bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Omega 3 Fatty Acids and White Matter Mediated Cognitive Decline in Older Adults
Authors: Bowman Gene , Dodge HIroko , Kaye Jeffrey , Quinn Joseph 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveOmega 3 PUFAs may work on vascular pathology mediated cognitive decline, including brain white matter lesions and executive skills. We examined whether PUFAs are associated with cognitive domains (executive function and processing speeds) historically sensitive to the accumulation of white matter hyperintensities (WMH).MethodsThis cohort study of 86 non‐demented subjects used the Trail Making Test Part B to represent executive function and the Digit Symbol test for processing speed. Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) were analyzed using GC and combined to form a PUFA index. WMH burden was measured as the total volume of WMH on MRI. Cognitive change was examined using mixed effects models.ResultsAt baseline, the mean age and MMSE were 86 and 28, respectively. Sixty‐two percent were female, 11% had at least one APOE4 risk allele and mean follow up was 4 years. The PUFA index was associated with a 1‐year delay in executive decline attributable to age after multivariate adjustment (p = 0.01). The significance of this index to executive decline was lost after adding WMH volume to the model (p = 0.89), while WMH remained a strong predictor of executive decline (p = 0.02).InterpretationHigher intake of PUFA may slow the decline in executive function by reducing WMH lesions in people at risk for dementia.
Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II regulates the expression of retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors in hepatocytes
Authors: Li Rui , Chen Guoxun 
Published: June 2021

Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP‐TFII, nuclear receptor 2F2), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been shown to affect glucose homeostasis in genetic knockout studies. It has been suggested that COUP‐TFII may modulate the retinoid signaling pathway, which is primarily mediated by retinoic acid receptors (RARα, β, and γ) and retinoid X receptors (RXRα, β, and γ). We hypothesize that COUP‐TFII interacts with retinoid signaling system. To test it, primary rat hepatocytes were infected with recombinant β‐galactosidase or COUP‐TFII adenovirus for 18 h, and treated without or with 5 μM all‐trans retinoic acid (RA) for 6 h. The mRNA levels of RARs, RXRs and their target genes, Srebp‐1c and Pck1 were determined using real‐time PCR. COUP‐TFII over‐expression reduced the basal mRNA levels of Rara, Rxra, and Rxrb by 88%, 58%, and 88%, respectively, without affecting those of Rarb and Rxrg. RA induced the mRNA levels of Rarb and Rxrg by 10.3‐ and 6.4‐fold, respectively, with no effects on those of Rara, Rxra, and Rxrb. Interestingly, over‐expression of COUP‐TFII abolished the RA‐induced mRNA expression of Rarb, Rxrg, Srebp‐1c and Pck1. These data indicate that COUP‐TFII can negatively regulate RA signaling at least in part by inhibiting the expression of RARs and RXRs. The interaction between COUP‐TFII and retinoid signaling may play a role in controlling fuel homeostasis.Grant Funding Source: American Heart Association
Alternate day fasting with a high fat diet: Impact on body weight, body composition, and coronary heart disease risk profile in obese adults
Authors: Klempel Monica C , Kroeger Cynthia M , Varady Krista A 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAlternate day fasting (ADF) with a low‐fat (LF) diet is effective for weight loss and cardio‐protection. However, the applicability of these findings is questionable as most Americans consume a high‐fat (HF) diet. This study examined if these beneficial changes in weight and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk can be reproduced if a HF diet is used in place of a LF diet during ADF.MethodsThirty‐two obese subjects were randomized to an ADF‐HF (45% fat) or ADF‐LF diet (25% fat), which consisted of two phases: 1) a 2‐week baseline weight maintenance period, and 2) an 8‐week ADF weight loss period. All food was provided to subjects.ResultsBody weight was reduced (P < 0.0001) by ADF‐HF (5 ± 1%) and by ADF‐LF (4 ± 1%). Fat mass decreased (P < 0.0001) by ADF‐HF (5 ± 1 kg) and ADF‐LF (4 ± 1 kg). Fat free mass remained unchanged. Waist circumference decreased (P < 0.001) by ADF‐HF (7 ( 1 cm) and ADF‐LF (7 ( 1 cm). LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were reduced (P < 0.01) by both interventions (ADF‐HF: 18 ( 5%, 14 ( 5%; ADF‐LF: 24 ( 3%, 14 ( 4%). The proportion of small LDL particles decreased (P < 0.05) in the ADF‐HF and ADF‐LF groups by 8 ( 3% and 10 ( 4%.ConclusionThus, an ADF‐HF diet produces similar reductions in weight and CHD risk as an ADF‐LF diet. These findings are important in terms of diet tolerability and long‐term adherence to ADF diets.
The System L1 amino acid transporter (SLC7A5) facilitates nutrient signalling in mouse skeletal muscle in vivo
Authors: Poncet Nadege , Taylor Peter Maving 
Published: June 2021

The System L1‐type amino acid transporter (LAT1; catalytic subunit SLC7A5) mediates transport of large neutral amino acids (LNAA) in many mammalian cell‐types. LNAA such as leucine are required for full activation of the mTOR‐S6K signalling pathway promoting protein synthesis and cell growth.We investigated the role of intracellular LNAA delivery by the LAT1 transporter for mTOR‐S6K pathway activation in skeletal muscle using muscle‐specific (MCK Cre‐mediated) SLC7A5 knockout (KO) mice and wild‐type littermates fed for 10 weeks (to age 105 days) with diets of 10, 20 or 30% protein. Food intake and growth rate were similar for all groups. In muscle‐specific SLC7A5‐KO mice, Leu and Ile concentrations in gastrocnemius muscle were reduced by 35% and Gln increased by 27% (relative to wild‐type) as dietary protein content was reduced from 30 to 10%. These changes were associated with >;50% decrease in S6K Thr389 phosphorylation in SLC7A5‐KO muscle, indicating reduced mTOR‐S6K pathway activation, despite no difference in lean tissue mass between genotypes on the same diet.SLC7A5 modulates LNAA‐dependent muscle mTOR‐S6K signalling in mice, although it appears non‐essential for maintenance of normal muscle mass.
ADOLESCENTS PURCHASING FOOD AWAY FROM HOME
Authors: Racine Elizabeth F , Mueffelmann Rebecca 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAdolescents often have their own money. Spending on food away from home may influence their health status.ObjectiveTo examine factors associated with purchasing food away from home among adolescentsDesignCross‐sectional analyses using 2007 Panel Survey of Income Dynamics, Child Development Study data (n=1,181). Adjusted logistic regression was used.ResultsIn general older age, higher levels of parental education, and drinking more juice and less milk were associated with purchasing food away from home. Among younger adolescents (12–16 yrs) being Black and having a history of food insecurity were associated with purchasing food away from home; while living in the inner city, being lower income, participating in the Food Stamp Program, being overweight/obese, and eating more fruit were associated with not purchasing food away from home. Among older adolescents (16–19 yrs) being middle income (vs. high income), being overweight/obese, and having better health status were associated with purchasing food away from home; while being Hispanic, having a history of food insecurity, drinking more milk, and usually eating a hot lunch at school were associated with not purchasing food away from home.ConclusionsTargeting nutrition education to adolescents with greater likelihood to purchase food away from home may be useful.This analysis was not funded.
Higher cognitive and gross motor scores in Chinese toddlers randomized to meat compared to either micro‐nutrient fortified or unfortified infant cereal as first complementary food
Authors: Krebs Nancy F , Sheng Xiaoyang , Westcott Jamie E , Hu Yan‐Qi , Liu Shan‐Shan , Hambidge K Michael 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo compare developmental outcomes in rural poor Chinese infants randomized to 3 different complementary feeding (CF) regimens from 6–18 mo of age.MethodsSubjects were from a cluster randomized CF trial conducted in Xichou, Yunnan. 6 mo old infants were assigned to meat (50g/d pork, (M)), equi‐caloric micronutrient fortified cereal (FC), or local non‐fortified rice cereal (UC). Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), 3rd edition, were performed at 12 and 18 mo of age. BSID testing was conducted by a core team of research workers trained and supervised by a pediatric psychologist experienced with BSID testing in this setting.ResultsA subset of subjects was tested at 12 mo of age; no differences by group were identified in any of the 3 BSID scales. At 18 mo, 85–91% of participating subjects underwent testing. Analysis by Kruskal‐Wallis; results by group in table, mean (SD).ConclusionResults support a potential developmental benefit of meat over cereal including a micronutrient fortified product.Support: Thrasher Research Foundation; Shanghai Key Lab of Ped GI & Nutr; Nat'l Natural Sci Foundation of China
Retinoid derivatives offer anti‐inflammatory benefits by promoting neutrophil apoptosis and inhibiting proinflammatory mediator production in a model of bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Duquette Stephanie , Fischer Carrie D , Feener Troy D , Barreda Daniel R , Morck Douglas W , Nickerson James , Buret Andre G 
Published: June 2021

Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils (PMN) following infection is critical for the resolution of inflammation. Despite demonstrating immunomodulatory properties, the effects of retinoids in PMN in the context of an inflammatory response remain unknown.Objectiveto evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of two retinoids, oxidatively‐transformed carotene‐β (OxC‐β) and retinoic acid (RA) in a model of Mannheimia haemolytica‐induced bovine respiratory disease, which is characterized by severe inflammation.Resultsin vitro, RA and OxC‐β induced caspase‐and time‐dependent apoptosis, but not necrosis, in bovine PMN, but not epithelial cells or fibroblasts. Neither RA nor OxC‐β affected PMN function. In M. haemolytica‐infected calves (2×107 CFU), animals that received a 28‐day dietary OxC‐β treatment (10 mg/kg) had elevated apoptotic leukocytes and reduced LTB4 levels in their lower airways 3h post‐infection vs infected‐untreated calves.ConclusionRA and OxC‐β promote cell‐specific apoptosis and inhibit the production of pro‐inflammatory LTB4, both mechanisms that promote the resolution of inflammation, thereby suggesting an anti‐inflammatory role for retinoid derivatives. Supported by NSERC and AIHS.
Old‐onset Energy Restriction is Detrimental to NK Cell Maturation
Authors: Roman Brooke Elizabeth , Clinthorne Jon , Duriancik David , Gardner Elizabeth M 
Published: June 2021

Even though young adult‐onset energy restriction (ER) has been shown to increase lifespan, we have previously reported increased susceptibility to influenza infection due to impaired NK cells in young mice. Other research suggests that there may be a benefit to young adult‐onset vs. old‐onset ER in preventing T cell senescence in rhesus monkeys. The aims of this research were to determine if aging exacerbates the impaired NK cell phenotype observed in ER mice, as well as determine if there is an optimal age of ER onset to prevent NK cell defects associated with aging. Male C57Bl/6 mice were analyzed at 22 mo, 40% ER began at either 4 mo (young adult‐onset, standard NIA protocol) or 20 mo (old‐onset). Aged ER mice had significantly increased immature (CD127+/CD27+CD11b−) NK cells in the lung and spleen, and significantly decreased mature (CD27‐CD11b+) NK cells in the lung, spleen, liver, and bone marrow compared to aged AL mice. Additionally, old‐onset ER is more detrimental to NK cells than young‐onset ER, as evidenced by increased immature (TRAIL‐DX5+) and decreased mature (TRAIL+DX5‐) NK cells in the bone marrow, lung, and spleen. Here we show that in aging, ER results in less mature NK cells, especially with old‐onset. Because NK cells are crucial to innate protection against viruses such as influenza, ER may lead to decreased protection from these immune challenges.Grant Funding Source: R01AG034949 (E.G.)
Calcium retention in Mexican American adolescents on a range of controlled calcium intakes
Authors: Palacios Cristina , Martin Berdine R , McCabe George P , McCabe Linda , Peacock Munro , Weaver Connie M 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThere are gender and racial differences in bone calcium accretion in response to calcium intake in adolescents. Mexican American adolescents are an unstudied group and are important because of the high risk of osteoporosis in this growing sector. We determined calcium retention in Mexican American adolescents in response to a range in calcium intakes.Methods21 boys and 20 girls 12–15 y participated in a 3‐wk balance study testing a range of calcium intakes (600–2300 mg/d) in a crossover study design with a 2‐wk washout period. Calcium retention was calculated as dietary calcium intake minus the calcium excreted in feces and urine over the last 2 wks.ResultsBoys were taller and had higher lean mass, usual calcium intake and bone mineral content compared to girls, while girls had higher tanner score and fat mass compared to boys (p<0.05). Urinary calcium excretion increased with calcium intake at a greater rate for girls than for boys (p=0.0231). Fecal calcium excretion increased with calcium intake at the same rate for boys and girls (p<0.0001). Calcium retention increased with calcium intake at the same rate for boys and girls (p<0.0001). At the current RDA (1300 mg calcium/d), the predicted calcium retention would be 377 mg/d. In conclusion, calcium retention increased with calcium intake with no gender differences in the slopes in MA adolescents.
Estimating Iron Bioavailability from the US Diet
Authors: Armah Seth M , Carriquiry Alicia , Reddy Manju B 
Published: June 2021

Iron bioavailability from the US diet has been estimated to be 18%, which is based on one human absorption study. However, there is a need to reevaluate that value based on the recent data. In this study we estimated iron bioavailability from the US diet using a complete diet‐based algorithm. We used dietary intake and biomarker data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, MyPyramid Equivalents database, and the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies to estimate nonheme iron absorption for individuals. Means were estimated using appropriate weights and Taylor Series Linearization was used to estimate variances. We used two different approaches to estimate total absorption. In one approach, nonheme iron absorption was adjusted to 15 μg/L serum ferritin; in the second approach, estimates were made separately for iron deficient and iron sufficient subjects. Geometric mean of nonheme iron absorption was 3.7%. When adjusted to ferritin level of 15μg/L, total absorption (assuming 25% heme absorption) was 15.8%. Based on the second approach, total iron absorption was highest (18%) for iron deficient women 19–49 years, and lowest (4%) among iron sufficient men (ferritin >; 15 μg/L) 19 years or older. This study provides useful data for evaluating the current value of iron bioavailability from the US diet, and is relevant in setting iron intake recommendations.Grant Funding Source: None
Dietary Quality and Obesity: Is there a Socioeconomic Gradient in U.S. Adults?
Authors: Zhang Libin , Camhi Sarah M. , Shi Ling , Hayman Laura L 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundHigher social class and better dietary quality (DQ) are linked to lower risks of obesity in the U.S., yet whether effects of DQ on obesity vary by socioeconomic gradients is unknown.Purpose/MethodsTo investigate socioeconomic gradients in how DQ affects obesity, we analyzed data from 2003–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N=13,924) of adults (20–85 years). DQ was assessed with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score based on 12 dietary criteria calculated from one‐day dietary recall, and then recoded into three categories: good (>;80 percentile), needs improvement (51–80 percentile) and poor (0–50 percentile). We first studied the association between DQ and sociodemographic profiles, then compared the risk and trend of obesity by HEI categories in the total sample, and stratified by income and education, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and accounting for NHANES sample weights and complex survey design.Results38.13% of survey participants were obese. Most participants had poor DQ (weighted mean HEI=50.35, SE=0.22) suggested poor DQ of most participants. Higher DQ was observed among older adults, women, whites, nonsmokers, higher income (≥$45,000) and education (≥high school) groups. Compared to good DQ, poorer DQ was associated with a graded increase in risk of obesity (OR=1.19; 95% CI, 1.04–1.37 for DQ that needs improvement and OR=1.44; 95% CI, 1.23–1.68 for poor DQ) after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. The association between DQ and obesity were the strongest for low income and low educated groups (OR=1.75; 95% CI, 1.33–2.30; all p‐trends and p‐interactions <0.001).ConclusionThe association between DQ and obesity varies by socioeconomic gradients. Dietary interventions to reduce obesity risk should be more focused on lower socioeconomic groups.
Effects of exercise on fasting triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins from hepatic and intestinal origin
Authors: Egli Léonie , Lecoultre Virgile , Theytaz Fanny , Schneiter Philippe , Tappy Luc 
Published: June 2021

A high fructose intake increases fasting triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins (TRL). This is due, at least in part, to a stimulation of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and TRL secretion. Unlike in rodents, the role of the enterocytes in fructose‐induced de novo lipogenesis and TRL secretion remains not established in humans. We therefore assessed the effects of a high fructose diet on fasting blood triglyceride (TG) and apob48 concentrations as well as TRL (sf 20–400) TG content. Since exercise may prevent carbohydrate‐induced dyslipidemia, we measured the effects of an isocaloric, high fructose diet both with and without daily exercise in 8 healthy male subjects.A fasting blood sample was obtained after 4 days on a low‐fructose diet without exercise (control, C), a 30% fructose diet and no exercise (HFr), and a 30% fructose diet with aerobic exercise (HFrEx).HFr increased apoB48 from 4.55 ± 0.73 to 8.13 ± 0.94 μg/mL, total TG from 0.65 ± 0.07 to 0.94 ± 0.14 and TRL‐TG from 0.43 ± 0.07 to 0.69 ± 0.13 mmol/L (all p<0.05 vs C). HFrEx completely prevented the effects of HFr and restored fasting apoB48 concentrations (5.29 ± 0.85), TG (0.63 ± 0.06), TRL‐TG (0.37 ± 0.06), to values comparable to those observed after C (all p=NS vs C).Our data suggest that the gut contributes to fructose‐induced de novo lipogenesis, and can adapt to short‐term changes in the diet and to exercise.Swiss National Science Foundation supported this work.
Composition of Dietary Fat Source Shapes Gut Microbiota Architecture and Alters Host Inflammatory Mediators in Mouse Adipose Tissue
Authors: Huang Edmond , Leone Vanessa , Devkota Suzanne , Wang Yunwei , Brady Matthew , Donovan Sharon , Chang Eugene 
Published: June 2021

High‐fat diet consumption has a significant impact on the development of obesity and inflammation. Studies have shown that dietary factors alter gut microbiota resulting in metabolic and immunologic effects within the host through adipose tissue. The objective of this study is to address how consumption of specific high saturated (SFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fat shapes the intestinal microbiota and how these changes affect adipose tissue‐mediated inflammation.Adult male C57Bl/6 mice were fed SFA and PUFA diets for four weeks. Body mass and food consumption data were collected weekly. Bacterial DNA from stool samples was extracted and analyzed by T‐RFLP and HiSeq methods. Adipose depots were excised and analyzed for lipogenic and inflammatory gene expression via qRT‐PCR.Mice fed high‐fat diets showed increased caloric consumption and weight gain compared to low‐fat fed mice. High‐fat diets also resulted in a dramatic shift in gut microbiota, stratifying based on the specific source of dietary fat. These changes led to significantly altered expression of inflammatory markers (MCP‐1, CD192, resistin, APN) in adipose depots.Collectively, our findings show that gut microbiota resulting from dietary modulation of fat source can influence inflammatory outcome and should be considered a potential therapeutic target to alleviate obesity‐induced inflammation.Grant Funding Source: T32 DK07074
Compound K, a Panax ginseng saponin, inhibits lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation by regulating early adipogenic genes
Authors: Jeon Hui‐Jeon , Choi Hyeon‐Son 
Published: June 2021

Compound K (20‐O‐β‐(D‐glucopyranosyl)‐20 (S)‐protopanaxadiol, CK) is one of the major panaxadiol ginsenosides in Panax ginseng. CK has been known to have various biological properties such as anti‐inflammation, anti‐diabetes and anti‐tumor. In this study, we investigated anti‐adipogenic effect of CK during adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 cell. CK suppressed lipid accumulation during adipogenesis in a dose‐dependent manner (10, 25, 50 μM) in Oil red O staining assay. This inhibition was evidenced by the downregulation of triacylglycerol synthetic proteins such as Glycerol‐3‐ phosphate acyltransferase3 (GPAT3), 1‐acylglycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase2 (AGPAT2), Lipin1 and Diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (DGAT1). Our data also showed that the inhibitory action of CK was usually limited to early stage of adipogenesis. This result was correlated to the reduction in mRNA levels of the early adipogenic factors, Krueppel‐like factor4 (KLF4), Early growth response2 (EGR2), CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein beta (C/EBPβ), and C/EBPδ. In contrast, mRNA expression of a negative regulator of early adipogenesis, KLF2, was increased with a CK treatment. CK‐induced regulation of early adipogenic genes led to the reduction in the expression of the late adipogenic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and C/EBPα, and their target gene, Fatty acid binding protein4 (FABP4). Collectively, our study suggests that CK is an inhibitory edible compound on adipogenesis and TG synthesis.Grant Funding Source: Korea and National Research Foundation of Korea
Plant sterol whole body pool size in sitosterolemia is modulated by ezetimibe
Authors: Othman Rgia Ali , Myrie Semone B , Mymin David , Merkens Louise , Roullet Jean‐Baptiste , Steiner Robert D , Jones Peter J.H. 
Published: June 2021

Sitosterolemia (STSL) is a sterol storage disorder characterized by very high plasma plant sterols levels. Ezetimibe (EZE), a sterol‐absorption inhibitor, has been shown to reduce plasma plant sterol levels in STSL. However, its effect on whole body sitosterol pool (WBSP) has not been well characterized. The study aimed to measure WBSP size in STSL, off and on EZE. STSL patients (pts, n=8) were taken off EZE for 14 wks. After 4 wks off EZE, they received an IV dose of D7‐sitosterol (1 mg/kg BW), and blood samples were serially collected over 10 wks. Afterward, pts resumed EZE therapy and the experiment repeated. D7‐sitosterol enrichment was measured by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry and plasma sterols by gas chromatography. Data (mean±SEM ) were analyzed using paired t‐test. EZE reduced plasma sitosterol by 35% (5.1±0.5 vs 7.8±0.6 mg/dl; P<0.05), and WBSP by 53% compared with off treatment (106.1±15.5 vs 226.8±73.4 mg/kg BW; P=0.05) at 5 wks. Plasma cholesterol concentrations tended to decrease with EZE but not significantly (153.8±10.7 vs 178.3±13.9 mg/dl; P=0.09). Decline in WBSP was positively correlated with plasma sitosterol levels(r=0.58, p<0.05). These results indicated that plasma plant sterols, but not cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by EZE, suggesting plant sterol abnormality rather than cholesterol. Thus, EZE may work by reducing WBSP size in STSL pts. Funded by NIH and CIHRGrant Funding Source: NIH and CIHR