bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which disadvantaged students study medicine? Analysis of an English outreach scheme
Authors: Murray Carolyn , Mountford‐Zimdars Anna , Mattick Karen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudents from disadvantaged backgrounds continue to be underrepresented in medical education. Widening participation (WP) or outreach schemes seek to increase diversity. Drawing on previously unexplored data from a scheme called Realising Opportunities in England, this study aimed to investigate which high‐achieving socioeconomically disadvantaged students in a national WP scheme went on to study medicine at university.MethodsThis retrospective longitudinal study analyzed data of 2665 16‐year‐olds on a WP scheme in England between 2010 and 2014. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses investigated any differences between those that went on to study medicine and those that did not. Eligibility for studying medicine, student's neighborhood, gender, ethnicity, parent's higher education experience, exam attainment, interest in medicine, and their subject of choice for university at age 16 were considered.ResultsOf the 1850 students who were tracked to a university destination, only 55 (3%) studied medicine. Participants with high exam results, female, Asian, and from neighborhoods of higher university entry were most likely to study medicine. In the multivariate model, only prior attainment and intention to study medicine predicted studying medicine. Three hundred and forty Realising Opportunities participants expressed interest in studying medicine at age 16, but 80 (24%) were found to have unrealistic aspirations based on their prior academic attainment.ConclusionsAttainment and intention were key factors for predicting medicine enrolment among these outreach scheme participants. Some students interested in studying medicine had insufficient academic attainment to compete for medical school places. Efforts to equalize attainment and provide guidance for career choice are crucial factors for students from disadvantaged backgrounds.
Risk scores for prediction of 30‐day mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Results from a two‐center study in Norway
Authors: Kjønås Didrik , Dahle Gry , Schirmer Henrik , Malm Siri , Eidet Jo , Aaberge Lars , Steigen Terje , Aakhus Svend , Busund Rolf , Rösner Assami 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesTranscatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)‐specific risk scores have been developed based on large registry studies. Our aim was to evaluate how both surgical and novel TAVI risk scores performed in predicting all cause 30‐day mortality. In addition, we wanted to explore the validity of our own previously developed model in a separate and more recent cohort.MethodsThe derivation cohort included patients not eligible for open surgery treated with TAVI at the University Hospital of North Norway (UNN) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS) from February 2010 through June 2013. From this cohort, a logistic prediction model (UNN/OUS) for all cause 30‐day mortality was developed. The validation cohort consisted of patients not included in the derivation cohort and treated with TAVI at UNN between June 2010 and April 2017. EuroSCORE, Logistic EuroSCORE, EurosSCORE 2, STS score, German AV score, OBSERVANT score, IRRMA score, and FRANCE‐2 score were calculated for both cohorts. The discriminative accuracy of each score, including our model, was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and compared using DeLong test where P< .05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe derivation cohort consisted of 218 and the validation cohort of 241 patients. Our model showed statistically significant better accuracy than all other scores in the derivation cohort. In the validation cohort, the FRANCE‐2 had a significantly higher predictive accuracy compared to all scores except the IRRMA and STS score. Our model showed similar results.ConclusionExisting risk scores have shown limited accuracy in predicting early mortality after TAVI. Our results indicate that TAVI‐specific risk scores might be useful when evaluating patients for TAVI.
Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor is not pathogenic in lupus nephritis
Authors: Gottschalk Timothy A. , Vincent Fabien B. , Hoi Alberta Y. , Hibbs Margaret L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies that form immune complexes with self‐antigens, which deposit in various tissues, leading to inflammation and disease. The etiology of disease is complex and still not completely elucidated. Dysregulated inflammation is an important disease feature, and the mainstay of lupus treatment still utilizes nonspecific anti‐inflammatory drugs. Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) is a growth, survival, and activation factor for neutrophils and a mobilizer of hematopoietic stem cells, both of which underlie inflammatory responses in lupus. To determine whether G‐CSF has a causal role in lupus, we genetically deleted G‐CSF from Lyn‐deficient mice, an experimental model of lupus nephritis. Lyn−/−G‐CSF−/− mice displayed many of the inflammatory features of Lyn‐deficient mice; however, they had reduced bone marrow and tissue neutrophils, consistent with G‐CSF's role in neutrophil development. Unexpectedly, in comparison to aged Lyn‐deficient mice, matched Lyn−/−G‐CSF−
/− mice maintained neutrophil hyperactivation and exhibited exacerbated numbers of effector memory T cells, augmented autoantibody titers, and worsened lupus nephritis. In humans, serum G‐CSF levels were not elevated in patients with lupus or with active renal disease. Thus, these studies suggest that G‐CSF is not pathogenic in lupus, and therefore G‐CSF blockade is an unsuitable therapeutic avenue.
Strategies to anode protection in lithium metal battery: A review
Authors: Li Jiawei , Kong Zhao , Liu Xiaoxi , Zheng Bocong , Fan Qi Hua , Garratt Elias , Schuelke Thomas , Wang Keliang , Xu Hui , Jin Hong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLithium metal batteries (LMBs) are considered the most promising energy storage devices for applications such as electrical vehicles owing to its tremendous theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g−1). However, the serious safety issues and poor cycling performance caused by the dendritic crystal growth during deposition are concerned for any rechargeable batteries with a lithium metal anode. To make widespread adoption a possibility, considerable efforts have been devoted to suppressing lithium (Li) dendrite growth. In this review, the recent strategies to developing dendrite free Li anode, including constructing an artificial solid electrolyte interface, current collector modification, separator film improvement, and electrolyte additive, are summarized. The merits and shortcomings for different strategies are reviewed and a general summary and perspective on the next generation rechargeable batteries are presented.image
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Authors: Yang Ruisheng , Xu Jing , Shen Nian‐Hai , Zhang Fuli , Fu Quanhong , Li Junjie , Li Hongqiang , Fan Yuancheng 
Published: May 2021

Toroidal excitation in metamaterial is emerging as a novel platform for the localization of optical field in both spatial and time domain. In the article, the authors (DOI: 10.1002/inf2.12174) highlight the recent progresses of toroidal excitations based subwavelength optical localization in various plasmonic and Mie (all‐dielectric) metamaterials, and discuss the toroidal excitation related promising applications for advanced optical field manipulation or information processing in e.g. spaser, sensitive sensing and active nanophotonics.
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Performing and interpreting PCR assays in canine and feline patients
Authors: Barker Emi 
Published: May 2021

Background: Assays based upon PCR technology are non‐culture‐based molecular diagnostic tools that have the potential to detect pathogens, characterise the presence of both desirable and deleterious genetic traits, and facilitate the diagnosis of neoplasia. The availability of PCR assays to investigate disease and to guide treatment choices is ever increasing. They have the advantages of being highly sensitive and specific, can be performed on a wide variety of sample types, and have the potential to be an incredibly useful clinical tool. However, these assays are not without limitations, which must be considered when using them in practice.Aim of the article: This article aims to provide an overview of the technology behind PCR assays, highlighting where this has been exploited for clinical use. Limitations to its application (ie, production of false positive and false negative results) are also reviewed.
Managing glandular gastric disease in horses
Authors: Hewetson Mike 
Published: May 2021

Background: Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is an erosive disease of the glandular mucosa of the stomach, which is increasingly recognised as a potential cause of poor performance, girthing pain and behavioural changes in sport horses. Unfortunately, the cause of EGGD has not yet been identified, and thus targeted treatment is not possible. Therefore, current recommendations for treatment and prevention are based on acid suppression and management strategies aimed at mitigating known risk factors.Aim of the article: This article summarises what we currently know about EGGD and outlines how we can use this information to manage the disease more effectively.
Pebrine diagnosis using quantitative phase imaging and machine learning
Authors: P. P. Prasobhkumar , Venukumar Aravind , C. R. Francis , Gorthi Sai Siva 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPebrine is the most dreaded infectious disease of the silkworm and has devastated sericulture in Europe during the 18th century. Thereafter, if it is detected, the crop is burned to prevent further dissemination. The conventional microscopic examination of moth's body fluid is erroneous and it exacerbates on Metarhizium anisopliae (MA) contaminated test samples. This is due to the resemblance of pebrine and MA spores in the microscopic examination. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate an efficient pebrine detection technique. In the proposed method, a motorised brightfield microscope is custom‐made to acquire focused and defocused images of test spores. These images are used to produce quantitative phase images of the spores by the transport of intensity equation method. The phase images' histogram of oriented gradients feature is used by a machine learning classifier to categorise the spores. This system classified 92 pebrine and 185 MA spores with an accuracy of 97% at 0.04 seconds/spore. The duration taken for image acquisition is 2.5 minutes per sample (10 fields of view covering an area of 302 × 260 μm2). The proposed method shows reliable results in pebrine diagnosis and would be an efficient alternative for current approaches.
Biomimetic sponges improve muscle structure and function following volumetric muscle loss
Authors: Haas Gabriel , Dunn Andrew , Madsen Josh , Genovese Peter , Chauvin Hannah , Au Jeffrey , Ziemkiewicz Natalia , Johnson David , Paoli Allison , Lin Andrew , Pullen Nicholas , Garg Koyal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSkeletal muscle is inept in regenerating after traumatic injuries such as volumetric muscle loss (VML) due to significant loss of various cellular and acellular components. Currently, there are no approved therapies for the treatment of muscle tissue following trauma. In this study, biomimetic sponges composed of gelatin, collagen, laminin‐111, and FK‐506 were used for the treatment of VML in a rodent model. We observed that biomimetic sponge treatment improved muscle structure and function while modulating inflammation and limiting the extent of fibrotic tissue deposition. Specifically, sponge treatment increased the total number of myofibers, type 2B fiber cross‐sectional area, myosin: collagen ratio, myofibers with central nuclei, and peak isometric torque compared to untreated VML injured muscles. As an acellular scaffold, biomimetic sponges may provide a promising clinical therapy for VML.
Artificially altered gravity elicits cell homeostasis imbalance in planarian worms, and cerium oxide nanoparticles counteract this effect
Authors: Salvetti Alessandra , Degl'Innocenti Andrea , Gambino Gaetana , van Loon Jack J.W.A. , Ippolito Chiara , Ghelardoni Sandra , Ghigo Eric , Leoncino Luca , Prato Mirko , Rossi Leonardo , Ciofani Gianni 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGravity alterations elicit complex and mostly detrimental effects on biological systems. Among these, a prominent role is occupied by oxidative stress, with consequences for tissue homeostasis and development. Studies in altered gravity are relevant for both Earth and space biomedicine, but their implementation using whole organisms is often troublesome. Here we utilize planarians, simple worm model for stem cell and regeneration biology, to characterize the pathogenic mechanisms brought by artificial gravity alterations. In particular, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of molecular responses in intact and regenerating specimens, and demonstrate a protective action from the space‐apt for nanotechnological antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticles.
In vitro studies of Annona muricata L. extract‐loaded electrospun scaffolds for localized treatment of breast cancer
Authors: Akpan Udom M. , Pellegrini Michael , Salifu Ali A. , Obayemi John D. , Ezenwafor Theresa , Browe Daniel , Ani Chukwuemeka J. , Danyuo Yiporo , Dozie‐Nwachukwu Stella , Odusanya Olushola S. , Freeman Joseph , Soboyejo Winston O. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper presents in vitro studies of the sustained release of Annona muricata leaf extracts (AME) from hybrid electrospun fibers for breast cancer treatment. Electrospun hybrid scaffolds were fabricated from crude AME extracts, poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)/gelatin (PLGA/Ge) and pluronic F127. The physicochemical properties of the AME extract and scaffolds were studied. The antiproliferative effects of the scaffolds were also assessed on breast cancer (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231) and non‐tumorigenic breast (MCF10A) cell lines. Scanning electron microscope micrographs revealed a random network of micro‐ and submicron fibers. In vitro drug release profiles, governed by quasi‐Fickian diffusion at pH 7.4 and non‐Fickian super case II at pH 6.7, showed initial burst AME release from the PLGA/Ge‐AME and PLGA/Ge‐F127/AME fibers at pH 7.4, and burst release from PLGA/Ge‐F127/AME (not observed from PLGA/Ge‐AME) at pH 6.7. Then, a slower, sustained release of the remaining AME from the fibers, attributed to the onset of degradation of the PLGA/Ge backbone, was observed for the next 72 hr. The cumulative release of AME was 89.33 ± 0.73% (PLGA/Ge‐AME) and 51.17 ± 7.96% (PLGA/Ge‐F127/AME) at pH 7.4, and 9.27 ± 2.3% and 73.5 ± 4.5%, respectively, at pH 6.7. Pluronic F127 addition increased the drug loading capacity and prolonged the sustained AME release from the fibers. The released AME significantly inhibited the in vitro growth of the breast cancer cells more than the non‐tumorigenic cells, due to the induction of apoptosis, providing evidence for using pluronic F127‐containing electrospun fibers for sustained and localized AME delivery to breast cancer cells.
The mechanism of cytotoxicity of 4‐nonylphenol in a human hepatic cell line involves ER‐stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Paolella Gaetana , Romanelli Antonio M. , Martucciello Stefania , Sposito Silvia , Lepretti Marilena , Esposito Carla , Capaldo Anna , Caputo Ivana 
Published: May 2021

Abstract4‐Nonylphenol (4‐NP) is an emerging environmental pollutant widely diffused in waters and sediments. It mainly derives from the degradation of alkyl phenol ethoxylates, compounds commonly employed as industrial surfactants. 4‐NP strongly contaminates foods and waters for human use; thus, it displays a wide range of toxic effects not only for aquatic organisms but also for mammals and humans. After ingestion through the diet, it tends to accumulate in body fluids and tissues. One of the main organs where 4‐NP and its metabolites are concentrated is the liver, where it causes, even at low doses, oxidative stress and apoptosis. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of 4‐NP on a human hepatic cell line (HepG2) to deepen the knowledge of its cytotoxic mechanism. We found that 4‐NP, in a range of concentration from 50 to 100 μM, significantly reduced cell viability; it caused a partial block of proliferation and induced apoptosis with activation of caspase‐3 and overexpression of p53. Moreover, 4‐NP induced‐apoptosis seemed to involve both an ER‐stress response, with the appearance of high level of GRP78, CHOP and the spliced XBP1, and a dysregulation of mitochondrial physiology, characterized by an overexpression of main markers of mitochondrial dynamics. Our data support the idea that a daily consumption of 4‐NP‐contaminated foods may lead to local damages at the level of gastrointestinal system, including liver, with negative consequences for the organ physiology.
The comparison of structure, nature of bond, and electronic transitions in [M(η5‐Cp)(η5‐C60Me5)] (M = Fe2+, Ru2+, Os2+) hybrids and corresponding metallocenes; a theoretical study
Authors: Hokmi Samaneh , Salehzadeh Sadegh , Gholiee Yasin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, metallocene‐fullerene hybrid complexes, [M(η5‐Cp)(η5‐C60Me5)] (M = Fe2+, Ru2+, Os2+), as well as corresponding classical metallocenes have been studied theoretically at BP86/def2‐SVP and M06L/def2‐SVP levels of theory. With considering these metal complexes as an ABA′ system (B is the central metal ion and A and A′ are related η5‐ligands), the total interaction energies were calculated using common methods, as well as by calculating the interaction energies between the four defined pairs of fragments including A–B, B–A′, A–BA′, and AB–A′. The resulting data clearly showed that in all complexes there is a strong anticoopertivity between two metal‐(η5‐ligand) bonds. In order to understand the origin of difference in values of various calculated interactions in above two types of complexes, the nature of metal–ligand bonds was also studied using energy decomposition analysis‐natural orbital for chemical valence calculations. The results showed that in hybrid complexes, in contrast to metallocenes, the orbital interactions are considerably larger than electrostatic interactions.
High‐order harmonic generation by static coherent states method in single‐electron atomic and molecular systems
Authors: Eidi Mohammadreza , Vafaee Mohsen , Koochaki Kelardeh Hamed , Landsman Alexandra 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe solve the time‐dependent Schrodinger equation using the coherent states as basis sets for computing high harmonic generation (HHG) in a full‐dimensional single‐electron “realistic” system. We apply the static coherent states (SCS) method to investigate HHG in the hydrogen molecular ion induced by a linearly polarized laser field. We show that SCS gives reasonable agreement compared to the three dimensional unitary split‐operator approach. Next, we study isolated attosecond pulse generation in . To do so, we employ the well‐known polarization gating technique, which combines two delayed counter‐rotating circular laser pulses, and opens up a gate at the central portion of the superposed pulse. Our results suggest that the SCS method can be used for full‐dimensional quantum simulation of higher dimensional systems such as the hydrogen molecule in the presence of an external laser field.
Screening of tumor grade‐related mRNAs and lncRNAs for Esophagus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Gao Xin , Liu Qian , Chen Xue , Chen Shaoping , Yang Jianmei , Liu Qiang , Cheng Yufeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of our study was to screen tumor grade‐related lncRNAs and mRNAs to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).MethodsThe lncRNA and mRNA sequencing data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Tumor grade correlation analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs was executed, followed by the functional enrichment analysis of all tumor grade‐related mRNAs. The differentially expression mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were obtained. PPI network and DEmRNA‐DElncRNA interaction analysis were constructed. The functional annotation of the DEmRNAs co‐expressed with DElncRNAs was performed. The expression levels of the candidate genes were validated using qRT‐PCR.ResultsA total of 1864 tumor grade‐related mRNAs (846 positively related and 1018 negatively related) and 552 tumor grade‐related lncRNAs (331 positively related and 221 negatively related) were obtained. The top 10 significantly grade‐related mRNAs and lncRNAs included CA12, FABP4, DECR1, BAIAP2, IL1RAPL2, PPARD, LAD1, TSPAN10, LDOC1, ZNF853, RP11‐25G10.2, RP11‐557H15.3, RP11‐521D12.5, CHKB‐AS1, RP11‐219B4.3, CH17‐335B8.4, RP11‐99 J16‐A.2, CTB‐111H14.1, ADNP‐AS1, and JHDM1D‐AS1. SFN, IL1RAPL2, and RP11‐25G10.2 were overlapped from grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3. PPI network showed that top 10 proteins with higher degrees, including GNAI1, RAP2B, GNAZ, SHH, ADCY1, PRKAR2B, SH3GL1, GNA15, and ARRB1. A DElncRNAs‐nearby DEmRNAs network was constructed to obtain hub lncRNAs including ADAMTS9‐AS2, RP11‐210 M15.2, RP11‐13 K12.1, ZBED3‐AS1, and RP11‐25G10.2. Except for RP11‐25G10.2, ADAMTS9‐AS1, ZBED3‐AS1, SFN, ATP1A2, and GNA15 were consistent with our TCGA analysis.ConclusionsAlterations of DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs may provide key insights into the molecular mechanisms of ESCC.
Nonradioactive direct telomerase activity detection using biotin‐labeled primers
Authors: Wang Ruiguan , Li Jiangbo , Jin Rui , Ye Qinong , Cheng Long , Liu Rong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundTelomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme responsible for maintenance of telomere length which expressed in more than 85% of cancer cells but undetectable in most normal tissue cells. Therefore, telomerase serves as a diagnostic marker of cancers. Two commonly used telomerase activity detection methods, the telomerase repeated amplification protocol (TRAP) and the direct telomerase assay (DTA), have disadvantages that mainly arise from reliance on PCR amplification or the use of an isotope. A safe, low‐cost and reliable telomerase activity detection method is still lacking.MethodWe modified DTA method using biotin‐labeled primers (Biotin‐DTA) and optimized the method by adjusting cell culture temperature and KCl concentration. The sensitivity of the method was confirmed to detect endogenous telomerase activity. The reliability was verified by detection of telomerase activity of published telomerase regulators. The stability was confirmed by comparing the method with TRAP method.ResultsCells cultured in 32°C and KCl concentration at 200 mM or 250 mM resulted in robust Biotin‐DTA signal. Endogenous telomerase activity can be detected, which suggested an similar sensitivity as DTA using radioactive isotope markers. Knockdown of telomerase assembly regulator PES1 and DKC1 efficiently reduced telomerase activity. Compared with TRAP method, Biotin‐DTA assay offers greater signal stability over a range of analyte protein amounts.ConclusionBiotin‐labeled, PCR‐free, and nonradioactive direct telomerase assay is a promising new method for the easy, low‐cost, and quantitative detection of telomerase activity.