bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mountain pine beetle: an example of a climate-driven eruptive insect impacting conifer forest ecosystems
Authors: Sambaraju Kishan R. , Goodsman Devin W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractClimate change is altering the survival and reproductive capacity of plant-feeding insects in multiple ecosystems worldwide, in some cases creating conditions highly suitable for population eruptions. Forest ecosystems are particularly sensitive to climate change as their vulnerability is manifested, in part, as an upsurge in natural disturbances such as native insect outbreaks. The mountain pine beetle (MPB),Dendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a phloem-feeding bark beetle indigenous to western North America that attacks most species of pine including its major hosts, lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine. Adult mass aggregation, mediated by pheromones, helps the beetle to overcome tree defenses eventually killing the tree. Recent outbreaks of this insect have caused extensive pine mortality and have affected millions of hectares of forested area in western North America. Climate is a major driver of these outbreaks. In this review, we describe the direct influences of various climate-related factors on MPB development, outbreak behavior, and range expansion and their indirect impact on MPB epidemiology via influences on host trees and MPB-associated fungi. We also underscore the ecological and economic consequences of the recent, unprecedented MPB outbreak. Of serious concern currently is whether climate change will facilitate rapid establishment and spread of MPB in naïve pine forests. MPB will likely adapt quickly to new thermal environments under climate change given its short generation time; however, uncertainties and gaps in our understanding of MPB population dynamics (e.g., trophic interactions) in newly invaded habitats preclude an accurate assessment of outbreak potential and spread at this time.
Pacing behaviour of middle‐long distance running & race‐walking athletes at the IAAF U18 and U20 World Championship finals
Authors: Menting Stein Gerrit Paul , Hanley Brian , Elferink‐Gemser Marije Titia , Hettinga Florentina Johanna 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThe current study analysed the pacing behaviour of athletes competing in the middle‐long track event finals of the IAAF Under 18 and Under 20 World Championships between 2015 and 2018. Official finishing times, 1000‐m split times and positioning data of 116 female and 153 male athletes, competing in the middle‐long distance running (3000 m, 5000 m and 10,000 m) and race walking (5000 m and 10,000 m) events, were gathered. Repeated measures analysis of variance, with 1000‐m speed as within‐subjects factor and final ranking (medallist, Top 8 or Top 12, rest of the field) as between‐subjects factor, was performed to compare the pacing behaviour between athletes. Positioning of the athletes was analysed by Kendall tau‐b (Tb) correlation between the intermediate position and final position. Overall, medallists increased their speed throughout a race, with the exception of the 5000 m running event, in which a parabolic pacing behaviour was exhibited. The 1000‐m segment in which a significant (P > 0.05) difference in speed was exhibited between differently ranked athletes coincided with a strong (Tb > 0.7) correlation between intermediate and final positioning. These combined results point towards a separation between the athletes during the race, as the Top 8 or Top 12 and the rest of the field are unable to match the speed of the medallists. The distance, discipline, sex, age category and behaviour of competitors all influence the pacing behaviour of young track athletes during international level competition, emphasising the importance and complexity of developing adequate pacing behaviour in track athletes.

Highlights
The distribution of effort over an exercise task (i.e. pacing) is an important factor in endurance exercise competition. The pacing behaviour of athletes is determined by many aspects, such as the biomechanical characteristics of the task, the exercise environment and the age of the athlete
Sport specific competition data from youth athlete sports events can provide insight into the pacing behaviour of developing athletes. These insights could assist in the optimalisation of the development of pacing behaviour of young athletes in the future.
The current study analysed the 1000‐m split times and positioning data of athletes competing in the running (3000 m, 5000 m and 10,000) and racewalking (5000 m and 10,000m) finals of the U18 and U20 IAAF world‐championship.
The difference in final ranking impacted the pacing behaviour of the athletes, with the medallists increasing their speed throughout the race and the other athletes separating from the medallists either early (rest of field) or later in the race (Top 8 or Top 12 athletes).
Controlling transport properties at LaFeO3/SrTiO3 interfaces by defect engineering
Authors: Butt Mehwish Khalid , Zeeshan Hafiz Muhammad , Zhao Yang , Wang Shuanhu , Jin Kexin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The formation of conductive LaFeO3/SrTiO3 interfaces is first time reported by pulsed laser deposition via controlling the defects of SrTiO3, which are closely related to the surface of substrate. It is found that the interfaces grown on SrTiO3 substrates without terraces exhibit the two dimensional electron gas. Moreover, the conductive interfaces show a resistance upturn at low temperatures which is strongly diminished by light irradiation. These interfaces favor the persistent photoconductivity, and the enormous value of relative change in resistance, about 60 185.8%, is also obtained at 20 K. The experimental results provide fundamental insights into controlling the defects at conductive interfaces of oxides and paving a way for complex-oxides based optoelectronic devices.
A nonlinear mixed model approach to predict energy expenditure from heart rate
Authors: Kortelainen Lauri , Helske Jouni , Finni Taija , Mehtätalo Lauri , Tikkanen Olli , Kärkkäinen Salme 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective. Heart rate (HR) monitoring provides a convenient and inexpensive way to predict energy expenditure (EE) during physical activity. However, there is a lot of variation among individuals in the EE-HR relationship, which should be taken into account in predictions. The objective is to develop a model that allows the prediction of EE based on HR as accurately as possible and allows an improvement of the prediction using calibration measurements from the target individual. Approach. We propose a nonlinear (logistic) mixed model for EE and HR measurements and an approach to calibrate the model for a new person who does not belong to the dataset used to estimate the model. The calibration utilizes the estimated model parameters and calibration measurements of HR and EE from the person in question. We compare the results of the logistic mixed model with a simpler linear mixed model for which the calibration is easier to perform. Main results. We show that the calibration is beneficial already with only one pair of measurements on HR and EE. This is an important benefit over an individual-level model fitting, which requires a larger number of measurements. Moreover, we present an algorithm for calculating the confidence and prediction intervals of the calibrated predictions. The analysis was based on up to 11 pairs of EE and HR measurements from each of 54 individuals of a heterogeneous group of people, who performed a maximal treadmill test. Significance. The proposed method allows accurate energy expenditure predictions based on only a few calibration measurements from a new individual without access to the original dataset, thus making the approach viable for example on wearable computers.
Measurements of cardiac efficiency and internal work of the left ventricle via reconstructed impedance cardiography
Authors: Kuang Shi-Jiang , Xiao Qiu-Jin , Kuang Ming-Xing , Zhao Hui , Li Bing , Dong Li-Qiang , Ruan Ying-Lan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate methods for measuring the cardiac efficiency (CE) and internal work (IW) of the left ventricle via reconstructed impedance cardiography (RICG). Approach. On the basis of the physiological context and Bernoulli’s equation in physics, methods of measuring the CE and IW were proposed. The CE, IW, internal work index (IWI), and other data from 180 healthy adults and 144 patients with cardiovascular disease were measured. Main results. The CE of 180 healthy adults was 22.5 ± 2.2%, and the IWI was 22.3 ± 5.2 J l−1 m−2. CE decreased with age, and the CE of the younger group (23.5 ± 1.9%) was larger than that of the older group (21.5 ± 1.9%), P < 0.01. The IWI increased with age, and the IWI of the younger group (19.0 ± 3.8 J l−1 m−2) was smaller than that of the older group (24.8 ± 4.3 J l−1 m−2), P < 0.01. There were no significant difference in CE (22.4 ± 2.2% and 22.6 ± 2.2%) or in the IWI (21.9 ± 5.1 J l−1 m−2 and 22.6 ± 5.2 J l−1 m−2) between the male and female groups. The CEs and IWIs of patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and heart failure were 17.4 ± 2.4% and 41.8 ± 15.6 J l−1 m−2, 17.6 ± 3.0% and 35.1 ± 10.4 J l−1 m−2, and 15.8 ± 3.5% and 42.1 ± 15.6 J l−1 m−2, respectively. These CEs were all smaller than that (21.6 ± 2.0%) of the healthy contrast group P < 0.01, while the IWIs were all larger than that (24.6 ± 4.8 J l−1 m−2) of the healthy contrast group, P < 0.01. Significance. The CEs and IWIs measured in this study may reflect physiological changes in healthy humans and pathogenic conditions in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Minority carrier lifetime in HgCdTe(100) epilayers and their potential application to background radiation limited MWIR photodiodes
Authors: Kopytko M , Sobieski J , Gawron W , Kębłowski A , Piotrowski J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Measurements of minority carrier lifetime have been carried out on nonintentionally doped HgCdTe(100) layers grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on GaAs substrates. The studies have been carried out in order to investigate the possibility of applications of HgCdTe(100) epilayers to fully depleted P–i–N photodiodes operated at near-room temperatures and the background-radiation limit. Post-growth annealed layers show n-type conductivity with a residual donor concentration of about 1015 cm−3. The cadmium molar composition (0.262 < x < 0.336) was chosen for mid-wave infrared devices operating at 230 K to 300 K. Results show that at high temperatures, the samples show clearly Auger-limited lifetimes determined by the background doping. The measured lifetimes at 300 K range from 5 to 11 µs, and from 0.2 to 1 µs, for the cut-offs of 4 µm and 5.4 µm, respectively.
General rules for the inductive characteristics of a piezoelectric structure and its integration with piezoelectric transformer for capacitive compensation
Authors: Ju Bin , Fang Liang , Wang Qing , Xu Jiawen , Li Guoli , Liu Yongbin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Additional inductive components are typically required in the driving applications of piezoelectric transformers (PTs) for the capacitive compensation. This compensation of such transformers can realize a zero-voltage switching state and obtain high efficiency. Recently, researchers have found that a piezoelectric structure can exhibit good inductive characteristics in the frequency range between resonance and anti-resonance, and it can be used as a substitute for an inductor in certain scenarios. This study first conducts a theoretical derivation and identifies the general rules for realizing an inductive piezoelectric structure. Then, the corresponding influencing factors of the inductive characteristics of the piezoelectric structure’s impedance are analyzed. Finally, a piezoelectric inductor (PL) is integrated with a PT in accordance with the inductive characteristic of the former. Simulation and experiment studies are conducted to investigate the system level characteristics, and results indicate that the capacitance of the integrated PT (IPT) is well compensated within the corresponding frequency range. Simultaneously, the transfer characteristics of the IPT are better than those of the single PT. Hence, the PL can be extended for minimization and efficiency enhancement of piezoelectric sensors and actuators in the future.
Fast and robust magnon transport in a spin chain
Authors: Kiely Anthony , Campbell Steve 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A protocol for fast and robust magnon transport in a one-dimensional spin chain is devised. Employing an approximate mapping between the chain and a single harmonically trapped particle, we exploit the known analytic control protocols for the latter and adopt them to achieve fast, high-fidelity transport in the chain. We compare the performance with finite time adiabatic protocols, showing that the designed scheme allows for significantly faster and more stable transport. Furthermore, we show that a sharp transition exists between regions in which the protocol is effective and when it breaks down, giving rise to a heuristic speed limit for the process.
Spatial distributions of the fields in guided normal modes of two coupled parallel optical nanofibers
Authors: Kien Fam Le , Ruks Lewis , Chormaic Síle Nic , Busch Thomas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We study the cross-sectional profiles and spatial distributions of the fields in guided normal modes of two coupled parallel optical nanofibers. We show that the distributions of the components of the field in a guided normal mode of two identical nanofibers are either symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to the radial principal axis and the tangential principal axis in the cross-sectional plane of the fibers. The symmetry of the magnetic field components with respect to the principal axes is opposite to that of the electric field components. We show that, in the case of even

E

z

-cosine modes, the electric intensity distribution is dominant in the area between the fibers, with a saddle point at the two-fiber center. Meanwhile, in the case of odd

E

z

-sine modes, the electric intensity distribution at the two-fiber center attains a local minimum of exactly zero. We find that the differences between the results of the coupled mode theory and the exact mode theory are large when the separation distance between the fibers is small and either the fiber radius is small or the wavelength of light is large. We show that a slight difference between the radii of the nanofibers leads to strong asymmetry of the intensity distributions of the guided normal modes.
Penetration of n
=  2 resonant magnetic field perturbations in EAST
Authors: Ren Jie , Sun You-Wen , Wang Hui-Hui , Gu Shuai , Qian Jin-Ping , Shi Tong-Hui , Shen Biao , Liu Yue-Qiang , Guo Wen-Feng , Chu Nan , He Kai-Yang , Jia Man-Ni , Wang Yong , Sheng Zhi-Cai , Luo Zheng-Ping , Zeng Long , Gong Xian-Zu , Liang Yun-Feng , Wan Bao-Nian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the penetration of n = 2 magnetic field perturbations, where n is the toroidal mode number. The n = 2 intrinsic error field (IEF) is measured in an ohmic heating plasma using the compass scan method, i.e. the toroidal asymmetry in the threshold current for the penetration of n = 2 resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs). Its amplitude is 55.5 A in equivalent coil current or B
r,3/2 = 0.1 G and the toroidal phase of the IEF is around 170.6° (129°). Phasing scans (scans of the phase difference between the upper and lower coil currents) of the n = 2 RMPs are carried out to obtain the effects of the n = 2 spectrum on field penetration. The observed dependence of the field penetration on the spectrum is consistent with those of simulations using the MARS-F code. One of the interesting phenomena is that the n = 2 mode often stimulates an n = 1 mode. The dominant poloidal harmonic of the n = 1 mode is m = 2, and the dominant poloidal harmonic of the n = 2 mode is m = 3. The evolution of the n = 1 mode has two stages, i.e., an initial small island growth stage, and a later saturation stage. In the initial stage, the amplitude of the n = 1 magnetic island grows, while the phase remains fixed. When the amplitude of the magnetic island exceeds a certain threshold, it enters the second stage, in which the magnetic island is locked into another phase and its amplitude starts to saturate. The phase in the initial small island stage depends linearly on the phase of the applied n = 2 RMP, which suggests that the n = 2 mode is directly driven by the coupling between the n = 1 and n = 2 modes. The phase in the second stage is either locked to the phase close to the previously measured n = 1 IEF, or is locked to the phase close to the n = 2 response field. This suggests that the final phase of the n = 1 mode depends on competition between the locking effect induced by the n = 1 IEF and the nonlinear coupling effect between the two modes. This might be an issue in the MHD control application using high-n RMPs in the future ITER device.
Simulating the Other in Social Work Pedagogy: Pathologising the Oppressed through Neoliberal/Colonial Practice Teaching
Authors: Joseph Ameil J 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe use of simulated service users or ‘clients’ in social work education has lacked critical analysis in research and teaching. What is often overlooked are attentions to how constituting essentialised clients and simulating them advances historically entrenched forms of injustice in social work education and practice. This gap in research and literature in social work education should signal to the field an issue with the pervasiveness of the hegemonies of biomedical disciplinary knowledge in social work. This gap should also highlight the need to ask how, why and to what end is critical analysis an ongoing omission from a pedagogical practice that is proclaimed as very central and essential to social work practice skills education. This article explores some of these gaps in the literature within the social, historical, and political contexts that shape how neoliberalism/colonialism influence the perpetuation of these omissions in social work education. Specifically, this article explores how the use of client simulation in social work works to reproduce ideas of an innocent professional self and a pathological Other, while ejecting or separating social and political analyses of social problems, marginalising and obscuring critical perspectives, and forgoing attentions to social justice and epistemological nuances within social work.
LINC00857 contributes to proliferation and lymphomagenesis by regulating miR-370-3p/CBX3 axis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Huang Yan , Lin Yuanyuan , Song Xiangxiang , Wu Depei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains to be a high aggressive and invasive malignancy with enigmatic etiology. Ectopic expression of long non-coding RNAs is widely involved in the progression of human cancers. We discovered that LINC00857 level was remarkably elevated in DLBCL tissues compared with non-tumor controls. High LINC00857 level predicts lower survival rate, more advanced tumor node metastasis and larger tumor size. LINC00857 overexpression promoted DLBCL cell proliferation and facilitated cell cycle as evidenced by elevated Cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) accompanying with reduced p21 level. LINC00857 overexpression also suppressed DLBCL cell apoptosis as evidenced by elevated Bcl-2 protein level, reduced Bax and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels. On the contrary, LINC00857 knockdown using short hairpin RNAs inhibited DLBCL cell proliferation yet induced cell apoptosis. LINC00857 knockdown also repressed tumor growth in vivo, concomitant with decreased Ki67 level. Besides, microRNA miR-370 was down-regulated in DLBCL tissues and served as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) target of LINC00857. We further validated that chromobox homolog 3 (CBX3) served as a downstream target gene of miR-370-3p. LINC00857 level was reversely correlated with miR-370-3p level yet positively correlated with CBX3 level. In addition, CBX3 overexpression alleviated the impact of LINC00857 knockdown on DLBCL cell survival. In conclusion, our findings indicated that LINC00857 contributes to DLBCL proliferation and lymphomagenesis through regulating miR-370-3p/CBX3 axis.
The Microstructural Plasticity of the Arcuate Fasciculus Undergirds Improved Speech in Noise Perception in Musicians
Authors: Li Xiaonan , Zatorre Robert J , Du Yi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Musical training is thought to be related to improved language skills, for example, understanding speech in background noise. Although studies have found that musicians and nonmusicians differed in morphology of bilateral arcuate fasciculus (AF), none has associated such white matter features with speech-in-noise (SIN) perception. Here, we tested both SIN and the diffusivity of bilateral AF segments in musicians and nonmusicians using diffusion tensor imaging. Compared with nonmusicians, musicians had higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right direct AF and lower radial diffusivity in the left anterior AF, which correlated with SIN performance. The FA-based laterality index showed stronger right lateralization of the direct AF and stronger left lateralization of the posterior AF in musicians than nonmusicians, with the posterior AF laterality predicting SIN accuracy. Furthermore, hemodynamic activity in right superior temporal gyrus obtained during a SIN task played a full mediation role in explaining the contribution of the right direct AF diffusivity on SIN performance, which therefore links training-related white matter plasticity, brain hemodynamics, and speech perception ability. Our findings provide direct evidence that differential microstructural plasticity of bilateral AF segments may serve as a neural foundation of the cross-domain transfer effect of musical experience to speech perception amid competing noise.
Political Trust in East and Southeast Asia: The Joint Effects of Education, Corruption Perception, and Urbanization
Authors: Jiang Anli , Zhang Tony Huiquan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article examines how education, corruption perception, and urbanization jointly influence political trust in Asia. Previous literature proposes a “performance-based evaluation” thesis whereby corruption perception is associated with political trust. We hypothesized this association could be moderated by individual educational attainment and socioeconomic statuses. Applying multilevel models to the Asian Barometer Survey (2001–2016) data, we found interaction effects of education, the urban–rural divide, and corruption perceptions in shaping political trust in 14 East and Southeast Asia societies. For rural Asians, education does not affect political trust when they perceive low corruption; it leads to lower trust when they perceive high corruption. For urban Asians, such an interaction does not exist, and education monotonically erodes political trust no matter how they perceive the severity of corruption.