bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEDENTARY BURIALS ON THE SOUTHERN RUS’ TERRITORY
Authors: Bibikov D. V. 
Published: November 2021

The article is devoted to the burials of the X—XI centuries, where the deceased were found in a sitting position. Despite the fact that this custom itself is undoubtedly of Norman origin, the issue of ethnic and social attribution of most complexes from the territory of Southern Rus’ has not received appropriate attention among the researchers. Information was collected on 17 Southern Rus’ burials, which, according to some researchers, were carried out in a sitting position. However, it is not always possible to establish the posture of the deceased with complete confidence. The basic variants of mutual arrangement of bone remains are allocated and on their basis the most widespread ways of giving to a body a sitting position are reconstructed.
Both by the social composition of the buried and chronologically, the burial complexes can be divided into two separate groups. The first group includes rich burials in chamber tombs. All of them are dated by the X century and are located in the necropolises of Kyiv and Shestovytsia, two points of the highest concentration of the Scandinavian ethnic component in Southern Rus’. A wide range of objects of Scandinavian origin was found in the toms, there are burials with weapons, slaves and horses killed. Undoubtedly, the dead belonged to the military-trade elite. In combination with chamber tombs, a sitting posture can be an indicator of the Scandinavian origin of the dead.
Sedentary burials of the second group are located in the peripheral areas of the Southern Rus’ and belong to the Christian era (approximately — the end of the X—XI centuries). Burials are carried out at the level of the day surface, are marked by rather «poor» inventory and, as a rule, do not have burial structures. They can be associated with the ordinary Slavic population and its efforts to recreate certain prestigious features of the funeral rites of the previous period. Probably, the sedentary position symbolized a dominant status in society, and in the funeral rite carried only a social, not a religious stress.
BURIAL RITE OF THE OSTRIV GRAVEYARD (BY THE RESULTS OF RESCUE EXCAVATION 2017—2018)
Authors: Baranov V. I. , Ivakin V. G. , Shyroukhov R. A. 
Published: November 2021

In 2017—2018 researchers of Architectural and Archaeological Expedition (Institute of Archaeology of Ukraine) conducted investigations in the Ostriv village Rokytne district Kyiv region. As a result, 53 inhumation burials of the graveyard unique for Southern Rus were investigated. Analysis of the burial equipment allowed us to date the graveyard to the end 10th — 11th c.
Funeral rite detected in the graveyard differs considerably from usual Kyivan Rus burials of this period. Vast majority of burials were oriented to the north with small season deviations. There were individual burials oriented to the south and to the west. Most were buried lying on their back with outstretched limbs in variety of wooden structures (coffins). Remains of a stone structure have been discovered. It can be reconstructed as the remains of an altar. Remains of funeral food were found in burials, among them chicken bones, eggshells, buckets for liquids and powders.
The graveyard is characterized by wide range distinctive accompanying equipment, not typical to synchronous Kyivan Rus graveyards, but close to funeral rite of people living in the southern-east coast of Baltic sea, basically the Western Baltic tribes of Curonians, Prussians, Scalvians.
It should be noted that the funeral tradition recorded on the Ostriv graveyard does not fit directly into the synchronous antiquities of Eastern Europe. It has no direct analogies among the Baltic sites known today either. This looks a bit odd, as the grave goods discovered at Ostriv cemetery have direct analogies in the Western Balts monuments. The absence of cremation burials typical to the Western Balts is still under the question here. This situation can reflect the restrictions of Kyiv princely Christian administra-tion.
Possibly Ostriv cemetery illustrates Primary chronicle reports on state activity of first Kyiv dukes, particularly Volodymyr the Great and Yaroslav the Wise, who straightened and pushed further the southern borders of Kyiv Rus.
PROBLEMATIC ISSUES AND PROSPECTS FOR STUDYING CHILDREN’S GRAVE GOODS OF ANCIENT RUS (IN THE CONTEXT OF SYNCHRONOUS EUROPEAN BURIAL GROUNDS)
Authors: Makouskaya V. A. 
Published: November 2021

This paper discusses topical issues and identifies areas of potential future research in the study of children’s grave goods in the Rus period. Contentious topics include the presence, or absence of grave goods in children’s burials, and their significance in the identification social status, gender, and age of the buried individual. Children’s burials from Eastern, Central, and a Western Europe are cited as examples and analogies. The paper establishes that the presence of burial goods depended on the aspects of the culture’s funeral rite, the age of the buried child and the social status of his/her family. Correlation with parental social status is viewed through the inclusion of weaponry in the grave goods assemblage, particularly for young children. The types of weaponry considered in the study includes axes, arrows, spears, javelins and battle knifes from children’s burials in Central and Eastern Europe. Axes are most the common finds in Rus children’s graves with weapons, whereas swords and protective armaments are unknown in Rus children’s burials. Comparison with neighboring Slavic territories showed that the minimum age threshold for Rus children’s burials with weapons is higher — 6 years.
Potential area of further research into the Rus children’s burials with weapons is the correlation between the age of the buried child, the type of weapons included in the burial and the geographical location of the burial. Female jewelry and household items, including temple rings and beads, are occasionally found in children’s burials with grave goods typical of male graves. Such items may be indicative of the buried person dying before reaching social adulthood. Items that may be identified as age markers among the assemblages of children’s grave goods include amulets in the shape of miniature axes, gaming dice from astragali and painted ceramic eggs with ceramic ball inside («pisanki»). These objects are predominantly found in cemeteries with high status Rus burials. The research efforts needs to be directed to the identification of marker artifacts for child burials in rural cemeteries, as well as the identification of female child burials.
CHERNYAKHIV «BULLAS» (METAL AND LEATHER PENDANTS-FOLDING IN THE CHERNYAKHIV—SINTANA-DE-MURES CULTURE’S AREA)
Authors: Gopkalo O. V. 
Published: November 2021

Decorations of the Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mures Culture (ChSM) includes metal and leather pendants which by some morphological features can be considered as derivatives of the roman bulla. Bulla is a small capsule pendant folded from two identical halves. It’s assumed that bulla originated with the Etruscans in the VIIth century BC. The bulla was later borrowed by romans, who originally intended it for boys — the children of aristocrats from the ninth day of birth to 14—16 years, until receiving the status of a Roman citizen. Later the golden bulla lost the meaning of a social marker and became mainly a property feature. Content of bulla were parts of plants, animal bones, pieces of textile, sand etc.
Derivatives of the Roman bulla in the ChSM Culture have been found in next burial complexes (Barcea 139, Bila 3, Cherneliv-Rus’kyi 96, Dumaniv 8, Sosnova 245), leather bullas were found once (Legedzine 16). Besides, two pendants-capsules were found on late Scythians Lower Dnieper cemetery Mykolaivka (burial 64, grave 1), which contained ChSM Culture’s graves too.
Following observation deserves the attention. The capacity of one pendant from Pannonia is similar by decor to clay knots, which were spread in many cultures, including ChSM Culture. They are interpreted as magic, used for fortune-telling and similar to nasturtium seeds.
Contents of Chernyakhiv Culture’s «bullas» are unknown, but combination with another pendants-amulets certainly confirms the magical character of such pendants.
Finally, metal bullae, cylindrical and flat cylindrical pendants-capsules continued their existence in the early Middle Ages and as metal folding icons and leather incenses survived in orthodox church to this day.
BRACELETS WITH ZOOMORPHIC TERMINALS (ACCORDING TO THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE OSTRIV BURIAL GROUND IN 2017—2020)
Authors: Diachenko D. G. 
Published: November 2021

The bracelets with zoomorphic terminals are analyzed in the paper. They were found in the West Baltic Ostriv burial ground in 2017—2020. The work shows types of jewelry, their style, and history of research.
The assemblage of 15 samples has dissimilar configuration. Furthermore, 10 of them were found in female burials, 2 — male burials, 1 — archaeological level and 2 are accidental finds. These bracelets have arcuate shape, terminals with stylized reptile heads. Their surface is decorated with a geometric ornament that emphasizes the overall zoomorphic motif and mimics the reptile in motion.
According to L. Vaitkunskene’s typology, the collection of Baltic zoomorphic bracelets from the Ostriv burial ground can have four types.
Because of this features, such as overall tendency developing shapes of products, specifics of application of geometric ornament (advantage of combination of lines and circles on the surface of bracelets from Curonian area; dominance of geometric figures in ornamentation of Daugava Livonians, Selonians and Latgalians), and their chronology, the collection of Baltic zoomorphic bracelets from the Ostriv burial ground are similar to the West Baltic tribe of Curonians, the antiquities of the end of X — first half of XI century.
The author assumes that some of bracelets from the Ostriv burial ground were made directly in Porossya. He examined the samples of ones in full detail and found out that different pieces of bracelets have similar features. Foremost, they are the design of the stylized eyes of animal-headed terminals and the similarity of geometric plots, which, in general, do not have a bright variety and could be made by a certain master.
Summing up, further systematic research of burial ground Ostriv and the open-air settlement in the tract of Stari Sukholisy allows to growth available sources. It will promote a deeper understanding of various facets of the material culture of the Baltic immigrant community.
REMARKS ABOUT OUTFITS MIDIEVAL PEASANTRY (FROM RESEARCHES IN 2007—2011 OF KHODOSIIVKA-ROSLAVSKE SETTLEMENT)
Authors: Hotun I. A. , Hun’ M. O. , Sukhonos A. M. 
Published: November 2021

In spite of the parity relations between the medieval towns and their country surroundings and the high level of development of the settlement structures tracked during the wide-scale research of the settlements of the Southern Russ, the new excavations in the non-fortified settlements keep brining certain discoveries. This is remarkable at Khodosivka-Roslavske settlement found by the Northern Expedition in 2007. The working over of the results of the excavations in 2007—2011 allowed testify highly-developed household and significant level of the inhabitants’ wellbeing. Some peculiarities of the inhabitants’ material culture were characterized, a regular publication was devoted to the specifics of their outfit.
The collected spindles and weights for weaving allow imagine the production of threads and cloth, prints on ceramics — specifics of the latter, needles — for clothes making. The osteological collection and leather making tools indicate leather and fur making; awls, sewings, and, rarely, piercers — further processing of the raw material. Leather / fur or thick cloth outfit is marked with a button made of the half of a spindle.
The elements of the belt set (buckles, endings, rings-distributors), although a part of them could belong to the horse harness, bags etc., remained better and allow analyze this very specifics of the outfit, especially in view of the whetstones, steel fire strikers and the rest, which had been worn on belts before appearance of pockets in XVII—XVIII cent. Not fully indentified remains the fragment of bronze item which can be attributed to either front plate of bronze bag buckle or one of the variety of Christian incense burner.
Substantial supplement of an outfit are the adornments. Aside from the items made of glass, among which, unexpectedly, there are a plenty of bracelets’ fragments, and of amber produced at the settlement, it is necessary to mention a range of metal items. They are temple rings, earrings, necklaces. Among the latter prevailing are the ones produced within the settlement. Together with the glass and amber, the necklaces included mineral components. Fibulas collected on the site have the analogies from the Baltic lands, the same relates to the other items. Arms and hands jewels are represented with bracelets and signet rings.
In spite of the rather small researched area of 1041 m2 and so, not too extensive collection of the mentioned findings, its analysis tracks the original peculiarities of the researched settlement.
SLAVIC JEWELRY OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES FOUND FROM SULA BASIN IN POLTAVA REGION: NEW FINDS
Authors: Volodarets-Urbanovych Ya. V. , Sydorenko O. V. 
Published: November 2021

Article presents jewelry findings from Sula basin in the Poltava region. They were discovered between 2011 and 2016 on Slavic monuments of the early Middle Ages — Penkivka culture and Sakhnivka horizon. Jewelry findings find analogies among the Dnieper treasures by Martynivka and jewelry of Pastyrske hillfort.
Two fibulae (radiate-headed and anthropozoomorphic) and small bell were detected on settlement Khyttsi tract Shemberovo (fig. 1; 2). Fragment of radiate-headed brooch (fig. 1: 1; 2: 1) may belong to fibulae with a border of birds’ heads. Small bell (fig. 1: 2; 2: 2) decorated of two mortise lines finds wide analogies among Slavic antiquities (treasures of the Martynivka and Kolochyn culture) and early medieval cemeteries of the Crimea: Skaliste and Luchiste. Radiate-headed brooch and small bell date to the second half of the 6th—7th century.
Anthropozoomorphic brooch (fig. 1: 3; 2: 3) belongs to the jewelry made on the Pastyrske hillfort. The spread of such fibulae indicates the migration of a small part of the inhabitants of the Pastyrske hillfort or with trade and exchange relations. Fibula belongs to the Sakhnivka cultural and chronological horizon and dates from the second half of the 7th — the first half of the 8th century.
Other finds of were found on settlement Vovchyk tract Rudka (fig. 9; 10). Products of Penkivka culture are: fragment of radiate-headed brooch, five fragments of bracelets and six heraldic belt set details (fig. 9: 1—12; 10: 1—12).
Lunar-shaped item (fig. 9: 17; 10: 17) dates from period of Kievan Rus. Two buckles belong to the jewelry of the late Middle Ages or Modern times (fig. 9: 13, 14; 10: 13, 14).
The new findings enrich the understanding of typological diversity, evolution and their ranges and help to identify areas of trade and economic ties, migration routes, to identify certain cultural and historical areas.
AGRICULTURE IN THE INTERFLUVE OF DNIESTER AND IKVA AT OLD RUSSIAN PERIOD ACCORDING TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS
Authors: Yahodynska M. O. , Gorbanenko S. A. 
Published: November 2021

The article sums up the results of archaeological investigations of the settlements of South Volyn (the territory around annalistic Danyliv town) and Western Podillia (the territory of sites complex of Zbruch cultural center, annalistic Terebovlia). Authors conducted generalization of findings of agriculture implements, white straw crops remains and supplemented source base. During archaeological investigations of the settlements and fortified settlements of Western Podillia and South Volyn at the end of 20th — beginning of 21th centuries scientists discovered 64 metal objects connected with agriculture found at 14 sites and palaeoethnobotanical materials at 11 sites (table 1; fig. 1). Functionally metal objects divide into tools connected with land cultivating: tips on plowing tools (4), coulter (2) (fig. 2), hoes (3) and shovels ironing (4) (fig. 3); and the tools for harvesting: sickles (33; fig. 6) and scythes (18; fig. 7). Only one palaeoethnobotanical complex from 11 sites is of interest to statistics (table 2; fig. 5).
Agriculture analysis is conducted according to the process: from land cultivating to preservation and harvest processing. Plowing tools are represented by developed tips types maximally similar to tusks. Findings of coulters prove existence of the most efficient tools of plough type for plowing. Set of ironings for shovels and hoes represents kitchen gardening and horticulture.
One full paleoethnobotanical spectrum connected with the region is derived which helps to characterize grain farming and spectrum indicators resemble early Slavic. At the same time indicators of efficient capricious white straw crops are rather substantial and that proves high level of tillage.
Presence of sickles and scythes is an undoubted proof of local agriculture. For harvest preserving some special grain pits were used.
The survey of materials concerned with agriculture proves its high level. Further thorough and combined investigations will give an opportunity to refine these conclusions and place and role of agriculture in life of ancient communities in the interfluve of Dniester and Ikva at Old Russian period.
METAL KNIVES OF THE BRONZE AGE FROM THE VICINITY OF KAMYANA MOHYLA (WESTERN AZOV SEA REGION)
Authors: Kotova N. S. , Dzhos V. S. , Makhortykh S. V. , Radchenko S. B. 
Published: November 2021

Metal (copper and bronze) knives is one of the most striking categories of artefacts in the materials of the Black Sea cultures of the Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age. In addition to introducing new archaeological evidences to scientific community, the paper aims to analyze the place of a representative series of knives (8 items) from the vicinity of Kamyana Mohyla (Zaporizhzhya region) in the cultural and chronological coordinate system of the southern part of Eastern Europe Bronze Age. Three knives came from the Yamna culture burials. The one with an oval blade of the Zarechnoe type (kurgan 1, burial 8) is similar to those used on the vast area from the North-Western Black Sea region to the North Caucasus. Knives from Novopilipovka (kurgan 6, burial 5) and Semenovka (kurgan 2, burial 1) introduce some local features and were probably produced by the local metalworking center. Four other knives are related to the Catacomb culture. The one with a sub-triangular blade and an accented handle from Zarechnoe (kurgan 7, burial 1) belongs to the artefacts that occure rarely during the Catacomb time, but was common for the Yamnaya culture in Crimea and in the Dnieper region. Other types of artefacts do not meet the analogies in Yamnaya culture burials. Knives with a leaf-shaped short blade and maximum widening in their upper part (Zarechnoe, kurgan 17, burial 4) are usually attributed to the Catacomb culture of the Seversky Donets basin and to the east of the Don river. Knives of the Kamyana Mohyla 5 type with a leaf-shaped blade and a long handle are also usually found at the Catacomb sites of the Seversky Donets basin. Knives of the Sekiz 3 type with a long handle and a short sub-rhombic blade originated in the Catacomb culture and the final Novotitorovka group. They are localized in the eastern regions (the Don basin, the Lower Volga, and the North Caucasus). A knife from the Terpinnya site is associated with the monuments of the second period of the Berezhno-Mayevskaya Srubnaya culture and is similar to the finds coming from the archaeological sites in the steppe Dnieper region and Azov Sea region in the second half of the second millennium BC. The large number of metal knives found in the studied area during the Bronze Age, which originate both from burials and settlements was probably related to the use of Kamyana Mohyla Hill as a ritual place.
VARIATIONS OF THE TRYPILLIA CULTURE HOUSES ACCORDING TO THE INTERIOR OF THE SECOND STOREY
Authors: Chernovol D. K. 
Published: November 2021

Oven is a permanent element of interior of the Trypillia culture house. An oven is always located to the right from the entrance to the residential room of the second storey. Other interior details, such as altar, podium etc, are not met in every single house. This paper aims to define variations of the Trypillia culture houses according to the presence or lack of elements of interior. Origin of variations is analyzed according to the chronology of sites. The analysis is focused only on the interior of the second storey.
Fifteen variations of Trypillia houses were defined as of today. Variations one to three are typical only for Early Trypillia. Those are different from the latter variations by the location of an oven. Variations four to six were formed during the Trypillia BI stage and lasted till Trypillia CII. Other variations characterize slight differences between certain periods of culture. Organization of interior did not change much since Trypillia BI. However Trypillia BI is characterized by its highest variation.
The high level of unification of the Trypillia culture dwellings was probably caused by the fact that the house construction was the collective activity. Different taboos, which did not let the deviation from commonly accepted rules, also should not be excluded. Certain individual elements could appear in the result of house construction by an individual or family. They could be also caused by the functioning of house and some rational reasons.
Change in the location of an oven during Trypillia BI could be explained by the climate change during this period of time, which was noted by the number of scholars, or incorporation of people from different cultural units into Trypillia populations.
THE WESTERN TRYPILLIA CULTURE HOUSE FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF KAMIANETS-PODILSKYI, TATARYSKY, 3950—3900 BCE
Authors: Diachenko O. V. , Sobkowiak-Tabaka I. 
Published: November 2021

This paper aims to introduce the results of excavations of the house remains at the Western Trypillia culture settlement of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tatarysky in 2019. Ploshchadka 1 belongs to a cluster composed of four houses, which is located in the outer construction ring of the settlement. Ploshchadka had a nearly rectangular shape. This feature reaching a size of c. 11.6 Ч 4 m was oriented along the west-east axis with a small northwest — southeast deviation. Layer of burnt daub represents the floor of the upper storey of the house. The floor was composed of relatively thick beams of nearly square or semi-round shape in profile, which supported decks. Wooden construction was covered by two layers of daub. Upper storey was subdivided into two rooms, i. e. the entrance space and residential room. Residential area included an oven and the interior element, which shape and size was not possible to reconstruct. Composition of the clay mass of the latter feature and its location are analogous to the construction details of altars in houses of other Western Trypillia culture regions. Interior of the lower storey is represented by the shallow pit and two installations made of clay. In the eastern part of the residential area, parts of the floor partly covered each other indicating somewhat larger length of the house than it is represented by the length of Ploshchadka 1. According to the location of the interior details, Ploshchadka 1 at Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tatarysky is referred to the variation 6 (upper storey) and variation B (lower storey) of Trypillia houses in the scheme of D. Chernovol. Analogies to the Ploshchadka 1 from other areas of the Western Trypillia culture made possible some conclusions on the influence of the Middle Dniester traditions on house construction techniques in the Southern Buh and Dnipro interfluve.