bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurologic Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Grill Marie F. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article reviews the neurologic complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

RECENT FINDINGS
Neurologic complications of HIV may be caused by direct virally mediated pathology, immune-mediated phenomena in response to viral infection, or opportunistic infections secondary to depletion of lymphocytes. These neurologic disorders may be influenced by the degree of immunosuppression (ie, CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte count) and stage of infection (early versus late), as well as use of antiretroviral therapy, and may manifest as a variety of central and peripheral neurologic syndromes, including the more commonly encountered HIV-associated cognitive disorders and length-dependent sensorimotor polyneuropathy, respectively. Immune dysregulation underlies the majority of these neurologic phenomena, as well as other HIV-associated conditions including immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), CD8 lymphocytosis, and potentially the development of compartmentalized infection within the CSF, also referred to as CSF escape.

SUMMARY
This article reviews a spectrum of clinical syndromes and related neuropathologic states associated with HIV infection.
Increases in Integrin–ILK–RICTOR–Akt Proteins, Muscle Mass, and Strength after Eccentric Cycling Training
Authors: MAVROPALIAS GEORGIOS , WU YU-FU , BOPPART MARNI D. , BLAZEVICH ANTHONY J. , NOSAKA KAZUNORI 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Recently, it has been suggested that a cellular pathway composed of integrin, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR), and Akt may facilitate long-term structural and functional adaptations associated with exercise, independent of the mTORC1 pathway. Therefore, we examined changes in integrin–ILK–RICTOR–Akt protein in vastus lateralis (VL) before and after 8 wk of eccentric cycling training (ECC), which was expected to increase muscle function and VL cross-sectional area (CSA).

Methods
Eleven men (23 ± 4 yr) completed 24 sessions of ECC with progressive increases in intensity and duration, resulting in a twofold increase in work from the first three (75.4 ± 14.1 kJ) to the last three sessions (150.7 ± 28.4 kJ). Outcome measures included lower limb lean mass, VL CSA, static strength, and peak and average cycling power output. These measures and VL samples were taken before and 4–5 d after the last training session.

Results
Significant (P < 0.05) increases in integrin-β1 (1.64-fold) and RICTOR (2.99-fold) protein as well as the phosphorylated-to-total ILK ratio (1.70-fold) were found, but integrin-α7 and Akt did not change. Increases in lower limb, thigh, and trunk lean mass (2.8%–5.3%, P < 0.05) and CSA (13.3% ± 9.0%, P < 0.001) were observed. Static strength (18.1% ± 10.8%) and both peak (8.6% ± 10.5%) and average power output (7.4% ± 8.3%) also increased (P < 0.05). However, no significant correlations were found between the magnitude of increases in protein and the magnitude of increases in CSA, static strength, or power output.

Conclusions
In addition to increased muscle mass, strength, and power, we demonstrate that ECC increases integrin-β1 and RICTOR total protein and p-ILK/t-ILK, which may play a role in protection against muscle damage as well as anabolic signaling to induce muscle adaptations.
Trends and correlates of girl-child marriage in 11 West African countries: evidence from recent Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Fatusi Adesegun O. , Adedini Sunday A. , Mobolaji Jacob Wale 
Published: September 2021

Background: West Africa historically has a high prevalence of girl-child marriage and requires substantial reduction to meet the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of ending child marriage by 2030, but current data on progress is sparce. We aimed to determine the trend in child marriage in West Africa and assess the influence of selected socio-demographic factors. Methods: We analysed data on women aged 18-24 years from the two most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (conducted between 2006 and 2014) for 11 West African countries to determine the prevalence and trend of girl-child marriage. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between girl-child marriage and selected socio-demographic factors. Results: The prevalence of child marriage in West Africa is 41.5%. An overall decrease of 4.6% (annual rate of 0.01%) was recorded over a seven-year inter-survey period. Three countries (Cote d’Ivoire, Nigeria, and Niger) recorded increased prevalence while the rate was unchanged in Burkina Faso, and the other six countries had reduced prevalence between the last two surveys. Sierra Leone recorded the highest decrease in prevalence (22%) and an annual reduction rate of 0.04%; Cote d’Ivore had the highest increase (65.3%). In virtually all countries, rural residence, low education, poor household economic status and non-Christian religious affiliation were significantly associated with higher odds of girl-child marriage. Conclusions: The prevalence of girl-child marriage remains high in West Africa and the trend shows very slow progress. While substantial inter-country variations exist in overall rate and trend of child marriage, the rate of progress is inadequate across all countries.
Sentiment analysis on myindihome user reviews using support vector machine and naïve bayes classifier method
Authors: Prasetio Murman Dwi , Xavier Rais Yufli , Rachmat Haris , Wiyono Wiyono , Atmaja Denny Sukma Eka 
Published: September 2021

The strength of the company's competitiveness is needed because the current industrial development is very rapid. It is necessary to maintain the quality and quantity of the products produced according to company standards. One of the companies that must maintain the quality and quantity is PT. XYZ is a clay tile company. The classification of products used by this company to maintain good quality is three classes: good tile, white stone tile, and cracked tile. However, quality control based on classification still uses the traditional way by relying on sight. It can increase errors and slow down the process. It can be overcome with artificial visual detectors. It is a result of the rapid development of automation. So to detect defects, this research can use image preprocessing, supervised learning algorithms, and measurement methods. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used in this study to perform classification, while feature extraction on clay tiles used the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) method. The algorithm is made using python, while for image retrieval, raspberry pi is used. The linear kernel on the SVM algorithm is used in this study. The conclusion in this study obtained 86.95% is the highest accuracy with a linear kernel. It takes 10.625 seconds to classify.
Clinical impact of component placement in manually instrumented total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Kazarian Gregory S. , Lieberman Elizabeth G. , Hansen Erik J. , Nunley Ryan M. , Barrack Robert L. 
Published: September 2021

AimsThe goal of the current systematic review was to assess the impact of implant placement accuracy on outcomes following total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsA systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using the Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science databases in order to assess the impact of the patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) and implant placement accuracy on outcomes following TKA. Studies assessing the impact of implant alignment, rotation, size, overhang, or condylar offset were included. Study quality was assessed, evidence was graded (one-star: no evidence, two-star: limited evidence, three-star: moderate evidence, four-star: strong evidence), and recommendations were made based on the available evidence.ResultsA total of 49 studies were identified for inclusion. With respect to PROMs, there was two-star evidence in support of mechanical axis alignment (MAA), femorotibial angle (FTA), femoral coronal angle (FCA), tibial coronal angle (TCA), femoral sagittal angle (FSA), femoral rotation, tibial and combined rotation/mismatch, and implant size/overhang or offset on PROMs, and one-star evidence in support of tibial sagittal angle (TSA), impacting PROMs. With respect to survival, there was three- to four-star evidence in support FTA, FCA, TCA, and TSA, moderate evidence in support of femoral rotation, tibial and combined rotation/mismatch, and limited evidence in support of MAA, FSA, and implant size/overhang or offset impacting survival.ConclusionOverall, there is limited evidence to suggest that PROMs are impacted by the accuracy of implant placement, and malalignment does not appear to be a significant driver of the observed high rates of patient dissatisfaction following TKA. However, FTA, FCA, TCA, TSA, and implant rotation demonstrate a moderate-strong relationship with implant survival. Efforts should be made to improve the accuracy of these parameters in order to improve TKA survival. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(9):1449–1456.
The impact of asymmetry on the radiographical outcomes following hip reconstruction in patients with cerebral palsy
Authors: Pargas Carlos , Saisongcroh Tanyawat , Rogers Kenneth J. , Sees Julieanne P. , Miller Freeman , Shrader M. Wade 
Published: September 2021

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of asymmetric hip dysplasia on the outcome of hip reconstruction in patients with cerebral palsy according to preoperative migration percentage (MP). Methods This study was institutional review board-approved for retrospective cohort review. From 2008 to 2018, 65 patients met inclusion criteria: Gross Motor Function Scale Classification (GMFSC) III to V with spastic hips (MP > 30%) who underwent bilateral hip reconstruction, with a follow-up > 24 months. Main exclusion criteria: children with associated syndromes or chromosomal disorders. The cohort was subdivided into three groups according to preoperative MP difference between hips: Group A > 50%, group B 20% to 50% and Group C < 20%. Subsequently, the groups were analyzed individually and then compared. The asymmetry of extended abduction of the hip was also evaluated and separated into three groups: no asymmetry (< 20° difference), mild asymmetry (20° to 50° difference) and severe (> 50° difference). Results In total, 65 patients underwent bilateral bony reconstructive surgery (130 hips). Mean age at surgery was 10.1 years (sd 3.6; 3.6 to 18.4). Mean age at follow-up was 14.7 years (sd 3.8; 8 to 21). Preoperative GMFSC distribution was grade III (four, 6%), IV (15, 23%) and V (46, 71%). In all, 21 symmetric hips (< 20% MP difference) had a preoperative MP difference of 9% and a follow-up MP difference of 18% (p > 0.05); 32 had a preoperative MP difference of 34% and a follow-up MP difference of 16% (p < 0.0001); 12 had a preoperative MP difference of 80% and a follow-up difference of 6% (p < 0.0001). According to pre- and postoperative abduction values, the mean high hip abduction preoperatively was 34° (sd 17°), whereas low hip abduction was 23° (sd 17°). Conclusion Hips with asymmetrical dysplasia and/or abduction undergoing bilateral reconstructive surgery focused on symmetric abduction, and corrected dysplasia in patients with cerebral palsy has improved symmetry in hip abduction and MP. Obtaining this goal immediately postoperatively is maintained to medium-term follow-up. Level of Evidence IV
Effectiveness of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors in neovascular age-related macular degeneration and variables associated with visual acuity outcomes: Results from the EAGLE study
Authors: Staurenghi Giovanni , Bandello Francesco , Viola Francesco , Varano Monica , Barbati Giulia , Peruzzi Elena , Bassanini Stefania , Biancotto Chiara , Fenicia Vito , Furino Claudio , Vadalà Maria , Reibaldi Michele , Vujosevic Stela , Ricci Federico ,   on behalf of the EAGLE study investigators
Published: September 2021

Objective
To assess the overall effectiveness of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy in treatment-naïve patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in a clinical practice setting.

Study design
EAGLE was a retrospective, 2-year, cohort observational, multicenter study conducted in Italy that analyzed secondary data of treatment-naïve patients with nAMD. The primary endpoint evaluated the mean annualized number of anti-VEGF injections at Years 1 and 2. The main secondary endpoints analyzed the mean change in visual acuity (VA) from baseline and variables associated with visual outcomes at Years 1 and 2.

Results
Of the 752 patients enrolled, 745 (99.07%) received the first dose of anti-VEGF in 2016. Overall, 429 (57.05%) and 335 (44.5%) patients completed the 1- and 2-year follow-ups, respectively. At baseline, mean (standard deviation, SD) age was 75.6 (8.8) years and the mean (SD) VA was 53.43 (22.8) letters. The mean (SD) number of injections performed over the 2 years was 8.2 (4.1) resulting in a mean (SD) change in VA of 2.45 (19.36) (P = 0.0005) letters at Year 1 and −1.34 (20.85) (P = 0.3984) letters at Year 2. Linear regression models showed that age, baseline VA, number of injections, and early fluid resolution were the variables independently associated with visual outcomes at Years 1 and 2.

Conclusions
The EAGLE study analyzed the routine clinical practice management of patients with nAMD in Italy. The study suggested that visual outcomes in clinical practice may be improved with earlier diagnosis, higher number of injections, and accurate fluid resolution targeting during treatment induction.
Real-world evaluation of costs of illness for pneumonia in adult patients in Dubai—A claims database study
Authors: Al Dallal Sara Ahmad Mohammad , Farghaly Mohamed , Ghorab Ahmed , Elaassar Mostafa , Haridy Hammam , Awad Nancy , Chickballapur Ramachandrachar Badarinath , Natarajan Ashok 
Published: September 2021

Background
Pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among adults globally. This retrospective cohort analysis assessed the pneumonia burden and related healthcare resource utilization and costs in the at-risk (low, medium, and high-risk) adult patients in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Methods
The claims data from January 1, 2014 to June 30, 2019 were extracted from the Dubai Real-World Claims Database for patients, aged ≥18 year, having at least 1 pneumonia claim. Data for the inpatient, outpatient and emergency visits were assessed for 12-months, before (pre-index) and after (follow-up) a pneumonia episode. Healthcare costs were calculated based on dollar value of 2020.

Results
Total 48,562 records of eligible patients were analyzed (mean age = 39.9 years; low [62.1%], medium [36.2%] and high [1.7%] risk cohorts). Mean all-cause healthcare costs were approximately >45% higher in the follow-up period (1,947 USD/patient) versus pre-index period (1,327 USD/patient). During follow-up period, the mean annual pneumonia incidence rate was 1.3 episodes, with a similar pattern across all cohorts. Overall, mean claims and costs (USD) per patient (all-cause) were highest in the high-risk cohort in the follow-up period (claims: overall, 11.6; high-risk, 22.0; medium-risk, 13.9; low-risk, 9.9; costs: high-risk, 14,184; medium-risk, 2,240; low-risk, 1,388). Similarly, the mean pneumonia-related costs (USD) per patient were highest for the high-risk cohort (overall: 1,305; high-risk, 10,207; medium-risk, 1,283; low-risk, 882), however, the claims were similar across cohorts (claims/patient: overall: 2.0; high-risk, 1.9; medium-risk, 2.2; low-risk, 1.9). Most all-cause and pneumonia-related costs were due to inpatient visits (4,901 and 4,818 USD respectively), while outpatient (1,232 and 166 USD respectively) and emergency visits (347 and 206 USD respectively) contributed significantly lesser.

Conclusions
Pneumonia imposes a significant healthcare burden in the UAE, especially in the high-risk patients with severe comorbidities. These findings would guide clinicians and policy makers to make informed decisions.
Longitudinal association between movement behaviours and depressive symptoms among adolescents using compositional data analysis
Authors: Sampasa-Kanyinga Hugues , Colman Ian , Dumuid Dorothea , Janssen Ian , Goldfield Gary S. , Wang Jian Li , Patte Karen A. , Leatherdale Scott T. , Chaput Jean-Philippe 
Published: September 2021

Background
Research examining the associations between movement behaviours and mental health indicators within a compositional framework are sparse and limited by their cross-sectional study design. This study has three objectives. First, to describe the change in movement behaviour composition over time. Second, to explore the association between change in movement behaviour composition and change in depressive symptoms. Third, to explore how reallocations of time between movement behaviours are associated with changes in depressive symptoms.

Methods
Longitudinal data of 14,620 students in grades 9–12 (mean age: 14.9 years) attending secondary schools in Canada (Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec) were obtained from two waves (2017/18, 2018/19) of the COMPASS study. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), recreational screen time, and sleep duration were self-reported. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Revised)−10 (CESD-R-10). Compositional data analyses using pivot coordinates and compositional isotemporal substitution for longitudinal data were used to analyse the data. Analyses accounted for school clustering, were stratified by gender and age (< or ≥ 15 years), and were adjusted for race/ethnicity, body mass index z-score, baseline movement behaviour composition, and baseline depressive symptoms.

Results
There were significant differences in movement behaviour composition over time across all subgroups. For example, the relative contributions of MVPA and sleep duration to the movement behaviour composition decreased over time while screen time increased among younger boys and girls and older girls. Increasing sleep duration relative to the remaining behaviours (i.e. screen time and MVPA) was associated with lower depressive symptoms among all subgroups. Increasing screen time relative to the remaining behaviours (i.e. MVPA and sleep duration) was associated with higher depressive symptoms among all subgroups. Increasing MVPA relative to the remaining behaviours (i.e. screen time and sleep duration) was associated with lower depressive symptoms in older girls only. Isotemporal substitution estimates indicated that decreasing screen time by 60 minutes/day and replacing that time with 60 minutes of additional sleep is associated with the largest change in depressive symptoms across all subgroups.

Conclusions
Findings from this prospective analysis suggest that increased sleep duration and reduced screen time are important determinants of lower depressive symptoms among adolescents.
Efficacy of Linaclotide in Reducing Abdominal Symptoms of Bloating, Discomfort, and Pain: A Phase 3B Trial Using a Novel Abdominal Scoring System
Authors: Chang Lin , Lacy Brian E. , Moshiree Baha , Kassebaum Amy , Abel Jessica L. , Hanlon Jennifer , Bartolini Wilmin , Boinpally Ramesh , Bochenek Wieslaw , Fox Susan M. , Mallick Madhuja , Tripp Ken , Omniewski Nicholas , Shea Elizabeth , Borgstein Niels 
Published: September 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Linaclotide improves abdominal pain and constipation in patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C). Patients report additional bothersome abdominal symptoms of bloating and discomfort. The intention of this study was to evaluate linaclotide's efficacy in relieving IBS-C-related abdominal symptoms (bloating, discomfort, and pain) using a novel multi-item Abdominal Score (AS).

METHODS:
Patients with IBS-C with abdominal pain ≥3 (0–10 scale) were randomized to linaclotide 290 μg or placebo daily for 12 weeks. The AS, derived from the Diary for IBS Symptoms-Constipation, is the average of abdominal bloating, discomfort, and pain at their worst (0 = none, 10 = worst possible). The primary end point was overall change from baseline (CFB) in AS. Secondary end points included CFB in 12-week AS evaluated using cumulative distribution function and 6-week/12-week AS responder (AS improvement ≥2 points for ≥6-week/12-week).

RESULTS:
Overall, 614 patients (mean age 46.7 years; 81% female) were randomized. All prespecified end points showed significant benefit of linaclotide vs placebo. The mean overall CFB AS reduction for linaclotide was −1.9 vs −1.2 for placebo (P < 0.0001); the 6-week/12-week AS responder rate was 40.5% for linaclotide vs 23.4% for placebo (odds ratio = 2.2 [95% confidence interval, 1.55–3.12; P < 0.0001]). Diarrhea was the most common treatment-emergent adverse event (linaclotide = 4.6%, placebo = 1.6%).

DISCUSSION:
Linaclotide significantly reduced multiple abdominal symptoms important to patients with IBS-C (bloating, discomfort, and pain) compared with placebo, as measured by a novel multi-item AS. The AS, derived from the Diary for IBS Symptoms-Constipation, should be considered for use in future IBS-C clinical studies to measure clinically meaningful improvements beyond traditional end points.
Determining Normative Values for Cerebrospinal Fluid Profiles in Infants
Authors: Mukherjee Gargi , Waris Rabbia , Rechler Willi , Kudelka Matthew , McCracken Courtney , Kirpalani Anjali , Hames Nicole 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND
Previous studies of reference values for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profiles have been limited by small sample size and few exclusion criteria.

OBJECTIVE
To determine age-specific normative CSF white blood cell count (WBC), glucose, and protein values in infants ≤90 days old.

METHODS
Performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of infants ≤90 days old who had a diagnostic lumbar puncture between 2008 and 2016. Infants with bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, UTI, positive CSF herpes simplex virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result, traumatic lumbar puncture, ventriculoperitoneal shunt, prematurity, recent seizure, previous antibiotic use, and history of a complex chronic condition were excluded for calculations to determine normative values. Data on demographics and CSF values (WBC with differential, protein, glucose, enterovirus PCR) were collected. CSF values were compared by age and by enterovirus PCR results using Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank tests.

RESULTS
A total of 1029 out of 2000 patients were included and divided into 3 age groups: 0 to 28 days, 29 to 60 days, 61 to 90 days. CSF WBC values were significantly greater for 0- to 28-day old infants (median: 3, 95th percentile: 14) than for 29- to 60-day and 61- to 90-day old infants (median: 2 and 2; 95th percentile: 7 and 11, respectively) (P &lt; .001). With each month of life, the median CSF protein significantly decreased and glucose significantly increased. In the CSF WBC differential, monocytes were found to be prevalent.

CONCLUSION
We determined age-specific normative components for CSF profile values for infants 0 to 90 days.