bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-driving Shuttle Bus Use Case in City of Tallinn
Authors: Kalda K , Sell R , Soe R-M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are entering from test areas to the streets, which is one of the key components of smart cities and the future of mobility as a service (Maas). In 2020, two AV services were operated in Tallinn. This paper focuses on one of the services, including how it was set up. The route was set up in Ülemiste City, a tech park with 10,000 people daily working in the area. It connected the offices with the airport and a shopping centre. Autonomous shuttle ise Auto was used for the service (streets with heavy traffic, including some complex crossings). Our findings associated with the Ülemiste experiment in the context of legal requirements set upon autonomous vehicles to be street legal are pointed out. Events that took place during the operation (including an accident) are addressed. Summary of the feedback from clients is presented. Further studies should focus on the extended concept of smart cities with a roadmap for the nearest future.
Multi-layer cyber-physical low-level control solution for mobile robots
Authors: Pikner H , Karjust K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Self-driving vehicles and mobile robots are used more and more in public transportation and industrial companies. Multiple experimental platforms, which can be operated in an urban or industrial environment have been developed recently. The key development for robust and safe control of the robot’s operation is relying on the low-level cyber-physical system (CPS). CPS is composed of a collection of tightly integrated computational (cyber) units which are communicating with the physical world. CPS integrates computation and communication aspects with control and monitoring techniques. In this paper, the scientific goals underscore the analysis of the existing state of the art solutions to increase security, safety, and reliability of the multiple experimental platforms.
Effects of Boundary Conditions and Operating Parameters on Temperature Distribution during the Friction Stir Welding Process
Authors: Boukraa M. , Aissani M. , Lebaal N. , Bassir D. , Mataoui A. , Tal Ighil N. , Yue Hao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This work deals with a numerical simulation of the friction stir welding FSW process of alloy material AA2195-T8. A 3D transient thermal model for simulating the heat transfer phenomena in the welding phase is applied. In this model, the FSW tool is considered as a circular heat source moving in a rectangular plate having a cooling surface and subjected to non-uniform and non-homogeneous boundary conditions. The thermal problem is solved using the finite element method as part of a Lagrangian formulation. The obtained results allow us to determine the maximum value of the temperature in the Nugget zone of the welded joint. During this process, the thermal cycle and the temperature distribution were determined for different values of the welding process parameters. The obtained numerical results are in good agreement with the one available in the literature.
Analysis of the reciprocal wear testing of Aluminum AA1050 processed by a novel mechanical nanostructuring technique
Authors: Omranpour Babak , Kommel Lembit , Sergejev Fjodor , Ivanisenko Julia , Antonov Maksim , Hernandez-Rodriguez Marco A L , Garcia-Sanchez Edgar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This research aims to investigate the impact of a novel technique in mechanical nanostructuring on the wear resistance of materials. This technique with the name of High Pressure Torsion Extrusion (HPTE) can produce bulk nanostructured materials with enhanced mechanical properties. Results of microstructural analysis and microhardness testing showed significant enhancement in materials after HPTE. Microstructural characterization by using Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) method illustrated the presence of Ultra-Fine Grained (UFG) materials in the specimens Analysis of the wear by implementing reciprocal wear testing revealed that the amount of displaced volume markedly decreased after processing. This change in the wear behavior can be explained by referring to the hardness increase and the reduction of plasticity in materials which confined the plastic shearing and diminished the built-up edge around the wear track.
Electric current distribution in thin Ti-Cu base coatings
Authors: Urbaha M , Vorohobovs V , Savkovs K , Fescuks J , Feofanovs V. , Korhs J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The electrical resistivity of thin layer (film, coating) about 5 microns’ thick has been measured by the classical four-point probes method. The layer includes titanium-copper alloy grains up to 5 microns in size. Unexpectedly we encountered a physical phenomenon that spoils the measurements: the fluctuation of measurement results, i.e. the error of measurement may exceed 1000%.. Under certain conditions such crystals may exert some long-range influence leading to tenfold fluctuations of results of measuring the electrical resistivity, despite of the fact that these crystals are evenly distributed and do not create large-size clusters It was found that the relative scatter of measurement results decreases along with the increase of the distance between the electrodes (probes) due to averaging of currents, however, the error decreasing occurs inversely proportional to the logarithm of the distance between the probes. That is why the scatter remains significant at distances between the applied probes thousands times bigger than crystal grains. It decreases much slower than it occurs in case of one dimensional long strip where the error of measurement is simply inversely proportional to the distance between the probes. It creates huge difficulties for measurement of surface resistance. To overcome these difficulties, the method for the statistical proceeding of the non-uniform results of multiple measurements of electrical resistivity in two-dimensional systems has been proposed, which enable to extract information about average surface resistance even from such confusing set of measurements. By help of such statistic the four probe method can be potentially used in industry, for example, for controlling the quality of metal film coatings, used for heating by electrical current for de-icing of aircrafts or wind turbines.
The Paper type: Research paper
Simulation based Feasibility Analysis of Autonomously Movable Robot Arm
Authors: Vaher Kristo , Mahmood Kashif , Otto Tauno , Riives Jyri 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The use of industrial robots in production is rapidly growing. However, the vast use of industrial robots and implementation of new manufacturing technologies are mostly adopted by large industrial companies. It is due to the nature of the production volume, as robots have a lot of the same kind of work in one specific position in the production process. In smaller companies, where the robots often do not have enough workload in a single specific workplace, the process of robotization has not been so successful. SME-s need a solution where the robot can be moved from one workplace to another in order to utilize the resources like robot arm efficiently. This paper aims to analyse the feasibility for the usage of a robotic arm (a collaborative robot) to serve more than a single production cell intermittently. Production machines are located at particular distance and the movement of the robotic arm between the machines is carried out autonomously with the help of an autonomous mobile robot. Moreover, simulation and 3D visualization were used to conduct and analyse the two different scenarios. Utilization of production equipment assigns as a key performance indicator of the comparison.
Proper use of technical risk assessment tools as an element of the railway safety culture
Authors: Verevkina O I , Veprinyak I A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The work is aimed at developing ideas and improving the technical means of risk assessment – the risk matrix. A typical risk matrix defined by regulatory sources is considered. An original approach to evaluating the effectiveness of the risk matrix with associated scales is proposed. The definition of the risk matrix with minimum scale spacing is introduced and the existence of this matrix is proved. It is shown by example that a matrix with minimum scale spacing is a more accurate tool for determining the risk category compared to matrices with wider scale spacing. The problem of finding the parameters of such a matrix from the initial data in a mathematical statement is formulated. One of the branches of the developed simplified algorithm for constructing such a matrix is given.
Improving the electric power quality in the networks adjacent to the railroad traction substations
Authors: Bulatov Yu N , Kryukov A V , Cherepanov A V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A significant deterioration in the electric power quality indicators (EPQI) is observed in the 110-220 kV electrical networks, which are directly adjacent to the traction substations of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Such situations are typical of many regions of Siberia and the Far East. The article presents the results of research aimed at improving the electric power quality in the networks adjacent to the traction substations. The simulation algorithms used were based on application of phase coordinates and lattice equivalent circuits. Software tools Matlab and AnyLogic were used to model transition processes and evaluate the effectiveness of the concept of an intelligent electricity quality controlling system. On the basis of the results, technical solutions have been proposed to bring the electric power quality indicators to standard values. It is shown that a comprehensive approach, including the following segments, is needed to address the problem of reduced electric power quality: the use of technology to improve electric power quality indicators; reinforcing 110-220 kV networks that feed traction substations; technologies of smart customization and control of technical means.
Simulation of induced voltages created by the 25 kV traction network across the pipeline in ice melting mode
Authors: Kryukov A V , Cherepanov A V , Kryukov A E , Stepanov A D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Long metal structures and facilities can be located along the routes of electrified railways with 25 kV traction networks. A typical example of such facilities is pipelines designed to transport liquid or gaseous products. Due to the electromagnetic effects of electric traction networks, induced voltages can occur on structural parts, which are dangerous for the operating personnel. A set of special measures is needed to improve electrical safety and protect people from the influence of induced voltages. In the context of digitalization of the electric power industry, the choice of such measures requires the use of computer technologies, which can be implemented on the basis of methods and tools for simulation of railway power supply systems developed in Irkutsk State Transport University. The article presents the results of research aimed at the development of computer models designed to determine the electromagnetic effects of electric traction networks on the main ground-laid pipeline in the modes of ice melting.
Electromagnetic influences of autotransformer overvoltage traction networks on pipelines
Authors: Cherepanov A V , Kryukov A E , Kryukov A V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article presents the results of the simulation of the electromagnetic effects of an advanced overvoltage traction network on a steel pipeline with a diameter of 250 mm, laid on the earth’s surface. Due to the electromagnetic imbalance of the traction network, at certain points of the structure, voltages with respect to the ground, dangerous for the maintenance personnel, may arise. In such situations, it is necessary to develop measures to improve electrical safety. In the conditions of digitalization of the electric power industry, the solution to this problem should be based on computer technologies that allow determining the induced stresses arising on the parts of pipelines due to the electromagnetic effect of the traction network. The simulation, performed with the help of the Fazonord software package, showed that at a distance of 100 meters from the railway route to the pipeline, the maximum induced voltage at individual points of the structure can reach 100 V, which is more than one and a half times the permissible value. This must be taken into account when designing advanced traction electric power supply systems in the areas where they are close to the main pipelines.
Tests to estimate the heat rate effect on the flexural durability of transport vehicle gear wheels
Authors: Skutelnik V V , Kolganov S V , Malomyzhev O L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article presents the test results concerning the effect of thermal loads on the flexural durability of gear wheels of transport vehicle high-loaded transmissions. The tests were performed using a universal hydraulic pulsation machine and a thermal loader at five fixed temperature levels from twenty to two hundred degrees Celsius. As a result of the performed tests, a significant dependence of the flexural durability of gear wheels on their thermal state was established. In the expected maximum temperature area, corresponding to the temperature of the low tempering of the gear wheel material, it decreased sharply more than ten times.
The use of energy saving technologies in the service of a rolling stock
Authors: Milovanova E A , Egorova M A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article deals with technical devices used at railway transportation for washing and cleaning of both rolling stock and its parts with a sufficiently large area of coverage of the product range which affect the treated objects or a jet of liquid with a detergent, or involve “bathing” of the object in the washing medium. At the same time the existing technology of cleaning and a design of washing machines do not allow to increase the efficiency of such devices, and the aggressive properties of liquids used in the process are not fully developed. The solution is seen in the intensification of technological processes of washing and cleaning of parts of the rolling stock by rational organization of the structure of the washing liquid flows to improve their performance. The article presents an assessment of the design features of traditional schemes of gas lift devices, the use of devices with forced gas supply for the implemen-tation of technological processes in industrial production.
Using train-passing techniques on the rail network to prevent flooding on rivers
Authors: Haltar L , Dmitrenko A V , Lesnykh E V , Becher S A , Buryanina N S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In order to prevent floods on rivers in the presence of a cascade of hydroelectric power plants, it is possible to use the methods of railway transport in the management of their operation, which ensure the prevention of prolonged congestion in the movement of trains due to the accumulation of an increased fleet of wagons on certain landfills. In railway transport, the most dangerous in operational activities are unloading points located mainly on the outskirts of the country or the continent of Eurasia. For railway transport, the most important point in management is the reception of trains during the overhaul of tracks on main lines, mainly located in the central geographic center of the country, located in Kuzbass in Russia. On rivers, in the event of electricity generation, the most dangerous place is the hydroelectric power station located in the middle of an extended river basin. However, the most important and effective points in managing their operation are the upper and lower hydroelectric power plants. The lower hydroelectric power plants provide a quick discharge of excess water, which helps prevent floods. Upper hydroelectric power plants allow one to raise the water level of the cascade of the entire extended river basin at a lower cost.
Diagnostics of tension in long rods with the help of traveling bending waves
Authors: Bardakov V M , Klimov N N , Ermakov A A , Pomerantsev D Yu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article considers the possibility of measuring the tension of long thin structures by measuring the speed of traveling bending waves. Earlier, with the participation of the first two authors of the work, a theoretical consideration of the possibility of determining the stress of a continuous-welded railway track by measuring the velocity of bending waves was carried out. For verification, the velocity of propagation of bending waves was measured, presumably during the compression of a continuous-welded track. This is possible when the temperature of the rails is higher than the laying temperature of the continuous track. In the same consideration, it is taken into account that bending waves exist in an extended product of finite thickness without tension, and the results are presented for the case when the continuous track is in a tensioned state. This consideration takes into account the fact that in a long workpiece of finite thickness there are also bending waves without tension. These waves, unlike the dispersion-free waves of tension, possess dispersion. A method of measuring the speed of these waves is proposed.
Methodology for assessing the competitiveness of options for the direction of the projected railway using SWOT analysis
Authors: Bykov Yu A , Fadeeva V A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article presents a method for assessing the competitiveness of options for the directions of the projected railway at the pre-project stage. The first stage of the method involves the formation of an initial set of alternatives to directions using graph theory. The proposed approach to the formation of options for directions guarantees the consideration of all possible options for connecting the reference points defined by the design assignment. The second stage deals with the formation of an acceptable set of these alternatives using the SWOT analysis, method the use of which allows both quantitatively and qualitatively to assess the impact of internal and external environmental factors on the design object, that is, to take into account the weaknesses and strengths of each direction option, opportunities and threats of the external environment. The fourth stage of the considered method involves the determination of the integrated indicators of economic efficiency recommended for further design options for the direction of the railway.
Considering various conditions during determination of railway curve superelevation
Authors: Beltiukov V P , Andreev A V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The calculation of the established railway curve superelevation, until recently, was carried out on the basis of two conditions: the condition of equal wear of both rails and the condition of passenger ride comfort. With the introduction of the Interim guideline on determining the railway curve superelevation and speeds limits in curves, this condition was abolished in favor of a more complex condition for ride comfort. Unfortunately, the condition of ride comfort does not take into account many factors that can influence the determination of the optimal railway curve superelevation. Among such factors are economic factors. In the URRAN methodology, for example, among others, the life cycle cost is considered. For track facilities, it is more relevant to consider the concept of overhaul cycle cost, since it is during the overhaul cycle that the curves are operated. The article proposes, along with the Interim guideline, in which safety factors are considered, to consider the definition of the railway curve superelevation, taking into account the life cycle cost.
Data analysis in the fire safety system of rail transportation and dumping of municipal solid waste
Authors: Koroleva L A , Khaidarov A G , Ivakhnuk G K , Brusyanin D V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The problems concerning the municipal solid waste (MSW) management have been discussed. A particular attention has been payed to the fire safety solutions. An original system of the MSW flammability classification that is based on the exergetic coefficient was introduced. The advantages of the application of this system to the MSW railway transportation and burial have been discussed. To implement the exergy approach, a data mining system has been developed. The input data includes the following characteristics: separate waste collection, the waste morphological composition; the location, capacity, inclination, a load level, and the number of the waste containers; the MSW temperature, the explosive gases concentrations, and other parameters. The analysis of data obtained with the waste management system allows us to optimize processes for the waste collection, transportation, and burial. This approach is proved to optimize the waste transportation and stocking, and improve the fire safety. This article provides the best practices for landfilling and burying MSW for Siberia.
Intellectual diagnosis components of electrical equipment in the sphere of transportation
Authors: Dunaev M P , Dunaev A M , Dunaeva Y O , Arshinskiy L V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ensuring the reliability of the electrical equipment in transport means a necessity of its inspection and diagnosis. Frequency convertors are part of this equipment. The article is focused on creation of the optimal logical algorithm for frequency convertors diagnosis. The algorithm determines the most effective knowledge base structure of the diagnostic expert system. The algorithm is developed, the knowledge base structure is constructed in accordance with the proposed algorithm, and the diagnostic expert system used is implemented. Correctness and effectiveness of the expert system functioning are confirmed in practice.
Requirements for a digital twin of the bulldozer work tool
Authors: Leskovets I V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The paper presents a brief description of the bulldozer as a widely used machine for earthworks. The method for determining resistive forces to digging is analyzed based on the theory of layer-by-layer excavation works. The relationship for determining the area of the longitudinal section of the dragging prism is presented, and on its basis the productivity is further calculated. The characteristics of forces resistive to digging are constructed with the accepted parameters of the blade and soil for different angles of blade setting. The criterion for determining the efficiency of earthmoving operations is presented, which was developed on the basis of unit costs. It is stated that excavation works are performed effectively at a certain angle of blade setting. Requirements for a digital twin of the bulldozer work tool, which is designed to improve the efficiency of its operation, have been developed.
Development of mathematical models of the relationship between the main parameters of a container depot
Authors: Ilesaliev D I , Azimov F K , Ibragimova G R , Svetasheva N F , Abduvaxitov SH R , Tursunov Z SH 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The purpose of the article is to develop a method for reliably determining the most rational values of container depot parameters, thereby improving and increasing the level of customer service for transport in general. Research methods are based on a system analysis and generalization of existing methods and methods for calculating the capacity of container terminals. The results of the study are the technique of determining the capacity of the warehouses in railway transport, ensuring more qualified calculation and selection of parameters of the container depot, as well as reducing erroneous design decisions and improving the reliability of development projects and improvement of the transport network as a whole.