bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benzils: A Review on their Synthesis
Authors: Shaikh Saba Kauser J. , Kamble Ravindra R. , Bayannavar Praveen K. , Kariduraganavar Mahadevappa Y. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis review segregates and outlines all the aspects of the synthesis of Benzil for almost two centuries. Here, state of the art review includes the early synthesis in 1836 to the advancement made over the past years in the knowledge of the preparation of benzil derivatives till the present. Benzil is one of the important and highly underrated organic compounds in which two adjacent carbonyl groups are flanked by two phenyl rings. Apart from its diverse functionality, the reactivity of benzils proclaims its prospects as a reagent for the synthesis of various heterocycles. On recasting benzil, it is possible to obtain a wide variety of utilities in pharmaceuticals, polymer, and material chemistry. This contemplation of the review gives a general perspective of reaction routes, mechanisms and highlights the conversions due to oxidation, and accentuates benzil as an emerging putative target.
Aerobic Exercise Alters Brain Function and Structure in Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Johansson Martin E. , Cameron Ian G. M. , Van der Kolk Nicolien M. , de Vries Nienke M. , Klimars Eva , Toni Ivan , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Helmich Rick C. 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveRandomized clinical trials have shown that aerobic exercise attenuates motor symptom progression in Parkinson's disease, but the underlying neural mechanisms are unclear. Here, we investigated how aerobic exercise influences disease‐related functional and structural changes in the corticostriatal sensorimotor network, which is involved in the emergence of motor deficits in Parkinson's disease. Additionally, we explored effects of aerobic exercise on tissue integrity of the substantia nigra, and on behavioral and cerebral indices of cognitive control.MethodsThe Park‐in‐Shape trial is a single‐center, double‐blind randomized controlled trial in 130 Parkinson's disease patients who were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to aerobic exercise (stationary home trainer) or stretching (active control) interventions (duration = 6 months). An unselected subset from this trial (exercise, n = 25; stretching, n = 31) underwent resting‐state functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and an oculomotor cognitive control task (pro‐ and antisaccades), at baseline and at 6‐month follow‐up.ResultsAerobic exercise, but not stretching, led to increased functional connectivity of the anterior putamen with the sensorimotor cortex relative to the posterior putamen. Behaviorally, aerobic exercise also improved cognitive control. Furthermore, aerobic exercise increased functional connectivity in the right frontoparietal network, proportionally to fitness improvements, and it reduced global brain atrophy.InterpretationMRI, clinical, and behavioral results converge toward the conclusion that aerobic exercise stabilizes disease progression in the corticostriatal sensorimotor network and enhances cognitive performance. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:203–216
Quadrature Acoustic Frequency Combs Multiplexing for Massive Parallel Underwater Acoustic Communications
Authors: Qian Zhiwen , Sun Wanzhong , Ma Xinyu , Han Guangyao , Fu Xiaomei , Zhai Jingsheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnderwater acoustic (UWA) communication has been developing rapidly over the past decades for its crucial position in resource exploration, environmental monitoring, and scientific research. However, the transmission data rate of UWA communication is limited by the narrow bandwidth of the underwater acoustic channel. Here, the generation of quadrature acoustic frequency combs (AFCs) is first reported. Massive parallel channels achieved with multiplexing of AFCs for UWA communication are demonstrated. The generated AFCs have unique characteristics which have a stable and precise division in frequency and time domain simultaneously with carrier spacing of 1 Hz with the stability of 10−8. The different frequency spacing in combs leads to different teeth spacings in time, which is orthogonal and separable in the time domain. The orthogonality among AFCs provides a new dimension for multiplexing and can drastically increase channel efficiency. The underwater acoustic communication experiments demonstrate that it is drastically increasing the transmission rate to 45.33 kb s−1 and high spectral efficiency of 1.51 (channel s−1) Hz−1 without utilizing other modulation techniques by a single transducer. Since AFCs multiplexing is a completely independent degree of freedom that can be readily integrated with other high order modulation techniques, such as quadrature amplitude modulation and phase‐shift keying, in a single channel, AFCs multiplexing opens a new dimension for acoustic communication.
Quantification of the Dynamic Interface Evolution in High‐Efficiency Working Li‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Ding Jun‐Fan , Xu Rui , Ma Xia‐Xia , Xiao Ye , Yao Yu‐Xing , Yan Chong , Huang Jia‐Qi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLithium (Li) metal has been considered a promising anode for next‐generation high‐energy‐density batteries. However, the low reversibility and intricate Li loss hinder the widespread implementation of Li metal batteries. Herein, we quantitatively differentiate the dynamic evolution of inactive Li, and decipher the fundamental interplay among dynamic Li loss, electrolyte chemistry, and the structure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The actual dominant form in inactive Li loss is practically determined by the relative growth rates of dead Li0 and SEI Li+ because of the persistent evolution of the Li metal interface during cycling. Distinct inactive Li evolution scenarios are disclosed by ingeniously tuning the inorganic anion‐derived SEI chemistry with a low amount of film‐forming additive. An optimal polymeric film enabler of 1,3‐dioxolane is demonstrated to derive a highly uniform multilayer SEI and decreased SEI Li+/dead Li0 growth rates, thus achieving enhanced Li cycling reversibility.
Sn7Br10S2: The First Ternary Halogen‐Rich Chalcohalide Exhibiting a Chiral Structure and Pronounced Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Li Xiao‐Hui , Shi Zhi‐Hui , Yang Mei , Liu Wenlong , Guo Sheng‐Ping 
Published: December 2021

AbstractInfrared nonlinear optical (IR NLO) materials are significant in laser technology for civil and military uses. Here, we report the synthesis, structural chemistry and NLO properties of a halogen‐rich chalcohalide Sn7Br10S2. Its noncentrosymmetric (NCS, P63) structure can be considered as partially aliovalent anion substitution of SnBr2 (P63/m) induced centrosymmetric (CS) to NCS structural transformation. The 3D ∞[Sn(1)6Sn(2)6Br6X6]6− (X=Br/S) channel framework consists of Sn(1)BrX2 and Sn(2)X3 trigonal pyramids. It exhibits excellent NLO performance, including a strong phase‐matchable NLO response of 1.5 × AgGaS2and high laser‐induced damage threshold of 6.3 × AgGaS2.Investigation of the structure–NLO performance relationship confirms that the effective arrangement of Sn(1)BrX2 and Sn(2)X3 units predominantly contributes to the large SHG response. These results indicate Sn7Br10S2 is a potential IR NLO candidate and provides a new feasible system for promising NLO materials.
Remote learning during Covid‐19 lockdown: A study on anatomy and histology education for pharmacy students in Jordan
Authors: Al‐Alami Zina M. , Adwan Sofia W. , Alsous Mervat 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Covid‐19 pandemic has changed almost all aspects of education. The anatomy and histology courses for pharmacy students focus heavily on the face‐to‐face communication of theory and practical knowledge, and due to the pandemic, only theory content was delivered in an online format. This brought up many concerns about pharmacy student preparedness. This work explores the effectiveness and student perspective of remote teaching of the theoretical anatomy and histology course in Jordanian universities from the perspective of pharmacy students. The objectives are to determine the strengths, challenges, and the effectiveness of remote delivery on student learning. An online‐based validated questionnaire was distributed to students majoring in Pharmacy and enrolled in the course during the second semester of 2019–2020 at 11 universities in Jordan. A total of 442 students participated in the study. Results showed that there were significant differences in perceptions of the social media platforms used in distance learning and remote delivery of the course. Most participants had positive perceptions of the educational process and studying via distance learning. There were many strengths noted including time flexibility and several challenges such as the lack of face‐to‐face interaction with instructors, inadequate internet connectivity, and technical issues. In conclusion, online‐taught anatomy and histology course during the Covid‐19 lockdown in Jordan was a success as perceived by students, but the course still possessed challenges need to be overcome in the future.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Diverse N‐Substituted Disaccharide Dipeptides for Human NOD2 Stimulation Activity
Authors: Guo Chih‐Wei , Chen Kuo‐Ting , You Ting‐Yun , Lin Chun‐Cheng , Cheng Wei‐Chieh 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA new strategy for the preparation of distinct N‐substituted muropeptides is described. Different orthogonally N‐protected disaccharide thioglycosides were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 4, qualified as a key intermediate, was utilized for further chemical transformations to develop a series of diverse N‐substituted‐glucosaminyl N‐substituted‐muramyl dipeptides (GMDPs). These unique muropeptides were applied for the study of human NOD2 stimulation. Intriguingly, structural modification of the MurNAc residue to N‐non‐substituted muramic acid (MurNH2) in GMDP dramatically impaired NOD2 stimulatory activity, but GMDPs possessing the glucosamine residue with a free amino group retained NOD2 stimulation activity. This work is the first study to illustrate the impact of both N‐substituents of GMDPs on immunostimulatory activities of human NOD2.
XRF‐based analytical methods for supporting sustainability in sugarcane biorefineries
Authors: Sperança Marco Aurelio , Nascimento Paloma Andrade Martins , Olivieri Alejandro César , Pereira Fabíola Manhas Verbi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThere is a clear need for analytical methods able to evaluate impurities in sugarcane biorefineries. Impurities that may occur during sugar and ethanol production which involves a high content of starch, fructose, dextran and minerals. Another type of impurity comes from solid materials such as soil and the green or dry/brown leaves of the sugarcane plant. This study focused on the mineral content, which causes an increase in both cost and time, a loss of quality and a negative environmental impact, and may also hinder the crystallization process. The presently developed analytical methods demonstrate the possibility of using X‐ray fluorescence‐based techniques, even for complex samples like sugarcane juices. The exploratory analysis evidenced that X‐ray fluorescence techniques can discriminate the sugarcane juices in different clarification stages. This report developed an analytical method by building up multivariate models based on partial least‐squares regression. These models showed promising results in estimating the contents of Mg, P, S, K, Ca and Fe for all of the first seven clarification stages. For most elements, the relative prediction errors were <14%, with coefficients of determination >0.9083. The main achievement was the development of sustainable analytical methods to monitor mineral content in extracted juices from sugarcane during the clarification stages with reduced sample volume and fewer chemicals. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Investigation on photobleaching of fluorophores: Effect of excitation power and buffer system
Authors: Ji Sangmin , Kim Seohyun , Kim Hyunggi , Koh Hye Ran 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPhotobleaching is an irreversible photochemical process that makes fluorophores not to emit permanently, limiting the observation time of the molecules. Thus, preliminary photobleaching can interfere with most fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy, especially single‐molecule fluorescence applications. To minimize photobleaching of fluorophores, low excitation power as well as specialized imaging buffers that improve the photostability of fluorophores is highly recommended in single‐molecule fluorescence measurements. Here, we investigated how photobleaching can get affected by the excitation power and buffer components in the single‐molecule buffer system such as Trolox and glucose oxidase/catalase (GOC). We found that the photobleaching rate showed higher‐order photon interaction, indicating that photobleaching rate is decoupled to the amount of fluorescence. We also observed that the photobleaching rate was significantly reduced by fourfold when the combination of Trolox and oxygen scavenging system using either GOC or N2 bubbling was employed in single‐molecule buffer.
TIMP‐1‐expressing breast tumor spheroids for the evaluation of drug penetration and efficacy
Authors: Bae In Yeong , Choi Wooshik , Oh Seung Ja , Kim Chansoo , Kim Sang‐Heon 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAbundance of stromal cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) is observed in breast cancer, acting as a barrier for drug penetration and presenting a key issue for developing efficient therapeutics. In this study, we aimed to develop a three‐dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor model comprising cancer and stromal cells that could effectively mimic the drug resistance properties of breast cancer. Three different types of spheroid models were designed by co‐culturing breast cancer cells (MDA‐MB‐231) with three different types of stromal cells: human adipose‐derived stromal cells (hASCs), human bone marrow stromal cells, or human dermal fibroblasts. Compared with other models, in the hASC co‐culture model, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1 (TIMP‐1) was highly expressed and the activity of matrix metalloproteinases was decreased, resulting in a higher ECM deposition on the spheroid surfaces. This spheroid model showed less drug penetration and treatment efficacy than the other models. TIMP‐1 silencing in hASCs reduced ECM protein expression and increased drug penetration and vulnerability. A quantitative structure–activity relationship study using multiple linear regression drew linear relationships between the chemical properties of drugs and experimentally determined permeability values. Drugs that did not match the drug‐likeness rules exhibited lower permeability in the 3D tumor model. Taken together, our findings indicate that this 3D multicellular tumor model may be used as a reliable platform for efficiently screening therapeutics agents for solid tumors.
Mouse characteristics that affect establishing xenografts from hepatocellular carcinoma patient biopsies in the United States
Authors: Zou Chenhui , El Dika Imane , Vercauteren Koen O. A. , Capanu Marinela , Chou Joanne , Shia Jinru , Pilet Jill , Quirk Corrine , Lalazar Gadi , Andrus Linda , Kabbani Mohammad , Yaqubie Amin , Khalil Danny , Mergoub Taha , Chiriboga Luis , Rice Charles M. , Abou‐Alfa Ghassan K. , de Jong Ype P. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models hold potential to advance knowledge in HCC biology to help improve systemic therapies. Beside hepatitis B virus‐associated tumors, HCC is poorly established in PDX.MethodsPDX formation from fresh HCC biopsies were obtained and implanted intrahepatically or in subrenal capsule (SRC). Mouse liver injury was induced in immunodeficient Fah−/− mice through cycling off nitisinone after HCC biopsy implantation, versus continuous nitisinone as non‐liver injury controls. Mice with macroscopically detectable PDX showed rising human alpha1‐antitrypsin (hAAT) serum levels, and conversely, no PDX was observed in mice with undetectable hAAT.ResultsUsing rising hAAT as a marker for PDX formation, 20 PDX were established out of 45 HCC biopsy specimens (44%) reflecting the four major HCC etiologies most commonly identified at Memorial SloanKettering similar to many other institutions in the United States. PDX was established only in severely immunodeficient mice lacking lymphocytes and NK cells. Implantation under the renal capsule improved PDX formation two‐fold compared to intrahepatic implantation. Two out of 18 biopsies required murine liver injury to establish PDX, one associated with hepatitis C virus and one with alcoholic liver disease. PDX tumors were histologically comparable to biopsy specimens and 75% of PDX lines could be passaged.ConclusionsUsing cycling off nitisinone‐induced liver injury, HCC biopsies implanted under the renal capsule of severely immunodeficient mice formed PDX with 57% efficiency as determined by rising hAAT levels. These findings facilitate a more efficient make‐up of PDX for research into subset‐specific HCC.
Rheological behavior of batter and quality of gluten‐free bread based on nonglutinous rice flour and tartary buckwheat flour
Authors: Ma Jie , Ma Lei , Chen Xi , Zhou Haiyan , Wang Zhan , He Yun , Fujita Kaori , Luan Guangzhong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesTo evaluate gluten‐free breadmaking potential from nonglutinous rice flour (RF) of different amylose contents and tartary buckwheat flour (TBF), physicochemical properties, batter rheology, and quality of bread from mixture of RF from three popular varieties in China (YF47RF, LJ294RF, AKRF) with different replacement of TBF (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) were investigated.FindingsTBF could obviously improve nutritional pattern for its higher contents of protein, fat, and ash, but lesser starch than RF, and these were corresponding to its higher water holding capacity and lower pasting energy. AKRF showed both the lowest pasting temperature and gelling power, which was in well accordance with its highest amylose content and finest particle size. Mixolab test showed that none effect was seen in development time for both LJ294RF and AKRF with TBF replacement, while water absorption decreased. Lower starch gelatinization was observed in RF with the replacing of TBF, especially for YF47RF and LJ294RF. When increasing replacement of TBF to 30%, protein network of AKRF and YF47RF was found damaged, whereas starch retrogradation promoted for LJ294RF, and starch stability for AKRF enhanced. Meanwhile, batters from mixture of RF and 20% replacement of TBF presented higher stickiness.ConclusionsThe composite breads from both LJ294RF and YF47RF with the replacement of TBF presented lower hardness and higher springiness than AKRF, suggesting that they could be suitable for RF/TBF breadmaking.Significance and noveltyTaken together, results confirmed that RF from some specific varieties and TBF are excellent combination to make gluten‐free bread.
Field‐Assisted Sensitivity Amplification in a Noble Metal Nanoparticle Decorated WO3/GO Hybrid FET‐Based Multisensory Array for Selective Detection of Breath Acetone
Authors: Bhardwaj Radha , Thakur Uttam Narendra , Ajmera Pawan , Singhal Rahul , Rosenwaks Yossi , Hazra Arnab 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSelective detection of acetone levels in exhaled human breath is important to diagnose complications of diabetes mellitus by the non‐invasive route. In the current study, we are reporting a hybrid graphene oxide (GO) field‐effect transistor (FET) based multisensory array for the selective detection of breath acetone by using a feature extraction and pattern recognition route. Backgated GO‐FET was functionalized with WO3 flower‐shaped nanostructures and noble metal (Au, Pd, Pt) nanoparticles to form hybrid FET sensors. By applying optimized gate voltages, the sensor response was enhanced several orders at room temperature. Therefore, an array of six sensors was tested in synthetic breath consisting of a complex mixture of multiple volatile organic compounds, various gases, 70% relative humidity and different levels of acetone. The sensors′ outcomes were then processed with phase space entire feature extraction method, and the different levels of acetone were differentiated in the synthetic breath by using Fisher discriminant analysis.
Structural Elucidation of C6H4+. Using Chemical Reaction Monitoring: Charge Transfer Versus Bond Forming Reactions
Authors: Jacovella Ugo , Rossi Corentin , Romanzin Claire , Alcaraz Christian , Thissen Roland 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMass spectrometry is a powerful tool but when used on its own, without specific activation of ions, the ion mass is the single observable and the structural information is absent. One way of retrieving this information is by using ion–molecule reactions. We propose a general method to disentangle isomeric structures by combining mass spectrometry, tunable synchrotron light source, and quantum‐chemistry calculations. We use reactive chemical monitoring technique, which consists in tracking reactivity changes as a function of photoionization energy i. e. the ionic structure. We illustrate the power of this technique with charge transfer reactions of C6H4+. isomers with allene and propyne and discuss its universal applicability. Furthermore, we emphasize the special reactivity characteristics of distonic ions, where strong charge transfer reactivity but very limited reactivity involving bond formation and following cleavages were observed and attributed to the unconventional ortho‐benzyne distonic cation.
A high‐throughput multimode low‐density parity‐check decoder for 5G New Radio
Authors: Pourjabar Sina , Choi Gwan S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a partially parallel low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) decoder for the 5G New Radio (NR) standard. The design is using a multiblock parallel architecture with a flooding schedule. The decoder can support any code rates and code lengths up to the lifting size Zmax = 96. To compensate for the dropped throughput associated with the smaller Z values, the design can double and quadruple its parallelism when lifting sizes Z ≤ 48 and Z ≤ 24 are selected, respectively. Therefore, the decoder can process up to eight frames and restore the throughput to the maximum. To facilitate the design's architecture, a new variable node for decoding the extended parity bits existing in the lower code rates is proposed. The FPGA implementation of the decoder results in a throughput of 2.1 Gbps decoding the 11/12 code rate. Additionally, the synthesized decoder using the 28‐nm TSMC technology achieves a maximum clock frequency of 526 MHz and a throughput of 13.46 Gbps. The core decoder occupies 1.03 mm2, and the power consumption is 229 mW.