bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Emerging Role of the Fetal Insulin Receptor in Hormone-refractory Breast Cancer
Authors: Mathur Tanvi , Yee Douglas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor and a mediator of the biologic effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II. Inhibitors of IGF-1R signaling were tested in clinical cancer trials aiming to assess the utility of this receptor as a therapeutic target; essentially all IGF-1R inhibitors failed to provide an additional benefit compared with standard-of-care therapy. In this review, we will evaluate the role the insulin receptor (IR) plays in mediating IGF signaling and subsequent metabolic and mitogenic effects as 1 possible reason for these failures. IR is expressed as 2 isoforms, with the fetal isoform IR-A derived from alternative splicing and loss of exon 11, the adult isoform (IR-B) includes this exon. Cancer frequently re-expresses fetal proteins and this appears to be the case in cancer with a re-expression of the fetal isoform and an increased IR-A:IR-B ratio. The biological effects of IR isoform signaling are complex and not completely understood although it has been suggested that IR-A could stimulate mitogenic signaling pathways, play a role in cancer cell stemness, and mediate tolerance to cancer therapies. From a clinical perspective, the IR-A overexpression in cancer may explain why targeting IGF-1R alone was not successful. However, given the predominance of IR-A expression in cancer, it may also be possible to develop isoform specific inhibitors and avoid the metabolic consequences of inhibiting IR-B. If such inhibitors could be developed, then IR-A expression could serve as a predictive biomarker, and cotargeting IR-A and IGF-1R could provide a novel, more effective therapy method.
Hydatidiform Mole With Coexisting Fetus and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion: A Case Report
Authors: Mickelsen Riley , French Valerie , Amaya Stephanie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Context
Molar pregnancies have been associated with hyperthyroidism and hypertensive disorders. Coexisting molar and fetal pregnancies, which are very rare, have an even higher risk of complications.

Case Description
We describe a case of hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) associated with a molar pregnancy. A 36-year-old patient at 13 weeks gestation with a coexisting molar pregnancy presented with headache, nausea, and vomiting. She was found to have hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and hyponatremia. The hyponatremia was further assessed with an isotonic saline challenge which resulted in a diagnosis of SIADH. The patient underwent dilation and curettage and her hyponatremia resolved. She later developed gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

Conclusions
A molar pregnancy can present with unusual associated conditions, such as SIADH. Hyponatremia in a patient with molar pregnancy may be mistakenly attributed to other side effects of trophoblastic tissue (hyperthyroidism, pre-eclampsia, or hyperemesis gravidarum). Hyponatremia in a patient with a molar pregnancy warrants evaluation for SIADH.
Cardiac Output Assessments in Anesthetized Children: Dynamic Capnography Versus Esophageal Doppler
Authors: Karlsson Jacob , Svedmyr Anders , Wiegele Marion , Lönnqvist Per-Arne , Wallin Mats , Hallbäck Magnus 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND:
The objective of this study was to compare esophageal Doppler cardiac output (COEDM) against the reference method effective pulmonary blood flow cardiac output (COEPBF), for agreement of absolute values and ability to detect change in cardiac output (CO) in pediatric surgical patients. Furthermore, the relationship between these 2 methods and noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) parameters was evaluated.

METHODS:
Fifteen children American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) I and II (median age, 8 months; median weight, 9 kg) scheduled for surgery were investigated in this prospective observational cohort study. Baseline COEPBF/COEDM/NIBP measurements were made at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 3 cm H2O. PEEP was increased to 10 cm H2O and COEPBF/COEDM/NIBP was recorded after 1 and 3 minutes. PEEP was then lowered to 3 cm H2O, and all measurements were repeated after 3 minutes. Finally, 20-µg kg−1 intravenous atropine was given with the intent to increase CO, and all measurements were recorded again after 5 minutes. Paired recordings of COEDM and COEPBF were examined for agreement and trending ability, and all parameters were analyzed for their responses to the hemodynamic challenges.

RESULTS:
Bias between COEDM and COEPBF (COEDM − COEPBF) was −17 mL kg−1 min−1 (limits of agreement, −67 to +33 mL kg−1 min−1) with a mean percentage error of 32% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25–37) and a concordance rate of 71% (95% CI, 63–80). The hemodynamic interventions caused by PEEP manipulations resulted in significant decrease in COEPBF absolute numbers (155 mL kg−1 min−1 [95% CI, 151–159] to 127 mL kg−1 min−1 [95% CI, 113–141]) and a corresponding relative decrease of 18% (95% CI, 14–22) 3 minutes after application of PEEP 10. No corresponding decreases were detected by COEDM. Mean arterial pressure showed a relative decrease with 5 (95% CI, 2–8) and 6% (95% CI, 2–10) 1 and 3 minutes after the application of PEEP 10, respectively. Systolic arterial pressure showed a relative decrease of 5% (95% CI, 2–10) 3 minutes after application of PEEP 10. None of the recorded parameters responded to atropine administration except for heart rate that showed a 4% relative increase (95% CI, 1–7, P = .02) 5 minutes after atropine.

CONCLUSIONS:
COEDM was unable to detect the reduction of CO cause by increased PEEP, whereas COEPBF and to a minimal extent NIBP detected these changes in CO. The ability of COEPBF to react to minor reductions in CO, before noticeable changes in NIBP are seen, suggests that COEPBF may be a potentially useful tool for hemodynamic monitoring in mechanically ventilated children.
Evolution of human respiratory virus epidemics
Authors: Rochman Nash , Wolf Yuri , V. Koonin Eugene 
Published: July 2021

Background: Pathogens are often assumed to evolve towards reduced virulence, but counterexamples abound. Faced with a new pathogen, such as SARS-CoV-2, it is crucial to be able to forecast the case fatality rate (CFR) and the overall disease burden. Considerable effort has been invested towards developing a mathematical framework for predicting virulence evolution. Although many approaches accurately recapitulate complex outcomes, most rely on an assumed trade-off between CFR and infection rate. It is often impractical to empirically validate this constraint for human pathogens. Methods: A compartment model with parameters tuning the degree to which symptomatic individuals are isolated and the duration of immunity is constructed and evaluated at both short timescales and at equilibrium. Results: We reveal kinetic constraints whereby variation of multiple parameters in concert leads to decreased CFR and increased pathogen fitness, whereas independent variation of the parameters decreases pathogen fitness. Smallpox, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza are analyzed as diverse representatives of human respiratory viruses. We show that highly virulent viruses, such as smallpox, are often constrained by the host behavior, whereas moderately virulent viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, appear to be typically constrained by the relationship between the duration of immunity and CFR. Conclusions: Evolution of human respiratory epidemics appears to be often kinetically constrained and a reduction in CFR should not be assumed. These results agree with previous work demonstrating an increase in virulence for smallpox and further predict that SARS-CoV-2 is likely to continue presenting a substantial disease burden. Herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and viruses with similar life history traits might be unachievable without vaccination. However, partial isolation of symptomatic individuals can have a major effect on the epidemic dynamics not only by reducing the number of fatalities in the short term but also by changing the evolutionary trajectory of moderate CFR viruses towards reduced CFR.
Trends and Variation in the Use of Observation Stays at Children's Hospitals
Authors: Tian Yao , Hall Matt , Ingram Martha‐Conley E , Hu Andrew , Raval Mehul V 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUNDObservation status could improve efficiency of healthcare resource use but also might shift financial burdens to patients and hospitals. Although the use of observation stays has increased for adult patient populations, the trends are unknown among hospitalized children.OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to describe recent trends in observation stays for pediatric populations at children's hospitals.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSBoth observation and inpatient stays for all conditions were retrospectively studied using the Pediatric Health Information System database (2010 to 2019).EXPOSURE, MAIN OUTCOMES, AND MEASURESPatient type was classified as inpatient or observation status. Main outcomes included annual percentage of observation stays, annual percentage of observation stays having prolonged length of stay (>2 days), and growth rates of observation stays for the 20 most common conditions. Risk adjusted hospital‐level use of observation stays was estimated using generalized linear mixed‐effects models.RESULTSThe percentage of observation stays increased from 23.6% in 2010 to 34.3% in 2019 (P < .001), and the percentage of observation stays with prolonged length of stay rose from 1.1% to 4.6% (P < .001). Observation status was expanded among a diverse group of clinical conditions; diabetes mellitus and surgical procedures showed the highest growth rates. Adjusted hospital‐level use ranged from 0% to 67% in 2019, indicating considerable variation among hospitals.CONCLUSIONBased on the increase in observation stays, future studies should explore the appropriateness of observation care related to efficient use of healthcare resources and financial implications for hospitals and patients.
Sri Lanka’s early success in the containment of COVID-19 through its rapid response: Clinical & epidemiological evidence from the initial case series
Authors: Arambepola Carukshi , Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana , Jayakody Surangi , Hewage Sumudu Avanthi , Wijewickrema Ananda , Gunawardena Nalika , Dhanapala Sapumal , Prathapan Shamini 
Published: July 2021

Background
Despite the rising global burden, Sri Lanka reported a relatively low caseload and mortality (13 deaths as of 20 October 2020) for COVID-19. This warrants exploration of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the case series during the initial passive case detection phase in Sri Lanka, in order to understand the success in containment of the disease for more than nine months in the country through its initial early and rapid pandemic response.

Methods
A retrospective study was conducted using secondary data (hospital records and investigation reports) extracted from all laboratory-confirmed patients admitted to the three main state-sector hospitals in Sri Lanka from 11 March to 7 April 2020. Clinical outcomes were categorized as mild, severe and critical, as per the international classification. Kruskal-Wallis H, Mann Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests compared differences between the variables.

Results
The case series comprised 146 live discharges and six deaths. Majority were males (63.2%); mean age of 40.9 (SD = 17.9); and symptomatic (72.4%). Sixty-one (40.1%) had co-morbidities, the commonest being diabetes (20.4%) and hypertension (17.8%). Mild (93.4%), severe (2.6%) and critical (4.0%) disease outcomes were noted. Disease severity was significantly higher with older age (p = 0.037), co-morbidities (p = 0.026); and higher white-cell (p = 0.045) and lymphocyte (p = 0.043) counts; but not with being symptomatic (p = 0.683). The commonest symptoms were fever (62.5%), dry cough (48.0%) and sore throat (26.9%). The median duration (IQR) was 3.0 (1.0–5.0) and 18.0 (15.0–29.5) days, respectively before and during hospitalization.

Conclusions
In contrast to high-risk countries, the younger age, milder disease and low mortality observed in local patients during the initial phase of the pandemic, reflect the early success in containment of the pandemic in Sri Lanka. However, once the disease becomes severe, the factors determining disease fatality remain the same as in other countries. This highlights the value of establishing strong public health systems and disease surveillance in a country, which could provide long-term effects on disease control.
ABC Sports: The Rise and Fall of Network Sports Television, Travis Vogan (2018)
Authors: Quade William 
Published: July 2021

Review of: ABC Sports: The Rise and Fall of Network Sports Television, Travis Vogan (2018)
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2981 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-52029-295-6, h/bk, $85.00
ISBN 978-0-52029-296-3, p/bk, $29.95
Bcl2 negatively regulates Protective Immune Responses During Mycobacterial Infection
Authors: Singh Aayushi , Anang Vandana , Verma Chaitenya , Saraswati Shakuntala Surender Kumar , Rana Ankush Kumar , Bandyopadhyay Upasana , Chadha Attinder , Natarajan Krishnamurthy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We previously reported that M. tb on its own as well as together with HIV inhibits macrophage apoptosis by upregulating the expression of Bcl2 and Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP). In addition, recent reports from our lab showed that stimulation of either macrophages or BMDCs results in the significant upregulation of Bcl2. In this report, we delineate the role of Bcl2 in mediating defense responses from dendritic cells (BMDCs) during mycobacterial infection. Inhibiting Bcl2 led to a significant decrease in intracellular bacterial burden in BMDCs. To further characterize the role of Bcl2 in modulating defense responses, we inhibited Bcl2 in BMDCs as well as human PBMCs to monitor their activation and functional status in response to mycobacterial infection and stimulation with M. tb antigen Rv3416. Inhibiting Bcl2 generated protective responses including increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules, oxidative burst, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and autophagy. Finally, co-culturing human PBMCs and BMDCs with antigen-primed T cells increased their proliferation, activation and effector function. These results point towards a critical role for Bcl2 in regulating BMDCs defense responses to mycobacterial infection.
Neutron darkfield imaging of fiber composites
Authors: Hilger André , Kardjilov Nikolay , Lange Axel , Kupsch Andreas , Hentschel Manfred P. , Manke Ingo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
While X-ray based darkfield imaging with grating interferometers is already widely used, darkfield imaging with neutrons has still a relatively small user community focused mostly on magnetic materials. Here, we demonstrate the application of neutron darkfield imaging byTalbot-Lau type grating interferometry to fiber reinforced plastics. Common carbon and glass fiber composites have been investigated including characteristic damage structures. The darkfield images show a strong signal response caused by fiber delamination, suitable fiber direction, particles, pores and cracks. The basic principles of neutron darkfield imaging applied to fiber composites are highlighted.
Neutronic Evaluation of MSBR System Using MCNP Code
Authors: Silva Clarysson Alberto Mello da , Vieira Alana Lima , Magalhães Isabella Resende , Pereira Claubia 
Published: July 2021

The concept of Molten Salt Reactor use Th to breed fissile 233U, where an initial source of fissile material needs to be provided. However, there is no available 233U and so; the fissile fuel supply is one of the unresolved problems. Thus, it is necessary to use existing fissile materials such as 235U or Pu to produce 233U. Current studies analyze the fuel transition from 235U/Th or Pu/Th to 233U/Th and, in this context, the present work evaluates the criticality and the neutron flux of MSBR (Molten Salt Breeder Reactor) considering the fuel: (i) mix of Th and enriched U; (ii) the combination of Th and reprocessed Pu; and (iii) matrix of reprocessed Pu/minor actinides (MAs) and Th. The goal is to verify which of these fuels can be used as initial fissile supply. The MSBR core was simulated by MCNPX 2.6.0 code and the criticality model presents similar behavior of previous studies. The results show that reprocessed fuels could have a potential to be used as initial fissile supply, but these fuels present a neutron flux profile less flattens than traditional 233U/Th. It is possible that a new distribution of fuel elements may improve this profile and future simulations will be performed to evaluate this behavior. The uranium, must has high enrichment value to be used as initial seed. Other studies need be performed to evaluates the uranium enrichment and the U/Th ratio that produces similar core criticality to traditional fuel.
Formation of anomalous gas fields of helium and hydrogen in the Cat Ba, Co To and Bach Long Vi islands, northern Vietnam
Authors: Nadezhda Syrbu , Le Duc Luong , Andre Kholmogorov , Nguyen Hoang 
Published: July 2021

Data of methane, helium and hydrogen concentrations in the mineral waters, as well as in the subsurface atmosphere, of the Cat Ba, Co To and Bach Long Vi islands, shows that the regions belong to degassing zones of hydrogen and helium, and points at gas condensate potential of the Bac Bo sedimentary basin. A joint transit of these gases via the fault structures was established. Distribution patterns of hydrogen and helium concentrations from these islands (Tonkin Gulf) were obtained from the gas and water sample data. Thermogenic and metamorphogenic gases detected in hydrogeological wells on Cat Ba island and gas anomalies in subsurface gas indicate natural gas emission through permeability zones.
The work was carried out within the framework of the joint Russian-Vietnamese Laboratory on Marine Geosciences (V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS and Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, VAST). The research involves the staff and scientific equipment of the new innovative Laboratory for Integrated Research of the Environment and Mineral Resources (LIREMR) of the POI FEB RAS, created within the framework of the SCIENCE national project.
Late pleistocene movement of Nam O - Nam Dong fault: evidence from electron spin resonance dating of fault gouge in the Western Da Nang city
Authors: Nguyen Quoc Hung , Tran Thanh Hai , Vu Anh Dao , Ngo Xuan Thanh 
Published: July 2021

The Nam O - Nam Dong fault is rated as one of the most seismic source zones in Central Vietnam. Field investigation in the mountainous areas in the Cam Le and Hoa Vang districts (Da Nang city), which is a part of the Nam O - Nam Dong fault zone, the authors have discovered fault gouge zone of 5-40 cm width within the Dai Loc granitic rock. Two fault gouge samples were collected for Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating. The results from the ESR dating on the quartz grains from the fault gouge samples showed the youngest age from the smallest fraction, probably indicating that ESR signals in the fractions were completely zeroed at the time of faulting due to frictional heat. The preliminary results from the ESR dating on the quartz grains from the fault gouge indicate that the last major faulting in this site was later the ages of 15.05±3.55 ka to 18.21±4.06 ka ago. Multiple actives during the late Pleistocene - Holocene of this fault had uplifted the fault gouge from a depth-seated to the present-day locality. These data suggest that this fault zone can be classified as a potentially active fault zone and presents some seismic hazards.
Use fly ash for the production of lightweight building materials
Authors: Tran Thi Lan , Nguyen Anh Duong , Phan Luu Anh , Tran Thi Man 
Published: July 2021

Fly ash is a waste byproduct of thermal power plants or steel plants with a low density. Study on using fly ash to produce lightweight construction materials will is a new application of this material resource. Pha Lai fly ash is a byproduct from Pha Lai Thermal Power Joint Stock Company, in which the main mineral component was mullite (15-20%), quartz (14-16%), carbon (5-7%). The content of the amorphous component was about 67-73%. The chemical composition of Pha Lai mainly was SiO2 (51.73%), Al2O3 (23.22%), Fe2O3 (4.23%). To fabricate the lightweight material from Pha Lai fly ash, the fly ash was mixed with additive materials to create binders following two ways: (1) lime + fly ash and (2) geopolymer technology. For the way of lime + fly ash, with the optimal mixture ratio was fly ash:lime: water = 10:2:1, the lightweight material samples had the bulk density of 1.32g/cm3, the compressive strength of 3.91 MPa, satisfied the Vietnamese standard TCVN 6477-2011 for concrete bricks. Applying the geopolymer technology, with the optimal mixture ratio was fly ash: NaOH/Na2SiO3: Al powder = 100:45:0.15, NaOH/Na2SiO3 ratio = 1:2, the lightweight materials obtained the bulk density of 0,62g/cm3, the compressive strength of 1,54 MPa, satisfied the Vietnamese standard TCVN:9029-2017 for Lightweight concrete - Foam concrete and non-autoclaved concrete products-specification.
Holocene sedimentation offshore Southeast Vietnam based on geophysical interpretation and sediment composition analysis
Authors: Hoang Van Long , Nguyen Tien Thanh , Vu Tat Tuan , Nguyen Thanh Tung , Nguyen Lam Anh , Dao Bui Din , Le Van Duc , Tran Ngoc Dien , Nguyen Huu Hiep 
Published: July 2021

Offshore Southeast (SE) Vietnam is considered a transition zone, with the sedimentary evolution of this area controlled by land-sea interactions, especially by the Holocene sea-level rise. This study presents some new findings regarding Holocene sedimentation and its linkage to the heavy mineral placers within the study area based on high-resolution seismic interpretation and sediment analysis. Our obtained results show that the Holocene sediments directly overlie the Late Pleistocene sedimentary formation, from which they are separated by an erosional/unconformity surface (R­1­ seismic reflector). Sediments deposited in the Early (~11.7-8.2kyr BP), Middle-Late (8.2kyr BP-present-day) Holocene sub-epochs correspond to the Transgressive and Highstand System tracts, which were closely controlled by the three stages of Holocene sea-level rise. The recent sediments distributed on the seafloor are dominated by sand and gravelly sand, demonstrating high-energy conditions, while the heavy minerals are rich in ilmenite and zircon. Most of these are concentrated along the present shoreline zones, but we do not exclude their accumulation in the paleo-shoreline and incised channels. Two ilmenite dispersion halos (1st and 2nd order) and one zircon dispersion halo (1st order) suggest that ilmenite and zircon are the most dominant heavy minerals while gold is only observed locally. The minerals were potentially derived from the weathering products of the Triassic-Cretaceous ilmenite-, zircon-, and gold-bearing granite and granitoid in central Vietnam.