bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joint effects of alcohol use, smoking and body mass index as an explanation for the alcohol harm paradox: causal mediation analysis of eight cohort studies
Authors: Peña Sebastián , Mäkelä Pia , Laatikainen Tiina , Härkänen Tommi , Männistö Satu , Heliövaara Markku , Koskinen Seppo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsLower socio‐economic status (SES) is associated with higher alcohol‐related harm despite lower levels of alcohol use. Differential vulnerability due to joint effects of behavioural risk factors is one potential explanation for this ‘alcohol harm paradox’. We analysed to what extent socio‐economic inequalities in alcohol‐mortality are mediated by alcohol, smoking and body mass index (BMI), and their joint effects with each other and with SES.DesignCohort study of eight health examination surveys (1978–2007) linked to mortality data.SettingFinland.ParticipantsA total of 53 632 Finnish residents aged 25+ years.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was alcohol‐attributable mortality. We used income as an indicator of SES. We assessed the joint effects between income and mediators (alcohol use, smoking and BMI) and between the mediators, adjusting for socio‐demographic indicators. We used causal mediation analysis to calculate the total, direct, indirect and mediated interactive effects using Aalen's additive hazards models.FindingsDuring 1 085 839 person‐years of follow‐up, we identified 865 alcohol‐attributable deaths. We found joint effects for income and alcohol use and income and smoking, resulting in 46.8 and 11.4 extra deaths due to the interaction per 10 000 person‐years. No interactions were observed for income and BMI or between alcohol and other mediators. The lowest compared with the highest income quintile was associated with 5.5 additional alcohol deaths per 10 000 person‐years (95% confidence interval = 3.7, 7.3) after adjusting for confounders. The proportion mediated by alcohol use was negative (−69.3%), consistent with the alcohol harm paradox. The proportion mediated by smoking and BMI and their additive interactions with income explained 18.1% of the total effect of income on alcohol‐attributable mortality.ConclusionsPeople of lower socio‐economic status appear to be more vulnerable to the effects of alcohol use and smoking on alcohol‐attributable mortality. Behavioural risk factors and their joint effects with income may explain part of the alcohol harm paradox.
ANO9 regulates PD‐L2 expression and binding ability to PD‐1 in gastric cancer
Authors: Katsurahara Keita , Shiozaki Atsushi , Kosuga Toshiyuki , Shimizu Hiroki , Kudou Michihiro , Arita Tomohiro , Konishi Hirotaka , Komatsu Shuhei , Kubota Takeshi , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Okamoto Kazuma , Kishimoto Mitsuo , Konishi Eiichi , Otsuji Eigo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe function of ANO9 in gastrointestinal cancer remains unclear. We investigated the biological behaviors and clinical prognostic values of ANO9 in gastric cancer (GC). Knockdown experiments were performed on human GC cell lines using ANO9 siRNA. Eighty‐four primary tissue samples from patients with advanced GC were examined immunohistochemically (IHC). Knockdown of ANO9 reduced the progression of cancer cells in MKN7 and MKN74 cells. A microarray analysis revealed that ANO9 regulated PD‐L2 via interferon (IFN)‐related genes. We confirmed using flow cytometry that the depletion of ANO9 reduced the binding ability to PD‐1 by downregulating the expression of PD‐L2 in MKN7 and MKN74 cells. IHC revealed a correlation between the expression of ANO9 and PD‐L2 and also that the strong expression of ANO9 was an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with advanced GC. The present results indicate that ANO9 regulates PD‐L2 and binding ability to PD‐1 via IFN‐related genes in GC. Therefore, ANO9 has potential as a biomarker and target of immune checkpoint blockage (ICB) for GC.
Early‐life course factors and oral health among young Norwegian adults
Authors: Åstrøm Anne Nordrehaug , Smith Otto Robert Frans , Sulo Gerhard 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveUsing a national sample of young Norwegian adults, we examined whether unpleasant experience with dental care during childhood is associated with tooth loss and oral health–related quality of life in adulthood after accounting for early‐ and later‐life socio‐behavioural circumstances and dental avoidance behaviour.Methods2433 individuals aged 25‐35 years participated in an electronic survey. Oral quality of life was measured using the oral impact of daily performance (OIDP) inventory. Generalized linear models and negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the association of early unpleasant experiences with dental care and tooth loss and OIDP scores. Incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate the relative differences in prevalence of tooth loss and OIDP scores.ResultsAdjusting for early‐life characteristics only, the prevalence of tooth loss was 1.42 (IRR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.24‐1.64) and 1.96 (IRR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.70‐2.26) times higher among individuals who reported unpleasant experiences a few times or several times, than in individuals who did not report unpleasant experiences with dental care in childhood. Adjusting further for educational level, smoking and tooth brushing attenuated the relative differences (IRR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.22‐1.62 and IRR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.62‐2.17, respectively). Lastly, when adjusting for dental avoidance behaviour, the prevalence of tooth loss was 1.29 (IRR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.11‐1.50) and 1.58 (IRR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.32‐1.88) times higher among individuals who reported unpleasant experiences a few times or several times than in those who did not. Corresponding associations of early unpleasant experience with OIDP were (IRR = 1.41 95% CI: 1.22‐1.63) and (IRR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.42‐2.01) when adjusting for early‐life characteristics, and (IRR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.20‐1.60) and (IRR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.27‐1.80) when adjusting for education, smoking and tooth brushing. When adjusting for dental avoidance behaviour, the association of early unpleasant experience with OIDP became nonsignificant.ConclusionUnpleasant dental care experiences during childhood are associated with poor oral health in adulthood, independent of later‐life socio‐behavioural characteristics including negative dental care seeking. This highlights the importance of tailoring regular contacts with dental healthcare services in childhood to build confidence in children and thus has implications for healthcare policy.
Using centroids of spatial units in ecological niche modelling: Effects on model performance in the context of environmental data grain size
Authors: Cheng Yanchao , Tjaden Nils Benjamin , Jaeschke Anja , Thomas Stephanie Margarete , Beierkuhnlein Carl 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimEcological niche models (ENMs) typically require point locations of species’ occurrence as input data. Where exact locations are not available, geographical centroids of the respective administrational spatial units (ASUs) are often used as a substitute. We investigated how the use of ASU centroids in ENMs affects model performance, what role the size of ASUs plays, and what effects different grain sizes of explanatory variables have.LocationEurope.Major taxa studiedVirtual species.MethodsWe set up a two‐factorial study design with artificial ASUs of three different sizes and environmental data of four commonly used grain sizes, repeated over three study regions. To control other factors that may affect ENM performance, we created a virtual species with a known response to environmental variables, precise and even sampling and a known spatial distribution. We ran a series of Maxent models for the virtual species based on centroids and precise occurrence locations under varying ASU and grain sizes.ResultsThe use of ASU centroids introduces a value frequency mismatch of the explanatory variables between centroids and true occurrence locations, and it has a negative effect on ENM performance. Value frequency mismatch, negative effect on ENM performance and over‐prediction of the species’ range all increase with ASU size. The effect of grain size of environmental data, on the contrary, was small in comparison.Main conclusionsENMs built upon ASU centroids can suffer considerably from the introduced error. For ASUs that are sufficiently small or show low spatial heterogeneity of explanatory variables, ASU centroids can still be a viable and convenient surrogate for precise occurrence locations. When possible, however, central tendency values (median, mean) that represent the whole ASU rather than just a single point location need to be considered.
Biological evaluation of hesperidin for direct pulp capping in dogs’ teeth
Authors: Abo El‐Mal Ebtesam O. , Abu‐Seida Ashraf M. , El Ashry Salma H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study compared the biological effect of Hesperidin, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA)‐Angelus and calcium hydroxide for direct pulp capping. A total of 126 dogs,teeth were divided according to the post‐treatment evaluation period into three groups (42 teeth each), group I: 2 weeks, group II: 4 weeks and group III: 8 weeks. Each group was further subdivided according to the pulp capping material into three subgroups (14 teeth each), subgroup A (Hesperidin), subgroup B (MTA‐Angelus) and subgroup C (Dycal). Both inflammatory response and dentine bridge formation were assessed by histopathology. All data were statistically analysed. Resolution of the inflammation was recorded by the time with a significant difference between subgroups within the same group (P<.05). Hesperidin, MTA‐Angelus and Dycal showed either mild or moderate inflammation at 2 weeks with significant differences between subgroups (P < .05). At 4 and 8 weeks, there were no significant differences between subgroups (P > .05). Absence of complete or partial calcified bridge with no odontoblastic layer was reported in all subgroups at 2 weeks while at 4 weeks, the majority of samples in Hesperidin and MTA subgroups showed amorphous calcified deposit. At 8 weeks, there was no significant difference (P > .05) between subgroups except that 78.5% and 92.9% of Hesperidin and MTA‐Angelus samples, respectively, showed moderate dentine bridge. Also, 78.5% of Hesperidin and Dycal samples revealed moderately thick dentine bridge while 78.7% of MTA‐Angelus showed a thin dentine bridge with a significant difference between them (P < .05). In conclusion, Hesperidin is a promising pulp capping material inducing mild inflammation and good dentine bridge formation.
Symptoms and recovery among adult outpatients with and without COVID‐19 at 11 healthcare facilities—July 2020, United States
Authors: Fisher Kiva A. , Olson Samantha M. , Tenforde Mark W. , Self Wesley H. , Wu Michael , Lindsell Christopher J. , Shapiro Nathan I. , Files D. Clark , Gibbs Kevin W. , Erickson Heidi L. , Prekker Matthew E. , Steingrub Jay S. , Exline Matthew C. , Henning Daniel J. , Wilson Jennifer G. , Brown Samuel M. , Peltan Ithan D. , Rice Todd W. , Hager David N. , Ginde Adit A. , Talbot H. Keipp , Casey Jonathan D. , Grijalva Carlos G. , Flannery Brendan , Patel Manish M. , Feldstein Leora R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundSymptoms of mild COVID‐19 illness are non‐specific and may persist for prolonged periods. Effects on quality of life of persistent poor physical or mental health associated with COVID‐19 are not well understood.MethodsAdults aged ≥18 years with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 and matched control patients who tested negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection at outpatient facilities associated with 11 medical centers in the United States were interviewed to assess symptoms, illness duration, and health‐related quality of life. Duration of symptoms, health‐related quality of life measures, and days of poor physical health by symptoms experienced during illness were compared between case patients and controls using Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests. Symptoms associated with COVID‐19 case status were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression.ResultsAmong 320 participants included, 157 were COVID‐19 cases and 163 were SARS‐CoV‐2 negative controls. Loss of taste or smell was reported by 63% of cases and 6% of controls and was strongly associated with COVID‐19 in logistic regression models (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 32.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 12.6‐83.1). COVID‐19 cases were more likely than controls to have experienced fever, body aches, weakness, or fatigue during illness, and to report ≥1 persistent symptom more than 14 days after symptom onset (50% vs 32%, P < .001). Cases reported significantly more days of poor physical health during the past 14 days than controls (P < .01).ConclusionsDifferentiating COVID‐19 from other acute illnesses will require widespread diagnostic testing, especially during influenza seasons. Persistent COVID‐19‐related symptoms may negatively affect quality of life, even among those initially presenting with mild illness.
Atrial fibrillation is associated with cardiovascular events in obese Japanese with one or more cardiovascular risk factors: The Japan Morning Surge Home Blood Pressure (J‐HOP) Study
Authors: Watanabe Hiroaki , Kabutoya Tomoyuki , Hoshide Satoshi , Kario Kazuomi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe impacts of atrial fibrillation (AF) and home blood pressure (BP) on the cardiovascular prognosis of obese individuals have not been clarified. We analyzed the differences in the prognosis (including the effect of the home BP of AF patients with/without obesity) in a Japanese population with cardiovascular risk factors. We enrolled 3,586 patients from the J‐HOP study who had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. We conducted 12‐lead electrocardiography, and the group of AF patients was determined as those whose electrocardiography revealed AF. Obesity was defined as a body mass index >25 kg/m2. The primary end points were fatal/nonfatal cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and aortic dissection). Among the obese patients, those with AF (n = 36) suffered more significantly cardiovascular events (log rank 7.17, p = .007) compared to the patients with sinus rhythm (n = 1,282), but among the non‐obese patients, the rates of cardiovascular events were similar (log rank 0.006, p = .94) in the AF patients (n = 48) and sinus rhythm patients (n = 2220). After adjusting for age, sex, office/home BP, smoking, diabetes, and creatinine level, AF was an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in the obese group (hazard ratio [HR] 3.05, 95%CI: 1.17‐7.97, p = .023). Home systolic BP was also a predictor of cardiovascular events in the obese group independent of the risk of AF (per 10 mm Hg: HR 1.36, 95%CI: 1.02‐1.83, p = .039). In conclusion, AF was an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in obese patients after adjusting for home BP.
Monitoring breastfeeding indicators in high‐income countries: Levels, trends and challenges
Authors: Vaz Juliana S. , Maia Maria Fatima S. , Neves Paulo A. R. , Santos Thiago M. , Vidaletti Luís Paulo , Victora Cesar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMonitoring indicators of breastfeeding practices is important to protect and evaluate the progress of breastfeeding promotion efforts. However, high‐income countries lack standardized methodology to monitor their indicators. We aimed to update and summarize nationally representative annual estimates of breastfeeding indicators in high‐income countries and to describe methodological issues pertaining to the data sources used. A review was conducted through population‐based surveys with nationally representative samples or health reports from nationally representative administrative data of electronic surveys or medical records. Methodological aspects and rates of all breastfeeding indicators available were summarized by country. The median and annual growth of breastfeeding in percentage points within countries with time‐series data were estimated. Data from 51 out of 82 high‐income countries were identified. The data were obtained through surveys (n = 32) or administrative data (n = 19). Seventy‐one percent of countries have updated their indicators since 2015. Ever breastfed was the indicator most frequently reported (n = 46), with a median of 91%. By 6 months of age, the median equals 18% for exclusive and 45% for any breastfeeding. At 12 months, the median of continued breastfeeding decreased to 29%. The annual growth rate for ever breastfed, exclusive and any breastfeeding at 6 months and continued at 12 months varied from 1.5 to −2.0, 3.5 to −3.1, 5.0 to −1.0 and 5.0 to −1.9, respectively, with positive changes for most countries. Stronger interventions are needed to promote breastfeeding in high‐income countries as a whole, and investments are required to monitor trends with standardized methodologies.
Evaluation of skin erythema severity by dermatoscopy in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Cugmas Blaž , Olivry Thierry 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundTo estimate the extent and severity of atopic dermatitis (AD)‐related skin lesions, clinical trials enrolling dogs with AD often use categorical scales such as the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐04) and Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI). Despite recent progress in the standardization of these AD‐grading scales, the evaluation of the severity of skin lesions (including erythema) remains subjective.ObjectivesTo validate an optical set‐up with a smartphone and a dermatoscope for the objective estimation of skin erythema severity in atopic dogs.AnimalsForty‐three dogs with AD.Methods and materialsAn erythema index (EI) was calculated from calibrated skin images and compared to the dermatologist’s erythema severity estimate using the erythema grading scale used in the CADESI‐04, as well as an ad hoc Visual Analog Scale (VAS) with a continuous palette of red shades.ResultsWe found a strong correlation based on the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between all erythema valuations: CADESI‐04 and VAS: 0.93 [95% CI: (0.85, 0.96)]; CADESI‐04 and EI: 0.85 (0.72, 0.92); VAS and EI: 0.82 (0.67, 0.91). There was a good agreement between the objective EI and CADESI‐04‐based estimates because 71% of samples were classified in the same erythema severity category. When comparing the EI and the VAS, the standard deviation of misestimates was 12% (maximum 100%).Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe proposed optical set‐up has the potential to make erythema severity estimation objective, thus leading to more reliable AD severity scales for the use in experimental canine AD models or in clinical trials enrolling atopic dogs.
Association of Perceived Environment and Physical Activity in Older Adults After the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Moriyama Nobuaki , Iwasa Hajime , Yasumura Seiji 
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the association between perceived environment and physical activity among older adults in Fukushima Prefecture after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and the impact of evacuation. Questionnaires were distributed to individuals aged 65 years and older from October to November 2018. Perceived environment was assessed using a five-item questionnaire on home fitness equipment, access to facilities, neighborhood safety, enjoyable scenery, and frequency of observing others exercising. Physical activity, assessed via the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Elderly Japanese, was segregated into levels based on the median score. Data from 249 participants (74.2 ± 6.9 years) were analyzed. A logistic regression analysis found that the unenjoyable Scenery × Residing in restoration public housing interaction (odds ratio = 3.87, 95% confidence interval = [1.20, 12.46]) was significant. The association between enjoyable scenery and physical activity varied according to whether the participants had experienced evacuation or not.
Pulp liner materials in selective caries removal: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Stafuzza Tássia Carina , Vitor Luciana Lourenço Ribeiro , Lourenço Neto Natalino , Rios Daniela , Cruvinel Thiago , Sakai Vivien Thiemy , Moretti Ana Beatriz Silveira , Machado Maria Aparecida Andrade Moreira , Oliveira Thais Marchini 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionThe literature shows that selective carious tissue removal (SCTR) decreases the number and diversity of bacteria, stops the caries process and reduces the risk of pulp exposure. However, no consensus exists on which pulp liner would be suitable for teeth undergoing SCTR. So, this study will verify the in vivo response of dentine–pulp complex after SCTR in primary teeth with or without pulp liner material.Methods and analysisA randomised clinical trial, double-blinded, parallel-group and allocation concealment will be conducted with the enrolment of 384 patients from 5 to 9 years, with one maxillary/mandibular first/second primary molars with deep occlusal/occlusoproximal cavities. The remaining dentine will be lined with calcium hydroxide cement—group 1; mineral trioxide aggregate—group 2 and without liner—group 3. The primary outcome will be success of the of dentine–pulp complex evaluated clinically and radiographically at 6, 12 and 24 months, while the secondary outcomes will be the measurement of the dentine barrier on periapical radiographs. During all study, two trained and calibrated examiners will evaluate the treated teeth clinically and radiographically. Interexaminer and intraexaminer reliability will be verified by casual and systematic error. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test will be adopted to test the normality of continuous variables. Comparisons among groups will be performed by using the χ2test and anaylsis of variance, followed by Tukey test (p<0.05). The logistic regression will be applied, and the degrees of this association will be measured using the OR and 95% CI.Ethics and disseminationThe present protocol was submitted and approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil (CAAE: 79123517.0.0000.5417). Consent for publication will be obtained from all parents or legal guardians. Results of this study will be reported in full through peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberRBR-9fsxnn.