bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Behavior-Based Autonomous Agent Possessing System Detectable Error
Authors: Bearden Keith L. , Nowack Mark L. , Troxell Wade O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A great deal of recent research is devoted to increasing the robustness and capability of behavior-based robotic systems. Behavior-based systems are extremely susceptible to sensor errors. To overcome this, most researchers have added processors to the basic system to compare multiple redundant sensors. This is an effective error detection approach, but it costs processor time, increases complexity, and can actually reduce reliability. Most importantly such systems lack the ability to self-detect error. All other forms of representation are unable to determine system level functional failures without the use of an external observer. This paper proposes a divergence from detecting sensor error to detecting functional error. By looking at the functional error space, the system can determine an error and move away from the error. This method will not determine a sensory failure as the cause of the functional failure; rather, this method determines that the system is not performing its main function and then tries something else. This leads to a system that can function with the loss of forty percent of its sensory capability for either the case of a disconnected sensor or a stuck sensor.
Bounded-Input-Bounded-Output Stability of Nonlinear Feedback Systems in a Volterra Representation
Authors: Glass John W. , Franchek Matthew A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Presented in this paper is a stability condition for a class of nonlinear feedback systems where the plant dynamics can be represented by a finite series of Volterra kernels. The class of Volterra kernels are limited to p-linear stable operators and may contain pure delays. The stability condition requires that the linear kernel is nonzero and that the closed loop characteristic equation associated with the linearized system is stable. Next, a sufficient condition is developed to upper bound the infinity-norm of an external disturbance signal thereby guaranteeing that the internal and output signals of the closed loop nonlinear system are contained in L∞. These results are then demonstrated on a design example. A frequency domain controller design procedure is also developed using these results where the trade-off between performance and stability are considered for this class of nonlinear feedback systems.
An Integrated Environment for Vehicle Dynamics Controls and Integration
Authors: Deng Weiwen , Lee Yong , Nisonger Robert , Chin Yuen-kwok 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of VehSim, a PC Windows-based vehicle simulation software for vehicle dynamics, controls and integration. The function and features of VehSim are discussed in general. With its high fidelity, flexibility, portability and user-friendly interfaces, VehSim provides an integrated development environment for engineers to conduct vehicle, especially chassis/driveline modeling, simulation and control algorithm design and to build quick software prototypes to accelerate chassis/driveline controls and integration development. VehSim’s structure, which includes file system, database structure and user graphic interfaces are described. Through its modularized and hierarchical structure, VehSim features great flexibility for engineers to customize their own project needs by developing their own control algorithms or incorporating supplier provided subsystem models and control modules into vehicle dynamics. With the compatibility of VehSim to real-time environment, engineers are able to perform both quick off-line simulation and on-line in-vehicle validation for algorithm development. VehSim also provides built-in user-friendly model preprocessors and postprocessors for engineers to easily build vehicle and/or subsystem models, adjust numerical computation parameters and process the simulation results on line. A 3D solid model based motion animator is also integrated in VehSim for on-line visual processing of simulation results.
A New Mechanism Explaining High Frequency Chatter Vibration Involving Tool Tip X-Y Looping in Fine Boring
Authors: Edhi Evita , Hoshi Tetsutaro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The study deals with boring tool, which was found to exhibit chatter in fine boring operation occurring at high frequencies, more than 10,000 Hz, and causing reduced tool life. The boring tool was operated in a stage of a transfer-type machining equipment and used for making small diameter hole, 15mm (0.59in), in a hardened alloy steel of motorcycle engine component.
The objective of the research is to identify the mechanism responsible for the onset of the high frequency chatter.
To study the mechanism, cutting tests have been performed in analogous machining operation, as well as structural dynamics examination of boring tool using experimental modal analysis by sinusoidal excitation.
The experimental study has revealed that the traditional knowledge of regenerative chatter can not fully explain the chatter mechanism, but the effect of regeneration, the imaginary part effect of inner modulation, and the X-Y looping of the tool tip are three relevant characteristics in the onset of the chatter.
Those findings are included in a new theoretical chatter model of which validity is evaluated principally by computational analysis of energy supplied and dissipated in the cutting process-boring tool structure system per vibration cycle.
Real-Time Force Control of a Grinding Process Using Unfalsification and Learning Concept
Authors: Razavi H. Ali , Kurfess Thomas R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Conventional controller synthesis relies on a plant model that is not falsified by the open-loop experiments. Alternatively, without any plant model or prejudicial assumptions it is possible to find a set of controllers that are not falsified by the performance specification or the measured data (Safanov and Tsao, 1997). This approach is used to implement a real-time force controller on a reciprocating surface grinder.
Model-Based Machining Force Control
Authors: Landers Robert G. , Ulsoy A. Galip 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Regulating machining forces provides significant economic benefits by increasing operation productivity and improving part quality. Machining force regulation is a challenging problem since the force process varies significantly under normal operating conditions. Since fixed-gain controllers cannot guarantee system performance and stability as the force process varies, a substantial research effort has been invested in the development of adaptive force controllers. However, adaptive controllers can be difficult to develop, analyze, implement, and maintain due to their inherent complexity. Consequently, adaptive machining force controllers have found little application in industry. In this paper, a model-based machining force control approach, which incorporates detailed force process models, is introduced. The proposed design has a simple structure and explicitly accounts for the changes in the force process to maintain system performance and stability. Two model-based machining force controllers are implemented in face milling operations. The stability robustness of the closed-loop system with respect to model parameter uncertainties is analyzed, and the analysis is verified via simulation and experimental studies.
Improving the Performance of Process Controllers Using a New Clustered Neural Network
Authors: Solemani Mohammad R. , Guillot Michel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents first a newly developed clustered neural network, which incorporates self-organization capacity into the well-known common multilayer perceptron (MLP) architecture. With this addition, it is possible to reduce significantly overall memory degradation of the neuro-controller during on-line training.
In the second part of the paper, this clustered multilayer perceptron (CMLP) network is applied and compared to the MLP through modeling and simulations of machining processes. Simulation results presented using machining data demonstrate that the CMLP possesses more powerful modeling capacity than the standard MLP, offers better adaptability to new operating conditions, and finally performs more reliably. During on-line training with machining data about 65% degradation of previously learned information can be observed in the MLP as opposed to only 11% for the CMLP.
Finally, an adaptive control scheme intended for on-line optimization of the machining processes is presented. This scheme uses a feedforward CMLP inverse neuro-controller which learns off-line and on-line the relationships between process inputs and output under simulated perturbations (i.e., tool wear and non-homogeneous workpiece material properties). The first results using the CMLP inverse neuro-controller are promising.
Modular Modeling Using Lagrangian DAEs
Authors: Piché Robert , Palmroth Mikko 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Layton’s Analytical System Dynamics theory for modeling multidisciplinary physical systems with Lagrangian differential algebraic equations (DAEs) is extended by introducing a technique for using hierarchical reusable modules. Connections between submodels are represented in a systematic manner using kinematic constraints and Lagrange multipliers. Simulation software design issues are discussed: data structures, consistent initial conditions, index reduction, and DAE solvers. An example of an electromechanical feedback control system is presented in detail.
Contribution to Eigenvalues of LTI System by Physical Subsystems
Authors: Ye Yong , Youcef-Toumi Kamal 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents some results on the relation between the dynamic properties of a subsystem and the eigenvalues of the overall system. Since the eigenvalues corresponding to the unreachable/unobservable modes of a subsystem is not affected by the dynamic properties of other subsystems, one can expect useful information from a measurement of the reachability/observability of a mode of a subsystem. In this paper, it is proven that when such a measurement is in a certain range, the position of the corresponding eigenvalue of the overall system is within certain boundary. The results can contribute to model assembly, model reduction and system synthesis. An example is presented to illustrate the application.
Modeling Flexible Segments With Force and Moment End Loads via the Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model
Authors: Lyon Scott M. , Howell Larry L. , Roach Gregory M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the development of a new pseudo-rigid-body model to model the deflection path of flexible segments with force and moment loads. Three separate loading cases are presented including: a cantilever beam with applied end-force and moment in the same direction, a cantilever beam with the applied end-force and moment in opposite directions with no inflection point being produced in the beam, and a cantilever beam with the applied end-force and moment in opposite directions which produces an inflection point in the beam. These types of segments are common in compliant mechanisms so it is important to have a method for their design and analysis.
DECAFF: Experimental Study on Human Haptic Perception
Authors: Springer Scott L. , Ferrier Nicola J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
DECAFF is a method for design and control of haptic interfaces that utilizes a DE-Coupled Actuator and Feed-Forward control. In this paper results of an experimental investigation are presented that quantify improved human haptic perception while using the DECAFF system, compared to the traditional haptic interface design and control systems. Perception improvements include the increased stability for rigid surfaces and increased ability of subjects to accurately identify initial contact with virtual surface boundaries. Traditional haptic interfaces employ an actuator directly coupled to the human operator that provides a force proportional to wall penetration distance and velocity. The DECAFF paradigm for design and control of haptic displays utilizes a de-coupled actuator and pre-contact distance sensing as a feed forward control term to improve stability and response performance. A human perception experiment has been performed that compares the touch sensation of the subjects for both the DECAFF system and traditional approaches to haptic display. In the human factors study the quality of rigid body display is evaluated in addition to the sensitivity of touch experienced by the subjects while making initial contact with virtual surfaces.
A Real-Time Static Posture Classification System
Authors: Slivovsky Lynne A. , Tan Hong Z. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As computing becomes more ubiquitous, there is a need for distributed intelligent human-computer interfaces that can perceive and interpret a user’s actions through sensors that see, hear and feel. A perceptually intelligent interface enables a more natural interaction between a user and a machine in the sense that the user can look at, talk to or touch an object instead of using a machine language. The goal of the present work on a Sensing Chair is to enable a computer to track, in real time, the sitting postures of a user through contact sensors that act like a layer of artificial skin. This is accomplished with surface-mounted pressure distribution sensors placed on the backrest and the seatpan of an office chair. Given the similarity between a pressure distribution map from the contact sensors and a greyscale image, computer vision and pattern recognition algorithms, such as Principal Components Analysis, are applied to the problem of classifying steady-state sitting postures. A real-time multi-user sitting posture classification system has been implemented in our laboratory. The system is trained on pressure distribution data from subjects with varying anthropometrics, and performs at an overall accuracy of 96%. Future work will focus on the modeling of transient postures when a user moves from one steady-state posture to the next. A robust, real-time sitting posture tracking system can lead to many exciting applications such as automatic control of airbag deployment forces, ergonomics of furniture design, and biometric authentication for computer security.
A Psychophysical Study of Sensory Saltation With an Open Response Paradigm
Authors: Tan Hong , Lim Adrian , Traylor Ryan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As we develop new haptic interfaces, it is desirable to present haptic information in an intuitive and effective manner. The sensory saltation phenomenon is a haptic spatiotemporal illusion that, with the appropriate spatial and timing parameters, evoke a powerful perception of directional lines. Efforts are underway to develop a general-purpose haptic display based on sensory saltation that can find application in many areas including a haptic driving navigation guidance system. The current study is designed to test the hypothesis that saltatory signals can be readily perceived by human observers without training. Using a 3-by-3 tactor array, horizontal, vertical and diagonal saltatory lines are generated. An open response paradigm is used to permit subjects to describe saltatory signals with their own imagination. Results show that the saltatory signals used in this study share unique and consistent interpretations among the group of observers tested. Future work include a follow up study of the same saltatory signals using a standard absolute identification paradigm.
Calibration and Mapping of a Human Hand for Dexterous Telemanipulation
Authors: Griffin Weston B. , Findley Ryan P. , Turner Michael L. , Cutkosky Mark R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a calibration scheme and kinematic mapping to support dexterous telemanipulation. The calibration scheme is intended for use with an instrumented glove and permits an accurate determination of the intended motions of a virtual object grasped between a human operator’s thumb and index finger. The motions of the virtual object are then mapped to analogous motions of a scaled virtual object held in a two-fingered robot hand. A non-linear mapping scheme allows better utilization of the human and robot hand workspaces.
Haptic Simulation of Assembly Operation in Virtual Environment
Authors: Yoshikawa Tsuneo , Yoshimoto Kouki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a haptic simulator of 2-dimensional peg-in-hole assembly operations in a virtual environment, considering the dynamics and the surface friction characteristics of the peg and the hole. An operator can operate the virtual peg by inserting his fingers into rings at the tips of link mechanisms which display the operating feeling to the operator. By using this simulator, we can measure the force between fingers and the peg, the contact states between the peg and hole, and the position of the peg during the operation. To examine the validity of the simulator, comparison between the peg-in-hole task using the simulator and that in the real world has been performed. It is hoped that this simulator will help in gathering data of human skill in assembly tasks and analyzing the human skill.
Aluminum Space Frame Behavior in Frontal Crash
Authors: Baccouche Mohamed Ridha , Wagner David A. , Mahmood Hikmat F. , Jawad Saad A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Developing crashworthy aluminum structural systems presents a dual challenge. The challenge lies first in the material and second in the design approach. The objective of this paper is to examine both the material and design elements and to validate the design methodology using CAE analysis and components experimental data from an aluminum space frame partial front end structural buck design & development project. The CAE analysis examines the static and dynamic load carrying capacity and crash energy management of the components and partial front end systems under full frontal rigid barrier impact. The experimental validation uses static and dynamic data from several components and one partial front end structural buck designed and manufactured during the undertaking of this design project. The components were tested while the design is being carried out. The testing of the partial front end buck was carried out at a later date. The objective of this paper is not to correlate CAE results with the test data, but rather to demonstrate the benefit and effectiveness of applying low resolution fast CAE tools, such as nonlinear collapsible beam finite element and stability codes, along with limited components static and dynamic testing to the early stage of a program to guide the structural crashworthiness and energy management design process and achieve design objectives.
Characterization of Frontal Crash Pulses
Authors: Mahmood Hikmat F. , Aouadi Fadhel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents test data of more than 30 vehicles of different manufacturer, weight and front-end length. The relationships between the vehicle frontal NCAP pulse, the dummy response and the vehicle characteristics are shown in many figures. Vehicle frontal pulses were characterized and analyzed by considering different time zones within the pulse duration: bumper effect zone (0 ms. to 5 ms.), engine effect zone (18 ms. to 35 ms.), dummy engagement zone (48 ms. to 68 ms.). Also, ratios and delays between rocker pulse and the dummy chest and head pulses are computed and analyzed. The purpose of this study is not to develop a crash pulse but to generate design information that can assist in the design of front-end structure to meet injury criteria.
Tissue Engineering: Interdisciplinary, Multi-Disciplinary Technology
Authors: Parenteau Nancy L. , Sullivan Susan , Cosman Maury D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Tissue engineering is the use of engineering and biology for the repair, replacement or regeneration of tissues. It often requires multiple disciplines within engineering and the biological sciences. Each problem is unique in its requirements. While the intent may differ, e.g. structural repair, physiological correction, chemical delivery, or a combination, most applications will require multi-disciplinary input.
Genzyme Tissue Repair
Authors: Hefernan John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Genzyme Tissue Repair (GTR) is a leading developer of cell therapies for the treatment of knee injuries and severe burns. GTR has pioneered the field of autologous cell therapy, in which a patient’s own cells are used to replace those that have been lost to injury or disease. With two major products on the market, GTR continues to be one of the leading companies in the field of tissue engineering. This portion of the presentation will focus on the process controls and specifications to produce these two products detailed below.
Axial Stretch Increases Cell Proliferation in Arteries in Organ Culture
Authors: Han Hai-Chao , Vito Raymond P. , Michael Kristin , Ku David N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
To study the effect of axial stretch on vascular function and wall remodeling, porcine carotid arteries were cultured under conditions of physiological flow and elevated axial stretch in an ex vivo organ culture system. Smooth muscle cell proliferation was measured by bromodeoxyuridine index. Results showed that cell proliferation was significantly increased in the highly stretched arteries when compared to the normally stretched arteries. This may indicate the feasibility of stimulating new arterial growth by stretching natural arteries.
Early Stabilizing Effects of HAC vs PMMA for Vertebroplasty in Compression Burst Fractures
Authors: Hitchon Patrick W. , Taggard Derek A. , Rogge Thomas N. , Goel Vijay K. , Drake John S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Multiple strategies exist for the management of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Particularly in osteoporotic bone and elderly patients, minimally invasive techniques for stabilization are desirable. PMMA has been used to enhance structural support during spinal stabilization as well as for percutaneous vertebroplasty. As an inert substance, PMMA is associated with an exothermic reaction making it less than ideal for use in close proximity to neural elements. As an alternative we are studying HAC vs. PMMA. HAC has the advantages of being osteoconductive, biocompatible, and non-exothermic. The purpose of the current study was to test the early stabilizing effect of HAC as compared to PMMA using an experimentally produced burst fracture and a subsequent percutaneous vertebroplasty for stabilization.
Characterization of In Situ Elongation in the Interosseous Ligament of the Forearm
Authors: Gabriel Mary , Stabile Kathryne , Pfaeffle Jamie , Tomaino Matthew , Fischer Kenneth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
For most ligaments, the strains vary spatially and depend upon joint position. Quantifying the distribution of strain in ligaments is necessary to understand their normal function and their injury mechanisms. In addition, the strain distribution is important data for developing functional reconstruction techniques.