bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EARLIEST PETROGLYPHS IN THE WORLD
Authors: Р.Дж. Беднарик 
Published: November 2021

Пещера Аудиториум из комплекса памятников Бхимпетка в центральной Индии, находящегося в Списке всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО, была первым в мире памятником наскального искусства, отнесенным к Нижнему палеолиту. В статье описывается археологический контекст этого открытия, в частности, особенности пре-ашельской (или Mode 1 для Индии) индустрии каменных орудий. Учитывая, что в настоящее время известно уже четыре памятника с ямочными углублениями, в том числе еще одно в Индии, которые обоснованно отнесены к Нижнему палеолиту, это предположение уже воспринимается не таким преждевременным, как когда оно было высказано впервые. Петроглифы Бхимбетки детально обсуждаются в статье, также как и трудная тема определения их древности. Принят консервативный подход, но он базируется на археологическом контексте в Дараки-Чаттан высказано предположение, что ямочные углубления пещеры Аудиториум тоже могут быть датированы на основе технокомплекса Mode 1
Auditorium Cave at the World Heritage-listed site complex of Bhimbetka in central India was the first site in the world whose rock art was attributed to the Lower Palaeolithic. The archaeological background to this discovery is described, particularly the nature of the pre-Acheulian or Mode 1 lithic industries of India. Bearing in mind that there are now four other cupules sites known, including one more in India, that are soundly attributed to the Lower Palaeolithic, this proposition is no longer as precipitate as it may have appeared when it was first made. The Bhimbetka petroglyphs are discussed in some detail, together with the difficult subject of determining their antiquity. A conservative approach is adopted, but based on the archaeological evidence at Daraki-Chattan, it is suggested that the Auditorium Cave cupules, too, date from a Mode 1 technocomplex.
Studi Pelepasan Beban Pada PLTU Keramasan Saat Terjadi Penurunan Frekuensi
Authors: Lingga Melingga , Azis Abdul , Pebrianti Irine Kartika 
Published: November 2021

<p><em>The demand for electric power increases along with the development of technological progress and development. The use of electricity is an important factor in people's lives, both in households, lighting, communication, </em><em>and </em><em>industrial. The purpose of this research is to calculate the frequency response before load shedding, to calculate the frequency response after load shedding and to analyze the load recovery after normal frequency in the load. The methods to be used in writing and discussing this research are: Observation Method, Interview Method / Interview, Literature Study Method. Based on the calculation of the data in the previous chapter, the following conclusions can be drawn, the calculation of the conditions before carrying out the load shedding is based on the rate of decreasing frequency from the result obtained is 1.6 Hz / s, then to calculate the time used in determining the frequency at the time of load shedding then the results obtained are 54 Hz, Meanwhile, to calculate the frequency after load shedding that is obtained is 49.1 Hz, Calculation of load shedding time is expected when there is a decrease in frequency of 10.5 seconds, Calculation of the load rate of increase expected after load shedding then the optimal load value that must be removed is 5.55 w. </em></p>
Effort, Idiosyncratic Risk and Investment Under Uncertainty
Authors:   , Taylor William S 
Published: November 2021

<p>This thesis is based upon four very simple premises: 1. managers, not shareholders make the investment decisions for the firm; 2. managers do more than just say "yes" or "no" to investments, they can also exert effort that affects the payoff from investment; 3. executive compensation schemes can cause managers to hold more stock than is optimal for diversification purposes; and 4. many investments can be delayed and involve irreversible capital costs as well as uncertain payoffs. Combining these four premises gives the two central questions this thesis attempts to answer: 1. How does the level of managerial stock-ownership affect the investment decisions managers make for the firm? and 2. given the answer to (1), how does this affect the shareholder's decision to hire a manager? In this thesis I use a continuous time "Real Options" framework to answer these questions. The form of the utility function assumed for the manager has a huge impact on the tractability of the modelling. The assumption of Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility as opposed to Constant Absolute Risk Aversion (CARA) causes the manager's valuation of the cash flow (the very first step of the modelling) to become wealth dependent. This in itself is an interesting issue, but it also poses interesting numerical issues and makes the later steps of the analysis intractable. Because of this we split the substantive analysis of this thesis into two parts. In the first we assume CARA utility in order to remove wealth dependence from the valuation and obtain a "clean path" to the end goal of a dynamic model of hiring, effort and irreversible investment. In the second we focus on CRRA utility thus allowing the manager's valuation to depend on his financial wealth. We then explain the resultant numerical issues, and the appropriate approach to their solution.</p>
Water Security or Water Resilience? Climate Resilient Water Management in Wellington New Zealand
Authors:   , Taptiklis Nigel 
Published: November 2021

<p>A confluence of factors including population growth, climate change, resource constraints and legacy effects poses significant challenges to the sustainability of cities worldwide. With the deep complexity inherent in socio-ecological systems, 'solutions' sometimes shift the problem in space or time or drive the system in the opposite direction than intended. A case study into climate change adaptation and community resilience in the context of urban water management was undertaken in Wellington, New Zealand, using a 'post normal' science approach. Climate change and water demand scenarios for 2040 and 2090 were analysed using Greater Wellington Water’s 'sustainable yield' model and downscaled general circulation climate model data. Semi-structured interviews and a systems modelling workshop were conducted in order to gain an understanding of the local context for adaptation, resilience and response option selection. With a 20% reduction of aggregate per capita demand and greater storage capacity, Wellington has sufficient water from current sources to smooth increased flow variability due to climate change and to meet increased demand from the projected increase in population. Adaptation pathways and the potential for 'maladaptation' is explored and an integrated framework for optimising urban water resilience developed.</p>
Selecting for Celibacy: Cultural Evolution and the Puzzling Case of Buddhist Celibacy
Authors:   , Dalzell Caitlin 
Published: November 2021

<p>Buddhist celibacy provides an example of religious behaviour which appears puzzling from the vantage point of genetic selection, but whose maintenance can be partially explained because of the dynamics of cultural selection. In this thesis, I examine how and why celibacy is maintained and perpetuated within Buddhism and how this relates to the explanations cultural selection offers for costs within groups. I argue that celibacy is adaptive because it divides Buddhist communities into two parts, stimulating innate tendencies towards in-group cooperation without the need for an outside group. Because Buddhist celibates are also materially non-productive their presence necessitates increased cooperative behaviours in lay communities. I argue that the endurance of the parts of Buddhist traditions which are necessary to maintaining celibate practise provides evidence that cultural selection has shaped the tradition to perpetuate and reinforce celibacy, a behaviour which is adaptive because it promotes cooperative behaviours within a divided cultural group. Celibacy increases the cultural fitness of Buddhist communities.</p>
Structure and Agency: Exploring Aspirations of Youth Trainees
Authors:   , Kilpatrick Leah 
Published: November 2021

<p>This case study explores the aspirations of young people in a youth training programme and how structure and agency shape their aspirations. Transition policy is currently based on the pathways framework which provides many different educational and training ‘pathways’ to assist young people to move from school to work. The pathways framework uses the ‘pathways metaphor’ as a response to the knowledge-wave economy where the individual is responsible for creating their own ‘pathway’ in a flexible and complex labour market. For youth in Youth Training their ‘pathway’ is often non-linear and complex; not having followed conventional or mainstream transitional markers they are easily labelled problem-youth and ‘at-risk’ or vulnerable to failure. This study endeavoured to move beyond the labels of young in Youth Training to explore their stories in the context of the lived-experiences. It gave them the opportunity to voice their aspirations for the future and considered the structure or societal constraints associated with their transitional experience. A case study was undertaken with a group young people in Youth Training aged between 16 and 17 years old. Eight semi-structured interviews and two focus groups were held with four male and four female participants, of which the interview questions gave the opportunity to explore how young people felt about their future aspirations, the relevance of their training to their aspirations and how the students exercise their agency during training. Themes were drawn from the data and interpreted using choice biography, youth agency frameworks and discourse theory. The discussion of the data also explored the structural constraints within which the data sits. Findings showed that the future aspirations of young people in youth training are shaped by their lived-experiences. These lived-experiences are mediated by structural constraints and their ability to use agency. Structural constraints negatively affected their lived-experiences; and therefore, at times impacted on their future aspirations. The young people in this study described many complex and unique stories that exhibited the use of agency. Agency was exercised in the context of their lived-experiences to move beyond structural constraints and pursue their future aspirations. This study recommends the use of the contextual research approach when exploring youth transition research.</p>
Analysis and Implementation of Reinforcement Learning on a GNU Radio Cognitive Radio Platform
Authors:   , Ren Yu 
Published: November 2021

<p>Spectrum today is regulated based on fixed licensees. In the past radio operators have been allocated a frequency band for exclusive use. This has become problem for new users and the modern explosion in wireless services that, having arrived late find there is a scarcity in the remaining available spectrum. Cognitive radio (CR) presents a solution. CRs combine intelligence, spectrum sensing and software reconfigurable radio capabilities. This allows them to opportunistically transmit among several licensed bands for seamless communications, switching to another channel when a licensee is sensed in the original band without causing interference. Enabling this is an intelligent dynamic channel selection strategy capable of finding the best quality channel to transmit on that suffers from the least licensee interruption. This thesis evaluates a Q-learning channel selection scheme using an experimental approach. A cognitive radio deploying the scheme is implemented on GNU Radio and its performance is measured among channels with different utilizations in terms of its packet transmission success rate, goodput and interference caused. We derive similar analytical expressions in the general case of large-scale networks. Our results show that using the Q-learning scheme for channel selection significantly improves the goodput and packet transmission success rate of the system.</p>
The Role of Climate and Bed Topography on the Evolution of the Tasman Glacier Since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors:   , McKinnon Karen Aline 
Published: November 2021

<p>Mountain glaciers respond to climatic changes by advancing or retreating, leaving behind a potentially powerful record of climate through moraine deposition. Estimates of past climate have been made based on the moraine record alone, using geometrical arguments; however, these methods necessarily ignore the effects of glacier dynamics and bed modification. Here, a one-dimensional coupled mass balance-flowline model is used to place constraints on the climate of the Late-glacial (13.5–11.6 kyr ago) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 28 – 17.5 kyr ago) based on the well-mapped and -dated moraines at Tasman Glacier/Lake Pukaki, South Island, New Zealand. Due to the highly-dynamic nature of the system, distinct longitudinal bed profiles are considered for each of the glaciations modelled; the reconstructions show that terminal overdeepenings are likely present in all bed profiles, and hundreds of metres of sediment has been deposited in the glacier valley since the LGM. Using the coupled model and calculated bed topography, a 2.2°C temperature depression from the present is necessary to reproduce the Lateglacial ice extent, and 7.0°C is required for the early LGM, assuming presentday precipitation. The modelled Late-glacial ice extent is more sensitive to precipitation variability than that during the LGM, but the Tasman Glacier during both periods is primarily driven by temperature changes. While the Tasman Glacier shrank between the early and late LGM, modelling demonstrates that changes in bed topography due to erosion, transport and deposition of sediment are a major driver in reduction of glacier extent; a temperature increase of only 0.1°C is required to cause the transition between the two periods, which may be attributable to interannual, zero-trend climate variability. Thus, the consideration of the coupled glacier-sediment system is critical in accurately reconstructing past climate. Future work focusing on modelling this coupled system, such that the bed profile can evolve interactively with glacier flow, will be critical in better resolving transient events such as the early to late LGM transition.</p>
Relating Neurochemical Changes Associated with THC Use to Learning and Memory in Adolescent Rats
Authors:   , Steel Ryan William Johnstone 
Published: November 2021

<p>Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug. Adolescents may be especially vulnerable to the effects of cannabis, and alarmingly, adolescence is also a period of heavy cannabis use. However, few studies have investigated the cognitive effects of cannabis use in adolescents specifically. Furthermore, the neurochemical correlates of cognitive impairment associated with cannabis use at any age have received very little experimental attention. This research project sought to address these shortcomings in the literature using THC, the major psychoactive component of cannabis, and a rat model of adolescence. The rate of learning was slower in THC-treated animals, and this was attributable to deficits in the cognitive function of 'chunking', a process by which the information capacity of short-term memory is enlarged. Impairment of chunking by cannabinoids has not been previously reported. Behavioural impairment by THC was associated with impaired hippocampal plasticity, including changes in synaptic activity and architecture, as well as changes in neurogenesis. The attenuation of structural and functional plasticity in the hippocampus in response to training in a learning task was more pronounced than the subtle effects of THC-treatment on the survival and early development of newborn neurons. Importantly, no effects of THC were seen in animals not trained in the maze. Thus, plasticity is more sensitive to the effects of THC during times of learning, and this greater sensitivity likely accounts for the behavioural impairment associated with cannabis use. The data presented in this thesis add significantly to the existing literature by identifying novel behavioural and neurochemical processes by which cannabis use may impair learning and memory. Whether these impairments represent a greater sensitivity of adolescents to THC remains to be determined.</p>
A Theory of Human Flourishing for Company Decision-Making
Authors:   , Bårdsen Liina 
Published: November 2021

<p>Business is one engine of well-being, and the main engine of material well-being, in society. Companies produce goods and services that we would not be able to do without or that add comfort or pleasure to our lives, provide us with jobs, and help make our communities dynamic and lively. Still, businesses come increasingly under criticism for being the cause of many social, environmental and economic problems, and are often seen as prospering at the expense of individual people and the broader society. Also, as customers or employees of businesses, we are frequently dissatisfied with substandard product quality, unfriendly service, a work community in which not everyone is pulling in the same direction or leaders who do not inspire. We invest many resources and much energy and time in our roles that have to do with companies. In such a situation, it seems justified to ask whether businesses are fulfilling their potential, if viewed as agents of well-being. My thesis aims to be one contribution to the active academic, political and societal debate we have in the Western world on the appropriate evolution of businesses in the 2010s. Faced with intensifying competition from developing world produce, large private and public sector debts restricting consumption opportunities at home, and social and environmental concerns about ways companies operate, Western businesses are re-thinking their strategies. Many progressive companies are going even further and are revising their objectives in ways that challenge our traditional conception of what a business is, what it does and how.</p>
Evaluating the Potential to Extract High-Resolution Paleoclimate Information from the Near-Shore New Zealand Molluscan Species Austrovenus stutchburyi
Authors:   , Orsman Jessica J. 
Published: November 2021

<p>Li, B, Mg, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Ba and U/Ca ratios were measured by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for 11 modern Austrovenus stutchburyi clams to assess the potential of this molluscan species as a proxy for paleo-ocean temperature and environmental change. A. stutchburyi is an intertidal, infaunal, bivalve, widespread in New Zealand coastal regions and throughout the Quaternary-Pliocene sedimentary rock record. Five individuals from Ligar Bay and Estuary (South Island, New Zealand) were analysed to evaluate the variability between individuals calcifying in similar environmental conditions. A further six individuals were sampled from a range of latitudes (38˚ to 40˚) in the North Island, New Zealand to evaluate variability between individuals from different environments. A strong positive correlation between growth rate and Mg, Al, Mn, Sr, Ba and U/Ca ratios was observed, and a marked negative correlation was found between the same trace element/Ca ratios and ontogenetic age as growth rates slow during the molluscs' life. Thus, biological effects are the primary influence on trace element incorporation in A. stutchburyi. No clear seasonal variations were observed in the Mg and Sr/Ca ratio profiles through A. stutchburyi shells representing time periods of several years. Furthermore, for two shells for which chronologies could be reliably constructed, there were no significant correlations between Mg and Sr/Ca ratios and sea surface temperature. When Mg/Ca ratios were normalised to Sr/Ca ratios in order to eliminate the growth rate effect on trace element incorporation into the mollusc shells, some of the remaining variations appeared to visually correlate positively with sea surface temperature in several sections of a shell. However, a quantitative correlation did not confirm this (r² = 0.012). It is likely that neither Mg nor Sr incorporation into A. stutchburyi shell are primarily thermodynamically controlled. Several coincident Ba/Ca peaks in two of the Ligar Bay shells are most likely caused by environmental processes such as short periods of phytoplankton blooms or elevated seawater Ba/Ca from river flooding. Mn/Ca and U/Ca variations in A. stutchburyi from different coastal sites with different sediment characteristics appeared to be linked to the redox conditions prevailing at an open ocean sand-dominated environment (Ligar Bay) versus tidal mud flat environments (e.g. Miranda). Thus, while A. stutchburyi is unlikely to be a useful archive for past coastal ocean temperatures, it holds considerable promise for tracking past changes in coastal ocean productivity and river run-off, as well as sediment redox conditions.</p>
Obstacles and Obligations: Wind Energy and Migratory Bird Protection in New Zealand
Authors:   , Krimowa Symone 
Published: November 2021

<p>Wind farms create unique risks to birds because of the danger of the turbine blades, which can be up to 150 meters tall. Placement of wind farms in the wrong areas can have a detrimental impact on bird species. New Zealand’s commitment to renewable energy is shared with its obligations to protect biodiversity, which are reflected in the ratification of international conventions such as the Convention on Migratory Species and the Biodiversity Convention. Domestic legislation, such as the Resource Management Act 1991, seeks to enhance the development of alternative sources of energy with the intention of reducing the effects of climate change on the environment and conserving indigenous biodiversity. Migratory bird protection in the wind farm context in New Zealand relies upon environmental impact assessment under Schedule 4 of the Resource Management Act 1991. International obligations include protecting or endeavouring to protect 37 migratory bird species along their complete flight paths. The Resource Management Act 1991 does not meet international obligations to protect migratory birds in the wind farm consent process because (1) the assessment of environmental effects process fails to adequately identify effects on migratory birds; and (2) even if the assessment of environmental effects process adequately identifies effects on migratory birds, the RMA fails to give priority weight to effects on birds when it balances those effects with other factors in deciding to approve the wind farm application. Other countries provide guidance on the next steps for New Zealand to take to comply with its international obligations to migratory birds.</p>