bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Ketamine in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Derakhshanian Sahar , Zhou Maxine , Rath Alexander , Barlow Rachel , Bertrand Sarah , DeGraw Caroline , Lee Christopher , Hasoon Jamal , Kaye Alan D. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review This is a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the use of ketamine as a treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and current treatment modalities regarding Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and TRD. It provides background on the mechanism of action of ketamine, its history, current approved and off-label indications in the field of psychiatry, and then provides an overview of the existing evidence for the use of ketamine in the treatment of TRD. Recent findings MDD is a mental illness that puts an enormous strain on the affected and a high socio-economic burden on society. The illness is complex and combines genetic, pathophysiologic, and environmental factors that combine to negatively affect neurotransmitter balance in the brain. Additional evidence suggests dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary (HPA) axis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vitamin D levels, and involvement of pro-inflammatory markers. Core symptoms include depressed mood or anhedonia, combined with neurovegetative symptoms such as sleep impairment, changes in appetite, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, and psychomotor retardation. Current first-line treatment options are antidepressants of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. Failure to respond to two adequate trials of treatment meets the criteria for TRD. Esketamine (Spravato) is an NMDA-receptor antagonist with additional AMPA-receptor agonist properties, which the FDA approved in 2019 to treat adult TRD in conjunction with an oral antidepressant. It can be administered intranasally, providing a rapid response and proven effective and safe. Additional research suggests that oral ketamine might be effective for PTSD and anxiety disorders. Intravenous administration of ketamine has also shown benefits for acute suicidal ideation and depression and substance use to reduce relapse rates. Summary TRD is associated with huge costs on individual and societal levels. Underlying disease processes are multifactorial and not well understood. Adjunctive therapies for TRD with proven benefits exist, but acutely depressed and suicidal patients often require prolonged inpatient stabilization. Intranasal esketamine is a new FDA-approved alternative with rapid benefit for TRD, which has also shown a rapid reduction in suicidal ideation while maintaining a favorable side-effect profile. Additional potential off-label uses for ketamine in psychiatric disorders have been studied, including PTSD, anxiety disorders, bipolar depression, and substance use disorders.
Perbandingan Hasil Framingham Risk Score (FRS) dan QRISK2 Pada Dewasa Usia Produktif terhadap WHO Chart
Authors: Sabrina Isra 
Published: July 2021

Pendahuluan: FRS dan QRISK2 adalah algoritma penilaian risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler (PKV) yang direkomendasikan oleh American Heart Assosiationsebagai pedoman untuk deteksi dini risiko PKV dalm upaya menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortilitas akibat PKV, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perbandingan hasil penilaian risiko PKV menggunakan FRS dan QRISK2 pada dewasa usia produktif di Jakarta.
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan studi uji diagnostik dengan desain potong lintang pada 173 responden di kelurahan Wijaya Kusuma, Grogol, Jakarta Barat pada bulan September-November 2018. Data penelitian adalah data primer berupa data diri beserta riwayat penyakit dan hasil pengukuran tekanan darah, kadar kolesterol, dan IMT. Semua data primer dihitung menggunakan kalkulator dalam jaringan FRS dan QRISK2 dan dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS.
Hasil: Didapatkan nilai ROC beruturut-turut FRS dan QRISK2 sebesar 0.60 dan 0.69. Kemudian untuk sensitifitas, spesifitas, nilai prediksi positive, dan nilai prediksi negative FRS sebesar 31%, 90%, 35%, dan 88%. Sementara itu untuk QRISK2 sebesar 58%, 81%, 34%, dan 91%. Sehingga dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa QRISK2 memiliki nilai kepercayaan lebih besar pada populasi dibandingkan FRS.
Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil prediksi risiko PKV menggunakan FRS dan QRISK2. Berdasarkan nilai sensitifitas dan spesifitas, didapatkan QRISK2 lebih baik dibandingkan FRS. Akan tetapi, berdasarkan nilai praduga positif dan negatif, FRS lebih baik dibandingkan QRISK2. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan pada penelitian ini, pengunaan FRS untuk prediksi risiko PKV pada layanan primer lebih baik dibandingkan QRISK2.
Her Majesty's Attorney General - v - Akhter & Ors.
Authors: Francis Thomas 
Published: July 2021

This brief considers the February 2020 judgment of the Court of Appeal of England & Wales in Akhter - v - Khan, an appeal brought by the Attorney General against the decision at first-instance to grant the petitioner wife, Akhter, a decree nisi, or provisional decree of divorce. The decision of the Court of Appeal was against the backdrop of the Law Commission holding a public consultation into the status at law of certain 'religious-only' marriages (including Islamic weddings) and whether, absent a contemporaneous or succeeding civil marriage, they are to be regarded as void (entitling petitioners to ancillary relief, such as spousal support) or 'non-marriages'.
Análisis de la Sentencia nº 16/21, de 15 de enero, de la Sección Segunda de la Audiencia Provincial de Valencia. El corte estético de orejas a los perros y su consideración como delito de maltrato animal en España
Authors: Olmedo de la Calle Eduardo 
Published: July 2021

Se analizan en el artículo los requisitos jurisprudenciales que precisa el concepto de menoscabo grave de la salud del animal, en el sentido exigido por la STS 185/20, de 20 de mayo. Dichos requisitos se concretan en la necesidad de un tratamiento veterinario de cierta entidad. Entiende el autor que la sentencia de la A. Provincial de Valencia se aparta de la línea fijada por el alto tribunal, exigiendo además un inexistente elemento subjetivo específico del injusto consistente en “el sufrimiento animal”, que supone una específica carga intencional adicional al dolo.
A Hybrid Numerical Framework for Simulation of Ships Maneuvering in Waves
Authors: White Paul F. , Piro Dominic J. , Knight Bradford G. , Maki Kevin J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The maneuvering characteristics of a surface ship play a critical role in the safety of navigation both in port and in an open seaway, and are vital to the overall operational ability of the ship. The vast majority of maneuvering analyses for ships have been performed under the assumption of calm water, yet ships mostly operate in waves. Understanding of maneuvering in waves is limited by the complexity of the problem and the challenges of performing physical experiments and numerical simulations. In this work, a new fast-running method that allows for the study of maneuvering in waves is formulated. The newly formulated approach is categorized as a “hybrid method,” taking its name from the multiple numerical methods and force models used to predict the total hydrodynamic force acting on the vessel maneuvering in waves. The framework presented here uses a combination of Computational Fluid Dynamics, a linear time-domain boundary element method, and a propeller-force model for efficient computation of the total hydrodynamic force.

Introduction
The maneuverability of a ship is directly related to its ability to safely perform the tasks for which it was designed and built. In addition to maneuvering at low speed in calm-water conditions, vessels are also required to execute challenging maneuvers such as taking evasive action or maintaining course in adverse weather. The performance of the vessel must be adequate in various water depths, in confined or open water, and in a multitude of environmental conditions. Consequently, predictive tools are necessary in ship design to evaluate the maneuvering response of vessels in both calm water and in waves.
Evaluación de la transparencia en el periodismo de datos de referencia
Authors: Córdoba-Cabús Alba , García-Borrego Manuel 
Published: July 2021

La aprobación de leyes que garantizan el acceso a la información y fomentan la transparencia de las instituciones propulsó el establecimiento del periodismo de datos como práctica periodística. Esta especialización surge en favor de la transparencia, por lo que incorporar indicadores que resten opacidad a la industria mediática se plantea como necesario para añadir credibilidad y calidad a la historia publicada. Esta investigación se propone examinar el nivel de transparencia en las mejores historias de periodismo de datos reconocidas a nivel mundial publicadas entre 2018 y 2019. Asimismo, se pretende comprobar si la tipología de las fuentes y de los datos inciden en la opacidad y clasificar las piezas en función del grado de transparencia. A través de un análisis descriptivo e inferencial de los proyectos candidatos a los Data Journalism Awards 2019 y a los Sigma Awards 2020 (n=80) se detecta un amplio margen de mejora en cuanto a la transparencia. Mientras que en la mayoría de las piezas se menciona directamente la fuente (91,4%), el acceso a la metodología (48,8%) y a los datos en sí (20%) resulta muy limitado. Del análisis de correspondencias múltiple se desprenden tres grupos de historias, buena parte de las cuales pertenecen al nivel más opaco. Entre otras constataciones, se concluye que el tipo de fuentes y de datos incorporados no influye en el nivel de transparencia.
La creatividad en la enseñanza como factor de aproximación de la universidad a los desafíos sociales
Authors: Fernández Souto Ana Belén , Balonas Sara 
Published: July 2021

Se reflexiona sobre la creatividad como respuesta a los nuevos desafíos a las que las sociedades están haciendo frente: se pretende repensar sobre las fórmulas que la enseñanza universitaria puede utilizar para estimular esta capacidad .
El trabajo se centra en la idea defendida por Wallas, que consideraba la creatividad como el resultado de un proceso evolutivo que permitía a los humanos adaptarse rápidamente a alteraciones de ambientes (1926). Teniendo en cuenta la pandemiao, parece necesario entender que los retos que afrontan las organizaciones deben ser asumidas también por las entidades académicas, por lo que las instituciones de enseñanza superior deben estar preparadas para formar profesionales aptos para tomar parte de la solución del problema. Así, ¿qué competencias se exigen al nivel de formación?, ¿las universidades presentan una oferta de estudios orientada al ejercicio de la creatividad ?, ¿qué características deben incluirse en la formación del profesional de comunicación dentro de su formación ?
Se propone una revisión del concepto de creatividad y se presenta un mapeo de la oferta formativa universitaria en Portugal y España para entender si estas instituciones están preparadas para formar profesionales alineados con los requerimientos del nuevo panorama social.
Se concluye que la presencia de la creatividad en los planes de estudio de las principales universidades estudiadas es residual y se limita a las especialidades de comunicación, lo que evidencia que el sistema de educación superior sigue viviendo de espaldas a las necesidades profesionales.
Oculto a simple vista: análisis de las comunicaciones diarias de la Conselleria de Sanidad de la Comunitat Valenciana durante la primera oleada del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Aguar Torres Joaquín , López García Guillermo 
Published: July 2021

Este artículo analiza la comunicación de la Conselleria de Sanidad de la Comunitat Valenciana a lo largo de la primera ola de la pandemia del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Se trata de un período en el que la población española estuvo sometida a un riguroso confinamiento domiciliario para mitigar la propagación del virus, y donde el interés por adquirir información al respecto de la pandemia era máximo. El objetivo de la investigación es determinar qué mensajes prevalecían en la estrategia de comunicación de la conselleria mediante el análisis de un centenar de notas de prensa, difundidas a lo largo de los meses de febrero a junio de 2020. Es decir, a lo largo de la primera ola de la pandemia en España y de la desescalada que derivó en la "nueva normalidad" que dio fin al confinamiento en el mes de junio. Nuestra hipótesis de partida establece que la Conselleria de Sanidad intentaría minimizar los datos más negativos (contagios, hospitalizados, fallecidos) en su comunicación hacia la ciudadanía y los medios de comunicación, resaltando otros aspectos positivos (como los pacientes recuperados).El análisis combina dos metodologías: un análisis de contenido cuantitativo, basado en palabras clave, de los titulares y subtítulos de las notas de prensa, para analizar los elementos que se buscaba destacar por parte de la conselleria; y un análisis del discurso de las notas de prensa en su conjunto, que permita analizar el relato elaborado por la conselleria a través del cual se aportaba la información. Dicho análisis permite validar nuestra hipótesis, pues muestra cómo tanto los titulares como las notas de prensa en su conjunto resaltaban casi sistemáticamente elementos positivos, mientras los datos adversos eran postergados en una posición subalterna en las noticias.
Reliability of preoperative evaluation of prognostic factors in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Valsecchi L. , Mangili G. , Frigerio L. , Spagnolo D.L. , De Sanctis L. , Ferrari A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To define the accuracy of preoperative evaluation of prognostic factors in detecting patients with low risk of node metastasis in which different surgical approaches can be proposed. Subjects: Seventy‐five patients with a histologically proven endometrial carcinoma were considered in this study. Methods: All the patients underwent a preoperative evaluation of grading (G), and myometrial invasion (M) by endometrial biopsy and transvaginal ultrasound (TVS). In 41 patients preoperative ploidy of carcinoma cells (P) was determined by flow cytometry. Pre‐surgical G, M and P were then compared with surgical specimens. We considered ‘low risk’, patients with no or moderate myometrial invasion, well‐differentiated histological grading and diploid DNA. Results: We were able to identify 19/23 (82.6%) low risk cases. Correct identification of high risk patients was obtained in 49/52 (94%) patients. In three low risk patients, correctly diagnosed preoperatively, the final FIGO stage was IIIA (two for adnexal involvement and one for positive peritoneal washing). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that it is possible to detect preoperatively patients with a low risk of node metastasis. Alternative surgical approaches, i.e. vaginal surgery, can be taken into account in such patients.
Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis intrauterine infection using polymerase chain reaction on chorionic villi
Authors: Dong Z.‐W. , Li Y. , Zhang L.‐Y. , Liu R.‐M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To detect Chlamydia trachomatis intrauterine infection in the early pregnancy by using chorionic villi. Method: The C. trachomatis infection in pregnant women was investigated by cervical specimens and Clearview kits. DNA of chorionic villi was extracted and the gene of a major outer membrane protein of C. trachomatis was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 120 cervical specimens of the pregnant women were analyzed and 10 cervical specimens were positive for C. trachomatis infection. In this study, the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was approx. 8.3%. Fifty‐nine specimens of chorionic villi and three positive specimens of C. trachomatis infection were analyzed by PCR. The incidence of C. trachomatis intrauterine infection in the early pregnancy was 5.1%. Conclusion: The vertical transmission of C. trachomatis infection in the early pregnancy may be a pathway of intrauterine infection. Chorionic villus sampling in early pregnancy and the PCR method could be developed as a technique for prenatal diagnosis of C. trachomatis intrauterine infection.
Development of 5′‐nucleotidase staining in the olfactory bulbs of normal and naris‐occluded rats
Authors: Clemow David B. , Brunjes Peter C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe distribution of the adenosine‐producing ecto‐enzyme 5′‐nucleotidase was investigated histochemically in the developing rat olfactory bulb. Rat pups underwent either unilateral surgical occlusion of the right external naris or sham surgery on postnatal day 1. At 10, 20, or 30 days postpartum, horizontal sections of the olfactory bulb were reacted histochemically to reveal the locus and intensity of 5′‐nucleotidase activity. Relative staining levels were determined by optical densitometry in standardized bulb regions. A marked, age‐related increase in staining density was observed. Reaction product was found primarily in neuropil areas. The P10 and P20 control animals did not exhibit right/left differences in bulb staining; however, some laterality was observed in P30 animals. Inter‐glomerular and regional variations were observed throughout the developmental period, including (1) differences between neighboring glomeruli; (2) a gradient in the dorsal‐ventral axis of the bulb; and (3) a higher staining density in the medial‐caudal portion of the bulb. In subjects with occluded nares, asymmetries in right/left bulb 5′‐nucleotidase staining patterns were detected throughout development. Bulbs ipsilateral to the blocked nares exhibited increased staining density, suggesting that the procedure enhanced enzymatic activity. Understanding these variations in 5′‐nucleotidase staining may be important for a complete understanding of the mechanisms of olfactory bulb maturation and may give insight into the possible role of this enzyme in synaptic malleability during nervous system development and regeneration.
Clinical measures of rapid onset of action
Authors: Montgomery SA 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe benefits of an antidepressant with an early or rapid onset of action include a more rapid resolution of the debilitating symptoms of depression, a potential reduction in the risk of suicide and cost savings associated with a reduction in hospitalization. While these benefits are valuable, this promise has yet to be fulfilled by any antidepressant. Venlafaxine is a unique serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) which produces rapid and prolonged desensitization of β-adrenergic receptors in preclinical studies after both acute and chronic administration of venlafaxine. Results from placebo-controlled and active comparator clinical studies provide evidence that venlafaxine may have an early onset of activity which is most apparent at higher dosages. The early onset is most apparent with rapid escalation of the venlafaxine dosage, and the incidence, therefore, of side effects tends to be higher early after initiating therapy with venlafaxine. Thus, venlafaxine may fill the long awaited need for an antidepressant with an early onset of action.
Genetic Counselling
Authors: Baty Bonnie J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Genetic counselling is the process of helping people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease. The majority of genetic counsellors work in clinical care settings, but a growing number work in public health and policy, educational, industry and research settings. Genetic counselling educational programmes focus on mastery of basic genetics principles, knowledge of medical genetics within a wide range of medical subspecialties and expertise in counselling techniques and ethical issues related to genetic conditions. Graduate education programmes first developed in the United States, where genetic counselling is generally practised by master's prepared allied health professionals. In the past 51 years, the profession has grown to over 5000 certified genetic counsellors in the United States and Canada, with almost 7000 genetic counsellors in 28 countries. Models of genetic counselling and genetic counsellor education develop differently in different countries and different health care systems.

Key Concepts

Genetic counselling is the process of helping people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease.

Genetic counsellors are allied health professionals who have graduate education in medical genetics and the psychosocial and ethical aspects of genetic disease as well as specialised training in counselling techniques.

Genetic counsellors work in many direct patient care settings (e.g. perinatal genetics, cancer genetics, clinical genetics and subspecialty clinics) and in nondirect patient care settings such as public health and policy; diagnostic laboratories; research; industry settings and advocacy and other not‐for‐profit genetics groups. Genetic counsellors' job opportunities and roles are expanding in both direct patient care and nondirect patient care settings.

Genetic counsellors who provide direct patient care collect and assess medical information leading to a diagnosis; calculate and provide risk information; discuss options; facilitate genetic testing and provide psychosocial support and counselling to aid patients and their families to adapt to conditions with a genetic component.

Genetic counsellors educate clients, other medical professionals and the public about natural history, inheritance, testing, management and prevention of genetic disease.

In the United States and Canada, genetic counselling has developed a strong professional identity, with a professional society, certification of genetic counsellors, accreditation of training programmes, a Code of Ethics, a professional journal, a national scope of practice, licensure and practice‐based competencies.

Genetic counselling is rapidly becoming an international profession with almost 7000 genetic counsellors in at least 28 countries.
Cytochrome
c
Oxidase
Authors: Wikström Mårten 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Cytochrome
c
oxidase is the key enzyme of cell respiration in all eukaryotes and many prokaryotes. The cytochrome
c
oxidases belong to the haem–copper superfamily of structurally and functionally related enzymes; though related in structure, some bacterial variants lack amino acid residues that are known to be obligatory for the function of the members of the main family. All haem–copper oxidases have a unique bimetallic active site catalysing reduction of dioxygen (O
2
) to water and an adjacent second haem group that donates electrons to this site. Here, the mechanism of O
2
reduction is reviewed. The membrane‐bound enzyme couples this reaction to translocation of protons across the membrane, and thus functions as a primary energy transducer that contributes to the formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in aerobic life. The most recent knowledge of the function of this ‘proton pump’ is discussed. It is concluded that cytochrome
c
oxidase is an electrostatic energy‐transducing machine with high efficiency.

Key Concepts

Cytochrome
c
oxidase is an electrostatically coupled energy transducer.

The fairly well‐understood energy transducing mechanism is a unique combination of a Mitchellian oxidoreduction loop and a redox‐coupled proton pump.

The high affinity for O
2
is due to kinetic ligand trapping.

O
2
reduction in cell respiration yields no reactive oxygen species.