bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More laws, less law: The European Union's New Pact on Migration and Asylum and the fragmentation of “asylum seeker” status
Authors: Mouzourakis Minos 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article discusses the implications of elements of the New Pact on Migration and Asylum from the perspective of fragmentation of “asylum seeker” status. Different parts of the legislative package tabled by the European Commission in September 2020 call into question the EU law view of asylum seekers as a single, indivisible category of protected persons. The retreat of EU law at external borders, on the one hand, leads to the creation of a “hollow asylum seeker” status, while the multidimensional expansion of border procedures and corollary deprivation of liberty risks defeating hard‐fought safeguards on procedural presumptions and detention. Conversely, the enactment of a “privileged asylum seeker” status through the newly introduced “immediate protection” regime appears to be a measure with pragmatic potential for needed solutions and decisive EU steps towards group refugee status determination, albeit formulated in such a way as to exacerbate fragmentation and complexity.
Changes in digoxin pharmacokinetics associated with hepatic P‐glycoprotein upregulation in rats with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Jeong Hee Jin , Lee Song Hee , Kang Hee Eun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground & Objectives: Upregulation of hepatic P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) expression has been reported in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and rodent models thereof. Here, we explored the changes hepatic P‐gp expression and activity in a NAFLD rat model and the effects thereof on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin (a probe substrate of P‐gp).Methods: Rats were fed a 1% (w/w) orotic acid‐containing diet for 20 days to induce NAFLD; control rats received a normal diet. P‐gp expression and biliary digoxin excretion were examined. The pharmacokinetics of digoxin were evaluated after it had been administered intravenously (10 μg·kg−1) and orally (200 μg·kg−1) to control and NAFLD rats.Results: The total areas under the plasma concentration‐time curves (AUCs) of digoxin after intravenous and oral administration were significantly smaller (by 39.1% and 73.0%, respectively) in NAFLD rats because of faster biliary digoxin excretion, reflecting elevations of hepatic P‐gp expression and activity. Notably, the steady‐state volume of distribution rose by 98.2%, while extent of oral bioavailability fell by 55.5% in NAFLD rats.Conclusion: This is the first study to report digoxin pharmacokinetic changes caused by hepatic P‐gp upregulation in NAFLD. Further studies are needed to explore the clinical impact of enhanced P‐gp‐mediated biliary excretion on pharmacotherapies using P‐gp substrates in patients with NAFLD.
Reduction of host cell mitochondrial activity as Mycobacterium leprae’s strategy to evade host innate immunity
Authors: Oliveira Marcus Fernandes , Medeiros Rychelle Clayde Affonso , Mietto Bruno Siqueira , Calvo Thyago Leal , Mendonça Ana Paula Miranda , Rosa Thabatta Leal Silveira Andrezo , Silva Débora Santos da , Vasconcelos Karina Girardi do Carmo de , Pereira Antonio Marcos Rodrigues , de Macedo Cristiana Santos , Pereira Geraldo Moura Batista , Moreira Marcia de Berrêdo Pinho , Pessolani Maria Cristina Vidal , Moraes Milton Ozório , Lara Flavio Alves 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLeprosy is a much‐feared incapacitating infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae or M lepromatosis, annually affecting roughly 200,000 people worldwide. During host‐pathogen interaction, M leprae subverts the immune response, leading to development of disease. Throughout the last few decades, the impact of energy metabolism on the control of intracellular pathogens and leukocytic differentiation has become more evident. Mitochondria play a key role in regulating newly‐discovered immune signaling pathways by controlling redox metabolism and the flow of energy besides activating inflammasome, xenophagy, and apoptosis. Likewise, this organelle, whose origin is probably an alphaproteobacterium, directly controls the intracellular pathogens attempting to invade its niche, a feature conquered at the expense of billions of years of coevolution. In the present review, we discuss the role of reduced host cell mitochondrial activity during M leprae infection and the consequential fates of M leprae and host innate immunity. Conceivably, inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism emerges as an overlooked and novel mechanism developed by M leprae to evade xenophagy and the host immune response.
Construction of NiPx/MoS2/NiS/CdS composite to promote photocatalytic H2 production from glucose solution
Authors: Zheng Xiuzhen , Wang Xulin , Liu Jiafang , Fu Xianliang , Yang Yang , Han Huijuan , Fan You , Zhang Sujuan , Meng Sugang , Chen Shifu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConstructing multi‐component photocatalyst is an efficient method to achieve high photocatalytic efficiency. In this work, CdS nanorods modified with NiS nanoparticles are first prepared to improve the photocatalytic performance, as no H2 generates on single NiS or CdS catalyst from glucose solution. MoS2 and NiPx, as the cocatalysts for H2 production, are loaded on the surface of NiS/CdS composite. With step‐by‐step solvothermal synthesis, four components (CdS, NiS, Mo2S, and NiPx) are fully combined in the NiPx/MoS2/NiS/CdS nanorods, generating many intimate contact interfaces. Moreover the optimized NiPx/MoS2/NiS/CdS performs a significantly increased photocatalytic activity, with H2 production rate at 297 µmol h–1 g–1. The synergistic effects of heterostructure (NiS/CdS) and cocatalysts (MoS2 and NiPx) are the main reasons in enhancing photocatalytic performance, which facilitate the separation of charge carriers and prolong their lifetimes. This work provides an effective strategy to design photocatalysts with multiple components and fast charge separation for highly efficient H2 production.
The effect of investor attention on fraud discovery and value loss in securities class action litigation
Authors: Abdulmanova Anna , Ferris Stephen P. , Jayaraman Narayanan , Kothari Pratik 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe examine the effect of investor attention on value loss due to securities class action lawsuits and litigation‐based fraud discovery. We find that investor attention is positively associated with damage to corporate reputation and the magnitude of the value losses suffered by defendant firms. The reputational damage to defendant firms with higher investor attention is evident from poor operational performance and lower institutional ownership after filing. Investor attention is positively associated with the diffusion of information regarding fraud and it accelerates lawsuit filing. The effects of investor attention, however, are not subsumed by the severity of the fraud. Our results are robust to a battery of tests that addresses selection and endogeneity concerns.
Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection treatment of multiple gastrointestinal submucosal tumors
Authors: Liu Jingzheng , Wang Yun , Liu Zuqiang , Lv Li , Ren Zhong , Hu Jianwei , Qin Wenzheng , Zhong Yunshi , Zhou Pinghong , Li Quanlin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and AimGastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMTs) can be removed by submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER). However, limited studies have evaluated STER for the removal of multiple upper gastrointestinal SMTs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of STER in the treatment of multiple upper gastrointestinal SMTs.MethodsFrom January 2011 to April 2020, the cases of patients with multiple upper gastrointestinal SMTs undergoing STER were retrospectively analyzed. Variables of clinicopathological characteristics, major adverse events (mAEs), and follow up were collected and analyzed.ResultsSubmucosal tunneling endoscopic resection was performed in 54 patients (48 male and 6 female patients) with 120 SMTs. Forty‐four patients had two tumors, eight patients had three tumors, and two patients had four tumors. The median size of each patient was 1.8 cm (range 0.7 to 3.5 cm). Forty‐five patients had tumors removed by one tunnel, and nine patients by two tunnels. The median procedure time was 50 min (range 14 to 120 min), and the mAE rate was 16.7% (9/54). No significant differences were found between patients with two tumors and those with > 2 tumors in terms of tunnel length, hospital stay, procedure time, and mAEs (all P > 0.05). In addition, patients with two tunnels had procedure time, hospital stay, and mAE rates comparable with those with one tunnel (all P > 0.05). No local recurrence or distant metastasis occurred during a median follow up of 64 months.ConclusionsSubmucosal tunneling endoscopic resection is a safe and effective technique for the resection of multiple upper gastrointestinal SMTs.
AgRP signalling negatively regulates bone mass
Authors: Enriquez Ronaldo F. , Lee Nicola J. , Herzog Herbert 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe central nervous system is an active and major regulator of bone structure and remodelling. Specifically, signalling within the hypothalamus has been shown to be critical to ensuring that skeletal functions align with whole body metabolic supply and demand. Here, we identify agouti‐related peptide (AgRP), an orexigenic peptide exclusively co‐expressed with neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, as another critical player in the central control of bone homeostasis. Using novel mouse models, we show that AgRP deletion leads to an increase in cortical and trabecular bone mass as a result of an increase in bone thickness despite a lean phenotype, particularly in male mice. Interestingly, male AgRP deficient mice display a significant decrease in pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) expression in the ARC, but no change in NPY or CART expression, suggesting that the increase in bone mass in AgRP‐deficient mice is unlikely to be a result of altered NPY signalling. This is consistent with the observation that bone mass is unchanged in response to the specific deletion of NPY from AgRP expressing neurones. By contrast, POMC expression in the ARC is significantly increased in female AgRP deficient mice, although AgRP deletion results in altered respiratory exchange ratio regulation in response to re‐feeding after a fast in both sexes. Taken together, the present study identifies AgRP as being directly involved in the regulation of bone mass and highlights the complexity intrinsic to the neuropeptide regulation of the skeleton.
Isolated fallopian tubal torsion: Reproductive age case series
Authors: Elçi Erkan , Sayan Sena , Elçi Gülhan , Koç Güneş 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimTo present our experiences in isolated fallopian tubal torsion (IFTT) case series, which are difficult to diagnose, in light of the literature.MethodsThe data of the patients diagnosed with IFTT surgically in our tertiary hospital between 2018 and 2019 were evaluated.ResultsAbdominal lower quadrant pain was present in all nine cases. Abdominal pain was accompanied by nausea in five of the nine cases with vomiting in four of the nine cases. Seven of the patients had pain radiating to the vagina. Only one case of IFTT was diagnosed with transvaginal ultrasonography where left tubal dilation and free fluid in the abdomen was found. Two of the nine cases were operated on with a preoperative diagnosis of IFTT. Seven cases were approached laparoscopically and two cases underwent a laparotomy. During the treatment, two of the nine cases underwent detorsion, while seven of the patients underwent a salpingectomy.ConclusionIFTT is a very rare condition. Therefore, it is difficult to diagnose as it does not come to mind at first glance. Delay of the operation reduces the chance of preserving the tube.
Rise of herbaceous diversity at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: First insight from fossils
Authors: Huang Yong‐Jiang , Zhu Hai , Su Tao , Spicer Robert A. , Hu Jin‐Jin , Jia Lin‐Bo , Zhou Zhe‐Kun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Hengduan Mountains region (HMR) on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, supports a high diversity of herbs, particularly in its subalpine to alpine ecosystems, due to high altitude and cool temperate climate. Current understanding on the formation of such herbaceous richness is based chiefly on molecular phylogenies; however, direct geological evidence is lacking because herbs are rarely preserved as macroscopic fossils. In this study, we present abundant fossil fruits and seeds of herbs from the late Pliocene Heqing Basin in the southern HMR. Our systematic analysis shows the presence of at least 18 species belonging to 11 genera, that is,Ranunculus,Corydalis,Rumex,Polygonum,Chenopodium,Stellaria,Fragaria,Astragalus,Aster,Carex, andSchoenoplectus, of whichPolygonumis most abundant followed byAstragalus. This finding throws the first light from fossil evidence on the rise of herbaceous diversity in the region. We interpret the local assembly of these herbs as resulting from rapid pre‐Pliocene species diversifications of many herbaceous groups in the HMR. As nowadays most of these herbs grow primarily in meadows and a few occur as subaquatic plants, we suggest an open meadow hosting some scattered shrubs in the vicinity of a vegetated wetland in the Heqing Basin during the late Pliocene. This provides the first direct evidence of past treeless open vegetation within the HMR and thus improves our knowledge of vegetation evolution in the region. We suggest that the uplift‐induced climate cooling and monsoon‐associated precipitation seasonality are potentially the key driving forces for the opening of meadow vegetation in the HMR.
Predictors of longer hospitalization of maxillofacial infections‐a 17‐year retrospective study
Authors: Rasteniene Ruta , Vitosyte Milda , Jankauskaite Dainora , Aleksejuniene Jolanta 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate treatment outcomes in patients with severe maxillofacial infections requiring hospital care during a 17‐year period.MethodsA retrospective cohort study reviewed 5,465 medical records, and the following data were collected: the reason for infection, locations of inflamed regions, treatment provided, bacteriological findings, and treatment outcomes. Other information included sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender), presence of systemic diseases, and smoking history.ResultsThe annual incidence rate of patients with acute maxillofacial infections was 206 ± 19 cases with a male to female ratio 1.4:1.0, a mean hospital stay of 7.9 ± 4.9 days. Older age (>65 years), smoking and systemic diseases (diabetes), the causative tooth (molar), and need for extraoral incision predicted longer hospitalization. Intravenous penicillin was the most common drug prescribed in 50.5% of cases. A total of 132 different microorganisms were identified. The highest microorganism resistance occurred for metronidazole and the highest sensitivity was to clindamycin.ConclusionsIncreased age, smoking, diabetes, causative tooth, and the occurrence of several infected spaces were associated with a longer hospital stay. Streptococcus α haemolyticus was the most common microorganism found in more than 70.0% of cases that were sensitive to intravenous penicillin.
A high stem to leaf ratio reduced rainfall use efficiency under altered rainfall patterns in a semi‐arid grassland in northeast China
Authors: Zhang J. , Gao X. , Zheng X. , Yang Y. , Fan G. , Shi Y. , Wang J. , Mu C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Rainfall use efficiency (RUE) is crucial for understanding the changes in grassland productivity due to variations in future rainfall patterns. Recently, numerous studies have been conducted on the relationship between RUE and the amount of rainfall, but there has been little research on the influence of rainfall distribution and the interactive effect of rainfall amounts and distribution on RUE.

Here, a simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to evaluate the impacts of rainfall amount (average rainfall amount (R0), 334 mm; decreased (R‐) and increased (R+) rainfall amounts, 233 mm and 434 mm, respectively) and dry intervals (comprising 6‐day, 9‐day, 12‐day, 15‐day, 18‐day and 21‐day intervals between rainfall) on productivity and RUE in Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel., a dominant grass of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe.

Our results showed that (1) for biomass production and RUE, moderate extension of dry intervals was conducive to enhancing total biomass production and RUE. The peak values of total biomass and RUE appeared during the 15‐day interval for R‐, and the 18‐day interval for R0 and R+. (2) For biomass allocation, extension of dry intervals decreased the stem to leaf ratio (S/L) and the root to shoot ratio (R/S). (3) Further, the S/L ratio was significantly negatively correlated with RUE.

These results suggest that variations in rainfall patterns can alter the RUE by changing the S/L ratio, and finally influence biomass production in L. chinensis. These findings have important implications for understanding and predicting the effect of future climate change on productivity in semi‐arid grassland.
Influence of psychological nursing and health education on depression, anxiety and life quality of elderly patients with lung cancer
Authors: Sun Yan , Wang Xiaoyun , Li Na , Bian Junping 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundTo explore and analyze the influence of psychological nursing and health education on depression, anxiety and life quality of elderly patients with lung cancer.MethodsThere were 84 elderly patients with lung cancer who were admitted and treated in our hospital since July 2018 till July 2019, serving as the objects of observation. The selected patients were divided into the control group (n = 42) and the observation group in principle of random allocation by computer numbers. Routine care was conducted to the control group, while psychological nursing and health education were implemented to the observation group, so as to compare the improvement effect of depression, anxiety, life quality and compliance on the two groups of patients before/after the two different nursing methods were adopted for intervention.ResultsHamilton Depression Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, and the levels of various pulmonary function indicators including degree of blood oxygen saturation, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity and maximum ventilatory capacity and quality of life scores were significantly improved; compared with the control group, the total compliance of the observation group was significantly increased, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe psychological nursing and health education implemented for elderly patients with lung cancer will improve patients' bad mood effectively, enhance life quality and perfect prognosis for patients, maintaining significant value in clinical application.
Nutritional assessment and support during continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Ostermann Marlies , Lumlertgul Nuttha , Mehta Ravindra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMalnutrition is highly prevalent in patients with acute kidney injury, especially in those receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT). For the assessment of nutritional status, a combination of screening tools, anthropometry, and laboratory parameters is recommended rather than a single test. To avoid underfeeding and overfeeding during RRT, energy expenditure should be measured by indirect calorimetry or calculated using predictive equations. Nitrogen balance should be periodically measured to assess the degree of catabolism and to evaluate protein intake. However, there is limited data for nutritional targets specifically for patients on RRT, such as protein intake. The composition of commercial solutions for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) varies. CRRT itself can be associated with both, nutrient losses into the effluent fluid and caloric gain from dextrose, lactate, and citrate. The role of micronutrient supplementation, and potential use of micronutrient enriched CRRT solutions in this setting is unknown, too. This review provides an overview of existing knowledge and uncertainties related to nutritional aspects in patients on CRRT and emphasizes the need for more research in this area.
Kidney support therapy in the pediatric patient: Unique considerations for a unique population
Authors: Askenazi David , Basu Rajit K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe use of kidney support therapy (KST) for use in managing patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) has expanded greatly in the last several decades. The growing use of KST modalities in children, and now in neonates, has been associated with opportunities for education, clinical research, clinical practice improvements, and outcomes research. A multitude of controversies exist in the field of pediatric KST—many of which are shared by adult critical care nephrology practice. Simultaneously, pediatric KST has led the way to a burgeoning exploration of the importance of fluid overload as it relates to KST initiation and management and also with quality improvement. In this review, we will explore and describe the paradigms contained with pediatric KST used to support children with AKI. In addition to the governing principles related to the mechanics of KST, we will describe the novel aspects of newer support machines and ethical considerations of KST provision. Anticoagulation, dose, and modality will be discussed as well as priming procedures for special considerations. The utilization of KST across pediatric populations represents the next frontier of critical care nephrology.
Impact of C1q fixing donor‐specific antibodies on renal transplant outcome
Authors: Baranwal Ajay Kumar , Goswami Sanjeev , Agarwal Sanjay Kumar , Kaur Gurvinder , Mehra Narinder Kumar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNot all anti‐HLA donor‐specific antibodies (HLA‐DSAs) are detrimental to renal allograft. In this context, the C1q complement activating ability of antibodies appears to be an important parameter to distinguish clinically inert versus detrimental DSAs. We evaluated sera of 206 consecutive primary live donor renal transplant recipients before transplant and at post‐operative day 7, 30, 90, 180 and at the time of graft dysfunction for quantifying HLA‐DSAs using single antigen bead assay on a Luminex platform. Patients positive for these antibodies with an MFI >500 were further screened for C1q fixing nature of DSA. Fourteen of the 18 antibody‐positive patients had C1q fixing DSA with MFI value >5000. Only 4 antibody‐positive patients did not have C1q fixing DSA. The MFI values of DSA detected by C1q assay were generally higher at least by 25% than those detected by the conventional IgG‐SAB assay. Twelve of the 14 patients (85.71%) with C1q+ DSA developed antibody‐mediated rejection during the mean follow‐up period of 21.43 ± 8.03 months as compared to none of the four C1q‐negative DSA (85.71% vs 0%; P = .001). These results suggest deleterious effect of C1q+ DSA vis‐à‐vis C1q‐negative DSA on renal allograft.