bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race, Income, and Survival in Stage III Colon Cancer: CALGB 89803 (Alliance)
Authors: Lee Seohyuk , Zhang Sui , Ma Chao , Ou Fang-Shu , Wolfe Eric G , Ogino Shuji , Niedzwiecki Donna , Saltz Leonard B , Mayer Robert J , Mowat Rex B , Whittom Renaud , Hantel Alexander , Benson Al , Atienza Daniel , Messino Michael , Kindler Hedy , Venook Alan , Gross Cary P , Irwin Melinda L , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A , Fuchs Charles S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Disparities in colon cancer outcomes have been reported across race and socioeconomic status, which may reflect, in part, access to care. We sought to assess the influences of race and median household income (MHI) on outcomes among colon cancer patients with similar access to care.

Methods
We conducted a prospective, observational study of 1206 stage III colon cancer patients enrolled in the CALGB 89803 randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial. Race was self-reported by 1116 White and 90 Black patients at study enrollment; MHI was determined by matching 973 patients’ home zip codes with publicly available US Census 2000 data. Multivariate analyses were adjusted for baseline sociodemographic, clinical, dietary, and lifestyle factors. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
Over a median follow-up of 7.7 years, the adjusted hazard ratios for Blacks (compared with Whites) were 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66 to 1.35, P = .75) for disease-free survival, 0.91 (95% CI = 0.62 to 1.35, P = .65) for recurrence-free survival, and 1.07 (95% CI = 0.73 to 1.57, P = .73) for overall survival. Relative to patients in the highest MHI quartile, the adjusted hazard ratios for patients in the lowest quartile were 0.90 (95% CI = 0.67 to 1.19, Ptrend = .18) for disease-free survival, 0.89 (95% CI = 0.66 to 1.22, Ptrend = .14) for recurrence-free survival, and 0.87 (95% CI = 0.63 to 1.19, Ptrend = .23) for overall survival.

Conclusions
In this study of patients with similar health-care access, no statistically significant differences in outcomes were found by race or MHI. The substantial gaps in outcomes previously observed by race and MHI may not be rooted in differences in tumor biology but rather in access to quality care.
Genetic and Depressive Traits Moderate the Reward-Enhancing Effects of Acute Nicotine in Young Light Smokers
Authors: Whitton Alexis E , Rabinovich Norka E , Lindt John D , Pergadia Michele L , Pizzagalli Diego A , Gilbert David G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Rates of light smoking have increased in recent years and are associated with adverse health outcomes. Reducing light smoking is a challenge because it is unclear why some but not others, progress to heavier smoking. Nicotine has profound effects on brain reward systems and individual differences in nicotine’s reward-enhancing effects may drive variability in smoking trajectories. Therefore, we examined whether a genetic risk factor and personality traits known to moderate reward processing, also moderate the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine.

Methods
Light smokers (n = 116) performed a Probabilistic Reward Task to assess reward responsiveness after receiving nicotine or placebo (order counterbalanced). Individuals were classified as nicotine dependence ‘risk’ allele carriers (rs16969968 A-allele carriers) or non-carriers (non-A-allele carriers), and self-reported negative affective traits were also measured.

Results
Across the sample, reward responsiveness was greater following nicotine compared to placebo (p = 0.045). For Caucasian A-allele carriers but not non-A-allele carriers, nicotine enhanced reward responsiveness compared to placebo for those who received placebo first (p = 0.010). Furthermore, for A-allele carriers but not non-A-allele carriers who received nicotine first, the enhanced reward responsiveness in the nicotine condition carried over to the placebo condition (p &lt; 0.001). Depressive traits also moderated the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine (p = 0.010) and were associated with blunted reward responsiveness following placebo but enhanced reward responsiveness following nicotine.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that individual differences in a genetic risk factor and depressive traits alter nicotine’s effect on reward responsiveness in light smokers and may be important factors underpinning variability in smoking trajectories in this growing population.

Implications
Individuals carrying genetic risk factors associated with nicotine dependence(rs16969968 A-allele carriers) and those with higher levels of depressive personality traits, showmore pronounced increases in reward learning following acute nicotine exposure. These findingssuggest that genetic and personality factors may drive individual differences in smoking trajectoriesin young light smokers by altering the degree to which nicotine enhances reward processing.

Clinical trial registration
NCT02129387 (pre-registered hypothesis: www.clinicaltrials.gov)
The experience of D/deaf healthcare professionals during the coronavirus pandemic
Authors: Grote H , Izagaren F , Jackson E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The coronavirus pandemic, in particular the introduction of masks, presented a huge challenge for the UK’s D/deaf community, many of whom rely on visual cues in lipreading and sign language. This particularly affected D/deaf healthcare professionals (HCPs), who faced significant communication challenges at work due to the lack of transparent masks or other reasonable adjustments.

Aims
To determine the impact that a lack of transparent masks and reasonable adjustments had on communication, confidence at work and well-being among D/deaf HCPs during the coronavirus pandemic.

Methods
A survey was sent to all members of the ‘UK Deaf Healthcare Professionals Group’ on Facebook, the ‘Healthcare Professionals with Hearing Loss’ listserver and promoted on Social Media.

Results
Eighty-three responses were received. Nine (11%) individuals had access to transparent masks. Over three-quarters of respondents reported feeling anxious and fearful of making a mistake due to communication difficulties. Fourteen (17%) were removed from clinical roles due to a lack of reasonable adjustments. One-third felt they would need to consider an alternative career if improvements were not made. Seventy-eight per cent felt the communication needs of D/deaf HCPs had not been met during the pandemic.

Conclusions
D/deaf HCPs felt left behind, isolated and frustrated by a lack of transparent masks and reasonable adjustments to meet their communication needs. Loss of experienced, qualified HCPs has a significant economic and workforce impact, particularly during a pandemic. Urgent action is needed to ensure D/deaf HCPs are provided with the workplace support required under the Equality Act (2010).
Arabidopsis CBP60b is a central transcriptional activator of immunity
Authors: Li Lu-Shen , Ying Jun , Li En , Ma Ting , Li Min , Gong Li-Min , Wei Guo , Zhang Yan , Li Sha 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Plants use a dual defense system to cope with microbial pathogens. The first involves pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity which is conferred by membrane receptors, and the second involves effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which is conferred by disease-resistance proteins (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins; NLRs). Calmodulin-Binding Protein 60 (CBP60) family transcription factors are crucial for pathogen defense: CBP60g and Systemic Acquired Resistance Deficient 1 (SARD1) positively regulate immunity, whereas CBP60a negatively regulates immunity. The roles of other Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CBP60s remain unclear. We report that CBP60b positively regulates immunity and is redundant with—yet distinct from—CBP60g and SARD1. By combining chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCRs and luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrate that CBP60b is a transcriptional activator of immunity genes. Surprisingly, CBP60b loss-of-function results in autoimmunity, exhibiting a phenotype similar to that of CBP60b gain-of-function. Mutations at the ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1-PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4-dependent ETI pathway fully suppressed the defects of CBP60b loss-of-function but not those of CBP60b gain-of-function, suggesting that CBP60b is monitored by NLRs. Functional loss of SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1, an R-gene, partially rescued the phenotype of cbp60b, further supporting that CBP60b is a protein targeted by pathogen effectors, that is, a guardee. Unlike CBP60g and SARD1, CBP60b is constitutively and highly expressed in unchallenged plants. Transcriptional and genetic studies further suggest that CBP60b plays a role redundant with CBP60g and SARD1 in pathogen-induced defense, whereas CBP60b has a distinct role in basal defense, partially via direct regulation of CBP60g and SARD1.
Ownership, Learning, and Beliefs
Authors: Hartzmark Samuel M , Hirshman Samuel D , Imas Alex 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe examine how owning a good affects learning and beliefs about its quality. We show that people have more extreme reactions to information about a good they own compared with the same information about a nonowned good: ownership causes more optimistic beliefs after receiving a positive signal and more pessimistic beliefs after receiving a negative signal. Comparing learning to normative benchmarks reveals that people overextrapolate from signals about goods they own, which leads to an overreaction to information; in contrast, learning is close to Bayesian for nonowned goods. We provide direct evidence that this effect is driven by ownership channeling greater attention toward associated information, which leads people to overweight recent signals when forming beliefs. The relationship between ownership and beliefs has testable implications for trade and market expectations. In line with these predictions, we show that the endowment effect doubles in response to positive information and disappears with negative information, and demonstrate a significant relationship between ownership and overextrapolation in survey data about stock market expectations.
Reasons for discontinuing urate-lowering treatment in community-dwelling adults with gout: results of a primary care-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Elmelegy Dalia , Abhishek Abhishek 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to examine the prevalence of urate-lowering treatment (ULT) in community-dwelling adults with gout and the reasons for drug discontinuation.

Methods
Adults with gout living in the East Midlands, UK, were mailed a postal questionnaire by their general practice surgery. It enquired about demographic details, co-morbidities, number of gout flares in the previous 12 months, current ULT and the reasons for discontinuing ULT if applicable. The number (percentage), median [interquartile range (IQR)] and mean (s.d.) were used for descriptive purposes. The Mann–Whitney U test and χ2 test were used for univariate analyses. STATA v.16 was used for data analysis. Statistical significance was set at P &lt; 0.05.

Results
Data for 634 gout patients [89.3% men, mean (s.d.) age 64.77 (12.74) years)] were included. Of the respondents, 59.8% self-reported taking ULT currently, with the vast majority (95.6%) taking allopurinol. Participants self-reporting current ULT experienced fewer gout flares in the previous 12 months than those who did not self-report current ULT [median (IQR) 0 (0–2) and 1 (0–3), respectively, P &lt; 0.05]. One hundred and seven participants (16.9%) self-reported ULT discontinuation previously. The most commonly cited reasons for this were side-effects (29.7%), being fed up with taking tablets (19.8%) and lack of benefit from treatment or ULT-induced gout flares (19.8%). Treatment being stopped by the general practitioner without a clear reason known to the participant (15.8%) was another common report.

Conclusion
This study identified patient-, physician- and treatment-related barriers to long-term ULT. These should be addressed when initiating ULT and during regular review. Further research is required to confirm these findings in other populations.
INCREASED EXPOSURE TO X-RAYS DURING CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY AND PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE MEASUREMENT AND ENDOCORONARY IMAGING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Bensaid Réda , Georges Jean-Louis , Angoulvant Denis , Chassaing Stephan , Deballon Ronan , Marcollet Pierre , Albert Franck , Fichaux Olivier , Bar Olivier , Rangé Grégoire 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Growing use of fractional flow reserve (FFR) and intracoronary imaging techniques by optical coherence tomography or intravascular ultrasound has raised concerns about additional exposure during coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). Using data from the prospective CRAC-France PCI Prospective Multicentre registry, we sought to evaluate the effect of these new techniques on the radiation dose to patients undergoing coronary procedures. Data on Kerma Area Product (PKA), total air kerma (KAr) and fluoroscopy time from 42 182 coronary procedures were retrospectively compared, using multivariable linear regression, according to whether they included FFR and intracoronary imaging. In coronary angiography, FFR was associated with longer fluoroscopy time and higher PKA (21.0 vs. 18.9 Gy.cm2) and KAr (372 vs. 299 mGy) (all p &lt; 0.001). Intracoronary imaging was associated with longer fluoroscopy time, higher contrast volume (both p &lt; 0.001), lower PKA (18.3 vs. 19.0 Gy.cm2, p = 0.02) and similar KAr. In PCI, FFR was associated with a moderate increase in KAr (682 vs. 626 mGy, p &lt; 0.01) but not PKA (35.9 vs. 33.7 Gy.cm2, p = 0.34). For intracoronary imaging, there were no differences between groups, except for contrast volume. Increased patient exposure associated with FFR and intracoronary imaging is moderate in diagnostic coronary angiography and minimal or none in PCI, provided optimization techniques are used. It should not be a limitation on the use of these techniques given the important additional information they provide.
In defence of religious charitable trusts—when the ancient and the modern collide
Authors: Chevalier-Watts Juliet 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Religious charitable trusts are no strangers to public and judicial criticism for a range of reasons, and this article considers their continued place within the charity narrative from the unusual perspective of the relationship between religious charitable trusts and commercialism, and whether such a position can be justified in contemporary society. This article does so by considering key cases from Australia and New Zealand, as well as Hong Kong. In doing so, this article demonstrates that religious trusts and commercialism make unusual but justifiable bed fellows, even in contemporary times, at least from a charitable perspective. As such, this article looks to quell some of the public disquiet concerning such trusts that continues unabated, and in doing so, this article may go some way in enhancing the quality of public conversations regarding religious charitable trusts.
Bead-assisted SARS-CoV-2 multi-antigen serological test allows effective identification of patients
Authors: Cáceres-Martell Yaiza , Fernández-Soto Daniel , Campos-Silva Carmen , García-Cuesta Eva M. , Casasnovas Jose M , Navas-Herrera David , Beneítez-Martínez Alexandra , Martínez-Fleta Pedro , Alfranca Arantzazu , Sánchez-Madrid Francisco , López Gabriela Escudero , Vilches Carlos , Jara-Acevedo Ricardo , Reyburn Hugh T. , Frade José M. Rodríguez , Valés-Gómez Mar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMany new aspects of COVID-19 disease, including different clinical manifestations, have been identified during the pandemic. The wide array of symptoms and variation in disease severity after SARS-CoV-2 infection might be related to heterogeneity in the immune responses of different patients. Here we describe a new method for a simple multi-antigen serological test that generates a full picture of seroconversion in a single reaction. The assay is based on the detection by flow cytometry of multiple immunoglobulin classes (isotypes) specific for four SARS-CoV-2 antigens: the Spike glycoprotein (one of the highly immunogenic proteins), its RBD fragment (the major target for neutralising antibodies), the nucleocapsid protein and the main cysteine-like protease. Until now, most diagnostic serological tests measured antibodies to only one antigen and some patients seemed to not make any antibody response. Our data reveal that while most patients respond against all the viral antigens tested, others show a marked bias to make antibodies against either proteins exposed on the viral particle or those released after cellular infection. Combining all the four antigens and using machine learning techniques, it was possible to clearly discriminate between patients and healthy controls with 100% confidence. Further, combination of antigens and different immunoglobulin isotypes in this multi-antigen assay improved the classification of patients with mild and severe disease. Introduction of this method will facilitate massive screenings of patients to evaluate their immune response. It could also support vaccination campaigns both to select non-immune individuals and to distinguish infected patients from vaccine responders.
Real-world Effect of Monoclonal Antibody Treatment in COVID-19 Patients in a Diverse Population in the United States
Authors: Rainwater-Lovett Kaitlin , Redd John T. , Stewart Miles A. , Elías Calles Natalia , Cluff Tyler , Fang Mike , Panaggio Mark J. , Lambrou Anastasia S. , Thornhill Jonathan K. , Bradburne Christopher , Imbriale Samuel , Freeman Jeffrey D. , Anderson Michael , Kadlec Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 are a promising treatment for limiting the progression of COVID-19 and decreasing strain on hospitals. Their use, however, remains limited, particularly in disadvantaged populations.MethodsElectronic health records were reviewed from SARS-CoV-2 patients at a single medical center in the United States that initiated mAb infusions in January 2021 with the support of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ National Disaster Medical System. Patients who received mAbs were compared to untreated patients from the time period before mAb availability who met eligibility criteria for mAb treatment. We used logistic regression to measure the effect of mAb treatment on the risk of hospitalization or emergency department (E.D.) visit within 30 days of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19.ResultsOf 598 COVID-19 patients, 270 (45%) received bamlanivimab and 328 (55%) were untreated. Two hundred and thirty-one patients (39%) were Hispanic. Among treated patients, 5/270 (1.9%) presented to the E.D. or required hospitalization within 30 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, compared to 39/328 (12%) untreated patients (p<0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities, the risk of E.D. visit or hospitalization was 82% lower in mAb-treated patients compared to untreated patients (95% confidence interval [CI]: 66%-94%).ConclusionsIn this diverse, real-world COVID-19 patient population, mAb treatment significantly decreased the risk of subsequent E.D. visit or hospitalization. Broader treatment with mAbs, including in disadvantaged patient populations, can decrease the burden on hospitals and should be facilitated in all populations in the United States to ensure health equity.SummaryIn a diverse, real-world COVID-19 patient population, treatment with monoclonal antibodies significantly decreased the risk of subsequent emergency department visit or hospitalization within 30 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 viral test.
Who funded the research behind the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine? Approximating the funding to the University of Oxford for the research and development of the ChAdOx vaccine technology
Authors: Cross Samuel , Rho Yeanuk , Reddy Henna , Pepperrell Toby , Rodgers Florence , Osborne Rhiannon , Eni-Olotu Ayolola , Banerjee Rishi , Wimmer Sabrina , Keestra Sarai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or Vaxzevira) builds on nearly two decades of research and development (R&D) into Chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx) technology at the University of Oxford. This study aims to approximate the funding for the R&D of the ChAdOx technology and the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, and assess the transparency of funding reporting mechanisms.DesignWe conducted a scoping review and publication history analysis of the principal investigators to reconstruct the funding for the R&D of the ChAdOx technology. We matched award numbers with publicly-accessible grant databases. We filed Freedom Of Information (FOI) requests to the University of Oxford for the disclosure of all grants for ChAdOx R&D.ResultsWe identified 100 peer-reviewed articles relevant to ChAdOx technology published between 01/2002 and 10/2020, extracting 577 mentions of funding bodies from funding acknowledgement statements. Government funders from overseas were mentioned 158 (27.4%), the U.K. government 147 (25.5%) and charitable funders 138 (23.9%) times. Grant award numbers were identified for 215 (37.3%) mentions, amounts were available in the public realm for 121 (21.0%) mentions. Based on the FOIs, until 01/2020, the European Commision (34.0%), Wellcome Trust (20.4%) and CEPI (17.5%) were the biggest funders of ChAdOx R&D. From 01/2020, the U.K. Department of Health and Social Care was the single largest funder (89.3%). The identified R&D funding was £104,226,076 reported in the FOIs, and £228,466,771 reconstructed from the literature search.ConclusionsOur study identified that public funding accounted for 97.1-99.0% of the funding towards the R&D of ChAdOx and the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. We furthermore encountered a severe lack of transparency in research funding reporting mechanisms.Strengths and limitations of this studyThis is the first study that analysed the R&D funding and funders contributing to the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine and the underlying ChAdOx technology.We used multiple sources and methods to approximate the R&D funding of the Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine and ChAdOx technology.We cross-matched award numbers with all publicly-accessible databases by major funders of R&D.Freedom Of Information requests were a useful method to identify R&D funding, but face limitations in their scope of data collection.Integration of the two data sets was not possible due to insufficient grant information and lack of award numbers in funding acknowledgement statements in peer-reviewed articles.