bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Older Europeans’ health perception and their adaptive behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Spitzer Sonja , Shaikh Mujaheed , Weber Daniela 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Although older adults are more vulnerable to the COVID-19 virus, a significant proportion of them do not follow recommended guidelines concerning preventive actions during the ongoing pandemic. This article analyses the role of biased health beliefs for adaptive health behaviour such as reduced mobility, protection in public spaces and hygiene measures, for the population aged 50 and older in 13 European countries.

Methods
Health perception is measured based on the difference between self-reported health and physical performance tests for over 24 000 individuals included in the most recent Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Logistic regressions are employed to explore how over- and underestimating health are related to preventive behaviours.

Results
Results suggest that older adults who underestimate their health are more likely to show adaptive behaviour related to mobility reductions. In particular, they are more likely to stay at home, shop less and go for walks less often. In contrast, overestimating health is not significantly associated with reduced mobility. Protective behaviour in public spaces and adopting hygiene measures do not vary systematically between health perception groups.

Conclusion
As health beliefs appear relevant for the adoption of preventive health behaviours related to mobility, they have serious consequences for the health and well-being of older Europeans. Although adaptive behaviour helps to contain the virus, exaggerated mobility reduction in those who underestimate their health might be contributing to the already high social isolation and loneliness of older adults during the ongoing pandemic.
Quantification of Mucosal Activity from Colonoscopy Reports via the Simplified Endoscopic Mucosal Assessment for Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Adler Jeremy , Eder Sally J , Gebremariam Acham , Moran Christopher J , Bass Lee M , Moses Jonathan , Lewis Jeffery D , Singer Andrew A M , Morhardt Tina L , Picoraro Joseph A , Cardenas Vanessa , Zacur George M , Colletti Richard B 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Endoscopic mucosal healing is the gold standard for evaluating Crohn’s disease (CD) treatment efficacy. Standard endoscopic indices are not routinely used in clinical practice, limiting the quality of retrospective research. A method for retrospectively quantifying mucosal activity from documentation is needed. We evaluated the simplified endoscopic mucosal assessment for CD (SEMA-CD) to determine if it can accurately quantify mucosal severity recorded in colonoscopy reports.

Methods
Pediatric patients with CD underwent colonoscopy that was video recorded and evaluated via Simple Endoscopic Score for CD (SES-CD) and SEMA-CD by central readers. Corresponding colonoscopy reports were de-identified. Central readers blinded to clinical history and video scoring were randomly assigned colonoscopy reports with and without images. The SEMA-CD was scored for each report. Correlation with video SES-CD and SEMA-CD were assessed with Spearman rho, inter-rater, and intrarater reliability with kappa statistics.

Results
Fifty-seven colonoscopy reports were read a total of 347 times. The simplified endoscopic mucosal assessment for CD without images correlated with both SES-CD and SEMA-CD from videos (rho = 0.82, P &lt; .0001 for each). The addition of images provided similar correlation. Inter-rater and intrarater reliability were 0.93 and 0.92, respectively.

Conclusions
The SEMA-CD applied to retrospective evaluation of colonoscopy reports accurately and reproducibly correlates with SES-CD and SEMA-CD of colonoscopy videos. The SEMA-CD for evaluating colonoscopy reports will enable quantifying mucosal healing in retrospective research. Having objective outcome data will enable higher-quality research to be conducted across multicenter collaboratives and in clinical registries. External validation is needed.
Stabilization parameter analysis of a second-order linear numerical scheme for the nonlocal Cahn–Hilliard equation
Authors: Li Xiao , Qiao Zhonghua , Wang Cheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA second-order accurate (in time) and linear numerical scheme is proposed and analyzed for the nonlocal Cahn–Hilliard equation. The backward differentiation formula is used as the temporal discretization, while an explicit extrapolation is applied to the nonlinear term and the concave expansive term. In addition, an $O (\varDelta {t}^2)$ artificial regularization term, in the form of $A \varDelta _N (\phi ^{n+1} - 2 \phi ^n + \phi ^{n-1})$, is added for the sake of numerical stability. The resulting constant-coefficient linear scheme brings great numerical convenience; however, its theoretical analysis turns out to be very challenging, due to the lack of higher-order diffusion in the nonlocal model. In fact, a rough energy stability analysis can be derived, where an assumption on the $\ell ^\infty $ bound of the numerical solution is required. To recover such an $\ell ^\infty $ bound, an optimal rate convergence analysis has to be conducted, which combines a high-order consistency analysis for the numerical system and the stability estimate for the error function. We adopt a novel test function for the error equation, so that a higher-order temporal truncation error is derived to match the accuracy for discretizing the temporal derivative. Under the view that the numerical solution is actually a small perturbation of the exact solution, a uniform $\ell ^\infty $ bound of the numerical solution can be obtained, by resorting to the error estimate under a moderate constraint of the time step size. Therefore, the result of the energy stability is restated with a new assumption on the stabilization parameter $A$. Some numerical experiments are carried out to display the behavior of the proposed second-order scheme, including the convergence tests and long-time coarsening dynamics.
NDM-1 carbapenemase resistance gene vehicles emergent on distinct plasmid backbones from the IncL/M family
Authors: Lopez-Diaz Maria , Ellaby Nicholas , Turton Jane , Woodford Neil , Tomas Maria , Ellington Matthew J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the genetic contexts surrounding blaNDM-1 genes carried on IncM plasmids harboured by six carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) isolates referred to the UK Health Security Agency’s Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit.

Methods
Between 2014 and 2018, the AMRHAI Reference Unit undertook WGS of CPE isolates using Illumina NGS. Nanopore sequencing was used for selected isolates and publicly available plasmid references were downloaded. Analysis of incRNA, which encodes the antisense RNA regulating plasmidic repA gene expression, was performed and bioinformatics tools were used to analyse whole plasmid sequences.

Results
Of 894 NDM-positive isolates of Enterobacterales, 44 NDM-1-positive isolates of five different species (Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca) encoded the IncRNA locus of IncM2 plasmids. Long-read sequencing of six diverse isolates revealed related IncM2, NDM-1-encoding plasmids. Plasmid ‘backbone’ areas were conserved and contrasted with highly variable resistance regions. Sub-groupings of IncM2 plasmids encoding blaNDM-1 were detected; one sub-group occurred in five different health regions of England in every year. The diversity of NDM-1-encoding resistance gene integrons and transposons and their insertions sites in the plasmids indicated that NDM-1 has been acquired repeatedly by IncM2 variants.

Conclusions
The use of sequencing helped inform: (i) a wide geographical distribution of isolates encoding NDM-1 on emergent IncM2 plasmids; (ii) variant plasmids have acquired NDM-1 separately; and (iii) dynamic arrangements and evolution of the resistance elements in this plasmid group. The geographical and temporal distribution of IncM2 plasmids that encode NDM-1 highlights them as a public health threat that requires ongoing monitoring.
Almost Equal: Consumption under Fragmented Stigma
Authors: Eichert Christian A , Luedicke Marius K 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
How do historically stigmatized social groups consume strategically when they have achieved greater recognition, status, and respectability in society? Based on a seven-year interpretive social representations analysis of gay men in Germany, the authors first show that dominant, stigmatizing representations of such groups do not ameliorate uniformly and for all. Instead, they fragment into oppressive, enabling, and normalized societal representations that different consumers encounter to different degrees in their everyday lives. In the wake of these societal shifts, the stigmatized group itself disintegrates into five representational subgroups, referred to as underground, discrete, hybrid, assimilated, and post-stigma social groups. These subgroups use consumption for different and partly opposing strategic purposes, such as hiding and denial, collective resistance, and deconstruction of differences. The authors synthesize their findings into a conceptual model of consumption under fragmented stigma that extends prior research on consumption under dominant and total stigma configurations and suggests ways in which consumption can not only mitigate but also reinforce stigma. In doing so, they also shed light on the complex lived experiences of a vulnerable social group that has become almost equal.
Heat Treatments for Killing Apple Maggot Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Puparia for Application in Disinfesting Organic Yard Waste
Authors: Yee Wee L , Kruger Chad E , O’Neill Tim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Organic yard waste from western Washington, U.S. that may contain puparia of apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), had been moved to central Washington for composting, threatening the $3 billion apple industry concentrated in that region. Heating waste to kill fly puparia before it is transported could be a solution to this problem. Here, we report results of studies in 2016–2021 that sought to identify a minimum heat treatment simulating that obtained using a low-pressure steam generator for maximizing kill of R. pomonella puparia. In two experiments, puparia were exposed to temperatures ramped linearly over 6 h from 21°C to 47.8, 51.1, 55.0, or 60.0°C in an oven. The 47.8, 51.1, and 55°C treatments did not achieve 100% mortality, although only one adult fly from 4,000 puparia was found in the 55°C treatment, while no puparia survived the 60°C treatment. In a third, similar experiment, no puparia out of 2,400 exposed to 55°C survived. In a fourth and final experiment conducted over 3 years, no puparia out of 61,223 exposed to a 6-h ramp from 21°C to 55°C followed by a 1-h hold time at 55°C produced flies. In addition, all puparia in this treatment died. Based on 42.3 to 69.8% control survival, 31,217 puparia were killed by this treatment with no survivors, for a probit 8.7190 level of security. Results suggest that the 55°C and 1-h hold time treatment here is close to the minimum heat regime needed for disinfesting organic waste of R. pomonella puparia.
Virulence of the Bio-Control Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum Against Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Liu Ze , Liu Fang-Fang , Li Hao , Zhang Wen-Ting , Wang Qian , Zhang Bang-Xian , Sun Yan-Xia , Rao Xiang-Jun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Eco-friendly entomopathogenic fungi are widely used to control agricultural insect pests. Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom.) Luangsa-ard et al. (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) is a nematophagous fungus used for the bio-control of destructive root-knot nematodes. However, its insecticidal activities against agricultural insect pests haven’t been widely studied. In this study, P. lilacinum PL-1 was isolated from soil (Hefei, China) and identified by molecular and morphological analyses. The growth rate, spore production, proteinase, and chitinase activities of the isolate were analyzed. Virulence tests against green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were performed. The median lethal concentration (LC50) and median lethal time (LT50) against aphids (via immersion) and LT50 against FAW (via injection) were determined. FAW eggs immersed in aqueous conidia suspension were infected after 60 h. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the infection of FAW larvae by P. lilacinum were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The significantly upregulated DEGs include FAW immune genes (antimicrobial peptides, C-type lectins, lysozymes, prophenoloxidase, and peptidoglycan recognition proteins) and fungal pathogenic genes (ligase, chitinase, and hydrophobin). Our data demonstrate that P. lilacinum can be used as an entomopathogenic fungus against agricultural insect pests.
The German transposition of Article 17 of the Copyright DSM Directive and its ‘presumed legal use’: incompatible with EU law or a model for balancing fundamental rights in the age of upload filters?
Authors: Hümmer Finn J 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
• With its Copyright Service Provider Act, the German legislator implemented its final version of Article 17 CDSMD into national law as of 1 August 2021. After the compatibility with European Union (EU) law was rightly doubted in previous drafts, the situation in the final implementation is now different. With the introduction of ‘presumed legal use’, a mechanism was found that is to locate somewhere between a presumption and an exception or limitation.
• The classification is of utmost practical relevance because this construction is found in neither Article 17 CDSMD nor Article 5 InfoSoc Directive.1Therefore, if the mechanism of ‘presumed legal use’ is considered as an exception or limitation, compatibility with EU law can hardly be justified. This article explains the German regulatory mechanism and the considerations behind it and presents arguments for and against compatibility with European law.
• The thesis is that the mechanism in its current form is unlikely to meet the requirements under EU law. At the same time, there are good reasons for such an implementation, as it meets the challenges for a balance between fundamental rights probably in the best possible way under the current EU legislative framework.
A Population Genomic Assessment of Three Decades of Evolution in a Natural Drosophila Population
Authors: Lange Jeremy D , Bastide Héloïse , Lack Justin B , Pool John E 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Population genetics seeks to illuminate the forces shaping genetic variation, often based on a single snapshot of genomic variation. However, utilizing multiple sampling times to study changes in allele frequencies can help clarify the relative roles of neutral and non-neutral forces on short time scales. This study compares whole-genome sequence variation of recently collected natural population samples of Drosophila melanogaster against a collection made approximately 35 years prior from the same locality—encompassing roughly 500 generations of evolution. The allele frequency changes between these time points would suggest a relatively small local effective population size on the order of 10,000, significantly smaller than the global effective population size of the species. Some loci display stronger allele frequency changes than would be expected anywhere in the genome under neutrality—most notably the tandem paralogs Cyp6a17 and Cyp6a23, which are impacted by structural variation associated with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. We find a genome-wide excess of outliers for high genetic differentiation between old and new samples, but a larger number of adaptation targets may have affected SNP-level differentiation versus window differentiation. We also find evidence for strengthening latitudinal allele frequency clines: northern-associated alleles have increased in frequency by an average of nearly 2.5% at SNPs previously identified as clinal outliers, but no such pattern is observed at random SNPs. This project underscores the scientific potential of using multiple sampling time points to investigate how evolution operates in natural populations, by quantifying how genetic variation has changed over ecologically relevant timescales.
Very short mountings are enough for sperm transfer inLittorina saxatilis
Authors: Perini Samuel , Butlin RogerK , Westram AnjaM , Johannesson Kerstin 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTConflict over reproduction between females and males exists because of anisogamy and promiscuity. Together they generate differences in fitness optima between the sexes and result in antagonistic coevolution of female and male reproductive traits. Mounting duration is likely to be a compromise between male and female interests whose outcome depends on the intensity of sexual selection. The timing of sperm transfer during mounting is critical. For example, mountings may be interrupted before sperm is transferred as a consequence of female or male choice, or they may be prolonged to function as mate guarding. In the highly promiscuous intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis, mountings vary substantially in duration, from less than a minute to more than an hour, and it has been assumed that mountings of a few minutes do not result in any sperm being transferred. Here, we examined the timing of sperm transfer, a reproductive trait that is likely affected by sexual conflict. We performed time-controlled mounting trials using L. saxatilis males and virgin females, aiming to examine indirectly when the transfer of sperm starts. We observed the relationship between mounting duration and the proportion of developing embryos out of all eggs and embryos in the brood pouch. Developing embryos were observed in similar proportions in all treatments (i.e. 1, 5 and 10 or more minutes at which mountings were artificially interrupted), suggesting that sperm transfer begins rapidly (within 1 min) in L. saxatilis and very short matings do not result in sperm shortage in the females. We discuss how the observed pattern can be influenced by predation risk, population density, and female status and receptivity.
Music Therapy Pre-internship Education and Training: Support for a Methods-Based Approach
Authors: Gardstrom Susan C , Hiller James , Heiderscheit Annie , Jackson Nancy L 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As music therapists, music is our primary realm of understanding and action and our distinctive way of joining with a client to help them attain optimal health and well-being. As such, we have adopted and advocate for a music-focused, methods-based (M-B) approach to music therapy pre-internship education and training. In an M-B approach, students’ learning is centered on the 4 music therapy methods of composing, improvising, re-creating, and listening to music and how these music experiences can be designed and implemented to address the health needs of the diverse clientele whom they will eventually encounter as practicing clinicians. Learning is highly experiential, with students authentically participating in each of the methods and reflecting on these self-experiences as a basis for their own clinical decision-making. This is differentiated from a population based (P-B) approach, wherein students’ attention is directed at acquiring knowledge about the non-musical problems of specific “clinical populations” and the “best practice” music interventions that are presumed to address these problems. Herein, we discuss both approaches, identifying the limitations of a P-B perspective and outlining the benefits of an M-B curriculum and its relevance to 21st-century music therapy practice.
Resist nanokirigami for multipurpose patterning
Authors: Liu Qing , Chen Yiqin , Feng Zhanyong , Shu Zhiwen , Duan Huigao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Resist-based patterning solutions play essential roles in modern micro- and nanoscale science and technology. The commonly used ‘resist’ patterning strategy depends on selective-area scission or cross-linking of resist molecules under the action of an energy beam. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a different resist-patterning strategy, termed ‘resist nanokirigami’, in which the resist structures are defined by their outlines and revealed by selective mechanical peeling of the unwanted resist film. Unlike conventional resist-based patterning processes, the final resist-nanokirigami structures do not undergo exposure and the exposure area is dramatically reduced. With these two advantages, a variety of functional structures that are difficult or impossible to fabricate by conventional processes, such as inverse nanostructures and their oligomers, multi-scale electrodes and freestanding plasmonic nanogaps, can be easily achieved with much higher efficiency. Thus, with its unique and complementary capabilities, the resist-nanokirigami process provides a new patterning solution that expands the family of lithography techniques and will play a significant role in fabricating multi-scale functional structures.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS WITH FULL-FIELD DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY, DIGITAL BREAST TOMOSYNTHESIS AND CONTRAST-ENHANCED SPECTRAL MAMMOGRAPHY
Authors: Avramova-Cholakova Simona , Kulama Eugenia , Daskalov Sivo , Loveland John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The purpose is to compare full-field digital mammography (FFDM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) technologies on three mammography systems in terms of image quality and patient dose. Two Senographe Essential with DBT and CESM (denoted S1 and S2) and one Selenia Dimensions (S3) with FFDM and DBT were considered. Dosimetry methods recommended in the European protocol were used. Image quality was tested with CDMAM in FFDM and DBT and with ideal observer method in FFDM. Mean values of mean glandular dose (MGD) from whole patient samples on S1, S2 and S3 were as follows: FFDM 1.65, 1.84 and 2.23 mGy; DBT 2.03, 1.96 and 2.87 mGy; CESM 2.65 and 3.16 mGy, respectively. S3 exhibited better low-contrast detectability for the smallest sized discs of CDMAM and ideal observer in FFDM, and for the largest sized discs in DBT, at similar dose levels.
Reconnecting Religion and Community in a Small City: How Urban Amenities Afford Religious Amenities
Authors: Dugandzic Audra 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecently, sociologists of religion have argued that rather than treating geographical location as a mere backdrop against which religion happens, scholars ought to theorize how place characteristics influence, and are shaped by, religion. In particular, they focus on urbanicity, a key variable in the secularization debate. Drawing on interviews with 50 Catholic and non-Catholic residents of a small city just outside of Washington, D.C. along with participant observation data, I argue that one way to examine how urbanicity—and space and place more generally—matters for religion is to identify its affordances, or features of an environment that allow for certain lines of action. Specifically, I show how urban amenities can afford the creation of religious amenities that support religious practice. I also demonstrate how the concepts of affordances and amenities can be used to theorize place characteristics, and their relationship with religion, more systematically.