bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further Consideration of the Impact of Tobacco Control Policies on Young Adult Smoking in Light of the Liberalization of Cannabis Policies
Authors: Vuolo Mike , Lindsay Sadé L , Kelly Brian C 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Changing patterns of cannabis consumption related to the liberalization of cannabis policies may have a countervailing effect on tobacco use. We analyzed whether cannabis policies have tempered the effects of tobacco control policies as well as the extent to which they were associated with young adult cigarette smoking.

Aims and Methods
Combining data on tobacco and cannabis policies at the state, county, and city levels with the nationally-representative geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and Census data, we use multilevel regression and fixed effect analyses to examine the impact of cannabis policies on any past 30-day cigarette smoking, frequency of smoking, and past 30-day near-daily smoking among young adults while accounting for community and individual covariates.

Results
Tobacco control policies, including significant effects of comprehensive smoking bans, total vending machine restrictions, single cigarette sale restrictions, and advertising restrictions, remain robust in reducing young adult smoking, net of cannabis policy liberalization, including the legal status of possession, penalties for sale, and medical cannabis. Cannabis policies do not directly affect young adult smoking patterns in an adverse way.

Conclusions
This paper provides evidence that the liberalization of cannabis laws has not adversely affected the efficacy of tobacco control efforts.

Implications
While the effects of tobacco control policies on smoking are well-established, little research has considered how the liberalization of cannabis policies may affect these relationships, which is important given the co-use of these substances. This paper provides evidence that the liberalization of cannabis laws has not adversely affected tobacco control efforts.
Health Care Workers’ Attitudes Toward Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Ottolenghi Joseph , McLaren Rodney A , Bahamon Cecilia , Dalloul Mudar , McCalla Sandra , Minkoff Howard 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Early in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, before the routine availability and/or use of personal protective equipment, health care workers were understandably concerned. Our aim was to explore health care workers’ attitudes toward patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 at the time of the nation’s first surge in 2 highly affected hospitals in New York.

Methods
We performed a cross-sectional, self-administered survey study of health care workers. The survey consisted of 17 multiple-choice questions including demographic information, ethics, and willingness to care for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Subgroup analyses were performed using the Fisher exact test.

Results
Of 340 health care workers approached, 338 (99.4%) consented to the survey; 163 (48.7%) were registered nurses and 160 (48.3%) lived with children. While 326 (97.3%) workers were concerned about putting their family/coworkers at risk of infection after caring for a patient with SARS-CoV-2, only 30 (8.9%) were unwilling to treat a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Registered nurses were more likely than other health care workers to think it was ethical to refuse care for SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, worried more often about contracting infection, and felt that SARS-CoV-2 added to their stress level (P = .009, P = .018, P &lt; .001, respectively). A similar contrast was seen when comparing workers who live with children with those who did not.

Conclusions
Levels of stress and concern were extremely high. In spite of that, the overwhelming majority of workers were willing to treat patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Registered nurses and health care workers who live with children were more likely to think it is ethical to refuse care for SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.
A Wandering Missionary’s Burden: Persistent Fever and Progressive Somnolence in a Returning Traveler
Authors: Yagnik Kruti J , Pezo-Salazar Alonso , Rosenbaum David , Jaso Jesse Manuel , Cavuoti Dominick , Nelson Benjamin , Chancey Rebecca J , McKenna Megan L , Castellino Laila M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis incidence has declined, but diagnosis remains difficult, especially in nonendemic areas. Our patient presented with fever, progressive lethargy, and weight loss for 5 months and had previously traveled to Ghana and Cameroon but had not been to areas with recently reported African trypanosomiasis. Extensive workup was negative, except for lymphocytic pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid; ultimately, a bone marrow aspiration revealed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with 2 trypanosomes discovered on the aspirate smear, consistent with Trypanosoma brucei. The patient was treated with combination nifurtimox and eflornithine with full recovery.
Neuroscience Education as Therapy for Migraine and Overlapping Pain Conditions: A Scoping Review
Authors: Minen Mia T , Kaplan Kayla , Akter Sangida , Espinosa-Polanco Mariana , Guiracocha Jenny , Khanns Dennique , Corner Sarah , Roberts Timothy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Neuroscience education therapy (NET) has been successfully used for numerous overlapping pain conditions, but few studies have investigated NET for migraine.

Objective
We sought to 1) review the literature on NET used for the treatment of various pain conditions to assess how NET has been studied thus far and 2) recommend considerations for future research of NET for the treatment of migraine.

Design/Methods
Following the PRISMA guideline for scoping reviews, co-author (TR), a medical librarian, searched the MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Embase, and Cochrane Central Clinical Trials Registry databases for peer-reviewed articles describing NET to treat migraine and other chronic pain conditions. Each citation was reviewed by two trained independent reviewers. Conflicts were resolved through consensus.

Results
Overall, a NET curriculum consists of the following topics: pain does not equate to injury, pain is generated in the brain, perception, genetics, reward systems, fear, brain plasticity, and placebo/nocebo effects. Delivered through individual, group, or a combination of individual and group sessions, NET treatments often incorporate exercise programs and/or components of other evidence-based behavioral treatments. NET has significantly reduced catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, pain intensity, and disability in overlapping pain conditions. In migraine-specific studies, when implemented together with traditional pharmacological treatments, NET has emerged as a promising therapy by reducing migraine days, pain intensity and duration, and acute medication intake.

Conclusion
NET is an established treatment for pain conditions, and future research should focus on refining NET for migraine, examining delivery modality, dosage, components of other behavioral therapies to integrate, and migraine-specific NET curricula.
Socio-demographic determinants in the evolution of pain in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: results from ESPOIR and DESIR cohorts
Authors: Kumaradev Sushmithadev , Roux Christian , Sellam Jérémie , Perrot Serge , Pham Thao , Dugravot Aline , Molto Anna 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether socio-demographic factors are associated with heterogeneity in pain evolution in inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) after accounting for disease-specific characteristics in a system with universal health care.

Methods
This analysis included the data from two prospective observational cohorts of early IRDs (ESPOIR for early RA and DESIR for early SpA). Data on pain was measured, respectively, on 13 and 9 occasions spanning 10 and 6 years of follow-up using the Short-Form 36 bodily pain score for 810 participants of ESPOIR, and 679 participants of DESIR. Linear mixed models were used to characterize differences in pain evolution as a function of age (tertiles), sex, ethnicity, education, marital, and professional status, after accounting for disease-related, treatment, lifestyle, and health factors.

Results
While transitioning from early (disease duration ≤6 months for RA and ≤3 years for SpA) to long-standing disease, differences in pain evolution emerged as a function of age (P &lt; 0.001), sex (P = 0.050), and ethnicity (P = 0.001) in RA, and as a function of age (P = 0.048) in SpA; younger age, males, and Caucasians exhibited lower pain in the latter phases of both diseases. Highly educated participants (RA, β = −3.8, P = 0.007; SpA, β = −6.0, P &lt; 0.001) for both diseases, and Caucasians (β = −5.6, P = 0.021) for SpA presented with low pain early in the disease, with no changes throughout disease course.

Conclusion
Being older, female, non-Caucasian and having lower education was found to be associated with worse pain in early and/or long-standing IRDs, despite universally accessible health-care. Early identification of at-risk populations and implementation of multidisciplinary strategies may reduce patient-reported health outcome disparities.

Trial registration registrations
ESPOIR: ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03666091. DESIR: ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01648907.
Empirical Assessment of U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Crisis Standards of Care Guidelines
Authors: Bharadwaj Maheetha , Jezmir Julia L. , Kishore Sandeep P. , Winkler Marisa , Diephus Bradford , Haider Hibah , Crowley Conor P. , Pinilla-Vera Mayra , Varon Jack , Baron Rebecca M. , Feldman William B. , Kim Edy Y. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To establish the feasibility of empirically testing crisis standards of care guidelines.

DESIGN:
Retrospective single-center study.

SETTING:
ICUs at a large academic medical center in the United States.

SUBJECTS:
Adult, critically ill patients admitted to ICU, with 27 patients admitted for acute respiratory failure due to coronavirus disease 2019 and 37 patients admitted for diagnoses other than coronavirus disease 2019.

INTERVENTIONS:
Review of electronic health record.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Many U.S. states released crisis standards of care guidelines with algorithms to allocate scarce healthcare resources during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We compared state guidelines that represent different approaches to incorporating disease severity and comorbidities: New York, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Colorado. Following each algorithm, we calculated priority scores at the time of ICU admission for a cohort of patients with primary diagnoses of coronavirus disease 2019 and diseases other than coronavirus disease 2019 (n = 64). We assessed discrimination of 28-day mortality by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. We simulated real-time decision-making by applying the triage algorithms to groups of two, five, or 10 patients. For prediction of 28-day mortality by priority scores, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.56, 0.49, 0.53, 0.66, and 0.69 for New York, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Colorado, and raw Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score algorithms, respectively. For groups of five patients, the percentage of decisions made without deferring to a lottery were 1%, 57%, 80%, 88%, and 95% for New York, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Colorado, and raw Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score algorithms, respectively. The percentage of decisions made without lottery was higher in the subcohort without coronavirus disease 2019, compared with the subcohort with coronavirus disease 2019.

CONCLUSIONS:
Inclusion of comorbidities does not consistently improve an algorithm’s performance in predicting 28-day mortality. Crisis standards of care algorithms result in a substantial percentage of tied priority scores. Crisis standards of care algorithms operate differently in cohorts with and without coronavirus disease 2019. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the feasibility and importance of empirical testing of crisis standards of care guidelines to understand whether they meet their goals.
Hairy cell leukemia: a brief update on current knowledge and treatment prospects
Authors: Puła Anna , Robak Tadeusz 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
This article provides a brief update on the recommended diagnosis and treatment strategies for patients with the classic form of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and HCL variant (HCLv).

Recent findings
HCL is a chronic B-cell malignancy with multiple treatment options. In recent years, many novel drugs have been assessed for HCL treatment with promising results. The investigated nonchemotherapy options include moxetumomab pasudotox, which targets CD22; vemurafenib or dabrafenib, which target the BRAFV600E protein; trametinib, which targets mitogen-activated protein kinase enzyme; and ibrutinib, which targets Bruton tyrosine kinase.

Summary
Purine analogs significantly improve survival in patients with HCL. However, patients often relapse, require multiple treatments, and may become refractory. The introduction of novel agents has expanded the spectrum of therapy possibilities in those patients. In the coming years, they will assist standard therapy for patients with HCL who may currently have suboptimal results.
Assessment of the tricuspid valve using cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Authors: Zhan Yang , Shah Dipan 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
The rapid search for suitable tricuspid transcatheter devices has ignited renewed enthusiasm in accurate characterization of tricuspid valve disease. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), traditionally used as the gold standard in assessment for right ventricular size and function, has recently seen its use expanded to assess both the structure and function of the tricuspid apparatus. This review will highlight the role of CMR in tricuspid valve disease and compare it with other commonly used imaging modalities.

Recent findings
Dynamic anatomical assessment of the tricuspid apparatus, in combination with accurate leaflet identification, is possible with CMR. Tricuspid regurgitation volume and fraction are derived through an indirect volumetric method, and therefore, able to overcome many traditional hurdles involved with valve regurgitation quantitation. Adverse right heart prognostic factors in tricuspid valve disease, such as right heart volumes, function, and tissue characterization, are optimally assessed using CMR.

Summary
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance is a powerful modality that should be harnessed in order to obtain a multifaceted assessment of tricuspid valve structure, function, and the effects of valve disease on right heart remodeling.
Effects of blood pressure and heart rate circadian rhythms on left atrial function
Authors: Zhao Yixiao , Liu Yan , Sun Qiaobing , Han Jiayu , Wei Yushan , Lu Yan , Zhang Ying , Song Wei , Cheng Yunpeng , Cong Tao , Jiang Yinong 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
We examined the associations among the circadian rhythms of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and left atrial function in essential hypertensive patients.

Methods:
The study included 237 essential hypertensive patients who completed 24-h ambulatory BP, HR monitoring and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE). The strain and strain rate images were studied, and the following parameters were measured: left atrial reservoir strain and strain rate (LAS-S and LASR-S), left atrial conduit strain and strain rate (LAS-E and LASR-E), and left atrial booster strain and strain rate (LAS-A and LASR-A). The left atrial stiffness index (LASI) was identified as the ratio of E/e’ to LAS-S. All participants were divided into three groups according to the percentage of nocturnal BP dipping (dippers, nondippers and reverse dippers).

Results:
The LASI was significantly higher in BP reverse dippers than in dippers and nondippers. LAS-S, LAS-E and LASR-E were significantly lower in BP reverse dippers than dippers and nondippers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age, night-time mean SBP and the percentage of nocturnal HR decline were independently related to an increased LASI.

Conclusion:
Impairment of the left atrial reservoir and conduit functions was correlated with abnormal BP and HR circadian rhythms in hypertension. Increased left atrial stiffness was associated with night-time SBP and the percentage of nocturnal HR decline.
Does an increase in estimated pulse wave velocity increase the incidence of hypertension?
Authors: Chen Haojia , Wu Weiqiang , Fang Wei , Chen Zhichao , Yan Xiuzhu , Chen Youren , Wu Shouling 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
As a risk indicator of hypertension, arterial stiffness is difficult to measure. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association between estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) as a convenient indicator and the incidence of hypertension.

Methods:
The Kailuan cohort was selected for statistical analysis and 54 849 individuals were included in the final cohort. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the correlation between ePWV and mean SBP (SBP_m) measured at five time points over a 10-year period and between ePWV and mean DBP (DBP_m) measured at five time points over a 10-year period. Logistic regression was used to analyse the effect of estimated arterial stiffness on hypertension.

Results:
The mean age of individuals was 48.44 ± 9.32 years, and 41 419 individuals (75.51%) were male. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that ePWV was positively correlated with both SBP_m and DBP_m. For every 1 cm/s increase in ePWV, SBP_m and DBP_m increased by 5.60 and 2.12 mmHg, respectively. A logistic regression analysis showed that in the total cohort, the incidence of hypertension in populations with moderate, moderate–high and high ePWV values was 3.03, 5.44 and 7.87-times higher, respectively, compared with individuals with low ePWV values. ePWV had a higher predictive value in female and middle age population compared with male and the eldly population grouped by sex and age respectively.

Conclusion:
ePWV positively correlates with both SBP_m and DBP_m, and an increase in ePWV is associated with an increase in the incidence of hypertension.
Transepithelial accelerated corneal crosslinking for keratoconus eyes with maximum keratometry values larger than 58 diopters
Authors: Sun Ling , Zhao Jing , Zhang Xiaoyu , Shen Yang , Tian Mi , Zhou Xingtao 
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transepithelial accelerated corneal crosslinking (CXL) for advanced keratoconus eyes with maximum keratometry (Kmax) values >58 diopters (D).

Setting:
Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Design:
Prospective parallel control study.

Methods:
41 keratoconus eyes from 41 patients (mean age, 21.93 ± 5.48 years) who underwent transepithelial accelerated CXL were included prospectively. The enrolled eyes were divided into 2 groups according to their Kmax values (Group A, Kmax ≥58.0 D; Group B, Kmax <58.0 D). The examinations including assessment of uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), corneal topography, and corneal endothelial cell density count were conducted preoperatively, at 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.

Results:
All 41 eyes finished 1 year follow-up. No statistical difference was noted between the mean UDVA and CDVA in both groups throughout the follow-up duration. At 1-year postoperative follow-up, the CDVA increased by ≥2 lines in 45% (9/20) and 28.6% (6/21) eyes in Groups A and B, respectively. The mean preoperative Kmax in Groups A and B were 62.51 ± 3.34 D and 49.98 ± 4.32 D, respectively, and that at postoperative 1-year follow-up were 61.94 ± 4.11 D and 50.24 ± 4.72 D, respectively. The Kmax values of 30% (6/20) eyes in Group A and 4.8% (1/21) eyes in Group B decreased by more than 1 D. Deduction of flat K, steep K, mean K, and Kmax showed no significant difference between the 2 groups at 1-year postoperative follow-up. Moreover, 20% (4/20) and 23.8% (5/21) of eyes in Groups A and B, respectively, showed progress at postoperative 1-year follow-up.

Conclusions:
Transepithelial accelerated CXL can safely treat advanced keratoconus eyes with Kmax values ≥58.0 D with some extent of efficacy and has similar progressive rate as Kmax values <58.0 D.
Effect of surgical abstinence on the risk for posterior capsule rupture during cataract surgery
Authors: Matarazzo Francesco , Phylactou Maria , Day Alexander C. , Maurino Vincenzo 
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate the impact of surgery restrictions on cataract surgery performance.

Setting:
Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.

Design:
Retrospective, observational cross-sectional study.

Methods:
A single-center, retrospective review of all patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery at Moorfields Eye Hospital between September 2019 and January 2021 was conducted. The main outcome measure was posterior capsule rupture (PCR) rate before and after COVID-19–imposed restrictions to elective cataract surgery.

Results:
A total of 15 688 surgeries were performed by 256 different surgeons in the study period. In the prerestriction period (September 2019 to March 2020), the PCR rate was 0.99%, whereas in the 19-week postrestriction period, the PCR rate spiked to 1.62% (odds ratio 1.65; P = .001; CI 1.24 to 2.20; relative risk: 1.64).

Conclusions:
The COVID-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to assess a large group of surgeons' performances after prolonged surgical abstinence. A 19-week restriction period in surgical activity showed an increased incidence of PCR complications. This is relevant because it can concern any surgeon on the extended time off from work such as sick, sabbatical, research, and parental leave. Supporting strategies should be implemented by associated regulators to minimize this negative impact.
One-year multicenter evaluation of a new hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens with hydroxyethyl methacrylate in an automated preloaded delivery system
Authors: Oshika Tetsuro , Sasaki Noriyuki ,   Clinical Study Group on New Intraocular Lens and Delivery System
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
To assess a single-piece monofocal hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) (Clareon) contained in automated preloaded delivery system (AutonoMe).

Setting:
18 surgical sites in Japan.

Design:
Observational study.

Methods:
In patients undergoing phacoemulsification and IOL implantation of a new hydrophobic acrylic IOL using an automated injector, clinical data were collected preoperatively and at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. The degree of glistenings was graded on a 4-point scale. The surgeons rated usability and performance of the IOL delivery system on a 5-point scale.

Results:
The study enrolled 384 eyes of 384 patients, ranging in age from 41 to 93 (73.8 ± 8.2, mean ± SD) years. The percentage of eyes with corrected distance visual acuity of 20/25 or better at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively was 82.6%, 91.9%, 92.8%, 96.6%, and 95.2%, respectively. Refractive error was within 1.0 diopter in approximately 90% of cases. No glistenings were found in all cases throughout the study period. The rate of Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy was 0.9% at 1 year. The IOL delivery system received high ratings on its usability and performance by the surgeons.

Conclusions:
The new hydrophobic acrylic IOL with HEMA showed excellent visual and refractive outcomes without developing glistenings throughout the 1-year study period. The surgeons gave high marks for usability and performance of the automated preloaded delivery system.