bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meridional Overturning Circulation in a multi-basin model. Part II: Sensitivity to diffusivity and wind in warm and cool climates
Authors: Baker Jonathan A. , Watson Andrew J. , Vallis Geoffrey K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe response of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) to changes in Southern Ocean (SO) zonal wind forcing and Pacific basin vertical diffusivity is investigated under varying buoyancy forcings, corresponding to ‘warm’, ‘present-day’ and ‘cold’ states, in a two-basin general circulation model connected by a southern circumpolar channel. We find that the Atlantic MOC (AMOC) strengthens with increased SO wind stress or diffusivity in the model Pacific, under all buoyancy forcings. The sensitivity of the AMOC to wind stress increases as the buoyancy forcing is varied from a warm to a present-day or cold state, whereas it is most sensitive to the Pacific diffusivity in a present-day or warm state. Similarly, the AMOC is more sensitive to buoyancy forcing over the Southern Ocean under reduced wind stress or enhanced Pacific diffusivity. These results arise because of the increased importance of the Pacific pathway in the warmer climates, giving an increased linkage between the basins and so the opportunity for the diffusivity in the Pacific to affect the overturning in the Atlantic. In cooler states, such as in glacial climates, the two basins are largely decoupled and the wind strength over the SO is the primary determinant of the AMOC strength. Both wind- and diffusively-driven upwelling sustain the AMOC in the warmer (present-day) state. Changes in SO wind stress alone do not shoal the AMOC to resemble that observed at the last glacial maximum; changes in the buoyancy forcing are also needed to decouple the two basins.
Examining Relationships between Environmental Conditions and Supercell Motion in Time
Authors: Flournoy Matthew D. , Coniglio Michael C. , Rasmussen Erik N. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough environmental controls on bulk supercell potential and hazards have been studied extensively, relationships between environmental conditions and temporal changes to storm morphology remain less explored. These relationships are examined in this study using a compilation of sounding data collected during field campaigns from 1994 to 2019 in the vicinity of 216 supercells. Environmental parameters are calculated from the soundings and related to storm-track characteristics like initial cell motion and the time of the right turn (i.e., the time elapsed between the cell initiation and the first time when the supercell obtains a quasi-steady motion that is directed clockwise from its initial motion.). We do not find any significant associations between environmental parameters and the time of the right turn. Somewhat surprisingly, no relationship is found between storm-relative environmental helicity and the time elapsed between cell initiation and the onset of deviant motion. Initial cell motion is best approximated by the direction of the 0–6-km mean wind at two-thirds the speed. This is a result of advection and propagation in the 0–4- and 0–2-km layers, respectively. Unsurprisingly, Bunkers-right storm motion is a good estimate of post-turn motion, but storms that exhibit a post-turn motion left of Bunkers-right are less likely to be tornadic. These findings are relevant for real-time forecasting efforts in predicting the path and tornado potential of supercells up to hours in advance.
Outcomes of Community-Based Youth Empowerment Programs Adopting Design Thinking: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: To Siu-ming , Liu Xiaoyu 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: Using a nonrandomized control group pretest–posttest assessment, this study aimed to examine the outcomes of community-based youth empowerment initiatives that were informed by design thinking. Method: A total of 553 youth living in Hong Kong were recruited to participate in this study. Among them, 213 youth self-selected to join the experimental group, and 340 youth joined the two control groups. Multivariate analysis of covariance and post hoc group comparisons were used to examine the differences among the three groups at the posttest assessment. Results: The results indicate a positive improvement in creative self-efficacy among participants of the experimental group compared to the two control groups. Significant differences were also found between the experimental group and the second control group in terms of youth–adult partnerships and youth empowerment in the community. Conclusion: Youth empowerment programs informed by design thinking may reinforce self-efficacy beliefs by encouraging youth to bring about innovations in their community.
miR-15a/16-1 deletion in activated B cells promotes plasma cell and mature B-cell neoplasms
Authors: Sewastianik Tomasz , Straubhaar Juerg R. , Zhao Jian-Jun , Samur Mehmet K. , Adler Keith , Tanton Helen E. , Shanmugam Vignesh , Nadeem Omar , Dennis Peter S. , Pillai Vinodh , Wang Jianli , Jiang Meng , Lin Jianhong , Huang Ying , Brooks Daniel , Bouxsein Mary , Dorfman David M. , Pinkus Geraldine S. , Robbiani Davide F. , Ghobrial Irene M. , Budnik Bogdan , Jarolim Petr , Munshi Nikhil C. , Anderson Kenneth C. , Carrasco Ruben D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chromosome 13q deletion [del(13q)], harboring the miR-15a/16-1 cluster, is one of the most common genetic alterations in mature B-cell malignancies, which originate from germinal center (GC) and post-GC B cells. Moreover, miR-15a/16 expression is frequently reduced in lymphoma and multiple myeloma (MM) cells without del(13q), suggesting important tumor-suppressor activity. However, the role of miR-15a/16-1 in B-cell activation and initiation of mature B-cell neoplasms remains to be determined. We show that conditional deletion of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster in murine GC B cells induces moderate but widespread molecular and functional changes including an increased number of GC B cells, percentage of dark zone B cells, and maturation into plasma cells. With time, this leads to development of mature B-cell neoplasms resembling human extramedullary plasmacytoma (EP) as well as follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. The indolent nature and lack of bone marrow involvement of EP in our murine model resembles human primary EP rather than MM that has progressed to extramedullary disease. We corroborate human primary EP having low levels of miR-15a/16 expression, with del(13q) being the most common genetic loss. Additionally, we show that, although the mutational profile of human EP is similar to MM, there are some exceptions such as the low frequency of hyperdiploidy in EP, which could account for different disease presentation. Taken together, our studies highlight the significant role of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster in the regulation of the GC reaction and its fundamental context-dependent tumor-suppression function in plasma cell and B-cell malignancies.
Phytochemicals of Periploca aphylla Dcne. ameliorated streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rat
Authors: Rashid Umbreen , Khan Muhammad Rashid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Periploca aphylla is used by local population and indigenous medicine practitioners as stomachic, tonic, antitumor, antiulcer, and for treatment of inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic effect of the extract of P. aphylla and to investigate antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Methods
The present research was conducted to evaluate the antihyperglycemic potential of methanol extract of P. aphylla (PAM) and subfractions n-hexane (PAH), chloroform (PAC), ethyl acetate (PAE), n-butanol (PAB), and aqueous (PAA) in glucose-overloaded hyperglycemic Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on the efficacy, PAB (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) was tested for its antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) in rat. Blood glucose values were taken weekly. HPLC-DAD analysis of PAB was carried out for the presence of various polyphenols.

Results
HPLC-DAD analysis of PAB recorded the presence of rutin, catechin, caffeic acid, and myricetin. Oral administration of PAB at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 21 days significantly restored (P < 0.01) body weight (%) and relative liver and relative kidney weight of diabetic rats. Diabetic control rats showed significant elevation (P < 0.01) of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, creatinine, total bilirubin, and BUN while reduced (P < 0.01) level of glucose, total protein, albumin, insulin, and HDL in serum. Count of blood cells and hematological parameters were altered in diabetic rats. Further, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and total soluble protein concentration decreased while concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and percent DNA damages increased (P < 0.01) in liver and renal tissues of diabetic rats. Histopathological damage scores increased in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats. Intake of PAB (400 mg/kg) resulted in significant improvement (P < 0.01) of above parameters, and results were comparable to that of standard drug glibenclamide.

Conclusion
The result suggests the antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of PAB treatment in STZ-compelled diabetic rat. PAB might be used as new therapeutic agent in diabetic patients to manage diabetes and decrease the complications.
The migratory pathways of the cells that form the endocardium, dorsal aortae, and head vasculature in the mouse embryo
Authors: Collart C. , Ciccarelli A. , Ivanovitch K. , Rosewell I. , Kumar S. , Kelly G. , Edwards A. , Smith J. C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Vasculogenesis in amniotes is often viewed as two spatially and temporally distinct processes, occurring in the yolk sac and in the embryo. However, the spatial origins of the cells that form the primary intra-embryonic vasculature remain uncertain. In particular, do they obtain their haemato-endothelial cell fate in situ, or do they migrate from elsewhere? Recently developed imaging techniques, together with new Tal1 and existing Flk1 reporter mouse lines, have allowed us to investigate this question directly, by visualising cell trajectories live and in three dimensions.

Results
We describe the pathways that cells follow to form the primary embryonic circulatory system in the mouse embryo. In particular, we show that Tal1-positive cells migrate from within the yolk sac, at its distal border, to contribute to the endocardium, dorsal aortae and head vasculature. Other Tal1 positive cells, similarly activated within the yolk sac, contribute to the yolk sac vasculature. Using single-cell transcriptomics and our imaging, we identify VEGF and Apela as potential chemo-attractants that may regulate the migration into the embryo. The dorsal aortae and head vasculature are known sites of secondary haematopoiesis; given the common origins that we observe, we investigate whether this is also the case for the endocardium. We discover cells budding from the wall of the endocardium with high Tal1 expression and diminished Flk1 expression, indicative of an endothelial to haematopoietic transition.

Conclusions
In contrast to the view that the yolk sac and embryonic circulatory systems form by two separate processes, our results indicate that Tal1-positive cells from the yolk sac contribute to both vascular systems. It may be that initial Tal1 activation in these cells is through a common mechanism.
Interrupted time series analysis using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models: a guide for evaluating large-scale health interventions
Authors: Schaffer Andrea L. , Dobbins Timothy A. , Pearson Sallie-Anne 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundInterrupted time series analysis is increasingly used to evaluate the impact of large-scale health interventions. While segmented regression is a common approach, it is not always adequate, especially in the presence of seasonality and autocorrelation. An Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model is an alternative method that can accommodate these issues.MethodsWe describe the underlying theory behind ARIMA models and how they can be used to evaluate population-level interventions, such as the introduction of health policies. We discuss how to select the shape of the impact, the model selection process, transfer functions, checking model fit, and interpretation of findings. We also provide R and SAS code to replicate our results.ResultsWe illustrate ARIMA modelling using the example of a policy intervention to reduce inappropriate prescribing. In January 2014, the Australian government eliminated prescription refills for the 25 mg tablet strength of quetiapine, an antipsychotic, to deter its prescribing for non-approved indications. We examine the impact of this policy intervention on dispensing of quetiapine using dispensing claims data.ConclusionsARIMA modelling is a useful tool to evaluate the impact of large-scale interventions when other approaches are not suitable, as it can account for underlying trends, autocorrelation and seasonality and allows for flexible modelling of different types of impacts.
Lifestyle exercise attenuates immunosenescence; flow cytometry analysis
Authors: Tylutka Anna , Morawin Barbara , Gramacki Artur , Zembron-Lacny Agnieszka 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Interaction of physical activity and overall immune profile is very complex and depends on the intensity, duration and frequency of undertaken physical activity, the exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the age-related changes in the immune system. Daily physical activity, which particularly influences immunity, declines dramatically with age. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explain whether physical activity sustained throughout life can attenuate or reverse immunosenescence.

Methods
Ninety-nine older adults (60–90 years) were recruited for the study. According to the 6-min walk test (6WMT), the Åstrand-Ryhming bike test (VO2max) and Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire, the individuals were classified as physically active (n = 34) and inactive (n = 20) groups. The analysis of T lymphocytes between active vs. inactive participants was performed using eight-parameter flow cytometry.

Results
Analysis of the baseline peripheral naïve and memory T lymphocytes showed a significant relationship of lifestyle exercise with the CD4/CD8 ratio. Above 50% of physically active participants demonstrated the CD4/CD8 ratio ≥ 1 or ≤ 2.5 contrary to the inactive group who showed the ratio < 1. The older adults with the result of 6WMT > 1.3 m/s and VO2max > 35 mL/kg/min had a significantly higher CD4+CD45RA+ T lymphocyte percentage and also a higher ratio of CD4+CD45RA+/CD4+CD45RO+. Interestingly, in active older adults with IgG CMV+ (n = 30) the count of CD4+CD45RA+ T lymphocytes was higher than in the inactive group with IgG CMV+ (n = 20).

Conclusion
Based on the flow cytometry analysis, we concluded that lifestyle exercise could lead to rejuvenation of the immune system by increasing the percentage of naïve T lymphocytes or by reducing the tendency of the inverse CD4/CD8 ratio.
Using EEG and MEG to characterize extreme delta brush in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Authors: Miao Ailiang , Shi Yongwei , Xiang Jing , Wang Xiaoshan , Ge Jianqing , Chen Qiqi , Yu Yuanwen , Yu Chuanyong , Wu Di 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Extreme delta brush (EDB) is considered a potential marker for anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. The brain regions involved in EDB are unclear.

Case presentation
A 16-year-old woman with anti-NMDAR encephalitis who was experiencing psychosis was admitted. Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were used to analyze EDB in the patient. EDB on EEG could be disturbed by opening and closing the eyes, by occipital alpha rhythms and by sleep-wake cycles. The MEG results showed beta activity originating from bilateral superior parietal lobes. However, the delta wave originated from bilateral superior temporal gyri, the right middle temporal gyrus, the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the left inferior parietal lobe.

Conclusions
Delta wave and beta activity might originate from different brain regions. Beta activity might be transmitted forward to the frontotemporal lobe and superimposed with delta activity to form EDB on EEG.
Authors’ reply to: Letter to the Editor in response to ‘Parental attachment and depressive symptoms in pregnancies complicated by twin‐twin transfusion syndrome: a cohort study’
Authors: Mackie Fiona L. , Morris R. Katie , Kilby Mark D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this correspondence we thank the authors for highlighting the importance of our work, and agree with the limitations they have raised regarding performing this study.
Maternal-foetal complications in pregnancy: a retrospective comparison between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Guarnotta Valentina , Mineo Mariagrazia Irene , Giacchetto Emanuela , Imbergamo Maria Pia , Giordano Carla 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
The aim of the study was a retrospective comparison of the differences in maternal-foetal outcomes between women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM).

Methods
A cohort of 135 patients with pregestational diabetes, 73 with T1DM (mean age 29 ± 5 years) and 62 with T2DM (mean age 33 ± 6 years), in intensive insulin treatment throughout pregnancy were evaluated. Clinical and metabolic parameters and the prevalence of maternal and foetal complications were assessed.

Results
Women with T1DM showed lower pregestational BMI (p < 0.001), pregestational weight (p < 0.001), weight at delivery (p < 0.001), ∆_total_insulin requirement (IR) at the first, second and third trimesters (all p < 0.001) and higher weight gain during pregnancy (p < 0.001), pregestational HbA1c (p = 0.040), HbA1c in the first (p = 0.004), second (p = 0.020) and third (p = 0.010) trimesters compared to T2DM. Women with T1DM had a higher risk of macrosomia (p = 0.005) than T2DM, while women with T2DM showed higher prevalence of abortion (p = 0.037) than T1DM. At multivariate analysis, pregestational BMI and ∆_total_IR of the first trimester were independently associated with abortion in T2DM, while weight gain during pregnancy was independently associated with macrosomia in T1DM.

Conclusion
Women with T1DM have a higher risk of macrosomia than T2DM due to weight gain throughout pregnancy. By contrast, women with T2DM have a higher risk of spontaneous abortion than T1DM, due to pregestational BMI and ∆_total_IR in the first trimester.
Caesarean section in pregnancies conceived by assisted reproductive technology: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lodge-Tulloch Nakeisha A. , Elias Flavia T. S. , Pudwell Jessica , Gaudet Laura , Walker Mark , Smith Graeme N. , Velez Maria P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundCaesarean section rates are higher among pregnancies conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) compared to spontaneous conceptions (SC), implying an increase in neonatal and maternal morbidity. We aimed to compare caesarean section rates in ART pregnancies versus SC, overall, by indication (elective versus emergent), and by type of ART treatment (in-vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), fresh embryo transfer, frozen embryo transfer) in a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsWe searched Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL databases using the OVID Platform from 1993 to 2019, and the search was completed in January 2020. The eligibility criteria were cohort studies with singleton conceptions after in-vitro fertilization and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection using autologous oocytes versus spontaneous conceptions. The study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale and GRADE approach. Meta-analyses were performed using odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) using random effect models in RevMan 5.3, and I-squared (I2) test > 75% was considered as high heterogeneity.ResultsOne thousand seven hundred fifty studies were identified from the search of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. Compared to spontaneous conceptions, IVF/ICSI pregnancies were associated with a 1.90-fold increase of odds of caesarean section (95% CI 1.76, 2.06). When stratified by indication, IVF/ICSI pregnancies were associated with a 1.91-fold increase of odds of elective caesarean section (95% CI 1.37, 2.67) and 1.38-fold increase of odds of emergent caesarean section (95% CI 1.09, 1.75). The heterogeneity of the studies was high and the GRADE assessment moderate to low, which can be explained by the observational design of the included studies.ConclusionsThe odds of delivering by caesarean section are greater for ART singleton pregnancies compared to spontaneous conceptions. Preconception and pregnancy care plans should focus on minimizing the risks that may lead to emergency caesarean sections and finding strategies to understand and decrease the rate of elective caesarean sections.
Newborn antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 detected in cord blood after maternal vaccination – a case report
Authors: Paul Gilbert , Chad Rudnick 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Maternal vaccination for Influenza and Tetanus, Diphtheria, acellular Pertussis (TDaP) have been well studied in terms of safety and efficacy for protection of the newborn by placental passage of antibodies. Similar newborn protection would be expected after maternal vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is a significant and urgent need for research regarding safety and efficacy of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy.

Case presentation
A vigorous, healthy, full-term female was born to a COVID-19 naïve mother who had received a single dose of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 3 weeks prior to delivery. IgG cord blood antibodies were detected to SARS-CoV-2 at the time of birth.

Conclusion
Here, we report the first known case of an infant with SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies detectable in cord blood after maternal vaccination.