bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intracranial suppurations surgically managed at Jos, North Central Nigeria: a nine-years retrospective review
Authors: Shilong Danaan J. , Bot Gyang M. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Intracranial suppurations are rare but can be fatal entities consisting of pus collection within the intracranial cavity. The aim of the study was to document the clinical and radiological findings in our patients and the outcome of treatment.Methods: A retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients presenting to the Jos University Teaching Hospital from January 2012 to December 2019. Data of interest were retrieved from their folders and entered into SPSS version 22 and descriptive statistics run on the variables.Results: There were 33 patients within this period, but only 21 had complete records and thus used for the analysis. The median age was 18 years (IQR=29), males accounted for 81% of the patients. The median time to presentation was 14 days (IQR=23). The most common cause of abscess in our series was trauma (surgical and non-surgical) in 38.1%, followed by contiguous spread from the ear or paranasal sinuses (23.8%). The most common symptom was fever occurring in 61.9%, followed by headache 42.8%. In two thirds of the patients, the abscess was intra-axial (the frontal lobe being the most common site). Patients were managed surgically with either a craniotomy (28.6%) or a burr whole (71.4%). A positive culture was obtained in 33.3% of cases.Conclusions: Intracranial suppurations are uncommon, but can occur in the setting of predisposing factors. A high index of suspicion is required to clinch the diagnosis.
Role of laser application in endodontic treatment: a review of literature
Authors: Abulhamayel Abdulkader Abdulelah , Alsulami Khalid Abdulbaqi , Alshehri Ali Nasser , Alasmari Abdullah Hussain , Alzahrani Faisal Ramadan , Altayeb Majid Abdulkader , Almane Abdullah Ibrahim , Alshehri Alhanouf Khaled , Alotaiby Faisal Mohammed , Algahtani Abdullah Mufarrih , Algthaiae Mohammed Saeed 
Published: June 2021

Many applications have been previously reported that laser is used in the field of endodontics. It is used in pulp diagnosis, shaping and disinfection of the root canal, endodontic surgeries, modifying the dentin structures, pulpotomy and pulp capping. Our present study aims to review some applications of laser used in the field of endodontics. According to the evidence from current studies in the literature, vital pulp therapeutic approaches for pulpotomy can significantly lead to efficacious and bloodless outcomes by using laser for the following processes: Coagulation, vaporization, and sealing of the blood vessels with potentially sterile minute wounds with no complications. Many advantages have been previously reported for using laser within endodontic surgical procedures, such as coagulation, sterilization, selective absorption, precision, lower rates of complications as inflammation and edema, getting clean, well-sealed surgical wounds, enhanced disinfection characteristics, reduced painful sensations, decreased required sutures due to better hemostasis, and reduced bleeding. On the other hand, applying some laser modalities might not be adequately efficacious according to previous studies in the literature. We recommend that further human prospective to conduct investigations for further validation of the current evidence.
Experiences of online learning during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period: a cross-sectional survey among the college students in India
Authors: Saraf Nikita , Doss Prakash S. , Tahakik Sanskruti , Reddy Kowshik B. , Rangasamy Arun , Swamy Sheetal , Bharti Avinash Kumar , Bhandari Tanushree , Singh Jagan Deep , Ruati Lalrem 
Published: June 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic forced educational institutions across the world to shut down their campuses adhering to the lockdown protocols. As a result, higher educational institutions seek to deliver education through online platforms. This sudden shift created a huge impact on students learning capabilities.Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey to assess the college student’s perspective about the online learning and also the most common problems faced in this online learning. A 17 item Google form questionnaire was structured by the authors. We received responses 1834 students from different higher educational institutions across India.Results: The results revealed that 71.7% of students rated the pandemic online learning below moderate on a 5-point scale. The students felt that they learn better in offline classrooms (78.9%) and reported few technical issues which hinder their learning capacity. The students appreciated the flexibility of learning from home, availability of more personal space, accessibility of abundant online learning resources, and wide range of online learning platforms in this online learning. However, most of the students felt that online learning is stressful and affects their mental health in particular.Conclusions: The study reveals the importance of online education in the near future. As we scale up to the future, this survey findings warrant a prompt action to improve digital infrastructure to resolve the technical issues, reduce cost involvement, well-structured training to improve pedagogical skills and technical skills of the faculty members.
The Prevalence, Causes And Effects Of Drug Use And Abuse On Performance Indicators Among Secondary School Students In Teso South Constituency, Kenya
Authors: Marygoretty Etyang , Adhiambo Winga Maureen 
Published: June 2021

The use of drugs has become more rampant today than at any other time. In learning institutions, especially secondary schools, the use of drugs has resulted in poor concentration in classwork, high rate of absenteeism and failure in exams leading to poor academic performance. The purpose of this study therefore was to: establish the prevalence of drug use among students in Teso South Constituency, establish the causes of drug use and identify the effects of drug use on academic performance indicators among secondary school students in Teso South Constituency. The constituency has a total of 25 public secondary schools with a total of 8023 students. Krejcie and Morganâ€™s formula was used to select 192 students and data was collected from the field using questionnaires and later analyzed using percentages. Results indicate that 54.7%, 22.4%, 6.7%, 4.7% 4.2%, 3.1% of the students use Tobacco, Miraa, Cocaine, Tranquilizers, Kuber and Marijuana respectively. Also, the most influential causes of drug abuse among them were Peer influence at 90.1%, family background at 57.1% and availability of drugs at 30.8%. Lastly, 89.6% of the students had poor grades due to drug abuse alongside 78.6% of them affected by low concentration span and lack of interest in studies. The study, therefore, inferred that there is a high of drug ab prevalence use amongst secondary school students with family, peers as well as availability contributing to the onset of drug abuse.The study concluded that drug abuse interferes with academic performance indicators of secondary school students in Teso South Constituency.
De Lâ€™utopie Mondialiste A La Nouvelle Utopie Altermondialiste Face A La Pauvrete Et Aux Inegalites
Authors: Kanani Amos Cishunguluka 
Published: June 2021

RÃ©verbÃ©rer sur les promesses et les dÃ©boires de la mondialisation et de lâ€™altermondialisme, constitue le contenu de ce papier.Sans nul doute, la rÃ©flexion relance le dÃ©bat sur la crÃ©dibilitÃ© des alternatives au capitalisme ultralibÃ©ral. Lâ€™argument dÃ©veloppÃ© souligne que si la mondialisation Ã©conomique (le capitalisme) nâ€™a pas tenu ses promesses, le mouvement altermondialiste qui sâ€™en est Ã©rigÃ© en adversaire farouche et autodÃ©terminÃ© Ã agir autrement en vue de construire un autre monde oÃ¹ le capital ne serait quâ€™un outil au service de lâ€™humanitÃ©, a aussi engendrÃ© ses propres contradictions et provoquÃ© de nouvelles insatisfactions.Si lâ€™altermondialisme a voulu corriger ou rÃ©parer les effets nocifs de la mondialisation, il a aussi, dans sa praxÃ©ologie, reproduit certaines tares de son adversaire et provoquÃ© des nouvelles dÃ©ceptions dans le procÃ¨s de la pauvretÃ© et des inÃ©galitÃ©s. Ainsi, jusque lÃ , le monde nâ€™a fait que passer de lâ€™utopie Ã la nouvelle utopie.
Reverberating on the promises and setbacks of globalization and alter-globalization is the content of this paper.No doubt, the reflection restarts the debates on the credibility of alternatives to ultraliberal capitalism. The scrutinized idea shows if economic globalization (capitalism) has not made its promises, the alter-globalization movement which has itself up as a fierce and self-determined opponent to act differently in order to build another world where capital would be a tool of humanity service, has also generated its own contradictions and provoked new dissatisfaction.If the alter-globalization wanted to correct or repair the globalization harmful effects, it has also, in its praxeology, reproduced certain defects of its adversary and provoked new disappointments in the process of poverty and inequalities. So, till then, the world has only shifted from the utopia to the new utopia.
The Impact Of Human Capital On Nigeria's Economic Growth
Authors: Bachama Yusufu Nigel , Hassan Aisha Adamu , Ibrahim Bello 
Published: June 2021

Despite abundant evidence at microeconomic level, the role of human capital in promoting economic growth and development has not been well documented at the macroeconomic level â€“ specifically in developing countries. This paper seeks to examine the role of human capital on economic growth in Nigeria using time series data covering the period from 1970-2019. The data are sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and World Development Indicators of the World Bank. The data are analyzed using Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL). The study reveals that expenditure on health and education are found to be positively and significantly related with economic growth both in the short-run and long-run. However, labor negatively impact on economic growth and it was found to be significant. Again, trade openness and inflation are insignificant in explaining economic growth in this paper. Thus, the paper recommends that, Nigerian government should focus on improving the educational and health sector. Meaning that, huge amount of government budgetary allocation should be directed toward educational and health sector. So also, government should create more jobs opportunities (through skills acquisitions/ vocational training) to minimize the unemployment rate in the country.
Les Politiques Publiques De Gestion Des Dechets Au Cameroun : Une Analyse Critique Du â€˜Monopoleâ€™ Dâ€™hysacam A L'ere De La Gouvernance Decentralisee Dans La Ville De Yaounde
Authors: Arrey William Hermann , Loumou Mondoleba Alain-Patrick 
Published: June 2021

A mesure que le Cameroun se modernise, la question des dÃ©chets dans la ville de YaoundÃ© occupe une place importante dans lâ€™agenda des Ã©lites politico-dirigeantes. La croissance dÃ©mographique rapide et lâ€™industrialisation croissante sont productrices dâ€™une quantitÃ© dÃ©bordante des dÃ©chets dont les effets sur la santÃ© et la sÃ©curitÃ© des populations se font ressentir. Cet article se veut une rÃ©flexion critique du monopole octroyÃ© Ã HYSACAM dans la gestion technique des dÃ©chets dans la ville de YaoundÃ©. Sur le plan mÃ©thodologique, cette rÃ©flexion sâ€™appuie sur la recherche documentaire, lâ€™investigation auprÃ¨s des institutions directement concernÃ©es et sur un protocole dâ€™enquÃªte essentiellement qualitative dressÃ© aux populations de YaoundÃ©. En sâ€™encrant sur lâ€™incrÃ©mentalisme, elle met en exergue le tÃ¢tonnement et le bricolage qui caractÃ©risent la politique de gestion des dÃ©chets dans la ville de YaoundÃ©. Dit autrement, la politique de gestion des dÃ©chets dans la ville de YaoundÃ© sâ€™inscrit dans un schÃ©ma de dÃ©brouillardise et de tÃ¢tonnement permanent, se caractÃ©risant par des va-et-vient et des essais-recommencements infinis. Cette Ã©tude postule quâ€™on ne saurait envisager, en plein essor de la gouvernance dÃ©centralisÃ©e, une politique de gestion efficace des dÃ©chets en faisant abstraction au Â« marchÃ© Â» des partenaires techniques, qui suppose une dÃ©monopolisation dâ€™HYSACAM dans la gestion technique des dÃ©chets dans la ville de YaoundÃ©.
As Cameroon modernizes, the issue of waste in the city of YaoundÃ© occupies an important place on the agenda of the political-ruling elites. Rapid population growth and increasing industrialization are producing an overflowing quantity of waste, the effects of which are felt on the health and safety of populations. This article is a critical analysis of the monopoly granted to HYSACAM in the technical management of waste in the city of YaoundÃ©. Methodologically, the research is based on documentary analysis, investigation of the institutions directly concerned and on an essentially qualitative survey protocol drawn up to the populations of YaoundÃ©. By focusing on the public policy theory of incrementalism, it highlights the trial and error and tinkering that characterize the waste management policy in the city of YaoundÃ©. In other words, the waste management policy in the city of YaoundÃ© is part of a scheme of resourcefulness and permanent groping, characterized by back and forth and endless re-starts. This study argues that, in the boom of decentralized governance, an effective waste management policy cannot be envisaged by disregarding the â€œmarketâ€ of technical partners, which presupposes a demonopolization of HYSACAM in the technical management of waste in the city of YaoundÃ©.
The Influence of Digital Financial Services on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Cameroon
Authors: Ngwengeh Brendaline Beloke , Messomo Elle Serge , Mbu Sunday Agbor 
Published: June 2021

A strong banking industry is important in every nation and this can have a significant effect in supporting economic development through the provision of efficient financial services. Digital banking/financial services is the act of carrying out financial transactions without the use of physical cash, coins or bills. This paper sort to determine the influence of digital financial services on the financial performance of commercial banks in Cameroon. Specifically, it examined the influence of Digital Savings Services, Digital Transfers Services, Digital Withdrawals Services and Digital Payment Services on the profitability of commercial banks in Cameroon. It covers 10 out of 15 commercial banks in Cameroon. Methodologically, it made use of survey research design. Item by item analysis of the questions was used to identify the reliability of digital financial services. The Taylor linearise variance estimation technique was used to determine their influence on commercial bank profitability. Results from the study showed that digital saving services, digital withdrawal services and digital transfer services have a positive and significant influence on the profitability of commercial banks in Cameroon. Digital payment on the other hand had a negative but significant influence on commercial Bankâ€™s Profitability at 10% level of significance. Generally, 48% of variations of profitability of commercial banks are caused by joint variations in the use of digital transfer services, Digital Savings services, Digital Withdrawal services and Digital Payment services. Consequently 0.52 or 52% of the variations in profitability are not accounted for by the studyâ€™s model on digital financial services and bank profitability but caused by the error term. Conclusively, digital financial services are a booster of commercial bankâ€™s profit levels. Finally, the study recommended that management of banks and policy makers in the banking industry should go in for robust digital systems and services as a means to diversify their sources of income and meet up with declining profit levels.
Periurbanisation et Transport Artisanal a Yaounde (Cameroun)
Authors: Caroline Amagnouba Tchio , Yannick Mendouga , Marthe Aime Elong Ngando Epossy , Gabriel Nguijoi Cyrille , Sinclair Namekong Dagha 
Published: June 2021

La crise Ã©conomique de la fin des annÃ©es 1980, a entrainÃ© avec elle, la libÃ©ralisation des services qui, autrefois, Ã©taient lâ€™apanage de lâ€™Etat, notamment le transport urbain. Cependant, la croissance dÃ©mographique et lâ€™Ã©talement urbain spontanÃ© ont Ã leur tour contribuÃ© Ã mettre Ã mal le systÃ¨me de transport urbain au Cameroun. Cette situation a favorisÃ© un besoin en mobilitÃ© urbaine et pÃ©ri-urbaine qui reste prÃ©occupant pour les populations dont la majeure partie dâ€™activitÃ©s socio-Ã©conomiques se concentrent au centre urbain. Lâ€™inadÃ©quation, mieux, lâ€™absence de politiques publiques en matiÃ¨re de transport fait que lâ€™Etat peine Ã satisfaire ce besoin, laissant entrevoir le dÃ©veloppement dâ€™un moyen de transport dit Â« artisanal Â» dans les villes camerounaises telles que YaoundÃ©. Ce travail sâ€™appuie sur lâ€™enquÃªte de terrain et lâ€™analyse des sources diachroniques et synchroniques existantes sur la ville de YaoundÃ© et de ses localitÃ©s pÃ©riurbaines. Il montre comment, malgrÃ© la prÃ©sence du transport institutionnel, le Â« transport artisanal Â» est devenu depuis prÃ¨s de deux dÃ©cennies, le principal outil de maintien de la mobilitÃ© centre-pÃ©riphÃ©rie.

The economic crisis of the late 1980s brought with it the liberalisation of the services that were previously the prerogative of the state, notably urban transport. However, population growth and spontaneous urban sprawl have in turn contributed to the undermining of the urban transport system in Cameroon. This situation has led to a need for urban and peri-urban mobility which remains a concern for populations whose socio-economic activities are concentrated in the urban centre. The inadequacy, or rather, the absence, of public policies on transport means that the state is struggling to meet this need, leading to the development of a so-called 'artisanal' or â€˜craftâ€™ means of transport in Cameroonian cities such as Yaounde. This work is based on field surveys and the analysis of existing diachronic and synchronic sources on the city of Yaounde and its peri-urban localities. It shows how, despite the presence of institutional transport, 'artisanal transport' has become, for nearly two decades, the main tool to maintain centre-periphery mobility.
AmÃ©lioration des conditions dâ€™hygiÃ¨ne et dâ€™assainissement dans la commune de ZÃ¨ au BÃ©nin
Authors: Johnson Roch Christian , YÃ©lignan Hounkpatin Armelle Sabine , Johnson Francine Innocentia , Boni Gratien , Gomez Beatriz , Diez Gabriel 
Published: June 2021

La prÃ©sente Ã©tude vise Ã Ã©valuer les effets des interventions mises en Å“uvre de 2017 Ã 2018 relatives Ã la promotion de l'hygiÃ¨ne et de l'assainissement dans la commune de ZÃ¨. RÃ©alisÃ©e en Septembre 2019, lâ€™Ã©tude a mobilisÃ© la recherche documentaire, lâ€™observation et lâ€™entretien. La collecte a Ã©tÃ© effectuÃ©e dans les arrondissements bÃ©nÃ©ficiaires des interventions et de celles non bÃ©nÃ©ficiaires. Les rÃ©sultats aprÃ¨s interventions montrent que la proportion des personnes ayant de bonnes pratiques dâ€™hygiÃ¨ne et dâ€™assainissement est passÃ©e de 31,01% Ã 73,08%. La proportion des groupements de femmes associÃ©s aux activitÃ©s IEC/WASH est passÃ©e de 0% Ã 87%. Le taux de morbiditÃ© liÃ©e aux maladies hydro-fÃ©cales a rÃ©gressÃ© de 1,20% Ã 0,78%. La prÃ©valence des gÃ©ohelminthiases a diminuÃ© de 7,10% Ã 0,75%. Par ailleurs, lâ€™observation a permis de constater la rÃ©duction de la dÃ©fÃ©cation Ã lâ€™air libre, la rÃ©duction de la distance sÃ©parant les mÃ©nages dâ€™un point dâ€™eau, la diminution de la corvÃ©e dâ€™eau pour les femmes et les filles, la rÃ©duction de la prÃ©valence des maladies courantes dans les localitÃ©s bÃ©nÃ©ficiaires. MalgrÃ© les rÃ©sultats positifs obtenus, il reste des dÃ©fis Ã relever pour pÃ©renniser les acquis et passer Ã lâ€™Ã©chelle supÃ©rieure notamment lâ€™implication effective des autoritÃ©s locales dans le suivi des ouvrages dâ€™hygiÃ¨ne et dâ€™assainissement.

The study aims to assess the effects of the interventions implemented from 2017 to 2018 relating to the promotion of hygiene and sanitation in the municipality of ZÃ¨. Conducted in September 2019, the study involved documentary research, observation and interview. Collection was carried out in the districts benefiting from the interventions and those not benefiting. Postintervention results show that the proportion of people with good hygiene and sanitation practices increased from 31.01% to 73.08%. The proportion of women's groups involved in IEC / WASH activities increased from 0% to 87%. The morbidity rate linked to hydro-fecal diseases fell from 1.20% to 0.78%. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis decreased from 7.10% to 0.75%. In addition, the observation made it possible to note the reduction in open defecation, the reduction in the distance separating households from a water point, the reduction in the drudgery of water for women and girls, reducing the prevalence of common diseases in beneficiary localities and empowering women in groups through the manufacture and sale of soap.
PÃ©trographie et gÃ©ochimie des granitoÃ¯des dâ€™Issia (Centre-Ouest de la CÃ´te dâ€™Ivoire)
Authors: Joseph Brou Koffi , Nicaise Kouamelan Alain , Roland Kouassi Brice , Yacouba Coulibaly 
Published: June 2021

Les granitoÃ¯des de la partie Sud du batholite de FerkessÃ©dougou sâ€™Ã©tendent ou couvrent la rÃ©gion dâ€™Issia oÃ¹ ils sont reprÃ©sentÃ©s par une sÃ©rie de roches allant des granites Ã deux micas Ã biotite dominante aux granites Ã deux micas Ã muscovite dominante. Cette Ã©tude rapporte de nouveaux rÃ©sultats pÃ©trographiques et gÃ©ochimiques des granites de la rÃ©gion dâ€™Issia. Sur le plan pÃ©trographique, ils se rÃ©partissent en trois sÃ©ries granitiques Ã savoir les granites G1, G2 et G3. Les granites G1 sont caractÃ©risÃ©s par une abondance de la biotite par rapport Ã la muscovite et ont subi une migmatisation. Les granites G2 sont marquÃ©s par une abondance de minÃ©raux de feldspaths potassiques prÃ©sents sous forme de porphyres. Les granites G3 quant Ã eux se distinguent par une dominance de la muscovite, suivie de la tourmaline et sont pourvus de filons de pegmatites dâ€™Ã©paisseurs centimÃ©triques Ã mÃ©triques. Sur le plan de la chimie, les granites G1 sont faiblement peralumineux (1Ë‚A/CNKË‚1,16), les granites G2 sont moyennement peralumineux (1,14Ë‚A/CNKË‚1,18) et les G3 fortement peralumineux (A/CNKËƒ1,19). Les caractÃ¨res pÃ©trographiques et gÃ©ochimiques rattachent les granites G1 au type I et les granites G2 et G3 au type S.

The granitoids of the southern part of the FerkessÃ©dougou batholith located in the Issia region are represented by a series of rocks ranging from two-mica granites predominantly biotite to two-mica granites predominantly muscovite. This study reports new petrographic and geochemical results from granites in the Issia area. Petrographically, they are distributed in three (3) granitic series, namely the G1, G2 and G3 granites. G1 granites are biotitebearing and have undergone a migmatization. The G2 granites are marked by K-feldspar minerals as porphyries G3 granites are distinguishable by the abundance of muscovite and tourmaline and are associated with pegmatite veins of centimeter to metric thickness. Chemically, G1 granites are weakly peraluminous (1Ë‚A / CNKË‚1.16), G2 granites are moderately peraluminous (1.14Ë‚A / CNKË‚1.18) and G3 granites are strongly peraluminous (A / CNKËƒ1.19). These petrographic and geochemical characteristics link the G1 granites to type I granites whereas G2 and G3 granites show similarities to type S.