bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial, environmental and anthropogenic factors influencing the indoor microbiome of the built environment
Authors: Rai Sandhya , Singh Dileep K. , Kumar Amod 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA built environment is a human‐made environment providing surroundings for human occupancy, activities, and settlement. It is supposed to safeguard humans from all undesirable and harmful pollutants; however, indoor concentrations of some pollutants are much greater than that of the outdoors. Bioaerosols infiltrate from the outdoors in addition to many indoor sources of bioaerosols including the use of various chemicals as well as activities like cooking, smoking, cleaning, or even normal movement. They are also associated with a number of serious health concerns. Various ecological factors associated with the generation, the persistence as well as the dispersal of these microbial components of indoor bioaerosols, are discussed in this review, that have not been considered all together till now. The factors like microbial taxa, environmental factors, and anthropogenic activities (human occupancy, activities, and impact of urbanization) are addressed in the review. Effects of both indoor environmental factors like architectural design, lighting, ventilation, temperature, humidity, indoor/outdoor ratio, particulate matter, indoor chemistry as well as outdoor environmental factors like geography, seasons, and meteorology on the microbial concentrations have been discussed. Efforts are underway to design selective pressures for microbes to create a healthy symbiotic built microbiome as the “right” indoor microbiome is a “healthy” indoor microbiome.
Warm and cool season reconstruction and assessment of the long‐term hydroclimatic variability of the Canadian prairie provinces through the development of the Canadian Prairies Paleo Drought Atlas
Authors: Kerr Samantha A. , Andreichuk Yuliya , Sauchyn David 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPersistent, large‐area droughts are among the most damaging natural disasters, having major effects on agriculture, industry, forestry, human health and society, and ecosystems. In the Canadian Prairie provinces of the sub‐humid continental interior, changing climatic conditions, and shifts between periods of extreme wet and dry weather, emphasize the need for a better understanding of past and future variability of the regional hydroclimate. Using over 180 multi‐species tree‐ring chronologies, the warm (May through August) and cool (December through April) season Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was reconstructed from 1400 to 2018 on a 10‐km grid spanning the Canadian Prairies. These geospatial paleo‐drought data extend back to 1200 over a smaller geographic area. Seasonal SPEI maps, comprising the newly developed Canadian Prairies Paleo Drought Atlas (CPPDA), visually represent the hydroclimatic variability across the Canadian Prairies over past centuries, including the timing, intensity, and spatial extent of major multi‐year droughts and excessive moisture events. Wavelet analysis was also examined to determine possible potential connections between hydroclimatic variables and the influence of large‐scale ocean–atmosphere oscillations (i.e., the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)).
Will land use land cover change drive atmospheric conditions to become more conducive to wildfires in the United States?
Authors: Zhong Shiyuan , Wang Ting , Sciusco Pietro , Shen Meicheng , Pei Lisi , Nikolic Jovanka , McKeehan Kevin , Kashongwe Herve , Hatami‐Bahman‐Beiglou Pouyan , Camacho Ken , Akanga Donald , Charney Joseph J. , Bian Xindi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe increase in wildfire risk in the United States in recent decades has been linked to rapid growth of the wildland‐urban interface and to changing climate. While there have been numerous studies on wildfires and climate change, few have separately assessed the impact of climate response to land‐use‐land‐cover change (LULCC) on wildfires. In this study, we analyse two 10‐year regional climate simulations driven by the current (2011) and future (2100) land‐use‐land‐cover patterns to assess modifications by the projected LULCC to the frequency and severity of fire‐prone atmospheric conditions described by two fire weather indices, the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index and the Hot‐Dry‐Windy Index. The simulation corresponding to future land‐use‐land‐cover pattern yields higher surface temperature and vapour pressure deficit and lower precipitation compared to the simulation with the current pattern in areas where urbanized landscapes replace forests and grasslands, such as along the Piedmont and outside the Chicagoland region, while in areas where croplands replace forests, such as the southeast Coastal Plains, the results are reversed. These changes to local and regional atmospheric conditions lead to longer fire seasons and more extreme fire‐weather conditions in much of the eastern United States, specifically in the Southeast and Ohio River Valley where significant urban expansion is projected by the end of the century. Whereas in Southern California where some highly flammable shrublands will be replaced by urban or crop lands, fire‐prone atmospheric conditions are likely to be less frequent and less extreme in the future. However, much of California moves towards a year‐round fire season under the projected LULCC. The results suggest that by altering atmospheric conditions, LULCC may play an important role in determining fire regime, but the effects are highly heterogeneous and regionalized.
Impacts of land use change on thermodynamic and dynamic changes of precipitation for the Yangtze River Basin, China
Authors: Lin Qian , Chen Jie , Li Wei , Huang Kailin , Tan Xuezhi , Chen Hua 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMany studies found that land use change (LUC) had great impacts on regional precipitation, due to thermodynamic and dynamic responses. However, the relative contributions of these two factors to changes in precipitation due to LUC are rarely investigated. This study quantifies the relative contributions of thermodynamic and dynamic to the changes of mean and extreme precipitation due to LUC based on simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is used as a case study, as it has experienced great LUC during the past decades. Four land use scenarios (two factual cases and two hypothetical reforestation scenarios) were used to test the sensitivity of precipitation changes to LUC. Changes in mean and extreme precipitation over the YRB for all seasons are attributed to thermodynamic and dynamic changes using 500‐hPa geopotential height and precipitation data derived from the simulations of WRF. The results show that the factual process of LUC results in a decrease in summer mean daily precipitation and precipitation extremes in most areas of the YRB (except for the middle reaches of the YRB), while the hypothetical reforestation contributes to an increase in summer mean and extreme precipitation, and the impacts of reforestation on increasing precipitation are limited. The thermodynamic change contributes to an increase in seasonal mean daily precipitation, extreme precipitation totals and occurrence frequency of precipitation extremes with contributions ranging from 94 to 102%, which is the main contributor of changes in precipitation due to LUC. The dynamic change only makes a small contribution to the change of precipitation. Because the contributions of thermodynamic can be offset by dynamic changes to changes in precipitation, it could result in minimal changes in precipitation and occurrences of precipitation extremes.
Visegrád countries' scientific productivity in the European context: A 10‐year perspective using Web of Science and Scopus
Authors: Szuflita‐Żurawska Magdalena , Basińska Beata A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMeasuring the growth of research productivity is a core element of performance in the higher education sector. This paper aims to analyse the scientific productivity of the Visegrád Group countries (2010–2019) based on data from the Web of Scopus and Scopus databases, as well as data from secondary sources (demographic and socio‐economic factors). Quantitatively, although Poland has the highest output, this is due to its comparative size, whereas output per researcher in Poland is lower than in other Visegrád Four (V4) countries. As regards the qualitative approach, Hungary and the Czech Republic are significantly more effective in terms of scientific collaboration and receive a greater number of European Research Council grants. Thus, bibliometric data in relation to cross‐country characteristic indicators (socio‐economic variables including expenditure on science and having prestigious universities) are related to the positions of the V4 countries. Practical implications suggest that university management within the Visegrád Group must develop and continue strategies to strengthen international collaboration between researchers in order to accelerate change in the dissemination of scientific output at the global level. Academic scholarly publishers may benefit from publishing research on specific issues important to different regions of the world in order to expand their audience and gain new potential resources.
Experimental Realization of Optimal Energy Storage in Resonators Embedded in Scattering Media
Authors: del Hougne Philipp , Sobry Rémi , Legrand Olivier , Mortessagne Fabrice , Kuhl Ulrich , Davy Matthieu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe ability to enhance light–matter interactions by increasing the energy stored in optical resonators is inherently dependent on the resonators' coupling to the incident wavefront. In practice, weak coupling may result from resonators' irregular shapes and/or the scrambling of waves in the surrounding scattering environment. Here, a blind and non‐invasive wavefront shaping technique providing optimal coupling to resonators is presented. The coherent control of the incident wavefront relies on the lengthening of delay times of waves efficiently exciting the resonator. Using a modal approach, the optimality of the proposed technique is proven and its limitations are quantified. The proposed concept is demonstrated in microwave experiments by injecting in situ optimal wavefronts that maximize the energy stored in high‐permittivity dielectric scatterers and extended leaky cavities embedded in a complex environment. The introduced framework is expected to find important applications in the enhancement of light–matter interactions in photonic materials as well as to enhance energy harvesting.
Room‐Temperature, High‐SNR Upconversion Spectrometer in the 6–12 µm Region
Authors: Rodrigo Peter John , Høgstedt Lasse , Friis Søren Michael Mørk , Lindvold Lars René , Tidemand‐Lichtenberg Peter , Pedersen Christian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy, which has important applications in medicine, environmental monitoring, materials, and food science, is widely performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers as gold standard. Despite decades of development, FTIR systems are vulnerable to vibration and have limited temporal resolution due to reliance on mechanically scanned mirrors and MIR direct detectors that have a slower response than their near‐infrared counterparts. Using cryogenically cooled detectors, state‐of‐the‐art FTIR systems have reached a signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of ≈6000 at 1 s integration time (at 4 cm−1 spectral resolution). Here, a novel MIR upconversion spectrometer (MIRUS) is presented with a record‐high SNR > 10 000 at 1 s (6 cm−1 resolution), outperforming FTIR systems by circumventing the need for sophisticated cooling and any moving part, thus enabling operation in harsh environments. It has a spectral coverage of 6–12 µm—the broadest for an upconversion spectrometer to date. The MIRUS uses broadband intracavity upconversion to convert the signal spanning the MIR fingerprint region to the near‐infrared where sensitive Si‐detector based spectrometers operate with rates easily reaching kilo spectra per second. Applications of MIRUS for gas sensing, plastic identification, and rapid photopolymerization monitoring are demonstrated.
Multifaceted pH and Temperature Induced Self‐Assembly of P(DMAEMA‐co‐LMA)‐b‐POEGMA Terpolymers and Their Cationic Analogues in Aqueous Media
Authors: Kafetzi Martha , Pispas Stergios 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis work focuses on the synthesis of novel amphiphilic block terpolymers of the type poly[(2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)‐co‐(lauryl methacrylate)]‐b‐poly[(oligo ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (P(DMAEMA‐co‐LMA)‐b‐POEGMA)) by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The cationic amphiphilic polyelectrolyte analogs P(QDMAEMA‐co‐LMA)‐b‐POEGMA are obtained through quantitative quaternization of the DMAEMA segments. Molecular characterization by size exclusion chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopies indicates the successful synthesis of these novel series of block terpolymers. The amine forms of the block copolymers respond to pH and temperature changes in aqueous solutions by forming unimolecular or multichain nanoaggregates of varying size, micropolarity, and internal structure, as indicated by light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. At neutral and basic pH, the existence of micellar like nanoassemblies is observed in the solutions of P(DMAEMA‐co‐LMA)‐b‐POEGMA terpolymers, while aggregation into micellar‐like clusters take place at temperature values above room temperature due to the presence of the hydrophobic LMA segments. Unexpectedly, the cationic polyelectrolytes P(QDMAEMA‐co‐LMA)‐b‐POEGMA counterparts show temperature responsiveness as a consequence of the amphiphilicity of the polymeric system.
Cistanches Herba, from an endangered species to a big brand of Chinese medicine
Authors: Song Yuelin , Zeng Kewu , Jiang Yong , Tu Pengfei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCistanches Herba (CH, Chinese name:Roucongrong), is a very precious, tonic Chinese medicine.Cistanche deserticolaandCistanche tubulosaare the two commonly used species and authenticated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Due to the parasitic nature ofCistancheplants, the wild source was once endangered and listed in the Appendix II of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. However, after continuously struggling in the past decades, CH has grown up to a big brand of Chinese medicine featured with the cultivation area as 1.26 million mu, the annual output as 6000 tons, and the related industrial output value as more than 20 billion China Yuan, attributing to large‐scale cultivation and in‐depth phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. Noteworthily, great achievements have reached concerning the research and development of relevant products, such as modern drugs, traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, and dietary supplements. The current review summarizes the research progresses concerning the distribution and cultivation, phytochemistry, pharmacology, metabolism and product development of CH in the past decades, and the emerging challenges and developing prospects are discussed as well.
Fest und fest macht flüssig
Authors: Fuß Friederike , Thiele Günther 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEutektische Lösungsmittel bestehen aus mehreren Komponenten, deren Schmelzpunkte höher liegen als der Schmelzpunkt der Mischung. Sie gelten als umweltfreundlich und nachhaltig. Das muss nicht unbedingt stimmen, aber: Sie eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten für Extraktionen, Katalyse und mehr.
Mineral für den Zahn
Authors: Enax Joachim 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEin Wirkstoff in Zahnpastenformulierungen kann zahnschmelzverwandter Hydroxylapatit sein. Wie sich die Calciumphosphatverbindung synthetisieren, charakterisieren und in der zahnmedizinischen Prävention einsetzen lässt.
Evaluating Fish Rescue as a Drought Adaptation Strategy Using a Life Cycle Modeling Approach for Imperiled Coho Salmon
Authors: Beebe Brittany A. , Bentley Kale T. , Buehrens Thomas W. , Perry Russell W. , Armstrong Jonathan B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Projected intensification of drought as a result of climate change may reduce the capacity of streams to rear fish, exacerbating the challenge of recovering salmonid populations listed under the Endangered Species Act. Without management intervention, some stocks will likely go extinct as stream drying and fragmentation reduce juvenile survival to unsustainable levels. To offset drought-related mortality, fish rescue programs have proliferated, whereby juvenile salmonids are captured and transferred to off-site rearing facilities. However, the efficacy of this potential conservation tool remains poorly understood. We developed a life cycle model to examine the implications of fish rescue on the abundance of Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch across serial life stages. The simulation model examines scenarios with varying quantities of rescued fish, time in captivity, drought severity, and reduced smolt-to-adult return rates. Our results indicate that fish rescue can increase the abundance of adults and lower extinction risk, particularly for fish held in captivity for a full year. However, fish rescue can also decrease the abundance of adults and increase extinction risk if fish are held only for summer and there is limited winter habitat. We found that when fish rescue did increase returns, it functioned more like a stock enhancement program than a drought mitigation tool and it would likely lead to consecutive generations of captive rearing, which has been shown to have negative effects on fitness. We translated our model into an R Shiny application (https://shiny.wdfw-fish.us/CohoPopulationDynamics/) that allows users to explore how fish rescue affects Coho Salmon population dynamics through customized parameterization of the model to represent different systems or different assumptions about the effects of fish rescue.
A perturbation‐based method for a parameter‐dependent nonlinear eigenvalue problem
Authors: Xie Huiqing 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA new method is proposed to compute the eigenpairs of a parameter‐dependent nonlinear eigenvalue problem. We first analyze the properties on the analytic perturbation of the invariant pair of a nonlinear eigenvalue problem and provide a method to compute the first‐order and high‐order derivatives of the invariant pair. On these grounds, the subspaces independent of the parameter and containing the approximations to the desired eigenvectors of a nonlinear eigenvalue problem are constructed. Then the desired eigenpairs of a nonlinear eigenvalue problem are obtained by projecting the parameter‐dependent nonlinear eigenvalue problem to the generated subspaces. The errors of the computed eigenpairs are estimated. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated with some numerical examples.
Current status and future directions in assessment of paraprofessional practices
Authors: Lekwa Adam J. , Reddy Linda A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractParaprofessionals have become a significant portion of the educational workforce for students with or at risk for needing, or receiving special educational services. Although best practice and federal legislation require supervision of paraprofessionals by certified professional educators, research indicates that supervision rendered to paraprofessionals is often ad hoc, infrequent, and not based on data. We critically examined the availability and validity evidence of existing assessment approaches (published or publically posted) for evaluation and monitoring of paraprofessional practices in schools in the United States. Overall results from a systematic review of research literature and a review of materials made available publically by schools yielded 14 assessment tools with a focus on 18 constructs. Each assessment lacked reliability and validity evidence, and had limited utility for guiding paraprofessional supervision and professional development. Based on the larger paraprofessional literature and availability of assessments, a framework of recommendations for measurement development and validation is proposed. Specifically, we offer suggestions for domains of practice and validation efforts for evaluating forms of reliability, construct validity, and consequential validity for new assessment approaches for these important school personnel.
Picoscale Magnetoelasticity Governs Heterogeneous Magnetic Domains in a Noncentrosymmetric Ferromagnetic Weyl Semimetal
Authors: Xu Bochao , Franklin Jacob , Jayakody Amani , Yang Hung‐Yu , Tafti Fazel , Sochnikov Ilya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMagnetic Weyl semimetals are predicted to host emergent electromagnetic fields at heterogeneous strained phases or at the magnetic domain walls. Tunability and control of the topological and magnetic properties are crucial for revealing these phenomena, which are not well understood or fully realized yet. Here, a scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscope is used to image spontaneous magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of CeAlSi, a noncentrosymmetric ferromagnetic Weyl semimetal candidate. Large metastable domains are observed alongside stable ferromagnetic domains. The metastable domains most likely embody a type of frustrated or glassy magnetic phase, with excitations that may be of an emergent and exotic nature. Evidence is found that the heterogeneity of the two types of domains arises from magnetoelastic or magnetostriction effects. It is shown how these domains form, how they interact, and how they can be manipulated or stabilized with lattice strains estimated to be on picometer levels. This knowledge can be used in designing and fabricating devices made from CeAlSi and related materials for magnetic field sensing and magnetic memory applications.
Optimizing Decoy‐State Protocols for Practical Quantum Key Distribution Systems
Authors: Fan‐Yuan Guan‐Jie , Wang Ze‐Hao , Wang Shuang , Yin Zhen‐Qiang , Chen Wei , He De‐Yong , Guo Guang‐Can , Han Zheng‐Fu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe decoy‐state protocol enables quantum key distribution (QKD) systems to achieve high performance without using the single‐photon source. In the dozen years since the decoy‐state protocol has been proposed, a series of advances in scheme design, finite‐size analysis, system modelling, and parameter estimation has developed. Unfortunately, most advances are based on different starting points and lack a synthesis to figure out the optimal protocol of decoy‐state method. Here, the advances in decoy‐state method are reviewed and they are synthesized to compare the key‐rate performance of 38 decoy‐state protocols using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. To form a guideline for practical QKD systems, the optimal decoy‐state protocols are found with the change of five system parameters (the transmission loss, the block size of postprocessing, the misalignment‐error probability, the dark‐count probability, and the afterpulse rate). It is expected that this work can answer the questions of what the actual performance is for different decoy‐state protocol in various scenarios and which decoy‐state protocol is the optimal choice for various QKD systems.