bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engagement and learning in an electronic spaced repetition curriculum companion for a&nbsp;paediatrics academic half-day curriculum
Authors: McConnery Jason R. , Bassilious Ereny , Ngo Quang N. 
Published: September 2021

Postgraduate residencies utilize academic half-days to supplement clinical learning. Spaced repetition reinforces taught content to improve retention. We leveraged spaced repetition in a curriculum companion for a paediatric residency program’s half-day. One half-day lecture was chosen weekly for reinforcement (day 0). Participants received 3 key points on day 1 and a multiple-choice question (MCQ) on day 8. On day 29, they received two MCQs to test reinforced and unreinforced content from the same day 0. Thirty-one (79%) residents participated over 17 weeks, but only 14 (36%) completed more than half of the weekly quizzes. Of all quizzes, 37.4% were completed, with an average weekly engagement of 5.5 minutes. Helpfulness to learning was rated as 7.89/10 on a Likert-like scale. Reported barriers were missing related half-days and emails, or limited time. There was no significant difference in performance between reinforced (63.4%, [53.6–73.3]) and unreinforced (65.6%, [53.7–73.2]) questions. Spaced repetition is a proven strategy in learning science, but was not shown to improve performance. Operational barriers likely limited participation and underpowered our analysis, therefore future implementation must consider practical and individual barriers to facilitate success. Our results also illustrate that satisfaction alone is an inadequate marker of success.
Fish Oil for Healthy Aging: Potential Application to Master Athletes
Authors: Murphy Caoileann H. , McGlory Chris 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMaster athletes perform high volumes of exercise training yet display lower levels of physical functioning and exercise performance when compared with younger athletes. Several reports in the clinical literature show that long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC n-3 PUFA) ingestion promotes skeletal muscle anabolism and strength in untrained older persons. There is also evidence that LC n-3 PUFA ingestion improves indices of muscle recovery following damaging exercise in younger persons. These findings suggest that LC n-3 PUFA intake could have an ergogenic effect in master athletes. However, the beneficial effect of LC n-3 PUFA intake on skeletal muscle in response to exercise training in both older and younger persons is inconsistent and, in some cases, generated from low-quality studies or those with a high risk of bias. Other factors such as the choice of placebo and health status of participants also confound interpretation of existing reports. As such, when considered on balance, the available evidence does not indicate that ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs above current population recommendations (250–500 mg/day; 2 portions of oily fish per week) enhances exercise performance or recovery from exercise training in master athletes. Further work is now needed related to how the dose, duration, and co-ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs with other nutrients such as amino acids impact the adaptive response to exercise training. This work should also consider how LC n-3 PUFA supplementation may differentially alter the lipid profile of cellular membranes of key regulatory sites such as the sarcolemma, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves
Authors: Moore Daniel R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIt is established that protein requirements are elevated in athletes to support their training and post-exercise recovery and adaptation, especially within skeletal muscle. However, research on the requirements for this macronutrient has been performed almost exclusively in younger athletes, which may complicate their translation to the growing population of Master athletes (i.e. > 35 years old). In contrast to older (> 65 years) untrained adults who typically demonstrate anabolic resistance to dietary protein as a primary mediator of the ‘normal’ age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, Master athletes are generally considered successful models of aging as evidenced by possessing similar body composition, muscle mass, and aerobic fitness as untrained adults more than half their age. The primary physiology changes considered to underpin the anabolic resistance of aging are precipitated or exacerbated by physical inactivity, which has led to higher protein recommendations to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older untrained compared to younger untrained adults. This review puts forth the argument that Master athletes have similar muscle characteristics, physiological responses to exercise, and protein metabolism as young athletes and, therefore, are unlikely to have protein requirements that are different from their young contemporaries. Recommendations for protein amount, type, and pattern will be discussed for Master athletes to enhance their recovery from and adaptation to resistance and endurance training.
Youth Athlete Development and Nutrition
Authors: Desbrow Ben 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAdolescence (ages 13–18 years) is a period of significant growth and physical development that includes changes in body composition, metabolic and hormonal fluctuations, maturation of organ systems, and establishment of nutrient deposits, which all may affect future health. In terms of nutrition, adolescence is also an important time in establishing an individual’s lifelong relationship with food, which is particularly important in terms of the connection between diet, exercise, and body image. The challenges of time management (e.g., school, training, work and social commitments) and periods of fluctuating emotions are also features of this period. In addition, an adolescent’s peers become increasingly powerful moderators of all behaviours, including eating. Adolescence is also a period of natural experimentation and this can extend to food choice. Adolescent experiences are not the same and individuals vary considerably in their behaviours. To ensure an adolescent athlete fulfils his/her potential, it is important that stakeholders involved in managing youth athletes emphasize eating patterns that align with and support sound physical, physiological and psychosocial development and are consistent with proven principles of sport nutrition.
A novel DNA-based key scrambling technique for image encryption
Authors: Uddin Machbah , Jahan Farah , Islam Mohammad Khairul , Rakib Hassan Md. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNowadays, data are the most valuable content in the world. In the age of big data, we are generating quintillions of data daily in the form of text, image, video, etc. Among them, images are highly used in daily communications. Various types of images, e.g., medical images, military images, etc. are highly confidential. But, due to data vulnerabilities, transmitting such images in a secured way is a great challenge. For this reason, researchers proposed different image cryptography algorithms. Recently, biological deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based concepts are getting popular for ensuring image security as well as encryption as they show good performance. However, these DNA-based methods have some limitations, e.g., these are not dynamic and their performance results are far from ideal values. Further, these encryption methods usually involve two steps, confusion and diffusion. Confusion increases huge time complexity and needs to send one or more additional map tables with a cipher to decrypt the message. In this research, we propose a novel and efficient DNA-based key scrambling technique for image encryption that addresses the above limitations. We evaluate our proposed method using 15 different datasets and achieved superior performance scores of entropy, keyspace, cipher pixel correlations, variance of histogram, time complexity and PSNR. The experimental results show that our method can be used for image encryption with a high level of confidentiality.
Translating technological innovation into efficiency: the case of US public P&C insurance companies
Authors: Lanfranchi Davide , Grassi Laura 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn recent years, Insurtech innovations, driven by technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, emerged in the insurance industry, with the promise of improving efficiency. However, while the positive impact of technology on insurance companies’ efficiency is expected, literature assessing it empirically is scarce, when it comes to recent technological change. Focusing on the US public P&C insurance sector in the period 2012–2018 and relying on both nonparametric (two stage DEA) and parametric (SFA) approaches, it emerges that on average insurance companies were not able to leverage on technological innovations to improve their efficiency. On average a relative level of efficiency among companies, according to a two stage DEA model, was quite stable in time, while the SFA approach shows that the distance between efficient and less efficient firms slightly increased. Moreover, we found one very efficient firm, almost a leader of the market in terms of efficiency, and a homogeneous group of followers, indicating that there is vast scope for improvement for less efficient companies. Nevertheless, even the most efficient company impaired its efficiency over time, suggesting that neither the leader nor on average the followers properly leveraged technology to improve their efficiency. In a competitive scenario, with new players’ entrance and fierce competition, inertia may seriously affect their positioning. Academicians, managers and policymakers should carefully consider the effects that a non-improvement of efficiency following technological change may have on market structure, competition and regulations, potentially opening to further discussion on how technological innovations adoption should be facilitated.
Energiekonflikte und Demokratiekrise. Eine radikaldemokratische Perspektive auf das Ringen um Gemeinwohlziele der Energiewende
Authors: Krüger Timmo 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Klimawandel ist in öffentlichen Debatten (wieder) sehr präsent, spätestens seit den Protesten von Fridays for Future. Dies zeigte sich zuletzt in der Intensität der Kontroversen, in denen beispielsweise der Kohleausstieg auf gesamtgesellschaftlicher Ebene verhandelt wurde. Gleichzeitig nehmen lokale Konflikte um konkrete Energieprojekte zu. Die Virulenz der Energiekonflikte ist u. a. darauf zurückzuführen, dass sie oftmals Kristallisationspunkte für Auseinandersetzungen um die Anerkennung von bestimmten Interessen als legitime Gemeinwohlinteressen bilden. Diese Konflikte sind zunächst einmal eine Reaktion auf die Ausgestaltung der Energiewende und wirken auf diese zurück. Darüber hinaus stehen Energiekonflikte in einem wechselseitigen Wirkungsverhältnis mit der politischen Kultur. Sie sind Effekt und gleichzeitig Mitproduzent der in der Gesellschaft verhandelten Vorstellungen von Demokratie. Der vorliegende Artikel leistet einen zweifachen Beitrag zur Analyse der Gemeinwohlkonflikte in der Energiewende in Deutschland. Erstens werden empirische Ergebnisse der Energiewendeforschung im Hinblick auf die Auseinandersetzungen um die Definition und Priorisierung von Gemeinwohlzielen der Energiewende interpretiert. Ein zentraler Befund lautet, dass sich in den Energiekonflikten Phänomene einer Demokratiekrise zeigen, auf die in den Verhandlungen um konkrete Energieprojekte nicht adäquat reagiert werden kann. Zweitens werden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über Gemeinwohlkonflikte in der Energiewende demokratietheoretisch diskutiert. Dabei wird argumentiert, dass die fehlende Bereitschaft (von Akteur*innen der Regierungspolitik) zur Austragung von Konflikten um die Priorisierung von Gemeinwohlzielen der Energiewende ein zentrales Defizit darstellt. In Kombination mit der einseitigen Orientierung am deliberativen Demokratiemodell bei der Umsetzung von Energieprojekten verschärft dies die Tendenzen einer Demokratiekrise. Aus radikaldemokratischer Perspektive bedarf es agonistischer Streiträume, in denen politische Gegner*innen darum konkurrieren, ihre jeweiligen Energiewende-Visionen durchzusetzen.
Effect of Wound Contamination on Outcomes of Abdominal Wall Reconstruction Using Acellular Dermal Matrix: 14-Year Experience with More than 700 Patients
Authors: Hassan Abbas M. , Asaad Malke , Seitz Allison J. , Liu Jun , Butler Charles E. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Patients with contaminated/dirty-infected defects are at high risk for postoperative complications after abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR). We evaluated outcomes of AWR using acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for mesh reinforcement and identified predictors of hernia recurrence (HR), surgical site occurrences (SSOs), and surgical site infections (SSIs).

Study Design
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent AWR using ADM, from March 2005 to June 2019. Outcomes were compared between Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) wound classifications. The primary outcome measure was HR. Secondary outcomes were SSOs and SSIs.

Results
We identified 725 AWRs using ADM that met the study criteria. Participants had a mean age of 60 ± 11.5 years, mean BMI of 31 ± 7 kg/m2, and mean follow-up time of 42 ± 29 months. Three hundred two patients (41.6%) had clean defects, 322 patients (44.4%) had clean-contaminated defects, and 101 patients (13.9%) had contaminated/dirty-infected defects. Patients with contaminated/dirty-infected defects had an HR rate of 20.8%, SSO rate of 54.5%, and SSI rate of 23.8%. Multivariate logistic regression found that contaminated/dirty-infected defects were independent predictors of SSOs (OR 2.99; 95% CI 1.72–5.18; p < 0.0001) and SSIs (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.27–4.25; p = 0.006), but not HR (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.57–1.98; p = 0.859).

Conclusions
SSIs and SSOs increase as contamination levels rise, but the risk of HR does not. AWR with ADM provides safe and durable outcomes, even with increasing levels of contamination.

Visual Abstract
Strengthening the clinical research workforce through a competency-based orientation program: Process outcomes and lessons learned across three academic health institutions
Authors: Musshafen Leslie A. , Poger Jennifer M. , Simmons William R. , Hoke Alicia M. , Hanson Laura N. , Bondurant Whitney W. , McCullough Jody R. , Kraschnewski Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Clinical research coordinators are increasingly tasked with a multitude of complex study activities critical to scientific rigor and participant safety, though more than half report not receiving appropriate training. To determine the reproducibility of an established clinical research workforce orientation program, collaborative partners across Clinical and Translational Science Award institutions seeded core principles and structure from Mayo Clinic’s Clinical Research Orientation program within Penn State University and the University of Mississippi Medical Center from 2019 to 2021. Training concepts were established and tied to those domains deemed critical by the Joint Task Force for Clinical Trial Competency for the conduct of clinical research at the highest levels of safety and quality possible. Significant knowledge and confidence gains and high overall program satisfaction were reported across participants and partner sites, despite programs being required to pivot from traditional, in-person formats to entirely virtual platforms as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The successful standardization and translation of foundational clinical research training has important efficiency and efficacy implications for research enterprises across the USA.
Linking voice pitch to fighting success in male amateur mixed martial arts athletes and boxers
Authors: Schild Christoph , Zettler Ingo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Whereas voice pitch is strongly linked to people's perceptions in contexts of sexual selection, such as attractiveness and dominance, evidence that links voice pitch to actual behaviour or the formidability of a speaker is sparse and mixed. In this registered report, we investigated how male speakers’ voice pitch is linked to fighting success in a dataset comprising 135 (amateur) mixed martial arts and 189 (amateur) boxing fights. Based on the assumption that voice pitch is an honest signal of formidability, we expected lower voice pitch to be linked to higher fighting success. The results indicated no significant relation between a fighter's voice pitch, as directly measured before a fight, and successive fighting success in both mixed martial arts fighters and boxers.
YET ANOTHER IDEAL VERSION OF THE BOUNDING NUMBER
Authors: FILIPÓW RAFAŁ , KWELA ADAM 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLet
$\mathcal {I}$
be an ideal on
$\omega $
. For
$f,\,g\in \omega ^{\omega }$
we write
$f \leq _{\mathcal {I}} g$
if
$f(n) \leq g(n)$
for all
$n\in \omega \setminus A$
with some
$A\in \mathcal {I}$
. Moreover, we denote
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}=\{f\in \omega ^{\omega }: f^{-1}[\{n\}]\in \mathcal {I} \text { for every } n\in \omega \}$
(in particular,
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}$
denotes the family of all finite-to-one functions).We examine cardinal numbers
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}))$
and
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}\times \mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}))$
describing the smallest sizes of unbounded from below with respect to the order
$\leq _{\mathcal {I}}$
sets in
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}}$
and
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}$
, respectively. For a maximal ideal
$\mathcal {I}$
, these cardinals were investigated by M. Canjar in connection with coinitial and cofinal subsets of the ultrapowers.We show that
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathrm {Fin}})) =\mathfrak {b}$
for all ideals
$\mathcal {I}$
with the Baire property and that
$\aleph _1 \leq \mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}})) \leq \mathfrak {b}$
for all coanalytic weak P-ideals (this class contains all
$\bf {\Pi ^0_4}$
ideals). What is more, we give examples of Borel (even
$\bf {\Sigma ^0_2}$
) ideals
$\mathcal {I}$
with
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}}))=\mathfrak {b}$
as well as with
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {I}})) =\aleph _1$
.We also study cardinals
$\mathfrak {b}(\geq _{\mathcal {I}}\cap (\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {J}} \times \mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {K}}))$
describing the smallest sizes of sets in
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {K}}$
not bounded from below with respect to the preorder
$\leq _{\mathcal {I}}$
by any member of
$\mathcal {D}_{\mathcal {J}}\!$
. Our research is partially motivated by the study of ideal-QN-spaces: those cardinals describe the smallest size of a space which is not ideal-QN.
Ediacara growing pains: modular addition and development in Dickinsonia costata
Authors: Evans Scott D. , Gehling James G. , Erwin Douglas H. , Droser Mary L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractConstraining patterns of growth using directly observable and quantifiable characteristics can reveal a wealth of information regarding the biology of the Ediacara biota—the oldest macroscopic, complex community-forming organisms in the fossil record. However, these rely on individuals captured at an instant in time at various growth stages, and so different interpretations can be derived from the same material. Here we leverage newly discovered and well-preserved Dickinsonia costata Sprigg, 1947 from South Australia, combined with hundreds of previously described specimens, to test competing hypotheses for the location of module addition. We find considerable variation in the relationship between the total number of modules and body size that cannot be explained solely by expansion and contraction of individuals. Patterns derived assuming new modules differentiated at the anterior result in numerous examples in which the oldest module(s) must decrease in size with overall growth, potentially falsifying this hypothesis. Observed polarity as well as the consistent posterior location of defects and indentations support module formation at this end in D. costata. Regardless, changes in repeated units with growth share similarities with those regulated by morphogen gradients in metazoans today, suggesting that these genetic pathways were operating in Ediacaran animals.
Can citizens guess how other citizens voted based on demographic characteristics?
Authors: Titelman Noam , Lauderdale Benjamin E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHow well do citizens understand the associations between social groups and political divisions in their societies? Previous research has indicated systematic biases in how the demographic composition of party supporters are perceived, but this need not imply that citizens misperceive the likely voting behavior of specific individuals. We report results from two experiments where subjects were provided with randomly selected demographic profiles of respondents to the 2017 British Election Study (BES) and then asked to assess either (1) which party that individual was likely to have voted for in the 2017 UK election or (2) whether that individual was likely to have voted Leave or Remain in the 2016 UK referendum on EU membership. We find that, despite substantial overconfidence in individual responses, on average citizens’ guesses broadly reflect the actual distribution of groups supporting the parties and referendum positions.
Associations between bedtime eating or drinking, sleep duration and wake after sleep onset: findings from the American time use survey
Authors: Iao Su I , Jansen Erica , Shedden Kerby , O’Brien Louise M. , Chervin Ronald D. , Knutson Kristen L. , Dunietz Galit Levi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSleep hygiene recommendations discourage eating before bedtime; however, the impact of mealtime on sleep has been inconsistent. We examined gender-stratified associations between eating or drinking <1, <2 and <3 h before bedtime, sleep duration and wake after sleep onset (WASO >30 min). This study utilised 2003–2018 data from the American Time Use Survey, a nationally representative sample of USA residents aged ≥15 years. Participants recorded weekday/weekend activities during a 24-h period. Age-specific sleep duration and WASO were estimated categorically and continuously. Eating or drinking were identified from all activities recorded <1, <2 and <3 h before bedtime. Mean ± se sleep duration was 8·0 ± 0·006 h, and 6% of participants ate or drank <1 h prior to weekdays bedtime. Overall, eating or drinking <1 h prior to bedtime was associated with longer weekdays sleep duration. Women and men who ate or drank <1 h before bedtime, v. those who did not, had 35 min (95% CI (30,39)) and 25 min (95 % CI (21,29)) longer sleep duration, respectively, as well as increased odds of WASO; women (OR=2·03, 95% CI (1·66,2·49)) and men (OR=2·64, 95% CI (2·08,3·36)). As the interval of eating or drinking prior to bedtime expanded, odds of short and long sleep durations and WASO decreased. This population-based data linked eating or drinking <1 h before bedtime to longer sleep duration, but increased WASO. Eating or drinking further from bedtime lowers the odds of short and long sleep duration and WASO. Causal pathways are difficult to discern, though inefficient sleep after late-night eating could increase WASO and trigger compensatory increases in sleep duration.