bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence-Based Examination Techniques for the Shoulder Joint
Authors: Meder Adrian , Stefanescu Maria-Christina , Ateschrang Atesch , Froehlich Susanne , Obertacke Udo , Schulz Arndt Peter , Meyerhoff Hauke S. , Oswald Eva J. , Sterz Jasmina , Ruesseler Miriam 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Objective Digitalisation now almost covers all areas of medical student teaching. Teaching videos are a good way to help students learn practical skills. The existing evidence is a recognised aid for the classification of the respective technology.
Method This video presents the usual examination techniques of the shoulder joint on a patient with an unstable shoulder. The respective techniques, if available, were backed up with appropriate evidence.
Conclusion The examination techniques presented allow students to view them in a standardized manner on a patient. The evidence for the examination techniques can help with the classification of the respective technique.
Live endoscopy events (LEEs): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Position Statement – Update 2021
Authors: Webster George J. , El Menabawey Tareq , Arvanitakis Marianna , Hassan Cesare , van Hooft Jeanin E. , Messmann Helmut , Dinis-Ribeiro Mário 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) is dedicated to improving the quality of gastrointestinal endoscopy, including through educational activities such as live endoscopy events (LEEs). The primary goal of LEEs should be to facilitate the improvement of endoscopic patient care through the acquisition of best endoscopic practice. Patients should not expect additional benefit from being treated during a LEE compared to a routine setting. There is limited available evidence on LEE safety but to date there is no indication that patients are at increased risk from participation. Pre-recorded cases with live facilitation can also be used to fulfill learning outcomes. Establishing an endoscopic curriculum with clear learning outcomes is important to structure attendees’ learning, assess course outcomes, and allow appropriate targeting of courses to learner experience. Increasingly, LEEs are streamed online and therefore the necessary measures should be taken to ensure that patients have given appropriate consent and that their anonymity has been safeguarded. ESGE recommends that an endoscopist who is not participating in the live demonstrations is named as patient advocate, and that patient safety should must be prioritized throughout. In all ESGE-organized LEEs the intended learning outcomes, procedural indications and descriptions, attendee feedback, and adverse events should be recorded and submitted in a post-event report to ESGE.
Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass in High-Risk Patients with Multivessel Disease
Authors: Hoffmann Grischa , Friedrich Christine , Huenges Katharina , Petzina Rainer , Vogt Astrid-Mareike , Cremer Joachim , Grothusen Christina 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background High-risk patients with multivessel disease (MVD) including a complex stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary may not be ideal candidates for guideline compliant therapy by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) regarding invasiveness and perioperative complications. However, they may benefit from minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) grafting and hybrid revascularization (HCR).
Methods A logistic European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation score (logES) >10% defined high risk. In high-risk patients with MVD undergoing MIDCAB or HCR, the incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) after 30 days and during midterm follow-up was evaluated.
Results Out of 1,250 patients undergoing MIDCAB at our institution between 1998 and 2015, 78 patients (logES: 18.5%; age, 76.7 ± 8.6 years) met the inclusion criteria. During the first 30 days, mortality and rate of MACCE were 9.0%; early mortality was two-fold overestimated by logES. Complete revascularization as scheduled was finally achieved in 64 patients (82.1%). Median follow-up time reached 3.4 (1.2–6.5) years with a median survival time of 4.7 years. Survival after 1, 3, and 5 years was 77, 62, and 48%.
Conclusion In high-risk patients with MVD, MIDCAB is associated with acceptable early outcome which is better than predicted by logES. Taking the high-risk profile into consideration, midterm follow-up showed satisfying results, although scheduled HCR was not realized in a relevant proportion. In selected cases of MVD, MIDCAB presents an acceptable alternative for high-risk patients.
The electron affinity of the uranium atom
Authors: Ciborowski Sandra M. , Liu Gaoxiang , Blankenhorn Moritz , Harris Rachel M. , Marshall Mary A. , Zhu Zhaoguo , Bowen Kit H. , Peterson Kirk A. 
Published: June 2021

The results of a combined experimental and computational study of the uranium atom are presented with the aim of determining its electron affinity. Experimentally, the electron affinity of uranium was measured via negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy of the uranium atomic anion, U−. Computationally, the electron affinities of both thorium and uranium were calculated by conducting relativistic coupled-cluster and multi-reference configuration interaction calculations. The experimentally determined value of the electron affinity of the uranium atom was determined to be 0.309 ± 0.025 eV. The computationally predicted electron affinity of uranium based on composite coupled cluster calculations and full four-component spin–orbit coupling was found to be 0.232 eV. Predominately due to a better convergence of the coupled cluster sequence for Th and Th−, the final calculated electron affinity of Th, 0.565 eV, was in much better agreement with the accurate experimental value of 0.608 eV. In both cases, the ground state of the anion corresponds to electron attachment to the 6d orbital.
Narrating organisational identity
Authors: Holmgreen Lise-Lotte 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOrganisational identity may be understood as the result of communication processes, e.g. in the form of narratives and stories, that continuously intertwine and compete for the right to define the organisation (Boje, 1995;Humle & Frandsen, 2017). This understanding forms the background of the article which analyses the narrative struggles in a local Danish airport whose collective identity was challenged in light of organisational changes that led to a large and dispersed organisation. Combining positioning theory (Davies & Harré, 1990,1999) with close linguistic analysis, data from a focus group interview are analysed, showing that through stories and narratives, top-management and staff members construct several positions along a cline that make it possible to achieve consensus across organisational levels and divisions. Furthermore, the article argues for analysing participants’ linguistic choices in detail to come closer to how participants do positioning work.
Research on dynamics of bouncing ball in triboelectric nanogenerator
Authors: Huang Chaoming , Li Qingtao , Li Jie , Guo Huize , Hao Wenhan , Sheng Kexin , An Yunsheng , Chen Jiayi , Zhang Xinyi , Xu Minyi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Bouncing ball based Triboelectric Nanogenerator (BB-TENG) can be used to harvest vibrational energy and sense signal for self-powered sensor in the non-resonant zone because of its non-spring vibration system. The energy harvesting efficiency and sensing effectiveness are significantly affected by the dynamics of the bouncing ball. However, due to the chaotic and nonlinear mechanics, the dynamics of the bouncing ball inside BB-TENG and the corresponding influencing factors have not yet been revealed, which restricts the development of high-efficiency BB-TENG. In this work a method based on dynamics simulation and test bench experiment is to be proposed and the ‘Takeoff’, ‘Well-Contact’, ‘Self-Spin’, and ‘Rich-Contact’ of the bouncing ball with the plate electrodes will be investigated. The kinetic model established based on the Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMSs) is verified through experiments to confirm the reliability of the simulation results. It is found that ‘Well-Contact’ of the bouncing ball makes BB-TENG harvest energy efficiently. The factors for ‘Well-Contact’ and their influence are investigated, and the critical frequencies for ‘Well-Contact’ of the bouncing ball at each vibration excitation amplitude are obtained. ‘Self-Spin’ of the bouncing ball produced by unbalanced excitation torque is found to increase energy harvesting, and the excitation frequency significantly determines the energy of the ‘Self-Spin’. When the external excitation acceleration reaches a critical value, the ‘Rich-Contact’ of the bouncing ball is found, and the amount of charge transfer for BB-TENG will not increase, which is termed saturated condition. Therefore, the results of this work help improve the design and application of high-efficiency BB-TENG.
Simulations of resonant tunnelling through InAs/AlSb heterostructures for ULTRARAM™ memory
Authors: Lane Dominic , Hayne Manus 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
ULTRARAM™ is a III–V semiconductor memory technology which allows non-volatile logic switching at ultra-low energy (per unit area). This is achieved by exploiting triple-barrier resonant tunnelling (TBRT) through a series of InAs/AlSb heterojunctions specifically engineered for this purpose. Electrons tunnelling through the barriers at low bias are trapped in a floating gate, in which the presence or absence of charge defines the memory logic. Here, we report detailed non-equilibrium Green’s functions simulations of the InAs/AlSb TBRT heterostructure, which is the principal source of ULTRARAM™’s extraordinary performance benefits. The effects of variations to the heterostructure layer thickness are investigated for performance optimization, and for assessing growth and process tolerances for commercial implementation on 12″ Si wafers. Trade-offs between power, speed, logic disturbance and data retention time are identified. Importantly, most one monolayer alterations to the tunnelling region show the required characteristics for ULTRARAM™ memory operation, thus some tolerance in any future commercial fabrication process is identified.
Effects of gate work function on E-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with stack gate β-Ga2O3/p-GaN structure
Authors: Ge Mei , Li Yi , Zhu Youhua , Chen Dunjun , Wang Zhiliang , Tan Shuxin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This research investigates electrical properties of E-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with n-type β-Ga2O3/p-GaN gate stack under different gate work functions of 4.6, 5.1 and 5.7 eV, respectively. The simulated results show that the device with gate work function of 5.7 eV exhibits the largest threshold voltage of 2.8 V while having the lowest saturation drain current of 0.15 A mm−1, which can be ascribed to the device having the highest Schottky barrier, leading to the least electrons collected at the AlGaN/GaN interface. Moreover, the device with gate work function of 5.7 eV shows the largest gate breakdown voltage as well as the lowest off-state gate leakage, which can be attributed to the least strength of electric field in the Ga2O3 layer. Additionally, the Fowler–Nordheim equation was used to study the mechanisms of off-state leakage.
Spheres rolling on an inclined track
Authors: D’Anna Michele , Fuchs Hans U , Corni Federico 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A quantitative experiment where we measure the acceleration of spheres of radius R rolling on an inclined U-shaped profile of width 2D is presented. For a given inclination, we examine the behaviour of four solid spheres having different diameters; in contrast to what is usually assumed to be the case, the experimental findings show that the dissipative component of the ball—track interaction can be neglected only in a limited range of the D/R parameter. We develop two interpretative models which are at the level of advanced high school students. The comparison between model predictions and measurements is quite satisfactory.
From contact electrification to triboelectric nanogenerators
Authors: Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Although the contact electrification (CE) (or usually called ‘triboelectrification’) effect has been known for over 2600 years, its scientific mechanism still remains debated after decades. Interest in studying CE has been recently revisited due to the invention of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which are the most effective approach for converting random, low-frequency mechanical energy (called high entropy energy) into electric power for distributed energy applications. This review is composed of three parts that are coherently linked, ranging from basic physics, through classical electrodynamics, to technological advances and engineering applications. First, the mechanisms of CE are studied for general cases involving solids, liquids and gas phases. Various physics models are presented to explain the fundamentals of CE by illustrating that electron transfer is the dominant mechanism for CE for solid–solid interfaces. Electron transfer also occurs in the CE at liquid–solid and liquid–liquid interfaces. An electron-cloud overlap model is proposed to explain CE in general. This electron transfer model is extended to liquid–solid interfaces, leading to a revision of the formation mechanism of the electric double layer at liquid–solid interfaces. Second, by adding a time-dependent polarization term
P

s created by the CE-induced surface electrostatic charges in the displacement field
D
, we expand Maxwell’s equations to include both the medium polarizations due to electric field (
P
) and mechanical aggitation and medium boundary movement induced polarization term (
P

s). From these, the output power, electromagnetic (EM) behaviour and current transport equation for a TENG are systematically derived from first principles. A general solution is presented for the modified Maxwell’s equations, and analytical solutions for the output potential are provided for a few cases. The displacement current arising from ε∂E/∂t is responsible for EM waves, while the newly added term ∂
P

s/∂t is responsible for energy and sensors. This work sets the standard theory for quantifying the performance and EM behaviour of TENGs in general. Finally, we review the applications of TENGs for harvesting all kinds of available mechanical energy that is wasted in our daily life, such as human motion, walking, vibration, mechanical triggering, rotating tires, wind, flowing water and more. A summary is provided about the applications of TENGs in energy science, environmental protection, wearable electronics, self-powered sensors, medical science, robotics and artificial intelligence.
Entanglement distribution in multi-platform buffered-router-assisted frequency-multiplexed automated repeater chains
Authors: Askarani Mohsen Falamarzi , Chakraborty Kaushik , Castro do Amaral Gustavo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Realization of a globe-spanning quantum network is a current worldwide goal, where near and long term implementations will benefit from connectivity between platforms optimized for specific tasks. Towards this goal, a quantum network architecture is herewith proposed whereby quantum processing devices based on NV− colour centers act as quantum routers (QR) and, between which, long-distance entanglement distribution is enabled by spectrally-multiplexed quantum repeaters based on absorptive quantum memories in rare-earth ion-doped crystals and imperfect entangled photon-pair sources. The inclusion of a quantum buffer structure between repeaters and routers is shown to, albeit the increased complexity, improve the achievable entanglement distribution rates in the network. Although the expected rate and fidelity results are presented for a simple linear network (point-to-point), complex topologies are compatible with the proposed architecture through the inclusion of an extra layer of temporal multiplexing in the QR’s operation. Figures of merit are extracted based on parameters found in the literature for near-term scenarios and attest the availability of the proposed buffered-router-assisted frequency-multiplexed automated repeater chain network.
Thermoelastic Problem for a Free Square Plate: Exact Solution
Authors: Kerzhaev A P 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The paper presents a method for determining thermal stresses in an elastic free square plate (the plane problem). First, we construct the solution to the nonhomogeneous temperature problem for an infinite plane. Then, we add to this solution the solution for a square, with the help of which the required boundary conditions on its sides are satisfied. The temperature factors are obtained in the form of explicit series in Papkovich–Fadle eigenfunctions.
Interactive Mechanical Systems Using Mathematica
Authors: Santiago Acosta R D , Hernández Cooper E M , Hernández Medina A , Gómez Castillo R 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This work shows a new proposal for teaching mechanical systems (SM) modelled through differential equations (SED) using the Mathematica package. The adopted strategy considers four stages. In the first, simple SMS, such as the mass-spring system on a plane or the simple pendulum, are analysed. The Lagrangian of each system is determined and the Euler-Lagrange equations are used to obtain the equations of motion. In other cases, the Hamiltonian of the systems is determined and the Hamilton equations are used. Afterwards, the resulting EDS are solved analytically. During the second stage, SED solution programs in Mathematica are developed by using classical numerical methods such as a fourth order Runge-Kutta method (Rk4) and a Runge-Kutta-Feldberg method of order 4-5 (RKF45). The programs are tested with the examples from the previous stage. In the next stage, a set of programs is elaborated in order to determine the equations of motion for any system by using the Euler-Lagrange equations (Hamilton) from the Lagrangian (Hamiltonian) of the system. In the last stage, complex problems such as the movement of planets in the solar system or the movement of a particle over a conical surface are solved. The programs developed during stages 2 and 3 are used in order to obtain a numerical solution to these examples. Finally, interactive graphical interfaces are constructed for each proposed system, and are used to study and analyse the physical phenomena. As a result, engineering students who use and build graphical interfaces have improved their understanding of SED and their use in classical mechanics. In addition, they change their previous ideas about the scope of mechanics and SEDs, they gain confidence in their knowledge and they are able to find solutions to dynamical systems through the use of simple numerical techniques.
Wigner functions and coherent states for the quantum mechanics on a circle
Authors: Kowalski K , Ławniczak K 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Wigner functions for the coherent states of a particle on a circle are discussed. The nontrivial analytic forms of these functions are derived. The classicality of the circular coherent states existing in the literature as well as the new ones constructed by means of the Fourier transformation of the Gaussian is compared based on negativity of the Wigner function.
Centralization and decentralization for resilient infrastructure and complexity
Authors: Helmrich Alysha , Markolf Samuel , Li Rui , Carvalhaes Thomaz , Kim Yeowon , Bondank Emily , Natarajan Mukunth , Ahmad Nasir , Chester Mikhail 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The capacities of our infrastructure systems to respond to volatile, uncertain, and increasingly complex environments are increasingly recognized as vital for resilience. Pervasive across infrastructure literature and discourse are the concepts of centralized, decentralized, and distributed systems, and there appears to be growing interest in how these configurations support or hinder adaptive and transformative capacities towards resilience. There does not appear to be a concerted effort to align how these concepts are used, and what different configurations mean for infrastructure systems. This is problematic because how infrastructure are structured and governed directly affects their capabilities to respond to increasing complexity. We review framings of centralization, decentralization, and distributed (referred to collectively as de/centralization) across infrastructure sectors, revealing incommensurate usage leading to polysemous framings. De/centralized networks are often characterized by proximity to resources, capacity of distribution, volume of product, and number of connections. De/centralization of governance within infrastructure sectors is characterized by the number of actors who hold decision-making power. Notably, governance structures are often overlooked in infrastructure de/centralization literature. Next, we describe how de/centralization concepts are applied to emerging resilient infrastructure theory, identifying conditions under which they support resilience principles. While centralized systems are dominant in practice and decentralized systems are promoted in resilience literature, all three configurations—centralized, decentralized, and distributed—were found to align with resilience capacities in various contexts of stability and instability. Going forward, we recommend a multi-dimensional framing of de/centralization through a network-governance perspective where capabilities to shift between stability and instability are paramount and information is a critical mediator.
Estimates of Childhood Overweight and Obesity at the Region, State, and County Levels: A Multilevel Small-Area Estimation Approach
Authors: Zgodic Anja , Eberth Jan M , Breneman Charity B , Wende Marilyn E , Kaczynski Andrew T , Liese Angela D , McLain Alexander C 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLocal-level childhood overweight and obesity data are often used to implement and evaluate community programs, as well as allocate resources to combat overweight and obesity. The most current substate estimates of US childhood obesity use data collected in 2007. Using a spatial multilevel model and the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health, we estimated childhood overweight and obesity prevalence rates at the Census regional division, state, and county levels using small-area estimation with poststratification. A sample of 24,162 children aged 10–17 years was used to estimate a national overweight and obesity rate of 30.7% (95% confidence interval: 27.0%, 34.9%). There was substantial county-to-county variability (range, 7.0% to 80.9%), with 31 out of 3,143 counties having an overweight and obesity rate significantly different from the national rate. Estimates from counties located in the Pacific region had higher uncertainty than other regions, driven by a higher proportion of underrepresented sociodemographic groups. Child-level overweight and obesity was related to race/ethnicity, sex, parental highest education (P &lt; 0.01 for all), county-level walkability (P = 0.03), and urban/rural designation (P = 0.02). Overweight and obesity remains a vital issue for US youth, with substantial area-level variability. The additional uncertainty for underrepresented groups shows surveys need to better target diverse samples.