bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of De-Icing property using Reduced Graphene Oxide - Boron Nitride Nano Powder in CFRP
Authors: Akash Raja A , Nisha M S , Jatin J , Kiren Joseph Noel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Icing is one of the critical factors that affects the flight of the aircraft in ways of drag. In this study, the rate of de-icing was experimented with the composite material using Boron Nitride Nano Powder (BNNP) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO). Boron Nitride are highly thermal conductive and lesser toxic, and Graphene allows to be a good conductor of heat and electricity and thereby, these nanomaterials are used as a filler for de-icing application. The filler is mixed in Epoxy Resin using ultrasonicator. In order to get better specimen surface of composite, ultrasonic mixing method is used instead of hand-mixing. To fabricate Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Hand Lay-up Method is carried out. The material characterization is done by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Mechanical properties are studied with Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Water Droplet test. Moreover, the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer surface shows extraordinary de-icing effect contrasted with the non-functionalized surface. This study has proved that the de-icing property is very much effective with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer where Graphene and Boron Nitride as the filler.
Influence of injection pressure on performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder RCCI engine fuelled with ethanol gasoline and diesel biodiesel blends
Authors: Kumbhar V S , Shahare A S , Awari G K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) has great potential for a simultaneous reduction in Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) with increase in thermal efficiency. In this experimentation, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of injection pressure on the performance emission and combustion characteristics of single cylinder RCCI engine. Literature reveals that injection pressure has a great influence on the quality of charge preparation, fuel stratification, and incylinder reactivity. Suitably modified engine was operated for 0 to 12 kg loads, for 400 to 700 injection pressure. The blend of ethanol gasoline E20 used as a low reactivity fuel and blend of diesel jatropha biodiesel B20 used as a high reactivity fuel. Experimental results showed that increase in injection pressure enhances the degree of charge homogeneity, reduces the combustion duration, and provides higher rate of energy release. For 12 kg load and 700 bar injection pressure, it is observed that 5% rise in thermal efficiency, 27% reduction in smoke opacity, 2% reduction in HC, 4% reduction in CO and 20% rise in NOx as compared to 400 bar injection pressure.
Contravariant tensor algebra for anisotropic hyperelasticity
Authors: Basak Arthesh , Rajagopal Amirtham , Basappa Umesh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Analysis of tensors in oblique Cartesian coordinate systems always requires the definition of a set of orthogonal covariant basis vectors called the Reciprocal basis. This increases the complexity of the analysis and hence makes the method cumbersome. In this work a novel method is presented to effectively carry out the various transformations of tensors to and between oblique coordinate system/s without the need to create the covariant reciprocal basis. This will simplify the procedure of transformations involving problems where tensors are required to be defined in the oblique coordinate system. This work also demonstrates how the analysis of contravariant tensors can be applied to hyperelasticity. Continuum material and damage models can integrate this approach to model anisotropy and non linearity using a much simpler approach. The accuracy of the models was illustrated by matching the predictions to experimental results. A finite element analysis of material and damage model based on contravariant tensors was also carried out on a simple geometry with a re-entrant corner.
A Critical Study on Computation of Cutting Forces in Metal Cutting
Authors: Mohanta Dillip Kumar , Pani Biswajyoti , Sahoo Bidyadhar , Mohanty A. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Tool behavior in metal cutting is inevitable since they are typically required to produce components with high precision. This would have a profound impact on efficiency and costs of machining. The cutting forces involved at chip tool interface and the surface finish of the machined surfaces are the two major facets to gauge the performance of tool. The prediction by a statistical model, and the experimental values recorded using various sensors especially dynamometers are different approaches to critically analyze the cutting forces. Many researchers use to extensively practice these methodologies for their research activity. The aim of current research is to critically analyze & summarize approaches i.e., experimental/predictive available for gauging the cutting forces with user suggestion.
Experimental Investigation on Grades of Cement in the Nominal and Design Concrete Mixes
Authors: Maruthachalam D , Boobalan S C , Kaarthik M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In India, the experience in the use of concrete in housing is more than seven decades old. Concrete mix is a combination of cement, water and aggregates of sand and stone. The relative merits of using 33, 43 & 53 grades of cement in the nominal and design concrete mixes are studied, by testing to destruction hundreds of cubes, cylinders and prisms made using these three grades of cement, the concrete mix having been designed as per the relevant Indian Standard code of practice. The objective of this paper is to make awareness among researchers, engineers and the public about the latest scientific and technical developments in cement, and how to achieve economy in concrete. The foremost objective of concrete mix design is to hand-pick the optimum proportions of various ingredients of the concrete to satisfy the required properties in its fresh and hardened state. As per the investigation, if concrete mixes are designed for different grades adopting separately 33, 43, & 53 grades of cements, grade 53 gives the highest 28 days cube strength, whereas 33 grade cement gives the lowest value. The relative cost of using these three grades is also discussed in the paper.
Foot trajectory analysis of a robotic leg
Authors: Koushik M J , Krishna M S Aravind , Rahul R , Sreedharan Pramod 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
When it comes to walking robots, foot trajectory is a crucial element that can significantly influence the efficiency of the walking robot. This paper analyses the various foot return trajectories, which can provide higher step length while consuming less power. It is done through mathematical analysis and verified using simulations in software such as MSC Adams and Solidworks. This paper also discusses the kinematic and dynamic analysis of the two degrees of freedom leg using theoretical approaches in MATLAB and verifies the results using the simulation in MSC Adams.
Experimental analysis of microstructure and mechanical characteristics of LM6 & fly ash composite through stir casting method
Authors: Dhar A K , Sutradhar G 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fly ash has received a lot of attention as a possible support for aluminium alloy composites (AMCs) to improve characteristics while lowering production costs. Al alloy MMC was made with different amounts of fly ash (2, 5, and 8%). The semi-solid state mould was gradually filled with reinforced particles. The optical microscope investigation of the microstructure of AMCs reveals homogenous fly ash dispensation. With the increase in fly ash particulate, the microstructure with refined composition displays reducing Si-needle structure and extending space of eutectic-Al grid space. While hardness increases by 88 percent, tensile strength increases by 57 percent and yield strength by 17 % of the AMCs with the increment of fly ash. The addition of fly ash particles improved the AMCs’ physical and mechanical qualities. As a result, it leads to upgrade the energy utilisation.
Numerical Investigation of Precast Grouted Sleeve Connection under Cyclic Loading Using ABAQUS
Authors: Hemamathi A. , Murugavel Sanjith , Sukumar Binu , Usha Rani M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with numerical investigation using finite element software, ABAQUS CAE, for the analysis of precast reinforced concrete (RC) column connected to the foundation containing protruding bar in grouted sleeve subjected to axial, and lateral loads, including the cyclic loading response. The monolithic connection of column and foundation is designed and the same has been used for the design of precast concrete column and foundation. The model focusses on the length of the protruding bar provided in the foundation that is connected to the column through the grouted sleeve. As there is lack of Indian standard codes in the design of precast concrete connections, an attempt has been made by varying the length of protruding bars. The model was subjected to quasi-static loading condition and parameters such as ultimate load carrying capacity, load-displacement hysteresis, ductility and plastic strain were studied and were compared with that of monolithic connection. The results proved that when the length of protruding bars provided was equal to development length of the bar provided, the results were comparable with that of monolithic connection.
Experimental Study on Strengthening of Concrete Cylinders Using GFRP Sheets with Boron Carbide-Epoxy Composite
Authors: Joyson Silva P , Sukumar Binu , Periyasamy R , Siva Rahul M , Salman Ahmed A , Santhosh R , Sajin Raj S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Usage of composite materials as a concrete strengthening agent had increased evidently in recent years. One of those materials is the Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) which is used in various fields for strengthening and retrofitting of concrete structures. Various studies have shown that, the wrapping of concrete specimens with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) resulted in increase in the Compressive Strength as well as the ductility of the concrete members. The main Objective of this project is to enhance the axial compressive strength of concrete block wrapped by Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer sheets tested with various compositions of Boron Carbide (B4C) mixed with epoxy resin to find out the increase in the compressive strength. Cylindrical Concrete specimen of standard size 150mm diameter and 300mm height were casted of M30 Grade Concrete. Totally 6 batches were casted which consists of 18 specimens composing of different compositions of Boron Carbide varying 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% of boron carbide (B4C) were added and mixed with epoxy resin. Finally, Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer is wrapped around the Concrete specimen with a single wrap and the results obtained from Compressive strength of the specimens were studied.
Feasibility Study on Application of Natural Coagulants
Authors: Premkumar R , Rajesh S. , Prasanna venkadesh M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Creating nations are confronting consumable water gracefully issues because of lacking money-related assets. The expense of water treatment is expanding, and the nature of waterway water isn’t steady because of a suspended and colloidal molecule load brought about via land advancement and high tempest overflow during the stormy season. Because of numerous issues made by utilizing engineered coagulants a popularity to locate an elective characteristic coagulant emerges. In this exertion, an endeavor is made to examine the likelihood of normal coagulants like Cassia Alata, Calotropis Procera, Hyacinth bean, Banana leaves, Carcia Papaya, Acacia Mearnsii, Jatropha Curcas, Cactus, and Tamarind seeds on the reduction of turbidity of water. The clump coagulation test was done to decide the ideal coagulant amount required for the evacuation of turbidity of 100 NTU and to recognize the successful coagulant out of the nine chose normal coagulants. From this study, it may be accomplished that banana leaf can be used as an effectual coagulant for low and medium turbid water, whereas for high turbid water cactus can be used as an effective coagulant. Further examinations were completed utilizing the recognized coagulant to streamline the parameters like coagulant measurements, pH, introductory turbid focus, blending time, blending rate, and settling time. The higher percentage removal of turbidity was observed when pH was maintained at 6.5, initial turbid concentration was 500NTU, rapid mixing time given was 1 minute, slow mixing time with 25 minutes, and settling time of 25 minutes.
Influence of hybrid pin profile on microstructural and mechanical properties of Al/SiC graded composites produced by friction stir processing
Authors: Bikkina Venkatesh , Talasila Sadasiva Rao , Adepu Kumar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Friction stir processing (FSP) was employed to fabricate a surface graded composite by embedding SiC reinforcement particles in an AA6082-T6 matrix. Conical blind holes were drilled on the surface of the plate with varying inter-hole distances. The processing was performed with the different number of passes by keeping rotational and traverse speed constant. A new hybrid tool with a combination of conventional conical threaded tool and the triangular cross-sectioned tool was used in processing. The microstructural features of the processed samples were examined by a 3D microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanical properties such as microhardness, tensile strength was thoroughly evaluated. It is reported that the number of passes played an essential role in the distribution of reinforcement particles and grain refinement. The hardness value improved by applying multiple passes. The fractured tensile samples showed ductile failure. The sample treated with double passes gave better results with the homogenous distribution of reinforcement particles compared to samples processed with a single pass.
Numerical Analysis of Soil Reinforcement using Geocell infilled with Quarry Dust Powder
Authors: Adithan K , Neethi Chandra AC , Reddy Tiyyagura Laxmi Gayatri , Vaishnao Vignesh G , Sharma Animesh , Ramkrishnan R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Massive urbanisation and infrastructural development caused by the growing population have taken place during the last decades. This means that in a rapidly expanding world economy we are running out of land. This problem has led to the use of ground improvement techniques to enhance the usability of land masses that were once not considered suitable for the development of infrastructure. Geocell is an innovative soil stabilisation product for civil engineering and development of infrastructures. They are cell containment systems which have been produced as an easy and durable material to stabilise and protect the compaction of the soil. The environmental concern regarding the disposability of quarry dust powder (QDP), produced from production units of M-sand (Manufactured sand), is of concern to the environment. The statement that is “waste of one industry should become the raw material for another” and that drawback can be addressed effectively by using it to improve the geotechnical characteristics of the weak soil. The purpose of this study is to find the optimal geocell-layer geometry and optimum combination of QDP infills to produce less settlement at a particular load using PLAXIS 2D software. The characteristics that have been varied are quarry dust powder in infill, geocell material and frequency of loading. These parameters were used for simulations to study the response of load vs settlements and the FOS of the slope. The FOS on the slope on the terrain was found to be 4.5, a steady slope. An optimised reinforcing mattress was ultimately found out.
Flexural Strength of Fly ash Brick Masonry Wall with four different bond
Authors: Shenbagavalli S , Chokkalingam Ramesh Babu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The strength of the masonry mainly depends on type of bond, types of bricks, compressive strength of the bricks and mortar used. The types of bonds play a major role in the properties of brick masonry wall. The most common types of bond used in practice are English bond, Flemish bond, Stretcher bond and Header bond. A lot of study has been performed on the load-carrying capacity of masonry walls. In this paper, effort has been taken to study the influence of different bonds on the flexural strength of the flyash brick masonry wall. For this wall of size 1m × 0.76m × 0.22m has been casted, cured for 28 days and tested in a loading frame. From the results, it was found the English bond gave higher flexural strength compared to other bonds such as Flemish, Stretcher and Header bond. The flexural strength of English bond was around 45 to 50% higher than the other bonds. The crack pattern at failure was also noted for all the masonry walls.
Sintering sensitivity of aluminium metal matrix composites developed through powder metallurgy proposed technique-a review
Authors: Choudhury Anup , Nanda Jajneswar , Das Sankar Narayan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper interprets the effect of sintering parameters like sintering time and sintering temperature as well as various sintering methods on distinct properties of the material. The variation of Physical, mechanical, and Tribological behaviour depending on sintering temperature, time and method based on various aluminium metal matrix composites have been investigated. The advantages of aluminium metal matrix composites are high strength to weight ratio, high wear resistance, and erosion resistance, etc. Aluminium Metal matrix composites have vast applications in various fields like structural, automobile, and aviation industries. The optimum value of sintering parameters and choice of sintering methods has a major role in getting these required properties of aluminium metal matrix composites prepared by the powder metallurgy process.
Experimental investigation on Ferrocement slab using partial replacement of cement by ceramic powder
Authors: Dhilip Kumar R G , Sukumar Binu , Hemamathi A , Ram Shankar P , Balki Sharanya 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this study, flexural behaviour of the Ferrocement panels of size 500 mm x 500 mm x 50 mm with partial replacement of ceramic powder under monotonic loading is observed. All the Ferrocement panels were casted with cement mortar of mix proportion 1:4 with w/c ratio of 0.45 and all the specimens were casted with single layer of galvanized welded wire mesh of 2mm diameter with mesh opening of 12.5 mm x 12.5 mm. The ceramic powder is administered at various percentage replacement of cement by weight and the adopted variations are 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. Compressive strength of the mortar mix for all the different ratios of ceramic powder was carried out and the results were discussed. It can be concluded that the Panel with 10% replacement of ceramic powder offers appreciable results than the other panels.
Computational design optimization of industrial single piece ball valve to enhance the flow performance
Authors: Rangappa Ravichandra , Murthy BRN , Porali Avinash , Rajesha S , Natarajan N 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The characteristics of flow through the fluid flow system largely depends on the control valves and their performance. Ball valves are one among the major valves widely used in various industries due to their simple construction and ease of manufacturing. Thus investigating flow characteristics of these valves is most essential to minimize the losses due to friction and cavitation caused within the valve body. The main objective of the current work is to carry out the computational fluid dynamics analysis using Ansys® Fluent® as solver and Solidworks® as 3D modelling tools to investigate the flow patterns through the single piece ball valve to determine the various flow characteristic and there by suggest design optimization for improved flow rate and performance. Various designs of ball valve such as BVD1, BVD2 and BVD3 were tested through CFD simulation. The simulation results reveals that BVD1 and BVD2 are failed in bidirectional flow characteristics. However BVD3 shows the significant improvement in all the flow characteristics.
Conversion of Two-Stroke Vehicle to an Electric Vehicle
Authors: Harris Haroon Rayyan , Dev Ajay G , Jose Joel , Jithamanyu Dv Ganesh , Sankar Vishnu , Noble Jibin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Amid the global pandemic of covid-19, fuel prices have soared a record high, crossing the Rs. 100 landmark for petrol and diesel. This leads to an increase in prices across all products, which cuts in deeper into the already thin bottom lines of ordinary citizens. Public outcry aside, the rise in fuel prices indicates an accelerating trend, which emphasizes the need to find alternative sources of fuel for transport; the ever growing sector. In recent years, reports of possible banning two-stroke engines, coupled with the emergence of a new emission standard in India, have re-ignited questions about how two-stroke vehicles, can be powered from alternative sources of energy. This project intends to address the above question, by assessing the feasibility of a different alternative, by designing an electric drivetrain for a twowheeler, while aiming to be practical and economical for the ordinary man riding it. This project intends to be a cost-feasibility study, whose aim, to realize a full EV conversion of a twowheeler, less than 50% of current market price of base level, original EV’s, thereby proving to be a feasible alternative to people who cannot afford the alternative; and also solving the logistical and environmental problems arising from a large number of abandoned or suboptimal use of such vehicles, when the shift happens.
Design and Control of an Automated SCARA Robotic Arm with a Pneumatic Soft Gripper
Authors: Pranav V K , Kumar G Nitheesh , Yadukrishnan V , Anil Krishnanand , Ghanashyam S , Prakash Amal , Rajendran Anikesh , Sreedharan Pramod 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper focuses on the design, analysis and control of an automated 3 DOF SCARA robotic manipulator with an end effector made of asymmetric flexible pneumatic bellow actuator (AFPBA). The manipulator is made for use in the poultry industry and therefore tested in its ability to detect, pick and place eggs. The links of the manipulator are made using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and the end effector is made using nitrile rubber. A neural network derived from the VGG-16 and YOLO architecture is then implemented to detect and localize eggs. The predicted values were then used to calculate the inverse kinematics of the manipulator.