bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preserving the posterior cortex of the sternum during resection of a superficial anterior chest wall sarcoma
Authors: Sakamoto Akio , Tsuge Itaru , Noguchi Takashi , Matsuda Shuichi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Following resection of a sternal tumor, respiratory dysfunction can occur and rigid reconstruction is necessary. An 82-year-old woman noted a mass in the anterior chest wall that was increasing in size. The tumor was located on the left aspect of the sternum at the level of the third rib. A radiation-induced malignant spindle cell tumor was diagnosed because of a history of irradiation for hilar lymph node carcinoma. The tumor was resected with the surrounding tissues of the second-to-fourth ribs and sternum. The posterior sternal cortex was preserved by cutting with a curved chisel under fluoroscopy. The chest wall defect was reconstructed with a 2-mm thick Gore-Tex® sheet and a local transpositional flap. Sternal resection with a chisel under fluoroscopy avoids damage to the internal thoracic artery. Preserving the posterior sternal cortex does not require rigid reconstruction. The procedure is minimally invasive.
Kanamycin Supplement for the Disaggregation of Platelet Clumps in EDTA-Dependent Pseudothrombocytopenia Specimens
Authors: Tantanate Chaicharoen , Talabthong Supavat , Lamyai Phenluck 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
To indicate the ability to disaggregate platelet clumps by vortex mixing and kanamycin supplementation in EDTA-dependent pseudothrombocytopenia (EDTA-PTCP) specimens.

Materials and Methods
For patients with EDTA-PTCP, citrate-anticoagulated, primary EDTA-anticoagulated, vortex-mixed, and kanamycin-treated specimens were tested for complete blood count and platelet-related parameters.

Results
Forty-eight specimens were included. Nineteen (39.6%) of the vortex-mixed specimens and 42 (87.5%) of the kanamycin-treated specimens revealed platelet counts more than those of the primary EDTA specimens, with levels exceeding 100 × 109/L. The platelet count and platelet recovery of the kanamycin-treated specimens were higher than those of the vortex-mixed specimens.

Conclusion
Kanamycin supplementation to EDTA-PTCP blood may be considered as an alternative approach when the recollection of specimens is impractical. Only platelet-related parameters from kanamycin treatment were suitable for guiding patient management. Further studies about the impact of these methods in patients with various conditions, such as in patients with advanced kidney disease, should be conducted.
Individual Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter starts with the universal recognition of the concept of individual criminal responsibility in ICL as perhaps the most important result of its historic precedents of Nuremberg and Tokyo. It offers a profound analysis of the ‘historic’ case law on individual criminal responsibility, namely the post WW II case law (Nuremberg, Tokyo, the one by the allied powers and Germany), but also relevant case law on other (mainly) State-sponsored criminality (especially in Latin America). It then turns to the ‘modern’ law of individual criminal responsibility and thus analyses the law and jurisprudence of the UN Ad Hoc Tribunals, of the mixed tribunals and, with a particular emphasis, of the ICC. In terms of doctrine a special focus lies on the forms of participation which enable us to hold the masterminds of the international crimes accountable, that is, joint criminal enterprise (JCE) and indirect perpetration by way of an organization (Organisationsherrschaft). In this respect, the chapter deals with what is probably the most important field of the ongoing theoretization of International Criminal Law.
The Subjective Requirements of International Crimes
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews first Article 30 of the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute that contains the general mens rea rule for crimes under the Statute (Articles 5-8bis) on the basis of a thorough comparative law inquiry. . After some terminological clarifications (e.g. regarding the meaning of the term ‘intent’), it examines the objects of reference of Article 30 (material elements as well as conduct, consequence and circumstance) in order to be able to apply them to the crimes of the Statute; also, the standard or degrees of the mental element are analysed. In the second section it is inquired whether there are additional or different subjective requirements provided for by the crime definitions, such as most prominently the specific intent (dolus specialis) requirement in genocide; further, the modes of participation (Article 25(3)) going beyond Article 30 are explored.
Grounds Excluding Responsibility (‘Defences’)
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides first the groundwork of any analysis of ‘defences’, namely the broad or narrow meaning of the concept (substantive vs. procedural defences) and the different types or forms of defences, including their effect and procedural implications (standard and burden of proof). This contributes to a better understanding and proper interpretation that suggest major differentiation criteria with regard to ICL. Then, a detailed analysis of the substantive and procedural defences relevant in ICL is offered. This analysis starts with conceptual explanations (e.g. regarding the relevant point in time) and examines, on the basis of a thorough comparative law research, most important and well known defences like mental disease, intoxication, self-defence, duress and necessity, mistake of fact and law, superior order, immunities, but also looks at less prominent ones such as consent, reprisals or abuse of process.
Conceptual Problems
Authors: Hongler Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The last chapter of the book reviews whether the international tax regime has been a success or a failure and based on these remarks, it is assessed what the reasons are for potential success and potential failure. Afterwards, reference is made to three of the most pressing issues in the current international tax regime. This includes measures against aggressive tax planning, specific issues triggered by the taxation of the digital economy, and a discussion of whether it would better to switch from the arm’s length principle to a formulary system. The chapter will also cover some of the most recent proposals to change the current international tax regime as part of the Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 work of the Inclusive Framework.
Determination of Refugee Status: Analysis and
Application
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S , McAdam Jane , Dunlop Emma 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the determination of refugee status. The legal consequences that flow from the formal definition of refugee status are necessarily predicated upon determination by some or other authority that the individual or group in question satisfies the relevant legal criteria. In principle, a person becomes a refugee at the moment when he or she satisfies the definition, so that determination of status is declaratory, rather than constitutive. However, while the question of whether an individual is a refugee may be a matter of fact, whether or not he or she is a refugee within the 1951 Convention, and benefits from refugee status, is a matter of law. Problems arise where States decline to determine refugee status, or where States and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reach different determinations.
The Form of Relief in Emergency Arbitration
Authors: Sim Cameron 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the form of relief in emergency arbitration. In any event, a prospective applicant to an emergency arbitration will almost certainly already have in mind the form of relief they require to preserve their rights pending constitution of the arbitral tribunal. Both for the applicant, and for the respondent, the central issue when considering the form of relief in emergency arbitration will be whether the emergency arbitrator has the power to impose the requested relief. Evidently, the form of relief the emergency arbitrator is empowered to impose is classified differently across the Emergency Arbitration Rules, with no clear majority approach. The forms of relief range from "interim measures" and "interim and conservatory measures"; to "urgent measures", "urgent provisional measures", and "urgent interim and conservatory measures"; and even to "emergency measures". The different terms used to describe the types of relief available under Emergency Arbitration Rules reflects the general approach taken to urgent relief in international arbitration.
The United Kingdom—Gentlemanly Capitalism and the International Markets
Authors: Jordan Cally 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the regulation of international markets in the United Kingdom. Providing investor protection in the United Kingdom has been a fraught and difficult process. Even well into the 1980s, one very popular view in the City of London, openly espoused, was that it was not the role of government, nor was it necessarily either possible or desirable, to ‘protect fools from their own folly’. Rather, the gentlemen of the City, historical evidence to the contrary notwithstanding, insisted that their ‘impeccable’ behaviour provided all the protections necessary. Less than a decade ago, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified ‘uncertainty risk’ as the major threat to the City of London. At the time, massive regulatory change in the United Kingdom and a tidal wave of EU regulation in response to the global financial crisis were the immediate concerns. Despite the sea changes in the nature of markets and regulatory upheaval in the United Kingdom, the City sailed on. In hindsight, the uncertainty risks associated with the global financial crisis and the EU's regulatory agenda pale in comparison to those posed by Brexit.
Global South Approaches
Authors: Atapattu Sumudu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter details the global South approaches to international environmental law. It first discusses the colonial origins of international law before tracing the evolution of international environmental law and the North-South divide. The chapter then looks at global South perspectives on international environmental law, including principles and frameworks adopted to address the North-South divide. It considers the potential and limits of these perspectives. Ultimately, the chapter argues that unless and until the neoliberal economic model based on capitalism is discarded in favour of a more ecologically friendly model that accommodates the needs of the global South, especially their vulnerable communities, not only will current North-South tensions be exacerbated, the world will also speedily move towards environmental tipping points from which there is no hope of return.
Earth Jurisprudence
Authors: Cullinan Cormac 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses Earth jurisprudence, which is a philosophical approach to legal and governance systems at every level, rather than a theory of international environmental law. It refers to philosophies of law and governance which seek to guide humans to behave in ways that contribute to the integrity, healthy functioning, beauty, and ongoing evolution of the community of life known as ‘Earth’. This approach seeks to promote the flourishing of the Earth community and a ‘mutually enhancing human-Earth relationship’, rather than its subjugation and exploitation by humankind. The chapter explains the worldview that informs Earth jurisprudence, before looking at the essential concepts and principles that make this approach so distinctive. It then tracks the emergence of Earth jurisprudence and the rights of Nature/Mother Earth within the international sphere, and evaluates how this approach may affect the development of international law.
Freshwater Resources
Authors: Salman Salman M. A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of the legal regime for environmental protection of shared watercourses. Codification of international water law began only in 1970, when the International Law Commission (ILC) started to work on a draft convention on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. After close to a quarter of a century, five rapporteurs, and fifteen reports, the ILC completed its work and adopted the draft United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (Watercourses Convention). In parallel, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention) was adopted in 1992, and entered into force in 1996. The chapter then analyses and compares the environmental provisions of these two global Conventions. It also considers the influence of the two Conventions on the environmental provisions of subsequent regional and bilateral treaties.
Wildlife
Authors: Wiersema Annecoos 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter details the themes and principles that shape international wildlife law. International wildlife law shares attributes with other fields of international environmental law, but also has certain particular attributes. In particular, the degree to which treaties affecting wildlife conservation impose strict or flexible obligations on their member states is often a product of a variety of factors, for example: how specific the scope of the treaty is, whether the treaty primarily focuses on individual species or on ecosystem and habitat protection, and whether the treaty targets primarily domestic or primarily international activities or species. The chapter then discusses certain international regimes that focus on particular species, before considering examples of ecosystem-based regimes and regimes with a more regional focus. It also looks at the most significant issues facing global wildlife conservation.
Hazardous Substances and Activities
Authors: Wirth David A. , Sachs Noah M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the enormous scope of international instruments addressing hazardous substances and activities by assessing both the regulatory junctures and the specific strategies that governments rely upon to reduce risk. It begins with the challenge of identifying which substances are hazardous to human health or the environment (risk assessment) and then discusses the major treaties that regulate chemical hazards (risk management). The chapter also examines treaties and other international instruments governing chemical production, use, labelling, and disposal as well as those governing industrial accidents. It concludes with a discussion of instruments designed to promote pollution prevention and toxics use reduction. Presently there is no single, overarching international framework for addressing environmental and public health risks from hazardous substances and activities.
Aviation and Maritime Transport
Authors: Martinez Romera Beatriz 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the main environmental issues relating to aviation and maritime transport, and the key international legal and regulatory frameworks and tools in place to address them. The environmental regulation of aviation and maritime transport activities is orchestrated primarily under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO), two United Nations (UN) specialized agencies dealing with all aspects of aviation and maritime transport, respectively. However, the environmental governance of aviation and maritime transport also encompasses actors, processes, and instruments outside these regimes, and interactions with other treaty-based regimes. The chapter then examines the specific regulation of different environmental matters. It also looks at the key issues and pathways for the sustainable future of these sectors.
International Institutions
Authors: Hey Ellen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter maps the different roles of international institutions involved in the development of international environmental law by considering the initiating roles that some institutions play, the institutional structure of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), and the roles of scientific and financial institutions. It charts how MEAs link to each other substantively by focusing on the relationships between global and regional MEAs and the synergies and contestations between global MEAs. These mapping processes result in the identification of patterns that illustrate the different roles and types of links that exist between international institutions. International institutions, together with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), engage in two types of activities in developing international environmental law. First, they engage in normative development. That is the development of rules and standards that are to regulate human activity. Second, they engage in implementing these rules and standards.
Epistemic Communities
Authors: Haas Peter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter begins with a definition and intellectual history of epistemic communities. ‘Epistemic communities’ is a concept developed by ‘soft’ constructivist scholars of international relations concerned with agency. Soft constructivists in general focus on the role of various types of norms, principled beliefs, causal beliefs, and discourses in establishing roles and rules in international relations: that is, determining the identities, interests, and practices that shape the identification of actors in international relations. The chapter then applies this definition to the study of international environmental law and discusses whether or not international lawyers constitute an epistemic community. It concludes with a discussion of some of the recent challenges to the influence of epistemic communities in world politics more broadly, and thus the future of international environmental law.
Trade
Authors: van Asselt Harro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the interactions between international trade law and environmental protection. It begins by explaining how trade and environmental protection are physically interlinked, before offering an account of the evolution of the trade and environment debate. The chapter then examines the relationship between multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and trade, followed by an analysis of questions that have arisen in assessing the compatibility of environmental measures with trade law. International trade law may have a ‘chilling effect’ on the adoption or effective implementation of international environmental agreements. Conversely, environmental policies employing trade restrictions can become ‘green protectionism’ and even ‘eco-imperialism’. The chapter explores two emerging developments of relevance for the trade and environment debate, including the rise of regional trade agreements and the growing importance of climate change-related disputes. It concludes with a critical assessment of the prospects for strengthening coherence between international environmental and trade law.
Transparency Procedures
Authors: Sparks Tom , Peters Anne 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores how information obligations on states—to collect, report, or publish—are an important aspect of most modern multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). These have developed both alongside and as part of a wider ‘turn to transparency’ in international law, resulting in traditional forms of reporting, monitoring, and verification being incorporated into a more extensive set of transparency relationships. The chapter examines transparency as an increasingly important aspect of international environmental law, both as an end in itself and as a means of achieving other substantive goals. It frames transparency in international environmental law within the wider transparency turn. The chapter then looks at the techniques that are employed in customary and conventional environmental law to realize transparency, focusing on the compliance-centred, emancipatory, and advocative functions it performs.
Market Mechanisms
Authors: Mehling Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of market mechanisms and their contemporary role in international environmental law. It considers the conceptual foundations and theoretical rationale of market mechanisms when deployed for environmental ends, citing the main arguments levelled on different sides of the debate. As social constructs built on legal rights and obligations, moreover, markets rely on a sound regulatory framework for their efficient operation. With environmental markets, this need for legal parameters is further accentuated by the fact that the article of trade is itself a regulatory artifice. The chapter then looks at legal issues arising in the design and implementation of market mechanisms. It surveys the most important environmental markets currently in place at the international level. The chapter concludes with an outlook on the future role of market mechanisms in international environmental law.
North America
Authors: Affolder Natasha 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses international environmental law in the courts of North America. In particular, it explores the minimal engagement of US, Canadian, and Mexican courts with international environmental law. Environmental law cases in Canada, Mexico, and the United States are not immune to international law and international norms. However, international environmental lawyers may be forced to look to some unlikely and unusual places to find international environmental law's normative influence. Environmental law cases in North America seem poised to engage most significantly with international law not in the ‘bright lights’ but rather on the side-lines, where environmental law norms interface with climate law, private international law, Indigenous law, and human rights law.
Oceania
Authors: Stephens Tim 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses international environmental law in the courts of Oceania. The Oceania region stretches across Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, embracing fourteen independent states, two states in free association with New Zealand, and offshore territories of three other states. The states of Oceania have generally been strong advocates for international environmental law and have adopted notable regional environmental treaties. A range of topics of international environmental law has been canvassed in Oceania courts, from sustainable fisheries management to the protection of world heritage. Reflecting the major threat that global warming poses to Oceania, cases addressing climate issues represent a growing proportion of this region's environmental jurisprudence. However, the primary barrier to greater application of international environmental law in Oceania courts is the incomplete implementation of environmental treaty commitments in domestic law.