bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer‐aided diagnosis ofCOVID‐19 disease from chest X‐ray images integrating deep feature extraction
Authors: Aziz Sumair , Khan Muhammad Umar , Rehman Abdul , Tariq Zain , Iqtidar Khushbakht 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) has an enormous impact on the daily lives and health of people residing in more than 200 nations. This article proposes a deep learning‐based system for the rapid diagnosis of COVID‐19. Chest x‐ray radiograph images were used because recent findings revealed that these images contain salient features about COVID‐19 disease. Transfer learning was performed using different pre‐trained convolutional neural networks models for binary (normal and COVID‐19) and triple (normal, COVID‐19 and viral pneumonia) class problems. Deep features were extracted from a fully connected layer of the ResNET50v2 model and feature dimension was reduced through feature reduction methods. Feature fusion of feature sets reduced through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mutual information feature selection (MIFS) was fed to Fine K‐nearest neighbour to perform binary classification. Similarly, serial feature fusion of MIFS and chi‐square features were utilized to train Medium Gaussian Support Vector Machines to distinguish normal, COVID‐19 and viral pneumonia cases. The proposed framework yielded accuracies of 99.5% for binary and 95.5% for triple class experiments. The proposed model shows better performance than the existing methods, and this research has the potential to assist medical professionals to enhance the diagnostic ability to detect coronavirus disease.
CHINA'S HOUSING BUBBLE, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Jiang Shenzhe , Miao Jianjun , Zhang Yuzhe 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChina's housing prices have been growing rapidly over the past few decades, despite low growth in rents. We study the impact of housing bubbles on China's economy, based on the understanding that local governments use land‐sale revenue to fuel infrastructure investment. We calibrate our model to the Chinese data over the period 2003–13 and find that our calibrated model can match the declining capital return and GDP growth, the average housing price growth, and the rising infrastructure to GDP ratio in the data. We conduct two counterfactual experiments to estimate the impact of a bubble collapse and a property tax.
Unmet informatics needs of nurses regarding the use of personal smartphones in the workplace
Authors: Cho Insook , Min Yul Ha , Park Seyeon , Park Jeongyun , Song Mira , Ahn Meejung , Park Myonghwa , Im Yeonsook 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimsThis study aimed to investigate the differences in practices, policies, and perceptions of nurses regarding work‐related utilization of smartphones in acute‐care settings.BackgroundMobile devices utilizing emerging technology are widely used in acute‐care settings; however, concerns such as potential distraction, improper use, and negative impact on the nursing image in clinical practice remain valid.MethodsNurse managers (n = 8) and nurses (n = 181) were enrolled from eight academic tertiary hospitals that have comprehensive electronic medical record systems and mobile versions. Between October 2018 and February 2019, participants completed a questionnaire designed to explore their use of smartphones. The reporting guide for self‐administered surveys of clinicians was applied.ResultsApproximately 80% of nurses carried personal smartphones while working, with 70% using their devices for work. The prevalence of work‐related smartphone use ranged from 3% to 43% by functionality, which was lower than that estimated by managers. Frequent uses included taking pictures/videos and internet browsing. Nurses were more positive than managers about the benefits of smartphone use and less burdened by related concerns. Novice and junior nurses were more optimistic than senior nurses. Only one hospital had a policy on nurses’ use of personal devices at work.ConclusionTwo unmet needs in the current clinical information system were identified: information supporting task‐related knowledge at the bedside and security of data capture and communication.Implication for nursing policyThe unintended perception gaps between nurses and managers regarding work‐related smartphone use can be closed by nursing leadership. Unmet nursing informatics, particularly for information‐seeking purposes, can be addressed in the context of quality assurance. Nurse leaders can advocate secure and proper use of smartphones in clinical practice.
Antecedents of and outcomes after finance committee use
Authors: Basu Sudipta , Lee Eunju (Ivy) 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe study why firms voluntarily create and use finance committees and whether firms realize benefits. Firms are more likely to have a finance committee when they have defined benefit pension plans, debt equity issuance and active dividend payout. Capital expenditures, restructuring, material weaknesses in internal controls and restatements are drivers of creating a finance committee. While we find a weak association between finance committee use and financial performance on average, we find that finance committees that are highly independent have better‐performing investments. Finance committees contribute to lowering the cost of debt for firms with small audit committees.
New drivers of the evolution of mimetic accuracy in Batesian ant‐mimics: size, habitat and latitude
Authors: Pekár Stano 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimThe evolution and maintenance of accurate Batesian mimicry has been explained by several hypotheses built upon relaxed selection. However, selection can be influenced by ecological factors, such as habitat type or geographical distribution, which have not been considered.LocationWorldwide.TaxonAraneae.MethodsI gathered data on body size, geographical area of distribution (temperate, subtropical, tropical), and habitat stratification (ground, low vegetation, bush, tree) from literature on more than 400 ant‐mimicking (myrmecomorphic) spider species from 18 spider families. I ranked them into four accuracy levels based on morphology, from poor inaccurate mimics to very accurate ones. I used regression to study the effect of body size, distribution, and habitat on mimetic accuracy while controlling for phylogeny.ResultsMimetic accuracy increased with spider body size but differently depending on habitat type. On the ground and in low vegetation, smaller species were inaccurate; whereas on shrubs and trees even smaller species were accurate. Accuracy increased from temperate to tropical locations, again differently depending on habitat. In the temperate zone, only species occurring on bushes were accurate, but in the tropical zone even ground‐living species were accurate.Main conclusionsHigher accuracy at lower latitudes is likely due to stronger predation pressure from visually hunting predators. Lower accuracy in species occurring near the ground is presumably due to predation pressure by non‐visually hunting predators. Inaccurate myrmecomorphy in spiders appears to be further driven by smaller body size due to lower profitability to predators; and higher latitude due to increased occurrence of generalist predators.
Why Do some Labour Alliances Succeed in Politicizing Europe across Borders? A Comparison of the Right2Water and Fair Transport European Citizens' Initiatives
Authors: Szabó Imre G. , Golden Darragh , Erne Roland 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnder what conditions can organized labour successfully politicize the European integration process across borders? To answer this question, we compare the European Citizens' Initiatives (ECIs) of two European trade union federations: EPSU's successful Right2Water ECI and ETF's unsuccessful Fair Transport ECI. Our comparison reveals that actor‐centred factors matter – namely, unions' ability to create broad coalitions. Successful transnational labour campaigns, however, also depend on structural conditions, namely, the prevailing mode of EU integration pressures faced by unions at a given time. Whereas the Right2Water ECI pre‐emptively countered commodification attempts by the European Commission in water services, the Fair Transport ECI attempted to ensure fair working conditions after most of the transport sector had been liberalized. Vertical EU integration attempts that commodify public services are thus more likely to generate successful transnational counter‐movements than the horizontal integration pressures on wages and working conditions that followed earlier successful EU liberalization drives.
Atypical cerebellar functional connectivity at 9 months of age predicts delayed socio‐communicative profiles in infants at high and low risk for autism
Authors: Okada Nana J. , Liu Janelle , Tsang Tawny , Nosco Erin , McDonald Nicole M. , Cummings Kaitlin K. , Jung Jiwon , Patterson Genevieve , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Green Shulamite A. , Jeste Shafali S. , Dapretto Mirella 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundWhile the cerebellum is traditionally known for its role in sensorimotor control, emerging research shows that particular subregions, such as right Crus I (RCrusI), support language and social processing. Indeed, cerebellar atypicalities are commonly reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by socio‐communicative impairments. However, the cerebellum’s contribution to early socio‐communicative development remains virtually unknown.MethodsHere, we characterized functional connectivity within cerebro‐cerebellar networks implicated in language/social functions in 9‐month‐old infants who exhibit distinct 3‐year socio‐communicative developmental profiles. We employed a data‐driven clustering approach to stratify our sample of infants at high (n = 82) and low (n = 37) familial risk for ASD into three cohorts—Delayed, Late‐Blooming, and Typical—who showed unique socio‐communicative trajectories. We then compared the cohorts on indices of language and social development. Seed‐based functional connectivity analyses with RCrusI were conducted on infants with fMRI data (n = 66). Cohorts were compared on connectivity estimates from a‐priori regions, selected on the basis of reported coactivation with RCrusI during language/social tasks.ResultsThe three trajectory‐based cohorts broadly differed in social communication development, as evidenced by robust differences on numerous indices of language and social skills. Importantly, at 9 months, the cohorts showed striking differences in cerebro‐cerebellar circuits implicated in language/social functions. For all regions examined, the Delayed cohort exhibited significantly weaker RCrusI connectivity compared to both the Late‐Blooming and Typical cohorts, with no significant differences between the latter cohorts.ConclusionsWe show that hypoconnectivity within distinct cerebro‐cerebellar networks in infancy predicts altered socio‐communicative development before delays overtly manifest, which may be relevant for early detection and intervention. As the cerebellum is implicated in prediction, our findings point to probabilistic learning as a potential intermediary mechanism that may be disrupted in infancy, cascading into alterations in social communication.
A combined hydrological and hydraulic modelling approach for the flood hazard mapping of the Po river basin
Authors: Nogherotto Rita , Fantini Adriano , Raffaele Francesca , Di Sante Fabio , Dottori Francesco , Coppola Erika , Giorgi Filippo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe identification of flood prone areas is essential for a range of engineering, risk reduction and research applications. Here, we describe a combined hydrological and hydraulic modelling approach for the assessment of flood‐prone areas and we present the results obtained over the Po river (Northern Italy). Runoff and river discharges are calculated through the hydrological model CHyM driven by GRIPHO, a new precipitation dataset for Italy. River flow data are used to obtain flood hydrographs for the CA2D hydraulic model, which calculates flood hazard maps at a resolution of 90 m. Flood simulations are run over a re‐shaped HydroSHEDS digital elevation model that includes information of the channel geometry. Modeled flood hydrographs are compared with observed data for a choice of gauging stations, showing a good performance of the CHyM model. We validate the flood hazard maps against observed flood events and official hazard maps. For high return periods, modelled maps can correctly identify up to 67% of the flood extent, both on the Po River and on smaller tributaries, while performances are more variable for lower return periods. Overall, the proposed approach suggests a strong potential for further applications, such as flood hazard assessment under future climate scenarios.
Can changes in social contact (frequency and mode) mitigate low mood before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic? The I‐CONECT project
Authors: Wu Chao‐Yi , Mattek Nora , Wild Katherine , Miller Lyndsey M. , Kaye Jeffrey A. , Silbert Lisa C. , Dodge Hiroko H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) global outbreak allowed a natural experiment to observe how older adults changed social patterns and how it affected their emotional well‐being. We studied the frequency and modes of social contact and their effects on older adults' mood before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic.DesignPhone‐based surveys were administered weekly before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic.SettingParticipants were recruited from Portland, Oregon, and Detroit, Michigan.ParticipantsOlder adults ≥75 years old (n = 155, age = 81.0 ± 4.5, 72.3% women) were included in a randomized controlled trial, the Internet‐Based Conversational Engagement Clinical Trial (I‐CONECT).MeasurementsLow mood was self‐reported as feeling downhearted or blue for three or more days in the past week. Social contact was self‐reported by the amount of time spent in interactions, with whom (family, friends, others), and via which modes (in‐person, phone/video call, text/email/letter).ResultsA total of 5525 weeks of data were derived from 155 participants. Before the COVID‐19 pandemic, average social interaction time spent in‐person, on phone/video call, and via text/email/letter was 406, 141, and 68 min/week, respectively. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, time spent in‐person was reduced by 135 min/week, while time spent via phone/video call and writing increased by 33 and 26 mins/week, respectively. In‐person family contact was associated with less low mood regardless of the pandemic (odds ratio = 0.92, p < 0.05). There was a COVID‐19 × text/email/letter with friends interaction (odds ratio = 0.77, p = 0.03), suggesting that during the COVID‐19 pandemic, an increase of 1 h of writing with friends per week was associated with a 23% decrease in the likelihood of experiencing low mood.ConclusionThe lost in‐person time relating to COVID‐19 restrictions tended to be partially compensated for with increased calls and writing time, although overall social interaction time decreased. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, at least two types of social interactions (writing to friends and in‐person family time) showed promise for mitigating low mood for older adults with limited social resources.
G protein‐coupled receptor interactions and modification of signalling involving the ghrelin receptor, GHSR1a
Authors: Ringuet Mitchell Ty , Furness John Barton , Furness Sebastian George Barton 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a) is intriguing because of its potential as a therapeutic target and its diverse molecular interactions. Initial studies of the receptor focused on the potential therapeutic ability for growth hormone (GH) release to reduce wasting in aging individuals, as well as food intake regulation for treatment of cachexia. Known roles of GHSR1a now extend to regulation of neurogenesis, learning and memory, gastrointestinal motility, glucose/lipid metabolism, the cardiovascular system, neuronal protection, motivational salience, and hedonic feeding. Ghrelin, the endogenous agonist of GHSR1a, is primarily located in the stomach and is absent from the central nervous system (CNS), including the spinal cord. However, ghrelin in the circulation does have access to a small number of CNS sites, including the arcuate nucleus, which is important in feeding control. At some sites, such as at somatotrophs, GHSR1a has high constitutive activity. Typically, ghrelin‐dependent and constitutive GHSR1a activation occurs via Gαq/11 pathways. In vitro and in vivo data suggest that GHSR1a heterodimerises with multiple G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs), including dopamine D1 and D2, serotonin 2C, orexin, oxytocin and melanocortin 3 receptors (MCR3), as well as the MCR3 accessory protein, MRAP2, providing possible mechanisms for its many physiological effects. In all cases, the receptor interaction changes downstream signalling and the responses to receptor agonists. This review discusses the signalling mechanisms of GHSR1a alone and in combination with other GPCRs, and explores the physiological consequences of GHSR1a coupling with other GPCRs.
Frequency and risk factors for naturally occurring Cushing's syndrome in dogs attendingUKprimary‐care practices
Authors: Schofield I. , Brodbelt D. C. , Niessen S. J. M. , Church D. B. , Geddes R. F. , O'Neill D. G. 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesTo estimate the frequency and risk factors for Cushing's syndrome in dogs under UK primary veterinary care.Materials and MethodsDogs with Cushing's syndrome were identified by searching electronic patient records of primary‐care veterinary practices. Pre‐existing and incident cases of Cushing's syndrome during 2016 were included to estimate the 1‐year period prevalence. Incident cases were used to estimate the annual incidence and to identify demographic risk factors for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in dogs, through multivariable logistic regression.ResultsAnalysis included 970 pre‐existing and 557 incident cases of Cushing's syndrome from a population of 905,544 dogs. The estimated 1‐year period prevalence for Cushing's syndrome in dogs under veterinary care was 0.17% (95% confidence interval 0.16 to 0.18) and incidence was 0.06% (95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.07). In multivariable logistic regression modelling, the Bichon frise (odds ratio=6.17, 95% confidence interval 4.22 to 9.00), Border terrier (5.40, 95% confidence interval 3.66 to 7.97) and Miniature schnauzer (3.05, 95% confidence interval 1.67 to 5.57) had the highest odds of Cushing's syndrome. The Golden retriever (0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.06 to 0.98) and Labrador retriever (0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 0.54) were the most protected breeds. Increasing age, bodyweight greater than the breed‐sex mean and being insured also showed increased odds of Cushing's syndrome.Clinical SignificanceAs Cushing's syndrome is predominately diagnosed and managed in primary‐care practice, this study provides valuable new information of its epidemiology in this setting. Demographics reported are supportive of previous work and additional novel associations identified, such as the Border terrier, could enhance the index of suspicion for veterinarians.
The first steps toward a global pandemic: Reconstructing the demographic history of parasite host switches in its native range
Authors: Techer Maeva A. , Roberts John M. K. , Cartwright Reed A. , Mikheyev Alexander S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHost switching allows parasites to expand their niches. However, successful switching may require suites of adaptations and also may decrease performance on the old host. As a result, reductions in gene flow accompany many host switches, driving speciation. Because host switches tend to be rapid, it is difficult to study them in real‐time, and their demographic parameters remain poorly understood. As a result, fundamental factors that control subsequent parasite evolution, such as the size of the switching population or the extent of immigration from the original host, remain largely unknown. To shed light on the host switching process, we explored how host switches occur in independent host shifts by two ectoparasitic honey bee mites (Varroa destructor and V. jacobsoni). Both switched to the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) after being brought into contact with their ancestral host (Apis cerana), ~70 and ~12 years ago, respectively. Varroa destructor subsequently caused worldwide collapses of honey bee populations. Using whole‐genome sequencing on 63 mites collected in their native ranges from both the ancestral and novel hosts, we were able to reconstruct the known temporal dynamics of the switch. We further found multiple previously undiscovered mitochondrial lineages on the novel host, along with the genetic equivalent of tens of individuals that were involved in the initial host switch. Despite being greatly reduced, some gene flow remains between mites adapted to different hosts. Our findings suggest that while reproductive isolation may facilitate the fixation of traits beneficial for exploiting the new host, ongoing genetic exchange may allow genetic amelioration of inbreeding effects.
Semi‐quantitative metabarcoding reveals how climate shapes arthropod community assembly along elevation gradients on Hawaii Island
Authors: Lim Jun Ying , Patiño Jairo , Noriyuki Suzuki , Cayetano Luis , Gillespie Rosemary G. , Krehenwinkel Henrik 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSpatial variation in climatic conditions along elevation gradients provides an important backdrop by which communities assemble and diversify. Lowland habitats tend to be connected through time, whereas highlands can be continuously or periodically isolated, conditions that have been hypothesized to promote high levels of species endemism. This tendency is expected to be accentuated among taxa that show niche conservatism within a given climatic envelope. While species distribution modeling approaches have allowed extensive exploration of niche conservatism among target taxa, a broad understanding of the phenomenon requires sampling of entire communities. Species‐rich groups such as arthropods are ideal case studies for understanding ecological and biodiversity dynamics along elevational gradients given their important functional role in many ecosystems, but community‐level studies have been limited due to their tremendous diversity. Here, we develop a novel semi‐quantitative metabarcoding approach that combines specimen counts and size‐sorting to characterize arthropod community‐level diversity patterns along elevational transects on two different volcanoes of the island of Hawai‘i. We found that arthropod communities between the two transects became increasingly distinct compositionally at higher elevations. Resistance surface approaches suggest that climatic differences between sampling localities are an important driver in shaping beta‐diversity patterns, though the relative importance of climate varies across taxonomic groups. Nevertheless, the climatic niche position of OTUs between transects was highly correlated, suggesting that climatic filters shape the colonization between adjacent volcanoes. Taken together, our results highlight climatic niche conservatism as an important factor shaping ecological assembly along elevational gradients and suggest topographic complexity as an important driver of diversification.