bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Double Inversion Recovery Sequence in Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ghonim Ahmed Samir , Younes Rasha Lotfy , Mohamed Mohamed Amin , Dawoud Mohamed Fathy 
Published: February 2021

Aims: The current work aimed to assess the diagnostically value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) sequence in diagnosing of multiple sclerosis.
Methodology: This study conducted on (42 patients) from the Diagnostic Radiology and Medical Imaging Dep. at Tanta University Hospital in the period from March 2018 to December 2019.
Results: In accordance to the total lesions loads, it was found that DIR was higher significantly than T2WI (P-value= 0.003 with a relative gaining of 22%), we found that double inversion recovery (DIR) sequence was higher significantly to FLAIR regarding the number of diagnosed lesions in 3 anatomical areas (Mixed W-GM, cortical and infra-tentorial) with relative gaining of 28%, 85% and 63% respectively. A non-significant change was found among the two sequences regarding peri-ventricular white matter, deep white matter and juxta-cortical lesions detecting.
Conclusion: Conventionally MRI has corner-stone roles in diagnosing, characterizing and following-up of multi-sclerosis. Finally, we concluded that DIR can be used as a addition to or even as an alternative for typical T2 and FLAIR. Therefore, we strongly recommend the addition of DIR sequences in the everyday MR protocol of MS cases.
A Case Study on Retinoblastoma Associated Orbital Cellulitis
Authors: Reddy Sagili Chandrasekhara , Menon Bina Sharine 
Published: February 2021

A 20-months-old male child was brought to the Eye clinic with swelling of right upper eyelid, discharge sticking the eyelids in the right eye and redness in both eyes of three days duration. On detailed examination of anterior segment and fundus, the diagnosis of bilateral retinoblastoma with conjunctivitis was made. The conjunctivitis was cured with ciprofloxacin eye drops and eye ointment. CT scan of orbits and brain confirmed the diagnosis of retinoblastoma with calcification in both eyes. Optic nerve on both sides was normal and there was no metastasis in the brain. Since it was a bilateral case of retinoblastoma, chemoreduction followed by enucleation in the right eye, and salvaging the left eye with chemotherapy in order to save the vision was planned.
Intravenous triple drug chemotherapy with carboplatin, etoposide and vincristine (six cycles) was started by pediatric oncologist in pediatric ward. After two weeks of completing the first cycle of treatment, enucleation of right eye was done. Postoperative period was uneventful. The chemotherapy was continued. The child developed marked swelling of left upper eyelid few days before the sixth cycle of chemotherapy. Examination of left eye showed signs of aseptic orbital cellulitis which was treated with oral prednisolone and topical eye drops of combination of gentamycin and dexamethasone. The inflammatory signs subsided completely in ten days time. The sixth cycle of chemotherapy was completed. On the follow up visit two weeks after discharge, the left eye ball was normal. In the first follow up, the child could pick up the toys thrown in front of him. Unfortunately the child defaulted follow up. Retinoblastoma should be excluded in all young children with orbital cellulitis because misdiagnosis is life threatening.
Wrist Arthrodesis in Severe Wrist Arthritis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Lakhani Amit , Sharma Ena , Mander Harsh 
Published: February 2021

Objective: Osteoarthritis of wrist is an uncommon disorder but in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), wrist and metacarpophlangeal joint are involved in early stages. RA of wrist leads to severe pain and loss of function in a large number of patients. Conservative treatment is required in early stages, but in severe cases arthroplasty or total wrist arthrodesis is the treatment of choice. Problems in wrist arthroplasty include implant breakage, cystic erosion in the surrounding bone, and marked synovitis, which requires revision in most of cases. Total wrist arthrodesis is treatment of choice in severe wrist arthritis patient, who want to have good grip and wish to do heavy labour.
Material and Methods: A retrospective review of 15 patients of RA with severe wrist arthritis, managed by wrist arthrodesis using 3.5 mm reconstruction plate and iliac crest bone graft was done. Patients were evaluated for pain relief, functional improvement and radiographic analysis. Patient function measures included: Visual analog score (VAS), the Mayo wrist score, and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score.
Result: All 15 cases united well with marked improvement in wrist strength and diminished pain allowing improved function and heavy labor. Mayo wrist scores increased on an average of 37.5 Points (preoperative) 10 to 65 (postoperative). The average DASH score has decreased significantly up to 47 Points.
Conclusion: Wrist Arthrodesis provides pain relief and functional hand in sever wrist arthritis in RA cases.
Embracing Defects and Disorder in Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Lak Aidin , Disch Sabrina , Bender Philipp 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIron oxide nanoparticles have tremendous scientific and technological potential in a broad range of technologies, from energy applications to biomedicine. To improve their performance, single‐crystalline and defect‐free nanoparticles have thus far been aspired. However, in several recent studies, defect‐rich nanoparticles outperform their defect‐free counterparts in magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Here, an overview on the state‐of‐the‐art of design and characterization of defects and resulting spin disorder in magnetic nanoparticles is presented with a focus on iron oxide nanoparticles. The beneficial impact of defects and disorder on intracellular magnetic hyperthermia performance of magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery and cancer therapy is emphasized. Defect‐engineering in iron oxide nanoparticles emerges to become an alternative approach to tailor their magnetic properties for biomedicine, as it is already common practice in established systems such as semiconductors and emerging fields including perovskite solar cells. Finally, perspectives and thoughts are given on how to deliberately induce defects in iron oxide nanoparticles and their potential implications for magnetic tracers to monitor cell therapy and immunotherapy by MPI.
Pressure‐Triggered Blue Emission of Zero‐Dimensional Organic Bismuth Bromide Perovskite
Authors: Sun Meng‐En , Geng Ting , Yong Xue , Lu Siyu , Ai Lin , Xiao Guanjun , Cai Jinmeng , Zou Bo , Zang Shuang‐Quan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the structure–property relationships in Zero‐dimensional (0D) organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites (OMHPs) is essential for their use in optoelectronic applications. Moreover, increasing the emission intensity, particularly for blue emission, is considerably a challenge. Here, intriguing pressure‐induced emission (PIE) is successfully achieved from an initially nonluminous 0D OMHP [(C6H11NH3)4BiBr6]Br·CH3CN (Cy4BiBr7) upon compression. The emission intensity increases significantly, even reaching high‐efficiency blue luminescence, as the external pressure is increased to 4.9 GPa. Analyses of the in situ high‐pressure experiments and first‐principle calculations indicate that the observed PIE can be attributed to the enhanced exciton binding energy associated with [BiBr6]3– octahedron distortion under pressure. This study of Cy4BiBr7 sheds light on the relationship between the structure and optical properties of OMHPs. The results may improve potential applications of such materials in the fields of pressure sensing and trademark security.
Recent developments in cancer research: Expectations for a new remedy
Authors: Ando Koji , Hu Qingjiang , Kasagi Yuta , Oki Eiji , Mori Masaki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCancer research has made remarkable progress and new discoveries are beginning to be made. For example, the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibition mechanisms in cancer cells has led to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors that have benefited many cancer patients. In this review, we will introduce and describe the latest novel areas of cancer research: exosomes, microbiome, immunotherapy. and organoids. Exosomes research will lead to further understanding of the mechanisms governing cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as the development of cancer detection and therapeutic methods. Microbiome are important in understanding the disease. Immunotherapy is the fourth treatment in cancer therapy. Organoid biology will further develop with a goal of translating the research into personalized therapy. These research areas may result in the creation of new cancer treatments in the future.
Automated object tracking, event detection, and recognition for high‐speed video of drop formation phenomena
Authors: Radcliffe Andrew J. , Reklaitis Gintaras V. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOptical imaging technologies have the potential to provide detailed information which can inform process design decisions via modeling of critical phenomena or provide innovative process sensors for use in online monitoring and control strategies. In this work, novel algorithms are developed for automated object tracking, event detection, and classification in high‐speed imaging sequences of drop breakup and coalescence. Using generalization of the physical patterns, a combined strategy extracts quantitative information about the spatiotemporal trajectory and events of every fluid‐object, mapping its lineage and relations to other objects without the need for a training dataset. This high‐level reference frame makes the extracted information easily accessible for evaluation of quantities over sets of objects or events of interest. Included results demonstrate the capability of the software for handling complex multievent scenarios at acceptable execution times, processing 2.7 GB image data (22,000 images/30 videos) in 110–115 s in MATLAB on a standard desktop computer.
Sustainable production and the role of digital twins–Basic reflections and perspectives
Authors: Miehe Robert , Waltersmann Lara , Sauer Alexander , Bauernhansl Thomas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSustainable production is essential for the future of the global economy. Despite the publication of its baseline vision over 30 years ago and the resulting diversity of interpretations and subdisciplines in engineering and social sciences, the progress of the approach in industrial practice remains marginal. This is mainly due to the fact that the discipline has not yet succeeded to realize the magnitude of the rethinking necessary of its very own perception as a whole. Existing definitions of sustainable production presented to date are thus only partly consistently derived from the baseline concept. Meanwhile, digitalization provides an increasing number of technologies that offer a new perspective on sustainable production. This especially applies to the concept of digital twins. Recent studies, thus, address their role in the context of sustainable production by analyzing its contribution to existing sustainability related methods as well as technical challenges on a microeconomic level (bottom‐up approach). Although these approaches provide concrete requirements for technical deployment, it is highly questionable how they will contribute to sustainable production as a whole. In this paper, we choose a top‐down approach to discuss the role of digital twins in the context of sustainable production. Based on fundamental reflections on the baseline concept of sustainability, we advocate a reorientation of production within the framework of planetary boundaries. Thereupon, we discuss the role of digital twins and digital threads and provide a number of requirements that future R&D needs to address for a future sustainability‐oriented data‐driven monitoring and regulation of production.
Early Predictors of 9‐Year Disability in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: De Meo Ermelinda , Bonacchi Raffaello , Moiola Lucia , Colombo Bruno , Sangalli Francesca , Zanetta Chiara , Amato Maria Pia , Martinelli Vittorio , Rocca Maria Assunta , Filippi Massimo 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess early predictors of 9‐year disability in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis.MethodsClinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments of 123 pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis were obtained at disease onset and after 1 and 2 years. A 9‐year clinical follow‐up was also performed. Cox proportional hazard and multivariable regression models were used to assess independent predictors of time to first relapse and 9‐year outcomes.ResultsTime to first relapse was predicted by optic nerve lesions (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.10, p = 0.02) and high‐efficacy treatment exposure (HR = 0.31, p = 0.005). Predictors of annualized relapse rate were: at baseline, presence of cerebellar (β = −0.15, p < 0.001), cervical cord lesions (β = 0.16, p = 0.003), and high‐efficacy treatment exposure (β = −0.14, p = 0.01); considering also 1‐year variables, number of relapses (β = 0.14, p = 0.002), and the previous baseline predictors; considering 2‐year variables, time to first relapse (2‐year: β = −0.12, p = 0.01) entered, whereas high‐efficacy treatment exposure exited the model. Predictors of 9‐year disability worsening were: at baseline, presence of optic nerve lesions (odds ratio [OR] = 6.45, p = 0.01); considering 1‐year and 2‐year variables, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) changes (1‐year: OR = 26.05, p < 0.001; 2‐year: OR = 16.38, p = 0.02), and ≥ 2 new T2‐lesions in 2 years (2‐year: OR = 4.91, p = 0.02). Predictors of higher 9‐year EDSS score were: at baseline, EDSS score (β = 0.58, p < 0.001), presence of brainstem lesions (β = 0.31, p = 0.04), and number of cervical cord lesions (β = 0.22, p = 0.05); considering 1‐year and 2‐year variables, EDSS changes (1‐year: β = 0.79, p < 0.001; 2‐year: β = 0.55, p < 0.001), and ≥ 2 new T2‐lesions (1‐year: β = 0.28, p = 0.03; 2‐year: β = 0.35, p = 0.01).InterpretationA complete baseline MRI assessment and an accurate clinical and MRI monitoring during the first 2 years of disease contribute to predict 9‐year prognosis in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1011–1022
Durch sichtbares Licht induzierte Homolyse unedler, gut verfügbarer Metallsubstratkomplexe: Eine komplementäre Aktivierungsstrategie in der Photoredoxkatalyse
Authors: Abderrazak Youssef , Bhattacharyya Aditya , Reiser Oliver 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDie Hauptanwendungen der Photoredoxkatalyse mit sichtbarem Licht umfassen vorwiegend in der äußeren Sphäre des Katalysators stattfindende SET‐ oder EnT‐Prozesse, ausgelöst durch Edelmetall‐RuII‐ oder ‐IrIII‐Komplexe oder durch organische Farbstoffe mit geringer Photostabilität. Gut verfügbare MnLn‐Metallkomplexe entwickeln sich schnell als alternative Photokatalysatoren, denn sie bieten wirtschaftliche und ökologische Vorteile und eröffnen den Zugang zu mechanistisch komplementären Innersphären‐Modi; damit lassen sich die inhärenten Einschränkungen, die aufgrund von ultrakurzen Lebensdauern im angeregten Zustand ihrer Anwendung entgegenstehen, überwinden. Das allgemeine Verfahren, das als durch sichtbares Licht induzierte Homolyse (VLIH) bezeichnet wird, umfasst die Bildung geeigneter lichtabsorbierender Metall‐Substrat‐Komplexe (MnLn‐Z; Z=Substrat), die eine homolytische Spaltung zu Mn−1Ln und Z. als Startpunkt für weitere Transformationen eingehen.
Janus Nanocages of Platinum‐Group Metals and Their Use as Effective Dual‐Electrocatalysts
Authors: Zhu Jiawei , Xu Lang , Lyu Zhiheng , Xie Minghao , Chen Ruhui , Jin Wanqin , Mavrikakis Manos , Xia Younan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractJanus nanocages with distinctive platinum‐group metals on the outer and inner surfaces can naturally catalyze at least two different reactions. Here we report a general method based on successive deposition and then selective etching for the facile synthesis of such nanocages. We have fabricated 11 different types of Janus nanocages characterized by a uniform size and well‐defined {100} facets, together with porous, ultrathin, asymmetric walls up to 1.6 nm thick. When tested as dual‐electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, the Janus nanocages based on Pt and Ir exhibited superior activities depending on the thickness and relative position of the metal layer. Density functional theory studies suggest that the alloy composition and surface structure of the nanocages both play important roles in enhancing the electrocatalytic activities by modulating the stability of key reaction intermediates.
Epoxy‐functional thermoplastic copolymers and their incorporation into a thermosetting resin
Authors: Sweet Kayla R. , Stanzione Joseph F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe customization of polymer networks can be made possible via dual‐functional monomers, molecules characterized by two different reactive substituents that allow for versatile methods of polymerization. The dual‐functional, epoxy‐methacrylate monomers, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and vanillyl alcohol epoxy‐methacrylate (VAEM), were polymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to form low molecular weight (~10–20 kDa) epoxy‐functional thermoplastic copolymers, poly(VAEM‐co‐MMA), and poly(GMA‐co‐MMA). The copolymers were blended at 5 wt% into an epoxy resin system containing EPON Resin 828 and EPIKURE W Curing Agent and cured thermally to create unique interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). The resulting IPNs were compared to the cured neat resin and evaluated for thermal and mechanical properties, where maintained thermal properties and enhancements of stiffness and toughness were demonstrated.
Mechanism of Metarhizium rileyi evading cellular immune responses in Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Li Li , Zhong Ke , Wang Jia‐Lin , Liu Xu‐Sheng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUpon entry into the hemocoel of host insects, entomopathogenic fungi switch to yeast‐like hyphal bodies that are not recognized by host hemocytes and replicate extensively in the hemolymph. The mechanism by which hyphal bodies evade host cellular immunity is not well understood. This study compares Metarhizium rileyi conidia and hyphal bodies with respect to elicitation of the immune response of Helicoverpa armigera and recognition by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). We found that the ability of host hemocytes to phagocytize and nodulate hyphal bodies was weaker than those responses against conidia, suggesting that hyphal bodies are more able to evade host cellular immunity. Additionally, we found that the binding affinity of H. armigera β‐1,3‐glucan recognition proteins was much lower for hyphal bodies than for conidia. We observed no agglutination response of H. armigera C‐type lectin 3 (HaCTL3) against hyphal bodies, and HaCTL3 bound significantly less to hyphal bodies than to conidia, indicating that host PRRs have a lower affinity for hyphal bodies than for conidia. This study provides direct evidence that the mechanism whereby entomopathogenic fungi escape host cellular immunity involves the inability of host PRRs to sufficiently recognize hyphal bodies to elicit the cellular immune response.
Social proximity and respect for norms in trust dilemmas
Authors: Evans Anthony M. , Ong How Hwee , Krueger Joachim I. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTrust is based on both rational considerations (outcomes and expectations) and moral considerations (respect for moral norms). We find that social proximity shifts the extent to which trust is perceived as a moral decision. People are more likely to trust similar strangers (partners they share personality traits with) because they feel it is the moral thing to do. In three studies, we found that partner similarity was associated with increased trust, and this effect was mediated by increased feelings of normative obligation. This mediation remained significant after controlling for expectations of reciprocity and participants' tendency to like similar partners more than dissimilar partners (Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, the felt obligation to trust similar partners was based, in part, on a desire to avoid insulting the other party's moral character. The effect of partner similarity on feelings of obligation was weakened when distrust was no longer insulting to the trusted party's character (Study 3). These findings add to our knowledge of how social information shifts the extent to which trust is perceived as a moral decision.
Crocin mitigated cognitive impairment and brain molecular alterations induced by different intensities of prenatal hypoxia in neonatal rats
Authors: Ghotbeddin Zohreh , Tabandeh Mohammad Reza , Pourmahdi Borujeni Mahdi , Fahimi Truski Fahimeh , Zalaki Ghorbani Pour Mohammad Reza , Tabrizian Leila 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionBrain hypoxia has important role to the onset and progression of sporadic form of Alzheimer disease via expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1). Crocin by anti‐amyloidogenic property inhibits β‐amyloid formation. However, the molecular mechanism associated with anti‐amyloidogenic activity of crocin is unknown. So, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of crocin on cognitive behavior and expression of HIF‐1α and β‐secretase (BACE1) genes in the brain of neonate rats following different intensities of hypoxia during pregnancy.Material and methodsPregnant female rats were divided into six groups including sham, control crocin treated (CC), hypoxia with three different intensities (H1–H3), and most intense of hypoxic group treated with crocin (H3C) (30 mg/kg; i.p) at P14. Hypoxia induced on the 20th day of pregnancy. Animals in sham and CC were put in hypoxia chamber at the same time of hypoxia group without any hypoxia induction. Morris water maze (MWM) and qRT‐PCR were used to evaluate the cognitive behavior and mRNA levels of BACE1 and HIF‐1α genes in the brain tissues.ResultsAnimal under 7% O2 + 93% N2 condition for 3 hr showed the highest cognitive behavior impairment and upregulated HIF‐1α and BACE1 mRNA in brains of offspring (p < .001). Crocin treatment improved memory impairment and attenuated the gene expression of HIF‐1α and BACE1 in the brains of neonate rat.ConclusionsIt was concluded that crocin has beneficial effects on the brain of neonate rats under gestational hypoxia by improvement of memory impairment and molecular alteration related to hypoxia.
Secondary Alcohol Dehydrogenases from Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus and Thermoanaerobacter brockii as Robust Catalysts
Authors: Musa Musa M. , Vieille Claire , Phillips Robert S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are an important type of enzyme that have significant applications as biocatalysts. Secondary ADHs from Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus (TeSADH) and Thermoanaerobacter brockii (TbSADH) are well‐known as robust catalysts. However, like most other ADHs, these enzymes suffer from their high substrate specificities (i. e., limited substrate scope), which to some extent restricts their use as biocatalysts. This minireview discusses recent efforts to expand the substrate scope and tune the enantioselectivity of TeSADH and TbSADH by using site‐directed mutagenesis and directed evolution. Various examples of asymmetric synthesis of optically active alcohols using both enzymes are highlighted. Moreover, the unique thermal stability and organic solvent tolerance of these enzymes is illustrated by their concurrent inclusion with other interesting reactions to synthesize optically active alcohols and amines. For instance, TeSADH has been used in quantitative non‐stereoselective oxidation of alcohols to deracemize alcohols via cyclic deracemization and in the racemization of enantiopure alcohols to accomplish a bienzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution.