bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical and microbial evaluation of bread and biscuits made from wheat flour substituted with cassava flour
Authors: Andrade de Oliveira Viviane , Costa Gilmar Freire da , de Sousa Solange 
Published: February 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical and microbiological quality of biscuits and bread through the partial substitution of the wheat flour.

Design/methodology/approach
Completely randomized experiment with four treatments and nine replications was used in this study. The quality of biscuits and bread formulations was monitored by chemical parameters (moisture, ashes, protein, lipids, pH, water activity, acidity and carbohydrates) and microbiological parameters (coliforms at 35 and 45ºC, coagulase positive Staphylococcus and Salmonella sp.).

Findings
The formulation of biscuits containing 25, 50 and 75% of cassava flour and formulation of bread containing 10, 20 and 30% of cassava flour had higher carbohydrate content compared to the control formulation (p = 0.014). This was associated with the incorporation of cassava flour, which is an excellent producer of carbohydrates compared to other cereals. All formulations showed values <3 for coliforms at 35 and 45ºC and coagulase positive Staphylococci, as well as an absence for Salmonella sp.

Originality/value
The present attempt was made to formulate biscuits and bread with a reduction in wheat flour and the addition of manioc flour, with the objective of reaching products with higher carbohydrate content and low gluten content, to improve the nutritional level and commercial value of these products.
A novel double sparse structure dictionary learning–based compressive data-gathering algorithm in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chen Junying , Guo Zhanshe , Zhou Fuqiang , Wan Jiangwen , Wang Donghao 
Published: February 2021

Purpose
As the limited energy of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), energy-efficient data-gathering algorithms are required. This paper proposes a compressive data-gathering algorithm based on double sparse structure dictionary learning (DSSDL). The purpose of this paper is to reduce the energy consumption of WSNs.

Design/methodology/approach
The historical data is used to construct a sparse representation base. In the dictionary-learning stage, the sparse representation matrix is decomposed into the product of double sparse matrices. Then, in the update stage of the dictionary, the sparse representation matrix is orthogonalized and unitized. The finally obtained double sparse structure dictionary is applied to the compressive data gathering in WSNs.

Findings
The dictionary obtained by the proposed algorithm has better sparse representation ability. The experimental results show that, the sparse representation error can be reduced by at least 3.6% compared with other dictionaries. In addition, the better sparse representation ability makes the WSNs achieve less measurement times under the same accuracy of data gathering, which means more energy saving. According to the results of simulation, the proposed algorithm can reduce the energy consumption by at least 2.7% compared with other compressive data-gathering methods under the same data-gathering accuracy.

Originality/value
In this paper, the double sparse structure dictionary is introduced into the compressive data-gathering algorithm in WSNs. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has good performance on energy consumption and sparse representation.
Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome tumor cells express epidermal fatty acid‐binding protein, whose expression decreases with loss of epidermotropism
Authors: Takahashi‐Shishido Naomi , Sugaya Makoto , Morimura Soshi , Suga Hiraku , Oka Tomonori , Kamijo Hiroaki , Miyagaki Tomomitsu , Sato Shinichi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFatty acid binding protein (FABP) is a family of transport proteins for fatty acid (FA). Epidermal FABP (E‐FABP) is highly expressed by resident memory T cells (TRM) in the skin. It supports the uptake of exogenous FA for long‐term survival of skin TRM. Mycosis fungoides (MF) is regarded as malignancy of skin TRM. In this study, we investigated E‐FABP expression in psoriasis vulgaris (PV), atopic dermatitis (AD), MF, and Sézary syndrome (SS). E‐FABP mRNA levels in PV were much higher than those in healthy controls. E‐FABP mRNA levels in AD and MF/SS lesional skin were also significantly higher than those of normal skin. By immunohistochemical staining, E‐FABP was positive in MF/SS lesional skin. Interestingly, E‐FABP was stained positive in epidermotropic lymphoid cells in patch, plaque, and erythrodermic lesions of MF/SS, suggesting that a part of tumor cells expressed E‐FABP. In tumorous lesions, however, most dermal tumor cells were negative for E‐FABP. Immunohistochemical staining using patch/plaque lesions and tumorous lesions from the same patients also revealed that E‐FABP expression decreased in tumorous lesions. Our study has suggested that MF/SS tumor cells express E‐FABP, whose expression decreases with loss of epidermotropism.
The effects of resource subsidy duration in a detritus‐based stream ecosystem: A mesocosm experiment
Authors: Sato Takuya , Ueda Rui , Takimoto Gaku 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Most resource subsidies are temporally variable, dynamically affecting the consumer populations, community structures and ecosystem functions of recipient ecosystems. Temporally variable resource subsidies are characterized by the duration, magnitude, timing and frequency of resource subsidy inputs. These different characteristics may have different mechanisms by which to affect recipient ecosystems.

Few studies have examined the duration of resource subsidy inputs on recipient ecosystems, although there exist previous studies focusing on magnitude, timing and frequency.

We provide the first experimental test of the effects of subsidy duration on a stream ecosystem by using an outdoor mesocosm experiment, in which we directly manipulated the subsidy duration (pulsed vs. prolonged) of terrestrial invertebrate input into the mesocosm.

Given the same overall amount of terrestrial invertebrate subsidy was added, a prolonged subsidy allowed large‐stage fish to effectively monopolize the subsidy over small‐stage fish, which led small‐stage fish to maintain their predation pressure on in‐situ prey, that is, benthic invertebrates. On the other hand, a pulsed subsidy allowed small‐stage fish to increase their feeding rate of the subsidy and to become away from foraging in‐situ prey. Consequently, weaker indirect positive effects on in‐situ benthic prey and leaf break‐down rate were found with the prolonged versus pulsed subsidy. However, these indirect effects varied by the dominant benthic prey species, which differed in edibility for fish. Such predator‐specific vulnerability of benthic prey can be important in mediating trophic cascades in detritus‐based stream food webs.

Phenological events that generate temporal subsidies (e.g. salmon spawning run and arthropod emergence) can be synchronized (pulsed) or desynchronized (prolonged) within and among species, depending on the degree of spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity. The effects of subsidy duration would thus be important to better understand ecological processes in spatially and temporally coupled ecosystems.
Fast invasives fastly become faster: Invasive plants align largely with the fast side of the plant economics spectrum
Authors: Montesinos Daniel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Invasive plants generally align with the fast side of the plant's trait economics spectrum, characterized by fast nutrient acquisition, growth and reproduction. However, there are numerous and notable exceptions, including woody invasives.

The generalization that invasives are fast is driven by the high occurrence of invasive ruderal species colonizing nutrient‐rich disturbed habitats, a consequence of anthropogenic disturbance usually going hand‐in‐hand with biological introductions.

Successful invasive plans have shown a remarkable ability to rapidly adapt to the new regions where they are introduced. These changes predominantly involve increased resource acquisition, growth and reproduction, aligning them even further with the fast side of the plant economics spectrum.

Common garden experiments with invasive model systems provide valuable insights about the speed and direction of adaptive responses to different climates, helping us to predict general plant responses to global change.

Synthesis. Invasive plant species commonly present fast nutrient acquisition, growth and reproduction, but this general pattern is mostly driven by ruderal species. Still, common garden experiments comparing populations from distant world regions show a clear trend for already fast invasive plants to rapidly adapt towards even faster traits in their non‐native regions.
Warming effects on wood decomposition depend on fungal assembly history
Authors: Edman Mattias , Hagos Saba , Carlsson Fredrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Climate warming has the potential to drive changes in fungal community development and dead wood decomposition, but our understanding of this process is obscured by complex interactions between temperature and multiple other factors. A pivotal factor driving decay dynamics is fungal assembly history, yet its response to elevated temperature is poorly understood.

We investigated the combined effect of warming and assembly history on community composition, respiration and decomposition using experimental communities of wood‐decaying fungi on spruce wood. Assembly histories were assigned to microcosms under normal and elevated temperatures in a factorial design.

Both temperature and assembly history influenced wood mass loss and respiration. Temperature was the most important factor, but the effects of warming on decomposition varied greatly with fungal assembly history. Depending on which fungal species colonized first, warming of 5°C increased wood mass loss by 7%–57% after 9 months. The large variation in decomposition response to warming resulted from differential responses in the growth of initial colonizers (pre‐inoculated) and their competitive ability, resulting in different decomposer communities.

Synthesis. Our study demonstrates that temperature and assembly history jointly determine deadwood decomposition and fungal community composition under controlled laboratory conditions. Further investigations are needed to confirm these results under natural conditions. Nevertheless, our findings highlight the importance of considering interactions between priority effects and climate factors to understand forest carbon feedbacks in the context of climate change.
Disturbance of myocardial metabolism participates in autoantibodies against β1‐adrenoceptor‐induced cardiac dysfunction
Authors: Zhao Yuhui , Bai Yan , Li Yang , Dong Yu , Guo Yuhao , Wang Wen , Liu Huirong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCardiac dysfunction is involved in disorders of energy metabolism. High‐titre autoantibodies against the β1‐adrenoceptor (β1‐AAs) have been reported to exist in patients with cardiac dysfunction; however, the mechanism by which β1‐AAs affect cardiac function is unknown. This study aimed to determine whether β1‐AAs disturb myocardium energy metabolism and cause cardiac dysfunction. β1‐AA monoclonal antibodies (β1‐AAmAbs) were successfully pre‐synthesized by hybridoma clones and used in all experiments. β1‐AAmAbs impaired cardiac function and induced a myocardial metabolic disturbance, as evidenced by decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In addition, β1‐AAmAbs decreased the adenosine triphosphate level and increased cardiac energy consumption (rate–pressure product). We further showed that the effects of β1‐AAmAbs on heart tissue might involve the mitochondria and metabolic pathways via the β1‐adrenoceptor based on an immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Additionally, we found that β1‐AAmAbs impaired myocardial mitochondrial structure, decreased the membrane potential, and induced insufficient mitophagy. In conclusion, β1‐AAmAb‐induced cardiac dysfunction is partly due to a disturbance in myocardial energy metabolism.
Co‐production of Tet(X) and MCR‐1, two resistance enzymes by a single plasmid
Authors: Xu Yongchang , Liu Lizhang , Zhang Huimin , Feng Youjun 
Published: February 2021

SummaryTigecycline and colistin are few of ‘last‐resort’ antibiotic defences used in anti‐infection therapies against carbapenem‐resistant bacterial pathogens. The successive emergence of plasmid‐borne tet(X) tigecycline resistance mechanism and mobile colistin resistance (mcr) determinant, renders them clinically useless. Here, we report that co‐carriage of tet(X6) and mcr‐1 gives co‐resistance to both classes of antibiotics by a single plasmid in Escherichia coli. Tet(X6), the new tigecycline resistance enzyme is functionally defined. Both Tet(X6) and MCR‐1 robustly interfere accumulation of antibiotic‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Unlike that mcr‐1 exerts fitness cost in E. coli, tet(X6) does not. In the tet(X6)‐positive strain that co‐harbors mcr‐1, tigecycline resistance is independently of colistin resistance caused by MCR‐1‐mediated lipid A remodelling, and vice versa. In general consistency with that of MCR‐1, Tet(X6) leads to the failure of tigecycline treatment in the infection model of G. mellonella. Taken together, the co‐production of Tet(X) and MCR‐1 appears as a major clinic/public health concern.
Thresholds of population persistence for the Yangtze finless porpoise: implications for conservation managements
Authors: MEI Zhigang , CHEN Mao , HAN Yi , HAO Yujiang , ZHENG Jinsong , WANG Kexiong , WANG Ding 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis), a critically endangered species, is the only cetacean species in the Yangtze River following the functional extinction of baiji (Lipotes vexillifer). To inform conservation actions, two important questions need to be addressed: what is the threshold value of survival rate, and what is the threshold value of population size? We calculate the instantaneous rate of population increase () for the Yangtze finless porpoise for various combinations of the calf and the non‐calf survival rates. We also test the probability of extinction for different minimum carrying capacities for 100 and 500 years using a stable population model. The threshold value of the non‐calf survival rate is never lower than 0.869, but current estimates from field data have been far below this threshold. Our model based on extinction probability and carrying capacity suggests that the threshold for the population size to persist 100 years required 113 animals, and 472 animals are required to persist 500 years. Therefore, we recommend establishing anex situreserve network to guarantee the minimum 100‐year carrying capacity. To ensure the long‐term population viability, we suggest establishing twoin situreserve zones in two lakes and their surrounding reserves to meet a minimum 500‐year carrying capacity. In addition, measures to avoid further habitat fragmentation should be priority.
Early divergence and differential population histories of the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin in the Pacific and Indian Oceans
Authors: ZHAO Liyuan , SAKORNWIMON Watchara , LIN Wenzhi , ZHANG Peijun , CHANTRA Rachawadee , DAI Yufei , AIERKEN Reyilamu , WU Fuxing , LI Songhai , KITTIWATTANAWONG Kongkiat , WANG Xianyan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe currently recognized Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin occurs in estuaries and surrounding shallow waters from the South China Sea to the Asian coast of the Indian Ocean. However, a recent study suggested that the humpback dolphin from the Bay of Bengal may represent a distinct phylogenetic species. In this study, we sequenced 915‐bp mtDNA segments from five geographic populations in both Chinese and Thai waters; together with previously published sequences, these data revealed that the ancestral Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin might have split during the transition from the Oligocene to Miocene (23.45 Mya, 95% HPD: 16.65–26.55 Mya), and then dispersed along the Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts of Asia. Genetic differentiation was detected between most of the examined populations, except for only a few pairwise populations in the northern South China Sea. Genetic differentiation/distance between the humpback dolphins from the northern and southern South China Sea met the sub‐species threshold value proposed for marine mammals, whereas that between the humpback dolphins in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean was above the species threshold. Bayesian inference of historic gene flow indicated low but constant northward gene flow along the Indian Ocean coast; however, there was a recent abrupt increase in gene flow in the Pacific region, likely due to the shortening coastline at the low stand of sea level. Our results revealed that the current taxonomic classification of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins may not reflect their phylogeography.
Pairwise linkage disequilibrium estimation for polyploids
Authors: Gerard David 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMany tasks in statistical genetics involve pairwise estimation of linkage disequilibrium (LD). The study of LD in diploids is mature. However, in polyploids, the field lacks a comprehensive characterization of LD. Polyploids also exhibit greater levels of genotype uncertainty than diploids, yet no methods currently exist to estimate LD in polyploids in the presence of such genotype uncertainty. Furthermore, most LD estimation methods do not quantify the level of uncertainty in their LD estimates. Our study contains three major contributions. (i) We characterize haplotypic and composite measures of LD in polyploids. These composite measures of LD turn out to be functions of common statistical measures of association. (ii) We derive procedures to estimate haplotypic and composite LD in polyploids in the presence of genotype uncertainty. We do this by estimating LD directly from genotype likelihoods, which may be obtained from many genotyping platforms. (iii) We derive standard errors of all LD estimators that we discuss. We validate our methods on both real and simulated data. Our methods are implemented in the R package ldsep, available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network https://cran.r‐project.org/package=ldsep.
A potential third‐order role of the host endoplasmic reticulum as a contact site in interkingdom microbial endosymbiosis and viral infection
Authors: Almeida Celso 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThe normal functioning of eukaryotic cells depends on the compartmentalization of metabolic processes within specific organelles. Interactions among organelles, such as those between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – considered the largest single structure in eukaryotic cells – and other organelles at membrane contact sites (MCSs) have also been suggested to trigger synergisms, including intracellular immune responses against pathogens. In addition to the ER‐endogenous functions and ER‐organelle MCSs, we present the perspective of a third‐order role of the ER as a host contact site for endosymbiotic microbial non‐pathogens and pathogens, from endosymbiont bacteria to parasitic protists and viruses. Although understudied, ER‐endosymbiont interactions have been observed in a range of eukaryotic hosts, including protists, plants, algae, and metazoans. Host ER interactions with endosymbionts could be an ER function built from ancient, conserved mechanisms selected for communicating with mutualistic endosymbionts in specific life cycle stages, and they may be exploited by pathogens and parasites. The host ER‐‘guest’ interactome and traits in endosymbiotic biology are briefly discussed. The acknowledgment and understanding of these possible mechanisms might reveal novel evolutionary perspectives, uncover the causes of unexplained cellular disorders and suggest new pharmacological targets.
Discovery of a macromolecular complex mediating the hunger suppressive actions of cocaine: Structural and functional properties
Authors: Casanovas Mireia , Jiménez‐Rosés Mireia , Cordomí Arnau , Lillo Alejandro , Vega‐Quiroga Ignacio , Izquierdo Joan , Medrano Mireia , Gysling Katia , Pardo Leonardo , Navarro Gemma , Franco Rafael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCocaine not only increases brain dopamine levels but also activates the sigma1 receptor (σ1R) that in turn regulates orexigenic receptor function. Identification of interactions involving dopamine D1 (D1R), ghrelin (GHS‐R1a), and σ1 receptors have been addressed by biophysical techniques and a complementation approach using interfering peptides. The effect of cocaine on receptor functionality was assayed by measuring second messenger, cAMP and Ca2+, levels. The effect of acute or chronic cocaine administration on receptor complex expression was assayed by in situ proximity ligation assay. In silico procedures were used for molecular model building. σ1R KO mice were used for confirming involvement of this receptor. Upon identification of protomer interaction and receptor functionality, a unique structural model for the macromolecular complex formed by σ1R, D1R, and GHS‐R1a is proposed. The functionality of the complex, able to couple to both Gs and Gq proteins, is affected by cocaine binding to the σ1R, as confirmed using samples from σ1R−/− mice. The expression of the macromolecular complex was differentially affected upon acute and chronic cocaine administration to rats. The constructed 3D model is consistent with biochemical, biophysical, and available structural data. The σ1R, D1R, and GHS‐R1a complex constitutes a functional unit that is altered upon cocaine binding to the σ1R. Remarkably, the heteromer can simultaneously couple to two G proteins, thus allowing dopamine to signal via Ca2+ and ghrelin via cAMP. The anorexic action of cocaine is mediated by such complex whose expression is higher after acute than after chronic administration regimens.
Who would be targeted by increasing the legal age of sale of cigarettes from 18 to 21? A cross‐sectional study exploring the number and characteristics of smokers in England
Authors: Beard Emma , Brown Jamie , Jackson Sarah E. , West Robert , Anderson Will , Arnott Deborah , Shahab Lion 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsTo establish the number of smokers in England who would be targeted by increasing the age of sale of cigarettes from 18 to 21 years and to assess the smoking and socio‐demographic profile of those smokers.Design and settingNationally representative cross‐sectional survey of adults in England conducted between January 2009 and July 2019.ParticipantsA total of 219 720 adults.MeasurementsAll participants reported their current smoking status and socio‐demographic characteristics (i.e. age, gender, home ownership, social grade and ethnicity). Smokers reported motivation to quit, urges to smoke and the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HIS). Weighted prevalence statistics were calculated. Multinomial regression and logistic regression were used to assess differences in smoking characteristics among smokers and socio‐demographic characteristics relative to non‐smokers.FindingsThe prevalence of smoking between January 2009 and July 2019 was highest among those aged 21–30. In 2019, 15.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 12.8–18.8%] of 18–20‐year‐olds reported smoking, which is estimated to represent 364 000 individuals in England. Relative to smokers aged 18–20, older smokers (aged 21+) had a higher motivation to quit smoking [odds ratios (ORs) = 1.40–1.45 range] and higher nicotine dependency as measured by urges to smoke (ORs = 1.06–1.24 range) and HSI (ORs = 1.05–2.85 range). Compared with non‐smokers aged 18–20, smokers in this age group had lower odds of being female (OR = 0.89) and higher odds of being of white ethnicity (OR = 2.78) and from social grades C1–E (lower social grades) compared with AB (higher social grades) (OR = 1.19–1.83 range).ConclusionIncreasing the age of sale of cigarettes to 21 years in England would currently target approximately 364 000 lower dependent smokers from more disadvantaged backgrounds aged 18–20, who have less motivation to quit.