bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochar for Climate Change Adaptation: Effect on Heavy Metal Composition of Telfairia occidentalis Leaves
Authors: Akachukwu Doris , Gbadegesin Michael Adedapo , Ojimelukwe Philippa Chinyere , Atkinson Christopher John 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGas flaring is a key contributor of greenhouse gases that causes global warming and climate change. Adaptation measures for tackling impacts of climate change have gained much research interest. This chapter assessed vegetable farmers’ perception of gas flaring and the effect of biochar remediation on the heavy metal composition of cultivatedTelfairia occidentalis.A gas-flared area, Ohaji/Egbema L.G.A of Imo State, and a non-gas-flared area, Umudike, Ikwuano L.G.A, were selected for this research. Structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from 120 respondents. Soils were collected from the study sites and transported to the greenhouse. Five different rates, 0 t ha−1, 7.1 t ha−1, 13.9 t ha−1, 20.9 t ha−1, and 28.0 t ha−1, of palm bunch biochar were applied to the soils in plastic buckets. After 2 weeks of mineralization, two viable seeds ofTelfairia occidentaliswere planted in each bucket and watered every other day for 8 weeks. The result revealed that 63% of vegetable farmers where female, while 37% were male in the gas-flared area. A total of 97% of the farmers had knowledge of gas flaring. A total decrease of 55% percent income, 90% yield, and 67% market quality of vegetable farmers was attributed to gas-flared activities. The plant height of cultivated vegetables increased every 2 weeks with greater increase in the test plant. Heavy metal concentration (Pb, and Cr) decreased with increasing biochar rate and was significantly lower for 28.0 t ha−1. Biochar can enhance soil fertility and help immobilize heavy metals. The effect of biochar application on the heavy metal composition is dependent on the rate of application. Biochar use could be a cheap adaptation measure in the face of a changing climate.
Implications of Changing the Delivery Mode on Reading Tests in Norway—A Gender Perspective
Authors: Engdal Jensen Ragnhild 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhat can be seen as a digital shift in society is also visible in the Norwegian educational system, as the use of digital devices has increased in both teaching and learning activities. Together with some practical and logistical reasons, the former has very much facilitated the change of delivery mode of the Norwegian National Assessment of Reading Literacy. At the same time, a concern arose regarding whether the test will continue to measure the same underlying concept of reading as before. Furthermore, from the equity perspective, it is important that the change of mode is not disfavourable to any particular group of students. As a solution to this, the format of the test is preserved using fixed, as opposed to dynamic, texts, assuming that fixed texts are consumed in the same way regardless of whether they are presented on paper or on screen. Building on this, this chapter reports on a field trial study for the 2016 Norwegian National Assessment in reading. Nine hundred seventy-three eighth graders from nine different schools participated in completing reading tests on either paper or screen. The main aim of the study is to explore to what extent delivery mode seems to influence students’ outcomes. In particular, we investigate whether the change in delivery mode affects boys’ and girls’ results on reading comprehension tests in the same way. For the purpose of analysis, the Rasch model will be used as a measure of student ability and a multiple regression model will be used to investigate gender differences across the modes. Based on the research so far, we assume that the change in mode will not have a significant impact on student performance relative to gender. The results will be discussed in the light of the gender gap in reading achievement present in the Norwegian educational system.
Equity, Equality and Diversity—Putting Educational Justice in the Nordic Model to a Test
Authors: Buchholtz Nils , Stuart Amelie , Frønes Tove Stjern 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEquity, equality and diversity are often linked to educational policy within the Nordic countries in the form of goals and principles. This can be traced back to the common educational tradition of these countries within the Nordic model of education. Because the terms are often used interchangeably, it seems appropriate to first grasp the theoretical and philosophical understanding of the terms before concrete educational policy measures can be assessed regarding to these goals. The chapter provides an overview of the terms and concretises educational policy measures to achieve equity, equality and diversity in the context of the Nordic countries. Today, societal developments and political changes call into question the common ground of the Nordic countries when it comes to matters of educational equity. Among other things, it will be discussed what contribution large scale international comparative studies can make to understanding equity, equality and diversity.
Teachers’ Role in Enhancing Equity—A Multilevel Structural Equation Modelling with Mediated Moderation
Authors: Nilsen Trude , Scherer Ronny , Gustafsson Jan-Eric , Teig Nani , Kaarstein Hege 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEven though equity is an important aim for the Nordic countries, for many of these countries, the effect of a student’s home background on their achievement seems to increase over time. If the aim is to reduce the effect of SES (socioeconomic status) on student outcomes, there is a need to identify the factors that moderate this relation. One such factor could be teachers and their instruction because they have been found to be key to student outcomes. However, few have linked teachers and their instruction to equity, and fewer still have made this link in Nordic countries. The aim of the present study is to identify the aspects of teacher quality and their instruction that may reduce the relationship between SES and student achievement in the Nordic countries. Eighth-grade students from the only two Nordic countries participating in TIMSS 2015 (Norway and Sweden) were selected. Multigroup, multilevel (students and classes) structural equation models with random slopes were employed to investigate which aspects of teacher quality moderate the relation between SES and student science achievement via instructional quality. The findings show that teacher professional development and specialisation reduce the relation between SES and science achievement via instructional quality in Sweden, while there were no significant findings for Norway. This study contributes to the fields of equity and teacher effectiveness, demonstrating that teachers may make a difference in reducing inequity through their competence and instruction.
Wie körpernahe und implantierte Systeme die Medizin und die Gesundheitsversorgung verändern
Authors: Marschollek Michael , Wolf Klaus-Hendrik 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungSensoren und Aktoren im persönlichen Lebensumfeld ermöglichen neue gesundheitsbezogene Dienste. Die anfallenden Daten lassen sich allein aufgrund ihrer schieren Menge nicht allein von Menschen interpretieren. Das Zusammenwirken der Patientinnen und Patienten, sowie der Ärztinnen und Ärzte mit Systemen, die aufgrund ihrer Analyse und der entsprechenden Rückmeldung die Gesundheit von Menschen beeinflussen, stellt die Medizin und die Gesellschaft vor neue Herausforderungen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt mehrere aktuelle Beispiele aus den Bereichen Rehabilitation, Pflege und klinische Medizin vor und zeigt jeweils Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen des Zusammenwirkens solcher Assistenzsysteme im Kontext der sozio-technischen Systeme auf, in die sie eingebettet sind. Zusammenfassend erörtert er die möglichen Konsequenzen des Zusammenwirkens der verschiedenen ungleichen Akteure.
Erweitertes Zusammenwirken in der Landwirtschaft – zur Diskussion
Authors: Wolf Lars 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der Landwirtschaft wurde schon immer Technik eingesetzt, auch wenn aus heutiger Sicht viele Verfahren sehr einfach und kaum technisiert erscheinen mögen. Insbesondere in jüngerer Zeit kamen verschiedene Arten von Beobachtungs- und Prognoseverfahren hinzu, welche nun Informationen über den Zustand von Tieren und Pflanzen liefern können. Durch die informationstechnischen Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre ergeben sich somit vielfältige Fragestellungen bezüglich des Zusammenwirkens von Menschen, Tieren und Pflanzen: Welche Möglichkeiten ergeben sich durch die Digitalisierung, beispielsweise durch den Einsatz von Sensorik und die Einführung von Verfahren aus der künstlichen Intelligenz? Wie kann ein Zusammenwirken von natürlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz in der Landwirtschaft aussehen und welche Auswirkungen, welcher Art und auf was bezogen, kann es hierdurch geben?
Freiwilliges und zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement – Stand der Forschung und aktuelle empirische Befunde
Authors: Störkle Mario 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Begriffe Zivilgesellschaft und das damit verbundene freiwillige resp. zivilgesellschaftliche Engagement sind seit vielen Jahren Gegenstand zahlreicher Diskussionen, Projekte und Konzepte. „Sowohl in den öffentlichen Debatten als auch in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung“ (Olk/Hartnuss 2011: 145) haben diese Begriffe seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre an Bedeutung gewonnen.
Empirische Ergebnisse Teil 1: Alltag und Engagement von Expatriates im Kanton Zug – die Perspektive der Expatriates
Authors: Störkle Mario 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungWährend ich in den vorangegangenen Kapiteln die Zielsetzung der Arbeit, die theoretischen Grundlagen sowie das methodische Vorgehen ausführlich dargelegt habe, will ich nun in diesem Kapitel detailliert auf die empirischen Ergebnisse eingehen. Wie bereits eingangs erwähnt, hat die Arbeit zwei empirische Teile, die sich zum einen mit der Perspektive der im Kanton Zug lebenden Expatriates befassen, zum anderen aber auch die Perspektive etablierter Akteur*innen zivilgesellschaftlicher Vereinigungen und Organisationen im Kanton Zug mit einbeziehen (vgl. Kapitel 8). Die Ergebnisse beider empirischen Teile werden in Kapitel 9 mit den theoretischen Grundlagen verknüpft und in einer Gesamtschau präsentiert und abschliessend diskutiert.
Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse
Authors: Störkle Mario 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungIm folgenden abschliessenden Kapitel werde ich die zentralen Ergebnisse der empirischen Analyse, die auf Einzelinterviews und Gruppendiskussionen basieren, präsentieren. Ausserdem werde ich diese in Bezug zu den eingangs erörterten theoretischen Konzepten und Ansätzen reflektieren. So erscheint es mir hier sinnvoll, noch einmal die Zielsetzung meiner Untersuchung zu verdeutlichen. In dieser Studie setze ich mich mit dem freiwilligen resp. zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagement von Expatriates im Kanton Zug auseinander.
Use radiography rarely, not routinely, for hip hemiarthroplasty
Authors: Maling Lucy Clare , Lynch John Martin , Walker Robert William , Norton Mark Ross , Middleton Rory George 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Hip hemiarthroplasty (HA) is a commonly performed operation. A post-operative radiograph forms part of the routine hip fracture pathway, although patients are often mobilised prior to this investigation. This study seeks to provide evidence for a pragmatic clinical change to optimise patient safety and allocate limited resources within the National Health Service (NHS).

Methods
We undertook a retrospective database review of 1563 HA procedures to assess whether the routine ordering of check radiographs played an important role in a patient’s post-operative care.

Results
18 (1.2%) mechanical complications led to a return to theatre within 6 weeks of the index procedure. All were dislocations. Ten had a normal post-operative radiograph and five had documented suspicion of dislocation prior to radiography. The post-operative check radiograph was the sole identifier of dislocation in only three patients (0.2%). All three of these patients were pre-morbidly bed bound and non-communicative due to cognitive impairment (AMTS 0/10).

Conclusion
Unless a patient is pre-morbidly bed bound and cognitively impaired, routine post-operative radiography following HA surgery is of little clinical benefit, yet may carry considerable risk to the patient and cost to the NHS. A pragmatic compromise is to perform intra-operative fluoroscopic imaging.
Lichtschutz für Lösungen zur parenteralen Ernährung von Säuglingen und Kindern bis zum Alter von 2 Jahren
Authors:   Bundesverband Deutscher Krankenhausapotheker e. V. (ADKA), Erdmann H. , Heimke-Brinck R. ,   Ernährungskommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin e. V. (DGKJ), Mihatsch W. , Bührer C. , Ensenauer R. , Jochum F. , Kalhoff H. , Körner A. , Koletzko B. , Lawrenz B. , Rudloff S. , Zimmer K.-P. ,   Ernährungskommission der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Kinder und Jugendheilkunde (ÖGKJ), Greber-Platzer S. , Haiden N. , Hauer A. , Lanzersdorfer R. , Pietschnig B. , Scholl-Bürgi S. , Sperl W. , Weghuber D. , Zwiauer K. ,   Arbeitsgemeinschaft Chronisches Darmversagen (AGCDV) der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie und Ernährung e. V. (GPGE), Ballauff A. , Burmester G. , Busch A. , de Laffolie J. , Felcht J. , Garino J. , Hilberath J. , Kohl M. , Krohn K. , Lieb A. , Posovszky C. , Querfurt A. , Rückel A. , Wessel L. , Mihatsch Walter A. 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) empfahl im Rote-Hand-Brief vom 02.09.2019: „Während der Verabreichung an Neugeborene und Kinder unter 2 Jahren sollen entsprechend zugelassene Arzneimittel zur parenteralen Ernährung (PE), die Aminosäuren und/oder Fettemulsionen enthalten, vor Licht geschützt werden (Behältnisse und Infusionsbestecke)“.Ziel dieser Stellungnahme ist es, evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum Lichtschutz für Lösungen zu parenteraler und heimparenteraler Ernährung bei Säuglingen und Kindern bis zum Alter von 2 Jahren zu geben.Der Bundesverband Deutscher Krankenhausapotheker, die Ernährungskommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, die Ernährungskommission der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Kinder und Jugendheilkunde und die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Chronisches Darmversagen der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie und Ernährung empfehlen in Übereinstimmung mit den internationalen Empfehlungen zur pädiatrischen parenteralen Ernährung der Fachgesellschaften ESPGHAN, ESPEN, ESPR und CSPEN: 1. Parenterale Nährlösungen, die Fette und/oder Vitamine enthalten, sind während der Applikation durch geeignete Maßnahmen vor Licht zu schützen. 2. Parenterale Nährlösungen, die keine Fette und/oder Vitamine enthalten (z. B. Lösungen mit Aminosäuren, Glucose, Elektrolyten oder Spurenelementen) bedürfen keines speziellen Lichtschutzes. 3. Bei heimparenteraler Ernährung können im Hinblick auf die kindlichen Bedürfnisse normale Spiralleitungen verwendet werden, solange lichtschützende Spiralleitungen nicht verfügbar sind.
A review of microstructure evolution during ultrasonic additive manufacturing
Authors: Li Dezhi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUltrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is a solid-state metal additive manufacturing process, with the combination of layer by layer ultrasonic seam welding and CNC machining. Due to the friction and deformation at the bonding interface, the ultrasonic softening effect and temperature generated, the microstructure of the substrate materials is evolving constantly. In this paper, in order to better understand the bonding mechanisms, the good practice and the capability of UAM, and the influence of different key process parameters on bonding quality, the microstructure evolution during UAM is reviewed in detail. Defects can be generated at the UAM bonding interface, but by choosing the right material combination and the right process parameters, defects can be reduced to minimum. Plastic deformation is very important for the bonding between layers during UAM, and plastic flow is important for redistribution of oxide layer, forming of mechanical interlocks, filling micro-valleys on the mating surface, and filling the gaps when embedding elements. UAM process can cause recrystallization and grain refinement at the welding interface and the intimate bulk materials around, and it will also gradually change the texture from rolling texture to shear texture. In the meantime, when further layers of materials are deposited on the top of the existing part, the microstructure will have some accumulative change. In order to reduce the defects number and increase the strength, sometimes, heat treatment needs to be carried out to the as-deposited parts, which will change the microstructure as well. Finally, the relevant research is summarised and the perspectives of further research are recommended.
Linking Genes to Traits in Fungi
Authors: Romero-Olivares A. L. , Morrison E. W. , Pringle A. , Frey S. D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFungi are mediators of the nitrogen and carbon cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Examining how nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition potential differs in fungi can provide insight into the underlying mechanisms driving fungal ecological processes and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we assessed the frequency of genes encoding for specific enzymes that facilitate nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition in 879 fungal genomes with fungal taxa grouped into trait-based categories. Our linked gene-trait data approach revealed that gene frequencies vary across and within trait-based groups and that trait-based categories differ in trait space. We present two examples of how this linked gene-trait approach can be used to address ecological questions. First, we show that this type of approach can help us better understand, and potentially predict, how fungi will respond to environmental stress. Specifically, we found that trait-based categories with high nitrogen uptake gene frequency increased in relative abundance when exposed to high soil nitrogen enrichment. Second, by comparing frequencies of nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition genes, we found that most ectomycorrhizal fungi in our dataset have similar gene frequencies to brown rot fungi. This demonstrates that gene-trait data approaches can shed light on potential evolutionary trajectories of life history traits in fungi. We present a framework for exploring nitrogen uptake and organic matter decomposition gene frequencies in fungal trait-based groups and provide two concise examples on how to use our framework to address ecological questions from a mechanistic perspective.
Novel typing of iliac vein compression in asymptomatic individuals evaluated by contrast enhanced CT
Authors: Li Jiaying , Chen Haibo , Chen Wujie , Zhou Kefeng , Xu Zhichao , Xu Maosheng , Sun Zhichao 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Compression of the iliac vein between the iliac artery and lumbosacral vertebra can cause iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS). The purpose of this study is to assess compression characteristics and establish a new sub-typing in asymptomatic IVCS individuals using contrast-enhanced CT.

Methods
A retrospective analysis of abdomen contrast-enhanced CT images from 195 asymptomatic subjects with iliac vein compressed was investigated. Patients had no history of venous pathology, and images were collected from June 2018 to January 2019. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of compression were examined including the location, pattern, minor diameter, area, and the percentage compression on an orthogonal section by the post-processing of multiple planar reconstruction and volume rendering.

Results
There were 107 females and 88 males with age range 18–92 years. The most common site of iliac vein compression was localized to the left common iliac vein (LCIV) (178/195, 91.3%). Notably, four compression types (type I–IV) were established according to the compression location, with type II being the most common. The four compression types had differences in the upper limit and fluctuation range of compression. It was found that the average level of iliac vein compression was below 25%. The compression degree of the left common iliac vein in type II was relatively concentrated, and the upper limit of compression was close to 70%.

Conclusion
Asymptomatic iliac vein compression was categorized according to compression location. The proposal of four types might help clinicians to predict which IVCS patients would benefit from interventional therapy.
Short-term cardiac outcome in survivors of COVID-19: a systematic study after hospital discharge
Authors: Sechi Leonardo A. , Colussi Gianluca , Bulfone Luca , Brosolo Gabriele , Da Porto Andrea , Peghin Maddalena , Patruno Vincenzo , Tascini Carlo , Catena Cristiana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
COVID-19 has caused considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide and cardiac involvement has been reported during infection. The short-term cardiac outcome in survivors of COVID-19 is not known.

Objective
To examine the heart of patients who survived COVID-19 and to compare the cardiac outcome between patients who recovered from mild-to-moderate or severe illness.

Methods
With use of ECG and echocardiography, we examined the heart of 105 patients who had been hospitalized with COVID-19 and were consecutively recruited after hospital discharge while attending follow-up visits. Survivors of COVID-19 were compared with 105 matched controls. We also compared the cardiac outcome and lung ultrasound scan between COVID-19 patients who had mild-to-moderate or severe illness.

Results
Cardiac data were collected a median of 41 days from the first detection of COVID-19. Symptoms were present in a low percentage of patients. In comparison with matched controls, no considerable structural or functional differences were observed in the heart of survivors of COVID-19. Lung ultrasound scan detected significantly greater residual pulmonary involvement in COVID-19 patients who had recovered from severe than mild-to-moderate illness. No significant differences were detected in ECG tracings nor were found in the left and right ventricular function of patients who had recovered from mild-to-moderate or severe illness.

Conclusions
In a short-term follow-up, no abnormalities were identified in the heart of survivors of COVID-19, nor cardiac differences were detected between patients who had different severity of illness. With the limitations of a cross-sectional study, these findings suggest that patients who recover from COVID-19 do not have considerable cardiac sequelae.

Graphic abstract