bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multilingualism in Public Spaces
Authors: Blackwood Robert , Dunlevy Deirdre A. 
Published: June 2021

Advocates of multilingualism are always seeking new ways to articulate the advantages inherent in living out life in more than one language. This volume brings together researchers from across Europe to explore sociolinguistic perspectives on multilingualism, with specific emphasis on identity, diversity, and social cohesion, as they focus explicitly on the potential of this phenomenon to empower individuals, groups, and communities.
Positioned around the idea of empowerment, this book explores the potential of multilingualism to overcome divisions and build social cohesion. In particular, chapters discuss how multilingualism can help the individual to become critically conscious and to develop an in-depth understanding of the world, while also benefiting society as whole. Understanding ‘public space’ in broad terms, including domains such as education, online, and the linguistic landscape, this volume explores how multilingualism can empower people from a range of perspectives, including memorialisation, onomastics, direct action, linguistic rights, migration, and educational play.
Making the Arctic City
Authors: Hemmersam Peter 
Published: June 2021

Making the Arctic City explores the unwritten history of city-building in the Arctic over the last 100 years. Spanning northern regions of North America, through Greenland, Svalbard to Russia, this is the first book to provide a truly circumpolar account of historical and contemporary architecture and urbanism in the Arctic – and it shows how the Arctic city offers valuable lessons for the post-colonial study of architectural and urban planning history elsewhere.
Examining architects’ and planners’ designs for Arctic urban futures, it considers the impact of 20th-century models of urban design and planning in Arctic cities, and reveals how contemporary architectural approaches continue to this day to essentialize ‘extreme’ climate conditions and disregard the agency of Arctic city-dwellers – a critical perspective that is vital to the formulation of future design and planning practices in the region.
Dramatic Effects with a Movie Camera
Authors: Segal Gail , Antonio Sheril 
Published: June 2021

The camera’s capacity to organize space within a 'frame' produces the fundamental unit of moviemaking: the shot.
Dramatic Effects with a Movie Camera is a practical guide to the visual storytelling potential of different camera techniques, demonstrating how they can produce compelling shots and sequences. By exploring how a close-up shot of a character's face can help the viewer share their fear or joy, or how a moving camera can reveal plot points, connect objects and characters in space, or give clues to their state of mind, Gail Segal and Sheril Antonio show how choice of shot can dramatically affect your narrative.
With detailed analysis of clips from 45 films, from 30 countries, this is a unique window into how moviemaking masters have made the most of their cameras and how you can too.
The Law of Humanity Project
Authors: Soirila Ukri 
Published: June 2021

This book provides the first comprehensive introduction to the role of humanity in international law, offering a fresh perspective to a discussion with global implications. The 1990s and the first decade of the twenty-first century witnessed the sporadic emergence of a new vision of global law. Although the vision has taken many different forms, all instances of it have been uniform in their attempt to radically alter how we understand international law, by seeking to posit the human as the primary subject of the international legal order and humanity as its main source of legitimacy. Together, this book calls these instances ‘the law of humanity project’. In so doing, it also paints a picture of and critically assesses a particular moment in the history of international law – a moment which may have already come to a sudden end as a consequence of the current populist backlash in world politics, but during which it seemed inevitable that the law of humanity vision would come to play an increasingly important role in world affairs.
Volume 82 in the series Studies in International Law
The Law of Solicitors’ Liabilities
Authors: Flenley William , Leech Tom 
Published: June 2021

The Law of Solicitors' Liabilities, previously known as Solicitors' Negligence and Liability, provides a comprehensive guide to all aspects of solicitors’ negligence, liability in equity and wasted costs. Written by leading practitioners in the field, it deals with a variety of topics, from general principles to specific situations, providing practical guidance to the procedural aspects of bringing and defending a claim for solicitors’ negligence.
The new fourth edition includes:
- A new chapter on insurance law focusing on a number of key topics which arise, particularly in relation to solicitors’ insurance: aggregation; condonation; definition of private legal practice; notification; possibly successor practice rules.
- Updated case law to cover all recent Supreme Court and Court of Appeal decisions, eg Hughes-Holland v BPE (Supreme Court) scope of duty and extent of damages; Redler v AIB (Supreme Court): breach of trust; Lowick Rose v Swynson (Supreme Court): lifting the corporate veil in claims against professionals; Tiuta International v de Villiers (Court of Appeal): lenders’ claims, impact of a remortgage on damages; Wellesley v Withers (Court of Appeal): test for remoteness of damage; and E Surv v Goldsmith Williams (Court of Appeal): implied duty on solicitors in lenders’ claims.
- Regulatory/disciplinary developments, eg revised SRA Code of Conduct.
Practical Advocacy in the Crown Court
Authors: Fenny Ian , Flynn Grace , Gohil Anjali , Gordon Gregory , Haggerty Alistair , Langdon Andrew , Lee Nick , Pakrooh Ramin , Quinlan Christopher , Scutt David , Thomas Charles , Tully Ray , Vigars Anna , Wolfe Tara 
Published: June 2021

Practical Advocacy in the Crown Court follows the life of a case in the Crown Court chronologically, providing guidance and insights at each step. It guides the reader from first conference through legal arguments and witness handling to sentencing hearings, with references to procedure, codes of conduct, and key cases. With an emphasis on practical advice, each chapter follows a similar format incorporating dos and don’ts, mock situations, and sections on good practice.
Key topics covered include:
Making and opposing bail applicationsEffective communication with lay clientsAppeals against conviction and sentence in the Crown CourtEvidential submissionsWitness handling of complainants, vulnerable witnesses, police officers and expertsMaking effective jury speechesSentencing, mitigation and advocacy in cases involving the Mental Health Act
This is the only specialist guide written for Crown Court advocates, by Crown Court advocates. It provides learned advice on common situations such as hearsay applications, hostile witnesses, making speeches or mitigating in cases where it may feel like there is little to say. It also provides insight on good communication with clients as well as court room advocacy, and dealing with lay clients, solicitors and police officers in conference. In addition, it covers written advocacy in detail, including persuasive skeleton arguments and using jury bundles effectively.
Depending on the experience of the reader, this book helps the:
new advocate by giving them insight into situations that arise frequently, with a proper understanding of their role, as well as advice on how to adapt their style to the witness or the Judgeprogressing advocate to develop skills with advice garnered from counsel of many years’ experience, such as sections dealing with witness handling and evidential submissions in more complex cases, including rape and serious sexual offences work, proceeds of crime applications, case conferences with the CPS and presenting documents to juries in larger casesexperienced and busy advocate by looking at situations of greater complexity, such as the purpose of jury advocacy, and it will also act as a refresher for the more established advocate with writer’s block in a tricky case
‘CENTRUM VAN WELDADIGE KRACHT VOOR HET ONDERWIJS’ OF ‘KOOP-MANSZAAK’?
Authors: van Buren Luca 
Published: June 2021

‘CENTRE OF A BENEFICENT FORCE IN EDUCATION’ OR ‘ORDINARY MERCHANT BUSINESS’? THE MUSEUM OF EDUCATION AND ART IN ROTTERDAM, 1880-1886
For a short period of time, the city of Rotterdam housed a rather unique museum, the Museum of Education and Art (Museum voor Onderwijs en Kunst). It existed for six years and only for less than a year in its original form. In 1880 it was unlike other educational or – as they were usually called – school museums. Other than today’s cultural history school museums, these museums were integrated in education and functioned as a means to support mass education by the state. They did so by exhibiting the whole range of school materials to enable headmasters and teachers to make informed choices. School materials were also displayed at educational exhibitions at world fairs. The Museum in Rotterdam was exceptional because it was a private, commercial enterprise, unlike other school museums which were established by schoolboards, local authorities, or by a state. In addition, it was the first and probably the only case with a purpose-built housing, where others generally used existing (school)buildings or were part of an arts and crafts museum.
PIET MONDRIAAN OVER NEOPLASTISCH KUNSTONDERWIJS
Authors: Veen Louis 
Published: June 2021

PIET MONDRIAN ON NEOPLASTIC ART EDUCATION
Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) was not only a painter, but also a prolific writer. He wrote more than a hundred essays in Dutch, French, and English on the subject of art and society. In three unfinished essays, Mondrian sketches a different art education than was customary at the fine art academies during the interwar period. He describes an education that does not focus on creating discrete art objects, but on designing the entire daily environment. Mondrian’s intention was that graduates who had finished the training would give the society a harmoniously balanced structure, which would ultimately lead to more harmony and peace in man. He believed that a ‘Paradise on Earth’ would be no longer be a dream when all aspects of life were designed according to the neoplastic principles. In order to achieve this, students of Mondrian’s art education had to study the fundamental principles on which Mondrian based his neoplastic paintings. The present article investigates the principles of neoplastic composition as laid out in these three texts, which can help our understanding of the thought and method behind Mondrian’s Neo-Plasticism.
De Romeinse Limes in Nederland
Authors: Mols Stephan , Polak Rien 
Published: June 2021

Summary
For more than five hundred years the southern part of the Netherlands belonged to the Roman Empire, more particularly to the province of Germania inferior (Lower Germany). The left bank of the river Rhine served as the external boundary of this province, once the ambition to annex the Germanic territories across the river had been abandoned. Although the Lower German Limes is only a modest part of the whole frontier system of the Roman Empire, it can boast of various distinctive characteristics, the most important of which is the outstanding preservation of timber buildings, ships and other organic remains in the water-logged conditions of the Rhine delta. This paper presents a brief history of this frontier section and addresses a few general issues, as an introduction to a series of papers discussing a variety of aspects of the frontier and of life in a frontier zone.
De grenzen van het Romeinse Rijk
Authors: Polak Rien 
Published: June 2021

Summary
In the second century AD the Roman Empire reached its largest extent. By that time the military infrastructure at the periphery of the Empire stretched over thousands of kilometres, across the three continents surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Rome had to exert its power in very different climates and landscapes, and deal with external threats varying from the highly developed Parthian Empire to hardly organised nomadic groups. The military infrastructure at its boundaries was therefore quite diverse, but nevertheless the military installations show many similarities across the Empire, due to the frequent displacements of army units and their commanders. This paper provides a concise overview of the frontier sections on all three continents and a brief discussion of differences and similarities.
De forten langs de Rijn in Romeins Nederland
Authors: Chorus Julia 
Published: June 2021

Summary
During the early forties AD the Roman army built several timber auxiliary forts on the southern bank of the Lower Rhine. Remains of nine timber forts and a fortlet, sometimes well preserved, have been found in the western part of the Netherlands, in the Rhine delta: at Vechten (Bunnik), Utrecht, De Meern, Woerden, Bodegraven, Zwammerdam, Alphen aan den Rijn, Leiden-Roomburg and Valkenburg (South Holland) and the fortlet at Valkenburg-Marktveld. There also are indications of military presence further upstream, but there are hardly any traces to be found. The Rhine has destroyed most of the evidence, except for dredge finds and some structures in Arnhem-Meinerswijk and Herwen-De Bijland. Wood was available in the surroundings and it was used for building the forts. In the last quarter of the second century AD most of these auxiliary forts were partly rebuilt in stone. This paper gives an overview of the recent thoughts on the Roman forts on the Lower Rhine in the Netherlands in their political context.
Brood en vlees
Authors: Kooistra Laura , Groot Maaike 
Published: June 2021

Summary
This paper presents the current state of knowledge on food supply to the Roman Limes, vici and towns in the Netherlands – based on archaeobotanical and archaeozoological research – and the role of the local countryside. For the first century AD, several areas of origin for the food can be established. Cereals were imported, but also supplied from the regions adjacent to the Rhine; pulses and oil seeds may have been sourced locally. Cattle were both imported and obtained locally. Population density in the countryside was low and farmers were not used to structurally producing surplus food. In the earliest phase, the army probably requisitioned cattle and raised pigs and chickens. From the late first century, supply was organised better and the local farmers supplied more of the cereals and meat required by the army, vici and towns. However, certain cereals were still imported. Orchards and vegetable gardens were located near the towns, where chickens were also raised. Throughout the Roman period, wild fruits and hazelnuts could be gathered and game, wild birds and fish hunted by consumers. Saltwater fish and seashells indicate trade with coastal regions. Wine, olive oil, fish sauce, preserved fruits, pine nuts, preserved meat and fish were imported from other provinces.
De nieuwe kleren van de keizer?
Authors: Graafstal Erik , Hazenberg Tom 
Published: June 2021

Summary
It is in the nature of the Dutch Limes, buried as it is under later river sediments and modern townscapes, that it is fundamentally invisible. Over the past fifteen years, a surge of local initiatives to create Roman references and replicas in our public spaces has gone a long way to make up for this. Many of these ‘emperor’s new clothes’ have been styled in a bold new language of ‘Dutch design’, giving a distinct imprint to this corner of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire. The flipside of the Dutch approach, typically averse to central coordination, could be a lack of coherence and sustained management. This paper will draw up an interim balance sheet. After a cycle tour along the Dutch Limes sector we will look into two major recent endeavours of public outreach: the Zwammerdam ships project with its twin hubs of the NIGRVM PVLLVM visitor centre and the Archeon museum park at Zwammerdam and Alphen aan den Rijn, respectively, and the making of Castellum Hoge Woerd at Utrecht, a true to scale replica of the local Roman fort. The paper concludes with some of the most urgent lessons learnt.
Huurlingen, mobiliteit en reizigerslatijn
Authors: Kelder Jorrit 
Published: June 2021

Summary
The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it argues that the Mycenaean Greek world served as a nexus for international trade between the Near East and Europe during the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1600 to 1100 BCE). Rather than a barbarian periphery, Europe – and in particular regions such as the Carpathian basin and the southern Baltic (Denmark and Scania) – was an integral part of the much better known ‘civilised’ world of the ancient Near East. Second, it argues that ‘mercenaries’ (a term that I will use rather loosely, and which includes both private entrepreneurs and military captives) served as a hitherto overlooked conduit for knowledge exchange between Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Near East. It will do so by highlighting a number of remarkable archaeological finds, and by discussing these against the backdrop of contemporary (Late Bronze Age and Iron Age) texts as well as later legends.
Het Grieks gedomesticeerd
Authors: Van Rooy Ref 
Published: June 2021

Summary
The sixteenth-century Hellenist Adolf van Meetkercke (1528-1591) was a talented humanist and diplomat, who divided his time between philology and politics, excelling in both professions. Meetkercke’s first scholarly work was his Commentary on the ancient and correct pronunciation of the Greek language (De veteri et recta pronuntiatione linguæ Græcæ commentarius), published in 1565 by Goltzius in Bruges and reedited in 1576 by Plantin in Antwerp. In this work, the scholar from Bruges defended the reconstructed pronunciation today closely associated with Erasmus. After offering a biographical sketch of Meetkercke and briefly recapitulating the pronunciation debate, I discuss his innovative treatise, which was the first freestanding systematic outline of the reconstructed pronunciation. I argue that the Commentary was tremendously influential and had an impact beyond the subject of pronunciation. In particular, I intend to illustrate that Meetkercke elaborated a linguistic ideology which advocated the active usage of the Ancient Greek language as a learned lingua franca next to Latin, and which involved appropriating this classical language from the Byzantine teachers who had brought it to western Europe in a ‘corrupt’ state. In the conclusion, I dwell on Meetkercke’s importance for language studies and briefly relate his rather aggressive domestication of Ancient Greek to the position of this language in the present-day Low Countries.
Onopvallend turen naar de Russen
Authors: VAN LOCHEM-VAN DER WEL SANDRA , VAN LOCHEM HENK 
Published: June 2021

Secretly watching the Russians. Cold War aircraft observation posts on existing buildings
During the 1950s a network of aircraft observation post was built in The Netherlands, as a detection/observation system against low-flying hostile aircraft during the Cold War. Preferably, these were placed on highrise buildings. 134 of these 276 observation posts were built on existing buildings, on factories, mills, water towers, monasteries, government buildings and bunkers. Since their decommissioning in 1964-1968, many posts have been demolished. Approximately 37 posts on existing buildings remain, but mostly go unnoticed and many risk demolition in the future. These remaining aircraft observation posts are remarkable relics of our military heritage from the Cold War.
Het Wassende Water
Authors: TETER JOHAN 
Published: June 2021

Rising water. Deserted settlements in Holland after 1514
The abandonment of villages in Northwestern Europe between 1200 and 1400 AD is a much-studied subject. Little is known about the presence of this phenomenon after 1500 AD. In the historic County of Holland (more or less the western part of the Netherlands) evaluation of an old taxation document from 1514 showed that 7,5% of the villages and 15% of the hamlets present in 1514 had disappeared by 2018. Main reason is the slowly rising North Sea. Another cause is the destructive peat industry, which caused a steady and dangerous enlargement of inland lakes. The research also showed that smaller and economically weaker settlements have a higher chance to be left deserted. Cities, and traditional agricultural villages not close to the sea or big lakes, were practically immune to permanent abandonment in the last 500 years.
Juinen in kaart gebracht
Authors: STEEGH JOHN , RENES HANS 
Published: June 2021

The map of Juinen by Arthur Steegh
In 1984, the historical-geographer Arthur Steegh (1946-2005) drew a fictive map that included most landscape types of the Netherlands. The map could be used to simulate the effects of planning procedures on landscapes and was part of a report on the use of landscape data in Environmental Impact Assessments. Steegh situated his map in the municipality of Juinen, which was the – again fictive – location for a popular satirical programme on Dutch television.
UNESCO culturele landschappen en management uitdagingen
Authors: WESTRIK CAROL 
Published: June 2021

UNESCO cultural landscapes and management challenges
In 1992 UNESCO adopted guidelines to include cultural landscapes in the World Heritage List. Cultural Landscapes are defined as ‘combined works of nature and of man’. It is this interaction that has to be of outstanding universal value. It should also be the focus concerning the management of such World Heritage sites. It requires an interdisciplinary approach as it covers different disciplines and in some cases different management systems. The management system is a living document that looks ahead. A holistic approach and monitoring are essential in order to be able to identify possible threats to the OUV early on and to act upon them.
Levende cultuurlandschappen als Werelderfgoed
Authors: RENES HANS 
Published: June 2021

Continuing landscapes as World Heritage
The World Heritage Convention was adopted by UNESCO in 1972, in a period of growing awareness of the international dimensions of environment and heritage. However, it was also a period in which European visions of heritage were still dominant, for example on themes such as authenticity and the distinction between nature and culture. The World Heritage List, resulting from the Convention, put the initiative for inscriptions by state parties, leading to a bias towards unproblematic and tourism-oriented objects. In all these aspects, almost half a century of discussions brought changing ideas. The European emphasis on material authenticity and the division between nature and culture were challenged by practices from Asia and Africa. The role of the nation state became less important by global exchanges of ideas and by local and regional initiatives. The protection of cultural landscapes, particularly that of ‘living’ or ‘continuing’ landscapes, was only possible by a movement from protection towards ‘management of change’. The problem of management of such landscapes is illustrated in five case studies of cultural landscapes that are, or prepare to be, World Heritage Sites: Dresden, the rice terraces of the Cordilleras, the Beemster polder, the Altes Land near Hamburg and the Dutch/Belgian Colonies of Benevolence. The conclusion is that change within World Heritage Sites is possible but needs to be done with caution and with a sense of quality, preferably by involving landscape architects. Rather than the authentic remains of an original situation, the argument should be based on ideas such as layeredness of landscapes and path dependency in developments.