bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal shock and fatigue lifetime characteristics of ceramic Nd:YAG
Authors: Kim Duck-Lae , Kim Byung-Tai 
Published: June 2021

The thermal shock and fatigue lifetime of a ceramic Nd:YAG laser material were analyzed. A new method is proposed to observe the effects induced by the intense temperature difference between the central portion and the surface of the material using a probe beam. The thermal effects of the intensity variations in the probe beam on a 2 at. % ceramic Nd:YAG were measured. The temperature difference and stress were high when the pump power suddenly increased or decreased compared to the thermal equilibrium. The thermal shock was the highest when the pumping started. The thermal shock resistance parameter of the laser material was 0.57 kW/m at a pump power of 14.9 W and zz stress component of 160.8 MPa. With 14.9 W pump power, the fatigue lifetime of the laser material was 238 cycles until it was damaged.
Low-loss single-mode modified conjoined tube hollow-core fiber
Authors: Shaha Kumary Sumi Rani , Khaleque Abdul 
Published: June 2021

We explain the effects of cladding geometries on conjoined tube hollow-core negative curvature fibers and offer a modified conjoined tube negative curvature fiber with appropriate positioning of an additional negative curvature D-shaped layer joining the flat bar to reveal attractive performances over existing recent related fibers. The proposed fiber ensures the least loss of 0.003 dB/km at 1.43 µm, a

∼

0.04

d
B

/

k
m

loss covering the wide bandwidth of approximately 300 nm, the lowest surface scattering loss of

∼

0.02

d
B

/

k
m

, and the lowest microbending loss of

∼

0.04

d
B

/

k
m

, thus providing a propagation loss of 0.10 dB/km at the 1.55 µm wavelength and also offering excellent bend loss performance (

∼

0.015

d
B

/

k
m

loss at a 7 cm bend radius). The fiber, with a core diameter of 30.50 µm, also shows a higher-order mode extinction ratio of

∼

1600

and maintains greater than 100 over most of the telecom bands; hence, it effectively provides single-mode operation. We show the potential of conjoined tube hollow-core negative curvature fibers in optical communications systems.
Multi-band on-chip photonic spin Hall effect and selective excitation of whispering gallery modes with metasurface-integrated microcavity
Authors: Zhang Yuebian , Li Zhancheng , Liu Wenwei , Li Zhi , Cheng Hua , Tian Jianguo , Chen Shuqi 
Published: June 2021

We propose an approach to realize a multi-band on-chip photonic spin Hall effect and selective excitation of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) by integrating metasurfaces with microcavities. Free-space circularly polarized light with opposite spin angular momentum can effectively excite WGMs with opposite propagation directions at fixed wavelengths. Moreover, the different WGMs with different propagation directions and polarizations can be selectively excited by manipulating the number of antennas. We demonstrate that the optical properties (i.e., coupling efficiency, peak positions, and peak widths) of the proposed metasurface-integrated microcavities can be easily tailored by adjusting different geometric parameters. This study enables the realization of chiral microcavities with exciting novel functionalities, which may provide a further step in the development of photonic integrated circuits, optical sensing, and chiral optics.
Ultra-thin Si-padded Si3N4 waveguides for low-loss photonics
Authors: Nguyen The Anh , Lee Ming-Chang M. 
Published: June 2021

We proposed an ultra-thin Si-padded

S
i

3

N

4

waveguide consisting of a very thin Si slab underneath a

S
i

3

N

4

strip separated by a

S
i
O

2

layer. The Si slab and the

S
i

3

N

4

strip form a hybrid waveguide mode, where the mode field is confined in these two structures. The measured waveguide propagation loss is 0.055 dB/cm, and the bending loss is 0.09 dB per 90° bend, depending on the bending radius. Because part of the waveguide mode is distributed in the Si slab, this waveguide structure has potential for implementing low-loss and high-speed photonic integrated circuits.
Laser digital manufacturing of high-performance photodetectors based on a semiconductor microwire
Authors: Liang Shuyu , Wang Shenyuan , Hua Jianguan , Li Shunxin , Xia Hong 
Published: June 2021

Digital manufacturing technology meets the needs of today’s technological development. However, the post-processing is essential for some digital fabrication methods, such as annealing and ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) has gained considerable attention, because it is a non-photolithographic, non-vacuum, and no heat fabrication method. The photodetectors based on a semiconductor microwire were fabricated via FsLDW. Finally, the responsivity of the fabricated photodetectors based on zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (

T
i
O

2

), and tin oxide (

S
n
O

2

) can reach 14.27, 1.3, and 81 A/W, respectively. The enhanced performance is attributed to the rough and porous surface of ZnO,

T
i
O

2

, and

S
n
O

2

microwires. The whole preparation process is realized by the programmed control femtosecond laser scanning path. This Letter demonstrates that the fabrication method has potential in the digital manufacturing of high-performance UV photodetectors.
Comparative performance and cycle threshold values of 10 nucleic acid amplification tests for SARS-CoV-2 on clinical samples
Authors: Mizoguchi Miyuki , Harada Sohei , Okamoto Koh , Higurashi Yoshimi , Ikeda Mahoko , Moriya Kyoji 
Published: June 2021

Background
A number of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for SARS-CoV-2 with different reagents have been approved for clinical use in Japan. These include research kits approved under emergency use authorization through simplified process to stabilize the supply of the reagents. Although these research kits have been increasingly used in clinical practice, limited data is available for the diagnostic performance in clinical settings.

Methods
We compared sensitivity, specificity, and cycle threshold (Ct) values obtained by NAATs using 10 kits approved in Japan including eight kits those receiving emergency use authorization using 69 frozen-stored clinical samples including 23 positive samples with various Ct values and 46 negative samples.

Results
Viral copy number of the frozen-stored samples determined with LightMix E-gene test ranged from 0.6 to 84521.1 copies/μL. While no false-positive results were obtained by any of these tests (specificity: 100% [95% CI, 88.9%-100%]), sensitivity of the nine tests ranged from 68.2% [95% CI, 45.1%-86.1%] to 95.5% [95% CI, 77.2%-99.9%] using LightMix E-gene test as the gold standard. All tests showed positive results for all samples with ≥100 copies/μL. Significant difference of Ct values even among tests amplifying the same genetic region (N1-CDC, N2) was also observed.

Conclusion
Difference in the diagnostic performance was observed among NAATs approved in Japan. Regarding diagnostic kits for emerging infectious diseases, a system is needed to ensure both rapidity of reagent supply and accuracy of diagnosis. Ct values, which are sometimes regarded as a marker of infectivity, are not interchangeable when obtained by different assays.
Post cesarean section surgical site infection and associated factors among women who delivered in public hospitals in Harar city, Eastern Ethiopia: A hospital-based analytic cross-sectional study
Authors: Alemye Tsegaw , Oljira Lemessa , Fekadu Gelana , Mengesha Melkamu Merid 
Published: June 2021

Background
Cesarean section (CS) is often complicated by surgical site infection (SSI) that may happen to a woman within 30 days after the operation. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of SSI and identify the factors associated with SSI.

Methods
A hospital-based analytic cross-sectional study was conducted based on the review of medical records of 1069 women who underwent CS in two public hospitals in Harar city. The post-CS SSI is defined when it occurred within 30 days after the CS procedure. Factors associated with SSI were identified using a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. The analysis outputs are presented using an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). All statistical tests are defined as statistically significant at P-values<0.05.

Results
The prevalence of SSI was 12.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.4, 14.4). Emergency-CS was conducted for 75.9% (95% CI: 73.2, 78.3) of the women and 13.2% (95% CI: 11.3, 15.4) had at least one co-morbid condition. On presentation, 21.7% (95% CI: 19.3, 24.3) of women had rupture of membrane (ROM). Factors significantly and positively associated with post-CS SSI include general anesthesia (aOR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.10, 2.90), ROM (aOR = 2.27, 95%CI: 1.02, 3.52), hospital stay for over 7 days after operation (aOR = 3.57, 95%CI: 1.91, 5.21), and blood transfusion (aOR = 4.2, 95%CI: 2.35, 6.08).

Conclusion
The prevalence of post-CS SSI was relatively high in the study settings. Screening for preoperative anemia and appropriate correction before surgery, selection of the type of anesthesia, close follow-up to avoid unnecessary prolonged hospitalization, and careful assessment of membrane status should be considered to avoid preventable SSI and maternal morbidity.
Hyperbaric hyperoxemia as a risk factor for ventilator-acquired pneumonia?
Authors: Caplan Morgan , Duburcq Thibault , Moreau Anne-Sophie , Poissy Julien , Nseir Saad , Parmentier-Decrucq Erika 
Published: June 2021

Objectives
Ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP) is the leading cause of serious associated infections in Intensive Care Units (ICU) and is associated with significant morbidity. The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in patients on mechanical ventilation may increase exposure to certain risk factors such as hyperoxemia and the need for multiple transfers. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between HBOT and VAP.

Method
This retrospective observational study was performed from March 2017 to March 2018 in a 10-bed ICU using HBOT. All patients receiving mechanical ventilation (MV) for more than 48 hours were eligible. VAP was defined using clinical and radiological criteria. Data collection was carried out via digital medical records. Risk factors for VAP were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results
Forty-two (23%) of the 182 patients enrolled developed at least one episode of VAP. One hundred and twenty-four (68%) patients received HBOT. The incidence rate of VAP was 34 per 1000 ventilator days. The occurrence of VAP was significantly associated with immunosuppression (p<0.029), MV duration (5 [3–7] vs 8 [5–11.5] days, p<0.0001), length of stay (8 [5–13] vs 19.5 [13–32] days, p<0.0001), reintubation (p<0.0001), intra-hospital transport (p = 0.001), use of paralytic agents (p = 0.013), tracheotomy (p = 0.003) and prone position (p = 0.003). The use of HBOT was not associated with the occurrence of VAP. Multivariate analysis identified reintubation (OR: 8.3 [2.6–26.6]; p<0.0001), intra-hospital transport (OR: 3.5 [1.3–9.2]; p = 0.011) and the use of paralytic agents (OR: 3.3 [1.3–8.4]; p = 0.014) as independent risk factors for VAP.

Conclusion
Known risk factors for VAP are to be found within our ICU population. HBOT, however, is not an extra risk factor for VAP within this group. Further experimental and clinical investigations are needed to understand the impact of HBOT on the occurrence of VAP and on physiological microbiome.
Doctor-patient communication and trust in doctors during COVID 19 times—A cross sectional study in Chennai, India
Authors: Gopichandran Vijayaprasad , Sakthivel Kalirajan 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThe COVID 19 pandemic created a global public health crisis. Physical distancing, masks, personal protective equipment worn by the doctors created difficulties in effective doctor-patient communication.ObjectivesThis study was conducted to assess the difficulties faced by patients in communicating with their doctors due to the COVID 19 preventive measures, and its impact on the trust on their doctors.MethodsA cross sectional study of 359 persons attending a tertiary care center in Chennai, sampled in a non-probabilistic manner selected from the outpatient department, wards, and isolation facilities, was conducted using a questionnaire containing items covering three dimensions namely difficulties faced in accessing the health facility, difficulties in doctor-patient communication and trust in the doctors. The data were collected using Google Forms and analyzed using GNU PSPP open-source statistical software version 1.4.0.ResultsMore than 60% of the participants complained of difficulty in accessing the health facility. More than 60% had difficulties in communicating with the doctors. There was a high level of trust in doctors among more than 80% of the participants. Comparison of the mean scores revealed that accessibility was a problem across ages, sexes, education and occupation groups. Communication barriers decreased with age and increased with education, but trust increased with age, but reduced with increasing education. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that difficulties in communication had a negative impact on trust (β = -0.63, p<0.001) and increasing education had a negative impact on trust (β = -0.42, p = 0.034).ConclusionsThe COVID 19 pandemic and the preventive strategies such as lock-down, physical distancing, face mask and personal protective equipment created barriers to effective doctor patient communication and led to some compromise in trust in doctors during this time.
Are older adults of Rohingya community (Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals or FDMNs) in Bangladesh fearful of COVID-19? Findings from a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mistry Sabuj Kanti , Ali A. R. M. Mehrab , Akther Farhana , Peprah Prince , Reza Sompa , Prova Shaidatonnisha , Yadav Uday Narayan 
Published: June 2021

Aim
This study aimed to assess the fear of COVID-19 and its associates among older Rohingya (Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals or FDMNs) in Bangladesh.

Method
We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 416 older FDMNs aged 60 years and above living in camps of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on participants’ socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics, pre-existing non-communicable chronic conditions, and COVID-19 related information. Level of fear was measured using the seven-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) with the cumulative score ranged from 7 to 35. A multiple linear regression examined the factors associated with fear.

Results
Among 416 participants aged 60 years or above, the mean fear score was 14.8 (range 8–28) and 88.9% of the participants had low fear score. Participants who were concerned about COVID-19 (β: 0.63, 95% CI: -0.26 to 1.53) and overwhelmed by COVID-19 (β: 3.54, 95% CI: 2.54 to 4.55) were significantly more likely to be fearful of COVID-19. Other factors significantly associated with higher level of fear were lesser frequency of communication during COVID-19, difficulty in obtaining food during COVID-19, perception that older adults are at highest risk of COVID-19 and receiving COVID-19 related information from Radio/television and friends/family/neighbours.

Conclusions
Our study highlighted that currently there little fear of COVID-19 among the older Rohingya FDMNs. This is probably due to lack of awareness of the severity of the disease in. Dissemination of public health information relevant to COVID-19 and provision of mental health services should be intensified particularly focusing on the individual who were concerned, overwhelmed or fearful of COVID-19. However, further qualitative research is advised to find out the reasons behind this.
Bleeding Risk and Mortality Associated With Uninterrupted Antithrombotic Therapy During Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement
Authors: Thosani Nirav , Rashtak Shahrooz , Kannadath Bijun Sai , Munjal Akhil , Meriwether Matthew , Yoon Eric D. , Hermann Andrew , Ali Sara , Haddad Paul G. , Patil Prithvi , Ramireddy Srinivas , Badillo Ricardo , DaVee R. Tomas , Guha Sushovan 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Antithrombotic therapy is often interrupted before the placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube because of potentially increased risk of hemorrhagic events. The aim of our study was to evaluate the risk of bleeding events and overall complication rates after PEG in patients on uninterrupted antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy in a high-volume center.

METHODS:
Data regarding demographics, diagnoses, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes pertinent to PEG were collected from 2010 to 2016. Furthermore, data regarding antithrombotic therapy along with the rate of minor or major complications including bleeding associated with this procedure were analyzed. Significant bleeding was defined as postprocedure bleeding from PEG site requiring a blood transfusion and/or surgical/endoscopic intervention.

RESULTS:
We included 1,613 consecutive PEG procedures in this study, of which 1,540 patients (95.5%) received some form of uninterrupted antithrombotic therapy. Of those patients, 535 (34.7%) were on aspirin, 256 (16.6%) on clopidogrel, and 119 (7.7%) on both aspirin and clopidogrel. Subcutaneous heparin was uninterrupted in 980 (63.6%), intravenous heparin in 34 (2.1%), warfarin in 168 (10.9%), and direct-acting oral anticoagulation in 82 (5.3%) patients who overlapped on multiple drugs. We observed 6 significant bleeding events in the entire cohort (0.39%), and all were in subcutaneous heparin groups either alone or in combination with aspirin. No clinically significant bleeding was noted in patients on uninterrupted aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel, or direct-acting oral anticoagulation groups. Only 5 patients (0.31%) had PEG-related mortality.

DISCUSSION:
The risk of significant bleeding associated with the PEG placement was minimal in patients on uninterrupted periprocedural antithrombotic therapy.
Outcomes After TIPS for Ascites and Variceal Bleeding in a Contemporary Era—An ALTA Group Study
Authors: Boike Justin Richard , Mazumder Nikhilesh Ray , Kolli Kanti Pallav , Ge Jin , German Margarita , Jest Nathaniel , Morelli Giuseppe , Spengler Erin , Said Adnan , Lai Jennifer C. , Desai Archita P. , Couri Thomas , Paul Sonali , Frenette Catherine , Verna Elizabeth C. , Rahim Usman , Goel Aparna , Gregory Dyanna , Thornburg Bartley , VanWagner Lisa B. ,   on behalf of the Advancing Liver Therapeutic Approaches (ALTA) Study Group
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Advances in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) technology have led to expanded use. We sought to characterize contemporary outcomes of TIPS by common indications.

METHODS:
This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study using data from the Advancing Liver Therapeutic Approaches study group among adults with cirrhosis who underwent TIPS for ascites/hepatic hydrothorax (ascites/HH) or variceal bleeding (2010–2015). Adjusted competing risk analysis was used to assess post-TIPS mortality or liver transplantation (LT).

RESULTS:
Among 1,129 TIPS recipients, 58% received TIPS for ascites/HH and 42% for variceal bleeding. In patients who underwent TIPS for ascites/HH, the subdistribution hazard ratio (sHR) for death was similar across all Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Sodium (MELD-Na) categories with an increasing sHR with rising MELD-Na. In patients with TIPS for variceal bleeding, MELD-Na ≥20 was associated with increased hazard for death, whereas MELD-Na ≥22 was associated with LT. In a multivariate analysis, serum creatinine was most significantly associated with death (sHR 1.2 per mg/dL, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.4 and 1.37, 95% CI 1.08–1.73 in ascites/HH and variceal bleeding, respectively). Bilirubin and international normalized ratio were most associated with LT in ascites/HH (sHR 1.23, 95% CI 1.15–1.3; sHR 2.99, 95% CI 1.76–5.1, respectively) compared with only bilirubin in variceal bleeding (sHR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00–1.13).

DISCUSSION:
MELD-Na has differing relationships with patient outcomes dependent on TIPS indication. These data provide new insights into contemporary predictors of outcomes after TIPS.
Gastric Cancer in Alaska Native and American Indian People Living in Alaska, 1990–2017
Authors: Nolen Leisha D. , Bressler Sara , Vindigni Stephen M. , Miller Keri , Nash Sarah 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Alaska Native (AN) people experience a high burden of gastric cancer compared with other US Native and non-Native populations. Previous reports have suggested that gastric cancer in AN people occurs at a younger age and is a more aggressive pathologic type. We evaluated all cases of gastric cancer in AN people from 1990 to 2017 and compared the epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics with the gastric cancers that occurred in the same time in the US white (USW) population.

METHODS:
Cancer data were collected by the Alaska Native Tumor Registry and National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Comparisons were performed looking at the age and sex distribution of the affected AN and USW people, as well as the cancer characteristics, including the location, stage, and pathology.

RESULTS:
The age distribution was significantly different between AN and USW patients (P < 0.001), with a greater proportion of AN people diagnosed younger than 40 years (11% vs 3%, P < 0.0001) and 40–59 years (37% vs 20%, P < 0.0001). In addition, a greater proportion of AN people were diagnosed with distant stage cancer (AN: 48% and USW: 35%, P < 0.0001). The age-adjusted rate of gastric cancer in the AN population was significantly higher than the USW population (20.8 vs 6.7 per 100,000 persons, P < 0.0001). Although there has been a significant decrease in the gastric cancer incidence rate in the USW population, no significant change in incidence was seen in the AN population.

DISCUSSION:
This study highlights the disproportionate burden of gastric cancer in the AN population. Further work is needed to address and understand this disparity.
Lever House, el rascacielos de cristal
Authors: Montaldo Ignacio Damián 
Published: June 2021

Este artículo asume a la arquitectura moderna como un tema nodal en la conformación de la disciplina, aún en permanente revisión y debate[1]. Se propone reflexionar sobre los materiales del proyecto, entendidos como los recursos específicos de un hacer, a partir de analizar y reflexionar sobre el edificio en torre para las Oficinas para la sede principal de la empresa de jabón, de origen británico, “Lever Brother Company”, conocido como “Lever House” proyectado y construido el estudio de arquitectura norteamericano SOM, durante 1951 y 1952, en la ciudad de New York, en el 390 de la Avenida Park Avenue.
[1] Ana María Rigotti.