bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metaphorical language in second language learners' essays: Products and processes
Authors:   , Hoàng Đoan Hạ Thị 
Published: November 2021

<p>This two-phase project investigated metaphorical language use in second language learners’ essays from both perspectives of products and processes. The first phase relied on text analysis to examine the patterns of metaphorical language use in 396 undergraduate essays at four different year levels, focusing on the metaphoricity and the phraseology of their metaphorical language. The study has shown that there were differences in metaphorical language use at different year levels. Metaphorical language use was also found to correlate with writing grades. Conventional metaphorical language use, in particular, significantly explained writing grades. The second phase explored the learners’ thoughts behind their written production of metaphorical language using data from computer-logged keystrokes and stimulated retrospective interviews. It was found that there was a relationship between the locations and durations of the pauses and the metaphoricity and phraseology of the metaphorical language the participants produced. The study has shown that learners had low awareness of the metaphorical nature of the language they used, and that the underlying thoughts behind their metaphorical language use involved more non-metaphoric than metaphoric thinking. The project has added new knowledge to current scholarship of metaphor in second language learning and has significant implications for the teaching of L2 vocabulary and writing.</p>
A Study of Unconventional Gas Accumulation in Dannevirke Series (Paleogene) Rocks, Canterbury Basin, New Zealand
Authors:   , Cozens Nick 
Published: November 2021

<p>This thesis aims to assess the potential of unconventional gas accumulation of Danevirke aged (65-43 Ma) mudrock of the Canterbury Basin, South Island, New Zealand. Unconventional hydrocarbon resources contained in low-porosity, low-permeability rocks are potentially a large source of natural gas. Recent developments throughout the United States and increasingly so in Australia, signify a shift in exploration efforts from conventional natural gas targets towards unconventional shale gas plays and basin centred gas systems. Despite extensive international progress made in this field of exploration, little is known about New Zealand unconventional hydrocarbon systems. The Canterbury Basin is approximaty 360,000km² in area and is located approximately between 44°S and 46°S. The deepest part of the basin is located offshore and is known as the Clipper Sub-Basin, which exhibits economic basement depths of 6500m. The Clipper Sub-Basin is a late Cretaceous syn-rift horst and graben feature which trends north east-south west and is bound basinward by the Benreoch High and landward by the Canterbury Bight High. Dannevirke aged transgressive rocks overlay these structures and intermittently exhibit gas-charged intervals in low porosity facies. Elevated gas concentrations are recorded in four exploration wells in the Clipper Sub-Basin from gas chromatograph readings (up to 2 .7/00.4%). These high-gas zones correspond to intervals of elevated quartz (up to 72wt%), whereas non-gaseous intervals corresponded to quartz values as low as 30wt%. Scanning electron microscopy results do not reveal biogenic silica populations in the cutting samples examined. High silica is related to diagenetic silica transformations of mica, various clay minerals, pyrite and silica transformations. Although no visible porosity is observed in thin sections, FMI wireline analysis illustrate natural fractures predominately occur in siliceous intervals, where resistive fractures can account up to one fracture per 10m of stratigraphic thickness. These fissile or laminated brittle lithologies are likely hydrocarbon conduits or accumulation intervals for wet gas. RockEval pyrolysis results indicate the siliceous mudrocks are organic le-n, comprising an immature gas-prone source rock which averages 1.5% total organic carbon. Findings made in this research are compared to the. Whangai Formation, considered in this study to be a comparable shale gas system and also to the Monterey Formation of the United States which is a known basin centred gas system. Dannevirke aged sediments found in the Clipper Sub-Basin appear to constitute the requisites of a near-to-source, direct type., basin centred gas system. Implications of this study open up the possibility that New Zealand's widespread Paleocene-Eocene mudrocks are capable of natural gas accumulation and therefore viable natural gas exploration targets in New Zealand.</p>
The Forgotten Soundtrack of Maoriland: Imagining the Nation Through Alfred Hill’s Songs for Rewi's Last Stand
Authors:   , Cross Melissa 
Published: November 2021

<p>Alfred Hill’s songs based on collected Māori musical materials and narrative themes are artefacts of cultural colonisation that represent individual identities and imagined communities. They are tangible evidence of the site of identity formation known as Maoriland within which Pākehā construct imaginings of ‘Māoriness’ to create their own sense of indigeneity and nationhood. Although early twentieth-century Maoriland has been discussed widely in the arts and literature, scholars have not addressed the music of Maoriland, perhaps because it is heard today as the cultural form that most clearly expresses racialised sentimentality and colonial hegemony. However, Maoriland music can tell us much about New Zealand society if it is recognised as inhabiting an ‘in-between’ place where Pākehā fascination for the racial other was often inseparable from an admiration for Māori promoted by a knowledgeable group of Māori and Pākehā cultural go-betweens. This thesis presents a critical cultural analysis of the ethnic, racial, gendered, and national identities represented in Hill’s ‘Māori’ songs, viewed through the lens of his use of these in his score for Rudall Hayward’s film Rewi’s Last Stand (1940). This analysis shows that these popular songs contributed, and continue to contribute, to the nexus of Māori, war, and music in Pākehā narrations of the nation. By applying a bicultural approach to the study of Hill’s Maoriland songs, this research also shows these ‘in-between’ songs represent individual, tribal, and national Māori identities too. While this work adds music to the discourse of Maoriland, and Maoriland to the discourse of New Zealand music and national identity, Hill’s ‘Māori’ music, early twentieth-century New Zealand music, and New Zealand film music all remain severely under-researched areas of New Zealand music studies.</p>
A Critical Study of Kumpulan Militant Malaysia, its Wider Connections in the Region and the Implications of Radical Islam for the Stability of Southeast Asia
Authors:   , Mohammad Aslam Mohd Mizan 
Published: November 2021

<p>This study analyzes the existence and political history of Kumpulan Militan Malaysia (Malaysia Militant Group-KMM); the most spectacular Muslim militant group to recently emerge from Malaysia. Using an interpretive framework derived from typology of radicalism, this study exposes the roots of the group and its transformation into a militant movement. Based on extensive fieldwork, numerous interviews and in-depth research of related documents, this study demonstrates that the existence of KMM cannot be dissociated from Afghanistan’s global Jihadist campaign. This study analyzes the activities of KMM in the context of radical Islam in the South East Asia region and its wider connection, particularly with the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). Findings from fieldwork research conducted with active and ex-members of KMM and JI are presented to find the answer to the question pertaining the involvement of these two groups in terrorism activities in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian contemporary social and political scenarios have been build-up from a long history of rebellious freedom fighters against colonial super-powers. In addition to nationalism, Islamization has also played a significant role in establishing freedom movements in the 1940s and 1950s. Systematic pressure under colonial powers and harsh policies implemented by ultra nationalists to these groups resulted in a series of rebellions and defiance such as what happened in Indonesia, Southern Thailand and the Southern Philippines. Historical facts led to radicalism in these countries, which are important for gaining a better knowledge about Muslim radicalism in Southeast Asia also presented in this thesis. The ‘typology of radicalism’ - the transformation from ‘nominal believers’ to activists, extremists, radicals and terrorists is explained in this research. Understanding Islam and their willingness to perform Jihad as was carried out in Afghanistan has had a significant impact on today’s militants. Finally, this research suggests the best methods for overcoming radicalism and diffusing KMM and JI’s threat in Southeast Asia.</p>
The Design of an IEEE 1588 End-to-End Transparent Ethernet Switch
Authors:   , Gordon Caleb 
Published: November 2021

<p>In measurement and control systems there is often a need to synchronise distributed clocks. Traditionally, synchronisation has been achieved using a dedicated medium to convey time information, typically using the IRIG-B serial protocol. The precision time protocol (IEEE 1588) has been designed as an improvement to current methods of synchronisation within a distributed network of devices. IEEE 1588 is a message based protocol that can be implemented across packet based networks including, but not limited to, Ethernet. Standard Ethernet switches introduce a variable delay to packets that inhibits path delay measurements. Transparent switches have been introduced to measure and adjust for packet delay, thus removing the negative effects that these variations cause. This thesis describes the hardware and firmware design of an IEEE 1588 transparent end-to-end Ethernet switch for Tekron International Ltd based in Lower Hutt, New Zealand. This switch has the ability to monitor all Ethernet traffic, identify IEEE 1588 timing packets, measure the delay that these packets experience while passing through the switch, and account for this delay by adjusting a time-interval field of the packet as it is leaving the switch. This process takes place at the operational speed of the port, and without introducing significant delay. Time-interval measurements can be made using a high-precision timestamp unit with a resolution of 1 ns. The total jitter introduced by this measurement process is just 4.5 ns through a single switch.</p>
Synthesis and Thermal Treatment of Lithium- and Magnesium-Containing Geopolymers
Authors:   , O'Connor Sean 
Published: November 2021

<p>Geopolymers are a class of cementitious aluminosilicate materials that are receiving an increasing amount of attention due to their potential applications in toxic waste remediation and as construction materials. They are composed of a network of crosslinked silicate and aluminate tetrahedra with charge-balancing alkali cations and are therefore similar in composition to alkali aluminosilicate zeolites. They are, however, x-ray amorphous.¹⁻⁴ They are formed by the dissolution of a solid aluminosilicate in a solution of alkali hydroxide or alkali silicate to form aluminosilicate ions which subsequently polymerise. The effects of adding magnesium to metakaolin geopolymer systems was examined. Magnesium was added as soluble magnesium salts and as magnesium oxide and hydroxide. When added as a soluble salt, an amorphous magnesium (alumino)silicate with a lower degree of silicate polymerisation than a geopolymer is formed. When added as the oxide or hydroxide, hydrotalcite is formed. In both cases, the product is produced alongside a separate geopolymer phase. A magnesiumcontaining geopolymer phase was not found in either. When heated to 1200°C, geopolymers with magnesium oxide added bloated to form lightweight foams. Lithium analogues of conventional metakaolin geopolymer systems with a range of lithium, aluminium, silicon and water contents were examined. Systems with molar ratios similar to those of commonly studied sodium and potassium metakaolin geopolymers produce self-pelletised lithium zeolites. The zeolite formed was Li-EDI, the lithium analogue of zeolite F. This is the first reported synthesis directly from metakaolin. True lithium geopolymers are found not to form in the systems examined. The zeolite bodies react to form β-eucryptite and β-spodumene at temperatures from 800 – 1350°C. The use of aluminium hydroxide and amorphoud silica rather than aluminosilicates as raw materials for the formation of potassium geopolymers was found to produce geopolymers with embedded grains of unreacted silica and aluminium hydroxide.</p>
Synthesis of N-glycans implicated in asthma and allergy
Authors:   , Haslett Gregory William 
Published: November 2021

<p>Asthma and allergies affect a large number of people, with over 300 million people worldwide suffering from asthma alone. Although, on the ‟macroscopic‟ level, it is known how allergens trigger allergic reactions, it is not known how an allergen's ‟micro‟ structure causes such a profound allergic response in sensitised individuals. A review of inter-species carbohydrate motifs revealed a striking similarity between carbohydrate moieties (N-glycans) present on antigens derived from species known to give an allergic T helper (Th) 2 response in humans (such as pollen, schistosomes, and food allergens). Preliminary studies on mixtures of allergen extracts have suggested that these carbohydrate motifs (glycoproteins) bias the immune response to an allergic (Th2) response. This project presents work conducted towards the synthesis of three fragments of a larger N-glycan found on allergens. The synthesis of these N-glycans will allow the first detailed study regarding the relationship between N-glycan structure and Th2 bias to be performed and thereby aid in our understanding of the molecular triggers of asthma. Ultimately, this could lead to the elucidation of the mechanisms of the allergic Th2 immune response.</p>
Synthesis, Surface Modification and Purification of Silicon and Germanium Quantum Dots for Biological Applications
Authors:   , Shiohara Amane 
Published: November 2021

<p>Quantum dots have applications in biomedical fields such as bio-imaging and drug delivery systems. This thesis describes research on silicon and germanium nanoparticles (quantum dots) synthesis and surface modification for biological applications. Purification methods of these quantum dots were also explored. In chapter 6 the application of silica nanoparticles into dry eye diagnosis was studied. The purpose of this research is to contribute the application of nanotechnology into biological fields. The crystalinity of the quantum dots was characterised by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction analysis (SAED). The molecules on the surface of the quantum dots were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Silicon quantum dots were synthesised with a microemulsion system and various types of molecules were attached on the surface of the silicon quantum dots. However, some of the capping molecules which have oxygen atoms tend to form bonds between oxygen and silicon. Therefore, in the later chapter (chapter 4) various chemical reactions were conducted on the molecules attached to the silicon quantum dots. The silicon quantum dots were capped with diene molecules and one of the double bonds was left on the terminal end. The terminal end double bonds were converted to the functional groups which contain oxygen atoms to form peptide bonds. In this way it was confirmed that it can reduce the risk of oxygen atoms to be attached on the surface of the silicon quantum dots. The molecules on the surface of the silicon quantum dots were characterised mainly by FTIR and ¹H NMR. Optical properties and cyto-toxicity of these silicon quantum dots were also measured and analysed depending on the surface molecules. Two synthetic approaches were taken to produce germanium quantum dots. The first approach was the microemulsion system at room temperature. Different combinations of the surfactant and capping molecules were tested. For the second approach, high temperature bench top system was applied. In this method the bio-friendly molecules which have high boiling points were chosen as capping agents. The surface molecules were characterised by FTIR spectroscopy. In chapter 6 the synthesis of dye molecules conjugated silica nanoparticles was described. The purpose of this research is to produce biologically safe nanoparticles which can be applied in dry eye diagnosis. Three different dyes were used to conjugate with the silica nanoparticles. Only fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) succeeded in conjugating with the nanoparticles. Optical properties of this sample were measured and compared with the free dye molecule. Also the sample was applied in human eyes to analyse the tear film layer. An overall conclusion and future plans for the research were given in the last chapter.In this chapter, ideas of overcoming the problems and improving the techniques conducted in the research were described.</p>
Zhawahir al-Azdawajiyyah al-Lughawiyyah fi Ittishalat Jamaáh al-Árb fi Indunisiyya (Dirasah al-Halah bi Malang Jawa al-Syarqiyyah)
Authors: Nashoih Afif Kholisun , Fitriyah Tika 
Published: November 2021

This research aims to describe and classify the language used by Arab Embong Community in their daily life. Language and society always influence each other. The development of language is also along with the development of society. Therefore the study of sociolinguistics as a scientific discipline in which studying language in relation to society is always interesting. The problem in this study is the language used by Embong Arab Community which is an immigrant Arab Community in Malang. This was a field research with a qualitative descriptive method which was investigated using the Diglossia theory. The methods of data collection were observation and interview. The results of this research indicated that the Embong Arab community used three languages, namely Fusha and Amiyah Arabic, Indonesian and Javanese. The three languages were used interchangeably according to the purpose of communication. Fusha Arabic, as the official and unifying language among Arabs, was rarely spoken. They preferred to choose Amiyah Arabic to communicate as a non-standard language variety. However, their Amiyah language was different from the Yemeni Arabs in general. This was due to their long-standing interactions with the local population. The unique thing was that even though they were of Arab descent, due to their high level of interactions with the local population, they often used non-formal Indonesian and Javanese Ngoko in their daily lives. So there were two varieties of diglossia in Embong Arab Community, namely high level language consisting of Fusha Arabic and formal Indonesian and low level language consisting of Amiyah Arabic, non-formal Indonesian and Javanese Ngoko).
УНИКАЛЬНЫЕ ПАМЯТНИКИ ПОШТИВНИЦТВА УКРАИНЫ
Authors: Орехова Светлана 
Published: November 2021

Стаття присвячена унікальним пам’яткам в історії поштового зв’язку України. Проаналізовані умови створення земської пошти Маріупольского та Бахмутського повітів Катеринославської губернії наприкінці XIX – початку XX ст. Визначені урядові заходи, які спрям
ТАНАТОЛОГИЧНИ МОТИВЫ В «СКАЗКАХ О СТРАННЫХ" Р. РИГГЗ
Authors: Алексенко Виталия 
Published: November 2021

Метою статті є розгляд мотиву смерті у «Казках про дивних» Р. Ріггза, його роль у сюжетно-образній системі. Дослідниця здійснює докладний аналіз двох історій ‒ «Принцеси з роздвоєним язичком» і «Жінки, що дружила з привидами» ‒ на рівні сюжету, образних
BLOOD PRESSURE VARIATION IN CHILDREN AT 5 MINUTE INTERVAL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF WHITE COAT HYPERTENSION
Authors: Sharan Pradeep , Narayan Jai Prakash 
Published: November 2021

White-coat hypertension is a condition when a person’s blood pressure tends to increase only when they are at the doctor's office. In children, blood pressure between the 90th and 95th percentile is labelled as pre-hypertension and above the 95thcentile it is classified as hypertension. The difference between 90th and 95th centiles for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure is only 4 mm of Hg.
Methods: Children between ages 5 to 10 years admitted in the children ward of Shri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India from February to April 2020 included in the study. We record blood pressure by oscillometer 4 times a day, over 4 days of hospital stay and each time two readings were taken at 5 minute intervals.
Results: During 4 days of hospital stay blood pressure varied widely. In addition second reading of BP were always less than the first reading BP, but second readings data also varied widely just as first readings.
Conclusion: White coat’ hypertension is the phenomenon where BP is exaggerated by act of measuring BP. This is initiated by anxiety. Children are particularly susceptible and distressed by the circumstances of hospitalization, stranger anxiety and fear to painful intervention. We should take multiple readings before reach a conclusion of hypertension.
Key words: Blood pressure, White-coat Hypertension, Ambulatory BP, Hypertension
STUDY OF LYMPH NODE CYTOLOGY IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS
Authors: Dhawale Abhijeet Ramesh 
Published: November 2021

Background and Aim: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a global pandemic. Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) is very common manifestation of HIV infection. Moreover, different opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis (TB) and malignancies may present with lymphadenopathy. This study was performed to evaluate the role of FNAC as a cytological investigative tool in the diagnosis of various lesions in HIV lymphadenopathy.
Material and Methods: This study was carried out in Tertiary care Institute of India, over a period of one year. Total 50 cases of HIV lymphadenopathy patients were participated in the study after having signed the Informed Consent Form. Diagnosis of HIV was done by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) test, followed by the CD4 counts by BD FACS Count system in HIV positive patients. FNAC procedure was performed as an OPD procedure in cytology OPD of pathology department.
Results: Most common site of HIV lymphadenopathy is cervical lymph node 40 (80%), followed by supraclavicular 6(12%) followed by axillary lymph node 4(8%). The most common lesion found was mycobacterial infection 22(44%), followed by reactive lymphadenitis 15(30%). Non-specific chronic granulomatous lymphadenitis in 10(22%) and 3(6%) cases of acute suppurative lymphadenitis. CD4 count more than 500 cells/ µL was seen in 9 (18%) cases of reactive lymphadenitis and 4 (8%) cases of chronic granulomatous lymphadenitis. Patients with tubercular infection had CD4 count between 200- 499 cells/ µL in 12 (24%) cases and less than 200 in 10 (20%) cases.
Conclusion: FNAC is relatively inexpensive and valuable tool for identification of opportunistic infections, neoplastic lesions and non-neoplastic lesions. It may spare patients lymph node excision and enable immediate treatment of specific infection. This procedure is readily repeatable and can be used for follow up during and after treatment.
Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus, lymphadenopathy, Non-specific chronic granulomatous lymphadenitis, tuberculosis