bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Number and Ratio of GABAergic Neuron Types in the Mouse Lateral and Basal Amygdala
Authors: Vereczki Viktória K. , Müller Kinga , Krizsán Éva , Máté Zoltán , Fekete Zsuzsanna , Rovira-Esteban Laura , Veres Judit M. , Erdélyi Ferenc , Hájos Norbert 
Published: April 2021

GABAergic neurons are key circuit elements in cortical networks. Despite growing evidence showing that inhibitory cells play a critical role in the lateral (LA) and basal (BA) amygdala functions, neither the number of GABAergic neurons nor the ratio of their distinct types has been determined in these amygdalar nuclei. Using unbiased stereology, we found that the ratio of GABAergic neurons in the BA (22%) is significantly higher than in the LA (16%) in both male and female mice. No difference was observed between the right and left hemispheres in either sex. In addition, we assessed the ratio of the major inhibitory cell types in both amygdalar nuclei. Using transgenic mice and a viral strategy for visualizing inhibitory cells combined with immunocytochemistry, we estimated that the following cell types together compose the vast majority of GABAergic cells in the LA and BA: axo-axonic cells (5.5%-6%), basket cells expressing parvalbumin (17%-20%) or cholecystokinin (7%-9%), dendrite-targeting inhibitory cells expressing somatostatin (10%-16%), NPY-containing neurogliaform cells (14%-15%), VIP and/or calretinin-expressing interneuron-selective interneurons (29%-38%), and GABAergic projection neurons expressing somatostatin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (5.5%-8%). Our results show that these amygdalar nuclei contain all major GABAergic neuron types as found in other cortical regions. Furthermore, our data offer an essential reference for future studies aiming to reveal changes in GABAergic cell number and in inhibitory cell types typically observed under different pathologic conditions, and to model functioning amygdalar networks in health and disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGABAergic cells in cortical structures, as in the lateral and basal nucleus of the amygdala, have a determinant role in controlling circuit operation. In this study, we provide the first estimate for the total number of inhibitory cells in these two amygdalar nuclei. In addition, our study is the first to define the ratio of the major GABAergic cell types present in these cortical networks. Taking into account that hyperexcitability in the amygdala, arising from the imbalance between excitation and inhibition typifies many altered brain functions, including anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and autism, uncovering the number and ratio of distinct amygdalar inhibitory cell types offers a solid base for comparing the changes in inhibition in pathologic brain states.
COVID-19 HASTALARINDA KORTİKOSTEROİD TEDAVİSİ: NE ZAMAN VE NASIL?
Authors: ÇAKIR Münire , ÇAKIR Mehtap 
Published: April 2021

Çin’in Wuhan şehrinde ilk vakanın görülmesinden bu yana COVID-19 dünyada 2,7 milyondan fazla insanın hayatını kaybetmesine neden olmuştur. COVID-19’a bağlı ölümün başlıca nedenleri ARDS, sepsis ve/veya septik şoktur. Hastalığın etkinliği kanıtlanmış bir tedavisi henüz mevcut değildir. COVID-19’a bağlı oluşan hiperinflamasyon ve sitokin fırtınasının kontrolünde sentetik kortikosteroidlerin etkili olabileceği düşünülmüş ve klinik çalışmalar bu grup ilaçların mortaliteyi ve mekanik ventilasyon ihtiyacını azaltmada etkili olduklarını göstermiştir.
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, ciddi ve kritik hastalarda kortikosteroidlerin kullanımını güçlü öneri ile desteklerken ciddi olmayan hastalıkta kullanımdan kaçınılmasına koşullu öneri getirmiştir. Bu öneriler, sekiz randomize kontrollü çalışmanın sonuçlarına dayanmaktadır. Şu ana kadar yapılan çalışmalarda, tedavide en sık tercih edilen kortikosteroid molekülü metilprednizolon olmakla birlikte, deksametazon, hidrokortizon ve diğer sentetik glukokortikoidler de kullanılmaktadır. Kortikosteroidlerin mortalite üzerine etkilerinin ortaya konulduğu çalışmalarda genellikle düşük-orta dozda ilaç kullanılmış olup doz karşılaştırmalarının yapıldığı prospektif çalışmalar literatürde henüz mevcut değildir.
Kortikosteroid tedavisi ile ilgili çekincelerden biri, tedavinin viral klirens üzerine etkisidir. Düşük dozda kortikosteroidlerin viral klirens üzerine az etkileri olduğu ya da etkilerinin olmadığı bildirilmekle birlikte, yüksek doz uygulamaların viral klirens üzerine etkisi ve yine gecikmiş viral klirensin klinik önemi net değildir. Kortikosteroidlerin en sık yan etkileri olan hiperglisemi ve sekonder bakteriyel infeksiyonlar yönünden hastaların yakın takip edilmeleri ve ciddi-kritik COVID-19 hastalarında, kritik-hastalıkla ilişkili kortikosteroid yetmezliği de bulunabileceğinden, tedavinin dikkatlice kesilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.
COVID-19 tedavisinde kullanılacak kortikosteroidlerin türü, ideal zamanlaması, dozu, diğer ilaçlarla birlikte kullanımı konularında ve oluşabilecek muhtemel yan etkiler açısından daha fazla araştırmaya gerek vardır.
How A Cold Sitz Bath Versus Infrared Therapy Can Remove the Pain of Postpartum Perineal Wounds
Authors: Girsang Bina Melvia , Elfira Eqlima 
Published: April 2021

<p>Women who suffer perineal trauma in spontaneous labor experience pain and edema as the most common problems on the first day after delivery. Impaired mobility and a limited ability to carry out daily activities will affect the mother-baby bond. The study of the cold sitz bath intervention and infrared treatment aims to find out how these interventions can overcome the pain of perineal wounds in postpartum mothers. A quasi-experimental design was used to assess both interventions for treating pain in perineal trauma at the Madina Clinic and Sundari Hospital. The sample consisted of 40 mothers, 20 in the cold sitz bath (intervention group) and 20 in the infrared therapy (control group). Pain was measured using a numerical scale from day one to day three of the postpartum period and then the data were analyzed using the paired t-test statistical test. The results of this study revealed that the cold sitz bath hydrotherapy had a significant effect in reducing pain (p = 0.004), as well as infrared therapy (0.008). Although on the third day of the postpartum period, infrared therapy did not significantly reduce the pain level; several other factors could contribute to the significant differences in pain intensity reduction such as comfort, convenience, and the economic value of the intervention.</p><p align="center"> </p>
Аnalysis Catalytic Hydrogen Recombiner Capacity Calculation Taking into Account Conditions Inside Sealed Enclosure of Containment Safety System of Nuclear Power Plants with Water-Water Energetic Reactor
Authors: Sorokin V. V. 
Published: April 2021

Localizing safety systems are provided to contain radioactive substances in an accident and attenuate ionizing radiation at a modern nuclear power plant. Together with radioactive substances, hydrogen is also retained, which is formed during the decomposition of the primary coolant. The accumulation of hydrogen in the presence of oxygen from the atmosphere in the accident localization zone carries the danger of the formation of flammable and explosive concentrations of these components. Nuclear power plant (NPP) deigns with water-water energetic reactor (WWER) provides for a hydrogen removal system including passive catalytic hydrogen recombiners. The device capacity is confirmed experimentally under reference conditions (lean air-hydrogen mixture, pressure and temperature close to normal, no interference with gas exchange). Capacity is an important safety parameter. In the event of an accident, conditions inside the ealed enclosure of the localizing system of NPP with WWER can differ from the reference ones and affect the capacity. On the basis of calculations, the operation of recombiners with lack of oxygen and with hindered gas exchange has been investigated in the paper. The decrease in capacity with lack of oxygen reaches 50 %, which is mainly caused by an increase in underburning. Compared to the reference conditions, the effect is more pronounced in the event of an accident – 60–70 %. The hindered gas exchange is modeled by a decrease in the height of recombiner traction channel. This case can be reduced to the placement of the device in cramped conditions and the effect of the atmosphere speed inside the enclosure. Regardless of the hydrogen concentration, the operating characteristic of the device remains linear, with a two-fold decrease in height leads to a decrease in capacity by 20 %. The results can be used to substantiate the safety of NPPs with WWER and to review on the safety subtantiation of power units.
A Complement to Decline Curve Analysis
Authors: Hazlett Randy D. , Farooq Umer , Babu Desarazu K. 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Decline curve analysis (DCA) has been the mainstay in unconventional reservoir evaluation. Because of the extremely low matrix permeability, each well is evaluated economically for ultimate recovery as if it were its own reservoir. Classification and normalization of well potential is difficult because of ever-changing stimulation total contact area and a hyperbolic curve fit parameter that is disconnected from any traditional reservoir characterization descriptor. A new discrete fracture model approach allows direct modeling of inflow performance in terms of fracture geometry, drainage volume shape, and matrix permeability. Running such a model with variable geometrical input to match the data in lieu of standard regression techniques allows extraction of a meaningful parameter set for reservoir characterization, an expected outcome from all conventional well testing.
Because the entirety of unconventional well operation is in transient mode, the discrete fractured well solution to the diffusivity equation is used to model temporal well performance. The analytical solution to the diffusivity equation for a line source or a 2D fracture operating under constrained bottomhole pressure consists of a sum of terms, each with exponential damping with time. Each of these terms has a relationship with the constant rate, semisteady-state solution for inflow, although the well is not operated with constant rate, nor will this flow regime ever be realized.
The new model is compared with known literature models, and sensitivity analyses are presented for variable geometry to illustrate the depiction of different time regimes naturally falling out of the unified diffusivity equation solution for discrete fractures. We demonstrate that apparent hyperbolic character transitioning to exponential decline can be modeled directly with this new methodology without the need to define any crossover point. The mathematical solution to the physical problem captures the rate transient functionality and any and all transitions.
Each exponential term in the model is related to the various possible interferences that may develop, each occurring at a different time, thus yielding geometrical information about the drainage pattern or development of fracture interference within the context of ultralow matrix permeability. Previous results analyzed by traditional DCA can be reinterpreted with this model to yield an alternate set of descriptors. The approach can be used to characterize the efficacy of evolving stimulation practices in terms of geometry within the same field and thus contribute to the current type curve analyses subject to binning. It enables the possibility of intermixing of vertical and horizontal well performance information as simply gathering systems of different geometry operating in the same reservoir. The new method will assist in reservoir characterization and evaluation of evolving stimulation technologies in the same field and allow classification of new type curves.
Rapid thematic analysis of community social and online media in response to mass asymptomatic COVID-19 testing in Liverpool, England
Authors: Robin Charlotte , Symons Charles , Carter Holly 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background Mass asymptomatic testing for COVID-19 was piloted for the first time in the UK in Liverpool. There was an urgent need to rapidly evaluate acceptance of asymptomatic testing, specifically identifying barriers and motivators to taking part.Methods As part of the wider evaluation, we conducted a rapid thematic analysis of local narratives media and social media to provide insights from people unlikely to engage in testing or other standard evaluation techniques. Three publicly available sources of community narratives were identified; the comments section of a local online newspaper, the city council Facebook page and Twitter. Data were collected between 2 and 8 November. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach.Results Key barriers were accessibility, including site access and concerns over queuing. Queues were also highlighted as a concern due to risk of transmission. Consequences of testing, including an increase in cases leading to further restrictions and financial impact of the requirement to self-isolation were also identified as barriers. In addition, a lack of trust in authorities and the test (including test accuracy and purpose of testing) was identified. Lack of trust was particularly apparent in those with a strong sense of collective identity with the city of Liverpool, which led to a feeling of marginalisation and feeling like test subjects. However, this sense of identity with Liverpool had a dual role and also acted a motivator to engage in testing and encourage others to do so; for this group being part of a pilot was seen as a positive experience and an opportunity to demonstrate the city could successfully manage the virus.Conclusions Our analysis highlights the importance of promoting honest and open communication to encourage and harness existing community identities to enhance the legitimacy of asymptomatic testing as a policy. In addition, adequate and accessible financial support needs to be in place prior to the implementation of community asymptomatic testing to mitigate any concerns surrounding financial hardship. Rapid thematic analysis of social media is a pragmatic method to gather insights from communities around acceptability of public health interventions, such as mass testing or vaccination uptake.
Deletion of ER-retention Motif on SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Reduces Cell Hybrid During Cell-cell Fusion
Authors: Chen Chih-Hsiung , Badeti Saiaditya , Cho Jong Hyun , Naghizadeh Alireza , Wang Xuening , Liu Dongfang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 has quickly become a global pandemic since the first reported case in December 2019, with the virus infecting millions of people to date. The spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus plays a key role in binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a host cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2. S proteins that are expressed on the cell membrane can initiate receptor-dependent syncytia formation that is associated with extensive tissue damage. Formation of syncytia have been previously observed in cells infected with various other viruses (e.g., HIV, Ebola, Influenza, and Herpesviruses). However, this phenomenon is not well documented and the mechanisms regulating the formation of these syncytia by SARS-CoV-2 are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the possibility that cell fusion events mediated by the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 interaction can occur in different human cell lines that mimic different tissue origins. These cell lines were stably transduced with either wild-type (WT-S) S protein or a mutated variant where the ER-retention motif was removed (Δ19-S), or human ACE2 vectors. Different co-culture combinations of spike-expressing 293T, A549, K562, and SK-Hep1 cells with hACE2-expressing cells revealed cell hybrid fusion. However, only certain cells expressing S protein can form syncytial structures as this phenomenon cannot be observed in all co-culture combinations. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 mediated cell-cell fusion represents a cell type-dependent process which might rely on a different set of parameters. Recently, the Δ19-S variant is being widely used to increase SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus production for in vitro assays. Comparison of cell fusion occurring via Δ19-S expressing cells shows defective nuclear fusion and syncytia formation compared to WT-S. This distinction between the Δ19-S variant and WT-S protein may have downstream implications for studies that utilize pseudovirus-based entry assays. Additionally, this study suggest that spike protein expressed by vaccines may affect different ACE2-expressing host cells after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration. The long-term effects of these vaccines should be monitored carefully.
How unequal vaccine distribution promotes the evolution of vaccine escape
Authors: Gerrish Philip , Saldana Fernando , Galeota-Sprung Benjamin , Colato Alexandre , Rodriguez Erika , Velasco-Hernandez Jorge 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Health officials warn that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines must be uniformly distributed within and among countries if we are to quell the ongoing pandemic. Yet there has been little critical assessment of the underlying reasons for this warning. Here, we explicitly show why vaccine equity is necessary. Perhaps counter-intuitively, we find that vaccine escape mutants are less likely to come from highly vaccinated regions where there is strong selection pressure favoring vaccine escape and more likely to come from neighboring unvaccinated regions where there is no selection favoring escape. Unvaccinated geographic regions thus provide evolutionary reservoirs from which new strains can arise and cause new epidemics within neighboring vaccinated regions and beyond. Our findings have timely implications for vaccine rollout strategies and public health policy.
Molecular Docking, Pharmacokinetic Properties and Toxicity Studies of Novel Folate Conjugated To α-Tocopherol via Peptide Bond
Authors: Abdel-Hafez Shams H. , Gobouri Adil A. , Mohammed Anber. F. , Hussein Mostafa A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A novel folate conjugated to α-tocopherol (VAF) via peptide bond was Successfully synthesized by using three components vitamin e (α-tocopherol), chloro acetamide and folic acid under mild and simple conditions. The new synthesized compound was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance 1H NMR, 13H NMR and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. A molecular docking study for targeted compound (VAF ) was performed and showed growth-inhibitory activity towards the human folate receptor alpha (FRα) that may affectively the folate uptake by cancer cells. Further, The predicted pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity of the compound (VAF) and folic acid (F) were determined using a statistical analysis (ADMET). It was suggested that pharmacokinetic properties of compound (VAF) represents a promising drug and used as anticancer agents.
Application of 3-nitrooxypropanol and canola oil to mitigate enteric methane emissions of beef cattle results in distinctly different effects on the rumen microbial community
Authors: Gruninger Robert J , Zhang Xiu Min , Smith Megan L. , Kung Limin , Vyas Diwakar , McGinn Sean M. , Kindermann Maik , Wang Min , Tan Zhi Liang , Beauchemin Karen A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: The major GHG from ruminants is enteric methane (CH4) which in 2010, was estimated at 2.1 Gt of CO2 equivalent, accounting for 4.3% of global GHG emissions. There re extensive efforts being made around the world to develop methane mitigating inhibitors that specifically target rumen methanogens with the ultimate goal of reducing the environmental footprint of ruminant livestock production. This study examined the individual and combined effects of supplementing a high-forage diet (90% barley silage) fed to beef cattle with the investigational methane (CH4) inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and canola oil (OIL) on the rumen microbial community in relation to enteric CH4 emissions and ruminal fermentation.Results: 3-NOP and OIL individually reduced enteric CH4 emission (-28.2% and -24.0%, respectively), and the effects were additive when used in combination (-51.3%). 3-NOP increased H2 emissions 37 fold, while co-administering 3-NOP and OIL increased H2 in the rumen 20-fold relative to the control diet. The inclusion of 3-NOP or OIL reduced the diversity of the rumen microbiome. 3-NOP resulted in targeted changes in the microbiome decreasing the relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter and increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. The inclusion of OIL resulted in large scale changes to the microbial community that were associated with changes in ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration and gas production. OIL significantly reduced the abundance of protozoa and fiber-degrading microbes in the rumen but it did not selectively alter the abundance of rumen methanogens.Conclusions: Our data provide a mechanistic understanding of CH4 inhibition by 3-NOP and OIL when fed alone and in combination to cattle. 3-NOP specifically targeted rumen methanogens inhibiting the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway and resulting in increased H2 emissions and propionate production. In contrast, OIL caused large scale changes in the rumen microbial community by indiscriminately altering the abundance of a range of rumen microbes, reducing the abundance of fibrolytic bacteria and altering rumen fermentation. Importantly, our data suggests that co-administering CH4 inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action can both enhance CH4 inhibition and provide alternative sinks to prevent excessive accumulation of ruminal H2.
Ceftazidime-avibactam Versus Tigecycline for the Treatment of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae-induced Pneumonia in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Shi Ying , Hu Jing , Liu Peiben , Wang Tingting , Wang Han , Liu Yun , Cao Quan , Zuo Xiangrong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: To assess the safety patterns and outcomes of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) versus tigecycline (TGC) for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) pneumonia defined as either hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).Methods: Clinical and microbiological cure rates, 28-day survival rates, and safety evaluation were compared between patients treated with CAZ-AVI versus those treated with TGC in a retrospective study. Conventional multivariate logistic regression analysis and three propensity score (PS) analyses were performed to control for confounding variables.Results: A total of 105 cases were included in the study; 62 patients (59%) received TGC, and 43 patients (41%) received CAZ-AVI. Clinical cure rates and microbiological cure success of CAZ-AVI were superior to TGC [51.2% versus 29.0%(P=0.022) and74.4% versus 33.9%（P<0.001）, respectively]. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to 28-day survival rates (66.1% versus 69.8%, P=0.695). In analyses of conventional multivariate logistic regression and propensity score (PS) analysis, patients in the CAZ-AVI group were more likely to have achieved clinical cure and microbiological success compared with patients in the TGC group. However, the difference between the two groups with regard to 28-day survival rates were not significant. In terms of safety evaluation, generally, the CAZ-AVI group had a lower incidence of adverse reactions when compared with the TGC group.Conclusions: CAZ-AVI may be a suitable alternative to TGC for the treatment of HAP or VAP caused by CRKP in critically ill patients.