bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes and complications of patients undergoing Salter’s innominate osteotomies for hip dysplasia: a systematic review of comparative studies
Authors: Tejpal Tushar , Shanmugaraj Ajaykumar , Gupta Arnav , Horner Nolan S , Simunovic Nicole , Kishta Waleed , Ayeni Olufemi R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review is to assess outcomes and complications of patients undergoing Salter’s innominate osteotomies (SIOs) for the correction of hip dysplasia along with patient and technical factors that can be optimized to improve outcomes after SIO. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from data inception to 9 October 2018. Data were presented descriptively. Twenty-seven studies were identified including 1818 hips (87.1%) treated with SIO (mean age of 2.1 ± 2.5 years and mean follow-up of 3.5 ± 5.0 years). Patients undergoing SIO had a post-operative center-edge angle (CEA) of 31.3° ± 5.3° and an acetabular index (AI) angle of 16.1° ± 5.2°. Patients undergoing SIO with pre-operative traction had significantly lower (P = 0.049) post-operative McKay criteria scores compared to patients without pre-operative traction. Patients undergoing SIO between the ages of 1.5–2 years had significantly better (P &lt; 0.05) post-operative McKay criteria scores compared to patients aged 4–6 years. The complication rate was 9.4% with avascular necrosis (2.5%) being most common. This review found that SIO for developmental dysplasia of the hip produces generally good post-operative clinical outcomes. The CEA and AI can be corrected to normal range after SIO. Patients may have superior outcomes if they have SIO at a younger age, were not treated with pre-operative traction and did not have untreated contralateral hip dysplasia. Outcomes appear to be similar between one-stage bilateral SIO and a two-stage procedure in the setting of bilateral hip dysplasia; however, more multicentered studies are needed to confirm these results.
Ear photosynthesis in C3 cereals and its contribution to grain yield: methodologies, controversies, and perspectives
Authors: Tambussi Eduardo A , Maydup María L , Carrión Cristian A , Guiamet Juan J , Araus Jose L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In C3 cereals such as wheat and barley, grain filling was traditionally explained as being sustained by assimilates from concurrent leaf photosynthesis and remobilization from the stem. In recent decades, a role for ear photosynthesis as a contributor to grain filling has emerged. This review analyzes several aspects of this topic: (i) methodological approaches for estimation of ear photosynthetic contribution to grain filling; (ii) the existence of genetic variability in the contribution of the ear, and evidence of genetic gains in the past; (iii) the controversy of the existence of C4 metabolism in the ear; (iv) the response of ear photosynthesis to water deficit; and (v) morphological and physiological traits possibly related to ear temperature and thermal balance of the ear. The main conclusions are: (i) there are a number of methodologies to quantify ear photosynthetic activity (e.g. gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence) and the contribution of the ear to grain filling (individual ear shading, ear emergence in shaded canopies, and isotope composition); (ii) the contribution of ear photosynthesis seems to have increased in modern wheat germplasm; (iii) the contribution of the ear to grain filling increases under resource-limitation (water deficit, defoliation, or pathogen infection); (iv) there is genetic variability in the contribution of the ear in wheat, opening up the possibility to use this trait to ameliorate grain yield; (v) current evidence supports the existence of C3 metabolism rather than C4 metabolism; (vi) the ear is a ‘dehydration avoider organ’ under drought; and (vii) thermal balance in the ear is a relevant issue to explore, and more research is needed to clarify the underlying morphological and physiological traits.
Responses to Gradual and Immediate Reduction of Nicotine in Cigarettes in Young Versus Older Adult Smokers
Authors: Cassidy Rachel N , Tidey Jennifer W , Cao Qing , Colby Suzanne M , McClernon Francis J , Smith Tracy T , Dermody Sarah , Koopmeiners Joseph S , Jensen Joni A , Strayer Lori G , Donny Eric C , Hatsukami Dorothy 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Introduction
As the FDA works to determine whether a nicotine reduction policy would benefit public health, one key question is whether to mandate an immediate or gradual reduction in nicotine levels in cigarettes. The aim of this study was to determine whether the effects of gradual versus immediate nicotine reduction on cigarettes per day (CPD), total nicotine equivalents, and subjective responses differed in younger adults versus older adults.

Methods
Using data from a recent randomized trial conducted in the United States (N = 1250) that switched smokers over a 20-week period to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes either immediately, gradually (via monthly reductions in nicotine content), or not at all (control condition, normal nicotine content research cigarette), we analyzed the moderating effect of age (age 18–24 or 25+).

Results
For both age groups, CPD in the immediate condition was significantly lower relative to gradual condition (estimated mean difference of 6.3 CPD in young adults, 5.2 CPD in older adults; p’s &lt; .05). Younger and older adults in the immediate and gradual reduction conditions had lower total nicotine equivalents at Week 20 (all p’s &lt; .05) than those in the control condition; age group did not moderate this effect. Positive subjective responses to cigarettes were lower among young adults relative to older adults in the immediate condition.

Conclusions
These results indicate that an immediate reduction in nicotine would result in beneficial effects in both young and older adults. Young adults show less positive subjective effects of smoking following switching to VLNC cigarettes relative to older adults.

Implications
As researchers work to understand how a potential reduced-nicotine product standard for cigarettes may affect public health, one question is whether nicotine should be reduced immediately or gradually. This study demonstrates that both young and older adults who were switched immediately to the lowest content of nicotine smoked fewer CPD and had lower nicotine intake than those in the gradual condition. Furthermore, young adults appear to show lower positive subjective effects following switching to VLNC cigarettes relative to older adults. This is consistent with previous work demonstrating that young people appear to show lower abuse liability for VLNC cigarettes.
Associations Between Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Ribonucleic Acid Levels and Incidence of Invasive Cancer in People With HIV After Initiation of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Elvstam Olof , Marrone Gaetano , Medstrand Patrik , Treutiger Carl Johan , Svedhem Veronica , Gisslén Magnus , Björkman Per 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viremia could be involved in the increased risk of cancer in people with HIV (PWH) receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We analyzed the association between plasma HIV ribonucleic acid levels in PWH starting cART and incident invasive cancer using the Swedish cohort InfCare HIV linked with national registers.

Methods
Adults starting cART in 1996–2017 were included if they had ≥1 viral load (VL) measurement before receiving any antiretroviral agent (pre-ART VL) and ≥2 VLs ≥6 months after start of cART. Viremia during cART was analyzed both as viremia-copy-years and categorized as suppression (&lt;50 copies/mL), low-level viremia ([LLV] 50–999 copies/mL), and nonsuppression (≥1000 copies/mL). The main outcome was a composite of invasive malignancies with increased incidence among PWH. We fitted proportional subhazard models (including sex, age, pre-ART CD4 count, and injection drug use) for both pre-ART VL and viremia during cART.

Results
After 32 105 person-years, 3254 of 4931 participants (66%) were classified as suppressed, 438 (9%) were classified as LLV, and 1221 (25%) were classified as nonsuppressed. Neither viremia category nor cumulative viremia during cART had a statistically significant association with cancer. Higher pre-ART VL was associated with cancer (adjusted subhazard ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.0–1.8); this remained statistically significant with viremia during cART in the model. In subanalysis, the association with pre-ART VL was statistically significant for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining and infection-related non-AIDS-defining cancer, but not for other malignancies.

Conclusions
In this nationwide cohort, pre-ART VL was an independent predictor of invasive cancer, whereas viremia profile during cART was not associated with cancer incidence.
The Effects of Social Distancing Policies on Non-SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory Pathogens
Authors: Nawrocki Jeff , Olin Katherine , Holdrege Martin C , Hartsell Joel , Meyers Lindsay , Cox Charles , Powell Michaela , Cook Camille V , Jones Jay , Robbins Tom , Hemmert Andrew , Ginocchio Christine C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The initial focus of the US public health response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was the implementation of numerous social distancing policies. While COVID-19 was the impetus for imposing these policies, it is not the only respiratory disease affected by their implementation. This study aimed to assess the impact of social distancing policies on non–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) respiratory pathogens typically circulating across multiple US states.

Methods
Linear mixed-effect models were implemented to explore the effects of 5 social distancing policies on non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory pathogens across 9 states from January 1 through May 1, 2020. The observed 2020 pathogen detection rates were compared week by week with historical rates to determine when the detection rates were different.

Results
Model results indicate that several social distancing policies were associated with a reduction in total detection rate, by nearly 15%. Policies were associated with decreases in pathogen circulation of human rhinovirus/enterovirus and human metapneumovirus, as well as influenza A, which typically decrease after winter. Parainfluenza viruses failed to circulate at historical levels during the spring. The total detection rate in April 2020 was 35% less than the historical average. Many of the pathogens driving this difference fell below the historical detection rate ranges within 2 weeks of initial policy implementation.

Conclusions
This analysis investigated the effect of multiple social distancing policies implemented to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory pathogens. These findings suggest that social distancing policies may be used as an impactful public health tool to reduce communicable respiratory illness.
Calvin and the Efficacy of Infant Baptism
Authors: Bierma Lyle D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter Abstract: This chapter explores the question whether baptism for Calvin functions as a means of knowledge, assurance, and grace not just for adult converts but also for infants, especially since infants are presumably too young to believe. In its examination of the efficacy of infant baptism, the chapter surveys once again the whole of Calvin’s literary corpus, moving through the same stages of his writing career that were laid out in the foregoing chapters. The primary conclusion is that Calvin’s view of infant baptism as an instrument of both knowledge and grace is not as incompatible with his general doctrine of baptismal efficacy as some in the past have suggested. For Calvin, adult convert baptism and pedobaptism are not efficacious in exactly the same way, but the similarities between them are such that the latter can really be viewed as an age-adjusted version of the former.
Moral Constraints on Belief?
Authors: Begby Endre 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The assumption that moral normativity and epistemic normativity run on separate tracks has recently come under pressure from developments such as “moral encroachment” and “doxastic morality.” Motivating these developments is the idea that in morally charged scenarios—for instance where we stand to impart unwarranted harms on others by forming certain beliefs about them—our epistemic requirements change: beliefs that would be justified by the evidence in a morally inert scenario may no longer be justified once the “moral stakes” are taken into account. In this sense, morality can act as a constraint on rational belief formation. This chapter argues that none of these approaches can carry out the task set for them. Specifically, both founder on the fact that moral and non-moral reasoning are often deeply entangled: even if we agreed about the moral principles, our assessment of who falls under the principles would depend on our further, non-moral beliefs.
Glucocorticoids in spondyloarthritis—systematic review and real-world analysis
Authors: Dhir Varun , Mishra Debasish , Samanta Joydeep 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
The objective of this study was to identify and summarize the efficacy and safety of systemic glucocorticoids (GCs) and local injections of GC in SpA.

Methods
PubMed (Medline) and EMBASE were searched with pre-defined keywords for relevant articles in English reporting randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized interventional studies and non-randomized observational studies of the efficacy of GC in SpA, with five or more patients, for inclusion in a systematic literature review. Local injections of GC included IA and entheseal injections, but excluded SI joint injections.

Results
Out of 9657 records identified, there were 14 studies on the use of systemic GCs in SpA (364 patients), including two RCTs of oral prednisolone. On pooling data from two placebo-controlled RCTs (≤24 weeks), BASDAI 50 was 4.2 times more likely (95% CI: 1.5, 11.5) and Ankylosing Spondylitis Assessment Group (ASAS) 20 was twice more likely (95% CI: 1.1, 3.64) to occur in patients on high-dose oral prednisolone (± taper). Pulsed GCs led to dramatic improvements that lasted a few weeks to a few months. There were no deaths or major adverse events. There were 10 studies (560 patients) on local GCs in SpA. IA injection was effective in achieving a sustained response in 51.5–90% of joints at 6 months. Entheseal injections led to reduced pain and improved US parameters.

Conclusion
There were limited studies on either systemic or local injections of GCs in SpA. However, there was good evidence of efficacy with the use of high-dose systemic GCs in the short term (≤6 months) in SpA. Both IA and entheseal injections seemed safe and effective.
Determination of in vitro dry matter, protein, and fiber digestibility and fermentability of novel corn coproducts for swine and ruminants
Authors: Palowski A , Yang Z , Jang J , Dado T , Urriola P E , Shurson G C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
New processes are being used in some dry-grind ethanol plants in the United States and Brazil to improve ethanol yield and efficiency of production while also providing nutritionally enhanced corn coproducts compared with conventional corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of 5 conventional corn DDGS sources and 10 emerging novel corn coproducts for swine and ruminants, and compare coproducts produced using similar processes in the United States and Brazil. Chemical composition, on a dry matter (DM) basis, among the 15 coproducts ranged from 18.5% to 54.7% for crude protein (CP), 12.3% to 51.4% for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 1.6% to 8.6% for acid detergent fiber, 4.7% to 12.3% for ether extract, and 1.6% to 8.6% for ash. For swine, in vitro hydrolysis of DM and CP were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for the three U.S. corn DDGS sources compared with the two Brazilian corn DDGS sources, but in vitro fermentability of DM was comparable (P &gt; 0.05) among all sources except one U.S. DDGS source that had less fermentable DM. High-protein and yeast dried distillers grains (Ultramax, UM; StillPro, SP) coproducts also had comparable (P &gt; 0.05) DM fermentability for swine, but UM coproducts had greater (P &lt; 0.01) DM and CP hydrolysis compared with SP. High-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) from Brazil had greater (P &lt; 0.01) DM and CP hydrolysis, but less (P &lt; 0.01) DM fermentability for swine than HP-DDG produced in the United States, using the same process. For ruminants, total DM digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in conventional DDGS sources from the United States compared with the two DDGS sources from Brazil. Total protein digestibility for ruminants was comparable and above 81% for all coproducts except for a DDGS source from Brazil, a HP-DDG source from the United States, and a UM sample. Interestingly, the corn fiber + solubles coproduct had not only relatively high digestibility of NDF (67.9%), DM (91.6%), and total CP (81.9%) for ruminants, but it also had relatively high total tract digestibility of DM (86.2%) and CP (69.9%) for swine. These results suggest that nutrient digestibility of conventional DDGS sources produced in the United States appear to be greater than corn Brazilian DDGS sources, but new process technologies being implemented in ethanol and coproduct production in both countries can enhance the nutritional value of corn coproducts for both swine and ruminants.
Discrepancies Between Clinician and Participant Intervention Adherence Ratings Predict Percent Weight Change During a Six-Month Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention
Authors: Berry Michael P , Seburg Elisabeth M , Butryn Meghan L , Jeffery Robert W , Crane Melissa M , Levy Rona L , Forman Evan M , Sherwood Nancy E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Individuals receiving behavioral weight loss treatment frequently fail to adhere to prescribed dietary and self-monitoring instructions, resulting in weight loss clinicians often needing to assess and intervene in these important weight control behaviors. A significant obstacle to improving adherence is that clinicians and clients sometimes disagree on the degree to which clients are actually adherent. However, prior research has not examined how clinicians and clients differ in their perceptions of client adherence to weight control behaviors, nor the implications for treatment outcomes.

Purpose
In the context of a 6-month weight-loss treatment, we examined differences between participants and clinicians when rating adherence to weight control behaviors (dietary self-monitoring; limiting calorie intake) and evaluated the hypothesis that rating one’s own adherence more highly than one’s clinician would predict less weight loss during treatment.

Methods
Using clinician and participant-reported measures of self-monitoring and calorie intake adherence, each assessed using a single item with a 7- or 8-point scale, we characterized discrepancies between participant and clinician adherence and examined associations with percent weight change over 6 months using linear mixed-effects models.

Results
Results indicated that ratings of adherence were higher when reported by participants and supported the hypothesis that participants who provided higher adherence ratings relative to their clinicians lost less weight during treatment (p &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
These findings suggest that participants in weight loss treatment frequently appraise their own adherence more highly than their clinicians and that participants who do so to a greater degree tend to lose less weight.
Dengue and leptospirosis infection during the coronavirus 2019 outbreak in Sri Lanka
Authors: Niriella M A , Ediriweera D S , De Silva A P , Premarathna B H R , Jayasinghe S , de Silva H J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A significant decrease in dengue fever cases and a contrasting increase in leptospirosis cases were reported for the second quarter of 2020 compared with 2019 in Sri Lanka. In the absence of significant environmental and weather-related differences to account for these changes in incidence, we investigated the possibility that the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on public health, social behaviour and the restrictions imposed during the lockdown influenced the fluctuations in dengue and leptospirosis infections.
The history of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype C: the first known extinct serotype?
Authors: Paton David J , Di Nardo Antonello , Knowles Nick J , Wadsworth Jemma , Pituco Edviges M , Cosivi Ottorino , Rivera Alejandro M , Kassimi Labib Bakkali , Brocchi Emiliana , de Clercq Kris , Carrillo Consuelo , Maree Francois F , Singh Raj K , Vosloo Wilna , Park Min-Kyung , Sumption Keith J , Ludi Anna B , King Donald P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious animal disease caused by an RNA virus subdivided into seven serotypes that are unevenly distributed in Asia, Africa, and South America. Despite the challenges of controlling FMD, since 1996 there have been only two outbreaks attributed to serotype C, in Brazil and in Kenya, in 2004. This article describes the historical distribution and origins of serotype C and its disappearance. The serotype was first described in Europe in the 1920s, where it mainly affected pigs and cattle but as a less common cause of outbreaks than serotypes O and A. No serotype C outbreaks have been reported in Europe since vaccination stopped in 1990. FMD virus is presumed to have been introduced into South America from Europe in the nineteenth century, although whether serotype C evolved there or in Europe is not known. As in Europe, this serotype was less widely distributed and caused fewer outbreaks than serotypes O and A. Since 1994, serotype C had not been reported from South America until four small outbreaks were detected in the Amazon region in 2004. Elsewhere, serotype C was introduced to Asia, in the 1950s to the 1970s, persisting and evolving for several decades in the Indian subcontinent and for eighteen years in the Philippines. Serotype C virus also circulated in East Africa between 1957 and 2004. Many serotype C viruses from European and Kenyan outbreaks were closely related to vaccine strains, including the most recently recovered Kenyan isolate from 2004. International surveillance has not confirmed any serotype C cases, worldwide, for over 15 years, despite more than 2,000 clinical submissions per year to reference laboratories. Serology provides limited evidence for absence of this serotype, as unequivocal interpretation is hampered by incomplete intra-serotype specificity of immunoassays and the continued use of this serotype in vaccines. It is recommended to continue strengthening surveillance in regions of FMD endemicity, to stop vaccination against serotype C and to reduce working with the virus in laboratories, since inadvertent escape of virus during such activities is now the biggest risk for its reappearance in the field.