bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN RENAL TUBULES
Authors: Lowe Charles U. 
Published: December 2021

VARIETIES of syndromes have been described in which an abnormal amount of organic acid appears in the urine. In many of those syndromes which have been carefully studied, amino acids appear to constitute the major portion of organic acids. This probably is the result of the development of adequate methodology for the determination of amino acids. Nevertheless the author proposes classifying these diseases as organic acidurias, since it is his belief that there are organic acids, other than amino acid, present in the urine of these patients.
Although the central theme of the Symposium of which this paper is a part is genetic defects, in the classification which is to be presented for consideration, some syndromes are included which are not genetic in origin. This is done for the purpose of completeness and to suggest the relationships between the syndromes with a genetic background and those in which the organic aciduria results from some nongenetically controlled aberrations.
These syndromes may be roughly divided into two groups: Those in which the concentration of amino acids in the blood is elevated and those in which it is normal. The problem of classification of these syndromes has recently been reviewed in detail. In the group of syndromes with normal concentrations in the blood, further subdivision is necessary into four apparently different groups. In Table I are listed the diseases falling into these various categories.
Among the diseases characterized by elevated concentration of organic acids in the blood, one may observe that only phenylpyruvic oligophrenia represents a congenital anomaly.
Deafness, Mutism and Mental Deficiency in Children
Authors: YANNET HERMAN 
Published: December 2021

The causes for the failure of adequate speech development in children include deafness of varying degrees and types, mental deficiency, infantile autism, auditory aphasia, and serious emotional disorders related usually to social deprivation. Since the therapeutic approach as well as the prognosis varies greatly in these different conditions, early differential diagnosis is of paramount importance.
This book, actually a rather short monograph of some 80 pages (approx imately 20,000 words), summarizes the various clinical features and diagnostic procedures involved in the differential diagnosis.
CLOACA WITH NON-ADRENAL FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODISM
Authors: Sieber William K. , Klein Robert 
Published: December 2021

Two infants have been described who exhibited previously unreported urogenital anomalies. Both patients were female pseudohermaphrodites of non-adrenal origin who had persistent cloacae.
The etiology of the anomalies is unknown. This rare combination of anomalies was recognizable clinically. If the diagnosis is made promptly, surgical correction may possibly prevent serious renal damage.
SALIVA, TEARS AND DUODENAL CONTENTS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Sant'Agnese Paul A. di , Grossman Herman , Darling Robert C. , Denning Carolyn R. 
Published: December 2021

Analyses of the concentrations of chloride and sodium in mixed saliva support the conclusion that patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas show higher mean values than do control subjects. Salivary potassium does not vary significantly in the two groups.
Concentrations of chloride and sodium in tears were also found to be significantly increased as compared with controls. Potassium concentrations in tears are similar in the two groups.
The overlap in concentrations of chloride and sodium in both saliva and tears is considerable in the two groups of subjects, thus detracting seriously from the value of these determinations in differentiation of cystic fibrosis from other diseases. This is in contrast to the consistent difference, with virtually no overlap, found in the concentration of chloride and sodium in the sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis as compared with other conditions, and the consequent use which is made of the "sweat test" as a reliable diagnostic procedure.
Parotid secretory rates have been found to be significantly increased in patients with cystic fibrosis over those of controls.
Amylase and lysozyme activity in parotid and mixed saliva were no different in patients with cystic fibrosis and controls.
Concentrations of chloride, sodium and potassium in duodenal fluid were found to be essentially the same in patients with cystic fibrosis as in controls, differing only mildly from concentrations of these ions in plasma. Among patients with cystic fibrosis, wide variations in the proteolytic activity of the duodenal fluid were not accompanied by corresponding variations in the concentration of chloride, sodium and potassium.
In the generalized disease termed cystic fibrosis of the pancreas there are thus three defects in secretion of exocrine glands which require explanation: an abnormality in mucus secretion; abnormally high electrolyte concentrations in sweat, saliva and tears; and an increased rate of secretion of the parotid glands.
MEDICAL AND HOSPITAL CARE DURING PREGNANCY AND EARLY INFANCY
Authors: Boek Walter E. , Yankauer Alfred , Lawson Edwin D. , Wolcott Minnie C. 
Published: December 2021

This article has presented data from interviews with 1,433 mothers residing in 15 areas distributed around upstate New York. Data on medical and hospital care during pregnancy and early infancy were compared by social class level of families.
Mothers in the lower classes differed from those in the higher classes in such behavior as seeking care from a physician later in pregnancy, fewer of them using specialists for prenatal and postnatal care, staying a shorter time in the hospital after delivery, having lower medical costs, carrying less insurance, claiming less ability to pay expenses of pregnancy and childbirth, smaller proportion obtaining postnatal medical examinations, more taking baby to physicians for illness rather than for check-ups, and a lower percentage having had the child immunized and vaccinated.
A direct trend was observed in breast feeding. The higher the social class the more breast feeding. First babies were breast-fed more than other babies except for those in the lowest class. More mothers in the lowest class used separate sterilization for bottles, nipples, and formula, fewer were feeding vitamins, and fewer used commercially prepared formulas for the infants.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: REISMAN MARTIN 
Published: December 2021

In reference to the recent report by the Committee on Nutrition on the feeding of solid foods to infants (Pediatrics, 21:685, 1958), several additional points might be raised. It is noted that no harmful results have been reported thus far in the early feeding of solids. However, the Committee after comprehensive review of the problem concludes that "no nutritional superiority or psychologic benefit results from introduction of solid foods into the infant diet prior to 2½ to 3 months of age."
It would seem that some "psychologic benefit" might be postulated, if not for the baby, then for the parents. The prolonged emptying time of the stomach and satiety that accompanies the introduction of solids is frequently the means by which the doctor and parents are first able to initiate a more reasonable feeding and sleeping program, most specifically, allowing the infant and parents to sleep through the night.
Tracheotomy: A Clinical and Experimental Study
Authors: FERGUSON CHARLES F. 
Published: December 2021

This little book is the most comprehensive treatise on all of the aspects of tracheotomy the reviewer has yet come across. Its bibliography alone comprises 293 references. It deals with nearly every type of ventilatory distress, and in addition to a standard section on the classic indications for tracheotomy from the mechanical point of view, it approaches the problem from the physiologic viewpoint with an up-to-date discussion of the syndrome of secretional ventilatory obstruction.
After a very complete and interesting historical review of this ancient operative procedure, the author tabulates in various forms a series of 310 tracheotomies performed on 300 patients at the Brooke Army Hospital, Fort Sam Houston, Texas from 1947 to 1955.
IDIOPATHIC PAROXYSMAL MYOGLOBINURIA
Authors: Segar William E. 
Published: December 2021

A case of idiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuria is reported. This is a disease of unknown etiology, characterized by severe muscle pain and weakness or complete paralysis and by the excretion of burgundycolored urine. The urine is free of erythrocytes but gives a strongly positive benzidine reaction. There is no discoloration of the plasma. A definite diagnosis can be made by spectroscopic examination of the urinary pigment and identification of the absorption bands characteristic of myoglobin.
The underlying pathologic process and clinical manifestations are discussed.
This report describes the treatment of a 15-year-old boy who recovered despite the development of both respiratory paralysis and acute renal failure, complications which are responsible for the mortality rate of 30% from this disorder.
INHERITANCE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CONGENITAL DEFORMITY
Authors: Runner Meredith N. 
Published: December 2021

Fasting for 24 hours during the ninth day of pregnancy resulted in 22% of the fetuses having either cranioschisis or deformed ribs or both at 18 days post coitum. The fasting treatment affected neither the frequency of pregnancies following matings nor the incidence of prenatal mortality.
Fetuses were protected from the fasting effect by relatively small quantities of a variety of nutrients, i.e., glucose, ketone-body or amino acids administered by stomach tube during the fasting period. The array of protective compounds suggested that they acted by supplying substrate for the citric acid cycle.
Four teratogenic treatments (insulin, iodoacetate, x-methylfolic acid and fasting) produced similar abnormalities of development. A metabolic scheme is presented to suggest that each of these agents may interfere with reactions in the citric acid cycle.
Administration of nutrients during the fasting period and use of teratogenic agents have provided circumstantial evidence that carbohydrate metabolism may be selectively critical for morphogenesis of embryonic neural tube and for differentiation of precartilaginous mesenchyme.
Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: BRAY PATRICK F. 
Published: December 2021

The need for a monograph on the subject of myasthenia gravis has been considerable because the clinical management of this multifaceted problem requires precise knowledge of therapeutic details together with a reasonable knowledge of the disturbed neuromuscular physiology. The author has laid emphasis in this text on the practical clinical matters of diagnosis, drug treatment and general management. His personal experience with 350 cases of myasthenia gravis seen at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York City provides the groundwork for his discussion.
The incidence of this condition is not well known, but the author and other workers feel that for every known patient with myasthenia, one or two patients with the disease remain undetected.
"FAST" HEMOGLOBIN COMPONENT FOUND IN UMBILICAL-CORD BLOOD OF THAI BABIES
Authors: Tuchinda Soodsarkorn , Vareenil Chitra , Bhanchit Partraporn , Minnich Virginia 
Published: December 2021

Four hundred and fifteen specimens of cord blood collected from the Thai population were examined; 22 contained an electrophoretically "fast"-moving component of hemoglobin, an incidence of 5.2%. No other abnormal hemoglobin was found in the specimens of cord blood.
Eleven of the babies with abnormal hemoglobin were examined; hematologic findings were within normal limits. Five were followed for 2½ to 8 months; the abnormal component disappeared within 76 to 101 days. One of these children subsequently developed hemoglobin E. Another baby, 2 days of age when first seen, had the "fast" component of hemoglobin in the blood. She was the only child in the group who had marked hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, reticulocytosis, and nucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. These abnormalities subsequently disappeared, but at 112 days a small amount of the "fast" component of hemoglobin persisted and hemoglobin E had appeared.
The blood of 412 mothers revealed an incident of 10% hemoglobin E, the only abnormal hemoglobin detected by paper electrophoresis.
The concentration of hemoglobin A2 was determined on the blood drawn from nine parents of babies with abnormal "fast" hemoglobin; the value was normal in all instances. Microcytosis and increased resistance of the erythrocytes in hypotonic saline solution, however, was found frequently among the parents of affected babies.
The abnormal "fast" component of hemoglobin was identical with "Barts" hemoglobin. Its characteristics suggest that it may be an abnormal fetal hemoglobin.
COMPARATIVE HEMATOLOGIC RESPONSE TO IRON FORTIFICATION OF A MILK FORMULA FOR INFANTS
Authors: Marsh A. , Long H. , Stierwalt E. 
Published: December 2021

Seventy-four full-term and 42 premature infants were studied from birth to 9 months of age in relation to intake of iron. All were maintained on a vitamin-supplemented milk diet, and approximately a third had iron supplementation of 12 mg in 32 fluid ounces of milk intake.
Significant differences between groups as regards growth, development or number of illnesses were not apparent.
The infants fed supplemental iron had higher values for hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum iron, after 3 to 3½ months of age, and these values continued to be significantly higher throughout the 9-month period of observation.
Among the infants who received no iron supplement, 2 full-term and 16 premature infants developed evidence of anemia, which responded quickly when the infants were changed to the iron-fortified formula.
No signs of toxicity or difficulty were noted in the iron-supplemented group, nor of lack of acceptability by the infants of any formula used in the study.
PATTERNS OF SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE HAND
Authors: Pyle S. Idell , Reed Robert B. , Stuart Harold C. 
Published: December 2021

The first purpose of this presentation of patterns of skeletal development in the hand has been to demonstrate that essentially normal children, although passing through very similar steps or stages of skeletal development in the hand, do so in a variety of ways in respect to the rates of their progress through these stages or by age periods. The second objective has been to show the kinds of patterns which emerge and the relative frequency with which certain of these are encountered. This has been done by studying the consistency manifest by children in their rate of progress over the whole of childhood as well as by major subdivisions of the developmental period.
This Study shows that few children are very irregular in progress or change frequently to any substantial degree in their rate of progress, but many make one or two substantial shifts in rate from one period to another. The most common, marked and understandable shift is the single one occurring roughly between childhood and adolescence. The years close to the dividing line between these two age periods, therefore, are the ones in which change in rate of skeletal development (hand) may be expected most commonly. The changes in rates occurring at other ages, as portrayed in patterns under III or IV (Figs. 15 to 20), are not readily explained on the basis of other features of development. Factors found associated with these different patterns of skeletal development in the children concerned, relating to nutrition, illness experiences, growth in height and other aspects of development will be considered in later reports on interrelationships.
Aside from a preliminary report from this laboratory the only other report known to the authors which dealt longitudinally with patterns of skeletal development was published by Kelly in 1937. This concerned children 6 to 18 years of age and used an index derived from measurements of several bones or epiphyses in the hand and wrist; six patterns were derived from these indices and described as convex, linear, concave, convex-concave, linear-convex and concave-convex. Because of the fundamental differences in the data used in this Study, it is not possible to compare Kelly's results with those being reported.
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN IN THE SERUM IN NEPHROSIS AND ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: Valyasevi Aree , Sloan Joseph M. , Barness Lewis A. 
Published: December 2021

C-reactive protein in the serum and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate were followed serially in 13 patients with acute nephritis and in 9 patients with the nephrotic syndrome.
Although a positive C-reactive protein test was always associated with evidence of infection, obvious infection in a few instances was not accompanied by a positive test.
Determination of C-reactive protein is valuable in determining the presence of infection in patients with acute nephritis and the nephrotic syndrome, especially in the latter where hormone therapy may mask many signs of infection.
VIRUSES OF THE ACUTE COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Authors: Robbins Frederick C. 
Published: December 2021

THE GROUP of acute and extremely common communicable virus infections has been greatly enlarged in recent years since the recognition of the Coxsackie and ECHO viruses. The clinical manifestations of infections with this large group of agents are gradually being sorted out, and include aseptic meningitis, pleurodynia, herpangina, diarrhea, various minor illnesses and a variety of exanthems. The observation that several of them produce diseases with rash has greatly complicated the diagnostic problems of the pediatrician. This group of illnesses is of great interest and importance, but will not be discussed here. Rather, the scope of this presentation will be limited to three infections, namely, measles (rubeola), rubella, and those due to the viruses of varicella and herpes zoster. The purpose is to review briefly the present status of our knowledge concerning them and to point out some of the problems yet to be solved. No attempt will be made at exhaustive coverage.
MEASLES
Experimental Considerations
As the result of the work of Enders and his associates, it is now possible to study the virus of measles in the laboratory, and control of this disease by active immunization would appear to be a real possibility within the near future. From the historic point of view measles has been the subject of a great deal of attention from the clinician, epidemiologist and virologist. The early workers, such as Anderson and Goldberger in 1911, Blake and Trask in 1921, and others at about the same time, were able to produce measles in monkeys by inoculating them with blood and other materials from patients.
CELIAC DISEASE AND WHEAT SENSITIVITY
Authors: Weijers H. A. , van de Kamer J. H. 
Published: December 2021

Celiac disease is considered "an inborn error of metabolism," which becomes mainly manifest after the consumption of wheat (rye, barley, oats). Wheat gluten, especially its gliadin fraction, is shown to be the harmful substance.
The cause of the action of gliadin is sought for in the glutamine-containing peptides, which, due to an enzymatic defect in the cells of the intestinal wall, would not be split normally into amino acids but would get into the blood, thus exerting an abnormal influence on the metabolism.
The abnormal elevation of the gliadinloading curves is probably based on the presence of these peptides in the blood.
COMPREHENSIVE PEDIATRICS: POSTGRADUATE TRAINING FOR PRACTICING PHYSICIANS
Authors: Rose John A. , Ross Donald C. 
Published: December 2021

It is the opinion of the authors that the "new pediatrics" (comprehensive pediatrics) can be practiced, but at the present time many practitioners are not equipped to do so. This is because hospital structure has in the past effectively protected the physician in training from many of the emotional aspects of practice. Often it is only when he is in practice that he feels the full impact of these.
A pilot postgraduate program for practicing physicians and evaluation of its results are described. It is the belief of the authors that the success of such a program is largely dependent on the careful planning and preparation of every step: public relations, selection of material, mode of presentation, group participation, etc.
Principles of Human Pathology
Authors: BLANC WILLIAM A. 
Published: December 2021

This textbook can be highly recommended as an introduction to pathology for students and as a practical desk reference book or "refresher" or both pediatricians and general practitioners. It is packed with information and pictures, contains very little loose talk and still preserves an air of informality which makes for easy reading. The authors have successfully integrated anatomy and physiology with clinical and morphologic data.
The chapters on infection and infectious diseases, kidney, and surgical pathology in general are excellent.
THE PRACTICE OF PEDIATRICS
Authors: Deisher Robert W. , Derby Alfred J. , Sturman Melvin J. 
Published: December 2021

In order to gather more information about the current trends in pediatric practice in one locality, a study was done in 1958 to ascertain what the pediatricians in the State of Washington were doing; whether they were satisfied with their practice; and if their training had adequately prepared them for practice. Information about the nature and extent of pediatric care done by the general practitioner, which was available from a 1957 study in the State of Washington made it possible to compare certain aspects of pediatric care as practiced by the general practitioner with those same aspects of pediatric care as practiced by the pediatrician.
Some attempt was made to try to compare the findings of this study with relevant information given in other studies.
In general, it was found that in the State of Washington well-child care and the treatment of upper respiratory infections occupies much of the pediatrician's time. Time spent in well-child care was approximately equal to that spent in sick-child care—a contrast to the experience of the present-day general practitioner and to pediatric practice in former times. Treatment of certain kinds of diseases has ostensibly increased somewhat in the past two decades, and treatment of accidents is now part of pediatric care. Some conclusions about the adequacy of medical school training are also presented.
PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Cook C. D. , Barrie H. , DeForest S. A. , Helliesen P. J. 
Published: December 2021

Measurements of lung volumes, compliance and resistance, and effective respiratory muscle strength have been carried out in a series of patients with idiopathic scoliosis, scoliosis secondary to poliomyelitis and scoliosis secondary to abnormalities of the vertebral column.
The patients with idiopathic scoliosis showed, in general, moderate reductions in vital capacity, while those with poliomyelitis and associated paralysis showed more marked decreases. Residual volume on the average was essentially unchanged in both groups. Compliance was only moderately but consistently reduced in both groups while flow-resistance was only slightly to moderately increased. In the group of patients with idiopathic scoliosis, effective respiratory muscle strength was normal for given lung volumes but inspiratory strength was subnormal. Serial studies show that after fusion, the patients tended to have a further decrease both in respiratory muscle function and in lung volumes. The frequently serious pulmonary dysfunction accompanying the scoliosis secondary to vertebral abnormalities is illustrated.