bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factor analysis for beef calves requiring assisted vaginal delivery in Great Britain
Authors: Bragg Rachel , Macrae Alastair , Lycett Samantha , Burrough Elizabeth , Russell Geraldine , Corbishley Alexander 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground: Dystocia has serious consequences for both mother and offspring. This study therefore aimed to identify risk factors for dystocia in vaginally delivered spring born beef calves in Great Britain (GB).Methods: Information on calving assistance, calf sex, birthweight, breed, twinning, dam parity and body condition score (BCS) was collected from 1131 calves across 84 GB farms. Variables were modelled against calving assistance as a binary response variable.Results: Twins (Odds Ratio [OR] = 5.45), Charolais calves (OR = 3.24), calves from primiparous dams (OR = 5.75) and male calves (OR = 1.75) were at significantly increased risk of requiring calving assistance across all models. Calves born to cows classed as thin (BCS < 2.5/5) were identified in the univariate analysis and in one of the multivariate models (OR = 1.92) as having an increased likelihood of dystocia.Conclusions: Most beef herds have limited scope to manage cows on the basis of fetal gender and number. However, calf breed, dam body condition and management of primiparous dams can be manipulated to reduce the risk of dystocia and improve supervision. Poor body condition is a novel risk factor for dystocia in beef cows and worthy of further investigation.
Innovative method for installing soil moisture probes in a large‐scale undisturbed gravel lysimeter
Authors: Stevenson Margaret E. , Kumpan Monika , Feichtinger Franz , Scheidl Andreas , Eder Alexander , Durner Wolfgang , Blaschke Alfred Paul , Strauss Peter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAquifers of coarse gravel are an important source for drinking water; however, coarse sediments are also particularly susceptible to the rapid and long‐range transport of pollutants through the vadose zone. Therefore, understanding the flow and solute transport in unsaturated gravel material is of utmost importance for the protection of drinking water resources. Experimental investigations of flow and transport processes are dependent on suitable sensor technology, but it is a considerable challenge to install soil moisture sensors in gravelly material. In this note, we developed a novel method to install soil moisture sensors with minimal disturbance in a large lysimeter with undisturbed gravelly sedimentary material, based on drilling access cavities in frozen material. We investigated whether it is possible to obtain reliable soil moisture measurements and found that the probes measured the flow dynamics pattern well but could not quantify realistic absolute water content values.
Synthesis and Structure of 5‐Diphenylphosphino‐ acenaphth‐6‐yl Boronic Acid, Related Dialkyl Esters and Boroxine Rings
Authors: Furan Sinas , Hupf Emanuel , Lork Enno , Beckmann Jens 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe reaction of 5‐Ph2P‐Ace‐6‐Li (prepared in situ from 6‐Ph2P‐Ace‐5‐Br and n‐BuLi in the presence of TMEDA) with B(OMe)3 and B(Oi‐Pr)3, respectively, provided the boronic esters 5‐Ph2P‐Ace‐6‐B(OR)2 (1 a, R=Me; 1 b, R=i‐Pr; Ace=acenaphthyl). Hydrolysis of the crude reaction mixture of 1 a, afforded the boronic acid 5‐Ph2P‐Ace‐6‐B(OH)2 (2), which crystallizes as hydrogen bonded complex 2 ⋅
TMEDA ⋅ CHCl3. Condensation of 2 yielded the related boroxine [5‐Ph2P‐Ace‐6‐BO]3 (3), which oxidized by air exclusively at one phosphorus atom to give the related boroxine [5‐Ph2P(O)‐Ace‐6‐BO(5‐Ph2P‐Ace‐6‐BO)2] (4). The new compounds have been analyzed by multinuclear NMR‐ and IR spectroscopy as well as X‐ray crystallography.
Family Company Governance Case
Authors: Hilb Martin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMax Meier (61), a “humane” entrepreneur, succeeded his father as a baker in Appenzell, Switzerland, in 1987, and has over the last 33 years developed the family business an internationally successful group of companies renowned for its chocolate specialties.Six months ago, he suffered a heart attack and asks you how he should confront the issues of board composition and management appointment.
Board–Management Collaboration Case
Authors: Korine Harry 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe case describes challenges that commonly arise between board and management in not for profits (NPFs), specifically, (a) questions of strategy related to changes in funding; (b) questions of culture related to the informality of relations among board members, management, and staff; and (c) questions of authority related to the disparity in involvement between volunteer board and professional management. Based on a description of how these challenges played out in an international NGO, an analysis of what was needed to address them, and a presentation of recommendations that were successfully applied, the case provides boards and managements of NPFs a blueprint for how to build stronger collaboration and offers students of NPFs a model for study.
A Case of Responsible Restructuring as Good Governance
Authors: Maier Victoria 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCompany expansion shapes people’s lives by offering new opportunities in which to grow, contribute, and flourish; but company downsizing can have a lasting impact on their lives as well. How a tenure of employment ends is just as important as how it begins. Outplacement is the process of transferring talent and expertise from one company to another as a result of downsizing. When rapid strategic change requires companies to downsize quickly and at short notice, the dilemma arises of how to do so responsibly. At Swiss consumer health and beauty company NCI, Rene Renz was given less than 48 hours to develop and complete a downsizing process that would reduce headcount by more than half. His solution shows how responsible outplacement goes beyond tangible, numbers-related aspects by addressing intangible aspects, such as handling employee distress, and ultimately helping employees to embrace their future.
IPO Governance Case
Authors: Jeannet Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOrthotec was a successful medtech company that had passed from the original founders to a new generation of owner-managers. In order to buy out the founders, the new owners were looking for a way to raise new capital for expansion as well. From among several options to select, the new owner-managers chose the private equity route. Conflicts soon arose with the new private equity investors joining the board resulting in a conflict that could not be resolved. Eventually, Orthotec was sold to a larger international company who closed the operation, thus leaving the initial aspirations of the company unfulfilled. Investors, management and employees all turned out losers in this conflict.
On the structure of non-planar strong coupling corrections to correlators of BPS Wilson loops and chiral primary operators
Authors: Beccaria M. , Tseytlin A. A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Starting with some known localization (matrix model) representations for correlators involving 1/2 BPS circular Wilson loop $$ \mathcal{W} $$
W
in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM theory we work out their 1/N expansions in the limit of large ’t Hooft coupling λ. Motivated by a possibility of eventual matching to higher genus corrections in dual string theory we follow arXiv:2007.08512 and express the result in terms of the string coupling $$ {g}_{\mathrm{s}}\sim {g}_{\mathrm{YM}}^2\sim \lambda /N $$

g
s

∼

g
YM
2

∼
λ
/
N
and string tension $$ T\sim \sqrt{\lambda } $$
T
∼

λ

. Keeping only the leading in 1/T term at each order in gs we observe that while the expansion of $$ \left\langle \mathcal{W}\right\rangle $$

W

is a series in $$ {g}_{\mathrm{s}}^2/T $$

g
s
2

/
T
, the correlator of the Wilson loop with chiral primary operators $$ {\mathcal{O}}_J $$

O
J

has expansion in powers of $$ {g}_{\mathrm{s}}^2/{T}^2 $$

g
s
2

/

T
2

. Like in the case of $$ \left\langle \mathcal{W}\right\rangle $$

W

where these leading terms are known to resum into an exponential of a “one-handle” contribution $$ \sim {g}_{\mathrm{s}}^2/T $$
∼

g
s
2

/
T
, the leading strong coupling terms in $$ \left\langle {\mathcal{WO}}_J\right\rangle $$

WO
J

sum up to a simple square root function of $$ {g}_{\mathrm{s}}^2/{T}^2 $$

g
s
2

/

T
2

. Analogous expansions in powers of $$ {g}_{\mathrm{s}}^2/T $$

g
s
2

/
T
are found for correlators of several coincident Wilson loops and they again have a simple resummed form. We also find similar expansions for correlators of coincident 1/2 BPS Wilson loops in the ABJM theory.
An exact construction of codimension two holography
Authors: Miao Rong-Xin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Recently, a codimension two holography called wedge holography is proposed as a generalization of AdS/CFT. It is conjectured that a gravitational theory in d + 1 dimensional wedge spacetime is dual to a d − 1 dimensional CFT on the corner of the wedge. In this paper, we give an exact construction of the gravitational solutions for wedge holography from the ones in AdS/CFT. By applying this construction, we prove the equivalence between wedge holography and AdS/CFT for vacuum Einstein gravity, by showing that the classical gravitational action and thus the CFT partition function in large N limit are the same for the two theories. The equivalence to AdS/CFT can be regarded as a “proof” of wedge holography in a certain sense. As an application of this powerful equivalence, we derive easily the holographic Weyl anomaly, holographic Entanglement/Rényi entropy and correlation functions for wedge holography. Besides, we discuss the general solutions of wedge holography and argue that they correspond to the AdS/CFT with suitable matter fields. Interestingly, we notice that the intrinsic Ricci scalar on the brane is always a constant, which depends on the tension. Finally, we generalize the discussions to dS/CFT and flat space holography. Remarkably, we find that AdS/CFT, dS/CFT and flat space holography can be unified in the framework of codimension two holography in asymptotically AdS. Different dualities are distinguished by different types of spacetimes on the brane.
Displaced vertex signatures of a pseudo-Goldstone sterile neutrino
Authors: Lavignac Stéphane , Medina Anibal D. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Low-scale models of neutrino mass generation often feature sterile neutrinos with masses in the GeV-TeV range, which can be produced at colliders through their mixing with the Standard Model neutrinos. We consider an alternative scenario in which the sterile neutrino is produced in the decay of a heavier particle, such that its production cross section does not depend on the active-sterile neutrino mixing angles. The mixing angles can be accessed through the decays of the sterile neutrino, provided that they lead to observable displaced vertices. We present an explicit realization of this scenario in which the sterile neutrino is the supersymmetric partner of a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson, and is produced in the decays of higgsino-like neutralinos and charginos. The model predicts the active-sterile neutrino mixing angles in terms of a small number of parameters. We show that a sterile neutrino with a mass between a few 10 GeV and 200 GeV can lead to observable displaced vertices at the LHC, and outline a strategy for reconstructing experimentally its mixing angles.
Tag N’ Train: a technique to train improved classifiers on unlabeled data
Authors: Amram Oz , Suarez Cristina Mantilla 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
There has been substantial progress in applying machine learning techniques to classification problems in collider and jet physics. But as these techniques grow in sophistication, they are becoming more sensitive to subtle features of jets that may not be well modeled in simulation. Therefore, relying on simulations for training will lead to sub-optimal performance in data, but the lack of true class labels makes it difficult to train on real data. To address this challenge we introduce a new approach, called Tag N’ Train (TNT), that can be applied to unlabeled data that has two distinct sub-objects. The technique uses a weak classifier for one of the objects to tag signal-rich and background-rich samples. These samples are then used to train a stronger classifier for the other object. We demonstrate the power of this method by applying it to a dijet resonance search. By starting with autoencoders trained directly on data as the weak classifiers, we use TNT to train substantially improved classifiers. We show that Tag N’ Train can be a powerful tool in model-agnostic searches and discuss other potential applications.
SVM-Based Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Detection
Authors: Rau Alexander , Kim Suam , Yang Shan , Reisert Marco , Kellner Elias , Duman Ikram Eda , Stieltjes Bram , Hohenhaus Marc , Beck Jürgen , Urbach Horst , Egger Karl 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background and Purpose
As magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signs of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) may precede clinical symptoms we sought to evaluate an algorithm that automatically detects this pattern.

Methods
A support vector machine (SVM) was trained in 30 NPH patients treated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts and 30 healthy controls. For comparison, four neuroradiologists visually assessed sagittal MPRAGE images and graded them as no NPH pattern, possible NPH pattern, or definite NPH pattern.

Results
Human accuracy to visually detect a NPH was between 0.85 and 0.97. Interobserver agreement was substantial (κ = 0.656). Accuracy of the SVM algorithm was 0.93 and AUROC 0.99. Among 272 prespecified regions, gray matter and CSF volumes of both caudate, the right parietal operculum, the left basal forebrain, and the 4th ventricle showed the highest discriminative power to separate a NPH and a no NPH pattern.

Conclusion
A NPH pattern can be reliably detected using a support vector machine (SVM). Its role in the work-up of asymptomatic patients or neurodegenerative disease has to be evaluated.
Stationäre und intensivmedizinische Versorgungsstrukturen von COVID-19-Patienten bis Juli 2020
Authors: Hentschker C. , Mostert C. , Klauber J. , Malzahn J. , Scheller-Kreinsen D. , Schillinger G. , Karagiannidis C. , Busse R. 
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Hospitalisierte COVID-19-Patienten weisen eine hohe Morbidität und Mortalität auf und sind häufig auf eine intensivstationäre Behandlung und hier vor allem auf eine Beatmungstherapie angewiesen. Bisher ist wenig über die Patientenallokation bekannt.

Ziel der Arbeit
Die Darstellung der Strukturen der Krankenhausversorgung der COVID-19-Patienten zwischen dem 26. Februar bis zum 31. Juli 2020

Daten und Methoden
Für die Analyse der Versorgungsstrukturen wurden die Abrechnungsdaten der Allgemeinen Ortskrankenkassen (AOK) ausgewertet. Es wurden ausschließlich abgeschlossene somatische COVID-19-Fälle ausgewertet, bei denen das Virus durch einen Labortest nachgewiesen wurde. Die Stichprobe umfasst 17.094 COVID-19-Fälle, deren Behandlung in 1082 Krankenhäusern erfolgte.

Ergebnisse
An der Versorgung der COVID-19-Fälle waren 77 % aller Krankenhäuser beteiligt, an der intensivmedizinischen Behandlung 48 % aller Krankenhäuser. Von den Krankenhäusern, die COVID-19-Fälle behandelt haben, versorgte eine Hälfte 88 % aller Fälle. Das deutet zwar auf einen Zentrierungseffekt der COVID-19-Fälle auf bestimmte Krankenhäuser hin, jedoch verteilten sich die übrigen 12 % der Fälle auf viele Krankenhäuser mit oftmals sehr kleinen Fallzahlen. Des Weiteren wurde knapp ein Viertel der beatmeten COVID-19-Fälle in Krankenhäusern behandelt, die eine unterdurchschnittliche Beatmungserfahrung aufweisen.

Diskussion
Im Rahmen steigender Infektionszahlen ist es sowohl notwendig die Versorgungsstrukturen von COVID-19-Fällen durch klar definierte und zentral gesteuerte Stufenkonzepte zu verbessern als auch die Versorgung der Patienten ohne COVID-19 weiterhin aufrechtzuerhalten. Ein umfassendes Stufenkonzept mit stärkerer Konzentration erscheint für die Versorgung dieser komplex erkrankten Patienten sinnvoll.
Relationship between amyloid and tau levels and its impact on tau spreading
Authors: Doré Vincent , Krishnadas Natasha , Bourgeat Pierrick , Huang Kun , Li Shenpeng , Burnham Samantha , Masters Colin L. , Fripp Jurgen , Villemagne Victor L. , Rowe Christopher C. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Previous studies have shown that Aβ-amyloid (Aβ) likely promotes tau to spread beyond the medial temporal lobe. However, the Aβ levels necessary for tau to spread in the neocortex is still unclear.

Methods
Four hundred sixty-six participants underwent tau imaging with [18F]MK6420 and Aβ imaging with [18F]NAV4694. Aβ scans were quantified on the Centiloid (CL) scale with a cut-off of 25 CL for abnormal levels of Aβ (A+). Tau scans were quantified in three regions of interest (ROI) (mesial temporal (Me); temporoparietal neocortex (Te); and rest of neocortex (R)) and four mesial temporal region (entorhinal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampus). Regional tau thresholds were established as the 95%ile of the cognitively unimpaired A- subjects. The prevalence of abnormal tau levels (T+) along the Centiloid continuum was determined.

Results
The plots of prevalence of T+ show earlier and greater increase along the Centiloid continuum in the medial temporal area compared to neocortex. Prevalence of T+ was low but associated with Aβ level between 10 and 40 CL reaching 23% in Me, 15% in Te, and 11% in R. Between 40 and 70 CL, the prevalence of T+ subjects per CL increased fourfold faster and at 70 CL was 64% in Me, 51% in Te, and 37% in R. In cognitively unimpaired, there were no T+ in R below 50 CL. The highest prevalence of T+ were found in the entorhinal cortex, reaching 40% at 40 CL and 80% at 60 CL.

Conclusion
Outside the entorhinal cortex, abnormal levels of cortical tau on PET are rarely found with Aβ below 40 CL. Above 40 CL prevalence of T+ accelerates in all areas. Moderate Aβ levels are required before abnormal neocortical tau becomes detectable.
IgA immunoglobulin isotype of rheumatoid factor in primary Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Maślińska Maria , Mańczak Małgorzata , Kwiatkowska Brygida , Ramsperger Vince , Shen Long , Suresh Lakshmanan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPrimary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease with autoantibodies overproduction, including rheumatoid factors (RF). RF-IgA, IgG immunoglobulin classes are suggested as potential biomarkers of pSS. We studied 76 patients with pSS (ACR/Eular 2017); laboratory tests included ESR, C-reactive protein, concentrations of gamma globulins, RF, Anti-SS-A/Ro, and anti-SS-B/La. Eye dryness and keratoconjunctivitis sicca were confirmed with Schirmer’s test, the ocular staining score (OSS) using lissamine green, fluorescein staining and biopsy of minor salivary gland with the histopathological evaluation. Differences between groups were analyzed with U Mann–Whitney test. Correlations between quantitative variables were assessed with the Spearman correlation coefficient.. The best diagnostic values of immunoglobulin concentration for discriminating pSS patients and healthy individuals are for RF-IgA. With cut-off of 21.5 EU/mL, the sensitivity is 72% and specificity is 100%. Very high specificity (100%) is also obtained for RF-IgM concentration of 74.1 EU/mL. Sensitivity is, however, smaller than that for RF-IgA and amounted to 61%. The RF-IgG is the poorest indicator of pSS with 51% of sensitivity and 95% of specificity. To summarize RF-IgA strongly associate with anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B autoantibodies. Both RF-IgA and RF-IgM may be used as diagnostic tools for pSS. Conclusions: among the three studied rheumatoid factor subtypes, RF-IgA showed the best diagnostic accuracy for pSS. RF-IgA correlated with anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B antibodies even more closely than RF-IgM. The assessment of the RF-IgA serum concentration may be helpful in the process of establishing pSS diagnosis.
Photodynamic studies reveal rapid formation and appreciable turnover of tau inclusions
Authors: Croft Cara L. , Goodwin Marshall S. , Ryu Daniel H. , Lessard Christian B. , Tejeda Giancarlo , Marrero Marc , Vause Ava R. , Paterno Giavanna , Cruz Pedro E. , Lewis Jada , Giasson Benoit I. , Golde Todd E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAccumulation of the tau protein in fibrillar intracellular aggregates is a defining feature of multiple neurodegenerative diseases collectively referred to as tauopathies. Despite intensive study of tau, there is limited information on the formation and clearance dynamics of tau inclusions. Using rAAV vectors to mediate expression of Dendra2-tagged human wild-type, P301L and pro-aggregant P301L/S320F tau proteins, with and without the addition of exogenous tau fibrillar seeds, we evaluated tau inclusion dynamics in organotypic brain slice culture (BSC) models using long-term optical pulse labeling methodology. Our studies reveal that tau inclusions typically form in 12–96 h in tauopathy BSC models. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate appreciable turnover of tau within inclusions with an average half-life of ~ 1 week when inclusions are newly formed. When BSCs with inclusions are aged in culture for extended periods, tau inclusions continue to turnover, but their half-lives increase to ~ 2 weeks and ~ 3 weeks after 1 and 2 months in culture, respectively. Individual tau inclusions can be long-lived structures that can persist for months in these BSC models and for even longer in the human brain. However, our data indicate that tau inclusions, are not ‘tombstones’, but dynamic structures with appreciable turnover. Understanding the cellular processes mediating this inclusion turnover may lead to new therapeutic strategies that could reverse pathological tau inclusion formation.
Stimulus-driven updating of long-term context memories in visual search
Authors: Conci Markus , Zellin Martina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractVisual search for a target is faster when the spatial layout of nontarget items is repeatedly encountered, illustrating that learned contextual invariances can improve attentional selection (contextual cueing). This type of contextual learning is usually relatively efficient, but relocating the target to an unexpected location (within otherwise unchanged layouts) typically abolishes contextual cueing. Here, we explored whether bottom-up attentional guidance can mediate the efficient contextual adaptation after the change. Two experiments presented an initial learning phase, followed by a subsequent relocation phase that introduced target location changes. This location change was accompanied by transient attention-guiding signals that either up-modulated the changed target location (Experiment 1), or which provided an inhibitory tag to down-modulate the initial target location (Experiment 2). The results from these two experiments showed reliable contextual cueing both before and after the target location change. By contrast, an additional control experiment (Experiment 3) that did not present any attention-guiding signals together with the changed target showed no reliable cueing in the relocation phase, thus replicating previous findings. This pattern of results suggests that attentional guidance (by transient stimulus-driven facilitatory and inhibitory signals) enhances the flexibility of long-term contextual learning.