bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of hyperbranched polymer as toughener on tensile, thermal and electrical properties of thin film epoxy composites
Authors: Lim William Yung Ling , Jaafar Mariatti , Ishak Ku Marsilla Ku , Chan Wooi Keong , Chinniah Karuna 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Due to the intrinsic brittleness of epoxy-based solder masks (SMs), hyperbranched polymers have emerged as potential alternatives for permanent SMs. However, the low glass transition temperature (Tg) of pure hyperbranched polymers is undesirable for SMs. Instead, they are more suitable to be used as toughening agent. Hence, this study investigates the influence of adding hyperbranched polyester polyol (HBP) on the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of epoxy composites. 15 wt% SiO2/epoxy composites were formulated with 0, 20 and 40 wt% HBP and dispersed via probe ultrasonication. The resulting composites were evaluated using Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), universal testing machine, dielectric and surface resistivity tests. Findings revealed that adding HBP increased the elongation at break by 10.34 % but reduced both tensile strength and tensile modulus. This may relate to the absence of an increasing absorption peak of O-H group in FT-IR. For thermal stability, the addition of 20 wt% HBP raised the Tmax by 13.38°C but lowered both T5% and Tonset. Tg and storage modulus also decreased with the addition of HBP. The surface resistivity and dielectric constant of the SiO2/epoxy composites increased with the addition of HBP, while a higher addition (40 wt%) of HBP caused a high dielectric loss. In short, 20 wt% HBP/15wt% SiO2/epoxy composite shows the best elongation at break, thermal and surface resistivity, which leads to less brittle and thermally stable SMs.
Effect of Post-Processing Parameters of Accelerator-Free Crosslinker (AF) on Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (XNBR) Latex Films
Authors: Azman Nadia Wan , Abdullah Nurhidayatul Ainah , Enomoto Norihide , Rashid Azura A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Gloves manufacturers have been trying to establish an alternative vulcanization system without an accelerator to combat health issues. One such innovation is the technology of producing latex film self-crosslinked without the use of sulphur and accelerators. In this study, Polycarbodiimide (PCDI) was used as a crosslinker to produce carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) latex films. Effect of post-processing parameters (leaching and ageing) methods were carried out to investigate the performance of PCDI as a self-crosslinker compared to sulphur vulcanization systems. The mechanical and physical properties were measured from tensile, tear, swelling and durability tests. From this study, it is expected that XNBR gloves using PCDI imposed superior mechanical and physical properties similar to sulphur system XNBR gloves. PCDI-crosslinked shows comparable mechanical properties of XNBR latex films than sulphur-crosslinked due to the contribution of the two crosslink mechanisms that create more ionic crosslink formation resulting in much denser polymer network. The increase in post-leaching temperature enhanced the mechanical properties of XNBR latex films by effectively leaching out non-rubber particles. The thermal aging results show the mechanical properties of XNBR latex films increased with aging time. Based on the results obtained, PCDI can be used as an accelerator-free crosslinker in XNBR gloves with properties that meet the specifications for gloves applications.
Determination of Mass Attenuation Coefficient of Jute Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composite as Tissue Equivalent Phantom
Authors: Khaidir Laili Marlina , Yusof Mohd Fahmi Mohd , Shawkataly Abdul Khalil , Mohamed Nurul Syazwina 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The mass attenuation coefficient is a fundamental parameter in radiation physics and plays a pivotal role in understanding the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter. This study aims to determine mass attenuation coefficients of newly developed tissue equivalent phantom fabricated from jute fibres reinforced with epoxy resin and activated carbon as a filler. The composites were prepared based on four different filler levels (ranging from 0wt% to 5wt%). The produced phantoms are characterized in terms of half-value layer HVL (cm) relating to linear attenuation coefficient, μ (cm−1). The linear and mass attenuation coefficients for the composites with different wt% of filler were determined at three different kV settings of the X-ray generator, covering the lower energy range of normal diagnostic practice (50 kVp, 102 kVp and 109 kVp) and by using the half-value layer (HVL) method. Aluminum filters were used to determine the HVL values and subsequently calculated the attenuation coefficients. The value of attenuation coefficients of fabricated composite materials was contrasted with theoretical value through the utilization of XCOM software at the same energy levels. The results were in good agreement for all ranges of wt% composite. These findings not only have significant practical implications for radiation-related technologies and applications but also enhance material characterization techniques. Hence, the attenuation measurements conducted in this study validate the suitability of jute-reinforced epoxy resin, filled with activated carbon as a phantom material that mimics human tissue.
Predication of Backbreak caused by the blasting operations of an open pit mine using Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms
Authors: Appendix A. , Dehghani H. , Hashim M.H.M. , Matinpour F. , Bolbanabad SH. Mohammadi , Saleki M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The main goal of open pit mines is to create adequate rock breakage whilst reducing adverse outcomes like flyrock, ground vibration, and back break. Of these, back break (BB) is a serious consequence of blasting in open pit mines, as it frequently diminishes economic advantages and has a negative impact on mines’ safety. As a result, accurate BB prediction is critical for design of mine blast and other production operations. In this study, grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and random forest (RF) algorithms were implemented to predict BB. 61 categories of collected data from A and B mines of Sangan iron ore complex, Iran, were considered. Seven effective parameters on BB, i.e., the ratio of row spacing to burden (S/B), blasthole length (L), specific drilling (SD), sub-drilling (U), specific charge (P), stemming (T), and average charge in each blast-hole (Q) and their corresponding BB values were measured. To implement the suggested methods, in the first stage, 48 data sets were utilized as training phase data and remaining data sets were considered as test phase data. Then, the coefficient of determination parameter (R2) was employed for the training and testing data to evaluate the efficiency of the suggested models. The precision of the GWO and RF algorithms was further evaluated in comparison to multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. The coefficient of determination values for the GWO, RF, and MLR for the training phase were 0.922, 0.948, and 0.643 respectively, while for the testing phase were 0.959, 0.966, and 0.733 indicating that both of the artificial intelligence approaches, GWO and RF, are more efficient than the MLR. Also, the calculated values of VAF and RMSE indicators reveal the GWO and RF algorithms can accurately predict BB values. Finally, the sensitivity analysis performed on the input parameters showed that the average charge in each blasthole (Q) has the greatest impact and specific drilling (SD) has the least impact on BB.
Ageing influence in rejuvenated reclaimed asphalt binder incorporating waste cooking oil: A review
Authors: Rahim Muhammad Ibrahim Khalili Abd , Yaacob Haryati , Kamarudin Siti Nur Naqibah , Odubela Christiana Adebola , Ngadi Norzita , Shaffie Ekarizan , Jaya Ramadhansyah Putra , Al-Saffar Zaid Hazim , Amin Ahmad Shahrir 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Mixing Recycled Asphalt Binder (RAP) with fresh asphalt mixture offers both environmental and economic advantages. However, the aged asphalt binder in RAP presents a significant challenge in sustainable asphalt pavement construction. One of sustainable approach is by using Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) to bring back the original properties of aged asphalt. Although, WCO ability to soften the aged binder is already established, its ability to improve the binder ability to resist the ageing is remain unknown. Researchers have recently explored the potential of using WCO as a sustainable rejuvenator for RAP, aiming to improve the binder’s resistance to ageing. This review covers important topics such the oxidative ageing mechanism in asphalt binders, ageing simulation techniques, the effectiveness of WCO in restoring the RAP properties, and WCO performance to increase asphalt ageing resistance. Through a comprehensive analysis of numerous prior studies, this review sheds light on the impact of WCO on the rheological characteristics, ageing resistance, and mechanical performance of the rejuvenated asphalt binder. The results from the examined literature are that WCO can be utilized as a sustainable rejuvenator in RAP by increase the durability and ageing resistance of binder. This review also points out some of the asphalt binder ageing factors are remains unknown which can be investigate for future research in this field. Ultimately, this review can be referred as a guidance to index and track the ageing factors in rejuvenated RAP by evaluates its characteristics and properties.
A Study of Potential and Environmental Impact of Rare-Earth Elements of Tin Mining in Indonesia: A Review
Authors: Gusman M , Seprianti A , Anaperta YM , Anarta R , Rahman HA 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Indonesia possesses substantial reserves of tin. Recent developments indicate that most of the tin concentrate is categorized as probable reserves (totaling 6.8 billion M3) and measured resources (totaling 7.2 billion M3) over the past five years. The primary mineral, tin, is accompanied by secondary minerals like monazite and xenotime, which have the potential to yield rare-earth elements (REE). These REEs consist of 17 transition metals, including 15 lanthanides such as Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), and others like Yttrium (Y) and Scandium (Sc). Studies indicate Indonesia harbors significant REE potential, estimated at around 1.5 billion tons, located in regions like Bangka Belitung, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Papua. However, the extraction and utilization of REEs may have environmental implications on a regional and global scale. These include concerns such as radioactivity, acidification, eutrophication, generation of solid waste, water consumption, energy footprint, toxicity, and others, necessitating careful consideration and management.
Effect Of Iraqi Porcelanite Composition on The Properties of Ceramic Tiles: Experimental and Simulation Works
Authors: Abdalkareem kalaf Ishraq , Nalanakumar Prakash Raja , Shariff Khairul Anuar , Mohammed Ahmed Hafedh Mohammed 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the effect of Iraqi porcelanite on the properties of ceramic tiles and to compare experimental and simulated modulus of rupture (MOR) values of the ceramic tiles. Ceramic tiles with new body composition which include Iraqi porcelanite was prepared by batching, mixing, milling, drying, and pressing the raw materials, then fired at 1200 ·C for 6 hours. 4 different samples with varying wt.% of Iraqi porcelanite labelled as Control (0 wt.%), A (1 wt.%), B (3 wt.%), and C (5 wt.%) were prepared. Sample B showed the best properties, including highest fired shrinkage (37.15%), bulk density (2.78g/cm3), and modulus of rupture (MOR) value (24.88 MPa), along with lowest water absorption (0.651%) and apparent porosity (1.81%). Further increase in Iraqi porcelanite in Sample C shows slightly lower properties compared to sample B due to hindered mullite formation by high amounts of flux. The addition of up to 3 wt.% porcelanite is a viable substitute for ball clay. Simulated MOR values closely match experimental data but were lower in value overall. This was due to assumptions such as zero porosity, perfect dimensions and single-phase uniform microstructure. Simulation in ceramic industry has high potential by requires improved methodology for more accurate simulation.
Additive Manufacturing of Polylactic Acid for Electrostatic Discharge Materials Application
Authors: Ismail Iman Firdaus Bin , Shuib Raa Khimi Bin , Ramli Mohamad Riduwan Bin , Chia Siang Kok 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The aim of this research work is to fabricate Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) compliant material utilizing Fused Deposition Modelling. FDM technique was utilized to fabricate ESD-compliant material. Polylactic acid (PLA) was chosen as the main material and blended with the conductive filler Carbon Black (CB) N550. Various CB compositions, ranging from 3-10wt% of Carbon Black N550, were mixed with PLA through a dry blending process for 24 hours at 40 rpm. The resulting material mixture was subsequently extruded into filaments using the 3Devo filament maker. CAD design and Ultimaker Cura slicer were utilized to construct the final product design and printing was carried out using Creality CR-6 SE. ESD test results showed that filament composition consisting of 97wt% PLA and 3wt% Carbon Black N550 achieved the desired ESD characteristics within the specified range. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of this selected blend demonstrated enhanced tensile strength and aligning well with its morphological behavior.
Investigating the Relationship Between Failure Patterns and Mechanical Properties of Rock
Authors: Mashin Muhammad Nurudeen , Saril Muhammad Amin , Zabidi Hareyani 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The mechanical properties of rocks play a critical role in many geotechnical and geological applications. A good understanding of the mechanical properties of rocks and the factors influencing them enables accurate prediction of the behaviour of rocks in various applications. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the failure pattern and the mechanical properties of granite using the Schmidt hammer rebound test, p-wave velocity measurement, and thin section analysis. The average result of the Schmidt rebound test showed the lowest and highest values of 45.3 MPa and 77.3 MPa, respectively. The results of the p-wave measurement for the lowest and highest values are 3.380 m/sec2 and 6.776 m/sec2 respectively and the thin section confirmed the presence of mineralogical compositions such as quartz, biotite, muscovite, mica, and feldspar of the granitic rock. The results of this study have shown the importance of considering multiple techniques when investigating the mechanical properties of rock and performing a combination of tests that ultimately provide a complete understanding of the mechanical behaviour of rock. This study highlights the need for further research to deepen the understanding of the relationship between rock failure patterns and mechanical properties and to improve the accuracy and precision of rock property measurements.
Estimation of Link Margin and Doppler Shift of Ground Sensor Terminal for Nanosatellite Payload
Authors: Omar M. F. , Faiza Z. , Ali F. Z. , Jusoh M. H. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to develop and validate a method for estimating Link Margin and Doppler Shift to enhance the performance of the Ground Sensor Terminal (GST) for nanosatellite communication systems. The Link Margin estimation considers key factors such as Antenna Gain and losses, Atmospheric Effect, System Noise Temperature (Tsys), Margin (M), and Received Signal Strength (Pr). The methodology includes calculating the uplink budget using both the EB/No and SNR methods, with parameters extracted from the AMSAT IARU Link Model. Additionally, Doppler Shift is analysed as the change in frequency of the signal due to the relative motion between the satellite and the ground station. Mitigation strategies, including frequency management, adaptive modulation and coding, predictive tracking algorithms, and real-time feedback control systems, were explored as effective means to counteract the Doppler effect’s influence on signal integrity. The results indicate that for a satellite positioned at an altitude of 400 km, with a frequency of 145.825 MHz, the maximum Doppler shift at 0 degrees elevation is observed to be 4 kHz. Communication can be established with a link margin of 11.3 dB, starting from an elevation of 0 degrees, using the EB/No method, significantly improving the reliability and efficiency of data transmission in nanosatellite missions.
Analytical Approach to SYM-H based Geomagnetic Storm Classifications using Statistical Features Extraction
Authors: Latiff Zatul Iffah Abd , Hairuddin Muhammad Asraf , Zainuddin Aznilinda , Ashar Nur Dalila Khirul , Jusoh Mohamad Huzaimy 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Geomagnetic storms signi.icantly impact technological systems such as satellites, navigation, and power grids, necessitating accurate classi.ication methods to mitigate these effects. Traditional methods often fall short in capturing the complex nature of these storms. This study investigates the use of statistical feature extraction techniques on the SYM-H index time series to enhance geomagnetic storm classi.ication. By extracting features such as mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, variance intensity, and the number of peaks and troughs, the understanding of geomagnetic storm behaviour can be improved. In this study, we present that variance intensity and skewness are particularly effective in distinguishing between mild and severe geomagnetic storms, providing a more accurate classi.ication framework. ANOVA analysis was employed to reduce the feature set, con.irming the signi.icance of variance intensity and skewness for classi.ication purposes. The results indicate that severe storms exhibit higher variance intensity and more peaks and troughs, re.lecting their greater complexity compared to mild storms. These .indings suggest that advanced statistical feature extraction techniques, combined with rigorous feature selection through ANOVA, can signi.icantly enhance classi.ication models and resilience against geomagnetic disturbances, aiding in better preparedness and mitigation strategies for affected technological systems.
Geomagnetic Storm and Space Weather Perturbation via Magnetometer Analysis
Authors: Dagang A N , Adzni M A M , Umar R 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A geomagnetic storm is a significant disturbance of Earth’s magnetosphere that occurs when there is a very efficient exchange of energy from the solar wind into the space environment surrounding Earth. Solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) are the events that cause space weather perturbations, which can disrupt all types of electronic equipment. This study aims to determine the relation between the Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) detection via magnetometer with space weather perturbation. The potential of this study is promising, as it can help to understand more about space weather perturbation and develop safer precaution steps. SpaceWeatherLive.com website was used to find the dates of solar events, including solar flares and CME. Solar parameter readings which were solar wind speed (Vsw), dynamic pressure (kPa), symmetric (SYM) disturbance index for the H component, and the interplanetary magnetic field (Bz), were recorded from the OMNI website. Next, the SuperMAG website was used to extract the N and Z components of ULF data from six magnetometers in six stations near the Earth’s equator. Proper graphs were plotted using the data obtained from both Omniweb and SuperMag websites, which averaged for every minute over a period of three days. The graphs obtained were analysed statistically using Pearson method correlations. The results show values of more than +0.5 or less than -0.5 for the Pearson method, proving that the ULF detection method could be related to space weather. Results with a value less than +0.5 or more than -0.5 have a weak correlation between both ULF data and space weather perturbation. ULF data could be used to understand space weather conditions better and help organize safety measures or create safer equipment when dealing with space weather perturbations in the future.
Analyzing Electron Beam-Induced Coronal Extreme Ultraviolet Emissions and Solar Radio Bursts Type III During M-Class Flares: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Wan Mokhtar WZA , Ariffin AK , Daud ANM , Umar MF , Umar R 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Solar flare events are triggered by the process of magnetic reconnection, which leads to a sudden release of stored magnetic energy and intensifies the electromagnetic emissions across the entire spectrum. In this preliminary study, we investigate the role of accelerated electron beams from acceleration site in enhancing Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) emissions in the solar corona and generating metric solar radio bursts type III (SRBT III) during M-class flare events. By focusing on six flare events associated with SRBT III, which occurred between June 15, 2024, and June 25, 2024, we utilize data from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and the Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) network to conduct our analysis. Our analysis involves examining the temporal and spatial patterns of coronal 171 Å EUV emissions and Type III radio bursts during these M-class flare events. Additionally, we conducted a visual inspection of 171 A EUV image in the active region to observe changes in the coronal loops and structural modifications throughout the flare. Our findings reveal a significant temporal correlation between the EUV and Type III radio emissions, along with noticeable structural modifications in the EUV images. These observations suggest that accelerated electron beams originating from the acceleration site play a crucial role in driving both phenomena.
Geosites Exploration and Clustering Analysis of Geodiversity in UGGp Kebumen Geopark Based on the Similarity of Characteristics in a Geomorphosite
Authors: Dwi Raharjo Puguh , Widiyanto Kristiawan , Puswanto Eko , Isyqi  , Al’afif Mohammad , Farisan Ardhan , Aryo Wibowo Dimas , Yudaputra Angga , Aditya Insani Anugrah 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This research aims to explore and update geosite data in Kebumen Regency, which has been recognized as a UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp), reflecting the importance of this area in terms of geological diversity. This study aims to explore and update geosite data in Geopark Kebumen, which is an integral part of the existing geodiversity area, as well as clustering based on similarities in geological processes, characteristics, lithology, and geomorphology. The methods used include field exploration and laboratory analysis. The data obtained was then analyzed using a clustering approach to understand the geosite linkages. As a result, UGGp Kebumen Geopark is divided into six geomorphosite clusters: Melange Geomorphosite Cluster, which reflects mixed materials resulting from subduction processes; Olistolith Geomorphosite Cluster, which consists of large avalanches due to tectonic activity; Volcanic Geomorphosite Cluster, with ancient volcanic rock formations; Marine Sediment Geomorphosite Cluster, from marine sediment deposits; Karst Geomorphosite Cluster, which is formed from the dissolution of carbonate rocks, and Coastal Geomorphosite Cluster, which illustrates the interaction between land and sea. The geosite clustering method and geomorphosite units provide a deeper understanding of Kebumen’s geodiversity. This clustering helps identify geosite potential more specifically and facilitates geopark management. With accurate mapping, sustainable development planning becomes more effective, supporting environmental preservation, as well as tourism and education-based economic development, in line with sustainability principles.