bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Fuzzy String Matching: How to Merge Datasets with Only One (Messy) Identifying Field
Authors: Kaufman Aaron R. , Klevs Aja 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA single dataset is rarely sufficient to address a question of substantive interest. Instead, most applied data analysis combines data from multiple sources. Very rarely do two datasets contain the same identifiers with which to merge datasets; fields like name, address, and phone number may be entered incorrectly, missing, or in dissimilar formats. Combining multiple datasets absent a unique identifier that unambiguously connects entries is called the record linkage problem. While recent work has made great progress in the case where there are many possible fields on which to match, the much more uncertain case of only one identifying field remains unsolved: this fuzzy string matching problem, both its own problem and a component of standard record linkage problems, is our focus. We design and validate an algorithmic solution called Adaptive Fuzzy String Matching rooted in adaptive learning, and show that our tool identifies more matches, with higher precision, than existing solutions. Finally, we illustrate its validity and practical value through applications to matching organizations, places, and individuals.
The administration of a pre-digested fat-enriched formula prevents necrotising enterocolitis-induced lung injury in mice
Authors: Sodhi Chhinder P. , Gonzalez Salazar Andres J. , Kovler Mark L. , Fulton William B. , Yamaguchi Yukihiro , Ishiyama Asuka , Wang Sanxia , Prindle Thomas , Vurma Mustafa , Das Tapas , Jia Hongpeng , Lu Peng , Hackam David J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNecrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating gastrointestinal disease of prematurity that typically develops after the administration of infant formula, suggesting a link between nutritional components and disease development. One of the most significant complications that develops in patients with NEC is severe lung injury. We have previously shown that the administration of a nutritional formula that is enriched in pre-digested Triacylglyceride that do not require lipase action can significantly reduce the severity of NEC in a mouse model. We now hypothesise that this ‘pre-digested fat (PDF) system’ may reduce NEC-associated lung injury. In support of this hypothesis, we now show that rearing newborn mice on a nutritional formula based on the ‘PDF system’ promotes lung development, as evidenced by increased tight junctions and surfactant protein expression. Mice that were administered this ‘PDF system’ were significantly less vulnerable to the development of NEC-induced lung inflammation, and the administration of the ‘PDF system’ conferred lung protection. In seeking to define the mechanisms involved, the administration of the ‘PDF system’ significantly enhanced lung maturation and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings suggest that the PDF system protects the development of NEC-induced lung injury through effects on lung maturation and reduced ROS in the lung and also increases lung maturation in non-NEC mice.
A longitudinal study of predictors of serious psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Breslau Joshua , Roth Elizabeth A. , Baird Matthew D. , Carman Katherine G. , Collins Rebecca L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of serious psychological distress (SPD) was elevated during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA, but the relationships of SPD during the pandemic with pre-pandemic SPD, pre-pandemic socioeconomic status, and pandemic-related social stressors remain unexamined.MethodsA probability-based sample (N = 1751) of the US population age 20 and over was followed prospectively from February 2019 (T1), with subsequent interviews in May 2020 (T2) and August 2020 (T3). Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess prospective relationships between T1 SPD with experiences of disruption of employment, health care, and childcare at T2. Binary logistic regression was then used to assess relationships of T1 SPD, and socioeconomic status and T2 pandemic-related stressors with T3 SPD.ResultsAt T1, SPD was associated with age, race/ethnicity, and household income. SPD at T1 predicted disruption of employment (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.4–3.8) and health care (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4–7.1) at T2. SPD at T1 (OR 10.2, 95% CI 4.5–23.3), low household income at T1 (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1–6.4), disruption of employment at T2 (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4–7.6), and disruption of healthcare at T2 (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5–7.2) were all significantly associated with elevated risk for SPD at T3.ConclusionsElevated risk for SPD during the COVID-19 pandemic is related to multiple psychological and social pathways that are likely to interact over the life course. Policies and interventions that target individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions as well as those experiencing persistent unemployment should be high priorities in the mental health response to the pandemic.
THE AMBIGUITY OF EXPERTISE IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE
Authors: Postell Joseph 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhen the modern administrative state emerged in America during the Progressive Era, at the beginning of the twentieth century, it was typically grounded on the premise that administrative officials are experts who should be insulated from politics. This theory, combined with emerging ideas of scientific management, contributed to the intellectual justification for the administrative state. However, progressives never fully reconciled the tension between this theory and the democratic nature of American politics. Because of this ambiguity and tension in the progressives’ theory of expertise, the politics/administration dichotomy was abandoned shortly after the administrative state was constructed. The place of expertise in the administrative state is still ambiguous, even in the twenty-first century.
FISCAL EQUIVALENCE: PRINCIPLE AND PREDATION IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
Authors: Skarbek Emily C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFiscal equivalence in the public administration of justice requires local police and courts to be financed exclusively by the populations that benefit from their services. Within a polycentric framework, broad based taxation to achieve fiscal equivalence is a desirable principle of public finance because it conceptually allows for the provision of justice to be determined by constituent’s preferences, and increases the political accountability of service providers to constituents. However, the overproduction of justice services can readily occur when the benefits of the justice system are not enjoyed equally. Paradoxically, the same properties that make fiscal equivalence desirable by imposing restraint and control between constituents and local government also create internal pressures for agents of the state to engage in predatory, revenue-generating behavior.
Decision under normative uncertainty
Authors: Dietrich Franz , Jabarian Brian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhile ordinary decision theory focuses on empirical uncertainty, real decision-makers also face normative uncertainty: uncertainty about value itself. From a purely formal perspective, normative uncertainty is comparable to (Harsanyian or Rawlsian) identity uncertainty in the ‘original position’, where one’s future values are unknown. A comprehensive decision theory must address twofold uncertainty – normative and empirical. We present a simple model of twofold uncertainty, and show that the most popular decision principle – maximizing expected value (‘Expectationalism’) – has different formulations, namelyEx-AnteExpectationalism,Ex-PostExpectationalism, and hybrid theories. These alternative theories recommend different decisions, reasoning modes, and attitudes to risk. But they converge under an interesting (necessary and sufficient) condition.
Concerning variation in encoding spatial motion: Evidence from Finnish
Authors: Tuuri Emilia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article describes variation in the use of frames of reference (FoRs; object-centred, viewpoint-centred, and geocentric, as inHolistic Spatial Semantics) in Finnish descriptions of motion and connects questions of variation to a typological framework. Recent research has described the choice of FoRs as a process with multiple factors. This complexity and controlling for the main variables posited in the literature create the starting point for the current study that explores factors affecting the choice of FoRs in motion situations and within speakers of the same language. The data were elicited from 50 native speakers of Finnish by using video stimuli. The informants were (mostly) formally educated young adults living in urban surroundings. The analysis reveals considerable variation in individual coding strategies, especially in the inclusion of the speaker’s viewpoint. It also considers variation with respect to different types of trajectories and cross-linguistic differences in the resources of spatial reference.
Mental Health and Social Connectedness Across the Adult Lifespan in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Gregory Madeline A. , Legg Nicole K. , Senay Zachary , Barden Jamie-Lee , Phiri Peter , Rathod Shanaya , Turner Brianna J. , Paterson Theone S. E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound consequences on collective mental health and well-being, and yet, older adults appear better off than younger adults. The current study examined mental health impacts of the pandemic across adult age groups in a large sample (n = 5,320) of Canadians using multiple hierarchical regression analyses. Results suggest older adults are experiencing better mental health and more social connectedness relative to younger adults. Loneliness predicted negative mental health outcomes across all age groups, while the negative association between social support and mental health was only significant at average and high levels of loneliness in the 65–69 age group. Results point towards differential mental health impacts of the pandemic across adult age groups and indicate that loneliness and social support may be key intervention targets during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research should further examine mechanisms of resiliency among older Canadian adults during the pandemic.
Poor efficacy of oral iron replacement therapy in pediatric patients with heart failure
Authors: Puri Kriti , Spinner Joseph A. , Powers Jacquelyn M. , Denfield Susan W. , Tunuguntla Hari P. , Choudhry Swati , Dreyer William J. , Price Jack F. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroduction:Iron deficiency is associated with worse outcomes in children and adults with systolic heart failure. While oral iron replacement has been shown to be ineffective in adults with heart failure, its efficacy in children with heart failure is unknown. We hypothesised that oral iron would be ineffective in replenishing iron stores in ≥50% of children with heart failure.Methods:We performed a single-centre retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≤21 years with systolic heart failure and iron deficiency who received oral iron between 01/2013 and 04/2019. Iron deficiency was defined as ≥2 of the following: serum iron <50 mcg/dL, serum ferritin <20 ng/mL, transferrin >300 ng/mL, transferrin saturation <15%. Iron studies and haematologic indices pre- and post-iron therapy were compared using paired-samples Wilcoxon test.Results:Fifty-one children with systolic heart failure and iron deficiency (median age 11 years, 49% female) met inclusion criteria. Heart failure aetiologies included cardiomyopathy (51%), congenital heart disease (37%), and history of heart transplantation with graft dysfunction (12%). Median dose of oral iron therapy was 2.9 mg/kg/day of elemental iron, prescribed for a median duration of 96 days. Follow-up iron testing was available for 20 patients, of whom 55% (11/20) remained iron deficient despite oral iron therapy.Conclusions:This is the first report on the efficacy of oral iron therapy in children with heart failure. Over half of the children with heart failure did not respond to oral iron and remained iron deficient.
A DIMENSIONAL RESULT ON THE PRODUCT OF CONSECUTIVE PARTIAL QUOTIENTS IN CONTINUED FRACTIONS
Authors: HUANG LINGLING , MA CHAO 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the growth rate of the product of consecutive partial quotients relative to the denominator of the convergent for the continued fraction expansion of an irrational number. More precisely, given a natural number
$m,$
we determine the Hausdorff dimension of the following set:
$$ \begin{align*} E_m(\tau)=\bigg\{x\in [0,1): \limsup\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\log (a_n(x)a_{n+1}(x)\cdots a_{n+m}(x))}{\log q_n(x)}=\tau\bigg\}, \end{align*} $$
where
$\tau $
is a nonnegative number. This extends the dimensional result of Dirichlet nonimprovable sets (when
$m=1$
) shown by Hussain, Kleinbock, Wadleigh and Wang.
Qualified to be deviant: stigma-management strategies among Chinese leftover women
Authors: Liu Qian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper highlights the intersection of gender, sexuality and class in shaping the ways in which ‘leftover’ women navigate legal and social discrimination. ‘Leftover women’ is a stigmatising term in China that refers to women who do not get married by the time they reach their late twenties. Based on my fieldwork in China with queer and heterosexual ‘leftover’ women, I introduce two strategies of stigma management: ‘buying a licence to be deviant’ and ‘identity-hopping’. The former is a strategy adopted by heterosexual women with financial resources and a desire frequently expressed by queer women. ‘Buying a licence to be deviant’ refers to the strategy of accumulating sufficient financial resources to justify one's choice to be deviant and deal with the legal consequences of the evasion of the population policies. ‘Identity-hopping’ is popular among those with a lower social and financial status, who use the law's labelling function to hop from one stigmatised identity to another as a way to deal with stigma. From an intersectional lens, this paper advances law and society's study of stigma and discrimination by emphasising the hierarchy of stigmatised identities and the strategy of using the law's power of labelling identities to hop from one identity to another. It also demonstrates how the intersection of gender, sexuality and class complicates the ways in which leftover women understand and engage with the law.
“Or any other similar criteria”: Towards advancing the protection of LGBTQI detainees against discrimination and sexual and gender-based violence during non-international armed conflict
Authors: Rossouw Vaughn 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDiscrimination and sexual and gender-based violence committed against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) detainees remains one of the most pressing contemporary humanitarian challenges. This article focuses on the interpretation of the phrase “or any other similar criteria” as contained in Article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions, upon which adverse distinction is prohibited, in order to qualify sexual orientation and gender identity as prohibited grounds of adverse distinction. The interpretation of “or any other similar criteria” will be embarked upon by employing the general rule of treaty interpretation provided for in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, so as to qualify sexual orientation and gender identity as “any other similar criteria” and ultimately to realize the protection of LGBTQI detainees against discrimination and sexual and gender-based violence during non-international armed conflict.
Using a Holistic Modeling Approach to Simulate Mud‐Induced Periodic Stratification in Hyper‐Turbid Estuaries
Authors: Schmidt J. , Malcherek A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study focuses on a holistic modeling approach, in which water, fluid mud, and immobile mud are all calculated by only one set of equations. To integrate the immobile mud into this concept, a holistic transport equation including sediment transport and consolidation is developed. In some estuaries, extensive deepening and dredging resulted in tidal deformation and sediment import to such extent, that hyper‐turbid conditions developed. Recent measurements from the Ems estuary show that the locations of interfaces between water, fluid mud, and consolidated mud vary during a tidal cycle. Conditions are varying from fully mixed to stably stratified. As a suitable case study for the holistic model, a 1D vertical numerical simulation of the Ems has been set up, which is able to qualitatively reproduce the observed vertical velocity, concentration, and velocity shear profile. The simulation shows mud‐induced periodic stratification.
Equilibrium of Self‐Formed, Single‐Thread, Sand‐Bed Rivers
Authors: Viparelli E. , Eke E. C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEquilibrium geometry of single‐thread rivers with fixed width (engineered rivers) is determined with a flow resistance relation and a sediment transport relation, if characteristic discharge, sediment caliber and supply are specified. In self‐formed channels, however, channel width is not imposed, and one more relation is needed to predict equilibrium geometry. Specifying this relation remains an open problem. Here we present a new model that brings together a coherent train of research progress over 35 years to predict equilibrium geometry of single‐thread rivers from the conservation of channel and floodplain material. Predicted channel geometries are comparable with field observations. In response to increasing floodplain width, sand load and grain size, the equilibrium slope increases, bankfull depth and width decrease. As the volume fraction content of mud in the sediment load increases, bankfull width‐to‐depth ratio and slope decrease suggesting that mud load has a strong control on channel patterns and bankfull geometry.
Topographic Controls on Channelized Meltwater in the Subglacial Environment
Authors: Simkins L. M. , Greenwood S. L. , Munevar Garcia S. , Eareckson E. A. , Anderson J. B. , Prothro L. O. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRealistic characterization of subglacial hydrology necessitates knowledge of the range in form, scale, and spatiotemporal evolution of drainage networks. A relict subglacial meltwater corridor on the deglaciated Antarctic continental shelf encompasses 80 convergent and divergent channels, many of which are hundreds of meters wide and several of which lack a definable headwater source. Without significant surface‐melt contributions to the bed like similarly described landforms in the Northern Hemisphere, channelized drainage capacity varies non‐systematically by three orders of magnitude downstream. This signifies apparent additions and losses of basal water to the bed‐channelized system that relates to bed topography. Larger magnitude grounding‐line retreat events occurred while the channel system was active than once channelized drainage had ceased. Overall, this corridor demonstrates that meltwater drainage styles co‐exist in time and space in response to bed topography, with prolonged impacts on grounding‐line behavior.
Investigating Wintertime GPM‐IMERG Precipitation in the North Atlantic
Authors: Boisvert Linette , Grecu Mircea , Shie Chung‐Lin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPrecipitation is expected to increase in a warming climate, which can have profound impacts on local and global hydrologic budgets. However, the precipitation in high latitudes remains highly uncertain. We compare wintertime precipitation in the North Atlantic using GPM‐IMERG, GPCP, MERRA‐2 and ERA5 between 2000–2019 and show that while interannual variations between products are similar, large differences in magnitudes exist, specifically in areas of higher precipitation where Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) produces an excess of 2 mm day−1. EOF analysis demonstrates observations and reanalyses show similar spatial variability in the most dominant precipitation patterns and are highly correlated (r = −0.6) with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Analysis of IMERG extreme precipitation further shows that it is most densely populated in this same area where large discrepancies in magnitudes between products exist. IMERG extreme precipitation was found to drive the monthly anomalies. Future work needs to be focused on extreme precipitation characteristics, patterns and the driving atmospheric factors.
Response of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation to Historical Volcanic Eruptions
Authors: DallaSanta K. , Orbe C. , Rind D. , Nazarenko L. , Jonas J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe impact of volcanic eruptions on surface climate is well‐appreciated, but their in situ impact on the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) has received comparatively little attention. This study examines the QBO responses to Krakatoa and Pinatubo using five configurations of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies Model E2.2 and MERRA‐2 reanalysis. A dynamically consistent response is found in terms of static stability, zonal wind, and upwelling. Eruptions are found to bias the QBO towards a westerly state, such that the QBO period response depends upon the phase at the time of eruption. The QBO does not have a clear amplitude response to an eruption, based on these simulations. The underlying mechanisms appear not to be influenced to first‐order by interactive composition, sea surface temperatures, or long‐term trends in and ozone‐depleting substances.
A Magnetospheric Driver of Westward Traveling Surge: Plasma‐Sheet Bubble
Authors: Wei Dong , Zhang Fei , Yang Jian , Wang Wenrui , Sun Weiqin , Cui Jun , Angelopoulos Vassilis 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe westward traveling surge (WTS) is one of the most significant manifestations of auroral substorms. The formation and evolution of WTS are the key to understanding the dynamics of substorm. However, the generation mechanism of WTS remains unclear. This study investigates the magnetospheric driver of WTS using numerical simulations of the Inertialized Rice Convection Model. We model a typical WTS event by specifying a low‐entropy bubble injection from the magnetotail. The simulated characteristics of the WTS are consistent with typical observed features. Simulation confirms that the bubble injection creates an intense upward Region‐1 field‐aligned current to flow into the ionosphere, which is responsible for the prominent auroral structure. Moreover, the calculated speed of westward expansion of the bubble in the magnetosphere agrees very well with the speed of the westward surge in the ionosphere. Therefore, the plasma‐sheet bubble is believed to be a possible magnetospheric source of the WTS.