bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple colorimetric screening of paraquat residue in vegetables evaluated by localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Kongpreecha Pakawat , Siri Sineenat 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe contamination of paraquat in vegetables is widely connected with human health risks, leading to the research interest in developing a paraquat sensing system. This work reports a simple detection method of paraquat based on the electrostatic interaction of paraquat and the negatively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), resulting in the changes of colors from red to blue and the shifting of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peaks of AuNPs. The limit of detection concentration (CLOD) of this system was 100 μM paraquat. Moreover, among eight cationic salts tested, NaCl was selective to enhance the detection sensitivity of the system, resulting in the reduction of CLOD to 0.10 μM. This system selectively detected paraquat, but not other tested herbicides (ametryn, atrazine, glyphosate, and 2,4‐D‐dimethyl ammonium). The paraquat‐spiking experiment in kale demonstrated the significant recovery rate of paraquat at 96.0–103.0%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 4%. The developed system was efficient for screening contaminated paraquat in vegetables under unwashed and washed conditions. Three out of five unwashed vegetables had a significant level of paraquat as determined by LSPR values. These results suggested the potential application of this system for a simple screening of contaminated paraquat in vegetables.

Simple paraquat‐screening system was developed based on the negatively charged gold nanoparticles.
The limit of paraquat detection of this system was 0.10 μM.
This system was potentially used for a simple screening of contaminated paraquat in vegetables.
Terminal 3 am Flughafen Frankfurt: Building the Future
Authors: Rohr Harald 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMit dem Bau des neuen Terminal 3 auf dem ehemaligen Gelände der Rhein‐Main Air Base verwirklicht die Fraport AG ein langfristig ausgelegtes Ausbauprojekt am Flughafen Frankfurt. Trotz der Corona‐Pandemie und deren Folgen für den Luftverkehr stellt das neue Terminal weiterhin einen integralen Bestandteil für die Zukunft des Frankfurt Airport dar. Durch den modular geplanten Bau können die insgesamt drei Bauabschnitte des Terminals eng am tatsächlichen Kapazitätsbedarf realisiert werden. Zwei von ihnen befinden sich aktuell im Bau. Sie umfassen das Hauptgebäude sowie die drei Flugsteige G, H und J mit Kapazitäten für bis zu 19 Mio. Fluggäste jährlich. Eine neue fahrerlose Sky Line‐Bahn sowie eine smarte Gepäcklogistik stellen eine schnelle und reibungslose Verbindung mit den beiden bestehenden Terminals im Norden sowie dem Fern‐ und Regionalbahnhof sicher. Mit einem Investitionsvolumen von rund 4 Mrd. Euro ist Terminal 3 eines der größten privat finanzierten Infrastrukturprojekte in Europa. Vom Spezialtiefbau über den Hochbau bis hin zur technischen Gebäudeausstattung – die Dimensionen der Großbaustelle halten für Planer wie Ingenieure bauliche und auch logistische Herausforderungen bereit. Schließlich sind zahlreiche Gewerke in mehreren Projektbereichen gleichzeitig aktiv – während des laufenden Betriebs an Deutschlands größtem Flughafen.
Digitalisierung der Mobilität und deren Einfluss auf die bauliche Infrastruktur
Authors: Benz Michael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDie disruptiven Effekte der Digitalisierung führen in den letzten Jahren zu einem Paradigmenwechsel in der Mobilität und der Verkehrsplanung. Von einer Modellbetrachtung des Verkehrs transformieren sich die Zielvorstellungen in ein datengetriebenes und zunehmend umweltorientiertes Verkehrsmanagement in Fast‐Echtzeit. Die neuen Möglichkeiten und die sich daraus ergebenden Umsetzungen ändern die Anforderungen an die bauliche Infrastruktur. Insbesondere geht es zunehmend darum, die Anforderungen der Versorgungsstrukturen (z. B. Logistik) und der nutzerorientierten Mobilität aufeinander abzustimmen, da beide Systeme die gleiche Infrastruktur verwenden. Dabei sind es die Nutzer/‐innen, die als Nachfrager/‐innen entsprechender Mobilitäts‐/Logistikleistungen als zentrale Stellgröße angesehen werden sollten. Für eine Umsetzung von kundenzentrierten Maßnahmen bedarf es jedoch entsprechender Organisationseinheiten innerhalb von Städten und Kommunen, die die richtigen Maßnahmen auf Basis von anforderungsgerecht aufgearbeiteten (Echtzeit‐)Daten treffen. Solche Einheiten können bspw. kooperative Leitstellen sein, die auf Basis von Big Data Analytics sowie Vorhersagen oder Strategievorgaben die „richtigen“ Maßnahmen zum Management des Verkehrs vorschlagen oder sogar automatisch treffen.
Synthesis and optimization of photoluminescence properties in potential reddish orange emitting niobate phosphor for photonic device applications
Authors: Jain Rakshit , Sinha Rachna , Sahu Mukesh K. , Jayasimhadri Mula 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA series of samarium ions (Sm3+) activated barium sodium niobate (Ba2NaNb5O15) samples have been successfully synthesized via employing a solid‐state reaction technique. Single phase, crystalline tetragonal Ba2NaNb5O15 were formed and the crystallite size of the prepared sample varied with doping of Sm3+ ions. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Ba2NaNb5O15:Sm3+ illustrate that the particles possess a non‐uniform spherical structure with some agglomeration. The prepared Ba2NaNb5O15:Sm3+ phosphors were efficiently excited with near‐ultraviolet (n‐UV) (406 nm) and emit strong visible emission peaks in the range 550–725 nm. The phenomenon of concentration quenching was detected after x = 0.10 mol of Sm3+ ions concentration for Ba2NaNb5O15, which arises due to non‐radiative energy transfer through dipole–dipole interaction among activator ions. Colour coordinates (0.586, 0.412) for the optimized phosphor lies in the visible reddish orange region. A bi‐exponential decay behaviour was observed for the photoluminescence decay curve of the optimized phosphor sample with an average decay time in milliseconds. The temperature dependent emission intensity confirms that the Ba2−xNaNb5O15:xSm3+ (x = 0.10 mol) phosphor exhibits adequate thermal stability having high value of activation energy (ΔE = 0.201 eV). The comprehensive study and analysis of the as‐prepared samples suggest that the intense reddish orange emitting thermally stable Ba2NaNb5O15:Sm3+ phosphor can act as a potential luminescent material in phosphor coated lighting, solar cells and other photonic devices.
Rapid acanthocytic schistocytosis and fulminant microangiopathic hemolysis as a preterminal event
Authors: Moshref Razavi Habib , Yu Richard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIsolated schistocytosis is a hematological emergency. Clinically significant schistocytosis requires 1% red cell fragments in a high power field. These include triangular fragments, crescents, helmet cells, keratocytes, or microspherocytes.
Trends in Conjugated Chalcogenophenes: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Topolskaia Valentina , Pollit Adam A. , Cheng Susan , Seferos Dwight S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHeavy atom substitution in chalcogenophenes is a versatile strategy for tailoring and ultimately improving conjugated polymer properties. While thiophene monomers are commonly implemented in polymer designs, relatively little is known regarding the molecular properties of the heavier chalcogenophenes. Herein, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine how group 16 heteroatoms, including the radioactive polonium, affect polychalcogenophene properties including bond length, chain twisting, aromaticity, and optical properties. Heavier chalcogenophenes are more quinoidal in character and consequently have reduced band gaps and larger degrees of planarity. We consider both the neutral and radical cationic species. Upon p‐type doping, bond length rearrangement is indicative of a more delocalized electronic structure, which combined with optical calculations is consistent with the polaron‐model of charge storage on conjugated polymer chains. A better understanding of the properties of these materials at their molecular levels will inevitably be useful in material design as the polymer community continues to explore more main group containing polymers to tackle issues in electronic devices.
Tuning Viscoelasticity in Alginate Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture Studies
Authors: Charbonier Frank , Indana Dhiraj , Chaudhuri Ovijit 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhysical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) affect cell behaviors ranging from cell adhesion and migration to differentiation and gene expression, a process known as mechanotransduction. While most studies have focused on the impact of ECM stiffness, using linearly elastic materials such as polyacrylamide gels as cell culture substrates, biological tissues and ECMs are viscoelastic, which means they exhibit time‐dependent mechanical responses and dissipate mechanical energy. Recent studies have revealed ECM viscoelasticity, independent of stiffness, as a critical physical parameter regulating cellular processes. These studies have used biomaterials with tunable viscoelasticity as cell‐culture substrates, with alginate hydrogels being one of the most commonly used systems. Here, we detail the protocols for three approaches to modulating viscoelasticity in alginate hydrogels for 2D and 3D cell culture studies, as well as the testing of their mechanical properties. Viscoelasticity in alginate hydrogels can be tuned by varying the molecular weight of the alginate polymer, changing the type of crosslinker—ionic versus covalent—or by grafting short poly(ethylene‐glycol) (PEG) chains to the alginate polymer. As these approaches are based on commercially available products and simple chemistries, these protocols should be accessible for scientists in the cell biology and bioengineering communities. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Tuning viscoelasticity by varying alginate molecular weightBasic Protocol 2: Tuning viscoelasticity with ionic versus covalent crosslinkingBasic Protocol 3: Tuning viscoelasticity by adding PEG spacers to alginate chainsSupport Protocol 1: Testing mechanical properties of alginate hydrogelsSupport Protocol 2: Conjugating cell‐adhesion peptide RGD to alginate
A charge equalization scheme for battery string with charging current allocation
Authors: Hsieh Yao‐Ching , Yu Li‐Ren , Yang Meng‐Feng 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThis research proposes a charge equalization scheme based on a flyback converter with the polarity‐inverting folding switches together with a set of selection switches for series‐connected batteries. By the selection switches, the converter can provide an additional charging current to the battery with the lowest loaded voltage. In addition to intervening a low current charging to prolong the discrepant charging, a finalizing individual charging is performed to ensure charge equalization even under extremely unbalanced situation. Thus, all the batteries can be allocated with appropriate electric charge through the proposed charge‐balance strategy to make the voltage of all batteries be even after the charging process. Three sets of experiments with different initial conditions are performed. Experimental results show that the charge imbalance can be effectively reduced after the regular current charging for most practical cases. All batteries can be charged to their full capacities with individual charging, even under extremely unbalanced situation. Eventually, the voltage difference among batteries can be alleviated to about 50 mV.
Niche differentiation in a postglacial colonizer, the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus
Authors: Escalante Marco A. , Horníková Michaela , Marková Silvia , Kotlík Petr 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpecies‐level environmental niche modeling has been crucial in efforts to understand how species respond to climate variation and change. However, species often exhibit local adaptation and intraspecific niche differences that may be important to consider in predicting responses to climate. Here, we explore whether phylogeographic lineages of the bank vole originating from different glacial refugia (Carpathian, Western, Eastern, and Southern) show niche differentiation, which would suggest a role for local adaptation in biogeography of this widespread Eurasian small mammal. We first model the environmental requirements for the bank vole using species‐wide occurrences (210 filtered records) and then model each lineage separately to examine niche overlap and test for niche differentiation in geographic and environmental space. We then use the models to estimate past [Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and mid‐Holocene] habitat suitability to compare with previously hypothesized glacial refugia for this species. Environmental niches are statistically significantly different from each other for all pairs of lineages in geographic and environmental space, and these differences cannot be explained by habitat availability within their respective ranges. Together with the inability of most of the lineages to correctly predict the distributions of other lineages, these results support intraspecific ecological differentiation in the bank vole. Model projections of habitat suitability during the LGM support glacial survival of the bank vole in the Mediterranean region and in central and western Europe. Niche differences between lineages and the resulting spatial segregation of habitat suitability suggest ecological differentiation has played a role in determining the present phylogeographic patterns in the bank vole. Our study illustrates that models pooling lineages within a species may obscure the potential for different responses to climate change among populations.
Environmental DNA metabarcoding primers for freshwater fish detection and quantification: In silico and in tanks
Authors: Shu Lu , Ludwig Arne , Peng Zuogang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) techniques refer to utilizing the organisms’ DNA extracted from environment samples to genetically identify target species without capturing actual organisms. eDNA metabarcoding via high‐throughput sequencing can simultaneously detect multiple fish species from a single water sample, which is a powerful tool for the qualitative detection and quantitative estimates of multiple fish species. However, sequence counts obtained from eDNA metabarcoding may be influenced by many factors, of which primer bias is one of the foremost causes of methodological error. The performance of 18 primer pairs for COI, cytb, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA mitochondrial genes, which are all frequently used in fish eDNA metabarcoding, were evaluated in the current study. The ribosomal gene markers performed better than the protein‐coding gene markers during in silico screening, resulting in higher taxonomic coverage and appropriate barcode lengths. Four primer pairs—AcMDB07, MiFish‐U, Ve16S1, and Ve16S3—designed for various regions of the 12S and 16S rRNA genes were screened for tank metabarcoding in a case study targeting six freshwater fish species. The four primer pairs were able to accurately detect all six species in different tanks, while only MiFish‐U, Ve16S1, and Ve16S3 revealed a significant positive relationship between species biomass and read count for the pooled tank data. The positive relationship could not be found in all species within the tanks. Additionally, primer efficiency differed depending on the species while primer preferential species varied in different fish assemblages. This case study supports the potential for eDNA metabarcoding to assess species diversity in natural ecosystems and provides an alternative strategy to evaluate the performance of candidate primers before application of eDNA metabarcoding in natural ecosystems.
Resilience: insights from the U.S. LongTerm Ecological Research Network
Authors: Cowles Jane , Templeton Laura , Battles John J. , Edmunds Peter J. , Carpenter Robert C. , Carpenter Stephen R. , Paul Nelson Michael , Cleavitt Natalie L. , Fahey Timothy J. , Groffman Peter M. , Sullivan Joe H. , Neel Maile C. , Hansen Gretchen J. A. , Hobbie Sarah , Holbrook Sally J. , Kazanski Clare E. , Seabloom Eric W. , Schmitt Russell J. , Stanley Emily H. , Tepley Alan J. , van Doorn Natalie S. , Vander Zanden Jake M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEcosystems are changing in complex and unpredictable ways, and analysis of these changes is facilitated by coordinated, long‐term research. Meeting diverse societal needs requires an understanding of what populations and communities will be dominant in 20, 50, and 100 yr. This paper is a product of a synthesis effort of the U.S. National Science Foundation funded Long‐Term Ecological Research (LTER) network addressing the LTER core research area of populations and communities. This analysis revealed that each LTER site had at least one compelling story about what their site would look like in 50 or 100 yr. As the stories were prepared, themes emerged, and the stories were grouped into papers along five themes for this special issue: state change, connectivity, resilience, time lags, and cascading effects. This paper addresses the resilience theme and includes stories from the Baltimore (urban), Hubbard Brook (northern hardwood forest), Andrews (temperate rain forest), Moorea (coral reef), Cedar Creek (grassland), and North Temperate Lakes (lakes) sites. The concept of resilience (the capacity of a system to maintain structure and processes in the face of disturbance) is an old topic that has seen a resurgence of interest as the nature and extent of global environmental change have intensified. The stories we present here show the power of long‐term manipulation experiments (Cedar Creek), the value of long‐term monitoring of forests in both natural (Andrews, Hubbard Brook) and urban settings (Baltimore), and insights that can be gained from modeling and/or experimental approaches paired with long‐term observations (North Temperate Lakes, Moorea). Three main conclusions emerge from the analysis: (1) Resilience research has matured over the past 40 yr of the LTER program; (2) there are many examples of high resilience among the ecosystems in the LTER network; (3) there are also many warning signs of declining resilience of the ecosystems we study. These stories highlight the need for long‐term studies to address this complex topic and show how the diversity of sites within the LTER network facilitates the emergence of overarching concepts about this important driver of ecosystem structure, function, services, and futures.
Response of the invasive Alliaria petiolata to extreme temperatures and drought
Authors: Anderson Roger C. , Anderson M. Rebecca , Bauer Jonathan T. , Loebach Christopher , Mullarkey Alicia , Engelhardt Megan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlliaria petiolata, a strict biennial in North America, can have an annual alternating high abundance of rosettes and flowering plants. We monitored changes in abundance of rosettes and flowering plants in permanent plots (2004–2014). Three times during our study, the alternating yearly cycle was not observed (2007–2008, 2008–2009, and 2013–2014). We concluded stochastic extreme climate events (ECEs), deviating from long‐term climatic data norms (10th or 90th percentile), likely caused negative organism responses. Long‐term data from a local NOAA station located 25 km from our study site included monthly data (1) total precipitation, (2) number of days with >0.13 cm precipitation, and (3) mean and minimum temperatures. September 2007 met the criteria for ECEs for all monthly variables. We first observed A. petiolata on our study site in 1988, and by the early 1990s, it was abundant. To determine whether September 2007 significantly differed from other September (1984–2014), we used six variables related to drought: (1) total precipitation, (2) number of days with precipitation, (3) number of contiguous days without precipitation, (4) mean monthly temperature, (5) mean maximum daily temperature, and (6) the number of days with temperatures >30°C. The first two variables likely increase plant stress as they decrease, whereas stress declines as the remaining variables decrease. We used the six variables to generate a principal component analysis (PCA) biplot. Axes 1 and 2 accounted for 74.3% of the variance. Record‐breaking minimum temperatures (ECEs) for January (2009) and February–March (2014) likely reduced rosette abundance and disrupted reestablishment of alternating high abundance of rosettes and flowering plants. Our data suggest that a single ECE variable, minimum temperature, and multiple ECE variables related to drought likely had negative effects on A. petiolata.
Allometric relationships, functional differentiations, and scaling of growth rates across 151 tree species in China
Authors: Zhao Meifang , Tian Shihong , Zhu Yu , Li Zhiqiang , Zeng Suping , Liu Shuguang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChinese trees adapted to wet, warm, highly heterogeneous, and dynamic light environments might be expected to systematically differ from other non‐Chinese trees based on stem allometry and life em allo. However, our understanding of the extent to which how differentiation in forest architecture and species size influences tree allometry relates to fundamental physiological and ecological trade‐offs, climate, forest structure, and function is limited. We quantified height–diameter allometries and growth increments of 13,594 individuals of 151 tree species across China. Although trees grew statistically indistinguishably from the theoretically predicted exponent, the height–diameter allometries for trees in China deviated from tree patterns in other continental forests worldwide. Chinese trees showed substantially lower heights at a given diameter for larger trees and asymptotic heights (33.05 m), with values were 5.5% to 43.3% lower than those estimated for continental rain forest trees in South America, Australia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. In total, 149 of 151 species showed significant nonlinearity of height–diameter allometry with asymptotic heights ranging from 6.33 to 50.54 m; additionally, half (74/149 species) fell in the range of 20–33.5 m, averaging 21.98 ± 8.70 m (SE) for canopy trees. In subsets of canopy trees sampled from larger‐statured species and deciduous trees, the approximated maximum heights were 14–42% larger than those of smaller‐statured and evergreens and those in other wet and warmer regions found worldwide. These results suggest flexible phenotypic responses of height–diameter allometries to heterogeneous light conditions along understory‐canopy gradients. Average growth rates, varying from 0.02 to 0.78 cm/yr (mean of 0.25 cm/yr), were positively related to the asymptotic height, diameter at inflection, and allometric intercept but negatively correlated with the shape of the asymptotic curve and allometric slope. Species with asymptotic heights above 30 m or inflection sizes larger than 20 cm clearly depicted higher growth rates than smaller ones.