bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Associations Between Socio-economic Status and Metabolic Syndrome Among General Population in Nanjing, China: a Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Ye Qing , Li Chao , Pan Tianxin , Wang Zhiyong , Yang Huafeng , Qi Shengxiang , Wang Chenchen , Zhou Hairong , Qin Zhenzhen , Wang Weiwei , Hong Xin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
BackgroundWe aim to investigate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among general population in Nanjing, China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 among adults aged 18 years or older in Nanjing, China. Participants were selected using multistage sampling approach. Diagnosed MetS was the outcome variable. Education and monthly family average income (FAI) was used to separately indicate SES. Mixed-effects models were used to calculate the association between SES and MetS.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 19.7% (95%CI=19.0%, 20.4%) among overall sample population. After controlling for covariates, educational attainment was negatively associated with MetS prevalence in women. As for men, the most well-educated subjects were at the lowest risk (OR=0.72, 95%CI=0.57, 0.92) of having MetS compared to the least educated subjects. Relative to those who from lower FAI sub-group, participants from upper tertile were less likely to have MetS for both genders (OR=0.73, 95%CI=0.617, 0.87; OR=0.85, 95%CI=0.73, 0.99). Among all participants, higher education level predicted lower waist circumference, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose concentration. Higher FAI was associated with lower waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in women, and with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men.ConclusionsEducation and family average income each was inversely related to MetS and its components prevalence in Nanjing, China in 2017. It has important public health implications that the tailored prevention strategies should be implemented for people with different socioeconomic status.
The Proximal Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Tortuosity and Angle Associated with Severe Proximal Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Stenosis
Authors: Moon Seong Ho , Kim Jong Woo , Yang Jun Ho , Kang Dong Hoon , Kim Sung Hwan , Jung Jae Jun , Ahn Jong Hwa , Park Sung Eun , Jeon Kyung Nyeo , Byun Joung Hun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We aimed to describe two factors (coronary artery tortuosity and bifurcation angle) as one descriptor for the evaluation of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) disease. We reviewed the medical records of 133 consecutive patients who underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) for angina symptoms in November 2019 and January 2020. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of significant LAD stenosis on CTA (defined as LAD stenosis > 50%). The straight length of the vessel was measured using the central luminal line of the flow path, and, calculated using proprietary algorithms in TeraRecon software. We used three-dimensional volume rendering and two-dimensional axial images to measure the left main coronary artery (LM)-LAD angles. In the univariate analysis, there were significant differences in the linear distance between the endpoints of the 20mm actual curve of the LAD (d20), cosine value for LM-LAD angle (cosθ) < 0.8, age, presence of hypertension or diabetes, and number of pack years. However, in the multivariate analysis, the cosθ multiplied by the d20 (d20*cosθ) < 15.5, presence of hypertension and number of pack years were predictors of significant proximal LAD stenosis. In conclusion, d20*cosθ might be useful as a predictor of proximal LAD stenosis.
Prevalence of antibiotic use and household water-sanitation risk factors of acute watery diarrhea among children &lt;5 years: retrospective analysis of multicounty health survey data, 2006-2018
Authors: Ahmed Md. Shakil 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A total 12,69,944 under five year Childs were included in this study among them 1,80,067 Childs were acute watery diarrhea (AWD) and 19,502 Childs were bloody diarrhea respectively. Among them 47,755 Childs were taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The overall prevalence of acute watery diarrhea ~ 14% (prevalence = 0.142; 95% CI = 0.141, 0.142). On the other hand the prevalence of bloody diarrhea ~ 2% (prevalence = 0.015; 95% CI = 0.015, 0.016). The prevalence of antibiotic treatment for AWD was ~ 27% (prevalence = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.26, 0.27) among the under five years old children in DH survey regions in the world. The prevalence of acute watery diarrhea was higher ~ 17% (prevalence = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.17) in the Latin America DHS survey region. The minimum prevalence of AWD was almost equal between South East Asia and Central Asia DHS survey regions ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.12) and ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.13) respectively. On the other hand the prevalence of AWD between Europe and West North and Central Africa DHS survey regions ~ 16% (prevalence = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.16) and ~ 15% (prevalence = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.15) correspondingly. In the central Asia of 15,089 under five Childs were included in the survey. Among them 1,748 Childs were AWD and 967 Childs had taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The highest prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD in Central Asia ~ 55% (prevalence=(967/1748) = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.52, 0.59) and Europe DH survey region ~ 44% (prevalence=(5483/12502) = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.45). The lowest prevalence of antibiotic use for under five Child AWD was ~ 23% (prevalence=(11918/51328) = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.24) in the DH survey region South East Asia. On the other hand the DH survey region Latin America and West North and Central Africa region the prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD were ~ 30% (prevalence=(7887/26396) = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.31) and ~ 24% (prevalence=(21500/88093) = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.24). The South East Asia DH survey region countries DHS 2007 (Bangladesh), DHS 2014 and 2010 (Cambodia), DHS 2017 and 2012 (Indonesia), DHS 2009 (Maldives), DHS 2015–2016 (Myanmar), DHS 2012–2013 (Pakistan), DHS 2017 and 2013 (Philippines), and DHS 2009–2010 (Timor-Leste) were higher risk of AWD for drinking unimproved water sources. The prevalence of antibiotic use for u5c AWD was shown highest prevalence in DHS 2007 (~ 44%), DHS 2012 (~ 49%), DHS 2016 (~ 40%), and DHS 2017 (~ 65%) from DH survey 2006 to 2018 in South East & Central Asia. The linear trend analysis showed that upward trend for using antibiotic of AWD in the South East & Central Asia DH survey region.
Translation and Validation of Adolescents’ Self-Concept Short Scale
Authors: Namood-e-Sahar  , Nadeem Hamid Ali 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Adolescents’ Self-Concept Short Scale (Veiga& Leite, 2016) was devised to measure self-concept among adolescents. Present study was aimed to translate the scale into Urdu language and validate the underlying factors among adolescents of Pakistan. It comprised of three main phases. Phase-I underlies the translation through forward-back translation method, followed by the cross-language validation study. The translated and the original version were administered on bilingual secondary school students (N=100) and reliability was estimated that ranges from .39 to .71 for translated version. Phase-II aimed to establish the construct validity by using Exploratory Factor Analysis on adolescent students (N=150) with age range of 13 to 16 years (M=14.53; SD=1.02). Results showed four main factors, instead of six factors of original scale. Finally, Phase-III of the research aimed to confirm the factorial validity through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on sample of secondary school adolescent students (N=300) age ranges from 13 to 18 years (M= 15.46; SD=1.23). Findings thus suggested that Adolescents’ Self-Concept Short Scale - Urdu version can be utilized as a valid and reliable measure for the assessment of self-concept among adolescent students with understandability of Urdu language.
Emesis in Pregnancy – a qualitative study on trial recruitment failure
Authors: Lie Mabel Leng Sim , McParlin Catherine , McColl Elaine , Graham Ruth Harriet , Robson Stephen Courtenay 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
BackgroundAs part of the internal pilot of the EMPOWER trial investigating second line antiemetic therapies in severe emesis in pregnancy (https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN16924692), a qualitative study of women’s views was carried out, to improve our understanding of why women did, or did not, consent to participation in the trial. Because of poor recruitment rates, interviews were extended to include site research staff, to broaden our understanding and explore other factors affecting recruitment.MethodsThe sample comprised women who accepted or declined trial participation (n = 21) and site research staff (n = 22). To reduce the burden on women, a structured topic guide was used, in four email interviews and 17 telephone interviews. Following slow trial recruitment, semi-structured telephone interviews were carried out with staff. All transcripts were checked for accuracy, anonymised, and entered into NVIVO12 for indexing and retrieval. Data was analysed using a generative thematic approach.ResultsOf the women interviewed, seven were decliners, and of the site research staff interviewed, 16 were research midwives/research nurses and six were principal investigators. In total, 72 codes were generated from the thematic analysis, 36 from each sample group. The themes focused on in this paper were: (a) The diversity of recruitment pathways and boundaries of care, (b) the impact of trial complexity on recruitment and staff morale and (c) the ethics of caring for a patient with emesis. To address these themes, staff perspectives are given more prominence.ConclusionsThe main reasons the trial did not progress were the patient population and their ineligibility due to prior treatment with study drug(s). We describe how staff had to manage the diversity of referral pathways, boundaries of care and the complexity of the trial and protocol. Ethical issues discussed included the use of double dummy and the time to treat women, particularly those suffering severely from the effects of nausea and vomiting. Qualitative work in feasibility and pilot stages of a clinical trial is recommended.Trial registrationTrial registration number ISRCTN16924692. Date of registration: 08/01/2018
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cat with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy&nbsp;
Authors: Carvallo Francisco R. , Martins Mathias , Joshi Lok R. , Caserta Leonardo C. , Mitchell Patrick K. , Cecere Thomas , Hancock Sandy , Goodrich Erin L. , Murphy Julia , Diel Diego G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has claimed millions of human lives worldwide since the emergence of the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China in December 2019. Notably, most severe and fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans have been associated with underlying clinical conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, and heart diseases. Here we describe a case of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in a domestic cat (Felis catus) that presented with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a chronic heart condition that has been described as a comorbidity of COVID-19 in humans and that is prevalent in domestic cats. The lung and heart of the affected cat presented clear evidence of SARS-CoV-2 replication, with histological lesions similar to those observed in humans with COVID-19 with high infectious viral loads being recovered from these organs. The study highlights the potential impact of comorbidities on the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals and provides important information that may contribute to the development of a feline model with the potential to recapitulate the clinical outcomes of severe COVID-19 in humans.
Impacts of COVID-19 interventions: Health, economics, and inequality
Authors: Meng X. Flora , Jones Dalton , Rigobon Roberto , Dahleh Munther 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is exacerbating inequalities in the US. We build an agent-based model to elucidate the differential causal effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions on different communities and validate the results with US data. We simulate viral transmission and the consequent deterioration of economic conditions on socioeconomically disadvantaged and privileged populations. As found in data, our model shows that the trade-off between COVID-19 deaths and deaths of despair, dependent on the lockdown level, only exists in the socioeconomically disadvantaged population. Moreover, household overcrowding is a strong predictor of the infection rate. The model also yields new insights that fill in the gaps of our data analysis. While subsidisation narrows the socioeconomic gap in deaths of despair, the combination of testing and contact tracing alone is effective at reducing disparities in both types of death. Our results contribute to policy modelling and evaluation for reducing inequality during a pandemic.
Design of silicon waveguides with integrated graphene oxide films for nonlinear optics
Authors: Zhang Yuning , Wu Jiayang , Qu Yang , Jia Linnan , Jia Baohua , Moss David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Kerr nonlinear optical performance of silicon nanowire waveguides integrated with 2D layered graphene oxide (GO) films is theoretically studied and optimized based on experimentally measured linear and nonlinear optical parameters of the GO films. The strong mode overlap between the silicon nanowires and highly nonlinear GO films yields a significantly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity for the hybrid waveguides. A detailed analysis for the influence of waveguide geometry and GO film thickness on the propagation loss, nonlinear parameter, and nonlinear figure of merit (FOM) is performed. The results show that the effective nonlinear parameter and nonlinear FOM can be increased by up to ~ 52 and ~ 79 times relative to bare silicon nanowires, respectively. Self-phase modulation (SPM)-induced spectral broadening of optical pulses is used as a benchmark to evaluate the nonlinear performance, examining the trade-off between enhancing Kerr nonlinearity and minimizing loss. By optimizing the device parameters to balance this, a high spectral broadening factor of 27.8 can be achieved ‒ more than 6 times that achieved in previous experiments. Finally, the influence of pulse chirp, material anisotropy, and the interplay between saturable absorption and SPM is also discussed, together with the comparison between the spectral broadening after going through GO-coated and graphene-coated silicon waveguides. These results provide useful guidance for optimizing the Kerr nonlinear optical performance of silicon waveguides integrated with 2D layered GO films.
Theoretical Proof that Entangled Polarized Photons Allow Superluminal Communication
Authors: Ritzmann Vinicius 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In Quantum Mechanics, two particles are entangled if their physical states depend on one another's so that if we find one of them in state A, for example, we will be sure that the other is in state B. However, until the state of a quantum particle is measured, it will be in a superposition of states, being in neither one nor the other until then, so when an entangled particle is measured, its pair also assumes a state instantly and regardless of how far away it is from the other particle at that time. As promising as it could be to use this fact for instantaneous communication, Quantum Mechanics seems to claim this is impossible, as no method ever invented to do this has worked until today. What we demonstrate here theoretically is that with a protocol and simple optical devices, two people who share polarized entangled pairs of photons can send information to each other faster than light. If this model of communication proves to be experimentally functional, we will have a contradiction to Einstein's theories of relativity, and otherwise, we will have Quantum Mechanics predicting something that does not happen in real life. This result, therefore, shows there is something fundamental about the universe we do not know yet. One of these theories must be mistaken and both deal with fundamental aspects of reality, such as the dynamics of space and time, and the particles that almost all matter around us are made of. Besides, this result is of great relevance also because it has immediate applications in several areas if the model works experimentally, as in space exploration and security, since it will allow the creation of non-interceptable instantaneous communication technologies.
Lutein encapsulated oleic - linoleic acid nanoemulsion boosts oral bioavailability of retinal protective carotenoid lutein in rat model
Authors: Toragall Veeresh B , Godhwani Twinkle , Baskaran V , Jayapala Naveen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
There is excessive interest in emerging colloidal delivery systems to enhance the water solubility and oral bioavailability of lutein, which is a hydrophobic carotenoid claimed to possess health benefits. The present study aimed to design lutein-enriched nanoemulsions with improved physicochemical properties and to achieve various health benefits of lutein. The prepared lutein nanoemulsion was characterized, and its bioavailability was examined in vitro (simulated gastrointestinal digestion) and in vivo. The mean size, PDI and zeta potential of the lutein nanoemulsion were 110 ± 8 nm, 0.271 and 36 ± 2 mV, respectively. Furthermore, TEM examination revealed that the particles are nanosized and spherical in shape. Notably, the aqueous solubility of the nanoemulsion was 726-fold higher than that of free lutein. The composite nanoemulsion also showed exceptionally higher (87.4%) in vitro bioaccessibility than that of nonencapsulated or free lutein (15%). The in vivo bioavailability of lutein nanoemulsion (112.6 ng/mL) was much higher than that of nonencapsulated lutein (48.6 ng/ml) and mixed micelles (68.5 ng/mL), and the tissue distribution pattern of lutein nanoemulsion showed higher lutein accumulation in the liver (2.80- and 1.70-fold) and eye (1.91- and 1.48-fold) compared to free lutein and mixed micelle-fed groups. These results suggested that oleic acid-linoleic acid composite nanoemulsions may be a promising delivery system for lutein and may help enhance the solubility, oral bioavailability and bioefficacy of lutein and could be used as an ingredient for the formulation of beverages or functional foods.
Topical problems of legislative regulation of defense mandatory participation in criminal proceeding
Authors: Korcheva T.V. 
Published: April 2021

For a certain category of persons in particular cases legislator provides for a special procedure of criminal proceedings as well as mandatory participation of a defender (Article 52, The Code of Criminal Procedure) to create additional person defense guarantees in criminal proceedings. The article is devoted to study of problem aspects of legislative regulation of defense mandatory participation in criminal proceedings. The importance of defense mandatory participation is emphasized as rendering legal aid to a person in criminal proceedings.
This article is devoted to study the importance of the mandatory participation of a defender in criminal proceedings and on the basis of obtained data, with due consideration of international standards of human rights protection in criminal proceedings, to submit substantiated author’s proposals as regards the expansion of the circle of grounds for the mandatory participation of a defender in Ukrainian criminal proceedings.
Within the topic of study we analyzed criminal procedural legislation in force, research works in this area, decisions of European Court oh Human Rights, aiming to reveal deficiencies in law and submit author’s proposals as regards their elimination.
According to normative sense of Article 52, The Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine, the article gives classification of the grounds for mandatory participation of a defender depending on: 1) consideration of severity of a crime; 2) consideration of personal data of a defendant held criminally liable; 3) peculiarities of criminal proceedings.
Proposals are presented aimed to improve legislative regulation of Ukrainian criminal procedural law. It is proposed to add one more reason connected to the circumstance that the defendant denies suspicion against him/her and/or denies his/her guilt in commission of criminal offense. The proposal consists in addition to Article 52, Part 2, The Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine of new Item 10 postulating the mandatory participation of a defender in criminal proceedings against persons who deny a suspicion as specified in Suspicion Notice on deny pleading guilty at court session.
Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India
Authors: Saxena Shray , Srivastava Puneet K. , Dentel Steven K. , Imhoff Paul T. , Cha Daniel K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Drying of fecal sludge (FS) enclosed in a breathable, hydrophobic membrane laminate was investigated in 208 and 40 L container-based toilet (CBS) systems referred to as Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs). EVTs were constructed and pilot tested in four households in urban slums of Kanpur, India over a period of 2 years. The average moisture losses of 0.8 and 0.9 kg/day were observed in laminate-lined 208 L drums for Year 1 tests, and this in situ drying decreases disposal frequency by 8 days compared with CBS that do not allow FS drying. In Year 2, smaller EVTs with 40 L laminate-lined drums and waste segregation increased replacement time over conventional CBS by 45%, as opposed to the 19% increase observed in Year 1 tests. Despite its limitations, the stagnant film model using meteorological data predicted the mass-loss rate within 52 and 28% error for the 208 and 40 L drums, respectively.
Application of machine learning algorithms for flood susceptibility assessment and risk management
Authors: Madhuri R. , Sistla S. , Srinivasa Raju K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Assessing floods and their likely impact in climate change scenarios will enable the facilitation of sustainable management strategies. In this study, five machine learning (ML) algorithms, namely (i) Logistic Regression, (ii) Support Vector Machine, (iii) K-nearest neighbor, (iv) Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) and (v) Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), were tested for Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC), India, to evaluate their clustering abilities to classify locations (flooded or non-flooded) for climate change scenarios. A geo-spatial database, with eight flood influencing factors, namely, rainfall, elevation, slope, distance from nearest stream, evapotranspiration, land surface temperature, normalised difference vegetation index and curve number, was developed for 2000, 2006 and 2016. XGBoost performed the best, with the highest mean area under curve score of 0.83. Hence, XGBoost was adopted to simulate the future flood locations corresponding to probable highest rainfall events under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), namely, 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 along with other flood influencing factors for 2040, 2056, 2050 and 2064, respectively. The resulting ranges of flood risk probabilities are predicted as 39–77%, 16–39%, 42–63% and 39–77% for the respective years.