bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 17.5–23 GHz high precision phase shifting four‐channel satellite communication receiver with phase calibration technology
Authors: Xu Hua , Chen Junning , Wu Xiulong , Peng Chunyu , Yu Jinchuan , Xie Zhuoheng , Huang Bo , Yuan Bo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article presents a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS four‐channel satellite communication receiver. Phased‐array system has become the optimal solution for satellite communication due to the electrical steering nature. In order to obtain wider bandwidth, higher precision of phase shift and smaller chip size, an improved quadrature network and a phase compensation technique are proposed in this article. Each channel consists of a cascade low noise variable gain amplifier with a high Q value inductor and an active vector synthetic phase shifter. The measurement results show that the receiver consumes only 193 mA current under 1.6 V supply voltage. The chip can achieve a gain of more than 23 dB (including synthesizer losses) from 19 to 23 GHz. From 17.5 to 23 GHz, the RMS phase shifting accuracy and attenuation accuracy are less than 2.7° and 1.1 dB, respectively. The noise figure and the gain variation are less than 2.3 dB and ± 1.5 dB, respectively. The total chip area is 3.5 × 1.8 mm2.
Non‐fluorinated PVA/SSA proton exchange membrane studied by positron annihilation technique for fuel cell application
Authors: Awad Somia , Abdel‐Hady Esam E. , Mohamed Hamdy F. M. , Elsharkawy Yehya S. , Gomaa Mahmoud M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) membrane was prepared with different concentrations of SSA (wt.%) and thermally crosslinked successfully at 100 °C. Ion exchange capacity and proton conductivity were found to increase with increasing the SSA content in the meantime the water uptake and hydration number were declined with the rise in the degree of sulfonation. This anomalous behavior was discussed based on Nerst equation parameters which confirm the results discussion with enhancement with data of contact angle. Tensile strength results suggest the deterioration of the PVA/SSA membranes with increasing SSA content because of the chemical reaction of SSA and PVA chains. Positron annihilation results were found to enhance the electrochemical‐mechanical results of the membranes. The o‐Ps lifetime was found to increase with increasing degree of sulfonation while SO3 was working as an inhibitor agent of PS formation as o‐Ps Intensity was declined with an elevated percentage of SSA content. The o‐Ps lifetime as a function of temperature for different PVA/SSA membranes having different SSA content increased with increasing SSA content. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature of PVA/SSA membranes was found to decrease with increasing the SSA content. The results were discussed based on the free volume theory.
Registration of CA 4009 and CA 4010 cotton germplasm lines
Authors: Kelly Carol M. , Dever Jane K. , Morgan Valerie A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRaw fiber properties are important in determining the value of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). They determine the type and quality of cotton products that can be produced, making them important to textile processors and farmers, and are critical traits of interest for breeders. Improvement of fiber quality is an established objective for the Texas A&M AgriLife Research cotton breeding program in Lubbock, TX. CA 4009 (Reg. no. GP‐1086, PI 695389) and CA 4010 (Reg. no. GP‐1087, PI 695390) originated from crosses made in 2012. Three years of multilocation replicated performance testing were conducted. CA 4009 and CA 4010 produced longer fiber with higher length uniformity and elongation than all commercial cultivar checks, and fiber strength was greater than two checks. Yield was not significantly different from the checks for either line. CA 4009 and CA 4010 were evaluated in the 2018 Regional Breeders Testing Network (RBTN) field trials, and both lines maintained fiber quality across locations. Fiber length, length uniformity, and strength were higher than the checks. CA 4009 and CA 4010 had less short fiber content than all checks. The RBTN provides quality scores, and both CA 4009 and CA 4010 scored higher than all checks and other RBTN entries. These germplasm lines have a fiber quality package that may be valuable for improving multiple fiber properties that address market demands and textile industry requirements.
The association of vitamin D and vitamin E levels at birth with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
Authors: Ge Haiyan , Liu Weina , Li Huimin , Zhang Ming , Zhang Mengbin , Liu Chao , Qiao Yanxia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite improvements made in neonatal care, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is still the most common respiratory disease in preterm infants. The relationship between the blood contents of vitamin D/E in premature infants and BPD is still controversial.MethodsPreterm infants were recruited as the research subjects. On the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 133 eligible cases were finally included. A total of 63 preterm infants with a clear diagnosis of BPD and 5 preterm infants who died before the diagnosis of BPD were in the case group, and 65 non‐BPD preterm infants with equivalent baseline characteristics were in the control group. The BPD group included 38 cases in Grade Ⅰ, 18 cases in Grade Ⅱ, and 12 cases in Grade Ⅲ. The contents of vitamin D and E in the cord blood of different groups were detected by high‐performance liquid chromatography and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Correlation analysis adopted the Pearson correlation analytic method.ResultsThe serum vitamin D and E levels at birth were remarkably lower in the BPD group than the non‐BPD group, both of which were also correlated with the severity of BPD. The vitamin D and E contents were negatively correlated with the oxygen support duration required for premature infants with BPD.ConclusionThis study deepens our understanding of the field of BPD pathogenesis by demonstrating an association between vitamin D/E deficiency and BPD severity, suggesting that vitamin D and E might have potential clinical value in the prognosis and treatment of BPD.
Methodological Issues in Literacy Research Across Languages: Evidence From Alphabetic Orthographies
Authors: Papadopoulos Timothy C. , Csépe Valéria , Aro Mikko , Caravolas Marketa , Diakidoy Irene-Anna , Olive Thierry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTResearch on literacy has become universal and is essential for researchers of various disciplines, educators, and psychologists. For this article, we examined the most important methodological challenges that arise when conducting literacy research across languages, some of which have long been acknowledged in the relevant literature. Specifically, we focused on challenges related to research on word reading, spelling, passage comprehension, and writing, ranging from the target skills, constructs, and assessment issues to the matching of the samples and measurement and factorial invariance issues. We conclude that although theoretical and applied issues have been addressed in the literature, to date, this has happened only with limited relevance for reading and writing research across languages. The discussion provides some relevant evidence from a neuroscience perspective to promote useful insights and greater methodological rigor in literacy research across languages.
Advancing the Science of Teaching Reading Equitably
Authors: Jensen Bryant 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTTeaching reading is more complex than reading, especially when teaching students from minoritized communities. Teaching reading equitably requires educators to integrate their knowledge of skills involved in reading, assisting students to learn to read, and everyday sociocultural practices and identities of readers. In this article, I examine what research has found across methodological traditions regarding teaching reading equitably, as well as what still needs to be explored. For the “science of reading” community, I frame equitable teaching as effective in assisting student reading performance and meaningful in terms of integrating values and practices from minoritized students’ everyday lives. Drawing largely on interpretive research, I identify sociocultural processes in teaching reading that connect with minoritized students’ everyday identities and experiences, support student initiative and expression, and foster collaborative relationships in the classroom to assist student participation and performance in reading. To advance the science of teaching reading equitably, I recommend that pluralistic research build generalizable evidence regarding effects of equitable teaching on reading and language gains for minoritized students, mechanisms in teaching reading equitably, and processes and materials to support teacher learning to sustain implementation of equitable practices to teach reading.
Intensification of no‐till agricultural systems: An opportunity for carbon sequestration
Authors: Nicoloso Rodrigo S. , Rice Charles W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe “4 per 1,000” initiative was launched at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) stimulating a long‐standing debate on the potential of no‐till (NT) to promote soil C sequestration. Previous reviews found little or no soil organic C (SOC) accrual in NT soils as compared with full inversion tillage when soils are sampled deeper than 30 cm. Here, we present the results of a global meta‐analysis of studies assessing SOC and total N (TN) storage and dynamics in NT and tilled soils from the most important agricultural regions of the world. Overall, our results show that NT soils stored 6.7 ± 1.9 Mg C ha–1 and 1.1 ± 0.4 Mg N ha–1 more than tilled soils (0‐to‐100‐cm depth) with an average of 16 yr of NT, in contrast with previous findings. However, C sequestration (+4.7 ± 1.9 Mg C ha–1 in the 0‐to‐60‐cm depth with an average of 11 yr of NT) depended on the association of NT with increased crop frequency and the inclusion of legumes cover crops. Single‐cropping systems lack the necessary C inputs to offset SOC losses in the soil profile (below 30‐cm depth). However, double‐cropping systems decreased soil TN that may constrain future C sequestration. The use of legumes alleviated TN loss and supported soil C sequestration. Briefly, our findings indicate that NT can avoid SOC losses from tilled soils, partially offsetting CO2 emissions from agriculture. Moreover, NT with agricultural intensification can promote soil C sequestration, thus contributing to soil quality, food security, and adaptation to climate change.
Making Sense of Change: Methodological Approaches to Societies in Transformation—An Introduction
Authors: Berriane Yasmine , Derks Annuska , Kreil Aymon , Lüddeckens Dorothea 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this introductory chapter the authors discuss ways of studying change that go beyond a chronology of events and sweeping laws of evolution and that take into account the ways in which people live through, experience, desire, create, and challenge change. How can we‚ at the same time‚ gain a longue durée perspective on societal transformations and give a truthful account of the ways our different interlocutors describe, name, and understand the changes they are living and the kinds of future they expect? The authors first situate this question within broader disciplinary debates, focusing particularly on debates in anthropology and its focus on studying history and change through ethnography. Ethnography is a crucial instrument for uncovering and analyzing the relationship between emic and etic perspectives of change, as well as the complex and often contradictory interplay of continuity and change beyond linear periodization and teleological presuppositions. The authors argue for a combination of multiple methods of investigation that borrow from both ethnography and other methods of data collection and analysis, and for an analytical framework that articulates three levels of analysis: the unit of analysis, the empirical data and the metanarratives of change.
The Affects of Change: An Ethnography of the Affective Experiences of the 2013 Military Intervention in Egypt
Authors: Malmström Maria Frederika 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this chapter the author discusses the difficulties of exploring the ethnography of events as they are happening, especially when they are violent, not least due to the lack of reliable information available and the complex process of interpreting transmissions of affect. The epistemological turn away from language—in which the focus on affect has emerged as a critique of post-structuralism’s inability to recognize the prediscursive forces that also shape the body—is, the author argues, imperative, as using the framework of affect theory and new materialism allows us to assess societies in flux as long as our material is grounded in empirical research. Examining the material consequences of recent uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region may provide a way of addressing key methodological issues in qualitative research in innovative and creative ways. In her ongoing project in Egypt, the author has identified the materialization of a certain clustering of affect by spending time with Cairenes during violent uprisings and her own lived experiences at such intense and uncertain moments, especially from the summer of 2013 and onwards. Starting with an inquiry into the material affective consequences—in particular changes to the vibration of sound but also encompassing other materialized experiences—this chapter reflects upon how the author’s attempt to formulate alternative methods of inquiry, anchored in affects and the body as a way of studying affective politics and the tangible emotions that resonate with and transform everyday engagements in a transitional country, provides useful tools for the study of change in the making.
Seeing Social Change Through the Institutional Lens: Universities in Egypt, 2011–2018
Authors: Cantini Daniele 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the possibilities offered by the ethnographic study of institutions when addressing the question of social change, taking Egyptian universities during the revolution and its aftermath as case study. Discussing how different actors address the issue of change, the chapter cautions against adopting explanatory schemes too easily, particularly when building narratives. Instead, it suggests looking at institutional constraints to see how contradictory and overlapping notions of change are created, enforced, and contested across competing networks of power, both during an uprising and in times of political repression. Furthermore, it shows how changes in an institution can reveal hints of transformation processes in the broader society. This chapter offers an alternative reading of the revolutionary changes that transformed the country in and after 2011. Focusing on two major perspectives on the change in Egypt’s higher education sector the article discusses some of the complexities of accounting for change through an institutional lens. The first, coming from those more actively involved in the 2011 revolution, is one of struggle, emancipatory will, and depression and silence as a consequence of the 2013 backlash. The second perspective stems from state-sponsored programs promoting higher education as a globally competitive object, subject to reform and geared toward innovation and quality. As a consequence of these different perspectives the university has become the site of a major battle between forces competing for power within society, demonstrating how such metanarratives of change shape the temporalities according to which university actors consider their action. By combining participatory observation, interviews, and the study of documents stating internal university regulations and reform programs, the author shows the importance of universities as privileged sites for the implementation of change, uncovering balances of power, beyond slogans and discourses.
Conceptualizing Change in the Cuban Revolution
Authors: Gold Marina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper will consider two levels within the study of the Cuban revolution: the meta-narratives of change and continuity that determine the academic literature on Cuba and inform political positioning in relation to the revolution, and the methodological challenges in understanding how people in Cuba experience change and continuity in their daily life. Transformation and continuity have been the two dominant analytical tropes used to interpret Cuban social and political life since the overthrow of the Batista regime in 1959. For Cuban scholars and politicians, a focus on change in reference to what was Cuba’s reality before the Revolution is a continuous concern and a powerful discursive mechanism in redefining and reinvigorating the revolutionary project. Simultaneously, in periods of crisis throughout the 62 years since the revolution, the capacity to demonstrate continuity with revolutionary principles while developing new mechanisms to redefine the political project has ensured the revolution’s subsistence. Conversely, continuity and change are also harnessed by critics of Cuba’s current regime to articulate the ever-imminent collapse of socialism in the region. Change has been their main focus of concern during critical historic moments that affected the trajectory of the Cuban revolutionary project. From this perspective, change embodies a promise of progress and implies a movement toward liberal democracy and a pro-US foreign policy, while continuity denotes failure, stagnation, and repression. At the core of the analysis of change in Cuba lies a concern with the nature of the state. Ethnographic data reveals the partialities and contradictions people experience in their daily life and across time. Two elements of ethnographic experience are particularly informative: life histories that span across the revolutionary period, and generational conflicts surrounding political issues. I will focus on the life history of key informants and the generational conflicts that surround their experience, a well as their material contexts (their neighborhood, their house, their job), all of which help to elucidate the complexities of studying change within a permanent revolution.
Social Change and Generational Disparity: Education, Violence, and Precariousness in the Life Story of a Young Moroccan Activist
Authors: Schwarz Christoph H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter illustrates how social change can be assessed in biographical research by methodologically focusing on processes of intergenerational transmission in interviewees’ life stories, not only within the family but also in educational institutions and other contexts. The author illustrates this by reconstructing the political socialization and politicization of a young activist in Morocco’s Unemployed Graduates Movement and Amazigh Movement. Life stories not only allow long periods of social time and the historicity of social processes to be taken into account but also shed light on the conflicts that young people have to tackle before they can claim to be adults as defined in their particular social contexts. From this perspective, social change and the reconfiguration of power relations depend to a great extent on how societies organize and broker the transition to adulthood, and what particular type of young individuals are granted by their position at the intersections of class, gender, and ethnicity. By assessing the interviewees’ reinterpretation of the experiences, narratives, and traditions passed down to them by the older generation and reconstructing how they position themselves in a generation or generational unit, social change and the formation of new social and political subjectivities become empirically accessible as narrated patterns of social interaction.
When a Coterie Becomes a Generation: Intellectual Sociability and the Narrative of Generational Change in Sayyid Qutb’s Egypt
Authors: Šabasevičiūtė Giedrė 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeparting from the case study of Egyptian intellectuals, focusing particularly on Sayyid Qutb, this chapter explores the relationship between narratives of generational change and cultural renewal. It argues that the observation of intellectual sociability is a productive angle from which to understand the conditions under which generational claims result in the effective reshuffling of the intellectual leadership, aesthetic norms, and principles of intellectual authority. The biography of Qutb (1906–1966), a poet and literary critic who abandoned his literary activity in the mid-1950s to pursue a career in Islamic activism—allows us to observe how the generational narrative articulates with his shifting intellectual networks. As a public intellectual, Qutb was at the forefront of two literary confrontations in early- to mid-twentieth century Egypt in which he made generational claims in order to place himself in the literary tradition that emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, and later to cut himself off from that tradition by announcing the emergence of a new generation dedicated to political Islam. At the core of these competing uses of generational rhetoric, this chapter argues, is Qutb’s shifting relationship with the senior literary generation, some of whom he had considered his mentors. Departing from the case study, the chapter then argues that collectives defined as generational tend to emerge in tandem with the reshuffling of social bonds that a writer maintains with his seniors, switching from a bond of transmission to one of confrontation. The change announced in the generational narrative is effective when followed by the concrete action of shifting one’s intellectual solidarities from masters to peers, as this is the moment when the masters are abandoned to history and peers are promoted as the new literary generation. Depending on the particular set of relationships in which a writer finds himself, the notion of generation may act as a narrative of either change or tradition.
Distributed Economies
Authors: dos Santos Aguinaldo , Vezzoli Carlo , Garcia Parra Brenda , Molina Mata Sandra , Banerjee Sharmistha , Kohtala Cindy , Ceschin Fabrizio , Petrulaityte Aine , Duarte Gabriela Garcez , Dickie Isadora Burmeister , Balasubramanian Ranjani , Xia Nan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents Distributed Economies (DE) as a promising model for locally-based sustainability. DE consist of small-scale value-adding units (e.g. manufacturing, energy generation, food production, water management, software development, knowledge generation) where there is a shift in the control of core activities towards the user/client.