bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etiology and Incidence of Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in Young Children in Niger
Authors: Platts-Mills James A , Houpt Eric R , Liu Jie , Zhang Jixian , Guindo Ousmane , Sayinzoga-Makombe Nathan , McMurry Timothy L , Elwood Sarah , Langendorf Céline , Grais Rebecca F , Isanaka Sheila 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
High-resolution data on the etiology of childhood diarrhea in countries with the highest burden and mortality remain sparse and are needed to inform burden estimates and prioritize interventions.

Methods
We tested stool specimens collected between October 2014 and December 2017 from children under 2 years of age from the per-protocol population of a placebo-controlled clinical trial of a bovine rotavirus pentavalent vaccine (Rotasiil) in Niger. We tested 1729 episodes of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (Vesikari score ≥ 7) using quantitative PCR and estimated pathogen-specific burdens by age, season, severity, and trial intervention arm.

Results
The 4 pathogens with the highest attributable incidence of diarrhea were Shigella (7.2 attributable episodes per 100 child-years; 95% confidence interval: 5.2, 9.7), Cryptosporidium (6.5; 5.8, 7.2), rotavirus (6.4; 5.9, 6.7), and heat-stabile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ST-ETEC) (6.2; 3.1, 7.7). Cryptosporidium was the leading etiology of severe diarrhea (Vesikari score ≥ 11) and diarrhea requiring hospitalization. Shigella was the leading etiology of diarrhea in children 12-23 months of age but also had a substantial burden in the first year of life, with 60.5% of episodes of severe shigellosis occurring in infants. Shigella, Cryptosporidium, and ST-ETEC incidence peaked during the warmer and wetter period and coincided with peak all-cause diarrhea incidence.

Conclusions
In this high-burden setting, the leading diarrheal pathogens were Shigella, Cryptosporidium, rotavirus, and ST-ETEC, and each was disproportionately seen in infants. Vaccine development should target these pathogens, and the impact of vaccine schedule on diarrhea burden in the youngest children will need to be considered.
Role of heme oxygenase-1 in the antidepressant-like effect of ursolic acid in the tail suspension test
Authors: Ramos-Hryb Ana Belen , Pazini Francis L , Costa Ana Paula , Cunha Mauricio P , Kaster Manuella P , Rodrigues Ana Lúcia S 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This study investigated the involvement of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the antidepressant-like effects of ursolic acid (UA), a plant-derived compound with neuroprotective and antidepressant-like properties.

Methods
Mice received intracerebroventricular injections of zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) or cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP) to inhibit or induce HO-1, respectively, together with effective (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) or sub-effective (0.01 mg/kg, p.o.) doses of UA or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Immobility time was assessed using the tail suspension test (TST) and the ambulatory behaviour with the open field test. HO-1 immunocontent was evaluated in mice hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

Key findings
ZnPP prevented the anti-immobility effects of UA and fluoxetine. Combined treatment with a sub-effective dose of CoPP and UA synergistically exerted antidepressant-like effects in the TST. Acute administration of UA or CoPP, but not fluoxetine, increased the HO-1 immunocontent in the hippocampus. None of the treatments altered the HO-1 immunocontent in the prefrontal cortex.

Conclusions
In conclusion, this work shows that increased hippocampal HO-1 content and activity mediate the antidepressant-like effect of UA in the TST.
Anatomies, vascular architectures, and mechanics underlying the leaf size-stem size spectrum in 42 Neotropical tree species
Authors: Levionnois Sébastien , Salmon Camille , Alméras Tancrède , Clair Bruno , Ziegler Camille , Coste Sabrina , Stahl Clément , González-Melo Andrés , Heinz Christine , Heuret Patrick 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe leaf size-stem size spectrum is one of the main dimensions of plant ecological strategies. Yet the anatomical, mechanical, and hydraulic implications of small versus large shoots are still poorly understood. We investigated 42 tropical rainforest tree species in French Guiana, with a wide range of leaf areas at the shoot level. We quantified the scaling of hydraulic and mechanical constraints with shoot size, estimated as the water potential difference (ΔΨ) and the bending angle (ΔΦ), respectively. We investigated how anatomical tissue area, flexural stiffness and xylem vascular architecture affect such scaling by deviating (or not) from theoretical isometry with shoot size variation. Vessel diameter and conductive path length were found to be allometrically related to shoot size, thereby explaining the independence between ΔΨ and shoot size. Leaf mass per area, stem length, and the modulus of elasticity were allometrically related to shoot size, explaining the independence between ΔΦ and shoot size. Our study also shows that the maintenance of both water supply and mechanical stability across the shoot size range are not in conflict.
On the link between nuclear star cluster and globular cluster system mass, nucleation fraction, and environment
Authors: Leaman Ryan , van de Ven Glenn 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a simple model for the host mass dependence of the galaxy nucleation fraction (fnuc), the galaxy’s nuclear star cluster (NSC) mass, and the mass in its surviving globular clusters (MGC, obs). Considering the mass and orbital evolution of a GC in a galaxy potential, we define a critical mass limit (MGC, lim) above which a GC can simultaneously in-spiral to the galaxy centre due to dynamical friction and survive tidal dissolution, to build-up the NSC. The analytical expression for this threshold mass allows us to model the nucleation fraction for populations of galaxies. We find that the slope and curvature of the initial galaxy size–mass relation is the most important factor (with the shape of the GC mass function a secondary effect) setting the fraction of galaxies that are nucleated at a given mass. The well-defined skew-normal fnuc–Mgal observations in galaxy cluster populations are naturally reproduced in these models, provided there is an inflection in the initial size–mass relation at Mgal ∼ 109.5 M⊙. Our analytical model also predicts limits to the Mgal–MGC, tot and Mgal–MNSC relations which bound the scatter of the observational data. Moreoever, we illustrate how these scaling relations and fnuc vary if the star cluster formation efficiency, GC mass function, galaxy environment, or galaxy size–mass relation are altered. Two key predictions of our model are: (1) galaxies with NSC masses greater than their GC system masses are more compact at fixed stellar mass and (2) the fraction of nucleated galaxies at fixed galaxy mass is higher in denser environments. That a single model framework can reproduce both the NSC and GC scaling relations provides strong evidence that GC in-spiral is an important mechanism for NSC formation.
A dusty filament and turbulent CO spirals in HD 135344B - SAO 206462
Authors: Casassus Simon , Christiaens Valentin , Cárcamo Miguel , Pérez Sebastián , Weber Philipp , Ercolano Barbara , van der Marel Nienke , Pinte Christophe , Dong Ruobing , Baruteau Clément , Cieza Lucas , van Dishoeck Ewine F , Jordan Andrés , Price Daniel J , Absil Olivier , Arce-Tord Carla , Faramaz Virginie , Flores Christian , Reggiani Maddalena 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Planet–disc interactions build up local pressure maxima that may halt the radial drift of protoplanetary dust, and pile it up in rings and crescents. ALMA observations of the HD 135344B disc revealed two rings in the thermal continuum stemming from ∼mm-sized dust. At higher frequencies the inner ring is brighter relative to the outer ring, which is also shaped as a crescent rather than a full ring. In near-IR scattered light images, the disc is modulated by a two-armed grand-design spiral originating inside the ALMA inner ring. Such structures may be induced by a massive companion evacuating the central cavity, and by a giant planet in the gap separating both rings, that channels the accretion of small dust and gas through its filamentary wakes while stopping the larger dust from crossing the gap. Here we present ALMA observations in the J = (2 − 1) CO isotopologue lines and in the adjacent continuum, with up to 12 km baselines. Angular resolutions of ∼0${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$03 reveal the tentative detection of a filament connecting both rings, and which coincides with a local discontinuity in the pitch angle of the IR spiral, proposed previously as the location of the protoplanet driving this spiral. Line diagnostics suggests that turbulence, or superposed velocity components, is particularly strong in the spirals. The 12CO(2-1) 3D rotation curve points at stellocentric accretion at radii within the inner dust ring, with a radial velocity of up to ${\sim}5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}\pm 0.5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ Keplerian, which corresponds to an excessively large accretion rate of ${\sim}2\times 10^{-6}\, M_\odot \,$yr−1 if all of the CO layer follows the 12CO(2-1) kinematics. This suggests that only the surface layers of the disc are undergoing accretion, and that the line broadening is due to superposed laminar flows.
Dark cloud-type chemistry in photodissociation regions with moderate ultraviolet field
Authors: Kirsanova Maria S , Punanova Anna F , Semenov Dmitry A , Vasyunin Anton I 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a study of emission lines of small hydrocarbons C2H and c-C3H2, and COMs precursors H2CO and CH3OH in order to better understand the possible chemical link between the molecular abundances and UV radiation field in photodissociation regions (PDRs). We study two PDRs around extended and compact H ii regions with G ≤ 50 Habings in the S235 star-forming complex. We find the highest abundances of both hydrocarbons on the edges of molecular clumps, while c-C3H2 is also abundant in the low-density expanding PDR around compact H ii region S235 A. We see the highest methanol column density towards the positions with the UV field G ≈ 20−30 Habings and explain them by reactive desorption from the dust grains. The $N_{\rm C_2H}/N_{\rm CH_3OH}$ ratio is lower by a factor of few or the order of magnitude in comparison with the Horsehead and Orion Bar PDRs. The ratio is similar to the value observed in hot corinos in the Perseus cloud. We conclude that ion-molecular and grain surface chemical routes rule the molecular abundances in the PDRs, and the PDRs inherit molecular abundances from the previous dark stage of molecular cloud evolution in spite of massive stars already emitting in optics.
Modified granular impact force laws for the OSIRIS-REx touchdown on the surface of asteroid (101955) Bennu
Authors: Ballouz R-L , Walsh K J , Sánchez P , Holsapple K A , Michel P , Scheeres D J , Zhang Y , Richardson D C , Barnouin O S , Nolan M C , Bierhaus E B , Connolly H C , Schwartz S R , Çelik O , Baba M , Lauretta D S 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The OSIRIS-REx mission collected a sample from the surface of the asteroid (101955) Bennu in 2020 October. Here, we study the impact of the OSIRIS-REx Touch-and-Go Sampling Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM) interacting with the surface of an asteroid in the framework of granular physics. Traditional approaches to estimating the penetration depth of a projectile into a granular medium include force laws and scaling relationships formulated from laboratory experiments in terrestrial-gravity conditions. However, it is unclear that these formulations extend to the OSIRIS-REx scenario of a 1300-kg spacecraft interacting with regolith in a microgravity environment. We studied the TAGSAM interaction with Bennu through numerical simulations using two collisional codes, pkdgrav and gdc-i. We validated their accuracy by reproducing the results of laboratory impact experiments in terrestrial gravity. We then performed TAGSAM penetration simulations varying the following geotechnical properties of the regolith: packing fraction (P), bulk density, inter-particle cohesion (σc), and angle of friction (ϕ). We find that the outcome of a spacecraft-regolith impact has a non-linear dependence on packing fraction. Closely packed regolith (P ≳ 0.6) can effectively resist the penetration of TAGSAM if ϕ ≳ 28° and/or σc ≳ 50 Pa. For loosely packed regolith (P ≲ 0.5), the penetration depth is governed by a drag force that scales with impact velocity to the 4/3 power, consistent with energy conservation. We discuss the importance of low-speed impact studies for predicting and interpreting spacecraft–surface interactions. We show that these low-energy events also provide a framework for interpreting the burial depths of large boulders in asteroidal regolith.
Ancient Gene Duplications, Rather Than Polyploidization, Facilitate Diversification of Petal Pigmentation Patterns in Clarkia gracilis (Onagraceae)
Authors: Lin Rong-Chien , Rausher Mark D 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
It has been suggested that gene duplication and polyploidization create opportunities for the evolution of novel characters. However, the connections between the effects of polyploidization and morphological novelties have rarely been examined. In this study, we investigated whether petal pigmentation patterning in an allotetraploid Clarkia gracilis has evolved as a result of polyploidization. Clarkia gracilis is thought to be derived through a recent polyploidization event with two diploid species, C. amoena huntiana and an extinct species that is closely related to C. lassenensis. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships of the R2R3-MYBs (the regulators of petal pigmentation) from two subspecies of C. gracilis and the two purported progenitors, C. a. huntiana and C. lassenensis. The gene tree reveals that these R2R3-MYB genes have arisen through duplications that occurred before the divergence of the two progenitor species, that is, before polyploidization. After polyploidization and subsequent gene loss, only one of the two orthologous copies inherited from the progenitors was retained in the polyploid, turning it to diploid inheritance. We examined evolutionary changes in these R2R3-MYBs and in their expression, which reveals that the changes affecting patterning (including expression domain contraction, loss-of-function mutation, cis-regulatory mutation) occurred after polyploidization within the C. gracilis lineages. Our results thus suggest that polyploidization itself is not necessary in producing novel petal color patterns. By contrast, duplications of R2R3-MYB genes in the common ancestor of the two progenitors have apparently facilitated diversification of petal pigmentation patterns.
Alpha Satellite Insertion Close to an Ancestral Centromeric Region
Authors: Giannuzzi Giuliana , Logsdon Glennis A , Chatron Nicolas , Miller Danny E , Reversat Julie , Munson Katherine M , Hoekzema Kendra , Bonnet-Dupeyron Marie-Noëlle , Rollat-Farnier Pierre-Antoine , Baker Carl A , Sanlaville Damien , Eichler Evan E , Schluth-Bolard Caroline , Reymond Alexandre 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHuman centromeres are mainly composed of alpha satellite DNA hierarchically organized as higher-order repeats (HORs). Alpha satellite dynamics is shown by sequence homogenization in centromeric arrays and by its transfer to other centromeric locations, for example, during the maturation of new centromeres. We identified during prenatal aneuploidy diagnosis by fluorescent in situ hybridization a de novo insertion of alpha satellite DNA from the centromere of chromosome 18 (D18Z1) into cytoband 15q26. Although bound by CENP-B, this locus did not acquire centromeric functionality as demonstrated by the lack of constriction and the absence of CENP-A binding. The insertion was associated with a 2.8-kbp deletion and likely occurred in the paternal germline. The site was enriched in long terminal repeats and located ∼10 Mbp from the location where a centromere was ancestrally seeded and became inactive in the common ancestor of humans and apes 20–25 million years ago. Long-read mapping to the T2T-CHM13 human genome assembly revealed that the insertion derives from a specific region of chromosome 18 centromeric 12-mer HOR array in which the monomer size follows a regular pattern. The rearrangement did not directly disrupt any gene or predicted regulatory element and did not alter the methylation status of the surrounding region, consistent with the absence of phenotypic consequences in the carrier. This case demonstrates a likely rare but new class of structural variation that we name “alpha satellite insertion.” It also expands our knowledge on alphoid DNA dynamics and conveys the possibility that alphoid arrays can relocate near vestigial centromeric sites.
Synchrotron fluorescence imaging of individual mouse beta-cells reveals changes in zinc, calcium, and iron in a model of low-grade inflammation
Authors: Slepchenko Kira G , Chen Si , Counts Grace P , Corbin Kathryn L , Colvin Robert A , Nunemaker Craig S 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells synthesize and secrete insulin maintaining an organism's energy homeostasis. In humans, beta-cell dysfunction and death contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although the causes of beta-cell dysfunction are complex, obesity-induced low-grade systemic inflammation plays a role. For example, obese individuals exhibiting increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1beta have a higher risk of beta-cell dysfunction and T2D. Interestingly, obesity-induced inflammation changes the expression of several cellular metal regulating genes, prompting this study to examine changes in the beta-cell metallome after exposure to proinflammatory-cytokines. Primary mouse beta-cells were exposed to a combination of IL-6 and IL-1beta for 48 hours, were chemically fixed and imaged by synchrotron X-ray fluorescent microscopy. Quantitative analysis showed a surprising 2.4-fold decrease in the mean total cellular content of zinc from 158 ± 57.7 femtograms (fg) to 65.7 ± 29.7 fg; calcium decreased from 216 ± 67.4 to 154.3 ± 68.7 fg (control vs. cytokines, respectively). The mean total cellular iron content slightly increased from 30.4 ± 12.2 to 47.2 ± 36.4 fg after cytokine treatment; a sub-population of cells (38%) exhibited larger increases of iron density. Changes in the subcellular distributions of zinc and calcium were observed after cytokine exposure. Beta-cells contained numerous iron puncta that accumulated still more iron after exposure to cytokines. These findings provide evidence that exposure to low levels of cytokines is sufficient to cause changes in the total cellular content and/or subcellular distribution of several metals known to be critical for normal beta-cell function.
Photo-activatable Ub-PCNA probes reveal new structural features of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Polη/PCNA complex
Authors: Shen Siqi , Davidson Gregory A , Yang Kun , Zhuang Zhihao 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Y-family DNA polymerase η (Polη) is critical for the synthesis past damaged DNA nucleotides in yeast through translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). TLS is initiated by monoubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the subsequent recruitment of TLS polymerases. Although individual structures of the Polη catalytic core and PCNA have been solved, a high-resolution structure of the complex of Polη/PCNA or Polη/monoubiquitinated PCNA (Ub-PCNA) still remains elusive, partly due to the disordered Polη C-terminal region and the flexibility of ubiquitin on PCNA. To circumvent these obstacles and obtain structural insights into this important TLS polymerase complex, we developed photo-activatable PCNA and Ub-PCNA probes containing a p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine (pBpa) crosslinker at selected positions on PCNA. By photo-crosslinking the probes with full-length Polη, specific crosslinking sites were identified following tryptic digestion and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. We discovered direct interactions of the Polη catalytic core and its C-terminal region with both sides of the PCNA ring. Model building using the crosslinking site information as a restraint revealed multiple conformations of Polη in the polymerase complex. Availability of the photo-activatable PCNA and Ub-PCNA probes will also facilitate investigations into other PCNA-containing complexes important for DNA replication, repair and damage tolerance.
A Baker’s Dozen of Top Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention Publications in 2020
Authors: Green Sarah B , Stover Kayla R , Barber Katie , Bouchard Jeannette L , Brown Matthew L , Deri Connor R , Francis Bailey J , Gauthier Timothy P , Hayes Jillian E , Marx Ashley H , McGee Edoabasi U , Mediwala Krutika , Musgrove Rachel J , Slain Douglas , Stramel Stefanie A , Bland Christopher M , Bookstaver P Brandon 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The number of articles related to antimicrobial stewardship published each year has increased significantly over the last decade. Keeping up with the literature, particularly the most innovative, well-designed, or applicable to one’s own practice area, can be challenging. The Southeastern Research Group Endeavor (SERGE-45) network reviewed antimicrobial stewardship–related, peer-reviewed literature from 2020 that detailed actionable interventions. The top 13 publications were summarized following identification using a modified Delphi technique. This article highlights the selected interventions and may serve as a key resource for teaching and training, and to identify novel or optimized stewardship opportunities within one’s institution.
Demographic Disparities in Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19: Data From a Statewide Cohort in South Carolina
Authors: Yang Xueying , Zhang Jiajia , Chen Shujie , Olatosi Bankole , Bruner Larisa , Diedhiou Abdoulaye , Scott Cheryl , Mansaray Ali , Weissman Sharon , Li Xiaoming 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Current literature examining the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients under-represent COVID-19 cases who were either asymptomatic or had mild symptoms.

Methods
We analyzed statewide data from 280 177 COVID-19 cases from various health care facilities during March 4–December 31, 2020. Each COVID-19 case was reported using the standardized Case Report Form (CRF), which collected information on demographic characteristics, symptoms, hospitalization, and death. We used multivariable logistic regression to analyze the associations between sociodemographics and disease severity, hospitalization, and mortality.

Results
Among a total of 280 177 COVID-19 cases, 5.2% (14 451) were hospitalized and 1.9% (5308) died. Older adults, males, and Black individuals had higher odds of hospitalization and death from COVID-19 (all P &lt; 0.0001). In particular, individuals residing in rural areas experienced a high risk of death (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08–1.25). Regarding disease severity, older adults (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03–1.10) and Hispanic or Latino patients (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.95–2.18) had higher odds of experiencing moderate/severe symptoms, while male and Asian patients, compared with White patients, had lower odds of experiencing moderate/severe symptoms.

Conclusions
As the first statewide population-based study using data from multiple health care systems with a long follow-up period in the United States, we provide a more generalizable picture of COVID-19 symptoms and clinical outcomes. The findings from this study reinforce the fact that rural residence and racial/ethnic social determinants of health, unfortunately, remain predictors of adverse health outcomes for COVID-19 patients.