bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stance leg and surface stability modulate cortical activity during human single leg stance
Authors: Büchel Daniel , Lehmann Tim , Ullrich Sarah , Cockcroft John , Louw Quinette , Baumeister Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract Mobile Electroencephalography (EEG) provides insights into cortical contributions to postural control. Although changes in theta (4–8 Hz) and alpha frequency power (8–12 Hz) were shown to reflect attentional and sensorimotor processing during balance tasks, information about the effect of stance leg on cortical processing related to postural control is lacking. Therefore, the aim was to examine patterns of cortical activity during single-leg stance with varying surface stability. EEG and force plate data from 21 healthy males (22.43 ± 2.23 years) was recorded during unipedal stance (left/right) on a stable and unstable surface. Using source-space analysis, power spectral density was analyzed in the theta, alpha-1 (8–10 Hz) and alpha-2 (10–12 Hz) frequency bands. Repeated measures ANOVA with the factors leg and surface stability revealed significant interaction effects in the left (p = 0.045, ηp2 = 0.13) and right motor clusters (F = 16.156; p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.41). Furthermore, significant main effects for surface stability were observed for the fronto-central cluster (theta), left and right motor (alpha-1), as well as for the right parieto-occipital cluster (alpha-1/alpha-2). Leg dependent changes in alpha-2 power may indicate lateralized patterns of cortical processing in motor areas during single-leg stance. Future studies may therefore consider lateralized patterns of cortical activity for the interpretation of postural deficiencies in unilateral lower limb injuries.
Is analysis of otolith microstructure a valid method for investigating early life history of Western Baltic cod?
Authors: Plonus Rene , McQueen Kate , Günther Claudia , Funk Steffen , Temming Axel , Krumme Uwe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDaily formation of fish otolith micro-increments is frequently assumed, however applying inferences about timing of life history events and formation of otolith macro-structures requires further validation of the periodicity of micro-increment formation. We analysed micro-increments from Western Baltic cod (WBC, Gadus morhua) otoliths marked with tetracycline-hydrochloride as part of an age validation study to test the assumption of daily formation of micro-increments. We found that the number of counted micro-increments consistently underestimated the age of cod aged 1 and older. Time at liberty was also underestimated, especially for fish at liberty during winter. In contrast, micro-increment counts of otoliths from wild-caught young-of-the-year (YOY) cod could be used to realistically estimate timing of hatch and translucent zone formation. Under ambient conditions, settlement did not correspond to any visible pattern within the otoliths, but could be inferred from the prey switch observed from stomach content analyses. We therefore conclude that micro-increments can be assumed to form on a daily basis until the first winter, and can therefore be used to investigate early life history of YOY WBC. However, the periodicity of micro-increment formation appears to vary seasonally in older individuals, with the number of micro-increments formed during the winter period being particularly low.
Novel immune cell phenotypes in spondyloarthritis pathogenesis
Authors: Mauro Daniele , Simone Davide , Bucci Laura , Ciccia Francesco 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSpondyloarthritis (SpA) is a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. Over time, the plethora of cellular elements involved in its pathogenesis has progressively enriched together with the definition of specific cytokine pathways. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of new cellular mediators of inflammation in the pathogenesis of SpA or new subgroups of known cellular mediators. The research in this sense is ongoing, and it is clear that this challenge aimed at identifying new cellular actors involved in the perpetuation of the inflammatory process in AxSpA is not a mere academic exercise but rather aims to define a clear cellular hierarchy. Such a definition could pave the way for new targeted therapies, which could interfere with the inflammatory process and specific pathways that trigger immune system dysregulation and stromal cell activity, ultimately leading to significant control of the inflammation and new bone formation in a significant number of patients. In this review, we will describe the recent advances in terms of new cellular actors involved in the pathogenesis of SpA, focusing our attention on stromal cells and innate and adaptive immunity cells.
Systemische Auswirkungen und klinische Aspekte der SARS-CoV-2-Infektion
Authors: Lax Sigurd F. , Skok Kristijan , Zechner Peter M. , Setaffy Lisa , Kessler Harald H. , Kaufmann Norbert , Vander Klaus , Cokić Natalija , Maierhofer Urša , Bargfrieder Ute , Trauner Michael 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundCOVID-19 wird als systemische Erkrankung eingestuft. Ein schwerer Verlauf mit tödlichem Ausgang ist möglich und unvorhersehbar.FragestellungWelche Organsysteme sind primär betroffen? Welche Organveränderungen prädisponieren für einen ungünstigen Verlauf? Welche Organschädigungen finden sich bei letalem Ausgang?Material und MethodeDaten aus publizierten Obduktionsstudien (davon 28 eigene publizierte Fälle) in Hinblick auf Organschädigung und mögliche Todesursachen.ErgebnisseDie schwersten Veränderungen finden sich in den Lungen in Form eines diffusen Alveolarschadens als akutes Atemnotsyndrom des Erwachsenen (ARDS), zum Teil bereits mit Fibrose. Thrombosen in kleinen bis mittelgroßen Pulmonalarterien sind mit Lungeninfarkten vergesellschaftet. Häufige Komplikationen sind bakterielle Bronchopneumonien, seltener Pilzpneumonien. Pulmonale Thromboembolien finden sich in 20–30 % der tödlichen Verläufe, auch bei Fehlen einer tiefen Beinvenenthrombose. Eine intestinale Beteiligung von COVID-19 kann mit ischämischer Schädigung des Darmes einhergehen, in erster Linie bedingt durch Schock oder lokale Thrombose. Die Nieren zeigen eine akute Tubulusschädigung als Ausdruck eines akuten Nierenversagens, Lymphknoten und Milz einen Schwund der Lymphozyten, die Nebennierenrinde eine Hyperplasie. In der Leber finden sich häufig eine Steatose, Leberzellnekrosen, ein portales Entzündungsinfiltrat und eine Proliferation der Kupffer-Zellen. Häufige Grunderkrankungen sind in den Autopsiekollektiven arterieller Hypertonus mit hypertensiver und ischämischer Kardiomyopathie und Diabetes mellitus. In großen bevölkerungsbasierten Studien ergibt sich aber für Hypertoniker im Gegensatz zu Diabetikern kein erhöhtes Mortalitätsrisiko.SchlussfolgerungenPulmonale Kreislaufstörungen mit arteriellen Thrombosen, Infarkten und Pneumonien sind wesentliche und oft letale Komplikationen des ARDS bei COVID-19. Die Erkenntnisse aus Obduktionsstudien haben Therapie und Prophylaxe beeinflusst.
Short diameter may be a useful simple indicator of the tumor response in skull base meningiomas after conventionally fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy
Authors: Takehana Keiichi , Nakamura Daisuke , Abdelghaffar Alshaymaa , Uto Megumi , Katagiri Tomohiro , Arakawa Yoshiki , Mineharu Yohei , Miyamoto Susumu , Mizowaki Takashi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to assess the radiological change patterns in skull base meningiomas after conventionally fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (CFSRT) to determine a simple and valid method to assess the tumor response.

Materials and methods
Forty-one patients with a benign skull base meningioma treated by CFSRT from March 2007 to August 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. We measured tumor volume (TV), long-axis diameter (LD), and short-axis diameter (SD) on both pre-treatment images and follow-up images of 1, 3, and 5 years after CFSRT, respectively. The paired t test was used to detect differences in the LD and SD change rates. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate relationships between the TV and the diameters changes.

Results
The number of available follow-up MRIs that was performed at 1, 3, and 5 years after the CFSRT was 41 (100%), 34 (83%), and 23 (56%), respectively. The change rates of SD were significantly higher than those of LD at every time point and more strongly correlated with the change rates of tumor volume at 3 and 5 years after CFSRT.

Conclusions
SD may be useful as a simple indicator of the tumor response for skull base meningioma after CFSRT.

Key Points
• The change rate in short-axis diameter is a useful and simple indicator of the response of skull base meningioma to conventionally fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy.
• Conventionally fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for skull base meningioma achieved excellent 5-year local control.
Uncertainty of ENSO-amplitude projections in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models
Authors: Beobide-Arsuaga Goratz , Bayr Tobias , Reintges Annika , Latif Mojib 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere is a long-standing debate on how the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude may change during the twenty-first century in response to global warming. Here we identify the sources of uncertainty in the ENSO amplitude projections in models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Phase 6 (CMIP6), and quantify scenario uncertainty, model uncertainty and uncertainty due to internal variability. The model projections exhibit a large spread, ranging from increasing standard deviation of up to 0.6 °C to diminishing standard deviation of up to − 0.4 °C by the end of the twenty-first century. The ensemble-mean ENSO amplitude change is close to zero. Internal variability is the main contributor to the uncertainty during the first three decades; model uncertainty dominates thereafter, while scenario uncertainty is relatively small throughout the twenty-first century. The total uncertainty increases from CMIP5 to CMIP6: while model uncertainty is reduced, scenario uncertainty is considerably increased. The models with “realistic” ENSO dynamics have been analyzed separately and categorized into models with too small, moderate and too large ENSO amplitude in comparison to instrumental observations. The smallest uncertainties are observed in the sub-ensemble exhibiting realistic ENSO dynamics and moderate ENSO amplitude. However, the global warming signal in ENSO-amplitude change is undetectable in all sub-ensembles. The zonal wind-SST feedback is identified as an important factor determining ENSO amplitude change: global warming signal in ENSO amplitude and zonal wind-SST feedback strength are highly correlated across the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models.
Biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in human sound dentin
Authors: Gobbi Pietro , Maravic Tatjana , Comba Allegra , Mazzitelli Claudia , Mancuso Edoardo , Falconi Mirella , Breschi Lorenzo , Mazzoni Annalisa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes that operate a proteolytic activity at the level of the extracellular matrix. MMPs are regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) that can ubiquitously bind different enzyme forms. The study aims to identify a morfo-functional association between TIMP-1 and MMP-2 and -9 in human dentin.

Materials and methods
Proteins were extracted from demineralized human sound dentin powder and centrifuged to separate two aliquots with different molecular weights of proteins, higher and lower than 30 kDa. In each aliquot, the evaluation of the presence of TIMP-1/MMP-2 and TIMP-1/MMP-9 was performed using co-immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting analysis. The distribution of TIMP-1, in association with MMP-2 and -9, was investigated using a double immunohistochemical technique. Furthermore, the activity of TIMP-1 was measured by reverse zymography, where acrylamide gel was copolymerized with gelatin and recombinant MMP-2.

Results
Co-immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting analysis showed the association TIMP-1/MMP-2 and TIMP-1/MMP-9 in human sound dentin. Electron microscopy evaluation revealed a diffuse presence of TIMP-1 tightly associated with MMP-2 and -9. Reverse zymography analysis confirmed that TIMP-1 present in human dentin is active and can bind different MMPs isoforms.

Conclusions
The strict association of TIMP-1 with MMP-2 and -9 in situ appeared a constant finding in the human sound dentin.

Clinical relevance
Considering the role of TIMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 within the connective tissues, clinically applicable protocols could be developed in the future to increase or decrease the level of TIMPs in human dentin to regulate the activity of MMPs, contributing to reduce caries progression and collagen degradation.
Real-world safety and effectiveness of radium-223 in Japanese patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and bone metastasis: exploratory analysis, based on the results of post-marketing surveillance, according to prior chemotherapy status and in patients without concomitant use of second-generation androgen-receptor axis-targeted agents
Authors: Uemura Hirotsugu , Masumori Naoya , Takahashi Shunji , Hosono Makoto , Kinuya Seigo , Sunaya Toshiyuki , Horio Tomoyo , Okayama Yutaka , Kakehi Yoshiyuki 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Based on results from Japanese post-marketing surveillance, exploratory analyses were performed to investigate real-world outcomes of radium-223 for metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) according to patient characteristics.

Methods
This non-interventional, prospective study enrolled mCRPC patients selected for radium-223 treatment in clinical practice. Six-month safety and effectiveness were evaluated in subgroups who had/had not received prior chemotherapy (prior-chemo/no prior-chemo groups), and a subgroup who had not received concomitant androgen-receptor axis-targeted agents (ARATs).

Results
In the overall population (n = 296), the prior-chemo group (n = 126) tended to have more bone metastases, more analgesic use, and higher prostate-specific antigen values than the no prior-chemo group (n = 170). Incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), drug-related TEAEs, and ≥ grade 3 drug-related hematological TEAEs were 47% vs. 53%, 25% vs. 29%, and 4% vs. 7% in the no prior-chemo and prior-chemo groups, respectively. Incidences of TEAEs (61%), drug-related TEAEs (36%), and ≥ grade 3 drug-related hematological events (12%) were numerically higher in 33 patients who had received two lines of prior chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis showed that two lines of prior chemotherapy, and hemoglobin, platelet, and lactate dehydrogenase values were baseline factors significantly related to ≥ grade 2 platelet count decreased. Safety and effectiveness in patients without concomitant ARATs (n = 201) were similar to those in the overall population.

Conclusion
In a real-life setting, radium-223 was well tolerated irrespective of prior chemotherapy, but relatively higher incidences of TEAEs and hematotoxicities were suggested in patients with two lines of prior chemotherapy, possibly reflecting more advanced disease. Radium-223 safety and effectiveness in patients without concomitant ARATs were favorable.
Estimating the impact of social isolation on subjective health in Europe
Authors: Sironi Emiliano , Wolff Amelie Nadine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe investigate the relationship between social isolation and subjective health, considering that this relationship is potentially affected by endogeneity due to the presence of self-reported measures. Thus, if an increase in social isolation may impact the perception on health, alternative paths of causality may also be hypothesized. Using data from round 7 of the European Social Survey, we estimate an instrumental variable model in which isolation is explained as being a member of an ethnic minority and having experienced some serious family conflicts in the past. Our results confirm that changes in social isolation influence subjective general health. In particular, greater isolation produces a strong and significant deterioration of the perceived health status. With respect to the literature on social isolation and health, we try to advance it by supporting a path of causality running from social isolation to subjective health.
The influence of compensation interdependence on risk-taking: the role of mutual monitoring
Authors: Bolduan Felix , Schedlinsky Ivo , Sommer Friedrich 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study investigates if and how the influence of compensation interdependence on risk-taking depends on mutual monitoring of risky investment decisions. We argue that individuals under compensation interdependence have a behavioral incentive for higher risk-taking if mutual monitoring is present. Impression management is hypothesized to be the driving force behind this effect, with the visibility of actions to the peers through mutual monitoring as an important prerequisite. The results of a laboratory experiment support our predictions. Additional analyses reveal that impression management drives our results because participants incorporate their peers’ preferences in their decision process. This reasoning is further substantiated as individuals increase their risk-taking if they took less risk than their peers in previous experimental rounds and thus adjust to their respective peer group. Our findings inform firms about the effect of compensation interdependence in working environments with differing opportunities for mutual monitoring.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Children and Young People
Authors: Charras A. , Smith E. , Hedrich C.M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurpose of ReviewJuvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus ((j)SLE) is an autoimmune/inflammatory disease that results in significant damage and disability. When compared to patients with disease onset in adulthood, jSLE patients exhibit increased disease activity, damage and require more aggressive treatments. This manuscript summarises age-specific pathogenic mechanisms and underscores the need for age group–specific research, classification and treatment.Recent FindingsGenetic factors play a significant role in the pathophysiology of jSLE, as > 7% of patients develop disease as a result of single gene mutations. Remaining patients carry genetic variants that are necessary for disease development, but require additional factors. Increased ‘genetic impact’ likely contributes to earlier disease onset and more severe phenotypes. Epigenetic events have only recently started to be addressed in jSLE, and add to the list of pathogenic mechanisms that may serve as biomarkers and/or treatment targets. To allow meaningful and patient-oriented paediatric research, age-specific classification criteria and treatment targets require to be defined as currently available tools established for adult-onset SLE have limitations in the paediatric cohort.SummarySignificant progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of jSLE. Meaningful laboratory and clinical research can only be performed using age group–specific tools, classification criteria and treatment targets.
Wetlands in Ethiopia: Lessons From 20 years of Research, Policy and Practice
Authors: Dixon Alan , Wood Adrian , Hailu Afework 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThroughout sub-Saharan Africa wetlands provide ecosystem services that are critical to the development needs of many people. Local wetland use, however, is often at odds with broader national policy goals in which narratives of conservation and protection dominate, hence a recurring challenge is how to reconcile these tensions through the development of policies and field practice that deliver sustainable development. In this paper we examine the extent to which this challenge has been achieved in Ethiopia, charting the changes in wetlands policy and discourse over the last twenty years while reviewing the contribution of the multidisciplinary Ethiopian Wetlands Research Programme (EWRP) (1997–2000). Our analysis suggests that despite EWRP having a significant legacy in developing national interest in wetlands among research, government and non-governmental organisations, its more holistic social-ecological interpretation of wetland management remains neglected within a policy arena dominated by specific sectoral interests and little recognition of the needs of local people. In exploring the impacts at the local level, recent investigations with communities in Ilu Aba Bora Zone highlight adjustments in wetland use that famers attribute to environmental, economic and social change, but which also evidence the adaptive nature of wetland-based livelihoods.
Causal Cognition and Theory of Mind in Evolutionary Cognitive Archaeology
Authors: Lombard Marlize , Gärdenfors Peter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIt is widely thought that causal cognition underpins technical reasoning. Here we suggest that understanding causal cognition as a thinking system that includes theory of mind (i.e., social cognition) can be a productive theoretical tool for the field of evolutionary cognitive archaeology. With this contribution, we expand on an earlier model that distinguishes seven grades of causal cognition, explicitly presenting it together with a new analysis of the theory of mind involved in the different grades. We then suggest how such thinking may manifest in the archaeological or stone tool record and techno-behaviors of the last three million years or so. Our thesis is threefold: (a) theory of mind is an integral element of causal cognition; (b) generally speaking, the more advanced causal cognition is, the more it is dependent on theory of mind; and (c) the evolution of causal cognition depends more and more on mental representations of hidden variables. Ultimately, the final or seventh grade of causal cognition allows us to reason from a network of hidden variables that, amongst other things, enables the learning, manufacture, and use of complex technological systems. It also facilitates the seamless mapping of knowledge between personal (egocentric), physical, and social networks that allows for newly devised and innovative technical and social outcomes.
Engineering Solutions to COVID-19 and Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
Authors: Barabino Gilda A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe role of engineers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and in the elimination of health disparities, while not always visible, has important implications for the attainment of impactful solutions. The design skills, systems approach, and innovative mindset that engineers bring all have the potential to combat crises in novel and impactful ways. When a disparities lens is applied, a lens that views gaps in access, resources, and care, the engineering solutions are bound to be more robust and equitable. The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on the Black community and other communities of color is linked to inequities in health rooted in a centuries long structural racism. Engineers working collaboratively with physicians and healthcare providers are poised to close equity gaps and strengthen the collective response to COVID-19 and future pandemics.