bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional actions of hands and tools influence attention in peripersonal space
Authors: Reed Catherine L. , Park George D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Human perceptual and attentional systems operate to help us perform functional and adaptive actions in the world around us. In this review, we consider different regions of peripersonal space—peri-hand space, reachable space, and tool space when used in both peri- and extrapersonal space. Focusing on behavioural and electrophysiology/event-related potentials (EEG/ERP) studies using comparable target detection paradigms, we examine how visuospatial attention is facilitated or differentiated due to the current proximity and functional capabilities of our hands and the tools we hold in them. The functionality of the hand and tool is defined by the action goals of the user and the available functional affordances or parts available to achieve the goals. Finally, we report recent tool-use studies examining how the distribution of attention to tool space can change as a result of tool functionality and directional action crossing peripersonal and extrapersonal space boundaries. We propose that the functional capabilities of the hand and tools direct attention to action-relevant regions of peripersonal space. Although neural mechanisms such as bimodal neurons may enhance the processing of visual information presented in near-hand regions of peripersonal space, functional experience and the relevance of the space for upcoming actions more strongly direct attention within regions of peripersonal space. And, while some aspects of functionality can be extended into extrapersonal space, the multimodal nature of peripersonal space allows it to be more modifiable in the service of action.
The dual structure of touch
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Touch gives us tactile sensations that inform us of events that happen in and on our bodies (T), and haptic perception of things with which we are in direct or indirect contact (i.e. through intervening objects) (H). In the first part of this paper, I argue that these are distinct mental states (i.e. that T≠H). My strategy is to establish a double dissociation between T and H. Thus, it is possible to have similar sequences of tactile sensations T1 and T2, such that one yields a haptic perception and the other does not. And it is also possible to have the same haptic perception through different sequences of tactile sensations. This contradicts the idea that the switch from touch-awareness of one’s own body and touch-awareness of external objects is merely attentional: that being aware of something that you are touching is merely a matter of attending to your own body, but in a different way. In the second part of the chapter, I argue that tactile sensation does not represent space, but rather represents the relationships among parts of the body. This argument involves a reinterpretation of experimental results regarding touch-awareness by Patrick Haggard and co-workers.
Sameness of place and the senses
Authors: Mandrigin Alisa , Nudds Matthew 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
When we watch a film at the cinema, we typically experience the speech we hear as coming from the mouths of the actors depicted on the screen, rather than from the loudspeakers. This is an everyday example of the spatial ventriloquism effect. In this chapter, we are interested in what it is for things that we are aware of through different senses to appear to be in a single space, or even—as in spatial ventriloquism—at the same place. The answer may seem trivial: all that is required is that we pick out places in the different senses in the same way. However, as Millikan (1991, 2000) has argued, representing a single location in the same way is not the same as representing sameness of location. What we need, either instead of, or as well as, sameness of reference frame, is for sameness of place to be a part of the content of experience. Empirical evidence suggests that there exist peripersonal representations that encode multisensory information about the region of space that immediately surrounds the body. Their existence generates a puzzle for accounts of perception—namely, what is the relation between peripersonal representations that figure in empirical discussions and our everyday perceptual experience of ourselves and the world? Here we examine whether peripersonal space representations might play a role in our conscious awareness of the spatial relations between entities experienced in vision, audition, and touch.
High-Level Perception and Multimodal Perception
Authors: Cavedon-Taylor Dan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhat is the correct procedure for determining the contents of perception? Philosophers tackling this question increasingly rely on empirically oriented procedures. This chapter argues that this strategy constitutes an improvement over the armchair methodology of phenomenal contrast arguments, but that there is a respect in which current empirical procedures remain limited: they are unimodal in nature, wrongly treating the senses as isolatable. The chapter thus has two aims: first, to motivate a reorientation of the admissible contents debate into a multimodal framework. The second is to explore whether experimental studies of multimodal perception support a so-called Liberal account of perception’s admissible contents. The chapter concludes that the McGurk effect and the ventriloquist effect are both explicable without the postulation of high-level content, but that at least one multimodal experimental paradigm may necessitate such content: the rubber hand illusion. One upshot is that Conservatives who claim that the Liberal view intolerably broadens the scope of perceptual illusions, particularly from the perspective of perceptual psychology, should pursue other arguments against that view.
Expectations
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses upon the 1830s, when intellectuals, scientists, state officials, and entrepreneurs throughout Germany placed their hopes on the possibility of instantaneous, long-distance communication and increasingly became aware of the practicalities of bringing this vision to life. The correspondence of the scientists Carl Friedrich Gauß and Carl Steinheil illuminates their research into telegraphy and the networks connecting academics across Germany, through which it was discussed. Railway companies took an interest in this research, as they began to see in the technology a potential means of improving the efficiency and profitability of their services. The writings of the political theorists Friedrich List and Robert von Mohl, meanwhile, demonstrate the growing recognition that telegraphic communication could unleash the economic energies inherent in society, while also presenting new challenges for the administration of the state. Bremen is introduced as a counterexample to developments taking place across Germany. By the late 1830s these ideas were brought together as scientists and entrepreneurs turned to one another and to the state as a means of gathering the financial, logistical, and technical resources which they required to develop the technology.
Disappearing Errors in a Conversion Model
Authors: Fan David P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The same basic differential equation model has been adapted for time-dependent conversions of members of a population among different states. The conversion model has been applied in different contexts such as epidemiological infections, the Bass model for the diffusion of innovations, and the ideodynamic model for public opinion. For example, the ideodynamic version of the model predicts changes in public opinions in response to persuasive messages extending back to an indefinite past. All messages are measured with error, and this chapter discusses how errors in message measurements disappear with time so that predicted opinion values gradually become unaffected by past measurement errors. Prediction uncertainty is discussed using formal statistics, sensitivity analysis, and bootstrap variance calculations. This chapter presents ideodynamic predictions for opinion time series about the Toyota car manufacturer calculated from daily Twitter scores over two-and-a-half years. During this time, there was a sudden onslaught of bad news for Toyota, and the model was able to accurately predict the accompanying drop in favourable public opinion towards Toyota and rise in unfavourable opinion.
Speaking of Fake News
Authors: Jaster Romy , Lanius David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows why defining “fake news” is worthwhile and what a suitable definition of “fake news” might look like. It begins by introducing the authors’ definition of “fake news” (§2) and employs it to set fake news apart from related phenomena that are often conflated with it (§3). It then extracts seven potential dimensions of the concept of fake news from the literature (§4) and compares the most representative definitions that have been proposed so far along those dimensions (§5). The chapter’s primary aims are (i) to enable a systematic evaluation of prevalent definitions with respect to their extensional scope, practical utility, and conceptual transparency, (ii) to demonstrate that there is more widespread agreement than one would think at the outset, and (iii) to show (in §6) that defining “fake news” is not only far from futile, but of vital importance to confront the epistemic threats posed by fake news.
Good News, Bad News, Fake News
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn account is offered of the nature of fake news, and it is explained how this account differs from the main proposals in the contemporary philosophical literature in this regard. One key feature of the account is the idea that fake news is not a genuine form of news. In particular, fake news is to be distinguished from genuine news that is epistemically problematic. It is argued that this point is important because it entails that what is required to differentiate news with a sound epistemic pedigree from news that has a poor epistemic pedigree is distinct from what is required to differentiate genuine news from fake news. This has implications for how we should manage the challenge posed by fake news, at both the individual and the structural levels.
The Dissemination of Scientific Fake News
Authors: Genot Emmanuel J. , Olsson Erik J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFake news can originate from scientific fraud. An article can be retracted upon discovery of fraud. A case study shows, however, that such fake science can be visible in Google even after the article is retracted. Authors hypothesize that the explanation lies in the popularity-based logic governing Google’s foundational PageRank algorithm, in conjunction with the “law of retraction”: a retraction notice is typically taken to be less interesting and therefore less popular with internet users than the original content retracted. This chapter presents an empirical study drawing on records of articles retracted due to fraud (fabrication of data) in the Retraction Watch public database. It finds that both Google Search and Google Scholar more often than not rank a link to the original article higher than a link indicating that the article has been retracted. Thus, both Google Search and Google Scholar risk disseminating fake science through their ranking algorithms.
How surface tension matters in polymer-free graphene transfer
Authors: Okmi Aisha , Li Ningxin , Gao Guanhui , Rublova Yelyzaveta , Jabegu Tara , Maraba Diren , Lei Sidong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The main goal of this work is to achieve a direct transfer of graphene and examine the exact effect of surface tension (ST) on graphene during this type of transfer. To reach this target, we designed a specific transfer container with two-sided ports to facilitate replacing liquids underneath graphene and monitor the effect of ST. We prepared liquids with various STs by mixing pure deionized-water with different ratios of isopropanol (IPA). Our results indicate that high ST does not break the graphene structure if graphene has good quality. Besides, a ST gap (STG) can be applied to graphene at a specific level without damaging the graphene monolayer. Comparing those results to the defective graphene features after applying high ST and varied STGs confirms that standing high ST and STG can be considered as a key feature of good quality graphene. Thus, good-quality graphene can be transferred at high ST (ST of water: 72 dyne/cm) with no sign of structural damage. In addition, this type of graphene can stand STG ≤ 40 dyne/cm. This new understanding of the ST effect on graphene could simplify the current direct transfer techniques and widen the graphene applications by expanding the choices of the target substrates and transfer liquids.
Polarization images of accretion flow around supermassive black holes: Imprints of toroidal field structure
Authors: Tsunetoe Yuh , Mineshige Shin , Ohsuga Ken , Kawashima Tomohisa , Akiyama Kazunori 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
With unprecedented angular resolution, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has opened a new era of black hole studies. We have previously calculated the expected polarization images of M 87* with EHT observations in mind. There, we demonstrated that circular polarization (CP) images, as well as linear polarization (LP) maps, can convey quite useful information, such as the flow structure and magnetic field configuration around the black hole. In this paper, we make new predictions for the cases in which disk emission dominates over jet emission, bearing Sgr A* in mind. Here we set the proton-to-electron temperature ratio of the disk component to be Tp/Te ∼ 2 so as to suppress jet emission relative to emission from accretion flow. As a result, we obtain ring-like images and triple-forked images around the black hole for face-on and edge-on cases, respectively. We also find significant CP components in the images (≳10% in fraction), with both positive and negative signs, amplified through the Faraday conversion, not depending sensitively on the inclination angles. Furthermore, we find a “separatrix” in the CP images, across which the sign of CP is reversed and on which the LP flux is brightest, that can be attributed to the helical magnetic field structure in the disk. These results indicate that future full polarization EHT images are a quite useful tracer of the magnetic field structure. We also discuss to what extent we will be able to extract information regarding magnetic field configurations under the scattering in the interstellar plasma, in future EHT polarimetric observations of Sgr A*.
RsmD, a Chloroplast rRNA m2G Methyltransferase, Plays a Role in Cold Stress Tolerance by Possibly Affecting Chloroplast Translation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ngoc Le Nguyen Tieu , Park Su Jung , Cai Jing , Huong Trinh Thi , Lee Kwanuk , Kang Hunseung 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) methylation is a pivotal process in the assembly and activity of ribosomes, which in turn play vital roles in the growth, development and stress responses of plants. Although few methyltransferases responsible for rRNA methylation have been identified in plant chloroplasts, the nature and function of these enzymes in chloroplasts remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized ArabidopsisRsmD (At3g28460), an ortholog of the methyltransferase responsible for N2-methylguanosine (m2G) modification of 16S rRNA in Escherichia coli. Confocal microscopic analysis of an RsmD– green fluorescent protein fusion protein revealed that RsmD is localized to chloroplasts. Primer extension analysis indicated that RsmD is responsible for m2G methylation at position 915 in the 16S rRNA of Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Under cold stress, rsmd mutant plants exhibited retarded growth, i.e. had shorter roots, lower fresh weight and pale-green leaves, compared with wild-type (WT) plants. However, these phenotypes were not detected in response to drought or salt stress. Notably, the rsmd mutant was hypersensitive to erythromycin or lincomycin and accumulated fewer chloroplast proteins compared with the WT, suggesting that RsmD influences translation in chloroplasts. Complementation lines expressing RsmD in the rsmd mutant background recovered WT phenotypes. Importantly, RsmD harbored RNA methyltransferase activity. Collectively, the findings of this study indicate that RsmD is a chloroplast 16S rRNA methyltransferase responsible for m2G915 modification that plays a role in the adaptation of Arabidopsisto cold stress.
A nanodomain-anchored scaffolding complex is required for the function and localization of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha in plants
Authors: Noack Lise C , Bayle Vincent , Armengot Laia , Rozier Frédérique , Mamode-Cassim Adiilah , Stevens Floris D , Caillaud Marie-Cécile , Munnik Teun , Mongrand Sébastien , Pleskot Roman , Jaillais Yvon 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhosphoinositides are low-abundant lipids that participate in the acquisition of membrane identity through their spatiotemporal enrichment in specific compartments. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) accumulates at the plant plasma membrane driving its high electrostatic potential, and thereby facilitating interactions with polybasic regions of proteins. PI4Kα1 has been suggested to produce PI4P at the plasma membrane, but how it is recruited to this compartment is unknown. Here, we pin-point the mechanism that tethers Arabidopsis thaliana phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha1 (PI4Kα1) to the plasma membrane via a nanodomain-anchored scaffolding complex. We established that PI4Kα1 is part of a complex composed of proteins from the NO-POLLEN-GERMINATION, EFR3-OF-PLANTS, and HYCCIN-CONTAINING families. Comprehensive knockout and knockdown strategies revealed that subunits of the PI4Kα1 complex are essential for pollen, embryonic, and post-embryonic development. We further found that the PI4Kα1 complex is immobilized in plasma membrane nanodomains. Using synthetic mis-targeting strategies, we demonstrate that a combination of lipid anchoring and scaffolding localizes PI4Kα1 to the plasma membrane, which is essential for its function. Together, this work opens perspectives on the mechanisms and function of plasma membrane nanopatterning by lipid kinases.
A Current and Future Challenge to Contemporary Policing: The Changing Profile of Crime and the Police Response. Examples of Policing Fraud in Two Police Jurisdictions: England and Wales and South Korea
Authors: Loveday Barry , Jung Jeyong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article considers recent developments in the policing of fraud and provides an evaluation of the police response to the growing problem of fraud in England and Wales and South Korea. The size and nature of the fraud problem has most recently been recognized by HMIFRS in its 2019 Report which, drawing on data provided by the Office of National Statistics, notes that fraud now makes up almost one-third of total crime and was now the largest stand-alone crime type. In light of this changing profile of crime growing interest has been directed at the police response to this ever-increasing challenge. Drawing on data provided by a variety of sources the current role and status of the police response in England and Wales is identified and explored. The evidence suggests that a police organizational culture has proved reluctant to engage with this now major crime problem. The article then considers the police response to fraud in South Korea. As is argued although sharing some cultural features with the police service in England and Wales it would appear that inhibitions arising from these can be successfully challenged and overcome. It is also evident, however, that alternative enforcement structures may be needed to fully engage with the fraud problem but what form they should take remains uncertain and the subject of continuing debate.
Tocilizumab in the treatment of COVID-19—a meta-analysis
Authors: Avni T , Leibovici L , Cohen I , Atamna A , Guz D , Paul M , Gafter-Gvili A , Yahav D 
Published: May 2021

Summary

Background
Interleukin-6 inhibitors showed promising results in observational trials of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Aim
To evaluate whether interleukin-6 inhibitor tocilizumab (TCZ) reduces mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Design
A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing TCZ vs. placebo/control, for treatment of adults with COVID-19. Primary outcome was 28–30 days all-cause mortality. Search was conducted up to 1 April 2021. Two independent reviewers screened citations, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled. We performed subgroup analysis for patients with critical illness and sensitivity analyses.

Results
Eight RCTs were included, assessing 6481 patients with mostly severe non-critical COVID-19 infection. TCZ was associated with a reduction in all-cause 28–30-day mortality compared to placebo/control (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.82–0.96). Among the subgroup of critically ill patients no reduced mortality was demonstrated (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.74–1.19). No mortality benefit with TCZ was demonstrated in trials that used steroids for &gt;80% of patients. TCZ was associated with significantly reduced risk for mechanical ventilation (MV); for combined endpoint of death or MV and for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. No significant difference in adverse events was demonstrated. Risk of serious superinfection was significantly lower with TCZ (RR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.35–0.93).

Conclusion
The treatment with TCZ reduces 28–30 days all-cause mortality, ICU admission, superinfections, MV and the combined endpoint of death or MV. Among critically ill patients, and when steroids were used for most patients, no mortality benefit was demonstrated. Additional research should further define sub-groups that would benefit most and preferred timing of administration of TCZ in severe COVID-19.
Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption in rural China: Does off-farm work play a role?
Authors: Ma Wanglin , Zheng Hongyun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough off-farm work plays a significant role in facilitating agricultural production and rural development and improving household welfare, little is known about whether off-farm work can promote fruit and vegetable consumption in rural areas of developing countries. This paper sheds new insights by estimating the impact of off-farm work on fruit and vegetable consumption, measured by purchasing frequencies and consumption expenditures. We employ a two-stage residual inclusion estimator to address the self-selection bias and analyze data collected from 558 rural households in China. The results show that household heads’ off-farm work promotes rural households’ fruit and vegetable consumption by significantly increasing purchasing frequencies and expenditures. Further analysis confirms that household heads' off-farm work participation, rather than all household members, plays a prominent role in promoting household fruit and vegetable consumption. We also find that farmers’ behaviours of growing fruits and vegetables appear to substitute their purchasing behaviours.