bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends of the contributions of biophysical (climate) and socioeconomic elements to regional heat islands
Authors: Chen Shengzi , Yu Zhaowu , Liu Min , Da Liangjun , Faiz ul Hassan Muhammad 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe development of urban accumulations in recent decades has led to the transformation of urban heat islands (UHI) into regional heat islands (RHI). The contributions of the biophysical, climate, and socioeconomic factors to RHI in urban agglomeration remain poorly understood. Here Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (YRDUA) in eastern China has been selected as a case area to explore the influences trends, of the influencing factors to RHI by using MODIS data from 2003 to 2017. Results showed that, in summer, the area fraction of daytime RHI in YRDUA has increased from 21.74 to 31.03% in 2003 and 2017, respectively. As compared to 2003, the annual nighttime RHI area in 2017 has increased from 7510 to 20,097 km2. The dominant factors of surface RHI intensity (SRHII) showed seasonal variation. Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) (interpretation of 33.27%) was the dominant factor of daytime SRHII in spring. The most important factor was normalized difference build-up density (NDBI) (37.28% and 26.83%, respectively) in summer and autumn. In winter, precipitation (26.16%) was the most influential. At night, Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) had a dominant effect on SRHII in spring (54.12%), autumn (52.62%), and winter (24.19%). The dominant factor of nighttime SRHII in summer was EVI (42%). Moreover, water bodies harm RHI during the day while having a positive effect at night. These findings can provide a theoretical basis for regional environment improvement and regional sustainable development.
Microclimate feedbacks sustain power law clustering of encroaching coastal woody vegetation
Authors: Huang Heng , Tuley Philip A. , Tu Chengyi , Zinnert Julie C. , Rodriguez-Iturbe Ignacio , D’Odorico Paolo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe spatial pattern of vegetation patchiness may follow universal characteristic rules when the system is close to critical transitions between alternative states, which improves the anticipation of ecosystem-level state changes which are currently difficult to detect in real systems. However, the spatial patterning of vegetation patches in temperature-driven ecosystems have not been investigated yet. Here, using high-resolution imagery from 1972 to 2013 and a stochastic cellular automata model, we show that in a North American coastal ecosystem where woody plant encroachment has been happening, the size distribution of woody patches follows a power law when the system approaches a critical transition, which is sustained by the local positive feedbacks between vegetation and the surrounding microclimate. Therefore, the observed power law distribution of woody vegetation patchiness may be suggestive of critical transitions associated with temperature-driven woody plant encroachment in coastal and potentially other ecosystems.
Design and evaluation of a cyber‐physical testbed for improving attack resilience of power systems
Authors: Sahu Abhijeet , Wlazlo Patrick , Mao Zeyu , Huang Hao , Goulart Ana , Davis Katherine , Zonouz Saman 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA power system is a complex cyber‐physical system whose security is critical to its function. A major challenge is to model, analyse and visualise the communication backbone of the power systems concerning cyber threats. To achieve this, the design and evaluation of a cyber‐physical power system (CPPS) testbed called Resilient Energy Systems Lab (RESLab) are presented to capture realistic cyber, physical, and protection system features. RESLab is architected to be a fundamental platform for studying and improving the resilience of complex CPPS to cyber threats. The cyber network is emulated using Common Open Research Emulator (CORE), which acts as a gateway for the physical and protection devices to communicate. The physical grid is simulated in the dynamic time frame using Power World Dynamic Studio (PWDS). The protection components are modelled with both PWDS and physical devices including the SEL Real‐Time Automation Controller (RTAC). Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3) is used to monitor and control the grid. Then, the design is exemplified and the tools are validated. This work presents four case studies on cyberattack and defence using RESLab, where we demonstrate false data and command injection using Man‐in‐the‐Middle and Denial of Service attacks and validate them on a large‐scale synthetic electric grid.
Structure and non‐blocking properties of bidirectional unfolded two‐stage switches
Authors: Koloko Labson , Obara Hitoshi , Kumagai Seiji 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTwo‐stage switch networks are an emerging design option for relatively small‐capacity space switches. They are classified into two categories: folded and unfolded. Although folded switches have been well studied, research on unfolded two‐stage switch networks (UTSNs) remains limited. Here, non‐blocking UTSNs are considered. First, a new UTSN design is presented that consists of input and output switch modules (ISMs and OSMs) using bidirectional switching techniques. The proposed UTSN is represented by B(n, m, r), where n, m, and r denote the number of input ports of the ISM, number of OSMs, and number of ISMs, respectively. Second, the maximum number of rearrangements for B(n, n, r) is proved to be ⌊⌋ in general, whereas it is limited to two when n ≥ r. The strictly non‐blocking condition for B(n, m, r) to be m ≥ n + 1 is also determined. Finally, it is shown that the switch hardware complexity becomes minimal at and saturates at N2/2 as N → ∞.
Addressing the post‐COVID era through engineering biology
Authors: Bell Jennifer , Philp Jim , Kitney Richard I. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCurrently, the world is faced with two fundamental issues of great importance, namely climate change and the coronavirus pandemic. These are intimately involved with the need to control climate change and the need to switch from high carbon, unsustainable economies to low carbon economies. Inherent in this approach are the concepts of the bioeconomy and the Green Industrial Revolution. The article addresses both issues, but it, principally, focusses on the development of the bioeconomy. It considers how nations are divided in relation to the use of biotechnology and synthetic biology in terms of their bioeconomy strategies. The article addresses, as a central theme, the nature and role of engineering biology in these developments. Engineering biology is addressed in terms of BioDesign, coupled with high levels of automation (including AI and machine learning) to increase reproducibility and reliability to meet industrial standards. This lends itself to distributed manufacturing of products in a range of fields. Engineering biology is a platform technology that can be applied in a range of sectors. The bioeconomy, as an engine for economic growth is addressed—in terms of moving from oil‐based economies to bio‐based economies—using biomass, for example, using selected lignocellulosic waste as a feedstock.
YOLOFig detection model development using deep learning
Authors: Lawal Olarewaju Mubashiru , Zhao Huamin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe detection of fruit, including accuracy and speed is of great significance for robotic harvesting. Nevertheless, attributes such as illumination variation, occlusion, and so on have made fruit detection a challenging task. A robust YOLOFig detection model was proposed to solve detection challenges and to improve detection accuracy and speed. The YOLOFig detection model incorporated Leaky activated ResNet43 backbone with a new 2,3,4,3,2 residual block arrangement, spatial pyramid pooling network (SPPNet), feature pyramid network (FPN), complete (CIoU) loss, and distance DIoU−NMS to improve the fruit detection performance. The obtained average precision (AP) and speed (frames per second or fps) respectively under 2,3,4,3,2 residual block arranged backbone for YOLOv3b is 78.6% and 69.8 fps, YOLOv4b is 87.6% and 57.1 fps, and YOLOFig is 89.3% and 96.8 fps; under 1,2,8,8,4 residual block arranged backbone for YOLOv3 is 77.1% and 56.3 fps, YOLOv4 is 87.1% and 52.5 fps, and YOLOResNet70 is 87.3% and 79 fps; and under 3,4,6,3 residual block arranged backbone for YOLOResNet50 is 85.4% and 77.1 fps. An indication that the new residual block arranged backbone of 2,3,4,3,2 outperformed 1,2,8,8,4 on an average AP of 1.33% and detection speed of 15.2%. Finally, the compared results showed that the YOLOFig detection model performed better than other models at the same level of residual block arrangement. It can better generalize and is highly suitable for real‐time harvesting robots.
A lyapunov‐based adaptive voltage controller for a grid connected PV system
Authors: Bhunia Malay , Subudhi Bidyadhar , Ray Pravat Kumar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA new Lyapunov‐based adaptive controller (LBAC) for a single stage three‐phase grid‐connected PV system (GCPVS) is proposed here. The uncertainties in solar irradiation affects the performance of the GCPVS. Further, ageing in the DC‐link capacitor affects the PV voltage tracking. To achieve an improved performance of the GCPVS under both high and low irradiation, and under an aged DC‐link capacitor, a new LBAC scheme has been proposed to control the PV voltage. In this LBAC, the gains of the controller are adapted online by a Lyapunov‐based adaptation mechanism to provide the nominal tracking response of PV voltage. Further, a maximum power point tracking algorithm and grid current controllers are designed to transfer the maximum PV power to the grid, ensuring good power quality. As a result, improved performances of the GCPVS are achieved in terms of low PV voltage ripple, enhancement of delivered grid energy, and low grid current total harmonics distortion (THDs). Computer simulation studies are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment to verify the effectiveness of the proposed LBAC. Further, experiments are performed in a 2.5 kW GCPVS prototype for real time implementation of the proposed controller. The total harmonics distortion (THD) of grid currents is found to be within IEEE‐1547 standards.
Haben medizinische Kompressionsstrümpfe im Liegen einen hämodynamischen Effekt?
Authors: Burmeister Jonas , Bergmann-Köster Claudia , Loff Detlef , Kahle Birgit 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungMedizinische Kompressionsstrümpfe (MKS) bilden die Grundlage in der Therapie chronischer Venenerkrankungen. Aufgrund mangelnder Studiendaten über deren Auswirkung auf die Hämodynamik im Liegen kann für ihr Tragen in horizontaler Körperlage bisher jedoch keine klare Empfehlung gegeben werden. In folgender Kasuistik wurde der hämodynamische Effekt von MKS der Klasse 1 bei einer Patientin mit venentypischen Beschwerden im Stadium C4 über die Erhebung des veno-arteriellen Flow-Index (VAFI) quantitativ untersucht. Unter Kompression mit MKS zeigten sowohl die duplexsonografischen als auch die mittels Phasenkontrast-MRT akquirierten Messdaten eine deutliche Verbesserung der hämodynamischen Verhältnisse in Rückenlage. Dieser Krankheitsfall zeigt, dass das Tragen von MKS im Liegen insbesondere bei Immobilität einen therapeutischen Mehrwert bringen kann.
Infektionen am Fingerendglied
Authors: Langer Martin F. , Grünert Jörg G. , Spies Christian K. , Ueberberg Johanna , Oeckenpöhler Simon , Wieskötter Britta 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungInfektionen der Endglieder sind unter allen Handinfektionen am häufigsten. Unterschieden werden die dorsalen Infektionen, die sich im Bereich des Nagelwalls entwickeln und Paronychien genannt werden, und die palmaren Infektionen, die die Fingerbeere oder Fingerkuppe betreffen. Die akuten Paronychien müssen je nach Infektionsort gezielt eröffnet werden. Dazu sind genaue anatomische Kenntnisse des Nagelaufbaus erforderlich. Chronische Paronychien haben meist andere Ursachen, und die Therapie ist deutlich schwieriger. Fingerbeereninfektionen sind häufig stark schmerzhaft, da die Infektion im kompliziert aufgebauten Druckkammersystem stattfindet und eine Schwellung durch die fibrösen Septen begrenzt ist. Eine spätere Ausbreitung, wenn die Septen zerstört sind, in den Knochen oder die Beugesehnenscheide ist aber möglich.
Five-Membered Hetarene N-Oxides: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Reactivity
Authors: Fershtat Leonid L. , Teslenko Fedor E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFive-membered heterocyclic N-oxides attract special attention due to their significant potential applications in medicinal chemistry and advanced materials science. In this regard, novel methods for their synthesis and functionalization are in constant demand. In this short review, recent state-of-the-art achievements in the chemistry of isoxazoline N-oxides, 1,2,3-triazole 1-oxides and 1,2,5-oxadiazole 2-oxides are summarized. The main routes involving transition-metal-catalyzed and metal-free functionalization protocols along with mechanistic considerations are outlined. The transformations of these hetarene N-oxide rings as precursors to other nitrogen heterocyclic systems are also presented.1	Introduction2	Isoxazoline N-Oxides3	1,2,3-Triazole 1-Oxides4	1,2,5-Oxadiazole 2-Oxides5	Conclusion
[4+n] Annulation Reactions Using ortho-Chloromethyl Anilines as Aza-ortho-Quinone Methide Precursors
Authors: Yang Qing-Qing , Xiao Wen-Jing , He Xiao-Yu , Ma Yu-Hong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAza-ortho-quinone methides are important reactive intermediates that have found broad applications in synthetic chemistry. Recently, 1,4-elimination of ortho-chloromethyl aniline derivatives has emerged as a novel, powerful and convenient method for aza-ortho-quinone methide generation. This review will highlight the recent applications of aza-ortho-quinone methide precursors in annulation reactions to access various biologically important nitrogen-containing heterocycles. The general mechanisms are briefly discussed as well.1	Introduction2	[4+n] Annulation Reactions Using ortho-Chloromethyl Anilines as Aza-ortho-Quinone Methide Precursors2.1	[4+2] Annulation Reactions2.2	[4+1] Annulation Reactions2.3	[4+3] Annulation Reactions3	Conclusion and Perspective
Core-Substituted Naphthalene-Diimides (cNDI) and Related Derivatives: Versatile Scaffold for Supramolecular Assembly and Functional Materials
Authors: Mukherjee Anurag , Ghosh Suhrit 
Published: June 2021

Naphthalene-diimide (NDI)-derived building blocks have been explored extensively for supramolecular assembly as they exhibit attractive photophysical properties, suitable for applications in organic optoelectronics. Core-substituted derivatives of the NDI chromophore (cNDI) differ significantly from the parent NDI dye in terms of optical and redox properties. Adequate molecular engineering opportunities and substitution-dependent tunable optoelectronic properties make cNDI derivatives highly promising candidates for supramolecular assembly and functional materials. This short review discusses recent development in the area of functional supramolecular assemblies based on cNDIs and related molecules.Table of contents1. Introduction2. General Supramolecular Assemblies of cNDI Derivatives3. cNDI-Based Chiral Supramolecular Assemblies and Functional Materials4. Controlled Supramolecular Polymerization with cNDI Derivatives5. Dimeric Naphthalimide-Based Building Blocks6. Conclusions and Outlook
Changing Demographics of Stroke Mimics in Present Day Stroke Code Era: Need of a Streamlined Clinical Assessment for Emergency Physicians
Authors: Sundar Kaushik , Panwar Ajay , Bhirud Lomesh , Paul Eldho Mathew , Alapatt Paul J. , Kuruttukulam Gigy Varkey 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background There is an apparently high incidence of stroke mimics in the present-day stroke code era. The reason being is the intense pressure to run with time to achieve the “time is brain”-based goals.

Methods The present study was a retrospective analysis of the data collected over a duration of 6 months from April 2019 to September 2019. We observed the incidence of stroke mimics among the patients for whom rapid response stroke code was activated during the study period. We also performed a logistic regression analysis to identify the clinical features which can act as strong predictors of stroke and mimics.

Results A total of 314 stroke codes were activated of which 256 (81.5%) were stroke and 58 (18.5%) were the mimics. Functional disorders and epilepsy were the most common mimics (24.1% each). Female gender (p = 0.04; odds ratio [OR] 2.9[1.0–8.8]), isolated impairment of consciousness (p < 0.01; OR 4.3[1.5–12.6]), and isolated dysarthria (p < 0.001) were the strong independent predictors for a stroke mimic. Hemiparesis was the strong independent predictor for a stroke (p < 0.001; OR 0.0[0.0–0.1]).

Conclusion In the present epoch of rapid response stroke management, a streamlined assessment by the emergency physicians based on the above clinical predictors may help in avoiding the misdiagnosis of a mimic as stroke.
Myocardial Infarction with Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries: A Diagnostic Challenge
Authors: Asamoah Kofi Tekyi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMyocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity, especially among non-white women younger than 55 years. It is a working diagnosis that warrants further investigation due to its varied underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Investigations may be hampered by unavailability of testing modalities, cost, and the expertise to carry out the tests, as they are highly specialized. Clinical history is therefore important, especially in developing countries, to predict potential causes and institute empirical treatment without the luxury of tests. Some physicians are also unaware of this phenomenon and may dismiss symptoms as functional when a coronary angiogram shows nonobstructed coronary arteries, potentially resulting in patients suffering symptoms for longer and incurring extra cost. Most importantly, it leaves them at risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. This article presents a patient with atrial fibrillation who was diagnosed with MINOCA and highlights the diagnostic challenges in evaluating MINOCA.
An atomic hydrogen etching sensor for H2 plasma diagnostics
Authors: van Leuken D. P. J. , de Meijere C. A. , van der Horst R. , Banine V. Y. , Osorio E. A. , Beckers J. 
Published: June 2021

A simple and selective new technique for atomic hydrogen flux measurements in a hydrogen plasma environment is introduced and demonstrated in this work. This technique works by measuring the etching rate of an amorphous carbon film and translating this to an incoming hydrogen radical flux through a well-defined carbon etch yield per radical. Ions present in the plasma environment have a much higher etch yield than radicals do. For that reason, suppression of the ion flux toward the carbon film is crucial to ensure that the observed carbon etch rate is dominated by atomic hydrogen etching. It is demonstrated that this can be achieved using a simple cylindrical pipe (hereinafter “chimney”) in which a bend is introduced to enforce ion–wall collisions, neutralizing the ions. The chimney is made out of Macor, a material with low catalytic surface activity, to preserve the incoming atomic hydrogen flux while effectively suppressing ions. Ultimately, the etching sensor is deployed in a radio frequency inductively coupled hydrogen plasma operated at low pressure (1–10 Pa). Atomic hydrogen fluxes are measured and compared with heat flux sensor and vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy measurements in the same setup. All sensors agreed within a factor 4 in the atomic hydrogen flux range 1019 to 1021 m−2 s−1.
Key computational findings reveal proton transfer as driving the functional cycle in the phosphate transporter PiPT
Authors: Liu Yu , Li Chenghan , Gupta Meghna , Verma Nidhi , Johri Atul Kumar , Stroud Robert M. , Voth Gregory A. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Proton- or sodium-coupled transporters within the major facilitator superfamily are essential for nutrient uptake in all forms of life. We focus on a high-affinity eukaryotic proton-coupled phosphate symporter using extensive classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics MD combined with free energy sampling and confirm the role of a key residue, D324, at the molecular level. The results explain the exit direction of the proton once dissociated from D324 and reveal a perspective on proton-coupled transporters, showing that titratable substrates can be involved in the proton transport process as a key aspect of the functional cycle. Mutagenesis and phosphate transport confirm the essential nature of the key D45 residue in the protonation pathway.
À propos de la grammaticalisation/constructionnalisation de la relative attributive en français
Authors: Velinova Malinka 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this article, I revisit the origins of the attributive relative clause in French (in Je le vois qui
vient), in order to advance the hypothesis that reanalysis preceding grammaticalization of this construction
originates from a double ambiguity which is situated on two different planes of analysis: (1) on the plane of
(non-)restriction of the referent of the antecedent of qui; (2) on the plane of informational structure of the
sentence; and that the mentioned reanalysis originates from certain semantic and syntactic link between the attributive relative
and the narrative relative clauses, which is best discernible in a kind of mixed relative clause which has relatively high
frequency in Old French. In conclusion, I verify the relevance of the application of the concept of constructionalization to the
evolution of the attributive relative clause.
Dielectronic recombination along high Rydberg states of Mg+ and Si11+ ions
Authors: Li Yueming 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In solving the multi-channel equation, I got the analytical expression of the multi-channel wave functions in terms of the solutions of the corresponding homogeneous equations. The homogeneous solutions are described in WKB Wenzel (1926 Z. Phys.
38 518) representation for both open and closed channels, and are calculated numerically using analogous means. By treating the open and closed channels equivalently in the calculation of the multi-channel wave functions, the generalized interaction matrix and generalized scattering matrix can be obtained for all the channels. With the obtained wave functions and generalized scattering matrix, the dielectronic recombination (DR) process can be calculated within the close-coupling framework by employing Bell and Seaton’s analytical deductions. In the method, high Rydberg states can easily be involved in numerical calculations. The method was applied to the calculations of DR of Mg+ and Si11+ ions along their high Rydberg states. The results are compared with those of the published experiments. Excellent agreements have been achieved, except at the extreme high Rydberg states for Si11+ ions, which is discussed in this paper.
Entanglement versus gap, quantum teleportation, and the AKLT model
Authors: Mizel Ari 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Quantum-mechanical entanglement is notoriously volatile because of its susceptibility to external disturbances. However, entanglement can be stabilized if it is present in the non-degenerate ground state of a gapped, time-independent Hamiltonian. In this paper, we devise a spin-chain Hamiltonian whose ground state contains a Bell pair, with one member of the pair at each end of the chain. We study the Hamiltonian numerically, using full numerical diagonalization and a carefully tailored mean-field theory, to show that it is gapped. Whenever the Hamiltonian is tuned to increase its gap, the fidelity of its Bell pair decreases, manifesting a fundamental contention. The form of the Hamiltonian is motivated by quantum teleportation. Comparing it to the canonical Affleck, Kennedy, Lieb, and Tasaki (AKLT) model, we find that the AKLT model exhibits a sort of ‘failed quantum teleportation’.