bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments in a Polymer Flooded Reservoir
Authors: Beteta Alan , Vazquez Oscar , Al Kalbani Munther Mohammed , Eze Faith 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate the changes to scale inhibitor squeeze lifetimes in a polymer flooded reservoir versus a water flooded reservoir. A squeeze campaign was designed for the base water flood system, then injection was switched to polymer flooding at early and late field life. The squeeze design strategy was adapted to maintain full scale protection under the new system.
During the field life, the production of water is a constant challenge. Both in terms of water handling, but also the associated risk of mineral scale deposition. Squeeze treatment is a common technique, where a scale inhibitor is injected to prevent the formation of scale. The squeeze lifetime is dictated by the adsorption/desorption properties of the inhibitor chemical, along with the water rate at the production well. The impact on the adsorption properties and changes to water rate on squeeze lifetime during polymer flooding are studied using reservoir simulation.
A two-dimensional 5-spot model was used in this study, considered a reasonable representation of a field scenario, where it was observed that when applying polymer (HPAM) flooding, with either a constant viscosity or with polymer degradation, the number of squeeze treatments was significantly reduced as compared to the water flood case. This is due to the significant delay in water production induced by the polymer flood. When the polymer flood was initiated later in field life, 0.5PV (reservoir pore volumes) of water injection, water cut approximately 70%, the number of squeeze treatments required was still lower than the water flood base case. However, it was also observed that in all cases, at later stages of field life the positive impacts of polymer flooding on squeeze lifetime begin to diminish, due in part to the high viscosity fluid now present in the production near-wellbore region.
This study represents the first coupled reservoir simulation/squeeze treatment design for a polymer flooded reservoir. It has been demonstrated that in over the course of a field lifetime, polymer flooding will in fact reduce the number of squeeze treatments required even with a potential reduction in inhibitor adsorption. This highlights an opportunity for further optimization and a key benefit of polymer flooding in terms of scale management, aside from the enhanced oil recovery.
Amorphous Polymeric Dithiazine apDTZ Solid Fouling: Critical Review, Analysis and Solution of an Ongoing Challenge in Triazine-Based Hydrogen Sulphide Mitigation
Authors: Taylor Grahame , Wylde Jonathan , Samaniego Walter , Sorbie Ken 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Despite attempts to inhibit or avoid the formation of fouling deposits (polymeric amorphous dithiazine or apDTZ for short) from the use of MEA triazine, this remains a major operational problem and limits the use of this most popular and ubiquitous hydrogen sulphide (H2S) scavenger. This paper (a) reviews and summarizes previous work, (b) provides fresh insights into the reaction product and mechanism of formation, (c) proposes an effective method of removal, and (d) proposes some mechanisms of apDTZ digestion. The mechanism of apDTZ formation is discussed and reasoning is provided from a variety of perspectives as to the mechanism of MEA-triazine reaction with H2S. These include basicity and nucleophilic substitution considerations, steric properties and theoretical calculations for electron density. Novel procedures to chemically react with and destroy this solid fouling are presented with an in-depth study and experimental verification of the underlying chemistry of this digestion process. A review of agents to chemically destroy apDTZ is undertaken and a very effective solution has been found in peroxyacetic acid, which is much more powerful and effective than previously suggested peroxides.
The structure of amorphous polymeric dithiazine is emphasized and the reason why this fouling cannot be 1,3,5-trithiane is stressed. This work therefore overcomes a current industry misconception by providing insight on two major paradoxes in the reaction pathway; namely i) why the thiadiazine reaction product from tris hydroxyethyl triazine (MEA triazine) is never observed and ii) why does the dithiazine in all cases never progress to the trithiane (3rd sulphur molecule substitution)? The latter issue is probably the biggest misconception in the industry and literature regarding triazine and H2S reactions. Many reasons for this are put forward and the common misconception of "overspent" triazine is refuted. A very effective chemical reaction that results in soluble by-products, counteracting the problems produced by this intractable polymer is found and their composition is proposed and experimentally verified.
The Mediating Effect of Pleasure And Menopausal Symptoms On Sexual Activity Among Young Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Klein Shiran , Braun Michal 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Young breast cancer survivors often go through a rapid change in menopause status due to cancer treatment and suffer from abrupt symptoms. This transition compels them to deal with unique medical and psychological side effects on their quality of life. One of the most affected quality of life domains is sexual functioning.This study explored the differences in frequency of sexual activity between young breast cancer survivors and young healthy women. It also examined whether this difference in sexual activity frequency was mediated by discomfort and/or pleasure during intercourse, both of which are affected by early menopausal symptoms.Methods: 97 young breast cancer survivors and 75 young healthy women completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, The Fallowfield's Sexual Activity Questionnaire (FSAQ), and the Menopausal Rating Scale (MRS). Additionally, the breast cancer participants completed a medical data questionnaire.Results: Findings revealed a significant direct effect between group and menopausal symptoms, menopausal symptoms and pleasure, and pleasure and habit. Structural equation modeling explained the differences between the groups in sexual frequency (habit) as mediated by menopausal symptoms and both pleasure and discomfort. Conclusions and Implications: These results highlight the impact of pleasure on the frequency of young breast cancer survivors' sexual activity, and its relation to menopausal symptoms. These young women should be provided with appropriate information and interventions that will help them experience increased pleasure during sexual activity despite their early and induced menopausal symptoms.
The Methylation of SDC2 and TFPI2 Defined Three Methylator Phenotypes of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Lei Ruixue , Zhao Yanteng , Huang Kai , Wang Qian , Wan Kangkang , Li Tingting , Yang Haijun , Lv Xianping 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
BackgroudMethylated SDC2 and TFPI2 are applied frequently for the early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, they often miss some positive samples, which directly affects their sensitivities, and the underlining mechanism is not well known.Methods:CRC samples from TCGA and GEO datasets were divided into three groups, Highmethylation/ High-methylation (HH), High-methylation/Low-methylation (HL), and Lowmethylation/Low-methylation (LL) according to the methylation status of SDC2 and TFPI2 promoters. Variations in age, tumor location, and microsatellite instable were then assessed between the three groups and verified in our custom cohort.ResultsSamples of HL group preferred to derive from left-sided CRCs (P < 0.05). HH samples showed the highest microsatellite instability and mutation load (mean nonsynonymous mutations for HH/HL/LL: 10.55/3.91/7.02, P = 0.0055). Almost all mutations of BRAF, one of the five typical CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) related genes, were observed in HH group (HH/HL/LL: 51/0/1, P = 0.018). Besides, older patients were frequently found in HH group. Expression analysis identified 37, 84, and 22 group-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for HH, HL, and LL, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that HH-specific DEGs were mainly related to transcription regulation, while LL-specific DEGs were enriched in the biological processes of extracellular matrix interaction and cell migration.Conclusions:The three methylation phenotypes identified based on SDC2 and TFPI2 methylation status showed extensive variations in tumor location, patient age, MSI and ECM biology processes, suggesting that these respective sides should be considered when developing new methylation-based biomarkers for CRC detection.
Effect of Yield and Quality of Erythropalum Scandens Bl. Under Different Dosage and Proportion of Chicken Manure and Cow Manure
Authors: Ma Dao-Cheng , Tian Xiang , Guo Pinxiang , Wang Ling-hui , Teng Wei-Chao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Erythropalum scandens Bl. is a kind of leafy vegetable which has high edible and medicinal value in Southern China. However, it has been treated as a kind of wild vegetable for a long time and there is still little researches on its yield and quality after fertilization. This study aimed to assess the effect of yield and quality of E. scandens after using two kinds of organic fertilizer: chicken manure and cow manure, which find out the responses of the edible part in E. scandens after using different dosage and proportion of chicken manure and cow manure and find out a best fertilization treatment. We investigated the yield and quality of the edible part in biennial E. scandens including average yield, titratable acid content, sugar acid ratio, crude protein content, ascorbic acid content, tea polyphenols content, nitrate content, general flavone content and macronutrient content (including total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) after using different dosage and proportion of chicken manure and cow manure, which to find out a best fertilization treatment via the yield, nutrient and taste. Compared with CK group, proper fertilization can increase the average yield of E. scandens and promote its growth and macronutrient accumulation at the same time. The content of all kinds of nutrients are higher than CK group after using organic fertilizers and they can be accumulated during the process of fertilization. The E. scandens seedlings had the highest yield and best quality under T6 treatment (0.8kg/plant chicken manure+1.2 kg/plant cow manure). However, nitrate can be accumulated in the edible part of E. scandens during the process of fertilization. Compared with CK group, organic fertilization can increase the yield and quality of E. scandens, but excessive fertilization can lead to a significant increase in nitrate levels in plants, even exceeding food safety standards. The nitrate level of E. scandens is a little bit high in this research and better solution is still needed to ensure the quality and food security of E. scandens in the near future.
lncRNA-GPAND Promotes Gastric Cancer Progression via RUNX2 and MMP13
Authors: Wang Ying , Pei Xiaojuan , Wang Chunbing , Tan Zhibo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is still one major reason for cancer-related death worldwide and in China, which ranks the second highest common cancer death rate. It is of great importance to study the molecular mechanisms by which gastric cancer develops. Methods: In this study, in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) was used to examine the lncRNA-GPAND expression levels using gastric cancer tissue array. The real-time live-cell imaging system was used to investigate the effect of GPAND on cell proliferation and apoptosis of GC cell lines. Cell cycle of AGS cell line was examined after GPAND was suppressed using the flow cytometry (FCM). Transwell method was used to study the effect of GPAND on the invasion characteristics of GC cell line. Then the next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to study the potential molecular mechanism and the pathway, and the RT-qPCR was performed to verify the potential targets found by NGS method. Results: It was shown that GPAND was significantly over-expressed in the gastric cancer (GC) tissues (n=215) compared with the paired non-cancerous tissues (n=215), the expression levels of GPAND of GC tissues of TNM stage I-II (n=45) were significantly higher than that of stage III-IV (n=147). It has shown that knockdown of GPAND inhibited the AGS and N87 cell proliferation and promoted the cell apoptosis of AGS and N87 cell lines significantly, and the G1 phase percentage was remarkably increased in GPAND knockdown group of AGS cell line compared with control group. Moreover, suppression of GPAND inhibited the AGS cell invasion significantly. It was found via the NGS method that RUNX2 and MMP13 were significantly up-regulated when the GPAND was over-expressed. Conclusions: These observations suggest the lncRNA-GPAND/RUNX2/MMP13 axis to be a viable therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
Effect of Cryopreservation Method Supported With Biochemical Analyses in the Axillary Bud of Jewel Orchid, Ludisia Discolor
Authors: Burkhan Hazirah , Rajan Kirutika Selva , Appalasamy Suganthi , Poobathy Ranjetta , Chew Bee Lynn , Mariappan Vanitha , Subramaniam Sreeramanan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the potential of conserving an endangered terrestrial jewel orchid Ludisia discolor using in vitro grown axillary buds. Excised segments of axillary buds (4 - 5 mm in length) were precultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.2 M sucrose for 24 h and osmoprotected in a loading solution for 20 min. Then, axillary buds were dehydrated in PVS2 solution for 10 min at 0°C and incubated in liquid nitrogen for 1 h. Subsequently, axillary buds were rewarmed rapidly by dilution solution and transferred to a growth recovery medium supplemented with 0.05 µM melatonin under in vitro conditions that led to an improved survival chance (16.67%) for cryopreserved L. discolor. The abiotic stresses and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cryopreservation stages may contribute to cryoinjuries and poor survival. The varied response towards stress was detected with significantly increased values recorded at certain cryopreservation stages, including proline activity at the dehydration stage (5.51 µmol/g), catalase at the preculture (85.64 U/g) and dehydration (70.87 U/g) stages, peroxidase at the rewarming stage (565.37 U/g) and ascorbate peroxidase during the loading stage (12.19 U/g). Hence, this first attempt to cryopreserved L. discolor indicates that future experimental designs could include exogenous antioxidants and different vitrification solutions to improve survival and regeneration.
Combining and comparing regional epidemic dynamics in Italy: Bayesian meta-analysis of compartmental models and model assessment via Global Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Cereda Giulia , Viscardi Cecilia , Baccini Michela 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
During autumn 2020, Italy faced a second important SARS-CoV-2 epidemic wave. We explored the time pattern of the instantaneous reproductive number, R0(t), and estimated the prevalence of infections by region from August to December calibrating SIRD models on COVID19-related deaths, fixing at values from literature Infection Fatality Rate (IFR) and infection duration. A Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) was performed on the regional SIRD models. Then, we used Bayesian meta-analysis and meta-regression to combine and compare the regional results and investigate their heterogeneity. The meta-analytic R0(t) curves were similar in the Northern and Central regions, while a less peaked curve was estimated for the South. The maximum R0(t) ranged from 2.61 (North) to 2.15 (South) with an increase following school reopening and a decline at the end of October. Average temperature, urbanization, characteristics of family medicine and health care system, economic dynamism, and use of public transport could partly explain the regional heterogeneity. The GSA indicated the robustness of the regional R0(t) curves to different assumptions on IFR. The infectious period turned out to have a key role in determining the model results, but without compromising between-region comparisons.
Synergistic Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Repurposed Anti-Parasitic Drug Combinations
Authors: Jitobaom Kunlakanya , Boonarkart Chompunuch , Manopwisedjaroen Suwimon , Punyadee Nuntaya , Borwornpinyo Suparerk , Thitithanyanont Arunee , Avirutnan Panisadee , Auewarakul Prasert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives and devastated the health service system, livelihood and economy in many countries worldwide. Despite the initiation of vaccination programs in many countries, the spread of the pandemic continues and effective treatment is still urgently needed. Although some antiviral drugs have been shown to be effective, they are not widely available. Repurposing of anti-parasitic drugs with in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity is a promising approach being tested in many clinical trials. Combination of these drugs is a plausible way to enhance their effectiveness. We tested in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of combinations of Niclosamide, Ivermectin, and Chloroquine; and show here that these combinations resulted in more than 10-fold reduction in the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) as compared to individual drugs. Synergy landscape analyses showed Niclosamide-Ivermectin combination to have the best synergy score with a peak Loewe synergy score of over 20 and a mean score of 6.60 in Vero E6 cell and a peak Loewe synergy score of 13.2 and a mean score of 2.897 in Calu-3 cells.
Correlation of Choroidal Thickness with Age in Healthy Subjects - Automatic Detection and Segmentation using A Deep Learning Model
Authors: Lin Chen Yu , Huang Yu Len , Hsia Wei Ping , Wang Yang , Chang Chia-Jen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Propose: The proposed deep learning model with a mask region–based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) can predict choroidal thickness automatically. Changes in choroidal thickness with age can be detected with manual measurements. In this study, we aimed to investigate choroidal thickness in healthy eyes by utilizing the Mask R-CNN model. Methods: A total of 68 eyes from 57 participants without significant ocular disease were recruited. The participants were allocated to one of three groups according to their age and underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) centered on the fovea. Physicians labelled the choroidal contours in all the OCT sequences. We applied the Mask R-CNN model for automatic segmentation. Comparisons of choroidal thicknesses were conducted according to age and prediction accuracy. Results: Older age groups had thinner choroids, according to the automatic segmentation results; the mean choroidal thickness was 253.7 ± 41.9 μm in the youngest group, 206.8 ± 35.4 μm in the middle-aged group, and 152.5 ± 45.7 μm in the oldest group (p < 0.01). Measurements obtained using physician sketches demonstrated similar trends. We observed a significant negative correlation between choroidal thickness and age (p < 0.01). The prediction error was lower and less variable in choroids that were thinner than the cutoff point of 280 μm. Conclusion: The mean choroidal thickness decreased with age in healthy subjects. The Mask R-CNN model can accurately predict choroidal thickness, especially choroids thinner than 280 μm. This model can enable exploring larger and more varied choroid datasets comprehensively, automatically, and conveniently.
The relationships between leptin gene polymorphism and some performance traits in Simmental and Brown Swiss cattle
Authors: Atalay Tugba , Özdemir Memiş 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the genotype and allele frequencies and association between the Leptin gene Sau3AI polymorphism and some performance characteristics in Simmental (n=60) and Brown Swiss (n=62) breed cattle raised in the province of Erzurum, Turkey. In the study, leptin/Sau3AI gene polymorphisms in DNA isolated from blood samples obtained from Simmental and Brown Swiss cattle were determined using PCR-RFLP method. As genotype frequencies of leptin/Sau3AI gene in the population, in Brown Swiss cattle, 88,7% with genotype AA, 9,7% with AB and 1,6% with BB genotypes were determined, Simmental breed cattle, 78,3% with genotype AA, 16,7% with AB and with 5,0% BB genotypes were determined. AA genotype frequencies were the highest in the population, and those with BB genotypes had the lowest frequency in both breeds. When the population was examined in terms of allele frequencies, the A allele was 0,87 and B allele was 0,13 in the Simmental cattle, and the A allele was 0,94 and B allele was 0,06 in the Brown Swiss breed. According to Hardy-Weinberg genetic balance test, the distribution of genotype frequencies was balanced (P>0.05) in the Brown Swiss breed but not in the Simmental breed in the population studied. As a result of the analysis performed in the Simmental breed, the general averages were found to be 5422,4 ± 1901,74 kg for actual milk yield, 5626,6 ± 1475,85 kg for 305-day milk yield, 298,7 ± 84,80 days for lactation duration and 18,5 ± 4,84 kg for daily milk yield. According to the statistical analysis results, the effect of genotype on the actual milk yield during lactation, lactation duration and daily milk yield was significant. As a result of the analysis made in the Brown Swiss breed, the general averages were 3917,8 ± 1584,38 kg for actual milk yield, 4614,3 ± 982,62 kg for 305 days milk yield, 254.9 ± 99.88 days for lactation duration and 16,0 ± 3,82 kg for daily milk yield. According to the statistical analysis results, the effect of genotype on performance characteristics was insignificant in Simmental and Brown Swiss cattle.
Comprehensive Rehabilitation Outcome Measurement Scale (CROMS); Development and Preliminary Validation of An Interdisciplinary Measure for Rehabilitation Outcomes
Authors: Rashid Muhammed , PH Sandeep , Kalidas Akshaiya , Mathew Jerin , Raja kavitha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Comprehensive and interdisciplinary measurement of rehabilitation outcome is an essential part in the assessment and prognosis of a patient. This requires input from various disciplines working with the patient and the rehabilitation team. Moreover, the evaluation measures should consider the cultural compatibility, cost, and comprehensiveness of the contextual factors of the region and as of the country.Methods: The new tool was developed through consensus and followed Delphi process incorporating various rehabilitation professionals. The validity, reliability of the tool was tested on 30 patients and their rehabilitation professionals. The tool was also validated in two native languages and back translated considering the semantics. The construct validity was analyzed using interclass correlation co-efficient (ICC), internal consistency was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: The final Comprehensive Rehabilitation Outcome Measurement Scale (CROMS) carries 30 items which can be completed by the person with disability and the professional team. The final tool holds an overall ICC of 0.93 with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.92 for both patient and therapist reported measures. Conclusion: The 30 item CROMS is a reliable and valid tool that can potentially be used to evaluate functional independence of various patient populations.