bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indian cassava mosaic virus (Indian cassava mosaic).
Authors: Alabi Olufemi J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Other than their countries of origin, India and Sri Lanka for ICMV and SLCMV, respectively, SLCMV has also been reported in India (Dutt et al., 2005; Jose et al., 2011) and Cambodia (Wang et al., 2016) while new strains of ICMV have been identified as causative agents of Jatropha curcas mosaic disease in Jatropha curcas from India (Snehi et al., 2012), Nigeria (Kashina et al., 2013) and Singapore (Wang et al., 2014). The primary means of spread of both viruses is via movement of infected cassava cuttings while secondary spread is facilitated by members of the Bemisia tabaci complex. Both ICMV and SLCMV are not on the IUCN or ISSG alert lis.
Salvinia molesta (kariba weed).
Authors: Parys Katherine , Mikulyuk Alison 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

S. molesta is a free-floating aquatic plant native to south-eastern Brazil. It has been spread widely throughout the world during the past 50 years and is invasive in a variety of aquatic habitats, including lakes, rivers and rice paddies. Based on the environmental, economic and human health impacts, S. molesta ranks a close second behind water hyacinth on a list of the world's most noxious aquatic weeds. It has also been recently added onto the list of the world's 100 most invasive species.
Senecio inaequidens (South African ragwort).
Authors: Heger Tina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

S. inaequidens is a herbaceous perennial considered native to South Africa. It has spread rapidly in North and Central Europe following its accidental introduction from South Africa in wool exports. In the absence of rigorous phytosanitary controls, it is very likely to spread further along roads and railways. As its present realized niche differs to a large extent from its equilibrium niche (Vacchiano et al., 2013), it has to be expected that the species will spread into grasslands and pastures in the near future. S. inaequidens is a prolific achene producer, has vigorous growth and is toxic. Its economic impacts are currently minimal, and so far, no environmental impacts have been observed; however, due to its toxicity, its potential to spread into arable land should be considered a serious threat for cattle and human health. This species should in no case be considered for cultivation, even though its usefulness for health care (for example) has been demonstrated.
Schistocerca nitens (gray bird grasshopper).
Authors: Garcia-Moll Alberto 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

S. nitens (Thunberg) is a short-horned grasshopper classified in the Family Acrididae. It is native to southwestern North America, Central America and northern South America. It was first reported as invasive in the Hawaiian archipelago in 1964 and is now present on all the main Hawaiian islands. S. nitens is solitary and non-migratory, but under certain conditions can form swarms or outbreaks and cause damage to crops and native plant species. In 2002 and 2004 outbreaks on the Hawaiian island of Nihoa posed a threat to all the vegetation on the island, particularly endangered plant species.
Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Genetics: The chromosome number reported for C. ternatea varies from 2n = 14 to 2n = 16 (Gandhi and Patil, 1993; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016). Breeding system: Flowers of C. ternatea are cleistogamous, but a small level of outcrossing occurs and most flowers are self-pollinated. In the wild, flowers are visited by insects, primarily bees (Staples, 1992). Physiology and Phenology: C. ternatea is a perennial climbing, scrambling or trailing herb with a strong woody rootstock. Individual plants may live for several years and grow into large vines if undisturbed. C. ternatea shows epigeal germination. The radicle emerges within 48-72 hours and seedlings emerge in 3-6 days. Early growth is rapid in warm moist conditions. This fast-growing herb can cover the ground in 4-6 weeks when sown at a population of 4 plants/m2 (Staples, 1992; Cook et al., 2005). Growth of established plants is mostly from the apices of the main axis and axillary branches; very few new shoots arise from ground level. Growth is more or less continuous in the tropics (Staples, 1992; Cook et al., 2005).In China, C. ternatea has been recorded flowering and fruiting from June to November (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016). In Panama, it has been collected with flowers in February, April, July, August and November (Flora of Panama, 2016). In Costa Rica, flowering can occur throughout the year (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016). Pods mature in 8-10 weeks after flowering and break readily once fully dry. Hand-harvested seed often remains hard-seeded for a long time and requires scarification prior to sowing. Mechanical abrasion, hot water or sulphuric acid can be used to break this dormancy (Staples, 1992; Cook et al., 2005; FAO, 2016). Associations: As with other nitrogen-fixing legumes, C. ternatea has a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria (Cook et al., 2005). In cultivation, C. ternatea has been grown successfully with Pennisetum purpureum, Digitaria eriantha, Andropogon gayanus, Dichanthium aristatum, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Sorghum bicolor, and Megathyrsus maximum (Cook et al., 2005). Environmental Requirements: C. ternatea prefers to grow in humid and sub-humid habitats at elevations from sea level to 1600-1800 m and mean annual temperature ranging from 15 to 28°C (Staples, 1992). It is adapted to a wide range of soil types from sandy to deep alluvial loams and heavy clays with pH ranging from 5.5 to 8.9 (McCosker and Osten, 1999; FAO, 2016). This species shows drought tolerance and it is able to grow in dry and semiarid habitats with annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 900 mm and survive for up to 5-6 months with only 400 mm of rainfall. C. ternatea also shows moderate frost tolerance and some tolerance to salinity conditions. This species does not tolerate flooding or waterlogging. It is normally grown in full sunlight but moderately shade-tolerant (Staples, 1992; Cook et al., 2005; FAO, 2016).
Populus alba (silver-leaf poplar).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

P. alba, the white or silver-leaved poplar, is widely grown as an ornamental for its silvery foliage. It is a fast-growing tree utilized in afforestation and reforestation due to its resistance to drought, salt and wood borers. It is not as important commercially as poplar species of sect. Aigeiros, but its adaptation to warm conditions allows it to be cultivated in Mediterranean regions and in Central Asia. P. alba is widely used in interspecific breeding programmes to introduce valuable traits, such as high rooting ability of stem cuttings, into economically more valuable species, particularly P. tremula of sect. Populus. P. alba hybridizes readily with this closely related species, the resulting hybrid, known as grey poplar (Populus x canescens), being intermediate morphologically between its parents, with a thin, grey, downy coating on the leaves, which are also much less deeply lobed than in white poplar. It exhibits marked hybrid vigour, with trees displaying vigorous growth and reaching 40 m in height and over 1.5 m in trunk diameter, much larger than either of its parents.P. alba is suitable for propagation by tissue culture and is used as a subject for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation.
Schizolobium parahyba (Brazilian fern tree).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

S. parahyba is a fast growing tree, and is used widely in mixed plantations in Brazil for land reclamation, environmental purposes and also as an ornamental and shade tree. In some South American countries the species is used in agroforestry systems. In Ecuador, it has been planted since the 1980s for timber production; there are currently about 12,000 ha. Its low quality wood is mainly used for light boxes (such as for packing fruits) and corestock veneers. It is considered excellent for pulp and short-fibre paper production, with fibre length varying from 1.10 to 1.59 mm.
Integrating DATA 2000 Waiver Training into Undergraduate Medical Education: The Time is Now
Authors: Riser Elly , Holterman Leigh Ann , Maruti Sanchit , Brooklyn John R. , DeVoe Stephen G. , Tompkins Bradley J. , Drouin Jacqueline , Sobel Halle G. 
Published: April 2021

Background Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from opioid use disorder (OUD). To prescribe MOUD, physicians must obtain a DEA waiver through requirements outlined in the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA 2000). We developed an Addiction Medicine curriculum that features DATA 2000 waiver training at the Robert Larner, MD College of Medicine (LCOM). Methods All third-year medical students completed a virtual DATA 2000 waiver training at the commencement of clinical clerkships. We conducted a curriculum needs assessment followed by pre- and post-training surveys to evaluate MOUD pharmacology knowledge and best prescribing practices. Results Of LCOM students surveyed, 77.6% reported interest in being waivered to prescribed MOUD for OUD treatment. Third-year medical students demonstrated increases in both MOUD Pharmacology Knowledge from 64.2% to 84.8% (chi-squared = 40.8; p < .001) and MOUD Best Prescribing Practices from 55.9% to 75.2% (chi-squared = 29.9; p < .001). Discussion Surveys showed the majority of students felt waiver training was relevant to their future practice. An online DATA 2000 waiver training format effectively improved student knowledge of MOUD. Conclusion: This curriculum exposed medical students to DATA 2000 waiver training, MOUD pharmacology and best practices, and increased the number of future physicians eligible to treat OUD using MOUD.
Atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasmas for effective abatement of pathogenic biological aerosols
Authors: Gao Haotian , Wang Guoli , Chen Baihan , Zhang Yanzhe , Liu Dawei , Lu Xinpei , He Guangyuan , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19, viral influenza, tuberculosis, and other widespread infectious diseases evidence that pathogenic biological aerosols (PBAs) are a serious threat to public health. Different from traditional inactivation methods, such as ultraviolet (UV) light which are only safe to use when people are not present, and high-efficiency particulate filters (HEPA) which merely filter microbes without killing them, atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma (APNP) has shown its tremendous potential in drastically diminishing the aerosol transmission route of the infectious agents through the abatement of PBAs. The key issues to develop high performance APNP based air purification system are critically reviewed. Systematic studies on the hazards of different PBAs and the spread of PBAs in indoor environments guide the development of APNP sources to control communicable diseases. The key six sampling and seven detection methods on PBAs are introduced to analyze the PBA abatement efficiency by APNP. Seven common APNP sources which can remove viruses and bacteria aerosols efficiently developed during the past 8 years are introduced. For the APNP sources with small plasma volume, the electric field and diffusion driven charging are the dominant mechanisms to charge PBAs, while the common methods of dusty plasma research can be adapted to atmospheric-pressure conditions to describe the charging effects of APNP sources with large plasma volume. Plentiful long- and short-lifetime reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated by APNP effectively contribute to inactivation of bacterial aerosols. Current studies suggest that viral aerosols are mainly inactivated by short-lifetime RONS including 1O2, ONOO− and ONOOH. The study on the dissolution and reaction of gaseous RONS in microdroplets and accurate measurements on the evolution of charged PBAs are envisaged to be the focus of future research. Opportunities for multidisciplinary collaborative research to advance the development of next-generation high-performance plasma-based air purifiers are highlighted.
Effect of substrate on superconducting and magnetic properties for the epitaxial FeSe0.5Te0.5 thin films
Authors: Zhang Yalin , Wang Tong , Wang Zhihe , Xing Zhongwen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
High quality FeSe0.5Te0.5 (FST) epitaxial thin films were successfully prepared on SrTiO3 (STO), MgO and LaAlO3 substrates with a TiO2 buffer layer by pulsed laser deposition method, respectively. We present the results of a collaborative study on the superconducting and magnetic properties of the three types films, such as the critical temperature T
c, the anisotropy, and the critical current density J
c. A stronger matching between film and substrate plays an important role in enhancing the superconducting and magnetic properties. FST film on STO substrate shows the high superconducting transition temperature T
c about 14.6 K and the largest critical current density J
c above 106 A cm−2 at 4 K in self-field. In addition, the high-angle annular dark field imaging implies the interface sharpness at FST/TiO2 heterostructure, contributing to a deep understanding of bonding for the iron-based superconductors.
Shadow, deflection angle and quasinormal modes of Born-Infeld charged black holes
Authors: Jafarzade Khadije , Kord Zangeneh Mahdi , Lobo Francisco S.N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we consider black holes in the consistent
Aoki-Gorji-Mukohyama theory of the four-dimensional
Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (4D EGB) gravity in the presence of
Born-Infeld (BI) nonlinear electrodynamics. We study several optical
features of these black holes such as the shadow radius, energy
emission rate and deflection angle, and analyse the effect of the
coupling constants, the electric charge and cosmological constant on
the considered optical quantities. Furthermore, we also employ the
connection between the shadow radius and quasinormal modes (QNMs)
and investigate small scalar perturbations around the black hole
solution. We show that the variation of the parameters of the theory
provide specific signatures on the optical features of the BI
charged black hole solution, thus leading to the possibility of
directly testing this consistent Aoki-Gorji-Mukohyama 4D EGB black
hole model by using astrophysical observations.
Pair production in Reissner-Nordström-Anti de Sitter black holes *
Authors: Zhang Jun , Lin Yi-Yu , Liang Hao-Chun , Chi Ke-Jia , Chen Chiang-Mei , Kim Sang Pyo , Sun Jia-Rui 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We studied the pair production of charged scalar particles of a five-dimensional near extremal Reissner-Nordström-Anti de Sitter (RN-AdS5) black hole. The pair production rate and the absorption cross section ratio in full spacetime are obtained and are shown to have a concise relation with their counterparts in the near horizon region. In addition, the holographic descriptions of the pair production, both in the IR CFT in the near horizon region and the UV CFT at the asymptotic spatial boundary of the RN-AdS5 black hole, are analyzed in the AdS2/CFT1 and AdS5/CFT4 correspondences, respectively. This work gives a complete description of scalar pair production in a near extremal RN-AdS5 black hole.
A drought monitoring tool for South Asia
Authors: Saha Toma Rani , Shrestha Pallav K , Rakovec Oldrich , Thober Stephan , Samaniego Luis 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Drought is one of the most extreme climatic events in South Asia (SA) and has affected 1.44 billion people in last 68 years. The agriculture in many areas of this region is highly dependent on rainfall, which increases the vulnerability to drought. To mitigate the impact of drought on agriculture and food security, this study aims to develop a state-of-the-art system for monitoring agricultural drought over SA at a high spatial resolution (0.25∘) in near real-time. This study currently focuses on the rain-fed area, and the impact of irrigation is not incorporated. This open and interactive tool can assist in monitoring the near-present soil moisture conditions, as well as assessing the historical drought conditions for better management. The South Asia Drought Monitor (SADM) runs the mesoscale hydrologic model to simulate the soil moisture using observation-based meteorological forcing (at near real-time), morphological variables, and land cover data. The soil moisture index (SMI) has been calculated by estimating the percentile of the simulated soil moisture. The drought monitor displays the SMI in five classes based on severity: abnormally dry, moderate drought, severe drought, extreme drought and exceptional drought. The main functions of this open interactive system include the provisioning of up-to-date and historical drought maps, displaying long-term drought conditions and downloading soil moisture data. Comparison of the SMI with the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) shows that the SMI and SPEI depict similar temporal distribution patterns. However, the SPEI (for 4, 6, 9 and 12 months) differs in the representation of the dry conditions in 1992, 2009, and 2015 and the wet condition in 1983, 1988, and 1990. We evaluated the implications of using different precipitation forcings in a hydrological simulation. A comparison of major drought characteristics such as areal extent, duration, and intensity, using different precipitation datasets show that uncertainty in precipitation forcings can significantly influence model output and drought characteristics. For example, the areal extent of one of the most severe droughts from 1986 to 1988 differs by 9% between ERA5 and CHIRPSv2.
Using «Kansky indices» to Estimate Transport and Geographical Simplexes
Authors: Kazakov N A , Yumanova U V , Rostovtseva M M , Doronina K A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the article, using the «γ» index as an example, we propose a way to use a number of «Kansky’s indices» to estimate transport-geographical simplexes. As a rule, «Kansky Indices» are used for comparative assessment of spatial and / or temporal differences in the transport network as a whole. However, in the system of mass public transport, subject to direct passenger traffic, through the projection of general properties formed by a combination of graphs of different routes, a «woven» graph onto its individual elements - vertices, these indices can serve to characterize certain stopping points and adjacent to them territories. They will demonstrate the level of stability of the transport network, of which the stopping point is a part, to possible traffic disruption in some of its sections, and, accordingly, will act as one of the indicators that characterize the degree of convenience for passengers of a particular stopping point.
The Method of Assessing Traffic Safety in Railway Transport
Authors: Baranovskyi D , Muradian L , Bulakh M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To identify and predict risks in the work, a method for assessing traffic safety in railway transport is proposed. On the basis of statistics on the failure of freight cars during operation, the characteristic distribution laws for types of wear were determined. As a result, the dependences of the probability of failure-free operation of freight cars on the operating life were obtained and the centers of gravity of the areas that are used to characterize and assess the risk were determined. When designing a freight car, it is possible to establish risk values obtained on the basis of statistical data, which opens up the possibility of improving traffic safety in railway transport. In the developed method for assessing traffic safety in railway transport, the use of a graphical risk matrix is proposed. It is also proposed to combine the dependencies of the probability of failure-free operation of freight cars to calculate the total risk. This allows you to get a graphical risk matrix taking into account three types of wear of a freight car to assess traffic safety. The number of dependencies of the probability of failure-free operation of freight cars can be increased if failures are observed for other reasons.
The Choice of Explosion Parameters for Obtaining Specified Pre-Collapse of a Rock Mass
Authors: Leshchinskiy A V , Shevkun E B , Lysak Yu A , Plotnikov A Yu , Kostyunina O A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
When performing Stripping operations, it is not rational to spend energy on regrinding waste rock. in this case, it is sufficient to achieve a total value of the pre-destruction intensity coefficient equal to one. The explosion must be performed separately in each well with large decelerations. The study of the effect of the borehole grid showed that with an increase in the distance between the axes of wells from 4 to 8 m, the mass of the charge increases twice, and the number of wells on a block of 1000 m2 decreases by 3.75 times. Due to the greater intensity of reducing the number of wells, the cost of charging explosives for the entire block with a large grid is reduced by 1.9 times, the cost of drilling operations is reduced, and the productivity of drilling and blasting operations is increased. In the case of mining a mineral, for example, iron ore, which is subsequently crushed during processing, it is rational to use the energy of the explosion for grinding, since the mechanical methods of crushing the ore by crushers and especially by mills are incomparably more energy-intensive. By increasing the power of the explosion (the radius of the zone of destruction of wells), you can significantly increase the pre-destruction of rocks, achieving a uniform set of grinding.
Assessment of gender differences in letters of recommendation for pharmacy residency applicants
Authors: Rice Mikhaila L , Leung Jonathan G , Mara Kristin C , Leung Sarah B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Purpose
Letters of recommendation (LORs) are highly regarded components of pharmacy residency applications, as they provide insight into an applicant’s character and capabilities. In other medical fields, differences in language have been reported for letters written for female and male applicants; however, data on gender differences in LORs for pharmacy residency applications are currently lacking.

Methods
LORs for applicants to our institution’s postgraduate year 1 pharmacy residency program for the 2019-2020 academic year were extracted and processed by a natural language processing service. Words within 18 categories were identified and counted for each LOR. Total word count was also compared.

Results
Of the 473 LORs included for analysis, 320 (67.7%) were written for female applicants and 153 (32.3%) were written for male applicants. Approximately two-thirds of all writers were women for both female and male applicants. In comparing letters for women and men, there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of LORs that contained terms in categories described as gendered, solitary/reserved, and desire. There was no statistically significant difference in total word count or in the presence of words in other categories such as grindstone, standout, agentic, or communal. When controlling for grade point average, writer gender, duration that the writer knew the applicant, and the writer’s professional position, there were no changes to the statistical findings.

Conclusion
Letters written for female and male applicants were largely similar with regard to length and word categories utilized. While no clear gender bias was found when evaluating pharmacy residency LORs, writers must continue to assess their implicit biases and how those biases might affect a candidate’s application.