bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the proportions of an active pharmaceutical through cocrystals
Authors: Singh Abhay Pratap , Singh Munendra Pal , Baruah Jubaraj B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, the modulation of amounts sulfathiazolium cations in different 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylates is demonstrated. An uncommon monoionic sulfathiazolium zinc 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylate (1:1 electrolyte) complex was characterized. Conventional sulfathiazolium zinc‐bis‐2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylate dianionic complexes (2:1 electrolyte) were formed when hydroxyaromatic compounds such as 1,3‐dihydroxybenzene or 3‐nitrophenol were used as guest components. Thus, with the aid of the hydroxyaromatic molecules the zinc‐bis‐2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylate complexes were stabilized with the relatively large sized sulfathiazolium cations. It was a consequence of domain expansion by the phenolic compounds. Sandwiched aromatic guests between the 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylates provided appropriate packing to accommodate the two large cations in the self‐assemblies, which helped to modulate the amounts of sulfathiazole in different formulations. Antibacterial activities with E. coli DH5α have shown that the salt and the complexes have lower g/ml antibacterial activity than the parent drug.
Trophic complexity alters the diversity–multifunctionality relationship in experimental grassland mesocosms
Authors: Anujan Krishna , Heilpern Sebastian A. , Prager Case M. , Weeks Brian C. , Naeem Shahid 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlant diversity has a positive influence on the number of ecosystem functions maintained simultaneously by a community, or multifunctionality. While the presence of multiple trophic levels beyond plants, or trophic complexity, affects individual functions, the effect of trophic complexity on the diversity–multifunctionality relationship is less well known. To address this issue, we tested whether the independent or simultaneous manipulation of both plant diversity and trophic complexity impacted multifunctionality using a mesocosm experiment from Cedar Creek, Minnesota, USA. Our analyses revealed that neither plant diversity nor trophic complexity had significant effects on single functions, but trophic complexity altered the diversity–multifunctionality relationship in two key ways: It lowered the maximum strength of the diversity–multifunctionality effect, and it shifted the relationship between increasing diversity and multifunctionality from positive to negative at lower function thresholds. Our findings highlight the importance to account for interactions with higher trophic levels, as they can alter the biodiversity effect on multifunctionality.
Acute Toxicity and Transgenerational Effects of Perfluorobutane Sulfonate on Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Chowdhury Manjurul Islam , Sana Tanmoy , Panneerselvan Logeshwaran , Dharmarajan Rajarathnam , Megharaj Mallavarapu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), due to its increasing use as an alternative to perfluooctane sulfonate (PFOS), is widely detected in humans and the environment, necessitating the evaluation of its potential ecotoxicological risk. We assessed the toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of PFBS in Caenorhabditis elegans, using lethality, locomotion, reproduction, life span, growth, and chemotactic behavior as the effect parameters. In addition, a total of 6 generations of exposed parent animals were monitored for locomotion, brood, and life span behaviors. Life span and brood size were significantly reduced in parent nematodes (P0) following exposure to ≥0.1 mM PFBS, but these negative effects did not transfer to the progeny. Although there was no remarkable effect on reproduction and life span in parent worms exposed to ≤0.01 mM PFBS, multigenerational exposure at 0.0005 mM significantly affected the F4 and F5 progeny. Furthermore, 0.01 to 2.0 mM of PFBS substantially retarded the locomotion behavior of P0 worms. At higher concentrations such as 1.0 mM, this negative effect on locomotion was transferred to the next generation (F1) but later recovered from F2 progeny onward. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that chronic exposure to PFBS at higher concentrations can cause behavioral toxicity and could be transferred to the progeny. These findings have significant implications for the environmental risk assessment of PFBS. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1971–1980. © 2021 SETAC.
Accelerated long‐term forgetting in individuals with subjective cognitive decline and amyloid‐β positivity
Authors: Tort‐Merino Adrià , Valech Natalia , Laine Matti , Olives Jaume , León María , Ecay‐Torres Mirian , Estanga Ainara , Martínez‐Lage Pablo , Fortea Juan , Molinuevo José Luis , Sánchez‐Valle Raquel , Rodriguez‐Fornells Antoni , Rami Lorena 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesWe studied a sample of cognitively unimpaired individuals, with and without subjective cognitive decline (SCD), in order to investigate accelerated long‐term forgetting (ALF) and to explore the relationships between objective and subjective cognitive performance and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers.MethodsFifty‐two individuals were included and SCD was quantified through the Subjective Cognitive Decline Questionnaire (SCD‐Q), using its validated cutoff to classify participants as Low SCD‐Q (n = 21) or High SCD‐Q (n = 31). These groups were further subdivided according to the presence or absence of abnormal levels of CSF Aβ42. Objective cognitive performance was assessed with the Ancient Farming Equipment Test (AFE‐T), a new highly‐demanding test that calls for acquisition and retention of novel object/name pairs and allows measuring ALF over a 6‐month period.ResultsThe High SCD‐Q group showed a significantly higher free forgetting rate at 3 months compared to the Low SCD‐Q (F [1,44] = 4.72; p < 0.05). When stratifying by amyloid status, High SCD‐Q/Aβ+ showed a significantly lower performance than High SCD‐Q/Aβ–on the final free and cued learning scores (F [1,27] = 6.44, p < 0.05 and F [1,27] = 7.51, p < 0.05, respectively), the 1‐week free and cued recall (F [1,24] = 4.49; p < 0.05 and F [1,24] = 7.10; p < 0.01, respectively), the 1‐week cued forgetting rate (F [1,24] = 5.13; p < 0.05), and the 3‐month cued recall (F [1,24] = 4.27; p < 0.05). Linear regression analyses showed that higher SCD‐Q scores were associated with higher forgetting rates on the AFE‐T (β = −0.212; p < 0.05).ConclusionsIt is possible to detect ALF in individuals with high SCD ratings, appearing especially in those with abnormal CSF Aβ42 levels. Both in research and the clinical field, there is an increasing need of using more demanding cognitive measures, such as the AFE‐T, for identifying and tracking the earliest cognitive changes in these populations.
Evaluation of health appraisal project of primary school children: a study in Egypt
Authors: Rizk Hoda Ibrahim , Abdel‐Razik Madiha Said , Elsebaei Eman Hany 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundSchool Health insurance (SHI) is working in Egypt since 2003. However, there were no impact indicators that inform policy makers about health status of school children. Therefore, the school health project was conducted by Arab Medical Union (AMU) Medical Syndicate in cooperation with Ministry of Education (MOE), Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) and Public Health Department, Cairo University to conduct comprehensive medical services to primary school children and to assess the impact of the SHI and the efficiency of AMU project to promote health of children.MethodsIn‐depth interview with policy makers in MOHP, MOE, SHI and secondary analysis of AMU documents. A systematic random sample of 7000 students (7–10 years) was selected which formed 10% of the examined children in AMU project and proportionally distributed in 355 schools in seven Districts in Fayoum Governorate.ResultsSHI was ineffective in providing preventive services to school children. The AMU project was efficient in covering 82% of the targeted students with clinical, preventive and referral services with estimated cost per student were 54.8LE. Clinical findings showed anaemia the major problem (84%), dental (33%), hair/scalp (9%) and visual errors (6%).ConclusionThe current Primary Health Care facilities needs to improve the quality preventive and curative health services provided to school children. Also, providing health services through medical conveys was of high cost and unsustainable.
Unmasking Inherent Chirality within the Cubane Skeleton
Authors: Yoshino Nana , Kato Yumi , Shimada Yukako , Williams Craig M. , Matsubara Seijiro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCubane, a hexahedral hydrocarbon, can be converted into an asymmetric molecule with a minimum of three substituents. The resulting chiral cubane can be used as a pharmacophore or a chiral ligand. Starting from the cubane carboxamide, the 1,2,3‐substituted compound was synthesized by sequential ortho‐metalation. The 1,3,5‐substituted compound was synthesized by combining site‐selective halogenation and halogen‐metal exchange and the resulting racemate was subjected to enantiomeric resolution by HPLC.
A descriptive audit of healthcare workers exposed to COVID‐19 at a tertiary care center in India
Authors: Mansoor Sadia , Sharma K. Aparna , Ranjan Piyush , Singhal Seema , Meena Jyoti , Kumari Rajesh , Rana Anubhuti , Kumari Archana , Varun Neha , Kumari Sarita , Kumar Sunesh , Bhatla Neerja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a descriptive audit of healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to COVID‐19, and their contacts, to understand the dynamics of transmission among HCWs.MethodsRetrospective analysis of contact tracing data of infected HCWs was done from March 1, 2020 to July 31, 2020 at a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India. Contacts were categorized according to the nature of contact and followed for 14 days.ResultsQualitative RT‐PCR testing was performed on 106 HCWs (from a total of 257) owing to exposure or development of symptoms. Positive results were found in 16 HCWs (6.2%) who were exposed to 120 other HCWs, generating 197 exposure incidents. Of these, 30 (15.2%) exposure incidents were high risk with multiple exposures in 48 (40.0%) HCWs. Exposure to infected HCWs was noted in 3 (18.8%) of 16 positive cases. Of the 197 exposure incidents, 54 (27.4%) were deemed avoidable exposures. Infection prevention and control policies were periodically reviewed, and the department implemented mitigating steps to minimize the risk to healthcare providers.ConclusionInstituting appropriate infection prevention and control policies and use of adequate precautions by HCWs is vital to minimize high‐risk exposure to COVID‐19.
Nonparametric learning approach based on infinite flexible mixture model and its application to medical data analysis
Authors: Bourouis Sami , Bouguila Nizar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to develop an effective approach allowing to capture accurately the intrinsic nature of data using an infinite shifted‐scaled Dirichlet mixture model (InSSDMM). This article extends the finite statistical model to a more efficient multidimensional infinite mixture. The flexibility of the developed framework is demonstrated via some challenging medical applications that concern diabetic retinopathy detection in eye images and pneumonia identification in chest X‐ray scans. The obtained results demonstrate the merits of such approach as compared to many other generative and discriminative models.
Comparisons of orthodontic residents’ performance and attitudes using 2D, 3D, and virtual reality surgical simulation methods
Authors: Sytek Lauren , Inglehart Marita R. , Ramaswamy Vidya , Aronovich Sharon , Edwards Sean , Kim‐Berman Hera 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurposeAdvances in virtual reality technology for surgical simulation methods may improve diagnosis and treatment planning of complex orthognathic surgery cases. The objectives were to assess orthodontic residents’ performance and attitudes when treatment planning orthognathic surgery cases using two‐dimensional (2D) digital, three‐dimensional (3D) digital, and virtual reality (VR) surgical simulations.MethodsThe study had a mixed methods study design involving 20 graduate orthodontic residents. Their previous experiences, confidence, and competence with orthodontic diagnosis and surgical treatment planning were assessed with a baseline survey. Each resident completed 2D, 3D, and VR treatment planning and simulation tasks in a randomized order and recorded their diagnosis, objectives, treatment plan, and special surgical concerns for each case using a treatment planning worksheet. The worksheets were scored and quantitative data were analyzed. Attitudinal responses to the simulation experience were captured with a post‐survey and interview.ResultsThe number of total prescribed surgical movements was greater for 3D and VR simulation methods (p = 0.001). There were no differences in the overall total written treatment plan analysis score among the three surgical simulation tasks. Participants took longer to complete the VR and 3D tasks (p < 0.001) and asked more questions regarding manipulation (p < 0.001) and software features (p < 0.002) for higher fidelity tools. Analysis of qualitative feedback showed positive attitudes toward higher fidelity tools with regard to visualization, manipulation, and enjoyment of the task.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that simulation methods of increased fidelity (3D and VR) are appropriate alternatives to 2D conventional orthognathic surgical simulation methods when combined with traditional records. Qualitative feedback confirms residents’ readiness to adopt VR simulation. However, comprehensive training is needed to increase familiarity and comfort with using the new technology.
A comparison of different standard‐setting methods for professional qualifying dental examination
Authors: Abd‐Rahman Aida N.A. , Baharuddin Izyan H. , Abu‐Hassan Mohamed I. , Davies Sally J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe outcome of assessments is determined by the standard‐setting method used. Standard setting is the process of deciding what is good enough. A cutoff score of 50% was commonly used in dental schools in Malaysia. This study aims to compare the conventional, norm‐referenced, and modified‐Angoff standard‐setting methods.MethodsThe norm‐referenced method of standard setting was applied to the real scores of 40 final‐year dental students on a multiple‐choice question (MCQ), a short answer question (SAQ), and an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). A panel of 10 judges set the standard using the modified‐Angoff method for the same paper in one sitting. One judge set the passing score of 10 OSCE questions after 2 weeks. A comparison of the grades and pass/fail rates derived from the absolute standard, norm‐referenced, and modified‐Angoff methods was made. The intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliabilities of the modified‐Angoff method were assessed.ResultsThe passing rate for the absolute standard was 100% (40/40), for the norm‐referenced method it was 62.5% (25/40), and for the modified‐Angoff method it was 80% (32/40). The modified‐Angoff method had good inter‐rater reliability of 0.876 and excellent test–retest reliability of 0.941.ConclusionThere were significant differences in the outcomes of these three standard‐setting methods, as shown by the difference in the proportion of candidates who passed and failed the assessment. The modified‐Angoff method was found to have good reliability for use with a professional qualifying dental examination.
Exploring global health programs in U.S. dental schools
Authors: Shick Elizabeth , Gross Lilyana , McNair Bryan , Woodmansey Karl 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to survey and describe key curricular and extracurricular components of U.S. dental schools’ global health programs.MethodsA 22‐item web‐based survey invitation was sent to administrators at all 66 US dental schools. Topics included both curricular and extracurricular global health activities offered, including Short‐term Experiences in Global Health (STEGHs). Key components were identified and classified as domains and components for the purpose of discussion: Domain #1: Program support and administrative factors (components: a support, faculty support, and extracurricular activities), Domain #2: Academic teaching (components: global health track, didactic courses, and cultural awareness and communication teaching), and Domain #3: STEGHs, (components: School‐based STEGHs, al organization‐based STEGHs, and exchange programs).ResultsMost notably among respondents, 72% strongly agreed/agreed that global health should be a part of the dental curriculum, 81% strongly agreed/agreed that students benefit from participating in global health experiences, and 43% of schools had a faculty member dedicated to global health work. In this study of dental schools, 44% offered didactic courses in global health, and 62% of schools offered STEGHs.ConclusionThe results of this study offer a description of key components of global health education programs in U.S. dental schools. Schools surveyed offer a combination of both didactic courses and STEGH programs for their students. Global health education may improve dental students’ skills related to managing a diverse patient population.
Residual antler periosteum holds the potential to partially regenerate lost antler tissue
Authors: Li Chunyi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeer antlers are the only mammalian organs that can fully regenerate, which relies on pedicle periosteum (PP). Interestingly during the growing phase, antlers themselves can regenerate partially lost antler tissue. However, what tissue type in the growing antlers fulfills this role is not known. Following antler removal during the growing phase, a “second” antler regenerates from the stump. In this study, the “second” antler growing from the cut antler base (AB) was examined in both red and sika deer. The results showed that all regenerating antlers were formed from the peripheral edge of the AB, where the antler periosteum (AnP) is located. The growth center showed a clear demarcation from the AB bone in red deer. Therefore, it is highly likely that AnP is the tissue that possesses the potential. Factors that might affect this potential were explored and the main factor was found to be AB calcification, which was controlled by rising androgens. Thus, the ultimate antler regeneration potential of the AnP was assessed through castration and repeated antler removal. The results demonstrated that the regeneration potential of AnP was somewhat limited and inferior to that of the PP. The ability of AnP to achieve partial regeneration may be evolutionarily conserved, as the regeneration of partially lost antlers within the season is secured; whereas, with PP, a new set of antlers in the next season is guaranteed. This two‐level mechanism may signify how evolutionarily important it is for deer to possess reasonably intact antlers.
Client and provider preferences for HIV care: Implications for implementing differentiated service delivery in Thailand
Authors: Lujintanon Sita , Amatavete Sorawit , Sungsing Thanthip , Seekaew Pich , Peelay Jitsupa , Mingkwanrungruang Pravit , Chinbunchorn Tanat , Teeratakulpisarn Somsong , Methajittiphan Pornpen , Leenasirima Prattana , Norchaiwong Amarin , Nilmanat Ampaipith , Phanuphak Praphan , Ramautarsing Reshmie A , Phanuphak Nittaya 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionDifferentiated service delivery (DSD) for antiretroviral therapy (ART) maintenance embodies the client‐centred approach to tailor services to support people living with HIV in adhering to treatment and achieving viral suppression. We aimed to assess the preferences for HIV care and attitudes towards DSD for ART maintenance among ART clients and providers at healthcare facilities in Thailand.MethodsA cross‐sectional study using self‐administered questionnaires was conducted in September‐November 2018 at five healthcare facilities in four high HIV burden provinces in Thailand. Eligible participants who were ART clients aged ≥18 years and ART providers were recruited by consecutive sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics, preferences for HIV services and expectations and concerns towards DSD for ART maintenance.ResultsFive hundred clients and 52 providers completed the questionnaires. Their median ages (interquartile range; IQR) were 38.6 (29.8 to 45.5) and 37.3 (27.3 to 45.1); 48.5% and 78.9% were females, 16.8% and 1.9% were men who have sex with men, and 2.4% and 7.7% were transgender women, respectively. Most clients and providers agreed that ART maintenance tasks, including ART refill, viral load testing, HIV/sexually transmitted infection monitoring, and psychosocial support should be provided at ART clinics (85.2% to 90.8% vs. 76.9% to 84.6%), by physicians (77.0% to 94.6% vs. 71.2% to 100.0%), every three months (26.7% to 40.8% vs. 17.3% to 55.8%) or six months (33.0% to 56.7% vs. 28.9% to 80.8%). Clients agreed that DSD would encourage their autonomy (84.9%) and empower responsibility for their health (87.7%). Some clients and providers disagreed that DSD would lead to poor ART retention (54.0% vs. 40.4%), increased loss to follow‐up (52.5% vs. 42.3%), and delayed detection of treatment failure (48.3% vs. 44.2%), whereas 31.4% to 50.0% of providers were unsure about these expectations and concerns.ConclusionsPhysician‐led, facility‐based clinical consultation visit spacing in combination with multi‐month ART refill was identified as one promising DSD model in Thailand. However, low preference for decentralization and task shifting may prove challenging to implement other models, especially since many providers were unsure about DSD benefits. This calls for local implementation studies to prove feasibility and governmental and social support to legitimize and normalize DSD in order to gain acceptance among clients and providers.
Histologic and molecular features in pathologic human menisci from knees with and without osteoarthritis
Authors: Monibi Farrah A. , Pannellini Tania , Otero Miguel , Warren Russell F. , Rodeo Scott A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate histologic and molecular features of meniscus degeneration in cohorts of patients with and without osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Menisci were obtained from patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty for OA (TKA) or arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) for a torn knee meniscus. Degenerative meniscal tears were among the most common tear type in the APM group based on the pattern. Using an integrative workflow for molecular evaluation of formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues, human menisci underwent blinded histologic evaluation and NanoString gene expression analyses. Histology revealed increased proteoglycan content in TKA menisci compared to APM menisci, but otherwise no significant differences in the total pathology score or sub‐scores between patients based on age or cohort. NanoString analyses revealed differential expression of genes primarily associated with the PI3K‐AKT signaling pathway, cell cycle, and apoptosis. These data provide new insights into histological and molecular features of meniscus degeneration in patients with and without knee OA. Histologic assessment of menisci showed similar severity of overall degeneration between cohorts, but there were differences at the molecular level. The dysregulated pathways identified in this study could contribute to early‐onset meniscus degeneration, or to a predisposition to meniscus tears and subsequent knee OA. Further studies that validate genes and pathways uncovered in this study will allow us to evaluate novel approaches to assess and treat meniscal degeneration.