bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicians’ opinions on the necessity of COVID‐19 vaccination in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Asadi‐Pooya Ali A. , Sahraian Ali , Badv Reza Shervin , Sahraian Mohamad Ali 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjective. The aim of the current study was to investigate the opinions of neurologists and psychiatrists in Iran on the necessity of COVID‐19 vaccination in patients with epilepsy (PWE). These data can help policy makers understand the concerns of these healthcare professionals.Methods. This was a survey study. On September 1st, 2020 we sent a questionnaire (using Google‐forms) to all neurologists and psychiatrists in Iran via WhatsApp. The survey included three general questions (age, sex, and discipline) and six COVID‐specific questions.Results. In total, 202 physicians participated in this study (116 neurologists and 86 psychiatrists). Of the participants, 27% believed that PWE are at increased risk of contracting COVID‐19. The majority (74%) of the participants would confidently recommend COVID‐19 vaccine to their patients. However, only 49% of the physicians would recommend such a vaccine to all patients; others would consider it in special populations only. The overwhelming majority (91%) of the participants would recommend COVID‐19 vaccine only when a reliable vaccine becomes available. Many physicians would trust a vaccine that is approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) (46%) or a vaccine that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA‐USA) (34%).Significance. Physicians have concerns on the issue of the necessity of (a future) COVID‐19 vaccine in PWE. The most important concern is the reliability of a vaccine and in this regard, two health agencies, the WHO and the FDA, are the most trusted organizations to approve a vaccine against COVID‐19.
Cutaneous adverse reactions associated with antiseizure medication: clinical characteristics and implications in epilepsy treatment
Authors: Tensini Tallulah Spina , Von Glehn Cristina Q. C. , Bettinotti Maria P. , Iglehart Brian , de Paola Luciano , Lohr Alfredo , Rodrigues Marcelo , Tensini Fernando Spina , Braatz Vera L. , Silvado Carlos E. S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjective. To describe the clinical characteristics of cutaneous adverse reactions and cross‐sensitivity induced by antiseizure medications and compare the pattern of use of antiseizure medications in patients with epilepsy according to skin rash history.Methods. We analysed patients with a history of skin rash presenting for up to 12 weeks after initiating antiseizure medication. The history of skin rash was verified by medical charts, interviews, and identification of skin lesions by patients based on illustrative images. The minimum follow‐up period was eight months. The control group comprised epilepsy patients with regular antiseizure medication use for at least 12 weeks without skin rash. We included 109 cases and 99 controls.Results. The median (interquartile range) period from the index rash was six years (2–11). Carbamazepine was the trigger medication in 48% of cases and induced skin rashes in all patients with cross‐sensitivity and carbamazepine exposure. Stevens‐Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, or drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms affected 36% of cases. Carbamazepine‐ or oxcarbazepine‐induced maculopapular exanthema occurred earlier (median: one week) than that induced by other antiseizure medications (median: three weeks) (p=0.006). Cross‐sensitivity was more common in patients with at least one episode of Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (29%) and Stevens‐Johnson/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap (50%) than in patients with maculopapular exanthema (8%) (p=0.01). Although most cases were mild, the pattern of antiseizure medication use differed from that of controls, with a lower proportion of antiseizure medication typically associated with severe cutaneous adverse reactions (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, and lamotrigine) (p<0.001). Most cases exposed to high‐risk medication, however, did not develop cross‐sensitivity.Significance. Cutaneous adverse reaction history may influence antiseizure medication use. Cross‐sensitivity is more common in severe cases and most patients are affected by mild, self‐limited skin rashes. Further research should consider the relevance of mild skin rashes in lifelong epilepsy treatment.
Therapeutic effects of stem cells in different body systems, a novel method that is yet to gain trust: A comprehensive review
Authors: Ebrahimi Alireza , Ahmadi Hanie , Pourfraidon  Ghasrodashti Zahra , Tanide Nader , Shahriarirad Reza , Erfani Amirhossein , Ranjbar Keivan , Ashkani-Esfahani Soheil 
Published: July 2021

Stem cell therapy has been used to treat several types of diseases, and it is expected that its therapeutic uses shall increase as novel lines of evidence begin to appear. Furthermore, stem cells have the potential to make new tissues and organs. Thus, some scientists propose that organ transplantation will significantly rely on stem cell technology and organogenesis in the future. Stem cells and its robust potential to differentiate into specific types of cells and regenerate tissues and body organs, have been investigated by numerous clinician scientists and researchers for their therapeutic effects. Degenerative diseases in different organs have been the main target of stem cell therapy. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis, congenital cardiovascular diseases, and blood cell diseases such as leukemia are among the health conditions that have benefited from stem cell therapy advancements. One of the most challenging parts of the process of incorporating stem cells into clinical practice is controlling their division and differentiation potentials. Sometimes, their potential for uncontrolled growth will make these cells tumorigenic. Another caveat in this process is the ability to control the differentiation process. While stem cells can easily differentiate into a wide variety of cells, a paracrine effect controlled activity, being in an appropriate medium will cause abnormal differentiation leading to treatment failure. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the therapeutic effects of stem cells in diseases of various organ systems. In order to advance this new treatment to its full potential, researchers should focus on establishing methods to control the differentiation process, while policymakers should take an active role in providing adequate facilities and equipment for these projects. Large population clinical trials are a necessary tool that will help build trust in this method. Moreover, improving social awareness about the advantages and adverse effects of stem cell therapy is required to develop a rational demand in the society, and consequently, healthcare systems should consider established stem cell-based therapeutic methods in their treatment algorithms.
Ground effects from underground explosions
Authors: Carder D. S. , Mickey W. V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For equivalent TNT energy yields of 180 pounds to 19.2 kilotons at distances of 0.3 to 3200 kilofeet, a yield scaling law of W0.75 is indicated. Maximum earth particle displacements satisfy an exponential attenuation function of the form:
A = C W 0.75 D − n × 10 − k f 0.8 D
where A is maximum earth particle displacements in centimeters, C is a constant, W is yield in tons, D is distance from detector to source in feet, n is a wave propagation constant, k is a constant and f is the visually dominant frequency in cps of the measured pulse on the seismogram.
For distance of 0.3 to 9.8 kilofeet, C is 104.57, n is 2, and k is 1.75 × 10-6; from 9.8 to 525 kilofeet, C is 100.6, n is 1, and k is 1.83 × 10-6; from 525 to 3200 kilofeet C is 10-2.82, n is 0.5, and k is 7.6 × 10-7. The frequency exponent in the 525 to 3200 kilofeet range is negligible since the maximum displacements were observed to occur near one cps. Stations on desert alluvium recorded displacements 2 to 4 times greater than indicated by the above scaling functions.
On the determination of the polarization angle of the S wave
Authors: Nuttli Otto , Whitmore John D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study is concerned with determining the minimum epicentral distance for which it is permissible to obtain the value of the polarization angle of the S wave by measuring the angle between the great circle path at the station and the direction of the horizontal component of the S wave particle motion obtained from the seismograms. This critical distance can be determined by the fact that at smaller distances the particle motion of the earth's surface due to the incidence of S will be nonlinear (the SH and the horizontal and vertical components of SV will be out of phase with respect to one another) while at larger distances the particle motion will be linear. An analysis of the S motion recorded by the Galitzin-Wilip seismographs at Florissant indicates that the critical distance is 42 degrees. The periods of these S waves are of the order of 10 second. The analysis also shows that the effective P wave velocity of teleseismic waves at the earth's free surface is 7.74 km/sec, and the effective value of Poisson's ratio and the effective S wave velocity at the earth's surface are 0.25 and 4.46 km/sec, respectively. By effective values are meant the values of the velocities and Poisson's ratio that govern the angle of incidence of the waves at the earth's surface.
The spectrum of seismic noise
Authors: Frantti G. E. , Willis D. E. , Wilson James T. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The seismic noise spectrum in the frequency range 0.5 to 31.5 cycles per second is presented graphically for a number of sites over a wide geographical range. Except for a small anomalous effect near 2 or 3 cycles per second, the ground particle motion curves are observed to decrease smoothly with increasing frequency at a rate approximately proportional to the second power of frequency. The curves steepen at frequencies below 1 cycle per second.
The use of a selective amplifier to increase the useful sensitivity of short period electromagnetic seismographs
Authors: Barr K. G. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
A frequency selective amplifier has been developed to increase the useful sensitivity of short period electromagnetic seismographs to near earthquakes.
The result has been to reduce the magnitude of the smallest earthquake detectable by about two units, and to reduce the magnitude of the smallest earthquake for which an accurate arrival time can be given by 1/2 – 1 units.
S-Wave studies of earthquakes of the North Pacific, Part I: Kamchatka
Authors: Stauder William 
Published: July 2021

abstract
The polarization of S waves at stations distributed azimuthally about the source is examined for each of twenty-three Kamchatka earthquakes of 1950-1960. In nineteen of these earthquakes the P and S wave data are in agreement with a double couple source as the point model of the focal mechanism. The S waves indicate a uniform mechanism which repeats itself from earthquake to earthquake and from which it may be inferred that the axes of greatest and least stress at the foci tend to lie in a vertical plane normal to the trend of the Kamchatka-Kuriles arc. The axis of least stress usually plunges almost vertically under the continent, but may also plunge less steeply, at angles as low as 45 degrees. At least two earthquakes may be represented by a single couple source.
The effect of boundaries on wave propagation in a liquid-filled porous solid: IV. Surface waves in a half-space
Authors: Deresiewicz H. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Dispersion and dissipation of Rayleigh-type surface waves in a porous, elastic half-space filled with a viscous liquid are studied within the framework of Biot's field equations. The algebraic secular equation turns out to be of the seventh degree, its (complex) coefficients being functions of a dimensionless frequency parameter. It is shown that for small and for large values of this parameter the wave is essentially non-dissipative.
A numerical analysis of the secular equation pertaining to a kerosene-saturated sandstone reveals the existence of several extremal values of the phase velocity, a skewed bell-shaped variation of the dissipation per cycle, and a high-frequency cutoff for the surface wave for certain values of the dynamical coefficients.
Earthquake analysis by response spectrum superposition
Authors: Clough R. W. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Although earthquake response spectra can be used to determine the maximum response of structures having one degree of freedom, they provide only an approximate indication of the maximum response in multi-degree systems. In this paper, two different methods of approximating the maximum response, both based on superposition of the response spectra, are compared with exact analyses and the errors in the approximations are evaluated. Five different structures, each subjected to three different earthquake motions, are considered.
Note on the determination of the earthquake mechanism by S waves
Authors: Ferraes Sergio G. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Various methods have been devised for determining the nature of the forces which give rise to the seismic wave motions. To determine the direction of motion along the fault-plane, the direct computational technique to be proposed in this paper is an analytical modification of Adams' technique (1958) by means of determinants. This paper is concerned with the derivation of equations for computing the direction cosines of the “direction of motion” for a type I source, i.e., a couple of two equal and opposite forces with moment acting at the focus of the earthquake.
The high frequencyPandSphases from the West Indies
Authors: Shurbet D. H. 
Published: July 2021

abstractThe long duration and high frequency of P and S phases from earthquakes along the West Indian island are are deseribed. These phases have been described previously in the literature without explanation. It is shown that the long duration, high frequency, and velocity of both phases can be explained as due to a minimum velocity channel slightly below the M-discontinuity. Other observations are shown to indicate the probable presence of the minimum velocity channel.
A reinterpretation of phase velocity data based on the gnome travel time curves
Authors: Smith Stewart W. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Significant lateral variations in upper mantle velocities across the western U. S. were observed in the gnome experiment. This makes necessary a reinterpretation of crustal thickness measurements made with the assumption that velocities in the various layers of the crust remain constant while their thickness changes. Four examples of the work of Ewing and Press have been reinterpreted. The crust is thinner (30 km) in the Basin and Range Province and thicker (55 km) under the Rocky Mountains than indicated by previous interpretations.
Measurements of the velocity of crack propagation in glass plates
Authors: DeNoyer John , Pollack Henry 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The velocity of crack propagation in glass plates has been measured. The plates were strained until fractures were initiated. Measurements made over various small segments of the crack path show variations in crack velocity from 0.01 to about 4 km/sec. The velocity of propagation appears to be related to the strain-energy distribution. Regions of the plate where the strain energy was high prior to fracture yielded the highest crack velocities.
Response of soils, foundations, and earth structures to the Chilean earthquakes of 1960
Authors: Duke C. Martin , J. Leeds David 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Observations and interpretations of damage associated with soil failure in the Chilean earthquakes are presented. Effects of the earthquake are discussed relative to foundations, earth fills, harbor works, and landslides. Damage was extreme in several areas. Of particular interest were the frequent instances of apparent soil liquefaction and the many correlations between foundation conditions and degree of damage to structures.
The dynamic behavior of water tanks
Authors: Housner George W. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
During the Chilean earthquakes of May, 1960, a number of large elevated water tanks were severely damaged whereas others survived without damage. An analysis of the dynamic behavior of such tanks must take into account the motion of the water relative to the tank as well as the motion of the tank relative to the ground. Some simple expressions are given for the pertinent dynamic properties of tanks with free water surface. A simplified dynamic analysis is indicated for the response of elevated water tanks to earthquake ground motion.
The behavior of inverted pendulum structures during earthquakes
Authors: Housner George W. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
During the Chilean earthquakes of May, 1960, a number of tall, slender structures survived the ground shaking whereas more stable appearing structures were severely damaged. An analysis is made of the rocking motion of structures of inverted pendulum type. It is shown that there is a scale effect which makes tall slender structures more stable against overturning than might have been expected, and, therefore, the survival of such structures during earthquakes is not surprising.
Elastic wave propagation along layers in two-dimensional models
Authors: Chowdhury D. K. , Dehlinger Peter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Propagation of direct waves and dispersive long-period waves along a layered system was investigated experimentally by means of two-dimensional ultrasonic models. Velocities of direct and head waves were measured within layers or in a medium adjacent to layers as functions of layer thickness to wave length or source-from-interface distance to wave length. Amplitudes of direct longitudinal, direct shear, and long-period waves were measured on three profiles, each perpendicular to the layers. Three models were used: the first consisted of a low-velocity layer between two thick sheets; the second of a high-velocity layer between two sheets; the third of six alternating high- and low-velocity layers between two sheets. The source was a wave train, simulating a wave from a seismic explosion. The frequency was varied so as to obtain different ratios of layer thickness to wave length. In the single low-velocity layer model the direct longitudinal wave contained a larger amplitude than the dispersive long-period wave in the layer at offset distance of 6 to 10 times the layer thickness. In the single high-velocity layer model the direct longitudinal wave was attenuated rapidly and the amplitudes of the long-period waves were negligigble. In the multilayered model, direct waves had negligible amplitudes at the corresponding distances; nearly all of the energy was in the dispersive long-period waves. In this model the low-velocity layer carried 1 1/2 to 3 times the amplitude observed in the high-velocity layers, whether the source was located in the high- or low-velocity layers. Dispersion of the long-period waves in the multilayered model was pronounced within the low-velocity layers and weak in the high-velocity layers, when the source was either in a high- or low-velocity layer. Dispersion was anomalous when the source was in a low-velocity layer and normal when in a high-velocity layer.
Radiation mode of S waves from a deep-focus earthquake as derived from observations
Authors: Kasahara Keichi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Two representative hypotheses on earthquake mechanism (so-called force types I and II) have been examined in comparison with seismograms for the earthquake of February 18, 1956 (south off Honshu, Japan; h = 450 km). On the basis of the fault-plane solution derived from P-wave data, one can predict polarity and relative amplitude of shear wave phases for a given station. The prediction by both of the hypotheses is compared with the observations at Kiruna and several other stations, where the principal seismic phases have been recorded clearly.
The comparison has proved that the force type I does not fit the present case. The second type, on the other hand, explains the observations more consistently, although there are minor disagreements with respect to later phases.
Reduction of the recorded wave form by an analog computer has shown that the original seismic disturbance (S) from the source is very simple in its wave form and harmonizes very well with Honda's theory. If we accept his theory, the radius of the origin sphere is estimated at 30-40 km for the present case.
Analytical study of a new seismic sensor, gyro-seismometer
Authors: Huang Y. T. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A new seismic wave detector incorporating a gyroscope is described and analyzed. The instrument can attain separation of linear and angular movements of seismic piers. High sensitivity is obtained by virtue of the gryroscopic characteristics. A further advantage lies in the facility with which the natural frequency of a gyro-seismometer can be varied by changing its spin velocity. The instrument probably is very valuable for distant seismic detections, for which the periods are large. The ability to isolate and measure angular movements may be of particular interest in applications to nuclear test monitoring. A simple, mathematical treatment of the instrument is presented in this paper.
Earthquakes and faults
Authors: Evison F. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The hypothesis that earthquakes are caused by faulting has been prominent in seismological theory for half a century, but continues to present many difficulties. Although the chief support comes from studies of large shallow earthquakes that have been accompanied by surface faulting, the evidence given by these infrequent events can be interpreted otherwise. No satisfactory explanation of deep-focus earthquakes has emerged; sudden faulting may be essentially a surface phenomenon. Nor does the hypothesis aid the understanding of such phenomena as sudden regional uplift, or slow fault creep.
There is much to encourage the view that fracture of the ground is but a gross form of earthquake damage. On the other hand, the similarity between natural earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions, as radiators of seismic waves, suggests that sudden local phase transitions may provide a source mechanism for earthquakes at all depths.
An experimental study of source motion synthesis from first arrivals
Authors: Pollack Henry N. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The motion near a seismic source is synthesized from experimentally obtained seismograms of non-dispersed body waves. The body waves were emitted from an explosive source submerged in a lake with a frozen surface. The seismograms were recorded at several distances by moving the source to a greater depth for each record, while the seismometer remained in a fixed position on the surface ice sheet. All syntheses of the waveform one meter from the source yield the impulsive nature of the source. Deviations between the synthesized one-meter record and the observed one-meter motion are thought to reflect primarily the changing character of the shot medium with depth from the ice.
These results indicate that over the short propagation distances (about three wavelengths for the higher frequencies recorded) through the simple medium of this experiment, the observed waveforms and their associated spectra retain characteristics of the source function. The records also yield some information regarding the nature and structure of the elastic medium about the source.