bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Exceptionalism: Securitization and COVID-19
Authors: Kirk Jessica , McDonald Matt 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The suggestion that we “are at war” with the coronavirus pandemic was not uncommon in national representations of the challenge posed by the virus. Such a representation was in turn frequently linked to the imperative of emergency responses, including expanded police powers, national lockdowns, and border closures. For theorists of securitization, this is not surprising. For them, the language of security and existential threat enables extraordinary and exceptional practices. This paper interrogates these assumptions about the performative and enabling role of securitizing language by beginning with emergency measures and asking how these were justified, how they became possible, and how prominent the language of “security” was to this politics of exceptionalism. It examines justifications for emergency responses—national lockdown and/or border closures—in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand in March 2020. Ultimately, the cases examined demonstrate significant variability in justifications for similar extreme measures. In the process, this analysis challenges core assumptions about the conditions in which extraordinary measures become possible, suggesting, in turn, the need for a context-specific understanding of both securitization and the conditions of exceptionalism.
Mapping the coverage, availability and uptake of External Quality Assessment programmes across One Health sectors in Asia
Authors: Mogeni Ondari D , Abegaz Freshwork Ayalew , Kim Jong-Hoon , Joh Hea Sun , Kastbjerg Vicky Gaedt , Pedersen Susanne Karlsmose , Hendriksen Rene S , Holm Marianne 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Establishing effective external quality assessment (EQA) programmes is an important element in ensuring the quality of, and building capacity for, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) laboratory surveillance.

Objectives
To understand the current coverage of, and challenges to participation in, EQAs in National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) across One Health (OH) sectors in Asia.

Methods
Current EQA coverage was evaluated through desktop review, online surveys and interviews of both EQA participants and providers. EQA coverage was mapped and summarized by laboratory type and ‘readiness’ level and identified challenges evaluated qualitatively.

Results
Of the 31 identified NRLs [16 Human Health (HH) and 15 Animal/Food Safety laboratories (A/FS)], 14 HH and 7 A/FS laboratories currently participated in international EQA schemes and several participated in two or more different schemes. Seven laboratories were currently not participating in any EQA scheme and two of these (one HH and one A/FS) do not currently perform microbiology; six HH NRLs provided national EQAs. Of the eight surveyed international EQA providers, three were based in Asia and all offered varying programmes in terms of pathogens, frequency and support mechanisms for reporting and follow-up. Only one provider currently served laboratories across all OH sectors.

Conclusions
The current coverage of EQA programmes for AMR in Asia was heterogeneous across countries but especially across OH sectors. This updated overview of the coverage and challenges associated with participation in, and provision of, EQAs for AMR suggest the benefit and relevance of introducing one comprehensive and high-quality EQA programme across OH sectors in Asia.
Fosfomycin single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy
Authors: Gerecke Lisa K V , Schmidt Julius J , Hafer Carsten , Eden Gabriele , Bode-Böger Stefanie M , Martens-Lobenhoffer Jens , Welte Tobias , Kielstein Jan T 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Fosfomycin is used increasingly in the treatment of MDR bacteria. It is eliminated by renal excretion, but data regarding dosing recommendations for patients undergoing modern means of renal replacement therapies are scarce.

Objectives
Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics (PK) of fosfomycin in patients undergoing prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT) to guide dosing recommendations.

Methods
Fosfomycin was given in 11 (7 female) patients with severe infections undergoing PIRRT. Plasma levels were measured at several timepoints on the first day of fosfomycin therapy, as well as 5–6 days into therapy, before and after the dialyser, to calculate its clearance. Fosfomycin was measured in the collected spent dialysate.

Results
The median (IQR) plasma dialyser clearance for fosfomycin was 183.4 (156.9–214.9) mL/min, eliminating a total amount of 8834 (4556–10 440) mg of fosfomycin, i.e. 73.9% (45.3%–93.5%) of the initial dose. During PIRRT, the fosfomycin half-life was 2.5 (2.2–3.4) h. Data from multiple-dose PK showed an increase in fosfomycin Cmax from 266.8 (166.3–438.1) to 926.1 (446.8–1168.0) mg/L and AUC0–14 from 2540.5 (1815.2–3644.3) to 6714 (4060.6–10612.6) mg·h/L. Dialysis intensity during the study was 1.5 L/h. T&gt;MIC was 100% in all patients.

Conclusions
Patients undergoing PIRRT experience significant fosfomycin elimination, requiring a dose of 5 g/8 h to reach adequate plasma levels. However, drug accumulation may occur, depending on dialysis frequency and intensity.
Impact of the AACC Global Laboratory Quality Initiative in Partnership with Professional Societies and Universities in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Luzzi Verónica , Algeciras-Schimnich Alicia , Calderón Boris , Colón-Franco Jessica M , Garcia Juan D , Goldsmith Barbara M , Jara-Aguirre José , Laterza Omar , Leung-Pineda Van , Palavecino Elizabeth L , Parnás M Laura , Zabaleta Eugenio H , Sierra-Amor Rosa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Global Lab Quality Initiative (GLQI), formerly known as the Emerging Countries program, was funded through a generous endowment from the Wallace H. Coulter Foundation. The aims of GLQI are to develop and implement innovative programs to promote education and training in laboratory medicine for low- or lower middle-income countries worldwide. From its inception in 2010, the GLQI was focused solely on the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region under the purview of AACC’s Latin American Working Group (LAWG), the members of which have strong ties to the region thereby facilitating the partnerships with national societies. The LAWG has provided in-person workshops in the LAC countries, at the AACC Annual Scientific Meeting, and on-demand webinars. The LAWG aims to implement the GLQI aims in the LAC region. In-person workshops are based on best-practice recommendations and sources such as Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines and supplemented with professional experiences of the LAWG’s lecturers and local experts of the countries visited. In 2015, the GLQI expanded to other regions of the world. Here we report the experience of the LAWG workshops, results of participant surveys, in-person visits to laboratories post-workshop, and the lessons learned throughout the years across different geographic areas. We are hopeful this report provides insights into the challenges and successes of the LAWG in LAC to help support the expansion of the GLQI.
Assessment of Sigma Metrics for Routine Chemistry Testing in 4 Laboratories in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
Authors: Moodley Nareshni , Gounden Verena 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Sigma metrics is a quantitative management tool. This study assessed the Six Sigma score for 26 chemistry analytes, compared scores with different total allowable errors (TEa) and use of scores for internal quality control (IQC) rules in 4 Laboratories in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa.

Methods
Utilizing 6 months of IQC SD, CV, and bias data on albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, bicarbonate, calcium, total cholesterol, creatine kinase, chloride, creatinine, gamma glutamyl transferase, glucose, HDL-cholesterol, potassium, lactate dehydrogenase, magnesium, sodium, inorganic phosphate, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, triglycerides, total protein, urea nitrogen, uric acid, and C-reactive protein (CRP) Six Sigma scores were calculated using Microsoft Excel 2016 and ideal IQC rules were determined. Six Sigma scores using Ricos et al. 2014, Royal College of Pathologists Australasia, and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments TEas were compared.

Results
For levels 1, 2, and 3 respectively, analytes scoring &gt;3 sigma was 9 (35%), 12 (46%), and 14 (54%) in Laboratory A; Laboratory B had 15 (58%), 19 (73%), and 17 (65%); Laboratory C had 12 (46%), 13 (50%), and 15 (58%); and Laboratory D had 13 (50%), 18 (69%), and 18 (69%). Albumin, calcium, sodium, magnesium, bicarbonate, and chloride scored &lt;3; CRP scored &gt;6 for all. In Laboratories A, B, C, and D, 7 (27%), 7 (27%), 6 (23%), and 8 (31%) analytes, respectively, required only 1 IQC rule. One of 21 analytes for Laboratories C and D, 3 for Laboratory A, and 0 for Laboratory B had the same sigma score with all 3 databases.

Conclusion
Despite South Africa being a developing nation, many analytes are able to achieve &gt;3 sigma.
Preoperative Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine Needle Aspiration Versus Upfront Surgery in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical Outcomes Including Survival and Risk of Tumor Recurrence
Authors: Alghamdi Adel , Palmieri Vincent , Alotaibi Nawaf , Barkun Alan , Zogopoulos George , Chaudhury Prosanto , Barkun Jeffrey , Miller Corey , Benmassaoud Amine , Parent Josee , Martel Myriam , Chen Yen-I 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background and Aim
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is the standard of care in advanced pancreatic cancer. Its role in resectable disease, however, is controversial. This meta-analysis aims to ascertain the clinical outcomes of patients with resectable pancreatic cancer undergoing preoperative EUS-FNA compared to those going directly to surgery.

Methods
A literature search was performed from 1996 to April 2019 using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Knowledge for studies comparing preoperative EUS-FNA to EUS without FNA in resectable pancreatic cancer for clinical outcomes. The primary outcome is overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes include cancer-free survival, tumor recurrence and peritoneal carcinomatosis, and post-FNA-pancreatitis rate.

Results
Six retrospective studies were included. Preoperative EUS-FNA had better OS than the non-FNA group (WMD, 4.40 months [0.02 to 8.78]). Cancer-free survival did not differ significantly between the two groups (WMD, 2.08 months [−2.22 to 6.38]). EUS with FNA was not associated with increased rates of tumor recurrence or peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Conclusion
Preoperative EUS-FNA in resectable pancreatic cancer may be associated with significantly greater OS when compared to the non-FNA group, with no significant difference in the rates of tumor recurrence or peritoneal seeding. Important limitations of our meta-analysis include the lack of prospective controlled data, which are unlikely to emerge given feasible constraints.
The different morphotypes in males of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871) (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) in Mexico
Authors: Vargas-Ceballos Manuel A , Guerrero-Galván Saúl R , Ponce-Palafox Jesús T , López-Huerta Jorge , Cortés-Jacinto Edilmar , Badillo-Zapata Daniel , Vega-Villasante Fernando 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We analyzed the occurrence of morphotypes in the males of Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871), a species of potential use in farming, using biometric data and multivariate statistical analysis. Specimens were collected in the Ameca River, Mexico and grown for four months in two rectangular concrete ponds 50 m2 at an initial density of 10 individuals m–2. A biometric analysis was done on all male specimens, identified by the presence of the appendix masculina on the second pair of pleopods. We measured eight dimensions in each of the measured male specimens. Color and spination of the right second cheliped were also determined. We performed a statistical analysis of the data using multivariate analysis, which resulted in the identification of five morphotypes: dark-brown claw (DBrC), brown claw (BrC), cinnamon claw (CC), translucent claw (TC), and small male (SM). The mean of groups of almost all variables showed statistically significant differences except for the ratio Lcl:Lpo. There was no significant difference between groups BrC and DBrC, and spine angles were not significant between groups CC versus TC and BrC. A detailed description of the main macroscopic characteristics that differed between morphotypes is provided, which will allow their identification in future work. Our results will also help in studying social interactions between the male morphotypes.
Description of two new species of the freshwater amphipod Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from southeastern Brazil, with remarks on their population biology and reproduction
Authors: Rocha Penoni Ludmila , Alvarenga Lares Margareth Marinho , de Pádua Bueno Alessandra Angélica 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We describe two new species of HyalellaSmith, 1874 from São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil, presenting morphological details and shedding some light on the reproductive and populational aspects of the new species. Hyalella balan. sp. not only has a smaller mean body length in relation to H. virgineaen. sp., but their antennas 1 and 2 are also shorter than those of H. virgineaen. sp. There is a positive but weak correlation between head size of paired males and females, and unpaired females are usually smaller than paired or ovigerous ones, for both species. The sex ratio for H. balan. sp. favors females, while there are 28% more males than available females in H. virgineaen. sp.. Hyalella virgineaen. sp. ovigerous females carry more and larger eggs than H. balan. sp., probably in response to differences in habitat use. We increase to 37 the number of species of Hyalella in Brazil, and to eight in São Paulo state.
Morphology and reproduction in the Hapalocarcinus marsupialis Stimpson, 1859 species complex (Decapoda: Brachyura: Cryptochiridae)
Authors: Bähr Susanne , Johnson Magnus L , Berumen Michael L , Hardenstine Royale S , Rich Walter A , van der Meij Sancia E T 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Symbiotic relationships contribute considerably to the high biodiversity found on coral reefs. Coral-dwelling gall crabs (Cryptochiridae) represent a prime example of coral-associated invertebrates that exhibit obligate relationships with their host. The induction of a skeletal modification in the coral, used as a dwelling by the crab, is the most remarkable aspect of this close association. Here we examined Hapalocarcinus marsupialisStimpson, 1859, collected from Pocillopora and Stylophora corals in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Specimens were DNA barcoded, and five distinct clades were revealed, providing further evidence for the hypothesis that H. marsupialis is a species complex. Divergence (COI) between the clades ranged from 3.2 to 15.7%. The putative species were tested for differences in morphology and reproduction. Crabs were examined regarding morphometric characters (carapace length and width, pleon (abdomen), chelae, and growth patterns) and reproductive traits. The data were pooled and analysed by host genus and putative species, which revealed significant differences for most of the measured variables in female crabs. Specimens retrieved from Pocillopora were significantly larger (up to 49 %) and had higher fecundity than those inhabiting Stylophora. For reproductive output (RO) no differences at species- or host-genus level were detected. The average RO of ~70% over all specimens is high compared to other brachyurans, supporting the assumption that symbiotic brachyurans invest more energy in reproduction than their free-living counterparts. Discrepancies with published data on growth and reproduction of Hapalocarcinus are discussed. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of morphometric traits and fecundity in separating the clades in the H. marsupialis complex, and prepare the ground for further morphometric studies on the genus and other symbiotic brachyurans. Moreover, it highlights the need to check for the presence of cryptic species when studying aspects of the biology of a species.
Cardenolide, Potassium, and Pyrethroid Insecticide Combinations Reduce Growth and Survival of Monarch Butterfly Caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Krueger Annie J , Robinson Emily A , Weissling Thomas J , Vélez Ana M , Anderson Troy D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L., has evolved to be insensitive to milkweed cardenolides via genetic modifications of Na+/K+-ATPase. There is concern for insecticide exposures near agriculture, with little information on monarch caterpillar toxicology. It is unclear how cardenolide insensitivity may affect the sensitivity of monarch caterpillars to pyrethroid insecticides. Additionally, potassium fertilizers may affect monarch caterpillar physiology and cardenolide sequestration. Here, we investigated the growth, survival, and development of caterpillars exposed to the cardenolide ouabain, bifenthrin, and potassium chloride (KCl) alone and in combination. Caterpillars were either exposed to 1) ouabain from third- to fifth-instar stage, 2) KCl at fifth-instar stage, 3) KCl and bifenthrin at fifth-instar stage, or 4) combinations of ouabain at third-instar stage + KCl + bifenthrin at fifth-instar stage. Caterpillar weight, diet consumption, frass, and survival were recorded for the duration of the experiments. It was observed that 1–3 mg ouabain/g diet increased body weight and diet consumption, whereas 50 mg KCl/g diet decreased body weight and diet consumption. Caterpillars feeding on KCl and treated with 0.2 µg/µl bifenthrin consumed significantly less diet compared to individuals provided untreated diet. However, there was no effect on survival or body weight. Combinations of KCl + ouabain did not significantly affect caterpillar survival or body weight following treatment with 0.1 µg/µl bifenthrin. At the concentrations tested, there were no effects observed for bifenthrin sensitivity with increasing cardenolide or KCl concentrations. Further studies are warranted to understand how milkweed-specific cardenolides, at increasing concentrations, and agrochemical inputs can affect monarch caterpillar physiology near agricultural landscapes.
Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Pesticides Used in Fruit Growing on the Parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Implications for Integrated Fruit Fly Management
Authors: Cardoso Tais Dalla Nora , Stupp Paloma , Rakes Matheus , Martins Matheus Bastos , da Silva Filho José Gomes , Grützmacher Anderson Dionei , Nava Dori Edson , Bernardi Daniel , Botton Marcos 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The larval-pupal endoparasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) is considered one of the main biological control agents of fruit flies Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (1824) and Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann (1830) in Central and South America. The application of pesticides for disease and insect-pest management in fruit species may have adverse effects on the parasitoid. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects via residual contact of commercial pesticide formulations on D. longicaudata. The active ingredients thiamethoxam, indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, spinetoram, spinosad, phosmet, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, dimethoate, and methidationa showed high toxicity to adults (100% mortality) after 96 h and were classified as harmful (Class 4). In contrast, the formulations of azadirachtin (Agroneem 850 EC, Azact 2.4 EC, Azamax 12 EC, and Fitoneem 850 EC), chlorantraniliprole, bordeaux mixture, sulfur, lufenuron, lime sulphur, novalurom, and mancozeb were rated as innocuous (&lt;10% mortality). In addition, the formulations azadirachtin did not reduce the parasitism and the emergence rate of the F0 generation, the same pesticides added to chlorantraniliprole, azadirachtin A+B (Agroneem 850 EC), and lufenuron did not cause reduction in parasitism and emergence rate of the F1 generation of D. longicaudata. The use of pyrethroids, organophosphates, spinosyns, oxadiazines, and neonicotinoids should be used with caution in IPM programs. While pesticides chlorantraniliprole, azadirachtin formulations, bordeaux mixture, lufenuron, lime sulphur, and mancozeb do not cause lethal and sublethal effects for D. longicaudata adults. The results of this study provide important information for use in integrated pest management programs for fruit fly management.
Oviposition Responses of Female Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Fruit Volatile Compounds
Authors: Antonatos Spyridon , Papadopoulos Nikolaos T , Anastasaki Eirini , Kimbaris Athanasios , Papachristos Dimitrios P 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is one of the most important pests of fruits worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the ovipositional response of C. capitata females to 37 compounds of fruit volatiles from various chemical groups and the dose response to five of them. Red plastic hollow hemispheres (domes) were used as oviposition substrates in all tests. Twenty of the compounds tested increased female egg laying compared to control substrates that contain no chemicals. With 16 compounds, similar number of eggs was deposited in treated and in control oviposition substrates. One terpene ((±)-linalool) reduced egg laying indicating a deterrent ovipositional effect. Both the esters and aldehydes tested increased the ovipositional responses in C. capitata. Most of the monoterpene hydrocarbons increased oviposition, while oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes had mostly neutral effect. Ethyl hexanoate and R-(+)-limonene increased oviposition in the majority of doses tested. Different doses of (−)-linalool elicited differential female ovipositional responses. In contrast, valencene and citral, regardless of dose did not affect female oviposition. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Knockdown of Uridine Diphosphate Glucosyltransferase 86Dg Enhances Susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to Artemisia vulgaris (Asterales: Asteraceae) Essential Oil
Authors: Gao Shanshan , Sun Haidi , Zhang Jiahao , Zhang Yonglei , Sun Peipei , Shang Jin , Zhang Kunpeng , Li Ruimin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferases (UGTs), which are phase II detoxification enzymes, are found in various organisms. These enzymes play an important role in the detoxification mechanisms of plant allelopathy and in insects. Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asterales: Asteraceae: Artemisia) essential oil has strong contact toxicity to Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae. However, the effect of A. vulgaris essential oil on UGTs is unclear. In this study, A. vulgaris essential oil was shown to significantly induce the expression of the TcUgt86Dg transcript. Furthermore, treatment of TcUgt86Dg-silenced individuals with A. vulgaris essential oil resulted in higher mortality than for the control individuals, indicating that TcUgt86Dg is involved in detoxification of A. vulgaris essential oil in T. castaneum. The developmental expression profile showed that the expression of TcUgt86Dg in late adults was higher than in other developmental stages. Furthermore, the expression profile in adult tissues revealed higher expression of TcUgt86Dg in the head, antenna, fat body, and accessory gland than in other tissues. These data show that TcUgt86Dg may be involved in the metabolism of exogenous toxins by T. castaneum; thus, our results have elucidated one possible mechanism of resistance to A. vulgaris essential oil and provide a theoretical basis for a control scheme for T. castaneum.