bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The phenomenon of desertification and its effects on reducing agricultural areas in Babylon Governorate
Authors: Abboud Al-Tafili A.P. Houdoud Mohammed , Awwad Al-Jassani P.D. Nisreen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Desertification is an environmental phenomenon and it is a clear reflection of the conditions of climate and irrigation drought and it is a widespread phenomenon in Babel Governorate and many governorates in Iraq and what contributes to the expansion of the desertification region is the scraping of orchards and trees inside cities which strip these cities of their greenness beauty and purity of their air which It exposes its environment to various risks not the least of which is the imbalance in the environment and the loss of productive lands, and this is very important in carrying large financial burdens represented by the costs of connecting electric energy services potable water and municipal services, with the accompanying provision of these services in light of the government deficit.
It from violating the laws but rather extends to the recovery of corruption and corrupt people in the process of seducing citizens as it turns into residential neighborhoods that cannot be legally connected to these services. There is no doubt that the phenomenon of desertification in the province of Babel exacerbated for several reasons the foremost of which was the decrease in water levels from neighboring countries that despite their economic relations are in their interest but they do not give Iraq its water share fairly as Iran worked to build dams on the rivers and tributaries linking the two countries and formed A decrease “in the amount of water entering Iraq by ( 80 % ) in addition to the successive dry seasons for decades in addition to the decrease in the efficiency of the watering process due to the aging of water pumps and the failure to introduce technology in this process and these factors as a whole have increased the proportion of lands exposed to desertification to ( 74 % ) of the space group.
The total allocated to agriculture. The study in this research dealt with three topics included the first topic presented the research problem the research hypothesis the limits of the research area the goals of the research and some concepts about desertification ad the second topic included natural factors that contribute to the spread of desertification and the third topic human factors and the agricultural situation in the province and methods of combating desertification Then proposals recommendations and sources. The research included a set of maps tables and pictures that illustrate some of the effects of desertification in the province.
The Effect of Different Irrigation Methods with Nano Technology on Water Consumption Rate for Yellow Corn Crop and the Water Unit Efficiency in One Plowed and One Unplowed Soil
Authors: Hussein El-Shaabani Ehab Mohammed , AL-Obeid Abdilwahab Khdeir 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in Habbaniyah sub-district / Khalidiya district / Anbar province, western Iraq, in silty loam soil during the autumn season 2020 to study the effect of surface, subsurface drip and nanotechnology irrigation on water consumption and the efficiency of water use in plowed and non-plowed soil. Irrigation was performed upon depletion of 50% of the available water. The treatments were distributed according to the Nested-Factorial Experiments Design with three replications. Corn ( Furat class) was planted, on 15/7/2020. The American evaporation basin used Class A for irrigation. The rate of water consumption was calculated in equivalent to the depth of the added water, total yield, and water use efficiency. The results showed an increase in water consumption in the surface drip irrigation which reached 748.75 and 604.80 mm. plant−1 in plowing and no cultivation, respectively, while significant decrease in perfusion irrigation to 521.50 mm.plant−1 in both of plowing and no tillage. The total yield exceeded in sprinkling irrigation, which reached 10.91 and 12.49 tons.hectare−1, while the values of the same characteristic decreased to 7.96 and 7.11 tons hectares−1 in surface drip irrigation of the plowed and non-plowed soils, respectively. Also, the values of water use efficiency in perfusion irrigation were exceeded, and they were 2.09 and 2.39 kg.m3, while the lowest values were 1.06 and 1.17 kg.m3 in surface drip irrigation in plowing and no-till, respectively.
Pollution of Water with Lead and Cadmium by the Effect of Adding Cities Waste in Al-Diwaniyah River, Iraq
Authors: Jarallah Raid Shaalan , Al Husseini Huda Mahdi Haraj 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted to know the effect of adding sewage and industrial water on the concentration of Lead and Cadmium elements in river water during different seasons of the year in Al-Diwaniyah province / Iraq, Water samples were collected in 1 L water bottles with three replicates for all location and during four seasons: summer (July) 2019, autumn (October) 2019, winter (January) 2020, and spring (April) 2020 with three seasons. location : The first location was located at the entrance to the city of Al-Diwaniyah (Al-suniyah), Which represents the control treatment where it takes place before the various pollution ports that flow into the river (such as sewage, hospital waste, factory waste, sewage … etc.), the second location in the city center (Rifaat neighborhood) and the third location in the Sudair area, which represents the last location of the city of Al-Diwaniyah after the end of all estuaries and sources of pollution. The results of the study found that the concentration of Lead and Cadmium in the river’s water increased with an increase in its slope from the first location to the third location for both elements (Lead and cadmium), That their concentration increased with the increase in the addition of residues, and the highest pollution concentration was in the summer, The Lead concentration was 0.1303 μg.L−1, In the third location and the lowest concentration in the winter season, it reached 0.0033 μg.L−1 in the first location, while the highest concentration of Cadmium in the summer season was 0.05533 μg.L−1 in the third location and the lowest concentration in the winter and spring seasons was 0.00 in the first location, This indicates an increase in the concentration of the two elements in the river water and (As it affects humans and different neighborhoods), which causes health and toxic damage according to the type of element and the type of this organism on the one hand, and the elemental pollution is affected according to the seasons of the year in terms of uses and waste added, as well as the quantities of water contained in the river on the other hand.
Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Silica Fertilization and Spraying with Nano-Potassium and Calcium
Authors: Al-Shahmani A. M. K. , Al-Juthery H. W. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to assess the response of rice (cv. Anber 33) to silica fertilization and spraying with nano-potassium and calcium in some indicators of growth and yield of the plant, a field study was conducted in Al-Talea’a Township (district of 41-Al-Husseiniyah, south of Hilla City) / Babylon Governorate / Iraq for the period from 15/6/2020 until 19/11/2020.
The experiment was carried out according to the split-plot design, and the parameters were distributed according to the arrangement of Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD), where the levels of silica fertilizer were the main plot and the concentrations of the nano fertilizers were the subplot. The number of treatments became 16 treatment, with three replications per treatment. The first factor represented by silica fertilizer consisted of four levels: 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha−1, while the second factor represented by spraying nano fertilizers consisted of four treatments: control, nano-K, nano-Ca, nano-(K + Ca). Results showed that fertilizing by silica at a level of 300 kg ha−1 recorded the highest means of chlorophyll content (39.59 SPAD), plant height (143.67 cm), weight of 1000 grains (21.04 g), grains yield (5.76 Mg ha−1), and harvest index (30.96 %). Also, the spraying by nano (K + Ca) achieved the highest means of chlorophyll content (39.71 SPAD), plant height (142.84 cm), weight of 1000 grains (20.92 g), grains yield (5.52 Mg ha−1), biological yield (99.18 Mg ha−1), and harvest index (29.04 %). The interaction between fertilization with silica and spraying by nano (K + Ca) achieved the highest means of growth and yield indicators for rice plants when treated with silica (300 kg ha−1) and spraying by nano (K + Ca), it’s reached the chlorophyll content (41.17 SPAD) and plant height (146.60 cm), weight of 1000 grains (21.40 g), grain yield (6.14 Mg ha−1), biological yield (19.20 Mg ha−1), and harvest index (32.00%) against the lowest means of growth and yield indicators recorded in control plants, it’s reached the chlorophyll content (36.87 SPAD), plant height (133.19 cm), weight of 1000 grains (19.70 g), grains yield (4.25 Mg ha−1), biological yield (16.87 Mg ha−1) and harvest index (25.19%).
The Effect of Biological Inoculation of Azotobacter chrococcum and Glomus mosseae on Growth and Yield of Zea mays L. under Different Levels of Water Stress
Authors: Shuppar Tabarak Rahim , Kamal Jawad Abdl-Kadhim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of inoculation with the bacteria Azotobacter chrococcum and the fungus Glomus mosseae on the growth and yield of Zea mays L. variety (Baghdad 3) under different levels of water stress. The field trial was conducted in the fall season of 2020 in Diwaniyah Governorate-Afak county fields. The experiment was designed according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) design with three replications. The treatments were distributed randomly. Three levels of irrigation were used in the experiment, namely (I4) irrigation every four days, (I7) irrigation every seven days, (I10) irrigation every ten days, and inoculation levels. Biological inoculation with the bacteria at two different levels (B1) inoculation with bacteria A-chrococcum, (B0) without inoculation. Fungal inoculation with G-mosseae at two inoculation levels (F1) and without inoculation with (F0). In addition to the overlapping treatment between fungus and (B1F1) bacteria. The treatments’ means were compared using the least significant difference (L.S.D) test at a probability level of 5%. The results present that the treatments inoculated with fungi or bacteria, or both, and for a seven-day irrigation period, significantly increased the values of the traits of (dry weight of the root mass, leaf area, chlorophyll concentration, and total yield). The highest means values were (5739) g.Plant−1, (18.04) cm2.plant−1, (58.93) SPAD, and (9.104) tons.ha−1, respectively, compared to the treatments (no application + irrigation every ten days) that gave (13.75) g.Plant−1, (2539) cm2.plant−1, (3.921) SPAD, and (29.07) tons.ha−1.
A risk of the effluents of Diyala River on some ecological and physiological for Qattan Barbus xanthopterus at Tigris River middle of Iraq
Authors: Abbas Luay Mohammed , Attee Raaed Sami , Alsalam Mohamed Abd Alkhder Abd 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The effect of the confluence of the Diyala River and the Tigris river on the life of the Barbus
xanthopterus was studied. Two sites were selected for the study, water and fish samples were collected monthly for the period from July 2017 to January 2018. Some of the physical and chemical properties of the water were measured, water temperature ranged between 8.6 ° C to 31.3 ° C, dissolved oxygen between 2.3 to 10.2 mg / liter, the pH between 6.9 to 5.5 to 7.6, the salinity of the water ranged between 0.3 to 1 g / liter and turbidity was18.9 to 57.3 brownish naphthalene units. The oxygen biological requirement for water was between 0.6 to 15.2 mg / liter. Forty two specimens of Qattan Barbus
xanthopterus were cached, with total length from 22.63 to 40.46 cm and total weight from 117.8 to 1070.3 g. The average age was from 1 to 7 years old. The blood characteristics were measured, and the range of the red blood cells RBC ranged between 1.3 to 5.8 cells x 106/mm3 and for white blood cells WBC between 7.7 to 16.2 cells x 103 / mm3 and the PCV ranged between 17.4 to 29.8% and the Hb blood hemoglobin was between 6 to 9.9 g / dL. Some liver enzymes were also measured in the blood, and their concentration of GOT (AST), GPT (ALT) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ranged 38.0 to 875.9 U / L, 1.6 to 26.4 U / L, 9.4 To 83.7 U / L and 1051.8 U / L respectively. The current results conclude that there are clear influences of the Diyala estuary at the Tigris River in the second site, and consequently, tangible effects have appeared on the environment and some biological and physiological characteristics of the fish of the current study.
IAA production by Pseudomonas putida associated with rhizosphere of some medicine plants
Authors: AL-Habib Amal Abdul S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The present study was carried out in the green house / department of Environmental science / college of Energy and Environment Science, Al-Karkh University of Science, Baghdad. During 2019-2020 under natural environmental conditions in greenhouse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of the rhizosphere soil of two medicine plants including, Watercress (Eruca sativa) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum) plants, to evaluate the effectiveness of the soil surrounding the roots of the tested plants in stimulating rooting growth. Red hibiscus, Alternanthera purple, chrysanthemum, Rosemary and garden mint were planted in rhizosphere soil of the two medicine plants. The results indicated that parsley rhizosphere soil gave the highest values in rooting and seeds germination for the test plants than the Watercress, the results indicated the presence of pseudomonas putida and IAA hormone in the roots rhizosphere soil of the tested plants.
Study of the Some Heavy Metals Residues in the Camel Meat in different regions of Kirkuk governorate during the spring and Summer Seasons
Authors: Ahmed Al-perkhdri Adnan Shakor 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For the purpose of searching for levels of some heavy contamination in muscle, liver and kidney meat for Camel in Kirkuk governorate in spring and summer seasons, samples were collected randomly from males (aged 4-5 years) from three reigns of Kirkuk governorate (Kirkuk center, Shwan and Laylan) During the March and April (spring season) and May and July months of (summer season) in 2020. There was a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on the factors (meat type, location and season) in the concentration of lead, Kidney meat in the Kirkuk center in the spring season recorded the highest concentration of lead and significant difference (8.008 ppm) The lowest concentration (2.211 ppm) was found in Liver in Spring. The highest concentration level of cadmium in muscle in summer season from Kirkuk center (4.191 ppm) in muscle, and lowers Concentration of cadmium (2.961 ppm) recorded in kidney from Laylan in summer season. The concentration of zinc in the Liver at the Kirkuk center in the summer season was the highest concentration (138.221 ppm), while the Kidney in the spring season from Kirkuk center recorded the lowest concentration (28.347 ppm). For Copper the liver in the Kirkuk center in the spring season had the highest concentration (26.754 ppm), while the Liver from the Kirkuk center at summer was recorded lowest concentration (4.663 ppm). For Cobalt, in spring season in Kirkuk, the Muscle recorded the highest concentration of cobalt (8.194 ppm) in summer, while the lowest concentration was recorded in Kidney the spring season from Kirkuk center (1.913 ppm). All types of metals recorded levels higher than the internationally accepted limits.
Studying and diagnosing the heavy and light sand Minerals for some of the soils in southern and northern Iraq
Authors: Al Baghdady Saraa Noori Shaker , Sagban Alabadi Luma Abdalalah 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A study and diagnosis of heavy and light sand minerals were conducted for some soils in southern and northern Iraq, as the soils in southern Iraq from Maysan Governorate were represented in four regions and included soils (Ali Al-Gharbi, Al-Batira, Al-Maymouna, Al-Tayyib). And four areas of the soils of northern Iraq from the governorate of Erbil and included soils (Shaqlawa, Salah El-Din area, Kori, and Harir), as the surface depths (0-30) cm were chosen for all the soils studied. The results showed the predominance of quartz minerals in all soils of the study within the light part of light sand minerals and attributed the dominance to their resistance to weathering in addition to being inherited from the original material while the dominance of the opaque minerals and all the studied soils appeared within the heavy fraction of sand minerals, the sovereignty was attributed to the nature of the sediments, their source, and the severity of the weathering process that affected them. The results also showed the similarity in the mineral composition with the difference in the proportions of their distribution. This difference in the relative distribution is due to the effect of sedimentation processes. Which is a reflection of the variation in the physiographic sites and its effect on the mineral content of the sediments, and because the soil samples are located within the flood plains that were formed by floods occurring in the river basins, which reflected the difference in the relative distribution of sand minerals for the soils of Erbil Governorate, as they are outside the range of riverine operations which It is attributed to the nature of the topography and geography of the land in northern Iraq that differs from its south.
The effect of fasting and early feeding after hatching with the nutritional supplement Gel 95 and the Safmannan prebiotic gel and the mixture between them on the productive performance of broiler chicks
Authors: Nasser Al-Huwaizi Hawra Jehad , Areaare Ammar Hussain 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted in the poultry field of the Animal Production Department at the Faculty of Agriculture / University of Kufa, for a period from November 15 to December 20, 2019, and for a period of 5 weeks, 300 unsexed broiler chicks from Ross 308 hybrids were used in this study, After chick removed from the hatching machines then divided in to 5 treatments (60 chicks per treatment) and by three replications (each replicate 20 chicks) and the treatment were as follows: (T1): (Control) The chicks were fasted for 12 hours, [ (T2): 1gram was provided From Gel 95, (T3): Provide chicks with 1gram of Safmannan prebiotic Gel, (T4): Provide chicks with mixture of 1/2gram (Gel 95+ Safmannan), (T5): the chicks was provided with a mixture of 1 gram (Gel 95 + Safmannan)] per chick and after dividing the chicks in to treatments, the gel was distributed on the floor of the cage in the hatchery for 12 hours and then chicks were transferred to the breeding room and after 12 hours, feed and water were provided For chicks, the results of the statistical analysis showed a significant improvement at the level of (p < 0.05) for the T4 treatment birds compared with the control group at the live body weight rate and the total weight gain at the fifth week, and there was a significant decrease in the feed consumption rate and the feed conversion rate at the second week of the chicks’s life, and there was a significant deterioration in the total feed conversion rate for the chicks of the control group compared to all experience treatments.
Measure the efficiency of the reference in a Isdera
Authors: Ahmed Fartm Zuhair Farooq , Salih Muhanad Hamed 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The research study focused on measuring turbidity in a section of the Tigris River that passes in the left coast from the Sherqat district and assessing the efficiency of both the sedimentation and filtration processes in addition to the overall efficiency of removing turbidity. The results of the research for the current study showed that the turbidity values of the raw Tigris River ranged between (65-6) NTU, and the lowest degree of turbidity was recorded in October of 2019 due to the low level of the river and the lack of swimming in the river and the lack of rain and that the highest value of turbidity was recorded in April of the same year as a result of the high level of the river due to the flooding of the Tigris River, which carried with it A large amount of clay, colloids, and rain. And that the efficiency of the sedimentation unit was fluctuating from month to month and in general the efficiency was low in most months as it ranged between (13.33-48.71%) and the efficiency of the filtration process was also fluctuating from month to month and less than the efficiency of the precipitation process as it ranged between (6.66-44.44%) while The overall efficiency of the project ranged between (31.66-69.23%).
Intelligent, Nano-fertilizers: A New Technology for Improvement Nutrient Use Efficiency (Article Review)
Authors: Al-Juthery Hayyawi W.A. , Lahmod Nabil Raheem , Al-Taee Rand A.H.G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Nano fertilizers are essential resources in agriculture in order to increase crop production, quality, productivity, and boost nutrient uptake. Nano-fertilizer is efficient for specific use of nutrients at appropriate time of plant growth and can provide nutrients as a whole with the crop. Growing crops with heavier fertilizer concentrations further increases may be limiting to crop growth due to nutrient toxicity. Nano-fertilizers provide more area for photosynthesis, leading to more sunlight absorption and greater yields of the crop. It will help plants survive challenging environmental factors such as drought. Limitations in agricultural land and water supplies can improve production land and water use productivity through the use of new technologies. Nanotechnology has the potential of transforming both personal use and development. Nanostructured formulations may also be developed in order to deliver active ingredients in response to environmental cues and biological demands more properly. The principle of fertilizer use is known to use less resource and to be free from chemical side effects. Nanotechnology has enormous potential to contribute significantly to sustainable agricultural production, particularly in developing countries.
Increasing Urban Heat Island area in Jakarta and it’s relation to land use changes
Authors: Putra C D , Ramadhani A , Fatimah E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a phenomenon that occurs in almost all metropolitan cities in the world. The UHI phenomenon also occurs in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, a metropolitan city with an area of 662 km2, 12 million inhabitants, and an average population density of 16,000 per km2. Previous research shows the area of UHI, areas with temperatures> 300, in Jakarta in 1989 reached 84.53 km2 or 0.1 % of the total area. Based on these facts, the aim of this study is to identify changes in the area of UHI areas from 2008 to 2018 and their relation to land use changes. Temperature data used in this study are from Landsat satellite images in 2008, 2013 and 2018, while the land use data used are from National Geospatial Information Agency. Similar to the previous research, the operational definition of UHI used in this study is that UHI is the area with surface temperature > 300. The method used is spatial analysis and comparison method. The results showed that the area of UHI in Jakarta had increased. The areas of UHI Jakarta were 36.5%, 84.7%, and 85.2% of the total areas respectively in 2008, 2013 and 2018. The increases of UHI’s area were in line with the increases of the built areas that respectively 79.2%, 82.9% and 85.2%. Land use for housing, commercial and services, industry and warehousing and transportation facilities seem to be more significantly affecting the increases of UHI area rather other land uses.