bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Civil and Commercial Cases in the EU: Jurisdiction, Recognition, and Enforcement, Applicable Law—Brussels Regulation, Rome I and II Regulations
Authors: Hörnle Julia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the harmonized provisions on private international law in the EU. It discusses the conflict of law rules in civil and commercial matters contained in the Brussels Regulation on Jurisdiction and the Rome I Regulation (applicable law contracts) and Rome II Regulation (non-contractual obligations). It analyses their scope of application and the general and special rules of jurisdiction for contract and torts, and the law applicable to different types of contracts and non-contractual liability. It provides a general overview of the main aspects of private international law in the EU and how this applies in internet cases.
The “Prudential” Bit
Authors: Dorsey Dale 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter attempts to provide a defense of a sui generis form of intrinsic prudential value against skepticism of this notion expressed by, among others, G. E. Moore and Guy Fletcher. This chapter also addresses recent conceptual analyses of intrinsic prudential value, and argues that we should adopt what Stephen Campbell calls the ”Substantive Theory Strategy”.
The “Intrinsic” Bit
Authors: Dorsey Dale 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a sustained argument against the Moorean claim that the value of a bearer is intrinsic if and only if this value supervenes entirely on the intrinsic properties of the bearer. This chapter addresses both halves of this biconditional separately, and argues that neither side is true. Whether a bearer’s value is intrinsic, this chapter concludes, has nothing to do with the intrinsicality or extrinsicality of the properties upon which this value supervenes.
What Is a Theory of Prudential Intrinsic Value?
Authors: Dorsey Dale 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
There is little agreement among theorists concerning what we would like a theory of intrinsic prudential value to do. This chapter holds that such a theory is not meant to provide an account of a person’s well-being, life quality, or any other such notion, except derivatively. Instead, theories of intrinsic prudential value should provide (or offer a procedure to provide) a prudential ordering: those particular states, objects, or events that are intrinsic goods for a person, ordered by their comparative value.
Scoreism and the Constitution of Prudential Reasons
Authors: Dorsey Dale 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the nature and constitution of prudential reasons. I argue that we should reject scoreism, according to which prudential reasons are constituted by facts about well-being scores (i.e., how “well-off” one is at a time), but instead should be constituted by facts about intrinsic prudential values (i.e., that a particular thing is intrinsically good). This understanding of prudential reasons helps to solve a persistent problem for subjectivist theories of the good.
The Possibility of Temporal Bias
Authors: Dorsey Dale 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses whether prudential rationality ought to permit of temporal biases: biases toward goods in the near future in comparison to the far future, and goods in the future in comparison to the past. I argue that there are strong rationales for such biases and that extant arguments offered by Meghan Sullivan, David Brink, Meghan Sullivan and Preston Greene, and Tom Dougherty against such biases fail.
Temporal Neutrality and The Demandingness of Prudence
Authors: Dorsey Dale 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a rationale for temporal neutrality that succeeds against the rationales for temporal biases provided in Chapter Eleven. I argue that temporally biased agents display unsavory attitudes toward temporally located goods that should not be permitted by an acceptable theory of prudential rationality. Following this, I discuss the demandingness of prudence in light of temporal neutrality, and argue that while prudence may be a significant source of self-regarding reasons, it needn’t be the only such source.
The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology
Authors: Maiden Martin , Dragomirescu Adina , Pană Dindelegan Gabriela , Uţă Oana , Zafiu Rodica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRomanian is one of the most morphologically complex Romance languages. This book is the first ever comprehensive and accessible account of how that morphological system evolved. Here are some of the most salient morphological traits distinctive of this language: it possesses an inflexional case system; unlike other Romance languages, it has an inflexional vocative; the morphological marking of number reached such a level of unpredictability that, for most nouns (and for many adjectives), the form of the plural must be independently specified alongside that of the singular; in addition to masculine and feminine, it seems to possess a third gender, often referred to as a ‘neuter’; its verb system contains a non-finite form, which apparently continues the Latin supine; the infinitive has undergone a morphological split such that one form functions now purely as a noun, while the other remains purely a verb; the distinctive morphology of the subjunctive has largely disappeared; lastly, noun and verb morphology are deeply permeated by the effects of successive sound changes, which have created remarkably complex patterns of allomorphy. The origins of many of these developments are problematic, indeed controversial. Moreover, they are problematic in ways that are of interest not only to broader historical Romance linguistics but, even more broadly, to morphological theory tout court. The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology shows how the features listed here are relevant to students and scholars interested in historical morphology generally no less than they are to Romance linguists.
Pronominal and indefinite structures
Authors: Maiden Martin , Dragomirescu Adina , Dindelegan Gabriela Pană , Bărbulescu Oana Uță , Zafiu Rodica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhat are the nature and the history of the distinction between stressed and clitic pronouns? What are the morphological characteristics of clitics and combinations of clitics? How did morphological markers of distance and respect emerge in pronouns? How are gender, number, and case expressed in pronouns? What is the nature of relative and interrogative pronouns? What is the history of indefinite pronouns? What is alde and where does it come from?
The verb
Authors: Maiden Martin , Dragomirescu Adina , Dindelegan Gabriela Pană , Bărbulescu Oana Uță , Zafiu Rodica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhat is the general structure of the Romanian verb? What are the verb’s inflexion classes and where do they come from? How is the verb’s inflexional paradigm structured? What is the nature of the extensive allomorphy found in lexical roots? Where do suppletive patterns come from? What is the morphological history of non-finite forms? What are ‘morphomic’ patterns and how did they emerge in the verb? What is the morphological history of auxiliary verbs? What is the history of novel periphrastic constructions involving auxiliary verbs and non-finite verb forms?
Word formation in diachrony
Authors: Maiden Martin , Dragomirescu Adina , Dindelegan Gabriela Pană , Bărbulescu Oana Uță , Zafiu Rodica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHow are affixes structured and segmented? What is the range of diminutive and augmentative suffixes? What suffixes are ethnic and agentive in Romanian? How do suffixes mark distinctions of sex? What suffixes mark abstract nouns, adjectives, and verbs? What are the prefixes of Romanian? What is the nature of Romanian prefixoids and suffixoids? How are compound nouns, adjectives, and verbs formed? What is the morphological history of numerals?
When Freeing Your Mind Isn’t Enough
Authors: Dotson Kristie , Sertler Ezgi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, Kristie Dotson and Ezgi Sertler probe the transformative potential of framework approaches to social justice. They challenge the idea that framework shifts at different levels equate to changes in the social arrangements they aim to reconceptualize. Ultimately, they claim that framework approaches to social transformation have two limitations that include: (i) failing to lead to the epistemological ingenuity they often promise; and, even where such ingenuity might be achieved, (ii) leaving untouched the actual social arrangements that facilitate the circumstances under analysis. This chapter proceeds in four sections. First, there is an introduction to viewing social justice issues through epistemological approaches. Second, Dotson and Sertler explain what they mean by a framework approach to social transformation. Third, they discuss a framework approach to social justice by looking into framework approaches to understanding “political prisoners” and its potential aims and aspirations. Fourth, they conclude by responding to a potential objection for this framework analysis by assessing the “work” of their own framework analysis.
Situated Knowledge, Purity, and Moral Panic
Authors: Kukla Quill R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A great deal of contemporary epistemology is driven by a kind of moral panic over the worry that there are no “pure” epistemic practices, perspectives, or standards detachable from the social situation of knowers. Kukla argues that we cannot do epistemology without fundamental, central attention to social identities, power relations, and the social institutions and structures within which epistemic practices happen. But this result is of no threat to our usable notions of objectivity, justification, and the like. The quest for purity is unnecessary. We should recognize it as a product of ideology and become comfortable with situatedness as an everyday phenomenon. Kukla ends by arguing that a proper naturalized, non-ideal epistemology—one more continuous with the empirical sciences—will treat situatedness not as something spooky or epistemologically threatening, but just as an empirical fact about our epistemic practices.
Epistemic Degradation and Testimonial Injustice
Authors: Pynn Geoff 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, Geoff Pynn asks what is the nature of the wrong involved in cases of testimonial injustice. After raising problems for accounts that explain the wrong in terms of objectification, where speakers are treated as mere sources of information rather than as informants, and in terms of derivatization, where speakers are treated as if their epistemic contributions are solely in support of—and not in tension with—any of our own capacities, Pynn proposes what he calls a degradation account of the wrong of testimonial injustice. The wrong of testimonial injustice involves epistemic degradation, which consists in a public violation of a speaker’s epistemic, status-linked entitlements. Drawing on the view that knowledge is the norm governing epistemically proper assertion, Pynn argues that a knowledgeable speaker whose assertion is rejected on the basis of an identity-prejudicial credibility deficit suffers a violation of her entitlement to acceptance.
My Body as a Witness
Authors: Medina José , Henning Tempest 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, José Medina and Tempest Henning examine the role that bodily testimony can play in social and political epistemology. They develop an account of how to understand the testimonial force and content of non-verbal communicative acts, such as gestures and facial expressions, that depends on three features: the communicative context, the embodied positionality of the communicator, and the communicative uptake that the audience gives, or fails to give, to the expressive behavior of the body. In particular, Medina and Henning argue that under conditions of racial oppression, all racialized bodies—non-white as well as white—are epistemically valued in different ways and thus receive different kinds of communicative uptake. At the same time, Medina and Henning argue that bodily group testimony is well suited for cultivating in-group communicative solidarity and for giving center-stage to in-group members in testimonial dynamics, and so bodily communication can be used in resistant testimony.
The ‘White’ Problem
Authors: Mills Charles W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, Charles Mills looks at the historic framing of race as “the Negro problem” and its implications for the development of American sociology in particular. As black radical theorists of the socio-political order have always insisted: to the extent that there is a Negro problem, it has to be contextualized within the larger structural matrix of the white problem. But the failure to recognize white oppression as the environing and shaping causal background has necessarily misoriented inquiry from the start. Drawing on two prizewinning sociological texts, Stephen Steinberg’s Turning Back: The Retreat from Racial Justice in American Thought and Policy (1995) and Aldon Morris’s The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology (2015), Mills argues that “epistemic injustice” as a concept has to be expanded to include possible foundational distortions in the structure of the disciplines themselves.
A Tale of Two Injustices
Authors: Davis Emmalon 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter has two aims. First, Davis distinguishes between two forms of testimonial injustice: identity-based testimonial injustice and content-based testimonial injustice. Second, Davis utilizes this distinction to develop a partial explanation for the persistent lack of diverse practitioners in academic philosophy. Specifically, Davis argues that both identity-based and content-based testimonial injustice are prevalent in philosophical discourse and that this prevalence introduces barriers to participation for those targeted. As Davis shows, the dual and compounding effects of identity-based and content-based testimonial injustice in philosophy plausibly contribute to a lack of diversity in the social identities of practitioners and the discourses in which practitioners are engaged.
The Epistemology of Consent
Authors: Guerrero Alexander A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhilosophers spend a lot of time discussing what consent is. In this chapter, Alexander Guerrero suggests that there are also hard and important epistemological questions about consent and that debates about consent often mistake epistemological issues for metaphysical ones. People who defend so-called “affirmative consent” views sometimes are accused of, or even take themselves to be, offering a new, controversial view about the nature of consent. Guerrero argues that this is a mistake. The right way of understanding “affirmative consent” is as a view about what is required, epistemically, before one can justifiably believe that another person has consented. This view will be justified, if it is, because of background views about epistemic justification and the way epistemic justification interacts with moral norms governing action. Guerrero concludes by discussing the implications of this view for the morality and law regarding consent.
WDM Local-Area Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
WDM-based broadcast-and-select transmission over optical passive-star topology can significantly enhance the speed of optical LANs/MANs. This type of optical LAN/MAN (or simply WDM LAN) can function using a variety of network architectures. In particular, WDM LANs can transmit packets between two nodes using direct or single-hop transmission or through intermediate nodes using multihop transmission, leading to broadly two types of network architectures: single-hop and multihop. The nodes in WDM LANs can employ two types of transmitters and receivers: tunable transmitter (TT) or fixed transmitter (FT) and tunable receiver (TR) or fixed receiver (FR), giving four types of WDM transceiver configurations: TT-TR, TT-FR, FT-TR, and FT-FR. Of the four configurations, the first three can realize single-hop communication, while the fourth generally leads to multihop networks. In this chapter, we describe various types of passive-star-based WDM LANs and examine their salient performance features. (141 words)
WDM Long-Haul Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ever-increasing traffic in the long-haul networks called for WDM-based transmission, all the more when compared to the metro and access segments. Further, although the interconnected WDM rings served the needs of long-haul networks for some time, mesh-connected WDM networks appeared as a natural and more effective solution, with enhanced connectivity and resilience against network failures. In this chapter, we first examine the basic design challenges and the candidate node configurations for WRON-based mesh networks. Next we present various offline design methodologies for this class of networks using LP-based and heuristic schemes. Impact of wavelength conversion (WC) in mesh-configured WRONs is also examined by using analytical models, and the gain in bandwidth utilization is assessed in WRONs with full WC as compared to those without any WC. Finally, we examine some online routing and wavelength assignment schemes that can be used for operational WRONs. (143 words)
Datacenter Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In today’s society, datacenters play significant roles by providing data storage and computing power needed to carry out a wide variety of tasks, such as web mail, web searching, online transactions, social networking for individuals, and big-data processing tasks at organizational level, including machine learning, and high-performance computing. Datacenters typically consist of a large number of interconnected servers, up to hundreds of thousands of them, hence needing bandwidth-efficient networking between themselves with controlled power operation. Use of optical switching in intra-datacenter networks can significantly improve their overall performance with enhanced speed and reduced power consumption. We present various types of datacenters, using electrical, optical, and hybrid switching. Finally, we present some heuristic methods for designing WRON-based backbone networks for hosting datacenters at suitable locations, and a popularity-based replication strategy of various objects in the selcted datacenters. (136 words)
The Sovereignty Conundrum
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
There are two ways of understanding the UK constitution. The classic Diceyean view is that sovereignty lies with the monarch-in-parliament alone. This is a fact, which requires no historical or normative justification. The other interpretation is that there are multiple sources of legitimate authority, including those embedded in the original union settlements, conventions, European Union law (before Brexit), European human rights law, normative principles and the devolution settlements. According to the first interpretation, devolution means that Westminster has lent power to the devolved institutions but can take it back at any time. According to the second, devolution is a constitutional measure, introducing federal principles into the union. In ordinary times, these conflicting interpretations can coexist but at times of crisis they come into the open.
Between Two Unions
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The devolution settlement of 1999 was introduced during UK membership of the European Union. The EU provided an external support system for it. Ideas of shared and divided sovereignty, on which the EU is (for many) based, complement similar interpretations of the United Kingdom as a union rather than a nation state. Like the UK, the EU has no fixed demos, telos, ethos or agreed locus of sovereignty; these are, rather, contested. The EU also provided for market integration through the internal market, obviating the need for internal market provisions in the devolution settlement. EU membership for both the UK and Ireland meant that the physical border could be dismantled. UK withdrawal from the EU therefore destabilizes the settlement, especially given the Remain majorities in Scotland and Northern Ireland. This has revived demands for Scottish independence and Irish reunification. There is a protocol allowing Northern Ireland to remain within the regulatory ambit of both the UK and the EU. A demand for similar provisions for Scotland was refused.
Broberg and Fenger on Preliminary References to the European Court of Justice
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis fully updated and revised 3rd edition of Preliminary References to the European Court of Justice provides a meticulous and yet easily accessible examination of all aspects of the preliminary reference procedure. A reference for a preliminary ruling is a request from a national court of an EU Member State to the European Court of Justice to give an authoritative interpretation on an EU act or a decision on the validity of such an act. Preliminary rulings have played a pivotal role in the development of the European Union. The European Union’s preliminary reference procedure has been copied by several other international organisations – including not least the European Economic Area (EEA) and the EFTA Court. Since the second edition, the European Court of Justice has rendered a considerable number of rulings which have led to important changes to the book. This is particularly reflected in the treatment of the Court’s acte clair doctrine, of preliminary references from administrative appeal boards and arbitration tribunals and of preliminary references regarding international agreements. And it is reflected in the interaction between the preliminary reference procedure and the European Convention on Human Rights as well as in a more general revision of the text bringing it up to date by taking into account new case law and new legal writings. With backgrounds as both practitioners and academics the two authors have produced a book that caters for the needs of both practitioners and academics.
Which Bodies May Refer?
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 3 discusses which bodies may make preliminary references. Only ‘a court or tribunal of a Member State’ has this right. Chapter 3 examines a number of possible criteria; namely is the referring body established by law, does it have permanent character, is it independent, is the body’s jurisdiction compulsory, does it use an adversary procedure, does it make its decisions on the basis of legal rules, can it issue decisions of a judicial nature in the context of the preliminary reference, does the members of the body include lawyers, does the question leading to the preliminary reference arise in connection with the settlement of a dispute, and are there other judicial solutions to the conflict in question? Chapter 3 next considers what types of bodies may make preliminary references. This examination covers, ordinary courts, international courts and courts with jurisdiction in more Member States, arbitration tribunals, administrative authorities and ombudsmen, and private bodies. Chapter 3 also considers when a court is of an EU Member State. Moreover, Chapter 3 examines whether a court of a Member State may not make a preliminary reference because its activities are not of a judicial nature or because, under national law, it is precluded from doing this.