bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Widespread cis‐ and trans‐regulatory evolution underlies the origin, diversification, and loss of a sexually dimorphic fruit fly pigmentation trait
Authors: Hughes Jesse T. , Williams Melissa E. , Rebeiz Mark , Williams Thomas M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChanges in gene expression are a prominent feature of morphological evolution. These changes occur to hierarchical gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of transcription factor genes that regulate the expression of trait‐building differentiation genes. While changes in the expression of differentiation genes are essential to phenotypic evolution, they can be caused by mutations within cis‐regulatory elements (CREs) that drive their expression (cis‐evolution) or within genes for CRE‐interacting transcription factors (trans‐evolution). Locating these mutations remains a challenge, especially when experiments are limited to one species that possesses the ancestral or derived phenotype. We investigated CREs that control the expression of the differentiation genes tan and yellow, the expression of which evolved during the gain, modification, and loss of dimorphic pigmentation among Sophophora fruit flies. We show these CREs to be necessary components of a pigmentation GRN, as deletion from Drosophila melanogaster (derived dimorphic phenotype) resulted in lost expression and lost male‐specific pigmentation. We evaluated the ability of orthologous CRE sequences to drive reporter gene expression in species with modified (Drosophila auraria), secondarily lost (Drosophila ananassae), and ancestrally absent (Drosophila willistoni) pigmentation. We show that the transgene host frequently determines CRE activity, implicating trans‐evolution as a significant factor for this trait's diversity. We validated the gain of dimorphic Bab transcription factor expression as a trans‐change contributing to the dimorphic trait. Our findings suggest an amenability to change for the landscape of trans‐regulators and begs for an explanation as to why this is so common compared to the evolution of differentiation gene CREs.
Adaptive evolvability through direct selection instead of indirect, second‐order selection
Authors: Wagner Andreas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCan evolvability itself be the product of adaptive evolution? To answer this question is challenging, because any DNA mutation that alters only evolvability is subject to indirect, “second order” selection on the future effects of this mutation. Such indirect selection is weaker than “first‐order” selection on mutations that alter fitness, in the sense that it can operate only under restrictive conditions. Here I discuss a route to adaptive evolvability that overcomes this challenge. Specifically, a recent evolution experiment showed that some mutations can enhance both fitness and evolvability through a combination of direct and indirect selection. Unrelated evidence from gene duplication and the evolution of gene regulation suggests that mutations with such dual effects may not be rare. Through such mutations, evolvability may increase at least in part because it provides an adaptive advantage. These observations suggest a research program on the adaptive evolution of evolvability, which aims to identify such mutations and to disentangle their direct fitness effects from their indirect effects on evolvability. If evolvability is itself adaptive, Darwinian evolution may have created more than life's diversity. It may also have helped create the very conditions that made the success of Darwinian evolution possible.
Feasibility of IntestinalMRElastography in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Reiter Rolf , Loch Florian N. , Kamphues Carsten , Bayerl Christian , Marticorena Garcia Stephan R. , Siegmund Britta , Kühl Anja A. , Hamm Bernd , Braun Jürgen , Sack Ingolf , Asbach Patrick 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundWhile MR enterography allows detection of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the findings continue to be of limited use in guiding treatment—medication vs. surgery.PurposeTo test the feasibility of MR elastography of the gut in healthy volunteers and IBD patients.Study TypeProspective pilot.PopulationForty subjects (healthy volunteers:n = 20, 37 ± 14 years, 10 women; IBD patients:n = 20 (ulcerative colitisn = 9, Crohn's diseasen = 11), 41 ± 15 years, 11 women).Field Strength/SequenceMultifrequency MR elastography using a single‐shot spin‐echo echo planar imaging sequence at 1.5 T with drive frequencies of 40, 50, 60, and 70 Hz.AssessmentMaps of shear‐wave speed (SWS, in m/s) and loss angle (φ, in rad), representing stiffness and solid–fluid behavior, respectively, were generated using tomoelastography data processing. Histopathological analysis of surgical specimens was used as reference standard in patients.Statistical TestsUnpaired t‐test, one‐way analysis of variance followed by Tukey post hoc analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) with 95%‐confidence interval (CI). Significance level of 5%.ResultsMR elastography was feasible in all 40 subjects (100% technical success rate). SWS andφwere significantly increased in IBD by 21% and 20% (IBD: 1.45 ± 0.14 m/s and 0.78 ± 0.12 rad; healthy volunteers: 1.20 ± 0.14 m/s and 0.65 ± 0.06 rad), whereas no significant differences were found between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (P = 0.74 and 0.90, respectively). In a preliminary assessment, a high diagnostic accuracy in detecting IBD was suggested by an AUC of 0.90 (CI: 0.81–0.96) for SWS and 0.84 (CI: 0.71–0.95) forφ.Data ConclusionIn this pilot study, our results demonstrated the feasibility of MR elastography of the gut and showed an excellent diagnostic performance in predicting IBD.Evidence Level1Technical EfficacyStage 1
Changes in anticoagulant prescription patterns over time for patients with atrial fibrillation around the world
Authors: Kozieł Monika , Teutsch Christine , Bayer Valentina , Lu Shihai , Gurusamy Venkatesh K. , Halperin Jonathan L. , Rothman Kenneth J. , Diener Hans‐Christoph , Ma Chang‐Sheng , Huisman Menno V. , Lip Gregory Y. H. ,   the GLORIA‐AF Investigators
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrescribing patterns for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients evolved with approval of non‐Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) over time.ObjectivesTo assess changes in anticoagulant prescription patterns in various geographical regions upon first approval of a NOAC and to analyze the evolution of oral anticoagulants (OACs) use over time in relation to CHA2DS2‐VASc and HAS‐BLED risk profiles.MethodsGlobal Registry on Long‐Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (GLORIA‐AF) Phases II and III reported data on antithrombotic therapy for patients with newly diagnosed AF and ≥1 stroke risk factor. We focused on sites enrolling patients in both phases and reported treatment patterns for the first 4 years after initial NOAC approval.ResultsFrom GLORIA‐AF Phases II and III, 27 432 patients were eligible for this analysis. When contrasting the first year with the fourth year of enrolment, the proportion of NOAC prescriptions increased in Asia from 29.2% to 60.8%, in Europe from 53.4% to 75.8%, in North America from 49.0% to 73.9% and in Latin America from 55.7% to 71.1%. The proportion of Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) use decreased across all regions over time, in Asia from 26.0% to 9.8%, in Europe from 35.5% to 16.8%, in North America from 28.9% to 12.1%, and in Latin America from 32.4% to 17.8%. In the multivariable analysis, factors associated with NOAC prescription were as follows: enrolment year, type of site, region, stroke and bleeding risk scores, and type and categorization of AF.ConclusionsDuring 4 years after the approval of the first NOAC, NOAC use increased, while VKA use decreased, across all regions.
Performance assessment using sensor technology
Authors: Mohamadipanah Hossein , Wise Brett , Witt Anna , Goll Cassidi , Yang Su , Perumalla Calvin , Huemer Kayla , Kearse LaDonna , Pugh Carla 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOver the past 30 years, there have been numerous, noteworthy successes in the development, validation, and implementation of clinical skills assessments. Despite this progress, the medical profession has barely scratched the surface towards developing assessments that capture the true complexity of hands‐on skills in procedural medicine. This paper highlights the development implementation and new discoveries in performance metrics when using sensor technology to assess cognitive and technical aspects of hands‐on skills.
Dedifferentiation within well‐differentiated liposarcoma of the extremity or trunk: Implications for clinical management
Authors: Tseng William W. , Barretta Francesco , Baia Marco , Barisella Marta , Radaelli Stefano , Callegaro Dario , Yoon Dong Hum , Fiore Marco , Gronchi Alessandro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn extremity or trunk liposarcoma, the implications of a dedifferentiated (DD) component within a well‐differentiated (WD) tumor are unclear. We evaluated outcomes after surgery and identified potential predictors of survival in these patients compared to those with an entirely WD tumor.MethodsRetrospective data were collected for patients who underwent complete resection from 2009 to 2019. Cumulative incidences of local recurrence (LR) and distant metastasis (DM) were calculated, and overall survival (OS) was estimated. Associations between OS and clinicopathologic variables were evaluated by univariable models.ResultsA total of 210 patients with MDM2‐verified tumors were studied, including 58 (27.6%) with DD. In primary disease, LR occurred only in DD and worse OS was observed versus WD (p < 0.001). In recurrent disease, the LR incidences were similar between WD and DD (p = 0.559); however, worse OS persisted in DD (p = 0.004). The incidence of DM was extremely low (3.8%) and limited to DD. Higher grade (p < 0.001) and DD size (p = 0.043), but not overall tumor size were associated with worse OS.ConclusionsIn extremity or trunk liposarcoma, the presence of DD leads to significantly worse outcomes in both primary and recurrence diseases. Further study is needed to determine if these patients benefit from adjunct therapies (e.g., radiation).
Mass spectrometry imaging for direct visualization of components in plants tissues
Authors: Hu Wenya , Han Yehua , Sheng Yiqi , Wang Yinghao , Pan Qiong , Nie Honggang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMass spectrometry is considered the most informative technique for components identification and has been widely adopted in plant sciences. However, the spatial distribution of compounds in the plant, which is vital for the exploration of plant physiological mechanisms, is missed in MS analysis. In recent years, mass spectrometry imaging has brought a great breakthrough in plant analysis because it can determine both the molecular compositions and spatial distributions, which is conducive to understand functions and regulation pathways of specific components in plants. Mass spectrometry imaging analysis of plant tissue is toward high sensitivity, high spatial resolution, and even single‐cell analysis. Despite many challenges and technical barriers, such as difficulties of sample pretreatment caused by morphological diversity of plant tissues, obstacles for high spatial resolution imaging, and so on, lots of researches have contributed to remarkable progress, including improvement in tissue preparation, matrix innovation, and ionization mode development. This review focuses on the advances of mass spectrometry imaging analysis of plants in the last 5 years, including commonly used ionization techniques, technical advances, and recent applications of mass spectrometry imaging in plants.
Online preconcentration of lysozyme in hen egg white using responsive polymer coating in CE
Authors: Wang Yuchen , Li Mengqin , Hu Fei , Wang Yanmei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA mixed polymer brushes material based on poly (2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline)‐ and poly (acrylic acid)‐coated capillary with switchable protein adsorption/desorption properties was applied for online preconcentration of lysozyme in hen egg white during capillary electrophoresis performance. First, lysozyme in simulated egg white was successfully online preconcentrated and the detection signal of lysozyme was amplified. Ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and conalbumin in egg white were verified show negligible interference on the online preconcentration of lysozyme according to the study on electroosmotic flow mobility. Second, a series validation procedure was carried out to evaluate the proposed method performance. There was a good linearity behavior range from 0.1 to 5.0 ng/mL, limit of detection was 20 pg/mL, and limit of quantity was 50 pg/mL, the accuracy and robustness of this method were also excellent. Last, the proposed method has been successfully used to detect and analyze lysozyme in hen egg white, the determined amounts of lysozyme in hen egg white were consistent with reported normal levels and recoveries were in the range of 96.0‐99.2%. After 75 consecutive runs, this prepared capillary was still stable for online preconcentration and determination of lysozyme in hen egg white without being affected by complex matrix.
Chronic Rhinosinusitis Disease Disparity in the South Florida Hispanic Population
Authors: Levine Corinna G. , Casiano Roy R. , Lee David J. , Mantero Alejandro , Liu Xue Zhong , Palacio Ana M. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives/HypothesisThe role of social determinants of health in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is poorly characterized. Limited research examining CRS health disparities indicates that minority status is associated with worse CRS. However, many of these studies are retrospective or performed in populations without substantial ethnic minorities. Rhinologists need to characterize existing CRS disease disparities to develop targeted strategies for improving care in these populations. This prospective study assesses preoperative CRS disease burden in South Florida (SFL) Hispanic and non‐Hispanic patients and examines potential factors contributing CRS disease disparities.Study DesignProspective cohort study.MethodsThe prospective cohort study included consecutive patients having primary endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for CRS between September 2019 and February 2020 with complete preoperative data. Data were collected in clinic and surgery. Descriptive statistics compare Hispanic and non‐Hispanic cohorts. Linear regression adjusts for confounders. Relative risk (RR) compared CRS severity markers.ResultsThirty‐eight Hispanic and 56 non‐Hispanic patients met inclusion criteria. Age, sex, CT scores, insurance payer, and comorbidities were similar between cohorts. Hispanics presented with worse 22‐item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) (55; SD = 18) compared to non‐Hispanics (37; SD = 22) (P < .001). Hispanics tended to have a higher risk of severe CRS markers, including nasal polyps RR = 2.5 (95% CI: 1.0–5.9), neo‐osteogenesis RR = 1.6 (95% CI: 0.5–4.7), extended procedures (i.e., draft III) RR = 2.97 (95% CI: 1.0–9.1), and tissue eosinophilia RR = 1.46 (95% CI: 0.6–3.5). Hispanics reported longer sinonasal symptom duration.ConclusionsSFL hispanic patients presenting for primary ESS have worse sinonasal disease burden. SFL Hispanics have markers of greater CRS severity and report longer delays before receiving CRS care. These factors may contribute to increased sinonasal disease burden in Hispanic patients.Level of Evidence3Laryngoscope, 131:2659–2665, 2021
Postoperative Radiation Therapy Refusal in Human Papillomavirus‐Associated Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Prasad Aman , Carey Ryan M. , Brody Robert M. , Bur Andrés M. , Cannady Steven B. , Ojerholm Eric , Newman Jason G. , Ibrahim Said , Brant Jason A. , Rajasekaran Karthik 
Published: July 2021

Objectives/HypothesisHuman papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is a distinct clinical entity with good prognosis, unique demographics, and a trend toward treatment deintensification. Patients with this disease may opt out of recommended postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) for a variety of reasons. The aim of this paper was to examine factors that predict patient refusal of recommended PORT in HPV‐associated OPSCC, and the association of refusal with overall survival.Study DesignRetrospective population‐based cohort study of patients in the National Cancer Database.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients in the National Cancer Database diagnosed with OPSCC between January 2010 and December 2015. We primarily assessed overall survival and the odds of refusing PORT based on demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors. Analysis was conducted using multivariable logistic regression and multivariable Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsA total of 4229 patients were included in the final analysis, with 156 (3.7%) patients opting out of recommended PORT. On multivariable analysis, patient refusal of PORT was independently associated with a variety of socioeconomic factors such as race, insurance status, comorbidity, treatment at a single facility, and margin status. Lastly, PORT refusal was associated with significantly lower overall survival compared to receipt of recommended PORT (hazard ratio 1.69, confidence interval 1.02–2.82).ConclusionsPatient refusal of recommended PORT in HPV‐associated OPSCC is rare and associated with variety of disease and socioeconomic factors. PORT refusal may decrease overall survival in this population. Our findings may help clinicians when counseling patients and identifying those who may be more likely to opt out of recommended adjuvant therapy.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 132:339–348, 2022
Turnover in a small Canadian shield lake
Authors: Ghane Alireza , Boegman Leon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn dimictic lakes, the stable density stratification during summer and winter inhibits vertical mixing of nutrients and oxygen. This favors the development of hypolimnetic hypoxia, which degrades cool‐water fish habitat and enhances nutrient mineralization from the sediments. Fall and spring turnover events, therefore, provide a crucial biannual link between surface and bottom waters. However, the physical processes occurring to mix lakes during turnover events remain comparatively uninvestigated. In this study, long‐term field observations were supplemented with output from a three‐dimensional numerical model, to better understand turnover events within a small temperate lake during 2011–2017. Mid‐basin penetrative convection, sidearm convection, and wind‐induced mixing were identified, with mid‐basin convection likely contributing the most to turnover events; a typical side‐arm convective plume had 2% (spring) to 4% (fall) of the mass flux compared to those at mid‐basin. During fall turnover, wind shear only mixed the upper 35% of the surface mixed layer, with convection acting to deepen below. During spring turnover, ice‐cover sheltered the lake from wind, causing convection to be the only process occurring and lengthening the turnover duration (~ 51 d) compared to fall (~ 13 d).
Compact, High‐resolution Inverse‐Designed On‐Chip Spectrometer Based on Tailored Disorder Modes
Authors: Hadibrata Wisnu , Noh Heeso , Wei Heming , Krishnaswamy Sridhar , Aydin Koray 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntegrated optical sensors have garnered much interest for lab‐on‐chip applications such as chemical and biological sensing and detection. Among various ways for detection schemes, spectral analysis performed by a spectrometer has shown great promise. Typically, such spectrometry is carried out in a relatively large device, owing to the fact that spectral resolution is often dictated by large optical path length. Here, a high‐resolution compact spectrometer utilizing random scattering events in a disordered medium is demonstrated. The spectrometer is inverse designed by objective‐first method and fabricated using two‐photon polymerization technique. The compact spectrometer consists of a disordered photonic structure and an inversed‐designed mode decomposer. A spectral resolution of 0.25 nm with a bandwidth of 30 nm in the near‐infrared regime is realized from a spectrometer occupying a relatively small footprint of 30 × 12.8 µm2. The proposed platform has a great potential to be used as a versatile lightweight and compact spectrometer for various applications including on‐chip spectrometer and sensing.
Design of super compact ultrathin perfect wide‐angle polarization independent metamaterial absorber for C, X, and Ku band applications
Authors: Puri Vishal , Singh Hari Shankar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on the design of super compact, polarization insensitive with wide angular stability, ultrathin triple‐band metamaterial absorber. The unit cell comprising patches achieves almost perfect absorption (close to 100%) at C, X, and Ku band thereby justifying the term perfect metamaterial absorber. The structure provides 99.96%, 99.98%, and 99.62% absorptivity at the 4.75 GHz (C‐band), 9.47 GHz (X‐band), and 14.40 GHz (Ku‐band), respectively. The dimension of the structure is super compact of the order of 7.2 × 7.2 × 0.8 mm3 along with the ultrathin profile. The unit cell thickness is 0.012 λlowest (where λlowest is at a lowest cut‐off frequency). The proposed absorber comprises an outermost ring, split ring, innermost ring and square line with triangle patches at the boundary. The combinational effect of rings and internal patch provides perfect absorption at designated frequencies. Further, equivalent circuit is explained for the proposed design. The absorptivity remains insensitive towards transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized wave and exhibits matched absorption. Moreover, the stability of the proposed design is validated with the different incident (for TE and TM modes) and polarization angles. The results are found close to perfect absorption. Finally, the simulated results are validated with measured results and found in close agreement.
Prescription stimulant brand name recognition among a national sample of 10‐ to 18‐year‐old youth
Authors: Cottler Linda B. , Lasopa Sonam O. , Striley Catherine W. , Cicero Theodore J. , Fitzgerald Nicole D. , Ben Abdallah Arbi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe majority of prescription drugs, including prescription stimulants, are marketed using multiple brand names, doses, and formulations. There is limited research on the extent to which individuals correctly identify medication by brand name or packaging, but such identification is important for epidemiological studies especially among youth. Testing the ability of youth to identify medications was one aim of the National Monitoring of Prescription Stimulants Study, which focused on the prevalence of prescription stimulant use among youth.MethodsUsing the entertainment venue intercept method, youth 10 to 18 years of age (n = 11,048) were recruited across 10 metropolitan areas throughout the United States, shown pictures of eight formulations of prescription stimulants, and asked to identify them by name, dosage, and formulation.ResultsOverall, 27% of youth reported having seen one of the eight stimulant formulations and between 2% and 70% correctly identified name, dose, and formulation. Youths' reports of having seen and correctly identifying medication increased with age except for Daytrana®. Specifically, while 2.8% of youth reported using Adderall® in the past 30 days, only 71.4% correctly identified it.ConclusionsThese results provide strong evidence of the need for more stringent methods for youth to report drug use.