bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Association Between Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Receptor Gene and Dental Caries
Authors: Protyusha GB , Sundharam B Sivapatha 
Published: July 2021

Background:
The influence of environmental factors on dental caries is a well-established fact; however, little is known about the impact of genetics on the caries process.

Aims:
This study was aimed to analyse the association between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism and dental caries. It also compared the risk of dental caries between individuals with homozygous (tt and TT) genotype and heterozygous (Tt) genotype. Further, this study also aimed to compare VDR gene polymorphism by gender.

Methodology:
A total of 196 subjects were selected based on their decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index according to the WHO guidelines (1997), and were divided into two groups based on caries experience. The case group was further classified into low and high caries groups. The saliva samples were collected, DNA was extracted, and VDR Taq1 (T/C) gene polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction–based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and visualized under 2% agarose gel.

Results:
There was no significant difference in the VDR Taq1 polymorphism and dental caries between the case and control group. However, further stratification showed a statistically significant difference based on caries experience in the study group. The heterozygous mutant genotype (Tt) was associated with a higher caries experience (62.1%) (P = 0.008) with the frequency of ‘t’ allele being 77% as compared to ‘T’ allele (63.6%) in the high caries group.

Conclusion:
VDR Taq1 gene polymorphism does not seem to have a role in the incidence of dental caries in the studied population; however, it may have a role in the severity of the caries process.
Gstm1 Null Polymorphism and Palmar Dermatoglypics in Oral Leukoplakia
Authors: Yogesh Lakshanika , Aswath Nalini 
Published: July 2021

Background:
An individual's risk towards development of cancer depends not only on environmental factors or extrinsic exposure to carcinogens but also on individual's genetic susceptibility.

Aim:
To determine two genetically established parameters such as prevalence of GSTM1 null polymorphism and analysis of Palmar dermatoglypics (PD) in patients with Oral Leukoplakia (OL) and Controls.

Materials and Methods:
Group I (cases) 30 patients with established histopathological diagnosis of OL and Group II (controls) 30 patients without any habits of tobacco, alcohol usage and without OL were selected. After informed consent, the palm prints were recorded using a Canon PIXMA MP250 scanner and 2 ml of blood was collected and transported under cold cycle and taken for evaluation of GSTM1 null polymorphism using Multiplex PCR.

Results:
There exists a highly significant difference in GSTM1 null polymorphism (p-0.002), Finger ridge patterns (arches- p-0.027, loops p-0.001, whorls p-0.001), hypothenar pattern (p-0.015), ATD angle (p-0.001), AB count (p-0.007) between cases and controls. Similarly, when analysing the GSTM1 null polymorphism with PD among cases, there exists a significant association between loops (p-0.001), AB count (p-0.058) and hypothenar pattern (p-0.076), respectively 43% of OL cases had alteration in both which implies that those patients are at a higher risk of developing cancer.

Conclusion:
Not all patients who smoke or chew tobacco develop cancer. This could probably be due to the individual's genetic susceptibility. Environment gene interactions, in the form of GSTM1 polymorphism, and carcinogenesis, share links that can help in the prediction of risk for oral cancer development, and use of such markers can aid in prediction of oral cancer susceptibility in exposed individuals. Palm prints once formed do not change throughout life and are not influenced by environment. It can also serve as genetic markers to predict the risk of occurrence of oral cancer.
Assessment of Salivary Thiocyanate Levels and Ph in the Saliva of Smokers and Nonsmokers with Chronic Periodontitis – A Comparative Study
Authors: Kumar C Naresh , Rao Subramaniam M , Jethlia Ankur , Linganna Chandra Shekhar , Bhargava Manish , Palve Devendra H 
Published: July 2021

Background:
It has been speculated that the pathogenesis of diseases prompted by cigarette smoking includes oxidative damage by free radicals. Though, definitive evidence that smoking may cause the oxidative modification of target molecules in vivo is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate and compare the levels of salivary Thiocyanate (SCN) and power of hydrogen (pH) in the saliva of smokers and nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis (ChP).

Materials and Methods:
A study population consisted of 60 male systemically healthy subjects in the age group of 20-65 years that was further divided into three groups: Group 1: 20 Healthy nonsmokers, who never smoked. Group 2: 20 nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis. Group 3: 20 smokers with chronic periodontitis. Unstimulated saliva was collected for at least 5 mins and clinical parameters; salivary pH and SCN thiocyanate levels were assessed using the spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Inc 21.0, Chicago, II, United States of America.

Results:
Data showed that the mean salivary SCN level, periodontal parameters were higher in smokers with chronic periodontitis as compared to nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis and healthy subjects (P < 0.05.) Post Hoc tests multiple comparisons Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) among three groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Salivary thiocyanate levels remain increased by smoking in addition to the impact of periodontitis, and these results also indicated a significant change in the pH depending on the severity of the periodontal condition in smokers. Thus, the measurement of salivary thiocyanate may prove to be useful in the early detection of periodontal disease. The salivary pH shows significant changes and, consequently, relevant to the severity of the periodontal disease. Salivary pH may thus be used as a quick chairside diagnostic biomarker.
Comparative Evaluation of Periodontal Inflammatory Conditions Among Gutka-Chewers with and without Prediabetes
Authors: Bhardwaj Puneet , Chowdhary Zoya , Sharma Vandana , Ladani Ravi , Modi Sonamben Kishorchandra , Bhardwaj Sudhanshu , Hundal Kasper D. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
The metabolic syndrome has become one of the major public-health challenges worldwide which include diabetes, prediabetes (raised blood glucose level), abdominal obesity, high cholesterol level, and high blood pressure. Periodontitis is described as a multi-factorial irreversible and cumulative condition and, is also the sixth complication of diabetes. Areca nut chewing has already been linked with the development of various cancers, and more recently with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate the association of periodontal inflammatory conditions among gutka chewing with and without prediabetes patients.

Materials and Methods:
There are about 50 pre-diabetic and 50 healthy patients, both males and females with the age range of 18 years to 45 years, were included in the study. They were then divided into 4 groups based upon gutka chewers and non-chewers i.e., pre-diabetic gutka chewers (PDC), pre-diabetic non-chewers (PDNC), healthy gutka chewers (HC), and healthy non-chewers (HNC). A complete demographic data was obtained along with clinical and radiographic parameters i.e. plaque index (PI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing depth (PD), marginal bone loss (MBL) were recorded. A statistical analysis was performed and Bonferroni adjustment post hoc test was performed for multiple comparisons.

Results:
The overall results suggested that the clinical periodontal parameters i.e., PD, PI, SBI and radiologic parameters i.e., MBL are significantly higher in prediabetes chewers compared with healthy chewers and healthy non chewers.

Conclusion:
The periodontal inflammatory conditions are worse in gutka chewers compared to non-chewers in healthy and pre-diabetic patients, concluding that the severity of periodontal inflammation is governed by hyperglycemia when compared to habitual gutka usage.
Analysis of Erythrocytes in Oral Submucous Fibrosis – A Morphometric Study
Authors: Wadhwan Vijay , Venkatesh Arvind , Sharma Preeti , Malik Sangeeta , Saxena Chitrapriya 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive scarring oral disease caused due to areca quid chewing. The constituents of areca nut can enter into the circulation by swallowing the liquid mixture of areca quid which evokes oxidative stress on RBC membrane integrity.

Aims:
To study the morphometric characteristics of erythrocytes under light microscopy and to assess the role of areca quid constituents on the morphology of circulating erythrocytes.

Materials and Methods:
Peripheral blood smears prepared from blood samples of 50 patients selected according to Lai's classification. Group I: Normal individuals (10 cases); Group II: Mouth opening > 35 mm (10 cases); Group III: Mouth opening 30-35 mm (10 cases); Group IV: Mouth opening 20-30 mm (10 cases) and Group V: Mouth opening < 20 mm (10 cases). The slides were stained with Leishman's stain and assessed by light microscopy. A total of 100 randomly selected RBCs from 5 different fields in each smear were selected and the RBC circumference was measured and tabulated.

Statistical analysis and Results:
Data was analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5.03 software. Tukey's multiple comparison test showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between groups I and IV; I and V; II and IV; II and V; III and IV; III and V.

Conclusion:
These results suggest the possibility of cytotoxic effect of areca quid constituents on circulating erythrocytes in advanced cases of OSMF, which might result in microcytic anaemia.
Estimation of Occlusal Vertical Dimension using Cephalometric Angular Reconstruction
Authors: Vinnakota Dileep Nag , Kamatham Rekhalakshmi 
Published: July 2021

Aim:
To propose a new technique, based on cephalometrics for determining the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO).

Methods and Material:
Thirty-five participants in the age range of 20–22 years who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. Lateral cephalograms were obtained and tracing done. Five reference landmarks, Nasion (N), Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS), Porion (P), Gonion (G) and Gnathion (Gn) were marked and joined to form four angles, N-ANS-Gn, N-ANS-G, P-G-Gn and P-G-ANS; distance between ANS and Gn was considered as VDO in cephalogram (VDO-Ceph). The angles N-ANS-Gn and N-ANS-G; P-G-Gn, and P-G-ANS were correlated; two simple linear regression models were developed to predict N-ANS-Gn and P-G-Gn, using N-ANS-G and P-G-ANS, as independent variables. Using the formulae, the predicted angles, N-ANS-Gn and P-G-Gn were drawn and intersection marked as ‘reconstructed point Gn’. The predicted VDO-Ceph values (distance between ANS and reconstructed Gn) were measured and correlated with actual values.

Results:
The angles N-ANS-Gn and P-G-Gn had a statistically significant positive correlation with N-ANS-G (r = 0.77, P < 0.001) and P-G-ANS (r = 0.83, P < 0.001), respectively. Using simple linear regression analysis, the following formulae were obtained: N-ANS-Gn (in degrees) = 1.271 N-ANS-G (in degrees) + 24.83 and P-G-Gn (in degrees) = 0.987 P-G-ANS (in degrees) + 35.93. The predicted and actual VDO-Ceph values showed no statistical significance difference (P = 0.92).

Conclusion:
By tracing four cephalometric landmarks, N, ANS, P, G; and using the angular reconstruction, it is possible to predict the location of Gn. Hence, during prosthetic replacement of lost teeth, this can be employed for the estimation of lost dimensions.
Effectiveness of Tobacco Cessation Counselling and Behavioural Changes using Multi theory Model (Mtm)
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Sabbarwal Bhavna , Jaggi Amrita , Taneja Pratibha 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Effective tobacco cessation programs using advice and counselling, have helped a substantial proportion of people quit smoking. Effectiveness of this tobacco cessation counselling needs to be evaluated.

Aim:
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco cessation counselling and behavioural changes using Multi Theory Model (MTM).

Setting and Design:
A non-randomised uncontrolled trial was conducted on 100 tobacco users visiting dental college in Bangalore.

Methods and Materials:
A 28 item questionnaire multi-theory model (MTM) for health behaviour was administered at baseline, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after providing standardized tobacco cessation counselling (TCC) intervention at baseline.

Statistical Analysis:
Data were analysed and comparison were made using repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni adjustment (P < 0.05).

Results:
A total of 64 participants completed the 12 week follow-up. The mean age was 44.3 ± 10.1 years and 75.8% were males. There was significantly increase in mean MTM behaviour change score from baseline (32.78 ± 4.8) to 2 weeks (52.37 ± 5.27), 6 weeks (49.81 ± 4.34) and 12 weeks (48.7 ± 3.50) (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
There was increase in MTM model scores in subsequent follow up suggesting behavioural changes and overall effectiveness of the Tobacco cessation counselling (TCC) among tobacco users.
Stereomicroscopic Analysis of Microleakage, Evaluation of Shear Bond Strengths and Adhesive Remnants Beneath Orthodontic Brackets under Cyclic Exposure to Commonly Consumed Commercial “Soft” Drinks
Authors: Pulgaonkar Rohan , Chitra Prasad 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Coca-Cola®, Sprite®, and Maaza® on Microleakage, shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnants underneath orthodontic brackets.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 192 human premolar teeth were used in this study. The sample was divided into four groups: Artificial saliva (control) [Group 1], Coca-Cola [Group 2], Sprite [Group 3] and Maaza [Group 4]. All the samples were stored in artificial saliva and immersed in their respective testing media (except the control group) for 15 minutes 3 times a day, separated by intervals of 8 hours. The immersion cycle was repeated for 15 days. After the immersion cycle, 24 teeth from each group were tested for SBS and adhesive remnant index subsequently. The remaining 24 teeth from each group underwent dyeing with methylene blue and were analyzed stereomicroscopically to evaluate microleakage underneath the brackets. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro normality tests were performed and homogeneity of variance was tested with the Levene test. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were carried out separately for SBS, ARI and microleakage. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago) software.

Results:
Coca-Cola showed a significant reduction in SBS and microleakage (p < 0.05) compared to the other groups. ARI did not show any significant differences between any groups (p > 0.05). The mean microleakage scores were higher for the gingival side of the brackets compared to the incisal side. Both Sprite and Maaza showed significant differences compared to artificial saliva, despite the SBS not being statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:
A significant reduction of SBS was observed in Coca-Cola while increased microleakage was seen in all three drinks compared to artificial saliva.
Herbal Medicine Teng-Long-Bu-Zhong-Tang Inhibits the Growth of Human RKO Colorectal Cancer by Regulating Apoptosis, Senescence, and Angiogenesis
Authors: Wei Meng-Meng , Wang Shuang-Shuang , Zheng Jia-Lu , Chen Lei , Peng Xiao , Chen Jin-Fang , An Hong-Mei , Hu Bing 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Teng-Long-Bu-Zhong-Tang (TLBZT) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used to treat colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present study, we observed the anti-cancer effects of TLBZT on human RKO CRC.

Materials and Methods:
Mice were subcutaneously transplanted with RKO cells, divided into control, 5-Fu-administered, TLBZT-administered, and TLBZT and 5-Fu combination-administered groups, and treated with 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) and/or TLBZT. Apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. The activity of caspase-3,-8, and-9 was detected using specific commercial kits. Cell senescence was assessed using senescence β-galactosidase staining. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.

Results:
TLBZT inhibited RKO CRC tumor growth, enhanced the anti-cancer effects of 5-Fu, induced apoptosis, and activated caspase-3,-8, and-9. TLBZT induced cell senescence accompanied by the downregulation of cyclin E1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 expressions. TLBZT also inhibited angiogenesis and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor-A.

Conclusions:
TLBZT inhibited RKO CRC tumor growth and enhanced the anti-cancer effects of 5-Fu, and it could be associated with apoptosis and cell senescence induction, and angiogenesis inhibition.
El Sector Agropecuario en el Ecuador: análisis descriptivo del impacto en la sostenibilidad por el COVID-19 / The Agricultural Sector in Ecuador: descriptive analysis of the impact on sustainability by COVID-19
Authors: De Jesús Eras Agila, Rosana , Margot Lalangui Balcázar , Joel Cabrera Peñaloza Carlos , Elizabeth Espinoza Guartán , Rafael Vilela Flores Adalberto , Evelyn Vilela González , Verónica Velecela Jaya Liz 
Published: July 2021

El sector agropecuario ha tenido una incidencia importante en el desarrollo del Ecuador, debido a que su rol no se limita únicamente al sostenimiento de la soberanía alimentaria, sino que además contribuye significativamente en la economía, a través de los tributos que las empresas constituidas en esta rama aportan al erario nacional. Pese a lo indicado, no se ha encontrado exento frente a la crisis surgida por el COVID-19, reflejándose este efecto en los ingresos percibidos y, por consiguiente, en las arcas estatales. Por lo expuesto, se plantea como objetivo analizar el impacto económico del sector agropecuario ecuatoriano por la pandemia, a través de la revisión de las cifras arrojadas por las instituciones estatales durante los años 2019 y 2020, siendo una investigación de enfoque cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo que, mediante el análisis documental de fuentes primarias y secundarias de informes económicos, artículos científicos, artículos económicos, artículos institucionales y otros, con el uso de matrices permite cumplir el propósito de estudio. Entre los principales resultados se determina que, a pesar que el sector se mantuvo operativo durante la pandemia, refleja una caída del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) con un decrecimiento en comparación al 2019, siendo un resultado similar para el Valor Agregado Bruto del sector no petrolero cayendo en -6.6% en contraste al -1.1% del periodo anterior, generando una reducción del 13% en el pago de impuesto a la renta en el periodo antes mencionado desencadenado por los elevados costos de insumos y servicios conexos, entre otros.
Physicians' Attitudes Toward Discussing Motor Vehicle Safety With Their Patients
Authors: Domigan Juliane , Glassman Tavis , Mulrow Patrick , Reindl Diana , Diehr Aaron 
Published: July 2021

This investigation used constructs from the Health Belief Model to examine physicians’ attitudes toward educating patients about motor vehicle safety. The setting was a community in the Midwest. Participants (n=188) indicated they lack the time and expertise to counsel their patients in certain areas. Perceived barriers and self-efficacy predicted 40% of the variance in physicians counseling on this subject. However, perceived benefits were not statistically significant. Training physicians on motor vehicle safety via in-services, conference seminars, or as an addition to their current curriculum may result in decreased fatalities and injuries from car crashes.
A conscientização como pressuposto à humanização nos processos de formação docente em EJAI
Authors: Borba Sara Ingrid 
Published: July 2021

RESUMO

O presente texto contempla uma reflexão acerca da educação de jovens, adultos e idosos, tomando como foco a formação docente e as experiências vividas no âmbito escolar como pressuposto para formação humana. O objetivo é dialogar sobre a conscientização, enquanto categoria freiriana, indispensável a formação humana, entendendo que os processos de formação docente não acontecem apenas no âmbito das instituições formadoras, mas nas relações que se estabelecem entre os sujeitos do processo educativo (docente e discente), enquanto vivenciam suas experiências. Foi realizada uma abordagem teórica, tomando como base a pesquisa qualitativa. Esta reflexão se faz a partir dos aportes teóricos de Nóvoa (1995); Brandão (2003), Freire (1997, 2001, 2005) em seu vasto estudo, dentre outros e demais autores de relevante contribuição, bem como documentos legais como indicativos de informações pertinentes. O processo de formação contínua acontece como uma necessidade do ser comprometido com a sua própria vida, comprometido com o mundo do qual faz parte. É uma incessante busca do vir a ser, comprometido com o fazer ético, refletindo a sua própria prática como sistematização do conhecimento e intervenção da sua própria realidade.

Palavras-chave: Consciência. Formação humana. Libertação.

ABSTRACT

This text contemplates a reflection on the education of young people, adults and the elderly, focusing on teacher training and the experiences lived at school as a precondition for human training. The objective is to dialogue about awareness, as a Freirian category, which is essential to human formation, understanding that the processes of teacher education do not happen only within the scope of educational institutions, but in the relationships that are established between the subjects of the educational process (teacher and student) , while experiencing their experiences. A theoretical approach was carried out, based on qualitative research. This reflection is based on the theoretical contributions of Nóvoa (1995); Brandão (2003), Freire (1997, 2001, 2005) in their vast study, among others and other authors of relevant contribution, as well as legal documents as indicative of pertinent information. The process of continuous formation happens as a need to be committed to your own life, committed to the world of which you are a part. It is an unceasing pursuit of becoming, committed to ethical doing, reflecting its own practice as a systematization of knowledge and intervention of its own reality.

Keywords: Consciousness. Human formation. Release.
The effect of bariatric surgery on periodontal health: systematic review and meta-analyses
Authors: Čolak Dejana , Gašperšič Rok , Cmok Kučič Alja , Pintar Tadeja , Gašpirc Boris 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionWe aimed to determine if periodontal health deteriorates after bariatric surgery (BS).Material and methodsA search was performed in Medline and Embase, for prospective
cohort studies with data on change in periodontal parameters after BS. Me�ta-analysis was performed with available data.ResultsThe results of 4 included studies consistently show significant (p<0.05) worsening of bleeding on probing (4.21% (CI: 0.32, 8.11)), clinical attachment loss (0.16mm (CI: 0.05, 0.27)), periodontal pockets depth (PPD) (0.14mm(CI: 0.06, 0.23)) and percentage of PPD 4-5 mm: 1.72% (CI: 0.11, 3.34) 6-months after BS, but no change after 12-months.ConclusionsBS may have a transient negative consequence on periodontal health.