bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Movie-watching Habits and Creative Thinking Abilities on Students' Mastery of the Short Story Language Style
Authors: Kete Sukadir , Rahmat Aceng , Rasyid Yumna , Lustyantie Ninuk 
Published: January 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of movie-watching habits and creative thinking abilities on student mastery of the short story language style. It involved a quantitative approach, with a total population of 245 students. Furthermore, a random sampling method was used to obtain a sample where the data collection technique involved tests and questionnaires. The data analysis showed that there was a significant, positive effect of movie-watching habits and creative thinking abilities on student mastery of the short story language style. These factors exerted an effect of 0.596 or 59.60%, while the rest were due to external factors. Therefore, watching movies can be used as a learning medium to stimulate students to enhance their imagination. Creative thinking also enables them to find and apply new methods for writing, including language styles.

Received: 14 October 2020 / Accepted: 2 January 2021 / Published: 17 January 2021
Chinese Factors in India Relationship with Myanmar in the Period 1992 – 2014
Authors: Hiep Tran Xuan , Binh Nguyen Tuan , Bao Tran Thai 
Published: January 2021

India and Myanmar are two neighboring countries have a traditional, close and longstanding relationship. Through many vicissitudes and fluctuations of history, bilateral relations have been retained and developed since the Cold War to the present. In relations with Myanmar, India cannot ignore the Chinese factor. China is a “rising” power in Asia and a neighbor to both India and Myanmar. With the third largest area and largest population in the world, China has a very important influence on the diplomatic relations of the countries, including the relations between India and Myanmar. Considered as a strategic competitor of India in the 21st century, China has a great influence on the country in improving and developing relations with neighboring countries, including Myanmar. On the basis of the reference sources, this research’s aim is to analyze China’ role in India - Myanmar relations process in the years 1992 - 2014, thereby helping readers to recognize the great impact of the Chinese factor on the development of the relationship mentioned above. The scope of this research is the Chinese factor for India - Myanmar relations in the period when India implemented the “Look East” policy (1992 - 2014). The research shows that the factor’s impact on India - Myanmar relations in the aforementioned period is regular and takes place in many fields, with the focus on political - diplomacy, economic and security - defense. With the strategic importance of neighboring Myanmar, India cannot “forget” its Chinese strategic competitor in relations with Myanmar as well as other neighboring countries in the 21st century.

Received: 7 November 2020 / Accepted: 21 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2020
Conducting Law Pedagogy Using Virtual Classroom in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunities and Existing Obstacles
Authors: Odeku Kolawole Sola 
Published: January 2021

Globally, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting the way of life, affecting not only humans’ health, but also the education sector and law pedagogy is no exception. In South Africa, before the COVID-19 pandemic, most pedagogies at the universities were being conducted face-to-face. The pandemic has inadvertently exposed the strengths and weaknesses of university in conducting pedagogies. Consequently, various educational institutions became creative, using their ICT staff to train teaching staff members on how to use various multi-modal technologies and devices to conduct pedagogy as face-to-face pedagogy is restricted. Law lecturers who pride themselves in conducting pedagogies through face-to-face were also coopted and retrained considering that most of the law lecturers are broadly conservatives and not technologically savvy. There is paucity of any scholarly information from law as a discipline hence, this paper fills the lacuna by looking at law pedagogy in the era of COVID-19 pandemic.

Received: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
Reflections on Protolanguage: Evidence from Studies on Animal Communication
Authors: Jaber Aziz , Omari Osama , Abudalbuh Mujdey 
Published: January 2021

The paper is a critique of the existence of protolanguage based on some personal reasoning given the findings of previous research. This paper focuses on the nature of semantic compositionality and its existence (and therefore manifestations) in animal communication systems as evidence of the existence of protolanguage. This compositional state that started to color human language has paved the way to hierarchical syntax and thus has helped in the emergence of a recursive, fully complex language. On the other hand, non-human animal communication systems, including those examined in this paper, have not managed to progress beyond the holophrastic state, and thus remained highly confined and unproductive. This is explicated by the observation that these systems do not employ discrete meaningful units that can be used recursively in different linguistic contexts, a necessary condition for a system of communication to be compositional. This is interesting in the study of language evolution as it could suggest that human language could not have evolved from a rudimentary, intermediate stage called protolanguage. Speculating about the existence of protolanguage subsumes convergent evolution (e.g. songbirds). The lack of semantic compositionality in non-human communication system suggests that convergent evolution is hard to prove, which puts the existence of protolanguage on the line. This thesis is, however, far from being established and requires a lot of further research to prove its validity.

Received: 21 September 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
The War of Shkodra in the Framework of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913
Authors: Bregu Edit , Faniko Irvin 
Published: January 2021

Before starting the First Balkan War, the Great Powers were not prepared for a quick victory of the young Balkan allies against an old empire, as it was until 1912 the Great Ottoman Empire. At the Ambassadors Conference in London, Austro-Hungary argued that the involvement of Shkodra City was essential to the economy of the new Albanian state. Meanwhile Russia did not open the way for solving the Shkodra problem, Russian diplomats thought how to satisfy Serbia's ambitions in Northeast Albania, respectively in Kosovo Beyond those considerations of a political character, on 8 October 1912, was the youngest member of the Balkan Alliance, the Shkodra northern neighbor, Montenegro, that rushed to launch military actions, thus opening the first campaign of the First Balkan War. The Montenegrin military assault, as its main strategic objective in this war, was precisely the occupation and annexation of the historic city of Shkodra, a city with a big economic and cultural importance for the Albanian people and territory.

Received: 7 September 2020 / Accepted: 13 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
A Proposed Counseling Program to Confronting Cyberbullying among High School Students
Authors: Alzamil Aljawharah A. 
Published: January 2021

The present study aims to identify the most significant psychological, social, and community aspects of cyberbullying from the perspective of the social worker and to define the most important roles of the social worker among high school students to develop a counseling program that helps confront cyberbullying among the participants. The author developed a questionnaire to identify the most significant psychological, social, and community aspects of cyberbullying and to define the most important roles of the social worker. The author adopted the analytical-descriptive approach and applied the questionnaire to (120) social workers in public high schools in Riyadh. The results showed that the means of the community aspects were ranked first. The roles of the social worker with students, teachers, and guardians were high, suggesting the importance of these roles in handling and confront the psychological problems experienced by students. The most important roles of the social worker were used to develop the proposed counseling program to confront cyberbullying among high school students. The study recommends adopting counseling programs in handling the psychological problems among students because of their positive results in reducing such problems.

Received: 17 October 2020 / Accepted: 9 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
Social Education as a Mechanism of Social Consolidation in the Spanish Pedagogical Discourse of the Late 19th and the First Third of the 20th Century
Authors: Zaichenko Nataliia , Kozhemiako Nataliia 
Published: January 2021

The subject of this study is the understanding and interpretation of the concept of “social education” in the Spanish pedagogical discourse of the late 19th and the first third of the 20th century. Based on the study of scientific and pedagogical works, texts of public speeches and speeches of prominent Spanish teachers, educators found out how they defined the concept of “social education”. In the process of studying a kind of historical and pedagogical source – the Spanish pedagogical discourse of the late 19th and the first third of the 20th century the specific scientific methods were used. Among them: pedagogical-retrospective, method of pedagogical reconstruction, method of hermeneutics. It is established that at the end of the 19th century in the Spanish pedagogical discourse there is a departure from the simple opposition of individual and social education and the filling of the concept of “social education” with a completely new meaning. It is proved that as a result of a certain socio-pedagogical turn of the research search in Spanish pedagogy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The concept of “social education” has acquired new values, in particular, it became understood as a democratic education, solidarity education, one that contributes to the consolidation of society. The provisions of the Spanish pedagogical discourse of the end of the 19th and the first third of the 20th century, in which social education was considered in correlation with the phenomenon of social consolidation, are characterized. Subjective positions of Spanish educators (H. Ortega y Gasset, M. de Unamuno, R. Ruiz Amado, L. Parral Cristobal, A. Posada, L. Palacios Morini, A. Servera Royo, E. Luis Andre, R. Blanco Sanchez, etc.) are presented and explained on the interpretation of the concept of social education in its connection with the phenomenon of social consolidation.

Received: 31 October 2020 / Accepted: 3 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
Education and Its Role in the Economic Development of the Country and Government Policies to be Undertaken to Increase the Quality of Education, the Case of Albania
Authors: Deda Eriona , Pacukaj Sokol , Vardari Luan 
Published: January 2021

Our paper focuses on education and, how the high-quality education affects welfare and economic growth in the case of Albania. The data were provided by INSTAT (Institute of Statistics, Albania) on the results of the adult education survey by gender, age group which refers to the population aged 25-64 years and, level of education, including three levels of education, elementary/primary education, secondary education, and postsecondary/higher education. Despite the fact that we provided the data in 2017, they would serve us to highlight some problems related to the quality of education in Albania, which would be important to develop different strategies to improve these problems in the coming years. Another priority of this paper is to define and recommend some government policies that would increase the quality of education, in order for us to have a better economic growth in the future. Here we have used the descriptive method, and through tables and charts we have provided a comparative analysis, based on some statistics which are expressed in percentage (%). However, the main purpose here is to show through comparative analysis the level of participation in types of education, trainings, and cultural activities by gender, age group, and level of education, therefore showing the relationship between the quality of education and economic growth. We will also handle some of the government policies that recommend in order to increase quality of the education in the future.

Received: 4 September 2020 / Accepted: 17 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
The Voice of a Woman: A Life Journey. An Islamic Feminist Reading of The Book of Fate
Authors: El-Miniawi Nayera Ahmad 
Published: January 2021

The Book of Fate is a novel that spans over fifty years of the life of the protagonist, Massoumeh, an Iranian girl/woman from a middle-class, religious Muslim family, who is forcefully and hastily married to a complete stranger after her family finds out that she was having an innocent love relationship with a young pharmacist assistant. The narrative follows her struggle to get an education and a job, and to look after her children as a single mother. The book portrays the oppressive conditions that women can suffer from in an oppressive patriarchal Islamic society. The novel surveys a lifetime of endurance and survival. Actually, her seeming feminine weakness is only one side of the coin. Her weakness is transformed, when required, into strength and accomplishments like the legendary Phoenix that is burnt up but out of the ashes springs a new life, metaphorically announcing resilience and fortitude.

Received: 2 November 2020 / Accepted: 9 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
A Proposed Program to Improve Quality of life for the Orphans at Social Care Homes
Authors: Alqahtani Manal M. 
Published: January 2021

The present paper investigates the reality of services and quality of life of orphans, identifies the relationship between both variables, and proposes a program to improve the quality of life among the orphans at social care homes. The author developed and applied a questionnaire of the reality of services provided and a scale of quality of life to (100) orphans at social care homes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The results showed low levels of services and quality of life among the orphans at social care homes. There was a positive correlation between those services and the quality of life among orphans. The paper recommends the adoption of the proposed program by decision-makers and specialists in the care and rehabilitation of the orphans to improve their quality of life. Moreover, the program should be an integral part of rehabilitation and education programs delivered to the orphans in the future.

Received: 2 October 2020 / Accepted: 9 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
On the Threshold: The Story of School Security Guards in Israel
Authors: Shpeizer Raz 
Published: January 2021

The global spread of neoliberalism has brought with it an increase in practices of outsourcing and subcontracting, and, consequently, the flourishing of private security services which rely on them. In Israel, these trends, combined with the unique security climate, have encouraged the development of a distinct sub-sector of private security in the form of school security. The rise of private security services has generated research interest. Most studies, however, focus on socio-economical aspects rather than on security guards' personal perspectives. This tendency is even more pronounced regarding school security guards and, to date, no studies have been carried out in Israel examining their viewpoint. This study aimed to address this lacuna by bringing in school security guards’ voice in order to learn from and about them. The study’s approach was qualitative, and the main tool was semi-structured interviews, accompanied by observations and document analysis. The study's findings reveal that the world of Israeli school security guards is informed by one fundamental quality. This quality is liminality, and it colors their experiences, perceptions, and professional relations. Israeli school security guards are always on the threshold: between belonging and not-belonging to their workplace; between commitment to and alienation from their work; between being needed yet disrespected. The paper suggests that this liminality is connected to the global socio-economical changes, and furthermore, it expresses a central aspect of Israeli society, which swings between two incompatible ethe: the security ethos and the neoliberal ethos.

Received: 18 October 2020 / Accepted: 5 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
Dynamics of Indian Antagonist Approach towards CPEC and Its Implications for Pakistan
Authors: Kamran Muhammad , Mahsood Asma Khan 
Published: January 2021

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is considered as a game-changer for Pakistan and for the whole region. The whole region of Pakistan can take benefits of the projects of CPEC carried out under the umbrella of One Belt One Road initiative. This paper is aimed to explore the regional dynamics of CPEC and Indian antagonistic role towards this project. Pakistan is one of the prime states in China one belt one road initiatives. China is executing a multiyear investment in multibillion dollars program and termed it China Pakistan Economic Corridor. Several projects are included in this plan for instance Industry, communication infrastructure and energy which cost almost USD 46 billion. It is expected that CPEC will contributes remarkably in reducing poverty and socio-economic development of Pakistan. Thus, keeping in view, the benefits of CPEC, most of the analyst claimed it to be the most important mega project in Pakistan. They also claim that it will greatly benefit the people of both countries i.e. Pakistan and China.

Received: 28 October 2020 / Accepted: 5 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
The Impact of the Communist Regime in Albania on Freedom of Religion for Albanians
Authors: Tokrri Renata , Tafani Ismail , Shkembi Aldo 
Published: January 2021

The multi religions Albania passed last century from a country where atheism was the constitutional principle in a country where the basic card guarantees not only the freedom of religion but also the freedom from religion. Today, in order of guaranteeing the freedom of belief, the Constitution of Republic of Albania expresses principles which protect the religious freedom, starting from its preamble. Indeed, the preamble has no legal force but stated goals and assists in the interpretation of provisions. The spirit, with which the preamble stated, is that of tolerance and religious coexistence, in a vision where the people are responsible for the future with faith in God or other universal values. This statement reinforces the principle of secularism of the state where the latter appears as the guarantor of religious freedom by knowing in this perspective the beliefs that "sovereign" could have and can develop. In this context, the real guarantee is given to us by Article 24 of the Constitution which expressly guarantees the freedom of conscience and religion, in a perspective where any person has the right to choose if changing or not his religion or belief, so that this article appears not only as a guarantor of freedom of religion but also as a guarantor of freedom from religion. In a context like that of Albania, where for 40 years the religious freedom has been denied, and because of religious beliefs was conducted genocide, cannot be missing in its Constitution this freedom. Today it appears more consolidated than ever, from a vision that guarantees such as the freedom to choose and change religion by manifesting them freely in public or in private life, into a vision that guarantees also negative freedom or atheism. The purpose of this paper is to point out that otherwise than the socialist Constitution of 1976- which provided anti-religious atheism forms in a context where the faith was determined by the state, based in a "monotheistic" ideology and realized through policy, which denied any type of faith beyond what the material world of communist ideology had in foundation- the current one appears, secular and neutral in matters of religious faith by guaranteeing a as consequence the atheist beliefs as well.

Received: 21 November 2020 / Accepted: 11 January 2021 / Published: 17 January 2021
Evaluating Government Policy of Monitoring NGOs in Pakistan
Authors: Nisa Fatima , Kamran Muhammad , Mahsood Asma Khan 
Published: January 2021

Non profitable organizations have been contributing in the development of state and society for a long time. These are generally praised for their progressive agendas. However, occasionally these have also been blamed for having some hidden agenda. This requires strict monitoring and evaluation of this sector. Different policies have been introduced in the past for this purpose. However, some of them have been found to be working for foreign agendas. Therefore, it is extremely important to comprehend the effectiveness of the monitoring and evaluation policies in Pakistan. This paper is focused on different monitoring and evaluation policies and compared it with the policy of PML (N) government (2013-18) to bring to limelight the strengths and weakness of such policies. The research paper is primarily designed to find out comprehensive study that how the government presently monitored the working of NGOs. The analysis will help the policy makers to evaluate the working of NGOs in an effective way.

Received: 28 October 2020 / Accepted: 5 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
Naira - Yuan Diplomacy: A Pathway for Unlocking Nigeria’s Manufacturing Sub-Sector Potentials
Authors: Nenbee Simeon G. , Orji Jonah  O. 
Published: January 2021

The fountain head for weighing one unit of a domestic currency in-terms of another within an international framework is rooted in the famous Gold Standard proposed by the Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs). This brand of thought had since been practiced and experienced in numerous trade ties that Nigeria had had with China. Like other bilateral agreements, it sets to re-define and deepen the two countries’ economic space. Thus, this paper shed lights on Naira - Yuan Diplomacy as a Pathway for Unlocking Nigeria’s Manufacturing Sub-Sector Potentials.The manufacturing industries are engines of economic prosperity. Facilitation of job creation space and poverty reducing strategies are core values in manufacturing too. This paper conclusively presume that the exchange rate pass-through mechanism can transmit price increase and macroeconomic instability from China and supply shocks to the Nigerian economy (especially from manufactured products) when adequate provisions are not domestically taken. Furthermore, the Naira-Yuan diplomacy will increase imports from China thereby increase her foreign income since Nigeria will be spending more on Chinese manufactured products, hence, increase the national income of China. The policy implication of this finding is that the net exports of China will rise faster and add to her expansion of domestic income instead of Nigeria. The paper therefore calls upon Nigeria to be proactive in ensuring a stable trade and exchange rate policies to deepen technical innovation for local manufacturing tools to boost output rather than depending more on China.

Received: 18 August 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021