bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y la “conversación entre iguales”The Inter-American Human Rights Court and the “conversation among equals”
Authors: Gargarella Roberto 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to reflect on the justification of the work of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The idea that moves this text is that, commonly, we study the decisions of the Court trying to determine whether they refer to an activist or self-restrained Court; whether those decisions are liberal, conservative or progressive; but we seldom reflect on the very justification of the Court’s task. In this brief paper, I will begin to examine the question, taking into account a particular conception of democracy—which I will call “democracy as conversation among equals.” From that standpoint I will derive a certain justification of judicial review—a model of judicial review that would be sensitive to the context and institutional peculiarities of the region—that will help me to critically evaluate the role and mission of the Inter-American Court.
Can Religion Save Corrupt Politicians? Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Sumaktoyo Nathanael Gratias , Muhtadi Burhanuddin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Does endorsing an Islamist agenda protect a candidate involved in corruption from negative voter evaluations? The corruption literature suggests that voter reactions to corruption are not unbiased and as such Islamist agendas could potentially mitigate the negative effects of a corruption scandal, especially in religious societies. The political Islam literature suggests that endorsing an Islamist agenda would not shield corrupt politicians from negative reactions of the voters. We directly answer this question through 2 nationally representative survey experiments in the world’s most populous Muslim democracy Indonesia. Our findings are 2-fold. First, Islamist agendas, in general, have only little effects on voter support for a candidate. Second, voters punish corrupt candidates equally, regardless whether or not they endorse an Islamist agenda.
Microscopy and biomimetics: the NanoSuit® method and image retrieval platform
Authors: Hariyama Takahiko , Takaku Yasuharu , Kawasaki Hideya , Shimomura Masatsugu , Senoh Chiyo , Yamahama Yumi , Hozumi Atsushi , Ito Satoru , Matsuda Naoto , Yamada Satoshi , Itoh Toshiya , Haseyama Miki , Ogawa Takahiro , Mori Naoki , So Shuhei , Mitsuno Hidefumi , Ohara Masahiro , Nomura Shuhei , Hirasaka Masao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This review aims to clarify a suitable method towards achieving next-generation sustainability. As represented by the term ‘Anthropocene’, the Earth, including humans, is entering a critical era; therefore, science has a great responsibility to solve it. Biomimetics, the emulation of the models, systems and elements of nature, especially biological science, is a powerful tool to approach sustainability problems. Microscopy has made great progress with the technology of observing biological and artificial materials and its techniques have been continuously improved, most recently through the NanoSuit® method. As one of the most important tools across many facets of research and development, microscopy has produced a large amount of accumulated digital data. However, it is difficult to extract useful data for making things as biomimetic ideas despite a large amount of biological data. Here, we would like to find a way to organically connect the indispensable microscopic data with the new biomimetics to solve complex human problems.
Natural flavonolignans as potential therapeutic agents against common diseases
Authors: Song Kainan , Li Meichen , Yang Yuqian , Zhang Zhe , Zhu Qing , Liu Jianyu , Wang Andong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Plant-derived flavonolignans had been demonstrated to have various biological functions. They are an important class of natural products combined by a flavonoid unit and a phenylpropanoid unit.

Key findings
From the literature survey, 88 constituents from natural resources were identified. Different derivatives of flavonolignans were listed, fused phenylpropanoid unit with dioxane ring, or cyclic ether, or simple ether side chain, or lactone, and so on. Besides, the pharmacological effects of flavonolignans were summarized as well. It has a wide range of anti-tumour, antioxidant, anti-microorganic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Summary
This review had provided a full-scale profile of flavonolignans on its plant sources, phytochemistry and pharmacology, and also proposed some issues and perspectives which may be of concern in the future. It was greatly anticipated that the commercialization of the flavonolignans would lead to uplift the financial abilities of communities attending the growing of the flavonolignans and the relevant and potential production becoming an international herbal and pharmaceutical commodity.
Updates in cutaneous manifestations of systemic vasculitis
Authors: Elbendary Amira , Abdel-Halim Mona R.E. , Ragab Gaafar 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
The main purpose of this review is to present newly reported cutaneous manifestations of systemic vasculitis, updates in investigations to verify systemic involvement in cases with cutaneous vasculitis and new therapeutic guidelines. The spectrum of COVID-19-related vasculitis is also covered.

Recent findings
Only a few reports highlighted new cutaneous presentations or associations with some systemic vasculitic entities. For example, the association of inflammatory disorders with Takayasu arteritis, the importance of considering Kawasaki disease in febrile children with erythema nodosum, the development of necrotic ulcers on fingers and toes in Behçet's disease and the possible presence of polyarteritis nodosa-like pathological features in vulvar ulcers of Behçet's disease. New attempts to classify cutaneous manifestations of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) and the diagnostic investigations for cutaneous vasculitis cases to verify systemic involvement are discussed. Treatment of systemic vasculitis with cutaneous vasculitis should be tailored according to disease status. A plethora of reports in the past 2 years focused on the broad spectrum of COVID-19 vasculitic manifestations.

Summary
Although newly reported cutaneous manifestations of systemic vasculitis are relatively uncommon, the plethora of reports in the past 2 years on COVID-19 vasculitis necessitates the expansion of the classification of vasculitis associated with probable cause to include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2) vasculitis.
Benefits of Structured Pediatric to Adult Transition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: McCartney Sara , Lindsay James O. , Russell Richard K. , Gaya Daniel R. , Shaw Ian , Murray Charlie D. , Finney‐Hayward Tricia , Sebastian Shaji 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTObjective:To evaluate the impact of structured transition from pediatric to adult inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) services on objective patient outcomes, including disease flares, admission rates, and healthcare resource use.Methods:A retrospective observational study in 11 United Kingdom gastroenterology centers. Transition patients attended ≥2 visits to the gastroenterology service with both pediatric and adult personnel jointly present; non‐transition patients transferred to adult services without joint visits. Data were collected from medical records for the 12‐month periods before and after the date of the first visit involving adult IBD services (index visit).Results:A total of 129 patients were included: 95 transition patients and 34 non‐transition patients. In the 12 months post‐index visit, transition patients had fewer disease flares (P = 0.05), were more likely to be steroid‐free (71% vs 41%, P < 0.05), and were less likely to have an emergency department visit leading to hospital admission (5% vs 18%, P < 0.05). During this period, the mean estimated overall cost of care per patient was £1644.22 in the transition group and £1827.32 in the non‐transition group (P = 0.21).Conclusion:Structured transition from pediatric to adult IBD care services was associated with positive and cost‐neutral outcomes in patients with pediatric IBD.
Clinical Characteristics and Short‐Term Outcomes of Children With Asparaginase‐Associated Pancreatitis
Authors: Mauney Erin E. , Power‐Hays Alexandra , Flamand Yael , Vrooman Lynda , Silverman Lewis B. , Grover Amit S. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:Acute pancreatitis is a significant toxicity of L‐asparaginase, a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This case series describes the short‐term clinical course and disposition of patients who developed asparaginase‐associated pancreatitis (AAP) at one quaternary pediatric center.Methods:Clinical data, including laboratory data, inpatient and intensive care unit (ICU) days, imaging findings, presence of complications such as need for ventilation, dialysis, and the development of pleural effusions, and mode of nutrition were abstracted from the medical record of patients with AAP. Pediatric criteria were used to classify episode severity based on the development of organ failure and local complications, such as pancreatic necrosis.Results:Between 2005 and 2015, 34 patients had AAP with 43 distinct episodes of pancreatitis. The median inpatient length of stay was 10 days (range 2–65). Seven episodes (16.3%) required intensive care unit (ICU)‐level care. Seventeen episodes (39.5%) were severe based on the development of organ failure or presence of pancreatic necrosis. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was used in 17 episodes (39.5%); for 34 episodes (79.1%), patients were discharged on entirely oral feeds. Antibiotics were administered in 20 episodes (46.5%). Pancreatic necrosis was identified within the first week in 12 episodes (27.9%). There were no deaths due to AAP.Conclusions:The clinical course varies widely among patients with AAP. Over one‐third of the patients in this series developed severe pancreatitis. Although the prognosis of AAP is generally good, many patients develop systemic complications of AAP, requiring TPN or ICU‐level care.
Comparison of body structure, function, activity, and participation levels according to ankle foot orthosis wearing time in children with spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: Unes Sefa , Coskun Gursoy , Kerem Gunel Mintaze 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) are usually recommended to prevent deformities and to increase the standing and walking performance in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).

Objective:
To compare the body functions and structures, activity and participation levels, and environmental factors according to AFO-wearing time in children with spastic CP.

Study design:
Prospective, cross-sectional-observational-clinical study.

Methods:
Eighty children with spastic CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System I–III; mean age 7.3 ± 3.9 years) were divided into two groups with equal ages and duration of AFO usage, which is provided as a part of routine clinical care: 6–12 hours per day group (n = 40) and 12–24 hours per day group (n = 40). The outcomes measured were calf muscle's spasticity with the modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), passive ankle dorsiflexion angle (DA), 66-item Gross Motor Function Measurement, Pediatric Berg Balance Scale, and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Parental satisfaction was measured with a Visual Analog Scale. Multifactorial ANOVA was used to compare the groups, corrected for 66-item Gross Motor Function Measurement.

Results:
No significant differences for the Pediatric Berg Balance Scale, MAS, and DA were found between the groups. Significant differences for the PedsQL (76.99 vs. 57.63; mean difference [MD], 15.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.99∼20.22), daily living activities (65.30 vs. 35.92; MD, 25.72; 95% CI, 17.58∼33.86), fatigue (76.9 vs. 56.85; MD, 23.11; 95% CI, 16.87∼29.35), and satisfaction (8.08 vs. 5.21; MD, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.64∼3.27) were found between the groups; 6–12 hour group had superiority for each outcome (P < 0.001). Wearing time was significantly correlated with PedsQL (r = −0.524, P < 0.001) and satisfaction (r = −0.521, P < 0.001) but not with MAS or DA.

Conclusions:
AFO-wearing time seems to depend on the child's activity and participation levels rather than body functions and structures in children with spastic CP. Prolonged AFO-wearing time was negatively correlated with both the activity-participation level and parental satisfaction.
Verbal Descriptions of the Probability of Treatment Complications Lead to High Variability in Risk Perceptions
Authors: Rosen Joshua E. , Agrawal Nidhi , Flum David R. , Liao Joshua M. 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
To assess whether different methods for communicating the probability of treatment complications for operative and nonoperative appendicitis treatments result in differences in risk perception.

Background:
Surgeons must communicate the probability of treatment complications to patients, and how risks are communicated may impact the accuracy and variability in patient risk perceptions and ultimately their decision making.

Methods:
A series of online surveys of American adults communicated the probability of complications associated with surgical or antibiotic treatment of acute appendicitis. Probability was communicated with verbal descriptors (eg, “uncommon”), point estimates (eg, “3% risk”), or risk ranges (eg, “1% to 5%”). Respondents then estimated the probability of a complication for a “typical patient with appendicitis.” The Fligner-Killeen test of homogeneity of variance was used to compare the variability in respondent risk estimates based on the method of probability communication.

Results:
Among 296 respondents, variance in probability estimates was significantly higher when verbal descriptions were used compared to point estimates (P < 0.001) or risk ranges (P < 0.001). Identical verbal descriptors produced meaningfully different risk estimates depending on the complication being described. For example, “common” was perceived as a 45.6% for surgical site infection but 61.7% for antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

Conclusion:
Verbal probability descriptors are associated with widely varying and inaccurate perceptions about treatment risks. Surgeons should consider alternative ways to communicate probability during informed consent and shared decision-making discussions.
The effect of social restrictions, loss of social support, and loss of maternal autonomy on postpartum depression in 1 to 12-months postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Tsuno Kanami , Okawa Sumiyo , Matsushima Midori , Nishi Daisuke , Arakawa Yuki , Tabuchi Takahiro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study focuses on postpartum women, who are one of the most vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic, aiming to reveal mental health consequences of social restrictions, loss of social support, or loss of autonomy.MethodsA cross-sectional study for postpartum women was conducted in October 2020 (N = 600). The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to measure postpartum depression. The prevalence ratios were estimated by log-binomial regression models, adjusting for age, education, household income, residence area, parity, the timing of delivery, and a prior history of depression.ResultsThe prevalence of postpartum depression was 28.7% (EPDS ≥ 9), 18.6% (≥ 11), and 13.1% (≥ 13). Social restrictions including cancellation of home visits by health care professionals, or cancellation of infant checkups or vaccinations, loss of support during pregnancy or after delivery including loss of opportunities to consult with health care professionals or friends, or cancellation of parents or other family members’ visits to support, and loss of autonomy about delivery or breastfeeding, were associated with postnatal depression.ConclusionAbout 30% of women who delivered and raised a baby during the COVID-19 pandemic had postpartum depression, which is much higher than a pre-pandemic meta-analysis. COVID-19 related social restrictions or loss of social support from healthcare professionals, family, and friends were significantly associated with postpartum depression. Also, loss of maternal autonomy in delivery and breastfeeding is associated with postpartum depression. The results indicate that both formal and informal support should not be limited to prevent postpartum depression during the pandemic.
Long-term health-related quality of life in non-hospitalised COVID-19 cases with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in England: Longitudinal analysis and cross-sectional comparison with controls
Authors: Sandmann Frank , Tessier Elise , Lacy Joanne , Kall Meaghan , Van Leeuwen Edwin , Charlett Andre , Eggo Rosalind M , Dabrera Gavin , Edmunds W. John , Ramsay Mary , Campbell Helen , Amirthalingam Gayatri , Jit Mark 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study measured the long-term health-related quality of life of non-hospitalised COVID-19 cases with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2(+) infection using the recommended instrument in England (the EQ-5D).MethodsProspective cohort study of SARS-CoV-2(+) cases aged 12-85 years and followed up for six months from 01 December 2020, with cross-sectional comparison to SARS-CoV-2(-) controls. Main outcomes were loss of quality-adjusted life days (QALDs); physical symptoms; and COVID-19-related private expenditures. We analysed results using multivariable regressions with post-hoc weighting by age and sex, and conditional logistic regressions for the association of each symptom and EQ-5D limitation on cases and controls.ResultsOf 548 cases (mean age 41.1 years; 61.5% female), 16.8% reported physical symptoms at month 6 (most frequently extreme tiredness, headache, loss of taste and/or smell, and shortness of breath). Cases reported more limitations with doing usual activities than controls. Almost half of cases spent a mean of £18.1 on non-prescription drugs (median: £10.0), and 52.7% missed work or school for a mean of 12 days (median: 10). On average, all cases lost 15.9 (95%-CI: 12.1, 19.7) QALDs, while those reporting symptoms at month 6 lost 34.1 (29.0, 39.2) QALDs. Losses also increased with older age. Cumulatively, the health loss from morbidity contributes at least 21% of the total COVID-19-related disease burden in England.ConclusionsOne in 6 cases report ongoing symptoms at 6 months, and 10% report prolonged loss of function compared to pre-COVID-19 baselines. A marked health burden was observed among older COVID-19 cases and those with persistent physical symptoms.summaryLosses of health-related quality of life in non-hospitalised COVID-19 cases increase by age and for cases with symptoms after 6 months. At a population level, at least 21% of the total COVID-19-related disease burden in England is attributable to morbidity.
Stool Antigen Test is Effective and Sensitive for Detecting Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Bangladeshi Peptic Ulcer Patients
Authors: Sultana Afreen , Ahmed Shakeel , Ahmed Ershad Uddin , Nuruddin Chowdhury Abul Faisal MD. , Kalam Abul , Rahman Arifur , Akter Farhana , Karim Chowdhury A. H. M. Saiful , Sharmin Sabrina , Mustry Jannatul Ferdous , Saha Ayan 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTAimsHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the primary causative agent of peptic ulcer in multiple developing countries, including Bangladesh. This study was designed to investigate the diagnostic value of a rapid immunochromatography-based H. Pylori stool antigen (HpSAg) test to screen H. pylori infection in Bangladeshi population.Methodology and resultsA total of 140 suspected peptic ulcer patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at Chittagong Medical College and Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh, were included in the study. Histopathology, Rapid Urease Test (RUT), and Microscopic examination of the stained smears were conducted to define H. pylori positive cases. Later, stool antigen detection test was done in H. pylori positive status group, H. pylori negative status group, indeterminate status group, and healthy controls. Out of 140 peptic ulcer suspected patients, 75 (53.6%) patients were confirmed to have peptic ulcer or erosions. Although the proportion of antral erosion was 57.4% in patients who were below 40 years, the proportion decreased to 23.4% in patients over 40 years. Patients over 40 years were mostly suffering from Prepyloric erosion (42.9%). All peptic ulcer patients were also positive on histopathological analysis. However, micorscopic grading of curved bacilli and RUT found 93.3% (70/75) and 89.3% (67/75) patients positive, respectively. High sensitivity (95%), specificity (80%), and diagnostic accuracy (91%) scores for HpSAg assay was obtained in our study.Conclusions, significance and impact of studiesThe HpSAg test, for a comparatively less sophisticated assay, can be efficient in detecting the presence of H. pylori pre-and post-therapy and provide more valid test results than other invasive test methods.
SARS-CoV-2 infects human adipose tissue and elicits an inflammatory response consistent with severe COVID-19
Authors: Martínez-Colón Giovanny J. , Ratnasiri Kalani , Chen Heping , Jiang Sizun , Zanley Elizabeth , Rustagi Arjun , Verma Renu , Chen Han , Andrews Jason R. , Mertz Kirsten D. , Tzankov Alexandar , Azagury Dan , Boyd Jack , Nolan Garry P. , Schürch Christian M. , Matter Matthias S. , Blish Catherine A. , McLaughlin Tracey L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the viral pathogen SARS-CoV-2, has taken the lives of millions of individuals around the world. Obesity is associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that human adipose tissue from multiple depots is permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection and that infection elicits an inflammatory response, including the secretion of known inflammatory mediators of severe COVID-19. We identify two cellular targets of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adipose tissue: mature adipocytes and adipose tissue macrophages. Adipose tissue macrophage infection is largely restricted to a highly inflammatory subpopulation of macrophages, present at baseline, that is further activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Preadipocytes, while not infected, adopt a proinflammatory phenotype. We further demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detectable in adipocytes in COVID-19 autopsy cases and is associated with an inflammatory infiltrate. Collectively, our findings indicate that adipose tissue supports SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenic inflammation and may explain the link between obesity and severe COVID-19.One sentence summaryOur work provides the firstin vivoevidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human adipose tissue and describes the associated inflammation.