bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cercospora carthami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Sutton B. C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora carthami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Carthamus tinctorius
(safflower) and other
Carthamus
spp. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of safflower; small sunken brown lesions sometimes with a halo appear on the leaves and on other parts of the plant. Severely infected leaves are misshapen and the diseased tissue disintegrates producing a shot hole effect. Young flower heads may be destroyed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Philippines, Israel and East Africa. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. The pathogen may also be seed borne (40, 553) and survives in crop debris (53, 641; 57, 239).
Cercospora sesami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Sutton B. C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora sesami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sesamum
and
Ceratotheca
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf and pod spot of sesame. The spots are white, grey or pale brown with a dark border and are often small and numerous. Spots may also occur on the petioles and stems. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Africa, West Indies, South and Central America. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. The fungus is also internally seed-borne (21, 44) and carries over in crop debris (25, 473).
Ascochyta heveae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta heveae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Hevea brasiliensis
. DISEASE: Marginal leaf scorch or rim blight of rubber leaves (
Hevea brasiliensis
). Early symptoms on mature leaves are groups of minute, yellowish spots merging with one another as they develop forming dry brown or greyish patches with a paler centre and a purplish brown border. Dry spots extend from the leaf margin inwards towards the midrib between the veins finally coalescing with one another so that the leaf is edged with a discoloured zone all the way round (Petch, 1921). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Zaire); Asia (Malaysia, Malaya, Sarawak, Sri Lanka). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported; conidia presumably dispersed by water splash.
Phomopsis viticola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis viticola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Parthenocissus subquinquefolia
(=
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, = Vitis hederacea
)and
Vitis
spp. DISEASE: Dead arm or sometimes referred to as 'excoriosis' or necrosis of grapevine. Serious outbreaks and losses have been reported in several countries (35, 508; 45, 1282; 47, 2226; 48, 549; 50, 2402; 54, 208; 54, 5021; 55, 1390, 4803; 57, 2742). The fungus invades nearly all stem tissues, particularly the medullary rays and parenchyma, causing necrotic areas extending to the centre of the wood leading to the girdling of shoots and finally resulting in dead arm condition (7, 360; 39, 369). Major symptoms are death of vines or some of the arms, progressive desiccation of stocks and shoots, stunting of leaf bearing branches, deformation and chlorosis of primary leaves, black spots on stalks and pedicels, flower abortion, drying of buds, death of spurs, stem and arm lesions or cankers or cortical necrosis and sparsity of berries (7, 360; 39, 369; 43, 3375; 48, 549, 879; 51, 547; 54, 5021). In Ontario, Canada, primary infection occurs on young green shoots and the incidence and severity depends on the inoculum potential resulting from the previous years' infection and the amount of rain in the second half of May. Primary lesions on young shoots are superficial but coalescent ones are deep seated and often become perennial (45, 332). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, South Africa); Asia (Brunei, India, Japan, Turkey); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Netherlands, Rumania, Sardinia, Switzerland, Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: By conidia liberated from pycnidia found on spurs and clusters left on dormant vines under wet conditions, when they are dispersed by rain-splash (39, 369). Also spread by nematodes and insect larvae (54, 651) and by mycelium through pruning wounds inflicted by contaminated knives (26, 95). The fungus overwinters in infected parts of the grapevine (56, 1680) as mycelium, particularly in the basal buds, (53, 636) and can carry over from the first few internodes of the same vine (5, 471).
Pseudopeziza trifolii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waller J. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudopeziza trifolii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Trifolium
species probably specific to the genus (44, 2824) but
Anthyllis vulneraia
and
Lotus corniculatus
also reported as hosts (25, 455). DISEASE: Causes a common but minor leaf spot of clovers. Small, brown-black, circular spots occur mostly on the leaf lamina and occasionally on petioles and stems. Minute light coloured apothecia appear in the centres of mature spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, W. and C. America, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, N. America. TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters on diseased leaves and renewed sporulation occurs from old apothecia in the spring. Dispersal by forcibly discharged air-borne ascospores.
Pseudopeziza medicaginis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waller J. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudopeziza medicaginis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of the genus
Medicago
, especially lucerne (
M. sativa
). DISEASE: Causes common leaf spot of lucerne. Small, dark brown circular lesions occur on both surfaces of leaflets and a minute apothecium is produced in the centre of each. Elongated spots also occur on stems and petioles but do not produce fruitbodies. Severe attacks cause excessive leaf shedding and reduced yield of herbage. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Generally world wide where lucerne is grown, but of limited distribution in Asia and absent from West Africa (CMI Map 129, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters on diseased leaves in crop debris. Renewed sporulation by old apothecia and the production of new apothecia occur in the spring. Dispersal is by air-borne ascospores. In Russia there is some evidence that a pycnidial state, overwintering on dead stems, may be important in initiating new infections in the spring (51, 3425).
Epichloe typhina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Epichloe typhina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
:
Agrostis, Alopecuris, Dactylis, Holcus, Poa
; over 50 species of grasses are known to be infected. DISEASE: Choke disease of grasses. The inflorescence remains enclosed by the fungal stroma; if seeds are formed by infected plants these carry infection to new plants (13, 169). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to northern hemisphere and extends from China, USSR and the whole of Europe to N. America (Canada, USA, Mexico). TRANSMISSION: Because of the difficulty of inducing infection by ascospores and conidia it was considered that the fungus was seed-borne (13, 169) but Western and Cavett (39, 419) demonstrated infection of cut stubble by both ascospores and conidia. Stromata developed in the following years.
Trichophyton schoenleinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Trichophyton schoenleinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of man (causing mycoses). Also recorded infecting camel (RMVM 14, 2079), cat, cattle, dog, guineapig, hedgehog, horse, mouse, rabbit and birds (RMVM 5, 1141). The identity of the fungus in at least some of these animal infections is doubtful. DISEASE. Favus (tinea favosa), characterized by the development of low-grade folliculitis in which the infected hair follicles become filled with hyphae, arthrospores and debris to form yellowish, cup-shaped, elevated, waxy plaques (scutulae). Infected hairs show on endothrix invasion, containing hyphae and air bubbles where hyphae have degenerated, and usually exhibit a dull greenish fluorescence under Wood's light. Favus is a chronic infection, usually limited to the scalp, and leads to scarring, atrophy and permanent alopecia if untreated. Atypical scalp infections, with scaling or crusting without scutula formation, are also seen. Infections of the body (tinea corporis), producing vesicles, papules and papulosquamous lesions, often with scutula formation, and of the nails (tinea unguium, onychomycosis) also occur. Infections of the brain, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes and muscles have also been reported (Sabouraud, 1910: 528-529; RMVM 3, 1136; 4, 1084, 1377; 6, 3207). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. Occurs most commonly in N. Africa, the Middle East and S. and E. Europe, and many cases reported elsewhere have been in immigrants from these areas (RMVM 10, 602; 13, 1558).
Trichophyton soudanense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Trichophyton soudanense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pathogenic for man (causing mycoses). The guineapig and monkey have been infected experimentally (RMVM 6, 2253). DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). The scalp (tinea capitis), body (tinea corporis) and less frequently the hands (tinea manuum), feet (tinea pedis) and nails (onychomycosis, tinea unguium) may be infected. Infected hairs show an endothrix type of invasion and do not fluoresce under Wood's light. Lesions of the scalp may be of the 'black dot' type (see
CMI Description
No. 646). Lesions are usually scaling and non-inflammatory. Inflammation, varying from slight folliculitis to kerion formation, scarring and alopecia, may occur (RMVM 6, 2253). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, particularly the tropical lowlands and semi-arid areas of subsaharan West Africa, extending from Senegal to Chad and the western half of Zaire, and southern Sudan. Most cases reported from other countries have been in African immigrants or patients who have been in contact with Africans. The occurrence of a few cases in USA and Brazil has led to the suggestion that
T. soudanense
was imported into the American continent with the slave trade (RMVM 4, 2c; 6, 2253; 10, 602; 13, 1558).
Phacidium infestans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phacidium infestans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus sylvestris
. DISEASE: Snow blight of pine. Ascospores released in September and October (45, 774) infect current year's needles. The depth of snow cover the following winter determines the proportion of needles showing symptoms (39, 250) which are, the following spring, a distinctive reddish-brown resulting from the destruction of chlorophyll (40, 635). Apothecia are produced on the discoloured needles, and usually complete the cycle in one year. Disease severity may be lessened by other ground vegetation, especially
Calluna vulgaris
and
Vaccinium
spp. (50, 2009). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Turkey, USSR: Siberia), Europe (Finland, France, Norway, Sweden, USSR: Estonia). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid or wet weather.
Rhizosphaera pini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Diamandis S. , Minter D. W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizosphaera pini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Abies balsamea, A. cephallonica, A. fraseri, A. grandis, A. pectinata, A. veitchii, Pinus
sp.,
Tsuga diversifolia
, also possibly
Picea abies
. DISEASE: Needle blight of firs. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan), Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy), North America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: Not known.
Lophodermella conjuncta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Millar C. S. , Minter D. W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermella conjuncta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus mugo, P. nigra
var.
maritima, P. sylvestris
. DISEASE: Pine needle blight leading to premature needle cast in plantations. No common name. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Estonian SSR, Finland, Great Britain, Sweden, Switzerland).
Ascochyta desmazieresii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta desmazieresii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lolium multiflorum
and
L. perenne
. DISEASE: Glume and leaf spot of Italian and perennial ryegrasses. At first leaf lesions start as small purplish or chocolate-brown spots with a distinct red-purple margin. With time these enlarge, become irregular or elliptical, up to 5 mm long and distinctly visible on both sides of the leaves. Finally the centres of older lesions fade to fawn to straw yellow with numerous pycnidia immersed within the leaf tissue on both sides of the leaves but usually abundant pycnidia occur on the lower side. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); Europe (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Irish Republic, UK); N. America (USA, California, Oregon, Washington); S. America (Chile, Brazil). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; infection is presumably spread by air-borne conidia in wet weather or heavy dews. The fungus is also probably carried over on crop residues and debris in soil.
Phaeoseptoria oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeoseptoria oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Oryza sativa
. DISEASE: A minor leaf disease of
Oryza sativa
(rice). The macroscopic symptoms are variable and often not distinctive. Leaf lesions have an irregular margin, usually beginning from the edge of the leaf blade and are grey with red-purple borders. Spotting and pycnidia form on leaves and glumes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Zambia); Asia (China, Japan); Australasia & Oceania (Manus Island, Solomon Islands). TRANSMISSION: Presumably dispersed in the crop by splash-liberated conidia from infected leaves and glumes during wet weather.
Pyrenochaeta oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam. Punithalingam. , E. E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pyrenochaeta oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Oryza sativa
. DISEASE: Sheath blotch of rice or known in Japanese as 'Yosho-kappanbyo' meaning sheath brown spot (Hashioka, 1972). The macroscopic symptoms are large brown lesions on leaf sheaths. At first lesions start from the margin of a sheath as dark brown oblong blotches which enlarge, become bluish-grey, finally covering the entire sheath. Lesions may reach up to 10 cm in length and often appear at the junction of sheath and leaf blade just below the collar without causing the collar to break. When dry the affected part of the sheath turns greyish-brown with or without distinct brown margins. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Sierra Leone, Swaziland); Asia (Burma, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand); Australasia & Oceania (Fiji, Solomon Islands). TRANSMISSION: Presumably dispersed in the crop by splash-liberated conidia from infected leaf sheaths and glumes during wet weather. Lesions on leaves also appear at the site of oviposition of the green hopper,
Nephotettix bipunctatus
[Nephotettix virescens]
(Hashioka, 1972).
Septocyta ruborum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septocyta ruborum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rubus laciniatus, R. nessensis, R. procerus
and wild blackberry (
R. fruticosus
agg.). DISEASE: Purple blotch or stem spot disease (8, 288) or sometimes referred to as dieback of blackberries (32, 572). First symptoms appear in the summer on the basal portions of the shoots as intense dark green spots, the size of a pin's head, reddening after a few weeks and enlarging to a diameter of about 2 cm. Later the centres turn brown, the margin remaining red. The pathogen remains inactive during winter but at the end of February and beginning of March infection recommences, progressing rapidly upwards to a distance of 2.5-3 m from the root stock. The attack results in metabolic disturbances, the leaves and flowers or fruit rudiments becoming discoloured and sooner or later fading and shrivelling. In Switzerland the disease is widely distributed throughout the country on the cultivated variety, Theodor Reimers (
Rubus procerus
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Britain, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway); North America (USA). TRANSMISSION: By conidia liberated from pycnidia in wet weather. Infection can also be spread from old branches to young shoots. In the Netherlands, in spore trapping experiments, conidia were caught daily from the beginning of April until the end of August with a sharp peak of over 4, 000 per sq. cm. daily at the end of June and beginning of July. No conidia were trapped in dry weather (32, 572). On blackberry shoots conidia on germination were observed to produce germ tubes which grew in the direction of the stomata and penetrated them (31, 561).
Septoria carthami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria carthami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Carthamus tinctorius
and
C. mareoticus
. DISEASE: White leaf spot of safflower. Early symptoms appear as small distinct brownish lesions which enlarge and become circular or irregular and up to 6 mm wide. As the disease progresses lesions sometimes coalesce to form large blotches. Older lesions are usually bordered by dark brick margins with ash grey centres. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt); Asia (Iraq, Turkey, USSR, West Siberia); Europe (Bulgaria, Rumania); North America (USA, Indiana, Texas). TRANSMISSION: It has been claimed that the fungus was introduced into West Siberia with infected seeds (14, 493-494). Also the fungus is probably disseminated by water-splash or by mechanical means.
Sarocladium attenuatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sarocladium attenuatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Oryza sativa
(rice). DISEASE: Sheath rot. The symptoms are similar to those of sheath rot associated with
S. oryzae
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Gambia, Mexico, USA. The distributions of
S. attenuatum
and
S. oryzae
overlap and many records of
S. attenuatum
must have been included in that of '
Acrocylindrium oryzae
' before a distinction between the two species had been drawn, but
S. attenuatum
alone has been recorded for America and
S. oryzae
only in S.E. Asia. TRANSMISSION:
Sarcocladium attenuatum
has been isolated from
Nilaparvata lugers
, the brown plant hopper of rice (CMI records), which might suggest a similar role to that suggested for other rice pests and
S. oryzae
. Seedborne (56, 5628).
Pestalotiopsis mangiferae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis mangiferae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Mangifera indica
; also on
Anacardium occidentale, Combretum decandrum, Eucalyptus
spp.,
Mimusops
spp.,
Vitis vinifera
and many other unrelated host plants. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot of
Mangifera indica
. The spots vary in size from a few mm to several cm in length, are usually sharply delimited by a dark, raised border, and are silvery grey above and grey to brown below; leaf spots on other hosts are similar. Brown spot or rot of mango fruits is also known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia; Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Sabah, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka; Australia; Dominican Republic; Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Inoculation studies with conidia and mycelium have shown
P. mangiferae
to be a weak parasite, capable of infecting young injured leaves, injured fruits, older uninjured leaves and healthy fruits if in contact with diseased tissue (35, 378; 40, 421). It has been isolated from soil, but the possibility of transmission through soil has not been investigated.