bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bladder perforation: an unusual complication caused by rectus sheath haematoma
Authors: Phan Du Huynh Leo , Leslie Anthony Stephen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Rectus sheath haematoma (RSH) is an uncommon cause of abdominal pain. Despite being previously viewed as a benign, self-limiting condition, there is increasing evidence suggesting significant local and systemic complications with RSH. We present a case of an 82-year-old female who developed a large RSH following prescription of therapeutic anticoagulation for her new onset atrial fibrillation. She subsequently developed significant haemodynamic collapse, which necessitated emergency radiological intervention. We describe a novel approach to prevent recurrence of bleeding by inserting a covered endovascular stent across the origin of inferior epigastric artery. We also describe a rare finding of bladder perforation, presumed secondary to pressure necrosis from the haematoma. Our report contributes to the growing evidence which suggests RSH, particularly secondary to anticoagulation in the elderly, can result in catastrophic complications. In addition, bladder perforation is a rare but possible complication that needs to be considered.
GW190814: on the properties of the secondary component of the binary
Authors: Biswas Bhaskar , Nandi Rana , Char Prasanta , Bose Sukanta , Stergioulas Nikolaos 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We show that the odds of the mass-gap (secondary) object in GW190814 being a neutron star (NS) improve if one allows for a stiff high-density equation of state (EoS) or a large spin. Since its mass is $\in (2.50,2.67) \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, establishing its true nature will make it either the heaviest NS or the lightest black hole (BH), and can have far-reaching implications on NS EoS and compact object formation channels. When limiting oneself to the NS hypothesis, we deduce the secondary’s properties by using a Bayesian framework with a hybrid EoS formulation that employs a parabolic expansion-based nuclear empirical parametrization around the nuclear saturation density augmented by a generic 3-segment piecewise polytrope (PP) model at higher densities and combining a variety of astrophysical observations. For the slow-rotation scenario, GW190814 implies a very stiff EoS and a stringent constraint on the EoS specially in the high-density region. On the other hand assuming the secondary object is a rapidly rotating NS, we constrain its rotational frequency to be $f=1170^{+389}_{-495}$ Hz, within a 90 per cent confidence interval (CI). In this scenario, the secondary object in GW190814 would qualify as the fastest rotating NS ever observed. However, for this scenario to be viable, rotational instabilities would have to be suppressed both during formation and the subsequent evolution until merger, otherwise the secondary of GW190814 is more likely to be a BH.
Anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade monotherapy in the orthotopic GL261 glioma model: the devil is in the detail
Authors: Tritz Zachariah P , Ayasoufi Katayoun , Johnson Aaron J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The GL261 cell line, syngeneic on the C57BL/6 background, has, since its establishment half a century ago in 1970, become the most commonly used immunocompetent murine model of glioblastoma. As immunotherapy has entered the mainstream of clinical discourse in the past decade, this model has proved its worth as a formidable opponent against various immunotherapeutic combinations. Although advances in surgical, radiological, and chemotherapeutic interventions have extended mean glioblastoma patient survival by several months, 5-year survival postdiagnosis remains below 5%. Immunotherapeutic interventions, such as the ones explored in the murine GL261 model, may prove beneficial for patients with glioblastoma. However, even common immunotherapeutic interventions in the GL261 model still have unclear efficacy, with wildly discrepant conclusions being made in the literature regarding this topic. Here, we focus on anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade monotherapy as an example of this pattern. We contend that a fine-grained analysis of how biological variables (age, sex, tumor location, etc.) predict treatment responsiveness in this preclinical model will better enable researchers to identify glioblastoma patients most likely to benefit from checkpoint blockade immunotherapy moving forward.
Decision-Making in Psychological Assessment
Authors: Streiner David L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes a number of factors that may influence a clinician’s judgment and conclusions while conducting an assessment, and it discusses others that make interpretation of the results less than straightforward. It begins by discussing the effects of the prevalence, or base rate, of the disorder on the diagnostic accuracy of the findings. Even in the presence of seemingly unequivocal results pointing to a given diagnosis, the findings may lead to a false-positive conclusion if the prevalence is low and to a false-negative one if the prevalence is high. The chapter shows how using Bayes’ theorem can tell us the likelihood of a wrong diagnosis. It next discusses incremental validity—whether adding another test to the battery increases diagnostic accuracy. If the new test is correlated with ones already administered, then the amount of new information it provides is limited and may increase unwarranted confidence in the final diagnosis. Third, the chapter discusses various biases and heuristics that may affect diagnostic decision-making, such as anchoring, diagnostic momentum, premature closure, and the influence of patient and assessor characteristics. It concludes by presenting a number of steps that should be taken to minimize the effects of these biases.
Test Theory and Measurement in Assessment
Authors: Streiner David L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the two major theories underlying scale development: classical test theory, which has dominated the field for the past century, and item response theory, which is more recent. It begins by summarizing the history of measurement, first of physical and physiological parameters and later of intelligence. This is followed by the steps involved in developing a scale: creating the items, determining if they fully span the construct of interest while at the same time not including irrelevant content, and assessing the usability of the items (whether they are understood correctly, whether they are free of jargon, if they avoid negatively worded phrases, etc.). The chapter then describes how to establish the reliability and validity of the scale—what are called the psychometric properties of the scale. It concludes by discussing some of the shortcomings with classical test theory, how item response theory attempts to address them, and the degree to which it has been successful in this regard. This chapter should be useful for those who need to evaluate existing scales as well as for those wanting to develop new scales.
Musical Creativity and Well-Being
Authors: MacDonald Raymond , Wilson Graeme , Baker Felicity 
Published: May 2021

AbstractParticipating in musical activities involves an immersive spectrum of psychological and social engagement. Connections between musical participation and health have been discussed for centuries, and relationships between the processes of music making and well-being outcomes have garnered considerable research interest. This chapter reviews studies investigating such associations to identify how creative aspects of musical engagement in particular can be understood to enhance health. The chapter begins by offering some suggestions about why these processes may have beneficial effects. Three key contexts for beneficial musical engagement (music education, music therapy, and community music) are examined: an organization (Limelight) that delivers music activities for individuals from disadvantaged groups; group improvisation music therapy sessions for individuals with cancer; and songwriting sessions for individuals following spinal injury. The relative contributions of creative process and creative product are considered, and psychological concepts such as identity, flow, agency, and scaffolding are suggested as important. The discussion extrapolates wider implications of this work to include general music making beyond clinical, educational, and community contexts.
Creative Process as Labor
Authors: Menger Pierre-Michel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes a large body of sociological research dedicated to artistic creation as a labor-intensive activity. Questioning the nineteenth-century expressivist ideal of self-actualization, contemporary ontologies—whether defined by artists, scholars, or various professional assessors—function within two opposing regimes: elite egalitarianism and competing differentiation. Adopting a processual perspective, the chapter first turns to creation as a sequence of choices and tests realized under strict uncertainty of results, with an extreme discrepancy between accumulated efforts and reputational as well as monetary outcomes. Second, the chapter follows the downstream production of aesthetic value, turning to scores and performances and the reallocation of creative roles they rest upon. Third, the chapter sketches a genealogy of finishedness, from Romantic idealization to modern relativization, with a special focus on the completion of uncompleted works. Finally, the chapter outlines several caveats regarding the study of the creative process and their consequence for the sociology of labor, work, and innovation.
Contractualism, Interpersonal and Intergenerational
Authors: Kumar Rahul 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Scanlon’s non-consequentialist account of reasoning about the obligations we owe to one another, contractualism, is one many find attractive as an approach to understanding the basis of the obligations living individuals owe to one another. There are good reasons for doubting, however, that it can be fruitfully extended into the context of reasoning about obligations to future generations. This chapter considers two reasons for skepticism. The first is that the non-identity problem implies that any choice we make that affects the interests of future generations will be justifiable to them, as long as they are left with lives worth living. The second says that though it makes sense to care about the justifiability of one’s conduct to those with whom one can potentially interact, there is no reason to be concerned about the justifiability of one’s choices or conduct to future generations that one cannot, in principle, ever meet. The author argues that both of these challenges rely for their force on setting aside central aspects of the contractualist framework.
The Graf–Kuenen–Wellhausen School
Authors: Smend Rudolf 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Contemporary scholarly discussion of the composition of the Pentateuch can be traced back to the productive interchange of ideas and analyses among the trio of Karl-Wilhelm Graf, Abraham Kuenen, and Julius Wellhausen in the latter part of the nineteenth century. This essay provides the intellectual background for their work and a description of their fundamental contributions to how scholars to this day think about the formation of the Pentateuch.
Culturing the Paleolithic Body
Authors: Nowell April , Cooke Amanda 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, we present archaeological evidence for practices of adornment of the body by Paleolithic hominins, including painting with ochre, tattoos, personal ornaments, clothing, and hairstyles. These practices served to mark differences such as gender, status, and ethnicity amongst people, to attract or intimidate others, and have been interpreted as indices of a symbolically mediated self and personal identity. We then discuss the possible evolutionary context for the selection of these behaviors. By way of conclusion, we consider the state of the discipline in interpreting these practices to explore constructed identities in the Paleolithic.
On the Structure of Early Language
Authors: Kuteva Tania , Heine Bernd 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Both linguistic and neuroanatomical evidence suggests that there are two modes of processing in linguistic discourse, namely an analytic mode and a holistic mode. Competent speakers of a language know many linguistic entities in two ways: holistically and analytically, and can move between the two. The analytic mode is concerned with propositional language processing based on the compositional format of sentences, clauses, and phrases and their hierarchical organization, while the holistic mode surfaces mainly in unanalyzable, formulaic expressions, for example, in speech act formulas such as interjections (wow, ouch), ideophones (bang, splish-splash), formulae of social exchange (hello, sorry, goodbye). Research on the reconstruction of earlier stages of language evolution has for the most part been restricted to the analytic mode, and grammaticalization theory played an important role in this research. The present chapter demonstrates that a complementary analysis of holistic ways of processing can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of how human languages may have evolved.
Investigating longitudinal associations between parent reported sleep in early childhood and teacher reported executive functioning in school-aged children with autism
Authors: Tesfaye Rackeb , Wright Nicola , Zaidman-Zait Anat , Bedford Rachael , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Kerns Connor M , Duku Eric , Mirenda Pat , Bennett Teresa , Georgiades Stelios , Smith Isabel M , Vaillancourt Tracy , Pickles Andrew , Szatmari Peter , Elsabbagh Mayada 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUp to 80% of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience sleep disturbance. Poor sleep impairs executive functioning (EF), a lifelong difficulty in ASD. Evidence suggests EF difficulties in ASD are exacerbated by poor sleep. We examine whether early childhood sleep disturbances are associated with worsening EF trajectories in school-aged children with ASD. A subsample (n = 217) from the Pathways in ASD longitudinal study was analyzed. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire captured sleep duration, onset, and night awakenings before age 5 (mean = 3.5 years). Metacognition (MI) and Behavioral Regulation (BRI) indices, on the Teacher Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning, were used to measure cognitive and affective components of EF respectively at four time-points (7.8–11.8 years). We applied latent growth curve models to examine associations between sleep and EF, accounting for relevant covariates, including school-age sleep (mean = 6.7 years). Sleep traits had different age-related impacts on behavioral regulation, but not metacognition. Longer sleep onset at 3.5 years was associated with a worsening BRI difficulties slope (b = 2.07, p &lt; 0.04), but conversely associated with lower BRI difficulties at 7.7 years (b = −4.14, p = 0.04). A longer sleep onset at 6.7 years was related to higher BRI difficulties at 7.7 years (b = 7.78, p &lt; 0.01). Longer sleep duration at 6.7 years was associated with higher BRI difficulties at age 7.7 (b = 3.15, p = 0.01), but subscale analyses revealed shorter sleep duration at age 6.7 was linked to a worsening inhibition slope (b = −0.60, p = 0.01). Sleep onset is a robust early correlate of behavior regulation in children with ASD, whereas sleep duration is a later childhood correlate.
Changes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism during seawater-induced mortality of Picea sitchensis trees
Authors: Li Weibin , Zhang Hongxia , Wang Wenzhi , Zhang Peipei , Ward Nicholas D , Norwood Matt , Myers-Pigg Allison , Zhao Chuanyan , Leff Riley , Yabusaki Steve , Waichler Scott , Bailey Vanessa L , McDowell Nate G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Increasing seawater exposure is causing mortality of coastal forests, yet the physiological response associated with seawater-induced tree mortality, particularly in non-halophytes, is poorly understood. We investigated the shifts in carbon and nitrogen (N) metabolism of mature Sitka-spruce trees that were dying after an ecosystem-scale manipulation of tidal seawater exposure. Soil porewater salinity and foliar ion concentrations increased after seawater exposure and were strongly correlated with the percentage of live foliated crown (PLFC; e.g., crown ‘greenness’, a measure of progression to death). Co-occurring with decreasing PLFC was decreasing photosynthetic capacity, N-investment into photosynthesis, N-resorption efficiency and non-structural carbohydrate (soluble sugars and starch) concentrations, with the starch reserves depleted to near zero when PLFC dropped below 5%. Combined with declining PLFC, these changes subsequently decreased total carbon gain and thus exacerbated the carbon starvation process. This study suggests that an impairment in carbon and N metabolism during the mortality process after seawater exposure is associated with the process of carbon starvation, and provides critical knowledge necessary to predict sea-level rise impacts on coastal forests.
Working Conditions and Mortality Risks Among Those Over the Age of 65: Findings From Germany
Authors: Brussig Martin , Drescher Susanne 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Despite the common worldwide trend of increasing life expectancy, socioeconomic differences and inequalities in mortality risks remain. This study focuses on the differences in mortality risks after the age of 65 due to working conditions during one’s working life. The study is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), a representative longitudinal survey for Germany. Using occupations as a linkage variable, we match job exposure matrices that contain information about typical occupational working conditions from the German Working Conditions Survey. We estimate event analysis models to determine the effects of typical working conditions in occupations on mortality risks after retirement, while controlling for numerous individual characteristics. Working in occupations with strenuous conditions leads to higher mortality risks in later life. The effect is more pronounced for women than for men. Other factors, notably being male, having poor self-assessed health and the prevalence of an officially acknowledged disability, also increase mortality risks. According to our analysis—and in contrast to other studies—income position does not affect mortality risks after working conditions are introduced to the model. We conclude that reducing job strains may be an effective way of increasing life expectancy in later life. Further research should invest in a deeper understanding of the interplay between income and working conditions, consider the age and duration when strenuous working conditions occur and observe changes in working conditions within occupations.
Can Cochlear Implantation in Older Adults Reverse Cognitive Decline Due to Hearing Loss?
Authors: Huber Maria , Roesch Sebastian , Pletzer Belinda , Lukaschyk Julia , Lesinski-Schiedat Anke , Illg Angelika 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Older adults with late-onset hearing loss are at risk for cognitive decline. Our study addresses the question of whether cochlear implantation (CI) can counteract this potential influence. We investigated whether cognitive performance in older adults with severe and profound hearing loss improves 12 months after CI to a level comparable to controls with normal hearing, matched for age, sex, and education level.

Design:
This cohort study was performed at two tertiary referral centers. The study included 29 patients, of age between 60 and 80 years, with adult-onset, severe to profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and indication for CI (study group), as well as 29 volunteers with age-adjusted hearing abilities, according to the norm curves of ISO-702 9:2000-01, (control group). Before CI and 12 months after CI, participants completed a neurocognitive test battery including tests of global cognition, verbal and figural episodic memory, and executive functions (attentional control, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility).

Results:
Twelve months after CI, the performance of the study group improved significantly in global cognition, compared to the situation before CI. Differences in verbal episodic memory, figural episodic memory, and executive function were not significant. Moreover, the improvement of the study group was significantly larger only in global cognition compared to the control group. Noninferiority tests on the cognitive performances of the study group after CI revealed that comparable levels to normal hearing controls were reached only in global cognition, figural episodic memory (immediate recall), and attentional control. The improvement in global cognition was significantly associated with speech recognition 3 months after CI, but not with speech recognition 12 months after CI.

Conclusion:
One year after CI, cognitive deficits in older individuals with adult-onset hearing loss, compared to normal-hearing peers, could only improve some cognitive skills.
Characterizing Critical Care Pharmacy Services Across the United States
Authors: MacLaren Robert , Roberts Russel J. , Dzierba Amy L. , Buckley Mitchell , Lat Ishaq , Lam Simon W. 
Published: May 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Involvement of clinical pharmacists in the ICU attenuates costs, avoids adverse drug events, and reduces morbidity and mortality. This survey assessed services and activities of ICU pharmacists.

Design:
A 27-question, pretested survey.

SETTING:
1,220 U.S. institutions.

Subjects:
Critical care pharmacists.

Interventions:
Electronic questionnaire of pharmacy services and activities across clinical practice, education, scholarship, and administration.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 401 (response rate of 35.4%) surveys representing 493 ICUs were completed. Median daily ICU census was 12 (interquartile range, 6–20) beds with 1 (interquartile range, 1–1.5) pharmacist full-time equivalent per ICU. Direct clinical ICU pharmacy services were available in 70.8% of ICUs. Pharmacists attended rounds 5 days (interquartile range, 4–5 d) per week with a median patient-to-pharmacist ratio of 17 (interquartile range, 12–26). The typical workweek consisted of 50% (interquartile range, 40–60%) direct ICU patient care, 10% (interquartile range, 8–16%) teaching, 8% (interquartile range, 5–18%) order processing, 5% (interquartile range, 0–20%) direct non-ICU patient care, 5% (interquartile range, 2–10%) administration, 5% (interquartile range, 0–10%) scholarship, and 0% (interquartile range, 0–5%) drug distribution. Common clinical activities as a percentage of the workweek were reviewing drug histories (28.5%); assessing adverse events (27.6%); and evaluating (26.1%), monitoring (23.8%), and managing (21.4%) drug therapies. Services were less likely to occur overnight or on weekends. Telemedicine was rarely employed. Dependent prescriptive authority (per protocol or via practice agreements) was available to 51.1% of pharmacists and independent prescriptive authority was provided by 13.4% of pharmacists. Educational services most frequently provided were inservices (97.6%) and experiential training of students or residents (89%). Education of ICU healthcare members was provided at a median of 5 times/mo (interquartile range, 3–15 times/mo). Most respondents were involved with ICU or departmental policies/guidelines (84–86.8%) and 65.7% conducted some form of scholarship.

Conclusions:
ICU pharmacists have diverse and versatile responsibilities and provide several key clinical and nonclinical services. Initiatives to increase the availability of services are warranted.