bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐dimensional nanomaterial supported metal single‐atom electrocatalysts: Synthesis, characterization, and applications
Authors: Zhao Haoyue , Zhang Chuanxiong , Li Han , Fang Jian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMetal single‐atom catalysts (MSACs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of electrocatalysis due to their maximized atomic utilization, high activity, and superior selectivity. As a class of supported catalyst, the type of support material plays a key role in stabilizing metal single atoms (MSAs) and improving the overall catalytic performance. One‐dimensional (1D) nanomaterials are regarded as ideal supports for MSACs owing to many of their unique advantages, such as controllable surface physicochemical properties, large specific surface area, efficient electron transfer pathway, and great flexibility in element selection. Therefore, recently developed MSACs supported by various types of 1D nanostructured substrates have shown fascinating electrocatalytic performance towards a wide range of electrochemical reactions and demonstrated great potential in practical applications. In this review, we summarize recent progress of 1D nanomaterial supported MSACs, from material synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculation to their performance in five different kinds of electrochemical applications. In particular, the major synthetic strategies of these advanced MSACs and their catalytic performance and mechanisms in various electrocatalytic reactions are extensively discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future prospects of 1D nanomaterial supported MSACs are provided.
The Sherman–Morrison–Woodbury formula for generalized linear matrix equations and applications
Authors: Hao Yue , Simoncini Valeria 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe discuss the use of a matrix‐oriented approach for numerically solving the dense matrix equation AX + XAT + M1XN1 + … + MℓXNℓ = F, with ℓ ≥ 1, and Mi, Ni, i = 1, … , ℓ of low rank. The approach relies on the Sherman–Morrison–Woodbury formula formally defined in the vectorized form of the problem, but applied in the matrix setting. This allows one to solve medium size dense problems with computational costs and memory requirements dramatically lower than with a Kronecker formulation. Application problems leading to medium size equations of this form are illustrated and the performance of the matrix‐oriented method is reported. The application of the procedure as the core step in the solution of the large‐scale problem is also shown. In addition, a new explicit method for linear tensor equations is proposed, that uses the discussed matrix equation procedure as a key building block.
Validating the Implementation Leadership Scale in Chinese nursing context: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Hu Jiale , Gifford Wendy , Ruan Hong , Harrison Denise , Li Qingge , Ehrhart Mark G. , Harrison Mary‐Ann , Barrowman Nick , Aarons Gregory A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimThis study aimed to evaluate the validity, reliability and acceptability of the Implementation Leadership Scale in the Chinese nursing context.DesignThis study utilized a cross‐sectional design.MethodsThis study was conducted in one general tertiary hospital with 234 nurses (85.3% response rate) from 35 clinical units in China. Content validity, structural validity, convergent validity, reliability (internal consistency), agreement indices and acceptability were evaluated. The data collection was from December 1st, 2017 to June 30th, 2018.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good model fit to the four‐factor implementation leadership model. The psychometric testing also indicated good convergent validity, high internal consistency and acceptable aggregation. Most participants completed the scale in two minutes or less and agreed or strongly agreed that the questions were relevant to implementation leadership, clear and easy to answer.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the Chinese Implementation Leadership Scale is a valid, reliable and pragmatic tool for measuring strategic leadership for implementing evidence‐based practices.
Death metal: Evidence for the impact of lead poisoning on childhood health within the Roman Empire
Authors: Moore Joanna , Filipek Kori , Kalenderian Vana , Gowland Rebecca , Hamilton Elliott , Evans Jane , Montgomery Janet 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe use of lead was ubiquitous throughout the Roman Empire, including material for water pipes, eating vessels, medicine, and even as a sweetener for wine. The toxicity of lead is well established today, resulting in long‐term psychological and neurological deficits as well as metabolic diseases. Children are particularly susceptible to the effects of lead, and it is likely that the widespread use of this deadly metal among Roman populations led to a range of adverse health effects. Indeed, lead poisoning has even been implicated in the downfall of the Roman Empire. This research examines, for the first time, the direct effect of lead poisoning on the inhabitants of the Empire. It explores whether the dramatic increase in lead during this period contributed to the failure to thrive evident within the skeletal remains of Roman children. Lead concentration and paleopathological analyses were used to explore the association between lead burdens and health during the Roman period. This study includes 173 individuals (66 adults and 107 non‐adults) from five sites, AD 1st–4th centuries, located throughout the Roman Empire. Results show a negative correlation between age‐at‐death and core tooth enamel lead concentrations. Furthermore, higher lead concentrations were observed in children with skeletal evidence of metabolic disease than those without. This study provides the first bioarcheological evidence that lead poisoning was a contributing factor to the high infant mortality and childhood morbidity rates seen within the Roman world.
PI3K signalling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and opportunities for therapy
Authors: Moradi Sharif , Jarrahi Esmaeil , Ahmadi Ali , Salimian Jafar , Karimi Mehrdad , Zarei Azadeh , Azimzadeh Jamalkandi Sadegh , Ghanei Mostafa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease characterised by airway inflammation and progressive obstruction of the lung airflow. Current pharmacological treatments include bronchodilators, alone or in combination with steroids, or other anti‐inflammatory agents, which have only partially contributed to the inhibition of disease progression and mortality. Therefore, further research unravelling the underlying mechanisms is necessary to develop new anti‐COPD drugs with both lower toxicity and higher efficacy. Extrinsic signalling pathways play crucial roles in COPD development and exacerbations. In particular, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) signalling has recently been shown to be a major driver of the COPD phenotype. Therefore, several small‐molecule inhibitors have been identified to block the hyperactivation of this signalling pathway in COPD patients, many of them showing promising outcomes in both preclinical animal models of COPD and human clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the critically important roles played by hyperactivated PI3K signalling in the pathogenesis of COPD. We also critically review current therapeutics based on PI3K inhibition, and provide suggestions focusing on PI3K signalling for the further improvement of the COPD phenotype. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrochlorothiazide and risk of melanoma subtypes
Authors: Habel Laurel A. , Achacoso Ninah , Fireman Bruce , Pedersen Sidsel Arnspang , Pottegård Anton 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundHydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), a common diuretic known to be photosensitizing and previously associated with non‐melanoma skin cancer, was recently reported to be associated with two melanoma subtypes, nodular and lentigo, among residents of Denmark. Our goal was to examine whether Danish findings could be replicated in a US cohort, using a similar study design and analysis.MethodsAmong non‐Hispanic White enrollees of Kaiser Permanente Northern California, we conducted an analysis of 9176 melanoma cases and 264 781 controls, matched on age, sex and time in health plan. We examined use of HCTZ prior to cancer diagnosis (cases) or comparable date for controls, categorized as never use, ever use and high use (≥50 000 mg). Electronic health records provided data on prescriptions, cancer diagnoses, and covariates. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for education, income and number of dermatology, internal medicine and urgent care visits.ResultsWe observed a small increase in risk of melanoma, all types combined, associated with high use (≥50 000 mg) of HCTZ (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.00–1.23) and no evidence of a dose–response. Risk was more elevated for lentigo subtype (OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.01–2.42). The somewhat elevated risk for nodular subtype was not statistically significant (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 0.78–1.90). There was very little association of high use with the superficial spreading subtype (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.80–1.37).ConclusionsOur findings support a recent report of an association between high use of HCTZ and increased risk of the lentigo subtype of melanoma.
Synthesis and characterization of porous polydimethylsiloxane structures with adjustable porosity and pore morphology using emulsion templating technique
Authors: Abshirini Mohammad , Saha Mrinal C. , Cummings Laura , Robison Thomas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPorous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) framework with adjustable pore structures has been fabricated by polymerization of the continuous phase in the emulsion templates. Different types of surfactants, including nonionic (Triton X‐100), cationic (Benzalkonium chloride), anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate), and silicone‐based block copolymer were used to stabilize the water‐in‐oil emulsion system. Deionized water with a wide range of internal phases varying from 10% to 60% by weight was employed to make the low internal phase emulsion and medium internal phase emulsion. The effect of surfactant type, surfactant concentration, and the internal phase volume on the stability of the emulsion, pore morphology, and pore size distribution was explored. The stability of the emulsion was investigated by comparing the pore morphology of the cured sample at different set times, such as 0, 6, and 72 h. Scanning electron microscopy was employed for the characterization of the porous structures. The image analysis was conducted, and the pore size distribution, porosity, and open‐cell ratio of each sample were calculated. Interconnected pores have been seen in the porous PDMS made from emulsions with an internal phase larger than 30%. The results demonstrated that the frequency of open‐cell pores and the pore size is dependent on the surfactant types.
Miniaturization of InGaP/InGaAs/Ge solar cells for micro‐concentrator photovoltaics
Authors: Albert Pierre , Jaouad Abdelatif , Hamon Gwenaëlle , Volatier Maïté , Valdivia Christopher E. , Deshayes Yannick , Hinzer Karin , Béchou Laurent , Aimez Vincent , Darnon Maxime 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMicro‐concentrator photovoltaic (CPV), incorporating micro‐scale solar cells within concentrator photovoltaic modules, promises an inexpensive and highly efficient technology that can mitigate the drawbacks that impede standard CPV, such as resistive power losses. In this paper, we fabricate micro‐scale multijunction solar cells designed for micro‐CPV applications. A generic process flow, including plasma etching steps, was developed for the fabrication of complete InGaP/InGaAs/Ge microcells with rectangular, circular, and hexagonal active areas down to 0.089 mm2 (0.068‐mm2 mesa). Large cells (>1 mm2) demonstrate good electrical performance under one sun AM1.5D illumination, but a degradation in the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) is observed on the smallest cells. This effect is attributed to perimeter recombination for which a passivation effect by the antireflective coating partially recovers the VOC. The VOC penalty for small cells is also reduced under high‐intensity illumination, from 3.8% under sun to 1.0% at 974 suns. High intensity illumination yields an efficiency of 33.8% under 584 suns for a 0.25‐mm2 and microcells are expected to show higher efficiency than standard cells under very high concentration.
Unzipping and scrambling reaction‐induced sequence control of copolymer chains via temperature changes during cationic ring‐opening copolymerization of cyclic acetals and cyclic esters
Authors: Higuchi Motoki , Kanazawa Arihiro , Aoshima Sadahito 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA temperature change‐dependent sequence transformation of copolymer chains was demonstrated by a method based on tandem depolymerization and transacetalization reactions during the cationic ring‐opening copolymerization of cyclic acetals and cyclic esters. In this study, the position of polymerization‐depolymerization equilibrium was controlled by the reaction temperature rather than by the decrease in monomer concentration under vacuum conditions, as in our previous study. First, the conditions for efficient copolymerization were optimized, with a particular focus on the structures of cyclic acetals and cyclic esters. Subsequently, sequence transformation induced by temperature change was examined during the copolymerization of 2‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxepane (generated in situ from 4‐hydroxybutyl vinyl ether) and δ‐valerolactone using EtSO3H. The homosequence length of cyclic acetals decreased during depolymerization (unzipping) at the oxonium chain ends upon increasing the temperature from 30 to 90 °C, while transacetalization (scrambling) of the main chain transferred midchain cyclic acetal homosequences to the oxonium chain ends. As a result of the cycle of unzipping and scrambling reactions, an alternating‐like copolymer was obtained. Interestingly, the possibility of reversible sequence transformation upon heating and cooling was also demonstrated.
Effects of peripherally inserted central catheter on dosimetry of the blood vessel region in volumetric modulated arc therapy planning for lung cancer
Authors: Bi Suyan , Zhao Mang , Ma Jun , Chen Zhijian , Liang Jun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveA peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) is a safe and effective drug delivery method of chemoradiotherapy for lung cancer. However, the risk of vascular damage to patients who require PICC implantation during radiotherapy may be increased. This study compared dosimetry differences in the blood vessel region, as well as the planning target volume and other organs at risk between two volumetric modulated arc therapy plans with and without a PICC for lung cancer. The aim of which was to provide guidance for clinicians to select the proper PICC implantation time.MethodsA total of 10 male patients with PICCs who received chemoradiotherapy for lung cancer in Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Center between 1 January 2019 and 30 November 2019 were included. The prescription dose was 50 Gy in 25 fractions. Two volumetric modulated arc therapy plans, with and without a PICC, were designed for each selected patient on a Varian Eclipse 13.6™ planning system. Statistical analysis of the blood vessel dose distribution of the PICC region and the target dose distribution, including the homogeneity index and conformity index, as well as irradiation doses to the lungs, heart, esophagus, and spinal cord, was carried out for the two groups and the differences were compared.ResultsWhen comparing the two plans, the mean dose (Dmean) of the PICC region for the plan with PICC was lower than that for the plan without(P = 0.01). The conformity index of the target, the maximum dose (Dmax) and minimum dose (Dmin) of the blood vessel of the PICC region, ranged from 2 to 20% in both groups, with no significant difference (conformity index: P = 0.87, Dmax: P = 0.81, Dmin: P = 0.83). There was no statistically significant difference in the D2% (P = 0.34) and D98% (P = 0.30) of the target, V20% (P = 0.34) and V30% (P = 0.34) of the heart, Dmax (P > 0.05) and Dmin (P > 0.05) of the esophagus, V5% (P = 0.34), V20% (P = 0.33), V30% (P = 0.17), and Dmean (P = 0.33) of the lungs, and Dmax (P = 0.34) of the spinal cord between the two groups of plans.ConclusionDespite the lack of significance in the dose distribution of the target and organs at risk, the effect of dosimetry in the blood vessel region of the PICC is obvious. As a result, the PICC will affect the dose distribution of the blood vessel region of the PICC and the target close to the PICC region. It is inadvisable to implant a PICC during radiation therapy.
Inverse agonism at the Na/K‐ATPase receptor reverses EMT in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Banerjee Moumita , Li Zhichuan , Gao Yingnyu , Lai Fangfang , Huang Minqi , Zhang Zhongbing , Cai Liquan , Sanabria Juan , Gao Tianyan , Xie Zijian , Pierre Sandrine V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe surface expression of Na/K‐ATPase α1 (NKA) is significantly reduced in primary prostate tumors and further decreased in bone metastatic lesions. Here, we show that the loss of cell surface expression of NKA induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes metastatic potential and tumor growth of prostate cancer (PCa) by decreasing the expression of E‐cadherin and increasing c‐Myc expression via the activation of Src/FAK pathways. Mechanistically, reduced surface expression of NKA in PCa is due to increased endocytosis through the activation of NKA/Src receptor complex. Using a high‐throughput NKA ligand‐screening platform, we have discovered MB5 as an inverse agonist of the NKA/Src receptor complex, capable of blocking the endocytosis of NKA. MB5 treatment increased NKA expression and E‐cadherin in PCa cells, which reversed EMT and consequently decreased the invasion and growth of spheroid models and tumor xenografts. Thus, we have identified a hitherto unrecognized mechanism that regulates EMT and invasiveness of PCa and demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of identifying inverse agonists of receptor NKA/Src complex and their potential utility as anticancer drugs. We, therefore, conclude that cell surface expression of α1 NKA can be targeted for the development of new therapeutics against aggressive PCa and that MB5 may serve as a prototype for drug development against EMT in metastatic PCa.
A polymorphism in the promoter of FRAS1 is a candidate SNP associated with metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Wang Victoria , Geybels Milan S. , Jordahl Kristina M. , Gerke Travis , Hamid Anis , Penney Kathryn L. , Markt Sarah C. , Freedman Matthew , Pomerantz Mark , Lee Gwo‐Shu M. , Rana Huma , Börnigen Daniela , Rebbeck Timothy R. , Huttenhower Curtis , Eeles Ros A. , Stanford Janet L. , Consortium Practical , Berndt Sonja I. , Claessens Frank , Sørensen Karina D. , Park Jong Y. , Vega Ana , Usmani Nawaid , Mucci Lorelei , Sweeney Christopher J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundInflammation and one of its mediators, NF‐kappa B (NFκB), have been implicated in prostate cancer carcinogenesis. We assessed whether germline polymorphisms associated with NFκB are associated with the risk of developing lethal disease (metastases or death from prostate cancer).MethodsUsing a Bayesian approach leveraging NFκB biology with integration of publicly available datasets we used a previously defined genome‐wide functional association network specific to NFκB and lethal prostate cancer. A dense‐module‐searching method identified modules enriched with significant genes from a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) study in a discovery data set, Physicians' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow‐up Study (PHS/HPFS). The top 48 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the dense‐module‐searching method were then assessed in an independent prostate cancer cohort and the one SNP reproducibly associated with lethality was tested in a third cohort. Logistic regression models evaluated the association between each SNP and lethal prostate cancer. The candidate SNP was assessed for association with lethal prostate cancer in 6 of 28 studies in the prostate cancer association group to investigate cancer associated alterations in the genome (PRACTICAL) Consortium where there was some medical record review for death ascertainment which also had SNP data from the ONCOARRAY platform. All men self‐identified as Caucasian.ResultsThe rs1910301 SNP which was reproducibly associated with lethal disease was nominally associated with lethal disease (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40; p = .02) in the discovery cohort and the minor allele was also associated with lethal disease in two independent cohorts (OR = 1.35; p = .04 and OR = 1.35; p = .07). Fixed effects meta‐analysis of all three cohorts found an association: OR = 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–1.62, p = .0003). This SNP is in the promoter region of FRAS1, a gene involved in epidermal‐basement membrane adhesion and is present at a higher frequency in men with African ancestry. No association was found in the subset of studies from the PRACTICAL consortium studies which had a total of 106 deaths out total of 3263 patients and a median follow‐up of 4.4 years.ConclusionsThrough its connection with the NFκB pathway, a candidate SNP with a higher frequency in men of African ancestry without cancer was found to be associated with lethal prostate cancer across three well‐annotated independent cohorts of Caucasian men.