bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inversion of the body waves from the Borrego Mountain earthquake to the source mechanism
Authors: Burdick L. J. , Mellman George R. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The generalized linear inverse technique has been adapted to the problem of determining an earthquake source model from body-wave data. The technique has been successfully applied to the Borrego Mountain earthquake of April 9, 1968. Synthetic seismograms computed from the resulting model match in close detail the first 25 sec of long-period seismograms from a wide range of azimuths. The main shock source-time function has been determined by a new simultaneous short period-long period deconvolution technique as well as by the inversion technique. The duration and shape of this time function indicate that most of the body-wave energy was radiated from a surface with effective radius of only 8 km. This is much smaller than the total surface rupture length or the length of the aftershock zone. Along with the moment determination of Mo = 11.2 ×1025 dyne-cm, this radius implies a high stress drop of about 96 bars. Evidence in the amplitude data indicates that the polarization angle of shear waves is very sensitive to lateral structure.
Scaling northeastern United States/southeastern Canadian earthquakes by their Lg waves
Authors: Street Ronald L. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Displacement spectral densities and spatial attenuation of Lg waves from four earthquakes were studied in detail to determine the applicability of Nuttli's (1973) Lg-magnitude formulas to northeastern North American earthquakes. It was found that the 1-sec-period Lg wave from these events was attenuated at a slightly greater rate than has been observed in the central United States. However, comparison of the A/T observations and the Lg spectral analysis results of the two regions demonstrated that it was permissible to use Nuttli's Lg-magnitude formulas for scaling northeastern earthquakes if the amplitude observations are restricted to within 20° of the earthquake's epicenter. This result establishes the basis for a unified mb magnitude scale between central and northeastern North America.
Surface-wave constraints on the August 1, 1975, Oroville earthquake
Authors: Hart Robert S. , Butler Rhett , Kanamori Hiroo 
Published: September 2021

abstractObservations of Love and Rayleigh waves on WWSSN and Canadian Network seismograms have been used to place constraints upon the source parameters of the August 1, 1975, Oroville earthquake. The 20-sec surface-wave magnitude is 5.6. The surface-wave radiation pattern is consistent with the fault geometry determined by the body-wave study of Langston and Butler (1976). The seismic moment of this event was determined to be 1.9 × 1025 dyne-cm by both time-domain and long-period (T ≥ 50 sec) spectral amplitude determinations. This moment value is significantly greater than that determined by short-period studies. This difference, together with the low seismic efficiency of this earthquake, indicates that the character of the source is intrinsically different at long periods from those aspects which dominate the shorter-period spectrum.
P-wave travel-time variations before the August 1, 1975 Oroville, California earthquake
Authors: Cramer Chris H. , Bufe Charles G. , Morrison Paul W. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
On August 1, 1975, a magnitude 5.9 (mb) (BRK, M = 5.7), normal dip-slip earthquake occurred 10 km south of Oroville, California. P arrivals for teleseismic and regional sources at the few seismographs in the area have been carefully timed to an accuracy of ±0.02 sec and the relative residual technique has been applied to these data. The data cover the period from August 1968 through March 1976. A significant delay of about 0.1 sec in travel-time residuals for Russian nuclear blasts was observed over a 3-year period preceding the Oroville earthquake at station ORV 10 km north of the epicenter. A 0.1-sec delay in travel-time residuals for U.S. nuclear blasts occurred after the Oroville event at station MGL, 40 km north of the main shock's epicenter. P arrivals from deep Tonga-Fiji earthquakes have also been analyzed but reveal no systematic time variations beyond ±0.05 sec from their mean values. P arrivals from moderate-size earthquakes along the San Andreas fault system in central California proved to be an unsatisfactory source of data because of ambiguities created by multiple P-phase arrivals and the emergent nature of the arrivals. The sparse station coverage does not allow adequate delineation of the extent and character of the anomalous P velocity zones, but the data do provide some limitations. The postearthquake travel-time delay at MGL may be precursory to a future earthquake or may only be related to the redistribution of stress in the Oroville area.
Property determination and wave propagation in a block of Barre granite
Authors: Goldsmith Werner , Sackman J. L. , Taylor R. L. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The principal axes of a 666.8 by 609.6 by 489.0 mm (2614 in by 24 in by 1914 in) block of Barre granite, treated as an orthotropic elastic material were determined from measured pulse velocities along directions connecting 160 pairs of surface points, encompassing the entire spectrum of possible orientations. The elastic moduli of the rock were ascertained by Hopkinson bar tests involving rods cored from other samples along their principal directions; this was required for the execution of a wave-propagation analysis in the block treated as a half-space.
Construction and insertion techniques were developed for transducers to be embedded in the rock at 14 locations. External and internal calibration procedures were devised to permit interpretation of the data transmitted from the interior of the sample. Transients in the block were generated by the impact of 6.35-mm (14 in) diameter steel spheres on loading bars sandwiching a thin quartz disk, serving as an input transducer, against the specimen. The wave patterns sensed by the transducers were displayed and photographed on oscillographic screens.
A finite element program capable of handling arbitrary anisotropy was developed and employed for comparing the experimental results with analytical predictions based on the measured input as the boundary condition. For those stations where computations were performed, the correlation ranged from good to qualitative. It is concluded that better transducer embedment and in situ calibration techniques are required for internal transducers used in hard rocks of this type.
Real-time detection and location of local seismic events in central California
Authors: Stewart Samuel W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A computer-based system dedicated full time to automatic detection and location of local seismic events in central California has been developed. The system monitors 108 short-period vertical-component stations from the U.S. Geological Survey central California and Oroville seismic networks. Locations and magnitudes, when determined, are printed out along with first arrival times, within 2 to 5 min after an event occurs. Wave onsets must be clear and impulsive for best results. For this reason, regional events and teleseisms are usually rejected.
The best results have been obtained for the relatively dense, 16-station Oroville network. For the month of October 1975, 107 (91 per cent) of the 118 events timed by hand were also timed and located by the real-time system. An additional eight events (7 per cent) were detected in real-time but were not successfully located. Of the 107 events for which both on-line and hand-timed locations are available, 92 per cent of the on-line locations are within 2 km of the epicenters determined by hand-timing.
During October 1975 the real-time system monitored 91 of the 150 stations of the central California network. Of the 260 events located by hand-timing, 225 (86 per cent) were detected by the real-time system. Magnitudes of detected events range from 0.8 to 2.9. Approximately 95 per cent of the events of magnitude 1¼ and greater detected and located by hand-timing methods were also detected by the real-time system. Differences between hypocentral locations based on hand-timed and computer-timed arrivals may vary from 0.1 to 5 min of latitude or longitude.
SOCIAL MEDIA AS AN ONLINE CONSULTATION SERVICE
Authors: Nurlaila Ratna 
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini mengkaji akun BagiKata di media sosial Line yang merupakan layanan konsultasi daring guna mengetahui lebih dalam faktor-faktor yang muncul saat user BagiKata berkonsultasi daring dan bagaimana user berkonsultasi, berterus terang dan mengelola masalah privasinya kepada handler BagiKata di media sosial Line dengan pendekatan teori Communication Privacy Management (CPM). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian netnografi guna mempelajari komunitas daring pada akun BagiKata di media sosial Line. Penemuan unik dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa konsultasi daring merupakan hal yang membantu sebagai pertolongan awal (sebelum bertemu pakar) saat user BagiKata merasa terbebani dan perlu berkonsultasi guna melegakan ranah psikis mereka, sebab sifatnya yang relevan dengan Internet of Things (IoT) berupa anonim, nyaman (untuk berterus terang dan berekspresi), cepat, dan berbiaya murah ataupun gratis, memungkinkan pengguna untuk nyaman berterus terang dan mendapatkan layanan di waktu dan tempat yang fleksibel. Temuan lainnya, ada perbedaan antara konsultasi daring dan konsultasi luring di mana berkonsultasi secara langsung dengan pakar lebih holistik sebab menampilkan komunikasi nonverbal seperti body language, ekspresi, serta intonasi. Dengan adanya konsultasi daring melalui akun BagiKata di media sosial Line, menjadikan posisi pakar dan nonpakar terkadang bias seperti konsep the death of expertise. Penemuan unik lainnya yaitu layanan konsultasi melalui akun Bagikata di media sosial Line dengan menggunakan Bahasa Inggris lebih diharapkan oleh pengguna layanan konsultasi, guna menghindari lebih banyak memori negatif yang tersimpan dalam bahasa ibu.
Thematic implications and representativeness in Wuthering Heights (1848): Dialect as a social reality
Authors: Belmerabet Fatiha 
Published: September 2021

Since language is a brainwork of speakers who live in social and physical environments, researchers are obliged to think about the alliance between the vocabularies’ meaning in dictionaries and their significance in social use. And because the novel is a fictional piece of writing which is primarily inspired by real life and reflects realities. In Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte strives to interfere in her characters’ thought and considers their social class, culture and experience; she acts as a writer, the speaker and the reader as well. These authorial qualities gave birth to a text combined of two language varieties, the Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect which are tightly interwoven without distorting the unity and the arrangement of the story plot. This paper looks to cover the different social inclinations of E. Bronte’s depiction of dialect in addition to some critical resonances of such representation.

Keywords: Wuthering Heights, dialect representativeness, social reality, thematic implications, language.
Perbaikan Klinis dan Radiologis Tuberkuloma Serebral dengan Terapi Non Operatif: Dua Laporan Kasus
Authors: Ikbal Muhammad , Sugianto Paulus 
Published: September 2021

Pendahuluan: Tuberkuloma serebral merupakan suatu bentuk tuberkulosis (TB) yang jarang dan serius karena penyebaran hematogen Mycobacterium tuberkulosis (MT). Tuberkuloma serebral ditemukan paling sedikit dibandingkan tuberkulosis intrakranial lainnya, yaitu sekitar 1%. Tuberkuloma serebral yang multipel hanya 15–33% kasus. Obat anti TB penting untuk keberhasilan pengobatan tuberkuloma serebral tapi belum ada kesepakatan mengenai durasi terapi. Kasus: Kasus 1: Laki- laki usia 33 tahun dengan keluhan penurunan kesadaran, kejang, sakit kepala, kelemahan tubuh sisi kanan. Gambaran MRI kepala dan biopsi menunjukan tuberkuloma. Penderita mendapat obat anti tuberkulosis rifampisin, INH, pirazinamid, dan injeksi streptomisin. Setelah pengobatan selama 13 bulan, penderita mengalami perbaikan secara klinis maupun radiologis. Kasus 2: Laki-laki usia 33 tahun dengan keluhan nyeri kepala kronik, demam tidak tinggi, muntah, dan dismetria kanan. Penderita juga diketahui menderita TB paru yang sedang dalam pengobatan selama 1 minggu. MRI kepala dengan kontras menyokong gambaran tuberkuloma serebral dan Gene Xpert MTB positif. Penderita mendapat pengobatan anti tuberkulosis berupa rifampisin, INH, pirazinamid, etambutol, dan injeksi streptomisin. Keluhan penderita membaik dimana tidak ada nyeri kepala dan dismetria setelah pengobatan selama 1 bulan. Kesimpulan: Tuberkuloma serebral dapat diterapi dengan obat antituberkulosis (OAT), minimal 9 bulan pengobatan. Pada beberapa kasus, masa pengobatan dapat ditambah sesuai dengan kondisi klinis dan radiologis penderita. Sedangkan pada kasus yang berat, tindakan eksisi tuberkuloma mungkin diperlukan.
Prevalence of Trochlear Dysplasia and Associations with Patellofemoral Pain and Instability in a Skeletally Mature Population
Authors: DeVries Clarabelle A. , Bomar James D. , Pennock Andrew T. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Patellar instability among adolescents has an incidence of 29 to 43 per 100,000 per year. Trochlear dysplasia has been found in up to 85% of those with recurrent patellar instability. The prevalence of trochlear dysplasia in the general population has not yet been defined. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of trochlear dysplasia as defined by ultrasound in a skeletally mature population and to characterize associations of trochlear dysplasia with a history of patellofemoral instability or pain.

Methods:
Skeletally mature adolescents and parents of patients (≤50 years of age) who had presented to orthopaedic clinics were prospectively enrolled from 2019 to 2020. Those presenting with knee pain, open physes, prior intra-articular fracture, total knee arthroplasty, and syndromic ligamentous laxity or neuromuscular disease were excluded. Information regarding a history of anterior knee pain, patellar instability, and/or surgery was obtained, and an abbreviated Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS) was collected. An AKPS score of ≥4 was considered positive. Bilateral ultrasound of the knee was performed, and the osseous sulcus angle of the trochlea and the trochlear depth were measured. Basic descriptive statistics are reported.

Results:
One hundred and two patients (203 knees) were studied. The mean sulcus angle was 144.1° ± 6.8°, and the mean trochlear depth was 5.5 ± 1.4 mm. High-grade trochlear dysplasia was defined as the 95th percentile and above, which was shown to be a sulcus angle of ≥154° or a trochlear depth of ≤3 mm for female patients and ≤4 mm for male patients. The prevalence of high-grade trochlear dysplasia was 5.4% based on the sulcus angle and 9.9% based on trochlear depth. Knees with high-grade trochlear dysplasia based on the sulcus angle were 11 times more likely to have had previous patellar instability (p = 0.013).

Conclusions:
The prevalence of high-grade trochlear dysplasia in the general population is approximately 10%, and there may be an association with patellar instability. The use of ultrasound to diagnose trochlear dysplasia may prove to be a rapid and useful tool for guiding patient education and treatment decisions.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A Computational Scheme for Evaluating the Stress Field of Thermally and Pressure Induced Unconventional Reservoir
Authors: Fu Yao , Zhang Xiangning , Zhou Xiaomin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe fluid flow connecting the hydraulic fracture and associated unconventional gas or oil reservoir is of great importance to explore such unconventional resource. The deformation of unconventional reservoir caused by heat transport and pore pressure fluctuation may change the stress field of surrounding layer. In this paper, the stress distribution around a penny-shaped reservoir, whose shape is more versatile to cover a wide variety of special case, is investigated via the numerical equivalent inclusion method. Fluid production or hydraulic injection in a subsurface resource caused by the change of pore pressure and temperature within the reservoir may be simulated with the help of the Eshelby inclusion model. By employing the approach of classical eigenstrain, a computational scheme for solving the disturbance produced by the thermally and pressure induced unconventional reservoir is coded to study the effect of Biot coefficient and some other important factors. Moreover, thermo-poro transformation strain and arbitrarily orientated reservoir existing within the surrounding layer are also considered.
Achieving Near-Uniform Fluid and Proppant Placement in Multistage Fractured Horizontal Wells: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling Approach
Authors: Liu Xinghui , Wang Jiehao , Singh Amit , Rijken Margaretha , Wehunt Dean , Chrusch Larry , Ahmad Faraj , Miskimins Jennifer 
Published: September 2021

SummaryMultistage plug-and-perforate fracturing of horizontal wells has proved to be an effective method to develop unconventional reservoirs. Various studies have shown uneven fluid and proppant distributions across all perforation clusters. It is commonly believed that both fracturing fluid and proppant contribute to unconventional well performance. Achieving uniform fluid and proppant placement in all perforation clusters is an important step toward optimal stimulation. This paper discusses how to achieve such uniform placement in each fracturing stage by means of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling approach.A laboratory-scale CFD model was built and calibrated using experimental data of proppant transport through horizontal pipes available from several laboratory configurations. A field-scale model was then built and validated using perforation erosion data from downhole camera observations. With the field-scale model validated, CFD simulations were performed to evaluate the impact of key parameters on fluid and proppant placement in individual perforations and clusters. Some key parameters investigated in this study included perforation variables (orientation, size, and number), cluster variables (count and spacing), fluid properties, proppant properties, pumping rates, and stress shadow effects.Both laboratory and CFD results show that bottom-side perforations receive significantly more proppant than top-side perforations because of gravitational effects. Laboratory and CFD results also show that proppant distribution is increasingly toe-biased at higher rates. Proppant concentration along the wellbore from heel to toe varies significantly. Gravity, momentum, viscous drag, and turbulent dispersion are key factors affecting proppant transport in horizontal wellbores. This study demonstrates that near-uniform fluid and proppant placement across all clusters in each stage is achievable by optimizing perforation/cluster variables and other treatment design factors. CFD modeling plays an important role in this design-optimization process.
Faster Grasping of High-Calorie Food Objects in Virtual Reality
Authors: Schroeder Philipp A , Collantoni Enrico , Lohmann Johannes , Butz Martin V , Plewnia Christian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Attractive food elicits approaching behavior, which could be directly assessed in a combination of Virtual Reality (VR) with online motion-capture. Thus, VR enables the assessment of motivated approach and avoidance behavior towards food and non-food cues in controlled laboratory environments. Aim of this study was to test the specificity of a behavioral approach bias for high-calorie food in grasp movements compared to low-calorie food and neutral objects of different complexity, namely, simple balls and geometrically more complex tools. Methods: In a VR setting, healthy participants repeatedly grasped or pushed high-calorie food, low-calorie food, balls and office tools in randomized order with 30 item repetitions. All objects were rated for valence and arousal. Results: High-calorie food was less attractive and more arousing in subjective ratings than low-calorie food and neutral objects. Responses to high-calorie food were fastest only in grasp trials, but comparisons with low-calorie food and complex tools were inconclusive. Conclusion: A behavioral bias for food may be specific to high-calorie food objects, but more systematic variations of object fidelity are outstanding. The utility of VR in assessing approach behavior is confirmed in this study by exploring manual interactions in a controlled environment.
Clinicopathological Manifestations and Immune Phenotypes in Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency with Anti-Interferon-γ Autoantibodies
Authors: Chen Yi-Chun , Weng Shao-Wen , Ding Jing-Ya , Lee Chen-Hsiang , Ku Cheng-Lung , Huang Wen-Chi , You Huey-Ling , Huang Wan-Ting 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Anti-interferon (IFN)-γ autoantibodies (anti-IFN-γ Abs) is an emerging adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome. Immune dysfunction in this distinct disorder remains to be clarified.
Methods
We prospectively collected blood samples of 20 patients with anti-IFN-γ Abs and 40 healthy normal subjects. The percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations, most relevant to T, B, and NK cells, and the percentages of stimulated lymphocytes with cytokine production were assessed using eight-color flow cytometry. The results were adjusted to age and absolute lymphocyte counts.
Results
Most (85%) patients presented nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Skin lesions were predominantly manifested by neutrophilic dermatoses. The involved lymph nodes had granulomatous inflammation, except 22.2% showing atypical lymphoid hyperplasia without granuloma formation. The percentages of CD4 + T cells and non-activated subpopulations (recent thymic emigrants and naïve subtypes) decreased significantly with increased expression of activation markers and polarization to differentiated cells. The percentage of NK cells increased, but that of two major NK subpopulations, CD56bright and CD56 + CD16 + subsets decreased. Furthermore, the expression of NKp30 and NKp46 decreased with increased CD57 expression. Intracellular cytokine production of the lymphocyte subpopulations were significantly low in the patients compared with the control group.
Conclusion
We conclude that the immune system in patients with anti–IFN-γ Abs could be exhausted, contributing to the distinct clinicopathologic features.
Pontibacter rubellus sp. nov., and Pontibacter situs sp. nov. bacteria isolated from soil
Authors: Maeng Soohyun , Park Yuna , Damdintogtokh Tuvshinzaya , Oh Hyejin , Bang Minji , Sriniva Sathiyaraj , Kim Myungkyum 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated strains 172403-2T and BT310T were isolated from the soil collected in Pyeongchang city and Uijeongbu city, Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains 172403-2T and BT310T formed a distinct lineage within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Chitinophagales, class Chitinophagia) and were most closely related to members of the genus Pontibacter, Pontibacter chitinilyticus 17gy-14T (95.7%), and Pontibacter populi HLY7-15T (97.1% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) respectively. The optimal growth of strains 172403-2T and BT310T occurred at pH 7.0, in the absence of NaCl, and 25°C and 30°C, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I / anteiso-C17:1 B). The major respiratory quinone of the two strains was MK-7. The major polar lipid of the two strains was phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strains 172403-2T and BT310T represent novel bacterial species within the genus Pontibacter, for which the names Pontibacter rubellus and Pontibacter situs are proposed. The type strains of Pontibacter rubellus and Pontibacter situs are 172403-2T and BT310T, respectively.