bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of SARS CoV-2 reinfections by rapid inexpensive techniques
Authors: Niranji Sherko Subhan , Al-Jaf Sirwan M.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Reinfections of SARS CoV-2 are rare in the world and it is difficult to be confirmed whether it is a reinfection or persistent infection. The most prominent factors used for differentiating the reinfections from persistent infections are whole genome sequencings and phylogenetic analyses that require times and funds, which may not be feasible in most developing countries. We previously developed rapid economical methods to identify both D614G and N501Y mutations in clinical samples using rRT PCR probes and endpoint PCR specific primers. Current study has found an immunocompetent patient with a SARS CoV-2 N501Y reinfection without comorbidities. The results suggested that the initial infection was due to a variant contained only D614G mutation while the reinfection was potentially as result of the UK variant contained three mutations confirmed by DNA sequences, including D614G, N501Y and A570D mutations. Seven cases of reinfections were also confirmed by these methods suggested that these techniques will support rapid detection of SARS CoV-2 reinfections in developing countries where sequencing tools are unavailable.
A photonic based microwave and RF integrator with a transversal filter
Authors: moss david 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We demonstrate a photonic RF integrator based on an integrated soliton crystal micro-comb source. By multicasting and progressively delaying the input RF signal using a transversal structure, the input RF signal is integrated discretely. Up to 81 wavelengths are provided by the microcomb source, which enable a large integration time window of ~6.8 ns, together with a time resolution as fast as ~84 ps. We perform signal integration of a diverse range of input RF signals including Gaussian pulses with varying time widths, dual pulses with varying time intervals and a square waveform. The experimental results show good agreement with theory. These results verify our microcomb-based integrator as a competitive approach for RF signal integration with high performance and potentially lower cost and footprint.
Pediatric Tuina in children with autism spectrum disorder: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Feng Xiang , Yu Jun , Li Wu , Li Tao , Jiang Quanrui , Zhang Yuxing , Wei Wei , Li Jiangshan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by repetitive stereotypical behaviour and communication disorders. Currently, it lacks a specific clinical treatment method. Pediatric Tuina is a recent therapy in traditional Chinese medicine; however, there have been studies on the treatment of children with ASD by Tuina. Nonetheless, it remains uncommon given the lack of large-scale evidence-based medical studies. This study aims to compare the efficacy of Tuina and conventional treatment in children with ASD.
Methods
Eligible children will be randomly divided into the pediatric Tuina plus conventional treatment group or conventional treatment group based on a random table at a ratio of 1:1. Effectiveness will be evaluated using a scale; moreover, the primary outcome will be the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. The secondary outcome will be the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist. All participants will be assessed on the scale by a third party not involved in the study. Baseline values of the participants will be determined at the registration time. Outcomes will be evaluated after the 30th treatment session. The follow-up period will last for 6 post-treatment months.
Discussion
This study will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Tuina in ASD treatment, which could provide reliable evidence-based findings to improve clinical treatment.
Trial registration:
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (CHICTR), ChiCTR2000040452. Registered on 28 November 2020
Immunohistochemical diagnosis of the viability of the strangulation furrow
Authors: Dudnyk Vadym 
Published: May 2021

The aim of the research was to study the possibility of using immunohistochemical markers for the diagnosis of intravital stangulation.
Materials and methods: Fragments of the neck skin from the strnaglulation zone were selected as objects of research. The main study group included 20 deaths due to hanging (10 men and 10 women). For the control group, 10 cases of acute coronary death (5 men and 5 women) were used. Using a complex of IHC markers, the labeling of the epidermis and epithelial structures, the features of cellular immune responses, the manifestation of oxidative steress were studied.
Results: Peculiarities of morphological manifestations of strangulation furrow in mechanical asphyxia were studied. It is established that the key link of its morphogenesis is impaired vascular wall permeability with loss of type IV collagen in the basement membranes of epithelium and skin vessels, migration into tissues of activated CD15+ granulocytes, CD68+ macrophages and CD117+ labrocytes, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), fibrinogen protein and transforming growth factor β1.
Conclusion: Such changes in the tinctorial properties of skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue can be recorded by immunohistochemical (IHC) and serve as an important diagnostic criterion for the viability of the formation of the strangulation furrow.
Drug-dependent antibodies with immune hemolytic anemia in AIDS patients
Authors: González C. A. , Guzmán L. , Nocetti G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We studied the presence of drug-dependent antibodies (D-DAbs) in 53 patients with AIDS who developed immune hemolytic anemia (IHA). We examined sera and eluates for the presence of D-DAbs. Drug antibodies were detected in 43.4 percent (23/53) of the patients with IHA. Antibodies to more than one drug were detected in 60.8 percent (14/23) of patients with drug-induced IHA (D-IHA). The DAT was positive by RBC-bound IgG in eight patients, RBC-bound IgG/C3d in nine, IgG/IgA in three, IgG/IgA/C3d in two, and one patient had RBC-bound C3d only. No drug-independent antibodies were detected. Our study demonstrates that patients with AIDS commonly develop D-DAbs. D-IHA should be included in the differential diagnosis of a falling Hb in AIDS patients receiving drugs.
Immunohematology 2003;19:10–15.
The direct antiglobulin test in a hospital setting
Authors: Cid J. , Ortín X. , Beltran V. , Escoda L. , Contreras E. , Elies E. , Martín-Vega C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To evaluate the current use of the DAT in our hospital, we reviewed the charts of all patients who had a DAT performed in our laboratory. The collected data included DAT results and a previously completed laboratory evaluation of suspected hemolytic anemia. Four hundred sixty-three DATs were performed in our laboratory from April 1999 to October 2001.The DAT was negative in 434 (93.7%) cases and positive in 29 (6.3%) cases. A complete laboratory evaluation of suspected hemolytic anemia was seen in 179 (38.7%) cases. The incidence of a positive DAT was higher in the group of patients with > 2 signs of hemolysis (4/34 cases; 11.8%) than in the group of patients with ≤ 2 signs of hemolysis (5/145 cases;3.4%) (RR = 0.029;95% CI:0.08–1.03;p = 0.06). When a patient with anemia is being investigated, a complete laboratory evaluation for suspected hemolytic anemia should be done before performing a DAT.
Immunohematology 2003:19:16–18.
Frequencies of the major alleles of the Diego, Dombrock,Yt, and Ok blood group systems in the Chinese Han, Hui, and Tibetan nationalities
Authors: Liu M. , Jiang D. , Liu S. , Zhao T. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The frequencies of the major alleles of the Diego,Dombrock,Yt,and Ok blood group systems in the Chinese Han, Hui, and Tibetan nationalities were determined using a DNA-based PCR–sequence- specific primers (SSP) genotyping technique. The frequencies of Dia, Dib, Doa, and Dob
genes were 0.0295, 0.9705, 0.1159, and 0.8841 in 220 Chinese North Han, respectively. The Yta
gene frequencies were 0.9928, 0.9917, and 0.9983 in 277 Han, 300 Hui, and 303 Tibetan blood donors,respectively. No Ok(a–) individuals were found in 304 Han, 300 Hui, and 303 Tibetan individuals.
Immunohematology 2003;19:22–25.
Antibodies detected in samples from 21,730 pregnant women
Authors: Jovanovic-Srzentic S. , Djokic M. , Tijanic N. , Djordjevic R. , Rizvan N. , Plecas D. , Filimonovic D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Although anti-D is still the main cause of HDN, many other antibodies have been implicated. From September 1995 to April 2000, screening for RBC antibodies was performed on samples from 21,730 pregnant women regardless of RhD type. Standard tube and gel methods were used. Anti-D was identified in 254 samples; other antibody specificities were detected in 376 samples, for a total of 630 antibodies. For this study, 522 antibodies were considered clinically significant. The incidence of potentially clinically significant antibodies was 2.4 percent. The majority belonged to the Rh system, followed by anti-M, -Fya, -S, -Jka, and -Jkb. Among antibodies of no clinical significance, the most frequent were antiH, -Lea, and -P1.
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-HPA-5b (Bra)
Authors: Campbell-Lee S.A. , Desantis-Parsons D. , Shirey R. Sue , Kickler T.S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) results from maternal immunization against fetal platelet antigens and can occur during the first pregnancy. The most common complications of NAIT are neonatal thrombocytopenia, intracerebral hemorrhage, and fetal death. Most cases of NAIT in Causasians are caused by anti-HPA-1a (PlA1). Anti-HPA-5b (Bra) accounts for only 4.3 percent of all NAIT cases. NAIT due to anti-HPA-5b is thought to be milder and have fewer complications than NAIT caused by anti-HPA-1a because of the lower number of HPA-5b antigenic sites per platelet. This report describes a severe case of NAIT due to anti-HPA-5b that was treated by intrauterine platelet transfusion.
Patellar dislocation: a case report and a review of other uncommon adverse events associated with blood donation
Authors: Meny G.M. , Murphy S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Patellar dislocation is a fairly common occurrence usually associated with various activities such as sports or dancing. A case report of patellar dislocation associated with blood donation in a 17-year-old female is described. A review of uncommon adverse events associated with blood donation is also presented.
A gel microtyping system for diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Zupanska B. , Bogdanik B. , Pyl H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), an acquired stem cell defect, is underdiagnosed because of its atypical symptoms in some patients and because available methods, which are time consuming and complicated, are not widely used. The hemolysis of PNH red blood cells (RBCs) is attributed to their enhanced susceptibility to complement lysis caused by a deficiency in glycosylsphos-phatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored complement regulatory membrane proteins, especially membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL [CD59]). We evaluated the diagnostic value of a simple hemagglutination test using the gel microtyping system by comparing it with lytic tests (the Ham test and the sucrose lysis test) and with flow cytometry (FC) assessment of expression of GPI-anchored proteins (CD59 and CD55). Examining 51 blood samples from 48 patients, we found that the gel test is useful as a screening test for PNH diagnosis and can replace the Ham test and the sucrose lysis test. The threshold of the gel test is about 10 percent of defective RBCs detected by FC. It should, however, be supplemented with FC so as to analyze precisely the defective RBCs and granulocytes in patients with positive gel test results, and, in case of negative results, to detect a small clone of defective cells in atypical cases. Due to the simplicity of the gel test, its wide use can facilitate the diagnosis of PNH.
Immunohematology 2002;18:9–12.
Blood group antigen profile predicted by molecular biology— use of real-time polymerase chain reaction to genotype important KEL, JK, RHD, and RHCE alleles
Authors: Araújo F. , Pereira C. , Monteiro F. , Henriques I. , Meireles E. , Lacerda P. , Aleixo A. , Rodrigues M.J. , Celeste R. , Cunha-Ribeiro L.M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The most clinically important blood group systems in transfusion medicine, excluding the ABO system, are the RH, Kell, and Kidd systems. Alloantibodies to antigens of these systems may be produced following blood transfusion or during pregnancy and can result in serious hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn.We developed rapid and robust techniques for RHD, RHCE, KEL, and JK genotyping with the use of a real-time polymerase chain reaction instrument. Two fluorescence-based methods for the detection of amplification products were used: for KEL1/KEL2, JK1/JK2, and RHE/RHe (exon 5) we used the hybridization probes protocol; for RHC/RHc the analysis was done in sequences of exon 1 for RHC and exon 2 for RHc; and for RHD,analysis was done in sequences of intron 4, exon 7,and exon 4 pseudogene using the SYBR Green I protocol. The genotyping tests were validated with samples from 85 Caucasian Portuguese and 15 Black European blood donors. Complete phenotype-genotype correlations were obtained. The potential use of the presented methods can be predicted in clinical transfusion medicine, allowing appropriate monitoring, early intervention, and improved care. When blood group genotyping techniques are necessary, this methodology is highly competitive for a routine laboratory.
Immunohematology 2002;18:59–64.
An algorithm to locate hrB– donors for individuals with sickle cell disease
Authors: Gammon R.R. , Velasquez N.D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many African Americans with sickle cell disease (SCD) develop alloantibodies to antigens in the Rh blood group system.Others have shown that from D– individuals, those lacking the high-incidence hrBantigen (> 98% prevalence) may be found among r’r African Americans. We describe an algorithm to locate units for African Americans with SCD and anti-hrB and -D. From 46,539 donations, 5136 listed African American as race. Our primary reference laboratory performed Rh phenotyping (D, C, c, E, e) for first-time donors and those not tested previously. Specimens typing r’r were sent to a secondary reference laboratory for hrBphenotyping after each donation.Hemoglobin S screening was performed.Of 24 donors (27 donations) who phenotyped r’r, seven donors,29.2 percent (nine donations) were hrB–.Two of seven who donated twice consistently tested hrB–. One of 24 donors initially tested hrB–, but hrB+ on repeat donation. The donor tested hrB– by a second reference laboratory. Reagents for phenotyping high-incidence antigens are often not readily available, requiring a specialized reference laboratory that adds cost and turnaround time. Our algorithm selected r’r African American donors most likely to lack hrB for further evaluation by a second reference laboratory.We felt this was the most judicious use of resources and provided the greatest opportunity to find compatible components for individuals with SCD and anti-hrB and -D.
Immunohematology 2002;18:82–84.
The Cromer blood group system: a review
Authors: Storry J.R. , Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The antigens of the Cromer blood group system reside on decay accelerating factor (DAF), a protein belonging to the regulators of complement activation family. The blood group system consists of eight high-incidence antigens and three low-incidence antigens. The molecular basis for the antigens is known and, with the exception of IFC, each antigen is the product of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the DAF gene and has been localized to one of the four short consensus repeat regions on the DAF protein. The red blood cells (RBCs) of people with the Cromer null phenotype, Inab, lack DAF. Antibodies to Cromer antigens are rarely encountered although there is evidence that the antibodies may cause accelerated destruction of transfused RBCs. There is no risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn associated with Cromer system antibodies because the placenta is a rich source of fetally derived DAF, which is thought to adsorb the antibodies.
Immunohematology 2002;18:95–103.
Nondetection of the S antigen due to the presence of sodium hypochlorite
Authors: Long A. , Tremblay L. , Richard L. , Lemieux R. , Goldman M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Low concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (chlorine bleach) are known to destroy S antigen on intact fresh red blood cells (RBCs). Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a disinfectant. We report nondetection of the S antigen in tube and microplate saline indirect antiglobulin testing (SIAT) with a lot of commercial saline utilized in our donor screening and reference laboratories. Known S+s+ RBCs were found to be nonreactive with anti-S by SIAT in our reference laboratory. Our investigation demonstrated the presence of chlorine in the commercial saline. The saline lot was used for several days of donor screening and recall of FFP and platelet concentrates was initiated. Two lots of saline were recalled from blood banks across North America.
Immunohematology 18;3: 120–122.
Red blood cell antigen changes in malignancy: case report and review
Authors: Winters J.L. , Howard D.S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) antigens represent inherited traits and as such, their expression should be constant throughout the life of an individual. We describe a patient in whom the expression of the Rh D and C antigens was lost due to the development of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). For this patient, this represented more than a blood bank curiosity but was of critical importance in determining further treatment of the leukemia.
The mechanisms behind changes in RBC antigens due to malignancy are reviewed for a number of antigens, antigen systems, and antigen collections. Previous case reports of RBC antigen changes due to malignancy are summarized.
Confirmation of positive antibody screens by solid-phase red cell adherence assay using a tube technique method with polyethylene glycol enhancement
Authors: Gammon R.R. , Lake M. , Velasquez N. , Prichard A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Our blood bank routinely screens donors for antibodies using a solid-phase red cell adherence (SPRCA) assay. Positive results are then confirmed using a tube technique with polyethylene glycol (PEG) enhancement due to reported higher specificity than with SPRCA. Over a 5-month period, 49,084 donor serum or plasma samples were tested using the SPRCA assay. Further identification of positive samples was performed using a PEG enhancement method. Testing was performed with strict adherence to the manufacturers’ inserts. Of 49,084 samples, 313 (0.64%) were positive by the SPRCA assay. Of these, 99 (31.6%) samples remained positive when tested with PEG enhancement. The remaining 214 (68.4%) were negative, giving specificity for the SPRCA assay of 99.6 percent (48,985/ 49,199). We report a high specificity for antibody screening using the SPRCA assay. However, it is cost effective to perform a confirmatory tube test with PEG enhancement because 214 SPRCA assay samples were interpreted as having a negative antibody screen, thus allowing the release of valuable blood components for transfusion.
Immunohematology 2001;17:14–16.
Likelihood of D heterozygosity in Mestizo Mexicans and Mexican Americans
Authors: Means N. D. , Bandarenko N. , Moise K. J. , Brecher M. E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Information on the gene frequencies of the Rh system in the Mexican or Mexican American population is currently not available in the medical literature, thus hindering management of pregnancies at risk for development of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Data from four recent large studies in the broader scientific literature of Mestizo Mexicans and Mexican Americans is reviewed. Gene frequencies are calculated from the pooled data. A table of gene frequencies in the Caucasian and African American population is provided for comparison.
Immunohematology 2001; 17:22–23.
Detection of granulocyte antibodies by flow cytometry without the use of pure granulocyte isolates
Authors: Kiekhaefer K. M. , Cipolone K. M. , Procter J. L. , Matsuo K. , Stroncek D. F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Established methods used to detect serum antibodies to granulocytes require the isolation of granulocytes. Flow cytometric analysis of granulocytes with monoclonal antibodies eliminates the need for granulocyte isolation. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to evaluate reactions of antibodies to granulocytes without separating granulocytes from other leukocytes. Three screening cell samples for granulocyte antibody detection were prepared from whole-blood samples in which the red blood cells (RBCs) were lysed and remaining leukocytes tested against sera at 4oC. Binding of human alloantibodies to the screening cells was determined by flow cytometric analysis using phycoerythrin-conjugated antibody to human immunoglobulin. Forward and side scatter were used to analyze granulocytes separately from other leukocytes. The assay was validated by testing granulocytes with reference alloantibodies directed to NA1, NA2, 5b, and Mart antigens. Samples from 32 patients were tested, and the results of the assays were compared with the results of testing the samples in a granulocyte immunofluorescence (GIF) assay performed by a reference laboratory. In the whole-blood flow cytometric (WBFC) assay the mean fluorescence intensities of reference antisera with antigen-positive cells, expressed in arbitrary units, were anti-NA1 = 48 to 221, anti-NA2 = 24 to 69, anti-5b = 13 to 57, and anti-Mart = 42 to 72. In contrast, the mean fluorescence intensity of type AB-negative control sera ranged from 3 to 11. Of the 32 patient sera tested, 23 were positive (range = 12 to 56) and 9 were negative (range = 3 to 10). When compared with the results obtained by the reference laboratory, 27 sera were concordant between the WBFC and the GIF assays. Four of the samples were positive in WBFC (range = 11 to 31) and negative in GIF and one sample was negative in WBFC (range = 5 to 6) and positive in GIF. Leukocytes prepared from whole blood after lysis of RBCs can be used in flow cytometric analysis to detect granulocyte alloantibodies. The results of testing for granulocyte antibodies with this assay were similar to results of testing sera in GIF. Further comparative studies are indicated to confirm findings and explain the discordant results.
Immunohematology 2001;17:70–75.