bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Networks across Scales—The Theoretical and Empirical Foundations for Time-Varying Complex Networks that Connect Structure and Function across Levels of Biological Organization
Authors: Bogdan Paul , Caetano-Anollés Gustavo , Jolles Anna , Kim Hyunju , Morris James , Murphy Cheryl A , Royer Catherine , Snell Edward H , Steinbrenner Adam , Strausfeld Nicholas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many biological systems across scales of size and complexity exhibit a time-varying complex network structure that emerges and self-organizes as a result of interactions with the environment. Network interactions optimize some intrinsic cost functions that are unknown and involve for example energy efficiency, robustness, resilience, and frailty. A wide range of networks exist in biology, from gene regulatory networks important for organismal development, protein interaction networks that govern physiology and metabolism, and neural networks that store and convey information to networks of microbes that form microbiomes within hosts, animal contact networks that underlie social systems, and networks of populations on the landscape connected by migration. Increasing availability of extensive (big) data is amplifying our ability to quantify biological networks. Similarly, theoretical methods that describe network structure and dynamics are being developed. Beyond static networks representing snapshots of biological systems, collections of longitudinal data series can help either at defining and characterizing network dynamics over time or analyzing the dynamics constrained to networked architectures. Moreover, due to interactions with the environment and other biological systems, a biological network may not be fully observable. Also, subnetworks may emerge and disappear as a result of the need for the biological system to cope with for example invaders or new information flows. The confluence of these developments renders tractable the question of how the structure of biological networks predicts and controls network dynamics. In particular, there may be structural features that result in homeostatic networks with specific higher-order statistics (e.g., multifractal spectrum), which maintain stability over time through robustness and/or resilience to perturbation. Alternative, plastic networks may respond to perturbation by (adaptive to catastrophic) shifts in structure. Here, we explore the opportunity for discovering universal laws connecting the structure of biological networks with their function, positioning them on the spectrum of time-evolving network structure, that is, dynamics of networks, from highly stable to exquisitely sensitive to perturbation. If such general laws exist, they could transform our ability to predict the response of biological systems to perturbations—an increasingly urgent priority in the face of anthropogenic changes to the environment that affect life across the gamut of organizational scales.
Melanosome Biogenesis in the Pigmentation of Mammalian Skin
Authors: Le Linh , Sirés-Campos Julia , Raposo Graça , Delevoye Cédric , Marks Michael S 
Published: May 2021

SynopsisMelanins, the main pigments of the skin and hair in mammals, are synthesized within membrane-bound organelles of melanocytes called melanosomes. Melanosome structure and function are determined by a cohort of resident transmembrane proteins, many of which are expressed only in pigment cells and localize specifically to melanosomes. Defects in the genes that encode melanosome-specific proteins or components of the machinery required for their transport in and out of melanosomes underlie various forms of ocular or oculocutaneous albinism, characterized by hypopigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes and by visual impairment. We review major components of melanosomes, including the enzymes that catalyze steps in melanin synthesis from tyrosine precursors, solute transporters that allow these enzymes to function, and structural proteins that underlie melanosome shape and melanin deposition. We then review the molecular mechanisms by which these components are biosynthetically delivered to newly forming melanosomes—many of which are shared by other cell types that generate cell type-specific lysosome-related organelles. We also highlight unanswered questions that need to be addressed by future investigation.
Mid-term outcomes of rapid deployment aortic prostheses in patients with small aortic annulus
Authors: Arribas-Leal José M , Rivera-Caravaca José Miguel , Aranda-Domene Ramón , Moreno-Moreno José A , Espinosa-Garcia Dolores , Jimenez-Aceituna Antonio , Perez-Andreu Joaquín , Taboada-Martin Rubén , Saura-Espin Daniel R , Canovas-Lopez Sergio J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The Edwards Intuity valve is a rapid deployment aortic prosthesis that favours less invasive approaches. However, evidence about the clinical behaviour of their smaller sizes is scarce. Herein, we studied haemodynamic behaviours and clinical outcomes of small Intuity prostheses (19–21 mm) in comparison to larger Intuity prostheses (&gt;21 mm).

METHODS
This is an observational study including patients implanted with an Edwards Intuity rapid deployment aortic prosthesis. Patients with prosthesis sizes 19–21 and &gt;21 mm were included. Baseline and perioperative variables, as well as adverse events during the follow-up were recorded and compared between groups.

RESULTS
A total of 122 patients (37% female, mean age 75 ± 4.5 years) were included, of whom 54 (45%) were implanted with a small prosthesis and 68 (55%) with a prosthesis &gt;21 mm. There were no significant differences between patients with small Intuity prostheses and patients with larger prostheses regarding in-hospital mortality (2% vs 4%, P = 0.43) or mortality during the follow-up (3.41 vs 2.45 per 100 patients-years; P = 0.58). Survival in the small Intuity valve group was 95% at 1 year and 83% at 6 years, whereas in the larger Intuity valve group was 96% at 1 year and 78% at 6 years. The presence of a small prosthesis did not influence mid-term survival (log-rank P-value = 0.62).

CONCLUSIONS
This study showed good clinical performance of Intuity aortic prostheses with appropriate mid-term survival in patients with the small aortic annulus. Thus, the Edwards Intuity rapid deployment aortic prosthesis may be considered as a potential option in patients with the small aortic annulus.
Effects of prenatal and postnatal maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation on child growth and morbidity in Tanzania: a double-blind, randomized–controlled trial
Authors: Wang Dongqing , Natchu Uma Chandra Mouli , Darling Anne Marie , Noor Ramadhani A , Hertzmark Ellen , Urassa Willy , Fawzi Wafaie W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Maternal micronutrient status is critical for child growth and nutrition. It is unclear whether maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) during pregnancy and lactation improves child growth and prevents child morbidity.

Methods
This study aimed to determine the effects of prenatal and postnatal maternal MMS on child growth and morbidity. In this double-blind, randomized–controlled trial, 8428 HIV-negative pregnant women were enrolled from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, between 2001 and 2004. From pregnancy (12–27 weeks of gestation) through to 6 weeks postpartum, participants were randomized to receive daily oral MMS or placebo. All women received daily iron and folic acid during pregnancy. From 6 weeks postpartum through to 18 months postpartum, 3100 women were re-randomized to MMS or placebo. Child-growth measures, haemoglobin concentrations and infectious morbidities were assessed longitudinally from birth to ≤18 months.

Results
Prenatal MMS led to modest increases in weight-for-age z-scores (mean difference: 0.050; 95% confidence interval: 0.002, 0.099; p = 0.04) and length-for-age z-score (mean difference: 0.062; 95% confidence interval: 0.013, 0.111; p = 0.01) during the first 6 months of life but not thereafter. Prenatal or postnatal MMS did not have benefits for other child outcomes.

Conclusions
Whereas maternal MMS is a proven strategy to prevent adverse birth outcomes, other approaches may also need to be considered to curb the high burdens of child morbidity and growth faltering.
Negative Prognostic Effect of Baseline Antipsychotic Exposure in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (CHR-P): Is Pre-Test Risk Enrichment the Hidden Culprit?
Authors: Raballo Andrea , Poletti Michele , Preti Antonio 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Sample enrichment is a key factor in contemporary early-detection strategies aimed at the identification of help-seekers at increased risk of imminent transition to psychosis. We undertook a meta-analytic investigation to ascertain the role of sample enrichment in the recently highlighted negative prognostic effect of baseline antipsychotic (AP) exposure in clinical high-risk (CHR-P) of psychosis individuals.

Methods
Systematic review and meta-analysis of all published studies on CHR-P were identified according to a validated diagnostic procedure. The outcome was the proportion of transition to psychosis, which was calculated according to the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation.

Results
Thirty-three eligible studies were identified, including 16 samples with details on AP exposure at baseline and 17 samples with baseline AP exposure as exclusion criterion for enrollment. Those with baseline exposure to AP (n = 395) had higher transition rates (29.9%; 95% CI: 25.1%–34.8%) than those without baseline exposure to AP in the same study (n = 1289; 17.2%; 15.1%–19.4%) and those coming from samples that did not include people who were exposed to AP at baseline (n = 2073; 16.2%; 14.6%–17.8%; P &lt; .05 in both the fixed-effects and the random-effects models). Heterogeneity within studies was substantial, with values above 75% in all comparisons.

Conclusions
Sample enrichment is not a plausible explanation for the higher risk of transition to psychosis of CHR-P individuals who were already exposed to AP at the enrollment in specialized early-detection programs. Baseline exposure to AP at CHR-P assessment is a major index of enhanced, imminent risk of psychosis.
Virological Characterization of Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in the United Kingdom: Interactions of Viral Load, Antibody Status, and B.1.1.7 Infection
Authors: Ratcliff Jeremy , Nguyen Dung , Fish Matthew , Rynne Jennifer , Jennings Aislinn , Williams Sarah , Al-Beidh Farah , Bonsall David , Evans Amy , Golubchik Tanya , Gordon Anthony C , Lamikanra Abigail , Tsang Pat , Ciccone Nick A , Leuscher Ullrich , Slack Wendy , Laing Emma , Mouncey Paul R , Ziyenge Sheba , Oliveira Marta , Ploeg Rutger , Rowan Kathryn M , Shankar-Hari Manu , Roberts David J , Menon David K , Estcourt Lise , Simmonds Peter , Harvala Heli ,   REMAP-CAP Immunoglobulin Domain UK Investigators
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundConvalescent plasma containing neutralizing antibody to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is under investigation for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. We report diverse virological characteristics of UK intensive care patients enrolled in the Immunoglobulin Domain of the REMAP-CAP randomized controlled trial that potentially influence treatment outcomes.MethodsSARS-CoV-2 RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs collected pretreatment was quantified by PCR. Antibody status was determined by spike-protein ELISA. B.1.1.7 was differentiated from other SARS-CoV-2 strains using allele-specific probes or restriction site polymorphism (SfcI) targeting D1118H.ResultsOf 1274 subjects, 90% were PCR positive with viral loads 118–1.7 × 1011IU/mL. Median viral loads were 40-fold higher in those IgG seronegative (n = 354; 28%) compared to seropositives (n = 939; 72%). Frequencies of B.1.1.7 increased from &lt;1% in November 2020 to 82% of subjects in January 2021. Seronegative individuals with wild-type SARS-CoV-2 had significantly higher viral loads than seropositives (medians 5.8 × 106 and 2.0 × 105 IU/mL, respectively; P = 2 × 10−15).ConclusionsHigh viral loads in seropositive B.1.1.7-infected subjects and resistance to seroconversion indicate less effective clearance by innate and adaptive immune responses. SARS-CoV-2 strain, viral loads, and antibody status define subgroups for analysis of treatment efficacy.
Relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Kobayashi Yuka , Ito Yuri , Shrestha Sadhana , Yokomichi Hiroshi , Nishida Kei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn Nepal, the number of diarrhoea hospitalizations in all ages is seriously high. According to the World Health Organization, diarrheal diseases can be substantially prevented through safe drinking water sources. In the Kathmandu Valley, because of the shortage of piped water, local residents use alternative water sources, such as groundwater, jars and tanker water. However, these alternative water sources can be contaminated. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources. A survey using multiple questionnaires on diarrhoea occurrence, water sources and water treatment was conducted three time between 2015 and 2016. The odds ratios (ORs) of developing diarrhoea were significantly high for drinking jar (OR 6.1) and tanker water (OR 8.4) compared with not drinking. The combined drinking of jar and tanker water obtained the 1 log higher OR compared with drinking only piped water. Conversely, drinking groundwater had a low OR, implying that the residents refrained from drinking polluted groundwater. In conclusion, diarrhoea occurrence was related not only to the level of water contamination, but also to a behavioural factor, i.e. people's careful management of the choice of multiple water sources.
Correlates of blood pressure and blood glucose screenings in Cameroon: insights from the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Duodu Precious Adade , Agbadi Pascal , Duah Henry Ofori , Darkwah Ernest , Nutor Jerry John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Hypertension and diabetes, two major risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases, are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Early detection through screening can initiate early treatment to reduce adverse outcomes. The current study sought to investigate the correlates of blood pressure and blood glucose screenings in Cameroon.

Methods
We used secondary data from the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey. Adjusting for a complex sample design, we performed multivariate prevalence ratio estimates of the blood pressure and blood glucose screenings.

Results
Approximately 60% and 30% of Cameroonians had undergone blood pressure and blood glucose screenings, respectively. More females (68%) had undergone blood pressure screenings compared with their male counterparts (44.1%). In the multivariate model, gender, age, education, marital status, household wealth index and region of residence were significantly associated with both blood pressure and blood glucose screenings in the full sample. Previous blood pressure screening was associated with an increased likelihood of blood glucose screening and vice versa. A modification effect of gender was observed in the association between the correlates and both outcomes.

Conclusion
Our findings uncovered individuals with a decreased likelihood for blood pressure and blood glucose screenings and this can inform policy decisions to ensure targeted screening aimed at early detection and management.
Sjögren’s syndrome-associated SNPs increase GTF2I expression in salivary gland cells to enhance inflammation development
Authors: Shimoyama Shuhei , Nakagawa Ikuma , Jiang Jing-Jing , Matsumoto Isao , Chiorini John A , Hasegawa Yoshinori , Ohara Osamu , Hasebe Rie , Ota Mitsutoshi , Uchida Mona , Kamimura Daisuke , Hojyo Shintaro , Tanaka Yuki , Atsumi Tatsuya , Murakami Masaaki 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation with lymphoid infiltration and destruction of the salivary glands. Although many genome-wide association studies have revealed disease-associated risk alleles, the functions of the majority of these alleles are unclear. Here, we show previously unrecognized roles of GTF2I molecules by using two SS-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs73366469 and rs117026326 (GTF2I SNPs). We found that the risk alleles of GTF2I SNPs increased GTF2I expression and enhanced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in human salivary gland cells via the NF-κB p65 subunit. Indeed, the knockdown of GTF2I suppressed inflammatory responses in mouse endothelial cells and in vivo. Conversely, the over-expression of GTF2I enhanced NF-κB reporter activity depending on its p65-binding N-terminal leucine zipper domain. GTF2I is highly expressed in the human salivary gland cells of SS patients expressing the risk alleles. Consistently, the risk alleles of GTF2I SNPs were strongly associated with activation of the IL-6 amplifier, which is hyperactivation machinery of the NF-κB pathway, and lymphoid infiltration in the salivary glands of SS patients. These results demonstrated that GTF2I expression in salivary glands is increased in the presence of the risk alleles of GTF2I SNPs, resulting in activation of the NF-κB pathway in salivary gland cells. They also suggest that GTF2I could be a new therapeutic target for SS.
Benefits, challenges, and contributors to success for national eHealth systems implementation: a scoping review
Authors: Scheibner James , Sleigh Joanna , Ienca Marcello , Vayena Effy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
Our scoping review aims to assess what legal, ethical, and socio-technical factors contribute to or inhibit the success of national eHealth system implementations. In addition, our review seeks to describe the characteristics and benefits of eHealth systems.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a scoping review of literature published in English between January 2000 and 2020 using a keyword search on 5 databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEEXplore, and ProQuest. After removal of duplicates, abstract screening, and full-text filtering, 86 articles were included from 8276 search results.

Results
We identified 17 stakeholder groups, 6 eHealth Systems areas, and 15 types of legal regimes and standards. In-depth textual analysis revealed challenges mainly in implementation, followed by ethico-legal and data-related aspects. Key factors influencing success include promoting trust of the system, ensuring wider acceptance among users, reconciling the system with legal requirements, and ensuring an adaptable technical platform.

Discussion
Results revealed support for decentralized implementations because they carry less implementation and engagement challenges than centralized ones. Simultaneously, due to decentralized systems’ interoperability issues, federated implementations (with a set of national standards) might be preferable.

Conclusion
This study identifies the primary socio-technical, legal, and ethical factors that challenge and contribute to the success of eHealth system implementations. This study also describes the complexities and characteristics of existing eHealth implementation programs, and suggests guidance for resolving the identified challenges.
Effect of dietary crude protein level on growth performance, blood characteristics, and indicators of intestinal health in weanling pigs
Authors: Limbach Joseph R , Espinosa Charmaine D , Perez-Calvo Estefania , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that reducing crude protein (CP) in starter diets for pigs reduces post-weaning diarrhea and improves intestinal health. In total, 180 weanling pigs were allotted to 3 diets containing 22, 19, or 16% CP. Fecal scores were visually assessed every other day. Blood samples were collected from 1 pig per pen on days 1, 6, 13, 20, and 27, and 1 pig per pen was euthanized on day 12. Results indicated that reducing dietary CP reduced (P &lt; 0.01) overall average daily gain, gain to feed ratio, final body weight, and fecal scores of pigs. Pigs fed the 16% CP diet had reduced (P &lt; 0.01) serum albumin compared with pigs fed other diets. Blood urea nitrogen, haptoglobin, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 concentrations in serum were greatest (P &lt; 0.01) on day 13, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 concentrations were greatest (P &lt; 0.01) on day 6. Villus height in the jejunum increased (P &lt; 0.05) and crypt depth in the ileum was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) if the 19% CP diet was fed to pigs compared with the 22% CP diet. A reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in mRNA abundance of interferon-γ, chemokine ligand 10, occludin, trefoil factor-2, trefoil factor-3, and mucin 2 was observed when pigs were fed diets with 16% CP. In conclusion, reducing CP in diets for weanling pigs reduces fecal score and expression of genes associated with inflammation.
Undecidability of the Logic of Partial Quasiary Predicates
Authors: Rybakov Mikhail , Shkatov Dmitry 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We obtain an effective embedding of the classical predicate logic into the logic of partial quasiary predicates. The embedding has the property that an image of a non-theorem of the classical logic is refutable in a model of the logic of partial quasiary predicates that has the same cardinality as the classical countermodel of the non-theorem. Therefore, we also obtain an embedding of the classical predicate logic of finite models into the logic of partial quasiary predicates over finite structures. As a consequence, we prove that the logic of partial quasiary predicates is undecidable—more precisely, $\varSigma ^0_1$-complete—over arbitrary structures and not recursively enumerable—more precisely, $\varPi ^0_1$-complete—over finite structures.
Malaria-Resistant Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae); The Principle is Proven, But Will the Effectors Be Effective?
Authors: Adelman Zach N , Kojin Bianca B 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Over the last few decades, a substantial number of anti-malarial effector genes have been evaluated for their ability to block parasite infection in the mosquito vector. While many of these approaches have yielded significant effects on either parasite intensity or prevalence of infection, just a few have been able to completely block transmission. Additionally, many approaches, while effective against the parasite, also disrupt or alter important aspects of mosquito physiology, leading to corresponding changes in lifespan, reproduction, and immunity. As the most promising approaches move towards field-based evaluation, questions of effector gene robustness and durability move to the forefront. In this forum piece, we critically evaluate past effector gene approaches with an eye towards developing a deeper pipeline to augment the current best candidates.
Intravascular leiomyomatosis with intracardiac extension: a toraco-abdominal approach
Authors: Miro Antonio , Coppola Bottazzi Enrico , Vanella Serafino , Palma Tommaso , Noviello Adele , Apicella Ivano , Lombardi Giulio , Fiorani Brenno , Crafa Francesco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntravenous leiomyomatosis is a rare nonmalignant tumor, which originates from the uterine smooth muscle cells and is usually confined to the pelvic venous system. Sometimes it can extend from the pelvis through the veins into the right side of the heart; this condition is named intracardiac leiomyomatosis (ICLM). To date few cases of these conditions have been described, the treatment is surgical, often challenging and usually multidisciplinary. In this paper are described the clinical presentation, the full radiologic study and surgical treatment of a case of ICLM that authors treated at their institution with thoraco-abdominal approach.Surgical removal of the ICLM is strongly recommended, because no recurrence has been reported, in our case at 7 years we did not observe recurrence of the disease.