bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 50 Gb/s PAM‐4 VCSEL diode driver in 90 nm CMOS technology
Authors: Jou Jau‐Ji , Shih Tien‐Tsorng , Wu Tsung‐Yen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this article, a broadband vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) diode driver circuit has been implemented in TSMC 90‐nm complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor technology. The laser diode driver (LDD) circuit includes a pre‐amplifier, a post‐amplifier paralleling with a differentiator, and a current steering circuit. The input to the LDD can be two 25 Gb/s nonreturn to zero voltage signals, which can thereby generate a 50 Gb/s four‐level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM‐4) current signal to drive a VCSEL diode. Using the LDD chip on a printed circuit board, clear PAM‐4 eye diagrams corresponding to 25, 40, and 50 Gb/s can be measured to verify the performance of the LDD chip. The VCSEL LDD chip has been applied in the optical transmitter for short‐reach transmissions.
Spotlighting Recent Advances in Liquid‐Crystal Devices for Beam‐Steering Applications
Authors: Yin Kun , He Ziqian , Wu Shin‐Tson 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWith their continuous tunability, wide field of view, and high efficiency, liquid crystal devices are strong candidates for beam‐steering applications. Here, we summarize some recent advances in liquid crystal beam‐steering devices.
Conductivity and Redox Potentials of Ionic Liquid Trihalogen Monoanions [X3]−, [XY2]−, and [BrF4]− (X=Cl, Br, I and Y=Cl, Br)
Authors: Gully Tyler A. , Voßnacker Patrick , Schmid Jonas R. , Beckers Helmut , Riedel Sebastian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe ionic liquid (IL) trihalogen monoanions [N2221][X3]− and [N2221][XY2]− ([N2221]+=triethylmethylammonium, X=Cl, Br, I, Y=Cl, Br) were investigated electrochemically via temperature dependent conductance and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. The polyhalogen monoanions were measured both as neat salts and as double salts in 1‐butyl‐1‐methyl‐pyrrolidinium trifluoromethane‐sulfonate ([BMP][OTf], [X3]−/[XY2]− 0.5 M). Lighter IL trihalogen monoanions displayed higher conductivities than their heavier homologues, with [Cl3]− being 1.1 and 3.7 times greater than [Br3]− and [I3]−, respectively. The addition of [BMP][OTf] reduced the conductivity significantly. Within the group of polyhalogen monoanions, the oxidation potential develops in the series [Cl3]−>[BrCl2]−>[Br3]−>[IBr2]−>[ICl2]−>[I3]−. The redox potential of the interhalogen monoanions was found to be primarily determined by the central halogen, I in [ICl2]− and [IBr2]−, and Br in [BrCl2]−. Additionally, tetrafluorobromate(III) ([N2221]+[BrF4]−) was analyzed via CV in MeCN at 0 °C, yielding a single reversible redox process ([BrF2]−/[BrF4]−).
Changes in diet and food shopping behaviors among Asian–American adults due to COVID‐19
Authors: Rummo Pasquale E. , Naik Rhea , Thorpe Lorna E. , Yi Stella S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveCOVID‐19 has changed diet and food shopping behaviors, but a lack of disaggregated data by racial and ethnic subgroup makes it challenging to identify whether specific populations are experiencing greater challenges in safely securing an adequate food supply and engaging in healthy eating behaviors during the pandemic. Thus, the objective of this study was to measure such changes among Asian–American (AA) adults, overall and by ethnic subgroup.MethodsUsing a nationally derived nonprobability sample, 3084 AA adults were recruited, including 1737 East Asian, 570 South Asian, 587 Southeast Asian, and 124 multiethnic Asian adults. Participants completed an online survey with questions related to sociodemographics, health status, and diet and food shopping behaviors, including questions related to COVID‐19. Logistic and linear regression were used to compare differences in survey responses by Asian ethnic subgroup.ResultsCompared to other AA subgroups, a higher percentage of Asian Indian (17%), Filipino (13%), Vietnamese (12%), and Korean (11%) adults reported no longer getting food resources they were receiving before COVID‐19 (e.g., mobile meals, food pantry items). The percentage of Filipino (8%) and Vietnamese (7%) adults who reported not having enough money to buy food they need was also higher than other AA subgroups. And a higher percentage of Asian Indian adults (7%) reported not having a way to get to the food store since COVID‐19 than other AA subgroups.ConclusionsPrevious work has not included disaggregated data, which may mask important disparities in food access and food insecurity among people hit hardest by COVID‐19, such as Filipino, Vietnamese, and Asian Indian households.
Spatiotemporal determinants of seasonal gleaning
Authors: Grantham Ruby , Álvarez‐Romero Jorge G. , Mills David J. , Rojas Cristian , Cumming Graeme S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Many coastal communities depend on ecosystems for goods and services that contribute to human well‐being. As long‐standing interactions between people and nature are modified by global environmental change, dynamic and diversified livelihood strategies that enable seasonal adaptation will be critical for vulnerable coastal communities. However, the success of such strategies depends on a range of poorly understood influences.

Gleaning, the hand‐based collection of marine organisms from littoral habitats, provides an interesting case study of dynamic change in social‐ecological interactions. It is an important coastal livelihood strategy, yet seasonal gleaning dynamics have not been empirically explored in contemporary communities. We examined seasonal gleaning in eight coastal communities on Atauro Island, Timor‐Leste, using household surveys and satellite‐derived maps of shallow‐water benthic habitats. Our analysis explored the factors affecting household decisions to glean in each season, the relationship between gleaning and seafood consumption, and seasonal gleaning pressure on near‐shore coastal resources.

Dynamic marine harvesting strategies differed among households and gleaning activity was seasonally heterogeneous. Not all gleaning households gleaned during the season characterised by rough sea conditions despite rough season gleaning being associated with greater seafood consumption stability among seasons. Households also gleaned less regularly, and catches were smaller, in the rough season.

Differences in seasonal participation in gleaning were explained mostly by type and extent of shallow habitat proximate to a community. In the calm season, household gleaning was positively related to the total area of shallow habitat, and in the rough season the percentage of hard‐bottom shallow habitat was also an important predictor of gleaning activity.

Our findings illustrate how changes in the biophysical environment mediate human–nature interactions at fine scales through time and space. Consequently, this research highlights the importance of context‐specific perspectives for understanding drivers and dynamics in fishing pressure on littoral ecosystems, access to ecosystem benefits and limits to adaptation. Factors influencing when livelihood activities are feasible and desirable are important for evaluating the social impacts of climate change, particularly in the context of rural communities in the Global South.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The effect of boron carbide additive on the low‐velocity impact properties of low‐density foam core composite sandwich structures
Authors: Geren Necdet , Acer Durmus Can , Uzay Cagri , Bayramoglu Melih 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSandwich structures with carbon fiber‐epoxy face sheets and polyvinyl chloride foam core material are known for their high strength and flexural stiffness despite their low weight. However, the structural response, in terms of crush strength, of the particles added sandwich structures are not very well known under impact loading conditions. In this study, the impact resistance and damage characteristics of particle added low weight composite sandwich structures were investigated with a low‐velocity drop weight impact test device. Boron carbide (B4C) particles, which had excellent hardness, thermoelectric, and radiation absorbing characteristics, were used as an additive for the epoxy matrix. For this purpose, 2%, 5%, and 10% by weight additives were mixed into the epoxy matrix and sandwich structures were produced with hand lay‐up followed by vacuum bagging method. All configurations were subjected to low‐velocity drop weight impact test at three different energy levels (10, 17.50, and 25 J). The results obtained from the experiments and the images of the post‐impact damage of the sandwich structures were presented comparatively. According to the test results, configurations containing 10% boron carbide (B4C) additive has shown the best performance in terms of resistance to impact load.
The role of attachment avoidance: A longitudinal mediation model predicting existential distress in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Philipp Rebecca , Mehnert‐Theuerkauf Anja , Koranyi Susan , Härter Martin , Vehling Sigrun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveAlthough a protective effect of reliable interpersonal relationships on existential distress has been established, evidence remains inconclusive for attachment insecurity as an underlying factor of persistent psychological distress. We tested a longitudinal model hypothesizing attachment avoidance as a mediator of high demoralization and anxiety over time.MethodsWe studied 206 patients with advanced cancer (mean age = 59.6, 61% female) participating in an intervention trial. Patients completed self‐report measures for demoralization, anxiety, perceived relatedness, attachment insecurity, and death anxiety. Our mediated path model included perceived relatedness and death anxiety at baseline as predictors, attachment avoidance at baseline as mediator, and demoralization and anxiety at 6‐month follow‐up (N = 125) as outcomes.ResultsAttachment avoidance partially mediated the relationship between death anxiety and demoralization (β = 0.07, 95% CI 0.02–0.12) and anxiety (β = 0.05, 95% CI 0.001–0.10). Findings for perceived relatedness were less conclusive. Its indirect effects through attachment avoidance were significant for both outcomes (demoralization: β = −0.07, 95% CI −0.13 to −0.02, anxiety: β = −0.05, 95% CI −0.11 to −0.003).ConclusionsDue to its trait‐like quality, attachment avoidance may play a less central role in explaining the course of existential distress over time than previous research indicated. Addressing change‐sensitive relational concerns in psychosocial interventions may be more effective to alleviate existential distress.
Widespread co‐occurrence of Sebacinales and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in switchgrass roots and soils has limited dependence on soil carbon or nutrients
Authors: Lee Marissa R. , Hawkes Christine V. 
Published: January 2021

Societal Impact StatementThis work addresses a novel group of Sebacinales mycorrhizal fungi being considered for development as inoculants in managed ecosystems because of their potential access to nutrients in soil organic matter. By comparing the diversity, distributions, and abundances of the Sebacinales with the more common arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in switchgrass, a biofuel crop, we demonstrate that current suggestions for a Sebacinales revolution in agriculture should be tempered by their ecology. In particular, Sebacinales are rare compared to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and are only weakly associated with soil carbon, suggesting that ideas about improved soil carbon cycling associated with Sebacinales need to be sufficiently studied across a range of environmental conditions prior to their consideration for broad‐spectrum soil inoculants.Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are widespread and important root symbionts, but recent work suggests that Sebacinales fungi may play an equally important role in both plant success and ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling based on their worldwide occurrence and putative access to organic matter. However, the ecological impacts of Sebacinales will depend on their abundance and distribution relative to AM fungi and environmental soil carbon and nutrient patterns, which remain unexplored.
We characterized Glomeromycota and Sebacinales fungi in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) roots and soils across 14 sites with diverse soil conditions. We examined group richness differences, co‐occurrence patterns, and how the relative abundance of these fungi related to soil carbon, nutrient stoichiometry, and host size.
Sebacinales were widespread, but less diverse, common, and abundant than Glomeromycota. Moreover, co‐occurrences were predominantly random, suggesting relatively few interactions between these groups. Sebacinales increased relative to Glomeromycota in soils with more carbon, but explanatory power was limited.
Based on our findings, we suggest that Sebacinales are likely complementary to AM fungi in roots. Expectations that Sebacinales have large effects on soil carbon and nutrient cycling may need to be reconsidered, at least based on their limited abundances relative to AM fungi in switchgrass. This is an important consideration as Sebacinales are candidates for use as inoculants in managed ecosystems.
An Experimental Investigation of Corner‐Turning Performance in a Large Double Cylinder of Highly‐Insensitive Explosive
Authors: Cornell Rodger E. , Wrobel Erik T. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhen creating ignition and growth models for new explosive formulations, it is crucial to have a complete understanding of transverse detonation growth within the material to accurately predict corner‐turning performance in various geometries. This understanding is particularly important when designing a direct replacement for an existing explosive, typically with requirements to maintain function in terms of both initiation and end effects/lethality. While there have been many corner‐turning tests developed and successfully utilized over the last 60 years, many of the experimental designs favor traditional explosives that tend to exhibit ideal growth behavior. Many of the traditional corner‐turning tests exhibit prohibitive complications when faced with geometric scale‐up to accommodate large critical diameters that often accompany insensitive behavior. In an effort to address this shortcoming, the authors propose a corner‐turning test that can easily scale to accommodate a wide range of critical diameters and introduces modern diagnostics to provide additional data known to be useful for model development. As a case study for IMX‐104, the work herein uses a combination of streaked fiber optics and photonic Doppler velocimetry probes (PDV) to investigate corner turning within a large double cylinder geometry. Additionally, diameter effects on detonation velocity measurements, front wave curvature, and extent of reaction at various PDV probe locations are investigated using the same diagnostics. These experimental results have since been used to improve an IMX‐104 ignition and growth model that has been used to support the development of numerous warhead designs – notably the 155 mm family of artillery munitions.
Cookoff of Black Powder and Smokeless Powder
Authors: Hobbs Michael L. , Kaneshige Michael J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe have completed a series of both vented and sealed cookoff experiments of black powder and smokeless powder in our Sandia Instrumented Thermal Ignition (SITI) apparatus at bulk densities of 1078 and 729 kg/m3, respectively. The confining aluminum cylinder was ramped from room temperature to a set point temperature and then held at the setpoint temperature until ignition. The setpoint temperatures varied between 495 to 523 K for the black powder and 401 to 412 K for the more sensitive smokeless powder. The vented experiments show a significant delay in thermal ignition, indicating that the ignition is dependent on pressure. Post experimental debris shows greater violence for our smokeless powder experiments than our black powder experiments. A simplified universal cookoff model (UCM) was calibrated using the black powder and smokeless powder SITI data and used to predict pressurization and thermal ignition. The current work presents the first calibration of the UCM with a double base propellant. This work also presents the first pressure‐dependent cookoff model for black powder and smokeless powder.
Back Cover Image
Authors: Li Nan , Tang Haitao , Wu Liang , Ge Haitao , Wang Yurong , Yu Honglin , Zhang Xiuli , Ma Jimei , Gu Harvest F. 
Published: January 2021

The cover image is based on the Review Chemical constituents, clinical efficacy and molecular mechanisms of the ethanol extract of Abelmoschus manihot flowers in treatment of kidney diseases by Nan Li et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6818.
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Doping Quantum Spin Liquids on the Kagome Lattice
Authors: Peng Cheng , Jiang Yi‐Fan , Sheng Dong‐Ning , Jiang Hong‐Chen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe authors review recent density‐matrix renormalization group studies of lightly doped quantum spin liquids (QSLs) on the kagome lattice. While a number of distinct conducting phases, including high temperature superconductivity, have been theoretically anticipated, a tendency toward fractionalized insulating charge‐density‐wave (CDW) states is instead found. In agreement with earlier work [Jiang, Devereaux, and Kivelson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2017, 119, 067002], results for the t‐J model reveal that, starting from a fully gapped QSL, light doping leads to CDW long‐range order with a pattern that depends on lattice geometry and doping concentration such that there is one doped‐hole per CDW unit cell, while the spin–spin correlations remain short‐ranged. Alternatively, this state can be viewed as a stripe crystal or Wigner crystal of spinless holons, rather than of doped holes. From here, by studying generalized versions of the t‐J model, these results are extended to light doping of other types of QSLs, including critical and chiral QSLs. These results suggest that doping these QSLs also leads to insulating states with long‐range CDW order. While the superconducting correlations are short‐ranged, they can be significantly enhanced by second‐neighbor electron hopping. The relevance of these numerical results to Kagome materials is also discussed.
A case of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma originating from chest wall complicated by benign asbestos pleural effusion
Authors: Kondo Nobuyuki , Inoue Yukihisa , Takeyama Hiroaki , Kobayashi Akiko , Matsubara Osamu , Jinn Yasuto 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA 78‐year‐old man with exposure to asbestos was admitted to our hospital for back pain. A chest computed tomography showed right pleural effusion and a significant increase in the size of masses in the right chest wall over an interval of six months. He did not undergo further examinations and expired one month later. Autopsy revealed the presence of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and complicated by benign asbestos pleural effusion. We considered that this tumour had originated from the soft tissue in the chest wall based on the radiological and autopsy findings. The present report highlights that primary DLBCL of chest wall might be associated with chronic inflammation due to asbestos‐related pleural diseases.
Field evaluation of a compact, polarizing topo‐bathymetric lidar across a range of river conditions
Authors: Kinzel Paul J. , Legleiter Carl J. , Grams Paul E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper summarizes field trials to evaluate the performance of a prototype compact topo‐bathymetric lidar sensor for surveying rivers. The sensor uses a novel polarization technique to distinguish between laser returns from the water surface and streambed and its size and weight permit deployment from a small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) or a boat. Field testing was designed to identify the range of operational conditions under which the sensor can provide accurate information on river depths. For accuracy assessment, conventional, field‐based depth measurements were collected by wading and sonar. Additionally, optical properties of the rivers were measured in situ. Wading and lidar bathymetry comparisons in relatively shallow channels yielded observed versus predicted (OP) regression R2 values ranging from 0.60 to 0.97. A comparison between sonar and lidar bathymetry in a deeper river resulted in an OP R2 of 0.72. Absorption and attenuation coefficients at the 532 nm wavelength of the lidar were recorded in the field and the highest values of these inherent optical properties were at sites with the highest turbidity and highest concentrations of colored dissolved organic matter, chlorophyll, and suspended sediment. At these sites, which included both sand and gravel/cobble beds, the point density of riverbed returns was not uniform, with areas of sparse coverage occurring primarily in deeper water. However, submerged objects and slopes could be resolved in the lidar point clouds.
Server configuration optimization in mobile edge computing: A cost‐performance tradeoff perspective
Authors: He Zhenli , Li Kenli , Li Keqin , Zhou Wei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBefore service providers build up an mobile edge computing (MEC) platform, an important issue that needs to be considered is the configuration of computing resources on edge servers. Since the computing resources on an edge server are limited compared with a cloud server and the service provider's deployment budget is limited, it would be unrealistic to equip all edge servers with abundant computing resources. In addition, the edge servers have different computation demands due to their different geographies. Therefore, this article investigates the problem of server configuration optimization in an MEC environment based on a given computation demand statistics of the selected deployment locations. Our strategy is to treat each edge server as an M/M/m queueing model, and then establish the performance and cost models for the system. Two optimization problems, including cost constrained performance optimization, and performance constrained cost optimization are formulated based on our models and solved by a series of fast numerical algorithms. We also conduct extensive numerical simulation examples to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. MEC service providers can use our strategy to get the appropriate type of processor and obtain the optimal processor number for each edge server to achieve two different goals: (1) deliver the highest‐quality services with a given cost constraint; (2) minimize the investment cost with a service‐quality guarantee. Our research is of great significance for service providers to control the tradeoff between investment cost and service quality.
Electrogenerated NHCs in Organic Synthesis: Ionic Liquids vs Organic Solvents Effects
Authors: Vetica Fabrizio , Bortolami Martina , Petrucci Rita , Rocco Daniele , Feroci Marta 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the last twenty years, N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been extensively studied for their application as organocatalysts in stereoselective synthesis as well as ligands for transition metals‐promoted synthetic methodologies. Derived mainly from azolium salts, NHCs have demonstrated exceptional versatility in their generation usually performed by deprotonation or reduction (chemical or electrochemical). In particular, the generation of NHC under electrochemical conditions, starting from azolium‐based ionic liquids, has proven to be a successful green approach and demonstrated wide applicability in organic synthesis. In this Personal Account, the application of electrogenerated NHCs in organic synthesis will be discussed, with a particular attention to the different reactivity in ionic liquids compared to classical organic solvents.