bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
155 Low Insulin Sensitivity Is Associated with Increased Body Fat and Changes in Gene Expression of Lipogenic Enzymes in the Adipose Tissue of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Salgado Hector H , Palin Marie-France , Lapierre Hélène , Remus Aline , Letourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Pomar Candido 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Variations in body fat (BF) among pigs can be associated with differences in insulin sensitivity given the insulin anabolic effect in lipid synthesis. The study objectives were to characterize this association and compare the relative mRNA abundance of genes associated with insulin resistance and de novo lipogenesis in the adipose tissue of fat and lean pigs. Thirty 95 kg pigs, catheterized in the jugular vein, received an oral dose of 1.75 g glucose/kg of BW after 18 hours of fasting. Blood samples were collected at -20, -10, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300 and 360 minutes following glucose ingestion. Insulin sensitivity indexes were calculated and analyzed. The BF (%) was estimated by dual X-ray densitometry. The 8 fattest (22 % BF) and the 8 leanest pigs (17.2 % BF) were used to determine the relative mRNA abundance of studied genes using real-time qPCR analyses. Insulin sensitivity was determined using QUICKI and Matsuda indexes, respectively, and their association with body fat was studied with Spearman correlations. Differences in gene expression and insulin sensitivity between fat and lean pigs were studied with a one-way ANOVA. The QUICKI and Matsuda indexes negatively correlated with BF (r = -0.67 and r = -0.59; P &lt; 0.001). Fat pigs had reduced insulin sensitivity and higher relative mRNA abundance of lipogenic enzymes (ACACA, ACLY, FASN; P &lt; 0.05) than lean pigs. The higher expression level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) combined with the trend (P &lt; 0.10) of lower expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) in fat pigs may explain part of their reduced insulin sensitivity. These results suggest that an increased BF is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity and greater expression of lipogenic enzymes in pig adipose tissue.
164 Genome-wide DNA Methylation Profiling in in Utero Heat-stressed Pigs as Measured by Whole-genome Bisulfite Sequencing
Authors: Brito Luiz F , Maskal Jacob M , Chen Shi-Yi , Oliveira Hinayah R , Graham Jason R , Schinckel Allan P , Johnson Jay S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In utero heat stress (IUHS) has several postnatal consequences in pigs that compromise health, increase stress response, and reduce performance. These phenotypes may be caused by epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, which are heritable molecular modifications that impact gene expression and phenotypic outcomes without changing the DNA sequence. Therefore, we aimed to compare the DNA methylation profiles between in-utero thermoneutral (IUTN) and IUHS pigs to identify differentially methylated regions. Twenty-four pregnant gilts were evenly assigned to either a thermoneutral (17.5 ± 2.1°C) or heat stress (cycling 26 to 36°C) chamber from d 0 to 59 of gestation, followed by thermoneutral conditions (20.9 ± 2.3°C) for the rest of gestation and until the piglets were weaned. At 105 d of age, 10 IUTN and 10 IUHS piglets were euthanized and Longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected and used to perform whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Purified genomic DNA was fragmented and bisulfite conversion was performed. Illumina platforms were used to sequence WGBS libraries. All pigs had similar proportions of methylation at CpG sites. Two-hundred-sixty-eight genomic regions were differentially methylated between IUTN and IUHS pigs. These identified regions are located across all pig chromosomes and ranged from 2 (SSC18) to 40 (SSC10). Eighty-five unique differentially-methylated genes were identified. These genes have been reported to be involved in key biological processes such as transcriptional repressor activity and tRNA processing (e.g., SKOR2,TRMT6, TSEN2), cellular response to heat stress (e.g.,CCAR2), placental vascularization (e.g.,FZD5), central nervous system (e.g.,VEPH1), cholesterol biosynthesis (e.g., CYB5R1), insulin receptor substrate (e.g.,IRS2), synaptic transmission (e.g.,RIMBP2), neurotrophic factor receptor activity (e.g.,LIFR), immune response (e.g., CD84), DNA repair (e.g., CHD1L), and cell proliferation and endocrine signaling (e.g., SSTR1, CYB5R1). These findings contribute to a better understanding of the epigenomic mechanisms underlying postnatal consequences of IUHS in pigs.
168 Use of Genomic Tools to Improve Production Efficiency, Health Resilience and Carbon Footprint of Beef Production
Authors: Basarab John A , Li Changxi , Stothard Paul , Fitzsimmons Carolyn J , Plastow Graham 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim is to present validation studies that demonstrate the benefits of genomic retained heterozygosity, genomic enhanced expected progeny differences (gEPDs) for feed efficiency and carcass traits, as well as DNA pooling technologies, to the beef industry. Team members of Livestock Gentec are global leaders in beef genomics research as evidenced by their leadership roles on the Canadian Cattle Genome Project, 1,000 Bull Genomes Project, gEPDs for Commercial Cattle Project and the Functional Annotation of ANimal Genomes initiative. These large-scale projects have created databases of 380 whole bovine sequence genomes, &gt;24,000 cattle genotypes imputed to sequence variants using Run 6 genotypes from 1000 Bull Genomes project, and &gt;20,000 cattle with associated phenotypes for feed efficiency, carcass quality, cow fertility and methane emissions. The use of admixture analysis, genome wide association studies, and genomic prediction have resulted in new genomic tools that aid in mate selection, improve herd heterosis, female fertility, lifetime productivity and health resilience, and improve accuracy (acc. &gt;0.36) of gEPDs for 18 traits in crossbred cattle. Genomic retained heterozygosity has a benefit of $161/female over five parities while decreasing morbidity of calves and improving the carbon intensity of beef production. Multi-trait selection studies using gEPDs for residual feed intake (acc. &gt; 0.35) have demonstrated annual rates of genetic progress of 0.7%. Validation studies have reported that sires with superior gEPDs for increased marbling, decreased grade fat, increased ribeye and increased carcass weight (acc. &gt; 0.45) produced progeny with improved AAA retail cut yield (59.9 vs 56.7%). DNA pooling shows potential for cheaper genotyping while providing information on pooled records related to sire contribution, heterosis and performance as influenced by genetics. The application of these genomic tools has potential to improve calf crop percentage, health resilience, and retail cut yield while decreasing the carbon footprint of beef production.
186 Have New Feeding Technologies Revolutionized the Way We Design Grazing Experiments?
Authors: Beck Paul A , Beck Matthew R , Adams Jordan , Lalman David , Reuter Ryan R , Gunter Stacey A A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
New technologies have enabled autonomous measurement of intake and feeding behavior of pen-fed animals and this has piqued interest in utilizing similar technologies in grazing experiments. Various feeding systems are currently available, but individual supplementation and feeding experiments have been conducted for years using individual feeding stanchions, which are the lowest level of technology for measuring supplement intake. These experiments are laborious as they require animals to be trained and acclimated, gathered at each feeding, and sorted into individual stalls for supplementation—thereby disrupting the animals grazing activities. In the mid-1980s Calan Gate systems (American Calan; Northwood, NH) became popular in pasture supplementation experiments, but still have many of the same disadvantages. Newer, more automated systems, reduce labor and possibly have less disruption of the animal’s grazing behavior, but are reliant on the animal’s willingness to use the system and ability to access it when more dominant peers are present. Individuals also do not always follow the “averages”-based rules we often hold true and behave differently in groups. Recent research with automatic feeders show steers consumed average of 60% of the potential supplement with supplement intake CVs of 50 to 100%. These technologies lead many to question the paradigm of experimental units in experimental designs. The experimental unit is defined as the smallest independently assigned unit to which the treatment is applied. This definition of experimental unit is somewhat limiting when taken to the extreme, but still applies well for experiments utilizing individual animal feeding, regardless of the level of technology involved. In many cases where the aforementioned technologies are used, the individual animal can be both the observational and experimental unit. This symposia presentation will discuss attributes of different feeding options and the implications on study design, experimental power, and the designated experimental unit.
200 A Scoring System for Equine Dental Health
Authors: Fenton Jesse , Gordon Mary Beth , Perry Erin B , Dombek Zach , Jerina Micheal , Jacobs Robert D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Scoring systems have been implemented in veterinary practice to indicate the severity of pathologies, such as lameness and gastric ulceration. The need for a scoring system of equine dentition in relation to digestive health has been identified. A scoring system would allow veterinarians, owners, and researchers to more accurately assess dental health and the resulting impact it may have on chewing ability. A proposed system, the Equine Dental Scoring System (EDSS), was developed via collaboration of a team of veterinarians and equine nutritionists familiar with equine dental abnormalities. The EDSS was designed to assign higher scores corresponding to increasing severity of dental abnormalities that would impede proper chewing. The proposed scoring system ranges from 0 to 5 as follows: 0) no sharp enamel points, soft tissue damage, or malocclusion, (1) sharp enamel points, but no soft tissue damage or malocclusion, (2) sharp enamel points and soft tissue damage, but no malocclusion, (3) mild malocclusion with all aligned teeth meeting level (ex. ramps, hooks), (4) moderate malocclusion with all teeth meeting but not level (ex. wave, smile, diagonal, frown), (5) major malocclusion with one or more teeth not meeting or inhibited temporomandibular joint movement (ex. step, shear, retained cap), and/or infection, and/or pain while chewing. The EDSS was validated by assessing agreement via the Cohen’s kappa statistic between four trained professionals scoring ten images of horse dentition. Both the weighted (к = 0.62) and unweighted (к = 0.73) kappa statistics indicated substantial agreement between scorers, signifying reliable repeatability of the EDSS. Presenting dental health in the form of a score would indicate severity of dental pathologies and allow for quantitative and statistical evaluation of dental health in nutrition research and veterinary medicine.
203 Historical Perspectives on the Equine NRC
Authors: Lawrence Laurie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The “Nutrient Requirements of Horses” is a publication of the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). The U.S. Congress established NAS in 1863 as a non-profit, non-governmental organization that could examine and report on scientific subjects. The NRC was established in 1916 as the working arm of NAS. About 15 years later the Committee on Animal Nutrition was created in order to oversee publications in the “Nutrient Requirement Series.” The “Recommended Nutrient Allowances for Horses” was released in 1949. The publication was updated and renamed “The Nutrient Requirements of Horses” in 1961 and since then there have been revisions in 1966, 1973, 1978, 1989 and 2007. Each revision was produced by a volunteer committee which was appointed by the Committee on Animal Nutrition until it was disbanded. Over time, both the size of the subcommittee on equine nutrition and the length of the document increased. Funds to support the travel of committee members to working meetings as well as support NRC project staff have been obtained from a variety of sources over the course of the publication. A large portion of the funds for the 2007 edition was from industry sources. Since 1973, the intervals between editions of the publication have been quite long, even though interest in equine nutrition and feeding among industry participants seems to be high. Fortunately, other excellent reference sources on equine nutrition are available. The need for a new revision of the Nutrient Requirements of Horses, as well as the feasibility of funding to support a revision will be explored.
232 Effects of Yarrowia Lipolytica Supplementation on Growth Performance and Apparent Ileal Digestibility of Diets Fed to Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cheng Yi-Chi , Duarte Marcos E , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) as a lipid supplement fed to nursery pigs for the growth performance and apparent ileal digestibility (AID). Twenty-four pigs weaned at 21 d of age (12 barrows and 12 gilts with initial BW at 7.2 ± 0.6 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments (n = 8) based on the randomized complete block design with sex and BW as blocks. The main effect was the dietary supplementation of YL (0, 1.5, and 3.0%, replacing poultry fat) with nutrients meeting or exceeding the requirements by NRC (2012) and fed to pigs for 21 d based on 2 phases. Feed intake and BW were recorded at d 0, 10, and 21 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Fecal scores were recorded at every odd day from d 3 to 19. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect ileal digesta for AID of nutrients in diets. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS. There were no differences in growth performance among treatments. Whereas, pigs fed 0 and 1.5% YL had higher (P &lt; 0.05) AID of DM (55.0 and 52.2% to 40.2%, respectively) and GE (62.1 and 60.6% to 49.8%, respectively) than pigs fed 3% YL. There were no differences in AID of DM and GE between the pigs fed 0% and 1.5% YL. In conclusion, 1.5% Yarrowia lipolytica could be supplemented in nursery pig diets reducing 0.8% of poultry fat without affecting growth performance and AID of DM and GE.
228 Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Partially Defatted Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal in Growing Pig Diets
Authors: Tansil Fiona , Huber Lee-Anne , Kiarie Elijah , Columbus Daniel A , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
New ingredients need to be characterized both chemically and in vivo, then compared to commonly-used protein ingredients before they can be considered for use in feeds. The objective of the present study was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID, %) of amino acids (AA) of partially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) (49.7% CP; 14.4% crude fat as fed). Subsequently, these results were compared to the SID AA of common protein ingredients in swine feed, fish meal (FM) and soybean meal (SBM) (NRC 2012), and to published full-fat (FF) BSFLM SID values. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (18.03 ± 0.67 kg BW) were used in a 2x2 Latin square design and fed either a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) or BSFLM-containing diet over two 11-d experimental periods. In each period, barrows were adapted for 7 days to the diet and ileal digesta collection was conducted on day 10 and 11 for 8h per day. Basal endogenous AA losses (EAAL) were calculated from pigs fed the NFD and as expected, the ileal AA content were significantly higher for pigs fed the BSFLM diet than NFD (P &lt; 0.05). SID for AA were then calculated based on the obtained EAAL values following Stein et al., 2007. For essential AA, the SID of BSFLM were all above 82%, the highest being Arg (93.76%), followed by Met (91.32%), and Phe (89.80%). The SID of essential AA were on average 5.0% higher in BSFLM than FM, but 2.7% lower than SBM. When compared to the FF BSFLM, SID of essential AA of BSFLM were 1–5% higher, except for Phe and Thr. These results suggest that partially defatted BSFLM is a promising alternative protein ingredient in growing pig diets, which has a more digestible AA profile than FM, only slightly lower than SBM, and comparable to the FF BSFLM.
240 Beef Heifers with Increased Number of Follicles Have Greater Uterine Luminal Glucose Concentrations
Authors: Snider Alexandria , Crouse Matthew S , Rosasco Shelby , Epperson Kaitlin M , Northrop-Albrecht Emmalee J , Rich Jerica J , Chase Chad , Miles Jeremy R , Summers Adam , Cushman Robert A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Increased numbers of antral follicles are associated with greater fertility and a uterine environment that is more supportive of early embryonic development in beef heifers. Glucose is a primary energy source for embryos and glucose concentrations are elevated in uterine luminal fluid (ULF) of pregnant heifers. We hypothesized that ULF glucose concentrations and endometrial transcript abundance for glucose transporters at d16 after insemination would be greater in heifers with increased numbers of antral follicles. Heifers classified with either increased (32 ± 1.1) or diminished (14.7 ± 1.1) antral follicle counts were selected and artificially inseminated following the Select Synch protocol (d0). At d16 after insemination, heifers were sent to the abattoir and reproductive tracts were collected to retrieve conceptuses to determine pregnancy. Uterine luminal fluid was collected, the endometrium was biopsied, total RNA was extracted and glucose transporter transcript abundance was determined. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with antral follicle group, pregnancy status, and the interaction as fixed effects. Glucose concentrations in ULF were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in heifers with increased antral follicle numbers compared to heifers with diminished numbers (122.65 ± 11.91 vs 84.12 ± 12.42 mg/dL). Glucose ULF concentrations were increased (P &lt; 0.05) in pregnant vs. non-pregnant heifers (124.84 ± 12.81 vs 81.93 ± 11.50 mg/dL). Endometrial glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) transcript abundance was increased in pregnant heifers (P &lt; 0.01) but was not different due to antral follicle number or the interaction. Therefore, differences in glucose concentrations associated with antral follicle number may be due to differences in GLUT1 transcription before d16 or due to differences in protein abundance or functionality. Taken together, heifers with increased number of antral follicles may have increased energy availability in the uterus for trophoblast proliferation and function. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
246 Examining Melatonin-induced Changes in Uterine Blood Flow and Vaginal Temperatures in Nutrient Restricted Pregnant Heifers
Authors: Contreras-Correa Zully E , Messman Riley D , Sanchez-Rodriguez Hector , Lemley Caleb O 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objectives were to examine melatonin mediated changes in temporal uterine blood flow (UBF) and vaginal temperatures (VT) in 54 Brangus heifers (Fall, n = 29; Summer, n = 25) during compromised pregnancy. At d160 of gestation, heifers were assigned to 1 of 4 groups consisting of adequately fed (ADQ-CON; 100% NRC; n=13), global nutrient restricted (RES-CON; 60% NRC; n = 13), and ADQ or RES supplemented with 20 mg of melatonin (ADQ-MEL, n = 13; RES-MEL, n = 15). In the morning (0500h) and afternoon (1300h) of d220 of gestation, temperature dataloggers (Onset Computer Corporation) attached to progesterone-free CIDRs were used to record VT, while UBF was determined via Doppler ultrasonography. Data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA (SAS). Significant differences were found in UBF and VT between Fall and Summer groups (P&lt; 0.05), therefore seasons were individually analyzed. In Fall, a nutrition by treatment interaction was significant, where the RES-CON heifers exhibited reduced total UBF compared to ADQ-CON (5.67±0.68 vs. 7.97±0.54 L/min; P = 0.012). In Summer, there was not a main effect of nutrition (P = 0.390); nevertheless, the MEL heifers exhibited increased total UBF compared to the CON counterparts (8.16±0.73 vs. 6.00±0.70 L/min; P = 0.048). Moreover, there was a nutrition by treatment by time interaction in VT for Fall and Summer heifers (P &lt; 0.0001). In Fall, all groups had decreased VT in the morning compared to the afternoon (P &lt; 0.0001). Whereas, in Summer, VT increased for ADQ-CON, RES-CON, and ADQ-MEL from morning to afternoon (P &lt; 0.0001), while the RES-MEL remained constant throughout the day (P = 0.649). Furthermore, during the afternoon RES-MEL heifers exhibited decreased VT compared to ADQ-CON (38.91±0.09 vs. 39.26±0.09°C, respectively; P=0.039). In summary, nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation altered UBF in a season dependent manner. Additionally, with the VT differences observed in Summer, future studies should evaluate the potential of melatonin supplementation for mitigating heat stress in farm animals.
271 Assessment of Efficacy of Deworming Options in Recently Weaned Beef Cattle Utilizing Different Anthelmintic Programs in the Southeast
Authors: Hernandez Shane R , Davis Dylan B , Tucker Jennifer J , Credille Brent , Stewart R Lawton 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This experiment measured the effect of three different deworming strategies on animal performance and Egg per gram (EPG) reduction during a pre-conditioning phase of beef calves using a completely random block designed with n = 797 calves (Year 1 = 263 ± 39 kg; Year 2 = 257 ± 37 kg) randomly assigned to one of four treatments: orally suspended oxfendazole (1ml/55 kgs; ORAL), transdermal eprinomectin (1ml/10 kgs; POUR), both anthelmintic (BOTH), and no treatment (CONT). Weaned calves at four University of Georgia research stations (Calhoun, Alapaha, Eatonton, JPC) were blocked by weight, age, and sex. Calves were weighed at weaning prior to treatment d 0 and on d 42. Fecal samples were collected on d 0 and d 14 from 40 calves per treatment. Anthelmintic resistance was determined if percent EPG reduction and Upper 95% confidence limit were below 95% and the lower 95% confidence limit were below 90%. The ADG was lowest (P &lt; 0.001) for CONT (0.262 kg/d) compared to POUR, ORAL, and BOTH (0.370, 0.412, and 0.387 kg/d, respectively) Anthelmintic resistance to POUR was detected at Eatonton and Alapaha (47.4% and 15.4% reduction respectively), and deemed inconclusive at JPC and Calhoun (51.1% and 50.3% reduction respectively). Only ORAL and BOTH effectively reduced EPG counts across all four research units (&gt; 97.9% reduction). While the POUR option improved animal performance, it was not effective at reducing EPG within the herd. This study demonstrated that the ORAL and BOTH treatments increased ADG compared to CONT and were effective at reducing EPG counts; however, BOTH costs, on average, $3.00 more than ORAL. Producers must consider the cost of each option when choosing a deworming strategy. Based on these results, using orally suspended oxfendazole is a more economical, and effective options to treat parasites during a pre-conditioning phase.