bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Change Policy Coherence across Policies, Plans, and Strategies in Pakistan—Implications for the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Plan
Authors: Waheed Abdul , Bernward Fischer Thomas , Khan Muhammad Irfan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractClimate Change (CC) adaptation and mitigation policy coherence (PC) across sectors is essential to effectively address CC challenges and support synergies. Pakistan is highly vulnerable to CC. In this paper, the extent to which Pakistan’s national and provincial water, agriculture, and energy sector policies, development plans and strategies are aligned in a CC policy coherent manner is established. In this context, a qualitative content document analysis with associated scoring is used to assess government documents. Furthermore, implications of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Initiative (CPEC; 2017–2030), the biggest infrastructure investment program ever in Pakistan, are discussed. An important result is that sectoral policies are found to have different degrees of PC. Better coherence is found at federal than at provincial levels. Furthermore, CC policies are found to be more coherently addressed in water and agriculture policies than in energy policies. It is suggested that to achieve higher levels of CC PC, federal and provincial governments should establish mechanisms of intergovernmental consultation for policy-making and cross-sectoral planning, especially in the energy sector. Our findings can help the Government of Pakistan to transform CPEC into a model green Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the region. In this context, there are important implications with regards to e.g., reducing coal-based energy projects and environmentally damaging infrastructure activities in sensitive ecosystems. With this paper, the authors want to raise awareness of the key importance of CC PC, particular in context of the BRI. Many countries participating in the initiative have carbon reduction targets in place.
Outcomes Following Immediate Vertical Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous (VRAM) Flap‐Based Perineal Reconstruction Following Resectional Surgery For Pelvic Malignancies
Authors: Harries Rhiannon L. , Radwan Rami W. , Dewi Madlen , Cubitt Jonathan , Warbrick‐Smith James , Sadiq Omair , Beynon John , Evans Martyn D. , Drew Peter ,   Swansea Pelvic Oncology Collaborators, Ather S. , Bose P. , Chandrasekaran T. V. , Das N. , Davies M. , Featherstone J. , Harris D. A. , Kanda Swamy G. V. , Khot U. , Lucas M. , Lutchman‐Singh K. , Taylor G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundIncreasingly radical surgery combined with neo‐adjuvant radiotherapy present a challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. The study objective was to review outcomes of Vertical Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous (VRAM) flap‐based perineal reconstruction following resectional surgery for pelvic malignancies.MethodsSingle‐centre retrospective analysis of patients undergoing immediate VRAM flap reconstruction of a perineal/pelvic defect for pelvic malignancy between July 2009 and November 2017. Primary outcome was perineal morbidity (surgical site infection (SSI), flap loss or dehiscence and perineal hernia). Secondary outcomes were length of stay and donor site morbidity (SSI, full‐thickness dehiscence and incisional hernia).ResultsA total of 178 patients (96 females) were included. Median age was 67 years (range 28–88). The majority were performed for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma (n = 122; 68.5%) and 136 (76.4%) patients had received neoadjuvant radiotherapy. Four patients had complete flap loss (2.3%), and 40 had perineal dehiscence (22.5%); however, only, 18 patients required a return to theatre during the admission for perineal‐related complications (10.1%). Abdominal dehiscence occurred in six patients (3.4%). Median length of post‐operative stay was 15 days (6–131). Sixty‐day mortality rate was 1.1%. SSI at the midline and perineum occurred in 34 (19.1%) and 38 patients (21.3%), respectively. At 90‐day post‐operatively, 75.6% of perineal wounds were healed. During a median follow‐up of 44.5 months, twelve, eleven and 39 patients were diagnosed with perineal, midline and parastomal hernias, respectively (6.9%, 6.2% and 21.9%).ConclusionsIt is important to have accurate knowledge of perineal and donor‐site morbidity rates to allow an informed consent process.
The history of settlement and agrarian land use in a boreal forest in Värmland, Sweden, new evidence from pollen analysis
Authors: Eddudóttir Sigrún Dögg , Svensson Eva , Nilsson Stefan , Ekblom Anneli , Lindholm Karl-Johan , Johansson Annie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractShielings are the historically known form of transhumance in Scandinavia, where livestock were moved from the farmstead to sites in the outlands for summer grazing. Pollen analysis has provided a valuable insight into the history of shielings. This paper presents a vegetation reconstruction and archaeological survey from the shieling Kårebolssätern in northern Värmland, western Sweden, a renovated shieling that is still operating today. The first evidence of human activities in the area near Kårebolssätern are Hordeum- and Cannabis-type pollen grains occurring from ca. 100 bc. Further signs of human impact are charcoal and sporadic occurrences of apophyte pollen from ca. ad 250 and pollen indicating opening of the canopy ca. ad 570, probably a result of modification of the forest for grazing. A decrease in land use is seen between ad 1000 and 1250, possibly in response to a shift in emphasis towards large scale commodity production in the outlands. Emphasis on bloomery iron production and pitfall hunting may have caused a shift from agrarian shieling activity. The clearest changes in the pollen assemblage indicating grazing and cultivation occur from the mid-thirteenth century, coinciding with wetter climate at the beginning of the Little Ice Age. The earliest occurrences of anthropochores in the record predate those of other shieling sites in Sweden. The pollen analysis reveals evidence of land use that predates the results of the archaeological survey. The study highlights how pollen analysis can reveal vegetation changes where early archaeological remains are obscure.
Single-shot two-dimensional multi-angle light scattering (2D-MALS) technique for nanoparticle aggregate sizing
Authors: Martins Fabio J. W. A. , Kronenburg Andreas , Beyrau Frank 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe two-dimensional multi-angle light scattering (2D-MALS) technique has been extended for single-shot size measurements of soot aggregates in flames. Six cameras are used for instantaneous acquisition of the elastic scattering from the aggregates at different directions between 10 to 90$$^\circ$$

∘

of a laser light sheet. Two diluted ethylene (50 and 60% by volume of $$\hbox {C}_2\hbox {H}_4$$

C
2

H
4

fuel diluted with inert $$\hbox {N}_2$$

N
2

) coflow laminar diffusion flames with little flickering are used as proof of concept. Results of instantaneous, average and fluctuating 2D fields of the effective radii of gyration, which are expected to characterize the size of the aggregates, compare well with the literature, demonstrating the applicability of the proposed sizing method to weakly unsteady combustion processes.
Change of drift in one-dimensional diffusions
Authors: Desmettre Sascha , Leobacher Gunther , Rogers L. C. G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt is generally understood that a given one-dimensional diffusion may be transformed by a Cameron–Martin–Girsanov measure change into another one-dimensional diffusion with the same volatility but a different drift. But to achieve this, we have to know that the change-of-measure local martingale that we write down is a true martingale. We provide a complete characterisation of when this happens. This enables us to discuss the absence of arbitrage in a generalised Heston model including the case where the Feller condition for the volatility process is violated.
Transcriptomic profiles of human livers undergoing rewarming machine perfusion before transplantation—first insights
Authors: Hoyer Dieter Paul , Swoboda Sandra , Treckmann Juergen Walter , Benkö Tamas , Paul Andreas , Brocke-Ahmadinejad Nahal 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMachine perfusion by controlled oxygenated rewarming (COR) is feasible and safe in clinical application and result in a promising outcome. This study utilizes next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate the transcriptome of human liver tissue undergoing COR before liver transplantation. Cold-stored livers were subjected to machine-assisted slow COR for ~120 min before transplantation. Biopsies were taken before (preCOR) and after COR (postCOR) and 1 h after reperfusion (postRep). The samples were sequenced, using RNA-seq to analyze differential transcriptional changes between the different stages and treatments of the grafts. Comparison of differential gene expression preCOR and postCOR demonstrated 10 upregulated genes. postRep 97 and 178 genes were upregulated and 7 and 13 downregulated compared to preCOR and postCOR, respectively. A shift of gene expressions by machine perfusion to the TGF-beta pathway was observed. The present study demonstrates distinct transcriptome profiles associated with machine perfusion by COR and transplantation of human livers. Such data provide a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of machine perfusion technology in human liver transplantation.
Cross-listings of blockchain-based tokens issued through initial coin offerings: Do liquidity and specific cryptocurrency exchanges matter?
Authors: Ante Lennart , Meyer André 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInitial coin offerings (ICOs) represent a novel funding mechanism where digital tokens are issued on the blockchain and sold to investors. One major reason for the success of this financing model is the fact that the issued tokens can immediately be traded on secondary markets. This event study analyzes 250 exchange cross-listings of 135 different tokens issued through ICOs on 22 cryptocurrency exchanges. We find significant abnormal returns of 6.51% on the listing day and 9.97% over a seven-day window around the event. Further analysis shows that the results clearly differ for individual cryptocurrency exchanges, as listings on individual exchanges yield returns of up to 34% on the event day, while others are negligible. An investigation of liquidity-related metrics shows that lower prior trading volume and asset market capitalization have positive effect on listing returns. Investors use phases of high market liquidity to sell off positions around the period of cross-listing events. The results on the cross-listing effects of ICOs may be of relevance to investors/traders, ICO projects, cryptocurrency exchanges and regulators.
Kreislaufführung von Werkstoffen, Komponenten und Produkten: eine ökonomische Herausforderung
Authors: Blum Ulrich 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungAngesichts einer begrenzten Deponiekapazität der Erde und einer zunehmenden Kritikalität von Ressourcen und Lieferketten gewinnt die Kreislaufführung der Stoffflüsse zentrale Bedeutung. Der Abfall wird zum Wertstoff. Kenntnisse über seine stoffliche Zusammensetzung werden zum zentralen Ansatzpunkt der Steuerung umweltökonomisch effizienter Wertschöpfungskreisläufe. Durch die digitale Spiegelung der realen Prozesse wird dies möglich. Das Konzept des Total Design Management ermöglicht das simultane Optimieren von Werkstoff-, Produkt- und Recycling-Design. Nachhaltigkeit wird stringent in Bezug auf die durch den digitalen Raum gegebenen Systemgrenzen definiert. Aus volkwirtschaftlicher Sicht entsteht eine transaktionsökonomisch begründbare Abwägung zwischen internationaler Arbeitsteilung und Technologiesouveränität. Wie diese ausfällt, hängt stark von der Regulierung der Märkte und den Lieferkettenrisiken ab.
Development of the Experiences of Sex Work Stigma Scale Using Item Response Theory: Implications for Research on the Social Determinants of HIV
Authors: Kerrigan Deanna , Karver Tahilin S. , Barrington Clare , Davis Wendy , Donastorg Yeycy , Perez Martha , Gomez Hoisex , Mbwambo Jessie , Likindikoki Samuel , Shembilu Catherine , Mantsios Andrea , Beckham S. Wilson , Galai Noya , Chan Kitty S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhile HIV stigma has received significant attention, limited work has been conducted on the measurement of intersecting stigmas. We developed the Experiences of Sex Work Stigma (ESWS) scale in the Dominican Republic (DR) and Tanzania. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 female sex workers (FSW) per country to identify scale domains followed by cognitive debriefing interviews to assess content validity. Items were administered in a survey to FSW in DR (n = 211) and Tanzania (n = 205). Factor analysis established four sex work stigma domains including: shame (internalized), dignity (resisted), silence (anticipated) and treatment (enacted). Reliability across domains ranged from 0.81 to 0.93. Using item response theory (IRT) we created context-specific domain scores accounting for differential item functioning between countries. ESWS domains were associated with internalized HIV stigma, depression, anxiety, sexual partner violence and social cohesion across contexts. The ESWS is the first reliable and valid scale to assess multiple domains of sex work stigma and can be used to examine the effects of this form of intersectional stigma on HIV-related outcomes across settings.
Obesity in the absence of comorbidities is not related to clinically meaningful left ventricular hypertrophy
Authors: Lewis Andrew J. M. , Rayner Jennifer J. , Abdesselam Ines , Neubauer Stefan , Rider Oliver J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObesity is associated with the development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. Whether obesity in in the absence of comorbidities can cause LV hypertrophy to an extent which could create diagnostic uncertainty with pathological states (such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) is unknown. We used cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging to precisely measure LV wall thickness in the septum and lateral wall in 764 people with body mass indices ranging from 18.5 kg/m2 to 59.2 kg/m2 in the absence of major comorbidities. Obesity was related to LV wall thickness across the cohort (basal septum r 0.30, P < 0.001 and basal lateral wall r 0.18, P < 0.001). Although no participant had hypertension, these associations remained highly significant after controlling for systolic blood pressure (all P < 0.01). Each 10 kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with an increase in basal septal wall thickness of 1.0 mm males and 0.8 mm in females, with no statistically significant difference between genders (P = 0.1). Even in class 3 obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2), no LV wall thickness > 13.4 mm in males or > 12.7 mm in females was observed in this cohort. We confirm that obesity in the absence of comorbidities is associated with LV hypertrophy, and establish that the magnitude of this change is modest even in severe obesity. LV hypertrophy > 14 mm cannot safely be attributed to obesity alone and alternative diagnoses should be considered.
Severe Fatigue Is Common Among Pediatric Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency and Is Not Related to Disease Activity
Authors: Nijhof Linde N. , van Brussel Marco , Pots Esther M. , van Litsenburg Raphaële R. L. , van de Putte Elise M. , van Montfrans Joris M. , Nijhof Sanne L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Fatigue is a distressing symptom commonly reported among pediatric patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID). However, the relationship between fatigue and disease activity is currently unknown.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, we examined the prevalence of severe fatigue, the effect of fatigue on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and the effects of disease activity and comorbidity on fatigue severity among pediatric patients 2–18 years of age with PID. Fatigue and HRQoL were assessed using the pediatric quality of life inventory multidimensional fatigue scale (PedsQL MFS) and generic core scales (PedsQL GCS), respectively. Linear regression analyses and an analysis of covariance were used to compare the fatigue scores with the scores obtained from a healthy control group. Data were adjusted for age and sex.

Results
Of the 91 eligible patients, 79 were assessed (87% participation rate), with a mean age of 10.4 ± 4.4 years. Pediatric patients with PID reported significantly higher fatigue levels compared to healthy peers, with an 18.9% prevalence of severe fatigue. Moreover, higher fatigue levels were inversely associated with HRQoL in all domains and directly associated with school absences. We found that severe fatigue was comparable between common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), combined immunodeficiency (CID), and selective immunoglobulin A deficiency (SIgAD) patients, but was not reported in the X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) patients studied. Finally, fatigue severity was not significantly associated with disease activity or comorbidity.

Conclusions
Nearly 20% of pediatric patients with PID reported experiencing severe fatigue, and fatigue was reported among a wide range of PID subcategories. In addition, severe fatigue negatively affected the patient’s quality of life and daily functioning, but was not associated with disease activity or comorbidity. Thus, targeting severe fatigue might be a promising strategy for improving the overall well-being and quality of life of pediatric patients with PID.
Characteristics of strong ground motion attenuation in the 2019 Mw 5.8 Changning earthquake, Sichuan, China
Authors: Hu J. J. , Zhang H. , Zhu J. B. , Liu G. H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA moderate magnitude earthquake withMw5.8 occurred on June 17, 2019, in Changning County, Sichuan Province, China, causing 13 deaths, 226 injuries, and serious engineering damage. This earthquake induced heavier damage than earthquakes of similar magnitude. To explain this phenomenon in terms of ground motion characteristics, based on 58 sets of strong ground motions in this earthquake, the peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), acceleration response spectra (Sa), duration, and Arias intensity are analyzed. The results show that the PGA, PGV, and Sa are larger than the predicted values from some global ground motion models. The between-event residuals reveal that the source effects on the intermediate-period and long-period ground motions are stronger than those on short-period ground motions. Comparison of Arias intensity attenuation with the global models indicates that the energy of ground motions of the Changning earthquake is larger than those of earthquakes with the same magnitude.
Pharmacometrics-Based Considerations for the Design of a Pharmacogenomic Clinical Trial Assessing Irinotecan Safety
Authors: Minichmayr Iris K. , Karlsson Mats O. , Jönsson Siv 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Pharmacometric models provide useful tools to aid the rational design of clinical trials. This study evaluates study design-, drug-, and patient-related features as well as analysis methods for their influence on the power to demonstrate a benefit of pharmacogenomics (PGx)-based dosing regarding myelotoxicity.

Methods
Two pharmacokinetic and one myelosuppression model were assembled to predict concentrations of irinotecan and its metabolite SN-38 given different UGT1A1 genotypes (poor metabolizers: CLSN-38: -36%) and neutropenia following conventional versus PGx-based dosing (350 versus 245 mg/m2 (-30%)). Study power was assessed given diverse scenarios (n = 50–400 patients/arm, parallel/crossover, varying magnitude of CLSN-38, exposure-response relationship, inter-individual variability) and using model-based data analysis versus conventional statistical testing.

Results
The magnitude of CLSN-38 reduction in poor metabolizers and the myelosuppressive potency of SN-38 markedly influenced the power to show a difference in grade 4 neutropenia (<0.5·109 cells/L) after PGx-based versus standard dosing. To achieve >80% power with traditional statistical analysis (χ2/McNemar’s test, α = 0.05), 220/100 patients per treatment arm/sequence (parallel/crossover study) were required. The model-based analysis resulted in considerably smaller total sample sizes (n = 100/15 given parallel/crossover design) to obtain the same statistical power.

Conclusions
The presented findings may help to avoid unfeasible trials and to rationalize the design of pharmacogenetic studies.
A Semi-Automatic Method to Measure the Rotation of Sunspots
Authors: Brown Daniel , Walker Andrew 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSunspots have been observed to undergo rotation about their umbral centre. This is typically a slow rotation, with even the fastest sunspot rotations only reaching angular velocities of a few degrees per hour. This rotation may inject magnetic energy into the Sun’s atmosphere, which can be stored in the coronal magnetic field and later released in eruptive events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections. To usefully investigate rotating sunspots long periods of data need to be analysed, often of the order of several days, to build up a bulk rotation profile for the sunspot over time. This article outlines a semi-automated approach for analysing series of solar continuum data to extract the rotation profile of a sunspot as it transits across the solar disc. Moving towards an automated approach is vital for generating large, unbiased statistical samples of rotating sunspots in order to understand their contribution to solar activity. Existing methods typically focus on sunspots near disc centre for short time periods, neglecting much of the rotation history of the sunspot. The method is tested on six sunspots observed in continuum data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). These have been chosen to test the method for a range of different types of sunspots, including well-behaved sunspots, shape-changing sunspots, fast rotators, non-rotators, and interacting sunspots. The rotation profiles are compared by eye to animations of the sunspot from the data and are in acceptable visual agreement with the observed bulk rotation of the sunspot for all of the cases, except for the one which contains two sunspots in a shared penumbra. The method is also tested against sunspot rotations in active region (AR) 11158 that have been reported in the literature. While the results compare to some degree, the method outlined in this article reports lower rotations than those reported in the literature. Some of this discrepancy can be attributed to selection bias by the approaches in the literature, where only features that undergo larger rotation are tracked in sunspots that exhibit non-uniform rotation. The method also provides uncertainties on the calculated rotation profile which can be broken down to allow the principal sources of error to be identified. For the test sunspots in this article, the dominant source of uncertainty is the resolution of the SDO/HMI instrument.