bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current Problems of the Realization of the Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religious Вeliefs by Christians in Western European States
Authors: Семенова Наталия Сергеевна 
Published: November 2021

На сегодняшний день сформирована солидная правовая база международных обязательств государств по гарантии права на свободу мысли, совести и религии. Соблюдение данных гарантий обеспечивается на международном уровне наличием разработанной системы уставных и договорных контрольных механизмов, в рамках которых государства отчитываются о выполнении своих обязательств. Тем не менее, несмотря на наличие хорошо разработанной международно-правовой системы защиты права на свободу мысли, совести и религии, проблемы реализации данного права, включая преследования и дискриминацию по признаку отношения к религии, остро стоят во многих странах Западной Европы. Причем, проблемы реализации права на свободу совести и вероисповедания возникают, как правило, у последователей Христианства - культурообразующей религии большинства государств Западной Европы. В статье рассмотрены основные проблемы и причины дискриминации христиан в Западной Европе. Приведены примеры практики национальных судов и Европейского суда по правам человека в области дискриминации христиан в западноевропейских государствах. Проанализированы последствия «политики толерантности», продвигаемой странами Западной Европы на международном уровне как основной «ценности» демократического общества, во взаимосвязи с дискриминацией христиан.
To date, a solid legal base of the international obligations of states has been formed to guarantee the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Compliance with these guarantees is ensured at the international level by the existence of a developed system of statutory and contractual control mechanisms, within which states report on the fulfillment of their obligations. Nevertheless, despite the existence of a well-developed international legal system for protecting the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, the problems of the realization of this right, including persecution and discrimination based on religion, are acute in many countries of Western Europe. Moreover, the problems of the realization of the right to freedom of conscience and religion arise, as a rule, among the followers of Christianity, the culture-forming religion of most states of Western Europe. The article discusses the main problems and causes of discrimination against Christians in Western Europe. It contains examples of the practice of national courts and the European Court of Human Rights in the field of discrimination against Christians in Western European countries are given. The consequences of the «policy of tolerance» promoted by the countries of Western Europe at the international level as the main «value» of a democratic society, in connection with discrimination against Christians, are analyzed.
Japanese Orthodox Church: from the Beginnings to the Present
Authors: Медведев Сергей Сергеевич 
Published: November 2021

С конца 50-х годов ХIХ в. на фоне активного сотрудничества Российской Империи с Японией Русская Церковь поставила вопрос о необходимости внешней миссии в Стране восходящего солнца. Святитель Николай Японский является объединяющим звеном двух великих держав. Наследие Святого является национальным достоянием двух народов. По мнению Святителя, «все, что делается в Японии, более чем всякое другое государство должно интересовать Россию, как непосредственную соседку её на крайнем Востоке. Оба государства молодые, полные свежих сил и надежд на долгую историческую жизнь. Притом же, оба - совершенно различные по своему географическому положению, вследствие чего в будущем они могут только помогать друг другу, но не встречаться одно с другим на перекрестных дорогах и не мешать одному и другому»1. Миссионерская деятельность святого Николая Японского является достойным образцом для современной христианской проповеди. «В стране, которая была изолирована от всего мира, десятки тысяч людей, услышав голос одного человека, обратились в веру, которая была для них непонятна, которая разделялась другим народом и не имела никакой укорененности в местной культуре»2. Святитель Николай оставил большой кладезь трудов, которые привели к созданию современной Японской Православной Церкви.
Since the late 50s of the nineteenth century at the backdrop of the active cooperation of the Russian Empire with Japan, the Russian Church raised the question of the need for an external mission in the country of the Rising Sun. St. Nicholas of Japan is the unifying link of the two great countries. The legacy of the St. Nicholas is a national treasure of two peoples. According to Hierarch, «everything that is done in Japan, more than any other state, should interest Russia as its immediate neighbor an the far East. Both states are young, full of fresh strength and hopes for a long historical life. Moreover, both of them are completely different in their geographical position, as a result of which in the future they can only help each other, but not meet one another on cross roads and not interfere with one and the other». The missionary work of St. Nicholas of Japan is a worthy model for modern Christian preaching. «In a country that was isolated from the whole world, tens of thousands of people, having heard the voice of one person, converted to a faith that was incomprehensible to them, which was shared by other people and had no root in local culture». St. Nicholas left a large storehouse of works that led to the creation of the modern Japanese Orthodox Church.
The Council in Crete: Look of the Serbian Orthodox Church
Authors: Сапсай Николай Григорьевич 
Published: November 2021

В данном обзоре анализируются издания, выпущенные по случаю Всеправославного собора на Крите в 2016 году: монографии Святой и Великий Собор Православной Церкви и Всеправославный собор, а также дневник сербского епископа, принимавшего участие в работе собора. Книги вызовут интерес у занимающихся разбором деяний Критского собора и у всех, кто желает ознакомиться с деятельностью Сербской Православной Церкви до и в течение проведения данного мероприятия.
In this review we will introduce you the works published on the occasion of the Pan-Orthodox Council in Crete in 2016. We shall pay attention to the content of the monographs The Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church and the Pan-Orthodox Council. And also on the diary of the Serbian bishop who participated in the Council. Books can be useful to everyone who analyzes the Cretan Council and who wants to get acquainted with the activities of the Serbian Orthodox Church before and during this event.
The calculation of the heat control accumulator volume of two-phase heat transfer loop of a spacecraft thermal control system
Authors: Hodunov Artem , Gorbenko Gennady , Gakal Pavel 
Published: November 2021

Spacecraft thermal control systems based on two-phase mechanically pumped loops have advantages in terms of mass and power consumption for auxiliary needs compared to single-phase thermal control systems. However, the disadvantage of two-phase mechanically pumped loops is that when changing the heat load and heat removal conditions, when switching from single-phase to two-phase operation mode and vice versa, the amount of working fluid in the loop changes significantly, which requires the use of a large volume heat-controlled accumulator. Therefore, determining the minimum required volume of the heat-controlled accumulator for the loop operation is an urgent task due to the need to maintain the performance of the l loop at a minimum and maximum heat loads and minimize the mass of the structure and the working fluid charged. When determining the volume of the heat-controlled accumulator, it is necessary to correctly calculate the mass of the fluid in the loop during the two-phase operation mode. The mass of the fluid depends on the void fraction, which depends significantly on the phase slip. Many models and correlations have been proposed to calculate the phase slip factor. However, they all require justification for the parameters characteristic of spacecraft thermal control systems and weightlessness conditions. The paper presents the results of ground-based experiments, based on which the verification of different models and correlations for phase slip was performed. The validation of models and correlations for the conditions of weightlessness was performed by comparing the results with the horizontal and vertical orientation of the elements of the experimental setup. The working fluid is ammonia. The experiments showed that the best coincidence of calculation and experience is provided by Chisholm correlation. The discrepancy between the calculated and experimental values did not exceed +/-7% in the entire range of study parameters both for horizontal and vertical orientations, which allow us to recommend the Chisholm correlation for determining the coolant mass in the two-phase mechanically pumped loops for parameters characteristic of spacecraft thermal control systems, including zero-gravity conditions.
The The Effects of Centella asiatica Extract (CAE) on Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity via Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line
Authors: Mat Zain Mazatulikhma Mat Zain , Shamsuddin Nursyamila , Ahmad Noorden Mohd Shihabuddin 
Published: November 2021

Methamphetamine (METH) was reported to caused neurotoxicity and cell death, in vitro. Centella asiatica or ‘pegaga’ is a native tropical herb with antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. Although the effects of Centella asiatica against oxidative stress and neuronal cell death have been reported in previous studies, however, the potential effects of Centella asiatica against psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) are limited. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Centella asiatica extract (CAE) against METH on all-trans retinoic acid, RA-differentiated human neuroblastoma, SH-SY5Y cells. The RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were used to resemble dopaminergic neuronal-like cells. Cell viability was quantitatively assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2 tetrazolium bromide, MTS assay. CAE at varying concentrations from 1pg/mL to 1mg/mL significantly decreased the viability of the undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration-dependent manner. At 1mg/mL of CAE, significantly increased the viability of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, CAE at 100µg/mL and 1mg/mL significantly reversed the METH-induced neuronal cell death. The results revealed that promising treatment of CAE on METH-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by its high content of asiaticoside, asiatic acid, madecassoside and madecassic acid. Taken together, this study may suggest CAE as a potential therapeutic treatment for METH-induced neurotoxicity, in vitro.
Comparisons of Propensity Score Methods for Time to Event Outcomes: Evaluation through Simulations and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Case Study
Authors: Ma Sophie , Said Badr Id , Hosni Ali , Xu Wei , Keshavarzi Sareh 
Published: November 2021

Introduction & Objective: In observational studies, it is recommended to use propensity score (PS) methods or covariate adjustment for confounding effect adjustment. However, few guidelines are available regarding the choice of PS approaches or covariate adjustment for the best performance in a particular data. In this study, we compared different PS methods and conventional covariate adjustment to investigate the treatment effect for the overall population on time-to-event outcomes.
Methods: In the Monte Carlo simulations, we compared the hazard ratio (HR) and precision estimated using covariate adjustment and eight different PS approaches, including matching, stratification, and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). In the Oral Squamous-Cell Carcinoma Cancer case study, we applied the aforementioned PS approaches to compare the effect of receiving post-operative radiation therapy (PORT) and having engraftable tumors on different time-to-event clinical outcomes.
Results: In the simulations, both IPTW and covariate adjustment produced unbiased HR estimates with small uncertainty. In the case study, covariate adjustment showed that patients with engraftable tumors were twice as likely to have local/regional recurrence (HR 1.98 [1.23, 3.18], p-value<0.005) and any recurrence or death (HR 2.02 [1.38, 2.96], p-value<0.001); patients received PORT were twice as likely to develop either local, regional, or distance recurrence (HR 2.12 [1.32, 3.41], p-value<0.005). Results produced by IPTW were consistent with covariate adjustment method (within ± 0.1 differences).
Conclusion: Covariate adjustment and the IPTW method performed well across simulations and the case study. In practice, care should be taken to select the most suitable method when estimating the treatment, exposure or intervention effect on time-to-event outcomes.
Performance of statistical methods to address treatment non-adherence in pragmatic clinical trials with point-treatment settings: a simulation study
Authors: Hossain Md Belal , Mosquera Lucy , Karim Mohammad 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: The instrumental variable (IV)-based methods (e.g., two-stage least square [2SLS], two-stage residual inclusion [2SRI], and nonparametric causal bound [NPCB]) can be used to address non-adherence in pragmatic trials. These methods require assumptions, e.g., exclusion restriction, although they are known to handle unmeasured confounding. The inverse probability-weighted per-protocol [IPW-PP] method is useful in the same setting but requires different assumptions (no unmeasured confounding). Although all these methods aim to address the same problem, comprehensive simulations to compare their performance are absent in the literature. We performed extensive simulations when (1) confounding is present, (2) confounder is unmeasured but exclusion restriction is met, (3) exclusion restriction is violated, and (4) non-adherence is one-sided and differential.
Method: We compared the performance in terms of bias, standard error (SE), mean squared error (MSE), and 95% confidence interval coverage probability.
Results: For setting-1, IPW-PP outperforms IV-methods in terms of bias, SE, MSE, and coverage for <80% non-adherence but produces high bias beyond that point. IPW-PP also has high biases, but 2SLS and 2SRI work well for setting-2. For setting-3, 2SLS and 2SRI perform the worst in all scenarios; IPW-PP produces unbiased estimates when necessary confounders are measured and adjusted. For setting-4, IPW-PP has less bias, but 2SLS and 2SRI have higher SE and MSE. NPCB has wider bounds in all scenarios. We also analyze a two-arm trial to estimate the effect of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality after addressing non-adherence.
Conclusion: We need to be cautious using the IPW-PP when non-adherence is very high or strong unmeasured confounding and should avoid using the IV methods when the exclusion restriction assumption is violated or high differential non-adherence. Since assumptions are different and often untestable for IPW-PP and IV methods, we suggest analyzing data using both methods for a robust conclusion.
Translations for Our Nations: Addressing the Indigenous Language Gap in COVID-19 Health Communication
Authors: Yohathasan Thilaxcy , Stutz Sterling 
Published: November 2021

Purpose: The availability of culturally safe and plain-language resources is necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19 for Indigenous communities around the world. Translations For Our Nations is an initiative addressing these resource gaps, making available COVID-19 health resources in Indigenous languages on the web. The project began in April 2020 as a result of the Indigenous COVID-19 Health Partnership launched by Victor A. Lopez-Carmen, a Dakota and Yaqui medical student, Harvard Medical School) and co-founded by Sterling Stutz and Thilaxcy Yohathasan, (MPH-Indigenous Health at the University of Toronto), and Sukhmeet Singh Sachal (medical student, University of British Columbia).
Methods: Translators from Indigenous communities around the world signed up to participate in the project via a GoogleForm in April 2020. Over 100 Indigenous translators and community members in regions (South America, Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, and the Pacific) were provided the 5 English language source materials reviewed by physicians and Indigenous youth leaders. Translators submitted their translated documents via email and on September 1, 2020 the website Translations4OurNations.org was launched where the translated documents can be accessed and downloaded with more translations accepted on a rolling basis.
Results: Translations for our Nations has published COVID-19 health resources in 40+ Indigenous languages from around the world. The website also includes photos and text submissions from community members speaking to the importance of culturally-specific COVID-19 health information disseminated directly to communities in local languages and dialects.
Implications: Indigenous Nations have the right to access vital health information in their mother tongue. This project is led by and designed for Indigenous youth and Indigenous community members to empower individuals and communities to make informed choices regarding their health and exposure risks, and decrease the risk of COVID-19 transmission in Indigenous communities around the world.
Forest Steppe-Like Vegetation Near Cherskiy (West Beringia) During the Early Pleistocene Olyorian Period Reconstructed Using Plant Macrofossils
Authors: Kienast Frank , Davydov Sergei P. 
Published: November 2021

The lower Kolyma region is known for rich Early Olyorian large mammal assemblages including plesiomorphic musk ox, reindeer, horse, broad-fronted moose, steppe mammoth and cave bear. Data on the vegetation in zonal habitats from the Olyorian period are, in contrast, scarce. Earlier palynological results from classical Olyorian sites indicated predominant grassland vegetation with scattered larch occurrences but are, due to limited taxonomical resolution, uncertain. Plant macrofossil data were, so far, only available from azonal, aquatic habitats. Here, we describe Olyorian palaeo-vegetation from an exposure near Cherskiy, Nizhnekolymsky District, Sakha Republic, Russia. The macrofossil-based reconstruction of palaeo-vegetation revealed the existence of an open forest steppe comprising a mosaic of sparse larch groves in a dry grassland composed of tundra steppes, degraded meadow steppes and saline meadows. In the larch groves, light demanding shrubs and dwarf shrubs such as shrub birch (Betula cf. fruticosa, B. nana ssp. exilis), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), and crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) formed the understory. Ruderal pioneer plants point to open ground as result of disturbances, possibly due to the activity of large herbivores. The nitrophytic ruderal species Urtica dioica, in particular, suggests locally increased nutrient supply from animal excretions. Also, the abundant remains of Chenopodium cf. prostratum might be explained by disturbances and nutrient enrichment, but Chenopodium is also characteristic of salt accumulation in the soil owing to high evaporation under arid conditions, which are also indicated by alkali grass (Puccinellia sp.). The presence of trees and shrubs indicates interglacial-like temperature conditions but the dominance of dry grassland species and the occurrence of facultatively halophytic plants (Chenopodium prostratum, Puccinellia sp.) suggests aridity, which is more typical of cold stages. During the early Pleistocene, i.e., prior to the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition (EMPT) culminating around 900 ka ago, the duration of climate cycles was shorter and the amplitude of climate fluctuations was smaller. Ice-rich permafrost formed only after the EMPT during increasingly extreme cold stages, and, during warm stages, its thawing resulted in paludification of the active layer. Prior to the EMPT, the climate in West Beringia was constantly relatively dry, more or less moderate and more stable than thereafter. In contrast to modern tundra and northern taiga in the study region, dry habitats apparently prevailed during the time of deposition of the plant macro-remains.
Associations of Serum Resistin With the Severity and Prognosis in Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Feng Chun-Mei , Cheng Jia-Yi , Xu Zheng , Liu Hong-Yan , Xu De-Xiang , Fu Lin , Zhao Hui 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundResistin is an endogenous ligand of Toll-like receptor 4 that activates several inflammatory signals. But the physiological function of resistin in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains unknown. The goal of this research was to explore the associations between serum resistin and the severity and prognosis in CAP patients through a retrospective cohort study.MethodsAll 212 CAP patients and 106 healthy cases were enrolled. Demographic characteristics were extracted. Serum resistin was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The prognosis was tracked in CAP patients.ResultsSerum resistin on admission was raised in CAP patients compared with control cases. The level of resistin was gradually increased in parallel with CAP severity scores in CAP patients. Pearson and Spearman analyses revealed that serum resistin was positively correlated with CAP severity scores, white blood cells, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and inflammatory cytokines among CAP patients. There were negative relationships between resistin and hematocrit and albumin in CAP patients. Besides, linear and logistic regression analyses further indicated that serum resistin on admission was positively associated with CAP severity scores among CAP patients. Follow-up research revealed that serum resistin elevation on admission prolonged hospital stay in CAP patients.ConclusionSerum resistin on admission is positively correlated with the severity and hospital stay in CAP patients, indicating that resistin may be involved in the physiological process of CAP. Serum resistin may be a potential biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis for CAP.