bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profile of Head and Neck Burns During COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Amin Dina , Manhan Andrew J , Abramowicz Shelly , Mittal Rohit 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected daily activities since December 2019. Burn injuries to head and neck can result in cosmetic and functional deformities. The purpose of this study was to characterize patients with burns to head and neck during the pandemic. This cross-sectional study reviewed patients in Burn Care Quality Platform Registry. Patients were included if they were aged 18 years or older and sustained burns to head and neck. Patients were stratified according to the date of injury into 1) March 13 to September 13, 2019 (ie, before COVID-19 pandemic, BC19) or 2) March 13 to September 13, 2020. March 13, 2020 was chosen because 1) COVID-19 was announced as a national emergency on that date and 2) it was the last day of in-person schools in the state of Georgia. Data collection included patient demographics, admission details, burn details, and hospital-related variables. During the study period, 157 patients had burns to head and neck (BC19, 70; C19, 71). Our data showed a 375% increase in March following the announcement of the pandemic (BC19, 4; C19,19). Admissions from another facility were statistically more than in the C19 group (P ≤ .0001). For the C19 group, there were 53% more admissions from the emergency department than the BC19 group (P = .001). Additionally, in the BC19 group, patients presented with concomitant inhalation injuries significantly more than the C19 group (P = .04). In conclusion, the total number of burns is the same during BC19 and C19; however, there was a significant spike in the number of cases in March 2020.
Pediatric Hand Burns Requiring Emergency Care in the United States
Authors: Sorenson Thomas J , Mohr William J , Mahajan Ashish Y 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Hand and finger burns represent a relatively common occurrence in children, and serious injuries may require surgical intervention to prevent long-term disability. This study examines the epidemiological characteristics of pediatric patients presenting for emergency care of hand and finger burns within the United States. We report a cross-sectional study of patients reported to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019. Patients were included in our study if they were younger than 18 years old and evaluated for an isolated hand or finger burn. U.S. census data from the same period were used for determining epidemiological estimates of injury incidence. During the 10-year study period, an estimated 300,245 pediatric hand and finger burns were treated in 778,497,380 person-years: an incidence rate of 38.6 burns per 100,000 person-years. Most treated burns occurred in the 1- to 2-year age group (28.3%) with an approximate 50% reduction in incidence for each 1-year age stratum until stabilizing at 6 years. Most burns occurred in white children (58%), but black children had a higher incidence than white children when corrected for the U.S. population (45.15 burns vs 21.45 burns per 100,000 person-years). The most common etiology was a stove or oven (1595/10,420; 15%). Pediatric hand and finger burns occurred most frequently in young children from the oven and/or stove. We urge that parents be assertively counseled about potential burn risks to their young children’s hands and fingers, especially once they reach ambulatory age.
Covariance Between Parent and Child Symptoms Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Black Sarah R , Evans Miranda L , Aaron Lauren , Brabham David R , Kaplan Rachel M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
COVID-19 has had unprecedented effects on American families, including increases in depression, anxiety, and irritability for both parents and children. While parents and children influence each other’s psychological functioning during non-disaster times, this effect may be amplified during times of disaster. The current study investigated how COVID-19 influenced covariance of depressive symptoms and irritability in children and their parents.

Methods
Three hundred and ninety-one parents and their 8- to 17-year-old children (Mage = 10.68 years old, 70% male, 86% White) from a large sample of children and parents, primarily from Southeastern Louisiana, completed self-report measures of depression and irritability approximately 6 weeks into the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as providing retrospective reports of their symptoms prior to the pandemic. Actor–partner interdependence models were used to measure the reciprocal effects of parent symptoms on children and vice versa, both before and during the pandemic.

Results
Actor effects in both the depressive symptoms and irritability models suggested that pre-COVID-19 depressive symptoms and irritability were robust predictors of early-COVID-19 depressive symptoms and irritability for both parents and children. Partner effects were also detected in the irritability model, in that parental irritability prior to COVID-19 was associated with decreased child irritability during the pandemic. Both before and during the pandemic, associations between parent and child depressive symptoms and irritability scores were weaker in families evidencing greater dysfunction.

Conclusions
Results suggest that COVID-19-related stress is associated with increases in both parent and child symptomatology, and that family relationships likely influence associations between these symptoms.
Abrogation of STAT3 activation cascade by Ginkgolide C mitigates tumourigenesis in lung cancer preclinical model
Authors: Yang Min Hee , Ha In Jin , Lee Seok-Geun , Um Jae-Young , Ahn Kwang Seok 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Ginkgolide C (GGC) isolated from Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) leaf can demonstrate pleiotropic pharmacological actions. However, its anti-oncogenic impact in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) model has not been reconnoitered. As signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) cascade can promote tumour growth and survival, we contemplated that GGC may interrupt this signalling cascade to expend its anti-cancer actions in NSCLC.

Methods
The effect of GGC on STAT3 activation, associated protein kinases, STAT3-regulated gene products, cellular proliferation and apoptosis was examined. The in-vivo effect of GGC on the growth of human NSCLC xenograft tumours in athymic nu/nu female mice was also investigated.

Key findings
GGC attenuated the phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT3 upstream kinases effectively. Exposure to pervanadate modulated GGC-induced down-regulation of STAT3 activation and promoted an elevation in the level of PTPε protein. Indeed, silencing of the PTPε gene reversed the GGC-promoted abrogation of STAT3 activation and apoptosis. Moreover, GGC exposure significantly reduced NSCLC tumour growth without demonstrating significant adverse effects via decreasing levels of p-STAT3 in mice tissues.

Conclusions
Overall, the findings support that GGC may exhibit anti-neoplastic actions by mitigation of STAT3 signalling cascade in NSCLC.
Plant epigenomics for extenuation of abiotic stresses: challenges and future perspectives
Authors: Singh Dharmendra , Chaudhary Priya , Taunk Jyoti , Kumar Singh Chandan , Sharma Shristi , Singh Vikram Jeet , Singh Deepti , Chinnusamy Viswanathan , Yadav Rajbir , Pal Madan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Climate change has escalated abiotic stresses, leading to adverse effects on plant growth and development, eventually having deleterious consequences on crop productivity. Environmental stresses induce epigenetic changes, namely cytosine DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications, thus altering chromatin structure and gene expression. Stable epigenetic changes are inheritable across generations and this enables plants to adapt to environmental changes (epipriming). Hence, epigenomes serve as a good source of additional tier of variability for development of climate-smart crops. Epigenetic resources such as epialleles, epigenetic recombinant inbred lines (epiRILs), epigenetic quantitative trait loci (epiQTLs), and epigenetic hybrids (epihybrids) can be utilized in epibreeding for improving stress tolerance of crops. Epigenome engineering is also gaining momentum for developing sustainable epimarks associated with important agronomic traits. Different epigenome editing tools are available for creating, erasing, and reading such epigenetic codes in plant genomes. However, epigenome editing is still understudied in plants due to its complex nature. Epigenetic interventions such as epi-fingerprinting can be exploited in the near future for health and quality assessment of crops under stress conditions. Keeping in view the challenges and opportunities associated with this important technology, the present review intends to enhance understanding of stress-induced epigenetic changes in plants and its prospects for development of climate-ready crops.
A tomato receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, SlZRK1, acts as a negative regulator in wound-induced jasmonic acid accumulation and insect resistance
Authors: Sun Zongyan , Zang Yudi , Zhou Leilei , Song Yanping , Chen Di , Zhang Qiaoli , Liu Chengxia , Yi Yuetong , Zhu Benzhong , Fu Daqi , Zhu Hongliang , Qu Guiqin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Jasmonates accumulate rapidly and act as key regulators in response to mechanical wounding, but few studies have linked receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) to wound-induced jasmonic acid (JA) signaling cascades. Here, we identified a novel wounding-induced RLCK-XII-2 subfamily member (SlZRK1) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that was closely related to Arabidopsis HOPZ-ETI-DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1)-related kinases 1 based on phylogenetic analysis. SlZRK1 was targeted to the plasma membrane of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts as determined by transient co-expression with the plasma membrane marker mCherry–H+-ATPase. Catalytic residue sequence analysis and an in vitro kinase assay indicated that SlZRK1 may act as a pseudokinase. To further analyse the function of SlZRK1, we developed two stable knock-out mutants by CRISPR/Cas9. Loss of SlZRK1 significantly altered the expression of genes involved in JA biosynthesis, salicylic acid biosynthesis, and ethylene response. Furthermore, after mechanical wounding treatment, slzrk1 mutants increased transcription of early wound-inducible genes involved in JA biosynthesis and signaling. In addition, JA accumulation after wounding and plant resistance to herbivorous insects also were enhanced. Our findings expand plant regulatory networks in the wound-induced JA production by adding RLCKs as a new component in the wound signal transduction pathway.
COVID-19 Crisis: The Pandemic Highlights the Unique Training and Skills of Military Physicians Afforded by Military-Specific Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Shahbodaghi David , Farnell Edwin 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Military physicians trained in military Graduate Medical Education programs are uniquely prepared to lead in austere and chaotic environments based on formal and informal curricula taught in military treatment facilities. The coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic highlighted this reality when military-trained physician leaders were challenged to lead change directly from the front.
Cancers of Unknown Primary: A Descriptive Study in the U.S. Military Health System
Authors: Bytnar Julie A , Lin Jie , Moncur Joel T , Shriver Craig D , Zhu Kangmin 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionCancers of unknown primary (CUP) are defined as histologically confirmed metastatic cancers that do not have an identified primary site of origin despite an appropriate diagnostic workup. Although accessibility to and quality of medical care influence diagnosis of cancer including CUP, previous studies describing CUP have generally been conducted in patients with various accessibilities to care. This study aimed to describe the demographic, histologic, and temporal trend characteristics of CUP patients in the DoD Cancer Registry of the Military Health System (MHS), which provides universal health care access, reducing the potential effects of accessibility to care on research results.Materials and MethodsThe data were obtained from the DoD’s Automated Central Tumor Registry (ACTUR), which collects cancer data from beneficiaries who were diagnosed or received treatment in the MHS. We described the demographic and histologic distributions in CUP patients aged 18 years or older diagnosed from 1987 to 2013. We calculated the proportion of CUP patients among all metastatic cancers and the most common histologic categories of those tumors. We then evaluated whether the proportion of histologic types changed over time.ResultsCUP comprised 13.3% of all metastatic cancers in ACTUR during the study period. The majority of CUP within ACTUR was moderately and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (51.3%) and poorly differentiated carcinomas (23.2%) followed by squamous cell carcinomas (12.5%). The percentages of CUP among metastasized cancers of the same histologic category ranged 12%-15% for moderately and well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, squamous cell, and poorly differentiated carcinomas, and 41%-46% for malignant neuroendocrine carcinomas and undifferentiated neoplasms. However, the percentages varied by sex, race, and age for certain pathologies. The proportion of CUP patients among all metastatic cancer patients has steadily declined from 22.4% to 8.3% from 1987 to 2013.ConclusionThe proportion and trends of CUP in the ACTUR were generally consistent with other descriptive CUP studies. This study provides a description of CUP in a health care system with universal access in the USA and provides a foundation for future studies on CUP.
The evolution of merger fraction of galaxies at z &lt; 0.6 depending on the star formation mode in the AKARI NEP-Wide Field
Authors: Kim Eunbin , Hwang Ho Seong , Jeong Woong-Seob , Kim Seong Jin , Burgarella Denis , Goto Tomotsugu , Hashimoto Tetsuya , Jo Young-Soo , Lee Jong Chul , Malkan Matthew , Pearson Chris , Shim Hyunjin , Toba Yoshiki , Ho Simon C-C , Santos Daryl Joe , Ikeda Hiroyuki , Kim Helen K , Miyaji Takamitsu , Matsuhara Hideo , Oi Nagisa , Takagi Toshinobu , Wang Ting-Wen 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the galaxy merger fraction and its dependence on star formation mode in the 5.4 deg2 of the North Ecliptic Pole-Wide Field. We select 6352 galaxies with AKARI 9 $\mu$m detections, and identify mergers among them using the Gini coefficient and M20 derived from the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) optical images. We obtain the total infrared luminosity and star formation rate of galaxies using the spectral energy distribution templates based on one band, AKARI$9\, \mu$m. We classify galaxies into three different star formation modes (i.e. starbursts, main-sequence, and quiescent galaxies) and calculate the merger fractions for each. We find that the merger fractions of galaxies increase with redshift at z &lt; 0.6. The merger fractions of starbursts are higher than those of main-sequence and quiescent galaxies in all redshift bins. We also examine the merger fractions of far-infrared-detected galaxies that have at least one detection from Herschel/Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE). We find that Herschel-detected galaxies have higher merger fraction compared to non-Herschel-detected galaxies, and both Herschel-detected and non-Herschel-detected galaxies show clearly different merger fractions depending on the star formation modes.
Radio afterglow of magnetars’ giant flares
Authors: Mehta Riddhi , Barkov Maxim , Lyutikov Maxim 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We develop a model for the radio afterglow of the giant flare of SGR 1806-20 arising due to the interaction of magnetically dominated cloud, an analogue of Solar Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), with the interstellar medium (ISM). The CME is modelled as a spheromak-like configuration. The CME is first advected with the magnetar’s wind and later interacts with the ISM, creating a strong forward shock and complicated backwards exhaust flow. Using 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we study various relative configurations of the magnetic field of the CME with respect to the ISM’s magnetic field. We show that the dynamics of the forward shock mostly follows the Sedov–Taylor blastwave, while the internal structure of the shocked medium is considerably modified by the back flow, creating a multiple shock configuration. We calculate synthetic synchrotron emissivity maps and light curves using two assumptions: (i) magnetic field compression; (ii) amplification of the magnetic field at the shock. We find that models with magnetic field amplification account better for the observed radio emission.
Methylglyoxal induces chromosomal instability and mitotic dysfunction in lymphocytes
Authors: Donnellan Leigh , Simpson Bradley , Dhillon Varinderpal S , Costabile Maurizio , Fenech Michael , Deo Permal 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with elevated levels of DNA damage, in particular micronuclei (MNi) which are formed by acentric chromosome fragments caused by double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), or whole chromosomes which fail to segregate during mitosis. We investigated if methylglyoxal (MGO), a reactive dicarbonyl known to be elevated in type 2 diabetes is capable of increasing chromosomal instability and DNA damage as measured by the cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome (CBMNcyt) assay in B-lymphoblastoid WIL2-NS cells and primary peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). We also investigated the level of various dicarbonyl stress biomarkers, including extracellular and intracellular MGO, protein and MGO modifications of DNA. WIL2-NS cells exposed to either MGO or a glyoxalase 1 inhibitor showed increases in MNi and nuclear buds, which were associated with an increase in intracellular MGO. DNA damage in the form of MNi and nucleoplasmic bridges were observed in primary PBL exposed to 10 µM MGO, suggesting low concentrations of MGO may be genotoxic. Furthermore, we showed, using fluorescent in situ hybridisation, that the majority of MNi caused by MGO in WIL2-NS cells were caused by whole chromosome loss events, rather than DSBs. Our data suggest that MGO, a reactive metabolite elevated in type 2 diabetes and other pathologies, can affect genomic integrity by impairing chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Protein cofactors and substrate influence Mg2+-dependent structural changes in the catalytic RNA of archaeal RNase P
Authors: Marathe Ila A , Lai Stella M , Zahurancik Walter J , Poirier Michael G , Wysocki Vicki H , Gopalan Venkat 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The ribonucleoprotein (RNP) form of archaeal RNase P comprises one catalytic RNA and five protein cofactors. To catalyze Mg2+-dependent cleavage of the 5′ leader from pre-tRNAs, the catalytic (C) and specificity (S) domains of the RNase P RNA (RPR) cooperate to recognize different parts of the pre-tRNA. While ∼250–500 mM Mg2+ renders the archaeal RPR active without RNase P proteins (RPPs), addition of all RPPs lowers the Mg2+ requirement to ∼10–20 mM and improves the rate and fidelity of cleavage. To understand the Mg2+- and RPP-dependent structural changes that increase activity, we used pre-tRNA cleavage and ensemble FRET assays to characterize inter-domain interactions in Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu) RPR, either alone or with RPPs ± pre-tRNA. Following splint ligation to doubly label the RPR (Cy3-RPRC domain and Cy5-RPRS domain), we used native mass spectrometry to verify the final product. We found that FRET correlates closely with activity, the Pfu RPR and RNase P holoenzyme (RPR + 5 RPPs) traverse different Mg2+-dependent paths to converge on similar functional states, and binding of the pre-tRNA by the holoenzyme influences Mg2+ cooperativity. Our findings highlight how Mg2+ and proteins in multi-subunit RNPs together favor RNA conformations in a dynamic ensemble for functional gains.
Wnt target enhancer regulation by a CDX/TCF transcription factor collective and a novel DNA motif
Authors: Ramakrishnan Aravinda-Bharathi , Chen Lisheng , Burby Peter E , Cadigan Ken M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Transcriptional regulation by Wnt signalling is primarily thought to be accomplished by a complex of β-catenin and TCF family transcription factors (TFs). Although numerous studies have suggested that additional TFs play roles in regulating Wnt target genes, their mechanisms of action have not been investigated in detail. We characterised a Wnt-responsive element (WRE) downstream of the Wnt target gene Axin2 and found that TCFs and Caudal type homeobox (CDX) proteins were required for its activation. Using a new separation-of-function TCF mutant, we found that WRE activity requires the formation of a TCF/CDX complex. Our systematic mutagenesis of this enhancer identified other sequences essential for activation by Wnt signalling, including several copies of a novel CAG DNA motif. Computational and experimental evidence indicates that the TCF/CDX/CAG mode of regulation is prevalent in multiple WREs. Put together, our results demonstrate the complex nature of cis- and trans- interactions required for signal-dependent enhancer activity.
Transcriptional silencing of fetal hemoglobin expression by NonO
Authors: Li Xinyu , Chen Mengxia , Liu Biru , Lu Peifen , Lv Xiang , Zhao Xiang , Cui Shuaiying , Xu Peipei , Nakamura Yukio , Kurita Ryo , Chen Bing , Huang David C S , Liu De-Pei , Liu Ming , Zhao Quan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Human fetal globin (γ-globin) genes are developmentally silenced after birth, and reactivation of γ-globin expression in adulthood ameliorates symptoms of hemoglobin disorders, such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and β-thalassemia. However, the mechanisms by which γ-globin expression is precisely regulated are still incompletely understood. Here, we found that NonO (non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein) interacted directly with SOX6, and repressed the expression of γ-globin gene in human erythroid cells. We showed that NonO bound to the octamer binding motif, ATGCAAAT, of the γ-globin proximal promoter, resulting in inhibition of γ-globin transcription. Depletion of NonO resulted in significant activation of γ-globin expression in K562, HUDEP-2, and primary human erythroid progenitor cells. To confirm the role of NonO in vivo, we further generated a conditional knockout of NonO by using IFN-inducible Mx1-Cre transgenic mice. We found that induced NonO deletion reactivated murine embryonic globin and human γ-globin gene expression in adult β-YAC mice, suggesting a conserved role for NonO during mammalian evolution. Thus, our data indicate that NonO acts as a novel transcriptional repressor of γ-globin gene expression through direct promoter binding, and is essential for γ-globin gene silencing.
Steady axisymmetric vortices in radial stagnation flows
Authors: Rajamanickam Prabakaran , Weiss Adam D 
Published: July 2021

Summary
A class of axisymmetric vortex solutions superposed upon radial stagnation flows is described. The new vortex solutions generalize the classical Burgers’ vortex and Sullivan’s vortex solutions in the presence of a volumetric line source at the symmetry axis, the former approaching the Burgers’ vortex sheet when the source strength becomes very large. The stability of the generalized Burgers’ vortex is studied. In a different manner from the classical solution, the generalized Burgers’ vortices are found to be unstable for two-dimensional disturbances when the vortex Reynolds number is increased above a critical value, for a fixed strength of the volumetric source.