bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency-dependent auto-pooling function for weakly supervised sound event detection
Authors: Liu Sichen , Yang Feiran , Cao Yin , Yang Jun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSound event detection (SED), which is typically treated as a supervised problem, aims at detecting types of sound events and corresponding temporal information. It requires to estimate onset and offset annotations for sound events at each frame. Many available sound event datasets only contain audio tags without precise temporal information. This type of dataset is therefore classified as weakly labeled dataset. In this paper, we propose a novel source separation-based method trained on weakly labeled data to solve SED problems. We build a dilated depthwise separable convolution block (DDC-block) to estimate time-frequency (T-F) masks of each sound event from a T-F representation of an audio clip. DDC-block is experimentally proven to be more effective and computationally lighter than “VGG-like” block. To fully utilize frequency characteristics of sound events, we then propose a frequency-dependent auto-pooling (FAP) function to obtain the clip-level present probability of each sound event class. A combination of two schemes, named DDC-FAP method, is evaluated on DCASE 2018 Task 2, DCASE 2020 Task4, and DCASE 2017 Task 4 datasets. The results show that DDC-FAP has a better performance than the state-of-the-art source separation-based method in SED task.
Neural network-based non-intrusive speech quality assessment using attention pooling function
Authors: Liu Miao , Wang Jing , Yi Weiming , Liu Fang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecently, the non-intrusive speech quality assessment method has attracted a lot of attention since it does not require the original reference signals. At the same time, neural networks began to be applied to speech quality assessment and achieved good performance. To improve the performance of non-intrusive speech quality assessment, this paper proposes a neural network-based assessment method using attention pooling function. The proposed systems are based on the convolutional neural networks (CNNs), bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM), and CNN-LSTM structure. Comparing four types of pooling functions both theoretically and experimentally, we find the attention pooling function performs the best among the four. Experiments are conducted in a dataset containing various degraded speech signals with corresponding subjective quality scores. The results show that the proposed CNN-LSTM model using attention pooling function achieves state-of-the-art correlation coefficient (R) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.967 and 0.269, outperforming the performance of standardization ITU-T P.563 and autoencoder-support vector regression method.
Quaternion fractional-order color orthogonal moment-based image representation and recognition
Authors: He Bing , Liu Jun , Yang Tengfei , Xiao Bin , Peng Yanguo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInspired by quaternion algebra and the idea of fractional-order transformation, we propose a new set of quaternion fractional-order generalized Laguerre orthogonal moments (QFr-GLMs) based on fractional-order generalized Laguerre polynomials. Firstly, the proposed QFr-GLMs are directly constructed in Cartesian coordinate space, avoiding the need for conversion between Cartesian and polar coordinates; therefore, they are better image descriptors than circularly orthogonal moments constructed in polar coordinates. Moreover, unlike the latest Zernike moments based on quaternion and fractional-order transformations, which extract only the global features from color images, our proposed QFr-GLMs can extract both the global and local color features. This paper also derives a new set of invariant color-image descriptors by QFr-GLMs, enabling geometric-invariant pattern recognition in color images. Finally, the performances of our proposed QFr-GLMs and moment invariants were evaluated in simulation experiments of correlated color images. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the value of the proposed QFr-GLMs and their geometric invariants in the representation and recognition of color images.
Cannabinoid receptor CB2 ablation protects against TAU induced neurodegeneration
Authors: Galán-Ganga M. , Rodríguez-Cueto C. , Merchán-Rubira J. , Hernández F. , Ávila J. , Posada-Ayala M. , Lanciego J. L. , Luengo E. , Lopez M. G. , Rábano A. , Fernández-Ruiz J. , Lastres-Becker I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the alteration/aggregation of TAU protein, for which there is still no effective treatment. Therefore, new pharmacological targets are being sought, such as elements of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). We analysed the occurrence of changes in the ECS in tauopathies and their implication in the pathogenesis. By integrating gene expression analysis, immunofluorescence, genetic and adeno-associated virus expressing TAU mouse models, we found a TAU-dependent increase in CB2 receptor expression in hippocampal neurons, that occurs as an early event in the pathology and was maintained until late stages. These changes were accompanied by alterations in the endocannabinoid metabolism. Remarkably, CB2 ablation in mice protects from neurodegeneration induced by hTAUP301L overexpression, corroborated at the level of cognitive behaviour, synaptic plasticity, and aggregates of insoluble TAU. At the level of neuroinflammation, the absence of CB2 did not produce significant changes in concordance with a possible neuronal location rather than its classic glial expression in these models. These findings were corroborated in post-mortem samples of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, the most common tauopathy. Our results show that neurons with accumulated TAU induce the expression of the CB2 receptor, which enhances neurodegeneration. These results are important for our understanding of disease mechanisms, providing a novel therapeutic strategy to be investigated in tauopathies.
Foreshock–mainshock–aftershock sequence analysis of the 14 January 2021 (Mw 6.2) Mamuju–Majene (West Sulawesi, Indonesia) earthquake
Authors: Supendi Pepen , Ramdhan Mohamad , Priyobudi  , Sianipar Dimas , Wibowo Adhi , Gunawan Mohamad Taufik , Rohadi Supriyanto , Riama Nelly Florida , Daryono  , Prayitno Bambang Setiyo , Murjaya Jaya , Karnawati Dwikorita , Meilano Irwan , Rawlinson Nicholas , Widiyantoro Sri , Nugraha Andri Dian , Marliyani Gayatri Indah , Palgunadi Kadek Hendrawan , Elsera Emelda Meva 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe present here an analysis of the destructive Mw 6.2 earthquake sequence that took place on 14 January 2021 in Mamuju–Majene, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Our relocated foreshocks, mainshock, and aftershocks and their focal mechanisms show that they occurred on two different fault planes, in which the foreshock perturbed the stress state of a nearby fault segment, causing the fault plane to subsequently rupture. The mainshock had relatively few aftershocks, an observation that is likely related to the kinematics of the fault rupture, which is relatively small in size and of short duration, thus indicating a high stress-drop earthquake rupture. The Coulomb stress change shows that areas to the northwest and southeast of the mainshock have increased stress, consistent with the observation that most aftershocks are in the northwest.
The comparison of roof visibility of the mandibular canal between cone-beam computed tomography scans and panoramic radiograph images as dependent on the cortical bone thickness of the mandible
Authors: Ketabi Ali-Reza , Zelka Angeliki , Lauer Hans-Christoph , Hassfeld Stefan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Accurate detection of the mandibular canal is a difficult process despite cutting-edge radiographic methods. The present study analyses whether mandibular canal roof visibility is comparable to panoramic radiography (PR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and, further, examines whether the visibility in PR and CBCT is dependent on cortical bone thickness in the mandible.

Methods
This study was conducted on a group of 343 selected patients. It incorporated anonymised data on 343 patients in which a CBCT and PR were available. The first stage examines whether the mandibular canal roof visibility is comparable to PR and CBCT. In the second stage, measurements of cortical bone thickness showed buccal and lingual in the P2, M1, M2 and M3 teeth areas, both to the left and right of the mandible in CBCT images.
Statistical analysis was supported by statistical software (IBM SPSS 25; Armonk, NY, USA).

Results
The mean age of the patients was 58.8 years with an almost equal gender distribution. When performing a McNemar test on the P2, M1, M2 and M3 on both the left and right jaws, the difference between the two image modalities, with regard to the visibility of the canal roof, was found to be significant (McNemar test, p < 0.001).
Statistically (U test, p≥0.05), it follows that the thickness of the cortical bone of the mandible exerts no influence on the visibility of the roof of canalis mandibulae in PR and CBCT images.

Conclusion
We conclude that the visibility of the mandibular canal in PR and CBCT rays is not identical, and that the thickness of the cortical bone in the mandible does not represent a factor affecting the visibility of the roof of the mandibular canal.
Risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in a high-altitude forest region of Peru
Authors: Lana Justin T. , Mallipudi Andrés , Ortiz Ernesto J. , Arevalo Jairo H. , Llanos-Cuentas Alejandro , Pan William K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease typically associated with men working in remote, sylvatic environments. We sought to identify CL risk factors in a highly deforested region where anecdotal reports suggested an atypical proportion of women and children were infected with CL raising concern among authorities that transmission was shifting towards domestic spaces and population centers.

Methods
We describe the characteristics of CL patients from four participating clinics after digitizing up to 10 years of patient data from each clinic’s CL registries. We assessed risk factors of CL associated with intradomestic, peridomestic, or non-domestic transmission through a matched case-control study with 63 patients who had visited these same clinics for CL (cases) or other medical reasons (controls) between January 2014 and August 2016. The study consisted of an in-home interview of participants by a trained field worker using a standard questionnaire. Risk factors were identified using bivariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression.

Results
Between 2007 and 2016, a total of 529 confirmed CL positives were recorded in the available CL registries. Children and working aged women made up 58.6% of the cases. Our final model suggests that the odds of sleeping in or very near an agricultural field were five times greater in cases than controls (p = 0.025). Survey data indicate that women, children, and men have similar propensities to both visit and sleep in or near agricultural fields.

Conclusions
Women and children may be underappreciated as CL risk groups in agriculturally dependent regions. Despite the age-sex breakdown of clinical CL patients and high rates of deforestation occurring in the study area, transmission is mostly occurring outside of the largest population centers. Curbing transmission in non-domestic spaces may be limited to decreasing exposure to sandflies during the evening, nighttime, and early morning hours. Our paper serves as a cautionary tale for those relying solely on the demographic information obtained from clinic-based data to understand basic epidemiological trends of vector-borne infections.
Unexplained worsening of parkinsonian symptoms in a patient with advanced Parkinson’s disease as the sole initial presentation of COVID-19 infection: a case report
Authors: Kamel Walaa A. , Ismail Ismail Ibrahim , Ibrahim Mohamed , Al-Hashel Jasem Y. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that has been reported following viral infections in rare occasions. Several neurological complications have emerged in association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), since its declaration as a pandemic. Herein, we present a novel case of unexplained worsening of PD as the sole initial presentation of COVID-19, in the absence of fever or respiratory symptoms.

Case presentation
A 56-year-old male with advanced PD presented with severe rigidity, dystonic posturing of both feet, and confusion of 4 days duration. His condition progressed to an akinetic-rigid state and confusion during the following week, and a routine nasopharyngeal swab tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the 9th day of onset. He developed fever and dyspnea later and was intubated on the 10th day.

Conclusion
To our knowledge, worsening of PD symptoms as the sole initial manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in the absence of other cardinal features of COVID-19, has not been reported in the literature. We suggest testing for COVID-19 infection in patients with PD, especially advanced cases, who present with unexplained worsening of symptoms, even in the absence of COVID-19 cardinal features.
Anesthetic management of a patient undergoing abdominal surgery with bilateral ventricular peritoneal shunt in situ
Authors: Bala Renu , Bansal Priyanka , Malhan Srishti , Mittal Himani 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts are commonly performed procedures for a variety of disorders and are mostly long standing. These patients when present for non-neurological surgeries like gastrointestinal, urology, or caesarean section, there are several concerns like difficult abdominal surgery due to peritoneal adhesions, chances of shunt infection with potential retrograde infective meningoencephalitis, and ventriculitis or shunt failure with recurrent hydrocephalus.

Case presentation
A 35-year-old male, known case of third ventricular tumour with functional left-sided ventricular peritoneal shunt was scheduled to undergo cholecystectomy for gall bladder stone. Intraoperatively optic nerve sheath diameter was measured as an indicator of raised intracranial pressure. Intraoperative was uneventful. Efforts were taken to prevent rise in intracranial pressure perioperatively. Patient was discharged on third postoperative day.

Conclusion
A vigilant perioperative care along with adequate team work go a long way in achieving success in patients of ventriculoperitoneal shunts presenting for non-neurological surgeries.
The role of combined diffusion weighted imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in the differential diagnosis of obstructive biliary disorders
Authors: Rabie Shaimaa , Mohallel Ahmed , Bessa Samer Saad , Hafez Ahmed , El-Abd Amr Magdy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
The aim of this retrospective study was to highlight the role of adding DWI to the conventional MRCP in differentiating benign and malignant obstructive biliary pathologies. MRCP is a non-invasive modality for investigating the morphological features of the pancreaticobiliary system. It can provide indirect evidence of a malignant lesion, such as irregularity of the inner border and abrupt stenosis, with shouldering of the edge suggesting cholangiocarcinoma, while a short segment with regular margin and symmetric narrowing suggests a benign cause. Although these findings are highly sensitive, they are not specific. DWI can complement morphological information obtained by conventional MRCP by providing additional functional information concerning the alteration of tissue cellularity due to pathological processes.

Results
The overall accuracy of the diagnosis, sensitivity, and specificity of the conventional MRCP in differentiation between the benign and malignant biliary structures was significantly increased by combing it with the DWI.

Conclusions
Adding DWI to conventional MRCP significantly improved the diagnostic accuracy regarding the characterization of differentiating benign and malignant biliary strictures.
Hemiuterus with functional non-communicating horn in a young female
Authors: Venkatesh M. , Awal Sandeep Singh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Mullerian duct anomalies are a broad spectrum of congenital anomalies of the female genital tract presenting with variable symptoms like infertility, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhea, pelvic endometriosis, and poor obstetric outcomes. Unicornuate uterus or hemiuterus occurs as a result of abnormal formation or failure of formation of the contralateral part.

Case presentation
We present a rare case report of hemiuterus with functional non-communicating horn along with hematometra in a 15-year-old female who presented with severe dysmenorrhoea since her menarche. Pelvic Ultrasonography demonstrated inconclusive findings of a heterogenous lesion in the right pelvic cavity adjacent to the uterus. Further, pelvic MRI revealed a hemiuterus on the left side with a normal endometrial cavity and a well-defined functional non-communicating horn on right side. The diagnosis of European Society of Human Reproduction (ESHRE) Classification U4a uterine anomaly (left hemiuterus with functional non-communicating horn on right side) was established.

Conclusions
ESHRE Class U4a comprises of hemiuterus with a functional rudimentary horn. This is considered clinically significant as it may lead to further complications, such as hematometra or ectopic pregnancy in the rudimentary horn. Hence, the correct identification of this entity is essential as laparoscopic removal is the current recommended management.
Challenges of implementing psychiatric rehabilitation services: a low- and middle-income country case example
Authors: Tabatabaee Maryam , Mirsepassi Zahra , Sharifi Vandad , Mottaghipour Yasaman 
Published: May 2021

This article aims to explore the barriers and challenges of implementing psychiatric rehabilitation services at a psychiatric hospital in Iran. We performed an internal mixed-methods evaluation by adopting a multi-method approach. The data were organised, analysed and interpreted by the evaluation team. A low participation rate, administrative issues, low fidelity to protocols and incomplete documentation were the main findings.Implementing and maintaining rehabilitation services in low- and middle-income country settings requires more than a mere transfer of models of psychiatric rehabilitation; it needs adaptation to the local context as well as continuous evaluation and quality improvement in an iterative fashion, given the rapidly changing contexts with scarce resources.
Towards Evidence-Based Weaning: a Mechanism-Based Pharmacometric Model to Characterize Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndrome in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Goulooze Sebastiaan C. , Ista Erwin , van Dijk Monique , Tibboel Dick , Krekels Elke H. J. , Knibbe Catherijne A. J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor the management of iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (IWS) in children, a quantitative understanding of the dynamics of IWS of commonly used opioids and sedatives is lacking. Here, we introduce a new mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modeling approach for studying IWS in pediatric clinical datasets. One thousand seven hundred eighty-two NRSwithdrawal scores of IWS severity were analyzed, which were collected from 81 children (age range: 1 month–18 years) that received opioids or sedatives by continuous infusion for 5 days or more. These data were successfully fitted with a PKPD model consisting of a plasma and a dependence compartment that well characterized the dynamics of IWS from morphine, fentanyl, and ketamine. The results suggest that (1) instead of decreasing the infusion rate by a set percentage at set intervals, it would be better to lengthen the weaning period when higher infusion rates are administered prior to weaning; (2) for fentanyl specifically, the risk of IWS might be lower when weaning with smaller dose reductions every 12 h instead of weaning with greater dose reductions every 48 h. The developed PKPD model can be used to evaluate the risk of IWS over time and the extent to which it is affected by different weaning strategies. The results yield hypotheses that could guide future clinical research on optimal weaning strategies. The mechanism-based PKPD modeling approach can be applied in other datasets to characterize the IWS dynamics of other drugs used in pediatric intensive care.
Graphical abstract
Exact classical noise master equations: Applications and connections
Authors: Kiely Anthony 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
All quantum systems are subject to noise and imperfections due to stray fields, inhomogeneities or drifting experimental controls. An understanding of the effects of noise and decoherence is critical to the progress towards fully functional quantum devices. In this perspective, we focus on noise in quantum systems which are modelled by a dynamic stochastic parameter in the Hamiltonian. We will outline exact evolution equations describing the ensemble average dynamics for a variety of common noise types and their connections. We will also highlight an approximate evolution equation valid in the weak noise limit for an arbitrary classical stochastic field. This framework should serve as a starting point for identifying signatures of differing noise types and optimisation of robust control protocols.
Attractive inverse-square–type interaction induced by Lorentz symmetry violation by fixed vector background
Authors: Oliveira A. S. , Bakke K. , Belich H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Based on a model that goes beyond the Standard Model, we study quantum effects of the violation of the Lorentz symmetry at a low-energy regime. From a background of the Lorentz symmetry violation determined by a space-like vector field and electric fields, we obtain an attractive inverse-square–type interaction. In addition, we obtain the bound-states solutions to the Schrödinger equation.
Quantitative evaluation of individual food intake by insectivorous vespertilionid bats (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
Authors: Moiseienko Marharyta , Vlaschenko Anton 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Insectivorous bats provide important ecosystem services, especially by suppressing and controlling the insects’ biomass. To empirically quantify the number of insects consumed by European vespertilionid bats per night, we estimated their ratio of dry mass of feces to mass of consumed insects. This study combines the results of feeding in captivity and the data obtained in field surveys; dry mass of feces was measured in both cases. In captivity, we analyzed the effect of species, age and sex of bats, species of insects consumed and the mass of food portion on the dry mass of feces. Using coefficients of the regression model, we estimated the number of insects consumed by free-ranging bats based on dry mass of their feces. According to our estimates, on average, one individual of one of the largest European bat species, Nyctalusnoctula, consumes 2.2 g (ranging from 0.5 to 8.2 g) of insects per one feeding night, while the smallest European bats of genus Pipistrellus consume 0.4 g (ranging from 0.1 to 1.3 g), further confirming the importance of insectivorous bats for ecosystem services. This publication offers the novel method for the estimation of insects’ biomass consumed by bats.