bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
April, Jayne, and Their Children
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 11 introduces April DeBoer and Jayne Rowse, two Michigan nurses in a romantic union who had married, but whose marriage was not recognized by the state. For several years they sought to adopt children. As a couple they each adopted children who had special needs and they wanted their children to have two legal parents in order to safeguard their future. Michigan law specified that only married couples could jointly adopt children, so DeBoer and Rowse sued to force Michigan to recognize their marriage. The lawsuit started in 2012 and would eventually result in a trial, DeBoer v. Snyder which took place in federal court in Detroit in 2014.
Introduction
Authors: Roniger Luis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The introduction addresses the idea of “Latin America” as a constructed concept of transnational and comparative significance. It introduces the reader to the dynamic character of regional perspectives, with questions that have grown increasingly complex given the contested nature of borders, increasing globalization, multiculturalism, and transnational migration. Although diversity defines Latin America, supporting comparative approaches within and beyond its fluid boundaries, it is equally important to note the shared geopolitical, sociological, and cultural trends that have shaped a transnational domain of connected histories, recurrent interactions, and continental visions. These transnational trends have emerged time and again, affecting the nation-states that crystallized in the nineteenth century. It is to the analysis of this Janus face of Latin American development that the book’s chapters turn.
Fundamental Ontology
Authors: Siderits Mark 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses three crucial metaphysical theses endorsed and argued for by all schools of Indian Buddhist philosophy: mereological nihilism, anti-substantialism, and momentariness. The “neither identical nor distinct” argument for mereological nihilism is presented and evaluated, and its consequence for fundamental ontology—that only entities with intrinsic natures are strictly speaking real—is explored. One important result, that only tropes and not substances as property-possessors belong in our ultimate ontology, is discussed. Two arguments for momentariness are presented: the argument from cessation and an argument from the nature of existence. Out of this investigation there should emerge a clearer picture of the Buddhist conception of just what the ultimate nature of reality would have to be like.
Causation
Authors: Siderits Mark 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the notion of causation involved in the central Buddhist thesis of dependent origination, the thesis that the existence of a person just consists in the occurrence of a causal series of impersonal, impermanent psychophysical elements. It is claimed that as this thesis undergoes philosophical elaboration and development, the underlying notion of causal determination is subjected to a process of dehomuncularization: anthropomorphic elements of the folk notion of causation are stripped away, leaving in its place no more than the notion of regular succession across the Humean mosaic. The Abhidharma doctrine of four conditions is examined and compared to Aristotle’s doctrine of four causes. There is also discussion of an Abhidharma controversy concerning whether cause and effect may be simultaneous.
Time
Authors: Siderits Mark 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the Buddhist version of the eternalism-presentism dispute. While all Buddhists hold that no existing thing is eternal, some did claim that past and future things are existent in the same sense in which presently existing things are, while other Buddhists denied that past and future things may be said to exist. The chapter begins by discussing the question of whether time is itself a real entity, examining an argument developed by Nāgārjuna against the view that time serves as the container that makes temporal relations possible. The bulk of the chapter is given over to a prolonged examination of the arguments given for and against eternalism. A major difficulty for the eternalist is to reconcile their view with the Buddhist orthodoxy that all is impermanent. The presentist is faced with the problem of explaining just what the present is if there is no past or future.
The Prevention of Schoolhouse to Jailhouse
Authors: Warren Mark R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 documents the development of the Mississippi Delta Catalyst Roundtable to reform a deeply racist and abusive juvenile justice system and to build power in Black communities. It stresses the importance of grounding the national movement in African American communities in the South. It shows how these groups created models to combine community organizing with legal strategies and advocacy work in ways that centered the leadership of groups rooted in communities of those most impacted. Nevertheless, it demonstrates the critical importance of statewide and national networks to support local organizing carried out by small groups facing entrenched systems of oppression. It shows how people most impacted by injustice facing powerful white resistance spoke out and used intergenerational community organizing to confront systemic racism. Combining deep local organizing and national support, they made important breakthroughs and helped inspire a new racial justice movement.
The Movement Expands
Authors: Warren Mark R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the expansion of the movement to new issues and newly forceful constituents. It charts the rise of the police-free schools movement and discusses the influence of the Movement for Black Lives. It documents the assertion of voice and leadership by Black girls; girls of color; and gender nonconforming students in the movement, highlighting the intersectional ways that they experience the school-to-prison pipeline. Finally, it examines the role of teachers as allies to the movement and highlights efforts to implement restorative justice as an alternative to zero tolerance. It emphasizes the need to connect restorative justice to school-site organizing that connects teachers with students and parents in ways that transform relationships and create liberatory education.
The tone of Muslim coverage
Authors: Bleich Erik , van der Veen Maurits 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the method for measuring newspaper tone, which homes in on positive and negative words. It shows how to identify not just whether an article is positive or negative, but also how positive or negative it is. It validates the approach by showing that people can identify even comparatively small differences in tone between two texts. The chapter also introduces the corpus of articles used in the book, and shows that coverage of Muslims is very negative, and that the negativity is not limited to specific newspapers or time periods. In addition, it discusses how to identify aspects of media coverage that shape the tone of an article. In particular, it specifies which particular words are likely to be associated with important features of an article, such as whether it is set in a foreign location and whether it covers violence or religiosity.
The Annihilation of Tradition?
Authors: Roche Helen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
When it came to founding new Napolas, the NPEA authorities often used the strategy of laying claim to educational institutions with venerable traditions, Nazifying and ‘Napolising’ them. This could include the appropriation of well-known humanistic boarding schools with a Protestant ethos such as Schulpforta (alma mater of Nietzsche, Ranke, and Fichte), or the Klosterschule in Ilfeld, which were both taken over as going concerns. However, the National Socialist regime’s deep hostility towards Catholic foundations also led to the forcible expropriation of former monastic schools such as the Ursuline convent school in Haselünne, or the Missionary School of the Society of the Divine Word (Steyler Orden) in St. Wendel, which were transformed into NPEA Emsland and NPEA Saarland respectively. Expropriation could also be used to punish oppositional non-religious schools such as the aristocratic Landschulheim in Neubeuern, Bavaria. Although most of these schools still retained the curriculum of a ‘humanistic Gymnasium’, teaching both Latin and ancient Greek, by the end of World War II, their existing traditions had been almost completely expunged. We can therefore see these forms of expropriation and Napolisation as part of a more general movement towards the de-Christianization of education during the Third Reich, with the NPEA in the vanguard. This chapter treats the schools at Schulpforta, Ilfeld, Haselünne, St. Wendel, and Neubeuern as case studies, concluding with a brief treatment of NPEA Weierhof am Donnersberg, a former Mennonite school which had collaborated with the Nazi authorities even prior to its transformation into a Napola.
Conclusion
Authors: Roche Helen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The conclusion succinctly summarizes the primary aims of the book as a whole, before considering how ‘effective’ the education provided by the Napolas was in comparison with the Third Reich’s other educational institutions. The NPEA appear to have been in the vanguard of many educational developments which the Reich Education Ministry subsequently intended to apply more broadly throughout the German school system. They also formed a prototype for the non-elite system of state boarding schools founded by August Heißmeyer at Hitler’s behest in 1941—the Deutsche Heimschulen. The programme of the Adolf-Hitler-Schools, rival elite schools founded in 1937 by Reich Organization Leader Robert Ley and Reich Youth Leader Baldur von Schirach, was also to a great extent deliberately copied from that of the Napolas; however, these Party elite schools were never able to realize their full potential and compete with the NPEA on equal terms. The Napolas were also more effective in their provision of a National Socialist ‘total education’ than ‘civilian’ schools and the Hitler Youth, as well as institutions such as the Reich Labour Service (RAD), the ‘Year on the Land’ (Landjahr), or the Order Castles (Ordensburgen). Taken on their own terms, then, the National Political Education Institutes can ultimately be seen as the Nazi dictatorship’s most effective educational experiment.
Negation and Denial
Authors: Mumford Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It is assumed that we can assert that something is not the case. A simple alternative would be to deny that thing instead. The equivalence thesis, however, says that denial is simply equivalent to asserting the negation, and hence we do not need a separate act of denial in addition to assertion. We have seen, however, that such a move leads directly to an insoluble problem of finding truthmakers for negative truths. Instead, the equivalence thesis could be rejected, and there are some reasonable grounds to do so. Denial has distinct functions from the functions of assertion. Assertion requires a truthmaker and is relatively determinate. Denial, in contrast, is conventionally responsive and directly registers incompatibility. This suggests that denial is prior to negation, though the latter has become the standard way of marking the former. The account tells us that, rather than assert not-P, we are better simply denying P.
To “Suffer Severely from Injustice”
Authors: Davis Cynthia J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
With other turn-of-the-century Black intellectuals, Charles Chesnutt remained skeptical about the putative value of both human suffering and emotionally restrained and distanced responses to it. As a self-identified realist writing about race relations both during slavery and after Reconstruction, Chesnutt could not have ignored suffering altogether, yet representing it risked inadvertently perpetuating pernicious contemporary myths about Black inurement to pain. The challenge for Chesnutt across a range of fictional genres was to get a predominantly white audience to finally see Black suffering that they otherwise routinely ignore, discount, or deny. Upending racialized sensitivity hierarchies, Chesnutt flips the racist script that casts white people as sensitive to pain and Black people as insensitive to it. He also associates civilized superiority not simply with a remarkable sensitivity to suffering but with an even rarer inclination to respond altruistically even on behalf of those from whom the respondent feels demonstrably distanced.
Second-Personal Evidence
Authors: Stein Alex 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws on Hohfeld’s scheme of jural opposites and correlatives to identify the irreducibly second-personal nature of legal entitlements and the interplay between the right-holder’s authority and the duty-bearer’s accountability. Based on that insight, the author argues that facts that courts need to ascertain and—critically—the procedures that courts must carry out in ascertaining those facts, ought to be second-personal as well. As a corollary, courts must only rely upon second-personal evidence, that is: upon information concerning the alleged jural relationship between the holder of the underlying entitlement and the bearer of the correlative duty or obligation. Further, this fundamental requirement defines the modus operandi of the Anglo-American system of evidence and its core rules.
Argumentation and Evidence
Authors: Bex Floris 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter underscores the centrality of argumentation to legal and evidential reasoning: the prosecution argues that the suspect committed the crime; attorneys present their arguments; the plaintiff argues his case by citing a relevant precedent; the court presents concurring and dissenting arguments; and so on. The author reviews the different accounts of argumentation developed in the academic literature and then relates those accounts to the context of evidence and proof. Specifically, he focuses on the construction of arguments and counterarguments as involving consecutive reasoning steps, starting with identifying an item of evidence and then reasoning towards some conclusion with the help of general rules of inference and generalizations.
Coherence in Legal Evidence
Authors: Amaya Amalia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of coherence and its role in evidential reasoning in law. It examines three main approaches to coherence, namely, structural coherence, narrative coherence, and coherence as constraint satisfaction, and argues that coherence as constraint satisfaction provides an account of the kind of coherence that is relevant to legal fact-finding that is both descriptively adequate and normatively appealing. Next, it addresses some problems concerning the relation between coherence and inference, coherence and virtue, and coherence and truth in the context of legal factfinding. More specifically, it examines three main objections facing a coherentist account of inference, i.e., conservatism, circularity and unfeasibility, and conceptualizes it as an explanatory kind of inference. Then, it articulates a problem that has not been traditionally discussed in the coherentist literature, to wit, the coherence bias, and argues that virtue coherentism has the resources to effectively counteract it. Last, it defends the coherentist approach to evidence and legal proof against three objections that put into question the truth-conduciveness of coherence, namely, the isolation or input objection, the alternative coherent systems objection, and the truth objection. The chapter concludes by suggesting some avenues for further research on coherence, evidence, and legal proof.
De-Biasing Legal Factfinders
Authors: Zenker Frank 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the psychological studies of biases and de-biasing measures in human decision-making with special reference to adjudicative factfinding. Research shows that factfinders are prone to cognitive biases (such as anchoring, framing, base-rate neglect, and confirmation bias) as well as social biases. Driven by this research, multiple studies have examined the extent to which those biases can be mitigated by de-biasing measures like “consider the opposite” and “give reasons.” After a brief overview of the research, the author points to the problematic evidential basis and identifies future research needs, and concludes that empirical research on de-biasing measures has so far delivered less than one would hope for.
Has China Caught up in the Global Innovation Race?
Authors: Zhang Marina Yue , Dodgson Mark , Gann David M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how much China caught up in the global innovation race, using international indices of innovation performance, and data on R&D expenditures, higher education, scientific outputs, and patents. Frameworks such as ‘windows of opportunity’ are used to explore how China catches up in innovation and is changing policies from importing innovation to developing ‘indigenous innovation’. The bottlenecks confronting China’s catch-up and leadership are examined using the case of semiconductors, Huawei, and 5G, and the chapter poses the question whether the country can overcome such bottlenecks in core technologies. To do so, it is argued that greater investment is needed in basic research, especially by enterprises.
China’s Mega Supply Chains
Authors: Zhang Marina Yue , Dodgson Mark , Gann David M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the development and significance of China’s mega supply chains and their position in the global division of labour. It explains the importance of modularity, standardization, and complementarity in supply chains. It analyses how efficiencies and resilience are achieved and balanced in supply chains and the importance of platforms, both geographical clusters, such as industrial bases in Shenzhen, Chengdu, and Suzhou, and digital platforms, such as Alibaba and Pinduoduo. The chapter also argues that China’s mega supply chains have become regional hubs supplying intermediate products to manufacturing facilities in countries with lower labour costs. It discusses the extent to which China is progressing towards Industry 4.0, with smart supply chains, and how the country is responding to the challenges from growing global trade tensions.
Substance and Property
Authors: Heil John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Substances are property bearers. Properties are particular ways substances are, modifications of substances, modes, not universals, not repeatable ‘general’ entities. Substances are simple, lacking parts that are themselves substances. Ordinary objects are probably not substances, hence not themselves property bearers. Modes are qualities of substances that empower those substances in distinctive ways. Qualities and powers of complex objects resolve themselves into the qualities and powers of their constituents organized as they are. The possibility of ‘coinciding objects’—a statue and a lump of bronze, for instance—is considered and rejected in favor of the idea that a particular lump of bronze could be the truthmaker for ‘this is a statue’ and ‘this is a lump’.
Essences, Kinds, Universals
Authors: Heil John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter provides an account of essences according to which essences are not entities, but what it is to be a kind of entity or to be a particular entity of its kind. To grasp something’s essence is to have a sense of what it takes to be the kind of entity it is. Thinking about Bunkin as a rabbit requires having some conception of what it takes to be a rabbit. Trivially, everything is what it is, everything, however outlandish, has what it takes to be whatever it is. Essences might be thought to play the role of universals. Were that so, universals would be metaphysically unremarkable, and not a species of general entity, a thought in keeping with a conception of properties as modes. The chapter introduces the notion of ‘slippage’ in the course of discussing attempts by philosophers to align the manifest and scientific images.
The Art of the Possible
Authors: Heil John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter provides an examination of competing accounts of truthmakers for judgments concerning contingency, necessity, possibility, and for counterfactual and subjunctive conditionals. On the one side are the ‘Humeans’ who see the universe as modally bereft, in David Lewis’ words, it is ‘just one little thing and then another’. Lewis’ account of modal discourse posits myriad alternative universes. Modal judgments are recast as judgments concerning similarities. The resulting picture is found to make contingencies hard to come by: necessities, not contingencies, rule. An Aristotelian universe, in contrast, would be populated by interacting objects, and would appear to provide ample truthmakers for modal judgments. This impression does not survive scrutiny, however. Humeans and Aristotelians alike are obliged to reconstrue modal discourse in a way that reflects pressures arising in the manifest image, but leaves the modal texture of reality untouched.
Roots of Things
Authors: Heil John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter returns to idea that the manifest image concerns a higher-level reality, dependent on, but distinct from a more fundamental reality, the characterization of which falls to physics, noting that a more appealing option is available. Although the universe depicted by physics is apparently at odds with the Aristotelian character of the manifest image, the two images are not images of distinct realities, but different ways of depicting a single reality. The possibility that the scientific image is Humean in the manner of Lewis and Williams is explored and its implications for change and efficient causation discussed, setting the stage for Chapter 13, which concerns the reconciliation of the manifest and scientific images.
Phytoplankton growth regulation by dissolved P and mortality regulation by endogenous cell death over 35 years of P control in a Mountain Lake
Authors: Lewis William M , Roberson Jennifer 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Dynamics of phytoplankton and phosphorus were quantified in Lake Dillon, Colorado, over 35 years of P control. The lake provides an example of early intervention for P enrichment rather than remediation of advanced eutrophication. Phosphorus control began with tertiary treatment of effluent, which caused a phytoplankton decline (8.1–4.5 μg L−1 chla); a second decline (4.6–2.5 μg L−1 chla) occurred later following replacement of failing septic systems. Results showed that bioavailable phosphorus (BAP) loading was the only significant correlate of phytoplankton biomass; total P loading was not significantly related to biomass measured as chlorophyll. Phytoplankton composition changed greatly over the study interval, even though there was no long-term trend in potential causes of phytoplankton abundance other than reduction in BAP. Gradual decline of BAP loading also appears to have been the cause of large, gradual changes in phytoplankton community composition. Factors typically assumed to control phytoplankton mortality accounted for only ~50% of phytoplankton biomass turnover; the balance of mortality appears to be accounted for by endogenous cell mortality.