bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different transformations underlie blowhole and nasal passage development in a toothed whale (Odontoceti:Stenella attenuata) and a baleen whale (Mysticeti:Balaenoptera physalus)
Authors: Roston Rachel A. , Roth V. Louise 
Published: July 2021

AbstractReorientation of the nasal passage away from the anteroposterior axis has evolved rarely in mammals. Unlike other mammals, cetaceans (e.g., whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have evolved a “blowhole”: posteriorly repositioned nares that open dorsad. Accompanying the evolution of the blowhole, the nasal passage has rotated dorsally. Neonatal cetaceans possess a blowhole, but early in development, cetacean embryos exhibit head morphologies that resemble those of other mammals. Previous workers have proposed two developmental models for how the nasal passage reorients during prenatal ontogeny. In one model, which focused on external changes in the whole body, dorsad rotation of the head relative to the body results in dorsad rotation of the nasal passage relative to the body. A second model, based on details of the cartilaginous nasal skull, describes dorsad rotation of the nasal passage itself relative to the palate and longitudinal axis of the skull. To integrate and revise these models, we characterized both external and internal prenatal changes in a longitudinal plane that are relevant to nasal passage orientation in the body and head of the pantropical spotted dolphin (Odontoceti:Stenella attenuata). These changes were then compared to those in a prenatal series of a baleen whale, the fin whale (Mysticeti:Balaenoptera physalus), to determine if they were representative of both extant cetacean suborders. In both species, the angle between the nasal passage and the sagittal axis of the foramen magnum decreased with age. InS. attenuata, this was associated with basicranial retroflexion and midfacial lordosis: the skull appeared to fold dorsad with the presphenoid as the vertex of the angle. In contrast, inB. physalus, alignment of the nasal passage and the sagittal axis of the plane of the foramen magnum was associated with angular changes within the posterior skull (specifically, the orientations of the supraoccipital and foramen magnum relative to the posterior basicranium). With these results, we propose a new developmental model for prenatal reorientation of the odontocete nasal passage and discuss ways in which mysticetes likely deviate from this model.
Exploring mentorship practices in clinical education in nursing homes: A qualitative mixed‐methods study
Authors: Frøiland Christina T. , Husebø Anne Marie Lunde , Akerjordet Kristin , Kihlgren Annica , Laugaland Kristin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAims and objectivesTo explore registered nurses’ mentorship practices of first‐year nursing students in nursing home placements.BackgroundEnabling nursing students to develop professional competence through clinical placements relies heavily on registered nurses’ mentorship practices. Despite renewed interest in nursing homes as an important clinical placement setting, studies are scarce on registered nurses’ mentorship practices in this context.DesignAn exploratory, qualitative mixed‐methods design.MethodsThe data consisted of 126 h’ observation of two registered nurse mentor–student dyads, supplemented by in‐depth interviews (n = 12) with registered nurse mentors. The data were collected in three Norwegian nursing homes and analysed using content analysis. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist were used to report the findings.ResultsThe registered nurses’ mentorship practices of first‐year nursing students in nursing home clinical placement were characterised by (1) variability and uncertainty in pedagogical supervisory approaches, (2) lack of management support and engagement of staff members in supervision, (3) lack of supervisory continuity and (4) a peripheral role in formal assessment discussions.ConclusionsA marginal nursing home context, alongside a mismatch between registered nurses’ roles and first‐year students’ learning objectives, introduces considerable vulnerability that impedes effective mentorship practices. Targeted efforts to enhance mentorship practices in nursing homes are warranted to promote full use of the learning potential in this context. Developing and testing educational interventions is necessary to effectively enhance registered nurses’ pedagogical competence, alongside engagement and support from nurse managers and nurse educators.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides insight into barriers to effective mentorship practices of first‐year nursing students in nursing home placements. These barriers warrant attention from nursing home managers and nurse education institutions towards improvements that enhance effective mentorship practices vital for students’ learning, professional growth and future recruitment to care for older people.
Borrowing to Save? The Impact of Automatic Enrollment on Debt
Authors: BESHEARS JOHN , CHOI JAMES J. , LAIBSON DAVID , MADRIAN BRIGITTE C. , SKIMMYHORN WILLIAM L. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTDoes automatic enrollment into a retirement plan increase financial distress due to increased borrowing outside the plan? We study a natural experiment created when the U.S. Army began automatically enrolling newly hired civilian employees into the Thrift Savings Plan. Four years after hire, automatic enrollmentincreases cumulative contributions to the plan by 4.1% of annual salary, but we find little evidence ofincreased financial distress. Automatic enrollment causes no significant change in credit scores, debt balances excluding auto debt and first mortgages, or adverse credit outcomes, with the possible exception of increasedfirst‐mortgage balances in foreclosure.
Vasomotor symptoms, sleep problems, and depressive symptoms in community‐dwelling Japanese women
Authors: Tomida Makiko , Otsuka Rei , Tange Chikako , Nishita Yukiko , Kimura Tomomi , Stoelzel Matthias , Tanaka‐Amino Keiko , Shimokata Hiroshi , Terauchi Masakazu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo assess prevalence and characteristics of vasomotor symptoms in community‐dwelling Japanese women.MethodsThese were cross‐sectional analyses using data from the National Institute for Longevity Sciences‐Longitudinal Study of Aging. The main outcome measures were prevalence and severity of hot flashes and sweating. Associations between hot flashes/sweating (slight, moderate, or severe vs none) and sleep problems were explored using logistic regression, with and without adjustment for age, daily physical activity, and number of urinations/night. Associations between hot flashes/sweating and sleep problems, depressive symptoms, and dietary variables were explored in logistic regression models or general linear models.ResultsA total of 1152 women between 40 and 91 years of age were enrolled. Hot flashes were reported by 24.5% of participants; with prevalence and severity highest in those 50–54 years or 2–5 years postmenopause. Sleep problems were reported 15 percentage points more frequently by women who reported hot flashes than by those without hot flashes. Adjusted odds ratios [95% CI] for difficulty in falling asleep and difficulty in sleeping through were 2.09 [1.565–2.796] and 2.07 [1.549–2.763]), respectively. Also, hot flashes were associated with higher risk of depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 2.99 [2.07–4.32]) and lower life satisfaction, self‐esteem, and self‐rated health status. A similar pattern was observed in women with and without sweating. No associations were found between hot flashes and dietary factors.ConclusionsClear associations were found between hot flashes and sleeping problems, even after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Women who reported hot flashes also reported worse mental and physical health than those who did not report hot flashes.
Broad ligament pregnancy with pelvic congestion syndrome: A case report
Authors: Ma Ruyue , Guan Junhua , Chen Jina , Sun Ke , Zhang Liwen , Chen Rujun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present the first case that describes a right broad ligament pregnancy patient complicated with pelvic congestion syndrome. A 23‐year‐old female referred to the gynecological emergency room with pelvic pain and amenorrhea. Serum beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) test of the patient was positive, and ultrasonography indicated that there were mixed mass signals and a large number of blood flow signals in the right parauterine area. Considering the possibility of a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, we performed laparoscopic exploration for this patient. According to the intraoperative situation, we formally diagnosed the right broad ligament pregnancy. Although the intraoperative hemorrhage was fierce, we still successfully completed the resection of the lesion and performed the ipsilateral salpingectomy. We performed three‐dimensional CT vascular reconstruction on the patient after surgery, and diagnosed right pelvic congestion syndrome combined with the patient's usual chronic pelvic pain symptoms.
Health Risk Behaviors, Experiences, and Conditions Among Students Attending Private and Public High Schools*
Authors: Deputy Nicholas P. , Bryan Leah , Lowry Richard , Brener Nancy , Underwood J. Michael 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDApproximately 8.8% of US high school students attended private schools in 2015. Few studies have characterized health risk behaviors among these students or compared prevalence of behaviors between students in private and public schools using a contemporary, nationally representative sample.METHODSPooled 2007‐2017 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey data were used to estimate the prevalence of 35 health risk behaviors for 89,848 public and private high school students. Unadjusted prevalence ratios were used to compare prevalence by school type. Differences in behaviors by school type were explored by sex and grade.RESULTSAmong private school students, the prevalence ranged from 5.0% to 31.9% for sexual risk behaviors; from 0.8% to 30.1% for substance use behaviors; from 0.7% to 21.8% for behaviors related mental health and suicide; from 3.2% to 6.8% for violence victimization experiences; and from 3.1% to 52.9% for behaviors related to unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. Private school students were less likely than public school students to report most behaviors; differences by school type were generally consistent across sex and grade.CONCLUSIONSStudents in both public and private schools reported health risk behaviors. Findings might inform prevention activities by identifying behaviors to prioritize in each school setting.
Parenthood and well‐being: Examining time pressure and religious practices in a Canadian national sample of immigrants and non‐immigrants
Authors: Browne Dillon T. , Colucci Laura , Basabose Jean de Dieu , Georgiades Katholiki , Thabane Lehana , Ferro Mark 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe present study examined correlates of well‐being amongst a cross‐sectional, national sample of Canadians, focusing on respondents’ parenthood and immigration status. Indirect associations via time pressure and religious practices were examined, in addition to the moderating role of religious practices on the relationship between time pressure and well‐being. Participants were from the 2015 Canadian General Social Survey between 25 and 65 years of age (N = 11,254). A structural regression model revealed that immigrants (vs. non‐immigrants) and parents (vs. non‐parents) had higher levels of time pressure, which strongly and inversely related to well‐being. No interaction between immigrant status and parenthood was observed in the prediction of time pressure. Immigrants had higher levels of religious practices, while parents had lower levels, though a significant interaction suggested that the highest levels of religious practices were for immigrants who were also parents. There was a small but significant positive relationship between religious practices and well‐being. Indirect effects suggested that the association between parenthood/immigrant status and well‐being may partially operate via these parallel pathways (i.e., time pressure and religious practices). There was no evidence that religious practices moderated the relationship between time pressure and well‐being. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Discrimination and sensory characterization of Protected Designation of Origin Salers‐ and Cantal‐type cheeses: An approach using descriptive analysis and consumer insights by check‐all‐that‐apply questions
Authors: Bord Cécile , Lenoir Louis , Schmidt‐Filgueras Renata , Benoit Julie , Dechambre Gilles , Chassard Christophe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractProtected Designation of Origin (PDO) Salers and Cantal are two French uncooked semi‐hard cheeses. Despite a quite similar cheese‐making process, both types of cheeses exhibit specific sensory attributes. Salers and Cantal cheeses are produced with either Salers milk or with milk from “other cow breeds.” The aim of this study is to evaluate the specific sensory properties in order to differentiate both types of cheese: Cantal versus Salers combining a consumer test (n = 152) using the CATA method and a sensory profile with a trained panel (n = 9). Ten cheeses (Salers cheeses; n = 6 and Cantal cheeses; n = 4) were selected, after 12 months of ripening and storage in the same maturing cellar. A clear discrimination of Cantal cheeses and Salers cheeses was achieved by using sensory and CATA terms. More precisely, Cantal cheeses were characterized by their texture, whereas Salers cheeses were differentiated by aromatic profile and appearance. The CATA method offers a good description of cheeses (14 attributes out of 16 were discriminant) even if consumer preference scores were slightly close. Although the sensory profile allows a more detailed product characterization than CATA terms, both methods provided similar information about the sensory characterization. Overall, these results suggest the validity of CATA method and once again, show the interest of using it for the sensory characterization by consumers applied on cheese samples with subtle differences.Practical ApplicationsThe findings of this study are useful for French artisanal cheese producers as they make it possible to use a sensory approach to differentiate cheese categories from different cheese‐making process. This sensory distinction contributes to the improvement of qualities of PDO French cheeses. Hence, these specific sensory attributes could be useful to the supply chain to communicate and to better explain to consumers the sensory differences between these two cheese categories, which are sometimes poorly distinguished by consumers during purchase. In addition, the good agreement between sensory profile and the CATA method demonstrated similarities about the sensory description of cheeses. In spite of the fact that the liking scores were very close between the cheeses, consumers were able to distinguish the Salers and Cantal cheeses by using the CATA method.
Validation study of the Italian version of the Sleep Hygiene Index
Authors: Bacaro Valeria , Curati Sara , Baglioni Chiara 
Published: July 2021

SummarySleep hygiene rules are a set of behavioural and environmental recommendations that promote healthy and good quality sleep, playing a role in insomnia disorder. The Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) is a self‐report questionnaire developed to evaluate the practice of sleep hygiene behaviours with adequate psychometric properties in different samples. The present study aimed to translate the original version of the SHI into the Italian language and evaluate the psychometric properties of this instrument in the Italian adult population. After the translation of the SHI from the original English version into the Italian version, factorial structure, internal consistency, as well as convergent and discriminant validity were estimated. The principal component analysis showed a four‐factor solution for the SHI, accounting for 52.03% of the total sample variance (F1 = 25.65%, F2 = 10.00%, F3 = 8.48% and F4 = 7.90%). Factor 1 comprised items regarding arousal; Factor 2 comprised items regarding regular sleep habits; Factor 3 comprised items about sleep environment; and Factor 4 comprised items on sleep‐disrupted behaviours. The Italian version of the SHI can be regarded as a reliable tool with adequate concurrent and predictive validity for assessing sleep hygiene in Italian adults with or without insomnia symptoms.
Lethal and sublethal effects of the anti‐sea lice formulation Salmosan® on the Pacific spot prawn (Pandalus platyceros)
Authors: Mill Kate , Kennedy Christopher J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe effects of the aquaculture chemotherapeutant Salmosan® (active ingredient [a.i.]: azamethiphos) were examined in Pacific spot prawns (Pandalus platyceros) at three temperatures (5, 11, and 17°C). Post‐molt prawns were more sensitive to Salmosan® than intermolt prawns; repeated (3x) 1‐hr LC50 values for post‐molt prawns ranged from 17 (9.3–31 95% confident intervals) to 40 (25–63) μg/L a.i. while intermolt prawns survived 3 × 1‐hr exposures up to 100 μg/L a.i. Using LC50 values, Salmosan® was approximately 2.4 times more toxic at 17 versus 5°C. Temperature significantly altered chemosensory and locomotory behaviors in intermolt prawns with the highest activity at the intermediate temperature. Significant decreases in antennule flicking (84 and 104% over controls) were seen at 17°C after 3 × 1‐hr pulse exposures to 50 and 100 μg/L a.i., respectively. Temperature, but not Salmosan®, affected molting success: at 17°C significantly lower survival was seen during ecdysis (60% of those at 5°C) and at 5°C, molt time was longer (41 ± 3 days) compared to 11°C (34 ± 4 days) or 17°C (21 ± 4 days). Life stage (molt status) and environmental parameters (temperature) alter the effects of Salmosan® to non‐target spot prawns.
Making programmes worth their salt: Assessing the context, fidelity and outcomes of implementation of the double fortified salt programme in Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Cyriac Shruthi , Webb Girard Amy , Ramakrishnan Usha , Mannar M. G. Venkatesh , Khurana Kriti , Rawat Rahul , Neufeld Lynnette M. , Martorell Reynaldo , Mbuya Mduduzi N. N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDouble fortified salt (DFS) has proven efficacy in addressing iron deficiency and anaemia, thus improving maternal and child nutrition outcomes. However, DFS delivery in large‐scale settings is less understood, with limited documentation of its fidelity of implementation (FOI). We assessed the FOI of the DFS intervention in Uttar Pradesh, India, to improve the design and implementation of such programmes that aim to reduce the anaemia burden, especially in women of reproductive age (WRA). We conducted in‐depth interviews with DFS programme staff (n = 25) and end‐user WRAs (23), guided by a programme impact pathway. We transcribed and thematically analysed the interviews and used an adapted analytic framework to document FOI across four domains—objects of intervention, implementation staff, implementation context and target of implementation. DFS utilisation remained low due to a combination of factors including poor product quality, distribution challenges, ineffective promotion and low awareness amongst end‐user WRAs. Motivation levels were higher amongst district‐level staff compared to frontline staff, who lacked supervisory support and effective incentives to promote DFS. Three typologies of DFS users emerged—‘believers’, ‘thrifters’ and ‘naysayers’—who indicated differing reasons for DFS purchase and its use or nonuse. The implementation of the DFS programme varied significantly from its theorised programme impact pathway. The adapted analytic framework helped document FOI and assess the programme's readiness for impact assessments and subsequent scale‐up. The programme needs product quality improvements, incentivised distribution and stronger promotion to effectively deliver and improve the realisation of its potential as an anaemia prevention strategy.
Stratum corneum biomarkers after in vivo repeated exposure to sub‐erythemal dosages of ultraviolet radiation in unprotected and sunscreen (SPF 50+) protected skin
Authors: Keurentjes Anne Josephine , Jakasa Ivone , van Dijk Arjan , van Putten Edith , Brans Richard , John Swen Malte , Rustemeyer Thomas , van der Molen Henk F. , Kezic Sanja 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need for non‐invasive biomarkers to assess in vivo efficacy of protective measures aiming at reducing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Stratum corneum (SC) biomarkers showed to be promising markers for internal UVR dose and immune response.PurposeTo establish a dose‐response relationship for SC biomarkers and explore their suitability for in vivo assessment of the blocking effect of two sunscreens with a high sun protection factor (SPF) (50+).MethodsTwelve volunteers were exposed to a broad‐spectrum UVB (280‐320 nm), five times a week, during one week. Unprotected back skin was irradiated with 0.24, 0.48, 0.72 and 1.44 standard erythema dose (SED) and sunscreen‐protected skin with 3.6 SED. SC samples for determination of the relative amount of cis‐urocanic acid (cUCA) and thirteen immunological makers including cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) were collected after each irradiation.ResultscUCA sharply increased after the first irradiation in a dose‐dependent fashion. However, it levelled‐off after subsequent exposures and reached a plateau for the highest UV‐dose after the third irradiation. None of the immunological markers showed dose‐dependency. However, MMP‐9, IL‐1β and CCL27 increased gradually from baseline during repetitive exposures to the highest UV‐dose. Assessed from cUCA, both sunscreens blocked >98% of the applied UV‐dose.ConclusionscUCA is a sensitive, non‐invasive marker of the internal UVR dose enabling in vivo assessment of the blocking effect of high SPF sunscreens in the UVB‐region. Immunological SC markers show low sensitivity in detecting immune response at sub‐erythemal UVR dosages, suggesting they might be suitable only at higher and/or repetitive UVR exposure.
Analysis of Longitudinal Advice-Seeking Networks Following Implementation of High Stakes Testing
Authors: Adhikari Samrachana , Sweet Tracy , Junker Brian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Teacher interactions around instructional practices have been a topic of study for a long time. Previous studies concerning such interactions have focused on questions pertaining to cross-sectional networks. In fact, very few studies have considered longitudinal networks and still fewer have employed longitudinal network models to study changes in such interactions. We analyse teachers’ advice-seeking networks, observed annually between 2010 and 2013, in schools within a district where several initiatives were implemented starting in 2011. We assess whether formal structures, teaching assignment and leadership position, and teacher characteristics, gender and experience, are associated with advice-seeking ties, and the extent to which these associations change over time. To analyse the advice-seeking networks, we implement a Bayesian longitudinal latent space network model with covariates and random sender-receiver effects. Within the Bayesian framework, we address practical aspects of a principled network analysis such as missing ties and yearly immigration and emigration of teachers. Goodness of model fit assessment is conducted using posterior predictive checks. Our results demonstrate that while some of the associations between observed covariates and teachers’ interactions varied in 2011, most were otherwise stable. In 2011, we found decreases in the associations with same grade assignment, leadership position, and teaching in the same school.