bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of mechanical removal of perennial ryegrass overseeding out of bermudagrass to chemical transitions
Authors: Dickson K. H. , Segars C. A. , Sorochan J. C. , Moss J. Quetone , Harris D. , Strunk W. D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the fall, bermudagrass athletic fields are overseeded with perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.] to provide a uniform playing surface to slowed or dormant bermudagrass. Chemical techniques have been utilized for quick and efficient spring transition of perennial ryegrass. Fraise mowing has been identified as a tool that can aid in ryegrass transition in the spring. These studies were to determine the effectiveness of spring transition comparing mechanical removal of perennial ryegrass overseeding to traditional techniques on ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. In 2017, field studies were conducted at the University of Tennessee Center for Athletic Field Safety (Knoxville, TN) and the Oklahoma State University Turfgrass Research Center (Stillwater, OK). The seven treatments for the study were: fraise mow at 6.4 mm from the grass surface, fraise mow at 12.7 mm from the grass surface, fraise mow at 19.1 mm from the grass surface, spray application of trifloxysulfuron at the 27.8 g ha−1 with non‐ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v, spray application of foramsulfuron at the 28.9 g ha−1, scalping (19.1 mm) with a rotatory mower, and an untreated control. Treatments were initiated on 11 May 2017 in Stillwater, OK USA and 17 May 2017 in Knoxville, TN USA. Plots were monitored for six weeks following treatment application. Fraise mowing at 12.7 mm was identified as the optimum depth for perennial ryegrass transitioning in this study compared to chemical transitions. This study found that the fraise mowing at 12.7 mm removed more perennial ryegrass and maintained percent green turfgrass cover throughout the study. However, if time of use for the turfgrass area is not a primary concern then depths greater than 12.7 mm are effective at perennial ryegrass removal but delay spring green‐up.
Selective perennial ryegrass control in creeping bentgrass with flazasulfuron
Authors: Goddard Matthew J. R. , Gonçalves Clebson G. , Askew Shawn D. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTLolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) commonly contaminates Agrostis stolonifera L. (creeping bentgrass) on cool‐season golf courses. Currently, few herbicide options are available for the selective control of L. perenne in A. stolonifera. Previous studies have indicated that flazasulfuron could be a potential solution, so trials were conducted at three sites in Blacksburg, VA to evaluate flazasulfuron rates and sequential treatments for L. perenne control and A. stolonifera response. Flazasulfuron applied once at 8.8 g a.i. ha−1; twice at 1.1, 2.2, and 4.4 g a.i. ha−1; and three times at 1.1 and 2.2 g a.i. ha−1 completely controlled L. perenne by 5 weeks after initial treatment (WAIT). Sulfosulfuron and bispyribac‐sodium controlled L. perenne 68 and 35% 5 WAIT, respectively. All flazasulfuron treatments eliminated L. perenne cover, sulfofulfuron reduced cover from 34 to 11% at one site, and bispyribac‐sodium did not influence cover 9 WAIT. All treatments generally caused up to 10% A. stolonifera injury within one week of each treatment but only flazasulfuron at 4.4 g a.i. ha−1 and sulfosulfuron caused unacceptable and persistent injury. Flazasulfuron applied in sequence at rates of ≤2.2 g a.i. ha−1 causes mild and transient discoloration of A. stolonifera but completely controls L. perenne.
Seeking green grass: Strong sustainability for golf and turfgrass
Authors: Fitzpatrick Robbie , White Rehema , Matthews Iain 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite practical advances in many areas of sustainability, golf still faces a number of complex, interlinked challenges heading into the future. Using strong sustainability as a critical interpretive lens, this paper radically reimagines what golf is, what golf does, and what golf can be for current and future generations and identifies some possibilities to be found through the theory and practice of sustainable development. For the sake of current and future generations, golf must explore means of minimizing resource inputs, minimizing waste outputs, optimizing use of renewable energy and maximizing player participation and satisfaction. To do this, golf requires a paradigm shift from efficiency to sufficiency supported by big thinking, moral responsibility and radical renovations in its practices, technologies and values. Using the fundamental principles of sustainability, we begin to envision an overhaul of golf as part of broader societal transformations. In short, this paper poses a provocation for “thinking otherwise” about golf and sustainability and opens fertile ground for turfgrass practitioners and researchers to begin cultivating more resilient and sustainable fields of play.
Winter survival of experimental bermudagrasses in the upper transition zone of the U.S.
Authors: Xiang Mingying , Fry Jack , Wu Yanqi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWinter survival is the limiting factor in developing new bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) cultivars for use in the transition zone. Part of the turfgrass breeding focus at Oklahoma State University (OSU) for years has been working on the development of bermudagrasses with improved cold hardiness and turfgrass quality. The objective of this study was to compare new experimental bermudagrasses to commercial cultivars for winter survival in Manhattan, Kansas (39.1836 degrees north latitude). Sixty advanced breeding lines were maintained at a 12 mm mowing height to simulate golf and sports turf management conditions. Data were collected on spring green up, considered an indicator of winter injury, in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Eight experimental selections were in the top statistical group in 2018 and 2019. In each year, several experimental selections were superior in spring green up to all other improved cultivars, including ‘Latitude 36 Turf Bermudagrass’, ‘Northbridge Turf Bermudagrass’, and ‘DT‘1’ in spring green up. Breeding efforts at OSU continue to produce improved bermudagrasses; one or more elite selections may be released with improved cold hardiness.
Evaluating the use of the branched‐chain amino acids in combination with urea on creeping bentgrass at establishment
Authors: Mertz Isaac , Thoms Adam , Christians Nick 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine (L), isoleucine (IL), and valine (V) are synthesized in plants and essential to growth in most organisms. Research has shown that when foliarly applied, these compounds can be absorbed by the plant, however, plant catabolism of BCAA is not completely understood. A ratio of 4:1:1 (L:IL:V) applied at 3.4 kg‐nitrogen (N) ha−1 was identified as the optimal application ratio for increasing creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) shoot density, however, material incompatibility issues occurred when BCAA were applied at 8:1:1 and 12:1:1 in previous work. The objective of this study was to determine if shoot density could be further increased by using lower BCAA ratio rates in combination with urea and GreenNCrease to equalize N at establishment. Creeping bentgrass samples grown in sand‐filled pots were subjected to N application (3.4 kg‐N ha−1 application−1) using urea, GreenNCrease, BCAA 4:1:1, 8:1:1 and 12:1:1. The BCAA were also applied as 4:1:1+N, 8:1:1+N, and 12:1:1+N, which consisted of BCAA half‐rates (1.7 kg‐N ha−1) and urea‐N (1.7 kg‐N ha−1). At the end of the study, material incompatibility previously observed with 8:1:1 and 12:1:1 was alleviated through use of the BCAA half‐rates, however, 4:1:1 and 4:1:1+N led to a greater root weight compared to urea alone. After 10‐weeks, BCAA 4:1:1 and 4:1:1+N, increased shoot density by 54% and 49%, respectively, compared to equal urea N. This very low rate of nitrogen supplied by the urea applications was not enough to elicit the typical growth response that is seen from urea at higher levels. According to these results from creeping bentgrass grown in pots, using BCAA 4:1:1, either as a standalone N application or tank mixed with urea as a portion of the total applied N, will lead to best increases in shoot density and root weight compared to equal urea N.
Strategies for increasing ferrous sulfate efficacy against dollar spot of creeping bentgrass
Authors: Hutchens Wendell J. , Roberson Travis L. , Shelton Camden D. , Askew Shawn D. , McCall David S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDollar spot (Clarireedia spp.) is a damaging turfgrass disease. Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) suppresses dollar spot with little risk of resistance. Optimizing FeSO4 applications is crucial for adequate dollar spot suppression. Supplementing FeSO4 applications with chlorothalonil fungicide could also increase efficacy against dollar spot and longevity of disease suppression. Four experiments were conducted to determine the 1) optimal water carrier volume for FeSO4, 2) proper nozzle selection for FeSO4 applications, 3) most efficacious rate combination of FeSO4 and chlorothalonil, and 4) longevity of chlorothalonil efficacy when applied in conjunction with FeSO4 for dollar spot suppression on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). These studies were conducted on either putting greens mown at 3.2 to 6.4 mm or fairways mown at 16.5 mm. The following carrier volumes were tested in Experiment 1: 281, 421, 842 and 1684 L ha–1. For Experiment 2, Turbo FloodJet (TF), Turbo TeeJet Induction (TTI), Air Induction Turbo TwinJet (AITTJ), and Extended Range Flat Fan (XRFF) nozzles were used to determine optimal nozzle type. In Experiment 3, chlorothalonil was applied at 0, 2.28, 4.57, 6.86 and 9.16 kg a.i. ha–1 with or without 48.8 kg ha–1 of FeSO4. In Experiment 4, 48.8 kg ha–1 of FeSO4 was applied biweekly and chlorothalonil was curatively applied at 8.2 kg a.i. ha–1 when infection centers per plot reached 30. Water carrier volume had no effect on dollar spot suppression, the AITTJ and XRFF nozzles provided the greatest disease suppression and turf quality, FeSO4 reduced effective chlorothalonil rates by up to 68.5% and FeSO4 increased longevity of chlorothalonil efficacy.
James B Beard: The father of contemporary turfgrass science
Authors: Stahnke Gwen K. , Rieke Paul E. , Cookingham Pete O. , Shearman Robert C. , Gaussoin Roch E. , Kopec David M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractJames B Beard (24 Sept. 1935 to 8 May 2018) can rightly be considered the “Father” of contemporary turfgrass science. During his career, he was known for setting a standard that provided the foundation for turfgrass science through his thorough approach to research, teaching, mentoring and communications. The books he published outlined a vision for an evolving scientific discipline. He trained and mentored >45 domestic and international doctoral and master students and numerous post‐doctoral trainees, who in turn continued to raise the quality of contemporary turfgrass science in the USA and internationally. He led the effort to change the name of Division C‐5 of the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) from Turfgrass to Turfgrass Science, making C‐5 an important and a vital part of the society. His subsequent rigorous education and mentoring of others continued to strengthen the division. He recognized the importance of quality, peer‐reviewed science and the need for C‐5 to be represented on the Crop Science Journal (CSJ) Editorial Board to expedite this goal. His leadership and encouragement led to the creation of a C‐5 Technical Editor position on the CSJ Editorial Board in 2002. Beard provided the vision and worked with other leaders worldwide to develop the International Turfgrass Society (ITS) and the ITS Research Journal. The ITS and its leaders and members have been instrumental in enhancing turfgrass science internationally. Beard's leadership, along with others in turfgrass academia and industry, resulted in the USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Program that provides a competitive grant‐fund source for turfgrass research. Beard appreciated and vigorously studied history and contributions to turfgrass science by those who went before us. He leaves behind a legacy in science that deserves recognition and respect. It is our hope that this synopsis of Beard's career accomplishments will inspire present and future turfgrass scientists to follow in his footsteps.
Golf Course 2030: Implementing UN sustainable development goals to identify industry and research needs for greater resiliency in golf course playability
Authors: Isaac Steve 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo achieve maximum impact from the golf sector's sustainability work in the future, international interdisciplinary collaborations to identify related industry and research needs must be established, where all stakeholders cooperate and align their resources and efforts. The United Nations’ Agenda 2030 can be used as a global steering document. As part of this cooperation (SDG 17), in 2018 The R&A initiated Golf Course 2030. Its main objective is for industry stakeholders to agree on a roadmap that secures optimal golf course condition and playability for current and future generations by addressing challenges from, and taking opportunities presented by, the changing climate (SDG 13), resource constraints (SDGs 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12 and 15) and regulation (SDGs 6 and 12). The roadmap also needs to highlight any impact of outcomes on biodiversity (SDGs 14 and 15), the multi‐functional capacity of the green space and the local community (SDGs 3, 11, 14 and 15).
Detection of cyanotoxins in irrigation water and potential impact on putting green health
Authors: Rushford Clayton A. , North Rebecca L. , Miller Gerald L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCreeping bentgrass putting greens require frequent irrigation during summer months to meet evapotranspiration requirements. Golf courses that utilize local water bodies for irrigation may potentially spread phytopathogenic waterborne microbes, or toxins they produce, to putting greens. Cyanobacteria associated with yellow spot and black layer have been detected in water bodies and are known to produce cyanotoxins that may hinder plant growth at high concentrations. Water samples were collected from irrigation heads, irrigation intakes, and the epilimnion of exposed water sources. Anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin, and saxitoxin concentrations were analyzed using ELISA kits. Microcystin and saxitoxin were detected in irrigation systems that utilize surface water sources. Anatoxin was detected in every irrigation system, regardless of water source. Cylindrospermopsin was only detected in one system that utilized a local water body as a water source. Only two samples from one site contained cyanotoxin (microcystin) concentrations that exceeded the recommended threshold for recreational water use.
Turfgrass response to flazasulfuron and trifloxysulfuron sodium deposited by runoff water
Authors: Jester Jennifer L. , Gonçalves Clebson G. , Willis John B. , Askew Shawn D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFlazasulfuron is a selective herbicide registered for use in warm‐season turfgrass. Concerns have been raised over its mobility in surface water runoff. Studies were conducted in Blacksburg, VA and Charlottesville, VA to evaluate injury to Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) downslope of plots treated with transition‐assisting herbicides, including flazasulfuron, pronamide, and trifloxysulfuron sodium. Flazasulfuron (52 g a.i. ha–1) and pronamide (1120 g a.i. ha–1) consistently injured L. perenne greater than trifloxysulfuron sodium (17 g a.i. ha–1) or lower rates of flazasulfuron (9 and 26 g a.i. ha–1). At Charlottesville, soil was more saturated, and a natural rainfall increased the rate of runoff and severity of L. perenne injury below treated plots. At this site, flazasulfuron (52 g a.i. ha–1) and pronamide (1120 g a.i. ha–1) caused visible injury to L. perenne 10 to 16 m below treated plots. Based on L. perenne injury, flazasulfuron mobility at the rates tested can be considered equivalent or greater than trifloxysulfuron sodium, and equivalent or less than pronamide when subjected to excessive irrigation or rainfall soon after application to saturated soils. Precautions should be taken to avoid application of these herbicides to saturated soils and apply when rainfall is not expected for sufficient time to rinse turfgrass foliage and incorporate nonabsorbed herbicide into soil via light irrigation.
Field evaluations and in vitro sensitivity of Microdochium nivale to succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI) fungicides
Authors: Hockemeyer Kurt , Koch Paul L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMicrodochium patch is a destructive disease of amenity turfgrass caused by the fungus Microdochium nivale (Fries) Samuels & I.C. Hallett. The succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI) class of fungicides is a relatively new class and their efficacy against M. nivale remains unclear. Fluxapyroxad (3‐(difluoromethyl)‐1‐methyl‐N‐[2‐(3,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)phenyl]pyrazole‐4‐carboxamide), penthiopyrad (1‐methyl‐N‐[2‐(4‐methylpentan‐2‐yl)thiophen‐3‐yl]‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole‐4‐carboxamide), and pydiflumetofen (3‐(difluoromethyl)‐N‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐N‐[(2R)‐1‐(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)propan‐2‐yl]pyrazole‐4‐carboxamide) were evaluated for their field and in vitro efficacy against M. nivale during the winter of 2019–2020 in Madison, WI. The field plots were inoculated with M. nivale following treatment application to encourage fungal infection. The in vitro efficacy of each compound against M. nivale was conducted by determining radial growth inhibition on potato dextrose agar at two different temperatures (10 and 20 °C). In the field study, disease pressure was high and none of the fungicides reduced disease severity relative to the non‐treated control, including the positive control fungicide treatment. For the in vitro study, pydiflumetofen consistently reduced relative colony growth the most regardless of incubation temperature and penthiopyrad was the least potent. This research indicates that certain SDHI fungicides are highly potent against M. nivale in vitro, but additional factors such as environmental degradation and/or variable fungal uptake may decrease their efficacy in the field.
Effect of hollow‐tine cultivation on crabgrass infestation in cool‐season turf
Authors: Elmore Matthew T. , Tuck Daniel P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHollow‐tine cultivation is a common management practice in cool‐season turfgrass lawns. Research examining the effect of hollow‐tine cultivation on annual crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) infestations in the absence of preemergence herbicides is limited. Multi‐year experiments were conducted on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] monostands at the Rutgers University Horticulture Research Farm No. 2 in North Brunswick, NJ to evaluate the effect of hollow‐tine cultivation in early spring, late spring, and autumn on crabgrass infestations. Herbicides to control crabgrass were not applied at any time during the experiments. These monostands were maintained as simulated lawns; mowing, irrigation, fertilizer, fungicide, and insecticide inputs were provided to maintain high turfgrass density. Crabgrass cover was evaluated in late summer each year. In the tall fescue experiment, hollow‐tine cultivation treatments did not affect crabgrass cover. However, in the third year of the tall fescue experiment, a non‐significant trend (P = .08) emerged in which early and late spring cultivation treatments resulted in more crabgrass cover (30 and 35%, respectively) than autumn (24%) and no cultivation (26%). A similar non‐significant trend (P = .056) was observed only during the first year the Kentucky bluegrass experiment as both spring cultivation treatments increased crabgrass cover. This research indicates hollow‐tine cultivation in the springtime does not appreciably increase crabgrass infestations in Kentucky bluegrass or tall fescue in the absence of preemergence herbicides.
Tracking the turfgrass literature: Growth and evolution
Authors: Lundeen Andrew , Cookingham Peter O. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBeginning in the late 19th century the literature of turfgrass science and management began to grow, paralleling the rise of scientific reporting beginning around the turn of the century. While most of the literature produced prior to the 1920s was monographic in nature, the 1921 introduction of the Bulletin of the Green Section of the U.S. Golf Association coincided with an explosion in the serial literature, which has dominated the subsequent century of published communications. Slowdowns and declines due to the Great Depression and Second World War were followed by the rapid expansion of print reporting, with specific categories such as conference proceedings rising and then falling in significance. Other types of publications have followed different patterns of growth, such as turfgrass theses and dissertations, which appear to be fairly stable as a percentage of the total literature since the 1960s. An era of explosive growth, particularly within the trade and professional literature, began in the late 1980s and peaked around 2010, followed by a substantial decline in reporting that appears to be continuing.
An evaluation of mat hybrid turfgrass systems under simulated traffic
Authors: Thoms Adam W. , Bearss Ryan , Rogers John N. , Sorochan John C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe addition of synthetic fibers to natural grass athletic fields forms a hybrid turf system, and this system claims to increase traffic tolerance and playability. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the physical effects of simulated traffic on two hybrid, carpet‐based mat systems (Eclipse and Hero) with Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), compared to a non‐hybrid control (100% Kentucky bluegrass). Field research was conducted in 2018 at Michigan State University (MSU), Iowa State University (ISU) and the University of Tennessee (UT) to evaluate the percent green cover, surface hardness, and shear resistance under 25 simulated traffic events (STE). Percent green cover across all treatments was reduced after 25 STE. After 25 STE the hybrid systems had greater percent green cover (Eclipse 49% and Hero 48%) than the non‐hybrid control (33%) at the ISU location. Surface hardness values differed between treatments on many rating dates. The hybrid systems reported higher surface hardness values, but these values were never above 100 Gmax. These results indicate that the Eclipse and Hero systems can offer a safe and stable surface even if turfgrass cover is reduced.