bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human density, economic level and frequency of canine helminths in Buenos Aires
Authors: Rubel D. , Flaibani N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore through cross-sectional study the variation in the prevalence of parasitic helminths in canine faeces collected from green spaces of Buenos Aires according to the human density (HD) and economic level (EL) in the surroundings. HD and EL were considered as independent variables with three categories each. Twenty public squares (one hectare of surface) were randomly selected for each existing combination of the two independent variables. Ten random samples of fresh canine faeces were obtained in each square and analysed for helminths by the sedimentation and flotation techniques. The prevalence for each of the species was analysed using generalized linear models (GLM). The prevalence was modelled with a binomial error distribution and a logit link function. Helminth eggs were detected in 45 out of the 200 (22.5%) faecal samples collected and in 18 of the 20 green spaces sampled. The species observed wereAncylostoma caninum(13% of samples),Trichuris vulpis(8%) andToxocara canis(4.5%). The GLM indicated that the prevalence ofA.caninumin the slum areas (very high HD and very low EL) was higher than that in the other areas studied. However, the HD seemed to contribute more than the EL to the variations in the prevalence ofA.caninumin faecal samples. The GLM showed no differences in the prevalence of the other parasite species for the different levels of the independent variables.
LATE AND UNEQUAL: MEASURING ENROLMENTS AND RETENTION IN BRAZILIAN EDUCATION, 1933-2010
Authors: Kang Thomas H. , Paese Luís Henrique Z. , Felix Nilson F. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a new dataset of enrolment rates and grade distribution ratios (GDR) in Brazil between 1933 and 2010, in addition to enrolment rates and GDR of Brazilian states from 1955 to 2010. To our knowledge, there are no previous estimates of enrolment rates by states for such a long period in Brazil. Enrolment rates and GDR in northern and north-eastern states were meagre and comparable to the lowest Latin American performers, and even the most advanced Brazilian states lagged behind the early leaders of the region, such as Argentina and Uruguay, until the turn of the century. Given a certain enrolment rate, Brazilian states were expected to present lower GDR compared to Latin American countries on average.
Cubical Agda: A dependently typed programming language with univalence and higher inductive types
Authors: VEZZOSI ANDREA , MÖRTBERG ANDERS , ABEL ANDREAS 
Published: April 2021

AbstractProof assistants based on dependent type theory provide expressive languages for both programming and proving within the same system. However, all of the major implementations lack powerful extensionality principles for reasoning about equality, such as function and propositional extensionality. These principles are typically added axiomatically which disrupts the constructive properties of these systems. Cubical type theory provides a solution by giving computational meaning to Homotopy Type Theory and Univalent Foundations, in particular to the univalence axiom and higher inductive types (HITs). This paper describes an extension of the dependently typed functional programming language Agda with cubical primitives, making it into a full-blown proof assistant with native support for univalence and a general schema of HITs. These new primitives allow the direct definition of function and propositional extensionality as well as quotient types, all with computational content. Additionally, thanks also to copatterns, bisimilarity is equivalent to equality for coinductive types. The adoption of cubical type theory extends Agda with support for a wide range of extensionality principles, without sacrificing type checking and constructivity.
COVID-19 pandemic implications in paediatric and congenital heart surgery in Brazil
Authors: Miana Leonardo A. , Manuel Valdano , Antoniali Fernando , Jatene Marcelo B. , Jatene Fábio Biscegli 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroduction:The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic negatively impacted global healthcare. Consequences in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery programmes and mortality of congenital heart patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2) is still to be determined.Objective:To study the COVID-19 pandemic implications in Brazilian Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery programmes.Methods:We conducted a national online survey covering all states that perform Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery from 10 November to 22 November, 2020, using a Google forms questionnaire. We formulated questions related to impact on surgical volume, case-mix, and mortality. Then we asked about short-term post-operative COVID-19 infection and outcomes.Results:We received responses from 46 centres representing all states where there were a Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery programme and all high-volume centres across the country. All but one centre experienced a significant decrease in surgical volume, and 23.9% of the responders revealed less than one-quarter of volume decrement. On the other hand, in over 70% of the centres, there was a significant surgical volume reduction. In addition to this, there was a shift in case-mix in 41 centres (89.1%) towards more complex cases. More than one-third of the responders revealed increased mortality in 2020 compared to previous years, and 43.5% of the programmes (20 centres) had at least one patient contaminated by SARS-Cov-2, accounting for 48 patients. Mortality in post-operative infected patients was 45.8% (22 patients).Conclusions:In general, Brazilian Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery programmes were severely affected by decreased surgical volume, unbalanced case-mix towards more complex cases, and increased mortality. Almost half of the programmes related post-operative COVID-19 contamination with high mortality.
Sugary drinks taxation: industry’s lobbying strategies, practices and arguments in the Brazilian Legislature
Authors: Mariath Aline Brandão , Martins Ana Paula Bortoletto 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To assess the strategies, practices and arguments used by the industry to lobby legislators against sugary drinks taxation in Brazil.Design:We performed a content analysis of arguments put forward by sugary drink and sugar industries against sugary drinks taxation, using the framework developed by the International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support to assess corporate political activity of the food industry.Setting:Two public hearings held in 2017 and 2018 in the Brazilian Legislature.Participants:Representatives from two prominent industry associations – one representing Big Soda and the other representing the main sugar, ethanol and bioelectricity producers.Results:The ‘Information and messaging’ and ‘Policy substitution’ strategies were identified. Five practices were identified in the ‘Information and messaging’ strategy (four described in the original framework and an additional practice, ‘Stress the environmental importance of the industry’). Mechanisms not included in the original framework identified were ‘Stress the reduction of CO2emissions promoted by the industry’; ‘Question the effectiveness of regulation’; ‘Suggest public-private partnerships’; ‘Shift the blame away from the product’ and ‘Question sugary drinks taxation as a public health recommendation’. No new practices or mechanisms to the original framework emerged in the ‘Policy substitution’ strategy.Conclusions:The strategies and practices are used collectively and complement each other. Arguments herein identified are in line with those reported in other countries under different contexts and using different methodologies. Future research should address whether and under what conditions lobbying from this industry sector is effective in the Brazilian Legislature.
What is recycled water, anyway? Investigating greenhouse grower definitions, perceptions, and willingness to use recycled water
Authors: McOmber Chesney , Zhuang Yan , Raudales Rosa E. , Vadas Timothy M. , Kirchhoff Christine J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs climate change and agriculture burden water resources globally, there is a need for more efficient water use including irrigation with recycled water in greenhouses. While research has proven that properly treated recycled water can be safe for use, many growers still express concern. Underlying most studies on growers' perceptions is the assumption that they understand recycled water the same way scholars and policy makers do—as municipally treated wastewater. We question this assumption and explore whether the ways in which growers conceptualize recycled water is associated with the ways they perceive its usability. Our findings reveal that growers define recycled water in four different ways—captured water, treated water, recirculation and in a general sense as ‘reuse’. These definitions do appear to suggest trends in the way recycled water is perceived by growers. While these definitions do not significantly affect growers' willingness to use, other factors such as prior experience using recycled water appear to be significant.
Simulated controlled-release mesotrione for turfgrass tolerance and weed control
Authors: Goddard Matthew J.R. , Gonçalves Clebson G. , Askew Shawn D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMesotrione typically requires multiple applications to control emerged weeds in turfgrass. As it is absorbed by both foliage and roots, a controlled-release (CR) formulation could eliminate the need for multiple applications. Research was conducted to evaluate simulated-release scenarios that mimic a potential CR mesotrione formulation. A soluble-concentrate formulation of mesotrione was titrated to produce a stepwise change in mesotrione rates, which were applied daily to mimic predetermined release scenarios over a 3-wk period. CR scenarios were compared to a broadcast treatment of mesotrione at 280 g ai ha–1 applied twice at 3-wk intervals, and a nontreated. Mesotrione applied in three temporal-release scenarios controlled creeping bentgrass, goosegrass, nimblewill, smooth crabgrass, and white clover equivalent to the standard sprayed mesotrione treatment in every comparison. However, each CR scenario injured tall fescue two to seven times more than the standard treatment. Soil- and foliar-initiated repeat treatments were equivalent in most comparisons. Our data indicate that mesotrione applied in a temporal range to simulate controlled-release scenarios can deliver desired weed control efficacy comparable to sequential broadcast applications. More research is needed to elucidate proper timings and release scenarios to minimize turfgrass injury.
Injury potential of herbicide combinations on XtendFlex® cotton
Authors: Samples Chase Allen , Vieira Bruno C. , Irby Jon Trenton , Reynolds Daniel , Catchot Angus , Kruger Greg R. , Dodds Darrin M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractXtendFlex® technology from Bayer allows growers to apply glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba POST to cotton. Since the evolution and spread of glyphosate-resistant weed species, early POST applications with several modes of action have become common. However, crop injury potential from these applications warrants further examination. Field studies were conducted from 2015 to 2017 at two locations in Mississippi to evaluate XtendFlex® cotton injury from herbicide application. Herbicide applications were made to XtendFlex® cotton at the three- to six-leaf stage with herbicide combinations composed of two-, three-, and four-way combinations of glyphosate, glufosinate,S-metolachlor, and three formulations of dicamba. Data collection included visual estimations of injury, stand counts, cotton height, total mainstem nodes, and nodes above whiteflower at first bloom. Data collection at the end of the season included cotton height, total mainstem nodes, and nodes above cracked boll. Visual estimations of injury from herbicide applications were highest at 3 d following applications containing glufosinate +S-metolachlor (36% to 41% injury) and glufosinate +S-metolachlor in combination with dicamba + glyphosate (39% to 41% injury), regardless of the dicamba formulation. Crop injury decreased at each rating interval and dissipated by 28 d following applications (P = 0.3748). Height reductions were present at first bloom and at the end of the season (P < 0.0001), although cotton yield was unaffected (P = 0.2089), even when injury at 3 d after application was greater than 30%. Results indicate that growers may apply a variety of herbicide tank mixtures to XtendFlex® cotton and expect no yield penalty. Furthermore, if growers are concerned with cotton injury after herbicide applications, the use of glufosinate in combination withS-metolachlor should be approached with caution in XtendFlex® cotton.
Five Decades of Observed Daily Precipitation Reveal Longer and More Variable Drought Events Across Much of the Western United States
Authors: Zhang Fangyue , Biederman Joel A. , Dannenberg Matthew P. , Yan Dong , Reed Sasha C. , Smith William K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMultiple lines of evidence suggest climate change will result in increased precipitation variability and consequently more frequent extreme events. These hydroclimatic changes will likely have significant socioecological impacts, especially across water‐limited regions. Here we present an analysis of daily meteorological observations from 1976 to 2019 at 337 long‐term weather stations distributed across the western United States (US). In addition to widespread warming (0.2 °C ± 0.01°C/decade, daily maximum temperature), we observed trends of reduced annual precipitation (−2.3 ± 1.5 mm/decade) across most of the region, with increasing interannual variability of precipitation. Critically, daily observations showed that extreme‐duration drought became more common, with increases in both the mean and longest dry interval between precipitation events (0.6 ± 0.2, 2.4 ± 0.3 days/decade) and greater interannual variability in these dry intervals. These findings indicate that, against a backdrop of warming and drying, large regions of the western US are experiencing intensification of precipitation variability, with likely detrimental consequences for essential ecosystem services.
Climate‐Driven Characteristics of Sea‐Land Breezes Over the Globe
Authors: Shen Lixing , Zhao Chuanfeng , Yang Xingchuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSea‐land breeze (SLB) is a critical component of the urban environment, wind power utilization, fishing industry, etc. along coastal areas where 40% world population live. Surrounding meteorological factors like the background wind field, temperature, and cloud fraction have all been reported to greatly impact SLB evolution. However, a climatological understanding of SLBs over the globe remains limited. This study quantifies the significance of SLBs under different climates over the globe for the first time, and investigates the long‐term trends in SLBs where there is significant existence of SLB. The results demonstrate that climate type plays a leading role in the significance and trends of global SLBs while special surface conditions, ocean currents, and landscapes explain abnormal cases. Climatologically, adequate in‐situ solar radiation and mild background meteorological field are the two root factors that ensure the significant existence of SLB.
Seismic Attenuation During Magma Vesiculation: A Combination of Laboratory Constraints and Modeling
Authors: Pistone Mattia , Fife Julie L. , Tisato Nicola , Caricchi Luca , Reusser Eric , Ulmer Peter , Mader Kevin , Marone Federica 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAssessing the potential and likelihood of explosive eruptions is vital for almost 800 million people living near active volcanoes. Magma reservoirs are not directly accessible, limiting our capability to understand the prerequisites for an explosive eruption and our ability to perform experiments that simulate magmatic processes at depth. Therefore, deciphering volcanic precursors is key to forecasting volcanic eruptions. In this study, we used synchrotron‐based X‐ray tomographic microscopy to observe felsic magma vesiculation at high temperature (1,100°C) to establish the pre‐eruptive conditions that favor explosive activity. Specifically, we studied the increase of seismic attenuation with increasing gas content during magma vesiculation. These results are applied to the natural range of volcanic tremors (0.2–5 Hz) to detect the proximity of gas‐charged magma to the surface prior to volcanic eruption: gas‐rich, crystal‐free felsic magmas are detected at larger depth (40 MPa) than gas‐rich, crystal‐bearing systems (10 MPa).
Development of Coupled Data Assimilation With the BCC Climate System Model: Highlighting the Role of Sea‐Ice Assimilation for Global Analysis
Authors: Liu X. , Yao J. , Wu T. , Zhang S. , Xu F. , Zhang L. , Jie W. , Zhou W. , Li Q. , Liang X. , Chu M. , Yan J. , Nie S. , Cheng Y. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe coupled data assimilation (CDA) system consisting of ocean, sea‐ice, and atmosphere data assimilation components with the Beijing Climate Center (BCC) Climate System Model has been developed to provide reliable analyses of the atmosphere, ocean, and sea‐ice states. It incorporates ocean temperature/salinity profiles, sea surface temperature, sea level height, and sea‐ice concentration observations at a daily frequency, and atmosphere reanalysis at a 6‐hourly frequency. Results show that the system is capable of realistically reproducing the climatology and variability of ocean, sea‐ice, and atmosphere. The performances in analyzing ocean component are comparable to those of well‐known ocean reanalyses that were once used to initialize the BCC model for climate predictions. A series of experiments with and without sea‐ice observations in the CDA framework are designed to explore the role of sea‐ice data assimilation (DA). The addition of sea‐ice DA exerts very small influence to the analysis of upper ocean temperature over the Arctic area, but leads to an evident reduction of temperature error in the upper 1000 m of ocean south of 60°S. Particularly, only the inclusion of sea‐ice DA can make the ocean/ocean‐atmosphere DA effective in providing skillful analysis in the high‐latitude Southern Ocean. Furthermore, we find that only on the basis of ocean DA, can the addition of sea‐ice concentration assimilation improve the analysis of tropical tropospheric atmosphere, along with a better analysis of mid‐ and high‐latitude stratospheric atmosphere. These results address the importance of coordination of sea‐ice observations and ocean observations in CDA.
Investigation of VLF Radio Sounding for Studying Semi‐Diurnal Tide and Gravity Waves
Authors: Mahmoudian Alireza , Mohebalhojeh Ali Reza , Safari Mohsen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe present paper is the investigation of the semi‐diurnal tide (SDT) and gravity waves (GW) through coupling effects on propagating Very low frequency (VLF) signal. One year of recorded VLF data is used. The first modulation of the VLF signal with SDTs and GWs is presented. The structures associated with SDT and GW are analyzed, and the daily and monthly variations are determined. Wavelet and spectrum analysis is applied to the data to determine the origin of the SDT. The corresponding period of the observed SDT is matched with solar SDT (SSDT). Seasonal variability of the SSDT in the lower ionosphere has been investigated using the VLF radio sounding for the first time. Developmental, evolution, and dissipation phases of GW with daytime and month are resolved. A plan to deploy 8 VLF stations to probe the shoreline and characterize the generation and development of SDT and GWs along the coastline is discussed.
Child marriage, maternal serum metal exposure, and risk of preterm birth in rural Bangladesh: evidence from mediation analysis
Authors: Huang Hui , Wei Yongyue , Xia Yankai , Wei Liangmin , Chen Xin , Zhang Ruyang , Su Li , Rahman Mohammad L. , Rahman Mahmudur , Qamruzzaman Quazi , Guo Wenhui , Shen Hongbing , Hu Zhibin , Christiani David C. , Chen Feng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The prevalence of preterm birth in Bangladesh is estimated to be 19.1%, the highest in the world. Although prenatal exposure to several metals has been linked with preterm birth, fewer prospective studies have investigated the socioeconomic factors that affect metal exposure, leading to preterm birth risk.

Objective
We aim to identify novel metal biomarkers and their critical exposure windows, as well as the upstream socioeconomic risk factors for preterm birth in rural Bangladeshi, to shed light for future interventional strategies.

Methods
This study included data from 780 mother–offspring pairs, who were recruited to participate in a prospective birth cohort in Bangladesh (2008–2011). Serum concentrations of 19 metals were measured in the first and second trimesters using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mediation analysis was performed to explore the upstream socioeconomic factors that affect the risk of preterm birth mediated via metal exposure concentrations.

Results
Early pregnancy exposure to serum zinc, arsenic, and strontium and mid-pregnancy exposure to barium were significantly associated with risk of preterm birth. Furthermore, younger marriage age was associated with an exponential increase in the risk of preterm birth, and women who married after 18 years old had a considerably lower risk of preterm birth. Mediation analysis indicated that these four elements mediated 30.2% of the effect of marriage age on preterm birth.

Conclusion
This study indicated that maternal serum metal exposure mediates the impact of child marriage on the increased risk of preterm birth via metal exposures. The findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying such association and provide insights into future interventional strategies.