bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro RNA‐induced gene silencing strategy for the delivery of siRNAs targeting Meloidogyne incognita in a model plant Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Hada Alkesh , Patil Basavaprabhu L , Bajpai Akansha , Kesiraju Karthik , Dinesh‐Kumar Savithramma , Paraselli Bheema , Sreevathsa Rohini , Rao Uma 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDOccurrence of multiple biotic stresses on crop plants result in drastic yield losses which may have severe impact on the food security. It is a challenge to design strategies for simultaneous management of these multiple stresses. Hence, establishment of innovative approaches that aid in their management is critical. Here, we have introgressed a micro RNA‐induced gene silencing (MIGS) based combinatorial gene construct containing seven target gene sequences of cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), cotton leaf hopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita).RESULTSStable transgenic lines of Nicotiana benthamiana were generated with the T‐DNA harboring Arabidopsis miR173 target site fused to fragments of Sec23 and ecdysone receptor (EcR) genes of cotton leaf hopper and cotton whitefly. It also contained C2/replication associated protein (C2/Rep) and C4 (movement protein) along with βC1 gene of betasatellite to target CLCuD, and two FMRFamide‐like peptide (FLP) genes, Mi‐flp14 and Mi‐flp18 of M. incognita. These transgenic plants were assessed for the amenability of MIGS approach for pest control by efficacy evaluation against M. incognita. Results showed successful production of small interfering RNA (siRNA) through the tasiRNA (trans‐acting siRNA) pathway in the transgenic plants corresponding to Mi‐flp18 gene. Furthermore, we observed reduced Mi‐flp14 and Mi‐flp18 transcripts (up to 2.37 ± 0.12‐fold) in females extracted from transgenic plants. The average number of galls, total endoparasites, egg masses and number of eggs per egg mass reduced were in the range 27–62%, 39–70%, 38–65% and 34–49%, respectively. More importantly, MIGS transgenic plants showed 80% reduction in the nematode multiplication factor (MF).CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrates successful validation of the MIGS approach in the model plant, N. benthamiana for efficacy against M. incognita, as a prelude to translation to cotton. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Finite‐time energy‐to‐peak quantized filtering for Markov jump networked systems under weighted try‐once‐discard protocol
Authors: Shen Hao , Ru Tingting , Xia Jianwei , Cao Jinde , Wang Jing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis work addresses the finite‐time energy‐to‐peak filtering issue for networked systems subject to quantization effects and the weighted try‐once‐discard (WTOD) protocol, in which the random changes of coupling connections are governed by a Markov chain. To avoid the conflict in data transmission, the WTOD protocol is introduced to the communication between the sensor node and the filter, which guarantees that just one sensor node has access to send data at each transmission instant. In addition, the quantizer is employed to improve the reliability of data transmission. The objective of this article is to construct a filter such that the filtering error system satisfies the requirements of both the finite‐time boundary and the specified energy‐to‐peak performance. Based on the Kronecker product, the Lyapunov stability theory and an improved matrix decoupling method, some sufficient conditions are established through disposing of convex optimization issues. Ultimately, the availability of the designed filter is illustrated via a numerical example.
Emergence and Future of Exsolved Materials
Authors: Kousi Kalliopi , Tang Chenyang , Metcalfe Ian S. , Neagu Dragos 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSupported nanoparticle systems have received increased attention over the last decades because of their potential for high activity levels when applied to chemical conversions, although, because of their nanoscale nature, they tend to exhibit problems with long‐term durability. Over the last decade, the discovery of the so‐called exsolution concept has addressed many of these challenges and opened many other opportunities to material design by providing a relatively simple, single‐step, synthetic pathway to produce supported nanoparticles that combine high stability against agglomeration and poisoning with high activity across multiple areas of application. Here, the trends that define the development of the exsolution concept are reviewed in terms of design, functionality, tunability, and applicability. To support this, the number of studies dedicated to both fundamental and application‐related studies, as well as the types of metallic nanoparticles and host or support lattices employed, are examined. Exciting future directions of research are also highlighted.
Rise of the DIS structure function FL at small x caused by double-logarithmic corrections
Authors: Ermolaev B. I. , Troyan S. I. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We present calculation of FL in the double-logarithmic approximation (DLA) and demonstrate that the synergic effect of the factor 1/x from the $$ {\alpha}_s^2 $$

α
s
2

-order and the steep x-dependence of the totally resummed double logarithmic contributions of higher orders ensures the power-like rise of FL at small x and arbitrary Q2.
Holographic complexity of LST and single trace $$ T\overline{T} $$
Authors: Chakraborty Soumangsu , Katoch Gaurav , Roy Shubho R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this work, we continue our study of string theory in the background that interpolates between AdS3 in the IR to flat spacetime with a linear dilaton in the UV. The boundary dual theory interpolates between a CFT2 in the IR to a certain two-dimensional Little String Theory (LST) in the UV. In particular, we study computational complexity of such a theory through the lens of holography and investigate the signature of non-locality in the short distance behavior of complexity. When the cutoff UV scale is much smaller than the non-locality (Hagedorn) scale, we find exotic quadratic and logarithmic divergences (for both volume and action complexity) which are not expected in a local quantum field theory. We also generalize our computation to include the effects of finite temperature. Up to second order in finite temperature correction, we do not any find newer exotic UV-divergences compared to the zero temperature case.
New AdS2 backgrounds and $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 conformal quantum mechanics
Authors: Lozano Yolanda , Nunez Carlos , Ramirez Anayeli , Speziali Stefano 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We present a new infinite family of Type IIB backgrounds with an AdS2 factor, preserving $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SUSY. For each member of the family we propose a precise dual Super Conformal Quantum Mechanics (SCQM). We provide holographic expressions for the number of vacua (the “central charge”), Chern-Simons terms and other non-perturbative aspects of the SCQM. We relate the “central charge” of the one-dimensional system with a combination of electric and magnetic fluxes in Type IIB. The Ramond-Ramond fluxes are used to propose an extremisation principle for the central charge. Other physical and geometrical aspects of these conformal quantum mechanics are analysed.
The symbol and alphabet of two-loop NMHV amplitudes from $$ \overline{Q} $$ equations
Authors: He Song , Li Zhenjie , Zhang Chi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We study the symbol and the alphabet for two-loop NMHV amplitudes in planar $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super-Yang-Mills from the $$ \overline{Q} $$

Q
¯

equations, which provide a first-principle method for computing multi-loop amplitudes. Starting from one-loop N2MHV ratio functions, we explain in detail how to use $$ \overline{Q} $$

Q
¯

equations to obtain the total differential of two-loop n-point NMHV amplitudes, whose symbol contains letters that are algebraic functions of kinematics for n ≥ 8. We present explicit formula with nice patterns for the part of the symbol involving algebraic letters for all multiplicities, and we find 17 − 2m multiplicative-independent letters for a given square root of Gram determinant, with 0 ≤ m ≤ 4 depending on the number of particles involved in the square root. We also observe that these algebraic letters can be found as poles of one-loop four-mass leading singularities with MHV or NMHV trees. As a byproduct of our algebraic results, we find a large class of components of two-loop NMHV, which can be written as differences of two double-pentagon integrals, particularly simple and free of square roots. As an example, we present the complete symbol for n = 9 whose alphabet contains 59 × 9 rational letters, in addition to the 11 × 9 independent algebraic ones. We also give all-loop NMHV last-entry conditions for all multiplicities.
Winding uplifts and the challenges of weak and strong SUSY breaking in AdS
Authors: Hebecker Arthur , Leonhardt Sascha 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We discuss the problem of metastable SUSY breaking in the landscape. While this is clearly crucial for the various de Sitter proposals, it is also interesting to consider the SUSY breaking challenge in the AdS context. For example, it could be that a stronger form of the non-SUSY AdS conjecture holds: it would forbid even metastable non-SUSY AdS in cases where the SUSY-breaking scale is parametrically above/below the AdS scale. At the technical level, the present paper proposes to break SUSY using the multi-cosine-shaped axion potentials which arise if a long winding trajectory of a ‘complex-structure axion’ appears in the large-complex-structure limit of a Calabi-Yau orientifold. This has been studied in the context of ‘Winding Inflation’, but the potential for SUSY breaking has not been fully explored. We discuss the application to uplifting LVS vacua, point out the challenges which one faces in the KKLT context, and consider the possibility of violating the non-SUSY AdS conjecture in the type-IIA setting of DGKT.
Recursion relations for scattering amplitudes with massive particles
Authors: Ballav Sourav , Manna Arkajyoti 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We use the recently developed massive spinor-helicity formalism [1] of Arkani-Hamed et al. to study a new class of recursion relations for tree-level amplitudes in gauge theories. These relations are based on a combined complex deformation of massless as well as massive external momenta. We use these relations to study tree-level amplitudes in scalar QCD as well as amplitudes involving massive vector bosons in the Higgsed phase of Yang-Mills theory. We prove the validity of our proposal by showing that in the limit of infinite momenta of two of the external particles, the amplitude once again is controlled by an enhanced Spin-Lorentz symmetry paralleling the proof of BCFW shift for massless gauge theories. Simple examples illustrate that the proposed shift may lead to an efficient computation of tree-level amplitudes.
Particle production from oscillating scalar field and consistency of Boltzmann equation
Authors: Moroi Takeo , Yin Wen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Boltzmann equation plays important roles in particle cosmology in studying the evolution of distribution functions (also called as occupation numbers) of various particles. For the case of the decay of a scalar condensation ϕ into a pair of scalar particles (called χ), we point out that the system may not be well described by the Boltzmann equation when the occupation number of χ becomes large even in the so-called narrow resonance regime. We study the particle production including the possible enhancement due to a large occupation number of the final state particle, known as the stimulated emission or the parametric resonance. Based on the quantum field theory (QFT), we derive a set of equations which directly govern the evolution of the distribution function of χ. Comparing the results of the QFT calculation and those from the Boltzmann equation, we find non-agreements in some cases. In particular, in the expanding Universe, the occupation number of χ based on the QFT may differ by many orders of magnitude from that from the Boltzmann equation. We also discuss a possible relation between the evolution equations based on the QFT and the Boltzmann equation.
The role of heme oxygenase-1 in hematopoietic system and its microenvironment
Authors: Szade Agata , Szade Krzysztof , Mahdi Mahdi , Józkowicz Alicja 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHematopoietic system transports all necessary nutrients to the whole organism and provides the immunological protection. Blood cells have high turnover, therefore, this system must be dynamically controlled and must have broad regeneration potential. In this review, we summarize how this complex system is regulated by the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)—an enzyme, which degrades heme to biliverdin, ferrous ion and carbon monoxide. First, we discuss how HO-1 influences hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) self-renewal, aging and differentiation. We also describe a critical role of HO-1 in endothelial cells and mesenchymal stromal cells that constitute the specialized bone marrow niche of HSC. We further discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which HO-1 modulates innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, we highlight how modulation of HO-1 activity regulates the mobilization of bone marrow hematopoietic cells to peripheral blood. We critically discuss the issue of metalloporphyrins, commonly used pharmacological modulators of HO-1 activity, and raise the issue of their important HO-1-independent activities.
Estimating ambiguity fixed satellite orbit, integer clock and daily bias products for GPS L1/L2, L1/L5 and Galileo E1/E5a, E1/E5b signals
Authors: Duan Bingbing , Hugentobler Urs , Selmke Inga , Wang Ningbo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAmbiguity resolution of a single receiver is becoming more and more popular for precise GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) applications. To serve such an approach, dedicated satellite orbit, clock and bias products are needed. However, we need to be sure whether products based on specific frequencies and signals can be used when processing measurements of other frequencies and signals. For instance, for Galileo E5a frequency, some receivers track only the pilot signal (C5Q) while some track only the pilot-data signal (C5X). We cannot compute the differences between C5Q and C5X directly since these two signals are not tracked concurrently by any common receiver. As code measurements contribute equally as phase in the Melbourne-Wuebbena (MelWub) linear combination it is important to investigate whether C5Q and C5X can be mixed in a network to compute a common satellite MelWub bias product. By forming two network clusters tracking Q and X signals, respectively, we confirm that GPS C5Q and C5X signals cannot be mixed together. Because the bias differences between GPS C5Q and C5X can be more than half of one wide-lane cycle. Whereas, mixing of C5Q and C5X signals for Galileo satellites is possible. The RMS of satellite MelWub bias differences between Q and X cluster is about 0.01 wide-lane cycles for both E1/E5a and E1/E5b frequencies. Furthermore, we develop procedures to compute satellite integer clock and narrow-lane bias products using individual dual-frequency types. Same as the finding from previous studies, GPS satellite clock differences between L1/L2 and L1/L5 estimates exist and show a periodical behavior, with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.7 ns after removing the daily mean difference of each satellite. For Galileo satellites, the maximum clock difference between E1/E5a and E1/E5b estimates after removing the mean value is 0.04 ns and the mean RMS of differences is 0.015 ns. This is at the same level as the noise of the carrier phase measurement in the ionosphere-free linear combination. Finally, we introduce all the estimated GPS and Galileo satellite products into PPP-AR (precise point positioning, ambiguity resolution) and Sentinel-3A satellite orbit determination. Ambiguity fixed solutions show clear improvement over float solutions. The repeatability of five ground-station coordinates show an improvement of more than 30% in the east direction when using both GPS and Galileo products. The Sentinel-3A satellite tracks only GPS L1/L2 measurements. The standard deviation (STD) of satellite laser ranging (SLR) residuals is reduced by about 10% when fixing ambiguity parameters to integer values.
Influence of fruit logistics on fresh-cut pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) volatiles assessed by HS-SPME–GC–MS analysis
Authors: Steingass Christof B. , Dickreuter Jennifer , Kuebler Sabine , Schweiggert Ralf M. , Carle Reinhold 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGreen-ripe pineapples are shipped overseas by sea freight, while those picked at full maturity need to be transported by airfreight over the same large distance. In this study, fresh-cut pineapple cubes were assessed two, five, and eight days after processing from green-ripe pineapples after mimicked sea freigh (SF) and fully ripe air-freighted (AF) pineapples. The sea-freighted samples displayed elevated titratable acidity (TA), thus resulting in smaller ratios of total soluble solids and TA compared to the AF pineapples. Differences in the carotenoid levels of the two fresh-cut categories were found to be insignificant. By contrast, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) calculated on the basis of the volatiles analysed by headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS) permitted to distinguish all six individual sample types and to segregate them into two major clusters (SF and AF). The effect of storage on the volatiles was further evaluated by partial least squares (PLS) regression. Substantial chemical markers to differentiate the individual samples and to describe the effect of storage were deduced from the PCA and PLS regression, respectively. In general, fresh-cut products obtained from fully ripe AF fruit displayed higher concentrations of volatiles, in particular, increased concentrations of diverse methyl esters. With progressing storage duration, the concentrations of ethanol and diverse ethyl esters increased. Moreover, products from AF pineapples displayed lower microbial counts compared to those from SF fruit.
Inhibition of STAT3 augments antitumor efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 treatment against prostate cancer
Authors: Witt Kristina , Evans-Axelsson Susan , Lundqvist Andreas , Johansson Martin , Bjartell Anders , Hellsten Rebecka 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere is an urgent need for new treatment options in metastatic drug-resistant prostate cancer. Combining immunotherapy with other targeted therapies may be an effective strategy for advanced prostate cancer. In the present study, we sought to investigate to enhance the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 therapy against prostate cancer by the combination with STAT3 inhibition.Male C57BL6 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with the murine prostate cancer cell line RM-1. Tumor progression was monitored following treatment with vehicle, the small molecule STAT3 inhibitor GPB730, anti-CTLA-4 or GPB730 + anti-CTLA-4. Treatment with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-CTLA-4 + GPB730 significantly inhibited tumor growth and enhanced survival compared to vehicle. Combining anti-CTLA-4 treatment with GPB730 resulted in a significantly prolonged survival compared to anti-CTLA-4 alone. GPB730 significantly increased infiltration of CD45 + cells in tumors of anti-CTLA-4-treated mice compared to anti-CTLA-4 alone. The levels of tumor-infiltrating Tregs were significantly decreased and the CD8:Treg ratio significantly increased by GPB730 treatment in combination with anti-CTLA-4 compared to anti-CTLA-4 alone. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant increase in CD45-positive cells in anti-CTLA-4 and anti-CTLA-4 + GPB730-treated tumors compared to vehicle or GPB730 monotherapy. Plasma levels of IL10 were significantly increased by anti-CTLA-4 compared to vehicle but no increase was observed when combining anti-CTLA-4 with GPB730.In conclusion, STAT3 inhibition by GPB730 enhances the antitumoral activity of anti-CTLA-4 and decreases the intratumoral Treg frequency in a prostate cancer mouse model. These results support the combination of STAT3 inhibition with anti-CTLA-4 therapy to increase clinical responses in patients with prostate cancer.
Clinical Impact of Portal Vein Distance on Computed Tomography for Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula after Pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Endo Yutaka , Kitago Minoru , Shinoda Masahiro , Yagi Hiroshi , Abe Yuta , Oshima Go , Hori Shutaro , Yokose Takahiro , Abe Kodai , Takemura Ryo , Ishi Ryota , Kitagawa Yuko 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPancreatic fistulas remain a significant concern after pancreatectomy owing to the associated high risk of mortality and high costs. It is not possible to perform preoperative risk stratification for all patients. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the measurement of portal vein (PV) distance as a predictive indicator of pancreatic fistula development after pancreatoduodenectomy and compare it with the usefulness of other indicators such as body mass index (BMI), and abdominal fat area.MethodsPatient characteristics, preoperative laboratory data, radiographic findings, and their association with pancreatic fistula development after pancreatoduodenectomy were analyzed for 157 patients who underwent resection during 2011–2017. Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistulas (CR‐POPF) were defined as Grade B or C fistulas based on the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) 2016 consensus.ResultsCR‐POPF developed in 38 patients (24.2%). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that PV distance and BMI were potential candidates for predictive models for pancreatic fistula development, and small pancreatic duct diameter, diabetes mellitus development, and pathology of non‐pancreatic cancers were independent factors for CR‐POPF. When comparing the two risk models (PV distance‐ and BMI‐based models), the PV distance‐derived risk model was compatible to the BMI‐based stratification models (area under the curve 0.831 vs. 0.830).ConclusionsPV distance was confirmed to be a useful risk predictor for CR‐POPF. This research highlighted the efficacy of abdominal thickness measurement, which is simple and easily applicable in the clinical setting.
In vitro models of fetal lung development to enhance research into congenital lung diseases
Authors: Shibuya Soichi , Allen-Hyttinen Jessica , De Coppi Paolo , Michielin Federica 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeThis paper aims to build upon previous work to definitively establish in vitro models of murine pseudoglandular stage lung development. These can be easily translated to human fetal lung samples to allow the investigation of lung development in physiologic and pathologic conditions.MethodsLungs were harvested from mouse embryos at E12.5 and cultured in three different settings, i.e., whole lung culture, mesenchyme-free epithelium culture, and organoid culture. For the whole lung culture, extracted lungs were embedded in Matrigel and incubated on permeable filters. Separately, distal epithelial tips were isolated by firstly removing mesothelial and mesenchymal cells, and then severing the tips from the airway tubes. These were then cultured either in branch-promoting or self-renewing conditions.ResultsCultured whole lungs underwent branching morphogenesis similarly to native lungs. Real-time qPCR analysis demonstrated expression of key genes essential for lung bud formation. The culture condition for epithelial tips was optimized by testing different concentrations of FGF10 and CHIR99021 and evaluating branching formation. The epithelial rudiments in self-renewing conditions formed spherical 3D structures with homogeneous Sox9 expression.ConclusionWe report efficient protocols for ex vivo culture systems of pseudoglandular stage mouse embryonic lungs. These models can be applied to human samples and could be useful to paediatric surgeons to investigate normal lung development, understand the pathogenesis of congenital lung diseases, and explore novel therapeutic strategies.