bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considering Actionability at the Participant's Research Setting Level for Anticipatable Incidental Findings from Clinical Research
Authors: Ortiz-Osorno Alberto (Betto) , Ehler Linda A. , Brooks Judith 
Published: January 2021

Wolf et al. define an incidental finding (IF) as “... a finding concerning an individual research participant that has potential health or reproductive importance and is discovered in the course of conducting research but is beyond the aims of the study...” Wolf et al. also propose that researchers “... should consider what kinds of IFs the protocol may produce and how rapidly the identification and evaluation process needs to proceed to provide timely information to the research participant and avoid harm.”Recently, the U.S. Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues considered the matter of IFs. In the Commission's December 2013 report on this topic, “Anticipate and Communicate–Ethical Management of Incidental and Secondary Findings in the Clinical, Research, and Direct-to-Consumer Contexts,” the panel further defines two categories of IFs, anticipatable and un-anticipatable, as well as introduces the concept of secondary findings. The commission recommends that researchers should develop plans to manage anticipatable IFs, and should consider to actively look for secondary findings.
The Pediatrician's Dilemma: Refusing the Refusers of Infant Vaccines
Authors: Block Stan L. 
Published: January 2021

“Their decision about vaccines is based on an emotional response to the perceived risk of harm from vaccines, weighed against the intangible risk of disease they have never seen.”“Vaccine refusal is often only the first step in a one-sided parent-physician relationship, where our experience, training and expertise are disregarded.”A mother new to my general pediatrics practice says that she wants no vaccines for her infant because she says, “I have read on the internet…,” or “I heard from a nurse…,” or “So-and-so celebrity says they can cause autism, brain damage, poisoning, cancer, neurological disorders, and even death.” Perhaps she has read about “the dangers” of vaccines in the first edition of Dr. Sears’ The Vaccine Book. Or people on her Facebook page also say that the “preventable” diseases are just too rare anymore to ever take “the risk” of a vaccine with “known” risks. These vaccine risks are clearly explained, and even sometimes overstated (such as a risk of death for Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) vaccine) in the routinely distributed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Vaccine Information Sheet (VIS). On the other hand, the families typically overlook the risks of “omission,” or non-vaccination, such as brain damage or meningitis, etc., which are also clearly stated in the VIS.
Russian to modern world history: Teodor Shanin and peasant studies
Authors: Bernstein Henry 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper is a retrospective of Teodor Shanin's work, mostly in the 1970s and 1980s, the principal period of his publications in English. It may also serve as a guide to tracing Shanin's main themes and issues, which included establishing a ‘generic’ peasant studies (‘peasantology’) and how he aimed to do so; his explorations of the development of capitalism and its impact on peasantries in Russia from the late 19th century to the contemporary Third World; similarly, his ideas of the promotion of ‘modernization’ of peasant agriculture by states; his relationship to Marxism in the historic Russian context and beyond; his views of peasant ‘classness’ and politics; and his vision of an alternative path of agricultural development based in peasant farming, which he drew largely from Chayanov.
Effects of sitting posture and jaw clenching on neck and trunk muscle activities during typing
Authors: Tomita Yosuke , Suzuki Yoshitaka , Tanaka Yuto , Hasegawa Yoko , Yoshihara Yasutomo , Okura Kazuo , Matsuka Yoshizo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNeck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints. Evidence suggests that increased activities of neck and trunk muscles are one of the mechanisms related to neck pain. Jaw clenching and sitting posture may modulate the muscle activity in neck and trunk muscles during typing. The present study aimed to assess the effects of different postural positions and clenching conditions on neck and trunk muscle activities. Thirteen healthy adults (39.8 ± 5.0 years) performed computer typing tasks in four conditions (two postural positions [upright vs slouched] and two jaw clenching conditions [clenching vs non‐clenching]). Integrated surface electromyography (iEMG) was measured in sternocleidomastoid (SCM), upper trapezius (uTP) and middle trapezius (mTP) muscles and compared between conditions. The Friedman and Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests with Bonferroni's corrections were used to estimate the condition‐specific differences in the iEMG data. The statistical significance level was set at 5%. In both postural positions, iEMGSCM was significantly greater under the jaw clenching than under the non‐clenching condition (χ2 = 21.700, P < .01). Under both jaw clenching conditions, iEMGuTP was significantly greater in the slouched than in the upright postural position (χ2 = 23.182, P < .01). No significant differences in iEMGmTP were seen across conditions (χ2 = 5.018, P = .10). Sitting posture and jaw clenching appear to influence activities of different muscles.
Relationship between arteriovenous fistula cannulation practices and dialysis adequacy: A prospective, multicenter study
Authors: Ozen Nurten , Aydin Sayilan Aylin , Sayilan Samet , Mut Dilek , Akin Emin B. , Ecder Suleyman T. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundSuccessful arteriovenous fistula cannulation ensures maximum patient benefit in the haemodialysis procedure.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of various cannulation methods used for arteriovenous fistulas on dialysis adequacy.DesignIt is a descriptive, cross‐sectional and multicenter study.ParticipantsA total of 164 dialysis patients from four dialysis centers were included.MeasurementsData were collected by determining patients' characteristics and the arteriovenous fistula cannulation method used, in addition to recording the Kt/V and urea reduction ratio values to evaluate dialysis adequacy. The mean Kt/V and urea reduction ratio values over 3 months after dialysis initiation were used. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04270292.ResultsCannulation with the puncture method was used in 53% of the patients; the fistula needles were inserted in the antegrade direction in 43.9% of the patients; the arterial needle was rotated after fistula needle placement in 63.4% of the patients; and the arterial and venous needles were on the same vascular line in 15.2% of the patients. Placement of the fistula needle in the antegrade direction increased the Kt/V value 0.164 times (95% confidence interval: 0.002–0.212, p = .047).ConclusionAntegrade placement could be a factor influencing dialysis adequacy. We suggest antegrade interventions to the fistula to maximize the patient benefit from the haemodialysis treatment.
Periprocedural analgesia and sedation in air enema reduction for intussusception: A retrospective Australian cohort study
Authors: Yeoh Kenny , Palmer Greta M , Teague Warwick J , Shavit Itay , Babl Franz E 
Published: January 2021

AimPeriprocedural analgesia or sedation for air enema reduction (AER) of intussusception is a matter of debate. We set out to review Australian periprocedural pain management in AER.MethodsRetrospective electronic medical record review of emergency department presentations of intussusception at an Australian children's hospital over 2 years for periprocedural analgesia and sedation and short‐term outcomes.ResultsA total of 73 patients (mean age 23 months) had ultrasound‐confirmed intussusception. Prior to AER, analgesia was administered to 61 of 73 (83.5%) patients. Opioids were administered in 48 of 73 (65.8%) and 8 of 73 (11.0%) received sedation. Thirteen of 73 (17.8%, 95% confidence interval 9.0–26.6) had spontaneously reduced; 60/73 that underwent primary AER had successful reduction in 54 (90.0%, 95% confidence interval 82.4–97.6). A total of seven patients required surgery. No AER attempts were complicated by bowel perforation.ConclusionThe use of periprocedural analgesia for AER in this Australian series was common, whilst sedation use was infrequent. No perforations occurred.
Molecular phylogeny and synonymy of Balechina gracilis comb. nov. (=Gymnodinium gracile), a widespread polymorphic unarmored dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae)
Authors: Gómez Fernando , Artigas Luis Felipe , Gast Rebecca J. 
Published: January 2021

Gymnodinium gracile, described from the coasts of Denmark in 1881, is one of the first described unarmored dinoflagellates. Individuals that morphologically fit with the original description were isolated from the English Channel (North‐East Atlantic). The SSU rRNA gene sequences were identical to the sequences identified as Balechina pachydermata and Gymnodinium amphora from the Mediterranean Sea and Brazil. We propose the transfer of Gymnodinium gracile into the genus Balechina as B. gracilis comb. nov. These sequences constitute an independent lineage, clustering with numerous environmental sequences from polar to tropical waters. The widespread distribution, the high plasticity in size, shape and coloration and the difficulties in discerning the fine longitudinal striae have contributed to the description of numerous synonyms: Amphidinium vasculum, Balechina pachydermata (=Gymnodinium pachydermatum), Gymnodinium achromaticum, G. abbreviatum, G. amphora, G. dogielii, G. lohmannii (=G. roseum sensu Lohmann 1908), G. situla, and Gyrodinium cuneatum (=G. gracile sensu Pouchet 1885).
Risk factors for urinary bacterial growth in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts: 66 cases (1997‐2019)
Authors: Tinoco‐Najera A. , Steiner J. M. , Suchodolski J. s. , Lidbury J. A. 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo identify risk factors for urinary bacterial growth in dogs with confirmed congenital portosystemic shunts on which a quantitative urine culture was performed.Materials and MethodsSixty‐six dogs were included in this retrospective cross‐sectional study. Medical records were reviewed from 1997 through 2019. Variables of interest included age, sex and sexual status, clinical signs for a urinary tract infection, blood urea concentration, urinalysis abnormalities, ultrasound abnormalities of the urinary tract, and previous treatment. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed.ResultsThe median age of the dogs was one year (range: 0.2‐11.0 years). Urinary tract ultrasound abnormalities (cystic calculi and cystic debris) were reported in 50 dogs (75.7%). Abnormalities on urinalysis included pyuria in nine dogs (13.6%), bacteriuria in 13 dogs (19.7%), and haematuria in 26 dogs (39.4%). The median urine specific gravity was 1.021 (range: 1.004‐1.052). Sixteen dogs (24.2%) had a positive quantitative urine culture. Based on multivariable analysis, bacteriuria (Odds ratio, 116; 95% CI, 9.6‐1393; P = < 0.001) was the only variable significantly associated with a significantly increased odds for a positive quantitative urine culture.Clinical SignificanceClinical and subclinical bacteriuria can occur in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. In this group of dogs, bacteriuria was a risk factor for urinary bacterial growth.
Cebranopadol, a novel first‐in‐class drug candidate: Method validation and first exploratory pharmacokinetic study in rabbits
Authors: Łebkowska‐Wieruszewska Beata , Gbylik‐Sikorska Małgorzata , Gajda Anna , Sartini Irene , Lisowski Andrzej , Poapolathep Amnart , Giorgi Mario 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCebranopadol is a novel, centrally acting, potent, first‐in‐class analgesic drug candidate with a unique mode of action that combines nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor and opioid peptide receptor agonism. The present study aimed to develop and validate a novel UHPLC‐MS/MS method to quantify cebranopadol in rabbit plasma and to assess its pharmacokinetics in rabbits after subcutaneous (s.c.) administration. Twelve adult females were administered with 200 µg/kg s.c. injection. Blood samples were withdrawn at 15, 30 and 45 min and 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 24 hr after administration. The plasma samples were extracted with a liquid/liquid extraction. The new analytical method complied with the EMA requirements for the bioanalytical method validation. The method was selective, repeatable, accurate, precise and robust with a lower limit of quantification of 0.1 ng/ml. In all the rabbits, cebranopadol was quantifiable from 0.25 to 10 hr. Mean Cmax and Tmax were 871 ng/ml and 0.25 hr, respectively. Further studies including the i.v. administration are necessary to fully evaluate the pharmacokinetic features of this novel active compound.
Successful application of snare‐kissing‐catheter technique to implant leadless pacemaker in severely dilated right heart
Authors: Huang Jingjuan , Zhang Weiwei , Pan Xin , Ma Lan , Guo Lina , Li Ruogu , He Ben 
Published: January 2021

AbstractImplantation of leadless pacemaker is efficacy and safety compared with the traditional pacemaker in structurally normal hearts. However, delivery experience of leadless pacemaker in patients with severe right heart enlargement remains limited. We present the rare case of a patient with giant right heart and moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation implanted with a leadless Micra transcatheter pacemaker system. The extension of the Micra delivery catheter can be improved by using a single‐loop snare on the catheter proximal to appropriate right ventricle (RV) pacing position. The snare‐kissing‐catheter technique can aid in successful deployment in the setting of challenging right heart enlargement.
Left bundle branch pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhong Chenghao , Xu Wei , Shi Shunyi , Zhou Xiujuan , Zhu Zhenyan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundLeft bundle branch pacing (LBBP) recently has been suggested as an alternative modality to deliver cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Data on LBBP for CRT are limited to small sample reports, and clinical benefits and risks have not been systematically assessed. We sought to systematically examine published studies of LBBP for CRT and quantify the feasibility and efficacy of the therapy.MethodsCochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched from inception to September 30, 2020 to identify relevant studies evaluating LBBP in patients for CRT. Clinical outcomes of interest included implant success rate, QRS duration (QRSd), pacing threshold, left ventricular (LV) function at baseline and follow‐up, heart failure‐related hospitalization, and mortality. Data were extracted and summarized.ResultsA total of six studies (two single‐arm studies and four comparative studies) involving 174 patients were included. The results showed that the average age of patients was 64.9 years and all were implanted for CRT. The procedural success rate was only reported in two studies (97% and 81.1%, respectively). LBBP resulted in a narrow of mean QRSd from 172.7 ± 4.8 to 115.1 ± 7.6 ms. LV function, including LV ejection fraction and LV end‐diastolic dimension improved at follow‐up. During a mean follow‐up of 8.1 months, 1.3% of patients experienced heart failure‐related hospitalization and no patients died.ConclusionLBBP is a feasible strategy with significant efficacy and safety for CRT candidates.
Trade and currency weapons
Authors: Bénassy‐Quéré Agnès , Bussière Matthieu , Wibaux Pauline 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe debate on trade and currency wars has reemerged since the Global Financial Crisis. We study the two forms of noncooperative policies within a single framework. First, we compare the elasticity of trade flows to import tariffs and to the real exchange rate, based on product‐level data for 110 countries over the 1989–2013 period. We find that a 1% depreciation of the importer's currency reduces imports by around 0.5% in current dollar, whereas an increase in import tariffs by 1 percentage point reduces imports by around 1.4%. Hence, the two instruments are not equivalent. Second, we build a stylized short‐term macroeconomic model where the government aims at internal and external balance. We find that, in this setting, monetary policy is more stabilizing for the economy than trade policy. One implication is that, in normal times, a country will more likely react to a trade “aggression” through monetary easing rather than through a tariff increase. However, both instruments are (imperfect) substitutes in the short term, when only one of them is available.
Soil Olsen P response to different phosphorus fertilization strategies in long‐term experiments in NW Italy
Authors: Battisti Michela , Moretti Barbara , Sacco Dario , Grignani Carlo , Zavattaro Laura 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSoil available P for crops, derived from P inputs and regulated by soil chemical, physical and biological factors, represents a small fraction of the total P content. Soil P balance (P input minus P output) is potentially a good descriptor of fluctuations in the available P pool, making it possible to compare experiments that differ in management and duration. Using a data set compiled from three long‐term experiments in NW Italy that tested different P fertilization types (nil, mineral, organic and manures), cropping systems and P balances in different soils, this paper focused on (a) proposing an empirical exponential model to describe the relationship between variables and (b) providing an agronomical interpretation of optimized parameter values, to set the basis for a unified interpretation of long‐term dynamics of soil plant‐available P. The pooled data fit well in an exponential model that identified three factors supportive of an agronomic interpretation, two linked to soil attributes and one that differentiated fertilizer types. Soil characteristics were found to affect minimum soil Olsen P values in depletion and response rates with additions, while fertilizer type had a multiplier effect on cumulative P balance. Farmyard manure was shown to build the available P pool better than other organic sources (bovine slurry, commercial organic fertilizers, green manure) and inorganic fertilizers, owing to a high C/P. The exponential model provided a good theoretical basis, but further studies are needed to correlate parameter values to soil (e.g., carbonates, Al and Fe oxide content) and fertilizer (e.g., C:P, lignin:P) characteristics and to verify the model applicability to different conditions.
Genetic determinants of ferritin, haemoglobin levels and haemoglobin trajectories: results from Donor InSight
Authors: Timmer Tiffany , Tanck Michael , Penkett Christopher , Stirrups Kathleen , Gleadall Nicholas , de Kort Wim , van der Schoot Ellen , van den Hurk Katja 
Published: January 2021

Background and objectivesBlood donors might develop iron deficiency as approximately 250 mg of iron is lost with every donation. Susceptibility to iron deficiency and low haemoglobin levels differs between individuals, which might be due to genetic variation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haemoglobin trajectories, haemoglobin levels and ferritin levels in blood donors.Materials and methodsIn 2655 donors participating in the observational cohort study Donor InSight‐III (2015–2017), haemoglobin and ferritin levels were measured in venous EDTA whole blood and plasma samples, respectively. Haemoglobin trajectories (stable/declining) were determined by fitting growth‐mixture models on repeated pre‐donation capillary haemoglobin measurements. Genotyping was done using the UK Biobank – version 2 Axiom Array. Single SNP analyses adopting an additive genetic model on imputed genetic variants were performed for haemoglobin trajectories, haemoglobin levels and ferritin levels. Conditional analyses identified independent SNPs.ResultsTwelve, twenty and twenty‐four independent SNPs were associated with haemoglobin trajectories, haemoglobin levels and ferritin levels respectively (P < 1 x 10−5). Rs112016443 reached genome‐wide significance for ferritin levels, which influences WDSUB1 expression.ConclusionRs112016443 was genome‐wide significantly associated with ferritin levels in Dutch donors. Further validation studies are needed, as well as studies towards underlying mechanisms and predicting iron deficiency using SNPs.
Effectiveness of Evidence‐Based Practice (EBP) Education on Emergency Nurses’ EBP Attitudes, Knowledge, Self‐Efficacy, Skills, and Behavior: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Koota Elina , Kääriäinen Maria , Kyngäs Helvi , Lääperi Mitja , Melender Hanna‐Leena 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundEmergency care clinicians are expected to use the latest research evidence in practice. However, emergency nurses do not always consistently implement evidence‐based practice (EBP). An educational intervention on EBP was implemented to promote emergency nurses’ use of EBP, and the effectiveness of it was evaluated.AimsThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an EBP educational intervention on emergency nurses’ EBP attitudes, knowledge, self‐efficacy, skills, and behavior. The study also examined learners’ satisfaction with the EBP educational intervention.MethodsA randomized controlled trial with parallel groups with evaluations before the education, immediately after it, and 6 and 12 months after the education was conducted at four emergency departments in two university hospitals. The experimental group (N = 40) received EBP education while the control group (N = 40) completed self‐directed EBP education. The primary outcomes were emergency nurses’ EBP attitudes, knowledge, self‐efficacy, skills, and behavior, while the secondary outcome was satisfaction with the EBP education.ResultsThirty‐five participants of an experimental and 29 participants of a control group completed the study. There were no statistically significant (p < .05) improvements and differences between groups in EBP attitude, self‐efficacy, or behavior immediately after the EBP education. At the 6‐month measurement point, the experimental group showed significantly better EBP attitudes, behavior, knowledge, and self‐efficacy than the control group. At the 12‐month measurement point, the improvements began to decrease. The groups also differed significantly in terms of participant satisfaction with how the teacher encouraged learners to ask clinical questions.Linking Evidence to ActionThe EBP educational intervention implemented in this study had a positive effect on emergency nurses’ EBP attitudes, knowledge, self‐efficacy, skills, and behavior. The effects of the education appeared the best 6 months after the education. After this point, the results began to decrease and approached baseline levels. EBP educational interventions designed for emergency nurses should apply various teaching strategies to improve their EBP attitude, knowledge, self‐efficacy, skills, behavior, and satisfaction with the education.