bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum Electromagnetics
Authors: Steel Duncan G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 15 derived the fundamental theory and eigenstates for the quantized radiation field and then showed how the quantum vacuum gives rise to spontaneous emission. This chapter now goes more deeply into the meaning and implications of the quantized field. The polarization of a photon can be used as a qubit and the photonic qubit is called a flying qubit. It enables transmission of information from one node to another. Spontaneous emission is shown to enable creation of an entangled state between a photonic qubit and the spin of an electron. Spontaneous emission can also degrade the performance of some device designs and in other devices it can enhance performance such as for a single photon emitter. In this we show how to engineer the vacuum to control spontaneous emission.
Processing Views of Remembering
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter describes and discusses previous accounts that viewed human memory as an activity of mind. These include members of the “Act Psychology School” and other early psychologists described by Boring (1950). The theoretical ideas of James (1890) and Bartlett (1932) are described and discussed, especially as emphasized in Bartlett’s 1932 classic book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. The notions associated with “activity theory” in Soviet psychology are outlined, and the studies in educational psychology deriving from these theories are described. The relevance of Hebb’s theory of cell assemblies is pointed out, as is the congenial work of James Jenkins and his students in the 1960s and 1970s. These latter studies are a clear forerunner of later experiments in the levels of processing tradition. Finally, Robert Crowder’s views on proceduralism are summarized and discussed.
Neuroimaging Studies
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This short chapter first describes studies using PET scanning and fMRI imaging carried out by the author in collaboration with colleagues over the past 25 years. The main purpose of the chapter is to assess the extent to which current work on neuroimaging is compatible with the findings and ideas derived from the cognitive experiments described in previous chapters. The questions asked include: What are the neural correlates of deeper processing, and does the neuroimaging evidence illuminate the reasons for the strong relation between semantic processing and good memory? Is there evidence to support the proposal that retrieval processes recapitulate encoding processes? Is the similarity between perception and memory borne out at the neural level? How does novelty affect memory, and is there a conflict between the claims that both novel and familiar experiences are associated with good levels of recollection? What exactly are processing resources at the neural level? And, finally, how does the author’s emphasis on remembering as an activity square with the evidence from neuroimaging studies?
Final Reflections and Future Trends
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this final chapter some big-picture topics are described and discussed. These include the concept of hierarchies in memory theory and an assessment of their validity in the levels-of-processing (LOP) framework (e.g., does the construct of “LOP” connote a continuum of depth or a series of qualitative stages?). A further topic is the hypothesized organization of representations from episodic-specific to abstract-general. Other issues in encoding, retrieval, and their interactions are considered, including some recent findings on the effects of divided attention (DA) at the time of retrieval. Hintzman’s ideas on reminding and recurrence, and also Jacoby’s concept of source-constrained retrieval, are discussed and evaluated. The author’s perspective on working memory is described, including the view that there is no need to invoke discrete stores or memory buffers. Some further issues in cognitive aging are discussed, including a proximal-distal hypothesis of when deficits are found. The similarities and differences between perception and memory are assessed, and the author’s perspective on the concept of memory systems is described and discussed. The final conclusion is that remembering should be viewed as an activity of mind and brain.
Dead Men Telling Tales
Authors: Greig Matilda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Dead Men Telling Tales is an account of the lasting cultural impact made by the autobiographies of Napoleonic soldiers over the course of the nineteenth century. Focussing on the nearly three hundred military memoirs published by British, French, Spanish, and Portuguese veterans of the Peninsular War (1808–1814), it charts the histories of these books over the course of a hundred years, around Europe and the Atlantic, and from writing to publication to afterlife. Drawing on extensive archival research in multiple languages, the book challenges assumptions made by historians about the reliability of these soldiers’ direct eyewitness accounts, revealing the personal and political motives of the authors and uncovering the large cast of characters, from family members to publishers, editors, and translators, involved in production behind the scenes. By including literature from Spain and Portugal, it also provides a missing link in current studies of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, showing how the genre of military memoirs developed differently in south-western Europe and led to starkly opposing national narratives of the same war. The book’s findings tell the history of a publishing phenomenon which gripped readers of all ages across the world in the nineteenth century, made significant profits for those involved, and was fundamental in defining the modern ‘soldier’s tale’.
Macro and Micro Foundations for Technology Upgrading and Innovation
Authors: Cherubini Alves André , Vonortas Nicholas S. , Antônio Zawislak Paulo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Technological upgrading and innovation is necessary for long-term economic development. Nonetheless, creating the conditions that allow technological upgrading and innovation to occur is far from simple, especially for developing economies. While policymaking may create important macro- and meso-incentives for economic agents, it is at the micro-level that policy effectiveness can truly be verified. In this chapter we analyze the recent development of the Brazilian shipbuilding sector where an entire institutional setting was put in place to boost technological and industrial development. We investigate the policies and results by contrasting the macro-, the meso- and the micro-perspectives. Though policies put in place gave an initial boost to the sector, coordination uncertainties and critical bottlenecks at the micro-level generated high capability building costs that precipitated the subsequent failure of the shipbuilding industry to catch up and to upgrade sufficiently in order to really become internationally competitive.
Innovation for Inclusive Structural Change
Authors: Ciarli Tommaso , Savona Maria , Thorpe Jodie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter proposes the foundations of an analytical framework to identify innovation pathways that lead to inclusive structural change in low- and medium-income countries (LMICs). Innovation pathways depend on how actors, interactions, and conditions affect the origin of innovation; the uptake of the innovations (adoption and diffusion); the impact of this diffusion on upgrading; the extent to which technological upgrading scales up to drive structural change and inclusion; the complementarity among these processes; and the potential trade-offs between structural change and inclusion. After delineating the analytical framework, the chapter focuses on applications of the framework to identify typical trade-offs between inclusion and structural change, and policy options to tackle these trade-offs and achieve outcomes of inclusive structural change. We finally propose a research agenda to build upon the framework and directly inform policies for inclusive structural change. The contribution of this work aims to respond to the recently increasing demand coming from international institutions, inter-departmental research funds, NGOs and national ministries, for improved knowledge to shape a more effective innovation policy for inclusive development in LMICs.
Learning from Models
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChapter 5 examines Plato’s account of the method of learning by paradeigma (‘model’) in the Statesman (277c7-283a9). It first explains what the method is and then considers the two parties who are described as using it: children who are learning to read and write and the dialogue’s two interlocutors. It highlights some parallels between each party’s use of the method. These parallels illuminate important features of dialectical inquiry in general and the Visitor and Young Socrates’ inquiry in particular, including the nature of the knowledge they ultimately hope to achieve, and one stage in the complex process by which they aim to achieve it.
Above the Law and Out for Justice
Authors: Trivigno Franco V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChapter 8 focusses on Statesman 291a1-297b4 and argues that, according to the Eleatic Visitor, the single criterion for right rule (orthē archē) is the wisdom or expertise of the statesman; thus it is entirely irrelevant to right rule whether the statesman rules without laws and by force. But he also says that judges and orators possess arts that are ‘precious and related to statecraft’ (303e9-10), suggesting that law and consent will be essential to the statesman’s governance. The solution to this puzzle hangs on an elaboration of the content and teleological structure of statecraft. This expertise aims at and achieves what is beneficial (most just) to the city, and it is for the statesman to decide when laws and consent are actually beneficial. Since laws and consent are tools that typically facilitate the goals of statecraft, they are ‘marks’ of right rule, even though neither is a criterion of right rule.
Rousseau’s People Trap
Authors: Näsström Sofia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe chapter critically examines the sovereign people as the foundation of modern democracy. More specifically, it asks what allegiance to the sovereign people entails for how one addresses conflicts on the nature of modern democracy: who should govern. The central argument made in the chapter is that commitment to the sovereign people leads to a trap. It spurs disillusionment with democracy’s capacity to adjudicate conflicting claims on who “we, the people” are under conditions of globalization, migration, and secession. By letting go of Rousseau’s legacy and introducing the work of Montesquieu, this chapter initiates the reorientation of democratic theory from sovereignty to spirit.
Recommendations for Education, Research, and Community Practice
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This recommendation chapter is a perfect time to transition from the themes raised in the previous chapter. A detailed map is in order to help navigate the field of urban gun violence because it is so easy to get lost in the murky sea and dark skies, as represented by contradictory data, competing theories, and local political considerations; there is desperate need of a North Star to help gain our bearings and successfully navigate finding solutions. The values outlined previously in this book help shape this North Star. Readers will develop a better understanding of how they can help shape this field’s evolution when collaborating with self-help organizations.
How the Internet Developed
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the history of the Internet and associated applications. The Internet grew out of the ARPANET, founded on network engineering ideas such as packet switching and the end-to-end principle. The chapter describes the development of TCP/IP to connect networks by Cerf and Kahn, creating the modern Internet as a permissionless open system which anyone can join without a gatekeeper, allowing it to scale up. The evolution of the governance system of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) is presented. The chapter also describes the development of applications that sit on the Internet platform, including the World Wide Web, linked data, cloud computing, and social media.
Policy Question: How Can Quality Be Ensured in an Open System Like Wikipedia?
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the policy question of how to assure quality in an open system, using the crowdsourced online encyclopaedia Wikipedia as a case study. The history of Wikipedia’s development out of another online encyclopaedia, Nupedia, is sketched, with a description of how wiki technology allowed collaborative authoring. Wikipedia compares favourably with expert-written reference books, and has helped populate the Linked Data Web via DBpedia. However, to produce good content, and minimize hoaxes and trolling controversies such as the GamerGate affair, it needs a hierarchical meritocratic management system. This has resulting in tensions, particularly along gender lines, and relatively small numbers of women participate. However, the system has if anything become more hierarchical during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it has worked hard to eliminate misinformation.
Openness and Its Discontents
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Although openness has many good arguments for it, it has led to a string of hard cases, including data protection and privacy, copyright, censorship, the externalities of social networks, and net neutrality. Openness brings three problematic effects: it is hard to keep out bad actors without centralized gatekeeping; openness does not ensure representativeness or diversity; collective action problems, such as free-riding, can occur. Some technologies enable the efficiencies of openness to be reproduced in systems that are not open, and governments have a number of levers they can pull to restrict Internet freedoms. Some governments even dream of total sovereignty over the Internet. There are various specific complaints about openness, including the need to treat different media differently, the problems of bad faith at scale, a large threat surface, and bias.
Policy Question: When Is Surveillance Justified?
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Surveillance is regarded negatively in the European Union. It is, of course, highly enabled by the Internet, especially by smartphones. Under modernity, and digital modernity in particular, however, surveillance does have its uses: it can facilitate coordination of complex social functions; it is a means to the personalization, recommendation, and negotiation of choice; it can also be used for care and welfare systems, or control of desirable outcomes, such as the reduction of carbon emissions. The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic is an area where surveillance has played a role, by gathering data, enforcing lockdowns, and particularly enabling the tracking and tracing of contacts by smartphone apps, to suppress the spread of the virus by asymptomatic carriers. The patchy implementation of this function is reviewed, together with some of the technical issues that made it harder than anticipated.
Policy Question: How Can Competition against the Tech Giants Be Fostered?
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the United States, monopoly is often tolerated if the profits are used to create or reward innovation and enhanced customer service. However, where a lack of competition harms the consumer, the government is empowered to step in, and even break companies up, using antitrust law. The tech giants have pushed against these limits, being immensely innovative, but at the cost of creating giant, powerful, and (often) highly profitable closed networks. The chapter considers the difficulties in remedying these problems, as breaking up a large network will lose its network effects and positive externalities. Other possibilities include preventing acquisitions, and forcing divestment of some units. However, if the conditions allowing the network effects to build up are not addressed, new firms may become just as large. The European Union is actively looking at competition law in the tech industry, and by late 2020, so was the Trump administration.
The Fourth Internet: The Beijing Paternal Internet
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the Beijing Paternal Internet. The ideal consists of respect for public values. The exemplar is China, whose Confucian heritage values hierarchy and social stability. China’s Communist Party asserts legitimacy via its claimed technocratic efficiency, and aims to restore China’s position as a regional and global superpower; it is playing more of a role in global Internet governance. Much of the Chinese Internet is run by private-sector giants like Alibaba, Tencent, and Baidu, but their activities have to align with government policy. The rule of law is weak, surveillance and censorship ubiquitous, and data-protection laws keep data about Chinese citizens available for government use. Citizens cooperate in monitoring, for example with the social credit system. The Belt and Road Initiative, a global technology infrastructure strategy, helps export Chinese ideas, including surveillance and security technology. Many governments other than China’s have paternal intentions for the Internet.
The Moscow Spoiler Model
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The hacking ethic and organizations such as Pirate Parties and Anonymous support the use of technical skill to bypass security and censorship. The Russian government has weaponized this ethic to use the Internet to spread disinformation and conspiracy theories, and to undermine trust in epistemological authority globally. This leads us to call this the Moscow Spoiler model, although many other countries, political actors, and non-state actors also use the tactic. Quasi-state agencies in Russia such as the Internet Research Agency and gangs such as the Night Wolves automate misinformation, while activists like WikiLeaks have been used in kompromat operations to reveal true but confidential information alongside misinformation. The Moscow Spoiler is not a vision for the Internet, but parasitical on a functioning Internet. The chapter also reviews progress and problems in the development and application of fact checkers.
New Faces of God in Latin America
Authors: Garrard Virginia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This is a historically infused study of the intersection of local encounters with global religion (Christianity) in Latin America. Using a mixture of deep archival research and ethnographic methods, this book discusses how everyday people inscribe supernormal spirit power (in a variety of guises) with the ability to provide alternative sources of authority and validate “otros saberes” (other knowledges or epistemologies) in the context of specific cultures to create order and meaning in a chaotic late-capitalist universe. This work is about emerging forms of “new” Christianity in Latin America—a Christianity that is as utilitarian as it is miraculous and as quotidian as it is supernatural. It is “new” in that it is innately modern in a very specific sense, directly empowering believers with a repertoire of strategies to survive, even thrive, in a challenging and often hostile modern world.
The Business of Journalism and Studying the Journalism Business
Authors: Usher Nikki , Poepsel Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter challenges the conventional assumption that journalism can be saved through a singular business model. We argue, using examples from the United States, that scholars and journalists need to be more holistically engaged with the economics of media more generally, and different types of journalism beyond newspaper and digital-first outlets. Second, scholars and journalists need to be more intellectually honest about their aims in conducting this research: Is research on news business models aimed at propping up corporate-funded journalism? What is the purpose of critiquing current business models, and are the solutions proposed really tenable or equitable within current political and social landscapes? Third, universities should consider their strengths and limitations in serving as potential “bubbles” for innovation, experimentation, and insulation from commercial pressures.
Introduction
Authors: Wood Gordon S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This introduction sets the stage for the most creative period of constitutionalism in American history. During the five or six decades between the early 1760s and the early nineteenth century, Americans debated and explored all aspects of politics and constitution-making—the nature of power and liberty, the differing ideas of representation, the importance of rights, the division of authority between different spheres of government or federalism, the doctrine of sovereignty, the limits of judicial authority, and the significance of written constitutions. Rarely has any nation in such a short period of time discussed and debated so many issues of constitutionalism and created so many institutions of government, institutions that have lasted for over two hundred years.
Hope and Anger
Authors: Stockdale Katie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that hope under conditions of oppression cannot be adequately understood without considering how hope is cultivated, sustained, and lost alongside the emotion of anger. Anger, like hope, can be evaluated as a prudentially rational, fitting, and morally appropriate response to injustice. And there is an important relationship between hope and anger. Anger often responds to disappointed hopes. We invest hope in other people to live up to the demands of morality and justice, and when they fail to do so, anger tends to ensue. But anger about injustice is also often accompanied by the formation of hopes for repair.
Conclusion
Authors: Stockdale Katie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The concluding chapter offers a summary of the key arguments in the book, situating them within the context of ongoing injustice and suggesting new questions that emerge for scholars working on hope and related topics. Drawing upon the emotional economy of hope, anger, bitterness, and faith under oppression defended in the book, it suggests the need for an ethics and politics of hope more generally, attention to human difference in theorizing the virtue of hope, further inquiry into the nature of despair, and further discussion of collective hope and other emotions in the pursuit of a more just world.
Digital Realism
Authors: Thomson-Jones Katherine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I acknowledge that a study of the digital image would not be complete without a discussion of realism. The widespread concern about whether to trust digital images is tied up, for many art and media theorists, with particular accounts of realism (e.g., Rodowick 2007). The notion of realism is a complex one, and this chapter provides some important theoretical background on one central kind; namely, the kind had by traditional photographs. This prepares the way for a discussion of digital “photorealism” as it is derived from traditional “photographic realism.” Through an analysis of “live-action animated” films, I develop an account of photorealism and its effect on the viewer’s experience of the composite—i.e., part recorded, part computer-generated—shot.