bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to deal with uncertainty in prenatal genomics: A systematic review of guidelines and policies
Authors: Klapwijk Jasmijn E. , Srebniak Malgorzata I. , Go Attie T. J. I. , Govaerts Lutgarde C. P. , Lewis Celine , Hammond Jennifer , Hill Melissa , Lou Stina , Vogel Ida , Ormond Kelly E. , Diderich Karin E. M. , Brüggenwirth Hennie T. , Riedijk Sam R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExome sequencing (ES) enhanced the diagnostic yield of genetic testing, but has also increased the possibility of uncertain findings. Prenatal ES is increasingly being offered after a fetal abnormality is detected through ultrasound. It is important to know how to handle uncertainty in this particularly stressful period. This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of guidelines available for addressing uncertainty related to prenatal chromosomal microarray (CMA) and ES. Ten uncertainty types associated with prenatal ES and CMA were identified and defined by an international multidisciplinary team. Medline (all) and Embase were systematically searched. Laboratory scientists, clinical geneticists, psychologists, and a fetal medicine specialist screened the papers and performed the data extraction. Nineteen papers were included. Recommendations generally emphasized the importance of trio analysis, clinical information, data sharing, validation and re‐analysis, protocols, multidisciplinary teams, genetic counselling, whether to limit the possible scope of results, and when to report particular findings. This systematic review helps provide a vocabulary for uncertainties, and a compass to navigate uncertainties. Prenatal CMA and ES guidelines provide a strong starting point for determining how to handle uncertainty. Gaps in guidelines and recommendations were identified and discussed to provide direction for future research and policy making.
School bullying and the ongoing social dynamics: A thematic analysis of young peoples' perspectives on a specific bullying case
Authors: Forsberg Camilla 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBased on analyses of six individual interviews with young people from a sixth‐grade school class, this study explores how young people talk about bullying and a particular bullying case in their class from various positions. Utilising thematic analysis, three themes were conceptualised as crucial in bullying: social status, powerful positions and fragile social positions. Symbolic interactionism, emphasising perspectives as constructed in interaction, were used to understand these social dynamics and bullying as a group phenomenon. The findings demonstrate the social landscape in which young people navigate, where social positions are in process but affected by their group norms.
Histone H2B ubiquitination mediated chromatin relaxation is essential for the induction of somatic cell reprogramming
Authors: Wang Liying , Xu Zhiliang , Wang Libin , Liu Chao , Wei Huafang , Zhang Ruidan , Chen Yinghong , Wang Lina , Liu Wenwen , Xiao Sai , Li Wei , Li Wei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesCell reprogramming has significant impacts on their potential application in regenerative medicine. Chromatin remodelling plays a very important role in cell reprogramming, but its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood.Materials and methodsRNA‐seq, quantitative RT‐PCR and western blot analysis were applied to study the role of RNF20 and H2B ubiquitination during mouse somatic cell reprogramming. Chromatin structure and the recruitment of transcription factors were analysed by ChIP‐seq, micrococcal nuclease sensitivity assays and immunofluorescence staining.ResultsWe show that RNF20 is highly expressed at the early stage of reprogramming along with the accumulation of H2B ubiquitination at the same stage, and Rnf20 knockout results in the failure of reprogramming at the initial stage but not the maturation and stabilization stages. RNA‐seq showed that Rnf20 knockout mainly affects the early stage of cell reprogramming by impairing the transcription of MET‐related genes and early pluripotency genes. Importantly, Rnf20 knockout results in a more compacted chromosomes structure in reprogrammable cells, suppressing the recruitment of reprogramming transcription factors to their proper locations on the chromosomes, and finally resulting in the failure of pluripotent gene network establishment.ConclusionsHistone H2B ubiquitination mediated chromatin relaxation is essential for the induction of somatic cell reprogramming.
The function‐dominance correlation drives the direction and strength of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships
Authors: Crawford Michael S. , Barry Kathryn E. , Clark Adam T. , Farrior Caroline E. , Hines Jes , Ladouceur Emma , Lichstein Jeremy W. , Maréchaux Isabelle , May Felix , Mori Akira S. , Reineking Björn , Turnbull Lindsay A. , Wirth Christian , Rüger Nadja 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCommunity composition is a primary determinant of how biodiversity change influences ecosystem functioning and, therefore, the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF). We examine the consequences of community composition across six structurally realistic plant community models. We find that a positive correlation between species’ functioning in monoculture versus their dominance in mixture with regard to a specific function (the “function‐dominance correlation”) generates a positive relationship between realised diversity and ecosystem functioning across species richness treatments. However, because realised diversity declines when few species dominate, a positive function‐dominance correlation generates a negative relationship between realised diversity and ecosystem functioning within species richness treatments. Removing seed inflow strengthens the link between the function–dominance correlation and BEF relationships across species richness treatments but weakens it within them. These results suggest that changes in species’ identities in a local species pool may more strongly affect ecosystem functioning than changes in species richness.
Long‐term geothermal warming reduced stocks of carbon but not nitrogen in a subarctic forest soil
Authors: Peplau Tino , Schroeder Julia , Gregorich Edward , Poeplau Christopher 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGlobal warming is accelerating the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). When predicting the net SOM dynamics in response to warming, there are considerable uncertainties owing to experimental limitations. Long‐term in situ whole‐profile soil warming studies are particularly rare. This study used a long‐term, naturally occurring geothermal gradient in Yukon, Canada, to investigate the warming effects on SOM in a forest ecosystem. Soils were sampled along this thermosequence which exhibited warming of up to 7.7℃; samples were collected to a depth of 80 cm and analysed for soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) content, and estimates made of SOC stock and fractions. Potential litter decomposition rates as a function of soil temperature and depth were observed for a 1‐year period using buried teabags and temperature loggers. The SOC in the topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–80 cm) responded similar to warming. A negative relationship was found between soil temperature and whole‐profile SOC stocks, with a total loss of 27% between the warmest and reference plots, and a relative loss of 3%℃−1. SOC losses were restricted to the particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractions with net whole‐profile depletions. Losses in POM‐C accounted for the largest share of the total SOC losses. In contrast to SOC, N was not lost from the soil as a result of warming, but was redistributed with a relatively large accumulation in the silt and clay fraction (+40%). This suggests an immobilization of N by microbes building up in mineral‐associated organic matter. These results confirm that soil warming accelerates SOC turnover throughout the profile and C is lost in both the topsoil and subsoil. Since N stocks remained constant with warming, SOM stoichiometry changed considerably and this in turn could affect C cycling through changes in microbial metabolism.
Development and characterization of a Napier grass (Cenchrus purpureus Schumach) mapping population for flowering‐time‐ and biomass‐related traits reveal individuals with exceptional potential and hybrid vigor
Authors: Sinche Marco , Kannan Baskaran , Paudel Dev , Corsato Carlos , Lopez Yolanda , Wang Jianping , Altpeter Fredy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNapier grass is a tropical perennial C4 grass with superior biomass yield and quality. It is an important forage crop and a promising feedstock for lignocellulosic biofuel production. However, precise phenotyping and genotyping data to support the molecular breeding of Napier grass are scarce. A Napier grass F1 mapping population (segregating pseudo‐F2 population) was generated by hybridizing genetically distant parents (N190 × N122) with contrasting flowering‐time‐ and biomass‐related traits. True F1 hybrids were confirmed with a simple sequence repeat marker, vegetatively propagated, and phenotyped in replicate field plots for 2 years (2 harvests per year) in Citra, FL, USA (29.40N). Near‐normal distributions were observed for flowering date, plant height, number of tillers, stem diameter, and leaf width, confirming the quantitative nature of these traits. The annual dry biomass yield of F1 hybrids varied between 21.0 and 41.1 t ha−1. The highest‐yielding F1 hybrids showed remarkable hybrid vigor exceeding the annual biomass production of the highest‐yielding parental accession (26.9 t ha−1) by 52% and the biomass yield of the control “Merkeron” cultivar (29.2 t ha−1) by 41% over 2 years. F1 hybrids with delayed flowering time along with significantly increased biomass yield were also identified. Late‐flowering accessions allowed maximum biomass harvest before formation and dispersal of seeds, reducing invasion risk. The developed mapping population will be an excellent resource for identifying quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for flowering‐ and biomass‐related traits in Napier grass that will accelerate the improvement of this non‐domesticated bioenergy crop.
Gynaecological perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa): comparative analysis of proposed algorithms for prediction of clinical outcome
Authors: Shukla Pratibha Sharma , Xia Rong , Lin Lawrence Hsu , Schwartz Christopher J. 
Published: June 2021

AimsPerivascular epithelioid cell tumours (PEComas) are rare mesenchymal tumours that coexpress smooth muscle and melanocytic markers. They have a predilection for gynaecological organs, where they present a unique diagnostic challenge, because of morphological and immunohistochemical overlap with more common smooth muscle and stromal tumours. Limited information regarding the natural history, owing to the rarity of this tumour, makes accurate risk stratification difficult. We aimed to review clinicopathological features of gynaecological PEComa and compare accuracy of five different classification systems for prediction of prognosis.Methods and resultsWe have described the clinicopathological features of 13 new cases and tested five prognostic algorithms in a total of 67 cases of gynaecological PEComa. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed and areas under the curve (AUCs) were calculated to evaluate predictive accuracy.The modified gynaecological‐specific algorithm showed high sensitivity and specificity and yielded the highest AUC (0.864). It’s earlier version, the gynaecological‐specific algorithm, suffered from lower specificity (AUC = 0.843). The post‐hoc McNemar test confirmed significant differences between the performances of the modified gynaecological‐specific algorithm and the gynaecological‐specific algorithm (P = 0.008). The original Folpe algorithm for PEComas of all sites showed low specificity, had a lower AUC (0.591), and was inapplicable in 18% of cases. Its two later versions (the revised Folpe algorithm and the modified Folpe algorithm) also yielded lower AUCs (0.690 and 0.591, respectively).ConclusionWe have shown that the modified gynaecological‐specific algorithm predicts the clinical outcome of gynaecological PEComa with high accuracy, and have validated its use for prognostic stratification of gynaecological PEComa.
Signet‐ring cell/histiocytoid carcinoma of the axilla: a clinicopathological and genetic analysis of 11 cases, review of the literature, and comparison with potentially related tumours
Authors: Goto Keisuke , Kukita Yoji , Honma Keiichiro , Ogawa Kohei , Nishida Haruto , Takai Toshihiro , Oishi Takuma , Hishima Tsunekazu , Tanaka Masaru , Isei Taiki 
Published: June 2021

AimsThe aim of this study was to determine the clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of axillary signet‐ring cell/histiocytoid carcinoma (SRCHC) and the relationship between axillary SRCHC, eyelid SRCHC, and conventional apocrine carcinoma (AC).Methods and resultsEleven cases of axillary SRCHC, four cases of eyelid SRCHC, eight cases of axillary AC and five cases of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) were retrieved. Additionally, 14 axillary and 43 eyelid SRCHC cases from the literature were reviewed. Male predominance was prominent for axillary SRCHC (24:1) and eyelid SRCHC (42:5). Axillary SRCHC formed a circumscribed plaque or nodule, unlike eyelid SRCHC. Lymph node metastasis was predominantly seen in axillary SRCHC cases (72%, 18/25), but not in eyelid SRCHC cases (19%, 9/47). Axillary SRCHC and eyelid SRCHC were histopathologically similar and showed rare tubular formations. Immunoexpression of cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 19, mucin 1, mucin 5AC, BerEP4 and androgen receptor was seen in all tested cases of the four diseases. Oestrogen and progesterone receptors were negative in both types of SRCHC and AC, but were strongly positive in ILCs. Complete loss of E‐cadherin expression was seen in approximately one‐quarter of both types of SRCHC and in all ILCs. PIK3CA mutations were detected in all three sequenced cases (two axillary SRCHCs and one eyelid SRCHC).ConclusionThe histopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic findings suggest that both types of SRCHC are phenotypic variants of AC, although there are differences in sex, macroscopic findings and the frequency of lymph node metastasis among the three. In contrast, ILC differs from the other three tumour types.
Crystalline ytterbium disilicate environmental barrier coatings made by high velocity oxygen fuel spraying
Authors: Wolf Markus , Mack Daniel Emil , Mauer Georg , Guillon Olivier , Vaßen Robert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDense environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are an essential prerequisite to exploit the advantages offered by SiC‐based fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) to increase efficiency in gas turbines. Today's state‐of‐the art materials for application as EBCs are rare‐earth (RE) silicates which, however, form amorphous phases upon rapid quenching from the melt. This makes their processing by thermal spray a challenge. Recently, high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying was proposed as potential solution since the melting degree of the feedstock can be controlled effectively. This work studies the deposition of ytterbium disilicate (YbDS) at short stand‐off distances and variant total feed rates and oxy‐fuel ratios of the working gas. It was found that the overall degree of crystallinity could be kept at high level above 90%. The kinetic energy transferred by impinging particles was found to be an effective parameter to control the densification of the coatings. Porosities well below 10% were achieved while fully dense coatings were impeded due to the progressive accumulation of stresses in the coatings.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the diagnosis of new leprosy cases in Northeastern Brazil, 2020
Authors: Matos Thais Silva , do Nascimento Vanessa Almeida , do Carmo Rodrigo Feliciano , Moreno de Oliveira Fernandes Tânia Rita , de Souza Carlos Dornels Freire , da Silva Tarcísio Fulgêncio Alves 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study analyzed the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the detection of new cases of leprosy in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The periods January–September 2019 and January–September 2020 were compared. There was a 44.40% reduction in the diagnosis of leprosy when comparing the two periods (1,705 in 2019 and 948 in 2020). There was a reduction in the number of municipalities with reported cases: 251 municipalities in 2019 and 202 in 2020, expressing a reduction of 24.25%. Considering only the months following the arrival of the virus (April–September), the reduction was 51.10%. An inverse correlation was observed between the number of new cases of leprosy and the cumulative number of cases of COVID‐19 (Spearman's correlation coefficient = −0.840; P < 0.001) and the number of new monthly cases of COVID‐19 (Spearman's correlation coefficient = −0.817; P < 0.001). A slight increase was also observed in the proportion of multibacillary cases in the state (70.38% in 2019 and 72.69% in 2020) as well as in the proportion of individuals with the degree of physical disability not assessed at diagnosis, whose proportion rose from 16.39% in 2019 to 22.53% in 2020. The negative impact of COVID‐19 in tackling leprosy should be seen as a warning sign for health and political authorities.
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a review
Authors: Ashton Catherine , Paramalingam Shereen , Stevenson Brittany , Brusch Anna , Needham Merrilee 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIdiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) is the umbrella term including dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), overlap myositis (OM), sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) and necrotising autoimmune myopathy (NAM), also known as immune‐mediated necrotising myopathy. There is some debate as to whether PM exists as a discrete entity, or perhaps is an overly generalising term encompassing connective tissue disease associated myositis, or OM, and the previously poorly recognised NAM. As such, PM will not be covered in detail in this review. DM, OM and NAM all present similarly, with proximal weakness and elevated creatine kinase (CK) level. By contrast, IBM preferentially involves the long finger flexors and quadriceps, and presents with a normal or only mildly elevated CK. Developments in serological testing and imaging are shifting the diagnostic paradigm away from a reliance on histopathology. The therapeutic armamentarium for IIM continues to evolve, with intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab proving to be successful for refractory disease. This review will provide a diagnostic algorithm for the clinician to help distinguish between IIM subtypes – with emphasis on clinical assessment, serology and imaging, as well as discussion of therapeutic options and escalation of immunotherapy.
Comparing genderblind and colorblind ideologies in public and private contexts
Authors: Koenig Anne M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPeople endorse colorblind and genderblind ideologies to appear unbiased toward race or gender, but although they have similar meanings these two ideologies have not been compared across public and private contexts. Given that laws make both gender and race discrimination illegal in public settings, such as schools and workplaces, people may hold similar ideologies in public, professional settings. However, differences in how gender and race are viewed in private contexts, such as friendships or families, could contribute to differential endorsement and use of the ideologies. The current research measured the self‐reported endorsement of genderblind or colorblind ideologies in different contexts (Studies 2 and 3) and a behavioral manifestation of blindness within a decision‐making paradigm (Studies 1, 2, and 3). In this paradigm, participants imagined themselves in an academic and/or social situation and chose which of two targets of different genders or races should join them in a group. Being blind to race or gender involved opting out of this choice. Participants also rated the appropriateness of using gender and race to make these decisions (Study 3). As predicted, in private, social situations participants (a) endorsed colorblindness more than genderblindness, (b) were more likely to show blind decision‐making in cross‐race than cross‐gender choices, and (c) perceived race‐based decisions as more inappropriate than gender‐based decisions. In public (academic and work) situations, colorblind and genderblind measures were equivalent. Thus, people's beliefs about the value of being blind to gender and race differ in social situations and this difference has implications for equality.
Response of Consumer Debt to Income Shocks: The Case of Energy Booms and Busts
Authors: BROWN JASON P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractConsumer debt is an important vehicle for smoothing through income shocks. I study localized income shocks from oil and gas development to investigate consumer response. Using quarterly information on consumer debt and oil and gas activity between 2000 and 2016, I find that consumer debt increased at a peak of $660 per capita, equivalent to 1.3% of median household income in counties with shale endowment and increased drilling. Shocks to local wages via drilling revealed a marginal propensity to borrow of 0.45. Relative to areas with oil and gas development experience, the marginal propensity to borrow was two times larger in previously undeveloped areas.
Superficial X‐ray‐induced hyperpigmentation in postoperative keloid radiotherapy: A study of 70 keloids to identify clinical features and risk factors
Authors: Li Li , Yuan Chen , Zhang Xiaofeng , Wang Baoxi , Yan Yan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative radiation is one of the most effective treatments for keloid. Radiation‐induced hyperpigmentation is, however, a concern for both patients and dermatologists.AimsTo identify clinical features and risk factors of superficial X‐ray‐induced hyperpigmentation in postoperative keloid radiotherapy.Patients/MethodsFrom November 2019 to November 2020, 70 keloids in 55 patients were treated with superficial X‐ray after surgery. Patient data and treatment‐related parameters were collected. Follow‐up photographs were taken one month after radiotherapy. Three independent dermatologists assessed photographs for pigmentation. The clinical characteristics and severity of pigmentation were summarized. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors associated with occurrence and severity of hyperpigmentation.ResultsThe pigmentation was a well‐defined rectangular brown macule consistent with the unprotected area that involves normal skin, and 82.9% of keloids displayed pigmentation induced by superficial X‐ray at one month after treatment. All keloids of trunk appeared to be mild‐to‐moderately hyperpigmented (100%); 92.89% of limb keloids displayed mainly severe pigmentation. Keloid location was an independent risk factor for the incidence and severity of pigmentation. Longer incision length was also predictive of increased hyperpigmentation severity.ConclusionsSuperficial X‐ray‐induced hyperpigmentation was common and severe in postoperative keloid radiotherapy. The incidence and severity of pigmentation can be predicted by the location and incision length of the keloid.