bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TheMLscale in eastern North America
Authors: Kim Won-Young 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn attenuation curve for the local magnitude scale, ML, of eastern North American (ENA) earthquakes was empirically determined using synthetic Wood-Anderson seismograms derived from newly available broadband recordings from the U.S. National Seismographic Network (USNSN) and from additional stations of comparable quality. Wood-Anderson peak amplitudes measured on approximately 210 three-component, broadband digital records from 38 earthquakes in the distance range of 50 to 800 km were inverted for the attenuation curve and magnitude of each event. The earthquakes ranged from ML = 2.2 to 4.6 and were recorded at about 20 stations in the region. Separate attenuation curves were determined for the N-S, E-W, and vertical components, as well as for the mean of the two horizontal components. All curves had similar slopes indicating that ML can be determined from any one of the three components available. The Wood-Anderson peak amplitude phases were predominantly Lg waves arriving with a mean group velocity of 3.40 ± 0.23 km/sec and a mean period of 0.50 ± 0.26 sec. ML for earthquakes in ENA can be obtained from the horizontal-component Wood-Anderson peak amplitude in millimeters, A(Δ), using the formula ML = log10A(Δ) (in mm) + 1.55 log10 Δ (in km) − 0.22 + C, for distances 100 to 800 km and 2.2 ≦ ML ≦ 4.6 and where C = station magnitude correction. The ML is tied to Richter's (1935) ML scale for southern California. A similar formula is given to determine ML from the vertical-component synthetic Wood-Anderson seismograms. ML is related to Nuttli's mb(Lg) by ML = 0.976 mb(Lg) − 0.05 for earthquakes with 2.2 ≦ ML ≦ 4.6 in ENA. Analysis of six additional large earthquakes with ML ≧ 5 indicates that ML ≈ mb(Lg) − 0.15 in a wide magnitude range of 2 ≦ ML ≦ 6.5 in ENA.
Structure of the Lake County uplift: New Madrid seismic zone
Authors: Purser Jodi L. , Van Arsdale Roy B. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The central segment of the New Madrid seismic zone lies within a left step-over zone between two northeast-striking, right-lateral, strike-slip fault systems. Within this compressional step-over zone is the topographically and structurally high Lake County uplift, which includes the Tiptonville dome and Ridgely ridge. We believe these structures are a consequence of deformation in the hanging wall above the northwest-striking, southwest-dipping Reelfoot reverse fault. Reelfoot fault dips 73° from the surface to the top of the Precambrian at a depth of approximately 4 km. From 4 to 12 km depth, the fault dips 32° and is seismically active. Based on a fault-bend fold model, we believe that the Reelfoot fault becomes horizontal and aseismic at the top of the quartz brittle-ductile transition zone, at approximately 12 km depth. Our data indicate that the western margin of the Tiptonville dome-Ridgely ridge and the western margin of the Lake County uplift are bounded by east-dipping kink bands (backthrusts). Recent work suggests that the Reelfoot fault is responsible for the 7 February 1812, M 8 New Madrid earthquake. However, the Reelfoot fault has a surface area that is less than that necessary for an M 8 earthquake. A possible solution to this discrepancy between magnitude and fault plane area is that the associated backthrusts are seismogenic.
Influence of viscous coupling on seismic reflection and transmission in saturated porous media
Authors: Yang Jun , Sato Tadanobu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Wave propagation in saturated porous media involves complicated couplings between the solid skeleton and pore fluid. In particular, viscous coupling plays a key role because in general it makes wave propagation dispersive and dissipative. Although the importance of the viscous coupling in wave propagation in an unbounded saturated medium was recognized, the knowledge of its effect on the reflection and transmission from a saturated porous boundary is limited. A detailed investigation is therefore carried out in this article on the influence of viscous coupling in the reflection and transmission at an interface between saturated porous media and ordinary elastic media. The interface is considered to be either permeable or impermeable to include the effect of hydraulic boundary condition. In particular, the dependence of viscous coupling effect on the hydraulic condition at the interface is studied in this article. The variations of the reflection and transmission coefficients with the angle of incidence as well as the frequency for different values of viscous coupling are computed and compared for permeable interface and impermeable interface. In addition, the seismic reflection in two extreme cases of viscous coupling, that is, null viscous coupling and infinite viscous coupling, is discussed. The results indicate that the effect of viscous coupling is complicated; it depends strongly on the hydraulic condition at the interface as well as the frequency of the incident wave. Additionally, it depends upon the angle of incidence.
Near-surface scattering effects observed with a high-frequency phased array at Pinyon Flats, California
Authors: Vernon Frank L. , Pavlis Gary L. , Owens Tom J. , McNamara Dan E. , Anderson Paul N. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Analysis of data collected by a high-frequency array experiment conducted at Pinyon Flat in southern California provides strong evidence that the high-frequency wave field from local earthquakes at this hard-rock site are strongly distorted by near-surface scattering. The seismic array we deployed consisted of 60, 2-Hz natural frequency, three-component sensors deployed in a three-dimensional array. Two of the sensors were located in boreholes at 150 and 275 m depth. The other 58 sensors were deployed in an areal array above these boreholes. Thirty-six of these were deployed in a 6-by-6 element grid array with a nominal spacing of 7 m centered over the borehole sensors. The remaining 22 seismometers were laid out in two 11-element linear arrays radiating outward from the grid. Coherence calculations reveal a rapid loss of coherence at frequencies over 15 Hz at all but the shortest length scales of this array. Three-dimensional visualization techniques were used to closely examine the spatial stability of particle motions of P and S waves. This reveals systematic variations of particle motion across the array in which the particle motion tracks tilt drastically away from the backazimuth expected for an isotropic medium. These variations, however, are frequency dependent. Below around 8 Hz, the particle motions become virtually identical for all stations. At progressively higher frequencies, the wave-field particle motion becomes increasingly chaotic. Frequency-wave-number analysis of these data provide quantitative measures of the same phenomena. We find that direct wave f-k spectra are bathed in a background of signal-generated noise that varies from 10 to 30 dB down from the direct arrival signal. This signal-generated noise appears to be nearly white in wavenumber indicating the wavelength of this “noise” on the scale of tens of meters and less. Refraction measurements we made on two lines crisscrossing the array reveal that the weathered layer velocities are highly variable and define a very strong wave guide. Measured surface P-wave velocities varied from 400 to 1300 m/sec, and velocities at depth of approximately 15 m varied from 1600 to 2700 m/sec. Previous measurements in the boreholes showed that the intact granite below about 65 m depth has a velocity of approximately 5400 m/sec. These results demonstrate the extreme velocity contrast and degree of velocity heterogeneity of the near surface at this site. We conclude that all the observations we made can be explained by strong scattering of incident body-wave signals into a complex mishmash of body-wave and surface-wave modes in this heterogeneous near-surface wave guide.
National security of countries all over the world
Authors: Makarov Valery 
Published: September 2021

The article continues the study “Modeling and Assessment of National Power of Different Countries all over the World” dedicated to the calculation of national power indicator. It is currently the most informative and popular indicator in the world that integrally characterizes the aggregate potential of a particular country and at the same time allows comparing the level of its power and socio-economic development with other countries. The research results were published in the article “Modeling and Assessment of National Power of Different Countries all over the World”.
If national power of the state, in fact, determines its potential capabilities and gross indicators are mainly used for the calculation, then national security indicators are calculated on the basis of normalized values (as a rule, per capita) and indicate the level of development of one or another component of the social-ecological-economic system of the country, as well as the efficiency of using the existing potential.
In this article we will calculate national security indicators of UN member states using the methods of multivariate statistical analysis. Moreover, we will estimate threshold values for all national security factors considered herein. The last part of the paper will contain a forecast of national security for the medium term.
Impact of anesttesia method on foetus condition
Authors: Morozov A. M. , Pichugova A. N. , Askerov E. M. , Zhukov S. V. , Minakova Yu. E. , Belyak M. A. , Sable E. A. 
Published: September 2021

Topicality. Currently, intrapartum fetal health care is aimed at an adequate choice of anesthetic aid used during delivery to minimize the negative impact. Despite the wide range of currently existing anesthetics, the choice of anesthetic drug is limited by its negative effect not only on the fetus, but also on the contractile activity of the uterus, which significantly reduces the number of anesthetics used in obstetric practice.The purpose of this study is to analyze domestic and foreign literature in order to study the effect of anesthesia on the condition of the fetus. Material and methods. In the course of this study, an analysis of modern Russian and foreign literary sources, as well as the latest scientific works in the field of methods of general and regional anesthesia in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, was carried out.Results. Almost all drugs used for general anesthesia in obstetric practice can have a negative effect on the fetus. Neuroaxial pain relief methods are leading in obstetric practice, but their use is associated with complications that can lead to an adverse outcome not only from the mother, but also from the fetus. One such complication is the risk of arterial hypotension. It is interesting that comparative studies of general and regional anesthesia methods during operative delivery differ in the results obtained. Regarding the issue of anesthesia of natural births, the information of the Congress of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (lecture C.A. Wong (Chicago) “Neuroaxial Labor Analgesia and Prognancy Outcome: Factand Fiction”) remains relevant, according to which neuroaxial anesthesia methods do not affect the condition of the fetus, provided that the mother has stable hemodynamics.Conclusion. Due to the appearance and release of neuroaxial pain relief methods, completely unreasonably little attention is paid to the issues of general anesthesia of pregnant women, while according to the results of a study of scientific literary sources, it was revealed that this method of pain relief in obstetric practice is accompanied by the most direct and mediated effects on the fetus. Neuroaxial pain relief methods have practically no effect on the condition of the fetus, provided that the mother has stable hemodynamics.
Limites e desafios das organizações de catadores: uma análise da ASMARE
Authors: Rocha Sousa Romário , Diogo Pereira Rafael , Calbino Daniel 
Published: September 2021

A última década registrou o significativo aumento de empreendimentos coletivos de materiais recicláveis. Em Belo Horizonte, a ASMARE, vista como uma experiência pioneira, tornou-se referência na articulação de novas organizações. Contudo crises econômicas e alternâncias governamentais impactaram a organização. Neste sentido, este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a trajetória da ASMARE, evidenciando os limites e os desafios enfrentados em seu processo histórico de lutas e resistência. Em termos metodológicos, a abordagem qualitativa adotada englobou a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas e a Análise de Conteúdo para a apreciação dos dados. Os resultados evidenciaram que a Associação enfrenta uma crise que não se restringe aos aspectos financeiros, uma vez que suas implicações têm impactado negativamente a formação política dos associados. Embora a cadeia de reciclagem brasileira seja reconhecida e admirada, contando com a atuação de várias empresas, associações e cooperativas, muitas vezes são os empresários e atravessadores que mais se beneficiam a partir de um ciclo vicioso de exploração do trabalho precarizado dos catadores. A trajetória de luta dos membros da ASMARE representa um importante marco para a história do movimento de catadores no Brasil, porém se depara com o constante desafio de sustentar as ações coletivas em uma sociedade marcada pela desigualdade e exclusão.
A Matched Comparison of the Long-Term Outcomes of Cemented and Cementless Total Knee Replacements
Authors: Mohammad Hasan R. , Judge Andrew , Murray David W. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Total knee replacements (TKRs) can be implanted with or without the use of cement. It is currently uncertain how cemented and cementless TKRs compare overall and in different age groups of the population in the long term.

Methods:
The National Joint Registry collects information on knee replacements inserted in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Isle of Man and was linked for multiple confounders to the National Health Service Hospital Episode Statistics database. With use of propensity score matching techniques, 44,954 cemented and cementless TKRs were compared. Regression models were used to compare the outcomes of revision, reoperation, and mortality both overall and in different age strata.

Results:
The 10-year implant survival rate with revision as the end point for cemented and cementless TKRs was 96.0% and 95.5%, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.14; p = 0.01). The 10-year survival rate with reoperation as the end point was 82.7% and 81.4%, respectively (HR = 1.08; p = 0.001). The rate of revision for pain was higher for cementless TKRs (0.5% [cemented] compared with 0.7% [cementless]; p = 0.002), but the rate of revision for infection was lower (0.7% [cemented] compared with 0.5% [cementless]; p = 0.003). No significant interactions with age existed for the outcomes of revision (p = 0.24), reoperation (p = 0.30), or mortality (p = 0.58).

Conclusions:
We found that matched cemented and cementless TKRs both have 10-year implant survival rates of >95%. Cementless TKRs had a higher revision rate (absolute difference, 0.5%) and reoperation rate (absolute difference, 1.3%). The rate of revision for infection was lower in the cementless group, although the rate of revision for pain was higher. Age did not significantly affect the relative performances.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Attacking Jacobian Problem Using Resultant Theory
Authors: Jony Alaa , Al-Rashed Shawki 
Published: September 2021

This paper introduces a relation between resultant and the Jacobian determinant by generalizing Sakkalis theorem from two polynomials in two variables to the case of (n) polynomials in (n) variables. This leads us to study the results of the type: , and use this relation to attack the Jacobian problem. The last section shows our contribution to proving the conjecture.
A Robust Short-Term Oil Production under a Bow-Tie Uncertainty Set for the Gas Lift Performance Curve
Authors: Ramos André , Gamboa Carlos , Valladão Davi , Pagnoncelli Bernardo K. , Homem-de-Mello Tito , Vieira Bruno , Gutierrez Tomás , Teixeira Alex 
Published: September 2021

SummaryThe method of continuous gas lift has been commonly used in the oil industry to enhance production. Existing optimization models consider an approximate performance curve anchored by production test data, often disregarding reservoir uncertainty. We propose a robust optimization model that jointly considers the most recent data and an uncertainty set for the reservoir pressure, a critical parameter that is usually not measured precisely. As a result, we obtain what we call a “bow-tie” uncertainty set for the performance curves, in which the performance uncertainty increases when we move away from the production test’s operational point. We test our model with real data from an offshore oil platform and compare it against a fully deterministic model. We show superior out-of-sample performance for the robust model under different probability distributions of the reservoir pressure.
Dynamic Analysis of Ocular Fundus Changes After Different Doses of Bevacizumab in the Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Threshold Period
Authors: Chen Feng , Xiang Daoman , Yu Ying , Wang Jianxun , Liu Tian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the efficacy of three different doses of bevacizumab treatment on Threshold retinopathy of prematurity during different periods . Methods: 36 cases (72 eyes) of infants with threshold ROP were analyzed, whom were treated with intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg, 0.75 mg or 0.5 mg bevacizumab respectively from October 1st, 2016 to September 30th, 2017. After treatment, fundus examination results during five time points were recorded and classified into four grades according to the efficacy. Results: There were significant differences in the changes of fundus among the 3 groups from the 4th day to the 4th week after treatment （P<0.01）. In the 1.25 mg group, there was a significant difference in the changes of fundus on the 4th day after treatment VS. the 2nd week after treatment (P<0.001). In the 0.75 mg and 0.5 mg group respectively, the changes of fundus were significantly different between each consecutive time points of the 4th day, 2nd week, 4th week and 2nd month after treatment (P<0.001,P=0.001,P=0.002; P<0.001,P=0.001,P=0.003). The proportion of normal retinal vessels respectively in 1.25 mg , 0.75 mg and 0.5 mg group is 66.67%、43.48% and 50% in the 3rd month after treatment.Conclusion: Retinal complete vascularization was slightly better in 1.25 mg group, but failed to reach a statistical significance. Based on results, the lowest dose 0.5 mg may be preferred since our final results were similar (p>0.05). Long-term follow-up of fundus changes was still needed to avoid recurrence of ROP whatever the dose of bevacizumab was uesed.
Title: GPC3 in the Exosomes from Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells
Authors: Pu Chunwen , Wang Qi , Sun Aijun , Sun Ping , Huang Hui , Zhang Qiqi , Sun Xueying , Wang Zhidong , Zhang Yong 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background

Exosomes play an important role in regulating the growth in normal and abnormal cells. Exosomes secreted from tumor cells are also involved in regulating the growth behaviors of normal cells and tumor cells.
Methods

HepG2 cells, LO2 and HepG2 cells with GPC3 knocked down using shRNA (HepG2-shGPC3), were treated with different concentrations of GPC3. The effects of different concentrations of GPC3 on cell growth and apoptosis were determined using CCK8 and flow cytometry. HepG2 exosomes (Exo) and exosomes of HepG2 cells with GPC3 knocked down using shRNA (shGPC3-Exo) were used to treat LO2 and HepG2 cells separately. Cell growth was measured by CCK8 kit. The cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. The expression of GPC3/WNT3A/β-catenin signal protein was determined by Western blotting.
Results

We found GPC3 has a two-way regulation between normal cells and HCC cells, which is the innovation of this research. After treating LO2 cells and HepG2 cells with GPC3, the LO2 cell cycle was blocked in the G0/G1 phase, while cell growth was inhibited and apoptosis was promoted; however, it appeared to promote the growth of HepG2 cells. Knocking down GPC3 can inhibit the growth and promote cell apoptosis of HepG2. In subsequent experiments, we found that GPC3 was expressed in both LO2 and HepG2 exosomes, and the expression of GPC3 in HepG2 exosomes is significantly higher than that of LO2 exosomes. These results suggested that GPC3 in exosomes has the potential to become a biomarker of HCC. In addition, HepG2 exosomes (Exo) can inhibit the growth of LO2 cells and promote apoptosis, which is consistent with the effect of GPC3 treatment. Further, we found that GPC3 in shGPC3-Exo had the same effect on LO2 cells as HepG2 exosomes (Exo), but the degree of influence was reduced. shGPC3-Exo showed a promoting effect on the growth of HepG2 cells. Therefore, GPC3 in exosomes plays a role in the growth of LO2 cells and HepG2 cells. Further studies have shown that GPC3 in liver cancer exosomes regulates the proliferation, apoptosis of LO2 and HepG2 cells through the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway.
Conclusion

GPC3 in the exosomes of liver cancer cells inhibits the growth of normal liver cells and promotes apoptosis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and assists the occurrence and development of HCC.
Professional Status of Infectious Disease Specialists in Korea: A Nationwide Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Kim Bongyoung , Eun Byung Wook , Lee Eunjung , Kim Tae Hyong , Park Suyeon , Park Se Yoon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Backgrounds: Emergence of more antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and repeated occurrence of infectious disease (ID) outbreaks highlight the importance of ID specialists. This study aimed to assess the working status of ID specialists and identify problems faced by ID professionals in Korea.Methods: This was a nationwide cross-sectional study in Korea. An online-based survey was conducted over 11 days (from December 17–27, 2020), targeting all active adult (n=281) and pediatric (n=71) ID specialists in Korea (total=352). Questions regarding the practice areas of the specialists were divided into five categories: (1) clinical practices of outpatient care, inpatient care, and consultations; (2) infection control; (3) antibiotic stewardship; (4) research; and (5) education and training. We investigated the weekly time-use patterns for these areas of practice.Results: A total of 144/281 (51.2%) adult ID specialists and 51/71 (71.8%) pediatric ID specialists participated in the survey. Among them, 144 (73.8%) respondents were involved in all practice categories investigated. The most common practice area was outpatient service (93.8%), followed by consultation (91.3%) and inpatient service (87.7%). Specialists worked a median of 57 (interquartile range: 50–65) hours weekly: patient care, 29 (14–37) hours; research 11 (5–19) hours; infection control 4 (2–10) hours; antibiotic stewardship, 3 (1–5) hours; and education/training, 2 (2–6) hours. Conclusions: ID specialists in Korea simultaneously undertake multiple tasks and work long hours, highlighting the need for training and employing more ID specialists.