bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: GIBSON STANLEY 
Published: December 2021

A short while ago, I asked a busy pediatrician of long experience how many "blue babies" he had seen in the course of his practice. He thought for a moment, then replied, "Four." Since that time I have made several other inquiries among my pediatric associates and have been surprised to find how small a number of cases of congenital heart disease they have had in their private practice. Yet if some stranger from another planet should visit Dr. Taussig's clinic, he might well conclude that congenital heart disease is as frequent as measles. The concentration of cases in a few medical centers throughout the country has doubtless given a false impression of the frequency and importance of congenital malformations of the heart. If then the problem represents so small a portion of general pediatric practice, one may fairly ask whether the already overworked children's specialist should undertake an additional burden. He is apt, too, to be discouraged when he contemplates some of the special technics and gadgets which have become popular in cardiac diagnosis. Let me hasten to assure him that his feeling of frustration is no more acute than that of many of us of the older generation when some of our chemical pediatricians begin to toss their atomic weights around and overwhelm us with millimols and milliequivalents.
I wish, however, to emphasize the fact that it requires very little time and effort to have a good working knowledge of the diagnosis of most of the congenital cardiovascular anomalies which lend themselves to correction or improvement by surgical means.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEGRO INFANTS
Authors: SCOTT ROLAND B. , JENKINS MELVIN E. , CRAWFORD ROBERT P. 
Published: December 2021

This analysis comprises 11,818 Negro newborn infants delivered at Freedmen's Hospital during the period 1939 to 1947. There were 10,692 full term infants and 1126 premature babies. The incidence of prematurity was 9.5%. The average birth weight for full term female infants was 3269 gm. and for males 3378 gm. The combined average for full term infants was 3337 gm.
The relatively higher birth weights for Negro infants observed in this series is attributed in a large measure to more favorable economic conditions during the period of observation.
CHOICE OF ROOMING-IN OR NEWBORN NURSERY
Authors: KLATSKIN ETHELYN H. , LETHIN ANTON N. , JACKSON EDITH B. 
Published: December 2021

From July 1, 1947 to July 1, 1949, 1251 mothers attending the obstetric clinic of the University Service of the Grace-New Haven Community Hospital were "screened" through interview to determine their preference in hospital accommodation and to obtain basic identification data. Patients were grouped according to preference for Rooming-In, preference for Nursery, and Undecided. The significance of the relationship between accommodation preference and patient's feeding preference, parity, age, education, descent, religion, race and occupation of patient's husband was then statistically determined. It was found that inclusion of the Undecided group with the Nursery group did not alter the statistical significance of any of the obtained relationships, and[SEE CHART 2 IN SOURCE PDF] consequently only the Rooming-In and Nursery groups will be contrasted in the following summary:
1. A highly significant relationship was found between accommodation preference and feeding preference. The majority of the Rooming-In group preferred breast feeding, the majority of the Nursery group preferred bottle feeding.
2. A highly significant relationship was found between accommodation preference and patient's parity. On the whole, the Rooming-In group members have lower parities than the Nursery group members.
3. No relationship was found between accommodation preference and patient's age.
4. A highly significant relationship was found between accommodation preference and occupation of patient's husband. The preponderance of patients in upper occupational classifications (student, professional, small business) occurred in the Rooming-In group. If the student classification is not included, the groups approach similarity.
5. A highly significant relationship was found between accommodation preference and patient's education. The preponderance of patients in higher educational classifications (college and above) occurred in the Rooming-In group.
6. No statistically significant relationship was found between accommodation preference and patient's descent, though a trend approaching significance was noted for the Rooming-In group to be chosen more often by patients of United States, British Isles, and Northwest European descent, and Nursery by patients of Southern European descent.
7. No relationship was found between accommodation preference and patient's religion.
8. A highly significant relationship was found between accommodation preference and patient's race. The Rooming-In group contained fewer Negro mothers in proportion to white mothers than did the Nursery group.
During the two year period, screening interviews were obtained on 280 private patients. As this group was a biased sample, the data were not analyzed statistically. Compared with clinic patients preferring rooming-in, the private patients more consistently preferred breast feeding, represented a different cultural and economic group, but were similar to the clinic group in age and parity.
Relactation: An Overview
Authors: Brown Roy E. 
Published: December 2021

Relactation refers to the physiological process whereby human lactation is initiated at a time unrelated to the postpartum production of milk. This phenomenon has also been referred to as induced lactation or, in some instances, interrupted lactation in women who have weaned their infants and wish to resume breast-feeding. The relactation process can also be used to promote an increase in the milk supply of women who are already lactating.
Although relactation is an accepted fact in many cultures, even well-trained pediatricians in both the developed and developing countries may be unaware of the potential relactation has in good infant care.
SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
Authors: Comroe J. H. , H. R. J. 
Published: December 2021

Can the NIH use its funds to speed publication of articles that have been carefully reviewed and accepted by competent editorial boards? Some editors take the position that since the process of research and writing a manuscript may take a year or two, why fuss about speeding up the mechanical process of publication by from four to six months. But slow publication is an anachronism in the modern era of electronics and computers which have not only revolutionized the speed of making scientific measurements but also the process of printing and reproduction.
The author suggests that steps be taken to obtain rapid publication for a wide audience of the proceedings of small conferences that must be limited to a select few to make them profitable (now done effectively by some divisions of some institutes of the NIH).
Pediatric Social Illness: Toward an Etiologic Classification
Authors: Newberger Eli H. , Reed Robert B. , Daniel Jessica H. , Hyde James N. , Kotelchuck Milton 
Published: December 2021

The significance of ecological stress factors for understanding the etiology and interrelationships among the pediatric social illnesses was explored in a case-control study of 560 children under 4 years of age. Cases of child abuse and neglect, failure to thrive, accidents, and poisonings were matched on age, socioeconomic status, and ethnic group with children who had comparably acute medical conditions. Data were ascertained from the children's medical records and from an extensive maternal interview which probed historical and contemporary familial, environmental, and child developmental realities.
The findings support the basic hypothesis that the occurrence of pediatric social illness is associated with increased family stress. Child abuse is associated with more extreme stresses in all categories studied; failure to thrive with maternal historical stresses, perceived sickness of the index child, and contemporary social isolation; and accidents with contemporary household crises. An additive mode of pathogenesis of the more severe symptom manifestations is suggested by these data.
Specific at-risk items were also noted. Although child abuse separated sharply from the other entities in a discriminant function regression analysis of the data, the insufficient predictive power of the principal discrimination features suggests that proposed programs to screen for risk of child abuse are of questionable accuracy and social utility.
Effectiveness of Physician-Mother Interactions During Infancy
Authors: Liptak Gregory S. , Hulka Barbara S. , Cassel John C. 
Published: December 2021

For the purpose of correlating elements of process in well-child care with outcomes, 479 normal infants from the practices of 42 physicians in a single community were evaluated. Data on maternal characteristics, physician awareness of maternal concerns, physician communication to the mother, and physician management were obtained from interview of mothers, questionnaires completed by physicians, and abstracting of medical records. Outcomes were evaluated prior to the child's 11th-month birthday by interviewing the mother. The outcomes selected were mother-child adaptation, bother experienced by the mother over common symptoms of infancy, and the mother's satisfaction with medical care.
All three outcomes were found to be associated with the mother's attitudes and concerns about her infant. Physician awareness of maternal concerns correlated positively with mother-child adaptation; both physician communication to mother and physician management were associated with maternal satisfaction with medical care. When controlling for maternal attitudes, the process measures of physician awareness of maternal concerns and physician communication to the mother was still found to be associated with mother-child adaptation and maternal satisfaction with medical care, respectively.
The pediatrician and children in foster care
Authors: Fanshel David 
Published: December 2021

There are approximately 330,000 children living in foster care under the auspices of public and private social agencies in the United States. The vast majority-approximately 80%-have come into care because of severe personal and social problems that have afflicted their parents. More often than not, they come from households that are headed by women struggling to survive on public assistance budgets. Minority children are heavily overrepresented in their ranks.
Parental failure leading to breakup of families is usually related to such personal problems of adults as mental illness, poor physical health, mental retardation, drug addiction, alcoholism, arrest and imprisonment for deviant behavior, and marital discord. Sizable groups of children come into care because their parents have been judged in court actions to have been guilty of abuse or neglect.
UNTITLED
Authors: Willcox Darlene 
Published: December 2021

I have such lovely big blue eyes . . . or so the dalies told me. But what are blue eyes anyway?? My Mama doesn't hold me.
Oh, my, you sing just like a lark!! My teacher's face is beaming. Who cares? My Daddy doesn't hear my aching heart screaming.
Again you're second in the class; you've won another prize, Dear. But I would rather be a dunce and have my brothers live here.
My heart, my head . . . all pulled apart . . . I know some think I'm plucky. And yet, without the ones I love, I don't feel very lucky.
Article Stimulates Review of Immunization Practices
Authors: Overend Don S. 
Published: December 2021

The article by McDaniel et al. in the October 1975 issue of Pediatrics was surprising and somewhat appalling: surprising, perhaps, because more studies of this kind have not been done, and appalling because of the apparent poor record of practicing pediatricians in maintaining immunization rates. I am sure that many practicing pediatricians proceed smugly under the assumption that children under their care are adequately immunized.
The article served to prompt a quick and superficial review of immunization procedures within our pediatric group.
Stimulant Drug Therapy in Hyperactive Children: Research and Clinical Implications
Authors: Wolraich Mark L. 
Published: December 2021

In spite of 39 years of experience in stimulant drug use for children since it was first reported by Bradley,1 there is still some controversy over its effectiveness. During the past ten years stimulant therapy has gone through periods of great popularity and periods of disfavor. In an article in 1973 Wender described stimulant therapy as the “mainstay of treatment for children with minimal brain dysfunction”2 and Eisenberg in 1972 described it as the most effective and best documented available method.3 Meanwhile in 1976, Bax wrote that “in my own experience medication has little to offer in the way of help either to the children who present primarily as having learning difficulties or to those whose behavior is the outstanding problem. Virtually no children in normal schools should, I believe, be on treatment.”4
After all these years why is there still such difference of opinion? What valid data are available? Several articles review the research in this area.5-7 A recent article reviews the results of 110 studies but does not consider methodological criteria.8 It is helpful to look at the numerous research studies done with stimulant drugs in light of research criteria. There are two studies that discuss methodological criteria required for valid research on psychotropic medication.9,10 Sprague and Werry9 define six minimum requirements for valid drug studies. These are (1) placebo control, (2) random assignment of subjects, (3)double-blind method, (4) standardized dosage, (5) standardized evaluations,and (6) appropriate statistical analysis. Fish10 amplifies the problem of subject selection, stating
Concerns About Screening Programs
Authors: KUHR MURRAY D. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
Clow and Scriver have advanced our knowledge of the psychosocial impact of genetic screening (Pediatrics 59:86, January 1977). More than half of the carriers were worried or depressed. Four of the 45 carriers had diminished self-image. Why the self-stigmatization? Stone, in describing the case of a psychotic adolescent who was a Tay-Sachs carrier cautions against screening in this age group.1 The evidence builds that genetic screening can be harmful to one's psychic
Dr. Powell Replies
Authors: POWELL GERALDINE K. 
Published: December 2021

Our original design in planning this study was to assess three areas: (1)the efficacy of nasoduodenal tube feeding as a technique of providing adequate caloric intake to the very-low-birth-weight infant, (2) the efficiency of these calories in promoting weight gain, (3) the complication rate of this feeding method.
To answer our first two questions, we chose the most rigorous control available to us, which was nasogastric continuous drip feeding, rather than the standard gavage,
Why Wasn't It Pink?
Authors: POSNER MARTIN 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
I recently used a dosage of triple live vaccines (rubeola, rubella, and mumps), and on injecting the diluent into the vial withdrew a clear fluid. Past experience has always resulted in a pink to red color of the fluid on reconstitution.
The question of efficacy of the product was the basis of my making inquiry of the manufacturer. Attached is a letter explaining the variations in color. I believe that the main
The Answer
Authors: OLIVERO PETER A. 
Published: December 2021

Since December 1974, when revised regulations concerning shipment of live virus vaccines issued by the Food and Drug Administration, Bureau of Biologics, went into effect, Merck Sharp & Dohme has transported all shipments of our vaccines and diluent syringes in containers with dry ice.
Previously, our live virus vaccines turned pink to red when reconstituted. This color is due to the addition of phenol red, which is a pH-sensitive indicator. Now, however, a few of
Simple Apnea Monitoring May Not Work
Authors: LEWAK NORMAN 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
In August 1975 (Pediatrics 56:296, August 1975) I reported on an infant who died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) despite apnea monitoring in an intensive care nursery. My communication was made to counter lay articles advocating use of apnea monitors to “prevent” SIDS. Similar responses to home apnea monitor advocates have been made in a Pediatrics commentary1 and an American Academy of Pediatrics committee statement.2
An article has since appeared that
It's Sometimes Useful
Authors: ESKES PHILIP W. H. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
I read the letters by Drs. Ivey and Kattwinkel and Drs. Soyka and Neese regarding codeine-containing cough mixtures (Pediatrics 57:164,January 1976). I certainly have no bone to pick with those letters as the mixture was used inappropriately. But before we all jump on the“ban”-wagon regarding use or nonuse of those mixtures, maybe the voice of a practicing pediatrician should be heard.
All of us are plagued at certain times of
Ethical Issues in Pediatric Surgery: A National Survey of Pediatricians and Pediatric Surgeons
Authors: Shaw Anthony , Randolph Judson G. , Manard Barbara 
Published: December 2021

The findings reported in this article are based on a nationwide survey of the attitudes and practices of pediatric surgeons and pediatricians with respect to some of the difficult ethical choices confronting them in medical practice.
Four hundred fifty-seven physicians completed a questionnaire in the spring of 1975 in which they reacted to a wide range of issues that have been of increasing concern to the public, as well as to the medical profession. The survey attempts to identify some areas of physician consensus as well as some of the factors, personal and professional, influencing physicians' attitudes.
The survey and its statistical analysis are intended to provide current sociological data and are not intended by the authors as an endorsement of any particular point of view or course of action.
Influence of Life Events and Family Routines on Childhood Respiratory Tract Illness
Authors: Boyce W. Thomas , Jensen Eric W. , Cassel John C. , Collier Albert M. , Smith Allan H. , Ramey Craig T. 
Published: December 2021

Respiratory illnesses account for nearly two thirds of the total illness in a community,1 account for as much as 40% of the problems seen in a pediatric practice,2,3 and are responsible for over one third of school absences.4 Despite major advances in the microbiology of respiratory disease, why and how a child becomes ill remain poorly understood. In over half of respiratory illnesses, complete cultures fail to yield an etiologic agent.5 Conversely, 30% of a school-age population can harbor group A streptococci without developing symptoms,6 three quarters of preschool children infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae remain asymptomatic,7 and as many as 42% of upper respiratory tract cultures from well children yield pneumococci.8 Furthermore, there is no satisfactory explanation for the observation that certain children are predisposed to more frequent or more severe respiratory illnesses.9
The limited ability of microbiologic data to account for clinical experience has increased interest in studying the influence of social factors upon childhood disease. The family is undoubtedly the most important social context in which illness occurs, and many studies have documented the link between pediatric disease and family dynamics.10-18 Meyer and Haggerty reported a strong relationship between patterns of streptococcal illness and the degree of chronic family stress.19 Another group of observers found an accumulation of major family life events in the year preceding general pediatric hospitalizations.20 Others have demonstrated the prevalence of psychosocial problems in the families of children with repeated accidents and ingestions of poisons.21,22 There has, however, been little study of the general relationship between social environment and respiratory illness in children.
Pediatricians and Parents: Remarks on Receiving the C. Anderson Aldrich Award
Authors: Gordon Harry H. 
Published: December 2021

When John Bartram phoned to tell me of this greatly appreciated honor, he said I could speak to whatever topic I chose. Implicit in such trust was the assumption that I would be brief.
Dr. Aldrich played a major role in bringing the practice of infant feeding from an era of pseudo-scientific misapplication of metabolic data into a psychologic era.1 He recognized that feeding was the the most important early transaction between mother and infant and that appropriate pediatric advice could promote healthy personality development. His wisdom was derived from a large experience with mothers and babies, and a grounding in the philosophic concepts of Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Respect the child. Be not too much his parent. . . . Respect the child, respect him to the end, but also respect yourself."2 I propose to address briefly the lack of respect by some pediatricians for the felt needs of mothers.
Dr. Aldrich saw the mother and infant as a unit. He considered the term "self-demand" feeding too autocratic and substituted "self-regulation," recognizing that limits should be set which respected the mother and her other responsibilities as well as the infant. He preferred a schedule of feeding which was neither rigid, leading to anorexia, nor virtually nonexistent, leading to early obesity and what Spock termed chronic resistance to sleep, the latter a family affair with tensions for father as well as mother.
His conceptualization led us to summarize our own laboratory observations under the title, "A Metabolic Basis for the Individualized Feeding of Young Infants," and to a later study of self-regulation of intake of food by prematurely born infants, a step toward flexible, sound advice to anxious mothers on discharge of their infants.3
Multiple Metatarsal Fractures in Child Abuse
Authors: Jaffe Arthur C. , Lasser Daniel H. 
Published: December 2021

Ever since Caffey's classic description of its clinical findings,1 physicians have been aware of the syndrome of child abuse and its skeletal pathology. Because of the emphasis placed on them by Caffey1 and others,2,3 it is now considered standard medical practice to obtain roentgenograms of the skull, ribs, and long bones as part of the routine evaluation of suspected child abuse.
We are reporting an abused infant with multiple metatarsal fractures, an apparently undescribed finding in maltreatment syndromes. We also raise the question of whether or not roentgenographic search for fractures of the small bones of the extremities should be routinely performed.
Failure of Pediatricians to Provide Automobile Restraint Information to Parents
Authors: Simons Paul S. 
Published: December 2021

In the past decade, over 15,000 children under the age of 5 years were killed in highway crashes (1,988 fatalities in l973).1-3 Practicing physicians could well prevent many such tragic deaths by educating parents on the value of automobile seat restraints.4-5
This study was designed to investigate parental use of automobile child restraint devices in the St. Louis metropolitan area and to determine what influence physicians had on the use of these devices.
METHOD
Questionnaires were sent to the mothers of 559 newborn infants delivered at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis in September and October 1974 and to the mothers of 757 newborns delivered at St. John's Mercy Hospital in St. Louis County from December 15, 1974, through February 14, 1975.