bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Patterning in Tail Vertebral Form and Function in Chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus)
Authors: Luger Allison M , Watson Peter J , Dutel Hugo , Fagan Michael J , Van Hoorebeke Luc , Herrel Anthony , Adriaens Dominique 
Published: June 2021

SynopsisPrevious studies have focused on documenting shape variation in the caudal vertebrae in chameleons underlying prehensile tail function. The goal of this study was to test the impact of this variation on tail function using multibody dynamic analysis (MDA). First, observations from dissections and 3D reconstructions generated from contrast-enhanced µCT scans were used to document regional variation in arrangement of the caudal muscles along the antero-posterior axis. Using MDA, we then tested the effect of vertebral shape geometry on biomechanical function. To address this question, four different MDA models were built: those with a distal vertebral shape and with either a distal or proximal musculature, and reciprocally the proximal vertebral shape with either the proximal or distal musculature. For each muscle configuration, we calculated the force required in each muscle group for the muscle force to balance an arbitrary external force applied to the model. The results showed that the models with a distal-type of musculature are the most efficient, regardless of vertebral shape. Our models also showed that the m. ilio-caudalis pars dorsalis is least efficient when combining the proximal vertebral shape and distal musculature, highlighting the importance of the length of the transverse process in combination with the lever-moment arm onto which muscle force is exerted. This initial model inevitably has a number of simplifications and assumptions, however its purpose is not to predict in vivo forces, but instead reveals the importance of vertebral shape and muscular arrangement on the total force the tail can generate, thus providing a better understanding of the biomechanical significance of the regional variations on tail grasping performance in chameleons.
Students’ Perceptions of FSBio 201, A CURE-Based Course that Scaffolds Research and Scientific Communication, Align with Learning Outcomes
Authors: Thu Yee Mon , French Lauren B , Hersh Bradley M , Nelson Margaret K , Whitenack Lisa B 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Incorporating active research opportunities into undergraduate curricula is one of the most cited elements demonstrated to improve inclusive excellence and retention in all STEM fields. Allegheny College has a long and nationally-recognized tradition of collaborative student-faculty research within the academic curriculum and as co-curricular opportunities. We present an example of the former, a Course-based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE), FSBio 201, that has been central to Allegheny’s biology curriculum for over two decades. The course emphasizes biological research design, execution, and communication. We have coded and analyzed feedback from student evaluations and from the national CURE project database, both of which measure students’ perceptions and attitudes toward the course. The majority of the student feedback related to the course learning outcomes of fostering independent research and communication skills was positive. However, we also see areas for improvement, such as how we employ peer-to-peer mentoring and how we teach quantitative and computer-based skills. We conclude that students’ self-reported data are in line with our learning outcomes and provide FSBio 201 as a model for introducing college undergraduates to biological research.
A margin for the margin of appreciation: Deference in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Bertelsen Soledad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Despite its extended criticism, is there any room for the margin of appreciation in the Inter-American Human Rights System? The article claims there is, if we ground the doctrine in the principle of subsidiarity. This principle gives a solid foundation to the margin of appreciation and shows that the doctrine does not respond to an exclusively European reality. It also helps to identify the factors that determine the width of the margin given to the states and how they interact with each other: the absence or presence of absolute rights, the quality of the domestic judiciary, and the need for a closer participation of the community and the expertise of the state. These conditions are analyzed in the light of the case law of the inter-American human rights system. The article explores the proper role of the margin of appreciation within human rights adjudication and its compatibility with the doctrine of conventionality control developed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
DeepADEMiner: a deep learning pharmacovigilance pipeline for extraction and normalization of adverse drug event mentions on Twitter
Authors: Magge Arjun , Tutubalina Elena , Miftahutdinov Zulfat , Alimova Ilseyar , Dirkson Anne , Verberne Suzan , Weissenbacher Davy , Gonzalez-Hernandez Graciela 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
Research on pharmacovigilance from social media data has focused on mining adverse drug events (ADEs) using annotated datasets, with publications generally focusing on 1 of 3 tasks: ADE classification, named entity recognition for identifying the span of ADE mentions, and ADE mention normalization to standardized terminologies. While the common goal of such systems is to detect ADE signals that can be used to inform public policy, it has been impeded largely by limited end-to-end solutions for large-scale analysis of social media reports for different drugs.

Materials and Methods
We present a dataset for training and evaluation of ADE pipelines where the ADE distribution is closer to the average ‘natural balance’ with ADEs present in about 7% of the tweets. The deep learning architecture involves an ADE extraction pipeline with individual components for all 3 tasks.

Results
The system presented achieved state-of-the-art performance on comparable datasets and scored a classification performance of F1 = 0.63, span extraction performance of F1 = 0.44 and an end-to-end entity resolution performance of F1 = 0.34 on the presented dataset.

Discussion
The performance of the models continues to highlight multiple challenges when deploying pharmacovigilance systems that use social media data. We discuss the implications of such models in the downstream tasks of signal detection and suggest future enhancements.

Conclusion
Mining ADEs from Twitter posts using a pipeline architecture requires the different components to be trained and tuned based on input data imbalance in order to ensure optimal performance on the end-to-end resolution task.
Acute Intoxications Involving Valerylfentanyl Identified at the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner
Authors: Walsh Erin , Forni Amanda , Pardi Justine , Cooper Gail 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The detection of novel fentanyl analogs in both seized drugs and toxicological specimens has presented a significant challenge to laboratories with respect to identification, sourcing reference drug standards, the time required for method development and ensuring sufficient method sensitivity. The New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner has included testing for valerylfentanyl as part of a panel of synthetic opioids since May 2017 but did not identify the first valerylfentanyl-positive case until July 2018. Unlike many other illicit fentanyl analogs that were briefly identified before being replaced with a new analog, valerylfentanyl has persisted over time and continues to be identified in New York City acute polydrug intoxications. Since July 2018, a total of 69 cases were identified to be valerylfentanyl positive, but there were no cases where it was the sole intoxicant. Eighty-four percentage of decedents were male, with the majority being Hispanic males (49%) between the ages of 50 and 59 years (39%). The cause of death in all 69 cases involved acute polydrug intoxications, while the manner of death was deemed an accident in 68 cases and undetermined in one case. Concentrations of valerylfentanyl in postmortem blood ranged from &lt;0.10 to 21 ng/mL, with 44.9% (N = 31) of the concentrations at or below the lower limit of quantification (0.10 ng/mL) but above the limit of detection (0.05 ng/mL). Fentanyl was present in 100% of the cases and in higher concentrations (1.6–116 ng/mL). The most common other drug classes detected with valerylfentanyl were other opiates (76.8%), cocaine/metabolites (50.7%), benzodiazepines (29%) and ethanol (21.7%). Valerylfentanyl is a relatively unknown fentanyl analog with limited information in the scientific literature. This study presents the first publication detailing a series of postmortem cases involving valerylfentanyl in acute intoxications and includes key demographic information and femoral blood concentrations for improved interpretation and analysis.
Areas of endemism of small mammals are underprotected in the Atlantic Forest
Authors: Dalapicolla Jeronymo , Abreu Edson Fiedler , do Prado Joyce Rodrigues , de Almeida Chiquito Elisandra , de Oliveira Roth Paulo Ricardo , de Góes Brennand Pamella Gusmão , Pavan Ana Carolina D’Oliveira , Pereira Alex , Mendes Fabiana Rocha , del Valle Alvarez Martin Roberto , Rios Élson Oliveira , Cassano Camila Righetto , Miretzki Michel , Vélez Felipe , da Paixão Sevá Anaiá , Percequillo Alexandre Reis , Bovendorp Ricardo Siqueira 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Atlantic Forest (AF) is amongst the most threatened forests in the world. To decide where conservation efforts should be focused to preserve species, assessment of ecological and biogeographic processes nowadays are crucial. Patterns of the distribution of organisms can provide an important source of information underlying the biogeographical history of a biota. Here, our main objective was to identify Areas of Endemism (AoE) for non-volant small mammals in the AF and to investigate if those AoE are covered by protected areas. We performed quantitative and qualitative approaches to delimit AoE and calculated the area overlaid by Conservation Units (CU) within each AoE. Our results supported the recognition of seven AoE for small mammals in the AF, which largely are congruent with previous studies undertaken on other organisms, thereby highlighting the importance of those regions as hotspots of endemism. Most of the AoE recovered in the present study have less than 12% of their territory covered by forest remnants, and less than 11% of their entire range is under legal protection. These findings bring to light an important discussion on how information pertaining to the representativeness of CU within regions of high endemicity could help to identify areas in need of urgent protection within a threatened biodiversity hotspot.
Re-evaluation of prophylactic cranial irradiation in limited-stage small cell lung cancer: a propensity score matched analysis
Authors: Inoue Yuko , Tsujino Kayoko , Sulaiman Nor Shazrina , Marudai Mitsuru , Kajihara Akifumi , Miyazaki Shuichiro , Sekii Shuhei , Uezono Haruka , Ota Yousuke , Soejima Toshinori 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We attempted to re-evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) with more recent data. A total of 179 patients with LS-SCLC received radical thoracic radiotherapy and chemotherapy at our institution between 1998 and 2018. One hundred twenty-eight patients who achieved complete response (CR), good partial response (PR), and PR without progression for at least for one year after initial therapy were enrolled in this study. These patients were divided into a PCI group (group A, n = 43), and a non-PCI group (group B, n = 85). Survival outcomes were retrospectively evaluated. Because several background factors differed significantly between groups A and B, propensity score (PS) matching was performed as 1:1 match of the two groups. Finally, we analyzed 64 patients (group A/B = 32/32). Median follow-up periods were 53 and 31 months in groups A and B, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups’ backgrounds. Two-year overall survival (OS) rates were 77% in group A and 62% in group B (p = 0.224). Two-year brain metastasis free survival (BMFS) rates were 85% in group A and 57% in group B (p = 0.008). The number of patients who underwent a brain imaging test for confirmation of no brain metastasis (BM) after radical thoracic radiotherapy and chemotherapy (before PCI) was 84 (group A/B = 32/52). A PS matched analysis for cases of pre-PCI brain imaging group, two-year OS rates for group A/B were 73/59% (p = 0.446). Two-year BMFS rates for group A/B were 91/52% (p = 0.021). Retrospectively, PS matched analysis revealed that adding PCI to LS-SCLC patients who achieved good thoracic control significantly improved BMFS, but OS did not improve.
Mirizzi syndrome type V complicated with both cholecystobiliary and cholecystocolic fistula: a case report
Authors: Rizzo Giacomo E M , Rizzo Giovanna , Di Carlo Giovanni , Corbo Giovanni , Ferro Giuseppina , Sciumè Carmelo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Mirizzi syndrome (MS) is a common bile duct (CBD) obstruction caused by extrinsic compression from an impacted stone in the cystic duct or infundibulum of the gallbladder. Patients affected by MS may present abdominal pain and jaundice. A 37-year-old male with neurologic residuals post-encephalitis arrived at the emergency department reporting abdominal pain, jaundice and fever. An ultrasound of the abdomen identified cholecystolithiasis with a dilated CBD. He did not undergo CT or MRI due to poor compliance and parents’ disagreement. Eventually, they accepted to perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, which diagnosed MS with both cholecystobiliary and cholecystocolonic fistula without gallstone ileum (type Va). Therefore, patient underwent cholecystectomy, wedge resection of the colon and choledochoplasty with ‘Kehr's T-tube’ insertion. A plastic biliary stent was successively placed and removed after 4 month. Ultimately, he did neither complain any other biliary symptoms nor alteration in laboratory tests after 4-years of follow-up.
Transcriptional, hormonal, and metabolic changes in susceptible grape berries under powdery mildew infection
Authors: Pimentel Diana , Amaro Rute , Erban Alexander , Mauri Nuria , Soares Flávio , Rego Cecília , Martínez-Zapater José M , Mithöfer Axel , Kopka Joachim , Fortes Ana Margarida 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGrapevine (Vitis vinifera) berries are extremely sensitive to infection by the biotrophic pathogen Erysiphe necator, causing powdery mildew disease with deleterious effects on grape and wine quality. The combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome associated with this common fungal infection has not been previously carried out in any fruit. In order to identify the molecular, hormonal, and metabolic mechanisms associated with infection, healthy and naturally infected V. vinifera cv. Carignan berries were collected at two developmental stages: late green (EL33) and early véraison (EL35). RNA sequencing combined with GC–electron impact ionization time-of-flight MS, GC–electron impact ionization/quadrupole MS, and LC–tandem MS analyses revealed that powdery mildew-susceptible grape berries were able to activate defensive mechanisms with the involvement of salicylic acid and jasmonates and to accumulate defense-associated metabolites (e.g. phenylpropanoids, fatty acids). The defensive strategies also indicated organ-specific responses, namely the activation of fatty acid biosynthesis. However, defense responses were not enough to restrict fungal growth. The fungal metabolic program during infection involves secretion of effectors related to effector-triggered susceptibility, carbohydrate-active enzymes and activation of sugar, fatty acid, and nitrogen uptake, and could be under epigenetic regulation. This study also identified potential metabolic biomarkers such as gallic, eicosanoic, and docosanoic acids and resveratrol, which can be used to monitor early stages of infection.
At the root of quiescence: function and regulation of the quiescent center
Authors: Strotmann Vivien I , Stahl Yvonne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The quiescent center (QC) of roots consists of a rarely dividing pool of stem cells within the root apical meristem (RAM). The QC maintains the surrounding more frequently dividing initials, together constituting the stem cell niche of the RAM. The initials, after several rounds of division and differentiation, give rise to nearly all tissues necessary for root function. Hence, QC establishment, maintenance, and function are key for producing the whole plant root system and are therefore at the foundation of plant growth and productivity. Although the concept of the QC has been known since the 1950s, much of its molecular regulations and their intricate interconnections, especially in more complex root systems such as cereal RAMs, remain elusive. In Arabidopsis, molecular factors such as phytohormones, small signaling peptides and their receptors, and key transcription factors play important roles in a complex and intertwined regulatory network. In cereals, homologs of these factors are present; however, QC maintenance in the larger RAMs of cereals might also require more complex control of QC cell regulation by a combination of asymmetric and symmetric divisions. Here, we summarize current knowledge on QC maintenance in Arabidopsis and compare it with that of agriculturally relevant cereal crops.
Crater morphology of primordial black hole impacts
Authors: Yalinewich Almog , Caplan Matthew E 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
In this work, we propose a novel campaign for constraining relativistically compact massive compact halo object (MACHO) dark matter, such as primordial black holes (PBHs), using the Moon as a detector. PBHs of about 1019 to 1022 g may be sufficiently abundant to have collided with the Moon in the history of the Solar system. We show that the crater profiles of a PBH collision differ from traditional impactors and may be detectable in high-resolution lunar surface scans now available. Any candidates may serve as sites for in situ measurements to identify high-pressure phases of matter which may have formed near the PBH during the encounter. While we primarily consider PBH dark matter, the discussion generalizes to the entire family of MACHO candidates with relativistic compactness. Moreover, we focus on the Moon since it has been studied well, but the same principles can be applied to other rocky bodies in our Solar system without an atmosphere.
Electron temperature fluctuations in Seyfert galaxies
Authors: Riffel Rogemar A , Dors Oli L , Krabbe Angela C , Esteban César 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We use Gemini GMOS-IFU observations of three luminous nearby Seyfert galaxies (Mrk 79, Mrk 348, and Mrk 607) to estimate the electron temperature (Te) fluctuations in the inner 0.4–1.1 kpc region of these galaxies. Based on Te determinations through the [O iii]λ5007/λ4363 emission line ratio of each spaxel, temperature variations are quantified by computing the integrated value of the temperature fluctuation parameter (t2) projected in the plane of the sky $t_{\rm A}^{\rm 2}$, for the first time in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We find $t_{\rm A}^{\rm 2}$ values of 0.135, 0.039, and 0.015 for Mrk 79, Mrk 348, and Mrk 607, respectively, which are of the same order or larger than the maximum values reported in star-forming regions and planetary nebulae. Taking into account that $t_{\rm A}^{\rm 2}$ should be considered a lower limit of the total t2 in the nebular volume, the results suggest that the impact of such fluctuations on chemical abundance determinations can be important in some AGNs.
Application of Augmented Reality in Percutaneous Procedures—Rhizotomy of the Gasserian Ganglion
Authors: Rau Alexander , Roelz Roland , Urbach Horst , Coenen Volker Arnd , Demerath Theo , Reinacher Peter Christoph 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Percutaneous rhizotomy of the Gasserian ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia is an effective therapeutic procedure. Yet, landmark-guided cannulation of the foramen ovale is manually challenging and difficult to learn.

OBJECTIVE
To overcome these limitations, we assessed the feasibility and accuracy of an augmented reality (AR)-guided puncture of the foramen ovale.

METHODS
A head phantom with soft tissue structures of the facial area was built. A three-dimensional (3D)-dataset of the phantom was generated using a stereotactic planning workstation. An optimal trajectory to the foramen ovale was created and then transferred to an AR headset. A total of 2 neurosurgeons and 2 neuroradiologists independently performed 8 AR-guided and 8 landmark-guided cannulations of the foramen ovale, respectively. For each AR-guided cannulation, the hologram was manually aligned with the phantom. Accuracy of the cannulation was evaluated using the Euclidean distance to the target point as well as the lateral deviation of the achieved trajectory from the planned trajectory at target point level.

RESULTS
With the help of AR guidance, a successful cannulation of the foramen ovale was achieved in 90.6% compared to the purely landmark-based method with 18.8%. Euclidean distance and lateral deviation were significantly lower with AR guidance than landmark guidance (P < .01).

CONCLUSION
AR greatly improved accuracy of simulated percutaneous rhizotomy of the Gasserian ganglion.
Microsurgical Clip Reconstruction of a Ruptured Internal Carotid Artery Terminus Blister Aneurysm Using a Reverse Picket Fence Technique
Authors: Glauser Gregory , Detchou Donald K E , Choudhri Omar A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Blister aneurysms are rare, technically challenging lesions that are typically ill defined and arise at nonbranch points of arteries.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the microsurgical treatment of a ruptured blister aneurysm at the internal carotid artery (ICA) terminus using the reverse picket fence clipping technique.

METHODS
The patient was a 60-yr-old male. He presented with a Hunt and Hess Grade 2, Fisher Grade 3 subarachnoid hemorrhage located in the bilateral sylvian fissures (right > left) and suprasellar cisterns. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated 2 aneurysms: a 2-mm right middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm and a 2.5-mm right internal carotid artery (ICA) terminus blister aneurysm. Transradial cerebral angiography was undertaken which showed these similar sized aneurysms. Microsurgical treatment was chosen, and the patient underwent a right pterional craniotomy for clipping of his aneurysms. The patient consented to the procedure.

RESULTS
The combination of stacked fenestrated clips repaired the vessel, with intraoperative fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography demonstrated normal filling of the MCA and ICA circulation with no delay. Intraoperative angiography confirmed induced moderate stenosis of the ICA terminus at about 50%, which is essential to close the blister aneurysm site by utilizing a portion of the normal vessel wall.

CONCLUSION
Ruptured blister aneurysms at the ICA terminus can be safely repaired using the reverse picket fence technique for clipping.