bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using machine learning to estimate the effect of racial segregation on COVID-19 mortality in the United States
Authors: Torrats-Espinosa Gerard 
Published: February 2021

SignificanceThis study examines the role that racial residential segregation has played during the first 9 mo of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. To account for other factors that may explain COVID-19 mortality and infection, I assemble a dataset that includes 50 county-level factors that measure demographics, density, and potential for public interaction, social capital, health risk factors, capacity of the health care system, air pollution, employment in essential businesses, and political views. I use double-lasso regression to guide the selection of the most important controls. Results show that more-segregated counties had higher mortality and infection rates overall and larger mortality rates among Blacks relative to Whites.
PON2 subverts metabolic gatekeeper functions in B cells to promote leukemogenesis
Authors: Pan Lili , Hong Chao , Chan Lai N. , Xiao Gang , Malvi Parmanand , Robinson Mark E. , Geng Huimin , Reddy Srinivasa T. , Lee Jaewoong , Khairnar Vishal , Cosgun Kadriye Nehir , Xu Liang , Kume Kohei , Sadras Teresa , Wang Shaoyuan , Wajapeyee Narendra , Müschen Markus 
Published: February 2021

Significance
B lymphoid transcription factors (e.g., IKZF1 and PAX5) not only mediate B cell lineage commitment but also repress glucose transport and energy supply, thus acting as metabolic gatekeepers. While previous studies showed regulation of metabolic gatekeeper functions at the transcriptional level, we here discovered a mechanism of regulation based on protein–protein interactions between PON2 and the glucose-transport inhibitor stomatin (STOM).
Thymine dissociation and dimer formation: A Raman and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic study
Authors: Nagpal Anushka , Dhankhar Dinesh , Cesario Thomas C. , Li Runze , Chen Jie , Rentzepis Peter M. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
Bacteria inactivation by ultraviolet light is caused due to the formation of thymine dimers that inhibit DNA replication. We have used spectroscopic means for the identification of thymine dimer(s) that may pave the way for fast and definite identification of the ratio of live and dead bacteria, as suggested by our previous spectroscopic studies. In the present study, the dissociation of thymine to thymine dimers and (6-4) photoproducts was detected by means of a Raman, absorption, and synchronous fluorescence study. These data provide a fast method for determining, in situ, the reaction mechanism and final photoproducts formed as a function of UV irradiation dose.
Polylanguaging and bivalency in the Ecuadorian linguistic landscape
Authors: Lavender Jordan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study analyzes the linguistic landscape (LL) of Azogues, Ecuador, by analyzing 171 photographs of business signs, taken during the summer of 2017. It analyzes cases of language mixing from a polylanguaging perspective (Jørgensen et al. 2011) and applies the concept of bivalency (Woolard 1999) to understand how linguistic features are used on signs in the LL to index membership in multiple groups and to construct multiple identities through the use of Spanish and English. It investigates the use of bivalency in lexical items, orthography and other linguistic features. This study analyzes the use of English as an outcome of globalization and examines the use of bivalency as a strategy to index global identity when access to English is limited.
Mechanical, structural and nuclear radiation shielding competencies of some tellurite glasses reinforced with molybdenum trioxide
Authors: El-Denglawey A , Issa Shams A M , Saddeek Yasser B , Elshami Wiam , Sayed M A , Elsaman Reda , Tarhan N , Tekin H O 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, a group of molybdenum boro-tellurite glass samples and their mechanical parameters and nuclear radiation shielding competencies were investigated. The amorphous structures of molybdenum boro-tellurite glasses were confirmed by XRD patterns. Synergistic positive effect of MoO3 reinforcement on gamma ray attenuation properties and mechanical parameters was investigated. For this aim, and in the energy range 0.015–15 MeV, the mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) had been computed by computational methods. At 0.015 MeV, the MAC values increase from 28.06 to 33.25 (cm2 g−1) as the MoO3 content increases from 0 to 30 mol %, while the half value layer values decrease from 4.84 to 3.88 (cm) at 15 MeV. The longitudinal ultrasonic velocity (VL) and shear ultrasonic velocity (VS), longitudinal modulus (L), shear modulus (S), bulk modulus (K), and Young’s modulus (Y) increase from 3450 to 3637 (m s−1), from 1994 to 2146 (m s−1), from 53.44 to 64.88 (GPa), from 17.86 to 22.58 (GPa), from 29.63 to 34.77 (GPa), and from 44.61 to 55.69 (GPa), respectively. The analysis of the shielding and mechanical indicates best protection of the explored glasses for γ-irradiation. Based on the analysis, the glass 30MoO3-70TeO2 with the maximum MoO3 addition indicated best γ-irradiation protection and mechanical parameters among the explored glasses.
Cluster decomposing and multi-objective optimization based-ensemble learning framework for motor imagery-based brain–computer interfaces
Authors: Zuo Cili , Jin Jing , Xu Ren , Wu Lianghong , Liu Chang , Miao Yangyang , Wang Xingyu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective. Motor imagery (MI) is a mental representation of motor behavior and a widely used pattern in electroencephalogram (EEG) based brain–computer interface (BCI) systems. EEG is known for its non-stationary, non-linear features and sensitivity to artifacts from various sources. This study aimed to design a powerful classifier with a strong generalization capability for MI based BCIs. Approach. In this study, we proposed a cluster decomposing based ensemble learning framework (CDECL) for EEG classification of MI based BCIs. The EEG data was decomposed into sub-data sets with different distributions by clustering decomposition. Then a set of heterogeneous classifiers was trained on each sub-data set for generating a diversified classifier search space. To obtain the optimal classifier combination, the ensemble learning was formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem and a stochastic fractal based binary multi-objective fruit fly optimization algorithm was proposed for solving the ensemble learning problem. Main results. The proposed method was validated on two public EEG datasets (BCI Competition IV datasets IIb and BCI Competition IV dataset IIa) and compared with several other competing classification methods. Experimental results showed that the proposed CDECL based methods can effectively construct a diversity ensemble classifier and exhibits superior classification performance in comparison with several competing methods. Significance. The proposed method is promising for improving the performance of MI-based BCIs.
Is There a Rejuvenating Effect of (Grand)Childcare? A Longitudinal Study on German Data
Authors: Bordone Valeria , Arpino Bruno 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Provision of grandchild care has been found to be associated with a youthful subjective age. Yet, previous studies on this topic were cross-sectional and ignored the increasing proportions of older people growing old without the opportunity to become a grandparent. This study investigates the effects of childcare to grandchildren and to other children on subjective age using panel data.

Methods
We exploit the longitudinal nature of data from the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) to examine the association between grandparental childcare and care to other children with subjective age, using fixed-effects regression analyses on a sample of 50–85 years old individuals (men: N = 11,151; n = 3,984; women: N = 10,687; n = 3,746, where N is the number of observations and n is the number of individuals).

Results
The results from cross-sectional analyses show a “rejuvenating effect” of provision of both types of childcare in later life, especially for women. However, longitudinal analyses find very small and statistically insignificant effects.

Discussion
We show for the first time that both grandchild care and childcare outside the grandparent–grandchild relationship are associated with a youthful subjective age for older people. However, these associations are likely due to selection effects, that is, unobserved characteristics of people that make them more likely to engage in childcare and are also associated with subjective age. Our results warn against causal interpretation of associations found in previous studies, but also open up new research questions on the role played by childcare other than to grandchildren.
Shakespeare and principal components analysis
Authors: Rizvi Pervez 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The use of principal components analysis (PCA) in literary studies was pioneered by John Burrows. From him it was adopted by the New Oxford Shakespeare project team, who used it to support their controversial attributions of parts of Arden of Faversham to Shakespeare and parts of the Henry VI trilogy to Marlowe. This essay examines a representative sample of the PCA tests done using function words by that team. It observes that, as with their Zeta method, they used the unsound bisector line method of interpretation. By calculating information which they did not disclose, it finds that their decision to discard all but two principal components was not justified by the data they were using, putting into doubt their interpretations of the results. It shows that their test method is vulnerable by design to the making of false attributions and demonstrates this by a new experiment. By a further experiment, it shows that the PCA tests may be telling us that differences between characters are greater than those between authors, at least in the use of function words. It concludes that the PCA tests done by that project cannot be relied on; and, given the already demonstrated unreliability of their Zeta tests, these new findings invalidate all work presented in the influential book Shakespeare, Computers, and the Mystery of Authorship.
Conclusion
Authors: Roth Andrew J. , Nelson Christian J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The art of diagnosing depression, anxiety, delirium, insomnia and fatigue in cancer care is not always straightforward. We have laid out pearls and potholes to assist uncovering the varied and sometimes hidden sources of that distress; to be aware of which syndromes may be amenable to a psychopharmacologic intervention; to know when to refer to prescribers or specialists in Psycho-Oncology; to hone communication techniques that will facilitate a patient’s care; to learn about the strategies Psycho-Oncologists use to choose the right medications for particular situations; and to recognize how to watch for the benefits and side effects of those medications, which if not understood by all providers and patients, can lead to premature discontinuation of potential helpful remedies or untoward side effects.
Septic shock in children
Authors: Raman Sainath , Peters Mark J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins by examining the definitions of sepsis and septic shock as subsets of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, discusses the epidemiology of paediatric sepsis, and provides a structured approach to the assessment of a child with suspected sepsis. The evidence for and limitation of investigations, such as lactate measurement and attempted quantification of cardiac function in paediatric sepsis, is examined. Optimal management strategies for paediatric sepsis remain much studied and debated. This chapter addresses the use of inotropes—both early inotropes and choice of inotropes, intravenous fluids, including the current evidence base for choice of fluids, and the increasingly studied areas of fluid overload and fluid removal (de-resuscitation) following the initial phases of resuscitation. The evidence base for use and timing of antibiotics and steroids is discussed, along with the roles of the supportive therapies renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Finally, the chapter examines some of the key aspects of the care of patients with sepsis of relevance to intensivists: early goal-directed therapy; sepsis bundles; and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign.
Acute kidney injury
Authors: Bholah Reshma , Bunchman Timothy E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects roughly one-quarter of children in the Intensive Care Unit and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Progress made in classifying paediatric AKI has allowed for better recognition of this entity. Consideration of degree of fluid overload and other risk factors for mortality should influence the choice to initiate renal replacement therapy. And while not all patients with AKI will require renal replacement therapy, the modality needs to be chosen carefully. This book chapter aims to describe AKI, provide a brief overview of the aetiology and diagnosis of this process, describe biomarkers under study for diagnosing AKI, compare the modalities of renal replacement therapy, and touch upon prognostic factors and recent advances in the field.
The stem cell transplant patient in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Aziz Omer , Agbeko Rachel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Patients admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit after complications related to stem cell transplantation have high morbidity and mortality. Given the severity of immune dysfunction and dysregulation, this subset of patients are uniquely prone to a variety of infectious and non-infectious complications. Infections may be bacterial, viral, and fungal; non-infectious causes may include thrombotic microangiopathy, graft-versus-host disease, and idiopathic pulmonary syndrome. The importance of preventing/treating fluid overload and aggressive organ support strategies are discussed. In addition, this chapter also reminds clinicians that the patient and family are to be seen as partners in dialogue and decision-making. In the unfortunate situation where the prognosis appears bleak, the most appropriate course of action may involve frank discussions with the patient, family, and wider team members about the pros and cons of further escalation strategies.
Low cardiac output state in a postoperative cardiac patient
Authors: Ghose Arun , Plunkett Adrian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 13 covers the low cardiac output state (LCOS) in children following cardiac surgery. It begins by explaining how LCOS is defined, risk factors for its development, and how to assess and investigate a child with LCOS. The role of echocardiography is discussed, and the limitations of other measurement techniques are examined. Modifiable causes of LCOS in postoperative cardiac surgical patients are examined, including residual cardiac lesions and arrhythmias—and their management discussed. Important physiological concepts in the understanding of LCOS are addressed, including preload, afterload, systolic and diastolic function, and fluid responsiveness. Finally, options for managing patients with LCOS are covered, including the role of drugs, surgery, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Inherited metabolic disorders in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Sangaran Dilanee , Champion Mike 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Children presenting to intensive care with undiagnosed inherited metabolic diseases (IMDs) can pose a significant diagnostic and management challenge to intensivists. This chapter covers the range of presentations of IMDs in neonates in particular, addressing important points to be raised in the history and assessment of children suspected of these conditions—including perinatally. The main subgroups of IMD presenting in the neonatal period are explained: intoxication; energy deficiency; making and breaking complex molecules and seizures; and important differentiating features noted. Baseline investigations of a suspected IMD are listed, and the importance of considering and testing for hyperammonaemia discussed. The emergency treatment of acute crisis or first presentation of IMDs is set out, which includes calculating appropriate glucose intake. Finally, the chapter discusses the role of continuous veno-venous haemofiltration in hyperammonaemia and the option of liver and hepatocyte transplantation in severe recurrent cases.
Nutritional considerations in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Albert Ben D. , Ariagno Katelyn , Mehta Nilesh M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides the readers with an exhaustive overview of several key issues and challenges surrounding nutrition in critically ill children. This chapter covers basic concepts such as obtaining a nutritional history, assessment of nutritional status, and obtaining anthropometric measurements. This then leads on to further advanced concepts, including the role of parenteral nutrition, postpyloric enteral feeding, estimating energy requirements, indirect calorimetry, refeeding syndrome, and so on. The authors summarize the evidence base around controversial issues such as enteral feeding while on vasoactive infusions. This chapter stresses the importance of promoting and establishing enteral feeding, and provides the readers with tips to implement evidence-based practice.
Paediatrics
Authors: Buckley Simon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter in the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties explores the specialty of paediatrics. It discusses emergencies such as life support, anaphylaxis, and cardiac arrest. It explores taking a history, physical examination, and how to deal with fever and common problems, including non-accidental injury. It discusses common viral infection and respiratory issues such as asthma and cystic fibrosis, as well as gastrointestinal and genitourinary issues such as abdominal pain and distension, diarrhoea, malnutrition, malformations, nephrotic syndrome, and renal disease. It explores neurology from epilepsy to headache, and cardiology from congenital heart disease to heart murmurs. It discusses haematology and immunology, endocrinology, and growth. It ends with a detailed discussion of neonatology, from examination to common illnesses, daily requirements to breastfeeding, jaundice to haemolytic disease, and respiratory distress to the neonatal intensive care unit, respiratory support, and sudden unexplained infant death.
Dermatology
Authors: Arianayagam Sanju 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter in the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties explores the specialty of dermatology. It works up from the basics of dermatology through describing a lesion and patterns of skin disease to itch and signs of systemic disease. Cancer is reviewed, including common skin cancers and premalignant tumours and malignant melanoma. Psoriasis is explored, along with eczema, skin infections, acne vulgaris, rosacea, drug eruptions, photosensitivity, urticaria, ulcers, HIV, infestations, and psychodermatoses.
Psychiatry
Authors: Myers Gil 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter in the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties explores the specialty of psychiatry. It discusses seeing patients, taking a psychiatric history, the mental state exam, risk assessment, confidentiality, physical examination, descriptive psychopathology, the classification of disorders (ICD-10/DSM-5), and community care. It explores schizophrenia, depression, bipolar affective disorder, anxiety, withdrawing psychotropics, suicide, self-harm, crisis intervention, urgent psychiatry situations, and managing violence. It describes dealing with delirium, dementia, depression, psychosis, and behavioural difficulties, as well as disorders of sleep, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, and personality, eating, psychosexual, and perinatal disorders. It examines therapies and psychotherapies including cognitive, behavioural, dynamic, systemic/family, counselling, and supportive, group, play, and art therapies. It discusses compulsory treatment and hospitalization, the Mental Health Act law and consent, and capacity.
Chandra grating spectroscopy of embedded wind shock X-ray emission from O stars shows low plasma temperatures and significant wind absorption
Authors: Cohen David H , Parts Winter , Doskoch Graham M , Wang Jiaming , Petit Véronique , Leutenegger Maurice A , Gagné Marc 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a uniform analysis of six examples of embedded wind shock (EWS) O star X-ray sources observed at high resolution with the Chandra grating spectrometers. By modelling both the hot plasma emission and the continuum absorption of the soft X-rays by the cool, partially ionized bulk of the wind we derive the temperature distribution of the shock-heated plasma and the wind mass-loss rate of each star. We find a similar temperature distribution for each star’s hot wind plasma, consistent with a power-law differential emission measure, $\frac{{\rm d}\log EM}{{\rm d}\log T}$, with a slope a little steeper than −2, up to temperatures of only about 107 K. The wind mass-loss rates, which are derived from the broadband X-ray absorption signatures in the spectra, are consistent with those found from other diagnostics. The most notable conclusion of this study is that wind absorption is a very important effect, especially at longer wavelengths. More than 90 per cent of the X-rays between 18 and 25 Å produced by shocks in the wind of ζ Pup are absorbed, for example. It appears that the empirical trend of X-ray hardness with spectral subtype among O stars is primarily an absorption effect.
Guidelines for surfactant replacement therapy in neonates
Authors: Ng Eugene H , Shah Vibhuti 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSurfactant replacement therapy (SRT) plays a pivotal role in the management of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) because it improves survival and reduces respiratory morbidities. With the increasing use of noninvasive ventilation as the primary mode of respiratory support for preterm infants at delivery, prophylactic surfactant is no longer beneficial. For infants with worsening RDS, early rescue surfactant should be provided. While the strategy to intubate, give surfactant, and extubate (INSURE) has been widely accepted in clinical practice, newer methods of noninvasive surfactant administration, using thin catheter, laryngeal mask airway, or nebulization, are being adopted or investigated. Use of SRT as an adjunct for conditions other than RDS, such as meconium aspiration syndrome, may be effective based on limited evidence.
Emergency management of the paediatric patient with convulsive status epilepticus
Authors: McKenzie Kyle C , Hahn Cecil D , Friedman Jeremy N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This guideline addresses the emergency management of convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) in children and infants older than 1 month of age. It replaces a previous position statement from 2011, and includes a new treatment algorithm and table of recommended medications based on new evidence and reflecting the evolution of clinical practice over the past several years. This statement emphasizes the importance of timely pharmacological management of CSE, and includes some guidance for diagnostic approach and supportive care.