bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergism between fatigue and cyclic‐stress corrosion cracking: Electrochemically active surface area
Authors: Hall Meryl M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAfter over 50 years of research on the topic, researchers continue to consider how time‐dependent environmental effects can be integrated with cycle‐dependent fatigue crack growth rate (CGR) models. Early corrosion‐fatigue (CF) model assumptions were that cycle‐dependent CF and time‐dependent stress corrosion cracking (SCC) contributions are separable, operate in parallel, are non‐interacting. However, research has shown that CF and SCC may interact synergistically to produce CGRs greater than that obtained by simple summation. Proposed here is that CF and SCC mechanisms may interact synergistically as each is dependent on the electrochemically active surface area (E‐ASA) at a crack tip. A phenomenological model is developed for the effects of crack tip strain rate, film‐rupture, and repassivation rates on E‐ASA. Analysis of hold‐time CGR data provides a method of separating cyclic‐ and static‐load hold‐time effects on E‐ASA. Five model parameters, each having physical interpretation, are found to have reasonable magnitudes.
Responsiveness to a game‐based intervention to enhance reading efficiency in first graders
Authors: van Uittert Anne , Verhoeven Ludo , Segers Eliane 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the present study, a 5‐week tablet‐based word reading efficiency game intervention (Reading Turbo) was integrated in a comprehensive phonics‐based reading curriculum. The aims of the study were to examine whether the game would advance children's word reading efficiency, and to determine the extent to which pre‐reading capacities and in‐game mechanisms could explain individual variation in responsiveness to the game. To do so, word reading efficiency scores of first graders in an intervention group (n = 132) and a control group that continued with the usual reading curriculum (n = 118) were compared prior to, directly after, and 2 months after the 5‐week intervention period. Individual variation in responsiveness was examined by relating reading precursors (i.e., phonological awareness, letter efficiency, rapid automatized naming (RAN), and verbal working memory) measured at the onset of the intervention, and in‐game accuracy and efficiency to word reading efficiency outcomes in untrained words. Results indicated that playing the word reading game significantly enhanced first graders' word reading efficiency directly after the intervention, but the effect was no longer significant 2 months after the intervention. With respect to individual variation in game responsiveness, it was found that phonological awareness, letter efficiency, and verbal working memory predicted responsiveness to the game via in‐game accuracy. In addition, phonological awareness and RAN predicted responsiveness to the game via in‐game efficiency, and letter efficiency and verbal working memory were directly related to responsiveness. The effectiveness of the word reading game thus differentiated between children with higher and lower pre‐reading capacities, and operated via in‐game child affordances.
The relationship between brain structure and general psychopathology in preadolescents
Authors: Mewton Louise , Lees Briana , Squeglia Lindsay M. , Forbes Miriam K. , Sunderland Matthew , Krueger Robert , Koch Forrest C. , Baillie Andrew , Slade Tim , Hoy Nicholas , Teesson Maree 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundAn emerging body of literature has indicated that broad, transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology are associated with alterations in brain structure across the life span. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between brain structure and broad dimensions of psychopathology in the critical preadolescent period when psychopathology is emerging.MethodsThis study included baseline data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® (n = 11,875; age range = 9–10 years; male = 52.2%). General psychopathology, externalizing, internalizing, and thought disorder dimensions were based on a higher‐order model of psychopathology and estimated using Bayesian plausible values. Outcome variables included global and regional cortical volume, thickness, and surface area.ResultsHigher levels of psychopathology across all dimensions were associated with lower volume and surface area globally, as well as widespread and pervasive alterations across the majority of cortical and subcortical regions studied, after adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, income, and maternal psychopathology. The relationships between general psychopathology and brain structure were attenuated when adjusting for cognitive functioning. There were no statistically significant relationships between psychopathology and cortical thickness in this sample of preadolescents.ConclusionsThe current study identified lower cortical volume and surface area as transdiagnostic biomarkers for general psychopathology in preadolescence. Future research may focus on whether the widespread and pervasive relationships between general psychopathology and brain structure reflect cognitive dysfunction that is a feature across a range of mental illnesses.
Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 promotes stomatal development through repression of AGB1 inhibition of SPEECHLESS DNA‐binding activity
Authors: Cao Xiaoli , Xu Pengbo , Liu Yao , Yang Guangqiong , Liu Minqing , Chen Li , Cheng Yingyu , Xu Peng , Miao Langxi , Mao Zhilei , Wang Wenxiu , Kou Shuang , Guo Tongtong , Yang Hong‐Quan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCryptochromes are blue light photoreceptors that mediate various light responses in plants and mammals. The heterotrimeric G‐protein is known to regulate various physiological processes in plants and mammals. In Arabidopsis, cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and the G‐protein β subunit AGB1 act antagonistically to regulate stomatal development. The molecular mechanism by which CRY1 and AGB1 regulate this process remains unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis CRY1 acts partially through AGB1, and AGB1 acts through SPEECHLESS (SPCH), a master transcription factor that drives stomatal initiation and proliferation, to regulate stomatal development. We demonstrate that AGB1 physically interacts with SPCH to block the bHLH DNA‐binding domain of SPCH and inhibit its DNA‐binding activity. Moreover, we demonstrate that photoexcited CRY1 represses the interaction of AGB1 with SPCH to release AGB1 inhibition of SPCH DNA‐binding activity, leading to the expression of SPCH‐target genes promoting stomatal development. Taken together, our results suggest that the mechanism by which CRY1 promotes stomatal development involves positive regulation of the DNA‐binding activity of SPCH mediated by CRY1 inhibition of the AGB1‐SPCH interaction. We propose that the antagonistic regulation of SPCH DNA‐binding activity by CRY1 and AGB1 may allow plants to balance light and G‐protein signaling and optimize stomatal density and pattern.
Functional MRI findings in personality disorders: A review
Authors: Zarnowski Oskar , Ziton Shirley , Holmberg Rylan , Musto Sarafina , Riegle Sean , Van Antwerp Emily , Santos‐Nunez Gabriela 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTPersonality disorders (PDs) have a prevalence of approximately 10% in the United States, translating to over 30 million people affected in just one country. The true prevalence of these disorders may be even higher, as the paucity of objective diagnostic criteria could be leading to underdiagnosis. Because little is known about the underlying neuropathologies of these disorders, patients are diagnosed using subjective criteria and treated nonspecifically. To better understand the neural aberrancies responsible for these patients’ symptoms, a review of functional MRI literature was performed. The findings reveal that each PD is characterized by a unique set of activation changes corresponding to individual structures or specific neural networks. While unique patterns of neural activity are distinguishable within each PD, aberrations of the limbic/paralimbic structures and default mode network are noted across several of them. In addition to identifying valuable activation patterns, this review reveals a void in research pertaining to paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, narcissistic, and dependent PDs. By delineating patterns in PD neuropathology, we can more effectively direct future research efforts toward enhancing objective diagnostic techniques and developing targeted treatment modalities. Furthermore, understanding why patients are manifesting certain symptoms can advance clinical awareness and improve patient outcomes.
Farnesoid X receptor agonist for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: A safety study
Authors: Erken Robin , Andre Patrice , Roy Elise , Kootstra Neeltje , Barzic Noelie , Girma Hugo , Laveille Christian , Radreau‐Pierini Pauline , Darteil Raphael , Vonderscher Jacky , Scalfaro Pietro , Tangkijvanich Pisit , Flisiak Robert , Reesink Henk 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates bile acid homeostasis and is a drug target for metabolic liver diseases. FXR also plays an important role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA transcription. In vitro and in mice, FXR agonist treatment leads to inhibition of viral replication and a decline in viral proteins, pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and HBV DNA levels. We aimed to translate this to a clinical use by primarily evaluating the safety and secondary the anti‐viral effect of Vonafexor, a FXR agonist, in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. In total, 73 CHB patients were enrolled in a two‐part Phase Ib double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Patients were randomized to receive oral Vonafexor (100, 200 and 400 mg once daily, or 200 mg twice daily), placebo, or entecavir (Part A, n = 48) or to receive Vonafexor (300 mg once daily or 150 mg twice daily), or placebo, combined with pegylated‐interferon‐α2a (Part B, n = 25) for 29 days. Patients were followed up for 35 days. Enrolled CHB patients were mostly HBeAg‐negative. Vonafexor was overall well tolerated and safe. The most frequent adverse events were moderate gastrointestinal events. Pruritus was more frequent with twice‐daily compared with once‐daily regimens (56%–67% vs. 16%, respectively, p < 0.05). Vonafexor monotherapy of 400 mg once daily decreased HBsAg concentrations (–0.1 log10 IU/mL, p < 0.05), and Vonafexor/pegylated‐IFN‐α2a combination therapy decreased HBcrAg and pgRNA. In conclusion, Vonafexor was safe with a decline in HBV markers observed in CHB patients suggesting a potential anti‐viral effect the therapeutic potential of which has to be evaluated in larger trials.
Knowledge, perception and expectation of management of hepatitis B infection among pregnant hepatitis B carriers in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Ka Wang , Seto Mimi Tin Yan , Tsui Pey Man , So Po Lam , Wong Daniel , Kong Choi Wah , Wang Weilan , Ng Ernest Hung Yu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLack of awareness regarding the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the interventions available during pregnancy among the pregnant carriers may influence their willingness and adherence to the management. This study assessed the knowledge, perception and expectation of HBV infection among pregnant HBV carriers in Hong Kong. A prospective multicentre cross‐sectional questionnaire study was carried out between August 2019 and April 2021. The general knowledge on HBV, perception and expectation, and interventions to reduce vertical transmission were questioned. Obtaining ≥70% correct answers was defined as having sufficient knowledge. 422 (82.7%) were known carriers. Only 18.4% of women had sufficient overall knowledge. The correct answer rates and percentage of sufficient knowledge were statistically lower for HBV knowledge specific to pregnancy compared with general knowledge (42.5% vs. 58.5%, p < 0.001; 8.8% vs. 30.2%, p < 0.001 respectively). Multiple logistic regression showed higher education and receiving HBV medical care within a year prior to pregnancy were associated with sufficient overall (OR 3.46; 95% CI 2.05–5.83 and OR 2.76; 95% CI 1.62–4.7, p < 0.001), and general knowledge (OR 2.86; 95% CI 1.81–4.51 and OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.33–3.44, p < 0.05). 298 (58.4%), 357 (70.0%) and 150 (29.4%) women believed they should receive care by obstetrician, hepatologist or general practitioner respectively. 46.9% did not want to initiate antiviral treatment due to the cost, perceived teratogenicity and maternal side effects. The knowledge of HBV among pregnant carriers in Hong Kong was poor despite the majority of them being aware of their carrier status prior to the pregnancy.
Effect of nutrition counselling with a digital job aid on child dietary diversity: Analysis of secondary outcomes from a cluster randomised controlled trial in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Billah Sk Masum , Ferdous Tarana E. , Kelly Patrick , Raynes‐Greenow Camille , Siddique Abu Bakkar , Choudhury Nuzhat , Ahmed Tahmeed , Gillespie Stuart , Hoddinott John , Menon Purnima , Dibley Michael John , Arifeen Shams El 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAdequate dietary diversity among infants is often suboptimal in developing countries. We assessed the impact of nutrition counselling using a digital job aid on dietary diversity of children aged 6–23 months using data from a cluster randomised controlled trial in Bangladesh. The trial had five arms, each with 25 clusters. The four intervention arms provided counselling using a digital job aid and different prenatal and post‐natal combinations of lipid‐based supplements and the comparison arm with usual practice. We enrolled 1500 pregnant women and followed them until the children reached their second birthday. We developed a tablet‐based system for intervention delivery, data collection and project supervision. We combined the four intervention arms (n = 855), in which community health workers (CHWs) provided age‐appropriate complementary feeding counselling, to compare against the comparison arm (n = 403). We calculated the outcome indicators from the children's 24‐h dietary recalls. Overall, the intervention increased the mean dietary diversity score by 0.09 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2–0.16) and odds of minimum dietary diversity by 18% (95% CI: 0.99–1.40). However, there was a significant interaction on the effect of the intervention on dietary diversity by age. The mean dietary diversity score was 0.24 (95% CI: 0.11–0.37) higher in the intervention than in the comparison arm at 9 months and 0.14 (95% CI: 0.01–27) at 12 months of age. The intervention effect was non‐significant at an older age. Overall, consumption of flesh food was 1.32 times higher in the intervention arm (odds ratio [OR] 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11–1.57) in 6–23 months of age. The intervention significantly improved child dietary diversity score in households with mild and moderate food insecurity by 0.27 (95% CI: 0.06–0.49) and 0.16 (0.05–27), respectively, but not with food‐secure and severely food‐insecure households. Although the study did not evaluate the impact of digital job aid alone, the findings indicate the utility of nutrition counselling by CHWs using a digital job aid to improve child feeding practices in broader programmes.
boere into Boere (farmers into Boers): The so‐called great trek and the rise of Boer nationalism
Authors: Kriel Mariana 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper challenges the claim, as articulated by Norman Ehterington, that the so‐called Great Trek was not “an act of national self‐assertion by Boers in rebellion against British rule” (2001:258). Whilst affirming the scholarly consensus that the Trek was not an expression of Afrikaner nationalism, I argue that it marked the rise of Boer nationalism, which entailed the transformation of white Dutch‐speaking farmers on the eastern border of the British‐ruled Cape Colony into ethnic Boers. The latter identity began to crystallise when the former was mobilised politically by a boer/Boer elite who anticipated their loss of power as colonial authorities introduced inconvenient policy changes and “alien” ideologies. Since the mid‐1830s, as I demonstrate, an ethnic consciousness started to develop among the leaders of the frontier farmers along with the idea‐the nationalist idea‐of a trek to self‐governance. If not as nationalism, I ask, how is one to interpret this cause for self‐governance, driven as many similar causes have been by both material and ideational forces? And how is one to interpret the trekkers' preoccupation with democratic state formation (however compromised it was by racism) while on trek and their eventual creation of the Republic of Natalia?
Christian nationalism, perceived anti‐Christian discrimination, and prioritising “religious freedom” in the 2020 presidential election
Authors: Perry Samuel L. , Schnabel Landon , Grubbs Joshua B. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFor decades now and particularly during the 2020 presidential campaign, American conservatives have stressed the need to protect “religious freedom.” Building on research documenting a connection between Trump‐support, a desire to privilege conservative Christianity, and perceptions that conservative Christianity is persecuted due to its anti‐LGT (lesbian, gay, or transgender) views, we theorise such factors were the ideological driving force behind prioritising “religious freedom” in the 2020 presidential election. Drawing on national survey data from just after the November election, we find Christian nationalism and perceptions of anti‐Christian discrimination are strong predictors that (1) Americans feel “religious freedom” was an important factor influencing their vote and (2) that they ranked it the single greatest factor influencing their vote. In contrast, the perception that LGT persons are not discriminated against also predicts viewing religious freedom as important, as does a perception of anti‐Semitism, but never perceptions of anti‐atheist or anti‐Muslim discrimination. Findings suggest conservative Christian supremacism, fear of (Judeo‐)Christian persecution and belief that LGT persons are privileged are ideological antecedents of votes for “religious freedom.”
Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity treatment in extremely preterm infants in China
Authors: Dai Yi , Zhu Li , Zhou Yequn , Wu Yanqiu , Chen Dongmei , Wang Ruiquan , Wu Linlin , Guo Shaoqing , Gao Lingling , Xu Ping , Wang Yang , Dong Shanshan , Liu Ning , Wu Yan , Chen Haoming , Sun Yumei , Chen Chao , Zhang Shulian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundRetinopathy of prematurity (ROP) continues to be a major cause of visual impairment and blindness in premature infants and children.ObjectivesTo investigate the incidence of severe ROP receiving treatment in extremely preterm (EP) infants in China over time. The risk factors for ROP treatment were also assessed.MethodsThis was a multicentre retrospective study and a subanalysis of baseline data from the “Outcomes of EP infants in China 2010–2019” study. This study was conducted in 68 tertiary neonatal care centres from 31 provinces of China. Infants with a gestational age of 230–276 weeks and admitted to a neonatal unit within the first 72 h of life between 2010 and 2019 were enrolled. Incidence of ROP was analysed in infants who survived to 32 weeks postmenstrual age and screened for ROP. Multivariable modified Poisson regression models were used to identify risk factors for ROP treatment.ResultsAmong 7295 eligible infants, 4701 (64.5%) survived to 32 weeks postmenstrual age and met ROP screening criteria. Of the 3756 infants who screened and with ROP data, 2320 (61.8%) developed ROP of any stage. The overall incidence of ROP treatment was 12.6%, decreasing from 45.5% at 23 weeks to 8.3% at 27 weeks. During the 10‐year period, the incidence of ROP treatment did not change, although the incidence of any ROP increased over time. Independent risk factors associated with ROP treatment included lower gestational age, small for gestational age, multiple birth, severe intraventricular haemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus and supplemental oxygen duration.ConclusionsThe incidence of EP infants receiving ROP treatment showed no change during this 10‐year period in China. Prevention of prematurity and foetal growth restriction, judicious use of oxygen and reducing comorbidities are promising factors that may reduce the incidence of ROP needing treatment in these high‐risk infants.
Spatiotemporal patterns in a diffusive predator–prey system with nonlocal intraspecific prey competition
Authors: Geng Dongxu , Jiang Weihua , Lou Yuan , Wang Hongbin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe investigate the effect of nonlocal intraspecific prey competition on the spatiotemporal dynamics of a Holling–Tanner predator–prey model with diffusion. We first establish the criteria for Hopf, Turing, double‐Hopf, and Turing–Hopf bifurcations, and determine the stable and unstable regions of the positive equilibrium. For Turing–Hopf bifurcation, by analyzing the normal form truncated to the third order, we derive that, with strong nonlocal interaction, the system exhibits the tristable phenomena, that is, the coexistence of a stable spatially nonhomogeneous periodic orbit and two nonconstant stable steady states, as well as the existence of periodic orbits with two spatial wave frequencies induced by the nonlocal interaction. The main analytical difficulty arises from the nonlocal interaction that prevents the direct application of formulas for the coefficients of the normal form. Biologically, the emerging spatiotemporal patterns suggest that the global intraspecific competition can promote the coexistence of the prey and predator by allowing the prey maintain a critical total population size, which may provide an alternative approach in explaining the group formation of some prey species under the risk of predation. Some coexistence patterns are destabilized by introducing another prey species with local intraspecific competition, leading to the coexistence of two preys and one predator, namely, the prey with nonlocal interaction is concentrated at a single spatial location, and the other prey is distributed uniformly in the rest of the habitat. Accordingly, the predator is forced to change its behavior as well.