bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Did China Maintain Macroeconomic Stability During 1978–2018?
Authors: Feng Ming , Li David Daokui , Wu Shuyu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the role of macroeconomic management in developing countries’ economic take‐off and structural transformation. We argue that developing countries face three leading challenges: market immaturity, lack of a developed financial system, and severe information asymmetry between international investors and domestic players. If not properly dealt with, these challenges can lead to macroeconomic volatility and fragility in economic development. Therefore, the government must intervene appropriately to address these challenges. By analyzing China's experiences in the era of reform and opening up (1978–2018), we find three important lessons: (i) It is important for the government to facilitate the entry and exit of enterprises in macroeconomic cycles, relying not only on market signals but also on administrative orders and measures of institutional reform; (ii) Financial reforms should be implemented in order to promote financial deepening and channel savings into investment; and (iii) The government should carefully manage capital account liberalization in order to preserve financial stability while promoting foreign investment, international trade, and industrial upgrading.
Impacts of Two Tax Reforms on Inequality and Welfare in China
Authors: Shen Yangyang , Li Shi , Wang Xiaobing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper takes stock of the existing literature on taxation and presents a framework to evaluate the impacts of tax policy reforms from the perspectives of progressivity and social welfare. It applies this framework to examine two tax reforms in China and finds that (i) the abolition of the regressive agricultural tax in 2005 has significantly improved the social welfare of rural residents; (ii) the increase in the income tax thresholds in 2011 increased progressivity but reduced the overall income tax share of total taxation. When the majority of the taxpayers are in the lower tax bracket, progressivity has little real impact in improving income distribution.
The impacts of extreme climate change on mammals differ among functional groups at regional scale: The case of Iranian terrestrial mammals
Authors: Yusefi Gholam Hosein , Safi Kamran , Tarroso Pedro , Brito José Carlos 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimThe negative impacts of climate change on mammals have been largely based on assessments of total species’ assemblages or individual species at broad scales. Here, we evaluate how the predicted magnitude and velocity of climate change in the arid region of southwest Asia might affect regional functional groups of terrestrial mammals.LocationIran.MethodsWe gathered data from 186 species to map diversity hotspots of 12 functional groups, threatened species richness and total species richness. We mapped areas with high risk of exposure to extreme drying and warming events and calculated the velocity of climate change by using precipitation and temperature data from current and future periods. We then quantified the exposure of these hotspots to extreme changes in magnitude and velocity.ResultsHotspots of functional groups, threatened species and species richness were most exposed to precipitation decline in current and future scenarios (average of 17.9% and 29.9% respectively), compared to temperature rise. While most hotspots are found in mountains, hotspots located in lowlands were more exposed to extreme drying, particularly for carnivore, desert and large‐bodied functional groups, as well as threatened species. These patterns remained intact when we considered only hotspots covered by existing protected areas. The impacts of velocity also varied significantly among functional groups, with highest levels for carnivore, large‐bodied and specialist groups and threatened species.Main conclusionsWe show that climate change does not equally impact all species within a community and that vulnerability to these changes differed between functional groups. We found that the areas with the highest risk of exposure to extreme climates are located in lowlands and not in mountains. We found that extreme drying, rather than warming, is the major threat to regional mammal diversity in this arid region, particularly for large‐bodied and threatened species.
A Searchable Spreadsheet for Educational Games in the Decision Sciences
Authors: Chen Chun‐Miin (Jimmy) 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTEducational games are effective pedagogical tools capable of enhancing teaching. A number of organizations and journals have been promoting teaching with games and publishing educational game articles for decades. However, many instructors have never used a game in teaching, and studies show that the lack of information about games is part of the reason. To help instructors find games compatible with their course content and preferences, we present a searchable spreadsheet that samples peer‐reviewed game articles in the field of decision science. We also share our experiences in choosing and using games to address some common concerns instructors might have before adopting a game. As a result, we hope that more instructors will consider using games for instructional purposes in the future.
Upward pricing pressure in mergers of capacity‐constrained firms
Authors: Greenfield Daniel , Sandford Jeremy A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMerging firms regularly argue that mergers involving capacity‐constrained firms are unlikely to be anticompetitive, because a capacity‐constrained firm does not represent a meaningful competitive constraint on its rivals. We construct a modified notion of upward pricing pressure called ccGUPPI, or capacity‐constrained GUPPI, which accounts for upward pricing pressure from binding capacity constraints, in addition to standard merger effects. We show that the pricing pressure terms underlying ccGUPPI, calculated using premerger data, are sufficient to determine whether a merger of capacity‐constrained firms will increase price, irrespective of the functional form of demand. Further, using Monte Carlo simulation, we show that ccGUPPI is generally a useful proxy for actual price effects, with lower informational requirements than full merger simulation.
Overconfidence and conflict
Authors: Menuet Maxime , Sekeris Petros G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the causes and duration of conflicts with a war of attrition game featuring overconfident players. We find that overconfidence is neither necessary, nor sufficient to have conflict. Overconfident decision makers are nevertheless more likely to initiate conflict, and to also remain active longer in a conflict. Our main results are that (i) the degree of overconfidence and conflict duration may have an inverted U‐shaped relationship, and (ii) the outcome of the war of attrition may be in favor of a weaker, yet overconfident player. We argue that this simple model helps understanding a host of real‐world conflictive situations.
Unreplicable state‐dependent effects on start‐box emergence latency in wild‐origin sticklebacks
Authors: Näslund Joacim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAnimals are predicted to adjust their behaviour in relation to their bodily energetic state. Adjustment can be driven by either positive feedbacks (e.g. increased risk‐taking with higher energetic status; “state‐dependent safety”) or negative feedbacks (e.g. reduced risk‐taking with higher status; “asset protection”). This study investigated effects of food restriction and subsequent refeeding on boldness‐like behaviour in three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and nine‐spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius). The same experimental design was run in 2 consecutive years, using a start‐box emergence test to score behaviour, aiming for an exact replication in the second year. Results indicate that the results from the original and the replicated experiment did not match. Both years there was support for treatment effects, but the effects were qualitatively and quantitatively different. In 2012, the fish on a continuous high ration had longer emergence times than restricted‐refed fish (suggesting asset protection as the feedback mechanism), while in 2013, this pattern is reversed (suggesting state‐dependent safety as the feedback mechanism). In 2013, the general emergence time was also generally shorter than in 2012. These effects suggest that the methodology used may not be particularly robust. Subject fish were wild‐caught, and differences in the populations across years, or in the individuals' prior experience, may have influenced the results. Alternatively, the start‐box emergence test could be sensitive to minor (unperceived) alterations in procedures. Regardless, the present study suggests that the robustness of the start‐box emergence test, which is a commonly used test (e.g. to score “boldness” in animal personality experiments) needs further investigation. In addition to the behavioural experiment, fish going through the refeeding protocol were shown to have higher body water content than fish on a continuously high food ration in both species. Food restriction also decreased relative liver mass in the short term, but it was restored during refeeding.
High plasticity in germination and establishment success in the dominant forest tree Fagus sylvatica across Europe
Authors: Muffler Lena , Schmeddes Jonas , Weigel Robert , Barbeta Adrià , Beil Ilka , Bolte Andreas , Buhk Constanze , Holm Stefanie , Klein Geoffrey , Klisz Marcin , Löf Magnus , Peñuelas Josep , Schneider Léonard , Vitasse Yann , Kreyling Juergen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimDistribution ranges of temperate tree species are shifting poleward and upslope into cooler environments due to global warming. Successful regeneration is crucial for population persistence and range expansion. Thus, we aimed to identify environmental variables that affect germination and seedling establishment of Europe's dominant forest tree, to compare the importance of plasticity and genetic variation for regeneration, and to evaluate the regeneration potential at and beyond the southern and northern distribution margins.LocationEurope.Time period2016–2018.Major taxa studiedEuropean beech (Fagus sylvatica (L.)).MethodsWe investigated how germination, establishment and juvenile survival change across a reciprocal transplantation experiment using over 9,000 seeds of beech from 7 populations from its southern to its northern distribution range margins.ResultsGermination and establishment at the seedling stage were highly plastic in response to environmental conditions. Germination success increased with warmer and declined with colder air temperature, whereas establishment and survival were hampered under warmer and drier conditions. Germination differed among populations and was positively influenced by seed weight. However, there was no evidence of local adaptation in any trait.Main conclusionsThe high plasticity in the early life‐history traits found irrespective of seed origin may allow for short‐term acclimatization. However, our results also indicate that this plasticity might not be sufficient to ensure the regeneration of beech in the future due to the low survival found under dry and hot conditions. The future climatic conditions in parts of the distribution centre and at the rear edge might thus become limiting for natural regeneration, as the likelihood of extreme heat and drought events will increase. By contrast, at the cold distribution margin, the high plasticity in the early life‐history traits may allow for increasing germination success with increasing temperatures and may thus facilitate natural regeneration in the future.
Reduced handgrip strength predicts poorer survival in chronic liver diseases: A large multicenter study in Japan
Authors: Nishikawa Hiroki , Shiraki Makoto , Hiramatsu Akira , Hara Nagisa , Moriya Kyoji , Hino Keisuke , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimSarcopenia has a high prevalence and can be an adverse predictor in patients with chronic liver diseases (CLDs). We sought to assess the prevalence of sarcopenia and its prognostic significance in patients with CLDs at multiple centers in Japan.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we collated the data of 1624 patients with CLDs (976 men). The diagnosis of sarcopenia was determined by the sarcopenia assessment criteria of the Japan Society of Hepatology. Predictors of mortality were identified using univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsMuscle weakness and skeletal muscle loss occurred in 33.5% and 29.3% of all subjects, respectively, while sarcopenia occurred in 13.9% of all patients. Patients with sarcopenia had a poorer prognosis among all patients, patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and those without HCC by log‐rank test. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model identified female gender (hazard ratio [HR], 0.59; p = 0.03), alcoholic liver disease (HR, 4.25; p < 0.01), presence of HCC (HR, 6.77; p < 0.01), Child–Pugh classes A (HR, 1.42; p < 0.05), B (HR, 2.70; p < 0.01), and C (HR, 6.30; p < 0.01), and muscle weakness (HR, 2.24; p < 0.01) as significant adverse predictors. The cut‐off values of handgrip strength (HGS) for prognosis determined by maximally selected rank statistics were calculated as 27.8 kg for men and 18.8 kg for women.ConclusionReduced HGS in patients with CLD was an independent adverse predictor of mortality, with cut‐off values of 27.8 kg for men and 18.8 kg for women.
Association between PDCD1 gene polymorphisms and psoriasis susceptibility in the Chinese population
Authors: Hua Shengyuan , Fan Bin , Mao Weiwei , Xu Rong , Wang Yifei , Kuai Le , Ding Xiaojie , Li Bin , Chen Jie , Miao Xiao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundAs an immune regulator expressed on the surface of activated T cells, programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) plays an important role in psoriasis. However, whether PDCD1 genetic polymorphism is associated with psoriasis has yet to be explored.ObjectiveTo study the association between polymorphisms of the immune‐related gene PDCD1 and psoriasis susceptibility in the Chinese population, to illustrate the genetic mechanism of psoriasis and provide new research ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis (PS).MethodsOverall, 128 psoriasis patients and 88 healthy controls were included in this study. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐Sanger sequencing analysis, six PDCD1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were sequenced: PD1.1, PD1.3, PD1.4, PD1.5, PD1.6, and PD1.9.ResultsAmong the six tested SNPs, PD1.6 showed a significant association with psoriasis in genotype and allele frequency distribution. The G allele of PD1.6 increased the risk of psoriasis (P = 0.03). In contrast, the other five SNPs failed to show association with psoriasis. Further analysis within the patient group showed that the frequency of the PD1.6 G allele was relatively high in severe psoriasis, but the difference was nonsignificant.ConclusionPDCD1 gene polymorphism is associated with psoriasis. The population carrying PD1.6 allele G are at a higher risk of developing psoriasis, though the severity of psoriasis does not correlate with PD1.6 polymorphism.
The region matters—for whom? The regional actor network for vocational education and training in tourism of Cancún (Mexico)
Authors: Röhrer Natascha , Vogelsang Beke , Fuchs Martina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractActor networks are relevant to provide vocational education and training. Many studies have focused on such networks without a clear regional focus. Suggesting a conceptual approach of regional actor networks based on contributions of business education and economic geography, this study analyses the regional actor network in the tourism sector in Cancún (Mexico). Methodologically, the study follows an exploratory qualitative approach. The results illustrate that there are two dominant axes within the regional network, which comprise on the one hand hotels cooperating with applied universities, and on the other hand hotels cooperating with vocational schools. This local actor network has impacts on the practical relevance that vocational education and training provides to the learners, and generates a particular, and rather vulnerable, way of regional development.
Non‐structural protein 1‐specific antibodies directed against Zika virus in humans mediate antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Authors: Sanchez Vargas Luis A. , Adam Awadalkareem , Masterson Mary , Smith Madison , Lyski Zoe L. , Dowd Kimberly A. , Pierson Theodore C. , Messer William B. , Currier Jeffrey R. , Mathew Anuja 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThere is growing interest in understanding antibody (Ab) function beyond neutralization. The non‐structural protein 1 (NS1) of Zika virus (ZIKV) is an attractive candidate for an effective vaccine as Abs against NS1, unlike the envelope or premembrane, do not carry the risk of mediating antibody‐dependent enhancement. Our aim was to evaluate whether ZIKV NS1 Abs elicited following natural infection in humans can mediate antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). We evaluated the isotype specificity of ZIKV‐specific Abs in immune sera and supernatants from stimulated immune PBMC and found that Abs against ZIKV NS1 and virus‐like particles were predominantly of the IgG1 isotype. Using a recently developed FluoroSpot assay, we found robust frequencies of NS1‐specific Ab‐secreting cells in PBMC of individuals who were naturally infected with ZIKV. We developed assays to measure both natural killer cell activation by flow cytometry and target cell lysis of ZIKV NS1‐expressing cells using an image cytometry assay in the presence of ZIKV NS1 Abs. Our data indicate efficient opsonization of ZIKV NS1‐expressing CEM‐NKR cell lines using ZIKV‐immune but not ZIKV‐naïve sera, a prerequisite of ADCC. Furthermore, sera from immune donors were able to induce both NK cell degranulation and lysis of ZIKV NS1 CEM‐NKR cells in vitro. Our data suggest that ADCC is a possible mechanism for ZIKV NS1 Abs to eliminate virally infected target cells.
Immigrant children in Turkey a descriptive study: Determining the depression levels of children who have been exposed to forced migratıon
Authors: Öztürk Ceyda , Güleç Keskin Serap 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the level of depression in children aged 6–17 years who had been subject to forced migration.Design and MethodThis study was a descriptive design. The sample included comprised 200 children aged 6–17 years who had experienced forced migration.FindingsAbout 69.5% of the children who participated in the research migrated from Syria due to war. Participants’ mean Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) score was 13.65 ± 8.58; a CDI score of 19 and higher is considered to indicate depression.ConclusionIt was found that the depression levels of the migrant children were low.Practice ImplicationsPsychiatric nurses should understand risk factors for depression when providing care to immigrant children.
The effect of preventive psychosocial interventions directed towards mothers and children on children's knowledge about protection from sexual abuse
Authors: Orak Oya Sevcan , Okanli Ayşe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProblemSexual abuse is a multidimensional public health problem that concerns all communities. Primary‐level preventive approaches in the fight against sexual abuse have an important place. However, research involving parents in sexual abuse prevention interventions with children is limited. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of preventive psychosocial interventions directed towards mothers and their children on children's knowledge about protection from sexual abuse.MethodsThe study has a quasi‐experimental, comparative design with a control group and a pretest/posttest. The participants were assigned into four groups; namely, control, mother psychoeducation, child psychoeducation and mother–child psychoeducation.FindingsSignificant difference was determined within and between the groups in the mean scores of the Good Touch Bad Touch Curriculum test (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe preventive psychosocial intervention simplemented to mothers and their children increase children's knowledge about protection from sexual abuse.
The P300/XBP1s/Herpud1 axis promotes macrophage M2 polarization and the development of choroidal neovascularization
Authors: Li Wendie , Wang Ying , Zhu Linling , Du Shu , Mao Jinghai , Wang Yanyan , Wang Sangsang , Bo Qingyun , Tu Yuanyuan , Yi QuanYong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNeovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), which is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), leads to vision loss. M2 macrophages produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which aggravates CNV formation. The histone acetyltransferase p300 enhances the stability of spliced X‐box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) and promotes the transcriptional activity of the XBP1s target gene homocysteine inducible endoplasmic reticulum protein with ubiquitin‐like domain 1 (Herpud1). Herpud1 promotes the M2 polarization of macrophages. This study aimed to explore the roles of the p300/XBP1s/Herpud1 axis in the polarization of macrophages and the pathogenesis of CNV. Hypoxia‐induced p300 interacted with XBP1s to acetylate XBP1s in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, hypoxia‐induced p300 enhanced the XBP‐1s‐mediated unfolded protein response (UPR), alleviated the proteasome‐dependent degradation of XBP1s and enhanced the transcriptional activity of XBP1s for Herpud1. The hypoxia‐induced p300/XBP1s/Herpud1 axis facilitated RAW264.7 cell M2 polarization. Knockdown of the p300/XBP1s/Herpud1 axis in RAW264.7 cells inhibited the proliferation, migration and tube formation of mouse choroidal endothelial cells (MCECs). The p300/XBP1s/Herpud1 axis increased in infiltrating M2‐type macrophages in mouse laser‐induced CNV lesions. Blockade of the p300/XBP1s/Herpud1 axis inhibited macrophage M2 polarization and alleviated CNV lesions. Our study demonstrated that the p300/XBP1s/Herpud1 axis in infiltrating macrophages increased the M2 polarization of macrophages and the development of CNV.