bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promotional Effect of Ni−Sn Interaction over Ni Supported on Sn‐incorporated MCM‐41 Catalysts for CO2 Reforming of CH4
Authors: Zhao Yutong , Wang Zichun , Yang Wenjie , Gu Shengshen , Yang Xiaoxia , Kheradmand Amanj , Zhang Xingmo , Luo Yongming , Huang Jun , Jiang Yijiao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSintering of active Ni sites and deposition of coke remain challenging issues for catalytic dry reforming of methane. Herein, Ni supported on the Sn‐incorporated MCM‐41 catalysts were synthesized and tested for DRM process. The structural and physicochemical properties of fresh and spent samples were studied by N2 adsorption‐desorption, XRD, H2‐TPR, XPS, TEM, STEM‐EDS, Raman, and TGA techniques. It was revealed that Sn addition improved the dispersion and decreased the size of active Ni nanoparticles by tuning the charger transfer between Ni and Sn. The formation of Ni−SnOx interface provides more possibilities to activate CO2. The best results were obtained by 2Ni/Sn−MCM‐41 sample with the Ni/Sn mole ratio of 2 : 1, contributing CH4 conversion of 95% and CO2 conversion of 94% at 800 °C. Moreover, the presence of Sn increased the resistance to sintering of Ni‐based catalysts during the severe conditions, thereby the Ni nanoparticle size only appeared a slight growth after 32 h TOS. Combined with the characterization of the spent 2Ni/Sn−MCM‐41 sample, it was revealed that the coke deposition of the deactivated catalyst was dominated by amorphous carbon, which could be responsible for the desirable regeneration ability of the catalyst.
A Single Supratherapeutic Dose of Atogepant Does Not Affect Cardiac Repolarization in Healthy Adults: Results From a Randomized, Single‐Dose, Phase 1 Crossover Trial
Authors: Boinpally Ramesh , McNamee Brian , Yao Li , Butler Matthew , McGeeney Danielle , Borbridge Lisa , Periclou Antonia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAtogepant is a selective, oral calcitonin gene–related peptide receptor antagonist in development for preventive treatment of migraine. This randomized, double‐blind, phase 1 crossover study evaluated the cardiac repolarization effect of a single supratherapeutic (300 mg) atogepant dose vs placebo in healthy adults. Moxifloxacin 400 mg was the open‐label active control. The primary end point was a change from baseline in Fridericia‐corrected QT intervals (ΔQTcF). Sixty participants were randomized to atogepant 300 mg, placebo, and moxifloxacin; 59 (98.3%) completed all interventions. Assay sensitivity was confirmed: lower 90% confidence interval limit for QTcF interval change from baseline (ΔΔQTcF) for moxifloxacin was >5 millisecond vs placebo at prespecified 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐hour time points. Following single‐dose atogepant 300 mg, mean atogepant ΔΔQTcF and upper 90% confidence interval limits were lower than the 10‐millisecond threshold at all time points. Atogepant mean peak plasma concentration was 3197 ng/mL, area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 to time t was 16 640 ng • h/mL, area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 to 24 hours was 16 607 ng • h/mL, and median time to peak plasma concentration was 2.1 hours. The incidence of adverse events was low; no serious adverse events or elevations of liver enzymes were reported. Overall, a single supratherapeutic dose of atogepant was safe and did not impact cardiac repolarization in healthy participants.
Effects of Light Intensity and Reaction Temperature on Photoreactions in Commercial Photoreactors
Authors: Svejstrup Thomas D. , Chatterjee Anamitra , Schekin Denis , Wagner Thomas , Zach Julia , Johansson Magnus J. , Bergonzini Giulia , König Burkhard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the last decade, visible‐light photoredox catalysis has evolved into a versatile tool in organic synthesis. However, most reports have used homemade photoreactors in their design and optimisation of new methods, complicating the reproducibility of some transformations. To improve reproducibility and efficiency, laboratory photoreactors have been developed and commercialized. Herein we report a comparison of four commercially available photoreactors in six mechanistically distinct photoredox reactions focusing on the difference in product yields and kinetics as well as the factors which lead to these differences, including reaction temperature and light intensity.
An Improved PEG‐Linked Solid Support for Minimizing Process‐Related Impurities During Solid‐Phase Synthesis of DNA and RNA Sequences
Authors: Grajkowski Andrzej , Takahashi Mayumi , Cawrse Brian M. , Beaucage Serge L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe preparation of controlled pore glass (CPG) supports, functionalized with several hexaethylene glycol spacers, to alleviate the problems associated with the porosity of commercial CPG supports is described in this article. The pore size of CPG restricts the diffusion of reagents to the leader nucleoside embedded in porous supports; this inhibits efficient solid‐phase syntheses of DNA and RNA sequences and, by default, the purity of those sequences through formation of a shorter than full‐length oligonucleotide. Functionalization of a CPG support with five hexaethylene glycol spacers led to a 42% reduction in process‐related impurities contaminating oligonucleotide sequences, compared to that obtained using the commercial long‐chain alkylamine (LCAA) CPG support. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of the hydroxylated CPG support 3Basic Protocol 2: Automated preparation of the CPG support 6Basic Protocol 3: Automated preparation of the poly(hexaethylene glycol)‐derived CPG 7Basic Protocol 4: Automated functionalization of the poly(hexaethylene glycol)‐derived CPG support 7 with leader deoxyribo‐ and ribonucleosides to provide the CPG support 9Basic Protocol 5: Automated syntheses of DNA and RNA sequences on poly(hexaethylene glycol)‐derived CPG support 9 and on a commercial long‐chain alkylamine (LCAA) CPG supportSupport Protocol: Release and deprotection of the DNA and RNA sequences linked to the poly(hexaethylene glycol)‐derived CPG support 10 and commercial LCAA‐CPG supportBasic Protocol 6: Comparative RP‐HPLC analyses of crude, fully deprotected DNA or RNA sequences released from the poly(hexaethylene glycol)‐derived CPG support 10 and from a commercial LCAA‐CPG support
IPM Toolkit Preservation
Authors: Ulmer Bryan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntegrated pest management (IPM) is a holistic approach that considers all farming practices and control tactics to discourage the development of economically damaging pest populations with a focus on preventing and managing pest populations as opposed to single interventions to eliminate pests once a problem has occurred. The idea of the IPM toolkit analogy is to keep as many tools in the toolbox as possible to manage agricultural pests; the more tools available, the better chance of providing a solution to a given pest threat. Preserving these tools is critically important to IPM. This article is the second in the three‐part series in Crops & Soils magazine. It is part of an American Society of Agronomy training series sponsored by the Kellogg Company. Earn 1 CEU in Integrated Pest Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/983.
Threshold‐based key management scheme for space network
Authors: Tong Xiaojun , Liu Jie , Wang Zhu , Zhang Miao , Ma Jing 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe data link protocols proposed by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is widely used in space missions. However, the current space key management schemes are inefficient in scalability, security, and key update. In this work, a threshold‐based spatial key management scheme is proposed and applied to the CCSDS telecommunication control (TC) protocol to ensure the security of spatial networks. The threshold‐based key management algorithm using LDPC code is designed to generate, distribute, update, and deactivate the master key. The bilinear pairing cryptosystem is used to protect the group key and provide authentication. The security and performance of the proposed scheme are analyzed. Furthermore, the network model, node model, and process model of CCSDS‐TC protocol based on the proposed scheme are constructed and simulated on OPNET platform. The result shows that the storage overhead of the proposed scheme is lower than the improved Shamir and ECC‐based key management schemes. Its computational overhead is approximately changeless, whereas the network scale is increasing. Furthermore, the proposed scheme only uses binary multiplication, which takes lower computation overhead. Therefore, the proposed scheme has higher security, scalability, and low resource consumption.
Food cravings and loss‐of‐control eating in youth: Associations with gonadal hormone concentrations
Authors: Parker Megan N. , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Crosby Ross D. , Byrne Meghan E. , LeMay‐Russell Sarah , Swanson Taylor N. , Ramirez Eliana , Shank Lisa M. , Djan Kweku G. , Kwarteng Esther A. , Faulkner Loie M. , Yang Shanna B. , Zenno Anna , Chivukula K. Karthik , Engel Scott G. , Brady Sheila M. , Yanovski Susan Z. , Yanovski Jack A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveAmong youth with overweight, food cravings (FC) are associated with loss‐of‐control (LOC)‐eating, but the impact of sex‐associated biological characteristics on this relationship is unknown. We examined whether sex and gonadal hormone concentrations moderated the relationships between FC and LOC‐eating severity among healthy boys and girls across the weight strata in natural and laboratory environments.MethodUsing ecological momentary assessment (EMA), FC, and LOC‐eating severity were reported 3–5 times a day for 2 weeks. In the laboratory, participants reported FC, consumed lunch from a buffet test meal designed to simulate LOC‐eating, and rated LOC‐eating severity during the meal.ResultsEighty‐seven youth (13.0 ± 2.7 years, 58.6% female, 32.2% with overweight/obesity) participated. EMA measured general and momentary FC were positively associated with LOC‐eating severity (ps < .01), with no differences by sex (ps = .21–.93). Estradiol and progesterone significantly moderated the relationships between FC and LOC‐eating such that general FC and LOC‐eating severity were only positively associated among girls with greater (vs. lower) estradiol (p = .01), and momentary FC and LOC‐eating severity were only positively associated among girls with greater (vs. lower) progesterone (p = .01). Boys' testosterone did not significantly moderate the associations between FC and LOC‐eating severity (ps = .36–.97). At the test meal, pre‐meal FC were positively related to LOC‐eating severity (p < .01), without sex or hormonal moderation (ps = .20–.64).DiscussionFC were related to LOC‐eating severity in boys and girls. In the natural environment, gonadal hormones moderated this relationship in girls, but not boys. The mechanisms through which gonadal hormones might affect the relationship between FC and LOC‐eating warrant investigation.
Deep learning‐based pose estimation for African ungulates in zoos
Authors: Hahn‐Klimroth Max , Kapetanopoulos Tobias , Gübert Jennifer , Dierkes Paul Wilhelm 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

The description and analysis of animal behavior over long periods of time is one of the most important challenges in ecology. However, most of these studies are limited due to the time and cost required by human observers. The collection of data via video recordings allows observation periods to be extended. However, their evaluation by human observers is very time‐consuming. Progress in automated evaluation, using suitable deep learning methods, seems to be a forward‐looking approach to analyze even large amounts of video data in an adequate time frame.

In this study, we present a multistep convolutional neural network system for detecting three typical stances of African ungulates in zoo enclosures which works with high accuracy. An important aspect of our approach is the introduction of model averaging and postprocessing rules to make the system robust to outliers.

Our trained system achieves an in‐domain classification accuracy of >0.92, which is improved to >0.96 by a postprocessing step. In addition, the whole system performs even well in an out‐of‐domain classification task with two unknown types, achieving an average accuracy of 0.93. We provide our system at https://github.com/Klimroth/Video‐Action‐Classifier‐for‐African‐Ungulates‐in‐Zoos/tree/main/mrcnn_based so that interested users can train their own models to classify images and conduct behavioral studies of wildlife.

The use of a multistep convolutional neural network for fast and accurate classification of wildlife behavior facilitates the evaluation of large amounts of image data in ecological studies and reduces the effort of manual analysis of images to a high degree. Our system also shows that postprocessing rules are a suitable way to make species‐specific adjustments and substantially increase the accuracy of the description of single behavioral phases (number, duration). The results in the out‐of‐domain classification strongly suggest that our system is robust and achieves a high degree of accuracy even for new species, so that other settings (e.g., field studies) can be considered.
Immunological analysis of the murine anti‐CD3‐induced cytokine release syndrome model and therapeutic efficacy of anti‐cytokine antibodies
Authors: Nouveau Lise , Buatois Vanessa , Cons Laura , Chatel Laurence , Pontini Guillemette , Pleche Nicolas , Ferlin Walter G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aberrant release of inflammatory mediators often referred to as a cytokine storm or cytokine release syndrome (CRS), is a common and sometimes fatal complication in acute infectious diseases including Ebola, dengue, COVID‐19, and influenza. Fatal CRS occurrences have also plagued the development of highly promising cancer therapies based on T‐cell engagers and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. CRS is intimately linked with dysregulated and excessive cytokine release, including IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL 1, IL‐6, and IL‐10, resulting in a systemic inflammatory response leading to multiple organ failure. Here, we show that mice intravenously administered the agonistic hamster anti‐mouse CD3ε monoclonal antibody 145‐2C11 develop clinical and laboratory manifestations seen in patients afflicted with CRS, including body weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, increased vascular permeability, lung inflammation, and hypercytokinemia. Blood cytokine levels and gene expression analysis from lung, liver, and spleen demonstrated a hierarchy of inflammatory cytokine production and infiltrating immune cells with differentiating organ‐dependent kinetics. IL‐2, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 up‐regulation preceded clinical signs of CRS. The co‐treatment of mice with a neutralizing anti‐cytokine antibody cocktail transiently improved early clinical and laboratory features of CRS. We discuss the predictive use of this model in the context of new anti‐cytokine strategies to treat human CRS.
The limits of gender and regional diversity in the European Association of Social Psychology
Authors: Nyúl Boglárka , Lantos Nóra Anna , Reicher Stephen D. , Kende Anna 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAcademic associations define the scientific standards and affect individual academic careers within a discipline. The European Association of Social Psychology (EASP) was founded in 1966 to become an association for all social psychologists in Europe. However, this was unattainable during the Cold War, and more subtle obstacles, such as women's underrepresentation in academia, prevented EASP from due representation of all social psychologists. Social psychological theory offers insights into why social hierarchies are maintained and how they can be dismantled. We used the case of EASP to analyse challenges to creating a diverse and inclusive association by analysing membership data, participation, distinction and influence throughout the organisation's history (1966–2020) and conducting a more in‐depth analysis for the 2011–2017 period. We found a glass‐ceiling effect for women and a persistent underrepresentation of non‐Western European scholars on all levels. We conclude that increasing diversity requires more fundamental changes to overcome structural inequalities.
Mapping the electronic structure of polypyrrole with image‐based electrochemical scanning tunneling spectroscopy
Authors: Gonçalves Roger , Paiva Robert S. , Ramírez Andrés M. R. , Mwanda Jonathan A. , Pereira Ernesto C. , Cuesta Angel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConducting polymers are semiconductors whose applications cover a wide range of devices. Their versatility is due, in addition to other factors, to properties that can be easily modulated according to the intended application. It is therefore important to study and map the electronic structure of these materials for a better correlation between structure and properties. Electrochemical scanning tunneling spectroscopy (EC‐STS) can be a powerful tool to characterize the electronic structure of the semiconductor interface. In this work, we have used image‐based EC‐STS (IB‐EC‐STS) to describe quantitatively the band structure of an electrochemically deposited polypyrrole film. IB‐EC‐STS located the band edge of the polymer's valence band (VB) at 0.95 V vs. RHE (‐5.33 eV in the absolute potential scale) and the intragap polaron states formed when the polymer is doped, at 0.46 V vs. RHE (‐4.84 eV). The IB‐EC‐STS data were cross‐checked with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott‐Schottky analysis of the interfacial capacitance. The DOS spectrum obtained from EIS data is consistent with the STS‐deduced location of the VB and the polarons.
Antiepileptogenesis and disease modification: Progress, challenges, and the path forward—Report of the Preclinical Working Group of the 2018 NINDS‐sponsored antiepileptogenesis and disease modification workshop
Authors: Galanopoulou Aristea S. , Löscher Wolfgang , Lubbers Laura , O’Brien Terence J. , Staley Kevin , Vezzani Annamaria , D’Ambrosio Raimondo , White H. Steve , Sontheimer Harald , Wolf John A. , Twyman Roy , Whittemore Vicky , Wilcox Karen S. , Klein Brian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEpilepsy is one of the most common chronic brain diseases and is often associated with cognitive, behavioral, or other medical conditions. The need for therapies that would prevent, ameliorate, or cure epilepsy and the attendant comorbidities is a priority for both epilepsy research and public health. In 2018, the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke (NINDS) convened a workshop titled “Accelerating the Development of Therapies for Antiepileptogenesis and Disease Modification” that brought together preclinical and clinical investigators and industry and regulatory bodies’ representatives to discuss and propose a roadmap to accelerate the development of antiepileptogenic (AEG) and disease‐modifying (DM) new therapies. This report provides a summary of the discussions and proposals of the Preclinical Science working group. Highlights of the progress of collaborative preclinical research projects on AEG/DM of ongoing research initiatives aiming to improve infrastructure and translation to clinical trials are presented. Opportunities and challenges of preclinical epilepsy research, vis‐à‐vis clinical research, were extensively discussed, as they pertain to modeling of specific epilepsy types across etiologies and ages, the utilization of preclinical models in AG/DM studies, and the strategies and study designs, as well as on matters pertaining to transparency, data sharing, and reporting research findings. A set of suggestions on research initiatives, infrastructure, workshops, advocacy, and opportunities for expanding the borders of epilepsy research were discussed and proposed as useful initiatives that could help create a roadmap to accelerate and optimize preclinical translational AEG/DM epilepsy research.
The role of rubber farming in household dietary diversity in the upper Mekong region, Southwest China
Authors: Luo Yajie , Min Shi , Bai Junfei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe expansion of cash tree crops, such as natural rubber, in the tropical region of South Asia has resulted in an agricultural transformation from subsistence production to market‐oriented production, implicating the local ecological environment, economy, and household welfare. Based on representative household survey data collected from 611 smallholder rubber farmers in the upper Mekong region, Southwest China, this study examines the impacts of rubber farming on the household dietary diversity of smallholders and explores its potential impact channels through farm production diversity and household income. The results show that rubber expansion has significantly improved household income but negatively affected farm production diversity. While rubber cultivation always has significant and positive effects on dietary diversity, it also indirectly impacts on dietary diversity by the two channels, namely farm production diversity and household income. A set of heterogeneous analyses reveals that rubber cultivation contributes more to household dietary diversity for smallholders having relatively low household wealth or living in a village without a market. While the findings confirm the contribution of rubber cultivation to improving household incomes, food security, and nutrition, the potential risks under the background of falling rubber prices cannot be ignored. The findings of this study not only have important policy implications for improving the food security and nutrition of smallholder rubber farmers but also provide a better understanding of the welfare effects of cash tree crop expansion in tropical regions.
Evaluation of the bioaccessibility of a carotenoid beadlet blend using an in vitro system mimicking the upper gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Hu Chun , Salter Venzon Dawna , Lange Katja , Maathuis Annet , Bellmann Susann , Gellenbeck Kevin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe release characteristics of a unique blend of carotenoid beadlets designed to increase bioavailability were tested using the dynamic gastrointestinal model TIM‐1. Individual carotenoid bioaccessibility peaks were observed over approximately 3–4 hr in the order of lutein and zeaxanthin first, followed by lycopene, and then finally α‐ and β‐carotene; when tested as a beadlet blend or when the beadlets were compressed into tablets. Bioaccessibility measurements of 7%–20% were similar to those previously reported in literature and comparable between the two formulations, beadlet blend and tablet formulations. Total recovery of carotenoids from all compartments ranged from 70% to 90% for all carotenoids, except lycopene where almost 50% was unrecoverable after digestion in the TIM system.