bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dexmedetomidine Ameliorates Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders by Suppressing Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Mice With Preexisting Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Kii Natsumi , Sawada Atsushi , Yoshikawa Yusuke , Tachibana Shunsuke , Yamakage Michiaki 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates immune responses involving infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in the injured brain tissue. These MDMs play a key role in perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs). We tested the hypothesis that preanesthetic treatment with dexmedetomidine (DEX) could suppress infiltration of MDMs into the hippocampus of TBI model mice, ameliorating PND.

METHODS:
We first performed bone marrow transplantation from green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice to C57BL/6 mice to identify MDMs. We used only male mice for homogeneity. Four weeks after transplantation, a controlled cortical impact model of TBI was created using recipient mice. Four weeks after TBI, mice received pretreatment with DEX before general anesthesia (GA). Mice performed the Barnes maze test (8–12 mice/group) 2 weeks after GA and were euthanized for immunohistochemistry (4–5 mice/group) or immunoblotting (7 mice/group) 4 weeks after GA.

RESULTS:
In Barnes maze tests, TBI model mice showed longer primary latency (mean difference, 76.5 [95% confidence interval, 41.4–111.6], P < .0001 versus Naïve), primary path length (431.2 [98.5–763.9], P = .001 versus Naïve), and more primary errors (5.7 [0.62–10.7], P = .017 versus Naïve) than Naïve mice on experimental day 3. Expression of MDMs in the hippocampus was significantly increased in TBI mice compared to Naïve mice (2.1 [0.6–3.7], P = .003 versus Naïve). Expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1)-positive areas in the hippocampus was significantly increased in TBI mice compared to Naïve mice (0.38 [0.09–0.68], P = .007 versus Naïve). Immunoblotting indicated significantly increased expression of interleukin-1β in the hippocampus in TBI mice compared to Naïve mice (1.59 [0.08–3.1], P = .035 versus Naïve). In contrast, TBI mice pretreated with DEX were rescued from these changes and showed no significant difference from Naïve mice. Yohimbine, an α2 receptor antagonist, mitigated the effects of DEX (primary latency: 68.3 [36.5–100.1], P < .0001 versus TBI-DEX; primary path length: 414.9 [120.0–709.9], P = .0002 versus DEX; primary errors: 6.6 [2.1–11.2], P = .0005 versus TBI-DEX; expression of MDMs: 2.9 [1.4–4.4], P = .0001 versus TBI-DEX; expression of MCP1: 0.4 [0.05–0.67], P = .017 versus TBI-DEX; expression of interleukin-1β: 1.8 [0.34–3.35], P = .01 versus TBI-DEX).

CONCLUSIONS:
Preanesthetic treatment with DEX suppressed infiltration of MDMs in the hippocampus and ameliorated PND in TBI model mice. Preanesthetic treatment with DEX appears to suppress infiltration of MDMs in the hippocampus and may lead to new treatments for PND in patients with a history of TBI.
Napalm Colonization: Native Peoples in Brazil's Aeronautical Frontiers
Authors: Cruz Felipe Fernandes 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article investigates how aviation shaped Brazilian frontier colonization beginning in the 1940s and how Indigenous peoples came to use aviation for their own purposes. Backed by a technocratic ideology, the Getúlio Vargas regime saw aeronautics as a fix for the state's lack of control over the frontiers. Beginning with its March to the West program, the government used aviation to quickly explore and colonize vast territories previously out of its reach. The military radically transformed this method in the 1960s, using napalm and paratroopers to quickly create outposts and settlements. This article introduces the term aeronautical frontier to define unique regions where flying was the primary mode of transportation. While much of the discourse on Indigenous peoples and aviation has focused on defensive reactions to the incoming airplanes, this article shows how Native Brazilians appropriated the technology for their own means, mastering it for their own use in aeronautical frontiers.
The snake heart pacemaker is localized near the sinoatrial valve
Authors: Abramochkin Denis V. , Kuzmin Vladislav S. , Matchkov Vladimir , Kamensky Andrey A. , Wang Tobias 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
To provide the first description of the exact location of primary pacemaker of the squamate heart, we used sharp microelectrode impalements and optical mapping of isolated sinus venosus preparations from Burmese pythons. We located the dominant pacemaker site at the base of the right leaflet of the sinoatrial valve (SAV), but latent pacemakers were also identified in a circular region around the SAV. Acetylcholine (10−5 mol l−1) or noradrenaline (10−6 mol l−1) induced shifts of the leading pacemaker site to other points near the SAV. The ionic currents of most of the cardiomyocytes isolated enzymatically from the SAV region resembled those of typical working myocytes from the sinus venosus. However, seven cells lacked the background inward rectifier current (IK1) and had a time-dependent hyperpolarization-induced inward current identified as the ‘funny’ pacemaker current (If). Therefore, the region proximal to SAV demonstrates pacemaking activity and contains cells that resemble the electrophysiological properties of mammalian pacemaker myocytes.
Predictive value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound combined with conventional ultrasound in solid renal parenchymal lesions
Authors: Cai Yingyu , Li Fan , Li Zhaojun , Li Xin , Li Chunxiao , Xia Zhen , Du Lianfang , Wu Rong 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
This study aimed to develop a model to predict the risk of malignancy in solid renal parenchymal lesions based on the imaging features of combined conventional and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).

Methods:
A retrospective review was performed among patients with focal solid renal parenchymal lesions on ultrasound images. Ultrasound features were characterized by two experienced radiologists independently. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the most relevant features and to estimate the risk of malignancy. Scoring and counting methods were developed based on the most relevant features. The diagnostic performance was evaluated by the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

Results:
A total of 519 renal lesions were included in this study. The conventional ultrasound features of diameter, echogenicity, hypoechoic rim and the CEUS feature of heterogeneity were identified as the most relevant features for prediction of malignancy. The sensitivity and specificity for the logistic regression model, the scoring method and the counting method were 95.3 and 93.4%, 93.8 and 87.8%, 88.8 and 93.9%, respectively. The logistic model had the best performance for diagnosing malignant renal lesions with AUC of 0.978, compared with the scoring method and the counting method with AUCs of 0.958 and 0.965.

Conclusion:
The combination of contrast-enhanced ultrasound with conventional ultrasound improved the diagnostic performance of solid renal lesions based on the logistic regression model.

Advances in knowledge:
In this study, we revealed that the combination of CEUS and conventional ultrasound provided higher accuracy for diagnosing malignant renal tumors.
The diagnostic performance of chest radiographs for lung malignancy in symptomatic primary-care populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dwyer-Hemmings Louis , Fairhead Cassandra 
Published: July 2021

Objectives: To synthesise existing evidence for the diagnostic accuracy of chest radiographs to detect lung malignancy in symptomatic patients presenting to primary care. Methods: A systematic review was performed and reported in accordance with the PRISMA framework, using a protocol prospectively registered with the PROSPERO database (CRD42020212450). Nine databases were searched for relevant studies. Data were extracted and chest radiograph sensitivity and specificity calculated where possible. Risk of bias was assessed using a validated tool. Random effects meta-analysis was performed. Results: Ten studies were included. Sensitivity meta-analysis was performed in five studies which were not the high risk of bias, with summary sensitivity of 81% (95% CI: 74–87%). Specificity could be calculated in five studies, with summary specificity of 68% (95% CI: 49–87%). Conclusions: The sensitivity of chest radiographs for detecting lung malignancy in primary care is relatively low. Physicians and policymakers must consider strategies to attenuate the possibility of false reassurance with a negative chest radiograph for this significant pathology. Options include widening access to cross-sectional imaging in primary care; however, any intervention would need to take into account the medical and financial costs of possible over-investigation. Prospective trials with long-term follow-up are required to further evaluate the risks and benefits of this strategy. Advances in knowledge: The chest radiograph has a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 68% for lung malignancy in a symptomatic primary-care population. A negative chest radiograph does not exclude lung cancer, and physicians should maintain a low threshold to consider specialist referral or cross-sectional imaging.
No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind?
Authors: Farid Shiza , Bremner Jason , Anderson Emma 
Published: July 2021

Background: An important question is whether the FP2020’s “120 million additional users” goal exacerbated inequities and led to a prioritization of populations within countries where substantial gains towards the goal could be made. We examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity in gains in modern contraceptive prevalence (MCP) and in the focus of family planning programs and policies. Methods: We selected 11 countries (Bangladesh, Burundi, Ethiopia, Haiti, Malawi, Mali, Nepal, Pakistan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zimbabwe) to conduct a bivariate analysis. We evaluated if MCP growth had been equitable by assessing MCP between two surveys stratified by residence, levels of education, age groups, marital status, and wealth. Results: In most countries, MCP increased among rural women and in seven African countries these gains were significant. In six countries, MCP gains were significant both among women with no education and in the lowest wealth group. MCP gains among young women aged 15-19 and 20-24 were seen in four African countries: Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that between two surveys since 2010 many countries saw MCP gains across different dimensions of equity and do not suggest a focus on expanded coverage at the expense of equity. As the family planning community begins to look ahead to the next partnership, this analysis can help inform the emerging FP2030 framework, which includes equity as a guiding principle.
Ethics review of multicenter neuro-psychiatric & neurodevelopmental genetics research protocols: a case study of the NeuroDev & NeuroGap-Psychosis studies
Authors: Wolde Telahun Teka , Musesengwa Rosemary , Palk Andrea , Mwaka Erisa, S , Naanyu Violet , Addissie Adamu , Tadele Getnet 
Published: July 2021

Complex research such as neuropsychiatric genetics presents unique challenges for research ethics committees (REC), particularly in Africa where genetics research on mental & neurological disorders is still in its infancy. To reflect on these experiences of reviewing Neuropsychiatric Genetic studies we use two multicenter studies, the NeuroDev and NeuroGap-Psychosis studies. We explored the content of the national guidelines and regulatory frameworks and the processes for ethics review in the participating African countries, to identify regulatory challenges, and to recommend areas for improvement. We also held reflective discussions with REC members involved in the review of the two studies were interviewed discussing their experiences of reviewing the two studies from the point of view of an African REC/REC member who reviewed the studies. Across all sites, a distinct theme was that the RECs did not have adequate knowledge and expertise for reviewing genetics and genomics studies in general. The review of guidelines showed the need to proactively update guidelines to meet the increasing complexity of research, ensure awareness creation, and continual capacity building of REC members.
The influence of leprosy-related clinical and epidemiological variables in the occurrence and severity of COVID-19: A prospective real-world cohort study
Authors: Cerqueira Selma Regina Penha Silva , Deps Patrícia Duarte , Cunha Débora Vilela , Bezerra Natanael Victor Furtunato , Barroso Daniel Holanda , Pinheiro Ana Bárbara Sapienza , Pillegi Gecilmara Salviato , Repsold Taynah Alves Rocha , Kurizky Patrícia Shu , Collin Simon M. , Gomes Ciro Martins 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundProtective effects of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination and clofazimine and dapsone treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been reported. Patients at risk for leprosy represent an interesting model for assessing the effects of these therapies on the occurrence and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We assessed the influence of leprosy-related variables in the occurrence and severity of COVID-19.Methodology/Principal findingsWe performed a 14-month prospective real-world cohort study in which the main risk factor was 2 previous vaccinations with BCG and the main outcome was COVID-19 detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A Cox proportional hazards model was used. Among the 406 included patients, 113 were diagnosed with leprosy. During follow-up, 69 (16.99%) patients contracted COVID-19. Survival analysis showed that leprosy was associated with COVID-19 (p<0.001), but multivariate analysis showed that only COVID-19-positive household contacts (hazard ratio (HR) = 8.04; 95% CI = 4.93–13.11) and diabetes mellitus (HR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.04–4.06) were significant risk factors for COVID-19.Conclusions/SignificanceLeprosy patients are vulnerable to COVID-19 because they have more frequent contact with SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, possibly due to social and economic limitations. Our model showed that the use of corticosteroids, thalidomide, pentoxifylline, clofazimine, or dapsone or BCG vaccination did not affect the occurrence or severity of COVID-19.
Mechanical energy and propulsion mechanics in roller-skiing double-poling at increasing speeds
Authors: Danielsen Jørgen , Sandbakk Øyvind , McGhie David , Ettema Gertjan 
Published: July 2021

Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of speed on mechanical energy fluctuations and propulsion mechanics in the double-poling (DP) technique of cross-country skiing.

Methods
Kinematics and dynamics were acquired while fourteen male skiers performed roller-skiing DP on a treadmill at increasing speeds (15, 21 and 27 km∙h-1). Kinetic (Ekin), potential (Epot), and total (Ebody) body mechanical energy and pole power (Ppole) were calculated. Inverse dynamics was used to calculate arm power (Parm). Trunk+leg power (PT+L) was estimated, as was the power associated with body movements perpendicular to goal-direction (E.body⊥).

Results
Ekin and Epot fluctuated out-of-phase throughout the cycle, at first sight indicating that pendulum-like behaviour occurs partly in DP. However, during the swing phase, the increase in Epot (body heightening) was mainly driven by positive PT+L, while the decrease in Ekin was lost to rolling friction, and during the poling phase, considerable positive Parm generation occurs. Thus, possible exchange between Ekin and Epot seem not to occur as directly and passively as in classic pendulum locomotion (walking). During the poling phase, E.body⊥fluctuated out-of-phase with Ppole, indicating a transfer of body energy to Ppole. In this way, power generated by trunk+leg mainly during the swing phase (body heightening) can be used in the poling phase as pole power. At all speeds, negative PT+L occurred during the poling phase, suggesting energy absorption of body energy not transferred to pole power. Thus, DP seem to resemble bouncing ball-like behaviour more than pendulum at faster speeds. Over the cycle, Parm contribution to Ppole (external power) was 63% at 15 km∙h-1 and 66% at 21 and 27 km∙h-1, with the remainder being PT+L contribution.

Conclusions
When speed increases in level DP, both power production and absorption by trunk+leg actions increase considerably. This enhanced involvement of the legs at faster speeds is likely a prerequisite for effective generation of pole power at high speeds with very short poling times. However, the relative trunk+leg power contribution did not increase at the speeds studied here.
Bibliotecas públicas infantis
Authors: Vilela Rafaela 
Published: July 2021

O presente artigo apresenta parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa de mestrado e busca discutir a biblioteca pública para infância. Em diálogo com o contexto político nacional, lança-se luz e foco para dois projetos de livro e leitura: a Biblioteca Infantil do Distrito Federal e a Biblioteca Parque da Rocinha. O primeiro projeto foi idealizado e fundado por Cecília Meireles em 1934 e configura-se como a primeira biblioteca pública infantil do Brasil. O segundo projeto, inaugurado em 2012, nasce como umcentro cultural que privilegia a leitura em diferentes suportes. Espaços que surgem em diferentes contextos históricos, mas que se destacam pela concepção inovadora de biblioteca ao possibilitarem o encontro com a palavra escrita, o teatro, a mídia audiovisual e eletrônica. Equipamentos culturais desejados, mas nem sempre acessíveis às classes populares.
Criação e manutenção da bibliotheca pública pelotense em jornais do século XIX (1875-1900)
Authors: Gonçalves Renata Braz , Peres Eliane Teresinha 
Published: July 2021

Este artigo é derivado de tese já defendida e analisa práticas e representações de leitura no final do século XIX, na cidade de Pelotas (RS), tendo como objeto a criação e manutenção da Bibliotheca Pública Pelotense, fundada em 1875. A investigação insere-se no campo da História da Leitura, fundamentada na História Cultural. A pesquisa utilizou como fontes os jornais (diários, literários e humorísticos) publicados em Pelotas no período de 1875 a 1900, adotando a Análise de Conteúdo como técnica de análise. Verificou que a criação da biblioteca surgiu da motivação da comunidade que através da imprensa, promoveu um movimento para suprir “uma lacuna na vida intelectual” citadina. O processo de proposição, criação, construção (com doações, bazares e quermesses) eventos e discussão sobre quem poderia frequentar estão publicados nos jornais. Foram identificadas representações de ilustração, de conhecimento, de luz e civilização. Além disso, constatou que a biblioteca foi criada para atender todas as classes, e não para uso exclusivo das famílias mais abastadas. Conclui que acompanhar a criação da Bibliotheca e sua manutenção possibilitou conhecer aspectos de uma comunidade que se preocupava com o livro e com o espaço popular destinado à leitura, refutando a argumentações equivocadas anteriores que afirmavam que no século XIX, no Brasil como um todo não haveria leitura e leitores, tendo em vista que o Rio de Janeiro seria uma “ilha de cultura isolada” em meio à falta generalizada de instituições.
biblioteca, o nacional e a modernidade na belle époque carioca
Authors: Juvêncio Carlos Henrique 
Published: July 2021

O final do século XIX e o início do século XX representam para o Rio de Janeiro, e para o Brasil um momento de profundas transformações políticas, sociais e urbanas. Num contexto de intensa agitação político-social graças à Proclamação da República, a Biblioteca Nacional emerge como uma das grandes beneficiadas dos movimento de modernização da antiga capital do país. Este artigo objetiva compreender como a Biblioteca Nacional se tornou símbolo da Primeira República e nela se ancora a consagração do regime republicano. Posiciona a BN como um espaço representante do moderno, seja em suas práticas, arquitetura ou no capital social que acumula ao seu redor. Concluí que a Biblioteca Nacional exerce o seu papel de guardiã da memória nacional, além de oferecer o moderno através de seus produtos e serviços e ser um polo de erudição em busca do desejo de civilização e modernidade da Primeira República.
Existence of Ground States of Fractional Schrödinger Equations
Authors: Ma Li , Li Zhenxiong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We consider ground states of the nonlinear fractional Schrödinger equation with potentials

(

-
Δ

)

s

⁢
u

+

V
⁢

(
x
)

⁢
u

=

f
⁢

(
x
,
u
)

,

s
∈

(
0
,
1
)

,

(-\Delta)^{s}u+V(x)u=f(x,u),\quad s\in(0,1),

on the whole space

ℝ
N

{\mathbb{R}^{N}}

, where V is a periodic non-negative nontrivial function on

ℝ
N

{\mathbb{R}^{N}}

and the nonlinear term f has some proper growth on u. Under uniform bounded assumptions about V, we can show the existence of a ground state. We extend the result of Li, Wang, and Zeng to the fractional case.
Conformal Killing forms on 2-step nilpotent Riemannian Lie groups
Authors: del Barco Viviana , Moroianu Andrei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We study left-invariant conformal Killing 2- or 3-forms on simply connected 2-step nilpotent Riemannian Lie groups. We show that if the center of the group is of dimension greater than or equal to 4, then every such form is automatically coclosed (i.e. it is a Killing form). In addition, we prove that the only Riemannian 2-step nilpotent Lie groups with center of dimension at most 3 and admitting left-invariant non-coclosed conformal Killing 2- and 3-forms are the following: The Heisenberg Lie groups and their trivial 1-dimensional extensions, endowed with any left-invariant metric, and the simply connected Lie group corresponding to the free 2-step nilpotent Lie algebra on 3 generators, with a particular 1-parameter family of metrics. The explicit description of the space of conformal Killing 2- and 3-forms is provided in each case.
Oscillation of even-order neutral differential equations with retarded and advanced arguments
Authors: Bohner Martin , Rani Bose , Selvarangam Srinivasan , Thandapani Ethiraju 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study the oscillation of even-order nonlinear neutral
differential equations with both retarded and advanced arguments.
The arithmetic-geometric mean inequality is employed.
Examples are provided to illustrate the main results.
Mineral Resources, Procurement Strategies, and Territories in the Linear Pottery Culture in the Aisne Valley (Paris Basin, France)
Authors: Allard Pierre , Hamon Caroline , Gomart Louise 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article presents the mineral resource procurement territories of Early Neolithic settlements (LBK or Rubané) in the Aisne valley. Our study focuses on data from 15 LBK sites belonging to the final LBK of central Europe; C14 dates for the sites fall between 5100 and 4900 cal BC. The bulk of pottery from these sites seems to have been produced using local raw materials that can be found over a large part of the valley; only a dozen recorded vessels were made of an exogeneous raw material. Analysis of the supply and management of sandstone and flint productions indicates the presence of three groups of villages. These distinct groups correspond to the definition of a cluster as proposed to define site organization in the Aisne valley. On the LBK sites of the Aisne valley blades, polished tools and certain personal ornaments were occasionally made of non-local materials. Some of these objects seem to indicate contacts outside the LBK settlement zones and suggest relationships with southern Neolithic groups.