bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tandem DNA repeats contain cis‐regulatory sequences that activate biotrophy‐specific expression of Magnaporthe effector gene PWL2
Authors: Zhu Jie , Jeong Jun Seop , Khang Chang Hyun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDuring plant infection, fungi secrete effector proteins in coordination with distinct infection stages. Thus, the success of plant infection is determined by precise control of effector gene expression. We analysed the PWL2 effector gene of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae to understand how effector genes are activated specifically during the early biotrophic stages of rice infection. Here, we used confocal live‐cell imaging of M. oryzae transformants with various PWL2 promoter fragments fused to sensitive green fluorescent protein reporter genes to determine the expression patterns of PWL2 at the cellular level, together with quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses at the tissue level. We found PWL2 expression was coupled with sequential biotrophic invasion of rice cells. PWL2 expression was induced in the appressorium upon penetration into a living rice cell but greatly declined in the highly branched hyphae when the first‐invaded rice cell was dead. PWL2 expression then increased again as the hyphae penetrate into living adjacent cells. The expression of PWL2 required fungal penetration into living plant cells of either host rice or nonhost onion. Deletion and mutagenesis experiments further revealed that the tandem repeats in the PWL2 promoter contain 12‐base pair sequences required for expression. We conclude that PWL2 expression is (a) activated by an unknown signal commonly present in living plant cells, (b) specific to biotrophic stages of fungal infection, and (c) requires 12‐base pair cis‐regulatory sequences in the promoter.
Isavuconazole nonwildtype Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from a global surveillance study display alterations in multiple genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway not previously associated with resistance to other azoles
Authors: Castanheira Mariana , Collingsworth Timothy D. , Davis Andrew P. , Deshpande Lalitagauri M. , Pfaller Michael A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesWe evaluated 35 azole nonwildtype Aspergillus fumigatus isolates that were collected during 2017–2018 using whole genome sequencing (WGS) to detect alterations in the genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway as well as other genes associated with azole resistance.MethodsAmong 297 A fumigatus isolates collected worldwide, 36 isolates displayed nonwildtype MIC values to isavuconazole, itraconazole, or voriconazole when tested by the CLSI reference broth microdilution method. Isolates were submitted to WGS and results were compared to 2 azolewildtype isolates.ResultsAmong the 35 sequenced isolates (1 failed to produce quality sequences), 29 were nonwildtype to isavuconazole, 16 were nonwildtype to itraconazole, and 9 were nonwildtype to voriconazole (CLSI M59Ed2 criteria). A total of 9 isolates carried Cyp51A TR34/L98H alterations (8 from Italy and 1 from Belgium) and had nonwildtype MIC values for ≥2 azoles. A Cyp51B Q42L mutation was detected in 3 isolates, 1 nonwildtype voriconazole and 2 nonwildtype isavuconazole isolates. Three isolates harboured multiple mutations in Cyp51A (F46Y, M172V, E427K ± N248T, and D255E), including 1 isolate with the Cyp51B Q42L mutation. Mutations causing frameshifts, early termination, and duplications were observed among several genes and were more prevalent in isavuconazole nonwildtype isolates (66.7%) than in the isolates that were nonwildtype to 1 or 2 other azoles (22.2%). Nine isolates harboured frameshift mutations in a ERG25 homologue that is usually associated with changes in other genes and should be further evaluated.ConclusionsCyp51A L98H/TR34 was the most common alteration observed among the azole nonwildtype A fumigatus isolates from a large surveillance study; however, only isolates that were nonwildtype to isavuconazole had alterations in multiple analysed genes. These isolates deserve further evaluation.
Unsettled autonomy: Ethnicity, tribes and subnational politics in Mizoram, North‐east India*
Authors: Roluahpuia  
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article takes a critical look at the relationship between subnational struggles, tribal politics and political aspirations in Mizoram, North‐east India. It examines how community dynamics and relationships shape the demand for autonomy in a diverse and complex region like North‐east India. Looking at communities registered as tribes in the government scheme of classification, it underlies how autonomy becomes an arena where communities mobilise both against the central state and within themselves. The paper examines the formation of Lushai Hills District Council and the Pawi–Lakher Regional Council (PLRC) in Mizoram, their subsequent development as in the case of the Mizo Hill District Council to Union Territory and statehood and the split in the case of the PLRC into three distinct autonomous councils. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, it notes that while territorial autonomy requires recognition and legitimation from the state, the way ethnic groups deploy demands for autonomy is inspired, if not instigated, by the nature of the relationship and interface within and across communities.
miR‐5191 acts as a tumor suppressor in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma by targeting Notch‐2
Authors: Li Zhi , Zhang Qian , Su Han , Li Hu‐Yue , Cao Gang , Xu Jin‐Ke , Wang Jun‐Lan , Niu Chun‐Zi , Zhang Feimin , Yang Jian , Chen Wei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study sought to investigate the effect of miR‐5191 on proliferation, invasion and metastasis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC).Materials and MethodsThe differential expression level of miR‐5191 between 5 primary tumor and adjacent non‐neoplastic samples, and in two SACC cell lines was detected by quantitative real‐time PCR. Cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were performed, followed by luciferase reporter assay and western analysis. The effect of miR‐5191 on cell proliferation and apoptosis was evaluated by cell growth and apoptosis assay. The function of miR‐5191 in SACC tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo was investigated by nude mice experiment. The associations between miR‐5191/Notch‐2 expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed.ResultsmiR‐5191 was downregulated in primary tumor tissues and SACC‐LM cells. By targeting Notch‐2, miR‐5191 expression level affected the migration, invasion, and proliferation of SACC cells. Overexpression of miR‐5191 inhibited the expression levels of Notch‐2, followed by the decreased expression of c‐Myc, Bcl‐2, Hes‐1, Hey‐1, and Cyclin D1. In vivo, miR‐5191 overexpression suppressed the SACC tumorigenesis and pulmonary metastasis in mice. In SACC patients, higher expression of miR‐5191 was related to better prognoses and lower possibility of metastasis.ConclusionsmiR‐5191 acts as a tumor suppressor in SACC by targeting Notch‐2.
Alternative splicing dynamics and evolutionary divergence during embryogenesis in wheat species
Authors: Gao Peng , Quilichini Teagen D. , Zhai Chun , Qin Li , Nilsen Kirby T. , Li Qiang , Sharpe Andrew G. , Kochian Leon V. , Zou Jitao , Reddy Anireddy S.N. , Wei Yangdou , Pozniak Curtis , Patterson Nii , Gillmor C. Stewart , Datla Raju , Xiang Daoquan 
Published: March 2021

SummaryAmong polyploid species with complex genomic architecture, variations in the regulation of alternative splicing (AS) provide opportunities for transcriptional and proteomic plasticity and the potential for generating trait diversities. However, the evolution of AS and its influence on grain development in diploid grass and valuable polyploid wheat crops are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we developed a pipeline for the analysis of alternatively spliced transcript isoforms, which takes the high sequence similarity among polyploid wheat subgenomes into account. Through analysis of synteny and detection of collinearity of homoeologous subgenomes, conserved and specific AS events across five wheat and grass species were identified. A global analysis of the regulation of AS in diploid grass and polyploid wheat grains revealed diversity in AS events not only between the endosperm, pericarp and embryo overdevelopment, but also between subgenomes. Analysis of AS in homoeologous triads of polyploid wheats revealed evolutionary divergence between gene‐level and transcript‐level regulation of embryogenesis. Evolutionary age analysis indicated that the generation of novel transcript isoforms has occurred in young genes at a more rapid rate than in ancient genes. These findings, together with the development of comprehensive AS resources for wheat and grass species, advance understanding of the evolution of regulatory features of AS during embryogenesis and grain development in wheat.
Low‐grade IVH in preterm infants causes cerebellar damage, motor, and cognitive impairment
Authors: Sakaue Satoshi , Hasegawa Tatsuji , Sakai Koji , Zen Yui , Tozawa Takenori , Chiyonobu Tomohiro , Yamada Kei , Morimoto Masafumi , Hosoi Hajime 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have examined the effect of low‐grade intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on the white matter in the cerebellum and its association with neurodevelopment. We evaluated cerebellar white matter at term‐equivalent age (TEA) in preterm infants with low‐grade IVH. Furthermore, we assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years of age to examine the influence of low‐grade IVH on neurodevelopment.MethodsThirteen infants with low‐grade IVH and 26 without IVH, born at <30 weeks’ postmenstrual age (PMA), were enrolled in this study. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the middle and superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP), were measured. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at three years of age were assessed and the correlation between DTI parameters and developmental quotient (DQ) was analyzed.ResultsPreterm infants with IVH showed lower FA values (P < 0.01) and higher ADC values (P < 0.05) in the SCP at TEA than the no‐IVH group. Lower Postural‐Motor and Cognitive‐Adaptive DQ at 3 years of age were observed in the IVH compared to the no‐IVH group. A significant correlation between the FA values in the SCP at TEA and the Posture‐Motor DQ was observed at three years of age (P = 0.043, r = 0.50).ConclusionsThese data suggest that low‐grade IVH in preterm infants affects the SCP at TEA and that impaired cerebellar white matter correlates with poor motor development at three years of age.
Psychosocial outcomes in pediatric patients with ventricular assist devices and their families: A systematic review
Authors: Rea Kelly E. , McCormick Amanda M. , Lim Heang M. , Cousino Melissa K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVentricular assist device (VAD) therapy has provided pediatric patients with severe heart failure new therapeutic options. However, pediatric patients and families receiving VAD therapy also experience psychosocial challenges. No synthesis of the literature on psychosocial outcomes within the pediatric VAD population has been conducted; thus, the current review sought to systematically investigate the impact of pediatric VAD on patient, parent, and family psychosocial outcomes and assess variables associated with poorer outcomes. Literature searches were conducted in PsycInfo, PubMed, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases and full texts were assessed according to pre‐established inclusion criteria. Main findings and study quality were reviewed. Sixteen studies were included in the present review. Findings highlighted the likelihood for psychological sequelae among pediatric patients and families receiving VAD therapy, including decreased psychological and emotional well‐being, elevated stress, and difficulty coping with changes to family dynamics and responsibilities. Health‐related quality of life was reported comparable to that of healthy peers and children with other cardiac conditions. Patients and families on VAD therapy experience significant difficulties in psychological well‐being and challenges related to adjustment. The current review underscores the importance of ongoing support for families and continued assessment of psychosocial functioning across VAD support. Three critical periods for increased distress were identified: 1) immediately following VAD implantation, 2) discharge home and the weeks following discharge, and 3) long‐term VAD therapy.
Spectrofluorometric Insights into the Application of PAM Fluorometry in Photosynthetic Research
Authors: Sma‐Air Suhailar , Ritchie Raymond J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry has revolutionized photosynthetic studies, Photosynthetic Electron Transport Rate (ETR) cannot be measured using PAM technology in some organisms. We compare in vivo absorbance information on a selection of photosynthetic organisms using an integrating sphere spectrophotometry on a variety of oxygenic and nonoxygenic photo‐organisms and provide fluorescence data to help in understanding why PAM technology is unsuccessful on some organisms, particularly cyanobacteria. The study includes anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria: Afifella marina, Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Thermochromatium which are all RC‐2 type photosynthetic bacteria (Bacteriochlorophyll a or BChl a) which are known to have measureable delayed fluorescence, Yield and hence measureable ETR. The common unicellular green alga, Chlorella sp (Chl a + b) uses the same primary photosynthetic pigments as vascular plants. Comparisons are made to some other representative oxygenic unicellular organisms: Trebouxia (Chlorophyta, Chl a + b), Chaetoceros (a diatom, Chl a + c1c2) and the unusual cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina which has Chl d + a but uses Chl d as its primary photosynthetic pigment. Synechococcus R‐2 (Cyanobacteria) has only Chl a. Its fluorescence is outside the range normally used for measuring photosynthesis using PAM technology: delayed fluorescence is not readily detectable.
Anti‐tick and pathogen transmission blocking vaccines
Authors: van Oosterwijk Jolieke G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTicks and tick‐borne diseases are a challenge for medical and veterinary public health and often controlled through the use of repellents and acaricides. Research on vaccination strategies to protect humans, companion animals, and livestock from ticks and tick‐transmitted pathogens has accelerated through the use of proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. Comparative analyses of unfed versus engorged and uninfected versus infected ticks have provided valuable insights into candidates for anti‐tick and pathogen transmission blocking vaccines. An intricate interplay between tick saliva and the host's immune system has revealed potential antigens to be used in vaccination strategies. Immunization of hosts with targeted anti‐tick vaccines would ideally lead to a reduction in tick numbers and prevent transmission of tick‐borne pathogens. Comprehensive control of tick‐borne diseases would come from successful anti‐tick vaccination, vaccination preventing transmission of tick‐borne diseases or a combination. Due to the close interaction with wildlife and ticks, with wildlife reservoirs enabling propagation of pathogens between ticks, the vaccination of these reservoirs is an attractive target to reduce human contact with ticks and tick‐borne diseases through a one‐health approach. Wildlife vaccination presents formulation and regulatory challenges which should be considered early in the development of reservoir‐targeted vaccines.
Association between bed bugs and allergic reactions
Authors: Sheele Johnathan M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsTo evaluate whether bed bugs are associated with allergic reactions in patients seen in the emergency department (ED).Methods and ResultsThis retrospective study included data from 9 EDs in Ohio between February 2011 and February 2017. The study comprised 332 patients with bed bug infestation matched 1:15 with 4952 control patients without bed bugs on the basis of age, sex and the presenting ED. Compared with uninfested patients, patients infested with bed bugs were more likely to have an ED or inpatient diagnosis of pruritus, hives or urticaria (odds ratio [OR], 9.12 [95% CI, 3.41‐24.42]) and to be treated in the ED with an antihistamine (OR, 3.20 [95% CI, 1.87‐5.50]) or albuterol (OR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.07‐2.36]) (P ≤ .02 for all). There were no significant differences in the rates of anaphylaxis and angioedema diagnosed in patients with and without bed bugs, which occurred in <1% in both groups.ConclusionBed bug–infested patients are more likely to be diagnosed and treated for itchy cutaneous rashes, but are not clearly associated with more severe allergic reactions.
Monitoring methods of feeding behaviour to answer key questions in penaeid shrimp feeding
Authors: Darodes de Tailly Jean‐Benoît , Keitel Jonas , Owen Matthew A.G. , Alcaraz‐Calero Jose M. , Alexander Mhairi E. , Sloman Katherine A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe penaeid shrimp farming industry is a fast‐growing sector which continues to suffer from significant feeding inefficiencies. Shrimp are slow to feed on pellets, with consumption dependent on a wide range of environmental and physiological parameters. Feed management on farms remains mainly based on feeding trays which can be difficult to observe and often result in overfeeding. While our understanding of shrimp feeding behaviour is beginning to improve under laboratory conditions, much less is known about shrimp behaviour in production ponds. Consequently, there is a growing interest within the industry to improve observations of shrimp feeding behaviour in situ, although this can be difficult due to high water turbidity and the benthic nature of shrimp. This review identifies key questions that remain unanswered in relation to shrimp feeding behaviour under commercial aquaculture conditions, and considers how they could be addressed using state‐of‐the‐art applications based on three technologies commonly used in other areas of aquaculture. The use of passive acoustics, computer vision and telemetry are highlighted, alongside their potential to help farmers achieve better feeding efficiencies and sustainability as well as to help understand shrimp feeding behaviour in relation to various biotic and abiotic parameters.
Continuous renal replacement therapy and the COVID pandemic
Authors: Stevens Jacob S. , Velez Juan Carlos Q. , Mohan Sumit 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSevere COVID‐19 illness and the consequent cytokine storm and vasodilatory shock commonly lead to ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). The need for renal replacement therapies (RRTs) in those with the most severe forms of AKI is considerable and risks overwhelming health‐care systems at the peak of a surge. We detail the challenges and considerations involved in the preparation of a disaster response plan in situations such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, which dramatically increase demand for nephrology services. Taking careful inventory of all aspects of an RRT program (personnel, consumables, and machines) before a surge in RRT arises and developing disaster contingency protocol anticoagulation and for shared RRT models when absolutely necessary are paramount to a successful response to such a disaster.
A forecasting model to estimate the drop in blood supplies during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic in Italy
Authors: Pati Ilaria , Velati Claudio , Mengoli Carlo , Franchini Massimo , Masiello Francesca , Marano Giuseppe , Veropalumbo Eva , Vaglio Stefania , Piccinini Vanessa , Pupella Simonetta , Liumbruno Giancarlo M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the number of actually Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infected blood donors applying a statistical forecasting model.BackgroundFollowing the outbreak of the SARS‐CoV‐2 epidemic, a drop in blood donation has been observed. It is crucial to determine the actual number of potential SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive donors to define the measures and ensure adequate blood supply.MethodsThe cumulative incidence of SARS‐CoV‐2 positivity, calculated on the general population, was applied to the donor population by estimating the number of positive subjects. The calculation model was validated by the linear interpolation method. The number of blood units actually discarded based on post‐donation information was also taken into account.ResultsThree months after the outbreak, 5322 donors were estimated to be positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 and were therefore potentially excluded from donation. A total of units of blood components were discarded following post donation information. The estimated number of donors deceased (180) and the number of clinically recovered individuals in the same period was also considered.ConclusionThis forecasting model can be used to obtain information on blood donors' involvement during future SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreaks, especially in case of changes concerning epidemiology, incidence by age bracket and geographical distribution and also for new outbreaks of emerging viruses.
The Initiation and Propagation of the Plastic Zone in a Tension Bar of Mild Steel Under Eccentric Loading
Authors: Miklowitz Julius 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The results of several tests with flat tension bars of mild steel under eccentric loading are presented. Particular attention is focused on the wedge-shaped plastic zones that form under this type of loading. A theory is formulated describing how the first wedges, which initiate at the fillets on the load side of the bar, are able to propagate two thirds of the way across the bar, under a practically constant and reduced yield load. The theory also describes how further yielding of the initial wedges and the formation of additional wedges along the bar come about. Several tests, in which the loading was applied centrically are included. The results of these tests, in which the gage length of the specimen was varied, are used in a comparison of yielding under both types of loading.
Bending of Clamped Plates
Authors: Stiles W. B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The exact solution of thin rectangular plates clamped on all or part of the boundary requires the solution of two infinite sets of simultaneous equations in two sets of unknowns. A method of obtaining an approximate solution based upon minimization of energy and requiring the solution of the first i equations of a single infinite set of simultaneous equations is described and illustrated in this paper. The approximation functions are derived from functions representing the normal modes of a freely vibrating membrane for the same region. Solutions are obtained for a rectangular clamped plate supporting a uniform or a central point load and for a square plate clamped on two adjacent edges and pinned on the other two edges with either a uniform or a central point load. Analytical results are compared with experimentally determined deflections and stresses.