bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into smallholder capacity for agricultural commercialisation: Evidence from four African contexts
Authors: Saha Amrita , Sabates-Wheeler Rachel , Thompson John 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOver the last 15 years, the agricultural economics and development literature has amply highlighted success stories of smallholder farmers in developing countries, illustrating their increased engagement and integration with markets, in other words, higher rates of commercialisation. Yet, this seeming ‘success’ should not detract from the large proportion of farmers who, through engaging in high-value market chains, face high risks that often limit the extent of their engagement. This study, across four African contexts inGhana, Tanzania, NigeriaandZimbabwe, strives to better understand smallholder participation in agricultural commercialisation. Using new detailed cross-sectional household-level data, from theAgricultural Policy Research in Africa(APRA) consortium, collected over 2017–2018, we analyse assets as a determining factor for localised patterns smallholder commercialisation. Applying asset-based thresholds, we capture commercialisation ‘capacity’—an indicator of the household’s commercialisation potential and ability to respond to risks. Despite the possibility to increase commercialisation as well as institutional arrangements that may reduce risk, such as contract farming, benefits from linkages with medium-scale farmers or returns from specific crop types, we find that households may yet be constrained by lower capacity. Hence, the need for targeted support for those at the margins and with limited assets; with the most pronounced and significant constraints for lower capacity households in study areas in Tanzania. These results can better inform development policies for agriculture where it is important to be able to specifically target households rather than a one size fits all approach.
“It’s harder for the likes of us”: racially minoritised stem cell donation as ethico-racial imperative
Authors: Williams Ros 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHow best are we to understand appeals to participate in a biomedical project that are based both on invoking shared racial identity, and on framing engagement as the clear moral course of action? Stem cell donor recruitment, which often focuses on engaging racially minoritised communities, provides useful insight into this question. This article proposes that it is not an essential mutual racial identity between the person asking and the person asked at play. Rather, it is the creative ‘doing’ of relatedness between people at the scale of race as well as family that coalesces into powerful appeals to participate. Through analysis of ethnographic, documentary and social media data, the paper argues that this work relies at least partly on framing donation as a duty of being part of a racialised community, which I describe here as anethico-racial imperative, in which both race and responsibility become intertwined to compel participation in the biomedical project of donor registration.
Research on spatial distribution principle of underwater Čerenkov light field outside the floating power plant’s reactor compartment shell in two types of marine condition based on Geant4 modeling
Authors: Huang Cheng , Zhang Tao , Han Zhihan , Lao Wanji , Shi Guang , Bai Xuejie , Yan Yihong , Hu Guang , Li Yanfei , Hu Huasi 
Published: July 2021

Based on Geant4 modeling, we simulated the underwater Čerenkov light field in open seawater and coastal seawater, which was excited by different kinds of γ-rays. The γ-rays were originally released by fission products and activation products in the reactor coolant. The physical characteristics of the underwater Čerenkov light field were mathematically analyzed, including the spatial distribution principle, the correlation between the energy density and elevation angle, the energy density functions of Čerenkov photons, and the Čerenkov photon spectrum. Compared with other published research results, it was proved that the Čerenkov photons are in the range of 200–810 nm in both seawater types, but the peak wavelength in these seawater types is 420 nm (open seawater) and 570 nm (coastal seawater), and the strong absorption and scattering of suspended particles caused large attenuation in the ultraviolet range and infrared range. Čerenkov photons were symmetrically distributed along the emitting direction of γ-rays, and the maximum energy density of Čerenkov photons appeared at the center of the emission direction of γ-rays. The Čerenkov halo might only be observed in clear open seawater. The research results also show us that in the following field experiment, to collect the Čerenkov photons in water, deploying underwater photo-electric detection devices outside the reactor compartment of the floating nuclear power plants would be an effective way to locate the suspected coolant leakage position and leakage rate.
Predicting topological materials: symmetry-based indicator theories and beyond
Authors: Zhang Tiantian , Murakami Shuichi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Though symmetry-based indicators formulae are powerful in diagnosing topological states with a gapped band structure at/between any high-symmetry points, it fails in diagnosing topological degeneracies when the compatibility condition is violated. In such cases, we can only obtain information of whether there is a band degeneracy at some high-symmetry points or along some high-symmetry lines by the compatibility condition. Under the framework of symmetry-based indicator theories, we proposed an algorithm to diagnose the topological band crossings in the compatibility condition-violating systems to obtain the whole topological information, by using the symmetry-based indicator formulae of their subgroups. In this paper, we reinterpret the algorithm in a simpler way with two material examples preserving different topological states in spinless systems with time-reversal symmetry, discuss the limitation of the symmetry-based indicator theories, and make further discussions on the algorithm applying in spinful systems with time-reversal symmetry.
Verification of an in situ calibrated optomechanical accelerometer for use as a strong ground motion seismic reference
Authors: Pratt Jon R , Schlamminger Stephan , Seifert Frank , Newell David B 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Optomechanical accelerometers offer in situ traceability to the international system of units through laser interferometry, providing an alternative to a calibration chain using instrumented shakers. Here, we examine the ‘self-calibrating’ property of a prototype optomechanical accelerometer for use as a seismic reference. We report the optomechanically derived sensitivity of the accelerometer and compare this in situ calibrated output to input accelerations from an instrumented shaker, finding agreement to be within ±1%. The comparison spanned frequencies between 3 Hz and 30 Hz, and for sinusoidal accelerations with amplitudes ranging from 0.01 m s−2 to 0.6 m s−2. These results are evidence that optomechanically derived sensitivity calibration can be equivalent to established international methods for primary calibration.
Application of the modified self-organizing migration algorithm MSOMA in optimal open-loop control problems
Authors: Panteleev A V , Rakitianskii V M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The article discusses the application of the metaheuristic algorithm of global constrained optimization for solving the problem of finding the optimal open-loop control for nonlinear continuous deterministic dynamical systems. The quality of control is assessed by the value of the functional defined on individual trajectories. The optimal control problem is reduced to a parametric optimization problem, which is solved using the MSOMA algorithm, which belongs to the evolutionary group. The MSOMA algorithm is a new algorithm based on the SOMA self-organizing migration algorithm. A step-by-step algorithm for piecewise-constant, piecewise-linear, quadratic spline and cubic spline methods of control laws approximation is proposed. The effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated by the example of solving the problem of optimal control of a chemical process in a mixing reactor and a singular problem of optimal control. The influence of the parameters of the MSOMA algorithm on the quality of the obtained result is investigated. Comparison of the operation of the algorithm with a known solution, as well as with a solution using the original SOMA method is carried out.
Evaluating key ideas for teaching electromagnetic radiation
Authors: Zloklikovits Sarah , Hopf Martin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Although electromagnetic radiation is an omnipresent phenomenon in our everyday life, in Austria it is only taught in high schools. Our aim is to develop a research-based teaching and learning sequence on electromagnetic radiation for the middle school level. As a first design step, we developed central explanations, so called key ideas, to introduce the term of electromagnetic radiation and the interaction with matter. Those key ideas were evaluated with teaching experiments, using the method of probing acceptance. The outcomes are encouraging and help us to get a better understanding of students’ problems and their perspectives while learning about radiation. The key ideas were adapted accordingly.
The interplay between mathematics and physics in prospective primary teacher education
Authors: Lavagnini M , Michelini M , Pospiech G 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Mathematics and sciences, in particular physics, are structurally related to each other. Understanding the specific nature of these subjects and their reciprocal interplay is important particularly for future teachers in primary school, where they have to be competent in building the literacy starting from a multidisciplinary perspective. One basic aspect of the educational process in primary school is the gradual building of scientific thought. The primary teachers’ competence is based on different disciplinary areas and cultural spheres related to each other. The weak competence in the mathematical and scientific scope has to be transformed into the capacity to offer a grounded scientific education and mathematical instruction, accompanying the identification of the disciplines with concrete examples from everyday life. Therefore primary teachers need insight into the basics of the subjects. This research analyses the spontaneous ideas about the relationship between math and physics of prospective primary teachers attending the course of primary education at the University of Udine. Results of a teaching intervention module focused on the reflection on this aspect are analyzed in the framework of corresponding models in literature in order to study the problem of how to improve teachers’ awareness about the Interplay between Mathematics and Physics (IMP).
The argumentative design principles of three courses in a Physics undergraduate teacher education program
Authors: Figueira Maykell , Nardi Roberto 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
To assure that current science education practices are aligned with recent educational research findings, there must be a constant effort of investigating the environments in which teachers are educated and prepared for their pedagogical action. One of the epistemic practices that should be discussed and taught in every teacher education program is argumentation. Preparing future teachers to construct and evaluate arguments and enabling them to design activities that scaffold students’ argumentative skills has become a highly desirable goal in science education in the past few decades. Despite that, few studies have been devoted to studying the role of argumentation and argumentative development in initial and continuing teacher education. The present study was aimed at observing and analyzing some of the characteristics of three courses of an undergraduate Physics teacher education program at a public university in the State of São Paulo (Brazil), and to compare them in terms of their potential contributions to the development or argumentation skills of its students. Preliminary results suggest that the curricular reform that has been implemented was responsible for shifting practices to a much more updated and theory-informed model, but the program’s focus is still on written instruction, and not on the development of oral communication skills, which would be key for a fertile argumentative development.
An Efficient Intravenous Drip System For Hospital Enviroment
Authors: Shanmugam Kalimuthu , Ranganathan Nishithashree , Rajaendran Vigneshkumar , Arunkumar M. , Sangeetha R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Healthcare system plays important role in leading a happy life of increased birth rates. At healthcare, preserving the safety of patient is by far the most important matter. Advanced health monitoring systems seem to be the most sought after anyway they offer accurate information while decreasing the hospital’s medical professionals as well as attendees’ stress and over absence of many crucial information. It also is a tedious process and a harder task to demonstrate that a long and tiring method and a harder job is when the injected supplied to a fall’s prevention under a crucial quantity A simpler task is to manually monitor the level of inject able fluid, if not then done with the utmost care, the safety of an individual can be severely affected. This may result to blood or plasma flow becoming diverted through the bloodstream to the Drip tube. When the container is drained fully, air enters its tubing but in exchange enters the vein, which could be disastrous for the patient. So, it would prove very helpful to optimize this system. The blood glucose in the insulin travel container in use in clinics in this study was identified in this study. In this, whenever the IV drip was to be drained, the scheme we had also formed to connect two streams at a same intersection and access the network using control valves system of the Arduino is engineered so that if the injected reaches a dangerous threshold, It is sensed through the use of water content as well as the secondary moving fluid valve is stimulated. This requires use of the control valve as well as the flow analysis software to calculate the measured value.
Simulation troubleshooting and optimization of internal rearview mirror optical dithering problem
Authors: Su Jintao , Lou Jianping , Jiang Xiaolu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to solve the optical dither problem of the inside rearview mirror of a certain vehicle, the finite element modeling and modal simulation analysis of the inside rearview mirror were carried out by using MSC NASTRAN software. Based on the results of the simulation analysis, the structure of the mirror rod and the base was optimized to improve the stiffness and modal, and the scheme was engineered and verified, which effectively solved the optical dithering problem of the rearview mirror.
A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of the Academic Media Using Frequency on Networking Platforms
Authors: Ye Ranling , Xu Jie , Zhang Na 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper takes the determinants of the academic social media using frequency of Chinese young scholars as the research topic, aiming to get the causal relationship between the factors and the academic social media using frequency of young scholars. Based on the Expectation-Conformation Model, the Technology Acceptance Model and existed research results, this paper constructs an analysis framework according to two elements of which are users’ characteristics and perception effects. By using Linear Regression and Qualitative Comparative Analysis, this paper makes a comparative analysis of the following factors; they are literature acquisition, recommendation function, effect of use, purpose of use and discipline. The conclusion of Linear Regression is contrary to the empirical theory and practical knowledge, which means the weak applicability of this method to this research topic. While Qualitative Comparative Analysis can be more reasonable to analyze the configuration that led young researchers to use academic social media more frequently.
Research on the Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in the Field of Sports Refereeing
Authors: Chen Xin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article uses artificial intelligence machine vision technology to design a method for judging violations of passing passes. First, use Adaptive Enhanced Variant Algorithm (GAB) to train the classification model to complete the detection of sports (badminton and racket); combine the detection area to extract the sphere center coordinates are used as the target point, and the detected racket part is constructed as the target area. Then the position relationship between the two is defined, and the judgment key frame is extracted according to the relative position change relationship between the target point and the target area; finally, the image angle representation method is used to establish the state judgment model takes the state of the racket in the judgment key frame as an input, and quantizes the output result as an angle value, so as to realize the judgment on whether to serve the ball.
Mechanical analysis of bone and its internal fixation
Authors: Gao Xinyi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Biomechanics can help people understand the work of the human body and organs, as well as the changes of various effects under the action of external loads, to carry out artificial control and prediction. Bone biomechanics is an important branch of biomechanics, and bone materials are divided into four hierarchical structures, starting from the lowest molecular level, to woven bones, lamellar bones, and Haversian bones, then a higher level of large woven bones and primary woven bones, Harversian bone system and laminar bones, at last to the macroscopic level compact bones and cancellous bones. The analysis of bone mechanical properties focuses on the elasticity modulus parameters, the elasticity modulus of dry bones is usually greater than that of wet bones, and the elasticity modulus of compact bones is usually greater than that of cancellous bones. As well as the stress relaxation and creep behavior of compact bone, the 8 microstructure parameters of cancellous bone. Combined with the mechanical analysis of fracture and internal fixation in clinical medicine, the connection method between the steel plate and the bone, the position of the steel plate relative to the bending direction, the selection of materials and other factors affect the mechanical properties, so that various factors need to be paid attention to in the analysis of surgery.
Design and Application of Tibetan Long Chess Using Monte Carlo Algorithm and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Zhou Junjie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to study the algorithm of Tibetan Jiuqi, a new kind of chess in Chinese computer game, there are too many possibilities to be considered in solving the problems of falling pieces, and the influence of falling pieces on Xingzi and Tiezi. On the basis of forming different chess patterns as the main source of raising pieces, this paper puts forward a design scheme which takes the Monte Carlo algorithm randomly as the core and the final evaluation algorithm as the secondary one, and takes a variety of possibilities in Tibetan chess as a breakthrough. Get different benefits from different chess types to cooperate with the final evaluation algorithm to get the assignment of each replicated chessboard. It is proved by the program computer game that the program is complete and the three stages of Tibetan chess can be completed successfully. The experiment shows that the Monte Carlo algorithm is very suitable for the AI development of Tibetan chess.
Noise Reduction Design of Steam Control Valve
Authors: Xingsheng Lao , Xian Gong , Lu Dai , Weijian Lyu , Wei Zhang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The internal steam fluid pressure pulse force is the excitation source of control valve. Based on the Lighthill equation and the orifice injection shunt noise reduction theory, the flow noise and air noise calculations of throttling devices are carried out for the eccentric rotary control valve and the cage sleeve control valve, and the design improvements are presented for noise control of the valves. When there is no noise reduction internals, the air noise caused by the steam control valve with a pressure of 4.5MPa in front of the valve is greater than 95dB. The preset orifice plate reduces the pressure in the control valve to 50% of that before the valve, then the small hole Shunt method for noise reduction can be employed. When the two-stage orifice plate is installed and the number of second-stage holes is greater than 100, the air noise of the eccentric rotary steam control valve is lower than 80dB, and the first-stage orifice plate is installed. The air noise of the bored sleeve type steam control valve with preset orifice plate is also lower than 80dB, but it is easier to meet the low noise design requirements of the steam control valve than the improving method used in above sleeve type steam control valve.
A service encapsulation method of NC machine tool resources in cloud manufacturing
Authors: Chao Yin , Junxu Chen , Bo Li 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
NC machine tool resources are important manufacturing resources in cloud manufacturing. How to carry out semantic description and service encapsulation of heterogeneous, decentralized and autonomous NC machine tool resources is one of the key technologies to realize the cloud manufacturing mode to the workshop level. In order to solve the problems such as encapsulation complexity and lack of specification in the process of service encapsulation of NC machine tool resources in cloud manufacturing, this paper first analyzes the basic attributes, functional attributes and other attributes of NC machine tool resources in cloud manufacturing. Then, a semantic description method of NC machine tool resources based on XML language is proposed. Finally, a service encapsulation method of NC machine tool resources based on JAX-WS is put forward.
Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Characteristics of a Gas Generator Grain under Temperature Load
Authors: Jian-bin Zhang , Ben-shuai Fu , Shao-feng Gong , Ke Liu , Dong Cheng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In view of the crack phenomenon in the low temperature storage process of a certain type of gas generator, the viscoelastic finite element method is used to study a certain type of adherent cast solid gas generator grain, and the numerical simulation study is completed. The simulation results show that the stress concentration on the inner surface of the star shaped grain is located at the B point of the arc of the star root during the process of cooling and low temperature. At the initial moment of curing stage the rising trend of stress and strain of B point is not obvious, before the end of cooling stage the linear increases with the increase of time. During the low temperature storage, the stress relaxation and creep behavior are not obvious. The maximum stress of the B point is 0.289MPa, and the maximum strain value is 16.881%. The simulation process assumes that more simplification is made, and the actual maximum strain value may have more than 20%, which may lead to the crack phenomenon. It lays a foundation for the optimization of the propellant formula and the structure of the grain.