bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Potential of Sentinel-2 Satellite Images for Land-Cover/Land-Use and Forest Biomass Estimation: A Review
Authors: Isbaex Crismeire , Margarida Coelho Ana 
Published: February 2021

Mapping land-cover/land-use (LCLU) and estimating forest biomass using satellite images is a challenge given the diversity of sensors available and the heterogeneity of forests. Copernicus program served by the Sentinel satellites family and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, both with free and open services accessible to its users, present a good approach for mapping vegetation and estimate forest biomass on a global, regional, or local scale, periodically and in a repeated way. The Sentinel-2 (S2) systematically acquires optical imagery and provides global monitoring data with high spatial resolution (10–60 m) images. Given the novelty of information on the use of S2 data, this chapter presents a review on LCLU maps and forest above-ground biomass (AGB) estimates, in addition to exploring the efficiency of using the GEE platform. The Sentinel data have great potential for studies on LCLU classification and forest biomass estimates. The GEE platform is a promising tool for executing complex workflows of satellite data processing.
Evergreen Oak Biomass Residues for Firewood
Authors: Malico Isabel , Cristina Gonçalves Ana , M.O. Sousa Adélia 
Published: February 2021

This chapter presents the assessment of the availability for residential heating of residual biomass from cork and holm oaks in a 12,188 ha agroforest area in Portugal. First, the above-ground biomass of evergreen oaks using very high spatial resolution satellite images was determined, followed by the definition of different scenarios for residues removal from the stands. The useful energy potential of the firewood that can be collected from the study area under the various silviculture scenarios was determined considering different energy conversion technologies: open fireplaces (still popular in Portugal) and more efficient closed burning appliances. Additionally, emissions of airborne pollutants from combusting all the available residual biomass in the study area were determined. Depending on the percentage of residues collected when the trees are pruned and on the conversion technologies used, the energy potential of evergreen oak firewood ranged from 5.0 × 106 MJ year−1 to 7.5 × 107 MJ year−1. Heavier pruning combined with the use of open fireplaces generates less useful heat and much higher emissions of pollutants per unit useful energy produced than lighter pruning combined with a more efficient technology. This case study illustrates the need to promote the transition from inefficient to more efficient and cleaner technologies.
Sonerila longipedunculata sp. nov., a new species of Melastomataceae from the southern Western Ghats, India, with additional notes and lectotypification of Sonerila travancorica
Authors: Resmi Sekarathil , Nampy Santhosh 
Published: February 2021

A new species of Melastomataceae, Sonerila longipedunculata Resmi & Nampy sp. nov., is described from the southern Western Ghats, India. It is morphologically close to S. travancorica, but differs by the tuberous root stock, fleshy stems, ovate to cordate lamina, longer, angular peduncles, 3-ribbed hypanthium, ovate-elliptic petals, acute anthers, and 3-ribbed capsules. Detailed description, distribution map, and photographic images are provided. The morphological differences with relevant species are discussed. The status of the new species is provisionally assessed here as ‘critically endangered’ according to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The name Sonerila travancorica is lectotypified and its identity is discussed. The status of Sonerila longipetiolata is discussed and is synonymised under S. travancorica.
Meningioma Presenting as an Intraoral Mass in a Patient With Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Pfeifer John D. , Hill D. Ashley , Ramos Carlos V. , Wippold Franz J. , Dehner Louis P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A 77-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis type 1 presented with ill-fitting dentures due to intraoral extension of a right temporal fossa mass. Computed tomographic scanning demonstrated that the masticator space mass bowed the zygomatic arch and remodeled the lateral orbit and maxillary sinus walls, findings that were consistent with the clinical diagnosis of a neurofibroma with possible malignant transformation. However, light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural examination of tissue from an incisional biopsy specimen were diagnostic of meningioma. This case illustrates that the clinicopathologic differential diagnosis of an enlarging mass in patient with neurofibromatosis should include sporadic, unrelated neoplasms as well as tumors known to be associated with the syndrome.
Multiple Myeloma Involving the Myocardium and Coronary Vessels
Authors: Champeaux Anne L. , Blaser Jason L. , Myers Jerome B. , Schachter David T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We report a case of metastatic plasmacytoma to the myocardium and coronary vessels in a 57-year-old man with multiple myeloma. Originally, the patient had a large plasmacytoma in his left chest wall and lung. He received local radiation and chemotherapy. Subsequently, the patient presented with symptoms of congestive heart failure. He had no prior history of cardiac disease. The patient was treated medically and later died from respiratory failure. At autopsy, a metastatic plamacytoma was indentified within the myocardium and externally compressing the coronary arteries. The tumor infiltrated into the coronary sinus. It is difficult to speculate whether the patient's symptoms were due to cardiac involvement since the tumor burden in his chest was also considerable. To our knowledge, coronary vessel involvement with plasmacytoma has not been previously described.
Molecular Resistance Testing ofHelicobacter pyloriin Gastric Biopsies
Authors: Peña Jeremy Andrew , Fox James G. , Ferraro Mary Jane , Versalovic James 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective.—To evaluate simultaneous diagnosis of infection and molecular resistance testing of Helicobacter pylori.Methods.—Gastric biopsies were obtained from 26 rapid urease-positive and 51 rapid urease-negative test kits used to diagnose H pylori infection. Following glass bead–assisted DNA isolation, amplification of H pylori 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), glmM, and 23S rDNA target genes was performed.Results.—Helicobacter pylori DNA was successfully amplified from 100% (26/26) of urease-positive and 3.9% (2/51) of urease-negative gastric biopsies. Subsequent restriction enzyme–mediated digestion of 23S rDNA amplification products revealed that 17% (4/24) of urease-positive and H pylori DNA–positive biopsy specimens contained point mutations (A2142G or A2143G) associated with clarithromycin resistance. Helicobacter pylori DNA from gastric biopsies was successfully amplified 8 weeks following rapid urease testing.Conclusion.—Helicobacter pylori genotyping may be used to detect macrolide-resistant H pylori in individuals prior to initiation of therapy or in patients refractory to anti-H pylori therapy. Two urease-negative specimens yielded Helicobacter DNA distinct from that of H pylori and indicated the need for further investigations of Helicobacter species present in the human stomach.
Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease
Authors: Milde Petra , Guccion John G. , Kelly John , Locatelli Eduardo , Jones Robert V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We describe a case of adult polyglucosan body disease with characteristic clinical symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, upper motor neuron signs, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. Sural nerve biopsy revealed diagnostic intra-axonal polyglucosan bodies. On electron microscopic examination, the inclusions were located mainly within myelinated nerve fibers and consisted of branched filaments that were 6 to 8 nm wide. The diagnosis of adult polyglucosan body disease was confirmed by a skin biopsy from the axilla showing similar inclusions in myoepithelial cells of apocrine glands. This report provides additional evidence that skin biopsy, to date advocated by a single case report only, may be a less invasive and simpler diagnostic alternative to sural nerve or brain biopsies.
Spindle Cell Epithelioma of the Vagina Shows Immunohistochemical Staining Supporting Its Origin From a Primitive/Progenitor Cell Population
Authors: Skelton Henry , Smith Kathleen J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Spindle cell epitheliomas of the vagina (SCEVs) coexpresses epithelial and mesenchymal markers and were first described as a “mixed tumors of the vagina.” However, unlike mixed tumors of other organs, which are believed to originate from myoepithelial cells, SCEVs neither immunohistochemically nor ultrastructurally show features of myoepithelial cells. The present expanded battery of immunohistochemical stains is presented on this rare tumor, including cytokeratin AE1/AE3, CK7, CK20, S100 protein, epithelial membrane antigen, α-smooth muscle actin, desmin, CD34, CD99, Bcl-2, vimentin, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and Ki-67. There was minimal expression of α-smooth muscle actin and negative staining with S100 protein, with coexpression of cytokeratins and vimentin and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, as previously reported in SCEVs. In addition, diffuse expression of CD34, CD99, and Bcl-2 immunohistochemical stains was found, which has not previously been reported. The coexpression of CD34, CD99, and Bcl-2 in SCEVs is consistent with its origin from a primitive/progenitor cell population.
Primary Follicular Large Cell Lymphoma of the Testis in a Child
Authors: Lu Di , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Eskenazi Allen E. , Abruzzo Lynne V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Primary follicular lymphoma of the testis in childhood is extremely rare. To our knowledge, only 5 cases have been reported to date. We report a case in a 6-year-old boy who presented with painless right scrotal enlargement. Right radical orchiectomy revealed a follicular large cell lymphoma with diffuse areas confined to the testis and epididymis, clinical stage IE. Immunohistochemical stains demonstrated that the neoplastic cells were of B-cell lineage, positive for CD10, CD20, CD79a, and BCL-6. Staining for CD21 accentuated networks of dendritic reticulum cells within the nodules. The cells were negative for BCL-2, p53, and T-cell antigens. There was no evidence of the t(14;18) detected by polymerase chain reaction. The data suggest that follicular lymphoma of the testis in children has a different pathogenesis than follicular lymphoma in adults.
Colonic Adenocarcinoma Metastasizing as a Germ Cell Neoplasm
Authors: Petricek C. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Mixed tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, including both adenocarcinoma and germ cell neoplasm, have been reported infrequently. In the colon, only 9 cases, to our knowledge, have been described in the English-language literature. This is the case of a 29-year-old man with an unsuspected mixed colonic neoplasm that metastasized as the germ cell component.
Routine Syndecan-1 Immunohistochemistry Aids in the Diagnosis of Chronic Endometritis
Authors: Bayer-Garner Ilene B. , Nickell Jennifer A. , Korourian Soheila 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Chronic endometritis is reportedly observed in 3% to 10% of women undergoing endometrial biopsy for abnormal uterine bleeding. The diagnosis of chronic endometritis rests on the identification of the plasma cells. Their identification may be obscured by a mononuclear cell infiltrate, plasmacytoid stromal cells, abundant stromal mitoses, a pronounced predecidual reaction in late secretory endometrium, menstrual features, or secondary changes due to exogenous progesterone treatment prior to the biopsy. Syndecan-1 is a proteoglycan that is found on the cell surface of plasma cells and keratinocytes. Immunohistochemistry stains for this antibody may facilitate diagnosis of chronic endometritis.
Objective.—To determine whether or not routine syndecan-1 immunohistochemistry will aid in the diagnosis of chronic endometritis.
Design.—Immunohistochemistry stains for syndecan-1 were performed on 3 levels of 47 endometrial biopsies from patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. None of the patients had endometrial hyperplasia or an underlying malignancy. Clinical correlation and follow-up was attempted in 20 cases that showed evidence of plasma cells by syndecan-1 by immunohistochemistry.
Results.—Plasma cells were identified in 20 cases, 7 of which were initially diagnosed as chronic endometritis. The remaining 13 positive cases were diagnosed as tubal metaplasia (1), secretory endometrium (4), proliferative endometrium (4), menstrual endometrium (1), endometrial polyp (1), secretory endometrium with endometrial polyp (1), and endometrial polyp with exogenous hormone effect (1) based on the original hematoxylin-eosin section.
Conclusions.—Syndecan-1 may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of chronic endometritis. Approximately half of the cases of chronic endometritis responded to an antibiotic regime; thus, this diagnosis is important and may potentially obviate the need for surgical intervention.
Applications of Flow Cytometry and Immunohistochemistry to Diagnostic Hematopathology
Authors: Dunphy Cherie H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective.—Diagnostic hematopathology depends on the applications of flow cytometric immunophenotyping and immunohistochemical immunophenotyping combined with the cytomorphology and histologic features of each case. Select cases may require additional ancillary cytogenetic and molecular studies for diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to focus on the applications of flow cytometric and immunohistochemical immunophenotyping of paraffin-embedded tissue to diagnostic hematopathology. Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are examined.Data Sources.—The literature is extensively reviewed (PubMed 1985–2003) with an emphasis on the most recent applications and those that are most useful clinically, both diagnostically and prognostically.Study Selection.—Studies were selected based on statistically significant results in large studies with reported adequate clinical follow-up.Data Extraction.—The methodology was reviewed in the selected studies to ensure reliable comparison of reported data.Data Synthesis.—Flow cytometric immunophenotyping offers the sensitive detection of antigens for which antibodies may not be available for paraffin immunohistochemical immunophenotyping. However, paraffin immunohistochemical immunophenotyping offers preservation of architecture and evaluation of expression of some proteins, which may not be available by flow cytometric immunophenotyping. These techniques should be used as complimentary tools in diagnostic hematopathology.Conclusions.—There are extensive applications of flow cytometric and immunohistochemical immunophenotyping to diagnostic hematopathology. As cytogenetic and molecular findings evolve in diagnostic hematopathology, there may be additional applications of flow cytometric and immunohistochemical immunophenotyping to this field of pathology.
Pneumocystis carinii Infection
Authors: Wazir Javed F. , Ansari Naseem A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective.—To review and update the literature on current trends with regard to Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci ) diagnosis, treatment modalities, and its role in human disease processes.
Data Sources.—Bibliographic databases (PubMed and Ovid) were searched for material and data between 1980 and September 2003 relevant to the review. Indexing terms used were “Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,” and “Pneumocystis jiroveci,” with the English language as a constraint. Other sources were the PhD thesis of one of the authors (J.F.W., London University, 1993) and the library at the Arabian Gulf University in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
Study Selection.—Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and organ transplant cases with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
Data Extraction.—Independent extraction by 2 observers.
Data Synthesis.—We reviewed the major characteristics of P carinii (jiroveci ) with special emphasis on the more recently acquired data including the presence of a round pore in the cyst wall, which appears to be used for the release of sporozoites, supporting the hypothesis of sexual reproduction in P carinii (jiroveci ).
Conclusions.—Opportunistic infection with P carinii (jiroveci ) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus and non-human immunodeficiency virus–associated immunosuppressed patients. Diagnosis may be achieved in the majority of cases by routine cytochemical stains and specialized techniques such as immunocytochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. The incidence of P carinii pneumonia can significantly be reduced with effective use of prophylaxis and early detection of cases at high risk. Immunization for P carinii pneumonia is in the early stages and presents a challenging area for research.
A Hydatidiform Mole in a Postmenopausal Woman
Authors: Garcia Monica , Romaguera Rita L. , Gomez-Fernandez Carmen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic disease occurs in less than 1 per 1200 pregnancies in the United States. The spectrum of this disease ranges from benign hydatidiform mole to trophoblastic malignancy (placental-site trophoblastic tumor and choriocarcinoma). Benign gestational trophoblastic disease generally occurs in women of reproductive age and is extremely rare in postmenopausal women. To our knowledge, our case represents only the third description in the world literature of a benign complete hydatidiform mole in a woman with a history of amenorrhea greater than 1 year. We describe the case of a 61-year-old postmenopausal woman who underwent an emergent total abdominal hysterectomy due to uncontrollable vaginal bleeding associated with an increased serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin level. The resected uterus contained an endometrial, cystic, grapelike tumor. Microscopic examination demonstrated hydropic degenerated villi with a circumferential trophoblastic cell proliferation and moderate atypia, consistent with a complete hydatidiform mole. The morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics are presented, as well as the results of a literature review.
Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus With or Without Adenoid Cystic Features
Authors: Li Tie-Jun , Zhang Yong-Xin , Wen Julie , Cowan Daniel F. , Hart John , Xiao Shu-Yuan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the esophagus is a rare malignant tumor that morphologically could bear some resemblance to adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) originating from salivary glands.
Objective.—The purpose of this study is to describe the histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings of BSCCs of the esophagus, with an emphasis on comparing tumors with or without adenoid cystic features.
Design.—We reviewed 239 cases of primary esophageal carcinoma and detected 12 cases (5%) of BSCC. The light and electron microscopic findings and immunocytochemical localization of various antigens, including cytokeratins (AE1, AE3), carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, S100, smooth muscle actin, and p53, were examined in these BSCC cases.
Results.—Histologically, all BSCCs were composed of solid lobules or nests of basaloid cells with well-demarcated outlines surrounded by a fibrous stroma. Seven of 12 tumors showed areas of ACC-like features, that is, cribriform-like pseudoglandular lumina formation and hyaline material surrounding the tumor nests, whereas the remaining 5 tumors were apparently pure basaloid carcinomas. These 2 groups of tumors were histologically and immunohistochemically identical in many aspects, namely, high-grade nuclei of the tumor cells with frequent mitoses, abundant comedo-type necrosis, focal areas of concomitant squamous differentiation, consistent immunoreactivity for cytokeratins, and poor or absent staining for S100 and smooth muscle actin. Ultrastructurally, the basaloid tumor cells exhibited relatively undifferentiated cellular characteristics and undeveloped cell organelles.
Conclusion.—Basaloid squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus frequently have an intimate association with ACC-like patterns, but their histologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural features correspond more to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma than to salivary gland ACC. This distinction is important because genuine ACC is much less aggressive than BSCC.
William H. Welch, MD, and the Discovery ofBacillus welchii
Authors: Lucey Brendan P. , Hutchins Grover M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWilliam H. Welch, MD, and his colleagues performed an autopsy at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in October 1891 on a 38-year-old man and discovered a new bacterium, Bacillus aerogenes capsulatus. During the postmortem examination, gas bubbles were noted within many of the patient's blood vessels. Welch's laboratory personnel determined that a previously unknown bacterium was the source of the gas. Through a series of experiments, the organism's characteristics were described and its pathophysiology was detailed, findings that proved accurate in explaining gas gangrene during World War I. Welch never followed up these initial investigations with more experimentation. His subsequent writings regarding the bacterium that came to be known, appropriately, as Bacillus welchii consisted mostly of case reports from other medical institutions and summaries of previous data.
Renal Tumor With Overlapping Distal Nephron Morphology and Karyotype
Authors: Lindgren Valerie , Paner Gladell P. , Flanigan Robert C. , Clark Joseph I. , Campbell Steven C. , Picken Maria M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Although most renal epithelial tumors are derived from the proximal nephron, approximately 10% are believed to originate in the distal nephron. This latter group encompasses oncocytoma, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, and several rare types, including collecting duct carcinoma and renal medullary carcinoma. Despite progress in the classification of renal tumors, a small subset of renal carcinomas remains unclassified (ie, renal cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified). We describe a metastatic tumor consisting of cells with overlapping distal nephron morphologies, including foci of oncocytoma, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, and collecting duct carcinoma, as well as sarcomatoid dedifferentiation. Special stains were inconclusive, and ultrastructural study demonstrated abundant mitochondria and no microvesicles. The karyotype was hypodiploid with 41 chromosomes and abnormalities reported in all 3 phenotypes present. Rearrangements of 1p and of 11q13 previously seen in divergent subsets of oncocytomas were concomitantly present in the current tumor. Thus, this malignancy has features consistent with distal nephron derivation and demonstrates the convergence of the varied tumor morphologies arising within this site. Furthermore, this case exemplifies the value of cytogenetic analysis in the characterization of renal cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified. In view of recent advances in treatment approach, especially for collecting duct carcinoma, further categorization of this nondescript and heterogeneous group of renal cell carcinomas, not otherwise specified, at least by its derivation in relationship to the renal nephron (distal vs proximal), may be of value in the choice of treatment modality.