bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analogy Generation in Science Experts and Novices
Authors: Goldwater Micah B. , Gentner Dedre , LaDue Nicole D. , Libarkin Julie C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere is a critical inconsistency in the literature on analogical retrieval. On the one hand, a vast set of laboratory studies has found that people often fail to retrieve past experiences that share deep relational commonalities, even when they would be useful for reasoning about a current problem. On the other hand, historical studies and naturalistic research show clear evidence of remindings based on deep relational commonalities. Here, we examine a possible explanation for this inconsistency—namely, that remindings based on relational principles increase as a function of expertise. To test this claim, we devised a simple analogy‐generation task that can be administered across a wide range of expertise. We presented common events as the bases from which to generate analogies. Although the events themselves were unrelated to geoscience, we found that when the event was explainable in terms of a causal principle that is prominent in geoscience, expert geoscientists were likely to spontaneously produce analogies from geoscience that relied on the same principle. Further, for these examples, prompts to produce causal analogies increased their frequency among nonscientists and scientists from another domain, but not among expert geoscientists (whose spontaneous causal retrieval levels were already high). In contrast, when the example was best explained by a principle outside of geoscience, all groups required prompting to produce substantial numbers of analogies based on causal principles. Overall, this pattern suggests that the spontaneous use of causal principles is characteristic of experts. We suggest that expert scientists adopt habitual patterns of encoding according to the key relational principles in their domain, and that this contributes to their propensity to spontaneously retrieve relational matches. We discuss implications for the nature of expertise and for science instruction and assessment.
Relative Clause Effects at the Matrix Verb Depend on Type of Intervening Material
Authors: Lowder Matthew W. , Gordon Peter C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough a large literature demonstrates that object‐extracted relative clauses (ORCs) are harder to process than subject‐extracted relative clauses (SRCs), there is less agreement regarding where during processing this difficulty emerges, as well as how best to explain these effects. An eye‐tracking study by Staub, Dillon, and Clifton (2017) demonstrated that readers experience more processing difficulty at the matrix verb for ORCs than for SRCs when the matrix verb immediately follows the relative clause (RC), but the difficulty is eliminated if a prepositional phrase (PP) intervenes. A careful examination of Staub et al.’s materials reveals that the types of PPs used in the experiment were a mixture of locative and temporal PPs. This is important in that locative PPs can modify either a noun phrase or a verb phrase (VP), whereas temporal PPs typically modify VPs, resulting in systematic differences in PP attachment across ORCs versus SRCs. In the current eye‐tracking experiment, we systematically manipulated RC type and PP type in the same sentences used by Staub et al. The manipulation of PP type resulted in a crossover pattern at the matrix verb such that there was a trend for reading times to be longer for ORCs than SRCs when the PP was locative, but reading times were longer for SRCs than ORCs when the PP was temporal. These results provide important information regarding the locus of RC‐processing effects and highlight the importance of carefully considering how intervening material might unintentionally alter the structure or the meaning of a sentence.
Plans or Outcomes: How Do We Attribute Intelligence to Others?
Authors: Kryven Marta , Ullman Tomer D. , Cowan William , Tenenbaum Joshua B. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHumans routinely make inferences about both the contents and the workings of other minds based on observed actions. People consider what others want or know, but also how intelligent, rational, or attentive they might be. Here, we introduce a new methodology for quantitatively studying the mechanisms people use to attribute intelligence to others based on their behavior. We focus on two key judgments previously proposed in the literature: judgments based on observed outcomes (you're smart if you won the game) and judgments based on evaluating the quality of an agent's planning that led to their outcomes (you're smart if you made the right choice, even if you didn't succeed). We present a novel task, the maze search task (MST), in which participants rate the intelligence of agents searching a maze for a hidden goal. We model outcome‐based attributions based on the observed utility of the agent upon achieving a goal, with higher utilities indicating higher intelligence, and model planning‐based attributions by measuring the proximity of the observed actions to an ideal planner, such that agents who produce closer approximations of optimal plans are seen as more intelligent. We examine human attributions of intelligence in three experiments that use MST and find that participants used both outcome and planning as indicators of intelligence. However, observing the outcome was not necessary, and participants still made planning‐based attributions of intelligence when the outcome was not observed. We also found that the weights individuals placed on plans and on outcome correlated with an individual's ability to engage in cognitive reflection. Our results suggest that people attribute intelligence based on plans given sufficient context and cognitive resources and rely on the outcome when computational resources or context are limited.
Understanding motivations and attitudes among songbird‐keepers to identify best approaches to demand reduction
Authors: Marshall Harry , Glorizky Gracia A. , Collar Nigel J. , Lees Alexander C. , Moss Andrew , Yuda Pramana , Marsden Stuart J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDemand for cage birds is highly prevalent and increasing across Indonesia, as wild bird populations across Asia decline. To find ways to reduce demand, it is important to understand the motivations and psychographic drivers to keep (or not keep) birds, and how demographic characteristics and public attitudes influence such decisions. Based on surveys with over 3,000 people, we found few people citing health, sanitary, or welfare concerns as reasons for not keeping birds, whereas most people started keeping birds to enjoy their beauty or song, or to keep up with peers. Pet‐keepers (“Hobbyists”) commonly started doing so opportunistically; song contest participants (“Contestants”) and breeders and trainers (“Breeders”) did so for financial gain. Bird‐keepers and non‐bird‐keepers disagreed on birds' environmental importance, longevity in captivity, and endangerment by trade. Older respondents were less concerned that keeping birds endangers them and few felt birds to be an important part of the environment. Hobbyists were least likely to consider wild bird population health a major concern. Efforts to dissuade potential bird‐keepers should focus on public concern for the environment and the threat bird‐keeping poses to wild populations. The importance of peer pressure among bird‐keepers presents an opportunity to promote sustainable bird‐keeping activities among key groups.
Atypical functional connectome hierarchy impacts cognition in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Fadaie Fatemeh , Lee Hyo M. , Caldairou Benoit , Gill Ravnoor S. , Sziklas Viviane , Crane Joelle , Bernhardt Boris C. , Hong Seok‐Jun , Bernasconi Andrea , Bernasconi Neda 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveDrug‐resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is typically associated with hippocampal pathology. However, widespread network alterations are increasingly recognized and suggested to perturb cognitive function in multiple domains. Here we tested (1) whether TLE shows atypical cortical hierarchical organization, differentiating sensory and higher order systems; and (2) whether atypical hierarchy predicts cognitive impairment.MethodsWe studied 72 well‐characterized drug‐resistant TLE patients and 41 healthy controls, statistically matched for age and sex, using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging analysis and cognitive testing. To model cortical hierarchical organization in vivo, we used a bidirectional stepwise functional connectivity analysis tapping into the differentiation between sensory/unimodal and paralimbic/transmodal cortices. Linear models compared patients to controls. Finally, we assessed associations of functional anomalies to cortical atrophy and microstructural anomalies, as well as clinical and cognitive parameters.ResultsCompared to controls, TLE presented with bidirectional disruptions of sensory–paralimbic functional organization. Stepwise connectivity remained segregated within paralimbic and salience networks at the top of the hierarchy, and sensorimotor and dorsal attention at the bottom. Whereas paralimbic segregation was associated with atypical cortical myeloarchitecture and hippocampal atrophy, dysconnectivity of sensorimotor cortices reflected diffuse cortical thinning. The degree of abnormal hierarchical organization in sensory‐petal streams covaried, with broad cognitive impairments spanning sensorimotor, attention, fluency, and visuoconstructional ability and memory, and was more marked in patients with longer disease duration and Engel I outcome.SignificanceOur findings show atypical functional integration between paralimbic/transmodal and sensory/unimodal systems in TLE. Differential associations with paralimbic microstructure and sensorimotor atrophy suggest that system‐level imbalance likely reflects complementary structural processes, but ultimately accounts for a broad spectrum of cognitive impairments. Hierarchical contextualization of cognitive deficits promises to open new avenues for personalized counseling in TLE.
Accurate detection of typical absence seizures in adults and children using a two‐channel electroencephalographic wearable behind the ears
Authors: Swinnen Lauren , Chatzichristos Christos , Jansen Katrien , Lagae Lieven , Depondt Chantal , Seynaeve Laura , Vancaester Evelien , Van Dycke Annelies , Macea Jaiver , Vandecasteele Kaat , Broux Victoria , De Vos Maarten , Van Paesschen Wim 
Published: September 2021

SummaryObjectivePatients with absence epilepsy sensitivity <10% of their absences. The clinical gold standard to assess absence epilepsy is a 24‐h electroencephalographic (EEG) recording, which is expensive, obtrusive, and time‐consuming to review. We aimed to (1) investigate the performance of an unobtrusive, two‐channel behind‐the‐ear EEG‐based wearable, the Sensor Dot (SD), to detect typical absences in adults and children; and (2) develop a sensitive patient‐specific absence seizure detection algorithm to reduce the review time of the recordings.MethodsWe recruited 12 patients (median age = 21 years, range = 8–50; seven female) who were admitted to the epilepsy monitoring units of University Hospitals Leuven for a 24‐h 25‐channel video‐EEG recording to assess their refractory typical absences. Four additional behind‐the‐ear electrodes were attached for concomitant recording with the SD. Typical absences were defined as 3‐Hz spike‐and‐wave discharges on EEG, lasting 3 s or longer. Seizures on SD were blindly annotated on the full recording and on the algorithm‐labeled file and consequently compared to 25‐channel EEG annotations. Patients or caregivers were asked to keep a seizure diary. Performance of the SD and seizure diary were measured using the F1 score.ResultsWe concomitantly recorded 284 absences on video‐EEG and SD. Our absence detection algorithm had a sensitivity of .983 and false positives per hour rate of .9138. Blind reading of full SD data resulted in sensitivity of .81, precision of .89, and F1 score of .73, whereas review of the algorithm‐labeled files resulted in scores of .83, .89, and .87, respectively. Patient self‐reporting gave sensitivity of .08, precision of 1.00, and F1 score of .15.SignificanceUsing the wearable SD, epileptologists were able to reliably detect typical absence seizures. Our automated absence detection algorithm reduced the review time of a 24‐h recording from 1‐2 h to around 5–10 min.
An end‐to‐end framework for the detection of mathematical expressions in scientific document images
Authors: Phong Bui Hai , Hoang Thang Manh , Le Thi‐Lan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe detection of mathematical expressions is a prerequisite step for the digitisation of scientific documents. Many different multistage approaches have been proposed for the detection of expressions in document images, that is, page segmentation and expression detection. However, the detection accuracy of such methods still needs improvement owing to errors in the page segmentation of complex documents. This paper presents an end‐to‐end framework for mathematical expression detection in scientific document images without requiring optical character recognition (OCR) or document analysis techniques applied in conventional methods. The novelty of this paper is twofold. First, because document images are usually in binary form, the direct use of these images, which lack texture information as input for detection networks, may lead to an incorrect detection. Therefore, we propose the application of a distance transform to obtain a discriminating and meaningful representation of mathematical expressions in document images. Second, the transformed images are fed into the faster region with a convolutional neural network (Faster R‐CNN) optimized to improve the accuracy of the detection. The proposed framework was tested on two benchmark data sets (Marmot and GTDB). Compared with the original Faster R‐CNN, the proposed network improves the accuracies of detection of isolated and inline expressions by 5.09% and 3.40%, respectfully, on the Marmot data set, whereas those on the GTDB data set are improved by 4.04% and 4.55%. A performance comparison with conventional methods shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Barriers in a sea of elasmobranchs: Fromfishingfor populations to testing hypotheses in population genetics
Authors: Hirschfeld Maximilian , Dudgeon Christine , Sheaves Marcus , Barnett Adam 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe interplay of animal dispersal and environmental heterogeneity is fundamental for the distribution of biodiversity on earth. In the ocean, the interaction of physical barriers and dispersal has primarily been examined for organisms with planktonic larvae. Animals that lack a planktonic life stage and depend on active dispersal are however likely to produce distinctive patterns.MethodsWe used available literature on population genetics and phylogeography of elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates) to examine how marine barriers and dispersal ecology shape genetic connectivity in animals with active dispersal. We provide a global geographical overview of barriers extracted from the literature and synthesize the geographical and hydrological factors, spatial and temporal scales to characterize different types of barriers. The three most studied barriers were used to analyse the effect of elasmobranch dispersal potential and barrier type on genetic connectivity.ResultsWe characterized nine broad types of marine barriers, with the three most common barriers being related to ocean bathymetry. Themaximum depth of occurrence,maximum body sizeandhabitatof each species were used as proxies for dispersal potential, and were important predictors of genetic connectivity with varying effect depending on barrier type. Environmental tolerance and reproductive behaviour may also play a crucial role in population connectivity in animals with active dispersal. However, we find that studies commonly lack appropriate study designs based on a priori hypotheses to test the effect of physical barriers while accounting for animal behaviour.Main conclusionsOur synthesis highlights the relative contribution of different barrier types in shaping elasmobranch populations. We provide a new perspective on how barriers and dispersal ecology interact to rearrange genetic variation of marine animals with active dispersal. We illustrate methodological sources that can bias the detection of barriers and provide potential solutions for future research in the field.
Living with Chronic Illness Scale: International validation through the classic test theory and Rasch analysis among Spanish‐speaking populations with long‐term conditions
Authors: Rodriguez‐Blazquez Carmen , Forjaz Maria João , Ayala Alba , Portillo Mari Carmen , Ambrosio Leire ,   EC‐PC Validation Group
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Living with Chronic Illness (LW‐CI) Scale is a comprehensive patient‐reported outcome measure that evaluates the complex process of living with long‐term conditions.ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyse the psychometric properties of the LW‐CI scale according to the classic test theory and the Rasch model among individuals living with different long‐term conditions.DesignThis was an observational, international and cross‐sectional study.MethodsA total of 2753 people from six Spanish‐speaking countries living with type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, Parkinson's disease, hypertension and osteoarthritis were included. The acceptability, internal consistency and validity of the LW‐CI scale were analysed using the classical test theory, and fit to the model, unidimensionality, person separation index, item local independency and differential item functioning were analysed using the Rasch model.ResultsCronbach's α for the LW‐CI scale was .91, and correlation values for all domains of the LW‐CI scale ranged from .62 to .68, except for Domain 1, which showed correlation coefficients less than .30. The LW‐CI domains showed a good fit to the Rasch model, with unidimensionality, item local independency and moderate reliability providing scores in a true interval scale. Except for two items, the LW‐CI scale was free from bias by long‐term condition type.DiscussionAfter some adjustments, the LW‐CI scale is a reliable and valid measure showing a good fit to the Rasch model and is ready for use in research and clinical practice. Future implementation studies are suggested.Patient and Public ContributionPatient and public involvement was conducted before this validation study ‐ in the pilot study phase.
Towards a contingent high Muslim political history of Bengal, 1937–1947
Authors: Bhattacharjee Dharitri 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHigh Muslim political history in Bengal's last colonial decade remains an understudied topic in regional history, where disproportionate attention has been paid to Hindus and Congress politics. The significant but little work that exists, hints to the possibility of how it can challenge nation‐centered histories of partition and independence. This historiographical essay surveys the literature on Bengali Muslims between 1937 and 1947. It pays particular attention to recent works that have studied Bengali Muslim peasants, culture, identity, Islam and communalism, and the prevalence of “contingent” history in these scholarly works. These works have inadvertently touched on high Muslim political history and underscored its potential for contributing to the study of India's independence and partition history in addition to political, Islamic, regional and national histories, secular thought in India and even global religious ideology and practice. While these new works allow us to reimagine high Muslim political history, close analysis also reveals how the literature simultaneously shows strains of lopsided research, underscoring the need for correction.
Efficient and robust propensity‐score‐based methods for population inference using epidemiologic cohorts
Authors: Wang Lingxiao , Graubard Barry I. , Katki Hormuzd A. , Li Yan 
Published: September 2021

SummaryMost epidemiologic cohorts are composed of volunteers who do not represent the general population. To improve population inference from cohorts, propensity‐score (PS)‐based matching methods, such as PS‐based kernel weighting (KW) method, utilise probability survey samples as external references to develop PSs for membership in the cohort versus survey. We identify a strong exchangeability assumption (SEA) that underlies existing PS‐based matching methods whose failure invalidates inferences, even if the propensity model is correctly specified. Herein, we develop a framework of propensity estimation and relax the SEA to a weak exchangeability assumption (WEA) for matching methods. To recover efficiency, we propose a scaled KW (KW.S) matching method by scaling survey weights in propensity estimation. We prove consistency of KW.S estimators of means/prevalences under WEA and provide consistent finite population variance estimators. In simulations, the KW.S estimators had smallest mean squared error (MSE). Our data example showed the KW estimates requiring the SEA had large bias, whereas the proposed KW.S estimates had the smallest MSE.
Development of the pupillary light reflex from 9 to 24 months: association with common autism spectrum disorder (ASD) genetic liability and 3‐year ASD diagnosis
Authors: Fish Laurel A. , Nyström Pär , Gliga Teodora , Gui Anna , Begum Ali Jannath , Mason Luke , Garg Shruti , Green Jonathan , Johnson Mark H. , Charman Tony , Harrison Rebecca , Meaburn Emma , Falck‐Ytter Terje , Jones Emily J. H. ,   the BASIS/STAARS* team
Published: September 2021

BackgroundAlthough autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is heritable, the mechanisms through which genes contribute to symptom emergence remain unclear. Investigating candidate intermediate phenotypes such as the pupillary light reflex (PLR) prospectively from early in development could bridge genotype and behavioural phenotype.MethodsUsing eye tracking, we longitudinally measured the PLR at 9, 14 and 24 months in a sample of infants (N = 264) enriched for a family history of ASD; 27 infants received an ASD diagnosis at 3 years. We examined the 9‐ to 24‐month developmental trajectories of PLR constriction latency (onset; ms) and amplitude (%) and explored their relation to categorical 3‐year ASD outcome, polygenic liability for ASD and dimensional 3‐year social affect (SA) and repetitive/restrictive behaviour (RRB) traits. Polygenic scores for ASD (PGSASD) were calculated for 190 infants.ResultsWhile infants showed a decrease in latency between 9 and 14 months, higher PGSASD was associated with a smaller decrease in latency in the first year (β = −.16, 95% CI = −0.31, −0.002); infants with later ASD showed a significantly steeper decrease in latency (a putative ‘catch‐up’) between 14 and 24 months relative to those with other outcomes (typical: β = .54, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.99; other: β = .53, 95% CI = 0.02, 1.04). Latency development did not associate with later dimensional variation in ASD‐related traits. In contrast, change in amplitude was not related to categorical ASD or genetics, but decreasing 9‐ to 14‐month amplitude was associated with higher SA (β = .08, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.14) and RRB (β = .05, 95% CI = 0.004, 0.11) traits.ConclusionsThese findings corroborate PLR development as possible intermediate phenotypes being linked to both genetic liability and phenotypic outcomes. Future work should incorporate alternative measures (e.g. functionally informed structural and genetic measures) to test whether distinct neural mechanisms underpin PLR alterations.