bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Idioscopus nagpurensis (mango leafhopper).
Authors: Ganeswaran R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Mango leafhoppers are major pests in the Indian subcontinent. The major damage is caused at the flowering stage and several studies have highlighted the reduction of yield which may be between 20 and 100% depending on population size. Verghese and Rao (1987) examined the critical infestation stages of the related species I. clypealis in Uttar Pradesh, India. The mean density of cicadellids was 0.54-20.64 per panicle in 1983 and 0-6.03 per panicle in 1984. In both years, the peak population occurred when the fruit was pea sized. At the post-bloom stage a population of two adults per panicle was sufficient to cause yield reduction. It is suggested that the critical infestation stages are at post-bloom, when the fruit is marble sized, and 1 month before harvest, with corresponding critical population levels of two adults, 6-21 nymphs and 4-11 hoppers per panicle. In the Philippines, Corey et al. (1989) found that the economic injury levels for I. clypealis on two croppings of mangoes averaged 4.21, 4.30, 4.45 and 4.55 adults per panicle at 2, 10, 18 and 26 days, respectively, after flower bud break for the first cropping, and 4.79, 4.88, 5.06 and 5.18 adults per panicle for the second cropping.
Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

A. conyzoides is an annual erect herb reported as an invasive, noxious weed in agricultural lands and as a coloniser of open fields and degraded areas, causing crop yield reductions and affecting biodiversity (Kohli et al., 2006; GISD, 2016; PIER, 2016). It is also a host of pathogens and nematodes that affect crop species (BioNET-EAFRINET, 2016). It is listed as invasive throughout Asia; in Kenya, Mayotte, Morocco, Reunion, Tanzania, South Africa and Uganda in Africa; California (USA) in North America; Cuba in the Caribbean; Easter Island in South America; and in much of Oceania (Oviedo-Prieto et al., 2012; BioNET-EAFRINET, 2016; Encylopedia of Life, 2016; GISD, 2016; PIER, 2016). It is also known to be invasive in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Zambia.
Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel).
Authors: Popay Ian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

The herbaceous plant O. corniculata is commonly described as being widely naturalized and its origins obscure. The species has many weedy characteristics, being readily self-pollinated, producing copious seeds in a short time, and being capable of growing rapidly in open places. Its spread appears phenomenal. It is considered a cosmopolitan weed of tropical and temperature zones and it probably occurs in most countries in the world, although it may not yet have been reported from all. It occurs in gardens, lawns, arable land and pastures. In Canada it is especially prevalent as a weed of glasshouses. It is a known weed of many crops across the world, from tea in Sri Lanka to rice in Japan. Its spread has been partly accidental and partly deliberate, since its oxalic acid-containing leaves have long been used for culinary purposes, and for their medicinal and herbal value.
Amaranthus blitum (livid amaranth).
Authors: Parker Chris , Iamonico Duilio 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

A. blitum is a monoecious annual weed with a near global distribution. It grows between 10 and 80 cm tall, sometimes reaching 90 cm.It was listed by Holm et al. (1979) as a serious or principal weed in ten countries, mainly across Europe and Asia but also including Nigeria and Mozambique. It occurs in a wide range of field and horticultural crops, grassland, orchards, plantations and vineyards. It appears to be especially troublesome in Japan, where it is one of the three main weeds of warmer upland farms (Takabayashi and Nakayama, 1981), and in the USA. In Minais Gerais province, Brazil, it is among the five most common weeds of coffee (Laca-Buendia and Brandao, 1994). A. blitum subsp. emarginatus potentially impacts on the native riparian herbaceous vegetation in Europe (Walter and Dobes, 2004).
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Praci Andrew 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

M. zapota is an evergreen tree with a round dense crown, it is generally 5-20 m in height, although it may reach up to 40 m. It was originally distributed in Central America, Mexico and the West Indies, but is now widely cultivated to a greater or lesser extent in tropical lowlands world-wide.
Myroxylon balsamum (Peru balsam).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

M. balsamum is a deciduous tree, shade tolerant, which can reach 34 m in height, with bole up to 15 m and a d.b.h. of up to 100 cm. There are varying opinions about the number of species and varieties in the genus Myroxylon. Several authorities consider M. peruiferum to be a distinct species from M. balsamum, the former having a more southerly natural distribution (Colombia to Argentina) than the latter (Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela). Others have a broader concept of M. balsamum and subsume M. peruiferum in it. This data sheet includes information on both the northern (M. balsamum) and southern (M. peruiferum) populations. M. balsamum var. pereirae has been introduced in the south of Florida, Ceylan, India and Western Africa.
Morella faya (firetree).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

M. faya, the fire tree, is native to the Atlantic islands of the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries, where it is a component of mid-altitude forests. It was introduced to Hawaii where it has become a serious invasive weed in the Volcanoes National Park, and is resisting all attempts at its eradication.
Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven).
Authors: Nava Soraya Constán 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

A. altissima, native to China, is a short to medium-size deciduous tree valued chiefly for timber, shade and urban amenity plantings. It is tolerant of drought, poor soils and pollution and so can be grown in difficult urban locations, although it is considered as a potentially weedy species in the USA (Shah, 1997). It is an aggressive pioneer species, characterized by rapid juvenile growth and prolific seed production and has a very high ability to coppice once established. It requires well-aerated and moist soils to produce good, single-stemmed trees.
A comfortable steady state visual evoked potential stimulation paradigm using peripheral vision
Authors: Zhao Xi , Wang Zhenyu , Zhang Min , Hu Honglin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective. Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) can cause much visual discomfort if the users use the SSVEP-BCIs for a long time. As an alternative scheme to reduce users’ visual fatigue, this study proposes a new stimulation paradigm (termed as steady state peripheral visual evoked potential, abbreviated as SSPVEP) which makes full use of peripheral vision. The electroencephalography (EEG) signals are classifiable which means this proposed stimulation paradigm can be used in BCI system with the aid of the latest hybrid signal processing approach. Approach. Under the SSPVEP stimulation paradigm, 20 targets are mounted on 20 frequencies and other targets are set between two targets with flicker stimuli coding. In order to ensure the classification accuracy of SSPVEP signal detection under the proposed stimulation paradigm, two optimization schemes are proposed for the detection stage of the conventional ensemble task-related component analysis (ETRCA) algorithm. The first optimization scheme uses nonlinear correlation coefficient at the detection part for the first time to improve the classification accuracy of the system. The second optimization scheme uses γ correction to enhance the time domain features of the SSPVEP signals, and uses Manhattan distance for the final detection. Main results. According to the response waveforms of the EEG signals generated under the SSPVEP stimulation paradigm and the results of the questionnaire on user’s comfort level to the two stimulation paradigms (SSPVEP paradigm and conventional SSVEP paradigm), the proposed stimulation paradigm brings less visual fatigue. The comparison results indicate that the proposed detection methods (ETRCA + γ correction + Manhattan distance, ETRCA + Spearman correlation) can greatly improve the classification accuracy compared with the individual template canonical correlation analysis method and conventional ETRCA method based on Pearson correlation. Significance. The SSPVEP stimulation paradigm reduces users’ visual fatigue via using peripheral vision, which provides a new design idea for SSVEP stimulation paradigm aimed at visual comfort.
A density consistency approach to the inverse Ising problem
Authors: Braunstein Alfredo , Catania Giovanni , Dall’Asta Luca , Muntoni Anna Paola 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We propose a novel approach to the inverse Ising problem which employs the recently introduced density consistency approximation (DC) to determine the model parameters (couplings and external fields) maximizing the likelihood of given empirical data. This method allows for closed-form expressions of the inferred parameters as a function of the first and second empirical moments. Such expressions have a similar structure to the small-correlation expansion derived in reference Sessak and Monasson (2009 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.
42 055001), of which they provide an improvement in the case of non-zero magnetization at low temperatures, as well as in presence of random external fields. The present work provides an extensive comparison with most common inference methods used to reconstruct the model parameters in several regimes, i.e. by varying both the network topology and the distribution of fields and couplings. The comparison shows that no method is uniformly better than every other one, but DC appears nevertheless as one of the most accurate and reliable approaches to infer couplings and fields from first and second moments in a significant range of parameters.
Superspreaders and high variance infectious diseases
Authors: Oz Yaron , Rubinstein Ittai , Safra Muli 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A well-known characteristic of recent pandemics is the high level of heterogeneity in the infection spread: not all infected individuals spread the disease at the same rate and some individuals (superspreaders) are responsible for most of the infections. To quantify the effects of this phenomenon, we analyze the effect of the variance and higher moments of the infection distribution on the spread of the disease. Working in the framework of stochastic branching processes, we derive an approximate analytical formula for the probability of avoiding an outbreak in the high variance regime of the infection distribution, verify it numerically and analyze its regime of validity in various examples. We perform population based simulations and show that, as predicted by the mathematical model, it is possible for an outbreak not to occur in the high variance regime even when the basic reproduction number R
0 is larger than 1. The applicability of our results to the current COVID-19 is restricted to scenarios where imposed measures are able to reduce significantly the number of infected individuals and the high basic reproduction number. We note that our analysis may find implications in general information spread scenarios.
Classification of artificial intelligence technologies to determine the civil liability
Authors: Alekseev A , Erakhtina O , Kondratyeva K , Nikitin T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper confirms a conclusion that there is no unified approach to the issue of civil liability for the actions of artificial intelligence. The authors propose to consider fault-based liability, liability regardless of fault and liability founded on a risk-based approach. To determine a type of liability for the actions of AI, the authors outline a classification of AI technologies on four grounds: autonomy, self-learning, feature and availability of data recorders. According to the authors, the most promising approach to the legal regulation of liability for the functioning of artificial intelligence technologies is a risk-based approach. The conclusions presented in the paper testify to the relevance of the topic of the research and prove the beginning of the formation of a scientific understanding of civil liability for the actions of AI in Russia and abroad.
Greater vulnerability of snowmelt-fed river thermal regimes to a warming climate
Authors: Yan Hongxiang , Sun Ning , Fullerton Aimee , Baerwalde Matthew 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While the advective flux from cool melt runoff can be a significant source of thermal energy to mountainous rivers, it has been a much less addressed process in river temperature modeling and thus our understanding is limited with respect to the spatiotemporal effect of melt on river temperatures at the watershed scale. In particular, the extent and magnitude of the melt cooling effect in the context of a warming climate are not yet well understood. To address this knowledge gap, we improved a coupled hydrology and stream temperature modeling system, distributed hydrology soil vegetation model and river basin model (DHSVM-RBM), to account for the thermal effect of cool snowmelt runoff on river temperatures. The model was applied to a snow-fed river basin in the Pacific Northwest to evaluate the responses of snow, hydrology, stream temperatures, and fish growth potential to future climates. Historical simulations suggest that snowmelt can notably reduce the basin-wide peak summer temperatures particularly at high-elevation tributaries, while the thermal impacts of melt water can persist through the summer along the mainstem. Ensemble climate projections suggested that a warming climate will decrease basin mean peak snow and summer streamflow by 92% and 60% by the end of the century. Due to the compounded influences of warmer temperatures, lower flows and diminished cooling from melt, river reaches in high elevation snow-dominated areas were projected to be most vulnerable to future climate change, showing the largest increases in summer peak temperatures. As a result, thermal habitat used by anadromous Pacific salmon was projected to exhibit substantially lower growth potential during summer in the future. These results have demonstrated the necessity of accounting for snowmelt influence on stream temperature modeling in mountainous watersheds.
Random forest-based understanding and predicting of the impacts of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on the water quality of a tropical lagoon
Authors: Fang Xin , Li Xiaoyan , Zhang Yifei , Zhao Yuan , Qian Jian , Hao Chunling , Zhou Jiaqi , Wu Yifan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Seawater quality degradation is caused by diverse, non-linearly interacting factors, knowledge of which is essential for understanding and predicting water quality trends. Currently, most water-quality research has been based on certain assumptions to employ linear approaches for solving simplified problems, such as numerical simulations or cumulative impact assessments. To improve the accuracy and ease of prediction, the random forest method has been increasingly employed as a good alternative to traditional prediction methods. In the present study, the random forest method was adopted to construct a model of the water quality response of Xincun Lagoon to anthropogenic nutrient inputs based on a limited amount of sample data, aiming to (a) identify the critical sources of nutrient inputs that affect the meeting of water quality objectives so as to minimize the socioeconomic impact on secondary stakeholders; and (b) predict the impact of a reduction of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on water quality improvement. It can be seen from the results that the intensity of stressors generated by different human activities presents an obvious non-linear superposition pattern, and the random forest method is one of the feasible solutions to this phenomenon; in addition, the impact on the lagoon ecosystem is not directly related to the intensity of the pressure source, for example, coastal aquaculture is more important than shallow sea cage aquaculture. Therefore, the method established in this paper can be used to identify the key pressure sources during the restoration of the lagoon environment, so as to achieve the unity of economy and effectiveness.
Association between NO2 concentrations and spatial configuration: a study of the impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns in 54 US cities
Authors: Wong Man Sing , Zhu Rui , Yin Tung Kwok Coco , Kwan Mei-Po , Santi Paolo , Ho Liu Chun , Qin Kai , Lee Kwon Ho , Heo Joon , Li Hon , Ratti Carlo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The massive lockdown of global cities during the COVID-19 pandemic is substantially improving the atmospheric environment, which for the first time, urban mobility is virtually reduced to zero, and it is then possible to establish a baseline for air quality. By comparing these values with pre-COVID-19 data, it is possible to infer the likely effect of urban mobility and spatial configuration on the air quality. In the present study, a time-series prediction model is enhanced to estimate the nationwide NO2 concentrations before and during the lockdown measures in the United States, and 54 cities are included in the study. The prediction generates a notable NO2 difference between the observations if the lockdown is not considered, and the changes in urban mobility can explain the difference. It is found that the changes in urban mobility associated with various road textures have a significant impact on NO2 dispersion in different types of climates.
Observations on BPS observables in 6D
Authors: Drukker Nadav , Trépanier Maxime 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We study possible geometries and R-symmetry breaking patterns that lead to globally BPS surface operators in the six dimensional

N
=

(

2
,
0

)

theory. We find four main classes of solutions in different subspaces of

R

6

and a multitude of subclasses and specific examples. We prove that these constructions lead to supersymmetry preserving observables and count the number of preserved supercharges. We discuss the underlying geometry, calculate their anomalies and present analogous structures for the holographic dual M2-branes in AdS
7 × S
4. We also comment on the dimensional reduction of these observables to line and surface operators in 4D and 5D theories. This rich spectrum of operators is proposed as the simplest and most natural observables of this mysterious theory.
Effect of exhalation flow rates and level of nitric oxide output on accuracy of linear approximation of pulmonary nitric oxide dynamics
Authors: Karvonen Tuomas , Lehtimäki Lauri 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The method of Tsoukias and George (T and G) is a commonly used linear approximation of pulmonary nitric oxide (NO) dynamics that can be used to calculate bronchial NO output (JawNO) and alveolar NO concentration (CANO). We aimed to investigate how flow rate range in exhaled NO measurements and levels of pulmonary NO parameters affect the accuracy of the T and G method. This study has three parts. (a) A theoretical part demonstrating how different exhalation flow rates and NO parameter levels affect the accuracy of the T and G method, (b) testing how exhalation flow rate range affects the method in a sample of asthmatic and healthy subjects, and (c) a meta-analysis of published literature to test whether minimum flow rate has an association with the NO parameter values. We found that both the chosen exhalation flow rates and magnitude of the pulmonary NO parameters affect the accuracy of the T and G method. Underestimation of J
awNO increased with lower flow rates and higher bronchial diffusion factor of NO (DawNO), while overestimation of CANO increased with higher DawNO and bronchial wall NO concentration (CawNO) and lower CANO. Of the NO parameters, CANO was the most prone to bias and high DawNO was the most significant factor causing the bias. Furthermore, we found that using 40 ml s−1 as the lowest flow rate in our sample and 50 ml s−1 in the meta-analysis compared to 100 ml s−1 resulted in higher CANO, but JawNO was not statistically significantly affected. We have provided objective evidence that not only the flow rates used but also the magnitude of NO output in the test subjects affect the accuracy of the T and G method. We suggest that flow rates below 100 ml s−1 should not be used with the T and G method to maintain accuracy.
Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of types of economic control in the tourism sector in the Russian Federation
Authors: Boyko A N , Galkin A I , Barmenkova N A , Zudenkova S A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As part of the current study it is hypothesized that the effectiveness of types of economic control depends on the economic sector to which it is applied. The purpose of the study is to compare and analyse the effectiveness of types of financial control in relation to enterprises of the tourism sector. In this paper, a methodology for assessing types of economic control is presented. The results of the study partially confirm the hypothesis put forward by the author that the effectiveness of a particular type of control depends largely on the economic sector (as indicated by the results of the evaluation of statistical control, which is poorly applicable to tourism), but only partially. It is established, that the most effective for a tourism enterprise can be considered a combination of audit, financial and accounting controls, with the latter type of control preferably used as an intermediate instead of financial control. All this will simultaneously save enterprise resources and successfully track the performance of its activities.
The Chinese steel market transformation influenced by the economic recession
Authors: Saltykova Yana 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Since the beginning of 2020, sharp changes in China's economy have affected virtually all sectors of the country's production. Temporary decline in China's steel production and demand due to the coronavirus outbreak and associated restrictions may lead to the increased production of these goods in other countries and increased steel stocks stored in warehouses, which would have a negative impact on the world steel prices. The virus concentration in China, following a high steel production growth and exports since 2003, has created a demand vacuum throughout the region. At the same time, the world steel stocks are quite high and can compensate for the decline in steel production in China, which will affect the market transformation in whole. However, it should be borne in mind that the Industrial Revolution penetrates the entire added value chain, defining a set of technological solutions in metallurgy, which improves the prospects for further industry development and strengthening positions after a stagnation period. In this context, the dynamics of major economic indicators with regard to steel in China is relevant to study, which will allow to determine the short-term metallurgy development trends and the world steel market dynamics in general.