bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of Government and Political Support
Authors: Linde Jonas , Dahlberg Stefan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis chapter provide an overview of the growing stock of research on the relationship between quality of government and political support. After having been surprisingly absent from the research agenda dealing with support and legitimacy, a growing number of studies have come to demonstrate the importance of impartiality in the implementation of public policies for political support and democratic legitimacy. After outlining a framework for analysis of political support and a discussion of different aspects of quality of government in this body of research, we take a closer look on a number of important contributions that have demonstrated the explanatory power of quality of government when it comes to analyses of variation in political support. In doing so, we distinguish between studies that have assessed the effects of quality of government on the system level (e.g. countries’ level of corruption) and analyses investigating the relationship between individuals’ perceptions of the quality of government and political support.
Social Accountability and Quality of Government
Authors: Boräng Frida , Grimes Marcia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The idea of meeting government failures with social accountability reforms has gained enormous traction. This chapter surveys the existing empirical and theoretical accounts of institutional arrangements designed to empower citizens to hold incumbents and government officials accountable, with a focus on the potential for such initiatives to improve QoG. Empirically, the evidence reviewed suggests that social accountability initiatives are less transformative than hoped, often more effective for detecting leakage than rectifying problems or holding officials to account. The chapter focuses theoretically on what SAIs entail for participants in terms of effort, coordination with others, and expected gains, as well as how contextual conditions affect the functioning of SAIs. While existing research examines contextual conditions, we offer theoretical arguments and empirics from the areas of political economy and institutionalism suggesting that context, and in particular aspects of state capacity, can affect participants’ priors, and thus SAIs success, in ways that warrants further investigation.
Civil Society against Corruption
Authors: della Porta Donatella , Mattoni Alice 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the last decades, several types of civil society actors have mobilized against corruption all over the world, at the transnational, national, and local level. The chapter discusses these anticorruption efforts in order to understand their main features, challenges, and potential future developments. The chapter is structured as follows: after a general introduction, the first section reflects on how literature on corruption has dealt with civil society actors. The second section examines the types of actors that engage in collective action, the types of collective action that they employ, and the types of frames that they use to interpret the present situation and to imagine future societies. The third section illustrates some of the key conditions for the development of anticorruption efforts from the grassroots. The fourth section discusses the consequences of civil society’s efforts against corruption. Conclusions focus on future lines of investigation on the struggle of civil society against corruption.
The Quality of Government and Economic Growth
Authors: Ahlerup Pelle , Baskaran Thushyanthan , Bigsten Arne 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on the relationship between the quality of government (QoG) and economic growth. As there is limited evidence on the link between QoG narrowly defined and growth, our focus is on the role of related aspects, such as democracy, formal institutions, and cultural norms. We discuss institutional challenges in generating and sustaining high growth rates. We then review the evidence on how QoG, and related aspects of political and economic life, affect growth and pay attention to the relevant channels. We also discuss whether it is harder to sustain growth if it increases inequality. Since a government needs to be both efficient and impartial to support aggregate economic performance, we argue that it is too strict to let QoG be defined as impartiality only.
Controlling Corruption
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Institutional checks on corruption are central to virtually every reform strategy, but they do not come in any standard form, and are unlikely to succeed in isolation. Some are aimed primarily at bureaucratic corruption, some more at political corruption, and some of the most important operate in both realms. Anticorruption agencies (ACAs) have been established—sometimes repeatedly—in around a hundred societies but have an indifferent track record. They are most likely to succeed when supported by a range of other strong governing institutions. Transparency is also a common institutional reform, and it too has consequences that are varying and contingent on local and cross-border influences. Conflict of interest legislation, and whistleblower protections, are also important issues in numerous societies. Specific institutional controls, in the end, require sound supportive institutions of several sorts; even then, the political, economic, and social challenges of corruption control remain formidable.
Bureaucracy and Government Quality
Authors: Dahlström Carl , Lapuente Victor 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
How does the way the bureaucracy is organized affect the quality of the public policies delivered? This chapter focuses primarily on the role of human resources in the public sector and its impact on good government. We argue it is specifically important how bureaucrats are recruited, promoted, dismissed, and incentivized; what public administration scholars refer to as “civil service systems.” Building on the more than 75-year-old discussion between Carl Friedrich (1940) and Herman Finer (1941), we explore the pros and cons of having public employees who are directly accountable to their political masters vis-à-vis public employees who are politically autonomous. The review of the available evidence indicates that, all other things being equal, civil servants’ autonomy leads to less corrupt, and more effective governments in comparison with polities where civil servants owe their positions to political connections. The chapter concludes that civil servants should be directly accountable to their professional peers instead of their political superiors.
Organized Crime and the Quality of Government
Authors: Holmes Leslie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Until the 1990s, organized crime (OC) was usually treated by both states and analysts as a form of criminality, but not a political phenomenon. The situation has changed since the end of the Cold War, however, and OC is now typically seen as both a security threat and a political actor that can impact upon the quality of government. Reasons for this change are explored in this chapter. Arguably, OC becomes the most dangerous when it colludes with corrupt state officials and even the state itself. Following sections on defining terms and how perceptions have changed since 1990, this chapter provides a novel taxonomy of the numerous ways in which OC and the state interact—and in some cases even mimic each other. The chapter concludes with consideration of the impact that collusion and mimicry have on the quality of government, and an agenda for future research.
What Can We Learn about Corruption from Historical Case Studies?
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter shows how a historical approach can offer a productive and useful dataset and tools to understand corruption and anticorruption. Since corruption has existed across time and space, and is multifaceted, involving politics, economics, law, administration, social, and cultural attitudes, it can best be studied in a multidisciplinary way that includes the study of the past as well as the present. A historical approach offers ways of thinking about change and continuity, and hence also about how and why reform processes occur and are successful. Historical case studies can test and challenge social science models but also offer different, more qualitative, evidence that can help us to reconstruct the mentalities of those who refused to accept that their behavior constituted “corruption,” as well as the motives of those bringing the prosecution or making allegations. Historical sources, often offering multiple perspectives of different participants, can also enable us to form a more holistic view of corruption scandals and of the important role of public discussion in shaping quality of government.
Coptic
Authors: Papaconstantinou Arietta 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Through the lens of translation, this sub-chapter discusses the broader relation between Coptic and Greek literature in Egypt. It highlights a series of other processes through which the two cultures engaged with each other and argues for a much more complex phenomenon than that of a one-way reception. Greek Christian literature was indeed essential to the formation of Coptic literary sensitivity, and literature in Coptic follows the norms and genres of the Greek canon, albeit often in a creative and original way. At the same time, Egyptian monastic tropes ultimately found their way into the heart of medieval Byzantine culture. The sub-chapter follows this process of cross-fertilization from the fourth century until the early centuries of Arab rule in the country, when Greek texts were still written, and Greek manuscripts were kept in Egyptian monasteries.
Language
Authors: Hinterberger Martin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractByzantine Greek was a highly developed and artful language with close ties both to the living language of the time and to a centuries-old literary heritage. Like all humans, the Byzantines grew up with their mother tongue; for those of Greek-speaking background and in Greek-speaking contexts, this was the spoken medieval Greek. Those who had the privilege to obtain education adopted—to various degrees—linguistic elements of older stages of the Greek language in order to compose their texts. Many of these older linguistic elements were used in a seemingly “arbitrary” way when compared to the linguistic rules of ancient Greek. Viewed in their contemporary context, however, these elements were creatively incorporated into a linguistic system which was essentially based on the contemporary language and was consistent in itself. The creative blend of traditional and modern features—though not readily accessible to the modern reader—and the tension between them left ample space for personal choices. This is precisely what makes the language of Byzantine literature a particularly exciting topic.
Georgian
Authors: Aleksidze Nikoloz 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter introduces two texts that entered the Greek writing through the Georgian medium. These are Barlaam and Ioasaph and the Passion of Michael of Mar Saba, both likely translated into Greek by Euthymios Hagiorites, the Georgian abbot of the Iveron Monastery on Mount Athos. The Greek Barlaam and Ioasaph was traditionally often attributed to Ioannes Damaskenos; however, since Paul Peeters’s study, it has been convincingly argued that it was translated from the Georgian Balavariani by the late tenth or early eleventh century. The “Georgian” provenance of the Passion of Michael of Mar Saba still remains debatable due to significant divergences between the Greek and Georgian versions; however, there remain internal and external factors that point to Mount Athos and Euthymios as the origin of the Greek version.
Arabic
Authors: Messis Charis , Papaioannou Stratis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter surveys Christian Arabic literature translated into Greek as well as “Eastern” storytelling that was mediated through Arabic and reached the Byzantine Greek tradition through translation. It thus discusses (a) texts written in the context of so-called Melkite communities in the wake of the Islamic conquests as well as, later, in the Byzantine environment of Antioch from 969 to 1084 (e.g., the Life of Ioannes Damaskenos [BHG 884]); and (b) the transmission and translation history of Barlaam and Ioasaph (the life of Buddha), Stephanites and Ichnelates (Kalīla wa Dimna), and Syntipas (The Book of Sindbad), as well as the possible links with Arabic storytelling of Digenis Akrites. It also draws attention to translations made in the courtly environment of the late Byzantine empire of Trebizond.
Poetry?
Authors: Bernard Floris , Demoen Kristoffel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of how Byzantines conceptualized “poetry.” It argues that from the Byzantine point of view, poetry only differs from prose in a very formal way, namely that it is written in verse. Both prose and poetry belonged to the category of logoi, the only label that was very frequently used, in contrast to the term “poetry,” which was reserved for the ancient poetry studied at schools. Many authors considered (and exploited) the difference between their own prose texts and poems as a primarily formal one. Nevertheless, poetry did have some functions that set it apart from prose, even if these features are for us less expected. The quality of “bound speech” gained a spiritual dimension, since verse was seen as a restrained form of discourse, also from a moral point of view. Finally, the chapter gives a brief overview of the social contexts for which (learned) poetry was the medium of choice: as an inscription, as paratext in a wide sense, as a piece of personal introspection, as invective, as summaries (often of a didactic nature), and as highly public ceremonial pieces.
Syriac
Authors: Ubierna Pablo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter presents a general overview of Syriac texts which were translated into Greek. From the fourth to the sixth century, one encounters primarily classics of Syriac patristic literature (such as Ephrem the Syrian) and various hagiographical texts. After the seventh century, Greek translations from Syriac were limited to a few texts: the mystical writings of Isaak the Syrian and an Apocalypse related to the rise of Islam, and pseudonymously attributed to Methodios bishop of Olympos.
What Is Byzantine Literature?
Authors: Papaioannou Stratis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter raises the question of what is “Byzantine literature” and introduces the contents of the Handbook. In the context of the volume, “Byzantine literature” refers to “Literature in Greek, during the Byzantine period (330 ce–1453 ce),” which, however, raises a series of problems. (1) While “literature,” for a modern audience, signifies primarily fiction and poetry, a wider understanding of the term is needed so as to appreciate the manifold textual and discursive culture of Byzantium as we can recover it from the thousands of manuscripts and inscriptions in which it has been preserved (relevant statistics are also offered). (2) While “Byzantine” has been conventionally used in order to focus on Greek literature (in the predominantly Greek-speaking “Byzantine” Empire), this should not make us forget that Greek was only one among many “Byzantine” languages (e.g., Latin, Coptic, Syriac, Georgian, and Arabic) and that the relation of the Greek tradition with the literary traditions in these other languages is fundamental for understanding Byzantine literature in its totality.
Sacred Song
Authors: Papaioannou Stratis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter surveys the primary forms that Christian sacred song took in Byzantium, in relation to the relevant manuscript evidence, liturgical practice, and music. It first draws attention to major challenges in relevant research (e.g., the immensity of the evidence, the living tradition of Byzantine liturgy, the disparate nature of the available evidence). Then, the main hymnic forms are presented: the monostrophic troparion, the polystrophic kontakion (for whose later history the chapter proposes an innovative reinterpretation of its supposed “decline” during the middle Byzantine period), the polystrophic kanôn, and the polystrophic stichêra. The chapter concludes with a presentation of various fields of desiderata in the study of Byzantine hymnography.
Syriac
Authors: Ubierna Pablo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
During late antiquity, Syriac, a dialect of Aramaic, belonging to the northwest group of Semitic languages, and originally the language of the Kingdom of Edessa and the Oshroene in Upper Mesopotamia, became the literary language of Aramaic-speaking Christians and developed under the mutual influences of both Greek and Iranian. This section surveys Syriac translations of Byzantine Greek texts, from the Bible and homiletics, to theological and ascetic literature, as well as historiographical, hagiographical, and other narrative texts. It thus highlights Greek authors with important corpora in Syriac (e.g. Gregory the Theologian, John Chrysostom, and the Areopagitic corpus), as well as authors and texts no longer extant in Greek (often because of their deviation from Constantinopolitan orthodoxy).
Rhetorical Practice
Authors: Riehle Alexander 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys key aspects of rhetorical practice in Byzantium, with a focus on the middle and late periods. The first section maps out the generic landscape of Byzantine rhetoric, which, in addition to oratory in the narrow sense, can be argued to comprise virtually all of (highbrow) literature, including poetry. While it is true that Byzantine rhetoric is particularly rich in texts of the demonstrative type such as encomia, the essay asserts against claims to the contrary, that forms of deliberative and judicial rhetoric continued to exist in Byzantium and appear in fact ubiquitously once one broadens the scope beyond secular oratory. After a brief sketch of the place of rhetoric in higher education, the chapter proceeds to discuss the various steps involved in composing and performing a rhetorical text. In this, it follows ancient and medieval precepts for the so-called tasks of the rhetorician—invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery—and shows their relevance for the practice of writing and reciting texts belonging to various rhetorical genres. Throughout, this chapter argues that scholarship on Byzantine rhetoric has focused too narrowly on panegyric and on matters of style, and that attention should turn to long-neglected aspects of argumentative technique that were at the heart of Byzantine rhetorical theory and education and that can be found in a wide array of textual genres, particularly in religious literature.
Stress response proteins NRP1 and NRP2 are pro-survival factors that inhibit cell death during ER stress
Authors: Yang Yuhua , Liu Xu , Zhang Wenbin , Qian Qian , Zhou Limeng , Liu Shu , Li Yuge , Hou Xingliang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnvironmental stresses cause an increased number of unfolded or misfolded proteins to accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in ER stress. To restore ER homeostasis and survive, plants initiate an orchestrated signaling pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Asparagine-rich protein (NRP) 1 and NRP2, two homologous proteins harboring a Development and Cell Death domain, are associated with various stress responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but the relevant molecular mechanism remains obscure. Here, we show that NRP1 and NRP2 act as key pro-survival factors during the ER stress response and that they inhibit cell death. Loss-of-function of NRP1 and NRP2 results in decreased tolerance to the ER stress inducer tunicamycin (TM), accelerating cell death. NRP2 is constitutively expressed while NRP1 is induced in plants under ER stress. In Arabidopsis, basic leucine zipper protein (bZIP) 28 and bZIP60 are important transcription factors in the UPR that activates the expression of many ER stress-related genes. Notably, under ER stress, bZIP60 activates NRP1 by directly binding to the UPRE-I element in the NRP1 promoter. These findings reveal a pro-survival strategy in plants wherein the bZIP60–NRPs cascade suppresses cell death signal transmission, improving survival under adverse conditions.
Effect of farrowing pen size on pre-weaning performance of piglets
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Laudwig Austin L , Gaines Aaron M , Peterson Beau A , Shull Caleb M , Ellis Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Litter sizes in commercial pig production have increased substantially over recent years; however, farrowing pen sizes have generally not changed over the same time period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of farrowing pen size on piglet pre-weaning growth and mortality. Differences in pen size were created by varying the width of pens of the same length, increasing the creep area available to the piglets. The study used a total of 1,786 litters in a randomized complete block design to compare two farrowing pen size treatments (FPS): Standard (pen width 1.52 m) and Increased (pen width 1.68 m). Litter sizes were equalized across treatments (12.9 ± 1.95 piglets) at 24 h after birth using cross-fostering. Litter weights were collected at birth and weaning (21.3 ± 2.08 d); pre-weaning mortality was recorded. The experimental unit was the litter; models for statistical analysis included FPS and replicate. Farrowing pen size had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on litter size at birth (12.8 and 13.0 for the Standard and Increased FPS, respectively), after cross-fostering (12.9 for both treatments), or at weaning (11.2 and 11.3, respectively). There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of FPS on total litter or average piglet weight at birth, after cross-fostering, and at weaning. These results suggest no benefit in piglet performance from increasing the width of farrowing pens. As litter sizes continue to increase in commercial production, further research is warranted to re-evaluate the impact of farrowing pen size on pre-weaning mortality.
Submicron silica particles have cytotoxicities on hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer and breast cancer by unified regulating the XLOC_001659/miR-98-5p/MAP3K2-mediated pathway
Authors: Shi Jingdong , Ci Yukun , Zheng Ying , Chen Wenhui , Chen Xi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe cytotoxicities of silica (SiO2s) particles against cancers are still controversial. In this study, the purchased submicron silica particles (SM-SiO2s) were identified by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer, and it showed potent cytotoxicities on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and breast cancer (BC), which ranked the top in the incidence among the tumor types. Through the microarray assay on long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) from the SM-SiO2s-treated HCC, NSCLC and BC cells, followed by Venn analysis, we found that a series of lncRNAs were significantly regulated by SM-SiO2s, among of which XLOC_001659 was mostly decreased. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay confirmed that XLOC_001659 could be decreased in all the SM-SiO2s-treated HCC, NSCLC and BC cells, coupled to inhibited cell proliferation. Further, XLOC_001659 was recognized as a miR-98-5p sponge and therefore modulates the “pro-inflammatory tumor promoter” MAP3K2 expressions. The XLOC_001659/miR-98-5p/MAP3K2 axis uniformly mediated the regulation of SM-SiO2s on proliferation of HCC, NSCLC and BC cells. Further clinical experiments demonstrated that XLOC_001659 was negatively correlated with miR-98-5p level and positively correlated with MAP3K2 level, and XLOC_001659/miR-98-5p/MAP3K2 axis was significantly associated with progressions and prognosis in HCC, NSCLC and BC patients. These results provide a new clue for the anti-tumor mechanism of SM-SiO2s and a new way for drug development by using SM-SiO2s.