bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthotopic Human Metastatic Uveal Melanoma Xenograft Mouse Models: Applications for Understanding the Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Management of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma
Authors: Terai Mizue , Kageyama Ken , Sugase Takahito , Lam Bao Quoc , Alexeev Vitali , Sato Takami 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe propensity of uveal melanoma to metastasize to the liver hinders the accrual of micro‐metastatic and end‐stage disease tissue samples and restricts the investigation of metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM). Pre‐clinical experimental animal models of MUM can help elucidate the pathophysiology of metastatic lesions and provide a tool for designing new therapeutic approaches for MUM. Here, we present an advanced model of hepatic metastases that enables quantitatively visualizing the development of individual hepatic tumor clones and estimating their growth kinetics and colonization efficiency. Similar to clinically observed liver metastases, these models enable the assessment of growth kinetics of the liver micro‐metastases and the testing of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of MUM. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Experimental patient‐derived xenograft mouse model of metastatic uveal melanomaBasic Protocol 2: Experimental liver micro‐metastatic mouse model using splenic injection of metastatic uveal melanoma cells
Karyotype analysis and mode of reproduction of two species of Urochloa P. Beauv.
Authors: Moraes Isabella de Campos , Pereira Welison Andrade , Nani Thaís Furtado , Paula Cristina Maria Pinto de , Rocha Mara Jane da , Souza Sobrinho Fausto , Techio Vania Helena 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGrasses with desirable traits for agriculture and livestock production are continually being sought. The genus Urochloa comprises many species of good forage potential, although studies have mostly focused on commercial cultivars. Karyotype data can be used to characterize species and generate information for taxonomy and evolutionary studies and contribute to breeding programs. The mode of reproduction is also an essential piece of information to determine breeding strategies. This study aimed to characterize the karyotypes of Urochloa arrecta (Hack. ex T. Dur. & Schniz) O. Morrone & F. Zuloaga and a pentaploid cytotype of U. brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. Webster, including the mapping of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites and nuclear DNA content and indicating the mode of reproduction. Slides were prepared using the flame drying technique and were subjected to fluorescent in situ hybridization with 35S and 5S rDNA probes. DNA content was estimated by flow cytometry. The classification of the reproduction mode was based on the amplification of the primers N14 and p779/p780. Urochloa arrecta presented 2C = 2.66 pg of DNA, karyotype formula 2n = 4x = 34 m + 2sm, four chromosomes with 35S rDNA sites, and four other chromosomes with 5S rDNA sites. The absence of amplification products with the primers N14 and p779/p780 provided evidence of sexual reproduction. Urochloa brizantha presented 2C = 4.52 pg of DNA and karyotype formula 2n = 5x = 45 m. Five chromosomes presented 35S rDNA, and eight other chromosomes displayed 5S rDNA sites. Polymerase chain reaction results indicated that this cytotype has an apomictic mode of reproduction. The organization of karyotypes suggests an allopolyploid origin for both genotypes. Possible applications of the information found are discussed.
The effect of the plasma density gradient on current filamentation instability
Authors: Mahdavi M. , Khanzadeh H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe filamentation instability is one of the basic beam‐plasma instabilities that play a significant role in the energy deposition mechanism of the relativistic electrons generated by the laser‐plasma interaction in the fast ignition scenario. In this paper, the effect of the density gradient into plasma on the filamentation instability was investigated in the Weibel unstable plasma, where the plasma temperature anisotropy can play an important role. Results indicated that the density gradient enhances the instability growth rate so that decreasing the density gradient from the critical surface to the core of fuel leads to instability for longer regions in k space. Also, investigations in the region close to the critical surface showed that for decreasing the beam number density nb ≤ 0.01n0, the instability occurs for while this can be different for higher values. Increasing the beam relativistic factor causes a decreasing peak of instability growth rate because of a reduction in beam current, whereas the initial thermal spread of plasma amplifies the filamentation instability.
Low‐cost localization technique for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
Authors: Nithya B. , Jeyachidra J. 
Published: April 2021

SummaryIn heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSN), the probability‐based node discovery method may result in inaccuracy and time consumption. Also, the adaptive adjustment of transmission range based on overhead and connectivity may result in additional overhead and time. Hence, in this paper, the author proposes to design a low‐cost localization technique using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization algorithm for HWSN. In this technique, ABC optimization algorithm is applied for deploying the anchor nodes for coverage. Then, the connectivity between the nodes is ensured with minimum transmission power. Since this method involves minimum transmission power level (TPL) and the only minimum set of anchor nodes with strong coverage is involved, it has low‐cost utilizing lower power consumption. By simulation result, it has been shown that the proposed method reduces power consumption leading to low cost.
A high‐gain and low cross‐polarized printed fractal antenna for X‐band wireless application
Authors: Kola Kalyan Sundar , Chatterjee Anirban 
Published: April 2021

SummaryThis paper presents a newly introduced fractal microstrip patch antenna for X‐band wireless application. The proposed fractal printed antenna possesses a fourfold centrosymmetric structure and gives considerably high gain with relatively low cross‐polarization along the entire half‐power beamwidth (HPBW) region of its radiation pattern. The proposed structure has been derived through selectively etching intersection parts between 4 symmetric lens and 13 circle geometries. In order to resonate the structure as well as to reduce the cross‐polarization, three diagonal slots have been etched from its ground plane. The fabricated prototype resonates at 8.49 GHz and gives a gain and impedance bandwidth of 6.98 dBi and 494 MHz, respectively. The measured cross‐polarization of the antenna along the direction of the main beam is −34.28 dB. The measured radiation efficiency and the computed aperture efficiency of the prototype are 91.96% and 78.25%, respectively. The fabricated prototype shows a very good agreement between its simulated and measured results and hence is a suitable candidate for X‐band‐related wireless applications.
An efficient adaptive threshold‐based dragonfly optimization model for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Jothiraj Sivasankari , Balu Sridevi , Rangaraj Neelaveni 
Published: April 2021

SummaryEffective utilization of spectrum resources is an important factor in wireless communication which reduces spectrum scarcity. Over the years, communication systems use different frequency bands, and the users are categorized into licensed and unlicensed users. Most of the wireless bands are typically licensed; as a result, accommodation of new technologies such as Internet of Things and machine to machine communication becomes difficult. So it is essential to obtain a wireless spectrum to adopt new technologies. Cognitive radio technology is introduced to improve such spectrum utilization. Reports state that most of the licensed spectrums are underutilized, and few spectrums are overutilized. Cognitive radio networks help to exploit the licensed spectrum and access the spectrum without any interference to the licensed user. Through its spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing process, cognitive radio network gains more attention in wireless communication. This research work proposed an efficient optimized spectrum sensing technique for cognitive radio networks through dragonfly optimization algorithm along with the adaptive threshold process. Proposed work performs better in terms of detection accuracy and efficiency when compared to conventional spectrum sensing schemes such as linear support vector machine and particle swarm optimization models.
Overcoming establishment thresholds for peat mosses in human‐made bog pools
Authors: Temmink Ralph J. M. , Cruijsen Peter M. J. M. , Smolders Alfons J. P. , Bouma Tjeerd J. , Fivash Gregory S. , Lengkeek Wouter , Didderen Karin , Lamers Leon P. M. , van der Heide Tjisse 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGlobally, peatlands have been affected by drainage and peat extraction, with adverse effects on their functioning and services. To restore peat‐forming vegetation, drained bogs are being rewetted on a large scale. Although this practice results in higher groundwater levels, unfortunately it often creates deep lakes in parts where peat was extracted to greater depths than the surroundings. Revegetation of these deeper waters by peat mosses appears to be challenging due to strong abiotic feedbacks that keep these systems in an undesired bare state. In this study, we theoretically explore if a floating peat mat and an open human‐made bog lake can be considered two alternative stable states using a simple model, and experimentally test in the field whether stable states are present, and whether a state shift can be accomplished using floating biodegradable structures that mimic buoyant peat. We transplanted two peat moss species into these structures (pioneer sp. Sphagnum cuspidatum and later‐successional sp. S. palustre) with and without additional organic substrate. Our model suggests that these open human‐made bog lakes and floating peat mats can indeed be regarded as alternative stable states. Natural recovery by spontaneous peat moss growth, i.e., a state shift from open water to floating mats, is only possible when the water table is sufficiently shallow to avoid light limitation (<0.29 m at our site). Our experiment revealed that alternative stable states are present and that the floating structures facilitated the growth of pioneer S. cuspidatum and vascular plants. Organic substrate addition particularly facilitated vascular plant growth, which correlated to higher moss height. The structures remained too wet for the late‐successional species S. palustre. We conclude that open water and floating peat mats in human‐made bog lakes can be considered two alternative stable states, and that temporary floating establishment structures can induce a state shift from the open water state to peat‐forming vegetation state. These findings imply that for successful restoration, there is a clear water depth threshold to enable peat moss growth and there is no need for addition of large amounts of donor‐peat substrate. Correct species selection for restoration is crucial for success.
Predicting anoxia in low‐nutrient temperate lakes
Authors: Deeds Jeremy , Amirbahman Aria , Norton Stephen A. , Suitor Douglas G. , Bacon Linda C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAbsence of dissolved oxygen (anoxia) in the hypolimnion of lakes can eliminate habitat for sensitive species and may induce the release of sediment‐bound phosphorus. Lake anoxia generally results from decomposition of organic matter, which is exacerbated by high nutrient loads. Total phosphorus (TP) in lakes is regulated by static aspects of the lake’s watershed, but lake TP can be readily increased by human activities. In some low‐nutrient lakes, basin morphometry may induce naturally occurring anoxia. The occurrence of natural anoxia is especially important to consider in lake water quality assessments that compare observed conditions to expected reference conditions. To investigate the occurrence of natural vs. anthropogenically influenced anoxia, we constructed a logistic regression model to calculate the probability of low‐nutrient lakes (TP < 15 µg/L) developing aerial anoxic extent ≥10% by testing the predictive potential of variables related to basin morphometry, depths of lake thermal strata, epilimnetic TP, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Maximum lake depth and the proportion of lake area under the top of the metalimnion were the most important variables to predict the likelihood of hypolimnetic anoxia, which correctly predicted anoxic condition in 84% of lakes (Model 1). Adding TP as a third variable to Model 1 produced a significantly improved model (Model 2) but the prediction success rate was comparable (86%). We also present a model for lakes with limited bathymetric data, which predicts anoxia with 81% accuracy based on maximum lake depth and mean thermocline depth at peak stratification. DOC was relatively low (4.3 ± 1.5 mg/L [mean ± SD]) in the study lakes and its inclusion did not improve model performance. In Model 1, lakes with an anoxic extent ≥10% of lake area had significantly higher epilimnetic TP than lakes with oxic hypolimnia, regardless of prediction category or success. Our results indicate that including TP as a variable helps refine models based on morphometry alone, but lake morphometry and stratification dynamics are the most important factors in the development of anoxic extent in low‐nutrient temperate lakes. Our approach informs studies concerned with identifying key factors that influence regime shifts in a variety of ecosystems.
Food insecurity associated with elevated eating disorder symptoms, impairment, and eating disorder diagnoses in an American University student sample before and during the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Christensen Kara A. , Forbush Kelsie T. , Richson Brianne N. , Thomeczek Marianna L. , Perko Victoria L. , Bjorlie Kayla , Christian Kylie , Ayres Joseph , Wildes Jennifer E. , Mildrum Chana Sofia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study tested the association between food insecurity and eating disorder (ED) pathology, including probable ED diagnosis, among two cohorts of university students before and during the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodStudents (n = 579) from a large Midwestern American university completed self‐report questionnaires assessing frequency of ED behaviors, ED‐related impairment, and individual food insecurity as measured by the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale 5, Clinical Impairment Assessment, and Radimer/Cornell, respectively. Chi‐square tests and MANOVA with post‐hoc corrections were conducted to compare demographic characteristics, ED pathology, and probable ED diagnosis prevalence between students with and without individual food insecurity.ResultsPartially supporting hypotheses, MANOVA indicated significantly greater frequency of objective binge eating, compensatory fasting, and ED‐related impairment for students with food insecurity compared with individuals without food insecurity. Chi‐squared tests showed higher prevalence of ED diagnoses among individuals with food insecurity compared with those without food security (47.6 vs. 31.1%, respectively, p < .01, NNT = 6.06), specifically bulimia nervosa and other specified feeding and eating disorder. There were no differences in food insecurity before or during the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic.DiscussionConsistent with prior literature, food insecurity was associated with elevated ED psychopathology in this sample. Findings emphasize the importance of proper ED screening for college students vulnerable to food insecurity and EDs.
Benefit of a wearable cardioverter defibrillator for detection and therapy of arrhythmias in patients with myocarditis
Authors: Tscholl Verena , Wielander Dennis , Kelch Felicitas , Stroux Andrea , Attanasio Philipp , Tschöpe Carsten , Landmesser Ulf , Roser Mattias , Huemer Martin , Heidecker Bettina , Nagel Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsMyocarditis may lead to malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. As of today, there are no reliable predictors to identify individuals at risk for these catastrophic events. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) may detect and treat such arrhythmias adequately in the peracute setting of myocarditis.Methods and resultsIn this observational, retrospective, single centre study, we reviewed patients presenting to the Charité Hospital from 2009 to 2017, who were provided with a WCD for the diagnosis of myocarditis with reduced ejection fraction (<50%) and/or arrhythmias. Amongst 259 patients receiving a WCD, 59 patients (23%) were diagnosed with myocarditis by histology. The mean age was 46 ± 14 years, and 11 patients were women (19%). The mean WCD wearing time was 86 ± 63 days, and the mean daily use was 20 ± 5 h. During that time, two patients (3%) had episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT; four total) corresponding to a rate of 28 sustained VT episodes per 100 patient‐years. Consequently, one of these patients underwent rhythm stabilization through intravenous amiodarone, while the other patient received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Two patients (3.4%) were found to have non‐sustained VT.ConclusionsUsing a WCD after acute myocarditis led to the detection of sustained VT in 2/59 patients (3%). While a WCD may prevent sudden cardiac death after myocarditis, our data suggest that WCD may have impact on clinical management through monitoring and arrhythmia detection.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Hierarchical Porous (Nickel/Cobalt)‐Carbonate‐Hydroxide Structures
Authors: Shu Chuankang , Liang Ying , Zhang Zhen , Fang Bin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHierarchical porous Ni3(CO3)(OH)4 and (NixCo1‐x)6(CO3)2(OH)8 ⋅ H2O (x=0, 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3) structures have been synthesized via a hydrothermal route. The chloride ions in the precursor play an important role in the morphology of (Ni,Co)6(CO3)2(OH)8 ⋅ H2O. The formation mechanism and growth process of urchin‐like (Ni,Co)6(CO3)2(OH)8 ⋅ H2O structure was investigated by adjusting the reaction time. The electrochemical properties of the products depend on the chemical composition and surface property. Ni3(CO3)(OH)4 exhibits higher specific capacitance at a low current density due to its porous structure and larger specific surface area. However, its rate property and cycle stability are much poorer. Co6(CO3)2(OH)8 ⋅ H2O nanorod‐assembled structure possesses better cyclic performance but lower specific capacitance. (Ni,Co)6(CO3)2(OH)8 ⋅ H2O electrodes behave improved rate property and cycle stability in comparison with Ni3(CO3)(OH)4, and higher specific capacitance than Co6(CO3)2(OH)8 ⋅ H2O, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect of bimetal species and unique surface property.
Trimethylsilyl Pseudohalide Adducts of GaCl3 and B(C6F5)3
Authors: Bläsing Kevin , Bresien Jonas , Maurer Steffen , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMe3Si−X (X=CN, N3, OCN, and SCN) was treated with the Lewis acids GaCl3 and B(C6F5)3 in toluene yielding the desired adducts Me3Si−X→GaCl3 and Me3Si−X→B(C6F5)3. All synthesized adducts were isolated and completely characterized including single crystal structure elucidations. The different structures, thermodynamics of formation and charge transfer effects are discussed on the basis of experimental and theoretical data.
Voltammetric Analysis of Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride at Zeolite – Modified Carbon Paste Electrode in Micellar Medium
Authors: Hussien Emad M. , Rizk Mohamed , Daoud Amira M. , El‐Eryan Rasha Th. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSimple, sensitive, accurate and inexpensive differential pulse (DPV) and square wave (SWV) voltammetric methods utilizing zeolite modified carbon paste electrode (ZMCPE) were developed for the determination of Oxymetazoline hydrochloride (OXM) in nasal drops. Various experimental parameters were optimized using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges 9.8×10−8–3.6×10−6 M and 9.8×10−6–9×10−5 M for DPV and SWV, respectively. The DPV method showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.04×10−7 M. The method was applied for the determination of OXM in pharmaceutical formulation with an average recovery of 101.18 % (%RSD=0.41, n=9).
Effects of exogenous gibberellic acid on growth and cadmium accumulation in Cyphomandra betacea seedlings
Authors: Yang Liu , Huan Yunmin , Sun Jing , Lin Lijin , Liao Ming'an , Wang Zhihui , Liang Dong , Xia Hui , Lv Xiulan , Wang Jin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe contamination of orchards by the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is a serious problem partly because of the toxicity of the Cd accumulated in fruits. Accordingly, developing suitable methods for minimizing the toxic effects of Cd on plants is necessary. In the current study, a pot‐based experiment was conducted to assess the effects of various concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L) of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA) on the growth and Cd accumulation in Cyphomandra betacea seedlings. The GA treatments promoted C. betacea seedling growth and increased the biomass as well as the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and soluble sugar contents. Additionally, the application of GA, especially the 300 mg/L solution, enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, the intercellular CO2 concentration, the transpiration rate, and the peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. In contrast, the Cd content of C. betacea seedlings gradually decreased in response to increasing exogenous GA concentrations. Thus, the application of a GA solution improved C. betacea seedling growth and decreased the toxicity of Cd, with 300 mg/L representing the most effective GA concentration.
A stable discontinuous Galerkin method based on high‐order dual splitting scheme without additional stabilization term for incompressible flows
Authors: Ma Mengxia , Ouyang Jie , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Chenhui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this work, we consider equal‐order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) solver for incompressible Navier–Stokes equations based on high‐order dual splitting scheme. In order to stay stable, the time step size of this method has been reported that is strictly limited. The upper bound of time step size is restricted by Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition (Hesthaven and Warburton, 2007) and lower bound is required to be larger than the critical value which depends on Reynolds number and spatial resolution (Ferrer et al., 2014). For high‐Reynolds‐number flow problems, if the spatial resolution is low, the critical value may be larger than CFL condition, then instability will occur for any time step size. Therefore, sufficiently high spatial resolution is indispensable in order to maintain stability, which increases the computational cost. To overcome these difficulties and develop a robust solver for high‐Reynolds‐number flow problem, it is necessary to further study the instability problem at small time steps. We numerically investigate the effect of the pressure gradient term in projection step and the velocity divergence term in pressure Poisson equation on the stability for small time step size, respectively, and conclude that the DG formulation of the pressure gradient term has a more significant effect on the stability of the scheme than that of the velocity divergence term. Integration by parts of these terms is essential in order to improve the stability of the scheme. Based on this discretization format, an appropriate penalty parameter for pressure Poisson equation is utilized so as to provide the scheme with an inf‐sup stabilization. Moreover, the lid‐driven cavity flow is considered to verify that this numerical algorithm enhances the stability without additional stabilization term at small time step size and high‐Reynolds number for equal‐order polynomial approximations.