bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A proof of loop equations in 2d topological gravity
Authors: Okuyama Kazumi , Sakai Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We study multi-boundary correlators in 2d Witten-Kontsevich topological gravity. We present a proof of the loop equations obeyed by the correlators. While the loop equations were derived a long time ago, our proof is fully explicit in the presence of general couplings tk. We clarify all the details, in particular the treatment of the genus zero part of the one-boundary correlator. The loop equations are verified by several new examples, including the correlators of Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity in the genus expansion and the exact correlators in the Airy case. We also discuss the free boson/fermion representation of the correlators and compare it with the formulation of Marolf and Maxfield and the string field theory of Ishibashi and Kawai. We find similarities but also some differences.
Erfassung und Operationalisierung des Merkmals „Geschlecht“ in repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichproben: Herausforderungen und Implikationen am Beispiel der GeSiD-Studie
Authors: Muschalik Carolin , Otten Mirja , Breuer Johannes , von Rüden Ursula 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungRepräsentative quantitative Surveys erheben das Geschlecht der Teilnehmenden, um geschlechtsspezifische Analysen im Hinblick auf die jeweiligen Fragestellungen zuzulassen und Rückschlüsse auf die Populationen zu ziehen. Dies ist wichtig, um zielgruppenspezifische Informationen und Angebote zu entwickeln. Doch obwohl Geschlecht nicht mehr ausschließlich als ein binäres Konstrukt betrachtet wird, wird es noch oft durch eine binäre Variable mit den Antwortmöglichkeiten Frau/Mann oder weiblich/männlich erhoben. In diesem Artikel erörtern wir, warum dieses Vorgehen veraltet bzw. unvollständig und eine Abkehr von diesem Ansatz wichtig und notwendig ist. Anhand der GeSiD-Studie zu „Gesundheit und Sexualität in Deutschland“ zeigen wir in diesem Diskussionsbeitrag exemplarisch auf, wie Geschlecht anhand eines zweistufigen Modells erhoben werden kann, bei dem im ersten Schritt das bei der Geburt zugewiesene Geschlecht und im zweiten Schritt die subjektive Geschlechtszugehörigkeit abgefragt wird. Gleichzeitig erörtern wir die Herausforderungen, die dieser Ansatz mit sich bringt. Die Erfahrungen aus der GeSiD-Studie setzen wir in einen größeren Kontext und diskutieren die Implikationen und Möglichkeiten zur Operationalisierung von Geschlecht in repräsentativen Befragungen.
Speech apraxia and oral apraxia: association or dissociation? A multivariate lesion–symptom mapping study in acute stroke patients
Authors: Conterno Martina , Kümmerer Dorothee , Dressing Andrea , Glauche Volkmar , Urbach Horst , Weiller Cornelius , Rijntjes Michel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe anatomical relationship between speech apraxia (SA) and oral apraxia (OA) is still unclear. To shed light on this matter we studied 137 patients with acute ischaemic left-hemisphere stroke and performed support vector regression-based, multivariate lesion–symptom mapping. Thirty-three patients presented with either SA or OA. These two symptoms mostly co-occurred (n = 28), except for few patients with isolated SA (n = 2) or OA (n = 3). All patient with either SA or OA presented with aphasia (p < 0.001) and these symptoms were highly associated with apraxia (p < 0.001). Co-occurring SA and OA were predominantly associated with insular lesions, while the insula was completely spared in the five patients with isolated SA or OA. Isolated SA occurred in case of frontal lesions (prefrontal gyrus and superior longitudinal fasciculus), while isolated OA occurred in case of either temporoparietal or striatocapsular lesions. Our study supports the notion of a predominant, but not exclusive, role of the insula in verbal and non-verbal oral praxis, and indicates that frontal regions may contribute exclusively to verbal oral praxis, while temporoparietal and striatocapsular regions contribute to non-verbal oral praxis. However, since tests for SA and OA so far intrinsically also investigate aphasia and apraxia, refined tests are warranted.
Surveillance of Fontan-associated liver disease: current standards and a proposal from the European Society of Paediatric Radiology Abdominal Task Force
Authors: Perucca Giulia , de Lange Charlotte , Franchi-Abella Stéphanie , Napolitano Marcello , Riccabona Michael , Ključevšek Damjana , Toso Seema , Herrmann Jochen , Stafrace Samuel , Darge Kassa , Damasio Maria Beatrice , Bruno Costanza , Woźniak Magdalena Maria , Lobo Luisa , Ibe Donald , Smets Anne M. , Petit Philippe , Ording Müller Lil-Sofie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSince Francis Fontan first introduced the eponymous technique, the Fontan procedure, this type of surgical palliation has allowed thousands of children affected by specific heart malformations to reach adulthood. Nevertheless, abdominal, thoracic, lymphatic and neurologic complications are the price that is paid by these patients. Our review focuses on Fontan-associated liver disease; the purpose is to summarize the current understanding of its physiopathology, the aim of follow-up and the specific radiologic follow-up performed in Europe. Finally, we as members of the Abdominal Task Force of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology propose a consensus-based imaging follow-up algorithm.
Longitudinal preclinical evaluation of the novel radioligand [11C]CHDI-626 for PET imaging of mutant huntingtin aggregates in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Bertoglio Daniele , Verhaeghe Jeroen , Miranda Alan , Wyffels Leonie , Stroobants Sigrid , Mrzljak Ladislav , Khetarpal Vinod , Skinbjerg Mette , Liu Longbin , Dominguez Celia , Munoz-Sanjuan Ignacio , Bard Jonathan , Staelens Steven 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Purpose

As several therapies aimed at lowering mutant huntingtin (mHTT) brain levels in Huntington’s disease (HD) are currently being investigated, noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of mHTT could be utilized to directly evaluate therapeutic efficacy and monitor disease progression. Here we characterized and longitudinally assessed the novel radioligand [11C]CHDI-626 for mHTT PET imaging in the zQ175DN mouse model of HD.

Methods
After evaluating radiometabolites and radioligand kinetics, we conducted longitudinal dynamic PET imaging at 3, 6, 9, and 13 months of age (M) in wild-type (WT, n = 17) and heterozygous (HET, n = 23) zQ175DN mice. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate temporal and genotypic differences. Cross-sectional cohorts at each longitudinal time point were included for post-mortem [3H]CHDI-626 autoradiography.

Results
Despite fast metabolism and kinetics, the radioligand was suitable for PET imaging of mHTT. Longitudinal quantification could discriminate between genotypes already at premanifest stage (3 M), showing an age-associated increase in signal in HET mice in parallel with mHTT aggregate load progression, as supported by the post-mortem [3H]CHDI-626 autoradiography.

Conclusion
With clinical evaluation underway, [11C]CHDI-626 PET imaging appears to be a suitable preclinical candidate marker to monitor natural HD progression and for the evaluation of mHTT-lowering therapies.
Structured reporting in radiology: a systematic review to explore its potential
Authors: Nobel J. Martijn , van Geel Koos , Robben Simon G. F. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objectives
Structured reporting (SR) in radiology reporting is suggested to be a promising tool in clinical practice. In order to implement such an emerging innovation, it is necessary to verify that radiology reporting can benefit from SR. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to explore the level of evidence of structured reporting in radiology. Additionally, this review provides an overview on the current status of SR in radiology.

Methods
A narrative systematic review was conducted, searching PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using the syntax ‘radiol*’ AND ‘structur*’ AND ‘report*’. Structured reporting was divided in SR level 1, structured layout (use of templates and checklists), and SR level 2, structured content (a drop-down menu, point-and-click or clickable decision trees). Two reviewers screened the search results and included all quantitative experimental studies that discussed SR in radiology. A thematic analysis was performed to appraise the evidence level.

Results
The search resulted in 63 relevant full text articles out of a total of 8561 articles. Thematic analysis resulted in 44 SR level 1 and 19 level 2 reports. Only one paper was scored as highest level of evidence, which concerned a double cohort study with randomized trial design.

Conclusion
The level of evidence for implementing SR in radiology is still low and outcomes should be interpreted with caution.

Key Points
• Structured reporting is increasingly being used in radiology, especially in abdominal and neuroradiological CT and MRI reports.
• SR can be subdivided into structured layout (SR level 1) and structured content (SR level 2), in which the first is defined as being a template in which the reporter has to report; the latter is an IT-based manner in which the content of the radiology report can be inserted and displayed into the report.
• Despite the extensive amount of research on the subject of structured reporting, the level of evidence is low.
Parameterized Complexity of $$(A,\ell )$$-Path Packing
Authors: Belmonte Rémy , Hanaka Tesshu , Kanzaki Masaaki , Kiyomi Masashi , Kobayashi Yasuaki , Kobayashi Yusuke , Lampis Michael , Ono Hirotaka , Otachi Yota 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGiven a graph $$G = (V,E)$$

G
=
(
V
,
E
)

, $$A \subseteq V$$

A
⊆
V

, and integers k and $$\ell $$
ℓ
, the $$(A,\ell )$$

(
A
,
ℓ
)

-Path Packing problem asks to find k vertex-disjoint paths of length exactly $$\ell $$
ℓ
that have endpoints in A and internal points in $$V{\setminus }A$$

V
\
A

. We study the parameterized complexity of this problem with parameters |A|, $$\ell $$
ℓ
, k, treewidth, pathwidth, and their combinations. We present sharp complexity contrasts with respect to these parameters. Among other results, we show that the problem is polynomial-time solvable when $$\ell \le 3$$

ℓ
≤
3

, while it is NP-complete for constant $$\ell \ge 4$$

ℓ
≥
4

. We also show that the problem is W[1]-hard parameterized by pathwidth$${}+|A|$$

+
|
A
|

, while it is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by treewidth$${}+\ell $$

+
ℓ

. Additionally, we study a variant called Short A-Path Packing that asks to find k vertex-disjoint paths of length at most$$\ell $$
ℓ
. We show that all our positive results on the exact-length version can be translated to this version and show the hardness of the cases where |A| or $$\ell $$
ℓ
is a constant.
Cranium of an Eocene/Oligocene pheasant-sized galliform bird from western North America, with the description of a vascular autapomorphy of the Galliformes
Authors: Mayr Gerald , Goedert James L. , Rabenstein Renate 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe describe the fossil cranium of a pheasant-sized galliform land bird from latest Eocene or earliest Oligocene marine rocks of the Jansen Creek Member, Makah Formation (Washington State, USA), which is the only three-dimensionally preserved cranium of a Paleogene representative of the Galliformes. The specimen was freed from a hard calcareous nodule with dilute formic acid. Micro-computed tomography provided further osteological details and a virtual cranial endocast. The fossil exhibits a plesiomorphic temporal morphology, lacking an ossified aponeurosis zygomatica, a feature characterizing some extant Cracidae and most Odontophoridae and Phasianidae. Overall, the fossil is most similar to the skull of the Asian phasianid taxonArborophila, but this resemblance may well be plesiomorphic for a more inclusive clade. Still, we consider it possible that the fossil represents an archaic member of the Phasianoidea, in which case it would be the earliest record of this taxon from the New World. The fossil exhibits a previously unnoticed cranial autapomorphy of galliforms, a foramen in the temporal region that enables the vena profunda to enter the braincase, for which the name foramen temporale venosum is here introduced. Consistently present in all studied extant galliform taxa and absent in all other extant birds, this foramen enables a vascular connection between the brain and the ophthalmic rete, the latter playing an important role in thermoregulation of the avian brain.
The Janus-Faced Nature of Philosophy of Science: Eleven Theses
Authors: Buzzoni Marco 
Published: October 2021

AbstractElsewhere I have tried to provide the justification of both the irreducible (transcendental) distinction of science and philosophy and their inevitable (naturalistic) complementarity. Unlike empirical science, philosophy has no limit whatever as far as its possible objects are concerned. To say that there is no limit whatever to the possible objects of philosophy is to say that, strictly speaking, it has no object at all and must find its object outside itself, that is, in common sense knowledge and the natural and human sciences. Against the background of this conception, the paper argues that philosophy of science, as a critical reflection on common sense knowledge and the natural or human sciences, inherits from philosophy in general this two-faced Janus nature, which in the philosophy of science shapes the epistemological status of the discipline in an even more prominent way. To show this in detail, the paper enunciates eleven theses that derive from the intimate connection of unity and distinction that exists between philosophy of science on the one hand and the particular and specialized scientific knowledge on the other.
β-Hydroxybutyrate Exacerbates Hypoxic Injury by Inhibiting HIF-1α-Dependent Glycolysis in Cardiomyocytes—Adding Fuel to the Fire?
Authors: Ma Xiurui , Dong Zhen , Liu Jingyi , Ma Leilei , Sun Xiaolei , Gao Rifeng , Pan Lihong , Zhang Jinyan , A Dilan , An Jian , Hu Kai , Sun Aijun , Ge Junbo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeKetone body oxidation yields more ATP per mole of consumed oxygen than glucose. However, whether an increased ketone body supply in hypoxic cardiomyocytes and ischemic hearts is protective or not remains elusive. The goal of this study is to determine the effect of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), the main constituent of ketone bodies, on cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions and the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) on cardiac function in a myocardial infarction (MI) mouse model.MethodsHuman peripheral blood collected from patients with acute myocardial infarction and healthy volunteers was used to detect the level of β-OHB. N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEFs) were measured to study the relationship between plasma β-OHB and cardiac function. Adult mouse cardiomyocytes and MI mouse models fed a KD were used to research the effect of β-OHB on cardiac damage. qPCR, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the interaction between β-OHB and glycolysis. Live/dead cell staining and imaging, lactate dehydrogenase, Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, echocardiography, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were performed to evaluate the cardiomyocyte death, cardiac function, and infarct sizes.Resultsβ-OHB level was significantly higher in acute MI patients and MI mice. Treatment with β-OHB exacerbated cardiomyocyte death and decreased glucose absorption and glycolysis under hypoxic conditions. These effects were partially ameliorated by inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) degradation via roxadustat administration in hypoxia-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, β-OHB metabolisms were obscured in cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, MI mice fed a KD exhibited exacerbated cardiac dysfunction compared with control chow diet (CD)-fed MI mice.ConclusionElevated β-OHB levels may be maladaptive to the heart under hypoxic/ischemic conditions. Administration of roxadustat can partially reverse these harmful effects by stabilizing HIF-1α and inducing a metabolic shift toward glycolysis for energy production.
Monitoring for glaucoma progression with SAP, electroretinography (PERG and PhNR) and OCT
Authors: Cvenkel Barbara , Sustar Maja , Perovšek Darko 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the value of pattern electroretinography (PERG) and photopic negative response (PhNR) in monitoring glaucoma compared to standard clinical tests (standard automated perimetry (SAP) and clinical optic disc assessment) and structural measurements using spectral-domain OCT.

Methods
A prospective study included 32 subjects (32 eyes) with ocular hypertension, suspect or early glaucoma monitored for progression with clinical examination, SAP, PERG, PhNR and OCT for at least 4 years. Progression was defined clinically by the documented change of the optic disc and/or significant visual field progression (EyeSuite™ trend analysis). One eye per patient was included in the analysis.

Results
During the follow-up, 13 eyes (40.6%) showed progression, whereas 19 remained stable. In the progressing group, all parameters showed significant worsening over time, except for the PhNR, whereas in the stable group only the OCT parameters showed a significant decrease at the last visit. The trend of change over time using linear regression was steepest for the OCT parameters. At baseline, only the ganglion cell complex (GCC) and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre (pRNFL) thicknesses significantly discriminated between the stable and progressing eyes with the area under the ROC curve of 0.72 and 0.71, respectively. The inter-session variability for the first two visits in the stable group was lower for OCT (% limits of agreement within ± 17.4% of the mean for pRNFL and ± 3.6% for the GCC thicknesses) than for ERG measures (within ± 35.9% of the mean for PERG N95 and ± 59.9% for PhNR). The coefficient of variation for repeated measurements in the stable group was 11.9% for PERG N95 and 23.6% for the PhNR, while it was considerably lower for all OCT measures (5.6% for pRNFL and 1.7% for GCC thicknesses).

Conclusions
Although PERG and PhNR are sensitive for early detection of glaucomatous damage, they have limited usefulness in monitoring glaucoma progression in clinical practice, mainly due to high inter-session variability. On the contrary, OCT measures show low inter-session variability and might have a predicting value for early discrimination of progressing cases.
A systematic literature review of the current discussion on mathematical modelling competencies: state-of-the-art developments in conceptualizing, measuring, and fostering
Authors: Cevikbas Mustafa , Kaiser Gabriele , Schukajlow Stanislaw 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMathematical modelling competencies have become a prominent construct in research on the teaching and learning of mathematical modelling and its applications in recent decades; however, current research is diverse, proposing different theoretical frameworks and a variety of research designs for the measurement and fostering of modelling competencies. The study described in this paper was a systematic literature review of the literature on modelling competencies published over the past two decades. Based on a full-text analysis of 75 peer-reviewed studies indexed in renowned databases and published in English, the study revealed the dominance of an analytical, bottom-up approach for conceptualizing modelling competencies and distinguishing a variety of sub-competencies. Furthermore, the analysis showed the great richness of methods for measuring modelling competencies, although a focus on (non-standardized) tests prevailed. Concerning design and offering for fostering modelling competencies, the majority of the papers reported training strategies for modelling courses. Overall, the current literature review pointed out the necessity for further theoretical work on conceptualizing mathematical modelling competencies while highlighting the richness of developed empirical approaches and their implementation at various educational levels.
“Tell me about”: a logbook of teachers’ changes from face-to-face to distance mathematics education
Authors: Albano Giovanna , Antonini Samuele , Coppola Cristina , Dello Iacono Umberto , Pierri Anna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn 2020, the emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic brought a drastic and sudden change in teaching practices, from the physical space of the classrooms to the virtual space of an e-environment. In this paper, through a qualitative analysis of 44 collected essays composed by Italian mathematics teachers from primary school to undergraduate level during the spring of 2020, we investigate how the Italian teachers perceived the changes due to the unexpected transition from a face-to-face setting to distance education. The analysis is carried out through a double theoretical lens, one concerning the whole didactic system where the knowledge at stake is mathematics and the other regarding affective aspects. The integration of the two theoretical perspectives allows us to identify key elements and their relations in the teachers’ narratives and to analyze how teachers have experienced and perceived the dramatic, drastic, and sudden change. The analysis shows the process going from the disruption of the educational setting to the teachers’ discovery of key aspects of the didactic system including the teacher’s roles, a reflection on mathematics and its teaching, and the attempt to reconstruct the didactic system in a new way.
Exploring the link between star and planet formation with Ariel
Authors: Turrini Diego , Codella Claudio , Danielski Camilla , Fedele Davide , Fonte Sergio , Garufi Antonio , Guarcello Mario Giuseppe , Helled Ravit , Ikoma Masahiro , Kama Mihkel , Kimura Tadahiro , Kruijssen J. M. Diederik , Maldonado Jesus , Miguel Yamila , Molinari Sergio , Nikolaou Athanasia , Oliva Fabrizio , Panić Olja , Pignatari Marco , Podio Linda , Rickman Hans , Schisano Eugenio , Shibata Sho , Vazan Allona , Wolkenberg Paulina 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe goal of the Ariel space mission is to observe a large and diversified population of transiting planets around a range of host star types to collect information on their atmospheric composition. The planetary bulk and atmospheric compositions bear the marks of the way the planets formed: Ariel’s observations will therefore provide an unprecedented wealth of data to advance our understanding of planet formation in our Galaxy. A number of environmental and evolutionary factors, however, can affect the final atmospheric composition. Here we provide a concise overview of which factors and effects of the star and planet formation processes can shape the atmospheric compositions that will be observed by Ariel, and highlight how Ariel’s characteristics make this mission optimally suited to address this very complex problem.