bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical models of supersonic and intersonic crack propagation in linear elastodynamics
Authors: Bonet Javier , Gil Antonio J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper presents mathematical models of supersonic and intersonic crack propagation exhibiting Mach type of shock wave patterns that closely resemble the growing body of experimental and computational evidence reported in recent years. The models are developed in the form of weak discontinuous solutions of the equations of motion for isotropic linear elasticity in two dimensions. Instead of the classical second order elastodynamics equations in terms of the displacement field, equivalent first order equations in terms of the evolution of velocity and displacement gradient fields are used together with their associated jump conditions across solution discontinuities. The paper postulates supersonic and intersonic steady-state crack propagation solutions consisting of regions of constant deformation and velocity separated by pressure and shear shock waves converging at the crack tip and obtains the necessary requirements for their existence. It shows that such mathematical solutions exist for significant ranges of material properties both in plane stress and plane strain. Both mode I and mode II fracture configurations are considered. In line with the linear elasticity theory used, the solutions obtained satisfy exact energy conservation, which implies that strain energy in the unfractured material is converted in its entirety into kinetic energy as the crack propagates. This neglects dissipation phenomena both in the material and in the creation of the new crack surface. This leads to the conclusion that fast crack propagation beyond the classical limit of the Rayleigh wave speed is a phenomenon dominated by the transfer of strain energy into kinetic energy rather than by the transfer into surface energy, which is the basis of Griffiths theory.
The asymptotic of curvature of direct image bundle associated with higher powers of a relatively ample line bundle
Authors: Wan Xueyuan , Zhang Genkai 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLet $$\pi :\mathcal {X}\rightarrow M$$

π
:
X
→
M

be a holomorphic fibration with compact fibers and L a relatively ample line bundle over $$\mathcal {X}$$
X
. We obtain the asymptotic of the curvature of $$L^2$$

L
2

-metric and Qullien metric on the direct image bundle $$\pi _*(L^k\otimes K_{\mathcal {X}/M})$$

π

∗

(

L
k

⊗

K

X
/
M

)

up to the lower order terms than $$k^{n-1}$$

k

n
-
1

, for large k. As an application we prove that the analytic torsion $$\tau _k(\bar{\partial })$$

τ
k

(

∂

¯

)

satisfies $$\partial \bar{\partial }\log (\tau _k(\bar{\partial }))^2=o(k^{n-1})$$

∂

∂

¯

log

(

τ
k

(

∂

¯

)

)

2

=
o

(

k

n
-
1

)

, where n is the dimension of fibers.
Does the Arc of Science Bend Towards Impact? Four Decades of Empirical Research Published in JADD Since the DSM-III
Authors: Doehring Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe present study explored the shift from understanding to intervention to population impact in the empirical research published in this journal at five points of time over 40 years since the release of DSM-III. Two-thirds of the more than 600 original studies identified involved basic research, a pattern that is consistent with previous analyses of research funding allocations and that did not change over time. One of every eight studies involved intervention research, which occurred in community-based programs only about one-quarter of the time. These gaps in intervention research and community impact did not improve over time. The findings underscore the need to broaden the training and experience of researchers, and to re-consider priorities for research funding and publication.
Genome Editing in Livestock, Complicity, and the Technological Fix Objection
Authors: Devolder Katrien 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGenome editing in livestock could potentially be used in ways that help resolve some of the most urgent and serious global problems pertaining to livestock, including animal suffering, pollution, antimicrobial resistance, and the spread of infectious disease. But despite this potential, some may object to pursuing it, not because genome editing is wrong in and of itself, but because it is the wrong kind of solution to the problems it addresses: it is merely a ‘technological fix’ to a complex societal problem. Yet though this objection might have wide intuitive appeal, it is often not clear what, exactly, the moral problem is supposed to be. The aim of this paper is to formulate and shed some light on the ‘technological fix objection’ to genome editing in livestock. I suggest that three concerns may underlie it, make implicit assumptions underlying the concerns explicit, and cast some doubt on several of these assumptions, at least as they apply to the use of genome editing to produce pigs resistant to the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and hornless dairy cattle. I then suggest that the third, and most important, concern could be framed as a concern about complicity in factory farming. I suggest ways to evaluate this concern, and to reduce or offset any complicity in factory farming. Thinking of genome editing’s contribution to factory farming in terms of complicity, may, I suggest, tie it more explicitly and strongly to the wider obligations that come with pursuing it, including the cessation of factory farming, thereby addressing the concern that technological fixes focus only on a narrow problem.
Guided Goal Setting in Therapy Towards Being Fully Functioning
Authors: Renger Susan , Macaskill Ann 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis qualitative study considered whether the provision of a framework of potential goals based on Rogers’ idea of the fully functioning person would be of any benefit to therapy clients in their goal setting process. It also considered addressed whether client goal setting was methodologically acceptable to integrative therapists who used Rogers’ non-directive principles as the foundation to their approach. We provided a goal setting instrument to 9 therapists and 23 of their clients, enabling them to define therapy goals, and feedback on the process. The clients set their goals using the instruments, before having at least six sessions with their therapist. We then sought joint views on the process from the therapists through a questionnaire or an interview. The data from the responses were analyzed using Thematic Analysis. The majority of the therapists considered that guided goal setting using a description of the ‘fully functioning’ individual was helpful. In terms of the applicability of goal setting to an integrative approach based on non-directive, person-centered principles, the results were mixed and in some cases contrary to those expected. For example, some of the more directive therapists disliked guided goal setting processes, whilst the more non-directive therapists appreciated the approach.
Taste Masking Study Based on an Electronic Tongue: the Formulation Design of 3D Printed Levetiracetam Instant-Dissolving Tablets
Authors: Wang Zengming , Li Jingru , Hong Xiaoxuan , Han Xiaolu , Liu Boshi , Li Xianfu , Zhang Hui , Gao Jing , Liu Nan , Gao Xiang , Zheng Aiping 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Proper taste-masking formulation design is a critical issue for instant-dissolving tablets (IDTs). The purpose of this study is to use the electronic tongue to design the additives of the 3D printed IDTs to improve palatability.

Methods
A binder jet 3D printer was used to prepare IDTs of levetiracetam. A texture analyzer and dissolution apparatus were used to predict the oral dispersion time and in vitro drug release of IDTs, respectively. The palatability of different formulations was investigated using the ASTREE electronic tongue in combination with the design of experiment and a model for masking bitter taste. Human gustatory sensation tests were conducted to further evaluate the credibility of the results.

Results
The 3D printed tablets exhibited rapid dispersion (<30 s) and drug release (2.5 min > 90%). The electronic tongue had an excellent ability of taste discrimination, and levetiracetam had a good linear sensing performance based on a partial least square regression analysis. The principal component analysis was used to analyze the signal intensities of different formulations and showed that 2% sucralose and 0.5% spearmint flavoring masked the bitterness well and resembled the taste of corresponding placebo. The results of human gustatory sensation test were consistent with the trend of the electronic tongue evaluation.

Conclusions
Owing to its objectivity and reproducibility, this technique is suitable for the design and evaluation of palatability in 3D printed IDT development.
The impossibility of a satisfactory population prospect axiology (independently of Finite Fine-Grainedness)
Authors: Thornley Elliott 
Published: May 2021

AbstractArrhenius’s impossibility theorems purport to demonstrate that no population axiology can satisfy each of a small number of intuitively compelling adequacy conditions. However, it has recently been pointed out that each theorem depends on a dubious assumption: Finite Fine-Grainedness. This assumption states that there exists a finite sequence of slight welfare differences between any two welfare levels. Denying Finite Fine-Grainedness makes room for a lexical population axiology which satisfies all of the compelling adequacy conditions in each theorem. Therefore, Arrhenius’s theorems fail to prove that there is no satisfactory population axiology. In this paper, I argue that Arrhenius’s theorems can be repurposed. Since all of our population-affecting actions have a non-zero probability of bringing about more than one distinct population, it is population prospect axiologies that are of practical relevance, and amended versions of Arrhenius’s theorems demonstrate that there is no satisfactory population prospect axiology. These impossibility theorems do not depend on Finite Fine-Grainedness, so lexical views do not escape them.
Measuring capability wellbeing in adults at different stages of life for use in economic evaluation of health and care interventions: a qualitative investigation in people requiring kidney care
Authors: Mitchell Paul Mark , Husbands Samantha , Sanghera Sabina , Caskey Fergus John , Scott Jemima , Coast Joanna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose

Capability wellbeing measures, such as the ICECAP measures, have been proposed for use in economic evaluations to capture broader outcomes of health and care interventions. The ICECAP measures have been developed to reflect capabilities at different stages of life. Some patient groups include patients of different ages and at different stages of life, so it is not always apparent which ICECAP measure is most relevant. This study explores the impact of age and life stage on completion, where both ICECAP-A and ICECAP-O were completed by the same patient.

Methods
A think-aloud study, and an associated semi-structured interview were conducted with people receiving kidney care as a renal outpatient, kidney transplant outpatient, or through receiving facility-based haemodialysis. Qualitative analysis focused on (1) differences in responses across measures by individuals, where attributes had conceptual overlap, (2) key factors in self-reported capability levels, and (3) measure preference.

Results
Thirty participants were included in the study, with a mix of older and younger adults. Attributes with similar wording across measures produced similar responses compared to attributes where wording differed. Age and health were key factors for self-reported capability levels. ICECAP-A was slightly preferred overall, including by older adults.

Conclusion
This study suggests use of ICECAP-A in patients with certain chronic health conditions that include a mix of adults across the life course. This study highlights the importance of considering the stage of life when using capability measures and in economic evaluations of health and care interventions more generally.
Harnessing Metabolomics to Describe the Pathophysiology Underlying Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: Hasegawa Sho , Inagi Reiko 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, is the result of metabolic network alterations in the kidney. Therefore, metabolomics is an effective tool for understanding its pathophysiology, finding key biomarkers, and developing a new treatment strategy. In this review, we summarize the application of metabolomics to DKD research.

Recent Findings
Alterations in renal energy metabolism including the accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle and glucose metabolites are observed in the early stage of DKD, and they finally lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in advanced DKD. Mitochondrial fission-fusion imbalance and dysregulated organelle crosstalk might contribute to this process. Moreover, metabolomics has identified several uremic toxins including phenyl sulfate and tryptophan derivatives as promising biomarkers that mediate DKD progression.

Summary
Recent advances in metabolomics have clarified the role of dysregulated energy metabolism and uremic toxins in DKD pathophysiology. Integration of multi-omics data will provide additional information for identifying critical drivers of DKD.
Biosynthesis of Lactobionic Acid in Whey-Containing Medium by Microencapsulated and Free Bacteria of Pseudomonas taetrolens
Authors: Goderska Kamila 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aim of this research was to develop a method of its production from whey using bacteria of the species Pseudomonas taetrolens. Analyses of the lactobionic acid production method from whey showed that the following factors have a significant effect on its efficiency: the frequency of whey batch feeding, pH and the type of bacteria application, i.e. microencapsulated vs. free. Lactose and lactobionic acid were assayed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS). The highest concentration of lactobionic acid of 22.03 mg/cm3 was obtained when whey was batch fed at 72-h intervals, pH was maintained at 6.25 and bacteria were enclosed in alginate microcapsules.
Mechanismen des nicht konventionellen RNA-Spleißens
Authors: Peschek Jirka 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe cellular pool of RNA is immensely diverse and complex. During their biosynthesis, RNA molecules undergo a vast number of co- and posttranscriptional processing and modification steps. A unique example of RNA processing is the non-conventional splicing of RNAs. This protein-catalysed splicing mechanism is an essential step during tRNA maturation and a main mode of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signalling. Here, I discuss the cellular roles and catalytic machinery of non-conventional splicing in eukaryotes.
Biologische Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie in der Strukturbiologie
Authors: Lakomek Nils-Alexander 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBiological solid-state NMR elucidates the structure and dynamics of biomolecules at physiological temperatures. It provides high-resolution structural information for a wide range of biomolecules and assemblies, from small membrane proteins embedded in a lipid environment, over fibrillar structures up to supramolecular assemblies. Recent developments allow for proton detection at fast magic angle spinning frequencies, which reduces the required sample amounts to a few hundreds of micrograms.
Produktion von Öl in Cyanobakterien
Authors: Hölzl Georg , Dörmann Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCyanobacteria are photosynthetically active organisms like plants and algae, but their cell structure is less complex and they can therefore be changed more easily. The elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway for oil in cyanobacteria in 2020 will now enable new strategies for biotechnological oil production in microorganisms. Due to the simpler possibility of genetic modification and their photosynthetic activity, cyanobacteria are ideally suited for the biotechnological production of oil.
Antivitamine oder Trojanische Pferde in der Mikrobiologie
Authors: Jankowitsch Frank , Schwarz Julia , Konjik Valentino , Schneider Carmen , Mack Matthias 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVitamin analogs can be potent antibiotics. We exemplarily study the structural riboflavin (vitamin B2) analog roseoflavin synthesized by Streptomyces davaonensis to pave the way for the structured analysis of other vitamin analogs yet to be discovered. We investigate the biosynthesis of roseoflavin, its mechanism of action, and the resistance mechanism of the producer. As riboflavin is the most important organic cofactor roseoflavin has a broad impact on the soil microbiome.
Chylothorax after esophagectomy treated with inguinal intranodal lymphangiography and transvenous retrograde thoracic duct embolization
Authors: Sato Yuta , Tanaka Yoshihiro , Imai Takeharu , Kawada Hiroshi , Okumura Naoki , Matsuhashi Nobuhisa , Takahashi Takao , Matsuo Masayuki , Yoshida Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChylothorax after esophagectomy is a serious complication that is associated with major morbidity due to dehydration and malnutrition. Reoperation with ligation of the thoracic duct is considered for patients with high-output chyle leaks that have failed conservative management. In this report, we present the treatment options for chylothorax after esophagectomy: inguinal intranodal lymphangiography and transvenous retrograde thoracic duct embolization. A 74-year-old man with esophageal cancer had been operated with thoracoscopic esophagectomy. Six days after surgery, he presented with high-output chyle leaks. Conservative treatment did not result in a significant improvement. Inguinal intranodal lymphangiography and transvenous retrograde thoracic duct embolization were performed 13 days after surgery and were technically and clinically successful. Inguinal intranodal lymphangiography and transvenous retrograde thoracic duct embolization are an effective treatment option, especially for patients after esophagectomy with reconstruction performed via the posterior mediastinal route, without the potential for damage the gastric tube and omentum.
How does a nature-based solution for flood control compare to a technical solution? Case study evidence from Belgium
Authors: Turkelboom Francis , Demeyer Rolinde , Vranken Liesbet , De Becker Piet , Raymaekers Filip , De Smet Lieven 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe strategy of reconnecting rivers with their floodplains currently gains popularity because it not only harnesses natural capacities of floodplains but also increases social co-benefits and biodiversity. In this paper, we present an example of a successfully implemented nature-based solution (NBS) in the Dijle valley in the centre of Belgium. The research objective is to retrospectively assess cost and benefit differences between a technical solution (storm basins) and an alternative NBS, here the restoration of the alluvial floodplain. The method is a comparative social cost–benefit analysis. The case study analysis reveals similar flood security, lower costs, more ecosystem services benefits and higher biodiversity values associated with the NBS option in comparison to the technical alternative. However, the business case for working with NBS depends substantially on the spatial and socio-ecological context. Chances for successful NBS implementation increase in conditions of sufficient space to retain flood water, when flood water is of sufficient quality, and when economic activity and housing in the floodplain is limited.
New Secodaphnane-Type Alkaloids with Cytotoxic Activities from Daphniphyllum angustifolium Hutch
Authors: Lu Qing-Yun , Zhang Jia-Hui , Li Ying-Yao , Pu Xue-Xue , Zhang Cui-Shan , Liu Shuai , Wan Jia-Jia , Di Ying-Tong , Hao Xiao-Jiang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOne new Daphniphyllum alkaloid, daphnioldhanol A (1), together with three known ones, were isolated from the stem part of Daphniphyllum angustifolium Hutch. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and comparing with the literature data. Compound 2 is a new natural product, but known by synthesis as a racemate. Compound 1 exhibited week cytotoxic activity against Hela cell line with IC50 of 31.9 μM.
Graphic Abstract
Simplified analytical solution for stress concentration ratio of piled embankments incorporating pile–soil interaction
Authors: Luo Qiang , Wei Ming , Lu Qingyuan , Wang Tengfei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPiled embankments have been extensively used for high-speed rail over soft soils because of their effectiveness in minimizing differential settlement and shortening the construction period. Stress concentration ratio, defined as the ratio of vertical stress carried by pile heads (or pile caps if applicable) to that by adjacent soils, is a fundamental parameter in the design of piled embankments. In view of the complicated load transfer mechanism in the framework of embankment system, this paper presents a simplified analytical solution for the stress concentration ratio of rigid pile-supported embankments. In the derivation, the effects of cushion stiffness, pile–soil interaction, and pile penetration behavior are considered and examined. A modified linearly elastic-perfectly plastic model was used to analyze the mechanical response of a rigid pile–soil system. The analytical model was verified against field data and the results of numerical simulations from the literature. According to the proposed method, the skin friction distribution, pile–soil relative displacement, location of neural point, and differential settlement between the pile head (or cap) and adjacent soils can be determined. This work serves as a fast algorithm for initial and reasonable approximation of stress concentration ratio on the design aspects of piled embankments.
Advances in Land Surface Modelling
Authors: Blyth Eleanor M. , Arora Vivek K. , Clark Douglas B. , Dadson Simon J. , De Kauwe Martin G. , Lawrence David M. , Melton Joe R. , Pongratz Julia , Turton Rachael H. , Yoshimura Kei , Yuan Hua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLand surface models have an increasing scope. Initially designed to capture the feedbacks between the land and the atmosphere as part of weather and climate prediction, they are now used as a critical tool in the urgent need to inform policy about land-use and water-use management in a world that is changing physically and economically. This paper outlines the way that models have evolved through this change of purpose and what might the future hold. It highlights the importance of distinguishing between advances in the science within the modelling components, with the advances of how to represent their interaction. This latter aspect of modelling is often overlooked but will increasingly manifest as an issue as the complexity of the system, the time and space scales of the system being modelled increase. These increases are due to technology, data availability and the urgency and range of the problems being studied.