bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objective and subjective neighbourhood characteristics and suicidality: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Dykxhoorn Jennifer , Hayes Joseph , Ashok Kavya , Sörberg Wallin Alma , Dalman Christina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundCharacteristics of the neighbourhood environment, including population density, social fragmentation, and trust, have been linked to mental health outcomes. Using a longitudinal population-based cohort, we explored the relationship between objective and subjective neighbourhood characteristics and the odds of suicidal thoughts and attempts.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal study of 20764 participants living in Stockholm County who participated in the Stockholm Public Health Survey. We used multilevel modelling to examine if suicidal thoughts and attempts were associated with neighbourhood characteristics, independent of individual associations. We included objective and subjective measures to explore if there was a different relationship between these measures of the neighbourhood environment and suicidality.ResultsAssociations between neighbourhood factors and suicidality were predominantly explained by individual characteristics, with the exception of neighbourhood-level deprivation and average residential trust. Each unit increase of deprivation was linked to increased odds of suicidal thoughts [Odds ratio (OR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.07] and attempts (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06–1.17). Decreasing residential trust was associated with increased odds of suicide attempts (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.17). There was no evidence that neighbourhood-level fragmentation or average trust in public and political institutions had an independent effect on suicidality once individual and sociodemographic factors were accounted for.ConclusionsThis study showed that much of the neighbourhood-level variation in suicidal thoughts and attempts could be explained by compositional factors, including sociodemographic clustering within neighbourhoods. The independent effect of neighbourhood-level deprivation and average residential trust provide evidence that the neighbourhood context may exert an independent effect on suicidality beyond the impact of individual characteristics.
Public Pension Generosity and Old-Age Poverty in OECD countries
Authors: KUITTO KATI , MADIA JOAN E. , PODESTÀ FEDERICO 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPension adequacy is gaining importance as old-age poverty remains a pressing problem. In many advanced welfare states, the population is ageing rapidly and recent pension reforms have led to cuts in public pension provision. There are, however, few comparative longitudinal studies on the relationship between pension generosity and old-age poverty. This study provides a comparative empirical assessment of how the prevalence and depth of old-age poverty relates to generosity of public pension benefits in 14 advanced OECD welfare states from 1980-2010. We focus on the role of mandatory public pension provision of mainly first tier schemes that grant the major share of retirees’ income in most countries. We use data on theoretical pension replacement rates for retirees who had different working-age incomes. In order to address endogeneity issues, we adopt an instrumental-variable approach. Our main finding shows that pensions systems and earnings-related schemes, in particular, are quite efficient in reducing the risk of old-age poverty. Yet they still do very little to alleviate poverty among those pensioners in the most disadvantaged situations. We also found that redistribution within the pension system does not substantially contribute to poverty alleviation.
HYPERLEXIS AND THE RULE OF LAW
Authors: Chiao Vincent 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOn a popular understanding, the rule of law is valuable because it enables people to plan their lives. However, planning conceptions of the rule of law are undermined by the sheer quantity of legal rules, regulations, and policies characteristic of modern administrative states. Under conditions of hyperlexis, people cannot reasonably be expected to reliably use the law as a guide to conduct. Rather than conclude that the rule of law is inimical to the administrative state, however, I defend an alternative conception of the rule of law. On what I term a contestatory conception, the rule of law requires an adequate opportunity to challenge decisions made by officials in the exercise of their legal powers. The animating idea of a contestatory conception of the rule of the law is that officials should relate to citizens in the space of reasons rather than merely through the exercise of power.
Barren lives: drought shocks and agricultural vulnerability in the Brazilian Semi-Arid
Authors: Costa Lucas , Sant'Anna André Albuquerque , Young Carlos Eduardo Frickmann 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the effects of drought shocks in a vulnerable environment – the Brazilian Semi-Arid. We analyze the impact of drought shocks, measured as deviations from long-run historical averages, on agricultural outcomes in a region that suffers recurrently from drought. After controlling for municipality and year fixed effects, we use weather shocks to exactly identify outcomes. Our benchmark results show substantial effects on the loss of crop area and on the value of agricultural output, as well as on crop yields. As we investigate distributional effects, our results show that crops related to familiar agriculture suffer more from drought shocks. We follow our investigation by testing heterogeneity effects and show that adequate water provision and maintenance of forest cover help in reducing the impact of drought shocks.
Markets and communities: the social cost of the meritocracy
Authors: Carvalho Jean-Paul 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCritiques of the meritocracy have centered on its narrow definition and biased assessment of merit, its stigmatization of the unsuccessful, and excessive competition. This paper identifies a different mechanism that could have pernicious social and political consequences. Economic mobility sorts people based on certain ‘productive’ traits, separating them into classes, and thus alters social externalities. This sorting–separation–externalities mechanism can produce between-class polarization in social outcomes (e.g. alcoholism and drug abuse) and worsen aggregate outcomes over all classes, consistent with rising ‘deaths of despair’ in the United States (Case and Deaton, 2020,Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism. Princeton University Press). When traits are endogenous, transition out of a caste-based society produces an initial burst of economic mobility which dissipates over time. Thus, a dynamic meritocratic society devolves into a static class-based society. I set out an alternative model called the ‘experimental society’, which is less susceptible to these problems.
Frank Knight, uncertainty and knowledge spillover entrepreneurship
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Belitski Maksim 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn his seminal 1921 book,Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit, Frank Knight distinguished uncertainty and risk. This paper applies Knight's concept of uncertainty to knowledge generated in incumbent organizations to explain the inherent difficulty in assessing potential innovations along with the key role played by knowledge spillover entrepreneurship as a conduit for transforming new knowledge created by an incumbent organization but ultimately commercialized through the creation of a new firm and innovation. Knowledge is inherently uncertain and constitutes what is characterized as the knowledge filter impeding innovative activity in the context of incumbent firms and organizations. The organizational and institutional context and market uncertainty can either facilitate or impede the spillover of knowledge from the firm where it was created to the entrepreneurial startup where it is transformed into innovation. The empirical evidence based on a large, unbalanced panel of 9,126 UK firms constructed from six consecutive waves of a community innovation survey and annual business registry survey during 2002–2014. Implications for managers, scholars, and policymakers are provided.
Structural Controls Over the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence Investigated by High‐Fidelity Elastic Models of 3D Velocity Structures
Authors: Tung Sui , Shirzaei Manoochehr , Ojha Chandrakanta , Pepe Antonio , Liu Zhen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe develop finite element models of the coseismic displacement field accounting for the 3D elastic structures surrounding the epicentral area of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence containing two major events of Mw7.1 and Mw6.4. The coseismic slip distribution is inferred from the surface displacement field recorded by interferometric synthetic aperture radar. The rupture dip geometry is further optimized using a novel nonlinear‐crossover‐linear inversion approach. It is found that accounting for elastic heterogeneity and fault along‐strike curvilinearity improves the fit to the observed displacement field and yields a more accurate estimate of geodetic moment and Coulomb stress changes. We observe spatial correlations among the locations of aftershocks and patches of high slip, and rock anomalous elastic properties, suggesting that the shallow crust's elastic structures possibly controlled the Ridgecrest earthquake sequence. Most of the coseismic slip with a peak slip of 7.4 m at 3.6 km depth occurred above a zone of reduced S‐wave velocity and significant post‐Mw7.1 afterslip. This implies that viscous materials or fluid presence might have contributed to the low rupture velocity of the mainshock. Moreover, the zone of high slip on the northwest‐trending fault segment is laterally bounded by two aftershock clusters, whose location is characterized by intermediate rock rigidity. Notably, some minor orthogonal faults consistently end above a subsurface rigid body. Overall, these observations of structural controls improve our understandings of the seismogenesis within incipient fault systems.
Utilizing Environmental Tracers to Reduce Groundwater Flow and Transport Model Parameter Uncertainties
Authors: Thiros Nicholas E. , Gardner W. Payton , Kuhlman Kristopher L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNon‐uniqueness in groundwater model calibration is a primary source of uncertainty in groundwater flow and transport predictions. In this study, we investigate the ability of environmental tracer information to constrain groundwater model parameters. We utilize a pilot point calibration procedure conditioned to subsets of observed data including: liquid pressures, tritium (3H), chlorofluorocarbon‐12 (CFC‐12), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentrations; and groundwater apparent ages inferred from these environmental tracers, to quantify uncertainties in the heterogeneous permeability fields and infiltration rates of a steady‐state 2‐D synthetic aquifer and a transient 3‐D model of a field site located near Riverton, Wyoming (USA). To identify the relative data worth of each observation data type, the post‐calibration uncertainties of the optimal parameters for a given observation subset are compared to that from the full observation data set. Our results suggest that the calibration‐constrained permeability field uncertainties are largest when liquid pressures are used as the sole calibration data set. We find significant reduction in permeability uncertainty and increased predictive accuracy when the environmental tracer concentrations, rather than apparent groundwater ages, are used as calibration targets in the synthetic model. Calibration of the Riverton field site model using environmental tracer concentrations directly produces infiltration rate estimates with the lowest uncertainties, however; permeability field uncertainties remain similar between the environmental tracer concentration and apparent groundwater age calibration scenarios. This work provides insight on the data worth of environmental tracer information to calibrate groundwater models and highlights potential benefits of directly assimilating environmental tracer concentrations into model parameter estimation procedures.
Reply to Comment by D. Jiang on “Pressure‐to‐Depth Conversion Models for Metamorphic Rocks: Derivation and Applications”
Authors: Bauville A. , Yamato P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn our study (Bauville & Yamato, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gc009280), we derived simple formulas for pressure‐to‐depth conversion that allow (or not) to take into account deviatoric stresses. We then tested them against a data set of pressure from high‐pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks. In his comment, Jiang argues that the classical pressure‐to‐depth conversion, which assumes negligible deviatoric stresses (i.e., lithostatic pressure assumption) (a) provides a better explanation of the data and (b) is the only acceptable pressure‐to‐depth conversion method from the point of view of rock mechanics. We disagree with both arguments because (a) although Jiang's explanation is plausible, it does not falsify alternative models. As we concluded in Bauville and Yamato, several models explain equally well the data, and pressure data alone is not enough to validate or falsify any of these models. (b) There is a growing corpus of evidence that even HP metamorphic rocks undergo large deviatoric stress and can record even transient events in their mineralogical assemblage. Finally, Jiang criticizes that we used terms related to deformation loosely to illustrate stress concepts, and that our proposed method of falsification based on markers of deformation may be infeasible for HP metamorphic rocks. We take here the opportunity to clarify all these aspects.
Exploring the Impacts of Aerosols on ITCZ Position Through Altering Different Autoconversion Schemes and Cumulus Parameterizations
Authors: Zhao Shuyun , Suzuki Kentaroh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTo disentangle the mechanisms how different types of aerosols influence the position of the Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), this study explores the impacts of black carbon (BC) and sulfate (SO4) aerosols on the ITCZ latitudinal position through altering different autoconversion schemes and cumulus parameterizations within a single climate model. To investigate their impacts with a detectable magnitude, we homogeneously perturb the emissions of BC and SO4 in the year 2000 by 10 and 5 times, respectively. It is found that for 5SO4 cases, altering the autoconversion scheme not only affects the total (atmosphere plus ocean) anomalous cross‐equatorial heat transport, but also modulates the atmospheric portion in it, and thus influences the magnitude of the corresponding ITCZ shift. The atmospheric portion in the 5SO4‐induced total anomalous cross‐equatorial heat transport increases with the cloud adjustment to 5SO4, as longer cloud lifetime can suppress more surface evaporation in the northern hemisphere and increase southern‐northern hemispheric energy contrast in the atmosphere. For 10BC cases, it is found that with the increase of cloud adjustment, the corresponding oceanic anomalous cross‐equatorial heat transport tends to shift from southward to northward, as larger cloud adjustment means more increase (decrease) of low (high) cloud fraction and less net downward radiation both at the top of the atmosphere and the surface in the northern hemisphere. However, the atmospheric anomalous cross‐equatorial heat transport and the consequent ITCZ shift caused by 10BC are affected little. Compared with the altering autoconversion scheme, altering cumulus parameterization has relatively small influences on the 10BC‐ and 5SO4‐induced anomalous cross‐equatorial heat transports and the consequent ITCZ shifts.
Human genetic variant E756del in the ion channel PIEZO1 not associated with protection from severe malaria in a large Ghanaian study
Authors: Thye Thorsten , Evans Jennifer A. , Ruge Gerd , Loag Wibke , Ansong Daniel , Agbenyega Tsiri , Horstmann Rolf D. , May Jürgen , Schuldt Kathrin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecently, a common genetic variant E756del in the human gene PIEZO1 was associated with protection from severe malaria. Here, we performed a genetic association study of this gain-of-function variant in a large case-control study including 4149 children from the Ashanti Region in Ghana, West Africa. The statistical analysis did not indicate an association with protection from severe malaria and, thus, providing evidence against a strong protective effect of the PIEZO1 E756del variant on severe malaria susceptibility.
SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response in COVID-19 convalescent individuals
Authors: Pan Yunbao , Jiang Xianghu , Yang Liu , Chen Liangjun , Zeng Xiaojiao , Liu Guohong , Tang Yueting , Qian Chungen , Wang Xinming , Cheng Fangming , Lin Jun , Wang Xinghuan , Li Yirong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe collected blood from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent individuals and investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in these discharged patients. Follow-up analysis in a cohort of 171 patients at 4–11 months after the onset revealed high levels of IgG antibodies. A total of 78.1% (164/210) of the specimens tested positive for neutralizing antibody (NAb). SARS-CoV-2 antigen peptide pools-stimulated-IL-2 and -IFN-γ response can distinguish COVID-19 convalescent individuals from healthy donors. Interestingly, NAb survival was significantly affected by the antigen peptide pools-stimulated-IL-2 response, -IL-8 response, and -IFN-γ response. The antigen peptide pools-activated CD8+ T cell counts were correlated with NAb. The antigen peptide pools-activated natural killer (NK) cell counts in convalescent individuals were correlated with NAb and disease severity. Our data suggested that the development of NAb is associated with the activation of T cells and NK cells. Our work provides a basis for further analysis of the protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and for understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19. It also has implications for the development of an effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
CCCH protein-PvCCCH69 acted as a repressor for leaf senescence through suppressing ABA-signaling pathway
Authors: Xie Zheni , Yu Guohui , Lei Shanshan , Zhang Chenchen , Bin Xu  , Huang Bingru 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCCCH is a subfamily of zinc finger proteins involved in plant growth, development, and stresses response. The function of CCCH in regulating leaf senescence, especially its roles in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated leaf senescence is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to determine functions and mechanisms of CCCH gene in regulating leaf senescence in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). A CCCH gene, PvCCCH69 (PvC3H69), was cloned from switchgrass. Overexpressing PvC3H69 in rice suppressed both natural senescence with leaf aging and dark-induced leaf senescence. Endogenous ABA content, ABA biosynthesis genes (NCED3, NCED5, and AAO3), and ABA signaling-related genes (SnRKs, ABI5, and ABF2/3/4) exhibited significantly lower levels in senescencing leaves of PvC3H69-OE plants than those in WT plants. PvC3H69-suppression of leaf senescence was associated with transcriptional upregulation of genes mainly involved in the light-dependent process of photosynthesis, including light-harvesting complex proteins, PSI proteins, and PSII proteins and downregulation of ABA biosynthesis and signaling genes and senescence-associated genes. PvC3H69 could act as a repressor for leaf senescence via upregulating photosynthetic proteins and repressing ABA synthesis and ABA signaling pathways.
Barriers to implementing asthma self-management in Malaysian primary care: qualitative study exploring the perspectives of healthcare professionals
Authors: Lee Ping Yein , Cheong Ai Theng , Ghazali Sazlina Shariff , Salim Hani , Wong Jasmine , Hussein Norita , Ramli Rizawati , Pinnock Hilary , Liew Su May , Hanafi Nik Sherina , Bakar Ahmad Ihsan Abu , Ahad Azainorsuzila Mohd , Pang Yong Kek , Chinna Karuthan , Khoo Ee Ming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAsthma self-management is a crucial component of asthma management. We sought to explore healthcare professionals’ (HCPs’) perceptions on barriers to asthma self-management implementation in primary care. We recruited 26 HCPs from six public primary care clinics in a semi-urban district of Malaysia in 2019. The analysis was done inductively. HCPs described barriers that resonated with the “COM-B” behaviour change framework. Capability-related issues stemmed from a need for specific self-management skills training. Opportunity-related barriers included the need to balance competing tasks and limited, poorly tailored resources. Motivation-related barriers included lack of awareness about self-management benefits, which was not prioritised in consultations with perceived lack of receptiveness from patients. These were compounded by contextual barriers of the healthcare organisation and multilingual society. The approach to implementation of asthma self-management needs to be comprehensive, addressing systemic, professional, and patient barriers and tailored to the local language, health literacy, and societal context.
Vital role of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in cubic chiral skyrmion hosts
Authors: Preißinger M. , Karube K. , Ehlers D. , Szigeti B. , Krug von Nidda H.-A. , White J. S. , Ukleev V. , Rønnow H. M. , Tokunaga Y. , Kikkawa A. , Tokura Y. , Taguchi Y. , Kézsmárki I. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMagnetic anisotropy is anticipated to govern the formation of exotic spin textures reported recently in cubic chiral magnets, like low-temperature tilted conical and skyrmion lattice (SkL) states and metastable SkLs with various lattice geometry. Motivated by these findings, we quantified the cubic anisotropy in a series of CoZnMn-type cubic chiral magnets. We found that the strength of anisotropy is highly enhanced towards low temperatures. Moreover, not only the magnitude but also the character of cubic anisotropy drastically varies upon changing the Co/Mn ratio. We correlate these changes with temperature- and composition-induced variations of the helical modulation vectors, deformations of skyrmions, structural rearrangements of the metastable SkLs and the large enhancement of Gilbert damping. Similar studies on magnetic anisotropy are required for the quantitative, unified description of the known stable and metastable modulated spin textures and for the systematic exploration of novel ones in this large class of skyrmion hosts.