bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of methemoglobinemia
Authors: Iolascon Achille , Bianchi Paola , Andolfo Immacolata , Russo Roberta , Barcellini Wilma , Fermo Elisa , Toldi Gergely , Ghirardello Stefano , Rees David , Van Wijk Richard , Kattamis Antonis , Gallagher Patrick G. , Roy Noemi , Taher Ali , Mohty Razan , Kulozik Andreas , De Franceschi Lucia , Gambale Antonella , De Montalembert Mariane , Forni Gian Luca , Harteveld Cornelis L. , Prchal Josef ,   SWG of red cell and iron of EHA and EuroBloodNet
Published: September 2021

AbstractMethemoglobinemia is a rare disorder associated with oxidization of divalent ferro‐iron of hemoglobin (Hb) to ferri‐iron of methemoglobin (MetHb). Methemoglobinemia can result from either inherited or acquired processes. Acquired forms are the most common, mainly due to the exposure to substances that cause oxidation of the Hb both directly or indirectly. Inherited forms are due either to autosomal recessive variants in the CYB5R3 gene or to autosomal dominant variants in the globin genes, collectively known as HbM disease. Our recommendations are based on a systematic literature search. A series of questions regarding the key signs and symptoms, the methods for diagnosis, the clinical management in neonatal/childhood/adulthood period, and the therapeutic approach of methemoglobinemia were formulated and the relative recommendations were produced. An agreement was obtained using a Delphi‐like approach and the experts panel reached a final consensus >75% of agreement for all the questions.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 9NHAc‐GD2 Antigen to Overcome the Hydrolytic Instability of O‐Acetylated‐GD2 for Anticancer Conjugate Vaccine Development
Authors: Wu Xuanjun , Ye Jinfeng , DeLaitsch Andrew T. , Rashidijahanabad Zahra , Lang Shuyao , Kakeshpour Tayeb , Zhao Yuetao , Ramadan Sherif , Saavedra Paulo Vilar , Yuzbasiyan‐Gurkan Vilma , Kavunja Herbert , Cao Hongzhi , Gildersleeve Jeffrey C. , Huang Xuefei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGanglioside GD2 is an attractive tumor‐associated carbohydrate antigen for anti‐cancer vaccine development. However, its low immunogenicity and the significant side effects observed with anti‐GD2 antibodies present significant obstacles for vaccines. To overcome these, a new GD2 derivative bearing an N‐acetamide (NHAc) at its non‐reducing end neuraminic acid (9NHAc‐GD2) has been designed to mimic the 9‐O‐acetylated‐GD2 (9OAc‐GD2), a GD2 based antigen with a restricted expression on tumor cells. 9NHAc‐GD2 was synthesized efficiently via a chemoenzymatic method and subsequently conjugated with a powerful carrier bacteriophage Qβ. Mouse immunization with the Qβ‐9NHAc‐GD2 conjugate elicited strong and long‐lasting IgG antibodies, which were highly selective toward 9NHAc‐GD2 with little cross‐recognition of GD2. Immunization of canines with Qβ‐9NHAc‐GD2 showed the construct was immunogenic in canines with little adverse effects, paving the way for future clinical translation to humans.
An Air‐ and Water‐Stable B4N4‐Heteropentalene Serving as a Host Material for a Phosphorescent OLED
Authors: Kashida Junki , Shoji Yoshiaki , Ikabata Yasuhiro , Taka Hideo , Sakai Hayato , Hasobe Taku , Nakai Hiromi , Fukushima Takanori 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReplacement of the carbon–carbon bonds of antiaromatic compounds with polar boron–nitrogen bonds often provides isoelectronic BN compounds with excellent thermodynamic stability and interesting photophysical properties. By this element‐substitution strategy, we synthesized a new B4N4‐heteropentalene derivative, 1, which is fully substituted with mesityl groups. Owing to kinetic protection by the sterically bulky substituents, 1 is remarkably stable toward air and even water. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of 1 revealed the bonding characteristics of the B4N4‐heteropentalene structure. In a glassy matrix, 1 emitted short‐wavelength phosphorescence with an onset at 350 nm, indicating that the triplet energy is substantially high. DFT calculations reasonably explained the ground‐ and excited‐state electronic structures of 1 as well as its emission properties. Motivated by the high‐energy triplet state of 1, we used it as a host material to fabricate a phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode with an external quantum efficiency of 15 %.
Graphene Oxide and its Derivatives for Gas Separation Membranes
Authors: Asghari Morteza , Saadatmandi Samaneh , Afsari Morteza 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO), a derivative of graphene with a hydrophilic 2D crystalline nanostructure and being an exfoliated form of graphite, is designed with several oxygen‐functional groups. Due to its characteristics it has attracted much interest for applications for gas separation membranes. This review focuses on GO‐containing membranes for gas separation. A basic look at gas separation membranes is presented, and the properties of graphene, GO, reduced GO (RGO) as well as their preparation approaches are covered. Different methods for fabrication of GO membranes in the style of mixed‐matrix membranes, thin‐film composites, layered GO membranes etc. are investigated. The gas separation performance of fabricated GO membranes is evaluated, highlighting recent developments and prospectives. Finally, future trends of GO membranes are described.
Loss of preload in preloaded bolted connections over the service life
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Makevičius Lukas , Henkel Knuth‐Michael , Glienke Ralf , Dörre Maik 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe design of slip‐resistant connections and fatigue loaded tension connections according to the categories B/C and E of EN 1993‐1‐8 relies on a specified preload level of the bolted connections which has to be ensured over the whole service life of the structure. However, it is well known that preload losses occur after tightening due to several reasons: e. g. setting effects, creep and cyclic loading. In order to ensure not only the operational safety but also the load bearing behaviour of preloaded bolted connections, those influencing factors have to be estimated and considered reasonably.For this reason, systematic investigations were carried out to determine the system reserves due to different tightening methods and preload losses. Herein, preload losses due to setting effects, creep and cyclic loading were experimentally determined, evaluated and extrapolated to the intended service life considering two clamping length ratios Zt/d ≈ 5 and Zt/d ≈ 2 as well as five surface conditions. Furthermore, different types of M20 bolting assemblies and tightening methods were used.The main findings and conclusions are presented and discussed in the paper. On this basis, a critical review of the current regulations and recommendations for improvements can be given. Besides all other interesting results, it could be shown that only the combined method turned out to possess enough system reserves (over 30 % in relation to the required preload level) for covering possible preload losses especially for coated surfaces for the service life of the structure.
Concentrated Approaches for Nonlinear Analysis of Composite Beams with Partial Interaction
Authors: Carvalho Tawany A. , Lemes Ígor J.M. , Silveira Ricardo A.M. , Dias Luís E.S. , Barros Rafael C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTwo plane displacement‐based formulations with concentrated nonlinear effects for numerical analysis of composite beams are presented here. The effects of geometric nonlinearity, plasticity and partial shear connection are considered. In these two approaches, the co‐rotational system is defined to allow large displacements and rotations in the numerical model. The first formulation is based to Strain Compatibility Method, where the sections strains are explicitly evaluated as well as the slipping at the steel‐concrete interface. Thus, the axial and flexural stiffness of the cross section is determined in each step of the incremental‐iterative process. The second methodology considers rotational pseudo‐springs at the finite elements ends to simulate of plasticity. Furthermore, the effects of partial interaction can not be simulated by the inherently rotational behavior of the pseudo‐springs. Thus, the cracking and partial interaction effects are approached through effective moment of inertia defined by normative criteria. Four composite beams are simulated with these two formulations and compared by the load‐displacements paths. In all numerical result findings these formulations are closed and accurate to the experimental data presented in literature.
Influence of rivet clamping stress on fatigue crack growth behaviour
Authors: Riedel Thomas , Sieber Lars , Flederer Holger 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSteel structures built between 1850 and 1940 are mostly made of mild steel. Riveting was the dominating joining technique. Fatigue failure respectively fatigue safety is of major concern if these structures are cyclic loaded such as bridges and hydraulic steel structures. Considering the period of operation of almost hundred years, the determination of the remaining fatigue life is the main aim of the assessment of these structures. The clamping force of the rivets significantly influences the crack propagation. Clamping stress is caused by the shrinkage of hot driven rivets while cooling down. The clamping force and the corresponding friction at the contact surfaces reduces notch stress at the rivet hole and thus also the crack driving force. In this paper, experiments for determining the rivet prestressing as well as the friction at the contact surfaces of riveted joints are presented. For typical design details numerical models are generated to determine notch stresses for uncracked components and stress intensity factors for cracked components. Regarding to crack growth rates, only few data have been published for old mild steels so far. Thus, the research program also includes experimental investigation of crack growth parameters.
Design of stainless steel elliptical hollow sections columns in case of fire: parametric study
Authors: Arrais Flávio , Lopes Nuno , Real Paulo Vila 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe application of stainless steel as a structural material has been increasing, due to a number of desirable qualities such as its durability, resistance to corrosion and aesthetic appearance. Since it has a higher fire resistance when compared to carbon steel, it allows in some cases the absence of thermal protection. In addition to the aesthetic nature, elliptical hollow sections integrate the architectural attributes of the circular hollow sections and the structural advantages of the rectangular hollow sections. They have a better torsional behaviour than open sections and due to their shape they have a higher bending strength when compared to circular hollow profiles. Hence, the application of the material stainless steel combined with elliptical hollow sections stands as an interesting design option. The main objective of this study is to perform a parametric study to understand the fire behaviour of stainless steel columns subjected to axial compression, with Elliptical Hollow Sections and to analyse the safety and accuracy of the Eurocode 3 design methodology for these members. From comparing the obtained ultimate load bearing capacities with Eurocode 3 prescriptions, it is concluded that this design methodology is not suitable for this type of cross‐section profiles.
Evaluation of the Durability of Weathering Steel – Effects of environmentals changes on corrosion behavior of low alloyed steels.
Authors: Morel Jean‐Michel , Creus Juan , Gaillet Laurent , Chatel Vincent , Astic Jean‐Yves 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWeathering steels are structural steels mainly used in civil engineering structures like bridges, building and in some electrical network structures.These steels that are slightly alloyed with copper and chromium have the advantage of not requiring a protective coating because of their good atmospheric corrosion resistance compared to conventional steels. This protection prevents repainting of structures which is the main maintenance operation of them with large drawbacks from a sustainable development point of view (economy, ecological, social).Besides a lack of understanding of how the distribution of chemical alloying elements act to reduce the corrosion rate, an important limit of their use remains in the ability to predict their corrosion behavior in a coupled environment/steel grade context. Furthermore, the two main atmospheric pollutants known to have a major influence on corrosion of structural steels are SO2 and chlorides. In recent decades, SO2 levels have drastically decreased in the atmosphere. During this same period the sulfur content in steels, which is the most harmful chemical element from the point of view of atmospheric corrosion, decreased sharply. The evolution of these both parameters could have an influence on the prediction models for the long‐term durability of steels.We are carrying out an experimental campaing aiming to characterize and model formation of patinas on different grades of steels exposed on several atmopsheric sites. Exposure times range from short term (a few weeks to several years on 6 different grades in 6 sites of different environments) to long term (samples taken from structures erected since few decades). These different samples were characterized according to a multi‐scale approach by metallographic techniques (macros‐copy, microscopy and fractography) and, microstructural (Raman and XRD), electrochemical and gravimetric techniques.The results after 1 year of exposure show very close corrosion rates whatever the non‐marine environments considered and there are no significant differences between the different grades of steel. From the point of view of their structures, the patinas present a double‐layer appearance, including for conventional steels.
3D‐Printing with Steel: Additive Manufacturing of a Bridge in situ
Authors: Feucht Thilo , Waldschmitt Benedikt , Lange Jörg , Erven Maren 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) plays an increasing role in the production of complex structures in steel construction. Robot‐guided Gas Shielded Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), known as Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), is suitable for this purpose. At TU Darmstadt, a small pedestrian bridge in shell form was designed. It was completely additively manufactured on site with a welding robot over a creek. This paper presents selected aspects of this project. The focus is particularly on the preliminary strength investigations carried out and the process sequences required for homogenous manufacturing. The paper concludes with a consideration of the implementation on site.
Seismic behaviour of composite steel‐concrete shear walls with central openings
Authors: Todea Viorel , Dan Daniel , Stoian Valeriu , Florut Sorin‐Codrut , Popescu Dan‐Adrian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReinforced concrete shear walls are the most effective structural elements used to increase the overall lateral stiffness and deformation capacity of multi‐storey buildings structures. Due to the functional or architectural requirements, structural walls with multiple openings have to be frequently designed. This fact, impose to assure higher sectional strength of the structural elements, which have reduced the cross‐sections due to openings. Composite steel‐concrete shear walls, with steel embedded profiles, could represent alternative structural solutions to increase overall performances of such walls. This paper presents an experimental study made on three composite steel‐concrete shear walls with central openings and partially embedded steel profiles. The experimental specimens were built to 1:3 reduced scale and present different cross‐sectional arrangements. The walls were subjected to quasi‐static reversed lateral and vertical loads with the aim to analyse the nonlinear behaviour of elements. The behaviour of elements was monitored in terms of crack distribution to identify the failure stages, maximum load and lateral displacements. From the tested elements, the specimen which had hooked steel fibres embedded in the concrete attained the highest ductility, proving that the fibres contribute at the dissipation of energy from earthquakes.
Resistance of partially protected steel beams in fire
Authors: Hautala Janne , Kangashaka Iida , Malaska Mikko , Pajunen Sami 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntumescent coating is often used as a fire protection on steel members due to its attractive appearance and ease of use. In the case when the member is fully covered by the coating, the response during the fire can be predicted rather accurately. However, if the member is covered only partially, the member's temperature profile and the structural response during the fire are not trivial to define. Partially covered members appear e.g. in cases in which the member is coated on the building site, but some previously installed adjacent structures disturb the coating process. Such partially covered members have been studied in the literature mainly from the temperature point of view, but in the present paper, also the structural behavior during the fire is considered. The paper presents a general procedure how to define the resistance of a partially protected steel member during the fire. As a result, time‐resistance curves are defined for bending, shear and torsion and standard IPE and HEA profiles are used in the example simulations and the results are compared to fully protected and unprotected cases. The finite element method is adopted both for the thermal and structural analyses. The expansion of the intumescent coating is taken into account using the so called effective thermal conductivity, hence the same model can be used for both analyses. The simulated temperature results are validated against experimental and simulation results from previous researches. The results for bending, shear and torsion resistance show, that when compared to the unprotected case, the partial protection increases the resistances and the improvement is at its height during 15‐30 minutes from the beginning of the standard fire.
A Numerical Approach for Plastic Cross‐Sectional Analyses of Steel Members
Authors: Ibáñez Stalin , Kraus Matthias 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGlobal structural analyses in civil engineering are usually performed considering linear‐elastic material behavior. However, for steel structures, a certain degree of plasticization depending on the member classification may be considered. Corresponding plastic analyses taking material nonlinearities into account are effectively realized using numerical methods. Frequently applied finite elements of two and three‐dimensional models evaluate the plasticity at defined nodes using a yield surface, i.e. by a yield condition, hardening rule, and flow rule. Corresponding calculations are connected to a large numerical as well as time‐consuming effort and they do not rely on the theoretical background of beam theory, to which the regulations of standards mainly correspond. For that reason, methods using beam elements (one‐dimensional) combined with cross‐sectional analyses are commonly applied for steel members in terms of plastic zones theories. In these approaches, plasticization is in general assessed by means of axial stress only. In this paper, more precise numerical representation of the combined stress states, i.e. axial and shear stresses, is presented and results of the proposed approach are validated and discussed.
Lateral‐Torsional Buckling of beams with warping restraints at Supports
Authors: Lebastard Maxime , Couchaux Maël , Bureau Alain , Hjiaj Mohammed 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn practice, the elastic lateral‐torsional buckling of doubly symmetric I‐section steel members is analyzed assuming free warping at supports. However, welded stiffeners, bolted end‐plate connections or column base plates maintain elastically the opposite flange out‐of‐plane rotations and thus induce substantial warping restraints.This paper proposes analytical formulations for the evaluation of the elastic critical bending moment for lateral‐torsional buckling of beams taking into account warping restraints at supports. Assuming series of displacement and rotation fields containing one or two terms, the energy method permits to derive expressions of the critical bending moment under constant and linear distribution of the bending moment. A single expression of the warping coefficient kw is proposed whatever the shape of the bending moment diagram. The factor C1 can be conveniently calculated by multiplying two coefficients that depend on the shape of the bending moment diagram and on the warping restraint stiffness, respectively.Finite Elements analyses of beams with warping restraints at supports have been performed considering a beam element model developed with LTBeamN and a shell element model created in ANSYS. The analytical model is in good agreement with the numerical results obtained by the two finite element models.
Investigation on Failure Mechanisms of Symmetric and Asymmetric Cellular Steel Beams
Authors: Sehwail Mohammad , Celikag Murude 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe investigation on non‐composite asymmetric cellular beams is limited. Previous research focused on the behavior of asymmetric steel cellular sections by using different root beam for the top tee and the lower tee section. Moreover, asymmetric beams can be designed in different concepts as in the case of this study where the same root beam is used for top and bottom tee of the non‐composite asymmetric cellular beams. This research presents a numerical study on the structural behavior and resistance of symmetric and asymmetric non‐composite cellular steel beams using IPE sections. Five cellular steel beams were analytically modeled and verified using experimental work from published research. The study was carried out using three‐dimensional finite shell element modeling of I‐shaped cellular steel beams with a broad spectrum of cross‐sectional dimensions, unrestrained lengths, web perforation configurations, application of loads and various steel grades. Geometrical and material nonlinear analysis was performed by using ABAQUS software. The results of asymmetric sections showed notable improvements on the small parent sections failing under vierendeel mechanism while the results for the deeper sections showed the opposite.
A review of applied methods of optimization in steel structures
Authors: Kazem Alireza , Matinrad Pantea 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecent dazzling progress in computer science and stringent requirements of the design of “more optimized” buildings put forwards the study and research of the various optimization methods in the building sector. This study presents a comprehensive review of the state‐of‐the‐art and the most applicable algorithms applying computational optimization to Steel buildings and different steel design problems. Four different algorithms including Neural Network, Bee and Bat‐Inspired algorithm and Metaheuristic Optimization algorithm have been studied with emphasized on the application of these methods in steel structures. Algorithm Key points are reviewed with more details including configuration of the algorithms and control of building systems, besides particular attention on accuracy and capability of them to be converged as an optimized solution. From different convergence rate, number of unknown parameters and boundaries of solutions It can be concluded that in near future researches should be oriented towards improving the efficiency of the most effective search techniques and realistic approximation methods especially in large‐scale building optimization problems; and reducing time with increasing accuracy for such activities. Further effort should be required to quantify the robustness in optimal answers so as to improve building performance.