bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of photoelectric cross section data on systematic uncertainties for Monte Carlo breast dosimetry in mammography
Authors: Massera Rodrigo T , Fernández-Varea José M , Tomal Alessandra 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are employed extensively in breast dosimetry studies. In the energy interval of interest in mammography energy deposition is predominantly caused by the photoelectric effect, and the corresponding cross sections used by the MC codes to model this interaction process have a direct influence on the simulation results. The present work compares two photoelectric cross section databases in order to estimate the systematic uncertainty, related to breast dosimetry, introduced by the choice of cross sections for photoabsorption. The databases with and without the so-called normalization screening correction are denoted as ‘renormalized’ or ‘un-normalized’, respectively. The simulations were performed with the PENELOPE/penEasy code system, for a geometry resembling a mammography examination. The mean glandular dose (MGD), incident air kerma (K
air), normalized glandular dose (DgN) and glandular depth-dose (GDD(z)) were scored, for homogeneous breast phantoms, using both databases. The AAPM Report TG-195 case 3 was replicated, and the results were included. Moreover, cases with heterogeneous and anthropomorphic breast phantoms were also addressed. The results simulated with the un-normalized cross sections are in better overall agreement with the TG-195 data than those from the renormalized cross sections; for MGD the largest discrepancies are 0.13(6)% and 0.74(5)%, respectively. The MGD, K
air and DgN values simulated with the two databases show differences that diminish from approximately 10%/3%/6.8% at 8.25 keV down to 1.5%/1.7%/0.4% at 48.75 keV, respectively. For polyenergetic spectra, deviations up to 2.5% were observed. The disagreement between the GDDs simulated with the analyzed databases increases with depth, ranging from −1% near the breast entrance to 4% near the bottom. Thus, the choice of photoelectric cross section database affects the MC simulation results of breast dosimetry and adds a non-negligible systematic uncertainty to the dosimetric quantities used in mammography.
Interfacial magnetic coupling and orbital hybridization for D022-Mn3Ga/Fe films
Authors: Zhang Fengyuan , Tong Junwei , Wu Yanzhao , Liu Guohui , Zhang Rui , Tian Fubo , Qin Gaowu , Zhang Xianmin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Interfacial magnetic coupling interactions between D022-Mn3Ga and ultrathin Fe films were studied using first principles calculations. Based on the calculations of surface energy and interface energy, it is demonstrated that Mn-Ga/Fe is the most stable interfacial structure. As a result, four possible coupling states between D022-Mn3Ga and Fe films may be present by considering the relative direction of magnetic moment for the interfacial and inner-layer Mn atoms. Their corresponding energies were calculated by varying the Fe atomic layer thicknesses from 1 to 6 monolayers. It is found that the antiferromagnetic coupling energy in D022-Mn3Ga/Fe films with an anti-parallel magnetic moment of the interfacial and inner-layer Mn atoms is the smallest one, regardless of the Fe layer numbers. The possible mechanism about the antiferromagnetic interactions between D022-Mn3Ga and ultrathin Fe films was analyzed by the orbital-resolved electronic density of states.
The trans-Planckian problem in tachyacoustic cosmology
Authors: Lin Wei-Chen , Kinney William H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study Tachyacoustic models of cosmology, for which a scale-invariant perturbation spectrum is generated via superluminal sound speed instead of accelerated expansion, as in the case of inflation. We derive two bounds on the size of acoustic horizon which constrain the duration of tachyacoustic evolution, and therefore generation of primordial perturbations. We show that existing models cannot solve the horizon problem without violating the condition that all physical scales — such as the Hubble parameter, the pressure, and the length scale at which quantum modes freeze out and become classical — be sub-Planckian.
Cosmic ray propagation in the Universe in presence of a random magnetic field
Authors: Supanitsky A.D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The origin of the ultrahigh energy cosmic ray remains being a mystery. However, a
considerable progress has been made in the past few years due to the good quality data recorded
by current cosmic ray observatories. One of the recent achievements is obtaining firm observational
evidence about the extragalactic origin of the most energetic cosmic rays by the Pierre Auger
observatory. On the other hand, it is believed that there is a non-null turbulent magnetic field
that fills the intergalactic medium. Therefore, the presence of the intergalactic magnetic field
can play an important role on the propagation of the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays through the
Universe, which in principle can be relevant to interpret the experimental data. In this work we
present a system of partial differential equations that describes the propagation of the ultrahigh
energy cosmic rays through the Universe, in the presence of a turbulent intergalactic magnetic field,
that includes the diffusive and the ballistic regime of propagation and also the transition between
them. Also, as an example of application, the system of equations is solved numerically in a
simplified physical situation.
Dosimetric analysis of cervical cancer stage IIB patients treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy using plan uncertainty parameters module of Varian Eclipse treatment planning system
Authors: Singh Gaganpreet , Tyagi Atul , Thaper Deepak , Kamal Rose , Kumar Vivek , Oinam Arun S , Srivastava Ranjana , Halder Shikha , Hukku Shelly 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction. The present study aims to investigate the dosimetric and radiobiological impact of patient setup errors (PSE) on the target and organs at risk (OAR) of the cervix carcinoma stage IIB patients treated with volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) delivery technique using plan uncertainty parameters module of Varian Eclipse treatment planning system and in-house developed DVH Analyzer program. Materials and Methods. A total of 976 VMAT plans were generated to simulate the PSE in the base plan that varies from −10 mm to 10 mm in a step size of 1 mm in x– (lateral), y– (craniocaudal), and z– (anteroposterior) directions. The different OAR and tumor (PTV) volumes were delineated in each case. Various plan quality metrics, such as conformity index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI), as well as radiobiological quantities, such as tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue control probability (NTCP), were calculated from the DVH bands generated from the cohort of treatment plans associated with each patient case, using an in-house developed ‘DVH Analyzer’ program. The extracted parameters were statistically analyzed and compared with the base plan’s dosimetric parameters having no PSE. Results. The maximum variation of (i) 2.4%, 21.5%, 0.8%, 2.5% in D2cc of bladder, rectum, small bowel and sigmoid colon respectively; (ii) 19.3% and 18.9% in Dmax of the left and right femoral heads (iii) 16.9% in D95% of PTV (iv) 12.1% in NTCP of sigmoid colon were observed with change of PSE in all directions. TCP was found to be considerably affected for PSEs larger than 4 mm in x+, y+, z+ directions and 7 mm in x-, y- and z- directions, respectively. Conclusion. This study presents the effect of PSE on TCP and NTCP for the cervix carcinoma cases treated with VMAT technique and also recommends daily image guidance to mitigate the effects of PSE.
Prediction of the transverse elastic modulus of the unidirectional composites by an artificial neural network with fiber positions and volume fraction
Authors: Kim Do-Won , Park Shin-Mu , Lim Jae Hyuk 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the development of artificial neural network (ANN) modeling for predicting the transverse elastic modulus of a unidirectional composite (E-glass/MY750) with fiber positions and volume fraction. For this prediction, random representative volume elements were generated according to the fiber volume fraction (

V

f

). A training dataset consisting of input data (

V

f

and fiber locations) and output data (the effective elastic modulus), which were computed by the computational homogenization scheme (CHS), was used to train the ANN model to have proper weight and bias by back propagation. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed ANN model, prediction of the transverse elastic modulus of various test datasets whose transverse elastic moduli are known by CHS was conducted. The prediction accuracy was verified in terms of the mean squared error, correlation coefficient (R), and relative error. The prediction results showed excellent agreement with the test dataset and quickly predicted the transverse elastic modulus having random microstructures.
Analysis of laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics of fluid in plain and induced tubes
Authors: Oluwasesan Oni Taiwo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Heat energy is applied in various equipment and the pursuit to produce equipment that has an improved performance is increasing. In pursuit to augment heat transfer in such equipment for its better performance, it is necessary to induce the tubes of the equipment by integration of supplementary devices into them or modification of their geometries, and then analyse thermo-hydraulic characteristics of flow in the tubes. In this work, thermo-hydraulic characteristics of laminar flow in eight different tube models were numerically analysed. The models comprise tube without a tape inside it (Tube-P), plain-twisted-tape-induced tube (Tube-L), ellipse-shaped-opening-twisted-tape-induced tube (Tube-E), circle-shaped-opening-twisted-tape-induced tube (Tube-C), triangle-shaped-opening-twisted-tape-induced tube (Tube-T), intersected-axes-ellipse-shaped-opening-twisted-tape-induced tube (Tube-EX), intersected-axes-circle-shaped-opening-twisted-tape-induced tube (Tube-CX), and intersected-axes-triangle-shaped-opening-twisted-tape-induced tube (Tube-TX). The goal of the current work focuses on identifying the model among them whose performance is the most superior. Reynolds numbers of values between 830 and 2,000 were assigned to the laminar flow, and a CFD software known as Fluent was used to carry out the simulation of the thermo-hydraulic characteristics of the laminar flow. The findings revealed that the intersected axes and the geometry of the openings in the tapes have impacts on the models’ performance. The Tube-TX model’s performance is the most superior among all the models as its Nusselt number is 64.70 to 103.22% more than that in the Tube-L model. The friction factor in the Tube-TX model is 1.59 to 1.62 times the values in the Tube-L model. The heat transfer enhancement index of the Tube-TX model is 64.70 to 103.22% higher than that of the Tube-L model. The Nusselt number and friction factor obtained from the novel correlations formed in the current work and those obtained from the current work’s simulation are in accord with a variation of 4.08% and 1.10%, respectively.
On the switching current and the re-trapping current of tungsten nanowires fabricated by Focussed Ion Beam (FIB) technique
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Husale Sudhir , Pandey Himanshu , Yadav Mahesh Gaurav , Yousuf Majid , Papanai Girija Shankar , Gupta Anurag , Aloysius R P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We report the superconducting properties of the tungsten (W) nanowires fabricated using focussed ion beam (FIB) technique having different wire widths of ∼120 nm and ∼290 nm. The transport properties of these wires were measured down to a temperature of 20 mK in a dilution refrigerator. We observed hysteretic current- voltage characteristics (IVCs) as a function of temperature, wherein the extend of hysteresis (difference between switching current and re-trapping current) is larger at lower temperature and diminishes near to the transition temperature. The temperature dependence of the switching current and re-trapping current were analysed using conventional models and found out to be of reasonable agreement with the models invoked. The re-trapping current agrees well with the thermal model incorporating phonon contribution in the heat dissipation process along with the electronic contribution. The equilibrium electron temperature calculated using the heat dissipation models at the critical current of the wires agrees well with respect to the transition temperature of the wire having a larger width, while for the wire of lower width, it is slightly elevated. Based on the analysis, it is believed that heat dissipation primarily because of Joule heating is the cause of the hysteretic current voltage characteristics of the nanowires.
Fabrication and characterization of lead sulfide and multi-walled carbon nanotube based field effect transistors using low cost chemical route
Authors: Patil Ganesh C , Ingle Suyog T , Sankapal Babasaheb R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, lead sulfide (PbS) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based field effect transistors (FETs) have been fabricated by using simple and low cost solution processing. The fabricated devices having channel length of 3 mm have been functionalized as a n-channel FETs. It has been observed from the output and the transfer characterstics that at the gate-to-source voltage (V
GS) of 15 V and drain-to-source voltage (V
DS) of 10 V, the on-state-drive current (I
ON) for PbS and MWCNT based FETs is 42.23 μA and 25.52 μA, respectively, whereas at V
GS = 0 V and V
DS = 10 V the off-state leakage current (I
OFF) is 0.183 μA and 0.11 μA, respectively. Further, for PbS and MWCNT based FETs at the measured threshold voltage of 5.75 V and 6.3 V, the sub-threshold swing is found to be 5.23 V/Decade and 6.12 V/Decade, respectively. The morphological and structural studies have been performed to speculate the crystallinity and the topography of the individual layers. The chemical composition of the different layers clearly justify the deposition of the material layers in the fabricated FETs. In addtion, this work also proposes a new approach for fabricating the PbS and MWCNT based FETs.
Pharmacometabonomics: data processing and statistical analysis
Authors: Fu Jianbo , Zhang Ying , Liu Jin , Lian Xichen , Tang Jing , Zhu Feng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIndividual variations in drug efficacy, side effects and adverse drug reactions are still challenging that cannot be ignored in drug research and development. The aim of pharmacometabonomics is to better understand the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs and monitor the drug effects on specific metabolic pathways. Here, we systematically reviewed the recent technological advances in pharmacometabonomics for better understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases as well as the metabolic effects of drugs on bodies. First, the advantages and disadvantages of all mainstream analytical techniques were compared. Second, many data processing strategies including filtering, missing value imputation, quality control-based correction, transformation, normalization together with the methods implemented in each step were discussed. Third, various feature selection and feature extraction algorithms commonly applied in pharmacometabonomics were described. Finally, the databases that facilitate current pharmacometabonomics were collected and discussed. All in all, this review provided guidance for researchers engaged in pharmacometabonomics and metabolomics, and it would promote the wide application of metabolomics in drug research and personalized medicine.
Variability and the primacy of the genotype
Authors: Wilkens Horst 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cave animals and species flocks exhibit common evolutionary principles. In caves, all traits dependent on the information derived from light lose their biological function. Mutations destructive for such traits, but neutral for the organism as a whole, can persist and accumulate until a trait has vanished. Adaptive radiations start in ecosystems containing open niches. Here, selection on niche-specific traits, such as the viscerocranium in fish, is relaxed owing to the absence of competing species, and viscerocranial variability arises. It is transitorily high in recent and phylogenetically younger flocks, providing new phenotypes. It lessens and is completely lost after directional selection promotes the fixation of phenotypes that are best adapted. In cave animals and species flocks, single traits manifest phenotypic variability owing to relaxed selection. Like the eye in cave species, the viscerocranium can be classified a module, the development of which is encoded in gene regulatory networks. Mutations in these genes can result in new phenotypes. Regarding functionality, these mutations might be destructive and eliminated by selection, neutral and thus persisting, or beneficial and promoted to fixation by directional selection. Given the ancient heritage of teleostean fish, these gene regulatory networks might be prone to mutations at the same loci or to developmental reactions resulting in similar phenotypes in closely related or taxonomically and geographically distant species.
Defining functional variants associated with Alzheimer’s disease in the induced immune response
Authors: Harwood Janet C , Leonenko Ganna , Sims Rebecca , Escott-Price Valentina , Williams Julie , Holmans Peter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDefining the mechanisms involved in the aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease from genome-wide association studies alone is challenging since Alzheimer’s disease is polygenic and most genetic variants are non-coding. Non-coding Alzheimer’s disease risk variants can influence gene expression by affecting miRNA binding and those located within enhancers and within CTCF sites may influence gene expression through alterations in chromatin states. In addition, their function can be cell-type specific. They can function specifically in microglial enhancers thus affecting gene expression in the brain. Hence, transcriptome-wide association studies have been applied to test the genetic association between disease risk and cell-/tissue-specific gene expression. Many Alzheimer’s disease-associated loci are involved in the pathways of the innate immune system. Both microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain, and monocytes which can infiltrate the brain and differentiate into activated macrophages, have roles in neuroinflammation and β-amyloid clearance through phagocytosis. In monocytes the function of regulatory variants can be context-specific after immune stimulation. To dissect the variants associated with Alzheimer’s disease in the context of monocytes, we utilized data from naïve monocytes and following immune stimulation in vitro, in combination with genome-wide association studies of Alzheimer’s disease in transcriptome-wide association studies. Of the nine genes with statistically independent transcriptome-wide association signals, seven are located in known Alzheimer’s disease risk loci: BIN1, PTK2B, SPI1, MS4A4A, MS4A6E, APOE and PVR. The transcriptome-wide association signal for MS4A6E, PTK2B and PVR and the direction of effect replicated in an independent genome-wide association studies. Our analysis identified two novel candidate genes for Alzheimer’s disease risk, LACTB2 and PLIN2/ADRP. LACTB2 replicated in a transcriptome-wide association study using independent expression weights. LACTB2 and PLIN2/ADRP are involved in mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism, respectively. Comparison of transcriptome-wide association study results from monocytes, whole blood and brain showed that the signal for PTK2B is specific to blood and MS4A6E is specific to LPS stimulated monocytes.
How Well Do Laboratories Adhere to Recommended Guidelines for Cardiac Biomarkers Management in Europe? The CArdiac MARker Guideline Uptake in Europe (CAMARGUE) Study of the European Federation of Laboratory Medicine Task Group on Cardiac Markers
Authors: Collinson Paul , Suvisaari Janne , Aakre Kristin M , Baum Hannsjörg , Duff Christopher J , Gruson Damien , Hammerer-Lercher Angelika , Pulkki Kari , Stankovic Sanja , Langlois Michel R , Apple Fred S , Laitinen Päivi ,   for the EFLM Task Group on Cardiac Markers
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The CARdiac MARker Guideline Uptake in Europe (CAMARGUE) program is a multi-country audit of the use of cardiac biomarkers in routine clinical practice.

Methods
An email link to a web-based questionnaire of 30 multiple-choice questions was distributed via the professional societies in Europe.

Results
374 questionnaires were returned from 39 countries, the majority of which were in northern Europe with a response rate of 8.2%–42.0%. The majority of the respondents were from hospitals with proportionately more responses from central hospitals than district hospitals. Cardiac troponin was the preferred cardiac biomarker, evenly split between cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Aspartate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase are no longer offered as cardiac biomarkers. Creatine kinase, creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, and myoglobin continue to be offered as part of the cardiac biomarker profile in approximately on 50% of respondents. There is widespread utilization of high sensitivity (hs) troponin assays. The majority of cTnT users measure hs-cTnT. 29.5% of laboratories measure cTnI by a non-hs method but there has been substantial conversion to hs-cTnI. The majority of respondents used ng/L and use the 99th percentile as the upper reference limit (71.9% of respondents). A range of diagnostic protocols are in use.

Conclusions
There is widespread utilization of hs troponin methods. A significant minority do not use the 99th percentile as recommended and there is, as yet, little uptake of very rapid diagnostic strategies. Education of laboratory professionals and clinicians remains a priority.
Cell therapy in patients with heart failure: a comprehensive review and emerging concepts
Authors: Bolli Roberto , Solankhi Mitesh , Tang Xiang-Liang , Kahlon Arunpreet 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This review summarizes the results of clinical trials of cell therapy in patients with heart failure (HF). In contrast to acute myocardial infarction (where results have been consistently negative for more than a decade), in the setting of HF the results of Phase I–II trials are encouraging, both in ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Several well-designed Phase II studies have met their primary endpoint and demonstrated an efficacy signal, which is remarkable considering that only one dose of cells was used. That an efficacy signal was seen 6–12 months after a single treatment provides a rationale for larger, rigorous trials. Importantly, no safety concerns have emerged. Amongst the various cell types tested, mesenchymal stromal cells derived from bone marrow (BM), umbilical cord, or adipose tissue show the greatest promise. In contrast, embryonic stem cells are not likely to become a clinical therapy. Unfractionated BM cells and cardiosphere-derived cells have been abandoned. The cell products used for HF will most likely be allogeneic. New approaches, such as repeated cell treatment and intravenous delivery, may revolutionize the field. As is the case for most new therapies, the development of cell therapies for HF has been slow, plagued by multifarious problems, and punctuated by many setbacks; at present, the utility of cell therapy in HF remains to be determined. What the field needs is rigorous, well-designed Phase III trials. The most important things to move forward are to keep an open mind, avoid preconceived notions, and let ourselves be guided by the evidence.