bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Back to the future? Reflections on three phases of education policy reform in Wales and their implications for teachers
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWales’ education system is part-way through an extensive journey of reform. This contextual paper explores the evolution of that journey, from the establishment of the Welsh Parliament in 1999 to late 2020, as Wales readies itself for the launch of a radical, new national curriculum. Drawing from a range of international literature and experience, it provides an overview of key policy developments and insight into the rationale for decisions taken by the Welsh Government to effect change. To do this, it separates reform into three core phases, each with its own characteristics borne out of landmark events that helped shape contemporary political and public discourse. In particular, the paper examines the impact of Wales’ shifting approach to policy development on the teaching workforce and considers implications for those at the site of practice. Ahead of forthcoming parliamentary elections, the paper resolves that a new, long-term approach to policy reform and teacher development is needed if Wales is to realise its ambitious vision for education.
Metamorphic graphite from Szendrőlád (Szendrő Mts., NE-Hungary) detected by simultaneous DTA-TG
Authors: Majoros Lívia , Fintor Krisztián , Koós Tamás , Szakáll Sándor , Kristály Ferenc 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGraphite, one of the polymorphic forms of carbon, has become a versatile industrial material of nowadays due to its particular attributes. It is used mainly in the automobile industry, metal extractive industry and in the high-tech industry. Moreover, it is also included in the list of critical raw materials for the EU. Our aim was to prove the presence of graphite by thermal analysis beyond X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Thermogravimetry yields comparable results with quantitative XRD. The formation conditions are described by Raman spectrometry and microscopy examinations of drill core samples from Szendrőlád (Szendrő Mts, NE-Hungary; (Szendrőlád Limestone Formation, middle-late Devonian, shelf-basin facies). Polished rock slabs were made for optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis (DTA-TG) measurements were made on powders. Based on our results, the graphite is epigenetic; its quantity varies between 1.5–3 mass% in the samples. It was developed in 20–50 μm sized flakes, which are often arranged in > 300 μm sized aggregates. Graphite was formed during regional metamorphism from the organic matter-rich shales. The average formation temperature, calculated from the results of Raman spectroscopy, is around 410 °C (± 30 °C). The Raman measurements also indicated the presence of a partially graphitized (disordered graphite) material beside graphite.
Moral Judgments, Cognitivism and the Dispositional Nature of Belief: Why Moral Peer Intransigence is Intelligible
Authors: Eriksson John , Tiozzo Marco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRichard Rowland has recently argued that considerations based on moral disagreement between epistemic peers give us reason to think that cognitivism about moral judgments, i.e., the thesis that moral judgments are beliefs, is false. The novelty of Rowland’s argument is to tweak the problem descriptively, i.e., not focusing on what one ought to do, but on what disputants actually do in the light of peer disagreement. The basic idea is that moral peer disagreement is intelligible. However, if moral judgments were beliefs, and beliefs track perceived evidence, then moral peer disagreement would not be intelligible. Hence, moral judgments are not beliefs. The argument is both novel and interesting, but this paper argues that it fails to establish the conclusion. Beliefs are plausibly analyzed as constituted by dispositions to respond to what is perceived as evidence, but dispositions can always be interfered with. Provided a background explanation of why the disposition is not manifested, peer intransigence is quite intelligible.
Development of Thermomechanical Processes as an Alternative to Grain Refiners in 18 Carat Gold Alloys
Authors: Pigato Mirko , Pezzato Luca , Cason Claudio , Dabalà Manuele 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe use of grain refiners, such as iridium, in 18 kt gold alloys is a common practice in jewelry industrial applications. The use of these elements leads, however, to an increase in the costs of raw materials and greater attention during the solidification phases and during the refining and recycling of alloys is required. This work aims to demonstrate that through the optimization of thermo-mechanical processes, it is possible to obtain a result comparable to that obtained with refiner in terms of workability, mechanical and aesthetic properties and corrosion behavior. The study focused on evaluating the grain growth in annealing processes after plastic deformation, also examining the casting phase and the effect of the different cooling rates. The samples, after the different thermo-mechanical treatments, were characterized in terms of microstructure, grain size and micro-hardness comparing the results with the ones of an iridium-containing alloy. The results showed that with proper optimization of annealing time is possible to obtain, without grain refiners, gold alloys with properties similar to ones obtained with Iridium as a grain refiner.
Cognitive Enhancement: Unanswered Questions About Human Psychology and Social Behavior
Authors: Racine Eric , Sattler Sebastian , Boehlen Wren 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStimulant drugs, transcranial magnetic stimulation, brain-computer interfaces, and even genetic modifications are all discussed as forms of potential cognitive enhancement. Cognitive enhancement can be conceived as a benefit-seeking strategy used by healthy individuals to enhance cognitive abilities such as learning, memory, attention, or vigilance. This phenomenon is hotly debated in the public, professional, and scientific literature. Many of the statements favoring cognitive enhancement (e.g., related to greater productivity and autonomy) or opposing it (e.g., related to health-risks and social expectations) rely on claims about human welfare and human flourishing. But with real-world evidence from the social and psychological sciences often missing to support (or invalidate) these claims, the debate about cognitive enhancement is stalled. In this paper, we describe a set of crucial debated questions about psychological and social aspects of cognitive enhancement (e.g., intrinsic motivation, well-being) and explain why they are of fundamental importance to address in the cognitive enhancement debate and in future research. We propose studies targeting social and psychological outcomes associated with cognitive enhancers (e.g., stigmatization, burnout, mental well-being, work motivation). We also voice a call for scientific evidence, inclusive of but not limited to biological health outcomes, to thoroughly assess the impact of enhancement. This evidence is needed to engage in empirically informed policymaking, as well as to promote the mental and physical health of users and non-users of enhancement.
Backbone chemical shift spectral assignments of SARS coronavirus-2 non-structural protein nsp9
Authors: F. Dudás Erika , Puglisi Rita , Korn Sophie Marianne , Alfano Caterina , Bellone Maria Laura , Piaz Fabrizio Dal , Kelly Geoff , Monaca Elisa , Schlundt Andreas , Schwalbe Harald , Pastore Annalisa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs part of an International consortium aiming at the characterization by NMR of the proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we have obtained the virtually complete assignment of the backbone atoms of the non-structural protein nsp9. This small (12 kDa) protein is encoded by ORF1a, binds to RNA and seems to be essential for viral RNA synthesis. The crystal structures of the SARS-CoV-2 protein and other homologues suggest that the protein is dimeric as also confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation and dynamic light scattering. Our data constitute the prerequisite for further NMR-based characterization, and provide the starting point for the identification of small molecule lead compounds that could interfere with RNA binding and prevent viral replication.
Gross values: Investigating the role of disgust in bioethics
Authors: Sanyal Mohima , McAuliffe William H. B. , Curry Oliver Scott 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhat is the role of disgust in moral judgements? Previous research found that disgust increases the severity of judgments; but other more recent work has cast doubt on these findings. Here we investigate roles of induced and trait disgust on moral judgments of controversial biological and medical technologies – bioethics – an area rife with proto-typical disgust cues. Participants (N = 600) viewed disgusting, frightening, or neutral pictures, rated the moral acceptability of biotechnologies, and completed questionnaire measures of trait disgust. We found a small negative effect of induced disgust (but not fear) on the acceptability of ‘existing’ biotechnology, but not ‘future’, ‘agricultural’, or ‘termination’ biotechnologies. But this effect was too small to change pre-existing opinions and would not have survived a correction for multiple tests. Although trait disgust had mostly negative relationships with the moral acceptability of biotechnologies, it did not moderate the effect of observing disgusting photos on biotechnology judgments. The larger, more consistent effects for trait disgust suggest that either (a) measures of trait disgust and moral attitudes share a source of method variance or (b) incidental, visual manipulations are too weak to capture the true effect of disgust on moral judgments.
Innenarchitektur der Zellkraftwerke — Membranfalten in Hochauflösung
Authors: Stephan Till , Ilgen Peter , Jakobs Stefan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMitochondria are essential cellular organelles, which supply eukaryotic cells with the universal energy carrier adenosine triphosphate. These organelles feature a unique double-membrane architecture, which is formed by a smooth outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane. Harnessing super-resolution light and electron microscopy, we investigate the role of MICOS, a large mitochondrial protein complex, in determining the complex folding of the inner membrane.
Fluorimetrische Bestimmung von intrazellulären Polyhydroxyalkanoaten
Authors: Griehl Carola , Kettner Alexander , Noll Matthias , Bieler Simone 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are synthesized as intracellular carbon and energy storage compounds by many bacteria and are accumulated as granules in the cytoplasm of cells. Quantification of enriched PHA is of great importance for industrial production processes. Fluorescence measurements are particularly suitable for rapid determination of PHA during fermentation. With LipidGreen2 as fluorescent marker a fast and reliable assay for PHA monitoring in bioreactors was developed.
Sphincter preservation in patients with low rectal cancer: striking the right oncological balance
Authors: Luvisetto Federico , Shamali Awad , Rutgers Marieke L. W. , Flashman Karen , Khan Jim S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
The surgical treatment options for low rectal cancer patients include the Abdominoperineal Resection and the sphincter saving Low Anterior Resection. There is growing evidence towards better outcomes for patients being treated with a Low Anterior Resection compared to an Abdominoperineal Resection.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the short term and oncological outcomes in low rectal cancer treatment.

Design
This is a retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data.

Setting
Rectal cancer patients from a single center in the United Kingdom.

Patients
Patients included all low rectal cancer patients (≤ 6 cm from the anal verge) undergoing Low Anterior Resection or Abdominoperineal Resection between 2006 and 2016.

Outcome measures
To identify differences in postoperative complications and disease free and overall survival.

Results
A total of 262 patients were included for analysis (Low Anterior Resection n = 170, Abdominoperineal Resection n = 92). Abdominoperineal Resection patients were significantly older (69 versus 66 years), had lower tumours (3 versus 5 cm), received more neo-adjuvant radiation, had longer hospital stay and more complications (wound infections and wound dehiscence). Low Anterior Resections had a significantly higher number of harvested lymph nodes (17 versus 12) however there was no difference in nodal involvement and R0 resection rate. No significant difference was found for recurrence, overall survival and disease free survival.

Limitation
Retrospective review of cancer database and single center data.

Conclusion
In the treatment of low rectal cancer Abdominoperineal Resection is associated with higher rates of postoperative complications and longer hospital stay compared to the Low Anterior Resection, with similar oncological outcomes.
Status and trends of mercury pollution of the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in Poland
Authors: Jędruch Agnieszka , Falkowska Lucyna , Saniewska Dominika , Durkalec Maciej , Nawrocka Agnieszka , Kalisińska Elżbieta , Kowalski Artur , Pacyna Józef M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to assess the current status and trends of total mercury (THg) contamination of the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in Poland. The study shows that the reduced domestic and worldwide atmospheric emission of Hg resulted in decreased THg level in the terrestrial biotope and biosphere. Considering that Poland is one of the main Hg emitters in Europe, the THg concentrations in its abiotic environment are still elevated. However, the THg level in terrestrial organisms is relatively low, which is because a large proportion of Hg deposited on land is accumulated in organic-rich soils. Regarding the THg concentration, consumption of wildlife and livestock from Poland is safe for humans. Nevertheless, the authors indicate the need for effective environmental monitoring, based on selected bioindicators, which is crucial considering the slowing reduction of Hg emission combined with the consequences of the changing climate.
An Extended Doctrine of Implied Consent – A Digital Mediator?
Authors: Jenkins Georgia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article explores whether an extended doctrine of implied consent can better balance copyright interests in the digital environment, particularly users’ access to digital content. Implied licences are analysed from a variety of jurisdictions including the United Kingdom, the European Union, Germany, the United States and Australia to submit that the role of implied consent emerges as a fundamental legal principle in both common and civil law jurisdictions. Given the significance of consent within the doctrine of exhaustion, the article also evaluates its application in the digital environment and the extent to which this could impact the proposal for an extended doctrine of implied consent. The boundaries of the extended doctrine along with its practical impact will be assessed through an example illustrating users’ access and interaction with digital content. It then becomes clear from the discussion that follows, that an extended doctrine of implied consent has the potential to balance copyright interests in the digital environment due to its status as a fundamental legal principle and inherent flexibility to consider a range of factors regarding users’ subsequent use of digital content.
Unpacking the Quantifying and Qualifying Potential of Semi-Open Job Satisfaction Questions through Computer-Aided Sentiment Analysis
Authors: Wijngaards Indy , Burger Martijn , van Exel Job 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite their suitability for mitigating survey biases and their potential for enhancing information richness, open and semi-open job satisfaction questions are rarely used in surveys. This is mostly due to the high costs associated with manual coding and difficulties that arise when validating text measures. Recently, advances in computer-aided text analysis have enabled researchers to rely less on manual coding to construct text measures. Yet, little is known about the validity of text measures generated by computer-aided text analysis software and only a handful of studies have attempted to demonstrate their added value. In light of this gap, drawing on a sample of 395 employees, we showed that the responses to a semi-open job satisfaction question can reliably and conveniently be converted into a text measure using two types of computer-aided sentiment analysis: SentimentR, and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) 2015. Furthermore, the substantial convergence between the LIWC2015 and, in particular, SentimentR measure with a closed question measure of job satisfaction and logical associations with closed question measures of constructs that fall within and outside job satisfaction’s nomological network, suggest that a semi-open question has adequate convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, we illustrated that the responses to our semi-open question can be used to fine-tune the computer-aided sentiment analysis dictionaries and unravel antecedents of job satisfaction.
A Systematic Risk Assessment Framework of Automotive Cybersecurity
Authors: Wang Yunpeng , Wang Yinghui , Qin Hongmao , Ji Haojie , Zhang Yanan , Wang Jian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe increasingly intelligent and connected vehicles have brought many unprecedented automotive cybersecurity threats, which may cause privacy breaches, personal injuries, and even national security issues. Before providing effective security solutions, a comprehensive risk assessment of the automotive cybersecurity must be carried out. A systematic cybersecurity risk assessment framework for automobiles is proposed in this study. It consists of an assessment process and systematic assessment methods considering the changes of threat environment, evaluation target, and available information in vehicle lifecycle. In the process of risk identification and risk analysis, the impact level and attack feasibility level are assessed based on the STRIDE model and attack tree method. An automotive cybersecurity risk matrix using a global rating algorithm is then constructed to create a quantitative risk metric. Finally, the applicability and feasibility of the proposed risk assessment framework are demonstrated through a use case, and the results prove that the proposed framework is effective. The proposed assessment framework helps to systematically derive automotive cybersecurity requirements.
A CFD study on hydrocarbon mean residence time in a horizontal oil–water separator
Authors: Acharya Tathagata , Potter Terry 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study presents computational fluid dynamics analyses on oil–water flow characteristics in a horizontal separator. The performance of these vessels are inferred from mean residence time and cumulative residence time distribution of the hydrocarbon phase inside the separator. The authors model a separator used by previous researchers and evaluate mean residence time of the hydrocarbon phase in a two-phase mixture of oil and water. Three different water-cuts of 21%, 32%, and 57% are used. Additional analyses are done to assess how certain geometric features of the separator influence hydrocarbon mean residence time. The results show that the addition of a second perforated baffle plate does not improve the hydrocarbon mean residence time significantly. However, introducing a downward slanting throat section between the primary zone and the gravity separation zone improves the hydrocarbon mean residence time at 21% and 32% water-cuts. The results suggest oil–water separators with a throat section may be more efficient than regular horizontal separators without the throat section at low water-cuts.
Resumption of sport after spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a review of the current literature
Authors: Barile Francesca , Ruffilli Alberto , Manzetti Marco , Fiore Michele , Panciera Alessandro , Viroli Giovanni , Faldini Cesare 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a frequent disorder. Since patients with AIS are typically as active as age-matched controls and post-operative reduction in physical activity has detrimental effects on their well-being, return to sport (RTS) is an important perioperative concern. Aim of the present study is to review the literature concerning return to sport after spinal fusion for AIS.

Methods
This work was carried out in accordance with Preferential Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was carried out in December 2020. Only peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs), retrospective studies (RS), retrospective case series (RCS) and perspective cohort studies (PCS) were considered for inclusion.

Results
Six studies were included; only one of them was prospective. All the authors reported a time to RTS ranging between 6 and 18 months. Between 28 and 36.6% of all patients changed sport, choosing lower impact activities, mostly due to loss of flexibility of the spine. No complications due to return to play were noted.

Conclusion
According to current evidence, patients who received spinal arthrodesis for AIS can safely return to any sport, even those that require extreme levels of spinal and pelvic movements such as gymnastics and golf. As there is little evidence, however, of the spinal loading that occurs during such movements, there is a lack of scientific evidence-based recommendations or guidelines surgeons and other health care providers can follow. Prospective comparative studies are needed to investigate these biomechanical and clinical issues.

Level of evidence
Level III.
Contemporary Experience of Posterior Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy in the US
Authors: Chiu Alexander , Vargas-Pinto Susana , Abou-Azar Sara , Maduka Richard , Man Jianling , Peters Nicholas , Carling Tobias , Gibson Courtney 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND:
As the incidence of adrenalectomy increases steadily, so does the use of minimally invasive approaches like posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy (PRA). To date, the largest studies of PRA have been from abroad, and we sought to provide a contemporary US update on the outcomes after PRA.

METHODS:
A retrospective chart review was conducted on all PRAs performed at a single tertiary care institution between 2013 and 2020. Patient demographic characteristics, indication for operation, operative details, and postoperative course were abstracted. Outcomes of interest included 30-day mortality, conversion to open or transabdominal approach, postoperative complication, and 30-day readmission.

RESULTS:
A total of 249 PRAs were performed between 2013 and 2020. The population was 54.2% women and mean (SD) age was 54.1 (14.1) years. Most lesions (60.6%) were left-sided, and the most common diagnosis was nonfunctioning adenoma (39.4%), followed by pheochromocytoma (21.3%) and aldosteronoma (16.6%). Mean (SD) tumor size was 3.2 cm (range 0.5 to 9.4 cm). Median operative length was 110 minutes (range 30 to 319 minutes).
Overall, the complication rate was 6.4%. Nine patients (3.6%) had a minor postoperative complication (Clavien-Dindo I to III) and 5 patients (2.0%) had a major postoperative complication (Clavien-Dindo IV to V), including 1 mortality (0.4%). There were 2 conversions of approach (0.8%). The majority of patients (58.2%) were discharged on postoperative day 1, and 92.0% were discharged by postoperative day 3. The 30-day readmission rate was 1.6%.

CONCLUSIONS:
Current practice demonstrates that PRA is an extremely safe approach, with a complication rate < 7% and mortality rate < 1%. In addition, the vast majority of patients are able to return home in an expedient manner.