bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of marginal integrity in dentistry composite fillings with flow layer under compression test
Authors: Ostapiuk Monika , Tarczydło Janusz , Łuszczewska‐Sierakowska Iwona , Śledź Radosław , Tymczyna‐Borowicz Barbara 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCurrently, composite materials dominate among the restorative materials used for direct aesthetic filling. Reinforcement of composites with glass fibers allows for the transfer of greater loads and better durability between the tooth tissue and the filling polymer. New approach to bonding liquid materials with composite with glass fillers is to introduce an additional protective barrier to load a higher force that is, compression test. So, the aim of the study was to analyze the structure of composite fillings, their integrity with tooth tissues and evaluation on the influence of the liquid composite layer on the strength of strength in the compression test. Moreover, the influence of thermal shocks on the bonding with the tooth tissues in the compression test was investigated. According to the results obtained in current research, using the flow composite as a combination with the fiber composite leads to a significant increase in mechanical properties, particularly in the compression test.HighlightsIf flow‐type composite fluid material are, the greater is strength of composite fillings.Glass fibers composite increase the mechanical strength.
A brief introduction of meta‐analyses in clinical practice and research
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Meng , Zhang Xi‐Ru , Li Zhi‐Hao , Zhong Wen‐Fang , Yang Pei , Mao Chen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWith the explosive growth of medical information, it is almost impossible for healthcare providers to review and evaluate all relevant evidence to make the best clinical decisions. Meta‐analyses, which summarize all existing evidence and quantitatively synthesize individual studies, have become the best available evidence for informing clinical practice. This article introduces the common methods, steps, principles, strengths and limitations of meta‐analyses and aims to help healthcare providers and researchers obtain a basic understanding of meta‐analyses in clinical practice and research.
Cyclizations and fragmentations in the alkylation of 6‐chloro‐5‐hydroxy‐4‐aminopyrimidines with aminoalkyl chlorides
Authors: Picazo Edwige M. H. , Heptinstall Amy B. , Wilson David M. , Cano Céline , Golding Bernard T. , Waring Michael J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSubstituted aminopyrimidines are an important class of compounds, in part because they frequently show biological activity. Facile synthesis of polysubstituted aminopyrimidines is highly desirable for the synthesis of screening libraries. We describe a route to 4,6‐diamino‐5‐alkoxypyrimidines via a SNAr‐alkylation‐SNAr sequence from readily available 4,6‐dichloro‐5‐methoxypyrimidine, which allows the synthesis of such compounds with regiochemical control. The extension of this approach to alkylating agents bearing amino substituents led to unexpected and, in some cases, unprecedented products resulting from intramolecular SNAr cyclization and subsequent fragmentation.
Challenging or hindering? The roles of goal orientation and cognitive appraisal in stressor‐performance relationships
Authors: Ma Jie , Peng Yisheng , Wu Bo 
Published: January 2021

SummaryStress transactions are influenced by the properties of the stressful situation and those of the individual. Much research has focused on the differential effects of challenge and hindrance stressors on job performance, but few studies have explored individual differences in the cognitive appraisal of stressors, which is the central component of stress transactions. Therefore, the present study examined the moderating effect of employee goal orientation (i.e., learning, performance prove, and performance avoidance goal orientation) on stressor‐appraisal relationships and tested whether goal orientation further moderates the indirect relationships of stressors with job performance via appraisals. We tested the hypothesized model at both between‐ and within‐person levels and obtained convergent results across two studies with multisourced data. Goal orientation was found to be an important boundary condition of the stressor‐appraisal relationships. Specifically, the challenge stressor‐challenge appraisal relationship was strengthened by learning goal orientation and performance‐prove goal orientation. The hindrance stressor‐hindrance appraisal relationship was strengthened by performance‐prove goal orientation and performance‐avoidance goal orientation, but weakened by learning goal orientation. On this basis, employee goal orientation also moderated indirect relationships between stressors and task performance/work proactivity via appraisals. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.
Identification of the variety of maize seeds based on hyperspectral images coupled with convolutional neural networks and subregional voting
Authors: Zhou Quan , Huang Wenqian , Tian Xi , Yang Yi , Liang Dong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDMaize is one of the most important food crops in the world. Many different varieties of maize seeds are similar in size and appearance, so distinguishing the varieties of maize seed is a significant research topic. This study used hyperspectral image processing coupled with convolutional neural network (CNN) and a subregional voting method to recognize different varieties of maize seed.RESULTSFirst, visible and near‐infrared (NIR‐visible) hyperspectral images were obtained. Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing and first derivative (FD) were used to pretreat the raw spectra and highlight the spectral differences of samples of different varieties. Second, the region of interest (ROI) of each sample was divided into several subregions according to the shape and the number of pixels. Then, a method was proposed for reshaping the images of pixel spectra for the CNN and the training model was established. Finally, using subregional voting, one prediction result was generated from the prediction results of several original subregions in one sample. The results showed that, for six varieties of normal maize seeds, the tests identified embryoid and non‐embryoid forms with 93.33% and 95.56% accuracy, respectively. For six varieties of sweet maize seeds, the test accuracy in embryoid and non‐embryoid forms was 97.78% and 98.15%, respectively.CONCLUSIONThe maize seed was identified accurately. The present study demonstrated that the CNN model for spectral image coupled with subregional voting represents a new approach for the identification of varieties of maize seed. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Supplementation of fruit peel pellet containing phytonutrients to manipulate rumen pH, fermentation efficiency, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis
Authors: Wanapat Metha , Viennasay Bounnaxay , Matra Maharach , Totakul Pajaree , Phesatcha Burarat , Ampapon Thiwakorn , Wanapat Sadudee 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhytonutrient pellet, a new rumen enhancer, was formulated from various tropical fruit peels containing phytonutrients (condensed tannins and saponins) and named MARABAC. To substantiate the MARABAC supplementation effect, it was supplemented with low and high levels of concentrate supplementation in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using beef cattle. Based on this investigation, interesting findings were highlighted and are reported herein.RESULTSThe high level of concentrate supplementation (HCS) reduced rumen pH remarkably, but was buffered and enhanced by MARABAC supplementation. Rumen pH was reduced to 5.74 at 8 h, post feeding upon receiving HCS, and was buffered back to 6.19 with MARABAC supplementation. The supplementation exhibited an additional pronounced (P < 0.01) effect on improving nutrient digestibility and efficiency of microbial nitrogen supply, mitigating rumen methane production and reducing protozoal population. Rumen and fermentation end‐products, especially propionate production, were enhanced (P < 0.05), while rumen methane production was subsequently mitigated (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONMARABAC is a new promising dietary rumen enhancer for future replacement of chemicals and antibiotics used to enhance the rumen fermentation. Nevertheless, more in vivo feeding trials should be further conducted to elucidate the insight impacts. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Intra‐ and Interobserver Variability of 4D Ultrasound Examination of the Infrarenal Aorta
Authors: Derwich Wojciech , Wiedemann Antonia , Wittek Andreas , Filmann Natalie , Blase Christopher , Schmitz‐Rixen Thomas 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesThe four‐dimensional ultrasound (4D‐US) enables imaging of the aortic segment and simultaneous determination of the wall expansion. The method shows a high spatial and temporal resolution, but its in vivo reliability is so far unknown for low‐measure values. The present study determines the intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility of 4D‐US in the atherosclerotic and non‐atherosclerotic infrarenal aorta.MethodsIn all, 22 patients with non‐aneurysmal aorta were examined by an experienced examiner and a medical student. After registration of 4D images, both the examiners marked the aortic wall manually before the commercially implemented speckle tracking algorithm was applied. The cyclic changes of the aortic diameter and circumferential strain were determined with the help of custom‐made software. The reliability of 4D‐US was tested by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsThe 4D‐US measurements showed very good reliability for the maximum aortic diameter and the circumferential strain for all patients and for the non‐atherosclerotic aortae (ICC >0.7), but low reliability for circumferential strain in calcified aortae (ICC = 0.29). The observer‐ and masking‐related variances for both maximum diameter and circumferential strain were close to zero.ConclusionsDespite the low‐measured values, the high spatial and temporal resolution of the 4D‐US enables a reliable evaluation of cyclic diameter changes and circumferential strain in non‐aneurysmal aortae independent from the observer experience but with some limitations for calcified aortae. The 4D‐US opens up a new perspective with regard to noninvasive, in vivo assessment of kinematic properties of the vessel wall in the abdominal aorta.
Effect of Pre‐Harvest Mortality on Harvest Rates and Derived Population Estimates
Authors: Cooch Evan G. , Alisauskas Ray T. , Buderman Frances E. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBanding waterfowl, in combination with the citizen science provided by hunters that report marks from harvested birds, is a long‐standing, institutionalized practice for estimating probabilities of survival and exploitation (i.e., legal harvest from such populations). Range‐wide population abundance can also be estimated by combining the number of banded individuals with the number harvested from the population. Waterfowl marking with uniquely identifiable bands done during late summer in North America is often referred to as pre‐season banding. For example, mass capture of arctic geese for pre‐season banding is normally done in July (nonbreeders) or August (failed breeders and breeders with young) during flightless molt of respective groups. An important assumption for proper inference about harvest probability provided from such samples is that there is no mortality, natural or otherwise, during the interval between when individuals are marked and when hunting seasons begin. We evaluated the effect of variable mortality that could occur between marking and subsequent hunting seasons on estimates of survival, recovery, and harvest probabilities using simulation pertinent to a typical waterfowl species. We fit a Brownie tag‐recovery model to the simulated data and calculated the estimator bias that resulted from various pre‐harvest mortality scenarios. There was no effect on survival probability during the interval between annual banding in subsequent years, but recovery probability, and thus estimated harvest probability, was directly and inversely related to pre‐harvest mortality of juveniles. The magnitude of negative bias in harvest probability of juveniles increased further as the fraction of the population sampled declined. If the probability of pre‐harvest mortality differs between marked and unmarked individuals, the negative bias in harvest probability results in overestimates of derived abundance that increases as the proportion of marked individuals in the population declines. We used our observed results to propose an explanation for occasional biologically improbable estimates of abundance of juvenile lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens). © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Synthetic Simulator for Surgical Training in Tracheostomy and Open Airway Surgery
Authors: Deonarain Ashley R. , Harrison Robert V. , Gordon Karen A. , Looi Thomas , Agur Anne M.R. , Estrada Marvin , Wolter Nikolaus E. , Propst Evan J. 
Published: January 2021

Objective(s)To create and validate a synthetic simulator for teaching tracheostomy and laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) using anterior costal cartilage and thyroid ala cartilage grafts.MethodsA late adolescent/adult neck and airway simulator was constructed based on CT scans from a cadaver and a live patient. Images were segmented to create three‐dimensional printed molds from which anatomical parts were casted. To evaluate the simulator, expert otolaryngologists ‐ head and neck surgeons performed tracheostomy and LTR using anterior costal cartilage and thyroid ala cartilage grafts on a live anesthetized porcine model (gold standard) followed by the synthetic simulator. They evaluated each model for face validity (realism and anatomical accuracy) and content validity (perceived effectiveness as a training tool) using a five‐point Likert scale. For each expert, differences for each item on each simulator were compared using Wilcoxon Signed‐Rank tests with Sidak correction.ResultsNine expert faculty surgeons completed the study. Experts rated face and content validity of the synthetic simulator an overall median of 4 and 5, respectively. There was no difference in scores between the synthetic model and the live porcine model for any of the steps of any of the surgical procedures.ConclusionThe synthetic simulator created for this study has high face and content validity for tracheostomy and LTR with anterior costal cartilage and thyroid ala cartilage grafts and was not found to be different than the live porcine model for these procedures.Level of Evidence5 Laryngoscope, 131:E2378–E2386, 2021
Accuracy of Fibula Reconstruction Using Patient‐Specific Cad/Cam Plates: A Multicenter Study on 47 Patients
Authors: Zavattero Emanuele , Bolzoni Alessandro , Dell'Aversana Giovanni , Santagata Mario , Massarelli Olindo , Ferri Andrea , Della Monaca Marco , Copelli Chiara , Gessaroli Manlio , Valsecchi Stefano , Borbon Claudia , Beltramini Giada Anna , Ramieri Guglielmo , Valentini Valentino , Tartaro Gian Paolo , Cocchi Roberto , Varazzani Andrea , Califano Luigi , Baj Alessandro 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesThis prospective study evaluated the accuracy of mandibular reconstruction using free fibular flaps (by comparing virtual plans to the three‐dimensional postoperative results), and the extent of bone‐to‐bone contact after computer‐assisted surgery.MethodsWe included 65 patients who underwent partial‐continuity mandibular resections from February 2013 to January 2017, and evaluated virtual planning, surgical techniques, and accuracy.ResultsForty‐seven patients were analysed. A total of 112 fibular segments received 54 implants. We measured 227 distances between landmarks to assess the accuracy of reconstruction. Postoperative reconstruction accuracy ranged from 0.5 to 3 mm.ConclusionVirtual surgical planning very accurately translated simulation into reality, particularly in patients requiring large, complex mandibular reconstructions using multiple fibular segments.Level of evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2169–E2175, 2021
Digestive n‐6 Lipid Oxidation, a Key Trigger of Vascular Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis in the Western Diet: Protective Effects of Apple Polyphenols
Authors: Bolea Gaëtan , Philouze Clothilde , Dubois Mathilde , Risdon Sydney , Humberclaude Anaïs , Ginies Christian , Charles Anne‐Laure , Geny Bernard , Reboul Cyril , Arnaud Claire , Dufour Claire , Meyer Grégory 
Published: January 2021

ScopeA main risk factor of atherosclerosis is a Western diet (WD) rich in n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) sensitive to oxidation. Their oxidation can be initiated by heme iron of red meat leading to the formation of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (4‐HNE), a cytotoxic aldehyde. An increased 4‐HNE production is implicated in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. By contrast, a diet rich in proanthocyanidins reduces oxidative stress and arterial diseases. This study evaluates the effects of a WD on vascular integrity in ApolipoproteinE (ApoE−/−) mice and the protective capacity of apple extract and puree rich in antioxidant proanthocyanidins.Methods and resultsApoE‐/‐ mice are fed during 12 weeks with a WD with or without n‐6 PUFAs. Moreover, two WD + n‐6 PUFAs groups are supplemented with apple puree or phenolic extract. An increase in digestive 4‐HNE production associated with a rise in plasmatic 4‐HNE and oxidized LDL concentrations is reported. Oxidizable n‐6 PUFAs consumption is associated with a worsened endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Interestingly, supplementations with apple polyphenol extract or puree prevented these impairments while reducing oxidative stress.Conclusionn‐6 lipid oxidation during digestion may be a key factor of vascular impairments. Nevertheless, an antioxidant strategy can limit 4‐HNE formation during digestion and thus durably protect vascular function.
A diplexer with direct coupled resonant junction
Authors: Ogbodo Eugene A. , Ngobigha Felix , Obadiah Ali Nyangwarimam , Atuba Sunday 
Published: January 2021

AbstractConventionally, diplexers are designed by connecting two filters of different frequencies using a transmission T‐line junction which acts as a distribution network serving the individual filters. Here, a novel diplexer has been proposed and designed to utilize a directly coupled resonator as the distribution network. The directly coupled resonator is designed using two square open‐loop resonators of the same resonant frequency of 1.95 GHz. Coupling of the two resonators is achieved using a λ/4 transmission line to directly couple them. This process made the resonator pair to possess a dual‐mode resonator function, resonating at 1.85 and 2.05 GHz. Two bandpass filters are then designed in the corresponding modes of the resonator pair with 5% fractional bandwidth and coupled accordingly. This technique allowed the resonator pair to contribute to the resonant poles of the diplexer while functioning as the distribution network.
Fibroglandular tissue distribution in the breast during mammography and tomosynthesis based on breast CT data: A patient‐based characterization of the breast parenchyma
Authors: Fedon Christian , Caballo Marco , García Eloy , Diaz Oliver , Boone John M. , Dance David R. , Sechopoulos Ioannis 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTo develop a patient‐based breast density model by characterizing the fibroglandular tissue distribution in patient breasts during compression for mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) imaging.MethodsIn this prospective study, 88 breast images were acquired using a dedicated breast computed tomography (CT) system. The breasts in the images were classified into their three main tissue components and mechanically compressed to mimic the positioning for mammographic acquisition of the craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views. The resulting fibroglandular tissue distribution during these compressions was characterized by dividing the compressed breast volume into small regions, for which the median and the 25th and 75th percentile values of local fibroglandular density were obtained in the axial, coronal, and sagittal directions. The best fitting function, based on the likelihood method, for the median distribution was obtained in each direction.ResultsThe fibroglandular tissue tends to concentrate toward the caudal (about 15% below the midline of the breast) and anterior regions of the breast, in both the CC‐ and MLO‐view compressions. A symmetrical distribution was found in the MLO direction in the case of the CC‐view compression, while a shift of about 12% toward the lateral direction was found in the MLO‐view case.ConclusionsThe location of the fibroglandular tissue in the breast under compression during mammography and DBT image acquisition is a major factor for determining the actual glandular dose imparted during these examinations. A more realistic model of the parenchyma in the compressed breast, based on patient image data, was developed. This improved model more accurately reflects the fibroglandular tissue spatial distribution that can be found in patient breasts, and therefore might aid in future studies involving radiation dose and/or cancer development risk estimation.
Improved 3D real‐time MRI of speech production
Authors: Zhao Ziwei , Lim Yongwan , Byrd Dani , Narayanan Shrikanth , Nayak Krishna S. 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTo provide 3D real‐time MRI of speech production with improved spatio‐temporal sharpness using randomized, variable‐density, stack‐of‐spiral sampling combined with a 3D spatio‐temporally constrained reconstruction.MethodsWe evaluated five candidate (k, t) sampling strategies using a previously proposed gradient‐echo stack‐of‐spiral sequence and a 3D constrained reconstruction with spatial and temporal penalties. Regularization parameters were chosen by expert readers based on qualitative assessment. We experimentally determined the effect of spiral angle increment and kz temporal order. The strategy yielding highest image quality was chosen as the proposed method. We evaluated the proposed and original 3D real‐time MRI methods in 2 healthy subjects performing speech production tasks that invoke rapid movements of articulators seen in multiple planes, using interleaved 2D real‐time MRI as the reference. We quantitatively evaluated tongue boundary sharpness in three locations at two speech rates.ResultsThe proposed data‐sampling scheme uses a golden‐angle spiral increment in the kx−ky plane and variable‐density, randomized encoding along kz. It provided a statistically significant improvement in tongue boundary sharpness score (P < .001) in the blade, body, and root of the tongue during normal and 1.5‐times speeded speech. Qualitative improvements were substantial during natural speech tasks of alternating high, low tongue postures during vowels. The proposed method was also able to capture complex tongue shapes during fast alveolar consonant segments. Furthermore, the proposed scheme allows flexible retrospective selection of temporal resolution.ConclusionWe have demonstrated improved 3D real‐time MRI of speech production using randomized, variable‐density, stack‐of‐spiral sampling with a 3D spatio‐temporally constrained reconstruction.