bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention directed to proprioceptive stimulation alters its cortical processing in the primary sensorimotor cortex
Authors: Piitulainen Harri , Nurmi Timo , Hakonen Maria 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMovement‐evoked fields to passive movements and corticokinematic coherence between limb kinematics and magnetoencephalographic signals can both be used to quantify the degree of cortical processing of proprioceptive afference. We examined in 20 young healthy volunteers whether processing of proprioceptive afference in the primary sensorimotor cortex is modulated by attention directed to the proprioceptive stimulation of the right index finger using a pneumatic‐movement actuator to evoke continuous 3‐Hz movement for 12 min. The participant attended either to a visual (detected change of fixation cross colour) or movement (detected missing movements) events. The attentional task alternated every 3‐min. Coherence was computed between index‐finger acceleration and magnetoencephalographic signals, and sustained‐movement‐evoked fields were averaged with respect to the movement onsets every 333 ms. Attention to the proprioceptive stimulation supressed the sensorimotor beta power (by ~12%), enhanced movement‐evoked field amplitude (by ~16%) and reduced corticokinematic coherence strength (by ~9%) with respect to the visual task. Coherence peaked at the primary sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the proprioceptive stimulation. Our results indicated that early processing of proprioceptive afference in the primary sensorimotor cortex is modulated by inter‐modal directed attention in healthy individuals. Therefore, possible attentional effects on corticokinematic coherence and movement‐evoked fields should be considered when using them to study cortical proprioception in conditions introducing attentional variation.
T cell numbers correlate with neuronal loss rather than with seizure activity in medial temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Tröscher Anna R. , Sakaraki Eirini , Mair Katharina M. , Köck Ulrike , Racz Attila , Borger Valeri , Cloppenborg Thomas , Becker Albert J. , Bien Christian G. , Bauer Jan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveMedial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is a drug‐resistant focal epilepsy that can be caused by a broad spectrum of different inciting events, including tumors, febrile seizures, and viral infections. In human epilepsy surgical resections as well as in animal models, an involvement of the adaptive immune system was observed. We here analyzed the presence of T cells in various subgroups of MTLE. We aimed to answer the question of how much inflammation was present and whether the presence of T cells was associated with seizures or associated with hippocampal neurodegeneration.MethodsWe quantified the numbers of CD3+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in the hippocampus of patients with gangliogliomas (GGs; intrahippocampal and extrahippocampal, with and without sclerosis), febrile seizures, and postinfectious encephalitic epilepsy and compared this with Rasmussen encephalitis, Alzheimer disease, and normal controls.ResultsWe could show that T cell numbers were significantly elevated in MTLE compared to healthy controls. CD3+ as well as CD8+ T cell numbers, however, varied highly among MTLE subgroups. By comparing GG patients with and without hippocampal sclerosis (HS), we were able to show that T‐cell numbers were increased in extrahippocampal GG patients with hippocampal neuronal loss and HS, whereas extrahippocampal GG cases without hippocampal neuronal loss (i.e., absence of HS) did not differ from healthy controls. Importantly, T cell numbers in MTLE correlated with the degree of neuronal loss, whereas no correlation with seizure frequency or disease duration was found. Finally, we found that in nearly all MTLE groups, T cell numbers remained elevated even years after the inciting event.SignificanceWe here provide a detailed histopathological investigation of the involvement of T cells in various subgroups of MTLE, which suggests that T cell influx correlates to neuronal loss rather than seizure activity.
Dubiofossils from a Mars‐analogue subsurface palaeoenvironment: The limits of biogenicity criteria
Authors: McMahon Sean , Ivarsson Magnus , Wacey David , Saunders Martin , Belivanova Veneta , Muirhead David , Knoll Pamela , Steinbock Oliver , Frost Daniel A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe search for a fossil record of Earth's deep biosphere, partly motivated by potential analogies with subsurface habitats on Mars, has uncovered numerous assemblages of inorganic microfilaments and tubules inside ancient pores and fractures. Although these enigmatic objects are morphologically similar to mineralized microorganisms (and some contain organic carbon), they also resemble some abiotic structures. Palaeobiologists have responded to this ambiguity by evaluating problematic filaments against checklists of “biogenicity criteria”. Here, we describe material that tests the limits of this approach. We sampled Jurassic calcite veins formed through subseafloor serpentinization, a water–rock reaction that can fuel the deep biosphere and is known to have occurred widely on Mars. At two localities ~4 km apart, veins contained curving, branched microfilaments composed of Mg‐silicate and Fe‐oxide minerals. Using a wide range of analytical techniques including synchrotron X‐ray microtomography and scanning transmission electron microscopy, we show that these features meet many published criteria for biogenicity and are comparable to fossilized cryptoendolithic fungi or bacteria. However, we argue that abiotic processes driven by serpentinization could account for the same set of lifelike features, and report a chemical garden experiment that supports this view. These filaments are, therefore, most objectively described as dubiofossils, a designation we here defend from criticism and recommend over alternative approaches, but which nevertheless signifies an impasse. Similar impasses can be anticipated in the future exploration of subsurface palaeo‐habitats on Earth and Mars. To avoid them, further studies are required in biomimetic geochemical self‐organization, microbial taphonomy and micro‐analytical techniques, with a focus on subsurface habitats.
Manufacture and thermomechanical characterization of wet filament wound C/C‐SiC composites
Authors: Frieß Martin , Böyükbas Muhammed , Vogel Felix , Cepli Daniel , Schatz Oliver , Süß Fabia , Shi Yuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe paper presents manufacture of C/C‐SiC composite materials by wet filament winding of C fibers with a water‐based phenolic resin with subsequent curing via autoclave as well as pyrolysis and liquid silicon infiltration (LSI). Almost dense C/C‐SiC composite materials with different winding angles ranging from ±15° to ±75° could be obtained with porosities lower than 3% and densities in the range of 2 g/cm3. Thermomechanical characterization via tensile testing at room temperature and at 1300°C revealed higher tensile strength at elevated temperature than at room temperature. Thus, C/C‐SiC material obtained by wet filament winding and LSI‐processing has excellent high‐temperature strength for high‐temperature applications. Crack patterns during pyrolysis, microstructure after siliconization, and tensile strength strongly depend on the fiber/matrix interface strength and winding angle. Moreover, calculation tools for composites, such as classical laminate and inverse laminate theory, can be applied for structural evaluation and prediction of mechanical performance of C/C‐SiC structures.
Consumption practices during the COVID‐19 crisis
Authors: Gordon‐Wilson Sianne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis research draws on protection motivation theory, temporal construal theory, and self‐determination theory to understand consumption practices during a pandemic crisis by looking at the narratives of British consumers during the COVID‐19 crisis. A two‐stage design is adopted: the first stage adopts an exploratory strategy to identify consumption‐related themes using netnography, while the second stage explores these themes further to gain a deeper insight through 13 semi‐structured interviews. Three themes emerge relating to different aspects of consumption practices. These themes are found to link to the self‐control research area and include consumers' self‐control changing their shopping behaviour, having less self‐control over unhealthy snack consumption and having less self‐control concerning alcohol. These lead to changes in other consumption practices, including store format and type of shopping. Different initiatives are discussed to help retailers retain their new lockdown customers to help manufacturers provide healthier options and to help weight management businesses and the National Health Service reduce unhealthy consumption habits.
Phenolic composition, antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of aqueous‐methanol extract from Anneslea fragrans leaves as affected by drying methods
Authors: Cui Qimin , Wang Yudan , Zhou Wenbing , He Shuyue , Yang Meilian , Xue Qingwang , Wang Yifen , Zhao Tianrui , Cao Jianxin , Khan Afsar , Cheng Guiguang 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe present study is aimed to evaluate the effect of three different drying methods, including shade drying (SD), freeze drying (FD) and hot air dying (HAD), on the chemical components, antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of aqueous‐methanol extracts from A. fragrans leaves. The total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined by spectroscopic methods, whereas the chemical profile of different extracts was determined by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS). A total of thirteen compounds were characterised and 9 phenolic compounds have been quantified. Two dihydrochalcone glycosides named confusoside and vacciniifolin were found to be the most abundant phenolic compounds in the SD extract of A. fragrans leaves, which also showed the strongest antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. The results showed that shade drying is an efficient method for preserving the chemical constituents and maintaining the antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of A. fragrans leaves.
The comparison of several lipid extraction methods on infant formula for 3‐monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters analysis
Authors: Faridah Didah Nur , Ulfa Masayu Nur , Andarwulan Nuri 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThis study aimed to determine the best lipid extraction method for infant formula; therefore, it can be used as a routine analysis. The samples were some commercial infant formulas in Indonesia. The research was conducted with three steps: (i) Lipid extraction of infant formula using five lipid extraction methods; (ii) 3‐monochloropropanediol esters (3‐MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) analysis of lipid extract from three lipid extraction methods in the first step; and (iii) 3‐MCPDE and GE analysis of six commercial infant formulas using the best lipid extraction method. The results showed that lipid extraction using the Dubois method gave the best results than other lipid extraction methods. The level of 3‐MCPDE and GE also had no significant difference with the addition of NaCl in the Folch method, compared with the addition of Na2SO4. The level of 3‐MCPDE and GE using the Dubois method was significantly different and higher compared with the other lipid extraction methods. 3‐MCPDE and GE levels of commercial infant formula were 6.62–52.84 µg kg−1 and <1.43–17.06 µg kg−1, respectively. The values obtained were still within the standard according to Commission Regulation EU 2018/290 by the European Food Safety Authority (125 µg kg−1 for 3‐MCPDE (on progress) and 50 µg kg−1 for GE).
Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, shelf‐life and reconstitutability of okra seeds powder: influence of milling and sieving processes
Authors: Miganeh Waiss Idriss , Kimbonguila André , Mohamed Abdoul‐Latif Fatouma , Nkeletela Laurette Brigelia , Scher Joël , Petit Jérémy 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThis study aimed at relating phytochemical properties (total phenolic content and antioxidant activity), reconstitutability (water absorption capacity and water solubility index) and preservation ability (water activity) of okra seed powders to physicochemical properties (particle size distribution and moisture content). Okra seed powders were produced at three different milling frequencies, and then, each obtained sample was sieved with 180, 315 and 500 μm sieves. An increased milling frequency resulted in lower median particle size, water activity and moisture content. The maximal water activity and moisture content were 0.583 ± 0.010 and 12.07 ± 0.05% (w/w), respectively, showing the good preservation ability of okra seed powders. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were raised at higher milling frequency. Reconstitutability was significantly enhanced at higher milling frequency and/or for smaller median particle size. Thus, the successive milling and sieving process was successful in improving physicochemical and functional properties of okra seed powders, especially for smaller particles.
iTRAQ‐based quantitative proteomic analysis of the effect of heat shock on freeze‐drying of Lactobacillusacidophilus ATCC4356
Authors: Liu Mingxue , Zeng Xiaoqun , He Yating , Xia Chaoran , Cheng Lu , Wu Zhen , Lan Hangzhen , Pan Daodong 
Published: May 2021

SummaryIn order to investigate the mechanism by which heat shock improves the survival rate of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) following lyophilisation, we performed proteomic analysis based on isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) on Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) ATCC4356. Among the 75 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), 16 and 59 were up‐ and downregulated, respectively, mainly related to amino acid metabolism, glycolysis, ABC transportation, transcription and translation. MrnC, tuf, recG, ychF, purB, dtpT, LBA1220, LBA0434 and LBA0921 were identified as key genes mediating tolerance to freeze‐drying. Energy supply was enhanced by regulating amino acid metabolism and glycolysis, while energy consumption was decreased by downregulating most translation‐related proteins. DNA and the cellular internal environment were stabilised, and ABC transporters assisted adaptation to freeze‐drying. The results provide new insight for understanding tolerance to freeze‐drying in LAB following heat shock treatment.
Exploring relationships between satiation, perceived satiety and plant‐based snack food features
Authors: Ni Dongdong , Gunness Purnima , Smyth Heather E. , Gidley Michael J. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryWe aimed to identify relations between satiation and subsequent satiety for six plant‐based foods (apple, avocado, banana, carrot, chick pea and macadamia) using a panel of ten healthy participants and a complete crossover randomised design. Food was served as a mid‐morning snack ad libitum over 20 min until participants were comfortably full, and subsequent satiety was monitored for up to 180 min. Carrot and macadamia had significantly higher perceived fullness during eating, but also significantly lower perceived satiety per gram than other foods. Food energy factors had no strong relationship with perceived fullness, but were significantly positively correlated with satiety. Mastication number had significant effects on both perceived fullness (negative) and satiety (positive). This pilot study showed that plant food factors affecting perceived fullness during eating and subsequent satiety are different, and suggests how portion control through satiation for different plant‐based snacks may influence both energy intake and subsequent satiety.
Prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in red chilli pepper (Capsicum annum L.) from India
Authors: Rajendran Sasireka , Shunmugam Ganapathy , Mallikarjunan Kumar , Paranidharan Vaikuntavasan , Venugopal Arun Prasath 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe aflatoxin contamination of chilli pepper grown and marketed in Tamil Nadu, a southern Indian state, was assessed. Chilli samples were collected at different stages of the value chain and were quantified using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Forty‐two representative samples were collected from four districts identified as the hub for production, distribution, agro‐processing industries and retail stores. In addition, interviews were conducted among the chilli farmers, vendors and agro‐industrialists across the hubs to assess their knowledge on aflatoxin contamination and safe handling practices. The maximum aflatoxin content determined in the chilli pepper was 37.8 µg kg−1. Almost 66.7% of samples collected from the retail outlets had aflatoxin values above 10 µg kg−1. The total aflatoxin content in the samples collected across the value chain was in the range of 3.83 to 37.80 µg kg−1. Statistical analysis on aflatoxin contents showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the districts representing different operations of value chain. The detected aflatoxin content was highest in samples collected from Dindigul district and least in Erode district. The results of the perception study showed that respondents into farming and trade activities had very little or no knowledge of aflatoxin contamination of chilli. The prevalence of unacceptable levels of aflatoxin in the chilli supply chain in the districts studied is probably due to tropical climatic conditions and poor handling practices of chilli.
Effects of soaking and sprouting on bioactive compounds of black and red pigmented rice cultivars
Authors: Islam Mohammad Zahirul , Shim Min‐Jung , Jeong Su‐Yeon , Lee Young‐Tack 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of steeping and sprouting on bioactive compounds of five pigmented rice, including two black and three red rice cultivars, and one ordinary rice. Dehulled rice samples were soaked in distilled water at 25 °C for different durations (0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h) and allowed to germinate under the dark condition at 25 °C and 95% humidity for 3 days. As the steeping time progressed up to 24 h, the germination rate and sprout growth of pigmented rice increased, and decreased at 48 h. During the soaking process, a gradual decrease in L* value (lightness) of soaking water was observed, with the highest reduction observed in Bosukheugchal (waxy black rice cultivar), indicating a considerable loss of anthocyanin during soaking. Black rice cultivars had the highest level of anthocyanin content, which was significantly reduced after germination. γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content (6.68–74.58 µg g−1) of pigmented rice cultivars increased significantly (226.36–339.91 µg g−1) (P ≤ 0.05) after germination. Germinated rice had 3.55 to 33.88 ‐times higher GABA content than non‐germinated rice. Total phenolic and flavonoid content in pigmented rice cultivars also increased after germination.
Changes in physicochemical properties and myofibrillar protein properties in grass carp salted by brining and injection
Authors: Wu Han , Wang Yixin , Jiang Qingqing , Jiang Xin , Feng Qian , Shi Wenzheng 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the changes in physicochemical properties and myofibrillar protein properties of grass carp meat during brining and brine injection at 4 °C. The time reached equilibrium was 7 h in brining group and 5 h by injection, where the salt content was about 1.76%. The water content, water holding capacity and yield in injection group (86.59%, 9.18% and 110%, respectively) were higher than brining group (84.76%, 11.47%, and 108%, respectively) at equilibrium point significantly (P < 0.05). This was attributed to the more swollen filament lattices and disordered protein structure in injection group (P < 0.05). The myofibrillar protein structure was compared, including sulphydryl content, surface hydrophobicity, solubility, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern and secondary structure. The injection group presented the better quality of salted fish meat in shorter time.
Effect of proanthocyanidin‐rich extracts from Chinese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) fruit on the physical and oxidative stability of sunflower oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Lv Ting‐Ting , Qin Zhao , Wang Shou‐Tao , Liu Hua‐Min , Ma Yu‐Xiang , Zheng Yong‐Zhan , Wang Xue‐De 
Published: May 2021

SummaryTo evaluate the effect of Chinese quince proanthocyanidins (PAs) on the physical and oxidative stability of sunflower oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions during storage, three proanthocyanidin (PA)‐rich extracts, namely water extract (WE), ethanol extract (EE), and acetone extract (AE), were prepared. When added to O/W emulsions, all the three extracts inhibited the increase in droplet size and the absolute zeta‐potential value during storage (55 °C, 24 days). All three extracts also exhibited superior antioxidative activity in the O/W emulsions. WE showed the highest efficacy in retarding lipid oxidation as proved by its lower conjugated dienes (8.18 ± 0.49 mmol L−1) and thiobarbituric substances values (0.68 ± 0.0025  mg MDA L−1), and such efficacy was similar to that of BHA at the same level. Lower molecular weight and degree of polymerisation have a positive effect on antioxidant activity of PA‐rich extracts. According to these results, all three PA‐rich extracts are potential natural antioxidants for improving the stability of food‐grade emulsions.
Regional characteristics and discrimination of the fermentation starter Hong Qu in traditional rice wine brewing
Authors: Lin Xiaozi , Ren Xiangyun , Huang Yingying , Liang Zhangcheng , Li Weixin , Su Hao , He Zhigang 
Published: May 2021

SummaryHong Qu (HQ) is a fermentation starter used to brew Hong Qu rice wine (HQ wine). The regional characteristics and discrimination of HQ are not fully understood. This study elucidates fermentation characteristics of HQ through sensory evaluation and the analysis of six physicochemical characteristics of HQ wine brewed by twenty‐nine HQ from different regions. Results showed that the complex physicochemical indices of HQ wine would be reduced to three principal components – total acidity, total sugars and non‐sugar solids by principal component analysis. Twenty‐nine HQ samples were classified into four clusters by hierarchical cluster analysis – Cluster A, B, C and D. Cluster B only included Gutian HQ (GTQ) brewing base liquors with a fresh and soft taste, the highest sensory scores and low coefficient of variation (CV). The rest three Clusters mainly included Wuyi HQ (WYQ) brewing base liquors with full‐bodied and tasteful flavours, high CV values and different sensory scores. WYQ could brew more good and less below standard liquors, while the quality of HQ wine brewed using GTQ was more even than that of WYQ. Conclusively, the geographical location and processing technology of HQ are the main external factors contributing to the regional characteristics of HQ wine.
Effects of germination time on the structural, physicochemical and functional properties of brown rice
Authors: He Lin‐yang , Yang Yang , Ren Li‐kun , Bian Xin , Liu Xiao‐fei , Chen Feng‐lian , Tan Bin , Fu Yu , Zhang Xiu‐min , Zhang Na 
Published: May 2021

SummaryGerminated brown rice (GBR) is a gluten‐free food raw material. Its tissue structure, physicochemical properties and functional properties depend on the germination time. In this study, rapid viscosity analyses, differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction et al were used to analyse the structural, physicochemical and functional changes in brown rice (BR) during germination. Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), total phenolic compound, glutathione (GSH) and amino acid contents increased during germination. GBR exhibited the highest GSH (22.70 mg per 100 g) and amino acid (8.02 mg per 100 g) contents at 24 h and the highest GABA content (253.35 mg per 100 g) at 36 h. Furthermore, BR germinated for 36 h showed greater enthalpy (ΔH) than ungerminated BR. Although GBR showed less crystallinity than ungerminated BR, germination did not change the crystalline structure type of starch (A‐type). These results inform choices of the appropriate applications of GBR to promote its utilisation in the food industry.