bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN
Published: December 2021

ONE OF THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS in decreasing mortality among children during the past century has been the recognition of the role that contaminated milk played in the production of various gastrointestinal disorders. For several decades it has been generally accepted that all milk-mixtures should be sterilized before being fed to infants. Recently, however, the question has been raised regarding the feasibility of preparing individual bottles of milk mixtures using clean but not sterilized ingredients and placing them in unsterilized equipment. Although there is no practical method of processing and preparing milk mixtures so that sterility is assured in every bottle, the increased susceptibility of infants to diarrheal diseases and the severity of diarrheas and dysenteries in early infancy make, it obligatory to take every effort to guarantee that all food fed to infants during the first months of life should be prepared by the safest possible method.
It has been shown that the terminal method of heating will destroy most pathogenic bacteria and viruses and is probably the best means now available for preparing milk mixtures for infant feeding, but even this method permits certain organisms (particularly spore-forming bacteria and a few viruses) to survive, especially when unclean equipment containing milk scum is used to prepare and store the mixture.
It has also been shown that most mothers can prepare milk mixtures satisfactorily at home by any of several different methods; the bacterial count in resultant mixtures varied inversely with the care and cleanliness exercised by mothers, so that the counts occasionally reached potentially unsafe levels.
The use of a technique of formula preparation that does not necessitate sterilization of equipment or ingredients might be a great boon to busy mothers.
STATEMENT BY COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN
Published: December 2021

IT IS A BASIC PREMISE of pediatrics that physical size is not the most important difference between children and adults. There is increasing awareness that it is also necessary to make more than a quantitative distinction between infants and children. The fetus and the newborn infant often behave so differently as to warrant consideration as separate categories of the human species. This necessitates re-evaluation of the effects of drugs independently in each category of the human so that they may be used safely.
Existing drugs and agents that are developed in the future for use in the fetus and in infants must be subjected to more extensive preclinical investigation than is being carried out at the present time. The pharmacologic responses of the immature human may differ greatly both quantitatively and qualitatively from those of the adult. As a result, data obtained from tests in mature animals and human adults or older children cannot be accepted as a satisfactory basis for recommendations concerning the fetus and infant.
The pharmacologic properties of drugs should be studied in vitro and in vivo in the fetus and newborn animal and compared with those in the adult of the same animal species. Of particular importance would be a knowledge of the LD50, dose response, metabolism, and distribution and disposition of the drug.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
Authors: Cornblath Marvin 
Published: December 2021

These infants are remarkable not only because, like foetal versions of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, they emerge at least alive from within the fiery metabolic furnace of diabetes mellitus, but because they resemble one another so closely that they might well be related. They are plump, sleek, liberally coated with vernix caseosa, fullfaced and plethoric. The umbilical cord and the placenta share in the gigantism. During their first 24 or more extra-uterine hours they lie on their backs, bloated and flushed, their legs flexed and abducted, their lightly closed hands on each side of the head, the abdomen prominent and their respiration sighing. They convey a distinct impression of having had such a surfeit of both food and fluid pressed upon them by an insistent hostess that they desire only peace so that they may recover from their excesses. And on the second day their resentment of the slightest noise improves the analogy while their trembling anxiety seems to speak of intra-uterine indescretions of which we know nothing.
THUS Farquhar described the newly born infant of the diabetic mother. The purpose of this presentation is to review the information that is available concerning such infants and their difficulties. Dekaban and Baird, comparing 235 pregnancies in 48 diabetic mothers with 249 in paired nondiabetic controls, not only reaffirmed the increased intrauterine and neonatal mortality among these infants but also demonstrated an increased morbidity among the survivors. This morbidity included congenital malformations, retardation of development and epilepsy. Despite the increased morbidity and mortality, many of these infants are not sick and do well.
PSYCHOLOGIC AND NEUROLOGIC STATUS OF DIET-TREATED PHENYLKETONURIC CHILDREN AND THEIR SIBLINGS
Authors: Berman Phyllis W. , Graham Frances K. , Eichman Peter L. , Waisman Harry A. 
Published: December 2021

The neurologic status and intelligence of 8 phenylketonuric children treated with a phenylalanine-low diet were compared with that of 11 unaffected children and 3 untreated siblings. The mean intelligence of the treated children was significantly higher than that of their untreated siblings. This was true both for the two children given a special diet at 2 years of age and for those treated earlier, but the children treated before 6 months of age were significantly more intelligent than those treated at 2 years. The one child for whom treatment was begun at 1 year had an intelligence level within the range of the five who were treated earlier.
Although intelligence was significantly higher in treated than in untreated children, and this was especially marked in the children treated early, all treated children were significantly less intelligent than their unaffected siblings. The loss in intelligence probably cannot be ascribed to poor chemical control, as treated children maintained phenylalanine levels within the normal range throughout treatment, with occasional brief exceptions.
Neurologic findings paralleled the results of intelligence testing. There were no suggestive or positive findings among the unaffected children. Children treated early had some relatively minor findings, while children treated late and those who were untreated had a higher percentage and more marked signs of neurologic defect.
Results of the present study considered together with results from other investigations, indicate that intelligence level, in phenylketonuric children, is a decelerating function of age. If this is true, the brain may be especially susceptible to damage in the first few weeks and months of life, and treatment should be instituted as early as possible.
TWO BOOKS OF IMPORTANCE TO YOU
Authors: Fischer Carl C. 
Published: December 2021

During the month of January you have received from the Central Office of the American Academy of Pediatrics, two books that we believe will be of great value to you if properly used.
The first of these is a Fellowship list for 1962, which gives the alphabetical and geographic listing of all of the Fellows of the Academy. It also contains a list of the officers, the District and State Chairmen and the National Committee Members, Liaison Representatives to National Organizations, and, at the end of the book, a copy of our Constitution and By-laws.
Since all the Fellows listed herein have met the basic requirements for Fellowship in the Academy, this directory may be used with confidence in the referring of patients who have moved from one area to another. The Central Office deserves great credit for the speed and accuracy with which it prepares this valuable list and places it in the hands of the membership.
The other book is entitled "Annual Reports of Committee and Liaison Representatives."
This compilation of the annual reports of all of our National Committees and of our Liaison Representatives was first made available to the membership in 1957 and has been sent out annually ever since.
In it you will find not only the usual succinct, factual, and extremely informative reports of the Executive Director and the Secretary but also the reports of 17 National Committees, 6 Section Committees, and 22 Liaison Representatives.
These reports are of importance and great inteest not only to the more than 250 Fellows of the Academy whose work as Committee members and Liaison Representatives made them possible, but also to the more than 6,000 others in whose name this work was done.
THE SEIZURE AS A MANIFESTATION OF INTRACRANIAL TUMOR IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Backus Reno E. , Millichap J. Gordon 
Published: December 2021

The records of 291 children treated over a 10-year period for intracranial tumor were examined, with particular attention to patients with seizures. Seizures occurred in 17% of the total group—in 25% of patients with supratentorial tumors and in 12% of those with infratentorial tumors. They were the initial symptoms in 15% of patients with supratentorial tumors and in 1% of those with infratentorial tumors. The average age at onset was 4.9 years in the supratentorial group and 4.8 years in the infratentorial group. The diagnosis of supratentorial tumors was delayed for an average of 2 years, whereas infratentorial tumors were diagnosed within an average time of 3 months of the initial seizure. Eight patients continued to have seizures for periods between 3 and 8 years before a tumor was suspected.
The pattern of the initial seizure was of localizing value in 75% of patients with supratentorial tumors that involved the cerebral cortex and in 16% of patients with infratentorial tumors. In patients with seizures the electroencephalogram was of localizing value in 92% of tumors that involved the cerebral cortex, and abnormalities maximal in the occipital areas were compatible with the localization of 44% of infratentorial tumors. Spike, sharp wave, or spike and wave seizure discharges were present in 32% of patients with supratentorial tumors.
DEAFNESS FOLLOWING EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS (MUMPS)
Authors: SCOTT ROLAND B. , CRAWFORD ROBERT P. 
Published: December 2021

COMPLICATIONS of epidemic parotitis are unusual before puberty. One of the least commonly reported complications in childhood is deafness. We wish to report such a case and briefly review part of the literature on the subject. [SEE TABLE I and II IN SOURCE PDF].
Case Report
E.J., a 10-year-old Negro female, was admitted to the medical pediatric service because of deafness. She was born after a normal gestation and delivery. She walked at 11 mo., talked at one year of age. She had attained Grade IV in school. Her past history included uncomplicated pertussis, uncomplicated measles, frequent colds, and occasional attacks of sore throat. Mother and father were living and well. There was no family history of syphilis or tuberculosis.
The present illness began two weeks previously with swelling of both parotid glands. Seven days later she complained of severe epigastric pain. This pain subsided by the next day when the patient vomited twice. Until this time hearing had been apparently normal. Impaired hearing was first noted eight days after the onset of swelling of the parotid glands, and gradually became worse until the patient could not hear the radio and responded only to loud speech. Subsequently, deafness became total and complete. The child complained of tinnitus with the early onset of deafness; and three days later, on getting out of bed, felt weak and had an ataxic gait.
As represented in Table I, four siblings developed uncomplicated clinical epidemic parotitis at about the same time as this patient.
Physical examination showed a tall, thin, poorly nourished female child, apparently deaf. Temperature was 37.2° C., pulse 108/mm., and BP 110/70 mm.Hg. The epitrochlear, cervical, and submandibular lymph nodes were slightly enlarged. The left parotid gland was slightly enlarged.
A PROGRAM TO FOSTER ADJUSTMENT IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: ROBERTS KATHERINE E. , ALDRICH C. ANDERSON 
Published: December 2021

WHEN a child living in Rochester reaches the age of 2½ years a letter is sent to his mother asking her to bring the child in to the office of the Rochester Child Health Institute for a check-up. The letter states that the child will be given a developmental test and instructs the mother to tell her child that he is coming to play with some toys. Both mother and child are thus prepared for a friendly visit and an effort is made to have it be a happy experience for everybody concerned.
This test is the first standardized one that is given any of our children, since the age of 2½ years is about the earliest age at which the Revised Stanford-Binet test can be used satisfactorily. The visit at this age is the first routine contact that the parent and child have with the psychologists on the Institute staff, although earlier conferences may be arranged in special cases. We hope by offering a routine psychologic service to all the children in the community that parents will learn that it is just as desirable, helpful and normal for their children to have a psychologic check-up as it is to have a physical check-up. We believe that our results will show that most Rochester parents are developing this attitude.
This program was started in July 1946 when the babies born in 1944 began reaching the age of 21/2 years. By July 1948, we will have had two years of experience with this program. From the point of view of cooperation, the results are heartening. The first year, 86% of the children on our list were brought in for a test, and on all but 5% we were able to carry out a fairly satisfactory test. During the first nine months of the second year 92% of the children came and a satisfactory test was completed on all but 4%. This acceptance of the psychologic part of the program is undoubtedly related to the fact that parents have had 2½ years of satisfactory contact with the Institute through the prenatal, neonatal and child health clinics and they think any service offered them is likely to be helpful. Another factor of importance is the routine nature of the test. Everyone in town who has a 2½-year-old—not just parents with dull children, problem children or atypical children of some kind—is invited to come. We find now that, if for some reason we miss a child in this age range, parents call up and ask when their child can come. We are probably justified in our belief that parents who come like the service and tell their friends about it.
INFANTILE CEREBRAL PALSY CASES WITH SEVERE MENTAL DEFICIENCY
Authors: YANNET HERMAN 
Published: December 2021

This is a report of a study of 157 cases of infantile cerebral palsy planned to demonstrate the correlation of etiologic diagnosis with neurologic residua. The average mental level of the group as a whole is represented by an intelligence quotient of 25, indicating the restricted distribution of the clinical material.
Birth trauma or postnatal central nervous system infections were found to be of etiologic importance in almost one third of the cases with asymmetric spastic involvement. On the other hand, these causative factors were not implicated in any of the hypotonic or ataxic group, nor in those spastic cases with symmetric involvement.
DIPHTHERIA IN THE UNITED STATES, 1959-1960
Authors: Doege Theodore C. , Heath Clark W. , Sherman Ida L. 
Published: December 2021

Diphtheria attack rates and cases, and to a much lesser extent case-fatality rates, have fallen steadily within the United States during the past 25 years. However, during 1959 and 1960 there was a halt in this long-term trend. Epidemiologic data on 868 clinical cases of diphtheria occurring in 1959 and 873 cases in 1960 were submitted to the Communicable Disease Center by 45 states. The cases and several major outbreaks tended to concentrate in the southern and southwestern states. Attack rates and deaths were highest for children under 10 years, and attack rates were more than five times greater for nonwhite children.
Analysis of 1960 immunization data shows that 72% of the patients had received no immunizations. Fifty-five per cent of carriers, but only 18% of persons with bacteriologically confirmed cases, had received a primary series. Only 1 person of 58 fatal cases occurring in 1960 had received a primary series. Certain problems for future investigation, disclosed by the surveillance data, are discussed.
Pediatric Surgery, Vol. I & II
Authors: POTTS WILLIS J. 
Published: December 2021

Pediatric Surgery, in two volumes, has just been made available to the medical profession. These volumes, made possible by the contributions of 79 qualified authorities in various branches of pediatric surgery, are especially appropriate at this time.
Although there are chapters which deal with anesthesia, genitourinary surgery, neurosurgery, and plastic surgery, the major portion of these two volumes represents what a qualified pediatric surgeon should know. The authors have exercised excellent judgment in holding each chapter to a reasonable length.
T-3 Uptake in Infants and Children
Authors: MARKS JAMES F. 
Published: December 2021

The values obtained by Kundstadter and associates vary rather markedly from those obtained by ourselves and others. They found elevated T-3-RBC uptake at various periods throughout childhood, while our results showed an elevation only in early infancy. Even there Kundstadter et al. showed a much greater change than we did.
Our work was in part misrepresented by the authors, when they stated that we did not distinguish among various age groups. We divided our infants under 18 months into a number of discrete groups. We grouped together children 1½ to 15 years of age because our data indicated these children represented a homogeneous group with respect to T-3 uptake. Indeed, observation of the authors' data for children 2 to 13 years suggests no real statistical difference among the three separate groups into which they have been divided.
Dressings which Conceal Hemorrhage
Authors: CANBY JOHN P. 
Published: December 2021

The article in Pediatrics (29:907, 1962) on "Massive Hemorrhage in the Scalp in the Newborn Infant," by Pachman, is quite timely. However, I think a more common situation which may lead to the same result, i.e., hemorrhagic shock, is a neurosurgical procedure on the head of a young infant.
Having been stationed in various hospitals I had noticed that neurosurgeons tend to place a rather large bulky dressing on the scalp of the infant who has undergone craniotomy. Although a small amount of blood may be hidden under such a dressing it can be enough blood loss in a small infant to cause shock and ultimately death.
CARDIOPULMONARY CHANGES IN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
Authors: AVERY MARY ELLEN 
Published: December 2021

TWO PAPERS in this issue add to an impressive list of recent investigations of the pathophysiology of respiratory distress, presumably due to atelectasis with hyaline membranes, in newborn infants.
Such publications do not fully reveal the difficulties involved in getting this significant information. Perhaps first among these is the technical feat of collecting blood and gas samples and measuring pressure changes in critically ill infants. This requires a team accustomed to handling infants and apparatus, and available at all hours. A corollary of good technique is the achievement of these measurements without jeopardizing the condition of the infant. Of secondary importance, but nonetheless significant, is the creation of an enviornment favorable to the performance of investigations on sick infants.
JUVENILE LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS
Authors: Saxena Krishna M. , Crawford John D. 
Published: December 2021

Lymphocytic thyroiditis was the most common cause of nontoxic goiters in childhood, comprising about 40% of these and 20% of all goiters seen in our pediatric endocrine clinic. The diagnosis should be considered whenever a nontoxic goiter does not diminish significantly in size within about two weeks in response to thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH) suppressive doses of USP thyroid.
Observations on 32 children with lymphocytic thyroiditis have been recorded. The diagnosis was proven histologically in 23. In nine patients the diagnosis was presumptive. The condition occurred mostly in preadolescent girls as a slowly developing firm, diffuse, and smooth or nubbly goiter with or without symptoms of anxiety, nervousness and pressure in the neck. The majority of patients were euthyroid when first encountered, though examples both of mild hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were also seen. A high protein-bound iodine value, a large discrepancy between protein-bound iodine and butanol-extractable iodine, and positive tanned erythrocyte antibody test results provided the best diagnostic criteria apart from biopsy.
The pathological picture is one of hyperplasia with lymphocytic infiltration and atrophy of thyroid follicles and epithelium. Treatment consisted in giving TSH suppressive doses of thyroid for a prolonged period. The results of treatment were not entirely satisfactory. Genetic predisposition, probably manifested in an abnormal cellular hypersensitivity, and excessive TSH stimulation of the thyroid seem for the moment the two factors in pathogenesis best supported by laboratory evidence.
MEDICAL CARE IN THE 1960'S
Authors: McGuinness Aims C. 
Published: December 2021

YOU ARE APPROACHING the end of the first of 3 days of a beautiful scientific program covering a broad range of medical problems, many of which are of regular and repeated concern to the practitioner. Medicine, however, as a blend of the physical and biological sciences on the one hand, and of the social sciences on the other, cannot be separated from the socioeconomic setting in which it is practiced. It is significant, therefore, that your program committee has recognized this fact in scheduling this afternoon's mid-meeting interlude.
A better title for this paper would be "Some Reflections on the Social and Economic Aspects of Medicine." I say "some reflections," for this is a vast subject, and about all I can hope to do in the time allotted is to skim over a few highlights which may serve as a stimulus to some of you to reflections of your own.
Any consideration of the social and economic forces which are so inextricably related to today's complex medical care problems, perhaps would best be brought into perspective by a brief historical review.
Self-sufficiency has been one of America's most cherished traditions—self-sufficiency of the individual, the family, the community, and the state; and in our federal system of government, action at national level has been invoked only to deal with problems of a magnitude and difficulty beyond the scope of the individual, and of government at state and local levels. It was in this context that Lincoln made his oftquoted statement to the effect that it is the function of government to do for the people only what they cannot do for themselves otherwise, or cannot do as well.