bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cougar use of residential areas and interactions with people in periods of population stability and growth
Authors: Kertson Brian N , Keren Ilai N 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The presence of large carnivores close to people poses unique challenges for wildlife managers working to maintain fully functioning ecosystems while simultaneously minimizing potential risks to public safety and private property. In western North America, cougar (Puma concolor) use of residential areas is relatively commonplace and has contributed to undesirable interactions with people. A common assumption is that cougar population growth translates into greater proximity to people and more interactions, but to our knowledge, direct evaluation of this assumption has not occurred. We used GPS telemetry locations and confirmed cougar–human interaction reports to construct single-sex Leslie matrices, utilization distributions, and a two-stage hurdle model within a Bayesian framework to investigate the effects of population trajectory on cougar use of residential areas and interactions with people in the wildland–urban interface of western Washington. We collected data during two time periods with different expected population growth rates, anticipating greater cougar use of residential areas and interaction levels during the period of increased growth. Contrary to our initial expectations, we did not detect meaningful differences in cougar presence in residential areas or number of interactions with humans between study periods. Instead, we documented consistent space use patterns by all demographic classes that seemed to be governed by different life-history strategies. Interactions with humans were largely a function of individual cougar behaviors during both study periods. The consistent presence of abundant, well-connected wildlands coupled with cougar dispersal likely mitigated the potential effects of population trajectory as the increased expected growth rate in Period 2 manifested primarily as subadult emigration via wildlands. We found that a source population does not necessarily translate into greater proximity to people and more interactions. Cougar management in wildland–urban environments would benefit from the application of strategies that address the complex interplay of biological and anthropogenic factors that contribute to cougar presence in residential areas and their likelihood of interacting with people.
Tuberculosis Diagnosis in HIV-Infected Children: Comparison of the 2012 and 2015 Clinical Case Definitions for Classification of Intrathoracic Tuberculosis Disease
Authors: Marcy Olivier , Goyet Sophie , Borand Laurence , Msellati Philippe , Ung Vibol , Tejiokem Mathurin , Do Chau Giang , Ateba-Ndongo Francis , Ouedraogo Abdoul Salam , Dim Bunnet , Perez Paul , Asselineau Julien , Carcelain Guislaine , Blanche Stéphane , Delacourt Christophe , Godreuil Sylvain 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
There is no gold standard for tuberculosis diagnosis in children. Clinical Case Definitions for Classification of Intrathoracic Tuberculosis in Children were proposed by international experts in 2012 and updated in 2015. We aimed to compare the 2012 and 2015 Clinical Case Definitions in HIV-infected children with suspected tuberculosis.

Methods
We enrolled HIV-infected children with suspected tuberculosis in Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, and Vietnam (ANRS [Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les hépatites virales] 12229 PAANTHER [Pediatric Asian African Network for Tuberculosis and HIV Research] 01 Study). We classified children using the 2012 and 2015 Case Definitions considering as tuberculosis cases those with confirmed tuberculosis and those with probable and unconfirmed tuberculosis in the 2012 and the 2015 classifications, respectively. We assessed agreement between both classifications.

Results
Of 438 children enrolled, 197 (45.0%) children were classified as tuberculosis (45 confirmed, 152 probable) using the 2012 Case Definition and 251 (57.3%) were classified as tuberculosis (55 confirmed, 196 unconfirmed) using the 2015 classification. Inter-classification agreement for tuberculosis diagnosis was 364/438, 83.1%, with a kappa statistic of 0.667 (95% confidence interval 0.598-0.736). Of 152 children with probable tuberculosis (2012), 142 (93.4%) were considered as tuberculosis by the 2015 version and 10 (6.6%) as unlikely tuberculosis including 9 with spontaneous clinical improvement. Of 132 possible tuberculosis (2012), 58 (43.9%) were reclassified as tuberculosis (2015).

Conclusions
Agreement between the 2 versions of the Case Definition was substantial but more children were considered as tuberculosis using the 2015 version. Spontaneous symptom resolution reinforces both confidence in the “unlikely” category as being children without tuberculosis and the importance of the clinician’s treatment decision in the study.
Traumatic xylophagia leading to foreign body removal and tracheostomy in the setting of postpartum psychosis
Authors: Anderson Brady J , Allen David Z , McKee Sean P , Low Garren , Yuksel Sancak 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Postpartum psychosis (PPP) is a severe mood disorder following childbirth that rarely leads to injurious or suicidal behavior. This report illustrates otolaryngologic intervention for pharyngeal laceration and airway instability following traumatic foreign body ingestion in the setting of PPP.
A 25-year-old woman with PPP presented with hemoptysis after attempting suicide by traumatically forcing tree branches into her oropharynx. Imaging revealed pneumomediastinum, and flexible laryngoscopy and esophagoscopy showed a large foreign body (tree branch) extending from the hypopharynx to the gastroesophageal junction. She was taken to the operating room for direct microlaryngoscopy, bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy with removal of the 25-cm tree branch. Panendoscopy revealed a mucosal laceration at the cricopharyngeus with supraglottic and hypopharyngeal edema but no injury to the larynx. Due to airway concerns, a cuffed tracheostomy was placed along with a gastrostomy tube for feeding access. She tolerated her postoperative course with successful decannulation and oral feeding prior to discharge.
APOPHIS – effects of the 2029 Earth’s encounter on the surface and nearby dynamics
Authors: Valvano G , Winter O C , Sfair R , Machado Oliveira R , Borderes-Motta G , Moura T S 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The 99942 Apophis close encounter with Earth in 2029 may provide information about asteroid’s physical characteristics and measurements of Earth’s effects on the asteroid surface. In this work, we analysed the surface and the nearby dynamics of Apophis. The possible effects of its 2029 encounter on the surface and environment vicinity are also analysed. We consider a 340 m polyhedron with a uniform density (1.29, 2.2, and 3.5 g cm−3). The slope angles are computed, as well their variation that arises during the close approach. Such variation reaches 4° when low densities are used in our simulations and reaches 2° when the density is high. The zero-velocity curves, the equilibrium points, and their topological classification are obtained. We found four external equilibrium points and two of them are linearly stable. We also perform numerical simulations of bodies orbiting the asteroid, taking into account the irregular gravitational field of Apophis and two extra scenarios of perturbations: the solar radiation pressure and the Earth’s perturbation during the close approach. The radiation pressure plays an important role in the vicinity of the asteroid, only cm-sized particles survived for the time of integration. For densities of 2.2 and 3.5 g cm−3, a region of 5 cm radius particles survived for 30 yr of the simulation, and for 1.29 g cm−3, only particles with 15 cm of radius survived. The ejections and collisions are about 30–50 times larger when the close encounter effect is added but around 56–59 per cent of particles still survive the encounter.
Partial Regularity for Local Minimizers of Variational Integrals With Lower-Order Terms
Authors: Campos Cordero Judith 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We consider functionals of the form $$\begin{equation*} \mathcal{F}(u):=\int_\Omega\!F(x,u,\nabla u)\,\mathrm{d} x, \end{equation*}$$ where $\Omega\subseteq\mathbb{R}^n$ is open and bounded. The integrand $F\colon\Omega\times\mathbb{R}^N\times\mathbb{R}^{N\times n}\to\mathbb{R}$ is assumed to satisfy the classical assumptions of a power p-growth and the corresponding strong quasiconvexity. In addition, F is Hölder continuous with exponent $2\beta\in(0,1)$ in its first two variables uniformly with respect to the third variable and bounded below by a quasiconvex function depending only on $z\in\mathbb{R}^{N\times n}$. We establish that strong local minimizers of $\mathcal{F}$ are of class $\operatorname{C}^{1,\beta}$ in an open subset $\Omega_0\subseteq\Omega$ with $\mathcal{L}^n(\Omega\setminus\Omega_0)=0$. This partial regularity also holds for a certain class of weak local minimizers at which the second variation is strongly positive and satisfying a bounded mean oscillation (BMO) smallness condition. This extends the partial regularity result for local minimizers by Kristensen and Taheri (2003) to the case where the integrand depends also on u. Furthermore, we provide a direct strategy for this result, in contrast to the blow-up argument used for the case of homogeneous integrands.
International Organisations and “Local” Networks: Localisation and Refugee Participation in the Ethiopian-South Sudanese Borderlands
Authors: Gidron Yotam , Carver Freddie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recent debates on “refugee participation” and the “localisation” of refugee programmes have focused on the potential role of refugee-led organisations. In this article, we explore the engagement of humanitarian actors with South Sudanese refugees in Gambella (western Ethiopia) in order to problematise this focus. There are no formally registered refugee-led organisations in Gambella. Community organisations operating in the region tend to be informal, highly decentralised, networked, transnational, fluid, and under-bureaucratised. They are organisations that strictly hierarchical, centralised, and intensively administered humanitarian agencies find extremely difficult to fathom or work with. We argue that a serious commitment to localisation and participation would require aid actors to explore how they could make their own modes of organisation and operation more relevant to the networked, transnational structures already present in the daily lives of people – even when these challenge the frameworks based on which aid is commonly delivered – rather than encourage the formation of new refugee-led organisations mimicking the priorities and structures of the humanitarian community.
Association between maximum temperature and PM2.5 with pregnancy outcomes in Lima, Peru
Authors: Tapia Vilma L. , Vasquez-Apestegui Bertha Vanessa , Alcantara-Zapata Diana , Vu Bryan , Steenland Kyle , Gonzales Gustavo F. 
Published: November 2021

Background:
We have previously documented an inverse relationship between PM2.5 in Lima, Peru, and reproductive outcomes. Here, we investigate the effect of temperature on birth weight, birth weight-Z-score adjusted for gestational age, low birth weight, and preterm birth. We also explore interactions between PM2.5 and temperature.

Methods:
We studied 123,034 singleton births in three public hospitals of Lima with temperature and PM2.5 during gestation between 2012 and 2016. We used linear, logistic, and Cox regression to estimate associations between temperature during gestation and birth outcomes and explored possible modification of the temperature effect by PM2.5.

Results:
Exposure to maximum temperature in the last trimester was inversely associated with both birth weight [β: −23.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −28.0, −19.5] and z-score weight-for-gestational-age (β: −0.024; 95% CI: −0.029, −0.020) with an interquartile range of 5.32 °C. There was also an increased risk of preterm birth with higher temperature (interquartile range) in the first trimester (hazard ratio: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.001, 1.070). The effect of temperature on birthweight was primarily seen at higher PM2.5 levels. There were no statistically significant associations between temperature exposure with low birth weight.

Conclusions:
Exposition to maximum temperature was associated with lower birth weight and z-score weight-for-gestational-age and higher risk of preterm birth, in accordance with much of the literature. The effects on birth weight were seen only in the third trimester.
National Needs Assessment for a Pediatric Trauma Toolkit: General Requirements for Moderate- and High-Volume Hospitals
Authors: Cassidy Laura D. , Benett Sarah , Marion Erica , Nichols Lisa , Burke Rita , Gray Lisa , Morrell Patricia , Schwing Lisa , Waunch Amy , Haley Kathy 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Optimal outcomes have been reported for children treated at pediatric trauma centers; however, most children are treated at nonpediatric trauma centers or nonpediatric general hospitals. Hospitals that are not verified or designated pediatric trauma centers may lack the training and level of comfort and skill when treating severely injured children.

Objective:
This study focused on identifying common pediatric guidelines for standardization across all trauma centers to inform a pediatric trauma toolkit.

Methods:
A needs assessment survey was developed highlighting the guidelines from an expert committee review. The purpose of the survey was to prioritize needed items for the development of a pediatric trauma toolkit. Professional trauma organizations distributed the survey to their respective memberships to ensure good representation of people who care for traumatically injured children and work in trauma centers. Deidentified survey results were analyzed with frequencies and descriptive statistics provided. Data were compared by hospital trauma verification level using a chi-square test. The value of p < .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
A total of 303 people responded to the survey. The majority of respondents reported a high value in the creation of a pediatric trauma toolkit for the guidelines that were included. There was variability in the reported access to the guidelines, indicating a significant need for the toolkit development and dissemination.

Conclusion:
As expected, Level III centers reported the largest gaps in access to standardized pediatric guidelines and demonstrated high levels of interest and need.
An Interprofessional Approach to Family-Centered Child Protective Services Referral: A Case Report
Authors: Roney Linda Nancy , Knapik Katherine R. , Eaves Tanika , Neitlich Joshua A. , Lapointe Kayla 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Members of the trauma team often find themselves in a uniquely challenging position wherein their role on the care team may necessitate developing a working relationship with alleged or confirmed perpetrators of abuse.

Case Presentation:
A 9-week-old admitted to the hospital with hyponatremia and evaluation for suspected child physical abuse. Specific details of the case were a barrier to communication and interactions between the patient's mother and the trauma nurse. This report will provide a discussion of takeaway lessons to support communication with this patient population.

Conclusion:
Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations is utilized as a framework for engaging in therapeutic communication with a family that is part of a child protective services evaluation. The mnemonic, A-TEAM (Aware, Transparent, Empathetic, A nonjudgmental approach, and Managed by an interprofessional team), is introduced as a strategy for trauma nurses and other health care team members to engage in therapeutic communication with a family that is part of a child protective services evaluation during their admission.
Valid Acoustic Models of Cochlear Implants: One Size Does Not Fit All
Authors: Svirsky Mario A. , Capach Nicole Hope , Neukam Jonathan D. , Azadpour Mahan , Sagi Elad , Hight Ariel Edward , Glassman E. Katelyn , Lavender Annette , Seward Keena P. , Miller Margaret K. , Ding Nai , Tan Chin-Tuan , Fitzgerald Matthew B. 
Published: November 2021

Hypothesis:
This study tests the hypothesis that it is possible to find tone or noise vocoders that sound similar and result in similar speech perception scores to a cochlear implant (CI). This would validate the use of such vocoders as acoustic models of CIs. We further hypothesize that those valid acoustic models will require a personalized amount of frequency mismatch between input filters and output tones or noise bands.

Background:
Noise or tone vocoders have been used as acoustic models of CIs in hundreds of publications but have never been convincingly validated.

Methods:
Acoustic models were evaluated by single-sided deaf CI users who compared what they heard with the CI in one ear to what they heard with the acoustic model in the other ear. We evaluated frequency-matched models (both all-channel and 6-channel models, both tone and noise vocoders) as well as self-selected models that included an individualized level of frequency mismatch.

Results:
Self-selected acoustic models resulted in similar levels of speech perception and similar perceptual quality as the CI. These models also matched the CI in terms of perceived intelligibility, harshness, and pleasantness.

Conclusion:
Valid acoustic models of CIs exist, but they are different from the models most widely used in the literature. Individual amounts of frequency mismatch may be required to optimize the validity of the model. This may be related to the basalward frequency mismatch experienced by postlingually deaf patients after cochlear implantation.
SARS-CoV-2 could be spread through hospital medication dispensed to patients
Authors: Grau Santiago , Ferrández Olivia , Echeverría-Esnal Daniel , Maldonado Rafael , Puig Berta , Ramirez Aida , Canal Mireia , Montero Albert , González Cristina , Herranz Milagros , Masclans Joan Ramon , Horcajada Juan Pablo , Padilla Eduardo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Our objective was to analyze in vitro the persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the packaging material of the drugs dispensed to hospital wards. Additionally, to evaluate if the protection with a double plastic bag prevents the contamination of the medication dispensed to an intensive care unit (ICU).
On the first part, different materials containing different drugs within an ICU were sampled to confirm the lack of contamination by SARS-CoV-2. The confirmation of the virus was performed using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. As a control group, in the microbiology laboratory we inoculated the virus into the different surfaces containing the same drugs included in the first part. Samples were obtained with a sterile swab at 3, 6, 8, 10, 14, 21, and 30 days after inoculation and analyzed through real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
None of the studied materials containing the drugs within an ICU was contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. In the second part, SARS-CoV-2 was found in all surfaces for up to 30 days.
The use of double-bag unit-dose system to deliver medication in a pandemic seems effective to prevent the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2. A striking SARS-CoV-2 RNA stability of up to 30 days was found in the surfaces containing the drugs.
Change of limb alignment in Korean children and adolescents with idiopathic genu valgum
Authors: Moon Seo Ho , Kwon Soon-Sun , Park Moon Seok , Kim Nak Tscheol , Sung Ki Hyuk 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
There has been no study evaluating the change of limb alignment for patients with genu valgum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of limb alignments in children and adolescents with idiopathic genu valgum through evaluating distal femur, proximal tibia, and knee joint line.
Consecutive children and adolescents, under the age of 18, with genu valgum were included. Mechanical tibiofemoral angle, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, mechanical medial proximal tibia angle, and joint line convergence angle were measured. The rate of changes for each radiographic measurement were analyzed using a linear mixed model.
A total of 1539 teleroentgenograms from 518 limbs of 273 individuals were included in this study. Linear mixed model showed that the change of limb alignment was significantly associated with age, but not associated with gender and laterality. The mechanical tibiofemoral angle was most valgus initially, decreasing until reaching its lowest value of 2.8° at 10 years old. The mechanical lateral distal femoral angle decreases from initial neutral alignment and increases in valgus continuously. The mechanical medial proximal tibia angle decreases from initial valgus and progresses to be neutral at around the age of 10. The joint line convergence angle decreases sharply from initial valgus alignment to 0° at the age of 5.
Valgus alignment in children with idiopathic genu valgum decreases until approximately the age of 10. In younger children, the tibia and joint line contribute most to overall valgus alignment; in older children, the femur contributes the most. Based on our results, we recommend monitoring patient limb alignment until it stabilizes around the age of 10, and then carefully planning and performing corrective surgery with complete consideration of the changing bony alignment.
Sextus chest radiograph severity score correlates to clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19
Authors: Sun Justin , Yu Daohai , Yoo Kevin , Choi Robert , Lu Xiaoning , Standiford Taylor , Cohen Gary , Marchetti Nathaniel , Agosto Omar , Kumaran Maruti , Maresky Hillel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The value of chest radiography (CXR) in detection and as an outcome predictor in the management of patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has not yet been fully understood.
To validate a standardized CXR scoring system and assess its prognostic value in hospitalized patients found to have COVID-19 by imaging criteria and to compare it to computed tomography (CT).
In this cross-sectional chart review study, patients aged 18-years or older who underwent chest CT at a single institution with an imaging-based diagnosis of COVID-19 between March 15, 2020 to April 15, 2020 were included. Each patient's CXR and coronal CT were analyzed for opacities in a 6-zonal assessment method and aggregated into a “Sextus score.” Inter-reader variability and correlation between CXR and coronal CT images were investigated to validate this scoring system. Univariable and multiple logistic regression techniques were used to investigate relationships between CXR scores and clinical parameters in relation to patient outcomes.
One hundred twenty-four patients (median [interquartile range] age 58.5 [47.5–69.0] years, 72 [58%] men, 58 [47%] Blacks, and 35 [28%] Hispanics) were included. The CXR Sextus score (range: 0–6) was reliable (inter-rater kappa = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69–0.83) and correlated strongly with the CT Sextus score (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.75, P < .0001). Incremental increases of CXR Sextus scores of 2 points were found to be an independent predictor of intubation (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 4.49 [1.98, 10.20], P = .0003) and prolonged hospitalization (≥10 days) (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 4.06 [1.98, 8.32], P = .0001).
The CXR Sextus score was found to be reproducible and CXR-CT severity scores were closely correlated. Increasing Sextus scores were associated with increased risks for intubation and prolonged hospitalization for patients with COVID-19 in a predominantly Black population. The CXR Sextus score may provide insight into identifying and monitoring high-risk patients with COVID-19.