bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Using a Single-Dye Technique in a Cancer Center of North-East India
Authors: Das Gaurav , Kodali Revanth , Khanna Sachin , Purkayastha Joydeep , Talukdar Abhijit , Kakoti Lopamudra 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the first node to receive the drainage directly from a tumor. SLN biopsy can be done in lieu of a formal lymphadenectomy in selected clinically node-negative cancers and minimizes morbidity compared with the latter.
Methods This prospective study was done in patients with operable clinically node-negative breast cancer, penile cancer, and malignant melanoma of extremities in a cancer center of North-east India from January 2019 to December 2019. All the patients underwent formal lymph nodal dissection after the SLN biopsy. Besides intraoperative frozen section study of the sentinel node(s), all the specimens, including the sentinel node(s), were subjected to paraffin section histopathology.
Results SLN was identified successfully in 96% of patients. Mean number of sentinel node(s) dissected was 2.3. Study of SLN biopsy with methylene blue dye for staging was done with 100% sensitivity and 95.3% specificity. The SLN procedure was able to negatively predict the drainage nodal basin in 100% with an overall accuracy of staging of 96.5%. The true-positive rate noted was 88.8%, and the false-positive rate was 4.6%.
Conclusions SLN using a single-dye technique reliably identifies a sentinel node. This procedure can be safely adopted in patients with node-negative cancers as mentioned above to pathologically study the drainage basin.
Evaluation of the Reliability and Quality of Information in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Shared on YouTube
Authors: Özbek Emre Anıl , Armangil Mehmet , Karaca Mustafa Onur , Merter Abdullah , Dursun Merve , Kocaoğlu Hakan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose Most of the internet users search online on YouTube for their health problems and the treatments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality and the reliability of the videos on YouTube for Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).
Methods The search was made by typing the keywords “Carpal tunnel syndrome” and/or “CTS” into the YouTube search engine, the first 50 videos on the first three pages of YouTube were evaluated. Of these videos, title, duration, number of views, days since uploaded, view ratio (view per day), number of likes, number of dislikes, video power index (VPI), video source, and video content data were recorded. The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria were used to evaluate the reliability of videos, where the Global Quality Score (GQS) and Carpal tunnel syndrome-specific score (CTS-SS) were used to evaluate the quality of the videos.
Results The mean duration of the videos was 364.12 seconds (min 57, max 1,638) and the total duration of videos was 18,206 seconds. The mean number of views was 140,916.1 (min 10,543, max 1,271,040) and total number of views was 7,045,804. The mean JAMA score was 1.8 (min 1, max 4), the mean GQS was 2.72 (min 1, max 5), and the mean CTS-SS was 4.74 (min 1, max 14). There was no significant effect of video content on VPI, JAMA, GQS, or CTS-SS (p >0.05). The JAMA, GQS, CT-SS scores of the videos from physicians and academic sources were significantly higher compared with other sources (p <0.05).
Conclusion YouTube is one of the most frequently used resource for patients to get information about their diagnosis and treatment methods and it consists of videos with low reliability and quality for CTS. We believe that the creation of an internet-based information resource, which the patients can refer to is one of the current social responsibilities of the physicians and the academicians.
Level of Evidence This is a Level V study.
Feline Skeletal Reference Guide: A Cadaveric Radiographic Measurement on Lower Limb Extremities
Authors: Choi Yunsir , Pilton Joanna , Foo Timothy , Malik Richard , Haase Bianca 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjective The aim of this study was to create a feline reference database for the length, width and slenderness (length to width ratio) of metacarpal and metatarsal bones, radius and tibia.Study Design Radiographs of the radius, tibia, metacarpus and metatarsus were performed in domestic short hair cat cadavers (n = 40). Length and width of the aforementioned bones were measured in mature domestic shorthair cats and bone slenderness (length/width) and index ratios calculated.Results A significant skeletal sex dimorphism exists in cats, with bones of the metacarpus, metatarsus, radius and tibia generally longer and wider in male cats compared with female cats, with differences frequently significant. The most significant difference was identified for the width of Mc5 (p = 0.0008) and the length and width of Mt5 (p = 0.0005). Index ratios for length and width of radius to metacarpal bones, and tibia to metatarsal bones, were not significantly different between male and female cats, except for Mc5. The index ratio for Mc5 was significantly higher in male cats (p = 0.002).Conclusion The present study provides insights into the normal length and width of distal forelimb and hind limb bones as well as bone index ratios in mature domestic shorthair cats. Using this information, it is now possible to quantitatively assess the relationship between these bones in domestic cats using radiography. This will assist not only with the diagnosis and categorization of skeletal abnormalities but can also guide surgical interventions of metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures.
Social movements as learning spaces: the case of the defunct Anti-Privatisation Forum in South Africa
Authors: Hlatshwayo Mondli 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Social movements often become spaces for learning, although this type of learning has been overlooked by activists and scholars alike. Analysing the case of the collapsed Anti-Privatisation Forum (APF), the article submits that the APF was not only an organisation that challenged privatisation, but also a learning space for activists from middle-class and working-class backgrounds. Non-formal educational platforms, such as political education workshops, organisational and practical skill training sessions and campaigns organised by the APF and its partner organisations, were instrumental in transferring skills to community-based activists. After the demise of the APF, its activists applied the skills and competences they had acquired to continue advancing social and economic justice in other organisations. Furthermore, community-based activists educated middle-class activists about the conditions of working-class communities and the challenges of building working-class movements in post-apartheid South Africa.
Polarization properties of Raman scattering by surface phonon polaritons in GaAsP nanowires
Authors: Rybchenko Sergey I , Ali Sarfraz , Zhang Yunyan , Liu Huiyun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Strong resonant enhancement of Raman scattering on photonic resonance was observed in GaAsP semiconductor nanowires. The enhancement allowed for detailed studies of the surface phonon polariton (SPhP) scattering peak on individual nanowires. In particular, for the first time, the effect of the nanowire cross section shape on SPhP properties has been investigated. It was found that the cross section flattening induces a strong polarisation and a spectral shift of SPhPs supported by such nanowire. The assisting numerical simulations allowed to link the induced polarisation effect to a splitting of the resonant HE11 mode in the flattened nanowire. The observed spectral shift of SPhP has been also theoretically reproduced in elliptical approximation for the flattened cross section. The obtained results pave a ground for engineering of SPhP polarisation response and accurate spectral control of SPhPs in applications utilising the nanowire morphology.
Effect of mesa geometry on low-terahertz frequency range plasmons in two-dimensional electron systems
Authors: Dawood A , Park S J , Parker-Jervis R , Wood C D , Li L , Linfield E H , Davies A G , Cunningham J E , Sydoruk O 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We demonstrate engineering of the low-terahertz range plasmonic spectra of two-dimensional electron systems by modifying their geometry. Specifically, we have modelled, fabricated, and measured two devices for comparison. The first device has a rectangular channel, while the second is trapezoidal, designed to support a richer plasmonic spectrum by causing variation in the device width along the direction of plasmon propagation. We show that while plasmon resonant frequencies and field distributions in the rectangular device can largely be described by a simple one-dimensional analytical model, the field distributions modelled in the trapezoidal device shows a more complex pattern with significant variation along the length of the channel, so requiring a two-dimensional treatment. The results illustrate the potential of modifying the channel geometry to obtain different spectra in experiments, with potential applications in the design of novel terahertz-range devices, such as plasmon-based sources and detectors.
Cutaneous and local radiation injuries
Authors: Iddins Carol J , DiCarlo Andrea L , Ervin Mark D , Herrera-Reyes Eduardo , Goans Ronald E 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The threat of a large-scale radiological or nuclear (R/N) incident looms in the present-day climate, as noted most recently in an editorial in Scientific American (March 2021). These large-scale incidents are infrequent but affect large numbers of people. Smaller-scale R/N incidents occur more often, affecting smaller numbers of people. There is more awareness of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in the medical community; however, ionising radiation-induced injuries to the skin are much less understood. This article will provide an overview of radiation-induced injuries to the skin, deeper tissues, and organs. The history and nomenclature; types and causes of injuries; pathophysiology; evaluation and diagnosis; current medical management; and current research of the evaluation and management are presented. Cutaneous radiation injuries (CRI) or local radiation injuries (LRI) may lead to cutaneous radiation syndrome, a sub-syndrome of ARS. These injuries may occur from exposure to radioactive particles suspended in the environment (air, soil, water) after a nuclear detonation or an improvised nuclear detonation (IND), a nuclear power plant incident, or an encounter with a radioactive dispersal or exposure device. These incidents may also result in a radiation-combined injury; a chemical, thermal, or traumatic injury, with radiation exposure. Skin injuries from medical diagnostic and therapeutic imaging, medical misadministration of nuclear medicine or radiotherapy, occupational exposures (including research) to radioactive sources are more common but are not the focus of this manuscript. Diagnosis and evaluation of injuries are based on the scenario, clinical picture, and dosimetry, and may be assisted through advanced imaging techniques. Research-based multidisciplinary therapies, both in the laboratory and clinical trial environments, hold promise for future medical management. Great progress is being made in recognising the extent of injuries, understanding their pathophysiology, as well as diagnosis and management; however, research gaps still exist.
Treatment of radiological contamination: a review
Authors: Bodin Laurent , Menetrier Florence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
After nuclear accidents, people can be contaminated internally via ingestion, inhalation and via intact skin or wounds. The assessment of absorbed, committed doses after internal exposure is based on activity measurement by in vivo or in vitro bioassay. Estimation of dose following internal contamination is dependent on understanding the nature and form of the radionuclide. Direct counting methods that directly measure γ-rays coming from within the body or bioassay methods that measure the amount of radioactive materials in urine or feces are used to estimate the intake, which is required for calculating internal exposure doses. The interpretation of these data in terms of intake and the lifetime committed dose requires knowledge or making assumptions about a number of parameters (time, type of exposure, route of the exposure, physical, biological and chemical characteristics) and their biokinetics inside the body. Radioactive materials incorporated into the body emit radiation within the body. Accumulation in some specific organs may occur depending on the types of radioactive materials. Decorporation therapy is that acceleration of the natural rate of elimination of the contaminant will reduce the amount of radioactivity retained in the body. This article presents an overview of treatment of radiological contamination after internal contamination.
Uhlmann fidelity and fidelity susceptibility for integrable spin chains at finite temperature: exact results
Authors: Białończyk Michał , Gómez-Ruiz Fernando Javier , del Campo Adolfo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We derive the exact expression for the Uhlmann fidelity between arbitrary thermal Gibbs states of the quantum XY model in a transverse field with finite system size. Using it, we conduct a thorough analysis of the fidelity susceptibility of thermal states for the Ising model in a transverse field. We compare the exact results with a common approximation that considers only the positive-parity subspace, which is shown to be valid only at high temperatures. The proper inclusion of the odd parity subspace leads to the enhancement of maximal fidelity susceptibility in the intermediate range of temperatures. We show that this enhancement persists in the thermodynamic limit and scales quadratically with the system size. The correct low-temperature behavior is captured by an approximation involving the two lowest many-body energy eigenstates, from which simple expressions are obtained for the thermal susceptibility and specific heat.
Influence of different fields of mesons on the pseudospin symmetry in single-neutron resonant states *
Authors: Dai Hua-Ming , Shi Min , Chen Shou-Wan , Liu Quan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the framework of the relativistic mean field theory combined with the complex momentum representation method, we elucidate the pseudospin symmetry in the single-neutron resonant states and its dependence on the

,

, and

meson fields. Compared with the effect of the

field, the

and

fields provide the main contributions to the pseudospin energy and width splitting of the resonant pseudospin doublets. Especially, we compare quantitatively the pseudospin wave functions' splittings in resonant doublets, and investigate their dependencies on different fields of mesons, which is consistent with that of energy and width splittings. Current research is helpful to understand the mechanism and properties of pseudospin symmetry for resonant states.
Modeling complex networks of nuclear reaction data for probing their discovery processes *
Authors: Wang Xiaohang , Zhu Long , Su Jun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHundreds of thousands of experimental data sets of nuclear reactions have been systematically collected, and their number is still growing rapidly. The data and their correlations compose a complex system, which underpins nuclear science and technology. We model the nuclear reaction data as weighted evolving networks for the purpose of data verification and validation. The networks are employed to study the growing cross-section data of a neutron induced threshold reaction (n,2n) and photoneutron reaction. In the networks, the nodes are the historical data, and the weights of the links are the relative deviation between the data points. It is found that the networks exhibit small-world behavior, and their discovery processes are well described by the Heaps law. What makes the networks novel is the mapping relation between the network properties and the salient features of the database: the Heaps exponent corresponds to the exploration efficiency of the specific data set, the distribution of the edge-weights corresponds to the global uncertainty of the data set, and the mean node weight corresponds to the uncertainty of the individual data point. This new perspective to understand the database will be helpful for nuclear data analysis and compilation.
Investigation on the mechanical and tribological properties of polyethylene wax/silicone rubber composites
Authors: Liang Lin , Wang Guangfei , Liu Ran , Zhang Pengfei , Zhou Wei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As an auxiliary agent for rubber processing, polyethylene wax can be used to enhance the diffusion of filler in rubber, improve the extrusion speed of rubber compound and facilitate rubber demoulding, which has good development potential in the field of rubber processing and manufacturing. At present, there is no research on the optimum amount of polyethylene wax in silicone rubber. Therefore, in this paper, we studied the influence of different amount of polyethylene wax on the mechanical and friction properties of silicone rubber. Firstly, silicone rubber composites with different polyethylene wax content were prepared by mechanical mixing and hot pressing. Then, the mechanical properties and friction and wear properties of silicone rubber composites were tested by tensile testing machine and multifunctional comprehensive tester for surface properties of materials. Finally, combined with a series of characterization methods, such as three-dimensional (3D) morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microscopic observation and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), the mechanism of polyethylene wax in silicone rubber was studied. The results show that the best addition amount of polyethylene wax in silicone rubber is 0.25 phr, and the friction coefficient of polyethylene wax/silicone rubber composite is the lowest and most stable, and the wear amount is the least. In the process of friction, polyethylene wax can be separated from silicone rubber matrix and distributed on the surface of wear marks, playing a better role in lubrication and wear reduction.
Preparation and properties of all solid-state electrochromic devices based on tungsten oxide nanocomposites
Authors: Bai Zi-Yan , Wen Shang-Sheng , Xv Han-Ming , Cheng Xian-Dong , Li Mu-Yun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The optical properties of electrochromic materials can change reversibly under an applied voltage. Tungsten oxide has been widely used in various fields because of its excellent electrochromic efficiency. The electrochromic films produced by W18O49 nanowires and WO3 have excellent performance. Compared with WO3 film, the porous structure of the nanowires can make ions rapidly diffuse, provide a larger surface area for the charge transfer reaction, promote electrolyte penetration, and effectively improve the electrochromic efficiency. In this paper, a kind of electrochromic tungsten oxide thin film combining W18O49 nanowires and WO3 was prepared by combining a hydrothermal method and a tungstic acid method. The electrochromic performance of the film was improved considerably by combining the two kinds of thin films. The results show that the optical modulation amplitude is close to ideal (92.5%) and has a fast colour fading (colour 1.7 s and colour fading 1.3 s) effect, a good cycle stability, which is much better than those of the WO3 and W18O49 films. Using lithium perchlorate and PC as raw materials and polyurethane as a photocuring agent, a solid-state electrochromic device based on a tungsten oxide composite film was fabricated by capillarity. The colouring time of the device is 2 s, the fading time is 1 s, and the optical modulation amplitude is 85%.
Sterile neutrinos existence suggested from LCT covariance
Authors: Andriambololona Raoelina , Ranaivoson Ravo Tokiniaina , Rakotoson Hanitriarivo , Raboanary Roland 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Sterile neutrinos are known to be hypothetical neutrinos which do not interact via the fundamental interactions described within the Standard Model of Particles Physics i.e. electroweak and strong interactions. They are expected to be important for the understanding of the physics beyond the current Standard Model. In the present work, it is shown that the existence of these particles can be suggested from covariance principle using a covariance group formed by Linear Canonical Transformations (LCTs) associated to a pentadimensional pseudo-Euclidian space. It is established that a spin representation of the LCT group gives a particle classification, applicable to the three families of leptons and quarks, which leads to the prediction of the existence of three sterile neutrinos and their antiparticles.
National nitrogen budget for Germany
Authors: Häußermann Uwe , Bach Martin , Fuchs Stephan , Geupel Markus , Heldstab Jürg , Klement Laura , Knoll Lukas , Reutimann Judith , Schäppi Bettina , Weber Tatyana , Breuer Lutz 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Emissions of reactive nitrogen (Nr) give rise to a wide range of environmental problems. Nitrogen budgets for various systems and on different scales are an established tool to quantify the sources and fate of Nr. The national nitrogen budget (NNB) for Germany calculates the nitrogen flows for eight pools: Atmosphere, Energy and Fuels, Material and Products in Industry, Humans and Settlements, Agriculture, Forest and Semi-natural Vegetation, Waste, and Hydrosphere, as well as for the transboundary N-flows. In Germany, in total 6,275 kt Nr a−1 has been introduced into the nitrogen cycle annually (mean 2010 to 2014), of which 43% stem from ammonia synthesis. Domestic extraction and import of nitrogenous fossil fuels (lignite, coal, crude oil) releases another 2,335 kt Nr a−1. Import of food, feed and materials contributes 745 kt Nr a−1, while biological N fixation converts 308 kt Nr a−1 into organically bound nitrogen. In terms of Nr sinks, the combustion and denoxing of fuels and the refining of crude oil converts 2,594 kt Nr a−1 to N2. In waters, soils, and wastewater treatment plants, denitrification leads to the release of 1,107 kt Nr a−1 as N2. Via the atmosphere and hydrosphere, Germany exports 755 kt Nr a−1 to neighbouring countries and into coastal waters. On balance, Germany releases 1,627 kt Nr a−1 annually to the environment. However, the NNB as a whole and the individual pool balances involve substantial uncertainties, which have to be considered when interpreting the results.
Social Work and Social Care: Mapping Workforce Engagement, Relevance, Experience and Interest in Research
Authors: Wakefield Jodie , Lavender Susan , Nixon Karen , Hornby Sam , Dobel-Ober David , Lambley-Burke Ruth , Spolander Gary , Bonner Pauline , Mallen Christian , Campbel Paul 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Evidence-based practice (EBP) has been promoted within social work/social care, with emerging evidence of benefit to practitioners and service users. Advocates argue that EBP enables practitioners to have the skills to interpret and evaluate evidence and be actively involved in research. This project aimed to evaluate awareness, experience/skills and value of research, and explore barriers to engagement with research. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken across a diverse range of social work/care staff at a large National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and partner Local Authority. The survey included both closed and an open-ended response to facilitate a mixed method analysis. In total, 208 staff responded (55 percent response) and findings show a high rating on the relevance of research to professional development (73 percent); however, a low level of actual involvement (10 percent) and low levels of confidence/knowledge across a range of research skills. Identified barriers include a lack of knowledge on where/how to begin, lack of evidence that it improves practice, the potential to threaten practice and low capacity and time. These findings highlight a potential gap between a current drive for social work/care to be more evidenced based and the ability of social work/care to enact this approach.