bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The hepatitis E virus prevalence in autoimmune hepatitis: a systematic literature review on conducted researches
Authors: Yousefi Parastoo , Soltani Saber , Gholami Ali , Esghaei Maryam , Keyvani Hossin , Mokhtary-Irani Golnaz , Jafarzadeh Mehrzad , Ghahfarokhi Azam Dehghani , Jalilian Shahram , Tabibzadeh Alireza 
Published: June 2021

Background and aim:
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an autoimmune liver disease that occurs predominantly in female gender. Increased serum IgG levels, the presence of autoantibodies and distinct histological features in the lake of other reason liver disease characterize AIH. HEV is a single-stranded RNA virus of the Orthohepevirus genus. Person to person transmission is rare and the main route of transmission of HEV is fecal-oral due to polluted water which is the main cause. The aim of the current systematic review is to investigate the published literature in the field of the HEV prevalence in AIH patients.

Materials and methods:
The conducted search was performed in electronic databases including EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed and Science Direct for terms, ‘hepatitis’, ‘autoimmune hepatitis’, ‘HEV’, ‘Hepatitis E virus’ and ‘Hepatitis E infection’. The search was performed without any date limitation in 14 February 2019.

Results:
Search implementation strategies leads to 10 768 studies in all of the assessed databases. The screening and full text assessment leads to eight research studies and eight case reports in this field. The investigation included 11O7 AIH patients and 760 controls. The age range was 18–79 years and the female gender reports more in all analyses. Research studies in the field of the HEV prevalence in AIH mostly focused in the anti-HEV IgG evaluation by Immunoassay technics. The anti-HEV IgG prevalence ranged from 7.7 to 50% in AIH patients.

Conclusion:
The anti-HEV IgG prevalence seems to be highly variable based on the geographical location and patient's population in AIH. Further studies in this field are required for clear conclusion about the HEV role in AIH development.
Racial and Economic Adversity Differences in Stress Markers and Immune Function Among Urban Adolescents
Authors: Ford Jodi L. , Browning Christopher R. , Boch Samantha J. , Kertes Darlene A. , Tarrence Jake , Way Baldwin M. , Schmeer Kammi K. 
Published: June 2021

Background
Exposure to racism and associated adversities, such as poverty, is hypothesized to contribute to racial inequities in health via stress and immune pathways. Furthermore, the effects of adversity may be more salient during sensitive developmental periods. Our study examined racial differences in stress and immune biomarkers during adolescence and the effects of exposure to economic adversity at distinct developmental time periods and cumulatively in accounting for potential racial differences.

Methods
Secondary analysis of the Adolescent Health and Development in Context study was conducted. Data were derived from self-administered surveys; interviews; smartphone-based, geographic-explicit ecological momentary assessment; stress biomarkers (evening salivary cortisol over six nights and hair cortisol); and immune biomarkers (salivary shedding of Epstein-Barr virus [EBV] DNA among EBV-positive adolescents). Current socioeconomic status measures included annual household income and caregiver education. Caregivers also reported experiences of bankruptcy, difficulty paying bills, receipt of food stamps/Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program/electronic benefit transfer, and job loss when the child was of ages birth–5 years, 6–10 years, and 11 years or older. An affirmative response to any item was defined as exposure to economic adversity for that developmental time period (yes/no). A cumulative economic adversity measure was calculated as the sum of exposures across developmental periods (0 = never exposed to 3 = exposed across all time periods). Descriptive and multivariable regression analyses were conducted, accounting for covariates.

Results
Black/African American adolescents had higher salivary cortisol concentration, higher hair cortisol concentration, and an increased odd of salivary shedding of EBV DNA compared to White adolescents. Racial differences were not attenuated by the current socioeconomic status or economic adversity (developmental period or cumulatively).

Discussion
Our study provides evidence that stress and immune biomarkers differ by race as early as adolescence and may be one pathway through which racism and associated adversities contribute to racial health inequities. Further research on the contribution of multiple adversities beyond poverty to racial inequities in physiological stress and health is critical for informing effective prevention and intervention efforts.
Communication Among Southeast Asian Mothers and Daughters About Cervical Cancer Prevention
Authors: Kue Jennifer , Szalacha Laura A. , Rechenberg Kaitlyn , Nolan Timiya S. , Menon Usha 
Published: June 2021

Background
Southeast Asian women have high rates of cervical cancer and yet are among the least likely to be screened. There is sparse literature on communication patterns among Southeast Asian women, specifically related to cervical cancer and Pap test uptake. Little is known about the influence of Southeast Asian mothers and daughters on each other’s cervical cancer beliefs and screening behaviors.

Objectives
We examined the perceptions of and barriers to cervical cancer screening among Cambodian and Lao mothers and daughters and explored how they converse about women’s health issues, specifically cervical cancer and Pap testing.

Methods
We conducted in-depth interviews with Cambodian and Lao mother–daughter dyads, aged 18 years and older, living in a large Midwestern city between February and September of 2015. Descriptive statistics were calculated to summarize the sample demographic characteristics. Bivariate tests (contingency table analyses, independent t-tests, and Pearson correlations) were conducted to test for differences between the mothers and daughters in demographic characteristics and measures of health status and beliefs. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis.

Results
In-depth interviews were conducted with three Cambodian and eight Lao mother–daughter dyads. The daughters were significantly more acculturated to English, had greater education, and were mostly employed full time. The mothers and daughters evaluated their health status much the same, their medical mistrust equally, and all of the mothers and nine of the daughters were Buddhist. Themes in mother–daughter communication included what mothers and daughters do and do not talk about with regard to sexual health, refugee experiences, what hinders mother–daughter communication, and relationship dynamics. The mothers were embarrassed and uncomfortable discussing cervical cancer, Pap testing, and other women’s health issues with their daughters. Although mothers did not influence women’s health promotion or cervical cancer prevention with their daughters, daughters did influence their mothers’ health and healthcare decisions. Daughters were critical in navigating healthcare systems, engaging with providers, and making medical decisions on behalf of their mothers.

Discussion
By leveraging the unique and dynamic intergenerational bond that mothers and daughters who identify as Southeast Asian have, we can develop strategies to influence the cultural dialogue related to cervical cancer and early detection.
Pilot Study of Absolute Telomere Lengths in Preterm Infants
Authors: Casavant Sharon G. , Li Hongfei , Reese Bo , Chen Ming-Hui , Cong Xiaomei S. 
Published: June 2021

Background
Annually, approximately 15 million babies are born preterm (<37 weeks gestational age) globally. In the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) environment, infants are exposed to repeated stressful or painful procedures as part of routine lifesaving care. These procedures have been associated with epigenetic alterations that may lead to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Telomere length has been negatively associated with adverse life experiences in studies of adults.

Objectives
This pilot study aimed to describe telomere length in a sample of preterm infants at NICU discharge and examine any associations with pain, feeding method, and neurodevelopment.

Methods
This descriptive pilot study sample includes baseline absolute telomere length (aTL) of 36 preterm infants immediately prior to discharge. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine aTL. Infant demographics, pain/stress, type of feeding, antibiotic use, neurodevelopment, and buccal swab data were collected. Descriptive data analysis was used to describe the telomere length using graphs.

Results
Among our preterm infant samples, the mean aTL was far greater than the average adult telomere length. Although no significant associations were found between aTL and pain, feeding method, and neurodevelopment, a trend between sex was noted where male telomere lengths were shorter than females as they aged.

Discussion
This is one of few studies to evaluate preterm infant telomere length. Although other researchers have used relative telomere length, we used the more accurate aTL. We found nonsignificant shorter telomere lengths among males. Additional large-scale, longitudinal studies are needed to better identify the predictors of telomere length at the time of discharge from NICU.
Local Health Department Revenue Diversification and Revenue Volatility: Can One Be Used to Manage the Other?
Authors: Viall Abigail H. , Bekemeier Betty , Yeager Valerie A. , Carton Thomas 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
Revenue volatility—particularly in the form of sudden and significant reductions in funding—has been shown to negatively affect local health departments (LHDs) by impacting the amount and type of services delivered. This study examined the potential effectiveness of revenue diversification as a means of managing LHD financial risk. More specifically, we examine the relationship between revenue diversification and revenue volatility among LHDs in Washington State.

Design and Setting:
We applied fixed-effects linear regression models with robust standard errors to revenue data reported during 1998-2014 by all LHDs operating in Washington State. We also assessed the robusticity of our results to alternative specifications for revenue diversification and volatility.

Main Outcome Measures:
LHD revenue and revenue volatility.

Results:
Between 1998 and 2014, LHDs in Washington State were exposed to considerable upside and downside fiscal risks. While average revenue volatility was close to 0 (0.2%), observed values ranged from −35% to 63%. LHD revenues were already highly diversified: as measured using a reversed Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, diversification values ranged between 0.56 and 1.00. There is little evidence to suggest the existence of a statistically significant relationship between revenue diversification and volatility.

Conclusions:
Revenue volatility presents LHDs with important short- and long-term operational challenges. Our models suggest that revenue diversification did not reduce revenue volatility among Washington State LHDs in 1998-2014. Further research will need to examine whether revenue diversification reduces LHD financial risk in other settings.
Deterioration of the Corticobulbar Tract in Older Dysphagic Patients Without Neurologic Diseases
Authors: Chang Min Cheol , Seo Yousung , Kwak Soyoung 
Published: June 2021

Objectives
Less is known how dysphagia affects older patients without neurologic diseases and whether the symptoms of dysphagia have any association with impaired central control of swallowing. This study investigated the state of the corticobulbar tract, the surrogate marker for the central control of swallowing, in older dysphagic patients without any neurologic diseases, using diffusion tensor tractography.

Design
This retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary university hospital including 10 patients 60 yrs or older with oropharyngeal dysphagia without neurological disease and 11 age- and sex-matched control participants. The corticobulbar tract was reconstructed, and the fractional anisotropy and tract volume were measured using diffusion tensor tractography.

Results
The corticobulbar tracts of the dysphagia group were narrowed and not reconstructed by their configurations and had lower fractional anisotropy and tract volume values when compared with those of control group. Significant asymmetry between the left and the right corticobulbar tract hemispheres was found in the dysphagia group, whereas no asymmetry was found in the control group.

Conclusions
A deteriorated corticobulbar tract could be associated with the development of dysphagia in older adults without neurological diseases. Our findings might help establish more appropriate treatment strategies, such as targeted neuromodulation therapies in the future.
Effects of a Combined Motor Imagery and Action Observation Intervention on Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Liu Wensi , Li Zhe , Xie Yi , He Aiqun , Hao Daojian , Dong Anqin 
Published: June 2021

Objective
The aim of the study was to identify the effects of combined motor imagery and action observation therapy on vascular cognitive impairment.

Design
Thirty vascular cognitive impairment patients were randomly assigned into three groups. Cognitive training group was given conventional cognitive training, motor imagery + action observation group was treated with motor imagery and action observation therapy, and mixed therapy group was given conventional cognitive training and motor imagery + action observation therapy, for 8 wks continuously. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test, and event-related potential were used to evaluate the cognitive function at baseline, 4- and 8-wk posttreatment, and 1-mo follow-up.

Results
There were significant time × group interactions in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (F
6,4.20 = 8.38, P < 0.001), event-related potential latent period (F
6,294.24 = 5.10, P < 0.001), event-related potential amplitude (F
6,1.68 = 23.08, P < 0.001), and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (F
6,312.61 = 5.42, P < 0.001). Intragroup comparisons showed that Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test scores and event-related potential amplitude increased significantly (P < 0.05), and event-related potential latency decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in all groups. Intergroup comparisons showed that the changes of all outcomes in mixed therapy group were greater than those in cognitive training and motor imagery + action observation group (P < 0.05) after treatment.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the combination of cognitive training with motor imagery and action observation therapy is an effective treatment on cognitive function in people with vascular cognitive impairment.
Effects of Dynamic Overground Body Weight Support Training During Inpatient Rehabilitation After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Powell Elizabeth Salmon , Lopez John , Westgate Philip M. , Hines Emily , Sawaki Lumy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRehabilitation strategies after traumatic spinal cord injury aim to maximize functional recovery by applying principles of neuroplasticity via task-specific, repetitive training. Rehabilitation of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury poses unique challenges, including bilateral limb involvement, autonomic dysfunction, loss of proprioception, and potentially spinal precautions/bracing. The purpose of this retrospective case series was to determine whether use of dynamic body weight support would yield greater improvement in functional recovery compared with standard of care in adults with traumatic spinal cord injury. Data were collected from patients with traumatic spinal cord injury who completed inpatient rehabilitation incorporating dynamic body weight support (n= 5) and who completed inpatient rehabilitation without dynamic body weight support (n= 5). The primary outcome measure was the change in Functional Independence Measures. The dynamic body weight support group had a significantly greater improvement in Total Functional Independence Measures and in Functional Independence Measures motor subscale compared with the standard of care group (P= 0.023 andP= 0.033, respectively). This study presents initial evidence that dynamic body weight support therapy during inpatient rehabilitation has the potential to improve functional independence compared with standard of care in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Larger prospective randomized studies need to be conducted to expand on these findings.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Is Associated With Increased Dual-Task Cost During Ambulation
Authors: Pinto Shanti M. , Newman Mark A. , Runyon Michael S. , Gibbs Michael , Grafton Lori M. , Hirsch Mark A. 
Published: June 2021

Objective
The aim of the study was to determine the impact of dual-task conditions on mobility after mild traumatic brain injury.

Design
Eleven adults with mild traumatic brain injury within 1 wk of injury and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy controls completed gait trials with a single-task condition and three separate dual-task conditions: counting by 1 (low), serial subtraction by 3 (medium), and alternating letters and numbers (high). Dual-task cost was calculated as dual-task cost = ([dual-task performance] – [single-task performance]) / [single-task performance] × 100%.

Results
Participants with mild traumatic brain injury ambulated slower than control subjects (P < 0.001). Significant differences in dual-task cost were noted for both group (P < 0.001) and dual-task condition (P = 0.005). Dual-task cost was greater for those with mild traumatic brain injury compared with controls with significant group differences for the low and high cognitive loads (P < 0.05). Only 1 of the 11 individuals with mild traumatic brain injury and 1 of the 10 controls demonstrated gait speed less than 80 cm/sec, which is predictive of community mobility, during any dual-task condition. Dual-task cost exceeded 11.9%, previously determined to be the minimal detectable change in healthy adults, for 9 of the 11 individuals with mild traumatic brain injury compared with 3 of the 10 controls.

Conclusions
Dual-task cost may be a more sensitive measure for impairment during dual-task conditions than gait speed after mild traumatic brain injury.
Capacity for Hand-as-a-Holder Function of the Spastic Combination Hand
Authors: Mayer Nathaniel H. , Ferraro Mary , Pauloski-Hunt Diane , Chervoneva Inna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We call a hemiparetic hand with paralyzed finger extensors and volitional but spastic flexors a “spastic combination hand.” Anecdotally, patients report hand-as-a-holder function with objects like pill bottles, motivating us to formally study spastic combination hand holding capacity using cylinders with different diameters. Nine participants with spastic hemiparesis and spastic combination hand more than 24 mos performed a standardized motor task with 10 cylinder diameters ranging between 1.3 and 9.5 cm and weighing 0.8 and 8.4 oz. Using the unaffected hand, participants attempted to insert a given cylinder into their spastic combination hand, holding it independently for 5 secs. Successful holds were counted during two sessions before and one session after botulinum toxin intervention of Ashworth 3 hand muscles. Findings revealed that a median capacity of six different cylinder diameters was successfully inserted into spastic combination hand at least once before block and a median capacity of 10 cylinders was inserted after block. A mixed-effect statistical model using fixed effects of cylinder diameter and session revealed that total number of successful holds was 43% higher after botulinum. We conclude that this proof-of-concept study does support the idea that spastic combination hand has holding capacity for cylindrical objects of specified diameter and weight and that botulinum neurotoxin offers potential for enlarging spastic combination hand capacity.
Prevalent human papillomavirus infection increases the risk of HIV acquisition in African women: advancing the argument for human papillomavirus immunization
Authors: Liu Gui , Mugo Nelly R. , Brown Elizabeth R. , Mgodi Nyaradzo M. , Chirenje Zvavahera M. , Marrazzo Jeanne M. , Winer Rachel L. , Mansoor Leila , Palanee-Phillips Thesla , Siva Samantha S. , Naidoo Logashvari , Jeenarain Nitesha , Gaffoor Zakir , Nair Gonasagrie L. , Selepe Pearl , Nakabiito Clemensia , Mkhize Baningi , Mirembe Brenda Gati , Taljaard Marthinette , Panchia Ravindre , Baeten Jared M. , Balkus Jennifer E. , Hladik Florian , Celum Connie L. , Barnabas Ruanne V. 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
Vaccine-preventable human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is common, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where HIV risk is also high. However, unlike other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HPV's role in HIV acquisition is unclear. We evaluated this relationship using data from MTN-003, a clinical trial of HIV chemoprophylaxis among cisgender women in sub-Saharan Africa.

Design:
A case–control study.

Methods:
We matched 138 women who acquired HIV (cases) to 412 HIV-negative controls. Cervicovaginal swabs collected within 6 months before HIV seroconversion were tested for HPV DNA. We estimated the associations between carcinogenic (high-risk) and low-risk HPV types and types targeted by HPV vaccines and HIV acquisition, using conditional logistic regression models adjusted for time-varying sexual behaviors and other STIs.

Results:
Mean age was 23 (±4) years. Any, high-risk and low-risk HPV was detected in 84, 74 and 66% of cases, and 65, 55 and 48% of controls. Infection with at least two HPV types was common in cases (67%) and controls (49%), as was infection with nonavalent vaccine-targeted types (60 and 42%). HIV acquisition increased with any [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3–4.7], high-risk (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.5–4.6) and low-risk (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.9) HPV. Each additional type detected increased HIV risk by 20% (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.4). HIV acquisition was associated with HPV types targeted by the nonavalent (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.6) and quadrivalent vaccines (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.2).

Conclusion:
HPV infection is associated with HIV acquisition in sub-Saharan African women. In addition to preventing HPV-associated cancers, increasing HPV vaccination coverage could potentially reduce HIV incidence.