single verb, but also (b) that there is crosslinguistic variation in expressing agency and number across the four languages. We argue that this variation is motivated by how each language prioritizes, or ranks, several constraints. The rankings can be captured in Optimality Theory. Some constraints in this account, such as a constraint to be redundant, are found in all information systems and might be considered non-linguistic; however, the variation in constraint ranking in verb phrases reveals the grammatical and arbitrary nature of linguistic systems.
Vertebral plate and ligament composite laminoplasty in spinal cord tumor surgery: Analysis of 94 patients
Authors: Hao Xu , Lin Wang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the value and long-term effect of laminectomy or laminoplasty in spinal cord tumor surgery.

Patients and methods
Patients with spinal cord tumor treated in Department of Neurosurgery from January 2016 to October 2019 were included in this study. Posterior median approach tumor resection was preceded in 94 cases. Vertebral plate and ligament composite replant (laminoplasty group) was proceeded in 34 cases, and vertebral plate resection (laminectomy group) was proceeded in 60 cases. All patients were followed up and neurological function imagings were conducted 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months postsurgery to evaluate the surgical efficiency and spinal stability.

Results
Total resection was achieved in 84 patients (89.0%); subtotal resection was achieved in 10 patients (11%). There was no significant difference between thelaminectomy group and laminoplasty group in terms of operative time, surgical site, infection rate, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection, CSF leak, and length of hospitalization (P > 0.05). The incidence of postoperative spinal deformity was 15.0% in the laminectomy group and 11.7% in the laminoplasty group (P > 0.05). Laminoplasty vs laminectomy was associated with a similar risk of progressive deformity. However, for the cervical patients, there is significant difference (P < 0.05) in the spinal deformity. For the patients with incision vertebral segments >3, there is no significant difference in the spinal deformity (P > 0.05). Bone fusion was achieved in 7 (20%) patients in the laminoplasty group. Laminoplasty vs laminectomy was associated with a similar risk of progressive deformity.

Conclusion
Vertebral plate and ligament composite replant is a simple and practical method in spinal cord tumor surgery. Neither every case got bone fusion nor positive results turned out in survival analysis, but it is still valuable in reducing spinal deformity, especially in cervical vertebra spinal cord tumor surgery.
Optional agreement in Santiago Tz’utujil (Mayan) is syntactic
Authors: Levin Theodore , Lyskawa Paulina , Ranero Rodrigo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSome Mayan languages displayoptionalverbal agreement with 3plarguments (Dayley1985; Henderson2009; England2011). Focusing on novel data from Santiago Tz’utujil (ST), we demonstrate that this optionality is not reducible to phonological or morphological factors. Rather, the source of optionality is in the syntax. Specifically, the distinction between arguments generated in the specifier position and arguments generated in the complement position governs the pattern. Only base-complements control agreement optionally; base-specifiers control agreement obligatorily. We provide an analysis in which optional agreement results from the availability of two syntactic representations (DP vs. reduced nominal argument). Thus, while the syntactic operationAgreeis deterministic, surface optionality arises when the operation targets two different sized goals.
A null theory of scrambling
Authors: Haider Hubert 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGrammars are decomposable. On the one hand, an adequate characterization of a given utterance factorizes the contributions of each subsystem of grammar and on the other hand, it thereby reduces the apparent overall complexity to the interaction of less complex subsystems. Scrambling is an apt showcase. Its complicated properties are not inherent properties of a syntactic construction but the result of the interaction of phrase structuring with other subsystems of grammar, and in particular with the information-structuring (IS) subsystem of pragmatics. Scrambling is “utilized” rather than “triggered”. In general, when syntax admits structural variation, this potential is captured and utilized by other subsystems of grammar. Germanic and Slavic languages are handy testimonies for rejecting syntactic trigger scenarios not only for scrambling but also for other constructions with displaced items. Cross-linguistically, scrambling is not a matter of syntactical determinism. For an adequate syntactical account of scrambling it is sufficient to understand and explain the structural conditions that make a language a scrambling language. The pragmatic functions that utilize scrambling structures are not a concern of syntax. They are syntactically not causal and epiphenomenal to syntax.
Riester-Reform – Nur eine Erleichterung für die Anbieter
Authors: Müller Klaus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Riester pension was well thought out, but badly done. It is primarily the agents and insurance companies who benefit from Riester, while consumers hardly benefit at all – and if they do, it is only because of the generous state subsidy. The reform proposals to date do not eliminate the deficits, but are rather a restructuring plan for the supply side. However, private pension contracts should also pay off without subsidies. State-organised standard products in Sweden or Great Britain show how such efficiency can be achieved. The German “Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband” has made a suggestion in this respect, the “Extrarente”: a public body pools consumer demand and can thus cost-effectively organise their capital investment on a share scheme basis.
Hydrogen-bonding in mono-, di- and tetramethylammonium dihydrogenphosphites
Authors: Kogler Matthias , Stöger Berthold 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The crystal structures of methylammonium and dimethylammonium dihydrogenphosphite (MA⋅H2PO3, I2/a and DMA⋅H2PO3,

P

2
1

/
c

$P{2}_{1}/c$

) are built of infinite chains of hydrogen bonded

H
2

P

O
3
−

${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}$

anions. The chains are connected by the ammonium cations via hydrogen bonding to di- (DMA⋅H2PO3) and triperiodic (MA⋅H2PO3) networks. Tetramethylammonium dihydrogenphosphite monohydrate (TMA⋅H2PO3⋅H2O) features temperature dependent dimorphism. The crystal structure of the high-temperature (HT, cubic P213) and low-temperature (LT, orthorhombic P212121) phases were determined at 150 and 100 K, respectively. The hydrogen bonding network in the HT phase is disordered, with

H
2

P

O
3
−

${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}$

and H2O being located on a threefold axis and is ordered in the LT phase. On cooling, the point symmetry is reduced by an index of 3. The lost symmetry is retained as twin operations, leading to threefold twinning by pseudo-merohedry. The hydrogen-bonding networks of the HT and LT phases can be represented by undirected and directed quotient graphs, respectively.