bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Long-Term Recovery of Parotid Glands in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treated by Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy
Authors: Tasaka Shun , Jingu Keiichi , Takahashi Noriyoshi , Umezawa Rei , Yamamoto Takaya , Ishikawa Yojiro , Takeda Kazuya , Suzuki Yu , Kadoya Noriyuki 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundXerostomia is one of the most common adverse events of radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. There have been many reports on functional changes of the parotid gland after radiation therapy, but there have been few reports on the volume of the parotid gland and its relationship with oral quality of life (QOL) and even fewer reports on longitudinal change of the parotid gland volume. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term change of the parotid gland volume after intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the relationship between parotid irradiation dose and xerostomia symptoms.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 26 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer treated by IMRT. Longitudinal changes of parotid gland volumes after IMRT were evaluated on CT images. The parotid gland volumes in each period were converted to the ratio to parotid gland volumes before radiotherapy (relative parotid volume). Dunnett’s test was used to evaluate the longitudinal changes in relative parotid volumes at 0-6, 7-18, 19-30, 31-42, 43-54 and 55-66 months after IMRT. We assessed xerostomia 3 years or more after IMRT by measuring the degree of oral moisture using a moisture-checking device (Mucus, Life Co., Ltd.) and oral QOL evaluation by GOHAI (General Oral Health Assessment Index).ResultsThe relative parotid volumes during radiotherapy and at 0-6, 7-18, 19-30, 31-42, 43-54 and 55-66 months after IMRT were 75.2 ± 14.3%, 67.2 ± 11.4%, 68.5 ± 15.9%, 72.4 ± 14.8%, 73.0 ± 13.8%, 76.2 ± 17.5%, and 77.1% ± 17.3%, respectively. The parotid volume had recovered significantly at 43-54 and 55-66 months after IMRT, especially in parotids receiving less than 40 Gy as the mean dose. The mean irradiated dose for bilateral parotids showed negative correlations with oral QOL score and oral moisture after a long period.ConclusionsThe parotid volume recovered gradually but had not reached a plateau even 3 years after radiotherapy, especially in parotids receiving less than 40 Gy as the mean dose.
Predictive Validity of the Bayley-III Cognitive Scores at 6 Months for Cognitive Outcomes at 24 Months in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: Liu Tzu-Yu , Chang Jui-Hsing , Peng Chun-Chih , Hsu Chyong-Hsin , Jim Wai-Tim , Lin Jia-Ying , Chen Chia-Huei , Li Sung-Tse , Chang Hung-Yang 
Published: May 2021

Purpose:To assess the predictive validity of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) cognitive scores at 6 months of corrected age (CA) for cognitive outcomes at 24 months of CA in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants and investigate the predictors of change in cognitive outcomes.Methods:We retrospectively evaluated VLBW children enrolled in the Taiwan Premature Infant Follow-up Network between 2010 and 2015 and completed the Bayley-III at CA of 6 and 24 months. The predictive validity of the cognitive performance at 6-month CA for the cognitive outcomes at 24-month CA was analyzed. The positive and negative predictive factors were also evaluated using logistic regression. Cut-off scores of &lt;70 and &lt;85 were used to identify lower functioning groups based on the Bayley-III definition.Results:A total of 2,972 VLBW children, born with a mean weight of 1116.4 ± 257.5 g and mean gestational age of 29.0 ± 2.8 weeks, were evaluated. A cognitive score of &lt;70 at 6-month CA had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 27.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.2–35.7%) for a cognitive score of &lt;70 at 24-month CA, while the negative predictive value (NPV) was 97.3% (95% CI: 96.7–97.9%). A cut-off score of 85 had a PPV of 33.6% (95% CI: 28.1–39.0%) and an NPV of 87.7% (95% CI: 86.4–88.9%). Abnormal muscle tone at 6 months was a risk factor for cognitive function decline at 24 months for both Bayley-III cognitive cut-off scores: scores of 70 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.5–5.5) and 85 (AOR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.6–4.1). Lower maternal socioeconomic status was associated with a worsening of the cognitive function in infants at 24 months who scored ≥85 at 6 months (AOR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2–2.0).Conclusion:Subnormal Bayley-III cognitive scores at 6-month CA were not predictive of subnormal cognitive function at 24-month CA. In children with normal cognition during early infancy, abnormal muscle tone and lower maternal socioeconomic status may influence the cognitive developing process; this highlighted the importance of early identification of high risk infants and complete preterm infant-associated public health policies to promote an improved neurodevelopmental outcome.
BYHWD Alleviates Inflammatory Response by NIK-Mediated Repression of the Noncanonical NF-κB Pathway During ICH Recovery
Authors: Xiao Wei , He Zehui , Luo Weikang , Feng Dandan , Wang Yang , Tang Tao , Yang Ali , Luo Jiekun 
Published: May 2021

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening type of stroke that lacks effective treatments. The inflammatory response following ICH is a vital response that affects brain repair and organism recovery. The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is considered one of the most important inflammatory response pathways and one of its response pathways, the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, is known to be associated with persistent effect and chronic inflammation. NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK) via the noncanonical NF-κB signaling plays a key role in controlling inflammation. Here, we investigated potential effects of the traditional Chinese medicine formula Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) on inflammatory response in a rat model of ICH recovery by inhibiting the NIK-mediated the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway. In the first part, rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group, the ICH group, and the BYHWD group. ICH was induced in rats by injecting collagenase (type VII) into the right globus pallidus of rats' brain. For the BYHWD group, rats were administered BYHWD (4.36 g/kg) once a day by intragastric administration until they were sacrificed. Neurological function was evaluated in rats by a modified neurological severity score (mNSS), the corner turn test, and the foot-fault test. The cerebral edema showed the degree of inflammatory response by sacrificed brain water content. Western blot and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR tested the activity of inflammatory response and noncanonical NF-κB signaling. In the second part, siRNA treatment and assessment of inflammation level as well as alterations in the noncanonical NF-κB signaling were performed to determine whether the effect of BYHWD on inflammatory response was mediated by suppression of NIK via the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway. We show that BYHWD treated rats exhibited: (i) better health conditions and better neural functional recovery; (ii) decreased inflammatory cytokine and the edema; (iii) reduced expression of NIK, a key protein in unregulated the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways; (iv) when compared with pretreated rats with NIK targeting (NIK siRNAs), showed the same effect of inhibiting the pathway and decreased inflammatory cytokine. BYHWD can attenuate the inflammatory response during ICH recovery in rats by inhibiting the NIK-mediated noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway.
Challenging Climate Strikers' Youthfulness: The Evolution of the Generational Gap in Environmental Attitudes Since 1999
Authors: Lorenzini Jasmine , Monsch Gian-Andrea , Rosset Jan 
Published: May 2021

In 2019, youth took to the street to express their fears and ambitions in relation to climate change. Alongside, many adult and senior citizens expressed their solidarity. While the media present environmental issues as being generationally dividing, we know little about potential differences between generations in terms of environmental attitudes. In this paper, we analyze data collected in the framework of street demonstrations in Switzerland and longitudinal data collected in the Swiss population. Our analyses of survey data on climate strike demonstrators in Switzerland show that while the early demonstrations attracted mostly youth, the age composition of climate strike demonstrators became more diverse over time increasingly including members of different generations. Furthermore, we explore how age differences evolved over the last 20 years using the Swiss Household Panel data. Our analyses show that the share of individuals who favor the environment over the economy is greater among younger generations and that the climate strike generation stands out with the largest share of pro-environmental attitudes. However, all generations have moved in parallel over the last twenty years following a non-linear but generally upward trend illustrating that the political context affects all generations. Overall, our analyses contribute to understanding incremental changes in public attitudes in the environmental area and the role played by generational renewal in these regards.
Comparative Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Glycine in L929 and Caco2 Cells
Authors: Truzzi Francesca , Mandrioli Daniele , Gnudi Federica , Scheepers Paul T. J. , Silbergeld Ellen K. , Belpoggi Fiorella , Dinelli Giovanni 
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Glyphosate, an amino acid analog of glycine, is the most widely applied organophosphate pesticide worldwide and it is an active ingredient of all glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), including the formulation “Roundup. ” While glycine is an essential amino acid generally recognized safe, both epidemiological and toxicological in vivo and in vitro studies available in literature report conflicting findings on the toxicity of GBHs. In our earlier in vivo studies in Sprague–Dawley rats we observed that exposure to GBHs at doses of glyphosate of 1.75 mg/kg bw/day, induced different toxic effects relating to sexual development, endocrine system, and the alteration of the intestinal microbiome. In the present work, we aimed to comparatively test in in vitro models the cytotoxicity of glycine and GBHs.Methods: We tested the cytotoxic effects of glycine, glyphosate, and its formulation Roundup Bioflow at different doses using MTT and Trypan Blue assays in human Caco2 and murine L929 cell lines.Results: Statistically significant dose-related cytotoxic effects were observed in MTT and Trypan Blue assays in murine (L929) and human (Caco2) cells treated with glyphosate or Roundup Bioflow. No cytotoxic effects were observed for glycine. In L929, Roundup Bioflow treatment showed a mean IC50 value that was significantly lower than glyphosate in both MTT and Trypan Blue assays. In Caco2, Roundup Bioflow treatment showed a mean IC50 value that was significantly lower than glyphosate in the MTT assays, while a comparable IC50 was observed for glyphosate and Roundup Bioflow in Trypan Blue assays. IC50 for glycine could not be estimated because of the lack of cytotoxic effects of the substance.Conclusion: Glyphosate and its formulation Roundup Bioflow, but not glycine, caused dose-related cytotoxic effects in in vitro human and murine models (Caco2 and L929). Our results showed that glycine and its analog glyphosate presented different cytotoxicity profiles. Glyphosate and Roundup Bioflow demonstrate cytotoxicity similar to other organophosphate pesticides (malathion, diazinon, and chlorpyriphos).
Prediction Models for Prognosis of Cervical Cancer: Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal
Authors: He Bingjie , Chen Weiye , Liu Lili , Hou Zheng , Zhu Haiyan , Cheng Haozhe , Zhang Yixi , Zhan Siyan , Wang Shengfeng 
Published: May 2021

Objective: This work aims to systematically identify, describe, and appraise all prognostic models for cervical cancer and provide a reference for clinical practice and future research.Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases up to December 2020 and included studies developing, validating, or updating a prognostic model for cervical cancer. Two reviewers extracted information based on the CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modeling Studies checklist and assessed the risk of bias using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool.Results: Fifty-six eligible articles were identified, describing the development of 77 prognostic models and 27 external validation efforts. The 77 prognostic models focused on three types of cervical cancer patients at different stages, i.e., patients with early-stage cervical cancer (n = 29; 38%), patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (n = 27; 35%), and all-stage cervical cancer patients (n = 21; 27%). Among the 77 models, the most frequently used predictors were lymph node status (n = 57; 74%), the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (n = 42; 55%), histological types (n = 38; 49%), and tumor size (n = 37; 48%). The number of models that applied internal validation, presented a full equation, and assessed model calibration was 52 (68%), 16 (21%), and 45 (58%), respectively. Twenty-four models were externally validated, among which three were validated twice. None of the models were assessed with an overall low risk of bias. The Prediction Model of Failure in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer model was externally validated twice, with acceptable performance, and seemed to be the most reliable.Conclusions: Methodological details including internal validation, sample size, and handling of missing data need to be emphasized on, and external validation is needed to facilitate the application and generalization of models for cervical cancer.
School Based Tooth Brushing and Annual Silver Diammine Fluoride Application as a Highest Priority Package for Achieving Universal Oral Health Care for Cambodian Children
Authors: Turton Bathsheba , Patel Jilen , Sieng Chanthyda , Tak Ranuch , Durward Callum 
Published: May 2021

Background:Achieving Universal Oral Health Care among Low-to Middle-Income settings is challenging and little literature exists around exploring what a “Highest Priority Package” of care might look like in the context of oral health. The Healthy Kids Cambodia (HKC) program differs from most conventional school dental services in that the initial package of care that is offered is daily toothbrushing with 1,500 ppm fluoride toothpaste (DTB) together with the topical application of Silver Diamine fluoride (SDF) for management of lesions in primary teeth.Aim:To examine tooth level outcomes for 8- to 10-year old children from two schools that performed DTB with application of SDF at differing time-points.Design:This was an observational cohort study that examined lesion progression among children in late mixed dentition at two schools. Data were collected using the dmft and pufa indices. Both schools received materials and training for DTB at baseline. School One received SDF at baseline while School Two received SDF after 9-months. Intraoral examinations were performed and the presentation of primary teeth with cavitated carious lesions were compared at baseline and 12 m. If a tooth was still caries-active or had become pulpally involved, this was considered to be an unacceptable outcome. Descriptive analysis was performed the chi-squared test was used to examine differences in the proportion of teeth with unacceptable outcomes by school membership.Results:Of the 521 children recruited, 470 (90.2%) were followed. Where there was a delay in SDF application (School 2) there was a three times greater chance of an unacceptable outcome. Ten percentage of primary teeth in School One and 33% of primary teeth in the School Two had unacceptable outcomes.Conclusion:The present study offers data on expected effect sizes that might inform future step-wedged clinical trials to validate an oral health Highest Priority Package of care for Cambodian children. The delivery of a package of care that includes both DTB and SDF can prevent adverse outcomes, such as dental infections, in primary teeth with carious lesions.
Enhanced Eye Velocity in Head Impulse Testing—A Possible Indicator of Endolymphatic Hydrops
Authors: Curthoys Ian S. , Manzari Leonardo , Rey-Martinez Jorge , Dlugaiczyk Julia , Burgess Ann M. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction: On video head impulse testing (vHIT) of semicircular canal function, some patients reliably show enhanced eye velocity and so VOR gains &gt;1.0. Modeling and imaging indicate this could be due to endolymphatic hydrops. Oral glycerol reduces membranous labyrinth volume and reduces cochlear symptoms of hydrops, so we tested whether oral glycerol reduced the enhanced vHIT eye velocity.Study Design: Prospective clinical study and retrospective analysis of patient data.Methods: Patients with enhanced eye velocity during horizontal vHIT were enrolled (n = 9, 17 ears) and given orally 86% glycerol, 1.5 mL/kg of body weight, dissolved 1:1 in physiological saline. Horizontal vHIT testing was performed before glycerol intake (time 0), then at intervals of 1, 2, and 3 h after the oral glycerol intake. Control patients with enhanced eye velocity (n = 4, 6 ears) received water and were tested at the same intervals. To provide an objective index of enhanced eye velocity we used a measure of VOR gain which captures the enhanced eye velocity which is so clear on inspecting the eye velocity records. We call this measure the initial VOR gain and it is defined as: (the ratio of peak eye velocity to the value of head velocity at the time of peak eye velocity). The responses of other patients who showed enhanced eye velocity during routine clinical testing were analyzed to try to identify how the enhancement occurred.Results: We found that oral glycerol caused, on average, a significant reduction in the enhanced eye velocity response, whereas water caused no systematic change. The enhanced eye velocity during the head impulses is due in some patients to a compensatory saccade-like response during the increasing head velocity.Conclusion: The significant reduction in enhanced eye velocity during head impulse testing following oral glycerol is consistent with the hypothesis that the enhanced eye velocity in vHIT may be caused by endolymphatic hydrops.
ADAM10 Site-Dependent Biology: Keeping Control of a Pervasive Protease
Authors: Tosetti Francesca , Alessio Massimo , Poggi Alessandro , Zocchi Maria Raffaella 
Published: May 2021

Enzymes, once considered static molecular machines acting in defined spatial patterns and sites of action, move to different intra- and extracellular locations, changing their function. This topological regulation revealed a close cross-talk between proteases and signaling events involving post-translational modifications, membrane tyrosine kinase receptors and G-protein coupled receptors, motor proteins shuttling cargos in intracellular vesicles, and small-molecule messengers. Here, we highlight recent advances in our knowledge of regulation and function of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) endopeptidases at specific subcellular sites, or in multimolecular complexes, with a special focus on ADAM10, and tumor necrosis factor-α convertase (TACE/ADAM17), since these two enzymes belong to the same family, share selected substrates and bioactivity. We will discuss some examples of ADAM10 activity modulated by changing partners and subcellular compartmentalization, with the underlying hypothesis that restraining protease activity by spatial segregation is a complex and powerful regulatory tool.
The REVIEW ON CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF VEGETABLES VALUE CHIAN ANALYSIS IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Urgessa Haile Tamiru Tamiru 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
In Ethiopia, vegetables are important for economic, nutrition, health. Smallholder and farming system sustainability and generate foreign direct investment. On the contrary, the level of consumption is very low for reasons of unavailability and market imperfection. Even with limited pocket areas of production, the product suffered low price and lack of market. As a result, glut and spoilage are common. Analyzing value chain of vegetables in Ethiopia with specific objectives of vegetable value chain analysis in Ethiopia. In this reviews determinant factors assessed waste transportation access to the farmers like road infrastructure, market efficient assess structure-conduct-performance of vegetable marketing and vegetable production and marketing, and to analyze crop and buyer choice decision-making behavior. The other determinants like distance from main road, frequency of extension contact, active labor power, total size of owned land and quantity produced, and volume of market supply were reviewed. This all show how much farmers did not consider price offer but clearing off. To review the vegetable analysis value chains different parameters like; actors in vegetable producers and consumers value chains, input suppliers support actors and value chain governance were assessed by this review.
دور المنظمات غير الحكومية في حماية حقوق الانسان منظمة العفو الدولي نموذجا
Authors: Haddad Chafiaa 
Published: May 2021

يرمي المقال الى تبيان الدور الذي تلعبه المنظمات غير الحكومية في مجال حماية حقوق الانسان، وكيف استطاعت أن تطور آليات خاصة بها وبناء علاقات عابرة للحدود من أجل القيام بأنشطتها الحمائية بالاشتراك مع غيرها من الفواعل في هذا المجال.،ومنظمة العفو الدولية كانت نموذجا للدراسة في هذا البحث.
ويخلص المقال الى نتائج اهمها أن هذه المنظمات ورغم ما تقدمه في مجال حماية حقوق الانسان ، الا أن جهودها لا تزال بعيدة ن تحقيق هذا الهدف ، وأن بعض الشبهات مازالت تلاحق طبيعة انشطتها والغرض من وجودها في بعض المناطق التي تشهد خروقات انسانية وصراعات ضحيتها القيم والأعراف الانسان
الكلمات المفتاحية: المنظمات غير الحكومية، حقوق الانسان، حماية، انتهاكات، منظمة العفو الدولي.
Gambaran Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil Trimester III Tentang Tanda Bahaya Persalinan
Authors: Indah Pande Putu Indah Purnamayanthi , Aswitami Ni Gusti Ayu Pramita , Diantari Ni Putu Ayu Mita 
Published: May 2021

Pengetahuan adalah merupakan hasil tahu dan ini terjadi setelah orang mengadakan penginderaan terhadap suatu objek tertentu. Penginderaan terhadap objek terjadi melalui panca indra manusia yakni penglihatan, pendengaran, penciuman, rasa dan raba dengan sendiri. Sebagian besar pengetahuan manusia diperoleh melalui mata dan telinga. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat pengetahuan ibu hamil trimester III tentang tanda bahaya persalinan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas II Negara. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan secara cross sectional. Sampel dari penelitian ini sebanyak 47 responden dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling dengan subjek ibu hamil trimester III. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa dari kelima variabel yaitu umur, paritas, pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan sosial ekonomi, variabel yang dominan mempengaruhi pengetahuan yaitu pedidikan. Hasil penelitian Sebagian besar responden dengan tingkat pengetahuan baik diantaranya dari kelompok umur >35 tahun sebanyak 5 responden (62,5%), paritas grandemultipara sebanyak 4 responden (12,5%), pendidikan SMA sebanyak 5 responden (62,5%), tingkat pekerjaan swasta sebanyak 4 responden (50,0%), dan tingkat sosial ekonomi tinggi sebanyak 5 responden (62,5%). Dan variabel pendidikan tujuh kali lebih besar mempengaruhi tingkat pengetahuan. Semoga hasil penelitian ini dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang tanda bahaya persalinan sehingga resiko yang terjadi dapat dicegah dan dapat menurunkan AKI dan AKB.