bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Codes of Ethics of Companies in the Czech Republic Operating Nationally or Internationally
Authors: Caha Zdeněk , Ruso Michaela , Procházková Michaela 
Published: January 2021

Research background: Ethical conduct is considered a pillar of strength within the context of corporate social responsibility. The basic tool for achieving this is a code of ethics, which should form the basis for the ethical management of any company. Globalisation and internationalisation have brought with them the need to have a high-quality code of ethics in place, one that is balanced in terms of content.
Purpose of the article: The aim of the research presented in this contribution is to determine, by means of qualitative comparative analysis, to what extent codes of ethics meet key preconditions for efficacy.
Methods: The analysis was carried out on a sample set of 40 companies from various industrial sectors, and of various size, ownership structure and origin. All the companies were active in the Czech Republic at the time. The main preconditions for determining the efficacy of a code of ethics, and which therefore formed the basis for the qualitative comparative analysis, were set in advance.
Findings & Value added: The results of the analysis revealed that significant differences exist between companies with national and international spheres of activity with regards to the content and form of their codes of ethics. As a consequence, the preconditions for efficacy were judged not to have been fully met. The primary reason for the differences was the level of importance managements and owners of companies assign to a code of ethics and the emphasis they place on adherence to the provisions set forth in them.
An Analysis of the Insurance Market in the Czech Republic
Authors: Černohorská Liběna , Klofát Matěj 
Published: January 2021

Research background: We are currently witnessing significant changes in traditional values and developments concerning the globalization of the financial markets. Since the beginning of the 21st century, not only have the instruments used by global financial markets changed significantly, but the way they operate and the behavior of their participants have changed as well. Digitalization and the use of modern technologies are gradually beginning to take hold in all segments of the global economy. In the field of insurance, this mainly concerns the areas of insurance distribution and claims settlement.
Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the insurance industry in the Czech Republic for the period of 2014 to 2018.
Methods: Spider analysis was used to conduct the analysis. This type of analysis is a comprehensive analytical tool, which can also be used by the management of commercial insurance companies; it is based on 16 ratios, which are divided into four segments. Spider analysis provides a clear representation of the examined company’s position in comparison with the market average or with competing companies in that field of business. Using spider analysis, it is possible to portray the insurance market in the Czech Republic using the selected insurance companies.
Findings & value added: Based on the analysis results, it was found that Pojišťovna VZP was the only company that differed from the other commercial insurance companies analyzed – and the insurance market as a whole. Globalization’s effects on developmental trends in the world’s economies, the financial markets, and the business activities of both commercial insurance companies and the insurance industry are significant and difficult to estimate in terms of scope.
Globalization and Assessement of the Soft Power Potential of Belarus Using Econometric Instruments
Authors: Primierova Olena , Abakumova Juliet 
Published: January 2021

Research background: When it comes to conducting international events in a country with a small open economy, the issue of assessing the ratio of costs of the event to subsequent economic effects is relevant. If the evaluation of short-term revenues in the country is quite realistic, then quantifying the long-term effect on a country’s image is much more difficult, and directly related to the concept of soft power and its evaluation as a neutral instrument in international relations. The study was based on the concept of soft power and its instrument, such as the international image of the state, the improvement of which is possible by conducting various events of an international level.
Purpose of the article: The opportunity was of interest to assess the effect of using one of the neutral tools of the so-called soft power, such as holding international sports events.
Methods: To test hypotheses, time series models were used on the example of Belarus data. Also, for Belarus, the Soft Power Index was calculated according to the methodology of the Moscow School of Management Skolkovo and the British audit and consulting company Ernst and Young.
Findings & Value added: The conclusion is confirmed that the holding of sports events of an international scale directly affects the increase in indexing in the search queries of keywords characterizing the country, which in turn through the components of the globalization index positively affects its values for the country. Also, the holding of sports and cultural events has a positive effect on the influx of foreign tourists into the country.
Impact of China’s Growing Global Position on the Economy of the Czech Republic
Authors: Veselá Kamila , Pudilová Linda 
Published: January 2021

Research background: The People’s Republic of China in the 21st century can be described as an economy with high growth rates and great ambitions. Some statistics even indicate that China will become the world’s new hegemon by 2040. The People’s Republic of China is not only one of the largest exporters but is increasingly speaking to the world economy and international relations. Since the beginning of the 1990s, mutual relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Czech Republic can be described as very good and constantly deepening, which can be evidenced, among other things, by the number of trade agreements.
Purpose of the article: Purpose of the article is to evaluate a development of mutual relations between Czech and Chinese economies in order to predict their future development. Emphasis will be placed on the development of mutual trade through the evaluation of absolute and relative indicators and growth rates.
Methods: The paper is based on secondary data from the database of the Czech Statistical Office. The key methods used in the article are the analysis of time series of real products of the Czech Republic and China and their foreign trade. The analysis focuses on the trend, deviations and development of absolute and relative indicators.
Findings & Value added: The results of the analysis proved that the Chinese economy is growing on average more than twice as fast as the Czech economy. Because of that, the economic/living standards of the population of both countries are converging. The growth rate of the People’s Republic of China, together with its high spending on science and research, means that (if this trend is maintained) China is likely to become the world’s new hegemon in the near future.
Competitiveness of the Slovak Republic as a Determinant of its Success in Third Country Markets
Authors: Zábojník Stanislav , Borovská Zuzana 
Published: January 2021

Research background: Despite long-term goals of the economic strategy of the Slovak Republic, the Slovak competitiveness on the third countries´ markets is relatively weak considering the long tradition in the export activities of the Czechoslovak companies in the past. In terms of the international trade orientation, we note that the method of the Slovak economic strategy is mainly the pro-export support and placement of the Slovak production on foreign markets. Given the openness of the Slovak economy, competitiveness within these markets is crucial and proves the relevance of the research. Slovak Strategy of the External Economic Relations defines two groups of the priority territories for the support and subsidizing of the Slovak exports.
Purpose of the article: The paper assesses the results of the strategy supporting the Slovak companies on the third markets and an aim of the paper is to define the key indicators of the competitiveness of the Slovak Republic on the third markets of the prioritized territories.
Methods: Authors use basic indicators (export volumes, market share, RCA) as well as export gap method.
Findings & Value added: The study indicates only a very small progress in the catching-up process of the Slovak companies in case of export competitiveness in the preferential territories outside of the EU. A comprehensive comparison of the V4 countries was realized and recommendations for a new strategy were formulated.
Zweitlinientherapie eines Basalzellkarzinoms mittels photodynamischer Therapie als grober Behandlungsfehler
Authors: Elsner P. 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungEin Hautarzt führte bei einem Patienten 2 Sitzungen einer photodynamischen Therapie zur Behandlung eines Basalzellkarzinoms an der rechten Wange durch. 3 Jahre später wurde der Kläger wegen des Verdachts eines Rezidivs an der rechten Wange ambulant operiert; es waren Nachoperationen erforderlich. Der Patient machte zivilgerichtlich Schadensersatz sowie ein Schmerzensgeld mit der Begründung geltend, er sei nicht über Behandlungsalternativen zur photodynamischen Therapie aufgeklärt worden und diese Therapie habe nicht dem fachmedizinischen Standard entsprochen. Während das zuständige Landgericht seine Klage ablehnend beschied, gab das Oberlandesgericht der Berufung statt und hielt fest, dass ein Behandlungsfehler darin liegt, wenn ein Arzt nicht die Therapie der 1. Wahl, den sog. „Golden Standard“, sondern die Therapie der 2. Wahl anwendet. Verlässt der Arzt den „Goldstandard“, ohne den Patienten hierauf hinzuweisen, so handelt er unverständlich und nicht mehr nachvollziehbar und damit grob fehlerhaft, wenn der Patient bereits zur Durchführung der Therapie der 1. Wahl entschlossen war. Dies führte im vorliegenden Fall zur Beweislastumkehr für die Kausalität des vom Patienten beklagten Gesundheitsschadens.
Verbesserung der psychischen Gesundheit und Bindung bei postpartal psychisch erkrankten Frauen – Evaluation einer interaktionszentrierten Therapie in einer Mutter-Kind-Tagesklinik
Authors: Weidner Kerstin , Junge-Hoffmeister Juliane , Coenen Anne , Croy Ilona , Bittner Antje 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungZiele Frauen mit postpartalen psychischen Störungen zeigen häufig eine verzögerte Bindungsentwicklung zum Kind mit negativen Folgen für die kindliche Entwicklung. In mehreren Ländern wurde nachgewiesen, dass eine spezifische Mutter-Kind-Behandlung positiv auf die mütterliche Psychopathologie und die Bindungsentwicklung wirkt. Daten für den deutschsprachigen Raum sind rar, auch aufgrund der fehlenden Angebote bei unzureichender Finanzierung. Patientinnen einer psychosomatisch-psychotherapeutischen Mutter-Kind-Tagesklinik werden mit dieser Studie charakterisiert und die Behandlung evaluiert.Methodik 270 Patientinnen wurden bei Aufnahme und Entlassung aus der Tagesklinik befragt. Die Begleitevaluation umfasste die klinischen Haupt- und Nebendiagnosen nach ICD-10, Angaben zur Behandlungsdauer, Medikation, Angaben zum Kind sowie psychometrische Fragebögen zu mütterlicher Psychopathologie sowie zur wahrgenommenen Bindung zum Kind und dem elterlichen Kompetenzerleben.Ergebnisse 75% der behandelten Frauen wiesen mehr als eine, im Mittel 2,3 psychische Diagnosen auf. Die häufigsten Hauptdiagnosen waren affektive Störungen (38,5%), neurotische, Belastungs-und somatoforme Störungen (30,7%) sowie Persönlichkeits- und Verhaltensstörungen (20,4%). Ca. 56% berichteten Störungen der Mutter-Kind-Bindung. Die durchschnittliche Therapiedauer betrug 32 Behandlungstage. Zwischen Aufnahme und Entlassung zeigte sich eine hochsignifikante Symptomverbesserung mit sehr hoher Effektstärke [F=288,557 (df=1), p<0,001, Eta²=0,549]. Zur Entlassung wiesen 86,6% unserer Patientinnen keine Mutter-Kind-Bindungsstörung mehr auf.Diskussion Die Ergebnisse weisen auf potentiell hohe therapeutische Effekte der bindungsfokussierten und interaktionszentrierten Behandlung für die seelische Gesundheit der Mutter, ebenso wie die für die Bindungsentwicklung zum Kind hin.Schlussfolgerung Die gemeinsame Behandlung von Mutter und Kind sollte ein fester und finanzierter Bestandteil des Versorgungssystems sein, um Chronifizierung und negative Entwicklungsfolgen für das Kind zu verhindern.
Late Abdominal Reoperations after Surgery for Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation
Authors: Koivusalo Antti , Karila Kristiina , Pakarinen Mikko 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was retrospective assessment of late major reoperations after surgery for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) in neonates.
Materials and Methods Appropriate ethical consent was obtained. Data collection was by review of hospital records of 165 successive prematures who underwent surgery for NEC (n = 99) or SIP (n = 66) from 1986 to 2019. Outcome measures were late major abdominal surgeries or endoscopies that occurred after the primary surgical treatment, closure of enterostomies, and weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN). We assessed also risk factors for late abdominal surgeries.
Results Hundred and twenty-six (76%) patients (NEC, n = 70, 71% and in SIP, n = 56, 85%) survived. Median follow-up was 13 (interquartile range: 5.9–23) years. Nineteen (15%) patients underwent late abdominal surgery with 0% mortality. Most common was surgery for small bowel obstruction (SBO) in 12(9.5%) patients (NEC, n = 5; 7.0%, SIP, n = 7; 13%, p = 0.36) with 10-year cumulative risk of 8.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.5–14). Long duration of PN and development of intestinal failure associated cholestasis (IFAC) increased the risk of SBO surgery, relative risk: 1.0–3.2 (95% CI: 1.0–9.1), p = 0.02–0.03. Other surgeries included serial transverse enteroplasty (NEC, n = 2), incisional hernia repair (n = 3), cholecystectomy (n = 1), and ovarian torsion (n = 1). Twenty (29%) NEC and four (7%) SIP patients required endoscopic assessment of postoperative symptoms (p = 0.003).
Conclusion Late abdominal reoperations occurred in 15% of patients with NEC and SIP with nil mortality. SBO was the main indication. Risk of SBO was similar between NEC and SIP. Long PN and IFAC increased the risk of SBO.
Congenital Adhesion Band Presenting as Intestinal Perforation in an Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant
Authors: Guillen Juan , Ramey Stacey , Parimi Prabhu Satya 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA 231/7-week-old and 560-g-weighing premature male infant was evaluated on day of life 33 for increased frequency of bradycardias, bilious residual, and an increase in abdominal girth. Physical examination was notable for distended and mild tender abdomen. Investigations revealed pneumoperitoneum with dilated bowel loops and a normal acid–base balance. An urgent exploratory laparotomy demonstrated isolated jejunal perforation with an adhesive band extending from the omentum to the base of the mesentery. A segmental jejunal resection followed by an end-to-end anastomosis was performed. The diagnosis of intestinal perforation was inconsistent with focal spontaneous intestinal perforation and necrotizing enterocolitis. Decision to perform exploratory laparotomy led to diagnosis of congenital adhesion band, a rare clinical condition, and the patient had a favorable outcome. This premature infant made an excellent recovery and the upper gastrointestinal (GI) study demonstrated that the anastomotic site was intact. He is currently tolerating advancing enteral feeds.
Identity of the Vietnamese narrative culture: archetypal journeys from folk narratives to fantasy short stories
Authors: Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen , Thi Thu Hang Nguyen , Van Trung Le 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe journey to another world is an archetype that exists in the forms of marvelous motifs and is also a typical narrative formula with the purpose of creating diverse versions of Vietnamese folk narratives. The archetypal journey was later reborn and expanded in medieval literature as Vietnamese culture, which has become more complex over time. With the aim of discovering the cultural identity of Vietnamese narratives using sociohistorical approaches and discussing the archetype grounded in specific contexts, this research focuses on journey motifs to the upper and lower world in folk narratives in early collections written in Han characters and in related historical and cultural bibliographies. At the same time, by analyzing the fantasy short stories in Excursive Notes on Weird Stories (Truyen ky man luc) by Nguyen Du, this study aims to discover the process of acculturation and creation of materials and motifs from folk narratives, and it discusses how these motifs have been adapted. This research reveals specific messages about the history, culture, era, voice and true identity of the medieval Vietnamese Confucian. Importantly, this study emphasizes the unification of spiritual power between folklore and Taoism and the powerful and influential competition between Taoism and Confucianism in medieval Vietnamese literature. The analysis shows that by recreating the motifs of the folk narratives, writers have built other world journeys to describe the hidden political discourses and religious conflicts in the thoughts of the human mind in the most ideal form.
Intraspecific relationships between floral signals and rewards with implications for plant fitness
Authors: Essenberg Carla J 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWithin-species variation in traits such as petal size or colour often provides reliable information to pollinators about the rewards offered to them by flowers. In spite of potential disadvantages of allowing pollinators to discriminate against less-rewarding flowers, examples of informative floral signals are diverse in form and widely distributed across plant taxa, apparently having evolved repeatedly in different lineages. Although hypotheses about the adaptive value of providing reward information have been proposed and tested in a few cases, a unified effort to understand the evolutionary mechanisms favouring informative floral signals has yet to emerge. This review describes the diversity of ways in which floral signals can be linked with floral rewards within plant species and discusses the constraints and selective pressures on floral signal–reward relationships. It focuses particularly on how information about floral rewards can influence pollinator behaviour and how those behavioural changes may, in turn, affect plant fitness, selecting either for providing or withholding reward information. Most of the hypotheses about the evolution of floral signal–reward relationships are, as yet, untested, and the review identifies promising research directions for addressing these considerable gaps in knowledge. The advantages and disadvantages of sharing floral reward information with pollinators likely play an important role in floral trait evolution, and opportunities abound to further our understanding of this neglected aspect of floral signalling.
Endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation in carnivores—commonalities and differences with other mammalian species
Authors: Paulson Erika Elinor , Comizzoli Pierre 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEndometrial receptivity and embryo implantation processes are a major point of pregnancy failure in many mammalian species, including humans. Although reproductive biology in many carnivore species remains enigmatic, the few that have been studied so far are invaluable comparative models. The goals of this review are to (1) summarize current data on the mechanisms involved in uterine receptivity and embryo implantation in carnivores, including commonalities and differences with other mammalian species and (2) identify research priorities to better understand a key phenomenon in a critical group of mammals. Besides unique reproductive traits in some carnivores (induced vs. spontaneous ovulation in cats, ovulation at the germinal vesicle stage in dogs), preimplantation embryo development is comparable with other orders. However, the timing of implantation varies, especially in species having an embryonic diapause. Mechanisms involved in endometrial receptivity and decidualization still remain to be fully understood, but specific markers have already been identified. Importantly, the use of endogenous hormones to control the ovarian activity may impact endometrial receptivity and subsequent embryo implantation. Next, research efforts should take advantage of advanced technologies to further study embryo implantation in carnivores and to provide more relevant models to reproductive medicine or for the conservation of rare and endangered species.
Distributed inference for the extreme value index
Authors: Chen Liujun , Li Deyuan , Zhou Chen 
Published: January 2021

Summary
In this paper we investigate a divide-and-conquer algorithm for estimating the extreme value index when data are stored in multiple machines. The oracle property of such an algorithm based on extreme value methods is not guaranteed by the general theory of distributed inference. We propose a distributed Hill estimator and establish its asymptotic theories. We consider various cases where the number of observations involved in each machine can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous, and either fixed or varying according to the total sample size. In each case we provide a sufficient, sometimes also necessary, condition under which the oracle property holds.
Morphological, ecological and geographical evolution of the Neotropical genusNasa(Loasaceae subfamily Loasoideae)
Authors: Acuña-Castillo Rafael , Romoleroux Katya , Luebert Federico , Henning Tilo , Weigend Maximilian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Andean uplift is recognized as one of the most important events shaping the Neotropical biota. Previous phylogenetic reconstructions of Nasa, a mostly tropical Andean genus, have been unable to address its historical biogeography or ancestral character estimations in detail due to insufficient sampling and phylogenetic resolution. The main goal of the present study is to provide an expanded and highly resolved phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus to address these questions. We were able to sequence 87 of the 125 taxa (species and subspecies) of Nasa, for the plastid markers trnL–trnF, matK, trnS–trnG and rps16. Our results show that Nasa falls into four well-supported clades, clade I is sister to the rest of the genus and is composed of Central Andean species. The remaining three clades are more widely distributed, found also in the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone (AHZ) and the northern Andes. Our morphological analyses were able to identify plausible phylogenetic affinities of most Nasa spp. for which molecular data are unavailable, with three of the morphological clusters composed mostly by species of three well-supported clades (Clades II, III and IV). Historical biogeography indicates that Nasa has a history spanning 50 Myr, its early events predating most of the Andean uplift. Nasa appears to have originally occupied mid-elevation, seasonally dry habitats. By the mid-Miocene (c. 15 Mya) expansion into new forest edge and undergrowth habitats took place. This coincides with renewed uplift that increased the complexity of the abiotic conditions in the Andes. The AHZ is retrieved as the most important centre of diversification since the closure of the West Andean Portal and appears to be a cradle of clades of Nasa. Conversely, the central Andes, the most likely area of origin of the genus, house mostly ancient, species-poor clades.