Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Western Kenya: A Snapshot
Authors: Wanjiku Christopher Mwaniki , Melly Beatrice , Kilach Carole , Lotodo Teresa Cherop , Binz Kristin , Rosenberg Bari Elizabeth , Dow Lindsay , LeBlanc Thomas W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Steady advances in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have improved outcomes in high-resource settings, with a 5-year overall survival rate of 29% and rising in the United States. In contrast, a diagnosis of AML in many resource-limited settings automatically confers a less than 10% one-year survival rate. To better understand this significant disparity, as well as how to narrow it, it is important to gather data illustrating the current landscape of AML management in resource limited-settings, including patient characteristics, disease-related and treatment-related factors. Here we examine the population of patients with AML at a single large academic medical center in Western Kenya that serves a catchment area of more than 20 million people.
Objectives: To describe characteristics of patients presenting with AML at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) hematology and oncology clinic between 2014 and 2020, to help identify areas of need to inform future interventions.
Methodology: Retrospective, cross-sectional chart review study of all newly diagnosed patients (age 15 years and older) with AML presenting to the MTRH adult hematology and oncology clinic from January 2014 to December 2020.
Results: We reviewed the charts of 113 patients with AML. The median age at diagnosis was 40 years (range 15-86 years), with an average age of 42 years. Forty-nine percent (n=55) were female. Thirty-five patients did not have French American British (FAB) subtypes documented (this method remains the main form of AML disease classification in this resource-limited setting). M2 subtype was the most common (n= 24). Seven patients had acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML), of which 4 died due to bleeding complications and lack of access to ATRA. Three APML patients who had access to ATRA were alive more than 1 year after diagnosis. White blood count (WBC) at diagnosis ranged between 600/cm3 and 336,000/cm3 with neutrophil predominance. Mean hemoglobin at presentation was 7g/dl (range 2.6g/dl-16g/dl). Most patients had been transfused with red blood cells prior to presentation and continue to require more transfusion. Platelet counts ranged between 4,000/cm3 to 782,000/cm3 with 36% of patients (n=41) having a count of less than 50,000/cm3. Fifty patients with AML received low dose subcutaneous cytarabine (20mg subcutaneous twice a day for 10 days every 4 to 6 weeks) and 3 patients had etoposide added to their treatment (50mg/m2 intravenous once a day for 7 days). No patient was treated with standard intensive induction chemotherapy, (7+3), due to lack of adequate supportive care. Only 5 of 63 (7.9%) non-APML patients whose outcomes were established survived for more than 12 months. The median overall survival at after diagnosis was 45 days. Thirteen percent of patients were lost to follow up (n= 15) and 1 patient was referred to another facility for possible induction with 7+3.
Conclusion: AML remains a disparately lethal disease in resource-limited settings, where it impacts a relatively healthy, young patient population. In well-resourced settings, many of these patients would have a reasonable chance at long term survival and potential cure, but in Western Kenya most patients die within a few months of diagnosis. Due to the lack of adequate supportive care resources, even the younger patients mostly did not receive standard-of-care intensive induction therapy. The outdated FAB classification system is still in use. Lack of access to improved diagnostics, appropriate supportive care (antimicrobials and transfusion products) and limited availability of newer, effective, and less toxic treatment regimens are the main impedance to care. More efforts are needed to improve the management of acute leukemia in under-resourced countries.

Disclosures
LeBlanc: Pfizer: Consultancy, Other: Advisory Board; Otsuka: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other; Daiichi-Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board; Travel fees, Speakers Bureau; Flatiron: Consultancy, Other: Advisory board; Helsinn: Consultancy, Research Funding; Duke University: Research Funding; Agios: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board; Travel fees, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Other: travel; BMS/Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel fees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Astellas: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board; American Cancer Society: Research Funding; Heron: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: advisory board; AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Other: Advisory board, Research Funding; CareVive: Consultancy, Other, Research Funding; NINR/NIH: Research Funding; UpToDate: Patents & Royalties.