bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
s, p-Harmonic Approximation of Functions of LeastWs,l-Seminorm
Authors: Bucur Claudia , Dipierro Serena , Lombardini Luca , Mazón José M , Valdinoci Enrico 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe investigate the convergence as $p\searrow 1$ of the minimizers of the $W^{s,p}$-energy for $s\in (0,1)$ and $p\in (1,\infty )$ to those of the $W^{s,1}$-energy, both in the pointwise sense and by means of $\Gamma $-convergence. We also address the convergence of the corresponding Euler–Lagrange equations and the equivalence between minimizers and weak solutions. As ancillary results, we study some regularity issues regarding minimizers of the $W^{s,1}$-energy.
Alliance Participation, Treaty Depth, and Military Spending
Authors: Alley Joshua 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How does alliance participation affect military spending? Some argue that alliance membership increases military expenditures, while others contend that it produces spending cuts. I argue that deep formal defense cooperation modifies the impact of alliance participation on military expenditures and can explain increases and decreases in spending by small alliance members. Security-seeking junior members of deep alliances usually decrease military spending because these treaties are more credible. Joining shallow alliances often increases junior alliance member military spending, however. I test the argument by creating a latent measure of alliance treaty depth and using it to predict differences in how alliance participation affects military spending. The research design generates new empirical evidence linking alliance participation and percentage changes in state military spending from 1919 to 2007. I find that deeper alliance treaties tend to decrease military spending by junior alliance members, and shallow alliances often increase military spending. These results help scholars and policymakers better understand a central question about alliance politics that has been debated in scholarship for decades.
Etizolam Blood Concentrations in 191 Forensic Cases in Ontario, Canada (2019–2020)
Authors: Watts Christena , Martin Teri L 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough not used clinically in North America, etizolam has been identified in forensic samples as an illicit ‘designer’ benzodiazepine. As a central nervous system depressant, analysis for etizolam has probative value in both death investigations and forensic cases where incapacitation or human psychomotor performance is relevant. This report examines toxicological findings and demographic data in a series of authentic forensic cases analyzed between November 2019 and December 2020 in which etizolam was quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Blood concentrations were determined in 191 individuals aged 1–75 years. In living individuals (i.e., impaired driving and sexual assaults), etizolam concentrations ranged from &lt;5 to 767 ng/mL which overlapped with the range of &lt;5 to 260 ng/mL reported in death investigations. In all but one case, other drugs were detected in combination with etizolam. Fentanyl was the most common co-occurring drug and was present in 164 cases (86%). Additional case details are provided for cases of forensic interest: two deaths involving children &lt;3 years of age, two deaths involving body packing and an individual arrested for drug-impaired driving with, to our knowledge, the highest reported etizolam concentration to date.
SKAP interacts with Aurora B to guide end-on capture of spindle microtubules via phase separation
Authors: Zhang Manjuan , Yang Fengrui , Wang Wenwen , Zohbi Najdat , Wang Xiwei , Wang Dongmei , Zhuang Xiaoxuan , Dou Zhen , Liu Dan , Song Xiaoyu , Green Hadiyah-Nicole , Liu Xing , Yao Xuebiao 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chromosome segregation in mitosis is orchestrated by the dynamic interactions between the kinetochore and spindle microtubules. Our recent studies show that mitotic motor CENP-E cooperates with SKAP and forms a link between kinetochore core MIS13 complex and spindle microtubule plus-ends to achieve accurate chromosome alignment in mitosis. However, it remains elusive how SKAP regulates kinetochore attachment from lateral association to end-on attachment during metaphase alignment. Here, we identify a novel interaction between Aurora B and SKAP that orchestrates accurate interaction between the kinetochore and dynamic spindle microtubules. Interestingly, SKAP spontaneously phase-separates in vitro via weak, multivalent interactions into droplets with fast internal dynamics. SKAP and Aurora B form heterogeneous coacervates in vitro, which recapitulate the dynamics and behavior of SKAP comets in vivo. Importantly, SKAP interaction with Aurora B via phase separation is essential for accurate chromosome segregation and alignment. Based on those findings, we reason that SKAP–Aurora B interaction via phase separation constitutes a dynamic pool of Aurora B activity during the lateral to end-on conversion of kinetochore–microtubule attachments to achieve faithful cell division.
Multi-Year Mass-Trapping With Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps has Limited Influence on Insecticide Susceptibility in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Puerto Rico
Authors: Hemme Ryan R , Smith Eric A , Felix Gilberto , White Bradley J , Diaz-Garcia Marta I , Rodriguez Damaris , Ruiz-Valcarcel Jose , Acevedo Veronica , Amador Manuel , Barrera Roberto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Mass-trapping has been used to control outbreaks of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puerto Rico since 2011. We investigated the effect of multi-year, insecticide-free mass trapping had on the insecticide susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti. Eggs collected in southern Puerto Rico were used to generate F1 populations that were tested for susceptibility to permethrin, sumethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, and malathion according to CDC bottle bioassays protocols. All populations of Ae. aegypti were resistant to the synthetic pyrethroids and mosquitoes from two locations were partially resistant to malathion. Population genetic analysis, using a double digest restriction sites associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) approach, indicated a large amount of migration between study sites effectively homogenizing the mosquito populations. Mass-trapping using noninsecticidal autocidal gravid ovitraps did not restore susceptibility to five active ingredients that are found in commercial insecticides. Migration between communities was high and would have brought outside alleles, including resistant alleles to the treatment communities. Further investigation suggests that household use of commercially available insecticide products may continue to select for resistance in absence of public health space spraying of insecticides.
Distribution of amniotic stem cells in human term amnion membrane
Authors: Koike Nobuyuki , Sugimoto Jun , Okabe Motonori , Arai Kenichi , Nogami Makiko , Okudera Hiroshi , Yoshida Toshiko 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Amnion membrane studies related to miscarriage have been conducted in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. However, the distribution of stem cells within the amnion and the differences in the properties of each type of stem cells are still not well understood. We address this gap in knowledge in the present study where we morphologically classified the amnion membrane, and we clarified the distribution of stem cells here to identify functionally different amniotic membrane–derived stem cells. The amnion can be divided into a site that is continuous with the umbilical cord (region A), a site that adheres to the placenta (region B), and a site that is located opposite the placenta (region C). We found that human amnion epithelial stem cells (HAECs) that strongly express stem cell markers were abundant in area A. HAEC not only expressesed stem cell-specific surface markers TRA-1-60, Tra-1-81, SSEA4, SSEA3, but was also OCT-3/4 positive and had alkaline phosphatase activity. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells expressed KLF-A, OCTA, Oct3/4, c-MYC and Sox2 which is transcription factor. Especially, in regions A and B they have expressed CD73, and the higher expression of BCRP which is drug excretion transporter protein than the other parts. These data suggest that different types of stem cells may have existed in different area. The understanding the relation with characteristics of the stem cells in each area and function would allow for the efficient harvest of suitable HAE and HAM stem cells as using tool for regenerative medicine.
Toward Open Research: A Narrative Review of the Challenges and Opportunities for Open Humanities
Authors: Longley Arthur Paul , Hearn Lydia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOpen research represents a new set of principles and methodologies for greater cooperation, transparent sharing of findings, and access to and re-use of research data, materials or outputs, making knowledge more freely available to wider audiences for societal benefit. Yet, the future success of the international move toward open research will be dependent on key stakeholders addressing current barriers to increase uptake, effectiveness, and sustainability. This article builds on “An Agenda for Open Science in Communication,” raising dialog around the need for a broader view of open research as opposed to open science through a deeper understanding of specific challenges faced by the humanities. It reviews how the multifaceted nature of humanities research outputs make open communication formats more complex and costly. While new avenues are emerging to advance open research, there is a need for more collaborative, coordinated efforts to better connect humanities scholars with the communities they serve.
The impact of glitches on young pulsar rotational evolution
Authors: Lower M E , Johnston S , Dunn L , Shannon R M , Bailes M , Dai S , Kerr M , Manchester R N , Melatos A , Oswald L S , Parthasarathy A , Sobey C , Weltevrede P 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We report on a timing programme of 74 young pulsars that have been observed by the Parkes 64-m radio telescope over the past decade. Using modern Bayesian timing techniques, we have measured the properties of 124 glitches in 52 of these pulsars, of which 74 are new. We demonstrate that the glitch sample is complete to fractional increases in spin frequency greater than $\Delta \nu ^{90{{\ \rm per\ cent}}}_{\mathrm{ g}}/\nu \approx 8.1 \times 10^{-9}$ . We measure values of the braking index, n, in 33 pulsars. In most of these pulsars, their rotational evolution is dominated by episodes of spin-down with n &gt; 10, punctuated by step changes in the spin-down rate at the time of a large glitch. The step changes are such that, averaged over the glitches, the long-term n is small. We find a near one-to-one relationship between the interglitch value of n and the change in spin-down of the previous glitch divided by the interglitch time interval. We discuss the results in the context of a range of physical models.
Intracluster light properties in a fossil cluster at z = 0.47
Authors: Yoo Jaewon , Ko Jongwan , Kim Jae-Woo , Kim Hyowon 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Galaxy clusters contain a diffuse stellar component outside the cluster’s galaxies, which is observed as faint intracluster light (ICL). Using Gemini/GMOS-N deep imaging and multiobject spectroscopy of a massive fossil cluster at a redshift of z = 0.47, RX J105453.3+552102 (J1054), we improve the observational constraints on the formation mechanism of the ICL. We extract the ICL surface brightness and colour profiles out to 155 kpc from the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) with a detection limit of 28.7 mag arcsec−2 (1σ, 4.8 × 4.8arcsec2; i band). The colour of the diffuse light is similar to that of the BCG and central bright galaxies out to ∼ 70 kpc, becoming slightly bluer toward the outside. We find that the ICL distribution shows better agreement with the spatial distribution of member galaxies than with the BCG-dominated cluster luminosity distribution. We report the ICL fraction of J1054 as $15.07 \pm 4.57 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ in the range of 60 ∼ 155 kpc from the BCG, which appears to be higher than the ICL fraction-redshift trend in previous studies. Our findings suggest that intracluster stars seems not to be explained by one dominant production mechanism. However, a significant fraction of the ICL of J1054 may have been generated from the outskirts of infalling/satellite galaxies more recently rather than by the BCG at the early stage of the cluster.
The RNA chaperone StpA enables fast RNA refolding by destabilization of mutually exclusive base pairs within competing secondary structure elements
Authors: Hohmann Katharina F , Blümler Anja , Heckel Alexander , Fürtig Boris 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In bacteria RNA gene regulatory elements refold dependent on environmental clues between two or more long-lived conformational states each associated with a distinct regulatory state. The refolding kinetics are strongly temperature-dependent and especially at lower temperatures they reach timescales that are biologically not accessible. To overcome this problem, RNA chaperones have evolved. However, the precise molecular mechanism of how these proteins accelerate RNA refolding reactions remains enigmatic. Here we show how the RNA chaperone StpA of Escherichia coli leads to an acceleration of a bistable RNA’s refolding kinetics through the selective destabilization of key base pairing interactions. We find in laser assisted real-time NMR experiments on photocaged bistable RNAs that the RNA chaperone leads to a two-fold increase in refolding rates at low temperatures due to reduced stability of ground state conformations. Further, we can show that upon interaction with StpA, base pairing interactions in the bistable RNA are modulated to favor refolding through the dominant pseudoknotted transition pathway. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanism of the interaction between RNA chaperones and bistable RNAs and are the first step into a functional classification of chaperones dependent on their biophysical mode of operation.
TGF-β promotes microtube formation in glioblastoma through thrombospondin 1
Authors: Joseph Justin V , Magaut Capucine R , Storevik Simon , Geraldo Luiz H , Mathivet Thomas , Latif Md Abdul , Rudewicz Justine , Guyon Joris , Gambaretti Matteo , Haukas Frida , Trones Amalie , Rømo Ystaas Lars A , Hossain Jubayer A , Ninzima Sandra , Cuvellier Sylvain , Zhou Wenjing , Tomar Tushar , Klink Barbara , Rane Lalit , Irving Bronwyn K , Marrison Joanne , O’Toole Peter , Wurdak Heiko , Wang Jian , Di Zhang , Birkeland Even , Berven Frode S , Winkler Frank , Kruyt Frank A E , Bikfalvi Andreas , Bjerkvig Rolf , Daubon Thomas , Miletic Hrvoje 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundMicrotubes (MTs), cytoplasmic extensions of glioma cells, are important cell communication structures promoting invasion and treatment resistance through network formation. MTs are abundant in chemoresistant gliomas, in particular, glioblastomas (GBMs), while they are uncommon in chemosensitive IDH-mutant and 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendrogliomas. The aim of this study was to identify potential signaling pathways involved in MT formation.MethodsBioinformatics analysis of TCGA was performed to analyze differences between GBM and oligodendroglioma. Patient-derived GBM stem cell lines were used to investigate MT formation under transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) stimulation and inhibition in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic xenograft model. RNA sequencing and proteomics were performed to detect commonalities and differences between GBM cell lines stimulated with TGF-β.ResultsAnalysis of TCGA data showed that the TGF-β pathway is highly activated in GBMs compared to oligodendroglial tumors. We demonstrated that TGF-β1 stimulation of GBM cell lines promotes enhanced MT formation and communication via calcium signaling. Inhibition of the TGF-β pathway significantly reduced MT formation and its associated invasion in vitro and in vivo. Downstream of TGF-β, we identified thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) as a potential mediator of MT formation in GBM through SMAD activation. TSP1 was upregulated upon TGF-β stimulation and enhanced MT formation, which was inhibited by TSP1 shRNAs in vitro and in vivo.ConclusionTGF-β and its downstream mediator TSP1 are important mediators of the MT network in GBM and blocking this pathway could potentially help to break the complex MT-driven invasion/resistance network.
Application of a Serial Antigen-Based Testing Strategy for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Student Adherence in a University Setting: Wisconsin, October–November 2020
Authors: Bigouette John Paul , Ford Laura , Pray Ian , Langolf Kimberly , Kahrs Juliana , Zochert Tara , Tate Jacqueline E , Gieryn Douglas , Kirking Hannah L , Westergaard Ryan , Killerby Marie E 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Serial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing has been implemented at institutions of higher education (IHEs) and other settings. Testing strategies can include algorithms specifying confirmatory reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing after an antigen test. It is unknown how testing strategies perform detecting SARS-CoV-2, including individual adherence to serial testing requirements.

Methods
Student serial testing adherence was defined as completing ≥80% of weekly tests from October 5, 2020 to November 14, 2020 and evaluated using logistic regression. Medical records were reviewed for all positive antigen test encounters and 10% of daily negative antigen test encounters during October 19–November 30, 2020. Results were used to estimate the proportion of individuals requiring only antigen tests, requiring and completing RT-PCR testing, and associated costs of tests.

Results
Two thirds (66.5%; 1166 of 1754) of eligible on-campus students adhered to weekly testing; female students were more adherent (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.66–2.59) than male students. Of all antigen test encounters, 11.5% (1409 of 12 305) reported &gt;1 COVID-19 symptoms. Of non-COVID-19-exposed antigen test encounters, 88% (10 386 of 11 769) did not require confirmatory RT-PCR testing. Only 28% (390 of 1387) of testing encounters had an associated recommended confirmatory RT-PCR test performed. We estimated the testing strategy captured 61% (235 of 389) of predicted RT-PCR-positive specimens.

Conclusions
At this IHE, most students voluntarily adhered to serial testing. The majority of antigen test results did not require confirmatory RT-PCR testing, but when required, most students did not obtain it. Including strategies to increase the proportion of individuals obtaining indicated confirmatory testing might improve the testing program’s performance.
Low Diversity in Nasal Microbiome Associated WithStaphylococcus aureusColonization and Bloodstream Infections in Hospitalized Neonates
Authors: Zhao Ni , Khamash Dina F , Koh Hyunwook , Voskertchian Annie , Egbert Emily , Mongodin Emmanuel F , White James R , Hittle Lauren , Colantuoni Elizabeth , Milstone Aaron M 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundStaphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infectious morbidity and mortality in neonates. Few data exist on the association of the nasal microbiome and susceptibility to neonatal S. aureus colonization and infection.MethodsWe performed 2 matched case–control studies (colonization cohort—neonates who did and did not acquire S. aureus colonization; bacteremia cohort—neonates who did [colonized neonates] and did not [controls] acquire S. aureus colonization and neonates with S. aureus bacteremia [bacteremic neonantes]). Neonates in 2 intensive care units were enrolled and matched on week of life at time of colonization or infection. Nasal samples were collected weekly until discharge and cultured for S. aureus, and the nasal microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.ResultsIn the colonization cohort, 43 S. aureus–colonized neonates were matched to 82 controls. At 1 week of life, neonates who acquired S. aureus colonization had lower alpha diversity (Wilcoxon rank-sum test P &lt; .05) and differed in beta diversity (omnibus MiRKAT P = .002) even after adjusting for birth weight (P = .01). The bacteremia cohort included 10 neonates, of whom 80% developed bacteremia within 4 weeks of birth and 70% had positive S. aureus cultures within a few days of bacteremia. Neonates with bacteremia had an increased relative abundance of S. aureus sequences and lower alpha diversity measures compared with colonized neonates and controls.ConclusionsThe association of increased S. aureus abundance and decrease of microbiome diversity suggest the need for interventions targeting the nasal microbiome to prevent S. aureus disease in vulnerable neonates.
Modeling phenological reaction norms over an elevational gradient reveals contrasting strategies of Dusky Flycatchers and Mountain Chickadees in response to early-season temperatures
Authors: Coe Sharon J , Purcell Kathryn L , Rotenberry John T 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe developed an approach to distinguish among 3 alternative strategies that birds may employ relating the timing of egg laying across elevations to annual variation in spring temperature (phenological reaction norms), which we applied to analyze the breeding phenology of 2 species over an elevational gradient in the Sierra Nevada, California. In a “simple-offset” strategy, birds at different elevations initiate breeding relative to environmental temperature in a consistent manner, in that breeding onset is triggered by a critical temperature regardless of when it occurs in the spring. Elevation-specific reaction norms based on multiple years are offset (high-elevation birds start breeding later) but parallel. In a “delay” strategy, in cooler springs, populations at higher elevations that are sensitive to early-season weather-related risks delay laying onset relative to those at lower elevations, yielding a high-elevation reaction norm that diverges from a low-elevation one at cooler temperatures. Conversely, high-elevation populations in cooler springs that are sensitive to the risk of having insufficient time to complete a breeding cycle advance laying onset relative to lower populations (“advance” strategy), yielding a high-elevation reaction norm than converges with a low-elevation one. Both delay and advance strategies imply an elevation-dependent interaction between temperature and date (photoperiod) in influencing laying onset. Examined across 3 elevation groupings, phenological reaction norms of Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli) were essentially parallel, consistent with simple offset, whereas Dusky Flycatchers (Empidonax oberholseri) relationships were more complex. In cooler springs, mid-elevation flycatchers bred comparatively late relative to lowest-elevation birds (delay), implying greater sensitivity to early-season risks, but still with sufficient time to complete a breeding cycle. However, high-elevation flycatchers bred comparatively early relative to mid-elevation populations (advance); delaying at these highest elevations may not be an option. Our approach revealed differences in risk sensitivity that were consistent with other ecological differences between the 2 species.