bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Depiction of Tolerance in American Superhero Films
Authors: Rudy Rudy 
Published: July 2021

<p>It is true that film as media can reflect a lot significant values in society, one of them is tolerance. It is crucial to discuss about tolerance because more societies have become diverse. Therefore, exploring tolerance from films can be fascinating and useful. By using American superhero films (<em>Fantastic 4</em> (2005), <em>Fantastic 4: Rise of the Silver Surfer</em> (2007), and <em>Black Panther</em> (2018) to depict the how tolerance is represented, this study is useful to enhance understanding of tolerance which has always become one of important vales to have. By applying Hall’s theory of representation, this study exposes two essential points. Tolerance must be conceptualized by incorporating mutualism, understanding, and peace. Besides, that tolerance shown on American superhero movies is represented through the portrait of race and gender.</p>
Modeling the Effect of Reaction Kinetics and Dispersion during Low-Salinity Waterflooding
Authors: Magzymov Daulet , Purswani Prakash , Karpyn Zuleima T. , Johns Russell T. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryWettability alteration has been recognized as the primary mechanism responsible for improved oil recovery during low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF). A complex network of ionic reactions at the oil/brine/rock interfaces facilitates the alteration in wettability. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effects of reaction kinetics and dispersion during LSWF.In this research, we construct a mechanistic binary model that has been implemented on carbonate reservoirs. We consider the impact of physical dispersion and reaction kinetics on recovery. The proposed model is based on the premise that the wetting species are known and can be lumped as either oil-wetting or water-wetting pseudocomponents. For the cases studied, the model was found to reproduce the experimental results well. Further, simulations show a significant impact of reaction kinetics on the rate of wettability alteration compared to assuming instantaneous equilibrium. To adequately represent field-scale response from the laboratory scale, one needs to ensure that comparable Damköhler numbers are used. Some laboratory corefloods for LSWF may underestimate the recovery because the Damköhler number is not representative of field scale. For the limiting case of a slow reaction rate [Damköhler number [(Da) ∼ 0] that corresponds to laboratory scale, low-salinity injection does not alter wettability. For fast reactions (Da ∼ 105) that correspond to the field-scale behavior, the ultimate oil recovery is highly sensitive to the injected fluid salinity. The wettability alteration front is delayed compared to the injected fluid because of the excess salt desorbed from the rock surface into the aqueous solution. Such a delay in wettability alteration is important when considering an appropriate slug size for the low-salinity slug. Finally, we observed that dispersion had little effect on the ultimate oil recovery during wettability alteration as compared to reaction kinetics.
Investigation of Anisotropy on Deterioration of Mechanical Parameters of Layered Rock Under Freeze-thaw Cycles
Authors: Zhang Guangkeng , Wu Lianrong , Wang Huiyun , Li Zhipeng , Shi Baosheng , Wei Qingxi , Xia Chengzhi , Lu Guangyin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The evaluation of slope deformation and stability under freeze-thaw cycles is an important research direction and a challenge for geotechnical engineering in cold regions. However, most previous studies only considered the influence of the number of freeze-thaw cycles, but ignored the anisotropic characteristics of layered rock slopes. Meanwhile, the number of freeze-thaw cycles and the bedding dip are rarely considered in previous numerical simulations. Based on this background, the carbonaceous slate of the Pulang copper mine in China was used as the sample material to perform uniaxial compression tests on seven types of carbonaceous slate with different bedding dip angles after completing six different times of freeze-thaw cycles. The test results are applied to the numerical simulation analysis of the deformation characteristics and stability of the layered rock slope of the copper mine. The results show that freezing and thawing will cause layered rock degradation effects, thereby reducing rock mechanical parameters, and the influence is most obvious when the bedding dip is approximately 45°. In the numerical simulation, it is found that the deformation characteristics and stability change trend of the layered rock slope are similar to the above-mentioned experiments. In addition, it is necessary to consider the number of freeze-thaw cycles and the bedding dip to avoid too much difference for the maximum horizontal displacement of a layered rock slope. This study provides a feasible evaluation plan for the deformation characteristics and stability of the layered rock slope in Pulang area of China.
Mechanical Characteristics of Red Sandstone Under Cyclic Wetting and Drying
Authors: Baoyun Zhao , Yongfei Li , Wei Huang , Liyun Zhang , Wangcheng Li , Li Zhang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The bank slope of the Three Gorges Reservoir is affected by seasonal water level fluctuations, which leads to deterioration of the rock mass, resulting in a series of geological disasters such as landslides and mudslides. Therefore, in order to thoroughly understand the degradation mechanism of mechanical characteristics under wetting-drying cycles, uniaxial compression tests and triaxial compression tests were used to reveal the relationship between mechanical characteristics and wetting-drying cycles. Uniaxial compression tests results show that with the number of wetting-drying cycles increases, the mechanical characteristics show a decreasing trend, and the compaction stage of the sample increases significantly. It was found that the first 10 wetting-drying cycles have a greater impact on the mechanical characteristics of red sandstone under the triaxial compression condition, the mechanical parameters such as deviatoric stress, elasticity modulus dropped rapidly under the first 10 cycles and then tend to be stable. Based on the testing data under wetting-drying cycle condition, the mechanical parameters of the statistics damage constitutive model were modified and the results show that the modified damage constitutive model has a high degree of fit with the test data, indicating that the modified mechanical parameters can better reflect the degradation of red sandstone after the wetting-drying cycles. This understanding of the degradation process of the mechanical characteristics under wetting-drying cycles can provide theoretical guidance for the protection of dangerous slopes in the drawdown zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.
Impaired HPV-Specific T-Cell Response Characterized with Skewed Cytokine Profile and T-Cell Dysfunction in Juvenile-Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Patients
Authors: Xi Yue , Wang Wei , Wang Hua , Wang Xiaolin , Zhang Jie , Zhao Jing , Wang Guixiang , Gui Jingang , Ni Xin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background

Immunologic dysfunction is one of the most important mechanisms underlying the initiation and development of Juvenile-onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (JORRP). The study aimed to explore whether HPV-specific T-cell response was impaired in JORRP patients.
Methods

A total of 46 JORRP patients and 93 age- and sex- matched healthy controls were enrolled. The plasma concentrations of various cytokines were measured using the Luminex. The cytokine mRNA profiles of PBMCs were quantified with the real-time PCR. The T-cell subsets, HPV-specific T-cell activation, proliferation, apoptosis and expression of replicative senescent T-cell markers CD57 were measured with the flow cytometry. The cytokine secretion of HPV-specific T cells was assessed by the ELISPOT.
Results

JORRP patients had a Th2-biased cytokine profile correlated with disease severity in the JORRP peripheral system. JORRP patients had an increased percentage of memory T cells and a reduced percentage of naive T cells in circulation. Upon HPV6/11 antigens stimulation, T cells from JORRP patients exhibited a greater activation profile as judged by a higher CD25 and CD69 expression. Of note, JORRP patients presented with a greater number of IL-10- and IL-4-secreting HPV6/11 antigen responding cells than that of IFN-γ and TNF-α secreting responders in the ELISPOT experiment. Furthermore, in response to HPV6/11 antigen stimulation, JORRP patients showed a reduced level of cell proliferation, an increased level of apoptosis and higher percentage of the differentiated T cells expressing the replicative senescent cell marker CD57.
Conclusions

Impaired HPV-specific T-cell responses could be partly responsible for JORRP development.
Device Quantization Policy and Power-Performance- Area Co-Optimization Strategy in Variation-Aware In-memory Computing Design
Authors: Chang Chih-Cheng , Li Shao-Tzu , Pan Tong-Lin , Tsai Chia-Ming , Wang I-Ting , Chang Tian-Sheuan , Hou Tuo-Hung 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Device quantization of in-memory computing (IMC) that considers the non-negligible variation and finite dynamic range of practical memory technology is investigated, aiming for quantitatively co-optimizing system performance on accuracy, power, and area. Architecture- and algorithm-level solutions are taken into consideration. Weight-separate mapping, VGG-like algorithm, multiple cells per weight, and fine-tuning of the classifier layer are effective for suppressing inference accuracy loss due to variation and allow for the lowest possible weight precision to improve area and energy efficiency. Higher priority should be given to developing low-conductance and low-variability memory devices that are essential for energy and area-efficiency IMC whereas low bit precision (< 3b) and memory window (<10) are less concerned.
Challenges Faced by Patients with Dyslipidemia and Systemic Arterial Hypertension in Brazil: A Design of the Patient Journey
Authors: Neto José Rocha Faria , Yarleque Carlos Rodolfo , Vieira Luiz Fernando , Sakane Eliane Naomi , Filho Raul Dias dos Santos 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background & Objective: Non-communicable diseases like systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and dyslipidemia are poorly studied in terms of patient journey aspects. This semi-systematic review provides evidence synthesis for the management of SAH and dyslipidemia in Brazil and also discusses challenges faced by patients at the local level along with a suggested care approach by local experts.Methods: A semi-systematic review using both structured literature databases (Embase and Medline) and unstructured scientific records (WHO, IPD, MOH and Google) on hypertension and dyslipidemia in the English language from 2010–2019 was performed by reviewers. After two-level screening based on pre-defined criteria, patient journey touchpoints and prevalence information were extracted from the included articles. Data gaps were bridged through the insights of local experts.Conclusion: Limited patient education, regional disease distribution, and treatment allocation, along with limited resources for diagnosis and treatment are the key challenges. To improve overall patient journey considering critical touchpoints, timely and strict adoption of pharmacological treatment guidelines, campaigns for increased patient literacy about healthy diet and lifestyle modification, about the importance of self-reporting for early disease diagnosis, and benefits of treatment adherence are strongly recommended. Also, it is suggested to ensure the availability of skilled resources through continued education to render quality care to cardiovascular patients in Brazil.
The Potential of Widespread Ready-Made UAVs in Quantifying Conifers and Delineating Their Crowns
Authors: Komárek Jan , Klápště Petr , Hrach Karel , Klouček Tomáš 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
With the ever-improving Earth observation capabilities, variables such as tree health status, biomass storage, or stand structure are increasingly estimated through remote sensing. While many protocols of data acquisition and satellite data processing are in place, the still novel unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) face some challenges during data acquisition and processing. While tree height extraction seems to be a common practice, identifying individual trees and measuring their crowns is still quite tricky. We performed several flights with three different UAVs and four different popular sensors over two sites with coniferous forests of various ages at flight levels of 100–200 m above ground level (AGL) using custom settings preset by UAV solution suppliers. Considering the success rate of the individual tree identification, casual RGB cameras provided more consistent results at all flight levels (84 − 77% for Phantom 4), while the success of tree identification decreases with higher flight levels and smaller crowns in the case of multispectral cameras (77 − 54% for RedEdge-M). In general, RGB cameras yielded the best results at 150 m AGL while multispectral cameras at 100 m AGL. Regarding the accuracy of the measured crown diameters, most datasets tended to overestimate when using automatic crown delineation within the lidR package. Only RGB cameras yielded satisfactory results (Mean Absolute Error – MAE of 0.79–0.99 m and 0.88–1.16 m for Phantom 4 and Zenmuse X5S, respectively). Multispectral cameras overestimated more than RGB cameras, especially in the full-grown forest (MAE = 1.26–1.77 m); on the other hand, they offered, in addition to the structural, also spectral information. We conclude that widespread ready-made solutions mounted with low-cost RGB cameras yield very satisfactory results for describing the structural forest information at 150 m AGL. When (multi)spectral information is needed, we recommend reducing the flight level to 100 m AGL to acquire sufficient structural forest information.
Characteristics of Lymphocyte Subsets and Cytokine Profiles of Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Pan Pengfei , Du Xinxin , Zhou Qilong , Cui Yong , Deng Xiaochun , Liu Chao , Hu Zongjun , Chen Jianguo , Yu Xiangyou , Shi Weihua 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Abnormalities of lymphocyte subsets and cytokine profiles have been observed in most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Here, we explore the role of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines at hospital admission in predicting the severity of COVID-19.Methods: This study included 214 patients with COVID-19 who were treated at Three Gorges Hospital Affiliated with Chongqing University from January 19, 2020 to April 30, 2020. Patients were divided into the non-intensive care unit (ICU) (mild/moderate) group and the ICU (severe/critical) group, according to the severity of the disease. Clinical and laboratory data, including peripheral lymphocyte subsets and cytokines, were analyzed and compared. Logistic regression was used to analyze the predictive factors for ICU admission. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the predictive value of selected indicators for the severity of COVID-19.Results: Of the 214 patients enrolled, 161 were non-ICU patients and 53 were ICU patients. At hospital admission, lymphopenia was observed in nearly all of the ICU patients (96.2%) and 84.5% of the non-ICU patients. The absolute number of lymphocytes, CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells was lower in the ICU group (659.00 × 106/L, 417.00 × 106/L, 261.00 × 106/L, 140.00 × 106/L, 109.00 × 106/L, 102.00 × 106/L, respectively) than in the non-ICU group (1063.00 × 109/L, 717.00 × 106/L, 432.00 × 106/L, 271.00 × 106/L, 133.00 × 106/L, 143.00 × 106/L, respectively). Interleukin (IL)-6 was significantly higher in the ICU patients than in the non-ICU patients (18.08 pg/mL vs. 3.13 pg/mL). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio: 1.067 [1.034–1.101]), diabetes mellitus (odds ratio: 9.154 [2.710–30.926]), CD3+ T cells (odds ratio: 0.996 [0.994–0.997]), and IL-6 (odds ratio: 1.006 [1.000–1.013]) were independent predictors for the development of severe disease. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of CD3+ T cells and IL-6 was 0.806 (0.737–0.874) and 0.785 (0.705–0.864), respectively, and the cutoff values were 510.5 × 106/L (sensitivity, 71.7%; specificity, 79.5%) and 6.58 pg/mL (77.4%, 74.5%), respectively. There were no statistical differences among all tested indicators of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines between the severe group (n = 38) and the critical group (n = 15) at hospital admission or ICU admission.Conclusions: The levels of lymphocyte subsets decreased and the level of IL-6 increased significantly in the ICU patients compared with the non-ICU patients. Therefore, the number of CD3+ T cells and the level of IL-6 at hospital admission may serve as powerful factors for identifying patients who will have severe disease.
Survey of Species Prafarence and Method of Charcoal Production in Kaduna, Nigeria.
Authors: Isah Alhassan Danladi , Shamaki Sanusi Bello , buda Samaila , Adamu Yusuf , Shehu Abbakar muhammed , Umar Lawal Abubakar , Muhammad Murtala 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Traditional fuel in the form of firewood and charcoal has been, and is still the predominant source of energy for domestic cooking in sub-Saharan Africa. However, charcoal burning is associated with deforestation. The aim of this study was to assess the preference as well method of production of charcoal in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Purposive sampling was used to select Kajuru, Kachia and Chikin. Species enumeration was performed and method of production were recorded at each production centres. a lotal of 250 intervied schedule was administered to ascertain the perceive effect. Research shows that P. Africana has the highest mean while D. guinees has lowest mean. furthermore the most widely method used is earth pit kiln with 55% and suitable trunk size was big trunk with 31% couple with the most preferred tree species, P africana 27.41%. in conclusion, the finding of the work reveal that certain tree species were threaten by charcoal production due to the quantum of yield extracted.
Implementation of Road Safety Countermeasures in Four Cities to Reduce the Harmful Effects of Alcohol: A Progress Report
Authors: Fell James C , Achoki Tom , DeJong William , Fisher Deborah A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
BackgroundBeginning in 2016, the Anheuser-Busch InBev Foundation (ABIF) provided funding to six pilot cities to implement evidence-based interventions to reduce the harmful use of alcohol and its deleterious consequences such as alcohol-impaired driving. The cities receiving funding are Alexandra Township in Johannesburg, South Africa; Brasilia, Brazil; Columbus, Ohio, United States; Jiangshan, China; Leuven, Belgium; and Zacatecas, Mexico.MethodsFour of the city pilot coalitions are implementing a wide array of interventions to deter driving under the influence (DUI). Columbus made efforts to get more judges to apply Ohio’s alcohol ignition interlock law and implemented and evaluated a Safe Rides program. Brasilia increased the number of roadside checkpoints and planned an educational campaign about the dangers of impaired driving to be delivered at bars by firefighters and paramedics. Alexandra expanded and upgraded the Metropolitan Police Department’s Alcohol Evidence Center (AEC). In Zacatecas, among other interventions, a new Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) facility is being constructed to expedite case processing and adjudication.ResultsIn Columbus, the evaluation of the Safe Rides program showed an estimated reduction of 2.9 impaired driving crashes but also an average increase of 0.4 alcoholic drink per program participant. There was a reduction in harmful alcohol use of .02% in 2017 associated with the Safe Rides campaign, but with no carryover to 2018. In Brasilia, the combined effect of the road safety measures and other factors resulted in a 35% decrease in traffic deaths between 2016 and 2019. In Alexandra, there were 46 fatal crashes over the Easter weekend in 2018, 25 fatal crashes in 2019 (46% reduction), and 3 fatal crashes in 2020 (88% reduction from 2019). To date, Zacatecas’ road safety measures have not yet been evaluated.ConclusionsFull implementation of the city pilots’ planned road safety interventions has been slow, and presently the COVID-19 pandemic has halted most operations. Interim evaluations can be conducted once a pilot city’s countermeasures are fully implemented and have operated for at least one year. ABIF should continue to donate funds to increase or enhance evidence-based DUI enforcement strategies while also implementing awareness campaigns to inform the public and enhance the deterrent effect of those efforts.
Terminal Discharge From Hospital Back Home to Die: Experience and Perspectives From a Home Hospice
Authors: Chong Poh-Heng , Hii Irene , Yeo Zhi-Zheng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Terminal discharge is an emergent procedure for dying patients in hospital to return home. While reports on hospital staff experience exist, perspectives from community partners are lacking. Aim:We profile a cross section of decedent patients, and report clinician experience from a community hospice service.Design: A mixed-methods approach. Electronic medical records were analysed for characteristics, trajectories and service utilisation, comparing terminally discharged and regular care patients over one year. Hospice care coordinators participated in an open-ended questionnaire and responses were analysed qualitatively. Settings/participants:The study was conducted in the largest home-based hospice service in Singapore. 260 referrals were received for terminal discharge in 2020, out of 3700 patients served. All five discharge coordinators responded to the questionnaire.Results:Only 228 of 260 terminally discharged patients reached home; 18 died before home visits could be made, and 10 outlived their prognoses. The ratio of cancer to non-cancer patients (1:1) in the terminal discharge group differed from the service’s norm (4:1). Moreover, median length of service for this group (4 days) was 10 times shorter compared to decedents from regular service. This group also received on average three times higher service touchpoints (phone calls and home visits). Thematic analyses of survey responses revealed varying understanding of terminal discharge with concomitant implications; patchy handover between services that compromised care quality; and areas for improvement are suggested.Conclusions:Given its primacy and potential impact, active engagement of all stakeholders to optimise the management of terminal discharge is indicated.