bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CATECHOLAMINE EXCRETION IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Stern Leo , Lees Martin H. , Leduc Jean 
Published: December 2021

In seven studies of normal newborn infants lowering the evironmental temperature below the neutral range resulted in an increase in metabolism as measured by increased oxygen consumption. Simultaneous with this an increase in urinary noradrenalin excretion was found in all cases.
It is proposed that noradrenalin is the mediator of chemical thermogenesis in the newborn, and that the ability and degree of noradrenalin response at cool environmental temperatures is tile governing factor in the development and maintenance of temperature stability in the newborn infant.
CURRENT CONCEPTS IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF CONGENITAL CUTANEOUS HEMANGIOMAS
Authors: Margileth A. M. , Museles M. 
Published: December 2021

SPONTANEOUS involution of hemangiomas in children was reported nearly 80 years ago and was further emphasized by Lister in 1938. However, among physicians considerable diversity of opinion still prevails regarding management of these lesions. Recent articles and texts continue to advocate or discuss therapy (surgery, radiation, dry ice, or injections of sclerosing agents) even though these authors mention that many hemangiomas will spontaneously subside. Our experience has shown that very few hemangiomas require any type of active therapy and that children in whom these lesions were treated had more complications than those managed conservatively.
Our current approach to management is based on a seven-year experience with over 200 children who had 340 hemangiomas. The seven common types encountered are listed (Table 1) in the practical classification used by most authors. Since the outcome of the tumorous types (strawberry, cavernous, and mixed) and erythema nuchae is one of gradual regression and involution whereas the course of many spider nevi and most port wine stains is lack of regression, a brief description of each type follows to facilitate diagnosis.
The common strawberry hemangioma or hemangioma simplex (Fig. 1) is a capillary hemangioma, usually bright red or purlish red with well-defined margins. It consists of myriads of tiny capillaries protruding above the skin surface. The strawberry [SEE TABLE I., FIG. 1A. and FIG. 1B. IN SOURCE PDF.] lesion blanches incompletely with pressure, and on palpation is a firm rubbery mass which compresses minimally if at all.
The cavernous hemangioma (Fig. 2) usually has poorly defined borders arising underneath the skin surface (hypodermal) or it may be well circumscribed and elevated above the surface (dermal). [SEE FIG. 2A. IN SOURCE PDF]
A COMMUNITY-WIDE PEDIATRIC PROGRAM: A BEGINNING AND A BLUEPRINT FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Schaffer Alexander J. 
Published: December 2021

IN DECEMBER OF 1963 a communication by Robert M. Sigmond, Director of the Hospital Council of Western Pennsylvania, appeared in Pediatrics. It examined in detail the existing facts concerning the quality of pediatric care and residency training in the community hospitals of Pittsburgh and its environs and came to some definite conclusions. Excerpts of these conclusions follow:
"Planning for children's inpatient services should encourage grouping of small segregated pediatric units in which most children receive care today. . . . Small units interfere with provision of high quality, comprehensive care and are wasteful of scarce personnel and dollars. . . . Most general hospitals should affiliate with major general hospitals or children's medical centers at which their pediatric inpatient facilities could be grouped into a few large units. . . . Failure of children's medical centers to develop such affiliations may have dire consequences in the long run."
By the time this article appeared Drs. Robert E. Cooke (Professor of Pediatrics), Russell A. Nelson (President of The Johns Hopkins Hospital), Thomas B. Turner (Dean of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine), and I were deep in discussions about this very topic. For many years, while I had been heavily engaged in the problems of the pediatric department of the Sinai Hospital and the nursery service of the Hospital for the Women of Maryland, the manifest deficiencies of these services as they were then constituted, and the difficulty of overcoming them had been much on my mind. Chief of these was our inability to develop a training program which would attract the house staff so necessary in modern times to provide ideal patient care.
HEMOLYSIS AND JAUNDICE IN THE NEWBORN FOLLOWING MATERNAL TREATMENT WITH SULFAMETHOXYPYRIDAZINE (KYNEX)
Authors: Brown Audrey K. , Cevik Namik 
Published: December 2021

Two cases of neonatal hemolysis and jaundice are reported in Negro male infants. Both infants were born to mothers who had been given sulfamethoxypyridazine (Kynex) prior to delivery. Both infants were deficient in erythrocyte G-6-PD.
The role of sulfamethoxypyridazine in the production of neonatal jaundice is discussed.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: DENNISON W. M. 
Published: December 2021

Thank you for giving me an opportunity to reply to Dr. Ward's letter to you on the treatment of the Pierre Robin syndrome.
We abandoned the "method" of Dr. Oeconomopoulos in 1953 as we found that in patients with true glossoptosis the heavy silk suture through the base of the tongue and through the alveolus cut through the tongue within a week. We then created an artificial tongue tie as recommended by Du Hamel and others—raised the under surface of the tongue and attached it to the floor of the mouth, the lower alveolus, and the inner aspect of the lower lip.
THE INFLUENCE OF ALBUMIN ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF BILIRUBIN IN JAUNDICED RATS
Authors: Natzschka Jürgen C. , Odell Gerard B. 
Published: December 2021

Infusion experiments were performed in adult rats with two different loads of bilirubin.
The maximal biliary excretion was found to be 65± σ 12 µgm bil./100 gm body weight/min.
A single intravenous injection of human albumin caused an increase of the serum concentration of bilirubin. The changes in blood hematocrit and total serum protein concentration indicated that the administered albumin remained within the intravascular space for the duration of the experiments.
The intravenous administration of PVP was followed by a fall of the serum concentration of bilirubin. This was due to a hemodilution caused by the PVP as indicated by the simultaneous decrease of hematocrit and serum protein concentration. The intravascular bilirubin content remained unchanged after the injection of PVP.
The hepatic excretion rate of bilirubin and the bilirubin concentration of the adipose tissue were not significantly altered by the injection of either human albumin or PVP. The results demonstrate that albumin may prevent bilirubin from concentrating in extravascular tissues, and it can also effect a back diffusion of bilirubin already within non-adipose extravascular tissues.
GROWTH HORMONE AND GROWTH
Authors: GRUMBACH MELVIN M. 
Published: December 2021

THE RECENT cascade of knowledge of the chemistry and physiology of the protein and polypeptide hormones of the pituitary gland has been a consequence of steady progress over the past 20 years in methods of isolation, purification, and assay of these hormones. These development, while providing new insights into old problems, have raised a host of challenging and unanticipated questions. Of especial interest to students of growth is the considerable new information on growth hormone, the subject of a recent and perceptive review by Allen Root.
New analytical technique utilizing immunochemical methods and radioiodinated hormone have provided specific, sensitive, and precise redioimmunoassay procedures for the measurement of the minute quanitity of human growth hormone in blood.
SERUM C-REACTIVE PROTEIN IN INFECTIONS DURING THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF LIFE
Authors: Felix Natalie S. , Nakajima Hironori , Kagan B. M. 
Published: December 2021

Serum C-reactive protein determinations were done on 66 cord blood specimens and on capillary blood specimens of 669 apparently normal infants and 266 infants ill with known or suspected infection during the first 6 months of life.
All but one of the cord blood specimens were negative for C-reactive protein. The incidence of positive reactors increased soon after birth with 50% of the normal newborns having positive reactions during the first week of life. This rapidly decreased after this period so that by 1 month to 6 months of age the incidence was only 2%. The intensity of the positive reaction in the majority was only up to 1 mm.
Two-thirds of the infants with infection had positive reactions. The more severe the infection the greater the intensity of the positive reaction.
C-reactive protein was also present in a variety of conditions besides infections.
Serum C-reactive protein determination can be a valuable diagnostic aid in infections during the first 6 months of life when the usual laboratory criteria for infections are often not helpful. However, it has its limitations. Like any other single laboratory test, it must be used in conjunction with critical clinical judgment.
ABNORMAL CAPILLARY MORPHOLOGY IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: Kontras Stella B. , Bodenbender JoAnn G. 
Published: December 2021

Capillary morphology has been studied in 111 normal children. In 98% of these cases, straight hairpin forms make up over 80% of the capillaries examined.
Thirty children with congenital heart disease showed 80% abnormal capillary patterns consisting of dilated, tortuous, and branched loops. These were most marked in cyanotic tetralogy of Fallot and ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension. These cases also were associated with microscopic hemorrhages, increased capillary fragility and actual postoperative hemorrhagic complications. Definitive surgery in two cases, though improving the patient, did not result in changes in the abnormal capillary patterns.
It is suggested that the role of the capillary structure in rheology of blood in the microvasculature has largely been ignored and that abnormalities in this vascular compartment may affect perfusion of tissues. The association of abnormalities in coagulation studies, hemorrhage, and thrombosis with congenital heart disease may in part be related to the morphologic vascular abnormalities. The abnormal capillary findings may be due to maturational arrest or dysmaturity of this portion of the cardiovascular system or may be the result of chronic hypoxia.
READING RETARDATION: I. PSYCHIATRIC AND SOCIOLOGIC ASPECTS
Authors: Eisenberg Leon 
Published: December 2021

THE modern species of the genus Homo has been christened variously: sapiens, the wise; faber, the tool-maker; loquens, the speaker; but man's most extraordinary accomplishment warrants the epithet: Homo scribens et legens, man the writer and reader. Contemporary man, wherever he has been found and whatever his state of culture, has possessed a spoken language; every language thus far encountered has been complex and sophisticated. The origins of the faculty of speech are lost in antiquity. It can be deduced confidently that Cro-Magnon man, who lived from 25,000 to 10,000 years ago, possessed language; his fabrication of tools, his ceremonial burials, and, most of all, his cave paintings, all bespeak the necesary level of conceptulization. It seems not unreasonable to suppose that Neanderthal man, the maker of stone tools and of fire, knowledgeable enough to cook his food, a man with a cranial capacity in no wise inferior to our own and with endocranial markings indicative of frontal and parietal lobe differentiation, may have possessed the gift of tongues as long as 50,000 years ago. The invention of writing, on the other hand, dates no earlier than the fourth millenium before Christ.
Consider the exponential rate of development of society in the 5,000 years since written language as against the limited progress in the 50,000 years of spoken language that preceded it. True, technological advances other than literacy have been catalysts of this revolutionary transformation but few are the advances that have not been mediated by written symbols. The magnificence of this accomplishment transcends the creature comforts it has enabled man to attain.
THE MUMPS ANTIGEN SKIN TEST IN ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS
Authors: Shone John D. , Armas Simon Muñoz , Manning James A. , Keith John D. 
Published: December 2021

Skin testing with mumps virus antigen solution was performed in 50 children with clinically diagnosed primary E.F.E. (Group I), and in 202 children who served as a control group (Group II). A further group of children with congenital mitral insufficiency (Group III) were similarly skin tested.
Approximately 91% of the children with clinical E.F.E. under the age of 2 years in Group I showed a "positive" reaction to the intradermal inoculation of mumps skin-test antigen solution. In contrast, approximately 91% of the children in a control series under the age of 2 years in Group II showed a negative skin reaction.
Confirmatory evidence of E.F.E. was obtained by left atrial biopsy in 2 children in Group I and in three children with congenital mitral insufficiency (Group III). E.F.E. was confirmed at autopsy in a fourth child with clinically diagnosed congenital mitral insufficiency who had shown a "positive" skin reaction.
Hematologic studies for determination of mumps serum antibody titer (M.S.A.T.) were performed on 24 children in Group I, 29 children in Group II, and 6 children in Group III. It was apparent from our study that "positivity" of the skin reaction in E.F.E. was not correlated with an elevated M.S.A.T.
Isolated congenital mitral insufficiency is, almost invariably, associated with E.F.E. The high incidence of "positive" reactors in this group suggests that both conditions arise in utero at the same period of gestation and due to an identical etiologic agent (possibly viral) and associated with fetal immunologic deficiency.
"Positivity" of the skin reaction in E.F.E. to mumps antigen solution may, therefore, represent either: (1) a non-specific hypersensitivity; or (2) "cross-reactivity" to viruses other than mumps virus, for example, Coxsackie B viruses or myxoviruses other than mumps virus; or (3) evidence of preexisting mumps viral infection in utero or during infancy, despite the absence of an elevated M.S.A.T. This is explicable on the basis of a partial immunologic deficiency whereby the fetus or infant is incapable of developing specific mumps antibodies, but remains capable of exhibiting a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response to mumps antigen. Such an immunologic deficiency could also explain the familial occurrence of E.F.E.
It is hoped that this report will stimulate further studies in (1) the value of the mumps skin-test antigen solution as an ancillary aid in the diagnosis of E.F.E. and (2) the possible role of viral infection(s) in the etiology of E.F.E.
Pets, Parasites, and Pediatrics
Authors: HOROWITZ LEON 
Published: December 2021

In his editorial in the October issue, "Pets, Parasites, and Pediatrics" (Pediatrics 36:521, 1965), Dr. Webb mentioned some of the bacterial, viral, fungal, and helminthic diseases which children may get from animals and which may, at times, pass the other way.
He might also have mentioned the one-way group: the allergic diseases that children suffer from sharing the environment with animal pets. The variety of respiratory and cutaneous problems which may result from this contact is well-known.
SERUM LEVELS OF IMMUNE GLOBULINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: A SURVEY
Authors: Stiehm E. Richard , Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2021

Immune globulins in sera of normal persons of various ages were quantitated by a radial diffusion technique; the levels changed considerably with age, especially during early infancy. Adult levels (γG 1158 ± 305, γM 99 ± 27, and γA 200 ± 61 mg/100 ml) generally were attained by 16 years of age. In all specimens of umbilical cord serum the level of γG was similar to that of adult serum and a trace quantity of γM (mean 10 mg/100 ml) was present; in one-third there was a trace amount of γA-globulin. The level of γM increased rapidly after birth but synthesis of γG and, especially, γA was delayed. Because of these normal alterations, it is recommended that specimens of serum be compared with those of age-matched control subjects for optimal evaluation.
There was significant elevation of levels of γG-, γA-, and total γ-globulins, and diminution of that of γM in the serum of mongols over 10 years of age. The diminution of γM may be implicated in the poor response of mongols to immunizing antigens and the increased susceptibility of such patients to infections. Mongols may have a genetic instability of immune globulin synthesis analogous to their abnormality of leukopoiesis.
Patients with sex chromosome abnormalities or trisomy 18 syndrome had normal levels of immune globulins, whereas those with neutropenia had elevated levels of all immune globulins. Abnormal levels determined in 12 cases of antibody deficiency diseases are presented.
SEXUAL MATURATION OF CHINESE BOYS IN HONG KONG
Authors: Francis Chang K. S. , Ng P. H. , Lee Marjorie M. M. C. , Chan S. J. 
Published: December 2021

Sexual maturation of 3,658 Chinese school boys from 6 to 18 years of age was assessed by investigating four attributes associated with puberty, namely, growth of genitalia (penis), pubic hair, axillary hair, and change of voice. The first two attributes were rated on a 5-point scale (5 stages), and the last two attributes were just noted as having occurred or not. The children were divided into three socioeconomic groups based on multiple criteria comprising family educational level, occupation, income, and housing conditions. The probit method of biological assay with weighting scheme was employed to estimate the 30%, 50% (median age), and 70% end points and fiducial limits of the onset of development of the above-mentioned four attributes of boys in the three socioeconomic groups and of the total sample. In the case of genitalia and pubic hair, the same was done for the completion of development. The median ages (50% end point) of onset of development for genitalia, pubic hair, voice, and axillary hair of the total sample were 13.19 ± 0.19, 13.31 ± 0.21, 13.67 ± 0.43, and 14.57 ± 0.10 respectively. The median ages (50% end point) for the completion of genitalia and pubic hair development were the same, 16.47 ± 0.10.
The estimated duration between the successive developmental stages of genitalia and pubic hair show the period between Stages 2 and 3 to be the shortest (genitalia, 0.55 year, pubic hair, 0.39), and longest in the period between Stage 4 and 5 (genitalia and pubic hair, 1.87). The estimated whole duration of pubescence from onset to completion was about 3.28 years.
In temporal sequence of maturation, the development of genitalia and pubic hair was the first and practically simultaneous, followed by the change of voice (0.48 year after genitalia), and the last to develop was the axillary hair (0.9 year after change of voice).
The effect of socioeconomic background was shown to be evident, the boys from well-circumstanced homes being significantly more advanced in development than those from poor homes.
Comparison of our results with those of similar cross-sectional investigations on American and British boys show little difference in spite of race and clime.
A REVIEW OF 164 CHILDREN WITH MECONIUM ILEUS SEEN AT THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER, BOSTON
Authors: Donnison A. B. , Shwachman H. , Gross R. E. 
Published: December 2021

Meconium ileus is a complication of cystic fibrosis which still causes a high mortality rate in the first year of life. The condition is frequently complicated by meconium peritonitis, volvulus, and/or atresia, but these complications are not necessarily fatal. In the last ten years, the mortality rate for babies with meconium ileus has been about 40%. Thirty-five percent of children who survived the operation died from pneumonia in the first 6 months of life. Children who lived to 6 months had a prognosis similar to other children with cystic fibrosis who did not suffer from meconium ileus, and this will depend on the degree of pulmonary involvement. Some children with meconium ileus may have few pulmonary symptoms and, with good medical care reach adult life.
Close cooperation between the surgeon and pediatrician and the early application of an intensive prophylactic and therapeutic pulmonary program are essential if we are to improve the mortality and morbidity in this disease.
Atlas of Pediatric Surgery
Authors: SCHUSTER SAMUEL R. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. White has gone a long way in fulfilling the need for a primarily illustrative text of the surgical techniques used in the management of many of the problems of childhood.
This is a very large volume encompassing 923 pages and includes almost every surgical specialty. The techniques which are illustrated are well accepted surgical procedures and are portrayed with clarity. There is, however, an occasional instance in which a contributing author has failed to stress sufficiently the features which are of primary importance in the child.
PROBLEMS OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PEDIATRICIAN AND PSYCHIATRIST: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
Authors: Lourie Reginald S. 
Published: December 2021

We Have Come a long way from the thirties when Brenneman was writing about "The Menace of Psychiatry"1 and Crothers described the confusion of " The Pediatrician in Search of Mental Hygiene."2 On the surface at least we seem to have come to the opposite pole. A pediatrician sits on the Child Psychiatry Committee of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. Most teaching services in pediatrics have at least a consultant in child psychiatry, and many hospitals and medical have divisions and departments of child psychiatry closely allied to pediatrics. In the late fifties Dr. Janeway3 as a member of a panel with Anna Freud, said that whereas 25 years ago the presence of a professor of pediatrics on such a platform lent respectability to psychoanalysis, "it now lends respectability to the pediatrician."
When, however, one looks below the surface where child psychiatrists and pediatricians function together, mutual dissatisfaction is not infrequent. Probably the pediatricians have more complaints about the psychiatrists than the other way. A frank and critical look at these complaints reveals that they are consistently related to problems in orientation and in understanding each other. On analysis, their differences usually fall into the following relatively few patterns.
TYPES OF DISAGREEMENT AND COMMUNICATION DIFFICULTIES
A common complaint concerns the communication system, or better, the lack of communication between psychiatrist and pediatrician. Starting sometimes with the differences of professional language, this often goes on to involve the psychiatrist's confidently stated basic assumptions which the pediatrician may refuse to take for granted, or may flatly disbelieve.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: SHWACHMAN HARRY , KHAW KON-TAIK 
Published: December 2021

We are cognizant of the report of Schubert and Partin calling attention to the risks involved in performing small intestinal biopsies and were indeed surprised to read of the high incidence of perforations. Obviously our techniques differ.
We have had no perforations in our series, which covers 195 biopsies performed with the Crosby capsule (3 mm port) and over 350 biopsies using the Rubin tube. We do not fix an age or weight below which we dare not operate. Approximately 50% of our patients were under 2 years of age and weighed less than 25 lb.