bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Sexual Reproduction of the Infusoria
Authors: Eberhard Ernst 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
After a delay which must have appeared of long duration to all who are interested in the study of the INFUSORIA, the second volume of F. Stein’s excellent work* has made its welcome appearance. The volume contains a general review of the present state of our knowledge respecting the Infusoria ; and especially discusses the difficult problems that have arisen concerning their sexual reproduction, connected with which is the question of the value of the systematic arrangement of the Infusoria, as proposed by Stein himself, to be based upon the mode of disposition of the cilia. This part is followed by a detailed exposition of the systematic arrangement of the heterotrichous Infusoria, in which will be found a full account of Bursaria truncatella, one of the giants of a pigmy world, and whose structure and organization is, for the first time, fully expounded.
The Formation and Structure of a special Waterabsorbing Area in the Membranes covering the Grasshopper Egg
Authors: Slifer Eleanor H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Needham (p. 1272, 1931) divides all eggs into three classes: (a) those which, when first laid, contain too little inorganic matter and water for their complete development and which, consequently, must take in these substances, as well as oxygen, from the medium surrounding them; (b) those which are dependent upon their environment for additional water and oxygen; and (c) those which need only oxygen. Many insect eggs, available data indicate, belong to the second group, and during their development require, besides oxygen, a supply of water greater than that with which they are furnished at the time when they are laid.
The Vitellogenesis of Gasterosteus aculeatus (the stickleback) investigated by the Ultra-centrifuge
Authors: Singh B. N. , Boyle W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
1. In the young oocytes the Golgi apparatus has the form of a solid body situated at one side of the nucleus. This body fragments and the pieces spread around the nucleus where they elongate and join up to form a network. This network moves out to the periphery of the cell where it fragments into pieces. No chromophobe part could be seen at any stage.
2. The mitochondria are seen in the earliest stages in the archoplasmic area. Here they occur as a number of scattered granules. In the later stages they are seen distributed in clumps throughout the cytoplasm.
3. Pat arises in the area which has been vacated by the juxtanuclear Golgi apparatus (archoplasmic area). Prom here it spreads around the nucleus and out through the cytoplasm. There is no connexion between the Golgi apparatus and the secretion of fat.
4. The passage of material from the nucleoli through the nuclear membrane as fine granules has been described. These granules pass to the periphery of the egg where they swell up, become surrounded by a vacuole, and give rise to yolk.
Only the nucleolar extrusions and the yolk stained with neutral red.
5. After centrifuging, the contents of the egg become separated into five distinct layers as follows, beginning at the centripetal pole: fat, cytoplasm, Golgi material, yolk, and nuclear material with mitochondria.
On the Antennal Musculature in Insects and other Arthropods
Authors: Imms A. D. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The first antennae of arthropods are divisible into two main types, viz. (1) segmented antennae and (2) annulated antennae. In the first type the antenna consists of a variable number of segments, each having intrinsic musculature. The antennae of the Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Pauropoda, Symphyla, Collembola, and Thysanura Entognatha all pertain to this type; also, the first antennae of many Copepoda and Ostracoda.
In the second type the antenna consists of a peduncle or protopodite composed of one or more segments, each with intrinsic musculature. Distally it bears an annulated flagellum, or a pair of flagella, devoid of intrinsic muscles and whose movements are effected by muscles originating within the peduncle. The first antennae of the Crustacea Malacostraca and the antennae of the Thysanura Ectognatha and of all the Insecta Pterygota belong to this type.
The greatly elongated antennae of the Schizotarsia are intermediate between these two types. They are composed of an immense number of small annuli and an elaborate intrinsic musculature is present, thus allowing these appendages a wide range and flexibility of movement.
The absence of intrinsic muscles in the antennal flagellum throughout the Insecta Pterygota and the Malacostraca appears to be irreversible in the sense that such muscles are never reacquired. It thus lends support to the generalization known as Dollo’s Law.
The presence of segmented antennae in the Thysanura Entognatha affords additional evidence in support of the Symphylan theory of the ancestry of insects.
Spolia Bermudiana. I. On a remarkable new type of Auricularia larva (A. bermudensis, n.sp.)
Authors: Garstang Walter 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During a visit to the Biological Station at Bermuda in February 1935, I collected many specimens of Chun’s large, highly frilled Auricularia nudibranchiata, originally discovered off the Canary Islands, and in addition found several smaller Auriculariae with arms and bands of simpler type, yet of more than usual complexity. Thinking that these larvae might possibly be the unknown early stages of Chun’s species, I postponed their description in the hope of eventually securing intermediate stages which would establish the relationship. On my second visit in June-July 1938 A. nudibranchiata was scarce, but one small, frilled Auricularia turned up which hade fair to fill the gap. On my return to England I carefully compared the new specimen with its predecessors, and found to my surprise that, while approaching A. nudibranchiata in the ‘arabesque’ folding of its ciliated bands, and fitting the smaller specimens as a further stage in their development, it was itself at the climax of development, and presented clear and specific differences from A. nudibranchiata. Moreover, the life-history of the new species, thus pieced together, exhibits certain anatomical features and changes of exceptional interest. The present paper is devoted to a description of this new type, based on the four specimens secured, its comparison with A. nudibranchiata, and some general observations arising out of its examination.
The Myenteric Nerve-Plexus in some lower Chordates
Authors: Kirtisinghe P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The arrangement of the myenteric nerve-plexus is simpler in fish, much simpler in Amphioxus, than in the higher forms. The nerve-cells in it are not grouped into distinct ganglia at the points of crossing of the fibre-bundles. In Scylliorhinus only two or three cells are present at such points, while in Teleosts the nerve-cells are situated in the meshes of the plexus, as is also the condition in Amphioxus.
In Scylliorhinus these nerve-cells are all of Dogiel’s type II; in Teleosts they belong to both types I and II. In Amphioxus bipolar nerve-cells are definitely present in addition to the stellate ganglion cells described by Boeke.
Synapses between (a) the pre-ganglionic fibres and the enteric neurons, and (b) the enteric neurons themselves are figured and described.
The ‘interstitial cells’ of Cajal are present in the muscle-wall of the gut of fish. A connexion between this system and the enteric plexuses is not to be observed.
The enteric plexuses of fish and Amphioxus are not in the form of a nerve-net. It is not possible to compare the enteric plexus of Amphioxus with the system of ‘interstitial cells’ of the higher chordates. The stellate ganglion cells of Amphioxus are to be compared with the neurons of type I in the higher forms.
On the Histology and Regeneration of the Teleost Scale
Authors: Neave Ferris 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Teleost scale, as typified in the goldfish, is covered intimately by two layers of cells on the external surface.
The internal surface of the young scale is invested with a cell layer which is continuous with the deeper external layer. These cells may be regarded as osteoblasts and osteocytes and are concerned with the formation of the outer bony portion of the scale.
In the development of regenerate scales, osteoblasts pass from the periphery of the scale pocket to the growing edge of the scale. The latter consists at first of osteoid tissue, which later becomes calcified.
The fibrillary plate is at first collagenous but apparently becomes infiltrated with ichthylepidin after being laid down.
The scale is wholly mesodermal in its tissue relationships.
The ridges of the scale are formed between cell rows of the deeper external cell layer. They are not the product of specific cells. Ridge formation probably depends on the presence of boneforming materials in the intercellular fluid in amounts greater than can be utilized at the growing margin. These are deposited between cells in the vicinity.
The sulci of ontogenetic scales represent lines of flexibility. This condition is attained not only by the absence of the bony layer but by a special condition of the underlying fibrillary plate, which apparently does not become impregnated with ichthylepidin beneath the grooves.
Regenerate scales may be monocentric, in which case a relatively large central area is devoid of ridges. Absence of ridges is interpreted as due to the utilization of all available scaleforming material at the growing margin. The size of the central area does not correspond to the size of the original scale. In the goldfish the regenerate scale is commonly polycentric, the bony portion developing from more or less numerous growth centres whose ultimate margins are indicated by grooves similar to the sulci of ontogenetic scales. The number of growth centres depends in a general way on the space available. The fibrillary plate is continuous beneath the bony islets but remains flexible beneath the grooves.
Three processes contribute to the re-scaling of areas from which scales and pockets have been removed: (1) enlargement of ontogenetic scales at the margin of the wound area, (2) regeneration of scales in partially destroyed pockets at the margin of the wound area, (3) development of new scales within the wound area.
New and regenerate scales always develop in the vicinity of pre-existing scales or papillae, under the influence of specific osteogenic cells which do not arise de novo from the corium.
The Structure and Function of the Alimentary Canal of Aplysia Punctata.
Authors: H. Howells H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
1. The anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal, process of feeding, and physiology of digestion in Aplysia punctata have been investigated.
2. The food undergoes little trituration in the buccal cavity. The mode of action of the jaws and odontophore is adapted to the rapid intake of vegetable food.
3. The oesophagus and crop together form an anatomical and physiological unit.
4. Trituration occurs in the gizzard. The teeth are adapted to the trituration of plant material ; this is of particular importance owing to the weak action of the cellulase.
5. Coarser particles of weed are retained by the teeth of the filter chamber and returned to the gizzard during the forward movement of the gut fluid.
6. The ciliary currents in the anterior intestine ensure that only food in a finely divided or fluid state is admitted to the stomach. Medium and larger sized particles are carried straight into the intestine.
7. Ciliary currents in the stomach are concerned with the removal of material rejected from the tubules of the digestive diverticula. This material is consolidated, cemented, and moulded into a faecal rod within the caecum, and conveyed by ciliary action to the intestine.
8. The intestine is concerned with the further consolidation and moulding of the complete faecal mass, and its propulsion (by combined ciliary and muscular action) to the rectum.
9. Mucus is secreted throughout the gut with the exception of the regions of the jaws, gizzard, and filter chamber. Enzymes are secreted in the salivary glands (amylase and protease) and in the digestive diverticula (carbohydrases, lipase, and proteases). Glands probably secreting a lubricant (other than mucus) occur in the epithelium of the lateral walls of the buccal cavity, and others, secreting a cementing substance, in the caecum and intestine.
10. Absorptive cells occupy the greater part of the epithelium of the digestive diverticula. They occur together with secretory, excretory, and storage cells.
11. Digestion occurs within the oesophagus and crop, gizzard, filter chamber, anterior intestine, stomach, and tubules of the digestive diverticula. The hydrogen ion concentration is here suitable for the action of the enzymes, and the gut fluid is kept in motion by the muscular activity of the walls.
12. A high pH exists in the lumen of the caecum, posterior intestine, and rectum, probably assisting in the consolidation of the faecal mass by increasing the viscosity of the mucus.
13. The presence of a highly efficient mechanism for the formation of the faeces is probably correlated with the poorly developed cleansing mechanism in the mantle cavity.
The Free Border of the Intestinal Epithelial Cell of Vertebrates
Authors: Baker John R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The structure of the free border of the epithelial cells of the intestine has been investigated in various adult and larval Amphibia and in a reptile, bird, and mammal. The structure is essentially the same in all (except in frogtadpoles in the stage with external gills). This structure is shown diagrammatically in Text-figs. 1 and 2. The free border consists essentially of three layers: A superficial layer, pierced by pores, next the lumen of the intestine. A canal layer, pierced by spindle-shaped canals continuous with the pores of the superficial layer. These canals traverse the layer at right angles to its surface. A granular layer, containing many spherical granules, next the cytoplasm of the cell. The intercellular band or Kittleiste is situated at the level the granular layer. The continuous substance of the canal layer—that is, the substance that intervenes between the canals—appears to be composed of proteins. The granular layer contains lipines. The theory that the free border contains ‘rods’ is found to be erroneous. It is suggested that unhydrolysed fats may enter the intestinal epithelial cell through the pores and canals in the form of extremely fine droplets. Two hypotheses are put forward, the one mechanical and the other electro-endosmotic, to account for the passage of substances from the cavity of the intestine into the epithelial cells.
The Development of the Olfactory Organ of Kaloula borealis (Barbour) as compared with that of Rana nigromaoulata Hallowell
Authors: Tsui Chi-Lan , Pan Tsing-Hwa 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
IN a previous paper on the development of the olfactory organ in Rana nigromaoulata by one of the present authors (Tsui, 1946a) questions were raised about the significance of the ephemeral existence of the lateral appendix and about the functions of different kinds of nasal glands and of Jacobson’s organ or the recessus medialis. To elucidate them experimental studies will be necessary. Unfortunately the species nigromaoulata which is abundant in North China is very rare in this part of the country. Kaloula borealis, on the other hand, is very common here. In order to use it as experimental material, familiarity with the developmental history of its nasal organ is prerequisite. In addition, it is of interest to compare the development of this organ in Bana nigromaoulata and Kaloula borealis, and to see whether certain findings in the former species concerning certain controversial points will be confirmed in the latter.
New Observations upon the Minute Anatomy of the Papillæ of the Frog’S Tongue
Authors: Beale Lionel S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper I propose to give the results of some recent investigations upon the minute anatomy of the beautiful fungiform papillae of the tongue of the little green tree-frog (Hyla arbórea). The specimens have been prepared according to the principles laid down in former communications. The success I have met with in this and other minute anatomical inquiries is, I believe, almost entirely due to the process of investigation which I have adopted for some years past, and which enables me to render specimens very transparent, and to demonstrate all the tissues in one specimen, a result which, as far as I am aware, can be obtained in no other way. By this plan sections are obtained so exceedingly thin, without the destruction even of the most delicate tissues, that they maybe examined under the highest powers which it is possible to obtain magnifying 1700 linear, and magnifying about 3000 linear).
On the Colouring Matters of Blue Decayed Wood
Authors: Sorby H. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Decayed wood, coloured blue by the spawn of Peziza œrugnosa (see ‘Quart. Journ. of Science/V, 222) contains several colouring matters. None of these are sensibly soluble in water, but they are dissolved by alcohol with varying facility, so that they may be separated with a little care. On digesting with the aid of heat a portion of the wood in a moderate quantity of alcohol, a solution of dull neutral tint is obtained, and the wood is left of a bluer green. On agitating the alcoholic solution with bisulphide of carbon, that liquid abstracts a small quantity of a yellow colour, which does not present any facts of particular interest. The alcoholic solution is a mixture of a claret colour, very easily dissolved by alcohol, and a blue, soluble with much greater difficulty, so that, on evaporating to dryness and redissolving in a little alcohol, the blue colour is left and the claret dissolved, which may be still further purified by evaporating to dryness and redissolving a second time. It is then of a decided claret colour, with no trace of blue or green, and the spectrum shows a strong absorption at the blue end, gradually becoming less towards the red. Adopting the scale and nomenclature described in my paper in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society/1 the spectrum is about 3 9 11 —. The addition of a little ammonia turns it green, and develops an absorption band in the orange, the centre being at 3. Citric acid restores it to the original state, unless so much ammonia has been added as to produce decomposition. Sulphite of soda has no effect on an acid solution, so that the colour may be described as C alo am, (3). I have not yet met with such a colour in any other substance.
On the Epithelium of the Cobnea of the Ox.
Authors: Cleland John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is well known that there are many appearances in stratified epithelia not easily explained by that simplest theory of their growth which is naturally first suggested, and is no doubt in all instances partially true -, namely, that cells originating in a deep position pass gradually to the surface as they grow and alter in figure, while those superficial to them are cast or dissolved, and others behind them follow in their steps. Thus the elliptic cells in the deeper strata of the epithelium of the trachea can scarcely be supposed to be developed into the ciliated columns which lie over them ; and it cannot be imagined that in the ureter the large and irregularly shaped cells are altered so as to form the smaller and flatter cells found on the surface.
Description of a Species of Trematode from the Indian Elephant, with Remarks on its Affinities
Authors: Cobbold T. Spencer 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
On the 24th of June of the present year I received a small bottle containing two flukes. It was accompanied by a note from Dr. Baird, F.R.S., stating that the specimens had been transmitted to him from India by Dr. Hugh Cleghorn. On the phial itself was a brief notice to the following effect :— Distoma taken from Liver of Elephant at Rangoon, forwarded for classification to Professor Cobbold by Vet.-Surgeon J. Thacker. Madras Army.” This is all I know of the history of these two entozoa. On naked-eye inspection it was clear to me that they were identical in character with a larger series of specimens previously exhibited by Professor Huxley during the delivery of a recent course of lectures at the Royal College of Surgeons. Having communicated to Professor Huxley the facts as above stated, I received permission to make use of his set of specimens, originally fifteen in number, for the purposes of comparison and description. This series was placed in Mr. Flower’s hands last February, and six of the individuals were subsequently selected and mounted, with the view to their being added to the valuable collection of entozoa contained in the Hunterian Museum.
Enumeration of Micro-Lichens parasitic on other Lichens
Authors: Lindsay W. Lauder 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Lichens to which the present communication refers constitute an increasingly large and important group—for the most part of athalline forms—whose apothecia (with or without spermogonia or pycnidia) alone represent the plant : minute in size, frequently obscure and difficult of observa-tion, requiring for the determination of their structure and place in classification the patient use of the microscope. 1 The group is a most heterogeneous one, comprising many genera and species that are at least anomalous: 3 that have been imperfectly studied : and that are comparatively little known. There are several advantages, I think, from bringing them together and studying them in a group. I believe that a satisfactory study will result in a great reduction of their generic and specific names. The present names— —generic especially—must be considered as only provisional. As matters stand, different names are probably given to the same parasite as it grows on different Lichens. It will be found, moreover, I doubt not, that the number of Lichens of the lower groups (e. g. in the single genus Lecidea, or its numerous and varied sections or sub-genera) which occur in an athalline parasitic form are more numerous than we at present suppose.
On Naked Fresh-Water Radiolaria
Authors: Focke Dr. Gustav Woldemer 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The distribution of animals in the older strata of the earth’s crust would lead one to assume that fresh-water lakes could not have been inhabited until a late period, and, indeed,’’the distribution of living beings in fresh and salt waters is now very disproportionate. With regard to many orders of the animal kingdom, nature seems to have made some feeble attempts to populate fresh waters, and then to have given up the matter ; with others the distribution in both quarters is tolerably equal, although no very important physiological differences seem to exist; with the majority the sea presents a most decided predominance. Until recently Radiolaria have been found only in the sea, or at least shell-less free-living forms have never yet been observed in fresh water. In the middle of last summer I, to my great surprise, discovered at the same source · three different kinds of creatures which presented decided characters of Radiolaria. As most of the inhabitants of the sea belonging to this order are enclosed in hard porous shells, the examination of their tissue elements is rendered difficult to a great degree ; consequently, the opportunity of examining these free-living forms from fresh water offer a very desirable facility for making a minute investigation.
On Raphides, SphæRaphides, and Crystal Prisms ; Especially as to how and where they may be easiest found and discriminated.
Authors: Gulliver George 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
What are the distinctive characters of raphides, sphæ- raphides, and crystal prisms ? How may they be surest and easiest found, and in what common plants ? Is not the occurrence of raphides very inconstant, seeing that either their presence or absence in one and the same plant is alternately affirmed and denied, and that they are not always found in those very species or classes, such as the “tulipbulb “and “monocyteledons generally,” in which we are directed to look for them ?