bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methanolysis of Ceiba Petandra (Kapok) seed for high yield fatty acid methyl ester (FAME): A parametric study
Authors: Herman Indah Thuraya , Mukhrofun Faridah , Isa Khairuddin Md , Ibrahim Naimah , Abd Aziz Mohd Aizudin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The feedstock that has high potential for biodiesel production was investigated. The ceiba petandra (CP) seed was used in this study as the feedstock. The methanolysis of the CP seed to produce high yield of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) was studied. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) was used to produce the bio-crude from the CP with high ester yield. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical content in the bio-crude. The highest oil yield was 44.68% which was obtained at 60 minutes reaction time, 300°C temperature and 4:1 methanol/oil mass ratio. The optimum parameters for the highest ester content (67.33%) was obtained at 60 minutes reaction time, 300°C temperature and 3:1 methanol/oil mass ratio. It is observed that CP seed has potential for the production of biodiesel.
Rapid and non-destructive leaf chlorophyll estimation of Fig (Ficus carica L.) cv. Iraqi grown on different root zone spatial limitation and controlled porosity level under greenhouse condition
Authors: Isa M M , Kasim K F , Muttalib M F A , Jaafar M N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The estimation of chlorophyll content in leaves by the chlorophyll meter (SPAD 502) is more favourable than by the extraction method for studies on photosynthesis or senescence where the total chlorophyll is estimated on the same leaf over time. However, till date there is lack of information available on leaf chlorophyll content of Fig (Ficus carica L.) cv. Iraqi grown in containers under different root zone spatial limitation and controlled porosity level. Hence, this study aim to determine the effect of both factors on leaf chlorophyll content of the crop. The experiment was design in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The Soil-Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter (Minolta Camera Co., Ltd., Japan), has been used for instantly measuring the amount of chlorophyll present in plant leaves. Based on the results, the application of Mix 3 (50% sand: 50% clay) with high root zone spatial gave the highest chlorophyll content compared to other treatment. The application of the right root zone and porosity level may gave positive effect on leaf chlorophyll content of F. carica cv. Iraqi grown under greenhouse condition.
Investigation of Vortex-Induced Vibration with Different Width of Two Bluff Bodies in Tandem Arrangement for Energy Harvesting System
Authors: Aziz NA , Kazim MNFM , Amin NAM , Majid MSA , Rojan A , Nasir NFM 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Due to imperative of enhancement on Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) energy harvesting as renewable energy sources, dual bluff bodies which are triangle and cylinder in tandem arrangement with different width from each other are studied in terms of total deformation, directional deformation and voltage generated in order to determine the better bluff bodies for the piezoelectric film. This is due to the unsymmetrical wakes pattern, low frequency vortices, and low energy output produced by the system. The length and height of the bluff bodies were fixed to 0.1m and airflow used for simulations was 1.46m/s. The spacing ratio was calculated from 1 to 6 to examine various width between two bluff bodies that will affect the formation of the vortex at the downstream area. From the results, it can be concluded that triangle bluff bodies in tandem arrangement 0.6m from each other have resulted in the highest total deformation and effective voltage generated of 0.47mm, and 3.05mV, respectively. These data indicated the highest ability of energy harnessing. Furthermore, this model results in a consistent flagging direction of the piezoelectric that implying a good energy harvesting system.
Prediction of Ionic Liquids Performance for Hydrogen Sulfide Absorption from Natural Gas using COSMO-RS
Authors: Mohd Khasiran Z , Johari K , Man Z , Bustam M A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The capability of ionic liquids (ILs) in various applications makes them attracted by many researchers. They have potential to be developed as “green” solvents for gas separation, especially hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) gas. In this work, it is attempted to predict the solubility of H 2S in ILs by COSMO-RS method. Since H 2S is a toxic pollutant, it is difficult to handle in the laboratory, therefore an appropriate model will be necessary in prior work. The COSMO-RS method is implemented to predict the Henry’s law constants and activity coefficient of H 2S in 140 ILs with various combinations of cations and anions. It is found by the screening that more H 2S can be absorbed in ILs with chloride ([Cl]-) and acetate ([Ac]-) anion. The solubility of H 2S in ILs with different alkyl chain at the cations not much affected and with different type of cations are slightly influence H 2S capture capacities. Even though the cations do not affect much in solubility of H 2S, the effectiveness of cation still need to be considered in different way. The prediction results only show their physical absorption ability, but the absorption of H 2S need to be consider chemically to get high capacity of absorption of H 2S.
Characteristics and carbon dioxide adsorption performance of candle soot-activated by potassium hydroxide
Authors: Fathihah M A , Khairunnisa M P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Incomplete combustion by fossil fuel has contributed to the increase in carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission as well as carbon soot production. Several methods have been done via carbon capture and storage (CCS) strategy to mitigate CO 2 emission such as via adsorption. However, a method to utilize the carbon soot production was still in question. Less discussion on utilizing soot as gas adsorbent up to this date. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the CO 2 adsorption performance from fresh candle soot (FS) and soot activated by potassium hydroxide (KOH) with mass ratio 2/1 KOH to soot (KOH-S1). The activation process was done by using muffle furnace at 700 °C for 1 h under vacuum condition. FTIR spectrum of the KOH-S1 appeared at 3500, 1639, 1048 and 1740 cm -1 due to KOH treatment before activation. The mean diameter for KOH-S1 particles was larger (22.328 μm) than FS (4.413 μm) due to agglomeration. The adsorption capacity obtained for KOH-S1 and FS were 24.4092 and 10.3052 mg/g respectively. It has been demonstrated that KOH-S1 has excellent potential to be used for CO2 adsorption and more studies need to conducted for its development.
Assessment of copper-iron catalyst supported on activated carbon for low-temperature nitric oxide reduction by hydrogen
Authors: Ibrahim Y , Hardyman B Mohamad , James McG 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It is pertinent to assess the performance of a sustainable system that can treat nitrogen oxides (NO x) emissions from combusting biomass waste. Low-temperature selective catalytic reduction is attractive due to the longer catalyst lifetime and the possibility to use carbon-based catalysts. Hence, this study explores this system with the utilization of: (i) a cost-effective catalyst support, i.e. activated carbon derived from abundant biomass waste; (ii) a renewable reductant, i.e. hydrogen; and (iii) Earth-abundant metal catalysts, i.e. copper and iron. The catalyst was prepared by impregnating metal oxides (Cu and Fe) over palm kernel shell activated carbon (PKS). The catalyst was characterised by hydrogen-temperature programmed reduction (H 2-TPR) and nitric oxide-temperature programmed desorption (NO-TPD). H 2-TPR revealed an increase in the reducibility, attributed to the synergistic effects between Cu and Fe. However, these catalyst sites favour nitrous oxide (N 2O) formation as shown via NO-TPD. Meanwhile, the catalyst activity has also been investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. It showed that the 100% conversion can be achieved at 200°C, but the selectivity towards nitrogen formation is as low as 40%. Therefore, investigating the optimum design of PKSCuFe catalyst is justifiable to improve the performance of low-temperature selective catalytic reduction.
Lake Water Effect on the Performance of Concrete
Authors: Shamilah A A , Norfathin A A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study was related to the application of lake water in the production of concrete samples as partial replacement to freshwater. The effect of the applications in terms of concrete properties were determined and compared with normal concrete samples that were cast with fresh water. The lake water was collected at Tasik Timah Tasoh, Perlis. In this study, the percentage of water replacement were 50%, 80% and 100%. A standard mix ratio of concrete was used. The main objective of this study was to investigate the compressive strength of concrete cube casting using lake water replacement. The test conducted in this laboratory works were compression, density, water absorption and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. Among the 3 different percentage of lake water replacement used in this study, it found that 100% amount of lake water indicates higher compressive strength as compared with the control sample. This indicates the good agreement between lake water and cement to be combined for concrete casting.
Oil-palm empty fruit bunch fiber reinforcement in concrete-foam application for floating platform
Authors: Somkeattikul Kreetha , Areeprasert Chinnathan , Kiatiwat Thanya 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on fiber reinforcement of concrete-foam material (CFM) for floating platform. Oil-palm empty fruit bunch fiber (EFB-F) was selected to mix with CFM. Initially, three composition ratios of CFM were produced and tested to optimize the curing time. Then, the EFB-F was mixed with the optimized CFM. Several ratios of EFB-F and optimized CFM were used to study the effect of fiber reinforcement. Mechanical properties namely, compressive strength and tensile strength from flexural test were investigated. Several designs and compositions of the floating platform were studied to optimize strength and floatability (as composite material density). The research and testing results, it can be concluded that the cement-foam-EFB-F composite material has a higher density, resulting in higher compressive strength and tensile strength. Therefore, Oil-palm empty fruit bunch fiber, a waste material from manufacturing processes, can be utilized as an ingredient to improve the mechanical properties of foam cement for floating platforms.
Kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic modeling of liquid phase saponin sorption in soils
Authors: Wahab W R A , Yusup S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The sorption behavior of saponin onto clay, paddy, silty loam and sandy soil was thoroughly evaluated in this study. The adsorption kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic were conducted in batch analysis. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic models were applied to evaluate the kinetics of the adsorption. Based on the models, the adsorption of saponin onto soils were mostly governed by physisorption while chemisorption also plays a role in the adsorption process in clay and paddy soil. Mechanism of adsorption was determined by adopting the intraparticle diffusion and Boyd models. The two models concluded that intraparticle diffusion is not the rate-limiting step in saponin uptake in all four soil types. Equilibrium isotherm was evaluated by using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The data obeys both Langmuir and Freundlich model, however, Langmuir model tends to overestimate the qe value of the given soil. Clay soil showed highest maximum adsorption, followed by paddy, silty loam and sandy soil. Effects of temperature variation is minimal while variation in pH value was significant where optimum adsorption was achieved at near-neutral pH range. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous.
The potential of water hyacinth in the phytoremediation of industrial wastewater
Authors: Chun L K , Saifuddin M N A A , Fauzi A H Mohammad 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this study, the potential of water hyacinth in the phytoremediation of simulated wastewater containing copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) was studied. Locally available water hyacinth was collected from an uncontrolled environment. The prepared samples were segregated into three different parts (i.e., leaf, stem, and root), ground into powder, and used as the adsorbent for heavy metal removal. Acid digestion method was utilized for the preparation of the samples prior to atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and AAS was performed to determine the heavy metal concentration for each plant part. Based on the baseline study for identifying the heavy metal content in raw water hyacinth, Cu and Pb mostly accumulated in the root. The pH of simulated wastewater dropped upon the addition of Cu, and the pH gradually increased to 7 after day 7 onward. The overall removal efficiency of Cu decreased from 98.7% to 91.6% as the Cu concentration increased from 1 mg/L to 5 mg/L. Meanwhile, the overall removal efficiency of Pb decreased from 73.6% to 31.3% as the Pb concentration increased from 250 mg/L to 750 mg/L. Thus, water hyacinth is useful for treating wastewater containing heavy metals, particularly Cu and Pb.
Mangosteen Peel-Derived Hydrochar Prepared via Hydrothermal Carbonization for Methylene Blue Removal
Authors: Hamid N A , You J J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) arises as an improved carbonization step developed to enhance the carbon porosity and reduce the production cost by thermally treating feedstock under milder operating conditions. This work aimed to generate hydrochar from mangosteen peel (MPHTC) via hydrothermal carbonization for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. In the study, hydrochar was synthesized at an optimized carbonization temperature (200 °C) with a production yield of 82.75% and a methylene blue removal of 75.93%. The adsorption capacity of adsorbent enhanced with the increasing initial dye concentration due to high driving force for efficient mass transfer. The hydrochar was capable of attaining its maximum adsorption capacity at 131.58 mg/g. The derived hydrochar performed a higher uptake of dye molecules under basic conditions rather than acidic conditions owing to the presence of OH group for the attachment of cationic dye. It was determined that Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic models best fitted the experimental data. External film diffusion was found to be the rate-controlling step for the batch adsorption process. The results revealed that MPHTC is a promising adsorbent for treatment of cationic dye for effluent wastewater.
Electricity Generation by Locally Isolated Electroactive Bacteria in Microbial Fuel Cell
Authors: Jamlus N I I M , Masri M N , Wee S K , Shoparwe N F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Electroactive bacteria can transfer electrons to electrodes to generate electricity in the microbial fuel cell (MFC). Electroactive bacteria can generate energy for growth via the oxidation of organic compounds and transfer electrons to the electrodes that serve as the terminal electron acceptor. In this study, electricity generation in a double chamber evaluated MFC by four newly isolated electroactive bacteria strains (ESPK 22, ESPK 26, KP20, and KP22). ESPK22 and ESPK26 were previously identified as gram-positive Bacillus genera, while KP20 and KP22 belong to gram-negative Klebsiella genera. Among all the strains tested, the gramnegative KP20 strain shows the highest electricity generation value is 222.08 mV and the lowest electricity generation was ESPK26 of 44.82 mV.
Methomyl removal from synthetic water using natural and modified bentonite clays
Authors: León H , Almeida-Naranjo C , Aldás MB , Guerrero VH 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The removal of methomyl from synthetic aqueous solutions by using Ecuadorian bentonite clays was studied. A natural clay was purified (P-C) and modified by three methods: thermal activation at 200°C for 2 h, acid activation with a 3N sulfuric acid solution for 1 h, and saline activation with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA) for 12 h. Clays were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the BET method. The removal was performed with the natural and modified bentonites considering three particle size ranges and three operating temperatures (20, 30 and 40°C). For this purpose, 0.5 g of clay were added to 50 mL of a 100 µg L−1 synthetic methomyl wastewater. Pesticide removal was quantified using ultraperformance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. It was found that the adsorption process can be relatively efficient, particularly with thermally activated clays being used at 40°C. In this case, removal efficiencies between 66 and 76% were achieved. The highest efficiency was observed for a relatively large particle size (106-150 µm). The adsorption curves obtained were fitted to the Langmuir model. The analysis of variance for the removal of methomyl showed a significant effect for the temperature x clay x particle size interaction with a confidence level of 95% (p = 0.004).
Sanitation inspection of household fecal containment in Bekasi, Indonesia
Authors: Septarini A , Islami B B , Putri G L , Pratama M A , Foster T , Willetts J , Priadi C R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
On-site sanitation (OSS) is widely known as the preferred system in Indonesia, providing low-cost wastewater treatment. The majority of households use pour-flush latrines coupled with containment in the form of cubluks or septic tanks, but compliance with relevant technical and maintenance standards is low. Poorly designed and unmanaged containment may not treat fecal waste effectively, potentially contaminating the groundwater and the soil and threatening human health. This study aimed to determine the condition and effluent quality of household fecal containment in Bekasi City. A social and technical survey was conducted through questionnaires and observations of 260 households in three poor urban villages of Jatiluhur, Sumur Batu, and Jatirangga, to obtain data on containment design, construction, operation, and maintenance. Effluent samples were collected from eight households, and laboratory tests were conducted to determine the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, and E. coli levels. The data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, and the sanitation facilities in the three villages were categorized as safely managed (0.8%); basic (66%); limited (2.3%); unimproved (29%); and open defecation (1.5%) based on JMP sanitation ladder. On average, the effluent samples exceeded relevant quality standards, except regarding BOD (10.9 ± 4.14 mg/L) and pH (7 ± 0.3). The results of this study can be used as a baseline to improve the conditions of sanitation facilities in poor areas.
Development of a complex system models in mixed municipal waste bales
Authors: Dmitrovic Lovorka Gotal 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The development of the organic matter decomposition model in mixed municipal waste is presented in the paper. The decomposition takes place in two main processes: aerobic and anaerobic. The whole system, according to system theory, belongs to complex ecosystems. Model development begins with conceptualisation. Because the process belongs to hybrid systems (continuous and discrete states are changing) for conceptualization, the model for discrete simulation (the Activity Cycle Diagram (ACD)), but also for systems dynamics (Flow Chart) was used. To evaluate the simulation model, the Rank Sum Test (or Mann-Whitney U-test) was used. The research conducted for the purposes of this paper is reflected in an interdisciplinary field covering information science and ecology and environmental protection (eco-informatics), which enables the systematic study and proposing of measures for environmental protection, by transferring environmental testing to the simulation model. The developed model is adaptive and portable, in terms of the application of such systems at other locations, that is, with different values of input pollution concentrations. Methods of modelling and conceptualizing such situations contribute significantly to environmental protection and human health.
Socially engaged Buddhism: cattle-breeding initiative of the Buryat Buddhist sangha and its ecological significance in the Baikal region, Russia
Authors: Dondukov B , Dorzhigushaeva O , Dondukova G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article focuses on the environmental consequences of abandoning rural life, increasing urbanization and the problem of deforestation in the Baikal region, Russia. Specifically, it analyzes a recently proposed “Social Flock” project of the Buryat Buddhist community for the revival of nomadic cattle breeding in the districts of Buryatia, and its potential impact on the environment. We argue that taking into consideration the global value of the Lake Baikal, the “Social Flock” project can not only satisfy the practical needs of people and reduce the social aspects of environmental problems in Buryatia, but also potentially contribute to dealing with environmental problems of global importance.
Techno-economic comparison between photovoltaic systems with solar trackers and fixed structure in “El Valle de Sula”, Honduras
Authors: Andino García H , Reyes Duke A , Villatoro Flores H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Solar energy has the greatest energy potential among all types of renewable energies. In 2018, the annual demand for electricity worldwide was 22,964 TWh. Daily, earth receives about 174 PW in the form of solar irradiance. This means that, if all this radiation could be harnessed, in approximately 8 minutes the electricity needed to meet the global annual electricity demand could be generated. Therefore, the need arises to implement photovoltaic systems that take better advantage of the solar resource, but in turn provide greater economic profitability. This article aims to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of photovoltaic systems with solar trackers and compare them with fixed structure systems in “El Valle de Sula”, Honduras, Central America. The research was able to determine the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of each type of photovoltaic system from the generation of electricity in municipalities comprising the study area and the costs associated with initial investment, and operation and maintenance of each photovoltaic system. This research was carried out by implementing a methodology with a quantitative approach, using data collection to test hypotheses, based on numerical measurement and statistical analysis. Considering the value of the land, the photovoltaic system with a horizontal axis tracker has the lowest LCOE in 14 of the 18 municipalities of “El Valle de Sula”. Without taking into account the value of the land, the system with the lowest LCOE in all municipalities of this region is the system with a horizontal axis tracker, then the system with a dual-axis tracker and finally the system with fixed structure.
Design of a vertical axis wind turbine for pedagogical purpose using solidworks CAD
Authors: Jiménez H F , Carrasco A M , Ordoñez Avila J L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This project was based on the design and simulation of a vertical axis wind turbine for pedagogical purposes. It must operate at low speeds without the implementation of expensive technology. In order to achieve this, the V methodology was used because it provides a practical tool for the development of projects, allowing the researcher to carry out the integration of the three subsystems of mechatronics engineering: mechanics, electronics, and computer. The final design of the wind turbine has a rotation diameter of 1.2 m and a 2.4 m height and an average flow of 1.5 m/s.