bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTERNATIONAL NEWS AND REPORTS
Authors: FIELD C. ELAINE 
Published: December 2021

The subject of the discussion on Thursday morning July 1 was "Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity." With the president Sir Leonard Parsons in the chair, Dr. Agnes R. MacGregor (Edinburgh) opened the proceedings by giving a pathological survey.
She stressed the importance of cooperation between clinician and pathologist to improve certification of death and thus the accuracy of statistics. Unfortunately most records are from maternity hospitals which are not entirely representative of the whole community. Intracranial hacmorrhage and infection caused the highest number of deaths in the neonatal period, but there had been a considerable rise of developmental defects as a cause in premature infants. Dr. MacGregor considered that an infant can survive a mild intracranial haemorrhage at birth but that haemorrhage is not necessarily present in all babies showing cerebral irritation, which may be caused by oedema of the brain. She concluded that infection was the overwhelming cause in her series of deaths after the seventh day of life.
INFECTIOUS CROUP: III. HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B CROUP
Authors: RABE EDWARD F. 
Published: December 2021

Croup due to H. influenzae type B occurred in 8% of a group of 347 cases of infectious croup. Bacteriologically and pathologically the disease was distinct from diphtheritic and so-called "virus" croup.
Clinically this form of croup is characterized by the extreme rapidity of onset and the severity of symptoms. The outstanding clinical signs and symptoms encountered were: severe sore throat, epiglottitis with supraglottic edema, extreme early prostration, marked leukocytosis with a high polynudear percentage, tender anterior cervical adenitis, and necessity for very early tracheotomy in selected cases.
Treatment consists of two important parts: relief of respiratory obstruction and treatment of the accompanying bacteremia and toxemia. The former calls for early tracheotomy to avoid the frequent adverse results of thoracic extra-alveolar air; intubation is contraindicated. Treatment of the second problem calls for transfusions of whole blood plus early administration of type-specific rabbit antiserum and sulfadiazine and streptomycin in high dosage.
Death from H. influenzae type B croup is attributed to bacteremia and toxemia, aided by progressive respiratory tract obstruction.
SEPSIS IN NORMAL AND PREMATURE INFANTS WITH LOCALIZATION IN THE HIP JOINT
Authors: Howard Philip J. 
Published: December 2021

The case reports of five patients with sepsis, localizing in the hip joint, are presented. The age of onset was before 30 days of age. The weights at birth were in the premature range in three, normal in two; the first clinical sign was swelling of the region of the hip and thigh. The organisms were coagulase positive staphylococci in three cases, unknown in two cases.
The differential diagnosis included cellulitis, trauma to the hip, and septic arthritis with abscess formation. Poliomyelitis, cancer, toxic synovitis and osteomyelitis of the femur were considered.
Roentgenograms have been selected to show the slightness of the changes at onset, and the changes at 1, 5, and 12 years of age.
Treatment should include general supportive measures, including administration of blood and nutritive elements, antibiotics and early drainage of the joint to prevent permanent damage of the head of the femur. This condition must be suspected in every instance of regional swelling of the hip in the newborn infant. Such swelling is an urgent indication for diagnostic aspiration of the joint.
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF BLOOD FROM THE UMBILICAL CORD OF THE NEWBORN: RELATION TO FETAL MATURITY AND PERINATAL DISTRESS
Authors: MacKinney Loren G. , Goldberg Irving D. , Ehrlich Frances E. , Freymann Katherine C. 
Published: December 2021

The oxygen saturation of the blood in the umbilical vein is significantly higher when the initial gasp occurs prior to clamping. Presumably an increment of oxygen is added by this respiration so that the oxygen saturation at the moment of sampling no longer represents the oxygenation status of the fetus by means of the placenta. In the evaluation of any data on oxygen saturation in the blood of the umbilical cord, serious consideration must be given to this time relationship.
In general where the clinical status of babies is poor at birth, the oxygen saturation is significantly lower than in babies without distress, when sampled before respiration. More specifically, there seems to be a direct relationship between lower oxygen saturation and clinical evidence of difficulty in initiating respiration.
Premature infants sampled before initiation of respiration have lower values for oxygen saturation than mature or postmature infants. This difference is not explained solely by the less favorable neonatal clinical status of some premature infants.
The oxygen saturation of postmature infants sampled before respiration is not lower than that of mature infants.
The oxygen saturation of infants delivered by cesarean section is lower than those delivered by other means.
DEFECTIVE STEROIDAL BIOGENESIS IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: Bongiovanni Alfred M. , Eberlein Walter R. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Alfred M. Bongiovanni is a young man who started research work as an investigator at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, even before he received his B.S. degree from Villanova College in 1940. While at Villanova, Dr. Bongiovanni received the Kolmer Medal for Excellence in Science. In 1943 he received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, following which he immediately served a 2-year tour of duty in the United States Navy.
After discharge from the Navy, he filled residencies at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from 1947 to 1949. During the years 1949 and 1950, Dr. Bongiovanni served as Assistant Physician at the Rockefeller Institute in New York and in 1950-51 returned to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia as Assistant Director of Clinics. In 1951 he was appointed the National Foundation of Infantile Paralysis Fellow to the Research Division of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. New opportunities and promotions quickly followed with an appointment as Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins in 1952; Senior Research Associate in the Pediatric Endocrine Division and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania in 1954; and in 1955 Associate Professor of Pediatrics at the same university.
Dr. Bongiovanni is a Diplomate of the American Board of Pediatrics and a member of the Editorial Board of the American Journal of Medical Sciences and of numerous professional societies. In 1956 Dr. Bongiovanni received the Ciba Award.
Dr. Bongiovanni has been author of about 50 articles, the great majority of which are on endocrinology and at least 23 of them with Dr. Eberlein, who is the co-recipient with Dr. Bongiovanni of this Award, as a co-author.
STUDIES OF TOCOPHEROL DEFICIENCY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Gordon Harry H. , Nitowsky Harold M. , Tildon J. T. , Levin Stanley 
Published: December 2021

VITAMIN E was recognized some 35 years ago as a fat-soluble substance necessary for reproduction in the rat. Its potency is measured by assay for fertility and its synonym, tocopherol, comes from Greek words which mean "to bear offspring." Review of the original studies of Mason and his co-workers and of his interpretive writings provides a good stimulus for pediatric interest in the subject. It is proposed to review some literature on the pathologic lesions produced in animals and on the tocopherol content of foods, and then summarize data collected at the Colorado General, Sinai and Johns Hopkins Hospitals on tocopherol deficiency in infants and children. Most of the latter data and detailed references to the literature have been published elsewhere.
PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Although vitamin E has been dubbed the anti-sterility vitamin, its absence from the diet has produced a variety of pathologic states, differing from one species to another, and at different ages in the same species. Some of the conditions found are: Fetal resorption; testicular degeneration; encephalomalacia; "exudative diathesis"; generalized edema; brownish discoloration of smooth muscle, adipose tissue and liver; acute hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver; degeneration of renal tubules; focal necrosis of cardiac muscle; and nutritional muscular dystrophy.
Provocative findings in E-deficient animals that call to mind clinical problems in premature infants are: Hemorrhagic manifestations in rat fetuses and chick embryos; hemorrhages in the lungs, visceral and cranial cavities in puppies; subcutaneous, pulmonary and cerebral edema in young chickens, anemia in monkeys; and hemolysis after administration of large doses of vitamin K to rats.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SODIUM PARA-AMINOSALICYLATE THERAPY
Authors: Matsaniotis N. , Jacobs J. , Smith M. H. D. 
Published: December 2021

Among 100 tuberculous children treated on a regimen including PAS, 3 developed a hypersensitivity reaction attributable to this drug. These three cases and a fourth from our files are presented, and the literature concerning such reactions in adults is reviewed.
Agranubocytosis was the prominent feature in one patient and jaundice in another. The various symptoms and sequential pattern of events that characterize the hypersensitivity reaction to PAS are described. Desensitization to the drug, which is a safe and nearly always successful procedure, was achieved in three patients. There is no specific treatment and the best insurance against irreversible or even fatal effects is the prompt discontinuation of the drug.
STUDIES IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE
Authors: Shields George S. , Lichtman Herbert C. , Messite Jacqueline , Watson R. Janet 
Published: December 2021

In newborn infants with sickle cell trait, the percentage of erythrocytes capable of being sickled in vitro gradually rose during the first 4 months of life. A concomitant fall in the percentage of Hgb F was demonstrated. The percentage of cells which could be induced to assume the sickled shape was found not to be correlated with the percentage of Hgb S, but instead was correlated with the reciprocal of the concentration of Hgb F.
The specific reaction rate of alkali resistant hemoglobin in the infants less than 3 months of age was found to differ from that found in adults and in infants more than 3 months of age.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
Authors: Steele James H. 
Published: December 2021

MORE than 70 years have passed since Weil first described several cases of leptospirosis in humans although he had no knowledge of the etiologic agent. In 1905, Stimson, in New Orleans, first observed leptospires in kidney sections from a patient believed to have died of yellow fever. A few years later (1915) pathogenic leptospires were isolated first from patients with Weil's disease in Japan by Inada et al. and independently in Germany by Uhlenhuth and Fromme in the same year. About the same time the Japanese workers found that the rat (Rattus norvegicus) is a carrier of Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. Since this early work, extensive investigations have shown that leptospirosis occurs in humans and animals in all parts of the world and is not a single disease but a group of diseases caused by a variety of leptospiral serotypes. Possible explanations for the wide distribution of these diseases may be (1) that they are insidious infections which have appeared gradually and become established almost unnoticed, or (2) that they have been present for many years and remained largely undetected because of the variable masking symptoms and the problems associated with laboratory diagnosis. Although considerable attention has been directed toward studies of leptospiral infections by European and Asian investigators since the early 1930's much of our knowledge regarding the epidemiology, public health importance and distribution of these diseases in the United States has been gained only during the past decade.
The epidemiology of the leptospiroses has been shown to follow a characteristic pattern based, in part, upon the fact that they are zoonoses, diseases transmitted from animal to animal and from animal to human.
GYNECOLOGY OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Huffman John W. , Wieczorowski Elsie 
Published: December 2021

THE DISCUSSANTS began the round table with a few general comments concerning various phases of development of the female. At birth and for the first week or more of life, the effects of maternal hormones on the newborn infant may be evidenced by hypertrophy of the breasts, prominence of the genitalia with nonpurulent vaginal secretion and occasional uterine bleeding. Throughout the remainder of infancy, until late childhood, there are no changes in the genitalia, and the mucosa of the vagina remains shrunken, producing little or no secretion. From the period of late childhood to early adolescence—that phase extending from the first menstrual period until the onset of ovulation—secondary sex characteristics develop and the vaginal mucosa undergoes cornification, becomes succulent and produces an increased quantity of secretion. Late adolescence is defined as that phase from the first ovulation to full maturity. The phases of adolescence are never clearly demarcated.
Certain pathologic conditions commonly seen in female children were then described. The relative incidence of these conditions as seen in a special clinic reflects their incidence in a general pediatric practice.
Nonspecific Vulvovaginitis
The majority of children (75%) are referred to the gynecologic clinic because of vulvovaginitis. Of these, 75% are found to have nonspecific vulvovaginitis. Etiologic agents and their relative incidence in the remainder of patients are: monilia, 15%; foreign body, 5%; and infections due to trichomonas, gonococcus and pinworms, 5%. Children under 10 years of age are most commonly affected. Those found to have vulvovaginitis due to fungi have usually given a history of recent antibiotic therapy.
STUDIES OF CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC SYNDROMES
Authors: Erlandson Marion E. , Schulman Irving , Stern Gertrude , Smith Carl H. 
Published: December 2021

Rates of destruction of erythrocytes and of effective production of erythrocytes and hemoglobin have been determined in 10 patients with homozygous Cooley's anemia. The method employed was based upon survival of Cr51-labeled cells in patients in whom a state of equilibrium of erythrocytes was present.
While a marked hemohytic defect is present, this defect does not, by itself, determine the degree of anemia present.
Rates of effective production of erythrocytes are increased above normal but are not increased to the same degree found in patients with other hemolytic diseases.
Rates of effective synthesis of hemoglobin were found to be less than those obtained for production of erythrocytes.
The rates of production of fetal hemoglobin in these patients are remarkably elevated but cannot be directly correlated with the rate of destruction of erythrocytes, rate of production of erythrocytes, or the degree of anemia present.
The hemolytic defect in patients with intermediate Cooley's anemia was comparable to that in the majority of the patients with the severe form of disease. However, the most marked hemolytic defects were among patients with the severe and not with the intermediate form of disease. Production of erythrocytes and hemoglobin did not differ significantly in the two forms of this disease.
Results in two splenectomized patients did not differ significantly from results in the non-splenectomized group of patients. However, since pre-splenectomy data were not available, no statement may be made as to possible individual benefit derived from the operation.
The final status of each patient is determined by the particular balance obtained between rates of destruction and production. Neither production nor destruction alone determines the degree of anemia.
The compensation index, as a measure of final status in each patient, was lowest in the severe form of Cooley's anemia. It is presumed to be lower still in many patients who could not be studied because transfusion therapy was in progress. The compensation index is somewhat higher in patients with intermediate Cooley's anemia and in two splenectomized individuals not requiring frequent transfusions. Values in these patients approach the higher levels found in patients with sickle cell anemia and congenital spherocytosis.
EQUIVALENCE OF PASTEURIZED AND FRESH HUMAN MILK IN PROMOTING NITROGEN RETENTION BY NORMAL FULL-TERM INFANTS
Authors: Fomon Samuel J. , Thomas Lora N. , May Charles D. 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-nine nitrogen balance studies were performed with 10 normal full-term infants fed fresh human milk either from the breast (eight nitrogen balance studies with four infants) or by bottle. Six of the infants (Group I) were solely breast-fed before and between the metabolic balance periods. Four infants (Group II) were fed pasteurized human milk before and between the metabolic balance periods during which fresh human milk was fed.
The mean intake of nitrogen by the infants fed fresh human milk was less than that of previously studied infants who received pasteurized human milk. Reasons for the smaller mean intakes of nitrogen by infants of Group I may have included voluntary decrease in volume of intake on the part of infants because of time unfamiliar environment or because milk was fed from a bottle. An additional factor may have been decreased supply of milk by the mother (and possibly decreased concentration of nitrogen in the milk) because of altered conditions for nursing and multiple trips to the Metabolism Ward. Decreased concentrations of nitrogen in the milk fed to infants of Group II may have resulted from longer duration of lactation of the women providing the milk and greater volume of milk produced. The relation of retention of nitrogen to intake of nitrogen was the same for infants fed fresh human milk as had been found for those fed pasteurized human milk.
Four of the infants (Group II) studied while receiving fresh human milk by bottle were also studied while receiving pasteurized human milk. Intakes and retentions of nitrogen were similar with both feedings.
The literature concerning nitrogen balance studies of full-term infants was reviewed. Mean intakes and retentions of nitrogen are similar to those of the present study but considerably greater variability was encountered, as might be expected in view of the lack of uniformity of experimental conditions among the different studies.
Processing (pasteurization and freezing) of human milk apparently does not alter its nutritional properties in such a way as to affect nitrogen balance of infants. It is concluded that the retentions of nitrogen of the infants fed processed human milk in the previous study may be considered representative of the retentions of nitrogen by normal breast-fed infants.
THE EFFECT OF MERCUROUS CHLORIDE (CALOMEL) AND EPINEPHRINE (SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION) ON RATS
Authors: Cheek Donald B. , Bondy Robert K. , Johnson Lorna R. 
Published: December 2021

It has been found that calomel will produce retardation of growth and loss of sodium and chloride from tissue with or without associated functional renal insufficiency. The findings are compared with data obtained by injecting a mercurial diuretic, Mercuhydrin®, into rats. In young rats given 10 mg of calomel, no renal structural change is seen 1 to 4 days after ingestion but the concentration of urea nitrogen in the blood is slightly elevated. If one injection of epinephrine (0.5 mg) is given to the young rat treated with calomel, hemoconcentration, hypertension, 16% loss of total content of chloride from the body and reduction in volume of the chloride space, increased insensible water loss, moderate rise in concentration of urea nitrogen in the blood and a renal lesion in the outer area of the renal medulla (upper portion of Henle's loop) are all found within 24 hours. The animals developed a weak, scrawny appearance, and in some instances distinct coldness to palpation and blueness of the extremities. Epinephrine, when injected into normal rats, produced a lesser increase in insensible loss of water and only 6% loss of content of chloride from the body. Hypertension was not sustained.
The changes demonstrated in the current experiments with rats resemble many of the findings in acrodynia. In acrodynia, sweating, hypertension, tachycardia, vasospasm, increased insensible loss of water, raised venous pressure, and increased excretion of steroids all support the concept of sympathetic preponderance. Increased adrenal cortical function also exists but to a lesser extent. Hence, acrodynia must represent "failure of adaptation" or failure to withstand stress.
It is suggested that mercury potentiates directly or indirectly the action of epinephrine in the body and that the coexistence of sympathetic stress plus calomel can give rise to acrodynia. Loss of extracellular volume resulting from mercurial diuretic effects, and from loss of water from the skin potentiates sympathetic and adrenal activity. Adrenal hormones are ineffective in conserving sodium chloride at the renal level in the presence of mercury. Augmented sympathetic activity leads to renal anoxia, vasospasm, and renal pressor effects. Renal damage may result and augment the vasospasm and hypertension.
SERIAL STUDY OF BONE MARROW IN HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS)
Authors: Dillon Hugh C. , Krivit William 
Published: December 2021

Fourteen infants with erythroblastosis fetalis were studied with particular reference to bone marrow activity and its relation to anemia in the infants. Serial studies of the marrow were done in 12 of the 14 infants, and single specimens were examined in two infants.
No attempt is made to define the etiology or pathogenesis of the anemia of erythroblastosis fetalis. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between degree of anemia and normoblastic activity of bone marrow, as ascertained by morphologic techniques.
On the basis of a review of the literature and the experience with this series of infants, true "aregenerative anemia" appears to be a rare occurrence. Indeed, to suggest that the anemia of erythroblastosis is commonly due to a cessation of erythropoiesis seems totally unjustified, because these infants show hyperplasia of the marrow which is analogous to that seen in other compensated hemolytic anemias.
Human and Sturgeon have stated, and the authors agree, that a relative hypoplasia may occur as cell destruction exceeds cell production. This does not necessarily imply marrow failure or an "aregenerative state," but it may indicate that the balance can be in favor of blood destruction and an anemia of some degree is the result. In a previous report, infants after exchange transfusion did show excessive destruction of donor erythrocytes. The rate of destruction of Rh-negative cells in erythroblastosis fetalis was twice that of normal.
Some of the cases reported in the literature as "aregenerative anemia" lack adequate marrow studies and cannot be accepted as well-documented. It should be emphasized that it may be unwise to conjecture about activity of the bone marrow from reticulocyte studies of the peripheral blood alone.
In this series, the percentage of normoblats in the bone marrow was increased in proportion to the degree of anemia.
THE TREATMENT OF HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA OF THE NEWBORN WITH SODIUM GLUCURONATE
Authors: Danoff Stuart , Boyer Audrey , Holt L. Emmett 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-five cases of hyperbilirubinemia have been treated with parenteral sodium glucuronate, most of them being patients with hemolytic disease (erythroblastosis).
The authors believe the results have been encouraging and warrant a further experimental trial of this form of therapy by critical investigators.