bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring relationships between oxygen consumption and biologger‐derived estimates of heart rate in two warmwater piscivores
Authors: Doherty Claire L.J. , Fisk Aaron T. , Cooke Steven J. , Pitcher Trevor E. , Raby Graham D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEstimating metabolic rate in wild, free‐swimming fish is inherently challenging. Here, we explored using surgically implanted heart rate biologgers to estimate metabolic rate in two warmwater piscivores, bowfin Amia calva (Linneaus 1766) and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède 1802). Fish were surgically implanted with heart rate loggers, allowed to recover for 24 h, exposed to a netting and air exposure challenge, and then placed into respirometry chambers so that oxygen consumption rate (ṀO2) could be measured in parallel to heart rate (fH) for a minimum of 20 h (ca. 20 estimates of ṀO2). Heart rate across the duration of the experiment (at 19°C) was significantly higher in largemouth bass (mean ± s.d., 45 ± 14 beats min−1, range 18–86) than in bowfin (27 ± 9 bpm, range 16–98). Standard metabolic rate was also higher in largemouth bass (1.06 ± 0.19 mg O2 kg−1 min−1, range 0.46–1.36) than in bowfin (0.89 ± 0.17 mg O2 kg−1 min−1, range 0.61–1.28). There were weak relationships between fH and ṀO2, with heart rate predicting 28% of the variation in oxygen consumption in bowfin and 23% in largemouth bass. The shape of the relationship differed somewhat between the two species, which is perhaps unsurprising given their profound differences in physiology and life history, illustrating the need to carry out species‐specific validations. Both species showed some potential for a role of fH in efforts to estimate field metabolic rates, although further validation experiments with a wider range of conditions (e.g., digestive states, swimming activity) would likely help improve the strength of the ṀO2–fH relationship for use in field applications.
Procalcitonin and C‐reactive protein for diagnosing post‐operative sepsis in neonates
Authors: Rao Hitendra , Dutta Sourabh , Menon Prema , Attri Savita , Sachdeva Naresh , Malik Muneer 
Published: October 2021

AimTo determine whether serum procalcitonin (PCT) or C‐reactive protein (CRP) can diagnose post‐operative sepsis among neonates undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery.MethodsIn this diagnostic study, we included neonates who underwent major non‐cardiac surgery and were monitored for post‐operative sepsis. We excluded pre‐existing septic, inflammatory or life‐threatening conditions. Subjects either had ‘definite’ (culture‐positive, n = 14), ‘probable’ (clinical sepsis, culture‐negative, n = 25) or no sepsis (n = 31). We measured serum CRP and PCT at 48 ± 6 h, 72 ± 6 h and 96 ± 6 h post‐operatively and compared ‘definite or probable sepsis’ with ‘no sepsis’.ResultsMedian (Q1, Q3) CRP (mg/L) in ‘definite or probable’ sepsis group was higher than ‘no sepsis’ at 72 h (91.48 (57.87, 143.50) vs. 51.32 (33.0, 80.1); P = 0.009) and 96 h (87.51 (45.19, 128.22) vs. 31.00 (25.3, 45.2); P < 0.001). Median (Q1, Q3) PCT (ng/mL) in ‘definite or probable’ sepsis was higher than ‘no sepsis’ at 72 h (4.22 (2.04, 12.73) vs. 1.78 (0.9, 6.4); P = 0.01) and 96 h (3.54 (1.96, 9.65) vs. 0.97 (0.4, 3.0); P < 0.001). Ninety‐six‐hour CRP and PCT cut‐offs (based on Youden's index) were 74.16 mg/L and 1.65 ng/mL, respectively. If both CRP and PCT were positive, specificity was 100% (95% confidence interval: 88.78–100). If either one was positive, sensitivity was 88.89% (95% confidence interval: 73.94–96.89).ConclusionsSeptic neonates have significantly higher serum CRP and PCT compared to non‐septic neonates at 72 and 96 h post‐operatively. If both CRP and PCT are positive at 96 h after surgery, it has 100% specificity, and if either one is positive, 89% sensitivity.
Selective use of a modified pre‐synchronization‐Ovsynch and resynchronization reproductive strategy in dairy herds: A field application study
Authors: Jeong Jae‐Kwan , Kim Ui‐Hyung , Kang Hyun‐Gu , Kim Ill‐Hwa 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe aimed to evaluate whether a modified pre‐synchronization‐Ovsynch (MPO) and resynchronization method, adjusted for the timing of biweekly reproductive consulting visits, could be implemented successfully under field conditions in dairy herds. Forty‐five days after calving (calving: Day 0), 1,182 cows were assigned randomly to Ovsynch, MPO or control groups. (1) Cows were administered GnRH on Day 65, PGF2α on Day 72 and GnRH 56 hr later, followed by timed artificial insemination (TAI) 16 hr later (Ovsynch, n = 380). (2) Cows with a CL were administered PGF2α (n = 204) and cows without were administered GnRH (n = 199) on Day 45. Then, each cow was administered PGF2α on Day 55 (9 to 12 days later), GnRH on Day 58 and underwent Ovsynch 7 days later (selective MPO [sMPO] n = 403). (3) The remaining cows underwent AI when oestrus was detected (EDAI, n = 399). The probabilities of pregnancy per AI 30 and 45 days after the first AI were higher in the sMPO group (odds ratios 1.99 and 1.92, p < .0001) than in the EDAI group. In addition, the probability of pregnancy by 105 days postpartum tended to be higher (p < .1) in the sMPO group than in the EDAI and Ovsynch groups, which shortened the mean interval from calving to pregnancy in the sMPO group (3.4 and 4.2 days, respectively) than in the EDAI and Ovsynch groups. In the sMPO group, the interval between the first and second treatments during pre‐synchronization did not affect the probability of pregnancy per AI after the first AI. The probability of pregnancy per AI after the second AI did not differ between the Ovsynch, sMPO and EDAI groups. In conclusion, the sMPO programme, adjusted for the timing of biweekly reproductive consulting visits, followed by resynchronization, could be successfully adopted in field conditions, and is associated with good reproductive performance in dairy herds.
The impact of foreign ownership on the performance of Johannesburg Stock Exchange‐listed firms: A blessing or a curse?
Authors: Naidu Delane , Charteris Ailie , Moores‐Pitt Peter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe impact of foreign ownership on firm performance is debated in the literature from both a theoretical and empirical perspective. This study examines the effect of foreign ownership on the performance of nonfinancial firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange from 2012 to 2018. Using the system generalised method of moments approach to account for endogeneity, foreign ownership is found to have a positive impact on return on equity at levels of foreign ownership below 40.1% but a negative effect at higher levels. Foreign ownership has no impact on return on assets or Tobin'sq. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Heat Transfer Analysis of Laminar Pulsating Flow in a Rectangular Channel Using Infrared Thermography
Authors: Blythman R. , Alimohammadi S. , Jeffers N. , Murray D. B. , Persoons T. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While numerous applied studies have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of unsteady cooling solutions, a consensus has yet to be reached on the local instantaneous conditions that result in heat transfer enhancement. This work aims to experimentally validate a recent analytical solution (on a local time-dependent basis) for the common flow condition of a fully developed incompressible pulsating flow in a uniformly heated vessel. The experimental setup is found to approximate the ideal constant heat flux boundary condition well, especially for the decoupled unsteady scenario where the amplitude of the most significant secondary contributions (capacitance and lateral conduction) amounts to 1.2% and 0.2% of the generated heat flux, respectively. Overall, the experimental measurements for temperature and heat flux oscillations are found to coincide well with a recent analytical solution to the energy equation by the authors. Furthermore, local time-dependent heat flux enhancements and degradations are observed to be qualitatively similar to those of wall shear stress from a previous study, suggesting that the thermal performance is indeed influenced by hydrodynamic behavior.
“Short and Sweet”: A Randomized Controlled Initial Investigation of Brief Online Psychological Interventions With Endurance Athletes
Authors: Meijen Carla , McCormick Alister , Anstiss Paul A. , Marcora Samuele M. 
Published: October 2021

There is potential in delivering brief, educational interventions online, particularly for recreational athletes. This initial investigation examined how two online interventions were perceived by endurance participants and how they affected outcomes of interest. After measuring self-efficacy, 142 people were randomized to one of three groups (self-talk, implementation intentions, and control) before an endurance event. Ninety-four completed postevent measures, which were self-efficacy, goal attainment, performance satisfaction, coping, stress appraisals, and social validity. The interventions involved approximately 10 min of initial engagement with online material. Perceptions of stress controllability were significantly higher in the implementation intention group compared with the control. There were no other statistically significant effects. Nevertheless, both intervention groups were satisfied with their interventions, found them useful, and were planning to continue using them. The findings demonstrate the feasibility and value of using brief, online psychological interventions, which may be timely in our changing profession, as COVID-19 has moved many interventions online.
Association of childhood tracheomalacia with bronchiectasis: a case–control study
Authors: Thomas Rahul , Chang Anne , Masters Ian Brent , Grimwood Keith , Marchant Julie , Yerkovich Stephanie , Chatfield Mark , O'Brien Christopher , Goyal Vikas 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveChildren with tracheomalacia can develop chronic lower airway infection and neutrophilic inflammation. It is plausible children with tracheomalacia are at increased risk of developing bronchiectasis. We hypothesised that compared with controls, tracheomalacia in children is associated with bronchiectasis.DesignSingle-centre, case–control study.Setting and patients45 children with chest high-resolution CT (c-HRCT) confirmed bronchiectasis (cases) and enrolled in the Australian Bronchiectasis Registry were selected randomly from Queensland, and 90 unmatched children without chronic respiratory symptoms or radiographic evidence of bronchiectasis (disease controls). Cases and controls had flexible bronchoscopy performed for clinical reasons within 4 weeks of their c-HRCT.InterventionsThe bronchoscopy videos were reviewed in a blinded manner for: (a) any tracheomalacia (any shape deformity of the trachea at end-expiration) and (b) tracheomalacia defined by the European Respiratory Society (ERS) statement (>50% expiratory reduction in the cross-sectional luminal area).Main outcome measures and resultsCases were younger (median age=2.6 years, IQR 1.5–4.1) than controls (7.8 years, IQR 3.4–12.8), but well-balanced for sex (56% and 52% male, respectively). Using multivariable analysis (adjusted for age), the presence of any tracheomalacia was significantly associated with bronchiectasis (adjusted OR (ORadj)=13.2, 95% CI 3.2 to 55), while that for ERS-defined tracheomalacia further increased this risk (ORadj=24.4, 95% CI 3.4 to infinity).ConclusionBronchoscopic-defined tracheomalacia is associated with childhood bronchiectasis. While causality cannot be inferred, children with tracheomalacia should be monitored for chronic (>4 weeks) wet cough, the most common symptom of bronchiectasis, which if present should be treated and then investigated if the cough persists or is recurrent.
Submarine Escape Trials 1999-2001 -Provision of Medical Support
Authors: Benton Peter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSince the early 1960s all Royal Navy submarines have been fitted with an escape system comprising a single escape tower (SET) and submarine escape immersion suit (SEIS). This system enables escape from a submarine at a depth of 180 metres (1.9 MPa) provided that the submarine compartment is at a pressure of no greater than 1 bar (0.1 MPa). Due to a variety of causes which may include flooding and leakage of high pressure air systems it is highly probable that the submarine compartment will be at a pressure in excess of 1 bar (0.1 MPa) at the time of the escape. To investigate and determine what constitutes a ‘safe’ maximum escape depth from any given compartment pressure (the safe to escape curve), a purpose built chamber complex, the Submarine Escape Simulator (SES) has been constructed at the QinetiQ, formerly the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA), Alverstoke site.Unlike escapes from a submarine where once released from the submarine the escapee’s ascent can not be halted, within the SES it is possible to halt the ascent phase. This article describes the systems and procedures developed to enable medical support to be provided rapidly to a subject at any stage of the compression decompression profile. The article also provides details of the results to date that have been obtained from this work.
Royal Naval Physician Sir John Jamison (1776-1844), Scurvy and Sweden's Medico-Surgical Institute
Authors: Rocca Julius , Stolt Carl-Magnus 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs a direct consequence of Sweden’s devastating losses in its war with Russia in 1808-9, an institute for the training of military surgeons was established in Stockholm in December 1810. This establishment soon became known as the Karolinska Institute and is the forerunner of today’s eponymous institution. This paper records the nature of the British assistance that led indirectly to the founding of this institute. This aid took the form of a report into the high morbidity and mortality rates due to scurvy which were sustained by the Swedish Fleet in Carlscrona in the summer of 1808. This report, written by John Jamison, Fleet Physician to the Baltic Command of Sir James Saumarez, was used by the Stockholm medical authorities as part of their campaign for improved training of military medical personnel. Whilst Jamison’s report did not in itself lead to the establishment of the Stockholm medico-surgical institute, it was undoubtedly important, and serves both as an example of Anglo-Swedish relations during the Napoleonic era and a reminder of the ravages of scurvy.
A journey through mapping space: characterising the statistical and metric properties of reduced representations of macromolecules
Authors: Menichetti Roberto , Giulini Marco , Potestio Raffaello 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A mapping of a macromolecule is a prescription to construct a simplified representation of the system in which only a subset of its constituent atoms is retained. As the specific choice of the mapping affects the analysis of all-atom simulations as well as the construction of coarse-grained models, the characterisation of the mapping space has recently attracted increasing attention. We here introduce a notion of scalar product and distance between reduced representations, which allows the study of the metric and topological properties of their space in a quantitative manner. Making use of a Wang–Landau enhanced sampling algorithm, we exhaustively explore such space, and examine the qualitative features of mappings in terms of their squared norm. A one-to-one correspondence with an interacting lattice gas on a finite volume leads to the emergence of discontinuous phase transitions in mapping space, which mark the boundaries between qualitatively different reduced representations of the same molecule.

Graphicabstract
Slopes: solute processes and landforms
Authors: Burt Tim , Pinay Gilles , Worrall Fred , Howden Nicholas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on solutes by fluvial geomorphologists in the period 1965–2000; growing links with biogeochemical research are emphasized later in the chapter. Brief reference is necessarily made to some research from before and after the study period. In relation to solutes, early research sought to relate short-term process observations to long-term landform evolution. However, very quickly, research moved into much more applied fields, less concerned with landforms and more concerned with biogeochemical processes. The drainage basin became the focus of research, with a wide range of interest including nutrient loss from agricultural and forested landscapes to dissolved organic carbon export from peatlands. In particular, the terrestrial–aquatic ecotone became a focus for research, emphasizing the distinctive processes operating in the riparian zone and their contribution to river-water protection from land-derived pollutants. By the end of the period, the scale and range of fluvial geomorphology had been greatly transformed from what it had been in 1965, providing a distinctive contribution to the broader field of biogeochemistry, as well as an ongoing contribution to the study of Earth surface processes and landforms.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressive Cell Expansion Promotes Melanoma Growth and Autoimmunity by Inhibiting CD40/IL27 Regulation in Macrophages
Authors: Valencia Julio C. , Erwin-Cohen Rebecca A. , Clavijo Paul E. , Allen Clint , Sanford Michael E. , Day Chi-Ping , Hess Megan M. , Johnson Morgan , Yin Jie , Fenimore John M. , Bettencourt Ian A. , Tsuneyama Koichi , Romero Maria E. , Klarmann Kimberly D. , Jiang Peng , Bae Heekyong R. , McVicar Daniel W. , Merlino Glenn , Edmondson Elijah F. , Anandasabapathy Niroshana , Young Howard A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe relationship between cancer and autoimmunity is complex. However, the incidence of solid tumors such as melanoma has increased significantly among patients with previous or newly diagnosed systemic autoimmune disease (AID). At the same time, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy of cancer induces de novo autoinflammation and exacerbates underlying AID, even without evident antitumor responses. Recently, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity was found to drive myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) formation in patients, a known barrier to healthy immune surveillance and successful cancer immunotherapy. Cross-talk between MDSCs and macrophages generally drives immune suppressive activity in the tumor microenvironment. However, it remains unclear how peripheral pregenerated MDSC under chronic inflammatory conditions modulates global macrophage immune functions and the impact it could have on existing tumors and underlying lupus nephritis. Here we show that pathogenic expansion of SLE-generated MDSCs by melanoma drives global macrophage polarization and simultaneously impacts the severity of lupus nephritis and tumor progression in SLE-prone mice. Molecular and functional data showed that MDSCs interact with autoimmune macrophages and inhibit cell surface expression of CD40 and the production of IL27. Moreover, low CD40/IL27 signaling in tumors correlated with high tumor-associated macrophage infiltration and ICB therapy resistance both in murine and human melanoma exhibiting active IFNγ signatures. These results suggest that preventing global macrophage reprogramming induced by MDSC-mediated inhibition of CD40/IL27 signaling provides a precision melanoma immunotherapy strategy, supporting an original and advantageous approach to treat solid tumors within established autoimmune landscapes.Significance:Myeloid-derived suppressor cells induce macrophage reprogramming by suppressing CD40/IL27 signaling to drive melanoma progression, simultaneously affecting underlying autoimmune disease and facilitating resistance to immunotherapy within preexisting autoimmune landscapes.
Cardiac Resident Macrophages Prevent Fibrosis and Stimulate Angiogenesis
Authors: Revelo Xavier S. , Parthiban Preethy , Chen Chen , Barrow Fanta , Fredrickson Gavin , Wang Haiguang , Yücel Doğacan , Herman Adam , van Berlo Jop H. 
Published: October 2021

Rationale:
The initial hypertrophy response to cardiac pressure overload is considered compensatory, but with sustained stress, it eventually leads to heart failure. Recently, a role for recruited macrophages in determining the transition from compensated to decompensated hypertrophy has been established. However, whether cardiac resident immune cells influence the early phase of hypertrophy development has not been established.

Objective:
To assess the role of cardiac immune cells in the early hypertrophy response to cardiac pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC).

Methods and Results:
We performed cytometry by time-of-flight to determine the identity and abundance of immune cells in the heart at 1 and 4 weeks after TAC. We observed a substantial increase in cardiac macrophages 1 week after TAC. We then conducted Cite-Seq single-cell RNA sequencing of cardiac immune cells isolated from 4 sham and 6 TAC hearts. We identified 12 clusters of monocytes and macrophages, categorized as either resident or recruited macrophages, that showed remarkable changes in their abundance between sham and TAC conditions. To determine the role of cardiac resident macrophages early in the response to a hypertrophic stimulus, we used a blocking antibody against macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CD115). As blocking CD115 initially depletes all macrophages, we allowed the replenishment of recruited macrophages by monocytes before performing TAC. This preferential depletion of resident macrophages resulted in enhanced fibrosis and a blunted angiogenesis response to TAC. Macrophage depletion in CCR2 (C-C chemokine receptor type 2) knockout mice showed that aggravated fibrosis was primarily caused by the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages. Finally, 6 weeks after TAC these early events lead to depressed cardiac function and enhanced fibrosis, despite complete restoration of cardiac immune cells.

Conclusions:
Cardiac resident macrophages are a heterogeneous population of immune cells with key roles in stimulating angiogenesis and inhibiting fibrosis in response to cardiac pressure overload.