bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General finite-volume framework for saddle-point problems of various physics
Authors: Terekhov Kirill M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article is dedicated to the general finite-volume framework used to discretize and solve saddle-point problems of various physics. The framework applies the Ostrogradsky–Gauss theorem to transform a divergent part of the partial differential equation into a surface integral, approximated by the summation of vector fluxes over interfaces. The interface vector fluxes are reconstructed using the harmonic averaging point concept resulting in the unique vector flux even in a heterogeneous anisotropic medium. The vector flux is modified with the consideration of eigenvalues in matrix coefficients at vector unknowns to address both the hyperbolic and saddle-point problems, causing nonphysical oscillations and an inf-sup stability issue. We apply the framework to several problems of various physics, namely incompressible elasticity problem, incompressible Navier–Stokes, Brinkman–Hazen–Dupuit–Darcy, Biot, and Maxwell equations and explain several nuances of the application. Finally, we test the framework on simple analytical solutions.
Basic Bidding Formats: Characteristics and Differences
Authors: Helmedag Fritz 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In standard auction theory, the ‘revenue equivalence theorem’ asserts that the outcomes of the elementary allocation methods coincide. However, bidding processes differ fundamentally with regard to the decision situation of the participants: Is it at all imperative to take into consideration the number of competitors (‘stochastic’ strategy) or not (‘deterministic’ course of action)? Furthermore, established auction theory neglects the operating modes of procurement alternatives under uncertainty. Apart from the lacking knowledge how many rivals have to be beaten, tenderers regularly are ignorant of the buyer’s reserve price. Then it is even more tentative to calculate an offer based on probability theory. Consequently, the suppliers’ propensity to collude increases.
Third-Party Monitoring and Risk Management: A Literature Review
Authors: Michaelis Marta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Although risk management is prevalent in organizations, agency theory studies on contractual relationships in firms fail to address it. Risk reduction is mostly discussed within the context of monitoring, understood as insight into the activities of subordinates. Hence, this literature review discusses 18 main analytical studies on monitoring, reviewing whether they can be reinterpreted as depicting risk management, thereby allowing for the transfer of gained insights. Accordingly, only Meth, B. (1996). Reduction of outcome variance: optimality and incentives. Contemp. Account. Res. 13: 309–328 and Dürr, O., Nisch, M., and Rohlfing-Bastian, A. (2020). Incentives in optimized teams for projects with uncertain returns. Rev. Account. Stud. 25: 313–341, can be reinterpreted as such, bearing the following risk management implications: (1) risk management is vital for firms, as firm’s risk affects employee incentive contracts, firm’s utility, and optimal firm size; (2) risk attitudes of risk managers are crucial for designing incentive contracts, with incentives necessary for more (less) risk-averse agents to encourage risk-taking (risk reduction); and (3) risk management should be delegated as a task separate from other managerial activities. The other studies do not depict risk management. Therefore, many research subjects remain open, such as organizing risk management in hierarchies, delegating risk management as a task and incentivizing it when a firm’s outcome is unavailable for contracting, and establishing the connection between the performance measures and the risk of a firm.
Desert Locust Invasions and Child Health: Evidence from the Republic of the Niger
Authors: Nguyen My 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study assesses the extent to which the invasions of desert locust swarms affect child health in the Republic of the Niger. We discover that children exposed to the invasions tend to be shorter for their age, thinner for their age, and thinner for their height. In particular, a one standard deviation increase in the affected area (around 200 ha) is associated with a 0.019 standard deviation reduction in height-for-age, 0.029 standard deviation decrease in weight-for-age, and 0.020 standard deviation decrease in weight-for-height z-score. Given the long-lasting irreparable consequences of poor health in early life throughout the life cycle, the study calls for prompt and effective efforts to prevent the adverse effects of the desert locust swarm invasions.
Deutschsprachige Vorlesungen und ihr textuelles Umfeld in historischer Perspektive: Systematisierungsaspekte und Fallbeispiele
Authors: Gloning Thomas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe history of German-language lectures has been unfolding since the 18th century. However, it is not well researched with regard to many aspects of language use and text use, although lectures have played and continue to play a central role in the history of academic education. This paper focuses on four perspectives:the role of language and text use for knowledge organisation in lectures (in their respective multimodal and performative contexts);the interplay of lectures with forms of preparation and reception, which together constitute a systematically organised „communicative ecology“;the question of the specific tasks and conditioning factors of language use in the lectures of different disciplines and subject zones;and finally, the question of historical developments, which can be determined, among other things, by media developments and by changes in scientific principles.The discussion of examples from the history of German-language lectures, varied according to time and subjects, will illustrate the research programme.
VorlesungundHörsaalals Symptomwörter für Geschichte und Gegenwart der deutschen Sprache
Authors: Klein Wolf Peter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe article starts with the etymology of the wordsVorlesung(„lecture“) andHörsaal(“lecture hall”). On the one hand, it turns out that the two expressions are deeply anchored in the history of the old Latin scientific language. They transmit Latin structures and perspectives in German neologisms. On the other hand, the two words arose exactly at the time when the sciences were moving from Latin to German, thus distancing themselves from the traditional forms of Latin scholarship. In this light, they exemplify an epochal change in the history of the German language, but at the same time they represent a great European continuity. Against this background, the two words can be interpreted as symptomatic words associated with the Enlightenment’s confident outlook on the future relationship between science and society. Further corpus linguistic surveys also show how productively the two words appear in word formation processes. In particular, these surveys show by way of example that and how German standard language has benefited from the emergence of German academic language.
Der Raum der Vorlesung: Vom Auditorium zum „multi media hub“
Authors: Hausendorf Heiko , Hochuli Kenan , Jud Johanna , Zoller Alexandra 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe present paper is concerned with the lecture hall as the natural home of lecturing. We will focus on constructed, designed and equipped space as a material and communicative manifestation of science which fundamentally contributes to the multimodal practice of lecturing. Taking an interactionist point of view, we start off with introducing our concept of architecture-for-interaction which aims at spatial built-in features as a resource for social interaction, namely for situational anchoring among those present. In a second step, we identify key architectural elements of the lecture hall as material sediments of communicative problems connected with the social practice of lecturing. In doing so, we will also give a high-level overview of the historical development of the lecture hall (and its precursors) since the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age. Turning to current data from lecturing in times of the pandemic, we will then deal with so called „ghost lectures“ behind closed doors. This current development brings out a refiguration process due to which the lecture hall undergoes a change from the classical auditorium with copresent participants to a multi-media hub allowing for tele-present participants.
Corticostriatal Suppression of Appetitive Pavlovian Conditioned Responding
Authors: Villaruel Franz R. , Martins Melissa , Chaudhri Nadia 
Published: December 2021

The capacity to suppress learned responses is essential for animals to adapt in dynamic environments. Extinction is a process by which animals learn to suppress conditioned responding when an expected outcome is omitted. The infralimbic (IL) cortex to nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) neural circuit is implicated in suppressing conditioned responding after extinction, especially in the context of operant cocaine-seeking behavior. However, the role of the IL-to-NAcS neural circuit in the extinction of responding to appetitive Pavlovian cues is unknown, and the psychological mechanisms involved in response suppression following extinction are unclear. We trained male Long Evans rats to associate a 10 s auditory conditioned stimulus (CS; 14 trials per session) with a sucrose unconditioned stimulus (US; 0.2 ml per CS) in a specific context, and then following extinction in a different context, precipitated a renewal of CS responding by presenting the CS alone in the original Pavlovian conditioning context. Unilateral, optogenetic stimulation of the IL-to-NAcS circuit selectively during CS trials suppressed renewal. In a separate experiment, IL-to-NAcS stimulation suppressed CS responding regardless of prior extinction and impaired extinction retrieval. Finally, IL-to-NAcS stimulation during the CS did not suppress the acquisition of Pavlovian conditioning but was required for the subsequent expression of CS responding. These results are consistent with multiple studies showing that the IL-to-NAcS neural circuit is involved in the suppression of operant cocaine-seeking, extending these findings to appetitive Pavlovian cues. The suppression of appetitive Pavlovian responding following IL-to-NAcS circuit stimulation, however, does not appear to be an extinction-dependent process.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTExtinction is a form of inhibitory learning through which animals learn to suppress conditioned responding in the face of nonreinforcement. We investigated the role of the IL cortex inputs to the NAcS in the extinction of responding to appetitive Pavlovian cues and the psychological mechanisms involved in response suppression following extinction. Usingin vivooptogenetics, we found that stimulating the IL-to-NAcS neural circuit suppressed context-induced renewal of conditioned responding after extinction. In a separate experiment, stimulating the IL-to-NAcS circuit suppressed conditioned responding in an extinction-independent manner. These findings can be used by future research aimed at understanding how corticostriatal circuits contribute to behavioral flexibility and mental disorders that involve the suppression of learned behaviors.
Neuroendocrine Stress Axis-Dependence of Duloxetine Analgesia (Anti-Hyperalgesia) in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Staurengo-Ferrari Larissa , Bonet Ivan J. M. , Araldi Dioneia , Green Paul G. , Levine Jon D. 
Published: December 2021

Duloxetine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is the best-established treatment for painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). While it is only effective in little more than half of patients, our ability to predict patient response remains incompletely understood. Given that stress exacerbates CIPN, and that the therapeutic effect of duloxetine is thought to be mediated, at least in part, via its effects on adrenergic mechanisms, we evaluated the contribution of neuroendocrine stress axes, sympathoadrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, to the effect of duloxetine in preclinical models of oxaliplatin- and paclitaxel-induced CIPN. Systemic administration of duloxetine, which alone had no effect on nociceptive threshold, both prevented and reversed mechanical hyperalgesia associated with oxaliplatin- and paclitaxel-CIPN. It more robustly attenuated oxaliplatin CIPN in male rats, while it was more effective for paclitaxel CIPN in females. Gonadectomy attenuated these sex differences in the effect of duloxetine. To assess the role of neuroendocrine stress axes in the effect of duloxetine on CIPN, rats of both sexes were submitted to adrenalectomy combined with fixed level replacement of corticosterone and epinephrine. While CIPN, in these rats, was of similar magnitude to that observed in adrenal-intact animals, rats of neither sex responded to duloxetine. Furthermore, duloxetine blunted an increase in corticosterone induced by oxaliplatin, and prevented the exacerbation of CIPN by sound stress. Our results demonstrate a role of neuroendocrine stress axes in duloxetine analgesia (anti-hyperalgesia) for the treatment of CIPN.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPainful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating dose-dependent and therapy-limiting side effect of many of the cytostatic drugs used to treat cancer (Argyriou et al., 2010; Marmiroli et al., 2017). Duloxetine is the only treatment for CIPN currently recommended by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (Hershman et al., 2014). In the present study, focused on elucidating mechanisms mediating the response of oxaliplatin- and paclitaxel-induced painful peripheral neuropathy to duloxetine, we demonstrate a major contribution to its effect of neuroendocrine stress axis function. These findings, which parallel the clinical observation that stress may impact response of CIPN to duloxetine (Taylor et al., 2007), open new approaches to the treatment of CIPN and other stress-associated pain syndromes.
Impact of Contaminated Blood Cultures on Children, Families, and the Health Care System
Authors: Farrell Megan , Bram Sarah , Gu Hongjie , Mathew Shakila , Messer Elizabeth , Hayes Ericka , Srinivasan Mythili 
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND:
Contaminated blood cultures pose a significant burden. We sought to determine the impact of contaminated peripheral blood cultures on patients, families, and the health care system.

METHODS:
In this retrospective case-control study from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017, we compared the hospital course, return visits and/or admissions, charges, and length of stay of patients with contaminated peripheral blood cultures (case patients) with those of patients with negative cultures (controls). Patients were categorized into those evaluated and discharged from the emergency department (ED) (ED patients) and those who were hospitalized (inpatients).

RESULTS:
A total of 104 ED case patients were matched with 208 ED control patients. A total of 343 case inpatients were matched with 686 inpatient controls. There was no significant difference between case and control patient demographics, ED, or hospital course at presentation. Fifty-five percent of discharged ED patients returned to the hospital for evaluation and/or admission versus 4% of controls. There was a significant (P &lt; .0001) increase in repeat blood cultures (43% vs 1%), consultations obtained (21% vs 2%), cerebrospinal fluid studies (10% vs 0%), and antibiotic administration (27% vs 1%) in ED patients compared with controls. Each ED patient requiring revisit to the hospital incurred, on average, $4660 in additional charges. There was a significant (P &lt; .04) increase in repeat blood cultures (57% vs 7%), consultations obtained (35% vs 28%), broadening of antibiotic coverage (18% vs 11%), median length of stay (75 vs 64 hours), and median laboratory charges ($3723 vs $3296) in case inpatients compared with controls.

CONCLUSIONS:
Contaminated blood cultures result in increased readmissions, testing and/or procedures, length of stay, and hospital charges in children.
The Development of a Long Peripheral Catheter Program at a Large Pediatric Academic Center: A Pilot Study
Authors: Burek Alina G. , Parker Jeff , Bentzien Ryan , Talbert Leslie , Havas Molly , Hanson Sheila J. 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new long peripheral catheter (LPC) program at a large academic center in an effort to reduce the use of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) and their related complications.

METHODS:
The pilot participants were hospitalized children, age &gt;2 years, with a need for noncentral intravenous access for 2 to 29 days, or laboratory blood draw &gt;5 times per day. Patients expected to discharge with intravenous access were excluded. Included in the pilot program development were a literature review, 1-year baseline data analysis, and program design and implementation. A multidisciplinary committee developed and implemented the program from December 2018 to September 2019. LPCs were placed from August to September 2019.

RESULTS:
Regarding the baseline data, between July 2018 and June 2019, 584 PICCs were placed in 461 patients. Of these, 139 PICCs (24%) did not meet requirements necessitating central access and, potentially, could have been avoided if an LPC alternative were available at the time. For the LPC pilot program, 20 LPCs were placed in 19 patients. The median age was 11 (interquartile range of 7–15). The insertion success rate was 83%. There were no serious complications, such as venous thrombosis or catheter-related bloodstream infection. The total rate of minor complications was 35%: the rate of occlusions was 10% (n = 2), and the rate of dislodgement was 25% (n = 5). The catheter failure rate was 74 per 1000 catheter-days. The mean line duration was 6 days.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is a role for LPCs in hospitalized children requiring durable vascular access. Multispecialty designed pilot implementation of an LPC program was successful at an academic pediatric hospital.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEEDING OF PREMATURE INFANTS BASED ON TWENTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE AT THE NEW HAVEN HOSPITAL
Authors: POWERS GROVER F. 
Published: December 2021

No new concepts of infant nutrition have been presented, but an old one is emphasized. It is that infants' dietaries can be understood intelligently only when analyzed in terms of the unit of metabolism—the calorie. When babies do not thrive on a given food, it should not be changed blindly, but with careful consideration of the clinical conduct of the individual child, of the relative proportions in terms of calories of the essential food elements and of the concentration, i.e. the water content. Qualitative characteristics of food essentials are important but are not discussed in the paper.
It is also pointed out that infants, particularly those who are feeble, premature, convalescent, malnourished, can be fed very successfully on a cooked cow's milk mixture lower in fat and higher in protein and carbohydrate content than human milk. Calcium and phosphorus are present in ample amounts, but vitamins must be added to the diet. Liver, or liver extract, is recommended for administration to feeble, sick and premature infants based on the concept that unrecognized deficiencies may thereby be supplied.
The evidence is against the ideal food for these infants' being human milk—nature's food, certainly—but for the mature, healthy infant. No one can regard nourishing infants with adulterated or "reinforced" human milk as breast milk feeding.
TICK PARALYSIS
Authors: MCCUE CAROLYN MOORE , STONE J. B. , SUTTON LEE E. 
Published: December 2021

The three cases of tick paralysis occurring in Virginia in the last two years are presented. One of these cases required the respirator. In this case the tick was identified as Dermacentor variabilis Say.
Only ten other cases of tick paralysis have been reported in the eastern United States. A summary of the findings of these cases is charted. Three recent cases in the west, also charted, showed only one case needing a respirator. A brief review of the epidemiology, symptoms, signs and treatment of tick paralysis is given.
The seriousness of tick paralysis, if the tick is not found and removed, and the usual dramatic recovery after removal make it extremely important to consider this condition in any case showing such neurologic manifestations as those presented in this report. During an epidemic of poliomyelitis, tick paralysis should always be kept in mind as a possible alternative diagnosis.
CONCENTRATION OF URINE SOLUTES BY YOUNG INFANTS
Authors: PRATT EDWARD L. , BIENVENU BEATRIZ , WHYTE MURIEL M. 
Published: December 2021

The water exchange of five infants, one to two months old, is described during the water restriction imposed by feeding food mixtures of undiluted evaporated milk.
It is shown that the urine solutes can be concentrated to the level of 1.2 osM/l. The high order of the concentrating ability by the kidneys of these young patients means that, in healthy infants one month old or older, over half of the water provided by the infant's usual food can be conserved to cover abnormal losses by other routes of water removal.
A chart is given for the estimation of the renal water requirement for infants at any given concentration of urine solutes on a variety of intakes.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ATRESIA OF THE ESOPHAGUS AND TRACHEO-ESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
Authors: SWENSON ORVAR 
Published: December 2021

DURING the past few years there have been an increasing number of reports on the successful operative correction of atresia of the esophagus and tracheo-esophageal fistula.
In the past eight years at the Children's Hospital in Boston, 113 such cases have been operated upon and 57 of the patients have survived.
There are certain facts about normal embryologic development which afford some explanation of these congenital malformations. In early fetal life, the esophagus and [SEE FIG. 1-a FIG. 1-b IN SOURCE PDF] trachea are one tube, which subsequently becomes divided into two structures by the lateral ingrowth of mesoderm. After this division, the lumen of the esophagus becomes obliterated by the proliferation and concrescence of its epithelial lining. Later, as this solid cord becomes vacuolated and coalescence of the vacuoles occurs, the lumen of the esophagus is re-established. It is probably in the period of separation of the single structure into esophagus and trachea that tracheo-esophageal fistulas develop. Esophageal atresia is probably related to incomplete coalescence of the vacuoles.
The anatomic variations of the anomaly can be divided into five groups. In the simplest form of the anomaly, the upper portion of the esophagus ends in a blind pouch in the upper portion of the chest and the lower esophageal segment begins again as a blind [SEE FIG. 2-b FIG. 2-a IN SOURCE PDF] pouch somewhat above the diaphragm (Fig. 1-a). About 3% of the cases are of this type. In the commonest form of the anomaly a tracheo-esophageal fistula is associated with the atresia, and in 94% of the cases communicates with the lower esophageal segment.