bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersive Riemann problems for the Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation
Authors: Congy T. , El G. A. , Hoefer M. A. , Shearer M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLong time dynamics of the smoothed step initial value problem or dispersive Riemann problem for the Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony (BBM) equation are studied using asymptotic methods and numerical simulations. The catalog of solutions of the dispersive Riemann problem for the BBM equation is much richer than for the related, integrable, Korteweg‐de Vries equation . The transition width of the initial smoothed step is found to significantly impact the dynamics. Narrow width gives rise to rarefaction and dispersive shock wave (DSW) solutions that are accompanied by the generation of two‐phase linear wavetrains, solitary wave shedding, and expansion shocks. Both narrow and broad initial widths give rise to two‐phase nonlinear wavetrains or DSW implosion and a new kind of dispersive Lax shock for symmetric data. The dispersive Lax shock is described by an approximate self‐similar solution of the BBM equation whose limit as is a stationary, discontinuous weak solution. By introducing a slight asymmetry in the data for the dispersive Lax shock, the generation of an incoherent solitary wavetrain is observed. Further asymmetry leads to the DSW implosion regime that is effectively described by a pair of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations. The complex interplay between nonlocality, nonlinearity, and dispersion in the BBM equation underlies the rich variety of nonclassical dispersive hydrodynamic solutions to the dispersive Riemann problem.
Traveling capillary waves on the boundary of a fluid disc
Authors: Dyachenko Sergey A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe equation for a traveling wave on the boundary of a two‐dimensional droplet of an ideal fluid is derived by using the conformal variables technique for free surface waves. The free surface is subject only to the force of surface tension and the fluid flow is assumed to be potential. We use the canonical Hamiltonian variables discovered and map the lower complex plane to the interior of a fluid droplet conformally. The equations in this form have been originally discovered for infinitely deep water and later adapted to a bounded fluid domain.The new class of solutions satisfies a pseudodifferential equation similar to the Babenko equation for the Stokes wave. We illustrate with numerical solutions of the time‐dependent equations and observe the linear limit of traveling waves in this geometry.
Assessing the robustness of carbonate‐associated sulfate during hydrothermal dolomitization of the Latemar platform, Italy
Authors: Schurr Simon Lukas , Strauss Harald , Mueller Mathias , Immenhauser Adrian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCarbonate‐associated sulfate (CAS) is an important proxy for reconstructing marine sulfur cycling throughout Earth's history. In order to assess the impact of carbonate neomorphism on δ34SCAS data, a mineralogical‐spatial transect from early diagenetic limestone into low‐temperature hydrothermal dolostone was analyzed in the middle Triassic Latemar platform interior, northern Italy. This study addresses the yet unconstrained question whether hydrothermal dolostone preserves a marine δ34SCAS signature and, hence, might represent an archive for past seawater sulfate. In this study, δ34SCAS values were measured in low‐temperature hydrothermal dolostone and compared with data from their corresponding precursor limestone. Results shown here reveal that δ34SCAS values for dolostone and precursor limestone are indistinguishable. This points to a rock‐buffered middle Triassic marine δ34S signature not affected by hydrothermal alteration. Hence, hydrothermal dolostone represents, under favorable conditions, an archive for unraveling past marine sulfur cycling.
Diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography for surgical margin assessment of feline injection‐site sarcoma
Authors: Coleman Mary J. , Selmic Laura E. , Samuelson Jonathan P. , Jennings Ryan , Huang Pin‐Chieh , McLaughlin Eric M. , Wavreille Vincent A. , Dornbusch Josephine A. , Lapsley Janis , Howard James , Cheng Edward , Kalamaras Alex , Hearon Kendra , Cray Megan , Grimes Janet , Wustefeld‐Janssens Brandan , Kennedy Katie , Skinner Owen , Amsellem Pierre , Boppart Stephen A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe invasive, locally aggressive nature of feline injection‐site sarcomas (FISSs) poses a unique challenge for surgeons to obtain complete margins with surgical excision. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), an imaging technology that uses light waves to generate real‐time views of tissue architecture, provides an emerging solution to this dilemma by allowing fast, high‐resolution scanning of surgical margins. The purpose of this study was to use OCT to assess surgical margins of FISS and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of OCT for detecting residual cancer using six evaluators of varying experience. Five FISSs were imaged with OCT to create a training set of OCT images that were compared with histopathology. Next, 25 FISSs were imaged with OCT prior to histopathology. Six evaluators of varying experience participated in a training session on OCT imaging after which each of the evaluators was given a dataset that included OCT images and videos to score on a scale from cancerous to non‐cancerous. Diagnostic accuracy statistics were calculated. The overall sensitivity and specificity for classification of OCT images by evaluators were 78.9% and 77.6%, respectively. Correct classification rate of OCT images was associated with experience, while individual sensitivities and specificities had more variation between experience groups. This study demonstrates the ability of evaluators to correctly classify OCT images with overall low levels of experience and training and also illustrates areas where increased training can improve accuracy of evaluators in interpretation of OCT surgical margin images.
CO‐oximetry measurements and antioxidant effects of ascorbic acid and methylene blue in equine methemoglobinemic blood
Authors: Corradini Ignacio , Georges Karla , Jose‐Cunilleras Eduard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the effects of time after sampling on CO‐oximetry measurements of equine blood samples and the effects of adding ascorbic acid (AscAc) and methylene blue (MetBlue) to samples with methemoglobinemia.DesignExperimental study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsThirty healthy adult horses assigned to 5 groups.InterventionsRepeated CO‐oximetry determinations were performed on venous (n = 6) and arterial blood samples (n = 7) stored at 0°C for 48 hours. Methemoglobinemia was induced in vitro in 17 additional blood samples. Six were used as untreated controls, 6 had AscAc added, and 5 had MetBlue added. Total hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin (MetHb), and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SO2) were measured.Measurements and Main ResultsOxyhemoglobin and SO2 increased from 69.8% ± 10.2% and 90% ± 3% to 82.8% ± 7.9% and 99% ± 3%, respectively, after 8 hours in venous blood (mean ± SD, P < 0.001). There was an effect of treatment (P = 0.032) and of time (interaction P = 0.003) on MetHb% in methemoglobinemic samples. The difference in absolute MetHb% from time 0 was as follows: 7.0% (interquartile range [IQR] = 21.2), –0.2% (IQR = 3.5), and –4.4% (IQR = 5.2) at 48 hours in control, AscAc, and MetBlue groups, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no effect of time on MetHb% in the AscAc group (23% [IQR = 52.6] at time 0 to 23.2% [IQR = 56.9] after 48 h).ConclusionsStorage of blood in ice water to determine O2Hb and SO2 using a CO‐oximeter should not exceed 4 hours. Measurement of MetHb% could be delayed by up to 48 hours if AscAc is added to the sample. MetBlue significantly decreased MetHb% over time. The limitations of this study include the fact that the antioxidant effects of AscAc and MetBlue were evaluated in vitro and not in vivo. Further studies are needed to evaluate different storage temperatures and syringe types.
Electrochemical properties of the non‐excitable tissue stria vascularis of the mammalian cochlea are sensitive to sounds
Authors: Zhang Qi , Ota Takeru , Yoshida Takamasa , Ino Daisuke , Sato Mitsuo P. , Doi Katsumi , Horii Arata , Nin Fumiaki , Hibino Hiroshi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExcitable cochlear hair cells convert the mechanical energy of sounds into the electrical signals necessary for neurotransmission. The key process is cellular depolarization via K+ entry from K+‐enriched endolymph through hair cells’ mechanosensitive channels. Positive 80 mV potential in endolymph accelerates the K+ entry, thereby sensitizing hearing. This potential represents positive extracellular potential within the epithelial‐like stria vascularis; the latter potential stems from K+ equilibrium potential (EK) across the strial membrane. Extra‐ and intracellular [K+] determining EK are likely maintained by continuous unidirectional circulation of K+ through a putative K+ transport pathway containing hair cells and stria. Whether and how the non‐excitable tissue stria vascularis responds to acoustic stimuli remains unclear. Therefore, we analysed a cochlear portion for the best frequency, 1 kHz, by theoretical and experimental approaches. We have previously developed a computational model that integrates ion channels and transporters in the stria and hair cells into a circuit and described a circulation current composed of K+. Here, in this model, mimicking of hair cells’ K+ flow induced by a 1 kHz sound modulated the circulation current and affected the strial ion transport mechanisms; the latter effect resulted in monotonically decreasing potential and increasing [K+] in the extracellular strial compartment. Similar results were obtained when the stria in acoustically stimulated animals was examined using microelectrodes detecting the potential and [K+]. Measured potential dynamics mirrored the EK change. Collectively, because stria vascularis is electrically coupled to hair cells by the circulation current in vivo too, the strial electrochemical properties respond to sounds.
imageKey points
A highly positive potential of +80 mV in K+‐enriched endolymph in the mammalian cochlea accelerates sound‐induced K+ entry into excitable sensory hair cells, a process that triggers hearing.
This unique endolymphatic potential represents an EK‐based battery for a non‐excitable epithelial‐like tissue, the stria vascularis.
To examine whether and how the stria vascularis responds to sounds, we used our computational model, in which strial channels and transporters are serially connected to those hair cells in a closed‐loop circuit, and found that mimicking hair cell excitation by acoustic stimuli resulted in increased extracellular [K+] and decreased the battery's potential within the stria.
This observation was overall verified by electrophysiological experiments using live guinea pigs.
The sensitivity of electrochemical properties of the stria to sounds indicates that this tissue is electrically coupled to hair cells by a radial ionic flow called a circulation current.
Unlocking the health system barriers to maximise the uptake and utilisation of molecular diagnostics in low-income and middle-income country setting
Authors: Ntinginya Nyanda Elias , Kuchaka Davis , Orina Fred , Mwebaza Ivan , Liyoyo Alphonce , Miheso Barbara , Aturinde Augustus , Njeleka Fred , Kiula Kiula , Msoka Elizabeth F , Meme Helen , Sanga Erica , Mwanyonga Simeon , Olomi Willyhelmina , Minja Linda , Joloba Moses , Mmbaga Blandina T , Amukoye Evans , Gillespie Stephen Henry , Sabiiti Wilber 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundEarly access to diagnosis is crucial for effective management of any disease including tuberculosis (TB). We investigated the barriers and opportunities to maximise uptake and utilisation of molecular diagnostics in routine healthcare settings.MethodsUsing the implementation of WHO approved TB diagnostics, XpertMycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (MTB/RIF) and Line Probe Assay (LPA) as a benchmark, we evaluated the barriers and how they could be unlocked to maximise uptake and utilisation of molecular diagnostics.ResultsHealth officers representing 190 districts/counties participated in the survey across Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The survey findings were corroborated by 145 healthcare facility (HCF) audits and 11 policy-maker engagement workshops. Xpert MTB/RIF coverage was 66%, falling behind microscopy and clinical diagnosis by 33% and 1%, respectively. Stratified by HCF type, Xpert MTB/RIF implementation was 56%, 96% and 95% at district, regional and national referral hospital levels. LPA coverage was 4%, 3% below culture across the three countries. Out of 111 HCFs with Xpert MTB/RIF, 37 (33%) used it to full capacity, performing ≥8 tests per day of which 51% of these were level five (zonal consultant and national referral) HCFs. Likewise, 75% of LPA was available at level five HCFs. Underutilisation of Xpert MTB/RIF and LPA was mainly attributed to inadequate—utilities, 26% and human resource, 22%. Underfinancing was the main reason underlying failure to acquire molecular diagnostics. Second to underfinancing was lack of awareness with 33% healthcare administrators and 49% practitioners were unaware of LPA as TB diagnostic. Creation of a national health tax and decentralising its management was proposed by policy-makers as a booster of domestic financing needed to increase access to diagnostics.ConclusionOur findings suggest higher uptake and utilisation of molecular diagnostics at tertiary level HCFs contrary to the WHO recommendation. Country-led solutions are crucial for unlocking barriers to increase access to diagnostics.
Effect of phosphodiesterase-type 5 inhibitors on erectile function: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Authors: Pyrgidis Nikolaos , Mykoniatis Ioannis , Haidich Anna-Bettina , Tirta Maria , Talimtzi Persefoni , Kalyvianakis Dimitrios , Ouranidis Andreas , Hatzichristou Dimitrios 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionPhosphodiesterase-type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) are the recommended first-line treatment for erectile dysfunction. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggest that they are a safe and effective option in many patient groups. Similarly, PDE5i may be effective as part of combination therapy in non-responders to PDE5i. We will generate an overview of systematic reviews, meta-analyses and network meta-analyses aiming to summarise the available knowledge regarding the efficacy and safety of PDE5i in the general population and in multiple subgroups of patients.Methods and analysisThis overview was designed in accordance with the PRIO-harms and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines and its protocol was registered at PROSPERO. We will systematically search PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases from inception to November 2020 without any language restrictions. We will include systematic reviews or meta-analyses: (1) comparing the efficacy and safety of any dose of PDE5i with each other, with placebo or with other effective treatments for the management of erectile function; (2) exploring the use of any PDE5i alone or in combination with other treatment modalities in the general male population or in specific subgroups and (3) conducted with systematic procedures. Our overview will employ the AMSTAR 2 tool to evaluate the quality of the included studies and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to assess the strength of evidence for all outcomes. We will construct forest plots of risk estimates with the corresponding CI for all outcomes.Ethics and disseminationIn this overview, we will undertake an extensive literature search in an attempt to evaluate the potential benefits and risks of treatment with one PDE5i versus another or versus placebo and provide recommendations for clinicians and policy-makers. No ethical approval is required.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020216754.
Methods for evaluating the benefits and harms of antenatal and newborn screening programmes adopted by health economic assessments: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Png May Ee , Yang Miaoqing , Roberts Nia , Taylor-Phillips Sian , Rivero-Arias Oliver , Petrou Stavros 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionComplex organisational arrangements are required to deliver antenatal and newborn screening programmes. Decision-makers consider the benefits and harms of screening when reviewing the evidence about these programmes. Economic evaluations contribute one important part of this assessment process. However, it is not fully understood what approaches health economic assessments have adopted to measure and value benefits and harms. This study aims to systematically review and critique the published and grey literature on methods for identifying, measuring and valuing the benefits and harms of antenatal and newborn screening adopted by health economic assessments.Methods and analysisNine bibliographic databases will be searched from 2000 onwards. These search strategies will be supplemented by manual reference searching of bibliographies, forward citation searching, contacts with experts, author searching and web searching for grey literature. Studies will be selected for review if they report health economic assessments of an antenatal or newborn screening programme. Assessments of title and abstracts and full reports will be undertaken independently with disagreements resolved through discussion. Data extraction will include fields to assess the reporting quality of the studies using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards statement and a bespoke ancillary form to assess how benefits and harms have been accounted for.Ethics and disseminationThis is an evidence synthesis review from already published materials and hence ethics committee approval or written informed consent will not be required. Our results will be disseminated by publishing in high-impact peer-review journals and presenting at relevant conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020165236.
Occupational difference in use of heated tobacco products: a cross-sectional analysis of retail workers in Japan
Authors: Myagmar-Ochir Enkhtuguldur , Kaneko Makiko , Tomiyama Kiyomi , Zaitsu Masayoshi , Watanabe Shuichi , Nishino Yoshitaka , Takahashi Kyo , Haruyama Yasuo , Kobashi Gen 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveAlthough heated tobacco products (HTPs) have become popular worldwide, research on occupational differences in smoking HTPs remains scarce. We aimed to examine the prevalence of smoking HTPs among a working population in Japan.Setting, design and participantsIn 2018, we conducted a cross-sectional study comprised of 7714 retail business workers in the service industry in Japan.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFor the definition of smoking HTPs, we identified current HTP smokers who only smoked HTPs, using five mutual categories of current smoking status (never, former, HTPs only, combustible cigarettes only and dual smokers who smoked both combustible cigarettes and HTPs). Occupational classes were classified into office workers (eg, upper non-manual workers) and other workers. ORs and 95% CIs of office workers were estimated for HTP usage, adjusted for age, sex, employment type and cigarette smoking-related health knowledge.ResultsThe overall prevalence of smoking HTPs was 3.0% (male 5.0%, female 2.2%). The prevalence of HTP smokers differed across occupational classes (5.6% in office workers vs 2.5% in others; p<0.05). Compared with other workers, the adjusted odds of office workers for smoking HTPs remained elevated (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.40 to 2.77). Sensitivity analyses with workers of all smoking status showed the same pattern. When stratified by sex, the occupational difference only remained significant in male workers.ConclusionsWe found a positive occupational difference in smoking HTPs, particularly among male workers in the retail sector in Japan. National tobacco control should explicitly address this occupational gap and further encourage individuals to quit smoking.
Ethical impact of suboptimal referrals on delivery of care in radiology department
Authors: Chilanga Catherine Chilute , Lysdahl Kristin Bakke 
Published: August 2021

The referral is the key source of information that enables radiologists and radiographers to provide quality services. However, the frequency of suboptimal referrals is widely reported. This research reviews the literature to illuminate the challenges suboptimal referrals present to the delivery of care in radiology departments. The concept of suboptimal referral includes information, that is; missing, insufficient, inconsistent, misleading, hard to interpret or wrong. The research uses the four ethical principles ofnon-maleficence, beneficence, AutonomyandJusticeas an analytic framework.Suboptimal referrals can causeharmby hindering safe contrast-media administration, proper radiation protection by justification of procedures, and compassionate patient care. Suboptimal referrals also hinder promoting patientbenefitsfrom the correct choice of imaging modality and protocol, an optimal performed examination, and an accurate radiology report. Additionally, patientautonomyis compromised from the lack of information needed to facilitate benefit–risk communication. Finally, suboptimal referrals challengejusticebased on lack of reasonable patient prioritising and the unfairness caused by unnecessary examinations.These findings illuminate how suboptimal referrals can inhibit good health and well-being for patients in relation to safety, missed opportunities, patient anxiety and dissatisfaction. The ethical challenges identified calls for solutions. Referral-decision support tools and artificial intelligence may improve referral quality, when implemented. Strategies addressing efforts of radiology professionals are inevitable, including gatekeeping, shared decision-making and inter-professional communication; thereby raising awareness of the importance of good referral quality and promoting commitment to ethical professional conduct.
The inhibition rate estimated using VerifyNow can help to predict the thromboembolic risk of coil embolization for unruptured intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Kim Young Deok , Kwon O-Ki , Ban Seung Pil , Won Yu Deok , Bang Jae Seung , Kim Tackeun , Lee Si Un , Jo Hyun Jun , Oh Chang Wan 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundThe role of the inhibition rate of VerifyNow in assessing the thromboembolic risk of coil embolization for unruptured intracranial aneurysms is unclear.ObjectiveTo carry out a retrospective study to determine whether the inhibition rate could provide additional help in predicting thromboembolic events when it was used for patients with a P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) level of 220 or lower.MethodsPatients who underwent coil embolization for unruptured aneurysms with an appropriate PRU level (PRU 220 or lower) between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 were analyzed. A total of 954 patients with 1020 aneurysms were included in this study. The primary outcome was the thromboembolic events occurring within 30 days after coil embolization. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were obtained to determine the quantitative predictive ability of the inhibition rate. The optimal cut-off value was derived using the Youden index.ResultsThromboembolic events developed in 11 patients (1.08% of 1020 procedures). The AUC of the ROC curve was 0.83. The optimal cut-off value of the inhibition rate derived using the maximum Youden index was 22.0%. A sensitivity test using a multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the inhibition rate was a significant variable for predicting thromboembolic events.ConclusionsThe inhibition rate can be used to determine high thromboembolic risks for patients with PRU levels of 220 or lower. The optimal cut-off value of the inhibition rate was 22.0% when the PRU level was 220 or less.