bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer non-stem cells as a potent regulator of tumor microenvironment: a lesson from chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mukaida Naofumi , Tanabe Yamato , Baba Tomohisa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA limited subset of human leukemia cells has a self-renewal capacity and can propagate leukemia upon their transplantation into animals, and therefore, are named as leukemia stem cells, in the early 1990’s. Subsequently, cell subpopulations with similar characteristics were detected in various kinds of solid cancers and were denoted as cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are presently presumed to be crucially involved in malignant progression of solid cancer: chemoresitance, radioresistance, immune evasion, and metastasis. On the contrary, less attention has been paid to cancer non-stem cell population, which comprise most cancer cells in cancer tissues, due to the lack of suitable markers to discriminate cancer non-stem cells from cancer stem cells. Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells generate a larger number of morphologically distinct non-stem cells. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that poor prognosis is associated with the increases in these non-stem cells including basophils and megakaryocytes. We will discuss the potential roles of cancer non-stem cells in fostering tumor microenvironment, by illustrating the roles of chronic myeloid leukemia non-stem cells including basophils and megakaryocytes in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia, a typical malignant disorder arising from leukemic stem cells.
Galactose-Modified PH-Sensitive Niosomes for Controlled Release and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Target Delivery of Tanshinone IIA
Authors: Hu Xixi , Zhang Jun , Deng Lulu , Hu Hao , Hu Junjie , Zheng Guohua 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIncreasing the drug tumor-specific accumulation and controlling their release is considered one of the most effective ways to increase the efficacy of drugs. Here, we developed a vesicle system that can target hepatoma and release drugs rapidly within tumor cells. This non-ionic surfactant vesicle is biodegradable. Galactosylated stearate has been used to glycosylate the vesicles to achieve liver targeting; replacement of a portion (Chol:CHEMS = 1:1) of cholesterol by cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS) allows for a rapid release of drugs in an acidic environment. In vitro release experiments confirmed that galactose-modified pH-sensitive niosomes loaded with tanshinone IIA had excellent drug release performance in acid medium. In vitro experiments using ovarian cancer cells (A2780), colon cancer cells (HCT8), and hepatoma cell (Huh7, HepG2) confirmed that the preparation had specific targeting ability to hepatoma cells compared with free drugs, and this ability was dependent on the galactose content. Furthermore, the preparation also had a more substantial inhibitory effect on tumor cells, and subsequent apoptosis assays and cell cycle analyses further confirmed its enhanced anti-tumor effect. Results of pharmacokinetic experiments confirmed that the vesicle system could significantly extend the blood circulation time of tanshinone IIA, and the larger area under the curve indicated that the preparation had a better drug effect. Thus, the results of biodistribution experiments confirmed the in vivo liver targeting ability of this preparation. Niosomes designed in this manner are expected to be a safe and effective drug delivery system for liver cancer therapy.
Polarization contrasts and their effect on the gaze stabilization of crustaceans
Authors: Drerup Christian , How Martin J. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Many animals go to great lengths to stabilize their eyes relative to the visual scene and do so to enhance the localization of moving objects and to functionally partition the visual system relative to the outside world. An important cue that is used to control these stabilization movements is contrast within the visual surround. Previous studies on insects, spiders and fish have shown that gaze stabilization is achromatic (‘colour blind’), meaning that chromatic contrast alone (in the absence of apparent intensity contrasts) does not contribute to gaze stabilization. Following the assumption that polarization vision is analogous in many ways to colour vision, the present study shows that five different crustacean species do not use the polarization of light alone for gaze stabilization, despite being able to use this modality for detecting predator-like objects. This work therefore suggests that the gaze stabilization in many crustaceans cannot be elicited by the polarization of light alone.
An anti-narcolepsy drug reveals behavioral and fitness costs of extreme activity cycles in arctic-breeding songbirds
Authors: Payette Wesley I. , Hodinka Brett L. , Pullum Keelee B. , Richter Melanie M. , Ashley Noah T. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Sleep loss impairs cognitive function, immunological responses and general well-being in humans. However, sleep requirements in mammals and birds vary dramatically. In circumpolar regions with continuous summer light, daily sleep duration is reduced, particularly in breeding birds. The effect of an anti-narcolepsy drug (modafinil) to putatively extend wakefulness was examined in two species of closely related arctic-breeding passerine birds: Lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) and snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis). Free-living adult males were implanted during the nestling phase on day 4 (D4; 4 days post-hatching) with osmotic pumps containing either vehicle or modafinil to extend the active period for 72 h. Nestlings were weighed on D2 and D7 to measure growth rates. Additionally, focal observations were conducted on D6. Male longspurs receiving modafinil made fewer feeding visits and spent less time at the nest but tended to spend more time near the nest than controls. We observed no change in longspur nestling growth rates, but fledging occurred significantly later when males received modafinil, suggesting a fitness cost. In contrast, modafinil had no measurable impact on male or female snow bunting behavior, nestling growth rates or time to fledging. We suggest male longspurs compromise and maintain vigilance at their nests in lieu of sleeping because of the increased predation risk that is characteristic of their tundra nesting habitat. Snow buntings are cavity nesters, and their nests do not require the same vigilance, allowing males to presumably rest following provisioning. These life-history differences between species highlight the role of predation risk in mediating behavioral modifications to prolonged wakefulness in arctic-breeding songbirds.
Assessment of Neuropharmacological Profile of Ethanolic Extract of Lawsonia Inermis Flowers
Authors: Nishat Fathima Syeda Nishat Fathima , G Hemalatha , T Smitha , M Rama 
Published: March 2021

On preliminary basis neuropharmacological profile of ethanolic extract of flowers of Lawsonia inermis was carried out. For assessing the activity of flowers on central nervous system locomotor activity using actophotometer, muscle relaxant activity using rotarod apparatus, pentobarbital-induced hypnosis and anticonvulsant activity by maximal electroshock test was performed. Ethanolic extract of flowers of Lawsonia inermis decreased the motor activity by 48.63 % and showed 49.03% noteworthy muscle relaxation along with 127.73% potentiation of pentobarbital-induced sleeping time and 66.67% decreased the duration of tonic hind leg extension of seizures activity. The results conclude that the extract of flowers of Lawsonia inermis has significant central nervous system depressant activity. Further investigations are, however, necessary to explore mechanism(s) of action involved in these pharmacological activities.
Long Term UV Continuum and Line Variability in NGC 1275
Authors: Miranda Bryan Rithesh , Doddamani Vijayakumar H , P Vedavathi 
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we present our results for the first time on long term emission-line and continuum variability studies using the International Ultraviolet Explorer’s final archive of UV spectroscopic data obtained in the wavelength region from 1150 Å to 3200 Å for NGC 1275, a dust dominated BL Lac characterized by the Rmax and F-variance parameter. The UV continuum flux variability analysis presented in this paper covers more number of emission-line free continuum windows in the UV region centred at 1710 Å, 1800 Å, 2625 Å, 2875 Å & 3025 Å. We have obtained a higher value of Fvar ~ 45 % at 1710 Å and a lower value of ~ 30 % at 1800 Å for the IUE's observational period of 1978 - 1989. The Lyα, C IV, C III] and Mg II emission lines have been observed as weaker line features on fewer occasions intermittently.
Hidden Experts in the Crowd: Using Meta-Predictions to Leverage Expertise in Single-Question Prediction Problems
Authors: Wilkening Tom , Martinie Marcellin , Howe Piers D. L. 
Published: March 2021

Modern forecasting algorithms use the wisdom of crowds to produce forecasts better than those of the best identifiable expert. However, these algorithms may be inaccurate when crowds are systematically biased or when expertise varies substantially across forecasters. Recent work has shown that meta-predictions—a forecast of the average forecasts of others—can be used to correct for biases even when no external information, such as forecasters’ past performance, is available. We explore whether meta-predictions can also be used to improve forecasts by identifying and leveraging the expertise of forecasters. We develop a confidence-based version of the Surprisingly Popular algorithm proposed by Prelec, Seung, and McCoy. As with the original algorithm, our new algorithm is robust to bias. However, unlike the original algorithm, our version is predicted to always weight forecasters with more informative private signals more than forecasters with less informative ones. In a series of experiments, we find that the modified algorithm does a better job in weighting informed forecasters than the original algorithm and show that individuals who are correct more often on similar decision problems contribute more to the final decision than other forecasters. Empirically, the modified algorithm outperforms the original algorithm for a set of 500 decision problems.This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, decision analysis.
Prehospital osmotherapy in isolated traumatic brain injury: a systematic review
Authors: Williams Gareth Vaughan 
Published: March 2021

Background:Isolated traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for 30% of injury-related deaths globally, with significant cost to individual health, lifestyle and the economy. Despite advances in prehospital trauma care, frontline paramedics have limited options to manage cerebral oedema and herniation. Prehospital osmotherapy could limit cerebral oedema and subsequent secondary brain injury, but uncertainties remain of its benefit to patient outcomes.Aim:This study aimed to explore whether prehospital osmotherapy such as hypertonic saline (HTS) could improve mortality and neurological outcomes in adults with severe isolated TBI compared with other products.Methods:Multiple electronic databases (PubMed, MAG Online Library, EMBase and Cochrane Library) were searched to investigate the impact of prehospital osmotherapy on mortality and neurological outcome.Findings:9005 articles were identified, with six articles fully meeting the research aim. The majority of literature was high quality with an overriding consensus that administration of prehospital HTS or other hyperosmolar products had limited benefit to patient mortality and neurological outcome in isolated TBI.Conclusion:High-quality literature demonstrated that there is no current strong argument to adopt prehospital osmotherapy for isolated TBI. Paramedics should prioritise managing hypoxia and hypotension, which have proven impacts on long-term mortality and neurological outcomes. Future research should focus on the benefits of the expansion of rapid sequence intubation to advanced paramedics and appropriate analgesia (ketamine) for paramedics to enhance isolated TBI management in UK paramedic practice. However, paramedics should not disregard the importance of fundamental basic resuscitation skills in isolated TBI.
Indigeneous Streptomyces spp. isolated from Cyperus rotundus rhizosphere indicate high mercuric reductase activity as a pontential bioremediation agent
Authors: Rahayu Hanum Mukti , Putri Wahyu Aristyaning , Khasanah Anis Uswatun , SEMBIRING LANGKAH , Purwestri Yekti Asih 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Rahayu HM, Putri WA, Khasanah AU, Sembiring L, Purwestri YA. 2021. Indigenous Streptomyces spp. isolated from Cyperus rotundus rhizosphere indicate high mercuric reductase activity as a potential bioremediation agent. Biodiversitas 22: 1519-1526. The purification and characterization of mercuric reductase of four indigenous Streptomyces spp. from Cyperus rotundus L. rhizosphere in mercury-contaminated area have been investigated. Cell-free extract was obtained by disrupting cells using sea sand at 4 °C followed by centrifugation. Mercuric reductase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and chromatography column (DEAE Sepharose anion column chromatography). The determination of optimum pH and temperature of mercuric reductase activity was measured based on the number of NADPH2 oxidized to NADP per mg protein per minute using a spectrophotometer. The molecular weight of mercuric reductase was determined using SDS-PAGE. Result showed that the highest specific activity of mercuric reductase was recorded from Streptomyces spp. BR28. The optimum pH and temperature of cell-free extract enzyme mercuric reductase were 7.5 and 80 °C, respectively. The enzyme was purified to 431.87-fold with specific activity 21918.95 U/mg protein. SDS PAGE showed that the molecular weight of mercuric reductase in Streptomyces spp. BR 28 ranged from 50 kDa to 75 kDa. It can be concluded that Streptomyces isolates contain mercuric reductase and have potential as mercury bioremediation agent to overcome mercury contamination in the environment.
Length-weight relationships and condition factors of four dominant fish caught by coral bubu trap on the west coast of Batam Island, Indonesia
Authors: Ramses Ramses , Ismarti Ismarti , Syamsi Fauziah 
Published: March 2021

One of the important components in aquatic ecosystems is fish diversity, which is a key factor in determining its functionality. The coral reef fish is one of the aquatic biotas susceptible to pollutants. Besides being able to influence the composition of fish diversity, it also has an impact on its biological factors, such as its length-weight and conditions. This study aims to examine the relationship of length-weight and condition factors of four dominant fishes caught, which are ecologically and economically important, namely Lates calcarifer, Parachaetodon ocellatus, Stephanolepis cirrhifer, and Chelmon rostractus.These fish species were dominantly caught using bubu trap. The results of the length-weight relationship were b3 of all species, with an exponent value of 2.247 for the L. calcarifer; 1.932 for P. ocellatus; 2.74 for S. cirrhifer and 2.84 for C. rostractus. Fulton’s (K) condition factor for L. carifer ranged from 15.55-21.06 (average: 17.95), for P.ocellatus ranging from 27.30-35.59 (average: 30.38), for S. cirrhifer ranged from 17.58-27.23 (average: 21.29), and for C. rostractus ranging from 21.86-30.95 (average: 24.24). While the relative weight (Wr) condition factor average value of L. calcarifer is 102.53, P. ocellatus is 100.88, S. cirrhifer is 101.72, and C. rostractus is 101.11. It is concluded that the fish had an allometrict growth pattern, and condition factor values indicate good aquatic environmental conditions and a balance between prey and predatorKeywords: Length-Weight; Growth Pattern; Condition Factors
Condition factor, heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the muscle of fishes harvested in, and imported into Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Oluwakemi Oyelowo , Funmileyi Awobajo , Titilola Samuel , Teniola Sogbesan , Adewale Fayiga , Adekunle Mofolorunso 
Published: March 2021

Fish is an important part of the human diet, are at the top of the aquatic food chain with a high propensity to accumulating contaminants like heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are toxic to humans. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between condition factor (physiologic wellbeing) of the fishes, PCBs, and heavy metal accumulation.Ten adult fish species three each of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Trachinotus teraia, Liza dumerilli, Tilapia guieensis, Pseudotolithus elongatus, Pomadasys jubelini, Polydactylus quadrifilis, Caranx hippos, Sphyreana barracuda, Arius heudoloti,were acquired at Epe Lagoon. Ten adult fish species three each of Argentina silus, Gadus chalcogrammus, Gadus morhua, Atlantic mackerel, Micropogonias undulatus, Urophycis sp., Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Oreochromis niloticus, Clupea harengus, Trachurus trachurus, imported into Lagos were purchased. The fish species’ condition factor was determined. The heavy metals were determined using AAS while PCB level was determined using GC-MS. Iron, mercury, zinc, arsenic, nickel and copper levels correlated positively with the condition factor in the local fishes while in the imported fishes, cadmium, iron, zinc, nickel, copper and lead levels correlated positively to the condition factor. The levels of PCBs in both the local and imported fishes were non-detectable. It is concluded that the lead, copper, arsenic, zinc, mercury and cadmium in both the imported and local fishes were within permissible limits compared with the FAO/WHO maximum permissible limits. The positive correlation of some heavy metals to the fishes’ condition factor infers that these metals might be altering physiologic activities in the fishes. Keywords: Condition factor; Heavy metals; Polychlorinated biphenyl; Fish
The growth performance and genotoxicity effect of dietary Aloe vera on Oreochromis niloticus juveniles
Authors: Ayoola Simeon Oluwatoyin , Ishola Hubaidat Oyinkansola 
Published: March 2021

Growth and all activities of fish depend significantly on the food they consume. However, with the rising price of conventional feedstuffs, there is a need to investigate less expensive and readily available plant source as an additive. This research is designed to study the effect of dietary Aloe vera on the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles (41.71±0.78g) and its effect on genotoxicity (MN: Micronucleus; LB: Lobed; BD: Bud; BL: Blebbed; BN: Binucleated; NT: Notched). This research investigated the growth performance and genotoxicity activity of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles in a tank culture system. Aloe vera (fine powder) was used as a test ingredient in the feed formulation at five inclusion levels (T1 = 5g, T2 =10g, T3 =15g, T4 =20g, T5 =25g) and the Control diet (C0) without the test ingredient. Test diets were fed to Oreochromis niloticus juveniles, and each diet was assigned to the treatments and control overall in triplicates. Feeding with test diets was for twelve (12) weeks at 5% of their total body weight daily, which was divided into two and administered at 8 hrs and 16 hrs. The result showed that the highest growth rate (10.99 ± 5.49g) and the lowest FCR (0.68 ± 0.08) were recorded in the fish fed with the Control diet (C0). Better growth and nutrient utilization were achieved at low inclusion levels of Aloe vera, at 5g(T1) (8.98 ± 4.49) and 10g (T2) (6.73 ± 3.28) compared to the higher levels of incorporations of the test ingredient. The mean pH and temperature (°C) and dissolved Oxygen level mg/L are 6.50±0.30, 26.3±0.60 and 4.48±0.52mg/L respectively. The values of micronuclei for the cultured Oreochromis niloticus juveniles were recorded to be (T1 = 5.50 ± 0.50, T2 = 2.00 ± 1.00, T3 = 2.00 ± 0.00, T4 = 2.50 ± 1.50, T5 = 4.00 ± 1.00, and C0 = 7.00 ± 2.00). Nuclear abnormalities were recorded in T2 (BD = 1.00 ± 0.00), T3 (NT = 1.00 ± 0.00), T4 (BD = 1.33 ± 0.47, BN = 3.33 ± 0.47), and T5 (BN = 5.33 ± 0.47, LB = 3.00 ± 1.00, BL = 1.67 ± 0.47) . However, no abnormality was recorded in the fish fed with the Control diet (C0). This result showed that the slight addition of this Aloe vera to the diet of Oreochromis niloticus would enhance productivity.
Are Awaous ocellaris and Belobranchus belobranchus the two species of Nike fish schools ?
Authors: Pasisingi Nuralim , Habibie Sitty Ainsyah , Olii Abdul Hafidz 
Published: March 2021

Investigating goby fish is vital to perform an integrated and comprehensive study in order to maintain the roles of the fish, thus providing balanced ecosystem functions and services, as well as contributing to fish biodiversity. Local societies simply recognize fish species by their local names, which are not common. This condition, in turn, causes hitches in conducting further studies. Nike, the name of a local fish, refers to the schools of goby fish larvae whose adult phase has not been fully confirmed. This study aimed to reveal the species that categorizes as nike fish through tracing adult goby inhabiting freshwater. Two fish samples, i.e., Unknown 01 and Unknown 02, were taken from two sites in Bone River, Gorontalo, Indonesia. These samples were captured purposively using a hand net by considering the morphological similarity between the two target samples and the general characteristic of goby. Furthermore, the samples were analyzed genetically through the PCR sequencing method using the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 (CO1) gene. Based on the NCBI database, Unknown 01 had the highest similarity to Belobranchus belobranchus (99.54%), while Unknown 02 was identical with Awaous ocellaris (100%). Unknown 01 and Unknown 02, compared to the BOLD database, the similarity level, had the highest percentage of similarity with B. belobranchus (99.85%) and A. ocellaris (100%), respectively. Therefore, A. ocellaris and B. belobranchus were strongly alleged as two species making up the goby schools in the adult stadia that reach freshwater during their migration.
Perceptions and practices on antimicrobial use by the farmers of the Chikomba District, Zimbabwe
Authors: Munengwa Anderson , Nation Chikumba , Alban Mugoti 
Published: March 2021

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on antimicrobial use (AMU) of livestock farmers are poorly understood in Zimbabwe despite their essence in combating the development of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of the study was to assess these patterns based on suggested KAP variables. A questionnaire-based survey of (n=60) Small Scale Commercial Farmers (SSCF), (n=60) Large Scale Commercial farmers (LSCF), and (n=60) resettled farmers (A1) was undertaken from January to March 2019. Participants were purposively selected from 10 wards based on willingness to participate in the study. Logistic regression, analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation were performed in SAS (2003) version 6. Overall AMU practice scores were above 50% despite detecting violation of manufacturer's specifications. AMU was correlated with farmer's knowledge, r (178) = 0.42, p =0.000 and attitude, r (178) = 0.54, p =0.000. Farming scale, type of livestock kept and level of education influenced AMU (P 0.05). Farming scale influenced above 50% of the farmers to change label dosages, withdrawal periods, treatment frequencies, and consult friends on AMU. A similar pattern was noted on the effect of main livestock species kept on changing treatment frequencies and the use of human antibiotics. AMU without prescriptions increased with a decreasing level of education (P = 0.010). Knowledge on AMU was high for LSCF (average 58%), low for A1 (average 33%), and SSCF (average 46%). Attitudes were positive for LSCF (average 67%) and SSCF (average 57%) and negative for A1 (average 49%). We concluded that there is a serious violation of antimicrobial manufacturer's specifications by farmers in the Chikomba district which is associated with poor knowledge and attitudes on prudent ways of AMU