bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Azoxybenzenes by Reductive Dimerization of Nitrosobenzenes with Gel‐Bound Catalysts
Authors: Schmiegel Carsten J. , Berg Patrik , Obst Franziska , Schoch Roland , Appelhans Dietmar , Kuckling Dirk 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the search for a new synthetic pathway for azoxybenzenes with different substitution patterns, an approach using a microfluidic reactor with gel‐bound proline organocatalysts under continuous flow is presented. Herein the formation of differently substituted azoxybezenes by reductive dimerization of nitrosobenzenes within minutes at mild conditions in good to almost quantitative yields is described. The conversion within the microfluidic reactor is analyzed and used for optimizing and validating different parameters. The effects of the different functionalities on conversion, yield, and reaction times are analyzed in detail by NMR. The applicability of this reductive dimerization is demonstrated for a wide range of differently substituted nitrosobenzenes. The effects of these different functionalities on the structure of the obtained azoxyarenes are analyzed in detail by NMR and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Based on these results, the turnover number and the turnover frequency were determined.
Magnesium Monoperphthalate (MMPP): a Convenient Oxidant for the Direct Rubottom Oxidation of Malonates, β‐Keto Esters, and Amides
Authors: Meninno Sara , Villano Rosaria , Lattanzi Alessandra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA mild and convenient protocol for the α‐hydroxylation of α‐substituted malonates, β‐ketoesters, and β‐ketoamides is disclosed. Cheap and stable magnesium monoperphthalate (MMPP) was effective for a first direct α‐hydroxylation protocol of the Rubottom oxidation, providing tartronic esters, cyclic α‐hydroxy β‐ketoesters and amides in good to high yields, when working at room temperature and in ethanol as the solvent. The protocol has been successfully scaled up to gram quantity.
Challenges and opportunities in translational pain research – An opinion paper of the working group on translational pain research of the European pain federation (EFIC)
Authors: Mouraux André , Bannister Kirsty , Becker Susanne , Finn David P. , Pickering Gisèle , Pogatzki‐Zahn Esther , Graven‐Nielsen Thomas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFor decades, basic research on the underlying mechanisms of nociception has held promise to translate into efficacious treatments for patients with pain. Despite great improvement in the understanding of pain physiology and pathophysiology, translation to novel, effective treatments for acute and chronic pain has however been limited, and they remain an unmet medical need. In this opinion paper bringing together pain researchers from very different disciplines, the opportunities and challenges of translational pain research are discussed. The many factors that may prevent the successful translation of bench observations into useful and effective clinical applications are reviewed, including interspecies differences, limited validity of currently available preclinical disease models of pain, and limitations of currently used methods to assess nociception and pain in non‐human and human models of pain. Many paths are explored to address these issues, including the backward translation of observations made in patients and human volunteers into new disease models that are more clinically relevant, improved generalization by taking into account age and sex differences, and the integration of psychobiology into translational pain research. Finally, it is argued that preclinical and clinical stages of developing new treatments for pain can be improved by better preclinical models of pathological pain conditions alongside revised methods to assess treatment‐induced effects on nociception in human and non‐human animals.
Significance:
For decades, basic research of the underlying mechanisms of nociception has held promise to translate into efficacious treatments for patients with pain. Despite great improvement in the understanding of pain physiology and pathophysiology, translation to novel, effective treatments for acute and chronic pain has however been limited, and they remain an unmet medical need.
The thermal environment at fertilization mediates adaptive potential in the sea
Authors: Chirgwin Evatt , Connallon Tim , Monro Keyne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAdditive genetic variation for fitness at vulnerable life stages governs the adaptive potential of populations facing stressful conditions under climate change, and can depend on current conditions as well as those experienced by past stages or generations. For sexual populations, fertilization is the key stage that links one generation to the next, yet the effects of fertilization environment on the adaptive potential at the vulnerable stages that then unfold during development are rarely considered, despite climatic stress posing risks for gamete function and fertility in many taxa and external fertilizers especially. Here, we develop a simple fitness landscape model exploring the effects of environmental stress at fertilization and development on the adaptive potential in early life. We then test our model with a quantitative genetic breeding design exposing family groups of a marine external fertilizer, the tubeworm Galeolaria caespitosa, to a factorial manipulation of current and projected temperatures at fertilization and development. We find that adaptive potential in early life is substantially reduced, to the point of being no longer detectable, by genotype-specific carryover effects of fertilization under projected warming. We interpret these results in light of our fitness landscape model, and argue that the thermal environment at fertilization deserves more attention than it currently receives when forecasting the adaptive potential of populations confronting climate change.
Rhizosphere bacteria containing ACC deaminase decrease root ethylene emission and improve maize root growth with localized nutrient supply
Authors: Jin Kemo , Li Hongbo , Li Xiaoqing , Li Haigang , Dodd Ian C. , Belimov Andrey A. , Davies William J. , Shen Jianbo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLocalized nutrient supply can enhance maize root proliferation, but also increase root ethylene production. Whether engineering ethylene signalling in the rhizosphere can further enhance root growth and nutrient uptake remains unknown. Here, field and column experiments for maize (Zea mays. L) were designed as different nutrient treatments (broadcast or localized nutrient supply containing ammonium and phosphorus) with or without inoculation with rhizobacterium Variovorax paradoxus 5C‐2 containing the 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC) deaminase. Rhizobacterial inoculation increased shoot biomass by 12% and root length density by 50% with localized nutrient supply. Meanwhile, localized nutrient supply increased root ethylene production by 54% compared with broadcast, and rhizobacterial inoculation prevented the increase in root ethylene. Reduced root ethylene production following V. paradoxus 5C‐2 inoculation was highly associated with a greater proportion of fine root proliferation under localized nutrient supply, which may account for the increased nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. Our work sheds light on the understanding of the interactions between root and microbe through taking hormone into consideration to dissect the relationship between below ground and above ground. It is useful to explore the strategy of soil–crop management by introducing rhizosphere microorganisms to regulate plant ethylene signal and then benefit sustainable agriculture.
On the formulations of interfacial force in the phase‐field‐based lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Zhang Chunhua , Guo Zhaoli , Liang Hong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDifferent formulations of interfacial force have been adopted in the existing phase‐field‐based lattice Boltzmann method for two‐phase flows. Although they are identical mathematically, their numerical performances may be different due to truncation errors at discrete level. In this article, four‐type formulations of interfacial force available in the literature, namely, stress tensor form (STF), chemical potential form (CPF), pressure form, and continuum surface force (CSF) form, are summarized and theoretical analyzed. A systematic study of the performances of all formulations is made by a series of benchmark problems, including stationary droplet, two merging droplets, Capillary wave, rising bubble and drop deformation in shear flow. Numerical results show that CPF is a good choice for small surface deformation problems while STF is preferred for dynamical problems, both STF and CSF presents better numerical stability in terms of Peclet number.
Incidence of cultural, economic, and environmental factors in the emergence of born‐global companies in Latin America
Authors: Prieto‐Sánchez Carlos‐Javier , Merino Fernando 
Published: February 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryThis paper examines the effect of key cultural and economic factors on the emergence of born‐global (BG) companies. Such factors include the intentions and the growth aspirations of the entrepreneur, as well as the country's characteristics in terms of its income per capita and the complexity of its economic system. The analysis also highlights how the environment affects the importance of the aspirations to be BG. Our work expands the literature on BGs in Latin America by analyzing macroeconomic aspects and specific features of the entrepreneur and the environment as possible determinants of BG character. The results reveal that the entrepreneur's intentions and aspirations, along with environmental factors and the economic growth in Latin America, contribute to a firm's probability of becoming a BG company.Managerial SummaryFirms that internationalize at an early stage of their life are known as born‐global (BG) companies. We analyze the influence that the key cultural factors of a company have on the creation of BG companies. Such factors include the entrepreneur's intentions and growth aspirations, in addition to various economic and environmental factors. The findings show that individual factors, in combination with economic growth, play a more important role than those factors related to the entrepreneur's innovativeness and the level of knowledge intensity associated with a country's export basket.
Stability test of canonical correlation analysis for studying brain‐behavior relationships: The effects of subject‐to‐variable ratios and correlation strengths
Authors: Yang Qingqing , Zhang Xinxin , Song Yingchao , Liu Feng , Qin Wen , Yu Chunshui , Liang Meng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCanonical correlation analysis (CCA), a multivariate approach to identifying correlations between two sets of variables, is becoming increasingly popular in neuroimaging studies on brain‐behavior relationships. However, the CCA stability in neuroimaging applications has not been systematically investigated. Although it is known that the number of subjects should be greater than the number of variables due to the curse of dimensionality, it is unclear at what subject‐to‐variable ratios (SVR) and at what correlation strengths the CCA stability can be maintained. Here, we systematically assessed the CCA stability, in the context of investigating the relationship between the brain structural/functional imaging measures and the behavioral measures, by measuring the similarity of the first‐mode canonical variables across randomly sampled subgroups of subjects from a large set of 936 healthy subjects. Specifically, we tested how the CCA stability changes with SVR under two different brain‐behavior correlation strengths. The same tests were repeated using an independent data set (n = 700) for validation. The results confirmed that both SVR and correlation strength affect greatly the CCA stability—the CCA stability cannot be guaranteed if the SVR is not sufficiently high or the brain‐behavior relationship is not sufficiently strong. Based on our quantitative characterization of CCA stability, we provided a practical guideline to help correct interpretation of CCA results and proper applications of CCA in neuroimaging studies on brain‐behavior relationships.
The impact of medical and recreational marijuana laws on opioid prescribing in employer‐sponsored health insurance
Authors: Wen Jiebing , Wen Hefei , Butler J. S. , Talbert Jeffery C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUsing data from Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database between 2009 and 2015, we studied the effects of medical and recreational marijuana laws on opioid prescribing in employer‐sponsored health insurance. We used a differences‐in‐differences (DD) approach and found that the implementation of medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and recreational marijuana laws (RMLs) reduced morphine milligram equivalents per enrollee by 7% and 13%, respectively. The reduction associated with MMLs was predominately in people aged 55–64, whereas the reduction associated with RMLs was largely in people aged 35–44 and aged 45–54. Our findings suggest that both MMLs and RMLs have the potential to reduce opioid prescribing in the privately insured population, especially for the middle‐aged population.
Labour market competition for public health graduates in the United States: A comparison of workforce taxonomies with job postings before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Krasna Heather , Czabanowska Katarzyna , Beck Angela , Cushman Linda F. , Leider Jonathon P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA strong public health workforce (PHW) is needed to respond to COVID‐19 and public health (PH) issues worldwide. However, classifying, enumerating, and planning the PHW is challenging. Existing PHW taxonomies and enumerations focus on the existing workforce, and largely ignore workforce competition for public health graduates (PHGs). Such efforts also do not utilize real time data to assess rapid changes to the employment landscape, like those caused by COVID‐19. A job postings analysis can inform workforce planning and educational program design alike. To identify occupations and industries currently seeking PHGs and contrast them with existing taxonomies, authors matched existing PHW taxonomies to standardized occupational classification codes, then compared this with 38,533 coded, US job postings from employers seeking Master's level PHGs from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020. Authors also analysed 24,516 postings from March 2019 to October 2019 and compared them with 24,845 postings from March 2020 to October 2020 to assess changing employer demands associated with COVID‐19. We also performed schema matching to align various occupational classification systems. Job postings pre‐COVID and during COVID show considerable but changing demand for PHGs in the US, with 16%–28% of postings outside existing PHW taxonomies, suggesting labour market competition which may compound PHW recruitment and retention challenges.
Holistic indigenous and atomistic modernity: Analyzing performance management in two Indian emerging market multinational corporations
Authors: Malik Ashish , Budhwar Pawan , Patel Charmi , Laker Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnalyzing qualitative case‐study data from two emerging market multinational corporations (MNCs) from the Indian pharmaceutical industry, we develop two theoretical frameworks based on goal‐setting and cognitive evaluation theories along with indigenous Indian management theories, including the principles of Ayurveda for analyzing performance management systems in an indigenous and modern pharmaceutical MNC. Data were analyzed from multiple data sources, such as interviews, non‐participant observation, multiple site visits, organizational documents, policies, client testimonials, and publically available information through the website and annual reports. The indigenous firm offered a holistic approach to managing multiple stakeholders. Its overarching performance goal focused on all stakeholders collectively contributing to the patient' and others' holistic well‐being. All employees' and stakeholders' unified and singular efforts dovetailed to achieve physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and environmental well‐being as a proxy for performance. Organizational values, culture, and contextual influences of informal learning, empowerment, and task variability helped achieve its overarching goals. The Western pharmaceutical firm focused on atomistic, granulated, and an objective way of assessing and evaluating performance, wherein cost‐effectiveness, innovation, and high‐performance were vital performance outcomes. Performance coaching and task invariability adversely affected individual outcomes. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Rainfall intensity affects runoff responses in a semi‐arid catchment
Authors: Tao Ze , Li Min , Si Bingcheng , Pratt Dyan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe source and hydrochemical makeup of a stream reflects the connectivity between rainfall, groundwater, the stream, and is reflected to water quantity and quality of the catchment. However, in a semi‐arid, thick, loess covered catchment, temporal variation of stream source and event associated behaviours are lesser known. Thus, the isotopic and chemical hydrographs in a widely distributed, deep loess, semi‐arid catchment of the northern Chinese Loess Plateau were characterized to determine the source and hydrochemical behaviours of the stream during intra‐rainfall events. Rainfall and streamflow were sampled during six hydrologic events coupled with measurements of stream baseflow and groundwater. The deuterium isotope (2H), major ions (Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+) were evaluated in water samples obtained during rainfall events. Temporal variation of 2H and Cl− measured in the groundwater and stream baseflow prior to rainfall was similar; however, the isotope compositions of the streamflow fluctuated significantly and responded quickly to rainfall events, likely due to an infiltration excess, overland dominated surface runoff during torrential rainfall events. Time source separation using 2H demonstrated greater than 72% on average, the stream composition was event water during torrential rainfall events, with the proportion increasing with rainfall intensity. Solutes concentrations in the stream had loglinear relationships with stream discharge, with an outling anomaly with an example of an intra‐rainfall event on Oct. 24, 2015. Stream Cl− behaved nonconservative during rainfall events, temporal variation of Cl− indicated a flush and washout at the onset of small rainfall events, a dilution but still high concentration pattern in high discharge and old water dominated in regression flow period. This study indicates rainfall intensity affects runoff responses in a semi‐arid catchment, and the stored water in the thick, loess covered areas was less connected with stream runoff. Solute transport may threaten water quality in the area, requiring further analysis of the performance of the eco‐restoration project.
Incidence of postpartum urinary retention in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Lawal Olatunji Okikiola , Morhason‐Bello Imran Oludare , Atalabi Omolola Mojisola , Ojengbede Oladosu Akanbi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the incidence of postpartum urinary retention (PUR) after vaginal delivery and associated risk factors.MethodsA total of 250 women were recruited following vaginal delivery at the UCH, Ibadan. Sociodemographic and obstetrical data were collected using a pro forma. Transabdominal ultrasound scan of the urinary bladder was performed 6 hours after delivery to estimate the post‐void residual bladder volume (PVRBV) of participants. PVRBV was compared with obstetrical characteristics and labor events. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS 17.0. The level of statistical significance was set at P value less than 0.05.ResultsThe incidence of PUR was 17.6%. Women with PUR, had longer duration of first stage (591 versus 501 minutes; P = 0.001), and second stage (50 versus 32 minute; P < 0.001) of labor compared with those without PUR. There was evidence that augmentation of labor (P < 0.01), catheterization during labor (P < 0.01), perineal injury (P < 0.01), and episiotomy (P < 0.01) were associated with developing PUR. Also, women with PUR were more likely to experience storage and obstructive urinary symptoms than those without PUR. Resolution of PUR occurred within 24 hours.ConclusionThis study showed that postpartum urinary retention is relatively common following vaginal delivery. Awareness of risk factors will increase index of suspicion especially in women with storage and obstructive symptoms.
Targeting amino acid metabolism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for developing inhibitors to curtail its survival
Authors: Yelamanchi Soujanya D. , Surolia Avadhesha 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTuberculosis caused by the bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), continues to remain one of the most devastating infectious diseases afflicting humans. Although there are several drugs for treating tuberculosis available currently, the emergence of the drug resistant forms of this pathogen has made its treatment and eradication a challenging task. While the replication machinery, protein synthesis and cell wall biogenesis of Mtb have been targeted often for anti‐tubercular drug development a number of essential metabolic pathways crucial to its survival have received relatively less attention. In this context a number of amino acid biosynthesis pathways have recently been shown to be essential for the survival and pathogenesis of Mtb. Many of these pathways and or their key enzymes homologs are absent in humans hence they could be harnessed for anti‐tubercular drug development. In this review, we describe comprehensively the amino acid metabolic pathways essential in Mtb and the key enzymes involved therein that are being investigated for developing inhibitors that compromise the survival and pathogenesis caused by this pathogen.
Production and toxicological evaluation of poly(butylene succinate)–urea microspheres targeting bioremediation
Authors: Bedor Priscilla BA , Rondelli Pedro , Sergio Thode Filho  , Fernando G de Souza Jr  , Leite Selma GF 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDAs population and fuel demand increase, many events of oil spills in the environment have been recorded. In order to restore these environments, several techniques have been proposed in the literature, especially in the field of bioremediation, with their main advantage being a low impact on the environment. In this work, poly(butylene succinate) microspheres containing urea were produced, representing a source of controlled release of nitrogen to the environment, promoting the biostimulation of the native microbiota of contaminated sites. Experiments were conducted based on the biostimulation ofPseudomonas aeruginosaand assessed the growth of the culture, the controlled release of urea, the substrate consumption and the toxicity of the microspheres usingArtemia salina.RESULTSThe results showed that the double‐emulsion methodology for urea encapsulation was efficient, with controlled release occurring up to 72 h. The urea‐containing microspheres promoted microbial growth with higher protein synthesis (198.66 μg mL−1) in 72 h, from the consumption of glucose and urea, within the release limitations. The ecotoxicity of the urea‐containing microspheres was tested withA. salinaand the results showed a CL50 of 0.027 mg (10 mL)−1, not recommending its use in the aquatic environment for this organism.CONCLUSIONSThe assays revealed that poly(butylene succinate) microspheres, both with urea and without this active ingredient, may not present toxicity to microorganisms such asP. aeruginosaand be toxic to more complex organisms such asA. salina. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).