bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aging Process of Lateral Facial Fat Compartments: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Yang Ching-Sheng , Huang Yau-Li , Chen Chun-Bing , Deng Chih-Ying , Liu Yu-Ting , Huang Po-Han Patrick , Chang Kuang-Cheng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Since 2007, when the anatomy of facial fat compartment was described, an increasing number of studies on the aging process of the compartment of cadavers has emerged.

Objectives
The authors evaluated the aging changes of lateral facial fat compartments on the same person.

Methods
Sixty-three patients were included in this retrospective study. All patients had magnetic resonance imaging scans with at least 4 years apart. The authors targeted the fat compartments of the superficial temporal, subcutaneous temporal, and buccal fat pad, comparing the data on different time points.

Results
The thickness of the subcutaneous temporal fat did not change significantly. The 3 diameters of the superficial temporal fat compartment all became thinner on the axial view (P &lt; 0.05). On the sagittal view, the superficial temporal fat elongated from 38.89 mm to 43.74 mm (P &lt; 0.05). The buccal fat compartment also lengthened from 68.73 mm to 74.39 mm (P &lt; 0.05) and had a positive correlation with follow-up duration only.

Conclusions
The study revealed the fat compartment change on the same person with time. The temporal hollow mainly originates from the thinner part of the superficial temporal fat. The descending of the buccal fat pad aggravates the labiomandibular fold. By understanding the aging process more fully, we can rejuvenate our patients more naturally.
The Change of Plane of the Supratrochlear and Supraorbital Arteries in the Forehead—An Ultrasound-Based Investigation
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Velthuis Peter J , Alfertshofer Michael , Frank Konstantin , Bertucci Vince , Beleznay Kate , Swift Arthur , Gavril Diana L , Lachman Nirusha , Schelke Leonie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Injecting soft tissue fillers into the deep plane of the forehead carries the risk of injection-related visual compromise due to the specific course of the arterial vasculature.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the 2- and 3-dimensional location of the change of plane of the deep branch of the supratrochlear and supraorbital artery, respectively.

Methods
A total of 50 patients (11 males and 39 females; mean age, 49.76 [13.8] years, mean body mass index, 22.53 [2.6] kg/m2) were investigated with ultrasound imaging. The total thickness and the distance of the arteries from the skin and bone surface were measured with an 18-MHz broadband compact linear array transducer.

Results
The deep branch of the supraorbital artery changed plane from deep to superficial to the frontalis muscle at a mean distance of 13 mm (range, 7.0-19.0 mm) in males and at 14 mm (range, 4.0-24.0 mm) in females and for the deep branch of the supratrochlear artery at a mean distance of 14 mm in males and females (range, 10.0-19.0 in males, 4.0-27.0 in females) when measured from the superior orbital rim.

Conclusions
Based on the ultrasound findings in this study, it seems that the supraperiosteal plane of the upper and lower forehead could be targeted during soft tissue filler injections because the deep branches of both the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries do not travel within this plane. The superficial plane of the lower forehead, however, should be avoided due to the unpredictability and inconsistent presence of the central and paracentral arteries.

Level of Evidence: 4
Medullary thyroid cancer outcomes in patients with undetectable versus normalized postoperative calcitonin levels
Authors: Fanget F , Demarchi M S , Maillard L , Lintis A , Decaussin M , Lifante J C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Calcitonin (Ct) is a sensitive diagnostic biomarker and one of the most important prognostic factors in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). This study aimed to evaluate progression-free survival and recurrence rates of MTC associated with undetectable compared with normalized serum Ct levels after surgery.

Methods
This retrospective observational study included patients operated for MTC at the Digestive and Endocrine Surgery Department of Lyon Sud Hospital Centre between 2000 and 2019. Clinical and pathological factors were correlated with postoperative Ct concentrations. Undetectable and normalized Ct concentrations were defined as below 2 pg/ml and 2–10 pg/ml respectively.

Results
Overall, 176 patients were treated for MTC, and 127 were considered biochemically cured after surgery. Of these, 24 and 103 had normalized and undetectable Ct concentrations respectively. Patients with Ct level normalization had a 25 per cent risk of disease recurrence, compared with 3 per cent in patients with undetectable Ct levels after surgery. The presence of metastasis in two or more compartments was predictive of failure to achieve undetectable Ct concentrations after surgery and an increased risk of recurrence.

Conclusion
Among patients with biochemically cured MTC, those with undetectable or normalized Ct concentrations after surgery had different risks of recurrence. Simply assessing postoperative Ct normalization can be falsely reassuring, and long-term follow-up is needed.
Validated Indices for Histopathologic Activity Predict Development of Colorectal Neoplasia in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Pai Rish K , Hartman Douglas J , Leighton Jonathan A , Pasha Shabana F , Rivers Claudia Ramos , Regueiro Miguel , Binion David G , Pai Reetesh K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
To correlate histologic activity in surveillance colonoscopies with the development of colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis [UC].

Methods
Colorectal biopsies during surveillance [N = 764] from 52 UC patients with colorectal neoplasia were compared to 122 patients without neoplasia enrolled in a prospective natural history registry. All biopsies were scored using validated histologic scoring systems (Geboes score, Nancy histopathologic index [NHI], and Robarts histopathologic index [RHI]). Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic data were correlated with the development of colorectal neoplasia.

Results
In multivariable analysis, mean RHI (hazard ratio [HR] 1.07 for each 1-unit increase in RHI, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.12, p = 0.002) and mean NHI [HR 1.89 for each 1-unit increase in NHI, 95% CI 1.34–2.67, p = 0.002] for the entire surveillance period were significantly associated with colorectal neoplasia development. Shorter surveillance interval and increasing age were associated with increased risk of neoplasia development whereas mean Mayo endoscopic score was not significant. To generate a clinically useful measure of neoplasia risk, mean histologic activity in the preceding 5 years before the study endpoint was correlated with neoplasia development. In the preceding 5 years of surveillance, a mean RHI ≥ 8 had a 7.53-fold increased risk [95% CI 2.56–12.16, p &lt; 0.001] and mean NHI ≥ 1.9 had a 5.89-fold increased risk [95% CI 2.18–15.92, p &lt; 0.001] of developing colorectal neoplasia.

Conclusions
Persistent histologic activity during multiple surveillance episodes is an independent predictor of colorectal neoplasia. Mean RHI and mean NHI during a 5-year colonoscopic surveillance period can be used to assess risk for colorectal neoplasia and optimize UC surveillance.
Risk Factors for Incident Falls and Fractures in Older Men With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project
Authors: Mesinovic Jakub , Scott David , Seibel Markus J , Cumming Robert G , Naganathan Vasi , Blyth Fiona M , Le Couteur David G , Waite Louise M , Handelsman David J , Hirani Vasant 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases falls and fracture risk. Our objective was to compare incidence and risk factors for falls and fractures in community-dwelling older men with and without T2DM.

Methods
A total of 1705 men (471 with T2DM; 1234 without T2DM) aged ≥70 years were assessed at baseline. Men were contacted every 4 months for 6.0 ± 2.2 years to ascertain incident falls and fractures, with the latter being confirmed by radiographic reports. Hip fractures were ascertained via data linkage (follow-up: 8.8 ± 3.6 years). Risk factors for falls and fractures included physical activity and function, body composition, medications, and vision measures.

Results
Men with T2DM had similar fall (incident rate ratio [IRR]: 0.92 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.70, 1.12], n = 1246) and fracture rates (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.86 [95% CI: 0.56, 1.32], n = 1326) compared to men without T2DM after adjustment for significant risk factors. In men with T2DM, depression (IRR: 1.87 [95% CI: 1.05, 3.34], n = 333), sulphonylurea usage (IRR: 2.07 [95% CI: 1.30, 3.27]) and a greater number of prescription medications (IRR: 1.13 [95% CI: 1.03, 1.24]) were independently associated with increased fall rates, and higher total hip bone mineral density was independently associated with lower fracture rates (HR: 0.63 [95% CI: 0.47, 0.86], n = 351). Interaction terms demonstrated that better contrast sensitivity was independently associated with lower fracture rates (HR: 0.14 [95% CI: 0.02, 0.87]) in men with T2DM compared to men without T2DM.

Conclusion
Fall and fracture rates were similar in men with and without T2DM after adjusting for significant risk factors. Vision assessments including contrast sensitivity measures may improve fracture prediction in older men with T2DM.
Unpacking the Complexity of Migrated Older Adults’ Lives in the United Kingdom Through an Intersectional Lens: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Authors: Ma Mengxing , Joshi Gaurav 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The intersection of population aging and international migration increases the ethnic and cultural diversity of the U.K. older population, which has significant implications for health and care services and requires social inclusion and equal access to welfare. This review aimed to explore the complexity of migrated older adults’ lives and analyze how their multiple identity markers interweave and affect their lived experiences.

Research Design and Methods
This review is a qualitative systematic review. Intersectionality was applied as a theoretical scaffold to inform the qualitative thematic synthesis of the data.

Results
A total of 29 studies in the period 2000–2020 were included. Three themes, language barriers, racism and discrimination, and negotiating cultural influences, were identified as common challenges faced by migrated older adults. However, the degree of these challenges and the resources to buffer their effects vary dramatically given the significant differences in migrated older adults’ gender, socioeconomic status (SES), cultural backgrounds, and migration pathways.

Discussion and Implications
Rather than focusing on any single factor, it is required to consider the intersection of age, race, ethnicity, gender, SES, and migration status to understand and address inequality not only between migrated older adults and native older adults, among different migrated older adult groups but also within any certain group. This review calls for the acknowledgment and awareness of policymakers, care and service practitioners, and academics on the heterogeneity of migrated older adults.
Conditions for turbulent Ekman layers in precessionally driven flow
Authors: Buffett B A 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARY
Ekman layers develop at the boundaries of the Earth’s fluid core in response to precession. Instabilities in these layers lead to turbulence when a local Reynolds number, Re, based on the thickness of the Ekman layer, exceeds a critical value. The transition to turbulence is often assessed using experiments for steady Ekman layers, where the interior geostrophic flow is independent of time. Precessionally driven flow varies on diurnal timescales, so the transition to turbulence may occur at a different value of Re. We use 3-D numerical calculations in a local Cartesian geometry to assess the transition to turbulence in precessional flow. Calculations retain the horizontal component of the rotation vector and account for the influence of fluid stratification. The transition to turbulence in a neutrally stratified fluid occurs near Re = 500, which is higher than the value Re = 150 usually cited for steady Ekman layers. However, it is comparable to the nominal value for precessional flow in the Earth. Complications due to fluid stratification or a magnetic field can suppress the transition to turbulence, reducing the likelihood of turbulent Ekman layers in the Earth’s core.
Induction of the endogenous sialoglycan ligand for eosinophil death receptor Siglec-8 in chronic rhinosinusitis with hyperplastic nasal polyposis
Authors: Lee Hyun Sil , Gonzalez-Gil Anabel , Drake Virginia , Li T August , Schnaar Ronald L , Kim Jean 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Siglec-8, an immune-inhibitory sialoglycan binding lectin (S8), is expressed on the surface of eosinophils and mast cells, which are potent mediators of allergic inflammation. When S8 engages endogenous sialoglycan ligands, eosinophils undergo apoptosis and mast cell mediator release is inhibited. In the human airway, Siglec-8 ligands (S8L) are sialylated keratan sulfate chains carried on isoforms of the protein Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors-1 (DMBT1), an immunoregulatory protein that we recently identified as the endogenous ligand for S8, DMBT1S8. We herein report that S8L is overexpressed in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), a prevalent eosinophilic laden airway disease. Quantification and comparison of the degree to which DMBT1 carries the S8L by immunoblot analysis and lectin blot overlay, respectively, from nasal lavage showed that the S8L/DMBT1 ratio was significantly increased in CRSwNP vs. control or CRS patients. We identified the histological sites of S8L and DMBT1 expression in fresh surgically resected human nasal polyps. Histochemistry of diseased polyps and adjacent nondiseased middle turbinate (MT) tissue from CRSwNP demonstrated colocalization of S8L and DMBT1 with highest staining in submucosal glands &gt;&gt; epithelium &gt; stoma. S8L expression was specifically elevated in the submucosal glands and epithelium of polyp tissue compared to MT. We hypothesize that expression of the isoform of DMBT1 carrying the Siglec-8 binding sialoglycan, DMBT1S8, is induced in polyps of CRSwNP specifically at the site of disease, is produced in the submucosal glands of polyps and secreted into the lumen of the sinonasal cavity as a host response to mitigate eosinophil-mediated inflammation.
The Valuation Date of an Unlawfully Expropriated Property in International Investment Arbitration: A Critique of Acquisitive Valuation
Authors: Bahmaei Mohammad-Ali , Faraj Mehrabi Hassan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The valuation date of an expropriated property is considered a major element in the calculation of compensation. Some international investment tribunals, relying on the standard set by the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) in the Chorzów Factory case, have adopted a dual standard for determining the valuation date and have switched between the date of taking and the date of award to secure the highest amount of compensation in cases of unlawful expropriation. For the proponents of this method, it helps to distinguish between compensation for lawful and unlawful expropriations. This article labels such an approach as ‘acquisitive valuation’ and challenges its legal justification. It shows that acquisitive valuation is associated with punitive damages and fails to comply with the standard set out in the Chorzów Factory case. Using the ex post information is similarly to be avoided under that standard. Finally, although mindful of the hindsight issue, the article advocates the adoption of the date of taking as the valuation date in both lawful and unlawful expropriations. The extension of the scope of damages, including the loss of profit and consequential damages, if incurred, to the point in time when the investment was reasonably expected to continue instead of limiting the compensation to the fair market value of investment at the date of taking would more properly reflect the difference between lawful and unlawful expropriations.
Acylindrical Actions for Two-Dimensional Artin Groups of Hyperbolic Type
Authors: Martin Alexandre , Przytycki Piotr 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
For a two-dimensional Artin group $A$ whose associated Coxeter group is hyperbolic, we prove that the action of $A$ on the hyperbolic space obtained by coning off certain subcomplexes of its modified Deligne complex is acylindrical. Moreover, if for each $s\in S$ there is $t\in S$ with $m_{st}&lt; \infty $, then this action is universal. As a consequence, for $|S|\geq 3$, if $A$ is irreducible, then it is acylindrically hyperbolic. We also obtain the Tits alternative for $A$, and we classify the subgroups of $A$ that virtually split as a direct product. A key ingredient in our approach is a simple criterion to show the acylindricity of an action on a two-dimensional $\textrm{CAT}(-1)$ complex.
Modeling genetic differences of combined broiler chicken populations in single-step GBLUP
Authors: Bermann Matias , Lourenco Daniela , Breen Vivian , Hawken Rachel , Brito Lopes Fernando , Misztal Ignacy 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The introduction of animals from a different environment or population is a common practice in commercial livestock populations. In this study, we modeled the inclusion of a group of external birds into a local broiler chicken population for the purpose of genomic evaluations. The pedigree was composed of 242,413 birds and genotypes were available for 107,216 birds. A five-trait model that included one growth, two yield, and two efficiency traits was used for the analyses. The strategies to model the introduction of external birds were to include a fixed effect representing the origin of parents and to use unknown parent groups (UPG) or metafounders (MF). Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) were obtained with single-step GBLUP using the Algorithm for Proven and Young. Bias, dispersion, and accuracy of GEBV for the validation birds, that is, from the most recent generation, were computed. The bias and dispersion were estimated with the linear regression (LR) method,whereas accuracy was estimated by the LR method and predictive ability. When fixed UPG were fit without estimated inbreeding, the model did not converge. In contrast, models with fixed UPG and estimated inbreeding or random UPG converged and resulted in similar GEBV. The inclusion of an extra fixed effect in the model made the GEBV unbiased and reduced the inflation. Genomic predictions with MF were slightly biased and inflated due to the unbalanced number of observations assigned to each metafounder. When combining local and external populations, the greatest accuracy can be obtained by adding an extra fixed effect to account for the origin of parents plus UPG with estimated inbreeding or random UPG. To estimate the accuracy, the LR method is more consistent among scenarios, whereas the predictive ability greatly depends on the model specification.
Post-translational modification enzymes as key regulators of ciliary protein trafficking
Authors: Chaya Taro , Furukawa Takahisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the surface of almost all cell types and decode a variety of extracellular stimuli. Ciliary dysfunction causes human diseases named ciliopathies, which span a wide range of symptoms, such as developmental and sensory abnormalities. The assembly, disassembly, maintenance and function of cilia rely on protein transport systems including intraflagellar transport (IFT) and lipidated protein intraflagellar targeting (LIFT). IFT is coordinated by three multisubunit protein complexes with molecular motors along the ciliary axoneme, while LIFT is mediated by specific chaperones that directly recognize lipid chains. Recently, it has become clear that several post-translational modification enzymes play crucial roles in the regulation of IFT and LIFT. Here, we review our current understanding of the roles of these post-translational modification enzymes in the regulation of ciliary protein trafficking as well as their regulatory mechanisms, physiological significance and involvement in human diseases.
‘Insects as Food and Feed: If You Can’t Beat Them, Eat Them!’—To the Magnificent Seven and Beyond
Authors: Rumbos Christos I , Athanassiou Christos G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The objective of this special issue is to highlight the current state of research in the field of insects as food and feed, but also other aspects on the exploitation of insect farming. In this editorial, we make a short introduction of the topic of the special issue, briefly present the contributions that are collected in it and offer some thoughts on the future research priorities and challenges that should be addressed. Regarding insect farming, there are additional applications, such as fertilizer, health-promoting products, and cosmetics, that can be produced and utilized, that go far beyond food and feed production.
Of pandas, fossils, and bamboo forests: ecological niche modeling of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Luna-Aranguré Carlos , Vázquez-Domínguez Ella 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is the most basal living species in the phylogeny of the family Ursidae, with a specialized diet composed of a variety of bamboo species. The evolutionary history and past distribution patterns of the giant panda remain poorly understood. Our aim was to integratively apply distinct methods to evaluate the evolutionary history and distributional patterns of the giant panda; these included phylogeography, ecological niche modeling (ENM), and fossil data. To this end, we characterized the panda’s past and present ecological niches and the environmental conditions that define them. To estimate the panda’s phylogeographic patterns and the environmental conditions (precipitation and temperature) available across its historical geographic range, we evaluated its past distribution during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Considering that modeling biotic interactions (e.g., foraging, predation) is still an enormous challenge, we propose a novel modeling strategy based on the panda’s specialized diet, using an ensemble of three bamboo genera with distribution across the panda’s historical geographic range. Finally, we tested the accuracy of our approach by evaluating its ability to predict the LGM fossils. Our results support that the panda’s diversification across its distribution happened ca. 2.7 million years (Mya), coinciding with the likely period when the panda changed from a carnivorous to a vegetarian diet (from the Pleistocene to the Pliocene), acquiring its exclusively bamboo-feeding habits until the mid-Holocene. Our findings provide evidence of a historical directional niche change along which the panda has currently reached the lower limits of temperature and precipitation conditions existing on the geography where its food is available. Our proposed ENM based on the panda’s food habits accurately predicted 85.7% of the LGM fossils, in stark contrast with the traditional approach of modeling the distribution of species by using exclusively its own occurrences. These results provide insights on how to include Eltonian components to undertake more robust ENM when only abiotic variables are available. We emphasize the importance of integrating fossil information, whenever available, into the niche modeling process to include the historical component when estimating species ecological niches.