bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lucy Hutchinson, John Owen’s Congregation, and the Literary Cultures of Nonconformity
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article advances the reconstruction of the ‘literary culture of nonconformity’ by examining activities of memorializing and collecting within the congregation with which Lucy Hutchinson was associated in the 1670s. This congregation, led by John Owen, retained a distinctive political culture. In spring 1673, its female adherents included the widow and daughter of former members of the Council of State, while the 15 men in membership included one former Lord Chancellor of Ireland, two members of the first Protectorate Parliament, three former Major-Generals, other former officers, several of whom after the Restoration had been imprisoned, as well as a younger man who would be elected to the three Exclusion Parliaments. Their literary work provides a critical context for Hutchinson’s projects in collecting, writing and translating in the 1670s. Throughout this period, and thereafter, congregants kept commonplace books with political, theological and biographical materials, gathered collections of transcriptions of Owen’s sermons, and took notes on his published works, largely independently of one another, while engaging with the broader literary and scientific cultures of the period. This activity paralleled that of Hutchinson, who nevertheless retained a critical distance from the fellowship with which she associated. But the evidence of these commonplace books speaks to the difficulties of the situation of dissent and suggests that some members found the congregation’s religious expectations increasingly difficult to sustain.
Profile of authors publishing in ‘predatory’ journals and causal factors behind their decision: A systematic review
Authors: Mertkan Sefika , Onurkan Aliusta Gulen , Suphi Nilgun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Intensified pressure to publish is a hallmark of a rapidly evolving higher education field where the faculty of any hue cannot avoid the ‘publish or perish’ treadmill. Growing need to publish more and to do so fast have resulted in the proliferation of pseudo scholarly publications many regards as ‘predatory’. This article provides a systematic review of research studies on so-called ‘predatory’ publishing, a new but fast-growing area of research, with a particular focus on the awareness of prospective authors about so-called ‘predatory’ publishing, the profile of authors publishing in ‘predatory’ journals and the causal factors encouraging authors to publish in such outlets. It synthetizes the results of research studies on the topic to identify gaps and trends in the existing knowledgebase to guide further research. Results indicate so-called ‘predatory’ articles are authored by scholars from all fields and levels of academic experience rather than by inexperienced scholars only and ‘predatory’ contributions are not limited to developing countries, suggesting geographical location and author experience fail to explain the author profile of ‘predatory’ articles. Findings of this review suggest causal factors include research evaluation policies and publication pressure that emerge from the research environment in which scholars operate authors’ limited capacity to publish in ‘legitimate’ journals and conventions of so-called ‘predatory’ publishers. This indicates meaningful action might address all these factors in combination, rather than focus on them in isolation.
Serum interferon-α2 measured by single-molecule array associates with systemic disease manifestations in Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Huijser Erika , Göpfert Jens , Brkic Zana , van Helden-Meeuwsen Cornelia G , Jansen Sanne , Mandl Thomas , Olsson Peter , Schrijver Benjamin , Schreurs Marco W J , van Daele Paul L A , Dik Willem A , Versnel Marjan A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Type I IFN (IFN-I) activation is a prominent feature of primary SS (pSS), SLE and SSc. Ultrasensitive single-molecule array (Simoa) technology has facilitated the measurement of subfemtomolar concentrations of IFNs. Here we aimed to measure IFN-α2 in serum from pSS, SLE and SSc using a Simoa immunoassay and correlate these levels to blood IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression and disease activity.

Methods
Serum IFN-α2 was measured in patients with pSS (n = 85 and n = 110), SLE (n = 24) and SSc (n = 23) and healthy controls (HCs; n = 68) using an IFN-α Simoa assay on an HD-X analyser. IFN-I pathway activation was additionally determined from serum by an IFN-I reporter assay and paired samples of whole blood ISG expression of IFI44, IFI44L, IFIT1, IFIT3 and MxA by RT-PCR or myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MxA) protein ELISA.

Results
Serum IFN-α2 levels were elevated in pSS (median 61.3 fg/ml) compared with HCs (median ≤5 fg/ml, P &lt; 0.001) and SSc (median 11.6 fg/ml, P = 0.043), lower compared with SLE (median 313.5 fg/ml, P = 0.068) and positively correlated with blood ISG expression (r = 0.66–0.94, P &lt; 0.001). Comparable to MxA ELISA [area under the curve (AUC) 0.93], IFN-α2 measurement using Simoa identified pSS with high ISG expression (AUC 0.90) with 80–93% specificity and 71–84% sensitivity. Blinded validation in an independent pSS cohort yielded a comparable accuracy. Multiple regression indicated independent associations of autoantibodies, IgG, HCQ treatment, cutaneous disease and a history of extraglandular manifestations with serum IFN-α2 concentrations in pSS.

Conclusion
Simoa serum IFN-α2 reflects blood ISG expression in pSS, SLE and SSc. In light of IFN-targeting treatments, Simoa could potentially be applied for patient stratification or retrospective analysis of historical cohorts.
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE IN RADIATION APPLICATIONS IN INDIA: TRENDS AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
Authors: Senthilkumar M , Kumar C Senthil , Koley J , Velmurugan J 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Occupational exposure data in radiation applications provide a good insight on the radiation risks to workers from occupational hazards, the safe practices adopted and in deriving methods to prevent possible radiation exposures. The analysis of occupational exposure may be used to provide regulatory guidance and more focused attention to improve the safety systems, thus improving the personnel and environment safety. In this study, occupational exposure from radiation applications during 2004–18 amounting to a total number of 1951 486 occupational dose data are collected and analysed using the statistical software package, SPSS. As recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, four critical parameters viz., annual collective effective dose, average annual effective dose, individual dose distribution ratio and the annual collective dose distribution ratio for each practice are estimated. Using the trend observed for these parameters, it is predicted that occupational exposure in diagnostic radiology in the year 2023 would increase by 80% in total number of monitored with 76% increase in average collective dose and no significant change in average annual effective dose. In the same manner, nuclear medicine would see 28% of increase in radiation workers with the increase of 24% in collective dose with no significant change in average annual effective dose. Further, the reasons and area of regulatory focus for the different practices are discussed.
Examining the Vulnerability Procedure: Group-based Determinations at the EU Border
Authors: Åberg Karin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Between 2016 and 2019, almost all asylum seekers who managed to reach the Greek islands in the North Aegean Sea had to undergo an assessment of their vulnerability within the EU hotspot system. Those who were found vulnerable were exempted from return under the EU-Turkey Agreement and were free to leave for the Greek mainland. This article provides a detailed account of the vulnerability procedure, which classifies migrants through pre-established categories on account of externally distinguishable features rather than individual experiences. As is shown, this type of group-based management of refugees preceded the Refugee Convention, but has since the 1960s primarily been applied in the Global South. The use of this procedure in Europe reflects an exception from the European individualist human rights approach. In the context of EU hotspots, the vulnerability procedure provides a pathway to exemption from externalisation, for those who can live up to its requirements of documentable hardship.
Divergent Residential Pathways from Flood-Prone Areas: How Neighborhood Inequalities Are Shaping Urban Climate Adaptation
Authors: Elliott James R , Loughran Kevin , Brown Phylicia Lee 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Flood risks are rising across the United States, putting the economic and social values of growing numbers of homes at risk. In response, the federal government is funding the purchase and demolition of housing in areas of greatest jeopardy, tacitly promoting residential resettlement as a strategy of climate adaptation, especially in cities. Despite these developments little is known about where people move when they engage in such resettlement or how answers to that question vary by the racial and economic status of their flood-prone neighborhoods. The present study begins to fill that gap. We introduce a new typology for classifying environmental resettlement along two socio-spatial dimensions of community attachment: (a) distance moved from one’s flood-prone home; and (b) average distance resettled from similarly relocated neighbors. Next, we analyze data from 1,572 homeowners who accepted government-funded buyouts across 39 neighborhood areas in Harris County, Texas – Houston’s urban core. Results indicate that homeowners from more privileged neighborhoods resettle closer to their flood-prone homes and to one another, thus helping to preserve the social and economic value of their homes; homeowners from less privileged areas end up farther away from both. Implications for understanding social inequities in government-funded urban climate adaptation are discussed.
‘Flying Gas Mains’: Rumour, Secrecy, and Morale during the V-2 Bombardment of Britain
Authors: Hall Charlie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Britain was the first country to suffer casualties as the result of a ballistic missile attack, when German V-2 rockets began landing in London and the South-East in September 1944. This new menace posed critical challenges, not only to the civilians whose lives were endangered once again, but also to the British government. Policymakers had to decide what, if any, information they released to the public, amid fears of creating panic, providing free propaganda to the Nazis, and helping the V-2 launching units improve their aim. Their commitment to secrecy in this period was both resolute and largely unnecessary, not to mention ineffective. In the absence of official information released from above, the public drew their own conclusions and myriad rumours emerged, many of which were remarkably accurate. This article will explore the ways in which government policy surrounding censorship and publicity changed during the V-2 bombardment and the extent to which this affected those in the firing line. It will also add considerable nuance to our understanding of public morale in this period, which was rather less steadfast than many accounts suggest, and which continued to be a major government preoccupation, despite the diminishing likelihood of a descent into mass panic or defeatism.
Seasonal changes in cambium activity from active to dormant stage affect the formation of secondary xylem in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.
Authors: Guo Yayu , Xu Huimin , Wu Hongyang , Shen Weiwei , Lin Jinxing , Zhao Yuanyuan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Understanding the changing patterns of vascular cambium during seasonal cycles is crucial to reveal the mechanisms that control cambium activity and wood formation, but this area has been underexplored, especially in conifers. Here, we quantified the changing cellular morphology patterns of cambial zones during the active, transition and dormant stages. With the help of toluidine blue and periodic acid–Schiff staining to visualize cell walls and identify their constituents, we observed decreasing cambial cell layers, thickening of newly formed xylem cell walls and increased polysaccharide granules in phloem from June to the following March over the course of our collecting period. Pectin immunofluorescence showed that dormant-stage cambium can produce highly abundant de-esterified homogalacturonan and (1–4)-β-d-galactan epitopes, whereas active cambium can strong accumulate high methylesterified homogalacturonan. Calcofluor white staining and confocal Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed regular changes in the chemical composition of cell walls, such as relative lower cellulose deposition in transition stage in vascular cambium, and higher lignin accumulation was found in dormant stage in secondary xylem. Moreover, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis suggested that various IAA (Aux/IAA protein), CesA, CslA and HDZ genes, as well as NAC, PME3 and PME4, may be involved in cambium activities and secondary xylem formation. Taken together, these findings provide new information about cambium activity and cell differentiation in the formation, structure and chemistry in conifers during the active–dormant transition.
The Relationship between Bronchiolitis Severity and Vitamin D Status
Authors: Alakaş Yusuf , Celiloğlu Can , Tolunay Orkun , Matyar Selçuk 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background/Aim
Acute bronchiolitis is mostly caused by viral agents in children under 2 years of age. The disease mostly has a mild clinical course however severe cases are not uncommon. Vitamin D is known to exert immune-regulatory functions. We aimed to examine the association between the clinical severity of acute bronchiolitis and serum vitamin D levels in infants.

Materials and methods
A total of 182 children with acute bronchiolitis were prospectively enrolled. The disease severity was assessed using the Modified Tal Scoring System and their vitamin D levels were evaluated.

Results
Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency was as high as 47.8% in infants with bronchiolitis. Infants with low vitamin D levels comprised a significantly larger proportion of patients with severe bronchiolitis (p = 0.002). Infants admitted to intensive care unit had significantly higher degrees of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (p &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
Vitamin D deficiency is closely linked with severe bronchiolitis and the need for intensive care unit admission in infants. We believe that assessment of vitamin D levels in infants prior to bronchiolitis season and appropriate supplementation may have a protective effect against severe bronchiolitis.
Mentoring Relationships and Gender Inequities in Academic Medicine: Findings From a Multi-Institutional Qualitative Study
Authors: Murphy Marie , Record Helena , Callander Jacquelyn K. , Dohan Daniel , Grandis Jennifer R. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose
This study examined how mentoring relationships may reinforce or mitigate gender inequities in academic medicine.

Method
In-depth, semistructured interviews with medical school faculty members (52 women and 52 men) were conducted at 16 institutions across the United States in 2019. Institutions were recruited using a purposive sampling strategy to seek diversity in geography, ownership (private or public), and prestige. Within institutions, purposive sampling was used to recruit equal numbers of women and men and to seek diversity in degree type (MD, PhD), age, and career stage. A coding scheme was developed through iterative analysis of the interview transcripts. All interview transcripts were then coded with the goal of identifying intersections between mentorship and experiences of and responses to gender inequities.

Results
Four key themes at the intersection of mentoring relationships and gender inequities were identified. (1) Both women and men became aware of gender inequities in academic medicine through relationships with women mentors and mentees. (2) Both women and men mentors recognized the challenges their female mentees faced and made deliberate efforts to help them navigate an inequitable environment. (3) Both women and men mentors modeled work–family balance and created family friendly environments for their mentees. (4) Some women, but no men, reported being sexually harassed by mentors.

Conclusions
This study shows that mentoring relationships may be a context in which gender inequities are acknowledged and mitigated. It also shows that mentoring relationships may be a context in which gender inequities, such as sexual harassment, may occur. Sexual harassment in academic medicine has been widely documented, and gender inequity in academic medicine has proved persistent. While mentoring relationships may have the potential to identify and mitigate gender inequities, this study suggests that this potential remains largely unrealized.
Evaluating the Role of Otologic Biomarkers to Differentiate Meniere’s Disease and Vestibular Migraine
Authors: Naples James G. , Soda Drew , Rahman Kahlil , Ruckenstein Michael J. , Parham Kourosh 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
To evaluate the role for prestin and otolin-1 as biomarkers for differentiating Meniere’s disease (MD) from vestibular migraine (VM).

Study Design:
It is a cross-sectional, cohort study.

Results:
There were 19 MD and 11 VM patients. In the 19 MD patients, the mean prestin level was 2.33 ng/ml compared to 0.64 ng/ml in VM patients (p = 0.238). Otolin-1 levels in MD patients were 109.67 pg/ml, while in VM patients, otolin-1 levels were 30.9 pg/ml (p = 0.102). In MD patients, prestin levels were correlated with word recognition scores, being strongest when prestin >2 ng/ml (rho = 0.9; p = 0.019).

Conclusions:
Prestin and otolin-1 levels differed between MD patients relative to VM patients. The relationship between prestin and word recognition scores in MD suggests that there may be a role for prestin as a marker for inner ear function, but its role in differentiating MD from VM remains to be elucidated.
Central-to-peripheral stiffness gradients determine diastolic pressure and flow fluctuation waveforms: time domain analysis of femoral artery pulse
Authors: Hashimoto Junichiro , Tagawa Kaname , Westerhof Berend E. , Ito Sadayoshi 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
Blood pressure fluctuates during diastole to create a dicrotic wave but the mechanistic origin remains poorly understood. We sought to investigate the characteristics and determinants of diastolic pressure and flow fluctuations with a focus on stiffness gradients between the central aorta and peripheral arteries.

Methods:
Using applanation tonometry and duplex ultrasound, pulse waveforms were recorded on the femoral artery in 592 patients (age: 55 ± 14 years) to estimate the diastolic pressure fluctuation as a residual wave against the mono-exponential decay and the diastolic flow fluctuation as a bidirectional (forward and reverse) velocity wave. The radial, carotid, and dorsalis pedis pressures were also recorded to measure the peripheral/aortic pulse pressure (PP) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) ratios.

Results:
There were close resemblances between the femoral pressure and flow fluctuation waveforms. The pressure and flow fluctuations were mutually correlated in relative amplitude as indexed to the total pulse height (r = 0.63), and the former temporally followed the latter. In multivariate-adjusted models, higher peripheral/aortic PP and PWV ratios were independently associated with greater pressure and flow fluctuation indices (P < 0.001). Mediation analysis revealed that the associations of PP and PWV ratios with the pressure fluctuation index were largely mediated by the flow fluctuation index [indirect/total effect ratio: 57 (95% CI 42–80)% and 54 (30–100)%, respectively].

Conclusion:
These results suggest that central-to-peripheral pulse amplification and stiffness gradients contribute to triphasic flow fluctuations and dicrotic pressure waves. Diminished or inverted stiffness gradients caused by aortic stiffening may thus reduce diastolic runoff leading to ischemic organ damage.
Retinal and choroidal manifestations of COVID-19
Authors: Zhang Youning , Stewart Jay M. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
The novel coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) has a wide range of systemic manifestations. Ocular manifestations are now well recognized, with conjunctivitis being the most common. Posterior segment involvement is uncommon and has mainly been described in case reports. This review provides an overview of the posterior segment involvement of COVID-19.

Recent findings
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 affects the retina and the choroid through either direct entry or triggering an indirect inflammatory response. Majority of the retinal findings is a result of microvascular derangement leading to cotton wool spots, intraretinal hemorrhages, paracentral acute middle maculopathy, acute macular neuroretinopathy, or retinal vein occlusions. Rarely, inflammation involving the retina or the choroid, or reactivation of previously quiescent uveitis, can be seen.

Summary
It is important to recognize the possible correlation between ophthalmic conditions and COVID-19 as it can aid in diagnosis, management, and mitigation of the disease.
Health Behavior Trajectories in High Cardiovascular Risk Populations
Authors: Lee Chiyoung , Yang Qing , Wolever Ruth Q. , Vorderstrasse Allison 
Published: September 2021

Background
The application of latent class growth analysis (LCGA) has been limited in behavioral studies on high–cardiovascular-risk populations.

Aim
The current study aimed to identify distinct health behavior trajectories in high–cardiovascular-risk populations using LCGA. We also examined the baseline individual characteristics associated with different health behavior trajectories and determined which trajectory is associated with improved cardiovascular risk outcomes at 52 weeks.

Methods
This secondary analysis of a clinical trial included 200 patients admitted to primary care clinics. Latent class growth analysis was conducted to identify the trajectories of physical activity and dietary intake; these were measured at 4 different time points during a 52-week study period. Analysis of variance/χ2 test was used to assess the associations between baseline individual characteristics and trajectories, and logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between trajectories and cardiovascular risk outcomes at 52 weeks.

Results
Three trajectories were identified for physical activity (low-, moderate-, and high-stable). Risk perception, patient activation, and depressive symptoms predicted the trajectories. High-stable trajectory for physical activity was associated with better cardiovascular risk outcomes at the 52-week follow-up. Two trajectories (low-stable and high-decreasing) were identified for percent energy from fat, but the factors that can predict trajectories were limited.

Conclusions
Interventions are needed to target patients who begin with a lower physical activity level, with the goal of enhanced cardiovascular health. The predictors identified in the study may facilitate earlier and more tailored interventions.