bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of significant stratospheric ozone reductions over southern Brazil: A proposal for a diagnostic index for southern South America
Authors: Rasera Gustavo , Anabor Vagner , Steffenel Luiz Angelo , Pinheiro Damaris Kirsch , Puhales Franciano Scremin , Rodríguez Lissette Guzmán , Peres Lucas Vaz 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDuring the southern spring, a break of the polar vortex over the Antarctic continent frequently occurs. This results in the advection of ozone‐poor air mass (O3) to mid‐latitudes, characterizing the secondary effect of the Antarctic ozone hole (SEAOH). We present some distinct characteristics the eight greatest reductions of the total O3 column (TOC) over the central region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS, 29.5°S, 54°W), southern Brazil, between August and November from 2012 to 2016 and develop a full scalar diagnostic index of O3 negative anomalies for South America. For developing the index, mean values of the absolute potential vorticity, geopotential height, and wind components were obtained over moving grids with positive and negative O3 anomalies. It was then possible to develop statistical methods to obtain a diagnostic index of the SEAOH (Subantarctic O3 Index), as well as a diagnostic index of incursions of ozone‐poor air masses from the tropics (Subtropical O3 Index). The results show that TOC over the central region of RS, for the most intense O3 reduction episodes, is governed by a wide range of contributions from high and low isentropic levels. Significant interaction of air masses of polar and tropical origin via stratosphere–troposphere exchange was found. Finally, the Subantarctic O3 Index combined with the Subtropical O3 Index showed potential use for prediction centres and was skilful in detecting regions with the most negative O3 anomalies, mainly in the mid‐latitude region, but also in the subtropical region.
Technical note: Providing proton fields down to the few‐MeV level at clinical pencil beam scanning facilities for radiobiological experiments
Authors: Behrends Carina , Bäumer Christian , Verbeek Nico , Ehlert Jens , Prasad Rajendra , Wulff Jörg , Lühr Armin , Timmermann Beate 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeThe adequate performance of radiobiological experiments using clinical proton beams typically requires substantial preparations to provide the appropriate setup for specific experiments. Providing radiobiologically interesting low‐energy protons is a particular challenge, due to various physical effects that become more pronounced with larger absorber thickness and smaller proton energy. This work demonstrates the generation of decelerated low‐energy protons from a clinical proton beam.MethodsMonte Carlo simulations of proton energy spectra were performed for energy absorbers with varying thicknesses to reduce the energy of the clinical proton beam down to the few‐MeV level corresponding to m‐ranges. In this way, a setup with an optimum thickness of the absorber with a maximum efficiency of the proton fluence for the provisioning of low‐energy protons is supposed to be found. For the specific applications of 2.5–3.3 MeV protons and ‐particle range equivalent protons, the relative depth dose was measured and simulated together with the dose‐averaged linear energy transfer (LETd) distribution.ResultsThe resulting energy spectra from Monte Carlo simulations indicate an optimal absorber thickness for providing low‐energy protons with maximum efficiency of proton fluence at an user‐requested energy range for experiments. For instance, providing energies lower than 5 MeV, an energy spectrum with a relative total efficiency of to the initial spectrum was obtained with the optimal setup. The measurements of the depth dose, compared to the Monte Carlo simulations, showed that the dosimetry of low‐energy protons works and protons with high LETd down to the range of ‐particles can be produced.ConclusionsThis work provides a method for generating all clinically and radiobiologically relevant energies – especially down to the few‐MeV level – at one clinical facility with pencil beam scanning. Thereby, it enables radiobiological experiments under environmentally uniform conditions.
Chemiedidaktik: Mit Zollstöcken und Springseil zum Regenbogen
Authors: Korn‐Müller Andreas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSeile und farbige Zollstöcke eignen sich als Material für Modelle, die dabei helfen, das elektromagnetische Spektrum zu verstehen. Mit Taschenlampe und Springseil lässt sich auch der Unterschied zwischen Licht und Laserstrahlung zeigen.
Outcome of abdominal massage before gavage feeding on tolerated feeding for low birth weight infants
Authors: Hendy Abdelaziz , El‐Nagger Nahed Saied , Abozeid Ahmed , Reshia Fadia Ahmed , Salih Shahenda A. , Alruwaili Manar Fayez , Hendy Ahmed 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimTo assess the effect of abdominal massage pre‐gavage feeding on tolerated feeding for low birth weight (LBW) infants.MethodsAn experimental research design at a government hospital at Egypt. Purposive sample composed of LBW infants was randomly divided into study and control groups each with 60 LBW infants.ResultsA total of 55% of the participants in the study group grew sleepy, whereas only 15% of the studied participants in the control group grew sleepy. The abdominal circumference after feeding in the study group was 23.18 ± 2.99 cm, whereas that in the control group was 24.79 ± 2.99 cm. The gastric residual volume in the study group was 0.8 ± 0.10 ml, whereas that in the control group was 3.86 ± 1.03 ml.ConclusionFinally, abdominal massage had a positive impact on the postfeeding state of alertness and feeding tolerance.
Preparation, Antibacterial Activity, and Catalytic Application of Magnetic Graphene Oxide‐Fucoidan in the Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines and Polyhydroquinolines
Authors: Nosrati Aliakbar , Amirnejat Sara , Javanshir Shahrzad 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPolymer‐coated magnetic nanoparticles are emerging as a useful tool for a variety of applications, including catalysis. In the present study, fucoidan‐coated magnetic graphene oxide was synthesized using a natural sulfated polysaccharide. The prepared BaFe12O19@GO@Fu (Fu=fucoidan, GO=graphene oxide) was characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The catalytic proficiency of BaFe12O19@GO@Fu was investigated in the synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridine and polyhydroquinoline derivatives. Excellent turnover numbers (TON) and turnover frequencies (TOF) (6330 and 25320 h−1) testify to the high efficiency of the catalyst. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of BaFe12O19@GO@Fu was evaluated against Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) through the Agar well diffusion method, indicating that BaFe12O19@GO@Fu has antibacterial activity against S. aureus.
Allergy to polyethylene glycol/macrogol following dental surgery
Authors: Harper Verah , Nasser Safiyah , Nasser Shuaib 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundPolyethylene glycols (PEGs) are polyether compounds widely used as excipients within the pharmaceutical industry. PEG allergy is rare but increasingly reported as an unexpected cause for anaphylaxis including to the mRNA COVID‐19 vaccines. Presentation is usually with anaphylaxis to multiple unrelated drugs/products.Case PresentationWe report a case of a 25‐year‐old man who had allergic reactions following root canal treatment with Odontopaste and a second reaction after a single dose of phenoxymethylpenicillin (PEG 6000). Allergy investigations confirmed PEG allergy.ConclusionAll dental healthcare practitioners should be aware of a potentially life‐threatening allergy to PEG, an excipient often overlooked during investigation of anaphylaxis.
Performing authenticity: The making‐of documentary in wildlife film's blue‐chip renaissance
Authors: Louson Eleanor 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMaking‐of documentaries (MODs) for recent blue‐chip wildlife films are prominently featured as trailers, bonus features on DVD releases and websites, and televised segments within wildlife broadcasts.Prior research shows how MODs within mainstream cinema promote certain filmmakers as auteurs and as exceptional creative professionals. Earlier wildlife film MODs demonstrated filmmakers' mastery of nature and a licence to offer scientific knowledge, as well as many staging practices employed in wildlife filmmaking; this content moved to MODs as nature grew more pristine in wildlife films' main programming.Recent wildlife film MODs still celebrate filmmakers' professionalism and emphasize the remoteness of film locations, filmmakers' exceptional practical skills and scientific expertise under harsh conditions, and the technologies responsible for spectacular visuals. In the MOD forChimpanzee(2012), these features work together to portray this wildlife species as challenging to locate and film in nature, accessible only by filmmakers with the right skills and technologies.I argue that current blue‐chip wildlife MODs are a performance of authentic, non‐interventionist filmmaking. Recent MODs increase viewers' behind‐the‐scenes access to filming conditions but have not disclosed certain staging practices such as the use of composite animal characters.Despite their prominence as marketing and peripheral material, MODs remain segregated from wildlife films' main programming. They contribute to a blue‐chip construction of nature as pristine and not inclusive of human beings, even though their expeditionary narratives show more complex human–nature interactions.A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Efficacy of herbal treatments for functional dyspepsia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Heiran Alireza , Bagheri Lankarani Kamran , Bradley Ryan , Simab Alireza , Pasalar Mehdi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFunctional dyspepsia (FD) is a very common condition globally. Relevant keywords were searched for in title and abstract of selected databases, that is, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of knowledge, and Google Scholar. Placebo and active‐control trials on herbal remedies amongst adults who were diagnosed with FD were included. Dichotomous outcomes were presented as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and continuous outcomes were presented as pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI. Forty‐nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were entered into meta‐analysis (6,987 subjects). Herbal remedies resulted in a higher improvement in FD symptoms in comparison with the placebo (SMD = −0.58 [−0.66– −0.51],p < .00001 and RR = 1.73 [1.62–1.85],p < .00001). No significant difference between herbal remedies and placebo in the incidence of adverse events was observed (12.27 vs. 8.41%, RR = 1.06 [0.91–1.23],p = .45). Also, herbal remedies resulted in a higher improvement in quality of life in comparison with placebo (SMD = −0.64 [−0.73– −0.55],p < .00001). When comparing herbal remedies with conventional medicine through sensitivity analysis, no outcomes were significantly different (p > .05). Herbal remedies might be efficacious and safe in treating FD, and demonstrate comparable effect sizes for efficacy to conventional treatments. Further high‐quality studies are warranted to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the herbal remedies.
Cropping system management responses to Cornell and Alabama soil health assessment methods in the southeastern United States
Authors: Singh Surendra , Jagadamma Sindhu , Yoder Daniel , Yin Xinhua , Walker Forbes 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSoil health assessment is very important for evaluating agroecosystem sustainability from the adoption of conservation management practices. Unfortunately, a universal standardized soil health test is not yet available despite the development of several regional and commercial methods. Some regionally developed methods have been applied across diverse agroecological regions, but this practice requires further scrutiny. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of two regionally focused methods— the Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health (CASH), a well‐established method and the Alabama Soil Health Index (ASHI), a recently developed method—to assess soil health of row‐cropping systems in the southeastern United States. By leveraging three ongoing cropping system experiments, that is (a) continuous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (SS), (b) corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (CS) rotation, and (c) continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (CC) systems, soil health indicators included in CASH and ASHI methods were analyzed, and soil health scores were calculated. Our test criteria depended on the sensitivity of CASH and ASHI methods to differentiate long‐term management‐induced changes in these systems. In general, we found that the overall soil health scores of both CASH and ASHI did not strongly differentiate diverse tillage, cover crops, or N rate treatments. The scores for both conventional and conservation management treatments were rated as low to medium (scores <60) with CASH method and medium to high (scores >50) with ASHI method. Overall, these soil health approaches were not found to be sensitive enough to detect management‐induced changes in soil health in various cropping systems of the southeastern United States. Our results highlight the need for extensive calibration and validation of CASH, ASHI, and similar approaches prior to wider adoption across agroecological regions.
“It doesn't include us”: Heterosexual bias and gay men's struggle to see themselves in affirmative consent policies
Authors: Richardson Jacob W. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRape and sexual assault are considered forms of gender violence, or violence against women, and affirmative consent policies were created as a primary prevention strategy to combat this kind of sexual violence on college and university campuses. Such policies are often promoted as being inclusive and applicable cross‐culturally because of the gender‐neutral language within affirmative consent policies; however, the highly gendered nature of sexual assault discourse has become hegemonic and thereby unintentionally reinforces a heterosexually gendered false dichotomy about sexual violence. This qualitative study utilizes in‐depth interviews with 10 gay men to explore how they perceive affirmative consent policies. The results found that gay men perceived an implicit heterosexual bias within affirmative consent policies that reinforced heterosexist conceptions of sex, gender, sexual scripts, and sexual assault. Ultimately, this made it challenging for participants to see themselves in affirmative consent policies. Moreover, it burdens gay men whose experiences with sex and consent, as well as sexual assault, do not fit within the heterosexist paradigm of current sexual assault and affirmative consent discourses/policies.
Abnormal Keratin Expression Pattern in Prurigo Nodularis Epidermis
Authors: Yang L. L. , Jiang B. , Chen S. H. , Liu H. Y. , Chen T. T. , Huang L. H. , Yang M. , Ding J. , He J. J. , Li J. J. , Yu B. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a highly pruritic, chronic dermatosis and difficult to treat. PN lesions are characterized by existence of many hyperkeratotic, erosive papules and nodules. However, the pathogenesis of PN still remains unelucidated.

Aim
To clarify the keratin role in the epidermis hyperproliferation, the keratin expression pattern in the PN lesional skin.

Methods
In this study, we enrolled 24 patients with PN and 9 healthy control volunteers. K1/K10, K5/K14, K6/K16/K17 expression pattern were investigated by using immunohistochemical staining.

Results
The lesional skin consists of the thickened spinous layers, in which active cell division was found. K5/K14 were upregulated in PN lesional epidermis, the staining signal localized in the basal layer and lower suprabasal layers. Hyperproliferation-associated K6 was found in all layers of epidermal lesional skin, especially in the spinous layers. In contrast, K16 was only detected in the basal and lower suprabasal layers, K17 was observed in the basal and spinous layers. Terminal differential keratins K1/K10 were upregulated, detected in the pan-epidermis, but spared in the basal and low suprabasal layers.

Conclusion
The keratinocytes enter an alternative differentiation pathway, which are responsible for the activated keratinocyte phenotype, abnormal keratins expression potentially contributes to the keratinocytes proliferation, subsequently lead to increased lesional skin epidermis thickness, hyperkeratiosis and alteration of skin barrier properties.
Optoionic Sensing
Authors: Chen Baohong , Suo Zhigang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe eye converts an optical signal to an ionic signal. This transduction is mimicked here using a photodiode in contact with ionic conductors, such as hydrogels. Photons generate electron‐hole pairs in the photodiode. The photodiode/hydrogel interface forms capacitive coupling so that movements of electrons and holes in the photodiode induce movements of ions in the hydrogels. The hydrogels can be readily made stretchable and biocompatible to mimic the function of nerves. When light is turned on and off, the voltage between the hydrogels responds within 10 ms, comparable to the response in the human eye. A photosensitive skin is demonstrated to generate a voltage in response to light but not to stretch. Furthermore, a photosensitive actuation is demonstrated to mimic the light‐triggered reflex, such as blinking of the eye and camouflage of the skin. Optoionic transduction has potential applications for wearable devices, implantable devices, and robotics.
Surfactant‐Stripped Semiconducting Polymer Micelles for Tumor Theranostics and Deep Tissue Imaging in the NIR‐II Window
Authors: Ding Yuanmeng , Park Byullee , Ye Jiamin , Wang Xiaojie , Liu Gengqi , Yang Xingyue , Jiang Zhen , Han Moongyu , Fan Yong , Song Jibin , Kim Chulhong , Zhang Yumiao 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPhotoacoustic imaging (PA) in the second near infrared (NIR‐II) window presents key advantages for deep tissue imaging owing to reduced light scattering and low background signal from biological structures. Here, a thiadiazoloquinoxaline‐based semiconducting polymer (SP) with strong absorption in the NIR‐II region is reported. After encapsulation of SP in Pluronic F127 (F127) followed by removal of excess surfactant, a dual functional polymer system named surfactant‐stripped semiconductor polymeric micelles (SSS‐micelles) are generated with water solubility, storage stability, and high photothermal conversion efficiency, permitting tumor theranostics in a mouse model. SSS‐micelles have a wideband absorption in the NIR‐II window, allowing for the PA imaging at both 1064 and 1300 nm wavelengths. The PA signal of the SSS‐micelles can be detected through 6.5 cm of chicken breast tissue in vitro. In mice or rats, SSS‐micelles can be visualized in bladder and intestine overlaid 5 cm (signal to noise ratio, SNR ≈ 17 dB) and 5.8 cm (SNR over 10 dB) chicken breast tissue, respectively. This work demonstrates the SSS‐micelles as a nanoplatform for deep tissue theranostics.
Van der Waals Epitaxy of Bi2Te2Se/Bi2O2Se Vertical Heterojunction for High Performance Photodetector
Authors: Yang Sijie , Luo Peng , Wang Fakun , Liu Teng , Zhao Yinghe , Ma Ying , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBismuth oxyselenide (Bi2O2Se) has emerged as a promising candidate for electronic and optoelectronic applications due to its outstanding electron mobility and ambient stability. However, high dark current and relatively slow photoresponse that originate from high charge carrier concentration as well as bolometric effect in Bi2O2Se inhibit further improvement of Bi2O2Se based photodetectors. Here, a one‐step van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy synthesis of Bi2Te2Se/Bi2O2Se vertical heterojunction with type‐II band alignment and high‐quality interface is demonstrated. The crystal quality and uniformity of the heterojunction are supported by Raman, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy results. A photodetector based on Bi2Te2Se/Bi2O2Se heterojunction demonstrates steady photoresponse over a large wavelength range (532–1456 nm), with a high specific responsivity of 2.21 × 103 A W–1 at 532 nm and fast response speed of 50 ms. Moreover, field effect regulation allows for further improvement of the photoresponse performance of the heterojunction field effect transistor device, where the responsivity can be increased to 3.34 × 103 A W–1 with a 60 V gate voltage. Overall, the one‐step vdW epitaxy process is a promising and convenient route towards constructing high quality Bi2O2Se based heterojunction for improving its photodetection performance.
Sparse reward for reinforcement learning‐based continuous integration testing
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Zheng , Shang Ying , Li Qianyu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractReinforcement learning (RL) has been used to optimize the continuous integration (CI) testing, where the reward plays a key role in directing the adjustment of the test case prioritization (TCP) strategy. In CI testing, the frequency of integration is usually very high, while the failure rate of test cases is low. Consequently, RL will get scarce rewards in CI testing, which may lead to low learning efficiency of RL and even difficulty in convergence. This paper introduces three rewards to tackle the issue of sparse rewards of RL in CI testing. First, the historical failure density‐based reward (HFD) is defined, which objectively represents the sparse reward problem. Second, the average failure position‐based reward (AFP) is proposed to increase the reward value and reduce the impact of sparse rewards. Furthermore, a technique based on additional reward is proposed, which extracts the test occurrence frequency of passed test cases for additional rewards. Empirical studies are conducted on 14 real industry data sets. The experiment results are promising, especially the reward with additional reward can improve NAPFD (Normalized Average Percentage of Faults Detected) by up to 21.97%, enhance Recall with a maximum of 21.87%, and increase TTF (Test to Fail) by an average of 9.99 positions.
Assessment of Surface Glycan Diversity on Extracellular Vesicles by Lectin Microarray and Glycoengineering Strategies for Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Shimoda Asako , Miura Risako , Tateno Hiroaki , Seo Naohiro , Shiku Hiroshi , Sawada Shin‐ichi , Sasaki Yoshihiro , Akiyoshi Kazunari 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all types of mammalian cells for cell–cell communication. In this study, surface glycans on EVs are compared in terms of their cell type, size, and isolation method to examine whether EV glycan profiles by lectin microarray can be used to define EV subpopulations. Moreover, EVs are glycoengineered with four distinctive surface glycan patterns and evaluated their cellular uptake efficiencies for potential drug delivery applications. Both similarities and differences in glycan patterns are identified on EVs obtained under each experimental condition. EV size‐ and isolation method‐dependent lectin‐binding patterns are observed. Moreover, cellular uptake behaviors of EVs are affected by EV glycan profiles and acceptor cells. The in vivo biodistribution of EVs is also dependent on their glycan profile. These results suggest that EV surface glycans are a potential novel indicator of EV heterogeneity, and glycoengineering is a useful approach to regulate cell–EV interactions for biomedical applications.