bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consistency testing for invariance of the speed of light at different redshifts: the newest results from strong lensing and Type Ia supernovae observations
Authors: Liu Tonghua , Cao Shuo , Biesiada Marek , Liu Yuting , Lian Yujie , Zhang Yilong 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The invariance of the speed of light in the distant Universe has profound significance for fundamental physics. In this paper, we propose a new model-independent method to test the invariance of the speed of light c at different redshifts by combining the strong gravitational lensing (SGL) systems and the observations of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). All the quantities used to test the deviation of c come from the direct observations, and the absolute magnitudes of SNe Ia need not to be calibrated. Our results show that the speed of light in the distant Universe is no obvious deviation from the constant value c0 within the uncertainty based on current observations. Moreover, we conclude that the currently compiled SGL and SNe Ia Pantheon samples may achieve much higher precision Δc/c ∼ 10−2 for the deviation of c than all previously considered approaches. The forthcoming data from the Legacy Survey of Space and Time and Wide-Field InfraRed Space Telescope will achieve more stringent testing for deviation of the SOL (at the level of Δc/c ∼ 10−3) by using our model-independent method. Finally, we discuss the potential ways in which our technique might be improved, focusing on the treatment of possible sources of systematic uncertainties.
Probing reionization and early cosmic enrichment with the Mg iiforest
Authors: Hennawi Joseph F , Davies Frederick B , Wang Feige , Oñorbe Jose 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBecause the same massive stars that reionized the intergalactic medium (IGM) inevitably exploded as supernovae that polluted the Universe with metals, the history of cosmic reionization and enrichment is intimately intertwined. While the overly sensitive Ly α transition completely saturates in a neutral IGM, strong low-ionization metal lines like the $\rm{Mg\, \small {II}}$ λ2796, λ2804 doublet will give rise to a detectable ‘metal-line forest’ if the metals produced during reionization ($Z\sim 10^{-3}\, \mathrm{Z}_{\odot }$) permeate the neutral IGM. We simulate the $\rm{Mg\,\small {II}}$ forest for the first time by combining a large hydrodynamical simulation with a seminumerical reionization topology, assuming a simple enrichment model where the IGM is uniformly suffused with metals. In contrast to the traditional approach of identifying discrete absorbers, we treat the absorption as a continuous random field and measure its two-point correlation function, leveraging techniques from precision cosmology. We show that a realistic mock data set of 10 James Webb Space Telescope spectra can simultaneously determine the Mg abundance, $[{\rm Mg}/{\rm H}]$, with a 1σ precision of 0.02 dex and measure the global neutral fraction $\langle x_{\rm{H\,\small {I}}}\rangle$ to 5 per cent for a Universe with $\langle x_{\rm{H\,\small {I}}}\rangle = 0.74$ and $[{\rm Mg}/ {\rm H}] = -3.7$. Alternatively, if the IGM is pristine, a null detection of the $\rm{Mg\,\small {II}}$ forest would set a stringent upper limit on the IGM metallicity of $[{\rm Mg}/ {\rm H}] \lt -4.4$ at 95 per cent credibility, assuming $\langle x_{\rm{H\,\small {I}}}\rangle \gt 0.5$ from another probe. Concentrations of metals in the circumgalactic environs of galaxies can significantly contaminate the IGM signal, but we demonstrate how these discrete absorbers can be easily identified and masked such that their impact on the correlation function is negligible. The $\rm{Mg\,\small {II}}$ forest thus has tremendous potential to precisely constrain the reionization and enrichment history of the Universe.
Photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic studies of the luminous, slow-decaying Type Ib SN 2012au
Authors: Pandey S B , Kumar Amit , Kumar Brajesh , Anupama G C , Srivastav S , Sahu D K , Vinko J , Aryan A , Pastorello A , Benetti S , Tomasella L , Singh Avinash , Moskvitin A S , Sokolov V V , Gupta R , Misra K , Ochner P , Valenti S 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Optical, near-infrared (NIR) photometric and spectroscopic studies, along with the optical imaging polarimetric results for SN 2012au, are presented in this article to constrain the nature of the progenitor and other properties. Well-calibrated multiband optical photometric data (from –0.2 to +413 d since B-band maximum) were used to compute the bolometric light curve and to perform semi-analytical light-curve modelling using the minim code. A spin-down millisecond magnetar-powered model explains the observed photometric evolution of SN 2012au reasonably. Early-time imaging polarimetric follow-up observations (–2 to +31 d) and comparison with other similar cases indicate signatures of asphericity in the ejecta. Good spectral coverage of SN 2012au (from –5 to +391 d) allows us to trace the evolution of layers of SN ejecta in detail. SN 2012au exhibits higher line velocities in comparison with other SNe Ib. Late nebular phase spectra of SN 2012au indicate a Wolf–Rayet star as the possible progenitor for SN 2012au, with oxygen, He-core, and main-sequence masses of ∼1.62 ± 0.15 M⊙, ∼4–8 M⊙, and ∼17–25 M⊙, respectively. There is a clear absence of a first overtone of carbon monoxide (CO) features up to +319 d in the K-band region of the NIR spectra. Overall analysis suggests that SN 2012au is one of the most luminous slow-decaying Type Ib SNe, having comparatively higher ejecta mass (∼ 4.7–8.3 M⊙) and kinetic energy (∼ [4.8–5.4] × 1051 erg). Detailed modelling using mesa and the results obtained through stella and snec explosions also strongly support spin-down of a magnetar with mass of around 20 M⊙ and metallicity Z = 0.04 as a possible powering source of SN 2012au.
White dwarf planetary debris dependence on physical structure distributions within asteroid belts
Authors: McDonald Catriona H , Veras Dimitri 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
White dwarfs that exhibit transit signatures of planetary debris and accreted planetary material provide exceptional opportunities to probe the material composition and dynamical structure of planetary systems. Although previous theoretical work investigating the role of minor body disruption around white dwarfs has focused on spherical bodies, Solar system asteroids can be more accurately modelled as triaxial ellipsoids. Here, we present an analytical framework to identify the type of disruption (tidal fragmentation, total sublimation, or direct impact) experienced by triaxial asteroids approaching white dwarfs on extremely eccentric (e ∼ 1) orbits. This framework is then used to identify the outcomes for simplified Main belt analogues of 100 bodies across five different white dwarf temperatures. We also present an empirical relationship between cooling age and effective temperature for both DA and DB white dwarfs to identify the age of the white dwarfs considered here. We find that using a purely spherical shape model can underestimate the physical size and radial distance at which an asteroid is subjected to complete sublimation, and these differences increase with greater elongation of the body. Contrastingly, fragmentation always occurs in the largest semi-axis of a body and so can be modelled by a sphere of that radius. Both fragmentation and sublimation are greatly affected by the body’s material composition, and hence by the composition of their progenitor asteroid belts. The white dwarf temperature, and hence cooling age, can affect the expected debris distribution: higher temperatures sublimate large elongated asteroids, and cooler temperatures accommodate more direct impacts.
The PAU survey: estimating galaxy photometry with deep learning
Authors: Cabayol L , Eriksen M , Amara A , Carretero J , Casas R , Castander F J , De Vicente J , Fernández E , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Hildebrandt H , Miquel R , Padilla C , Sánchez E , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Tallada-Crespí P 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
With the dramatic rise in high-quality galaxy data expected from Euclid and Vera C. Rubin Observatory, there will be increasing demand for fast high-precision methods for measuring galaxy fluxes. These will be essential for inferring the redshifts of the galaxies. In this paper, we introduce Lumos, a deep learning method to measure photometry from galaxy images. Lumos builds on BKGnet, an algorithm to predict the background and its associated error, and predicts the background-subtracted flux probability density function. We have developed Lumos for data from the Physics of the Accelerating Universe Survey (PAUS), an imaging survey using a 40 narrow-band filter camera (PAUCam). PAUCam images are affected by scattered light, displaying a background noise pattern that can be predicted and corrected for. On average, Lumos increases the SNR of the observations by a factor of 2 compared to an aperture photometry algorithm. It also incorporates other advantages like robustness towards distorting artefacts, e.g. cosmic rays or scattered light, the ability of deblending and less sensitivity to uncertainties in the galaxy profile parameters used to infer the photometry. Indeed, the number of flagged photometry outlier observations is reduced from 10 to 2 per cent, comparing to aperture photometry. Furthermore, with Lumos photometry, the photo-z scatter is reduced by ≈10 per cent with the Deepz machine-learning photo-z code and the photo-z outlier rate by 20 per cent. The photo-z improvement is lower than expected from the SNR increment, however, currently the photometric calibration and outliers in the photometry seem to be its limiting factor.
Cosmic variation of proton-to-electron mass ratio with an interacting Higgs scalar field
Authors: Chakrabarti Soumya 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We discuss that it is quite possible to realize the smooth transition of the universe between a matter/radiation-dominated deceleration and a dark-energy-dominated acceleration, even with a variation of proton-to-electron mass ratio μ. The variation is incorporated into the theory of gravity using a cosmological Higgs scalar field with a non-trivial and self-interaction potential, leading to a varying Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV). This matches well with the data from molecular absorption spectra of a series of Quasars. In comparison with late-time cosmology, an observational consistency is reached using a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation and JLA + OHD + BAO data sets. We find that the the pattern of variation is embedded within the evolving equation of state (EOS) of the scalar Dark Energy/Matter components, but leaves negligible trace on the effective EOS of the system. We discuss three cases of scalar extended theory of gravity, (a) a minimally coupled scalar, (b) a non-minimally coupled scalar, and (c) a generalized Brans–Dicke set-up. We also give a toy model of a unified cosmic history from inflation to the present era and discuss how the Higg VEV might have changed as a function of look-back time.
Quaternary Melanephelinites and Melilitites from Nowbaran (NW Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Iran): Origin of Ultrabasic-Ultracalcic Melts in a Post-Collisional Setting
Authors: Lustrino Michele , Salari Giulia , Rahimzadeh Bahman , Fedele Lorenzo , Masoudi Fariborz , Agostini Samuele 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The small Quaternary volcanic district of Nowbaran (NW Iran) belongs to the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, a ∼1800-km long NW–SE striking Cenozoic belt characterized by the irregular but abundant presence of subduction-related igneous products. Nowbaran rocks are characterized by absence of feldspars coupled with abundance of clinopyroxene and olivine plus nepheline, melilite and other rarer phases. All the rocks show extremely low SiO2 (35.4–41.4 wt%), very high CaO (13.1–18.3 wt%) and low Al2O3 (8.6–11.6 wt%), leading to ultracalcic compositions (i.e. CaO/Al2O3 &gt; 1). Other less peculiar, but still noteworthy, characteristics are the high MgO (8.7–13.3 wt%) and Mg# (0.70–0.75), coupled with a variable alkali content with sodic affinity (Na2O = 1.8–5.4 wt%; K2O = 0.2–2.3 wt%) and variably high LOI (1.9–10.4 wt%; average 4.4 wt%). Measured isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7052–0.7056; 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51263–0.51266; 206Pb/204Pb = 18.54–18.66; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.66–15.68; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.66–38.79) show small variations and plot within the literature field for the Cenozoic volcanic rocks of western Iran but tend to be displaced towards slightly higher 207Pb/204Pb. Primitive mantle-normalized multielemental patterns are intermediate between typical subduction-related melts and nephelinitic/melilititic melts emplaced in intraplate tectonic settings. The enrichment in Th, coupled with high Ba/Nb and La/Nb, troughs at Ti in primitive mantle-normalized patterns, radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr and positive Δ7/4 anomalies (from +15.2 to +17.0) are consistent with the presence of (old) recycled crustal lithologies in the sources.
The origin of Nowbaran magmas cannot be related to partial melting of C–H-free peridotitic mantle, nor to digestion of limestones and marls by ‘normal’ basaltic melts. Rather, we favour an origin from carbonated lithologies. Carbonated eclogite-derived melts or supercritical fluids, derived from a subducted slab, reacting with peridotite matrix, could have produced peritectic orthopyroxene- and garnet-rich metasomes at the expenses of mantle olivine and clinopyroxene. The residual melt compositions could evolve towards SiO2-undersaturated, CaO- and MgO-rich and Al2O3-poor alkaline melts. During their percolation upwards, these melts can partially freeze reacting chromatographically with portions of the upper mantle wedge, but can also mix with melts from shallower carbonated peridotite. The T–P equilibration estimates for Nowbaran magmas based on recent models on ultrabasic melt compositions are compatible with provenance from the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary at average temperature (∼1200°C ± 50°C). Mixing of melts derived from subduction-modified mantle sources with liquids devoid of any subduction imprint, passively upwelling from slab break-off tears could generate magmas with compositions recorded in Nowbaran.
DIRT/3D: 3D root phenotyping for field-grown maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Liu Suxing , Barrow Carlos Sherard , Hanlon Meredith , Lynch Jonathan P. , Bucksch Alexander 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The development of crops with deeper roots holds substantial promise to mitigate the consequences of climate change. Deeper roots are an essential factor to improve water uptake as a way to enhance crop resilience to drought, to increase nitrogen capture, to reduce fertilizer inputs, and to increase carbon sequestration from the atmosphere to improve soil organic fertility. A major bottleneck to achieving these improvements is high-throughput phenotyping to quantify root phenotypes of field-grown roots. We address this bottleneck with Digital Imaging of Root Traits (DIRT)/3D, an image-based 3D root phenotyping platform, which measures 18 architecture traits from mature field-grown maize (Zea mays) root crowns (RCs) excavated with the Shovelomics technique. DIRT/3D reliably computed all 18 traits, including distance between whorls and the number, angles, and diameters of nodal roots, on a test panel of 12 contrasting maize genotypes. The computed results were validated through comparison with manual measurements. Overall, we observed a coefficient of determination of r2&gt;0.84 and a high broad-sense heritability of Hmean2&gt; 0.6 for all but one trait. The average values of the 18 traits and a developed descriptor to characterize complete root architecture distinguished all genotypes. DIRT/3D is a step toward automated quantification of highly occluded maize RCs. Therefore, DIRT/3D supports breeders and root biologists in improving carbon sequestration and food security in the face of the adverse effects of climate change.
Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Validation of the English Version of the Postural Awareness Scale
Authors: Colgan Dana Dharmakaya , Green Kaylie , Eddy Ashley , Brems Christiane , Sherman Karen J , Cramer Holger , Oken Barry , Christopher Michael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeThe Postural Awareness Scale (PAS) was developed among a sample of German speakers to measure self-reported awareness of body posture. The first aim of this study was to conduct an English translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the PAS. The second aim was to assess psychometric properties of the English version of the PAS.MethodsForward and backward translations were conducted. The translated scale was then pretested in a small sample of English-speaking adults (n = 30), followed by cognitive interviews. Finally, consensus of the translated scale was achieved among an expert committee (n = 5), resulting in the Postural Awareness Scale-English Version (PAS-E). Psychometric properties of the PAS-E were investigated among a sample of individuals with chronic pain (n = 301) by evaluating factor structure, reliability, and construct validity. Analyses of variance were conducted to calculate differences in PAS-E scores between specific subgroups (pain conditions, sex, and history of mindfulness practice). Linear regression analyses investigated whether the scores on the PAS-E predicted levels of pain, stress, and mood.ResultsThe results obtained from an exploratory factor analysis showed a two-factor solution and were supported by a confirmatory factor analysis. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency and satisfactory construct validity. No significant differences related to sex at birth or pain duration were found.ConclusionPAS-E demonstrated good psychometric properties, and therefore, can and should be used both for research and clinical practice.
Use of the Elimination Strategy in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Health and Economic Impacts for New Zealand Relative to Other OECD Countries
Authors: Wilson Nick , Grout Leah , Summers Jennifer A , Nghiem Nhung , Baker Michael G 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn response to the COVID-19 pandemic, some countries in the Asia-Pacific Region used very intensive control measures, and one of these, New Zealand (NZ), adopted a clear “elimination strategy”. We therefore aimed to compare key health and economic outcomes of NZ relative to OECD countries as of mid-June 2021.MethodsThis analysis compared health outcomes (cumulative death rates from COVID-19 and “excess death” rates) and economic measures (quarterly GDP and unemployment levels) across OECD countries.ResultsNZ had the lowest cumulative COVID-19 death rate in the OECD at 242 times lower than the 38-OECD-country average: 5·2 vs 1256 per million population. When considering “excess deaths”, NZ had the largest negative value in the OECD, equivalent to around 2000 fewer deaths than expected. When considering the average GDP change over the five quarters of 2020 to 2021-Q1, NZ was the sixth best performer (at 0·5% vs -0·3% for the OECD average). The increase in unemployment in NZ was also less than the OECD average (1·1 percentage points to a peak of 5·2%, vs 3·3 points to 8·6%, respectively).ConclusionsNew Zealand’s elimination strategy response to COVID-19 produced the best mortality protection outcomes in the OECD. In economic terms it also performed better than the OECD average in terms of adverse impacts on GDP and employment. Nevertheless, a fuller accounting of the benefits and costs needs to be done once the population is vaccinated and longer-term health and economic outcomes are considered.
Causes, Predictors, and Costs of Unplanned 30-Day Readmissions in Patients with Right Heart Failure
Authors: Amritphale Amod , Zaman Jesan , Awan Saad , Amritphale Nupur , Awan G. Mustafa , Chatterjee Suvo , Omar Bassam , Fonarow Gregg C. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to describe the frequency, causes, factors, and costs associated with right heart failure encounters.BACKGROUNDMultiple studies have looked into heart failure readmissions but there is no study to our knowledge specifically analyzing patients with right heart failure.METHODSPatients with right heart failure diagnosis were identified using the 2017 Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) and were evaluated for the rates, predictors, and costs of unplanned 30 days readmission. Weighted analysis was performed to obtain nationally representative data.RESULTSWe identified 7142 patients with right heart failure of whom 21% had an unplanned readmission within 30 days of the index discharge. Patients with history of Coronary artery bypass grafting (p=0.033; OR 2.359; 95% CI 1.071 - 5.197), Chronic kidney disease (p<0.001; OR 1.607; 95% CI 1.402 - 1.843), atrial fibrillation (p=0.014; OR 1.417; 95% CI 1.072–1.873) had high odds of unplanned 30 day readmissions while obesity (p<0.001; OR 0.686; 95% CI 0.594 - 0.792) had negative odds of such readmissions.CONCLUSIONSThirty-day unplanned readmissions remain a significant issue affecting over 1 in 5 patients with right heart failure. Early unplanned readmissions are associated with significant mortality and financial burden in these patients.
Trajectories of hospitalisation for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 in Norway, December 2020 – April 2021
Authors: Whittaker Robert , Kristofferson Anja Bråthen , Seppälä Elina , Salamanca Beatriz Valcarcel , Veneti Lamprini , Storm Margrethe Larsdatter , Bøås Håkon , Aasand Nina , Naseer Umaer , Bragstad Karoline , Hungnes Olav , Kvåle Reidar , Golestani Karan , Feruglio Siri , Vold Line , Nygård Karin , Buanes Eirik Alnes 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 has spread worldwide and has been associated with increased risk of severe disease. Studies on patient trajectories and outcomes among hospitalised patients infected with B.1.1.7 are essential for hospital capacity planning.MethodsUsing linked individual-level data from national registries, we conducted a cohort study on cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Norway hospitalised between 21 December 2020 and 25 April 2021. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios using survival analysis to examine the association between B.1.1.7 and time from symptom onset to hospitalisation, and length of stay (LoS) in hospital and an intensive care unit compared to non-VOC. We calculated adjusted odds ratios using logistic regression to examine the association between B.1.1.7 and mortality (up to 30 days post discharge) compared to non-VOC.ResultsWe included 946 B.1.1.7 patients and 157 non-VOC. The crude median time from symptom onset to hospitalisation was 8 days (IQR: 5–10) for B.1.1.7 and 8 days (IQR: 4–11) for non-VOC. The crude median LoS in hospital was 5.0 days (IQR: 2.6–10.0) for B.1.1.7 patients and 5.1 days (IQR: 2.5–9.9) for non-VOC. Fifty-four (6%) B.1.1.7 patients died, compared to 14 (9%) non-VOC. There was no difference in the unadjusted or adjusted estimates of our outcome measures for B.1.1.7 and non-VOC patients.ConclusionsB.1.1.7 does not appear to influence hospitalised patient trajectories, compared to non-VOC. These findings, along with the success of ongoing vaccination programmes, are encouraging for ongoing capacity planning in the hospital sector.