bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Interactive Environment for Multibody Simulation
Authors: Lynch James D. , Vanderploeg Martin J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Simulation of three dimensional multibody systems is a sophisticated analysis tool that is often used for design. Before a prototype is constructed, simulation provides a designer with a model that can be modified until a desired result is achieved. General purpose multibody dynamics packages are currently used around the world.
During the evolution of multibody simulation, three dimensional graphics became an important tool for both system definition and evaluation of simulation results. In fact, three dimensional graphics was an enabling technology for simulation of large, complex three dimensional systems. However, the process has remained essentially a batch operation in which the analysis of the results is not accessible until the solution is complete. Changes in the model require starting the process over.
Although the use of computer simulation in the place of early prototypes was a significant step forward in terms of reduced time and cost to develop a design, even more improvement is possible when the user is able to interactively change and analyze the system at any time in lieu of having to go through discrete trial and error steps.
In order to reach this next level, this paper introduces an interactive computer graphics interface for three dimensional multibody dynamic simulation.
Optimal Design of Forging Processes With Deformation and Temperature Constraints
Authors: Grandhi R. V. , Cheng H. , Kumar S. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a systematic methodology for the design of process parameters for nonisothermal forgings. The finite element approach is used for deformation and thermal analyses, and an optimal control strategy is used for the process parameter design. A state-space model is developed for representing the coupled deformation and thermal behavior using rigid viscoplastic formulation. Design constraints on strain-rates and temperature variation are imposed for achieving the desired forging conditions. The linear quadratic regulator (LQR) theory for finite time control is used in designing the ram velocity and initial die temperature. The approach is demonstrated on an axisymmetric disc forging and a plane strain channel section forging, under nonisothermal conditions.
The Implementation of STEP Schemas
Authors: Burkett William C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Standard for the Exchange of Product model data (STEP - ISO 10303) is an international standard for the communication of product information between heterogenous systems. In this presentation, the question of how STEP should be implemented is examined. The objectives of the STEP Development process are presented and the resulting effect that these objectives had on the structure of the standard is explained. However, conflicting objectives resulted in a structure that lacked appropriate mechanisms for dealing efficiently with implementation considerations. The STEP Development Process is compared/contrasted with a database design process to discern where implementation considerations (i.e., tuning, optimization) should take place within the process. A technical architecture for the standard is presented and a missing component of the standard is identified and explained: the Implementation Schema. Current STEP efforts with respect to Implementation Schemas are then presented.
COMSUBLANT Pump and Valve Repair System
Authors: Mueller Joseph B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Flexible Computer Integrated Manufacturing (FCIM) technology existing today in industry, combined with modern repair processes, can be used to address erosion and corrosion inherent in submarine and surface ship fluid systems. Commander Submarine Force Atlantic Fleet (COMSUBLANT) will implement in the near future a Pump and Valve Repair System in the Trident Refit Facility (TRF), Submarine Base, Kings Bay, Georgia. The system will support the repair of submarine and surface ship components such as valve bodies, valve tailpieces, and pump casings. It will replace metal lost by erosion and corrosion using repair processes such as automated welding and epoxy spray and reliably return these components to original specification with computer numerical control (CNC) machining.
The NIST EXPRESS Toolkit: Design and Implementation
Authors: Libes Don 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The NIST EXPRESS toolkit is a software library for building EXPRESS-related tools. EXPRESS is an ISO language for describing information models. EXPRESS descriptions are neutral to different data storage paradigms and systems on different hardware platforms and networks.
This paper describes the design and implementation of the toolkit including its important interfaces, data structures, and algorithms. This paper is recommended for anyone wishing to modify the toolkit or anyone wishing to build their own EXPRESS implementation. The reader is assumed to be familiar with the EXPRESS language, the basics of traditional language implementations, and C — the language with which the toolkit is implemented.
As a testbed against which to benchmark the evolving EXPRESS language, conformance to the standard (currently Draft International Standard) is the highest priority in the toolkit. Nonetheless, time/space efficiency, accurate and helpful diagnostics, and ease-of-use are also critical to the success of the toolkit. The paper describes how these concerns are addressed even though EXPRESS is a complex and sophisticated language.
The toolkit is available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The toolkit is just one of a number of tools for data management in STEP, a family of ISO standards currently in development. All of the NIST tools, including the NIST EXPRESS toolkit, are in the public domain.
Developing Design Solutions Using the Frames Technique of Knowledge Representation
Authors: Wyatt Timothy R. , Holtz Neal , Rasdorf William J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
With computer aids becoming more prevalent in the design process, the problem arises as to how best represent the design artefact for both the computer tool and the design engineer. This paper introduces the frames technique, an artificial intelligence concept, and examines its suitability as a solution to this design engineering problem. The frames technique was selected over other representational formalisms because it resides at the conceptual modeling level, and, therefore, can represent a wide range of data types. This paper contains a background discussion on frames theory, based on Winston’s model, and presents a controlled experimental study of the frames technique for the design of a conceptual model, using an application from the architecture/engineering domain.
In Situ Generated Nickel Phosphide Based Catalysts for Hydroprocessing of Levulinic Acid
Authors: Golubeva M. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article describes the production of unsupported nickel phosphide
catalysts generated in situ in а reaction mixture from water-soluble and
oil-soluble precursors during the hydroconversion of levulinic acid. These
catalysts contain crystalline phases, specifically
Ni12P5 and
Ni(PO3)2. During the
hydrogenation of levulinic acid in toluene in the presence of NiP–TOP, a lower
temperature and a shorter reaction time contribute to the formation of
γ-valerolactone (100% selectivity). A higher temperature and a longer reaction
time favor the formation of valeric acid (94% selectivity). In the hydrogenation
of levulinic acid in ethanol in the presence of
NiP–H3PO2, the main reaction
product is ethyl levulinate (95% selectivity).
Effect of tap dance on plantar pressure, postural stability and lower body function in older patients at risk of diabetic foot: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhao Yanan , Cai Keshu , Wang Qianwen , Hu Yaqing , Wei Lijun , Gao Huihua 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionTo examine the effects of tap dance (TD) on dynamic plantar pressure, static postural stability, ankle range of motion (ROM), and lower extremity functional strength in patients at risk of diabetic foot (DF).Research design and methodsA randomised, single-blinded, two-arm prospective study of 40 patients at risk of DF was conducted. The intervention group (n=20) received 16 weeks of TD training (60 min/session×3 sessions/week). The control group attended four educational workshops (1 hour/session×1 session/month). Plantar pressure, represented by the primary outcomes of peak pressure (PP) and pressure-time integral (PTI) over 10 areas on each foot, was measured using the Footscan platform system. Secondary outcomes comprised static postural stability, ankle ROM and lower extremity functional strength.ResultsReductions in intervention group PP (right foot: mean differences=4.50~27.1, decrease%=25.6~72.0; left foot: mean differences=−5.90~6.33, decrease%=−22.6~53.2) and PTI at 10 areas of each foot (right foot: mean differences=1.00~12.5, decrease%=10.4~63.6; left foot: mean differences=0.590~25.3, decrease%=21.9~72.6) were observed. Substantial PP and PTI differences were noted at the second through fourth metatarsals, medial heel and lateral heel in the right foot. Substantial PP and PTI differences were detected at metatarsals 1 and 2 and metatarsal 2 in the left foot, respectively. Moderate training effects were found in plantar flexion ROM of both feet, lower extremity functional strength, and length of center-of-pressure trajectory with eyes closed and open (r=0.321–0.376, p<0.05).ConclusionsA 16-week TD training program can significantly improve ankle ROM, lower extremity functional strength, and static postural stability. To attain greater improvements in plantar pressure, a longer training period is necessary.Trial registration numberChiCTR1800014714.
Comparing the impact of upfront radiosurgery versus expectation in vestibular schwannoma (the V-REX study): protocol for a randomised, observer-blinded, 4-year, parallel-group, single-centre, superiority study
Authors: Dhayalan Dhanushan , Tveiten Øystein Vesterli , Goplen Frederik Kragerud , Finnkirk Monica Katrine , Storstein Anette Margrethe , Gruner Eli Renate , Lund-Johansen Morten 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionThe optimal management of small-sized to medium-sized vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a matter of controversy. Clinical results of the prevailing treatment modalities (microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and conservative management (CM)) are documented, but comparative studies are few, and none are randomised or blinded. Upfront radiosurgery, or a careful follow-up by MRI with subsequent treatment on growth, are two strategies used at many centres. The present study aims at comparing these strategies by randomising individuals with newly diagnosed tumours to either upfront SRS or initial CM.Methods and analysisThe Vestibular Schwannoma: Radiosurgery or Expectation study is designed as a randomised, controlled, observer-blinded, single-centre superiority trial with two parallel groups. Eligible patients will be randomised using sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes, and the radiosurgery group will undergo standard Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) within 2 months following randomisation. The primary endpoint is tumour growth measured as volume ratio V4years/Vbaselineand volume doubling time, evaluated by annual T1 contrast MRI volumetric analysis. Secondary endpoints include symptom and sign development measured by clinical examination, audiovestibular tests, and by patient’s responses to standardised validated questionnaires. In addition, the patient’s working status, and the health economics involved with both strategies will be evaluated and compared. All outcome assessments will be performed by blinded observers. Power analysis indicates that 100 patients is sufficient to demonstrate the effect of GKRS on tumour volume.Ethics and disseminationThe trial has ethical approval from the Regional Ethical Committee (23503) and funding from The Western Norway Regional Health Authority. Trial methods and results will be reported according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials 2010 guidelines in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberClinical trials:NCT02249572. Haukeland University Hospital record: 2014/314. Regional Ethical Committee (REC West): 23 503. The Western Norway Regional Health Authority: 912 281.
Electronic clinical decision support tool for assessing stomach symptoms in primary care (ECASS): a feasibility study
Authors: Rubin Greg , Walter Fiona M , Emery Jon , Hamilton Willie , Hoare Zoe , Howse Jenny , Nixon Catherine , Srivastava Tushar , Thomas Chloe , Ukoumunne Obioha C , Usher-Smith Juliet A , Whyte Sophie , Neal Richard D 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of a definitive trial in primary care of electronic clinical decision support (eCDS) for possible oesophago-gastric (O-G) cancer.Design and settingFeasibility study in 42 general practices in two regions of England, cluster randomised controlled trial design without blinding, nested qualitative and health economic evaluation.ParticipantsPatients aged 55 years or older, presenting to their general practitioner (GP) with symptoms associated with O-G cancer. 530 patients (mean age 68 years, 58% female) participated.InterventionPractices randomised 1:1 to usual care (control) or to receive a previously piloted eCDS tool for suspected cancer (intervention), for use at the discretion of the GPs, supported by a theory-based implementation package and ongoing support. We conducted semistructured interviews with GPs in intervention practices. Recruitment lasted 22 months.OutcomesPatient participation rate, use of eCDS, referrals and route to diagnosis, O-G cancer diagnoses; acceptability to GPs; cost-effectiveness. Participants followed up 6 months after index encounter.ResultsFrom control and intervention practices, we screened 3841 and 1303 patients, respectively; 1189 and 434 were eligible, 392 and 138 consented to participate. Ten patients (1.9%) had O-G cancer. eCDS was used eight times in total by five unique users. GPs experienced interoperability problems between the eCDS tool and their clinical system and also found it did not fit with their workflow. Unexpected restrictions on software installation caused major problems with implementation.ConclusionsThe conduct of this study was hampered by technical limitations not evident during an earlier pilot of the eCDS tool, and by regulatory controls on software installation introduced by primary care trusts early in the study. This eCDS tool needed to integrate better with clinical workflow; even then, its use for suspected cancer may be infrequent. Any definitive trial of eCDS for cancer diagnosis should only proceed after addressing these constraints.Trial registration numberISRCTN125595588.
Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Andualem Zewudu , Dagne Henok , Azene Zelalem Nigussie , Taddese Asefa Adimasu , Dagnew Baye , Fisseha Roman , Muluneh Atalay Goshu , Yeshaw Yigizie 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess households access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities and their associated factors in Ethiopia.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingEthiopia.ParticipantsHousehold heads.Primary outcomesAccess to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.MethodsWe conducted an in-depth secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Data from a total of 16 650 households and 645 clusters were included in the analysis. The households were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with access to an improved drinking water source and toilet facilities. Adjusted OR with a 95% CI was reported with p value <0.05 was used to declare a significant association between the covariates and the outcome variables.ResultsThe proportions of households’ access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities were 69.94% (95% CI: 69.23% to 70.63%) and 25.36% (95% CI: 24.69% to 26.03%), respectively. Households headed by women and households with a better wealth index were positively associated with access to improved drinking water sources. Whereas rural households, ≥30 min round trip to obtain drinking water and region were factors negatively associated with households access to improved drinking water sources. A higher probability of having access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads who had attained higher education, households having better access to improved sources of drinking water and households with better wealth index. While the following households were less likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads were widowed, households with four to six members, rural households and region.ConclusionThe study found that the proportions of households’ access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia were relatively low, which demands the need to tailor strategies to increase the coverage of access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.
Preoperative nivolumab to evaluate pathological response in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a study protocol of phase II trial (POTENTIAL)
Authors: Kagimoto Atsushi , Tsutani Yasuhiro , Mimae Takahiro , Miyata Yoshihiro , Ikeda Norihiko , Ito Hiroyuki , Maniwa Yoshimasa , Suzuki Kenji , Tsuboi Masahiro , Yoshimura Kenichi , Umemoto Seiji , Okada Morihito 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionRecently, inhibition of programmed cell death 1 or its ligand has shown therapeutic effects on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the effectiveness of preoperative nivolumab monotherapy for stage I NSCLC remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the pathological response of preoperative treatment with nivolumab for clinically node negative but having a high risk of NSCLC recurrence.Methods and analysisThe Preoperative Nivolumab (Opdivo) to evaluate pathologic response in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a phase 2 trial (POTENTIAL) study is a multicentre phase II trial investigating efficacy of preoperative nivolumab for clinical stage I patients at high risk of recurrence. This study includes histologically or cytologically confirmed NSCLC patients with clinical N0 who were found on preoperative high-resolution CT to have a pure solid tumour without a ground-glass opacity component (clinical T1b, T1c or T2a) or a solid component measuring 2–4 cm in size (clinical T1c or T2a). Patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation (deletion of exon 19 or point mutation on exon21, L858R), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation or c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS-1) translocation are excluded from this study. Nivolumab (240 mg/body) is administrated intravenously as preoperative therapy every 2 weeks for three cycles. Afterward, lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection (ND 2a-1 or ND 2a-2) are performed. The primary endpoint is a pathological complete response in the resected specimens. The secondary endpoints are safety, response rates and major pathological response. The planed sample size is 50 patients. Patients have been enrolled since April 2019.Ethics and disseminationThis trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hiroshima University Hospital and other participating institutions. This trial will help examine the efficacy of preoperative nivolumab therapy for clinical stage I NSCLC.Trial registration numberjRCT2061180016.
The importance and availability of adjustments to improve access for autistic adults who need mental and physical healthcare: findings from UK surveys
Authors: Brice Samuel , Rodgers Jacqui , Ingham Barry , Mason David , Wilson Colin , Freeston Mark , Le Couteur Ann , Parr Jeremy R 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate autistic people’s views on the importance and availability of adjustments to mental and physical healthcare provision. To explore whether specific categories of adjustments can be identified and to identify any differences in their importance and availability between mental and physical healthcare.DesignData from two studies, both employing a cross-sectional survey design.SettingUK-based autistic adults registered with the Adult Autism Spectrum Cohort-UK were contacted by post or online. In both studies, recruitment was staged over a 12-month period. Non-responders were sent a single reminder letter 2 weeks after initial contact.Participants537 autistic adults completed a survey about mental health services (51% response rate), 407 completed the physical health survey (49% response rate). Within these samples, 221 participants completed both surveys.Primary outcome measuresEach study developed a bespoke survey to explore participants’ views on mental and physical health services, respectively. Both included an identical list of adjustments that participants rated based on importance and availability.ResultsThree factors of important adjustments were identified: sensory environment, clinical and service context, and clinician knowledge and communication. Adjustments across healthcare settings were widely rated as being important yet rarely available. One significant difference between the importance of adjustments available through mental and physical health services was identified. Participants reported that having access to a clinician who is willing to adapt their approach to suit the person’s preferences was significantly more important for participants attending mental health settings (p=0.001).ConclusionsAutistic people reported the limited availability of important adjustments in current healthcare provision. To address unmet need and tackle the health inequalities faced by autistic people attending physical and mental healthcare settings, healthcare providers should offer adjustments relating to the three identified factors. Future research should focus on identifying and addressing service provider barriers to implementation.