bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human aspartyl (asparaginyl) hydroxylase. A multifaceted enzyme with broad intra- and extra-cellular activity
Authors: Greve Jenna M , Pinkham Andrew M , Cowan J A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Human aspartyl (asparaginyl) β-hydroxylase (HAAH), a unique iron and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase, has shown increased importance as a suspected oncogenic protein. HAAH and its associated mRNA are upregulated in a wide variety of cancer types, however, the current role of HAAH in the malignant transformation of cells is unknown. HAAH is suspected to play an important role in NOTCH signaling via selective hydroxylation of aspartic acid and asparagine residues of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. HAAH hydroxylation also potentially mediates calcium signaling and oxygen sensing. In this review, we summarize the current state of understanding of the biochemistry and chemical biology of this enzyme, identify key differences from other family members, outline its broader intra- and extra-cellular roles, and identify the most promising areas for future research efforts.
Mild to moderate decrease in eGFR and cognitive decline in older adults
Authors: Grasing Michael , Kennedy Kevin , Sarnak Mark J , Burns Jeffrey M , Gupta Aditi 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Whether mild to moderately low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is associated with cognitive decline in older adults is not clear. We evaluated changes in cognition in relation to baseline eGFR in older adults participating in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI).

Methods
This is a longitudinal secondary analysis of an established observational cohort. We used data from the ADNI, an National Institutes of Health–funded, multicenter longitudinal observational study that includes participants with and without cognitive impairment who were administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests every 6 months. We related the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration eGFR with previously validated cognition composite scores for memory (ADNI-Mem) and executive function (ADNI-EF) in multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, race and level of education.

Results
A total of 1127 ADNI participants (mean age 74 ± 7 years, 57% men, 97% Caucasian, mean follow-up 6 ± 2.6 years) were included in the analysis. The mean baseline eGFR was 76 ± 19 mL/min/1.73 m2, with 6% with eGFR &lt;45, 22% with eGFR 45–&lt;60, 51% with eGFR 60–90 and 21% with eGFR &gt;90 mL/min/1.73 m2 at baseline. Both ADNI-Mem and ADNI-EF scores declined over time. In the multivariable linear regression model, older age (β = −0.117, P = 0.01), female sex (β = 0.312, P &lt; 0.001) and lower education (β = 0.079, P &lt; 0.001) were associated with a decline in ADNI-Mem scores, whereas baseline eGFR (each 10 mL/min/1.73 m2 change) was not {β = −0.03 [confidence interval (CI) −0.06–0.001], P = 0.11}. Similarly, older age (β = −0.278, P &lt; 0.001) and lower education (β = 0.099, P &lt; 0.001) were associated with a decline in ADNI-EF scores, whereas baseline eGFR was not [β = 0.004 (95% CI −0.04–0.04), P = 0.84].

Conclusions
In this cohort from the ADNI study, there was no association between baseline eGFR and cognitive decline in older adults with mild to moderately low eGFR.
Risk Factors for High-Grade Heterotopic Ossification After Total Disc Replacement: A Single-Center Experience of 394 Cases
Authors: Wang Han , Wang Xiaofei , Liu Hao , Meng Yang , Guo Yingjun , Hong Ying 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common complication following total disc replacement (TDR). High-grade HO is a clinically relevant complication, however, only a few studies have evaluated risk factors for high-grade HO.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate potential risk factors for HO and high-grade HO and their impact on clinical outcomes.

METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent TDR or hybrid surgery (HS) with Prestige-LP (Medtronic), Discover (Depuy), and Prodisc-C (Synthes). Clinical outcomes were assessed using Japanese Orthopaedic Association, Visual Analogue Scale, and Neck Disability Index scores. Radiological variables, including preoperative ossification, global and segmental range of motion (ROM), HO, and adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) were reviewed.

RESULTS
A total of 394 patients were evaluated. HO and high-grade HO occurred in 67.77% and 11.17% patients, respectively. Preoperative ossification was significantly associated with the occurrence of HO (P < .001, OR: 3.507, 95%CI: 2.211-5.562) and high-grade HO (P = .019, OR: 2.176, 95%CI: 1.137-4.166). The ROM of replacement levels and C2-7 were significantly lower in the high-grade HO group compared to those without high-grade HO: (3.80° vs 10.18°, P < .001) and (42.81° vs 54.00°, P < .001), respectively. The incidence of ASD was significantly higher in patients with high-grade HO than those without high-grade HO (22.73% vs 11.14%, P = .048).

CONCLUSION
Preoperative ossification was identified as a potential risk factor for HO and high-grade HO. Patients with high-grade HO had limited ROM of replacement levels and the cervical spine and had a high incidence of ASD compared to those without high-grade HO.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors enhance estrogen receptor beta expression and augment agonist-mediated tumor suppression in glioblastoma
Authors: Pratap Uday P , Sareddy Gangadhara R , Liu Zexuan , Venkata Prabhakar Pitta , Liu Junhao , Tang Weiwei , Altwegg Kristin A , Ebrahimi Behnam , Li Xiaonan , Tekmal Rajeshwar R , Viswanadhapalli Suryavathi , McHardy Stanton , Brenner Andrew J , Vadlamudi Ratna K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most lethal primary brain tumors. Estrogen receptor β (ESR2/ERβ) function as a tumor suppressor in GBM, however, ERβ expression is commonly suppressed during glioma progression. In this study, we examined whether drugs that reverse epigenetic modifications will enhance ERβ expression and augment ERβ agonist-mediated tumor suppression.

Methods
We tested the utility of epigenetic drugs which act as an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs), histone methylases, and BET enzymes. Mechanistic studies utilized RT-qPCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and western blotting. Cell viability, apoptosis, colony formation, and invasion were measured using in vitro assays. An orthotopic GBM model was used to test the efficacy of in vivo.

Results
Of all inhibitors tested, HDACi (panobinostat and romidepsin) showed the potential to increase the expression of ERβ in GBM cells. Treatment with HDACi uniquely upregulated ERβ isoform 1 expression that functions as a tumor suppressor but not ERβ isoform 5 that drives oncogenic functions. Further, combination therapy of HDACi with the ERβ agonist, LY500307, potently reduced cell viability, invasion, colony formation, and enhanced apoptosis. Mechanistic studies showed that HDACi induced ERβ is functional, as it enhanced ERβ reporter activities and ERβ target genes expression. ChIP analysis confirmed alterations in the histone acetylation at the ERβ and its target gene promoters. In orthotopic GBM model, combination therapy of panobinostat and LY500307 enhanced survival of tumor-bearing mice.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that the combination therapy of HDACi and LY500307 provides therapeutic utility in overcoming the suppression of ERβ expression that commonly occurs in GBM progression.
Classical Antiquity
Authors: Malik Shushma 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article considers how the Roman Republic could function as a site of decadence for both ancient writers and later critics. While Imperial Rome and its colorful emperors frequently appear in fin-de-siècle literature and artwork, the Roman Republic was also home to a host of morally ambiguous characters. The early Republic is perhaps better known for its heroes—Brutus, Horatius, Cloelia, or Mucius—but even within the characterizations of these seemingly virtuous Romans there is room for accusations of lateness, inadequacy, and decline. The hallmarks of decadence can be found in the long history of Rome, from its foundation through to its “fall” in the West. As such, the moral and material stagnation that is so familiar from decadent references to Imperial Rome can be usefully understood as a result of the decline that was always present in the state and appears even in the biographies of its most illustrious citizens.
Essays
Authors: Freeman Nick 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article examines the phenomenon of the “decadent essay” through discussion of works by significant practitioners of the form, such as Oscar Wilde and Max Beerbohm. It argues that decadent writers played a sophisticated game whereby they adapted the discussion of their interests to the needs of the marketplace without appearing to make commercially-driven compromises. Using Virginia Woolf’s views of the essay as a defining reference point, the chapter looks at the ways in which Arthur Symons and Hubert Crackanthorpe articulated what decadence might be in both mainstream (Harper’s New Monthly Magazine) and more avant-garde periodicals (The Yellow Book and The Savoy). Finally, it considers some of the ways in which the associations and attitudes of decadence crossed over from essays into fiction by novelists such as Robert Hichens, Ada Leverson, and Aldous Huxley.
The Rise and Rise of K-Pop
Authors: Howard Keith 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
K-pop, Korean popular music, is a central component in Korea’s cultural exports. It helps brand Korea, and through sponsorships and tie-ups, generates attention for Korea that goes well beyond the music and media industries. This essay traces the history of Korean popular music, from its emergence in the early decades of the twentieth century, through the influence of America on South Korea’s cultural development and the assimilation of genres such as rap, reggae, punk, and hip hop, to the international success of Psy’s ‘Gangnam Style’ and the idol group BTS. It explores the rise of entertainment companies, how they overcame the digital challenge, and how their use of restrictive contracts created today’s cultural economy. It introduces issues of gender and sexuality, and outlines how music videos and social media have been used to leverage fandom.
Language, Ability, and Breast Cancer
Authors: Ramanathan Vaidehi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
While previous applied sociolinguistic scholarship has addressed language in a variety of medical and ability-related settings, and while there is now a growing body of research on concerns relating to language and sexuality, discussions about language, ability, and sexuality remain underinvestigated. Focusing on breast cancer, an ailment that affects a sexualized body part, this chapter discusses how patient and caregiver narratives (pathographies) around the condition have crucial implications for concerns about sexuality. In particular, the chapter addresses two metaprescriptive utterances (Lyotard 1984) related to the condition—amputation and prosthesis—with a view to showing how these medicalized terms are singularities that have the power to erase individual voices struggling with the disability of a sexualized body part. This chapter offers an exploration of these concerns to nuance current debates about identity shifts in the contexts of ability and sexuality, while also ushering in concerns about (dis)citizenship.
Semantics and Pragmatics: Blurring Boundaries and Constructing Contexts
Authors: McConnell-Ginet Sally 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Semantics and pragmatics are increasingly seen as inextricably interwoven in understanding linguistically conveyed meaning. Scholarship on gender and sexuality now mostly considers cultural and bodily/biological concerns as enmeshed, not clearly separable. Gender and sexual identities and practices are also changing. Many contexts no longer support familiar assumptions about what “goes without saying”—for example, marriage is between a woman and a man, someone pregnant must be a woman (or girl), not protesting sexual overtures constitutes consenting to them, and many more. As the landscape surrounding gender and sexuality changes, so do linguistic actions and attitudes in that landscape, constructing new contexts. Familiar labels for sexual identities and activities shift and are often contested, new labels arise for possibilities once unrecognized (sometimes non-existent), people police others’ linguistic practices and jockey for semantic authority. Semantic and pragmatic approaches to language and sexuality show indeterminacy, change, and (sometimes competing) interests of language users.
Heracles Rationalized and Allegorized
Authors: Hawes Greta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis chapter analyzes ancient attempts to render Heracles as a historical figure (“rationalization”) and to find in his stories philosophical principles (“allegorization”). It argues that rationalistic and allegorical interpretations cannot be as clearly delineated from one another in practice as they frequently are in theory, and that neither was hermetically removed from the “conventional” tradition of ancient storytelling. All three betray the interaction between fragmentation of episodes and a cohesive portrait of the figure. The well-worn habits of narrating Heracles as a far-traveling, long-toiling individual noted for his out-sized personality and for defeating a range of monsters reappear: in the hands of the rationalizers he imposes order on a primitive world, fighting opponents who are fabulous only in reputation; allegorists make these opponents figures of moral distractions which must be conquered in the soul.
On “Dynastic” Inequality
Authors: Halliday Daniel , Stewart Miranda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates whether the replication of inequality is, other things being equal, morally objectionable in ways not applicable to inequality that remains confined to a single generation or “birth cohort.” The focus is both theoretical and practical. The chapter considers the philosophical foundations that might lie behind an objection to dynastic inequality, negotiating the diversity of egalitarian views supporting this position and the complexity around the causal mechanisms at work in cases where inequality has a dynastic tendency. It then discusses the policy reforms that might target inequalities that replicate old distributive trends while leaving newly produced trends more intact, with a focus on tax policy. Current tax rules in most developed economies do not make a distinction between new and old influences on the material distribution. Accordingly, it is likely that the tax reforms implied could be quite extensive.
Calvinist Debates on History
Authors: Gaganakis Costas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
From the mid-sixteenth century, the emergent Calvinist movement was actively engaged in the massive ‘turn to history’ generated by both confessional camps of the Reformation crisis, in their doctrinal and subsequently military and political confrontation that escalated into religious war. Following the lead of their Lutheran counterparts, Calvinist historians ascribed the confrontation in the broader, providential plan, while at the same time attempting to incorporate the national histories of their countries in the narrative of the opposition against Roman theological and political tyranny. Despite Calvin’s original distancing from the prophetic/apocalyptic discourse dominant in the Lutheran camp, the cataclysmic events ushered in by the escalation of the Reformation crisis, especially in France, generated a return to the prophetic/apocalyptic discourse of ecclesiastical history, historia sacra. With the sole exception of Lancelot Voisin de la Popelinière, Calvinist historians in the late sixteenth century sought consolation and encouragement in the providential history of the true, universal Church.
Calvinism, Anti-Calvinism, and the Admonition Controversy in Elizabethan England
Authors: Harkins Robert 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines English understandings of Calvin and Calvinism during the reign of Elizabeth I. In particular, it focuses on the ‘Admonition Controversy’ of the 1570s, when puritan demands for further reformation stoked disputes with official church leadership. The dispute began in 1572 with the appearance of a pair of incendiary pro-Presbyterian pamphlets, the Admonition to the Parliament and the Second Admonition to the Parliament, but would continue for decades, and is now largely known for the long-running theological debate that ensued between John Whitgift and Thomas Cartwright. An examination of the roots of the controversy, however, reveals that perceptions of Calvinism in England were coloured by far more than a shared doctrinal outlook or theological consensus. For some of the Elizabethan bishops, most especially, Calvin and the Genevan model of reformation were not only associated with an uncomfortable history of religious conflict, but were also tainted by a political theology that had the potential to destabilize the English state.
Work and Workers in International Markets
Authors: Ahlquist John S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Four “problems” drive the International Political Economy (IPE) literature on work and workers in a globalized world: the economic determinants of workers’ political orientations; the role and future of labor unions; the regulation and governance of international supply chains; and migration. There remain walled gardens in the IPE literature on labor that inhibit productive exchange but the literature on supply chain governance and labor standards stands out for its policy relevance and active collaboration among scholars from different IPE traditions. The chapter concludes with reflections on how the implicit definition of “problems,” as opposed to explicit normative claims might not be “first best.”
Appreciation Modes in Empirical Aesthetics
Authors: Reber Rolf 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
There are three main modes of appreciation of aesthetic objects. The first is the appreciation of aesthetic pleasure, most often beauty. A simple account of the experience of beauty is the fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure. A more complex account assumes that there are two levels of aesthetic pleasure, a shallow one based on low-level experiences like fluency, and a deep level where disfluency leads to interest. The second mode of appreciation pertains to emotions experienced in response to an artwork, as illustrated by the distancing–embracing model of aesthetic emotions. The final mode of appreciation includes understanding an artwork. Cognitive models of artistic understanding assume that processes of perception, memory, and interpretation determine cognitive mastery. From the humanities tradition, cognitive models have been criticized because they neglect the historical context of the creation of the artwork as an objective component to understanding. A recent model combines art-historical context with cognitive processes and claims that such artistic understanding is essential to aesthetic appreciation.
Motor threshold, motor evoked potential, central motor conduction time
Authors: Schmidt Sein H. , Brandt Stephan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, we survey parameters influencing the assessment of the size and latency of motor evoked potentials (MEP), in normal and pathological conditions, and methods to allow for a meaningful quantification of MEP characteristics. In line with the first edition of this textbook, we extensively discuss three established mechanisms of intrinsic physiological variance and collision techniques that aim to minimize their influence. For the first time, in line with the ever wider use of optical navigation and targeting systems in brain stimulation, we discuss novel methods to capture and minimize the influence of extrinsic biophysical variance. Together, following the rules laid out in this chapter, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can account for spinal and extrinsic biophysical variance to advance investigations of the central origins of MEP size and latency variability.
Down-to-Earth. What Can We Learn from Local Case Studies?
Authors: Drápalová Eliška 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how a subnational focus contributes to understanding the factors that determine the quality of government and corruption. It points to the limitation of national-level and cross-country studies and highlights the advantages of adopting a city-level approach and case study research. It emphasizes where a subnational focus adds to the current literature and debates on the quality of government, mainly generating new research questions and theories, as well as describing processes and testing mechanisms. It deals in more detail with explanations regarding economic resources, the role of voters enforcing electoral accountability, civil society, and the political competition. Finally, the chapter proposes a framework that integrates the most relevant factors, combining business associations’ pressure and multilevel political competition. This chapter combines the existing research with examples from quantitative and comparative case studies of Southern and Eastern European cities.
The Use and Misuse of Patent Data: Issues for Finance and Beyond
Authors: Lerner Josh , Seru Amit 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPatents and citations are powerful tools increasingly used in financial economics (and management research more broadly) to understand innovation. Biases may result, however, from the interactions between the truncation of patents and citations and the changing composition of inventors. When aggregated at the firm level, these patent and citation biases can survive popular adjustment methods and are correlated with firm characteristics. These issues can lead to problematic inferences. We provide an actionable checklist to avoid biased inferences and also suggest machine learning as a potential new way to address these problems.Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online