bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Preterm Birth in Kembata Tembaro Zone Public Hospitals, Southern Ethiopia, 2019
Authors: Debay Solomon , Hailemariam Hailu , Hailu Dejene , Tamiru Derese 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Preterm birth is a birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestational age since the first day of a woman’s last menstrual period. In Ethiopia, 10% of babies born preterm each year. Preterm birth is the major cause of neonatal deaths next to pneumonia and it is a substantial cause of long-term problems in survivors. The objective of the study was to identify key determinants of preterm birth in Kembata Tembaro, Southern Ethiopia, 2019. Method: Institutional unmatched case-control study design was employed on 310 mothers who gave full-term births as control and 104 mothers with preterm births as cases from October 1, 2018, to February 1, 2019. The study participants were selected using a consecutive sampling method. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Result: A total of 104 (25.1%) cases and 310 (74.9%) controls were included in the analysis with a 100% response rate. Factors such as rural resident, AOR =2.7; 95% CI [1.3, 5.6], uneducated, AOR= 2.6; 95% CI [1.3, 5.2], ANC visits <4 times, AOR =5.5; 95% CI [2.1, 14.3], substance abuse, AOR =3.5; 95% CI [1.1, 10.5], MUAC <23cm, AOR= 7.2; 95%CI [3.3, 15.7], pregnancy-induced hypertension, AOR =8.9; 95%CI[1.2, 69], history of abortion, AOR =11.1; 95%CI[1.2, 105], FCS <=21.4, AOR =20.7; 95%CI[10, 42.2], and low birth weight, AOR= 20.2; 95%CI[10.5, 39] were identified as significant determinants of preterm birth. Conclusion: Education level, rural residence, Poor antenatal care visits, substance abuse, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and history of abortion are the key factors associated with pre-term birth. Community awareness and mobilization should be strengthened through extension programs. Emphasis should be given to strengthening efforts on the availability of basic health services and promoting education on nutrition during pregnancy, especially in rural areas. Further study is recommended regarding the effect of maternal nutrition on preterm birth using a prospective study design.
On the climate benefit of a coal-to-gas shift in Germany’s electric power sector
Authors: Ladage Stefan , Blumenberg Martin , Franke Dieter , Bahr Andreas , Lutz Rüdiger , Schmidt Sandro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Methane emissions along the natural gas supply chain are critical for the climate benefit achievable by fuel switching from coal to natural gas in the electric power sector. For Germany, one of the world’s largest primary energy consumers, we conducted fleet-conversion modelling taking domestic and export country specific emissions in the natural gas and coal chains into account. Methane leakage rates below 4.9 % (GWP20; immediate 4.1 %) in the natural gas supply chain lead to overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by fuel shifting from lignite and hard coal to natural gas. Reported supply chain methane emissions for Germany’s natural gas mix are with < < 1 % leakage rates well below this Germany-specific break-even leakage rate. Even a potential supply by U.S.-American liquefied natural gas to Germany would not exceed this critical rate. Supply chain emission scenarios demonstrate that a complete shift to natural gas would emit 30–55 % less greenhouse gases than from the coal mix. However, further abating supply chain methane emissions in the oil and gas sector should remain a prime effort, when considering natural gas as bridge fuel on the path to achieve the Paris climate goals.
Phytosynthesized of Silver Nanoparticles; Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm Activities Against E.coli Pathogenic Isolated From Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Mohammadizadeh Massoumeh , Kashi Fershteh Jookar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) is uropathogenic Escherichia coli, which is often resistant to antibiotics. E. coli can form biofilms on urinary catheters. The biofilm protects E. coli against various factors. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPS) were synthesized using Trifolium pratense L. extract as a reducing agent. The AgNPs were characterized by visible UV spectroscopy, a diffraction pattern (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX). The AgNPs had a spherical shape with an average particle of 19 nm. Biological properties were also evaluated using biofilm inhibition, anticancer, antimicrobial activity. The brine shrimp lethality assay was applied to evaluate the anticancer activity of the nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles with LC50 (1.3 μg/ml) had the highest cytotoxicity activity. The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles was evaluated by the agar diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration in the range of 1.00 to 0.0312 and 2.00 to 0.0312, respectively. The nanoparticles exhibited a high antimicrobial effect against human E.coli pathogenic strains isolated from Urinary Tract Infection. The effect of biofilm inhibition on antibiotic resistant clinical strains by silver nanoparticles showed that silver nanoparticles inhibited biofilm between 21.12 to 97.10%.
Impact of Model Resolution on the Representation of the Wind Field Along Nares Strait
Authors: Moore G. W. K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nares Strait is a major pathway along which multi-year sea ice leaves the Arctic, an ice class that seen a recent dramatic reduction in extent. The winds that blow along the strait play an important role in modulating this ice export as well as in establishing the Arctic’s largest and most productive polynya, the North Water, that forms at its southern terminus. However, its remote location has limited knowledge of the winds along the strait. Here we use automatic weather station from Hans Island, in the middle of the strait, to assess the ability of a set of atmospheric analyses with a common lineage but with varying horizontal resolution to represent the variability in the wind field. We find that the flow is highly bidirectional, consistent with topographic channeling, with the highest wind speeds from the north and that a model resolution of ~9km is required to capture the observed variability. The wind field at Hans Island is also found to be representative of variability in the flow along much of Nares Strait.
Human Retinal Organoids Release Extracellular Vesicles That Regulate Gene Expression in Target Human Retinal Progenitor Cells
Authors: Zhou Jing , Flores-Bellver Miguel , Pan Jianbo , Benito-Martin Alberto , Shi Cui , Onwumere Onyekwere , Mighty Jason , Qian Jiang , Zhong Xiufeng , Hogue Tasmim , Amponsah-Antwi Baffour , Einbond Linda , Gharbaran Rajendra , Wu Hao , Chen Bo-Juen , Zheng Zhiliang , Tchaikovskaya Tatyana , Zhang Xusheng , Peinado Hector , Canto-Soler Maria Valeria , Redenti Stephen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The mechanisms underlying retinal development have not been completely elucidated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel essential mediators of cell-to-cell communication with emerging roles in developmental processes. Nevertheless, the identification of EVs in human retinal tissue, characterization of their cargo, and analysis of their potential role in retina development has not been accomplished. Three-dimensional retinal tissue derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) provide an ideal developmental system to achieve this goal. Here we report that hiPSC-derived retinal organoids release exosomes and microvesicles with small noncoding RNA cargo. EV miRNA cargo-predicted targetome correlates with GO pathways involved in mechanisms of retinogenesis relevant to specific developmental stages corresponding to hallmarks of native human retina development. Furthermore, uptake of EVs by human retinal progenitor cells leads to changes in gene expression correlated with EV miRNA cargo predicted gene targets, and mechanisms involved in retinal development, ganglion cell and photoreceptor differentiation and function.
Volume-outcome Relationship in Rectal Cancer Surgery
Authors: Siragusa Leandro , Sensi Bruno , Vinci Danilo , Franceschilli Marzia , Bagaglini Giulia , Don Cristine Pathirannehalage , Bellato Vittoria , Campanelli Michela , Sica Giuseppe Sigismondo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Introduction Hospital centralization effect is reported to lower complications and mortality for high risk and complex surgery operations, including colorectal surgery. However, no linear relation between volume and outcome has been demonstrated. Aim of the study was to evaluate the increased surgical volume effect on early outcomes of patient undergoing laparoscopic restorative anterior rectal resection (ARR).Methods A retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients undergoing ARR with primary anastomosis between November 2016 and December 2020 after centralization of rectal cancer cases in an academic Centre. Short outcomes are compared to those of patients operated in the same unit during the previous 10 years before service centralization. The primary outcome was anastomotic leak rate. Mean operative time, need of conversion, postoperative use of blood transfusion, radicality, in-hospital stay, number and type of complications, readmission and reoperation rate, mortality and 1-year and stoma persistence rates were evaluated as secondary outcomes.Results 86 patients were operated in the study period and outcomes compared to those of 101 patients operated during the previous ten years. Difference in volume of surgery was significant between the two periods (p 0.019) and the estimated leak rate was significantly lower in the higher volume unit (p 0.05). Mean operative time, need of conversion, postoperative use of blood transfusion and in-hospital stay (p <0.05) were also significantly reduced in Group A.Conclusion: This study suggests that the shift toward higher volume in rectal cancer surgery is associated to decreased anastomotic leak rate. Potentiation of lower volume surgical units may yield optimal perioperative outcomes.
PATTERNS OF PRESCRIPTION AND ADR MONITORING OF DRUGS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: JENA SUBHRANSU SEKHAR , JENA MONALISA , PATRO NIBEDITA , MISHRA SWATI , PANDA MAITREYEE , DASH MRUTUNJAY 
Published: March 2021

Objective: Neuropathic pain arises from damage or pathological changes in the peripheral or central nervous system. The pain is difficult to treat as standard treatment with conventional analgesics doesn`t typically provide effective relief of pain.
Methods: It was a one-year study of utilization and analysis of prescriptions for PNDs (Painful neuropathic disorders). The parameters evaluated were demographic profile of the patient (age and gender), type and etiology of PNDs, drug data (name of the group of drugs with individual drugs, mono or polytherapy, number of drugs per prescription, formulation) and associated adverse drug reactions (ADR) with the prescribed drug.
Results: Maximum number of patients of PNDs resides in the age group of 18 – 35 yrs (41.2%) & more common in females. The most common PND encountered was painful diabetic neuropathy (43.9%) followed by cervical and lumbar radiculopathy, postherpetic neuralgia. 2942 drugs were prescribed in 1020 prescriptions out of which 96.8% were oral and 3.2% were topical formulations. Most frequently prescribed group of the drug was tricyclic antidepressants (27.3%) followed by anticonvulsants (25.3%). Polypharmacy was seen 89.7% as compared to monotherapy (10.3%). Only 132 ADRs of various types were seen. The most common organ system affected was the central nervous system followed by gastro intestinal systems. The most common drugs implicated for ADRs were TCAs (24.4%), anticonvulsants (16.6%), and Pregabeline (9.8%). There were no fatal adverse events. Mild to moderate ADRs included constipation, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dryness of mouth.
Conclusions: The choice of drug depends on etiology of neuropathic pain, drug efficacy and availability and also on ADR profile.
O GÓTICO E A VAMPIRIZAÇÃO DA HISTÓRIA
Authors: Barros Fernando Monteiro de 
Published: March 2021

O ano de 1764 assinala o surgimento do romance gótico com a publicação de O castelo de Otranto, de Horace Walpole. Confrontando os valores do Iluminismo da época, o romance de Walpole estabelece os pressupostos do que se constituirá como um dos mais duradouros gêneros da ficção ocidental. A presença da História é essencial tanto para o gênero quanto para o modo gótico, trazendo o elemento do passado que assombra o presente na modernidade, a partir de cenários que remetem à Idade Média ou pelo menos ao Ancien Régime. Entretanto, a História é representada de forma teatralizada, no que ela sinaliza a condição dramática moderna de um mundo desprovido de sentido onde o que permanecem são simulacros e fantasmagorias.
Danilevsky in Vologda
Authors: Zelenin Sergey V. 
Published: March 2021

The article is devoted to the staying and activities of N.Ya. Danilevsky in Vologda, his connections with the Vologda region and to the importance of the thinker’s exile in Vologda. The author also relates about the phenomenon of Vologda exile in general and the staying there of other prominent persons such as N.I. Nadezhdin, V.I. Sokolovsky, M.L. Magnitsky and N.A. Berdyaev. The author notes the importance of the sojourn of famous people for the Vologda region.
Grand Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and Baty-khan’s Invasion
Authors: Rudakov Vladimir N. 
Published: March 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activity of the Grand Prince of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, or Yaroslav II (1190/1191–1246) during Baty- khan invasion of Russia. The article gives reasons of the Grand Prince’s non-participation in the Battle at the Sit River (1238), and also specifies motives of his attack on the city of Kamenets in the South of Russia (1239). On the basis of the various sources analysis, the author puts forward the hypothesis that the campaign was started not in Vladimir but from the suburbs of Kiev, where allegedly Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich could be staying at the time. Thereby the time of his return from Kiev to Vladimir-Suzdalian Rus could be reconsidered. Most likely it happened at the turn of 1239–1240, but not in the middle of 1238 as it’s commonly thought. In the context of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich’s special interest in Kiev, the article clarifies the Grand Prince’s motives of accepting from Baty-khan the rights of power over Russian lands in 1243.
Constantinople “Mascaralyc” in Letters and Memoirs of K.A. Goubastov
Authors: Fetisenko Olga 
Published: March 2021

The publication contains fragments of unpublished letters and memoirs of a Russian diplomat K.A. Goubastov (1845–1919), telling about the life of the embassy in Constantinople before the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878, in particular about the evacuation on April 11, 1877. The letters are addressed to his friend since 1867 K. Leontiev. The topic of correspondence allows us to consider these documents not only as just as eyewitness account, but also as the material enlarging our scope of Danilevsky epoch understanding and the source associated with the historiosophical issues that N. Danilevsky was engaged in.
Practice and Impact of the Humanics Philosophy of Springfield College in China in the 20th Century
Authors: FU Frank H. 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The paper will attempt first to define humanics from the Springfield College and Western perspectives, followed by the Chinese perspectives.
The perception and application of the humanics philosophy in the Chinese culture would be discussed in terms of the traditional and contemporary cultures. It was then highlighted by presenting the biography of John Ma (1882-1966), a Springfield College alumnus in the 1920s, and his role model in the promotion and delivery of the humanics philosophy at Tsinghua University and Mainland China. The possible role of the 2008 Beijing Olympics in promoting better international understanding and world peace was elaborated and future strategies to promoting the "study of man in his wholeness" and the humanics philosophy of the College were also presented.
本文試從美國春田大學及西方的思想，再配合中國的概念闡釋「人文哲學」。在中國文化中，這個理念及其實踐可以從傳統和近代的角度來討論。講者介紹二十年代春田大學畢業生馬約翰先生的生平(1882-1996)，他如何作為典範，並在北京清華大學及中國各地推廣及落實這個理念。此外，北京藉著舉辦2008年奥運會的契機，能夠擴闊國際視野及提倡世界和平，進一步研究 「全人敎育」與春田大學「人文哲學」在華的未來發展策略。
Relationship between Health-related Fitness and Web-based Physical Activity Records in College Students
Authors: CHIEN Kuei Yu , CHEN Shu Chen , LIN Wen Jong , LO Hui Tan , CHEN Hung Jen , HSU Mei Chich 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between health-related fitness (HRF) and the physical activity (PA) level from web-based records in college students. The college students (N=221, 18.8±0.6 yr) were recruited. Sedentary time, exercise mode, duration and rating of perceived exertion scale for 7 days were recorded. The body mass index, sit-ups completed in 30 s and 60 s, standing long jump, sit and reach, and 800- or 1600-m run/walk were measured. Spearman correlation and independent t-test were used for statistics. A level of a=0.05 was set for significant on all tests. The results showed that both PA and moderate intensity physical activity were significantly related to HRF, where as cardiovascular endurance was not related. We suggested PA probably affect life movement but not cardiovascular endurance. This study also indicated the correlation patterns were different in gender. The best strategies to promote HRF in college students are to reduce the sedentary time for male and to increase PA intensity for female.
本研究主要探討網路版之身體活動量與大學生健康體適能關聯，本研究招募221位(18.8±0.6歲)大學生記錄7天靜態生活與運動種類、時間以及運動時自覺努力的程度，此外進行健康體適能之身體質量指數、一分鐘仰臥起坐、立定跳遠、坐姿體前彎以及男生1600公尺或是女生之800公尺跑走測驗。以Spearman積差相關進行各變數之關聯度檢定，並以獨立樣本t檢定考驗男生與女生間各變數之差異性，顯著水準定在0.05。結果顯示無論每週平均身體活動時間或是中等強度身體活動時間與非心肺適能之健康適能具顯著的關聯，此結果暗示了身體活動量與日常生活之活動力有關，與心肺適能無關，本研究亦發現身體活動量與健康適能關聯型態因性別不同而有所不同，本校最佳之男性體適能增進策略為減少坐式時間，最佳之女性體適能增進策略為增強運動強度。
Differences of Gender and Race on the Level of Physical Fitness of Students at Two Midwestern Middle Schools in United States
Authors: MSENGI Israel G. , PEDESCLEAUX Jonell , TAN Jian Gong 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
This quantitative study measured physical strength and endurance fitness scores of 132 students at two Midwestern middle schools who participated in daily and non-daily physical education classes. A comparison for gender and race was made for the two schools during the 2005/06 school year. Data was gathered using the Fitnessgram, a tool that evaluates fitness performance using criterion-referenced standards. Results indicated that students at the daily physical education on an average scored higher (m=24.5) on push-ups than students at the non-daily school (m=11.9). However, the non-daily PE students scored higher on sit-ups (m=48.2) than the daily PE students (m=36.8). It was concluded that although the state of Iowa does not mandate physical education in elementary, middle, and high school, it was essential that school children have daily physical education to ensure good health and promotion of high academic performance.
本文通過對美國中西部地區一所有每天體育課學校和一所沒有每天體育課學校的132名中學生進行了身體力量和耐力水準的定量測試。所得資料依照Fitness-Gram標準，從性別和種族層面分析，比較和評價了2005-2006年兩校中學生的體質狀況。研究發現，開設每天體育課學校的學生俯臥撐的平均分(m=24.5)高於沒有開設每天體育課學校的學生平均分(m=11.9)；而沒有開設每天體育課學校的學生仰臥起坐的平均分(m=48.2)高於開設每天體育課學校的學生平均分(m=36.8)。儘管愛荷華州並未對本州小學、中學和高中體育課設置統一的標準，但值得注意的是學生堅持每天上體育課不僅有益身體健康也有利於學習成績的提高。
Effects of Physical Activity on Body Composition and Basal Metabolic Rate of Taiwanese Aboriginal Children during Daily School Time
Authors: TSAO T. H. , C. H. HSU HSU , HUANG Cheng Iuan , Huei Ying WU Huei Ying 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
Physical activity is one of the important factors for maintaining weight in adults and children, especially moderate-to- vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, few studies have discussed about physical activity and body composition of aboriginal children, in spite of the differences existing between aboriginal and non-aboriginal children. As a result, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical activity on the body composition and basal metabolic rate (BMR) of Taiwanese aboriginal children. Methods: Thirty boys (aged 10.7 ± 1.5 yr with a body-mass index (BMI) of 19.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2) and 26 girls (aged 10.0 ± 1.5 yr with a BMI of 18.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2) participated in this study. Bouchard's physical activity questionnaire was used to measure the physical activity level. The body composition and BMR were determined by a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: For all subjects, the period of school time, from leaving home to arriving back home, was totally 530 ± 38minutes. Children engaged in 353.8 ± 29.7 (66%), 121.9 ± 9.7 (23%), 37.1 ± 7.5 (7%), and 21.4 ± 7.0 (4%) minutes of sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous levels of exercise, respectively. The accumulated time of MVPA was significantly higher for boys than for girls. In addition, after the statistical analysis, MVPA was significantly related to the percent body fat and BMR (-0.79 and 0.63; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Sufficient physical activity time, especially MVPA, benefits the maintenance of a normal BMI range for aboriginal children.
身體活動對維持成人與孩童的體重相當重要，特別是中度與激烈程度的身體活動。儘管原住民與非原住民孩童存在著差異，但原住民兒童身體活動與身體組成的關係卻很少被討論。因此，本研究目的探討身體活動對原住民兒童身體組成與基礎代謝率的影響。30位原住民男學童(年齡：10.7 ± 1.5歲，身體質量指數：19.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2)與26位原住民女學童(年齡： 10.0 ± 1.5歲，身體質量指數：18.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2)參與本研究。Bouchard身體活動問卷調查原住民學童不同程度的身體活動，並以生物電阻法原理測量身體組成與基礎代謝率。結果：在校時間，從離家至返家，總計為530 ± 38分鐘。在坐式、輕度、中度、激烈等不同程度的身體活動時間 > 分別為353.8 ± 29.7 (66%)、121.9 ± 9.7 (23%)、37.1 ± 7.5 (7%)、21.4 ± 7.0 (4%)分鐘。男原住民學童在學校累積的中度-激烈的身體活動時間顯著多於女原住民學童。再者，中度-激烈的身體活動時間與原住民學童的體脂肪百分比、基礎代謝率有顯著相關(079、0.63; p < 0.05)。結論：足夠的身體活動時間，特別是中度-激烈程度的身體活動，將有助於原住民學童維持身體質量指數在正常範圍。
Differences in Coaching Behaviors between Individual and Team Sports at College Varsity level
Authors: ZENG Howard Z. , LEUNG Raymond W. , BIAN Wei , LIU Wenhao 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
This study examined the differences in coaching behaviors between individual sports (ISs) and team sports (TSs). Participants were head-coaches of ten varsity teams from a college in the USA. Twenty practice sessions (two practices per coach) were videotaped and the Arizona State University Observation Instrument was used for data collection. A 2 x 2 MANOVA (sports x observations) revealed that significant differences in five coaching behaviors between the two types of sports. Specifically, ISs coaches demonstrated significantly greater (p < .05) rate per minute (RPM) than did TSs coaches in Preinstruction (M = 1.41 ± .12 vs. .73 ± .13), Questioning (M = .55 ± .11vs. .29 ± .31), and Praise (M = .84 ± .37 vs. .36 ± .38). TSs coaches demonstrated significantly greater (p < .05) RPM than did ISs coaches in Postinstruction (M = 1.28 ± .18 vs. .56 ± .06) and Hustle (M = .89 ± .12 vs. .13 ± .06). No significant differences (p > .05) were identified in Concurrent Instruction, Positive Modeling, Negative Modeling, Scold, and Management behaviors between the coaches. In conclusion, the coaches from the ISs and TSs employed different coaching behaviors that reflected the features of their specific sports.
本研究檢驗了大學生代表隊個人與團隊運動教練行為之間的差異。研究對象為位於美國東部一所大學的10支運動代表隊的主教練。研究者在他們進行正常訓練時對10名教練員的教練行為進行了錄像記錄 (總共錄了20堂訓練課，每名教練員兩堂)。資料採用亞里桑納州立大學系統觀測儀收集。通過2x2多元方差分析檢驗，在 個人與團隊運動之間有五種教練行為顯出明顯差異 (p<.05)。具體如下：個人運動教練比團隊運動教練使用了明顯多的訓練前指導 (M=1.41±.12 vs. .73士.13)，訓練中提問 (M=.55±.ll vs. .29士.31)和表揚(M=.84±.37 vs..36±.38)；團隊運動教練比個人運動教練使用了明顯多的訓練後指導 (M=1.28±.18 vs. .56士.06)和訓練中催促 (M=.89±.12 vs. .13士.06)。然而，個人與團隊運動的教練在使用訓練中指導正或負面示範叱責和組織/管理等教練行為時沒有明顯差異 (p>.05)。結論：個人與團隊運動項目的教練使用了不同的教練行為而這些教練 行為反映了他們所教運動項目的特點。