bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association between screen time and reported depressive symptoms among adolescents in Sweden
Authors: Ma Li , Evans Brittany , Kleppang Annette Lovheim , Hagquist Curt 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
How screen use is associated with adolescents’ mental health has been widely debated in public media during the last decade, but there is still lack of information about if and how the associations vary between types of electronic media.

Objective
This study aimed to examine how time spent on types of screen use (social media, gaming alone, gaming in groups and watching TV) was associated with depressive symptoms among adolescents in Sweden, and whether gender moderated these associations.

Methods
We analysed data from the Swedish section of the Children of Immigrants: Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries. The final sample consisted of 3556 eighth grade adolescents in 2011 (51% girls). We used logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratio of feeling depressed often versus less often/not at all using time spent on different types of screen use as predictor variables. Additionally, we tested interaction effects between gender and the predictor variables.

Results
Our results showed that spending more than 2 hours on social media was associated with higher odds of feeling depressed often compared with spending 2 hours or less. Not watching TV was associated with higher odds of feeling depressed often compared with watching TV. These patterns did not differ across genders. Gaming alone and gaming in groups were not associated with depressive symptoms.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that more frequent social media use and not watching TV were associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms.
Environmental filtering affects fungal communities more than dispersal limitation in a high-elevation hyperarid basin on Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Xing Rui , Gao Qing-bo , Zhang Fa-qi , Wang Jiu-li , Chen Shi-long 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The Qaidam Basin is the most extensive (120 000 km2) basin on the Qinghai–Tibet Plataea (QTP). Recent studies have shown that environmental selection and dispersal limitation influence the soil fungal community significantly in a large-scale distance. However, less is known about large-scale soil fungal community assemblages and its response to the elevation gradient in the high-elevation basin ecosystems. We studied fungal assemblages using Illumina sequencing of the ITS1 region from 35 sites of the Qaidam Basin. As the increase of elevation, fungal species richness and Chao1 index also increased. The Ascomycota was the most abundant phylum (more than 70% of total sequences), and six of the 10 most abundance fungal family was detected in all 35 soil samples. The key factors influencing the soil fungal community composition in the Qaidam Basin were environmental filtering (soil properties and climate factors). The Mantel test showed no significant relationship between geographic distance and community similarity (r = 0.05; p = 0.81). The absence of the distance effect might be caused by lacking dispersal limitation for the soil fungal community.
Divide and Rule: Discursive Authority, Identity Dissonance, Ethnic Lobbies, and US Foreign Policy, or How President Obama Defeated AIPAC over the 2015 Iran Deal
Authors: Rynhold Jonathan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article addresses the influence of diaspora lobbies on US foreign policy by analyzing the failure of the paradigmatic lobby—AIPAC—to block the 2015 Iran deal. The literature on the efficacy of diaspora lobbies focuses on structural material factors. In contrast, this study introduces an agency-orientated constructivist approach focused on ideational factors. While the material institutional setting contributed to AIPAC's defeat by establishing a high bar to overcome, this was not insurmountable. Consequently, such material factors must be combined with ideational factors to fully explain AIPAC's defeat. In this vein, the prevalence of negative affective partisanship generated a “cultural opportunity structure” for the President to wield party loyalty to obtain the support of Congressional Democrats. Yet, this too was not insurmountable for AIPAC, had opposition to the deal not become tainted by partisanship. However, the “Republican first” strategy pursued by the public face of the campaign, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, undermined AIPAC's “discursive authority.” This generated “identity dissonance” within the American Jewish community and for other Democratic supporters of Israel, by casting their identification with Israel against their identification with the Democratic Party. In contrast, President Obama successfully framed the issue to minimize identity dissonance.
Factors that influence bidirectional long-tract homozygosis due to double-strand break repair in Candida albicans
Authors: Marton Timea , Chauvel Murielle , Feri Adeline , Maufrais Corinne , D’enfert Christophe , Legrand Mélanie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Genomic rearrangements have been associated with the acquisition of adaptive phenotypes, allowing organisms to efficiently generate new favorable genetic combinations. The diploid genome of Candida albicans is highly plastic, displaying numerous genomic rearrangements that are often the by-product of the repair of DNA breaks. For example, DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) repair using homologous-recombination pathways are a major source of loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH), observed ubiquitously in both clinical and laboratory strains of C. albicans. Mechanisms such as break-induced replication (BIR) or mitotic crossover (MCO) can result in long tracts of LOH, spanning hundreds of kilobases until the telomere. Analysis of I-SceI-induced BIR/MCO tracts in C. albicans revealed that the homozygosis tracts can ascend several kilobases toward the centromere, displaying homozygosis from the break site toward the centromere. We sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms that could contribute to this phenotype by characterizing a series of C. albicans DNA repair mutants, including pol32-/-, msh2-/-, mph1-/-, and mus81-/-. The impact of deleting these genes on genome stability revealed functional differences between Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a model DNA repair organism) and C. albicans. In addition, we demonstrated that ascending LOH tracts toward the centromere are associated with intrinsic features of BIR and potentially involve the mismatch repair pathway which acts upon natural heterozygous positions. Overall, this mechanistic approach to study LOH deepens our limited characterization of DNA repair pathways in C. albicans and brings forth the notion that centromere proximal alleles from DNA break sites are not guarded from undergoing LOH.
Bayesian inversion of the Martian structure using geodynamic constraints
Authors: Drilleau Mélanie , Samuel Henri , Rivoldini Attilio , Panning Mark , Lognonné Philippe 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARY
The ongoing InSight mission has recently deployed very broad band seismometers to record the Martian seismic activity. These recordings constitute the first seismic data set collected at the surface of Mars. This unique but sparse record compels for the development of new techniques tailored to make the best use of the specific context of single station-multiple events with several possible ranges of uncertainties on the event location. To this end, we conducted sets of Markov chain Monte Carlo inversions for the 1-D seismic structure of Mars. We compared two inversion techniques that differ from the nature of the parametrization on which they rely. A first classical approach based on a parametrization of the 1-D seismic profile using Bézier curves. A second, less conventional approach that relies on a parametrization in terms of quantities that influence the thermochemical evolution of the planet (mantle rheology, initial thermal state and composition), which accounts for 4.5 Gyr of planetary evolution. We considered several combinations of true model parameters to retrieve, and explored the influence of the type of seismic data (body waves with or without surface waves), the number of events and their associated epicentral distances and uncertainties, and the presence of potential constraints on Moho depth inferred from independent measurements/considerations (receiver functions and gravity data). We show that due to its inherent tighter constraints the coupled approach allows a considerably better retrieval of Moho depth and the seismic structure underneath it than the classical inversion, under the condition that the physical assumptions made in the coupled approach are valid for Mars. In addition, our tests indicate that in order to constrain the seismic structure of Mars with InSight data, the following independent conditions must be met: (1) The presence of surface waves triggered by an internal source to constrain the epicentral distance. (2) The presence of just a few well-localized impact sources, with at least one located at close epicentral distance (&lt;5°) to illuminate independently the crust and the mantle. In addition to providing tighter constraints of Mars seismic structure, geodynamically constrained inversions allow one to reconstruct the thermochemical and rheological history of Mars until present. Therefore, even with a relatively small amount of large events and in absence of surface waves, constraining the present-day structure and long-term evolution of the red planet remains possible through the use of tailored hybrid inversion schemes.
Monocytosis Is a Biomarker of Severity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Analysis of a 6-Year Prospective Natural History Registry
Authors: Anderson Alyce , Cherfane Cynthia , Click Benjamin , Ramos-Rivers Claudia , Koutroubakis Ioannis E , Hashash Jana G , Babichenko Dmitriy , Tang Gong , Dunn Michael , Barrie Arthur , Proksell Siobhan , Dueker Jeffrey , Johnston Elyse , Schwartz Marc , Binion David G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with alterations of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Monocytes respond to inflammation and infection, yet the relationship between monocytosis and IBD severity is not fully understood. We aimed to characterize the prevalence of monocytosis in IBD and the association between monocytosis and disease severity and IBD-related health care utilization.

Methods
We used a multiyear, prospectively collected natural history registry to compare patients with IBD with monocytosis to those without monocytosis, among all patients and by disease type.

Results
A total of 1290 patients with IBD (64.1% with Crohn disease; 35.9% with ulcerative colitis) were included (mean age 46.4 years; 52.6% female). Monocytosis was found in 399 (30.9%) of patients with IBD (29.3% with Crohn disease; 33.9% with ulcerative colitis). Monocytosis was significantly associated with abnormal C-reactive protein level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anemia, worse quality of life, active disease, and increased exposure to biologics (all P &lt; 0.001). Compared with patients without monocytosis, patients with monocytosis had a 3-fold increase in annual financial health care charges (median: $127,013 vs. $32,925, P &lt; 0.001) and an increased likelihood of hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.5; P &lt; 0.001), IBD-related surgery (AOR, 1.9; P = 0.002), and emergency department (ED) use (AOR, 2.8; P &lt; 0.001). Patients with monocytosis had a shorter time to surgery, hospitalization, and ED visit after stratifying by disease activity (all P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Patients with IBD with monocytosis, regardless of disease type, are at increased risk for worse clinical outcomes, hospitalization, surgery, and ED use. Peripheral monocytosis may represent a routinely available biomarker of a distinct subgroup with severe disease.
The Pathogenesis and Clinical Management of Stricturing Crohn Disease
Authors: Schmoyer Christopher J , Saidman Jakob , Bohl Jaime L , Bierly Claire L , Kuemmerle John F , Bickston Stephen J 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStricturing of the gastrointestinal tract is a common complication in Crohn disease and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among this population. The inflammatory process initiates fibrosis, leading to aberrant wound healing and excess deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Our understanding of this process has grown and encompasses cellular mechanisms, epigenetic modifications, and inherent genetic predisposition toward fibrosis. Although medications can improve inflammation, there is still no drug to attenuate scar formation. As such, management of stricturing disease requires a multidisciplinary and individualized approach including medical management, therapeutic endoscopy, and surgery. This review details the current understanding regarding the pathogenesis, detection, and management of stricturing Crohn disease.
Vedolizumab Tissue Concentration Correlates to Mucosal Inflammation and Objective Treatment Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Pauwels Renske W M , Proietti Elisa , van der Woude Christien J , Oudijk Lindsey , Crombag Marie-Rose B S , Peppelenbosch Maikel P , Grohmann Ursula , Fuhler Gwenny M , de Vries Annemarie C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The association between vedolizumab (VDZ) exposure and treatment response is unclear and seems insufficiently explained by serum levels. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between VDZ concentrations in serum and intestinal tissue and their association with mucosal inflammation and response to VDZ.

Methods
This prospective study included 37 adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease with endoscopic inflammation at baseline who started VDZ. At week 16, serum and biopsies were collected for VDZ measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to calculate serum trough concentrations and to assess intestinal tissue concentrations. Validated clinical and endoscopic scores were used to define clinical and endoscopic response and remission, and fecal calprotectin levels were used to assess biochemical response. Histologic remission was determined by the Nancy score.

Results
A positive correlation was observed between VDZ concentrations in serum and tissue (r2 = 0.83; P &lt; 0.0001). High mucosal rather than serum VDZ levels correlated with a reduced endoscopic (P = 0.06) grade of mucosal inflammation. Furthermore, patients with a positive biochemical and endoscopic outcome had higher tissue levels of VDZ than patients without biochemical and endoscopic response (P &lt; 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively).

Conclusions
Tissue levels of VDZ may provide a better marker than serum levels for mucosal inflammation and objective treatment outcome at week 16. The potential of VDZ tissue levels for therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease warrants further exploration.
Quasi-Newton variable preconditioning for nonlinear nonuniformly monotone elliptic problems posed in Banach spaces
Authors: Borsos B , Karátson J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Quasi-Newton-type iterative solvers are developed for a wide class of nonlinear elliptic problems. The presented generalization of earlier efficient methods covers various nonuniformly elliptic problems arising, e.g., in non-Newtonian flows or for certain glaciology models. The robust estimates are reinforced by several examples.
Unconditional uniqueness for the periodic modified Benjamin–Ono equation by normal form approach
Authors: Kishimoto Nobu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We show that the solution (in the sense of distribution) to the Cauchy problem with the periodic boundary condition associated with the modified Benjamin–Ono equation is unique in $L^\infty _t(H^s(\mathbb{T} ))$ for $s&gt;1/2$. The proof is based on the analysis of a normal form equation obtained by infinitely many reduction steps using integration by parts in time after a suitable gauge transform.
ISO standard 20776-1 or serial 2-fold dilution for antifungal susceptibility plate preparation: that is the question!
Authors: Arendrup Maiken Cavling , Jørgensen Karin Meinike , Hanemaaijer Nicolien , Verweij Paul E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Since the ISO standard 20776-1 and serial dilution procedures were compared in 2010 for fluconazole and itraconazole, several new antifungals that are hydrophobic and highly potent have been introduced.

Objectives
To investigate the impact of the number of tip changes during serial dilution, and ISO and serial dilution for nine antifungals.

Methods
EUCAST E.Def 7.3.2 with serial (0–10 tip changes) and ISO dilution. Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, Candida albicans ATCC 64548, C. albicans CNM CL-F8555, Candida krusei ATCC 6258, Aspergillus flavus ATCC 204304 and clinical isolates (n = 5) of C. albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, C. krusei, A. flavus and Aspergillus terreus were included. GM MICs were compared for ISO and serial dilution and with QC values where available.

Results
Increasing the number of tip changes (0/1/2/10 times) during serial dilution for plate preparation increased the MICs 1 to &gt;2 dilutions for amphotericin B, anidulafungin, micafungin, fluconazole, voriconazole and isavuconazole against C. albicans ATCC 64548 but only isavuconazole MICs against C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 (3 dilutions). ISO and serial dilution (two tip changes) were compared for eight compounds and four Candida QC strains (352 MICs). Six/41 GM MIC pairs deviated with 1–1.8 dilution (14.6%). Comparing the GM MIC with the QC values, the ISO method GM MIC was closest to the target in 30.8%, the serial dilution in 34.6% and the methods identical in 34.6% of the cases. Finally, ISO and serial dilution MICs were compared for clinical isolates (920 MICs). Five/23 GM MIC pairs (21.7%) deviated 1.0–1.1 dilutions.

Conclusions
The ISO and serial dilution (two tip changes) method were in acceptable agreement and thus equally applicable for EUCAST testing.
Associations of physician burnout with organizational electronic health record support and after-hours charting
Authors: Eschenroeder H. C , Manzione Lauren C , Adler-Milstein Julia , Bice Connor , Cash Robert , Duda Cole , Joseph Craig , Lee John S , Maneker Amy , Poterack Karl A , Rahman Sarah B , Jeppson Jacob , Longhurst Christopher 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In 2017, 43.9% of US physicians reported symptoms of burnout. Poor electronic health record (EHR) usability and time-consuming data entry contribute to burnout. However, less is known about how modifiable dimensions of EHR use relate to burnout and how these associations vary by medical specialty. Using the KLAS Arch Collaborative’s large-scale nationwide physician (MD/DO) data, we used ordinal logistic regression to analyze associations between self-reported burnout and after-hours charting and organizational EHR support. We examined how these relationships differ by medical specialty, adjusting for confounders. Physicians reporting ≤ 5 hours weekly of after-hours charting were twice as likely to report lower burnout scores compared to those charting ≥6 hours (aOR: 2.43, 95% CI: 2.30, 2.57). Physicians who agree that their organization has done a great job with EHR implementation, training, and support (aOR: 2.14, 95% CI: 2.01, 2.28) were also twice as likely to report lower scores on the burnout survey question compared to those who disagree. Efforts to reduce after-hours charting and improve organizational EHR support could help address physician burnout.
Public vs physician views of liability for artificial intelligence in health care
Authors: Khullar Dhruv , Casalino Lawrence P , Qian Yuting , Lu Yuan , Chang Enoch , Aneja Sanjay 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care has raised questions about who should be held liable for medical errors that result from care delivered jointly by physicians and algorithms. In this survey study comparing views of physicians and the U.S. public, we find that the public is significantly more likely to believe that physicians should be held responsible when an error occurs during care delivered with medical AI, though the majority of both physicians and the public hold this view (66.0% vs 57.3%; P = .020). Physicians are more likely than the public to believe that vendors (43.8% vs 32.9%; P = .004) and healthcare organizations should be liable for AI-related medical errors (29.2% vs 22.6%; P = .05). Views of medical liability did not differ by clinical specialty. Among the general public, younger people are more likely to hold nearly all parties liable.
Evaluation of vitamin A status on myogenic gene expression and muscle fiber characteristics
Authors: Wellmann Kimberly B , Kim Jongkyoo , Urso Phil M , Smith Zachary K , Johnson Bradley J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A randomized complete block design experiment with 30 yearling crossbred steers (average BW = 436.3 ± 39.8 kg) fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet was used to evaluate the effects dietary vitamin A (Rovimix A 1000; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Sisseln, SUI) supplementation on myogenic gene expression and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics during the finishing phase. Steers were blocked by BW (n = 5 blocks; 6 steers/block), randomly assigned to pens (n = 2 steers/pen), and one of the following treatments: no added vitamin A (0 IU; 0.0 IU/kg of dietary dry matter intake of additional vitamin A), vitamin A supplemented at the estimated requirement (2,200 IU; 2,200 IU/kg of dietary dry matter (DM) of additional vitamin A), and vitamin A supplemented at 5× the estimated requirement (11,000 IU; 11,000 IU/kg of dietary DM of additional vitamin A). After all treatments underwent a 91-d vitamin A depletion period, additional vitamin A was top-dressed at feeding via a ground corn carrier. Blood, longissimus muscle, and liver biopsy samples were obtained on days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Biopsy samples were used for immunohistochemical and mRNA analysis. Sera and liver samples were used to monitor circulating vitamin A and true vitamin A status of the cattle. Expression for myosin heavy chain (MHC)-I diminished and rebounded (P = 0.04) over time. The intermediate fiber type, MHC-IIA, had a similar pattern of expression (P = 0.01) to that of MHC-I. On day 84, C/EBPβ expression was also the greatest (P = 0.03). The pattern of PPARγ (P &lt; 0.01) and PPARδ (P &lt; 0.01) expression seemed to mimic that of MHC-I expression, increasing from days 84 to 112. Distribution of MHC-IIA demonstrated a change over time (P = 0.02). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area increased by day (P &lt; 0.01) for each MHC with the notable increase between days 0 and 56. Total nuclei density decreased (P = 0.02) over time. Cells positive for only Myf5 increased (P &lt; 0.01) in density early in the feeding period, then declined, indicating that satellite cells were fusing into fibers. The dual-positive (PAX7+Myf5) nuclei also peaked (P &lt; 0.01) around day 56 then declined. These data indicated that gene expression associated with oxidative proteins may be independent of vitamin A status in yearling cattle.