bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School Development Approaches Over Time: Strengths, Limitations, and the Need for a New Approach
Authors: Ylimaki Rose M. , Brunderman Lynnette A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAcross the globe, we observe policy trends towards evidence-based school development, “scientific” research, and increasingly centralized curriculum, all occurring amidst growing digitalization and demographic changes resulting in increasingly pluralistic schools and communities. As a result of these policy pressures, many universities and other educational organizations have proposed various evidence-based school development models or projects aimed at continuous improvement. In this chapter, we contest evidence produced from quasi-experimental research designs with other empirically tested evidence. We critique several established school development programs across the U.S. Finally, we propose that in order to have school capacity for continuous development, we need a school development process that is contextually-based and able to consider, reflect upon and use data from evidence-based programs and other sources as appropriate for school-identified problems, and that schools must be able to evaluate their own programs and processes in their particular contexts, with particular populations. For this, we need school development grounded in understandings of education and leadership as well as evidence. For our purposes, we define school development as a continuous growth process for school teams supporting education amidst tensions between policy expectations for use of research-driven evidence and the needs of students in increasingly diverse contexts.
The German Context: School Turnaround in Ten Schools in Difficult Circumstances: The Need for Adaptive and Contextualized Approaches to Development and Change
Authors: Skedsmo Guri , Huber Stephan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we report on the research findings from a school development project which took place in a large city in Germany over a period of 5 years. In 2013, the central educational authorities formed a public-private partnership with a foundation to start a development project that was inspired by school turnaround models in the US and included various interventions and efforts to support change in ten schools that were identified as ‘schools in difficult circumstances’. As such, the adapted school turnaround model serves as an example of introducing policies or models in school systems that have proven to be successful elsewhere. In this chapter, we present findings from our analysis of the changes taking place in the schools related to efforts and interventions to support the schools. Moreover, we discuss challenges regarding measurement of success according to the school turnaround logic and the need for more adaptive approaches for changing and developing schools in difficult circumstances - at least a long-term perspective on school development.
Using Data as a Source of Reflection in a Feedback Loop
Authors: Ylimaki Rose M. , Brunderman Lynnette A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers recent policy trends toward evidence-based practices in Arizona, the U.S., and across the globe. The rise in the use of “scientific” evidence for educational policymaking rests on two common beliefs about knowledge: (1) the belief that school knowledge is universal, and (2) the belief that empirical evidence or data is the primary indicator of knowledge and learning. Recent U.S. policies have reflected the importance of data or numeric evidence from externalized evaluations to guide school decisions. Internationally, multinational organizations, such as the World Bank, have also made evidence-based policymaking a priority both in their own work as influential research and policy organizations as well as their members. Yet there are cautions against this particular use of evidence to replace professional judgement and the wider democratic deliberation about the aims, ends and content of education. Our school development project considers evidence-based values and humanistic, democratic values at tension. School development participants applied a balanced perspective on data with numerical evidence subordinated to educational values, using all as a source of reflection and growth. The chapter, thus, defines data as information that educators, school teams, and other agency members use to inform professional judgement and influence.
Going Deeper into Curriculum and Pedagogical Activity
Authors: Ylimaki Rose M. , Brunderman Lynnette A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter takes a deeper dive into curriculum and pedagogy as these are defined and applied within education. Here terminology like pedagogy, curriculum, leadership (including leadership teams) and education itself are defined in terms of a particular ‘educational’ interest. Such an approach also features a mediation among state and national standards and the needs and interests of children. This approach sees the task of educating children as necessarily occurring in the pedagogical relation between teacher and student in classrooms and between formal leader/principal and teacher in schools and between district leader/superintendent and principals. We recognize the value of understanding the foundations of education developed in earlier times of political and cultural uncertainty. We explicitly define key terms for education, curriculum, pedagogy and leadership in school development using foundational understandings amidst the contemporary situation. Application of the concepts is explored through case studies.
The Global Trajectories of Compulsory Education: Clustering Sequences of Policy Development
Authors: Besche-Truthe Fabian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn Chap. 3, Fabian Besche-Truthe looks at the global trajectories of compulsory education. A plethora of studies exist that examine fundamental policy changes at a national level from a global perspective. In comparison, the global policy trend of expanding the duration of compulsory education has been less explored. Besche-Truthe draws on the concepts of trajectories and ‘pathways’ in order to reveal the various development paths that account for the expansion of compulsory education. A sequence analysis (SQA) lends itself as a method of inquiry because it enables the researcher to regard the whole trajectory of policy development as a single unit of analysis. The chapter yields the first exploration into different trajectories and how these trajectories can be subsumed and clustered into specific development paths.
Finding the Poster Child: Reference Patterns in OECD Country Reports
Authors: Seitzer Helen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn Chap. 6, Helen Seitzer seeks to find the origin of the OECD’s ‘model education system’ by analyzing country reports on education. Through these reports and the corresponding policy advice, the OECD is contributing considerably to the diffusion of a transnational model of education. However, critics argue that one size does not fit all, and the policy advice distributed might not benefit all countries equally; this is due to their specific local conditions as well as the ‘model education system’s’ origin. In this chapter, Seitzer explores a reference network in OECD publications to detect where the education systems most referenced are located. Furthermore, she determines if reference patterns are regionally clustered or if references transcend all geographical and cultural boundaries.
International Organizations and Education in the Islamic World
Authors: Krogmann David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn Chap. 7, David Krogmann looks at IOs and education in the Islamic World. The analysis presented here revolves around two main questions: First, which organizations with predominantly Muslim member states are active in the field of international education policy, and how, if at all, do they cooperate with each other? Second, which education leitmotifs do these organizations promote, and what kind of discourse do they construct around education policy? The analysis finds that Muslim education IOs, namely, ICESCO, ABEGS, and ALECSO, participate in a distinct discourse that revolves around the synthesis of traditional values drawn from Islamic philosophy and the demands of a modern global labor market.
Talking About Education: How Topics Vary Between International Organizations
Authors: Windzio Michael , Heiberger Raphael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, Raphael Heiberger and Michael Windzio examine which topics are important for major education international organization (IOs). IOs in the field of education follow different ideological paradigms in the global education discourse. Yet, it is an open question as to whether different types of IOs focus on different topics and thereby support different paradigms of education. Based on more than 1000 documents with over 40 million words published by the World Bank, UNESCO, the ILO, the OECD, ISESCO, and SEAMEO, they explore education issues addressed in this sample. Using standardized methods of quantitative text analysis and topic modeling, Heiberger and Windzio reveal that major topics found in these documents do indeed differ between the different types of organizations.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Venous Thromboembolism Following Hepatectomy for Colorectal Metastases: A Population‐Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hanna Nader , Brogly Susan B. , Wei Xuejiao Shelly , Booth Christopher M. , Nanji Sulaiman 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundIncidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following hepatectomy for colorectal cancer (CRC) metastases is unclear. These patients may represent a vulnerable population due to increased tumour burden. We aim to identify the risk of VTE development in routine clinical practice among patients with resected CRC liver metastases, the associated risk factors, and its impact on survival.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based retrospective cohort study of Ontario patients undergoing hepatectomy for CRC metastases between 2002 and 2009 using linked universal healthcare databases. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between patient characteristics and VTE risk at 30 and 90‐days after surgery. Cox proportional‐hazards regression was used to estimate the association between VTE and adjusted cancer specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS).Results1310 patients were included with a mean age of 63 ± 11. 62% were male. 51% had one metastatic deposit. Major hepatectomy occurred in 64%. VTE occurred in 4% within 90 days of liver resection. Only longer length of stay was associated with VTE development (OR 6.88 (2.57–18.43), p <0.001 for 15–21 days versus 0–7 days). 38% of VTEs were diagnosed after discharge, comprising 1.52% of the total cohort. VTE was not associated with inferior CSS or OS.ConclusionsRisk of VTE development in this population is similar to those undergoing hepatectomy for other indications, and to the risk following other cancer site resections where post‐operative extended VTE prophylaxis is currently recommended. The number of VTEs occurring after discharge suggests there may be a role for extended VTE prophylaxis.
Significance of variation in basal metabolic rate in laboratory mice for translational experiments
Authors: Brzęk Paweł , Gębczyński Andrzej , Selewestruk Piotr , Książek Aneta , Sadowska Julita , Konarzewski Marek 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe basal metabolic rate (BMR) accounts for 60–70% of the daily energy expenditure (DEE) in sedentary humans and at least 50% of the DEE in laboratory mice in the thermoneutral zone. Surprisingly, however, the significance of the variation in the BMR is largely overlooked in translational research using such indices as physical activity level (PAL), i.e., the ratio of DEE/BMR. In particular, it is unclear whether emulation of human PAL in mouse models should be carried out within or below the thermoneutral zone. It is also unclear whether physical activity within the thermoneutral zone is limited by the capacity to dissipate heat generated by exercise and obligatory metabolic processes contributing to BMR. We measured PAL and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in laboratory mice from two lines, divergently selected towards either high or low level of BMR, and acclimated to 30 °C (i.e., the thermoneutral zone), 23 or 4 °C. The mean PAL did not differ between both lines in the mice acclimated to 30 °C but became significantly higher in the low BMR mouse line at the lower ambient temperatures. Acclimation to 30 °C reduced the mean locomotor activity but did not affect the significant difference observed between the selected lines. We conclude that carrying out experiments within the thermoneutral zone can increase the consistency of translational studies aimed at the emulation of human energetics, without affecting the variation in physical activity correlated with BMR.
Der Sterbeort älterer Menschen mit einer Demenz
Authors: Dasch Burkhard , Lenz Philipp 
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Demenz wird aufgrund ihres progredienten Krankheitsverlaufes mit verkürzter Lebenserwartung und oft fehlender therapeutischer Möglichkeit einer Kuration zunehmend als terminale Erkrankung wahrgenommen. Im palliativmedizinischen Kontext gilt der präferierte Sterbeort als Qualitätsindikator für eine bedarfsgerechte Patientenversorgung. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Verteilung des Sterbeortes für ältere Menschen mit einer demenziellen Erkrankung zu beschreiben.

Material und Methode
Datengrundlage bildeten ausgewertete Todesbescheinigungen der Jahre 2001, 2011, 2017 der bis dato umfangreichsten Sterbeortstudie in Deutschland, die in ausgewählten Regionen Westfalens durchgeführt wurde. Ärztliche Angaben zur Todesursache wurden miterfasst. So konnten Verstorbene ≥ 65 Jahre mit einer Demenzerkrankung (ICD-10: F01, F02, F03, G30) identifiziert und deren Sterbeort deskriptiv dargestellt werden.

Ergebnisse
Eine Demenzerkrankung lag bei Verstorbenen ≥ 65 Jahre (n = 31.631) in 14,9 % [95 %-KI: 14,5–15,3 %] der Fälle vor. Es ergab sich folgende Sterbeortverteilung (%, altersstandardisiert; 2001/2011/2017): häusliches Umfeld 24,0/19,7/15,8; Krankenhaus 40,4/29,0/24,3; Palliativstation 0,0/0,3/1,8; Hospiz 0,4/0,9/0,9; Pflegeheim 35,2/49,5/57,1; sonstiger Ort 0,0/0,0/0,0.

Schlussfolgerung
Ältere Menschen (≥ 65 Jahre) mit Demenz versterben mehrheitlich im Pflegeheim, gefolgt vom Krankenhaus und vom häuslichen Umfeld. Palliativstationen und Hospize spielen als Sterbeorte bei diesen Personen eine untergeordnete Rolle.
Postmortem investigation of fatalities following vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines
Authors: Schneider Julia , Sottmann Lukas , Greinacher Andreas , Hagen Maximilian , Kasper Hans-Udo , Kuhnen Cornelius , Schlepper Stefanie , Schmidt Sven , Schulz Ronald , Thiele Thomas , Thomas Christian , Schmeling Andreas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThorough postmortem investigations of fatalities following vaccination with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are of great social significance. From 11.03.2021 to 09.06.2021, postmortem investigations of 18 deceased persons who recently received a vaccination against COVID-19 were performed. Vaxzevria was vaccinated in nine, Comirnaty in five, Spikevax in three, and Janssen in one person. In all cases, full autopsies, histopathological examinations, and virological analyses for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were carried out. Depending on the case, additional laboratory tests (anaphylaxis diagnostics, VITT [vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia] diagnostics, glucose metabolism diagnostics) and neuropathological examinations were conducted. In 13 deceased, the cause of death was attributed to preexisting diseases while postmortem investigations did not indicate a causal relationship to the vaccination. In one case after vaccination with Comirnaty, myocarditis was found to be the cause of death. A causal relationship to vaccination was considered possible, but could not be proven beyond doubt. VITT was found in three deceased persons following vaccination with Vaxzevria and one deceased following vaccination with Janssen. Of those four cases with VITT, only one was diagnosed before death. The synopsis of the anamnestic data, the autopsy results, laboratory diagnostic examinations, and histopathological and neuropathological examinations revealed that VITT was the very likely cause of death in only two of the four cases. In the other two cases, no neuropathological correlate of VITT explaining death was found, while possible causes of death emerged that were not necessarily attributable to VITT. The results of our study demonstrate the necessity of postmortem investigations on all fatalities following vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines. In order to identify a possible causal relationship between vaccination and death, in most cases an autopsy and histopathological examinations have to be combined with additional investigations, such as laboratory tests and neuropathological examinations.
Determinants and protective associations of the lupus low disease activity state in a prospective Chinese cohort
Authors: Hao Yanjie , Oon Shereen , Ji Lanlan , Gao Dai , Fan Yong , Geng Yan , Zhang Xiaohui , Li Guangtao , Morand Eric F. , Nikpour Mandana , Zhang ZhuoLi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Objective
To investigate the frequency and determinants of achieving the lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS), and the effect of LLDAS attainment on disease flare and damage accrual in a prospective, single-center cohort of Chinese lupus patients.

Methods
Baseline and follow-up data from consecutive patients at the Peking University First Hospital were collected from January 2017 to June 2020.

Results
A total of 185 patients were enrolled, with median (range) disease duration at enrolment of 2.3 (0.8–7.7) years, and median follow-up of 2.2 (1.0–2.9) years. By the end of the study, 139 (75.1%) patients had achieved LLDAS at least once; 82 (44.3%) patients achieved LLDAS for ≥ 50% of observations. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that 24-h urinary total protein (UTP; per g) (OR = 0.447, 95%CI [0.207–0.968], p = 0.041), serum creatinine (Scr; per 10 µmol/L) (OR = 0.72, 95%CI [0.52–0.99], p = 0.040), and C3 level (per 100 mg/L) (OR = 1.60, 95%CI [1.18–2.17], p = 0.003) at recruitment had independent negative associations with achieving LLDAS for ≥ 50% of observations. Kaplan–Meier analyses showed a significant reduction in flare rate with increased proportion of time in LLDAS. Attainment of LLDAS in at least 50% of observations was an independent protective factor for damage accrual (OR = 0.19, 95%CI [0.04–0.99], p = 0.049).

Conclusions
In this prospective Chinese cohort, LLDAS was an attainable goal in clinical practice. Nephritis-related markers (UTP and Scr) and C3 level at recruitment negatively influenced achievement of LLDAS. LLDAS achievement was significantly protective from flare and damage accrual.

Key points
• Low disease activity status (LLDAS) is an achievable target during SLE treatment in China. Urine protein, serum creatinine, and C3 level at recruitment independently affect LLDAS achievement in this group of Chinese lupus patients.
• As a treatment target, LLDAS achievement has a highly protective effect for preventing flare and damage accrual, especially in case of achieving LLDAS for ≥ 50% of observations.
• The present results further highlight the practical significance of treat-to-target principle in SLE management (T2T/SLE) and the needs for promoting the application of T2T/SLE in clinical practice as well as exploring the concrete implement strategy.
The green solvent: a critical perspective
Authors: Winterton Neil 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSolvents are important in most industrial and domestic applications. The impact of solvent losses and emissions drives efforts to minimise them or to avoid them completely. Since the 1990s, this has become a major focus of green chemistry, giving rise to the idea of the ‘green’ solvent. This concept has generated a substantial chemical literature and has led to the development of so-called neoteric solvents. A critical overview of published material establishes that few new materials have yet found widespread use as solvents. The search for less-impacting solvents is inefficient if carried out without due regard, even at the research stage, to the particular circumstances under which solvents are to be used on the industrial scale. Wider sustainability questions, particularly the use of non-fossil sources of organic carbon in solvent manufacture, are more important than intrinsic ‘greenness’. While solvency is universal, a universal solvent, an alkahest, is an unattainable ideal.
Evaluating Reasoning in Natural Arguments: A Procedural Approach
Authors: Hinton Martin , Wagemans Jean H. M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we formulate a procedure for assessing reasoning as it is expressed in natural arguments. The procedure is a specification of one of the three aspects of argumentation assessment distinguished in the Comprehensive Assessment Procedure for Natural Argumentation (CAPNA) (Hinton, 2021) that makes use of the argument categorisation framework of the Periodic Table of Arguments (PTA) (Wagemans, 2016, 2019, 2020c). The theoretical framework and practical application of both the CAPNA and the PTA are described, as well as the evaluation procedure that combines the two. The procedure is illustrated through an evaluation of the reasoning of two example arguments from a recently published text.
Rainfall variability in southeast and west-central Africa during the Little Ice Age: do documentary and proxy records agree?
Authors: Hannaford Matthew J. , Beck Kristen K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUnderstanding of long-term climatic change prior to instrumental records necessitates reconstructions from documentary and palaeoclimate archives. In southern Africa, documentary-derived chronologies of nineteenth century rainfall variability and palaeoclimate records have permitted new insights into rainfall variability over past centuries. Rarely considered, however, is the climatic information within early colonial documentary records that emerge from the late fifteenth century onwards. This paper examines evidence for (multi-)seasonal dry and wet events within these earlier written records (c. 1550–1830 CE) from southeast Africa (Mozambique) and west-central Africa (Angola) in conjunction with palaeoclimate records from multiple proxies. Specifically, it aims to understand whether these sources agree in their signals of rainfall variability over a 280-year period covering the ‘main phase’ Little Ice Age (LIA) in southern Africa. The two source types generally, but do not always, show agreement within the two regions. This appears to reflect both the nature of rainfall variability and the context behind documentary recording. Both source types indicate that southeast and west-central Africa were distinct regions of rainfall variability over seasonal and longer timescales during the LIA, with southeast Africa being generally drier and west-central Africa generally wetter. However, the documentary records reveal considerable variability within these mean state climatic conditions, with multi-year droughts a recurrent feature in both regions. An analysis of long-term rainfall links with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in southeast Africa suggests a complex and possibly non-stationary relationship. Overall, early colonial records provide valuable information for constraining hydroclimate variability where palaeoclimate records remain sparse.