bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Assumption of Zero Leakage from Permanently Abandoned Wells on the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Vikane Rune , Selvik Jon Tømmerås , Abrahamsen Eirik Bjorheim , Lohne Hans Petter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Quality data is essential for calculations of expected leakage in wells post Permanent Plug and Abandonment (PP&A). Such data may come from surveys studying hydrocarbon leakage to the marine environment. However, recent literature suggests that current regulatory practices for environmental surveys are suboptimal, giving reason to question the assumption that wells have experienced zero leakage from the deep reservoir post PP&A on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). We investigate whether such an assumption is credible.
The credibility of the assumption of zero leakages is investigated through a review of literature addressing the integrity of wells post PP&A on the NCS, with particular emphasis on a 2021 report from the Norwegian Environmental Agency (NEA). Based on the review, the strength of knowledge supporting the assumption that no wells on the NCS have experienced leakages from their deep reservoirs is discussed. The implications of the uncertainty associated with the assumption of zero leakage on the NCS, the rationale for collecting more relevant data, and how these data may be obtained is also discussed in brief.
The NEA report details the current regulatory practice for environmental surveys on the NCS. This regulatory practice, as it is described in the NEA report, give limited support to a zero leakage assumption. Norwegian regulations require two environmental surveys post Cessation of Production (CoP). These surveys may however occur in the period between CoP and PP&A, and the closest test stations are generally located 250 meters from the wells. Environmental surveys carried out that far from the well, and possibly prior to PP&A, influence data quality. We argue that the environmental survey data claiming zero leakage, lack sufficient evidence. Thus, based on the reviewed literature outlining the current environmental survey practice, although PP&A well design on the NCS should build on sound principles, we are not able to conclude on the assumption of zero leakage.
The interest in risk-based PP&A approaches is increasing globally, and risk-based approaches rely on credible leakage calculations. The failure rates used in these leakage calculations should be based on quality data. The NEA report and other literature indicate that the quality of post PP&A leakage data on the NCS is questionable, and in some cases the data are non-existent. The paper includes suggestions on how to improve the regulatory practice related to environmental surveys.
Optimisation of Plug and Abandonment Process Utilising Nuclear Technology for through Tubing Cement Evaluation
Authors: Valouiski Konstantin , Zainuddin Afiq Azreen , Kalistratov Andrei , Abd Rajab Ahmad Zawawi , Farhan Zulkipli Siti Najmi , Misren M. Mokri , Balachandran Arun , Zulkefli Siti Nor Dahliawati , Awal Adli Zaim 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
One of the major factors in the well plug and abandonment (P&A) process is to provide a proper isolation in aging wells which requires effective placement of the cement plug in the most suitable location in the well. Identifying cement placement is usually achieved by running cement evaluation logging to define the quality of cement and top of cement depth behind and in between the casing annuli.
However, this comes with significant costs due to tubulars or casings removal requirement prior to logging run in order to conduct a proper evaluation. This is necessary since acoustic and ultrasonic based cement evaluation technologies will not be able to determine cement quality behind several casing layers if the job is done through tubing. The cost involved is substantial especially in offshore operation in which the daily operating rate is significantly higher compared to an onshore operation.
A new approach to cement evaluation has been tested during the well P&A campaign in one of the aging oil fields in offshore, Peninsular Malaysia. A nuclear based technology comprised of Gamma-Gamma, Neutron-Neutron and Neutron-Gamma measurements were utilized to evaluate cement integrity behind production casing and between production casing as well as intermediate casing while logging run was deployed through tubing in memory mode.
Log data was compared with acoustic and ultrasonic based cement evaluation technology that was deployed after the tubing was pulled out in one of the wells. Results had shown a consistent finding with the conventional ultrasonic based cement evaluation data. Based on the logging results, cement placement design and depth was finalized and the cement plug was successfully tested as outlined in the well P&A guideline.
Findings from this logging run had provided useful insight to the operator to validate the nuclear based thru tubing cement evaluation technology for wells P&A application. Huge cost saving could be captured through this application as a result of eliminating total rig days via offline cement evaluation logging and based on the results obtained planning for the exact well P&A design requirement prior to the rig arrival.
This paper will outline the method, tools used to acquire the cement evaluation data and its operational advantages. Acquired data will be presented and discussed along with the methodology used to determine cement volume and top of cement depth behind and in between the casings.
Application of Inverted Umbrella Technique in Offshore
Authors: Parmar Yogesh Pravin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The oil and gas industries are setting a new achievement every day by fulfilling the energy security of almost all the nations. With the continuous rise in the demand of a hydrocarbon, industries are facing many new challenges while fulfilling it. One of the major concerns is the safety of an environment and safety of working professionals that HSE Department is continuously focused in. The industry has been in continuous upgradation since its inception to counter all the challenges. Inverted Umbrella Technique (IUT) is the recent innovation in the industry and this could be further more conceptualized by adding its role into the energy industries. This could turn out as a major breakthrough in the oil and gas domain from HSE perspective. The paper here aimed for providing efficient solution by setting up the system that could help us to drawdown the rising concern in the safety of the environment. Inverted Umbrella Technique (IUT) could roll down the new horizons for the offshore productions system in oil and gas industries. The concept is focused on the minimal loss of methane during exploitation of gas hydrates as well as focused on the prevention of oil spill and reducing the damage that blowout of oil or gas well can make to the environment while making sure that industries do not suffer any kind of major capital loss and making it safe for industries to not face many health, safety, and environment (HSE) norms that are decided by the government and most important is, it will help us to create a safe environment for aquatic species living around the offshore platform and nearby.
Soziale Interaktionen in digitalen Lernumgebungen
Authors: Loy Christine 
Published: November 2021

Corona-bedingt musste im Sommersemester 2020 ein Seminar im Bereich der Grundschuldidaktik Sachunterricht, das als Forschendes Lernen konzipiert war, in ein digitales Format umgewandelt werden. Es wird explorativ untersucht, welche Bedeutung die Lehramtsstudierenden in ihren Reflexionsportfolios (N=31) den sozialen Interaktionen im Forschungsprozess zuweisen und wie sie dabei die Virtualität der Lernumgebung thematisieren. Theoretischer Ausgangspunkt ist das Modell der Community of Inquiry (Garrison et al. 1999, 2010), dessen drei Elemente teaching presence, cognitive presence und social presence für die Analyse aufgegriffen werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ko-konstruktive Prozesse in hohem Masse auch in einer digitalen Lernumgebung möglich sind, d. h. Austausch auf der sozio-kognitiven Ebene erfolgreich stattfindet. Die Hochschuldidaktik sollte sich, neben den technischen und räumlichen Herausforderungen durch die digitale Lehre, jedoch auch mit den sozio-emotionalen Wirkungen von digitalen Lehrformaten befassen, da von den Studierenden vor allem die fehlende physische Präsenz als Mangel erlebt wird.
N-Terminal Pro-C-Type Natriuretic Peptide: The Novel Marker in Selected Disease Units
Authors: Tomasiuk Ryszard 
Published: November 2021

Background:Amino-terminal pro-C-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proCNP) is the N-terminal fragment of the CNP precursor. NT-proCNP occurs in an equimolar concentration with CNP in human plasma and is considered to be a marker of the extent of CNP biosynthesis. A recent study has shown associations between plasma NT-proCNP and blood pressure; it is also an independent predictor of death and cardiac readmission in people with unstable angina. Beyond that, recent studies have focused on the applicability of assessing NT-proCNP peptide levels in the diagnosis of diseases with different etiologies but the same denominator, i.e., inflammation.Methods:This study reviewed recent results on the usability of NT-proCNP peptide levels in the diagnosis of diseases accompanied by statistical analysis of previously reported results.Results:The data obtained confirmed the applicability of the assessment of NT-proCNP levels in biological fluids in diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, sepsis, meningitis, and asthenozoospermia.Conclusion:The reported results demonstrated that NT-proCNP is helpful in a variety of diseases. Furthermore, changes in serum or CSF levels of NT-proCNP reflect only inflammatory states related to general inflammation. Local inflammation does not trigger an increase in NT-proCNP level.
Tannic Acid Exhibits Adjuvant Activity by Enhancing Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Against BSA as a Protein Antigen
Authors: Cabral-Hipólito Nidia , Molina-Ramírez Brenda Sarahí , Castillo-Maldonado Irais , Meza-Velázquez Rocío , García-Garza Rubén , Gauna Sergio-Everardo Velázquez , Delgadillo-Guzmán Dealmy , Hernández-Herrera Alejandro , Ramírez-Moreno Agustina , Cruz Jorge Haro Santa , Espino-Silva Perla-Karina , Pedroza-Escobar David 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Immunization or vaccination is the process of inducing artificial immunity
against an antigen taking advantage of the mechanisms of immunological memory. Current
vaccines include substances known as adjuvants, which tend to improve the immunogenicity of the
antigen, reduce the antigen quantity employed, and boost the immune response in weak responders.
Unfortunately, only a few vaccine adjuvants are approved for human use.

Objective:
Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Tannic acid on humoral
and cell-mediated immunity against bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a protein antigen in Wistar
rats.

Method:
In order to establish the Tannic acid concentration to test it as an adjuvant, the lethal
dose 50 and maximum non-toxic dose were calculated through cytotoxicity and hemolytic assays
with J774 A.1 cell line and rat erythrocytes by resazurin reduction method and UV/vis spectrophotometry.
Thirty Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups that included two controls without antigen
and three treatment groups of adjuvants plus BSA as a protein antigen. The rats were immunized in
a 30-day scheme. Blood samples were collected for humoral immunity analysis by means of immunoglobulin
quantification, isotyping and antigen-antibody precipitation inhibition analysis. Rat
peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes were isolated for cell-mediated immunity analysis by
means of nitric oxide quantification from adjuvant stimulated peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes
proliferation assay.

Results:
Tannic acid was capable of increasing the immunogenicity of the antigen; besides, it was
able to stimulate cell-mediated immunity by means of increased lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover,
Tannic acid improved the humoral response by means of increased specific antibodies titers.
These activities may be attributed to pattern recognition receptors stimulation.

Conclusion:
Tannic acid was considered biocompatible when tested in vivo because the concentration
tested did not show cytotoxicity or hemolytic effect, and there was no detrimental effect observed
on the animals’ health. These results show Tannic acid as a promising candidate for vaccine
adjuvant.
Millennium Nutrient N,N-Dimethylglycine (DMG) and its Effectiveness
in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Dhanjal Daljeet Singh , Bhardwaj Sonali , Chopra Chirag , Singh Reena , Patocka Jiri , Plucar Bohumir , Nepovimova Eugenie , Valis Martin , Kuca Kamil 
Published: November 2021

:
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder belonging to the autism spectrum disorder
(ASD). In ASDs, the individuals show substantial impairments in social communication,
repetitive behaviours, and sensory behaviours deficits in the early stages of their
life. Globally, the prevalence of autism is estimated to be less than 1%, especially in high-
-income countries. In recent decades, there has been a drastic increase in the incidence of
ASD, which has put ASD into the category of epidemics. Presently, two US Food and
Drug Administration-approved drugs, aripiprazole and risperidone, are used to treat
symptoms of agitation and irritability in autistic children. However, to date, no medication
has been found to treat the core symptoms of ASD. The adverse side effects of conventional
medicine and limited treatment options have led families of autistic children to
turn to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments, which are perceived
as relatively safe compared to conventional medicine. Recently N, N-dimethylglycine (DMG),
a dietary supplement, has emerged as a useful supplement to improve the mental
and physical state of children with ASD. The current review discusses ASD, the prevalence
of ASD, the CAM approach, and the efficacy of CAM treatment in children with
ASD. Moreover, it highlights the chemistry, pharmacological effect, and clinical studies
of DMG, highlighting its potential for improving the lifestyle of children with ASD.
Quantitative Estimate of the Resonance Effects in Some Unsaturated, Monocyclic,
and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Based on the Renewed Optical Exaltations
Authors: Zaitsev Boris A. 
Published: November 2021

:
The present review discusses a new viewpoint on refractometry as the oldest experimental
physical method, whose scientific potential in the estimation of structural effects in
organic chemistry has been missed so far. The author demonstrates that upon certain adjustment
and redesign of refractometry, this potential can be tapped and successfully used to determine
a type of π-electron interaction, delocalization degree of π-electrons in organic compounds,
and to perform quantitative estimates of resonance effects in unsaturated, (polycyclic)
aromatic, and other polyconjugated systems (e.g., fullerenes). The method for accurate separation
of molar refraction into additive and constitutive components was suggested; the method
is based on the specially developed additive scheme. It was revealed that the negative deviations
from additivity for cycloalkanes depend linearly on the number of carbon atoms in the
ring. Excellent linear correlations between renewed optical exaltations, the number of π-electrons in a conjugated
system, and experimentally found resonance energy (determined from hydrogenation heat values) were demonstrated.
Angular coefficients of the correlation series (ρ-constants) are considered as a criterion of classification, which
characterizes the degree of mobility of π-electrons in the conjugated system of a given type. It is emphasized that
the development of methods for precise measurement of the constitutive components of molar refraction may become
a useful additional source of information about resonance and other effects in organic and polymer chemistry.
Heterogeneity of Tau Deposition and Microvascular Involvement in MCI and AD
Authors: Bryant Annie G. , Manhard Mary K. , Salat David H. , Rosen Bruce R. , Hyman Bradley T. , Johnson Keith A. , Huang Susie , Bennett Rachel E. , Yen Yi-Fen 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Reduced cerebrovascular function and accumulation of tau pathology are
key components of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent multimodal neuroimaging
studies show a correlation between cortical tau accumulation and reduced cerebral perfusion.
However, animal models predict that tau exerts capillary-level changes that may not be fully captured
by standard imaging protocols.

Objective:
Using newly-developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology to measure capillary-
specific perfusion parameters, we examined a series of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and
AD patients with tau positron emission tomography (PET) to observe whole-brain capillary perfusion
alterations and their association with tau deposition.

Methods:
Seven subjects with MCI or AD received Flortaucipir PET to measure tau deposition
and spin-echo dynamic susceptibility contrast (SE-DSC) MRI to measure microvascular perfusion
(<10μm radius vessels). Gradient-echo (GE) DSC and pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL)
MRI were also acquired to assess macrovascular perfusion. Tau PET, microvascular perfusion,
and cortical thickness maps were visually inspected in volumetric slices and on cortical surface
projections.

Results:
High tau PET signal was generally observed in the lateral temporal and parietal cortices,
with uptake in the occipital cortex in one subject. Global blood flow measured by PCASL was reduced
with increasing tau burden, which was consistent with previous studies. Tau accumulation
was spatially associated with variable patterns of microvascular cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen
extraction fraction (OEF) in the cortex and with increased capillary transit heterogeneity (CTH)
in adjacent periventricular white matter, independent of amyloid-β status.

Conclusion:
Although macrovascular perfusion generally correlated with tau deposition at the
whole-cortex level, regional changes in microvascular perfusion were not uniformly associated
with either tau pathology or cortical atrophy. This work highlights the heterogeneity of AD-related
brain changes and the challenges of implementing therapeutic interventions to improve cerebrovascular
function.
Computer-Aided Detection of Human Lung Nodules on Computer Tomography Images via Novel Optimized Techniques
Authors: Seelan Lim J. , Suresh L. Padma , K.S. Abhilash , P.K. Vivek 
Published: November 2021

Background:
As the mortality rate of lung cancer is enormously high, its impact is also
extremely higher than the other types of cancer. Lung malignancy is thus considered one of the deadliest
diseases with a high death rate in the world. It is reported that nearly 1.2 million people are diagnosed
with this disease and about 1.1 million individuals are died due to this type of cancer every year.
The early detection of this disease is the only solution for minimizing the death rate or maximizing the
survival rate. However, the timely identification of lung malignant growth is a complex process and
hence various imaging algorithms are employed in the process of detecting lung cancer on time.

Aim:
The Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) is highly beneficial for the radiologist to rapidly detect
and diagnose the irregularities in advance. The CAD systems usually focus on identifying and detecting
the lung nodules. As the treatment of this disease is provided on the basis of its stages, the early
detection of cancer has to be given much importance. The major drawbacks of existing CAD systems
are less accuracy in segmenting the nodule and staging the lung cancer.

Objective:
The major aim of this work is to categorize the lung nodules from the CT image and classify
the tumorous cells for identifying the exact position of cancer with higher sensitivity, precision, and
accuracy than other strategies.

Methods:
The methods employed in this study are listed as follows: (i) For the process of de-noising
and edge sharpening of lung image, the curvelet transform was used. (ii) The Fuzzy thresholding technique
was used to perform lung image binarization and lung boundary corrections. (iii) Segmentation
was performed by implementing the K-means algorithm. (iv) By using Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN), different stages of lung nodules, like benign and malignant, were identified.

Results:
The proposed classifier achieves optimal accuracy of 97.3%, a sensitivity of 98.6%, and a
specificity of 96.1%, which are significantly better than the other approaches. Thus, the proposed approach
is highly helpful in detecting lung cancer in its early stages.

Conclusion:
The results validate that the proposed algorithms are highly capable of classifying the
lung images into various stages, which effectively helps the radiologist in the decision-making process.
Bilirubin and Epigenetic Modifications in Metabolic and Immunometabolic
Disorders
Authors: Sarabi Mostafa Moradi , Babaeenezhad Esmaeel , Amini Maral , Kaviani Mozhgan , Naghibalhossaini Fakhraddin 
Published: November 2021

:
Bilirubin is the main waste product of heme catabolism. At high concentrations, bilirubin may cause toxicity, especially in the brain, kidney, and erythrocytes. Membrane and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, excitotoxicity, inflammation, and epigenetic modifications are the main mechanisms of toxicity triggered by bilirubin in susceptible organs. Many studies have shown that there is an interaction between bilirubin and epigenetic modifications in metabolic and immune diseases. In this review, we first outline the toxicity mediated by bilirubin and then summarize the current knowledge linking bilirubin and epigenetic modifications in metabolic and immunometabolic disorders.
Predicting Video Game Addiction Through the Dimensions of Consumer Video Game Engagement: Quantitative and Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Abbasi Amir Zaib , Rehman Umair , Afaq Zahra , Rafeh Mir Abdur , Hlavacs Helmut , Mamun Mohammed A , Shah Muhammad Umair 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundVideo games are expanding exponentially with their increased popularity among users. However, this popularity has also led to an increase in reported video game addiction. There may be consumer engagement–related factors that may influence video game addiction.ObjectiveThis study aims to empirically examine the impact of the dimensions of consumer video game engagement on video game addiction. The dimensions are dedication, absorption, conscious attention, social connection, enthusiasm, and interaction. We utilize the uses and gratifications theory to study the video game engagement dimensions as potential factors through which gamers feel gratified and engaged in video game playing. Additionally, this study incorporates the cultivation theory to investigate how video game engagement factors trigger video game addiction.MethodsA two-step process was applied for data analysis on valid cases of 176 gamers aged 15-25 years: video game addiction was specified and validated as a reflective-formative construct, and hypothesis testing was later performed using the WarpPLS on valid respondents.ResultsThe analysis uncovered 2 dimensions of video game engagement: social connection with P=.08 and interaction with P=.49, which did not significantly contribute to video game addiction.ConclusionsThis study offers unique insights to a myriad of stakeholders, mostly psychologists and psychiatrists, who routinely prescribe behavior modification techniques to treat video game addiction.