bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cocked hat: formal statements and proofs of the theorems
Authors: Bárány Imre , Steiger William , Toledo Sivan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNavigators have been taught for centuries to estimate the location of their craft on a map from three lines of position, for redundancy. The three lines typically form a triangle, called a cocked hat. How is the location of the craft related to the triangle? For more than 80 years navigators have also been taught that, if each line of position is equally likely to pass to the right and to the left of the true location, then the likelihood that the craft is in the triangle is exactly 1/4. This is stated in numerous reputable sources, but was never stated or proved in a mathematically formal and rigorous fashion. In this paper we prove that the likelihood is indeed 1/4 if we assume that the lines of position always intersect pairwise. We also show that the result does not hold under weaker (and more reasonable) assumptions, and we prove a generalisation to$n$lines.
Family Minds: A randomized controlled trial of a group intervention to improve foster parents’ reflective functioning
Authors: Adkins Tina , Reisz Samantha , Hasdemir Dilara , Fonagy Peter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFamily Minds is a brief group psychoeducational parenting intervention designed to increase the reflective functioning (RF) and mentalization skills of foster parents. RF is important for foster parents who have to build relationships with children whose adverse experiences increase their risk for psychosocial challenges. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) for Family Minds was conducted in Texas with 89 foster parents. The main aims of this study were to examine whether the intervention could significantly increase the RF/mentalization skills of the foster parents and decrease their parenting stress. After 6 weeks, compared with the control group, intervention foster parents improved their RF via a lowering of pre-mentalizing and also significantly decreased parenting stress related to parent–child dysfunctional interactions. Other measures of RF and parenting stress showed no significant differences between groups. Foster child behavior was not significantly different between groups, although data at 6 months showed a possible lowering of internalizing symptoms for children of intervention parents. This RCT provides some encouraging evidence that Family Minds may increase RF in foster parents, improve parental sensitivity and their ability to emotionally regulate, decrease parenting stress related to challenging interactions with their foster children, and possibly decrease children's internalizing behavior.
Protocol combinators for modeling, testing, and execution of distributed systems
Authors: ANDERSEN KRISTOFFER JUST ARNDAL , SERGEY ILYA 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Distributed systems are hard to get right, model, test, debug, and teach. Their textbook definitions, typically given in a form of replicated state machines, are concise, yet prone to introducing programming errors if naïvely translated into runnable implementations.
In this work, we present Distributed Protocol Combinators (DPC), a declarative programming framework that aims to bridge the gap between specifications and runnable implementations of distributed systems, and facilitate their modeling, testing, and execution. DPC builds on the ideas from the state-of-the art logics for compositional systems verification. The contribution of DPC is a novel family of program-level primitives, which facilitates construction of larger distributed systems from smaller components, streamlining the usage of the most common asynchronous message-passing communication patterns, and providing machinery for testing and user-friendly dynamic verification of systems. This paper describes the main ideas behind the design of the framework and presents its implementation in Haskell. We introduce DPC through a series of characteristic examples and showcase it on a number of distributed protocols from the literature.
This paper extends our preceeding conference publication (Andersen & Sergey, 2019a) with an exploration of randomized testing for protocols and their implementations, and an additional case study demonstrating bounded model checking of protocols.
JEWISH SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE ANALYSIS OF JEWISH STATISTICS IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: Vallois Nicolas 
Published: February 2021

The late nineteenth century saw the multiplication of statistical studies on Jewish populations. This literature is now known as “Jewish Statistics” or “Jewish Social Science” (JSS). This article focuses on the articles published inZeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden (Journal for Demography and Statistics of the Jews, ZDSJ). TheZDSJwas the main journal in JSS and appeared from 1905 until 1931.Existing scholarship on JSS has either focused on the influence of Zionism (Hart 2000) or eugenics and race theory (Efron 1994). This article proposes to relate JSS to the history of economics and statistics. As is suggested by the intellectual profile of the main contributors to theZDSJ, we argue that JSS was a by-product of the German historical school in economics. Though JSS was intended for a mostly Jewish audience, its organization and methods were clearly inspired by those of German economists.
School absenteeism is linked to household food insecurity in school catchment areas in Southern Nevada
Authors: Coughenour Courtney , Conway Kleven Brooke , Gakh Maxim , Stephen Haroon , Chien Lung-Chang , Labus Brian , Whaley Regis 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectives:Food security and school attendance are both important for health, well-being and academic performance of children and adolescents. However, their intersection remains underexamined, especially in the USA. The current study considered the association between elementary school-level absenteeism and household food insecurity.Design:The current study linked school-level absenteeism and household food insecurity rates using geographic information system mapping and applied the tobit regression model to examine their association.Setting:The Clark County, Nevada, public school district – the fifth largest in the USA and in a state with disproportionate food insecurity and chronic school absenteeism rates.Participants:Data consisted of school-level absenteeism rates from 185 elementary schools and census tract-level household food insecurity rates.Results:Average daily attendance rates were lower for schools with catchment areas that had higher average household food insecurity (FI), decreasing by −0·0232 % per 1 % increase in FI rate (P-value = 0·022). They were also significantly associated with most absenteeism risk factors. Average daily attendance rate was negatively associated with Free and Reduced Lunch eligibility percentage (−0·010 per 1 % increase in FI, P-value < 0·001) and Individualized Education Program participation percentage (−0·039 % per 1 % increase in FI, P-value = 0·033), but positively associated with parent–teacher conference participation rate (0·006 % per 1 % increase in FI, P-value = 0·025) and white student percentage (0·011 % per 1 % increase in FI, P-value = 0·022).Conclusions:The current study suggests a link between household food insecurity and elementary school-level absenteeism. Understanding this link is important for policy and practice because schools are frequent settings for food insecurity mitigation interventions.
Relationship between biomarkers and iron speciation and their environmental significance in plateau subsidence lacus: an example of Luguhu Lake, southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: WANG Zixiang , SUN Lina 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTHerein, we present a synthetic study combining iron (Fe) speciation and biomarkers in sediment samples from Luguhu Lake to investigate their relationship and the environmental significance thereof. Mössbauer spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were used for these measurements. The results suggest that (a) there is a strong negative correlation between Fe2+/Fe3+ and the ratio of pristane to phytane (Pr/Ph), indicating that both Fe2+/Fe3+ and Pr/Ph effectively present the inorganic and organic aspects, respectively, of the oxidation–deoxidation environment in Luguhu Lake; (b) palaeotemperature may be a factor, in addition to the redox conditions, that affects the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio, and it might play a favourable role in studies of palaeotemperature; and (c) the relative abundance of Fe in Luguhu Lake is affected by the palaeoclimate and the environment in which the palaeosediment was deposited. The mechanism of change in the total area (the total absorption area of Mössbauer spectrum) with the palaeoenvironment seems to be explained by the loss of Fe, which occurs as the water drains out of the lake, and the increase in Fe loss from the sediment as rainfall levels increase.
Two-tier witchweed (Striga hermonthica) resistance in wild pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) 29Aw
Authors: Dayou Olivier , Kibet Willy , Ojola Patroba , Gangashetty Prakash Irappa , Wicke Susann , Runo Steven 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe parasitic plant purple witchweed [Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth.] poses a serious threat to cereal production in sub-Saharan Africa. Under natural infestation, the wild pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] line 29Aw demonstrates resistance against the parasite, but the mechanism of its resistance is unknown. Striga resistance can be due to: (1) low induction of Striga germination (pre-attachment resistance) or (2) inhibition of parasite attachment and development (post-attachment resistance). Germination bioassays and root chamber (rhizotron) resistance-screening assays were used to determine the extent of pre- and post-attachment Striga resistance in 29Aw compared with the Striga-susceptible ‘SOSAT-C88-P10’ variety. Regarding pre-attachment resistance, 29Aw stimulated 10-fold less Striga seed germination at a maximum germination distance of 7.96 ± 2.75 mm from the host root compared with 35.94 ± 2.88 mm in SOSAT-C88-P10. Post-attachment resistance revealed 10- to 19-fold fewer and 2.5-fold shorter Striga seedlings with 28-fold less biomass growing on 29Aw compared with SOSAT-C88-P10. Microscopic analysis showed that Striga penetration in 29Aw was blocked at the endodermal and cortical levels. Post-attachment resistance in 29Aw was further supported by fewer (22%) Striga–host vascular connections in 29Aw compared with 79% in SOSAT-C88-P10. Together, these findings demonstrate that 29Aw harbors both pre- and post-attachment resistance mechanisms against S. hermonthica.
How to Recognize a True Mode of Atmospheric Circulation Variability
Authors: Huth Radan , Beranová Romana 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIt has been demonstrated several times that when principal component analysis (PCA) is used for detection of modes of atmospheric circulation variability (teleconnections), principal components must be rotated. Despite it, unrotated PCA is still often used. Here we demonstrate on the examples of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), Barents Oscillation (BO), and the summer East Atlantic (SEA) pattern that unrotated PCA results in patterns that are artifacts of the analysis method rather than true modes of variability. This claim is based on the comparison of the spatial patterns of the modes with spatial autocorrelations, on the sensitivity of the patterns to spatial and temporal subsampling, and, for the SEA pattern, on correlations with tropical sea surface temperature. Unlike NAO, which is defined by rotated PCA, the other modes, that is, AO, BO, and SEA pattern, defined by unrotated PCA, do not correspond well to underlying autocorrelation structures and are more sensitive to choices of spatial domain and time interval over which they are defined. We reiterate that a great care must be taken when interpreting outputs of PCA when applied to the detection of modes of circulation variability: a comparison with spatial autocorrelations and check for their spatial and temporal stability are necessary to distinguish true modes from statistical artifacts, which we call “ghost patterns.”
Do Olivine Crystallization Temperatures Faithfully Record Mantle Temperature Variability?
Authors: Matthews Simon , Wong Kevin , Shorttle Oliver , Edmonds Marie , Maclennan John 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCrystallization temperatures of primitive olivine crystals have been widely used as both a proxy for, or an intermediate step in calculating, mantle temperatures. The olivine‐spinel aluminum‐exchange thermometer has been applied to samples from mid‐ocean ridges and large igneous provinces, yielding considerable variability in olivine crystallization temperatures. We supplement the existing data with new crystallization temperature estimates for Hawaii, between 1282 ± 21 and 1375 ± 19°C. Magmatic temperatures may be linked to mantle temperatures if the thermal changes during melting can be quantified. The magnitude of this temperature change depends on melt fraction, itself controlled by mantle temperature, mantle composition and lithosphere thickness. Both mantle composition and lithosphere thickness vary spatially and temporally, with systematic differences between mid‐ocean ridges, ocean islands and large igneous provinces. For crystallization temperatures to provide robust evidence of mantle temperature variability, the controls of lithosphere thickness and mantle lithology on crystallization temperature must be isolated. We develop a multi‐lithology melting model for predicting crystallization temperatures of magmas in both intra‐plate volcanic provinces and mid‐ocean ridges. We find that the high crystallization temperatures seen at mantle plume localities do require high mantle temperatures. In the absence of further constraints on mantle lithology or melt productivity, we cannot robustly infer variable plume temperatures between ocean‐islands and large igneous provinces from crystallization temperatures alone; for example, the extremely high crystallization temperatures obtained for the Tortugal Phanerozoic komatiite could derive from mantle of comparable temperature to modern‐day Hawaii. This work demonstrates the limit of petrological thermometers when other geodynamic parameters are poorly known.
Reconstructing Seasonal and Baseline Nitrogen Isotope Ratios in Riverine Particulate Matter Using Freshwater Mussel Shells
Authors: Kukolich Stephanie , Dettman David 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe present a timeline of the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen stable isotope compositions of 10 unionid mussel shells across three species–Threeridge (Amblema plicata), Ebonyshell (Reginaia ebenus), and Pimpleback (Cyclonaias pustulosa)—collected live in 2011 from the Tennessee River near Paducah, Kentucky, USA. Inorganic aragonite δ18O profiles were compared to a predicted shell δ18O time series that was based on water temperature and isotopic composition. Shell growth was assumed to stop below ∼12°C. Profiles of inorganic δ18O and δ13C were then used to establish relationships between shell growth and calendar dates. Because shell growth is faster during warmer months and therefore easy to sample, assignment of calendar years to individual growth increments was validated using the interannual changes in the predicted minimum δ18O value of summer shell. Mussel shell periostracum and carbonate‐bound organic matter (CBOM) samples were then assigned calendar dates based on their location along shell growth axes and compared to measurements of δ13C and δ15N of suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM)–the mussels' food source–during shell growth (1997–2006). Mussel shell periostracum and CBOM faithfully recorded seasonal variability in δ15N and δ13C values of SPOM, after accounting for the time difference between SPOM consumption and deposition of shell organics due to the gradual turnover of mantle tissue. This demonstrates that unionid shell geochemistry could be used to document changes in riverine environment, runoff, and nutrient cycles across a spectrum of time scales, from historical to archeological to Quaternary.
Relationship Between Sprite Current and Morphology
Authors: Contreras‐Vidal L. , Sonnenfeld R. G. , da Silva C. L. , McHarg M. G. , Jensen D. , Harley J. , Taylor L. , Haaland R. , Stenbaek‐Nielsen H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOn June 2 and 3, 2019, 63 sprites were captured from Langmuir Laboratory in central New Mexico. The two storms investigated were located in northwest Texas, 400–800 km away from the observation site. Optical recordings were made with a Phantom V2010 camera operating at up to 100,000 frames per second. Electromagnetic remote sensing of lightning and sprite electric fields was performed with a sensitive slow antenna (LEFA). Data from the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) were used to locate the sprite parent flashes. The combined information of these three data sets reveals that a staggering fraction of more than half of the sprites observed have a distinguishable electromagnetic signature attributed to currents flowing within the sprite body. Furthermore, these sprite current signatures were unusually large in comparison to previous reports. The sprite electric field changes have roughly half the amplitude of their parent lightning flash's, corresponding to sprite peak currents of 26–58 kA on average. The largest sprites have current moments of up to 2,700 kA km, as inferred from a computationally efficient method to solve Maxwell's equations. Detailed comparison between the sprites' electromagnetic signatures and high‐speed optical recordings show that optically large sprites containing upward streamers (carrots and jellyfish) tend to have larger electrical currents than the ones displaying only downward streamer development (column sprites). Finally, a clear increasing trend in peak current moment is evident with increasing morphological complexity, from columns to carrots to jellyfish sprites.
Changes in the Intermediate Water Masses of the Mediterranean Sea During the Last Climatic Cycle—New Constraints From Neodymium Isotopes in Foraminifera
Authors: Colin Christophe , Duhamel Maxence , Siani Giuseppe , Dubois‐Dauphin Quentin , Ducassou Emmanuelle , Liu Zhifei , Wu Jiawang , Revel Marie , Dapoigny Arnaud , Douville Eric , Taviani Marco , Montagna Paolo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVariations in Mediterranean thermohaline circulation of the Quaternary are still not well constrained whereas they have been considered to have an influence on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and on the oxygenation of waters in the deep basins of the Mediterranean Sea. εNd analyses have been carried out on planktonic foraminifera of cores collected in the central Mediterranean Sea to constrain water mass exchange between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean Sea (EMS and WMS) during the last climatic cycle. εNd records from the WMS and EMS display similar higher values during warm substages of interglacial Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 1 and 5. This suggests an efficient connection between the two Mediterranean sub‐basins and the transfer of radiogenic waters to the Tyrrhenian Sea via the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). Conversely, during glacial MIS, εNd of the intermediate depth of the Tyrrhenian Sea are less radiogenic than the EMS, implying limited hydrological connection between sub‐basins during low sea‐level stands. Superimposed on these glacial‐interglacial variations, increased εNd occurred during Heinrich Stadial events. This suggests a reduction in the formation of unradiogenic WIW in the Gulf of Lions due to the input of relatively fresh surface Atlantic water to the WMS and/or the inflow of radiogenic glacial LIW and upper EMDW to the Tyrrhenian Sea as a result of an active EMS convection related to saltier and colder conditions. Such potential millennial‐scale pulses of LIW intrusion into the Tyrrhenian Sea may have led to an enhanced Mediterranean Outflow Water intensity in the Gibraltar Strait.
Using Deep Learning for Automatic Water Stage Measurements
Authors: Eltner Anette , Bressan Patrik Olã , Akiyama Thales , Gonçalves Wesley Nunes , Marcato Junior José 
Published: February 2021

AbstractImage‐based gauging stations can allow for significant densification of monitoring networks of river water stages. However, thus far, most camera gauges do not provide the robustness of accurate measurements due to the varying appearance of water in the stream throughout the year. We introduce an approach that allows for automatic and reliable water stage measurement combining deep learning and photogrammetric techniques. First, a convolutional neural network (CNN), a class of deep learning, is applied to the segmentation (i.e., pixel classification) of water in images. The CNNs SegNet and fully convolutional network (FCN) are associated with a transfer learning strategy to segment water on images acquired by a Raspberry Pi camera. Errors of water segmentation with the two CNNs are lower than 3%. Second, the image information is transformed into metric water stage values by intersecting the extracted water contour, generated using the segmentation results, with a 3D model reconstructed with structure‐from‐motion (SfM) photogrammetry. The highest correlations between a reference gauge and the image‐based approaches reached 0.93, and average deviations were lower than 4 cm. Our approach allows for the densification of river monitoring networks based on camera gauges, providing accurate water stage measurements.
Drug resistance-free cytotoxic nanodrugs in composites for cancer therapy
Authors: Jana Batakrishna , Kim Dongkap , Choi Huyeon , Kim Minsoo , Kim Kibeom , Kim Sangpil , Jin Seongeon , Park Myoung-Hwan , Lee Kwan Hyi , Yoon Cheolho , Lee Byoung-Seok , Kang Min-Sung , Lim Hyun-Ji , Park Eun-Jung , Jeong Youngdo , Ryu Ja-Hyoung , Kim Chaekyu 
Published: February 2021

A nanodrug as a macromolecular therapeutic agent was developed for addressing drug resistance in cancer therapy. The multivalent interactions between the nanodrugs and cytosolic components reflected their cytotoxicity.
Novel IV–V–VI semiconductors with ultralow lattice thermal conductivity
Authors: Gan Yu , Huang Yongda , Miao Naihua , Zhou Jian , Sun Zhimei 
Published: February 2021

A group of 56 novel stable IV-V-VI (IV=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb; V=As, Sb, Bi; VI=S, Se, Te) semiconductors has been predicted with ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of between 0.28 and 2.02 W m-1 K-1, most of which fall below 1 W m-1 K-1.
“Abeg na! we write so our comments can be posted!”
Authors: Unuabonah Foluke Olayinka , Oyebola Folajimi , Gut Ulrike 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper examines three borrowed pragmatic markers from Nigerian Pidgin into Nigerian English,abeg, sefandna, with a view to exploring their meanings, frequencies, spelling adaptability, syntactic positions, collocational patterns and discourse-pragmatic functions in Nigerian English. The data which were extracted from the International Corpus of English-Nigeria and the Nigerian component of the corpus of Global Web-based English were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, using the theory of pragmatic borrowing. The results indicate that the three pragmatic markers differ distinctly in their frequency across text types, syntactic position, the range of pragmatic meanings, the number of spelling variants and their collocations:abegis used as a mitigation marker which can also function as an emphasis marker,sefis an emphasis marker but has additive and dismissive functions, whilenais used purely as an emphasis pragmatic marker. The study shows the influence of Nigerian Pidgin on Nigerian English.