bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Oral Semaglutide Tablet Erosion and Pharmacokinetics: A Pharmacoscintigraphic Study
Authors: Bækdal Tine A. , Donsmark Morten , Hartoft‐Nielsen Marie‐Louise , Søndergaard Flemming L. , Connor Alyson 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSemaglutide, a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) analogue, has been coformulated in a tablet with the absorption enhancer, sodium N‐(8‐[2‐hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate (SNAC). We investigated tablet erosion and the pharmacokinetics of oral semaglutide administered with 2 different water volumes and evaluated the relationships between these parameters. In a randomized, single‐center (Quotient Sciences, UK), open‐label, 2‐period crossover trial, 26 healthy men received single doses of 10 mg oral semaglutide with 50 or 240 mL water while fasting. Tablet erosion and gastrointestinal transit were assessed by gamma scintigraphy. Semaglutide and SNAC plasma concentrations were measured until 24 and 6 hours, respectively, after administration. Complete tablet erosion (CTE) occurred in the stomach irrespective of water volume administered with the tablet (primary end point). Mean time to CTE was 85 versus 57 minutes with 50 versus 240 mL water (ratio 50/240 mL, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.96‐2.37; P = .072). Area under the semaglutide concentration‐time curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC0‐24h,semaglutide) and maximum semaglutide concentration (Cmax,semaglutide) were ∼70% higher with 50 versus 240 mL water (P = .056 and P = .048, respectively). Median time to maximum semaglutide concentration (tmax,semaglutide) was 1.5 hours independent of water volume with dosing. Higher AUC0‐24h,semaglutide and Cmax,semaglutide and longer tmax,semaglutide were significantly correlated with longer time to CTE and later gastric emptying of tablet and water (all P < .05). The safety profile was as expected for the GLP‐1 receptor agonist drug class. In conclusion, the oral semaglutide tablet erodes in the stomach irrespective of water volume with dosing. Slower tablet erosion in the stomach results in higher semaglutide plasma exposure.
Effectiveness of self‐compassion‐related interventions for reducing self‐criticism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wakelin Katherine E. , Perman Gemma , Simonds Laura M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSelf‐criticism is the process of negative self‐evaluation. High levels are associated with psychopathology and poorer therapeutic outcomes. Self‐compassion interventions were developed to explicitly target self‐criticism. The aim of this review was to estimate the overall effect of self‐compassion‐related interventions on self‐criticism outcomes and investigate potential moderating variables. A systematic search of the literature identified 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria. Nineteen papers, involving 1350 participants, had sufficient data to be included in the meta‐analysis. Pre‐ and post‐data points were extracted for the compassion and control groups. Study quality was assessed using an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool, which concluded that studies were of moderate quality. Meta‐analysis findings indicated that self‐compassion‐related interventions produce a significant, medium reduction in self‐criticism in comparison with control groups (Hedges' g = 0.51, 95% CI [0.33–0.69]). Moderator analysis found greater reductions in self‐criticism when self‐compassion‐related interventions were longer and compared with passive controls rather than active. The remaining moderators of forms of self‐criticism, sample type, intervention delivery, intervention setting and risk of bias ratings were insignificant. Overall, the review provides promising evidence of the effectiveness of self‐compassion‐related interventions for reducing self‐criticism. However, results are limited by moderate quality studies with high heterogeneity. Directions for future research indicate that more RCTs with active controls, follow‐ups, consistent use and reporting of measures and diverse samples are needed.
Facile Preparation of Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis in Bottom‐Up Proteomics Workflows
Authors: Wojtkiewicz Melinda , Berg Luecke Linda , Kelly Maia I. , Gundry Rebekah L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMass spectrometry (MS) is routinely used to identify, characterize, and quantify biological molecules. For protein analysis, MS‐based workflows can be broadly categorized as top‐down or bottom‐up, depending on whether the proteins are analyzed as intact molecules or first digested into peptides. This article outlines steps for preparing peptide samples for MS as part of a bottom‐up proteomics workflow, providing versatile methods suitable for discovery and targeted analyses in qualitative and quantitative workflows. Resulting samples contain peptides of suitable size for analysis by MS instrumentation generally available to modern research laboratories, including MS coupled to either liquid chromatography (LC) or matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) interfaces. This article incorporates recent developments in methodologies and consumables to facilitate sample preparation. The protocols are well‐suited to users without prior experience in proteomics and include methods for universally applicable suspension trap processing and for alternate in‐solution processing to accommodate a range of sample types. Cleanup, quantification, and fractionation procedures are also described. © 2021 The Authors.Basic Protocol: Preparation of high‐complexity peptide samples for mass spectrometry analysis using S‐Trap™ processingAlternate Protocol 1: Preparation of low‐ to moderate‐complexity peptide samples for mass spectrometry analysis using in‐solution processingAlternate Protocol 2: Detergent, polymer, and salt removal from peptide samples before mass spectrometry analysis using SP2 processingSupport Protocol 1: Protein quantification using Pierce 660 nm assaySupport Protocol 2: Peptide quantification using Pierce quantitative fluorometric peptide assaySupport Protocol 3: High‐pH fractionation of complex peptide samples
Influence of Geometric Structure and Feeding Behavior of Casting on Freckle Formation during Directional Solidification of a Ni‐Based Single‐Crystal Superalloy
Authors: Han Dongyu , Jiang Weiguo , Xiao Jiuhan , Li Kaiwen , Lu Yuzhang , Lou Langhong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDetermining the effect of casting geometric structure on freckle formation is important in designing the directional solidification parameter of single‐crystal superalloy castings. In this research, single‐crystal castings of a third‐generation nickel (Ni)‐based superalloy with different thicknesses and structures are prepared by conventional Bridgman high‐rate‐solidification technique at withdrawal rates of 1, 3, and 6 mm min–1. The experimental results show that the freckles in castings with expansion structures are severer than those with contraction structures at a withdrawal rate of 1 mm min–1, and vice versa at withdrawal rates of 3 and 6 mm min–1. It is found that the larger casting thickness tends to promote the freckle formation at the same withdrawal rate. Furthermore, a lower tendency is displayed at the withdrawal rate of 3 mm min–1 in freckle formation, whereas an increased tendency is displayed at the withdrawal rate of 6 mm min–1. The different withdrawal rates, thicknesses, and structures of casting cause differences in cooling rate, shrinkage flow, and mushy zone morphology, which are believed to be responsible for the tendency of freckle formation.
Early Toxic Effects in a Central American Native Fish (Parachromis dovii) Exposed to Chlorpyrifos and Difenoconazole
Authors: Jiménez Katherine , Solano Karla , Scholz Carola , Redondo-López Sergei , Mena Freylan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In Costa Rica, agriculture is one of the most important economic activities. Chlorpyrifos and difenoconazole have been identified as agrochemicals widely used in banana and pineapple crops in the Caribbean area of the country and are constantly recorded in aquatic ecosystems. The toxicity of these pesticides in Parachromis dovii was studied. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for each substance were obtained from 96-h acute tests. Then, fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of both substances (10% of LC50), individually and in mixture, to evaluate biomarker responses. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), catalase, and glutathione S-transferase activities as well as lipid peroxidation were measured in liver and gill tissues as markers of biotransformation and oxidative stress processes. Cholinesterase activity in brain and muscle tissue was also quantified as a biomarker of toxicity. The LC50s were 55.34 μg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 51.06–59.98) for chlorpyrifos and 3250 μg/L (95% CI 2770–3810) for difenoconazole. Regarding the biomarkers, a significant inhibition of brain and muscle cholinesterase activity was recorded in fish exposed to 5.50 μg/L of chlorpyrifos. This activity was not affected when fish were exposed to the mixture of chlorpyrifos with difenoconazole. Significant changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity were observed in fish exposed to 325 μg/L of difenoconazole, whereas fish exposed to the mixture showed a significant increase in EROD activity in the liver. These results suggest harmful effects of chlorpyrifos insecticide at environmentally relevant concentrations. There is also evidence for an interaction of the 2 substances that affects the biotransformation metabolism at sublethal levels of exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1938–1947. © 2021 SETAC
Abstract
CPF and DFZ have been identified as agrochemicals widely used in banana and pineapple crops in the Caribbean area of the country and are constantly recorded in aquatic ecosystems. When the fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of both substances (10% of LC50): significant inhibition of brain and muscle ChE activity was recorded in fish exposed to 5.50 μg/L of CPF, LDH were observed in fish exposed to 325 μg/L of DFZ, whereas fish exposed to the mixture showed a significant increase in EROD activity in the liver. CPF = chlorpyrifos; DFZ = difenoconazole; LC50 = median lethal concentration; ChE = cholinesterase; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; EROD = ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase.
Effects of Zinc in an Outdoor Freshwater Microcosm System
Authors: Hoang Tham C. , Brausch John M. , Cichra Mary F. , Phlips Edward J. , Van Genderen Eric , Rand Gary M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A long-term exposure outdoor microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the effects of zinc (Zn) on zooplankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton in a freshwater system. Five Zn treatment concentrations (nominal: 8, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μg/L Zn) and an untreated control with 3 replicates each were used. Various physical and chemical characteristics of the microcosms and biological assessment endpoints (e.g., total abundance, group abundance, species richness, chlorophyll a, etc.) were measured to determine the effects of Zn over time. In general, physical and chemical characteristics (e.g., total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, pH, dissolved organic carbon) of water fluctuated over time, but they were not significantly different within treatments and controls during the study. Zinc significantly affected the population dynamics and community structure of plankton. The effects occurred 7 d after initial treatment exposures began and continued to the end of the treatment phase, especially at the high treatment concentrations. Total and group abundance, species richness, the Shannon index, and chlorophyll a concentrations for high Zn treatment concentrations were significantly lower than the controls during the treatment phase. The no-observed-effect, lowest-observed-effect, and median effect concentrations were generally lower than the literature-reported results from single-species toxicity tests for fish and invertebrates, suggesting that plankton are more sensitive to Zn than planktivores. Although primary producers play an important role in the ecosystem, they have not been consistently incorporated into numerical environmental quality criteria for freshwater organisms, at least in the United States. The results of the present study are useful for development of environmental quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems and ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2051–2070. © 2021 SETAC
Comparison and optimization of conventional and ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction for synthetization of lemongrass (Cymbopogon)‐infused cooking oil
Authors: Lim Soh Fong , Hamdan Adirah , David Chua Sing Ngie , Lim Bee Huah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe lemongrass plant, which is widely cultivated in Asia, Australia, and Africa, has been reported to have many significant health benefits such as antimicrobial, insecticide, anticancer, fight fever, and disinfection. Therefore, it is an added benefit to have lemongrass compounds in cooking oil. This study was aimed to compare the conventional (CSE), and ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction (UASE) for citral compounds from lemongrass (Cymbopogon) leaves and to optimize the best extraction method using the response surface methodology (RSM) and ANOVA. RSM design of experiments using three types of cooking oils; palm oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil. The effect of three independent variables, which are temperature (48.2–81.8°C), extraction time (4.8–55.2 min), and solvent to leaves ratio (5.3–18.7), was investigated. The characterization of lemongrass‐infused cooking oil was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis for confirmation of the citral compound extraction. This extraction process is optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for producing the lemongrass‐infused cooking oil. After optimization, the UASE process gives 1.009 × 106 maximum citral area for palm oil and 1.767 × 106 maximum citral area for sunflower oil. CSE process only can give 2.025 × 105 and 2.179 × 105 citral area in the GC‐MS spectrum for palm oil and sunflower oil respectively. For both the UASE and the CSE, the optimum operating conditions are 81.8°C of extraction temperature and 55.2 min of extraction time except for lemongrass‐infused palm oil in the CSE process with 45 min extraction time. The optimum solvent to leaves ratio varies from 5.3:1 to 12.9:1. This study found that corn oil cannot be used as a solvent to extract lemongrass‐infused cooking oil due to the insignificant changes and no citral peak. The lemongrass (Cymbopogon)‐infused palm oil and sunflower oil extracted using the UASE have a higher maximum citral area than the CSE process.
Civic Learning, Science, and Structural Racism
Authors: Evans Kiameesha R. , Gusmano Michael K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVaccine hesitancy is a major public health challenge, and racial disparities in the acceptance of vaccines is a particular concern. In this essay, we draw on interviews with mothers of Black male adolescents to offer insights into the reasons for the low rate of vaccination against the human papillomavirus among this group of adolescents. Based on these conversations, we argue that increasing the acceptance of HPV and other vaccines cannot be accomplished merely by providing people with more facts. Instead, we must address the pervasive racial discrimination in the United States that undermines trust in social institutions, including the health care system. In the short term, it may be helpful to increase the number of clinicians of color working in the health system, but more fundamental changes are required. The U.S. must adopt and implement policies that dismantle structural racism if it hopes to produce greater trust and community‐oriented thinking on behalf of people who have been exploited for centuries.
White Privilege, White Poverty: Reckoning with Class and Race in America
Authors: Blacksher Erika , Valles Sean A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis essay argues that a failure to think and talk critically and candidly about White privilege and White poverty is a key threat to the United States of America's precarious democracy. Whiteness frames one of America's most pressing collective challenges—the poor state of the nation's health, which lags behind other wealthy nations and is marred by deep and entrenched class‐ and race‐based inequities. The broadscale remedies experts recommend demand what is in short supply: trust in evidence, experts, government, and one another. The authors’ prescription is threefold, beginning with a call for intersectional health studies and reports that avoid one‐dimensional misrepresentations of widespread health problems as simply Black or White problems. Second, there is the need for a “critical consciousness” about race and class. Lastly, the essay calls for widescale opportunities for Americans to engage in cross‐racial and cross‐class democratic conversations about their struggles and aspirations in search of common ground.
Identification and management of late dysfunction in survivors of head and neck cancer: Implementation and outcomes of an interdisciplinary quality of life (IQOL) clinic
Authors: Ebersole Barbara , McCarroll Liane , Ridge John A. , Liu Jeffrey C. , Bauman Jessica , Donnelly Steven , Galloway Thomas J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundIdentifying and treating late dysfunction in survivors of head and neck cancer (HNC) is important; however, an effective way to do so is not established.MethodsA quality improvement initiative altering our HNC survivorship clinic to include surveillance by rehabilitation providers was undertaken. The nature of dysfunction identified, along with the number and type of referrals to ancillary/support services were collected and compared to baseline.ResultsThe baseline, single‐provider, clinic evaluated 61 patients and referred 2 (3%) to ancillary/support services. Fifty‐seven patients were evaluated in the interdisciplinary clinic, with 36 (63%) referred to at least one ancillary/support service for new/progressive dysfunction. Of 59 referrals made, 22 (37%) were for dysphagia, 17(29%) were for neck/shoulder dysfunction, and 28 (47%) were attended by the patient.ConclusionMany HNC survivors exhibit late dysfunction appropriate for referral to ancillary/support services. A survivorship clinic including surveillance by rehabilitation specialists may optimize identification of dysfunction.
Comments on: Ye and Zhang (2019) ‘visualizing the knowledge structure of medication‐adherence research: A bibliometric analysis (1997–2016)’, International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 34: 1333–1353
Authors: Ho Yuh‐Shan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractYe and Zhang used inappropriate search keywords, databases, and methods published a bibliometric paper in the International Journal of Health Planning and Management. The comment pointed out the problems, evidence, and improved methods of the study. The authors missed many medication‐adherence documents. However, many documents not related to medication‐adherence are included. Finally, appropriate search keywords and methods are proposed.
Cytotoxicity evaluation of iron nitride nanoparticles for biomedical applications
Authors: Shibata Misaki , Kanetaka Hiroyasu , Furuya Maiko , Yokota Kotone , Ogawa Tomoyuki , Kawashita Masakazu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMagnetic nanoparticles are widely studied for their use in various therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. As biomaterials, their biocompatibility is as important as their magnetic properties. Iron nitride (FexNy) has excellent magnetic properties, and thus FexNy nanoparticles could be useful as potential biomaterials. However, the biocompatibility of FexNy nanoparticles is yet to be investigated. In this study, we assessed the biocompatibility of FexNy nanoparticles by evaluating their direct‐contact cytotoxicity compared with that of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs). Rat fibroblasts were incubated with the nanoparticle samples dispersed in culture medium at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μg/ml. The DNA concentration measurement, MTT assay, and trypan blue exclusion test were conducted after days 1 and 3 of incubation. After day 1, the cell viability decreased, and cell death increased with increasing sample concentration when compared with the control. However, after day 3, there were no significant differences when compared with the control, irrespective of the sample concentrations. Further, there were no significant differences between the FexNy nanoparticles and MNPs at the same concentrations in all the cytotoxicity evaluation tests. Therefore, it is suggested that FexNy nanoparticles might be as cytocompatible as the conventional MNPs.
Local treatment of experimental mandibular osteomyelitis with an injectable biomimetic gentamicin hydrogel using a new rabbit model
Authors: Eltawila Ahmed Maher , Hassan Mohamad Nageeb , Safaan Shimaa Mohamed , Abd El‐Fattah Ahmed , Zakaria Osama , El‐Khordagui Labiba K. , Kandil Sherif 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMandibular osteomyelitis (OM) is a challenging disease. Our objective was to assess a new OM model in rabbits induced by arsenic trioxide and to assess the efficacy of local treatment of OM using injectable gentamicin‐collagen hydrogels (GNT‐COLL). OM was induced unilaterally by controlled confinement of arsenic trioxide paste to the root canal of lower incisors of rabbits, while OM progression was characterized for 16 weeks. On the other hand, two injectable COLL hydrogels functionalized with GNT were prepared and characterized for physicochemical properties; a simple GNT‐COLL and a nanohydroxyapatite (nHA)‐ loaded hydrogel (GNT‐COLL/nHA). The two hydrogels were evaluated to treat OM model, while a multidose intramuscular GNT solution served as positive control. Outcomes were assessed by standard methods at 4 and 12 weeks post‐surgery. The clinical, radiographical, and histopathological findings provided evidence for the validity of the arsenic‐induced OM. The results demonstrated that a single intra‐lesional injection of the two hydrogels was more suppressive to OM compared to multidose systemic GNT. The composite GNT‐COLL/nHA hydrogel proved to induce early preservation of alveolar bone (ridge) length and higher amount of bone area\total area at 4 weeks (40.53% ± 2.34) followed by GNT‐COLL (32.21% ± 0.72). On the other hand, the positive control group revealed the least ridge length and bone area\total area (26.22% ± 1.32) at 4 weeks. Both hydrogels successfully arrested OM with no signs of recurrence for up to 12 weeks. Therefore, results support the greater advantages of the composite hydrogel as an osteogenic/antibiotic delivery system in OM treatment.
A comprehensive review summarizing the recent biomedical applications of functionalized carbon nanofibers
Authors: Abdo Ghada G. , Zagho Moustafa M. , Al Moustafa Ala‐Eddin , Khalil Ashraf , Elzatahry Ahmed A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSince the discovery and fabrication of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) over a decade ago, scientists foster to discover novel myriad potential applications for this material in both biomedicine and industry. The unique economic viability, mechanical, electrical, optical, thermal, and structural properties of CNFs led to their rapid emergence. CNFs become an artificial intelligence platform for different uses, including a wide range of biomedical applications. Furthermore, CNFs have exceptionally large surface areas that make them flexible for tailoring and functionalization on demand. This review highlights the recent progress and achievements of CNFs in a wide range of biomedical fields, including cancer therapy, biosensing, tissue engineering, and wound dressing. Besides the synthetic techniques of CNFs, their potential toxicity and limitations, as biomaterials in real clinical settings, will be presented. This review discusses CNF's future investigations in other biomedical fields, including gene delivery and bioimaging and CNFs risk assessment.