bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Footprint of Academic Vascular Surgeons in the Southern United States on Physician Rating Websites: Cross-sectional Evaluation Study
Authors: Yan Qi , Jensen Katherine J , Thomas Rose , Field Alyssa R , Jiang Zheng , Goei Christian , Davies Mark G 
Published: January 2021

Background
The internet has become a popular platform for patients to obtain information and to review the health care providers they interact with. However, little is known about the digital footprint of vascular surgeons and their interactions with patients on social media.

Objective
This study aims to understand the activity of academic vascular surgeons on physician rating websites.

Methods
Information on attending vascular surgeons affiliated with vascular residency or with fellowships in the Southern Association for Vascular Surgery (SAVS) was collected from public sources. A listing of websites containing physician ratings was obtained via literature reviews and Google search. Open access websites with either qualitative or quantitative evaluations of vascular surgeons were included. Closed access websites were excluded. Ranking scores from each website were converted to a standard 5-point scale for comparison.

Results
A total of 6238 quantitative and 967 qualitative reviews were written for 287 physicians (236 males, 82.2%) across 16 websites that met the inclusion criteria out of the 62 websites screened. The surgeons affiliated with the integrated vascular residency and vascular fellowship programs in SAVS had a median of 8 (IQR 7-10) profiles across 16 websites, with only 1 surgeon having no web presence in any of the websites. The median number of quantitative ratings for each physician was 17 (IQR 6-34, range 1-137) and the median number of narrative reviews was 3 (IQR 2-6, range 1-28). Vitals, WebMD, and Healthgrades were the only 3 websites where over a quarter of the physicians were rated, and those rated had more than 5 ratings on average. The median score for the quantitative reviews was 4.4 (IQR 4.0-4.9). Most narrative reviews (758/967, 78.4%) were positive, but 20.2% (195/967) were considered negative; only 1.4% (14/967) were considered equivocal. No statistical difference was found in the number of quantitative reviews or in the overall average score in the physician ratings between physicians with social media profiles and those without social media profiles (departmental social media profile: median 23 vs 15, respectively, P=.22; personal social media profile: median 19 vs 14, respectively, P=.08).

Conclusions
The representation of vascular surgeons on physician rating websites is varied, with the majority of the vascular surgeons represented only in half of the physician rating websites The number of quantitative and qualitative reviews for academic vascular surgeons is low. No vascular surgeon responded to any of the reviews. The activity of vascular surgeons in this area of social media is low and reflects only a small digital footprint that patients can reach and review.
Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict People’s Intention to Use Mobile Learning Platforms During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Akour Iman , Alshurideh Muhammad , Al Kurdi Barween , Al Ali Amel , Salloum Said 
Published: January 2021

Background
Mobile learning has become an essential instruction platform in many schools, colleges, universities, and various other educational institutions across the globe, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The resulting severe, pandemic-related circumstances have disrupted physical and face-to-face contact teaching practices, thereby requiring many students to actively use mobile technologies for learning. Mobile learning technologies offer viable web-based teaching and learning platforms that are accessible to teachers and learners worldwide.

Objective
This study investigated the use of mobile learning platforms for instruction purposes in United Arab Emirates higher education institutions.

Methods
An extended technology acceptance model and theory of planned behavior model were proposed to analyze university students’ adoption of mobile learning platforms for accessing course materials, searching the web for information related to their disciplines, sharing knowledge, and submitting assignments during the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected a total of 1880 questionnaires from different universities in the United Arab Emirates. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling and machine learning algorithms were used to assess the research model, which was based on the data gathered from a student survey.

Results
Based on our results, each hypothesized relationship within the research model was supported by our data analysis results. It should also be noted that the J48 classifier (89.37% accuracy) typically performed better than the other classifiers when it came to the prediction of the dependent variable.

Conclusions
Our study revealed that teaching and learning could considerably benefit from adopting remote learning systems as educational tools during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the value of such systems could be lessened because of the emotions that students experience, including a fear of poor grades, stress resulting from family circumstances, and sadness resulting from a loss of friends. Accordingly, these issues can only be resolved by evaluating the emotions of students during the pandemic.
Digital Contact Tracing Based on a Graph Database Algorithm for Emergency Management During the COVID-19 Epidemic: Case Study
Authors: Mao Zijun , Yao Hong , Zou Qi , Zhang Weiting , Dong Ying 
Published: January 2021

Background
The COVID-19 epidemic is still spreading globally. Contact tracing is a vital strategy in epidemic emergency management; however, traditional contact tracing faces many limitations in practice. The application of digital technology provides an opportunity for local governments to trace the contacts of individuals with COVID-19 more comprehensively, efficiently, and precisely.

Objective
Our research aimed to provide new solutions to overcome the limitations of traditional contact tracing by introducing the organizational process, technical process, and main achievements of digital contact tracing in Hainan Province.

Methods
A graph database algorithm, which can efficiently process complex relational networks, was applied in Hainan Province; this algorithm relies on a governmental big data platform to analyze multisource COVID-19 epidemic data and build networks of relationships among high-risk infected individuals, the general population, vehicles, and public places to identify and trace contacts. We summarized the organizational and technical process of digital contact tracing in Hainan Province based on interviews and data analyses.

Results
An integrated emergency management command system and a multi-agency coordination mechanism were formed during the emergency management of the COVID-19 epidemic in Hainan Province. The collection, storage, analysis, and application of multisource epidemic data were realized based on the government’s big data platform using a centralized model. The graph database algorithm is compatible with this platform and can analyze multisource and heterogeneous big data related to the epidemic. These practices were used to quickly and accurately identify and trace 10,871 contacts among hundreds of thousands of epidemic data records; 378 closest contacts and a number of public places with high risk of infection were identified. A confirmed patient was found after quarantine measures were implemented by all contacts.

Conclusions
During the emergency management of the COVID-19 epidemic, Hainan Province used a graph database algorithm to trace contacts in a centralized model, which can identify infected individuals and high-risk public places more quickly and accurately. This practice can provide support to government agencies to implement precise, agile, and evidence-based emergency management measures and improve the responsiveness of the public health emergency response system. Strengthening data security, improving tracing accuracy, enabling intelligent data collection, and improving data-sharing mechanisms and technologies are directions for optimizing digital contact tracing.
A STUDY OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN WHO-UPPSALA MONITORING CENTRE CRITERIA, NARANJO ALGORITHM, AND LIVERPOOL ALGORITHM FOR CAUSALITY ASSESSMENT OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
Authors: SUNITHA MESSALINE , PARVATHY SHOBHA 
Published: January 2021

Objective: A standard causality assessment tool of an adverse drug reaction (ADR) is essential to compute the risk-benefit assessment of the medication taken by the patient and categorize its relationship likelihood. It should be reproducible and should not differ with the background and experience of the evaluator. Though there are a large number of causality assessment tools, none is unanimously accepted worldwide. So, this study was done to assess the agreement between three frequently used methods of causality assessment, the World Health Organisation-Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) system, the Naranjo’s algorithm, and the Liverpool algorithm.
Methods: 172 ADR forms from the pharmacovigilance unit were randomly selected for the study. Causality assessment was done using three different methods, the WHO-UMC system, Naranjo’s algorithm, and the Liver pool algorithm. Cohen’s Kappa statistics was applied to look for agreement between the causality assessment methods.
Results: The agreement between the WHO-UMC criteria and Naranjo’s algorithm was the highest (136), with a Kappa value of 0.511, suggesting a moderate level of agreement. A maximum number of disagreements were noted between the WHO-UMC system and the Liverpool algorithm method (110).
Conclusion: A moderate agreement exists between the WHO-UMC system and the Naranjo algorithm. There is poor agreement between the Liverpool algorithm and the other two scales. Therefore, it is recommended that both the WHO-UMC system and the Naranjo algorithm be used for causality assessment of ADRs.
Ultrasound examination of peripheral nerve injuries in patients with limb injuries in the early post-traumatic or postoperative periods
Authors: Mazhorova I. I. , Trofimova E. Yu. , Khamidova L. T. , Titov R. S. , Bogolyubsky Yu. A. , Evgrafov P. G. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction. In the early hours and days after traumatic or surgical event it is essential to determine type of peripheral nerve injury accurately.Objective. To assess performance of diagnostic ultrasound (US) in patients with traumatic and intraoperative nerve injuries during the early hours and days after trauma or surgery.Materials and methods. 106 patients with clinical signs of extremity nerve injuries were included into the study. A total of 113 limb nerves were investigated with US.Results. US sensitivity in the detection of complete nerve rupture was 100% (95% CI: 39,8-100%), specificity — 99,0% (94,7100,0%); for nerve compression with the bone sensitivity was 100% (66,4-100%), specificity — 100% (96,3-100%); for nerve compression with fixation devices sensitivity was 100% (66,4-100%), specificity — 100% (15,8-100%) и 100% (88,4-100%).Conclusion. Nerve US is a reliable method for the evaluation of extremity nerve injury, the method can be recommended for use in the early hours and days after trauma or surgery.
Interaction of Citizens with Regulatory Enforcement and Inspection Bodies: Status and Key Trends
Authors: Yuzhakov V. N. , Dobrolyubova E. I. 
Published: January 2021

The objective of the paper is to evaluate the status and trends of citizen interactions with regulatory enforcement and inspection bodies in the framework of inspection reform.The key method used was a representative sociological survey conducted in 35 Russian regions in March 2020. The survey allowed for collecting citizen evaluations on personal experience related to facing 10 major risks to public values (in the areas of personal safety from crime, food and non-food product safety, fire and technical safety of buildings and constructions, environmental safety, risks related to medical services and drugs, transport safety, risks related to financial services and misuse of personal data).The results demonstrate that some 49.5 percent of Russian citizens have faced the need to protect themselves from the above risks for the past 2 years. Out of them, 44.9 percent of respondents applied for protection to regulatory enforcement and inspection authorities. Only 44.2 percent of respondents that had applied to regulatory enforcement and inspection authorities for protection of public values fully attained their objectives (i.e. managed to prevent the threat or have violations eliminated and the damage reimbursed).Comparing these results to those obtained from the previous surveys demonstrates that implementation of the inspection reform has not yet made any significant effect on improving the quality of interaction between citizen and regulatory enforcement and inspection authorities. To improve the quality of such interactions special measures should be undertaken for improving the use of feedback mechanisms for planning inspection activities. Responses to citizen applications should be controlled not only in terms of timeliness but also in terms of substance. Timely review and reaction to citizen applications as well as more involvement in damage reimbursement processes on the part of regulatory enforcement and inspection authorities are also recommended. Broader use of digital technologies for interactions between citizen and regulatory enforcement and inspection authorities could also help improve the quality of these interactions and contribute to increasing the public trust to these authorities.
Management of Patients with Genetic Predisposition to Breast Cancer
Authors: Euhus David M , O’Donnell Maureen 
Published: January 2021

Commercialization of massive parallel sequencing and reversal of patent protection for raw DNA sequences have fueled competition in the genetic testing marketplace, leading to lower costs and abundant choices for consumers. Multigene panel testing will identify a pathogenic mutation in 4 to 12% of familial high-risk patients who have tested negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are still the genes most frequently implicated in hereditary breast cancer predisposition. PALB2, CHEK2, and ATM are the next most common. Variants of uncertain clinical significance are reported for 20 to 40% of tests. This is likely to improve as data accumulate. Average cancer risk can be estimated for most of the genes, but this should be adjusted up or down based on family history for management decisions. Most patients with a pathologic mutation in any of the breast cancer predisposition genes meet the criteria for enhanced surveillance with magnetic resonance imaging. Risk-reducing surgery is considered for the highest-risk patients. The results of a genetic test can influence management decisions for the newly diagnosed breast cancer patient.

This review contains 4 figures, 7 tables and 51 references
Key Words: breast cancer, chemoprevention, enhanced surveillance, hereditary predisposition, multigene panels, risk-reducing mastectomy, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy
Management of Metastatic Sarcoma
Authors: Allard-Picou Ayana , Katz Steven C 
Published: January 2021

Approximately 12,310 soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) were diagnosed in 2016. These tumors originate from mesenchymal cells throughout the body and account for less than 1% of all newly diagnosed cancers in adults. STSs comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors, with over 50 different histologic subtypes categorized based on the presumptive tissue of origin, each with varying individual characteristics and varying patterns of behavior. Most commonly, they originate in the extremity followed by the trunk as the second most common site of primary lesions. The likelihood of metastatic spread is highly variable among histologic subtype and primary disease site. Distant hematogenous metastases occur in up to 50% of patients with high-grade sarcomas but in only 5% of patients with low-grade sarcomas. Most metastases occur within 2 years following initial diagnosis. The risk of metastasis is dependent on several prognostic factors, including tumor depth, tumor size, and mitotic rate. The role of surgery in the management of metastatic disease is governed by careful patient selection in the context of a multidisciplinary plan including systemic treatment. Selection of patients for resection of sarcoma metastases is most appropriately based on consideration of factors associated with long-term survival. We review the role of surgery in the management of STS metastases, rational selection of patients for resection, and strategies for integrating surgery into multidisciplinary treatment planning for patients with metastatic STS.

This review contains 3 figures, 3 tables and 60 references
Key words: gastrointestinal stromal tumor, hepatic sarcoma metastases, metastatic sarcoma, pulmonary sarcoma metastases, retroperitoneal sarcoma, sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, surgical resection of sarcoma metastases
Pediatric Tumors: Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma
Authors: Groundland John , Shaw Sara 
Published: January 2021

Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma is a rare clinical entity under the umbrella of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. The pathogenesis of the tumor has yet to be fully described, but a gene rearrangement and the resultant fusion protein characterize the molecular basis of the disease. Current therapy centers on cytotoxic chemotherapy and local control, either through surgical resection or therapeutic radiation. Survival data specific to extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma are limited due to the rare nature and varied presentation of the disease but parallel those of skeletally based Ewing sarcoma.

This review contains 14 figures, 5 tables and 50 references.
Key words: CD 99, Ewing sarcoma, EWS-FLI1, extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma, pediatric soft tissue sarcoma, t(11;22)
ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Reed Grant William , Cannon Christopher Paul 
Published: January 2021

Patients with acute coronary syndrome fall into two groups: those with unstable angina or non—ST segment elevation (formerly non—Q wave) myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and those with acute ST segment elevation (formerly Q wave) myocardial infarction (STEMI). STEMI is the focus of this chapter. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and complications of STEMI are elaborated. Reperfusion therapy (including time to reperfusion; diagnostic coronary angiography; primary, facilitated, rescue, and late percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]; thrombolytic therapy and choice of thrombolytic agent; early invasive strategy; coronary artery bypass grafting; and therapeutic hypothermia), medical therapy (including aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, anticoagulants, nitrates, beta blockers, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxygen, analgesia, lipid-lowering therapy, prophylactic antiarrhythmics, and magnesium), risk stratification, secondary prevention, and post-STEMI care are also covered. Tables delineate classifications of MI as defined by proximal cause of myocardial ischemia, Killip classification of acute MI and mortality rates, differential diagnosis of ST segment elevation, contraindications for administering thrombolytic agents, and major recommendations for antithrombotic therapy in patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI and thrombolysis. Algorithms indicate a diagnostic approach to acute coronary syndromes and corresponding pathology and reperfusion strategies. Electrocardiogram changes in STEMI and corresponding territory of myocardium are depicted. A variety of graphs are included.
This review contains 11 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 151 references.
Surgical Critical Care of Special Populations (Pregnant, Geriatric, Pediatric)
Authors: Knowlton Lisa Marie , Chao Stephanie D , Thorson Chad M , Staudenmayer Kristan L 
Published: January 2021

This review covers the specialized care of populations who present different management challenges when critically injured. The text is divided into three sections: pregnant, geriatric, and pediatric patients. For each population, the discussion focuses on the unique diagnostic and treatment algorithms that the surgical intensivist must consider. In addition to management of trauma in these special populations, other common diagnoses warranting surgical intensive care unit (ICU) admission are reviewed. Current guidelines on diagnostic imaging and medication safety are outlined. Injury prevention and outcomes improvement are an essential component of optimizing trauma care. The epidemiology of traumatic injury within each specialized population is included in this review. Outcomes are discussed in depth, particularly with respect to the geriatric ICU patient, including a section on barriers to disposition, decision-making capacity, and end-of-life care in the surgical ICU.
This review contains 2 figures, 4 tables, and 72 references.
Key words: end of life in the ICU, geriatric trauma, injury prevention, pediatric trauma, pregnancy
Inhalation Injury
Authors: Subramanian Madhu , Hodgman Erica I , Wolf Steven E 
Published: January 2021

Among those who have been burned in fires, inhalation injury is common from high-temperature air in the upper airway and inhaled toxins in smoke, causing metabolic poisoning and chemical burns in the trachea and lower airways. The diagnosis of inhalation injury is difficult as it is often based on qualitative measures in the history and physical examination, although measurement of carboxyhemoglobin and untoward acidosis are effective indirect measures. The use of CT for diagnosis is also playing a greater role. Treatment is generally supportive with airway and ventilator support, including the use of volumetric diffuse respiration and occasionally hydrogen cyanide antidotes. Inhalation injury is contributory to morbidity and mortality in the severely burned but is often a signal of the severity of the burns as well. This review discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of inhalation injury, with an emphasis on potential complications.

This review contains 1 figure, 4 tables and 159 references
Key words: airway pressure release ventilation, bronchodilator therapy, carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning, inhalation injury
Brain Death
Authors: Seshadri Anupamaa , Salim Ali 
Published: January 2021

The concept of “brain death” is one that has been controversial over time, requiring the development of clear guidelines to diagnose and give prognoses for patients after devastating neurologic injury. This review discusses the history of the definition of brain death, as well as the most recent guidelines and practice parameters on the determination of brain death in both the adult and pediatric populations. We provide specific and detailed instructions on the various clinical tests required, including the brain death neurologic examination and the apnea test, and discuss pitfalls in the diagnosis of brain death. This review also considers the most recent literature and guidelines as to the role of confirmatory tests making this diagnosis.
Key Words: apnea test, brain death, brainstem reflex, death examination