bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the position of subjects in Spanish: Evidence from code-switching
Authors: Hoot Bradley , Ebert Shane 
Published: June 2021

Some languages have a fixed subject position, while others are more flexible. Languages like English require pre-verbal subjects; languages like Spanish allow subjects in postverbal position. Because this difference clusters with several linguistic properties distinguishing the two languages, subjects in Spanish and English have been a perennial issue in linguistic theory, touching central problems like the EPP, the nature of cross-linguistic variation, and the relationship between core functional heads. Our project contributes a novel source of evidence to these debates: Spanish/English code-switching. Code-switching, the use of two languages in one utterance, combines the languages’ lexical items and their attendant syntactic features in a single derivation. Because code-switching, like all natural language, is rule-governed, researchers can exploit judgments about the well-formedness of code-switched sentences to draw conclusions about the combinations of features they represent. We report on a formal judgment experiment testing subject position in Spanish/English code-switching as a function of the presence of two functional heads known (from monolingual evidence) to affect subject placement: the C(omplementizer) and T(ense) heads. By manipulating which head appears in which language, we test the availability of post-verbal subjects under different feature combinations. Our results show that post-verbal subjects are only available when both C and T are in Spanish; neither Spanish head alone is sufficient. This finding suggests that the features regulating subject position stem from neither head alone, which is problematic for traditional approaches to the EPP as a feature of T but in line with other recent research on null subjects.
Muestra de saliva para diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 por RT-qPCR en población ambulatoria
Authors: Pérez Carlos Ortega , Rivera Noé Rigoberto , Sandoval López Xochitl , Hernández Ávila Carlos Enrique 
Published: June 2021

Introducción. En El Salvador a la fecha, la técnica utilizada por el sistema nacional de salud para la obtención de la muestra para realizar PCR para SARS-CoV-2 es hisopado nasofaríngeo, diferentes investigadores han descrito la muestra de saliva como una muestra biológica útil para la detección de SARS-Cov-2, por esta razón se observa la oportunidad de aplicarla como una alternativa disponible para el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad. Objetivo. Evaluar la autotoma de muestra de saliva y secreción nasofaríngea por pacientes no hospitalizados como una alternativa de menor riesgo biológico y de menor costo que los hisopados nasofaríngeos convencionales. Metodología. Se procesaron las muestras de una mezcla de saliva y secreción faríngea obtenida por carraspeo autotomada por el paciente; la amplificación se realizó por RT-qPCR de los genes E y RdRp. Las muestras positivas se reevaluaron desde su extracción para confirmar la estabilidad de material genético de SARS-CoV-2 en la saliva y secreción nasofaríngea. Resultados. El promedio de resultados positivos por cada 100 pruebas fue de 7,05 por cada 100 pruebas COVID-19 realizadas con hisopado, este resultado es similar al 8 % de positividad durante el mismo período de estudio utilizando como muestra saliva y secreción faríngea autotomada por el paciente. Las ocho muestras positivas mantuvieron su reactividad para los genes E y RdRp al primer, tercer y quinto mes posdiagnóstico inicial para los dos protocolos utilizados. De igual forma, los eluidos de ARN positivos iniciales se mantuvieron positivos al primer, tercer y quinto mes. Conclusión. La muestra de saliva y secreción faríngea y su utilización para el diagnóstico de infección por SARS-CoV-2 podría ser una alternativa de bajo costo, no invasiva, al menos de igual utilidad que el hisopado nasofaríngeo para el estudio de población sintomática ambulatoria o con exposición a nivel comunitario.
Integrated Wellington region land transport resilience study
Authors: Brabhaharan Pathmanathan 
Published: June 2021

Wellington region’s transport network has poor resilience to natural hazards, given the rugged terrain, high seismicity and wet climate. This exposes the land access to the region and the capital city to be potentially cut off from the rest of New Zealand for several months, and its cities to be isolated from each other.
This paper reports on a pioneering integrated resilience study of the entire land transport system in the region provided by the state highways, principal and arterial local roads and the railway system. The study considered resilience risks from a range of natural hazards (earthquake, storm and tsunami) using the metrics of availability and outage. The resilience risks and the relative importance of the routes were used to assess the criticality of these risks for future investment in resilience enhancement. The criticality also considered risks to other lifeline utilities - power, water and telecommunications that share these transport corridors. The combined criticality was used to prioritise these resilience risks. The highest criticality resilience risks were classified into extreme, very high and high levels. The extreme criticality risks identified were the state highway between Ngauranga and Petone and the adjacent Ngauranga interchange between the two State Highways 1 and 2, which together provide access between Wellington, Hutt and Porirua cities. A range of very high risks were identified across the region which included both state highways and local roads. This novel resilience study provided the basis for a subsequent business case for future investment to enhance the resilience of the region’s transport network.
Galiana: història d’un falcó
Authors: Ferragud Carmel , Olmos de León Ricardo , Bataller Vicent 
Published: June 2021

Resum: En 1365 va tenir lloc una disputa davant la cort del governador de Mallorca per la propietat d’un falcó entre els donzells Berenguer de Galiana i Bernat Togores, en la qual es veu involucrat l’ensinistrador d’aus de caça Bernat Llemosí. Els testimonis que foren presentats per aclarir els fets permeten obtenir una informació molt valuosa, i en part inèdita, del que fou la pràctica d’aquesta art venatòria en el context de les illes Balears, i per extensió en l’Occident europeu. En aquest treball proposem una edició completa del document i en fem un estudi exhaustiu.
Paraules clau: falconeria, Mallorca, governació, caça Abstract: In 1365 a lawsuit between the noblemen Berenguer of Galiana and Bernat Togores took place before the Court of the governor of Mallorca about the property of a falcon. Bernat Llemosí, a trainer of birds of prey, found himself involved in the case. The witnesses presented to clarify the facts provided really valuable information, and partly unknown, about the practice of this hunting art in the context of the Balearic Islands and Western Europe. A complete edition of the document is presented and thoroughly analysed in this study. Key words: falconry, Mallorca, governor, hunting
Systematic screening of viral and human genetic variation identifies antiretroviral resistance and immune escape link
Authors: Nguyen Huyen , Thorball Christian Wandell , Fellay Jacques , Böni Jürg , Yerly Sabine , Perreau Matthieu , Hirsch Hans H , Kusejko Katharina , Thurnheer Maria Christine , Battegay Manuel , Cavassini Matthias , Kahlert Christian R , Bernasconi Enos , Günthard Huldrych F , Kouyos Roger D ,   The Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: June 2021

Background:Considering the remaining threat of drug-resistantmutations (DRMs) to antiretroviral treatment (ART) efficacy, we investigated how the selective pressure of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes drives certain DRMs’ emergence and retention.Methods:We systematically screened DRM:HLA class I allele combinations in 3997 ART-naïve Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) patients. For each pair, a logistic regression model preliminarily tested for an association with the DRM as the outcome. The three HLA:DRM pairs remaining after multiple testing adjustment were analyzed in three ways: cross-sectional logistic regression models to determine any HLA/infection time interaction, survival analyses to examine if HLA type correlated with developing specific DRMs, and via NetMHCpan to find epitope binding evidence of immune escape.Results:Only one pair, RT-E138:HLA-B18, exhibited a significant interaction between infection duration and HLA. The survival analyses predicted two pairs with an increased hazard of developing DRMs: RT-E138:HLA-B18 and RT-V179:HLA-B35. RT-E138:HLA-B18 exhibited the greatest significance in both analyses (interaction term odds ratio [OR] 1.169 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.075–1.273]; p-value<0.001; survival hazard ratio 12.211 [95% CI 3.523–42.318]; p-value<0.001). The same two pairs were also predicted by netMHCpan to have epitopic binding.Conclusions:We identified DRM:HLA pairs where HLA presence is associated with the presence or emergence of the DRM, indicating that the selective pressure for these mutations alternates direction depending on the presence of these HLA alleles.Funding:Funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation within the framework of the SHCS, and the University of Zurich, University Research Priority Program: Evolution in Action: From Genomes Ecosystems, in Switzerland.
T-complex protein 1 subunit zeta-2 (CCT6B) deficiency induces murine teratospermia
Authors: Yang Peiyin , Tang Wenjing , Li Huiling , Hua Rong , Yuan Yan , Zhang Yue , Zhu Yunfei , Cui Yiqiang , Sha Jiahao 
Published: June 2021

Background
The CCT complex is an important mediator of microtubule assembly and intracellular protein folding. Owing to its high expression in spermatids, CCT knockdown can disrupt spermatogenesis. In the present report, we therefore evaluated the in vivo functionality of the testis-specific CCT complex component CCT6B using a murine knockout model system.

Methods
A CRISPR/Cas9 approach was used to generate Cct6b−/− mice, after which candidate gene expression in these animals was evaluated via qPCR and Western blotting. Testicular and epididymal phenotypes were assessed through histological and immunofluorescent staining assays, while a computer-assisted sperm analyzer was employed to assess semen quality.

Results
Cct6b−/− mice were successfully generated, and exhibited no differences in development, fertility, appearance, testis weight, or sperm counts relative to control littermates. In addition, no differences in spermatogenesis were detected when comparingCct6b+/+ and Cct6b−/− testes. However, when progressive motility was analyzed, the ratio of normal sperm was significantly decreased in Cct6b−/− male mice, with nuclear base bending being the primary detected abnormality. In addition, slight decreases in Cct4 and Cct7 expression were detected.

Conclusion
These data indicated that CCT6B is an important regulator of murine spermatogenesis, with the loss of this protein resulting in CCT complex dysfunction, providing a foundation for further studies.
Recent Advances in the Synthetic Use of Migration Reactions of Allyl Alcohols
Authors: Xing Yun , Li Chen , Meng Jianping , Zhang Zhen , Wang Xin , Wang Zhichuan , Ye Yong , Sun Kai 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAllyl alcohol compounds are widely used structural units. In recent years, considerable attention has been devoted to exploring the migration reactions of allyl alcohols via semipinacol or neophyl rearrangements, and so on, providing an attractive and powerful strategy for obtaining various important carbonyl compounds.However, to date, no review has been published that summarizes the significant advances in the preparation of functionalized carbonyl compounds using these migration rearrangement reactions. In this paper, the latest progress in the use of allyl alcohols as flexible synthons involving group migration is introduced, and the reaction scopes, limitations, and some of the mechanisms are also discussed.magnified image
The kinetics modeling and reactor simulation of propylene chlorination reaction process
Authors: Li Ming , Han Luchang , Luo Xiao , Luo He'an 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe kinetics experiments of fast reaction process of propylene chlorination at low temperature (30–90°C) and high temperature (420–480°C) are respectively conducted, and the corresponding reaction mechanisms and kinetics models are proposed. The radical mechanism at high temperature and the molecular mechanism at low temperature are found to be most likely with the experimental results. Specifically, the kinetics model, firstly considering the reversible reaction step of forming C3H6Cl· and direct hydrogen abstraction of forming C3H5·, shows better agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, the critical reaction temperature Tcritical is firstly proposed to determine the dominant reaction mechanism in different conditions, and correspondingly the combination method of the high‐temperature and low‐temperature kinetics models has been adopted for tubular reactor simulation, which can reasonably reflect the influence of wide variation range of temperature in the reactor and guide the industrial reactor design in the further work.
Die Fallen der automatisierten Kristallstrukturbestimmung: Korrektur der Kristallstrukturen von Iodazid
Authors: Müller Ulrich , Ivlev Sergei , Schulz Stephan , Wölper Christoph 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDie publizierten Kristallstrukturbestimmungen von zwei Modifikationen des Iodazids (IN3) werden korrigiert. Bei den ursprünglichen Bestimmungen waren die sehr schwachen Röntgenreflexe mit ungeraden Miller‐Indices k aussortiert worden, so dass mit zu kleinen Elementarzellen gerechnet wurde und sich Modelle mit fehlgeordneten und teilweise halbbesetzten Atomlagen ergaben. Mit den ursprünglichen Röntgenbeugungsdaten und den richtigen Elementarzellen ergibt die Verfeinerung Strukturen aus polymeren (−I−N3−)n‐Ketten, die schichtweise ineinandergreifen. Es wird empfohlen, die ursprünglichen Röntgenbeugungsdaten stets mit kristallographischer Fachkenntnis zu sichten, um nicht Opfer des fehlenden Sachverstands von Computern bei automatisierten Strukturbestimmungen zu werden.
Automated Crystal Structure Determination Has its Pitfalls: Correction to the Crystal Structures of Iodine Azide
Authors: Müller Ulrich , Ivlev Sergei , Schulz Stephan , Wölper Christoph 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPreviously published crystal structure determinations of two modifications of iodine azide (IN3) are corrected. In the original determinations, the very weak X‐ray reflections with odd k Miller indices had been discarded, resulting in too small unit cells and models with misordered, partly occupied atomic positions. Using the original diffraction data, refinements with the correct unit cells yield structures of polymeric (−I−N3−)n chains that are interlocked to layers. A skilled look at the primary X‐ray data is always recommended to overcome the lack of crystallographic expertise of computers at automated structure determinations.
Infrared flashing light through the cricothyroid membrane to guide flexible bronchoscopic tracheal intubation
Authors: Jauho K. R. , Johannsen M. L. , Hesselfeldt R. T. , Kristensen M. S. 
Published: June 2021

SummaryFlexible bronchoscopic tracheal intubation is a fundamental technique in the management of the difficult airway but requires specific skills which may be both difficult to achieve and maintain. Therefore, techniques to improve its success should be developed. We present two cases, one where the ear, nose and throat surgeon could not view the glottis due to laryngeal pathology, and one where pathology in the oropharynx obscured access to the trachea during attempts at flexible bronchoscopic and videolaryngoscopic tracheal intubation. In both cases, tracheal intubation was subsequently successful due to the use of the Infrared Red Intubation System. This is an infrared light source that is secured to the anterior neck. It emits a flashing infrared light that is captured by the flexible bronchoscope, thus guiding the way to the trachea. These are the first reports of this technology being used for flexible bronchoscopic tracheal intubation in patients with severe airway pathology where conventional approaches had failed. Both cases emphasise that this technique can be of benefit in avoiding a surgical airway.
Effects of the shapes and addition amounts of crosslinking reagents on the properties of poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate/poly(caprolactone) blends
Authors: Nishida Masakazu , Bito Shigeru , Nishida Masahiro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe effects of the shapes and addition amount of crosslinking reagents on the expression mechanisms of polymer properties of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) blends are investigated. A static tensile test is carried out on 60%PHB/40%PCL blends by adding liquid and solid crosslinking reagents, showing that the Young's modulus of the blends decrease with increasing effective peroxide value of the crosslinking reagent. In addition, the elasticity of the blends increases only when the liquid crosslinker is added, even though T1H analysis and scanning electron microscopy observation reveal that both crosslinking reagents improve the miscibility of the blend. Furthermore, the 1H and 13C PST‐MAS NMR spectra related to the molecular motions of polymer main chains in the blends increase with increasing effective peroxide value of the crosslinking reagents. However, the local molecular motions of substituents in the blends matched with the T1C values reveal an opposite trend between the rigid PHB and flexible PCL with the addition of the solid crosslinker. The solid‐state NMR spectral and relaxation time analyses suggest the possibility of the polymer chain scission as a side reaction, as well as the occurrence of intra‐domain crosslinking, both of which reduce the toughness of the blends containing the solid crosslinker.
Highly Dispersed Pt Nanoparticles Embedded in N‐Doped Porous Carbon for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Dong Yuan , Ying Jie , Xiao Yu‐Xuan , Chen Jiang‐Bo , Yang Xiao‐Yu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA novel and facile strategy is presented to synthesize highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles embedded in N‐doped porous carbon (Pt@NPC) via carbonization of Zn‐containing metal‐organic frameworks and chemical replacement of Zn with Pt. The as‐prepared Pt@NPC exhibits superior activity and durability towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in comparison with commercial Pt/C catalyst. The excellent HER performance of Pt@NPC can be ascribed to the combined features of catalyst and support material, including high dispersion and ultrathin particle size of Pt, high surface area and nitrogen doping of carbon support, and the strong interaction between metal and support.
Synthesis of Sulfonated Porous Organic Polymers with a Hydrophobic Core for Efficient Acidic Catalysis in Organic Transformations
Authors: Munyentwali Alexis , Li Chunzhi , Li He , Yang Qihua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSynthesis of sulfonated porous polymers with improved hydrophobicity and stability is of extreme importance in both academic research and industrial applications. However, there is often a trade‐off between acidity and surface hydrophobicity of sulfonated polymers. In this study, we report a strategy for the synthesis of sulfonated porous organic polymers (S‐PT) with improved hydrophobicity via free radical polymerization method by using a rigid and large multidentate monomer, 1,3,5‐tri(4‐vinylphenyl)‐benzene, having a hydrophobic core. The results of vapor adsorption measurement show that S‐PT has more hydrophobic properties than sulfonated poly(divinylbenzene) (S‐PD), attributed to the hydrophobic core of its multidentate monomer. Furthermore, the optimization of sulfonation time established a balance between surface acidity and hydrophobicity. Under optimized conditions, S‐PT afforded up to 113 mmol g−1 h−1 TOF in the esterification of oleic acid with methanol, more active than commercial Amberlyst‐15 with TOF of 15 mmol g−1 h−1 and Nafion NR50 with TOF of 7 mmol g−1 h−1. We believe that the findings of this study will provide useful insights to advance the design and synthesis of solid acid catalysts for organic transformations.
Discovery of quality control ingredients in burdock root by combining anti‐tumor effects and UHPLC–QqQ–MS/MS
Authors: Zhang Ming , Wang You‐wen , Zhu Yuan‐zhang , Gu Xiao‐ling 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBurdock root is the root of Arctium lappa L., a plant of the Compositae family, which has the effects of dispersing wind and heat, detoxifying and reducing swelling. In order to better control the quality of burdock root, a screening study of quality control indicators was carried out. The current research combines biological activity evaluation with chemical analysis to screen and identify the biologically active compounds of burdock root as chemical components for the quality control of herbal medicine. The efficacy of 10 batches of ethanol extracts of burdock roots was evaluated by a tumor inhibition experiment in S180 tumor‐bearing mice. The five main chemical components of these extracts were simultaneously quantitatively measured by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Pearson correlation analysis was used to establish the relationship between these extracts’ biological activity and chemical properties. The results showed that chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and cynarin were positively correlated with the effect of inhibiting tumor growth, and further bioassays confirmed this conclusion. In conclusion, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and cynarin can be used as quality control markers for burdock root’s antitumor effect.
Coinage Metal Complexes with Di‐tertiary‐butyl Sulfide as Precursors with Ultra‐Low Decomposition Temperature
Authors: Gahlot Sweta , Purohit Bhagyesh , Jeanneau Erwann , Mishra Shashank 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe report here the synthesis of [Cu2(TFA)4(tBu2S)2] (1), [Ag4(TFA)4(tBu2S)4] (2) and [AuCl(tBu2S)] (3) (TFA=trifluoroacetate), which decompose in solution medium at ultra‐low temperature (e. g., in boiling toluene) to afford phase‐pure and highly crystalline Cu9S5, Ag2S and metallic Au nanoparticles, respectively. The low decomposition temperature of these precursors is attributed to the facile decomposition mechanism in the di‐tertiary‐butyl sulfide ligand. These results are a significant step in the direction of establishing a general low‐temperature strategy spanning a range of systems including thermodynamically metastable materials and incorporate them in technologies that are sensitive to the harsh conditions.
Effizient, zuverlässig und wartungsarm
Authors: Nowak Christopher 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDie bei der Wiederaufbereitung von recyceltem Altpapier rückgewonnenen Fasern führen bei der Produktion von braunem Karton und Pappe zu einem hohen Eintrag von Kalk, Füllstoffen und Bindemitteln. Aus der Produktion werden auch große Mengen an organischen
Druckluft schnell vor Ort
Authors: Hereth Ralf , Koehler Daniela 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPlötzlicher Anstieg des Produktionsvolumens, Wartungsarbeiten, vorübergehende Engpässe, unerwartete Produktionsausfälle – es gibt viele Varianten, warum eine vorhandene Druckluftlösung in der industriellen Produktion schlagartig nicht mehr ausreichen kann
Handlich und mobil fördern
Authors: Konrad Wolfgang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractViskose Medien werden in verschiedenen Produktionsprozessen eingesetzt. Dazu werden diese aus unterschiedlichen Gebinden um‐ und abgefüllt. Bisher stehen für die Fass‐ und Containerentleerung mit ihrem 2 Zoll Spundloch oder der entsprechenden Containeröff
Aus der Ferne prüfen
Authors: Enberg AnnCharlott 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAnnCharlott Enberg von Emerson erklärt, wie die wiederkehrende Prüfung der neuesten Generation von berührungslosen Radar‐Füllstandsmessgeräten in Überfüllsicherungssystemen aus der Ferne durchgeführt werden kann und somit die Mitarbeitersicherheit und die