bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ablation Threshold and Interaction of Cemented Carbide Ablated by Ultrafast Laser
Authors: Shin Young-Gwan , Choi Wonsuk , Choi Junha , Cho Sung-Hak 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this study, we used an ultrafast laser with a wavelength of 1026 nm with the aim of analyzing the ablation threshold and morphologies of the irradiated surfaces of cemented carbide by varying the pulse duration and number of laser pulses. Specifically, we used pulse durations of 0.2, 2, and 10 ps and performed both gentle and strong ablations. For the same wavelength, laser pulse energy, and number of laser pulses, the lowest ablation threshold was 0.2 ps. When we performed a gentle ablation, we observed laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) on the entire irradiated surface for all pulse durations. Thus, the pulse duration did not appear to affect the formation of LIPSSs. Strong ablation caused ridges to form at irradiated area outside. When the pulse duration increased, larger ridges were formed, whereas when the pulse duration decreased, coarser ridges were formed. The results obtained by using the ultrafast laser is expected to be helpful in the machining of cemented carbide.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Based on Vorticity: Application in a Two-Phase Slug Flow
Authors: Munir Shahzad , Siddiqui Muhammad Israr , Abdul Aziz Abdul Rashid bin , Heikal Morgan , Farooq Umer 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Large-scale turbulent flow features in liquid (water) and gas (air) phases in the film region of two-phase slug flow are identified by using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the vorticity fields. Linear combination of POD vorticity modes is used for the qualitative visualization of coherent structures. The vorticity fields are computed from the instantaneous two-dimensional velocity fields measured using a combined particle image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence technique (PIV-LIF). Vorticity modes are calculated and compared with the curl of POD velocity mode. POD analysis revealed the presence of dominant vortical structures embedded in both liquid and the gas phases. It is also observed that the gas phase revealed more eddies than the liquid phase. The proportion of enstrophy is higher in the gas phase as first POD vorticity mode contained 7.5% of the total enstrophy, while for the liquid phase; the first mode captured 6.8%. Linear combination of vorticity modes provided effective qualitative information of the coherent structures in both phases. POD-vorticity modes when compared with POD-velocity modes revealed few similarities among the pair of identified vortical structures. Based on the results, it is concluded that POD vorticity revealed hidden flow features of both phases of slug flow, which eventually provides in-depth and comprehensive description of this complex slug flow phenomenon.
Suppression of Cavitation Surge in Turbopump With Inducer by Reduced-Diameter Suction Pipe With Swirl Brake
Authors: Tanaka Yohei , Kitabata Takahiro , Nasu Koichi , Watanabe Satoshi , Sakata Akira 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Downsizing and high power density of turbopumps is achieved by increasing their rotational speed. Cavitation often becomes a problem while the influence of cavitation will be generally relieved by employing an inducer before the impeller. For general-use turbopumps with an inducer, instability-free operation, as well as high suction performance is required in a wide flow rate range including extremely low flow rate. However, the cavitation surge phenomenon with low frequency and large amplitude is often to be a serious problem even with inducer when operated at very low flow rates. In this study, a reduced-diameter suction pipe (RSP) equipped with swirl brake (SB) was proposed for a suppression device of the inlet backflow as well as of the cavitation surge through removing the swirling velocity component. The effectiveness of this device was investigated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experiments. First, several geometries of RSP with SB were examined by CFD, and it was found that the extension of inlet backflow was stopped at this device provided that the swirl brake had a sufficient radial or axial length. Then, one of the proposed RSP with SB was manufactured, and the experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of this device was conducted. It seemed that RSP with SB could well prevent the extension of inlet backflow. The cavitation surge was completely suppressed even at extremely low flow rates. As a result, the suction performance was also improved at low flow rates.
Weber Equation Model of Flow Through a Variable-Permeability Porous Core Bounded by Fluid Layers
Authors: Abu Zaytoon M. S. , Hamdan M. H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Flow-through and over a Brinkman porous layer of variable permeability, immersed in a fluid-filled channel, is modeled. The model governing equation through the porous layer inevitably gives rise to an inhomogeneous Weber's differential equation, solved in this work and solutions expressed in terms of parabolic cylindrical functions. Using state-of-the-art computational techniques and a body of knowledge, the parabolic cylindrical functions are evaluated for a range of flow and medium parameters in order to illustrate intrinsic characteristics of the flow quantities. The approach followed in this work is novel and sets precedent in the study of flow through general porous media configurations and flow domains with variable permeability.
Characteristics of new adult users of mepolizumab with asthma in the USA
Authors: Wu Ann Chen , McMahon Pamela M , Welch Emily , McMahill-Walraven Cheryl N , Jamal-Allial Aziza , Gallagher Mia , Zhang Tancy , Draper Christine , Kline Anne Marie , Koerner Leslie , Brown Jeffrey S , Van Dyke Melissa K 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundIn the USA, over 25 million people have asthma; 5%–10% of cases are severe. Mepolizumab (Nucala) is an interleukin-5 antagonist monoclonal antibody; it was approved by the FDA in 2015 as add-on maintenance treatment of severe asthma for patients aged ≥12 years with an eosinophilic phenotype.Objectives(1) Describe baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of new US adult mepolizumab users 2015–2019, (2) describe asthma medication use in the 12 months preceding initiation of and concomitant with mepolizumab and (3) assess mepolizumab adherence, persistence and discontinuation patterns in 12 months postinitiation.MethodsWe conducted a new-user observational cohort study using data from Aetna, a CVS Health Company, HealthCore (Anthem), Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare, and IBM MarketScan Research Databases. Curated administrative claims data in the FDA Sentinel System common data model format and publicly available Sentinel analytical tools were used to query the databases. We included adults who initiated mepolizumab in 2015–2019 with an asthma diagnosis in the preceding 12 months and no evidence of cystic fibrosis. We examined age, sex, comorbid conditions, asthma medication use and severe asthma exacerbations.ResultsWe identified 3496 adults (mean age 54.2 years, SD 12.5 years) who initiated mepolizumab. In the 12 months before mepolizumab initiation, 22% had received inhaled corticosteroids, 46% had inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta agonists, 72.6% had leukotriene antagonists, 38% had long-acting muscarinic antagonist, 18% had omalizumab,<1% had reslizumab, dupilumab or benralizumab. In the previous 12 months, 70% had a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, 32% had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 17% eosinophilia and 3% eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Further, 56% had an asthma-related ambulatory visit, 73%≥1 course of oral corticosteroids lasting 3–27 days, 10% an asthma-related emergency department visit and 22% an asthma-related hospitalisation. In the 12 months following initiation, the mean proportion of days covered was 70%, and reductions in the average mean dispensings of rescue oral corticosteriods (35%) and omalizumab (61%) were observed.ConclusionsAdults with asthma treated with mepolizumab had varying levels of healthcare utilisation and we observed evidence of mepolizumab use in patients without severe asthma.
Early lowering of blood pressure after acute intracerebral haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data
Authors: Moullaali Tom J , Wang Xia , Sandset Else Charlotte , Woodhouse Lisa J , Law Zhe Kang , Arima Hisatomi , Butcher Kenneth S , Chalmers John , Delcourt Candice , Edwards Leon , Gupta Salil , Jiang Wen , Koch Sebastian , Potter John , Qureshi Adnan I , Robinson Thompson G , Al-Shahi Salman Rustam , Saver Jeffrey L , Sprigg Nikola , Wardlaw Joanna M , Anderson Craig S , Bath Philip M 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveTo summarise evidence of the effects of blood pressure (BP)-lowering interventions after acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH).MethodsA prespecified systematic review of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE and MEDLINE databases from inception to 23 June 2020 to identify randomised controlled trials that compared active BP-lowering agents versus placebo or intensive versus guideline BP-lowering targets for adults <7 days after ICH onset. The primary outcome was function (distribution of scores on the modified Rankin scale) 90 days after randomisation. Radiological outcomes were absolute (>6 mL) and proportional (>33%) haematoma growth at 24 hours. Meta-analysis used a one-stage approach, adjusted using generalised linear mixed models with prespecified covariables and trial as a random effect.ResultsOf 7094 studies identified, 50 trials involving 11 494 patients were eligible and 16 (32.0%) shared patient-level data from 6221 (54.1%) patients (mean age 64.2 [SD 12.9], 2266 [36.4%] females) with a median time from symptom onset to randomisation of 3.8 hours (IQR 2.6–5.3). Active/intensive BP-lowering interventions had no effect on the primary outcome compared with placebo/guideline treatment (adjusted OR for unfavourable shift in modified Rankin scale scores: 0.97, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.06; p=0.50), but there was significant heterogeneity by strategy (pinteraction=0.031) and agent (pinteraction<0.0001). Active/intensive BP-lowering interventions clearly reduced absolute (>6 ml, adjusted OR 0.75, 95%CI 0.60 to 0.92; p=0.0077) and relative (≥33%, adjusted OR 0.82, 95%CI 0.68 to 0.99; p=0.034) haematoma growth.InterpretationOverall, a broad range of interventions to lower BP within 7 days of ICH onset had no overall benefit on functional recovery, despite reducing bleeding. The treatment effect appeared to vary according to strategy and agent.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019141136.
Systemic biomarkers of exposure associated with ENDS use: a scoping review
Authors: Hiler Marzena , Weidner Anna-Sophie , Hull Lynn C , Kurti Allison N , Mishina Elena V 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveThis scoping review provides an overview of the existing literature on biomarkers of exposure from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use and identifies gaps in existing knowledge.Data sourcesWe searched two international databases (PubMed and Web of Science) to identify relevant studies published from August 2013 to February 2021.Data selectionStudies were included if they assessed and compared biomarkers of exposure between exclusive ENDS users, non-users, exclusive cigarette smokers, dual users of ENDS and cigarettes or cigarette smokers who switch to ENDS.Data extraction and synthesisOf the 5074 studies identified, 188 studies met criteria and were selected for full-text screening. Of these, 27 studies were selected for inclusion and data extraction.ConclusionsConsistent, although limited, evidence shows that exclusive ENDS users have elevated levels of biomarkers of certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs; eg, acrylamide and acrylonitrile), metals (eg, cadmium and selenium) and propylene glycol compared with non-users; however, evidence for biomarkers of other toxicants (eg, acrolein, benzene and chromium) is mixed. Biomarkers of most VOCs are lower in ENDS users compared with cigarette smokers, and cigarette smokers who switch to ENDS consistently show reductions in VOC biomarkers. Evidence comparing metal exposures from exclusive ENDS use, cigarette smoking and dual use is mixed and depends on the metal. ENDS and e-liquid characteristics as well as use patterns may be associated with elevated exposure to VOCs and metals. Additional rigorous, controlled studies can assess biomarker exposures from ENDS use and inform the overall risk–benefit of ENDS use for different user populations.
Motor Imagery-Based Brain-Computer Interface Combined with Multimodal Feedback to Promote Upper Limb Motor Function after Stroke: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Hu Yi-Qian , Gao Tian-Hao , Li Jie , Tao Jia-Chao , Bai Yu-Long , Lu Rong-Rong 
Published: November 2021

Background. Recently, the brain-computer interface (BCI) has seen rapid development, which may promote the recovery of motor function in chronic stroke patients. Methods. Twelve stroke patients with severe upper limb and hand motor impairment were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups: motor imagery (MI)-based BCI training with multimodal feedback (BCI group, n = 7) and classical motor imagery training (control group, n = 5). Motor function and electrophysiology were evaluated before and after the intervention. The Fugl-Meyer assessment-upper extremity (FMA-UE) is the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures include an increase in wrist active extension or surface electromyography (the amplitude and cocontraction of extensor carpi radialis during movement), the action research arm test (ARAT), the motor status scale (MSS), and Barthel index (BI). Time-frequency analysis and power spectral analysis were used to reflect the electroencephalogram (EEG) change before and after the intervention. Results. Compared with the baseline, the FMA-UE score increased significantly in the BCI group (

p

= 0.006). MSS scores improved significantly in both groups, while ARAT did not improve significantly. In addition, before the intervention, all patients could not actively extend their wrists or just had muscle contractions. After the intervention, four patients regained the ability to extend their paretic wrists (two in each group). The amplitude and area under the curve of extensor carpi radialis improved to some extent, but there was no statistical significance between the groups. Conclusion. MI-based BCI combined with sensory and visual feedback might improve severe upper limb and hand impairment in chronic stroke patients, showing the potential for application in rehabilitation medicine.
Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiome Is Associated With Rupture of Cerebral Aneurysms
Authors: Kawabata Shuhei , Takagaki Masatoshi , Nakamura Hajime , Oki Hiroya , Motooka Daisuke , Nakamura Shota , Nishida Takeo , Terada Eisaku , Izutsu Nobuyuki , Takenaka Tomofumi , Matsui Yuichi , Yamada Shuhei , Asai Katsunori , Tateishi Akihiro , Umehara Toru , Yano Yoshihiro , Bamba Yohei , Matsumoto Katsumi , Kishikawa Toshihiro , Okada Yukinori , Iida Tetsuya , Kishima Haruhiko 
Published: November 2021

Background and Purpose:
Environmental factors are important with respect to the rupture of cerebral aneurysms. However, the relationship between the gut microbiome, an environmental factor, and aneurysm rupture is unclear. Therefore, we compared the gut microbiome in patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) and ruptured aneurysms (RAs) to identify the specific bacteria causing the rupture of cerebral aneurysms.

Methods:
A multicenter, prospective case-control study was conducted over one year from 2019 to 2020. The fecal samples of patients with stable UIAs and RAs immediately after onset were collected. Their gut microbiomes were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Subsequently, a phylogenetic tree was constructed, and polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify the specific species.

Results:

A total of 28 RAs and 33 UIAs were included in this study. There was no difference in patient characteristics between RAs and UIAs: age, sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes status, body mass index, and smoking. No difference was observed in alpha diversity; however, beta diversity was significantly different in the unweighted UniFrac distances. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of
Campylobacter
in the RA group was larger than that in the UIA group. Furthermore, the gut microbiome in the RA and UIA groups exhibited significantly different taxonomies. However,
Campylobacter
was focused on because it is widely known as pathogenic among these bacteria. Then, a phylogenetic tree of operational taxonomic units related to
Campylobacter
was constructed and 4 species were identified. Polymerase chain reaction for these species identified that the abundance of the genus
Campylobacter
and
Campylobacter ureolyticus
was significantly higher in the RA group.

Conclusions:

The gut microbiome profile of patients with stable UIAs and RAs were significantly different. The genus
Campylobacter
and
Campylobacter ureolyticus
may be associated with the rupture of cerebral aneurysms.
Active and Sharp Measures
Authors: Nehring Christopher 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
During the Cold War, Bulgaria was a staunch ally of the Soviet Union, and the Bulgarian State Security (DS) service worked extremely closely with the Soviet State Security Committee (KGB) on a wide range of matters, including disinformation operations as well as “sharp measures”—abductions, sabotage, and, most notably, assassinations. Not until the Cold War ended and the DS archives in Bulgaria were made accessible were scholars able to explore these intelligence operations in great depth. Although the lack of access to the KGB's foreign intelligence collections in Yasenevo poses certain limits, the availability of DS collections, including many copies of KGB records, has been a gold mine for Western scholars of Cold War–era intelligence activities. Drawing mainly on Bulgarian archival sources, this article analyzes KGB-DS intelligence cooperation regarding disinformation and “sharp measures.” Among the topics covered are recently disclosed sources on the assassination of the dissident Bulgarian writer Georgi Markov in London 1978 and the assassination attempt against Pope John Paul II in May 1981. The article thus provides historical context for contemporary debates about Russian security services and their strategic use of disinformation and active measures.
Gender and Collaboration
Authors: Ductor Lorenzo , Goyal Sanjeev , Prummer Anja 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We connect gender disparities in research output and collaboration patterns in economics. We first document large gender gaps in research output. These gaps persist across fifty years despite a significant increase in the fraction of women in economics during that time. We further show that output differences are closely related to differences in the coauthorship networks of men and women: women have fewer collaborators, collaborate more often with the same coauthors, and a higher fraction of their coauthors collaborate with each other. Taking into account coauthorship networks reduces the gender output gap by 18%.
Measuring the Output Gap using Large Datasets
Authors: Barigozzi Matteo , Luciani Matteo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe propose a new measure of the output gap based on a dynamic factor model that is estimated on a large number of U.S. macroeconomic indicators and which incorporates relevant stylized facts about macroeconomic data (comovements, nonstationarity, and the slow drift in long-run output growth over time). We find that (1) from the mid-1990s to 2008, the U.S. economy operated above its potential and (2) in 2018:Q4, the labor market was tighter than the market for goods and services. Because it is mainly data-driven, our measure is a natural complementary tool to the theoretical models used at policy institutions.
Returns to Scale, Productivity, Measurement, and Trends in U.S. Manufacturing Misallocation
Authors: Ruzic Dimitrije , Ho Sui-Jade 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Aggregate productivity suffers when workers and machines are not matched with their most productive uses. This paper builds a model that features industry-specific markups, industry-specific returns to scale, and establishment-specific distortions and uses it to measure the extent of this misallocation in the economy. Applying the model to restricted U.S. Census microdata on the manufacturing sector suggests that misallocation declined by 13% between 1982 and 2007. The finding of declining misallocation starkly contrasts with the 29% increase implied by the widely used assumptions that all establishments charge the same markup and have constant returns to scale.
Rules of Thumb and Attention Elasticities: Evidence from Under- and Overreaction to Taxes
Authors: Morrison William , Taubinsky Dmitry 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper tests costly attention models of consumers' misreaction to opaque taxes. We report an online shopping experiment that involves shrouded sales taxes that are exogenously varied within consumers over time. Some consumers systematically underreact to sales taxes whereas others systematically overreact, but higher stakes decrease both under- and overreaction. This is consistent with consumers using heterogeneous rules of thumb to compute the opaque tax when the stakes are low, but using costly mental effort at higher stakes. The results allow us to differentiate between various theories of limited attention. We also develop novel econometric techniques for quantifying individual differences.
Performance Pay in Insurance Markets: Evidence from Medicare
Authors: Fioretti Michele , Wang Hongming 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Public procurement bodies increasingly resort to pay-for-performance contracts to promote efficient spending. We show that firm responses to pay-for-performance can widen the inequality in accessing social services. Focusing on the quality bonus payment initiative in Medicare Advantage, we find that higher quality-rated insurers responded to bonus payments by selecting healthier enrollees with premium differences across counties. Selection is profitable because the quality rating fails to adjust for differences in enrollee health. Selection inflated the bonus payments and shifted the supply of high-rated insurance to the healthiest counties, reducing access to lower-priced, higher-rated insurance in the riskiest counties.
Parental Incarceration and Children's Educational Attainment
Authors: Arteaga Carolina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper presents new evidence showing that parental incarceration increases children's education. I collect criminal records for 90,000 low-income parents who have been convicted of a crime in Colombia, and link the educational attainment of their children. I exploit exogenous variation resulting from the random assignment of judges and extend the standard framework to incorporate both conviction and incarceration decisions. I show that the effect of incarceration for a given conviction threshold can be identified. My results indicate that parental incarceration increases educational attainment by 0.78 years for the children of convicted parents on the margin of incarceration.
Medical Worker Migration and Origin-Country Human Capital: Evidence from U.S. Visa Policy
Authors: Abarcar Paolo , Theoharides Caroline 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We exploit changes in U.S. visa policies for nurses to measure the origin-country human capital response to international migration opportunities. Combining data on all migrant departures and postsecondary institutions in the Philippines, we show that nursing enrollment and graduation increased substantially in response to greater U.S. demand for nurses. The supply of nursing programs expanded. Nurse quality, measured by licensure exam pass rates, declined. Despite this, for each nurse migrant, nine additional nurses were licensed. New nurses switched from other degree types but graduated at higher rates than they would have otherwise, increasing the human capital stock in the Philippines.