bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perfect Duties to Oneself Merely as a Moral Being
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers Kant’s arguments for the claims that lying, miserliness, and servility are violations of duties to oneself. Although his argument against lying appeals to natural teleology, namely, that the purpose of one’s power of communication is to accurately convey one’s thoughts, this chapter argues that the argument is fallacious and that the wrongness of lying is better explained by relating it to the duties of conscience and self-scrutiny—duties partly constitutive of the duty of moral self-perfection. In addressing the duty to avoid miserliness, the chapter considers how Kant’s conception of virtue and vice contrasts with his understanding of the Aristotelian doctrine of the mean. The chapter continues with the duty to avoid servility and its relation to Kant’s conception of ‘true noble pride’ to be found in the earlier lecture notes on ethics. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of Kant’s so-called moral rigorism.
Friendship
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers “On the most intimate union of love and respect in friendship”—Kant’s conclusion to the preceding Elements of Ethics comprised of duties to oneself and to others. Kant first describes the elements of an ideal friendship which, as ideal, cannot be realized by human beings, yet it can serve as a standard for evaluating human friendships. He then proceeds to describe the elements of humanly possible “moral friendships” that strive toward a balance of love and respect, pointing out the difficulties in achieving them. This chapter elaborates on Kant’s behalf these types of friendship. It then proceeds to discuss Kant’s appendix on the virtues of social intercourse and their role in moral life.
Moral Education and Practice
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The second part of The Doctrine of Virtue is the doctrine of methods that concerns moral education and the practice of virtue. This chapter elaborates Kant’s conception of moral education including the so-called catechism method of moral instruction. The methods of practicing virtue Kant refers to as “ethical ascetics,” in which he stresses the importance of striving to be both “valiant and cheerful” in carrying out one’s duties. Following this is Kant’s conclusion to the book, in which he explains why a metaphysics of morals does not include reference to God or religion. The chapter concludes with reflections on the outstanding tasks for the methods including how the pure laws of morality can gain access to one’s mind and how they can also influence one’s decisions.
All About Cells
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter takes the reader on an imaginary scuba diving tour of the watery world of the cell and its surroundings, pointing out features such as the cytoskeleton (that forms the equivalent of the bones and muscles of our cells), the cell membrane (the outer skin of the cell), and the cell membrane’s embedded proteins that provide selective access to the interior of the cell—organelles (elfin versions our own organs). The chapter stresses the tumultuous action that occurs non-stop within the cells as proteins are assembled for use within and outside the cells. The chapter discusses stem cells, including the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells. The chapter relates how cells differentiate to become dissimilar cell types, stresses the importance of three-dimensional study of cells (rather than two-dimensional study), and explains the different ways in which cells talk to each other.
The Heart
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter covers the creation of a bioprinted heart (cardiac) patch that might help to restore functional heart tissue after a heart attack. The chapter tells of the discovery that calcium ions carry the signal that initiates heart contraction. It also explains research on a pre-vascularized bioprinted heart patch that uses decellularized extracellular matrix and cardiac progenitor cells in its preparation. This study showed that of the various bioprinted constructs tested, the one that placed cells in an ordered arrangement (rather than as a random mix) gave the best results when transplanted into mice or rats. The experimenters performed echocardiograms on rats with a myocardial infarction (heart attack) and which had received a heart patch. Another study measures the contraction force exerted by bioprinted beating heart tissue.
Organs-on-a-Chip
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter explores organs-on-a-chip, miniaturized bioprinted organ tissues enclosed in a microfluidic housing (microfluidics refers to very small-scale plumbing) that can mimic functions of human physiology or disease and are particularly effective when multiple tissue types—for example, lung, heart, and liver—can interact on the same chip. The chapter sets forth the historical evolution of organs-on-a-chip and instances several studies. In one investigation, experimenters found a totally unexpected result in which a drug produced an inflammation of lung tissue that in turn led to toxic results in nearby heart tissue. In another inquiry, researchers focused on a bioprinted, functional, airway-on-a-chip to characterize inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease and vet potential medications for their treatment. Their work included quantitative comparisons of normal lung tissue and asthmatic lung tissue to a variety of insults, including household dust mites.
Epistemic Bubbles and Authoritarian Politics
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Contemporary U.S. political discourse is distorted by “epistemic bubbles.” In social epistemology, an epistemic bubble is a self-segregated network for the circulation of ideas, resistant to correcting false beliefs. Dominant models of epistemic bubbles explain some of their features, but fail to account for their recent spread, increasing extremity, and asymmetrical distribution across political groups. The rise of populist authoritarian politics explains these recent changes. I propose two models of how populism creates epistemic bubbles or their functional equivalents: (1) by promulgating biased group norms of information processing; and (2) by replacing empirically-oriented policy discourse with an identity-expressive discourse of group status competition. Each model recommends different strategies for popping epistemic bubbles. My analysis suggests that social epistemology needs to get more social, by modeling cognitive biases as operating collectively and outside people’s heads, via group epistemic and discursive norms.
Policy, Ignorance, and the Will of the People
Authors: Ahlstrom-Vij Kristoffer , Steele Jennifer R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is well established that the general population tend to lack in-depth knowledge about key political and policy matters. What are the implications for policymaking? This chapter considers this question in the context of immigration policy, reporting first on a focus group study which offers evidence that reported desires for a reduced number of immigrants might ultimately reflect a desire for immigrants of (perceived) high quality, not a reduction in overall quantity, where quality is defined in terms of fiscal impact. The chapter then argues that public preferences for such “good immigrants” are problematic, deploying a number of counterfactual models that suggest that such preferences are based on mistaken beliefs, and arguing that they thereby likely fail to reflect what the person truly desires. These findings extend beyond immigration policy and serve to highlight the often-overlooked problem that policies implemented with reference to popular sentiments might not capture “the will of the people.”
Transatlantic Modernism and the US Lecture Tour
Authors: Volpicelli Robert 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Transatlantic Modernism and the US Lecture Tour examines how the US lecture tour served as a vital infrastructure for bringing regional audiences from all across America into direct contact with international modernists. In doing so, the book reroutes scholarly understandings of modernism away from the magazines and other mass media that have so far characterized its circulation and toward the unique form of cultural distribution that coalesced around public lecturing. More specifically, it highlights the role the lecture circuit played in the formation of transatlantic modernism by following a diverse group of international authors—Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, Rabindranath Tagore, Gertrude Stein, and W. H. Auden—on their wide-ranging tours through the American landscape. By analyzing these tours, this study illuminates how this extremely physical form of literary circulation transformed authors into commodities to be sold in a variety of performance venues. Moreover, it shows how these writers responded to such broad distribution by stretching their own ideas about modernist authorship. In this way, Transatlantic Modernism and the US Lecture Tour adds to a critical tradition of revealing the popular dimensions of modernism by demonstrating how the tour’s social diversity forced modernists to take on new, more flexible forms of self-presentation that would allow them to appeal to many different types of audiences.
Personal Identity and Impersonal Ethics
Authors: Campbell Tim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
On the Reductionist View, the fact of a person’s existence and that of her identity over time just consist in the holding of certain more particular facts about physical and mental events and the relations between these events. These more particular facts are impersonal—they do not presuppose or entail the existence of any person or mental subject. In Reasons and Persons, Derek Parfit claims that if the Reductionist View is true, then ‘it is … more plausible to focus, not on persons, but on experiences, and to claim that what matters morally is the nature of these experiences’. But why think that the Reductionist View has this implication? As critics such as Robert Adams, David Brink, Mark Johnston, Christine Korsgaard, and Susan Wolf have suggested, it is not clear why the Reductionist View should have any implications regarding the moral importance of persons. This chapter argues that in contrast to Non-reductionist views, Psychological Reductionism, a version of the Reductionist View that assumes a psychological criterion of personal identity, supports the kind of impersonal moral outlook that Parfit describes.
Parfit on Love and Partiality
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is generally held that in his 1984 book Reasons and Persons Derek Parfit was advocating greater impartiality in ethics. In his later work, On What Matters, he seems more inclined to accept that we have partial reasons, for example, to give priority to those we love. This chapter raises some questions concerning Parfit’s arguments for partiality, including whether affection is too contingent to be valuable in itself, and whether partial concern for others, shared histories, or commitments can plausibly be said to ground non-instrumental reasons or value. The paper ends with a discussion of gratitude and an argument based on Parfit’s reductionist conception of personal identity.
Giving Reasons and Given Reasons
Authors: Broome John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Derek Parfit, as a leader of the ‘reasons first’ movement, says that the concept of a reason is fundamental and indefinable. But his concept of a reason differs from most philosophers’. Most philosophers take a reason to be a fact, whereas Parfit says that reasons are given by facts, not that they are facts. This paper distinguishes Parfit’s concept of a reason, which it calls a ‘given reason’, from the more common one, which it calls a ‘giving reason’. It argues that, whereas the concept of a giving reason is easily defined, the concept of a given reason is not. Parfit is therefore better placed than most philosophers to defend the claim that the concept of a reason is fundamental and indefinable.
Overdetermination and Obligation
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with circumstances where a person’s act makes no difference to the occurrence of a negative outcome, but is a member of a group of acts that does make such a difference. In the light of an analysis of these circumstances, it argues against two familiar ideas. One is Derek Parfit’s view that the wrongness of an act directly depends on the consequences of the group of acts of which it is a member. The other is the view that intentions are irrelevant to permissibility. The chapter suggests that wrongness and permissibility, in these cases, is distinguished by the intentions of those who act. It also argues that intentions make a difference to a person’s liability to punitive, compensatory, and defensive harm. Finally, it briefly considers cases involving mixed motives.
Conclusion
Authors: Ruokanen Miikka 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The present study has established a new understanding of Luther’s theological paradigm in his major work. Luther’s comprehensive understanding of the Trinitarian theology of grace, with special emphasis on Pneumatology, alongside the more obvious Christology, and together with a strong link with the theology of creation, is the fundamental thought structure of his magnum opus. The analysis has established an understanding of a three-dimensional structure of Luther’s Trinitarian doctrine of grace. Luther’s emphasis of prevenient grace and his combination of the forensic and participatory aspects of justification were his alternative to the Late Medieval doctrine of grace, which focused on the anthropological conditions for receiving God’s grace. Luther research has seen the participatory aspect (donum) as a term indicating an “effective change” in the believer; the present work shows that participation and forensic imputation (favor) belong together, enabling each other as the two complementary dimensions of the alien justice of Christ; the change, sanctification, comes as a fruit of that. Luther is a passionate defender of a radical doctrine of fully theocentric and monergistic Trinitarian grace; in order to maintain the clear principle of sola gratia, this doctrine must necessarily be Trinitarian. For Luther, this is the core of the Christian truth. The work at hand is the first piece of research revealing the centrality of Pneumatology and of the Trinitarian conception of grace, undermined in the previous research. The chapter includes a concluding encounter with Luther research. The Trinitarian doctrine of grace intensifies the ecumenical potential of Luther’s theology.
I Am Not Old
Authors: Balberg Mira , Weiss Haim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the relations between age and socio-intellectual status within the rabbinic study house. It shows that alongside an attempt made in some rabbinic texts to present a harmonious picture of members of the study house as an ageless community, there are also various indications of intergenerational animosity, disharmony, and even cruelty. The first part of the chapter examines the ethos that Torah learning protects one from the predicaments of old age, and it also argues that the ethos of an ageless society of learners creates a social setting in which the young cannot be truly young. The second part of the chapter turns to sources that present ruptures and tensions in the idealized vision of intergenerational harmony in the study house and in the world of Torah learning, looking closely at one story of brutal excommunication (BT Mo‘ed Qatan 17a).
Helpmeets, Mothers, and Midwives among the Patriarchs
Authors: Westerkamp Marilyn J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews old and New England society and culture, emphasizing the patriarchy that governed women’s lives. Following a general discussion of the model of household structure, the chapter addresses the social, legal, and political realities of women’s lives along with the cultural construction of women, biologically, socially, and intellectually. The chapter explores the ideological constructions of gender from, as far as possible, both a male and female perspective. The chapter also discusses the distinct women’s community, including not only women’s labor and friendship networks, but also the centrality of the reproductive community: woman as healer, midwife, and reproducer. Throughout, the chapter places the control exercised through law, custom, and prescription against the power women discovered within the female community.
Commercial Arbitration
Authors: Mentschikoff Soia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article assesses the structure and the process of commercial arbitration, which are determined by the different institutional contexts in which it arises. The simplest institutional context or setting is when two persons in a contract delineating a business relationship agree to settle any disputes that may arise under the contract by resort to arbitration before named arbitrators or persons to be named at the time of the dispute. A second type of arbitration arises within the context of a particular trade association or exchange. The third setting for commercial arbitration is found in administrative groups, such as the American Arbitration Association, which provide rules, facilities, and arbitrators for any persons desiring to settle disputes by arbitration. The article then distinguishes between those factors that can be said to produce a need for arbitration machinery in commercial groups and those factors that merely make it desirable.
Panacea or Corporate Tool?: Debunking the Supreme Court’s Preference for Binding Arbitration
Authors: Sternlight Jean R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article argues that the US Supreme Court’s preference for binding arbitration is not supported by legitimate policy arguments. There are two major flaws with the argument that binding arbitration is necessarily better for all parties. First, although most would agree that arbitration can often be superior, as an empirical matter it is not clear that binding arbitration is necessarily faster, cheaper, and otherwise better than litigation. Second, even assuming for the sake of argument that arbitration is cheaper, quicker, and even better for society as a whole, it may still not serve the interests of all parties. The article asserts that any social gains achieved by forcing binding arbitration on unknowing “little guys” are outweighed by the distributional inequities and injustices also incurred.
Employment Arbitration: The Repeat Player Effect
Authors: Bingham Lisa B. , Amsler Lisa Blomgren 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article addresses employment arbitration, which is emerging as a controversial method for resolving disputes between employers and employees not represented by a union. Employment arbitration holds great promise as a dispute resolution process for employees who otherwise would never have a hearing on their claims against an employer. However, critics argue that mandatory arbitration is a new corporate tool used to advantage by large companies against consumers, employees, and other “little guys.” In particular, critics caution that in the absence of a union, the process is skewed against the employee, particularly the unrepresented employee. Some have expressed concern that, as institutional repeat players who will use the arbitration process for multiple cases, employers have an advantage over employees, who are unlikely to use it more than once or twice in their lifetimes. The article determines whether there is a measurable repeat player effect, examines possible explanations for its existence, and identifies policy issues for employment arbitration that are raised by the effect.
Against Settlement
Authors: Fiss Owen M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article argues against the idea that settlement as a generic practice is preferable to judgment or should be institutionalized on a wholesale and indiscriminate basis. It should be treated instead as a highly problematic technique for streamlining dockets. It is a capitulation to the conditions of mass society and should be neither encouraged nor praised. The dispute resolution story that underlies alternative dispute resolution implicitly asks one to assume a rough equality between the contending parties. It treats settlement as the anticipation of the outcome of trial and assumes that the terms of settlement are simply a product of the parties’ predictions of that outcome. In truth, however, settlement is also a function of the resources available to each party to finance the litigation, and those resources are frequently distributed unequally. The article then points to the absence of authoritative consent in settlement.
Pursuing Settlement in an Adversary Culture
Authors: Menkel-Meadow Carrie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article studies the development of case and statutory law of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Different constituencies have pursued settlement or ADR for vastly different reasons. These purposes behind ADR have led to important policy decisions and legal rulings which have given expression to different values underlying particular forms of ADR. The key to answering the question “why pursue settlement?” is to know what the alternatives are and to determine by what standards both settlement and the alternatives will be measured. This implicates two of the major theoretical and philosophical questions confronting the innovations of ADR: (1) Are there principled reasons for preferring one process or result over another? (2) By what standards of appropriateness for dispute resolution should such decisions be measured? The article then considers the implications of the legalization and institutionalization of ADR.
Conclusion
Authors: Doner Richard F. , Noble Gregory W , Ravenhill John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The country case studies reveal two divergent approaches to automotive industrialization. Some countries have attempted to deepen local capabilities via institutions for industrial diffusion and cooperation. Intensive development proved remarkably successful in Korea, and to a lesser extent in China and Taiwan, but failed in Malaysia. In contrast, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand have come to rely almost solely on foreign multinationals, leading to a shallow but potentially extensive pattern of development. The Conclusion reviews the balance between external threats and access to resources that helped determine the degree of commitment to institution building. It then tests that framework against the experience of Mexico, Brazil, and other developing countries, and considers the implications for theories of economic development. New challenges facing the automobile industry include congestion, global warming, and the transition to electric and autonomous vehicles. In each case, institutions for industrial cooperation and diffusion will play a crucial role.