bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Emerging Role of Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in Cancer Cachexia
Authors: Laird Barry J. , McMillan Donald , Skipworth Richard J. E. , Fallon Marie T. , Paval D. Robert , McNeish Iain , Gallagher Iain J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Treatment of cancer cachexia remains an unmet need. The host-tumour interface and the resulting sequestration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-1β is critical in cachexia development. Neuroinflammation mediated via IL-1β through the hypothalamic pituitary axis results in increased muscle proteolysis and adipose lipolysis, thus creating a prolonged stress-like environment with loss of appetite and increased resting energy expenditure. Recent trials using a monoclonal antibody targeting IL-1β, canakinumab, have shown a potential role in lung cancer; however, a potential role of targeting IL-1β to treat cachexia in patients with lung cancer is unclear, yet the underlying pathophysiology provides a sound rationale that this may be a viable therapeutic approach.
Why Abandon the Paradise? Stations’ Incentives to Reduce Gasoline Prices at First
Authors: Wein Thomas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe German petrol station market is characterized by strong intraday price cycles, which probably correspond to the well-known Edgeworth cycles. The prices go up strongly in the late evening or in the middle of the night, fall relatively heavily in the early morning, and then go up and down several times in the course of the day. Locally, the analysis is limited to the 26 petrol stations that plausibly form a common market in the Lueneburg region. This paper picks out the specific sequence in which, after generally rising prices during the day, a single supplier is the first to reverse the price trend and lower its price. For this purpose, current price reports are used to define the price reduction event down to the second, and to show only the valid prices of competitors prior to the event. All German petrol stations have to report price changes to the Bundeskartellamt's Market Transparency Department. Tankerkoenig then publishes the full reports. This results in one panel observation for each price reduction event. Out of nearly 300,000 price observations, just over 10,000 panel observations result. Fixed-effect logit estimates are used to test whether the theoretically and economically significant price differences of the Edgeworth cycles explain the behavior of the price cutters, or whether market structure factors, such as brand affiliation/independence of the petrol station, service offerings, or location characteristics predict price-cutting behavior. The novel recording of the price dynamics in the petrol station market by using the accurate petrol station price data to the second indicates promising research of extensive price data and avoids the enormous loss of information in the previously common calculation of average prices at certain times.
Effect of hydrogen on the electrical resistance of NbSe2 in a wide temperature range
Authors: Chroneos A. , Khadzhai G. Ya. , Biletskyi V. I. , Kislitsa M. V. , Vovk R. V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe electrical resistivity of niobium diselenide (NbSe2) with hydrogen was investigated in the temperature range Tc – 300 K. It was determined that hydrogen inhibits the formation of a charge density wave. It was shown that hydride phase with niobium is formed due to hydrogen in NbSe2 layers at low temperatures, which decomposes with increasing temperature to form a solid solution. The temperature dependence of the resistivity is approximated by the Bloch–Grüneisen function. The approximation parameters vary depending on the amount of dissolved hydrogen.
A semi-automated module for the separation and purification of 99mTc from simulated molybdenum target
Authors: Koźmiński Przemysław , Gumiela Magdalena , Walczak Rafał , Wawrowicz Kamil , Bilewicz Aleksander 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA semi-automated purification module for the cyclic separation of 99mTc was designed for production of [99mTc]TcO4– from γ irradiated 100Mo target. The separation process was carried out by using a 3-column purification system and the final product, [99mTc]TcO4–, was obtained in a total volume of 7 mL. To confirm proper separation achieved for 99mTc, a radio-labeling procedure using DTPA chelator was performed. The radiochemical purity was higher than 95%, which meets the strict radiopharmaceutical requirements. The yielded 99mTc can be separated with high efficiency from Mo in a quick and repeated way. Loss of 99mTc radioactivity during such a three-column separation process was not larger than 10%.
Interrogating the Criminalisation of Same-Sex Sexual Activity: A Study of Commonwealth Africa
Authors: Arimoro Augustine Edobor 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Abrahamic faiths and received colonial law have been identified as the driving force behind the criminalisation of homosexual activity in most of the Commonwealth States of Africa. This article, therefore, seeks to question the role of criminal law in proscribing sexual activities amongst consenting adults of the same gender in Commonwealth African states. A recurring question in the paper is the propriety of criminalising a consensual conduct amongst consenting adults in private when no harm or injury is done to other citizens or the state in line with JS Mill’s principle of harm. The article finds that the misconception that the main aim of criminal law is to legislate the moral values of the majority, forms support for the view that homosexuality can be learned and unlearned and if this is the case, a paternalistic approach by the state would help mould citizens’ behaviour. A comparative and case study approach was adopted for the discussion in the article. Four Commonwealth African states, namely, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda were selected as case studies. The article recommends a much more robust approach for the support of sexual minorities in the Commonwealth.
Discontinuities in Oxidation Kinetics: A New Model and its Application to Cr–Si-Base Alloys
Authors: Ulrich Anke S. , Glatzel Uwe , Galetz Mathias C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSome alloys such as many Cr-based systems show mass gain discontinuities during thermogravimetric measurements which strongly affect the oxidation kinetics. The behaviour cannot be described by the current models available in the literature. Thus, a novel$$k_\mathrm{para}$$kpara–$$k_\mathrm{lin}$$klin-P-model was developed to describe oxidation kinetics during the isothermal exposure of materials which show such behaviour. Beside the parabolic rate constant$$k_\mathrm{para}$$kparaand the linear mass loss constant$$k_\mathrm{lin}$$klin, theP-value and$$f_P$$fPare introduced to take into account spontaneous rapid mass gains due to local oxide scale failure. The parameterPserves as a measure for the mass gain due to discontinuous events and$$f_P$$fPis the frequency of such events. The both parameters can be related to oxide scale detachment and growth stresses. The application of the model is demonstrated for the oxidation of Cr–Si-based alloys in synthetic air at$$1200^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$1200∘Cfor 100 h. For these alloys, the origin of the mass gain discontinuities is discussed and the meaning ofPand$$f_P$$fPis explained in more detail. Using this newly developed model, an insight into growth and nitridation resistance of oxide scales as well as scale adhesion is gained.
Ontology-based metamorphic testing for chatbots
Authors: Božić Josip 
Published: April 2021

AbstractModern-day demands for services often require an availability on a 24/7 basis as well as online accessibility around the globe. For this sake, personalized virtual assistants, called chatbots, are implemented. Such systems offer services, goods or information in natural language. These natural language processing (NLP) programs respond to the user in real time and offer an intuitive and simple interface to interact with. Advantages like these make them increasingly popular. Therefore, ensuring correct functionality of chatbots is of increasing importance. However, since different implementations and user behaviour result in unpredictable results, the chatbot’s input and output data are difficult to predict and classify as well. Under such circumstances, test cases can be inferred from the domain of possible inputs of a system under test (SUT). Ontologies are concepts used in AI to provide formal representations of knowledge for a specific domain. Such ontological models contain structured information that is used for test generation. On the other hand, testing of chatbots represents a challenge because of the absence of a test oracle. In this paper, both challenges are addressed by conceptualizing ontologies for input generation and output processing in form of a metamorphic testing approach. In this scenario, both concepts are applied for automated testing of chatbots. The approach is demonstrated on a real system from the tourism domain, thereby discussing the obtained results.
An analysis of Existential Graphs–part 2: Beta
Authors: Bellucci Francesco , Pietarinen Ahti-Veikko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper provides an analysis of the notational difference between Beta Existential Graphs, the graphical notation for quantificational logic invented by Charles S. Peirce at the end of the 19th century, and the ordinary notation of first-order logic. Peirce thought his graphs to be “more diagrammatic” than equivalently expressive languages (including his own algebras) for quantificational logic. The reason of this, he claimed, is that less room is afforded in Existential Graphs than in equivalently expressive languages for different ways of representing the same fact. The reason of this, in turn, is that Existential Graphs are a non-linear, occurrence-referential notation. As a non-linear notation, each graph corresponds to a class of logically equivalent but syntactically distinct sentences of the ordinary notation of first-order logic that are obtained by permuting those elements (sentential variables, predicate expressions, and quantifiers) that in the graphs lie in the same area. As an occurrence-referential notation, each Beta graph corresponds to a class of logically equivalent but syntactically distinct sentences of the ordinary notation of first-order logic in which the identity of reference of two or more variables is asserted. In brief, Peirce’s graphs are more diagrammatic than the linear, type-referential notation of first-order logic because the function that translates the latter to the graphs does not define isomorphism between the two notations.
Seeking consistency with paired comparisons: a systems approach
Authors: Saari Donald G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIt is well known that decision methods based on pairwise rankings can suffer from a wide range of difficulties. These problems are addressed here by treating the methods as systems, where each pair is looked upon as a subsystem with an assigned task. In this manner, the source of several difficulties (including Arrow’s Theorem) is equated with the standard concern that the “whole need not be the sum of its parts.” These problems arise because the objectives assigned to subsystems need not be compatible with that of the system. Knowing what causes the difficulties leads to resolutions.
Ontological Perspectivism and Geographical Categorizations
Authors: Tambassi Timothy 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAccording to ontological perspectivism, there can be, in principle, multiple and alternative perspectives on the world that can be sliced, systematized, and conceptualized in different ways. Surely, such an ontological position has many categorial implications, which may vary depending on different disciplinary contexts. This paper explores parts of these implications in the realm of geography. In particular, it aims at discussing the ontological categories that one might use to describe the geographical world in an overarching perspective – that is, the perspective that puts toether all the partial views coming from the different branches of the geographical investigation. We will see that if the overarching perspective is expected to include all the views on the geographical world, then such a perspective should be all-embracing in terms of contents and categories. This means that the overarching perspective might also comprehend inconsistencies that derive from how the various partial perspectives conceptualize differently the geographical world.
Schlafmedizinische Qualifizierung in Deutschland – eine Bestandsaufnahme
Authors: Stuck B. A. , Spiegelhalder K. 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung
Einblicke in die schlafmedizinische Versorgungsroutine sind nicht ohne Weiteres zu erhalten, wären für eine strategische Steuerung und prospektive Versorgungsplanung jedoch hilfreich. Ziel der vorliegenden Publikation ist die Bestandsaufnahme der aktuellen schlafmedizinischen Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen in Deutschland mit Schwerpunkt auf die Bereiche schlafbezogene Atmungsstörungen und Insomnie.

Materialien und Methoden
Die Analyse basiert u. a. auf der Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes, den von den Landesärztekammern und Kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen bereitgestellten Daten, dem Mitgliederverzeichnis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin (DGSM) und den Daten der Kommission Zertifizierung und Qualitätssicherung der DGSM.

Ergebnisse
Die Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes weist für 2018 insgesamt 1255 Schlafmedizinerinnen (im Folgenden wird zur besseren Lesbarkeit nur die weibliche Form genannt) in Deutschland aus. Nach den Daten der Landesärztekammern hingegen gab es 2020 insgesamt 1436 Schlafmedizinerinnen. Demnach verfügen nur etwa 0,4 % aller berufstätigen Ärztinnen über eine Zusatzbezeichnung Schlafmedizin. Die Mehrzahl sind Fachärztinnen für Innere Medizin (66,6 %), gefolgt von HNO-Heilkunde (12,5 %) und Neurologie (10,7 %). Deutlich höher ist die Anzahl der Ärztinnen mit Ermächtigung bzw. Zulassung zur Polygrafie. Laut DGSM gibt es in Deutschland derzeit 700 ärztliche Somnologinnen. Dies entspricht 0,17 % aller berufstätigen Ärztinnen. Die zertifizierten Schlaflabore werden zu etwa 70 % durch Pneumologinnen geleitet. Bislang haben 75 Personen einen freiwilligen Qualifikationsnachweis zur kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie bei Insomnie der DGSM erworben.

Schlussfolgerung
Die vorgelegten Daten machen deutlich, dass nur vergleichsweise wenige Fachärztinnen den Weg hin zu einer schlafmedizinischen Weiterbildung bzw. Qualifizierung wählen. Dies steht im erheblichen Kontrast zur weiten Verbreitung insbesondere der schlafbezogenen Atmungsstörungen und der Insomnien, die klassische Volkskrankheiten darstellen.
Semi-analytical static analysis of nonlocal strain gradient laminated composite nanoplates in hygrothermal environment
Authors: Tocci Monaco Giovanni , Fantuzzi Nicholas , Fabbrocino Francesco , Luciano Raimondo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this work, the bending behavior of nanoplates subjected to both sinusoidal and uniform loads in hygrothermal environment is investigated. The present plate theory is based on the classical laminated thin plate theory with strain gradient effect to take into account the nonlocality present in the nanostructures. The equilibrium equations have been carried out by using the principle of virtual works and a system of partial differential equations of the sixth order has been carried out, in contrast to the classical thin plate theory system of the fourth order. The solution has been obtained using a trigonometric expansion (e.g., Navier method) which is applicable to simply supported boundary conditions and limited lamination schemes. The solution is exact for sinusoidal loads; nevertheless, convergence has to be proved for other load types such as the uniform one. Both the effect of the hygrothermal loads and lamination schemes (cross-ply and angle-ply nanoplates) on the bending behavior of thin nanoplates are studied. Results are reported in dimensionless form and validity of the present methodology has been proven, when possible, by comparing the results to the ones from the literature (available only for cross-ply laminates). Novel applications are shown both for cross- and angle-ply laminated which can be considered for further developments in the same topic.
Community engagement during COVID: A field report from seven CTSAs
Authors: Marsh Erica E. , Kappelman Michael D. , Kost Rhonda G. , Mudd-Martin Gia , Shannon Jackilen , Stark Louisa A. , Carrasquillo Olveen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Prior to the COVID pandemic, many CTSAs employed face-to-face interactions to conduct most of their community engagement (CE) activities. During the COVID pandemic, such engagement had to be curtailed and alternatives needed to be formulated. In addition, Community Engaged Research (CEnR) teams refocused their efforts to address this public health crisis.

Methods:
To obtain a general understanding of how CTSAs have conducted CE and CEnR during the COVID pandemic, we invited seven CTSA CE leaders to provide brief field reports of their activities during the pandemic. This included how their approaches to CE and CEnR were modified during the COVID-19 pandemic and key lessons learned.

Results:
We found that despite numerous challenges, all seven CTSAs CE cores were able to successfully carry out CE and CEnR. We also found that the fundamental principles of meaningful and authentic stakeholder engagement were of paramount importance during the pandemic. Through virtual approaches, all sites had considerable success in maintaining CE in during the COVID pandemic. They also leveraged existing bi-directional community partnerships to carry out meaningful and impactful research. This included both new COVID CEnR and also innovative approaches to sustain prior non-COVID research.

Conclusions:
These findings suggest that academic-community partnerships must be fostered and sustained over the many years so that when such crises emerge, all partners can build on existing trust and mutual respect. The lessons learned and the new tools and approaches developed would be key in addressing any such future public health emergencies.
Completing the Picture: Complexity of Graded Modal Logics with Converse
Authors: BEDNARCZYK BARTOSZ , KIEROŃSKI EMANUEL , WITKOWSKI PIOTR 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA complete classification of the complexity of the local and global satisfiability problems for graded modal language over traditional classes of frames has already been established. By “traditional” classes of frames, we mean those characterized by any positive combination of reflexivity, seriality, symmetry, transitivity, and the Euclidean property. In this paper, we fill the gaps remaining in an analogous classification of the graded modal language with graded converse modalities. In particular, we show its NExpTime-completeness over the class of Euclidean frames, demonstrating this way that over this class the considered language is harder than the language without graded modalities or without converse modalities. We also consider its variation disallowing graded converse modalities, but still admitting basic converse modalities. Our most important result for this variation is confirming an earlier conjecture that it is decidable over transitive frames. This contrasts with the undecidability of the language with graded converse modalities.
Sudden death and revival of Gaussian Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering in noisy channels
Authors: Deng Xiaowei , Liu Yang , Wang Meihong , Su Xiaolong , Peng Kunchi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEinstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering is a useful resource for secure quantum information tasks. It is crucial to investigate the effect of inevitable loss and noise in quantum channels on EPR steering. We analyze and experimentally demonstrate the influence of purity of quantum states and excess noise on Gaussian EPR steering by distributing a two-mode squeezed state through lossy and noisy channels, respectively. We show that the impurity of state never leads to sudden death of Gaussian EPR steering, but the noise in quantum channel can. Then we revive the disappeared Gaussian EPR steering by establishing a correlated noisy channel. Different from entanglement, the sudden death and revival of Gaussian EPR steering are directional. Our result confirms that EPR steering criteria proposed by Reid and I. Kogias et al. are equivalent in our case. The presented results pave way for asymmetric quantum information processing exploiting Gaussian EPR steering in noisy environment.
Quantum tunneling theory of Cooper pairs as bosonic particles
Authors: Patiño Edgar J. , Lozano-Gómez Daniel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe propose a simple phenomenological theory for quantum tunneling of Cooper pairs, in superconductor/insulator/superconductor tunnel junctions, for a regime where the system can be modeled as bosonic particles. Indeed, provided there is an absence of quasiparticle excitations (fermions), our model reveals a rapid increase in tunneling current, around zero bias voltage, which rapidly saturates. This manifests as a zero bias conductance peak that strongly depends on the superconductors temperature in a non-monotonic way. This low energy tunneling of Cooper pairs could serve as an alternative explanation for a number of tunneling experiments where zero bias conductance peak has been observed.
Intelligent computing through neural networks for numerical treatment of non-Newtonian wire coating analysis model
Authors: Aljohani Jawaher Lafi , Alaidarous Eman Salem , Raja Muhammad Asif Zahoor , Shoaib Muhammad , Alhothuali Muhammed Shabab 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the current study, a modern implementation of intelligent numerical computational solver introduced using the Levenberg Marquardt algorithm based trained neural networks (LMA-TNN) to analyze the wire coating system (WCS) for the elastic-viscous non-Newtonian Eyring–Powell fluid (EPF) with the impacts of Joule heating, magnetic parameter and heat transfer scenarios in the permeable medium. The nonlinear PDEs describing the WCS-EPF are converted into dimensionless nonlinear ODEs containing the heat and viscosity parameters. The reference data for the designed LMA-TNN is produced for various scenarios of WCS-EPF representing with porosity parameter, non-Newtonian parameter, heat transfer parameter and magnetic parameter for the proposed analysis using the state of the art explicit Runge–Kutta technique. The training, validation, and testing operations of LMA-TNN are carried out to obtain the numerical solution of WCS-EPF for various cases and their comparison with the approximate outcomes certifying the reasonable accuracy and precision of LMA-TNN approach. The outcomes of LMA-TNN solver in terms of state transition (ST) index, error-histograms (EH) illustration, mean square error, and regression (R) studies further established the worth for stochastic numerical solution of the WCS-EPF. The strong correlation between the suggested and the reference outcomes indicates the structure’s validity, for all four cases of WCS-EPF, fitting of the precision $$10^{-5}$$

10

-
5

to $$10^{-9}$$

10

-
9

is also accomplished.