bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Evaluation of Eichhornia crassipes and Pennisetum purpureum used for Production of Drilling Mud Additives
Authors: Emenike I. U. , Osuji Leo C. , Onojake M. C. 
Published: August 2021

Cellulose isolated from Eichhornia crassipe (Water hyacinth) and Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy and standard analytical methods for production of drilling mud. The physico-chemical analyses were carried out after chlorination and alkaline process using sodium chlorite and sodium hydroxide for the extraction of cellulose from the two biomass samples under same experimental conditions. Results of physico-chemical analysis of Eichhornia crassipes showed pH: 7.30; conductivity 0.028; bulk density 0.1097g/ml. Pennisetum purpureum showed pH: 7.50; conductivity 0.192; bulk density 0.1378g/ml. Pennisetum purpureum has a higher cellulose yield of 31.39% compared with Eichhornia crassipes with a percentage cellulose yield of 21.88%. Both biomass samples have Herzberg strain of Violet-blue. The results of the Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy showed prominent peaks at 3353-3164, 1655, 1629, 1320, 1033 and 1019 cm-1. The broad absorption bands around 3353-3164 cm-1 indicated stretching of –OH groups due to inter-molecular and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds of polymeric compounds. The sharp bands at 1655 cm-1 and 1629 cm-1 showed C=C stretch of aromatics. The sharp absorption bands observed at 1320, 1019 and 1033 cm-1 were characteristic of C—O stretch and C—O—C asymmetric stretch of cellulose. The FTIR results proved that the products extracted from the two samples were aromatic hydroxyl compounds. The results of the physicochemical analyses showed that cellulose isolated from the biomass samples which are persistent noxious weeds that invade the aquatic and terrestrial environment can be utilized in industrial applications for drilling fluid production.
Diagnosis of Senile Amyloidosis by Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy and Cell Block from Abdominal Fat Pad
Authors: Bhake Arvind , Kharche Kaustubh 
Published: August 2021

Background: Amyloidosis is menacingly increasing medical problem in aging population across globe. Its clinical presentation is varied. Its laboratory diagnosis often requires biopsy material. The fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC, FNAB) offers dependable diagnostic alternative to cumbersome biopsy. Present protocol describes the FNAC of abdominal pad of fat as surrogate site for diagnosis of senile systemic amyloidosis avoiding biopsy other known sites.
Aim: To study diagnostic accuracy of subcutaneous abdominal fat tissue fine needle aspiration cytology/biopsy for detecting systemic (senile) amyloidosis and its utility in clinical practice.
Objectives:

To diagnose systemic amyloidosis (senile) by fine needle aspiration cytology/biopsy of abdominal fat pad on crush smears of aspirates and cell blocks.
To correlate the diagnosis of deposits of amyloid with the clinical manifestations in specific and non specific clinical manifestations of amyloidosis.

To know the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of amyloid deposition on fine needle aspiration cytology/biopsy of abdominal fat pad in comparison to the results of cell block preparations.

Methodology: A prospective study carried out to compare results of FNAC of abdominal pad of fat with paraffin embedded cell block in diagnosis of amyloidosis in suspected cases of cases of senile systemic amyloidosis. Technical adopted methods to be used are regular tissue stains, congo red stain and polarized microscopy.
Expected Results: It is expected that results of study will establish FNAC of abdominal pad of fat as dependable office diagnostic procedure that would avoid complicated biopsy procedures of gastrointestinal tissue, skin, bone marrow and others for senile systemic amyloidosis.
Preparation and Biological Evaluation of Silybin Liposomes for the Treatment of Liver Disorders
Authors: Gandey Saijyosthana , Aparna Vema , Kandarapu Raghupathi 
Published: August 2021

Aim: The aim of the present study was to develop silybin liposome by incorporating phosphatidyl choline & cholesterol so as to increase its oral bioavailability and liver targeted enhanced hepatoprotection.
Methodology: Thin film hydration technique was used for the development of liposomes by using phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol and drug. Liposomes were evaluated for vesicle size, zeta potential, PDI, encapsulation efficiency, surface morphology and in vitro drug release study. Further the optimized formulation was evaluated for APAP-induced alterations in liver and kidney function tests in rats and histopathological studies.
Results: The results were promising with a sustained drug release of 80% within 20hrs, optimized vesicle size of 276nm and 89% encapsulation efficiency. The animal studies demonstrated superior hepatoprotective effect compared to silybin solution.
Conclusion: The silybin liposomes showed better in-vitro release & in-vivo hepatoprotection along with better animal activity & improvement in histopathological changes as compared to silybin.
Study on Percutaneous Intramedullary Nailing In Adult Diaphyseal Humeral Fractures
Authors: Soomro Mohsin Aijaz , Silro Ajmal Khan , Baloch Raheel Akbar , Rehman Najeeb Ur. , Jokhio Muhammad Faraz , Keerio Niaz Hussain , Noor Syed Shahid 
Published: August 2021

Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate close fixation techniques for fractures of humerus via percutaneous intramedullary nailing.
Methodology: This was a prospective study, carried out in Suleman Roshan Medical College Tando Adam Pakistan from January 2019 to January 2020. About 60 patients with humeral shaft fractures were made part of this study with a follow-up period of about 1 to 2 years. The inclusion criteria were humeral fractures that were of less than 7 days prior to surgery, the displacement of fracture >20° in sagittal as well as coronal plane, and the distance measuring >2cm between the two fragments. All patients were treated via the closed fixation technique. Multiple nails that were slender as well as flexible (3-5) were used in the close fixation technique including rush nails (45 patients) and ender nails (15 patients). All the patients within their follow-up periods were evaluated for ROM, pain, or any kind of deformity, and all the patients were assessed radiographically to check the process of bone union.
Results: The outcome was analyzed before implant i.e at six months and after the implant was removed. About 86% patients (n= 52) revealed satisfactory outcomes at six months. About 5 patients revealed non-union or delayed union that was healed after 2nd surgery of bone grafting in 3 patients and injections associated with bone marrow in 2 patients. Stiffening of the shoulder was found to be a frequent complication that decreased significantly when the position of nail insertion was changed during the research.
Conclusion: The technique of intramedullary nailing displayed many benefits including minimum tissue stress, a quick surgery time, decreased period of hospital stay, and rapid bone union.
Designer Glasses—Future of Photonic Device Platforms
Authors: Fernandez Toney T. , Gross Simon , Privat Karen , Johnston Benjamin , Withford Michael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe intentional inclusion of key atomic elements in a purpose designed glass helps to achieve unprecedented control over the ultrafast laser written circular waveguide morphology and refractive index change. Behavioral response of glass constituents to ultrafast laser in 14 different commercial silicate glasses having various compositions are studied. Viscosity, aluminum to alkaline earth+alkali ratio, and total silicon content within the glass are the prime control factors for producing waveguides with high circularity and refractive index change. Drawing on this knowledge, the designer glass is successfully fabricated from an empirical formula that facilitates maintaining circular waveguide morphology, high refractive index over fast feed rates, and amorphous composition.
Organic Light‐Emitting Transistors in a Smart‐Integrated System for Plasmonic‐Based Sensing
Authors: Prosa Mario , Benvenuti Emilia , Kallweit David , Pellacani Paola , Toerker Michael , Bolognesi Margherita , Lopez‐Sanchez Laura , Ragona Vincenzo , Marabelli Franco , Toffanin Stefano 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe smart integration of multiple devices in a single functional unit is boosting the advent of compact optical sensors for on‐site analysis. Nevertheless, the development of miniaturized and cost‐effective plasmonic sensors is hampered by the strict angular constraints of the detection scheme, which are fulfilled through bulky optical components. Here, an ultracompact system for plasmonic‐sensing is demonstrated by the smart integration of an organic light‐emitting transistor (OLET), an organic photodiode (OPD), and a nanostructured plasmonic grating (NPG). The potential of OLETs, as planar multielectrode devices with inherent micrometer‐wide emission areas, offers the pioneer incorporation of an OPD onto the source electrode to obtain a monolithic photonic module endowed with light‐emitting and light‐detection characteristics at unprecedented lateral proximity of them. This approach enables the exploitation of the angle‐dependent sensing of the NPG in a miniaturized system based on low‐cost components, in which a reflective detection is enabled by the elegant fabrication of the NPG onto the encapsulation glass of the photonic module. The most effective layout of integration is unraveled by an advanced simulation tool, which allows obtaining an optics‐less plasmonic system able to perform a quantitative detection up to 10−2 RIU at a sensor size as low as 0.1 cm3.
Engineering the Dynamics of Cell Adhesion Cues in Supramolecular Hydrogels for Facile Control over Cell Encapsulation and Behavior
Authors: Diba Mani , Spaans Sergio , Hendrikse Simone I. S. , Bastings Maartje M. C. , Schotman Maaike J. G. , van Sprang Johnick F. , Wu Dan Jing , Hoeben Freek J. M. , Janssen Henk M. , Dankers Patricia Y. W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe extracellular matrix (ECM) forms through hierarchical assembly of small and larger polymeric molecules into a transient, hydrogel‐like fibrous network that provides mechanical support and biochemical cues to cells. Synthetic, fibrous supramolecular networks formed via non‐covalent assembly of various molecules are therefore potential candidates as synthetic mimics of the natural ECM, provided that functionalization with biochemical cues is effective. Here, combinations of slow and fast exchanging molecules that self‐assemble into supramolecular fibers are employed to form transient hydrogel networks with tunable dynamic behavior. Obtained results prove that modulating the ratio between these molecules dictates the extent of dynamic behavior of the hydrogels at both the molecular and the network level, which is proposed to enable effective incorporation of cell‐adhesive functionalities in these materials. Excitingly, the dynamic nature of the supramolecular components in this system can be conveniently employed to formulate multicomponent supramolecular hydrogels for easy culturing and encapsulation of single cells, spheroids, and organoids. Importantly, these findings highlight the significance of molecular design and exchange dynamics for the application of supramolecular hydrogels as synthetic ECM mimics.
Intracellular Dynamic Assembly of Deep‐Red Emitting Supramolecular Nanostructures Based on the Pt…Pt Metallophilic Interaction
Authors: Zhou Xue‐Quan , Mytiliniou Maria , Hilgendorf Jonathan , Zeng Ye , Papadopoulou Panagiota , Shao Yang , Dominguez Maximilian Paradiz , Zhang Liyan , Hesselberth Marcel B. S. , Bos Erik , Siegler Maxime A. , Buda Francesco , Brouwer Albert M. , Kros Alexander , Koning Roman I. , Heinrich Doris , Bonnet Sylvestre 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany drug delivery systems end up in the lysosome because they are built from covalent or kinetically inert supramolecular bonds. To reach other organelles, nanoparticles hence need to either be made from a kinetically labile interaction that allows re‐assembly of the nanoparticles inside the cell following endocytic uptake, or, be taken up by a mechanism that short‐circuits the classical endocytosis pathway. In this work, the intracellular fate of nanorods that self‐assemble via the Pt…Pt interaction of cyclometalated platinum(II) compounds, is studied. These deep‐red emissive nanostructures (638 nm excitation, ≈700 nm emission) are stabilized by proteins in cell medium. Once in contact with cancer cells, they cross the cell membrane via dynamin‐ and clathrin‐dependent endocytosis. However, time‐dependent confocal colocalization and cellular electron microscopy demonstrate that they directly move to mitochondria without passing by the lysosomes. Altogether, this study suggests that Pt…Pt interaction is strong enough to generate emissive, aggregated nanoparticles inside cells, but labile enough to allow these nanostructures to reach the mitochondria without being trapped in the lysosomes. These findings open new venues to the development of bioimaging nanoplatforms based on the Pt…Pt interaction.
Selective Catalysis Remedies Polysulfide Shuttling in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Hua Wuxing , Li Huan , Pei Chun , Xia Jingyi , Sun Yafei , Zhang Chen , Lv Wei , Tao Ying , Jiao Yan , Zhang Bingsen , Qiao Shi‐Zhang , Wan Ying , Yang Quan‐Hong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe shuttling of soluble lithium polysulfides between the electrodes leads to serious capacity fading and excess use of electrolyte, which severely bottlenecks practical use of Li‐S batteries. Here, selective catalysis is proposed as a fundamental remedy for the consecutive solid‐liquid‐solid sulfur redox reactions. The proof‐of‐concept Indium (In)‐based catalyst targetedly decelerates the solid‐liquid conversion, dissolution of elemental sulfur to polysulfides, while accelerates the liquid‐solid conversion, deposition of polysulfides into insoluble Li2S, which basically reduces accumulation of polysulfides in electrolyte, finally inhibiting the shuttle effect. The selective catalysis is revealed, experimentally and theoretically, by changes of activation energies and kinetic currents, modified reaction pathway together with the probed dynamically changing catalyst (LiInS2 catalyst), and gradual deactivation of the In‐based catalyst. The In‐based battery works steadily over 1000 cycles at 4.0 C and yields an initial areal capacity up to 9.4 mAh cm−2 with a sulfur loading of ≈9.0 mg cm−2.
Crystallization by Amorphous Particle Attachment: On the Evolution of Texture
Authors: Schoeppler Vanessa , Stier Deborah , Best Richard J. , Song Chengyu , Turner John , Savitzky Benjamin H. , Ophus Colin , Marcus Matthew A. , Zhao Shiteng , Bustillo Karen , Zlotnikov Igor 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCrystallization by particle attachment (CPA) is a gradual process where each step has its own thermodynamic and kinetic constrains defining a unique pathway of crystal growth. An important example is biomineralization of calcium carbonate through amorphous precursors that are morphed into shapes and textural patterns that cannot be envisioned by the classical monomer‐by‐monomer approach. Here, a mechanistic link between the collective kinetics of mineral deposition and the emergence of crystallographic texture is established. Using the prismatic ultrastructure in bivalve shells as a model, a fundamental leap is made in the ability to analytically describe the evolution of form and texture of biological mineralized tissues and to design the structure and crystallographic properties of synthetic materials formed by CPA.
Ultrastrong and Ductile Soft Magnetic High‐Entropy Alloys via Coherent Ordered Nanoprecipitates
Authors: Han Liuliu , Rao Ziyuan , Souza Filho Isnaldi R. , Maccari Fernando , Wei Ye , Wu Ge , Ahmadian Ali , Zhou Xuyang , Gutfleisch Oliver , Ponge Dirk , Raabe Dierk , Li Zhiming 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe lack of strength and damage tolerance can limit the applications of conventional soft magnetic materials (SMMs), particularly in mechanically loaded functional devices. Therefore, strengthening and toughening of SMMs is critically important. However, conventional strengthening concepts usually significantly deteriorate soft magnetic properties, due to Bloch wall interactions with the defects used for hardening. Here a novel concept to overcome this dilemma is proposed, by developing bulk SMMs with excellent mechanical and attractive soft magnetic properties through coherent and ordered nanoprecipitates (<15 nm) dispersed homogeneously within a face‐centered cubic matrix of a non‐equiatomic CoFeNiTaAl high‐entropy alloy (HEA). Compared to the alloy in precipitate‐free state, the alloy variant with a large volume fraction (>42%) of nanoprecipitates achieves significantly enhanced strength (≈1526 MPa) at good ductility (≈15%), while the coercivity is only marginally increased (<10.7 Oe). The ordered nanoprecipitates and the resulting dynamic microband refinement in the matrix significantly strengthen the HEAs, while full coherency between the nanoprecipitates and the matrix leads at the same time to the desired insignificant pinning of the magnetic domain walls. The findings provide guidance for developing new high‐performance materials with an excellent combination of mechanical and soft magnetic properties as needed for the electrification of transport and industry.
Regioregular Narrow‐Bandgap n‐Type Polymers with High Electron Mobility Enabling Highly Efficient All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Huiliang , Liu Bin , Ma Yunlong , Lee Jin‐Woo , Yang Jie , Wang Junwei , Li Yongchun , Li Bangbang , Feng Kui , Shi Yongqiang , Zhang Baohua , Han Dongxue , Meng Hong , Niu Li , Kim Bumjoon J. , Zheng Qingdong , Guo Xugang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNarrow‐bandgap n‐type polymers with high electron mobility are urgently demanded for the development of all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). Here, two regioregular narrow‐bandgap polymer acceptors, L15 and MBTI, with two electron‐deficient segments are synthesized by copolymerizing two dibrominated fused‐ring electron acceptors (FREA) with distannylated aromatic imide, respectively. Taking full advantage of the FREA and the imide, both polymer acceptors show narrow bandgap and high electron mobility. Benefiting from the more extended absorption, better backbone ordering, and higher electron mobility than those of its regiorandom analog, the L15‐based all‐PSC yields a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.2% when blended with the polymer donor PM6. More importantly, MBTI incorporating a benzothiophene‐core FREA segment shows relatively higher frontier molecular orbital levels than L15, forming a cascade‐like energy level alignment with L15 and PM6. Based on this, ternary all‐PSCs are designed where MBTI is introduced as a guest into the PM6:L15 host system. Thanks to further optimal blend morphology and more balanced charge transport, the PCE is improved up to 16.2%, which is among the highest values for all‐PSCs. The results demonstrate that combining an FREA and an aromatic imide to construct regioregular narrow‐bandgap polymer acceptors provides an effective approach to fabricate highly efficient all‐PSCs.
Antisolvent Engineering to Optimize Grain Crystallinity and Hole‐Blocking Capability of Perovskite Films for High‐Performance Photovoltaics
Authors: Huang Yulan , Liu Tanghao , Wang Bingzhe , Li Jielei , Li Dongyang , Wang Guoliang , Lian Qing , Amini Abbas , Chen Shi , Cheng Chun , Xing Guichuan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWith potential commercial applications, inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received wide‐spread attentions as they are compatible with tandem devices and processed at low‐temperature. Nevertheless, their efficiencies remain unsatisfactory due to insufficient film quality on hydrophobic hole transport layer and limited hole‐blocking capability of the electron transport layer. Herein, 1,3,5‐Tris(1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)benzene (TPBi), an n‐type semiconductor, is incorporated into the antisolvent to simultaneously regulate the grain growth and charge transport of perovskite films. TPBi facilitates the crystallization of perovskites along (100) orientation. Besides, TPBi is mainly distributed near the top surface of perovskite film and enhances the hole‐blocking capability of the area adjacent to the surface. The superior properties of this film lead to a remarkable improvement in the open‐circuit voltage of inverted PSCs. The champion device achieves a high power conversion efficiency of 21.79% while keeping ≈92% of its initial value after 1000 h storage in the ambient atmosphere. This work provides an effective way to evidently promote the performance of inverted PSCs and illustrates its underlaying mechanism.
Interplay between Spin‐Orbit Torques and Dzyaloshinskii‐Moriya Interactions in Ferrimagnetic Amorphous Alloys
Authors: Quessab Yassine , Xu Jun‐Wen , Morshed Md Golam , Ghosh Avik W. , Kent Andrew D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFerrimagnetic thin films are attractive for low‐power spintronic applications because of their low magnetization, small angular momentum, and fast spin dynamics. Spin orbit torques (SOT) can be applied with proximal heavy metals that also generate interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions (DMI), which can stabilize ultrasmall skyrmions and enable fast domain wall motion. Here, the properties of a ferrimagnetic CoGd alloy between two heavy metals to increase the SOT efficiency, while maintaining a significant DMI is studied. SOT switching for various capping layers and alloy compositions shows that Pt/CoGd/(W or Ta) films enable more energy‐efficient SOT magnetization switching than Pt/CoGd/Ir. Spin‐torque ferromagnetic resonance confirms that Pt/CoGd/W has the highest spin‐Hall angle of 16.5%, hence SOT efficiency, larger than Pt/CoGd/(Ta or Ir). Density functional theory calculations indicate that CoGd films capped by W or Ta have the largest DMI energy, 0.38 and 0.32 mJ m−2, respectively. These results show that Pt/CoGd/W is a very promising ferrimagnetic structure to achieve small skyrmions and to move them efficiently with current.
Quantitative Nanomechanical Analysis of Small Extracellular Vesicles for Tumor Malignancy Indication
Authors: Ye Siyuan , Li Wenzhe , Wang Huayi , Zhu Ling , Wang Chen , Yang Yanlian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe nanomechanical properties of tumor‐derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are essential to cancer progression. Here, nanoindentation is utilized on atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantitatively investigate the nanomechanical properties of human breast cancer cell‐derived sEVs at single vesicle level and explore their relationship with tumor malignancy and vesicle size. It is demonstrated that the stiffness of the sEVs results from the combined contribution of the bending modulus and osmotic pressure of the sEVs. The stiffness and osmotic pressure increase with increasing malignancy of the sEVs and decrease with increasing size of the sEVs. The bending modulus decreases with increasing malignancy of the sEVs and is lower in smaller sEVs. This study builds relationship between the nanomechanical signature of the sEV and tumor malignancy, adding information for better understanding cancer mechanobiology.