bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heavy truck driving attitude and behavior contributing to road traffic accidents
Authors: Tarek M. Esmael  , Abdulamajeed Al Amri  , Tariq Al Anazi  , Saleh Al Attawi  , Hany Hosny  , Arulanantham Zechariah Jebakumar  
Published: February 2021

According to the World Health Organisation, road traffic accidents are the leading cause of most emergency admissions in hospitals worldwide. Many people have indicated that road traffic collisions are a significant contributor to DALYs lost. For example, according to the World Health Survey in 2010, road traffic events have been reported as the ninth most common cause of injury-modified life years (DALYs) lost across all age and gender classes. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that one out of every 10 deaths in the world are caused by road traffic accidents. More than 200,000 people are killed in the United States each year from different reasons. The number of disabled people related to this disease will grow even further by 2020. There are nearly 1.5 million out of about 47 million people who are wounded in the highways every year in the United States Drivers were found to be more likely to saddle up for the journey as they set out on main roads. Car seat-belts can make driving more safe by reducing the effect made on the drivers and the passengers in the car. The driver's mood about the problem of distracted driving can be a critical factor in avoiding road traffic accidents. To be safe, drivers should have at least one restful day a week, should not drive for more than eight hours a day, should not travel more than 800 kilometers a day, and will need to have routine checks so that everything is going well and is running properly. Traffic laws, traffic signs, other vehicles, and many other items when on the road; drivers should not eat any nourishment, they should not consume any quantity of alcoholic beverages, they should not use electronic cigarettes, they should not put their mobile phones on.
Nutritional Status of Tuberculosis Patients in Against Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase Levels
Authors: Widagdo Iqbal Donarika , Setyoko Setyoko , Setiawan M. Riza 
Published: February 2021

Background: Treatment of Tuberculosis patients are given in the form of a drugs combination. Some drugs which are Pyrazinamide, Isoniazid and Rifampicin can provide hepatotoxic side effects. Specific sign of hepatotoxic occurrence is increasing in the Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase levels. One of factors that influence hepatotoxicity is nutritional status. This study aims to determine the relationship between nutritional status and levels of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase in tuberculosis patients.Methods: A non-experimental correlation study, retrospective approach with total sampling method, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Located at tCommunity Lung Health Center (BKPM) Ambarawa area. The analysis used the Spearman rank correlation testResults: Based on the test results of Spearman Rank correlation test, the correlation coefficient (r) is -0.267. Hypothesis test results also showed 0.037 (p-value <0.05), which means the existence of a significant correlation between variabels.Conclusion: There is a relationship between nutritional status and levels of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase in tuberculosis patients.
Differences Characteristics of Partial Bowel Obstruction and Total Bowel Obstruction in Ileus Patients at Dr. Soegiri Lamongan Hospital
Authors: Nisa Syeila Ainun , Finansah Yohni Wahyu , Marlina Uning , Rochman Syaiful 
Published: February 2021

Background: Across all age ranges, one in a thousand people is diagnosed with ileus annually. Ileus is categorized into two types, obstructive ileus, and paralytic ileus. Obstructive ileus is a condition where intestinal passage disorder occurs as a result of a mechanical blockage. There are 7,024 obstructive ileus without hernia in Indonesia and 7,059 paralytic ileus cases in 2004.Purpose: To understand the comparison of characteristics of obstructive ileus patients.Method: This analytic descriptive research use the cross-sectional method. Samples are diagnosed with ileus based on the laparotomy result from RSUD Dr. Soegiri, Lamongan. The sampling method is total sampling based on 2015-2019 data. The samples were also using secondary data from medical records, from December 2019 to January 2020.Result: Respondents are mostly male with ages 65 years and over, less than ten days treatment duration, 39 minutes in the average length of partial bowel obstruction surgery duration, 42 minutes in the average length of total bowel obstruction surgery duration, less than two days treatment duration before surgery, percentage of ICU admission as high as 51.5 %, and blood transfusion percentage on 6.1%. There are significant differences in the characteristics of ileus patient’s age (p-value 0,021).Conclusion: Based on this study, it can be concluded that there are differences based on age in the characteristics of partial bowel obstruction and total bowel obstruction on ileus patients, whereas gender, treatment duration, treatment duration before surgery, and surgery duration did not deliver any differences.
Impact of physical distancing measures against COVID-19 on contacts and mixing patterns: repeated cross-sectional surveys, the Netherlands, 2016–17, April 2020 and June 2020
Authors: Backer Jantien A , Mollema Liesbeth , Vos Eric RA , Klinkenberg Don , van der Klis Fiona RM , de Melker Hester E , van den Hof Susan , Wallinga Jacco 
Published: February 2021

Background
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have implemented physical distancing measures to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

Aim
To measure the actual reduction of contacts when physical distancing measures are implemented.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Netherlands in 2016–17, in which participants reported the number and age of their contacts the previous day. The survey was repeated among a subsample of the participants in April 2020, after strict physical distancing measures were implemented, and in an extended sample in June 2020, after some measures were relaxed.

Results
The average number of community contacts per day was reduced from 14.9 (interquartile range (IQR): 4–20) in the 2016–17 survey to 3.5 (IQR: 0–4) after strict physical distancing measures were implemented, and rebounded to 8.8 (IQR: 1–10) after some measures were relaxed. All age groups restricted their community contacts to at most 5, on average, after strict physical distancing measures were implemented. In children, the number of community contacts reverted to baseline levels after measures were eased, while individuals aged 70 years and older had less than half their baseline levels.

Conclusion
Strict physical distancing measures greatly reduced overall contact numbers, which likely contributed to curbing the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in the Netherlands. However, age groups reacted differently when measures were relaxed, with children reverting to normal contact numbers and elderly individuals maintaining restricted contact numbers. These findings offer guidance for age-targeted measures in future waves of the pandemic.
ROLE OF ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS IN TEACHING AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Singh Soumya 
Published: February 2021

The construction of nad based on the Vedic concept is first an expression of God. Amarkar was considered as Brahmnad since primitive times. Today's music has resulted from human efforts in its present form.Change is the law of nature and this change is also seen in our classical music which has left a positive and negative impression somewhere. In this sequence, the role of electronic instruments in music teaching and performance has been very important.
वैदिक अवधारणा के आधार पर नाद का निर्माण सर्वप्रथम ईश्वर की अभिव्यक्ति है। आदिम काल से ही अ¨ऽमकार क¨ ब्रह्मनाद माना गया। आज का संगीत मनुष्य के प्रयत्न¨ं से अपने वर्तमान रूप में परिणित हुआ है।परिवर्तन प्रकृति का नियम है अ©र यही परिवर्तन हमारे शास्त्र्ाीय संगीत में भी दिखता है जिसने कहीं सकारात्मक त¨ कहीं नकारात्मक छाप छ¨ड़ी है। इसी क्रम में संगीत शिक्षण एवं प्रदर्शन में इल्¨क्ट्रॉनिक वाद्य¨ं की भूमिका बहुत अहम रही हैं।
Correlation of “virtual identity” problems and issues of preserving traditional values in modern society
Authors: Klimashin A. G. 
Published: February 2021

The emergence of social networks has joined people from different parts of the world which has brought unconditional benefit to humanity. At the same time, the possibility of communication between citizens of different countries using the same platforms, foreign hosting companies and providers has created a new form of human identity – virtual identity. In turn, this has contributed to a new phenomenon, such as digital socialization of the individual. This has created comfort and additional opportunities for integration into society, but at the same time, this form has led to the blurring of traditional values, national cultures and the fragmentation of political consciousness.
Belarusian incantations in the european perspective: the motif of three virgin helpers
Authors: Valodzina Т. V. 
Published: February 2021

The very first studies of Belarusian incantations in the European area demonstrate a number of very close correspondences. Further identification of Belarusian­Western European parallels in subjects, motifs and images would help both to expose the genetic and typological in the Belarusian incantation compendium and to determine the possibilities and ways of borrowing, as well as the formation of unique complexes and images. The semantics of the incantation­based motif of three female assistants personified by needlewomen continue the pre­Christian ideas of goddesses and spirits of fate based on the mythology of weaving. From ancient times, the needlewoman is the embodiment of a creative goddess. A definite influence is the Gospel and, accordingly, the iconographic motif of the Virgin Mary portrayed with a spindle in her hands. Early European incantations offer a story of three virgins on a stone, one of which twists and ties, the second untwists and the third helps; in later German, English and Scandinavian incantations, these are the traveling female characters who help the sick along the way. The needlework motif begins to dominate Polish and Latvian incantations, although it is the motif of traveling that still prevails. On the other hand, Russian, especially North Russian tradition, elaborates in detail the story of a needlewoman in the sacred centre, where the Virgin dominates in this role. The Belarusian ethnic territory proves to be a place of a unique meeting of these two powerful movements, organically absorbing the key subject­semantic nodes and developing them in line with its own tradition, including through offering an original image of three female characters who do not know how but only help in healing.
La retroalimentación del modelo de agronegocios. Dieta, poder y cambio climático en el agro pampeano (1960-2008)
Authors: Blacha Luis Ernesto 
Published: February 2021

Los usos del territorio que promueve el modelo de agronegocios inciden en la calidad de los alimentos obtenidos y en la sustentabilidad del ambiente. A partir de un enfoque sociológico contemporáneo, este trabajo se propone caracterizar y analizar una racionalidad donde el monocultivo degrada la dieta y simplifica los ecosistemas. Se trata de un modelo productivo que distancia a productores de consumidores, incrementando tanto la energía necesaria para producir una caloría de alimento como aquella que se consume en procesar las materias primas para que puedan extender su vida útil. Las transformaciones técnicas de la Revolución Verde –a comienzos de la década de 1960– son el punto de partida de un proceso que incrementa su productividad a expensas de la biodiversidad. Se consolida así la industrialización de la agricultura fundamentada en el carácter arquitectónico del poder, que resulta en alimentos con menor calidad nutricional que tienden a la malnutrición de la población. Los agronegocios son parte de este proceso, donde los problemas generados se convierten en insumos para seguir funcionando y permiten, a su vez, explicar el nexo dieta, poder y cambio climático.
Failure Analysis on BGA U45 on Soldered Balls
Authors: Flores Miguel Angel Neri , Olvera Gregorio Vázquez 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a failure analysis to determine the origin of the failure on the soldered balls of one BGA soldered to a Printed circuit board, presenting Intermittency on the soldered joints, by Visual inspection, X ray inspection, Computed Tomography(CT), Cross-section analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy dispersive spectroscopy, determined the failure located on soldered balls of the BGA was caused by cracks that run along the Intermetallic layer formed between the solder balls and the copper pads of the printed circuit board, that were located near the BGA corners. With X ray computed Tomography we can analyze all the soldered balls of the BGA, by "virtual" cross-sections on the soldered joints without damage on the sample.
Simple Circuit Edit Passive Voltage Contrast Technique to Identify Leakage Location
Authors: Ting S.L. , Tan P.K. , Withana I. , Tan H. , Chen C.Q. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Passive voltage contrast (PVC) is widely used to detect underlying connectivity issues between metals based on the brightness of upper metals using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or focused ion beam (FIB). [1] However, it cannot be applied in all cases due to the uniqueness of each case where brightness alone is insufficient to tell leakage location. In this study, propose a simple technique using platinum (Pt) marking as a circuit edit (CE) technique to alter metal PVC to identify the actual leakage location. Conventional SEM and PVC contrast imaging are unable to pinpoint exact defects without data confirming the leakage from nano-probing such as Atomic Force Probing (AFP) or SEM base nano-probing (NP) [2]. Using this method, we can improve the analysis cycle time by direct analysts the defective location in SEM, while also saving tool cost.
Site-Specific Sample Preparation Method for Atom Probe Tomography on Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Alvis Roger L. , Kral Zdenek , Landin Trevan , Orsborn Jonathan , Prosa Ty J. , Rice Katherine P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An advanced technique for site-specific Atom Probe Tomography (APT) is presented. An APT sample is prepared from a targeted semiconductor device (commercially available product based on 14nm finFET technology). Using orthogonal views of the sample in STEM while FIB milling, a viable APT sample is created with the tip of the sample positioned over the lightly-doped drain (LDD) region of a pre-defined PFET. The resulting APT sample has optimal geometry and minimal amorphization damage.
Automated Via Detection for PCB Reverse Engineering
Authors: Botero Ulbert J. , Koblah David , Capecci Daniel E. , Ganji Fatemeh , Asadizanjani Navid , Woodard Damon L. , Forte Domenic 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Reverse engineering (RE) is the only foolproof method of establishing trust and assurance in hardware. This is especially important in today's climate, where new threats are arising daily. A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) serves at the heart of virtually all electronic systems and, for that reason, a precious target amongst attackers. Therefore, it is increasingly necessary to validate and verify these hardware boards both accurately and efficiently. When discussing PCBs, the current state-of-the-art is non-destructive RE through X-ray Computed Tomography (CT); however, it remains a predominantly manual process. Our work in this paper aims at paving the way for future developments in the automation of PCB RE by presenting automatic detection of vias, a key component to every PCB design. We provide a via detection framework that utilizes the Hough circle transform for the initial detection, and is followed by an iterative false removal process developed specifically for detecting vias. We discuss the challenges of detecting vias, our proposed solution, and lastly, evaluate our methodology not only from an accuracy perspective but the insights gained through iteratively removing false-positive circles as well. We also compare our proposed methodology to an off-the-shelf implementation with minimal adjustments of Mask R-CNN; a fast object detection algorithm that, although is not optimized for our application, is a reasonable deep learning model to measure our work against. The Mask R-CNN we utilize is a network pretrained on MS COCO followed by fine tuning/training on prepared PCB via images. Finally, we evaluate our results on two datasets, one PCB designed in house and another commercial PCB, and achieve peak results of 0.886, 0.936, 0.973, for intersection over union (IoU), Dice Coefficient, and Structural Similarity Index. These results vastly outperform our tuned implementation of Mask R-CNN.
Study of Retention Time Variation due to the Change in Adjacent Wordline Voltage of BCAT DRAM Structure
Authors: Kang Dongsuck , Jung Ilwoo , Yoon Jinsuob , Lee Dongin , Hong Hyeongsun , Chung Ilsub 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As DRAM design rule (D/R) shrinks, the retention time due to leakage current becomes more important. Retention time failures that arise from gate induced drain leakage (GIDL) or junction leakage are exacerbated by changes in the electrostatic potential between adjacent lines or nodes. This study analyzes the effects of wordline (adjacent line) potential on retention time based on in sub-20nm DRAM technology. Electrical tests have confirmed that cells that fail from GIDL and junction leakage exhibit different behaviors according to the leakage characteristic and changes in adjacent wordline (especially in word-line across STI) potential. Simulations also confirm that these observations are due to the change in electric field. Based on these findings, a new perspective on the mechanism of retention failures is proposed.
Optimization of Cross Sectioning for Solder Joint using Broad Ar Ion Beam Milling with Temperature Control
Authors: Asano Natsuko , Omoto Tamae , Lu Jinfeng , Morita Hirobumi , Erdman Natasha , Asahina Shunsuke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Understanding solder joints is very important for failure analysis in semiconductor manufacturing because it is commonly used for mounting semiconductor devices on boards. However, regarding sample preparation for analysis, solder poses challenges in crosssection preparation due to the differences in melting point and hardness of its constituents. Therefore, precision cutting methods such as ion milling are required. On the other hand, ion milling method usually causes thermal damage during cutting. In this paper, we tried to optimize the sample temperature during Ar ion milling using liquid nitrogen cooling [1].
Methods of Improving Accuracy in InGaN MQWs Quantitative Analysis by STEM/EDS
Authors: Bow Jong-Shing , Lai Wei-Chis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The composition of InGaN/AlN/GaN MQWs nano structure is anlayzed by STEM/EDS. The concentration of nitrogen in GaN materials is usually lower than that of gallium for specimen thickness larger than 50 nm due to low penetration ability of N K X-rays (0.392 KeV). The concentration of indium in the InGaN quanturm wells obtained by STEM/EDS analysis is always much lower its real value. This concentration dilution in this 3 nm structure results from the effect of electron beam broadening, and can be improved to a certain level by reducing specimen thickness, C2 aperture, and dwell time, with a sacrifice in signal intensity.
SRAM Bitcell Defect Identification Methodology Using Electrical Failure Analysis Data
Authors: Kim Hyungtae , Kim Geonho , Li Yunrong , Jeong Jinyong , Kim Youngdae 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) has long been used for a new technology development vehicle because it is sensitive to process defects due to its high density and minimum feature size. In addition, failure location can be accurately predicted because of the highly structured architecture. Thus, fast and accurate Failure Analysis (FA) of the SRAM failure is crucial for the success of new technology learning and development. It is often quite time consuming to identify defects through conventional physical failure analysis techniques. In this paper, we present an advanced defect identification methodology for SRAM bitcell failures with fast speed and high accuracy based on the bitcell transistor analog characteristics from special design for test (DFT) features, Direct Bitcell Access (DBA). This technique has the advantage to shorten FA throughput time due to a time efficient test method and an intuitive failure analysis method based on Electrical Failure Analysis (EFA) without destructive analysis. In addition, all the defects in a wafer can be analyzed and improved simultaneously utilizing the proposed defect identification methodology. Some successful case studies are also discussed to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed defect identification methodology.
Nano-Indentation for Evaluating Low-K Dielectric Adhesion
Authors: Gambino Jeff , Nitschke Tim , Taylor Carrie , Barth Will , Anderson Harold , Qin Wentao , Watkins Robert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Low-K dielectric adhesion problems were observed at M1 and M2 levels during thermal cycling of a flip chip product. Nano-indentation of simple BEOL test structures was used to determine the relative strength of the various interfaces in the BEOL stack. It is observed that the weakest adhesion is associated with the initial stages of the SiCOH low-K dielectric deposition. Adhesion loss related to the SiCN etch stop deposition is not observed.
Architecture and philosophy of antiquity: The formation of classical architecture
Authors: Negulyaeva T. V. , Dyadchenko S. F. 
Published: February 2021

The classical architecture is being constantly developed in time, and, consequently, is relevant nowadays. The paper deals with the development of classical architectural in antiquity up to the present time. This is necessary for further study of modern architecture. The aim of this work is to identify the most stable formation of the classical antique architecture. Scientific novelty lies in the systematic approach to the studying the evolution of ancient architectural theory, taking into account a variety of external factors and based on ancient philosophy. The main level of scientific knowledge is a theoretical (historical) method, which involves a study of graphic and textual information covering the era as well as a systematic analysis of the material for the identification of basic principles of the antique architecture. It is shown that the main principles of the antique architecture are being developed in a close connection with philosophy, and determine the further development of the classical direction in architecture.