bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Against modal dualism
Authors: Franken Dirk 
Published: August 2021

AbstractModal dualism is the claim that there is a space of epistemically possible worlds that exceeds the space of metaphysically possible worlds. In the present paper, I argue that modal dualism is false. I do so via an argument that differs from most previous arguments against modal dualism in that it does not rely on controversial semantic or epistemological assumptions like descriptivism, internalism or modal rationalism. The point of my argument is, instead, that modal dualism is internally inconsistent because it is the result of the failure to draw the proper conclusions from the abandonment of these semantic and epistemological assumptions. The relevant inconsistency manifests itself in the modal dualist notion of epistemic modality. For this notion to play the explanatory roles assigned to it by modal dualists, it has to be a notion of a genuinely epistemic kind of modality. But the only way to make sense of such a notion is via just those semantic or epistemological assumptions that the modal dualist is keen to avoid. Anyone willing to abandon these assumptions has to go further and detach the epistemic from the modal altogether.
High‐yielding forage grass cultivars increase root biomass and soil organic carbon stocks compared with mixed‐species permanent pasture in temperate soil
Authors: Gregory Andrew S. , Joynes Adrian , Dixon Elizabeth R. , Beaumont Deborah A. , Murray Phil J. , Humphreys Mike W. , Richter Goetz M. , Dungait Jennifer A. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAgricultural grass cultivars bred for increased forage yield commonly have extensive root systems. As roots are an important input of organic matter into the soil, it follows that such cultivars could lead to important increases in soil organic carbon (SOC), but this, and the mechanisms involved, are poorly understood with little empirical field evidence. We assessed the effect of two cultivars, Lolium perenne L. cv. “AberMagic” and L. perenne L. × Festuca pratensis Huds. cv. “Prior”, in comparison with mixed‐species permanent pasture (“Pasture”) in a field experiment on temperate alluvial soil in the southwest UK. Root and SOC stocks, and specific plant‐derived lipids as mechanistic biomarkers for shoot and root inputs of C, were measured on intact 1‐m volumetric soil cores collected on four dates in 2013–2015. Total grass yields were greater for both grass cultivars (40–43 Mg ha−1) than Pasture (39 Mg ha−1), and by 2015 root stocks in the upper 0.1 m were significantly greater by more than 4.7 Mg ha−1. At 0.1–0.3 m depth, SOC stocks (per 0.1‐m depth) were significantly greater under the two grass cultivars (24–50 Mg ha−1) compared to Pasture (18–32 Mg ha−1). In the full 1‐m profile, mean SOC stocks were 137, 133 and 110 Mg ha−1 for AberMagic, Prior and Pasture, respectively, matching root biomass distribution. Odd‐chain n‐alkane concentrations were significantly greater for shoots than roots (274 vs. 64 mg kg−1, respectively), and roots had significantly greater concentrations than shoots of even‐chain hydroxy fatty acids (1829 vs. 305 mg kg−1, respectively) and diacids (317 vs. 93 mg kg−1, respectively). This confirmed lipids as candidate biomarkers for distinguishing shoot and root inputs into the soil, with roots being the dominant source of SOC. Based on the observations of increased forage yield and SOC stock, high‐yielding forage grass cultivars can contribute to future strategies for climate‐smart agriculture in grassland‐dominated temperate regions.Highlights
Selected root traits for increased depth, density and diameter may increase SOC in grassland.
The effect of two high‐yielding forage grass cultivars were assessed in a field trial.
Fast‐growing, high‐yielding cultivars enhanced root and SOC stocks compared to typical pasture.
Lipid biomarkers confirmed that root inputs were the predominant C input to soil.
Establishing a climate‐ready revegetation trial in central Victoria – A case study
Authors: McDonald Garrick , Appleby Matthew W. , Sime Hayley , Radford Julie , Hoffmann Ary A. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryA promising approach in dealing with the detrimental effects of climate change on vegetation is to introduce pre‐adapted genotypes into restoration programmes. Bush Heritage’s Victorian reserves have experienced eucalypt dieback probably due to intense drought and heat shock linked to climate change. Planned revegetation on the Nardoo Hills reserve provided an opportunity to establish and test the potential for new climate‐matched genotypes to expand the adaptive capacity of the plantings. As NRM practitioners, here we document our experiences in implementing this approach. Using the Climate Analogues tool and the Australasian Virtual Herbarium, we selected provenances from four climate analogue regions where remnants of our focal species, Grey Box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) and Yellow Box (E. melliodora), were located. Replicated plots were established covering five provenances for Grey Box and 5 provenances for Yellow Box with up to 10 ‘families’ (mother trees) per provenance. Numerous challenges were encountered including locating suitable provenances, the design and scientific compromises associated with the experimental layout, sourcing of adequate seed from remote regions (especially drought affected) and high mortality during seedling establishment. Monitoring nine months after planting revealed not only high overall mortality (around 70%, probably due to drought conditions during establishment) but also significant differences in height between provenances and in mortality and height among families in both species. Despite the initial mortality, the nested design and level of replication applied in these plots appear adequate to test hypotheses about the value of climate matching and will continue to be monitored in the future.
A tool to guide herbicide control of serrated tussock in native grassland, informed by expert judgement
Authors: Sinclair Steve , Bruce Matthew , Neil James , Griffioen Peter 
Published: August 2021

SummarySerrated Tussock (Nassella trichotoma) is a weed that invades native grasslands in southern Australia. It is frequently controlled using extensive and costly chemical control. We describe a tool aimed at grassland reserve managers that provides guidance about the suitability of different chemical control techniques, including knapsack, boom and aerial spraying. The tool takes the attributes of any site and predicts the suitability of each technique. The tool was built using random forests trained on a dataset of practitioner judgements. We discuss the applications and limitations of the tool.
Modeling the egg and larval transport pathways of the Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) in the East Antarctic region: New insights into successful transport connections
Authors: Mori Mao , Mizobata Kohei , Ichii Taro , Ziegler Philippe , Okuda Takehiro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) is an important fishery species widely distributed in the Southern Ocean, especially in areas covered by sea ice. Understanding fish distributions and life cycles, including the transport and survival of eggs and larvae, is essential for the assessment and sustainable management of the fishery. However, owing to difficulties with in situ winter observations, information on the early life stages of D. mawsoni is lacking. Here, we investigated the transport pathways of fish eggs and larvae through a particle tracking study, using satellite‐derived ocean surface velocities in the East Antarctic region, which includes important D. mawsoni habitats and exploratory fisheries. Our results indicate that particles released from continental slopes are more likely to be successfully transported to suitable settlement grounds than those released from the BANZARE Bank (the southern region of the Kerguelen Plateau), which is situated further north and has been hypothesized to be a potential spawning ground for D. mawsoni. This study demonstrates successful source–settlement connections in relation to ocean recirculation and suggests important settlement regions for D. mawsoni larvae in the East Antarctic region.
High historical variability weakens the effects of current climate differentiation on microbial community dissimilarity and assembly
Authors: Kuang Jialiang , Bates Colin T. , Wan Xiaoling , Ning Daliang , Deng Dongmei , Shu Wensheng , Zhou Jizhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the influences of global climate change on soil microbial communities is essential in evaluating the terrestrial biosphere's feedback to this alarming anthropogenic disturbance. However, little is known about how intra‐site historical climate variability can mediate the influences of current climate differences on community dissimilarity and assembly. To fill this gap, we examined and disentangled the interactive effects of historical climate variability and current climate differences on the soil bacterial community dissimilarity and stochasticity of community assembly among 143 sites from 28 forests across eastern China. We hypothesize that the relative importance of stochasticity and community dissimilarity are related to historical climate variability and that an increasing sum of intra‐site historical variability enhances stochasticity while reduces dissimilarity between two communities. To test our hypothesis, we statistically controlled for covariates between sites including differences in soil chemistry, plant diversity, spatial distance, and seasonal climate variations at annual timescales. We observed that an increase in inter‐site current climate differences led to a reduced impact of stochasticity in community assembly and a pronounced divergence between communities. In stark contrast, when communities were subjected to a high level of intra‐site historical climate fluctuation, the observed impact incurred from current climate differences was substantially weakened. Moreover, the influence of increased historical variability was consistent along the gradient of current temperature differences between sites. However, effects induced by historical fluctuation in precipitation were disproportional and only evident when small inter‐site differences were observed. Consequently, if the prior climate variability is ignored, especially regarding environmental factors like temperature, we assert that the influence current climate differentiation has on regulating community dissimilarity and assembly stochasticity will be underestimated. Together, our findings highlight the importance and need of explicitly controlling the mean and the historical variability of climate factors for the next “generation” of climate change experiments to come.
Geography and virtual reality
Authors: Bos Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhilst virtual reality (VR) has a long history, recent technological advancements, increased accessibility and affordability have seen its usage become widespread within western consumer society. Despite the relevance of VR to Geography, these more recent developments have escaped scholarly attention. This paper takes a critical perspective on the development of VR and its varied applications, and how emerging theoretical debates within cultural and digital geography can critically attend to the social and cultural implications of VR technologies. The paper begins by considering how VR spaces are imagined and communicated to publics in ways that promote popular understandings of, and desires for, virtual spaces. Next, the paper critically addresses the cultural politics of VR content, particularly drawing attention to the socio‐spatial differences evoked through VR. The paper goes on to argue for the need to consider VR through the concept of interface as a way of critically attending to the broader techno‐socio relations and the embodied spatial encounters they produce. Finally, some methodological implications for thinking with and through VR are outlined.
Does flossing before or after brushing influence the reduction in the plaque index? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Silva Cláudia , Albuquerque Pauliane , de Assis Paulo , Lopes Cacio , Anníbal Hermínia , Lago Maria Catarina Almeida , Braz Rodivan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this systematic review was to assess whether flossing before or after influences plaque index reduction.MethodsThis systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses and registered with the International prospective register of systematic reviews under number CRD42019126239. The PICO question was, ‘does flossing before or after brushing have any effect on reducing dental plaque?’. An electronic search was performed until April 2020 in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus Web of Science and Cochrane Library. The initial database search resulted in 9679 references, and after detailed analysis of the titles and abstracts of the selected studies, the inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied, and 06 complete articles were downloaded and selected for further analysis. After the complete 02 articles were selected, 60 patients with a mean age of 23.1 years were studied and compared dental flossing before or after dental brushing.ResultsThe results showed that there was no statistical difference between brush‐floss and floss‐brush in reducing plaque index (p = 0.91, RR: 0.01, 95% CI: −0.16, 0.18).ConclusionsFlossing before or after brushing has no significant effect on reducing dental plaque index. However, more clinical studies should be conducted.
Replacement of hydroxyapatite from chicken eggshell waste for ceramic properties improvement
Authors: Sangmala Aekgaran , Naemchanthara Patcharin , Limsuwan Pichet , Naemchanthara Kittisakchai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe chicken eggshell waste from food processing was synthesized as the hydroxyapatite for fluxing agent replacement in ceramic manufacturing. The main fluxing agents in Thailand ceramic manufacturing are natural potash feldspar (k‐feldspar) and animal bone ash. To overcome the problems of inconstant properties and the lack of k‐feldspar, the hydroxyapatite from chicken eggshell waste was selected as fluxing agent for the enhancement of the ceramic product. In this work, the hydroxyapatite with 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt% was replaced with the k‐feldspar in the ceramic samples. The results revealed the physical and mechanical properties of the ceramic samples with various hydroxyapatite contents were investigated after heat treatment in the temperature range of 1000–1200 °C. The ceramic samples added with hydroxyapatite have higher linear shrinkage and bulk density as compared with the ceramic sample without hydroxyapatite. The apparent porosity and water absorption decreased to near zero after the heat treatment at a temperature of 1200 °C. Moreover, the results showed that the physical properties affected the mechanical properties improvement after the hydroxyapatite addition and heat treatment process.
Registrar triage, communication and moral distress during end‐of‐life care rapid response team calls in a teaching hospital
Authors: Callahan Sadie , Moran Juli , See Emily , Jones Daryl , Eastwood Glenn M. , Warrillow Stephen ,   The Austin RRT EOLC investigators
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundApproximately one‐third of rapid response teams (RRT) involve end‐of‐life care (EOLC) issues. Intensive care unit (ICU) registrar experience in such calls is underinvestigated.AimsTo evaluate the proportion of RRT calls triaged as relating to EOLC issues, issues around communication regarding prognostication, registrar self‐reported moral distress and associations between RRT EOLC classification and patient outcomes.MethodsProspective observational study of RRT calls in a tertiary referrals hospital between December 2016 and January 2017 using a standardised case report form and data from an electronic RRT database.ResultsThere were 401 RRT calls in the study period, and data were available for 270 (67%) calls, of which 72%, 10% and 18% were triaged as ‘obviously not EOLC call’, ‘obvious EOLC call’ and ‘uncertain EOLC call’ respectively. Most discussions regarding prognostication occurred between registrars, and more than half (55%) were with a covering doctor. Consensus on prognostication was achieved in 93% cases. Registrars reported distress in 19% of calls that obviously related to EOLC and 22% of calls that were uncertain, compared with <1% of calls that were obviously not relating to EOLC. Inhospital mortality was 6%, 67% and 39% for obviously not EOLC, obvious EOLC and uncertain EOLC calls respectively.ConclusionsEOLC issues occur commonly in RRT calls and are often associated with moral distress to ICU registrars. Although consensus on prognostication is usually achieved, conversations often involve covering doctors. These issues impact on the ICU registrar experience of RRT calls and require further exploration.
IL‐20 is involved in obesity by modulation of adipogenesis and macrophage dysregulation
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Hsiang , Wu Chih‐Hsing , Chiu Chiao‐Juno , Chen Wei‐Ting , Chang Yi‐Chieh , Wabitsch Martin , Chang Ming‐Shi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIL‐20 is a proinflammatory cytokine of the IL‐10 family and involved in several diseases. However, the regulatory role of IL‐20 in obesity is not well understood. We explored the function of IL‐20 in the pathogenesis of obesity‐induced insulin resistance by ELISA, Western blotting and flow cytometry. The therapeutic potential of IL‐20 monoclonal antibody 7E for ameliorating diet‐induced obesity was analysed in murine models. Higher serum IL‐20 levels were detected in obese patients. It was upregulated in leptin‐deficient (ob/ob), leptin‐resistant (db/db) and high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced murine obesity models. In vitro, IL‐20 regulated the adipocyte differentiation and the polarization of bone marrow‐derived macrophages into proinflammatory M1 type. It also caused inflammation and macrophage retention in adipose tissues by upregulating TNF‐α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1), netrin 1 and unc5b (netrin receptor) expression in macrophages and netrin 1, leptin and MCP‐1 in adipocytes. IL‐20 promoted insulin resistance by inhibiting glucose uptake in mature adipocytes through the SOCS‐3 pathway. In HFD‐induced obesity in mice, 7E treatment reduced body weight and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity; it also reduced local inflammation and the number of M1‐like macrophages in adipose tissues. We have identified a critical role of IL‐20 in obesity‐induced inflammation and insulin resistance, and we conclude that IL‐20 may be a novel target for treating obesity and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic disorders.
The risk‐taking channel of currency appreciation: A structural VAR investigation of Asian emerging market economies
Authors: Huh Hyeon‐seung , Kim David 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this study, we analyze the impact of currency appreciation on sovereign spread and economic activities in Asian emerging market economies (EMEs) using a structural vector autoregression model. The key issue under scrutiny is the presence of a risk‐taking financial channel and its strength against the conventional trade channel. The underlying structural shocks are identified by a mix of sign, size, and zero restrictions. Based on the various measures of country risk, we find empirical evidence that a currency appreciation is expansionary for Asian EMEs through the financial channel, compressing the sovereign spread and offsetting the trade channel. We provide the policy implications of these results.
The long‐term cost of childhood conduct problems: Finnish Nationwide 1981 Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Rissanen Elisa , Kuvaja‐Köllner Virpi , Elonheimo Henrik , Sillanmäki Lauri , Sourander André , Kankaanpää Eila 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundCommonly recognized childhood conduct problems often lead to costly problems in adulthood. This study aimed to evaluate the long‐term cumulative cost of childhood conduct problems until the age of 30. The costs included inpatient care, nervous system medicine purchases, and criminal offences.MethodsThe study used population‐based nationwide 1981 birth cohort data. Families and teachers assessed the conduct problems of the eight‐year‐olds based on Rutter questionnaires. We grouped 5,011 children into low‐level of conduct problems (52%), intermediate‐level of conduct problems (37%), and high‐level of conduct problems (11%) groups, based on combined conduct symptoms scores. The analysis included the cohort data with the Care Register for Health Care, the Drug Prescription Register, and the Finnish Police Register. The cost valuation of service use applied national unit costs in 2016 prices. We used Wilcoxon rank‐sum test to test the differences between groups and gender.ResultsDuring 1989–2011, average cumulative costs of the high‐level (€44,348, p < .001) and the intermediate‐level (€19,405, p < .001) of conduct problems groups were higher than the low‐level of conduct problems group’s (€10,547) costs. In all three groups, the boys’ costs were higher than girls’ costs.ConclusionsThe costs associated with conduct problems in childhood are substantial, showing a clear need for cost‐effective interventions. Implementation decisions of interventions benefit from long‐term cost‐effectiveness modelling studies. Costing studies, like this, provide cost and cost offset information for modelling studies.
Publishing in Predatory Journals: Guidelines for Nursing Faculty in Promotion and Tenure Policies
Authors: Broome Marion E. , Oermann Marilyn H. , Nicoll Leslie H. , Waldrop Julee B. , Carter‐Templeton Heather , Chinn Peggy L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which academic promotion and tenure (APT) criteria and guidelines in schools of nursing recognize predatory publishing. This assessment included an analysis of APT documents looking specifically for guidance about predatory publications by faculty in schools of nursing.DesignThis study used a cross‐sectional, descriptive design and was conducted in 2020.MethodsA mixed methods approach was used to collect data from two sources. Data were extracted from APT documents for 92 research‐intensive universities found online and specifically focused on documents for universities and for schools of nursing in the United States. Interviews were conducted with a subsample of academic administrators (n = 10) from selected schools.FindingsThe majority (57%; n = 50) of APT documents reviewed addressed quality of the journals in which faculty publish. However, very nonspecific terms, such as “high quality” or “peer reviewed” were used. None of the documents reviewed (n = 88) included any reference to predatory journals. Deans who were interviewed validated the analysis of the APT documents. While most deans reported faculty were aware of predatory journals and the risks of publishing in them, formal guidelines for consequences for publishing in predatory journals were not developed or available.ConclusionThis study examined how schools of nursing in research‐intensive universities address the issue of predatory journals. APT criteria do not provide guidance to faculty and promotion and tenure committees about issues related to predatory publications as low‐quality publication outlets. Recommendations for APT committees, mentors, and faculty are provided.Clinical relevanceClinicians rely on researchers, many of whom are faculty, to publish rigorous studies that produce evidence they can translate into practice. One measure of the quality of a study's findings is where the paper is published and reflects the level of peer review it has been through. Faculty who publish in predatory journals may not have had their work reviewed by experts; evidence produced may or may not be adequate for translation to guide nursing practice.