bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
miR‐146b Protects the Perinatal Brain against Microglia‐Induced Hypomyelination
Authors: Bokobza Cindy , Joshi Pooja , Schang Anne‐Laure , Csaba Zsolt , Faivre Valérie , Montané Amélie , Galland Anne , Benmamar‐Badel Anouk , Bosher Emmanuelle , Lebon Sophie , Schwendimann Leslie , Mani Shyamala , Dournaud Pascal , Besson Valerie , Fleiss Bobbi , Gressens Pierre , Van Steenwinckel Juliette 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesIn the premature newborn, perinatal inflammation mediated by microglia contributes significantly to neurodevelopmental injuries including white matter injury (WMI). Brain inflammation alters development through neuroinflammatory processes mediated by activation of homeostatic microglia toward a pro‐inflammatory and neurotoxic phenotype. Investigating immune regulators of microglial activation is crucial to find effective strategies to prevent and treat WMI.MethodsEx vivo microglial cultures and a mouse model of WMI induced by perinatal inflammation (interleukin‐1‐beta [IL‐1β] and postnatal days 1–5) were used to uncover and elucidate the role of microRNA‐146b‐5p in microglial activation and WMI.ResultsA specific reduction in vivo in microglia of Dicer, a protein required for microRNAs maturation, reduces pro‐inflammatory activation of microglia and prevents hypomyelination in our model of WMI. Microglial miRNome analysis in the WMI model identified miRNA‐146b‐5p as a candidate modulator of microglial activation. Ex vivo microglial cell culture treated with the pro‐inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to overexpression of immunomodulatory miRNA‐146b‐5p but its drastic reduction in the microglial extracellular vesicles (EVs). To increase miRNA‐146b‐5p expression, we used a 3DNA nanocarrier to deliver synthetic miRNA‐146b‐5p specifically to microglia. Enhancing microglial miRNA‐146b‐5p overexpression significantly decreased LPS‐induced activation, downregulated IRAK1, and restored miRNA‐146b‐5p levels in EVs. In our WMI model, 3DNA miRNA‐146b‐5p treatment significantly prevented microglial activation, hypomyelination, and cognitive defect induced by perinatal inflammation.InterpretationsThese findings support that miRNA‐146b‐5p is a major regulator of microglia phenotype and could be targeted to reduce the incidence and the severity of perinatal brain injuries and their long‐term consequences. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:48–65
CO‐Tolerant PEMFC Anodes Enabled by Synergistic Catalysis between Iridium Single‐Atom Sites and Nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Xiaolong , Wang Ying , Wang Xian , Mei Bingbao , Luo Ergui , Li Yang , Meng Qinglei , Jin Zhao , Jiang Zheng , Liu Changpeng , Ge Junjie , Xing Wei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractProton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are limited by their extreme sensitivity to trace‐level CO impurities, thus setting a strict requirement for H2purity and excluding the possibility to directly use cheap crude hydrogen as fuel. Herein, we report a proof‐of‐concept study, in which a novel catalyst comprising both Ir particles and Ir single‐atom sites (IrNP@IrSA‐N‐C) addresses the CO poisoning issue. The Ir single‐atom sites are found not only to be good CO oxidizing sites, but also excel in scavenging the CO molecules adsorbed on Ir particles in close proximity, thereby enabling the Ir particles to reserve partial active sites towards H2oxidation. The interplay between Ir nanoparticles and Ir single‐atom centers confers the catalyst with both excellent H2oxidation activity (1.19 W cm−2) and excellent CO electro‐oxidation activity (85 mW cm−2) in PEMFCs; the catalyst also tolerates CO in H2/CO mixture gas at a level that is two times better than that of the current best PtRu/C catalyst.
Rapid, Ordered Polymerization of Crystalline Semiconducting Covalent Triazine Frameworks
Authors: Sun Tian , Liang Yan , Xu Yuxi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe rapid synthesis of crystalline covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) and exploration of the polymerization mechanism are highly desired for the research of crystalline porous polymers, but have not yet been reported. Herein, we demonstrate a scalable microwave‐assisted synthetic strategy to successfully prepare a series of highly crystalline and semiconducting CTFs within 20 minutes for the first time. By in situ imaging and time‐dependent characterization, we proposed an ordered two‐dimensional (2D) polymerization mechanism for crystalline CTFs, in which the monomers rapidly polymerize into periodic 2D molecular sheets within 10 s and then grow into more ordered framework structures. Photocatalytic study of CTF with different crystallinity revealed that large crystalline domain could significantly improve the photocatalytic performance. Single‐layer and few‐layer crystalline 2D triazine polymer nanosheets could be obtained through simple ball‐milling exfoliation of the bulk layered CTFs and exhibit nearly fivefold improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate up to 7971 μmol g−1 h−1.
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) presence is reduced during tidal turbine operation
Authors: Palmer Laura , Gillespie Douglas , MacAulay Jamie D. J. , Sparling Carol E. , Russell Debbie J. F. , Hastie Gordon D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Uptake of tidal turbine technology to generate renewable energy has been partly limited by poor understanding of ecological impacts, including the potential for collisions between cetaceans and rotating turbine blades. To address this concern, it is necessary to identify whether cetaceans behaviourally respond to operating turbines.
A turbine in Scotland was instrumented with hydrophones to detect cetacean vocalizations. A generalized additive model was used to investigate temporal variability in harbour porpoise presence close to the turbine. As there were incidentally periods when the turbine was not operating, it was possible to determine the effect of blade rotation, whilst accounting for the potentially confounding effect of tidal flow.
Harbour porpoise presence varied intra‐annually, diurnally and with tidal state. Peak presence occurred during winter (September–February), at night and at high flow speeds on the flood tide.
Porpoises exhibited significant avoidance of the tidal turbine when it was operating; avoidance increased with flow speed, whereby mean porpoise presence was reduced by up to 78% (95% CIs, 51%, 91%) on the flood tide and up to 64% (95% CI, 3%, 91%) on the ebb tide.
The temporal variability in encounter rate in the present study highlights that collision risk assessments assuming static densities probably fail to capture the temporal variability of collision risk. Future studies should conduct long‐term baseline monitoring to derive encounter rates at larger spatio‐temporal scales and as a reference from which to measure change in habitat use. It is also critical that the generality of the avoidance rates presented here is assessed for other sites, turbine types, array sizes and cetacean species. As the tidal industry expands, it will be important to reconcile the benefits of avoidance responses from a collision risk perspective with potential chronic effects of displacement from, or barriers between, important habitats.
Using upper thermal limits of Lampsilis bracteata (Texas fatmucket) from the North Llano and San Saba rivers, Texas to inform water management practices in the Edwards Plateau
Authors: Goldsmith Amanda , Khan Jennifer M. , Robertson Clinton R. , Lopez Roel , Randklev Charles R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Overexploitation of freshwater resources coupled with climate change can affect the flow and temperature regimes in rivers, which can be catastrophic for aquatic biota. The San Saba and Llano rivers, located in central Texas, are experiencing low flows and stream dewatering owing to over‐allocation. Both systems harbour imperilled species, including Lampsilis bracteata, Texas fatmucket, which has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act. It is suspected that elevated water temperatures are a contributing factor in its decline.
The upper thermal tolerances of glochidia and juvenile life stages were evaluated within each river. Mussels were acclimated to 27°C and tested across a range of temperatures (30–39°C) in 24 h (glochidia) and 96 h (juveniles) laboratory tests. The resulting tolerances were related to in situ water temperature and discharge using a uniform continuous above‐threshold analysis.
In the Llano, the 24 h LT50 (lethal temperature resulting in 50% mortality) was 31.8°C (95% CI 31.5–32.1°C), whereas the 96 h LT50 was 32.4°C (95% CI 32.1–32.7°C). In the San Saba, the 24 h LT50 was 34.7°C (95% CI 34.5–35.0°C), whereas the 96 h LT50 was 32.5°C (95% CI 32.2–32.9°C). LT50 thresholds were not exceeded for L. bracteata within the San Saba, but LT05 (lethal temperature resulting in 5% mortality) thresholds were exceeded. Water temperature loggers were lost in the Llano River as a result of a large flood; however, samples reported by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality show that the LT05 and LT50 for both glochidia and juveniles were exceeded.
Findings from this study indicate that thermal tolerances of L. bracteata vary by population and that low flows may be contributing to its decline. Our approach is non‐species and region specific, which means that the methods presented should help managers and conservationists evaluate whether reduced water quantity and elevated temperatures are exerting impacts on aquatic species within their region.
Cribra orbitalia is correlated with the meningo‐orbital foramen and is vascular and developmental in nature
Authors: Zdilla Matthew J. , Nestor Nicholas S. , Rothschild Bruce M. , Lambert H. Wayne 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCribra orbitalia is a phenomenon with interdisciplinary interest. However, the etiology of cribra orbitalia remains unclear. Recently, the appearance of cribra orbitalia was identified as vascular in nature. This study assessed the relationship between anatomical variation of vasculature, as determined by the presence of meningo‐orbital foramina, and the presence of cribra orbitalia in 178 orbits. Cribra orbitalia was identified in 27.5% (49:178) of orbits (22.7%, 35:154 adult orbits and 58.3%, 14:24 subadult orbits) and meningo‐orbital foramina were identified in 65.8% (100:152) of orbits. Among the 150 total intact adult orbits (i.e., orbital roof and posterior orbits both intact), cribra orbitalia was found in 35 (23.3%). Of these 35 occurrences of cribra orbitalia, 32 (91.4%) had the concurrent finding of a meningo‐orbital foramen. However, in the absence of the meningo‐orbital foramen, cribra orbitalia was only found in three sides out of the total sample of intact orbits (3:150; 2.0%). Fisher's exact test revealed that the presence of cribra orbitalia and the meningo‐orbital foramen were statistically dependent variables (p = .0002). Visual evidence corroborated statistical findings—vascular impressions joined cribra orbitalia to meningo‐orbital foramina. This study identifies that individuals who possess a meningo‐orbital foramen are anatomically predisposed to developing cribra orbitalia. Conversely, cribra orbitalia is unlikely to occur in an individual who does not possess a meningo‐orbital foramen. Thus, the antecedent of cribra orbitalia is both vascular and developmental in nature. This report represents an important advancement in the understanding of cribra orbitalia—there is an anatomical predisposition to the development of cribra orbitalia.
A turn off–on fluorometric and paper‐based colorimetric dual‐mode sensor for isoniazid detection
Authors: Azizi Neda , Hallaj Tooba , Samadi Naser 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the present study, cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) nanosheets were applied for establishing a dual fluorometric and smartphone‐paper‐based colorimetric method to detect isoniazid. CoOOH nanosheets quenched the fluorescence emission of sulfur and nitrogen co‐doped carbon dots (S,N‐CDs) due to inner filter effect (IFE). The quenched fluorescence intensity of S,N‐CDs restored in the presence of isoniazid due to destroying CoOOH nanosheets by this drug. Moreover, with adding isoniazid the solution color of CoOOH nanosheets altered from brownish yellow to pale yellow. We exploited these facts to design a turn off–on fluorometric and paper‐based colorimetric sensor for isoniazid measurement at the range 0.5–5 and 5–100 μM with detection limits of 0.28 μM and 4.0 μM, respectively. The introduced dual sensor was used for pharmaceutical, environmental and biological analysis of isoniazid with satisfactory results. The paper‐based colorimetric sensor can be applied for isoniazid portable monitoring using a smartphone as a detector or even the naked eye.
A novel near‐infrared fluorescence probe for detecting and imaging Hg2+ in living cells
Authors: Liang Fanghui , Xu Longbin , Jin Danhong , Dong Lidan , Lin Shourui , Huang Rui , Song Daqian , Ma Pinyi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFluorescence imaging, as one of the important means of biological lesion analysis, is widely used in medical analysis. To improve detection specificity, near‐infrared emission fluorescent probes have been developed. Sensitive and selective near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes for Hg2+, which is a heavy metal ion harmful to human health, are urgently needed to investigate the physiological toxicity of Hg2+. The NIR fluorophore based on the traditional structure of rhodamine was prepared by introducing anthocyanin functional groups, and a rhodamine spiro ring structure was constructed to recognize Hg2+ (CCS–Hg). The probe CCS–Hg demonstrated good selectivity and high detection sensitivity for Hg2+ and the most likely mechanism was verified through theoretical calculations. We applied the probe CCS–Hg in the examination of Hg2+ distribution in living cells by NIR fluorescence imaging. This work provides a promising molecular tool for studying the toxicological effects of mercury ions in cell.
Clusterin, paraoxonase 1, and myeloperoxidase alterations induce high‐density lipoproteins dysfunction and contribute to peripheral artery disease; aggravation by type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Sanda Gabriela M. , Toma Laura , Barbalata Teodora , Moraru Oriana E. , Niculescu Loredan S. , Sima Anca V. , Stancu Camelia S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPeripheral artery disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disorder affecting arteries of the lower limbs, the major risk factors including dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus (DM). We aimed to identify alterations of the proteins in high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) associated with HDL dysfunction in PAD patients. HDL2 and HDL3 were isolated from plasma of PAD patients with/without DM (PAD‐DM/PAD) and healthy subjects (N). Apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI), ApoAII, ApoCIII, clusterin (CLU), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and ceruloplasmin (CP) were measured in HDL2/HDL3 and plasma. Oxidation and glycation of the analyzed proteins were assessed as malondialdehyde‐protein adducts (MDA) and advanced glycation end‐products (AGE), respectively. The anti‐inflammatory effect of HDL3 was estimated as its potential to reduce monocyte adhesion to tumor necrosis factor α‐activated endothelial cells. We show that in PAD patients compared to N subjects: (i) HDL2 presented increased levels of MDA‐PON1, AGE‐PON1, AGE‐ApoAI, ApoAII, ApoCIII, and CP levels, and decreased PON1 levels; (ii) HDL3 had increased levels of MDA‐ and AGE‐CLU and ‐ApoAI, MDA‐PON1, ApoCIII, CLU, MPO, CP, and reduced PON1 levels. All these alterations were exacerbated by DM. These changes were more pronounced in HDL3, which had reduced anti‐inflammatory potential in PAD and became pro‐inflammatory in PAD‐DM. In PAD patients' plasma, CLU levels and MPO specific activity increased, while PON1 specific activity decreased. In conclusion, HDL function is altered in PAD patients due to multiple modifications of associated proteins that are aggravated by DM. Plasma CLU, MPO, and PON1 could constitute indicators of HDL dysfunction and contribute to risk stratification in PAD patients.
Characterization of hydrodynamics and volumetric power input in microtiter plates for the scale‐up of downstream operations
Authors: Montes‐Serrano Ignacio , Satzer Peter , Jungbauer Alois , Dürauer Astrid 
Published: November 2021

AbstractParameter estimation for scale‐up of downstream operations from microtiter plates (MTPs) is mostly done empirically because engineering correlations between microplates and stirred tank reactors (STRs) are not yet available. It is challenging to change the operation mode from shaken MTPs to large‐scale STRs. For the scale‐up of STRs, volumetric power input is well‐established although it is unclear whether this parameter can be used to transfer the operations from MTPs. We determine the volumetric power input in MTPs via the temperature increase caused by the motion of the liquid. The hydrodynamics in MTPs are studied with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Mixing is investigated in 96‐, 24‐, and 6‐well MTPs to cover different geometries, filling volumes, shaking diameters, and shaking frequencies. All CFD simulations are validated by experimental results, which now allows prediction of the volumetric power input and hydrodynamics at various conditions in MTPs without the need for further experiments. We provide a map of the power input achievable in MTPs. Based on this map, from knowing about large‐scale conditions, adequate microscale conditions can be adjusted for process development. This enables the direct scale‐up of downstream unit operations from MTPs to STRs.
Fragmentation method for assigning oxidation numbers in organic and bioorganic compounds
Authors: Yuen Pong Kau , Lau Cheng Man Diana 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOxidation number (ON) is taught as an electron‐counting concept for redox reactions in chemistry curriculum. The molecular formula method, the Lewis formula method, and the structural formula method have all been used to determine ON. However, the task of assigning ON still poses problems for some teachers and students. This paper explores a new method, the fragmentation method, which is a visual approach for counting the individual ON of any atom according to its structural formula. The critical step is to break the carbon‐heteroatom bond into organic fragments and inorganic fragments. The individual ON of carbon atoms and heteroatoms can be determined by the bond cleavages in the organic and biological compounds. The mean ON of carbons can be calculated by the arithmetic mean of all individual ON of carbons in a molecule or molecular ion. The step‐by‐step operating procedures and examples are provided. When comparing corresponding molecules in organic conversions, the change of individual ON of atoms can be used as a tool for determining the number of transferred electrons. Furthermore, a reaction site can be identified by their changes of individual ON, chemical composition, and bond order in metabolic redox reactions.
Mobile electrophoresis kit for high school students: Scientific practices with innovation
Authors: Maurye Praveen , Basu Arpita , Jana Chayna , Devi Manoharmayum Shaya , Kumari Kavita , Naskar Malay 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGel electrophoresis (GE) is the most preferred and adapted technique for the separation and identification of biological molecules like proteins/peptides and nucleic acids from diverse types of organisms. All over the world, researchers, educators, and students aspiring to work in biochemistry and molecular biology disciplines use the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique for resolving proteins/nucleic acids for understanding the structure and function of any cell. A simple PAGE technique requires a wide range of chemicals/reagents along with a well‐equipped and well‐spaced laboratory. We have developed a compact and impeccable mobile electrophoresis kit suitable for any vertically oriented PAGE technique. This comprehensive and portable laboratory set‐up provides the complete advantages of safety, cost‐efficiency, space management, and utility to the researchers for high‐throughput research. All new equipment of the mobile electrophoresis kit is fabricated using inexpensive and off‐the‐rack components. Overall performance of the mobile kit was verified through a practical exercises executed by high school students with positive outcomes.
The metabolite profiling of 3,4‐dicaffeoylquinic acid in Sprague–Dawley rats using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography equipped with linear ion trap‐Orbitrap MS
Authors: Zhao Yuanyuan , Ren Yiran , Liu Zhenqing , Wang Zijian , Liu Ying 
Published: November 2021

Abstract3,4‐Dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4‐DiCQA) is a dicaffeoylquinic acid that possesses antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and hepatoprotective activities. This study developed a rapid and reliable method using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography equipped with linear ion trap‐Orbitrap MS to identify the metabolites of 3,4‐DiCQA in rat plasma, urine, feces, and tissues. The metabolic profile of 3,4‐DiCQA was determined after an oral administration of 200 mg/kg to rats. A strategy of full scan‐parent ions list acquisition coupled to diagnostic product ion analysis for screening and identification of target metabolites was used. A total of 67 metabolites, combined with accurate mass measurement, diagnostic ions, neutral losses, and reference standards, were observed and characterized for the first time. The results indicated that hydrolysis, methylation, hydrogenation, hydration, dehydroxylation, dehydrogenation, sulfate conjugation, and glucuronide conjugation were the major metabolic reactions of 3,4‐DiCQA in vivo.
Highly sensitive quantification of pemetrexed in human plasma using UPLC‐MS/MS to support microdosing studies
Authors: van Ewijk‐Beneken Kolmer Eleonora W. J. , Teulen Marga J. A. , Boosman Rene J. , de Rouw Nikki , Burgers Jacobus A. , ter Heine Rob 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPemetrexed is an antifolate drug approved for the treatment of non‐small‐cell lung cancer and mesothelioma. Assessing pemetrexed pharmacokinetics after administration of a microdose (100 μg) may facilitate drug–drug interaction and dose individualization studies with cytotoxic drugs, without causing harm to patients. Therefore, a highly sensitive bioanalytical assay is required.A reversed‐phase ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography method was developed to determine pemetrexed concentrations in human ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid–plasma after microdosing. [13C5]‐Pemetrexed was used as the internal standard. The sample preparation involved solid‐phase extraction from plasma. Detection was performed using MS/MS in a total run time of 9.5 min.The assay was validated over the concentration range of 0.0250–25.0 μg/L pemetrexed. The average accuracies for the assay in plasma were 96.5 and 96.5%, and the within‐day and between‐day precision in coefficients of variations was <8.8%. Extraction recovery was 59 ± 1 and 55 ± 5% for pemetrexed and its internal standard. Processed plasma samples were stable for 2 days in a cooled autosampler at 10°C.The assay was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic curve, which was obtained as a part of an ongoing clinical microdosing study.