bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Prepregnancy Obesity and Association With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in the United States, 2013 to 2018
Authors: Wang Michael C. , Freaney Priya M. , Perak Amanda M. , Greenland Philip , Lloyd‐Jones Donald M. , Grobman William A. , Khan Sadiya S. 
Published: August 2021

Background
The prevalence of obesity in the population has increased in parallel with increasing rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Quantifying contemporary trends in prepregnancy obesity and associations with interrelated APOs (preterm birth, low birth weight, and pregnancy‐associated hypertension) together and individually can inform prevention strategies to optimize cardiometabolic health in women and offspring.

Methods and Results

We performed a serial, cross‐sectional study using National Center for Health Statistics birth certificate data including women aged 15 to 44 years with live singleton births between 2013 and 2018, stratified by race/ethnicity (non‐Hispanic White, non‐Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non‐Hispanic Asian). We quantified the annual prevalence of prepregnancy obesity (body mass index ≥30.0 kg/m
2
; body mass index ≥27.5 kg/m
2
if non‐Hispanic Asian). We then estimated adjusted associations using multivariable logistic regression (odds ratios and population attributable fractions) for obesity‐related APOs compared with normal body mass index (18.5–24.9 kg/m
2
; 18.5–22.9 kg/m
2
if non‐Hispanic Asian). Among 20 139 891 women, the prevalence of prepregnancy obesity increased between 2013 and 2018: non‐Hispanic White (21.6%–24.8%), non‐Hispanic Black (32.5%–36.2%), Hispanic (26.0%–30.5%), and non‐Hispanic Asian (15.3%–18.6%) women (
P
‐trend < 0.001 for all). Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for APOs associated with obesity increased between 2013 and 2018, and by 2018, ranged from 1.27 (1.25–1.29) in non‐Hispanic Black to 1.94 (1.92–1.96) in non‐Hispanic White women. Obesity was most strongly associated with pregnancy‐associated hypertension and inconsistently associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. Population attributable fractions of obesity‐related APOs increased over the study period: non‐Hispanic White (10.6%–14.7%), non‐Hispanic Black (3.7%–6.9%), Hispanic (7.0%–10.4%), and non‐Hispanic Asian (7.4%–9.7%) women (
P
‐trend < 0.01 for all).

Conclusions
The prevalence of prepregnancy obesity and burden of obesity‐related APOs have increased, driven primarily by pregnancy‐associated hypertension, and vary across racial/ethnic subgroups.
Racial Disparities in Modifiable Risk Factors and Statin Usage in Black Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Agarwala Anandita , Bekele Nathan , Deych Elena , Rich Michael W. , Hussain Aliza , Jones Laney K. , Sturm Amy C. , Aspry Karen , Nowak Elizabeth , Ahmad Zahid , Ballantyne Christie M. , Goldberg Anne C. 
Published: August 2021

Background
Black men and women are at higher risk for, and suffer greater morbidity and mortality from, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) compared with adults of European Ancestry (EA). Black patients with familial hypercholesterolemia are at particularly high risk for ASCVD complications because of lifelong exposure to elevated levels of low‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol.

Methods and Results

This retrospective study analyzed ASCVD prevalence and risk factors in 808 adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia from 5 US‐based lipid clinics, and compared findings in Black versus EA patients. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the strongest predictors of ASCVD as a function of race. No significant difference was noted in the prevalence of ASCVD in Black versus EA patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (39% versus 32%, respectively;
P
=0.15). However, Black versus EA patients had significantly greater prevalence of modifiable risk factors, including body mass index (mean, 32±7 kg/m
2
versus 29±6 kg/m
2
;
P
<0.001), hypertension (82% versus 50%;
P
<0.001), diabetes (39% versus 15%;
P
<0.001), and current smoking (16% versus 8%;
P
=0.006). Black versus EA patients also had significantly lower usage of statins (61% versus 73%;
P
=0.004) and other lipid‐lowering agents. In a fully adjusted multivariate model, race was not independently associated with ASCVD (odds ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.60–1.49;
P
=0.72).

Conclusions
The strongest predictors of ASCVD in Black patients with familial hypercholesterolemia were hypertension and cigarette smoking. These data support wider usage of statins and other lipid‐lowering therapies and greater attention to modifiable risk, specifically blood pressure management and smoking cessation.
Impact of Race on the In‐Hospital Quality of Care Among Young Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Raparelli Valeria , Benea Diana , Nunez Smith Marcella , Behlouli Hassan , Murphy Terrence E. , D’Onofrio Gail , Pilote Louise , Dreyer Rachel P. 
Published: August 2021

Background
The extent to which race influences in‐hospital quality of care for young adults (≤55 years) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is largely unknown. We examined racial disparities in in‐hospital quality of AMI care and their impact on 1‐year cardiac readmission.

Methods and Results

We used data from the VIRGO (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients) study enrolling young Black and White US adults with AMI (2008–2012). An in‐hospital quality of care score (QCS) was computed (standard AMI quality indicators divided by the total a patient is eligible for). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with the lowest QCS tertile, including interactions between race and social determinants of health. Among 2846 young adults with AMI (median 48 years [interquartile range 44–52], 67.4% women, 18.8% Black race), Black individuals, especially women, exhibited a higher prevalence of cardiac risk factors and social determinants of health and were more likely to experience a non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction than White individuals. Black individuals were more likely in the lowest QCS tertile than White individuals (40.8% versus 34.7%;
P
=0.003). The association between Black race and low QCS (odds ratio [OR], 1.25; 95% CI, 1.02–1.54) was attenuated by adjustment for confounders. Employment was independently associated with better QCS, especially among Black participants (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62–0.92; P‐
interaction
=0.02). Black individuals experienced a higher rate of 1‐year cardiac readmission (29.9% versus 20.0%;
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions
Black individuals with AMI received lower in‐hospital quality of care and exhibited a higher rate of cardiac readmissions than White individuals. Black individuals had a lower quality of care if unemployed, highlighting the intersection of race and social determinants of health.
Association Between Black Race, Clinical Severity, and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Phillips Amanda R. , Reitz Katherine M. , Myers Sara , Thoma Floyd , Andraska Elizabeth A. , Jano Antalya , Sridharan Natalie , Smith Roy E. , Mulukutla Suresh R. , Chaer Rabih 
Published: August 2021

Background
Existing evidence indicates Black patients have higher incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and PE‐related mortality compared with other races/ethnicities, yet disparities in presenting severity and treatment remain incompletely understood.

Methods and Results

We retrospectively queried a multihospital healthcare system for all hospitalizations for acute PE (2012–2019). Of 10 329 hospitalizations, 8743 met inclusion criteria. Black patients (14.3%) were significantly younger (54.6±17.8 versus 63.1±16.6 years;
P
<0.001) and more female (56.1% versus 51.6%;
P
=0.003) compared with White patients. Using ordinal regression, Black race was significantly associated with higher PE severity after matching 1:3 on age and sex (1210:3264; odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03–1.14), adjusting for clinical (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01–1.27), and socioeconomic (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.05–1.35) characteristics. Among intermediate and high‐severity PE, Black race was associated with a decreased risk of intervention controlling for the competing risk of mortality and censoring on hospital discharge. This effect was modified by PE severity (
P
value <0.001), with a lower and higher risk of intervention for intermediate and high‐severity PE, respectively. Race was not associated with in‐hospital mortality (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.69–1.02).

Conclusions
Black patients hospitalized with PE are younger with a higher severity of disease compared with White patients. Although Black patients are less likely to receive an intervention overall, this differed depending on PE severity with higher risk of intervention only for life‐threatening PE. This suggests nuanced racial disparities in management of PE and highlights the complexities of healthcare inequalities.
Brain White Matter Structure and Amyloid Deposition in Black and White Older Adults: The ARIC‐PET Study
Authors: Walker Keenan A. , Silverstein Noah , Zhou Yun , Hughes Timothy M. , Jack Clifford R. , Knopman David S. , Sharrett A. Richey , Wong Dean F. , Mosley Thomas H. , Gottesman Rebecca F. 
Published: August 2021

Background
White matter abnormalities are a common feature of aging and Alzheimer disease, and tend to be more severe among Black individuals. However, the extent to which white matter abnormalities relate to amyloid deposition, a marker of Alzheimer pathology, remains unclear. This cross‐sectional study examined the association of white matter abnormalities with cortical amyloid in a community sample of older adults without dementia and examined the moderating effect of race.

Methods and Results

Participants from the ARIC‐PET (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities‐Positron Emission Tomography) study underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging, which quantified white matter hyperintensity volume and microstructural integrity using diffusion tensor imaging. Participants received florbetapir positron emission tomography imaging to measure brain amyloid. Associations between measures of white matter structure and elevated amyloid status were examined using multivariable logistic regression. Among 322 participants (43% Black), each SD increase in white matter hyperintensity volume was associated with a greater odds of elevated amyloid (odds ratio [OR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.03–1.83) after adjusting for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. In race‐stratified analyses, a greater white matter hyperintensity volume was more strongly associated with elevated amyloid among Black participants (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.15–3.50), compared with White participants (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.89–1.89). However, the race interaction was not statistically significant (
P
interaction=0.09). We found no association between white matter microstructure and elevated amyloid.

Conclusions
The results suggest a modest positive relationship between white matter hyperintensity and elevated amyloid in older adults without dementia. Although the results indicate that this association is nonsignificantly stronger among Black participants, these findings will need to be confirmed or refuted using larger multiracial cohorts.
Les manuels de comptabilité, promoteurs de modèles et reflets de l’activité commerciale : trois exemples lyonnais des XVIe-XVIIe siècles
Authors: Bottin Jacques 
Published: August 2021

Résumé
L’historiographie du négoce lyonnais du premier âge moderne s’est fondée sur l’affirmation d’une asymétrie entre les acteurs locaux et les firmes italiennes qui dominaient la place grâce à meilleur savoir-faire technique et à des capacités économiques supérieures. En l’absence de sources directes, la littérature destinée aux marchands peut-elle témoigner d’un rattrapage ? L’étude des manuels de comptabilité ouvre quelques pistes. Les pratiques italiennes de gestion ont-elles influencé les modèles techniques que ces ouvrages proposent ? Dans quelle mesure ces fictions à but pédagogique produisent-elles une image de l’entreprise commerciale et de son rapport à l’économie globale ? Publiés à Lyon entre 1581 et 1627, les manuels de comptabilité de Pierre de Savonne et de Claude Boyer servent de base à cette étude.
Interaction between Strong Sound Waves and Cloud Droplets: Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Jia Ying-Hui , Li Fang-Fang , Fang Kun , Wang Guang-Qian , Qiu Jun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecently, strong sound wave was proposed to enhance precipitation. The theoretical basis of this proposal has not been effectively studied either experimentally or theoretically. On the basis of the microscopic parameters of atmospheric cloud physics, this paper solved the complex nonlinear differential equation to show the movement characteristics of cloud droplets under the action of sound waves. The motion process of an individual cloud droplet in a cloud layer in the acoustic field is discussed as well as the relative motion between two cloud droplets. The effects of different particle sizes and sound field characteristics on particle motion and collision are studied to analyze the dynamic effects of thunder-level sound waves on cloud droplets. The amplitude of velocity variation has positive correlation with sound pressure level (SPL) and negative correlation with the frequency of the surrounding sound field. Under the action of low-frequency sound waves with sufficient intensity, individual cloud droplets could be forced to oscillate significantly. A droplet smaller than 40 μm can be easily driven by sound waves of 50 Hz and 123.4 dB. The calculation of the collision process of two droplets reveals that the disorder of motion for polydisperse droplets is intensified, resulting in the broadening of the collision time range and spatial range. When the acoustic frequency is less than 100 Hz (at 123.4 dB) or the SPL is greater than 117.4 dB (at 50 Hz), the sound wave can affect the collision of cloud droplets significantly. This study provides a theoretical perspective of the acoustic effect on the microphysics of atmospheric clouds.
The diagnosis about spatio-temporal characteristics and driving factors of flash drought and its prediction over typical humid and semi-arid basins in China
Authors: Zhu Qian , Wang Yushi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFlash drought is a rapid-onset drought, which has greatly threatened the agricultural production and economic development. However, the unclear development mechanism of flash droughts brings challenges for its monitoring, forecasting and mitigation. This study investigates the spatio-temporal characteristics, driving factors and the prediction of flash drought over typical humid and semi-arid basins. The main objectives and findings are as follows: (1) The patterns of flash drought are compared under different climate types. The results show that flash drought is more serious in the chosen humid basin than that in the semiarid basin, with more events, longer duration, larger frequency of occurrence (FOC). (2) The development mechanisms of flash drought are explored by analyzing the anomalies of seven meteorological variables in the evolution of flash drought. The results indicate that the main driving factors are the negative anomalies of precipitation and the positive anomalies of temperature, which usually occur at two pentads before the onset of flash drought. (3) The prediction of soil moisture as a key variable in flash droughts developing process is conducted using support vector machine (SVM), with meteorological variables and a remote sensing soil moisture, namely Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP), as inputs. In this study, about 65%-70% of flash droughts can be captured by the prediction. However, some events are missed, and false alarms also exist in most stations in both basins. This study can provide some references for monitoring and early warning of flash drought, which is important to reduce the losses and risks in agriculture production.
Flow-dependent modeling of acoustic propagation based on DG-FEM method
Authors: Wang Zichen , Xu Jian , Zhang Xuefeng , Lu Can , Jin Kangkang , Zhang Yinquan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a two-dimensional underwater sound propagation model using the Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method (DG-FEM) to investigate the influence of current on sound propagation. The acoustic field is calculated by the convected wave equation with the current speed parameter. Based on the current speed data from an assimilation model, a two-dimensional coupled acoustic propagation model in the Fram Strait water area is established to observe the variability in propagation loss under different seasonal velocities in the real ocean environment. The transmission loss and signal time structure are examined. The results obtained in different source frequencies are also compared. It appears that the current velocity, time and range variation all have an effect on underwater sound propagation.
Observation of the Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Cycle Using Hyperspectral Infrared Satellite Sounding Retrievals
Authors: Duran Erika L. , Berndt Emily B. , Duran Patrick 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Hyperspectral infrared satellite sounding retrievals are used to examine thermodynamic changes in the tropical cyclone (TC) environment associated with the diurnal cycle of radiation. Vertical profiles of temperature and moisture are retrieved from the
Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership
(
SNPP
) satellite system,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-20
(
NOAA-20
), and the Meteorological Operational (
MetOp-A/B
) satellite system, leveraging both infrared and microwave sounding technologies. Vertical profiles are binned radially based on distance from the storm center and composited at 4-h intervals to reveal the evolution of the diurnal cycle. For the three cases examined—Hurricane Dorian (2019), Hurricane Florence (2018), and Hurricane Irma (2017)—a marked diurnal signal is evident that extends through a deep layer of the troposphere. Statistically significant differences at the 95% level are observed in temperature, moisture, and lapse rate profiles, indicating a moistening and destabilization of the mid- to upper troposphere that is more pronounced near the inner core of the TC at night. Observations support a favorable environment for the formation of deep convection caused by diurnal differences in radiative heating tendencies, which could partially explain why new diurnal pulses tend to form around sunset. These findings demonstrate that the diurnal cycle of radiation affects TC thermodynamics through a deep layer of the troposphere, and suggest that hyperspectral infrared satellite sounding retrievals are valuable assets in detecting thermodynamic variations in TCs.
Feline comorbidities: The intermingled relationship between chronic kidney disease and hypertension
Authors: Lawson Jack S , Jepson Rosanne E 
Published: August 2021

Practical relevance: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent disorder of senior cats. CKD is frequently diagnosed in association with hypertension, and the two conditions have an intermingled cause-and-effect relationship. Hypertensive target organ damage (TOD) to the eye, brain, heart and kidney significantly impacts the welfare of cats suffering from this comorbidity. Hypertension also drives proteinuria, which is an independent risk factor for progression and mortality in cats with CKD. Blood pressure monitoring and institution of effective antihypertensive treatment, where indicated, is therefore crucial in effective management of the feline CKD patient. Current guidelines recommend a target systolic blood pressure of <160 mmHg to minimise risk of TOD. Both amlodipine besylate and telmisartan are effective antihypertensive agents for use in these patients. Clinical challenges: Clinical signs of hypertension may not be apparent to owners of affected cats until severe hypertensive TOD is present. Despite this, blood pressure monitoring in cats with CKD is still infrequently performed, and hypertension likely remains underdiagnosed in this population. Evidence base: This review is based upon evaluation of the currently available published literature, including relevant consensus statements. There is a large body of evidence supporting the association between hypertension and CKD in cats. However, significant aspects, such as the mechanisms behind this association, and effect of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment on mortality and progression of CKD, remain unclear. Further research is therefore required in order to improve understanding of these conditions.
Feline abdominal ultrasonography: What’s normal? What’s abnormal? Abdominal lymph nodes, peritoneal cavity and aorta
Authors: Griffin Sally 
Published: August 2021

Practical relevance: Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the lymph nodes, peritoneal cavity and abdominal vasculature provides important information useful in the investigation of a number of conditions, including aortic thromboembolism. Clinical challenges: Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even for the experienced ultrasonographer, differentiating between incidental findings such as Bates bodies and pathological changes can be challenging. Aim: This review, the last in an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses ultrasound examination of the abdominal lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity, and also the role of the technique in identifying thromboembolism of the aorta. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material. Equipment: Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. Evidence base: Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author’s own clinical experience.
Serum fibroblast growth factor-23 concentrations in young and mature adult cats with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Miyakawa Hirosumi , Hsu Huai-Hsun , Ogawa Mizuki , Akabane Ryota , Miyagawa Yuichi , Takemura Naoyuki 
Published: August 2021

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 concentrations in young and mature adult cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods The present study retrospectively investigated the serum samples and medical records of 1–8-year-old clinically healthy cats (control group, n = 7) and cats with CKD (n = 54). Cats with CKD were divided into four stages based on serum creatinine concentrations, according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) CKD guidelines. Serum FGF-23 concentrations were compared between cats in the control group, IRIS stages 1, 2 and 3–4 CKD. Continuous variables were analysed using correlations and multiple linear regression. Results Serum FGF-23 concentrations were significantly higher in cats with IRIS stages 1, 2 and 3–4 CKD, compared with those in the control group ( P = 0.02, P = 0.002 and P = 0.002, respectively). Additionally, serum FGF-23 concentrations in cats with IRIS stages 3–4 CKD had higher serum FGF-23 concentrations than those with IRIS stages 1 and 2 CKD ( P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). In the multiple linear regression analysis, serum urea nitrogen concentration, serum phosphorus concentration and blood ionised calcium concentration were independent variables predicting serum FGF-23 concentration. Conclusions and relevance Serum FGF-23 concentrations in younger cats with CKD increased in early-stage CKD and were associated with mineral metabolic markers, as also occurs in geriatric cats.