bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiprotozoan Drugs
Authors: van Schalkwyk Donelly A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Parasitic diseases caused by unicellular protozoa account for a substantial burden of morbidity, mortality and economic deprivation across the globe. Current drugs for the treatment of such infections, particularly malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, are inadequate and new therapies are being sought. A review of currently available therapies for protozoal infections of medical importance is presented. Potential new treatments in the drug development pathway are also discussed. There is currently only one vaccine in use for any human protozoal disease, a malaria vaccine (Mosquirix) administered to children as part of a three‐country pilot study. Therefore, drug treatments continue to be the main source of protozoan parasite control.

Key Concepts

Parasitic protozoa exert a large burden of morbidity and mortality in humans.

Most of the burden of protozoal infections occurs in low‐ and middle‐income countries.

Important human diseases caused by protozoa include malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).

Drug resistance threatens the limited number of drugs used to treat protozoal diseases.

No vaccines are yet registered for use against human protozoal disease.

Several novel drug treatments for malaria are currently being tested in human trials.

Most new treatments emerging for leishmaniasis and South American trypanosomiasis are from drug repurposing (‘therapeutic switching’) from other diseases.
Mixed Ionic‐Electronic Charge Transport in Layered Black‐Phosphorus for Low‐Power Memory
Authors: Ahmed Taimur , Kuriakose Sruthi , Tawfik Sherif Abdulkader , Mayes Edwin L. H. , Mazumder Aishani , Balendhran Sivacarendran , Spencer Michelle J. S. , Akinwande Deji , Bhaskaran Madhu , Sriram Sharath , Walia Sumeet 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAvailability of computing will be strongly limited by global energy production in 1–2 decades. Computing consumes 4–5% of global electricity supply and continues to increase. This is underpinned by memory and switching devices encountering leakage as they are downscaled. Two‑dimensional (2D) materials offer a potential solution to the fundamental problem owing to carrier confinement which significantly reduces scattering events. Herein, a mixed ionic‑electronic transport is used in layered black phosphorus (BP) based vertically stacked resistance change memories. The memory device relies on a unique interplay between the oxygen and silver ion diffusion through the stack which is generated using a combination of bottom (electrochemically active silver) and top (indium tin oxide) electrodes. The use of a transparent top‐electrode enabled for the first time to conduct spectroscopic characterization of the device and experimentally reveal fundamental mechanisms. Endurance of the devices are observed to be >104 switching cycles, with ON/OFF current ratio of >107 and standby power consumption of <5 fW, which effectively suppresses leakage current and sneak paths in a memory array. By undertaking detailed microscopic and spectroscopic investigations, supported by theoretical calculations, this work opens opportunities to enhance resistive switching performances of 2D materials for next‑generation information storage and brain‑inspired computation.
Self‐Powered Graphene Oxide Humidity Sensor Based on Potentiometric Humidity Transduction Mechanism
Authors: Lei Dandan , Zhang Qixiang , Liu Nishuang , Su Tuoyi , Wang Luoxin , Ren Ziqi , Zhang Zhi , Su Jun , Gao Yihua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNon‐contact humidity sensors have been widely explored as human–computer interaction for the internet of things and artificial intelligence. However, except for the existing sensing mechanisms, such as resistive, capacitive, and functional groups gradient based device, little attention has been paid to exploiting new sensing mechanisms with novel properties which can meet the requirements of miniaturization and integration. Here, a self‐powered potentiometric humidity‐transduction mechanism, which modulates the measured potential difference between two electrodes by humidity stimulation on the graphene oxide (GO) solid electrolyte, is reported. On the strength of this mechanism, a highly adjustable potentiometric humidity sensor with sandwich structure of reduced graphene oxide/GO/foamed metal (nickel, zinc, iron and copper), exhibiting good scalability and cost‐efficiency, enabling fast response/recovery (0.8 s/2.4 s), ultra‐high response (0.77 V) and excellent stability (over 1500 cycles) is developed. Unlike traditional sensing mechanisms, the manipulation mechanism raised here shows self‐powered ability with no need for an additional power unit and has ultra‐low power consumption. These results provide a new scheme for the research and development of self‐powered humidity sensors, and these sensors show superior performance in non‐contact sensing applications.
3D Macroporous Oxidation‐Resistant Ti3C2Tx MXene Hybrid Hydrogels for Enhanced Supercapacitive Performances with Ultralong Cycle Life
Authors: Yang Xue , Yao Yiwei , Wang Qian , Zhu Kai , Ye Ke , Wang Guiling , Cao Dianxue , Yan Jun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs a recently emerging group of 2D materials, MXene has attracted extensive attention in the energy storage field in recent years owing to their outstanding features. However, the notorious issues of inevitable oxidation stability and surface‐to‐surface self‐restacking for MXene significantly prevent its further wide‐ranging application. Herein, the 3D macroporous oxidation‐resistant Ti3C2Tx MXene/graphene/carbon nanotube (MRC) hybrid hydrogels are prepared by a simple gelation method assisted by l‐cysteine as crosslinker and l‐ascorbic acid (VC) as reductant. Benefitting from the effectively alleviated restacking, excellent electrical conductivity, and the 3D inter‐crosslinked macroporous architecture, as a supercapacitor electrode, the obtained MRC aerogel exhibits a superior specific capacitance of 349 F g−1, unparalleled rate capability (52.0% at 3000 mV s−1) and amazing cyclic stability (retention of 97.1% after 100 000 cycles). Moreover, the 3D MRC‐30 aerogel exhibits an impressive oxidation‐resistant performance with just a 9.3% increase in electrical resistance after storing in ambient condition for 60 days, effectively alleviating the oxidation problem of MXene. This work demonstrates a new method for construction of 3D oxidation‐resistant MXene hydrogel, shedding new light on the promising applications of MXene materials, especially in high humidity and oxygen environment.
Reaching the Excitonic Limit in 2D Janus Monolayers by In Situ Deterministic Growth
Authors: Qin Ying , Sayyad Mohammed , Montblanch Alejandro R.‐P. , Feuer Matthew S. G. , Dey Dibyendu , Blei Mark , Sailus Renee , Kara Dhiren M. , Shen Yuxia , Yang Shize , Botana Antia S. , Atature Mete , Tongay Sefaattin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNamed after the two‐faced Roman god of transitions, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) Janus monolayers have two different chalcogen surfaces, inherently breaking the out‐of‐plane mirror symmetry. The broken mirror symmetry and the resulting potential gradient lead to the emergence of quantum properties such as the Rashba effect and the formation of dipolar excitons. Experimental access to these quantum properties, however, hinges on the ability to produce high‐quality 2D Janus monolayers. Here, these results introduce a holistic 2D Janus synthesis technique that allows real‐time monitoring of the growth process. This prototype chamber integrates in situ spectroscopy, offering fundamental insights into the structural evolution and growth kinetics, that allow the evaluation and optimization of the quality of Janus monolayers. The versatility of this method is demonstrated by synthesizing and monitoring the conversion of SWSe, SNbSe, and SMoSe Janus monolayers. Deterministic conversion and real‐time data collection further aid in conversion of exfoliated TMDs to Janus monolayers and unparalleled exciton linewidth values are reached, compared to the current best standard. The results offer an insight into the process kinetics and aid in the development of new Janus monolayers with high optical quality, which is much needed to access their exotic properties.
Rational Design of Covalent Heptazine Frameworks with Spatially Separated Redox Centers for High‐Efficiency Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Authors: Cheng Hao , Lv Haifeng , Cheng Jun , Wang Lei , Wu Xiaojun , Xu Hangxun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe redox reaction centers in natural organisms conducting oxygenic photosynthesis are well arranged in a physically separated manner to convert sunlight into chemical energy efficiently. Mimicking natural photosynthesis via precisely constructing oxidative and reductive reaction centers within photocatalysts is ideal for enhancing catalytic performances in artificial photosynthesis. In this study, new covalent heptazine frameworks (CHFs) with spatially separated redox centers are rationally designed for photocatalytic production of H2O2 from water and oxygen without using any sacrificial agents. Both experimental and computational investigations indicate that the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction occurs on the heptazine moiety, whereas the two‐electron water oxidation reaction occurs on the acetylene or diacetylene bond in the CHFs. This unique spatial separation feature is critical for enhancing charge separation and achieving efficient H2O2 production. Meanwhile, the measured exciton binding energy of the diacetylene‐containing polymer is merely 24 meV. Under simulated solar irradiation, the rationally designed CHFs can achieve a solar‐to‐chemical conversion efficiency of 0.78%, surpassing previously reported photocatalytic materials. This study establishes a molecular engineering approach to construct periodically arranged and spatially separated redox centers in single‐component polymer photocatalysts, representing a hallmark to create more exciting polymer structures for photocatalysis moving forward.
The Ni‐Mo‐S Catalyst @Copper Foams with Excellent Stability and 1.5 V Drive Electrolytic Water
Authors: Feng Suyang , Wang Junli , Wang Wenbin , Wang Xuanbing , Zhang Yang , Chenchen  , Ju Ao , Pan Junqing , Xu Ruidong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe development of high‐efficiency, low‐cost, and long‐term stability catalysts for water electrolysis is significant for the sustainable production of hydrogen. The aim of this study is to reduce the overpotential and thus energy consumption. Toward this aim, transition metal sulfide catalyst (marked as S5‐40 doped Ni4Mo) is successfully prepared by a fast one‐step electrodeposition process on a copper foam (CF) substrate. The S20 doped Ni4Mo/CF catalyst displays an exceedingly low overpotential of 140 and −128 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for (oxygen evolution reaction) and (hydrogen evolution reaction), respectively. The S20 doped Ni4Mo/CF can be powered by a commercial AA alkaline battery (1.5 V) in 1.0 m KOH. It shows a lower cell voltage of 1.595 V at 10 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting (OWS). Up to 60 h of stability testing, compared with the S20 doped Ni4Mo/CF catalyst before electrolysis, their performance is improved by 15.5% and 41.1% at 2 and −0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, respectively. This study offers an avenue to fabricate transition metal sulfide bi‐functional catalysts for OWS and provides deep insights into the relationships among the S‐doping Ni4Mo at the 1.0 m KOH electrolyte physical characterization and electrocatalytic activity.
Elucidation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation Mechanism in Micro‐Mesoporous Hard‐Carbon Anodes
Authors: Alptekin Hande , Au Heather , Olsson Emilia , Cottom Jonathon , Jensen Anders CS , Headen Thomas F. , Cai Qiong , Drew Alan J. , Crespo Ribadeneyra Maria , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe microstructure of hard carbons can be designed to maximize their performance as anodes for sodium‐ion batteries. However, the nature of the electrolyte is also decisive in the capacity and long‐term stability. Here, hard carbons with a tailored bimodal pore network of internal micropores interconnected through mesopores are studied as sodium‐ion battery anodes. The evolution of their solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is analyzed in three different electrolytes (NaPF6 in an ether‐based solvent, and NaPF6 or NaClO4 in a carbonate‐based system). Combining experiments with density functional theory calculations, it is proposed that formation of the SEI is mainly controlled by the decomposition of the salt anion. This process occurs through the intermediate functionalization of the carbon surface by the decomposed anion fragments. It is suggested that the innermost SEI sub‐layer governs the performance and long‐term stability of the anode. While the presence of a fluorine‐containing salt appears to have a determining role in the SEI stability, the electrochemical decomposition of carbonate‐based solvents is detrimental for the long‐term stability as the interfacial resistance increases. In contrast, the ether‐based system enables stable long‐term cycling as the interphase remains almost intact once the first fluorine‐rich SEI layer is formed.
High‐Resolution Near‐Field Imaging and Far‐Field Sensing Using a Transmissive Programmable Metasurface
Authors: Li He , Li Yun Bo , Chen Gang , Dong Shu Yue , Shen Jia Lin , Gong Chao Yue , Wang Shi Yu , Wang Hai Peng , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractElectromagnetic (EM) inverse problem for detecting and sensing unknowns has attracted tremendous attention. Here, without using bulk lens, a method is proposed to realize both near‐field imaging and far‐field detection with high resolutions using a novel transmissive programmable metasurface. The presented low‐profile metasurface has good features of continuous and full transmission phase coverage to realize strong wave‐control capabilities. For imaging and detecting an interested area, the EM‐wave focusing points or beams of illumination can be spatially shifted with short distance in different directions, respectively. On the basis, the fields at the spatially shifted focusing points can be synthesized to obtain improved point spread function for scanning, which will achieve higher sensing resolution than the wave illumination of focusing scanning only. By employing the new transmissive programmable metasurface, the metallic objects in the near field are successfully imaged and two corner reflectors in the far field are detected in experiments, both with high resolutions. The measured and simulated results have good agreements, thus verifying the validity and efficiency of the proposed method and transmissive programmable metasurface.
Highly Stretchable and Skin Adhesive Soft Bioelectronic Patch for Long‐Term Ambulatory Electrocardiography Monitoring
Authors: Li Yue , Rodríguez‐Serrano Alan F. , Yeung Sin Yu , Hsing I‐Ming 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWearable devices offer a revolutionary approach to ambulatory electrocardiography (ECG) for cardiovascular disease diagnosis. Herein, an adhesive, highly stretchable and conformal (ASC) patch for long‐term ambulatory ECG monitoring is presented. The ASC patch is designed with a “three‐bridge” structure to provide inhomogeneous strain distribution during stretching. Meanwhile, the electrical stability is achieved by stretchable liquid metal interconnects at the domain experiencing larger strain. Moreover, the long‐term usability can be attained by an adhesive layer made of polydopamine/polyacrylamide glycerol–water hydrogel, maintaining good adhesiveness and stretchability for more than two weeks. Altogether, the patch can successfully measure stable high‐quality ECG signals in relaxed, stretched, or underwater conditions. Enhanced mechanical and electrical properties exhibited by our ASC patch confer superior skin‐device interface on either dry or wet conditions than that of current electrodes. The hydrogel‐based patch displays conformal deformation along with the stretched skin. This work provides a scalable prototype for multilead wearable ECG devices and promises new opportunities for medical applications in soft electronics.
Nano‐Enabled Reposition of Proton Pump Inhibitors for TLR Inhibition: Toward A New Targeted Nanotherapy for Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Sun Liya , Liu Yuan , Liu Xiali , Wang Rui , Gong Jiameng , Saferali Aabida , Gao Wei , Ma Aying , Ma Huiqiang , Turvey Stuart E. , Fung Shan‐Yu , Yang Hong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractToll‐like receptor (TLR) activation in macrophages plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). While TLR inhibition is a promising strategy to control the overwhelming inflammation in ALI, there still lacks effective TLR inhibitors for clinical uses to date. A unique class of peptide‐coated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is previously discovered, which effectively inhibited TLR signaling and protected mice from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced ALI. To fast translate such a discovery into potential clinical applicable nanotherapeutics, herein an elegant strategy of “nano‐enabled drug repurposing” with “nano‐targeting” is introduced to empower the existing drugs for new uses. Combining transcriptome sequencing with Connectivity Map analysis, it is identified that the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) share similar mechanisms of action to the discovered GNP‐based TLR inhibitor. It is confirmed that PPIs (including omeprazole) do inhibit endosomal TLR signaling and inflammatory responses in macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and exhibits anti‐inflammatory activity in an LPS‐induced ALI mouse model. The omeprazole is then formulated into a nanoform with liposomes to enhance its macrophage targeting ability and the therapeutic efficacy in vivo. This research provides a new translational strategy of nano‐enabled drug repurposing to translate bioactive nanoparticles into clinically used drugs and targeted nano‐therapeutics for ALI.
Implications of the BATTERY 2030+ AI‐Assisted Toolkit on Future Low‐TRL Battery Discoveries and Chemistries
Authors: Bhowmik Arghya , Berecibar Maitane , Casas‐Cabanas Montse , Csanyi Gabor , Dominko Robert , Hermansson Kersti , Palacin M. Rosa , Stein Helge S. , Vegge Tejs 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBATTERY 2030+ targets the development of a chemistry neutral platform for accelerating the development of new sustainable high‐performance batteries. Here, a description is given of how the AI‐assisted toolkits and methodologies developed in BATTERY 2030+ can be transferred and applied to representative examples of future battery chemistries, materials, and concepts. This perspective highlights some of the main scientific and technological challenges facing emerging low‐technology readiness level (TRL) battery chemistries and concepts, and specifically how the AI‐assisted toolkit developed within BIG‐MAP and other BATTERY 2030+ projects can be applied to resolve these. The methodological perspectives and challenges in areas like predictive long time‐ and length‐scale simulations of multi‐species systems, dynamic processes at battery interfaces, deep learned multi‐scaling and explainable AI, as well as AI‐assisted materials characterization, self‐driving labs, closed‐loop optimization, and AI for advanced sensing and self‐healing are introduced. A description is given of tools and modules can be transferred to be applied to a select set of emerging low‐TRL battery chemistries and concepts covering multivalent anodes, metal‐sulfur/oxygen systems, non‐crystalline, nano‐structured and disordered systems, organic battery materials, and bulk vs. interface‐limited batteries.
Interfacial Engineering of TiO2/Ti3C2 MXene/Carbon Nitride Hybrids Boosting Charge Transfer for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zeng Hui , Li Zhenhua , Li Guangshe , Cui Xiaoqiang , Jin Mingxing , Xie Tengfeng , Liu Lulu , Jiang Mengpei , Zhong Xia , Zhang Yaowen , Zhang He , Ba Kaikai , Yan Zekun , Wang Ying , Song Shuyan , Huang Keke , Feng Shouhua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCharge separation and transfer are central issues dominating the underlying energy conversion mechanisms of photosynthetic systems. Here, inspired by nature, a multi‐interfacial engineering strategy for constructing a strongly coupled interactive transmission network for stable and efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production is proposed. A multivariate all‐solid‐state Z‐scheme with intimate electron interactions is formed through strong bridging bonds due to Ti orbit modulation and stacking hybridization between hybrids. The electron couple structure realizes an efficient carrier directional separation and transfer, enabling the charge separation efficiency to be enhanced dramatically by 7.2 times. Furthermore, the resulting material provides a highly stable photocatalytic hydrogen activity, up to 15.29 mmol h−1 g−1, 18.8 times higher than pure carbon nitride, surpassing many reported photocatalysts. This work represents a significant development and helps develop a sound foundation for future design principles in accelerating charge transfer.
Quantitative dissection of multilocus pathogenic variation in an Egyptian infant with severe neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from multiple molecular diagnoses
Authors: Herman Isabella , Jolly Angad , Du Haowei , Dawood Moez , Abdel‐Salam Ghada M. H. , Marafi Dana , Mitani Tadahiro , Calame Daniel G. , Coban‐Akdemir Zeynep , Fatih Jawid M. , Hegazy Ibrahim , Jhangiani Shalini N. , Gibbs Richard A. , Pehlivan Davut , Posey Jennifer E. , Lupski James R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGenomic sequencing and clinical genomics have demonstrated that substantial subsets of atypical and/or severe disease presentations result from multilocus pathogenic variation (MPV) causing blended phenotypes. In an infant with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, four distinct molecular diagnoses were found by exome sequencing (ES). The blended phenotype that includes brain malformation, dysmorphism, and hypotonia was dissected using the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). ES revealed variants in CAPN3 (c.259C > G:p.L87V), MUSK (c.1781C > T:p.A594V), NAV2 (c.1996G > A:p.G666R), and ZC4H2 (c.595A > C:p.N199H). CAPN3, MUSK, and ZC4H2 are established disease genes linked to limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy (OMIM# 253600), congenital myasthenia (OMIM# 616325), and Wieacker–Wolff syndrome (WWS; OMIM# 314580), respectively. NAV2 is a retinoic‐acid responsive novel disease gene candidate with biological roles in neurite outgrowth and cerebellar dysgenesis in mouse models. Using semantic similarity, we show that no gene identified by ES individually explains the proband phenotype, but rather the totality of the clinically observed disease is explained by the combination of disease‐contributing effects of the identified genes. These data reveal that multilocus pathogenic variation can result in a blended phenotype with each gene affecting a different part of the nervous system and nervous system‐muscle connection. We provide evidence from this n = 1 study that in patients with MPV and complex blended phenotypes resulting from multiple molecular diagnoses, quantitative HPO analysis can allow for dissection of phenotypic contribution of both established disease genes and novel disease gene candidates not yet proven to cause human disease.
Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Tandem Intramolecular oxa‐Michael Addition/Electrophilic Thiocyanation: Synthesis of Chiral α‐Thiocyanato Flavanones
Authors: Gao Yong , Fu Zhenda , Wu Di , Yin Hongquan , Chen Fu‐Xue 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn efficient bifunctional cinchona alkaloids‐catalyzed asymmetric tandem intramolecular oxa‐Michael addition/electrophilic thiocyanation of alkylidene β‐ketoesters with N‐thiocyanatosuccinimide (NTS) was developed. A series of chiral α‐thiocyanato flavanones containing two vicinal stereocenters including an all‐carbon quaternary center were prepared in good yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee) under mild conditions, and a successful scale up preparation of our protocol was also demonstrated.