bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agricultural utilization of lignosulfonates
Authors: Wurzer Gerhild K. , Hettegger Hubert , Bischof Robert H. , Fackler Karin , Potthast Antje , Rosenau Thomas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Lignosulfonates (LSs) are by-products of the pulp and paper industry from pulping of lignocellulosic biomass according to the sulfite process. This renewable material already plays a role in low-value applications, such as binding agents for fuel, pellets, as a feed additive, or as a dispersant. Another possible field of application of this technical lignin type is agriculture. It is known that this eco-friendly and cheap material can improve soil quality, fertilizer efficacy and replace or decrease the use of potentially (eco)toxic organic or inorganic substances. The use of LS in agriculture and five main strategies for the implementation of LS in soil are discussed in this review: LS as a complexing agent with micronutrients, co-pelleting of LS with (macro)nutrients, capsule formation with LS for coating of fertilizers or pesticides, LS as a biostimulant, and ammonoxidation of LS. All five ways can be beneficial in fertilizer-related applications, either to slow down the release of nutrients or pesticides, to substitute harmful chemicals, or to inhibit nitrification and modify fertilizer behaviour. Nevertheless, application and long-time studies are often missing, and more research is required for generating products that are economically competitive to commercial bulk products.
Research on online calibration of lidar and camera for intelligent connected vehicles based on depth-edge matching
Authors: Guo Zhan , Xiao Zuming 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The practicality of online calibration algorithms in actual autonomous driving scenarios is enhanced by proposing an online calibration method for intelligent networked automotive lidar and camera based on depth-edge matching. The initial values of external parameters are estimated and calculated through hand-eye calibration. The solution of hand-eye calibration is optimized and accurate external parameters are obtained through data conversion. The CMA-ES algorithm is utilized to optimize the optimized parameters which are further compared with the conventional method based on edge matching. It is found that the provided frames of data, the external parameters can be appropriately improved by the method in this paper, and the algorithm congregates in about 1000 seconds. However, the conventional method cannot optimize the parameters correctly when there are only 2 frames of data. The rotation error of most results of this method is between 0.1° and 0.8°, and the translation error is between 0.02m and 0.06m. Compared with other representative algorithms of various methods, the errors in all aspects are more balanced and there is no outstanding error value.
Characteristics of early pleural effusions after orthotopic heart transplantation: comparison with coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Jain Anant , Devarajan Anusha , Assallum Hussein , Malekan Ramin , Lanier Gregg M. , Epelbaum Oleg 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Pleural effusions appearing within the first 30 postoperative days following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are classified as early and believed to be directly related to the surgery. The characteristics of such effusions are well-described. Orthotopic heart transplantation is also known to be complicated by pleural effusions; however, their characteristics have not been systematically reported. We assessed the features of early postoperative pleural effusions after heart transplantation and compared them to those of early effusions following CABG.

Methods
We retrospectively collected demographic, clinical, and laboratory data for patients who underwent either orthotopic heart transplantation (study group) or CABG (comparison group) at our institution and whose postoperative course within 30 days was complicated by new or worsening pleural effusion that prompted drainage. Patients subjected to analysis consisted only of those with sufficiently complete laboratory profiles to permit adequate characterization of the nature of their pleural fluid.

Results
Out of 251 orthotopic heart transplant recipients, seven (2.8%) were found to have sufficiently complete pleural fluid results to be included in the study group. Out of 1,506 patients who underwent CABG, 32 (2.1%) had sufficiently complete pleural fluid results and formed the comparison group. The radiological appearance of pleural effusions in both groups was similar: bilateral in at least half and exclusively moderate to large. Effusions complicating both surgeries were exudative in close to 90% of cases. For those with available leukocyte differential counts, the pleural fluid of the post-orthotopic heart transplantation group was more often neutrophilic (3/5, 60%), whereas the fluid of the post-coronary artery bypass grafting group was more often lymphocytic (22/32, 69%) and tended to be hemorrhagic (median RBC count 33,000 cells/µL vs. 10,000 cells/µL). None of the comparisons of pleural fluid characteristics between the two groups reached statistical significance.

Conclusions
This small, descriptive study is the first to systematically report the fluid characteristics of pleural effusions complicating orthotopic heart transplantation within the first 30 postoperative days and to compare this group to those who developed effusions after CABG. Our findings revealed both similarities and differences in the pleural fluid characteristics between these two types of patients.
Behavioral Contract Law
Authors: Ulen Thomas S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article explores some behavioral findings that are relevant to three areas of contract: formation, performance, and remedies. I compare the rational choice theory analysis of various aspects of contract law with how behavioral findings lead to a change in our understanding of that area of law. A penultimate section considers several criticisms of behavioral economics. A concluding section calls for altering some settled understandings of contract law to accommodate behavioral results and for further research about some still uncertain aspects of contracting.
MULTIPLE CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS: A CONSIDERATION OF ETIOLOGIC FACTORS
Authors: WARKANY JOSEF , ROTH CAROLYN B. , WILSON JAMES G. 
Published: December 2021

THE medical literature of the past five decades is replete with statements that multiple congenital malformations are always and necessarily due to changes in the germ plasm. In one sense such statements imply that multiple congenital anomalies are always hereditary and, when so interpreted, they may lead to untoward consequences. It is of considerable practical importance for the bearer of congenital defects, as well as for other members of his family, to know whether or not his defects are heritable. The question is also of concern to those who are sincerely interested in eugenics from the standpoint of public health. The importance of this point is illustrated by a certain sterilization law which was enforced for some time upon 80 million people and which stated: "Persons who show simultaneous appearance of different severe, or even mild physical endogenous malformations . . . . should be sterilized, if in the blood relationship any severe or mild endogenous malformations have been shown to occur in at least one person singly, bilaterally or in aggregation."
The opinion that multiple congenital malformations are necessarily hereditary dates back to the time when amniotic bands were considered the only extrinsic cause of malformations. Since it was difficult to explain familial, symmetrical, systemic or internal malformations in terms of amniotic bands; and, since no other environmental mechanisms capable of producing such malformations had been recognized, these anomalies were attributed to changes in the germ plasm. This is expressed in a textbook on "Human Heredity" in the following words:
TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: SCHWARZ GABRIEL A. , ROSE ELIZABETH KIRK , FRY WILFRED E. 
Published: December 2021

Six cases of toxoplasmic encephalomyelitis in infants and children are presented. In all of these cases, the diagnosis was made on clinical grounds alone. All of these patients are still living. A description of the pathologic findings in the retina of one case is given.
In an analysis of these six cases it was noted that the ocular findings were the most constantly occurring of all the features. Mental retardation was also noted in all six cases. Cerebral calcifications were found in all but one of the cases.
The cases already reported in the literature are enumerated and a review of the clinical features of toxoplasmic encephalomyelitis is given. The chief features noted in the infantile form are: (1) onset at birth or soon after, (2) convulsions, (3) bilateral communicating hydrocephalus, (4) bilateral focal chorioretinitis usually involving both macula and (5) multiple calcifications in the brain.
It is our feeling that this constellation of signs and symptoms should suggest the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis without recourse to the isolation of the protozoan or the securing of positive neutralization reactions.
THE ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN A IN PREMATURELY BORN INFANTS
Authors: CLIFFORD STEWART H. , WELLER KATHLEEN FAHEY 
Published: December 2021

Forty-two premature infants were tested for vitamin A absorption after the oral ingestion of 0.5 cc. (35,000 U.S.P. units) of percomorph liver oil. Only three (7%) showed good absorption levels. The mean absorption level found from three to five hours after the test dose was 16 units of vitamin A.
Forty-one were tested for vitamin A absorption after the oral ingestion of either 2 cc. or 3 cc. (16,000-24,000 U.S.P. units) of vitamin A in a vehicle of either alcohol or propylene glycol. Of these 37 (90%) showed good absorption levels. The mean absorption level found from three to five hours after the test dose was 85 units of vitamin A.
Retrolental fibroplasia could not be prevented from developing in a certain number of premature infants' eyes by the daily oral administration of 5000 U.S.P. of vitamin A in an absorbable water soluble form. Even the addition of 20,000 U.S.P. units of vitamin A in oil by intramuscular injection failed to prevent the development of bilateral retrolental fibroplasia in one infant.
If vitamin D follows the same laws of absorption as does vitamin A, the provision of both A and D in a readily absorbable form should be of great practical advantage to the prematurely born infant.
IMPRESSIONS ON PEDIATRIC EDUCATION
Authors: MITCHELL JOHN MCK. , BAIN KATHERINE , HUBBARD JOHN P. 
Published: December 2021

Quality is one of the most important components of services rendered for child health. While innate ability and on-the-job learning may result in the production of outstanding achievement on the part of an individual or organization, by and large the quality of a given service may be measured satisfactorily by the fundamental training of those who conduct it.
The conduct of child health services comes far from resting solely in the hands of the physician, still further from those of the pediatrician alone. Nevertheless the physician forms, if not the heart, at least an aorta, through which must flow, if but for an instant, the whole volume of child care. Hence the size and strength of the group which constitute such a vessel become a matter of primary concern in a study having to do with the health of children. With this concept in mind, a Study of Pediatric Education became an integral part of the Study of Child Health Services organized by the American Academy of Pediatrics. In undertaking such a study, there was full realization of the importance of other groups as well as of the inseparable interrelation between medical training as a whole and that for pediatrics. Since it was not possible to cover the entire field, the Study confined itself to a survey of the most important segment; namely, the pediatric training of undergraduate medical students and the graduate training of physicians planning to devote their lives to the care and treatment of children.
The field work is complete. It consisted of visits to and surveys of the pediatric departments of 70 medical schools in the United States and of 9 in Canada, the latter carried out by the Canadian Society for the Study of Diseases of Children. Analysis of the material has just started.
Student Enrollment
The problems of student enrollment are not primarily the concern of those engaged in the teaching of pediatrics nor of an organized group of pediatricians, but they are shared equally with other departments and other medical organizations.
Diseases of the Chest, with Emphasis on X-Ray Diagnosis
Authors: ADAMS JOHN M. 
Published: December 2021

This book is particularly suited to general practitioners and the emphasis given to X-ray is well demonstrated throughout. It is primarily an application of the method of X-ray as a clinical instrument to aid the clinician.
The broad aspects of chest disease including anatomy and physiology are developed with a consideration of pathogenesis in various specific conditions. The pneumonias are considered from an etiologic standpoint which is very important if proper understanding and treatment is to be attained. Emphasis is given to the importance of history and the skill required to get a good history. The significance of a good physical examination is not minimized, and the help to be obtained from X-ray is obvious in the book.
History of Nursing
Authors: TOTH BORIE 
Published: December 2021

The keynote of the book is found in the preface where it is stated that "the central thesis of the authors is the inextricable interweaving of nursing service with all other branches of human culture." The development of nursing is traced through the record of human history starting with primitive times and ending with the problems facing the world at the conclusion of World War II.
Up to the middle of the 19th century, nursing was under the auspices of religious orders. After the Protestant revolt, nursing as a profession for lay people began to take root.
ACUTE HEMATOGENOUS OSTEOMYELITIS
Authors: SELF EDWARD B. 
Published: December 2021

One hundred and thirty-eight cases of acute osteomyelitis admitted to Babies Hospital between 1930 and 1946 are the subject of this report. An unexpected number of cases resulted from infection by hemolytic str. The behavior of hemolytic Staph. aureus is compared to hemolytic str. in osteomyelitis. Mortality is greatest with extreme youth, chronicity least with youth.
Massive doses of penicillin in the earliest stages of the disease constitutes the treatment of choice and emphasis should be on the "treatment of the child," rather than treatment of the bone. Surgery should be postponed in the early stages and used later only to drain abscesses of the soft parts or abscesses of the bone which are well localized and not regressing.
The treatment of chronic osteomyelitis is an entirely different problem. Radical removal of diseased bone and sinuses with primary closure of the wound is the treatment of choice. Immobilization, penicillin, and obliteration of dead spaces by the use of muscle and skin grafts are important adjuncts to success.
Round Table Discussion
Authors: KANNER LEO 
Published: December 2021

Chairman Kanner: Every day of man's life constitutes a transition between yesterday and tomorrow, converging in the intrinsic values of the moment. The past and present continue to shape and modify directions and goals, mostly through quiet evolution, sometimes in lively spurts. One of the liveliest spurts occurs during adolescence, at a time when a person is no longer a child and not yet an adult.
Many incisive changes take place in that period. Body growth, in a remarkable upward surge, attains its maximum for the individual. The physique assumes its characteristic configuration. Sexual development reaches procreative capacity. There is striving after emancipation from sheltered existence, a trend toward increasing self-dependence in thought and action. The sphere of interest and participation expands from the confines of home, neighborhood and school to the community at large. The choice of vocation, until then a playfully considered matter, becomes a real issue. Current standards and precepts are submitted to criticism not as yet leavened by the tests of experience. The established order is challenged boldly and then, after some struggle, appropriated gradually with more or less reservation.
Adolescence, in our culture, is a great translator. It translates the language of parental direction, attitudes and behavior into an individualized idiom. This is much less evident in primitive cultures. One might go so far as to say that in primitive societies there is no conceptual equivalent for that which we call adolescence. Childhood ceases abruptly when, through a set of elaborate rites, it is transported into full-fledged adulthood. Tribal ritualism, rather than personal spontaneity determines status and function. In our social structure, a child is given several years in which he is to find his way from a more or less manipulated and regimented existence to the acquisition of initiative in a loosely competitive environment in which the taboos are blurred, the semantics are equivocal, and the variety of occupational, political and theologic choices offers opportunities for perplexities. The adolescent translator's dictionary is full of confusing synonyms and antonyms.
A combination of inner soundness, wholesome parent-child relationship, and guidance from understanding adults, helps most adolescents to emerge safely from the groping and floundering which precede maturing stabilization.
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA, A COMPLICATION OF OPERATION FOR HYDROCEPHALUS
Authors: ANDERSON FRANK M. 
Published: December 2021

Report is presented of three infants in whom subdural hematoma developed as a consequence of surgical treatment for hydrocephalus. This complication was not recognized in the first patient, and was unsuccessfully dealt with in one of the others.
Anatomic and physiologic features predisposing to subdural bleeding in hydrocephalic patients are outlined, and methods of prevention, diagnosis, and therapy are described.
Success of operation is jeopardized and likelihood is increased of subsequent blindness, convulsions, and mental impairment in a hydrocephalic infant whose precariously adjusted brain is further damaged by this development.
Round Table Discussion
Authors: LITTLE SHERMAN , NEWCOMB ALVAH L. , KNODE KENNETH T. 
Published: December 2021

Chairman Little: This session has a title of "Preventive Psychiatry." I am not sure that it is an entirely correct or happy one. Psychiatry is still a bad word to a good many people, including some physicians, yet it has a real connection with the kind of thing in which we are all interested. What we will discuss is psychiatry in the sense that we are concerned in understanding and helping people, in this case, children. Yet it is not psychiatry in the sense that we are concerned with long term treatment of severe disturbances of adjustment. It is an application of psychiatric knowledge and skill by pediatricians within the framework of pediatric practice. The emphasis is on preventing disturbances in adjustment or on correcting early and relatively shallow-rooted ones.
For a long time many pediatricians have been giving a great deal more than good medical care to sick and well children. On their rounds and in their offices they have consciously and unconsciously helped many children through helping their parents. They help parents by supporting, encouraging and advising them in the difficult job of being parents, and in so doing, they indirectly but concretely help many children. It isn't easy to do this, at least I don't find it so. In the first place, we aren't trained for it. If we develop any skill at it, it comes from experience, which can be painful and slow, and from something that we call intuition. As a matter of fact, our medical training, at least that part of it concerned with our handling of the patient with a medical problem, is often a serious drawback.
COMBINED PELVIC AND RETROPERITONEAL TERATOMAS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: ARNHEIM ERNEST E. 
Published: December 2021

The pathologic and clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of combined pelvic and retroperitoneal teratomas in infancy and childhood, based upon a study of 15 cases, are reviewed. One case of malignant combined pelvic and retroperitoneal teratoma with recovery for 4 4/12 years is presented; this is believed to be the first reported cure of this condition.
Combined pelvic and retroperitoneal teratomas were usually noted in female infants under the age of 1 year as large tumors in the pelvis and lower abdomen, with or without extension into the buttocks, often causing urinary or intestinal obstruction, readily diagnosed by rectal and abdominal examination, and revealing areas of calcification or ossification on roentgenologic examination.
In this group of 15, 4 of the teratomas had undergone malignant changes, and 4 had not been operated upon and were described at autopsy.
Successful treatment of combined pelvic and retroperitoneal teratomas was dependent upon early operation, careful operative technic through staged posterior and abdominal incisions, and adequate preoperative and postoperative management. The operative mortality was 20%.
A long term recovery rate of 15% in combined pelvic and retroperitoneal teratomas is in marked contrast to the reported cures with sacrococcygeal teratomas (68%) and retroperitoneal teratomas (42%).
GLYCOGEN DISEASE OF THE HEART
Authors: CHILDS ALFRED W. , CROSE ROBERT F. , HENDERSON PATRICIA H. 
Published: December 2021

Two cases of siblings with glycogen storage disease of the heart are reported. The clinical picture was characterized by progressive weakness, areflexia, and susceptibility to secondary infections. There was also progressive hepatomegaly and cardiomegaly.
The pathologic findings correlated well with the clinical and were characterized by marked glycogen storage in skeletal, heart, and smooth muscle, the liver, and nerve cells of the central and autonomic nervous systems. In addition, many other tissues showed some glycogen storage. Storage in the skeletal muscle was so marked as to result in degeneration of the muscle fibers.
The familial aspect of this disease is again noted. Suggestions regarding differential diagnosis are made.
STUDIES OF THE IMMUNOLOGY OF THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: OSBORN JOHN J. , DANCIS JOSEPH , JULIA JUAN F. 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-three infants from 2 weeks to 6 months old, all of whom had measurable titers of transplacentally-received diphtheria antitoxin, were immunized with a single injection of diphtheria toxoid on alum.
Infants with a low level of passive transplacental antibody were able to respond as well or almost as well as infants who had no passive transfer. The formation of circulating antibody was depressed in infants with a high titer of passively received antibody.
It is suggested that the amount of interference with active immunization is dependent on the relation of the titer of passive transfer and the potency of the antigen. The application of this principle is indicated.