bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil organic carbon is not just for soil scientists: measurement recommendations for diverse practitioners
Authors: Billings S. A. , Lajtha K. , Malhotra A. , Berhe A. A. , de Graaff M.‐A. , Earl S. , Fraterrigo J. , Georgiou K. , Grandy S. , Hobbie S. E. , Moore J. A. M. , Nadelhoffer K. , Pierson D. , Rasmussen C. , Silver W. L. , Sulman B. N. , Weintraub S. , Wieder W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) regulates terrestrial ecosystem functioning, provides diverse energy sources for soil microorganisms, governs soil structure, and regulates the availability of organically bound nutrients. Investigators in increasingly diverse disciplines recognize how quantifying SOC attributes can provide insight about ecological states and processes. Today, multiple research networks collect and provide SOC data, and robust, new technologies are available for managing, sharing, and analyzing large data sets. We advocate that the scientific community capitalize on these developments to augment SOC data sets via standardized protocols. We describe why such efforts are important and the breadth of disciplines for which it will be helpful, and outline a tiered approach for standardized sampling of SOC and ancillary variables that ranges from simple to more complex. We target scientists ranging from those with little to no background in soil science to those with more soil‐related expertise, and offer examples of the ways in which the resulting data can be organized, shared, and discoverable.
Does fluctuating asymmetry of wing traits capture relative environmental stress in a lepidopteran?
Authors: Symanski Cole , Redak Richard A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFluctuating asymmetry (FA) is hypothesized to be a useful predictor of population canalization, especially for organisms at risk from environmental change.Identification of traits that meet statistical criteria as FA measures remains a challenge.Here, a laboratory experiment subjected immature butterflies (Vanessa cardui) to diet and temperature conditions of varying stress levels. Variation in dietary macronutrient ratio (protein: carbohydrate) and rearing temperature (optimal: 25°C; elevated: 32°C) was introduced as stressors. Temperature and nutrition are key variables influencing ectotherm growth and fitness and so are likely to be important stressors that influence FA.Individuals subjected to stressful conditions were predicted to show elevated FA of three wing size traits, as well as increased mortality and decreased adult body size.Trait FA did not vary across treatments. Instead, treatment levels impacted viability: The combined incidence of pupal death and expression of significant wing malformations increased in treatment levels designated as stressful. Variation in adult dry mass also reflected predicted stress levels. Results suggest that individuals predicted to display increased FA either died or displayed gross developmental aberrations.This experiment illustrates important constraints on the investigation of FA, including selection of appropriate traits and identification of appropriate levels of stressors to avoid elevated mortality. The latter concern brings into question the utility of FA as an indicator of stress in vulnerable, natural populations, where stress levels cannot be controlled, and mortality and fitness effects are often not quantifiable.
Analysing the influence of a large flood on eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) distribution along the Missouri River using remote‐sensing techniques
Authors: Illeperuma Nadeesha D. , Dixon Mark D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRiver floodplains are among the world's most altered ecosystems due to flow regulation by dams, development, and agriculture. Dam construction and flow regulation along the Missouri River have reduced flooding, modified geomorphic processes and altered floodplain vegetation. Since the commencement of flow regulation, eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.), which is native to upland areas, has invaded the understorey of cottonwood (Populus deltoides) forests along the Missouri River. A major flood in 2011, however, resulted in a significant die‐off of redcedar within the Missouri National Recreational River (MNRR), South Dakota, and Nebraska, USA. The objectives of this study were to map and analyse the effects of the 2011 flood and soil drainage classes on redcedar distribution within the MNRR. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from winter scenes of Landsat satellite imagery was used to map the canopy cover of redcedar on pre‐ and post‐flood dates. Logistic regression was used to analyse the effects of soil drainage and flooding status (flooded or non‐flooded) on transitions between high (>20%) and low (<20%) canopy cover classes of redcedar. The odds of redcedar decline (from high to low canopy cover) were significantly greater in areas that flooded in 2011, and the odds of redcedar increase (low to high canopy cover) were greater on non‐flooded surfaces with well‐drained soils. This study produces evidence that large floods are important for constraining redcedar spread in floodplain habitats. In addition, soil drainage affects redcedar survival and spread within the study area, with colonization favoured on well‐drained soils.
Virtual synchronous generator control of power system including large‐scale wind farm by cooperative operation between battery and LFC hydro power plant
Authors: Nagaushi Kotaro , Umemura Atsushi , Takahashi Rion , Tamura Junji , Sakahara Atsushi , Tosaka Fumihito , Nakamoto Ryosuke 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPenetration level of large‐scale wind farm into the existing power system has been increasing significantly which impacts on the transient stability during a network fault. This is because wind farm can be disconnected from the grid according to a grid code of the system when instantaneous voltage drop due to a network fault occurrs in the grid system. This paper proposes a new method to stabilize the system frequency drop and enhance the transient stability of the grid system by using a battery which is based on the new virtual synchronous generator control performed by the cooperative operation between the battery and LFC hydro power plant.
Evaluating deliberative participation from a social learning perspective: A case study of the 2012 National Energy Deliberative Polling in post‐Fukushima Japan
Authors: Ngar‐yin Mah Daphne , Siu Alice , Li Ka‐yan , Sone Yasunori , Lam Victor Wai Yin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNuclear power has remained a hugely controversial energy technology since the 1970s and became particularly so after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident. Engaging citizens in making energy decisions have thus become an increasingly important governing approach to post‐Fukushima energy transitions in many countries. Deliberative participatory processes and learning through social interactions have been increasingly regarded as critical elements of effective public engagement. Yet, little is known about who learns what, how they learn, and what impacts learning has on nuclear governance. Even less is known about the contextual factors influencing social learning. Advancing the literature on nuclear governance, deliberative participation, and social learning, this paper proposes a learning‐oriented framework to evaluate the outcomes of deliberative participation in the context of nuclear governance. We apply this framework in a case study of a national deliberative poll (DP) on energy conducted in Japan in 2012. We critically examine the extent to which and how social learning occurs under the influence of pre‐existing government‐industry‐society relations as a key contextual factor. Mainly based on a qualitative analysis of transcribed materials from a two‐day deliberation over the DP involving 285 citizens, this study has three main findings. First, participating citizens of the DP were able to acquire all of the three orders of social learning through deliberative processes in the DP process. Second, the provision of multiple sources of information, access to diverse perspectives, and the availability of plenty of dialogic processes are identified as factors that were found to facilitate advancement toward higher orders of learning. Third, the “nuclear iron triangle”—a pro‐nuclear coalition—appeared to constrain social learning impacts in the wider socio‐political systems of nuclear governance in Japan.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: the promising role of diuretic therapy in critically ill patients
Authors: Chitsazan Mitra , Amin Ahmad , Chitsazan Mandana , Ziaie Naghmeh , Amri Maleh Parviz , Pouraliakbar Hamidreza , Von Haehling Stephan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) on diastolic function is less known. We describe a 46‐year‐old man with a history of mild hypertension who presented to the emergency department with fever, cough, and myalgia for 2 days. The patient was tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2. He was admitted and started on a combination of antiviral and antimicrobial therapy. He developed respiratory distress 2 days later, and O2 saturation declined. Blood tests showed an increased N‐terminal pro‐B type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) level, and echocardiography showed normal left ventricular ejection fraction and E/e′ ratio of 16. Computed tomography scan showed interstitial pulmonary oedema and prominent peripheral pulmonary vascular markings. Given these findings, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) was considered. Low‐dose diuretic was started, and fluid administration was restricted, resulting in a decrease in NT‐proBNP level, clinical and haemodynamic stabilization, and improved oxygenation. This case highlights the occurrence of HFpEF in coronavirus disease 2019.
The advantages, pitfalls and limitations of guideline‐directed medical therapy in patients with valvular heart disease
Authors: Gill Harminder , Chehab Omar , Allen Christopher , Patterson Tiffany , Redwood Simon , Rajani Ronak , Prendergast Bernard 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHeart failure is an inevitable end‐stage consequence of significant valvular heart disease (VHD) that is left untreated and increasingly encountered in an ageing society. Recent advances in transcatheter procedures and improved outcomes after valve surgery mean that intervention can (and should) be considered in all patients – even the elderly and those with multiple comorbidities ‐ at earlier stages of the natural history of primary VHD, before the onset of irreversible left ventricular dysfunction (and frequently before the onset of symptoms). All patients with known VHD should be monitored carefully in the setting of a heart valve clinic and those who meet guideline criteria for surgical or transcatheter intervention referred for intervention without delay.High quality evidence for the use of medical therapy in VHD is limited and achieving target doses in an elderly and comorbid population frequently challenging. Furthermore, determining whether the valve or ventricle is the principal disease driver is crucial (although the distinction is not always binary, and often unclear). Guideline‐directed medical therapy remains the mainstay of treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation ‐ although up to 50% of patients may fail to respond and should be considered for cardiac resynchronization, transcatheter or surgical valve intervention. Early and definitive management strategies are essential and should be overseen by a specialist Heart Team that includes a Heart Failure specialist. In this article, we provide an evidence‐based summary of approaches to the medical treatment of VHD and clinical guidance for the best management of patients in situations where high quality evidence is lacking.
Temporal trends in mortality and readmission after acute heart failure: a systematic review and meta‐regression in the past four decades
Authors: Kimmoun Antoine , Takagi Koji , Gall Emmanuel , Ishihara Shiro , Hammoum Pierre , El Bèze Nathan , Bourgeois Alexandre , Chassard Guillaume , Pegorer‐Sfes Hugo , Gayat Etienne , Solal Alain C. , Hollinger Alexa , Merkling Thomas , Mebazaa Alexandre ,   METAHF Team
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimsAcute heart failure (AHF) is frequent and life‐threatening disease. However, innovative AHF therapies have remained limited, and care is based on experts' opinion. Temporal trends and benefits of long‐term oral cardiovascular medications on AHF outcomes remain uncertain.Methods and resultsThis study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018099885). A systematic review ranging from 1980 to 2017, searched AHF studies with more than 100 patients that reported death and/or readmission. Primary outcomes were temporal trends, assessed by meta‐regression, for 30‐day or 1‐year all‐cause death and/or readmission rates. Secondary outcomes were temporal trends of oral cardiovascular therapies and their influence on primary outcomes. Among the 45 143 studies screened, 285 were included, representing 15 million AHFs. In the past decades, though mortality and readmission remain high, there was a decline in 30‐day all‐cause death [odds ratio (OR) for a 10‐year increment: 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61–0.91; P = 0.004] that persisted at 1 year (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77–0.96; P = 0.007), while 30‐day and 1‐year all‐cause readmission rate remained roughly unchanged. Trends of primary outcomes were linear and did not differ among continents. Decline in 1‐year all‐cause death rate correlated with high proportions of oral or beta‐blockers, especially when combined with oral renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors, but not with diuretics while trends in readmission remained unchanged with these therapies.ConclusionsAlthough AHF outcomes remain poor, the present study revealed global favourable trends of survival after AHF episodes probably associated with greater use of oral neurohormonal antagonists. The present study urges to implement the combination of oral renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors and beta‐blockers in patients at risk of AHF.
Revisiting the HKUST‐1/S Composite as an Electrode for Li‐S Batteries: Inherent Problems That Hinder Its Performance
Authors: de Haro Jorge , Benítez Almudena , Caballero Álvaro , Morales Julián 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA composite formed by the HKUST‐1 metal‐organic framework (MOF) and sulfur (S) was studied as an electrode for Li‐S batteries. For preparation, a simple milling procedure in ethanol, to facilitate its homogeneity, was used instead of melt diffusion. Different instrumental techniques were used to characterize the structural, morphological and textural properties of the compound. The results revealed a MOF with a high degree of purity, a high specific surface area and a dual micropore and mesopore system. Although capacity retention is good, losing 0.88 mAh g−1 per cycle, capacity values are low, 200 mAh g−1 at 100 cycles recorded at C/10 rate. Furthermore, the electrode only gives a moderate electrochemical performance at intermediate current rates. In parallel, a review was carried out of the reported results of this MOF for this application. Although better performances of the HKUST‐1 MOF have been published for this application, in some cases, the lack of experimental data to confirm them and serious doubts about the actual content of S in the composite bring the results into question. Only by increasing the additive content, working with low S loading, increasing the measurement voltage window and lowering the current rate can the electrode deliver higher capacities. The inherent problems of this MOF and others with similar properties are indeed their insulating character since the textural properties are adequate for S impregnation and absorption of the polysulfides formed.
Direct Assessment of Ultralow Li+ Jump Rates in Single Crystalline Li3N by Evolution‐Time‐Resolved 7Li Spin‐Alignment Echo NMR
Authors: Gadermaier Bernhard , Hogrefe Katharina , Heitjans Paul , Wilkening H. Martin R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDiffusion processes of small cations and anions play important roles in many applications such as batteries and sensors. Despite the enormous progress we have witnessed over the past years in characterizing the irregular movement of ions such as Li+, new methods able to sharpen our view and understanding of fast and slow diffusion phenomena are steadily developed. Still, very few techniques are, however, available to directly sense extremely slow Li+ diffusion processes. Here, we took advantage of 1D evolution‐time resolved 7Li spin‐alignment echo NMR that is able to probe the extremely slow interlayer Li+ hopping process in layer‐structured Li3N, which served as a model substance for our purposes. The use of single crystals enabled us to study this translational process without being interfered by the fast intralayer Li+ motions. At 318 K the corresponding jump rate of interlayer dynamics turned out to be in the order of 2500(200) s−1 resulting in a diffusion coefficient as low as 1×10−17 m2 s−1, which is in excellent agreement with results from literature. The method, comparable to 1D and 2D NMR exchange spectroscopy, relies on temporal fluctuations of electric interactions the jumping ions are subjected to. 7Li single crystal 1D SAE NMR offers new opportunities to precisely quantify slow Li+ diffusion processes needed to validate theoretical models and to develop design principles for new solid electrolytes.
Design and Synthesis of Supramolecular Phosphatases Formed from a Bis(Zn2+‐Cyclen) Complex, Barbital‐Crown‐K+Conjugate and Cu2+for the Catalytic Hydrolysis of Phosphate Monoester
Authors: Rahman Akib Bin , Okamoto Hirokazu , Miyazawa Yuya , Aoki Shin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe development of artificial mimics of natural enzymes such as hydrolases and phosphatases is one of the great challenges in bioorganic and bioinorganic chemistry and related sciences. Supramolecular strategies are one of the useful methods to construct artificial catalysts as mimics of natural enzymes and to understand their reaction mechanisms. Herein, we report on the formation of amphiphilic supramolecular phosphatases by the 2 : 2 : 2 self‐assembly of a bis(Zn2+‐cyclen) complex (cyclen=1,4,7,10‐teraazacyclododecane) containing a 2,2′‐bipyridyl (bpy) linker and one long alkyl chain (Zn2L3), 5,5‐diethylbarbituric acid (Bar) derivative functionalized with 1‐aza‐18‐crown‐6 ether and Cu2+in a two‐phase solvent system (CHCl3/H2O). We hypothesized that crown ether moiety of the Bar‐crown ether conjugate would form complexes with alkaline ions and other metal ions such as Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Mg2+and La3+in organic phase to mimic the Mg2+found as the third metal ion in the active site of alkaline phosphatase (AP). The results indicate that the 2 : 2 : 2 : 4 complexes of Zn2L3, a Bar block equipped with the 18‐crown‐6 ether, Cu2+and alkaline metal are constructed in a two‐phase solvent system. The resulting complexes have a higher hydrolysis activity for mono(4‐nitrophenyl)phosphate (MNP) in the presence of K+than that in the presence of Li+, Na+, Rb+, Mg2+and La3+and a greater hydrolysis activity than our previous supermolecules having no crown ether part, suggesting that crown ether‐K+complex located in close proximity to the Cu2(μ‐OH)2core contributes to the acceleration of the MNP hydrolysis.
2,6‐Diisopropylphenyl‐Substituted Bismuth Compounds: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity
Authors: Dunaj Tobias , Dollberg Kevin , Ritter Christian , Dankert Fabian , von Hänisch Carsten 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl (Dipp) substituent is introduced to diaryl bismuth chemistry. Dipp2BiBr (1‐Br) was prepared by a Grignard reaction and subsequently used as precursor for synthesis of the other diaryl halido bismuthanes Dipp2BiX (1‐X, X=F, Cl, I) and the corresponding triflate Dipp2BiOTf (1‐OTf). Moreover, 1,1,2,2‐tetrakis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)dibismuthane (2) was prepared. All isolated compounds were characterized via single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Furthermore, the reactivity of a dibismuthane towards elemental sulfur was investigated, and the formed dibismuthanyl tri‐ and pentasulfide (3 a, 3 b) were characterized by single crystal X‐ray analysis. Functionalization of the diaryl halido bismuthanes with LiPtBu2 or tBu2PTMS (TMS=SiMe3) gives access to the interpnictogen compound Dipp2Bi−PtBu2 (4), which shows a rare example of a covalent Bi−P bond.
Bis‐Cyclometallated Iridium(III) Complexes with Bidentate Ligands Containing One or Two Pyridylideneamine (PYE) Donors: Influence of PYE Substitution (para or ortho) on Complexation
Authors: Abdolla Noreldin S. Y. , Davies David L. , Singh Kuldip 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSix pyridylideneamine (PYE)‐containing bidentate ligands and their bis‐cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes have been synthesised and fully characterised. The PYE groups show a contribution from a neutral imine resonance form and a zwitterionic pyridinium form. NMR spectroscopy of the para‐substituted ligands and complexes show those with a C6H4 bridging group have the fastest PYE rotation. X‐ray crystallography of p‐1 and p‐3 shows the PYE N‐donor is trigonal planar whereas for the ortho‐complexes it is more pyramidalized implying an increased contribution of the zwitterionic resonance form for the ortho‐complexes.
High‐Performance Catalysts Derived from Cupric Subcarbonate for Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene in an Ethylene Stream
Authors: Lu Chenyang , Zeng Aonan , Wang Yao , Wang Anjie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA high‐performance base metal catalyst for acetylene selective hydrogenation was prepared from cupric subcarbonate (Cu2(OH)2CO3) by thermal treatment with an acetylene‐containing gas followed by hydrogen reduction. The characterization results revealed that the copper catalyst was composed of interstitial copper carbide (CuxC) and metal Cu, which were embedded in porous carbon matrix. The CuxC crystallites, which showed outstanding hydrogenation activity, were derived from the hydrogen reduction of copper (II) acetylide (CuC2) which was generated from the reaction between acetylene and Cu2(OH)2CO3. The Cu particles and porous carbon were generated from the unavoidable thermal decomposition of CuC2. The prepared Cu‐derived catalyst completely removed the acetylene impurity in an ethylene stream with a very low over‐hydrogenation selectivity at 110 °C and atmospheric pressure. No obvious deactivation was observed in a 180‐h test run. In the Cu‐derived catalyst, CuxC served as the catalytic site for H2 dissociation, Cu mainly functioned as the site for selective hydrogenation of acetylene, whereas the porous carbon matrix posed a steric hindrance effect on the chain growth of linear hydrocarbons so as to suppress the undesired oligomerization.
Easily Separable Cyclic Oligosilanes with p‐Methoxyphenyl Groups and Their Stereoselective Functionalization
Authors: Omatsu Yamato , Mizuhata Yoshiyuki , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNovel cyclic oligosilanes with trimethylsilylmethyl and aryl groups at each silicon ring atom were synthesized. The reductive condensation of a dichlorosilane having a phenyl group as an aryl group gave five‐ and six‐membered cyclic oligosilanes as mixtures of their stereoisomers. On the other hand, the use of p‐methoxyphenyl group instead of phenyl group resulted in the formation of four‐ and five‐membered cyclic oligosilanes, from which each stereoisomer was separable and identified spectroscopically and structurally. Interestingly, the dearylative pentatriflation of the isolated cyclic pentasilanes yielded the sole pentatriflated cyclopentasilane from any stereoisomer. In addition, its further chlorination, bromination, and iodination quantitatively afforded the sole stereoisomer of the corresponding pentahalocyclopentasilanes.