bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing Music Therapy to Hospitalized Adults in Medical Settings: A Thematic Analysis
Authors: Hunt Chantise J , Silverman Michael J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Music therapy can decrease illness- and treatment-related symptoms for adults in medical settings. In these environments, service users often decide to accept or decline music therapy after a brief introduction by the music therapist. As there is limited literature exploring the challenges related to these introductions, the purpose of this interpretivist study was to describe how music therapists introduce music therapy in the form of patient-preferred live music (MT-PPLM) in adult medical settings to augment the likelihood of patients accepting treatment. We conducted semi-structured interviews with nine participants who had experience providing MT-PPLM in adult medical settings. In this exploratory interpretivist study, we used an inductive approach to thematic analysis and incorporated member-checking to augment trustworthiness and credibility of the results. We identified three themes (supported by eight subthemes depicted in parentheses): (A) Offer patient a unique interaction through verbal and nonverbal techniques (Provide opportunities for patient control; Engage patient through nonmedical dialogue; and Use affect and body language to convey a different demeanor); (B) Clarify expectations related to patient and session (Avoid the word “therapy”; Use the music to explain the intervention; and Mention clinical benefits to describe what the patient can expect from the session); and (C) Respond to patient’s verbal and nonverbal communication (Assess patient and adapt introduction; and Validate patient’s response). The findings offer introductory techniques for music therapists that may increase the likelihood of adults in medical settings accepting MT-PPLM. Implications for clinical practice, ethical considerations, limitations, and suggestions for future research are provided.
Training of Physical Therapists to Deliver Individualized Biopsychosocial Interventions to Treat Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions: A Scoping Review
Authors: Simpson Phoebe , Holopainen Riikka , Schütze Robert , O’Sullivan Peter , Smith Anne , Linton Steven J , Nicholas Michael , Kent Peter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
Current guidelines recommend management of musculoskeletal pain conditions from a biopsychosocial approach; however, biopsychosocial interventions delivered by physical therapists vary considerably in effectiveness. It is unknown whether the differences are explained by the intervention itself, the training and/or competency of physical therapists delivering the intervention, or fidelity of the intervention. The aim was to investigate and map the training, competency assessments, and fidelity checking of individualized biopsychosocial interventions delivered by physical therapists to treat musculoskeletal pain conditions.

Methods
A scoping review methodology was employed, using Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. Seven electronic databases were searched between January and March 2019, with a bridge search completed in January 2020. Full-text peer-reviewed articles, with an individualized biopsychosocial intervention were considered, and 35 studies were included.

Results
Reporting overall was sparse and highly variable. There was a broad spectrum of training. More sophisticated training involved workshops combining didactic and experiential learning over longer durations with supervision and feedback. Less sophisticated training was brief, involving lectures or seminars, with no supervision or feedback. Competency assessments and fidelity testing were underperformed.

Conclusions
Training in some interventions might not have facilitated the implementation of skills or techniques to enable the paradigm shift and behavior change required for physical therapists to effectively deliver a biopsychosocial intervention. Lack of competency assessments and fidelity checking could have impacted the methodological quality of biopsychosocial interventions.

Impact
This study highlighted problematic reporting, training, assessment of competency, and fidelity checking of physical therapist–delivered individualized biopsychosocial interventions. Findings here highlight why previous interventions could have shown small effect sizes and point to areas for improvement in future interventions. These findings can help inform future research and facilitate more widespread implementation of physical therapist–delivered biopsychosocial interventions for people with musculoskeletal pain and thereby improve their quality of life.
Private trusts in China and some lessons from Australia
Authors: Wang Mi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Due to the increasing requirements of wealth management and diversification, it has become necessary to develop private trusts in China. Private trusts are well developed in Australia, especially the private business trust, which plays a significant role in stimulating economic development in Australia. This article considers what might be learned from the Australian example. It considers that some of the obstacles to private trusts development in China could be the lack of tax incentives, the incomplete registration system for private trusts, and unascertainable trust legislation. The article posits that China could absorb useful ideas with regard to developing private trusts in the future. It concludes by making some proposals for Chinese private trusts development.
The Persistence of Unfree Labor in the American Southwest
Authors: Kiser William S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article explores the continuities of forced labor in the Southwest, where peonage and the partido system lasted for more than a century after the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery, and places it within the broader context of modern global slavery. Debt peonage and peasant sharecropping—known locally as the partido—are usually classified as two different forms of unfree labor, but in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Southwest they had much in common and were oftentimes mutually reinforcing. Through the legal and cultural intricacies of the partido system, thousands of landless Hispanos in the northern half of New Mexico and southern reaches of Colorado worked full-time in exchange for a small share of the annual wool harvest. Many of those same men became debt-bound to the tiny percentage of wealthy families who owned the sheep herds and grazing ranges. Through these means, partidarios (sheep renters) lost much if not all of their autonomy and became, to varying degrees depending on the disposition of their creditor and benefactor, debt peons.
10Animal Studies
Authors: Giraud Eva Haifa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This overview of animal studies scholarship from 2020 covers a diverse range of sites – from escaped primates in IKEA carparks to boar hunting in colonial India – and disciplinary contexts, drawing together research from philosophy, literary theory, the environmental humanities, animal geographies, imperial history, and ecofeminism. What unites these texts is their engagement with one of the most significant themes in animal studies: the politics of anthropocentrism. The first sections of the essay engage with work that has sought to critique anthropocentric logics and practices. Through focusing on research related to the exotic pet trade, avian extinction, and colonial science, I illustrate how anthropocentric hierarchies are being enacted – but also complicated – but particular socio-economic relationships and knowledge-frameworks. In the second sections of the essay, I engage more explicitly with scholarship that has foregrounded the complex relationships between anthropocentrism, colonialism, gendered inequalities, and racialization. Although this research is wide-ranging, what it shares is an insistence on the need to better situate narratives about the intersection of human and animal oppression, in light of the way these relations are shaped by specific national and cultural contexts. The essay culminates by discussing contemporary critiques of animal studies due to the primacy it has given to anthropocentrism over other oppressive social relations, particularly race. At the same time as arguing that the field needs to meaningfully engage with these critiques moving forward, I conclude by suggesting that there is something important about anthropocentrism that means it retains value as a critical concept for animal studies.
Measuring Proximal Tibial Metaphyseal Width and Lateral Epiphyseal Height Improves Determination of Remaining Growth in Children
Authors: Kahan Joseph B. , Li Don T. , Schneble Christopher A. , Elabd Ahmed , Attia Elsayed , Esparza Rachel , Cui Jonathan J. , Li Eric , Moran Jay , Smith Brian G. , Cooperman Daniel R. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Accurate assessments of skeletal maturity is of critical importance to guide type and timing of orthopaedic surgical interventions. Several quantitative markers of the proximal tibia were recently developed using historical knee radiographs. The purpose of the present study was to determine which marker would be most effective in assessment of full-length radiographs in a modern pediatric patient population.

Methods:
All full-length radiographs at our institutions between 2013 and 2018 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria for our study required that the child reached final height as defined by 2 consecutive unchanged heights, at least 6 months apart, after age 16 for boys and 14 for girls. Patients with metabolic bone disease, prior surgery such as epiphysiodesis, or previous infections around the knee were excluded. Summary statistics for each of the 3 proximal tibial ratios were calculated and multiple linear regression was performed with percent of growth remaining as a dependent variable. A recommended regression model is presented and evaluated.

Results:
A total of 692 full-length radiographs met inclusion criteria. Proximal tibial ratios were calculated and averaged values for each percent of growth remaining was presented. Multiple linear regression demonstrated that using all 3 variables led to overfitting of the model so tibial metaphyseal width/lateral tibial epiphyseal height was selected as the optimal ratio for use by clinicians. The optimal model for determining growth was found to have R
2=0.723 in the developmental set and R
2=0.762 in an excluded validation set.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that the proximal tibial metaphyseal width/lateral tibial epiphyseal height is the ideal measurement for clinicians seeking to determine growth remaining in children. It presents average values between 0% and 25% of growth remaining. This study also develops and validates a multivariable regression model for determining percentage of growth remaining in children that will allow for quantitative determination of growth using full-length radiographs.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Ramifications of Postoperative Dysphagia on Health Care Resource Utilization Following Elective Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Interbody Fusion for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Authors: Elsamadicy Aladine A. , Koo Andrew B. , David Wyatt B. , Freedman Isaac G. , Reeves Benjamin C. , Ehresman Jeff , Pennington Zach , Sarkozy Margot , Laurans Maxwell , Kolb Luis , Shin John H. , Sciubba Daniel M. 
Published: July 2021

Study Design:
This is a retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate patient risk factors and health care resource utilization associated with postoperative dysphagia following elective anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Summary of Background Data:
There is a paucity of data on factors predisposing patients to dysphagia and the burden this complication has on health care resource utilization following ACDF.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study was performed using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016 to 2017. All adult (above 18 y old) patients undergoing ACDF for cervical spondylotic myelopathy were identified using the ICD-10-CM diagnosis and procedural coding system. Patients were then categorized by whether they had a recorded postoperative dysphagia or no dysphagia. Weighted patient demographics, comorbidities, perioperative complications, length of hospital stay (LOS), discharge disposition, and total cost of admission were assessed. A multivariate stepwise logistic regression was used to determine both the odds ratio for risk-adjusted postoperative dysphagia as well as extended LOS.

Results:
A total of 17,385 patients were identified, of which 1400 (8.1%) experienced postoperative dysphagia. Compared with the No-Dysphagia cohort, the Dysphagia cohort had a greater proportion of patients experiencing a complication (P=0.004), including 1 complication (No-Dysphagia: 2.9% vs. Dysphagia: 6.8%), and >1 complication (No-Dysphagia: 0.3% vs. Dysphagia: 0.4%). The Dysphagia cohort experienced significantly longer hospital stays (No-Dysphagia: 1.9±2.1 d vs. Dysphagia: 4.2±4.3 d, P<0.001), higher total cost of admission (No-Dysphagia: $19,441±10,495 vs. Dysphagia: $25,529±18,641, P<0.001), and increased rates of nonroutine discharge (No-Dysphagia: 16.5% vs. Dysphagia: 34.3%, P<0.001). Postoperative dysphagia was found to be a significant independent risk factor for extended LOS on multivariate analysis, with an odds ratio of 5.37 (95% confidence interval: 4.09, 7.05, P<0.001).

Conclusion:
Patients experiencing postoperative dysphagia were found to have significantly longer hospital LOS, higher total cost of admission, and increased nonroutine discharge when compared with the patients who did not.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Age-dependency of the Propagation Rate of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Inside School Bubble Groups in Catalonia, Spain
Authors: Alonso Sergio , Alvarez-Lacalle Enric , Català Martí , López Daniel , Jordan Iolanda , García-García Juan José , Soriano-Arandes Antoni , Lazcano Uxue , Sallés Pilar , Masats Marta , Urrutia Julià , Gatell Anna , Capdevila Ramon , Soler-Palacin Pere , Bassat Quique , Prats Clara 
Published: July 2021

Background:
We analyzed contagions of coronavirus disease 2019 inside school bubble groups in Catalonia, Spain, in the presence of strong nonpharmaceutical interventions from September to December 2020. More than 1 million students were organized in bubble groups and monitored and analyzed by the Health and the Educational departments.

Methods:
We had access to 2 data sources, and both were employed for the analysis, one is the Catalan school surveillance system and the other of the educational department. As soon as a positive index case is detected by the health system, isolation is required for all members of the bubble group, in addition to a mandatory proactive systematic screening of each individual. All infected cases are reported. It permits the calculation of the average reproductive number (R*), corresponding to the average number of infected individuals per index case.

Results:
We found that propagation inside of the bubble group was small. Among 75% index cases, there was no transmission to other members in the classroom, with an average R* across all ages inside the bubble of R* = 0.4. We found a significant age trend in the secondary attack rates, with the R* going from 0.2 in preschool to 0.6 in high school youth.

Conclusions:
The secondary attack rate depends on the school level and therefore on the age. Super-spreading events (outbreaks of 5 cases or more) in childhood were rare, only occurring in 2.5% of all infections triggered from a pediatric index case.
Effective and Safe Daclatasvir Drug Exposures Predicted in Children Using Adult Formulations
Authors: Cressey Tim R. , Abbassi Maggie , Lallemant Marc , Indolfi Giuseppe , Al-Nahari Mogeb , Farid Samar , Penazzato Martina , Easterbrook Philippa , El-Sayed Manal H. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Sofosbuvir (SOF)/daclatasvir (DCV) is the direct-acting antiviral regimen of choice in many low- and middle-income countries for curative treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in adults, but data on the use of DCV in children are lacking. We performed a population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis to predict DCV exposure in children treated with available adult formulations.

Methods:
DCV concentration data from HCV-infected adolescents receiving SOF/DCV [400/60 mg, once daily (OD)] who participated in a PK study in Egypt were used for model development. PK parameters were estimated using a population approach. Monte Carlo simulations were run for virtual children weighing 10 to <35 kg receiving 60 or 30 mg OD, and DCV exposures were compared with adults ranges.

Results:
Seventeen HCV-infected adolescents (13 males) provided 151 DCV concentrations. Median (range) age was 14 (11–18) years and weight 50 (32–63) kg. In these adolescents receiving 60 mg DCV, median (interquartile range) DCV area under the concentration time curve 0 to 24 hours, maximum concentrations, and minimum concentrations were 11,130 (8140–14,690) ng·h/mL, 1030 (790–1220) ng/mL and 130 (110–220) ng/mL, respectively, compared with 10,343 (7661–14,095) ng·h/mL, 1132 (876–1518) ng/mL and 110 (55.7–192) ng/mL predicted in children 10 to <35 kg receiving 30 mg. The proportion of children with DCV exposures above the adult range rapidly increased for children <30 kg using 60 mg OD, similarly for children 10–14 kg using 30 mg.

Conclusions:
DCV 30 mg OD was predicted to achieve effective and safe exposures in children 14 to <35 kg, perhaps down to 10 kg. These results should be validated clinically. Low-cost available adult DCV formulations together with approved pediatric doses of SOF would expand global access to HCV treatment for children.
White matter changes in the trigeminal spinal tract in chronic migraineurs: an ex vivo study combining ultra–high-field diffusion tensor imaging and polarized light imaging microscopy
Authors: Henssen Dylan , Kluin Sanne J.P. , Kleerebezem Joost , Van Cappellen van Walsum Anne-Marie , Mulleners Wim M. , Vissers Kris 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chronic migraine (CM) is a disabling neurologic disorder that affects approximately 2% of the general population. Neuroimaging studies show functional involvement of trigeminal structures, such as the trigeminal spinal nucleus (Sp5) in migraine. However, structural changes in the Sp5 and the afferent trigeminal spinal tract (sp5) have never been found. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that white matter changes in the sp5 are a key feature of brain alterations in patients with CM. We used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and polarized light imaging of postmortem brainstem specimens from healthy controls (n = 5) and patients with CM (n = 5) to study white matter alterations in the sp5. Within the sp5, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging metrics included fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity values. Polarized light imaging was used to assess myelin density by a measure of the retardance values in the sp5. This study provides histological evidence that structural alterations occur in the sp5 in patients with CM as compared with healthy controls. Myelin density, as assessed by retardance values, showed to be higher, and a corresponding increase in fractional anisotropy values was observed. In addition, accompanying decreases in mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity values were observed. This study shows that the sp5 undergoes neuroplastic changes, a feature which substantiates evidence for the hyperactivity of the Sp5 in patients with migraine. More insights are needed to observe whether these changes only occur in patients with CM.
Unexpected Poor Growth in Pediatric Patients on Food‐based Enteral Therapy
Authors: David Jennie , Huston Parker , Manville Kaylee , Burdo‐Hartman Wendelin , Kaiser Sarah , Arand Brian , Hockaday Maureen , Rosenston Lauren , Sejkora Ellen , Dempster Robert 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Enteral feeding pumps at times may deliver different volumes than are prescribed, which can negatively impact growth, nutrition, and well‐being. This study sought to assess whether challenges with pump accuracy for patients on food‐based formulas contributed to challenges with weight gain.Methods:Chart review identified complex feeding patients receiving food‐based enteral nutrition via feeding pump with unexpected weight loss. Relevant data, such as enteral formula type, and anthropometric information were extracted.Results:Five complex pediatric feeding patients were identified and 2 of these cases were summarized as representative examples, showing weight loss in children following the introduction of enteral food‐based formulas because of feeding pump inaccuracy.Conclusions:Complex pediatric feeding patients may display unexpected and poor weight gain and growth while receiving food‐based enteral feeding interventions because of pump errors. It is vital for providers to be aware of these challenges for timely intervention.
Moderate‐to‐Vigorous Physical Activity Is Associated With Higher Bone Mineral Density in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Trivić Ivana , Sila Sara , Batoš Ana Tripalo , Mišak Zrinjka , Kolaček Sanja , Hojsak Iva 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:Decreased mineral bone density (BMD) and reduced lean body mass (LBM) are common amongst children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of our cross‐sectional, observational study was to evaluate the relationship between BMD, body composition and physical activity (PA) in children with IBD in remission.Methods:Total body less head (TLBH) dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure BMD, fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM). Triaxial accelerometer for five consecutive days was used to objectivize PA.Results:Forty pediatric IBD patients in clinical remission (24 boys; age 15.3 ± 0.4 years; Crohn disease [CD], n = 20, ulcerative colitis [UC], n = 18, inflammatory bowel disease‐unclassified [IBD‐U], n = 2) were recruited. Mean BMD was 0.940 g/cm2 and mean BMD z score was −0.42 ± 0.14. Patients with CD had significantly lower BMD than UC counterparts (P < 0.001). Average time spent in PA was 247.24 ± 16.71 min/day with 45.73 ± 8.22 min/day spent in moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA). We observed a significant positive correlation between the time spent in MVPA and BMD z score (P = 0.003) and LBM z score (P = 0.026). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the positive correlation of MVPA and BMD z score. There was no significant correlation between daily protein intake and BMD. Cumulative glucocorticoid dose negatively correlated with LBM z score (P = 0.003), but not with BMD z score (P = 0.069).Conclusions:This study points to a strong positive relationship between MVPA, LBM and BMD. Longitudinal studies are required in order to elucidate the modifiable processes that determine body health and favorable body composition.