bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A note on the current distribution of reedtail damselfly Protosticta rufostigma Kimmins, 1958 (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platystictidae) from Western Ghats, and its addition to the odonate checklist of Kerala
Authors: Sadasivan Kalesh , Palot Muhamed Jafer 
Published: February 2021

The genus Protosticta (Odonata, Zygoptera, Platystictidae) is represented by nine species in the Western Ghats of peninsular India, of which seven are reported for the state of Kerala. Our recent records of Protosticta rufostigma Kimmins, 1958 from the Western Ghats of Kerala State is discussed, and despite a thorough literature search no collection records or photographs of the species has been found after the original description from Tamil Nadu. The species is, thus, added to the checklist of odonates of Kerala State. The description of the live insect, its ecology, status and distribution is discussed.
Incidence, Predictors, and Mortality in Patients With Liver Cancer After Fontan Operation
Authors: Ohuchi Hideo , Hayama Yohsuke , Nakajima Kimiko , Kurosaki Kenichi , Shiraishi Isao , Nakai Michikazu 
Published: February 2021

Background
Liver cancer (LC) is a serious late complication after the Fontan operation. However, the incidence, predictors, and prognosis remain unknown. The purpose of our study was to determine these clinical characteristics.

Methods and Results

We assessed liver function in 339 consecutive patients who had undergone the Fontan procedure from 2005 to 2019. LC was histologically diagnosed in 10 patients after a median period of 2.9 years (range: 0.3–13.8; median age: 29.9 years [range: 14.4–41.5 years]; overall median post–Fontan procedure follow‐up: 25.6 years [range: 13–32.1 years]), and the annual incidence was 0.89%. Over the entire post‐Fontan follow‐up period, the annual incidences of new‐onset LC in the second, third, and fourth decades were 0.14%, 0.43%, and 8.83%, respectively. The patients with LC had longer follow‐up periods, higher levels of AFP (α‐fetoprotein), and higher values of liver fibrosis indices (
P
<0.01–0.0001). Moreover, all indices were predictive of new‐onset LC (
P
<0.01–0.0001). The LC treatments were surgical resection (n=3), transarterial chemoembolization (n=3), radiofrequency ablation (n=2), and hospice care (n=2). During a median follow‐up of 9.4 months, 4 patients died; the survival rate at 1 year was 60%, and it was better among asymptomatic patients (
P
<0.01).

Conclusions
The LC incidence rapidly increased ≥30 years after the Fontan procedure, and liver fibrosis indices and AFP were predictive of new‐onset LC. These LC‐predictive markers should be monitored closely and mandatorily for early LC detection and better prognosis.
Effect of Osteoporotic Condition on Ventriculomegaly and Shunt-Dependent Hydrocephalus After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Won Yu Deok , Kim Jae Min , Cheong Jin Hwan , Ryu Je Il , Yi Hyeong-Joong , Han Myung-Hoon 
Published: February 2021

Background and Purpose:
Hydrocephalus is a common complication in aneurysmal rupture subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). As both the bone and arachnoid trabeculae are composed of type 1 collagen, we identified the possible relationship between bone mineral density and ventriculomegaly and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus (SDHC) development after aneurysmal rupture SAH in younger patients.

Methods:
We measured frontal skull Hounsfield unit (HU) values on brain computed tomography upon admission, and mean frontal skull HU values were used instead of T-score value. Hazard ratios were calculated using Cox regression analysis to identify whether osteoporotic condition is an independent predictor for ventriculomegaly and SDHC after surgical clipping for SAH in younger patients.

Results:

Altogether, 412 patients (≤65 years) who underwent surgical clipping for primary spontaneous SAH from a ruptured aneurysm were enrolled in this 11-year analysis in 2 hospitals. We observed that the first tertile group of skull HU was an independent predictor of SDHC after SAH compared with the third tertile of skull HU values (hazard ratio, 2.55 [95% CI, 1.25–5.20];
P
=0.010). There were no significant interactions between age and skull HU with respect to ventriculomegaly and SDHC in younger patients.

Conclusions:
Our study suggests a relationship between possible osteoporotic conditions and ventriculomegaly and SDHC development after SAH in younger patients. Our findings may be useful in predicting hydrocephalus in young SAH patients using a convenient method of measuring skull HU value on brain computed tomography upon admission.
Circulating Vimentin Is Associated With Future Incidence of Stroke in a Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Xiao Jun , Chen Liangwan , Melander Olle , Orho-Melander Marju , Nilsson Jan , Borné Yan , Engström Gunnar 
Published: February 2021

Background and Purpose:
VIM (vimentin) is a cytoskeletal intermediate filament protein, which has been linked to atherosclerosis and thrombosis; both are important causes of stroke. We examined the relationship between circulating VIM and incidence of stroke, and if carotid plaque could modify the association in a prospective population-based cohort.

Methods:
This prospective study was based on the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort. A total of 4688 participants (39.7% men; mean age, 57.6 years) were examined and blood samples were collected between 1991 and 1994. Incidence of stroke was followed up to 2018. Cox’ proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relationship between VIM and stroke.

Results:

During a mean follow-up of 22.0 years, a total of 528 subjects were diagnosed with stroke, among which 434 were ischemic stroke. Participants in the highest quartile (vs 1
st
quartile) had 1.34× higher risk of total stroke (95% CI, 1.03–1.74) and 1.47× higher of ischemic stroke (95% CI, 1.10–1.98) after adjustment for potential confounders. A significant interaction was found between carotid plaque and VIM with respect to incidence of both total stroke and ischemic stroke (
P
=0.041 and 0.011, respectively). After stratifying by carotid plaque, high VIM had stronger association with stroke in participants with carotid plaque, especially for the risk of ischemic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio,1.66 [95% CI, 1.23–2.25] for quartile 4 versus quartile 1 to 3).

Conclusions:
VIM is positively associated with the incidence of stroke, especially in individuals with carotid plaque. Further studies are needed to confirm the observed associations.
De Erfenis van Mobutu
Authors: Vergaerde Geert 
Published: February 2021

The Legacy of Mobutu
This article intends to give an explanation of the possible consequences for Zaire of 25 years of Mobutist regime. This is important, because during the second republic there was a constant growth of a regime sui generis with fundamental characteristics that, in the near future, will have an important influence on the political, social and economic events.
- The division of the enormous amount of power could result in heavy quarrels.
- For years, there has not been an independent political elite, so that the formation of such an elite in a short period of time will be very difficult.
- The patrimonialistic style of government has resulted in a political environment that is composed of informal networks and• dependent relations, with in the centre Mobutu.
- The continuing cycle of opposition and collaboration has brought severe damage to the image and credibility of the opposition. Besides, there is a big gap between the political elite and the population.
- The policy of ethnic mobilisation has increased the ethnic consciousness.
- Patrimonialism and parasitism have generated a pandemic corruption in all layers of the population.
- The policy of borrowing money has led to gigantic debts and the loans have not led to any development of the economic capacity.
- The insecure position of the political and economic executives has created a spiral of insecurity and corruption, which, on its turn, has created an dialectic of repression.
De Oude Fotodokumentatie Over Rwanda in het Museum van Tervuren
Authors: Creemers-Palmers Magda 
Published: February 2021

The ‘Ancient’ Rwanda Photo-Documentation in the Museum of Tervuren
In september 1989 the ‘Musée national du Rwanda’ was inaugurated in Butare (Rwanda). Construction and arrangement of the Museum were completed by the ‘Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale’ of Tervuren. For this occasion, Tervuren started to collect an ‘ancient’ photo-documentation of Rwanda, to supply the new Rwanda-Muséum with pictorial sources.
Public as well as some private collections were gathered so that a final selection could be done. Up till now this photo-documentation is still kept in the Muséwn of Tervuren. For the sake of the historical research about Rwanda, our final purpose is, in co-operation with the Rwanda-Muséum, to complete and to gather as much the photographic evidence as possible. Moreover, these sources need to be identified and described; only future and elaborated research will reveal more data about this important photographic documentation.
Namibië Drie Jaar Later: Politiek Ontvoogd Maar Economisch Wankel
Authors: Willemot Yves 
Published: February 2021

Namibia, After Three Years : Political Independent but Economic Unstable
Namibia became independent on the 21st of March 1990, after seventy-five years of South African colonial and racial rule. SW APO fought a long war for liberation, but the independence was also gained thanks to the diplomatic pressure from the United Nations. The United Nations were actively involved in the organisation of the first free elections which were held on the 7th of November 1989.
The SW APO liberation movement became by far the most important political party in the Namibian Parliament. But from the beginning the SWAPO-leaders explained that the past should be forgotten. They promoted a constructive political and economic collaboration with all Namibians, African and European. Due to this atmosphere of reconciliation Namibia had a successful political independence. One of the world's most progressive constitutions was written. It ends all racial discrimination and guarantees an extensive review of the human rights. The rules for the organisation of the legislative, executive and judiciary power are respected by all political parties. Namibia is without any doubt an example for a lot of African countries, which are now making steps towards democracy and multi-partyism.
The Namibian government has still a lot of problems to deal with. The major ones are the social and economic inequalities that still exist between African and European Namibians. The conditions of life of the European Namibians are comparable to these in modern western societies, while African Namibians are living in poverty. The government will have to change this, because in the long term one cannot expect to build democracy on empty stomachs. But in order to realize the necessary economic growth, Namibians are also counting on the support and the investments from abroad. A member of government recently said: “Now we’ve installed democracy and the human rights are respected, where are the foreign investments and the international aid?”
Stagnatie en Groei van Een Plattelandskern in de Midden Atlas van Marokko: Een Macro-Perspectief
Authors: Venema Bernhard 
Published: February 2021

Stagnation and Growth of a Rural Centre in the Middle Ailas of Morocco: A Macro-Perspective
This article describes the backgrounds of stagnation and growth of the rural centre Azrou in Morocco. Before the Protectorate (1912) this centre was the most important market-place for the Beni Mguild cattle-holders. Although it was connected with the international trading route between Tanger, Fez/Meknes and Tafilalt, it remained a secondary trading centre because in the Middle Atlas the central government was not always able to guarantee safe passage of the caravans. At the tum of last century, the growth of Azrou stagnated because trading and manufacturing became concentrated in the cities along the Atlantic coast.
Since the Protectorate, Azrou developed into an important rural centre due to the development of the primary sector and trade. This was encouraged by the ‘pacification’ of the Middle Atlas, the colonization of part of the area and the foundation of several public and semi-public institutions. Azrou’s growth continued in the post-colonial period with a spectacular rate just after independence because the new government admitted free circulation of men. From the new possibilities, migrants from the south (Ait Gheriss) and from the north (Rijfis) profited most and the Beni Guild the least.
Tussen Kulturele Traditie en Verandering: De Bamileke-Tontine. Traditionele Basis, Actuele Functionering en Sociale Reglementering
Authors: van Dievoet Grietje , Verboven Dirk 
Published: February 2021

Between Cultural Tradition and Change: The Bamilike-Tontine. Traditional Basis, Present Functioning and Social Control
The Bamileke of Cameroon are generally considered as one of Africa’s economically well-adapted people. One of the factors in this process is unmistakably the adaptation of traditional savings and credit associations (ROSCA, tontine, Ntshwa) to the needs of the market economy. The basic principle of a tontine is very simple: at set times, every member contributes a fixed sum of money, which is handed over to one of its members, until everyone has received this “tontine”. This enables each member to dispose of a relatively large amount of money, that can be used to various ends: agriculture, education, economic investments, trade or whatever. The Bamileke have, under demographic pressure, massively migrated to urban areas, where they developed the rural ROSCA into an original urban variant, the “bourse d’argent”. This is an intermediate form between traditional tontines and western Exchange-systems, and is extremely well adapted to the new economic demands. However, the complex functioning and the principles underlying both traditional and recent savings and credit associations are well anchored in traditional social structures and cultural norms. And both give the Bamleke a distinctive advantage in endogenous development, industry, and especially trade. The western banking-system on the other hand does not succeed to give confidence, and remain to a large extent to-be-avoided foreign institutions. This situation makes tontines a preferable instrument in development policy ,for they guarantee financial responsibility and personal involvement.
Strategies Matrimoniales et Appropriation De La Terre Chez Les Yansi.
Authors: Mfukala Moke Key Willy-Roland 
Published: February 2021

A weak concentration of landowner system is among the main properties of African people specially those in the South of Sahara. To have acces to land is a question which concerns above all the level of rationalisation than that of true distribution.
This paper deals with the strategies of both landowner system and marriage settlement in the Yansi society. The Yansi people are living in the Kinzwene area specially in the constituency of Bagata in the province of Bandundu of Zaïre country. These people have opted for a marriage settlement based on matriarchy.
With reference to Bohanman’s methodes of conception to write down this paper, we have proceeded by confrontation of these methods to the Yansi social reality. From this we can say: the land appropriation and the one of a woman (as spouse) are from a system of affectation to using things but not from the right to have it used according to the european comman law which is based on the former roman law.
Only one adage rules the both landowner and marriage settlement strategies: “NSO MPE NGUL M’WAG” (if a cassava field is left, it is given to wild boars). This maxim brings a reply to the women moving, the fields and the properties regime inside the same linear system or in the archilinear one.
According to Yansi people, landowner system is a question which concerns at the same time the economic, the social and cultural aspects. What is called “formal marriage” (Ukwel Kituül) is a kind of marriage settlement strategy both social and temporal.
The Yansi landowner system and marriage settlement are to be seen as a way tot remain interdependent from generations to others.
Het Constitutioneel Kader van de Demokratische Arabische Republiek Der Sahra Wi’s
Authors: van Ruysseveldt Peter 
Published: February 2021

The Constitutional Framework of the Democratic Arabic Republic of the Sahra Wi’s
Each constitution is a juridical source of standards. Moreover, each constitution is also a political instrument which expresses a certain political philosophy. The analysis of a constitution produces views concerning the real or ideal political regime, the internal relations of power attendant upon it, the way on which the individual participates in the exercise of the political and real power, ...
February 1976, the Democratic Arabic Republic of the Sahrawi's was proclaimed and the first constitution was promulgated. During its congress, August 1976, the Polisario Front voted a second constitution. Responding to the changed -and changing- international context, at which the accession of the Democratic Arabic Republic of the Sahrawi's to the Organisation of African Unity was a matter of great importance, a brand new constitution was promulgated. This constitution has force of law as long as the obtaining of independence for the Sahrawi-people isn’t reached.
In 1991 a new constitution was promulgated. This constitution seems to have all the stipulations, needed to be a ‘good’ democratic constitution. Therefore, it's now up to the Sahrawi’s to realise this good intentions and to fill them in correctly.
South Asian Ports and Water Scarcity in the Eyes of Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century European Visitors
Authors: Schunka Alexander 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article addresses problems of freshwater scarcity in port cities in the wider Indian Ocean region in the early modern era. It focuses on the historical dimensions of an urgent problem, namely the unequal access to and distribution of water in an increasingly globalized world. Focusing on European travelogues (mainly from Germany, England and France), I argue that these observers discussed structures of conflict and collective action regarding natural resources because they faced similar issues in their home countries. They recorded the particular spatial orders of port cities that were often arranged according to structures of water supply, different relations of power with regard to water management and finally the coping strategies of Europeans and local populations when it came to the uses and distribution practices of fresh water. The observations of European visitors cannot be taken as an accurate picture, since they are shaped by their own experiences and reflect their education and mindsets, their possible access to certain information and their expectations of a possible readership at home. Nonetheless the authors knew that water shortages made a degree of co-operation among seemingly distinct groups necessary.
Increased bactericidal activity but dose-limiting intolerability at 50 mg·kg−1rifampicin
Authors: te Brake Lindsey H.M. , de Jager Veronique , Narunsky Kim , Vanker Naadira , Svensson Elin M. , Phillips Patrick P.J. , Gillespie Stephen H. , Heinrich Norbert , Hoelscher Michael , Dawson Rodney , Diacon Andreas H. , Aarnoutse Rob E. , Boeree Martin J. 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundAccumulating data indicate that higher rifampicin doses are more effective and shorten tuberculosis (TB) treatment duration. This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and 7- and 14-day early bactericidal activity (EBA) of increasing doses of rifampicin. Here we report the results of the final cohorts of PanACEA HIGHRIF1, a dose escalation study in treatment-naive adult smear-positive patients with TB.MethodsPatients received, in consecutive cohorts, 40 or 50 mg·kg−1rifampicin once daily in monotherapy (day 1–7), supplemented with standard dose isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol between days 8 and 14.ResultsIn the 40 mg·kg−1cohort (n=15), 13 patients experienced a total of 36 adverse events during monotherapy, resulting in one treatment discontinuation. In the 50 mg·kg−1cohort (n=17), all patients experienced adverse events during monotherapy, 93 in total; 11 patients withdrew or stopped study medication. Adverse events were mostly mild/moderate and tolerability rather than safety related,i.e.gastrointestinal disorders, pruritis, hyperbilirubinaemia and jaundice. There was a more than proportional increase in the rifampicin geometric mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to 12 h (AUC0–24 h) for 50 mg·kg−1compared with 40 mg·kg−1; 571 (range 320–995)versus387 (range 201–847) mg·L−1·h, while peak exposures saw proportional increases. Protein-unbound exposure after 50 mg·kg−1(11% (range 8–17%)) was comparable with lower rifampicin doses. Rifampicin exposures and bilirubin concentrations were correlated (Spearman's ρ=0.670 on day 3, p<0.001). EBA increased considerably with dose, with the highest seen after 50 mg·kg−1: 14-day EBA −0.427 (95% CI −0.500– −0.355) log10CFU·mL−1·day−1.ConclusionAlthough associated with an increased bactericidal effect, the 50 mg·kg−1dose was not well tolerated. Rifampicin at 40 mg·kg−1was well tolerated and therefore selected for evaluation in a phase IIc treatment-shortening trial.
Personal exposure to air pollution and respiratory health of COPD patients in London
Authors: Evangelopoulos Dimitris , Chatzidiakou Lia , Walton Heather , Katsouyanni Klea , Kelly Frank J. , Quint Jennifer K. , Jones Roderic L. , Barratt Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Previous studies have investigated the effects of air pollution on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients using either fixed-site measurements or a limited number of personal measurements, usually for one pollutant and a short time period. These limitations may introduce bias and distort the epidemiological associations as they do not account for all the potential sources or the temporal variability of pollution.We used detailed information on individuals’ exposure to various pollutants measured at fine spatiotemporal scale to obtain more reliable effect estimates. A panel of 115 patients was followed up for an average continuous period of 128 days carrying a personal monitor specifically designed for this project that measured temperature, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 and <10 μm at 1-min time resolution. Each patient recorded daily information on respiratory symptoms and measured peak expiratory flow (PEF). A pulmonologist combined related data to define a binary variable denoting an “exacerbation”. The exposure–response associations were assessed with mixed effects models.We found that gaseous pollutants were associated with a deterioration in patients’ health. We observed an increase of 16.4% (95% CI 8.6–24.6%), 9.4% (95% CI 5.4–13.6%) and 7.6% (95% CI 3.0–12.4%) in the odds of exacerbation for an interquartile range increase in NO2, NO and CO, respectively. Similar results were obtained for cough and sputum. O3was found to have adverse associations with PEF and breathlessness. No association was observed between particulate matter and any outcome.Our findings suggest that, when considering total personal exposure to air pollutants, mainly the gaseous pollutants affect COPD patients’ health.