bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of large-eddy simulations of wakes with wind farm wake parametrizations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model
Authors: Peña Alfredo , Mirocha Jeffrey D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Wind farm parametrizations are nowadays commonly used to predict the output of wind farms in real-time numerical weather prediction mesoscale models. However, their accuracy both to reproduce the wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy fields behind turbines is a matter of debate. Here, and to the authors knowledge for the first time for a single turbine, the in-built wind farm parametrization of the Weather Research and Forecasting model is evaluated using detailed large-eddy simulations of the wake performed with a generalized actuator disk model that was implemented in the same modeling system. Thus, a fairer evaluation is achieved compared to previous works, as we try to set the simulations as similar as possible within the same modeling framework. We find that both types of simulations can be used to provide similar inflow conditions to the turbine. Most importantly, by comparing the detailed-wake results, within the area where the turbine is placed, with the mesoscale results at the analogous position, velocity deficits can differ up to 50%. However, within the same area, the vertical profile of turbine-generated TKE is nearly identical between the two types of simulations. Our findings demonstrate that the generalized actuator disk implementation can provide us with a solid foundation for evaluation of wind farm parametrizations within weather models.
A level-set framework for the wind turbine wake analysis: from high-fidelity unsteady simulations to 1D momentum theory
Authors: Houtin—Mongrolle F. , Benard P. , Lartigue G. , Moureau V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the context of yawed wind turbine wakes, the validity of the so-called 1D momentum theory is arguable. The 1D momentum theory emerges from an inviscid, steady and irrotational analysis of the streamtube surrounding a wind turbine while the wake aerodynamics under yaw is modified. In this work, the mean flow streamtube around a single DTU 10MW wind turbine, under yaw misalignement and turbulent inflow is investigated with Large-Eddy Simulation combined to the Actuator Line method. The simulations are performed on a highly resolved grid counting billions of elements. The streamtube construction from the mean flow is based on the transport of accurate conservative level set functions. Integration of local flow quantities within the streamtube presents similarities when the streamtube expansion occurs past the turbine until the velocity deficit starts to recover. Mean kinetic energy and momentum budget are then presented to explain the yawed wake recovery and deflection process. Background turbulence plays a key role in the recovery process while the deflection of the wake is impacted by pressure forces on the streamtube. From these budgets, four wake regions showing similar flow dynamics are defined and correlated to local flow structures.
Mortality-based damages per ton due to the on-road mobile sector in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic U.S. by region, vehicle class and precursor
Authors: Arter Calvin A , Buonocore Jonathan , Chang Charles , Arunachalam Saravanan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
On-road vehicular emissions contribute to the formation of fine particulate matter and ozone which can lead to increased adverse health outcomes near the emission source and downwind. In this study, we present a transportation-specific modeling platform utilizing the community multiscale air quality model (CMAQ) with the decoupled direct method (DDM) to estimate the air quality and health impacts of on-road vehicular emissions from five vehicles classes; light-duty autos, light-duty trucks (LDT), medium-duty trucks, heavy-duty trucks (HDT), and buses (BUS), on PM2.5 and O3 concentrations at a 12 × 12 kilometer scale for 12 states and Washington D.C. as well as four large metropolitan statistical areas in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic U.S. in 2016. CMAQ-DDM allows for the quantification of sensitivities from individual precursor emissions (NO

X

, SO2, NH3, volatile organic compounds, and PM2.5) in each state to pollution levels and health effects in downwind states. In the region we considered, LDT are responsible for the most PM2.5-attributable premature mortalities at 1234 with 46% and 26% of those mortalities from directly emitted primary particulate matter and NH3, respectively; and O3-attributable premature mortalities at 1129 with 80% of those mortalities from NO

X

emissions. Based on a detailed source-receptor matrix of sensitivities with subsequent monetization of damages that we computed, we find that the largest damages-per-ton estimate is approximately $4 million per ton of directly emitted primary particulate matter from BUS in the New York-Newark-Jersey City metropolitan statistical area. We find that on-road vehicular NH3 emissions are the second largest contributor to PM2.5 concentrations and health impacts in the study region, and that reducing 1 ton of NH3 emissions from LDT is ∼75 times and from HDT is ∼90 times greater in terms of damages reductions than a 1 ton reduction of NO

X

. By quantifying the impacts by each combination of source region, vehicle class, and emissions precursor this study allows for a comprehensive understanding of the largest vehicular sources of air quality-related premature mortalities in a heavily populated part of the U.S. and can inform future policies aimed at reducing those impacts.
Reversing ocean acidification along the Great Barrier Reef using alkalinity injection
Authors: Mongin Mathieu , Baird Mark E , Lenton Andrew , Neill Craig , Akl John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is a globally significant coral reef system supporting productive and diverse ecosystems. The GBR is under increasing threat from climate change and local anthropogenic stressors, with its general condition degrading over recent decades. In response to this, a number of techniques have been proposed to offset or ameliorate environmental changes. In this study, we use a coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model of the GBR and surrounding ocean to simulate artificial ocean alkalinisation (AOA) as a means to reverse the impact of global ocean acidification on GBR reefs. Our results demonstrate that a continuous release of 90 000 t of alkalinity every 3 d over one year along the entire length of the GBR, following the Gladstone-Weipa bulk carrier route, increases the mean aragonite saturation state (

Ω

a
r

) across the GBR’s 3860 reefs by 0.05. This change offsets just over 4 years (∼4.2) of ocean acidification under the present rate of anthropogenic carbon emissions. The injection raises

Ω

a
r

in the 250 reefs closest to the route by

⩾
0.15

, reversing further projected Ocean Acidification. Following cessation of alkalinity injection

Ω

a
r

returns to the value of the waters in the absence of AOA over a 6 month period, primarily due to transport of additional alkalinity into the Coral Sea. Significantly, our study provides for the first time a model of AOA applied along existing shipping infrastructure that has been used to investigate shelf scale impacts. Thus, amelioration of decades of OA on the GBR is feasible using existing infrastructure, but is likely to be extremely expensive, include as yet unquantified risks, and would need to be undertaken continuously until such time, probably centuries in the future, when atmospheric CO2 concentrations have returned to today’s values.
How well can a seasonal forecast system represent three hourly compound wind and precipitation extremes over Europe?
Authors: Owen Laura E , Catto Jennifer L , Dunstone Nick J , Stephenson David B 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Extreme precipitation and winds can have a severe impact on society, particularly when they occur at the same place and time. In this study the Met Office’s Global Seasonal forecast system version 5 (GloSea5) model ensembles are evaluated against the reanalysis dataset ERA5, to find out how well they represent three hourly extreme precipitation, extreme wind and extreme co-occurring events over Europe. Although substantial differences in magnitude are found between precipitation and wind extremes between the datasets, the conditional probability of exceedance above the 99th percentile, which measures the co-occurrence between the two extremes, compares well spatially over Europe. However, significant differences in frequency are found around and over some areas of high topography. Generally GloSea5 underestimates this co-occurrence over sea. The model’s co-occurring events at individual locations investigated occur with very similar synoptic patterns to ERA5, indicating that the compound extremes are produced for the correct reasons.
Two-photon lithography of fluorescence-encoded quick-read micro-code for anti-counterfeiting applications
Authors: Jaiswal Arun , Rani Sweta , Singh Gaurav Pratap , Saxena Sumit , Shukla Shobha 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Anti-counterfeiting tags are a simple and easy way to avoid duplication/forgery of valuable products; however, counterfeiting has evolved over time, with the help of newer technologies to clone and reproduce exact signatures, tags, barcodes, etc that are difficult to identify. To prevent such counterfeiting, it is imperative to obtain advanced and encoded anti-counterfeiting technologies with constant research and innovation. With this motivation, we have designed a sub-micron-scale patterned, fluorescent anti-counterfeiting tag based on an emissive layer embedded in a non-emissive polymer layer. The fabrication of the embedded structure is achieved using step-by-step writing of emissive and non-emissive layers using two-photon lithography. Interestingly, the encoded message is visible under ultraviolet illumination, and the structure is invisible under white light illumination. The proposed method can be extended for multilayer patterning with spatial positioning of different encoded messages along the height of the structure to incorporate layered security.
The Earldom Endowments of 1337: Political Thought and the Practice of Kingship in Late Medieval England
Authors: Raven Matt 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article examines Edward III’s earldom creations of March 1337 and the endowments given to these earls by Edward III in order to support their newly acquired rank. It re-evaluates the form of these grants and the governmental processes they stimulated within a context of ideological assumptions about the inalienability of the lands and rights thought to pertain to the Crown by contemporaries, as applicable to the English polity of the mid-fourteenth century. By viewing the grants of 1337 within this intellectual, political and economic context, this article argues that the endowments supporting the earldom creations were shaped by the pressures of inalienability and public finance; that these ideas were highly prominent; and that political practice in the mid-fourteenth century correlated to and reinforced the validity and importance of these concepts. Ultimately, this article uses the example of the earldom creations of 1337 and the endowments given in support of these elevations to demonstrate the mutual interdependence of comital and royal power in mid-fourteenth century England and to show how ideas concerning political structures paralleled and grew out of political practices.
Primary care provider perspectives on and utilization of a mandatory prescription drug monitoring program in New York City
Authors: Harocopos Alex , Allen Bennett , Chernick Rachel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
The ways in which prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) have been integrated into primary care practice remain understudied, and research into physician utilization of PDMPs in states where PDMP use is mandated remains scant.

Objectives
To characterize primary care physician perspectives on and utilization of a mandatory PDMP in New York City.

Methods
We conducted face-to-face, in-depth interviews with primary care physicians who reported that they currently prescribed opioid analgesic medication. We used a thematic analytic approach to characterize physician perspectives on the PDMP mandate and physician integration of mandatory PDMP use into primary care practice.

Results
Primary care providers demonstrated a continuum of PDMP utilization, ranging from consistent use to the specifications of the mandate to inconsistent use to no use. Providers reported a range of perspectives on the purpose and function of the PDMP mandate, as well as a lack of clarity about the mandate and its enforcement.

Conclusion
Findings suggest a need for increased clinical and public health education about the use of PDMPs as clinical tools to identify and treat patients with potential substance use disorders in primary care.
Marcellus Shale Gas Boom and Forestry Employment: Evidence from West Virginia
Authors: Gazal Kathryn A , Arano Kathleen G 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Advancement in drilling technology has increased natural gas extraction activities from the Marcellus shale deposit resulting in a shale gas boom in many regions, including West Virginia. This boom has created a significant labor demand shock to local economies experiencing the boom. A number of studies have shown that a shale gas boom directly increases employment and the income of those working in the industry. However, the boom can also have an adverse impact on other sectors through the resource movement effect and intersector labor mobility, pulling workers away from a related sector like forestry. Thus, an econometric model of employment in the forestry sector was developed to investigate the impact of the Marcellus shale gas boom in West Virginia. There is evidence of a labor movement effect with forestry employment negatively affected by the Marcellus shale boom. Specifically, the overall marginal effect of the shale boom on forestry employment is approximately 435 fewer jobs. However, the extent of the decline is slightly moderated by a higher relative wage between gas and forestry, perhaps suggesting diminishing returns and overall slack in the local labor market.
Protein–Protein Interactions Shape Genomic Autoimmunity in the Adaptively Evolving Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff Complex
Authors: Kelleher Erin S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway is a genomic defense system that controls the movement of transposable elements (TEs) through transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing. Although TE defense is critical to ensuring germline genome integrity, it is equally critical that the piRNA pathway avoids autoimmunity in the form of silencing host genes. Ongoing cycles of selection for expanded control of invading TEs, followed by selection for increased specificity to reduce impacts on host genes, are proposed to explain the frequent signatures of adaptive evolution among piRNA pathway proteins. However, empirical tests of this model remain limited, particularly with regards to selection against genomic autoimmunity.
I examined three adaptively evolving piRNA proteins, Rhino, Deadlock, and Cutoff, for evidence of interspecific divergence in autoimmunity between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. I tested a key prediction of the autoimmunity hypothesis that foreign heterospecific piRNA proteins will exhibit enhanced autoimmunity, due to the absence of historical selection against off-target effects. Consistent with this prediction, full-length D. simulans Cutoff, as well as the D. simulans hinge and chromo domains of Rhino, exhibit expanded regulation of D. melanogaster genes. I further demonstrate that this autoimmunity is dependent on known incompatibilities between D. simulans proteins or domains and their interacting partners in D. melanogaster. My observations reveal that the same protein–protein interaction domains that are interfaces of adaptive evolution in Rhino and Cutoff also determine their potential for autoimmunity.
A novel somatic mutation inGNB2provides new insights to the pathogenesis of Sturge–Weber syndrome
Authors: Fjær Roar , Marciniak Katarzyna , Sundnes Olav , Hjorthaug Hanne , Sheng Ying , Hammarström Clara , Sitek Jan Cezary , Vigeland Magnus Dehli , Backe Paul Hoff , Øye Ane-Marte , Fosse Johanna Hol , Stav-Noraas Tor Espen , Uchiyama Yuri , Matsumoto Naomichi , Comi Anne , Pevsner Jonathan , Haraldsen Guttorm , Selmer Kaja Kristine 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) is a neurocutaneous disorder characterized by vascular malformations affecting skin, eyes and leptomeninges of the brain, which can lead to glaucoma, seizures and intellectual disability. The discovery of a disease-causing somatic missense mutation in the GNAQ gene, encoding an alpha chain of heterotrimeric G-proteins, has initiated efforts to understand how G-proteins contribute to SWS pathogenesis. The mutation is predominantly detected in endothelial cells and is currently believed to affect downstream MAPK signalling. In this study of six Norwegian patients with classical SWS, we aimed to identify somatic mutations through deep sequencing of DNA from skin biopsies. Surprisingly, one patient was negative for the GNAQ mutation, but instead harbored a somatic mutation in GNB2 (NM_005273.3:c.232A&gt;G, p.Lys78Glu), which encodes a beta chain of the same G-protein complex. The positions of the mutant amino acids in the G-protein are essential for complex reassembly. Therefore, failure of reassembly and continuous signalling is a likely consequence of both mutations. Ectopic expression of mutant proteins in endothelial cells revealed that expression of either mutant reduced cellular proliferation, yet regulated MAPK signalling differently, suggesting that dysregulated MAPK signalling cannot fully explain the SWS phenotype. Instead, both mutants reduced synthesis of Yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcriptional co-activator of the Hippo signalling pathway, suggesting a key role for this pathway in the vascular pathogenesis of SWS. The discovery of the GNB2 mutation sheds novel light on the pathogenesis of SWS and suggests that future research on targets of treatment should be directed towards the YAP, rather than the MAPK, signalling pathway.
Possible future scenarios in the gateways to the Arctic for Subarctic and Arctic marine systems: II. prey resources, food webs, fish, and fisheries
Authors: Mueter Franz J , Planque Benjamin , Hunt George L , Alabia Irene D , Hirawake Toru , Eisner Lisa , Dalpadado Padmini , Chierici Melissa , Drinkwater Kenneth F , Harada Naomi , Arneberg Per , Saitoh Sei-Ichi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractClimate change impacts are pronounced at high latitudes, where warming, reduced sea-ice-cover, and ocean acidification affect marine ecosystems. We review climate change impacts on two major gateways into the Arctic: the Bering and Chukchi seas in the Pacific and the Barents Sea and Fram Strait in the Atlantic. We present scenarios of how changes in the physical environment and prey resources may affect commercial fish populations and fisheries in these high-latitude systems to help managers and stakeholders think about possible futures. Predicted impacts include shifts in the spatial distribution of boreal species, a shift from larger, lipid-rich zooplankton to smaller, less nutritious prey, with detrimental effects on fishes that depend on high-lipid prey for overwinter survival, shifts from benthic- to pelagic-dominated food webs with implications for upper trophic levels, and reduced survival of commercially important shellfish in waters that are increasingly acidic. Predicted changes are expected to result in disruptions to existing fisheries, the emergence of new fisheries, new challenges for managing transboundary stocks, and possible conflicts among resource users. Some impacts may be irreversible, more severe, or occur more frequently under anthropogenic climate change than impacts associated with natural variability, posing additional management challenges.
Is SARS-CoV-2 Infection a Risk Factor for Early Pregnancy Loss? ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Coexpression and Persistent Replicative Infection in Primitive Trophoblast
Authors: Zhou Jie , Choi Sehee , Liu Heidi , Zhang Jialin , Tian Yuchen , Edlow Andrea G , Ezashi Toshihiko , Roberts R Michael , Ma Wenjun , Schust Danny J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
SARS-CoV-2 infection in term placenta is rare. However, growing evidence suggests that susceptibility of the human placenta to infection may vary by gestational age and pathogen. For several viral infections, susceptibility appears to be greatest during early gestation. Peri-implantation placental infections that result in pre-clinical pregnancy loss would typically go undetected. Little is known about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the peri-implantation human placenta since this time in pregnancy can only be modeled in vitro.

Methods
We used a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived model of peri-implantation placental development to assess patterns of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 transcription and protein expression in primitive trophoblast. We then infected the same trophoblast cell model with a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 and documented infection dynamics.

Results
ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were transcribed and translated in hESC-derived trophoblast, with preferential expression in syncytialized cells. These same cells supported replicative and persistent infection by SARS-CoV-2, while non-syncytialized trophoblast cells in the same cultures did not.

Conclusions
Co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in hESC-derived trophoblast and the robust and replicative infection limited to syncytiotrophoblast equivalents support the hypothesis that increased viral susceptibility may be a defining characteristic of primitive trophoblast.
Safety concerns with glass particle contamination: improving the standard guidelines for preparing medication injections
Authors: Chiannilkulchai Natthacha , Kejkornkaew Siranee 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Glass ampoules are widely used to contain injection medications because of their properties. However, the existing literature reports that glass particle contamination is found in opening glass ampoules. To date, nursing practice standards on this issue have not gained attention in terms of the manual breaking methods generally used for opening ampoules in a clinical setting that can minimize the risk of glass particle contamination and, therefore, increase patient safety.

Objective
This study aimed to compare manual breaking methods commonly used to open ampoules in clinical practice that affected the number of glass particles and to identify the factors influencing glass particle contamination.

Methods
We used a comparative research design to evaluate the manual breaking methods for opening medication ampoules among 56 registered nurses from diverse clinical areas in a university hospital. Each participant broke 12 ampoules in two sizes using six methods, each method combined with wrapping material and one breaking direction. We measured the number of glass particles in five sizes for each method and the factors influencing glass particle contamination.

Results
In total, 449 of 672 ampoules were contaminated with glass particles. Breaking the ampoule with a cotton ball (partial ampoule neck wrapping) from an outward direction resulted in the fewest glass particles, while breaking the ampoule with a gauze pad (entire ampoule neck wrapping) from an inward direction resulted in the most glass particles. Breaking method, ampoule size and clinical experience significantly influence glass particle contamination (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
The method (wrapping technique and breaking direction) that nurses use to break ampoules affects the number of glass particles. Therefore, improving the standard guidelines for preparing medication injections and training in breaking methods for opening ampoules is essential.