bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stakeholder perspectives on the development and implementation of approaches to municipal rat management
Authors: Lee Michael J , Byers Kaylee A , Cox Susan M , Stephen Craig , Patrick David M , Himsworth Chelsea G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Rats evoke public health and economic concern in cities globally. Rapid urbanization exacerbates pre-existing rat problems, requiring the development and adoption of more effective methods of prevention, monitoring and mitigation. While previous studies have indicated that city-wide municipal management approaches often fail, such outcomes are often left without specific explanation. To determine how municipalities could more effectively develop and implement large-scale approaches, we interviewed stakeholders in municipal rat management programs to document their opinions, recommendations and the challenges they face. Using a thematic framework method, this study collates and analyzes in-depth interviews with 39 stakeholders from seven cities across the United States. Overall, stakeholders’ recommendations for municipal rat management aligned with many conceptual attributes of effective management reported in the literature. Specifically, stakeholders highlighted the need to prioritize the reduction of resources available to sustain rat infestations (e.g. food, water and harborage), to focus on proactive (vs. reactive) measures, and to implement large-scale data collection to increase the efficiency of cross-city rat control. Stakeholders also suggested novel approaches to management, such as mitigating rat-associated risks for vulnerable populations specifically and developing tailored initiatives based on the specific needs and desires of residents. We synthesize these recommendations in light of reported barriers, such as resource limitations, and consider several opportunities that may help municipalities reconceptualize their approaches to city-wide rat management.
How deep is the ocean? Exploring the phase structure of water-rich sub-Neptunes
Authors: Nixon Matthew C , Madhusudhan Nikku 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Understanding the internal structures of planets with a large H2O component is important for the characterization of sub-Neptune planets. The finding that the mini-Neptune K2-18b could host a liquid water ocean beneath a mostly hydrogen envelope motivates a detailed examination of the phase structures of water-rich planets. To this end, we present new internal structure models for super-Earths and mini-Neptunes that enable detailed characterization of a planet’s water component. We use our models to explore the possible phase structures of water worlds and find that a diverse range of interiors are possible, from oceans sandwiched between two layers of ice to supercritical interiors beneath steam atmospheres. We determine how the bulk properties and surface conditions of a water world affect its ocean depth, finding that oceans can be up to hundreds of times deeper than on Earth. For example, a planet with a 300 K surface can possess H2O oceans with depths from 30–500 km, depending on its mass and composition. We also constrain the region of mass–radius space in which planets with H/He envelopes could host liquid H2O, noting that the liquid phase can persist at temperatures up to 647 K at high pressures of 218–$7\times 10^4$ bar. Such H/He envelopes could contribute significantly to the planet radius while retaining liquid water at the surface, depending on the planet mass and temperature profile. Our findings highlight the exciting possibility that habitable conditions may be present on planets much larger than Earth.
The AARTFAAC 60 MHz transients survey
Authors: Kuiack Mark , Wijers Ralph A M J , Shulevski Aleksandar , Rowlinson Antonia , Huizinga Folkert , Molenaar Gijs , Prasad Peeyush 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We report the experimental set-up and overall results of the AARTFAAC wide-field radio survey, which consists of observing the sky within 50° of Zenith, with a bandwidth of 3.2 MHz, at a cadence of 1 s, for 545 h. This yielded nearly 4 million snapshots, two per second, of on average 4800 square degrees and a sensitivity of around 60 Jy. We find two populations of transient events, one originating from PSR B0950+08 and one from strong ionospheric lensing events, as well as a single strong candidate for an extragalactic transient, with a peak flux density of 80 ± 30 Jy and a dispersion measure of $73\pm 3\, \mathrm{~pc~cm^{-3}}$. We also set a strong upper limit of 1.1 all-sky per day to the rate of any other populations of fast, bright transients. Lastly, we constrain some previously detected types of transient sources by comparing our detections and limits with other low-frequency radio transient surveys.
Chemical abundances in the nuclear region of nearby galaxies from the Palomar Survey
Authors: Pérez-Díaz B , Masegosa J , Márquez I , Pérez-Montero E 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We estimate chemical abundances and ionization parameters in the nuclear region of a sample of 143 galaxies from the Palomar Spectroscopic Survey, composed by star-forming galaxies (87), Seyferts 2 (16), and LINERs (40) using the hii-chi-mistry code. We also study for each spectral type the correlation of the derived quantities with other different properties of the host galaxies, such as morphology, stellar mass, luminosity, and mass of their supermassive black holes. The results obtained for star-forming galaxies are used to check the soundness of our methodology. Then, we replicate a similar study for our sample of AGN, distinguishing between Seyferts 2 and LINERs. We report a saturation of Oxygen abundances for the nuclear regions of SFG. The correlations between chemical abundances and their host galaxy properties for SFG are in good agreement with previous studies. We find that Seyferts 2 present slightly higher chemical abundances but this result must be reexamined in larger samples of Seyfert galaxies. In contrast, we obtain lower chemical abundances for LINERs than for SFG. We confirm these relatively lower abundances for another sample of infrared luminous LINERs in the same stellar mass range. Our analysis of AGNs (both LINERs and Seyferts) shows that their host galaxy properties are not correlated with our estimated chemical abundances.
Strong lens modelling: comparing and combining Bayesian neural networks and parametric profile fitting
Authors: Pearson James , Maresca Jacob , Li Nan , Dye Simon 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The vast quantity of strong galaxy–galaxy gravitational lenses expected by future large-scale surveys necessitates the development of automated methods to efficiently model their mass profiles. For this purpose, we train an approximate Bayesian convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict mass profile parameters and associated uncertainties, and compare its accuracy to that of conventional parametric modelling for a range of increasingly complex lensing systems. These include standard smooth parametric density profiles, hydrodynamical EAGLE galaxies, and the inclusion of foreground mass structures, combined with parametric sources and sources extracted from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. In addition, we also present a method for combining the CNN with traditional parametric density profile fitting in an automated fashion, where the CNN provides initial priors on the latter’s parameters. On average, the CNN achieved errors 19 ± 22 per cent lower than the traditional method’s blind modelling. The combination method instead achieved 27 ± 11 per cent lower errors over the blind modelling, reduced further to 37 ± 11 per cent when the priors also incorporated the CNN-predicted uncertainties, with errors also 17 ± 21 per cent lower than the CNN by itself. While the CNN is undoubtedly the fastest modelling method, the combination of the two increases the speed of conventional fitting alone by factors of 1.73 and 1.19 with and without CNN-predicted uncertainties, respectively. This, combined with greatly improved accuracy, highlights the benefits one can obtain through combining neural networks with conventional techniques in order to achieve an efficient automated modelling approach.
On the Origin of Frameshift-Robustness of the Standard Genetic Code
Authors: Xu Haiqing , Zhang Jianzhi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe standard genetic code (SGC) has been extensively analyzed for the biological ramifications of its nonrandom structure. For instance, mismatch errors due to point mutation or mistranslation have an overall smaller effect on the amino acid polar requirement under the SGC than under random genetic codes (RGCs). A similar observation was recently made for frameshift errors, prompting the assertion that the SGC has been shaped by natural selection for frameshift-robustness—conservation of certain amino acid properties upon a frameshift mutation or translational frameshift. However, frameshift-robustness confers no benefit because frameshifts usually create premature stop codons that cause nonsense-mediated mRNA decay or production of nonfunctional truncated proteins. We here propose that the frameshift-robustness of the SGC is a byproduct of its mismatch-robustness. Of 564 amino acid properties considered, the SGC exhibits mismatch-robustness in 93–133 properties and frameshift-robustness in 55 properties, respectively, and that the latter is largely a subset of the former. For each of the 564 real and 564 randomly constructed fake properties of amino acids, there is a positive correlation between mismatch-robustness and frameshift-robustness across one million RGCs; this correlation arises because most amino acid changes resulting from a frameshift are also achievable by a mismatch error. Importantly, the SGC does not show significantly higher frameshift-robustness in any of the 55 properties than RGCs of comparable mismatch-robustness. These findings support that the frameshift-robustness of the SGC need not originate through direct selection and can instead be a site effect of its mismatch-robustness.
Effect of Inadequate Empiric Antibacterial Therapy on Hospital Outcomes in SARS-CoV-2-Positive and -Negative US Patients With a Positive Bacterial Culture: A Multicenter Evaluation From March to November 2020
Authors: Puzniak Laura , Bauer Karri A , Yu Kalvin C , Moise Pamela , Finelli Lyn , Ye Gang , De Anda Carisa , Vankeepuram Latha , Gupta Vikas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Increased utilization of antimicrobial therapy has been observed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We evaluated hospital outcomes based on the adequacy of antibacterial therapy for bacterial pathogens in US patients.

Methods
This multicenter retrospective study included patients with ≥24 hours of inpatient admission, ≥24 hours of antibiotic therapy, and discharge/death from March to November 2020 at 201 US hospitals in the BD Insights Research Database. Included patients had a test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and a positive bacterial culture (gram-positive or gram-negative). We used generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the impact of inadequate empiric therapy (IET), defined as therapy not active against the identified bacteria or no antimicrobial therapy in the 48 hours following culture, on in-hospital mortality and hospital and intensive care unit length of stay (LOS).

Results
Of 438 888 SARS-CoV-2-tested patients, 39 203 (8.9%) had positive bacterial cultures. Among patients with positive cultures, 9.4% were SARS-CoV-2 positive, 74.4% had a gram-negative pathogen, 25.6% had a gram-positive pathogen, and 44.1% received IET for the bacterial infection. The odds of mortality were 21% higher for IET (odds ratio [OR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.10–1.33; P &lt; .001) compared with adequate empiric therapy. IET was also associated with increased hospital LOS (LOS, 16.1 days; 95% CI, 15.5–16.7 days; vs LOS, 14.5 days; 95% CI, 13.9–15.1 days; P &lt; .001). Both mortality and hospital LOS findings remained consistent for SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative patients.

Conclusions
Bacterial pathogens continue to play an important role in hospital outcomes during the pandemic. Adequate and timely therapeutic management may help ensure better outcomes.
Spontaneous cervical swelling syndrome as a rare cause of neck edema: case series and literature review
Authors: Betrains Albrecht , Hermans Robert , Gheysens Olivier , Poorten Vincent Vander , Peetermans Willy E , Vanderschueren Steven 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTSpontaneous cervical swelling syndrome (SCSS) is a rare disorder characterized by unprovoked, self-limiting and often unilateral cervical edema. SCSS is a recurrent disorder that predominantly affects adult women and is not associated with laboratory abnormalities. We report on eight female patients with a mean age of 56 (38–82) years at the time of the first presentation. The episodes were characterized by an acute onset in all patients and had a mean duration of 3.8 (1–7) days. Biochemical analysis did not reveal any related abnormalities. Imaging of the neck and chest demonstrated diffuse edema in the supraclavicular fossa and left infrahyoid region in all patients. At the time of the acute event, lymphatic scintigraphy revealed tracer accumulation in the left supraclavicular region in three patients and could not demonstrate any abnormalities in the in-between episodes in two patients.
Sheared Peridotite and Megacryst Formation Beneath the Kaapvaal Craton: a Snapshot of Tectonomagmatic Processes across the Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Transition
Authors: Tappe Sebastian , Massuyeau Malcolm , Smart Katie A , Woodland Alan B , Gussone Nikolaus , Milne Sarah , Stracke Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe cratonic lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary is commonly invoked as the site of sheared peridotite and megacryst formation, a well-recognized petrological assemblage whose genetic relationships—if any—remain poorly understood. We have undertaken a comprehensive petrology and Sr–Nd–Hf–Ca isotope study of sheared peridotite xenoliths and clinopyroxene megacrysts from the c. 1150 Ma Premier kimberlite pipe on the central Kaapvaal craton in South Africa. New textural and mineral trace element evidence suggests that strong tectonic and magmatic overprinting affected the lower cratonic mantle over a vertical distance of ≥50 km from the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary located at ∼200–225 km depth. Although modification of the central Kaapvaal cratonic mantle is commonly linked to the c. 2056 Ma Bushveld large igneous event, our thermobarometry, mantle redox, and Sr–Nd–Hf–Ca isotope data support a model in which volatile-rich low-volume melts and associated high-density fluids refertilized the lithosphere base shortly before or during asthenosphere-derived kimberlite and carbonatite magmatism at around 1150 Ma. This episode of lithospheric mantle enrichment was facilitated by exceptionally strong shear movements, as are recorded in the plastically deformed peridotites. We argue that stress-driven segregation of percolating carbonated melts contributed to megacryst formation along, or in close proximity to, shear zones within the cratonic mantle lithosphere. Integration of our results from the Kaapvaal craton and modern petrological concepts allows for the identification of a lithosphere–asthenosphere transition zone between ∼150 and 225 km depth. This horizon is defined by intersections of the ∼40–42 mW m–2 Premier paleogeotherm with (1) CO2–H2O-present solidus curves for peridotite (upper bound), and (2) typical mantle adiabats with potential temperatures between 1315 and 1420 °C (lower bound). At Premier, the most strongly deformed sheared peridotites occur mainly between ∼160 and 185 km depth, firmly within the lithosphere–asthenosphere transition zone. Contrary to many previous models, we suggest that sheared peridotite formation occurs in localized deformation zones spaced out across the entire width of the lithosphere–asthenosphere transition zone, rather than being restricted to a single thin layer at the craton base where mantle flow causes viscous drag. Hence, plate-tectonic stresses acting on the lower cratonic lithosphere may be accommodated by extensive networks of shear zones, which provide transient pathways and sinks for percolating volatile-rich melts, linking the formation of megacrysts and sheared peridotites.
The circadian-controlled PIF8–BBX28 module regulates petal senescence in rose flowers by governing mitochondrial ROS homeostasis at night
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wu Zhicheng , Feng Ming , Chen Jiwei , Qin Meizhu , Wang Wenran , Bao Ying , Xu Qian , Ye Ying , Ma Chao , Jiang Cai-Zhong , Gan Su-Sheng , Zhou Hougao , Cai Youming , Hong Bo , Gao Junping , Ma Nan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unstable reactive molecules that are toxic to cells. Regulation of ROS homeostasis is crucial to protect cells from dysfunction, senescence, and death. In plant leaves, ROS are mainly generated from chloroplasts and are tightly temporally restricted by the circadian clock. However, little is known about how ROS homeostasis is regulated in nonphotosynthetic organs, such as petals. Here, we showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels exhibit typical circadian rhythmicity in rose (Rosa hybrida) petals, consistent with the measured respiratory rate. RNA-seq and functional screening identified a B-box gene, RhBBX28, whose expression was associated with H2O2 rhythms. Silencing RhBBX28 accelerated flower senescence and promoted H2O2 accumulation at night in petals, while overexpression of RhBBX28 had the opposite effects. RhBBX28 influenced the expression of various genes related to respiratory metabolism, including the TCA cycle and glycolysis, and directly repressed the expression of SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE 1, which plays a central role in mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) homeostasis. We also found that PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR8 (RhPIF8) could activate RhBBX28 expression to control H2O2 levels in petals and thus flower senescence. Our results indicate that the circadian-controlled RhPIF8–RhBBX28 module is a critical player that controls flower senescence by governing mtROS homeostasis in rose.
The international Pediatric Oncology Exercise Guidelines (iPOEG)
Authors: Wurz Amanda , McLaughlin Emma , Lategan Conné , Chamorro Viña Carolina , Grimshaw Sarah L , Hamari Lotta , Götte Miriam , Kesting Sabine , Rossi Francesca , van der Torre Patrick , Guilcher Gregory M T , McIntyre Krista , Culos-Reed S Nicole 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhysical activity (PA) and exercise are safe and beneficial for children and adolescents affected by cancer. Yet, this population is not active enough to receive benefits. PA guideline and recommendation statements can support individual behavior and practice change. The purpose of this project was to develop the international Pediatric Oncology Exercise Guidelines (iPOEG), comprised of guideline and recommendation statements, to promote PA among children and adolescents affected by cancer. Guideline development procedures, stakeholder engagement strategies, and the Delphi technique were used. Four online surveys were distributed to the iPOEG network (n = 9 core team members, n = 122 expert consensus committee members). Surveys included closed- and open-ended items informed by a literature synthesis and an in-person meeting. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Consensus was defined as ≥ 80% agreement. Response rates to online surveys ranged from 82% to 91%. The iPOEG network agreed on four guideline and five recommendation statements, which highlight that movement is important for all children and adolescents affected by cancer. These statements are generic in nature as more research is still required to provide specific guidance on the frequency, intensity, time, and type of PA for this population. Nevertheless, the iPOEG statements represent available evidence and expert opinion, collectively suggesting that it is time for children and adolescents affected by cancer to move more.
Amniotic Band Syndrome in Adult Combined with Persistent Depressive Disorder
Authors: Kolasinski Jerzy , Kolenda Malgorzata , Kolasinska Dominika 
Published: May 2021

Summary
Congenital amniotic band syndrome (ABS) is an anomaly with no proven etiology occurring in 0.7 per 10,000 live births. This defect mostly concerns the extremities and is often accompanied by other developmental anomalies. There are many methods of treatment for this type of defect, such as simple excision and suturing, local V-Y plasty, Z-plasty, multiple Z “plasties” or multiple W plasties, plasty with deepithelized or non-deepithelized rectangular lobes, and rigottomies complemented with lipofilling. The literature most often describes cases of treated children. There are no case reports of ABS treatment in adults. However, failure to undertake such treatment in childhood may result in serious mental dysfunction. We present the case of a 39-year-old woman with congenital ABS, in whom failure to provide proper treatment in childhood resulted in persistent depressive disorder development. The applied treatment, consisting of multiple Z plasties, liposuction, and fat grafting, resulted in improved appearance of her lower extremity, as well as the cessation of mental symptoms.
Prospective comparative study: metabolomics profiles of exudate and serum for patients with and without venous ulcer wound itch
Authors: Paul Julia C. , Yilmaz Ali , Pieper Barbara A. , Liu Zijuan , Graham Stewart F. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that elicits the desire to scratch and can cause great distress, particularly in persons with venous ulcers. This pilot study explored the difference in metabolic profiles for wound exudate and serum in patients with or without venous ulcer wound itch.

Methods:
Patient information, wound assessment, and itch sensation ratings were recorded. Wound fluid and blood were collected for metabolomics assays. High-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography and 1-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry were used to profile wound fluid and serum samples.

Results:
Patients (N=21) were included (ages: 32–91 y) with venous ulcers that itched (n=10) or did not itch (n=11). Metabolomic profiling discovered a previously unreported biochemical pathway for glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism in both serum and wound fluid significantly associated with itch. Using wound exudate, we developed diagnostic algorithms capable of discriminating between patients who itched and those who did not, with an area under the curve (95% confidence interval)=0.705 (0.461–0.948).

Discussion:
Our results demonstrate that the glycine-serine-threonine pathway is the most significantly altered metabolic pathway associated with venous ulcer itch. This pathway may serve as a biomarker for itch in patients with venous ulcers and help to identify itch before scratching further exasperates the ulcer. Studies with larger patient numbers are critically required to validate these findings. Our results may lead to novel therapeutic targets for the prophylactic treatment of itch.