bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improper priors and improper posteriors
Authors: Taraldsen Gunnar , Tufto Jarle , Lindqvist Bo H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhat is a good prior? Actual prior knowledge should be used, but for complex models this is often not easily available. The knowledge can be in the form of symmetry assumptions, and then the choice will typically be an improper prior. Also more generally, it is quite common to choose improper priors. Motivated by this we consider a theoretical framework for statistics that includes both improper priors and improper posteriors. Knowledge is then represented by a possibly unbounded measure with interpretation as explained by Rényi in 1955. The main mathematical result here is a constructive proof of existence of a transformation from prior to posterior knowledge. The posterior always exists and is uniquely defined by the prior, the observed data, and the statistical model. The transformation is, as it should be, an extension of conventional Bayesian inference as defined by the axioms of Kolmogorov. It is an extension since the novel construction is valid also when replacing the axioms of Kolmogorov by the axioms of Rényi for a conditional probability space. A concrete case based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations and data for different species of tropical butterflies illustrate that an improper posterior may appear naturally and is useful. The theory is also exemplified by more elementary examples.
How do early family systems predict emotion recognition in middle childhood?
Authors: Laamanen Petra , Kiuru Noona , Flykt Marjo , Vänskä Mervi , Hietanen Jari K. , Peltola Mikko J. , Kurkela Enni , Poikkeus Piia , Tiitinen Aila , Lindblom Jallu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFacial emotion recognition (FER) is a fundamental element in human interaction. It begins to develop soon after birth and is important in achieving developmental tasks of middle childhood, such as developing mutual friendships and acquiring social rules of peer groups. Despite its importance, FER research during middle childhood continues to be rather limited. Moreover, research is ambiguous on how the quality of one's early social‐emotional environment shapes FER development, and longitudinal studies spanning from infancy to later development are scarce. In this study, we examine how the cohesive, authoritarian, disengaged and enmeshed family system types, assessed during pregnancy and infancy, predict children's FER accuracy and interpretative biases towards happiness, fear, anger and sadness at the age of 10 years (N = 79). The results demonstrated that children from disengaged families (i.e., highly distressed relationships) show superior FER accuracy to those from cohesive families (i.e., harmonious and stable relationships). Regarding interpretative biases, children from cohesive families showed a greater fear bias compared to children from disengaged families. Our findings suggest that even in a relatively low‐risk population, variation in the quality of children's early family relationships may shape children's subsequent FER development, perhaps as an evolution‐based adaptation to their social‐emotional environment.
Examining launch and snare effects in the longitudinal associations between shyness and socio‐emotional difficulties in childhood
Authors: Bekkhus Mona , Baldwin Danielle , Coplan Robert J. , von Soest Tilmann , Skaret Synne , Ulset Vidar , Borge Anne I.H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the present study, we examine short‐ and long‐term associations between shyness and socio‐emotional difficulties from early to middle childhood. Participants in this study were part of the Matter of the First Friendship Study (MOFF), a large‐scale multi‐wave longitudinal study. At Time 1, N = 555 4‐year‐old children were recruited from childcare centers and followed across four data collections. At four timepoints of data collection, teachers rated children's shyness and indices of socio‐emotional difficulties (i.e., internalizing difficulties, peer problems) from age 4 to 7 years. Parents provided background and demographic information. Results from growth curve analyses showed that shyness was concurrently associated with emotional difficulties and problems with peers at each time point. However, shyness at age 4 years did not significantly predict the longitudinal trajectory of socio‐emotional difficulties across childhood. Overall, these results indicated that concurrent levels of shyness are associated with socio‐emotional difficulties, however, whether shyness serves as a distal predictor of socio‐emotional difficulties from early to middle childhood remains less clear.
Toddler exuberance as an influence on positive social behavior in a high‐intensity context in middle childhood
Authors: Kravitz Sarah B. R. , Walker Olga L. , Degnan Kathryn A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExuberance, a profile of temperament characterized in toddlerhood by high approach motivation, positive affect, and sociability, is associated with both adaptive and maladaptive socioemotional outcomes. The aims of the current study were to introduce a novel approach/avoidance‐eliciting social task, as well as longitudinally extend our understanding of toddlerhood exuberance to outcomes in middle childhood. Specifically, affect and social behavior at age seven during a high‐intensity game were compared to that observed during a low‐intensity freeplay task. As part of a longitudinal study, 291 infants were selected at 4 months for a wide range of reactivity to novelty. The sample was assessed repeatedly across early childhood (9, 24, and 36 months of age) and at 7 years of age. A high exuberance profile was formed with approach, positive, and sociable behaviors observed in the laboratory from 4 to 36 months. At 7 years of age, affect and social behavior were assessed during high‐ and low‐intensity interactions with an unfamiliar peer in the laboratory. Path Analyses using structural equation models demonstrated that a high exuberance profile was associated with greater positive social behavior at age 7 during a high‐intensity game, but not negative social behavior or behavior during a low‐intensity freeplay task. These results illuminate the need for targeted methodology, such as high‐intensity approach/avoidance‐eliciting social tasks, in order to clarify the links between early temperament and adaptive or maladaptive socioemotional outcomes across development.
Systematic Review: Re‐emergence of human leishmaniasis in the Balkans
Authors: Vaselek Slavica 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOBJECTIVETo provide an updated overview of the leishmaniasis epidemiology in the Balkans, as this region presents “blank space” on the map of leishmaniasis knowledge in Europe.METHODSFollowing the PRISMA guideline, literature on the presence and circulation of human leishmaniasis in Balkan countries was screened in PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Matica Srpska Library and the National Library of Serbia.RESULTSSixty nine publications from 1919 until September 2020 were reviewed. Historical records indicate that leishmaniasis was previously present mainly in the southern parts of the Balkans, while newer data demonstrate its northward spread.CONCLUSIONSHuman leishmaniasis is re‐emerging in the Balkans and in some areas is already widespread.
HIV care and treatment models and their association with medication possession ratio among treatment‐experienced adults in three African countries
Authors: Tsui Sharon , Kennedy Caitlin E. , Moulton Lawrence H. , Chang Larry W. , Farley Jason E. , Torpey Kwasi , van Praag Eric , Koole Olivier , Ford Nathan , Wabwire‐Mangen Fred , Denison Julie A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveHow clinics structure the delivery of antiretroviral therapy (ART) services may influence patient adherence. We assessed the relationship between models of HIV care delivery and adherence as measured by medication possession ratio (MPR) among treatment‐experienced adults in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.MethodsEighteen clinics were grouped into three models of HIV care. Model 1‐Traditional and Model 2‐Mixed represented task‐sharing of clinical services between physicians and clinical officers, distinguished by whether nurses played a role in clinical care; in Model 3‐Task‐Shifted, clinical officers and nurses shared clinical responsibilities without physicians. We assessed MPR among 3,419 patients and calculated clinic‐level MPR summaries. We then calculated the mean differences of percentages and adjusted residual ratio (aRR) of the association between models of care and incomplete adherence, defined as a MPR <90%, adjusting for individual‐level characteristics.ResultsIn the adjusted analysis, patients in Model 1‐Traditional were more likely than patients in Model 2‐Mixed to have MPR <90% (aRR = 1.60, 95% CI 1–2.48). Patients in Model 1‐Traditional were no more likely than patients in Model 3‐Task‐Shifted to have a MPR <90% (aRR = 1.58, 95% 0.88–2.85). There was no evidence of differences in MPR <90% between Model 2‐Mixed and Model 3‐Task‐Shifted (aRR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.59–1.66).ConclusionNon‐physician‐led ART programmes were associated with adherence levels as good as or better than physician‐led ART programmes. Additional research is needed to optimise models of care to support patients on lifelong treatment.
Elastostatic Modeling of Multi-Link Flexible Manipulator Based on Two-Dimensional Dual-Triangle Tensegrity Mechanism
Authors: Zhao Wanda , Pashkevich Anatol , Klimchik Alexandr , Chablat Damien 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The paper deals with the elastostatic modeling of a multi-link flexible manipulator based on the two-dimensional (2D) dual-triangle tensegrity mechanism and its nonlinear behavior under external loading. The main attention is paid to the static equilibriums and the manipulator stiffness behavior under the loading for the arbitrary initial configuration. It was proved that there is a quasi-buckling phenomenon for this manipulator while the external loading is increasing. In the neighborhood of these configurations, the manipulator behavior was analyzed using the enhanced virtual joint method (VJM). A relevant simulation study confirmed the obtained theoretical results.
Paediatric headbox as aerosol and droplet barrier
Authors: Sahih Monica , Schultz André , Wilson Andrew , Alakeson Renuka , Taylor Ellen , Mullins Benjamin , Martin Andrew C 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundHigh-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) is frequently used in hospitals, producing droplets and aerosols that could transmit SARS-CoV-2.AimTo determine if a headbox could reduce droplet and aerosol transmission from patients requiring HFNO.MethodsThe size and dispersion of propylene glycol (model for patient-derived infectious particles) was measured using a spectrometer and an infant mannequin receiving 10–50 L/min of HFNO using (1) no headbox, (2) open headbox, (3) headbox-blanket or (4) headbox with a high-efficiency particulate (HEP) filter covering the neck opening.ResultsAll headbox set-ups reduced the dispersal of droplets and aerosols compared with no headbox. The headbox-blanket system increased aerosol dispersal compared with the open headbox. The fraction of aerosols retained in the headbox for HFNO of 10 and 50 L/min was, respectively, as follows: (1) open headbox: 82.4% and 42.2%; (2) headbox-blanket: 56.8% and 39.5%; (3) headbox-HEP filter: 99.9% and 99.9%.ConclusionA HEP-filter modified headbox may serve as an effective droplet and aerosol barrier adjunct for the protection of staff caring for children receiving HFNO.
Effect of valproic acid on functional bleb morphology in a rabbit model of minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Yap Zhu Li , Seet Li-Fong , Chu Stephanie WL , Toh Li Zhen , Ibrahim Farah Ilyana , Wong Tina T 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeTo determine the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on bleb morphology and scar characteristics in a rabbit model of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS).MethodsNine New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to MIGS with intraoperative implantation of the PreserFlo MicroShunt. Rabbits were then administered with subconjunctival injections of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (n=4) or with VPA (n=5). Bleb morphology was examined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and in vivo confocal microscopy. Postoperative day 28 tissues were examined by immunohistochemical evaluation and label-free multiphoton microscopy to visualise the collagen matrix, by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling assay and immunofluorescent labelling for Ki67 expression to detect apoptosis and cell growth, and by real-time quantitative PCR to measureCol1a1,Fn, andSmad6transcript expression.ResultsVPA-treated blebs were detectable on day 28, while the PBS-treated blebs were not detectable by day 14. VPA-treated blebs were diffuse, extended posteriorly with near normal conjunctival vascularity and featured a combination of reticular/blurred stromal pattern with evidence of relatively large stromal cysts. Instead of the deposition of thick, disorganised collagen fibres characteristic of the PBS bleb, the VPA bleb contained conspicuously thinner collagen fibres which were associated with similarly thinner fibronectin fibres. In corroboration,Col1a1andFnmRNA expression was reduced in the VPA blebs, while increasedSmad6expression implicated the disruption of the transforming growth factor beta pathway. Apoptosis and cell growth profiles appeared similar with both treatments.ConclusionsThe results support the application of VPA to enhance bleb morphology associated with good bleb function in MIGS with no apparent cytotoxicity.
Association of ultra-processed food intake with risk of inflammatory bowel disease: prospective cohort study
Authors: Narula Neeraj , Wong Emily C L , Dehghan Mahshid , Mente Andrew , Rangarajan Sumathy , Lanas Fernando , Lopez-Jaramillo Patricio , Rohatgi Priyanka , Lakshmi P V M , Varma Ravi Prasad , Orlandini Andres , Avezum Alvaro , Wielgosz Andreas , Poirier Paul , Almadi Majid A , Altuntas Yuksel , Ng Kien Keat , Chifamba Jephat , Yeates Karen , Puoane Thandi , Khatib Rasha , Yusuf Rita , Boström Kristina Bengtsson , Zatonska Katarzyna , Iqbal Romaina , Weida Liu , Yibing Zhu , Sidong Li , Dans Antonio , Yusufali Afzalhussein , Mohammadifard Noushin , Marshall John K , Moayyedi Paul , Reinisch Walter , Yusuf Salim 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the relation between intake of ultra-processed food and risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Design
Prospective cohort study.

Setting
21 low, middle, and high income countries across seven geographical regions (Europe and North America, South America, Africa, Middle East, south Asia, South East Asia, and China).

Participants
116 087 adults aged 35-70 years with at least one cycle of follow-up and complete baseline food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data (country specific validated FFQs were used to document baseline dietary intake). Participants were followed prospectively at least every three years.

Main outcome measures
The main outcome was development of IBD, including Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. Associations between ultra-processed food intake and risk of IBD were assessed using Cox proportional hazard multivariable models. Results are presented as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals.

Results
Participants were enrolled in the study between 2003 and 2016. During the median follow-up of 9.7 years (interquartile range 8.9-11.2 years), 467 participants developed incident IBD (90 with Crohn’s disease and 377 with ulcerative colitis). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, higher intake of ultra-processed food was associated with a higher risk of incident IBD (hazard ratio 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.22 to 2.72 for ≥5 servings/day and 1.67, 1.18 to 2.37 for 1-4 servings/day compared with <1 serving/day, P=0.006 for trend). Different subgroups of ultra-processed food, including soft drinks, refined sweetened foods, salty snacks, and processed meat, each were associated with higher hazard ratios for IBD. Results were consistent for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis with low heterogeneity. Intakes of white meat, red meat, dairy, starch, and fruit, vegetables, and legumes were not associated with incident IBD.

Conclusions
Higher intake of ultra-processed food was positively associated with risk of IBD. Further studies are needed to identify the contributory factors within ultra-processed foods.

Study registration

ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03225586
.
Research capacity of global health institutions in China: a gap analysis focusing on their collaboration with other low-income and middle-income countries
Authors: Kwete Xiaoxiao , Tang Kun , Cheng Feng , Chen Yingyao , Hao Yuan-Tao , Mao Zongfu , Ren Ran , Wang Yunping , Wang Youfa , Wu Chenkai , Xu Dong (Roman) , Zhao Ying , Zhou Xiao-Nong , Liu Yuning , Yin Ruoyu , Liang Xiaohui , Hao Chun , Guan Yayi , Huang Yangmu , Ng Man Tat Alexander , Liu Peilong , Berhane Yemane , Fawzi Wafaie , Zheng Zhijie 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionThis paper presented qualitative and quantitative data collected on the research capacity of global health institutions in China and aimed to provide a landscaping review of the development of global health as a new discipline in the largest emerging economy of the world.MethodsMixed methods were used and they included a bibliometric analysis, a standardised survey and indepth interviews with top officials of 11 selected global health research and educational institutions in mainland China.ResultsThe bibliometric analysis revealed that each institution had its own focus areas, some with a balanced focus among chronic illness, infectious disease and health systems, while others only focused on one of these areas. Interviews of key staff from each institution showed common themes: recognition that the current research capacity in global health is relatively weak, optimism towards the future, as well as an emphasis on mutual beneficial networking with other countries. Specific obstacles raised and the solutions applied by each institution were listed and discussed.ConclusionGlobal health institutions in China are going through a transition from learning and following established protocols to taking a more leading role in setting up China’s own footprint in this area. Gaps still remain, both in comparison with international institutions, as well as between the leading Chinese institutions and those that have just started. More investment needs to be made, from both public and private domains, to improve the overall capacity as well as the mutual learning and communication within the academic community in China.
Development of a core competency framework for clinical informatics
Authors: Davies Alan , Mueller Julia , Hassey Alan , Moulton Georgina 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesUntil this point there was no national core competency framework for clinical informatics in the UK. We report on the final two iterations of work carried out in the formation of a national core competency framework. This follows an initial systematic literature review of existing skills and competencies and a job listing analysis.MethodsAn iterative approach was applied to framework development. Using a mixed-methods design we carried out semi-structured interviews with participants involved in informatics (n=15). The framework was updated based on the interview findings and was subsequently distributed as part of a bespoke online digital survey for wider participation (n=87). The final version of the framework is based on the findings of the survey.ResultsOver 102 people reviewed the framework as part of the interview or survey process. This led to a final core competency framework containing 6 primary domains with 36 subdomains containing 111 individual competencies.ConclusionsAn iterative mixed-methods approach for competency development involving the target community was appropriate for development of the competency framework. There is some contention around the depth of technical competencies required. Care is also needed to avoid professional burnout, as clinicians and healthcare practitioners already have clinical competencies to maintain. Therefore, how the framework is applied in practice and how practitioners meet the competencies requires careful consideration.
Effectiveness of the ABCDEF bundle on delirium, functional outcomes and quality of life in intensive care patients: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial with embedded process evaluation
Authors: Sosnowski Kellie , Mitchell Marion , Cooke Marie , White Hayden , Morrison Lynette , Lin Frances 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionHospital mortality for critically ill patients has decreased significantly throughout the developed world over the past two decades, attributable to improvements in the quality of intensive care, advances in critical care medicine and technologies that provide long-term multiorgan support. However, the long-term outcomes of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors is emerging as a real issue. Cognitive and physical impairments suffered by ICU survivors are common including profound weakness, pain and delirium which are inextricably linked. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Assess, prevent and manage pain; Both spontaneous awakening and spontaneous breathing trials; Choice of sedation and analgesia; Delirium: assess, prevent and manage; Early mobility and exercise; Family engagement and empowerment (ABCDEF) bundle in reducing ICU-related short-term and long-term consequences of critical illness through a randomised controlled trial (RCT).Methods and analysisThe study will be a single-centre, prospective RCT. A total of 150 participants will be recruited and randomised to either receive the ABCDEF bundle protocol or non-protocolised standard care for the duration of the participant’s admission in the ICU. The primary outcome is delirium status measured using the Confusion Assessment Measure for ICU (CAM-ICU). Secondary outcomes include physical function measured by the Functional Independence Measure and quality of life measured by the European Quality of Life five dimensions, five-level questionnaire. A mixed-method process evaluation will contribute to understanding the experience of health teams who implement the ABCDEF bundle into practice.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was provided by the Metro South Health Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) (EC00167) and the Griffith University’s HREC prior to study commencement.Study results will be disseminated by presentations at conferences and via publications to peer-review journals.Trial registration numberACTRN12620000736943; Pre-results.