bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Overview on the Classification and Tectonic Setting of Neoproterozoic Granites of the Nubian Shield, Eastern Desert, Egypt
Authors: A. El Bahariya Gaafar 
Published: February 2021

Granites constitute the main rock components of the Earth’s continental crust, which suggested to be formed in variable geodynamics environments. The different types of granitic rocks, their compositional characteristics, tectonic settings and magma sources are outlined. Mineralogical classification of granites includes four rock types: tonalites, granodiorites, granite (monzogranite and syenogranites) and alkali-feldspar granites. Alphabetical classification subdivided granites into: I-type, S-type, A-type and M-type granites. Moreover, formation of granitic magmas requires distinctive geodynamic settings such as: volcanic arc granite (Cordilleran); collision-related granites (leucogranites); intra-plate and ocean ridge granites. The Eastern Desert of Egypt (ED) forms the northern part of Nubian Shield. Both older and younger granites are widely exposed in the ED. Old granites (OG) comprise tonalites and granodiorites of syn- to late-orogenic granitoid assemblages. They are calcalkaline, I-type, metaluminous and display island arc tectonic setting. Younger granites (YG) on the other hand, include granites, alkali-feldspar granites and minor granodiorites. They are of I- and A-type granites and of post-orogenic to anorogenic tectonic settings. The majority of the YG are alkaline, A-type granite and of within-plate tectonic setting (WPG). The A-type granites are subdivided into: A2-type postorogenic granites and A1-type anorogenic granites. Granite magma genesis involves: (a) fractional crystallization of mafic mantle-derived magmas; (b) anatexis or assimilation of old, upper crustal rocks (c) re - melting of juvenile mafic mantle – derived rocks underplating the continental crust. Generally, older I-type granitoids were interpreted to result from melting of mafic crust and dated at approximately 760–650 Ma, whereas younger granites suggested to be formed as a result of partial melting of a juvenile Neoproterozoic mantle source. Moreover, they formed from anatectic melts of various crustal sources that emplaced between 600 and 475 Ma.
Glypican-3 as a Useful Diagnostic Marker That Distinguishes Hepatocellular Carcinoma From Benign Hepatocellular Mass Lesions
Authors: Wang Hanlin L. , Anatelli Florencia , Zhai Qihui“Jim” , Adley Brian , Chuang Shang-Tian , Yang Ximing J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Histopathologic distinction between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and benign hepatocellular mass lesions, particularly hepatocellular adenoma, can sometimes be challenging. The currently available ancillary tools are suboptimal in terms of sensitivity and specificity.
Objective.—To further characterize the diagnostic value of glypican-3 (GPC3), a cell surface proteoglycan that has recently been shown to be overexpressed in HCC, in the distinction between HCC and benign hepatocellular mass lesions.
Design.—A total of 221 surgically resected liver specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical staining using a monoclonal antibody specific for GPC3. These included 111 HCCs, 48 hepatocellular adenomas, 30 focal nodular hyperplasias, and 32 large regenerative nodules in the background of cirrhosis.
Results.—Cytoplasmic, membranous, and canalicular staining for GPC3 was detected in 84 (75.7%) of the 111 HCCs, among which, 61 (72.6%) of the 84 cases exhibited diffuse immunoreactivity. In contrast, none of the 110 cases of hepatocellular adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and large regenerative nodule showed detectable GPC3 staining. Focal GPC3 immunoreactivity was detected in cirrhotic nodules in 11 (16.4%) of 67 HCC cases with a cirrhotic background, but no background staining was observed in the remaining 44 HCCs without cirrhosis. GPC3 expression in HCCs did not correlate with the size, differentiation, or stage of the tumors; the presence or absence of cirrhotic background; or the underlying etiologies.
Conclusions.—GPC3 is a specific immunomarker for HCC that can be used to distinguish HCC from benign hepatocellular mass lesions, particularly hepatocellular adenoma. However, the diagnosis of HCC should not rely entirely on positive GPC3 immunostaining because focal immunoreactivity can be detected in a small subset of cirrhotic nodules. In addition, GPC3 expression in HCC can also be focal, and thus, the lack of GPC3 staining does not exclude the diagnosis of HCC.
Does Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Predispose Patients to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Absence of Cirrhosis?
Authors: Guzman Grace , Brunt Elizabeth M. , Petrovic Lydia M. , Chejfec Gregorio , Layden Thomas J. , Cotler Scott J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is recognized as a complication of cirrhosis related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Diabetes and the metabolic syndrome are also associated with HCC. However, it is not clear whether NAFLD predisposes patients to HCC in the absence of cirrhosis.
Objective.—To seek evidence that HCC can develop in NAFLD unaccompanied by cirrhosis.
Design.—Retrospective case study was performed on cases from 2004 to 2007 at the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center, using the key words hepatocellular carcinoma, liver explant, and liver resection. The diagnosis of HCC was identified and confirmed by hematoxylin-eosin–stained slides in 50 cases. Cause of liver disease was determined by review of liver histology, clinical history, and laboratory data.
Results.—Three patients presented with advanced HCC with features of metabolic syndrome, including an elevated body mass index. Each patient had bland steatosis on liver biopsy, without fibrosis or cirrhosis. None of the 3 patients had evidence of any cause for liver disease other than NAFLD.
Conclusions.—The cases presented here suggest that NAFLD may predispose patients to HCC in the absence of cirrhosis. Further studies are needed to confirm this potentially important observation.
Correlative Study of Microvessel Density and 5-Lipoxygenase Expression in Human Sporadic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Barresi Valeria , Vitarelli Enrica , Tuccari Giovanni , Barresi Gaetano 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is an arachidonic acid– metabolizing enzyme, which has been demonstrated to exert a role in colorectal cancer tumorigenesis. Its activity in promoting neoangiogenesis in colorectal malignancies has been also recently theorized on the basis of in vitro studies.
Objective.—To investigate whether any correlation existed between 5-LO immunoexpression amount and the quantity of neoangiogenesis, as reflected by microvessel density (MVD) in human sporadic surgically resected colorectal adenocarcinomas.
Design.—A total of 45 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded colorectal adenocarcinomas were submitted to the immunohistochemical procedures for 5-LO and CD105, which represent specific markers for neoangiogenesis and which were used in the assessment of MVD.
Results.—CD105-positive, intratumoral, newly formed vessels were present in 45 of 45 cases with variable MVD values. A 5-LO–positive immunohistochemical reaction was also found in 45 of 45 cases. A significantly higher MVD was evident in cases displaying a high 5-LO amount in comparison with those characterized by a low 5-LO expression (28.33 vs 19.44 vessels per mm2; P = .02). In addition, a positive significant correlation emerged between 5-LO immunoexpression amount and the MVD counts (r = 0.2986, P = .04).
Conclusions.—Our study demonstrates the existence of a relationship between 5-LO expression and the neoangiogenesis process as reflected by intratumoral MVD in human sporadic colorectal adenocarcinomas, thus suggesting that 5-LO may modulate the formation of blood vessels in these neoplasias.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia With t(6;9)(p23;q34) and Marrow Basophilia: An Overview
Authors: Chi Yiqing , Lindgren Valerie , Quigley Sean , Gaitonde Sujata 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with chromosomal translocation (6;9)(p23;q34) is a rare disease with poor prognosis and distinct clinical and morphologic features. t(6;9) results in a chimeric fusion gene between DEK (6p23) and CAN/NUP214 (9q34). FLT3-ITD mutation is one of the most frequent mutations in AML and correlates with poor clinical outcome. Prevalence of FLT3-ITD is as high as 70% among patients with t(6;9) AML, and patients with t(6;9) AML and FLT3-ITD mutations usually have higher white blood cell counts, higher bone marrow blasts, and significantly lower rates of complete remission. t(6;9) is most commonly associated with AML-FAB-M2 and is considered by some researchers to be a separate disease entity because of its distinct clinical and morphologic features and poor prognostic implication. Distinct morphologic features of this entity include marrow basophilia and myelodysplasia, and immunophenotypically, the blast cells are positive for CD9, CD13, CD33, and HLA-DR; are usually positive for CD45 and CD38; and may be positive for CD15, CD34, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
Telomerase Activity in Effusions: A Comparison Between Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol In Situ and Conventional Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol Assay
Authors: Hansson Maire , Zendehrokh Nooreldin , Ohyashiki Junko , Ohyashiki Kazuma , Westman Ulla-Britt , Roos Göran , Dejmek Annika 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—We previously found telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) in situ helpful in the diagnosis of malignancy in effusions, whereas varying sensitivities and specificities for malignancy were reported by investigators using extract-based TRAP.
Objective.—To compare the 2 methods and to elucidate the discrepancies between them.
Design.—Twenty-three effusions were analyzed. Telomerase activity of whole cell lysate was measured with a Telo TAGGG telomerase polymerase chain reaction ELISA PLUS kit with modifications to exclude polymerase chain reaction inhibitors. TRAP in situ was performed on cytospins. An estimate of total TRAP activity in the specimen was made based on the amount of positive cells, their fluorescence intensity, and the proportion of different cell types in the specimen. The estimate was compared with the level of telomerase activity in cell lysate–based TRAP.
Results.—TRAP in situ: Thirteen of 14 malignant cases and 2 of 2 equivocal cases showed moderate/strong reactivity. Five of 7 benign effusions were negative; in 2 of 7, mesothelial cells showed weak reactivity. Cell lysate–based TRAP assay: In 4 cases no internal standard was detected, indicating the presence of polymerase chain reaction inhibitors. The relative telomerase activities were 33.1 to 72.7 with a considerable overlap between malignant (48 ± 9, mean ± SD) and benign (43 ± 9) cases.
Conclusions.—The TRAP in situ results correlated to final diagnoses, whereas the cell lysate–based TRAP assay did not differentiate between malignant and benign cases. The varying proportions of positive cells and the variation in fluorescence intensity in the TRAP in situ slides explained some of the discrepancies. The problems encountered with TRAP performed on cell lysates are partly overcome using TRAP in situ.
Fascin Determination in Urothelial Carcinomas of the Urinary Bladder: A Marker of Invasiveness
Authors: Karasavvidou Foteini , Barbanis Sotirios , Pappa Dimitra , Moutzouris George , Tzortzis Vasilios , Melekos Michael D. , Koukoulis George 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Invasion and the depth of invasion affect significantly the prognosis in urothelial carcinomas. The histopathologic evaluation of invasion may be problematic in some cases. Application of new immunohistochemical markers may facilitate the assessment of invasion. Fascin, one of these markers, is an actin-bundling protein involved in tumor cell migration. Fascin expression is increased in various carcinomas. Prior to this research, to our knowledge, only one study exists regarding fascin expression in urothelial carcinomas.
Objective.—To characterize the expression of fascin in additional cases of urothelial carcinoma and to verify statistically a relationship between fascin overexpression and invasiveness in these tumors.
Design.—We examined fascin immunoreactivity in 116 specimens of urothelial carcinomas obtained from 116 patients including 96 men and 20 women. Fifty-eight cases were ranked as low-grade carcinomas, pTa stage, and 58 cases were ranked as high-grade carcinomas—11 were ranked as stage pTa, 21 were ranked as pT1, and 26 were ranked as pT2 carcinomas. Fascin immunoreactivity was assessed semiquantitatively in tumor cells. In each case, we ascribed 3 immunoreactivity scores, one for extent, one for intensity, and a combined immunoreactivity score.
Results.—The combined immunoreactivity score was significantly higher in invasive carcinomas. In addition, strong staining was observed exclusively in invasive carcinomas. None of the pTa tumors demonstrated intense staining, including those ranked at the higher grade.
Conclusions.—Our results point to an association between fascin immunostaining and urothelial carcinoma invasiveness and suggest that fascin overexpression may be a marker of aggressive urothelial carcinomas.
Reduction of Blood Loss From Laboratory Testing in Hospitalized Adult Patients Using Small-Volume (Pediatric) Tubes
Authors: Sanchez-Giron Francisco , Alvarez-Mora Francisco 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Blood loss from laboratory testing (BLLT) can be significant in hospitalized patients. It is a common practice to draw full large-volume tubes of blood from adults.
Objective.—To determine whether BLLT occurred when a small-volume (pediatric) blood collection tube (SVT) was substituted for each large-volume blood collection tube and to note whether an adequate sample still was obtained.
Design.—During 2 consecutive weeks, hospital test requisitions were reviewed to collect patient demographics, tests requested, and number and type of tubes obtained. The amount of blood collected and BLLT per patient were calculated. Reduced sample requirements were calculated, and phlebotomists and ward nurses were required to use SVTs. After 2 weeks of familiarization, data were collected as previously described. Laboratory technicians logged problems related to the use of SVTs.
Results.—Baseline: 227 patients had 664 requisitions, and median BLLT per patient was 13.5 mL (interquartile range [IQR], 7.6–27.3 mL). In critical care patients, the median was 19.9 mL (IQR, 12.0–35.8 mL), and maximum BLLT was 159.8 mL. Intervention phase: 246 patients had 696 requisitions, median BLLT was 3.7 mL (IQR, 1.2–6.3 mL; P &lt; .001). In critical care patients, the median was 5.1 mL (IQR, 2.3–10.9 mL), and maximum BLLT was 61.8 mL (P &lt; .001). All tests requested could be performed using SVTs, and no additional blood collections were required. Use of SVTs reduced overall BLLT per patient by 73% and by 74% in critical care patients.
Conclusions.—By decreasing the size of the blood collection tube for adults, we were able to markedly reduce BLLT without noting any insufficient specimen volumes.
Definition of Reference Limits for Autoantibodies to Thyroid Peroxidase and Thyroglobulin in a Large Population of Outpatients Using an Indirect Method Based on Current Data
Authors: Tozzoli Renato , Giavarina Davide , Villalta Danilo , Soffiati Giuliano , Bizzaro Nicola 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—The reference limits for thyroid antibodies are generally made by measuring thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibody values in a group of healthy subjects (direct method), as proposed by the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry.
Objective.—To define the upper reference limits of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin, by using an indirect method to analyze data from a large number of outpatients that were stored in the information system of a general hospital laboratory.
Design.—Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin values from 21 492 patients, who had undergone antithyroid antibody measurements, were retrieved from the laboratory information system; the upper reference limits (in the top 97.5 percentile) were calculated using the indirect Kairisto method, after exclusion of outliers.
Results.—The mean upper reference limits for females and males were 15 kIU/L and 9 kIU/L for thyroid peroxidase, and 21 kIU/L and 19 kIU/L for thyroglobulin, respectively. The upper limits showed minimal or no differences in the different age classes in either females or males.
Conclusions.—Using a vast population of patients, we demonstrated that the upper limits for thyroid antibodies are much lower than the values obtained with classic, direct methods and that they do not vary in relation to age and sex.
How Does a Pathologist Make a Diagnosis?
Authors: Pena Gil Patrus , Andrade-Filho Joséde Souza 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A pathologic diagnosis is the result of a complex series of activities, mastered by the pathologist. The nature of these activities is, however, rarely talked about in depth. The medical literature occasionally discusses aspects of the pathologic diagnosis processes, generally departing from the pathologic practice. The lack of a model makes discussions about the subject a matter of preference or personal style. Educational programs are largely based on the apprenticeship model, and the development of specific abilities rests on the personal aspects of both apprentice and mentor. A model for the pathologic diagnostic process is proposed. The process of diagnosis can be viewed as an action plan, encompassing 4 domains: (1) cognitive, (2) communicative, (3) normative, and (4) medical conduct. The cognitive domain involves processes of perception, attention, memory, search, hypothesis creation, and verification, among others. Communicative skills consist of providing arguments in support of a diagnostic conclusion, with adequate clinical and relevant pathologic information. Pathologic diagnosis is also subject to technical rules (based on empirical experiences), rules of rational choice (strategies aiming at definite goals), and consensual rules among peers. Finally, the pathologic diagnosis has to be evaluated in the sphere of medical conduct, from the perspectives of both the pathologist and the referring clinician. An understanding of the diagnostic process from a theoretic perspective will benefit pathology as a science and a medical specialty because it provides the basis for understanding diagnostic variations and discrepancies. Pathologic difficulties or errors can be mapped, allowing the institution of specific remedies. This model may also enhance training and educational strategies because specific emphasis can be directed toward a particular difficulty.
Physician Satisfaction With Clinical Laboratory Services: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of 138 Institutions
Authors: Jones Bruce A. , Bekeris Leonas G. , Nakhleh Raouf E. , Walsh Molly K. , Valenstein Paul N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Monitoring customer satisfaction is a valuable component of a laboratory quality improvement program.
Objective.—To survey the level of physician satisfaction with hospital clinical laboratory services.
Design.—Participating institutions provided demographic and practice information and survey results of physician satisfaction with defined aspects of clinical laboratory services, rated on a scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent).
Results.—One hundred thirty-eight institutions participated in this study and submitted a total of 4329 physician surveys. The overall satisfaction score for all institutions ranged from 2.9 to 5.0. The median overall score for all participants was 4.1 (10th percentile, 3.6; 90th percentile, 4.5). Physicians were most satisfied with the quality/reliability of results and staff courtesy, with median values of excellent or good ratings of 89.9%. Of the 5 service categories that received the lowest percentage values of excellent/good ratings (combined scores of 4 and 5), 4 were related to turnaround time for inpatient stat, outpatient stat, routine, and esoteric tests. Surveys from half of the participating laboratories reported that 96% to 100% of physicians would recommend the laboratory to other physicians. The category most frequently selected as the most important category of laboratory services was quality/reliability of results (31.7%).
Conclusions.—There continues to be a high level of physician satisfaction and loyalty with clinical laboratory services. Test turnaround times are persistent categories of dissatisfaction and present opportunities for improvement.
Carcinomas of the Pancreas, Gallbladder, Extrahepatic Bile Ducts, and Ampulla of Vater Share a Field for Carcinogenesis: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Henson Donald Earl , Schwartz Arnold M. , Nsouli Hala , Albores-Saavedra Jorge 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Carcinomas co-occur in the pancreas, extrahepatic bile ducts, and ampulla of Vater. We investigated whether cancers originating in these sites represent a field effect similar to that observed in the lung and upper aerodigestive tract.
Objective.—To determine whether a field effect for carcinogenesis exists in the ampulla of Vater, extrahepatic bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Design.—Data were obtained from National Cancer Institute's Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program from 1973 through 2005. Cases were compared by age frequency density plots, age-specific incidence rates, and logarithmic plots of the age-specific incidence rates and age of diagnosis.
Results.—Incidence rates were 11.71, 1.43, 0.88, and 0.49 per 100 000 persons at risk for pancreatic, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, and ampullary carcinomas, respectively. Age frequency density plots were congruent for cancers originating in all 4 sites. Logarithmic plots of the age-specific incidence rates with age of diagnosis produced parallel linear rate patterns for the 4 sites indicative of similar populations for tumor development. However, density and logarithmic plots of pancreatic endocrine carcinomas, a tumor of different cellular differentiation and carcinogenic pathway, served as a comparison. The endocrine carcinomas showed a different age distribution and nonparallel rate patterns with ductal carcinomas.
Conclusions.—Carcinomas of the pancreas, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, and ampulla have a common embryonic cellular ancestry, differentiation pathways, mucosal histologic patterns, and population-related tumor development indicating a field effect in carcinogenesis. Parallel linear rate patterns indicate (1) the rate of cancer development is similar in all 4 sites even though the absolute incidence rates vary and (2) regardless of location, the ductal epithelium is equally susceptible to malignant transformation. If carcinogenic pathways to cancer are similar, then the different incidence rates seen clinically may depend on the relative surface area of the ductal system in these sites. Pancreatic cancers are most common because the surface area of the pancreas' ductal system is greater than that of the gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, and ampulla.