bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin (BRST) symmetry. Gauge theories: Zinn-Justin equation (ZJ) and renormalization
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The first part of the chapter describes Faddeev–Popov's quantization method, nd the resulting Slavnov–Taylor (ST) identities, in a simple context. This construction automatically implies, after introduction of Faddeev–Popov ‘ghost’ fermions, a Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin (BRST) symmetry, whose properties are derived. The differential operator, of fermionic type, representing the BRST symmetry, with a proper choice of variables, has the form of a cohomology operator, and a simple form in terms of Grassmann coordinates. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the quantization and renormalization of non-Abelian gauge theories. Quantization of gauge theories require a gauge-fixing procedure. Starting from the non-covariant temporal gauge, and using a simple identity, one shows the equivalence with a quantization in a general class of gauges, including relativistic covariant gauges. Adapting the formalism developed in the first part, ST identities, and the corresponding BRST symmetry are derived. However, the explicit form of the BRST symmetry is not stable under renormalization. The BRST symmetry implies a more general, quadratic master equation, also called Zinn-Justin (ZJ) equation, satisfied by the quantized action, equation in which gauge and BRST symmetries are no longer explicit. By contrast, in the case of renormalizable gauges, the ZJ equation is stable under renormalization, and its solution yields the general form of the renormalized gauge action.
Supersymmetric quantum field theory (QFT): Introduction
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Supersymmetry has been proposed, in particular as a principle to solve the so-called fine-tuning problem in particle physics by relating the masses of scalar particles (like Higgs fields) to those of fermions, which can be protected against ‘large’ mass renormalization by chiral symmetry. However, supersymmetry is, at best, an approximate symmetry broken at a scale beyond the reach of a large hadron collider (LHC), because the possible supersymmetric partners of known particles have not been discovered yet (2020) and thus, if they exist, must be much heavier. Exact supersymmetry would also have implied the vanishing of the vacuum energy and thus, of the cosmological constant. The discovery of dark energy has a natural interpretation as resulting from a very small cosmological constant. However, a naive model based on broken supersymmetry would still predict 60 orders of magnitude too large a value compared to 120 orders of magnitude otherwise. Gauging supersymmetry leads naturally to a unification with gravity, because the commutators of supersymmetry currents involve the energy momentum tensor. First, examples of supersymmetric theories involving scalar superfields, simple generalizations of supersymmetric quantum mechanics (QM) are described. The new feature of supersymmetry in higher dimensions is the combination of supersymmetry with spin, since fermions have spins. In four dimensions, theories with chiral scalar fields and vector fields are constructed.
Degenerate classical minima and instantons
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Instantons play an important role in the following situation: quantum theories corresponding to classical actions that have non-continuously connected degenerate minima. The simplest examples are provided by one-dimensional quantum systems with symmetries and potentials with non-symmetric minima. Classically, the states of minimum energy correspond to a particle sitting at any of the minima of the potential. The position of the particle breaks (spontaneously) the symmetry of the system. By contrast, in quantum mechanics (QM), the modulus of the ground-state wave function is large near all the minima of the potential, as a consequence of barrier penetration effects. Two typical examples illustrate this phenomenon: the double-well potential, and the cosine potential, whose periodic structure is closer to field theory examples. In the context of stochastic dynamics, instantons are related to Arrhenius law. The proof of the existence of instantons relies on an inequality related to supersymmetric structures, and which generalizes to some field theory examples. Again, the presence of instantons again indicates that the classical minima are connected by quantum tunnelling, and that the symmetry between them is not spontaneously broken. Examples of such a situation are provided, in two dimensions, by the charge conjugation parity (CP) (N − 1) models and, in four dimensions, by SU(2) gauge theories.
‘The Restful Place’
Authors: Stamatakis Chris 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAddressing the apparent absence of vernacular literary criticism in early Tudor culture, this chapter argues that a nascent poetics lies within the period’s lyric poetry itself. The critical lexicon that laces this lyric poetry shows poets beginning to theorize literature in spatial, geometric, or formal terms. Recalling the place logic of Henrician pedagogy and the blurring of boundaries between poetic invention and critical judgement, the poetry of Wyatt, Surrey, and their early Tudor acolytes ventures a rudimentary theory of poetic composition as the constraining of memory into form. Responding to the Italian commentary tradition that locates Petrarch’s poems in allusive relation to other poems, early Tudor lyric gestures to an intertextual model of how to read texts in a network of remembered literary ‘places’. As imitation fuses into commentary, external places of criticism are constrained internally within Henrician poetry itself.
The Corrector as Critic
Authors: Chenoweth Katie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter proposes that the print shop emerges in the sixteenth century as a key site for the production of literary criticism. Of particular interest is the figure of the printer’s corrector, an expert in error and artisan of precision whose task is to discover and amend faults before a text goes into print. Taking as an exemplary case the French poet, literary critic, and orthographic reformer Jacques Peletier du Mans (1517–1582/3)—who maintained close relationships with his printers and was employed as a corrector in the workshop of Jean de Tournes in Lyon—the chapter examines how the practice of correction and the mechanical ethos of printing inform early meta-poetic work in France, including Peletier’s seminal translation of Horace’s Ars poetica and his own Art Poëtiquɇ of 1555.
‘Ce rond de sciences…nommé Encyclopédie’
Authors: Tomlinson Rowan Cerys 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis essay examines the role of the place of the ‘encyclopaedia’, or circle of learning, in writing on poetics by humanist authors from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, from Italy and France and in neo-Latin and the vernacular. It explores two questions: what is the relationship between Renaissance appropriations of the encyclopaedia as an ideal and contemporary views on how poetic competence is achieved? And how does the place of the encyclopaedia interact with other poetic commonplaces in circulation in pan-European Renaissance culture? Comparative analysis of occurrences, overt and implicit, of the commonplace in writing by Joachim Du Bellay, Cristoforo Landino, Marco Girolamo Vida, and Jacques Peletier Du Mans reveals that the circle of learning is an important touchstone for positions taken in longstanding debates that see Neoplatonic and Horatian approaches to poetics variously opposed, appropriated, and reconciled.
Grammar, Prosody, and the Place of Accent in Elizabethan Criticism
Authors: Alexander Gavin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Elizabethan poets and critics realized that the English verse line was neither merely syllabic (like French verse) nor quantitative (like Greek or Latin verse), but, they argued, governed by the regular disposition of accents. What seems obvious to us was not so to them. Accent did not belong to any metrical system known to sixteenth-century humanists; it pertained to the spoken pronunciation of the individual (Greek or Latin) word, and to the teaching of grammar, where it was known as prosody. The chapter outlines the place of accent in ancient and early modern grammatical theory before discussing George Gascoigne’s revolutionary theory of English metrical accent. It then looks at some subsequent developments in thinking about verse and accent in later sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writers and consider grammar as a neglected place of criticism.
Writing in the New World
Authors: Casal Rodrigo Cacho 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOver the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Spanish American poetry and poetic theory experience a crucial moment of affirmation. Literary networks strengthen their circle of influence, and several authors, both creole and settlers, are able to promote their careers, further facilitated by the printing press. Books such as Miscelánea austral (Lima, 1602/1603) by Diego Dávalos y Figueroa, Grandeza mexicana (Mexico City, 1604) by Bernardo de Balbuena, and Parnaso antártico (Seville, 1608) by Diego Mexía contain a number of texts which lay the foundations for a new American poetics. They constitute a canon of New World authors who fashion themselves at the centre of a transatlantic exchange, both as followers and innovators of the peninsular literary tradition of the Renaissance. Framed within the rhetorical genre of “defences of poetry” and “defences of women”, these poets put forward an engaging critical representation of their own poetic identity.
Dryden’s Debts
Authors: Read Sophie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis essay considers the ways in which the late seventeenth-century critic John Dryden uses the metaphor of coinage, and the related ideas of commerce and debt, trade and empire, to think about past writers. It argues that the figure of the coin, as something of both intrinsic and contingent value, allows Dryden to isolate the ‘wit’ of works he admires—by Virgil, Shakespeare, and Donne—and translate it, in his own writing, for his own time. The essay argues that this trope is both fundamental to the development of Dryden’s critical voice and a creative stimulus, particularly when he comes to think about the sound of verse in his late career as a translator of the classics.
Introduction
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This study is framed as a transcultural enquiry that flows between moral, criminal, and social notions of villainy. The rationale of the book is outlined: to focus primarily on pre-modern French culture and secondly on its overflowing into English culture. The Introduction sets out conceptual adjustments required to calibrate English notions of villainy with French notions (vilenie/vilain). These adjustments enable us to begin considering how pre-modern villainy flows between ‘villainous’ offences and their redress, through the twin lenses of law and literature. Legal-anthropological reflection on law as both rule-based and processual activity (litigation and out-of-court arbitration) will inform this study’s handling of offensive/redressive behaviour. Of particular literary interest is writing that is couched in a ‘villainous style’, abusing readers’ moral, social, and aesthetic sensibilities. The book’s chronological parameters (1463–1610) are explained and its structure in five parts is outlined.
Panurge
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
At the centre of this book is an analysis of what Rabelais called ‘la plus grande villanie du monde’—‘the world’s greatest villainy’ (Pantagruel chs. 21–2). In this episode, Panurge enacts a vengeful trick on a Haughty Lady who spurned his advances. Chapter 8 evaluates divergent allegorical readings of the trick in relation to the episode’s farcical, scatological, and legal overtones. Since there is no judicial redress, Rabelais leaves us with an unfixed vilain et énorme cas of sorts: a situation that is morally, criminally, and aesthetically vilain; and énorme in an ever-expanding, spatial sense. Across the chapter, Panurge’s expansive villainy (panourgia) is explored in relation to his ageist–sexist tendencies, and in relation to his taste for facetious litigation (causes grasses) in the first half of Pantagruel. To these may be added his remonstrating against the scandalous ‘heretic’ Raminograbis and his cowardly, diabolical ravings (Tiers Livre chs. 21–3).
Family Crimes
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Over time, L’Estoile’s journals tended to portray vilenies in a form of writing that sat between legal and literary representation of crimes énormes. Building on work done by Tom Hamilton, this chapter shows how L’Estoile’s writings on crimes committed in a family context (‘family crimes’) partially imitate a chronicler’s curious fragment, a racy histoire tragique, or a magistrate’s judgement of events on the scaffold. The chapter concludes with a legal-literary reading of the Ravalet Tourlaville affair, a notorious case of incest and adultery that became the subject of an histoire tragique by François de Rosset. L’Estoile’s version of events differs strikingly from Rosset’s.
Islands of Settlement
Authors: Jarvis Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
North Atlantic islands played a key role in early English imperial expansion as critical sites of precedent and experimentation. From John Cabot’s first landing in 1497, Newfoundland gave England both a claim to America and a base for an enormously profitable fishery. Further south, and following its initial accidental English occupation in 1609, Bermuda became England’s first fully settled overseas colony. Furthermore, and crucially, it provided a template for colonial success that was widely copied throughout the Caribbean. New England’s Nantucket Island offers a third maritime-oriented imperial site of innovation as a uniquely successful seventeenth-century whaling base. This chapter highlights the contributions these different North Atlantic islands made in British imperial expansion and their changing roles across time, especially in the wake of the American Revolution.
Islands and the Age of Revolutions in the Indian and Pacific Oceans
Authors: Sivasundaram Sujit 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Age of Revolutions altered the map of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. More of these oceans were ‘filled in’ in the European mind, as voyages of discovery and scientific studies of oceans, coastlines, and environments proceeded. But the map of these oceans changed in more important ways too. For people of all kinds, the islands of these oceans served as spaces for rethinking politics, forms of association, and social organization. Islands were key locales for the discourses and debates of the Age of Revolutions and their globalization. They became imaginative spaces for considering the past and the future of human society and for deliberating what constituted enlightenment, progress, and varieties of reform. By the middle of the nineteenth century, however, islands in these oceans became sites of counter-revolutionary imperialism. Ultimately, therefore, this chapter illustrates the changing place of islands on the globe and within Britain’s maritime empire.
What is Desire-as-Belief?
Authors: Gregory Alex 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter explains some basic assumptions and terminology and then introduces desire-as-belief—the view that our desires are a subset of our beliefs. The view is explained in part by an analogy to a natural view about the nature of disbelief, and that analogy helps fend off an initial objection to the view stemming from the distinction between two directions of fit. The chapter goes on to describe some simple attractions of desire-as-belief and also defends it from some further initial objections, such as the worry that inconsistent beliefs are irrational whereas inconsistent desires need not be, and a more general concern about how desire-as-belief relates to Plato’s distinction between Reason and passion.
Distributional Concerns, the ‘Developmental State’, and the Agrarian Origins of Social Assistance in Ethiopia
Authors: Lavers Tom 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Existing research tends to focus on the proximate drivers of social assistance expansion in developing countries—including donor advocacy and electoral incentives. This work risks neglecting deeper continuities with longstanding mechanisms by which states distribute resources and the broader political economic context. This chapter examines Ethiopia, home to one of the largest social assistance programmes in Africa, highlighting the deep roots of social assistance within state distributional strategies, particularly regarding land access and food insecurity. Analysis shows how changing political interests and ideology have resulted in the evolution from an ‘agrarian’ distributional regime—which sought to provide welfare through land access—to a ‘productivist-pauperist’ model as part of Ethiopia’s ‘developmental state’ strategy. This model targets social assistance narrowly to specific groups, yet seeks to ensure that support is put to productive use. The chapter draws on seventy key informant interviews with politicians, bureaucrats, and donor representatives conducted from 2009–18.
Policy Diffusion, Domestic Politics, and Social Assistance in Lesotho, 1998–2012
Authors: Saminathen Maria Granvik 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Lesotho is a small African country that has introduced two national cash transfer programmes, the universal old-age pension, and the child grant programme. This study indicates that the initiation of the social pension was not the result of cross-national policy diffusion in line with the ‘South African model’, but rather facilitated by a transition to political stability and a dominant government led by then prime minister, Mosisili. The child grant programme for orphaned and vulnerable children was initially driven by international organizations, yet the Lesotho government quickly took ownership of the initiative. Unlike in many other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, these reforms were not resisted by domestic political elites. Both programmes were rooted in socioeconomic changes such as the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and a political shift after an extended period of political competition, with the (possibly short-lived) restoration of democratic competition in the early 2000s, opening up for programmatic reform.
Social Assistance, Electoral Competition, and Political Branding in Malawi
Authors: Hamer Sam , Seekings Jeremy 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Whilst partisan competition has fuelled the expansion of social assistance across much of Africa, social assistance has generally been a valence issue. In Malawi, unusually, the competing presidential candidates and their parties in the 2014 election staked out starkly contrasting positions on social assistance as part of their attempted supra-regional and supra-ethnic political ‘branding’. The incumbent president, Joyce Banda, championed social assistance for women, children, and the poor, whilst her rivals denounced ‘handouts’ and emphasized instead economic growth and support for peasant farmers. Banda’s defeat suggests that there are limits to the efficacy of social assistance for political branding. Nonetheless, the fact that she used this brand at all suggests that social assistance has grown in political significance as an expression of pro-poor priorities.
Violence, Governance, and Uncertainty
Authors: Tapscott Rebecca 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The majority of today’s authoritarian regimes are characterized by a paradox in which democratic institutions exist alongside the ruler’s exercise of arbitrary power. The continued existence of civic spaces and democratic institutions can create opportunities for citizens to organize and make claims on the regime. How do rulers maintain control under such circumstances? To contribute to this ongoing debate, this book identifies ‘institutionalized arbitrariness’ as a new form of authoritarianism. Regimes characterized by institutionalized arbitrariness do not try to eliminate civic organization or democratic space, but instead use unpredictable and violent intervention to make those spaces fragile. They are more concerned with weakening competition than with maximizing control. To elaborate these dynamics, this chapter links everyday experiences of local insecurity in Uganda to contemporary debates about authoritarian rule. After positioning Uganda under President Museveni as a key case of modern authoritarianism, the chapter outlines the study and previews the book’s main findings.
Arbitrary Governance and Modern Authoritarianism
Authors: Tapscott Rebecca 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
How do modern authoritarian rulers project power? Until now, scholars of authoritarianism have emphasized a balancing act between coercion and patronage while scholars of post-colonial and neopatrimonial states draw attention to elite settlements. This chapter identifies arbitrary governance as a third and as yet unexplored way that today’s authoritarian regimes project power. Regimes that employ institutionalized arbitrariness do not delegate authority; instead, they stabilize control and project power directly into the lives of ordinary citizens through unpredictable assertions of authority that undermine the political autonomy of those who might otherwise challenge it. This chapter elaborates the theoretical underpinnings of institutionalized arbitrariness, and offers a four-part analytic framework that combines inductive findings from field research with scholarship on authoritarian regimes in Africa and beyond. The framework explains how regimes institutionalize unpredictability, showing not just why unpredictability matters to maintain authoritarian rule, but also how it is manufactured and sustained.
Fair Opportunity and History
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSo far, fair opportunity has been understood synchronically. Various reasons for thinking that responsibility must be an historical concept are examined, including issues about prior manipulation, culpable incapacity and tracing, the need to take responsibility for one’s actions and their consequences, and unfortunate formative circumstances. Though fair opportunity could take an historical form, if need be, there are good reasons to accept an ahistorical conception of responsibility.
Addiction and Fair Opportunity
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo decide whether and, if so, under what conditions addiction might excuse misconduct, we need to understand addiction. Three complementary models of addiction are examined—the conception in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Ainslie’s hyperbolic discounting model, and Berridge’s and Holton’s model of impaired control. The law’s skepticism about an addiction excuse is examined and questioned. Duress models of how addiction might excuse are rejected. However, the cravings that are part of addiction might affect cognitive (attentional) competence or volitional control. This excuse would be at most partial, and it would be limited to those who are not substantially responsible for becoming or remaining addicted.
Battered Persons, Provocation, and Fair Opportunity
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDifferent battered person defenses are distinguished from each other and shown not to depend on Battered Woman’s Syndrome. Common law and Model Penal Code conceptions of provocation are distinguished. The Model Penal Code conception is shown to be regressive. A worry is raised that there is a double standard at work in the criminal law’s treatment of intimate partner violence involving men and women. A principled explanation is offered about when provocation justifies and when it excuses. Doubts are expressed about extending a provocation defense to those with unreasonably volatile sensibilities.