bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perioperative Management of Pediatric Patients with Moyamoya Arteriopathy
Authors: Gardner Yelton Sarah E. , Williams Monica A. , Young Mollie , Fields Jennifer , Pearl Monica S. , Casella James F. , Lawrence Courtney E. , Felling Ryan J. , Jackson Eric M. , Robertson Courtney , Scafidi Susanna , Lee Jennifer K. , Cohen Alan R. , Sun Lisa R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPediatric patients with moyamoya arteriopathy are at high risk for developing new onset transient or permanent neurologic deficits secondary to cerebral hypoperfusion, particularly in the perioperative period. It is therefore essential to carefully manage these patients in a multidisciplinary, coordinated effort to reduce the risk of new permanent neurologic deficits. However, little has been published on perioperative management of pediatric patients with moyamoya, particularly in the early postoperative period during intensive care unit admission. Our pediatric neurocritical care team sought to create a multidisciplinary periprocedural evidence- and consensus-based care pathway for high-risk pediatric patients with moyamoya arteriopathy undergoing anesthesia for any reason to decrease the incidence of periprocedural stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). We reviewed the literature to identify risk factors associated with perioperative stroke or TIA among patients with moyamoya and to gather data supporting specific perioperative management strategies. A multidisciplinary team from pediatric anesthesia, neurocritical care, nursing, child life, neurosurgery, interventional neuroradiology, neurology, and hematology created a care pathway for children with moyamoya undergoing anesthesia, classifying them as either high or standard risk, and applying an individualized perioperative management plan to high-risk patients. The incidence of neurologic sequelae before and after pathway implementation will be compared in future studies.
The Cauchy problem for the fourth-order Schrödinger equation in H
s
Authors: Liu Xuan , Zhang Ting 
Published: July 2021

We consider the fourth-order Schrödinger equation i∂tu + Δ2u + μΔu + λ|u|αu = 0 in HsRN, with N≥1,λ∈C, μ = ±1 or 0, 0 &lt; s &lt; 4, 0 &lt; α, and (N − 2s)α &lt; 8. We establish the local well-posedness result in Hs(RN) by applying Banach’s fixed-point argument in spaces of fractional time and space derivatives. As a by-product, we extend the existing H2 local well-posedness results to the whole range of energy subcritical powers and arbitrary λ∈C.
High-purity solid parahydrogen
Authors: Bhandari Ashok , Rollings Alexandar P. , Ratto Levi , Weinstein Jonathan D. 
Published: July 2021

Alkali atoms trapped in solid hydrogen matrices have demonstrated ultralong electron spin coherence times and are promising as quantum sensors. Their spin coherence is limited by magnetic noise from naturally occurring orthohydrogen molecules in the parahydrogen matrix. In the gas phase, the orthohydrogen component of hydrogen can be converted to parahydrogen by flowing it over a catalyst held at cryogenic temperatures, with lower temperatures giving a lower orthohydrogen fraction. In this work, we use a single cryostat to reduce the orthohydrogen fraction of hydrogen gas and grow a solid matrix from the resulting high-purity parahydrogen. We demonstrate the operation of the catalyst down to a temperature of 8 K, and we spectroscopically verify that orthohydrogen impurities in the resulting solid are at a level &lt;10−6. We also find that, at sufficiently low temperatures, the cryogenic catalyst provides isotopic purification, reducing the HD fraction.
Biology and conservation of the unique and diverse halophilic macroinvertebrates of Australian salt lakes
Authors: Lawrie Angus D’Arcy , Chaplin Jennifer , Pinder Adrian 
Published: July 2021

This study synthesises information on the biology of the unique and diverse halophilic macroinvertebrates of Australian salt lakes, focusing on gastropods and crustaceans. This information is needed to evaluate and manage the threats posed to these invertebrates by increased periods of drought and secondary salinisation. Most of these species are endemic to Australian salt lakes, and some have adapted to extreme conditions (e.g. salinities >100 g L–1 and pH <5). This study identifies key general findings regarding the taxonomy, ecology and life histories of these invertebrates, such as that many ‘new’ species have been uncovered in the past 20 years, with more likely to come. The study also identifies critical knowledge gaps, such as the need to elucidate the abiotic and biological drivers of the field distributions of species, including why some species are widespread and common whereas other congeneric species are rare or have narrow distributions. Those species that are either restricted to low salinity environments or survive dry periods as aestivating adults (as opposed to desiccation-resistant eggs) are probably the most vulnerable to increasing salinisation and drought. Future work should prioritise the development of a sound taxonomy for all groups, because this is needed to underpin all other biological research.
Ultrasound-on-chip platform for medical imaging, analysis, and collective intelligence
Authors: Rothberg Jonathan M. , Ralston Tyler S. , Rothberg Alex G. , Martin John , Zahorian Jaime S. , Alie Susan A. , Sanchez Nevada J. , Chen Kailiang , Chen Chao , Thiele Karl , Grosjean David , Yang Jungwook , Bao Liewei , Schneider Rob , Schaetz Sebastian , Meyer Christophe , Neben Abraham , Ryan Bob , Petrus J. R. , Lutsky Joe , McMahill Dan , Corteville Gregory , Hageman Matthew R. , Miller Larry , Fife Keith G. 
Published: July 2021

SignificanceAffordable hand-held ultrasound is transforming health care as a diagnostic tool with the potential to be as ubiquitous as the stethoscope. Here, we present a platform for advancing diagnostic care consisting of an ultrasound-on-chip probe, leveraging state-of-the-art silicon-based semiconductor foundries, paired with a mobile device and artificial-intelligence–guided image interpretation and cloud interconnectivity. Demonstrations across key organs and modes illustrate the imaging capabilities. Presentations of automated guidance for untrained ultrasound users show the potential for further broadening accessibility and utility.
Postinfection treatment with a protease inhibitor increases survival of mice with a fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Dampalla Chamandi S. , Zheng Jian , Perera Krishani Dinali , Wong Lok-Yin Roy , Meyerholz David K. , Nguyen Harry Nhat , Kashipathy Maithri M. , Battaile Kevin P. , Lovell Scott , Kim Yunjeong , Perlman Stanley , Groutas William C. , Chang Kyeong-Ok 
Published: July 2021

Significance
Protease inhibitors targeting viral 3C-like protease are attractive therapeutic options for COVID-19. Here, we synthesized deuterated variants of a coronavirus protease inhibitor, GC376, and determined the therapeutic efficacy in a lethal mouse model. The transgenic mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a causative agent of COVID-19, develop lung pathology resembling that of severe COVID-19 patients and were used for antiviral drug testing. The deuterated variants of GC376 have improved potency against SARS-CoV-2 in in vitro assays. Furthermore, treatment with a deuterated variant starting at 24 h postinfection resulted in significantly increased survival of mice compared to vehicle-treated mice. The results suggest that deuterated variants have excellent potential as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2.
Random statistics of OPE coefficients and Euclidean wormholes
Authors: Belin Alexandre , de Boer Jan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We propose an ansatz for OPE coefficients in chaotic conformal field theories which generalizes the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis and describes any OPE coefficient involving heavy operators as a random variable with a Gaussian distribution. In two dimensions this ansatz enables us to compute higher moments of the OPE coefficients and analyse two and four-point functions of OPE coefficients, which we relate to genus-2 partition functions and their squares. We compare the results of our ansatz to solutions of Einstein gravity in AdS3, including a Euclidean wormhole that connects two genus-2 surfaces. Our ansatz reproduces the non-perturbative correction of the wormhole, giving it a physical interpretation in terms of OPE statistics. We propose that calculations performed within the semi-classical low-energy gravitational theory are only sensitive to the random nature of OPE coefficients, which explains the apparent lack of factorization in products of partition functions.
Nonlinear gravitational-wave memory from cusps and kinks on cosmic strings
Authors: Jenkins Alexander C , Sakellariadou Mairi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The nonlinear memory effect is a fascinating prediction of general relativity (GR), in which oscillatory gravitational-wave (GW) signals are generically accompanied by a monotonically-increasing strain which persists in the detector long after the signal has passed. This effect is directly accessible to GW observatories, and presents a unique opportunity to test GR in the dynamical and nonlinear regime. In this article we calculate, for the first time, the nonlinear memory signal associated with GW bursts from cusps and kinks on cosmic string loops, which are an important target for current and future GW observatories. We obtain analytical waveforms for the GW memory from cusps and kinks, and use these to calculate the ‘memory of the memory’ and other higher-order memory effects. These are among the first memory observables computed for a cosmological source of GWs, with previous literature having focused almost entirely on astrophysical sources. Surprisingly, we find that the cusp GW signal diverges for sufficiently large loops, and argue that the most plausible explanation for this divergence is a breakdown in the weak-field treatment of GW emission from the cusp. This shows that previously-neglected strong gravity effects must play an important rôle near cusps, although the exact mechanism by which they cure the divergence is not currently understood. We show that one possible resolution is for these cusps to collapse to form primordial black holes (PBHs); the kink memory signal does not diverge, in agreement with the fact that kinks are not predicted to form PBHs. Finally, we investigate the prospects for detecting memory from cusps and kinks with current and future GW observatories, considering both individual memory bursts and the contribution of many such bursts to the stochastic GW background. We find that in the scenario where the cusp memory divergence is cured by PBH formation, the memory signal is strongly suppressed and is not likely to be detected. However, alternative resolutions of the cusp divergence may in principle lead to much more favourable observational prospects.
Stability and optimal decay for a system of 3D anisotropic Boussinesq equations
Authors: Wu Jiahong , Zhang Qian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on a system of three-dimensional (3D) Boussinesq equations modeling anisotropic buoyancy-driven fluids. The goal here is to solve the stability and large-time behavior problem on perturbations near the hydrostatic balance, a prominent equilibrium in fluid dynamics, atmospherics and astrophysics. Due to the lack of the vertical kinematic dissipation and the horizontal thermal diffusion, this stability problem is difficult. When the spatial domain is

Ω
=

R

2

×
T

with

T
=

[

−
1
/
2
,
1
/
2

]

being a 1D periodic box, this paper establishes the desired stability for fluids with certain symmetries. The approach here is to distinguish the vertical averages of the velocity and temperature from their corresponding oscillation parts. In addition, the oscillation parts are shown to decay exponentially to zero in time.
Gallium-effect in a lead-free solder for silver-sheathed superconducting tape
Authors: Shamoto Shin-Ichi , Lee Min Kai , Fujimura Yuki , Kondo Keietsu , Ito Takashi U , Ikeuchi Kazuhiko , Yasuda Satoshi , Chang Lieh-Jeng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Solder joints of silver-sheathed superconducting tapes are promising for various commercial applications. In this research, Pb, Ga, and Ga-doped lead-free Sn–Ag–Cu solders are used to study the gallium effect for the low joint resistivity with silver-sheathed DI-BISCCO type H tapes. In Ga-doped Sn–Ag–Cu solder, a smooth interfacial Ag2Ga layer is uniformly formed on the Ag-sheath surface. As a result, the solder joint achieved a very low joint resistivity of 16 nΩcm2 at 40 K. The present gallium-doped lead-free solder can also be applied to general soldering use with Ag materials.
Achieving Expert-Level Interpretation of Serum Protein Electrophoresis through Deep Learning Driven by Human Reasoning
Authors: Chabrun Floris , Dieu Xavier , Ferre Marc , Gaillard Olivier , Mery Anthony , Chao de la Barca Juan Manuel , Taisne Audrey , Urbanski Geoffrey , Reynier Pascal , Mirebeau-Prunier Delphine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) is a common clinical laboratory test, mainly indicated for the diagnosis and follow-up of monoclonal gammopathies. A time-consuming and potentially subjective human expertise is required for SPE analysis to detect possible pitfalls and to provide a clinically relevant interpretation.

Methods
An expert-annotated SPE dataset of 159 969 entries was used to develop SPECTR (serum protein electrophoresis computer-assisted recognition), a deep learning-based artificial intelligence, which analyzes and interprets raw SPE curves produced by an analytical system into text comments that can be used by practitioners. It was designed following academic recommendations for SPE interpretation, using a transparent architecture avoiding the “black box” effect. SPECTR was validated on an external, independent cohort of 70 362 SPEs and challenged by a panel of 9 independent experts from other hospital centers.

Results
SPECTR was able to identify accurately both quantitative abnormalities (r ≥ 0.98 for fractions quantification) and qualitative abnormalities [receiver operating characteristic–area under curve (ROC–AUC) ≥ 0.90 for M-spikes, restricted heterogeneity of immunoglobulins, and beta-gamma bridging]. Furthermore, it showed highly accurate at both detecting (ROC–AUC ≥ 0.99) and quantifying (r = 0.99) M-spikes. It proved highly reproducible and resilient to minor variations and its agreement with human experts was higher (κ = 0.632) than experts between each other (κ = 0.624).

Conclusions
SPECTR is an algorithm based on artificial intelligence suitable to high-throughput SPEs analyses and interpretation. It aims at improving SPE reproducibility and reliability. It is freely available in open access through an online tool providing fully editable validation assistance for SPE.
Digital Quantification of Chemical Oligonucleotide Synthesis Errors
Authors: Filges Stefan , Mouhanna Pia , Ståhlberg Anders 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Chemically synthesized oligonucleotides are vital to most nucleic acids-based technologies and several applications are sensitive to oligonucleotide sequence errors. However, it is challenging to identify and quantify the types and amount of errors in synthetic oligonucleotides.

Methods
We applied a digital sequencing approach using unique molecular identifiers to quantify errors in chemically synthesized oligonucleotides from multiple manufacturers with different synthesis strategies, purity grades, batches, and sequence context.

Results
We detected both deletions and substitutions in chemical oligonucleotide synthesis, but deletions were 7 times more common. We found that 97.2% of all analyzed oligonucleotide molecules were intact across all manufacturers and purity grades, although the number of oligonucleotide molecules with deletions ranged between 0.2% and 11.7% for different types. Different batches of otherwise identical oligonucleotide types also varied significantly, and batch effect can impact oligonucleotide quality more than purification. We observed a bias of increased deletion rates in chemically synthesized oligonucleotides toward the 5’-end for 1 out of 2 sequence configurations. We also demonstrated that the performance of sequencing assays depends on oligonucleotide quality.

Conclusions
Our data demonstrate that manufacturer, synthesis strategy, purity, batch, and sequence context all contribute to errors in chemically synthesized oligonucleotides and need to be considered when choosing and evaluating oligonucleotides. High-performance oligonucleotides are essential in numerous molecular applications, including clinical diagnostics.
Level of Decoy Receptor 3 for Monitoring Clinical Progression of Severe Burn Patients
Authors: Min Dong , Wu Bing , Chen Long , Chen Ruiqin , Wang Jiling , Zhang Hailong , Chen Jinrong , Kim Sunghee , Zhang Lurong , Xia Zhaofan , Lin Jianhua 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The clinical value of Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) in severe burn is investigated. Ten patients with severe burns were monitored for DcR3, PCT, CRP, IL6, SOFA score, white blood cell (WBC), and platelet. The correlations were analyzed. DcR3 increased on day 1. The nonsurvivors had a steady high level of DcR3 while the survivors had a relatively low level of DcR3. The peak magnitude of DcR3 was high in five nonsurvivors and low in five survivors without overlap. Three patients had a continuously increasing DcR3 level and then died. In the other two nonsurvivors, DcR3 reached the peak and then decreased before death. DcR3 correlated well with PCT (ρ = 0.4469, P &lt; .0001), less with CRP, platelet, IL6, SOFA score and WBC (ρ = 0.4369, 0.4078, 0.3995, 0.2631, 0.1504, respectively, all P &lt; .001). To explore the mechanisms, the HaCaT or THP-1 cells were stimulated by the plasma of burn patients, 45°C, LPS or stimulators of TLRs or NOD2 (PGN, CL264, MDP, iE-DAP, Gardiquimod), and their DcR3 was increased, which could be reduced by GDC-0941 or BEZ235 (inhibitors of PI3K and mTOR). The levels of DcR3 appeared to be a useful biomarker for monitoring the clinical severity and a predictor of mortality of severe burns.
The Under-representation of Canadian Women in Gastroenterology from Residency to Leadership
Authors: Jawaid Noor , LoMonaco Jordan , Bollegala Natasha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
To determine representation of women in gastroenterology (GI) at residency and leadership levels in Canada.

Methods
The Canadian Resident Matching Service provided data for internal medicine (IM), general surgery (GS), GI and cardiology applicant cycles 2014 to 2018. Z-tests were used to compare proportion of women entering each residency program. An internet search was conducted to calculate percentages of women as GI association presidents, residency program directors, division heads and oral speakers at conferences.

Results
IM residency had on average of 1789 applicants with 487 matched (49.4% versus 49.5% women). GS residency had on average 357 applicants with 90 matched (41% versus 54.4% women). GI residency had on average 46 applicants with 34 matched (37% versus 35.3% women). Cardiology residency had on average 76 applicants with 54 matched (29% versus 27.8% women).
The Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG) has had two out of 47 (4.2%) women presidents. The Ontario Association of Gastroenterology (OAG) has had no women presidents (0/9). The Association des gastro-entérologues du Québec (AGEQ) has had two out of 15 (13%) women presidents. The Alberta Society of Gastroenterology (ASG) has had one out of five (20%) women presidents. From 2018 to 2020, university division heads ranged from 0% to 13.3% women (0 to 2/15). University GI training program directors ranged from 28.6% to 35.7% (4 to 5/14). Women speakers at CAG’s annual conference varied 27% to 42% from 2016 to 2020, averaging 32.7%. Women speakers at OAG’s, AGEQ’s and ASG’s annual conferences averaged 23.3%, 24.1% and 35%, respectively.

Conclusion
Women gastroenterologists display low representation at multiple levels along the GI career pathway.
Judge Shopping
Authors: Kahan Marcel , McKenzie Troy A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We examine related case rules, which are local rules adopted by federal district courts to determine whether a newly filed civil action will be assigned to a judge presiding over a previously filed similar case or a randomly chosen judge. Districts have adopted divergent approaches to the definition of “relatedness” as well as to the process for determining whether a case satisfies the definition. We analyze how these design choices affect the ability of parties to strategically manipulate case assignments to gain an advantage in litigation. We also propose suggestions for the optimal design of the assignment rules for related cases.
Accountability and Affective Styles in Administrative Reporting: The Case of UNRWA, 1951–2020
Authors: Patz Ronny , Thorvaldsdottir Svanhildur , Goetz Klaus H 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis contribution theorizes on the emergence of affective styles in the accountability reporting of public agencies. Under conditions of multiple accountability towards heterogeneous stakeholders, public agencies are expected to make increased use of sentiment in their reporting. Agencies’ differentiated modulation of positive and negative sentiment results in four ideal-typical affective styles: technocratic, political, alarming, and self-praising. The plausibility of this framework is demonstrated for the case of a major international public agency, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), which serves several million Palestine refugees. We conduct a dictionary-based sentiment analysis of UNRWA annual reports published between 1951 and 2020, a corpus of 1.47 million words. Additional evidence from interviews with UNRWA officials and diplomats is also considered. Over time, the agency’s use of sentiment has increased in response to diversifying stakeholders and its affective style of reporting has changed repeatedly. Contrary to established theoretical expectations, multiple accountability not only increases positive reporting and self-praise. Rather, with increasing levels of negativity, the alarming and political styles of communication have played a much stronger role. These findings demonstrate that agencies’ chief goal in accountability reporting is not simply to elicit positive assessments from their respective accountability forums through self-praising language. Agencies may also aim to achieve “negativity congruence” with accountability forums by increasing negative sentiment, thus compelling stakeholders to acknowledge the operational challenges agencies face.