bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen legacies in anthropogenic landscapes: a case study in the Mondego Basin in Portugal
Authors: Marques João , Liu Joy , Cunha Maria C. , Van Meter Kimberly J. , Basu Nandita B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNitrogen (N) legacies have built up in anthropogenic landscapes over decades of agricultural intensification, and these legacies lead to time lags in water quality change measurable even beyond the moment of application of N. It is important to understand these legacies to quantify the relationship between N inputs and N concentrations in streams and implement best management practices for water quality improvement; however, little is known about the magnitude of legacies in various landscape elements like soils and groundwater. Here, we have used the ELEMeNT (Exploration of Long-tErM Nutrient Trajectories) model to explore the buildup and depletion of N legacies over a 216-year period, across the Mondego River Basin, a 6645-km2 watershed in Portugal, where human interventions have considerably changed the characteristics of the basin to prevent floods and improve farming conditions in recent decades. The results show that the increase in the amount of inorganic fertilizer applied was the main driver for the anthropogenic N loads in the watershed from 1950 until the beginning of the 1990s. The N inputs have been decreasing since then, but N loads in the river did not document any decrease till the 1990s; after which there was a decline. This time lag between the N inputs to the watershed and the N loads in the river (about two decades) is a function of accumulation of N legacy.
The Natural Meaning of Crime and Punishment: Denying and Affirming Freedom
Authors: Vogt David Chelsom 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe article discusses the link between freedom, crime and punishment. According to some theorists, crime does not only cause a person to have less freedom; it constitutes, in and of itself, a breach of the freedom of others. Punishment does not only cause people to have more freedom, for instance by preventing crimes; it constitutes, in and of itself, respect for mutual freedom. If the latter claims are true, crime and punishment must have certain meanings that make them denials/affirmations of freedom irrespective of their consequences. My aim is to show that such an immanent connection between crime/punishment and freedom exists. I do so by explicating the “natural meaning” of crime and punishment. This way of addressing the topic is inspired by Jean Hampton’s use of H. P. Grice’s concept of natural meaning. Expanding on Hampton’s theory, drawing on both H. L. A. Hart and Kant, I argue that crime has the natural meaning of denying freedom, and punishment has the natural meaning of affirming freedom. The paper presents an ideal theory, not a justification for actual criminal justice practices, which in most countries unfortunately fail to instantiate the value of mutual freedom.
Geschwisterunterschiede im Privatschulbesuch und Einkommenseffekte zwischen und innerhalb von Haushalten
Authors: Dräger Jascha , Röhlke Leo , Stefes Till 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungTrotz des Sonderungsverbotes zeigt sich in vielen Studien ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Haushaltseinkommen und dem Besuch privater Schulen. Unklar bleibt jedoch, ob dieser Zusammenhang durch unbeobachtete Heterogenität zwischen Haushalten oder durch einen kausalen Einkommenseffekt zustande kommt. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir Geschwisterunterschiede im Privatschulbesuch und inwiefern diese mit Veränderungen des Haushaltseinkommens zusammenhängen. Einerseits kann dadurch das Problem unbeobachteter Heterogenität umgangen werden, andererseits ermöglicht es Schlussfolgerungen über elterliche Motivationen bei der Privatschulwahl. Es zeigt sich, dass es mehr als doppelt so häufig vorkommt, dass nur manche Kinder eines Haushalts eine Privatschule besuchen, als dass alle Geschwisterkinder eine Privatschule besuchen. Beides kommt häufiger in einkommensstarken Haushalten vor. Kinder besuchen etwas häufiger eine Privatschule als ihre Geschwister, wenn sie in einem Zeitraum mit höherem Haushaltseinkommen aufwachsen, insbesondere wenn das permanente Haushaltseinkommen hoch ist. Die Höhe von Einkommenseffekten variiert nach dem Träger der Privatschulen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Verletzung des Sonderungsverbotes hin.
Freund oder Feind? — Die zwei Gesichter von Photorhabdus luminescens
Authors: Dominelli Nazzareno , Heermann Ralf 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPhotorhabdus luminescens is an enteric bacterium with two faces: on the one hand these bacteria live in symbiosis with soil nematodes, on the other hand they are highly pathogenic for insects. The population is also phenotypically heterogeneous: one part lives in symbiosis with nematodes, the other part symbiotically interacts with plants. Cell-cell communication, inter-kingdom signaling, and other gene regulation processes are behind the complex decision of being friend or foe.
Recurrence of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation in dependence of arterial stiffness
Authors: Shchetynska-Marinova T. , Kranert M. , Baumann S. , Liebe V. , Grafen A. , Gerhards S. , Rosenkaimer S. , Akin I. , Borggrefe M. , Hohneck A. L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Arterial stiffness (AS) has emerged as a strong predictor of cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Although increased AS has been described as a predictor of atrial fibrillation (AF), its role as a risk marker for AF recurrence has not yet been elucidated.

Methods
Patients with AF who underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) were included in this study. Presence of AS was evaluated by measuring aortic distensibility (AD) of the descending aorta by transoesophageal echocardiography.

Results
In total, 151 patients (mean ± standard deviation (SD) age 71.9 ± 9.8 years) were enrolled and followed for a median duration of 21 months (interquartile range 15.0–31.0). During follow-up, AF recurred in 94 (62.3%) patients. AF recurrence was seen more frequently in patients with permanent AF (27% vs 46%, p = 0.03) and in those who had undergone prior PVI (9% vs 23%, p = 0.02). AD was significantly reduced in patients with AF recurrence (mean ± SD 2.6 ± 2.3 vs 1.5 ± 0.7 × 10−3 mm Hg−1, p < 0.0001), as well as left atrial volume index (LAVI) (mean ± SD 29 ± 12 vs 44 ± 15 ml/m2, p < 0.0001). Multivariable analysis revealed LAVI (odds ratio (OR) 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–3.4) and AS (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.8–4.1) as independent risk factors of AF recurrence.

Conclusion
Increased AS and left atrial size were independent predictors of AF recurrence after PVI. AD as surrogate marker of AS seemed to reflect the overall CV risk. In addition, AD was significantly correlated with left atrial size, which suggests that increased AS leads to atrial remodelling and thus to AF recurrence.

Trial registration
German registry for clinical studies (DRKS), DRKS00019007.
Far-IR to deep-UV adaptive supercontinuum generation using semiconductor nano-antennas via carrier injection rate modulation
Authors: Aşırım Özüm Emre 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSupercontinuum generating sources, which incorporate a non-linear medium that can generate a wideband intensity spectrum under high-power excitation, are ideal for many applications of photonics such as spectroscopy and imaging. Supercontinuum generation using ultra-miniaturized devices is of great interest for on-chip imaging, on-chip measurement, and for future integrated photonic devices. In this study, semiconductor nano-antennas are proposed for ultra-broadband supercontinuum generation via analytical and numerical investigation of the electric field wave equation and the Lorentz dispersion model, incorporating semiconductor electron dynamics under optical excitation. It is shown that by a rapid modulation of the carrier injection rate for a semiconductor nano-antenna, one can generate an ultra-wideband supercontinuum that extends from the far-infrared (Far-IR) range to the deep-ultraviolet (Deep-UV) range for an infrared excitation of arbitrary intensity level. The modulation of the injection rate is achieved by high-intensity pulsed-pump irradiation of the nano-antenna, which has a fast nonradiative electron recombination mechanism that is on the order of sub-picoseconds. It is shown that when the pulse period of the pump irradiation is of the same order with the electron recombination time, rapid modulation of the free electron density occurs and electric energy accumulates in the nano-antenna, allowing for the generation of a broad supercontinuum. The numerical results are compared with the semiempirical second harmonic generation efficiency results for validation and a mean accuracy of 99.7% is observed. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that semiconductor nano-antennas can be employed to achieve superior supercontinuum generation performance at the nanoscale and the process can be programmed in an adaptive manner for continuous spectral shaping via tuning the pulse period of the pump irradiation.
DNA ligase IV mutations confer shorter lifespan and increased sensitivity to nutrient stress in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Joshi Rashmi , Banerjee Surya Jyoti , Curtiss Jennifer , Ashley Amanda K. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe nonhomologous end-joining pathway is a primary DNA double-strand break repair pathway in eukaryotes. DNA ligase IV (Lig4) catalyzes the final step of DNA end ligation in this pathway. Partial loss of Lig4 in mammals causes Lig4 syndrome, while complete loss is embryonically lethal. DNA ligase 4 (DNAlig4) null Drosophila melanogaster is viable, but sensitive to ionizing radiation during early development. We proposed to explore if DNAlig4 loss induced other long-term sensitivities and defects in D. melanogaster. We demonstrated that DNAlig4 mutant strains had decreased lifespan and lower resistance to nutrient deprivation, indicating Lig4 is required for maintaining health and longevity in D. melanogaster.
Demystifying Low-Carbon Materials
Authors: Das Oisik , Restás Ágoston , Shanmugam Vigneshwaran , Sas Gabriel , Försth Michael , Xu Qiang , Jiang Lin , Hedenqvist Mikael S. , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLow-carbon materials (the ‘carbon’ is related to carbon dioxide emission potential and not elemental carbon) need to be developed and embraced ubiquitously for the sustainable development of human society and mitigate climate change. In the absence of clear consensus in the literature coupled with the presence of certain miss-information, this ‘discussion’ article seeks to define low-carbon materials as the materials that foster a healthy living environment and a circular economy via the elimination or reduction of associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resource depletion and wastage. Furthermore, the multidimensional facets of low-carbon products and services are described to promote widespread utilisation of low-carbon materials so as to transition to desired low-carbon or decarbonised economies. Several specific strategies for realising the aforementioned are illustrated, which include radical green chemistry and materials approach, efficient materials extraction and processing, utilising renewable feedstocks and energies, efficient product manufacturing, enhanced recycling rates, designing out wastes, circular flow of materials, and innovative business models. The information provided in this ‘discussion’ article strives to outline a variety of aspects and tools available and necessary to accelerate the growth of low-carbon materials and progress towards a sustainable future.
Graphical abstract
The integration of low-carbon materials, products and services with natural resource preservation, prosperity and a healthy living environment
An Explorative Study into the Importance of Defining and Classifying Cyber Terrorism in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jangada Correia Victoria 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTerrorism, crime, and war are all familiar notions; however, the way in which these have been altered through cyberspace is not yet fully, nor unanimously, understood through definitions, theories, and approaches. Although the threat level of terrorism in the UK has lowered to moderate, the threat posed by cyber terrorism has nonetheless heightened throughout the COVID pandemic due to the greater necessity and presence of technology in our lives. This research aimed to highlight the necessity for a unanimous cyber terrorism definition and framework and further aimed to determine what perceptions are held by the general public regarding cyber terrorism through a mixed methods approach. The literature review confirms that there is an absence of a unanimously agreed upon definition of cyber terrorism, and furthermore that the existing academic definitions are not compatible with UK legislation. In addition, the literature review highlights an absence of a cyber terrorism framework that classifies what kind of terrorist activity is cyber enabled or cyber dependent. Quantitative data from the online survey find a couple of significant effects implying the necessity for greater diversity amongst stakeholders which could potentially enhance the detection and prevention of terrorism in the UK. The qualitative data find that although there is some agreement amongst the sample population in views held towards cyber terrorism, some misconceptions are nonetheless present which could have implications on the general public’s ability to identify and report cyber terrorist activity. Overall, the findings from the literature review and the primary data collection aid in developing a cyber terrorism definition that is compatible with UK legislative definitions, and further aids in developing a terrorist activity framework that succinctly highlights the inextricable links between traditional, cyber enabled, and cyber-dependent terrorism.
Gender equality mainstreaming and the Australian academy: paradoxical effects?
Authors: Gilbert Emilee , O’Shea Michelle , Duffy Sarah 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAustralian Universities consistently rank highly on lists that celebrate the most gender equal higher education institutions in the world. Despite participation in institutional frameworks for gender equity accreditation, what often lies beneath the outward display of gender equality is a lived experience of inequality. Whilst there is relative gender equality amongst academics employed at universities overall, men continue to dominate appointments at the professorial or senior executive levels. At the same time, gender asymmetries make women’s access to the opportunities and resources that are highly valued by the sector difficult. Women who experience intersections with care, mothering, race, sexual identity, class, and ability face additional obstacles. In this paper, three women in Australian academia attempt to disrupt the dominant masculine ideology and value system by sharing our lived experience of gender (in)equality in the academy.
Spatial Panel Models of Crop Yield Response to Weather: Econometric Specification Strategies and Prediction Performance
Authors: Yun Seong D. , Gramig Benjamin M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study scrutinizes spatial econometric models and specifications of crop yield response functions to provide a robust evaluation of empirical alternatives available to researchers. We specify 14 competing panel regression models of crop yield response to weather and site characteristics. Using county corn yields in the US, this study implements in-sample, out-of-sample, and bootstrapped out-of-sample prediction performance comparisons. Descriptive propositions and empirical results demonstrate the importance of spatial correlation and empirically support the fixed effects model with spatially dependent error structures. This study also emphasizes the importance of extensive model specification testing and evaluation of selection criteria for prediction.
Waifs and Strays: Property Rights in Late Medieval England
Authors: Claridge Jordan , Gibbs Spike 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article provides new insights into long-standing debates on lord-tenant relations in medieval England and how they were negotiated through the manorial court. We examine an institution, which we term thestray system, that facilitated cooperation between lords and tenants to manage stray livestock. Specifically, we argue that the stray system is a clear example of a public good. In this context, the system was a social benefit provided by lords to their tenants as a collective. In a world where most of the population was dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods, any potential damage to a crop would have been of real concern. However, in managing the threat of wandering livestock, the property rights of owners had to be clearly protected to avoid disputes over ownership. The manorial court's management of strays provided an institution to resolve these countervailing pressures. Ultimately, that system helped to protect a community's arable land—the most vital source of income for lords and tenants alike—while simultaneously assuring the property rights of those who had lost important capital assets in the form of livestock.
THE REVERSE MATHEMATICS OF THE THIN SET AND ERDŐS–MOSER THEOREMS
Authors: LIU LU , PATEY LUDOVIC 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe thin set theorem for n-tuples and k colors (
$\operatorname {\mathrm {\sf {TS}}}^n_k$
) states that every k-coloring of
$[\mathbb {N}]^n$
admits an infinite set of integers H such that
$[H]^n$
avoids at least one color. In this paper, we study the combinatorial weakness of the thin set theorem in reverse mathematics by proving neither
$\operatorname {\mathrm {\sf {TS}}}^n_k$
, nor the free set theorem (
$\operatorname {\mathrm {\sf {FS}}}^n$
) imply the Erdős–Moser theorem (
$\operatorname {\mathrm {\sf {EM}}}$
) whenever k is sufficiently large (answering a question of Patey and giving a partial result towards a question of Cholak Giusto, Hirst and Jockusch). Given a problem
$\mathsf {P}$
, a computable instance of
$\mathsf {P}$
is universal iff its solution computes a solution of any other computable
$\mathsf {P}$
-instance. It has been established that most of Ramsey-type problems do not have a universal instance, but the case of Erdős–Moser theorem remained open so far. We prove that Erdős–Moser theorem does not admit a universal instance (answering a question of Patey).
Recent mosaic floors restorations in Cyrene
Authors: El Mayer Adel Othman 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article showcases the importance of preserving the neglected mosaic floors in Cyrene, especially during the last decade when foreign missions have had limited access due to the uprising of February 2011. With the limited resources available to them, the author and his colleagues at the local restoration department sought to protect the cultural heritage of Libya at an extremely challenging time. This article highlights the tangible results of their efforts.
Race, Space, and the Malayan Emergency: Expelling Malay Muslim Communism and Reconstituting Malaya's Racial State, 1945–1954
Authors: Malhi Amrita 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the physical and discursive displacement of Malay Muslim advocates of a cosmopolitan and multiracial form of Malayan citizenship from the arena of “legitimate” national politics between the Second World War and the mid-1950s. It discusses the trajectory of the Malayan Left during this period, with a special focus on the work of Abdullah C. D., a Malay Muslim leader of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). Abdullah's work included helping to build the Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya (PKMM) under the MCP's United Front strategy from 1945, creating the MCP's Department of Malay Work in 1946, and establishing the Tenth Regiment of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) in 1949. This work was essential to the MCP's outreach to Malay Muslims after Malaya's failed national revolution, which collapsed into racial conflict without achieving independence for the British colony. The Malayan Emergency was declared in 1948, and its military and social campaigns eliminated or displaced the MCP's leadership and much of the MNLA, including Abdullah and the rest of the Tenth Regiment, to Thailand by 1954. Despite his continued engagement with political movements in Malaya, Abdullah's vision for a new politics for Malay Muslims was effectively displaced into the realm of nostalgia. His ideas, outlined in MNLA pamphlets and periodicals like Tauladan (Exemplar), never made significant inroads in Malaya, whose racial state the Emergency re-established, using race to manage the threat to its interests posed by leftist politics.
Comparing optimized exoskeleton assistance of the hip, knee, and ankle in single and multi-joint configurations
Authors: Franks Patrick W. , Bryan Gwendolyn M. , Martin Russell M. , Reyes Ricardo , Lakmazaheri Ava C. , Collins Steven H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Exoskeletons that assist the hip, knee, and ankle joints have begun to improve human mobility, particularly by reducing the metabolic cost of walking. However, direct comparisons of optimal assistance of these joints, or their combinations, have not yet been possible. Assisting multiple joints may be more beneficial than the sum of individual effects, because muscles often span multiple joints, or less effective, because single-joint assistance can indirectly aid other joints. In this study, we used a hip–knee–ankle exoskeleton emulator paired with human-in-the-loop optimization to find single-joint, two-joint, and whole-leg assistance that maximally reduced the metabolic cost of walking. Hip-only and ankle-only assistance reduced the metabolic cost of walking by 26 and 30% relative to walking in the device unassisted, confirming that both joints are good targets for assistance (N = 3). Knee-only assistance reduced the metabolic cost of walking by 13%, demonstrating that effective knee assistance is possible (N = 3). Two-joint assistance reduced the metabolic cost of walking by between 33 and 42%, with the largest improvements coming from hip-ankle assistance (N = 3). Assisting all three joints reduced the metabolic cost of walking by 50%, showing that at least half of the metabolic energy expended during walking can be saved through exoskeleton assistance (N = 4). Changes in kinematics and muscle activity indicate that single-joint assistance indirectly assisted muscles at other joints, such that the improvement from whole-leg assistance was smaller than the sum of its single-joint parts. Exoskeletons can assist the entire limb for maximum effect, but a single well-chosen joint can be more efficient when considering additional factors such as weight and cost.