bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
South Caucasus
Authors: Kupelyants Hayk 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores South Caucasian perspectives on the Hague Principles. The rules of private international law in all three South Caucasian countries—Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan—are primarily contained in statutes: the Chapter of Private International Law in Armenia (1998) and separate statutes on Private International Law in Azerbaijan (2000) and Georgia (1998). Article 1253(1) of the Armenian Civil Code and Article 1(2) of the Azerbaijani Act provides that the courts may apply international customs in the area of private international law. In so far as the Hague Principles amount to or eventually crystallize into customary international law, the courts may give effect to the Hague Principles in that manner. Before that happens, there is nothing in the legal systems of either of the three jurisdictions preventing the courts from citing for explanatory and persuasive reasons soft law instruments, such as the Hague Principles. That said, stylistically the judgments of the South Caucasian jurisdictions are often drafted in a very concise and skeletal manner. Soft law instruments and commentary might influence the reasoning of the judges, but they would rarely refer to them in the text of the judgment.
Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Hua-Kai 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights Taiwanese perspectives on the Hague Principles. The Act Governing the Choice of Law in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements is the primary source of choice of law rules in Taiwan’s private international law (Taiwanese PIL Act). Party autonomy is set up as a prioritized connecting factor for the choice of law rules on contracts under the Taiwanese PIL Act. Due to the fact that Taiwan is not a Member State to most of the international organizations such as the Hague Conference on Private International Law, the source of Taiwan’s private international law is mainly domestic law. Being a non-binding instrument, the Hague Principles can be taken into consideration in Taiwan as an informal source of choice of law rules on contracts. However, the Hague Principles do not provide for rules determining the applicable law in the absence of the parties’ choice. Article 20 of the Taiwanese PIL Act is, in this respect, more comprehensive. Nonetheless, the Hague Principles may be used to interpret, supplement, and further develop rules only to Article 20(1) concerning party autonomy and the limitation on that autonomy such as public policy.
European Union
Authors: Graziano Thomas Kadner , Garcimartín Francisco , Van Calster Geert 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates European Union perspectives on the Hague Principles. The Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations is the most important instrument for determining the law governing international commercial contracts in the EU. It is a legislative act of the European Union and directly applies in all Member States of the European Union except for Denmark. For many issues, the Rome I Regulation is in conformity with the Hague Principles. Where the Hague Principles cover issues that have not yet been explicitly addressed by the Rome I Regulation, such as choice of law clauses in standard forms in Article 6(1)(b) of the Hague Principles, the European legislator may very well take the Hague Principles into consideration when amending the Regulation. In fact, the European legislator regularly takes inspiration from international and foreign law when legislating, amending the law, or covering new issues. In academic commentary, it has been suggested that the next revision of the Rome I Regulation shall, for certain issues, indeed take inspiration from the Hague Principles.
Switzerland
Authors: Graziano Thomas Kadner , Meyle Hannes 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes Swiss perspectives on the Hague Principles. Switzerland is a Contracting State to the Hague Convention of 15 June 1955 on the Law Applicable to International Sale of Goods. For contracts other than commercial sales, the applicable law is determined by the Swiss Federal Act on Private International Law (PILA). It covers jurisdiction, international civil procedure, applicable law, and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The Swiss PILA therefore constitutes an all-inclusive, comprehensive codification of private international law. For many issues, the rules contained with the PILA are already in conformity with those in the Hague Principles. Where the Hague Principles cover issues that have not yet been explicitly addressed by the PILA, such as choice of non-State rules in Article 3 of the Hague Principles, or conflicting choice of law clauses in standard forms in Article 6(1)(b) of the Hague Principles, the legislator may very well take the Hague Principles into consideration when amending the PILA. In fact, the Swiss legislator regularly takes inspiration from international and foreign law when amending the law or covering new issues.
Organization of American States
Authors: Rodríguez José Antonio Moreno 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the relationship between the Guide of the Organization of American States on the Applicable Law to International Commercial Contracts (OAS Guide) and the Hague Principles. The OAS Guide has several objectives. It proposes a current statement of the law applicable to international commercial contracts for the Americas as based on the fundamental principles of the Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts, commonly known as the ‘Mexico Convention’, and with the incorporation of subsequent developments in the field to date, particularly as codified in the Hague Principles. The Guide also seeks to support efforts by OAS Member States to modernize their domestic laws on international commercial contracts in accordance with international standards. It further provides assistance to contracting parties in the Americas and their counsel in drafting and interpreting international commercial contracts; and serves as guidance to judges and arbitrators, who may find the Guide useful both to interpret and supplement domestic laws, particularly on matters in international commercial contracts that are not addressed in such laws.
Dualities and algebraic geometry of Baire functions in non-classical logic
Authors: Di Nola Antonio , Lapenta Serafina , Lenzi Giacomo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper we aim at completing the study of $\sigma $-complete Riesz MV-algebras that started in Di Nola et al. (2018, J. Logic Comput., 28, 1275–1292). To do so, we discuss polynomials, algebraic geometry and dualities in the infinitary variety of such algebras. In particular, we characterize the free objects as algebras of Baire-measurable functions and we generalize two dualities, namely the Marra–Spada duality and the Gelfand duality, obtaining a duality with basically disconnected compact Hausdorff spaces and an equivalence with Rickart $C^*$-algebras.
Relations between the asteroseismic indices and stellar parameters of δ Scuti stars for two years of TESS mission
Authors: Hasanzadeh A , Safari H , Ghasemi H 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the relationship between the asteroseismic indices and the physical quantities of 438 δ Scuti (DSCT) stars observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission at 26 sectors. We study the scaling relations of stellar parameters (effective temperature, surface gravity, density, etc.) and asteroseismic indices such as fundamental frequency, large frequency separation (Δν), frequency of the highest peak in the spectrum, and the peak of the envelope of oscillation mode (νmax) for DSCT targets. Using an empirical relation and a 2D autocorrelation method, we determine the large frequency separation for targets. We obtain a highly positive correlation between the fundamental radial pressure mode and the large separation for one-third of targets. We find a scaling relation between the large separation and νmax as $\Delta \nu =0.49\nu _{\rm max}^{0.68}$, which is similar to that of the solar-like and red giant stars. We show a strong positive correlation between the effective temperature and νmax (Pearson correlation R = 0.65). We also obtain a very strong positive correlation (R = 0.86) between the effective temperature multiplying by the surface gravity and νmax.
Particle acceleration in shearing flows: the case for large-scale jets
Authors: Wang Jie-Shuang , Reville Brian , Liu Ruo-Yu , Rieger Frank M , Aharonian Felix A 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
X-ray observations of kiloparsec-scale jets indicate that a synchrotron origin of the sustained non-thermal emission is likely. This requires distributed acceleration of electrons up to near PeV energies along the jet. The underlying acceleration mechanism is still unclear. Shear acceleration is a promising candidate, as velocity-shear stratification is a natural consequence of the collimated flow of a jet. We study the details of shear acceleration by solving the steady-state Fokker–Planck-type equation and provide a simple general solution for trans-relativistic jets for a range of magnetohydrodynamic turbulent power-law spectra. In general, the accelerated particle population is a power-law spectrum with an exponential-like cut-off, where the power-law index is determined by the turbulence spectrum and the balance of escape and acceleration of particles. Adopting a simple linearly decreasing velocity profile in the boundary of large-scale jets, we find that the multiwavelength spectral energy distribution of X-ray jets, such as Centaurus A and 3C 273, can be reproduced with electrons that are accelerated up to ∼PeV. In kpc-scale jets, protons may be accelerated up to ∼EeV, supporting the hypothesis that large-scale jets are strong candidates for ultra-high-energy-cosmic ray sources within the framework of shear acceleration.
The mass budget for intermediate-mass black holes in dense star clusters
Authors: Shi Yanlong , Grudić Michael Y , Hopkins Philip F 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) could form via runaway merging of massive stars in a young massive star cluster (YMC). We combine a suite of numerical simulations of YMC formation with a semi-analytic model for dynamical friction and merging of massive stars and evolution of a central quasi-star, to predict how final quasi-star and relic IMBH masses scale with cluster properties (and compare with observations). The simulations argue that inner YMC density profiles at formation are steep (approaching isothermal), producing some efficient merging even in clusters with relatively low effective densities, unlike models that assume flat central profiles resembling those of globular clusters after central relaxation. Our results can be approximated by simple analytic scalings, with $M_{\rm IMBH} \propto v_{\rm cl}^{3/2}$ where $v_{\rm cl}^{2} = G\, M_{\rm cl}/r_{\rm h}$ is the circular velocity in terms of initial cluster mass Mcl and half-mass radius rh. While this suggests IMBH formation is possible even in typical clusters, we show that predicted IMBH masses for these systems are small, $\sim \! 100-1000\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ or $\sim \! 0.0003\, M_{\rm cl}$, below even the most conservative observational upper limits in all known cases. The IMBH mass could reach $\gtrsim 10^{4}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ in the centres nuclear star clusters, ultra-compact dwarfs, or compact ellipticals, but in all these cases the prediction remains far below the present observed supermassive BH masses in these systems.
A Bivalve Biomineralization Toolbox
Authors: Yarra Tejaswi , Blaxter Mark , Clark Melody S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Mollusc shells are a result of the deposition of crystalline and amorphous calcite catalyzed by enzymes and shell matrix proteins (SMP). Developing a detailed understanding of bivalve mollusc biomineralization pathways is complicated not only by the multiplicity of shell forms and microstructures in this class, but also by the evolution of associated proteins by domain co-option and domain shuffling. In spite of this, a minimal biomineralization toolbox comprising proteins and protein domains critical for shell production across species has been identified. Using a matched pair design to reduce experimental noise from inter-individual variation, combined with damage-repair experiments and a database of biomineralization SMPs derived from published works, proteins were identified that are likely to be involved in shell calcification. Eighteen new, shared proteins likely to be involved in the processes related to the calcification of shells were identified by the analysis of genes expressed during repair in Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, and Pecten maximus. Genes involved in ion transport were also identified as potentially involved in calcification either via the maintenance of cell acid–base balance or transport of critical ions to the extrapallial space, the site of shell assembly. These data expand the number of candidate biomineralization proteins in bivalve molluscs for future functional studies and define a minimal functional protein domain set required to produce solid microstructures from soluble calcium carbonate. This is important for understanding molluscan shell evolution, the likely impacts of environmental change on biomineralization processes, materials science, and biomimicry research.
Pt-ttpy, a G-quadruplex binding platinum complex, induces telomere dysfunction and G-rich regions DNA damage
Authors: Ali Samar , Lombardi Emilia Puig , Ghosh Deepanjan , Jia Tao , Vitry Géraldine , Saker Lina , Poupon Joël , Teulade-Fichou Marie-Paule , Nicolas Alain , Londono-Vallejo Arturo , Bombard Sophie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pt-ttpy (tolyl terpyridin-Pt complex) covalently binds to G-quadruplex (G4) structures in vitro and to telomeres in cellulo via its Pt moiety. Here, we identified its targets in the human genome, in comparison to Pt-tpy, its derivative without G4 affinity, and cisplatin. Pt-ttpy, but not Pt-tpy, induces the release of the shelterin protein TRF2 from telomeres concomitantly to the formation of DNA damage foci at telomeres but also at other chromosomal locations. γ-H2AX chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq) after treatment with Pt-ttpy or cisplatin revealed accumulation in G- and A-rich tandemly repeated sequences, but not particularly in potential G4 forming sequences. Collectively, Pt-ttpy presents dual targeting efficiency on DNA, by inducing telomere dysfunction and genomic DNA damage at specific loci.
MTR3D: identifying regions within protein tertiary structures under purifying selection
Authors: Silk Michael , Pires Douglas E V , Rodrigues Carlos H M , D’Souza Elston N , Olshansky Moshe , Thorne Natalie , Ascher David B 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe identification of disease-causal variants is non-trivial. By mapping population variation from over 448,000 exome and genome sequences to over 81,000 experimental structures and homology models of the human proteome, we have calculated both regional intolerance to missense variation (Missense Tolerance Ratio, MTR), using a sliding window of 21–41 codons, and introduce a new 3D spatial intolerance to missense variation score (3D Missense Tolerance Ratio, MTR3D), using spheres of 5–8 Å. We show that the MTR3D is less biased by regions with limited data and more accurately identifies regions under purifying selection than estimates relying on the sequence alone. Intolerant regions were highly enriched for both ClinVar pathogenic and COSMIC somatic missense variants (Mann–Whitney U test P &lt; 2.2 × 10−16). Further, we combine sequence- and spatial-based scores to generate a consensus score, MTRX, which distinguishes pathogenic from benign variants more accurately than either score separately (AUC = 0.85). The MTR3D server enables easy visualisation of population variation, MTR, MTR3D and MTRX scores across the entire gene and protein structure for &gt;17,000 human genes and &gt;42,000 alternative alternate transcripts, including both Ensembl and RefSeq transcripts. MTR3D is freely available by user-friendly web-interface and API at http://biosig.unimelb.edu.au/mtr3d/.
Cell type hierarchy reconstruction via reconciliation of multi-resolution cluster tree
Authors: Peng Minshi , Wamsley Brie , Elkins Andrew G , Geschwind Daniel H , Wei Yuting , Roeder Kathryn 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A wealth of clustering algorithms are available for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to enable the identification of functionally distinct subpopulations that each possess a different pattern of gene expression activity. Implementation of these methods requires a choice of resolution parameter to determine the number of clusters, and critical judgment from the researchers is required to determine the desired resolution. This supervised process takes significant time and effort. Moreover, it can be difficult to compare and characterize the evolution of cell clusters from results obtained at one single resolution. To overcome these challenges, we built Multi-resolution Reconciled Tree (MRtree), a highly flexible tree-construction algorithm that generates a cluster hierarchy from flat clustering results attained for a range of resolutions. Because MRtree can be coupled with most scRNA-seq clustering algorithms, it inherits the robustness and versatility of a flat clustering approach, while maintaining the hierarchical structure of cells. The constructed trees from multiple scRNA-seq datasets effectively reflect the extent of transcriptional distinctions among cell groups and align well with levels of functional specializations among cells. Importantly, application to fetal brain cells identified subtypes of cells determined mainly by maturation states, spatial location and terminal specification.
Ideal and Technical Filters
Authors: Kromhout Melle Jan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 shows how the logic of noise reduction is anchored in historical discourses on sound and technology, taking a closer look at the development, from the early nineteenth century onward, of some of the most important concepts in physical acoustics and sound engineering. First, it discusses two uncertainty principles fundamental to information theory and communication engineering, which entail compromises that limit the accuracy of any reproduction. Second, it focuses on the mathematical principles of Fourier analysis, which gave rise to the now-familiar representation of sound in terms of a “spectrum” of singular frequencies or “sine waves.” The chapter thereby explores the difference between a timeless, mathematical plane of the ideal filter in which clear, noiseless reproduction always seems possible, and a physical domain of technical filters in which transience and noise haunt every transmission. The contrast between the two, in turn, highlights the important relation between noise and time.
The Logic of Filtering
Authors: Kromhout Melle Jan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 introduces the logic of filtering as the conceptual framework underpinning the noise resonance of sound media. On the basis of the analysis of the noise of sound media developed in the previous chapters, it shows how this logic does away with the idea that technical media should ideally leave no trace of what occurs between sender and receiver. It thereby denounces the fallacy that the reproduction is an incomplete version of some “original.” Instead of taking the input or output of the transmission as the primary point of reference, the logic of filtering emphasizes the crucial importance of all the physical processes that happen in between. By acknowledging that the noise of sound media inherently shapes the sound of recorded music, it thereby shows how the noise resonance of sound media ultimately precipitated the emergence of a new, media technological musical sensibility: an “other music.”
Conclusion
Authors: Kromhout Melle Jan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The conclusion takes stock of the way in which the media technological sound of the “other music” makes sense to human listeners. This music, it is argued, appeals to listeners not despite but precisely because of the way in which it is shaped by the noise of sound media: by all the disturbances, distortions, and interferences added by the transmission channels through which it travels. The book therefore closes with a brief exploration of the “other music,” using the music of Venezuelan electronic musician Arca as its final example. The fluidity and openness of her noisy, unpredictable music exemplifies the continuous trade-off between control and contingency that defines the operations of technical media. It is a fitting example of the way in which the noise of sound media, produced on the basis of the logic of filtering, is key to the continuous back-and-forth, or noise resonance, between music and listener.
Introduction
Authors: Richards Rashna Wadia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The introductory chapter creates a framework for exploring how serial television has become cinematic. It traces the evolution of television, while interrogating the implications of assuming that television advances when it approximates the features of cinema. Then, it constructs the framework of intertextuality for analyzing the varied ways in which serial dramas borrow from cinema. Some series honor or deride their cinematic sources; others offer homage or resistance not only to specific films but also to the idea of cinema in general. Instead of the standard narrative about television imitating cinema’s aesthetic status, this chapter offers a methodology for investigating how serial dramas absorb and revise (primarily) American cinema. Finally, it argues that contemporary serial television exhibits an archival relationship to cinema, for cinematic moments, motifs, and contours hover around the televisual frame, constantly breaking through. How serial dramas handle such cinematic hauntings is the story that this book tells.
“You’re Nobody’s Mommy”
Authors: Richards Rashna Wadia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on televisual appropriations of broader thematic conventions. It begins with genre and its troubled relationship with intertextuality. Due to its common association with the formulaic, genre might appear to contradict the multifaceted energies of intertextuality. Far from being merely a classificatory framework, however, genre too can be seen as a theory of intersection and entanglement. This chapter carefully teases out an alternative understanding of genre as overlap. It analyzes Damages (FX, 2007–10; Audience Network, 2011–12) as a legal drama that overlaps with the puzzle film and the maternal melodrama. These overlaps, Chapter 3 concludes, also enable reflection on the looseness of genres and their unexpected kinship with intertextuality.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Authors: Çidam Çiğdem 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an innovative interpretive analysis of Rousseau’s literary and political works, highlighting how his formulation of popular sovereignty as the immediate expression of the people rests on a critique of the theater’s conspicuous artificiality. Contrary to the established reading, Rousseau’s alternative to the theater is not the public festival, which he finds unpredictable and fragile due to its performative nature. Rousseau models his conception of politics on a different form of aesthetic experience, which he develops in Pygmalion—a monodrama that depicts the encounter between a sculptor and his work of art. The Social Contract embodies this aesthetic experience whose paradigmatic example comes from plastic arts. The chapter concludes with an exploration of the antidemocratic implications of this turn to plastic arts, which resurfaces in the works of contemporary theorists who share Rousseau’s idealization of the supposed immediacy of spontaneous action and his desire to remedy its fragility and unpredictability.