bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Text Mining to Track Outbreak Trends in Global Surveillance of Emerging Diseases: ProMED-mail
Authors: You Jingxian , Expert Paul , Costelloe Céire 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
ProMED-mail (Program for Monitoring Emerging Disease) is an international disease outbreak monitoring and early warning system. Every year, users contribute thousands of reports that include reference to infectious diseases and toxins. However, due to the uneven distribution of the reports for each disease, traditional statistics-based text mining techniques, represented by term frequency-related algorithm, are not suitable. Thus, we conducted a study in three steps (i) report filtering, (ii) keyword extraction from reports and finally (iii) word co-occurrence network analysis to fill the gap between ProMED and its utilization. The keyword extraction was performed with the TextRank algorithm, keywords co-occurrence networks were then produced using the top keywords from each document and multiple network centrality measures were computed to analyse the co-occurrence networks. We used two major outbreaks in recent years, Ebola, 2014 and Zika 2015, as cases to illustrate and validate the process. We found that the extracted information structures are consistent with World Health Organisation description of the timeline and phases of the epidemics. Our research presents a pipeline that can extract and organize the information to characterize the evolution of epidemic outbreaks. It also highlights the potential for ProMED to be utilized in monitoring, evaluating and improving responses to outbreaks.
How to implement a PEWS in a resource‐limited setting: A quantitative analysis of the bedside‐PEWS implementation in a hospital in northeast Brazil
Authors: van der Fluit Karin S. , Boom Matthijs C. , Brandão Marlon B. , Lopes Gabriel D. , Barreto Paula G. , Leite Deborah C. F. , Gurgel Ricardo Q. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOBJECTIVESQuantitative analysis of the implementation of the bedside paediatric early warning system (B‐PEWS) in a resource‐limited setting. The B‐PEWS serves to pre‐emptively identify hospitalised children who are at risk for cardiopulmonary arrest and subsequently to provide critical care in time.METHODSWe performed a retrospective review through the medical data records of patients after discharge from the paediatric ward of a philanthropic hospital in Brazil. Nurses’ performance using the system was measured with various parameters.RESULTSA total of 499 patients were included, and a total of 8024 scores were checked. During the 21‐week research period, the implementation rate increased significantly from 66.5% (SD 26.0) in Period 1 to 93.1% (SD 16.6) in Period 2. The number of scores that resulted in a correct total score went from 7.5% in Period 1 to 32.2% in Period 2, p < 0.001. There was an improvement in the correct choice of age group between the two periods (from 32.2% to 53.4%). There was no difference in the mean admission time of patients in the two periods: in the first period 4.8 days (SD 2.9) and in the second period 4.8 days (SD 4.1).CONCLUSIONSIt is possible to implement a PEWS in resource‐limited settings while achieving high implementation rates. However, this is a time‐ and energy‐consuming process. Having an active and involved team that is responsible for implementation is key for a successful implementation. Factors that likely hindered implementation were a large change in workflow for the nursing staff, non‐native speakers as main investigators.
Chemical and microbiological stability of diluted ceftazidime in three different solutions under three storage temperatures over a 28 day period
Authors: Hoff Sarah E. , Berger Darren J. , Viall Austin K. , Schrunk Dwayne , Noxon James O. 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundCeftazidime (CAZ) solutions are being used based on anecdotal reports for otitis externa complicated by multidrug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR PA). The chemical and microbiological stability of these proposed compounded solutions have not been evaluated, and likely are affected by the diluent and storage duration or temperature.Hypothesis/ObjectivesCompounded CAZ solutions would show variable degradation dependent on diluent, time and temperature. The antimicrobial activity of the solutions would reflect changes in concentration and not alterations to the chemical compound.Methods and materialsCeftazidime was compounded with 100 mL 0.9% sodium chloride (NA+CAZ), 118 mL Triz‐EDTA Aqueous flush (TE+CAZ) and 125 mL Douxo Micellar Solution (MI+CAZ). Aliquots of the solutions were stored at 25°C, 4°C and –20°C for 28 days. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used to analyse CAZ recovery from compounded solutions at weekly intervals. A modified broth dilution technique was utilised to assess minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to monitor antimicrobial activity against a reference PA strain.ResultsTemperature, duration of storage and diluent each had independent effects on the chemical stability of CAZ. CAZ concentrations decreased over time as well as with increased temperature. NA+CAZ solutions exhibited the least degradation compared to the other solutions. The MIC for PA was most consistent for NA+CAZ solutions regardless of storage temperature and duration of storage.Conclusions and clinical importanceChemical and microbiological stability of compounded CAZ solutions varied by diluent, storage temperature and duration of storage. Dilution in NA resulted in the lowest variation in stability over 28 days when stored at refrigerated or frozen temperatures compared to other diluents.
Recombinant Rhodococcus erythropolis expressing HAO and AMO genes promotes nitrogen and organic matter removal efficiency in the treatment of landfill leachate
Authors: Bai Fuliang , Tian Hui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment efficacy of recombinant Rhodococcus erythropolis (RH) expressing hydroxylamine oxidase (HAO) and ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) genes (rRH‐HA) in removing nitrogen and organic matter in landfill leachate. Results demonstrated that rRH‐HA efficiently expressed HAO and AMO during the treatment of landfill leachate in aerobic system. Enhanced rRH‐HA production increased pH control and the activity and stability of activated sludge (AS); decreased carbon source addition and decreased total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic matter and heavy metal concentration compared with AS system. In conclusion, data indicate that enhanced rRH‐HA production promotes pollutants removal efficiency in the treatment of landfill leachate.
An Overview of Flow Instabilities Occurring in Centrifugal Compressors Operating at Low Flow Rates
Authors: Vacula Jiří , Novotný Pavel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Researchers from all over the world have been researching the aerodynamics of centrifugal compressors. They have explained many properties of the aerodynamic phenomena occurring in centrifugal compressors during their operation and have introduced various terms. This work presents the crucial knowledge that has been published on the flow instabilities occurring in centrifugal compressors operating at low flow rates. It also introduces the capabilities of the computational tools used for the simulation of these phenomena. The characteristic of the centrifugal compressor including highlighted areas of possible occurrence of typical flow instabilities is presented. This review is extended to include a frequency description of the vibroacoustic behavior related to these aerodynamic instabilities. The frequency description enables better identification of the given aerodynamic phenomena based on measurements or computations, and relevant sources of literature are provided. The researchers will receive a structured summary of key publications leading to the better understanding of the flow instabilities in centrifugal compressors.
Unusual metachronous presentation of bilateral frontoethmoid sinus mucoceles
Authors: Davies Kirsty , Wallace Jennifer , Abelardo Edgardo , Jaramillo Mario 
Published: July 2021

A case report of a patient with bilateral frontoethmoid mucoceles with no obvious predisposing factors and each side presenting three years apart, with no ongoing nasal or paranasal signs of disease in the interim.Bilateral paranasal sinus mucoceles have rarely been described in the literature; this case is unique, as it is the first description of a metachronous presentation. Additionally, the absence of any predisposing factors such as trauma, surgery or chronic sinusitis in either presentation is unusual.
Interdisciplinary systematic review: does alignment between system and design shape adoption and use of barcode medication administration technology?
Authors: Williams Rachel , Aldakhil Reham , Blandford Ann , Jani Yogini 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundIn order to reduce safety risks associated with medication administrations, technologies such as barcode medication administration (BCMA) are increasingly used. Examining how human factors influence adoption and usability of this technology can potentially highlight areas for improvement in design and implementation.ObjectiveTo describe how human factors related determinants for BCMA have been researched and reported by healthcare and human–computer interaction disciplines.Data sourcesThe Cumulative Index of Nursing, and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, OVID MEDLINE and Google Scholar.Study eligibility criteriaPrimary research published from April 2000 to April 2020, search terms developed to identity different disciplinary research perspectives that examined BCMA use, used a human factors lens and were published in English.Synthesis methodsComputerised systematic searches were conducted in four databases. Eligible papers were systematically analysed for themes. Themes were discussed with a second reviewer and supervisors to ensure they were representative of content.ResultsOf 3707 papers screened, 11 were included. Studies did not fit neatly into a clinical or human-computer interaction perspective but instead uncovered a range of overlapping narratives, demonstrating consensus on the key themes despite differing research approaches. Prevalent themes were misaligned design and workflow, adaptation and workarounds, mediating factors, safety, users’ perceptions and design and usability. Inadequate design frequently led to workarounds, which jeopardised safety. Reported mediating factors included clarity of user needs, pre/post implementation evaluations, analysis of existing workarounds and appropriate technology, infrastructure and staffing.LimitationsMost studies were relatively small and qualitative, making it difficult to generalise findings.ConclusionEvaluating interdisciplinary perspectives including human factors approaches identified similar and complementary enablers and barriers to successful technology use. Often, mediating factors were developed to compensate for unsuitable design; a collaborative approach between system designer and end users is necessary for BCMA to achieve its true safety potential.
Using a pragmatically adapted, low-cost contingency management intervention to promote heroin abstinence in individuals undergoing treatment for heroin use disorder in UK drug services (PRAISE): a cluster randomised trial
Authors: Metrebian Nicola , Weaver Tim , Goldsmith Kimberley , Pilling Stephen , Hellier Jennifer , Pickles Andrew , Shearer James , Byford Sarah , Mitcheson Luke , Bijral Prun , Bogdan Nadine , Bowden-Jones Owen , Day Edward , Dunn John , Glasper Anthony , Finch Emily , Forshall Sam , Akhtar Shabana , Bajaria Jalpa , Bennett Carmel , Bishop Elizabeth , Charles Vikki , Davey Clare , Desai Roopal , Goodfellow Claire , Haque Farjana , Little Nicholas , McKechnie Hortencia , Mosler Franziska , Morris Jo , Mutz Julian , Pauli Ruth , Poovendran Dilkushi , Phillips Elizabeth , Strang John 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionMost individuals treated for heroin use disorder receive opioid agonist treatment (OAT)(methadone or buprenorphine). However, OAT is associated with high attrition and persistent, occasional heroin use. There is some evidence for the effectiveness of contingency management (CM), a behavioural intervention involving modest financial incentives, in encouraging drug abstinence when applied adjunctively with OAT. UK drug services have a minimal track record of applying CM and limited resources to implement it. We assessed a CM intervention pragmatically adapted for ease of implementation in UK drug services to promote heroin abstinence among individuals receiving OAT.DesignCluster randomised controlled trial.Setting and participants552 adults with heroin use disorder (target 660) enrolled from 34 clusters (drug treatment clinics) in England between November 2012 and October 2015.InterventionsClusters were randomly allocated 1:1:1 to OAT plus 12× weekly appointments with: (1) CM targeted at opiate abstinence at appointments (CM Abstinence); (2) CM targeted at on-time attendance at appointments (CM Attendance); or (3) no CM (treatment as usual; TAU). Modifications included monitoring behaviour weekly and fixed incentives schedule.MeasurementsPrimary outcome: heroin abstinence measured by heroin-free urines (weeks 9–12). Secondary outcomes: heroin abstinence 12 weeks after discontinuation of CM (weeks 21–24); attendance; self-reported drug use, physical and mental health.ResultsCM Attendance was superior to TAU in encouraging heroin abstinence. Odds of a heroin-negative urine in weeks 9–12 was statistically significantly greater in CM Attendance compared with TAU (OR=2.1; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.9; p=0.030). CM Abstinence was not superior to TAU (OR=1.6; 95% CI 0.9 to 3.0; p=0.146) or CM Attendance (OR=1.3; 95% CI 0.7 to 2.4; p=0.438) (not statistically significant differences). Reductions in heroin use were not sustained at 21–24 weeks. No differences between groups in self-reported heroin use.ConclusionsA pragmatically adapted CM intervention for routine use in UK drug services was moderately effective in encouraging heroin abstinence compared with no CM only when targeted at attendance. CM targeted at abstinence was not effective.Trial registration numberISRCTN 01591254.
Determining cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening in urban Chinese populations using a state-transition Markov model
Authors: Sun Chengyao , Zhang Xin , Guo Sirou , Liu Yang , Zhou Liangru , Shi Jufang , Wu Ning , Zhai Zhao , Liu Guoxiang 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesThis study analyses the cost-effectiveness of annual low-dose CT (LDCT) screening of high-risk cancer populations in Chinese urban areas.DesignWe used a Markov model to evaluate LDCT screening from a sociological perspective.SettingThe data from two large lung cancer screening programmes in China were used.ParticipantsThe sample consisted of 100 000 smokers who underwent annual LDCT screening until age 76.InterventionThe study comprises five screening strategies, with the initial screening ages in both the screening strategies and their corresponding non-screening strategies being 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 years, respectively.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) between screening and non-screening strategies at the same initial age was evaluated.ResultsIn the baseline scenario, compared with those who were not screened, the specific mortality from lung cancer decreased by 18.52%–23.13% among those who underwent screening. The ICER of LDCT screening ranges from US$13 056.82 to US$15 736.06 per quality-adjusted life year, which is greater than one but less than three times the gross domestic product per capita in China. An initial screening age of 55 years is the most cost-effective strategy.ConclusionsBaseline analysis shows that annual LDCT screening of heavy smokers in Chinese urban areas is likely to be cost-effective. The sensitivity analysis reveals that sensitivity, specificity and the overdiagnosis rate influence the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening. All scenarios tested demonstrate cost-effectiveness, except for the combination of worst values of sensitivity, specificity and overdiagnosis. Therefore, the cost-effectiveness of a screening strategy depends on the performance of LDCT screenings.
Factors influencing the willingness of primary care physicians to provide care during the coronavirus disease pandemic: a nationwide survey in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Hsien-Liang , Jan Chyi-Feng Jeff , Bih-Jeng Chang Brian , Chiu Tai-Yuan 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic continues to advance worldwide with tremendous impact on public health, economy and society. Primary healthcare is crucial in every country during the pandemic for an integrated and coordinated healthcare delivery system; hence, it is of paramount importance to maintain a sufficient frontline workforce. This study aimed to identify factors influencing the willingness of primary care physicians to provide care during the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignCross sectional study.SettingNationwide surveyParticipantsPrimary care physicians working in the community in Taiwan were selected using a cluster sampling method based on practice region from May to June 2020.Outcome measuresThe willingness of primary care physicians to provide care during the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsThis study surveyed 1000 primary care physicians nationwide, and 625 valid questionnaires were received and included in the final analysis, with an effective response rate of 62.5%. Factors significantly associated with physicians willingness to provide care during COVID-19 were ‘joining the Community Healthcare Group (CHCG)’ (p<0.001), ‘perceived more overall benefits for providing care’ (p<0.001) ‘perceived less overall barriers to providing care’ (p<0.001), ‘higher knowledge scores about COVID-19’ (p=0.049) and ‘physician’s major specialties’ (p=0.009) in the multivariate logistic regression model.ConclusionsBuilding a comprehensive primary care system such as Taiwan’s CHCG, training of more family physicians or general practitioners, and protecting and supporting primary care physicians were important in response to infectious disease pandemics. The findings of this study inform the development of guidelines to support and maintain the primary healthcare workforces during the COVID-19 pandemic and for future events.
Reopening Italy’s schools in September 2020: a Bayesian estimation of the change in the growth rate of new SARS-CoV-2 cases
Authors: Casini Luca , Roccetti Marco 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesCOVID-19’s second wave started a debate on the potential role of schools as a primary factor in the contagion resurgence. Two opposite positions appeared: those convinced that schools played a major role in spreading SARS-CoV-2 infections and those who were not. We studied the growth rate of the total number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in all the Italian regions, before and after the school reopening (September–October 2020), investigating the hypothesis of an association between schools and the resurgence of the virus.MethodsUsing a Bayesian piecewise linear regression to scrutinise the number of daily SARS-CoV-2 infections in each region, we looked for an estimate of a changepoint in the growth rate of those confirmed cases. We compared the changepoints with the school opening dates, for each Italian region. The regression allows to discuss the change in steepness of the infection curve, before and after the changepoint.ResultsIn 15 out of 21 Italian regions (71%), an estimated change in the rate of growth of the total number of daily SARS-CoV-2 infection cases occurred after an average of 16.66 days (95% CI 14.47 to 18.73) since the school reopening. The number of days required for the SARS-CoV-2 daily cases to double went from an average of 47.50 days (95% CI 37.18 to 57.61) before the changepoint to an average of 7.72 days (95% CI 7.00 to 8.48) after it.ConclusionStudying the rate of growth of daily SARS-CoV-2 cases in all the regions provides some evidence in favour of a link between school reopening and the resurgence of the virus. The number of factors that could have played a role is too many to give a definitive answer. Still, the temporal correspondence warrants further systematic experiments to investigate on potential confounders that could clarify how much reopening schools mattered.
Clinical efficacy of T-cell therapy after short-term BRAF-inhibitor priming in patients with checkpoint inhibitor-resistant metastatic melanoma
Authors: Borch Troels Holz , Harbst Katja , Rana Aynal Haque , Andersen Rikke , Martinenaite Evelina , Kongsted Per , Pedersen Magnus , Nielsen Morten , Kjeldsen Julie Westerlin , Kverneland Anders Handrup , Lauss Martin , Hölmich Lisbet Rosenkrantz , Hendel Helle , Met Özcan , Jönsson Göran , Donia Marco , Marie Svane Inge 
Published: July 2021

PurposeDespite impressive response rates following adoptive transfer of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with metastatic melanoma, improvement is needed to increase the efficacy and broaden the applicability of this treatment. We evaluated the use of vemurafenib, a small-molecule BRAF inhibitor with immunomodulatory properties, as priming before TIL harvest and adoptive T cell therapy in a phase I/II clinical trial.Methods12 patients were treated with vemurafenib for 7 days before tumor excision and during the following weeks until TIL infusion. TILs were grown from tumor fragments, expanded in vitro and reinfused to the patient preceded by a lymphodepleting chemotherapy regimen and followed by interleukin-2 infusion. Extensive immune monitoring, tumor profiling and T cell receptor sequencing were performed.ResultsNo unexpected toxicity was observed, and treatment was well tolerated. Of 12 patients, 1 achieved a complete response, 8 achieved partial response and 3 achieved stable disease. A PR and the CR are ongoing for 23 and 43 months, respectively. In vitro anti-tumor reactivity was found in TILs from 10 patients, including all patients achieving objective response. Serum and tumor biomarker analyses indicate that baseline cytokine levels and the number of T cell clones may predict response to TIL therapy. Further, TCR sequencing suggested skewing of TCR repertoire during in vitro expansion, promoting certain low frequency clonotypes.ConclusionsPriming with vemurafenib before infusion of TILs was safe and feasible, and induced objective clinical responses in this cohort of patients with checkpoint inhibitor-resistant metastatic melanoma. In this trial, vemurafenib treatment seemed to decrease attrition and could be considered to bridge the waiting time while TILs are prepared.