bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociodemographic Disparities in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: NHANES 2007–2012
Authors: Ettleson Matthew D , Bianco Antonio C , Zhu Mengqi , Laiteerapong Neda 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Purpose
Both undertreatment and overtreatment of hypothyroidism with thyroid hormone are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Disparities in the treatment of hypothyroidism may lead to a higher risk of adverse outcomes for certain sociodemographic groups. Our objectives were to identify sociodemographic disparities between those with treated and untreated hypothyroidism, and between those who were adequately and inadequately treated.

Methods
This is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of US adults aged 20 years and older with hypothyroidism (n = 698). The main measures were age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, and health care access differences among those with treated and untreated hypothyroidism.

Results
Of those with hypothyroidism, women were more likely than men to be taking thyroid hormone (odds ratio [OR] 2.66 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42–4.99]), as were older participants (45–69 years old vs 20–44 years old: OR 7.25 [95% CI 4.15–12.67]; 70 years of age and older: OR 11.00 [95% CI 5.30–22.79]). Health care access was strongly associated with thyroid hormone use (OR 14.32, 95% CI 3.63–56.58). Hispanic race/ethnicity was associated with inadequate treatment compared with non-Hispanic whites (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.14–5.14).

Main Conclusions
Male gender, younger age, and lack of health care access were associated with untreated hypothyroidism, and Hispanic race was associated with inadequate treatment of hypothyroidism. Clinicians should be aware of these sociodemographic disparities in the hypothyroid population and consider strategies to improve treatment of hypothyroidism in men, younger adults, Hispanics, and those without routine health care access.
Influence of Different Measurements on the Ability of P-SAP and DES-OSA Scores to Detect Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Deflandre Eric P. , Cester Luca , Degey Stephanie V. 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND:
Severe obstructive sleep apnea (sOSA) represents a risk factor of postoperative complications. Perioperative sleep apnea prediction (P-SAP) and DES-obstructive sleep apnea (DES-OSA) (DES being the acronym for 2 of the participating investigators and OSA for obstructive sleep apnea) scores were validated in the detection of such patients. They include the measurement of neck circumference (NC) and distance between thyroid and chin (DTC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the measurement method of NC and DTC on the ability of the 2 scores to detect sOSA.

METHODS:
A total of 371 preoperative patients were enrolled. For each of them, 6 combinations of P-SAP and DES-OSA scores were evaluated. We compared the results of the 6 combinations with the data extracted from the polysomnography (PSG) if available. The ability of the score to detect sOSA patients was evaluated using sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), Youden index (YI), area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), the Probit model, and the Kappa coefficient of Cohen. A P < .05 was considered as significant, a Bonferroni correction was applied if needed.

RESULTS:
Three hundred and seventy-one patients had a PSG. The Se and the Sp of the DES-OSA score, and the Sp of the P-SAP score, in their ability to detect severe OSA patients, were influenced by the measurement method of the DTC and of the NC. Nevertheless, the AUROC, the Youden index, the Probit model, and the Kappa coefficient of Cohen are not influenced by the variability of measurement.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study highlights that the measurement method of NC and DTC can influence the results of the 2 scores. We conclude that a strict protocol for the measurement of NC and DTC should be applied (DTC measurement should be performed on a patient with a head in neutral position and the NC measurement should be performed at the cricoid level).
An Inner Voice Liberated
Authors: Marnin-Distelfeld Shahar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article examines the works of Israeli woman artist Lilian Weisberger, who creates girlhood images that look naive at first glance but are nonetheless multilayered and radical. This examination of Weisberger’s girlhood images is done here for the first time. Applying the bricolage methodology, the investigation of her artwork is based on a visual analysis, in-depth interviews with Weisberger, and feminist theories relevant to girlhood studies combined with several concepts from the field of psychology. Three series are discussed: the dark-gloomy images, bodiless images, and the group of super-girls and defiant ones. These images represent two substantial parts of the girl’s soul—vulnerability versus intensity—while metaphorically materializing a feminist call for authenticity and wholeness of the girl, and eventually the woman. Weisberger’s art embodies a quest for liberating an inner voice through creation.
Styling Strength
Authors: Pahwa Sonali 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn 2014, amid anti-Islamist sentiment in Egypt, the athlete Manal Rostom founded a Facebook group to support hijabis. Intended as a space of internal discussion and solidarity, it grew into one of Facebook’s largest groups worldwide. Analyzing posts on this forum and its offshoot Instagram page, this article examines digital repertoires of Muslim women’s self-styling as both pious and liberal. While the women-only Facebook group reproduced existing religious norms in contemporary language, the Instagram platform generated self-modulated performances of fashion and fitness, blurring lines between liberal and Islamic feminism. The article analyzes the use of digital platforms to construct both a hijabi support group and an influencer platform, arguing that this two-pronged project signified hijab as an ethical and performance practice. As a symbol of self-discipline that moved between the worlds of style and sport, hijab in this digital forum supplemented representations of religious consumerism with competitive performances of strength.
Unfair Advantage Discourse in USA Powerlifting
Authors: Jones CJ 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis essay follows the social life of testosterone during a presentation at a USA Powerlifting national governing board meeting. While feminist and queer sports analyses focus on the implication of hormone levels for intersex athletes, much less scholarship analyzes how the hang-up on testosterone itself—whether endogenously produced or pharmaceutically regulated—unjustly targets transgender athletes. Paying attention to how testosterone delineates the boundary between “fair” and “unfair advantage” that consolidates antitrans contours of “female athlete,” this essay seeks to model a closer collaboration between transgender studies and feminist sports studies to forge what the author calls transfeminist sports studies.
Early Modern Transgender Fairies
Authors: Horbury Ezra 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe early modern fairy is a long ignored transgender figure. This article presents a transhistoricist analysis of how a range of “transgender” concepts manifest in the early modern literary imagination—instabilities, transformations, ambiguities, or indeterminacies in sex and gender—through the representation of fairies and the supernatural. It focuses on Ariel in Shakespeare's Tempest, Duessa in Spenser's Faerie Queene, and Jocastus in Randolph's Amyntas. Breaking from the threatening fairies of the medieval tradition, early modern writers reshaped how fairies were conceptualized in popular imagination, which inform our ideas of the supernatural and gender instability to this day. While transgender approaches to the medieval period have recently come to prominence, transgender approaches to the early modern remain marginal. This article seeks to establish what early modern fairies offer transgender theory and what transgender theory can offer early modern historicism. Through transgender readings of fairies and supernatural figures, this article demonstrates how such figures provided a space in which early modern culture could fantastically conceptualize transgender concepts and identities.
Futuring Trans* in Pakistan
Authors: Kasmani Omar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFuturing trans* is a deliberation on the emergence of transgender alongside khwajasara, both newer terms in Pakistan that acquire distinctly temporal agencies insofar as these untether individuals from difficult histories and offer new affective means for future making. Not the same as the identity transgender, trans* in Pakistan, this article proposes, is a baggy and emergent ground where not only locally specific meanings around gender variability are being pushed out and projected anew but where its historical, trans-local, cross-scalar, and open-ended working out is mappable. To outline its futural shapes, this text closely traces a set of affective, representational, and practical strategies as part of an unfinished, contested, and dynamic process of encounters across a variety of allies and actors: individuals, institutions, collectives, spaces, and networks. It illustrates, on the one hand, how trans* in Pakistan kicks off a capacious contact zone, triggers cross-sectional encounters, and generates momentum with implications, which impact but also exceed local conditions. On the other hand, it observes how its horizons might be curtailed by conditions and concerns that privilege some ways of gender nonconforming over certain others.
Validating accelerometry-derived proxies of energy expenditure using the doubly labelled water method in the smallest penguin species
Authors: Sutton G. J. , Botha J. A. , Speakman J. R. , Arnould J. P. Y. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTUnderstanding energy use is central to understanding an animal's physiological and behavioural ecology. However, directly measuring energy expenditure in free-ranging animals is inherently difficult. The doubly labelled water (DLW) method is widely used to investigate energy expenditure in a range of taxa. Although reliable, DLW data collection and analysis is both financially costly and time consuming. Dynamic body acceleration (e.g. VeDBA) calculated from animal-borne accelerometers has been used to determine behavioural patterns, and is increasingly being used as a proxy for energy expenditure. Still its performance as a proxy for energy expenditure in free-ranging animals is not well established and requires validation against established methods. In the present study, the relationship between VeDBA and the at-sea metabolic rate calculated from DLW was investigated in little penguins (Eudyptula minor) using three approaches. Both in a simple correlation and activity-specific approaches were shown to be good predictors of at-sea metabolic rate. The third approach using activity-specific energy expenditure values obtained from literature did not accurately calculate the energy expended by individuals. However, all three approaches were significantly strengthened by the addition of mean horizontal travel speed. These results provide validation for the use of accelerometry as a proxy for energy expenditure and show how energy expenditure may be influenced by both individual behaviour and environmental conditions.
Zebrafish dazl regulates cystogenesis and germline stem cell specification during the primordial germ cell to germline stem cell transition
Authors: Bertho Sylvain , Clapp Mara , Banisch Torsten U. , Bandemer Jan , Raz Erez , Marlow Florence L. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Fertility and gamete reserves are maintained by asymmetric divisions of the germline stem cells to produce new stem cells or daughters that differentiate as gametes. Before entering meiosis, differentiating germ cells (GCs) of sexual animals typically undergo cystogenesis. This evolutionarily conserved process involves synchronous and incomplete mitotic divisions of a GC daughter (cystoblast) to generate sister cells connected by intercellular bridges that facilitate the exchange of materials to support rapid expansion of the gamete progenitor population. Here, we investigated cystogenesis in zebrafish and found that early GCs are connected by ring canals, and show that Deleted in azoospermia-like (Dazl), a conserved vertebrate RNA-binding protein (Rbp), is a regulator of this process. Analysis of dazl mutants revealed the essential role of Dazl in regulating incomplete cytokinesis, germline cyst formation and germline stem cell specification before the meiotic transition. Accordingly, dazl mutant GCs form defective ring canals, and ultimately remain as individual cells that fail to differentiate as meiocytes. In addition to promoting cystoblast divisions and meiotic entry, dazl is required for germline stem cell establishment and fertility.
Dynamics of hunchback translation in real-time and at single-mRNA resolution in the Drosophila embryo
Authors: Vinter Daisy J. , Hoppe Caroline , Minchington Thomas G. , Sutcliffe Catherine , Ashe Hilary L. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The Hunchback (Hb) transcription factor is crucial for anterior-posterior patterning of the Drosophila embryo. The maternal hb mRNA acts as a paradigm for translational regulation due to its repression in the posterior of the embryo. However, little is known about the translatability of zygotically transcribed hb mRNAs. Here, we adapt the SunTag system, developed for imaging translation at single-mRNA resolution in tissue culture cells, to the Drosophila embryo to study the translation dynamics of zygotic hb mRNAs. Using single-molecule imaging in fixed and live embryos, we provide evidence for translational repression of zygotic SunTag-hb mRNAs. Whereas the proportion of SunTag-hb mRNAs translated is initially uniform, translation declines from the anterior over time until it becomes restricted to a posterior band in the expression domain. We discuss how regulated hb mRNA translation may help establish the sharp Hb expression boundary, which is a model for precision and noise during developmental patterning. Overall, our data show how use of the SunTag method on fixed and live embryos is a powerful combination for elucidating spatiotemporal regulation of mRNA translation in Drosophila.
Myosin-X is dispensable for spindle morphogenesis and positioning in the mouse oocyte
Authors: Crozet Flora , Da Silva Christelle , Verlhac Marie-Hélène , Terret Marie-Emilie 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Off-center spindle positioning in mammalian oocytes enables asymmetric divisions in size, which are important for subsequent embryogenesis. The migration of the meiosis I spindle from the oocyte center to its cortex is mediated by F-actin. Specifically, an F-actin cage surrounds the microtubule spindle and applies forces to it. To better understand how F-actin transmits forces to the spindle, we studied a potential direct link between F-actin and microtubules. For this, we tested the implication of myosin-X, a known F-actin and microtubule binder involved in spindle morphogenesis and/or positioning in somatic cells, amphibian oocytes and embryos. Using a mouse strain conditionally invalidated for myosin-X in oocytes and by live-cell imaging, we show that myosin-X is not localized on the spindle, and is dispensable for spindle and F-actin assembly. It is not required for force transmission as spindle migration and chromosome alignment occur normally. More broadly, myosin-X is dispensable for oocyte developmental potential and female fertility. We therefore exclude a role for myosin-X in transmitting F-actin-mediated forces to the spindle, opening new perspectives regarding this mechanism in mouse oocytes, which differ from most mitotic cells.
Selective disruption of trigeminal sensory neurogenesis and differentiation in a mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Karpinski Beverly A. , Maynard Thomas M. , Bryan Corey A. , Yitsege Gelila , Horvath Anelia , Lee Norman H. , Moody Sally A. , LaMantia Anthony-Samuel 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with cranial nerve anomalies and disordered oropharyngeal function, including pediatric dysphagia. Using the LgDel 22q11DS mouse model, we investigated whether sensory neuron differentiation in the trigeminal ganglion (CNgV), which is essential for normal orofacial function, is disrupted. We did not detect changes in cranial placode cell translocation or neural crest migration at early stages of LgDel CNgV development. However, as the ganglion coalesces, proportions of placode-derived LgDel CNgV cells increase relative to neural crest cells. In addition, local aggregation of placode-derived cells increases and aggregation of neural crest-derived cells decreases in LgDel CNgV. This change in cell-cell relationships was accompanied by altered proliferation of placode-derived cells at embryonic day (E)9.5, and premature neurogenesis from neural crest-derived precursors, reflected by an increased frequency of asymmetric neurogenic divisions for neural crest-derived precursors by E10.5. These early differences in LgDel CNgV genesis prefigure changes in sensory neuron differentiation and gene expression by postnatal day 8, when early signs of cranial nerve dysfunction associated with pediatric dysphagia are observed in LgDel mice. Apparently, 22q11 deletion destabilizes CNgV sensory neuron genesis and differentiation by increasing variability in cell-cell interaction, proliferation and sensory neuron differentiation. This early developmental divergence and its consequences may contribute to oropharyngeal dysfunction, including suckling, feeding and swallowing disruptions at birth, and additional orofacial sensory/motor deficits throughout life.
Differential cellular responses to adhesive interactions with galectin-8- and fibronectin-coated substrates
Authors: Li Wenhong , Sancho Ana , Chung Wen-Lu , Vinik Yaron , Groll Jürgen , Zick Yehiel , Medalia Ohad , Bershadsky Alexander D. , Geiger Benjamin 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The mechanisms underlying the cellular response to extracellular matrices (ECMs) that consist of multiple adhesive ligands are still poorly understood. Here, we address this topic by monitoring specific cellular responses to two different extracellular adhesion molecules – the main integrin ligand fibronectin and galectin-8, a lectin that binds β-galactoside residues − as well as to mixtures of the two proteins. Compared with cell spreading on fibronectin, cell spreading on galectin-8-coated substrates resulted in increased projected cell area, more-pronounced extension of filopodia and, yet, the inability to form focal adhesions and stress fibers. These differences can be partially reversed by experimental manipulations of small G-proteins of the Rho family and their downstream targets, such as formins, the Arp2/3 complex and Rho kinase. We also show that the physical adhesion of cells to galectin-8 was stronger than adhesion to fibronectin. Notably, galectin-8 and fibronectin differently regulate cell spreading and focal adhesion formation, yet act synergistically to upregulate the number and length of filopodia. The physiological significance of the coherent cellular response to a molecularly complex matrix is discussed.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
α-Arrestin ARRDC3 tumor suppressor function is linked to GPCR-induced TAZ activation and breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Arakaki Aleena K. S. , Pan Wen-An , Wedegaertner Helen , Roca-Mercado Ivette , Chinn Logan , Gujral Taranjit S. , Trejo JoAnn 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The α-arrestin domain containing protein 3 (ARRDC3) is a tumor suppressor in triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC), a highly metastatic subtype of breast cancer that lacks targeted therapies. Thus, understanding the mechanisms and targets of ARRDC3 in TNBC is important. ARRDC3 regulates trafficking of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1, also known as F2R), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) implicated in breast cancer metastasis. Loss of ARRDC3 causes overexpression of PAR1 and aberrant signaling. Moreover, dysregulation of GPCR-induced Hippo signaling is associated with breast cancer progression. However, the mechanisms responsible for Hippo dysregulation remain unknown. Here, we report that the Hippo pathway transcriptional co-activator TAZ (also known as WWTR1) is the major effector of GPCR signaling and is required for TNBC migration and invasion. Additionally, ARRDC3 suppresses PAR1-induced Hippo signaling via sequestration of TAZ, which occurs independently of ARRDC3-regulated PAR1 trafficking. The ARRDC3 C-terminal PPXY motifs and TAZ WW domain are crucial for this interaction and are required for suppression of TNBC migration and lung metastasis in vivo. These studies are the first to demonstrate a role for ARRDC3 in regulating GPCR-induced TAZ activity in TNBC and reveal multi-faceted tumor suppressor functions of ARRDC3.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Neuroethology of number sense across the animal kingdom
Authors: Nieder Andreas 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTMany species from diverse and often distantly related animal groups (e.g. monkeys, crows, fish and bees) have a sense of number. This means that they can assess the number of items in a set – its ‘numerosity’. The brains of these phylogenetically distant species are markedly diverse. This Review examines the fundamentally different types of brains and neural mechanisms that give rise to numerical competence across the animal tree of life. Neural correlates of the number sense so far exist only for specific vertebrate species: the richest data concerning explicit and abstract number representations have been collected from the cerebral cortex of mammals, most notably human and nonhuman primates, but also from the pallium of corvid songbirds, which evolved independently of the mammalian cortex. In contrast, the neural data relating to implicit and reflexive numerical representations in amphibians and fish is limited. The neural basis of a number sense has not been explored in any protostome so far. However, promising candidate regions in the brains of insects, spiders and cephalopods – all of which are known to have number skills – are identified in this Review. A comparative neuroscientific approach will be indispensable for identifying evolutionarily stable neuronal circuits and deciphering codes that give rise to a sense of number across phylogeny.