bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Kenner Barbara J. , Abrams Natalie D. , Chari Suresh T. , Field Bruce F. , Goldberg Ann E. , Hoos William A. , Klimstra David S. , Rothschild Laura J. , Srivastava Sudhir , Young Matthew R. , Go Vay Liang W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The potential of artificial intelligence (AI) applied to clinical data from electronic health records (EHRs) to improve early detection for pancreatic and other cancers remains underexplored. The Kenner Family Research Fund, in collaboration with the Cancer Biomarker Research Group at the National Cancer Institute, organized the workshop entitled: “Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges in Utilizing Electronic Health Records (EHR)” in March 2021. The workshop included a select group of panelists with expertise in pancreatic cancer, EHR data mining, and AI-based modeling. This review article reflects the findings from the workshop and assesses the feasibility of AI-based data extraction and modeling applied to EHRs. It highlights the increasing role of data sharing networks and common data models in improving the secondary use of EHR data. Current efforts using EHR data for AI-based modeling to enhance early detection of pancreatic cancer show promise. Specific challenges (biology, limited data, standards, compatibility, legal, quality, AI chasm, incentives) are identified, with mitigation strategies summarized and next steps identified.
Refractive Error of Students (15- to 18-year-olds) in Northwest Mexico
Authors: Teran Emiliano , Ramírez-Jaime Rosalía , Martínez-Gaytán Carlos , Romo-García Efrain , Costela Francisco M. 
Published: October 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
We assessed the prevalence of refractive error in a sample of children of Northern Mexico using the Refractive Error Study in Children protocol of the World Health Organization, which allows for the comparison with other global studies.

PURPOSE
Uncorrected refractive error is the main cause of visual impairment in children. The purpose of this study was to assess the refractive error and visual dysfunctions of students (15 to 18 years old) in the upper-middle school system of Sinaloa, Mexico.

METHODS
A total of 3468 students in Sinaloa's high school system participated in the study from 2017 to 2019. Optometrists and student clinicians from the Optometry Program of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa conducted the testing. Tests included visual acuities and static retinoscopy. We did not use a cycloplegic agent.

RESULTS
The results showed a high prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors. Myopia, defined as a refractive error ≤−0.50 D, had a prevalence of 36.11% (95% confidence interval, 33.47 to 38.83%); hyperopia, defined as a refractive error ≥+2.00 D, had a prevalence of 1.49% (95% confidence interval, 0.09 to 2.33%); and astigmatism, defined as a refractive error with a cylinder ≥0.75 D, had a prevalence of 29.17% (95% confidence interval, 26.60 to 31.76%). We found a significant effect of sex on visual acuity.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results are consistent with a high prevalence of myopia reported in adolescents worldwide and in Mexico's northern regions. The results suggest that students attending high school and entering universities should be required to have an optometric eye examination. Additional studies are needed to investigate the prevalence of refractive errors in children in Mexico.
Case Series: Glioblastoma Highlighting the Eye Care Provider's Role
Authors: Weiler Danielle L. , Rowan Sean P. , Engelke Carla B. , Powell Jason R. 
Published: October 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Although the incidence of glioblastoma is relatively low, patients presenting with this malignant central nervous system tumor will typically experience visual symptoms. Eye care providers are uniquely positioned to assist with the diagnosis of glioblastoma and to manage its associated visual symptoms.

PURPOSE
This case series will review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and management of glioblastoma while highlighting the eye care provider's role over the course of the disease process.

CASE REPORTS
Three patients with glioblastoma are presented: a 63-year-old White man with new onset of headache and blurred vision upon awakening, a 65-year-old White man with a weeklong history of peripheral vision deficit and neurological symptoms, and a 65-year-old White woman with visual field deficit and visual perception difficulties related to a known history of glioblastoma.

CONCLUSIONS
It is incumbent upon eye care providers to recognize examination findings such as new neurological symptoms and/or visual field defects that may warrant additional workup. In addition, eye care providers can serve a palliative role by maximizing the patient's remaining visual function and thereby quality of life.
Photographic Depiction of the Field of View with Spectacles-mounted Low Vision Aids
Authors: Jung Jae-Hyun , Kurukuti Nish Mohith , Peli Eli 
Published: October 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Photographic depiction helps to illustrate the primary and secondary field of view effects of low vision devices along with their utility to clinicians, patients, and caretakers. This technique may also be helpful for designers and researchers in improving the design and fitting of low vision devices.

PURPOSE
The field of view through spectacles-mounted low vision devices has typically been evaluated using perimetry. However, the perimetric field diagram is different from the retinal image and often fails to represent the important aspects of the field of view and visual parameters. We developed a photographic depiction method to record and veridically show the field of view effects of these devices.

METHODS
We used a 3D-printed holder to place spectacles-mounted devices at the same distance from the empirically determined reference point of the field of view in a camera lens (f = 16 mm) as they would be from an eye, when in use. The field of view effects of a bioptic telescope, a minifier (reverse telescope), and peripheral prisms were captured using a conventional camera, representing retinal images. The human eye pupil size (adjusting the F number: f/2.8 to f/8 and f/22 in the camera lens) and fitting parameters (pantoscopic tilt and back vertex distance) varied.

RESULTS
Real-world indoor and outdoor walking and driving scenarios were depicted as retinal images illustrating the field of view through low vision devices, distinguishing optical and obscuration scotomas, and demonstrating secondary effects (spatial distortions, viewpoint changes, diplopia, spurious reflection, and multiplexing effects) not illustrated by perimetric field diagrams.

CONCLUSIONS
Photographic depiction illustrates the primary and secondary field of view effects of the low vision devices. These images highlight the benefit and possible trade-offs of the low vision devices and may be beneficial in education and training.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring Reveals Perioperative Hypoglycemia in Most Patients With Diabetes Undergoing Major Surgery
Authors: Carlsson Christian J. , Nørgaard Kirsten , Oxbøll Anne-Britt , Søgaard Mette I.V. , Achiam Michael P. , Jørgensen Lars N. , Eiberg Jonas P. , Palm Henrik , Sørensen Helge B.D. , Meyhof Christian S. , Aasvang Eske K. 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
To investigate the frequency and duration of hypo- and hyperglycemia, assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during and after major surgery, in departments with implemented diabetes care protocols.

Summary Background Data:
Inadequate glycemic control in the perioperative period is associated with serious adverse events, but monitoring currently relies on point blood glucose measurements, which may underreport glucose excursions.

Methods:
Adult patients without (A) or with diabetes [non-insulin-treated type 2 (B), insulin-treated type 2 (C) or type 1 (D)] undergoing major surgery were monitored using CGM (Dexcom G6), with an electrochemical sensor in the interstitial fluid, during surgery and for up to 10 days postoperatively. Patients and health care staff were blinded to CGM values, and glucose management adhered to the standard diabetes care protocol. Thirty-day postoperative serious adverse events were recorded. The primary outcome was duration of hypoglycemia (glucose <70 mg/dL). Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04473001.

Results:
Seventy patients were included, with a median observation time of 4.0 days. CGM was recorded in median 96% of the observation time. The median daily duration of hypoglycemia was 2.5 minutes without significant difference between the 4 groups (A-D). Hypoglycemic events lasting ≥15 minutes occurred in 43% of all patients and 70% of patients with type 1 diabetes. Patients with type 1 diabetes spent a median of 40% of the monitoring time in the normoglycemic range 70 to 180 mg/dL and 27% in the hyperglycemic range >250 mg/dL. Duration of preceding hypo- and hyperglycemia tended to be longer in patients with serious adverse events, compared with patients without events, but these were exploratory analyses.

Conclusions:
Significant duration of both hypo- and hyperglycemia was detected in high proportions of patients, particularly in patients with diabetes, despite protocolized perioperative diabetes management.
Co-existing bipolar disease and 17q12 deletion: a rare case report
Authors: Bulu Ersel , Kalayci Yigin Aysel , Agirbasli Deniz , Demirel Omer Faruk , Aksoy Poyraz Cana , Seven Mehmet 
Published: October 2021

Background
17q12 microdeletion syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant chromosomal anomaly, caused by the deletion of a 1.4 Mb–spanning DNA sequence on the long arm of chromosome 17. Herein, we report the first bipolar disease (BPD) case with a 1.6-Mb deletion in the 17q11.2-17q12 chromosome region.

Materials and methods
Physical examination of the case was performed. Karyotype and microarray analyses were performed for the case and the parents.

Results
Physical examination revealed mild dysmorphic features such as high and forehead, full cheeks, slightly depressed nasal bridge and arched eyebrow. Chromosomal analysis of the patient revealed 46, XX, del(17)(q12) karyotype, and parents’ karyotype were normal. In the microarray analysis of patient, 1.6 megabases deletion was detected in the 17q12 region [arr(hg19) 17q12 (34,611,352–36,248,918) ×1]. The microarray analysis of the mother was normal. The father’s microarray showed 473 kilobases duplication in the 11p11.12 region.

Conclusion
Although 17q12 deletion syndrome has been associated with bipolar disorder, very few such cases have been described in the literature. Genetic counseling should be considered in patients with remarkable phenotype, complex symptomatology, neurodevelopmental disorder and additional conspicuous medical conditions.
Understanding fast-ion conduction in solid electrolytes
Authors: Morgan Benjamin J. 
Published: October 2021

The ability of some solid materials to exhibit exceptionally high ionic conductivities has been known since the observations of Michael Faraday in the nineteenth century (Faraday M. 1838Phil. Trans. R. Soc.90), yet a detailed understanding of the atomic-scale physics that gives rise to this behaviour remains an open scientific question. This theme issue collects articles from researchers working on this question of understanding fast-ion conduction in solid electrolytes. The issue opens with two perspectives, both of which discuss concepts that have been proposed as schema for understanding fast-ion conduction. The first perspective presents an overview of a series of experimental NMR studies, and uses this to frame discussion of the roles of ion–ion interactions, crystallographic disorder, low-dimensionality of crystal structures, and fast interfacial diffusion in nanocomposite materials. The second perspective reviews computational studies of halides, oxides, sulfides and hydroborates, focussing on the concept offrustrationand how this can manifest in different forms in various fast-ion conductors. The issue also includes five primary research articles, each of which presents a detailed analysis of the factors that affect microscopic ion-diffusion in specific fast-ion conducting solid electrolytes, including oxide-ion conductorsGd2Zr2O7andBi4V2O11, lithium-ion conductorsLi6PS5BrandLi3OCl, and the prototypical fluoride-ion conductorβ-PbF2.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Understanding fast-ion conduction in solid electrolytes’.
Cooperative excitations in superionic PbF
2
Authors: Mohn Chris E. , Krynski Marcin , Kob Walter , Allan Neil L. 
Published: October 2021

Links between dynamical Frenkel defects and collective diffusion of fluorides in
β
-PbF
2
are explored using Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. The calculated self-diffusion coefficient and ionic conductivity are 3.2 × 10
−5
cm
2
s
−1
and 2.4 Ω
−1
cm
−1
at 1000 K in excellent agreement with pulsed field gradient and conductivity measurements. The calculated ratio of the tracer-diffusion coefficient and the conductivity-diffusion coefficient (the Haven ratio) is slightly less than unity (about 0.85), which in previous work has been interpreted as providing evidence against collective ‘multi-ion’ diffusion. By contrast, our molecular dynamics simulations show that fluoride diffusion is highly collective. Analysis of different mechanisms shows a preference for direct collinear ‘kick-out’ chains where a fluoride enters an occupied tetrahedral hole/cavity and pushes the resident fluoride out of its cavity. Jumps into an occupied cavity leave behind a vacancy, thereby forming dynamic Frenkel defects which trigger a chain of migrating fluorides assisted by local relaxations of the lead ions to accommodate these chains. The calculated lifetime of the Frenkel defects and the collective chains is approximately 1 ps in good agreement with that found from neutron diffraction.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Understanding fast-ion conduction in solid electrolytes’.
Clinical Benefits and Budget Impact of Lenzilumab plus Standard of Care Compared with Standard of Care Alone for the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in the United States from the Hospital Perspective
Authors: Kilcoyne Adrian , Jordan Edward , Zhou Allen , Thomas Kimberly , Pepper Alicia N. , Chappell Dale , Amarapala Miyuru , Hughes Avery , Thompson Melissa 
Published: October 2021

AimsThe study estimated the clinical benefits and budget impact of lenzilumab plus standard of care (SOC) compared with SOC alone in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from the United States hospital perspective.Materials and MethodsAn economic model was developed to estimate the clinical benefits and costs for an average newly hospitalized COVID-19 patient, with a 28-day time horizon for the index hospitalization. Clinical outcomes from the LIVE-AIR trial included failure to achieve survival without ventilation (SWOV), mortality, time to recovery, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) use. Base case costs included drug acquisition and administration for lenzilumab and hospital resource costs based on the level of care required. The inclusion of 1-year rehospitalization costs was examined in a scenario analysis.ResultsIn the base case and all scenarios, treatment with lenzilumab plus SOC improved all specified clinical outcomes over SOC alone. Adding lenzilumab to SOC was also estimated to result in cost savings of $3,190 per patient in a population aged <85 years with CRP <150 mg/L and receiving remdesivir (base case). Per-patient cost savings were also estimated in the following scenarios: 1) aged <85 years with CRP <150 mg/L, with or without remdesivir ($1,858); 2) Black and African American patients with CRP <150 mg/L ($13,154); and 3) Black and African American patients from the full population ($2,763). In the full mITT population, a budget impact of $4,952 was estimated. When adding rehospitalization costs to the index hospitalization, a total per-patient cost savings of $5,154 was estimated.ConclusionsThe results highlight the clinical benefits for SWOV, ventilator use, time to recovery, mortality, time in ICU, and time on IMV, in addition to a favorable budget impact from the United States hospital perspective associated with adding lenzilumab to SOC for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
Differential anchoring effects of vaccination comparator selection: characterizing a potential bias due to healthcare utilization in COVID-19 versus influenza
Authors: Ostropolets Anna , Ryan Patrick B. , Schuemie Martijn J. , Hripcsak George 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionObservational data enables large-scale vaccine safety surveillance but requires careful evaluation of potential sources of bias. One potential source of bias is an index date selection procedure for the unvaccinated cohort or unvaccinated comparison time. Here, we evaluate different index date selection procedures for two vaccines: COVID-19 and influenza.MethodsFor each vaccine, we extracted patient baseline characteristics on the index date and up to 450 days prior and then compared them to the characteristics of the unvaccinated patients indexed on an arbitrary date or indexed on a date of a visit. Additionally, we compared vaccinated patients indexed on the date of vaccination and the same patients indexed on a prior date or visit.ResultsCOVID-19 vaccination and influenza vaccination differ drastically from each other in terms of populations vaccinated and their status on the day of vaccination. When compared to indexing on a visit in unvaccinated population, influenza vaccination had markedly higher covariate proportions and COVID-19 vaccination had lower proportions of most covariates on the index date. In contrast, COVID-19 vaccination had similar covariate proportions when compared to an arbitrary date. These effects attenuated but were still present with a longer lookback period. The effect of day 0 was present even when patients served as their own controls.ConclusionPatient baseline characteristics are sensitive to the choice of the index date. In vaccine safety studies, unexposed index event should represent vaccination settings. Study designs previously used to assess influenza vaccination must be reassessed for COVID-19 to account for a potentially healthier population and lack of medical activity on the day of vaccination.
Cardiovascular Mortality during the COVID-19 Pandemics in a Large Brazilian City: a Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Brant Luisa C C , Pinheiro Pedro C , Ribeiro Antonio L P , Machado Isis E , Correa Paulo R L , Santos Mayara R , Marinho de Souza Maria de Fatima , Malta Deborah C , Passos Valéria M A 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe impact of COVID-19 pandemics on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) may be caused by health system reorganization and/or collapse, or from changes in the behaviour of individuals. In Brazil, municipalities were empowered to define regulatory measures, potentially resulting in diverse effects on CVD morbimortality.ObjectiveTo analyse the impact of COVID-19 pandemics on CVD outcomes in Belo Horizonte (BH), the 6th greater capital city in Brazil, including: mortality, mortality at home, hospitalizations, intensive care unit utilization, and in-hospital mortality; and the differential effect according to sex, age range, social vulnerability, and pandemic’s phase.MethodsEcological study analysing data from the Mortality and Hospital Information System of BH residents aged ≥30 years. CVD was defined as in Chapter IX from ICD-10. Social vulnerability was classified by a composite socioeconomic index as high, medium and low. The observed age-standardized rates for epidemiological weeks 10-48, 2020, were compared to the expected rates (mean of 2015-2019). Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to test differences, and risk ratios with their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. National demographic estimates was used to calculate rates.ResultsWe found no changes in CVD mortality rates (RiR 1.01, 95%CI 0.96-1.06). However, CVD deaths occurred more at homes (RiR 1.32, 95%CI 1.20-1.46) than in hospitals (RiR 0.89, 95%CI 0.79-0.99), as a result of a substantial decline in hospitalization rates, even though proportional in-hospital deaths increased. The rise in home deaths was greater in older adults and in had an increasing gradient in those more socially vulnerable (RiR 1.45); for high (RiR 1.45), medium (RiR 1.32) and low vulnerability (RiR 1.21).ConclusionThe greater occurrence of CVD deaths at home, in parallel with lower hospitalization rates, suggests that CVD care was disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemics, which more adversely affected older and more socially vulnerable individuals, exacerbating health inequities in BH.
Exoskeleton-assisted walking improves pulmonary and exercise performances more than conventional exercise program in individuals with spinal cord injury: a randomised controlled study
Authors: Xiang Xiao-Na , Zhang Li-Ming , Zong Hui-Yan , Ou Yi , Yu Xi , Liu Yan , Jiang Hong-Ying , Cheng Hong , He Hong-Chen , He Cheng-Qi 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTQuestionIn people with spinal cord injury, does exoskeleton-assisted walking training improve pulmonary ventilation function, motor function and related body structure, walking, and activities of daily life equally comparing those with conventional exercise program?DesignRandomised controlled trial with concealed allocation, assessor blinding and intention-to-treat analysis.InterventionBoth groups undertook 16 sessions of 50-60min training (4 days/week, 4 weeks). Participants in the experimental group received EAW trainings using AIDER system, which assisted standing, walking, and climbing the stairs. The control group received a conventional exercise program which combined aerobic, resistance, flexibility and walking training.Outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the pulmonary function test. The secondary outcomes included: a 6-minute walk test with Borg scale (0 to 10) rating of exertion, 10-metre walk test, basic activities of daily living, trunk control test, lower extremity motor score, muscle tone of lower limb, bone mineral density, and distal femoral cartilage at baseline and upon completion of treatment.ResultsAfter 4 weeks of trainings, the experimental group improved more on the forced vital capacity (MD 0.53, 95%CI 0.01 to 1.06), predicted FVC% (MD 19.59, 95%CI 6.63 to 32.54) and forced expiratory volume in 1s (MD 0.61, 95%CI 0.15 to 1.07); BADL (MD 19.75, 95%CI 10.88 to 28.62); and distal femoral cartilage than the control group. Participants completed 6-minute walk test with median 17.3 meters while wearing the exoskeleton. There was no difference in trunk control test, lower extremity motor score, muscle tone, bone mineral density and adverse event.ConclusionsIn people with lower thoracic neurological level of spinal cord injury, exoskeleton-assisted walking training instead of a conventional excise program has potential benefits to facilitate pulmonary ventilation function, walking, basic activities of daily living and thickness of cartilage.Trial registrationChiCTR2000034623