bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing edge sets in networks to produce ground truth communities based on modularity
Authors: Kosmas Daniel , Mitchell John E. , Sharkey Thomas C. , Szymanski Boleslaw K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe consider two new problems regarding the impact of edge addition or removal on the modularity of partitions (or community structures) in a network. The first problem seeks to add edges to enforce that a desired partition is one partition that maximizes modularity. The second problem seeks to find the sparsest representation of a network that has the same partition with maximum modularity as the original network. We present integer programming formulations, a row generation algorithm, and heuristic algorithms to solve these problems. Further, we demonstrate a counter‐intuitive behavior of modularity that makes the development of heuristics for general networks difficult. We then present results on a selection of social and illicit networks from the literature.
An adaptive order finite element method for poroelastic materials described through the Biot equations
Authors: Jonckheere Stijn , Bériot Hadrien , Dazel Olivier , Desmet Wim 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPoroelastic materials are essential to engineers to improve the sound and vibration properties of a product. The most common mathematical model that describes the vibro‐acoustics of these materials is the Biot theory, which considers the fully coupled behavior of a homogenized solid phase, based on the structural skeleton, and a homogenized fluid phase, describing the inter‐penetrating fluid. This article focuses on an adaptive higher order finite element implementation to solve poroelastic models. Owing to the presence of several wave solutions, namely, two compressional wave types and one shear wave type, it is difficult to define clear meshing guidelines a priori for poroelastic material modeling and trial and error is required to ensure reliable results. Multiple scales may be present, and local resonance phenomena may significantly modify the resolution requirements in certain frequency bands. In order to remedy this, and to be able to deliver a (nearly) mesh‐independent solution, a physics based adaptivity mechanism is developed which determines the distribution of (directional) element orders at each frequency prior to the calculation, to reach a user‐defined target error. The resulting approach is verified for different element topologies and is further applied to relevant applications of poroelastic materials in vibro‐acoustics.
Complex Fourier‐based stress intensity factor analysis of plane elasticity using boundary element theories
Authors: Aghamolaei Akram , Hamzehei‐Javaran Saleh , Shojaee Saeed 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this article, the boundary element method is implemented for solving linear elastic fracture mechanics problems, using new complex Fourier shape functions which include constant and linear complex Fourier shape functions. They, unlike the classic Lagrange shape functions, can satisfy the exponential and trigonometric function fields in addition to the polynomial ones. Six numerical examples are provided to investigate the new shape functions and also, the stress intensity factors (SIF) are calculated for each so that the accuracy of the present study is illustrated. The results are compared with those obtained by classic Lagrange ones and the existing methods.
Prevalence of hearing screening failures in low‐risk childhood cancer survivors
Authors: Phelan Meghan , Hayashi Susan S. , Sauerburger Kara , Henry Jennifer , Wu Ningying , Hayashi Robert J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe sought to estimate the frequency of hearing screening failures in pediatric cancer survivors at low risk for hearing loss and evaluate the feasibility of administering screenings in this population.ProcedureSurvivors in the St. Louis Children's Hospital Late Effects Clinic were recruited. Eligibility included (a) diagnosis of a pediatric cancer treated without platinum chemotherapy or cranial radiation, (b) at least 6 months from completion of therapy, (c) between the ages of 7 and 18 years, (d) cognitively/behaviorally able to participate, and (e) English speaking. Behavioral hearing screenings from 1000 to 8000 Hz were performed by trained personnel using a calibrated audiometer. A failed screen was defined by a participant not responding to two or more of the three screening attempts for at least one frequency in at least one ear.ResultsOne hundred nine patients met eligibility criteria with 78 enrolled (71.5%). Diagnoses included leukemia (57.7%), sarcoma (11.5%), Wilms tumor (14.1%), lymphoma (12.8%), and other solid tumors (3.9%). The median age was 13.2 years (Q1–Q3: 9.6–15.4) and the median time from treatment completion was 3.7 years (Q1–Q3: 2.3–7.4). Eighteen patients (23%) failed the hearing screen (95% CI: 14%–34%). No demographic or treatment‐related variables were significantly correlated to screening failure. Six screen failures (33%) underwent formal audiology assessments, with three demonstrating unilateral hearing loss: two conductive and one sensorineural.ConclusionsA significant fraction of pediatric cancer survivors at low risk for hearing loss failed hearing screening. Broader use of hearing screening should be considered.
Trends in quality of care among children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Reeves Sarah L. , Freed Gary L. , Madden Brian , Wu Meng , Miller Lauren , Cogan Lindsay , Anders David , Creary Susan E. , McCormick Julie , Dombkowski Kevin J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionFor decades, it has been recommended that children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) receive antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent serious infections and undergo transcranial Doppler (TCD) screening to identify those at highest risk of overt stroke. We assessed recent temporal trends in antibiotic prophylaxis prescription fills and TCD screening among children with SCA using validated quality measures.ProcedureUsing validated claims‐based definitions, we identified children with SCA who were enrolled in Michigan or New York State (NYS) Medicaid programs (2011–2018). Among recommended age groups, two outcomes were assessed yearly: (a) filling of ≥300 days of antibiotics, and (b) receipt of greater than or equal to one TCD. The proportion of children with each outcome was calculated by state. Temporal trends in each preventive service were assessed using generalized linear models.ResultsA total of 1784 children were eligible for antibiotic prophylaxis (Michigan: 384; NYS: 1400), contributing 3322 person‐years. Annual rates of filling ≥300 days of antibiotics ranged from 16% to 22% and were similar by state. There was no change in rates of antibiotic filling over time in Michigan (p‐value: .10), but there was a decrease in NYS (p‐value: .02). A total of 3439 children with SCA were eligible for TCD screening (Michigan: 710; NYS: 2729), contributing 10,012 person‐years. Annual rates of TCD screening ranged from 39% to 45%, were similar by state, and did not change over time (p‐values >.05).ConclusionsMost children with SCA do not receive recommended antibiotic prophylaxis and/or TCD screening. New, sustainable, and coordinated interventions across preventive services are urgently needed.
Shaping the future of diabetes care: innovation, people and partnerships
Authors: Basudev Neel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Mary MacKinnon lecture for 2021 tells the story of diabetes transformation in South London using local examples of change such as Diabetes Book and Learn and You and Type 2. The focus on projects is from the perspectives of innovation, people and partnerships. The lecture outlines factors that underpin successful partnership working, enablers of whole person care and how to gain traction for projects across a wide geography alongside key outcome data. The lecture also covers the use of technology and innovation to improve the experience for both health care professionals and people with diabetes and future directions of travel. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
A case series of Humulin R U‐500 in insulin resistant people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Dashora Umesh , Ahmed Suhail , Shaiq Syed , Castro Erwin , Khan Shahid Ahmed , Bossman Irene , Sathiskumar Pariasamy 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHumulin R U‐500 has been in use worldwide but is not licensed in the UK. As it is five times concentrated, it has the potential to reduce the number of injections in patients requiring high doses. With the increasing use of U‐200 and U‐300 insulins, glucagon like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) agonists, pioglitazone and sodium glucose co‐transporter2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, the role of U‐500 insulin is not clear.Ten patients with type 2 diabetes with a mean (SD) daily insulin requirement of 437.70 (112.75) units due to high mean (SD) BMI of 39.05 (4.92) were commenced on U‐500 insulin between November 2013 and August 2020. In this case series the effect on insulin dose, HbA1c, weight, hypoglycaemia and cost was investigated through a review of case notes.Results showed that after one year of treatment the mean (95% CI) HbA1c reduced by 14.5mmol/mol (2.23 to 26.77, p=0.02). Numerically, the mean (95% CI) insulin dose reduced by 57 units (‐36.13 to 150.53), body weight increased by 2.41kg (‐22.37 to 17.55). Self‐reported minor hypoglycaemia increased. There was no severe hypoglycaemia or hospital admission from hypoglycaemia. We calculated a cost saving of £366 per person per year of treatment.It was concluded the use of U‐500 continues to have a role in the management of the severely insulin resistant patient on existing glucose lowering therapy. There is an improvement in HbA1c for the majority of people. Weight gain and hypoglycaemia occurred as a side effect in some people as expected with potent insulin treatment. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Patients’ experience of antenatal diabetic care during the current COVID‐19 pandemic: an exploratory study
Authors: Sarre Gemma , Hyer Steve , Chauhan‐Whittingham Priti , Johnson Antoinette 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe conducted an audit to explore patients’ experience of antenatal diabetic maternity services during the current COVID‐19 pandemic. The frequent face‐to‐face clinics that previously characterised antenatal care have largely been replaced by virtual consultations and one‐stop appointments to reduce the risk of exposure to the coronavirus.Sixty‐one women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy, with either pre‐existing diabetes or gestational diabetes and aged between 19 to 44 years, participated in the audit. They were asked to complete a questionnaire based on the Care Quality Commission Maternity Services Survey 2019. Data were collected and are presented narratively.Overall, more women preferred face‐to‐face consultations to virtual clinics because they felt they had more time to ask questions in the former and felt reassured from the physical checks. In all, 11 (18%) reported difficulties accessing the maternity services during the pandemic as clinics had not been booked correctly or because of a lack of clarity over whether the appointment was face to face or virtual.Of the 33 (55%) women who had previous experience of the maternity services prior to the pandemic, respondents particularly missed not having a partner or family member present at scans or appointments.Our findings indicate divergent views on the best form of patient contact with some women preferring face‐to‐face consultations, particularly those in their first pregnancy, those for whom English was not their first language and those with high levels of anxiety, while others favoured virtual appointments. Clinicians and clinic managers need to take account of women's preferences in order to optimise patients’ experience. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Adverse outcomes in people with swimming pool associated diabetic foot infection: a case series
Authors: Haridass Sabari Anand , Bodansky Jonathan , Santhakumar Anjali 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExercise through swimming is beneficial for patients with diabetes; however, swimming pool environments are known to favour infection. There is at present no available literature on outcomes of swimming pool associated diabetic foot infections and we describe a novel case series of patients who presented with foot infections after using a swimming pool.Individuals attending our Diabetes Limb Salvage Clinic with foot ulcers/infections who had an injury or infection after exposure to a swimming pool environment were identified. We noted ulcer characteristics, pathogens, length of hospital stay and clinical outcomes.Seven individuals (six male, one female, aged 36–68 years) were exposed to a swimming pool environment while on holiday, and within 48 hours had a new ulcer or worsening of their pre‐existing ulcers. Five had new ulcers (two injured their feet on the swimming pool floor, three developed blisters after swimming); two had worsening of their pre‐existing foot ulcers. All patients required hospitalisation (5–20 days) at presentation with severe foot infection. Microbiology showed six patients had mixed flora isolated from their ulcers: Staphylococcus aureus (three), Corynebacterium (two), enteric flora (two), Pseudomonas (one), Streptococcus group C‐G (one) and Bacteroides (one). In terms of outcomes: one patient had a below knee amputation; two required minor amputations.People with diabetes who sustain a foot injury in a swimming pool environment may develop complex infections with waterborne organisms that can be difficult to eradicate, resulting in considerable morbidity including amputation. These risks need to be highlighted and individuals with diabetes advised to protect their feet in water. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
A case of type 1 diabetes mellitus in a woman with Shwachman‐Diamond syndrome
Authors: González María Miguélez , Hualpa Juan Carlos Percovich , Moreno Diego Muñoz , Albarrán Olga González 
Published: December 2021

AbstractShwachman‐Diamond syndrome (SDS) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, consisting of neutropenia that may progress to bone marrow failure, skeletal abnormalities and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. In fact, SDS is the second most common hereditary abnormality of exocrine pancreas following cystic fibrosis. In contrast, endocrine abnormalities do not appear to be a major finding in SDS. We report a case of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) diagnosis in a woman with SDS. This case report highlights: (1) the importance of distinguishing between type 1 and atypical presentations of DM in SDS, as well as the possible aetiopathogenic relationship between SDS and type 1 DM; and (2) adds to the body of literature regarding SDS and type 1 DM. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of ephedrine stimulants in urine by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhu Ting , Jin Yao , Zhao Jingjing , Jing Jing , Tian Tian , Shan Yuanhong , Xu Xin , Wang Yang 
Published: December 2021

RationaleEphedrine analogues are stimulants that are explicitly required to be quantified and characterized in the Anti‐Doping Prohibited List of the World Anti‐Doping Agency. Given the difficulty of distinguishing diastereoisomers, the qualitative and quantitative analyses of ephedrine diastereoisomers are difficult.MethodsAn ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) method was developed to detect five ephedrine analogues, and two pairs of diastereoisomers were identified using this method. The samples were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using a tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source in multiple reaction detection mode after one‐step dilution.ResultsThe effective detection limits of this method were below 0.5 ng/mL. A matrix effect (range: 83.4% to 102%) was observed in quality control samples. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision was lower than 9.16% and 8.60%, respectively, and the accuracy was within ±8.0%.ConclusionsThe method is efficient, accurate, stable and sensitive, and fully meets the requirements for the detection of ephedrine substances in stimulants.
Viruses of the oral cavity: Prevalence, pathobiology and association with oral diseases
Authors: Thakkar Pari , Banks Jonathan M. , Rahat Rani , Brandini Daniela A. , Naqvi Afsar R. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryThe human oral cavity contains a plethora of habitats and tissue environments, such as teeth, tongue, and gingiva, which are home to a rich microbial flora including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Given the exposed nature of the mouth, oral tissues constantly encounter infectious agents, forming a complex ecological community. In the past, the discussion of microbiological aspects of oral disease has traditionally focused on bacteria and fungi, but viruses are attracting increasing attention as pathogens in oral inflammatory diseases. Therefore, understanding viral prevalence, pathogenicity, and preference regarding oral tissues is critical to understanding the holistic effects of viruses on oral infections. Recent investigations have demonstrated the abundance of certain viruses in oral inflammatory diseases, suggesting an association between viruses and disease. Human herpesviruses are the most extensively studied viruses in different oral inflammatory diseases. However, challenges in viral detection and the lack of reproducible in vitro and in vivo infection models have limited our progress in understanding viruses and their contribution to oral diseases. This review presents a summary of major mammalian viruses and associated diseases in the human oral cavity. The emergence of a recent pathogen SARS‐CoV‐2 and its tropism for salivary and periodontal tissues further highlights the relevance of the oral cavity in host‐pathogen interaction. Understanding how these different viruses present clinically and influence oral health will advance our understanding of multifactorial oral diseases and their association with viruses.
Comparison of software accuracy to estimate the bed grain size distribution from digital images: A test performed along the Rhine River
Authors: Chardon Valentin , Piasny Guillaume , Schmitt Laurent 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe quantification of the bed grain size distribution (GSD) of river surfaces is primarily conducted through manual approaches in the field. These methods are time consuming and not able to accurately represent the spatial diversity of the grain size distribution of rivers. Recently, several software programs and procedures have been developed using semi‐automatic and automatic methods to estimate bed GSD from digital imagery. The purpose of this study is to compare softwares accuracy between reference GSDs and estimated GSDs using geometric approaches (Basegrain software and a procedure developed on ImageJ), statistical approaches (digital grain size [DGS] and PebbleCounts softwares), and a machine learning framework (SediNet). This study evaluates ten digital images recorded along the Rhine River downstream of the city of Basel. The results showed that all software programs considerably underestimated the manually measured GSDs. Nevertheless, it is possible to significantly improve the estimation of bed GSD by applying calibration laws. Both DGS and Basegrain softwares are reliable to estimate the GSD, while the three others softwares are accurate for percentiles equal and higher than the D50. After linear regression correction, the mean normalized root mean square error of percentile errors did not exceed 13% for DGS and Basegrain software, while the others did not exceed 22% for percentiles coarser than the D50.
Cumulative downstream turbine‐induced mortality and thresholds for facilitating upstream passage of American eel
Authors: Haxton Tim 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAmerican eels (Anguilla rostrata) are vulnerable to turbine‐induced mortality during outmigration along regulated rivers. Turbine‐induced mortality is cumulative when multiple facilities are encountered along the route. This level of mortality may be unsustainable such that facilitating upstream movement ostensibly for recovery purposes, may in fact be detrimental to the population or an ecological trap. The objectives of this study were to estimate a theoretical threshold for facilitating upstream movement passed hydroelectric facilities and estimating cumulative turbine mortality within waterbodies across American eel's historical range within Ontario, Canada. A stage‐structured model was used to estimate mortality thresholds parameterized by published life stage survival probabilities using a maternal effect and altering silver eel survival to mimic turbine mortality. The threshold was exceeded when population growth (λ) declined below 1.0. Site mortality was estimated based on the generating station characteristics including turbine type, size, proportion of flow through turbines, and sluice gate height. Cumulative mortality within a waterbody was projected using a Bayesian network (i.e., conditional probability) and the calculated site‐specific mortality. The survival required for a stable population using the stage‐structured model was 0.75; (0.65–0.85) therefore, annual mortality greater than 0.25 (0.15–0.35) would result in population decline (λ < 1). The effects of turbine mortality increased with additional hydroelectric facilities encountered along the route. Across Ontario, there was no eel habitat deemed to be safe in terms of levels of cumulative turbine mortality during outmigration. Moreover, 89.1% of eel habitat was considered to be within the cautionary range of turbine mortality, whereas 10.9% of eel habitat was considered to be above the threshold for sustainable passage during outmigration. Lake Ontario accounted for 98.2% of the area within the cautionary range, whereas most of the tributaries and watersheds associated with the Ottawa River and Lake Ontario were above the threshold.
Regulating the Interlayer Spacings of Hard Carbon Nanofibers Enables Enhanced Pore Filling Sodium Storage
Authors: Cai Congcong , Chen Yongan , Hu Ping , Zhu Ting , Li Xinyuan , Yu Qiang , Zhou Liang , Yang Xiaoyu , Mai Liqiang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHard carbon (HC) represents an attractive anode material for sodium‐ion batteries. However, most HC materials deliver limited capacity and the sodium storage mechanisms in the slope and plateau regions are controversial. Herein, a series of hard carbon nanofibers (HCNFs) with tunable interlayer spacings are designed to understand the sodium storage manners in HC. The optimized HCNFs featuring short‐range graphitic layers with sufficient interlayer spacings (0.37–0.40 nm) for Na+ intercalation deliver a high reversible capacity (388 mAh g–1 at 30 mA g–1) and good rate capability. In‐situ X‐ray diffraction and Raman characterizations reveal a revised adsorption/insertion–filling sodium storage mechanism. Combined with the density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the detailed relationship between pore‐filling plateau capacity and interlayer spacing is disclosed. It is found that sufficient interlayer spacings (>0.37 nm) provide diffusion channels for Na+ to reach the pores for further filling. Additionally, the reason for plateau‐region capacity degradation of the HCNFs is completely demonstrated. This contribution provides insights into the sodium storage mechanism and rational construction of high‐performance HC anode materials.