bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on ignition characteristics of fuel tank impacted by a reactive fragment
Authors: Chen A R , Li X D , Zhou L W , Ji Y Z Y , Shi Z X 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The experiment of high-velocity reactive fragment impacting the fuel tank had been conducted. The influence of the fragment velocity, the fuel type, and the oxygen content on the ignition of the fuel had been studied. The high-velocity impact of the fuel tank could give rise to highly spurt and atomize of the fuel, which could lead to combustion more intense. The fuel spurted from the tank in the form of burning particles or atomized liquid. The critical impact velocity of the reactive fragment required for aviation kerosene tank to be ignited is lower than that of the same type of diesel tank. The ignition of the fuel had three typical characteristics:(1) The fire spreading from the front to the back of the panel. (2) Hot particles are ejected from the fuel tank as the spurted-fuel ignited. (3) The fire died out, and then re-burned in the fuel spurt. The half-filled fuel tank was ignited from the inside of the tank, and the process of the combustion reaction could be more intense than the case of full-filled. Under the experimental conditions in this study, the critical pressure and specific impulse of the diesel tank are 1.64 GPa and 4.86 × 103 Pa·s, respectively. When the impact pressure is higher than 1.39 GPa, or the specific impulse is over 4.66 × 103 Pa·s, the aviation kerosene tank could be ignited. With the increase of impact velocity, the damage degree of the reactive fragment to the fuel tank gradually increases, which could be divided into three levels: long cracks on the sidewall, incomplete unfolding, and complete unfolding of the sidewall. In this research, through the method of experiment, the ignition characteristics and influencing factors of high-velocity fragment impact on the fuel tank are studied, but the ignition mechanism of the reactive fragment impacting the fuel tank has not been deeply studied. In the future, it is necessary to focus the research on the hydrodynamic ram caused by the fragment impacting the fuel tank and the resulting fuel spurt for the building up of the ignition theory of the fuel spurt.
Numerical study on breakage of high energy beam controlled projectile with random defects
Authors: Zhou X , Men J B , Li M , Jin W 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Based on the rapid modeling of high energy beam controlled projectiles, controlled area data processing and model secondary development, the controlled projectile model characterization method with random defects can simulate the internal formation of the projectile after the high energy beam scans it by using random numbers. To solve the defects, AUTODYN-3D software was used to conduct numerical simulation analysis of the explosion drive and rupture process of typical projectiles. The results show that the defects distribution has little impact on the initial velocity of fragments formed by high energy beam controlled projectiles, but it can make the projectiles break more evenly and reduce the formation of large fragments (>6.0g) and small fragments (<1.5g). As the proportion of defects continues to increase, the percentage increase in the total number of effective fragments formed by the fragmentation of the controlled projectile shows a decreasing trend. The research results have reference value for the control of electron beam controlled projectile fragment formation.
Ballistic performance of ZnO-modified aramid fabric under extreme temperatures
Authors: Xu Y J , Zhang H , Huang G Y 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Aramid fabric was widely used in bulletproof armor due to its excellent mechanical properties. Previous studies have shown that high and low temperature had a great impact on the mechanical properties of aramid fibers. This work used ZnO particles to modify aramid fabric to improve its ballistic performance under extreme temperature environment via SEM imaging, quasi-static tensile test, yarn pullout test, ballistic impact test and numerical simulation. The tensile strength and failure strain of modified yarn was 13.3% and 25.9% higher than those of neat yarn under extreme temperature. The ballistic limit velocity of ZnO modified aramid fabric was 124.1% and 164.1% higher than that of neat fabrics under high and low temperature environments, and the areal density was only increased by 8.2%. The weakening of the ballistic performance of aramid fabric was due to micro-surface damage caused by irregular crack defects on the fiber surface and changes in molecular orientation. The numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the ballistic impact test. The influence of changes in fabric mechanical parameters on the ballistic impact protection mechanism was elucidated, further demonstrating the significant improvement of ballistic performance of ZnO modified fabric under extreme temperature.
A parametric study on sandwich structures with star-shaped honeycomb core under blast loads
Authors: Li Xuelin , Li Zhuangzhuang , Guo zhuoyu , Zhou Yue , Han Shuo , Mo Zonglai , Li Jun 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A finite element analysis of the blast resistance of the star-shaped honeycomb (SSH) core sandwich structure was carried out by using the CONWEP calculation model, with maximum deformation, energy absorption, and area specific energy absorption as the indicators of the explosion resistance. Based on the finite element method verified by experimental data, the influence of the structural parameters of each part of the SSH core sandwich panel on its anti-explosion performance was quantitatively investigated. The results show that the increase of the connecting ligament L and cell wall angle θ can improve the explosion resistance of the SSH core sandwich panel; the maximum deformation of the sandwich panel and the energy absorption capacity of the sandwich panel decreases with the increase of the three thickness coefficients (cell wall thickness t, the front panel thickness tf
, and the back panel thickness tb
); the greater the TNT equivalent, the greater the maximum deformation of the sandwich panel, and the greater the energy dissipation; the use of SSH core sandwich panels as a protective structure in explosion protection systems significantly reduces the maximum deflection and enhances the energy absorption compared to solid panels of equal mass, respectively.
Effect of boundary constraints on the response of reinforced concrete structures to high overload impacts
Authors: Meng Xin , Wang Lei , Huai Ronghua , Yan Huadong 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The study of the dynamic response and destruction characteristics of concrete structures under high overload impact conditions is a hot topic in the academic and engineering circles. In this study, the process of the “Turbojet-6” engine striking a reinforced concrete structure with strength of C60 at a speed of 230m/s was simulated and analysed. The calculation results show that different forms of boundary constraints have almost no effect on the resistance of reinforced concrete structures to destruction, but have a great impact on the deformation of reinforced concrete structures, and the stronger the boundary condition constraints, the greater the structural deformation.
Numerical simulation study of high-speed fragment penetration into a certain ship bulkhead structure
Authors: Zhang Zhenyi , Xia Fangchao , Cao Zhongchen , Yuan Fei , Wang Peng 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the numerical simulation method is used to study the penetration behavior of high-speed fragments into the ship cabin wall structure under different speeds, angles and structural parameters. By analyzing the key parameters such as stress distribution, deformation and damage propagation, the physical law of high-speed fragment penetrating bulkhead structure is revealed. The results show that the damage effect of different shapes of fragments on the target is significant: under the same conditions, the penetration ability of spherical fragments is the strongest, while the penetration ability of cylindrical fragments is poor at high angle impact. Different regions of stiffened plate have different penetration resistance to fragments. The penetration resistance of the center and long rib regions is strong, while the short rib and non-rib regions are weak. The numerical simulation method adopted in this paper is consistent with the empirical formula, which verifies the accuracy of the method and provides reference for the structural design and optimization of ship cabin wall.
Numerical calculation and analysis of anti-penetration of ultra-high strength bullet shielding layer
Authors: Guo Taiping , Sun Yuxin , Luo Jia , Zhao Dongzhi , Zheng Wei , Liu Yongxiang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This research deals with the numerical investigation of ballistic protection proided by a combination of steel and reinforced concrete. Firstly, the parameters of the material model were calibrated based on the experimental data, and numerical simulations were carried out with existing experiments to verify the rationality of the material model and numerical simulation methods. Subsequently, the numerical simulation of the penetration of a typical ground-penetrating projectile into the G50/RC composite target at a velocity of 350m/s was carried out to analyze the stress wave transmission and ballistic performance during the penetration process, and the critical penetration depth was obtained. Finally, by changing the steel type and the number of steel plate layers, the best composite target combination is obtained. The simulation results show that the G50/RC composite target can effectively withstand the impact of conventional ground-penetrating warheads, and make them break or explode outside the shielding layer. At a projectile velocity of 350 m/s, the critical penetration thickness of BLU-109/B, BLU-122 and BLU-137 prototypes is 16, 17 and 19cm, respectively. Under the penetration of BLU-137, 40cm 45# steel can achieve the same protection effect as 19cm G50; The double steel plate composed of 12cm G50 steel and 12cm 45# steel has excellent penetration resistance. By comprehensive analysis, the same composite target using double steel plate can greatly increase the anti-penetration performance of the bomb shield and reduce the cost of engineering construction.
Modeling Study of Shell Damage to the Typical Light Armored Vehicles
Authors: Xuncheng Guo , Dongjiang Zhang , Xuelei Feng , Qiong Qi , Lei Zhang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study focuses on the destructive mechanisms and high-precision numerical simulation models of guided shells frequently encountered in combat conditions for damaging light armored vehicles. Based on the modes of shell action and the vulnerability characteristics of light armored vehicles, a systematic analysis of damage patterns was carried out, revealing their destructive effects. Through induction and analysis, a characterization method for the shell’s power field was established. By combining the experimental conditions and data of typical shell damage to steel plates, numerical simulation modeling and calculations of the shells were conducted, obtaining more accurate simulation parameters for the shells. A numerical simulation model of a light armored vehicle under the action of shells was further established. By utilizing the damage tests and data of typical shells on light armored vehicles, the model was calibrated and validated. The maximum error between the simulation calculations and experimental tests was less than 20%, indicating that the established large-scale model of typical shells against light armored vehicles possesses high engineering accuracy. The research findings aim to provide theoretical and simulation guidance for the design of ammunition power, practical damage assessment, and target protection design.
Study on the secondary fragment formation characteristic and search reconstruction algorithm
Authors: W J Bai , L He , F D Dong , S Liu 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Secondary fragments formed by the projectile core penetrating the target plate are closely related to the accurately evaluation of the damage effectiveness. To address the problem of unclear characteristics of secondary fragments, a search reconstruction algorithm for secondary fragments is established in this paper. First, the penetration process is numerically simulated to obtain all the particles that can characterize the secondary fragments. Then, non-independence matrices reflecting the interactions among all particles are constructed. Finally, all the fragments are screened according to the non-independence matrix to obtain the number of fragments and the mass, volume, velocity, center-of-mass coordinates of each fragment. As verified by the penetration test, the search reconstruction algorithm proposed in this paper is capable of accurately characterizing the secondary fragments while taking into account the computational efficiency. In addition, it can be seen from the penetration test and simulation results that at 0.6m from the target plate, the scattering radii of the secondary fragments are basically the same for different initial velocities of the projectile core, and the same is true at 1.4m from the target plate. The damage mode of the irregular fragments formed by the projectile core penetrating the target plate on the fiber layer in the bulletproof vest is dominated by shear damage. As the velocity of the fragments decreases, the corresponding shear effect is weakened, and the fiber layer produces strong tensile deformation, the vest appears to bend and delamination phenomenon. With the initial velocity of the projectile core increasing, the greater the deformation of the projectile core after penetrating the target plate. The more fragments produced by the projectile core, the smaller the average mass and the less volume of the fragments. The radial velocity of the fragments increases with the increase of the initial velocity of the projectile core, and the scattering radius of the fragments shows the same trend.
Numerical simulation research on the influence of aluminum reaction rate on the explosion damage effect inside the runway
Authors: Jin Zhenhao , Jiang Chunlan , Wang Zaichen , Hu Zhongtian 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Aluminum-containing explosives are characterized of a high detonation heat and a long work duration, making them suitable for causing internal explosive damage to targets such as runway. The reaction rate of aluminum during the explosion process will affect the energy output process of the explosive, thereby affecting the destructive effect on the runway. In order to study the damage law of aluminum reaction rate on runway targets, this paper takes TKX-50 based aluminum explosive (TAE) as an example and uses finite element software to simulate the explosion process of the charge inside the runway. A systematic study was conducted on the explosion process and mechanism of aluminum-containing explosives with different aluminum reaction rates in the runway from the perspectives of damage process and energy transfer. Research has shown that during the stress wave failure stage, increasing the aluminum reaction rate can effectively increase the stress wave energy, enabling it to form a larger range of failure in the runway. In the stage of gas expansion, the reaction rate of aluminum directly affects the process of gas pressure attenuation in the cavity, thereby affecting the work ability of the product on the runway. When the aluminum reaction rate coefficient is a=5e-4, the aluminum reaction rate matches the gas leakage rate, allowing the heat energy released by the aluminum reaction to effectively compensate for the internal energy loss caused by gas leakage, slowing down the rate of gas pressure attenuation, and causing greater damage to the runway. In addition, the law of the influence of aluminum reaction rate on the effect of explosive damage in the runway is well adapted under different conditions of charge quality and burial depth.
Study on the Centrifugal Mixing Process of PBX Simulants
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Niu Yulei , Jiang Fan , Nan Hai , Bu Yufan , Liang Bin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A centrifugal mixer for plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs) is developed as the existing planetary mixers cannot be used to prepare small-amount explosives. The working principle of the new mixer is also introduced. Using PBX simulants composed of composite binder and inert filler, the effects of process parameters such as rotating speed, mixing time, solid content, and mixer type on the temperature rise of the simulants during mixing are studied. Results show that with the increase of rotating speed and solid content, the mixture’s temperature rises drastically, especially within the first 3 min of mixing. After that, there is no obvious change in the temperature. Under the same process conditions, the mixture’s temperature in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) container rises more significantly compared with that in an Al container, especially when the rotating speed is higher. After 3 ∼ 5 min of centrifugal mixing at 1500 rpm in an Al container, the materials are uniformly mixed, with ensured operational safety. The results show that the mixing process can be used for PBXs.
Study on Anti-penetration performance of metal matrix ceramic ball composite
Authors: Wang J H , Shi X M , Cui C L , Xia X , Li Y , Wang Q , Zhang L J , Shen Z , Li R , Fang X Z 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Metal matrix ceramic composite plates composed of two ceramic balls -- Aluminium oxide(Al2O3) and Zirconia(ZrO2) toughened Aluminium oxide. Analogue simulation was finished by LS-DYNA software. Ballistic performance tests of 14.5mm armour-piercing incendiary (API), 30mm armour-piercing projectiles(AP), and 105 armour-piercing simulating projectiles(APSP) were conducted on metal matrix ceramic composite plates. Results showed that the maximum protection coefficient of Al2O3 ceramic balls metal matrix composite materials against 14.5mm API, 30mm AP, and 105mmAPSP are 2.63, 1.80, and 1.60 respectively. The maximum protection coefficient of ZrO2 toughened Al2O3 ceramic balls metal matrix composite materials against 14.5mm API and 105mm APSP are 2.37 and 1.77.
Critical ricochet angle of projectile penetrating into concrete
Authors: Huang C L , Wang Z Q , Zhao S J 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The ricochet is an objective phenomenon when a projectile penetrates concrete at an oblique angle. The minimum incident angle at which this phenomenon happens is termed the critical ricochet angle. To enhance the consistency between numerical simulations and experimental studies of the critical ricochet angle, this research has established a numerical model of a deformable projectile penetrating a concrete target. The numerical model has been optimized by considering computational accuracy, efficiency, and practical engineering applications. Through dimensional analysis of factors influencing the critical ricochet angle, the working conditions have been designed with single variables such as impact velocity, target strength, warhead curvature radius, and projectile length. The critical ricochet angle corresponding to each working condition has been calculated by using the optimization model. The results show that the optimized model can simulate the oblique penetration of a projectile into a semi-infinite concrete structure while maintaining calculation accuracy and efficiency. The critical ricochet angle shows a positive correlation with the impact velocity, warhead curvature radius, and projectile length, and a negative correlation with the target strength. Additionally, the projectile deformation is also significant factors affecting the critical ricochet angle. The numerical model developed here is of considerable importance for advancing the methods of critical ricochet angle computation and guiding the design of concrete protection engineering.
Study on critical bounce and damage of tungsten alloy spherical fragments penetrating cylindrical concrete
Authors: Zhenning Wang , Jianping Yin , Zhijun Wang , Jianya Yi , Xudong Li 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Prefabricated fragment bomb will produce a large number of tungsten alloy spherical damage elements, causing damage to a wide range of targets. The phenomenon of bouncing projectile will deviate from the trajectory of fragments and affect the damage field of explosive projectile. In order to accurately obtain the influence of bouncing projectile on the residual damage of tungsten ball fragments, the damage of concrete targets caused by bouncing projectile is analyzed. The oblique penetration of tungsten ball fragments into concrete at different angles and speeds is simulated. Through the angle-by-angle approximation of cylinders and planes with different curvature radii at 1000m/s, the critical bounce angles in each case are obtained. Based on this, the critical bounce angle of each cylinder under medium and high speed conditions is obtained. The simulation results show that the critical bounce angle decreases with the increase of curvature, and the critical angle increases with the increase of velocity. The residual velocity angle of the projectile increases with the increase of curvature. The relationship between concrete damage degree and curvature and velocity is obtained. Based on the critical angle of penetration of concrete with different fragment flight parameters, the killing range of fragments can be corrected, and the accurate evaluation of the killing ability under the condition of bouncing projectile can be realized.
Failure mode analysis and dynamic response prediction of fully confined reinforced concrete slabs under blast loading
Authors: Jiaxin Li , Jianping Yin , Xudong Li 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
With the development of human society, various accidental explosions and terrorist attacks have occurred frequently, posing a great threat to the safety of building structures. In order to improve the safety of building structure, the finite element model of reinforced concrete slab was established by ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element analysis software. By comparing with the experimental results, the accuracy of the established finite element model was verified, and the failure modes of reinforced concrete slab under different scaled distances were analyzed. The effects of three damage factors: concrete compressive strength, protective layer thickness and reinforcement ratio on the dynamic response of the slab were analyzed. Based on the Π theory of dimensional analysis, the dimensionless relationship between the peak displacement of the mid-span of the plate and the scaled distance of the explosion is obtained. On the basis of a large number of numerical simulation results, the dimensionless relationship for quickly predicting the dynamic response of the plate is summarized. The results show that with the increase of scaled distance, the failure mode of the plate will gradually change from brittle shear failure to plastic bending failure. Increasing the compressive strength and reinforcement ratio of concrete and reducing the thickness of the protective layer can reduce the peak displacement of the mid-span of the slab and improve the anti-explosion performance of the slab. It is verified that the proposed dimensionless prediction relationship can better predict the dynamic response of reinforced concrete slabs at different scaled distances, so as to provide some reference for the field of structural anti-explosion.