bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CARDINAL WTRL: TECHNOLOGY MATURITY, SCHEDULE SLIPPAGE AND TREND FORECASTING.
Authors: Behdinan Kamran , Mishra Soumya Ranjan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMaturity assessments of technology is a crucial process to identify and acquire compatible technologies for a system’s development. However, being a complex and highly subjective process, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has reported cost overruns and schedule slippages through the years. This study provides a unique Weighted Technology Readiness Level (WTRL) framework which utilizes cardinal factors to ascertain the maturity, schedule and trend of NASA’s 7 Technologies based on their maturity time. The framework utilizes MCDM methods to determine the cardinal complexity of each TRL. It allows the assimilation of other cardinal factors using a simple, open structure to track the overall technology maturity and readiness. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of tailored TRL frameworks to determine the accurate cardinal coefficient of the said technology and the inferences derived otherwise. It eliminates several limitations of previous frameworks and compares against their performance using a verified statistical representation of processed data.
CHINESE PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEM INNOVATIONS ENABLED VIA GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES: THE E-SCOOTER CASE
Authors: Yan Zhang , Larsson Tobias , Larsson Andreas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTogether with increasingly saturated and commoditized global markets companies are driven to shift their business focus, adopting a strategy where customer perceived value is in the spotlight, and where products are bundled with services to offer Product-Service Systems (PSS).In this research we study the emergence of PSS solutions in the Chinese market via a selected case study on e-scooters, based on the governmental decision to ban fossil-fuel scooters in the late 90s and how this has spurred both a fossil-to-electric transformation and a product-to-function transformation.As seen in this research PSS is also an approach that is working well in the Eastern society and especially in China, based on governmental policies. It is gradually being adopted and applied in local industries significantly by China's leading internet companies (Didi, Alibaba etc). The PSS concept represented by e-bike cases in China has gradually penetrated into different industries. With governmental decisions as the key turn-point, it can be seen in practice and development that China's related service industry is using e-bike PSS to carry out the new business model from selling e-bikes to providing service-oriented solutions.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMABLE PRODUCTS BASED ON CHANGES IN PRODUCT FORM AND FUNCTION
Authors: Lee Haebin , Tufail Muhammad , Kim KwanMyung 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe sentence “form follows function” is the best expression of the relationship between form and function of a product in modern product design. This implies that the form is essential to implement the function while it should be optimized and minimized for the function. Unlike general products, transformable products are designed with the intention to change the function and form of the product according to the situation. This paper presents the types and characteristics of transformable products determined by Phase Model we introduced. We collected 147 transformable product cases and analyzed them according to the change of functions and forms in each product. As a result, we classified the transformable products into four types: partial transformable product, multi-form product, multi-function product and full transformable product. We found that each type has unique characteristics with potential to drive innovation in product design field.
A DATA-DRIVEN APPROACH TO USER-EXPERIENCE-FOCUSED MODEL-BASED ROADMAPPING FOR NEW PRODUCT PLANNING
Authors: Iuskevich Ilia , Hein Andreas-Makoto , Amokrane-Ferka Kahina , Doufene Abdelkrim , Jankovic Marija 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUser experience (UX) focused business needs to survive and plan its new product development (NPD) activities in a highly turbulent environment. The latter is a function of volatile UX and technology trends, competition, unpredictable events, and user needs uncertainty. To address this problem, the concept of design roadmapping has been proposed in the literature. It was argued that tools built on the idea of design roadmapping have to be very flexible and data-driven (i.e., be able to receive feedback from users in an iterative manner). At the same time, a model-based approach to roadmapping has emerged, promising to achieve such flexibility. In this work, we propose to incorporate design roadmapping to model-based roadmapping and integrate it with various user testing approaches into a single tool to support a flexible data-driven NPD planning process.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR ASSEMBLY IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK AND DESIGN PARAMETERS
Authors: Formentini Giovanni , Favi Claudio , Cuiller Claude , Dereux Pierre-Eric , Bouissiere Francois , Jurbert Cédric 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOne of the most challenging activity in the engineering design process is the definition of a framework (model and parameters) for the characterization of specific processes such as installation and assembly. Aircraft system architectures are complex structures used to understand relation among elements (modules) inside an aircraft and its evaluation is one of the first activity since the conceptual design. The assessment of aircraft architectures, from the assembly perspective, requires parameter identification as well as the definition of the overall analysis framework (i.e., mathematical models, equations).The paper aims at the analysis of a mathematical framework (structure, equations and parameters) developed to assess the fit for assembly performances of aircraft system architectures by the mean of sensitivity analysis (One-Factor-At-Time method). The sensitivity analysis was performed on a complex engineering framework, i.e. the Conceptual Design for Assembly (CDfA) methodology, which is characterized by level, domains and attributes (parameters). A commercial aircraft cabin system was used as a case study to understand the use of different mathematical operators as well as the way to cluster attributes.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING DESIGN PROCESS MODELLING APPROACHES
Authors: Trauer Jakob , Wöhr Ferdinand , Eckert Claudia , Kannengiesser Udo , Knippenberg Sjoerd , Sankowski Olga , Zimmermann Markus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractProcess models are among the principal artefacts used for managing design projects. However, the selection of effective modelling approaches can be difficult for design project managers, given that a plethora of tools exists for various modelling purposes. In addition to date no systematic approach for the assessment and selection of process modelling approaches is available to practitioners. This paper presents the development of criteria for benchmarking and selecting different process modelling tools. The results are based on three elements. (1) In a four-hour workshop undertaken by the Design Process SIG of the Design Society, bringing together around 20 international researchers and practitioners in design process modelling, an initial set of 58 criteria were brainstormed and consolidated during the workshop and in follow-up meetings. (2) The consolidated criteria were then compared with literature. The finalised criteria list was then validated by external experts in industry (3). The resulting list of 12 criteria provides a sound basis for practitioners to support a systematic selection of process modelling approaches. Further, it lays the foundation of a benchmarking tool, which is subject to future work.
DATA-DRIVEN CREATIVITY: COMPUTATIONAL PROBLEM-EXPLORING IN ENGINEERING DESIGN
Authors: Obieke Chijioke C. , Milisavljevic-Syed Jelena , Han Ji 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCreativity is required in engineering design. It is required in the aspects of problem-solving - conceptualizing a new solution to a problem, and problem-exploring - conceptualizing a new problem. Studies show that, in both aspects, creativity is a difficult task in practice. The aim of this study is to support the engineering design community by easing the difficulty in the problem-exploring practice. To achieve this, a computational problem-exploring (CPE) model is developed to mimic how design engineers identify a valid design problem. Consequently, a CPE tool - Pro-Explora V1 is developed based on the CPE model. The CPE model consists of a synergy of emergent computational technologies including data retrieval and machine learning. A Markovian model is employed in the CPE model to enable a data-driven random process for exploring design problems. In pilot test, Pro-Explora V1 generated some engineering design-related problems which are meaningful, unique, and could not be distinguished from naturally generated ones. It provides support to design engineers in problem-exploring at the early stage in engineering design. This study contributes to the global effort towards data-driven processes in the fourth industrial revolution.
DERIVATION OF CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING SOLUTION PRINCIPLES CONFORMAL FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Authors: Tüzün Gregory-Jamie , Garrelts Enno , Roth Daniel , Binz Hansgeorg 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAdditively manufactured final products and components are not always tailored to the additive manufacturing (AM) process, but they need to be in order to exploit the many advantages and potentials that AM provides. Therefore, an appropriate AM design should be targeted, which reduces the necessary iterations in the developing process of AM products. Although there is a large number of existing literature on the Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM), designers usually lack criteria in order to assess AM-conformity in conceptual design. In this paper, we provide a basis for the assessment of solution principles regarding their conformity for additive manufacturing.First, existing literature on DfAM and AM products is reviewed comprehensively to derive criteria for the AM-conformity of solution principles. Subsequently, the correlations between these criteria are identified including the interdependencies to be considered when assessing AM-conformity. A basis for assessment is created, which offers designers early support in the development of AM-conformal designs.
DESIGN FOR CONTINUOUS USE OF PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: Nemoto Yutaro , Dhiman Hitesh , Röcker Carsten 
Published: August 2021

AbstractProduct-service systems (PSSs) have attracted researchers in engineering design for the past decades. Recent advances in digital technologies have expanded the potential functionalities that PSSs could deliver and designers' repertoire of tools and techniques to make new value propositions. The key to the success of new value propositions is to achieve customer acceptance and continuous use. However, little is known about the precise routes by which customers accept and use PSSs over time and its dynamics. This conceptual study aims to provide an enhanced view of customer acceptance and continuous use of PSSs by integrating multiple theories and literature streams. In this paper, we suggest three propositions based on the key concepts found in our literature review—well-being, trust and control—, and illustrate a conceptual framework that represents the dynamics of customer acceptance and continuous use of PSSs. Based on the proposed framework, we outline further research questions that could advance our knowledge about design for continuous use of PSSs.
DESIGN FOR FUTURE VARIETY TO ENABLE LONG-TERM BENEFITS OF MODULAR PRODUCT FAMILIES
Authors: Greve Erik , Fuchs Christoph , Hamraz Bahram , Windheim Marc , Krause Dieter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBy developing and using modular product families, large savings can be achieved through reuse and combinability along the entire value chain of a company. Since these potentials often have a very long-term character, the lifetime of a modular product family should be as long as possible. Change drivers, such as changing customer and production requirements, however, result in changes having to be made to the initially developed modular product family, which not only causes a great effort but also prevents the long-term benefits from being fully exploited. With the Change Allocation Model, we introduce a tool that makes it possible to align the essential future changes to the product architecture and to identify and redesign the change-critical components taking into account the existing component variety of the product family. This enables future changes in variety to be considered in the product architecture and a future robust modular product family to be developed. The new visualization is illustrated using the example of a product family of pressure regulating valves and is finally discussed with regard to further potentials and challenges.
The Politicization of Immigration and Integration at the Subnational Level: Electoral Campaigns in Ontario and Quebec
Authors: Gagnon Audrey , Larios Lindsay 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOpen political debate on immigration and integration policies (IIP) among Canadian political parties has been relatively limited. As Canada's immigration and integration systems become more decentralized, what about political debates about IIP in Canadian provinces? This article examines how IIP evolved across time by focusing on political parties’ claims, frames and pledges in party platforms and newspapers, using the cases of Ontario and Quebec. In Ontario, IIP were primarily framed as an economic and social resource. However, following the event of 9/11, new frames began to be introduced, contributing to a heightened salience and polarization. In contrast to Quebec, however, this politicization was not sustained. In Quebec, IIP were only marginally a matter of debate until the mid-2000s. This changed following the Hérouxville event, as these topics became salient, and dominant frames of immigration as economic and social resources were challenged by those of immigration as economic and cultural threats.
African Population History: Contributions of Moral Demography
Authors: Walters Sarah 
Published: August 2021

AbstractImproving knowledge about African historical demography is essential to addressing current population trends and achieving deeper understanding of social, economic, and political change in the past and present. I use census and parish register data from Tanganyika to address the origins of twentieth-century population growth, to describe how major changes in fertility and child mortality began in the 1940s, and to emphasise the significance of the large rise in fertility between the 1940s and 1970s. Through this work and my wider survey of parish registers in Malawi, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zambia, I consider the relationships between power, evidence, and meaning in these data sources. Alongside the macro gaps in Africa's population history are significant microsilences — lacunae in the sources and data which reflect the hegemonic structures within which they were produced. I suggest a moral demography approach to their analysis, borrowing from the reflexive and dialectic method found in studies of moral economy.
Maintaining the same ratio between standardized ileal digestible methionine and cysteine do not affect its requirements for starting pigs
Authors: Muniz C. F. , Castilha L. D. , Pozza M. S. S. , Oliveira C. A. L. , Sato F. , Paula V. R. C. , Pozza P. C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the requirements of standardized ileal digestible (SID) methionine (Met) + cysteine (Cys) of 15–30 kg barrows, maintaining or increasing the 1:1 ratio between SID Met and SID Cys. Seventy crossbred barrows averaging 15.2 ± 0.54 kg of live weight were allotted in a randomized block design 2 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme, with five replicates and two animals per pen. Treatments consisted of maintaining or increasing the 1:1 ratio between SID Met and SID Cys, three levels of SID Met + Cys (5.8, 6.4 and 7.0 g/kg) and a basal diet containing the lowest SID Met + Cys level (5.2 g/kg), formulated to provide a 1:1 ratio of SID Met (2.6 g/kg) and SID Cys (2.6 g/kg). Performance, blood parameters, longissimus dorsi muscle depth, backfat thickness and S–S linkages in the bristles were evaluated. The best average daily gain was estimated at 6.61 g/kg of SID Met + Cys, without maintaining the 1:1 ratio between sulphur amino acids (SAA). The daily intake of SID Met + Cys increased due to dietary SID Met + Cys levels, maintaining or increasing the same ratio between SAA. Plasma glucose increased and total cholesterol decreased according to SID Met + Cys levels, without maintaining the same ratio between the SAA. The requirement of SID Met + Cys for 15–30 kg barrows was 6.61 g/kg (7.88 g/day) for an optimum average daily gain, with no need to maintain the same ratio between the SAA.
Can Psychotherapy Trainees Distinguish Standardized Patients From Real Patients?
Authors: Ay-Bryson Destina Sevde , Weck Florian , Heinze Peter Eric , Lang Thomas , Kühne Franziska 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Background: Under the new psychotherapy law in Germany, standardized patients (SPs) are to become a standard component in psychotherapy training, even though little is known about their authenticity. Objective: The present pilot study explored whether, following an exhaustive two-day SP training, psychotherapy trainees can distinguish SPs from real patients. Methods: Twenty-eight psychotherapy trainees ( M = 28.54 years of age, SD = 3.19) participated as blind raters. They evaluated six video-recorded therapy segments of trained SPs and real patients using the Authenticity of Patient Demonstrations Scale. Results: The authenticity scores of real patients and SPs did not differ ( p = .43). The descriptive results indicated that the highest score of authenticity was given to an SP. Further, the real patients did not differ significantly from the SPs concerning perceived impairment ( p = .33) and the likelihood of being a real patient ( p = .52). Conclusions: The current results suggest that psychotherapy trainees were unable to distinguish the SPs from real patients. We therefore strongly recommend incorporating training SPs before application. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Measuring Perceived Realistic Physical Threat Imposed by	Migrants
Authors: Hellmann Jens H. , Schlechter Pascal , Knausenberger Judith , Bollwerk Michael , Geukes Katharina , Back Mitja D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Individuals differ in the extent to which they perceive threat imposed by out-groups like migrants. An established distinction in intergroup threat research is between symbolic and realistic threat. While symbolic threats concern a perceived menace against societal values, realistic threats jeopardize in-group members’ well-being more directly. Typically applied realistic threat conceptions explicitly include the aspect of physical integrity, but most empirical research captures only realistic economic threats, arguably also due to a lack of appropriate measures. Therefore, we have developed the Perceived Realistic Physical Threat scale (PRPT) with samples from Germany and the UK (total N = 1,391). Moreover, we conducted follow-up analyses with data from a subsample ( N = 473) of the initial UK sample. Factor analyses indicated an 8-item one-factorial solution for the PRPT scale. We further identified measurement invariance across samples and over time and stability across 21 months. We found convincing evidence for its convergent and divergent validity and for its predictive and, importantly, incremental validity, above and beyond the prediction of relevant criteria by other threat types. The PRPT scale appears to be a distinct, comprehensive, and psychometrically sound measure of perceived realistic physical threat, complementing the existing body of available measures.
The Convective‐To‐Total Precipitation Ratio and the “Drizzling” Bias in Climate Models
Authors: Chen Di , Dai Aiguo , Hall Alex 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOverestimation of precipitation frequency and duration while underestimating intensity, that is, the “drizzling” bias, has been a long‐standing problem of global climate models. Here we explore this issue from the perspective of precipitation partitioning. We found that most models in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) have high convective‐to‐total precipitation (PC/PR) ratios in low latitudes. Convective precipitation has higher frequency and longer duration but lower intensity than non‐convective precipitation in many models. As a result, the high PC/PR ratio contributes to the “drizzling” bias over low latitudes. The PC/PR ratio and associated “drizzling” bias increase as model resolution coarsens from 0.5° to 2.0°, but the resolution's effect weakens as the grid spacing increases from 2.0° to 3.0°. Some of the CMIP6 models show reduced “drizzling” bias associated with decreased PC/PR ratio. Thus, more reasonable precipitation partitioning, along with finer model resolution should alleviate the “drizzling” bias within current climate models.
Characterization and Evolution of Organized Shallow Convection in the Downstream North Atlantic Trades
Authors: Schulz Hauke , Eastman Ryan , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFour previously identified patterns of meso‐scale cloud organization in the trades — called Sugar, Gravel, Flowers, and Fish — are studied using long‐term records of ground‐based measurements, satellite observations and reanalyzes. A deep neural network trained to detect these patterns is applied to satellite imagery to identify periods during which a particular pattern is observed over the Barbados Cloud Observatory. Surface‐based remote sensing at the observatory is composited and shows that the patterns can be distinguished by differences in cloud geometry. Variations in total cloudiness among the patterns are dominated by variations in cloud‐top cloudiness. Cloud amount near cloud base varies little. Each pattern is associated with a distinct atmospheric environment whose characteristics are traced back to origins that are not solely within the trades. Sugar air‐masses are characterized by weak winds and of tropical origin. Fish are driven by convergence lines originating from synoptical disturbances. Gravel and Flowers are most native to the trades, but distinguish themselves with slightly stronger winds and stronger subsidence in the first case and greater stability in the latter. The patterns with the higher cloud amounts and more negative cloud‐radiative effects, Flowers and Fish, are selected by conditions expected to occur less frequently with greenhouse warming.