bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How domestic contexts shape international private governance: The case of the European Accord and American Alliance in Bangladesh
Authors: Leitheiser Erin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe international nature of supply chains has led to the rise of private authority in regulating the environmental and social impacts of production, which companies frequently address through corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the form of private governance (PG). Despite its claim to establish “global” rules, PG usually has national origins, and multiple efforts to address the same issue from different national perspectives frequently coexist. Numerous studies have explored the impact of national business systems on companies' domestic CSR practices, yet little is known about what factors shape CSR practices like PG internationally. Therefore, this study seeks to understand how differing domestic contexts shape approaches to CSR in the form of PG in host countries. I explore this empirically through the comparative case study of competing PG initiatives in the post‐Rana Plaza Bangladesh garment industry, uniquely conceived to govern companies' practices rather than certify products. It combines empirical findings with the comparative CSR literature to hypothesize about ideal types of PG organizing in US and European contexts. It extends the analysis to also account for other influential factors, such as stakeholder pressure, thus demonstrating how institutional and agentic factors amalgamate to shape firms' choices. By explicating linkages between international PG and its domestic context, as well as between the comparative CSR and PG literature studies, this study extends our understanding of how and why international PG practices and preferences vary for firms originating from different environments.
Patterns of Policy Networks at the Local Level in Germany
Authors: Möck Malte 
Published: March 2021

AbstractResearch on policy network formation has contributed to an understanding of the patterns of interaction among political actors. Belief homophily, power seeking, and opportunity structures provide explanations studied for specific policy areas. This study tests these established theories in a different environment by asking: What drives policy network formation at the local level? From a review of the literature on policy networks and local politics, the study derives nine hypotheses, which are tested for a German municipality. Information and coordination networks have been collected among its councilors through an online survey. The study identifies the drivers of their formation utilizing exponential random graph models. Findings support the effects of party membership and perceived influence. They also point to the tendency of councilors to coordinate with the mayor and they emphasize local councils as an influential opportunity structure specific to local networks.
Aging and undocumented: The sociology of aging meets immigration status
Authors: Flores Morales Josefina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBeing undocumented is strongly correlated with low wages, employment in high risk occupations, and poor healthcare access. We know surprisingly little about the social lives of older undocumented adults despite the vast literature about youth and young undocumented migrants. Literature about the immigrant health paradox casts doubts on the argument that unequal social conditions translate to poorer self‐reported health and mortality, but few of these studies consider immigration status as the dynamic variable that it is. Reviewing research about older migrants and minorities, I point to the emergence of undocumented older persons as a demographic group that merits attention from researchers and policymakers. This nexus offers important lessons for understanding stratification and inequality. This review offers new research directions that take into account multilevel consequences of growing old undocumented. Rather than arguing that older‐aged undocumented migrants are aging into exclusion, I argue that we need careful empirical research to examine how the continuity of exclusion via policies can magnify inequalities on the basis of immigration status and racialization in older age.
Time alone well spent? A person‐centered analysis of adolescents' solitary activities
Authors: Hipson Will E. , Coplan Robert J. , Dufour Morgan , Wood Katherine R. , Bowker Julie C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough solitude has been portrayed as a potentially constructive domain in adolescence, time alone has been consistently associated with socio‐emotional maladjustment. To address this discrepancy, we explored how adolescents spend their time alone and the links between solitary activities and adjustment outcomes. Adolescents (N = 869, 68% female, Mage = 16.14 ± .50) completed self‐report measures assessing time alone, solitary activities, and indices of adjustment. Latent class analysis revealed three distinct groups based on solitary activities: Passive Media (53.3%), Engaged (i.e., constructive activities; 31.7%), and Thinking (15%). Differences also emerged among these three groups in terms of time alone, negative affect, and loneliness. Implications for the role of solitude in adolescent well‐being are discussed.
An Australian trial of the effectiveness of a discount reward to increase plasma donor retention and frequency of donation
Authors: Chell Kathleen , White Claire , Karki Surendra , Davison Tanya E. 
Published: March 2021

Background and ObjectivesEncouraging existing plasma donors to donate more frequently is a key objective for blood collection organizations committed to improving plasma self‐sufficiency through voluntary non‐remunerated donations. The aim of this paper is to present results from a pilot trial testing whether an in‐centre discount voucher reward could increase retention and donation frequency among new and repeat plasma donors.Materials and MethodsA sample of n = 1242 new and repeat plasma donors who presented to donate at the Civic Plasma Donor Centre in Canberra, Australia, over a 14‐week period participated in the trial. Of this group, n = 253 were offered a discount voucher for a local cafe (intervention group) and n = 989 received the business as usual approach in the donor centre (control group). The subsequent donation behaviour of participants was monitored over three months.ResultsOverall, 69·6% accepted the discount voucher, with 18·2% of those redeeming it. Those who accepted the voucher were younger and less experienced plasma donors. The intervention did not significantly increase the likelihood of return to donate compared to the control group; however, it did reduce the time to return to donate plasma. The overall rate of donation within 3 months was also significantly higher for donors who were offered the incentive than for the control group. Declining the offer did not negatively impact donors’ return behaviour.ConclusionThis paper provides new insights around strategies to increase plasma donation frequency, as well as donor response to introducing a discount voucher reward within a voluntary non‐remunerated donation system.
Lymphatic injury alters the contractility and mechanosensitivity of collecting lymphatics to intermittent pneumatic compression
Authors: Mukherjee Anish , Nepiyushchikh Zhanna , Michalaki Eleftheria , Dixon J. Brandon 
Published: March 2021

Key points
We present the first in vivo evidence that lymphatic contraction can entrain with an external oscillatory mechanical stimulus.
Lymphatic injury can alter collecting lymphatic contractility, but not much is known about how its mechanosensitivity to external pressure is affected, which is crucial given the current pressure application methods for treating lymphoedema.
We show that oscillatory pressure waves (OPW), akin to intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) therapy, optimally entrain lymphatic contractility and modulate function depending on the frequency and propagation speed of the OPW.
We show that the OPW‐induced entrainment and contractile function in the intact collecting lymphatics are enhanced 28 days after a contralateral lymphatic ligation surgery.
The results show that IPC efficacy can be improved through proper selection of OPW parameters, and that collecting lymphatics adapt their function and mechanosensitivity after a contralateral injury, switching their behaviour to a pump‐like configuration that may be more suited to the altered microenvironment.
AbstractIntermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) is commonly used to control the swelling due to lymphoedema, possibly modulating the collecting lymphatic function. Lymphoedema causes lymphatic contractile dysfunction, but the consequent alterations in the mechanosensitivity of lymphatics to IPC is not known. In the present work, the spatiotemporally varying oscillatory pressure waves (OPW) generated during IPC were simulated to study the modulation of lymphatic function by OPW under physiological and pathological conditions. OPW with three temporal frequencies and three propagation speeds were applied to rat tail collecting lymphatics. The entrainment of the lymphatics to OPW was significantly higher at a frequency of 0.05 Hz compared with 0.1 Hz and 0.2 Hz (P = 0.0054 and P = 0.014, respectively), but did not depend on the OPW propagation speed. Lymphatic function was significantly higher at a frequency of 0.05 Hz and propagation speed of 2.55 mm/s (P = 0.015). Exogenous nitric oxide was not found to alter OPW‐induced entrainment. A contralateral lymphatic ligation surgery was performed to simulate partial lymphatic injury in rat tails. The intact vessels showed a significant increase in entrainment to OPW, 28 days after ligation (compared with sham) (P = 0.016), with a similar increase in lymphatic transport function (P = 0.0029). The results suggest an enhanced mechanosensitivity of the lymphatics, along with a transition to a pump‐like behaviour, in response to a lymphatic injury. These results enhance our fundamental understanding of how lymphatic mechanosensitivity assists the coordination of lymphatic contractility and how this might be leveraged in IPC therapy.
Elite Junior Throwers Unlikely to Remain at the Top Level in the Senior Category
Authors: Boccia Gennaro , Cardinale Marco , Brustio Paolo Riccardo 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: This study investigated (1) the transition rate of elite world-class throwers, (2) the age of peak performance in either elite junior and/or elite senior athletes, and (3) if relative age effect (RAE) influences the chance of being considered elite in junior and/or senior category. Methods: The career performance trajectories of 5108 throwers (49.9% females) were extracted from the World Athletics database. The authors identified throwers who had reached the elite level (operationally defined as the World all-time top 50 ranked for each age category) in either junior and/or senior category and calculated the junior-to-senior transition rate. The age of peak performance and the RAE were also investigated. Results: The transition rate at 16 and 18 years of age was 6% and 12% in males and 16% and 24% in females, respectively. Furthermore, elite senior throwers reached their personal best later in life than elite junior throwers. The athletes of both genders considered elite in the junior category showed a large RAE. Interestingly, male athletes who reached the elite level in senior category also showed appreciable RAE. Conclusions: Only a few of the athletes who reach the top 50 in the world at 16 or 18 years of age manage to become elite senior athletes, underlining that success at the beginning of an athletic career does not predict success in the athlete’s senior career. Moreover, data suggest that being relatively older may confer a benefit across the whole career of male throwers.
How does hormone transition in transgender women change body composition, muscle strength and haemoglobin? Systematic review with a focus on the implications for sport participation
Authors: Harper Joanna , O'Donnell Emma , Sorouri Khorashad Behzad , McDermott Hilary , Witcomb Gemma L 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesWe systemically reviewed the literature to assess how long-term testosterone suppressing gender-affirming hormone therapy influenced lean body mass (LBM), muscular area, muscular strength and haemoglobin (Hgb)/haematocrit (HCT).DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesFour databases (BioMed Central, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched in April 2020 for papers from 1999 to 2020.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesEligible studies were those that measured at least one of the variables of interest, included transwomen and were written in English.ResultsTwenty-four studies were identified and reviewed. Transwomen experienced significant decreases in all parameters measured, with different time courses noted. After 4 months of hormone therapy, transwomen have Hgb/HCT levels equivalent to those of cisgender women. After 12 months of hormone therapy, significant decreases in measures of strength, LBM and muscle area are observed. The effects of longer duration therapy (36 months) in eliciting further decrements in these measures are unclear due to paucity of data. Notwithstanding, values for strength, LBM and muscle area in transwomen remain above those of cisgender women, even after 36 months of hormone therapy.ConclusionIn transwomen, hormone therapy rapidly reduces Hgb to levels seen in cisgender women. In contrast, hormone therapy decreases strength, LBM and muscle area, yet values remain above that observed in cisgender women, even after 36 months. These findings suggest that strength may be well preserved in transwomen during the first 3 years of hormone therapy.
Parental assessment of disease severity in febrile children under 5 years of age: a qualitative study
Authors: Kuijpers Dora L , Peeters Daphne , Boom Nina C , van de Maat Josephine , Oostenbrink Rianne , Driessen Gertjan J A 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo explore how parents judge disease severity of their febrile child and to identify symptoms they associate with serious illness, minor illness or health.DesignSemistructured interviews were conducted. Interviews were audio taped, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.ParticipantsParents of children aged 0–5 years with a febrile illness.SettingParticipants were recruited at the paediatric ward and the emergency department.ResultsTwenty-six interviews were conducted, in which 37 parents participated. Parents described disease severity of their child mainly in terms of changes in their child’s normal characteristics (behaviour and physical features). They found it harder to describe specific disease symptoms such as dyspnoea or dehydration. Their child being active, eating and drinking well, and smiling were perceived as reassuring, whereas high fever, moving very little and uncertainty about the type of infections were mentioned as alarming symptoms. Previous experience with febrile illnesses in their children was of great influence on the number and accuracy of symptoms they reported.ConclusionParents used the normal behaviour and physical features of their child as a reference frame for judging disease severity. With a larger deviation from the child’s normal characteristics, parents considered the illness more serious. They were less able to describe specific symptoms of disease such as dyspnoea or dehydration. This knowledge is important for clinicians in their communication with parents of children with febrile illness.
ANalgesic Efficacy and safety of MOrphiNe versus methoxyflurane in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the rationale and design of the ANEMON-SIRIO 3 study: a multicentre, open-label, phase II, randomised clinical trial
Authors: Kubica Aldona , Kosobucka Agata , Niezgoda Piotr , Adamski Piotr , Buszko Katarzyna , Lesiak Maciej , Wojakowski Wojciech , Gasior Mariusz , Gorący Jarosław , Kleinrok Andrzej , Nadolny Klaudiusz , Navarese Eliano , Kubica Jacek 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionThe unfavourable influence of morphine on the pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor resulting in weaker and retarded antiplatelet effect in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has been previously shown. Replacing morphine with methoxyflurane, a potent, non-opioid analgesic agent, that does not weaken or delay the effect of antiplatelet agents may improve the clinical efficacy of treatment of patients with ACS.MethodsThe ANEMON-SIRIO 3 study was designed as a multicentre, open-label, phase II, randomised clinical trial aimed to test the analgesic efficacy and safety of methoxyflurane in patients with ACS. The study population will comprise patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction or non-ST-elevation ACS admitted to the study centres with typical chest pain requiring analgesic treatment. Before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the patients with index ACS will be randomly assigned in 1:1 ratio to receive methoxyflurane administered by inhalation, or to obtain morphine administered intravenously. Analgesic treatment will be followed by 300 mg loading dose of aspirin and 180 mg loading dose of ticagrelor. Patients will be assessed with regard to pain intensity according to the Numeric Pain Rating Scale at baseline, 3 min after study drug administration and immediately after PCI. Moreover, patients will be actively monitored with regard to the occurrence of side effects of evaluated therapies, as well as adverse events that may be related to insufficient platelet inhibition (no-reflow phenomenon assessed immediately after PCI, administration of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors during PCI, acute stent thrombosis).Ethics and disseminationThe study will be conducted in six Polish clinical centres from the beginning of in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.Trial registration detailsClinicalTrials.gov,NCT04476173.
Real classical geometry with arbitrary deficit parameter(s) $$\alpha (_{I})$$ in deformed Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity
Authors: Momeni Davood 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn interesting deformation of Jackiw–Teitelboim (JT) gravity has been proposed by Witten by adding a potential term $$U(\phi )$$

U
(
ϕ
)

as a self-coupling of the scalar dilaton field. During calculating the path integral over fields, a constraint comes from integration over $$\phi $$
ϕ
as $$R(x)+2=2\alpha \delta (\vec {x}-\vec {x}')$$

R

(
x
)

+
2
=
2
α
δ

(

x
→

-

x
→

′

)

. The resulting Euclidean metric suffered from a conical singularity at $$\vec {x}=\vec {x}'$$

x
→

=

x
→

′

. A possible geometry is modeled locally in polar coordinates $$(r,\varphi )$$

(
r
,
φ
)

by $$\mathrm{d}s^2=\mathrm{d}r^2+r^2\mathrm{d}\varphi ^2,\varphi \cong \varphi +2\pi -\alpha $$

d

s
2

=
d

r
2

+

r
2

d

φ
2

,
φ
≅
φ
+
2
π
-
α

. In this letter we show that there exists another family of ”exact” geometries for arbitrary values of the $$\alpha $$
α
. A pair of exact solutions are found for the case of $$\alpha =0$$

α
=
0

. One represents the static patch of the AdS and the other one is the non-static patch of the AdS metric. These solutions were used to construct the Green function for the inhomogeneous model with $$\alpha \ne 0$$

α
≠
0

. We address a type of phase transition between different patches of the AdS in theory because of the discontinuity in the first derivative of the metric at $$x=x'$$

x
=

x
′

. We extended the study to the exact space of metrics satisfying the constraint $$R(x)+2=2\sum _{i=1}^{k}\alpha _i\delta ^{(2)}(x-x'_i)$$

R

(
x
)

+
2
=
2

∑

i
=
1

k

α
i

δ

(
2
)

(
x
-

x
i
′

)

as a modulus diffeomorphisms for an arbitrary set of deficit parameters $$(\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\ldots ,\alpha _k)$$

(

α
1

,

α
2

,
…
,

α
k

)

. The space is the moduli space of Riemann surfaces of genus g with k conical singularities located at $$x'_k$$

x
k
′

, denoted by $$\mathcal {M}_{g,k}$$

M

g
,
k

.
Spin-dependence of gravity-mediated dark matter in warped extra-dimensions
Authors: Folgado Miguel G. , Donini Andrea , Rius Nuria 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe study the possibility that Dark Matter (DM) particles of spin 0, 1/2 or 1 may interact gravitationally with Standard Model (SM) particles within the framework of a warped Randall–Sundrum (RS) model. Both the Dark Matter and the Standard Model particles are assumed to be confined to the infra-red (IR) brane and only interchange Kaluza–Klein excitations of the graviton and the radion (adopting the Goldberger–Wise mechanism to stabilize the size of the extra-dimension). We analyze the different DM annihilation channels and find that the presently observed Dark Matter relic abundance, $$\Omega _{\mathrm{DM}}$$

Ω
DM

, can be obtained within the freeze-out mechanism for DM particles of all considered spins. This extends our first work concerning scalar DM in RS scenarios (Folgado et al., in JHEP 01:161. 10.1007/JHEP01(2020)161, 2020) and put it on equal footing with our second work in which we studied DM particles of spin 0, 1/2 and 1 in the framework of the Clockwork/Linear Dilaton (CW/LD) model (Folgado et al., in JHEP 20:036. 10.1007/JHEP04(2020)036, 2020). We study the region of the model parameter space for which $$\Omega _{\mathrm{DM}}$$

Ω
DM

is achieved and compare it with the different experimental and theoretical bounds. We find that, for DM particles mass $$m_{\mathrm{DM}} \in [1,15]$$

m
DM

∈

[
1
,
15
]

TeV, most of the parameter space is excluded by the current constraints or will be excluded by the LHC Run III or by the LHC upgrade, the HL-LHC. The observed DM relic abundance can still be achieved for DM masses $$m_{\mathrm{DM}} \in [4,15]$$

m
DM

∈

[
4
,
15
]

TeV and $$m_{G_1} < 10$$

m

G
1

<
10

TeV for scalar and vector boson Dark Matter. On the other hand, for spin 1/2 fermion Dark Matter, only a tiny region with $$m_{\mathrm{DM }} \in [4, 15]$$

m
DM

∈

[
4
,
15
]

TeV, $$m_{G_1} \in [5,10]$$

m

G
1

∈

[
5
,
10
]

TeV and $$\Lambda > m_{G_1}$$

Λ
>

m

G
1

is compatible with theoretical and experimental bounds. We have also studied the impact of the radion in the phenomenology, finding that it does not modify significantly the allowed region for DM particles of any spin (differently from the CW/LD case, where its impact was quite significant in the case of scalar DM). We, eventually, briefly compare results in RS with those obtained in the CW/LD model.