bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature and Nuance of Climate Change Skepticism in the United States*
Authors: Haltinner Kristin , Sarathchandra Dilshani 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe use data from 33 in‐depth interviews conducted with residents in the rural inland Northwestern state of Idaho who self‐identify as skeptical about anthropogenic climate change, to examine the nuance within the narratives that skeptics employ to voice their skepticism. Our findings show that the arguments employed by those who are skeptical of climate change do not constitute a clear typology of skepticism or “skeptics.” Rather, individuals weave together unique stories—shaped by their social locations, personal experiences, and underlying ideological beliefs—and, through combining different argument threads, explain why they believe climate change is a fictitious problem. Our findings suggest that while some skeptics may lean on religion‐based or conspiracy‐based narratives to rationalize their skepticism, others may rely on science attitudes, personal experiences, or a range of additional reasons to be skeptical of climate change. In short, climate skepticism is not uniform nor accurately typologized, but a complex tapestry of socially shaped beliefs.
Labour Market Dynamics in South Africa at the Onset of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Ranchhod Vimal , Daniels Reza Che 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper conducts an analysis of labour market dynamics in South Africa during the initial period of lockdown, from the end of March to the end of April 2020, using the first wave of the NIDS‐CRAM (2020) survey. Within our sample of over 6,000 adults aged 18 to 59, we found that there was a very large decrease in employment. The fraction of the sample that was conventionally classified as employed decreased from 57% in February to 48% in April. If we further exclude temporarily absent workers, which we term “furloughed” employees, this fraction decreases further to 38%. Thus, about one out of every three employed people in our sample either lost their job or did not work and received no wages during April. This has extremely large implications for poverty and welfare. We further analyse the labour market by comparing across demographic groups as defined by race, by gender, by age groups, by geographic areas and by education levels. The over‐arching finding from this analysis is that the job losses were not uniformly distributed amongst the different groups. In particular, groups who have always been more vulnerable – such as women, African/Blacks, youth and less educated groups – have been disproportionately negatively affected.
Secondary undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the mandible in a HIV patient who underwent radiotherapy for oral carcinoma
Authors: Lombardi Niccolò , Varoni Elena M. , Bazzacchi Roberto , Moneghini Laura , Lodi Giovanni 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUndifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), also defined malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), is one of the most common sarcomas affecting soft tissues in adults, but it can also arise as a primary tumor in bone. UPS is extremely uncommon in the lower jaw and presents very aggressive clinical behavior with high rate of local recurrences and frequent metastases. Secondary UPS are even rarer than primary forms, and they are usually closely associated with local trauma or radiotherapy. This case report aims at illustrating a rare case of secondary UPS of the mandible in an 81‐year‐old male affected by HIV, maxillary oral squamous cell carcinoma (and mandibular recurrence), and who underwent head and neck radiotherapy. The complete immunohistochemical pattern of the lesion is reported. Due to his medical history and systemic status, the patient has been considered not eligible for further surgical procedures nor radiotherapy. Therefore, a palliative care treatment has been scheduled.
The behavioral effects of cooperative and competitive board games in preschoolers
Authors: Eriksson Malin , Kenward Ben , Poom Leo , Stenberg Gunilla 
Published: February 2021

Traditional board games are a common social activity for many children, but little is known about the behavioral effects of this type of game. The current study aims to explore the behavioral effects of cooperative and competitive board games in four‐to‐six‐year‐old children (N = 65). Repeatedly during 6 weeks, children in groups of four played either cooperative or competitive board games in a between‐subject design, and shortly after each game conducted a task in which children’s cooperative, prosocial, competitive, and antisocial behavior were observed. The type of board game did not have an effect on cooperative, prosocial or antisocial behavior. Cooperative and competitive board games elicited equal amounts of cooperative and prosocial behavior, which suggest that board games, regardless of type, could have positive effects on preschoolers’ social behavior. Our results suggest that children may compete more after playing competitive board games; but the measure of competitive behavior in particular was unreliable. Preschoolers enjoyed playing cooperative board games more than competitive board games, which may be one reason to prefer their use.
Reducing prejudice in the society at large: A review of the secondary transfer effect and directions for future research
Authors: Vezzali Loris , Di Bernardo Gian Antonio , Cocco Veronica Margherita , Stathi Sofia , Capozza Dora 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe secondary transfer effect (STE) constitutes the generalization of the effects of intergroup contact from the outgroup one has contact with to uninvolved outgroups. In this article, we provide a review of the research on the STE. After presenting evidence on the robustness of the phenomenon, we discuss relevant mediating processes and outline a model that distinguishes them in three categories: mediators referring to the outgroup, mediators referring to the ingroup, and mediators referring to the self. We then present moderators of the STE, and recent evidence of the STE from indirect contact (extended, vicarious, and imagined contact) and from negative contact. By relying on our distinction in three sets of mediators, we suggest directions for future research, largely pointing to the importance of integrating the STE with research on generalized prejudice and of exploring contact as an agent of cognitive liberalization.
The next generation EU: An analysis of the dimensions of conflict behind the deal
Authors: de la Porte Caroline , Jensen Mads Dagnis 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article presents an analysis of why it was possible to reach an agreement on the Next Generation EU (NGEU), the EU's fiscal and policy response to the COVID‐19 pandemic, since the deal breaks with the norms of no common debt issuance and will result in significant redistribution across Member States through grants. Based on an in‐depth case study analysis, we identify three main dimensions of conflict underlying the political negotiations: the fiscal dimension, the rule‐of‐law dimension and the policy dimension, especially the climate and digitalization agendas. Various coalitions of actors were able to negotiate on these aspects, keeping a balance between their main priorities, but also making concessions, to enable an agreement. Our analysis reveals that the Franco‐German alliance has been revived, enabling the grant instrument in the NGEU to be adopted; a new alliance of small rich northern states named the Frugals' has emerged as a surprisingly strong coalition, insisting on conditionality for accessing the grant; a clear Polish‐Hungarian front has appeared to be challenging the EU's commitment to the rule‐of‐law; and a weakly coordinated Spanish‐Italian front was successful in terms of securing grants as an instrument. The article also assesses that despite the agreement on the deal, there will continue to be battles in the NGEU, especially on the fiscal and rule‐of‐law dimensions. Yet, it could represent a ‘Hamiltonian moment,’ if the NGEU becomes a permanent fiscal instrument, which would advance European integration further.
Pandemic blood donor demographics – Do changes impact blood safety?
Authors: Vassallo Ralph R. , Bravo Marjorie D. , Kamel Hany 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundCOVID‐19 safety measures and possibly SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody testing may alter blood donor demography, which has the potential to alter blood safety. We characterized pre‐pandemic and pandemic rates of donor infectious disease marker (IDM) reactivity which reflect the residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections (TTIs) undetectable by current testing.MethodsThis cross‐sectional analysis of allogeneic blood donor presentations and successful donations in a large national US blood collector identifies changes in self‐reported behavioral risk factors and IDM reactivity. Data on allogeneic blood donor presentations and successful donations from March 1 through August 31, 2020 and the same period in 2019 were retrieved from the blood center's computer system. Donor demographics and deferrals for reported behavioral risk factors and confirmed‐positive IDMs were compared in pre‐pandemic and pandemic periods.ResultsWith increasing mobile blood drive cancellations, pandemic donors were more likely than 2019 donors to be female, over age 30, non‐Hispanic Whites, and have a post‐secondary degree. First‐time donations (at highest risk for confirmed‐positive IDMs) did not substantially increase. Pandemic donors reported fewer behavioral risks and IDMs declined among these donors. Mid‐pandemic introduction of screening for SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies did not affect IDM rates.ConclusionsUnlike disasters, which tend to bring out more first‐time donors with increased IDM reactivity and TTI residual risk, COVID‐19 donors had lower IDM rates which were not affected by SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody testing. Already‐low TTI residual risk is likely to have declined as a result.
Selecting COVID‐19 convalescent plasma for neutralizing antibody potency using a high‐capacity SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody assay
Authors: Goodhue Meyer Erin , Simmons Graham , Grebe Eduard , Gannett Michael , Franz Sergej , Darst Orsolya , Di Germanio Clara , Stone Mars , Contestable Paul , Prichard Alicia , Reik Rita , Vassallo Ralph , Young Pampee , Busch Michael P. , Williamson Phillip , Dumont Larry J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundEfficacy of COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP) is hypothesized to be associated with the concentration of neutralizing antibodies (nAb) to SARS‐CoV‐2. High capacity serologic assays detecting binding antibodies (bAb) have been developed; nAb assays are not adaptable to high‐throughput testing. We sought to determine the effectiveness of using surrogate bAb signal‐to‐cutoff ratios (S/Co) in predicting nAb titers using a pseudovirus reporter viral particle neutralization (RVPN) assay.MethodsCCP donor serum collected by three US blood collectors was tested with a bAb assay (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics VITROS Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 Total, CoV2T) and a nAb RVPN assay. Prediction effectiveness of various CoV2T S/Co criteria was evaluated for RVPN nAb NT50 titers using receiver operating characteristics.ResultsSeven hundred and fifty‐three CCPs were tested with median CoV2T S/Co and NT50 of 71.2 of 527.5. Proportions of donors with NT50 over target nAb titers were 86% ≥1:80, 76% ≥1:160, and 62% ≥1:320. Increasing CoV2T S/Co criterion reduced the sensitivity to predict NT50 titers, while specificity to identify those below increased. As target NT50 titers increase, the CoV2T assay becomes less accurate as a predictor with a decline in positive predictive value and rise in negative predictive value.ConclusionSelection of a clinically effective nAb titer will impact availability of CCP. Product release with CoV2T assay S/Co criterion must balance the risk of releasing products below target nAb titers with the cost of false negatives. A two‐step testing scheme may be optimal, with nAb testing on CoV2T samples with S/Cos below criterion.
Treatment complexity and caregiver burden are linked in owners of dogs with allergic/atopic dermatitis
Authors: Spitznagel Mary Beth , Hillier Andrew , Gober Margaret , Carlson Mark D. 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundSkin disease severity and treatment plan complexity are both related to owner experience of caregiver burden; however, to date they have not been examined simultaneously in owners of dogs with atopic or other chronic allergic dermatitis.Hypotheses/ObjectivesWe expected to replicate and extend previous work by showing that caregiver burden is linked to treatment complexity and disease severity in this population. Moreover, we hypothesized that a relationship between burden and treatment complexity would be present in both subjective (owner report of experience) and objective (number of weekly treatments) measures, and that these relationships would exist independent of skin disease severity.ParticipantsEighty‐six owners of dogs with atopic or other chronic allergic dermatitis recruited through social media dog allergy groups.Methods and materialsCross‐sectional online assessments were completed for caregiver burden, treatment plan complexity and skin disease severity.ResultsCaregiver burden was correlated with skin disease severity (r = 0.40) and both subjective (r = 0.37) and objective (r =0.30) measures of treatment complexity (P < 0.01 for all). Relationships between caregiver burden and treatment complexity remained significant after accounting for skin disease severity.Conclusions and clinical importanceGreater treatment plan complexity is associated with higher caregiver burden in owners of dogs with atopic or other chronic allergic dermatitis. The independence of this relationship highlights the importance of simplicity in effective treatment planning.
Conjunctival calcinosis circumscripta in a dog: Treatment combining surgical resection and amniotic membrane grafting
Authors: Robin Marie‐Claire , Raffestin Sebastien , Etienne Claire Lyse , Raymond Letron Isabelle , Regnier Alain , Douet Jean Yves 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis report describes the clinical features, histopathology, and surgical treatment of a case of conjunctival calcification in a 5‐month‐old female English Setter, referred with a history of recurrent conjunctivitis in the right eye (OD). The ophthalmic findings were limited to multifocal white plaques embedded in a markedly inflamed conjunctiva of the eyelids and the anterior nictitating membrane OD. Calcification was suspected. The blood cell count, blood chemical profile, and urinalysis were within normal limits, and long‐bone radiographs appeared normal. After removal of the affected area by means of a large conjunctivectomy, cryopreserved canine amniotic membrane (AM) was transplanted to fill in the defect. Multifocal ectopic calcium deposits in the conjunctival lamina propria were confirmed histopathologically. The postoperative healing was uneventful, and no recurrence was observed during a follow‐up period of five years. Conjunctival mineralization is uncommon in canine ophthalmology, and the cause remained undetermined in the present case, for which AM transplantation was able to promote conjunctival healing after a large surgical excision.
Ocular examination findings and measurements of tear production and tonometry of ring‐tailed coatis (nasua nasua)
Authors: Carvalho Clarissa M. , Rodarte‐Almeida Ana C.V. , Moore Bret A. , Borges Betânia P. , Machado Marilia T. S. , Galera Paula D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe ocular anatomical features and to determine tear production and tonometry in normal anesthetized ring‐tailed coati (Nasua nasua).AnimalsEight male and seven female ring‐tailed coatis (30 eyes) were evaluated, with ages ranging from 7 months to 10 years old.ProceduresThe animals were anesthetized with isoflurane and had STT 1, rebound and applanation tonometry, and palpebral fissure length (PFL) measured in both eyes. Rebound tonometry was measured with both TonoVet® and TonoVet Plus®. All eyes were evaluated with slit‐lamp biomicroscopy. Following pharmacological mydriasis, direct fundoscopy was performed. ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for the data analysis.ResultsThere were upper and lower eyelids, as well as a third eyelid. Eyelashes were present on the upper eyelid, while meibomian glands openings were visible on both. The bulbar conjunctiva was pigmented. The pupil was obliquely horizontally ovoid and teardrop shaped when miotic. The color of the iris and tapetum lucidum varied with age. The optic disk was round, and the retina was holangiotic. The mean ± standard deviation values obtained were as follows: STT: 2.50 ± 2.39 mm/min; rebound tonometry: 9.50 ± 2.43 mmHg (TonoVet®, calibration P), 14.60 ± 2.82 mmHg (TonoVet®, calibration D), 18.93 ± 3.99 mmHg (TonoVet Plus®, calibration dog); applanation tonometry: 18.66 ± 4.16 mmHg; PFL: 10.98 ± 1.67 mm.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceAnatomical and clinical ophthalmic data presented in this study are unprecedented for this species. The results can be used as clinical reference parameters, allowing for better care of these species. The lack of data for the Procyonidae family must be regarded as an incentive for more studies.
Using qualitative approaches to explore the challenges of integrated programmes for zoonosis control in developing countries: Example of hydatidosis control in Morocco
Authors: Saadi Aouatif , Antoine‐Moussiaux Nicolas , Marcotty Tanguy , Thys Séverine , Sahibi Hamid 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCystic echinococcosis, rabies and bovine tuberculosis are major neglected zoonoses in many developing countries, including Morocco. A common step in their control strategies is the management of slaughterhouses and/or the control of dog populations. This study used a qualitative approach to identify the barriers to the implementation of the cystic echinococcosis control programme in Morocco that focused on slaughterhouses and dog control. This approach could be used to understand the causes leading to the defective management of other zoonoses, and to go beyond the often‐invoked ‘lack of means’ reason to explain failure in disease control in the Global South. Specifically, slaughterhouse observation and in‐depth individual interviews with stakeholders involved in the cystic echinococcosis control programme were carried out in five Moroccan regions (Rabat‐Sale‐Kenitra, Mellal‐Khenifra, Sous‐Masaa, Laayoune‐Sakia El Hamra and Guelmim‐Oued Noun) for 3 years (from 2014 to 2016). Interviews (n = 81) were with agents responsible of the services managing slaughterhouses and dog population control, and also with slaughterers. Recordings were fully transcribed and narratives were analysed with the RQDA package and the R software. Triangulations and the criteria proposed by Guba and Lincon were used to assess the approach validity. This analysis revealed that in addition to ‘lack of means’, zoonosis control programmes can be hindered by overlapping authority/functions among the involved authorities, conflicts of interest, lack of proper training and professional practices. Zoonosis control requires the commitment of all structures, the establishment of a national and inter‐regional strategy, and the updating of the legislative arsenal.
Monte Carlo Tree Search and Cognitive Hierarchy Theory for Interactive-Behavior Prediction in Fast Trajectory Planning and Automated Lane Change
Authors: Karimi Shahab , Vahidi Ardalan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPredicting the states of the surrounding traffic is one of the major problems in automated driving. Maneuvers such as lane change, merge, and exit management could pose challenges in the absence of intervehicular communications and can benefit from driver behavior prediction. Predicting the motion of surrounding vehicles and trajectory planning need to be computationally efficient for real-time implementation. The main goal of this paper is to develop a fast algorithm that predicts the future states of the neighboring vehicles. The proposed workflow employs Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) along with an on-policy learning technique for fast trajectory planning in multi-lane highway traffic scenarios. Also, for the inclusion of behavioral aspects, cognitive hierarchy and level-K game theories are utilized to predict the reaction and decision of the surrounding drivers. Simulation case studies demonstrate that our proposed approach is real-time implementable and can often avoid collision in difficult simulated confrontations.
Zero Moment Control for Lead-Through Teach Programming and Process Monitoring of a Collaborative Welding Robot
Authors: Canfield Stephen L. , Owens Joseph S. , Zuccaro Stephen G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Robots are commonly used for automated welding in many industries such as automotive manufacturing. The complexity and time required for programming present an obstacle in using robotic automation in welding or other tasks for small to medium enterprises that lack resources for training or expertise in traditional robot programming strategies. It also dictates a high level of repeated parts to offset the cost of weld programming. Collaborative robots or Cobots are robots designed for more collaborative operations with humans. Cobots permit new methods of task instruction (programming) through a direct interaction between the operator and the robot. This paper presents a model and model calibration strategy for collaborative robots to aid in teaching and monitoring welding tasks. The method makes use of a torque estimation model based on robot momentum to create an observer to evaluate external forces. The torque observer is used to characterize the friction that exists within the robot joints. These data are used to define the parameters of a friction model that combines static, Coulomb, and viscous friction properties with a sigmoid function to represent a transition between motion states. With an updated friction model, the torque observer is then used for collaborative robotic welding, first to provide a mode in which the robot can be taught weld paths through physical lead through and second a mode to monitor the weld process for expected motion/force characteristics. The method is demonstrated on a commercial robot.