bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
10-year longitudinal study of malaria in children: Insights into acquisition and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity
Authors: Addy John W.G. , Bediako Yaw , Ndungu Francis M. , Valetta John Joseph , Reid Adam J. , Mwacharo Jedida , Ngoi Joyce Mwongeli , Wambua Joshua , Otieno Edward , Musyoki Jennifer , Said Khadija , Berriman Matthew , Marsh Kevin , Bejon Philip , Recker Mario , Langhorne Jean 
Published: April 2021

Background: Studies of long-term malaria cohorts have provided essential insights into how Plasmodium falciparum interacts with humans, and influences the development of antimalarial immunity. Immunity to malaria is acquired gradually after multiple infections, some of which present with clinical symptoms. However, there is considerable variation in the number of clinical episodes experienced by children of the same age within the same cohort. Understanding this variation in clinical symptoms and how it relates to the development of naturally acquired immunity is crucial in identifying how and when some children stop experiencing further malaria episodes. Where variability in clinical episodes may result from different rates of acquisition of immunity, or from variable exposure to the parasite. Methods: Using data from a longitudinal cohort of children residing in an area of moderate P. falciparum transmission in Kilifi district, Kenya, we fitted cumulative episode curves as monotonic-increasing splines, to 56 children under surveillance for malaria from the age of 5 to 15. Results: There was large variability in the accumulation of numbers of clinical malaria episodes experienced by the children, despite being of similar age and living in the same general location. One group of children from a particular sub-region of the cohort stopped accumulating clinical malaria episodes earlier than other children in the study. Despite lack of further clinical episodes of malaria, these children had higher asymptomatic parasite densities and higher antibody titres to a panel of P. falciparum blood-stage antigens. Conclusions: This suggests development of clinical immunity rather than lack of exposure to the parasite, and supports the view that this immunity to malaria disease is maintained by a greater exposure to P. falciparum, and thus higher parasite burdens. Our study illustrates the complexity of anti-malaria immunity and underscores the need for analyses which can sufficiently reflect the heterogeneity within endemic populations.
Estimating the cost of congenital Zika syndrome to families and healthcare providers in Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco, Brazil: results of a case-control study
Authors: Pinto Márcia , Fernandes Silke , Barros Letícia , Valongueiro Sandra , Moreira Maria Elisabeth Lopes , Barreto de Araújo Thália Velho , Jofre-Bonet Mireia , Entringer Aline , Lyra Tereza Maciel , Kuper Hannah 
Published: April 2021

Background: Children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) have a wide range of additional healthcare needs. This study aimed to estimate the direct costs of CZS from the health provider and family perspectives, and the indirect costs for families, in two Brazilian states: Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco. Methods: A case-control study was undertaken between May 2017-January 2018 recruiting 174 cases with severe CZS, 41 with mild/moderate CZS and 269 children with no CZS, across the two sites, from existing studies. The primary caregiver was interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect information on healthcare use and costs incurred during the previous 12 months. In Rio de Janeiro, health care utilization data was also extracted from electronic medical records. We estimated direct and indirect costs incurred as a result of CZS from the perspective of the health system and families. Results: Children with CZS accessed more healthcare facilities and reported longer travel and waiting times than children unaffected by CZS. Total costs from the health provider perspective of outpatient visits, were highest for children with severe CZS (U$1,411) followed by children with mild/moderate CZS (U$264) and children without CZS (U$107). This pattern was apparent for direct costs incurred by families, while median indirect costs were low. Families of children with CZS reported high levels of catastrophic expenditures; Expenses incurred by families to meet their child’s needs as a proportion of household income was 30% (IQR=14%-67%, p<0.01) for children with severe CZS, 11% (IQR=4%-33%, p<0.01) for mild/moderate CZS, and 1% (IQR=0%-8%) for controls. Costs incurred by families were generally higher in Rio de Janeiro than Pernambuco. Conclusions: Families of children affected by CZS in Brazil may need additional public health resources and social benefits to protect them from incurring catastrophic expenses while meeting the needs of their children.
A EXPANSÃO DA COVID-19 NA BAIXADA FLUMINENSE – RJ: SEUS CAMINHOS E EFEITOS SOCIAIS NA PERIFERIA
Authors: Rocha André Santos da , De Sousa Gustavo Mota , Fortes Alexandre , De Oliveira Leandro Dias 
Published: April 2021

Introdução: O contexto da pandemia do novo coronavírus apontou para a importância de compreender a expansão geográfica desta doença, seus caminhos e efeitos, em especial nos territórios periféricos. Objetivo: Analisar e visibilizar os impactos da pandemia na porção da periferia oeste da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, conhecida como Baixada Fluminense. Métodos (opcional): Baseado no método qualiquantitativo, utilizamos dados da Covid-19 disponibilizados pela Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro nos primeiros meses da pandemia [março, abril e maio do ano de 2020], e realizamos uma análise da produção territorial da região de estudo para avaliar os efeitos e impactos do avanço desta doença. Resultados: Construção de mapas de calor da incidência da Covid-19 pelos bairros dos municípios da Baixada Fluminense que demonstraram as centralidades e os caminhos da doença pelos territórios periféricos, e produção de gráficos com o número de contaminados e novos casos em perspectiva comparada de parte da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Conclusão: A expansão geográfica do novo coronavírus tem revelado que as periferias metropolitanas são espaços privilegiados de contaminação, os dados apresentados demonstram um rápido crescimento do número de casos nessas áreas. Outrossim a maior incidência corresponde aos territórios que apresentam os caminhos de circulação metropolitana, maior centralidade no contexto dos municípios, grande adensamento populacional e maior vulnerabilidade econômica e social.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii increases following fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection
Authors: Björkqvist Olle , Rangel Ignacio , Serrander Lena , Magnusson Cecilia , Halfvarson Jonas , Norén Torbjörn , Bergman-Jungeström Malin 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveFecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective treatment forClostridioides difficileinfection (CDI). However, the fecal transplant’s causal components translating into clearance of the CDI are yet to be identified. The commensal bacteriaFaecalibacterium prausnitziimay be of great interest in this context, since it is one of the most common species of the healthy gut microbiota and produces metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties. Although there is mounting evidence thatF.prausnitziiis an important regulator of intestinal homeostasis, data about its role in CDI and FMT are relatively scarce.MethodsStool samples from patients with recurrent CDI were collected to investigate the relative abundance ofF.prausnitziibefore and after FMT. Twenty-one patients provided fecal samples before the FMT procedure, at 2 weeks post-FMT, and at 2–4 months post-FMT. The relative abundance ofF.prausnitziiwas determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThe abundance ofF.prausnitziiwas elevated in samples (N = 9) from donors compared to pre-FMT samples (N = 15) from patients (adjusted P<0.001). No significant difference in the abundance ofF.prausnitziibetween responders (N = 11) and non-responders (N = 4) was found before FMT (P = 0.85). In patients with CDI, the abundance ofF.prausnitziisignificantly increased in the 2 weeks post-FMT samples (N = 14) compared to the pre-FMT samples (N = 15, adjusted P<0.001). The increase persisted 2–4 months post-FMT (N = 15) compared to pre-FMT samples (N = 15) (adjusted P<0.001).ConclusionsFMT increases the relative abundance ofF.prausnitziiin patients with recurrent CDI, and this microbial shift remains several months later. The baseline abundance ofF.prausnitziiin donors or recipients was not associated with future treatment response, although a true predictive capacity cannot be excluded because of the limited sample size. Further studies are needed to discern whetherF.prausnitziiplays an active role in the resolution of CDI.
Prevalence and Persistent Shedding of Fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Patients With COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Yawen , Cen Mengsha , Hu Mengjia , Du Lijun , Hu Weiling , Kim John J. , Dai Ning 
Published: April 2021

INTRODUCTION:
The prevalence and shedding of fecal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA indicate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and likely infectivity. We performed a systemic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence and the duration of shedding of fecal RNA in patients with COVID-19 infection.

METHODS:
PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Chinese databases Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Data up to June 2020 were searched for studies evaluating fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA, including anal and rectal samples, in patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection. The pooled prevalence of fecal RNA in patients with detectable respiratory RNA was estimated. The days of shedding and days to loss of fecal and respiratory RNA from presentation were compared.

RESULTS:
Thirty-five studies (N = 1,636) met criteria. The pooled prevalence of fecal RNA in COVID-19 patients was 43% (95% confidence interval [CI] 34%–52%). Higher proportion of patients with GI symptoms (52.4% vs 25.9%, odds ratio = 2.4, 95% CI 1.2–4.7) compared with no GI symptoms, specifically diarrhea (51.6% vs 24.0%, odds ratio = 3.0, 95% CI 1.9–4.8), had detectable fecal RNA. After loss of respiratory RNA, 27% (95% CI 15%–44%) of the patients had persistent shedding of fecal RNA. Days of RNA shedding in the feces were longer than respiratory samples (21.8 vs 14.7 days, mean difference = 7.1 days, 95% CI 1.2–13.0). Furthermore, days to loss of fecal RNA lagged respiratory RNA by a mean of 4.8 days (95% CI 2.2–7.5).

DISCUSSION:
Fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA is commonly detected in COVID-19 patients with a 3-fold increased risk with diarrhea. Shedding of fecal RNA lasted more than 3 weeks after presentation and a week after last detectable respiratory RNA.
Editorial
Authors: Danelon Márcio 
Published: April 2021

É com enorme satisfação que trazemos ao público a edição de número 68 da Revista Educação e Filosofia. Nesta edição ,apresentamos o profícuo dossiê Entre o governo das diferenças e os corpos ingovernáveis: potência da vida na educação, organizado pelo Professor Pedro Pagni, da Unesp (Marília), cuja proposta emerge uma reflexão crítica sobre o problema da democracia e do governo das diferenças na biopolítica neoliberal, colocando em questão o suposto perigo do ingovernável como um dos desafios filosófico-educacionais do tempo presente. Convidamos a todos acompanhar a apresentação deste dossiê.
Além deste dossiê, trazemos ao público um conjunto de oito artigos de diversos pesquisadores brasileiros e estrangeiros e que versam sobre diversas e importantes temáticas para a Filosofia e para a Educação.
O lugar próprio no espaço impróprio: o negro, o judeu e o comum
Authors: Silveira Paulo Henrique Fernandes 
Published: April 2021

O lugar próprio no espaço impróprio: o negro, o judeu e o comum
Resumo: No pós-guerra, uma série de intelectuais que residiam na França, alguns deles, como exilados ou expatriados, travaram um intenso debate a respeito das condições do negro e do judeu. Jean-Paul Sartre formulou uma das questões centrais desse debate: haveria uma essência da negritude ou do judaísmo? Para Frantz Fanon, Maurice Blanchot, Jacques Derrida e Edmond Jabès, a negritude e o judaísmo podem ser compreendidos a partir das experiências do exílio e da expatriação. Esse artigo pretende reconstruir esse debate e analisar a importância do não-pertencimento para as concepções de comunidade e comum desenvolvidas por Jean-Luc Nancy, Giorgio Agamben e Jacques Rancière.
Palavras-chave: Negro. Judeu. Expatriação. Não-pertencimento. Comum.
El lugar propio en el espacio impropio: el negro, el judío y el común
Resumen: En la pos-guerra, una serie de intelectuales que vivían en Francia, algunos de ellos, como exilados o expatriados, trabaran un intenso debate a respecto de las condiciones del negro y del judío. Jean-Paul Sartre formuló una de las preguntas centrales de ese debate: ¿habría una esencia da negritud o de judaísmo? Para Frantz Fanon, Maurice Blanchot, Jacques Derrida y Edmond Jabès, la negritud y el judaísmo pueden ser comprendidos a partir de las experiencias de exilio y de la expatriación. Ese artículo pretende reconstruir ese debate y analizar la importancia del no-pertenencia a las conceptos de comunidad y común desarrolladas por Jean-Luc Nancy, Giorgio Agamben y Jacques Rancière.
Palabras-clave: Negro. Judío. Expatriación. No-pertenencia. Común.
The proper place in the improper space: the black, the jewish and the common
Abstract: In the postwar period, a number of intellectuals residing in France, some of them as exiles or expats, the intellectuals engaged in an intense debate about the conditions of the black and the jewish. Jean-Paul Sartre formulated one of the key questions of this debate: Is there an essence of blackness or judaism? For Frantz Fanon, Maurice Blanchot, Jacques Derrida, and Edmond Jabès, blackness and judaism can be understood from the experiences of exile and expatriation. This article aims to reconstruct this debate and analyze the importance of non-belonging to the conceptions of community and common developed by Jean-Luc Nancy, Giorgio Agamben, and Jacques Rancière.
Keywords: Black. Jewish. Expatriation. Non-belonging. Common.
Data de registro: 11/12/2019
Data de aceite: 26/08/2020
Znaczenie determinacji w nauce języka angielskiego jako obcego na poziomie zaawansowanym
Authors: Pawlak Mirosław , Zawodniak Joanna , Kruk Mariusz 
Published: April 2021

Second language acquisition (SLA) researchers have long been engaged in investigating the effect of a range of learner individual differences (IDs, e.g., motivation, anxiety and aptitude) on L2 learning and achievement. At the same time, there are no more than a few studies focusing of on learner personality and its place in SLA and the relationship between personality traits and other ID variables. One such underappreciated and thus poorly recognized personality trait is grit, understood as a combination of perseverance and passion for long-term goals. The present paper reports a study in which grit was investigated among advanced university students majoring in English with the help of a language-specific grit scale and semi-structured interviews. The empirical considerations are preceded by a small number of theoretical comments on the nature of grit and related research that was conducted to date. The paper ends with the discussion of future research directions and possible pedagogical implications.
Accuracy and complexity as connected growers in L2 English speech at secondary school – a case study of a good, average, and poor language learner
Authors: Rokoszewska Katarzyna 
Published: April 2021

Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST), which originated in the natural sciences, has recently been applied to second language acquisition, underlining the interdisciplinary character of this humanistic discipline. According to this theory, language is a complex dynamic system consisting of subsystems which develop in a non-linear way, forming different kinds of supportive, competitive, or conditional relationships. What is more, these subsystems compete for the learner’s limited resources, which causes trade-offs within and between language subsystems, such as complexity, accuracy, and fluency, especially in speech. The present paper constitutes a part of a short series of articles which present different aspects of the same longitudinal case study on the development of L2 English speech at secondary school. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationships between language accuracy and a number of specific measures of syntactic complexity, i.e. general sentence complexity, subordination, coordination, and nominalisation; as well as lexical complexity, i.e. lexical density, sophistication, and variation, in the case of a good, average, and poor language learner at secondary school. In general, the results showed that the relationships between the selected variables fluctuated over time and often differed in the case of a good, average, and poor language learner.
Population dynamics and habitat use by Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus in agricultural landscape of Dravsko and Ptujsko polje (NE Slovenia)
Authors: Horvat Eva , Denac Damijan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Northern Lapwing numbers across Europe are declining owing to its insufficient breeding success. To determine the size, dynamics and habitat use of the lapwing population at Dravsko and Ptujsko polje, a survey was carried out between 2016 and 2018. In 2016, 2017 and 2018, we recorded 148, 130, and 117 pairs, respectively. The population declined during the study and the population trend is uncertain. Approximately 12 to 21% of the national lapwing population was recorded at Dravsko and Ptujsko polje, making them one of the most important breeding areas in Slovenia. The majority of lapwings were found in bare tilled fields and fields with young spring crops that enable unbroken all-round views. Crop data analysis showed a significant preference for maize fields which are mostly bare tillage at the start of the incubation period and therefore act as an ecological trap for lapwings due to the time coincidence of the nesting period and farming operations. For the protection of the lapwing in Slovenia, we recommend a time limit of farming operations or avoiding individual nests while working in the field. Both measures are recommended to be implemented in combination with the provision of suitable foraging habitat for chicks. For greater effectiveness, we propose priority implementation of conser vation measures on traditiona l breeding sites.
THE NATURE OF DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION AND ITS CONNECTION WITH DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS
Authors: Maslej Marta M. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Andrews Paul W. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Researchers have proposed several theories of depressive rumination. To compare among them, we conducted a joint factor analysis. Methods: An online sample (n = 498) completed four rumination questionnaires and the Beck Depression Inventory. We examined associations between emerging factors and depressive symptoms. Results: Most commonly, people ruminated about solving problems in their lives, followed by the causes or consequences of negative situations. They least commonly ruminated about their symptoms and sadness. Thoughts about symptoms and causes or consequences of negative situations uniquely related to depressive symptoms. There was a circular covariance relation between depressive symptoms, thoughts about causes or consequences, and problem-solving, suggesting that symptoms are regulated by a negative feedback loop involving problem-solving. This feedback was not present unless models included thoughts about causes or consequences, suggesting that these thoughts benefit problem-solving. Discussion: Depressive rumination may be a dynamic process involving various thoughts, with different combinations of thoughts having different consequences for depression.
Clinical Impact of a Diagnostic Gastrointestinal Panel in Children
Authors: Cotter Jillian M. , Thomas Jacob , Birkholz Meghan , Ambroggio Lilliam , Holstein Jacqueline , Dominguez Samuel R. 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Many hospitals have transitioned from conventional stool diagnostics to rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction gastrointestinal panels (GIP). The clinical impact of this testing has not been evaluated in children. In this study, we compare use, results, and patient outcomes between conventional diagnostics and GIP testing.

METHODS:
This is a multicenter cross-sectional study of children who underwent stool testing from 2013 to 2017. We used bivariate analyses to compare test use, results, and patient outcomes, including length of stay (LOS), ancillary testing, and hospital charges, between the GIP era (24 months after GIP introduction) and conventional diagnostic era (historic control, 24 months before).

RESULTS:
There were 12 222 tests performed in 8720 encounters. In the GIP era, there was a 21% increase in the proportion of children who underwent stool testing, with a statistically higher percentage of positive results (40% vs 11%), decreased time to result (4 vs 31 hours), and decreased time to treatment (11 vs 35 hours). Although there was a decrease in LOS by 2 days among those who received treatment of a bacterial and/or parasitic pathogen (5.1 vs 3.1; P &lt; .001), this represented only 3% of tested children. In the overall population, there was no statistical difference in LOS, ancillary testing, or charges.

CONCLUSIONS:
The GIP led to increased pathogen detection and faster results. This translated into improved outcomes for only a small subset of patients, suggesting that unrestricted GIP use leads to low-value care. Similar to other novel rapid diagnostic panels, there is a critical need for diagnostic stewardship to optimize GIP testing.
Thermodynamics of nitrogen solutions in liquid nickel
Authors: Bolʼshov L. A. , Korneichuk S. K. , Bolʼshova E. L. 
Published: April 2021

The simplest model of the structure and interatomic interaction is applied to nitrogen solutions in liquid alloys of Fe – Ni system, which earlier (2019) was used by the authors for nitrogen solutions in alloys of Fe – Cr system. The principles of statistical mechanics are used in this model. Thus, three formulas were obtained. The first formula expresses the Sieverts law constant for the solubility of nitrogen in liquid nickel through a similar constant for the solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron and the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in low-concentration liquid iron-base alloys. The second formula expresses the partial enthalpy of dissolution of nitrogen in liquid nickel during the formation of an infinitely dilute solution through a similar value for dissolution of nitrogen in liquid iron and the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in iron-base liquid alloys. The third formula expresses the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with iron in low-concentration liquid nickel-base alloys through the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in liquid iron-base alloys. The constant of the Sieverts law for the solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron at T = 1873 K is assumed to be 0.044 mass. %. The partial enthalpy of dissolution of nitrogen in liquid iron assumed to be 5.0 kJ/mol. For Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in iron-base liquid alloys at 1873 K three variants of values were studied: 2.4, 2.6, and 2.85. For the first option, theoretical value of the Sieverts law constant for solubility of nitrogen in liquid nickel at T = 1873 K, equal to 0.00195 mass. % was obtained. Theoretical value of the enthalpy of dissolution of nitrogen in liquid nickel is 52.7 kJ/mol. Theoretical value of the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with iron in nickel-base liquid alloys is –4.0. The agreement of theory with experiment seems to be satisfactory.