bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The National Animal Health Monitoring System's perspective on respiratory disease in dairy cattle
Authors: Short Diana M. , Lombard Jason E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn 1991, USDA's National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) conducted its first dairy study, a baseline assessment that focused on the health and management of heifer calves. During the study, producers ranked respiratory disease among the top two most common health problems affecting dairy calves. Over the last 25 years, U.S. dairy producers have participated in six NAHMS studies, yielding a rich repository of information that has helped identify needs for research, extension, and education in the dairy industry. NAHMS’ most recent dairy study, conducted in 2014, provides the latest estimates on dairy cattle health and includes another in-depth look at heifer-calf health. While overall mortality in calves has decreased, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains an important cause of morbidity in calves. This raises the concern that BRD mitigation may be at a standstill on dairies. Research and on-farm experience have done much to elucidate the challenges associated with detection and perceived impacts of this complex disease. Continued development and implementation of new methods for monitoring health and detecting disease will provide additional tools to upend stalemating factors associated with BRD control, helping the dairy industry ‘turn a corner’ on this important disease.
Behavior assessment and applications for BRD diagnosis: beef
Authors: Richeson John T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAssessment of behavior is a longstanding strategy to assist the diagnosis of clinical bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef cattle. Cattle with systemic inflammation caused by infectious pathogen(s) display predictable behavioral adaptations compared to healthy cohorts. Behavioral alterations in BRD-affected cattle include lethargy, social isolation, and anorexia. However, behavior assessment to support BRD case definition in the production setting is challenging because: (1) other bovine diseases cause behavior alterations similar to BRD; (2) cattle have inherent prey instinct to disguise sickness behavior during human evaluation; (3) labor constraints dictate very brief observation of animal behavior; and (4) traditional behavior assessment is subjective and agreement is often poor. Some of these challenges may be overcome with the use of advanced technologies that allow continuous, remote, and objective behavior assessment of individual cattle. Automated methodologies for behavior assessment include three-axis accelerometers that quantify physical behaviors, systems that document feeding/watering behavior, and triangulation systems that document spatial behavior. Each of these behavior-monitoring approaches generates unique information and may facilitate early detection of BRD compared to traditional methods. Nevertheless, adoption of behavior assessment technologies for BRD diagnosis in beef operations hinges upon improved detection, positive return on investment, and successful integration within existing BRD management practices.
BRD treatment failure: clinical and pathologic considerations
Authors: Ollivett T. L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn cattle treated for respiratory disease, resolution of clinical signs has been the mainstay of determining treatment response and treatment efficacy. Through the use of calf lung ultrasound, we have found that pneumonia can persist or recur in the face of antibiotic therapy, despite improved clinical signs, leading to greater risk of clinical disease and more antibiotic use in the future. This review will discuss the pros and cons of using clinical signs to define resolution of disease and discuss how to implement lung ultrasound to improve our ability to accurately measure the impact of antibiotic therapy in cattle with respiratory disease.
A case study of bureaucratic discretion: heterogeneous application of market entry regulation in Germany
Authors: Runst Petrik 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAll law is relatively coarse after its initial implementation as the legislature cannot foresee all contingencies that can arise in the actual application of the law. Therefore, decisions need to be made by street-level administrators as novel and particular circumstances arise. Economists have largely ignored the political science literature on street-level bureaucrats, such as policemen, welfare case managers, or regulatory agents. I present a case study in the context of market entry regulation in Germany. Qualitative and quantitative evidence suggests that bureaucratic discretion exists, that is, administrative actions can be found on different ends of a decision space, and that its effects are potentially large. Administrators do not apply legislation in a uniform manner and we observe a systematically different application of rules across subnational jurisdictions.
THE LOGIC OF THE EVIDENTIAL CONDITIONAL
Authors: RAIDL ERIC , IACONA ANDREA , CRUPI VINCENZO 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn some recent works, Crupi and Iacona proposed an analysis of ‘if’ based on Chrysippus’ idea that a conditional holds whenever the negation of its consequent is incompatible with its antecedent. This paper presents a sound and complete system of conditional logic that accommodates their analysis. The soundness and completeness proofs that will be provided rely on a general method elaborated by Raidl, which applies to a wide range of systems of conditional logic.
Evaluation of an Antenna Selection Strategy for Reduced Massive MIMO Complexity
Authors: Challita Frédéric , Liénard Martine , Gaillot Davy P. , Molina‐Garcia‐Pardo Jose‐Maria 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMassive Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output (MIMO) is emerging as one promising technology for the fifth generation (5G), but the hardware and software complexity arising from the sheer number of transmitting elements is a bottleneck. Antenna selection strategies have been reported as an appealing solution for hybrid beamforming architectures to select a number of radio‐frequency (RF) chains less than the total number of antennas but are yet to be fully defined and evaluated. In this work, a generic strategy relying on the receiver (Rx) spatial correlation is investigated to select the best antenna subset from a full array. It is evaluated from ray‐traced massive MIMO radio channels using propagation metrics, and also sum‐rate capacity computation. The results demonstrate that (1) for a fixed number of users, a subset with wisely selected distributed elements outperforms a collocated one for all studied metrics with performance close to the full array and (2) using a proposed optimization algorithm for a dynamic number of users, the number of active Tx antennas can be further optimized for the different studied subsets. Moreover, for a fixed number of users, the best antenna subset presenting the lowest Rx correlation values is found to reach the optimal sum‐rate capacity using simple linear precoders compared with dirty paper coding. This is achieved with only a third of the initial RF chain hardware complexity, thus validating the proposed approach. Also, experimental measurements, presented for an industrial scenario, validate the proposed approach.
Reply to Comment by R. Parkinson on “Increasing Rates of Carbon Burial in Southwest Florida Coastal Wetlands” by J. Breithaupt et al.
Authors: Breithaupt Joshua L. , Smoak Joseph M. , Bianchi Thomas S. , Vaughn Derrick , Sanders Christian J. , Radabaugh Kara R. , Osland Michael J. , Feher Laura C. , Lynch James C. , Cahoon Donald R. , Anderson Gordon H. , Whelan Kevin R. T. , Rosenheim Brad E. , Moyer Ryan P. , Chambers Lisa G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBreithaupt et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005349) investigated why rates of organic carbon (OC) burial in coastal wetlands appear to increase over the past ∼120 years. After comparing dating methods and applying biogeochemical analyses, we concluded that neither dating method nor carbon degradation contribute to the observed trend. Rather, we concluded that OC burial has increased in the past century. Parkinson's (2021) Comment disagrees with our conclusion, contending that: (1) use of a density correction to account for soil auto‐compaction is a flawed methodology that artificially shortens a core's length, (2) there is limited evidence for an acceleration in the regional sea‐level rise (SLR) rate, and (3) vertical accretion rates in previous papers by Breithaupt et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002715; 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2017.07.002) are lower than the regional mean rate of SLR and are not to be believed as these wetlands should have converted to open water by now. We reject these contentions because: (1) no density correction was applied to the cores in this study, (2) local tide gauge records and analyses in the literature support an increase in SLR rates coinciding with the timeframe of our OC burial records, and (3) Parkinson's comparison of the 100‐yr mean rate of SLR neglects temporal variability and uncertainties in the long‐term sea‐level record, as well as biophysical feedbacks between wetland surface elevation and SLR. Here, we provide detailed responses to Parkinson's contentions and establish the importance of differentiating operational definitions of OC burial and accretion to clarify why an auto‐compaction correction is not applicable for OC burial measurements.
Zero uncertainty states in the presence of quantum memory
Authors: Zhu Huangjun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe uncertainty principle imposes a fundamental limit on predicting the measurement outcomes of incompatible observables even if complete classical information of the system state is known. The situation is different if one can build a quantum memory entangled with the system. Zero uncertainty states (in contrast with minimum uncertainty states) are peculiar quantum states that can eliminate uncertainties of incompatible von Neumann observables once assisted by suitable measurements on the memory. Here we determine all zero uncertainty states of any given set of nondegenerate observables and determine the minimum entanglement required. It turns out all zero uncertainty states are maximally entangled in a generic case, and vice versa, even if these observables are only weakly incompatible. Our work establishes a simple and precise connection between zero uncertainty and maximum entanglement, which is of interest to foundational studies and practical applications, including quantum certification and verification.
On the existence of soliton-like collective modes in liquid water at the viscoelastic crossover
Authors: Zakhvataev V. E. , Kompaniets L. A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe problem of large-density variations in supercooled and ambient water has been widely discussed in the past years. Recent studies have indicated the possibility of nanometer-sized density variations on the subpicosecond and picosecond time scales. The nature of fluctuating density heterogeneities remains a highly debated issue. In the present work, we address the problem of possible association of such density variations with the dynamics of terahertz longitudinal acoustic-like modes in liquid water. Our study is based on the fact that the subpicosecond dynamics of liquid water are essentially governed by the structural relaxation. Using a mode coupling theory approach, we found that for typical values of parameters of liquid water, the dynamic mechanism coming from the combination of the structural relaxation process and the finiteness of the amplitude of terahertz longitudinal acoustic-like mode gives rise to a soliton-like collective mode on a temperature-dependent nanometer length scale. The characteristics of this mode are consistent with the estimates of the amplitudes and temperature-dependent correlation lengths of density fluctuations in liquid water obtained in experiments and simulations. Thus, the fully dynamic mechanism could contribute to the formation and dynamics of fluctuating density heterogeneities. The soliton-like collective excitations suggested by our analysis may be relevant to different phenomena connected with supercooled water and can be expected to be associated with some ultrafast biological processes.
Indirect effects of invasive rat removal result in recovery of island rocky intertidal community structure
Authors: Kurle Carolyn M. , Zilliacus Kelly M. , Sparks Jenna , Curl Jen , Bock Mila , Buckelew Stacey , Williams Jeffrey C. , Wolf Coral A. , Holmes Nick D. , Plissner Jonathan , Howald Gregg R. , Tershy Bernie R. , Croll Donald A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEleven years after invasive Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) were eradicated from Hawadax Island, in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, the predicted three-level trophic cascade in the rocky intertidal, with native shorebirds as the apex predator, returned, leading to a community resembling those on rat-free islands with significant decreases in invertebrate species abundances and increases in fleshy algal cover. Rats had indirectly structured the intertidal community via their role as the apex predator in a four-level trophic cascade. Our results are an excellent example of an achievable and relatively short-term community-level recovery following removal of invasive animals. These conservation successes are especially important for islands as their disproportionately high levels of native biodiversity are excessively threatened by invasive mammals.
Chemical characterization of Saudi propolis and its antiparasitic and anticancer properties
Authors: Alanazi Samyah , Alenzi Naif , Alenazi Fouza , Tabassum Hajera , Watson David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPropolis, is a gummy material produced by honey bees from different parts of plants and is enriched with varied biological active compounds like flavonoids, phenolics and phenolic acids with wide applicability in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. The current report is focused on the characterisation of propolis collected from Asir region, South-west of Saudi Arabia and its effect on Trypanosoma brucei (the causative organism of African sleeping sickness) and cytotoxic effect against U937 human leukemia cells. The Chemical composition and spectral characteristics of Saudi propolis was studied by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) and High-performance liquid chromatography–evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC–ELSD).The two main active compounds isolated from Saudi propolis via column chromatography and size exclusion chromatography were fisetinidol and ferulic acid. High resolution electrospray ionization–mass spectrophotometer (HRESI–MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to elucidate the structures of the isolated compounds. All crudes extracts, fractions as well as isolated compounds were subjected for biological testing against Trypanosoma brucei (S427 WT), and their cytotoxicity against U937 human leukemia cells. Amongst the various samples investigated, S-6 fraction demonstrated highest anti-trypanosomal activity at 2.4 µg/ml MIC followed by fisetinidol at 4.7 µg/ml reflecting that the anti-trypanosomal activity is attributable to the presence of fisetinidol in the fraction. Similarly, all the tested samples exhibited cytotoxicity with an IC50 > 60 µg/ml. S-6 fractions exhibited highest cytotoxic activity against U937 cells with an IC50 of 58.7 µg/ml followed by ferulic acid with an IC50 87.7 µg/ml indicating that the cytotoxic effect of propolis might be due to the presence of ferulic acid. In conclusion, the biological activity of propolis could be attributed to the synergistic action of the two active compounds-ferulic acid and fisetinidol. The data obtained in the study is thus indicative of the role of propolis as potential anti-trypanosomal and anticancer agent for effective cancer therapy.
Slow life history leaves endangered snake vulnerable to illegal collecting
Authors: Jolly Chris J. , Von Takach Brenton , Webb Jonathan K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGlobal wildlife trade is a multibillion-dollar industry and a significant driver of vertebrate extinction risk. Yet, few studies have quantified the impact of wild harvesting for the illicit pet trade on populations. Long-lived species, by virtue of their slow life history characteristics, may be unable to sustain even low levels of collecting. Here, we assessed the impact of illegal collecting on populations of endangered broad-headed snakes (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) at gated (protected) and ungated (unprotected) sites. Because broad-headed snakes are long-lived, grow slowly and reproduce infrequently, populations are likely vulnerable to increases in adult mortality. Long-term data revealed that annual survival rates of snakes were significantly lower in the ungated population than the gated population, consistent with the hypothesis of human removal of snakes for the pet trade. Population viability analysis showed that the ungated population has a strongly negative population growth rate and is only prevented from ultimate extinction by dispersal of small numbers of individuals from the gated population. Sensitivity analyses showed that the removal of a small number of adult females was sufficient to impose negative population growth and suggests that threatened species with slow life histories are likely to be especially vulnerable to illegal collecting.
Homotaurine limits the spreading of T cell autoreactivity within the CNS and ameliorates disease in a model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Tian Jide , Song Min , Kaufman Daniel L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMost multiple sclerosis (MS) patients given currently available disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) experience progressive disability. Accordingly, there is a need for new treatments that can limit the generation of new waves T cell autoreactivity that drive disease progression. Notably, immune cells express GABAA-receptors (GABAA-Rs) whose activation has anti-inflammatory effects such that GABA administration can ameliorate disease in models of type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and COVID-19. Here, we show that oral GABA, which cannot cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), does not affect the course of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast, oral administration of the BBB-permeable GABAA-R-specific agonist homotaurine ameliorates monophasic EAE, as well as advanced-stage relapsing–remitting EAE (RR-EAE). Homotaurine treatment beginning after the first peak of paralysis reduced the spreading of Th17 and Th1 responses from the priming immunogen to a new myelin T cell epitope within the CNS. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) isolated from homotaurine-treated mice displayed an attenuated ability to promote autoantigen-specific T cell proliferation. The ability of homotaurine treatment to limit epitope spreading within the CNS, along with its safety record, makes it an excellent candidate to help treat MS and other inflammatory disorders of the CNS.
Culture and differentiation of rabbit intestinal organoids and organoid-derived cell monolayers
Authors: Kardia Egi , Frese Michael , Smertina Elena , Strive Tanja , Zeng Xi-Lei , Estes Mary , Hall Robyn N. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOrganoids emulate many aspects of their parental tissue and are therefore used to study pathogen-host interactions and other complex biological processes. Here, we report a robust protocol for the isolation, maintenance and differentiation of rabbit small intestinal organoids and organoid-derived cell monolayers. Our rabbit intestinal spheroid and monolayer cultures grew most efficiently in L-WRN-conditioned medium that contained Wnt, R-spondin and Noggin, and that had been supplemented with ROCK and TGF-β inhibitors. Organoid and monolayer differentiation was initiated by reducing the concentration of the L-WRN-conditioned medium and by adding ROCK and Notch signalling inhibitors. Immunofluorescence staining and RT-qPCR demonstrated that our organoids contained enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells and Paneth cells. Finally, we infected rabbit organoids with Rabbit calicivirus Australia-1, an enterotropic lagovirus that—like many other caliciviruses—does not grow in conventional cell culture. Despite testing various conditions for inoculation, we did not detect any evidence of virus replication, suggesting either that our organoids do not contain suitable host cell types or that additional co-factors are required for a productive infection of rabbit organoids with Rabbit calicivirus Australia-1.
Coculture with hiPS-derived intestinal cells enhanced human hepatocyte functions in a pneumatic-pressure-driven two-organ microphysiological system
Authors: Shinohara Marie , Arakawa Hiroshi , Oda Yuuichi , Shiraki Nobuaki , Sugiura Shinji , Nishiuchi Takumi , Satoh Taku , Iino Keita , Leo Sylvia , Kato Yusuke , Araya Karin , Kawanishi Takumi , Nakatsuji Tomoki , Mitsuta Manami , Inamura Kosuke , Goto Tomomi , Shinha Kenta , Nihei Wataru , Komori Kikuo , Nishikawa Masaki , Kume Shoen , Kato Yukio , Kanamori Toshiyuki , Sakai Yasuyuki , Kimura Hiroshi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExamining intestine–liver interactions is important for achieving the desired physiological drug absorption and metabolism response in in vitro drug tests. Multi-organ microphysiological systems (MPSs) constitute promising tools for evaluating inter-organ interactions in vitro. For coculture on MPSs, normal cells are challenging to use because they require complex maintenance and careful handling. Herein, we demonstrated the potential of coculturing normal cells on MPSs in the evaluation of intestine–liver interactions. To this end, we cocultured human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal cells and fresh human hepatocytes which were isolated from PXB mice with medium circulation in a pneumatic-pressure-driven MPS with pipette-friendly liquid-handling options. The cytochrome activity, albumin production, and liver-specific gene expressions in human hepatocytes freshly isolated from a PXB mouse were significantly upregulated via coculture with hiPS-intestinal cells. Our normal cell coculture shows the effects of the interactions between the intestine and liver that may occur in vivo. This study is the first to demonstrate the coculturing of hiPS-intestinal cells and fresh human hepatocytes on an MPS for examining pure inter-organ interactions. Normal-cell coculture using the multi-organ MPS could be pursued to explore unknown physiological mechanisms of inter-organ interactions in vitro and investigate the physiological response of new drugs.
A low cost and open access system for rapid synthesis of large volumes of gold and silver nanoparticles
Authors: Ross Alex , Muñoz Marcelo , Rotstein Benjamin H. , Suuronen Erik J. , Alarcon Emilio I. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRapid synthesis of nanomaterials in scalable quantities is critical for accelerating the discovery and commercial translation of nanoscale-based technologies. The synthesis of metal nanogold and silver in volumes larger than 100 mL is not automatized and might require of the use of harsh conditions that in most cases is detrimental for the production of nanoparticles with reproducible size distributions. In this work, we present the development and optimization of an open-access low-cost NanoParticle Flow Synthesis System (NPFloSS) that allows for the rapid preparation of volumes of up to 1 L of gold and silver nanoparticle aqueous solutions.