bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Historical Medical Records Review in the Interpretation of Dry Bone Lesions on Identified Skeletal Remains
Authors: Cvrček Jan , Grossová Iva , Kuželka Vítězslav , Chrobok Viktor , Velemínský Petr , Brůžek Jaroslav 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The examination of documented skeletal remains provides an exceptional opportunity for biohistorical research to answer questions about an individual's life and death. Research in this area also makes it possible to assess the reliability of historical records from the period of interest, which is often the subject of discussion, especially in cases of historically known individuals. The remains of K.B.C. (1895–1940), a prominent local landowner and politician, were exhumed because of the repair of a family tomb in Jíloviště, Czech Republic. The aim of this study was to analyze pathological changes in his bones and to interpret these by comparing them with the results of a historical medical records review of private family and public archives regarding his diseases and death, thus verifying their credibility. Morphological and X-ray examinations of the bones revealed several serious pathological changes, whose presence fully corresponded to the studied documents. This showed the records' reliability, and it was thus possible to accurately interpret the lesions found. The results demonstrated the need for interdisciplinary collaboration in the analysis of such cases, including the assistance of the living descendants of the studied individuals, if possible.
Anticoagulant-Related Intramuscular Hematomas in an Inpatient Acute Rehabilitation Population
Authors: Kallas Peter G. , Zalinger Mary , Sliwa James A. , Eskandari Mark K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Anticoagulant-related intramuscular hematomas are uncommon. However, when they do occur, the clinical consequences can be significant. The authors describe nine patients on anticoagulation undergoing rehabilitation who experienced an intramuscular hematoma. In all cases, activity in therapy before the intramuscular hematoma was considered normal therapeutic activity and consistent with activity commonly performed during rehabilitation. The study found that the anticoagulated rehabilitation population is at risk for intramuscular hematomas and poses a diagnostic challenge because many are insensate and, therefore, present atypically.
How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected orthotic services in the United Kingdom?
Authors: Eddison Nicola , Healy Aoife , Chockalingam Nachiappan 
Published: September 2021

Background:
COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (UK).

Objective:
This study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 on orthotic services in the United Kingdom.

Study design:
Cross sectional survey

Methods:
An online survey was distributed to UK orthotists approximately 6 months after the first peak of COVID-19. Descriptive statistics of results related to appointment waiting times, disruption of services, introduction of telehealth appointments, and clinicians' opinions on the impact of COVID-19 was completed.

Results:
Seventy-seven orthotists completed the survey, with many reporting that their service was closed or open only to inpatients/urgent patients at some point during the pandemic. There were substantial variation in appointment waiting times, time allocated per appointment, and increases in lead times for orthotic products across services. Over 90% reported using telehealth appointments. Results were comparable with previous research showing long appointment waiting times and indicated that the pandemic has added to this issue.

Conclusions:
The pandemic has had a significant impact on orthotic services with face-to-face appointments largely reserved for urgent patients and inpatients, and services going through stages of closing and reopening, alongside the introduction of telehealth to ensure less urgent patients could continue to access orthotic care. Future service evaluation studies are required to further assess how orthotic services have been affected by the pandemic and the effectiveness of recovery plans.
The combined effects of age and HIV on the anatomic distribution of cortical and cancellous bone in the femoral neck among men and women
Authors: Abraham Alison G. , Sun Jing , Sharma Anjali , Yin Michael T. , Brown J. Keenan , Demehri Shadpour , Garza Joshua , Shah Jayesh G. , Palella Frank J. , Kingsley Lawrence , Jamieson Beth D. , Althoff Keri N. , Brown Todd T. 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
To investigate HIV-related and age-related differences in hip bone structure in men and women.

Design:
Cross sectional study of bone structure and HIV serostatus.

Methods:
We used Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) data from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) to examine cortical thickness (CT) and cortical (CBMD), trabecular (TBMD), and integral (IBMD) bone mineral density across anatomic quadrants of the femoral neck in older adult MSM and women with (PWH) and without (PWOH) HIV infection. The percentage difference (%diff) in the means for CT and BMD overall and by quadrant between PWH and PWOH were estimated.

Results:
Among 322 MSM (median age 60 years) with bone measures, distributions were similar between HIV serostatus groups with %diff in the quadrant means ranging from −7 to −1% for CT and from −1 to 4% for BMD, and overall lower hip cortical thickness than expected. In contrast, in 113 women (median age 51 years), PWH had lower CT, IBMD and TBMD consistently across all quadrants, with differences ranging from −10 to −20% for CT, −6 to −11% for IBMD and −3 to −6% for TBMD. Estimates reached statistical significance in superoanterior quadrant for CT and IBMD and inferoposterior for CT.

Conclusion:
Among women, PWH appear to have a thinner cortex and less dense integral bone compared with PWOH, particularly in the superior quadrants whereas MSM overall had a thinner than expected hip cortex.
Intracranial vascular imaging detects arterial wall abnormalities in persons with treated HIV infection
Authors: Chow Felicia C. , Callen Andrew , Arechiga Victor , Saloner David , Narvid Jared , Hsue Priscilla Y. 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
Although a substantial proportion of ischemic strokes in persons with HIV infection (PWH) is related to large artery disease, studies evaluating elevated cerebrovascular risk in PWH have focused primarily on microvascular disease. We compared the burden of intracranial large artery disease on vessel wall MRI (VW-MRI) in PWH and HIV-uninfected individuals.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Methods:
We recruited antiretroviral therapy-treated PWH with undetectable plasma viral load and HIV-uninfected individuals. All participants were at least 40 years of age and at moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk. We used Poisson and mixed effects logistic regression models to compare the number and associated characteristics of enhancing intracranial arteries on VW-MRI by HIV status.

Results:
Of 46 participants (mean age 59 years), 33 were PWH. PWH had nearly four-fold as many enhancing intracranial arteries on VW-MRI than HIV-uninfected individuals (rate ratio 3.94, 95% CI 1.57–9.88, P = 0.003). The majority of wall enhancement was eccentric (76%) and short-segment (93%), suggestive of intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD). Sixty-nine percent of enhancing arteries were not associated with luminal narrowing on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). None of these characteristics differed significantly by HIV status.

Conclusion:
In persons at moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk, HIV infection, even when well controlled, may be associated with a greater burden of intracranial large artery disease and, specifically, of ICAD. Studies of the mechanisms underlying higher rates of ischemic stroke in PWH should include evaluation for intracranial large artery disease. VW-MRI provides added value as an adjunct to traditional luminal imaging when evaluating cerebrovascular risk in PWH.
Candidate host epigenetic marks predictive for HIV reservoir size, responsiveness to latency reversal, and viral rebound
Authors: Corley Michael J. , Pang Alina P.S. , Rasmussen Thomas A. , Tolstrup Martin , Søgaard Ole S. , Ndhlovu Lishomwa C. 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
This study aimed to identify candidate host epigenetic biomarkers predicting latency reversal agents (LRA) efficacy and HIV-1 rebound kinetics during analytical treatment interruption (ATI).

Design:
Retrospective longitudinal epigenetic profiling study from 13 people with HIV (PWH) on virologically suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) that participated in a LRA (HDAC inhibitor) clinical trial (NCT01680094) and a subsequent optional ATI to monitor for viral recrudescence after ART cessation.

Methods:
Genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) in purified CD4+ T cells was measured at single-nucleotide resolution using the Infinium MethylationEPIC array. HIV-1 DNA and RNA measures were previously assessed by PCR-based methods and the association of DNAm levels at regulatory sites of the human genome were examined with reservoir size, responsiveness to LRA, and time to viral rebound following ATI.

Results:
A distinct set of 15 candidate DNAm sites in purified CD4+ T cells at baseline pre-LRA and pre-ATI significantly correlated with time to viral rebound. Eight of these DNAm sites occurred in genes linked to HIV-1 replication dynamics including (SEPSECS, cg19113954), (MALT1, cg15968021), (CPT1C, cg14318858), (CRTAM, cg10977115), (B4GALNT4, cg04663285), (IL10, cg16284789), (TFPI2, cg19645693), and (LIFR, cg26437306); with the remaining sites at intergenic regions containing regulatory elements. Moreover, baseline DNAm states related to total HIV-1 DNA levels and the fold change in unspliced cell-associated HIV RNA following LRA treatment.

Conclusion:
Preexisting host epigenetic states may determine HIV-1 rebound kinetics and reservoir maintenance. These findings suggest integrating a suite of DNA methylation markers to improve optimal participant selection and drug regimen in future HIV cure clinical trials.
Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Neutrophil Infiltration and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation
Authors: Zhang Luyao , Lu Jun , Wu Zhiyang 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Vagus nerve stimulation has been shown to exert anti-inflammation activities in sepsis. However, surgical implantation of stimulation devices is performed under general anesthesia, which limits its clinical application. Auricular vagus nerve stimulation (AVNS) is a minimal invasive technique that delivers electrical currents to the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of AVNS on systemic inflammation, lung injury, neutrophil infiltration, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in the lung. In a LPS challenge lung-injury mice model, AVNS was applied to bilateral ears. Twelve hours after LPS administration, samples of blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissues were processed for investigations. We found that the treatment with AVNS significantly attenuated histopathological changes and neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissue, inhibited inflammatory cytokine elevations in serum and BALF, and decreased protein concentrations in BALF. Besides, AVNS decreased leukocyte and neutrophil accounts in BALF. Furthermore, colocalization of citrullination of histone H3 and myeloperoxidase expressions (highly specific marker of NETs) was reduced in AVNS mice. In conclusion, AVNS reduced systemic inflammation, attenuated lung edema, and inhibited neutrophil infiltration and NETs formation in the lung in LPS mice.
Beliefs, Understanding, and Barriers Related to Dementia Research Participation Among Older African Americans
Authors: Pugh Erika , Stewart Joshua , Carter Leah , Calamia Matthew , Carmichael Owen , Newton Robert L. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
United States Census Bureau projects African Americans (AAs) will be one of the fastest growing populations over the next 30 years. Research suggests they are at higher risk for developing dementia. It is important to know about AA adults’ beliefs about, and knowledge of, dementia; and how these beliefs and knowledge impact participation in dementia research.

Methods:
Four focus groups were completed with 51 older AA adults (76.5% female; mean age=68) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana to examine understanding of dementia and barriers influencing willingness to participate in a clinical trial on dementia risk reduction.

Findings:
Participants exhibited awareness of several risk and protective factors related to dementia, including family history of dementia, lack of cognitive engagement, and sedentary lifestyles. They were willing to participate in interventions to lower the risk of developing dementia. Barriers to participation included invasive procedures, pharmaceutical interventions, mistrust of investigators, inadequate compensation, and long study duration.

Discussion:
Given the high relevance of dementia research to older AAs, their knowledge of dementia, and their willingness to participate in dementia research once barriers are addressed, it is imperative to continue to identify and remediate factors contributing to the poor representation of AAs in dementia research.
Vocal learning in songbirds: the role of syllable order in song recognition
Authors: Mol Carien , Bolhuis Johan J. , Moorman Sanne 
Published: September 2021

Songbird vocal learning has interesting behavioural and neural parallels with speech acquisition in human infants. Zebra finch males sing one unique song that they imitate from conspecific males, and both sexes learn to recognize their father's song. Although males copy the stereotyped syllable sequence of their father's song, the role of sequential information in recognition remains unclear. Here, we investigated father's song recognition after changing the serial order of syllables (switching the middle syllables, first and last syllables, or playing all syllables in inverse order). Behavioural approach and call responses of adult male and female zebra finches to their father's versus unfamiliar songs in playback tests demonstrated significant recognition of father's song with all syllable-order manipulations. We then measured behavioural responses to normal versus inversed-order father's song. In line with our first results, the subjects did not differentiate between the two. Interestingly, when males' strength of song learning was taken into account, we found a significant correlation between song imitation scores and the approach responses to the father's song. These findings suggest that syllable sequence is not essential for recognition of father's song in zebra finches, but that it does affect responsiveness of males in proportion to the strength of vocal learning.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vocal learning in animals and humans’.
SYS-Mut: Decoding the Functional Significance of Rare Somatic Mutations in Cancer
Authors: Khalighi Sirvan , Joseph Peronne , Babu Deepak , Singh Salendra , LaFramboise Thomas , Guda Kishore , Varadan Vinay 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCurrent tailored-therapy efforts in cancer are largely focused on a small number of highly recurrently-mutated driver genes but therapeutic targeting of these oncogenes remains challenging. On the other hand, the vast number of genes mutated infrequently across cancers have received less attention, in part, due to a lack of understanding of their biologic significance. Here we present SYS-Mut, a systems biology platform that can robustly infer the biologic consequences of somatic mutations by integrating routine multi-omic profiles in primary tumors. We established the accuracy of SYS-Mut by recapitulating the functional impact of known driver genes in PanCancer datasets. Subsequent application of SYS-Mut on low-frequency gene mutations in Head and Neck Cancers (HNSC), followed by molecular and pharmacogenetic validation, revealed the lipidogenic network as a novel therapeutic vulnerability in aggressive HNSC. SYS-Mut is thus a robust scalable framework that enables discovery of new targetable avenues in cancer.
Prior EEG marks focused and mind-wandering mental states across trials
Authors: Nakatani Chie , Bernhard Hannah , Leeuwen Cees van 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhether spontaneous or induced by a tedious task, the transition from a focused mental state to mind wandering is a complex one, possibly involving adjacent mental states and extending over minutes or even hours. This complexity cannot be captured by relying solely on subjective reports of mind wandering. To characterize the transition in a mind-wandering-inducing tone counting task, in addition we collected subjective reports of thought generation along with task performance as a measure of cognitive control and EEG measures, namely auditory probe evoked potentials (AEP) and ongoing 8-12Hz alpha-band amplitude. We analyzed the cross-correlations between timeseries of these observations to reveal their contributions over time to the occurrence of task-focused and mind-wandering states. Thought generation and cognitive control showed overall a yoked dynamics, in which thought production increased when cognitive control decreased. Prior to mind wandering however, they became decoupled after transient increases in cognitive control-related alpha amplitude. The decoupling allows transitory mental states beyond the unidimensional focused/wandering continuum. Time lags of these effects were on the order of several minutes, with 4-10 minutes for that of alpha amplitude. We discuss the implications for mind wandering and related mental states, and for mind-wandering prediction applications.
Intraspecific Competition and the Promotion of Ecological Specialization
Authors: Halloway Abdel H. , Brown Joel S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe evolution of ecological specialization can be summed up in a single question: why would a species evolve a more-restricted niche space? Various hypotheses have been developed to explain the promotion or suppression of ecological specialization. One hypothesis, competitive diversification, states that increased intraspecific competition will cause a population to broaden its niche breadth. With individuals alike in resource use preference, more individuals reduce the availability of preferred resources and should grant higher fitness to those that use secondary resources. However, recent studies cast doubt on this hypothesis with increased intraspecific competition reducing niche breadth in some systems. We present a game-theoretic evolutionary model showing greater ecological specialization with intraspecific competition under specific conditions. This is in contrast to the competitive diversification hypothesis. Our analysis reveals that specialization can offer a competitive advantage. Largely, when facing weak competition, more specialized individuals are able to acquire more of the preferred resources without greatly sacrificing secondary resources and therefore gain higher fitness. Only when competition is too great for an individual to significantly affect resource use will intraspecific competition lead to an increased niche breadth. Other conditions, such as a low diversity of resources and a low penalty to specialization, help promote ecological specialization in the face of intraspecific competition. Through this work, we have been able to discover a previously unseen role that intraspecific competition plays in the evolution of ecological specialization.
Do forest over- and understory respond to the same environmental variables when viewed at the taxonomic and trait level?
Authors: Helsen Kenny , Shen Yeng-Chen , Lin Tsung-Yi , Chen Chien-Fan , Huang Chu-Mei , Li Ching-Feng , Zelený David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhile the relative importance of climate filtering is known to be higher for woody species assemblages than herbaceous assemblage, it remains largely unexplored whether this pattern is also reflected between the woody overstory and herbaceous understory of forests. While climatic variation will be more buffered by the tree layer, the understory might also respond more to small-scale soil variation, next to experiencing additional environmental filtering due to the overstory’s effects on light and litter quality. For (sub)tropical forests, the understory often contains a high proportion of fern and lycophyte species, for which environmental filtering is even less well understood. We explored the proportional importance of climate proxies and soil variation on the species, functional trait and (functional) diversity patterns of both the forest overstory and fern and lycophyte understory along an elevational gradient from 850 to 2100 m a.s.l. in northern Taiwan. We selected nine functional traits expected to respond to soil nutrient or climatic stress for this study and furthermore verified whether they were positively related across vegetation layers, as expected when driven by similar environmental drivers. We found that climate was a proportionally more important predictor than soil for the species composition of both vegetation layers and trait composition of the understory. The stronger than expected proportional effect of climate for the understory was likely due to fern and lycophytes’ higher vulnerability to drought, while the high importance of soil for the overstory seemed driven by deciduous species. The environmental drivers affected different response traits in both vegetation layers, however, which together with additional overstory effects on understory traits, resulted in a strong disconnection of community-level trait values across layers. Interestingly, species and functional diversity patterns could be almost exclusively explained by climate effects for both vegetational layers, with the exception of understory species richness. This study illustrates that environmental filtering can differentially affect species, trait and diversity patterns and can be highly divergent for forest overstory and understory vegetation, and should consequently not be extrapolated across vegetation layers or between composition and diversity patterns.
Numerical integration in G/XFEM analysis of 2-D fracture mechanics problems for physically nonlinear material and cohesive crack propagation
Authors: Campos Bruna Caroline , Barros Felicio Bruzzi , Penna Samuel Silva 
Published: September 2021

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to present a novel data transfer technique to simulate, by G/XFEM, a cohesive crack propagation coupled with a smeared damage model. The efficiency of this technique is evaluated in terms of processing time, number of Newton–Raphson iterations and accuracy of structural response.Design/methodology/approachThe cohesive crack is represented by the G/XFEM enrichment strategy. The elements crossed by the crack are divided into triangular cells. The smeared crack model is used to describe the material behavior. In the nonlinear solution of the problem, state variables associated with the original numerical integration points need to be transferred to new points created with the triangular subdivision. A nonlocal strategy is tailored to transfer the scalar and tensor variables of the constitutive model. The performance of this technique is numerically evaluated.FindingsWhen compared with standard Gauss quadrature integration scheme, the proposed strategy may deliver a slightly superior computational efficiency in terms of processing time. The weighting function parameter used in the nonlocal transfer strategy plays an important role. The equilibrium state in the interactive-incremental solution process is not severely penalized and is readily recovered. The advantages of such proposed technique tend to be even more pronounced in more complex and finer meshes.Originality/valueThis work presents a novel data transfer technique based on the ideas of the nonlocal formulation of the state variables and specially tailored to the simulation of cohesive crack propagation in materials governed by the smeared crack constitutive model.