bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital platforms and the transactions cost approach to competition law
Authors: Biggar Darryl , Heimler Alberto 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For the past few decades, competition authorities around the world have said they seek to promote consumer welfare. However, in recent years, several national competition authorities have announced major investigations into behavior by digital platforms—including some behavior that does not immediately harm downstream consumers. This has reopened old questions about the fundamental purpose of competition law: What is the harm that competition law is designed to address? How, exactly, does competition law promote economic welfare? Separately, the literature on ecosystems emphasizes the central role of non-generic complementary investments as a defining feature of ecosystems and the power this can give to ecosystem orchestrators over their associated complementors. We draw these strands together to show how a recently proposed economic foundation for competition law, drawing on the transactions cost literature, provides a consistent, compelling, and economically sound foundation for competition policy toward digital platforms going forward.
Glycaemic index, glycaemic load and cancer risk: results from the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort
Authors: Debras Charlotte , Chazelas Eloi , Srour Bernard , Julia Chantal , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Zelek Laurent , Agaësse Cédric , Druesne-Pecollo Nathalie , Andreeva Valentina A , Galan Pilar , Hercberg Serge , Latino-Martel Paule , Deschasaux-Tanguy Mélanie , Touvier Mathilde 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundEvidence is accumulating that high dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) are potential risk factors for several metabolic disorders (e.g. type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases), but remains limited concerning cancer risk. Although, mechanistic data suggest that consuming high-GI foods may contribute to carcinogenesis through elevated blood glucose levels, insulin resistance or obesity-related mechanisms. Our objective was to study the associations between dietary GI/GL and cancer.MethodsIn total, 103 020 French adults (median age = 40.2 years) from the NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009–2020) with no cancer or diabetes at baseline were included (705 137 person-years, median follow-up time = 7.7 years). Repeated 24-h dietary records linked with a detailed food-composition table (&gt;3500 food/beverage items). We computed the average dietary GI and GL at the individual level. Associations between GI, GL, contribution of low- and medium/high-GI foods to energy and carbohydrate intake and cancer risk (overall, breast, prostate and colorectal) were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional-hazard models.ResultsHigher dietary GL was associated with higher overall cancer risk [n = 3131 cases, hazard ratios (HRs) for sex-specific quintile 5 vs 1 = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03–1.52; Ptrend = 0.008] and specifically postmenopausal breast cancer (n = 924, HRQ5vs.Q1 = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.06–2.55; Ptrend = 0.03). A higher contribution of low-GI food/beverages to energy intake was associated with lower cancer risk whereas a higher contribution of medium/high-GI items to energy intake was positively associated with higher risk of overall, breast and postmenopausal breast cancers (Ptrend ≤ 0.02).ConclusionsThese results support a possible impact of GI/GL on cancer risk. If confirmed in other populations and settings, dietary GI/GL could be considered as modifiable risk factors for primary cancer prevention.Trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03335644.
Less is more: simple algorithms for the minimum sum of squares clustering problem
Authors: Kalczynski Pawel , Brimberg Jack , Drezner Zvi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe clustering problem has many applications in machine learning, operations research and statistics. We propose three algorithms to create starting solutions for improvement algorithms for the minimum sum of squares clustering problem. We test the algorithms on 72 instances that were investigated in the literature. We found five new best known solutions and matched the best known solution for 66 of the remaining 67 instances. Thus, we are able to demonstrate that good starting solutions combined with a simple local search get results comparable with, and sometimes even better than, more sophisticated algorithms used in the literature.
Machine learning-assisted imaging analysis of a human epiblast model
Authors: Resto Irizarry Agnes M , Esfahani Sajedeh Nasr , Zheng Yi , Yan Robin Zhexuan , Kinnunen Patrick , Fu Jianping 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The human embryo is a complex structure that emerges and develops as a result of cell-level decisions guided by both intrinsic genetic programs and cell–cell interactions. Given limited accessibility and associated ethical constraints of human embryonic tissue samples, researchers have turned to the use of human stem cells to generate embryo models to study specific embryogenic developmental steps. However, to study complex self-organizing developmental events using embryo models, there is a need for computational and imaging tools for detailed characterization of cell-level dynamics at the single cell level. In this work, we obtained live cell imaging data from a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based epiblast model that can recapitulate the lumenal epiblast cyst formation soon after implantation of the human blastocyst. By processing imaging data with a Python pipeline that incorporates both cell tracking and event recognition with the use of a CNN-LSTM machine learning model, we obtained detailed temporal information of changes in cell state and neighborhood during the dynamic growth and morphogenesis of lumenal hPSC cysts. The use of this tool combined with reporter lines for cell types of interest will drive future mechanistic studies of hPSC fate specification in embryo models and will advance our understanding of how cell-level decisions lead to global organization and emergent phenomena. Insight, innovation, integration: Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been successfully used to model and understand cellular events that take place during human embryogenesis. Understanding how cell–cell and cell–environment interactions guide cell actions within a hPSC-based embryo model is a key step in elucidating the mechanisms driving system-level embryonic patterning and growth. In this work, we present a robust video analysis pipeline that incorporates the use of machine learning methods to fully characterize the process of hPSC self-organization into lumenal cysts to mimic the lumenal epiblast cyst formation soon after implantation of the human blastocyst. This pipeline will be a useful tool for understanding cellular mechanisms underlying key embryogenic events in embryo models.
Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Lower Extremity Burns in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Rotman Sydney , Lapaine Pierre , Rehou Sarah , Jeschke Marc G , Shahrokhi Shahriar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an increasingly prevalent chronic disease that leads to long-term health consequences. Some long-term clinical sequelae of diabetes include coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, and impaired wound healing. These can increase hospital stay and complications such as wound infections and amputations among patients with lower extremity burns. A retrospective analysis was performed of all isolated lower extremity burns from a single tertiary burn care center from 2006 to 2017. Patients were stratified by diabetic status and the incidence of lower extremity amputations was the primary outcome. Multivariable regression was used to model the association between diabetes and amputations, adjusting for patient and injury characteristics. A total of 198 patients were identified as meeting inclusion criteria, 160 were nondiabetic and 38 were diabetic. Age was significantly different between nondiabetic and diabetic patients; mean age was 46 ± 18 vs 62 ± 17 years (P &lt; .0001). Length of stay was also significantly different, median length of stay was 11 (interquartile range 7–15) vs 18 (interquartile range 12–24; P &lt; .001), with diabetic patients staying longer. There was a significantly greater proportion of diabetic patients that had an amputation (control 4% vs diabetic 29%; P &lt; .0001). After adjustment for patient and injury characteristics, there was a significant association between diabetes and amputation (P = .002). Among patients with isolated lower extremity burns, those with a preexisting condition of diabetes had a longer hospitalization and increased amputations, despite similar size of burn. Diabetes is an important risk factor to acknowledge in patients with these injuries to optimize care.
Bochdalek hernia with intrathoracic spleen treated by robotic-assisted mesh repair utilizing indocyanine green contrast media intraoperatively. A case report
Authors: Kozadinos Alexandros , Chrysikos Dimosthenis , Davakis Spyridon , Kozadinos Ioannis , Farmakis Panagiotis , Georgiou Georgios , Troupis Theodore 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Bochdalek hernias are usually diagnosed in newborns. However, they can occur in adults. Few reports exist regarding robotic repair of such hernias. We present a case of a female patient with symptomatic Bochdalek hernia, including the spleen. Patient was successfully treated by robotic-assisted surgical mesh with the use of indocyanine green (ICG). An 80-year-old female patient presented with dyspnea, angina and intermittent abdominal pain. She had loss of appetite and 15-kg weight loss within 3 months. Past medical history was unremarkable. Imaging revealed a left Bochdalek hernia. The patient underwent robotic-assisted surgery; hernia contents included stomach, parts of colon, omentum and remarkably the spleen. Sac was dissected free. Patency of organs was assessed with ICG. Diaphragmatic defect was repaired with mesh. Bochdalek hernias should be surgically repaired. Minimally invasive therapy is safe and effective. Intraoperative ICG use can provide excellent results with favorable clinical outcomes.
Carcinosarcoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland: a case report
Authors: Almubarak Ali A , Alotaibi Salman K , Alghamdi Fareed R , Alqahtani Saeed , Alahmadi Rawan M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Carcinosarcoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is an extremely rare malignant neoplasm of the salivary gland that originates from a pre-existing benign tumor. Malignant transformation of the pleomorphic adenoma is extremely rare. The management of carcinosarcoma ex pleomorphic adenoma remains challenging because of its rarity, behavioral aggressiveness and resemblance to benign pleomorphic adenoma. Herein, we present the case of a 75-year-old male resident of Saudi Arabia with a history of a swelling in the right parotid gland for more than 25 years, which grew slowly with time. He underwent surgical removal with superficial parotidectomy. Afterward, histological examination of the resected tumor revealed features of carcinosarcoma, and he was diagnosed with carcinosarcoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. He presented again with recurrence of the tumor, which was managed with total parotidectomy and a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. At 12-month follow-up, the patient showed no evidence of disease recurrence or distant metastasis.
A case of carotid endarterectomy assisted with a three-way junction shunting tube for the internal carotid artery stenosis involving a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery
Authors: Sanada Takahiro , Shirai Wakako , Yamamoto Shota , Kinoshita Manabu , Tokumitsu Naoki 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Only several cases of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis involving the persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA) have been treated with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) because of its extreme rarity. CEA was performed for an 87-year-old female with severe stenosis of the right ICA–PPHA bifurcation requiring shunting from CCA to both PPHA and ICA. We initially attempted to insert two intraluminal balloon shunts into the CCA, as previously reported. However, we found this procedure technically impossible to achieve. An improvised three-way junction tube was inserted distally into PPHA and ICA and proximally into CCA, securing blood flow during CEA. Unfortunately, the patient suffered post-operative ischemic brain lesions due to the prolonged ischemic time during our initial unsuccessful shunt attempt. A three-way junction shunting tube could be an effective shunt technique during an anatomically complicated CEA.
Energy transition and green energy: the struggle for climate and for a new redivision of the world—and the proposal for a balanced Russia–EU solution
Authors: Konoplyanik Andrey 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The author argues that current energy transition is the seventh one in the long-term history of the mankind though different from the previous ones. He explains why Paris Agreement (the ‘no return point’ for current energy transition) has grown from the 1970s. He explains the role of hydrogen in current energy transition and three different paths for H2 production: water electrolysis; methane steam reforming with CO2 emissions and CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS); methane pyrolysis and similar technologies without CO2 emissions. He demonstrates their competitive advantages and disadvantages. He describes European Union (EU) vision of cooperation in H2 within EU hydrogen strategy and H2 section of Russian Energy Strategy. He argues why cooperation based on Russian gas supplies to the EU and H2 production in EU at end-use in ‘EU H2 valleys’ based on mostly pyrolysis technologies without CO2 emissions is the mutually beneficial one for both Russia and the EU: for the EU it helps to decrease low-carbon development costs and for Russia to further monetize its vast gas resources within export-oriented decarbonization. He presents his ‘win-win’ scenario for Russia–EU hydrogen cooperation.
The BTB/POZ domain protein GmBTB/POZ promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of the soybean AP2/ERF-like transcription factor GmAP2 to regulate the defense response to Phytophthora sojae
Authors: Zhang Chuanzhong , Gao Hong , Sun Yan , Jiang Liangyu , He Shengfu , Song Bo , Liu Shanshan , Zhao Ming , Wang Le , Liu Yaguang , Wu Junjiang , Xu Pengfei , Zhang Shuzhen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot in soybean (Glycine max) is a destructive disease worldwide, and hence improving crop resistance to the causal pathogen, P. sojae, is a major target for breeders. However, it remains largely unclear how the pathogen regulates the various affected signaling pathways in the host, which consist of complex networks including key transcription factors and their targets. We have previously demonstrated that GmBTB/POZ enhances soybean resistance to P. sojae and the associated defense response. Here, we demonstrate that GmBTB/POZ interacts with the transcription factor GmAP2 and promotes its ubiquitination. GmAP2-RNAi transgenic soybean hairy roots exhibited enhanced resistance to P. sojae, whereas roots overexpressing GmAP2 showed hypersensitivity. GmWRKY33 was identified as a target of GmAP2, which represses its expression by directly binding to the promoter. GmWRKY33 acts as a positive regulator in the response of soybean to P. sojae. Overexpression of GmBTB/POZ released the GmAP2-regulated suppression of GmWRKY33 in hairy roots overexpressing GmAP2 and increased their resistance to P. sojae. Taken together, our results indicate that GmBTB/POZ-GmAP2 modulation of the P. sojae resistance response forms a novel regulatory mechanism, which putatively regulates the downstream target gene GmWRKY33 in soybean.
Evaluation of the NIO and T.A.L.O.N Intraosseous Devices as Placed by U.S. Army Conventional Force Combat Medics—A Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Lange Pascal , Umar Mohamad , Walker Jerimiah D , Riddle Mark , Mochmer Paul 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
In recent U.S. Military conflicts, hemorrhage remains the leading cause of preventable death with 30%-40% mortality rates. Management consists of effective bleeding control and rapid resuscitation with blood products. Rapid and accurate circulatory access is crucial in battlefield trauma management. This study evaluates the insertion success rate and time to successfully insert the NIO automatic intraosseous (IO) device and the Tactical Advanced Lifesaving IO Needle (TALON) manual IO device. The primary outcome is successful first attempt insertion. Secondary outcomes are the time taken for the successful insertion, user-reported “ease of use” for both devices, and user-reported device preference.

Materials and Methods
This is a prospective randomized crossover study comparing the NIO and TALON devices. As they are often the frontline health care providers, combat medics (68W) were recruited to participate in this study. They were randomized into two cohorts based on the IO device and location they would start first. Each medic performed a total of four IO cannulations on the proximal tibia and the humeral head of cadaveric human models.

Results
Sixty medics participated in the study, performing a total of 240 IO insertions, 120 with NIO (60 at the proximal tibia and 60 at the humeral head) and 120 with TALON (60 at the proximal tibia and 60 at the humeral head). The first attempt success rate was 89.2% for the NIO and 83.3% for the TALON, P = .19. The time to successful first attempt insertion for the NIO [M = 24.71 seconds, SD = 4.72] and the TALON, [M = 24.70 seconds, SD = 4.74] were similar, P = .98. The differences between the success of device insertion and time to successful insertion did not achieve statistical significance. The “ease of use” score (5-point Likert Scale) for the NIO [M = 4.73] and the TALON, [M = 4.11], demonstrated a significant difference, P &lt; .001. Ninety percent [n = 54] of the combat medics preferred the NIO versus only 10% [n = 6] preferred TALON.

Conclusions
Our findings indicate that the overall insertion success rate and time to successful insertion were similar between NIO automatic IO device and the TALON manual IO device. In our study, Army combat medics learned how to use both devices rapidly but felt the NIO automatic IO device easier to use and overwhelmingly preferred this device.
Constraining the properties of dense neutron star cores: the case of the low-mass X-ray binary HETE J1900.1–2455
Authors: Degenaar N , Page D , van den Eijnden J , Beznogov M V , Wijnands R , Reynolds M 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Measuring the time evolution of the effective surface temperature of neutron stars can provide invaluable information on the properties of their dense cores. Here, we report on a new Chandra observation of the transient neutron star low-mass X-ray binary HETE J1900.1–2455, which was obtained ≈2.5 yr after the end of its ≈10-yr long accretion outburst. The source is barely detected during the observation, collecting only six net photons, all below 2 keV. Assuming that the spectrum is shaped as a neutron star atmosphere model, we perform a statistical analysis to determine a 1σ confidence upper range for the neutron star temperature of ≈30–39 eV (for an observer at infinity), depending on its mass, radius, and distance. Given the heat injected into the neutron star during the accretion outburst, estimated from data provided by all-sky monitors, the inferred very low temperature suggests that the core either has a very high heat capacity or undergoes very rapid neutrino cooling. While the present data do not allow us to disentangle these two possibilities, both suggest that a significant fraction of the dense core is not superfluid/superconductor. Our modelling of the thermal evolution of the neutron star predicts that it may still cool further, down to a temperature of ≃15 eV. Measuring such a low temperature with a future observation may provide constraints on the fraction of baryons that is paired in the stellar core.
Probing the kinematics and chemistry of the hot core Mon R2 IRS 3 using ALMA observations
Authors: Fuente A , Treviño-Morales S P , Alonso-Albi T , Sánchez-Monge A , Rivière-Marichalar P , Navarro-Almaida D 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present high angular resolution 1.1 mm continuum and spectroscopic Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of the well-known massive protocluster Mon R2 IRS 3. The continuum image at 1.1 mm shows two components, IRS 3 A and IRS 3 B, that are separated by ∼0.65 arcsec. We estimate that IRS 3 A is responsible of ∼80 per cent of the continuum flux, being the most massive component. We explore the chemistry of IRS 3 A based on the spectroscopic observations. In particular, we have detected intense lines of S-bearing species such as SO, SO2, H2CS, and OCS, and of the complex organic molecules (COMs) methyl formate (CH3OCHO) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3). The integrated intensity maps of most species show a compact clump centred on IRS 3 A, except the emission of the COMs that is more intense towards the near-IR nebula located to the south of IRS 3 A, and HC3N whose emission peak is located ∼0.5 arcsec NE from IRS 3 A. The kinematical study suggests that the molecular emission is mainly coming from a rotating ring and/or an unresolved disc. Additional components are traced by the ro-vibrational HCN ν2 = 1 3→2 line which is probing the inner disc/jet region, and the weak lines of CH3OCHO, more likely arising from the walls of the cavity excavated by the molecular outflow. Based on SO2 we derive a gas kinetic temperature of T$_k\, \sim$ 170 K towards the IRS 3 A. The most abundant S-bearing species is SO2 with an abundance of ∼ 1.3 × 10−7, and χ(SO/SO2) ∼ 0.29. Assuming the solar abundance, SO2 accounts for ∼1 per cent of the sulphur budget.
The ALPINE-ALMA [C ii] Survey: kinematic diversity and rotation in massive star-forming galaxies at z ~ 4.4–5.9
Authors: Jones G C , Vergani D , Romano M , Ginolfi M , Fudamoto Y , Béthermin M , Fujimoto S , Lemaux B C , Morselli L , Capak P , Cassata P , Faisst A , Le Fèvre O , Schaerer D , Silverman J D , Yan Lin , Boquien M , Cimatti A , Dessauges-Zavadsky M , Ibar E , Maiolino R , Rizzo F , Talia M , Zamorani G 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
While the kinematics of galaxies up to z ∼ 3 have been characterized in detail, only a handful of galaxies at high redshift (z &gt; 4) have been examined in such a way. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Large Program to INvestigate [C ii] at Early times (ALPINE) survey observed a statistically significant sample of 118 star-forming main-sequence galaxies at z = 4.4–5.9 in [C ii]158 $\mu$m emission, increasing the number of such observations by nearly 10×. A preliminary qualitative classification of these sources revealed a diversity of kinematic types (i.e. rotators, mergers, and dispersion-dominated systems). In this work, we supplement the initial classification by applying quantitative analyses to the ALPINE data: a tilted ring model (TRM) fitting code (3Dbarolo), a morphological classification (Gini-M20), and a set of disc identification criteria. Of the 75 [C ii]-detected ALPINE galaxies, 29 are detected at sufficient significance and spatial resolution to allow for TRM fitting and the derivation of morphological and kinematic parameters. These 29 sources constitute a high-mass subset of the ALPINE sample ($M_*\gt 10^{9.5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$). We robustly classify 14 of these sources (six rotators, five mergers, and three dispersion-dominated systems); the remaining sources showing complex behaviour. By exploring the G-M20 of z &gt; 4 rest-frame far-infrared and [C ii] data for the first time, we find that our 1 arcsec ∼ 6 kpc resolution data alone are insufficient to separate galaxy types. We compare the rotation curves and dynamical mass profiles of the six ALPINE rotators to the two previously detected z ∼ 4–6 unlensed main-sequence rotators, finding high rotational velocities (∼50–250 km s−1) and a diversity of rotation curve shapes.