bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HomeStyles Express: Telephone Counseling and a Fuss Free Eating Guide to Promote Positive Feeding Practices
Authors: McKinley Jessica , Martin‐Biggers Jennifer T , Gager Erin , Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol 
Published: June 2021

HomeStyles Express uses evidence‐based, pediatric weight management nutrition guidelines to improve lifestyle practices in families with preschool children. Parents (n=50) took the pretest, then each week received via email 1 of 8 4‐page mini‐magazine instructional guides focusing on weight‐related topics and participated in a brief telephone counseling session after reading the guide, then took the posttest. Participants were mostly female (96%), white (84%), and had at least a bachelor's degree (82%). At the pretest, 42% reported, at least sometimes, they encouraged their preschool kids to eat by using food as a reward and 56% used non‐food rewards to get kids to eat certain food. Parents were more likely to pressure children to eat than restrict their food choices (means 2.17±0.82SD and 3.86±0.97SD, on 5‐point scale). Content analysis of individual counseling sessions with parents on the Fuss Free Eating guide, which focuses on positive feeding practices for young children, indicated many had a child who was a “picky eater,” and some bribed children to eat certain foods (e.g., vegetables), offered sweets as rewards, felt children should finish their plates, and/or felt spousal support was requisite to achieving their feeding practices goals. After reading the guide, many parents reported they planned to stop bribing kids to eat and would use non‐food rewards (e.g., reading an extra story before bed) to encourage good behavior. Some reported they planned to offer children a greater variety of foods and/would stop forcing children to finish their plates. When asked why they thought positive feeding practices were important, parents frequently cited health benefits, weight management, and development of good habits. Parents rated the importance of using positive feeding practices highly; mean=9.6±0.79SD on 10‐point scale. Goals set by many parents after reading the guide were to introduce new fruits and vegetables to their kids, eat more meals as a family, communicate more about positive feeding practices with their partners, and avoid bribing kids to eat, and stop using food as rewards. Parents were very confident in their ability to meet these goals, average score=8.9±1.32SD on 10‐point scale. At a subsequent counseling session, most parents reported that they successfully met the positive feeding practices goals they had set. The Fuss Free Eating guide, along with a brief telephone counseling session, has the potential to successfully aid parents in applying positive feeding practices.Support or Funding InformationUSDA NIFA #2011‐68001‐30170 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation Ann Hertzler Research Grant
Teacher Characteristics Influence Implementation of a Multi‐Component, School‐Based Nutrition Intervention in Fourth‐Grade Classrooms
Authors: Linnell Jessica D , Smith Martin H , Briggs Marilyn , Brian Kelley M , Scherr Rachel E , Dharmar Madan , Zidenberg‐Cherr Sheri 
Published: June 2021

School‐based nutrition interventions are a promising approach to improve children's diets and prevent obesity. Few studies have investigated whether outcomes of these interventions are influenced by teacher characteristics or quality of implementation. This study examines whether teacher characteristics and implementation influenced the effectiveness of a multi‐component nutrition education program to improve dietary behaviors. Schools implemented a multi‐component nutrition education intervention during 2013–2014. Teachers (n=8) facilitated nutrition education using an experiential, garden‐enhanced nutrition curriculum among students in their classrooms (n=173) in two schools. Teacher characteristics of teaching experience, self‐efficacy in teaching nutrition, and knowledge about nutrition were collected at baseline. Implementation factors of fidelity and completion were evaluated using self‐reports and qualitative observations. Student outcomes included body mass index (BMI) percentile‐for‐age, nutrition knowledge, critical thinking skills, and identification of vegetables and were measured pre/post. Relationships were analyzed using multivariate mixed model regression with classroom as a random effect. Pre/post changes were analyzed using t‐tests. Students improved BMI percentile‐for‐age (−1.99 ±7.95), and increased nutrition knowledge (2.28±3.40), critical thinking skills (1.98±3.28), and the ability to identify vegetables (0.87±1.09). Teachers’ characteristics of teaching experience, experience teaching nutrition, attendance in college nutrition course, self‐efficacy, and nutrition knowledge were significantly related to fidelity and completeness of program implementation. This study demonstrated implementation of SHCP by teachers can positively influence student outcomes, though program implementation depends upon teacher characteristics. It may be critical to identify effective professional development models to achieve high quality implementation of nutrition programs in school‐based settings.Support or Funding InformationFunding was provided by UCANR competitive grant #11‐1018, USDA 2011‐38420‐20082, and USDA NIFA Hatch project 221082.
Diets Higher in Animal and Plant Protein Are Associated with Lower Adiposity and Do Not Impair Kidney Function in US Adults
Authors: Berryman Claire E. , Agarwal Sanjiv , Lieberman Harris R. , Fulgoni Victor L. , Pasiakos Stefan M. 
Published: June 2021

High protein diets are associated with lower adiposity and higher HDL‐C. Whether these benefits can be attributed to a specific protein source (i.e. non‐dairy animal, plant, dairy) is unknown and concerns remain regarding the impact of higher protein diets on kidney function. Data from NHANES 2007–10 (n=10,977; 19+ y) were combined to evaluate decile trends of protein type on markers of cardiometabolic risk and kidney function. Variables were adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, age, physical activity, poverty‐income ratio, smoking habits, individual intake (g/kg) for each of the other 2 protein types, BMI (except for weight related variables) and macronutrient (CHO, fiber, total fat and SFA) intake. Total protein intake was 82.3 ± 0.8 g/d (animal: 37.4 ± 0.5, plant: 24.7 ± 0.3, dairy: 13.4 ± 0.3 g/d). Both BMI and waist circumference were inversely associated with animal (β= −0.20, P <0.0001; β= −0.51, P <0.0001, respectively) and plant (β= −0.35, P <0.0001; β= −0.83, P <0.0001, respectively) protein intake. Blood urea nitrogen concentrations increased across deciles for animal (β= 0.31, P <0.0001, D1–D10: 11.6 ± 0.2 to 14.9 ± 0.3 mg/dL) and dairy (β= 0.20, P <0.0001, D1–D10: 12.7 ± 0.2 to 13.9 ± 0.2 mg/dL) but not plant protein intake. Glomerular filtration rate and blood creatinine were not associated with protein intake. Diets higher in plant and animal protein, independent of other dietary factors, are associated with improved cardiometabolic risk, particularly central adiposity, and do not impair kidney function in US adults.Support or Funding InformationUS Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
Comparative Effects of Glutathione Peroxidase‐1 Overexpression and Cu/Zn‐superoxide Dismutase Knockout on Murine Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism
Authors: Tao Ling , Leung Annie Ka May , Chakraborty Debrup , Lei Xin Gen 
Published: June 2021

Glutathione peroxidase‐1 (GPX1) and Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are two major antioxidant enzymes, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) including eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3, DHA) are health‐promoting nutrients. This study was conducted to determine the effects of GPX1 overexpression and SOD1 knockout on hepatic synthesis, accumulation, and oxidation of PUFA. GPX1 overexpressing (OE, 6–7 mo), and SOD1 knockout (SKO, 2 mo) mice and their respective wild‐type controls were fed a Torula yeast basal diet supplemented with 0 or 5% defatted microalgae (Nannochloropsis oceanica, 16% EPA) for 8 wk (n = 5 to 7 per group). Overexpression of GPX1 decreased (P < 0.01) linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) concentration and raised (P < 0.05) ω‐3/ω‐6 fatty acid ratio in the liver of mice regardless of diets. In comparison, knockout of SOD1 decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of PUFA, in particular eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n‐3, precursor of EPA) and DHA, in mice fed both diets. The knockout of SOD1 also resulted in lower (P < 0.01) hepatic ω‐3/ω‐6 fatty acid ratio than the wild‐type mice when both genotypes were fed the algae diet. Inclusion of 5% algae in the diet elevated (P < 0.05) the hepatic DHA concentration in only wild‐type mice of SOD1. Results of qPCR analysis showed that knockout of SOD1 down‐regulated (P < 0.05) hepatic mRNA levels of elongase 2 and 5, the major enzymes involved in long chain PUFA synthesis, compared with the wild‐type controls. Meanwhile, the OE mice had lower (P < 0.05) hepatic mRNA levels of PUFA oxidation‐related genes including cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1), COX2, and arachidonate 5‐lipoxygenase than their wild‐type controls. In addition, feeding the algae diet decreased (P < 0.01) non‐esterified fatty acid concentrations in both plasma and liver of the OE mice, and concentration of triglycerides in the liver of the SOD1 wild‐type mice. In conclusion, overexpression of GPX1 and knockout of SOD1 exerted differential effects on synthesis, accumulation and oxidation of hepatic PUFA in mice. Further study requires to measure oxidized metabolites of PUFA and to reveal molecular mechanisms by which GPX1 and SOD1 regulate PUFA metabolism.Support or Funding InformationSupported in part by a NIH grant DK53018 and a USDA/DOE Biomass R&D Initiative Grant
Placental growth factor administration prevents hypertension, increased sFlt‐1 levels and reduced glomerular filtration rate responses to placental ischemia
Authors: Spradley Frank T , Tan Adelen Y , Joo Woo S , Daniels Garrett , Kussie Paul , Karumanchi S Ananth , Granger Joey P 
Published: June 2021

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy‐specific disorder noted by new‐onset hypertension in the mother accompanied by a variety of other cardiovascular disturbances. Unfortunately, the most effective treatment is early delivery of the fetus and the ischemic placenta. Progress toward treatment has found that placental ischemia/hypoxia induced in animals by reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) or in human patients stimulates release of hypertensive placental factors into the maternal circulation. The anti‐angiogenic factor sFlt‐1, which antagonizes and reduces bioavailable vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF), is elevated in RUPP rats and preeclamptic patients. Although PlGF and VEGF are both natural ligands for sFlt‐1, VEGF also binds with high‐affinity to Flk1 (VEGFR2) causing side‐effects related to excess Flk1 signaling including edema. In contrast, PlGF is specific for sFlt‐1. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that PlGF treatment would reduce placental ischemia‐induced hypertension without any adverse consequences to the mother or fetus. On gestational day 14, Sprague Dawley rats were randomized in to three groups: normal pregnant (NP, N=9), RUPP (N=11) and RUPP + 180 μg/kg/day PlGF (N=6). The rhPlGF (AG31, a purified‐recombinant human PlGF) was infused via intraperitoneal osmotic minipump. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP, carotid catheter); glomerular filtration rate (GFR); placental and fetal weights; and plasma sFlt‐1 levels were assessed on day 19. Data is mean ± standard error. MAP (NP: 104±1 vs. RUPP: 123±4 mmHg) and plasma sFlt‐1 levels (NP: 26±12 vs. RUPP: 660±150 ng/mL) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the RUPP rats. Whereas, total placental weights (NP: 6.1±0.6 vs. RUPP: 2.1±0.3 g); total fetal weights (NP: 26.1±2.5 vs. RUPP: 9.2±1.3 g); and GFR (NP: 4.2±0.4 vs. RUPP: 3.8±0.3 mL/min) were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in the RUPP rats. Treatment of RUPP rats with rhPlGF significantly reduced (P<0.05) MAP (105±3 mmHg) and sFlt‐1 levels (79±17 ng/mL); did not alter placental weights (2.6±0.5 g) or fetal weights (12.6±2.3 g); but significantly elevated (P<0.05) GFR (3.0±0.1) compared to untreated RUPP rats. There were no major adverse maternal consequences such as signs of edema with rhPlGF. These data indicate that the increased sFlt‐1 and reduced PlGF known to occur as a result of placental ischemia contribute to the development of maternal hypertension. In conclusion, our finding that rhPlGF prevents placental ischemia‐induced hypertension and restores renal hemodynamics suggests a strong therapeutic potential for this growth factor in preeclampsia by interfering in anti‐angiogenic pathways.Support or Funding InformationSBIR 1R43HD082657, T32HL105324‐01, P01HL051971
Leg Length and the Evolution of Human Stature: Insights from Evolutionary Studies of Tail Length in Snakes
Authors: Lillywhite Harvey B. , Sheehy Coleman M. 
Published: June 2021

Gravity imposes potentially significant constraints on blood circulation in tall or elongate animals during upright posture or climbing. Intravascular pressures increase in the lower limbs or body during upright posture in tall and erect animals, which potentially reduces blood flow to the head because of edema and pooling of blood in dependent, distensible vessels. Such gravitational disturbance is related to the absolute height of the blood columns, other factors being equal. Hence, adaptation of physiology, morphology and behavior have evolved to reduce compliance in the lower body. A recent and robust evolutionary analysis of data for 226 species of snakes (representing 15 families having diverse habits) demonstrates that tail length relative to total length has elongated significantly in scansorial species that are adapted to arboreal habitats. The compliance of caudal tissues is relatively low, and is reduced sixfold in arboreal compared with ground‐dwelling species of snakes. Therefore, for any given total length of snake that climbs vertically in trees, a greater length of tail relative to total length will proportionally mitigate the tendency for edema and blood pooling during vertical head‐up posture. We note that in humans the legs have become proportionately longer during evolutionary increases in stature. Venous compliance in the upper body has been shown to exceed that in the lower body by a factor of about 6 in humans. Thus, similarly to upright snakes, humans with relatively longer legs have a greater portion of height that is characterized by low compliance and thereby a lesser tendency to pool blood in the lower limbs. We suggest that enhanced orthostatic tolerance might be one adaptive countermeasure associated with changes of leg length and stature during human evolution.Support or Funding InformationSupported, in part, by NSF grant IOS‐0926802 to HBL and a Stolarz Postdoctoral Fellowship to CMS.
Chronic Calorie Restriction Downregulates Skeletal Muscle mTORC1 Signaling Independent of Dietary Protein Level and Associated microRNA Expression in Male Rats
Authors: Margolis Lee M , Rivas Donato A , Berrone Maria , Ezzyat Yassine , Young Andrew J , McClung James P , Fielding Roger A , Pasiakos Stefan M 
Published: June 2021

Short‐term (5–10 days) calorie restriction downregulates muscle protein synthesis, with consumption of a high protein‐based diet attenuating this decline. Benefit with increased protein intake is likely due to maintenance of amino acid‐mediated anabolic signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. However, the effects of chronic caloric restriction and high protein diets on mTORC1 signaling and the expression of microRNA (miR) that regulates this pathway remain unclear. This study determined skeletal muscle mTORC1 and miR responses to a 16 week ad libitum (AL; ~25 g/d) or calorie restricted (CR; 40%; ~15 g/d) standard (10%; ~96 g/kg) or high (32%; ~327 g/kg) protein milk‐based diet in 12‐wk old male Sprague Dawley rats. Crude and clear mixed gastrocnemius homogenate protein concentrations (BSA Protein Assay) were used to calculate protein content, an index of hypertrophy. Immunoblotting was performed to quantify total protein and phosphorylation status of mTORC1 signaling proteins. Expression of miR‐99a‐5p, miR‐100‐5p, miR‐128a‐3p, miR‐133a‐3p, miR‐199a‐3p, and miR‐221‐3p were determined using RT‐qPCR. Data were expressed as fold change (mean ± SEM), compared to AL 10% as the study control. Protein content was higher (P < 0.05) for AL (21.9 ± 0.9 mg) compared to CR (17.3 ± 0.9 mg) rats, regardless of dietary protein intake. Total AKT, mTOR, rpS6 and p70S6K were 1.85 ± 0.04, 1.71 ± 0.08, 2.57 ± 0.05, and 2.23 ± 0.05 fold lower (P < 0.05) for CR than for AL, with rpS6 positively associated with protein content (r = 0.611, r2 = 0.372, P < 0.05). Phosphorylation status of AKTSer473, mTORSer2448, rpS6Ser235/236 and p70S6KThr389 were 1.72 ± 0.11, 1.41 ± 0.08, 3.47 ± 0.05, and 1.95 ± 0.05 fold lower (P < 0.05) for CR than for AL. No effects were observed for dietary protein level on mTORC1 signaling protein, and neither energy nor protein intake altered skeletal muscle miR expression. These data show that prolonged caloric restriction downregulates mTORC1 intracellular signaling, independent of skeletal muscle miR known to regulate mTORC1 protein expression. Consuming a high protein does not appear to attenuate the negative effects of chronic caloric restriction on the intracellular regulation of skeletal muscle mass.Support or Funding InformationT32 NIDDK training grant # 5T32DK062032‐23, USDA, USAMRMC, and the Dairy Research Institute
Evaluation of Resuscitation Fluids for Maintaining Human Endothelial Cell Antioxidant Status In Vitro
Authors: Dubick Michael A , Gibson Ruby S , Barr Johnny L , Bowman Phillip D 
Published: June 2021

With hemorrhage a major cause of death in trauma patients, infusing resuscitation fluids is still considered an important treatment strategy. The endothelial cell lining all blood vessels is the first cell type exposed to these intravenous solutions and at the highest concentrations. Crystalloid resuscitation fluids (RF) such as Ringer's solution, normal saline (NS), lactated Ringer's (LR) and colloids such as 5% albumin (Buminate 5%, Baxter Healthcare, Westlake Village, CA) and Hextend (BioTime, Berkeley, CA) have shown similar hemodynamic responses in animal hemorrhage models. However, choosing the most efficacious resuscitation fluid might be more rationally based on maintenance of endothelial antioxidant status, which may be adversely affected by restrictions of cellular metabolites that occur with fluids intended mainly to maintain intravascular volume. In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to various resuscitation fluids, and total antioxidant status was assessed. Pooled gender‐mixed (HUVEC) were cultivated on 75‐cm2 culture flasks in Medium 131, and endothelial supplements. Stock cultures were cultivated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 3% oxygen and 5% CO2 with medium changes every 2 days until confluent. Prior to an experiment, cells were subcultivated with Trypsin/EDTA onto Costar® 6‐well or 96‐well multiplates at 5000 cells/cm2 and used when confluent. Ringer's, LR, NS, 5% Alb, Hextend, and also 10% human plasma (George King Bio‐Medical, Overland, KA), were buffered with 10 mM Hepes (pH 7.3) and made 0.025% in phenol red to monitor pH. Replicate cultures in multiplates were exposed to each fluid for 3 hrs sealed in a humidified box at 37°C. ATP levels in the cells were measured at the end of exposure utilizing the luciferase reaction from the CellTiter‐Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. The number of cells per well was monitored with the PicoGreen DNA assay. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation was estimated with CellROX® Deep Red Reagent (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). Incubation with NS resulted in about a 20% reduction in cellular DNA compared with control cells, however ATP levels were generally maintained but reduced 40% in albumin treated cells compared with controls grown in complete medium. Morphologically it appeared that apoptosis occurred in cells treated with Hextend. A marked elevation in ROS was observed in albumin treated cells compared to the other groups, whereas ROS production in other cells was about 50% of controls. Taken together these data suggest that RF appear to affect mitochondria in endothelial cells as they regulate apoptosis and ATP production and they are the principal site of ROS production.Support or Funding InformationThis study was funded by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
Inactivity‐Induced Phrenic Motor Facilitation underlies Spontaneous Recovery of Ventilation and Diaphragm EMG activity Following Cervical Spinal Injury
Authors: Weltman Joel Green , Baker Tracy 
Published: June 2021

Cervical spinal injury disrupts neural pathways to phrenic motor neurons, thereby causing diaphragm paresis and paralysis and diminished breathing capacity. Some spontaneous functional recovery in the capacity to generate phrenic nerve or diaphragm activity is observed days‐to‐months post‐injury via mechanisms that not understood. We have previously found that prolonged reductions in spinal synaptic inputs to phrenic motor neurons in uninjured rats results in a PKCz‐dependent, rebound enhancement of phrenic burst amplitude, a form of spinal plasticity known as inactivity‐induced phrenic motor facilitation (iPMF). Little is known regarding the role for iPMF in the control of breathing. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mechanisms giving rise to iPMF underlie spontaneous recovery of ventilation and diaphragm EMG activity following a high cervical spinal injury. Sprague Dawley rats (Harlan colony 217, 12–16 weeks old) chronically instrumented with radiotelemetry for bilateral diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) recordings received small interfering RNAs directed against PKCz or non‐targeting siRNAs in the interpleural space (100pg/side) three days prior to a C3 midline contusion. Three days following contusion, EMG and plethysmography were recorded in unanesthetized rats breathing room air (FIO2/FICO2=0.21/0.0, NX) or with maximal chemoreceptor stimulation (FIO2/FICO2= 0.105/0.07, MCS). In injured rats receiving control injections, tidal volume under both inspired gas concentrations and diaphragm EMG during MCS showed minimal change from baseline conditions (TV NX: 99%, TV MCS: 90%, diaphragm EMG right: 95%, left: 100%). By contrast, in injured rats receiving siPKCz, tidal volume during normoxia and MCS (63% NX, 90% MCS) and electrical activity of the diaphragm during MCS (right: 85%, left: 80%) were reduced from pre‐injury levels, suggesting that impairment of iPMF prevented spontaneous recovery of phrenic motor output (and hence, diaphragm EMG activity) following spinal injury. Thus, we speculate that iPMF is a form of compensatory plasticity that senses and responds to reductions in spinal synaptic inputs to phrenic motor neurons to maintain stable phrenic motor output following spinal injury.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH R01‐HL105511, DoD SC120226 and NIH T32‐OD010423‐09