bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human–Mosquito Contact: A Missing Link in Our Understanding of Mosquito-Borne Disease Transmission Dynamics
Authors: Thongsripong Panpim , Hyman James M , Kapan Durrell D , Bennett Shannon N 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite the critical role that contact between hosts and vectors, through vector bites, plays in driving vector-borne disease (VBD) transmission, transmission risk is primarily studied through the lens of vector density and overlooks host–vector contact dynamics. This review article synthesizes current knowledge of host–vector contact with an emphasis on mosquito bites. It provides a framework including biological and mathematical definitions of host–mosquito contact rate, blood-feeding rate, and per capita biting rates. We describe how contact rates vary and how this variation is influenced by mosquito and vertebrate factors. Our framework challenges a classic assumption that mosquitoes bite at a fixed rate determined by the duration of their gonotrophic cycle. We explore alternative ecological assumptions based on the functional response, blood index, forage ratio, and ideal free distribution within a mechanistic host–vector contact model. We highlight that host–vector contact is a critical parameter that integrates many factors driving disease transmission. A renewed focus on contact dynamics between hosts and vectors will contribute new insights into the mechanisms behind VBD spread and emergence that are sorely lacking. Given the framework for including contact rates as an explicit component of mathematical models of VBD, as well as different methods to study contact rates empirically to move the field forward, researchers should explicitly test contact rate models with empirical studies. Such integrative studies promise to enhance understanding of extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting host–vector contact rates and thus are critical to understand both the mechanisms driving VBD emergence and guiding their prevention and control.
Surveillance for Healthcare-Associated Infections: Hospital-Onset Adult Sepsis Events Versus Current Reportable Conditions
Authors: Page Brady , Klompas Michael , Chan Christina , Filbin Michael R , Dutta Sayon , McEvoy Dustin S , Clark Roger , Leibowitz Matthew , Rhee Chanu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
US hospitals are required by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to publicly report central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), Clostridioidesdiffficile, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, and selected surgical site infections for benchmarking and pay-for-performance programs. It is unclear, however, to what extent these conditions capture the full breadth of serious healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) hospital-onset Adult Sepsis Event (HO-ASE) definition could facilitate more comprehensive and efficient surveillance for serious HAIs, but the overlap between HO-ASE and currently reportable HAIs is unknown.

Methods
We retrospectively assessed the overlap between HO-ASEs and reportable HAIs among adults hospitalized between June 2015–June 2018 in 3 hospitals. Medical record reviews were conducted for 110 randomly selected HO-ASE cases to determine clinical correlates.

Results
Among 282 441 hospitalized patients, 2301 (0.8%) met HO-ASE criteria and 1260 (0.4%) had reportable HAIs. In-hospital mortality rates were higher with HO-ASEs than reportable HAIs (28.6% vs 12.9%). Mortality rates for HO-ASE missed by reportable HAIs were substantially higher than mortality rates for reportable HAIs missed by HO-ASE (28.1% vs 6.3%). Reportable HAIs were only present in 334/2301 (14.5%) HO-ASEs, most commonly CLABSIs (6.0% of HO-ASEs), C. difficile (5.0%), and CAUTIs (3.0%). On medical record review, most HO-ASEs were caused by pneumonia (39.1%, of which only 34.9% were ventilator-associated), bloodstream infections (17.4%, of which only 10.5% were central line–associated), non–C. difficile intra-abdominal infections (14.5%), urinary infections (7.3%, of which 87.5% were catheter-associated), and skin/soft tissue infections (6.4%).

Conclusions
CDC’s HO-ASE definition detects many serious nosocomial infections missed by currently reportable HAIs. HO-ASE surveillance could increase the efficiency and clinical significance of surveillance while identifying new targets for prevention.
Patient-reported indicators in mental health care: towards international standards among members of the OECD
Authors: de Bienassis Katherine , Kristensen Solvejg , Hewlett Emily , Roe David , Mainz Jan , Klazinga Niek 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAchieving people-centred health care systems requires new and innovative strategies to capture information about whether, and to what degree, health care is successful in improving health from the perspective of the patient. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and Patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) can bring some of these new insights, and are increasingly used in research, clinical care, and policymaking.MethodsThis paper reflects the ongoing discussions and findings of the OECD PaRIS Working Group on Patient-reported Indicators for Mental Health Care.ResultsThe OECD has been measuring quality of care for mental health conditions over the last 14 years through the Health Care Quality and Outcomes (HCQO) program; nonetheless, information on how persons with mental health problems value the services they receive, and impact of the services, remains limited. As of 2018, a survey from the OECD showed that only five of the twelve countries surveyed (Australia, Israel, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom) reported PROMs and PREMs collection on a regular basis in mental health settings. The paper details some of the challenges specific to the collection and use of PROMs and PREMs in mental health care, and examples from countries which have implemented comprehensive programmes to gather information about PROMs and PREMs for individuals receiving mental health services.ConclusionsGiven the health and economic impact of mental ill-health across all OECD countries, there is significant value to being able to assess the quality and outcomes of care in this area using internationally-comparable measures. Continued international harmonisation of PROMs and PREMs for mental health through international coordination is a key way to facilitate the sharing of national experiences, promote the use of PROMs and PREMs, and create meaningful indicators for national and international benchmarking.
Saliva-based linezolid monitoring on a mobile UV spectrophotometer
Authors: Kim Hannah Yejin , Ruiter Evelien , Jongedijk Erwin M , AK Hemanth Kumar , Marais Ben J , PK Bhavani , Sawleshwarkar Shailendra , Touw Daan J , Alffenaar Jan-Willem 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
In TB, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended for linezolid; however, implementation is challenging in endemic settings. Non-invasive saliva sampling using a mobile assay would increase the feasibility of TDM.

Objectives
To validate a linezolid saliva assay using a mobile UV spectrophotometer.

Methods
The saliva assay was developed using NanoPhotometer NP80® and linezolid concentrations were quantified using second-order derivative spectroscopy. Sample preparation involved liquid–liquid extraction of saliva, using saturated sodium chloride and ethyl acetate at 1:1:3 (v/v/v). The assay was validated for accuracy, precision, selectivity, specificity, carry-over, matrix effect, stability and filters. Acceptance criteria were bias and coefficient of variation (CV) &lt;15% for quality control (QC) samples and &lt;20% for the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ).

Results
Linezolid concentrations correlated with the amplitude between 250 and 270 nm on the second-order derivative spectra. The linezolid calibration curve was linear over the range of 3.0 to 25 mg/L (R2 = 0.99) and the LLOQ was 3.0 mg/L. Accuracy and precision were demonstrated with bias of −7.5% to 2.7% and CV ≤5.6%. The assay met the criteria for selectivity, matrix effect, carry-over, stability (tested up to 3 days) and use of filters (0.22 μM Millex®-GV and Millex®-GP). Specificity was tested with potential co-medications. Interferences from pyrazinamide, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, rifampicin, abacavir, acetaminophen and trimethoprim were noted; however, with minimal clinical implications on linezolid dosing.

Conclusions
We validated a UV spectrophotometric assay using non-invasive saliva sampling for linezolid. The next step is to demonstrate clinical feasibility and value to facilitate programmatic implementation of TDM.
Susceptibility of North Carolina Chloridea (Heliothis) virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations From Flue Cured Tobacco to Chlorantraniliprole
Authors: Zilnik Gabriel , Burrack Hannah J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The tobacco budworm, Chloridea (Heliothis) virescens (F.), has evolved resistance to numerous insecticides in the field. In tobacco, chlorantraniliprole can be applied as either a preventative systemic soil application at or near transplant, or a foliar application timed to current treatment thresholds. With a novel mode of action chlorantraniliprole provides an option for rotation with other insecticides to reduce the probability of insecticide resistance development. However, specific usage patterns in tobacco have the potential to increase the risk of resistance development to this insecticide. In particular, soil applied treatments may expose C. virescens to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide. We studied chlorantraniliprole susceptibility in nine field populations and one laboratory strain of C. virescens using a diet incorporation bioassay. Mortality was measured at 7, 10, and 14 d after exposure. Our results demonstrated that bioassays should be evaluated at 14 d after exposure to optimize interpretation of the dose–response due to the antifeeding properties of chlorantraniliprole. We observed low variation within field-collected populations. Field populations were as susceptible as the laboratory strain; the resistance ratio at the 14-d evaluation for field-collected populations ranged from 1.01 to 1.05. A discriminating dose of 0.117, 0.080, and 0.070 μg a.i./g diet could be used at 7, 10, and 14 d, respectively. Larval growth varied between field populations. Two field populations continued growing on diet containing chlorantraniliprole and differed in size from the laboratory and other populations. Further evaluation of growth inhibition will be necessary.
Re-asserting the Specialness of Health Care
Authors: Rumbold Benedict 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIs health care “special”? That is, do we have moral reason to treat health care differently from how we treat other sorts of social goods? Intuitively, perhaps, we might think the proper response is “yes.” However, to date, philosophers have often struggled to justify this idea—known as the “specialness thesis about health care” or STHC. In this article, I offer a new justification of STHC, one I take to be immune from objections that have undercut other defenses. Notably, unlike previous utility- and opportunity-based theories, I argue that we can find normative justification for STHC in what I term our special duty to assist those unable to help themselves. It is this duty, I argue, that ultimately gives us reason to treat health care differently from other sorts of goods (even other goods meeting health needs) and to distribute it independently of individuals’ ability to pay.
A common bean truncated CRINKLY4 kinase controls gene-for-gene resistance to the fungusColletotrichum lindemuthianum
Authors: Richard Manon M S , Gratias Ariane , Alvarez Diaz Juan C , Thareau Vincent , Pflieger Stéphanie , Meziadi Chouaib , Blanchet Sophie , Marande William , Bitocchi Elena , Papa Roberto , Miklas Phillip N , Geffroy Valérie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIdentifying the molecular basis of resistance to pathogens is critical to promote a chemical-free cropping system. In plants, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat constitute the largest family of disease resistance (R) genes, but this resistance can be rapidly overcome by the pathogen, prompting research into alternative sources of resistance. Anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is one of the most important diseases of common bean. This study aimed to identify the molecular basis of Co-x, an anthracnose R gene conferring total resistance to the extremely virulent C. lindemuthianum strain 100. To that end, we sequenced the Co-x 58 kb target region in the resistant JaloEEP558 (Co-x) common bean and identified KTR2/3, an additional gene encoding a truncated and chimeric CRINKLY4 kinase, located within a CRINKLY4 kinase cluster. The presence of KTR2/3 is strictly correlated with resistance to strain 100 in a diversity panel of common beans. Furthermore, KTR2/3 expression is up-regulated 24 hours post-inoculation and its transient expression in a susceptible genotype increases resistance to strain 100. Our results provide evidence that Co-x encodes a truncated and chimeric CRINKLY4 kinase probably resulting from an unequal recombination event that occurred recently in the Andean domesticated gene pool. This atypical R gene may act as a decoy involved in indirect recognition of a fungal effector.
Scatter-free acceleration of particles by interaction with plasma shock waves in the interstellar medium
Authors: Rashed-Mohassel P , Ghorbanalilu M 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTScatter-free acceleration is investigated for a test particle thrusted by a moving magnetized cloud in the presence of the uniform interstellar magnetic field. It is found that depending on the orientation of the background magnetic field, three different scenarios occur for the interacting particle. In some cases, the particle reflects into space with a negligible increase in energy. Otherwise, the particle is either trapped at the wavefront or is injected inside the cloud. The trapped particle moves with the cloud and gains energy through the magnetic trapping acceleration mechanism, which is already investigated in previous reports. The injected particle accelerates through a different mechanism, which is introduced in this paper as the spiral acceleration. In this mechanism, the particle moves in a spiral path and gains energy by the convective electric field of the cloud. The radius of the spiral increases as the particle gains more energy and the process continues until the particle is located inside the cloud. Since in most cases the trapping condition is not satisfied, the spiral acceleration mechanism is of great importance.
Unexpected LIGO events and the mirror world
Authors: Beradze Revaz , Gogberashvili Merab 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We consider the possibility that LIGO events GW190521, GW190425, and GW190814 may have emerged from the mirror world binaries. Theories of star evolution predict so-called upper and lower mass gaps and masses of these merger components lie in that gaps. In order to explain these challenging events very specific assumptions are required and we argue that such scenarios are order of magnitude more probable in mirror world, where star formation begins earlier and matter density can exceed five times the ordinary matter density.
Review
Authors: Durand Claire , Johnson Timothy P 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe twenty-first century has seen an important transition in survey modes used for electoral polls. This transition has not ended yet. It is thus possible to examine differences between modes used in the same election. Different modes are more or less prone to social desirability and use different sampling frames and recruitment strategies that may lead to differences in estimation. However, available literature does not show systematic and substantial differences between modes. In this article, we examine differences between modes across 15 elections and referendums that took place since 2005 in four countries: Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We first assess differences in average estimates, variance, trends, and forecasts. We then pool the data to analyze whether there are differences that apply in all contexts. We conclude that differences between modes vary with context and over time. There are some consistent differences, however, as online polls are less likely to detect movement than are telephone or IVR polls. In a context in which online polls are becoming dominant, citizens may not be provided with a reliable portrait of the state of public opinion. IVR polls tended to be more precise than other polls recently, but they also tended to have a conservative bias. For the future, it will be important to monitor closely new developments in the methodology used for election polls. The presence of multiple modes in pre-election polling and new developments in mixed modes would be beneficial to voters and researchers alike.
Laparoscopic versus open surgery in the treatment of hepatic hemangioma
Authors: Jien He , Xiaohua Li 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate and compare the effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic versus open resection (LR vs OR) in the treatment of hepatic hemangioma.

Methods:
We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Medline, EMBASE, and the Chinese Biomedicine Database from January 2000 to April 2020 for studies comparing the outcomes of laparoscopic versus open surgery in hepatic hemangioma treatment.

Results:
Based on the preset criteria, 12 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and 12 observational clinical studies (OCSs) were selected for analysis. Our results showed that laparoscopic surgery was more effective than open surgery in terms of reducing operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative exhaust time, postoperative complications, postoperative bile leak, postoperative intra-abdominal infection, postoperative alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values, postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and hospitalize length. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in hepatectomy time, hospitalized cost, intra-abdominal hemorrhage, and the postoperative recurrence of hemangioma.

Conclusion:
While similar therapeutic effect was achieved by the compared herein surgical methods, the findings of our analysis revealed that laparoscopic surgery is superior over open surgery in terms of less trauma, faster recovery, less postoperative pain, shorter hospitalize length, and reduced postoperative complications. Therefore, laparoscopic resection of hepatic hemangioma is a safe, effective, and feasible surgical method that is worth considering in clinical applications.
Efficacy evaluation of acupuncture combined with Liujunzi Decoction in the treatment of functional dyspepsia
Authors: Zhang Yulan , Bian Lihong , Long Huan , Zhang Weichen , Hu Yuqiong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common and frequently-occurring disease in internal medicine. It is known that Liujunzi decoction and acupuncture are widely used in the treatment of FD, but there are few studies on the combination of Liujunzi decoction and acupuncture in the treatment of FD, and its safety and efficacy are still controversial. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with Liujunzi decoction in the treatment of FD.

Methods:
We designed a prospective randomized controlled trial. The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of our hospital. Patients with FD were randomly assigned to the treatment group of acupuncture combined with Liujunzi Decoction (the experimental group) and the treatment group of Liujunzi Decoction (the control group) in a ratio of 1:1. Outcome indicators were Nepean Dyspepsia Index, the MOS item short from health survey, and adverse reactions. Finally, SPSS 18.0 software would be used for statistical analysis of the data.

Discussion:
This study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with Liujunzi Decoction in the treatment of FD and provide clinical basis for the use of acupuncture combined with Liujunzi Decoction in the treatment of FD.

OSF Registration number:
DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/67GKN
Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive therapies in the treatment of high-risk IgA nephropathy
Authors: Liu Tongtong , Wang Yuyang , Mao Huimin , Yang Liping , Zhan Yongli 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the significant contributing factors of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is reported that over half of patients with IgAN accompany multiple high-risk factors, which increase the risk of ESRD progression. Studies have shown that immunosuppressive agents were beneficial in high-risk IgAN, but the efficacy and safety have not been fully demonstrated yet. The present study aims to elucidate the efficacy of commonly used immunosuppressants in high-risk IgAN and their relative safety profiles via a network meta-analysis strategy.

Methods:
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) eligible for this network meta-analysis were included to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different immunosuppressants for high-risk IgAN. Main outcomes and measures include incidence of renal composite end point, the rate of total remission, adverse events, and proteinuria. Besides, subgroup analysis and cluster analysis were carried out.

Results:
This network meta-analysis of 37 RCTs involving 3012 participants found that Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) combined with corticosteroids (CS) was superior to other interventions in end point events and proteinuria. Cyclosporine A (CsA) plus CS was the best option for clinical remission rate, and supportive care (SC) was the safest treatment. Cluster analysis showed that MMF+CS and Leflunomide (LEF)+CS were best protocols in efficacy and safety. Subgroup analysis indicated the best benefits of MMF were presented among the Asian population, and the benefits increased with the increase of follow-up duration. The effect of Cyclophosphamide (CTX) +CS on crescent IgAN was better than that of other risk factors. Moreover, the increasing follow-up duration was negatively associated with the effect.

Conclusions:
MMF+CS and LEF+CS appear to serve as the best choice for treating high-risk IgAN than other immunosuppressive therapies.