bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspirin Consumption and Severity of Reye's Syndrome
Authors: DON BROWN R. , WILSON JOHN T. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The article by Starko et al1 has been widely quoted, particularly with regard to a possible relationship between salicylate consumption and the severity of Reye's syndrome (RS). Our analysis of their data raises questions about support for their conclusions.
It must be emphasized that only seven cases and 16 control subjects were included in their study. Application of the usual X2 tests of equal risk do not show that any variable of the antecedent illness is different between cases and control subjects.
Soy Formula Doesn't Help Colic
Authors: LEBLANC MICHAEL H. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
I would like to compliment Lothe, Lindbery, and Jakobsson1 on approaching colic in a double-blind fashion. However, they failed to subject the data to appropriate tests for statistical significance. Their truth table would be (adapted from table 1 of their article): soy formula, adverse reaction, 32, no adverse reaction, 17; milk formula, adverse reaction, 43, no adverse reaction, 17; X2 = 1.61; P = .2.
Thus the conclusions should be that no significant benefit could be found in switching infants with colic to a soy protein-based formula.
Disseminated Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 from a Maternal Breast Lesion
Authors: SULLIVAN-BOLYAI JOHN Z. , FIFE KENNETH H. , JACOBS RICHARD F. , MILLER ZACHARY , COREY LAWRENCE 
Published: December 2021

Most cases of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) result from contact with infected secretions from the maternal genital tract.1 Postnatal acquisition of neonatal HSV infections, a subject recently reviewed by Light,2 is uncommon. We report a case of fatal neonatal HSV-1 infection acquired by contact with a maternal breast lesion. Restriction endonuclease "fingerprinting" revealed a similar pattern in the viruses isolated from the maternal breast lesion and the infant's skin lesion. The purpose of this report is to alert physicians of this potential route of transmission, especially in women experiencing primary mucocutaneous HSV infection at or near term.
CASE REPORT
A 3,693-g male infant was born to a 21-year-old white primigravida after an uneventful term pregnancy.
The Fetus and Cigarette Smoke
Authors: FARQUHARSON R. G. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Bureau et al1 recently reported on the carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in fetal cord blood and in blood of mothers who smoked during labor. They considered the possibility of intraerythrocyte alteration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) values as a compensatory mechanism in fetal blood. A recent study in Aberdeen Maternity Hospital assessed oxygenation parameters in cord blood in a small random obstetric population at term. The parameters studied include cord, arterial, and venous gas analysis and umbilical venous carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations.
Kernicterus Reexamined
Authors: AHDAB-BARMADA MAMDOUHA , MOOSSY JOHN 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Turkel and associates1 postulate that gross bilirubin staining of newborn infants' brains, as observed at autopsy, is only incidental and does not correlate with specific microscopic changes as described with "true kernicterus": microscopic study of brain sections from 32 infants in whom the typical gross bilirubin staining of kernicterus was found at autopsy, showed "microscopic changes in the target areas of classic kernicterus" in only three patients while "diffuse spongy change" was more common.
Section on Urology: Report of the Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California, 1995
Authors: Joseph David B. 
Published: December 2021

The Section on Urology conducted its annual Scientific Meeting at the American Academy of Pediatrics Meeting in San Francisco, California, on October 14 through 18, 1995. Two-hundred eighty-three abstracts were submitted with 157 (55%) accepted for presentation. Eighty percent of the abstracts were contributed from the United States or Canada and 20% were received from other foreign institutions. Stuart B. Bauer, MD, from Boston, Massachusetts, presided over the meeting as chairperson of the Section on Urology. The annual John K. Lattimer Lecture was an update on pediatric renal transplantation presented by Oscar Salvatierra, Jr. MD, Professor of Surgery, Urology and Pediatrics; and Director of the Pediatric Renal Transplantation Program, Stanford University (Palo Alto, California). The American Urological Association lectureship was given by Robert L. Chevalier, MD, Professor and Vice Chairman, Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology of the University of Virginia (Charlottesville, Virginia). He discussed developmental renal physiology in the premature, low birth weight infant. The panel discussed urologic and gynecologic needs of the disabled female and was developed in cooperation with the North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. The panel was chaired by Richard C. Rink, MD, from Indianapolis, Indiana and members included Dr Rink, S. Jean Emans, MD, and Mark R. Laufer, MD, from Boston, Massachusetts, and David Muram, MD, from Memphis, Tennessee. This article will summarize papers of interest to the general pediatrician.
ANTENATAL HYDRONEPHROSIS
Antenatal hydronephrosis continues to be a perplexing problem for the pediatric urologist. The role of fetal intervention for obstructive uropathy re mains controversial.
The Role of the Pediatrician in Implementing the Americans With Disabilities Act: Subject Review
Authors:   Committee on Children With Disabilities
Published: December 2021

This Policy Statement was retired October 2007.
In this statement, the American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms the importance of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), which guarantees people with disabilities certain rights to enable them to participate more fully in their communities. Pediatricians need to know about the ADA provisions to be able to educate and counsel their patients and patients' families appropriately. The ADA mandates changes to our environment, including reasonable accommodation to the needs of individuals with disabilities, which has application to schools, hospitals, physician offices, community businesses, and recreational programs. Pediatricians should be a resource to their community by providing information about the ADA and the special needs of their patients, assisting with devising reasonable accommodation, and counseling adolescents about their expanded opportunities under the ADA.
Eye Examination and Vision Screening in Infants, Children, and Young Adults
Authors:   Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Ophthalmology
Published: December 2021

Vision screening and eye examination are vital for the detection of conditions that distort or suppress the normal visual image, which may lead to inadequate school performance or, at worst, blindness in children. Retinal abnormalities, cataracts, glaucoma, retinoblastoma, eye muscle imbalances, and systemic disease with ocular manifestations may all be identified by careful examination. Examination of the eyes can be performed at any age, beginning in the newborn period, and should be done at all well infant and well child visits. Vision screening should be performed for a child at the earliest age that is practical, because a small child rarely complains that one eye is not seeing properly. Conditions that interfere with vision are of extreme importance, because visual stimuli are critical to the development of normal vision. Normal visual development requires the brain to receive equally clear, focused images from both eyes simultaneously for visual pathways to develop properly.
Vision screening should be carried out as part of the regular plan for continuing care beginning at 3 years of age. Vision screening guidelines have been endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS), and the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). To achieve the most accurate testing possible, the most sophisticated test that the child is capable of performing should be used (see "Appendix 1").1
As with other specialty areas, it is important for the pediatrician to establish contact with an ophthalmologist who is experienced in treating children's eye problems and who practices in the same geographic area.
Changes in Intubation Rates and Outcome of Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Population-based Study
Authors: Poets Christian F. , Sens Brigitte 
Published: December 2021

Objective. There have been indications of a recent decrease in intubation rates of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in Germany. We wanted to quantify this decrease and analyze its effect on clinical outcome.
Methods. Population-based data on the treatment and outcome at hospital discharge from a statewide quality assurance program were analyzed for 2001 VLBW infants (500 to 1499 g) born from 1992 to 1994 in Lower Saxony, North Germany.
Results. The proportion of patients not intubated and mechanically ventilated increased from 7% to 14% in infants less than 1000 g and from 28% to 44% in those greater than or equal to 1000 g (P &lt; .02 and &lt; .01, respectively). This increase was not associated with any significant increase in adverse outcome such as death, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leucomalacia, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Instead, there was an increase in the proportion of infants less than 1000 g who survived without BPD (from 38% in 1992 to 48% in 1994; P &gt; .05) and a decrease in the proportion of infants greater than or equal to 1000 g in whom BPD developed (from 14% to 9%; P &lt; .05).
Conclusions. The data from a statewide quality assurance program show a significant reduction in the aggressiveness of the treatment of VLBW infants, which was not associated with an increased mortality or morbidity. This observational study, however, cannot define whether a more selective approach to the intubation of VLBW infants will ultimately result in a better outcome. A randomized, controlled trial would be required to answer this clinically important question.
Routine Emergency Department Use for Sick Care by Children in the United States
Authors: Halfon Neal , Newacheck Paul W. , Wood David L. , St Peter Robert F. 
Published: December 2021

Background. The use of the emergency departments as a regular source of sick care has been increasing, despite the fact that it is costly and is often an inappropriate source of care. This study examines factors associated with routine use of emergency departments by using a national sample of US children.
Methods. Data from the 1988 National Health Interview Survey on Child Health, a nationally representative sample of 17 710 children younger than 18 years, was linked to county-level health resource data from the Area Resource File. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the association between children's use of emergency departments as their usual sources of sick care and predisposing need and enabling characteristics of the families, as well as availability of health resources in their communities.
Results. In 1988 3.4% or approximately 2 million US children younger than 18 years were reported to use emergency departments as their usual sources of sick care. Significant demographic risk factors for reporting an emergency department as a usual source of sick care included black versus white race (odds ratio [OR], 2.08), single-parent versus two-parent families (OR, 1.53), mothers with less than a high school education versus those with high school or more (OR, 1.76), poor versus nonpoor families (OR, 1.76), and living in an urban versus suburban setting (OR, 1.38). Specific indicators of need, such as recurrent health conditions (asthma, tonsillitis, headaches, and febrile seizures), were not associated with routine use of emergency departments for sick care. Furthermore, health insurance status and specifically Medicaid coverage had no association with use of the emergency department as a usual source of sick care. Compared with children who receive well child care in private physicians' offices or health maintenance organizations, children whose sources of well child care were neighborhood health centers were more likely to report emergency departments for sick care (OR, 2.01). Children residing in counties where the supply of primary care physicians was in the top quintile had half the odds (OR, 0.50) of reporting emergency departments as usual sources of sick care.
Promoting Sun Awareness: Evaluation of an Educational Children's Book
Authors: Thornton Caroline M. , Piacquadio Daniel J. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To assess the value of early childhood education as a means of increasing awareness and knowledge about the sun and related skin disease(s).
Methods. A children's book promoting sun awareness and protection was developed. The text was incorporated into the health education curriculum of two third-grade classrooms (n = 82). The students completed a questionnaire before, immediately after, and 6 weeks after reading the text. Student sun awareness knowledge was compared using descriptive statistics and paired T-tests.
Results. Behaviors and attitudes that resulted in overexposure to the sun's ultraviolet light were common among third-graders. Primary test areas included the sun's effect on skin, effective sunscreens, skin type, and skin cancer. Test scores showed a marked improvement (40% compared with baseline) in knowledge of sun protection at both posttests. Parents represented the greatest source of information for children (28 of 82) before this study, while doctors and teachers each accounted for only 1 of 82.
Conclusions. Preventive measures in childhood have the potential to significantly reduce the incidence of sunrelated skin diseases; however, education to date has been directed primarily at parents. This study demonstrated that an educational book for elementary school students can be an effective tool to increase sun awareness and knowledge. The multifaceted approach to prevention recommended here is similar to that of the highly successful dental care campaign, consisting of direct education of children by physicians, teachers, parents, and the media.
Delayed Diagnosis of Injury in Pediatric Trauma
Authors: Furnival Ronald A. , Woodward George A. , Schunk Jeff E. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To define the frequency and nature of delayed diagnosis of injury (DDI) in pediatric trauma.
Design. Retrospective review.
Setting. Tertiary pediatric trauma center.
Methods. Medical records of 1175 pediatric trauma admissions from July 1, 1989, through June 30, 1992, were reviewed.
Results. Fifty (4.3%) patients had 53 DDI. Fractures accounted for 38 DDI, most commonly of the extremities (total, 16). The delay until injury diagnosis ranged from 1 to 55 (median, 3) days. Patients with DDI had lower scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale, higher injury severity scores, and longer pediatric intensive care unit and hospital stays than patients without DDI. Patients with DDI more frequently required medical transport, emergent intubation, admission to the pediatric intensive care unit, and surgery. The DDI altered treatment for 68% of patients; 10 required surgery, including second operations for 6 children.
Conclusions. DDI represents a failure of pediatric trauma care at all levels. The severely injured child is at the greatest risk of DDI. All pediatric patients with trauma warrant ongoing evaluation to identify initially unrecognized injuries.
Iodine release from high-burnup fuel structures: Separate-effect tests and simulated fuel pellets for better understanding of iodine behaviour in nuclear fuels
Authors: Heikinheimo Janne , Kärkelä Teemu , Tyrpekl Václav , Niz̆n̆anský Matĕj̆ , Gouëllo Mélany , Tapper Unto 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Iodine release modelling of nuclear fuel pellets has major uncertainties that restrict applications in current fuel performance codes. The uncertainties origin from both the chemical behaviour of iodine in the fuel pellet and the release of different chemical species. The structure of nuclear fuel pellet evolves due to neutron and fission product irradiation, thermo-mechanical loads and fission product chemical interactions. This causes extra challenges for the fuel behaviour modelling. After sufficient amount of irradiation, a new type of structure starts forming at the cylindrical pellet outer edge. The porous structure is called high-burnup structure or rim structure. The effects of high-burnup structure on fuel behaviour become more pronounced with increasing burnup. As the phenomena in the nuclear fuel pellet are diverse, experiments with simulated fuel pellets can help in understanding and limiting the problem at hand. As fission gas or iodine release behaviour from high-burnup structure is not fully understood, the current preliminary study focuses on (i) sintering of porous fuel samples with Cs and I, (ii) measurements of released species during the annealing experiments and (iii) interpretation of the iodine release results with the scope of current fission gas release models.

Graphical abstract
Study of the allelopathic effects of Medicago sativa on the germination characteristics of Secale montanum
Authors: NABIZADEH Esmaeil , MEMARI Mahdieh , AHMADI Khadijeh 
Published: December 2021

This study investigated the allelopathic effects of Medicago sativa L. on the germination characteristics of weed rye (Secale montanum L.) Guss. In order to study the allelopathic effects of different concentrations of aqueous extract (0, 10, 20 and 30%) of different M. sativa parts (root, leaves, stem and aerial parts of the plant including (stems, leaves and flowers) on initial growth of rye (S. montanum) seedlings a factorial experiment arranged in RCB design was carried out with three replications in the greenhouse of Agricultural College, Mahabad Islamic Azad University in 2017. The greenhouse data showed that the plant height, root and biomass dry weight of the weed decreased so that the declining trend had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on all traits of rye studied in the present experiment. Among the aqueous extracts of M. sativa that of the root had the greatest allelopathic potential.
Effectiveness of fungicides with different modes of action against net blotch disease of two-rowed spring barley
Authors: SUCIU Loredana Alexandra , ȘOPTEREAN Laura , RUSSU Florin , GIURGIU Camelia , MOREA Adriana , FLORIAN Vasile , BARȘON Gabriel , CRIȘAN Ioana 
Published: December 2021

Net blotch disease caused by Pyrenophora teres is one of the most damaging fungal diseases of barley crop. This study screened comparatively the effectiveness of eleven fungicide products applied to malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L. conv. distichum Alef.) cultivar ‘Daciana’ in conditions from Transylvania. After fungicide treatment, the net blotch disease index decreased an average of 70.37-78.04% relative to untreated control. Fungicide application ensured an average of 28.66% grain yield increase, 7.51% thousand grains weight increase and 4.36% grain starch content increase relative to untreated control. Top performance was obtained by using products that contained demethylation inhibitors targeting sterol biosynthesis in combination with other active substances with a different mode of action particularly targeting mitochondrial respiration. It is a difficult task to achieve top performance on all dimensions: strict disease suppression, high quantity and quality grain yields. Preventing the occurrence of pathogen resistance to fungicide and minimizing negative effect on crop as well as remanence in the plant, are the main challenges for fungicide use and should receive further attention.
Modification of microbiological quality and valorization of different ruminants species ruminal content in farm animals feeding
Authors: BARA Yamouna , ARBOUCHE Rafik , BAA Abdelhamid , MAMMERI Adel 
Published: December 2021

This study is based on the microbiological analysis of a common slaughterhouse by-product which is the rumen content, before and after treatment with HCl 1N, targeting its valorization in domestic animal feeding. A total of 24 rumen content samples were collected in pairs (two series) immediately after slaughter from 12 ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats). The first series was not treated with HCl (N0 = 12), while the second series was treated with HCl 1N (N1 = 12) to adjust its pH to about 2. Then all samples (series 1 and 2) were subject to a group of microbiological analyzes targeting identification and enumeration of total aerobic mesophilic flora; fecal and total coliforms; Clostridium perfringens; Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella spp. as well as yeasts and molds. The results revealed that after lowering the pH to about 2, the 2nd series samples were considered of satisfactory quality, with reference to Algerian microbiological standards for livestock feeds. The reduction rates of germs in the 2nd series compared to the 1st series were as follows: total aerobic mesophilic flora (86.45%), total coliforms (96.43%), faecal coliforms (70.41). %), Clostridium perfringens (88.4%), yeast and mold (87.75%). The total absence of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. was registered.
Preliminary Results for Improving the Colloidal Stability of Sunflower Tahini and Halva Products by Wax Based Oleogelation Mechanism
Authors: PRINCIPAL Admin , TANISLAV Anda Elena , PUȘCAȘ Andreea , MUREȘAN Andruța , MARȚIȘ (PETRUȚ) Georgiana , MARC (VLAIC) Romina , MUREȘAN Vlad 
Published: December 2021

Halva is a confectionery product based on nougat and different oilseeds paste called tahini. The oil separation during storage has been considered a normal and natural phenomenon, but current trends consider this process a defect that gives a depreciated commercial appearance. Thus, the aim of this work was to assess the influence of edible waxes addition on the stability, textural changes, and sensorial acceptance of sunflower halva. Firstly, tahini samples containing several waxes (sunflower, carnauba, rice bran and beeswax) in different concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%) were prepared and their textural parameters and colloidal stability (CS) during storage was determined. The samples (excepting the 1% containing beeswax) demonstrated higher CS (p<0.05) as compared to the reference prepared without wax. The main effects: wax type and storage time, accounted 51.64%, and 18.58%, respectively of the tahini CS variability. When it comes for the halva, the CS of all samples containing different waxes (excepting the sample with 1% beeswax) showed statistically significant (p<0.05) higher values in comparison to the reference which registered the lowest CS (94.06%).
Goji Berry Gall Mite Expansion in Europe, with Emphasis on Southeastern Part of Romania
Authors: PRINCIPAL Admin , CICEOI Roxana , LUCHIAN Vasilica , TABACU Andrei Florin , GUTUE Minodora , STAVRESCU-BEDIVAN Mala Maria 
Published: December 2021

In Europe, the goji crop is expanding rapidly, to satisfy the increased market demand for functional foods, with effects in chronic diseases treatment (cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, etc.). Romania has become in recent years one of the most important growers of goji berry, especially for organic production, as the species was quite resistant to main pests and diseases. Still, in 2008, a non-indigenous species of Eriophyid mites, called Aceria kuko, was identified on goji plants in UK and spread rapidly throughout the EU. The plant protection institutions took eradication measures, however the pest continued to spread in new plantations and recently on spontaneous plants. Based on GBIF, iNaturalist, personal observations and communication, the paper presents the current distribution of goji berry gall mite in Europe and in Romania and also suggests the use of new citizen science tool - ProtectGoji maps, that aims both to increase awareness of goji producers and consumers about this pest and to geolocate the species expansion in Romania for a better containment and control strategy.