bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Causes of Susceptibility of the Elderly to COVID-19 Pneumonia Under the Natural State Based on a Behavioural Perspective: A Retrospective Study Taking ,the Early Onset of the Disease in Wuhan,China, as an Example
Authors: Niu Qiang , Jiang Yixiao , Zhang Junbo , Guo Yikai , Si Zhiqiang 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the early epidemic of COVID-19 in Wuhan, the proportion of elderly patients over 60 years was significantly higher than that of other populations. However, with the implementation of strong social control measures, the proportion of which dropped rapidly to the same level as that of middle-aged patients (40-59), which indicated that the elders’ social behavioural pattern may have some connections with the infection. A retrospective study was carried out to investigate the behavioural patterns of different age groups before the social distance control in Wuhan, to find out the relationship between them and the infection under the nature state, and furthermore, to put forward targeted suggestions to enhance the resistance of the elderly to public health emergencies. To carry out the research, social survey, one-way ANOVA and logistic regression models were utilized. The results showed that the elderly had more social activities, more offline shopping, more travels by semi-public transportation, and the factors below had significant impacts on the infection (P<0.05): the level of indoor entertainment, the frequency of going to convenience stores or markets, the frequency of walking, and the level of protection. Besides, suggestions were proposed, including controlling the social distance of the elderly, developing senior-friendly shopping platforms, advocating tailored car travel, etc. This study could provide data and theoretical support for government's regulatory actions, enrich epidemiological theories of transmission routes based on behaviour, and improve the adaptability of the elderly to public health emergencies.
Effect of Baihu and Guizhi Decoction in acute gouty arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study
Authors: He Yikun , Dai Chaoran , Shen Jiaying , Chen Qianwen , Gao Jiandong , Pan Xin , Gan Jing 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background

The prevalence rates of gout worldwide have increased annually. Acute gouty arthritis (AGA) accounts for a large proportion of gout patients and causes severe physical and mental pain in patients. Controlling the occurrence and development of gout inflammation is the first step in the treatment of gout. The main treatment drugs in gout are Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS), colchicine and glucocorticoids, but these treatments have many adverse reactions which limit their clinical application. Baihu and Guizhi decoction (BHGZ) is one of the classic prescriptions in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, and is a good prescription for AGA. Previous clinical studies have shown that BHGZ confers a strong benefit for treating AGA. However, the literature shows a lack of high-quality RCT research on BHGZ with respect to AGA. Therefore, in this study, we use a randomized, double-blind, controlled study with a placebo to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of BHGZ on the AGA of moist heat arthralgia spasm syndrome.
Methods

This study is a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. A total of 102 adult participants with AGA of moist heat arthralgia spasm syndrome will be enrolled, with balanced treatment allocation (1:1). The experimental intervention will be BHGZ plus the low-dose colchicine and the control intervention will be placebo plus the low-dose colchicine for 10 days. To study the clinical efficacy (including VAS score; joint tenderness, joint swelling, joint movement disorder; TCM evidence efficacy score) and the changes of inflammatory indexes. At the same time, the improvement of joint inflammation in patients with AGA will be observed from musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging, and the safety evaluation will be carried out.
Discussion

This study will be the first placebo-controlled RCT to assess whether BHGZ plus low-dose colchicine have beneficial effects on changing reducing inflammation of joints for patients with AGA of moist heat arthralgia spasm syndrome. The results of this trial will help to provide evidence-based recommendations for clinicians.
Trial registration:

Chinese Clinical Trials Register, ChiCTR1900024974. Registered on 5 August 2019.
Analyzing Features and Social Determinants of the Incidence of Class A and B Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China From 2004 to 2018
Authors: Zhang Chenxi , Wang Haiyin , Jin Chunlin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background: The social order of the whole world has been disrupted since the COVID-19 outbreak. In China, we added novel coronavirus pneumonia to the list of Class B notifiable infectious diseases, and we placed Class A notifiable infectious diseases under strict monitoring. Therefore, it is significant that we study the features and social determinants of the incidence of both Class A and B infectious diseases.Methods: We analyzed the annual percentage change in the incidence of overall infectious diseases and the four main diseases by descriptive statistics analysis, estimated the differences in the incidence of infections in seven regions over 15 years by using a generalized estimation equation (GEE), and then determined social determinants affecting these infectious diseases by using a panel data model.Results: The incidence of overall Class A and B infectious diseases has been declining since January 2004. The infectious diseases with the highest yearly incidence were hepatitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, and bacterial and amoebic dysentery, with an incidence rate that has remained stable over the past 15 years. The locations of disease incidence in ascending order from low to high was East China, Northeast China, North China, Southwest China, Central China, South China, and Northwest China (c2=68.60 p<0.001). The changes in the characteristics of yearly incidence varied (c2=44.84 p<0.001). We found that two determinants, namely, percentage of people with illiteracy in the total population aged 15 years and older (p=0.01) and number of family health service people per capita (p<0.001), were positive for infectious diseases. Three determinants, including public green areas per capita (p<0.001), number of public transportation vehicles per 10 000 people (p=0.02) and area of paved roads per capita (p<0.001), were negative for infectious diseases.Conclusions: We successfully prevented and controlled Class A and B infectious diseases after the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003. Over the years, hepatitis and tuberculosis have had the highest incidence among infectious diseases and thus more attention needs to be given to these diseases. Social determinants had a significant influence on infectious diseases. Some strategies related to social determinants are needed to prevent infectious diseases.
Determinants for Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine among Nigerians
Authors: Eze Ugochukwu A , Ndoh Kingsley I Ndoh , Ibisola Babalola A. , Onwuliri Chinemerem D. , Osiyemi Adenakan , Ude Nnamdi , Chime Amalachukwu A , Ogbor Eric O , Alao Adegboyega O , Abdullahi Ashiru 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
AimTo assess the degree and determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine among NigeriansMaterials and methodsFollowing appropriate ethical protocol, a population-based cross-sectional study conducted from November 2020 to January 2021 using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire from a previous study adapted to suit the Nigeria setting and distributed among Nigerians aged 18 years and above. The country was grouped in to three regions: East, North and West representing the major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Participants were recruited based on six different catchments: residential, marketplace recreational areas, cooperate organizations, schools, and Faith-based organizations. Information obtained include socio-demographics, medical history related pertinent to COVID-19, level of knowledge, risk perception, and attitudes towards of COVID-19 and the vaccine amongst others. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done on the variables and results were summarized into percentages and associations noted.ResultsA total of 358 responses were obtained out of the 120 questionnaires distributed in each of the three regions of which. The mean age of respondents was 32years (± 11.2SD). Igbo and Yoruba were the major ethnic groups comprising 38% and 31% of study participants respectively. Three-quarter had tertiary education, 43% of them were civil servants and professionals, 34% of them were unemployed, and 8.9% of them were roadside traders. Majority (66.2%) were willing to accept the approved vaccine with male gender, identifying as Christian, Hausa ethnicity and living in the northern Nigeria had a significant positive association with COVID-19 vaccine uptake.Conclusiontwo out of three Nigerian adults indicated interest in accepting the corona virus vaccine. This calls with critical stakeholders and leaders at all levels to be involved in public education based on sound evidence and the discouragement of the spread of conspiracy theories to eliminate the negative associated factors will reduce vaccine hesitancy and increase COVID-19 vaccination rates in Nigeria.
Application of dual-stream 3D convolutional neural network based on 18F-FDG PET/CT in distinguishing benign and invasive adenocarcinoma in ground-glass lung nodules
Authors: Shao Xiaonan , Niu Rong , Shao Xiaoliang , Gao Jianxiong , Shi Yunmei , Jiang Zhenxing , Wang Yuetao 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose: This work aims to train, validate and test a dual-stream three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) based on Fluorine 18 (18F)-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT to distinguish benign lesions and invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC) in ground-glass nodules (GGNs).Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with suspicious GGNs who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT in our hospital from November 2011 to November 2020. The patients with benign lesions or IAC were selected for this study. According to the ratio of 7:3, the data was randomly divided into training data and testing data. Partial image feature extraction software was used to segment PET and CT images, and the training data after using the data augmentation was used for the training and validation (5-fold cross-validation) of the three CNNs (PET, CT, and PET/CT networks).Results: A total of 23 benign nodules and 92 IAC nodules from 106 patients were included in this study. In the validation set, the performance of PET network (accuracy of 0.92 ± 0.02; sensitivity and specificity of 0.97 ± 0.03 and 0.94 ± 0.04) were better than CT network (accuracy of 0.84 ± 0.03; sensitivity and specificity of 0.90 ± 0.07 and 0.90 ± 0.04); in the testing set, the performance of both networks declined. However, when the specificity was close, the accuracy and sensitivity of PET network (0.79 ± 0.05 and 0.90 ± 0.05) were still higher than CT network (0.72 ± 0.05 and 0.79 ± 0.08). For the dual-stream PET/CT network, its performance was almost the same as PET network in the validation set; while in testing set, although its performance decreased (accuracy was 0.81 ± 0.03; sensitivity and specificity were 0.92 ± 0.03 and 0.86 ± 0.00), it was still higher than CT or PET networks. Moreover, the accuracy of PET/CT network was higher than two nuclear medicine physicians [Physician 1 (3-year experience): 0.70 and Physician 2 (10-year experience): 0.73]. Conclusion: The 3D-CNN based on 18F-FDG PET/CT can be used to distinguish benign lesions and IAC in GGNs, and the performance is better when both CT and PET images are used together.
Causes of Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients: A SEER-Based Study
Authors: Kumar Peri Harish , Dwarka Sai Sharan , Zahid Talal , Rehman Habib Ur , Bains Tajbinder Singh , Joseph Suneet John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Objective: To identify cancer and non-cancer causes of death in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients over different time periods after diagnosis and to compare the mortality risk of each cause in HCC patients with the general population.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, data of 67,637 HCC patients from 1975 to 2016 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We investigated the association between different causes of death and the following variables: age, race, tumor stage at diagnosis, and treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy); each according to the periods of < 1 year, 1–5 years, 5–10 years, and > 10 years following the diagnosis. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for cancer and non-cancer deaths in each of the mentioned periods following diagnosis.Results: Data of 67,637 patients, of whom 50,571 patients died during the follow-up period, were analyzed. Most deaths were due to HCC itself (35,535, 70.3%), followed by other cancers (3,983, 7.9%). Common causes of non-cancer mortality included infectious and parasitic diseases including HIV (2,823 patients, SMR = 105.68, 95% CI: 101.82-109.65), chronic liver disease (2,719 patients, SMR = 76.56, 95% CI: 73.71,79.5), and heart diseases (1,265 patients, SMR = 2.26, 95% CI: 2.14–2.39), with higher mortality risk in HCC patients than in the general population.Conclusion: Cancers stand for most deaths in patients with HCC. Besides, infectious, and parasitic diseases including HIV represent the commonest non-cancer cause of mortality.
Chronic Cadmium Exposure Aggravates the Cardiac Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Mice by Promoting Inflammation and Fibrosis
Authors: Liu Xiuxiu , Wang Shuai , Li Mengyang , Li Jiafu , Sheng Zhijie , zhang Jie , zhang zengli 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious diabetic complication with high mortality. Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and plays an important role in cardiac lesions. However, whether Cd aggravates DCM is debatable. In the present study, the effects of chronic Cd exposure on cardiomyopathy in normal and type 2 diabetic mice were investigated. Methods: Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups: blank control (normal mice without Cd exposure), Cd control (normal mice with Cd exposure, exposure level 1.74-2.45 mg/kg/day), diabetic mice control (diabetic mice without Cd exposure) and experimental group (diabetic mice with Cd exposure, exposure level 1.37-3.58 mg/kg/day). After 16 weeks Cd exposure, echocardiography was performed to determine cardiac structure and function. Other outcomes measures included myocardial injury, inflammation and fibrosis. Results: Cd damaged the cardiac function by decreased EF% (ejection fraction) and FS% (fractional shortening) and increased concentration of cTnT (cardiac troponin T) and the expressions of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) in normal mice. For experimental group, the expression of IL-1 (Interleukin-1), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1), FN (fibronectin) and TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1) were significantly increased, indicating that Cd promoted the accumulations of fibrosis and inflammation in diabetic mice. In terms of cardiac function, compared with normal mice, the cardiac injury marker of experimental mice was increased and the myocardial contractility was further attenuate, suggesting diabetic mice were more sensitive than normal mice when exposed to cadmium. Conclusion: Cd could damage the heart contractility and aggravate the disruption of cardiac function in diabetic mice by deteriorating inflammation and fibrosis.
Detecting Financial Statement Fraud with Interpretable Machine Learning
Authors: Liu Zhongzhu , Ye Rongguang , Ye Rongye 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this study, we explored a stable and explainable model in the detection of financial fraud. To effectively handle imbalanced datasets, we selected the Smote oversampling algorithm with the highest AUC value and compared it with Borderline Smote and ADASYN algorithms. Using the MCB method, we found that the Adaptive Lasso algorithm had higher stability than SCAD, MCP, Stepwise, and SQRT Lasso algorithms. Moreover, the AUC value was improved by WoE encoding and IV value testing of the features. Finally, we ranked the fraud factors based on the importance of the features, and the partial dependence function was used to make the model interpretable. By comparing the AUC and KS values, the integrated models XGBoost, LightGBM, and RF showed better ability to identify financial fraud compared with traditional models such as SVM and LR.
Diagnostic performance of a wearing dynamic ECG recorder for Atrial Fibrillation screening: The HUAMI heart study
Authors: Wenxia Fu , Ruogu Li 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac dysrhythmia with a significant morbidity and mortality rate. Notably, one out of three patients with AF is asymptomatic. Given the asymptomatic and paroxysmal nature of AF, AF's timely detection with traditional instruments is somewhat unsatisfactory and delayed. Thus, wearing a dynamic electrocardiogram (ECG) recorder can help analyze, interpret, and distinguish AF from normal sinus rhythm accurately and safely, even in an upright position and after exercises, using an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm.Methods: A total of 114 participants in the outpatient registry of our institution from June 24, 2020 to July 24, 2020, were enrolled. Participants were tested with a wearable dynamic ECG recorder and 12-lead ECG in a supine, an upright position and after exercises for 60seconds. Results: A total of 114 subjects (sixty-one with normal sinus rhythm, fifty-three with AF) were enrolled in the study. The number of cases unable to be determined by the dynamic ECG recorder wristband was two, one in each group. Case results not clinically objective were defined as false-negative or false-positive. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity using wearable dynamic ECG recorders in a supine position were 94.74% (95% CI% 88.76%-97.80%), 88.68% (95% CI 77.06%-95.07%) and100% (95% CI 92.91%-100%), respectively. Meanwhile, the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in an upright position were 97.37% (95% CI% 92.21%-99.44%), 94.34% (95% CI 84.03%-98.65%), and 100% (95% CI 92.91%-100%), respectively. The result after exercise was the same as the result of the upright position.Conclusion: AF can be detected using the widely accessible wearable dynamic ECG recorder with an AI algorithm after different postures and exercises. It may provide a useful and user-friendly screening tool, diagnosing AF early in at-risk individuals.
Interdecadal Change in the Effect of Tibetan Plateau Snow Cover on Spring Precipitation over Eastern China around the Early 1990s
Authors: Zhang Chao , Guo Yuanyuan , Wen Zhiping 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Previous works extensively investigated the influences of the winter-spring Tibetan Plateau snow cover (TP, TPSC) on climate variability over the East Asia. The present work documents an interdecadal-changed impacts of different spring TPSC anomaly (TPSCA) patterns on spring precipitation over eastern China (SPEC) around the early 1990s. It is found that the correlation of eastern and western TPSCA shifts from negative to positive around 1990. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis applying onto the spring TPSCA during 1970–1989 (P1) and during 1991–2017 (P2) adds additional support for such interdecadal change in the relationship between the eastern and western TPSCA. Specifically, the leading EOF (EOF1) mode in P1 shows an out-of-phase pattern with opposite signals lying over the eastern and western TP, while the counterpart in P2 is characterized by an in-phase pattern over the entire TP. Corresponding to more (less) snow cover in the eastern (western) TP in P1, a significant TP cold cyclone (TPCC) and a downstream anticyclone over the western North Pacific are observed. Anomalous southerly flow prevailing east to TPCC could bring the warm-wet air from tropics to the coast of East Asian, which largely enhances the spring precipitation south to Yangtze River Valley (YRV). By contrast, regarding more snow cover both in the eastern and western TP in P2, a relatively northward-displaced and wider TPCC sweeps over the entire TP compared with the TPSC-induced TPCC in P1. Moreover, there are significant sinking anomalies observed in the downstream YRV-HRV region, which leads to suppressed spring precipitation over there via the dry-cold advection process. Hence, these discrepancies of local and downstream atmospheric circulation induced by the out-of-phase and in-phase TPSCA patterns in two epochs play an important role in resulting in the interdecadal shift of the SPEC anomaly pattern around 1990.
Performance Evaluation of CMIP6 Global Climate Models for Selecting Models for Climate Projection over Nigeria
Authors: Shiru Mohamed Sanusi , Chung Eun-Sung 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This study assessed the performances of 13 GCMs of the CMIP6 in replicating precipitation and maximum and minimum temperatures over Nigeria during 1984–2014 in order to identify the best GCMs for multi model ensemble aggregation for climate projection. The study uses the monthly full reanalysis precipitation product Version 6 of Global Precipitation Climatology Centre and the maximum and minimum temperature CRU version TS v. 3.23 products of Climatic Research Unit as reference data. The study applied five statistical indices namely, normalized root mean square error, percentage of bias, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, and coefficient of determination; and volumetric efficiency. Compromise programming (CP) was then used in the aggregation of the scores of the different GCMs for the variables. Spatial assessment, probability distribution function, Taylor diagram, and mean monthly assessments were used in confirming the findings from the CP. The study revealed that CP was able to uniformly evaluate the GCMs even though there were some contradictory results in the statistical indicators. Spatial assessment of the GCMs in relation to the observed showed the highest ranked GCMs by the CP were able to better reproduce the observed properties. The least ranking GCMs were observed to have both spatially overestimated or underestimated precipitation and temperature over the study area. In combination with the other measures, the GCMs were ranked using the final scores from the CP. IPSL-CM6A-LR, NESM3, CMCC-CM2-SR5, and ACCESS-ESM1-5 were the highest ranking GCMs for precipitation. For maximum temperature, INM.CM4-8, BCC-CSM2-MR, MRI-ESM2-0, and ACCESS-ESM1-5 ranked the highest while AWI-CM-1-1-MR, IPSL-CM6A-LR, INM.CM5-0, and CanESM5 ranked the highest for minimum temperature.