bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diaries in intensive care units: An Italian qualitative study
Authors: Negro Alessandra , Villa Giulia , Zangrillo Alberto , Rosa Debora , Manara Duilio F. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe literature emphasizes the importance of the intensive care unit (ICU) diary to fill the gaps and recover the delusional memories of patients admitted to ICU in order to build the history of their illness. The ICU diary is a measure originally intended to support the severely ill patient, but it would also seem to be useful for family members and carers. According to our analysis of the literature, this study is the first description of the contents of ICU diaries in the Italian context.AimThe aim of the study was to describe the contents of ICU patients' diaries filled in by their caregivers, in order to explore the experience and significance attributed to the diaries.DesignA qualitative longitudinal narrative investigation was conducted at an ICU during the period from April 2016 to April 2017 with a sample composed of 32 families.MethodsThe participants were caregivers selected through purposive sampling. An ICU nurse explained the study to caregivers and offered the opportunity to participate.ResultsThe sample included 32 diaries. Through the analysis we identified seven themes: future plans and memories; the people who care for the patient and the context; the love surrounding the patient; the clinical progression of the patient and the passage of time; what happens outside the patient's life; references to the usefulness/non‐usefulness of the diary; communication/reflection on the likely death of the patient.ConclusionsSome themes emerged that have never explored in the literature, and it would be necessary to understand whether the themes that emerged depend on cultural issues.Relevance to clinical practiceThe diaries could be adapted to the Italian context and this could make the diary a common practice in Italy as well.
Overproduction of ABA in rootstocks alleviates salinity stress in tomato shoots
Authors: Martínez‐Andújar Cristina , Martínez‐Pérez Ascensión , Albacete Alfonso , Martínez‐Melgarejo Purificación A. , Dodd Ian C. , Thompson Andrew J. , Mohareb Fady , Estelles‐Lopez Lucia , Kevei Zoltan , Ferrández‐Ayela Almudena , Pérez‐Pérez José Manuel , Gifford Miriam L. , Pérez‐Alfocea Francisco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo determine whether root‐supplied ABA alleviates saline stress, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Sugar Drop) was grafted onto two independent lines (NCED OE) overexpressing the SlNCED1 gene (9‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) and wild type rootstocks. After 200 days of saline irrigation (EC = 3.5 dS m−1), plants with NCED OE rootstocks had 30% higher fruit yield, but decreased root biomass and lateral root development. Although NCED OE rootstocks upregulated ABA‐signalling (AREB, ATHB12), ethylene‐related (ACCs, ERFs), aquaporin (PIPs) and stress‐related (TAS14, KIN, LEA) genes, downregulation of PYL ABA receptors and signalling components (WRKYs), ethylene synthesis (ACOs) and auxin‐responsive factors occurred. Elevated SlNCED1 expression enhanced ABA levels in reproductive tissue while ABA catabolites accumulated in leaf and xylem sap suggesting homeostatic mechanisms. NCED OE also reduced xylem cytokinin transport to the shoot and stimulated foliar 2‐isopentenyl adenine (iP) accumulation and phloem transport. Moreover, increased xylem GA3 levels in growing fruit trusses were associated with enhanced reproductive growth. Improved photosynthesis without changes in stomatal conductance was consistent with reduced stress sensitivity and hormone‐mediated alteration of leaf growth and mesophyll structure. Combined with increases in leaf nutrients and flavonoids, systemic changes in hormone balance could explain enhanced vigour, reproductive growth and yield under saline stress.
Subsystems and ill‐fitting problems: Clarifying a concept
Authors: Lewallen Jonathan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPolicy process scholars are increasingly attentive to issues that engage multiple subsystems, though they disagree on what the unit of analysis should be. Researchers have used the term “boundary spanning,” which already refers to a different class of institutions and actors, as well as variants of the terms wicked and messy problems without incorporating their full definitions. In this article, I argue that trans‐subsystem issues are better understood as “ill‐fitting problems” because they do not neatly fit into existing institutional jurisdictions. Jurisdictions are arbitrary rather than fixed, so our understanding of which problems stretch across subsystems depends on the political system or institution under study. I illustrate the match or mismatch between issues and institutional organization using data on attention to cybersecurity issues in U.S. congressional hearings from 1966 to 2014. Cybersecurity's widely varied attributes mean that multiple committees and the subsystems they represent compete for policymaking authority, while cybersecurity also competes for attention within each component subsystem. While the opposite phenomenon, “well‐fitting problems” are possible, endogenous and exogenous problem definition dynamics will worsen the fit between most issues and their governing arrangements. The clarified concept of ill‐fitting problems can support research into policy regimes, wicked problems, and complex systems.
Use of ammonium sulphate as a sulphur fertilizer: Implications for ammonia volatilization
Authors: Powlson David S. , Dawson Chris J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAmmonium sulphate is widely used as a sulphur (S) fertilizer, constituting about 50% of global S use. Within nitrogen (N) management, it is well known that ammonium‐based fertilizers are subject to ammonia (NH3) volatilization in soils with pH > 7, but this has been overlooked in decision making on S fertilization. We reviewed 41 publications reporting measurements of NH3 loss from ammonium sulphate in 16 countries covering a wide range of soil types and climates. In field experiments, loss was mostly <5% of applied N in soils with pH (in water) <7.0. In soils with pH > 7.0, there was a wide range of losses (0%–66%), with many in the 20%–40% range and some indication of increased loss (ca. 5%–15%) in soils with pH 6.5–7.0. We estimate that replacing ammonium sulphate with a different form of S for arable crops could decrease NH3 emissions from this source by 90%, even taking account of likely emissions from alternative fertilizers to replace the N, but chosen for low NH3 emission. For every kt of ammonium sulphate replaced on soils of pH > 7.0 in temperate regions, NH3 emission would decrease from 35.7 to 3.6 t NH3. Other readily available sources of S include single superphosphate, potassium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum), and polyhalite (Polysulphate). In view of the large areas of high pH soils globally, this change of S fertilizer selection would make a significant contribution to decreasing NH3 emissions worldwide, contributing to necessary cuts to meet agreed ceilings under the Gothenburg Convention.
Analysis of urban agglomeration structure through spatial network and mobile phone data
Authors: Liu Xintao , Huang Jianwei , Lai Jianhui , Zhang Junwei , Senousi Ahmad M. , Zhao Pengxiang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUrban agglomeration is an important strategy used to promote economic development and urbanization in China. Understanding the structure of urban agglomeration is therefore essential for policy‐makers and planners. In this study, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration (BTHUG) is explored through a proposed spatial network analytical framework and a large mobile phone data set (over 20 million users). We first construct a weight‐directed spatial interaction network based on an origin–destination matrix derived from the data set. Several network metrics (i.e., degree, strength, the rich‐club coefficient, and the assortativity coefficient) and three selected community detection algorithms (i.e., Infomap, Louvain, and Regionalization) are applied and compared to reveal the structure of the BTHUG. A four‐level hierarchical structure is defined and observed: one global center, two local centers, major cities that have low mobility flow but strong linkages with the three centers, and peripheral cities that have low mobility flow and weak linkages with the three centers. In particular, the results imply that the spatial structure of the BTHUG is over‐dependent on the global center (i.e., Beijing and northern Langfang). Further, ignoring spatial interaction patterns in top‐down administrative planning for urban agglomeration may lead to ineffective integrated development. The implications for BTHUG planning are discussed.
Influence of multiple factors on hematologic reference intervals in horses residing in livery yards in Spain
Authors: Buendia Aranzazu , Teng Kendy Tzu‐Yun , Camino Eliazar , Dominguez Lucas , Cruz‐Lopez Fatima 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe hemogram is a routine analysis for equine veterinary practitioners in the assessment of patient clinical status. Reference intervals (RIs) of hematologic constituents vary according to different horse populations and are often described for a particular breed or horse type. The aims of this study were to determine RIs for hematologic constituents in a mixed‐breed horse population residing in livery yards in central Spain and evaluate the associations between estimated RIs and multiple phenotypic and management characteristics. A total of 122 healthy horses from different breeds in central Spain were included in the study. RIs were calculated following the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. Significant associations between red blood cell (RBC) counts, packed cell volumes (PCVs), hemoglobin (HGB) concentrations, white blood cell (WBC) counts, and phenotypic and management features were evaluated using a novel multiple linear regression model analysis. Reference intervals were 5.8‐10.0 × 1012/L for RBCs, 97‐164 g/L for HGB, 0.27‐0.46 L/L for PCVs, 37.1‐53.6 fL for MCVs, 3.8‐10.8 × 109/L for WBCs, and 76.1‐377.9 × 109/L for platelet counts. The season, discipline, and housing when and where the horses were sampled were factors significantly associated with WBC counts and/or red cell values (HGB, RBC, and PCV). Hematologic RIs for these horses were comparable to the RIs of warm‐blooded horses and influenced by husbandry. These location‐specific RIs should allow veterinary practitioners to make better‐informed decisions for their patients residing in livery yards.
Purinergic P2 and glutamate NMDA receptor coupling contributes to osmotically driven excitability in hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory neurons
Authors: Ferreira‐Neto H. C. , Antunes V. R. , Stern J. E. 
Published: May 2021

Key points
Purinergic and glutamatergic signalling pathways play a key role in regulating the activity of hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory neurons (MNNs).
However, the precise cellular mechanisms by which ATP and glutamate act in concert to regulate osmotically driven MNN neuronal excitability remains unknown.
Here, we report that ATP acts on purinergic P2 receptors in MNNs to potentiate in a Ca2+‐dependent manner extrasynaptic NMDAR function.
The P2‐NMDAR coupling is engaged in response to an acute hyperosmotic stimulation, contributing to osmotically driven firing activity in MNNs.
These results help us to better understand the precise mechanisms contributing to the osmotic regulation of firing activity and hormone release from MNNs.
AbstractThe firing activity of hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory neurons (MNNs) located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) is coordinated by the combined, fine‐tuned action of intrinsic membrane properties, synaptic and extrasynaptic signalling. Among these, purinergic and glutamatergic signalling pathways have been shown to play a key role regulating the activity of MNNs. However, the precise cellular mechanisms by which ATP and glutamate act in concert to regulate osmotically driven MNN neuronal excitability remains unknown. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings obtained from MNNs showed that ATP (100 μM) induced an increase in firing rate, an effect that was blocked by either 4‐[[4‐formyl‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐3‐[(phosphonooxy)methyl]2‐pyridinyl]azo]1,3‐benzenedisulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (PPADS) (10 μM) or kynurenic acid (1 mm). While ATP did not affect the frequency or magnitude of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), it induced an inward shift in the holding current that was prevented by PPADS or kynurenic acid treatment, suggesting that ATP enhances a tonic extrasynaptic glutamatergic excitatory current. We observed that ATP‐potentiated glutamatergic receptor‐mediated currents were evoked by focal application of L‐glu (1 mm) and NMDA (50 μM), but not AMPA (50 μM). ATP potentiation of NMDA‐evoked currents was blocked by PPADS (10 μM) and by chelation of intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA (10 mm). Finally, we report that a hyperosmotic stimulus (mannitol 1%, +55 mOsm/kgH2O) potentiated NMDA‐evoked currents and increased MNN firing activity, effects that were blocked by PPADS. Taken together, our data support a functional excitatory coupling between P2 and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in MNNs, which is engaged in response to an acute hyperosmotic stimulus.
Daily changes in neuronal activities of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus under standard and high‐fat diet
Authors: Chrobok Lukasz , Klich Jasmin D. , Jeczmien‐Lazur Jagoda S. , Pradel Kamil , Palus‐Chramiec Katarzyna , Sanetra Anna M. , Piggins Hugh D. , Lewandowski Marian H. 
Published: May 2021

Key points
Recently, we found that the dorsal vagal complex displays autonomous circadian timekeeping properties
The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) is an executory part of this complex – a source of parasympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract
Here, we reveal daily changes in the neuronal activities of the rat DMV, including firing rate, intrinsic excitability and synaptic input – all of these peaking in the late day
Additionally, we establish that short term high‐fat diet disrupts these daily rhythms, boosting the variability in the firing rate, but blunting the DMV responsiveness to ingestive cues
These results help us better understand daily control over parasympathetic outflow and provide evidence on its dependence on the high‐fat diet
AbstractThe suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus function as the brain's primary circadian clock, but circadian clock genes are also rhythmically expressed in several extra‐SCN brain sites where they can exert local temporal control over physiology and behaviour. Recently, we found that the hindbrain dorsal vagal complex possesses strong daily timekeeping capabilities, with the area postrema and nucleus of the solitary tract exhibiting the most robust clock properties. The possibility that the executory part of this complex – the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) – also exhibits daily changes has not been extensively studied. The DMV is the source of vagal efferent motoneurons that regulate gastric motility and emptying and consequently influence meal size and energy homeostasis. We used a combination of multi‐channel electrophysiology and patch clamp recordings to gain insight into effects of time of day and diet on these DMV cells. We found that DMV neurons increase their spontaneous activity, excitability and responsiveness to metabolic neuromodulators at late day and this was paralleled with an enhanced synaptic input to these neurons. A high‐fat diet typically damps circadian rhythms, but we found that consumption of a high‐fat diet paradoxically amplified daily variation of DMV neuronal activity, while blunting the neurons responsiveness to metabolic neuromodulators. In summary, we show for the first time that DMV neural activity changes with time of day, with this temporal variation modulated by diet. These findings have clear implications for our understanding of the daily control of vagal efferents and parasympathetic outflow.
Forced Response Variation of a Compressor Utilizing Blade Tip Timing, Strain Gages, and As-Manufactured Finite Element Models
Authors: Gillaugh Daniel , Janczewski Timothy , Kaszynski Alex , Brown Jeffrey , Beck Joseph , Nessler Chase 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The dynamic response of turbine engine components varies widely due to manufacturing deviations in the blades known as mistuning. This dynamic variation is investigated using a single stage compressor experimentally using both blade tip timing (BTT) and strain gage (SG) measurements and using as-manufactured finite element models (AMMs) on a 1st bend mode. Operational BTT and SG safety limits were generated using both averaged and AMM models via Goodman material properties. The predicted individual blade stress/deflection (S/D) ratios and strain gage ratios for this mode will be compared to the average finite element counterparts. Additionally, the correlation between BTT and SG's will be presented. This correlation will be performed using two approaches: blade maximum stress comparisons and measured response compared to the sensors safety limits. It will be shown that accounting for geometry with AMMs produce more accurate strain gage to BTT correlation compared to average models. An experimental model updating procedure is developed to increase the strain gage to BTT correlation by optimizing the location the BTT optical spot probes measure on the blade chord. Implementing this procedure using as-manufactured models are able to improve strain gage to BTT correlation.
Use of the Lyapunov Functions for Calculating the Locally Optimal Control of a Thrust Vector during Low-Thrust Interorbital Transfer
Authors: Yelnikov R. V. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract—
This paper presents a method for locally optimal control of the thrust vector of the electric propulsion system (EPS) for a spacecraft that performs a multiturn interorbital transfer from the initial elliptical orbit into a geostationary orbit (GSO). The control represents the time dependences of the angles that characterize the EPS thrust vector orientation in space. Here, it is assumed that the EPS is always on. The proposed control algorithm belongs to the class of feedback control algorithms and is based on using the Lyapunov functions. Numerical examples are presented, which characterize the operability of the proposed control technique. Considerable attention is paid to the comparison of given solutions with the optimal solutions obtained within the framework of the maximum principle formalism.
Serum Soluble ST2 Correlated with Symptom Severity and Clinical Response of Sublingual Immunotherapy for House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Rhinitis Patients
Authors: Zhu Kang , Xia Cui , Chen Jingguo , Yu Chao , Gao Tianxi , Yan Jing , Shao Na , Zhu Pin , Sun Bin , Ren Xiaoyong , Zhang Yanni 
Published: May 2021

Background. Suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) is a key biomarker in inflammation and cardiovascular diseases, but limited data is available on its role in allergic rhinitis (AR). Objective. The aim of this study is to explore the role of serum soluble ST2 (sST2) in evaluating disease severity and predicting the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in house dust mite- (HDM-) induced AR patients. Methods. Eighty healthy controls (HC group) and 160 HDM-induced AR patients, including 40 mild patients (MAR group) and 120 moderate-severe patients (MSAR group), were recruited in this study. Serum was collected from all participants and levels of sST2 were determined by ELISA and the relationship between sST2 levels and disease severity was assessed. In the MSAR group, 109 patients received 3 years of SLIT, and the relationship between serum levels of sST2 and efficacy of SLIT was exampled. Results. Serum sST2 levels were increased in HDM-induced AR patients compared to the HC group (

P
<
0.001

), and the concentrations were higher in the MSAR group than in the MAR group and HC group (all

P
<
0.05

). Moreover, sST2 levels positively correlated with the total nasal symptom score (TNSS), visual analogue scale (VAS), and specific IgE levels (

P
<
0.05

). Seventy-eight MSAR patients accomplished SLIT, and they were divided into an effective group (

n
=
40

) and an ineffective group (

n
=
38

). The serum sST2 levels in the effective group were lower than those in the ineffective group (

P
<
0.001

). In addition, patients in the effective group levels exhibited significantly lower sST2 levels post-SLIT than pre-SLIT (

P
<
0.001

), but no statistic difference was observed in the ineffective group (

P
>
0.05

). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed promising accuracy for predicting clinical efficacy of SLIT in AR patients (

area

under

the

curve
=
0.839

,

P
<
0.001

). Conclusion. Serum sST2 is a potential biomarker for assessing disease severity and may serve as a sensitive biomarker for predicting the therapeutic response of SLIT in HDM-induced AR patients.
Carbon Stock and Soil Characteristics under Expansive Shrubs in the Dry Afromontane Forest in Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Haile Mebrahtu , Birhane Emiru , Mekonen Rannestad Meley , S. Adaramola Muyiwa 
Published: May 2021

Increased presence of expansive plant species could bring about various ecological influences on biomass carbon, soil organic carbon, and the physical and chemical properties of the soils. However, their impacts on these ecological parameters could differ due to a wide range of life forms, plant communities of the invaded ecosystems, and abiotic conditions. This work was conducted to examine the impacts of Cadia purpurea and Tarchonanthus camphoratus cover on carbon stock in vegetation and soil and soil physicochemical properties in Desa’a forest, northern Ethiopia. Vegetation and soil data were collected from a total of 150 sampling plots (size 20 m × 20 m) from uninvaded and invaded vegetation conditions. The soil samples were collected from topsoil (0–15 and 15–30 cm) of the uninvaded and invaded vegetation conditions. The statistical difference in carbon stock and soil characteristics

P
<
0.05

of both invaded and uninvaded vegetation conditions were tested using an independent t-test using an R-software. The mean above- and below-ground biomass carbon stocks of the uninvaded vegetation condition (17.62 Mg·C/ha and 4.14 Mg·C/ha, respectively) were found to be significantly higher than those of the invaded vegetation condition (4.73 Mg·C/ha and 1.11 Mg·C/ha, respectively). The mean soil organic carbons (SOC) were significantly higher

P
<
0.01

in the uninvaded (122.83 Mg·C/ha) than in the invaded (90.13 Mg·C/ha) vegetation condition. The total carbon stock estimates were significantly higher

P
<
0.01

in the uninvaded vegetation condition (144.59 Mg·C/ha) than in the invaded vegetation condition (95.97 Mg·C/ha). Furthermore, the result revealed that most of the soil characteristics were significantly lower

P
<
0.05

under the expansive shrubs invaded vegetation conditions except for significantly high sand content

P
<
0.05

. Silt, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, copper, and zinc did not significantly change with the cover of the expansive shrubs. Our results suggest that increased presence of the expansive species decreased carbon trapping and affected most of the soil nutrients within the forest. Hence, to enhance the carbon storage potential and to maintain the soil nutrient status of the forest, proper conservation, monitoring, and management of the existing PNV and controlling a further expansion of the expansive shrubs are required. Further studies will be required on the factors responsible for the difference in carbon stocks and soil nutrients in each vegetation condition in addition to the impacts of the expansive shrubs expansion.