bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinking the Ramayana Tradition through Performance
Authors: Bharucha Rustom 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter explores the role of performance in questioning, transforming, and subverting the Ramayana narrative tradition. Calling attention to diverse modes of enactment in which the story of the Ramayana gets interpreted through specific performative circumstances and techniques of psychophysical embodiment, it provides a dense vocabulary of different categories of performance in Indian languages in relation to acting, presenting, feeling, showing, exhibiting, transforming, and doing. Not only do these diverse epistemologies of performance shape the retelling of Ramayana at a structural level, they also contribute to the affective and spiritual dimensions of experiencing Ramayana at the level of the senses. Beyond enactment, the essay also provides a few examples of what happens to the Ramayana narrative when it gets performed outside the limits of the stage in the cultures of everyday life, where the politicization of the Ramayana places new demands on the agency and interpretive skills of actors.
The Killing of Shambuk
Authors: Deshpande Sudhanva 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
How does one perform the Shambuk myth on stage? One cannot take the story literally; it is mythology. Instead, the Jana Natya Manch production Śambūk-Vadh treated it as a fable around Dalit assertion and brahminical reassertion. The death of the Brahmin boy in the original myth results in the overturning of the brahminical order; his coming back to life symbolically restores the brahminical order. This makes sense if we see Shambuk’s tapas not as an individual act but as a symbol of the collective assertion of Dalit rights. Shambuk, then, is not a lone ascetic. He is a leader of his people. The site where he does tapas, rather than a literal forest, is an ashram where Dalits gain education. By reinterpreting the myth thus, and by layering the dramatic text with quotations from several sources, Śambūk-Vadh confronted the myth to reveal contestations around caste and gender.
Writing Her “Self”
Authors: Narayanan Mundoli 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical perspective on the evolution and contemporary significance of Nangyarkuttu, the “female” derivative of Kutiyattam, which developed into an independent solo performance form by the late twentieth century. Against this background, the author focuses on the artistry and innovations of one of Nangyarkuttu’s leading performers, Usha Nangiar, who has succeeded over the years in recovering and reinstating several major female characters who had disappeared from the Kutiyattam stage. Calling attention to two marginalized female characters from the Ramayana repertoire, notably Mandodari and Ahalya, the essay delves deeply into Usha Nangiar’s process of research as she recreates performances around them, combining an approach that is both deeply subjective and scholarly. Through excerpts from a detailed interview with the artist, the author demonstrates how Usha Nangiar’s interpretations of these roles, while drawing primarily on the performative tradition of Kutiyattam, constitutes a radical revisioning of the same tradition.
Family Law in America
Authors: Katz Sanford N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This book examines the present state of family law in America. The third edition captures recent developments, including the transformation of the institution of marriage from being a relationship between a man and a woman to encompassing same-sex marriage. In this regard, the book includes a full discussion and analysis of Obergefell v. Hodges. Obergefell v. Hodges is the U.S. Supreme Court case that held in a 5-4 decision that the bans on same-sex marriage in Michigan, Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee were unconstitutional. The Court held that the right to marry a person of the same sex is protected by the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, and therefore may not be denied in any state.
Adoption
Authors: Katz Sanford N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the establishment of a new parent–child relationship through adoption. It explores the recurring tension between individual autonomy and state regulation in the placement of children for adoption, and how it is reflected in the major developments in adoption in the past half-century. During the twentieth century, adoption was a specialized child welfare service performed by social workers in private and public child welfare agencies. Whether a birth mother relinquished her infant for adoption voluntarily or whether adoption was the final outcome of a child dependency proceeding, the articulated goal, sometimes achieved and sometimes mere rhetoric, was to advance the best interests of the child. These two tracks—voluntary relinquishment and involuntary termination of parental rights—resulting in adoption have given rise to dual systems in the past forty years. Even though the ultimate outcome of adoption for children from either system may be the same in terms of a court establishing the adoptive status, there is a major difference in goals. The goal of the voluntary system may well be to provide a childless couple with an infant so as to continue the adoptive family name. The aim of dependency proceedings resulting in the termination of parental rights is to protect children, and the disposition of adoption is a vehicle for providing a child with a permanent attachment to a family.
Marching Still Right Today
Authors: McHugh Dominic 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 takes up the story of how The Music Man eventually reached the stage in a successful pre-Broadway tryout in Philadelphia before arriving in New York in December 1957. It also explores the show’s afterlife, including the screen versions and revivals, as well as uncovering stories such as Liza Redfield’s historic appointment as the first woman to become the permanent musical director of a Broadway production, during the show’s initial run. Special consideration is given to the 1962 movie version, exploiting previously unseen correspondence and pointing out how the apparently faithful adaptation actually has numerous significant changes from its stage incarnation.
The Lombardian Formula in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: Lynch Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter, continuing the historical survey of the previous chapter, slows down and focuses on the reception of the so-called Lombardian formula in the Reformation and early Post-Reformation period, especially among the Reformed churches. After looking at how well-known Reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Zachary Ursinus understood the Lombardian formula, concentration shifts to a few critical events that provide important background to the Synod of Dordt and intra-Reformed debates on the extent of the atonement. More specifically, the chapter covers a late sixteenth-century debate between the Lutheran Jacob Andreae and the Reformed theologian Theodore Beza on the extent of Christ’s work. Next, it looks at the back-and-forth between Jacob Arminius and William Perkins. Finally, it gives a thorough examination of the Hague Conference of 1611, which featured a discussion of the various doctrines of grace among the Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants.
John Davenant on the Extent of Christ’s Atoning Work
Authors: Lynch Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Being the central chapter of the book, this chapter provides the first comprehensive exposition of John Davenant’s hypothetical universalism to date. It centers on his controversial work De Morte Christi. By way of a detailed examination at each of propositions of this treatise, this chapter shows how Davenant pushed back against a significant segment of Reformed theologians who denied that Christ died for all. On the other hand, as this chapter makes clear, the chapter also demonstrates how Davenant also distanced himself from the Remonstrant denial that Christ died for the elect. Instead, as the chapter proves, Davenant, citing a plethora of Reformed and Roman Catholic sources, understood his doctrine to be biblical, catholic, and Reformed.
John Davenant’s Covenant Theology
Authors: Lynch Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter situates John Davenant’s covenant theology into his broader Reformed context. Against certain misinterpretations of Reformed covenant theology, and of Davenant in particular, this chapter shows that Davenant’s covenant theology—even as it was used to defend his hypothetical universalism—was not especially noteworthy relative to other Elizabethan Reformed theologians, nor to the broader European Reformed community. To that end, the chapter details how Davenant understood both the so-called covenant of works and the covenant of grace. Special focus is given to Davenant’s insistence on the universality of the covenant of grace and the role played by his doctrine of an absolute covenant, corresponding to predestination.
The Principle of Distinction and Its Relation to Proportionality
Authors: Cohen Amichai , Zlotogorski David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Proportionality prohibits causing excessive damage to civilian objects and civilians when attacking a military objective. The question which objects are legitimate military objectives, and which are civilian objects, is therefore of great importance. A broader definition of “military objectives” can be expected to justify greater harm to civilians and civilian objects, whereas a narrower definition would restrain military operations. This is especially true today, when conflicts are increasingly taking place in urban settings, with disturbing consequences for civilians. This chapter discusses how the principle of distinction and indiscriminate attacks, while also addressing the issue of dual-use objectives. The chapter also turns to the protection of cultural property.
Weaponizing Information Systems for Political Disruption
Authors: Marcia Valeria , Desouza Kevin C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Today, information systems are regularly weaponized for political disruption. This threat now encompasses electoral processes, given their increasing dependence on information systems both directly and indirectly. The chapter elaborates on a framing devise—ALERT (the Actors, Levers, Effects, and Response Taxonomy)—to study how information systems can be manipulated and the associated set of responses to such manipulation, which in turn can generate theories about election interference. Illustrative examples of such interference guide the reader through the ALERT framework in the foreign election interference context. Through the description of the ALERT framework and the copious examples reported, the chapter concludes by underlining the importance of a clear understanding of the dynamics related to the Actors involved in information warfare, the Levers used, the Effects in the political and, specifically, electoral fields, which all serve as a tool for obtaining appropriate Responses in the fight against weaponization for political disruption.
The European Societies and Jihadism
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The introductory chapter gives insight into the major topics of the book. It stresses the fact that the major actors of jihadism were of Muslim immigration origin but also include a minority of middle-class converts from secular Europe. The notion of “total social fact,” coined by Marcel Mauss, a major French anthropologist, is used to give a comprehensive picture of jihadism as a social phenomenon involving urban sociology (many came from the so-called poor districts, but also some came from some middle-class districts), ethnic relations (Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Moroccan, Algerian), national political culture (in France Laïcité, in Great Britain multiculturalism), family (the crisis in family among many jihadis), gender (a significant minority), and generation. From my viewpoint, all these aspects are to be taken into account in order to make sense of jihadism in Europe.
The Birth of the Islamic State and its Impact on European Youth
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Since 2013, a major event occurred in the Middle East. A jihadi group founded a new state in June 2014 with a territory that was, at its heights, as vast as the United Kingdom under the name of the Islamic State in Syria and Sham (ISIS), and later on, simply the Islamic State (IS). Chapter 1 reveals how this event was a sea change in jihadism, not only in the Middle East but also in Europe and, more generally, worldwide. IS brought about a great transformation in the minds of European jihadis. European societies had not undergone major ruptures between the years 2000 and 2014, but the number of young people who became jihadi warriors, either internally (the so-called homegrown terrorists) or externally (the so-called Foreign Fighters) grew disproportionately between 2013 and 2016 in comparison to the pre-IS period. A key element was holding a territory as a state. It fundamentally changed the capacity of this jihadi organization. One essential characteristic of IS was its apocalyptic nature. The creation of the new caliphate in 2014 after a ninety-year interruption aroused new hopes in many parts of the Sunni world, traumatized by the failure of nationalism and pan-Arabism and eager to rekindle its lost glory. The attraction of radical Islamic utopias promising revenge against inhospitable European societies pushed a tiny minority of them toward violent action in the name of Allah, in particular after the creation of IS that galvanized them in that sense.
Of Power and Peril
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an explanatory framework for why regimes promote conspiracy claims, based on the insight that because conspiracy theories are theories about power, it makes sense to foreground politics—the opportunities and constraints facing politicians as they consider what stories to tell about the world. It conceptualizes conspiracy theories as a form of propaganda and summarizes theories about conspiracism in politics. The author argues that claiming conspiracy can signal knowledge and prescience, and details three factors associated with the production and circulation of conspiracy claims: destabilizing events, political competition, and cross-border connections and alignments. Regimes may use conspiracy claims intermittently or may construct broad conspiracy narratives and strategically disseminate them over time, but there are potential hazards for regimes that rely excessively on conspiracism. Finally, the chapter outlines the features of three conspiratorial modes: sporadic official conspiracism, competitive conspiracism, and sustained official conspiracism.
Connecting the Dots
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the database of conspiracy claims to understand the purposes conspiracy theories serve for the people who promote them. First, it examines the data as a whole to check whether the frequency of conspiracy claims rose over two decades, and if so, what events were most responsible for the rise. Second, it asks how critical events affect the manifestation and timing of conspiracy claims. Third, it looks at the influence of geopolitical alignments and rivalries. Fourth, it explores the domestic realm and shows how regime type affects conspiracy claims. Finally, it examines how heads of state and other authority figures contribute to the overall patterns of conspiracism in the region. In summary, the chapter demonstrates how conspiracism can be an outgrowth of palpable threats, political competition, and developments abroad.
The Consequences of Conspiracism
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the results of a survey of 1,000 respondents in each Georgia and Kazakhstan, assessing attitudes toward generic and specific conspiracy theories and responses to two experimental vignettes. The analysis shows that most people are willing to give conspiracy theories the benefit of the doubt, with Georgians being more conspiratorial overall. Yet politicians who promote conspiracy theories are not automatically believed or rewarded politically. In an ironic twist, the success of conspiracy mongers in winning popular support is limited by the very cynicism that conspiracy theories produce in the first place. Finally, conspiracy believers are different from the general population, being more alienated from politics but more socially engaged.
“Rip off the band-aid”
Authors: Messner Michael A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 begins with an electric moment of group debate and conflict about gender, race and coalition politics at the 2019 Veterans For Peace (VFP) convention. This moment is a point of departure to analyze the often-painful clash between the older generation’s efforts to build organizational “diversity” with the younger veterans’ more expansive intersectionality. Here, the chapter zeroes in on the organizational processes in VFP and About Face that serve to limit or marginalize younger members, especially queer and women of color veterans: race and gender tokenism; assumptions—often imported from the routine masculinist values in the military—about what a proper “leader” should look like; routine microaggressions and gaslighting; and race/gender double-standards concerning expressions of emotions in social movement contexts. The chapter closes with a discussion of how tokenism, leadership assumptions, microaggressions, gaslighting, and emotional double-standards are problems being addressed across the field of social movement activism.
Performativity and Political Ecology, Matter’s Politics
Authors: Parker Emily Anne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the work of Karen Barad, placing her account of the need for a concept of agential realism beside the performative account of racial difference in the work of Saidiya Hartman. Chapter 2 shows that there are not one but two concerns with performativity: (1) a political ecology concern about the lack of attention to “nonhuman” agency in the sense of technology, in the work of Barad, and (2) a performativity concern about whether performativity can contain the intensity of the bodily conscription that whiteness requires, in the work of Hartman.
Power, Privilege, and Entitlement
Authors: Anderson Kristin J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1, Power, Privilege, and Entitlement, situates entitlement among related terms that help explain inequality, such as power and privilege. This chapter defines entitlement and details the way entitlement is measured. Experiments that assess entitlement find reliable differences in women’s and men’s sense of entitlement. Men tend to have an inflated sense of entitlement relative to women. White individuals tend to have a higher sense of entitlement compared to people of color. In addition to entitlement to pay, research on academic entitlement is examined as well. Academically entitled students hold attitudes toward learning and teachers that they should receive more from their academic experience than they put in; that professors should bend rules for them; that they should not have to work as hard as others. Academic entitlement is correlated with academic disengagement, cheating, and classroom incivility.
Entitlement’s Enablers: Peers and Popular Culture
Authors: Anderson Kristin J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 further explores the development of entitlement. This chapter is divided into two parts as it considers two areas of developmental influence: the peer group and mass media. The chapter begins with a look at the impact of social dominance goals (e.g., establishing power) of the peer group and the degree to which these goals affect peer interaction and disruptive classroom behavior. Homophobic bullying and gender policing are also addressed in this chapter. The price for entitlement is the all-out avoidance of femininity and all-in conformity to male norms. Boys and men may come to see conforming to rigid gender rules as a relatively small price to pay for privilege and entitlement. Sexualized violence is then considered through the lens of entitlement. In some male peer groups, the mistreatment of girls and women is not condemned, but rather it actually helps men gain status within that group. Chapter 4 next considers the influence of media and popular culture on the valuing of dominant groups over subordinated groups. The different representations of gender, race, and sexuality in mass media facilitate entitlement in dominant groups. Finally, the impact of media is considered with a review of experimental and correlational research on how media messages affect viewers.
Entitlement Makes People Ignorant, Egocentric, and Mean
Authors: Anderson Kristin J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which entitlement facilitates ignorance, egocentrism, and inconsiderateness. People with power tend to engage in shoddy information processing. Compared to those who are marginalized, dominant group members think in shortcuts. Power emboldens people to be careless about repercussions, at least compared to those without power. Power holders do not feel compelled to view things from another person’s perspective and they do not feel obliged to know much about people with less power. For marginalized people, their very lives depend on understanding the idiosyncrasies of power holders and they understand these dynamics much better than powerful people. Power entitles people to conveniently and self-servingly assume they know more than they actually do when it comes to telling women and people of color how to think about sexism and racism (e.g., mansplaining and whitesplaining). At the same time, power entitles people to claim they know less than they actually do when they are called to account for sexual violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Anderson Kristin J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The conclusion presents the consequences of entitlement for individuals, the planet, and democracy. Entitlement makes people cognitively inflexible but also behaviorally, professionally, and politically unable to adapt to change. Dominant group members do not believe they should have to change and adapt, and they react emotionally when they are asked to do so. Economically struggling White people support policies that are self-destructive to themselves and their communities. Many White people vote according to their racial status against their economic needs. They support politicians who offer policies that objectively advantage the wealthy and harm working-class and poor White people. Entitlement can help us understand climate change denial if we consider it in the context of anti-intellectualism, individualism, and fragile masculinity—topics covered in previous chapters. Finally, entitlement could end democracy. The grievance politics of the entitled has knocked down some crucial pillars that historically have upheld democracy in the United States. In order to stay in power, Republican politicians must cheat because their initiatives are so unpopular, they would not win elections if everyone voted. Therefore, they gerrymander districts to absurdity, they remove voters of color from voter lists, they close voting locations in ethnic minority communities, and they limit early voting, weekend voting, and even voting by mail during a global pandemic.