bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive celestial positioning for the stationary Mars rover based on a self-calibration model for the star sensor
Authors: Zhan Yinhu , Chen Shaojie , Zhang Xu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a method for self-calibrating the star sensor on the Mars rover considering several years of exploration on the surface of Mars. The natural stars in the night sky are considered the control points, and a self-calibration model is deduced in detail according to an imaging model. An adaptive celestial positioning (ACP) algorithm is then introduced, and the calculation procedure is presented in detail to realise self-adjustment based on the self-calibration of the star sensor. Three field tests were conducted on Earth, the results of which show good self-calibration and celestial positioning performances. The positioning results indicate an obvious accuracy improvement using the ACP algorithm compared with that without calibration. Multiple positionings in one night can improve the celestial positioning accuracy to approximately 15 m. For future studies, this self-calibration model will be useful not only for star sensors but also for other optical sensors, such as sun sensors and binocular or stereo-vision cameras.
Medical Coordination Rescue Members’ and Ambulance Nurses’ Perspectives on a New Model for Mass Casualty and Disaster Management and a Novel Terror Attack Mitigation Approach in the Netherlands: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Berben Sivera A.A. , Vloet Lilian C.M. , Lischer Frans , Pieters Moniek , de Cock Johan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroduction:Mass-casualty incidents (MCIs), specifically incidents with chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear agents (CBRN) or terrorist attacks, challenge medical coordination, rescue, availability, and adequate provision of prehospital and hospital-based emergency care. In the Netherlands, a new model for Mass Casualty and Disaster Management (MCDM) along with a Terror Attack Mitigation Approach (TAMA) was introduced in 2016.Study Objective:The objective of this study was to provide insight in the first experiences of health policy advisors and managers with a medical rescue coordinator and ambulance nursing background regarding the new MCDM and TAMA in order to identify strengths and pitfalls in emergency preparedness and to provide recommendations for improvement.Methods:The study had a qualitative design and was performed from January 2017 through June 2018. Purposeful sampling was used and the inclusion comprehended health policy advisors and managers with a medical rescue coordinator and ambulance nursing background involved in emergency preparedness. The respondents were interviewed semi-structured and the researchers used a topic list that was based on the literature and content of the newly introduced model and approach. All interviews were typed out verbatim and qualitative content analyzing was used in order to identify relevant themes.Results:Respondents based their perceptions on large-scale training exercises, as MCDM and TAMA were not yet used during MCIs. Perceived issues of MCDM were the two-tiered triage system, the change in focus from “stay and play” towards “scoop and run,” difficulties with new tasks and roles of professionals, and improvement in material provision. Regarding TAMA, all respondents supported the principles (do the most for the most; scoop and run; acceptable personal risk; never walk alone; and standard operational procedure); however, the definitions were lacking clarity while the awareness of optimal personal safety of professionals was absent.As there are currently regional differences in the level of implementation of MCDM and TAMA, this may pose a risk for an optimal inter-regional collaboration.Conclusion:The conclusions refer to experiences of professionals in the Netherlands. Elements of the MCDM and TAMA were highly appreciated and seemed to improve emergency preparedness, while other aspects needed further attention, training, and integration in daily routine. The Netherlands’ MCDM model and TAMA will need continuous systematic evaluation based on (inter)national performance criteria in order to underpin the useful and effective elements and to improve the observed pitfalls in emergency preparedness.
Exploring the food–energy–water nexus approach to enhance coastal community resilience research and planning
Authors: Raub Kristin B. , Stepenuck Kristine F. , Panikkar Bindu 
Published: August 2021

Non-technical summary
Coastal communities face environmental challenges that put food, energy, and water systems at risk. Although highly interdependent, it is unknown the extent to which coastal resilience research has considered interactions among food–energy–water systems. Twenty peer-reviewed articles were identified that focused on these systems and coastal resilience. Although a nexus approach was not employed universally, these studies most commonly addressed interactions among these systems related to acute hazards. They consistently acknowledged the influence of energy and transportation systems upon the others. As such, planners should incorporate linkages across all three systems during coastal resilience planning especially in relation to acute hazards.

Technical summary
Coastal communities strive for resilience in the face of an ever-growing suite of threats by planning and preparing for numerous uncertain futures. Food, energy, and water systems are highly interconnected and essential to the well-being of coastal communities. However, it is unknown the extent to which coastal resilience research has included food–energy–water nexus considerations. This study used a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed research articles and identified 20 studies that focused on food, energy, and water systems as related to coastal resilience. Results revealed four main findings: (1) the food–energy–water nexus approach was most commonly applied to coastal resilience in the study of US locations and in the context of acute hazards, (2) a direct food–energy–water or other nexus approach was directly employed by only half of the studies, however, all highlighted the relevance of systems interconnections in the context of coastal resilience, (3) the energy system was shown to impact every system to which it was connected, and (4) the transportation system was also shown to impact every system to which it was connected, which suggests that the food–energy–water nexus should be expanded to include transportation systems.

Social media summary
Coastal resilience and food–energy–water nexus literature synthesis finds interconnected systems considerations relevant to resilience.
Experimental Constraints on Solid Nitride Phases in Rocky Mantles of Reduced Planets and Implications for Observable Atmosphere Compositions
Authors: Daviau Kierstin , Lee Kanani K. M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAstronomical surveys have discovered thousands of transiting exoplanets, revealing that rocky planets are common in the galaxy. A planet's interior chemistry is frequently inferred by average density, described by mass‐radius (M‐R) relationships. However, M‐R relationships give rise to non‐unique interpretations of a planet's interior composition, an issue that limits our ability to characterize far‐away worlds. We present experimental and density functional theoretical results addressing the influence of an ultra‐reducing (oxygen‐poor) interior chemistry on rocky mantle phases and discuss the possible implications for atmospheric observables. We show that silicon carbide (SiC) and molecular nitrogen (N2) react to form solid silicon nitride (γ‐Si3N4) at high pressures and high temperatures in a laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell, consistent with ab initio computations. Si3N4 remains stable under extreme conditions and when quenched to ambient conditions. As SiC is a common compound found under very reducing conditions, these results indicate that nitrogen may form solid phases in an oxygen‐poor rocky planet. If, by sequestering nitrogen in a planet's mantle, the distribution of nitrogen between a planet's interior and atmosphere is altered (i.e., a nitrogen‐rich mantle and nitrogen‐poor atmosphere), these results indicate that there may be atmospheric observables connected to the mantle‐redox state of a rocky planet besides the oxygen‐containing phases ubiquitous in exoplanet literature.
Postseismic Deformation of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake Illuminates Lithospheric Rheological Structure and Dynamics of Eastern Tibet
Authors: Wang Min , Shen Zheng‐Kang , Wang Yan‐Zhao , Bürgmann Roland , Wang Fan , Zhang Pei‐Zhen , Liao Hua , Zhang Rui , Wang Qi , Jiang Zai‐Sen , Chen Wei‐Tao , Hao Ming , Li Yu , Gu Tie , Tao Wei , Wang Kang , Xue Lian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTectonic research of the Tibetan Plateau has long focused on its deformation style and mechanisms. The 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured the Longmen Shan fault located at the eastern rim of the plateau and excited a viscoelastic response of the lithosphere. We infer a three‐dimensional (3D) rheological structure of eastern Tibet from modeling nine years of postseismic displacements observed by GPS. Our solution provides tight constraints on the lower‐crustal and upper‐mantle steady‐state viscosities of the Songpan‐Ganzi Terrane as (5.0 ± 0.7) × 1018 and (1.3 ± 0.3) × 1019 Pa s, respectively, consistent with a “jelly sandwich” model of Tibet, but not with some crustal channel flow models featuring much lower viscosities. The inferred lower‐crustal and upper‐mantle transient viscosities are (5.0 ± 1.3) × 1017 and (5.0 ± 1.5) × 1018 Pa s, respectively, suggesting nonlinear deformation mechanisms. The adjacent West Qinling and Sichuan blocks feature an order‐of‐magnitude higher rheological strength, which is consistent with the changes in the crustal material properties and interseismic deformation style across the East Kunlun‐Tazang and Longmen Shan faults. Our results enable us to propose a conceptual 3D tectonic deformation model, in which the eastward extrusion of Tibet is absorbed in the Songpan‐Ganzi crust mainly by E‐W shortening and N‐S extension, accommodated through faulting of conjugate strike‐slip faults in the upper crust and distributed shear in the lower crust.
The Ecology of River Ice
Authors: Thellman Audrey , Jankowski Kathi Jo , Hayden Brian , Yang Xiao , Dolan Wayana , Smits Adrianne P. , O'Sullivan Antóin M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany of the world's rivers are ice‐covered during winter months but increasing evidence indicates that the extent of river ice will shift substantially as winters warm. However, our knowledge of rivers during winter lags far behind that of the growing season, limiting our understanding of how ice loss will affect rivers. Physical, chemical, and biological processes change from headwaters to large rivers; thus, we expect ice processes and resulting effects on the ecology of rivers could also vary with river size, as a result of the associated changes in geomorphology, temperature regimes, and connectivity. To conceptualize these relationships, we review typically disparate literature on ice processes and winter ecology and compare what is known in the smallest and largest rivers. In doing so, we show that our ability to link ice with ecology across river networks is made difficult by a primary focus on ice processes in larger rivers and a lack of study of ecosystem processes during winter. To address some of these gaps, we provide new scenarios of river ice loss and analyses of how the annual importance of winter gross primary productivity (GPP) varies with river size. We show projected ice loss varied with large‐scale watershed characteristics such as north‐south orientation and that the importance of winter to annual GPP was greatest in the smallest rivers. Finally, we highlight information needed to fill knowledge gaps on winter across river networks and improve our understanding of how rivers may change as climate and ice regimes shift.
Incorporating Fish Tolerance to Supersaturated Total Dissolved Gas for Generating Flood Pulse Discharge Patterns Based on a Simulation‐Optimization Approach
Authors: Wan Hang , Tan Qian , Li Ran , Cai Yanpeng , Shen Xiaomei , Yang Zhifeng , Shen Xia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSupersaturated total dissolved gas (STDG) caused by the flood discharge can result in bubble disease and even fish death, posing potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. In order to reduce the impacts of STDG on such ecosystem, a dynamic multi‐objective STDG management model (DMO‐STDGM) with the flood pulse discharge pattern is developed based on the prototype observation and laboratory test analysis, which consists of STDG prediction, fish safety assessment, multi‐objective optimization and 2‐D STDG transport diffusion simulation modules. The proposed model can support generation of flood pulse discharge patterns to reduce the level of STDG and minimize the maximum residence time of STDG water. The developed model is applied to optimize the discharge pattern of Xiluodu project to reduce the effects of STDG on fish. Simulation results of the worst scenario with the flood pulse discharge pattern show that the maximum residence time of STDG for T120%, T125%, T130%, and T140% are 12, 9, 4, 3 and 1 h, which are less than the corresponding LT50s (Mean Lethal Time). It means that the physiological function of fish can recover from the affect of STDG, thus fish can survive in the worst scenario. The established model can also be employed for increasing power generation. Simulation results indicate that the flood pulse discharge pattern with equal weight of ecology and power generation can ensure full load operation of hydropower station with 12,600 MW. The established model is widely applicable and can provide an important theoretical and technical support for water quality and ecosystem management under multiple complexities.
Modeling and Experimental Study of the Effect of Pore Water Velocity on the Spectral Induced Polarization Signature in Porous Media
Authors: Tsukanov K. , Assa I. , Schwartz N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInduced polarization (IP) is increasingly applied for hydrological, environmental and agricultural purposes. Interpretation of IP data is based on understanding the relationship between the IP signature and the porous media property of interest. Mechanistic models on the IP phenomenon rely on the Poisson‐Nernst‐Plank equations, where diffusion and electromigration fluxes are the driving forces of charge transport and are directly related to IP. However, to our knowledge, the impact of advection flux on IP was not investigated experimentally and was not considered in any IP model. In this work, we measured the spectral IP (SIP) signature of porous media under varying flow conditions, in addition to developing and solving a model for SIP signature of porous media, which takes flow into consideration. The experimental and the model results demonstrate that as bulk velocity increases, polarization and relaxation time decrease. Using a numerical model, we established that fluid flow near the particle deforms the electrical double layer (EDL) structure, accounting for the observed reduction in polarization. We found a qualitative agreement between the model and the measurements. Still, the model overestimates the impact of flow rate on SIP signature, which we explain in terms of the flow boundary conditions. Overall, our results demonstrate the sensitivity of the SIP signature to fluid flow, highlighting the need to consider fluid velocity in the interpretation of the SIP signature of porous media, and opening an exciting new direction for noninvasive measurements of fluid flow at the EDL scale.
Homeostasis and food craving in obesity: a functional MRI study
Authors: Stopyra M. A. , Friederich H.-C. , Lavandier N. , Mönning E. , Bendszus M. , Herzog W. , Simon J. J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objectives
Food intake in obesity has been found to be reward-based and less contingent on homeostatic needs. Accordingly, previous studies investigating neural processing of food cues observed aberrant processing in reward- and control-related brain regions in obesity. To further investigate the relation between homeostasis and food intake, this study investigated the influence of glucose metabolism on the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving in participants with obesity.

Methods
Twenty-five normal-weight and 25 women with obesity were examined on two occasions after receiving either water or glucose directly into the stomach using a nasogastric tube. Participants were blinded to the type of infusion and were required to refrain from eating for 16 h before each visit. An event-related fMRI paradigm was used to investigate the effect of intestinal glucose load on the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving.

Results
A 2 × 2 mixed-model ANOVA revealed that craving regulation was associated with increased activation in fronto-parietal regions in participants with obesity when compared to healthy controls. However, this effect was observed independently from homeostatic satiety. A regression analysis revealed that the reduction of food craving was related to increased activation in the lingual gyrus in individuals with obesity following the infusion of water.

Conclusions
In participants with obesity, the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving is associated with increased neural cognitive top-down control and increased visual food processing. Since this observation was independent from satiety status, our results indicate a reduced influence of homeostasis on neural processing during food craving in obesity. This study was registered on clinicaltrials.org: NCT03075371.
Lysosome purinergic receptor P2X4 regulates neoangiogenesis induced by microvesicles from sarcoma patients
Authors: Palinski Wulf , Monti Maria , Camerlingo Rosa , Iacobucci Ilaria , Bocella Serena , Pinto Federica , Iannuzzi Clara , Mansueto Gelsomina , Pignatiello Sara , Fazioli Flavio , Gallo Michele , Marra Laura , Cozzolino Flora , De Chiara Annarosaria , Pucci Piero , Bilancio Antonio , de Nigris Filomena 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe tumor microenvironment modulates cancer growth. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as key mediators of intercellular communication, but their role in tumor growth is largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that EVs from sarcoma patients promote neoangiogenesis via a purinergic X receptor 4 (P2XR4) -dependent mechanism in vitro and in vivo. Using a proteomic approach, we analyzed the protein content of plasma EVs and identified critical activated pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human progenitor hematopoietic cells (CD34+). We then showed that vessel formation was due to rapid mitochondrial activation, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, increased extracellular ATP, and trafficking of the lysosomal P2XR4 to the cell membrane, which is required for cell motility and formation of stable branching vascular networks. Cell membrane translocation of P2XR4 was induced by proteins and chemokines contained in EVs (e.g. Del-1 and SDF-1). Del-1 was found expressed in many EVs from sarcoma tumors and several tumor types. P2XR4 blockade reduced EVs-induced vessels in angioreactors, as well as intratumor vascularization in mouse xenografts. Together, these findings identify P2XR4 as a key mediator of EVs-induced tumor angiogenesis via a signaling mediated by mitochondria-lysosome-sensing response in endothelial cells, and indicate a novel target for therapeutic interventions.
Listeria exploits IFITM3 to suppress antibacterial activity in phagocytes
Authors: Tan Joel M. J. , Garner Monica E. , Regeimbal James M. , Greene Catherine J. , Márquez Jorge D. Rojas , Ammendolia Dustin A. , McCluggage Adam R. R. , Li Taoyingnan , Wu Katherine J. , Cemma Marija , Ostrowski Philip P. , Raught Brian , Diamond Michael S. , Grinstein Sergio , Yates Robin M. , Higgins Darren E. , Brumell John H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway has important functions in resistance to viral infection, with the downstream induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG) protecting the host from virus entry, replication and spread. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), a facultative intracellular foodborne pathogen, can exploit the type I IFN response as part of their pathogenic strategy, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here we show that type I IFN suppresses the antibacterial activity of phagocytes to promote systemic Lm infection. Mechanistically, type I IFN suppresses phagosome maturation and proteolysis of Lm virulence factors ActA and LLO, thereby promoting phagosome escape and cell-to-cell spread; the antiviral protein, IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), is required for this type I IFN-mediated alteration. Ifitm3−/− mice are resistant to systemic infection by Lm, displaying decreased bacterial spread in tissues, and increased immune cell recruitment and pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. Together, our findings show how an antiviral mechanism in phagocytes can be exploited by bacterial pathogens, and implicate IFITM3 as a potential antimicrobial therapeutic target.
The physiological basis for contrast opponency in motion computation in Drosophila
Authors: Ramos-Traslosheros Giordano , Silies Marion 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn Drosophila, direction-selective neurons implement a mechanism of motion computation similar to cortical neurons, using contrast-opponent receptive fields with ON and OFF subfields. It is not clear how the presynaptic circuitry of direction-selective neurons in the OFF pathway supports this computation if all major inputs are OFF-rectified neurons. Here, we reveal the biological substrate for motion computation in the OFF pathway. Three interneurons, Tm2, Tm9 and CT1, provide information about ON stimuli to the OFF direction-selective neuron T5 across its receptive field, supporting a contrast-opponent receptive field organization. Consistent with its prominent role in motion detection, variability in Tm9 receptive field properties transfers to T5, and calcium decrements in Tm9 in response to ON stimuli persist across behavioral states, while spatial tuning is sharpened by active behavior. Together, our work shows how a key neuronal computation is implemented by its constituent neuronal circuit elements to ensure direction selectivity.
Electrocatalytic upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate to commodity chemicals and H2 fuel
Authors: Zhou Hua , Ren Yue , Li Zhenhua , Xu Ming , Wang Ye , Ge Ruixiang , Kong Xianggui , Zheng Lirong , Duan Haohong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPlastic wastes represent a largely untapped resource for manufacturing chemicals and fuels, particularly considering their environmental and biological threats. Here we report electrocatalytic upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic to valuable commodity chemicals (potassium diformate and terephthalic acid) and H2 fuel. Preliminary techno-economic analysis suggests the profitability of this process when the ethylene glycol (EG) component of PET is selectively electrooxidized to formate (>80% selectivity) at high current density (>100 mA cm−2). A nickel-modified cobalt phosphide (CoNi0.25P) electrocatalyst is developed to achieve a current density of 500 mA cm−2 at 1.8 V in a membrane-electrode assembly reactor with >80% of Faradaic efficiency and selectivity to formate. Detailed characterizations reveal the in-situ evolution of CoNi0.25P catalyst into a low-crystalline metal oxy(hydroxide) as an active state during EG oxidation, which might be responsible for its advantageous performances. This work demonstrates a sustainable way to implement waste PET upcycling to value-added products.