bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Populations et peuplement des départements français d’outre-mer (DOM)
Authors: Dumont Gérard-François 
Published: June 2021

La France compte cinq départements d’outre-mer, tous situés à des milliers de kilomètres de la métropole : Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Réunion et, enfin, Mayotte, département depuis 2011. La combinaison de la géographie historique de leur population et de leurs évolutions démographiques contemporaines, dans le contexte de territoires de superficies fort variées, met en évidence des différences considérables de peuplement. Quant aux dynamiques de populations, faut-il penser qu’elles sont en train de converger ? Pour répondre à cette question, il convient d’analyser le mouvement naturel et le mouvement migratoire. Une typologie peut en résulter, permettant de mettre en évidence une forte probabilité d’évolutions futures très dissemblables.
Rates of Suspected Endophthalmitis Following Intravitreal Injections in Clinical Practices in the United States
Authors: Dhoot Dilsher S. , Boucher Nick , Pitcher John D. , Saroj Namrata 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate rates of suspected endophthalmitis following intravitreal injections of aflibercept, bevacizumab, ranibizumab (vial and pre-filled), dexamethasone implant, and triamcinolone in clinical practice.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Retrospective study of aggregated electronic medical records from the Vestrum Health Database. Eyes with a diagnosis of suspected endophthalmitis based on billing codes between January 2013 and June 2019 were included.

RESULTS:

Total number of injections, suspected endophthalmitis cases, and medication rate, respectively, were: aflibercept (1,412,699; 687; 0.049%); bevacizumab (1,467,722; 379; 0.026%); ranibizumab vial (884,061; 233; 0.026%), ranibizumab pre-filled (427,763; 96; 0.022%); dexamethasone implant (49,464; 53; 0.107%); and triamcinolone (75,038; 110; 0.147%). Rates were lower for bevacizumab and ranibizumab (vial and pre-filled) compared to aflibercept, dexamethasone implant, and triamcinolone (
P
< .05). Triamcinolone had a higher rate compared to all of the other medications (
P
< .05).

CONCLUSIONS:
Suspected endophthalmitis rates following anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections in clinical practice were similar to reported rates in clinical trials. Rates of suspected endophthalmitis following steroid injections trended higher with significantly higher rates with triamcinolone.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2021;52:312–318.]
Assessing the Retinal Microvasculature in Individuals With Early and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Robbins Cason B. , Grewal Dilraj S. , Stinnett Sandra S. , Soundararajan Srinath , Yoon Stephen P. , Polascik Bryce W. , Liu Andy J. , Burke James R. , Fekrat Sharon 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate retinal microvascular changes in early and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Eighty-six eyes of 50 late-onset AD participants, 27 eyes of 15 early onset AD participants, and 111 eyes of 57 cognitively normal controls were included. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) vessel density (VD) and perfusion density (PD) in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study 3-mm and 6-mm circles and rings were assessed.

RESULTS:

There was decreased PD in early onset AD 3-mm circle (
P
= .026) and ring (
P
= .026) versus controls as well as in late-onset AD 3-mm circle (
P
= .023) and ring (
P
= .023) versus controls. There was decreased VD in late-onset AD 3-mm circle (
P
= .012) and ring (
P
= .006). No parameters differed between early and late-onset AD (
P
> .05).

CONCLUSIONS:
AD eyes exhibited decreased retinal microvascular density compared to controls. Retinal parameters may not differ between early onset AD and late-onset AD after adjusting for age.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2021;52:336–344.]
Comparative study between Mustarde and Stenström techniques in treatment of prominent ear
Authors: El Hariry Mohammed Nady , El Bahrawy Mahmoud Mohamed , Abu Elsoud Ahmed 
Published: June 2021

Background
Numerous methods have been developed for the correction of protruding ears. However, the best technique should be the one that is simple, reliable, and reproducible. Our research aimed to compare Mustarde technique and Stenström technique used in the correction of prominent ears. We included 20 patients who were randomly assigned to Mustarde or Stenström technique. All participants underwent full history collection, general and local examinations, and full investigations. We analyzed the age, sex, surgical technique, follow-up, complications, and results.

Aim
The aim of this study is to compare between Mustarde and Stenström techniques in the correction of prominent ear.

Patients and methods
This study included 20 patients with prominent ear, comprising 15 males and five females, attending Al-Azhar University hospitals. The patients were divided into two groups, with each group including 10 patients: creation of antihelix was done in all cases, and conchomastoid sutures were used if needed in some cases.

Results
According to our results, comparison of these two groups showed that patient satisfaction was high in both groups. In our study, hemorrhage, hematomas, keloid formations, suture extrusion, skin and cartilage infection, skin necrosis, and relapse have not occurred in any of the patients of the two groups. Irregularity in the antihelix was not observed in any patients from group A (Mustarde technique) and observed in one (5%) patient from group B (Stenström technique).

Conclusion
Minimizing the gap between the ear and the mastoid is the most significant outcome for patients in considering the operation as a success. Mustarde technique was our favorite technique for correction of protruding ear in children with soft or thin cartilage. We also agree that the technique of Stenström was effective in adults with hard or thick cartilage.
Medicolegal aspect of maternal deaths in Assiut Governorate
Authors: Gad Allah Ahmed Mohmed , Abd El Hady Randa Hussein , Abd El Hameed Saly Yehia , Ali Wael Farahat 
Published: June 2021

Background
In obstetric practice, most allegations against obstetrician–gynecologists relate in some manner to the management of labor and delivery; few solely involve perceived flaws in prenatal or postpartum care.

Objective
To evaluate the incidence and causes of maternal deaths and to evaluate the role of medical malpractice leading to maternal deaths in Assiut Governorate.

Patients and methods
Women delivered at Al-Azhar University Hospital during a 6-month period in 2013 and women delivered in the period extending from 2005 to 2010 in Assiut Governorate as documented by the local Medicolegal Department of the Ministry of Justice were the subjects of this study.

Results
Among 2556 women delivered in a 6-month period, two women died, representing a maternal mortality rate of 0.078% (a maternal mortality ratio of 78/100 000 live birth). Antepartum hemorrhage and postpartum hemorrhage were the reported causes in a case each. We also studied 50 maternal deaths referred to local Medicolegal Department of the Ministry of Justice owing to medicolegal claims. We found that the chronic hypertension was the most commonly reported morbidity (20.0%) followed by severe anemia (18.0%), diabetes mellitus (8.0%), epilepsy (2.0%), and deep vein thrombosis (2.0%). More than two-thirds (68.0%) of them had antenatal care, whereas the remainder (32.0%) did not receive it. Regarding the neonatal outcome in the studied women, we found that in 34 (68.0%) cases, women delivered a live mature baby, whereas in 15 (30.0%) cases, fetal death occurred, and in one (2.0%) case, the delivered newborn was macrosomic. In all cases, there was a civil liability. Negligence was the commonest cause (42.0%) followed by misdiagnosis (30.0%) and delayed treatment (28.0%). Regarding the qualification of the service provider, we noted that those with master qualification came on the top (52.0%) followed by general practitioners (18.0%) and diploma holders (12.0%). In 44.0% of cases, delivery took place in governmental hospital, whereas in 32.0% of cases was in health unit and in 24.0% of cases was in private clinic. In our study, surgical specialties accounted for 31.0% of claims followed by obstetrics (25.0%), anesthesia (17.5%), internal medicine (14.5%), and pediatrics (12.0%).

Conclusions
In the present study, we reported a maternal mortality rate of 0.078% (maternal mortality ratio of 78/100 000 live birth). With respect to the type of liability in the studied women, we found that in all cases, there was civil liability.
Reliability on self-adhesive mesh in inguinal and ventral hernia repair
Authors: Mohamed Amer Yehia , Shemy Gamal Galal , Hegazy Islam H.M. 
Published: June 2021

Background
Surgical repair of hernia is considered to be one of the most repeatedly conducted operations all over the world.

Aim
This study has been carried out to obtain well-established information about surgery duration, hospital stay, and short-term and long-term complications, following inguinal or ventral hernia repair using ProGrip meshes.

Patients and methods
A total of 50 patients with right oblique inguinal hernia (Rt. OIH), left oblique inguinal hernia (Lt. OIH), or paraumbilical hernia and epigastric hernia (PH or EH) ventral hernia were enrolled in this study. Operative repair was performed using self-gripping polyester meshes. Follow-up to compare the anticipated outcomes of these hernia types was done.

Results
Most of the short-term and long-term complications were found to be low in Rt. OIH, Lt. OIH, and PH or EH ventral hernias. Hospital stay was found to be 1–2 days in all of them. Return to work was 10–14 days. Patient satisfaction was 100% in Rt. OIH, and a little below in other types of hernias. Hematoma was found to be 0–13.3%, seroma in 0–23.3%, pain in 10–30%, wound infection in 0–16.7%, and recurrence 0–10%.

Conclusion
For the ProGrip meshes, they are recommended to be used in both Rt. OIH and Lt. OIH, as well as EH and PH.
Interest in research among female medical students at Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt
Authors: Elhassan Hanaa A.E.A. , Elsheikh Asmaa A. 
Published: June 2021

Background and aim
Early research activities during medical education years are an important factor for attracting a greater number of physicians to careers in research. In the current study, the authors aimed to investigate the interest in research among medical students at the Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, to explore the factors that contribute to emergence of interest in research and those that contribute to no interest. The authors also aimed to determine factors that prevent those who are interested in research from engaging in research activities.

Participants and methods
The current study is a cross-sectional one that was carried out on 420 female students who were chosen randomly from all study years. Students responded to a self-administered questionnaire.

Statistical analysis Data
were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences program version 16. Testing of the hypothesis was performed at the 95% confidence level, and a P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results
The authors found that 73.3% of the students were interested in research. A total of 62.9% of the students reported interest in research because they believed that it could be beneficial for their careers; however, the most common reasons for no interest in research was that they were more interested in clinical work (73.6%), while the most commonly cited factor for not being able to engage in research among those who were interested was lack of time (90.3%).

Conclusion
Despite the high interest in health research, medical students did not report any actual publication of research papers. Consequently, the authors recommend provision of a favorable research environment and assembly of a research team to support students in all steps of their research.
Does isotretinoin affect spermatogenesis? a rat study
Authors: Önder Sevda , Çırakoğlu Abdullah , Nalbant İsmail , Benli Erdal , Yüce Ahmet , Hancı Hatice , Baş Orhan , Ozturk Murat 
Published: June 2021

Aim
Inthe literature, studies investigating the effects of isotretinoin on spermatogenesis are controversial and there is no consensus. In this study, the aim was to investigate whether isotretinoin has any effects on spermatogenesis and, if present, whether these effects are dose linked or not.

Materials and methods
Twenty-two rats were divided into four groups. The first group (n=5) was administered 7.5 mg/kg/day and the second group (n=5) was administered 30 mg/kg/day isotretinoin dissolved in sunflower oil orally for 4 weeks. Group 3, the sham group (n=6), was administered only sunflower oil. Group 4 was the control group and was administered standard feed and water. At the end of the fourth week, all rats were killed and histologic investigation was performed. Sperm motility, sperm count, sperm vitality, seminiferous tubule diameters, germinal epithelium thickness, and apoptotic indices were assessed. Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels were measured in serum.

Results
There was a significant degree of reduction in sperm motility, sperm viability, seminiferous tubule diameters, and germinal epithelium thickness in the first and second groups compared with the control group. Sperm count was found to be significantly reduced in the second group compared with the other groups. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone values were not observed to change in all groups.

Conclusion
This study concluded that both high-dose and low-dose isotretinoin disrupted spermatogenesis; however, it did not affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.
Male ejaculation may enhance woman’s orgasm and satisfaction
Authors: Younis Ihab , Ibrahim Samah E. , Habib Amany K.M. 
Published: June 2021

Objective
This study aimed to assess the importance of male ejaculation on female satisfaction and orgasm.

Background
Although links between ejaculatory control or intravaginal ejaculatory latency time and female sexual function have been reported in the past, little research has focused on the effect of ejaculation on female satisfaction and orgasm.

Methods
The study was carried out on 221 of married women aged 18-50+ years. The tool used was a self-report questionnaire written in English and translated into Arabic.

Results
More intense orgasm and more satisfaction was reported by 58.4% of women if husbands ejaculated intravaginally without a condom. Among participants 47.1% didn’t perceive the quantity of husbands ejaculate as an expression of their own sexual attractiveness.
Male condom was used by 34.8% of husbands and frequency of reaching orgasm was lower in women of these men. Although use of condom prolongs intravaginal latency time, 60% of participants were unsatisfied with their sexual life if husbands ejaculate in condom.
The commonest coital frequency was once/week (45.2%). Dyspareunia was a complaint of 40.7% of participants. Coital frequency declined with advance in age, vaginal intercourse was the preferred sexual activity in almost all age groups and only 35.7% of the participants could reach orgasm in almost each intercourse most commonly because of life problems and work tensions

Conclusion
Intravaginal male ejaculation may give women more intense orgasm and satisfaction.
A cross-sectional online survey of relationship between the psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 and the resilience among postgraduate health sciences students from Maharashtra, India
Authors: Ghogare Ajinkya Sureshrao , Aloney Swapnil Arun , Spoorthy Mamidipalli Sai , Patil Pradeep Shriram , Ambad Ranjit S. , Bele Ashish Wasudeorao 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Because of the rapid global spread, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a state of an emergency situation. Postgraduate (PG) health sciences students (HSSs) are the frontline healthcare workers who are susceptible to psychological issues like depression, anxiety and stress during such stressful pandemic period. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the psychological issues such as depression, anxiety and stress and the level of resilience among PG HSSs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods:
The present cross-sectional online survey was conducted by the department of Psychiatry of tertiary health care center from Maharashtra state of India over a 10 days period (from April 15, 2020 to April 24, 2020), with a sample size of 195 which was calculated by using the formula of sample size calculation for the cross-sectional study design. Data were collected using the purposive sampling method from the PG HSSs. Data were recorded from the study participants in an online structured questionnaire prepared for the study using the sociodemographic details and the two scales namely Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 item (DASS-21) and Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). DASS-21 scale was used to assess the presence and severity of depression, anxiety, and stress, while BRS scale was used to assess the level of resilience among the PG HSSs. Data were collected and analyzed using the SPSS software version 15.0, Fisher's exact test, and Pearson's correlation test.

Results:
Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress were 43.1%, 68.7%, and 11.3%, respectively. There was a high positive correlation between all three subscales of DASS-21 (depression, anxiety, and stress subscales). On BRS, 2 (1.0%) study participants had high resilience, 120 (61.5%) had normal resilience, and 73 (37.5%)

Conclusion:
Study concluded that significant proportion of PG HSSs had psychological impact of COVID-19 in the form of depression, anxiety and stress. Programs such as timely evaluation of mental health status and stress management to address these psychological issues should be a priority. In long terms, increasing the resilience of PG HSSs can have protective value against the psychological issues during the stressful events of infectious disease outbreaks like COVID-19 pandemic.

The following core competencies are addressed in this article:
Medical knowledge, Patient care, Professionalism, Practice based learning and improvement.
A cross-sectional study to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of medical students concerning antibiotic usage and antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Sannathimmappa Mohan B. , Nambiar Vinod , Aravindakshan Rajeev 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health problem, which is mainly promoted by injudicious antibiotic usage. The main strategy to control AMR is to emphasize the appropriate use of antibiotics, which can be achieved by creating awareness about AMR, changing the attitude of medical students who are the future prescribers. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of fifth-year medical students regarding antibiotic use and AMR.

Materials and Methods:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 125 fifth-year medical students of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding antibiotic use and AMR. The data were statistically analyzed and expressed as numbers and percentages.

Results:
Of 125 participants, the majority (>90%) were aware of AMR and its global impact. Nearly three in four knew that antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infection. However, most of the students had lacunae in their knowledge regarding contributing factors and consequences of AMR. A minority of students lack the right attitude toward rational antibiotic usage and adequate infection control practices. The majority of them were unaware of strict guidelines pertaining to judicious antibiotic usage and adequate infection control policies implemented in hospitals, as recommended by the World Health Organization.

Conclusion:
The results of our study reflect lacunae in students' knowledge regarding antibiotic usage and AMR. Therefore, there is a need for an implementation of effective medical curricula to improve medical students' knowledge regarding AMR and the appropriate use of antibiotics.

The following core competencies are addressed in this article:
Patient care, Medical knowledge, Professionalism, Systems-based practice, Practice-based learning and improvement, Interpersonal and communication skills.
Reconstruction of Scalp Defects in Electrical Burns
Authors: Aithal Karthik , Jena Unmesh Kumar , Vasireddy Sravya , Muddada Sravani , Sudhakar P. V. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Electrical burn injury in India comprises a fair percentage of overall burn injuries, and they cause significant morbidity. Reconstruction of scalp defects often poses challenges to the plastic surgeon regarding the timing of surgery, choice of reconstruction, and postoperative management. The objective of this article is to throw light on various options for reconstruction of scalp defects as the involvement leads to significant morbidity.

Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted at a tertiary burn care unit. The period of this study was from 2016 to 2019. Retrospective analysis was done.

Results:
In this study, retrospective analysis of 40 cases of scalp burns was evaluated from 2016 to 2019. Out of these, 6 patients were managed with primary suturing, 8 patients underwent split-thickness skin graft, 24 patients required local flaps, and 2 patients were managed with extracorporeal radial forearm flap. There were no major complications. Minor complications like wound infection were seen in five of the local flap patients which were managed with antibiotics and regular dressing. Two patients had partial flap loss which was revised and managed conservatively. All flaps healed well. There was hair loss patch evident in patients where split-thickness graft was used.

Conclusion:
Thorough debridement of the wound is necessary in electrical burns. Smaller scalp wounds can be managed with split-thickness skin graft and local flaps, but larger defects should be managed with distant flaps and free flaps. This study shows that local flaps are the ideal choice for reconstruction of scalp defects due to their easy availability, minimal complications, and acceptable cosmesis.
Galois-theoretic features for 1-smooth pro-pgroups
Authors: Quadrelli Claudio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLetpbe a prime. A pro-pgroupGis said to be 1-smooth if it can be endowed with a continuous representation$\theta \colon G\to \mathrm {GL}_1(\mathbb {Z}_p)$such that every open subgroupHofG, together with the restriction$\theta \vert _H$, satisfies a formal version of Hilbert 90. We prove that every 1-smooth pro-pgroup contains a unique maximal closed abelian normal subgroup, in analogy with a result by Engler and Koenigsmann on maximal pro-pGalois groups of fields, and that if a 1-smooth pro-pgroup is solvable, then it is locally uniformly powerful, in analogy with a result by Ware on maximal pro-pGalois groups of fields. Finally, we ask whether 1-smooth pro-pgroups satisfy a “Tits’ alternative.”