bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The roles of men and women in maternal and child nutrition in urban South Africa: A qualitative secondary analysis
Authors: Erzse Agnes , Goldstein Susan , Tugendhaft Aviva , Norris Shane A. , Barker Mary , Hofman Karen J. ,   for the INPreP group
Published: March 2021

AbstractIndustrialization and urbanization processes have challenged deeply held traditional gender norms and facilitated the emergence of modern ideologies in South Africa. This paper seeks to explore the gendered roles of family members on maternal and child nutrition and investigate indications of perceived change in related practices. A qualitative secondary analysis was conducted of data from nine focus group discussions (FGDs) held with men (n = 3) and women (n = 6) aged ≥18. Data from the FGD were coded and thematic analysis conducted. We found that elderly women seem to have a central advisory role with respect to maternal and child nutrition and that men and elderly women upheld patriarchal gender divisions of labour, which entrust mothers with the primarily responsibility for young children's nutrition. Young mothers relied on elderly women for provision of childcare and nutritious foods for children; however, they demonstrated some resistance to traditionally feminized forms of food preparation. We found that men's involvement in children's nutrition was limited, though they expressed a preference to be more involved in maternal and child nutrition and care practices. A gender transformative approach to policy development, which includes elderly women and men, has the potential to promote more gender‐equitable nutrition practices, increase young women's self‐efficacy and support them to overcome barriers that could be limiting their decision making power in achieving optimal nutrition for themselves and their children.
Domino‐like water transport on Tillandsia through flexible trichome wings
Authors: Ha Nami , Park Jooyoung , Park Sung Ho , Seo Eunseok , Lim Jae Hong , Lee Sang Joon 
Published: March 2021

Summary

Tillandsia usneoides in epiphytic bromeliads takes up water through absorptive trichomes on the shoot surface under extreme environmental conditions. Although previous studies revealed the way by which T. usneoides absorbs water and prevents water loss, its water transport remains unclear.

We characterized structures of trichome wings of T. usneoides. Wing length‐to‐thickness ratio of 136 and trichome interval (d)‐to‐wing length (l) ratio (d/l) smaller than 1 caused the water film to flatten the wings sequentially, resulting in domino‐like water transport. A hinge‐like linkage between wing and outer ring cells and the wing size longer than the elastocapillary length (LEC) brought about this unique reconfiguration, which is the flattening and recovery of wings.

Tillandsia usneoides transported water rapidly on the surface as the water film propagated on the exterior trichomes with flexible wings and the transport distance at the macroscopic scale grew as tx with x = 0.68 ± 0.04, unlike the conventional scaling of t0.5.

Empirical and theoretical investigations proved our assumption that external water transport with the domino‐like effect predominated over internal vascular transport. Biomimetic trichome wings simulated the domino‐like water transport, highlighting the important role of flexible wing arrays.
Epithelioid sarcoma: A clinicopathological study of 12 head and neck cases
Authors: Shi Chao‐ji , Xu Sheng‐ming , Li Chu‐wen , Tian Zhen , Wang Li‐zhen , Hu Yu‐hua , Xia Rong‐hui , Zhang Zhi‐yuan , Li Jiang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the clinicopathological features of epithelioid sarcoma presenting in head and neck region (HNES) and elucidate diagnostic key points and treatment options for HNES.Materials and MethodsA total of 12 HNES cases were collected in our department from 2010 to 2020. Their clinical information and pathological features were documented, and relevant follow‐up was performed. Immunohistochemistry was carried to analyze the protein markers of HNES.ResultsOf the 12 HNES cases, 10 were primary tumors and 2 were metastasized from foot and shoulder, respectively. The patients with primary tumors were significantly younger than those with metastasized ones (22.7 vs 41.5, p = .0157), and male patients outnumbered female patients (3:1). Of all HNES cases, 9 were classic subtype, and 3 were proximal subtype. HNES patients had a poor prognosis, with 5‐year overall survival of 41.5% and 5‐year relapse‐free survival of 22.5%. A loss of INI1 was identified as the hallmark of HNES with 83.3% (10/12) of HNES cases presenting as EZH2 positive.ConclusionsHNES is more prevalent at younger ages and in males, has a poor prognosis, and exhibits a greater proportion of classic subtype than proximal subtype. EZH2 inhibitor has therapeutic potential in HNES.
Shared microbiological and immunological patterns in periodontitis and IBD: A scoping review
Authors: Baima Giacomo , Massano Alessandro , Squillace Erminia , Caviglia Gian Paolo , Buduneli Nurcan , Ribaldone Davide G. , Aimetti Mario 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo extract the microbiological and immunological evidence underpinning the association between periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).MethodsRelevant articles were sorted through a systematic search on PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science up to October 2020. Available evidence was grouped in three different clusters: (a) studies that examined oral microbial alterations in IBD patients; (b) studies that investigated intestinal dysbiosis in patients with periodontitis; and (c) evidence for a shared immunological pattern between the two conditions.ResultsA total of 15 studies involving 1,171 patients were included. Oral microbiome, either subgingival or salivary, was consistently altered in patients with IBD compared to healthy subjects (a) Additionally, gut dysbiotic microbiota of IBD patients was colonized by pathobionts from oral origin, either via haematogenous or enteric route. Suffering from periodontitis is associated with lower alpha diversity in the gut microbiome (b) Lastly, both IBD and periodontitis are characterized by similar expression patterns of inflammatory cytokines at the gingival and gut levels that are exacerbated when both diseases are present (c).ConclusionsPeriodontitis and IBD share common dysbiotic and immunological traits. Well‐designed preclinical models and longitudinal cohort studies are required to better explore the causal pathways between the two conditions (PROSPERO CRD42020194379).
Resilience of the oral microbiome
Authors: Wade William G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe human mouth harbors a complex microbiota, the composition of which is potentially influenced by a wide range of factors, including the intake of food and drink, the availability of endogenous nutrients, the host immune system, drug treatments, and systemic diseases. Despite these possible influences, the oral microbiota is remarkably resilient, particularly in comparison with the microbiota of the large intestine. Diet, with the exception of excessive and/or frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrate or supplementation with nitrate, has minimal impact on the composition of the oral bacterial community. The common oral diseases dental caries and the periodontal diseases is associated with modification of the oral microbiota primarily as a result of the ecological changes induced by excessive acid production and inflammation, respectively. Systemically‐administered antimicrobials have only a small effect on the composition of the oral bacterial community, and while locally delivered antimicrobials can have some clinical benefits, the biofilm lifestyle of oral bacteria lends them substantial resistance to the agents used. Saliva plays an important role in oral microbial ecology, by supplying nutrients and providing protection against colonization by nonoral organisms. Dry mouth is one condition that has a major effect on the microbiota, resulting in increased colonization by opportunistic pathogens. Some systemic diseases do affect the oral microbiome, notably diabetes, in which raised levels of glucose in saliva and tissue impact on bacterial nutrition.
Polymicrobial communities in periodontal disease: Their quasi‐organismal nature and dialogue with the host
Authors: Hajishengallis George , Lamont Richard J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn health, indigenous polymicrobial communities at mucosal surfaces maintain an ecological balance via both inter‐microbial and host‐microbial interactions that promote their own and the host's fitness, while preventing invasion by exogenous pathogens. However, genetic and acquired destabilizing factors (including immune deficiencies, immunoregulatory defects, smoking, diet, obesity, diabetes and other systemic diseases, and aging) may disrupt this homeostatic balance, leading to selective outgrowth of species with the potential for destructive inflammation. This process, known as dysbiosis, underlies the development of periodontitis in susceptible hosts. The pathogenic process is not linear but involves a positive‐feedback loop between dysbiosis and the host inflammatory response. The dysbiotic community is essentially a quasi‐organismal entity, where constituent organisms communicate via sophisticated physical and chemical signals and display functional specialization (eg, accessory pathogens, keystone pathogens, pathobionts), which enables polymicrobial synergy and dictates the community's pathogenic potential or nososymbiocity. In this review, we discuss early and recent studies in support of the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontal disease pathogenesis. According to this concept, disease is not caused by individual “causative pathogens” but rather by reciprocally reinforced interactions between physically and metabolically integrated polymicrobial communities and a dysregulated host inflammatory response.
Pressure for War: When Constituents' Concerns over America's Prestige Drive Presidents' Foreign Policy
Authors: Ribar David T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDo presidents respond to their constituents' status‐driven preferences when making foreign policy decisions? Recent work has explained how the values and beliefs that national leaders hold influence their conflict decision making but has left unexamined the role of their constituents. Taking the American South and its unique status concerns as a case study, I use data from the Correlates of War Project and the International Crisis Behavior Project to examine whether presidents' use‐of‐force decisions are related to their relative dependence on Southern constituents. Using regression methods, permutations, and a variety of other tests including an examination of the Southern realignment, I demonstrate repeatedly that presidents are responsive to the demands of their constituents when deciding whether to use military force.
Missing, Presumed different: Quantifying the risk of Attrition Bias in Education Evaluations
Authors: Weidmann Ben , Miratrix Luke 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe estimate the magnitude of attrition bias for 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in education. We make use of a unique feature of administrative school data in England that allows us to analyse post-test academic outcomes for nearly all students, including those who originally dropped out of the RCTs we analyse. We find that the typical magnitude of attrition bias is 0.015 effect size units (ES), with no estimate greater than 0.034 ES. This suggests that, in practice, the risk of attrition bias is limited. However, this risk should not be ignored as we find some evidence against the common ‘Missing At Random’ assumption. Attrition appears to be more problematic for treated units. We recommend that researchers incorporate uncertainty due to attrition bias, as well as performing sensitivity analyses based on the types of attrition mechanisms that are observed in practice.
University Geography in China: History, opportunities, and challenges
Authors: Qian Junxi , Zhang Han 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis Themed‐Intervention commentary provides a brief overview of the history of Geography as a modern academic discipline in China, its development in the reform era (1979–), and the distinctive conventions and norms that distinguish it from paradigms and practices of geography in the Anglophone academia. We identify two tensions: between sciences and social sciences orientations, and between applied knowledge and critical/reflexive knowlegde. These tensions are both internal to Geography in China, and exist between Chinese and Anglophone Geography, the latter as embodied in major international journals. Mindful of these tensions, this commentary develops reflections over geography education in China and the challenges faced by academic dialogues between Chinese and Anglophone geographers.
Indications for use and complications associated with canine plasma products in 170 patients
Authors: Elias Santo‐Domingo Neus , Lewis Daniel H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo describe a population of dogs receiving canine plasma products (PP), report the incidence of transfusion reactions (TR), and to identify whether this is higher when non–type‐matched plasma is administered.DesignRetrospective study conducted on dogs receiving canine PP between March 2016 and January 2018.SettingPrivate referral hospital with first opinion emergency clinic.AnimalsOne hundred and ninety‐four privately owned dogs identified from the clinic electronic medical record system that received at least 1 unit of canine PP during the study period; 25 patients were excluded due to incomplete records.InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsA search of computerized records was performed, identifying any patients that received canine PP between 2016 and 2018; clinical notes were examined to identify the number and type of TR associated. One hundred and sixty‐nine cases were included in the study, receiving a total of 412 PP transfusions. Reactions were noted in 4% (17/412) of transfusions administered, with the vast majority being mild in nature.Of the TR identified, a greater proportion were in type‐matched PP transfusions than non–type‐matched, although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.7989). The number of dogs suffering a TR was higher (13%) when multiple units of plasma were administered than if only 1 unit was transfused (5%), but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.1161). Transfusion reactions were more likely to occur when packed red blood cells were also administered, although this was also not statistically significant (P = 0.07).ConclusionAdministration of canine plasma products appears to be a safe procedure that carries a low risk of transfusion reactions. Type‐matching of canine PP appears unnecessary and does not reduce incidence of TR in dogs.
Theoretical Analysis of Perforated Shear Webs
Authors: Wang Chu-Kia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents theoretical studies on perforated shear webs. The procedures provide for the analysis of the plane-stress condition in an infinitely long plate of finite width with a plain circular hole and in a rectangular or square plate with a circular hole, which may be plain, or reinforced with rim, or ring, or both. Numerical results are obtained for infinitely long and square plates with plain holes of different sizes, and in the case of square plates, also with various ways of reinforcing.
A Study of Flow of Plastics Through Pipes
Authors: Binder R. C. , Busher J. E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The pipe friction coefficient for true fluids is usually expressed as a function of Reynolds number. This method of organizing data has been extended to tests on the flow of different suspensions which behaved as ideal plastics in the laminar-flow range and as true fluids in the turbulent-flow range. In the laminar-flow range, Reynolds number below about 2100, the denominator in Reynolds number is taken as the apparent viscosity. The apparent viscosity can be determined from the yield value and the coefficient of rigidity. In the turbulent-flow range, the denominator in Reynolds number is an equivalent or turbulent viscosity equal to the dynamic viscosity of a true fluid having the same friction coefficient, velocity, diameter, and density as that of the plastic. The various experimental data on plastics correlate well with this extension of the method for true fluids.
Sliding Friction Under Extreme Pressures—1
Authors: Dokos S. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The program of this investigation on sliding friction is concerned with the evaluation of the frictional forces which occur under very high contact pressures and under varying conditions of speed, temperature, and lubrication. The work presented herein covers the experiments which have been made on sliding friction at normal temperatures. Further experiments on boundary lubrication at normal temperatures and sliding friction at elevated temperatures will be reported in a second paper.
This report indicates the behavior of sliding friction when large normal loads react between surfaces in contact over a wide range of sliding velocities. At velocities less than one inch per second magnified photographs of the ruptured surfaces indicate clearly this phenomenon of stick-slip. From the experimental records obtained it was possible to show that a functional relation exists between the following variables: (1) The sliding velocity, (2) the normal load, and, (3) the frequency of stick-slip. New experimental evidence is presented indicating that the natural frequency of the apparatus involved influences the phenomenon of stick-slip.
An Empirical Approach to the Fatigue-Strength Analysis of Structures
Authors: Foster Henry W. , Seliger Victor 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A method of fatigue-strength analysis for fabricated structures, based on laboratory fatigue-test data, is proposed in this paper. To this end the nature of structural fatigue strength is discussed with the view of defining the necessary correlating assumptions and the type of experimental data needed.
An example of this method is presented for structures fabricated from Alclad 24S-T aluminum alloy and analysis results are compared with actual test results.
Flat Spring With Large Deflections
Authors: Hymans F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper gives an analysis of a flat spring initially curved and inserted in the apparatus of which it is an element in a buckled condition. The unstressed spring is shaped in the arc of a circle, and it is shown that then, and only then, the problem may be reduced to that of an initially straight bar by adding to the actually impressed force a couple which, if acting alone, produces the initial curved shape. On this basis the paper ascertains the various possible shapes of the buckled spring and the forces associated with them. It is shown that these must have at least one point of inflection of the elastic line. More particularly, there are two shapes, each with a single point of inflection, yet differing widely in their properties. In one of them there is a range of instability while the other is stable throughout. Finally, it is shown how by a suitable variation of parameter shapes two or more points of inflection may be obtained.
The Influence of Different Training Load Quantification Methods on the Fitness-Fatigue Model
Authors: Vermeire Kobe M. , Van de Casteele Freek , Gosseries Maxim , Bourgois Jan G. , Ghijs Michael , Boone Jan 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: Numerous methods exist to quantify training load (TL). However, the relationship with performance is not fully understood. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the existing TL quantification methods on performance modeling and the outcome parameters of the fitness-fatigue model. Methods: During a period of 8 weeks, 9 subjects performed 3 interval training sessions per week. Performance was monitored weekly by means of a 3-km time trial on a cycle ergometer. After this training period, subjects stopped training for 3 weeks but still performed a weekly time trial. For all training sessions, Banister training impulse (TRIMP), Lucia TRIMP, Edwards TRIMP, training stress score, and session rating of perceived exertion were calculated. The fitness-fatigue model was fitted for all subjects and for all TL methods. Results: The error in relating TL to performance was similar for all methods (Banister TRIMP: 618 [422], Lucia TRIMP: 625 [436], Edwards TRIMP: 643 [465], training stress score: 639 [448], session rating of perceived exertion: 558 [395], and kilojoules: 596 [505]). However, the TL methods evolved differently over time, which was reflected in the differences between the methods in the calculation of the day before performance on which training has the biggest positive influence (range of 19.6 d). Conclusions: The authors concluded that TL methods cannot be used interchangeably because they evolve differently.
Running Performance Is Correlated With Creatine Kinase Levels and Muscle Soreness During an Olympic Games in Hockey
Authors: McMahon Gerard E. , Sharp Lee-Ann , Kennedy Rodney A. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To compare the global positioning system– and accelerometry-derived running demands, creatine kinase (CK), and self-reported wellness during an Olympic Games in international hockey. Methods: Data were collected across 5 games during the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. Global positioning system units (10 Hz) were used to assess the running demands, accelerations, and decelerations of outfield players in a men’s hockey squad with matches 2 to 5 compared with match 1. CK was used as a marker of muscle damage, and self-reported psychometric questionnaires were used to assess wellness, with each of the 5 matches compared with precompetition assessments. Results: There were significant increases (P < .05) in either, or both, absolute and relative total distance, player load, high-speed running distance, sprint distance, and accelerations and decelerations, compared with baseline. There was a significant decrease (P < .05) in maximal velocity by match 5. CK significantly increased from match 1 to 5 and displayed significant correlations with total distance (r = .55) and player load (r = .41). Muscle soreness correlated with total distance and player load, with other wellness markers unchanged compared with baseline. Conclusions: International hockey athletes may maintain or increase running activities over the course of an Olympic tournament; however, this may be impacted by situational (match score/outcome) and environmental (ambient temperature) factors. Despite CK and muscle soreness displaying relationships with running variables, further work is needed to establish their individual value in monitoring international hockey athletes.