bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cinnamoyl coA: NADP oxidoreductase-like 1 regulates abscisic acid response by modulating phaseic acid homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Yin Xiaoming , Bai Ya-Li , Ye Tiantian , Yu Min , Wu Yan , Feng Yu-Qi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Phaseic acid (PA), a main catabolite of abscisic acid (ABA), is structurally related to ABA and possesses ABA-like hormonal activity. However, the comprehensive metabolism pathway and roles of PA are not well understood. Here, using homologous alignment and expression pattern analysis, we identified in Arabidopsis the previously named CRL1 (Cinnamoyl coA: NADP oxidoreductase-like 1) as a PA reductase that catalyses PA to dihydrophaseic acid. The function of CRL1 and the potential role of PA were studied in transgenic CRL1 plants. Overexpression of CRL1 resulted in decreased ABA sensitivity in seed germination and attenuated drought tolerance. In contrast, increased ABA sensitivity and elevated drought tolerance was observed in down-regulated and loss-of-function crl1 mutants. Tyr162 in the conserved motif is the key residue in CRL1 to catalyse PA. Accelerated seed germination and earlier flowering phenotype were also observed in overexpressing lines, while retarded seed germination and delayed flowering occurred in crl1 mutants which accumulated more PA, but less dihydrophaseic acid than the wild type. This study demonstrates that PA plays diverse functions in drought tolerance, seed germination and flowering in an ABA-like manner, which may increase the adaptive plasticity of plants.
Structural basis of cyclic oligoadenylate degradation by ancillary Type III CRISPR-Cas ring nucleases
Authors: Molina Rafael , Jensen Anne Louise Grøn , Marchena-Hurtado Javier , López-Méndez Blanca , Stella Stefano , Montoya Guillermo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Type III CRISPR-Cas effector systems detect foreign RNA triggering DNA and RNA cleavage and synthesizing cyclic oligoadenylate molecules (cA) in their Cas10 subunit. cAs act as a second messenger activating auxiliary nucleases, leading to an indiscriminate RNA degradation that can end in cell dormancy or death. Standalone ring nucleases are CRISPR ancillary proteins which downregulate the strong immune response of Type III systems by degrading cA. These enzymes contain a CRISPR-associated Rossman-fold (CARF) domain, which binds and cleaves the cA molecule. Here, we present the structures of the standalone ring nuclease from Sulfolobus islandicus (Sis) 0811 in its apo and post-catalytic states. This enzyme is composed by a N-terminal CARF and a C-terminal wHTH domain. Sis0811 presents a phosphodiester hydrolysis metal-independent mechanism, which cleaves cA4 rings to generate linear adenylate species, thus reducing the levels of the second messenger and switching off the cell antiviral state. The structural and biochemical analysis revealed the coupling of a cork-screw conformational change with the positioning of key catalytic residues to proceed with cA4 phosphodiester hydrolysis in a non-concerted manner.
Introduction
Authors: Greble Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The introduction establishes key arguments and questions at the heart of Muslims in Modern Europe. Being Muslim in Europe, it shows, was not simply a confessional identity or a matter of belief, but a legal category enshrined in decades of legal codes, institutionalized in the structures of state institutions, and embedded in European frameworks for political and cultural belonging. It demonstrates that Muslims in southeastern Europe were Europeans, and their histories need to be included as part of core European histories. Muslims in Europe were certainly victims of oppressive power structures, disingenuous negotiations, and discrimination. But they fought for the right to define the place of Islam in their states and societies, shaping the European project itself.
Association between COVID-19 infection rates by region and implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions: a cross-sectional study in Japan
Authors: Anan Tomomi , Ishimaru Tomohiro , Hino Ayako , Nagata Tomohisa , Tateishi Seiichiro , Tsuji Mayumi , Ogami Akira , Matsuda Shinya , Fujino Yoshihisa ,   for the CORoNaWork project
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundDuring a pandemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) play an important role in protecting oneself and others from infection. There are large regional differences in COVID-19 infection rates in Japan. We hypothesized that the local infection incidence may affect adherence to individual NPIs.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted online among full-time workers in Japan in December 2020. The questionnaire asked the respondents to identify their habits regarding seven common NPIs (wearing masks, washing hands after the bathroom, disinfecting hands when entering indoors, gargling when returning home, ventilating the room, disinfecting or washing hands after touching frequently touched surfaces, carrying alcohol sanitizers when outdoors).ResultsA total of 27 036 participants were analyzed. Compared with the region with the lowest infection rate, five of the seven NPIs showed statistically significant trends across regional infection levels, the two exceptions being wearing masks and washing hands after the bathroom. Multivariate adjustment did not change these trends.ConclusionsThis study found that NPIs were more prevalent in regions with higher incidence rates of COVID-19 in Japanese workers. The findings suggest that the implementation of NPIs was influenced not only by personal attributes but also by contextual effects of the local infection level.
Yield, nutrient composition, and horse condition in integrated crabgrass and cool-season grass rotational grazing pasture systems
Authors: Weinert-Nelson Jennifer R , Meyer William A , Williams Carey A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Integration of warm-season grasses into traditional cool-season pastures can increase summer forage for grazing cattle. The aim of this study was to determine impacts of this practice on yield and nutrient composition of equine rotational pasture systems as well as horse body condition. Two 1.5 ha rotational systems (6 to 0.25 ha sections/system) were evaluated: a control system (CON) (all sections mixed cool-season grass [CSG-CON]) and an integrated rotational grazing system (IRS) (three CSG sections [CSG-IRS] and three Quick-N-Big crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.; CRB-IRS]). Three horses per system grazed in three periods: EARLY (mid-May to mid-July), SLUMP (mid-July to mid-September), and LATE (mid-September to mid-November). Herbage mass (HM) was measured prior to each rotation and samples were collected (0800 to 1000 h) for nutrient analysis. Grazing days were tracked to calculate carrying capacity (CC). Horse condition measures were assessed monthly. Over the full grazing season, 9,125 kg of forage was available for grazing in IRS versus 6,335 kg in CON. The CC was 390 horse d for IRS, while only 276 horse d for CON. Total HM/section did not differ during EARLY when CRB was not available (CSG-IRS: 2,537 ± 605; CSG-CON: 3,783 ± 856 kg/ha), but CC was greater in CSG-IRS (220 ± 37 horse d/ha) than CSG-CON (92 ± 26 horse d/ha; P = 0.03). In SLUMP, both HM and CC were greater in CRB-IRS (HM: 4,758 ± 698 kg/ha; CC: 196 ± 31 horse d/ha) than CSG-IRS (HM: 1,086 ± 698 kg/ha; CC: 32 ± 31 horse d/ha) or CON (HM: 970 ± 493 kg/ha; CC: 46 ± 22 horse d/ha; P &lt; 0.02). While HM did not differ by section type in LATE (1,284 ± 158 kg/ha), CC was greater in CSG-CON (84 ± 9 horse d/ha) versus CRB-IRS (32 ± 13 horse d/ha; P = 0.03) and CSG-IRS (40 ± 13 horse d/ha; P = 0.06). During SLUMP, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were lower in CRB-IRS (4.46% ± 0.80%) than CSG-CON (7.92% ± 0.90%; P &lt; 0.04), but not CSG-IRS (5.93% ± 1.04%); however, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) did not differ (7.05% ± 0.62%). There were no differences in WSC (6.46% ± 0.54%) or NSC (7.65% ± 0.54%) by section type in LATE. Horses in IRS maintained a body condition score (BCS) of 5.78 ± 0.48, but BCS did not differ by system (CON: 6.11 ± 0.48). Thus, integrated grazing increased summer pasture yield and provided adequate nutrition to maintain horse condition, but further research is needed to improve late-season production. Integrated grazing may not, however, provide an advantage in limiting dietary NSC, as NSC remained low for all pasture sections.
Social Perception of Reconstruction following Orbital Exenteration
Authors: Cherubino Mario , Baroni Tommaso , Santoro Veronica , Garutti Leonardo , Battaglia Paolo , Turri-Zanoni Mario , Di Summa Pietro , Tamborini Federico , di Giovanna Danilo , Valdatta Luigi 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Orbital exenteration, the removal of the entire globe, eyelids, and orbital content, is indicated in extensive neoplastic disease involving the orbital region. Although a functional reconstruction of orbital exenteration defects is mandatory, aesthetic concerns need to be considered. Facial disfigurement following reconstructive surgery often leads to great discomfort and social retirement, which can limit social interaction. The aim of this study was to explore how the society perceives the aspect of patients who underwent orbital exenteration and subsequent reconstruction, comparing two different types of reconstruction: standard anterolateral thigh (ALT) or “sandwich” fascial ALT (SALT) free flap.

Methods:
An online survey was created based on four questions regarding the perception of reconstruction (discomfort at looking at that patient, perception of unhealthiness, hypothesis of social life impairment, etc); five possible answers were provided, ranging from “completely” to “not at all.” The survey was administered to the general population and to medical students.

Results:
In total, 255 people participated to the survey (130 medical students and 125 people of the general population); a total of 245 surveys were considered eligible (10 were incomplete and then discharged). Statistical significance was found (P < 0.001) regarding the better overall appearance of the SALT group over the ALT one.

Conclusions:
After analysis, the surgical outcome after SALT reconstruction has been found to be less disruptive in both groups, due to a reduced scar burden and a more pleasant orbital pocket. Our results encourage more research in the field of postexenteration reconstruction to achieve more aesthetic and social acceptability.
Intramedullary Screw Fixation Comprehensive Technique Guide for Metacarpal and Phalanx Fractures: Pearls and Pitfalls
Authors: Chao John , Patel Anup , Shah Ajul 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Phalangeal and metacarpal fractures are the second and third most common upper extremity fractures after distal radius fractures with varying methods of fixation techniques. Intramedullary screw fixation is an increasingly preferred method of fixation. Benefits include early range of motion, faster recovery, limited dissection, and reduced complications. Improper technique, which is readily avoidable, can lead to suboptimal results.

Methods:
A review of recent literature on current techniques aims to summarize the biomechanics of intramedullary screw fixation and outline appropriate technique of placing headless compression screws for metacarpal and phalangeal fractures.

Results:
We discuss through images and videos the indications, preoperative workup, and technical pearls and pitfalls to encourage surgeons to add this technique to their armamentarium and improve outcomes.

Conclusions:
intrameduallry screw fixation is a powerful option for metacarpal and phalanx fixation that allows rigid stability, enabling early return of function with excellent rates of union and total active motion. With knowledge of technical pearls presented in this article, common mistakes can be avoided to improve efficiency of screw placement and optimize patient outcomes.
Immediate Post-Concussion and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT): Effects of Data Integration Strategies on Classification Accuracy
Authors: Gaudet Charles E. 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
The current study aimed to evaluate varying data integration procedures and their effects on the classification accuracy of Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT).

Setting:
Data were collected from an independent secondary school that included students in grades 9 to 12.

Participants:
The study examined 300 consecutive ImPACT score reports generated by secondary school students between 2010 and 2015.

Design:
To appraise ImPACT's utility as a serialized measure, standardized regression-based equations were formulated to compute reliable change index scores. Discriminant function analyses (DFAs) consisting of varying combinations of ImPACT composite scores were conducted and their accuracy was compared to that produced by the standard interpretive procedure.

Main Measures:
Varying combinations of scores produced on Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, Visual Motor Speed, Reaction Speed, and the Postconcussion Symptom Scale were included in analyses.

Results:
DFAs yielded sensitivities ranging from 31% to 49%, specificities from 88% to 95%, positive predictive values (PPVs) from 61% to 83%, and negative predictive values (NPVs) from 67% to 75%. Conversely, the standard interpretive procedure yielded a sensitivity of 73%, specificity of 43%, PPV of 45%, and NPV of 72%.

Conclusion:
The standard interpretive procedure produced a higher sensitivity than the DFAs; however, its PPV did not exceed chance levels. Conversely, DFA equations produced superior PPVs; however, their sensitivity hovered around 50%, leaving a substantial proportion of individuals with concussion undetected. Cognitive composite scores did not appear to offer significant incremental utility in relation to symptom self-report. Base rate conditions and psychometric factors appeared to contribute to ImPACT's limited classification accuracy.
How glaucoma care changed for the better after the pandemic
Authors: Vinod Kateki , Sidoti Paul A. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
The current article reviews enhancements to the delivery of glaucoma care that developed in response to the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic and are likely to persist beyond its resolution.

Recent findings
Literature from the review period (2020–2021) includes reports highlighting contributions of the ophthalmology community to global health during the pandemic. Glaucoma practices worldwide have instituted more robust infection control measures to mitigate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission in the outpatient setting, and many of these modifications will endure in the post-COVID era. Operational adjustments have led to the provision of more efficient glaucoma care. A hybrid care model involving technician-based diagnostic testing and subsequent virtual consultation with a glaucoma specialist has evolved as a useful adjunct to traditional face-to-face encounters with patients.

Summary
Glaucoma specialists, patients, and staff have adapted to a ‘new normal’ of glaucoma care delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although innovation has propelled several improvements to glaucoma care during this global health crisis, significant barriers to more widespread implementation of teleglaucoma still exist. Whether, and in what capacity, the pandemic has permanently altered glaucoma practice patterns remains to be seen.
The role of interventional pulmonology in pleural disease diagnosis and management
Authors: Flora Arjan S. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Pleural disease guidelines have not been updated in a decade. Advances have been made in the diagnosis and management of pleural diseases since, with expanding evidence of the utility of medical thoracoscopy (MT) as a safe and effective tool.

Recent findings
Although thoracic ultrasound has improved early determination of pleural disease etiology, thoracentesis remains limited, and pleural tissue is necessary for the diagnosis of undifferentiated exudative pleural effusions. Medical thoracoscopy has been shown to be superior to traditional closed pleural biopsy, and recent literature is focused on which technique is best. A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) found rigid mini-thoracoscopy was not superior to semirigid thoracoscopy. Meta-analyses have not found pleural cyrobiopsy to be superior to forceps biopsies. As a therapeutic tool, meta-analysis suggests MT as a possible first-line tool for the treatment of complicated parapneumonic effusions (CPE) and early empyema. A RCT comparing MT to intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy demonstrated that the former technique is safe, effective, and may shorten hospital length of stay in patients with CPE/empyema.

Summary
The implications of the recent findings in the medical literature are that medical thoracoscopy, particularly by trained Interventional Pulmonologists, will find an expanded role in future iteration of pleural disease guidelines.
Apixaban: An Optimal Agent for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism?
Authors: Grilusová Kristína , Bolek Tomáš , Škorňová Ingrid , Stančiaková Lucia , Mikušová Veronika , Kubisz Peter , Galajda Peter , Staško Ján , Samoš Matej , Mokáň Marián 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Apixaban, a direct inhibitor of activated coagulation factor X (FXaI), is being frequently selected for treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Several reports about possible use of oral FXaI in patients with cancer-associated VTE (CA-VTE) have been published recently.

Areas of Uncertainty:
The efficacy/safety profile of oral FXaI anticoagulation in patients with CA-VTE seems promising; however, several problems remain unanswered. The pharmacologic profile of apixaban could prefer this agent for the treatment of CA-VTE.

Data Sources:
Currently available medical literature was searched and reviewed to summarize data regarding the use of apixaban for the prevention and treatment of cancer-associated VTE.

Results:
Apixaban therapy in patients with cancer and VTE is expected to increase as clinicians gain more experience and reassurance with data from real-world studies that are generally promising. Several studies demonstrated that apixaban exhibits noninferiority to warfarin and low molecular weight heparin in preventing recurrent thrombosis in cancer-associated VTE. Nevertheless, there are still concerns regarding the bleeding associated with apixaban therapy, and regarding the optimal management of these bleeding emergencies.

Therapeutic Opinion:
Although currently available evidence confirms the noninferiority of apixaban for reduction of the risk of recurrent VTE in patients with cancer; there are still concerns regarding the safety, especially in selected subpopulations of these patients.
Intricacies of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testis cancer
Authors: Alsyouf Muhannad , Daneshmand Siamak 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) and retroperitoneal tumor resection for germ cell cancer are complex operations requiring experience and expertise in surgical techniques necessary to achieve complete resection while minimizing morbidity. This article reviews the intricacies of RPLND for testis cancer.

Recent findings
Surgical management of advanced testis cancer begins with an intimate understanding of retroperitoneal anatomy and the various techniques necessary to safely extirpate tumors. Preoperatively patients should undergo comprehensive counseling and obtain up-to-date imaging along with tumor markers to assist in surgical planning and evaluation of extraretroperitoneal (ERP) disease. Surgeons must be well versed in nerve-sparing techniques to maintain ejaculatory function. Newer techniques using a midline extraperitoneal technique minimizes morbidity and length of hospital stay. Special consideration should be given to the possibility of encountering ERP disease in advanced germ cell tumors, with management of these cases in tertiary care centers with multidisciplinary teams.

Summary
The perioperative care of the testis cancer patient undergoing RPLND is complex. The goal is to achieve complete resection to render patients disease free while minimizing surgical and long-term morbidity. Advanced testis cancer patients should be managed at tertiary care facilities with surgical expertise and access to multidisciplinary care.
Association of Antibiotic Usage With Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome Development From a Caregiver’s Survey
Authors: Boyer Jeanelle , Sgambelluri Lizzy , Yuan Qian 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a frequently misdiagnosed, serious, non-IgE–mediated food allergy, and the precise mechanism of disease is unknown. Acute FPIES typically presents with repetitive, profuse vomiting approximately 1 to 4 hours post-ingestion of a food trigger. Chronic FPIES is considered less common and less well characterized.

Objective:
We aimed to better describe FPIES and identify factors that may influence FPIES development through use of a self-reported, caregiver’s survey.

Methods:
FPIES and allergy-free infant caregivers completed a survey regarding lifestyle factors that may influence allergy acquisition such as antibiotic usage and delivery mode. FPIES caregivers reported symptoms, number of food triggers, type of FPIES, and symptoms from breastmilk ingestion. FPIES infants were compared to allergy-free infants to identify factors potentially associated with FPIES.

Results:
Infant and prenatal maternal antibiotic usage was higher in FPIES infants compared to allergy-free infants (43.8% versus 20.6% and 48.8% versus 23.57%, respectively; P < 0.05). When compared to infants with acute FPIES alone, infants described as both acute and chronic FPIES reported earlier onset of symptoms, more nonspecific symptoms, and symptoms triggered by breast milk, more antibiotic exposure, and more food triggers (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Antibiotic usage was significantly higher in FPIES infants when compared to allergy-free infants. Work is needed to elucidate the role of antibiotic usage in the etiology of FPIES. Infants reported to have both acute and chronic FPIES were significantly different from infants with acute FPIES alone, highlighting the need to more closely examine these different subtypes of FPIES.