bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doppler ultrasound measurements of the blood flow velocity in the fetal heart and aorta in Bulgarian White milk goats
Authors: Fasulkov Ivan R. , Karadaev Manol , Vasilev Nasko , Hristov Kalin , Fedev Ivan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to determine the parameters characterising the blood flow velocity in the fetal heart and aorta in goats by Doppler ultrasonography. Twenty‐four Bulgarian White milk goats, aged 4–6 years, weighing 45–51 kg were used in the study. Doppler ultrasound measurements of the blood flow velocity in fetal heart were done at the end of first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and in the fetal aorta – at the end of the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Ultrasound investigations were carried out by transabdominal approach with linear and convex transducers, with frequency 8.0 MHz. Blood flow parameters that included maximum and minimum systolic velocity, end‐diastolic velocity, pulsatility index, resistance index and systolic/diastolic ratio were measured by spectral Doppler ultrasonography. The results showed that the highest maximum systolic velocity in the fetal heart was observed at the end of the first pregnancy trimester. Statistically significantly (p < 0.05) lower values of this parameter were registered in the second and third pregnancy trimesters. A similar tendency was observed for minimum systolic velocity, end‐diastolic velocity and systolic/diastolic ratio. The pulsatility index and resistance index had similar values for the three studied periods. Examination of the fetal aorta showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) of minimum systolic velocity, end‐diastolic velocity, pulsatility and resistance index in the third, compared with the second trimester of pregnancy. The analysis of the results suggested that Doppler ultrasonography can be used to monitor fetal blood flow changes during the various stages of pregnancy.
Why BDeu? Regular Bayesian network structure learning with discrete and continuous variables
Authors: Suzuki Joe 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe consider the problem of Bayesian network structure learning (BNSL) from data. In particular, we focus on the score‐based approach rather than the constraint‐based approach and address what score we should use for the purpose. The Bayesian Dirichlet equivalent uniform (BDeu) has been mainly used within the community of BNs (not outside of it). We know that for any model selection and any data, the fitter the data to a model, the more complex the model, and vice versa. However, recently, it was proven that BDeu violates regularity, which means that it does not balance the two factors, although it works satisfactorily (consistently) when the sample size is infinitely large. In addition, we claim that the merit of using the regular scores over the BDeu is that tighter bounds of pruning rules are available when we consider efficient BNSL. Finally, using experiments, we compare the performances of the procedures to examine the claim. (This paper is for review and gives a unified viewpoint from the recent progress on the topic.)This article is categorized under:
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Modeling Methods
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and Theory
The Triple Salt 2(C7H9N4O2)[MoOCl4(H2O)] ⋅ 2(C7H9N4O2)Cl ⋅ (H17O8)Cl Containing a C2‐symmetrical Unbranched H+(H2O)8Zundel type Species in a Framework Composed of Theophyllinium, Aquatetrachloridooxidomolybdate and Chloride Ions
Authors: Wyshusek Maik , Reiss Guido J. , Frank Walter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFrom a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution of molybdenum‐(V) chloride and theophylline octaaquahydrogen(1+) tetrakis(theophyllinium) bis[aquatetrachloridooxidomolybdate(1−)] tri‐chloride, C7H9N4O2)4(H17O8)[MoOCl4(H2O)]2Cl3, (1) was obtained. The light emerald green inorganic‐organic hybrid material can be rationalized as a triple salt according to the formula 2(C7H9N4O2)[MoOCl4(H2O)] ⋅ 2(C7H9N4O2)Cl ⋅ (H17O8)Cl. The ions involved are connected by charge‐supported hydrogen bonds to form a 3D framework. The unique H17O8+ moiety features a chain of eight hydrogen bonded water molecules, with the excess proton defining a H5O2+ Zundel‐ion (O⋅⋅⋅O distance 240.3(6) pm) in the middle of the chain, and is placed with crystallographic site symmetry 2. Although engaged in strong O−H⋅⋅⋅O bonding to the neighboring water molecules in the chain (O⋅⋅⋅O distance 262.9(4) pm) and in hydrogen bonding to a carbonyl group of a theophyllinium ion, both the conformation of the H5O2+ unit and the geometry of the very strong central O−H−O bond fit to the C2‐symmetrical global minimum structure of an isolated H5O2+ species. The outer water molecules of the H17O8+ moiety are further engaged in N−H⋅⋅⋅O, O−H⋅⋅⋅Cl and O−H⋅⋅⋅O=C bonds.
Use of antidepressants among Finnish family caregivers: a nationwide register-based study
Authors: Mikkola Tuija M. , Kautiainen Hannu , Mänty Minna , von Bonsdorff Mikaela B. , Koponen Hannu , Kröger Teppo , Eriksson Johan G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare the use of antidepressants over 6 years between family caregivers providing high-intensity care and a matched control population using register-based data.

Methods
The study includes all individuals, who received family caregiver’s allowance in Finland in 2012 (n = 29,846 females, mean age 66 years; n = 12,410 males, mean age 71 years) and a control population matched for age, sex, and municipality of residence (n = 59,141 females; n = 24,477 males). Information on purchases of antidepressants, including the number of defined daily doses (DDD) purchased, between 2012 and 2017 was obtained from the national drugs reimbursement register.

Results
During the follow-up, 28.5% of female caregivers and 23.5% of the female controls used antidepressants, while the numbers for males were 21.1% and 16.4%, respectively. Adjusted for socioeconomic status, female caregivers used 43.7 (95% confidence interval 42.4–45.0) and their controls used 36.2 (35.3–37.2) DDDs of antidepressants per person-year. Male caregivers used 29.6 (27.6–31.6) and their controls used 21.6 (20.2–23.0) DDDs of antidepressants per person-year. Among female caregivers, the relative risk for use of antidepressants was similar (about 1.3) from 20 to 70 years, after which the relative risk declined. In male caregivers, the relative risk was highest (about 1.4–1.5) between 45 and 65 years.

Conclusions
Family caregivers providing high-intensity care use more antidepressants and hence, are likely to have poorer mental health than the age-matched general population in virtually all age groups. However, the magnitude of the higher use varies as a function of age and gender.
Cannabinoids, reward processing, and psychosis
Authors: Gunasekera Brandon , Diederen Kelly , Bhattacharyya Sagnik 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Evidence suggests that an overlap exists between the neurobiology of psychotic disorders and the effects of cannabinoids on neurocognitive and neurochemical substrates involved in reward processing.

Aims
We investigate whether the psychotomimetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the antipsychotic potential of cannabidiol (CBD) are underpinned by their effects on the reward system and dopamine.

Methods
This narrative review focuses on the overlap between altered dopamine signalling and reward processing induced by cannabinoids, pre-clinically and in humans. A systematic search was conducted of acute cannabinoid drug-challenge studies using neuroimaging in healthy subjects and those with psychosis

Results
There is evidence of increased striatal presynaptic dopamine synthesis and release in psychosis, as well as abnormal engagement of the striatum during reward processing. Although, acute THC challenges have elicited a modest effect on striatal dopamine, cannabis users generally indicate impaired presynaptic dopaminergic function. Functional MRI studies have identified that a single dose of THC may modulate regions involved in reward and salience processing such as the striatum, midbrain, insular, and anterior cingulate, with some effects correlating with the severity of THC-induced psychotic symptoms. CBD may modulate brain regions involved in reward/salience processing in an opposite direction to that of THC.

Conclusions
There is evidence to suggest modulation of reward processing and its neural substrates by THC and CBD. Whether such effects underlie the psychotomimetic/antipsychotic effects of these cannabinoids remains unclear. Future research should address these unanswered questions to understand the relationship between endocannabinoid dysfunction, reward processing abnormalities, and psychosis.
Coriolis and buoyancy effects on heat transfer in viewpoint of field synergy principle and secondary flow intensity for maximization of internal cooling
Authors: Hosseinalipour Seyed Mostafa , Shahbazian Hamidreza , Sunden Bengt 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present investigation emphases on rotation effects on internal cooling of gas turbine blades both numerically and experimentally. The primary motivation behind this work is to investigate the possibility of heat transfer enhancement by dean vortices generated by Coriolis force and U-bend with developing turbulent in the view point of the field synergy principle and secondary flow intensity analysis. A two-passage internal cooling channel model with a 180° U-turn at the hub section is used in the analysis. The flow is radially outward at the first passage of the square channel and then it will be inward at the second passage. The study covers a Reynolds number (Re) of 10,000, Rotation number (Ro) in the range of 0–0.25, and Density Ratios (DR) at the inlet between 0.1–1.5. The numerical results are compared to experimental data from a rotating facility. Results obtained with the basic RANS SST k-ω model are assessed completely as well. A field synergy principle analysis is consistent with the numerical results too. The results state that the secondary flows due to rotation can considerably improve the synergy between the velocity and temperature gradients up to 20%, which is the most fundamental reason why the rotation can enhance the heat transfer. In addition, the Reynolds number and centrifugal buoyancy variations are found to have no remarkable impact on increasing the synergy angle. Moreover, vortices induced by Rotation number and amplified by Reynolds number increase considerable secondary flow intensity which is exactly in compliance with Nusselt number enhancement.
Sex-specific hormone changes during immunotherapy and its influence on survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Tulchiner Gennadi , Pichler Renate , Ulmer Hanno , Staudacher Nina , Lindner Andrea Katharina , Brunner Andrea , Zelger Bettina , Steinkohl Fabian , Aigner Friedrich , Horninger Wolfgang , Thurnher Martin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly vascularized and immunogenic tumor, being an ideal candidate for checkpoint blockade-based immunotherapy. Accordingly, checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC). Sex-specific differences in cancer immunotherapy may be explained by the interaction of sex hormone signaling, genetic and environmental factors, affecting the innate and adaptive immune response in men and women in different ways. The aim of this prospective study was to monitor for the first time changes in sex hormones including luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), LH/FSH ratio and 17-ß-estradiol (E2) in 22 mRCC patients (12 male and 10 female) receiving nivolumab therapy. In contrast to female patients, male patients showed a significant increase in E2 (p = 0.006) and LH/FSH ratio (p = 0.013) from the beginning of nivolumab therapy to week 12 of follow-up. Moreover, survival analysis revealed a significant negative association between LH/FSH ratio and progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.022) as well as between therapy response (p = 0.009) in males compared to females at interim evaluation (week 6/8). Our findings may therefore be the first reference to sex hormone changes during immunotherapy.
Pancreatoduodenectomy for Neuroendocrine Tumors in Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1: An AFCE (Association Francophone de Chirurgie Endocrinienne) and GTE (Groupe d’étude des Tumeurs Endocrines) Study
Authors: Santucci Nicolas , Gaujoux Sébastien , Binquet Christine , Reichling Cynthia , Lifante Jean‐Christophe , Carnaille Bruno , Pattou François , Mirallié Eric , Facy Olivier , Mathonnet Muriel , Goudet Pierre 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimTo assess postoperative complications and control of hormone secretions following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) performed on multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) patients with duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (DP‐NETs).BackgroundThe use of PD to treat MEN1 remains controversial, and evaluating the right place of PD in MEN1 disease makes sense.MethodsThirty‐one MEN1 patients from the Groupe d’étude des Tumeurs Endocrines MEN1 cohort who underwent PD for DP‐NETs between 1971 and 2013 were included. Early and late postoperative complications, secretory control and overall survival were analyzed.ResultsIndication for surgery was: Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (n = 18; 58%), nonfunctioning tumor (n = 9; 29%), insulinoma (n = 2; 7%), VIPoma (n = 1; 3%) and glucagonoma (n = 1; 3%). Mean follow‐up was 141 months (range 0–433). Pancreatic fistulas occurred in 5 patients (16.1%), distant metastases in 6 (mean onset of 43 months; range 13–110 months), postoperative diabetes mellitus in 7 (22%), and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in 6 (19%). Five‐year overall survival was 93.3% [CI 75.8–98.3] and ten‐year overall survival was 89.1% [CI 69.6–96.4]. After a mean follow‐up of 151 months (range 0–433), the biochemical cure rate for MEN‐1 related gastrinomas was 61%.ConclusionIn MEN1 patients, pancreatoduodenectomy can be used to control hormone secretions (gastrin, glucagon, VIP) and to remove large NETs. PD was found to control gastrin secretions in about 60% of cases.
Comparative investigation of lasing and amplification performance in cryogenic Yb:YLF systems
Authors: Demirbas Umit , Kellert Martin , Thesinga Jelto , Hua Yi , Reuter Simon , Kärtner Franz X. , Pergament Mikhail 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present detailed experimental results with cryogenic Yb:YLF gain media in rod-geometry. We have comparatively investigated continuous-wave (cw) lasing and regenerative amplification performance under different experimental conditions. In the cw lasing experiments effect of crystal doping, cw laser cavity geometry and pump wavelength on lasing performance were explored. Regenerative amplification behavior was analyzed and the role of depolarization losses on performance was investigated. A recently developed temperature estimation method was also employed for the first time in estimating average crystal temperature under lasing conditions. It is shown that the thermal lens induced by transverse temperature gradients is the main limiting factor and strategies for future improvements are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, the achieved results in this study (375 W in cw, and 90 W in regenerative amplification) are the highest average powers ever obtained from this system via employing the broadband E//a axis.
Concomitant injuries in patients with thoracic vertebral body fractures—a systematic literature review
Authors: Spiegl Ulrich J. , Osterhoff Georg , Bula Philipp , Hartmann Frank , Scheyerer Max J. , Schnake Klaus J. , Ullrich Bernhard W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to give a systematic overview over the rate and location of concomitant injuries, the probability of suffering from neurological deficits, and to give evidence of the timing of surgery in severely injured patients with unstable thoracic vertebral body fractures.

Methods
This review is based on articles retrieved by a systematic search in the PubMed and Web of Science database for publications up to November 2020 dealing with unstable fractures of the mid-thoracic spine.

Results
Altogether, 1109 articles were retrieved from the literature search. A total of 1095 articles were excluded. Thus, 16 remaining original articles were included in this systematic review depicting the topics timing of surgery in polytraumatized patients, outcome neurologic deficits, and impact of concomitant injuries. The overall level of evidence of the vast majority of studies is low.

Conclusion
The evidence of the available literature is low. The cited studies reveal that thoracic spinal fractures are associated with a high number of neurological deficits and concomitant injuries, particularly of the thoracic cage and the lung. Thereby, diagnostic algorithm should include computer tomography of the whole thoracic cage if there is any clinical sign of concomitant injuries. Patients with incomplete neurologic deficits benefit from early surgery consisting of decompression and long-segmental stabilization.
Cancer risk in adrenalectomy: are adrenal lesions equal or more than 4 cm a contraindication for laparoscopy?
Authors: Balla Andrea , Corallino Diletta , Ortenzi Monica , Palmieri Livia , Meoli Francesca , Guerrieri Mario , Paganini Alessandro M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Some authors consider adrenal lesions size of less than 4 cm as a positive cut-off limit to set the indications for minimally invasive surgery due to a lower risk of malignancy. Aim of this study is to report the risk of cancer for adrenal lesions measuring 4 cm or more in diameter, assessed as benign at preoperative workup (primary outcome), and to evaluate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) in these cases (secondary outcome).

Methods
From January 1994 to February 2019, 579 patients underwent adrenalectomy. Fifty patients with a preoperative diagnosis of primary adrenal cancer or metastases were excluded. The remaining 529 patients were included and divided in five subgroups based on adrenal lesion size at definitive histology: group A, 4–5.9 cm (137 patients); group B, 6–7.9 cm (64 patients); group C, 8–9.9 cm (13 patients); group D, ≥ 10 cm (11 patients); group E, < 4 cm (304 patients). Each group was further divided based on diagnosis of benign or malignant lesions at definitive histology.

Results
Four (2.9%) malignant lesions were observed in group A, 5 (7.8%) in group B, 2 (15.4%) in Groups C and D (18.2%) and 13 (4.3%) in Group E. Comparing the cancer risk among the groups, no statistically significant differences were observed. Operative time increased with increasing lesion size. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between benign and malignant lesions in each group comparing operative time, conversion and complication rates, postoperative hospital stay and mortality rate.

Conclusions
Adrenal lesions measuring 4 cm or more in diameter are not a contraindication for LA neither in terms of cancer risk nor of conversion and morbidity rates, even if the operative time increases with increasing adrenal lesion diameter. Further prospective studies with a larger number of patients are required to draw definitive conclusions.
Modellbasierte urbane Überflutungsvorsorge
Authors: Reinstaller Stefan , Muschalla Dirk 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungJährlich verursachen zahlreiche konvektive Starkniederschlagsereignisse enorme Schäden und Kosten in den österreichischen Kommunen. Aufgrund ihrer komplexen räumlichen Strukturen und des von der Urbanisierung hervorgerufenen steigenden Versiegelungsgrads ist das Risiko einer Überflutung in urbanen Einzugsgebieten besonders hoch. Daher bedarf es Methoden und Werkzeuge, um mit dem steigenden Überflutungsrisiko in urbanen Einzugsgebieten umgehen zu können. Die Ausweisung von Überflutungsflächen innerhalb eines Einzugsgebiets gilt dabei als wesentliche Grundlage für die Ableitung geeigneter Maßnahmen zur Reduktion des Überflutungsrisikos. Integrierte 1D-2D-Modelle, welche die hydrologische Abflussbildung einerseits sowie den Oberflächenabfluss und den Kanalabfluss hydrodynamisch andererseits berücksichtigen, sind ein zuverlässiges Werkzeug, um die benötigten Zielgrößen – Wasserstand und Fließgeschwindigkeit – zur Ermittlung dieser Überflutungsflächen bestimmen und im Anschluss daran eine Risikoanalyse durchführen zu können. Das Ergebnis sind Überflutungsrisikokarten, die eine wertvolle Planungsgrundlage für die Kommunen darstellen. Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellte Methodik beschreibt ein Schritt-für-Schritt-Vorgehen, wie Risikokarten in urbanen Einzugsgebieten von Planungsbüros und Kommunen erstellt werden können. Die Methodik ist gegliedert in eine Voruntersuchung zur Identifizierung der neuralgisch wichtigen Stellen, eine Detailanalyse für den Aufbau des integrierten 1D-2D-Modells sowie eine Risikoanalyse zur Erstellung der Überflutungsrisikokarten.
Leveraging the Bhattacharyya coefficient for uncertainty quantification in deep neural networks
Authors: Van Molle Pieter , Verbelen Tim , Vankeirsbilck Bert , De Vylder Jonas , Diricx Bart , Kimpe Tom , Simoens Pieter , Dhoedt Bart 
Published: March 2021

AbstractModern deep learning models achieve state-of-the-art results for many tasks in computer vision, such as image classification and segmentation. However, its adoption into high-risk applications, e.g. automated medical diagnosis systems, happens at a slow pace. One of the main reasons for this is that regular neural networks do not capture uncertainty. To assess uncertainty in classification, several techniques have been proposed casting neural network approaches in a Bayesian setting. Amongst these techniques, Monte Carlo dropout is by far the most popular. This particular technique estimates the moments of the output distribution through sampling with different dropout masks. The output uncertainty of a neural network is then approximated as the sample variance. In this paper, we highlight the limitations of such a variance-based uncertainty metric and propose an novel approach. Our approach is based on the overlap between output distributions of different classes. We show that our technique leads to a better approximation of the inter-class output confusion. We illustrate the advantages of our method using benchmark datasets. In addition, we apply our metric to skin lesion classification—a real-world use case—and show that this yields promising results.
Characterisation of homogeneous fractional Sobolev spaces
Authors: Brasco Lorenzo , Gómez-Castro David , Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOur aim is to characterize the homogeneous fractional Sobolev–Slobodeckiĭ spaces$$\mathcal {D}^{s,p} (\mathbb {R}^n)$$Ds,p(Rn)and their embeddings, for$$s \in (0,1]$$s∈(0,1]and$$p\ge 1$$p≥1. They are defined as the completion of the set of smooth and compactly supported test functions with respect to the Gagliardo–Slobodeckiĭ seminorms. For$$s\,p < n$$sp<nor$$s = p = n = 1$$s=p=n=1we show that$$\mathcal {D}^{s,p}(\mathbb {R}^n)$$Ds,p(Rn)is isomorphic to a suitable function space, whereas for$$s\,p \ge n$$sp≥nit is isomorphic to a space of equivalence classes of functions, differing by an additive constant. As one of our main tools, we present a Morrey–Campanato inequality where the Gagliardo–Slobodeckiĭ seminorm controls from above a suitable Campanato seminorm.