bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychotropic Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Segal Sydney , Pruitt Albert W. , Anyan Walter R. , Hill Reba M. , Kauffman Ralph E. , Mofenson Howard C. , Shinefield Henry R. , Singer Harvey S. , Weinberger Miles M. , Ballin John C. , Catz Charlotte , Farchione Louis , Freeman Martha M. , Frigoletto Fred , Licata Sam A. , Oakley Godfrey , Sawchuk Steven , Smith Dorothy L. , Soyka Lester F. 
Published: December 2021

Accurate prediction of fetal/neonatal risks following maternal psychotropic drug consumption by the human will require much additional study. Based upon our present understanding of fetal exposure to psychotropic drugs, there would appear to be an increased risk for spontaneous malformations in the case of lithium. There have been inconsistent reports of structural abnormalities following exposure to phenothiazines and benzodiazepines. In animal models that demonstrate structural changes due to neuroleptic exposure, in general, extremely large dosages of medication had been given. Thus, their correlative value is limited.
Behavioral alterations in animals following drug exposure during pregnancy tend to support increased concerns about the safety of psychotropic drugs for the fetus but cannot be used alone in making a final decision. Behavioral studies evaluating drugs in breast milk have been restricted to experimental animals; hence, the associated risks from this form of drug dosing in man remain unknown. At present, neither gross anatomic nor motor side effects have been apparent in the infant. The question of the development of subtle behavioral changes as a long-term consequence will remain undetermined until careful assessments have been completed.
New Evidence on Diet in Hyperkinesis
Authors: Arnold L. Eugene , Nemzer Elaine 
Published: December 2021

We wish to draw the attention of practicing pediatricians to two recent studies that converge on some important clinical implications for management of attention deficit disorder (ADD, hyperkinesis, MBD).
Prinz and associates1 found in a sample of hyperkinetic and normal children that destructive-aggressive and restless behavior significantly correlated with the amount of sugar consumed by a child, with the ratio of sugar products to other foods, and perhaps most importantly, with the ratio of carbohydrate to protein in the diet.
THE DREADFUL OUTCOME OF EXPOSING CHILDREN TO DANCING AND MUSIC, AS VIEWED IN 1583
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Philip Stubbes (fl. 1583-1591), and English Puritan pamphleteer, in his The Anatomie of Abuses (1583), denounced the evil consequences of teaching dancing and music to children as follows:
If you would have your son soft, womanish, unclean, smooth-mouth, affected to bawdry, scurrility, filthy rimes, and unseemly talking; briefly if you would have him, as it were, transnatured into a woman or worse, and inclined to all kinds of whoredom and abomination, set him to dancing school and to learn music, and then you shall not fail of your purpose. And if you would have your daughter riggish, bawdry and unclean, and a filthy speaker, and suchlike, bring her up in music and dancing and my life for yours, you have won the goal.1
PURULENT OPHTHALMIA IN THE CHILDREN'S ASYLUM OF THE PHILADELPHIA ALMSHOUSE IN 1836
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Alfred Stillé (1813-1900), professor of the theory and practice of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania from 1864 to 1883, vividly described his experiences as a young intern in 1836 when he lived for six months in the children's asylum of the Philadelphia Almshouse.
It was a very interesting field for me from a humanitarian as well as a medical point of view. A hundred or more children [Stillé was the only house officer] were sheltered there on their way to the early grave to which most of them were destined. Illegitimate and other outcasts formed the majority, and ophthalmia, that curse of children's asylums, made of them a blear-eyed, puny crowd, most pitiable to see. I soon became convinced of the causes that produced the crippling and mortality of these outcasts and waifs. I pointed out to the committee of the board how the disease was disseminated by the children washing in the same basins and using the same towels, and how it was maintained by their having no shaded placed for exercise in the open air, and also by the insufficient food permitted them; for if the soup which they received one day was nutritious, the meat of which the soup had been made, and which formed their dinner on the following day, must necessarily be nearly devoid of nutriment. But of course, the committee on the children's asylum and the guardians knew better than I, and at the time, at least, nothing was done to correct this wrong.1
Cross-Cultural Perspectives in Child Abuse
Authors: Kempe C. Henry 
Published: December 2021

Cross-cultural perspectives in the field of child abuse and neglect are largely lacking. In many countries, not much is published about child rearing and about possible child abuse and neglect. One or two official statistics are not adequate to show a low incidence of these conditions. Thirty years ago child abuse in the industrial world was thought to be uncommon. Only active public and professional concern led to the emergence of a truer picture of all forms of child abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional and nutritional failure to thrive owing to maternal deprivation.
Child rearing is the essential element in the transmission of culture in any group or society.
Aplastic Anemia and Down's Syndrome
Authors: McWilliams Nancy B. , Dunn Nancy L. 
Published: December 2021

The first case report of aplastic anemia in Down's syndrome (Weinblatt ME, Higgins G, Ortega JA: Aplastic anemia in Down's syndrome. Pediatrics 67:896, 1981) may stir up a flurry of other such case reports.
We are studying a 27-month-old black girl with a 47,XX + 21 karyotype who had been doing well following repair of an endocardial cushion defect at age 10 months, until she was seen with petechiae and purpura at age 19 months.
Persistent Anterior Fontanel in a Normal Child: Case Report
Authors: Davidson Robin I. , Klineman P. 
Published: December 2021

Persistence of the anterior fontanel has been described in a variety of congenital and metabolic disorders, but to our knowledge there is no recorded discussion of failure of closure of this structure in an otherwise normal child. We recently encountered a 3½-year-old patient whose anterior fontanel was widely patent without evidence of abnormal membranous bone formation, underlying cortical dysgenetic problems, or failure of normal physical and intellectual development.
CASE REPORT
This 3½-year-old white girl, the product of a normal gestation, was referred for continued patency of the anterior fontanel. The child was totally asymptomatic. On examination, a pulsatile irregular 5x6-cm anterior fontanel was noted.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Chilton Lance 
Published: December 2021

I appreciate the comments on my recent article on reducing prescription costs. In revising and shortening the paper prior to publication I removed many of the caveats to the use of "quantity discounting." Snodgrass has pointed them out: fear of abuse of a large quantity of medication and pricing the medication out of an immediately affordable range even if the total cost over time is reduced.
It is clear that chronically used medications are more likely to be amenable to "quantity discounting"—for them, savings can occasionally be considerable, as noted in the example given in the paper.
Climatic Heat Stress and the Exercising Child
Authors:   Committee on Sports Medicine, Shaffer Thomas E. , Flynn Thomas G. , Coryllos Elizabeth , Dyment Paul G. , Kennell John H. , Luckstead Eugene F. , McLeod Robert N. , Smith Nathan J. , Strong William B. , Thornton Melvin L. , Van Rooy Clemens W. , Murray John 
Published: December 2021

Heat-induced ifiness is preventable. Physicians, teachers, coaches, and parents must be made aware of the potential hazards of high-intensity exercise in hot climates and of the measures needed to prevent heat-related illness in preadolescents.
Because of the following morphologic and functional differences, exercising children do not adapt to extremes of temperature as effectively as adults when exposed to a high-climatic heat stress.1
1. Children have a greater surface area-mass ratio than adults, which induces a greater heat transfer between the environment and the body.
2. Children produce more metabolic heat per mass unit than adults when walking or running.2
3. Sweating capacity is not as great in children as in adults.3,4
4. The capacity to convey heat by blood from the body core to the skin is reduced in the exercising child.4,5
The foregoing characteristics do not interfere with the ability of the exercising child to dissipate heat effectively in a neutral or mildly warm climate. However, when air temperature exceeds skin temperature, children have less tolerance to exercise than do adults. The greater the temperature gradient between the air and the skin, the greater the effect on the child.4,6,7
Upon transition to a warmer climate, any exercising individual must allow time for conditioning for heat (acclimatization). Intense and prolonged exercise undertaken before acclimatization may be detrimental to health and might even lead to fatal heat stroke.8 Although children can acclimatize to exercise in the heat,6,9 the rate of their acclimatization is slower than that of adults.1 Therefore, a child will need more exposures to the new climate to sufficiently acclimatize.
Lactose Breath Hydrogen Test
Authors: Sheps Sam 
Published: December 2021

The recent article by Barr et al, "Mucosal Function and Breath Hydrogen Excretion: Comparative Studies in the Clinical Evaluation of Children with Nonspecific Abdominal Complaints" (Pediatrics 68:526, 1981), provided some useful data on the utility of the lactose breath hydrogen test (LBHT) for the diagnosis of lactase deficiency in children with nonspecific abdominal complaints. However, two comments are in order.
1. Because new diagnostic tests must be compared to a "gold standard" test for evaluative purposes, the meat of this article resides in table 3, in which a LBHT is compared with lactase activity demonstrated on biopsy material.
In Reply: Testing and Stuffing Cotton Balls in Your Ears
Authors: Paradise Jack L. 
Published: December 2021

Desch and Laskowski make an important point in reminding us that developmental test results may not be valid if, at the time of testing, the subject's hearing is sufficiently impaired to interfere with comprehension of test instructions. This point is germane to the class of studies termed group A in my review,1 and does raise questions about the linguistic and cognitive impairments described among subjects in those studies.
However, the principal focus of my review was the group of studies termed group B, which involved children whose hearing acuity presumably had been impaired early in life, but was no longer appreciably impaired at the time of developmental testing.
Subgaleal Hemorrhage in Infants with Hemophilia: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Rohyans Jo Ann , Miser Angela W. , Miser James S. 
Published: December 2021

Hemorrhage in the newborn period in infants with hemophilia is rarely seen except in those children undergoing circumcision.1 Although reported in only five infants since 1960, scalp hemorrhage in newborn infants with hemophilia may be life-threatening.2-5 We have recently seen two infants with severe hemophilia A; each had a life-threatening subgaleal hematoma in the newborn period. Consumptive coagulopathy complicated the clinical and diagnostic evaluation in one case.
CASE REPORTS
Case 1
K. J. was a 3,370-gm infant born at 42 weeks' gestation by a forceps delivery after a prolonged labor with oxytocin (Pitocin) augmentation. In the first hours of life, a hematoma was noted over the right parietal area.
The Environmental Consequences of Tobacco Smoking: Implications for Public Policies That Affect the Health of Children
Authors: Finberg Laurence , Garfunkel Joseph M. , Gehlbach Stephen H. , Graef John W. , Hanson James W. , Heavenrich Robert M. , Mauss Irving H. , Stevenson John L. 
Published: December 2021

The human health consequences of cigarette smoking have been more thoroughly studied than those of any other environment exposure. According to the 1979 publication, Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General,1 and the 1982 Surgeon General's Report on the Health Consequences of Smoking,2 specific mortality ratios are directly proportional to the years of cigarette smoking, and they are higher for those who initiated smoking at younger ages. Smoking contributes to mortality from lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and non-neoplastic bronchopulmonary disease; and it increases the risk of cancer from exposure to other carcinogens, such as asbestos. Birth weight and fetal growth may also be adversely affected by smoking during pregnancy. Despite their efforts to educate young patients about the dangers of smoking, it is alarming to pediatricians that the incidence of daily smoking among high school seniors is still 20%.2
Although the direct effects of cigarette smoking on the smoker are generally accepted, and less attention has been paid to the environmental hazard created by smokers for the nonsmoker, these effects also are addressed in the Surgeon General's report. Tobacco and tobacco smoke act as antigens and sensitize T lymphocytes. The lighted cigarette generates approximately 4,000 compounds, including gases and particulate phases. Cigarette smoking in enclosed areas can produce concentrations of carbon monoxide well above the ambient air quality standard, even when ventilation is otherwise adequate. In comparison with children of nonsmokers, children of parents who smoke have more bronchitis and pneumonia and reduced pulmonary function. Nonsmokers who are chronially exposed to tobacco smoke have reduced function of small airways comparable to that found in light smokers.
Hairy Ears
Authors: Woods David L. , Malan Attis F. 
Published: December 2021

We read with interest the recent paper by Rafaat1 describing hypertrichosis pinnae in infants born to diabetic women. We have noted the association for many years and have illustrated the observation in an article relating the adequacy of maternal diabetic control to patterns of fetal growth.2 Although the degree of hirsutism increases with poor diabetic control, even infants born to well controlled diabetics commonly have hairy ears.
Not all infants with excessive hair growth on their pinnae are born to diabetic women, however; hairy ears may be an inherited trait3 and they are common in Asians.4
Phenobarbital and Cognitive Function
Authors: Schain Richard J. , Dreisbach Melanie 
Published: December 2021

The article by Wolf et al1 describes the performance of children on a battery of psychometric tasks. The study is an important one since it attempts to evaluate the effects of phenobarbital on cognitive abilities of preschool aged children. This topic has been neglected even though phenobarbital has been freely administered to children for prophylaxis against febrile seizures.
The authors state that no impairment of cognitive function was observed in children who received daily phenobarbital for a period of years.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Shapiro Gail G. , Koup Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2021

In response to the letter by Kirshenbaum and Frick, we have the following comments:
First, calculation of the upper and lower limits of the dosage requirement (mg/kg/day) as stated in our paper was correct. One need only be aware that 10 µg/ml equals 10 mg/liter and that there are only 1,000 µg/mg not 1,000,000 as suggested by Kirshenbaum and Frick. Thus, the dosage limits are 7.5 to 54 mg/kg/day.
Second, the doses shown in the table were prescribed on the basis of "nearest fit" timed-release preparation available at the time of the study.
Water-Soluble Vitamin D in Human Milk: A Myth
Authors: Little Joseph A. 
Published: December 2021

I was happy to read the report from Greer et al.1 This biochemically confirms the clinical observation that the majority of children who develop clinical rickets are breast-fed. During the ten years, 1970-1979, I have seen six cases of clinical rickets. All of these infants were breast-fed.2 The only exception has been the rickets of prematurity.
I should like to commend, again, the report from the Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry of the University of Wisconsin.
Tuberculosis Returns
Authors: Leggiadro Robert J. , Laaly Farah Olga 
Published: December 2021

We read with interest "Apparent Resurgence of Tuberculosis in Urban Children" by Inselman et al.1 The authors emphasized the continued need for routine tuberculin skin testing in children, especially those in high-risk areas. We agree and wish to underscore further aspects of tuberculosis control.
Our recent experience at a suburban county hospital serves to remind the clinician that aggressive identification and appropriate management of close contacts of patients with active tuberculosis remain critically important in terms of individual morbidity and mortality and optimal control of the disease.2
Neonatal Hospice Program
Authors: Whitfield Jonathan M. , Glicken Anita , Harmon Robert , Siegel Roberta , Butterfield L. Joseph 
Published: December 2021

We wish to comment on the editorial by Silverman (A hospice setting for humane neonatal death, Pediatrics 69:239, 1982), which we find both insightful and timely. We feel we must take issue with some of Silverman's statements. Over the last 3½ years we have actively incorporated hospice concepts into our neonatal program at Denver Children's Hospital, creating a so-called Neonatal Hospice Program.
1. We agree that health care professionals involved in neonatal intensive care tend to be oriented to "rescue" care; however, in our own experience we have found that with adequate training not only are the staff members open, but often they are very willing to switch from a rescue to palliative mode of treatment in the appropriate circumstances.
Pharyngeal Gonorrhea
Authors: EMANS S. JEAN 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The article "Screening for Pharyngeal Gonorrhea in the Urban Teenager"1 is clearly of value to pediatricians. However, I believe the final conclusion of the paper, which advocates routine culture for pharyngeal gonorrhea "whenever genital cultures are collected," is premature. As a single culture for gonorrhea is currently $18 in our laboratory, triplicate screening cultures of the pharynx, rectum, and cervix would be a financial burden to most asymptomatic adolescents in a low-risk setting (asymptomatic rate 1% to 2%).
Extended Contact After Birth: Time-Controlled or Self-Regulatory?
Authors: ANDERSON GENE CRANSTON 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Lamb has written a thought-provoking article in which he reviewed the research on early contact and maternalinfant bonding.1 He concluded that the methodologies were impoverished and the conclusions were based on equivocal findings. Although his critique merits consideration, it is important to realize that the contact opportunities were self-regulatory in only one of the many studies he reviewed.2 In the context of birth, self-regulatory means that the mother and infant remain together after birth in the same bed, or at least adjacent ones, and are allowed to interact with each other on cue and to satiety.
Extended Contact After Birth: Time-Controlled or Self-Regulatory?
Authors: LAMB MICHAEL E. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Anderson may indeed be correct in arguing that the opportunity for self-regulatory extended contact positively affects the process of mother-neonate bonding. However, the only relevant study1 cited contains a methodologic flaw, which makes the results uninterpretable.2 Confounds like this cannot simply be ignored just because we like the tenor of the results. Thus the issue remains open—neither proven nor disproven. It should also be noted that the direct effects of self-regulatory extended contact, if they exist, are likely to be temporary.
Central Venous Catheter Complications
Authors: DOLCOURT JACK L. , BOSE CARL L. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
We thank Hoelzer and L'Hommedieu for their comments and for pointing out that subclavian catheters are capable of lasting as long as the percutaneously placed central Silastic catheter (PCSC).1,2 The median duration for PCSC usage in our series3 was 21 days.
For us, the diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome is only suspected in the presence of differential upper body edema. The diagnosis of right atrial thrombosis is not likely to be made by us without clinical signs of venous obstruction as echocardiograms are not routinely performed.
Flaws in Study of Management of Children with Febrile Illness
Authors: LEDUC D. G. , PLESS I. BARRY 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
In general, we agree with the criticism raised by Soman and by the Journal Club in Minneapolis. The "bottom line" of our paper is that there were no significant differences between the outcomes in the two groups. However, whenever a study involves relatively small samples the possibility of a type II error, due to lack of statistical power, must always be considered. The differences to which we called the readers' attention would have been statistically significant (with β set at .5) if the samples were as large as 375.
Aminophylline Confusion
Authors: WEINBERGER MILES 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Patano has identified an inconsistency in our position paper on the treatment of asthma in that the term aminophylline was used in place of theophylline. unfortunately, this is one more example of the confusion created by continuing to use the antiquated terminology for some traditional theophylline formulations that have been marketed as so-called "salts." The active ingredient in the formulation identified as "aminophylline" is theophylline, which makes up approximately 80% of the labeled aminophylline content.
Back Blows and Choking
Authors: MONTGOMERY WILLIAM H. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The special commentary by Heiemlich on first aid for choking children1 is filled with inaccuracies, is a gross distortion of real issues, and cannot go unanswered by the American Heart Association (AHA).
It was most appropriate to publish Day's scientific article on choking.2 It is studies such as this that assist the AHA is making recommendations for standards and guidelines in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for the professional and lay communities.
Contrary to Heimlich's statements, back blows are not death blows! Medical literature contains articles regarding their successful application,3 and there are literally hundreds of successful anecdotal cases.4
Back Blows and Choking
Authors: HEIMLICH HENRY J. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Day and colleagues1 at tye Yale University School of Medicine reported studies proving that back blows propel a foreign body downward and backward into the throat or larynx in a direction toward the lung at a force of 3 g. Day et attributed this finding to Newton's Third Law of Motion: "To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction." They conclude that, in a choking person, "in the case of a partial obstruction, a back blow could transform the situation into one of compleete blockage."
Environment, Genes, and Alcohol
Authors: CASEY PATRICK H. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The recent article by Golden et al1 on fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and infant development purpots to be a controlled study which suggests that infants with fetal alcohol effects can be classified at birth and that their developmental outcome can be accurately predicted. Although there are several problems in the interpretation of their data and conclusions, I would like to address a major methodologic flaw in this report which persists throughout the literature on FAS.