bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Genus Doliolum
Authors: Moss Edward L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
There can be but little doubt that the distribution of ocean surface life is considerably influenced by the great systems of oceanic circulation which recent researches have disclosed. Such circulation probably tends to assimilate the inhabitants of adjacent ocean basins, and helps to explain the remarkable similarity in the faunas of even widely separated seas. But unless surface animals can live with equal facility at considerable depths, a sort of retentive selection will be exerted on those that drift in through narrow straits into seas like the Mediterranean, where the surface waters have an average inward flow, and where the denser outward current is in depths removed from the direct influence of light and air.
On “Molecular Coalescence,” and on the Influence Exercised by Colloids Upon the Forms of Inorganic Matter
Authors: Ord W. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Those who are acquainted with Mr. Rainey’s researches will not find a great deal of new matter in the preliminary communication by Professor Harting, of Utrecht, on the “Artificial Production of some of the Principal Organic Calcareous Formations,” which appeared in last quarter’s number of this Journal.
The Luminous Organs and the Light of the Pholades
Authors: Pancert Paul 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In continuation of the studies already made on luminous animals, I now present to the academy a work on pholades, concerning particularly the most ordinary species of our seas, namely, the Pholas dactylus L. The phosphorescent properties of these molluscs has been for some time known, and the luminous clouds which they spread in water when touched or moved. Pliny describes this phenomena in a special paragraph of his ninth book.1 His observations were afterwards confirmed by many authors, and Reaumur also wrote on this matter,2 expressing the belief that the outer surface of the pholad creates this luminous matter, illuminating the object it touches, and the water in which one washes one’s hands. According to Reaumur this same matter if dried shines again when wet. Monti, Beccari, and Galeati, as also their contemporary, Reaumur, were much occupied on the subject, and made observations which scarcely differ one from another. They maintain that pholades shine most when in milk. The authors whom I cite in my memoir confine themselves to describing the phenomenon without indicating its precise situation.
On the Protozoon Ophryodendron Abietinum, Claparède and Lachmann
Authors: Hincks Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The very curious and interesting Protozoon which is the subject of the present paper was first characterised by Claparède and Lachmann in 1855, and placed by them amongst the suctorial Infusoria, in the group of the Acinetina.1 It was subsequently obtained by Dr. Strethill Wright in Scotland, and described by him under the name of Corethria Sertulariæ. 2 At a later date he published a further account of it, and gave some interesting particulars respecting its reproduction.3 I am not aware that any other naturalist has made it the subject of special investigation.
The Luminous Organs and Light of Pyrosoma
Authors: Panceri Paul 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The memoir presented by me to the Academy1 is intended to make known the results of the researches which I undertook during last winter, and which I continued in December and January of this year on Pyrosoma giganteum, in continuation of those which I have already made on animal light. In the historical sketch which forms the introduction to my memoir I have quoted, first, the observations made by Peron in the Atlantic between 19° and 20° W. long, (from Paris) and 3° and 4° N. lat., when, in December of the year 1800, on his way to Australia, he met a bank of Pyrosoma, which, during a dark night, strongly illuminated the waves tossed by the storm.
Contributions to the minute anatomy of the omentum.
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I PROPOSE to describe in this short memoir (1) certain bud-like structures occurring on the fenestrated portion of the omentum of rat and dog; (2) the way in which the fenestræ are produced in the omentum of rodents and carnivorous animals ; and (3) some points referring to the new formation of blood-vessels in the omentum of guinea-pig.
On the protrusion of protoplasmic filaments from the glandular hairs on the leaves of the common teasel (Dipsacus sjlvestris).
Authors: Darwin Francis 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The connate leaves of the common teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) form, as is well known, cup-like receptacles surrounding the stem of the plant. In the rain-water accumulating in these cups numerous insects are drowned, and their dead bodies convert the water in which they lie into a strongly animalised fluid.
Notes on the structure of several forms of land planarians, with a description of two new genera and several new species, and a list of all species at present known.
Authors: Moseley H. N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Having made a special study of the structure of the Land Planarians of Ceylon, the results of which were published in the ‘Phil. Trans. R. Soc.’ of 1874,1 I was naturally led to extend my observations of the group during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger. ’ I collected specimens wherever the opportunity offered, and made such observations on them as my other work permitted. The present paper contains the results of these observations, which are very far from complete, since I have not yet been able to make an extended investigation of all the specimens which I preserved for that purpose.
Motility of the Spermatozoids of Limulus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Through the kindness of Mr. Carrington E.L.S. of the Westminster Aquarium, I received some months since a specimen of the American King crab in the living condition. My principal object was to study the colouring matter of the blood. Concerning it I will here only remark, that the blood when first shed is almost colourless having but a faint opalescence of a blueish tint. This however, rapidly gives way to a blue colour which increases in intensity for three hours after the blood has been shed, and finally attains a deep indigo tint. The colour is due either to the chemical change, or to the solution of, a substance contained in the corpuscles. The specimen from which I collected the blood was fortunately a male, and was in the full vigour of the breeding season. A quantity of white cream-like sperm was discharged by the animal from the orifices of the seminal ducts, placed on the protected surface of the opercular plate. I was thus able to examine some of the spermatozoa in the mature and living condition. The simple fact which I wish now to record and which I believe has not been previously recorded is, that the spermatozoa of Limulus are actively motile. They are, like the other histological elements of that animal, of very large size. Each presents a lemon-shaped head provided with a delicate tail of great length. At the moment of writing I am unable to lay my hand on the measurements. The vibratile character of the tail is, however, the important matter. Thousands of the spermatozoids were seen swarming together on the field of the microscope, whilst the travelling of isolated individuals over considerable distances was watched.
On the Brain of the Cockroach, Blatta Orientalis
Authors: Newton E. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The common cockroach, Blatta orientalis, has been found a very convenient insect to take as a type of its order, both on account of its generalised structure, and the readiness with which it may be obtained, in any numbers, at all seasons of the year ; consequently it has been dissected largely in our biological schools.
On the Development Of Synapta Inhær(sp.)
Authors: Thomson Wyville 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I have had an opportunity during the past summer, through the kindness of my friend Captain Wethered, of observing with care some of the earlier stages in the development of Holothuria inhœrens of O. F. Miiller, so well known to microscopists from the remarkable character of its calcareous armature. This singular Holothurid is abundant, buried in mud banks, at, and a little above, low water mark on the shores of Belfast and Strangford Loughs. I had long been most anxious to trace its mode of reproduction, but every attempt, whether by sifting the surface of the water with a towing net for a swimming larva, or by examining the plants growing on the banks for an early creeping stage, signally failed. In the mean time, Captain Wethered contrived thoroughly to domesticate three or four mature Synaptæ in a small tank; and after they had been upwards of a year in confinement, he was rewarded for his care and patience by a brood of young. He was absent from home for some days in the beginning of June of the year 1861, and, on his return, he detected several extremely minute transparent bodies moving on the surface of the glass of the Synapta tank. On examining these with the microscope he found that they were young Echinoderms, and, even at this early stage, their mode of using their rudimentary tentacles was so characteristic as to leave but little doubt of their parentage. Captain Wethered kindly placed these embryos at my disposal, and I examined them carefully from time to time. There still, unfortunately, remains a doubt, whether there may not be a still earlier condition of swimming larva. The embryo, however, when first observed, was extremely minute (‘8 mm. in length); its structure was very rudimentary, and even in the simplest and most minute embryos there was not the slightest trace of larval appendages. I am, therefore, inclined to believe, that no independently organised pseudembryo is produced, but that the Echinoderm is developed at once from a simple ciliated germ. I shall not, however, consider my task completed, till this point be fairly cleared up; and, in the mean time, I merely offer the present communication as a contribution to the history of a limited period in the development of the young.
Experiments on the Migrations of Entozoa
Authors: Pouchet MM. A. , Verrier  
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a work published by one of us in 1859, a close comparative examination was made of the doctrines of those observers, who in Germany and Belgium had occupied themselves with the subject of the metamorphoses of the Entozoa and their peregrination through the living organism. The obvious result of this examination was to excite very weighty doubts in every thoughtful mind. M. Davaine, in his remarkable ‘Traité des Entozoaires,’ also says that the conclusion in his mind, from the agreement in the facts and the divergence in the opinions of the experimenters, was “that the question still demands sound criticism and fresh researches.”
On the Structure of the Nephridia of the Medicinal Leech
Authors: Bourne A. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Leech’s nephridium consists of gland and vesicle connected by the vesicle duct. The gland is a curved, horse-shoe shaped loop, presenting the following lobes :—1, main lobe; 2, apical lobe; 3, testis lobe; 4, recurrent lobe. The cells which constitute the gland are all penetrated by ductules, which pass through them, sometimes forming several passages; the ductules differ in the different lobes of the gland. The axis of all the lobes is occupied by a large duct separated from the nephridial cells by a thick cuticle ; it opens into the vesicle duct, but is not shown to have any connection with the ductules. Vessels of the hæmal system (with red fluid) form a complete plexus in the gland, each cell being surrounded by a loop of the plexus. There is no internal opening of the system of ducts or ductules. There are no cilia in any part of the gland excepting the vesicle, which is lined by a ciliated epithelium. The wall of the vesicle is muscular; that of the gland is not, but consists of a fibrous, pigmented investment.
Note on the Early Development of Lacerta Muralis
Authors: Weldon W. F. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following paper contains an account of some observations on the early stages in the development of Lacerta muralis, begun during the summer of this year at the zoological station at Naples and completed in the morphological laboratory at Cambridge. It relates chiefly to the mode of formation of the germinal layers and to the early development of the kidney.
The Renal Organs (Nephridia) of Patella
Authors: Cunningham J. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The existence of two renal organs in Patella was first pointed out by Professor Lankester in 1867,1 and he stated at the same time that he believed he had discovered, by careful dissection, a minute orifice leading from the pericardium into the left and smaller of the two. In 1877 Von Jhering, in a paper on the “Morphology of Molluscan Kidneys,”2 confirmed the account given by Professor Lankester, at the same time emphasising the fact that the two renal sacs are distinct, as had already been stated by Lankester, who says, after describing the two renal papillæ with their openings to the exterior, “These two orifices represent two renal organs, as in Lamellibranchs.”Von Jhering was unable to find any pericardial openings. In April, 1881, Professor Lankester and Mr. A. G. Bourne3 examined fresh limpets as to the pericardial orifice of the kidneys. They found that injections from the pericardium passed sometimes into the right and sometimes into the left renal sac, but that there was only one orifice leading into a narrow subanal tract belonging to the organ of the right side. Professor Lankester suggested to me some time ago that I should endeavour to settle definitely this question of the reno-pericardial pore in Patella by cutting a series of sections through the parts, and so tracing their relations to one another. My investigations were commenced in the Zoological Laboratory of University College, London, under the supervision of Professor Lankester, and were subsequently completed at Naples in the winter 1882-83.
A Rare Form of the Blastoderm of the Chick, and its Bearing on the Question of the Formation of the Vertebrate Embryo
Authors: Whitman C. O. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the summer of 1878, while in Leipsic, I obtained a blastoderm of the chick, which presented at least one unusual and very remarkable feature. The egg had been kept in an incubator, at a temperature of 37° to 38° C., for eighteen hours. After cutting away a portion of the shell and removing as much of the white of the egg as could be done without injury to the embryonic disc, the remainder of the egg, while still in the shell, was carefully dropped into a bowel of nitric acid (10%). The embryonic portion was then freed from the coagulated white by the aid of a feather, and, after fifteen minutes’ immersion, was carefully cut around by sharp scissors and floated into a watch-glass. The vitelline membrane was then removed by the aid of pincers, and the yolk detached by gently shaking the blastoderm in the watch-glass. The acid was next turned off and replaced with distilled water, several times renewed. After being thus thoroughly washed from the acid it was stained in an aqueous solution of carmine, then passed through several grades of alcohol, and finally mounted in balsam. The whole process was accomplished without causing any distortion or wrinkle, and without the loss of any portion of the blastoderm, as the preparation still shows.
Researches on the Intracellular Digestion of Invertebrates
Authors: Metsclinikoff Elias 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I have long been of opinion that many questions connected with the genealogy of the Metazoa are not to be solved by the methods of purely morphological embryology. Morphology certainly considers as of primary importance the structure of organs which have either lost their function by retrogression, or which, being not yet fully developed, have not acquired their full functional activity; but in the determination of the phylogenetic importance of such organs, a knowledge of their physiological history is often indispensable. The embryonic history of an animal or an organ shows us a series of phenomena, often extremely complicated, among which mere embryology cannot in many cases choose out those which are primitive from those of secondary value. Every student of comparative embryology knows how hard it is to determine in any given case the genealogical meaning of a certain phenomenon, and how often the standard used is purely subjective. These difficulties are increased by the fact that the primitive Metazoa have all disappeared, so that the gap between the Metazoa of to-day and the Protozoa is wide indeed.
On the Fate of the Blastopore and the Presence of a Primitive Streak in the Newt (Triton cristatus)
Authors: Johnson Alice 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The coincidence of the blastopore with the anus in the Newt has already been observed by Mr. Sedgwick.1 His assertion was, he says, based only upon surface views. He therefore suggested to me that I should attempt to verify it by cutting sections of the embryos, and my results confirm what he has stated.2
On the Origin of the Hypoblast in Pelagic Teleostean Ova
Authors: George Brook 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a paper which I brought before the recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Philadelphia, attention was called to certain points of difference in the development of pelagic and non-pelagic teleostean ova. After the meeting I had an opportunity of seeing a paper then just published by Agassiz and Whitman (1), and when in Cambridge Dr. Whitman very kindly showed me his beautiful series of drawings on this subject. The conclusions arrived at by Dr. Whitman are so completely at variance with my own on some points, that it appears necessary for me to give a detailed account of my observations with carefully made drawings from actual sections of the egg. I may here add that whereas in very small pelagic ova I have found an optical section of the living egg to give fairly reliable details of the process of segmentation, invagination, &c., I have found that in larger eggs this method is not to be relied on at all, and that a clear interpretation of the process of invagination can only be obtained from actual sections made from eggs taken at frequent intervals.
The Photospheria of Nyctiphanes Norvegica, G. O. Sars
Authors: Vallentin Rupert , Cunningham J.T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It has long been a familiar fact to zoologists that in nearly all the Schizopodous genera which form the family Euphaus-iidæ are present ten small globular, reddish organs, having a resemblance in many respects to such eyes as those of Vertebrata and some Mollusca and Chætopoda. The organs in question have not the least resemblance to the typical compound eye which is so characteristic of Arthropoda, but because when one of them is examined in the fresh state, a doubly convex structureless lens, and a cell layer suggesting the idea of a retina, are easily seen, therefore the organs were, until a recent date, generally denominated accessory eyes, or in German “Nebenaugen.”
Kleinenberg on the Development of Lopadorhynchus
Authors: Bourne G. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is now more than a year since Professor Kleinenberg published, in the ‘Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologiel,’ a long account of the development of a polychæte Annelid, Lopadorhynchus. Whether it is because of the extreme length of the paper, which extends over 225 pages, that the work has not attracted the attention it deserves, or because the very numerous illustrations include no diagrams, but are invariably exact drawings of the sections studied by the author, and require to be laboriously re-interpreted by the reader, or because the facts and views expressed are so novel and so much opposed to all preconceived notions of what mesoblast ought to be, the fact remains that this paper is little known by English readers.
The Organ of Verrill in Loligo
Authors: Laurie Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a paper on North American Cephalopoda 1 Verrill describes a valve-like organ at the base of the siphon in Desmoteuthis and Taonia, in both of which genera the true valve is absent. His drawing of this structure in Desmoteuthis tenera is reproduced in fig. 1. It is there seen to be composed of a median portion, (m.) lying on the dorsal side of the siphon, and a pair of lateral cushions (n. n ′,). The median portion is raised into three papillae, one (i.) median and a pair (i ′.) more posterior in position.
Notes on Raphides.
Authors: Lankester Edwin 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The term Raphides (from φαϕςι, a needle) was first applied by De Candolle to certain needle-like crystals found in the tissues of plants. The term has since been extended by some writers to all crystals found, in plants, whilst others, adhering to the etymology of the word, apply it only to crystals of an acicular form. Schleiden discards the word altogether, and perhaps it would be better to get rid of a term which has neither accuracy nor utility to recommend it. The discovery of crystals in plants is due to Malpighi, who first figured crystals found in a species of Opuntia in his ‘Anatomy of Plants’ The needle-like crystals were afterwards described by Rafu as occurring in the milky juice of the Euphorbiaceæ. Jurin found the same kind of crystals in the leaves of Leucojum verum. Raspail was the first to demonstrate that many of these crystals were oxalate of lime—a fact that Scheele had demonstrated with regard to the crystals found in the roots of the common rhubarb. The most elaborate and complete paper on this subject was published by Edwin Quekett, and appeared in the appendix to the third edition of ‘Lindley’s Introduction to Botany’ in 1839. Since that time various observers have -published observations on this subject. The late Professor John Quekett, in a paper in the ‘Microscopical Transactions,’ showed that many of these crystals had an organic basis. Mr. Rainey, in his ‘Researches on the Mineral Structure of Vegetable and Animal Cells,’ has contributed many observations on the presence of crystalline matters in vegetable cells. In the January number of the ‘Annals of Natural History? Professor Gulliver, in a paper “On the Raphides of British Plants,” says : “It appears to me that these raphides are deserving of more attention than they have yet received both in relation to the structure and economy of vegetables, and as affording a wide, interesting, and scarcely cultivated field of research for the chemical phytologist.” These raphides, he adds, “may also be often useful as diagnostic characters in systematic botany when others are not available ; for example, a mere fragment of one of the Onagraceæ or of the Lemnaceæ may be so surely distinguished simply by its raphides from some of its near allies in other orders, that this fact ought henceforth to be added to the description of the orders just mentioned, independently of its value in other respects.” “Though common in some orders, it is remarkable that the raphides are so rare where they might be most expected, that I have not a single note of their presence in young parts of the stem, leaves, and flowers of British Oxalidaceae, Umbelliferæ, Labiateæ, Euphorbiaceæ, or Polygonaceæ, and even among Crassulaceæ. No crystals were found in Sedum Telephium and S’. acre”