bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging inorganic solar cell efficiency tables (version 2)
Authors: Zakutayev Andriy , Major Jonathan D , Hao Xiaojing , Walsh Aron , Tang Jiang , Todorov Teodor K , Wong Lydia H , Saucedo Edgardo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the second version of the efficiency tables of materials considered as emerging inorganic absorbers for photovoltaic solar cell technologies. The materials collected in these tables are selected based on their progress in recent years, and their demonstrated potential as future photovoltaic absorbers. The first part of the paper consists of the guidelines for the inclusion of the different technologies in this paper, the verification means used by the authors, and recommendation for measurement best practices. The second part details the highest world-class certified solar cell efficiencies, and the highest non-certified cases (some independently confirmed). The third part highlights the new entries including the record efficiencies, as well as new materials included in this version of the tables. The final part is dedicated to review a specific aspect of materials research that the authors consider of high relevance for the scientific community. In this version of the efficiency tables, we are including an overview of the latest progress in quasi one-dimensional absorbers, such as antimony chalcogenides, for photovoltaic applications.
Relative and Absolute Risk to Guide the Management of Pulse Pressure, an Age-Related Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Authors: Melgarejo Jesus D , Thijs Lutgarde , Wei Dong-Mei , Bursztyn Michael , Yang Wen-Yi , Li Yan , Asayama Kei , Hansen Tine W , Kikuya Masahiro , Ohkubo Takayoshi , Dolan Eamon , Stolarz-Skrzypek Katarzyna , Cheng Yi-Bang , Tikhonoff Valérie , Malyutina Sofia , Casiglia Edoardo , Lind Lars , Sandoya Edgardo , Filipovský Jan , Narkiewicz Krzysztof , Gilis-Malinowska Natasza , Kawecka-Jaszcz Kalina , Boggia José , Wang Ji-Guang , Imai Yutaka , Verhamme Peter , Trenson Sander , Janssens Stefan , O’Brien Eoin , Maestre Gladys E , Gavish Benjamin , Staessen Jan A , Zhang Zhen-Yu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Pulse pressure (PP) reflects the age-related stiffening of the central arteries, but no study addressed the management of the PP-related risk over the human lifespan.

Methods
In 4,663 young (18–49 years) and 7,185 older adults (≥50 years), brachial PP was recorded over 24 hours. Total mortality and all major cardiovascular events (MACEs) combined were coprimary endpoints. Cardiovascular death, coronary events, and stroke were secondary endpoints.

Results
In young adults (median follow-up, 14.1 years; mean PP, 45.1 mm Hg), greater PP was not associated with absolute risk; the endpoint rates were ≤2.01 per 1,000 person-years. The adjusted hazard ratios expressed per 10-mm Hg PP increments were less than unity (P ≤ 0.027) for MACE (0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47–0.96) and cardiovascular death (0.33; 95% CI, 0.11–0.75). In older adults (median follow-up, 13.1 years; mean PP, 52.7 mm Hg), the endpoint rates, expressing absolute risk, ranged from 22.5 to 45.4 per 1,000 person-years and the adjusted hazard ratios, reflecting relative risk, from 1.09 to 1.54 (P &lt; 0.0001). The PP-related relative risks of death, MACE, and stroke decreased &gt;3-fold from age 55 to 75 years, whereas absolute risk rose by a factor 3.

Conclusions
From 50 years onwards, the PP-related relative risk decreases, whereas absolute risk increases. From a lifecourse perspective, young adulthood provides a window of opportunity to manage risk factors and prevent target organ damage as forerunner of premature death and MACE. In older adults, treatment should address absolute risk, thereby extending life in years and quality.
Are Some COVID-19 Vaccines Better Than Others? Interpreting and Comparing Estimates of Efficacy in Vaccine Trials
Authors: Rapaka Rekha R , Hammershaimb Elizabeth A , Neuzil Kathleen M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine trials provide valuable insight into the safety and efficacy of vaccines, with individually randomized, placebo-controlled trials being the gold standard in trial design. However, a myriad of variables must be considered as clinical trial data are interpreted and used to guide policy decisions. These variables include factors such as the characteristics of the study population and circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains, the force of infection, the definition and ascertainment of endpoints, the timing of vaccine efficacy assessment, and the potential for performance bias. In this Viewpoints article, we discuss critical variables to consider when comparing efficacy measurements across current and future COVID-19 vaccine trials.
Networks with growth and preferential attachment: modelling and applications
Authors: Piva Gabriel G , Ribeiro Fabiano L , Mata Angélica S 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article presents a brief overview of the main network models that use growth and preferential attachment. We start with the classical model proposed by Barabási and Albert: nodes are added to the network connecting preferably to nodes that are more connected. We also present models that consider more representative elements from social perspectives, such as the homophily between the nodes and the fitness that each node has, to build connections. Furthermore, we show a version of these models that includes Euclidean distance between the nodes as a preferential attachment component. Our objective is to study the fundamental properties of these networks, as distribution of connectivity, degree correlation, shortest path, cluster coefficient and how these characteristics are affected by the preferential attachment rules. In addition to the review, we also provided an application of these models using real-world networks.
An immunologically friendly classification of non-peptidic ligands
Authors: Edwards Lindy , Jackson Rebecca , Overton James A , Vita Randi , Blazeska Nina , Peters Bjoern , Sette Alessandro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) freely provides experimental data regarding immune epitopes to the scientific public. The main users of the IEDB are immunologists who can easily use our web interface to search for peptidic epitopes via their simple single-letter codes. For example, ‘A’ stands for ‘alanine’. Similarly, users can easily navigate the IEDB’s simplified NCBI taxonomy hierarchy to locate proteins from specific organisms. However, some epitopes are non-peptidic, such as carbohydrates, lipids, chemicals and drugs, and it is more challenging to consistently name them and search upon, making access to their data more problematic for immunologists. Therefore, we set out to improve access to non-peptidic epitope data in the IEDB through the simplification of the non-peptidic hierarchy used in our search interfaces. Here, we present these efforts and their outcomes.
Database URL: http://www.iedb.org/
Novel device-based therapies to improve outcome in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: De Maria Giovanni Luigi , Garcia-Garcia Hector M , Scarsini Roberto , Finn Aloke , Sato Yu , Virmani Renu , Bhindi Ravinay , Ciofani Jonathan L , Nuche Jorge , Ribeiro Henrique B , Mathias Wilson , Yerasi Charan , Fischell Tim A , Otterspoor Luuk , Ribichini Flavio , Ibañez Borja , Pijls Nico H J , Schwartz Robert S , Kapur Navin K , Stone Gregg W , Banning Adrian P 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPrimary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) has dramatically changed the outcome of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, despite improvements in interventional technology, registry data show little recent change in the prognosis of patients who survive STEMI, with a significant incidence of cardiogenic shock, heart failure, and cardiac death. Despite a technically successful PPCI procedure, a variable proportion of patients experience suboptimal myocardial reperfusion. Large infarct size and coronary microvascular injury, as the consequence of ischaemia–reperfusion injury and distal embolization of atherothrombotic debris, account for suboptimal long-term prognosis of STEMI patients. In order to address this unmet therapeutic need, a broad-range of device-based treatments has been developed. These device-based therapies can be categorized according to the pathophysiological pathways they target: (i) techniques to prevent distal atherothrombotic embolization, (ii) techniques to prevent or mitigate ischaemia/reperfusion injury, and (iii) techniques to enhance coronary microvascular function/integrity. This review is an overview of these novel technologies with a focus on their pathophysiological background, procedural details, available evidence, and with a critical perspective about their potential future implementation in the clinical care of STEMI patients.
Likelihood of injury due to vasovagal syncope: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jorge Juliana G , Raj Satish R , Teixeira Pedro S , Teixeira Jose A.C , Sheldon Robert S 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsVasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most common type of syncope and is usually considered a benign disorder. The potential for injury is worrisome but the likelihood is unknown. We aimed to determine the proportion of patients injured due to VVS.Methods and resultsA systematic search of studies published until August 2020 was performed in multiple medical and nursing databases. Included studies had data on the proportion of patients with injury due to VVS prior to study enrolment. Random effects methods were used. Twenty-three studies having 3593 patients met inclusion criteria. Patients were diagnosed clinically with VVS, and 82% had &gt;2 syncopal episodes before enrolment. Tilt test was positive in 60% and 14 studies reported comorbidities (32.6% hypertensive). The weighted mean injury rate was 33.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 27.3–40.5%]. The likelihood of injury correlated with population age (r = 0.4, P = 0.05), but not with sex, positive tilt test, or hypertension. The injury rates were 25.7% (95% CI: 19.1–32.8%) in studies with younger patients (mean age ≤50 years, n = 1803) and 43.4% (95% CI: 34.9–52.3%) in studies with older patients (P = 0.002). Nine studies reported major injuries; with a weighted mean rate of major injuries of 13.9% (95% CI: 9.5–19.8%).Conclusion Injuries due to syncope are frequent, occurring in 33% of patients with VVS. The risk of major injuries is substantial. Older patients are at higher risk. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of injuries when providing care and advice to patients with VVS.
Rapid deployment of an algorithm to triage dental emergencies during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Perelman Sharon C , Erde Steven , Torre Lynda , Ansari Tunaidi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
COVID-19 quickly immobilized healthcare systems in the United States during the early stages of the outbreak. While much of the ensuing response focused on supporting the medical infrastructure, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine pursued a solution to triage and safely treat patients with dental emergencies amid the pandemic. Considering rapidly changing guidelines from governing bodies, dental infection control protocols, and our clinical faculty's expertise, we modeled, built, and implemented a screening algorithm, which provides decision support as well as insight into COVID-19 status and clinical comorbidities, within a newly integrated electronic health record (EHR). Once operationalized, we analyzed the data and outcomes of its utilization and found that it had effectively guided providers in triaging patient needs in a standardized methodology. This article describes the algorithm’s rapid development to assist faculty providers in identifying patients with the most urgent needs, thus prioritizing treatment of dental emergencies during the pandemic.
The pristine dwarf-galaxy survey – III. Revealing the nature of the Milky Way globular cluster Sagittarius II
Authors: Longeard Nicolas , Martin Nicolas , Ibata Rodrigo A , Starkenburg Else , Jablonka Pascale , Aguado David S , Carlberg Raymond G , Côté Patrick , González Hernández Jonay I , Lucchesi Romain , Malhan Khyati , Navarro Julio F , Sánchez-Janssen Rubén , Thomas Guillaume F , Venn Kim , McConnachie Alan W 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a new spectroscopic study of the faint Milky Way satellite Sagittarius II. Using multiobject spectroscopy from the Fibre Large Array Multi-Element Spectrograph, we supplement the data set of Longeard et al. with 47 newly observed stars, 19 of which are identified as members of the satellite. These additional member stars are used to put tighter constraints on the dynamics and the metallicity properties of the system. We find a low velocity dispersion of $\sigma _\mathrm{v}^\mathrm{SgrII} = 1.7 \pm 0.5$ km s−1, in agreement with the dispersion of Milky Way globular clusters of similar luminosity. We confirm the very metal-poor nature of the satellite ([Fe/H]$_\mathrm{spectro}^\mathrm{SgrII} = -2.23 \pm 0.07$) and find that the metallicity dispersion of Sgr II is not resolved, reaching only 0.20 at the 95 per cent confidence limit. No star with a metallicity below −2.5 is confidently detected. Therefore, despite the unusually large size of the system (r$_h = 35.5 ^{+1.4}_{-1.2}$ pc), we conclude that Sgr II is an old and metal-poor globular cluster of the Milky Way.
Studying galaxy cluster morphological metrics with mock-X
Authors: Cao Kaili , Barnes David J , Vogelsberger Mark 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters have long played an important role in galaxy cluster studies because it is thought their properties can be reconstructed more precisely and with less systematics. As relaxed clusters are desirable, there exist a plethora of criteria for classifying a galaxy cluster as relaxed. In this work, we examine 9 commonly used observational and theoretical morphological metrics extracted from $54\, 000$mock-X synthetic X-ray images of galaxy clusters taken from the IllustrisTNG, BAHAMAS, and MACSIS simulation suites. We find that the simulated criteria distributions are in reasonable agreement with the observed distributions. Many criteria distributions evolve as a function of redshift, cluster mass, numerical resolution, and subgrid physics, limiting the effectiveness of a single relaxation threshold value. All criteria are positively correlated with each other, however, the strength of the correlation is sensitive to redshift, mass, and numerical choices. Driven by the intrinsic scatter inherent to all morphological metrics and the arbitrary nature of relaxation threshold values, we find the consistency of relaxed subsets defined by the different metrics to be relatively poor. Therefore, the use of relaxed cluster subsets introduces significant selection effects that are non-trivial to resolve.
The final core collapse of pulsational pair instability supernovae
Authors: Powell Jade , Müller Bernhard , Heger Alexander 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present 3D core-collapse supernova simulations of massive Population III progenitor stars at the transition to the pulsational pair instability regime. We simulate two progenitor models with initial masses of $85$ and $100\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ with the LS220, SFHo, and SFHx equations of state. The $85\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ progenitor experiences a pair instability pulse coincident with core collapse, whereas the $100\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ progenitor has already gone through a sequence of four pulses $1500$ yr before collapse in which it ejected its H and He envelope. The $85\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ models experience shock revival and then delayed collapse to a black hole (BH) due to ongoing accretion within hundreds of milliseconds. The diagnostic energy of the incipient explosion reaches up to $2.7\times 10^{51}\, \mathrm{erg}$ in the SFHx model. Due to the high binding energy of the metal core, BH collapse by fallback is eventually unavoidable, but partial mass ejection may be possible. The $100\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ models have not achieved shock revival or undergone BH collapse by the end of the simulation. All models exhibit relatively strong gravitational-wave emission both in the high-frequency g-mode emission band and at low frequencies. The SFHx and SFHo models show clear emission from the standing accretion shock instability. For our models, we estimate maximum detection distances of up to $\mathord {\sim }46\, \mathrm{kpc}$ with LIGO and $\mathord {\sim } 850\, \mathrm{kpc}$ with Cosmic Explorer.
Closed loop predictive control of adaptive optics systems with convolutional neural networks
Authors: Swanson Robin , Lamb Masen , Correia Carlos M , Sivanandam Suresh , Kutulakos Kiriakos 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Predictive wavefront control is an important and rapidly developing field of adaptive optics (AO). Through the prediction of future wavefront effects, the inherent AO system servo-lag caused by the measurement, computation, and application of the wavefront correction can be significantly mitigated. This lag can impact the final delivered science image, including reduced strehl and contrast, and inhibits our ability to reliably use faint guide stars. We summarize here a novel method for training deep neural networks for predictive control based on an adversarial prior. Unlike previous methods in the literature, which have shown results based on previously generated data or for open-loop systems, we demonstrate our network’s performance simulated in closed loop. Our models are able to both reduce effects induced by servo-lag and push the faint end of reliable control with natural guide stars, improving K-band Strehl performance compared to classical methods by over 55 per cent for 16th magnitude guide stars on an 8-m telescope. We further show that LSTM based approaches may be better suited in high-contrast scenarios where servo-lag error is most pronounced, while traditional feed forward models are better suited for high noise scenarios. Finally, we discuss future strategies for implementing our system in real-time and on astronomical telescope systems.
Searching for Mg ii absorbers in and around galaxy clusters
Authors: Lee Jong Chul , Hwang Ho Seong , Song Hyunmi 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
To study environmental effects on the circumgalactic medium (CGM), we use the samples of redMaPPer galaxy clusters, background quasars, and cluster galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). With ∼82 000 quasar spectra, we detect 197 Mg ii absorbers in and around the clusters. The detection rate per quasar is 2.7 ± 0.7 times higher inside the clusters than outside the clusters, indicating that Mg ii absorbers are relatively abundant in clusters. However, when considering the galaxy number density, the absorber-to-galaxy ratio is rather low inside the clusters. If we assume that Mg ii absorbers are mainly contributed by the CGM of massive star-forming galaxies, a typical halo size of cluster galaxies is smaller than that of field galaxies by 30 ± 10 per cent. This finding supports that galaxy haloes can be truncated by interaction with the host cluster.
The effect of a solar flare on chromospheric oscillations
Authors: Millar David C L , Fletcher Lyndsay , Milligan Ryan O 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Oscillations in the solar atmosphere have long been observed both in quiet conditions and during solar flares. The chromosphere is known for its 3-min signals, which are strong over sunspot umbrae, and have periods determined by the chromosphere’s acoustic cut-off frequency. A small number of observations have shown the chromospheric signals to be affected by energetic events such as solar flares, however the link between flare activity and these oscillations remains unclear. In this work, we present evidence of changes to the oscillatory structure of the chromosphere over a sunspot which occurs during the impulsive phase of an M1 flare. Using imaging data from the CRISP instrument across the H α and Ca ii 8542  Å spectral lines, we employed a method of fitting models to power spectra to produce maps of where there is evidence of oscillatory signals above a red-noise background. Comparing results taken before and after the impulsive phase of the flare, we found that the oscillatory signals taken after the start of the flare differ in two ways: the locations of oscillatory signals had changed and the typical periods of the oscillations had tended to increase (in some cases increasing from &lt;100 s to ∼200 s). Both of these results can be explained by a restructuring of the magnetic field in the chromosphere during the flare activity, which is backed up by images of coronal loops showing clear changes to magnetic connectivity. These results represent one of the many ways that active regions can be affected by solar flares.
Observing the influence of the youngest super star clusters in NGC 1569: Keck Brackett α spectroscopy
Authors: Cohen Daniel P , Turner Jean L , Beck Sara C , Consiglio S Michelle 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We report Keck–NIRSPEC observations of the Brackett α 4.05 μm recombination line across the two candidate embedded super star clusters (SSCs) in NGC 1569. These SSCs power a bright H ii region and have been previously detected as radio and mid-infrared sources. Supplemented with high-resolution VLA mapping of the radio continuum along with IRTF–TEXES spectroscopy of the [S iv] 10.5 μm line, the Brackett α data provide new insight into the dynamical state of gas ionized by these forming massive clusters. Near-infrared sources detected in 2 μm images from the slit-viewing Camera are matched with Gaia sources to obtain accurate celestial coordinates and slit positions to within ∼0${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$1. Br α is detected as a strong emission peak powered by the less luminous infrared source, MIR1 (LIR ∼ 2 × 107 $\rm L_\odot$). The second candidate SSC MIR2 is more luminous (LIR ≳ 4 × 108 $\rm L_\odot$) but exhibits weak radio continuum and Br α emission, suggesting the ionized gas is extremely dense (ne ≳ 105 cm−3), corresponding to hypercompact H ii regions around newborn massive stars. The Br α and [S iv] lines across the region are both remarkably symmetric and extremely narrow, with observed line widths Δv ≃ 40 $\rm km\, s^{-1}$, full width at half-maximum. This result is the first clear evidence that feedback from NGC 1569’s youngest giant clusters is currently incapable of rapid gas dispersal, consistent with the emerging theoretical paradigm in the formation of giant star clusters.
Pandemic shocks and fiscal-monetary policies in the Eurozone: COVID-19 dominance during January–June 2020
Authors: Jinjarak Yothin , Ahmed Rashad , Nair-Desai Sameer , Xin Weining , Aizenman Joshua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We compare the importance of market factors against that of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) dynamics and policy responses in explaining Eurozone sovereign spreads. First, we estimate a multifactor model for changes in credit default swap (CDS) spreads over 2014 to June 2019. Then, we apply a synthetic control-type procedure to extrapolate model-implied changes in CDS. The factor model does very well over the rest of 2019 but breaks down during the pandemic, especially during March 2020. We find that the March 2020 divergence is well accounted for by COVID-specific risks and associated policies, mortality outcomes, and policy announcements, rather than traditional determinants. Daily CDS widening ceased almost immediately after the European Central Bank announced the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme, but the divergence between actual and model-implied changes persisted. This points to COVID-19 Dominance—widening spreads during the pandemic has led to unconventional monetary policies that primarily aim to mitigate short-run fears, temporarily pushing away concerns over fiscal risk.