bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smokers’ Perceptions of Incentivized Smoking Cessation Programs: Examining How Payment Thresholds Change With Income
Authors: Breen Rachel J , Ferguson Stuart G , Palmer Matthew A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Studies demonstrate that financial incentive programs increase smoking cessation. However, there is little guidance on which incentive magnitudes will ensure optimal enrollment and motivation levels. This study investigates current smokers’ perceptions of varying incentive magnitudes to identify whether there is evidence for optimal amount(s) and whether perceptions differ by income group.

Methods
Studies 1 (N = 56) and 2 (N = 147) were conducted online via Prolific.co. Current smokers were randomly shown multiple hypothetical incentive programs that differed only in the incentive amount offered. For each program, smokers rated its appeal and their likelihood of enrolling and predicted their motivation to quit if enrolled. Growth models were used to investigate the relationship between perspectives and the incentive amount.

Results
An increasing quadratic trend in smokers’ perceptions of programs as the incentive amount increased was identified. Incentive amounts beyond approximately £50–75 per week (£500–£750 total) did not significantly alter perceptions of programs. In Study 2, high-income smokers found programs significantly less appealing and motivating than low-income smokers, although no significant between-group differences were observed in the likelihood of enrollment. No significant differences were observed between low- and middle-income smokers.

Conclusions
Increasing the incentive amount increased smoker’s perceptions of programs. This relationship was curvilinear, meaning there may be a point beyond which further increasing the amount will not improve enrollment or motivation levels. Incentives appear equally appealing to low- and middle-income smokers; the population among whom smoking is most prevalent. Future research could explore other elements of program design and whether findings hold under real-world conditions.

Implications
While acknowledging that they work, policymakers frequently request information about the monetary amount needed for incentive programs to be effective, and if this differs by income level. We investigated these questions using smokers’ perceptions of hypothetical cessation programs that differed in the amount offered. An increasing quadratic trend in perceptions of programs by the amount and potential cut points was observed, suggesting a point may exist beyond which increasing the incentive will not improve perceptions of programs or enrollment levels. High-income smokers may not perceive incentives to be as appealing as other income groups, but appear equally willing to enroll.
Particularizing an Internal Morality of Physical Therapy
Authors: Gorman-Badar Debra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhile the American Physical Therapy Association has upheld a code of ethics since 1935, the philosophical underpinnings of physical therapist practice have yet to be robustly explicated. Theoretical work in the field of philosophy of medicine can be engaged to study physical therapist practice. Modifying the phenomenological and teleological framework of Edmund Pellegrino, a physician and prominent bioethicist, the purpose of this theoretical paper is to particularize Pellegrino’s philosophy of medicine to construct an internal morality of physical therapy. Acknowledging that the internal morality of health care professions is founded in the relationship between a patient and a health care professional, this paper analyzes the nature and telos, or end, of physical therapy through 3 phenomena of physical therapy—the fact of disability, the act of profession, and the act of physical therapy. This paper claims that, rather than medicine’s clinical truth of a good treatment decision, physical therapy’s clinical truth is a good process that capacitates patients. This relational approach to an internal morality robustly underpins a philosophy and ethics of physical therapy.
Phylogenomic Analysis of Concatenated Ultraconserved Elements Reveals the Recent Evolutionary Radiation of the Fairy Wrasses (Teleostei: Labridae: Cirrhilabrus)
Authors: Tea Yi-Kai , Xu Xin , DiBattista Joseph D , Lo Nathan , Cowman Peter F , Ho Simon Y W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The fairy wrasses (genus Cirrhilabrus) are among the most successful of the extant wrasse lineages (Teleostei: Labridae), with their 61 species accounting for nearly 10$\%$ of the family. Although species complexes within the genus have been diagnosed on the basis of coloration patterns and synapomorphies, attempts to resolve evolutionary relationships among these groups using molecular and morphological data have largely been unsuccessful. Here, we use a phylogenomic approach with a data set comprising 991 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and mitochondrial COI to uncover the evolutionary history and patterns of temporal and spatial diversification of the fairy wrasses. Our analyses of phylogenetic signal suggest that most gene-tree incongruence is caused by estimation error, leading to poor resolution in a summary-coalescent analysis of the data. In contrast, analyses of concatenated sequences are able to resolve the major relationships of Cirrhilabrus. We determine the placements of species that were previously regarded as incertae sedis and find evidence for the nesting of Conniella, an unusual, monotypic genus, within Cirrhilabrus. Our relaxed-clock dating analysis indicates that the major divergences within the genus occurred around the Miocene–Pliocene boundary, followed by extensive cladogenesis of species complexes in the Pliocene–Pleistocene. Biogeographic reconstruction suggests that the fairy wrasses emerged within the Coral Triangle, with episodic fluctuations of sea levels during glacial cycles coinciding with shallow divergence events but providing few opportunities for more widespread dispersal. Our study demonstrates both the resolving power and limitations of UCEs across shallow timescales where there is substantial estimation error in individual gene trees.[Biogeography; concatenation; gene genealogy interrogation; gene trees; molecular dating; summary coalescent; UCEs.]
Effect of the Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation on Auditory Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Tramonti Fantozzi Maria Paola , Artoni Fiorenzo , Di Galante Marco , Briscese Lucia , De Cicco Vincenzo , Bruschini Luca , d’Ascanio Paola , Manzoni Diego , Faraguna Ugo , Carboncini Maria Chiara 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Trigeminal sensorimotor activity stimulates arousal and cognitive performance, likely through activation of the locus coeruleus (LC). In this study we investigated, in normal subjects, the effects of bilateral trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) on the LC-dependent P300 wave, elicited by an acoustic oddball paradigm. Pupil size, a proxy of LC activity, and electroencephalographic power changes were also investigated. Before TNS/sham-TNS, pupil size did not correlate with P300 amplitude across subjects. After TNS but not sham-TNS, a positive correlation emerged between P300 amplitude and pupil size within frontal and median cortical regions. TNS also reduced P300 amplitude in several cortical areas. In both groups, before and after TNS/sham-TNS, subjects correctly indicated all the target stimuli. We propose that TNS activates LC, increasing the cortical norepinephrine release and the dependence of the P300 upon basal LC activity. Enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of cortical neurons, norepinephrine may improve the sensory processing, allowing the subject to reach the best discriminative performance with a lower level of neural activation (i.e., a lower P300 amplitude). The study suggests that TNS could be used for improving cognitive performance in patients affected by cognitive disorders or arousal dysfunctions.
Gastrointestinal manifestations in COVID-19
Authors: Kariyawasam Jayani C , Jayarajah Umesh , Riza Rishdha , Abeysuriya Visula , Seneviratne Suranjith L 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory viral infection, has affected more than 78 million individuals worldwide as of the end of December 2020. Previous studies reported that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus infections may affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system. In this review we outline the important GI manifestations of COVID-19 and discuss the possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and their diagnosis and management. GI manifestations are reported in 11.4–61.1% of individuals with COVID-19, with variable onset and severity. The majority of COVID-19-associated GI symptoms are mild and self-limiting and include anorexia, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain/discomfort. A minority of patients present with an acute abdomen with aetiologies such as acute pancreatitis, acute appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, bowel ischaemia, haemoperitoneum or abdominal compartment syndrome. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA has been found in biopsies from all parts of the alimentary canal. Involvement of the GI tract may be due to direct viral injury and/or an inflammatory immune response and may lead to malabsorption, an imbalance in intestinal secretions and gut mucosal integrity and activation of the enteric nervous system. Supportive and symptomatic care is the mainstay of therapy. However, a minority may require surgical or endoscopic treatment for acute abdomen and GI bleeding.
Sorryatlanticus, you are not my type: molecular assessment splitsZophoscolex(Lumbricidae: Crassiclitellata) into French and Iberian genera
Authors: Jiménez Pinadero Sergio , Marchán Daniel Fernández , Novo Marta , Trigo Dolores , Domínguez Jorge , Díaz Cosín Darío J 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMolecular phylogenetics contributes to making important advances in the challenging field of earthworm taxonomy. Use of this type of analysis has enabled clarification of the phylogenetic relationships between early-branching genera of Lumbricidae within the highly diverse Franco-Iberian realm. However, molecular phylogenetic studies of the genus Zophoscolex are scarce and have led to taxonomic uncertainty due to insufficient sampling and the absence of the type species, Z. atlanticus, from such studies. The present study investigated 11 species of Zophoscolex (including Z. atlanticus), and the phylogenetic relationships were deduced from seven molecular markers (COI, COII, 16S, tRNAs, ND1, 12S, 28S) by Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference. The findings show that species of Zophoscolex did not belong to a single clade. Zophoscolex atlanticus was placed in a clade with Z. micellus, Z. graffi and Ethnodrilus zajonci. Other species of the genus were found to belong to the genera Cataladrilus and Compostelandrilus. Finally, most of the Iberian species form a distinct clade, which was formally described as the revised genus Castellodrilus. Based on these findings, Zophoscolex is restricted to French representatives. These results highlight the importance of incorporating type species in molecular phylogenetic analyses in order to reconcile taxonomy and systematics.
TEMPORARY KERATOPROSTHESIS WITH PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY IN CONJUNCTION WITH PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR REPAIR OF RETINAL DETACHMENTS IN PATIENTS WITH ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SEGMENT PATHOLOGY
Authors: Omari Amro , Khan Noreen , Tausif Hassan , Nyalakonda Ramitha , Williams George A. , Gupta Chirag 
Published: February 2021

Purpose:
To review the visual and anatomical outcomes of combined anterior and posterior segment surgery for retinal detachment repair.

Methods and Patients:
Eight patients with combined retinal and corneal disease underwent combined temporary keratoprosthesis with penetrating keratoplasty combined with pars plana vitrectomy for retinal detachment repair with silicone oil tamponade. Visual and anatomical outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Follow-up ranged from 12 months to 37 months.

Results:
Preoperative visual acuity ranged from light perception to hand motion. All but one case had proliferative vitreoretinopathy present at the time of surgery. Postoperative visual acuity ranged from hand motion to light perception. At the most recent follow-up visit, all of the patients had attached retinas, no patients had phthisis bulbi, and all but one patient had a clear cornea. However, 3 of these cases (38%) required repeat retinal detachment repair and one of them also required repeat penetrating keratoplasty, which was performed at the time of retinal repair.

Conclusion:
Combined full-thickness penetrating keratoplasty and retinal detachment repair has good anatomical outcomes and is an efficient way to treat complex anterior and posterior segment abnormality. Although postoperative visual function is limited; almost all patients were agreeable to repeat surgery if they were presented with the choice again.
Longitudinal changes in brain diffusion MRI indices during and after proton beam therapy in a child with pilocytic astrocytoma: a case report
Authors: Novello Lisa , Agarwal Nivedita , Lorentini Stefano , Vennarini Sabina , Zacà Domenico , Mussano Anna , Pasternak Ofer , Jovicich Jorge 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundProton beam therapy (PBT) is an effective pediatric brain tumor treatment. However, resulting microstructural changes within and around irradiated tumors are unknown. We retrospectively applied Diffusion-Tensor-Imaging (DTI) and Free-Water-Imaging (FWI) on diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) data to monitor microstructural changes during-PBT and after 8 months, in a pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM).MethodsWe evaluated conventional MRI and dMRI-derived indices from six MRI sessions in a child with a hypothalamic PA: at baseline (t0), during-PBT (t1-t4), and after 8 months (t5). Tumor voxels were classified as “solid” or “fluid” based on FWI.ResultsWhile during PBT tumor volume remained stable, dMRI analyses identified two different response patterns: i) an increase in fluid content and diffusivity with anisotropy reductions in solid voxels at t1, followed by ii) smaller variations in fluid content but higher anisotropy in solid voxels at t2-t4. At follow-up (t5), tumor volume, its fluid content, and diffusivity in solid voxels increased. NAWM showed dose-dependent microstructural changes.ConclusionsThe use of dMRI and FWI showed complex dynamic microstructural changes in the irradiated mass during PBT and at follow-up, opening new avenues in our understanding of radiation-induced pathophysiologic mechanisms in tumor and surrounding tissues.
Predictive Modeling of COVID-19 Case Growth Highlights Evolving Demographic Risk Factors in Tennessee and Georgia
Authors: Gray Jamieson D. , Harris Coleman R. , Wylezinski Lukasz S. , Spurlock Charles F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the need to understand the unique risk drivers that contribute to uneven morbidity and mortality in US communities. Addressing the community-specific social determinants of health that correlate with spread of SARS-CoV-2 provides an opportunity for targeted public health intervention to promote greater resilience to viral respiratory infections in the future.Our work combined publicly available COVID-19 statistics with county-level social determinants of health information. Machine learning models were trained to predict COVID-19 case growth and understand the unique social, physical and environmental risk factors associated with higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Tennessee and Georgia counties. Model accuracy was assessed comparing predicted case counts to actual positive case counts in each county. The predictive models achieved a mean r-squared (R2) of 0.998 in both states with accuracy above 90% for all time points examined. Using these models, we tracked the social determinants of health, with a specific focus on demographics, that were strongly associated with COVID-19 case growth in Tennessee and Georgia counties. The demographic results point to dynamic racial trends in both states over time and varying, localized patterns of risk among counties within the same state.Identifying the specific risk factors tied to COVID-19 case growth can assist public health officials and policymakers target regional interventions to mitigate the burden of future outbreaks and minimize long-term consequences including emergence or exacerbation of chronic diseases that are a direct consequence of infection.
SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity after infection and antibody response to mRNA-based vaccination
Authors: Ciccone Emily J. , Zhu Deanna R. , Ajeen Rawan , K. Lodge Evans , Shook-Sa Bonnie E. , Boyce Ross M. , Aiello Allison E. ,   COVID HCP Study Team
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on response to mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is not well-described. We assessed longitudinal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses pre- and post-vaccination among individuals with and without prior infection. The antibody response to the first vaccine dose was almost two-fold higher in individuals who were seropositive before vaccination compared to those who were seronegative, suggesting that prior infection primes the immune response to the first dose of mRNA-based vaccine.
Modafinil for Wakefulness in the Critical Care Units: A Literature Review and Case Series including COVID-19 Patients at a Tertiary Care Saudi Hospital
Authors: Amer Marwa , Bawazeer Mohammed , Butt Abid Shahzad , Dahhan Talal I. , Kseibi Eiad , Jamil Mouhamad Ghyath 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCognitive improvement after critical illness is complex. Neuro-stimulants are used to speed up physical and mental processes through the increase in arousal, and wakefulness. In this case series, we reviewed the literature and described the effect of modafinil for wakefulness in a cohort of adult patients admitted to our COVID and non-COVID intensive care unit (ICU) between January 2017 and June 2020. A total of 8 patients included; 3 admitted to COVID-19, 4 surgical, and 1 transplant ICU. Obstructive sleep apnea was noted in 2 (25%), 2 patients (25 %) had an initial neuroimaging that showed hemorrhagic stroke, and 1 (12.5%) showed ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic transformation. Modafinil 100-200 mg daily was started for a median duration of 4 days and the median initiation time in relation to ICU admission was 11 (IQR 9-17) days. Glasgow coma Scale improvement was noted on 5 patients (62.5%). The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 17.5 (IQR 15-31.75) days, and the median ICU stay was 28.5 (IQR 20.25-48) days. All-cause mortality rate was 25 % at 28 days and 62.5 % at 90 days. Modafinil prevented tracheostomy in 1 COVID-19 patient. No significant adverse drug reactions were documented. In our case series, we described our experience for modafinil use for wakefulness in ICU ventilated patients including COVID-19 patients. Based on our observations, the known effects of modafinil, and its safety profile, it holds the potential to facilitate recovery from cognitive impairment. Larger studies are warranted to fully evaluate its role for this indication.
Detection and quantification of enteric pathogens in aerosols near open wastewater canals in cities with poor sanitation
Authors: Ginn Olivia , Rocha-Melogno Lucas , Bivins Aaron , Lowry Sarah , Cardelino Maria , Nichols Dennis , Tripathi Sachchida Nand , Soria Freddy , Andrade Marcos , Bergin Mike , Deshusses Marc A. , Brown Joe 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTUrban sanitation infrastructure is inadequate in many low-income countries, leading to the presence of highly concentrated, uncontained fecal waste streams in densely populated areas. Combined with mechanisms of aerosolization, airborne transport of enteric microbes and their genetic material is possible in such settings but remains poorly characterized. We detected and quantified enteric pathogen-associated gene targets in aerosol samples near open wastewater canals (OWCs) or wastewater-impacted surface waters and control sites in La Paz, Bolivia; Kanpur, India; and Atlanta, USA via multiplex reverse-transcription qPCR (37 targets) and ddPCR (13 targets). We detected a wide range of enteric targets, some not previously reported in extramural urban aerosols, with more frequent detections of all enteric targets at higher densities in La Paz and Kanpur near OWCs. We report density estimates ranging up to 4.7 × 102 gc per m3air across all targets including heat stabile enterotoxigenic E. coli, C. jejuni, enteroinvasive E. coli/Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., norovirus, and Cryptosporidium spp. An estimated 25%, 76%, and 0% of samples containing positive pathogen detects were accompanied by culturable E. coli in La Paz, Kanpur, and Atlanta, respectively, suggesting potential for viability of enteric microbes at the point of sampling. Airborne transmission of enteric pathogens merits further investigation in cities with poor sanitation.SYNOPSISWe detected and quantified molecular targets associated with important enteric pathogens in outdoor aerosols in cities with poor sanitation to assess the potential role of the aeromicrobiological pathway in enteric infection transmission in such settings.