bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kondisi Ketahanan Tubuh Ayam Broiler yang Diberi Perlakuan Kombinasi Tepung Umbi Porang dan Lactobacillus Sp.
Authors: F. Wahyono  dan I. Mangisah M. U. Amini, 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kondisi ketahanan tubuh ayam broiler yang diberi perlakuan kombinasi tepung umbi porang dan Lactobacillus sp. Ternak yang digunakan yaitu ayam broiler strain New Lohmann MB 202 umur 14 hari sebanyak 144 ekor dengan bobot badan rata-rata 142,08 ± 15,42 g. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan yaitu rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial dengan total ada 6 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan, masing-masing ulangan terdiri dari 6 ekor ayam broiler. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah tepung umbi porang 0,8%+ Lactobacillus sp. 1,2 ml (A1B1), tepung umbi porang 0,8%+ Lactobacillus sp. 2,4 ml (A1B2), tepung umbi porang 1,0% + Lactobacillus sp. 1,2 ml (A2B1), tepung umbi porang 1,0%+ Lactobacillus sp. 2,4 ml (A2B2), tepung umbi porang 1,2%+ Lactobacillus sp. 1,2 ml (A3B1) dan tepung umbi porang 1,2%+ Lactobacillus sp. 2,4 ml (A3B2). Parameter yang diukur meliputi bobot relatif organ limfoid (bursa fabrisius, timus dan limpa) serta rasio heterofil/limfosit (H/L). Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam (ANOVA) dan dilanjut dengan uji beda wilayah ganda duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian kombinasi tepung umbi porang dan Lactobacillus sp. memberikan pengaruh nyata (P0,05) terhadap bursa fabrisius dan limpa, namun tidak berpengaruh nyata (P0,05) terhadap timus dan rasio heterofil/limfosit. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian kombinasi tepung umbi porang 0,8% dan Lactobacillus sp. 2,4 ml (A1B2) mampu meningkatkan bobot bursa fabrisius dan limpa serta mampu menekan tingkat stres pada ayam dilihat dari nilai rasio H/L. Kata kunci : tepung umbi porang, Lactobacillus sp., ketahanan tubuh, ayam broiler.
Analisis Prioritas Penentuan Strategi Bauran Pemasaran Kopi Pada Kelompok Tani Manunggal Vi Di Kecamatan Jambu Kabupaten Semarang
Authors: Mukson, dan Kustopo Budiraharjo Reifika Gayana, 
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi bauran pemasaran yang dilakukan oleh Kelompok Tani Manunggal VI di Kecamatan Jambu, Kabupaten Semarang dalam meningkatkan pemasaran serta merumuskan prioritas strategi bauran pemasaran yang tepat dalam pemasaran kopi pada Kelompok Tani Manunggal VI di Kecamatan Jambu, Kabupaten Semarang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kasus. Lokasi penelitian dipilih secara purposive. Metode penentuan sampel responden yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik judgement sampling. Responden terdiri dari dua kelompok: yaitu petani kopi 35 orang responden, stakeholder 5 orang (dinas, penyuluh, ketua poktan, pemasaran poktan dan ketua gapoktan). Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara berdasarkan kuesioner, observasi dan dokumentasi. Analisa data menggunakan analisis deskriptif, SWOT dan analisis AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) dengan alat bantu program Super Decisions. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan berdasarkan analisis diagram SWOT, diperoleh nilai IFAS 2,85 dan nilai EFAS sebesar 3,35. Adapun strategi yang diterapkan adalah improvement strategy atau strategi ST (Strength-Threats). Terdapat empat Strategi yang dapat diterapkan pada Kelompok Tani Manunggal VI yaitu manajemen sumberdaya, menjalin kemitraan yang lebih baik, mempertahankan kualitas produk, dan meningkatkan promosi. Hasil analisis menggunakan AHP dari keempat strategi menggunakan Super Decisions diperoleh bahwa prioritas strategi utama yaitu meningkatkan promosi (0,059), prioritas strategi selanjutnya yaitu menjalin hubungan kemitraan yang lebih baik (0,249), prioritas strategi yang ketiga yaitu mempertahankan kualitas produk (0,104) dan prioritas strategi yang terakhir yaitu manajemen sumberdaya (0,053) dengan rasio inkonsistensi yang diperoleh sebesar 0,052. Kata Kunci : strategi, bauran pemasaran, kelompok tani, kopi
Pengaruh Pelayanan Digital dan Pelayanan Konvensional terhadap Kepuasan Nasabah Bank Sumsel Babel Cabang Prabumulih
Authors: Mawardi Andi , A.R. Hasmawaty 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study aims to analyze the magnitude of the influence of digital services and conventional services on customer satisfaction at Bank Sumsel Babel Prabumulih Branch. Primary data obtained from the results of customer questionnaire answers as many as 140 customers. The collection of population samples is carried out without regard to the existing stratum in the population (sample random sampling). Data is obtained from customers who make transactions from April 2021 – June 2021. Data analysis uses the SPSS program. From the results of the analysis, it is found that digital services have no significant effect on customer satisfaction. However, conventional services have a significant effect on customer satisfaction.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis besarnya Pengaruh pelayanaan digital dan pelayanan konvensioal terhadap kepuasan nasabah di Bank Sumsel Babel Cabang Prabumulih. Data primer diperoleh dari hasil jawaban kuesioner nasabah sebanyak 140 nasabah. Pengumpulan sampel populasi dilakukan secara tanpa memperhatikan strarta yang ada dalam populasi (sample random sampling). Data diperoleh dari nasabah yang melakukan transaksi dari bulan bulan April 2021 – Juni 2021. Analisis data menggunakan program SPSS. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa pelayanan digital tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan nasabah. Akan tetapi pelayanan konvensional berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan nasabah.
Republican Citizenship in French Colonial Pondicherry, 1870-1914
Authors: Raffin Anne 
Published: September 2021

Republican Citizenship in French Colonial Pondicherry, 1870-1914 revisits and analyses the earlier part of the Third Republic, when France granted citizenship rights to Indians in Pondicherry. This work of historical sociology explores the nature of this colonial citizenship and enables comparisons with British India, especially the Madras Presidency, as well as the rest of the French empire, as a means of demonstrating how unique the practice of granting such rights was.
The difficulties of implementing a new political culture based on the language of rights and participatory political institutions were not so much rooted in a lack of assimilation into the French culture on the part of the Indian population. Rather, they were the result of political infighting and long-term conflicts over status, both in relation to caste and class, and between inclusive and exclusive visions of French citizenship.
Residuos eléctricos-electrónicos en el modelo de economía circular: oportunidades y desafíos en el sector
Authors: López Deodanes Kevin David , Saldaña Amaya Alex Alberto , Palma Méndez Pamela Saraí , Medina Sagastume Valeria María , Olmedo Pacheco Diego Rafael , Zepeda Mercado Verena Paola , García Rivas René Ernesto 
Published: September 2021

La presente investigación presenta un análisis de oportunidades y desafíos de aplicación y sustitución del modelo económico lineal por uno de visión circular comprometido con el medio ambiente, en el que se tome conciencia de los impactos que provoca la generación y el aumento de basura electrónica producida y consumida en todo el globo. Además, se discuten los beneficios y desafíos que conlleva el aplicar esta estrategia para transitar de un modelo de explotación de los recursos naturales hacia uno de explotación de los residuos y desechos para la producción y remanufactura de nuevos aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos.
Realidad Empresarial No. 11, 2021: 39-50
Intoxication of wheat seedlings with 50 mM NaCl and follow-up attempt to â€œcureâ€ by extremely diluted NaCl (30cH)
Authors: Endler P.C. , Lamest Pia , Liebig Elke 
Published: September 2021

Background: â€œHigh level of salinity deteriorates seed germination, growth and yield of crops in cultivated lands all over the world. There is no effective remedy to mitigate this global problemâ€, Mondal, Sukul et al.1 summed up the background of their study that led to the conclusion that homeopathically prepared, extremely diluted Natrum muriaticum (NaCl) 200cH promotes seed germination in seedlings of cowpea under salt stress.1
Aim: To investigate if the wheat germination model standardized at the Interuniversity College2,3 can be useful in investigating the NaCl issue; i.e. the study was not designed as a replication of the study by Mondal, Sukul et al.1
Methods: Grains of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were observed under the influence of extremely diluted NaCl (10-60) prepared by stepwise dilution and agitation according to a protocol derived from homeopathy (â€œN30câ€). Analogously prepared water was used for control (â€œW30câ€). Grains (500 per group) were pretreated (intoxicated) with (non-agitated) NaCl 50mM (â€œNâ€) or with water (â€œWâ€) prior to treatment with N30c or W30c. Seedlings were allowed to develop under standardized conditions for 32 h; germination of stalks and of roots were monitored at intervals of 4 h.
Results: With regard to intoxication, the groups treated with N exhibited less growth than the W control groups. With regard to the attempt to â€œcureâ€, the N+N30c group was not statistically different from the N+W30c group, and the W+N30c group was not statistically different from the W+W30c group.

Conclusion: The hypothesis that treatment of wheat seedlings with the extreme dilution NaCl 30cH will â€œcureâ€ the effect of previous intoxication with NaCl 50 mM on seed germination could not be accepted. If further experiments are to be performed on the wheat model, these should include different intoxication solutions (e.g. 100mM1), different treatment dilutions (e.g. 200cH1) or different durations of the experiment3. The use of cowpea1 instead of wheat should also be considered.
الوصف التاريخي لغزوتي (الخندق ، وبني قريظة 5 هـ - 626م )
Authors:   أستاذ السيرة النبوية  في الجامعة العراقية ، كلية العلوم الإسلامية, عبد محمد الكبيسي الأستاذ الدكتور  عبد الحافظ 
Published: September 2021

الحمد لله ، والصلاة والسلام على سيدنا محمد المصطفى ، وعلى آله ، وأصحابه ، ومن اتبع هديه إلى يوم الدين . أما بعد : فهذا وصف تأريخي لغزوتي (الخندق ، وبني قريظة ) ، نوضح فيه ، التقاء المصلحة بين اليهود ، و مشركي قريش ، في (الخندق) . وكذلك نبيّن السبب في غزوة (بني قريظة ) ، وهو نكث اليهود عهدهم المُبرم بينهم ، وبين رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم . وقد أشتمل البحث ، على مبحثين ، وخاتمة . المبحث الأول : الوصف ألتأريخي لغزوة ( الخندق ) ، وآثارها الفقهية . المبحث الثاني : الوصف ألتأريخي لغزوة ( بني قريظة ) ، والقراءة الفقهية لها. -	ومن الله التوفيق – الكلمات المفتاحية : وصف/ خندق/ قريظة/
Sand mining far outpaces natural supply in a large alluvial river
Authors: Hackney Christopher R. , Vasilopoulos Grigorios , Heng Sokchhay , Darbari Vasudha , Walker Samuel , Parsons Daniel R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The world's large rivers are facing reduced sediment loads due to anthropogenic activities such as hydropower development and sediment extraction. Globally, estimates of sand extraction from large river systems
are lacking, in part due to the pervasive and distributed nature of
extraction processes. For the Mekong River, the widely assumed estimate of
basin-wide sand extraction is 50 Mt per year. This figure is based on 2013
estimates and is likely to be outdated. Here, we demonstrate the ability of
high-resolution satellite imagery to map, monitor, and estimate volumes of
sand extraction on the Lower Mekong River in Cambodia. We use monthly
composite images from PlanetScope imagery (5 m resolution) to estimate sand extraction volumes over the period 2016–2020 through tracking sand
barges. We show that rates of extraction have increased on a yearly basis
from 24 Mt (17 to 32 Mt) in 2016 to 59 Mt (41 to 75 Mt) in 2020 at a
rate of ∼8 Mt yr−1 (6 to 10 Mt yr−1), where values in parentheses relate to lower and upper error bounds, respectively. Our revised estimates for 2020 (59 Mt) are nearly 2 times greater than previous best estimates for sand extraction for Cambodia (32 Mt) and greater than current best estimates for the entire Mekong Basin (50 Mt). We show that over the 5-year period, only 2 months have seen positive (supply exceeds extraction) sand budgets under mean scenarios (5 months under the scenarios with the greatest natural sand supply). We demonstrate that this net negative sand budget is driving major reach-wide bed incision with a median rate of −0.26 m a−1 over the period 2013 to 2019. The use of satellite imagery to monitor sand mining activities provides a low-cost means to generate up-to-date, robust estimates of sand extraction in the world's large rivers that are needed to underpin sustainable management plans of the global sand commons.
MHD CASSON NANOFLUID FLOW OVER A STRETCHING SURFACE EMBEDDED IN A POROUS MEDIUM: EFFECTS OF THERMAL RADIATION AND SLIP CONDITIONS
Authors: Ahmed Sameh E. , Mohamed R.A , Ali A.M , Chamkha A.J , Soliman M.S 
Published: September 2021

This article presents a numerical study for a magnetohydrodynamic flow of a non-Newtonian Casson nanofluid over a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium under the impacts of non-linear thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption, Joule heating and slips boundary conditions. A two-phase nanofluid model is applied to represent the nanofluid mixture. The porous medium is represented via the Darcy model. A similar solution is obtained for the governing equations and a numerical treatment based on the Runge-Kutta method is conducted to the resulting system of equations. In this study, the controlling physical parameters are the Casson fluid parameter , the magnetic field , the radiation parameter , the Brownian motion parameter and the thermophoresis parameter . The obtained results reveal that an increase in the Casson parameter enhances both of the local Nusselt and the Sherwood number while they are reduced as the non-linear radiation parameter increases. In addition, an increase in the magnetic field parameter supports the skin friction coefficient regardless the value of the Casson parameter.
Optimization of the parameters of extraction of root cultures
Authors: Асякина Людмила Константиновна , Федорова Анастасия Михайловна , Дышлюк Любовь Сергеевна 
Published: September 2021

Настоящая работа затрагивает тему оптимизации процесса экстракции биологически активных веществ из биомассы корневых культур in vitro лекарственных растений Сибирского федерального округа, а именно шлемника байкальского, шлемника обыкновенного и лапчатки белой. Параметры, которые влияли на ход процесса, были выбраны следующие: продолжительность процесса, температура экстракции и гидромодуль. В ходе эксперимента выяснилось, что для максимального выхода экстракта шлемника байкальского необходимо соблюдать следующие параметры: соотношение объема растворителя, наиболее эффективного в данном случае 70 %-ного этанола, к массе исходного сырья 1:10, продолжительность процесса 60 мин, температура 50 °С. Максимальный выход биологически активных веществ из шлемника обыкновенного будет достигаться при температуре экстракции 60 °С в течение 60 мин с использованием 70 %-ного этанола в качестве органического растворителя в соотношении к высушенному образцу 1:10. Оптимальные параметры извлечения активных веществ из лапчатки белой: соотношение экстрагента, в качестве которого выступает диэтиловый эфир, к исходному сырью 1:20, продолжительность 60 мин при температуре экстракции 40 °С. Извлечение экстрактов из культур in vitro позволит сохранить популяцию растений, произрастающих в естественных условиях.
This work touches on the topic of optimization of the process of extraction of biologically active substances from the biomass of root cultures in vitro of medicinal plants of the Siberian Federal District, namely Scutellaria galericulata, Scutellaria Baicalensis, Potentilla alba . The parameters that influenced the course of the process were chosen as follows: process duration, extraction temperature and hydronic module. In the course of the experiment, it turned out that for the maximum yield of the Scutellaria Baicalensis extract, the following parameters must be observed: the ratio of the volume of the solvent, the most effective in this case 70% ethanol, to the weight of the feedstock 1:10, the duration of the process is 60 min, the temperature is 50 °C. The maximum yield of biologically active substances from Scutellaria galericulata will be achieved at an extraction temperature of 60 °C for 60 minutes using 70 % ethanol as an organic solvent in a ratio of 1:10 to the dried sample. The optimal parameters for the extraction of active substances from Potentilla alba are: the ratio of the extractant, which is diethyl ether, to the feedstock 1:20, lasting 60 minutes at an extraction temperature of 40 °C. The extraction of extracts from in vitro cultures will allow preserving the population of plants growing in natural conditions.
التحري عن وجود بعض المعادن الثقيلة والميكروبات في التوابل
Authors: محمد وفاء معاد , عبد الرزاق رافد خليل 
Published: September 2021

تضمنت الدراسة جمع 11 نوعاَ من التوابل التي تباع في الاسواق المحلية لمدينة تكريت (الكزبرة Coriandrum sativum L,والكاري، والكركمCurcuma Longa, والزنجبيل Zingiber officinale, والفلفل الاسود Piper nigrum, وبهارات الطرشي, وبهارات البرياني, وحبة البركة Nigella sativa, والقرفة cinnamomum zeylanicum, والسماق R. coriaria L, والكمون Cuminum Cyminum) للتحري عن وجود بعض أنواع العناصر الثقيلة وتشخيص الأحياء المجهرية الملوثة لها . اظهرت النتائج أن تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيلة ضمن الحدود المسموح بها وفق المواصفة القياسية التي وضعتها World Health Organization (WHO) و Food and Agriculture Organization ((FAOالى خلو التوابل من العنصرين الكادميوم والرصاص في حين وجد الزنك والنيكل والكوبلت بتراكيز مختلفة في الانواع المختلفة الاخرى من التوابل. وكان تركيز النيكل اعلى من الحد المسموح في عينات الفلفل الاسود والدارسين (القرفة) والكركم حيث بلغ (4.959, 3.850, 2.740) ppm على التوالي في حين كان تركيز النيكل في باقي العينات اقل من 0.05 ppm وهي اقل من الحد المسموح به, وكذلك كان تركيز الكوبلت اعلى من الحد المسموح في عينات الفلفل الاسود والكاري حيث بلغت (4.930 و3.732ppm ( على التوالي اما باقي العينات من التوابل فكان اقل من الحد المسموح به .في حين وجد ان محتوى عينات التوابل من الزنك في جميع عينات التوابل هو تحت الحد المسموح به (100) pmm حسب ((FAO و( WHO) تراوحت القيم بين ppm 0.392 –1.794 ppm , بلغ العدد الكلي البكتيري في التوابل بين (5 ×510 ) و ( 95× 510) وحدة تكوين المستعمرة/غم في حين لوحظ وجود Escherichia coli في النماذج المفحوصة بأجمعها بأعداد تراوحت بين (93×510 _ 35× 510) وحدة تكوين المستعمرة/غم في حين تراوح عدد بكتيريا Staphylococcus aureus ) 1×510 الى 17 ×10 5 ) وحدة تكوين المستعمرة/غم , مع ملاحظة ظهور الخمائر والاعفان في كل من الكزبرة، الزنجبيل, وبهارات برياني والدارسين (القرفة) وبهارات الطرشي والكمون والفلفل الأسود والكاري والكركم وبأعداد بلغت ( 12×105 ,10×105, 12×105, 6×105, 14×105, 5×105, 2×105, 7×105 و6×510) وحدة تكوين المستعمرة/غم على التوالي.

في حين وجد ان محتوى عينات التوابل من الزنك في جميع عينات التوابل هو تحت الحد المسموح به (100) pmm حسب ((FAO و ( WHO) وكانت القيم بين ppm 0.392 –1.794 ppm .و بلغ العدد الكلي البكتيري في التوابل بين (5 ×510 ) و ( 95× 510 ) و.ت.م./غم في حين لوحظ تواجد E.coli في النماذج المفحوصة بأجمعها بأعداد تراوحت بين ( 93×510 _ 35× 510) و.ت.م/غم في حين تراوح عدد بكتيريا ) Staphylococcus aureus, 1×510 الى 17 ×10 5 ) و.ت.م/غم .
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients as a Marker of Lupus Nephritis Disease
Authors: ELRefeai ELgody Zeinab N. , Alghzaly Ghadah Mahmoud , Saad Attia Mohammed Attia , Albedawey Mohammed Mohammed 
Published: September 2021

Background: One of the members of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein family is IGFBP-2 that binds to the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) receptors to regulate IGF biological activities. In nephrotic syndrome IGFBP-2 has also been reported to be increased in children and IGFBP-2 considers as predictor for longitudinal deterioration of kidney function in Type 2 Diabetes. The aim of the work was to assess insulin like growth factor binding protein-2 as a marker for activity of lupus nephritis.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 80 subjects and was divided on: Group1: 60 patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus which were subdivided into: (a) 40 Systemic lupus patients with nephritis. (b) 20 Systemic lupus patients without nephritis. Group 2: 20 healthy persons as control (Healthy controls).
Results: there were statistically significant difference in ILGRFBPs2 P1, P2 while P3 was insignificant, Regarding the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDI) score, there was significant difference between group IA and IB while statistically significant positive correlation between ILGFBPs2 and renal SLEDI score. Regarding ILGFBPs2, Anti-ds DNA Ab titer, renal biopsy classes and activity index, there was a statistically significant positive correlation. Regarding chronicity index and renal SLEDI score, there was insignificant correlation.
Conclusion: Serum IGFBP‐2 is a promising biomarker for lupus nephritis, reflecting disease activity and chronicity changes in renal pathology.
The Prognostic Significance of a Histological Response to Preoperative Chemotherapy in Patients With Synchronous Colorectal Liver Metastases
Authors: Tanaka Hideharu , Imai Hisashi , Matsuhashi Nobuhisa , Higashi Toshiya , Kiyama Shigeru , Okumura Naoki , Murase Katsutoshi , Takahashi Takao , Saigo Chiemi , Takeuchi Tamotsu , Yoshida Kazuhiro 
Published: September 2021

Objective
Preoperative chemotherapy (PC) for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is widely used to improve prognosis, but its clinical benefit has not been fully established. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of PC for synchronous CRLM and the correlation between the histologic response to PC and survival.

Summary of Background Data
We enrolled 69 patients who underwent initial hepatectomy for synchronous CRLM between 2004 and 2018 at Gifu University Hospital.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathologic factors and outcomes of 69 patients who underwent hepatectomy after receiving PC (PC group: n = 43) or who underwent upfront hepatectomy (non-PC group: n = 26). In the PC group, the patients were divided into the Grade 1 (n = 27) and Grade 2/3 (n = 16) groups according to their histologic responses to PC.

Results
The median survival and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 80.9 months and 61.5%, respectively, in the PC group and 71.7 months and 61.5%, respectively, in the non-PC group (P = 0.867). Regarding recurrence-free survival (RFS) and remnant liver-RFS, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups (P = 0.087 and 0.291). However, in a subgroup analysis, the median 5-year OS, RFS, and remnant liver-RFS were significantly longer in the Grade 2/3 than Grade 1 group (P = 0.008, P = 0.002, and P &lt; 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions
Some patients benefit from PC, and the histologic response to PC had prognostic significance for patients with synchronous CRLM.
Exploring Dark Photon Production and Kinetic Mixing Constraints in Heavy‐Ion Collisions
Authors: Jorge Adrian William Romero , Bratkovskaya Elena , Song Taesoo , Sagunski Laura 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTVector U‐bosons, often referred to as “dark photons,” are potential candidates for mediating dark matter interactions. In this study, we outline a procedure to derive theoretical constraints on the upper bound of the kinetic mixing parameter using dilepton data from heavy‐ion from SIS to RHIC energies. The analysis is based on the microscopic Parton–Hadron–String Dynamics (PHSD) transport model, which successfully reproduces the measured dilepton spectra in , , and collisions. Besides the dilepton channels resulting from interactions and decays of Standard Model particles (such as mesons and baryons), we extend the PHSD approach to include the decay of hypothetical U‐bosons into dileptons, . The production of these U‐bosons occurs via Dalitz decays of pions, η‐mesons, ω‐mesons, Delta resonances, as well as from the decays of vector mesons and mesons. This analysis provides an upper limit on and offers insights into the accuracy required for future experimental searches for dark photons through dilepton experiments.