bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangling soil microbiome functions by perturbation
Authors: Ossowicki Adam , Raaijmakers Jos M. , Garbeva Paolina 
Published: July 2021

SummarySoil biota contribute to diverse soil ecosystem services such as greenhouse gas mitigation, carbon sequestration, pollutant degradation, plant disease suppression and nutrient acquisition for plant growth. Here, we provide detailed insight into different perturbation approaches to disentangle soil microbiome functions and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. By applying perturbation, one can generate compositional and functional shifts of complex microbial communities in a controlled way. Perturbations can reduce microbial diversity, diminish the abundance of specific microbial taxa and thereby disturb the interactions within the microbial consortia and with their eukaryotic hosts. Four different microbiome perturbation approaches, namely selective heat, specific biocides, dilution‐to‐extinction and genome editing are the focus of this mini‐review. We also discuss the potential of perturbation approaches to reveal the tipping point at which specific soil functions are lost and to link this change to key microbial taxa involved in specific microbiome‐associated phenotypes.
Taxane‐based versus platinum‐based chemotherapy in early recurrent gastric cancer after radical surgery with S‐1 adjuvant chemotherapy: A multi‐institutional retrospective analysis
Authors: Nagaoka Sakae , Yamashita Hiroharu , Seto Yasuyuki , Fujisaki Muneharu , Mitsumori Norio , Oshima Yoko , Yajima Satoshi , Kikuchi Yoshinori , Otsuka Koji , Murakami Masahiko , Fujita Shohei , Futawatari Nobue , Shimada Hideaki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimThis study aimed to compare the efficacy of taxane‐based and platinum‐based regimens in patients with early recurrent gastric cancer after radical surgery with S‐1 adjuvant chemotherapy.MethodsThe medical records of 118 patients from six institutes with early recurrent stage II/III gastric cancer, who developed recurrence during adjuvant S‐1 or within 6 months after completion of adjuvant therapy between January 2006 and December 2017, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients treated with second line chemotherapy were enrolled and followed to the end of December 2019. The impact of two regimens, taxane‐based (n = 46) versus platinum‐based (n = 31), on treatment outcome were evaluated using multivariate analysis.ResultsMedian overall survival was 9.0 months and median progression‐free survival was 4.1 months. No difference was observed in overall survival between taxane‐based and platinum‐based regimens (P = 0.64). Although not significant, the response rate of platinum‐based regimens was better than that of taxane‐based regimens (16% vs. 6.5%, P = 0.26). Multivariate analysis identified performance status (P = 0.040), multiorgan metastases (P = 0.029), and undifferentiated histological type (P = 0.018) as independent poor prognostic factors. In undifferentiated histological type, multiorgan metastases (P = 0.013) and taxane‐based regimens (P = 0.018) were independent prognosis factors characterized by multivariate analysis. Conversion rate to third‐line chemotherapy or more was 51% in undifferentiated histological type and 65% in differentiated histological type (P = 0.26).ConclusionPlatinum‐based regimens may be recommended for undifferentiated early recurrent gastric cancer after S‐1 adjuvant chemotherapy.
Effects of a family dyadic partnership program for people with hypertension in a rural community: A pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Zeng Dejian , Yang Chen , Chien Wai Tong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of a theory‐based patient‐family carer partnership intervention for people with hypertension in a Chinese rural community.DesignA pilot randomised controlled trial using pretest and post‐test design.SettingRural ChinaParticipantsForty‐four hypertensive patients and their family carers (family dyads) were randomly recruited from a village clinic located in China between November 2019 and January 2020.InterventionsParticipants were randomised to either an intervention group receiving a five‐session patient‐family carer partnership intervention over 10 weeks or a control group receiving usual care.Main outcome measuresThe feasibility and acceptability of patient‐family carer partnership intervention and the changes in patients' systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and percentage of normal controlled blood pressure.ResultsThe patient‐family carer partnership intervention was a feasible and acceptable program with high recruitment (81.5%) and completion rates (95.5%) and positive feedback from participants. Greater improvement in the percentage of normal controlled blood pressure was identified in the intervention group tested by theχ2tests, withP = .03. Two‐way ANOVA results indicated its interaction (Group × Time) effects on patients' systolic blood pressure (P < .001), diastolic blood pressure (P < .001), dyadic partnership quality (P = .002), self‐care (P < .001), self‐efficacy (P = .02), antihypertensive drug treatment rate (P = .02), prescription adjustment (P = .03), perceived anxiety (P < .001) and health‐related quality of life (EuroQol five‐dimensional five‐level:P = .02; EuroQol visual analogue scale:P < .001); family carers' dyadic partnership quality (P = .002), perceived depression (P = .04) and health‐related quality of life (P = .02) were significant.ConclusionOur findings support the feasibility and acceptability of the patient‐family carer partnership intervention and indicate benefits in improving patients' blood pressure control, dyadic relationship and psychological well‐being of family dyads in rural area. Further research to test the longer‐term effect in a large‐sized population is recommended.
Medical comorbidities and orbital implant exposure
Authors: Habib Larissa A. , North Victoria S. , Freitag Suzanne K. , Yoon Michael K. , Lefebvre Daniel R. , Grace Lee Nahyoung 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate medical conditions and systemic therapies associated with orbital implant exposure in patients with anophthalmic sockets.MethodsRetrospective review of patients who underwent enucleation or evisceration at a single centre between January 1, 2008 and March 1, 2018. Medical comorbidities, including peripheral or coronary artery disease, rheumatologic conditions, diabetes, malignancy and history of smoking were recorded. Use of immunomodulatory and anticoagulation therapy at the time of eye removal was noted. Patients were divided into two groups—those with implant exposure and those without. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to compare groups.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty‐nine patients underwent eye removal surgery over a ten‐year period. Implant exposure was seen in 20 (8.7%) patients. Univariate analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between groups in rates of smoking, malignancy, and immunomodulatory therapy at the time of surgery. A history of smoking (HR = 11.72; 95% CI: 2.95, 46.53; p = 0.0001) and immunomodulatory therapy (HR = 8.02; 95% CI: 1.96, 32.87; p = 0.004) were independent predictors of exposure. The probability of exposure was 81.2% when all three risk factors were present versus 4.4% when none were present (c‐index = 0.737, 95% CI: 0.608, 0.865; p < 0.001). The model was a good fit to the data (Hosmer‐Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit test p = 0.475).ConclusionsSmoking and immunomodulatory therapy were associated with orbital implant exposure in patients with anophthalmic sockets. This is the first report examining medical comorbidities in patients with orbital implant exposure. Understanding the pathophysiology of implant exposure is crucial to preoperative planning and postoperative care.
Vitrification of mouse two‐cell and blastocyst stage embryos in simplified closed system using either a hemi‐straw or a hollow fiber device
Authors: Suttirojpattana Tayita , Juanpanich Theesit , Parnpai Rangsun , Vutyavanich Teraporn 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTwo‐cell stage and blastocyst stage mouse embryos were equilibrated in a medium containing 7.5% ethylene glycol (EG) and 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 8–15 min. Vitrification was performed in a medium containing 0.5 M sucrose and either 15% EG + 15% DMSO, 17.5% EG + 17.5% DMSO, or 20% EG + 20% DMSO for 30 s. They were then placed either on a hemi‐straw (HS) or a hollow fiber vitrification (HFV) device and vitrified by cooled air inside a 0.5‐ml straw. In two‐cell embryos, a 100% survival rate was obtained from all groups except the 20% HS group (P > .05). All vitrified two‐cell groups showed similar rates of blastocyst development to that of fresh control group (P > .05), except 17.5% and 20% HFV groups, which were significantly lower than the other groups (P < .05). In the blastocyst embryos, the HFV groups were divided into two subgroups (non‐collapsed; HFV‐NC and collapsed; HFV‐C blastocyst). Re‐expansion rate in 15% HFV‐NC, 17.5% HFV‐NC, and 15% HFV‐C groups was reduced (P < .05), whereas the rest were similar to control. In conclusion, we established a simplified, reliable, and closed system for HFV vitrification applying hemi‐straw, which does not require skilled practitioners.
Reinforcement‐based cognitive biases as vulnerability factors in alcohol addiction: From humans to animal models
Authors: Noworyta Karolina , Cieslik Agata , Rygula Rafal 
Published: July 2021

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most common, but still poorly treated, psychiatric conditions. Developing new treatments requires a better understanding of the aetiology of symptoms and evaluation of novel therapeutic targets in preclinical studies. Recent developments in our understanding of the reinforcement‐based cognitive biases (RBCBs) that contribute to the development of AUD and its treatment offer new opportunities for both clinical and preclinical research. In this review, we first briefly describe psychological and cognitive theories that involve various aspects of reinforcement sensitivity in the development, maintenance, and recurrence of alcohol addiction. Furthermore, in separate sections, we describe studies investigating RBCBs and their neural, neurochemical, and pharmacological correlates, and we discuss possible interactions between RBCBs and trajectories of AUD. Finally, we describe how recent translational studies using state‐of‐the‐art animal models can facilitate our understanding of the role of reinforcement sensitivity and RBCBs in various aspects of AUD.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on New discoveries and perspectives in mental and pain disorders. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.17/issuetoc
Translating climate strategies into action: An analysis of the sustainable, green, and resilient city action plans of the multilateral development banks
Authors: Bazbauers Adrian Robert 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMotivationClimate change is exposing significant urban vulnerabilities. The multilateral development banks (MDBs) have responded by devising a suite of sustainable, green, and resilient (SGR) city advisory services and lending products to prepare cities for future climate change impacts.PurposeThe article comparatively analyses SGR city action plans and companion projects drafted by the MDBs. It thus evaluates the translation of analytical work into investments, reviewing what the MDBs are prioritizing and what this means for development and climate change.Methods and approachThe article qualitatively analyses 124 SGR city action plans and 65 companion lending operations approved by four MDBs between 2014 and 2021, evaluating action plan documents and project appraisal, implementation, and results reports.FindingsThe article finds that while the SGR city action plans propose comprehensive recommendations, the companion projects narrowly focus on infrastructural upgrades that are uncertain to adequately prepare cities for future climate change impacts.Policy implicationsMultilateral interventions targeting climate change expanded considerably during the 2010s. The MDBs, however, continue to prioritize project‐based infrastructural investments financing climate mitigation and resilience actions over more substantive climate adaptation initiatives. This article thus shows that SGR city action plans hold great potential to enact robust and inclusive climate responses but have so far been stymied by the conservatism of project‐based investment lending.
Multigenerational consequences of aphid size on offspring phenotype and reproduction
Authors: Hayden Meghan T. , Holmes Katherine D. , Arcila Hernández Lina M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn many organisms, phenotype and fitness are strongly influenced by both current environmental factors and maternal effects. The low genetic variation, high phenotypic plasticity, and telescoping generations seen in aphids permit us to investigate the relative importance and potential interaction of maternal and current environments on phenotype. Although past studies have identified an influence of maternal host plant on offspring phenotype and reproduction in aphids, few have demonstrated the potential for these maternal effects to also interact with the aphid's current environment. By rearing multiple generations ofAphis nerii(Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on their host common milkweed,Asclepias syriaca(L.) (Apocynaceae), we tested the relative influence and interaction of both maternal and current environmental effects of crowding and plant quality on aphid body size and reproduction. Our results indicate that aphid body size increased with current plant quality and decreased with aphid density in both generations, with an additional direct, positive relationship between body size and fecundity. We did not find evidence for adaptive maternal effects, e.g., production of fewer, larger, offspring by stressed mothers. Instead, poor maternal environments constrained aphid body size and reproduction. Importantly, these adverse maternal effects were only seen in offspring where subsequent nymph population growth was allowed to increase unchecked, likely reducing available resources. Our study thus demonstrates that the significance of maternal effects in aphid development and reproduction can depend on current resource availability, shaping the phenotype and fecundity of offspring under stressful conditions. Incorporating this framework for how aphid body size and reproduction respond to current and maternal environments may improve predictions for how aphid population growth is impacted by resource limitation across generations.
Interactions between local and global drivers determine long‐term trends in boreal forest understorey vegetation
Authors: Hedwall Per‐Ola , Uria‐Diez Jaime , Brunet Jörg , Gustafsson Lena , Axelsson Anna‐Lena , Strengbom Joachim 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimGlobal change effects on forest ecosystems are increasingly claimed to be context dependent, indicated by interactions between global and local environmental drivers. Most examples of such context dependencies originate from temperate systems, while limited research comes from the boreal biome. Here we set out to test if interactions between climate warming, nitrogen deposition, land‐use change resulting in increasing forest density, and soil pH drive long‐term changes in understorey vegetation in boreal forests.LocationSweden.Time period1953–2012.Major taxa studiedVascular plants.MethodsWe used long‐term (50 years) National Forest Inventory data on forest understorey vegetation in Sweden to model the combined effects of climate warming, nitrogen deposition, increase in forest density (tree basal area), and soil pH.ResultsOur results identify increasing temperature, nitrogen deposition and denser, shadier forest conditions as the main drivers of understorey vegetation changes during this time period. More importantly, we found that these effects varied with local conditions, that is, that the change towards a more nitrophilic understorey vegetation was more pronounced at low than high soil pH. Forest density was an important modulator of nitrogen deposition and temperature increase, with effects generally decreasing with density. Decreased cover of ericaceous dwarf shrubs was driven by both forest density and nitrogen deposition, with a stronger effect at low than at high pH.Main conclusionsOur results highlight that to understand forest ecosystems’ response to global change, and to make adequate management decisions to mitigate the effects of global change, we need to understand how changes in local environmental factors (forest density and soil pH) interact with global‐scale drivers (nitrogen deposition and climate warming). Neglecting such interactions will lead to incorrect estimations of effects. In our case, we would for example, have underestimated the eutrophication effects on acid soils, which constitute a considerable part of the boreal biome.
Solidarity for whom? Interrogating solidarity in geographic research methodologies
Authors: Gagliano Jamie C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCalls for researchers to be in solidarity with research participants in hopes of reducing the exploitative research practices inherited through centuries of extractive methods have become the norm in Geography. Participatory research models, diversity in publication forums and types, and redirecting material university resources toward participants have all emerged as ways of altering research methods to practice solidarity with participants. While these are important endeavors, they do not consider solidarity as something which alters the field of research itself. When considering the complexities and limitations of the coalitional possibilities brought forth by solidarity, it becomes apparent that solidarity does not resolve the ethical dilemmas of fieldwork and knowledge production. Experience from field research in Paraguay has demonstrated that practicing solidarity as part of research raises new ethical challenges that alter the multiple encounters that constitute the research process and beyond.
The effectiveness of care manager training in a multidisciplinary plan‐do‐check‐adjust cycle on prevention of undesirable events among residents of geriatric care facilities
Authors: Ikeda‐Sonoda Shino , Okochi Jiro , Ichihara Nao , Miyata Hiroaki 
Published: July 2021

AimUndesirable events, such as falls, aspiration, and pressure ulcers, are associated with functional decline and lower quality of life among older adults. This study describes the frequency of such events among residents of geriatric care facilities and assesses the effect of training care managers in a multidisciplinary plan‐do‐check‐adjust cycle on preventing such events.MethodsThis was a Japan‐based, non‐randomized cluster intervention study. The intervention group comprised geriatric care facilities from which care managers had attended a training course, while the control group comprised facilities with care managers who did not receive this training. Six‐month pre‐admission and 3‐month post‐admission incidences of undesirable events were collected from both groups, and the two groups were compared.ResultsValid data were collected from 862 residents (416 and 446 from the intervention and control groups, respectively) from 130 facilities (60 and 70, respectively). Three‐month post‐admission incidences were 27.8%, 20.0%, and 11.3% for falls, fever, and pressure ulcers, respectively. There was no difference between the groups regarding post‐admission incidence for any event type. Training care managers reduced the post‐admission incidence of pressure ulcers among residents with a history of such ulcers.ConclusionsThe training of care managers in a multidisciplinary risk‐management cycle was not effective for preventing falls, fever, or pressure ulcers. Results underscore the difficulty of preventing risk events in geriatric care facility residents even with organizational training efforts. The authors believe it is important to share such risks with residents and their families. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 842–848.
Is democracy pro‐poor? An empirical test of the Sen Hypothesis based on global evidence
Authors: Gao Yanyan , Zang Leizhen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt has long been hypothesized that democracy benefits the poor, yet solid empirical evidence for this assertion is scarce. This article provides new global evidence regarding the poverty‐reduction effect of democracy, which we refer to as the Sen Hypothesis. A difference‐in‐differences estimation using cross‐national panel data of over 100 countries from 1995 to 2015 shows that democracy reduces poverty, although the size of the effect varies by the poverty line chosen. The results also show that the effects are channeled by entitling more political rights, increasing freedom of speech and the size of middle classes, and improving governmental quality, and are heterogeneous over time and democratization types.
Multiple single cannulation technique of arteriovenous fistula: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Peralta Ricardo , Fazendeiro Matos João , Pinto Bruno , Gonçalves Pedro , Sousa Rui , Felix Carla , Carvalho Helena , Vinhas José , Ponce Pedro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionDespite the impact needling has had on vascular access survival and patient outcome, there is no universal or standardized method proposed for proper cannulation. Rigorous studies are needed, examining cannulation practices, and challenges to achieving complication‐free cannulation.MethodsThis randomized, open‐label trial was conducted at 18 dialysis units owned by a large private dialysis provider operating in Portugal. Eligible patients were adults on chronic hemodialysis, with a new arteriovenous fistula (AVF); cannulated for at least 4 weeks complication‐free. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to one of three cannulation techniques (CT): Multiple Single cannulation Technique (MuST), rope‐ladder (RLC), and buttonhole (BHC). The primary endpoint was AVF primary patency at 1 year.FindingsOne hundred seventy‐two patients were enrolled between March 2014 and March 2017. Fifty‐nine patients were allocated to MuST, 56 to RLC, and 57 to BHC.MuST and RLC were associated with a better AVF primary patency than BHC. Primary patency at 12 months was 76.3% in MuST, 59.6% in BHC, and 76.8% in RLC group. Mean AVF survival times were 10.5 months (95% CI = 9.6, 11.3) in the MuST group, 10.4 months (95% CI = 9.5, 11.2) in RLC, and 9.5 months (95% CI = 8.6, 10.4) in BHC. BHC was a significant risk predictor for AVF survival with 2.13 times more events than the other two CT (HR 2.13; 95% CI = 1.07, 4.21; p = 0.03).DiscussionMuST was easy to implement without a diagram and there is no need to use blunt needles. This study showed MuST was efficacious and safe in maintaining the longevity of AVF in dialysis patients.