bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conventional Cartilaginous Tumors
Authors: Wells Matthew E. , Eckhoff Michael D. , Kafchinski Lisa A. , Polfer Elizabeth M. , Potter Benjamin K. 
Published: May 2021

» Enchondromas are benign cartilaginous lesions that rarely require surgical intervention.» Atypical cartilaginous tumors (ACTs), also referred to as grade-1 chondrosarcomas, may be managed without any intervention or with extended intralesional curettage and bone-void filling.» High-grade chondrosarcomas, or grade-2 and 3 chondrosarcomas, should be managed aggressively with wide resection.» Chemotherapy and radiation do not currently play a role in the treatment of chondrosarcomas.» Differentiating an enchondroma from an ACT and an ACT from a high-grade chondrosarcoma can be difficult and requires clinical experience, radiographic and advanced imaging, and possibly a biopsy. Ultimately, a multidisciplinary team that includes a musculoskeletal oncologist, a radiologist, and a pathologist is needed to make the most appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan for each patient.
Primary Repair of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Authors: Vermeijden Harmen D. , van der List Jelle P. , O’Brien Robert J. , DiFelice Gregory S. 
Published: May 2021

» Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair that has the potential to preserve native tissue using a more minimally invasive approach. Multiple repair techniques for different tear types have been reported over the last decade.» From a healing perspective, proximal tears can be reapproximated directly to the femoral wall because they have better intrinsic healing capacity than midsubstance tears. These procedures can be classified further as direct suture repair with or without static or dynamic augmentation. Current evidence does not support direct repair of midsubstance tears because of their limited healing capacity. In many instances, biological augmentation is needed to enhance the healing potential of the ACL.» While ACL repair is certainly not an effective surgical approach for all tears or in all patients, this procedure can be an effective and less morbid alternative to ACL reconstruction in carefully selected patients.» The overall current reported level of evidence of published studies has ranged from low to moderate, and thus there is a need for higher-quality, comparative studies in which outcomes of larger patient groups are compared with the current gold standard of ACL reconstruction.
Outpatient Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Vajapey Sravya P. , Contreras Erik S. , Neviaser Andrew S. , Bishop Julie Y. , Cvetanovich Gregory L. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Orthopaedic surgical procedures are increasingly being performed in outpatient settings. The drive for cost reduction without compromising patient safety and outcomes has increased interest in outpatient total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The primary aim of this study was to perform a review of the evidence regarding the outcomes and cost-effectiveness of outpatient TSA.

Methods:
A search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was performed using several keywords: “outpatient,” “shoulder replacement,” “ambulatory,” “day case,” “day-case,” “shoulder arthroplasty,” “same day,” and “shoulder surgery.” Studies that were published from May 2010 to May 2020 in the English language were considered. Research design, questions, and outcomes were recorded for each study. Qualitative and quantitative pooled analysis was performed on the data where appropriate.

Results:
Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Six retrospective studies compared complication rates between inpatient and outpatient cohorts and found no significant differences. Four studies found that the complication rate was lower in the outpatient cohort compared with the inpatient cohort. In a pooled analysis, the readmission rate after outpatient TSA was significantly lower than the readmission rate after inpatient TSA at 30 days (0.65% vs. 0.95%) and 90 days (2.03% vs. 2.87%) postoperatively (p < 0.05 for both). Four studies evaluated the cost of outpatient TSA in comparison with inpatient TSA. All of these studies found that TSA at an ambulatory surgery center was significantly less costly than TSA at an inpatient facility, both for the health-care system and for the patient. Patient selection for outpatient TSA may depend on several important factors, including the presence or absence of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, poor functional status, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class, chronic narcotic use, higher body mass index, and older age.

Conclusions:
Our results show that patient selection is the most critical factor that predicts the success of outpatient TSA. While outpatient TSA is significantly less costly than inpatient TSA, patients undergoing outpatient TSA are more likely to be healthier than patients undergoing inpatient TSA. More high-quality long-term studies are needed to add to this body of evidence.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Kell and Kx blood group systems
Authors: Denomme G.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Kell and Kx blood group systems are expressed as covalently linked molecules on red blood cells (RBCs). The Kell blood group system is very polymorphic, with 35 antigens assigned to the system. The expression of Kell glycoprotein on RBCs is not critical to the erythrocyte function. However, the expression of Kx is critical to normal morphology, and null mutations are associated with the McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome. The immunogenicity of the K antigen is second only to the D antigen, and alloantibodies to Kell antigens can cause transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Kell alloantibodies in pregnancy are known to suppress erythropoiesis, which can result in serious disease despite low amniotic bilirubin levels and low antibody titers. Late-onset anemia with reticulocytopenia is thought to be attributable to the continual suppression of erythropoiesis from residual alloantibody in the infant. Alloimmunization to XK protein is rare, and expressed polymorphisms have not been reported. Together these two blood group systems share an integral relationship in transfusion medicine, neurology, and musculoskeletal biology.
Immunohematology

2015;31:14–19.
A simple approach to screen rare donors in Brazil
Authors: Arnoni C.P. , Latini F.R.M. , Muniz J.G. , Person R.D.M. , Vendrame T.A.P. , Gazito D. , Castilho L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Providing blood units for patients with an antibody to a high-prevalence antigen or with multiple common antibodies is a constant challenge to the blood banks. Finding a compatible donor requires extensive screening, which incurs a large amount of investment. In this article, we share our experience of organizing a rare donor inventory with limited resources, we include the strategy used for finding rare donors, and we share the difficulties found during the implementation of the approach and the results obtained.
Immunohematology

2015;31:20–23.
Kidd blood group system: a review
Authors: Hamilton J.R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Kidd blood group system has been recognized as clinically important in red blood cell (RBC) serology since its identification in 1951. Forty years later, the JK glycoprotein was determined to be a product of SCL14A1 and was identical to the urea transport protein UT-B produced by HUT11A. The functional role of the protein as a urea transporter in RBCs and kidney has been well documented. The polymorphism responsible for the antithetical antigens Jka and Jkb was identified in 1994 as c.838G>A (p. Asp280Asn). Recent discoveries have expanded the system to include 23 variant alleles recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion that silence the protein expression and 7 variant alleles presumably producing weak or partial JK antigens. Null phenotypes have been identified in individuals of several populations including those of African, Indian, and Chinese decent, in addition to the well-documented findings in the Polynesian and Finnish populations. This review will examine the historical information about the antigens and antibodies of the JK system as well as catalog the variations of the JK gene.
Immunohematology

2015;31:29–35.
Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay for blood group genotyping, copy number quantification, and analysis of RH variants
Authors: Veldhuisen B. , van der Schoot C.E. , de Haas M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The blood group multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) is a comprehensive assay, developed for genotyping the majority of clinically relevant blood group antigens in both patients and donors. The MLPA is an easy method to apply and only requires a thermal cycler and capillary electrophoresis equipment. Because the molecular basis of blood group antigens can be a single nucleotide polymorphism, an insertion/deletion polymorphism, or genetic recombination, a single assay such as the MLPA to facilitate these different types of genetic variation is a prerequisite in blood group typing. An MLPA assay allows the simultaneous detection of up to 50 polymorphisms in a single tube. The blood group MLPA currently consists of three separate probe pools targeting 104 different blood group alleles of 18 blood group systems. The assay is performed in a 96-well plate; therefore, a maximum of 32 genomic DNA samples can be processed simultaneously. Results are available within 24 hours, and software for analysis of the MLPA results is available free of charge. In addition to the analysis of genetic variation in blood group genes, a major advantage of the test is the ability to detect aberrations in gene copy numbers, which is especially useful for the determination of homo- or hemizygous status of RHD or other blood group genes and for detection of blood chimerism. A relatively large number of RH wild-type and mutation-specific probes are included in the assay, allowing an extensive analysis of RHD variants. In our reference lab in the Netherlands, the MLPA was validated to detect RH variants in patients, donors, and pregnant women. Furthermore, we have used the MLPA to provide comprehensive typing after blood transfusion of 52 blood group antigens simultaneously, in patients with red cell autoantibodies or patients with rare phenotypes.
Immunohematology

2015;31:58–61.
Blood group genotyping: the power and limitations of the Hemo ID Panel and MassARRAY platform
Authors: McBean R.S. , Hyland C.A. , Flower R.L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), is a sensitive analytical method capable of resolving DNA fragments varying in mass by a single nucleotide. MALDI-TOF MS is applicable to blood group genotyping, as the majority of blood group antigens are encoded by single nucleotide polymorphisms. Blood group genotyping by MALDI-TOF MS can be performed using a panel (Hemo ID Blood Group Genotyping Panel, Agena Bioscience Inc., San Diego, CA) that is a set of genotyping assays that predict the phenotype for 101 antigens from 16 blood group systems. These assays involve three fundamental stages: multiplex target-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification, allele-specific single base primer extension, and MALDI-TOFMS analysis using the MassARRAY system. MALDI-TOF MS–based genotyping has many advantages over alternative methods including high throughput, high multiplex capability, flexibility and adaptability, and the high level of accuracy based on the direct detection method. Currently available platforms for MALDI-TOF MS–based genotyping are not without limitations, including high upfront instrumentation costs and the number of non-automated steps. The Hemo ID Blood Group Genotyping Panel, developed and optimized in a collaboration between the vendor and the Blood Transfusion Service of the Swiss Red Cross in Zurich, Switzerland, is not yet widely utilized, although several laboratories are currently evaluating the MassARRAY system for blood group genotyping. Based on the accuracy and other advantages offered by MALDI-TOF MS analysis, in the future, this method is likely to become widely adopted for blood group genotyping, in particular, for population screening.
Immunohematology

2015;31:75–80.
Clinical and reference lab characteristics of patients with suspected direct antiglobulin test (DAT)-negative immune hemolytic anemia
Authors: Karafin M.S. , Denomme G.A. , Schanen M. , Gottschall J.L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Clinical evidence of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is present in 1 percent to 10 percent of patients whose direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is negative. The clinical underpinnings associated with DAT-negative immune hemolysis are poorly understood, and the current study aimed to further define the clinical characteristics associated with this form of anemia. A 19-question survey, requesting clinical information about each patient, was retrospectively mailed to all referring labs that had sent patient samples for an enhanced DAT evaluation from January 2011 through June 2013. An enhanced DAT evaluation involved a standard DAT and DATs performed using gel, polyethylene glycol, and 4°C low-ionic strength saline wash. We obtained detailed clinical information from 57 patients with an enhanced DAT investigation. Eighteen of these 57 patients (31.6%) were found to have a positive DAT, 11 (19.3%) of which were found to have a positive enhanced DAT (2 were positive by enhanced methods and negative by standard methods). The reported mean nadir hemoglobin for all 57 patients was 7.8 g/dL (range 3.2–12.7), and lactate dehydrogenase was 827.8 U/L (range 136–6917). Thirty-seven (88.1%) presented with a haptoglobin <10 mg/dL, and 21 (48.8%) reported spherocytes on peripheral smear. About half of the respondents reported using steroids as treatment for the anemia, and 4 of the 18 DAT-positive respondents (23.5%) changed their treatment plan because of the reference laboratory results. One patient died as a result of the reported hemolytic anemia (2.0%). We conclude that immune hemolysis detected by enhanced DAT methods is relatively common, and enhanced DAT methods are valuable tools in the diagnosis and management of patients with DAT-negative hemolytic anemia.
Immunohematology

2015;31:108–115.
Severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to anti-C+G
Authors: Jernman R. , Korhonen A. , Haimila K. , Sareneva I. , Stefanovic V. , Sulin K. , Kuosmanen M. , Sainio S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anti-G is commonly present with anti-D and/or anti-C and can confuse serological investigations. In general, anti-G is not considered a likely cause of severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), but it is important to differentiate it from anti-D in women who should be administered anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis. We report one woman with three pregnancies severely affected by anti-C+G requiring intrauterine treatment and a review of the literature. In our case, the identification of the correct antibody was delayed because the differentiation of anti-C+G and anti-D+C was not considered important during pregnancy since the father was D–. In addition, anti-C+G and anti-G titer levels were not found to be as reliable as is generally considered in Rh immunization. Severe HDFN occurred at a maternal anti-C+G antibody titer of 8 and anti-G titer of 1 in comparison with the critical titer level of 16 or more in our laboratory. Close collaboration between the immunohematology laboratory and the obstetric unit is essential. In previously affected families, early assessment for fetal anemia is required even when titers are low.
Immunohematology

2015;31:123–127.
Recovery of autologous reticulocytes by microhematocrit cell separation
Authors: Hall C.W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Reticulocytes can be separated from more mature red blood cells based on differences in density. A method for obtaining autologous reticulocytes in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) whole blood samples containing both autologous and transfused cells uses a microhematocrit centrifuge. The less dense reticulocytes harvested from the top 5 mm of microhematocrit tubes can be used to determine the patient’s phenotype or assess whether a transfusion reaction is taking place. This method can be performed using equipment, reagents, and supplies readily available in most laboratories.
Immunohematology

2015;31:152–154.
Transfusion-related acute lung injury in an era of TRALI risk mitigation
Authors: Lavelle J.C. , Grant M.L. , Karp J.K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a rare complication of transfusion, for which the true incidence remains obscure, since there are a number of factors that may lead to misdiagnosis. Despite this, it continues to be the leading cause of transfusion-associated mortality. Here we present a historical case of TRALI in an elderly female who received group AB plasma and discuss how current mitigation strategies would likely have prevented its occurrence. It is important to remember that both immune and non-immune factors play a role in TRALI pathogenesis, and although current preventative strategies may decrease TRALI’s incidence, they likely will not eliminate it.
Immunohematology

2015;31:155–158.
Weak D type 67 in four related Canadian blood donors
Authors: Berardi P. , Bessette E. , Ng M. , Angus N. , Lane D. , Gariepy L. , Pavenski K. , Ochoa-Garay G. , Cote J. , Goldman M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Correct donor D typing is critical to prevent recipient alloimmunization. No method can detect all variants, and the immunogenicity of many variants is unknown. Routine ABO and D serologic typings are performed in our laboratory by automated microplate testing. Until 2011, routine confirmation of D– status of first-time donors was performed by the manual tube indirect antiglobulin test (IAT); this was replaced by automated solid-phase testing including weak D testing by IAT. Selected donors are investigated by other methods. We describe four weak D type 67 (RHD*01W.67) donors whose samples tested as D– by automated microplate and manual methods but were later determined to be D+ by automated solid-phase and RHD gene analysis. Solid-phase serologic and molecular typing results of all four donors were identical. It was identified that the donors are of English-Irish descent; two are brothers and the others are cousins. Transfusion of blood from one of these donors likely resulted in alloimmunization to D in one of three recipients tested since no other documented exposures were identified. Lookback studies determined that two other D– recipients were not alloimmunized.
Immunohematology

2015;31:159–162.
Red cell antigen prevalence predicted by molecular testing in ethnic groups of South Texas blood donors
Authors: Aranda L.I. , Smith L.A. , Jones S. , Beddard R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Alloimmunization to red blood cell antigens is seen in patients receiving chronic blood transfusion. Knowing the prevalence of blood group antigens of the different ethnicities of South Texas donors can provide better management of rare blood inventory for patients in this geographical area. A total of 4369 blood donors were tested and analyzed for various antigens in the following blood group systems: ABO, Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, MNS, Lutheran, Dombrock, Landsteiner-Wiener, Diego, Colton, and Scianna. Donors tested to be group O or A were serologically tested for the Rh (C, E, c, e) antigens. Those that tested as presumably R1R1, R2R2, or R0r were then genotyped. Donors constituted three major ethnicities: black (18.3%), Hispanic (36.3%), and Caucasian (41.1%); ethnicities comprised of Asian, American Indian, multiracial, and other accounted for the remaining donors (4.3%). The most likely common Rh phenotype for each ethnicity is as follows: black –R0r (44.4%), Hispanic –R1R1 (59.0%), and Caucasian –R1R1 (38.9%). The prevalence of Kell, Duffy, and Kidd blood group system antigens in black and Caucasian donors is comparable with published reports for the entire U.S. The black South Texas donor population had an 8.8 percent increase in prevalence of the Fy(a+b–) phenotype as compared with these published reports; the Hispanic South Texas donor population had a prevalence of 36.1 percent of the Fy(a+b–) phenotype. Regarding the Diego blood group system, the Hispanic donor population in South Texas had a prevalence of 93.5 percent for the Di(a–b+) phenotype as compared with published reports for the entire U.S. (>99.9%). The Hispanic population had a prevalence of 7.9 percent of donors testing as M–N+S–s+ as compared with 20.2 percent and 15.6 percent for black and Caucasian donors, respectively. This study helped us determine the prevalence of each of the blood group antigens in the South Texas donor population to establish and maintain adequate rare inventory of each. Molecular red blood cell genotyping allows transfusion services to increase their availability of rare phenotypes for chronically transfused patients.
Immunohematology

2015;31:166–173.
How we investigate drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia
Authors: Leger R.M. , Arndt P.A. , Garratty G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Drugs are a rare cause of immune hemolytic anemia, but an investigation for a drug antibody may be warranted if a patient has definitive evidence of immune hemolysis, other more common causes of hemolysis have been excluded, and there is a good temporal relationship between the administration of a drug and the hemolytic event. Drug antibodies are either drug-dependent (require drug to be in the test system) or drug-independent (reactive without drug present in the test). Drug-dependent antibodies are investigated by testing drug-treated red blood cells (RBCs) or by testing RBCs in the presence of a solution of drug. Drug-independent antibodies are serologically indistinct from idiopathic warm autoantibodies and cannot be defined or excluded by serologic testing. Nonimmunologic protein adsorption, caused by some drugs, is independent of antibody production but may also cause immune hemolytic anemia. Serologic methods for testing for drug antibodies are presented, and observations from more than 30 years of this laboratory’s experience are discussed.
Immunohematology

2014;30:85–94.
Cold acid elution (ELU Kit II)
Authors: Hinrichs M. , Keith M.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Elution is a procedure for recovery of antibody attached to intact, immunoglobulin-coated red blood cells (RBCs) by disrupting the antigen–antibody bonds. The recovered antibody is collected in an inert diluent and is referred to as an eluate. Testing of an eluate may be desired to identify antibody(ies) coating the RBCs of patients with a positive direct antiglobulin test. Many types of elution procedures have been developed and described; however, an acid elution is suitable for antibody recovery in most cases, such as recovery of alloantibodies and warm-reactive autoantibodies. Studies have compared methods such as xylene, chloroform, digitonin acid, dichloromethane, citric acid, and Immucor Elu-Kit II (cold acid elution). The ELU-Kit II has been shown to be quick and effective at eluting a wide range of alloantibodies as well as autoantibodies without the use of hazardous chemicals or costly reagent preparation time that some methods use. It is for these reasons that the ELU-Kit II is a very popular method for the elution of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.
Immunohematology

2014;30:113–116.