bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crude Oil Fly Ash Waste for Road Pavement Application
Authors: Dahim Mohammed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates the use of crude oil waste fly ash generated from electrical and desalination power plants in Saudi Arabia to improve the performance of asphalt flexible pavement. Several asphalt pavement materials were prepared to contain fly ash by-product waste of desalination and electrical power plants in Saudi Arabia. In addition, the paper proposed a new simple surface capacitance sensor for the assessment of asphalt pavement material. The proposed device is a low cost, simple fast and portable which makes it easy to adapt for field investigation. The results obtained from testing several asphalt pavement materials indicate the usefulness of this sensor in evaluating several critical parameters to control pavement quality conditions. These parameters include asphalt moisture condition, the effect of waste fly ash filler additives, pavement thickness, and detection of pavement cracks. The electromagnetic properties of asphalt pavement were measured using the proposed sensor in the frequency range between 100 kHz to 1000 kHz at various moisture conditions. The results show the applicability of the sensor to determine moisture and waste content in the pavement material. In addition, the sensor could be a useful tool to detect cracks of pavement and the thickness and crack orientation in asphalt pavement. The results also indicate that the waste fly ash could improve pavement properties and contribute to solve a major environmental problem in Saudi Arabia.
Discoid decorations function to shield juvenile Argiope spiders from avian predator attacks
Authors: Wang Bingjun , Yu Long , Ma Nina , Zhang Zengtao , Liu Qian , Fan Wenrui , Rong Yu , Zhang Shichang , Li Daiqin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Decorating behavior is common in various animal taxa and serves a variety of functions from camouflage to communication. One predominant function cited for decoration is to avoid predators. Conspicuous, disc-like (discoid) silk decorations spun by orb-web Argiope juvenile spiders are hypothesized, among others, to defend spiders against visual predators by concealing spider outlines on the web, deflecting attacks, shielding them from view, or masquerading as bird-droppings. However, the direct evidence is limited for a specific mechanism by which discoid decorations may deter predators. Here we evaluate the mechanisms by which discoid decorations may defend Argiope juveniles against naïve chicks. Using visual modeling, we show that avian predators are able to distinguish spiders from discoid decorations. Using chick predation experiments, we found that the naïve chicks readily pecked any objects, ruling out the possibility of their neophobia. Significantly more chicks attacked spiders when they were exposed to chicks, regardless of whether their webs had discoid decorations, but few chicks attacked spiders when they were behind the decorations. We also found that significantly few chicks attacked decorations when spiders were absent or behind the decorations. We thus conclude that discoid decorations function to deter avian predators by shielding the spider from view or distracting, not by deflecting attacks, concealing the spider’s outline, or masquerading as bird-droppings. This study sheds light on the study of other similar anti-predator strategies, in a wide range of spider species and other animals that use decorating strategies.
Indexing Burdens and Benefits of Treatment to Age: Revisiting Paul Ramsey’s “Medical Indications” Policy
Authors: Anderson Matthew Lee 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This essay reconsiders Paul Ramsey’s “medical indications” policy and argues that his reconstruction of the case of Joseph Saikewicz demonstrates that there is more room for caretakers to decline treatments for “voiceless dependents” than his interlocutors have sometimes thought. It furthermore draws on Ramsey’s earlier work to propose ways that Ramsey might have improved his policy, and argues that the shortcomings of Ramsey’s view arise from his bracketing of age in making determinations about what form of medical care is owed. The reading of Ramsey set forth here suggests Cathleen Kaveny’s depiction of the ‘medical indications’ policy in Ethics at the Edges of Law is too rigid and inflexible, even while it affirms other aspects of her critique.
Is Pregnancy Really a Good Samaritan Act?
Authors: Blackshaw Bruce P 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOne of the most influential philosophical arguments in favor of the permissibility of abortion is Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, presented in “A Defense of Abortion.” Its appeal for prochoice advocates lies in Thomson’s granting that the fetus is a person with equivalent moral status to any other human being, and yet demonstrating—to those who accept her reasoning—that abortion is still permissible. In her argument, Thomson draws heavily on the parable of the Good Samaritan, arguing that gestating a fetus in some circumstances is what she calls a Good Samaritan act, and claiming that we are not morally required to be Good Samaritans. Here, I argue that Thomson has subverted the parable to justify an action that is the antithesis of its meaning. I contend that Christians are required to be Good Samaritans, and explain that for Christians, this entails that abortion is impermissible in all circumstances. Furthermore, I argue that the parable shows that the fetus is our neighbor in need of our mercy and assistance, and consequently, Christians should be actively involved in helping to ensure the unborn are protected, whether they are fetuses in danger of induced abortion or miscarriage, or surplus frozen embryos.
Islet1 Precursors Contribute to Mature Interneuron Subtypes in Mouse Neocortex
Authors: Siddiqi Faez , Trakimas Alexandria L , Joseph Donald J , Lippincott Margaret L , Marsh Eric D , Wolfe John H 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCortical interneurons (GABAergic cells) arise during embryogenesis primarily from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE, respectively) with a small population generated from the preoptic area (POA). Progenitors from the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) are thought to only generate GABAergic medium spiny neurons that populate the striatum and project to the globus pallidus. Here, we report evidence that neuronal precursors that express the LGE-specific transcription factor Islet1 (Isl1) can give rise to a small population of cortical interneurons. Lineage tracing and homozygous deletion of Nkx2.1 in Isl1 fate-mapped mice showed that neighboring MGE/POA-specific Nkx2.1 cells and LGE-specific Isl1 cells make both common and distinct lineal contributions towards cortical interneuron fate. Although the majority of cells had overlapping transcriptional domains between Nkx2.1 and Isl1, a population of Isl1-only derived cells also contributed to the adult cerebral cortex. The data indicate that Isl1-derived cells may originate from both the LGE and the adjacent LGE/MGE boundary regions to generate diverse neuronal progeny. Thus, a small population of neocortical interneurons appear to originate from Isl-1-positive precursors.
Afferent Connections of Cytoarchitectural Area 6M and Surrounding Cortex in the Marmoset: Putative Homologues of the Supplementary and Pre-supplementary Motor Areas
Authors: Bakola Sophia , Burman Kathleen J , Bednarek Sylwia , Chan Jonathan M , Jermakow Natalia , Worthy Katrina H , Majka Piotr , Rosa Marcello G P 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cortical projections to the caudomedial frontal cortex were studied using retrograde tracers in marmosets. We tested the hypothesis that cytoarchitectural area 6M includes homologues of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas (SMA and pre-SMA) of other primates. We found that, irrespective of the injection sites’ location within 6M, over half of the labeled neurons were located in motor and premotor areas. Other connections originated in prefrontal area 8b, ventral anterior and posterior cingulate areas, somatosensory areas (3a and 1–2), and areas on the rostral aspect of the dorsal posterior parietal cortex. Although the origin of afferents was similar, injections in rostral 6M received higher percentages of prefrontal afferents, and fewer somatosensory afferents, compared to caudal injections, compatible with differentiation into SMA and pre-SMA. Injections rostral to 6M (area 8b) revealed a very different set of connections, with increased emphasis on prefrontal and posterior cingulate afferents, and fewer parietal afferents. The connections of 6M were also quantitatively different from those of the primary motor cortex, dorsal premotor areas, and cingulate motor area 24d. These results show that the cortical motor control circuit is conserved in simian primates, indicating that marmosets can be valuable models for studying movement planning and control.
Identification of a Brain Network Underlying the Execution of Freely Chosen Movements
Authors: Welniarz Quentin , Roze Emmanuel , Béranger Benoît , Méneret Aurélie , Vidailhet Marie , Lehéricy Stéphane , Pouget Pierre , Hallett Mark , Meunier Sabine , Galléa Cécile 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Action selection refers to the decision regarding which action to perform in order to reach a desired goal, that is, the “what” component of intention. Whether the action is freely chosen or externally instructed involves different brain networks during the selection phase, but it is assumed that the way an action is selected should not influence the subsequent execution phase of the same movement. Here, we aim to test this hypothesis by investigating whether the modality of movement selection influences the brain networks involved during the execution phase of the movement. Twenty healthy volunteers performed a delayed response task in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging design to compare freely chosen and instructed unimanual or bimanual movements during the execution phase. Using activation analyses, we found that the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) and the parietal and cerebellar areas were more activated during the execution phase of freely chosen as compared to instructed movements. Connectivity analysis showed an increase of information flow between the right posterior parietal cortex and the cerebellum for freely chosen compared to instructed movements. We suggest that the parieto-cerebellar network is particularly engaged during freely chosen movement to monitor the congruence between the intentional content of our actions and their outcome.
Development and Validation of Chemometrics-Assisted Green UPLC-MS/MS Bioanalytical Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Capecitabine and Lapatinib in Rat Plasma
Authors: Alrobaian Majed , Panda Sagar Suman , Almalki Waleed H , Afzal Obaid , Kazmi Imran , Alossaimi Manal A , Al-Abbasi Fahad A , Katouah Hanadi A , Rub Rehan A , Kumar B V V Ravi , Rahman Mahfoozur , Beg Sarwar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA chemometrics-oriented green ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the first-time simultaneous estimation of capecitabine (CAP) and lapatinib (LPB) along with imatinib (as internal standard (IS)) in rat plasma. Analytes were extracted using ethyl acetate as the liquid–liquid extraction media. In the pre-development phase, principles of analytical eco-scale were used to confirm method greenness. Subsequently, vital method variables, influencing method robustness and performance, were optimized using a chemometrics-based quality-by-design approach. Chromatography was achieved on a BEH C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) using isocratic flow (0.5 mL.min−1) of mobile phase acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid):0.002 M ammonium acetate in water as the mobile phase. The mass spectrometric detections were carried out in multiple reaction monitoring modes with precursor-to-product ion transitions with m/z 360.037 → 244.076 for CAP, m/z 581.431 → 365.047 LPB and m/z 494.526 → 394.141 for IS. The bioanalytical method validation studies were performed, ensuring regulatory compliance. Linearity (r2&gt; 0.99) over analyte concentrations ranging from 5 and 40 ng.mL−1 was observed, while acceptable values were obtained for all other validation parameters. In a nutshell, a robust and green bioanalytical method was developed and applied for the simultaneous estimation of two anticancer agents from rat plasma.
Equitable migrant-friendly perinatal healthcare access and quality in public maternity units in Portugal
Authors: Doetsch Julia , Almendra Ricardo , Carrapatoso Mariana , Teixeira Cristina , Barros Henrique 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Migrant women are at higher risk to face access barriers to perinatal care services and to experience worse pregnancy outcomes compared to native. Assessing the perception of migrant women and health providers discloses a multifaceted view on migrant-friendly care, a multidimensional concept in itself. This study aims to compare self-perceived assessments of migrant women and directors of obstetrics and gynaecology (GYN/OBS) departments on equitable migrant-friendly perinatal healthcare quality and access during the intrapartum and postpartum period at public maternities in Portugal.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, two indicators on Healthcare access and Quality of care were developed to compare how adult migrant women who gave birth between April 2017 and March 2019 and GYN/OBS department directors assessed offered care. The one-sample Wilcoxon test was used to compare directors’ with migrants’ assessments and the Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance to test for country regional differences. A stratified analysis by sex, spoken language, and country of birth tested for potential effect modifiers.

Results
Migrants rated Healthcare access significantly better (P&lt;0.05), but perceived Quality of care worse (P&lt;0.01) than GYN/OBS department directors. Migrants’ and directors’ perceptions differed significantly according to directors’ gender (P&lt;0.05). Migrants’ and directors’ assessments on Healthcare access (P&lt;0.05) and Quality (P&lt;0.01) changed significantly across regions.

Conclusions
Migrants’ and directors’ self-perceived appraisal of Healthcare access and Quality of care significantly varied. Identifying these discordances allows to deliver insights into existing barriers in access and provision of care and raises awareness to improve quality assurance, essential to inform practice and policies.
Diagnostic radiological examinations and risk of intracranial tumours in adults—findings from the Interphone Study
Authors: Auvinen Anssi , Cardis Elisabeth , Blettner Maria , Moissonnier Monika , Sadetzki Siegal , Giles Graham , Johansen Christoffer , Swerdlow Anthony , Cook Angus , Fleming Sarah , Berg-Beckhoff Gabriele , Iavarone Ivano , Parent Marie-Elise , Woodward Alistair , Tynes Tore , McBride Mary , Krewski Dan , Feychting Maria , Takebayashi Toru , Armstrong Bruce , Hours Martine , Siemiatycki Jack , Lagorio Susanna , Larsen Signe Benzon , Schoemaker Minouk , Klaeboe Lars , Lönn Stefan , Schüz Joachim ,   and the INTERPHONE study group, Salminen Tiina , Lahkola Anna , McKinney Patricia , Yamaguchi Naohito 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation is among the few well-established brain tumour risk factors. We used data from the Interphone study to evaluate the effects of exposure to low-dose radiation from diagnostic radiological examinations on glioma, meningioma and acoustic neuroma risk.

Methods
Brain tumour cases (2644 gliomas, 2236 meningiomas, 1083 neuromas) diagnosed in 2000–02 were identified through hospitals in 13 countries, and 6068 controls (population-based controls in most centres) were included in the analysis. Participation across all centres was 64% for glioma cases, 78% for meningioma cases, 82% for acoustic neuroma cases and 53% for controls. Information on previous diagnostic radiological examinations was obtained by interviews, including the frequency, timing and indication for the examinations. Typical brain doses per type of examination were estimated based on the literature. Examinations within the 5 years before the index date were excluded from the dose estimation. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression.

Results
No materially or consistently increased odds ratios for glioma, meningioma or acoustic neuroma were found for any specific type of examination, including computed tomography of the head and cerebral angiography. The only indication of an elevated risk was an increasing trend in risk of meningioma with the number of isotope scans, but no such trends for other examinations were observed. No gradient was found in risk with estimated brain dose. Age at exposure did not substantially modify the findings. Sensitivity analyses gave results consistent with the main analysis.

Conclusions
There was no consistent evidence for increased risks of brain tumours with X-ray examinations, although error from selection and recall bias cannot be completely excluded. A cautious interpretation is warranted for the observed association between isotope scans and meningioma.
A Complex Impact of Systemically Administered 5-HT2A Receptor Ligands on Conditioned Fear
Authors: Hagsäter Sven Melker , Pettersson Robert , Pettersson Christopher , Atanasovski Daniela , Näslund Jakob , Eriksson Elias 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Though drugs binding to serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors have long been claimed to influence human anxiety, it remains unclear if this receptor subtype is best described as anxiety promoting or anxiety dampening. Whereas conditioned fear expressed as freezing in rats is modified by application of 5-HT2A–acting drugs locally into different brain regions, reports on the effect of systemic administration of 5-HT2A receptor agonists and 5-HT2A antagonists or inverse agonists on this behavior remain sparse.

Methods
We assessed the possible impact of systemic administration of 5-HT2A receptor agonists, 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonists, and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)—per se or in combination—on the freezing displayed by male rats when re-exposed to a conditioning chamber in which they received foot shocks 7 days earlier.

Results
The 5-HT2A receptor agonists psilocybin and 25CN-NBOH induced a reduction in conditioned fear that was countered by pretreatment with 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist MDL 100907. While both MDL 100907 and another 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist, pimavanserin, failed to impact freezing per se, both compounds unmasked a robust fear-reducing effect of an SSRI, escitalopram, which by itself exerted no such effect.

Conclusions
The results indicate that 5-HT2A receptor activation is not a prerequisite for normal conditioned freezing in rats but that this receptor subtype, when selectively over-activated prior to expression, exerts a marked fear-reducing influence. However, in the presence of an SSRI, the 5-HT2A receptor, on the contrary, appears to counter an anti-freezing effect of the enhanced extracellular serotonin levels following reuptake inhibition.
Snaking without subcriticality: grain boundaries as non-topological defects
Authors: Subramanian Priya , Archer Andrew J , Knobloch Edgar , Rucklidge Alastair M 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNon-topological defects in spatial patterns such as grain boundaries in crystalline materials arise from local variations of the pattern properties such as amplitude, wavelength and orientation. Such non-topological defects may be treated as spatially localized structures, i.e. as fronts connecting distinct periodic states. Using the two-dimensional quadratic-cubic Swift–Hohenberg equation, we obtain fully nonlinear equilibria containing grain boundaries that separate a patch of hexagons with one orientation (the grain) from an identical hexagonal state with a different orientation (the background). These grain boundaries take the form of closed curves with multiple penta-hepta defects that arise from local orientation mismatches between the two competing hexagonal structures. Multiple isolas occurring robustly over a wide range of parameters are obtained even in the absence of a unique Maxwell point, underlining the importance of retaining pinning when analysing patterns with defects, an effect omitted from the commonly used amplitude-phase description. Similar results are obtained for quasiperiodic structures in a two-scale phase-field model.
Research on obstetric ward planning combining lean thinking and mixed-integer programming
Authors: Mu Dongmei , Li Hua , Zhao Danning , Ju Yuanhong , Li Yuewei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
In recent years, there are many studies on scheduling methods of patient flow, nurse scheduling, bed allocation, operating room scheduling and other problems, but there is no report on the research methods of how to plan ward allocation from a more macroscopic perspective.

Objective
Refine and stratify the obstetric ward to provide more accurate medical service for pregnant women and improve the work efficiency of obstetricians and midwives. The problem of how to allocate the number of each type of ward is modeled as a mixed integer programming problem, which maximizes the patient flow of pregnant women in obstetric hospitals.

Methods
The obstetric wards are divided into observation ward, cesarean section ward and natural delivery ward according to lean thinking. CPLEX is used to solve the mixed-integer programming problem of ward allocation. In R software, multivariate Generalized Linear Models (GLM) regression model is used to analyze the influence of each factor on patient flow.

Results
The maximum patient flow of each case was obtained by CPLEX, which was 19–25% higher than that of patients without refinement, stratification and planning. GLM regression analysis was carried out on the abovementioned data, and the positive and negative correlation factors were obtained.

Conclusion
According to lean thinking, obstetric wards are divided into three types of wards. Obstetricians and midwives work more efficiently and get more rest time. Pregnant women also enjoy more detailed medical services. By modeling the delivery ward allocation problem as a mixed-integer programming problem, we can improve the capacity of the service in obstetric hospitals from a macro perspective. Through GLM regression model analysis, it is conducive to improve the obstetric hospital capacity from the perspective of positive and negative correlation factors.