bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Efficacy of Four Fruit Extract Mouthrinses on Gingivitis in Orthodontic Patients : A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Kharche Asmita , Kurhade Swapnil , Sarkate Priyadarshini , Khond Mugdha , Kotalwar Ganesh , Gelda Akshay 
Published: August 2021

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and antimicrobial properties of four herbal mouthrinses on orthodontic patients with gingivitis
Methods and Materials: A total of 60 individuals with fixed orthodontic therapy with established gingivitis were enrolled in this study. Well Diffusion method was used to formulate mouthrinses of freshly prepared fruit extracts from Punica granatum (Pomegranate), Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry), Morinda Citrofilia L. (Noni) and Psidium guajava L. (Guava) and distilled water as control. The Plaque and Gingival Index scores were taken into consideration for assessing the effectiveness of mouthrinses against gingivitis.
Results: ANOVA test showed significant difference between the groups for PI and GI score (p<0.05). The Post Hoc analysis shows the plaque and gingival index scores were significantly reduced in Group A ,Group B , Group C and Group D than Group E whereas no significant difference exist in the mean PI and GI scores of Group A,B,C and D (p>0.005).
Conclusion: All the tested mouthrinses from fruit extract were equally effective in reducing gingivitis in individuals with fixed orthodontic theraoy suggesting that phytotherapeutic agents may be used in the future to inhibit oral microbial growth.
Comparative Evaluation of Pain Related Behavior During Administration of Local Anesthesia Using the Conventional Syringe and the Computerized Controlled Local Anesthetic Device in Children Exhibiting Different Levels of Anxiety: In vivo Study
Authors: Muzumdar Pooja G. , Bendgude Vikas , Mathur Aditi 
Published: August 2021

Background: Pain experienced during dental procedures evolves into negative attitude towards dentistry, which is projected as anxiety and fear of the child. Administration of local anesthesia (L.A) although an intervention to render painless procedures, in itself causes pain by its conveyance. Wand® (Milestone Scientific, Livingston, NJ, USA) is a system introduced to decrease soreness in the course of anesthetic conveyance. Owing to the sparse information comparing conventional systems with those of Wand, the present study evaluated pain related behavior in children exhibiting pre-assessed variant levels of anxiety midst administration of local anesthesia.
Aim: To correlate pain related behavior amidst delivery of local anesthesia using conventional syringe and the Wand® STA system in children exhibiting variant anxiety levels.
Methodology: The In vivo study embodied 32 children aged between 6 to 8 years. The volunteered participants were pre-categorized into low and high anxiety using the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale. They were further divided using the SNOSE technique – receiving L.A the conventional syringe (group A) and those receiving L.A using the C.C.L.A.D (group B). Pain reactions and perceptions to the two delivery methods were calculated using subjective scales and objective physiological parameters.
Results: Comparing pain perception in pre-assessed anxiety categories affirmed a remarkable difference with the use of C.C.L.A.D and appeared to bestow effortless, pain-free delivery over the traditional cartridge delivery.
Conclusion: C.C.L.A.D builds a refined acclivity for dispersal of the solution, ergo an utilitarian tool in pediatric dentistry.
Survey of infill renovation for disabled elderly people to continue to stay at their homes longer
Authors: Nishino Akiko , Minami Kazunobu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study demonstrates that infill renovation for the elderly to continue to stay at their homes longer reduces the physical and mental burden of the elderly and their caretakers. The infill renovation is expected to provide disabled elderly residents with more independence, self‐decision‐making abilities, and dignity in their everyday life. Even if the physical abilities of disabled elderly people have deteriorated, the infill renovation will promote the use of their remaining abilities to enable them to stay at their homes longer. Home environment plays an important role in enabling disabled elderly people to continue to stay at their homes even after their physical functions have started deteriorating.
Amplification of the status quo bias among physicians making medical decisions
Authors: Camilleri Adrian R. , Sah Sunita 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe status quo bias (SQB) is the tendency to prefer the current state of affairs. We investigated if experts (physicians) fall prey to the SQB when making decisions in their area of expertise and, if so, whether the SQB is reduced or amplified for experts compared to non‐experts. We presented 302 physicians and 733 members of the general population with a medical scenario and two non‐medical scenarios. In each scenario, participants were asked to make a decision between two options. For half of the participants, one of the options was presented as the status quo. All groups displayed a SQB but physicians displayed an amplification of the SQB but only when making decisions in the medical scenario. Experts may be more swayed by status quo options when making decisions in their area of expertise. We discuss why the SQB may be amplified for experts and the implications for practice.
Bottom‐Up Synthesized Nanoporous Graphene Transistors
Authors: Mutlu Zafer , Jacobse Peter H. , McCurdy Ryan D. , Llinas Juan P. , Lin Yuxuan , Veber Gregory C. , Fischer Felix R. , Crommie Michael F. , Bokor Jeffrey 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNanoporous graphene (NPG) can exhibit a uniform electronic band gap and rationally‐engineered emergent electronic properties, promising for electronic devices such as field‐effect transistors (FETs), when synthesized with atomic precision. Bottom‐up, on‐surface synthetic approaches developed for graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) now provide the necessary atomic precision in NPG formation to access these desirable properties. However, the potential of bottom‐up synthesized NPG for electronic devices has remained largely unexplored to date. Here, FETs based on bottom‐up synthesized chevron‐type NPG (C‐NPG), consisting of ordered arrays of nanopores defined by laterally connected chevron GNRs, are demonstrated. C‐NPG FETs show excellent switching performance with on–off ratios exceeding 104, which are tightly linked to the structural quality of C‐NPG. The devices operate as p‐type transistors in the air, while n‐type transport is observed when measured under vacuum, which is associated with reversible adsorption of gases or moisture. Theoretical analysis of charge transport in C‐NPG is also performed through electronic structure and transport calculations, which reveal strong conductance anisotropy effects in C‐NPG. The present study provides important insights into the design of high‐performance graphene‐based electronic devices where ballistic conductance and conduction anisotropy are achieved, which could be used in logic applications, and ultra‐sensitive sensors for chemical or biological detection.
Ion Pair Uptake in Ion Gel Devices Based on Organic Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductors
Authors: Quill Tyler J. , LeCroy Garrett , Melianas Armantas , Rawlings Dakota , Thiburce Quentin , Sheelamanthula Rajendar , Cheng Christina , Tuchman Yaakov , Keene Scott T. , McCulloch Iain , Segalman Rachel A. , Chabinyc Michael L. , Salleo Alberto 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs), it is critical to understand the motion of ions in the electrolyte and OMIEC. Generally, the focus is on the movement of net charge during gating, and the motion of neutral anion–cation pairs is seldom considered. Uptake of mobile ion pairs by the semiconductor before electrochemical gating (passive uptake) can be advantageous as this can improve device speed, and both ions can participate in charge compensation during gating. Here, such passive ion pair uptake in high‐speed solid‐state devices is demonstrated using an ion gel electrolyte. This is compared to a polymerized ionic liquid (PIL) electrolyte to understand how ion pair uptake affects device characteristics. Using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the passive uptake of ion pairs from the ion gel into the OMIEC is detected, whereas no uptake is observed with a PIL electrolyte. This is corroborated by X‐ray scattering, which reveals morphological changes to the OMIEC from the uptake of ion pairs. With in situ Raman, a reorganization of both anions and cations is then observed during gating. Finally, the speed and retention of OMIEC‐based neuromorphic devices are tuned by controlling the freedom of charge motion in the electrolyte.
Mixed‐Dimensional Van der Waals Heterostructures Enabled Optoelectronic Synaptic Devices for Neuromorphic Applications
Authors: Sun Yilin , Ding Yingtao , Xie Dan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNeuromorphic devices provide a hardware platform to implement synaptic functions into artificial electronic devices, which opens a new way to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck from the device level. Optoelectronic synaptic devices are expected to break the limitations of electrically stimulated synapses due to wider bandwidth, higher speed, and lower crosstalk. However, most optoelectronic synaptic devices are enabled by the defect‐dominant photo‐generated carrier trapping/de‐trapping. Therefore, designable device structure and controllable synaptic functions are urgently desirable in optoelectronic synaptic devices. Among various functional materials, low‐dimensional materials exhibit excellent optical and electrical properties and can be easily applied to build van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures with ideal surface characteristics. Herein, the basic morphology and characteristics of low‐dimensional materials have been introduced and the typical constitution of mixed‐dimensional (MD) vdW heterostructures has been reviewed to highlight their unique light‐matter interaction. Then, optoelectronic synaptic devices are classified into three categories by the role of light as input, modulated and output signals based on different photoelectric conversion mechanisms. Furthermore, a bridge between neuromorphic devices and practical applications is established to illustrate their potential in neuromorphic systems. Finally, great challenges and possible study directions are presented to guide the development of MD vdW heterostructures in future neuromorphic systems.
Moisture‐Induced Reversible Phase Conversion of Cesium Copper Iodine Nanocrystals Enables Advanced Anti‐Counterfeiting
Authors: Zhang Fei , Liang Wenqing , Wang Lintao , Ma Zhuangzhuang , Ji Xinzhen , Wang Meng , Wang Yue , Chen Xu , Wu Di , Li Xinjian , Zhang Yu , Shan Chongxin , Shi Zhifeng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHydrochromic materials have attracted widespread attention in the fields of anti‐counterfeiting because of their ability of the reversible light absorption and/or emission properties in response to water. Here, for the first it is demonstrated that the ternary copper halides Cs3Cu2I5 nanocrystals (NCs) possess excellent hydrochromic properties. The prepared Cs3Cu2I5 NCs films can dynamically extract and insert CsI by exposing/removing water to realize the reversible conversion between blue‐emissive Cs3Cu2I5 and yellow‐emissive CsCu2I3. Interestingly, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) coated Cs3Cu2I5 can effectively avoid the extraction of CsI and maintain long‐term stability in the water. Further, the hydrochromic Cs3Cu2I5 and water‐resistant Cs3Cu2I5@PMMA are used as the inks to synergistically act on anti‐counterfeiting information to achieve multiple encryption effects, which can clearly identify and authenticate the effective information after moisture decryption. Importantly, the pattern can be re‐encrypted to the invalid pattern after water evaporation. In addition, the anti‐counterfeiting pattern has excellent stability during repeated encryption/decryption conversion cycles, which can not only balance the accessibility of anti‐counterfeiting information but also effectively improve the security of information. This new discovery may not only deepen the understanding of Cs3Cu2I5 but also provide new options for the design of hydrochromic materials for anti‐counterfeiting information.
Recent Advances in Aggregation‐Induced Emission Materials and Their Biomedical and Healthcare Applications
Authors: He Wei , Zhang Tianfu , Bai Haotian , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe emergence of the concept of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) has opened new opportunities in many research areas, such as biopsy analysis, biological processes monitoring, and elucidation of key physiological and pathological behaviors. As a new class of luminescent materials, AIE luminogens (AIEgens) possess many prominent advantages such as tunable molecular structures, high molar absorptivity, high brightness, large Stokes shift, excellent photostability, and good biocompatibility. The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic growth of research interest in AIE, and many AIE‐based bioprobes with excellent performance have been widely explored in biomedical fields. This review summarizes some of the latest advancements of AIE molecular probes and AIE nanoparticles (NPs) with regards to biomedical and healthcare applications. According to the research areas, the review is divided into five sections, which are imaging and identification of cells and bacteria, photodynamic therapy, multimodal theranostics, deep tissue imaging, and fluorescence‐guided surgery. The challenges and future opportunities of AIE materials in the advanced biomedical fields are briefly discussed. In perspective, the AIE‐based bioprobes play vital roles in the exploration of advanced bioapplications for the ultimate goal of addressing more healthcare issues by integrating various cutting‐edge modalities and techniques.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission Materials that Aid in Pharmaceutical Research
Authors: Wang Bingnan , Liu Shanshan , Liu Xiaolin , Hu Rong , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe in situ visualization of drugs can improve the understanding of their pharmacokinetics and mechanisms. Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) materials, which can aid in the visualization of drugs, are gradually being employed in pharmaceutical research due to their excellent fluorescence properties, good biocompatibility, and extremely high sensitivity. Herein, the progress of AIE materials in pharmaceutical research, including AIE carriers for drug delivery, AIE multifunctional prodrugs, and AIE compounds as bioactive reagents for theranostics is briefly described. Moreover, the opportunities and challenges of AIE materials in pharmaceutical research are discussed in depth. It is believed that versatile AIE materials hold great promise for the promotion of pharmacological research and can facilitate significant advancements in clinical fields.
Time–Temperature Integrating Optical Sensors Based on Gradient Colloidal Crystals
Authors: Schöttle Marius , Tran Thomas , Feller Tanja , Retsch Markus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractManipulation‐free and autonomous recording of temperature states for extended periods of time is of increasing importance for food spoilage and battery safety assessment. An optical readout is preferred for low‐tech visual inspection. Here, a concept for time–temperature integrators based on colloidal crystals is introduced. Two unique features in this class of advanced materials are combined: 1) the film‐formation kinetics can be controlled by orders of magnitude based on mixtures of particles with distinct glass transition temperatures. 2) A gradual variation of the particle mixture along a linear gradient of the colloidal crystal enables local readout. Tailor‐made latex particles of identical size but different glass transition temperatures provide a homogenous photonic stopband. The disappearance of this opalescence is directly related to the local particle ratio and the exposure to a time and temperature combination. This sensing material can be adjusted to report extended intermediate and short excessive temperature events, which makes it specifically suitable for long‐term tracing and threshold applications.
Electrochemistry‐Induced Improvements of Mechanical Strength, Self‐Healing, and Interfacial Adhesion of Hydrogels
Authors: Miao Yan , Xu Mengda , Zhang Lidong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHydrogels have demonstrated great potential in biomedical and engineering areas. To improve the physical performance, development of efficient physical/chemical protocols is essential. Herein, an electrochemistry functionalization strategy that is capable of enabling the functional improvements of hydrogel is reported. The electrochemistry functionalization is demonstrated on a hydrogel model of polyacrylamide (PAAm)@κ‐carrageenan. The electrochemistry reaction generates metal ions (Fe3+) that migrate and coordinate with the sulfate groups of κ‐carrageenan resulting in the prominent function improvements. In comparison with untreated PAAm@κ‐carrageenan hydrogel, it can improve the mechanical strength by 7.37 times, and can increase the interfacial adhesion energy of the hydrogel on a glass surface from 0 to 1400 J m−2, stronger than the bonding strength of tendons (adhesion energy: ≈800 J m−2). Two pieces of hydrogel strips integrate into an intact structure by the electrochemistry functionalization, where the healing efficiency reaches 100% in comparison to the untreated hydrogel. The most significant development is that it enables functional patterning on the hydrogel by the electrode assembly, which provides the hydrogel with modular sensitivity to external pressure. Therefore, it can be a general protocol for rapid generation of multifunctional hydrogels for biomedical and engineering developments.
Reversible Dendritic‐Crystal‐Reinforced Polymer Gel for Bioinspired Adaptable Adhesive
Authors: Xi Songyan , Tian Feng , Wei Gumi , He Xian , Shang Yinghui , Ju Ye , Li Wenjun , Lu Qinghua , Wang Qigang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHigh‐strength and reversible adhesion technology, which is a universal phenomenon in nature but remains challenging for artificial synthesis, is essential for the development of modern science. Existing adhesive designs without interface versatility hinder their application to arbitrary surfaces. Bioinspired by creeper suckers, a crystal‐fiber reinforced polymer gel adhesive with ultrastrong adhesion strength and universal interface adaptability is creatively prepared via introducing a room‐temperature crystallizable solvent into the polymer network. The gel adhesive formed by hydrogen bonding interaction between crystal fibers and polymer network can successfully realize over 9.82 MPa reversible adhesion strength for rough interface and 406.87 J m−2 peeling toughness for skin tissue. In situ anchoring is achieved for adapting to different geometrical surfaces. The adhesion performance can be significantly improved with the further increase of the interfacial roughness and hydrophilicity, whose dissipation mechanism is simulated by finite element analysis. The melting–crystallization equilibrium of the crystal fibers is proved by synchrotron radiation scattering. Accordingly, reversible phase‐transition triggered by light and heat can realize the controlled adhere–detach recycle. Later adjustments to the monomers or crystals are expected to broaden its applications to various fields such as bioelectronics, electronic processing, and machine handling.
Sweet Electronics: Honey‐Gated Complementary Organic Transistors and Circuits Operating in Air
Authors: Sharova Alina S. , Caironi Mario 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSustainable harnessing of natural resources is key moving toward a new‐generation electronics, which features a unique combination of electronic functionality, low cost, and absence of environmental and health hazards. Within this framework, edible electronics, of which transistors and circuits are a fundamental component, is an emerging field, exploiting edible materials that can be safely ingested, and subsequently digested after performing their function. Dielectrics are a critical functional element of transistors, often constituting their major volume. Yet, to date, there are only scarce examples of electrolytic food‐based materials able to provide low‐voltage operation of transistors at ambient conditions. In this context, a cost‐effective and edible substance, honey, is proposed to be used as an electrolytic gate viscous dielectric in electrolyte‐gated organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Both n‐ and p‐type honey‐gated OFETs (HGOFETs) are demonstrated, with distinctive features such as low voltage (<1 V) operation, long‐term shelf life and operation stability in air, and compatibility with large‐area fabrication processes, such as inkjet printing on edible tattoo‐paper. Such complementary devices enable robust honey‐based integrated logic circuits, here exemplified by inverting logic gates and ring oscillators. A marked device responsivity to humidity provides promising opportunities for sensing applications, specifically, for moisture control of dried or dehydrated food.
Mechanical Performance of Binary and Ternary Hybrid MXene/Nanocellulose Hydro‐ and Aerogels – A Critical Review
Authors: Quero Franck , Rosenkranz Andreas 
Published: August 2021

Abstract2D MXene nano‐sheets and several forms of nanocellulose have been reported as building blocks for producing hydro‐ and aerogels. “MXene‐only” or “nanocellulose‐only” hydro‐ and aerogels, however, demonstrated deficient mechanical performance, including brittleness and low mechanical strength. These shortcomings limit their use for a wider range of applications, especially when high‐performance compressive mechanical properties are needed. This mini‐review aims at summarizing the current state‐of‐the art regarding the compressive mechanical properties of binary and ternary hybrid MXene/nanocellulose hydro‐ and aerogels. We also emphasize on the potential as well as future theoretical and experimental research directions of MXene/nanocellulose hydro‐ and aerogels and how their compressive mechanical properties could be further enhanced in the near future.
Direct Laser Writing of Graphene‐Based Electrical Interconnects for Printed Circuit Board Repair
Authors: Lim Chin Huat Joel , Suchand Sandeep C. S. , Murukeshan Vadakke Matham , Kim Young‐Jin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMalfunctions in printed circuit boards (PCBs) are often caused by damaged copper traces. Printing materials such as metal nanoparticles, conductive polymers, and graphene along with novel printing methods are being actively explored for repairing the conductive connections in PCBs. Because of its high‐resolution capability, direct writing of conductive traces gets significant attention, especially with the widespread use of flexible PCBs. Graphene is an ideal material for such applications due to its excellent electrical and mechanical properties. However, there have been limited reports on graphene‐based methods for the facile fabrication of conductive traces. A novel method of femtosecond laser direct writing of graphene traces by the photoreduction of graphene oxide (GO) to conductive reduced GO (rGO) for repair and modification of legacy PCBs is reported. A trace‐width resolution of 28.4 μm is achieved over a large patterning area of 100 mm × 100 mm. The rGO thickness is found to be tunable from 0.6 to 4.4 μm, while the sheet resistance is minimized to 100 Ω sq−1. The system capability is demonstrated by printing conductive traces on top of a flexible substrate to form a closed path for turning on a light‐emitting diode, as well as, by repairing a commercial PCB.