bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Peace throughout the oceans and seas of the world’: British maritime strategic thought and world order, 1892–1919
Authors: Halewood Louis 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Prior to 1914, British strategic thinkers considered the question of how to maintain British world power in the twentieth century. They developed visions of co-operation at sea between not only Britain and the Dominions, but also other states in the international system. During the First World War, these ideas merged with plans for the League of Nations, which British policymakers envisaged as a tool for enforcing peace through the use of sea power. This article explores these ideas, providing a different interpretation of the origins of the League, and the maritime strategic thought of key individuals including Halford Mackinder.
A conceptual framework for latecomer linkage capabilities
Authors: Reinauer Tobias , Hansen Ulrich Elmer 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this article, we put forward a framework for conceptualizing processes of linkage capability-building in firms based in developing countries, so-called latecomer firms. To do this, we combine the literature on latecomer capabilities with insights from the literature on industrial marketing and supply-chain management. Our framework distinguishes between different levels of development across three capability categories: envisioning opportunities for useful market and knowledge-based linkages, engaging with external partners in ways that create suitable organizational arrangements, and exploiting relationships for technological learning.
Market power and R&D investment: the case of China
Authors: Sun Xiaohua , Yuan Fang , Wang Yun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article presents an in-depth analysis of market power and its impact on firm research and development (R&D) investment in China. Two opposing theories have been proposed in the literature. The first, due to Schumpeter, suggests that monopoly power has a positive effect on firms’ propensity to innovate hence their investment in R&D. The alternative view, first proposed by Arrow, suggests that firms invest in R&D in order to escape competition, and thus market competition stimulates innovation. In testing these theories, prior studies have measured market power in different ways. Some use the so-called Lerner index, which measures the profit margin of a particular firm. Others use measures of industry concentration, for example, the Herfindahl index. This article tests the competing theories using a sample of 300,095 Chinese manufacturing firms in 29 two-digit manufacturing industries. We unify the two measures of market power, using a hierarchical linear model, to determine whether industry-level measures add power to specifications based on firm-level markups alone. We find, first, that firms are less likely to carry out R&D activities as their market power intensifies. The effect is nonlinear: firms with higher markups spend even less on R&D than a linear specification predicts. This finding supports Arrow’s theory and contradicts Schumpeter’s theory. Second, for the sample as a whole, the impact of industry-level concentration is negligible. However, when we break the sample into large, medium, and small firms, industry concentration has a significant effect on large and medium-sized firms but no impact on small firms. Thus, large firms with high markups in concentrated industries spend less on R&D than large firms with high markups in less concentrated industries. We interpret this as further evidence in support of the escape competition theory: less concentrated industries are more competitive, forcing the leaders to invest more heavily on R&D.
Impact of Index Insurance on Moral Hazard in the Agricultural Credit Market: Theory and Evidence from Ghana
Authors: Dougherty John P , Gallenstein Richard A , Mishra Khushbu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecent research suggests that coupling microfinance loans with an index insurance policy may be a cost-effective way to expand credit market access to smallholder farmers in developing countries. Index insurance can increase demand for credit and encourage increased supply of credit by protecting borrowers and lenders from covariate production shocks that discourage credit market expansion. In this paper, we propose that index insurance, when bundled with credit, may also reduce a different barrier to credit market access: high transaction costs caused by moral hazard in the credit market. We develop a theoretical model of a competitive credit market with moral hazard. In this market, lenders use either dynamic incentives or collateral to mitigate the moral hazard problem. The model shows that index insurance bundled with loan contracts can reduce moral hazard and increase borrower welfare. We then test the model and find some empirical support using a subset of data from a randomised control trial in northern Ghana.
Exploring the history of pronouns in South America with computer-assisted methods
Authors: Rojas-Berscia Luis Miguel , Roberts Sean 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPronouns as a diagnostic feature of language relatedness have been widely explored in historical and comparative linguistics. In this article, we focus on South American pronouns, as a potential example of items with their own history passing between the boundaries of language families, what has been dubbed in the literature as ‘historical markers’. Historical markers are not a direct diagnostic of genealogical relatedness among languages, but account for phenomena beyond the grasp of the historical comparative method. Relatedness between pronoun systems can thus serve as suggestions for closer studies of genealogical relationships. How can we use computational methods to help us with this process? We collected pronouns for 121 South American languages, grouped them into classes and aligned the phonemes within each class (assisted by automatic methods). We then used Bayesian phylogenetic tree inference to model the birth and death of individual phonemes within cognate sets, rather than the typical practice of modelling whole cognate sets. The reliability of the splits found in our analysis was low above the level of language family, and validation on alternative data suggested that the analysis cannot be used to infer general genealogical relatedness among languages. However, many results aligned with existing theories, and the analysis as a whole provided a useful starting point for future analyses of historical relationships between the languages of South America. We show that using automated methods with evolutionary principles can support progress in historical linguistics research.
Congenital Coccidioidomycosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Naeem Fouzia , Vijayan Vini , Kim Bonnie Y , Rahmati Elham , McCarty James 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis in neonates is rare and the acquisition of disease in this age group is not well understood. Congenital coccidioidomycosis is very rare, usually associated with coccidioidal placentitis. Only a handful of cases of congenital coccidioidomycosis have been described in the literature. We describe an infant with congenital coccidioidomycosis delivered by cesarean section to a mother who was diagnosed with disseminated disease in the second trimester and summarize the available literature on congenital coccidioidomycosis.
Endoscopic lithotripsy for Bouveret syndrome complicated by small bowel obstruction secondary to gallstone fragments
Authors: Goonawardhana Dulani , Huynh Roy , Rabindran Joel , Becerril-Martinez Guillermo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Bouveret syndrome is a rare complication of cholecystitis, in which impaction of a gallstone creates a cholecystoduodenal fistula leading to gastric outlet obstruction. We report a case of a 90-year-old female who presented with nausea and vomiting on a background of previous necrotic cholecystitis managed conservatively. Computed tomography of the abdomen demonstrated a large gallstone impacted in the third part of the duodenum leading to gastric outlet obstruction. Given her frailty, the patient underwent endoscopy to relieve the obstruction; however, complete retrieval of the gallstone fragments after lithotripsy was not possible. She subsequently developed distal gallstone ileus due to migration of the gallstone fragments and underwent laparotomy, enterotomy and retrieval of the fragments. This case highlights the dilemma of managing elderly patients with Bouveret syndrome with open or endoscopic surgery and the importance of retrieving all gallstone fragments after lithotripsy to avoid iatrogenic complications, such as gallstone ileus.
The transcription factor WRKY32 affects tomato fruit colour by regulating YELLOW FRUITED-TOMATO 1, a core component of ethylene signal transduction
Authors: Zhao Weihua , Li Yuhang , Fan Shaozhu , Wen Tengjian , Wang Minghui , Zhang Lida , Zhao Lingxia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fruit quality in most fleshy fruit crops is fundamentally linked to ripening-associated traits, including changes in colour. In many climacteric fruits, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the phytohormone ethylene plays a key role in regulating ripening. Previous map-based cloning of YELLOW FRUITED-TOMATO 1 (YFT1) revealed that it encodes the EIN2 protein, a core component in ethylene signal transduction. A YFT1 allele with a genetic lesion was found to be down-regulated in the yft1 tomato mutant that has a yellow fruit phenotype and perturbed ethylene signalling. Based on bioinformatic analysis, yeast one hybrid assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we report that transcription factor WRKY32 regulates tomato fruit colour formation. WRKY32 binds to W-box and W-box-like motifs in the regulatory region of the YFT1 promoter and induces its expression. In tomato fruits of WRKY32-RNAi generated lines, ethylene signalling was reduced, leading to a suppression in ethylene emission, a delay in chromoplast development, decreased carotenoid accumulation, and a yellow fruit phenotype. These results provide new insights into the regulatory networks that govern tomato fruit colour formation via ethylene signal transduction.
Comparative Evaluation of the Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Phenotypic Detection of Guiana Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Type Carbapenemases in Enterobacterales
Authors: Lee A-Jin , Suh Hun Suk 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
We comparatively evaluated the performance of 3 phenotypic tests for the detection of carbapenemase production.

Materials and Methods
Carbapenemase production was evaluated using the modified Hodge test (MHT), the modified carbapenemase inhibition method (mCIM), and the Rapidec Carba NP test (RCNP).

Results
Among the 170 isolates, 79 were CP-CRE and 91 were non-CP-CRE. The CP-CRE isolates produced GES-5 (n = 66), KPC (n = 4), NDM (n = 7), NDM and OXA-48 (n = 1), and VIM (n = 1). For KPC producers, all 3 methods showed a sensitivity of 75%. The sensitivities of MHT, mCIM, and RCNP were 14.3%, 100%, and 71.4%, respectively, for NDM producers, and 1.5%, 12.1%, and 18.2% for GES-5 producers, respectively.

Conclusion
The performance of the phenotypic tests varied depending on the type of carbapenemase. For intensive infection control, phenotypic and molecular tests are required for the detection of common and rare types of carbapenemases.
Rapid-response radio observations of short GRB 181123B with the Australia Telescope Compact Array
Authors: Anderson G E , Bell M E , Stevens J , Aksulu M D , Miller-Jones J C A , van der Horst A J , Wijers R A M J , Rowlinson A , Bahramian A , Hancock P J , Macquart J-P , Ryder S D , Plotkin R M 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We introduce the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) rapid-response mode by presenting the first successful trigger on the short-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) 181123B. Early-time radio observations of short GRBs may provide vital insights into the radio afterglow properties of Advanced LIGO- and Virgo-detected gravitational wave events, which will in turn inform follow-up strategies to search for counterparts within their large positional uncertainties. The ATCA was on target within 12.6 h post-burst, when the source had risen above the horizon. While no radio afterglow was detected during the 8.3 h observation, we obtained force-fitted flux densities of 7 ± 12 and $15 \pm 11\, \mu$Jy at 5.5 and 9 GHz, respectively. Afterglow modelling of GRB 181123B showed that the addition of the ATCA force-fitted radio flux densities to the Swift X-ray Telescope detections provided more stringent constraints on the fraction of thermal energy in the electrons (log $\epsilon _e = -0.75^{+0.39}_{-0.40}$ rather than log $\epsilon _e = -1.13^{+0.82}_{-1.2}$ derived without the inclusion of the ATCA values), which is consistent with the range of typical ϵe derived from GRB afterglow modelling. This allowed us to predict that the forward shock may have peaked in the radio band ∼10 d post-burst, producing detectable radio emission ≳3–4 d post-burst. Overall, we demonstrate the potential for extremely rapid radio follow-up of transients and the importance of triggered radio observations for constraining GRB blast wave properties, regardless of whether there is a detection, via the inclusion of force-fitted radio flux densities in afterglow modelling efforts.
L-GALAXIES 2020: The evolution of radial metallicity profiles and global metallicities in disc galaxies
Authors: Yates Robert M , Henriques Bruno M B , Fu Jian , Kauffmann Guinevere , Thomas Peter A , Guo Qi , White Simon D M , Schady Patricia 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a modified version of the L-galaxies2020 semi-analytic model of galaxy evolution, which includes significantly increased direct metal enrichment of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) by supernovae (SNe). These more metal-rich outflows do not require increased mass-loading factors, in contrast to some other galaxy evolution models. This modified L-galaxies2020 model is able to simultaneously reproduce the gas-phase metallicity ($Z_{\rm {g}}$) and stellar metallicity (Z*) radial profiles observed in nearby disc galaxies by MaNGA and MUSE, as well as the observed mass – metallicity relations for gas and stars at z = 0 and their evolution back to z ∼ 2−3. A direct CGM enrichment fraction of ∼90 per cent for SNe-II is preferred. We find that massive disc galaxies have slightly flatter $Z_{\rm {g}}$ profiles than their lower-mass counterparts in L-galaxies2020, due to more efficient enrichment of their outskirts via inside-out growth and metal-rich accretion. Such a weak, positive correlation between stellar mass and $Z_{\rm {g}}$ profile slope is also seen in our MaNGA-DR15 sample of 571 star-forming disc galaxies, although below log10(M*/M⊙) ∼ 10.0 this observational result is strongly dependent on the metallicity diagnostic and morphological selection chosen. In addition, a lowered maximum SN-II progenitor mass of $25\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$, reflecting recent theoretical and observational estimates, can also provide a good match to observed $Z_{\rm {g}}$ and Z* profiles at z = 0 in L-galaxies2020. However, this model version fails to reproduce an evolution in $Z_{\rm {g}}$ at fixed mass over cosmic time, or the magnesium abundances observed in the intracluster medium (ICM).
Ciliary Rootlet Coiled-Coil 2 (crocc2)Is Associated with Evolutionary Divergence and Plasticity of Cichlid Jaw Shape
Authors: Gilbert Michelle C , Tetrault Emily , Packard Mary , Navon Dina , Albertson R Craig 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCichlid fishes exhibit rapid, extensive, and replicative adaptive radiation in feeding morphology. Plasticity of the cichlid jaw has also been well documented, and this combination of iterative evolution and developmental plasticity has led to the proposition that the cichlid feeding apparatus represents a morphological “flexible stem.” Under this scenario, the fixation of environmentally sensitive genetic variation drives evolutionary divergence along a phenotypic axis established by the initial plastic response. Thus, if plasticity is predictable then so too should be the evolutionary response. We set out to explore these ideas at the molecular level by identifying genes that underlie both the evolution and plasticity of the cichlid jaw. As a first step, we fine-mapped an environment-specific quantitative trait loci for lower jaw shape in cichlids, and identified a nonsynonymous mutation in the ciliary rootlet coiled-coil 2 (crocc2), which encodes a major structural component of the primary cilium. Given that primary cilia play key roles in skeletal mechanosensing, we reasoned that this gene may confer its effects by regulating the sensitivity of bone to respond to mechanical input. Using both cichlids and zebrafish, we confirmed this prediction through a series of experiments targeting multiple levels of biological organization. Taken together, our results implicate crocc2 as a novel mediator of bone formation, plasticity, and evolution.
Profiling of RNA ribose methylation inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Wu Songlin , Wang Yuqiu , Wang Jiayin , Li Xilong , Li Jiayang , Ye Keqiong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEukaryotic rRNAs and snRNAs are decorated with abundant 2′-O-methylated nucleotides (Nm) that are predominantly synthesized by box C/D snoRNA-guided enzymes. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, C/D snoRNAs have been well categorized, but there is a lack of systematic mapping of Nm. Here, we applied RiboMeth-seq to profile Nm in cytoplasmic, chloroplast and mitochondrial rRNAs and snRNAs. We identified 111 Nm in cytoplasmic rRNAs and 19 Nm in snRNAs and assigned guide for majority of the detected sites using an updated snoRNA list. At least four sites are directed by guides with multiple specificities as shown in yeast. We found that C/D snoRNAs frequently form extra pairs with nearby sequences of methylation sites, potentially facilitating the substrate binding. Chloroplast and mitochondrial rRNAs contain five almost identical methylation sites, including two novel sites mediating ribosomal subunit joining. Deletion of FIB1 or FIB2 gene reduced the accumulation of C/D snoRNA and rRNA methylation with FIB1 playing a bigger role in methylation. Our data reveal the comprehensive 2′-O-methylation maps for Arabidopsis rRNAs and snRNAs and would facilitate study of their function and biosynthesis.
Systemic CLIP-seq analysis and game theory approach to model microRNA mode of binding
Authors: Serra Fabrizio , Bottini Silvia , Pratella David , Stathopoulou Maria G , Sebille Wanda , El-Hami Loubna , Repetto Emanuela , Mauduit Claire , Benahmed Mohamed , Grandjean Valerie , Trabucchi Michele 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) associate with Ago proteins to post-transcriptionally silence gene expression by targeting mRNAs. To characterize the modes of miRNA-binding, we developed a novel computational framework, called optiCLIP, which considers the reproducibility of the identified peaks among replicates based on the peak overlap. We identified 98 999 binding sites for mouse and human miRNAs, from eleven Ago2 CLIP-seq datasets. Clustering the binding preferences, we found heterogeneity of the mode of binding for different miRNAs. Finally, we set up a quantitative model, named miRgame, based on an adaptation of the game theory. We have developed a new algorithm to translate the miRgame into a score that corresponds to a miRNA degree of occupancy for each Ago2 peak. The degree of occupancy summarizes the number of miRNA-binding sites and miRNAs targeting each binding site, and binding energy of each miRNA::RNA heteroduplex in each peak. Ago peaks were stratified accordingly to the degree of occupancy. Target repression correlates with higher score of degree of occupancy and number of miRNA-binding sites within each Ago peak. We validated the biological performance of our new method on miR-155-5p. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that miRNA-binding sites within each Ago2 CLIP-seq peak synergistically interplay to enhance target repression.
High Inpatient Health Care Utilization and Charges Associated With Injection Drug Use–Related Infections: A Cohort Study, 2012–2015
Authors: Rapoport Alison B , Fine Danielle R , Manne-Goehler Jennifer M , Herzig Shoshana J , Rowley Christopher F 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Our study describes the characteristics of patients hospitalized with injection drug use–related infection over a multiyear period in a region highly impacted by the opioid epidemic. Intensive health care needs were common in this young cohort, including high rates of readmission, high hospitalization costs, and prolonged lengths of stay.
Populism in Japan
Authors: Fahey Robert A. , Hino Airo , Pekkanen Robert J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While populism has become a major force in many nations in recent decades, the extent to which the phenomenon is found in Japan’s politics is a contested topic on which scholars have asserted positions ranging from claims that it simply does not exist in Japan, to opposing claims that Japan’s most powerful and influential recent prime ministers have in fact been populists, with various positions in between those extremes also being represented. Some of this contestation arises from different definitions of “populism” that were developed in parallel in Japanese and Western literature, both of which also further differ from the vernacular usage of the term in Japanese political and media discourses. Consequently, scholars following different definitions have drawn quite different conclusions regarding the populist nature of Japanese political actors. This chapter outlines the correspondences and contrasts between the different definitions and uses them to examine claims that prominent contemporary political figures, including former prime ministers Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzō Abe, as well as regional governors Toru Hashimoto, Yuriko Koike, and Takashi Kawamura, have been populists or have utilized populist rhetoric in their campaigns. We find that while overt populism in Japan—at least according to the definitions used internationally—is generally confined to regional politics, national leaders have also displayed proclivity to borrow limited aspects of populist rhetoric and strategy in support of their political campaigns and policy objectives.
Music Lovers. Listening in (and to) Composer Biopics
Authors: Heldt Guido 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In composer biopics, listening to music is as important a feature as composing and performing; it fulfils a multitude of narrative functions and deeply affects the films’ ideological construction of music. The chapter discusses twenty-six scenes from sixteen biopics about “classical” composers to map typical (and some untypical) ways of intradiegetic listening to music, differentiating between types of listeners (“general listeners,” mostly in concert settings; listeners with a personal relationship to the protagonists; other musicians as expert witnesses; the composers themselves) and different narrative functions and structures, such as different types of focalization. It also discusses basic features of the relationship between the extrafictional listening of audiences in the cinema to such intradiegetic listeners, as a springboard for further study of listening in musician biopics.