bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of underfeeding during the second gestation of Holstein-Friesian heifers. 1. Direct effect on lactation performance over the final 5 months of lactation
Authors: Dewhurst R.J. , Moorby J.M. , Davies D.W.R. , Fisher W.J. 
Published: November 2021

Manipulation of energy- and protein supply during the dry period can affect milk production and composition in the next lactation (Moorby et al, 1996). These studies also demonstrated considerable between-animal variation in responses which may relate to previous nutritional history. This problem was addressed in the current experiment by (i) developing enhanced assessments of animal condition; and (ii) monitoring performance over successive lactations. The second half of the first lactation is a critical phase, particularly for young heifers, since they have to balance the competing demands of pregnancy, growth and a persistent lactation. Berg and Ekern (1993) showed that underfeeding heifers had a residual effect on milk production and composition in their second lactation.Forty-five Holstein Friesian heifers, which calved from September to December 1994, were selected for this work; 23 of the animals calved at approximately 3 years of age (‘3’), 22 at approximately 2 years of age (‘2’). Thirty-eight animals completed the experiment (to the end of their second lactation) and data from these animals are used here. The animals were maintained on a complete diet until April 1995 when they were offered 8 kg/day of concentrate with ad libitum grass silage for 3 weeks of covariance recording.
Effects of underfeeding during the second gestation of Holstein-Friesian heifers. 2. Residual effects on second lactation performance
Authors: Moorby J.M. , Dewhurst R.J. , Fisher W.J. , Davies D.W.R. 
Published: November 2021

Previous work has shown that dry period protein feeding can have important residual effects on the subsequent lactational performance in dairy cows (Moorbyet al., 1996), although the results have been variable. This variability may be due to an animals nutrient requirements during late lactation and its ability to compensate during the dry period for previously inadequate supplies. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of heifer age and level of concentrate offered during the second half of the first lactation on the second lactation performance. The size of theLongissimus dorsiwas monitored as a marker of skeletal muscle use for lactation.Thirty-eight Holstein-Friesian heifers were treated as described by Dewhurstet al.(1997). Briefly, animals were divided into 4 treatment groups differing in age at first calving (2 or 3 years old) and level of concentrate feeding for the last 18-20 weeks of their first lactation (2 kg/d, ‘L’, or 7 kg/d, ‘H’; n=11, 11, 9 and 7 for treatments 2L, 2H, 3L and 3H respectively). Six weeks before predicted calving date, animals were dried off and offered a relatively low quality diet ofad libitumaccess to a grass silage:straw mix (40:60 on a DM basis), designed to offer them little chance to compensate for previous differences in diet. After calving, animals were offered a diet ofad libitumaccess to grass silage plus 8 kg/d concentrate to day 120 of lactation, and 5 kg/d thereafter. Live weight was recorded weekly. After calving, milk yields were recorded daily, and milk samples taken weekly, to week 20 of lactation.
The effect of varying the degrees of β-receptor stimulation on the activity of the calpain - calpastatin system at slaughter in porcine longissimus dorsi
Authors: Sensky P. L. , Parr T. , Bardsley R. G. , Buttery P. J. 
Published: November 2021

Despite efforts to standardise breeding, nutrition and husbandry regimes, consumer studies indicate that 17% of all loin chops sold in the UK are unacceptable in terms of toughness and dryness (Warkup et al., 1995). Recent evidence suggests that this unaccountable variability may be at least partly due to changes in the calpain-calpastatin proteolytic system around the time of slaughter, stimulated by changes in the circulating levels of the natural β-agonist adrenaline (Sensky et al., 1996). An increase in calpastatin, the inhibitory component of the system, at slaughter has also been shown to be associated with reduced degrees of tenderisation (Koohmaraie, 1992, Sensky et al., 1996b). Variation in the degree of β-receptor stimulation close to slaughter should therefore correlate with calpastatin levels at slaughter. This study aimed to investigate the validity of this claim.The diet of 30 female Landrace x Large White pigs (67 ± 1 kg) was supplemented with either 2 or 20 ppm nadolol, a β-antagonist, or clenbuterol, a β-agonist, 16 h before slaughter, giving 5 groups of 6 pigs, including controls (no supplement), with differing degrees of β-receptor stimulation, ranging from low (20 ppm nadolol) to high (20 ppm clenbuterol). Calpain and calpastatin activities were measured in samples of longissimus dorsi (LD) taken immediately after slaughter using chromatographic and fluorimetric techniques (Sensky et al., 1996b).
Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) in postpartum ewes
Authors: Ranilla M.J , Gebbie F.E. , Mitchell L.M. , King M. E. , Skinner J.G. , Beckerst J.F. , Robinson J.J. 
Published: November 2021

The mammalian placenta is an active endocrine organ capable of synthesising and secreting a wide range of hormones and proteins. Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) is one of these. It is produced by the binucleate cells of the placenta and becomes detectable in the maternal circulation soon after implantation (Zoli et al., 1992a). PAG occurs in cattle (bPAG), goats and sheep (oPAG), and has been used for early pregnancy diagnosis and the detection of embryonic death (Ranilla et al., 1994).In the postpartum cow bPAG has a slow disappearance rate and is detectable in maternal serum until 100 days after calving (Zoli et al., 1992b). The present work was carried out to determine the rate of decline of oPAG in postpartum ewes and to test if the disappearance rate differed with litter size, age and diet.
The effect of space allowance and milk yield level on the performance and behaviour of dairy cattle housed in straw yards
Authors: Fregonesi J. A. , Leaver J.D. 
Published: November 2021

Space allowance could be an important variable affecting production, health, reproductive performance and behaviour of dairy cattle. Also, high and low yielding cows may have different ways of coping with insufficient space allowance. The aim of this experiment was to study the influence of space allowance and milk yield level on the performance and behaviour of strawyard housed dairy cows.The experiment was carried out using 24 Holstein Friesian cows with two groups in early lactation of high (over 30 kg/day milk yield) and two groups in late lactation of low yield (under 25 kg/day milk yield). The groups were allocated to strawyard systems with low stocking density (bed area/cow = 9 m2; pen area/cow = 13.5 m2; feed face width/cow = 1.5 m) or high stocking density (bed area/cow = 4.5 m2; pen area/cow = 6.75 m2; feed face width/cow = 0.75m) conforming to a changeover design with two periods, each of four weeks. The cows were fed a total mixed ration ad libitum and 2kg/cow/day of concentrate in the milking parlour. All animals were milked twice daily.
Production, behaviour and welfare of growing pigs as influenced by drinker allocation and group size
Authors: Turner S. P. , Edwards S. A. 
Published: November 2021

The requirement for water of growing pigs in large groups has been neglected. Current MAFF recommendations suggest one nipple drinker per 10 pigs, while farmers have often used a ratio of 1 per 20 animals. Neither approach is based on empirical investigation. The relationship between group size and the number of drinking points can not be assumed to be linear. The aim was to assess group size and the two conflicting ratios of drinkers for their effect on welfare, as measured by production performance, drinking and social behaviour.A total of 640 Large White x Landrace growing pigs (start weight 36kg) were housed in a fully slatted commercial grower house for five weeks. Four replicates were used and each animal was assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design of two group sizes (20 vs 60) and two ratios of nipple drinkers to pigs (1:10 vs 1:20). The groups of 20 comprised of pigs from 3 different pens, while 9 pens contributed to the groups of 60. The floor space per pig was maintained constant across treatments. Nine focal pigs (three each of heavy, medium and light weight) were selected from each pen.
Effect of physical processing on in situ degradation of barley in the caecum of ponies
Authors: McLean B M L , Hyslop J J , Longland A C , Cuddeford D 
Published: November 2021

Cereal grains are often subjected to physical processing before being fed to equids. However, little information is available on how physical processing of cereals affects degradation dynamics in equids. This experiment examines the effect of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of barley in the caecum of poniesThree caecally fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester 6.5 x 20cm, 41μm pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) containing either unprocessed barley (UB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB) were incubated in the caecum for fixed times according to both a forward (0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 8, 24, 48h) and reverse (48, 24, 8, 4, 12, 6, 2, 0h) incubation sequence. For each feedstuff residues from each time were bulked within pony and across incubation sequence for subsequent analysis of dry matter (DM) and starch (STC). Degradation profiles were fitted to the DM and STC disappearance data according to Ørskov and McDonald (1979).
Development of the mobile bag technique to study the degradation dynamics of forage feed constituents in the whole digestive tract of equids
Authors: Hyslop J. J. , Tomlinson A. L. , Bayley A. , Cuddeford D. 
Published: November 2021

The mobile bag technique (MBT) has recently been used to provide single time point estimates of feed digestibility in both the small intestine (Macheboeuf et al 1996) and the whole tract of equids (Hyslop and Cuddeford 1996). This experiment develops the use of the MBT as a method to study the dynamics of the digestive process over time in the whole tract of ponies.Three mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (270 kg LW) were offered ad libitum threshed grass hay plus minerals. Two sizes of mobile bag (6 x 1 cm Ø - large & 4 x 1 cm Ø - small) made from monofilament polyester with a 41 μrn pore size containing either 200 or 130 mg of feed respectively were used. Bags containing either dehydrated alfalfa (DHA), threshed grass hay (THAY), dehydrated grass (DHG) or grass hay (HAY) were introduced directly into the stomach via a naso-gastric tube in batches of 22 (14 large and 8 small). Batches of bags were administered twice daily on days 1, 2, 8 and 9 of a 14 day period according to an incomplete latin square experimental design giving a total of 44 bags per feed in each pony. On recovery in the faeces, dry matter (DM) disappearances were calculated for each bag.
The digestibility of four ingredients in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets
Authors: Weatherup R.N. , McCracken K.J. , Rice D.A. , McKendry J. , Hoey R. 
Published: November 2021

The marker technique has been used widely in trout digestibility studies due to practical difficulties in obtaining “true” faeces samples directly from fish. However this technique is also relatively difficult and there are few good systems for faeces collection. Reliable data on raw material digestibilities are therefore scarce. Traditionally, chromic oxide has been used as a marker. However this substance can give rise to skin allergies in humans and has been implicated as a carcinogen. Jagger et al., (1992) suggested that titanium dioxide could be used successfully as a digestibility marker in pig diets. The present study was designed to determine the digestibility of four feed ingredients for trout (prairie meal, maize distillers, soya 50 and extruded wheat) and to evaluate the use of chromic oxide or titanium dioxide as a digestibility marker in fish diets.Each test ingredient was included in a basal diet at 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g/kg. Titanium dioxide and chromic oxide were included in the basal diet at 1 and 3.7 g/kg respectively.
The effect of wilting grass and grass-clover mixtures on silage effluent flow, chemical oxygen demand of silage effluent and silage quality
Authors: Margerison J. K. , Illingworth D. V. , Jackson D. W 
Published: November 2021

Increasing importance of home grown proteins has resulted in a renewed interest in grass-clover mixed swards. The objective of this experiment was to asses the effect of wilting on effluent production levels, polluting potential of the silage effluent, and silage quality in grass and grass-clover mixed swards.Perennial rye grass (G) and a grass clover mixed sward (0.75 perennial ryegrass, 0.25 white clover, GC) was cut in mid may. The G and GC was then precision chopped and ensiled in experimental silos at 0, 24 and 48 hours following cutting, with 5 replicate silos of each silage being made at each time period. The silage effluent was collected, the quantity produced was recorded and the biochemical oxygen demand and the chemical oxygen demand was measured. The silage was allowed to ferment followed by which the silage was sub-samples and composite samples 3 of each silage were analyzed for dry matter content, crude protein levels, neutral detergent fibre, water soluble carbohydrate, pH, lactic acid, acetic acid, proprionc acid, butyric acid, total volatile acid levels. The data were analyzed using the general linear model ANOVA in Minitab.
Industrial passion fruit residue as ruminant feed
Authors: Korndörfer C.M. , Abdalla A. L. , Crossara E. 
Published: November 2021

In the Brazilian savanna region, which covers 2.1 million km2, roughage production is irregular during the year. However the manufacture of passion fruit juice produces approximately 13,000,000 ton per year of industrial residue which consist of fruit pulp and seeds (FPSR) (Medina, 1980). Beef and dairy cattle farmers are feeding it to their livestock with no knowledge of its nutritive value or concern for its pollution aspects. The FPSR is left in piles outside on the ranches and fluid effluent is often observed reaching streams and contaminating the environment. Furthermore it is a good medium for fly proliferation which stresses the animals and reduces profits. The objective of this study was to demonstrate to the farmers a better way for storing the FPSR and to determine its nutritional value for ruminants.The FPSR was stored in triplicate experimental mino-silos (200 1) in a complete 2x2 factorial design to observe the effects of 48-h wilting (sun dry) and anaerobic conditions. Open mini-silos were left uncovered while in anaerobic mini-silos the FPSR was sealed in plastic bags and covered with sacks of soil. Treatments were: Tl wilted and anaerobic; T2 wilted and open; T3 unwilted and anaerobic; T4 unwilted and open. The mini-silos were sampled at 30-day intervals for up to ll2 days. The samples were analysed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin (LIN), phenolic compounds (PHEN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3 -N), soluble carbohydrats (CHO sol) and pH. The DM effective degradability (DMED) was determined “in situ” using six Santa Inês male sheep fitted with rumen cannula and fed with a mixture 80:20 diet containing grass pasture and concentrate (160 g CP/kg DM). The effects of experimental conditions were analysed in a factorial treatment structure and tested by analysis of variance. Treatment means were compared by contrasts.
The effect of supplementary sodium on the health and the behaviour of housed dairy cows
Authors: Arney D.R. , Phillips C.J.C. 
Published: November 2021

Increasing sodium in herbage for grazing dairy cows can reduce the milk somatic cell count (Phillips et al., 1996), but the effects of providing salt supplements for cows fed conserved feeds indoors are less clear. Supplementary salt can also reduce oral stereotypic behaviour in individually-housed calves (Phillips and Youssef, 1994). Tethered dairy cows are also behaviourally restricted, demonstrate stereotyped behaviours and might similarly benefit from supplementary salt.In experiment 1, 36 tethered Estonian Red cows were allocated for nine weeks to a randomised block experiment in which they received a daily restricted allowance of 7.5 kg DM grass silage, 6.6 kg DM grass hay and 2.2 kg DM barley/cow, with the addition of 0, 200 or 400 g NaCl. The salt supplements increased the Na content of the diet from 1 (control treatment) to 6 and 11 g/kg DM respectively. Milk yield was recorded every ten days and somatic cell count (SCC) by fluorescence microscopy. A blood sample was taken from the milk vein of each cow at the end of the experiment for mineral analysis.
Conception rate in hill ewes given a multi-trace element/vitamin bolus before mating
Authors: Hemingway R.G. , Parkins J.J. , Ritchie N.S. 
Published: November 2021

Conception rate in ewes, mainly by reduction in early foetal mortality, have been improved by a range of individual supplementary trace elements (especially Se, but also Cu, Co, Mn and Zn) given prior to mating (Hidiroglou, 1979). Ritchie et al. (1997) has described significant improvements in liver copper concentration and blood glutathione peroxidase activity (GSHPx) in ewes given a single sustained-release multi-trace element and vitamin bolus which incorporates a grinder (‘Small-Trace’, Agrimin Ltd., Brigg DN20 0SP). This communication describes studies in the conception rate of ewes given this bolus at three grazing sites. Each flock was judged by the veterinary surgeon concerned to require routine trace element supplementation and which had previously been given by various combinations of injections, drenches, single element boluses and/or copper oxide needles.Each bolus contained 5.3g Cu, 50mg Se, 90mg Co, lOOmg I, 4.7g Zn and 3.3g Mn with (iu) 268 x 103 vitamin A, 54 x 103 vitamin D and 800 vitamin E. About one-half of each nutrient is released in the first 6-8 weeks; thereafter the rate slows and the total life of the bolus is c. 7 months. (Ritchie et al. 1997).
Motion of Classic and Spontaneous Hot Flow Anomalies Observed by Cluster
Authors: Zhu Xiaoqiong , Wang Mengmeng , Shi Quanqi , Zhang Hui , Tian Anmin , Yao Shutao , Guo Ruilong , Liu Ji , Bai Shichen , Degeling Alexander William , Zhang Shuai , Niu Zhe , Zhao Jinyan , Xiao Yuchen , Shang Wensai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe propagation characteristics of hot flow anomalies (HFAs) near the Earth's bow shock are investigated, using observations from the Cluster spacecraft. A data set comprised of 19 classic HFAs (associated with tangential discontinuities, TDs) and 23 spontaneous HFAs (SHFAs, formed in the absence of solar wind discontinuities) was analyzed. For each event, the propagation velocity and normal of leading and trailing HFA edges were calculated using multiple multi‐point satellite analysis methods. For classic HFAs, 93% of the events have leading edge (LE) normal directions within 30° of the normal direction of the driving TDs. For SHFAs, in 74% of the events, the angle between the normal of an SHFA's edges and background magnetic field is in the range of 70°–110° and no angle is in the ranges of 0°–20° and 160°–180°. These results indicate that the LEs of the classic HFAs propagate along the same direction as the driving TDs and most SHFAs propagate quasi‐perpendicular to the background magnetic field and no SHFAs propagate parallel or anti‐parallel to the background magnetic field. Moreover, according to the velocity of HFAs' edges, we find that all classic HFAs and SHFAs' edges propagate toward the Earth in the spacecraft frame as expected and 5 out of 7 SHFAs are contracting and no expanding SHFAs are found. This study provides key parameters to help understand how HFAs disturb the magnetosphere.
Major Mineral Fraction and Physical Properties of Carbonated Peridotite (Listvenite) From ICDP Oman Drilling Project Hole BT1B Inferred From X‐Ray CT Core Images
Authors: Okazaki Keishi , Michibayashi Katsuyoshi , Hatakeyama Kohei , Abe Natsue , Johnson Kevin T. M. , Kelemen Peter B. ,   the Oman Drilling Project Science Team
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe quantified mineral proportions in listvenite (completely carbonated peridotite) in Hole BT1B drilled across the basal thrust of the Samail ophiolite by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Project Oman Drilling Project using 3D X‐ray Computed Tomography (XCT). We analyzed >250,000 XCT images from a continuous ∼200 m listvenite core. Histograms of the intensity of X‐ray attenuation of each XCT core‐slice image were fitted assuming that the listvenites are composed of magnesite, quartz, and dolomite. The XCT mineral peaks were confirmed by comparison with chemical mapping data obtained using an X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanner. Listvenite matrix is composed almost entirely of magnesite and quartz, consistent with discrete XRD and XRF data. Veins are composed mostly of dolomite. The mean abundance of dolomite in listvenite from BT1B is 11 vol.%, whereas that in core sections within 15 m of the basal thrust is >50 vol.%, suggesting the basal thrust acted as a source of Ca‐ and CO2‐rich fluids. The SiO2:MgO:CaO molar ratio in the entire core from BT1B is 42:52:6, similar to that of onboard XRF data for discrete samples (41:54:5), whereas average Oman peridotites have ratios of (39:60:1), indicating Ca addition perhaps during carbonation. P‐ and S‐wave velocities and density of listvenite are close to those of peridotite and are higher than those of serpentinites. These results suggest that limited material transfer during carbonation and hydration of the Samail ophiolite, except for Ca, CO2, and H2O. Listvenites formed in the mantle wedge above subduction zones may be an overlooked reservoir for carbon in the Earth's interior.
Triggered Negative Lightning‐Leaders That Propagated Into Thunderstorm Lower Positive Charge
Authors: Winn W. P. , Trueblood J. J. , Eack K. B. , Edens H. E. , Eastvedt E. M. , Aulich G. D. , Hunyady S. J. , Cwikla M. E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWhen the electric field below a thunderstorm or other electrified cloud is around 10 kV/m, it is sometimes possible to initiate (“trigger”) an upward‐propagating lightning‐leader by launching a rocket that uncoils a wire from the ground. The triggered leader propagates upward from the tip of the wire lifted by the rocket. When the channel is hot enough, a flash is visible. Triggering is common when the leader carries positive charge, but not when it carries negative charge. This article is about four flashes consisting of triggered negative leaders that branched into low‐altitude regions of positive cloud charge over Langmuir Laboratory in central New Mexico. Measurements of current and the locations of leader channels are available for three of the four flashes. Some current pulses at the ground for Flash 2 originated at negative leader steps more than 3 km away, which is a greater distance than has been reported from video measurements. Flashes 3 and 4 propagated only into thunderstorm lower positive charge, and the average lightning‐charge densities inside the volumes occupied by these two flashes are remarkably close. Our best estimate of density for Flashes 3 and 4 lies between −4.2 and −1.8 C/km3, which is compatible with the large spread in cloud‐charge densities derived from instruments carried on airplanes or balloons into low positive regions in thunderstorms.