bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which ‘That’ Was Amharic Yä-? An Alternative Origin for the Amharic Relative-Genitive Marker
Authors: Zhang Hongwei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article re-evaluates arguments regarding the previously proposed origin of the Amharic relative-genitive marker yä-. The traditional proposal relies on the attestation of a ž- form in Tigrinya (Praetorius 1874) and reconstructs a form *zä- (the same as the Ge′ez relative) for yä-. However, no such form is attested in Old Amharic writing (Girma Awgichew 2014), even though it has convenient orthographic conventions for recording palatalized consonants. Based on the attested levelling of l- forms of the relative marker in Ethiopian Semitic and Modern Arabic, I propose deriving the Amharic relative- genitive marker yä- from a levelled plural relative marker containing l, an element visible in the demonstrative paradigms of Ethiopian Semitic. This alternative derivation fits the synchronic Amharic phonology in which the lateral liquid l becomes the palatal glide y. In addition, it follows the cross-linguistically common palatalization process similarly attested for l in the historical phonology of other languages, e.g. Berber, Romance and Chinese.
The Relationship of Thyroid Functions with ADMA, IMA, and Metabolic Laboratory Parameters in Euthyroid Adults with and without Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors: Cetin Zeynep , Kosem Arzu , Catak Merve , Can Bulent , Baser Ozden , Guler Serdar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the relationship between thyroid functions and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), and other metabolic laboratory markers in euthyroid adults and whether narrower thyroidal targets are required for lower metabolic risk.

Materials and Methods
Thyroid functions, antithyroid autoantibodies, and metabolic parameters were measured for 115 patients. Forty-seven had autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Analyses were performed according to cutoff values of 1, 2, 2.5, and 3 mIU/L for thyrotropin, 0.84 ng/dL for free thyroxine (fT4), and 3.59 ng/dL for free tri-iodothyronine (fT3).

Results
There was no relationship between thyrotropin and fT3 cutoff values and metabolic parameters. Only C-reactive protein was lower in the group with thyrotropin ≤2.5 μIU/L. A weak positive correlation was found between fT4 with IMA and IMA corrected for albumin (r = 0.187, P = .05; r = 0.204, P = .034, respectively). There was no difference between AIT and the metabolic laboratory parameters examined in the study.

Conclusion
This study is the first to evaluate ADMA in AIT. Narrower thyroid function targets are not required for better metabolic control in euthyroid adults.
MALBEC: fine-tuning of the pointing direction of cameras for stratospheric double-station observation of meteor showers
Authors: Vaubaillon J , Rietze A , Zilkova D 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
To guarantee the successful observation of a meteor shower, the ‘Meteor Automated Light Balloon Experimental Camera’ will put two meteor cameras aboard stratospheric nacelles, at altitudes where clouds can no longer hinder the observation. After simulating the 3D trajectory of each nacelle and checking the overall feasibility of double-station meteor observation, the attitude of each camera is set and different configurations are explored. It often happens in meteor sciences that the two cameras are pointing towards each other. However, we show that an azimuth offset sometimes better suits the observation constraints and yields a high number of observed double-station meteors. A roll offset of the camera might be applied in order to maximize the atmosphere area overlap by the two cameras. Similarly, to increase the size of the field of view or to decrease the elevation of the camera, both result in a higher number of detected meteors, as expected. However, this comes with a loss of spatial resolution, which decreases the number of accurate measurements of meteoroid orbits. A satisfactory compromise is to increase the time of flight thanks to ceiling-balloon capabilities. In addition, we find that the current method used to compute the expected number of meteors from a stratospheric platform underestimates this number. More work is needed to understand the link between visual ground-based observations and stratospheric video records.
Physical conditions and chemical abundances in PN M 2-36. Results from deep echelle observations
Authors: Espíritu José N , Peimbert Antonio 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a spectrum of the planetary nebula (PN) M 2-36 obtained using the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) at the Very Large Telescope. 446 emission lines are detected. We perform an analysis of the chemical composition using multiple electron temperature (Te) and density (ne) diagnostics. Te and ne are computed using a variety of methods, including collisionally excited line (CEL) ratios, O++ optical recombination lines (ORLs), and measuring the intensity of the Balmer jump. Besides the classical CEL abundances, we also present robust ionic abundances from ORLs of heavy elements. From CELs and ORLs of O++, we obtain a new value for the Abundance Discrepancy Factor (ADF) of this nebula, being ADF(O++) = 6.76 ± 0.50. From all the different line ratios that we study, we find that the object cannot be chemically homogeneous; moreover, we find that two-phased photoionization models are unable to simultaneously reproduce critical ${\rm O\, \small {II}}$ and [${\rm O\, \small {III}}$] line ratios. However, we find a three-phased model able to adequately reproduce such ratios. While we consider this to be a toy model, it is able to reproduce the observed temperature and density line diagnostics. Our analysis shows that it is important to study high ADF PNe with high spectral resolution, since its physical and chemical structure may be more complicated than previously thought.
Chemical abundances in Seyfert galaxies – VIII. Argon abundance estimates
Authors: Monteiro A F , Dors O L 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
For the first time, the argon abundance relative to hydrogen abundance (Ar/H) in the narrow line region of a sample of Seyfert 2 nuclei has been derived. In view of this, optical narrow emission line intensities of a sample of 64 local Seyfert 2 nuclei (z &lt; 0.25) taken from Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7 and measured by the MPA/JHU group were considered. We adopted the Te-method for AGNs, which is based on direct determination of the electron temperature, together with a grid of photoionization model results, built with the cloudy code, to obtain a method for the derivation of the Ar/H abundance. We find that for a metallicity range of $\rm 0.2 \: \lesssim \: (\mathit{ Z}/{\rm Z_{\odot }}) \: \lesssim \: 2.0$, Seyfert 2 nuclei present Ar/H abundance ranging from ∼0.1 to ∼3 times the argon solar value, adopting $\rm log(O/H)_{\odot }=-3.31$ and $\rm log(Ar/H)_{\odot }=-5.60$. These range of values correspond to $\rm 8.0 \: \lesssim \: (12+log(O/H) \: \lesssim \: 9.0$ and $\rm 5.4 \: \lesssim \: (12+log(Ar/H) \: \lesssim \: 6.9$, respectively. The range of Ar/H and Ar/O abundance values obtained from our sample are in consonance with estimations from extrapolations of the radial abundance gradients to the central parts of the disc for four spiral galaxies. We combined our abundance results with estimates obtained from a sample of H ii galaxies, which were taken from the literature, and found that the Ar/O abundance ratio decreases slightly as the O/H abundance increases.
Constraints on planets in nearby young moving groups detectable by high-contrast imaging and Gaia astrometry
Authors: Wallace A L , Ireland M J , Federrath C 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The formation of giant planets can be studied through direct imaging by observing planets both during and after formation. Giant planets are expected to form either by core accretion, which is typically associated with low initial entropy (cold-start models) or by gravitational instability, associated with high initial entropy of the gas (hot-start models). Thus, constraining the initial entropy can provide insight into a planet’s formation process and determines the resultant brightness evolution. In this study, we find that, by observing planets in nearby moving groups of known age both through direct imaging and astrometry with Gaia, it will be possible to constrain the initial entropy of giant planets. We simulate a set of planetary systems in stars in nearby moving groups identified by BANYAN Σ and assume a model for planet distribution consistent with radial-velocity detections. We find that Gaia should be able to detect approximately 25 per cent of planets in nearby moving groups greater than $\sim 0.3\, M_\text{J}$. Using 5σ contrast limits of current and future instruments, we calculate the flux uncertainty, and using models for the evolution of the planet brightness, we convert this to an initial entropy uncertainty. We find that future instruments such as METIS on E-ELT as well as GRAVITY and VIKiNG with VLTI should be able to constrain the entropy to within 0.5 kB/baryon, which implies that these instruments should be able to distinguish between hot- and cold-start models.
Microsurgical Resection of a Petroclival Epidermoid Cyst Using an Anterior Petrosectomy Approach: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Vakharia Kunal V , Naylor Ryan M , Nassiri Ashley M , Driscoll Colin L W , Link Michael J 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Epidermoid cysts are rare, benign lesions that result from inclusion of ectodermal elements during neural tube closure.
1
Cysts are composed of desquamated epithelial cells and restrict diffusion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
2,3
Symptoms are attributable to anatomic location.
4,5
In this video, we illustrate the surgical treatment of an epidermoid cyst located in the right cerebellopontine angle, petrous apex, and Meckel's cave. The patient, a 33-yr-old female with right-sided V1 trigeminal hypoesthesia, underwent surveillance imaging for 2 yr. However, she developed progressive V1 and V2 trigeminal hypoesthesia and imaging revealed enlargement of the lesion. Therefore, surgical resection was pursued. The patient consented to the procedure.
The patient underwent a right middle fossa craniotomy and anterior petrosectomy. After identifying the greater superficial petrosal nerve and cutting the middle meningeal artery as it exited foramen spinosum, Kawase's triangle was drilled, and the dura over Meckel's cave and the subtemporal dura were opened. The lesion was resected, taking care to preserve the trigeminal nerve and the basilar artery. A retrosigmoid craniotomy was then fashioned. The cyst and its capsule were dissected off the brainstem and cranial nerves utilizing natural corridors between the trigeminal and vestibulocochlear nerves as well as between the facial and lower cranial nerves.
Gross total resection was confirmed on postoperative MRI, and she was discharged home on postoperative day 5. Three months after surgery, she underwent formal pinprick testing, which revealed 95% loss of sensation in V1, 20% loss in V2, and normal sensation in V3. Three-month postoperative MRI showed no residual tumor.
Paternal Cannabis Exposure Prior to Mating, but Not Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Elicits Deficits in Dopaminergic Synaptic Activity in the Offspring
Authors: Slotkin Theodore A , Levin Edward D , Seidler Frederic J 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The legalization and increasing availability of cannabis products raises concerns about the impact on offspring of users, and little has appeared on the potential contribution of paternal use. We administered cannabis extract to male rats prior to mating, with two different 28-day exposures, one where there was a 56-day interval between the end of exposure and mating (“Early Cannabis”), and one just prior to mating (“Late Cannabis”); the extract delivered 4 mg/kg/day of the main psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. We then assessed the impact on dopamine (DA) systems in the offspring from the onset of adolescence (postnatal day 30) through middle age (postnatal day 150), measuring the levels of DA and its primary metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in various brain regions. Paternal cannabis with either regimen elicited a profound and persistent deficit in DA utilization (DOPAC/DA ratio) in the offspring, indicative of subnormal presynaptic activity. However, the two regimens differed in the underlying mechanism, with Early Cannabis reducing DOPAC whereas Late Cannabis increased DA and elicited a smaller reduction in DOPAC. Effects were restricted to male offspring. The effects of cannabis were not reproduced by equivalent exposure to its Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, nor did we see the effects with perinatal exposure to tobacco smoke or some of its fetotoxic contributors (benzo[a]pyrene without or with nicotine). Our studies provide some of the first evidence for adverse effects of paternal cannabis administration on neurodevelopment in the offspring, and reinforce the important consequences of paternal drug use in the preconception period.
Pedicle Screw Plowing in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Klyce Walter , Suresh Krishna V. , Jain Amit , Parent Stefan , Shah Suken A. , Cahill Patrick J. , George Stephen , Clements David , Upasani Salil , Yaszay Burt , Miyanji Firoz , Kelly Michael P. , Lonner Baron S. , Sponseller Paul D. 
Published: September 2021

Study Design.
Multicenter retrospective review.

Objective.
To calculate overall incidence of pedicle screw “plowing” in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion (PSF). To identify risk factors for pedicle screw plowing and associated postoperative outcomes, including loss of correction and revision rate.

Summary of Background Data.
Curve correction of AIS generates perpendicular stresses that can cause pedicle screws to lose alignment and “plow” through pedicles craniocaudally.

Methods.
We reviewed records of 1057 patients who underwent PSF for AIS from 2002 to 2015. Preoperative and first postoperative erect radiographs were evaluated by two observers to determine (1) presence of plowing and (2) subsequent loss of correction (LOC). Plowing was defined as more than 25° sagittal angulation compared with pedicle axis or entry of the most dorsal part of the screw outside the pedicle projection. LOC was defined as postoperative change in focal angulation of an instrumented spinal level, when in consensus of both reviewers. Bivariate analyses were performed (alpha = 0.05).

Results.
Nineteen thousand five hundred sixty nine screws were assessed across our cohort of 1057 patients. Both observers agreed that 48 patients (4.5%) demonstrated plowing of more than or equal to one pedicle screw. For 72 screws (0.4%), both observers noted plowing, most commonly through the cranial cortex of the pedicle (65/72 screws) and at the lowest instrument vertebra (LIV) (17/72 screws). Factors associated with plowing included larger curves (P = 0.02); lower mean pedicle screw density (P = 0.0003); skeletal immaturity as measured by open triradiate cartilage (P = 0.04); and younger chronological age at time of surgery (P = 0.04). LOC occurred in 13 patients, most commonly at LIV (P < 0.0001). Revision rate for loss of screw fixation was higher in the plowing group (P = 0.003).

Conclusion.
Pedicle screw plowing occurred in 4.5% of AIS patients, especially in those skeletally immature and with decreased implant density. Plowing commonly occurred in the cranial direction and was associated with LOC, particularly at the LIV.

Level of Evidence: 3
Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Cancer in the United States
Authors: Lehrer Eric J. , Stoltzfus Kelsey C. , Jones Brianna M. , Gusani Niraj J. , Walter Vonn , Wang Ming , Trifiletti Daniel M. , Siva Shankar , Louie Alexander V. , Zaorsky Nicholas G. 
Published: September 2021

Objectives:
Metastatic cancer has historically been considered fatal; however, there is a paucity of evidence characterizing the epidemiology of incidence, treatment, and outcomes in these patients.

Materials and Methods:
Incidence rates, annual percent change (APC), descriptive epidemiological statistics, and odds ratios for survival were calculated using registry data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and the National Cancer Database (NCDB), 1998 to 2015.

Results:
There were a total of 1,055,860 patients with metastatic cancer. The most frequent primary cancers were lung (42.6%), colorectal (9.5%), and ovarian (5.5%). Metastatic lung and colorectal cancer incidence decreased, APC: −1.57 (P<0.001) and APC: −1.48 (P<0.001), respectively; metastatic pancreatic cancer incidence increased, APC: 0.62 (P=0.001). The use of local therapies decreased for almost all sites, and the use of systemic therapies increased across multiple sites: single-agent chemotherapy in kidney (2.54% increase/year), female breast (1.14% increase/year), and prostate cancer (1.08% increase/year); multiagent chemotherapy, most notably in pancreas (2.23% increase/year), uterus (1.81% increase/year), and colorectal cancer (1.54% increase/year). Increased utilization of immunotherapy was observed across the majority of sites, most notably in melanoma (2.14% increase/year). Patients diagnosed from 2006 to 2010 had 17.4% higher odds of surviving at least 60 months compared with 1998 to 2002.

Conclusions:
In this study, metastatic disease has been shown to have unique epidemiological patterns, and survival has improved. Continued research on metastatic disease is important in understanding and addressing the distinct health concerns of this population.
Resilience, Physical Activity, and Depression in Women Living With HIV in the San Francisco Bay Area: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Ambrose Patricia R. , Cuca Yvette P. , Baguso Glenda N. , Hoffmann Thomas J. , Dawson-Rose Carol 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
There is a lack of literature on the effects of physical activity and depression on resilience in women living with HIV. This cross-sectional study examined the associations of sociodemographic factors, physical activity, and depression on resilience among 97 women living with HIV using linear regression models. Among these women, the mean resilience score was 70.7 (SD 16.3), the majority were insufficiently active (67.0%), and 45.4% had a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score that indicated at least moderate depression. In a multivariable analysis, depression was negatively associated with resilience, and education was positively associated with resilience (p < .0001; p = .031). There was no significant correlation between physical activity and depression or resilience. An exploratory analysis did not indicate that depression mediated the relationship between physical activity and resilience. There is a need to address low levels of physical activity in women living with HIV. Interventions that address resilience and depressive symptoms may lead to improved mental health.
Computed tomography features of COVID-19 in children
Authors: Wang Ji-gan , Mo Yu-fang , Su Yu-heng , Wang Li-chuan , Liu Guang-bing , Li Meng , Qin Qian-qiu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background:
There are few reports on the chest computed tomography (CT) imaging features of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and most reports involve small sample sizes.

Objectives:
To systematically analyze the chest CT imaging features of children with COVID-19 and provide references for clinical practice.

Data sources:
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase; data published by Johns Hopkins University; and Chinese databases CNKI, Wanfang, and Chongqing Weipu.

Methods:
Reports on chest CT imaging features of children with COVID-19 from January 1, 2020 to August 10, 2020, were analyzed retrospectively and a meta-analysis carried out using Stata12.0 software.

Results:
Thirty-seven articles (1747 children) were included in this study. The heterogeneity of meta-analysis results ranged from 0% to 90.5%. The overall rate of abnormal lung CT findings was 63.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 55.8%–70.6%), with a rate of 61.0% (95% CI: 50.8%–71.2%) in China and 67.8% (95% CI: 57.1%–78.4%) in the rest of the world in the subgroup analysis. The incidence of ground-glass opacities was 39.5% (95% CI: 30.7%–48.3%), multiple lung lobe lesions was 65.1% (95% CI: 55.1%–67.9%), and bilateral lung lesions was 61.5% (95% CI: 58.8%–72.2%). Other imaging features included nodules (25.7%), patchy shadows (36.8%), halo sign (24.8%), consolidation (24.1%), air bronchogram signs (11.2%), cord-like shadows (9.7%), crazy-paving pattern (6.1%), and pleural effusion (9.1%). Two articles reported 3 cases of white lung, another reported 2 cases of pneumothorax, and another 1 case of bullae.

Conclusions:
The lung CT results of children with COVID-19 are usually normal or slightly atypical. The lung lesions of COVID-19 pediatric patients mostly involve both lungs or multiple lobes, and the common manifestations are patchy shadows, ground-glass opacities, consolidation, partial air bronchogram signs, nodules, and halo signs; white lung, pleural effusion, and paving stone signs are rare. Therefore, chest CT has limited value as a screening tool for children with COVID-19 and can only be used as an auxiliary assessment tool.
Multimodal and systemic therapy with cabozantinib for treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation
Authors: Mahn Robert , Sadeghlar Farsaneh , Bartels Alexandra , Zhou Taotao , Weismüller Tobias , Kupczyk Patrick , Meyer Carsten , Gaertner Florian C. , Toma Marieta , Vilz Tim , Knipper Petra , Glowka Tim , Manekeller Steffen , Kalff Jörg , Strassburg Christian P. , Gonzalez-Carmona Maria A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Rationale:
Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation (LT) remains a major therapeutic challenge. In recent years, new molecular-targeted therapies, such as cabozantinib, have been approved for the treatment of advanced HCC. However, clinical experience with these new drugs in the treatment of HCC in the LT setting is very limited.

Patient concerns:
In 2003, a 36-year-old woman was referred to the hospital with right upper abdominal pain.

Diagnosis:
An initial ultrasound of the liver demonstrated a large unclear lesion of the left lobe of the liver. The magnet resonance imaging findings confirmed a multifocal inoperable HCC in a non-cirrhotic liver. Seven years after receiving a living donor LT, pulmonary and intra-hepatic recurrence of the HCC was radiologically diagnosed and histologically confirmed.

Interventions:
Following an interdisciplinary therapy concept consisting of surgical, interventional-radiological (with radiofrequency ablation [RFA]) as well as systemic treatment, the patient achieved a survival of more than 10 years after tumor recurrence. As systemic first line therapy with sorafenib was accompanied by grade 3 to 4 toxicities, such as mucositis, hand-foot skin reaction, diarrhea, liver dysfunction, and hyperthyroidism, it had to be discontinued. After switching to cabozantinib from June 2018 to April 2020, partial remission of all tumor manifestations was achieved. The treatment of the remaining liver metastasis could be completed by RFA. The therapy with cabozantinib was well tolerated, only mild arterial hypertension and grade 1 to 2 mucositis were observed. Liver transplant function was stable during the therapy, no drug interaction with immunosuppressive drugs was observed.

Outcomes:
More than 10 years survival after recurrence of HCC after living-donor LT due to intensive multimodal therapy concepts, including surgery, RFA, and systemic therapy with cabozantinib in the second line therapy.

Lessons:
In conclusion, this report highlights the tolerability and effectiveness of cabozantinib for the treatment of HCC recurrence after LT. We show that our patient with a late recurrence of HCC after LT benefitted from intensive multimodal therapy concepts, including surgery, RFA, and systemic therapy.