bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring work and training load in military settings – what's in the toolbox?
Authors: Michael Scott W. , Siddall Andrew G. , O'Leary Thomas J. , Groeller Herbert , Sampson John A. , Blacker Sam D. , Drain Jace R. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTMilitary personnel are required to complete physically demanding tasks when performing work and training, which may be quantified through the physical stress imposed (external load) or the resultant physiological strain (internal load). The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the techniques used to monitor work and training load in military settings, summarise key findings, and discuss important practical, analytical, and conceptual considerations. Most investigations have focused upon measuring external and internal load in military training environments; however, limited data exist in operational settings. Accelerometry has been the primary tool used to estimate external load, with heart rate commonly used to quantify internal load. Supplemental to heart rate, psychophysiological and biochemical measures have also been investigated to elucidate aspects of internal load. Broadly, investigations have revealed that military training requires personnel to perform relatively large volumes of physical activity (e.g. averaging ∼15,000 steps·day−1) of typically low‐moderate intensity activity (<6 MET), although considerable temporal and inter‐individual variability is observed from these gross mean estimates. There are limitations associated with these measures and, at best, estimates of external and internal load can only be inferred. These limitations are particularly pertinent for military tasks such as load carriage and manual material handling, which often involve complex activities performed individually or in teams, in a range of operational environments, with multiple layers of protection, over a protracted duration. Comprehensively quantifying external and internal loads during these functional activities poses substantial practical and analytical challenges.
Survival of Exomoons Around Exoplanets
Authors: Dobos V. , Charnoz S. , Pál A. , Roque-Bernard A. , Szabó Gy. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Despite numerous attempts, no exomoon has firmly been confirmed to date. New missions like CHEOPS aim to characterize previously detected exoplanets and potentially discover exomoons. In order to optimize search strategies, we need to determine those planets which are the most likely to host moons. We investigate the tidal evolution of hypothetical moon orbits in systems consisting of a star, one planet, and one test moon. We study a few specific cases with ten billion years integration time where the evolution of moon orbits follows one of these three scenarios: (1) “locking,” in which the moon has a stable orbit on a long timescale (≳109 yr); (2) “escape scenario” where the moon leaves the planet’s gravitational domain; and (3) “disruption scenario,” in which the moon migrates inwards until it reaches the Roche lobe and becomes disrupted by strong tidal forces. Applying the model to real cases from an exoplanet catalog, we study the long-term stability of moon orbits around known exoplanets. We calculate the survival rate which is the fraction of the investigated cases when the moon survived around the planet for the full integration time (which is the age of the star, or if not known, then the age of the Sun). The most important factor determining the long-term survival of an exomoon is the orbital period of the planet. For the majority of the close-in planets (<10 days orbital periods) there is no stable orbit for moons. Between 10 and 300 days we find a transition in survival rate from about zero to 70%. Our results give a possible explanation for the lack of successful exomoon discoveries for close-in planets. Tidal instability causes moons to escape or being tidally disrupted around close-in planets which are mostly favored by current detection techniques.
Computer Vision and Image Processing the Challenges and Opportunities for new technologies approach: A paper review
Authors: Hussien Reem M. , Al-Jubouri Karrar Q. , Gburi Mohaimen Al , Hussein Qahtan Al Gburi , Duaa Jaafar Al Hamami 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDigital image processing has numerous applications in many sectors of the world. It expands from initial information registration into methods and thoughts combining pattern recognition, computer vision, and machine learning. The wide utilization has pulled in many researchers to integrate with a range of related specializations. This work gives a study of the latest development and theoretical ideas clarifying an improvement of computer vision particularly with pattern recognition and image processing, utilizing various regions of their field implementation. Digital image processing causes researchers to analyze images to get important data and comprehend information. It utilized a technique of multi-range implementation and huge information analysis. This work aims to focus on the latest studies related to image processing, pattern recognition, and computer vision. In this paper, Computer vision standard has been categorized into groups. For example, pattern recognition, image processing, and AI. Additionally, we give a short clarification of the forward-thinking data about the methods and their realization. This survey is restricted to computer vision, and more research can include detecting the conduct and properties of the object including people actions.
Effect of Cooling on Thermal Damage in Tissue Subjected to Laser Irradiation
Authors: Younis Sudad E. , Shibib Khalid Salem , Abduljabbar May A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This work focuses on the finite element method (FEM) that has been used to study the effect of cooling on damage initialization in skin subjected to CO2 laser. The bio-heat equation was used to simulate the temperature distribution in a skin. The result of this work was compared with the analytical solution of the same problem with good nearby results. From the result of this work, it was observed that increasing the convection heat transfer coefficient of the skin could increase the possible time required to cause damage during subjected the tissue to the laser. Also, it was found that the decrease in the environmental temp. can cause the same effect on the initialization of damage. This observation is very useful in treating skin through various laser medical procedures to avoid thermal damage.
Proportioning of green mortar by using different cementitious materials
Authors: Dawood Eethar Thanon , Mizaal Ansam Meshaal 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Pozzolanic materials are used extensively at the present time due to their availability in large quantities, especially materials that are considered waste from construction works and industrial waste. In this research, various pozzolanic materials were used, such as glass powder; ceramic powder, and brick powder, seven mortar mixes (M, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6). This research has been prepared and focuses on the impact of using these materials in mortars as cement replacement. M1, M2, M3 The cement was replaced as 30, 35, 40% by glass powder and ceramic powder (10% glass with 20, 25 and 30% ceramic powder) by weight of cement. M4, M5, M6 was replaced as 30, 35, 40% by glass powder and brick powder (10% glass with 20, 25, 30% brick powder) the cement by weight. The specimens were cast in a cube of 50 x 50 x 50 mm and the water curing regime was applied until the testing age. The fineness of the powder used in glass, ceramics and bricks is less than 45μm. Changes in compressive intensity for both samples have been examined. The optimal replacement that provided the better strength was found to be 40 percent replacement (10% glass with 30% brick powder).
Comparative Investigation on Properties of Various Local and Imported Terrazzo Tiles
Authors: Abdulhussain Sana Taha 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The paper aims to study the properties of various local and imported terrazzo tiles manufactured by ten different factories. Five of the terrazzo tile samples are local while the others are imported from Turkey and Iran. Thirty samples have been tested for each factory with total number of 300 tiles. Samples of tiles have been randomly selected from local market and then tested according to the testing methods of terrazzo tiles and ordinary tiles (31, 1989) and compared with Iraqi specification (1042, 1984). Tests result showed that all local samples conform to the specification while imported samples do not conform to Iraqi specification. The Turkish samples were out of tolerances in thickness (-15, -13 mm) for both samples. The Iranian samples were out of limits in total absorption test (10.4, 11.6 %) for both sample. The higher modulus of rupture was 7.22 MPa in a Turkish sample. The best abrasion resistance was 1.87 mm average thickness reduction in an Iranian sample. The best result of SO3 content was 0.274% in local sample Kamalyah factory. Over all, according to the adopted specification all local samples can be classified as conformable to specification limits.
Design and implementation of android application to extract text from images by using tesseract for English and Hindi
Authors: Panchal Brijeshkumar Y. , Chauhan Gaurang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The proposed Implementation is on the Android Application to extract using Tesseract OCR in which the following concepts will be used, which are Adaptive Thresholding, Connected Component, Fine Lines, and Recognize Word. Using this Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Technology, an Application generated text which is printed on a clean, B/W or colourful background can be converted into a computer readable form ASCII. With the help of this Android Application using Tesseract OCR, the system has two ways for Text Extraction. The first one is to capture a photo while the second one uploads an image from the gallery after that system can proceed for as per the user requirement which portion of the image they want to crop or edit. After editing the picture, it converts into the text. This Android Application is for two languages, English and Hindi.
Analysis and Implementation of Fuzzy Control for the MPPT Based PV Systems
Authors: Al-Chlaihawi Sarab , Hassan Ashwaq N. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In a photovoltaic system, electronic transducer control is highly essential for sufficient use of solar systems. The present article suggests to modify the Perturb and Observe MPPT (i.e., Maximum Power Point Tracking) with a fog controller to control a DC-DC impulse converter in a photoelectric system under shade and variable cases of the weather. The present study includes a proposal of a different method to the MPPT from a photovoltaic (PV) system for the purpose of obtaining the maximal power from a photovoltaic system. In the traditional approaches, the capability of the tracking includes the power output fluctuations. The modelling and simulation of the PV system with the suggested algorithm has been performed with the use of the MATLAB/SIMLINK software. The model results of the simulation show that the Per-turb and Observe (P&O) based fuzzy control algorithm has been considered as a fast transient state, with fewer and smooth fluctuations in the power signal generated.
Use of treated cement kiln dust as a nano material partially replaced in cement mortars
Authors: Muhammed Hakim Saeed , Ali Luay Muhammed , Saeed A H 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a by-product material of cement manufacturing. The composition of this material is approximately like the cement composition but it carries high ratio of alkali which is harmful material if it is used in structural construction members. In this study it was used after removing most of alkali by washing, in cement mortars as partial replacement of cement. After washing it was left to be dried. The material was grinded by Los Angeles machine firstly and then milled by a planetary mill in periods of 1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5, and 4 hours respectively to reach nano sizes of particles. It was added to cement mortars using five ratios, 0% (without milling as control ratio) and an addition of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ratios compared to cement weight respectively. The properties which were studied include compressive strength of mortar through curing periods 7, 28, 56 days, physical and chemical properties of the mortars. The results of this work ensure the work of one of the authors in the literature and an improvement in mortar compressive strength reaches 35%. Other physical and chemical properties were also improved. Depending upon the governed results washed CKD can be used safely in cement mortars.
Experimental investigation on the barrelling phenomenon in Turning Process
Authors: Salman Zaman Waheed , Ugla Adnan A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the turning process, the quality of the working surface depends on the operating parameters. In this work method was used Taguchi to study the effect of operating transactions on the surface quality of the operator (the barrel). In this study four parameters were used which are sample length (L), sample diameter (D), feed rate (F), and cut depth (T). The objective of this work is to improve the quality of the surface of the machine through the control of the main input parameters for the process of turning aluminum and steel materials. It was selected orthogonal group L9 to study the impact of key factors on the variable response, i.e. barreling. The contribution of key factors and their interaction with the optimal level were determined using ANOVA. The results showed that the cutting depth was 0.5 mm and the feeding rate was 0.5 mm/roll yield minimum barreling. In addition, ANOVA results indicated that among four major factors, the specimen diameter and cut depth significantly contributed to reducing barreling.
Residential load control system based analytical optimization method for real residential data consumption
Authors: Sultan Mousa J , Tawfeeq Mohammed A , Haider Haider T 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Peak load periods have a great impact for energy demand in smart grid. These times is directly related to the consumption of residential sector, thus utility need to add additional generation capacity during peak time to support the demand required. This paper proposes a demand response system for residential household. Analytical Method (AM) is used to optimize the load consumption based real data of typical residential home. The consumption data are measured using smart plugs that have been designed and implemented to communicate with household’s smart devices. The simulation results show the peak load was reduced by 37.64% and the energy consumption cost bill was reduced by 29.52%. The proposed method is compared with other optimization methods such as Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to highlight the finding. The proposed approach indicated a greater saving period to produce the final results.
Improvement of the PV Module Performance by Cooling Method Through Immersing in a Forced Water Circulation
Authors: Hattam Sarah Yahya , Kadhum Aboaltabooq Mahdi Hatf , Al-Zurfi Hazim A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Just 15 to 20 percent of the PV modules solar radiation’s turned to electrical energy while the rest’s transformed into thermal energy, resulting in a decrease in the efficiency of the electrical energy. Thus, to useful from the each electrical and thermal energy generated by the PV module, a hybrid thermal photovoltaic system is the perfect choice. A hollow rectangular box was used as a water flow channel to absorb heat from the photovoltaic’s. Then, this heat extracted from photovoltaic’s will be used in secondary applications, which leads to improved performance of photovoltaic modules and increased electrical conversion. The hybrid PV/T system consists of two sides of a rectangular channel made of insulating material, which are built-up on the bottom and top side of the PV panel, where the upper material is glass to transmittance the solar radiation and lower material is insulation foam, with a depth 5 mm of each one and through which water flows along the channel. The front side of the thermal collector contains transparent glass that allows solar radiation to pass through it to reach the PV module.3D numerical simulation was performed by COMSOL Multiphysics® software, and is validated at different volume flow rates of 1LPM to 5LPM, by Boundary Conditions investigation to keeping the inlet water and ambient temperature at 27°C and solar irradiation at 1000 W/m2.Hence, the benefit of this work is to evolve the electricity yield of photovoltaic (PV) module, thus increasing the electrical adequacy, also can be obtained the hot water by the heat absorption from the PV module by use heat exchanger. The results of the simulation had shown that the (PV)/T system produced 14.2% Maximum Electrical Efficiency (η

el
), while the Maximum Thermal Efficiency(η

th
)was 82%, all the result set at the temperature of ambient and inlet water to the thermal collector channel at 27°C, Where the range of the volumetric rate of water flow ranges between (1-5) LPM and solar radiation between (600-1000) (W/m2)
Applicaion of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) for Treatment of Industrial Wastewater: A mini Review
Authors: Gzar Hatem A , Al-Rekabi Wisam S. , Shuhaieb Zahraa K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This research aims at presenting Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology as one of the alternatives and efficient methods for treating industrial wastewaters at a variety of conditions. In the last decade, this technology became more popular and widely utilized worldwide, due to the fact that the need for clean water keeps to rapidly increase with the increase in the population of the world grows year by year, which is why a high number of the waste-water treatment facilities are necessary expand, for the purpose of providing additional capacity with the minimal costs. The present study aimed at covering the most significant MBBR processes, like the fundamental process of the treatment, biofilm kinetics, and MBBR operation principles. This review includes as well a large number of the relevant researches that have been performed at the lab and pilot scales, in addition to cover the important procedures on the basic process of the treatment, which affects the influent types as well as the carrier type. None-the-less, this review concluded yet has been compiled herein and reported to be acquiring more sufficient insights and outlook upon the theme with a view to meet the new method. For that purpose, the most feasible technology may be the advanced biological process (i.e., the bio-reactor systems), which include the MBBR system
Improvement the Shear strength of Asphalt Mixture by using crumb tire Rubber
Authors: Allateef Eman Abd , Abedali Abdulhaq Hadi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Rutting is one of the big problems in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. The primary mechanism of HMA rutting is shear deformation, often caused by high stress in HMA layers during traffic loading, especially at high temperatures. Current HMA rutting tests are not necessarily designed to capture HMA shear properties such as shear strength, shear strain, and shear module. The present work explores the behavior of the shear strength properties of HMA modified with Crumb Tire Rubber (CTR) and two types of filler (brick and lime dust in comparison with passing sieving No.200 as control filler) by developing a Simple Punching Shear Test (SPST) under control of temperature and loading rate. A series of laboratory sample tests to formulate and set up the SPST protocol and the related test parameters, derive the SPST results analysis sample to capture the HMA shear parameters from the results and comparatively evaluate the shear properties of HMA mixes. Results have shown that the SPST is relatively receptive to the form of modifier and filler. Using limestone dust as with (5%) CTR content increased higher shear strength, the rate of increase was about (44.44%) and (51.38%). Also 5% to 7% CTR content with lime dust filler lowering shear strain more than for brick dust filler.
Variable Speed Drives in Electric Elevator Systems: A Review
Authors: Othman Saba A. , Mohammed Jamal A.-K , Mohammed Farag Mahel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDue to the industrial development and the growing modernity, the elevator systems have become indispensable in many multi-story buildings. When electrical elevators are employed to transport people, riding comfort becomes a very important issue, especially when high-speed elevators are used in high-rise buildings. The elevator systems should provide a good stop accuracy and excellent levels of ride comfort. Passengers experience some problems that affect their comfort such as vibration and jerk that occur when travelling between elevator floors especially when starting and stopping the cabin. To minimize the effects of these problems, the cabin must be driven in such a way as to ensure smooth operation and smooth starting and stopping. Therefore, there is a need to control the voltage and frequency of the electric motor that drives the elevator cabin.This paper introduces a look at the different types of variable speed drives and how they’re used in electric elevator systems, discussing current systems as well as recent development in the field. Therefore, a variable-speed design that provides smooth movement is needed to include a smooth ride, accurate leveling, and a large number of start and stop operations First, some basic principles in driving systems, such as load curves and driving speed/torque, as well as their relationship to stability, are discussed; reference curve generation; speed curve profiling of the elevator system to achieve smooth transmission. The latest study in this topic reached the implementation of an elevator prototype driven by permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMSLM) loaded by 24kg. The motor was controlled by voltage frequency drive (VFD) programmed with offline S-curve to get a smooth start and smooth stop for the elevator cabin and constant travel speed with the least jerk possible, estimated by 88% compared the that without using the driver.
investigation the effect of ICCP and SACP on carbon steelcorrosion in salt solution at different parameters
Authors: Al Masoodi F. S. , Matloub Falah K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCathodic protection has wide applications in various structures and is an effective electrochemical technique for mitigating or preventing corrosion of metal structures. To apply this technique, open circuit voltage (ocp) was measured under all conditions. The experiments consisted of samples of carbon steel immersed in solutions of NaCl concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 3) g/L at (20 and 30) ° C, different pH values (4-7-10) and different potentials (-). Application of 700, -900, -1000, -1200 mv in forced current cathodic protection (ICCP). The anodic cathodic protection (SACP) (AL alloy) was also implemented with the same parameters. The density of the protective current increases with increasing temperature and concentration due to the increase in the mobility of ions in the solution, as the conductivity of the solution increases and with the decrease in the pH. The experimental results showed that increasing the DC current leads to an increase in the cathodic protection current. Therefore, the ICCP method is more effective than the SACP method, the higher the DC power supply.