bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of Remin Pro on the microhardness of initial enamel lesions in primary teeth
Authors: Nourolahian Homa , Parisay Iman , Mir Fatemeh 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Remineralization is currently considered a treatment option for many clinicians. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of three remineralizing agents on microhardness of initial caries lesions in primary teeth.

Materials and Methods:
In this in vitro study, 96 enamel samples were prepared. Microhardness was first measured for all the samples using the Vickers microhardness test. After developing the initial caries lesions, the microhardness of all the demineralized samples was measured, and the samples were then divided into four groups (n = 24). Casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate in Group 1, Remin Pro in Group 2, and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel in Group 3 were placed on the samples for 4 min. The control group received no treatments. The microhardness of the samples was measured again following a pH cycle of 5 days. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and the post hoc test at the significance level of P < 0.05.

Results:
The mean microhardness reduced significantly in all the groups following the development of initial caries lesions and after the pH cycle of 3 days (P < 0.001). After the remineralization and pH cycle of 5 days, the mean microhardness was significantly lower in the control group compared to the other three groups (P < 0.001) and had increased in the three treated groups. The microhardness recovery rate also increased in the treated groups compared to the control group, but no significant differences were observed between the three groups themselves (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Remin Pro can be used as an effective substance for preventing tooth caries in children.
Effect of Er
Authors: Moosavi Horieh , Ahrari Farzaneh , Zanjani Maryam 
Published: March 2021

Background:
This study investigated the influence of erbium-doped: yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser on the pull-out fracture load of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts luted to dentin with different resin cements.

Materials and Methods:
In this in vitro experimental study, 90 premolars were endodontically treated. The post spaces were prepared, and the teeth were divided into three groups dependent on the cement applied for luting FRC posts: Group 1: An etch-and-rinse system, Group 2: A self-etch cement, and Group 3: A self-adhesive cement. After 6 months' storage and thermocycling, each group was divided into three subgroups (n = 10) according to the treatment applied for removing the posts; subgroup 1: Control, subgroup 2: Treatment with Er:YAG laser at 250 mJ, 20 Hz, and subgroup 3: Treatment by Er:YAG laser at 300 mJ, 10 Hz. The pull-out load was recorded in Newton. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA at P < 0.05.

Results:
The fracture load was significantly affected by the cementation group (P = 0.005) and treatment subgroup (P = 0.008). The pull-out load of self-etch cement was significantly greater than that of the self-adhesive and etch-and-rinse systems (P < 0.05). Treatment with Er:YAG laser caused a significant reduction in pull-out load of FRC posts (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The fracture load of fiber posts is influenced by the type of cement and treatment applied. Post removal would be less challenging when using a self-adhesive or conventional etch-and-rinse cement or using Er:YAG laser at the FRC-resin interface.
A new teaching model with artificial teeth containing simulated pulpal tissue
Authors: Razavian Hamid , Hanjani Kimia 
Published: March 2021

Background:
This study aimed to evaluate the use of artificial teeth for endodontic training for dental students.

Materials and Methods:
The following aspects of the artificial teeth were approved by the endodontists in Isfahan University of Medical Science: internal and external anatomy; coronal pulp chambers regarding their size, shape, and canal path; the root canals regarding their size, shape, and position; filling the pulp chamber and root canals by considering the texture, quantity, color, and ease of handling; and resin hardness and visualization of the radiographic image.

Results:
The results showed favorable opinions regarding the internal and external anatomy, coronal pulp chamber, root canal (s), handling, and radiographic imaging. The contents of the pulp space and hardness of the teeth were satisfactory.

Conclusion:
The artificial teeth tested have the potential to replace the natural teeth in preclinical training.
Expression of p53 and Ki-67 proteins in patients with increasing severity and duration of pterygium
Authors: Mahesh Mood , Mittal Sanjeev K , Kishore Sanjeev , Singh Anupam , Gupta Neeti , Rana Rimpi 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
Pterygium is a triangular fibrovascular subepithelial ingrowth of degenerative bulbar conjunctival tissue over the cornea. It is now considered to be a result of uncontrolled cellular proliferation as overexpression of p53 protein and Ki-67 nuclear protein was found in the epithelium. This study was done to find the expression of p53 and Ki-67 with the severity and duration of the pterygium to explain the etiopathogenesis.

Methods:
Data were analyzed from 43 Indian participants of all age groups. All patients were divided according to the severity of pterygium (mild, moderate, and severe groups) and according to the duration of pterygium (<4 years and >4 years). The samples were studied by immunohistochemistry by using antibodies against p53 and Ki-67 proteins considering >5% expression as significant.

Results:
Of 43 cases, p53 and Ki-67 expression were positive in 33 cases. In mild, moderate, and severe cases p53 positivity was 33.3%, 78.4%, 100%, respectively. P53 expression increased with duration, 79.3% positive in <4 years, and 92.9% positive in >4 years. With increasing severity of pterygium, mild, moderate, and severe cases, Ki-67 positivity was 66.7%, 78.37%, 66.7%, respectively. Ki-67 expression with duration, 79.3% positive in <4 years, and 85.7% positive in >4 years of the duration of pterygium with no statistical significance.

Conclusion:
Our study revealed that with increasing duration and severity of pterygium, p53 expression was observed to be increasing. Ki-67 expression increased with the duration of pterygium but not with the severity.
Functional evaluation of the macular area in early glaucoma using microperimetry
Authors: Phuljhele Swati , Angmo Dewang , Aalok Lalit , Parwal Sandeep , Azad Raj Vardhan , Gupta Viney , Sihota Ramanjit 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate the central visual field by microperimetry (MP), in early glaucoma.

Methods:
Consecutive perimetrically experienced patients with a single nasal step or arcuate scotoma and 14 control eyes underwent MP. Retinal sensitivity on MP was mapped for frequency and depth of loss in the central 10° around fixation.

Results:
Twenty-one eyes had a single nasal step and 19 eyes with single arcuate scotoma on standard automated perimetry (SAP), with central 10° being normal on 30–2 and 10–2 perimetry. The average mean sensitivity on MP, in glaucomatous and control eyes was 11.8 ± 3.9 dB and 16.6 ± 1.2 dB, respectively, P = 0.0004. The average mean defect on MP-1, in glaucomatous and control eyes was - 6.5 ± 2.0 dB and - 3.0 ± 1.2 Db, respectively, P = 0.05. The corresponding retinal hemisphere showed significant defects in MP. In eyes with single nasal steps, an absolute scotoma was seen in 14–28% of eyes 8–10° off fixation, moderate to mild defects were seen in 10–52% eyes, and 10% eyes showed involvement up to 4° from the fixation. Eyes with arcuate scotoma had an absolute scotoma on MP in 95% of eyes, 6–10° from fixation, with extension up to 2° from fixation in 21%. In glaucomatous eyes, the normal hemisphere on SAP showed a mild defect on MP in 43%. Control eyes did not show any defect in SAP or MP.

Conclusion:
A significant loss of central retinal sensitivity is recorded on MP in early glaucomatous neuropathy as compared to SAP. Paramacular absolute defects were seen at 6–10° from fixation.
Comparative evaluation of Octopus semi-automated kinetic perimeter with Humphrey and Goldmann perimeters in neuro-ophthalmic disorders
Authors: Bhaskaran Karthika , Phuljhele Swati , Kumar Pawan , Saxena Rohit , Angmo Dewang , Sharma Pradeep 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to compare the performance of Octopus 900(OVF) kinetic module with Goldmann perimeter (GVF) and Humphrey 750i (HVF) perimeters in neuro-ophthalmic disorders.

Methods:
During this prospective observational cross-sectional study, 17 patients (26 eyes) with neuro-ophthalmic disorders underwent visual field examination on the three perimeters. Field defects on OVF were matched with HVF and GVF for the number of quadrants involved. An unmasked observer, and a masked observer (unaware of the clinical diagnosis) were made to separately diagnose the type of field defects on all three fields for the same patient. The pattern of field defect on OVF was compared with GVF and HVF field defects for both observers.

Results:
When OVF was compared with HVF and GVF, 88% eyes correctly matched for normal or abnormal visual fields, while quadrant-matching was 80% and 89% respectively. For the unmasked observer, the pattern of field defects on OVF was similar to HVF and GVF in 58% and 65% eyes respectively while for a masked observer, it was 54% and 62%. Central and paracentral scotomas showed unmatched fields when OVF was compared with HVF and GVF. When these patients were excluded, sensitivity of OVF increased to 95%.

Conclusion:
Clinical correlation aids in better characterisation of a field defect. All 3 perimeters are concurrent in the pattern of field defects for non-central defects. However, the default protocol on OVF may not be enough to demarcate the central and para-central scotomas. Development of a customised protocol for the assessment of central and centrocecal field defects increases the accuracy of OVF.
Agreement of findings of glaucoma screening between trained vision center technicians and glaucoma specialists at a tertiary hospital in South India
Authors: Rengappa Ramakrishnan , Chandrashekharan Shivkumar , Gunaselvi Ranitha , Maheshwari Devendra , Kader Mohideen Abdul , Chakrabarty Sabyasachi 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To study the agreement of findings of glaucoma screening between trained vision center (VC) technicians and glaucoma specialists in patients referred from VC to the glaucoma services of a tertiary eye care hospital in south India.

Methods:
This was a retrospective study comparing the findings of the VC technicians and the specialists of the glaucoma services in the base hospital, in patients referred from 13 VCs between January and June 2019. Medical records of 277 referred patients (out of 533 referrals) who attended the glaucoma clinic were analyzed.

Results:
Of the 277 patients, 111 (40%) were confirmed having glaucoma, 133 (48%) were suspects, 29 (10.4%) were normal, and four (1.4%) had other pathology. The mean age of the patients was 59.7 ± 13 years and 60.6% were females. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean intraocular pressure (IOP) measured (17 ± 7.2 mmHg at the VC and 18 ± 8.7 mmHg at the clinic, p = 0.16) and the cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) (0.7 ± 0.13 at the VC and 0.6 ± 0.18 at the clinic, p = 0.57). Bland–Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement supported that mean differences were close to zero, and the intraclass correlation coefficient at 95% CI showed good consistency between the measurement of IOP (0.78 [0.74 to 0.81]) and CDR (0.90 [0.88 to 0.92]) at the base hospital and vision center.

Conclusion:
There is good agreement between the findings of VC technicians and glaucoma specialists. VC technicians can help in detecting glaucoma in the community.
Habitual visual acuity in a large urban cohort of Western India and factors influencing poor habitual vision
Authors: Kumar Nishant , Dhingra Deepika , Bhartiya Shibal , Wadhwani Meenakshi 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to determine habitual visual acuity (HVA) in a large urban cohort in western India and identify factors associated with poor HVA.

Methods:
This was a prospective study conducted over 10 days in September 2018 to assess the HVA in individuals attending a 10-day festival in Western India. Participants who volunteered to undergo vision screening and also filled the questionnaire form pertaining to demographic information including their age, gender, address, income, and educational status were included in this study. HVA was recorded with the distance correction that the participants were wearing when they attended the screening. The study evaluated the prevalence of visual acuity 6/6 or <6/6, 6/12, and 6/18 and the factors associated with lower visual acuity.

Results:
Of the 6300 participants, 1660 (26.3%) were females. Majority of the participants were from urban background (6084, 96.6%) and were of younger age group (18–40 years––3786, 60.1%; 41–60 years––2187, 34.7%; >60 years––327, 5.2%). HVA was recorded as 6/6 both eyes in 4136 (65.6%), at least 6/12 both eyes in 5691 (90.3%), and at least 6/18 both eyes in 5974 (94.8%) individuals. Only 11 patients (0.17%) had VA worse than 6/60 with only 3 patients (0.003%) having bilateral VA <6/60. Older age, female sex, lower education status, and low annual income were significant risk factors for poor HVA.

Conclusion:
Poor education, lower income, female gender, and old age are significantly associated with poor HVA even in urban Western India despite relatively easy access to affordable eye care facilities.
Anatomical and functional outcomes one year after vitrectomy and retinal massage for large macular holes
Authors: Chakraborty Debdulal , Sengupta Sabyasachi , Mukherjee Angshuman , Majumdar Saptorshi 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to report results of macular hole closure, visual benefit and longitudinal changes in foveal architecture over 1 year following macular hole surgery with retinal massage.

Methods:
Records of patients with full thickness macular hole (FTMH) with minimum basal diameter of 550 μ who underwent vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and retinal massage were drawn up. Retinal massage was performed after dye assisted ILM peeling, using a 27G flute needle with a long and soft silicone tip under air in a centripetal direction around the FTMH. At the end, 10% C3F8 gas was used as tamponade. The foveal contour at 1 year follow up was recorded based on its cross sectional appearance on OCT and was classified into U, V and irregular types of closure as previously described.

Results:
Forty-one eyes of 41 patients with a mean age of 70.4 ± 6.9 years were included. The mean preoperative vision was 0.99 ± 0.07 logMAR and mean maximum basal diameter of the FTMH was 835 ± 208 μ. Macular hole closure was seen in all patients at 1-month follow up. The BCVA improved to 0.5 ± 0.1 log MAR at 6 months (P < 0.001) and then stabilized. The U shaped closure was the commonest pattern (n = 22, 54%), followed by V-shaped closure (n = 16, 39%) while irregular closure was seen in 3 eyes (7%).

Conclusion:
Retinal massage after ILM peeling is a very simple, and as yet under-utilized manoeuvre that may improve hole closure rates and lead to potentially greater improvement in vision compared to existing techniques for large holes.
Contrast, visibility, and color balance between the microscope versus intracameral illumination in cataract surgery using a 3D visualization system
Authors: Kim Young Jae , Kim Yu Jeong , Nam Dong Heun , Kim Kwang Gi , Kim Seong-Woo , Chung Tae-Young , Lee Sung Jin , Park Kyu-Hyung 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To compare image resolution and depth between the microscope versus intracameral illumination images during 3D heads-up cataract surgery.

Methods:
We collected 25 consecutive patients who had cataract surgery using the 3D viewing system. Based on bright, contrast, visibility, and color balance, the digital images (RGB color and three monochromes) extracted at the same point of the procedures were compared between the two illuminations.

Results:
Contrast values of green and blue channels except for red channel and visibility values of all three channels were higher in the intracameral illumination images than in the microscope images (P < 0.001, t-test). Color balance values of both green/red and blue/red were higher in the intracameral illumination images than in the microscope images (P < 0.001, t-test).

Conclusion:
The digital images in the digitally assisted cataract surgery were enhanced by using the intracameral illumination. Considering the contrast and color balance in the 3D cataract surgery, the intracameral illumination may be better than the microscope illumination.
The anterior and posterior biometric characteristics in primary angle-closure disease
Authors: Huang Wenbin , Li Xingyi , Gao Xinbo , Zhang Xiulan 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
Obtaining a better understanding of the pathogenesis of primary angle-closure disease (PACD) still requires studies that provide measurements of anterior and posterior biometric characteristics together and that assess the relationship between them.

Methods:
In total, 201 eyes were enrolled in this cross-sectional study: 50 normal controls, 49 primary angle-closure suspect (PACS), 38 primary angle closure (PAC), and 64 primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) eyes. The anterior and posterior structural features were measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Results:
All PACD groups had smaller anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber area (ACA), anterior chamber volume (ACV), angle opening distance at 750 μm from the scleral spur (AOD750), trabecular–iris space area at 750 μm from the scleral spur (TISA750), and angle recess area (ARA), as well as a larger lens vault (LV), than controls (all P < 0.001). The PACS and PAC groups had thicker iris thickness at 750 μm from the scleral spur (IT750) than controls (P = 0.017 and P = 0.002, respectively). Choroidal thickness (CT) was not statistically different among normal, PACS, PAC, and PACG eyes. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between thinner IT750 and increased CT in PACD eyes (P = 0.031, univariate analysis; P = 0.008, multivariate analysis).

Conclusion:
Thinner iris thickness was associated with increased CT in PACD eyes; however, the underlying mechanism needs further investigation.
Helmet shielding effect in mandibular fractures during road traffic accident
Authors: Singh R. K. , Kumar Virendra , Ganguly Roop , Patel Jatin , Daga Dipti 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
The objectives of this study are to evaluate the proportion of helmeted and nonhelmeted patients sustaining mandibular fractures.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective study was conducted on 200 patients reporting to oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) unit, trauma center, and department of OMFS. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect the necessary data. Patients were evaluated for age, gender, mode of transport (2/4 wheeler), presence of safety measure at the time of accident (helmet/seatbelt), maxillofacial injury in two wheeler (with helmet and without helmet), type of impact, and its association to maxillofacial fractures, particularly site of maxillofacial fractures. The association between mode of injury, presence of safety measures, impact type, and site of maxillofacial injuries was assessed using the Chi-square test. P < 0.5 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The mean age of patients was 30 years, and approximately 92.5% of accidents patients were male. In this study, 35% nonhelmeted riders were reported head injury and 5% of the helmeted rider reported head injury. 54.5% of the patients suffered frontal impact, 28% collision, and 17.5% lateral slide collision. Head injuries are the main cause of death among the riders of all two wheelers. Lateral sliding collision injuries (17.5%) resulted 60.6% of the fractures mandible, 24.2% midface injury, and associated injury (15.15%).

Conclusion:
The use of helmet is strongly recommended to prevent head injuries and facial injuries. In the nonhelmeted riders in motorcycle accidents, the incidence of mandible fractures increases proportionally.
A meta analysis for evaluation of marginal bone level changes at dental implants
Authors: Kumar Varun , Arya Geeta , Singh Pranshu , Chauhan Pallavi 
Published: March 2021

Aim:
The aim of this study was to assess the marginal bone level changes at dental implants after 1 year in function.

Methods:
Detailed searches from PubMed databases were made. A MEDLINE search (PubMed) published in the English language from 1980 to December 2018 was included in this study.

Results:
The electronic database research (MEDLINE) produced 166 corresponding articles. One hundred and twenty studies were excluded on the basis of abstract while the 46 researches were used chosen for full-text examination after the title and abstract testing, and 41 studies were excluded that did not meet the requirements of our inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 5 studies for a quantitative analysis were taken into account.

Conclusion:
Within the limits of the study, the mean marginal bone loss (MBL) was found to be 0.56 mm. A statistically significant difference in the MBL was found between the various studies.
The Effect of Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction on the Viability of Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap after Abdominoplasty
Authors: Coskun Erhan , Özkan Burak , Terzi Aysen , Özer Eda Özturan , Uysal Çagri Ahmet , Borman Huseyin , Ertas Nilgün Markal 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
A prior abdominoplasty is considered as an absolute contraindication to transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap surgery. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of nonexpanded adipose stromal vascular fraction (ASVF) on the viability of TRAM flap after abdominoplasty.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups. Reverse abdominoplasty model was used in all groups except Group 1. TRAM flap was performed 2 weeks after abdominoplasty in Groups 2 and 4 and 4 weeks after in Groups 3 and 5. ASVF cells were injected during abdominoplasty in Groups 4 and 5. The viable flap area (VFA) percentage and newly formed perforators were assessed. Capillary density and fibrosis gradient and plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were measured.

Results:
The mean VFA to total flap area was measured as 82.90% ± 7.59%, 3.31% ± 3.29%, 9.40% ± 6.18%, 31.92% ± 9.29%, and 64.98% ± 10.95% in Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4, and Group 5, respectively (P < 0.05). The number of newly formed musculocutaneous perforating arteries was 0.29 ± 0.49, 1.14 ± 0.69, and 2 ± 0.82 for Groups 3, 4, and 5, respectively (P < 0.05). The mean capillary density was 6.86 ± 0.50, 0.67 ± 0.13, 2.79 ± 0.53, 3.71 ± 0.47, and 7.01 ± 0.70 in Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively (P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant increase between the baseline VEGF values and the second VEGF values in Groups 4 and 5.

Conclusions:
The study showed that local injection of ASVF increases the viability of TRAM flap after abdominoplasty.