bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why We Came to Think as We Do
Authors: Queloz Matthieu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents the questions and concerns animating the book and outlines its two main theses: that there is an under-appreciated tradition of pragmatic genealogy which cuts across the analytic–continental divide, and that these genealogies are dynamic models serving to reverse-engineer the points of ideas in relation to generic and local needs. After sharpening key notions such as ‘genealogy’, ‘living by an idea’, and ‘conceptual practice’, the pragmatic genealogical tradition that forms the topic of the book is brought into view and contrasted with other genealogical traditions. It is shown how this particular method proves puzzling in various ways and resists assimilation to better-known methods. This motivates the search for an attractive systematic account of the method that can make sense of its more puzzling features. The last section of the chapter then offers a rationale for developing this systematic account by doing history of philosophy.
When Genealogy Is Called For
Authors: Queloz Matthieu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines when and why reverse-engineering is best pursued through pragmatic genealogy. In contrast to Miranda Fricker’s interpretation of pragmatic genealogies as elaborate ways of achieving what could equally be achieved with paradigm-based explanations that dispense with historicizing and fictionalizing, an account of pragmatic genealogy is developed which shows that it would be a mistake to replace pragmatic genealogies with paradigm-based explanations across the board. When dealing with self-effacingly functional practices, paradigm-based explanation misses important aspects that pragmatic genealogy is better suited to capturing. And when dealing with historically inflected practices that lack a paradigm case or an obvious connection to generic human needs, paradigm-based explanation fails to get a grip; by achieving a grip even here and giving us a comprehensive view of the historical amalgam of generic and local needs to which our practices answer, pragmatic genealogy earns its keep alongside paradigm-based explanation.
Law of Torts
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Tort is part of the Law of Obligations. Provisions on tort liability are found in Book Three, the Law of Obligations, of the Civil Code. There is only a single general provision on tort. The legislature expected rules to develop out of case law. A person who intentionally or negligently infringes upon others’ right or interests protected There is a body of case law which sets out details of tort law such as causation and fault. There have been cases where the shift of the burden of proof was at issue.
Introduction
Authors: Charles David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aristotle developed a way of understanding psychological phenomena, such as the emotions, desire, and perception, that differs in important ways from those favoured by nearly all post-Cartesian philosophersIn his view [A] these psychological phenomena are defined as inextricably psycho-physical activities, not definable by decomposition into two definitionally separate types of activity or feature, one purely psychological, the other purely physical, and [B] the relevant specific type of physical activity cannot be defined without explicit reference in its definition to some psycho-physical activity. It too is an inextricably psycho-physical activity, not to be defined in terms of two definitionally separate components. Aristotle did not accept the assumptions that we make in setting up the mind–body problem we have inherited from Descartes. From Aristotle’s perspective, our problem is badly formulated.
Enmattered Form
Authors: Charles David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aristotle acceptance of [A] and [B], as set out in the Introduction, reflects his general hylomorphic theory of natural objects. That theory, as developed in the Physics and Metaphysics, is best understood in terms of the Impure Form and not the Pure Form Interpretation. More specifically, it is argued that he held that [A] The forms of natural objects are inextricably enmattered, inseparable in definition from material features or material activities, and that [B] The matter of natural objects is inextricable in definition from such forms. Further, it is suggested that he held [A] because he believed that [C] The forms of natural objects have to be inextricably enmattered to play the causal roles required of them. Aristotle’s discussion of forms was, it seems, partly motivated by the role of forms as causes of materal change. This way of interpreting Aristotle’s version of the hylomorphic structure of natural objects is contrasted with several other interpretations. Several problems are raised for the Impure Form Interpretation which will be addressed in subsequent chapters.
Taste and Smell
Authors: Charles David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
It is argued in this chapter that Aristotle developed an account of tasting, smelling, and touching as inextricably psycho-physical phenomena. In his theory, they have to be defined as inextricably psycho-physical (and possessed of forms of this type) to be causally produced in the way they are by flavours, smells, and the impact of hot or heavy objects. This interpretation is supported by a discussion of the details of his account and by consideration of the type of activity essentially involved in perceiving. Several alternative, two component, interpretations are considered and critically assessed.
England, Scotland, and Wales Compared
Authors: Henderson Ailsa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 shifts our focus beyond England and compares English attitudes with those of other identity groups across Britain. We show that many of the attitudes that attach to Englishness in England attach to Britishness in Scotland and Wales. This serves to underline the key point that Britishness means different things in different parts of Britain. The views of the predominantly or exclusively British in England do not align with those of the predominantly or exclusively British in Scotland and Wales. At least on some of the issues explored in this book, they are in fact closer to the views of those in both countries who feel predominantly or exclusively Scottish and Welsh.
Sine fine
Authors: Lindheim Sara H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Catullus’ poetry reveals an acute awareness of the constant and almost unfathomable widening of his world in the late Roman Republic. In his work people and goods circulate with ease through geographical space, impervious to boundaries. But the cultural notion that only the ends of the world impose limits on Roman territory takes its toll, especially at the level of the subject. The porous nature of geographical boundaries seems to rub off onto the signifiers by which Catullus constructs himself, Lesbia, his brother, his friends, enemies and acquaintances, as well as the places they move through, as coherent, unified, fixed entities.
Among the Ruins
Authors: Storey Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
From the ancient past of Chapter 3, this chapter moves to the account of contemporary American travelers through the ruins and remnants of the ancient Roman world. Starting with Jhumpa Lahiri’s period living in Rome, and touching also on Thomas Jefferson’s account of antique ruins over two hundred years before, the chapter uses the potent image of the “ruin”—both as noun and as verb—to read American travelers in Europe as observers of empire’s recursive temporalities. Closer examinations of travel writing by William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, Eleanor Clark, and Margaret Fuller reveal the ways in which the contemporary moment for each of these writers ends up filtered through the liberal observing subject via their confrontation with the materiality of an ancient empire, collectively registering the analogical history that the ruins of empire inculcate within the landscape.
Eschatology
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The migration to the Pacific Northwest is driven by hope. This hope is controversial because eschatology, insofar as it imagines a better world, involves critique of the present. Recognizing that dispensational premillennialism continues to dominate American evangelical rhetoric and institutions, this chapter describes the reification and recasting of evangelical eschatological narratives in the 1970s. Tracing the emergence, evolution, and effect of a new and radically political postmillennialism, which now circulates widely in north Idaho, this chapter will consider the formulation of the new eschatological style that characterizes the social engagement and political disengagement of a growing number of American evangelicals, explaining their aspiration to survive and resist an impending crisis in society and culture, and to build community in the Pacific Northwest in order to rescue the world beyond. This chapter describes the varieties of hope that sustain strategies of survival and resistance in evangelical America.
Cultural History and Hebraism
Authors: Grosby Steven 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides both an initial formulation of Hebraism as a category of cultural analysis within Christendom and an overview of the problems of that formulation. In doing so, it examines the complications of other categories of cultural history, for example, Hellenism, and of religious categories, specifically monotheism. The characteristics of Hebraic culture are presented: an ascetic mode of conduct that affirms life in this world, an historical orientation, law, and the nation. Also examined are early formulations of the Hebraic influence on the changing significance of the Old Testament, beginning with Matthew Arnold’s contrast between Hellenism and Hebraism.
SIRIUS project. I. Star formation models for star-by-star simulations of star clusters and galaxy formation
Authors: Hirai Yutaka , Fujii Michiko S , Saitoh Takayuki R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Most stars are formed as star clusters in galaxies, which then disperse into galactic disks. Upcoming exascale supercomputational facilities will enable simulations of galaxies and their formation by resolving individual stars (star-by-star simulations). This will substantially advance our understanding of star formation in galaxies, star cluster formation, and assembly histories of galaxies. In previous galaxy simulations, a simple stellar population approximation was used. It is, however, difficult to improve the mass resolution with this approximation. Therefore, a model for forming individual stars that can be used in simulations of galaxies must be established. In this first paper of a series from the SIRIUS (SImulations Resolving IndividUal Stars) project, we demonstrate a stochastic star formation model for star-by-star simulations. An assumed stellar initial mass function (IMF) is randomly assigned to newly formed stars in this model. We introduce a maximum search radius to assemble the mass from surrounding gas particles to form star particles. In this study, we perform a series of N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of star cluster formations from turbulent molecular clouds and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies as test cases. The IMF can be correctly sampled if a maximum search radius that is larger than the value estimated from the threshold density for star formation is adopted. In small clouds, the formation of massive stars is highly stochastic because of the small number of stars. We confirm that the star formation efficiency and threshold density do not strongly affect the results. We find that our model can naturally reproduce the relationship between the most massive stars and the total stellar mass of star clusters. Herein, we demonstrate that our models can be applied to simulations varying from star clusters to galaxies for a wide range of resolutions.
Key drivers structuring rotifer communities in ponds: insights into an agricultural landscape
Authors: Onandia Gabriela , Maassen Sebastian , Musseau Camille L , Berger Stella A , Olmo Carla , Jeschke Jonathan M , Lischeid Gunnar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the influence of environmental and spatial factors on the structure of aquatic communities remains a major challenge in community ecology. This study aims to identify main drivers of rotifer abundance and diversity in ponds embedded in an intensive agricultural landscape in Northeast Germany. We studied 42 ponds of glacial origin (kettle holes) covering a wide range of environmental parameters. The predominant factors structuring the rotifer metacommunity shifted from abiotic environmental filtering in spring to unstudied factors in autumn, while spatial factors remained less important. Fertilizer-driven salinization, internal nutrient recycling, primary productivity and sediment phosphorus release were the prevalent biogeochemical processes in the ponds. Both fertilizer-driven salinization and primary productivity negatively affected rotifer alpha diversity, and positively affected beta diversity. This impact was lower in forest ponds than in those surrounded by arable fields or grassland. However, rotifer diversity did not significantly differ among land-use categories. Our results indicate that the long-term impact of intensive agriculture in the region and the associated widespread eutrophication overrides the direct influence of land use on rotifer diversity but point to an indirect effect via fertilizer-driven salinization. Furthermore, this study highlights the role of ponds in enhancing regional biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
Histone acetyltransferase TaHAG1 acts as a crucial regulator to strengthen salt tolerance of hexaploid wheat
Authors: Zheng Mei , Lin Jingchen , Liu Xingbei , Chu Wei , Li Jinpeng , Gao Yujiao , An Kexin , Song Wanjun , Xin Mingming , Yao Yingyin , Peng Huiru , Ni Zhongfu , Sun Qixin , Hu Zhaorong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPolyploidy occurs prevalently and plays an important role during plant speciation and evolution. This phenomenon suggests polyploidy could develop novel features that enable them to adapt wider range of environmental conditions compared with diploid progenitors. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., BBAADD) is a typical allohexaploid species and generally exhibits greater salt tolerance than its tetraploid wheat progenitor (BBAA). However, little is known about the underlying molecular basis and the regulatory pathway of this trait. Here, we show that the histone acetyltransferase TaHAG1 acts as a crucial regulator to strengthen salt tolerance of hexaploid wheat. Salinity-induced TaHAG1 expression was associated with tolerance variation in polyploidy wheat. Overexpression, silencing, and CRISPR-mediated knockout of TaHAG1 validated the role of TaHAG1 in salinity tolerance of wheat. TaHAG1 contributed to salt tolerance by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and signal specificity. Moreover, TaHAG1 directly targeted a subset of genes that are responsible for hydrogen peroxide production, and enrichment of TaHAG1 triggered increased H3 acetylation and transcriptional upregulation of these loci under salt stress. In addition, we found the salinity-induced TaHAG1-mediated ROS production pathway is involved in salt tolerance difference of wheat accessions with varying ploidy. Our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism of how an epigenetic regulatory factor facilitates adaptability of polyploidy wheat and highlights this epigenetic modulator as a strategy for salt tolerance breeding in bread wheat.
A Total Error Framework for Digital Traces of Human Behavior on Online Platforms
Authors: Sen Indira , Flöck Fabian , Weller Katrin , Weiß Bernd , Wagner Claudia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPeople’s activities and opinions recorded as digital traces online, especially on social media and other web-based platforms, offer increasingly informative pictures of the public. They promise to allow inferences about populations beyond the users of the platforms on which the traces are recorded, representing real potential for the social sciences and a complement to survey-based research. But the use of digital traces brings its own complexities and new error sources to the research enterprise. Recently, researchers have begun to discuss the errors that can occur when digital traces are used to learn about humans and social phenomena. This article synthesizes this discussion and proposes a systematic way to categorize potential errors, inspired by the Total Survey Error (TSE) framework developed for survey methodology. We introduce a conceptual framework to diagnose, understand, and document errors that may occur in studies based on such digital traces. While there are clear parallels to the well-known error sources in the TSE framework, the new “Total Error Framework for Digital Traces of Human Behavior on Online Platforms” (TED-On) identifies several types of error that are specific to the use of digital traces. By providing a standard vocabulary to describe these errors, the proposed framework is intended to advance communication and research about using digital traces in scientific social research.
Development of a cavity with photonic crystal structure for axion searches
Authors: Kishimoto Y , Suzuki Y , Ogawa I , Mori Y , Yamashita M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Two cavities of different sizes with a photonic crystal structure have been developed for axion searches. In the cavities, the dispersion relation in the photonic crystal is utilized, and so they are called “DRiPC cavities”. The size of the smaller cavity is $100 \times 100 \times 10$ mm, where 16 cylindrical metal poles with a diameter of 4 mm are introduced in a $4\times4$ grid at 20 mm intervals. In this study, the grid interval in the $x$ direction in the smaller cavity, $L_x$, was changed to investigate the resonance frequency, $Q$-value, and the electric field profile at each $L_x$. The lowest three frequencies have been compared with those simulated by the finite element method and have been found to be in excellent agreement. The lowest-frequency mode could be tuned from 5.10 GHz ($L_x = 25.0$ mm) to 6.72 GHz (13.9 mm), centered on 5.87 GHz at $L_x = 20$ mm. This wide tunability range, 27.7$\%$, was suitable for a search with a modest $Q$-value. By examining the electric field distributions with the bead-pull method, the lowest-frequency modes at $L_x=16.0$–25.0 mm were ${\rm TM_{010}}$-like. This mode was also obtained in a larger cavity ($180 \times 180 \times 20\,\text{mm} \times 2$) with the same photonic crystal structure. These results led us to conclude that a DRiPC cavity has features suitable for future axion search experiments.
Fiscal Federalism and Economic Crises in the United States: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic and Great Recession
Authors: López-Santana Mariely , Rocco Philip 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe architecture of fiscal federalism in the United States represents an obstacle for prompt and comprehensive policy responses to economic crises, especially by subnational levels of government. As both a public health and economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic has put unique fiscal pressures on subnational governments. This article reviews the pandemic’s fiscal effects on these governments, as well as the federal government’s response. By comparing the response to the COVID-19 crisis during the Trump administration with the response to the Great Recession during the Obama administration, we show that while the speed and magnitude of federal aid was unprecedented in 2020, it was nevertheless conditional in nature and beset by familiar political and institutional obstacles. Despite major fiscal pressures, state revenues rebounded earlier than expected, in part due to the relaxation of public health measures and the collection of taxes from online transactions; yet, state resources remained strained throughout the year, especially in states reliant on the hospitality and the oil sectors. And while local property taxes were buoyed by a surging housing market, cities and counties were confronted with declining revenue from other sources and intense emergency spending needs. Thus, despite unprecedented levels of federal support for state and local governments, the legacies of “fend for yourself” federalism live on.
Conditional Dynamics and the Multihorizon Risk-Return Trade-Off
Authors: Chernov Mikhail , Lochstoer Lars A , Lundeby Stig R H 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe propose testing asset pricing models using multihorizon returns (MHRs). MHRs effectively generate a new set of test assets that is endogenous to the model and that identifies a broad set of possible conditional misspecifications. We apply MHR-based testing to prominent linear factor models and show that these models typically do a poor job of pricing longer-horizon returns, with pricing errors that are similar in magnitude to the risk premiums they were designed to explain. We trace the errors to the conditional factor dynamics. Explicitly incorporating factor timing into the models often makes mispricing worse, thereby posing a challenge for future research.
Antiviral proinflammatory phenotype of monocytes in anti-MDA5 antibody-associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Gono Takahisa , Okazaki Yuka , Kuwana Masataka 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate upstream and downstream regulators leading to macrophage activation and subsequent cytokine storm in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD).

Methods
We conducted an integrated miRNA-mRNA association analysis using circulating monocytes from 3 patients with anti-MDA5-associated ILD and 3 healthy controls and identified disease pathways and a regulator effect network by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The expression of relevant genes and proteins was verified using an independent validation cohort, including 6 patients with anti-MDA5-associated ILD, 5 with anti-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase antibody-associated ILD, and 6 healthy controls.

Results
IPA identified 26 matched pairs of downregulated miRNA and upregulated mRNAs and revealed that canonical pathways mediated by type I IFN signalling and C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) were responsible for the pathogenic process (P &lt; 0.05 for all pathways). The regulatory network model identified IFN-β; Toll-like receptors 3, 7, and 9; and PU.1 as upstream regulators, while the downstream effect of this network converged at the inhibition of viral infection. mRNA and protein expression analysis using validation cohort showed a trend towards the increased expression of relevant molecules identified by IPA in patients with anti-MDA5-associated ILD compared with those with anti-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase antibody-associated ILD or healthy controls. The expression of all relevant genes in monocytes and serum levels of CCL2 and IFN-β declined after treatment in survivors with anti-MDA5-associated ILD.

Conclusion
An antiviral proinflammatory network orchestrated primarily by activated monocytes/macrophages might be responsible for cytokine storm in anti-MDA5-associated ILD.