bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of the Starfish Crossaster papposus, Muller and Troschel.
Authors: Genimill James F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The development of Crossaster papposus, though less important than that of starfish having feeding larvæ, nevertheless presents features of great interest, especially in regard to the origin of the primary larval cœlomic cavities, the madreporic vesicle, the extra rays, the skeleton, and the general modifications due to yolkiness of the egg. Crossaster papposus much resembles Solaster endeca in development, and accordingly I may be allowed to refer to a former paper on the latter (7) for details and illustrations-which do not call for repetition (see, e.g., p. 3 and p. 34).
On the Development of the Hypobranchial, Branchial, and Laryngeal Muscles of Ceratodus. With a Note on the Development of the Quadrate and Epihyal
Authors: Edgeworth F. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
As is well known, Wiedersheim stated that laryngeal muscles exist in Lepidosiren and Protopterus, but are absent in Cera- todus. He admitted, however, that the specimen investigated was badly preserved.
In a recently published paper (1920) on the laryngeal muscles of Amphibia, I suggested that, possibly, they might be found in better specimens. Owing to the skill and perseverance of Dr. Bancroft I have come into possession of some well-preserved heads, and also of a series of embryos up to the stage of 30 mm. in length for purposes of investigation. The material also enabled me to examine the development of the hypobranchial and pharyngeal muscles, which, together with other structures, have been the subject of an elaborate memoir by Greil. In the description given by Semon of the development of Ceratodus the embryos were depicted in a series of stages numbered from 1 to 48, the last mentioned and oldest stage described being an embryo of 17-8 mm. Greil’s description is based on Semon’s stages, and also extended to stage 48. The embryos described in this paper had been fixed in formalin, and their lengths are given in millimetres. Their relation to Semon’s stages will be found in an appendix.
A tabular statement of the synonyms of the names employed has also been appended.
The Development and Homologies of the Mouth-parts of the Head-Louse
Authors: Fernando Wilfred 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Mandibles, first maxillae, and labium appear in the germband at an early stage. The rudiments of the first maxillae unite to form the dorsal stylet, while those of the labium unite to form the ventral stylet. The hypopharynx arises below the first maxillae or dorsal stylet; it becomes tubular and is transformed into the salivary duct. The stylet sheath arises from the integument as a raised lip; it surrounds the dorsal and ventral stylets. The labrum persists as the upper half of the buccal funnel. The mandibles are throughout in a rudimentary condition; they disappear in the adult without becoming chitinized.
Studies on the Germ-cell Cycle of Cryptocotyle lingua: II. Germinal Development in the Larval Stages
Authors: Cable Raymond Millard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The writer’s earlier study (Cable, 1931) on the germ-cell cycle in the adult stage of Cryptocotyle lingua is supplemented by an investigation of germinal development in the larval stages occurring in the marine snail, Littorina littorea. The miracidium-mother-sporocyst was not found although very young rediae were abundant in the material studied. The primordial germ-cells of the young redia are observed in an undifferentiated condition in the body-cavity, which is not well defined due to an abundance of connective tissue. After a period of differentiation, including growth, progressive nuclear changes, and condensation of cytoplasm, the germ-cells multiply by equal division, a process which is interpreted as polyembryony. Germinal differentiation exhibits a distinct anterior-posterior gradient. The mature germinal cells give rise directly to cercarial embryos without germ-mass formation and dissociation or any matmation processes. Although germinal lineage may be traced in the redia, it seems to be interrupted in the cercaria, due to delayed segregation of germ-cells. The soma of the redia does not produce germ-cells at any stage. Evidence is afforded by this and other studies that germinal lineage with sudden intercalations of polyembryonie stages (germ-masses) cannot explain the germinal cycle of the trematodes as a group. In an alternative hypothesis, based on the phylogeny of the Digenea, it is suggested that the ancestors of this group became sexually mature in the mollusc and completed the cycle in that host, possibly before the appearance of vertebrates ; and that, with the evolution of the trematodes, sexual phenomena have gradually been lost, while accessory stages and new hosts have been included in the life-cycle. Cryptocotyle lingua is assumed to have been modified to an intermediate extent since sexual reproduction, germ-masses, and the maximum number of intercalary stages are lacking in the larval generations.
The Structure of the Somatic Chromosomes of Alstroemeria and Bomarea.
Authors: Jane Frank W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The exceptionally large chromosomes of Alstroemeria and Bomarea furnish good material for study; an attempt has therefore been made to trace the changes which occur in these bodies during the mitotic cycle. Other genera of the same section of the Amaryllidaceae (Hypoxidoideae) have been examined with the same end in view, but with less success owing to their chromosomes being smaller. The somatic nuclei of Alstroemeria and Bomarea are almost identical, but differ, as Whyte (43) has shown, in that those of the latter genus contain eighteen chromosomes, whereas there are sixteen in the somewhat larger nuclei of the former. Although no attempt has been made to follow the history of mitosis in any one species, this has been traced with tolerable completeness in Bomarea multiflora; a number of species of both genera has been examined.
The early Embryology of a viviparous Psocid
Authors: Fernando Wilfred 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The formation of germ-layers in the Psocontera has not so far been studied, and the purpose of the present paper is to fill in this gap in our knowledge of the embryology of Insects. The Psocid studied is viviparous, a condition which does not seem to have been noted so far in this group, so a brief note on the method of nutrition of the embryo is given. No attempt is made here to deal with detailed organogeny as this has been done thoroughly in other Insects.
The Physiology of Ecdysis in Bhodnius Prolixus (Hemiptera). II. Factors controlling Moulting and ‘Metamorphosis’
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus there are five nymphal stages, throughout which the morphological characters remain comparatively constant. At the fifth moult, when the insect becomes adult, there are striking changes in all parts of the body. It is convenient to refer to the appearance of these adult characters as ‘metamorphosis’—though without suggesting that this change is exactly homologous with meta-morphosis in endopterygote insects. Thus in the growth of Rhodnius there are two distinct phenomena to be considered : simple moulting, and moulting coupled with metamorphosis. In a previous paper (Wigglesworth, 1933) the histological changes in the epidermis during moulting and metamorphosis have been described ; in the present paper an attempt will be made to analyse some of the factors which regulate these processes.
Observations on the Embryology of Corynodes pusis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Paterson Nellie F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A study of the embryology of Corynodes pusis Marsh was decided upon in order that its development might be compared with that of Euryope terminalis Baly, which the writer had recently (1931, 1932) dealt with in considerable detail. Several features in the ontogeny of the latter species, including the maturation divisions of the female pronucleus and the method of formation of the mesenteron, had proved of interest, and it was felt desirable that further observations be carried out on some related species in order to determine if these phases were merely isolated developmental occurrences peculiar to Euryope terminalis, or if they would be recognized in similar stages of any other species of the Chrysomelidae.
The Giant Nerve Fibres and Epistellar Body of Cephalopods
Authors: Young John Z. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Decapod Cephalopods there is a system of giant fibres probably serving to produce the rapid contractions of the mantle 1Bacq (‘Nature’, 136, 1935) has recently shown that acetyl choline is present in large amounts in the C.N.S. of Octopus. muscles and ink-sac by means of which the animal shoots backwards behind a cloud of ink. The giant fibres in the stellar nerves arise in the stellate ganglion, not from single giant cells, but as syncytia, by the fusion of the processes of a large number of cells. In L o 1 i g o forbesi all the cells giving rise to the giant fibres of the stellate ganglion are connected together into a giant fibre lobe. In Octopods there are no giant fibres, but in the position of the giant fibre lobe there is a small closed vesicle, pigmented yellow in some species, and named the epistellar body. In the walls of this body there are curious cells, the neurosecretory cells, whose general structure resembles that of neurons, but whose inner processes (axons) end blindly, embedded in a homogeneous substance which fills the cavity. The neurosecretory cells are innervated by a small nerve which reaches them from the mantle connective. After removal of both epistellar bodies from Eledone moschata the animal shows general muscular weakness for some days. It is suggested that the epistellar body has arisen from the giant fibre lobe, and that the neurosecretory cells produce at their inner ends a secretion which is poured into the bloodstream.
The Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club
Authors: Hardwicke Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
When the Quekett Club was originally projected we hailed it as an association of amateur microscopists that would diffuse widely a taste for scientific investigation, and contribute to the great object we had in view in establishing the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.’ It is true that some of the members of the old Microscopical Society looked with a little jealousy at the young club, much as the old Fellows of the Linnean Society in their day regarded the Zoological Club, which terminated in the foundation of the Zoological Society; but in a vast population like London there is, undoubtedly, room for a number of new societies devoted to scientific pursuits. The result has shown that not only has the Quekett Club succeeded, but, so far from doing any injury to the old Society, it has gone on increasing in numbers and influence ever since the establishment of its supposed rival. The truth is, the Quekett Club has been a great feeder of the old Society, and the Members (the Fellows —we beg their pardon) recognised this fact when, at their last meeting, they received with cheers the announcement that the President of the Quekett Club was unanimously elected a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society. The President also, with that graciousness which has all along characterised his four years of laborious and useful office, pronounced from the chair his belief that the mother and daughter, after all, had but one common object in their constitution and proceedings. Let us, then, hang down our heads and blush when we think of the hard words and ungenerous feelings which have been exhibited between the two societies.
On Some Organisms Living at Great Depths in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Thomas Huxley F. R. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the year 1857, H.M.S. “Cyclops,” under the command of Captain Dayman, was despatched by the Admiralty to ascertain the depth of the sea and the nature of the bottom in that part of the North Atlantic in which it was proposed to lay the telegraph cable, and which is now commonly known as the “Telegraph plateau.”
On the “ Muffa “ of the Sulphur Springs at Valdieri
Authors: Moggridge J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The baths of Valdieri, not far from a Piedmontese town of that name, are situated in a valley on the northern side of the Maritime Alps, and have long been celebrated, not only for the coolness of their climate and the excellence of their mineral waters, but also for the “Muffa,” a sub- stance occurring in one of those waters, which, while of great medicinal value as an external application, is interesting, when viewed under the microscope, for the vegetable, animal, and mineral productions which it contains. These baths are 4426 feet above the level of the sea. Found in those sulphur springs which have a temperature of about fifty degrees Centigrade, the Muffa first appears as tender minute filaments, soft and floating, of a greenish-white colour, surrounded by a mucilaginous milky-white substance imbued with a sulphurous deposit. Of little consistency in its early state, it soon becomes more substantial; changing in colour to violet, then light yellow, and finally to a pale green. When mature, the Muffa resembles a gelatinous lard, carpeting the rock down which the water flows. The vegetable above referred to was considered by Allioni to be Ulva labyrinthiformis of Linnæus. In 1837 Fontan detected a distinct organization, describing it as composed of white filaments from to of a millimetre in diameter; tubular, cylindrical, simple, devoid of septa, containing small semi-opaque globules, collocated when young, and separated towards the ends of the tubes in mature individuals. To this plant he gave the name Sulphuraria, it not having been found in any except sulphur springs. Delponte, of the Botanic Garden at Turin, after careful microscopic examination, places it in the genus Leptothrix (Kützing), near to L. compacta and L. lamellosa, naming it after the place of its nativity, Valderia. A parasitic Ulva accompanies the above, growing upon it, and an Oscillatoria sometimes covers the upper surface, where the water has not more than thirty degrees of temperature. Conferva nigra also occurs.
Memoirs: The Origin and Nature of the Egg Membranes in Chirocephalus Diaphanus
Authors: MAWSON MARY L. , YONGE C. M. 
Published: April 2021

1. The anatomy of the female reproductive system in Chirocephalus diaphanus is described with especial reference to the paired anterior and posterior masses of uterine glands.
2. The gland-cells are arranged in pairs surrounded by a common membrane and served by a single duct formed by a separate duct-cell, representing possibly an ingrowth of the uterine epithelium.
3. The glands increase greatly in size during development owing to the formation of a granular secretion which is apparently formed in the nucleus and gradually displaces the original cytoplasm.
4. The egg-case consists of an inner membrane which is chitinous and is formed by the oviducal epithelium, and an outer thicker, rugose membrane which is non-chitinous and is secreted by the uterine glands.
5. Attention is drawn to the close resemblance to conditions in the Decapoda. The inner membrane in both cases is chitinous and formed in the oviduct, while the uterine secretion has much in common with the secretion of the cement glands, but is concerned with protection only and not also with attachment to the body of the female.
Observations on Feeding and Digestion in Glossobalanus minutus.
Authors: Barrington E. J. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The epidermis and the digestive system of Glossobalanus minutus have been re-examined, and additional information obtained relating to their histology and function, and to the mode of feeding.
The proboscis and collar constitute a simple ciliary mechanism which, aided by the current set up by the pharynx, enables the animal to take in material in suspension in the water or from the surface of the sand. It may thus be considered to retain the primitive ciliary feeding mechanism of the Chordata, although this is obscured in practice by the engulfing of sand associated with the burrowing habit. This retention probably accounts for the fact, recorded by previous workers, that the Enteropneusta frequently protrude their proboscis and collar from their burrows.
The mobile lip of the collar provides a mechanism by which material can be prevented from entering the mouth; large particles can be seen to be rejected in this way.
Suspended material can pass into the dorsal chamber of the pharynx, and collects in small masses which are rotated by ciliary action in the post-branchial chamber before being passed on. This is probably correlated with the fact that the external secretion of the proboscis contains a strong amylase which would pass into the pharynx with the food-material; the two would be mixed in the post-branchial chamber, and further secretions could be added from the latter. The distinction often drawn between a dorsal respiratory chamber and a ventral food chamber in the pharynx is thus not sound, although there is no reason to doubt that the organic content of the sand which passes into the latter can be utilized.
The main cilia of the gill-arches are ‘lateral cilia’; short ‘frontal cilia ‘occur on the secondary arches, but their function could not he observed.
The oesophagus produces a vesicular secretion which is discharged, often accompanied by nuclei, in cytoplasmic spherules.
The epithelium of the ‘liver-sacs’ contain three main types of intracellular inclusion: colourless granular inclusions (believed to be a digestive secretion), brown granular inclusions, and large ovoid bodies with granular contents. The last develop at the distal end of the cells from minute vacuoles ; it is suggested that they may be excretory, although there is no definite evidence for this. All three types of inclusion are discharged from the cells, sometimes with nuclei.
The intestinal epithelium is concerned with secretion, but to a much less extent than the sacs. The ovoid bodies and the brown inclusions are only produced in the latter.
Evidence for the digestion of starch, glycogen, maltose, sucrose, casein, and triacetin is provided ; raffinose and inulin are not digested. Indications of the pH range of the amylase, protease, and lipase are given.
Development of the Dermal Bones in the Skull of Lepidosteus osseus
Authors: Aumonier F. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
1. The development of the dermal elements of the skull of Lepidosteus osseus has been studied in a series of twelve stages.
2. The homologies of the three small scale-bones of the snout have been established. They are the rostral, nasals, and antorbitals.
3. The ‘maxillary chain’ is shown to be an extension of the infra-orbital series, and the existence of a true maxillary is established.
4. The extent and single origin of the premaxillary are shown, and its unusual association with the supra-orbital basal is discussed.
5. The correct homologies of the opercular series have been established, the recognition of a sub-orbital has been recorded.
6. It is shown that Stensiö’s complex nomenclature is redundant to a description of the dermal bones of the skull of Lepidosteus osseus.
On the Identity of the White Corpuscles of the Blood with the Salivary, Pus, and Mucous Corpuscles.
Authors: G. Richardson Joseph 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The nature of the nucleated corpuscles so abundant in the saliva has long been a subject of some uncertainty, and although they have probably, as favorite test objects for the higher powers, been more frequently examined by microscopists than almost any other constituent of the glandular secretions, observers seem to have been generally contented to accept them simply as useful measures for the capacity of the higher objectives, and passed on without any attempts to solve the mystery of their origin ; Kölliker, indeed, advanced the theory that they were essentially a form of exudationcorpuscles, but hitherto his hypothesis does not appear to have been generally accepted by microscopists as a fixed fact.
Notes on the Thysanura.
Authors: Lubbock John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Sir John began by adding four more species to the list of British Thysanura, which now comprises about fifty species, of which only fourteen were recorded as British when he began to study the group. Three out of the four now added are Continental species ; the fourth does not agree with any as yet described. He then made some remarks on the reproduction of lost parts, especially on the reparation of wounded antennæ. He showed that if an antenna is cut off, for example, in the middle, it never again recovers the normal number of segments, and he mentions the curious fact that among the species with longest antennæ it is extremely rare to find a full-grown specimen in which these organs are perfect. It is also remarkable that the reproduced segments acquire an abnormal length. Thus, for instance, if a Tomocèrus has the terminal and part of the third segment removed, the terminal segment is never reproduced, though the penultimate one acquires a greater length than in un- mutilated specimens.
Note on a New Means of Examining Blood Under the Microscope, Andon the Blood-Fluids of Invertebrates, and on a Natural Standard for Registering Absorption Spectra.
Authors: Ray Lankester E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
My friend, Dr. Arthur Gamgee, last year suggested to me that I should try the new blood-matter, Chlorocruorin, which I discovered in Siphonostoma and Sabella two years since (see Humphry’s and Turner’s ‘Journal of Anatomy,’Nov., 1867) with Day’s guaiacum-and-peroxide-of-hydrogen-test (see ‘Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci.,’ 1868, p. 282). This I accordingly did, and obtained the most satisfactory results, the guaiacum being rendered brilliantly blue in the usual way by the Chlorocruorin and ozonic ether. I also proceeded to try a great number of blood-fluids of Invertehrata. In all cases where the presence of Hæmoglobin (Cruorin) had been proved by me with the spectroscope to be present I did not fail to obtain the blueing of the guaiacum, e. g., in Planorbis, in larva of Chironomus and allied larvæ, and many Annelids. The colourless fluids among these groups I also tested with the guaiacum and “ozonized ether,” having been led to suspect that in the colourless blood of insects, molluscs, &c., there must be a body having properties similar to those of Hæmoglobin and Chlorocruorin. The perivisceral fluid of Annelids gave the blue colour with guaiacum, the colourless blood of some insects, Crustacea, and molluscs also. In many there was simply an evolution of gas on the addition of the ozonized ether, and no blueing of the guaiacum. I attribute this to the fact that the action was less energetic in these cases than in the case of the red Hæmoglobin or cruorin, which acts far more powerfully with the test than anything else, excepting Chlorocruorin. The mere evolution of the gas is, however, a good test, and can be applied beneath the microscope. Thus, I have been able to bring ozonized ether into contact with very small Entomostraca, and even with some Infusoria, on the microscope-stage, and observe from what part especially the development of gas takes place. The blood-corpuscles may in this way be demonstrated as being the part of vertebrate blood from which oxygen is eliminated in the guaiacum experiment.