bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phaeocytostroma sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeocytostroma sacchari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum
spp. DISEASE: Rind disease and sour rot of sugarcane. Associated with a stalk rot of mature canes growing under unfavourable conditions; also on cuttings (setts) that have deteriorated after planting. Leaf sheaths and blades near the nodes may be infected resulting in premature yellowing and dessication. Conspicuous black pustules are developed on the shrivelled stalks which exude black, coiled, hair-like masses of conidia under moist conditions. The presence of the pathogen is a contributing factor to the inversion of sucrose in the stalks (Johnston, 1917; 1: 272). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Angola, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Reunion, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda), Asia (Andaman Is., Burma, Borneo, Ceylon, China, Formosa (Taiwan), India, Indo-China, Japan, Java, Malaysia, Okinawa, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand), Australia & Oceania (Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, New Guinea, Tahiti); Europe (Portugal); North America (? Bermuda, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America and the Carribean (Antigua, Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nevis, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru). (CMI Map 255, ed. 2, 1952 and Herb. IMI.) TRANSMISSION: The disease is spread principally by conidia carried by wind, rain or in irrigation water (Abbott
et al.
, 1964).
Aspergillus fumigatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aspergillus fumigatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Common as a saprophyte in soil and fermenting vegetable matter. Pathogenic to mammals (including man), birds and insects. DISEASES: The most serious diseases caused by this fungus are the acute and chronic infections of the respiratory system (aspergillosis, aspergilloma) of man (Austwick, 1965; and many other references, e.g., RMVM 3, 677; 4, 316; 4, 549, 551) and animals (Ainsworth & Austwick, 1959; Austwick, 1965). It may also infect the cardiovascular, digestive, genital, musculoskeletal, nervous, and urinary systems, such infections usually following haematogenous spread of the pathogen from a primary focus in the lungs or air sacs. It is the most common cause of mycotic abortion in cattle (Ainsworth & Austwick, 1959; Austwick, RMVM 5, 660; Dijkstra; RMVM 5, 92) and less often in horses (Hensel
et al.
; RMVM 4, 1227).
Aspergillus fumigatus
may also infect the ear (otomycosis) and mastoid cavity, the eye and sinuses (mycoses). Aspergillosis is a major disease of birds and is a cause of considerable losses in the poultry industry, particularly of very young birds (brooder pneumonia) (Vertinskii
et al.
; RMVM 5, 758; Vallejo; 5, 940). It is also common in captive wild birds, especially water birds (Ainsworth & Rewell; RMVM 1, 2090; Dathe; 4, 1948; Saez; 4, 811), but reports of infections in free-living wild birds are more rare (Beer; RMVM 4, 2177; McDiarmid; 2, 1761; Rosen, 5, 558). A. fumigatus also invades eggs.
Aspergillus fumigatus
spores may induce allergic reactions in man, resulting in hay fever, asthma or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. It also produces toxins (Ainsworth & Austwick, 1959; Austwick, 1965). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Soil and air-borne. Disease incidence appears to be related to heavy infection from house dust, mouldy hay or straw, litter, or feeding stuffs (Austwick, 1965; Austwick, RMVM 5, 3b).
Phytophthora cambivora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora cambivora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Acer platanoides, Andromeda floribunda, Castanea sativa, Casuarina equisetifolia, Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Erica
sp.,
Fagus sylvatica, Rubus idaeus
and
Senecio cruentus
(cineraria). Also pathogenic on inoculation to
Cajanus cajan, Juglans regia, Lupinus albus, Nothofagus
sp.,
Pisum sativum, Quercus
sp. and
Ulmus campestris
. Crandall (1950) in his revised host list expressed the opinion that
P. cambivora
was only to be found on
Castanea
spp. associated with 'ink' disease and that all other records of this pathogen should be referred to
P. cinnamomi
. This does not, however, appear to be the case though there have been many misdeterminations in the past. DISEASES: Associated with
P. cinnamomi
in a root rot of chestnut ('ink' disease) and with
P. syringae
causing a root rot of beech. Also causes basal canker of Norway maple. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Mauritius), Asia (India), Australasia & Oceania (New Zealand); Europe (Azores, France, Great Britain, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, United States). (CMI Map 70, ed. 2, 1961.) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, persisting in soil for several years after host has disappeared (Grente & Solignet, 1952). High soil moisture, unfavourable growth conditions such as drought and injuries all contribute to increasing the susceptibility of the host to infection (34: 495; 31: 39, 406).
Phytophthora citricola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora citricola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Antirrhinum majus, Brachychiton populneum, Ceanothus
sp.,
Citrus
spp.,
Erica hiemalis, Hibiscus
spp.,
Humulus lupulus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malus pumila, Primula japonica, Rhododendron catawbiense, Ribes grossularia, Rosa
sp.,
Rubus idaeus, Schinus moue
and
Syringa vulgaris
. Also pathogenic on inoculation to:
Chamaecyparis
sp.,
Cupressus
sp.,
Cydonia oblonga, Euphorbia resinifera, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malus pumila, Phaseolus vulgaris
and
Pinus
sp. (Waterhouse, 1957; 39: 249; 40: 433; Herb. IMI.) DISEASES: Brown rot of oranges, black root of hops, root rot and cane die-back of raspberry, die-back of rhododendron and basal rot of tomato seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (South Africa); Asia (Formosa), Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Great Britain, Germany, Italy (Sicily)); Central America & West Indies (Antilles); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Survives as mycelium in host roots and as oospores in soil (45, 3381b). Also intercepted once in Czechoslovakia on oranges imported from Turkey (42: 197).
Pythium oligandrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pythium oligandrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ananas comosus, Antirrhinum majus, Beta vulgaris, Brassica oleracea, Carthamus tinctorius, Citrullus vulgaris, Citrus
sp.,
Cucumis sativa, Cucurbita pepo, Daucus carota, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Ipomoea batatas, Lactuca sativa, Lathyrus odoratus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malus pumila, Papaver rhocas, Persea gratissima, Phaseolus acutifolium, P. vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Prunus amygdalus, Rheum rhaponticum, Stipa
sp.,
Triticum aestivum, Viola tricolor
and in soil and compost. DISEASES: Causing damping-off of seedlings, also stem and root rot of a wide range of plants including peas, beans, sweet potato, tomato, rhubarb, sugar beet, sweet peas, pansy and wheat. Also associated with a fruit rot of cucumber and water melon. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (South Africa), Asia (Israel); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii); Europe (Cyprus, Great Britain, Italy); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne.
Uromyces betae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uromyces betae
[Uromyces beticola]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On sugar beet, beetroot, spinach beet, mangolds and wild beet (
Beta vulgaris
subsp.
vulgaris, B. vulgaris
subsp.
maritima), Beta vulgaris, B. cycla, B. rapa
. DISEASES: Beet rust. First appears as small, cinnamon brown pustules scattered over the lamina, which in susceptible plants quickly spreads over the entire foliage causing the older leaves to wilt, wither and die prematurely. The younger leaves remain erect but their blades become crumpled drooping and yellowish. Badly rusted plants with blisters on leaf blades and petiole finally collapse. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Canary Is., Libya, Madeira, Morocco, S. Africa); Asia (Israel, Iran, U.S.S.R.); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Czechoslovakia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Holland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Sardinia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); N. America (Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); S. America (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay). (C.M.I. Map No. 265) TRANSMISSION: Mainly by urediospores (McKay, 1952, 44, 566a). Overwinters on seed crop stecklings, clamped mangolds, groundkeeping beet and mangolds. Spores adhering to seed clusters helps to spread the disease. Reports from U.S.S.R. indicate that teliospores retain viability for 2 yrs. in store houses.
Uromyces decoratus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uromyces decoratus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Crotalaria juncea, C. maxillaris, C. medicapinea, C. retusa
and
C. vitatoni
. Also by inoculation on
C. pumila, C. shrica
and
C. verrucosa
(Josh), 1960). Aecial hosts include
Euphorbia, Euphorbia nicaeensis, Dianthus, Saponaria ocymoides
and
Tunica prolifera
. DISEASE: Rust of Sunn hemp. All parts of the plant above ground, stems, leaves, petioles and fruits are liable to attack. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Rhodesia, S. Africa, Tanzania, Zambia); Asia (Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Israel, Japan, Russia, Turkey), Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Italy, Malta, Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Yugoslavia); N. America (Alaska, Canada, U.S.A.); S. America (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Venezuela); W. Indies (Jamaica); Australasia, (Australia, New Zealand). TRANSMISSION: By urediospores through contact with man and his implements. The spread of this rust from one country to another has been attributed to the introduction of imported carnation from infected areas. It is said to have been introduced into Great Britain on imported carnation in 1890. So far the aecidium has not been known outside Europe and the rust maintains itself in the uredial state. Tests carried out have shown that urediospores can remain viable for a period of 185 days (4: 122).
Rigidoporus zonalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pegler D. N. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rigidoporus zonalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Bauhinia purpurea, Ceiba pentandra, Ficus benghalensis, Hevea brasiliensis, Mangifera indica, Sapindus trifoliatus, Shorea robusta, Syzygium cuminii, Tectona grandis
and
Toona ciliata
. DISEASE: White pocket rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone, St. Thome, Uganda); Asia (Ceylon, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia (W., Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Hebrides); North America (U.S.A. : Ark., Miss., Tenn., Tex., Va.); Central America & West Indies (Bahamas, British Honduras, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad), South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores. Spores have been recorded infecting wood and vegetative mycelium has been observed to spread over unsterilized wood and moist sand (46, 2543).
Fusarium oxysporum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pleurivorous in soil. DISEASE:
Fusarium oxysporum
occurs chiefly as a soil saprophyte and appears to survive winter in the mycelial or chlamydospore state. Numerous strains of this species are serious wilt pathogens of many crop plants. These together with saprophytic strains have the ability to live almost indefinitely in soil with the result that normal rotational cropping is not a practical control measure. Because of the importance of many of these physiologic strains to the plant pathologist and because of the immense amount of research that has been carried out in relation to their control, separate description sheets have been prepared dealing with the history, distribution and control measures of certain 'formae speciales'. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: world-wide.
Colletotrichum musae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Colletotrichum musae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Musa
spp. (banana),
M. textilis
and other species of
Musa
. Also on
Malus pumila, Mangifera indica, Persea americana, Psidium guajava
and
Vigna
sp. (by inoculation; 4: 103; 42: 268). DISEASES: Anthracnose, ripe fruit rot, finger stalk and main stalk rot, black rot of banana; leaf spot of abaca seedlings. Chiefly known as a cause of wastage of bananas in storage. The pathogen attacks immature fruit in the field and is also present as invisible latent infections in very young fruit. Leaves, transition leaves, bracts and flowers are also attacked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread on banana. TRANSMISSION: By wind-bome conidia and possibly by ants and other insects (2: 280). Conidia remain viable in acervuli in the field for long periods, tolerating extremes of temperature (up to 45°C) and fluctuations in relative humidity (32-83%) (45, 160).
Microcyclus ulei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Microcyclus ulei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Restricted to
Hevea
spp. Recorded on:
H. brasiliensis
(Para rubber tree),
H. benthamiana, H. guianensis
and
H. spruceana
. DISEASE: South American leaf blight of Para rubber. Greyish, powdery conidial lesions on the leaves followed by the stromatic stage 3-6 weeks later. Infection of very young leaves, up to 6-10 days old, leads to leaf fall, branch dieback and death of well grown trees. Symptoms typically on leaves but also on green stems, petioles, inflorescence, flowers and young fruit. One of the most destructive diseases of rubber and a factor limiting the development of a natural rubber industry in America. It prevented attempts to establish the crop in America in the 1930's and 1940's (35: 716). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to tropical South and Central America, including the Sao Paulo area of Brazil and Trinidad (CMI Map 27, ed. 4, 1967). Endemic on wild species of
Hevea
in the Amazon valley, Guiana, Madre de Dios and Matto Grosso regions of South America. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne conidia which have a diurnal periodicity with a forenoon maximum and minima at night and early morning. Conidia can be spread on the surface of water droplets. Ascospores presumably also air-borne but their role in the epidemiology is unknown (46, 1089f; 48, 270e).
Monilia roreri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Monilia roreri
[Moniliophthora roreri]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Theobroma cacao
and also reported on
T. gileri, T. bicolor
and
Herrania ballaensis
(13: 360). DISEASES: Watery pod rot of cacao dusing destruction of the fruit. Heavy losses (up to 65% of total crop) have been reported from South America, especially Colombia and Ecuador (15: 561; 24: 272; 30: 145; 33: 593). As the fruit approaches maturity necrotic streaks appear internally and the mucilage and seed tissue become watery. The fruit ripens prematurely, becoming at first blotchy in colour and then necrotic. Sporulation then begins on the outer surface forming a pulverulent mass, sometimes over most of the surface. This is at first white with a darker centre, then becomes creamy and almost brown. If the fruit is cut across, conidia will form on the infected cut surface within a few hours. The vegetative parts of the tree are not attacked GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to parts of the north west of South America and Panama (CMI Map 13, ed. 2, 1952; 36: 178). Possibly endemic on wild
Theobroma gileri
in the forests of N.W. Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Probably by air-dispersed conidia (35: 359); infection through damage by insects has been suggested (37: 221). No sexual state is known.
Phomopsis obscurans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis obscurans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Fragaria chiloensis, Fragaria chiloensis
var.
ananassa, F. vesca, F. virginiana
. DISEASE: Leaf blight of strawberry. Forming reddish-purple, almost circular lesions on older leaves and calyces which become elliptical or V-shaped when formed along veins, with the central portion drying out and turning brown. Delayed development of symptoms may lead to difficulties in distinguishing lesions in the field from those of leaf spot (
Mycosphaerella fragariae
(Tul.) Lind.) and leaf scorch (
Diplocarpon earliana
(Ellis & Everh.) Wolf). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Mauritius, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Zambia); Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, U.S.S.R.); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Tonga); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen overwinters as viable pycnidia in lesions on the old leaves which remain attached to the plant. Primary infection may occur early in the season by rain-splashed conidia.
Pseudomonas oryzicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas oryzicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
. Khu (43, 1019) reports that it also attacks more than 30 other species of wild and cultivated
Gramineae
. DISEASE: Bacterial browning, brown spot, or brusone of rice. Greyish-green diffuse areas appear on the sheaths of the panicle; they turn brown, then reddish-brown, black and finally dry up and die. Panicles become infected as they emerge, while stems, seeds and, exceptionally, the leaves may be infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Hungary, E. and N.E. China (43, 736), and Japan (44, 2139; the name in the penultimate line of this abstract should be
P. oryzicola
). TRANSMISSION: No detailed information. Klement states that wet, windy weather favours spread, suggesting transmission in rain splashes.
Alternaria cucumerina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria cucumerina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cucumber and melon (watermelon, musk melon, cantaloupe). Symptoms begin as yellow-brown flecks, 0.5 mm diam., on the upper surface of usually the crown leaves. They have a light green halo and gradually enlarge, becoming coalescent, with concentric ringing more commonly on the upper surface. Death of the leaves can be followed by lesions, several cm diam., forming on ripe fruit. These become covered with a dark, olive-green, conidial mass; they may be sunken and also show the concentric zonation. Infection of fruit in the field may be aggravated by exposure to sunlight (10: 431). Infection of stems or petioles does not occur. The pathogen can also cause decay in transit and storage, especially of melons and squash. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Arabia, Australia, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Cyprus, England, France, Japan, Kenya, Libya, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Rumania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Thailand, Trinidad, U.S.A., Venezuela, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Seed may become contaminated with conidia. Survival from season to season is probably through mycelium in host debris. No air dispersal studies have been reported.
Erysiphe cruciferarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Purnell T. J. , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erysiphe cruciferarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chiefly on members of the
Cruciferae
but also reported on
Papaveraceae
(Junell, 1961). DISEASE: Powdery mildew of swedes and tumips. The first signs of mildew consist of small patches of a thin white mycelium arising at various places on the leaf, often appearing first on the under surface. These soon merge forming larger areas of mycelium. The leaves of the swede,
B. napus
, may support heavy mildew growth for many weeks before they become chlorotic and die. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Wind-borne conidia. The method of ovewintering is uncertain but myelium may be able to survive on winter
Brassica
spp. in the form of 'subinfections' (Searle, 1919).
Microsphaera grossulariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Microsphaera grossulariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ribes grossularia
. Also on
R. americanum, R. alpinum, R. atropurpureum, R. cercum, R. nigrum, R. purpureum, R. rotundifolium, R. rubrum, R. sanguineum, Sambucus canadensis, S. racemosa
and
S. racemosa
var.
pubescens
. DISEASE: European gooseberry mildew. GEOGRAPHICAL DIStRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czechoslovacia, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Jugoslavia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and U.S.S.R); Asia (Japan); Australasia (New Zealand); America.