bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic Signatures Supporting the Symbiosis and Formation of Chitinous Tube in the Deep-Sea Tubeworm Paraescarpia echinospica
Authors: Sun Yanan , Sun Jin , Yang Yi , Lan Yi , Ip Jack Chi-Ho , Wong Wai Chuen , Kwan Yick Hang , Zhang Yanjie , Han Zhuang , Qiu Jian-Wen , Qian Pei-Yuan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Vestimentiferan tubeworms are iconic animals that present as large habitat-forming chitinized tube bushes in deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. They are gutless and depend entirely on their endosymbiotic sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria for nutrition. Information on the genomes of several siboglinid endosymbionts has improved our understanding of their nutritional supplies. However, the interactions between tubeworms and their endosymbionts remain largely unclear due to a paucity of host genomes. Here, we report the chromosome-level genome of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Paraescarpia echinospica. We found that the genome has been remodeled to facilitate symbiosis through the expansion of gene families related to substrate transfer and innate immunity, suppression of apoptosis, regulation of lysosomal digestion, and protection against oxidative stress. Furthermore, the genome encodes a programmed cell death pathway that potentially controls the endosymbiont population. Our integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses uncovered matrix proteins required for the formation of the chitinous tube and revealed gene family expansion and co-option as evolutionary mechanisms driving the acquisition of this unique supporting structure for deep-sea tubeworms. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the host’s support system that has enabled tubeworms to establish symbiosis, thrive in deep-sea hot vents and cold seeps, and produce the unique chitinous tubes in the deep sea.
Interposition Grafting of the Facial Nerve After Resection of a Large Facial Nerve Schwannoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Ibn Essayed Walid , Aboud Emad , Al-Mefty Ossama 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Facial nerve schwannomas can develop at any portion of the facial nerve.
1
When arising from the mastoid portion of the facial nerve, the tumor will progressively erode the mastoid, giving the schwannoma an aggressive radiological appearance.
1,2
The facial nerve is frequently already paralyzed, or no fascicles can be saved during resection. In these cases, end-to-end interposition grafting is the best option for facial reanimation.
1,3-5
The healthy proximal and distal facial nerves are prepared prior to grafting. The great auricular nerve is readily available near the surgical site and represents an excellent graft donor with minimal associated morbidity.
4,6
We demonstrate this technique through a case of a 48-yr-old male who presented with a complete right-sided facial nerve palsy due to a large facial schwannoma that invaded the mastoid and extended to the hypoglossal canal, causing hypoglossal nerve paralysis, and petrous carotid canal. His 4-yr follow-up showed no recurrent tumor with restored facial nerve function palsy to a House-Brackman grade III, and full recovery of his hypoglossal nerve function.
The patient consented to the surgery and the publication of his image.
Artificial intelligence and productivity: an intangible assets approach
Authors: Corrado Carol , Haskel Jonathan , Jona-Lasinio Cecilia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Can artificial intelligence (AI) raise productivity? If we regard AI as a combination of software, hardware, and database use, then it can be modelled as a combination of the deployment of intangible and tangible assets. Since some are measured and some are not, then conventional productivity analysis might miss the contribution of AI. We set out whether there is any evidence to support this view.
The Association Between Chronic Pain Conditions and Subclinical and Clinical Anxiety Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults Consulting in Primary Care
Authors: D’Aiuto Carina , Gamm Simone , Grenier Sébastien , Vasiliadis Helen-Maria 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
To examine associations between chronic pain conditions, pain level, and subclinical/clinical anxiety in community-dwelling older adults.

Design
Cross-sectional associations were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression to compare the odds of having subclinical/clinical anxiety by painful condition and pain level, controlling for confounders.

Setting
Participants were recruited in primary care waiting rooms to take part in the first wave of the Étude sur la Santé des Aînés (ESA)-Services study.

Subjects
In total, 1,608 older adults aged 65+.

Methods
Clinical anxiety was assessed using DSM-IV criteria. Subclinical anxiety was considered present when participants endorsed symptoms of anxiety but did not fulfill clinical diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. Painful chronic conditions included arthritis, musculoskeletal conditions, gastrointestinal problems, and headaches/migraines. Presence of painful conditions was assessed using combined self-report and health administrative data sources. Pain level was self-reported on an ordinal scale. Physical comorbidities were identified from ICD-9/10 diagnostic codes and depression was evaluated based on the DSM-IV.

Results
Sixty-six percent of home-living older adults suffer from a chronic pain condition. Older adults with clinical anxiety are more likely to experience musculoskeletal pain, gastrointestinal problems, headaches/migraines, and higher pain levels compared to those with no anxiety. Also, those with ≥3 painful conditions are at greater risk for subclinical and clinical anxiety compared to those with no painful condition.

Conclusions
These results emphasize the need for assessing anxiety symptoms in older adults with chronic pain conditions. Comprehensive management of comorbid chronic pain and psychopathology might help reduce the burden for patients and the healthcare system.
Parenthood, Gender, and the Risks and Consequences of Job Loss
Authors: Fuller Sylvia , Qian Yue 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Job loss can be difficult to navigate for individuals and their families. However, we know very little about the relationship between parental status and job loss. Drawing on rich data from Statistics Canada’s Workplace and Employee Survey, we analyse differences across gender and parental status groups in both risks of job loss and its consequences: re-employment, unemployment, and quality of new jobs relative to those that were lost. We find that parenthood reduces the probability of job loss for prime-age men with young children, but only when employer discretion is involved. This advantage is not shared by otherwise similar mothers or fathers of school-aged children, suggesting that employers are particularly sympathetic to risks to men’s breadwinning role in the early years of fatherhood. Despite similar risks of job loss relative to other groups, mothers of young children are the least likely to be re-employed in the subsequent year, mainly because of their higher levels of labour market withdrawal rather than unemployment. Holding out for “family friendly” work arrangements does not seem to account for this pattern. Overall, our results show that the risks and consequences of job loss strengthen connection to employment for fathers of young children while weakening connection for mothers. Job loss dynamics thus not only reflect but also reinforce asymmetrical breadwinning and caring roles for mothers and fathers of preschool-aged children.
Measuring Splash Dispersal of a Major Wheat Pathogen in the Field
Authors: Karisto Petteri , Suffert Frédéric , Mikaberidze Alexey 
Published: July 2021

Capacity for dispersal is a fundamental fitness component of plant pathogens. Characterization of plant pathogen dispersal is important for understanding how pathogen populations change in time and space. We devised a systematic approach to measure and analyze rain splash-driven dispersal of plant pathogens in field conditions, using the major fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici as a case study. We inoculated field plots of wheat ( Triticum aestivum) with two distinct Z. tritici strains. Next, we measured disease intensity as counts of fruiting bodies (pycnidia) using automated image analysis. These measurements characterized primary disease gradients, which we used to estimate effective dispersal of the pathogen population. Genotyping of reisolated pathogen strains with strain-specific PCR confirmed the conclusions drawn from phenotypic data. Consistently with controlled environment studies, we found that the characteristic scale of dispersal is tens of centimeters. We analyzed the data using a spatially explicit mathematical model that incorporates the spatial extent of the source, rather than assuming a point source, which allows for a more accurate estimation of dispersal kernels. We employed bootstrapping methods for statistical testing and adopted a two-dimensional hypotheses test based on kernel density estimation, enabling more robust inference compared with standard methods. We report the first estimates of dispersal kernels of the pathogen in field conditions. However, repeating the experiment in other environments would lead to more robust conclusions. We put forward advanced methodology that paves the way for further measurements of plant pathogen dispersal in field conditions, which can inform spatially targeted plant disease management. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Association of Simulation Training With Rates of Medical Malpractice Claims Among Obstetrician–Gynecologists
Authors: Schaffer Adam C. , Babayan Astrid , Einbinder Jonathan S. , Sato Luke , Gardner Roxane 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To compare malpractice claim rates before and after participation in simulation training, which focused on team training during a high-acuity clinical case.

METHODS:
We performed a retrospective analysis comparing the claim rates before and after simulation training among 292 obstetrician–gynecologists, all of whom were insured by the same malpractice insurer, who attended one or more simulation training sessions from 2002 to 2019. The insurer provided malpractice claims data involving study physicians, along with durations of coverage, which we used to calculate claim rates, expressed as claims per 100 physician coverage years. We used three different time periods in our presimulation and postsimulation training claim rates comparisons: the entire study period, 2 years presimulation and postsimulation training, and 1 year presimulation and postsimulation training. Secondary outcomes included indemnity payment amounts, percent of claims paid, and injury severity.

RESULTS:
Compared with presimulation training, malpractice claim rates were significantly lower postsimulation training for the full study period (11.2 vs 5.7 claims per 100 physician coverage years; P<.001) and the 2 years presimulation and postsimulation training (9.2 vs 5.4 claims per 100 physician coverage years; P=.043). For the 1 year presimulation and postsimulation training comparison, the decrease in claim rates was nonsignificant (8.8 vs 5.3 claims per 100 physician coverage years; P=.162). Attending more than one simulation session was associated with a greater reduction in claim rates. Postsimulation claim rates for physicians who attended one, two, or three or more simulation sessions were 6.3, 2.1, and 1.3 claims per 100 physician coverage years, respectively (P<.001). Compared with presimulation training, there was no significant difference in the median or mean indemnity paid, percent of claims on which an indemnity payment was made, or median severity of injury after simulation training.

CONCLUSION:
We observed a significant reduction in malpractice claim rates after simulation training. Wider use of simulation training within obstetrics and gynecology should be considered.
Discrepancies Created by Surgeon Self-Reported Operative Time and the Effects on Procedural Relative Value Units and Reimbursement
Authors: Uppal Shitanshu , Rice Laurel W. , Spencer Ryan J. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate discrepancies between operative times in the ACS NSQIP (American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project) and self-reported operative time from the American Medical Association's Relative Value Scale Update Committee (RUC) and their effect on relative value units (RVU) determination.

METHODS:
This is a cross-sectional review of registry data using the ACS NSQIP 2016 Participant User File and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services physician procedure time file for 2018. We analyzed total RVUs for surgeries by operative time to calculate RVU per hour and stratified by specialty. Multivariate regression analysis adjusted for patient comorbidities, age, length of stay, and ACS NSQIP mortality and morbidity probabilities. The surgeon self-reported operative times from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services physician were compared with operative times recorded in the ACS NSQIP, with excess time from RUC estimates termed “overreported time.”

RESULTS:
Analysis of 901,917 surgeries revealed a wide variation in median RVU per hour between specialties. Orthopedics (14.3), neurosurgery (12.9), and general surgery (12.1) had the highest RVU per hour, whereas gynecology (10.2), plastic surgery (9.5), and otolaryngology (9) had the lowest (P<.001 for all comparisons). These results remained unchanged on multivariate regression analysis. General surgery had the highest median overreported operative time (+26 minutes) followed by neurosurgery (+23.5 minutes) and urology (+20 minutes). Overreporting of the operative time strongly correlated to higher RVU per hour (r=0.87, P=.002).

CONCLUSION:
Despite reliable electronic records, the AMA-RUC continues to use inaccurate self-reported RUC surveys for operative times. This results in discrepancies in RVU per hour (and subsequent reimbursement) across specialties and a persistent disparity for women-specific procedures in gynecology. Relative value unit levels should be based on the available objective data to eliminate these disparities.
Monitoring the 5’UTR landscape reveals 5’terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motif switches to drive translational efficiencies
Authors: Weber Ramona , Ghoshdastider Umesh , Spies Daniel , Duré Clara , Valdivia-Francia Fabiola , Forny Merima , Ormiston Mark , Renz Peter F. , Taborsky David , Yigit Merve , Yamahachi Homare , Sendoel Ataman 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTranscriptional and translational control are key determinants of gene expression, however, to what extent these two processes can be collectively coordinated is still poorly understood. Here we use long-read sequencing to document the 5’and 3’untranslated region (UTR) isoform landscape of epidermal stem cells, wild-type keratinocytes and squamous cell carcinomas. Focusing on squamous cell carcinomas, we show that a small cohort of genes with alternative 5’UTR isoforms exhibit overall increased translational efficiencies and are enriched in ribosomal proteins and splicing factors. These 5’UTR isoforms with identical coding sequences either include or exclude 5’terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motifs and result in vastly altered translational efficiencies of the mRNA. Our findings suggest that switching between TOP and non-TOP motif-containing 5’UTR isoforms is an elegant and simple way to alter protein synthesis rates, set their sensitivity to the mTORC1-dependent nutrient-sensing pathway and direct the translational potential of an mRNA by the precise 5’UTR sequence.
Spatiotemporal dissemination pattern of SARS-CoV-2 B1.1.28-derived lineages introduced into Uruguay across its southeastern border with Brazil
Authors: Rego Natalia , Fernández-Calero Tamara , Arantes Ighor , Noya Verónica , Mir Daiana , Brandes Mariana , Zanetti Juan , Arleo Mailen , Pereira Emiliano , Possi Tania , Chappos Odhille , Bilbao Lucia , Reyes Natalia , Duquía Melissa , Victoria Matías , Techera Pía , Benítez-Galeano María José , Griffero Luciana , Méndez Mauricio , González Belén , Smircich Pablo , Colina Rodney , Alonso Cecilia , Bello Gonzalo , Spangenberg Lucía 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTDuring the first nine months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, Uruguay successfully kept it under control, even when our previous studies support a recurrent viral flux across the Uruguayan-Brazilian border that sourced several local outbreaks in Uruguay. However, towards the end of 2020, a remarkable exponential growth was observed and the TETRIS strategy was lost. Here, we aimed to understand the factors that fueled SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics during the first epidemic wave in the country. We recovered 84 whole viral genomes from patients diagnosed between November, 2020 and February, 2021 in Rocha, a sentinel eastern Uruguayan department bordering Brazil. The lineage B.1.1.28 was the most prevalent in Rocha during November-December 2020, P.2 became the dominant one during January-February 2021, while the first P.1 sequences corresponds to February, 2021. The lineage replacement process agrees with that observed in several Brazilian states, including Rio Grande do Sul (RS). We observed a one to three month delay between the appearance of P.2 and P.1 in RS and their subsequent detection in Rocha. The phylogenetic analysis detected two B.1.1.28 and one P.2 main Uruguayan SARS-CoV-2 clades, introduced from the southern and southeastern Brazilian regions into Rocha between early November and mid December, 2020. One synonymous mutation distinguishes the sequences of the main B.1.1.28 clade in Rocha from those widely distributed in RS. The minor B.1.1.28 cluster, distinguished by several mutations, harbours non-synonymous changes in the Spike protein: Q675H and Q677H, so far not concurrently reported. The convergent appearance of S:Q677H in different viral lineages and its proximity to the S1/S2 cleavage site raise concerns about its functional relevance. The observed S:E484K-VOI P.2 partial replacement of previously circulating lineages in Rocha might have increased transmissibility as suggested by the significant decrease in Ct values. Our study emphasizes the impact of Brazilian SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in Uruguay and the need of reinforcing real-time genomic surveillance on specific Uruguayan border locations, as one of the key elements for achieving long-term COVID-19 epidemic control.
Early management of severe COVID-19 coagulopathy should be guided by TEG®, microclot and platelet mapping
Authors: Laubscher Gert Jacobus , Lourens Petrus Johannes , Venter Chantelle , Kell Douglas B , Pretorius Etheresia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn important component of severe COVID-19 disease is virus-induced endothelilitis. This leads to disruption of normal endothelial function, initiating a state of failing normal clotting physiology. Massively increased levels of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) lead to overwhelming platelet activation, as well as activation of the enzymatic (intrinsic) clotting pathway. In addition, there is an impaired fibrinolysis, caused by, amongst others, increased levels of alpha-(2) antiplasmin. The end result is hypercoagulation [proven by thromboelastography®(TEG®)] and reduced fibrinolysis, inevitably leading to a difficult-to-overcome hypercoagulated physiological state. Platelets in circulation also plays a significant role in clot formation, but themselves may also drive hypercoagulation when they are overactivated due to the interactions of their receptors with the endothelium, immune cells or circulating inflammatory molecules. From the literature it is clear that the role of platelets in severely ill COVID-19 patients has been markedly underestimated or even ignored. We here highlight the value of early management of severe COVID-19 coagulopathy as guided by TEG®, microclot and platelet mapping. We also argue that the failure of clinical trials, where the efficacy of prophylactic versus therapeutic clexane (low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)) were not always successful, might be because the significant role of platelet activation was not taken into account during the planning of the trial. We conclude that, because of the overwhelming alteration of clotting, the outcome of any trial evaluating an any single anticoagulant, including thrombolytic, would be negative. Here we suggest the use of the degree of platelet dysfunction and presence of microclots in circulation, together with TEG®, should be used as a guideline for disease severity. A multi-pronged approach, guided by TEG®and platelet mapping, would be required to maintain normal clotting physiology in severe COVID-19 disease.
A Pilot Study of High-Intensity Interval Training in Older Adults with Treatment Naïve Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: MacDonald Grace , Sitlinger Andrea , Deal Michael A. , Hanson Erik D. , Ferraro Stephanie , Pieper Carl F. , Weinberg J. Brice , Brander Danielle M. , Bartlett David B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the USA, affecting predominantly older adults. CLL is characterized by low physical fitness, reduced immunity, and increased risk of secondary malignancies and infections. One approach to improving physical fitness and immune functions is participation in a structured exercise program. The aims of this pilot study were to determine the feasibility and outcomes of 12-weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with muscle endurance-based resistance training on older adults with treatment naïve CLL. We enrolled eighteen participants with CLL aged 64.9 (9.1) years and assigned them to groups depending on distance lived from our fitness center. Ten participants (4M/6F) completed HIIT and six participants (4M/2F) completed a non-exercising control group (Controls). HIIT consisted of three 30-minute treadmill sessions/week plus two concurrent 30-minute strength training sessions/week. We confirmed feasibility if >70% of HIIT participants completed >75% of prescribed sessions and prescribed minutes, and if >80% of high-intensity intervals were at a heart rate corresponding to 80% of aerobic capacity [139 (19) bpm]. Other outcomes included aerobic capacity, muscle strength and endurance, and natural killer (NK) cell recognition and killing of tumor cells. Results are presented as Hedge’s G effect sizes (g), with 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 representing small, medium and large effects, respectively. Feasibility was achieved, with HIIT completing 5.0 (0.2) sessions/week and 99 (3.6)% of prescribed minutes/week at 142 (19)bpm. Following HIIT, leg strength (g=2.52), chest strength (g=1.15) and seated row strength (g=3.07) were 35.4%, 56.1% and 39.5% higher, respectively, while aerobic capacity was 3.8% lower (g=0.49) than changes for Controls. Similarly, following HIIT, in vitro NK-cell cytolytic activity against the K562 cell line (g=1.43), OSU-CLL cell line (g=0.95), and autologous B-cells (g=1.30) were 20.3%, 3.0% and 14.6% higher, respectively, than changes for Controls. We demonstrate that 12-weeks of HIIT combined with muscle endurance-based resistance training is feasible in older adults with untreated CLL and that HIIT has a large effect on muscle strength and important components of immune function.