bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
But names will never hurt me: Extending hate speech legislation to protect gender and sexual minorities in New Zealand
Authors:   , Haggie Vanessa 
Published: November 2021

<p>Hate speech legislation involves a fundamental conflict with the right to freedom of expression. However, it is a conflict that can be justified in a constitutional framework in which free speech is not paramount and can be balanced against other rights and freedoms. This paper discusses the concept of “hate speech” legislation, the conflict between freedom of expression and hate speech censorship, and ways in which these seemingly-incompatible concepts might be harmonised. It considers, drawing on legislation and case law from other jurisdictions, and in light of the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013, the possibility of extending such legislation to protect gender and sexual minorities in New Zealand, and suggests a potential framework for such legislative change. Any provision concerning hate speech must avoid overreaching into the realm of free expression. As a result, ‘hate speech’ should be clearly defined and narrowly focussed in scope, as words or matter which “exposes or tends to expose to hatred or contempt” the minority group at which the protection is aimed. In New Zealand’s constitutional/rights framework, this limitation on freedom of expression can be justified as reasonable and appropriate. While hate speech legislation does create a conflict with freedom of expression, to protect hate speech at the risk of perpetuating harm, discrimination, marginalisation and silencing is not appropriate. It sends the message that the voice of hate speakers is worth more than that of minorities, and undervalues the dignity and social assurance of those minority groups as valued members of society.</p>
Mining and Corporate Social Responsibility in Zambia: A case study of Barrick Gold Mine
Authors:   , Mayondi Womba 
Published: November 2021

<p>Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a widely accepted non-core but essential part of profit making corporations. Practices vary in different companies and different countries. The motivation for each is different but nonetheless there is an agreed unwritten code about being good corporate citizens. CSR has become common place for companies in Zambia. Mining, telecommunications companies, banks and hotels practice CSR initiatives in different forms. Mining has been the biggest revenue earner for Zambia since the colonial era. Since the 1990s, CSR has been taken on by the mining companies in order to contribute to the community where they are situated. This research explores how CSR is perceived by local people, traditional leaders and district government officials from Ministry of Education in Solwezi. Solwezi is home to two of Zambia‟s largest mines namely Lumwana and Kansanshi mines owned by Barrick Gold and First Quantum Minerals respectively. These two mines have been established in the recent past in Solwezi and have become the hub of Zambia‟s economic activity and have been dubbed the „New Copperbelt‟. This thesis will look at Barrick Gold and the education projects that the mining company implements as a case study in CSR. The literature reveals that mining has been both helpful for economic growth yet detrimental socially and environmentally. There has been a disillusionment among people of the original Copperbelt who experienced cycles of boom when the copper prices and production are high and bust when the copper prices and production were low. In the New Copperbelt, Barrick Gold implements projects such as women‟s savings, education, health and agriculture. Many of the education and health projects involve infrastructure development. Even though this is the case, this thesis‟ findings indicate that the community who are the intended beneficiaries of the education projects perceive that more can be done in terms of education programmes over and above what Barrick Gold is currently doing. Accountability and transparency are also issues of concern for the officers at the Ministry of Education. This thesis explores how these interwoven connections work for and against access to education in the community level.</p>
TD-DFT: An Exploration of the Energies and Structures of Crystal Violet and a Variety of Cr(III) Complex Ions
Authors:   , Kleingeld Richard 
Published: November 2021

<p>Spectroscopy is the science of utilising light in order to divine information about a molecule or system of molecules. Specifically, the absorption, emission, and scattering of different wavelengths of light can provide data about bond strength, bond order, vibrational frequency, and excitation energy [1, 2]. As the wavelength and therefore energy of the incident photons can be set by the instrument, the exact energies of absorbance or emission of the molecule can be measured. This data can be gathered experimentally using specialised equipment however some molecules resist synthesis, and so a wealth of data about many theoretically possible species eludes us. We may also want to isolate the molecule in “empty space” whereas “gas phase” measurements are not always possible. This is one place where computational chemistry comes to the fore. Using an appropriate computational method such as density functional theory (DFT), data can be theoretically derived and calculated for many interesting areas of chemistry. DFT is a computational method based on the findings of Hohenberg and Kohn in 1964 that the ground state electronic energy of a system can be determined completely by the electron density [3-6]. This means that it has a considerably higher efficiency as a computational method compared to the wave function approach, where the number of variables increases exponentially as your system increases in size, as the electron density has the same number of variables regardless of the size of the system [7]. The use of an appropriate functional to map the electron density and the energy is one of the vital choices in utilising this method, but if chosen well can provide good results with a much lower computational cost than other methods, while still accounting for electron correlation effects [8]. It has become a very popular method due to its versatility and generally good accuracy with relatively low computational expense when compared to ab initio methods [9].</p>
Proteomic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on glucose or glycerol
Authors:   , Hoang Hannah D. 
Published: November 2021

<p>The goal of this research was to use two-dimensional electrophoresis to examine changes in abundance of enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on carbon sources that support either fermentation to ethanol or oxidative metabolism. Large-scale profiling of protein abundances (expression proteomics) often detects changes in protein abundance between physiological states. Such changes in enzyme abundance are often interpreted as evidence of metabolic change although most textbooks emphasise control of enzyme activities not enzyme amount. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2DDIGE) was therefore used to examine differences in protein abundance between S. cerevisiae strain BY4741 grown on either glucose (fermentation) or glycerol. Growth on 2% glucose, but not on glycerol, was accompanied by extensive production of ethanol. Doubling times for growth were 2 h 5 min in glucose and 9 h 41 min in glycerol. Conditions for extraction and two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins were established. One hundred and seventy nine proteins were identified by MALDI mass spectrometry of tryptic digests of protein spots excised from Coomassie stained gels. All of the enzymes for conversion of glucose to ethanol, except for the second enzyme of glycolysis phosphoglucose isomerase, were identified using twodimensional electrophoresis of 100 μg of protein from cells grown on 2% glucose. Identification of proteins excised from the DIGE gels was more challenging, partly because of the lower amount of protein. Eight of the proteins that showed statistically significant differences in abundance (≥ 2-fold, p ≤ 0.01) between glucose and glycerol were identified by mass spectrometry of proteins excised from the 2DDIGE gels, and a further 18 varying proteins were matched to proteins identified from the Coomassie stained gels. Of these total 26 identified or matched proteins, subunits of five of the enzymes for conversion of glucose to ethanol were more abundant from the fermentative cells grown on glucose. The more abundant glycolytic enzymes were phosphofructokinase 2, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase and enolase, plus pyruvate decarboxylase that was required for conversion of the glycolytic product pyruvate to acetaldehyde. The alcohol dehydrogenases Adh1 and Adh4 that convert acetaldehyde to ethanol were detected but did not vary significantly between growth on glucose or glycerol. The results confirmed that in this case changes in abundance of some enzymes were consistent with the altered metabolic output. Future studies should examine whether changes in the abundance and activity of these enzymes are responsible for the differences in metabolism.</p>
The Interiority of Sleep & Power
Authors:   , Walbran Chloe Deanne 
Published: November 2021

<p>This thesis explores interior immensity through the framework that targets the human being’s most inner self: the time human beings spend sleeping. The in-between state of sleep is left overlooked in architecture and leaves room for novel exploration. While spending time in a semi-conscious state, we can delve into the realms of the unknown. The primary goal is to challenge the conventional interior space of backpackers in New Zealand by inhabiting the beautiful ugliness of an industrial site. The boundary between the individual and mechanical piece of architecture is explored through a whimsical intimacy. A hydroelectric power station is the chosen apparatus. The power station allows a duality between operation and narration, between thematic qualities and program. The abnormalities hype the super-imagination of the client, somewhat like experiencing a dream state, the most active and often fantastic aspect within the threshold of consciousness.The thesis is grounded in three sections. I firstly explore the pragmatic site anomalies, the thematic qualities and their opportunities. I then move into conceptual exploration of the interior imagination while concluding with a fully functioning yet evocative design of sleep narration. The components of this thesis are largely visual.</p>
Judicial Review of Legislation in the UK: Fundamental Common Law Principles as "Constitutional Principles" Limiting the Sovereignty of Parliament?
Authors:   , Sangmeister Bernadette 
Published: November 2021

<p>The aim of this paper is to explore the role of judicial review of legislation in the UK from a legal constitutionalist’s point of view. After having introduced the reader to the origins of judicial review of legislation in general and the two theoretical models of constitutionalism, the UK’s system of constitutionalism will be analysed in particular. In this context, the process of “juridification” and “judicalisation” will be discussed in order to show that the British doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty - famously articulated by Dicey in 1885 - is currently under attack. The main focus of this research paper is on the theory of common law constitutionalism (CLC theory), according to which the common law is seen as constituting a higher order of law, a moral ideal and a superior form of public reason, and therefore the ultimate controlling factor of Parliament’s actions. On the basis of the academic theory, the judicial reception of this theory will be analysed with particular attention to the House of Lords’ decision in Jackson in 2005. It will be argued that the system of the common law constitutionalism in the UK is not very different from the system of legal constitutionalism: Firstly, fundamental principles embedded in the common law like the rule of law are similar to constitutional principles of codified supreme constitutions, providing for benchmarks of judicial review of legislation. Secondly, the requirement of exceptional circumstances for invalidating legislation in the CLC system corresponds to the idea of (strong) judicial self-restraint in legal constitutionalist systems.</p>
Mandatory pre-enactment review of legislation; or should only one government branch be responsible for the protection of rights in the United States?
Authors:   , Saroz Ayla 
Published: November 2021

<p>This paper focuses on pre-enactment review of legislation as a constitutional tool for the protection of recognised rights. The paper first makes the distinction between strong- and weak-form judicial review, in order to analyse how pre-enactment review can be practiced within each constitutional model. Two countries are first looked at to illustrate the two models: the United States for strong-form review, and New Zealand for weak-form review. The absence of any formal pre-enactment review in the United States is noted, and evaluated through a more in-depth assessment of congressional practice. This observation leads to the main proposal of the paper: that pre-enactment review should be made mandatory in the United States. A comparative assessment is then made in order to discuss the proposal. The relevant constitutional practices in Australia, Canada and Japan are outlined. These comparative assessments are used to further delineate the appropriate form that mandatory pre-enactment review of legislation could take in the United States.</p>
Deportation on the Basis of Diplomatic Assurances : Permissible under the European Convention on Human Rights? : a Critical Analysis of the Judgment of the ECtHR in Abu Qatada v the United Kingdom (2012) and Its Impact on the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR
Authors:   , Sangmeister Bernadette 
Published: November 2021

<p>Inspired by the recently concluded litigation seeking to deport the radical Islamic preacher Abu Qatada from the UK to Jordan, this paper aims at examining the 2012 judgment of the ECtHR by focusing on the question under which circumstances a deportation with diplomatic assurances (DWA) may be permissible under the European Convention on Human Rights. Relevant background information will be provided concerning the interplay of the use of the DWA policy and the European Convention on Human Rights as well as concerning the particular circumstances that led to the ECtHR’s ruling in Abu Qatada. In the following analysis of the judgment, the focus will be on the interplay of the DWA policy and the European Convention on Human Rights with special regard to art 3 and art 6 of the Convention. Finally, the impact of this judgment on the future jurisprudence and the DWA policy will be shown. In the light of this judgment, it will be argued that the counter terrorism means of deporting a non-national terrorist suspect with diplomatic assurances seems to be compatible with the Convention if the diplomatic assurances given guarantee a sufficient protection of the human rights of the transferee, which due to the uncertain effects of the DWA policy, still has to be decided on a case-by-case basis.</p>
And did those hooves: Pan and the Edwardians
Authors:   , Toland Eleanor 
Published: November 2021

<p>A surprisingly high number of the novels, short stories and plays produced in Britain during the Edwardian era (defined in the terms of this thesis as the period of time between 1900 and the beginning of World War One) use the Grecian deity Pan, god of shepherds, as a literary motif. Writers as diverse as Somerset Maugham, E.M. Forster, Frances Hodgson Burnett and G.K. Chesterton made Pan a fictional character or alluded to the god of shepherds in more subtle ways. The mystery of why the Edwardians used an ancient Greek god as a symbol requires a profound interrogation of the early twentieth century British soul. The Edwardian era was a narrow corridor of time between the Victorian age and the birth of modernism with the First World War, a period characterised by vast social and political transition, as a generation began to comprehend change they equally feared and desired. Pan was an equivocal figure: easily portrayed as satanic due to his horns and goatish nature, but as the kindly god of shepherds, also a Christ-like figure. Such ambiguity made Pan an ideal symbol for an age unsure of itself and its future. Writers like Maugham and Machen, afraid of social and sexual revolution, portrayed Pan as diabolical, a tempter and a rapist. E.M. Forster, a homosexual man hopeful about the possibility of change, made Pan a terrifying but ultimately liberating figure for those ready to accept the freedom he represented. Kenneth Grahame, desiring the return of a Luddite, Arcadian past that had never truly existed, wrote of Pan as Jesus on the riverbank, sheltering the lost and giving mystic visions to the worthy. Pan represented a simultaneous craving in the Edwardians to flee to the past and to embrace the future, an idealism of the primitive coupled with hope for the future. What he also symbolized was anxiety about the future and the desire to not return to the horrors of the past, fears of the primitive suggested in the nightmarish atavism of Saki’s “The Music on the Hill” and the fears of what society might become expressed in Forster’s “The Machine Stops”. The Edwardian Pan eventually reached its culmination in J.M. Barrie’s twentieth-century fairy tale Peter Pan, in which the eponymous character, seeming at first so different from the ancient Greek mythological figure, became an embodiment of everything the Edwardian Pan phenomenon represented. With the nightmarish yet fascinating figure of Peter Pan, the Edwardians had created a new Pan, reborn for their age. With the beginning of World War One, the Pan figure would begin to fade into insignificance, with only one major work later published which could justifiably be called part of the phenomenon; Lord Dunsany’s The Blessing of Pan, a fitting elegy for the Edwardian Age.</p>
National ideals or national interest: New Zealand and South Africa, 1981-1994
Authors:   , Peacock Lauren 
Published: November 2021

<p>“National ideals or National Interest?” examines the making and implementation by successive New Zealand governments of policy toward apartheid South Africa from 1981 to 1994. Its main focus is the contradictory relationship between living up to New Zealand’s ideals against doing what was practicable in the context of the time. The dilemma the apartheid state faced, in trying to solve its internal problems while not imperilling its external security was often not appreciated by the New Zealand government. These misconceptions helped shape New Zealand policy. Ironically once the South African regime began to investigate the possibilities of some sort of political transformation, their New Zealand counterparts were less willing to empathise with the risks involved with such an undertaking than they had been in the 1960s and 1970s. “National Ideals’ also examines the role of civil society and what was often a parallel unofficial foreign policy based around these person -to - person contacts, including the problems posed for the government by the need to persuade groups such as the NZRFU to follow government policy without overstepping what were strongly entrenched principles of individual freedom. The conflicts within the two main political parties of New Zealand were also important in shaping policy, as was the adversarial relationship between the major parties. “National Ideals” concluded that more often than not interests came first and indeed that at times policy decisions often to the product of accident and intrigue.</p>
We've deposited our archives, now we need access; A Comparative Study of national archives policy in Australia and New Zealand
Authors:   , Pincott Vivienne 
Published: November 2021

<p>Preserving the memory of a nation for current and future generations is the core business of an archive. Archives must be deposited with an archive to bring about continuation of this memory. Fundamental to making this archival memory useful is provision of access to the deposited archives. Providing access to archives can also mean that at times the archives are required to be outgoing from an archive. Government and State Legislation in Australia and in New Zealand provides for the continued growth of their respective nation's memory, by requiring government agencies to deposit their archives into the national archives. Archival policy, in turn, supports the ability of these agencies to borrow back their archives on a temporary loan basis. This temporary loan service in New Zealand is called the Government Loans Service (GLS), while in Australia this service is referred to generically as Accessing records and more specifically as Access to records in your agency and Access to other agencies' records. While committed to the same goal of the preservation of their respective nation's memory, no two archival institutions are the same in how they carry this out or in their policies. This research will compare similarities and differences in of the temporary loan service policies of New Zealand's national archive, Archives New Zealand, and in Australia's national and state archive, National Archive of Australia.</p>
Capture, Create, Manage: The experiences of New Zealand government departments in meeting the requirements of the Electronic Recordkeeping Metadata standard
Authors:   , Snow Annabel Dorothy Tupou 
Published: November 2021

<p>Research problem: One of the key challenges for electronic recordkeeping is the creation, capture and ongoing management of metadata. The Electronic Recordkeeping Metadata Standard establishes minimum requirements for the New Zealand public sector in accordance with the Public Records Act 2005. This research examines how the recordkeeping systems used by government departments meet the requirements of the metadata standard and what factors influence compliance. Research methodology: This qualitative research surveyed all twenty-nine public sector agencies classified as government departments in the State Sector Act 1988. This was followed up with interviews with seven participants from six departments. Results: This paper found that departments are harnessing the capability of their systems to create, maintain and manage metadata with the resources available. Interviewees showed they look for opportunities to influence the design of new systems and to enhance functionality. Technological factors greatly impact on the extent to which a department can meet the requirements of the standard. A focus on business processes and user needs has resulted in purposeful departures from the standard and a move beyond recordkeeping metadata. Implications: The development of innovative tools and practices by departments has the potential to meet the business/user needs of the organisation and comply with the requirements of the standard. Suggestions have been made as to how the standard could better serve departments dealing with these multiple priorities and technological factors.</p>