bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attributable fractions for substance use in relation to crime
Authors: Young Matthew M. , De Moor Chealsea , Kent Pam , Stockwell Tim , Sherk Adam , Zhao Jinhui , Sorge Justin T. , Farrell MacDonald Shanna , Weekes John , Biggar Emily , Maloney‐Hall Bridget 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsBuilding upon an existing methodology and conceptual framework for estimating the association between the use of substances and crime, we calculated attributable fractions that estimate the proportion of crimes explained by alcohol and six other categories of psychoactive substances.DesignCross‐sectional surveys.SettingCanadian federal correctional institutions.ParticipantsCanadian men (n = 27 803) and women (n = 1335) offenders who began serving a custodial sentence in a Canadian federal correctional institution between 2006 and 2016.MeasurementsOffenders completed the computerized assessment of substance abuse, a self‐report tool designed to assess (1) whether the offence for which they were convicted would have occurred had they not been intoxicated from alcohol or another substance, (2) whether they committed the offence to support their alcohol or other substance use and (3) whether they were dependent on alcohol (alcohol dependence scale) or another substance (drug abuse screening test). Offences were grouped into four mutually exclusive categories: violent crimes, non‐violent crimes, impaired driving and substance‐defined crimes. This study focused on violent and non‐violent crime categories. Substances assessed were: alcohol, cannabis, opioids, other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, cocaine, other CNS stimulants and other substances.FindingsAccording to offender self‐report, 42% of all violent and non‐violent crime would probably not have occurred if the perpetrator had not been under the influence of, or seeking, alcohol or other substances. Between 2006 and 2016, 20% of violent crimes and 7% of non‐violent crimes in Canada were considered attributable to alcohol. In contrast, all other psychoactive substance categories combined were associated with 26% of all violent crime and 25% of non‐violent crime during the same time‐frame.ConclusionsAttributable fraction analyses show that more than 42% of Canadian crime resulting in a custodial sentence between 2006 and 2016 would probably not have occurred if the perpetrator had not been under the influence of or seeking alcohol or other drugs. Attributable fractions for alcohol and substance‐related crime are a potentially useful resource for estimating the impact of alcohol and other substances on crime.
The Aesthetics of Extractivism: Violence, Ecology, and Sensibility in Turkey’s Kurdistan
Authors: Çaylı Eray 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFocusing on dams and sand quarries, I discuss extractivism’s racialised workings along the uppermost stretch of the Tigris river in Turkey’s Kurdistan. In conversation with decolonial scholarship on “the Anthropocene”, I theorise through aesthetics the symbolic, epistemic, and corporeal violence of reducing the value of human and nonhuman life and agency to that of an extractable resource. My contribution to this scholarship involves a twofold argument. First, extractivism is upheld not only by the negation (or rendering insensible) of humans and nonhumans, but also the affirmation (or rendering excessively sensible) thereof, insofar as the latter shares the former’s racialised logic of valuing life and agency quantifiably. Second, the affirmations are not always straightforwardly territorialisable as they are often geographically entangled with the negations, particularly in times of crises that throw extractivist excesses into sharp relief. I conclude by thinking with activism to flesh out the counter‐extractivist implications of my argument.
Posterior uveal melanoma incidence and survival by AJCC tumour size in a 70‐year nationwide cohort
Authors: Smidt‐Nielsen Isabel , Bagger Mette , Heegaard Steffen , Andersen Klaus Kaae , Kiilgaard Jens Folke 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeWhile early treatment of posterior uveal melanoma can save the eye, the effect of early treatment on survival remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether the tumour size at diagnosis has changed over time, and if this has affected survival rates of patients with posterior uveal melanoma in Denmark.MethodsNationwide retrospective cohort study linking data from registry‐based resources to data from clinical charts and pathology records. Including all Danish patients diagnosed with posterior uveal melanoma from 1943 to 2017. Incidence rates were estimated as annual percentage change (APC) overall and by American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumour sizes. The age‐period‐cohort model was applied to estimate the relative risk of calendar period. The cox proportional hazards model, relative survival Kaplan–Meier curves and cumulative incidence curves were applied to estimate the effect of calendar period on survival.ResultsAn overall increase in incidence rate of uveal melanoma was found (APC = 0.25%, 0.08–0.42; 95% CI). This was due to increasing incidence rate of AJCC T1 + T2 tumours (APC = 0.97%, 0.57–1.37; 95% CI), whereas no increase in incidence rates of AJCC T3 + T4 tumours was found (APC = −0.01%, −0.26 to 0.25; 95% CI). The disease‐specific survival improved with calendar period for all tumour sizes (HR = 0.988; 0.984–0.993; 95% CI).ConclusionIncreasing incidence rate and improved survival rate for uveal melanoma was found concordantly with a decrease in tumour size during a 70‐year period.
In Pursuit of Knowledge: Preschoolers Expect Agents to Weigh Information Gain and Information Cost When Deciding Whether to Explore
Authors: Aboody Rosie , Zhou Caiqin , Jara‐Ettinger Julian 
Published: March 2021

When deciding whether to explore, agents must consider both their need for information and its cost. Do children recognize that exploration reflects a trade‐off between action costs and expected information gain, inferring epistemic states accordingly? In two experiments, 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds (N = 144; of diverse race and ethnicity) judge that an agent who refuses to obtain low‐cost information must have already known it, and an agent who incurs a greater cost to gain information must have a greater epistemic desire. Two control studies suggest that these findings cannot be explained by low‐level associations between competence and knowledge. Our results suggest that preschoolers’ theory of mind includes expectations about how costs interact with epistemic desires and states to produce exploratory action.
Corporate governance “bundles” and firm acquisitiveness
Authors: Panayi Evridiki , Bozos Konstantinos , Veronesi Gianluca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractResearch Question/IssueWe explore how the interrelations of governance mechanisms (“bundles”) influence a firm's propensity for corporate acquisitions. Focusing on four key internal and external mechanisms, namely, board of directors monitoring, CEO pay incentives, takeover market discipline, and institutional investor monitoring, we use a sample of 1171 completed M&A deals by 799 U.S. firms during the period 1998–2015 to test the Substitution versus Complementarity Hypotheses.Research Findings/InsightsThe findings provide, in the main, support for both the Substitution and the Complementarity Hypotheses, with several incentives alignment, internal and external monitoring mechanisms acting as substitutes and complements of each other toward firm acquisitiveness.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur results challenge the notion that corporate governance mechanisms purely function as independent factors and contribute to the configurational perspective of corporate governance. They offer new evidence that combinations or “bundles” of firm‐level governance mechanisms can allow for differing degrees of firm acquisitiveness.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsDifferent governance “bundles” will have different implications for major strategic decisions such as corporate acquisitions. Firms seeking to control or increase acquisition propensity can thus consider “equifinal” governance configurations, whereby alternative combinations of governance mechanisms can lead to comparable, desired outcomes.
Tacrolimus time‐in‐therapeutic range is associated with freedom from acute rejection and graft failure following intestinal transplantation
Authors: Santeusanio Andrew D. , Gu Alan , Weinberg Alan D. , Moon Jang , Iyer Kishore R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundTrough‐adjusted tacrolimus is commonly prescribed following intestinal transplantation to prevent allograft rejection. Despite established practice, there remains limited direct evidence linking tacrolimus levels with improved clinical outcomes.MethodsThis was a single‐center review of all adult non‐liver containing intestinal allograft recipients from 2011 to 2018. Patients received lymphocyte depleting induction and maintenance immunosuppression consisting of tacrolimus and a corticosteroid taper. Tacrolimus time‐in‐therapeutic range (TAC‐TTR) was calculated for all patients from the date of transplant until 1‐year post‐transplant using Rosendaal's method. Cox‐Proportional hazards modeling was utilized to assess freedom from acute rejection and graft failure stratified by TAC‐TTR quartile.Results47 patients were included in the review. Mean TAC‐TTR for the cohort was 30.2% ± 11.4. Fifteen episodes of acute rejection were observed, 8 of which were severe. Patients in the highest TAC‐TTR quartile >36% had a lower incidence of acute rejection and graft failure relative to patients with a TAC‐TTR <20%. Cox‐Proportional hazards modeling found a 10% decrease in TAC‐TTR was associated with an increased hazard for acute rejection (2.03), severe acute rejection (2.19), and graft loss (3.33).ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that decreasing TAC‐TTR is a risk factor for both acute rejection as well as intestinal allograft failure.
Mental health, neurodevelopmental, and family psychosocial profiles of children born very preterm at risk of an early‐onset anxiety disorder
Authors: Morris Alyssa R , Bora Samudragupta , Austin Nicola C , Woodward Lianne J 
Published: March 2021

AimTo compare the mental health and neurodevelopmental profiles of school‐age children born very preterm, with and without an anxiety disorder, and to identify neonatal medical, psychosocial, and concurrent neurodevelopmental correlates.MethodA regional cohort of 102 (51 males, 51 females) children born very preterm (mean [SD] gestation at birth=28wks [2], range=23–31wks) was studied from birth to age 9 years alongside a comparison group of 109 (58 males, 51 females) children born at term (mean [SD] gestation at birth=40wks [1], range=38–41wks). At age 9 years, all children underwent a neurodevelopmental evaluation while parents were interviewed using the Development and Well‐Being Assessment to diagnose a range of DSM‐IV childhood psychiatric disorders. Detailed information was also available about the children’s neonatal medical course and postnatal psychosocial environment, including maternal mental health and parenting.ResultsAt age 9 years, 21% (n=21) of very preterm and 13% (n=14) of term‐born children met diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. Clinically‐anxious children born very preterm were characterized by higher rates of comorbid mental health (odds ratio [OR]=11.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.8–34.7), social (OR=6.2, 95% CI=2.1–18.4), motor (OR=4.4, 95% CI=1.6–12.2), and cognitive (OR=2.6, 95% CI=1.0–7.0) problems than those without an anxiety disorder. Concurrent maternal mental health and child social difficulties were the strongest independent correlates of early‐onset child anxiety disorders.InterpretationChildren born very preterm who developed an early‐onset anxiety disorder were subject to high rates of comorbid problems. Findings highlight the importance of addressing both maternal and child mental health issues to optimize outcomes in this high‐risk population.
What this paper adds

One out of five school‐age children born very preterm are likely to meet DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder.

Half of these children born very preterm with an early‐onset anxiety disorder have comorbid attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Other neurodevelopmental correlates of early‐onset anxiety disorders include lower cognitive ability, motor problems, and peer social difficulties.

Concurrent maternal mental health and child social adjustment problems were the strongest correlates of early‐onset anxiety disorder risk among children born very preterm.
The evolving role of echocardiography in the assessment of patent foramen ovale in patients with left‐side thromboembolism
Authors: Filomena Domenico , Cimino Sara , Maestrini Viviana , Monosilio Sara , Birtolo Lucia Ilaria , Vicenzini Edoardo , Mancone Massimo , Fedele Francesco , Agati Luciano 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPatent foramen ovale (PFO) is the most common congenital cardiac abnormality found approximately in 25% of the adult population The pathophysiological role of paradoxical embolization through the PFO in ischemic stroke is well established. “Self‐expanding double disk” and, more recently, suture‐based “deviceless” systems are used for PFO closure in the setting of secondary prevention after ischemic stroke likely related to paradoxical embolization. Ultrasound plays a significant role in PFO assessment, indication to treatment, intra‐procedural guidance, and follow‐up for those undergoing PFO closure. Three different techniques are frequently used for these purposes: transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiogram, and transcranial Doppler. In this review, advantages and limits of these techniques are discussed in detail to improve our skills in detection and treatment of this important condition by using ultrasound.
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome: Are the eyes the mirror of the heart?
Authors: Çerik İdris Buğra , Dindaş Ferhat , Yalınbaş Yeter Duygu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionPseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a disease characterized by the accumulation of fibrillary material in the extracellular matrix in the eye and many tissues. Myocardial involvement occurs as in other storage diseases. Speckle tracking echocardiography is a quantitative echocardiography modality that enables the detection of subclinical changes that cannot be detected by standard echocardiographic evaluation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate potential subclinical myocardial dysfunction in PEX patients by speckle tracking echocardiography.Methods and ResultsThe study group consisting of 29 cardiac asymptomatic pseudoexfoliation syndromes and 30 healthy volunteers were included in this case‐control cross‐sectional study. Detailed echocardiographic evaluations and strain analyses of all participants were performed. Concerning standard echocardiographic parameters, there was only a marginally significant difference between the two groups in the e’ mean wave, and it was lower in the PEX group than the control group (0.07 ± 0.03, 0.10 ± 0.08, respectively, P = .06). However, in strain echocardiography, the global longitudinal strain (GLS) value was observed to be significantly lower in the PEX group than the control group (−17.02 ± 2.02, −19.29 ± 2.26, respectively P < .001). GLS was observed to be an independent predictor in the multivariable logistic regression model made to determine independent predictors of PEX syndrome (OR = 0.59, CI = 0.418–0.832, P = .003).ConclusionSubclinical myocardial involvement in PEX syndrome, in which standard echocardiographic techniques are blinded, can be detected by the strain echocardiography. PEX causes deterioration in the deformation parameters of the left ventricle. Systemic involvement should not be forgotten in patients with PEX and cardiac functions should be monitored.
Dynamic evolution analysis of recreational fisheries development in China
Authors: Ding Qi , Shan Xiujuan , Jin Xianshi , Gorfine Harry , Wang Yali 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamic spatial distribution characteristics and evolving trends in recreational fisheries development is of great importance for formulating policy for responsibly managing recreational fisheries. However, regional economic differences among China's recreational fisheries have yet to be examined and quantified. In this study, a methodological approach applies a series of techniques, including Kernel density estimates, Gini coefficients and Theil indexes, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic distribution and evolution of recreational fisheries in China. Results showed that recreational fisheries in China have been developing rapidly since the early 21st Century. The total economic value of recreational fisheries in China increased from 5.4 billion Yuan in 2003 to 90.2 billion Yuan in 2018. However, there is a serious imbalance of development of recreational fisheries between regions. Specifically, the combined economic value of recreational fisheries in the main provinces of Shandong, Hubei and Guangdong accounted for 53.4% of recreational value for the whole country, whereas the combined contribution for the bottom 20 of the 31 provinces in the country together accounted for only 10.1%. Analysis of temporal variation at four points in time by kernel density estimation revealed that the development of recreational fisheries exhibited a polarised tendency both among the provinces within the eastern, central and western regions and among the 31 provinces of China. Based on the results of the Theil index decomposition, the overall differences in China's recreational fisheries economy mostly came from differences within each region, which accounted for over 90% of the overall difference. This study provided a means to understand and visualise how key dimensions of recreational fisheries development vary within each region and within the 31 provinces of China, and provides a basis for making short‐term and long‐term policies aimed at promoting coordinated and sustainable development of recreational fisheries in China.
What drives species’ distributions along elevational gradients? Macroecological and ‐evolutionary insights from Brassicaceae of the central Alps
Authors: Patsiou Theofania‐Sotiria , Walden Nora , Willi Yvonne 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimGeographic distribution limits of organisms are often affected by climate, but little is known of how the impacts of climate evolve within sets of related taxa. Here we identified the climate variables most closely associated with low‐elevation limits, optimal elevations, and high‐elevation limits of plant species’ distributions and compared evolutionary lability of niche values predicting the three aspects of distribution best.LocationCentral Alps.Time periodCurrent.Major taxa studiedThe plant family Brassicaceae.MethodsWe modelled the occurrence of 110 brassicaceous species in the central European Alps and used response curves of predicted occurrence on climatic variables to reveal those variables most strongly associated with elevational distribution. We produced a phylogeny of the species, applied phylogenetic comparative analysis and tested whether niche values predicting the low and high limits and the optimum of elevational distribution were similar among related taxa.ResultsUpper limits were closely associated with the length of the vegetation season for the majority of species, while summer or spring temperatures were strongly allied with both the occurrence optimum and the lower limit. Furthermore, niche values predicting the upper limit and the optimum of elevational distribution were less conserved in contrast to niche values predicting the lower limit of distribution.Main conclusionsThese results highlight constraints on adaptation at the warm end of the climate niche and may explain observed range retractions at warm range edges due to ongoing climate change.
A gendered lens for building climate resilience: Narratives from women in informal work in Leh, Ladakh
Authors: Datey Abhijit , Bali Bhawna , Bhatia Neha , Khamrang Leishipem , Kim Sohee Minsun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we critically examine the gendered impacts of climatechange related extreme events upon workers in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Climate change impacts disproportionately affect the livelihoods of women engaged in informal work like weaving from their homes and street vending. Existing research suggests that women are more likely to be among the most vulnerable in such extreme events as well as are vital agents to develop climate resilience within their communities. We draw upon unique quantitative and qualitative data to critically examine the lived experiences of female informal workers from Leh, Ladakh (India). Drawing on the work of Duchek (2020), we explore how women informal workers navigate their daily strategies of anticipating, coping, and adapting toward climate change. From this analysis, we offer novel empirical evidence about gendered climate resilience and suggest broad recommendations for building climate resilience within mountain communities.
Countering transphobic stigma: Identity work by self‐employed Keralan transpeople
Authors: Narendran Roshni , Reveley James , Almeida Shamika 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTranspeople in India forge identities at the confluence of contradictory social forces. Interviews conducted in the state of Kerala suggest that the experience of transphobic stigma results in self‐employed transpeople being abjectified. Social abjectification, in turn, triggers their identity work within liminal social spaces located between the everyday lifeworld and postcolonial legal institutions. Through this work, the participants in this study navigated the contradictions between two identity‐constituting external structures: culture and law. Culture is a source of identity threat, but it also supplies a socially legitimated identity template—thehijra—used in the vital self‐formative work of mirroring and witnessing. Similarly, trans‐supportive social policies and laws provide institutional scaffolding for identities. Yet, despite the agential nature of the participants' identity work, the inherent limitations of the law and the vulnerability of embodiment render them susceptible to the ongoing threat posed by the transphobia emanating from ambient cultural norms.
Resilience for gender inclusion: Developing a model for women in male‐dominated occupations
Authors: Bridges Donna , Wulff Elizabeth , Bamberry Larissa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhat is resilience in the context of work environments where women face barriers as significant as career discrimination and harassment? In such a context, is resilience an individual responsibility? How can organizations contribute to and support employee resilience? And where is gender in this equation? This conceptual paper explores these questions using aviation, the skilled trades (i.e., carpentry, welding, plumbing) and the military as case studies to understand how gender inclusion could be better supported by resilient organizations. The barriers for women in male‐dominated industries include social exclusion, marginalization, discrimination, harassment, and other forms of social closure. How these barriers can be overcome is not well understood. We argue that individual resilience plays a part in women thriving and developing enduring careers but can only occur in combination with support from gender inclusion strategies and organizational resilience. We have developed the Resilience for Gender Inclusion (RGI) model combining gender inclusion strategies with organizational resilience strategies. The RGI model demonstrates how employee and organizational resilience intersect and may lead to the transformative potential of inclusive cultures of diversity. This will improve employee wellbeing and self‐efficacy and create a much needed sense of belonging and social inclusion for women in male‐dominated occupations.