bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colloidal Analysis of Particles Extracted from Microalloyed Steels
Authors: Hegetschweiler Andreas , Jochem Aljosha‐Rakim , Zimmermann Anna , Walter Johannes , Staudt Thorsten , Kraus Tobias 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDifferent colloidal particle characterization methods are examined for their suitability to determine the particle size distribution of particles extracted from steels. Microalloyed steels are dissolved to extract niobium and titanium carbonitride particles that are important for the mechanical properties of these steels. Such particles have sizes ranging from several nanometers to hundreds of nanometers depending on the precipitation stage during the thermomechanically controlled rolling process. The size distribution of the particles is analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and hollow fiber flow field‐flow fractionation (HF5) and compared to data obtained for reference particles as well as data from electron microscopy, the standard sizing technique used in metallurgy today. AUC and HF5 provide high‐quality size distributions, average over large particle numbers that enables statistical analysis, and yield useful insights for alloy design; however, DLS fails due to a lack of resolution. Important aspects in the conversion and comparison of size distributions obtained for broadly distributed particle systems with different measurement principles and the role of surfactants used in sample preparation are discussed.
PEG Modificated Bubble‐Like Carbon Spherical‐W18O49 Using for In Vitro Chemotherapy‐Photothermal Synergistic Reverse Cancer Cells
Authors: Yang Pengfei , Zhao Zhihuan , Yang Shasha , Lin Jianying , Fan Jimin , Zhang Bing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, a chemotherapy‐photothermal synergistic anti‐tumor system is constructed. Both W18O49@R‐C and PEG‐W18O49@R‐C synthesized by hydrothermal method show the potential of photothermal therapy (PTT). The structure of reflux‐carbon is bubble‐like spherical and W18O49@R‐C obtained by hydrothermal synthesis will cause bubble collapse due to the formation of crystal W18O49; thus, the particle size decreases sharply. Furthermore, the photothermal stability of PEG‐W18O49@R‐C is higher than that of W18O49@R‐C, and ζ‐potential measurement indicates that PEG‐W18O49@R‐C has excellent dispersion characteristics. The test of drug loading and drug release performance show that PEG‐modified W18O49@R‐C has superior performance on drug loading amount and release capacity. In the synergistic anti‐tumor process, the cancer cell viability after co‐incubating with PEG‐W18O49@R‐C+DOX.HCl (with 808nm) is only 16.6%. These results indicate that PEG‐W18O49@R‐C has potential in the treatment of cancer by a combination of PTT and chemotherapy.
Distinguishing between isomeric neoxanthin and violaxanthin esters in yellow flower petals using liquid chromatography/photodiode array atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Watanabe Takehiro , Yamagaki Tohru , Azuma Toshiaki , Horikawa Manabu 
Published: June 2021

RationaleLiquid chromatography/photodiode array atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC/PDA‐APCI‐MS) is used for the analysis of various carotenoid pigments in plants. Among them, it is difficult to distinguish between the isomeric violaxanthin/neoxanthin esters.MethodsThe yellow pigments of tomato petals were extracted with acetone, and the extracts were kept at −30°C to allow the contaminating triacylglycerols to settle out physically. The supernatants were analyzed using LC/PDA‐APCI‐MS with a high‐resolution orbitrap mass spectrometer for their exact masses. The expected carotenoid esters were calculated with the combination of carotenoids and fatty acids, and they were matched with the experimental exact masses. The fatty acid structures in the carotenoid esters were also identified using collision‐induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The isomeric violaxanthin/neoxanthin esters were distinguished using CID MS/MS from their in‐source dehydrated product ions as pseudoprecursor ions.ResultsThe in‐source dehydrated ions [M − H2O + H]+ of neoxanthin diesters predominated over their protonated molecules [M + H]+ in LC/MS. By contrast, the protonated molecules of violaxanthin diesters predominated. The 92 u loss product ions [M − H2O − C7H8 + H]+ were observed from the dehydrated violaxanthin diesters, but they were not generated from the dehydrated neoxanthin diesters in the CID MS/MS of their dehydrated pseudoprecursor ion [M − H2O + H]+.ConclusionsThe allene allyl carbocation in neoxanthin diesters was generated from dehydration after preferential protonation at the hydroxy group. The epoxide group of violaxanthin diesters opens easily after protonation; however, the dehydration did not proceed at this stage. The 92 u loss of C7H8 was explained by an intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition, which proceeded preferentially in dehydrated violaxanthin diesters because the carbocations in the dehydrated species were conjugated to the polyene and those double bonds were depolarized during CID MS/MS. Therefore, the isomeric neoxanthin/violaxanthin diesters were distinguished using LC/PDA‐APCI‐MS and MS/MS. This method was a practical and useful method of profiling the carotenoid esters of the yellow petals.
Preparation and Electrochemical Behavior of Quinoxaline‐Bridged Diphenylamines
Authors: Hayashi Hideki , Tsuda Erika , Koizumi Take‐aki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractN‐Phenylindroquinoxalines (PhIQs), which have a bridged diphenylamine structure, were synthesized and their physical and chemical properties were investigated. Syntheses of the materials were carried out by dehydration condensation between 4,5‐disubstituted‐1,2‐phenylenediamine derivatives and N‐phenylisatin. PhIQs showed fluorescent solvatochromism. PhIQs contain a diphenylamine moiety, but exhibit n‐type properties due to the introduction of an electronegative quinoxaline unit. Introduction of substituents at the 2‐ and 3‐positions of PhIQ can regulate the reduction‐oxidation potentials of the compound. The first reduction potential and fluorescent λmax vs. Hammett's σp value has a good linear correlation.
Aggregation of Water Molecules to Phospholipid Head Groups Accompanied with Separation into Water‐ and Polysaccharide‐Rich Phases in Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions
Authors: Yoshida Kazunari , Horii Keitaro , Saito Azusa , Takashima Akito , Nishio Izumi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMost organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, are enclosed by biological membranes, although there are some membrane‐less organelles, such as stress granules. The mechanisms by which membrane‐less organelles form and keep their shape are akin to phase separation. Such organelles are located inside cell membranes. However, interactions between cell membranes, phase separations in polymer solutions and lipid head groups, directed towards the inside of the cell have not been investigated. Here we directly observed aqueous hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) droplets coated with lipids in mineral oil during an increase in temperature from 10 °C to 65 °C to elucidate the effect of lipid head groups located at the interfaces on dynamic phase behaviours of HPC solutions encapsulated in the cell‐sized droplets. The water molecules inside the droplets are aggregated to the interfaces during an increase in temperature due to the effect of lipid head groups with the separation into water‐ and HPC‐rich phases.
Electrochemical Polymer Pen Lithography
Authors: Oh EunBi , Golnabi Rustin , Walker David A. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe development of a massively parallel lithographic technique called electrochemical polymer pen lithography is reported. Pyramidal pen arrays, consisting of more than 10 000 hydrogel pens loaded with metal salts, are integrated into a three‐electrode cell and used to locally reduce ions at each pen tip. This system enables high‐throughput patterning of a variety of metallic inks (e.g., Ni2+, Pt2+, Ag+) on the nanometer to micrometer length scale. By incorporating a z‐direction piezo actuator, the extension length and dwell time can be used to precisely define feature dimensions (210 to 10 µm in width, and up to 900 nm in height, thus far). Furthermore, by controlling the potential and precursor concentrations, more than one element can be simultaneously deposited, creating a new tool for the synthesis of alloy features, such as NiCo, which are relevant for catalysis. Importantly, this methodology enables fine control over feature size and composition in a single pattern, which may make it ultimately useful for rapid, high‐throughput combinatorial screening of metallic features.
Broadband impedance spectroscopy of Li4Ti5O12: from nearly constant loss effects to long‐range ion dynamics
Authors: Gadermaier Bernhard , Hogrefe Katharina , Heitjans Paul , Wilkening H. Martin R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLi4Ti5O12 (LTO) is known as one of the most robust and long‐lasting anode materials in lithium‐ion batteries. As yet, the Li‐ion transport properties of LTO are, however, not completely understood. Here, we used broadband impedance spectroscopy spanning a wide temperature range to investigate the full electrical response of LTO over a wide frequency range. It turned out that the isotherms recorded entail information about two relaxation processes. While at high temperatures the isotherms show a frequency independent plateau that corresponds to poor long‐range ion transport (<10−11 S cm−1 (298 K), 0.79 eV), they reveal a second region, seen at lower temperatures and higher frequencies, which we attribute to short‐range ion dynamics (10−8 S cm−1) with a significantly reduced activation energy of ca. 0.51 eV. At even lower temperatures, the isotherms are fully governed by nearly constant loss behavior, which has frequently been explained by cage‐like dynamics. The present results agree with those earlier presented by 7Li NMR spin‐lattice relaxation measurements being sensitive to dynamic processes taking place on quite different length scales. Our findings unveil complex Li+ ion dynamics in LTO and help understand its superior electrochemical properties.
Evaluation eines naturalistischen verhaltenstherapeutischen Rehabilitations-Settings
Authors: Senft Birgit , Fischer-Hansal Daniela , Schosser Alexandra 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Zielstellung
Zahlreiche Studien belegen, dass Psychotherapie wirkt. Sie findet in unterschiedlichsten Settings statt, die Datenlage dazu ist derzeit in Österreich noch ausbaufähig. Verhaltenstherapie stellt im 6‑wöchigen Kurzzeit-Setting der vorgestellten ambulanten medizinisch-psychiatrischen Rehabilitation das zentrale Behandlungselement dar und wird in Hinblick auf Wirksamkeit und Nachhaltigkeit evaluiert. Die Bewertung basiert auf „Patient reported Outcomes“. Weil mehr als ¾ der RehabilitandInnen von einer depressiven Erkrankung betroffen sind, wird das Beck Depressionsinventar als primary Outcome gewählt.

Methodik
Die Befragung erfolgt schriftlich bei Behandlungs-Beginn und -Ende sowie ein Jahr danach. Von 837 PatientInnen (64 % weiblich, ø 45,25 Jahre alt) leiden 76,6 % unter einer depressiven Erkrankung, dabei haben 47,2 % einen chronischen und 29,4 % einen nicht-chronischen Verlauf.

Ergebnisse
Differenziert nach Ausgangsbelastung zeigen sich ein Jahr nach Behandlungsende große, aber unterschiedliche Effekte. Bei PatientInnen mit stärkerer Ausgangssymptomatik finden sich größere Effekte. Die Nachhaltigkeit ist jedoch bei chronifizierten PatientInnen etwas geringer. Ein Fünftel der PatientInnen erfüllt bei Behandlungsende und ein Jahr später das Kriterium der klinischen Signifikanz und kann als „geheilt“ klassifiziert werden. Zusätzlich sind am Ende der Behandlung 23 % und ein Jahr später 18 % signifikant gebessert. Bei einem kleinen Teil kommt es zu Verschlechterungen, diesen PatientInnen sollte verstärkt Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden.

Fazit
Verhaltenstherapeutische Gruppen- und Einzeltherapien in Kombination mit weiteren therapeutischen Angeboten in der ambulanten psychiatrischen Rehabilitation sind nachhaltig wirksam. Auch wenn ein Jahr nach Ende der Behandlung bei anfangs stark depressiven RehabilitandInnen immer noch große Effekte nachweisbar sind, zeigt sich die dringende Notwendigkeit einer nachfolgenden psychotherapeutischen Begleitung im niedergelassenen Bereich oder im Rahmen der Phase 3 Rehabilitation.
Die Eingangsphase in der ambulanten Gruppentherapie – eine Pilotstudie
Authors: Bischof Hannah , Przyborski Aglaja , Dietrich Günter , Poncioni-Rusnov Vanja , Agner Rudolf 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDie vorliegende multiparadigmatische und -methodische Pilotstudie widmet sich der Rekonstruktion der gruppentherapeutischen Eingangsphase auf mehreren Ebenen: Zum einen wurden Fallverläufe von etwa 2500 Patient_innen aus der ÖAGG psychotherapeutischen Ambulanz (pta) retrospektiv quantitativ ausgewertet und zwar hinsichtlich der differenzierenden Eigenschaften von patient_innen-, therapeut_innen- und behandlungsspezifischen Variablen. Gruppendiskussionen mit Psychotherapeut_innen der Ambulanz, die dokumentarisch und tiefenhermeneutisch ausgewertet wurden, geben Einblicke in entsprechende Erfahrungen und Interpretationen der Therapeut_innen. Narrative Telefoninterviews mit beteiligten Patient_innen, die ebenso ausgewertet wurden, bilden die Patient_innenperspektive ab.Die Ergebnisse der quantitativen Auswertungen weisen darauf hin, dass eine bestimmte Anzahl an Gruppentherapiestunden notwendig ist, um einen „Therapieerfolg“ zu ermöglichen. Wenn es zu ungeklärten Therapieabbrüchen kommt, so finden diese allgemein sehr früh im Behandlungsverlauf statt. Es zeigen sich Einflüsse des Geschlechterverhältnisses zwischen Therapeut_innen und Patient_innen und komplexe Interaktionseffekte in diesem Bereich. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, dass junge Patient_innen häufiger vorzeitig die Therapie beenden und dass spezifische Diagnosegruppen sowie die Störungsspezifität der Gruppe die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines frühen Endes beeinflussen. Bezüglich der psychotherapeutischen Methoden des/der Gruppentherapeut_in fanden sich Interaktionseffekte mit dem Patient_innengeschlecht.Die Auswertungen der Gruppendiskussion mit den Therapeut_innen weisen auf die Relevanz des Gruppenprozesses sowie der Geschlechterverteilung für die Aufnahme neuer Patient_innen hin. Die Auswertung der Interviews mit den Patient_innen lässt erste Ansätze einer Typologie von Patient_innen erkennen, die aus einer Gruppentherapie in der Anfangsphase aussteigen.
Consistent scaling of whole-shoot respiration between Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and trees
Authors: Wang Mofei , Mori Shigeta , Kurosawa Yoko , Ferrio Juan Pedro , Yamaji Keiko , Koyama Kohei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBoth Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and tree forests have a large biomass; they are considered to play an important role in ecosystem carbon budgets. The scaling relationship between individual whole-shoot (i.e., aboveground parts) respiration and whole-shoot mass provides a clue for comparing the carbon budgets of Moso bamboo and tree forests. However, nobody has empirically demonstrated whether there is a difference between these forest types in the whole-shoot scaling relationship. We developed whole-shoot chambers and measured the shoot respiration of 58 individual mature bamboo shoots from the smallest to the largest in a Moso bamboo forest, and then compared them with that of 254 tree shoots previously measured. For 30 bamboo shoots, we measured the respiration rate of leaves, branches, and culms. We found that the scaling exponent of whole-shoot respiration of bamboo fitted by a simple power function on a log–log scale was 0.843 (95 % CI 0.797–0.885), which was consistent with that of trees, 0.826 (95 % CI 0.799–0.851), but higher than 3/4, the value typifying the Kleiber’s rule. The respiration rates of leaves, branches, and culms at the whole-shoot level were proportional to their mass, revealing a constant mean mass-specific respiration of 1.19, 0.224, and 0.0978 µmol CO2 kg− 1 s− 1, respectively. These constant values suggest common traits of organs among physiologically integrated ramets within a genet. Additionally, the larger the shoots, the smaller the allocation of organ mass to the metabolically active leaves, and the larger the allocation to the metabolically inactive culms. Therefore, these shifts in shoot-mass partitioning to leaves and culms caused a negative metabolic scaling of Moso bamboo shoots. The observed convergent metabolic scaling of Moso bamboo and trees may facilitate comparisons of the ecosystem carbon budgets of Moso bamboo and tree forests.
Towards the Suitability of Information Entropy as an LES Quality Indicator
Authors: Engelmann L. , Ihme M. , Wlokas I. , Kempf A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Shannon entropy is a rigorous measure to evaluate the complexity in dynamical systems. Shannon entropy can be directly calculated from any set of experimental or numerical data and yields the uncertainty of a given dataset. Originating from information theory, the concept can be generalized from assessing the uncertainty in a message to any dynamical system. Following the concept of ergodicity, turbulence forms another class of dynamical systems, which is generally assessed using statistical measures. The quantification of resolution quality is a crucial aspect in assessing turbulent-flow simulations. While a vast variety of statistical measures for the evaluation of resolution is available, measures closer representing the dynamics of a turbulent systems, such as the Wasserstein metric or the Ljapunov exponent become popular. This study investigates how the Shannon entropy can lead to useful insights in the quality of turbulent-flow simulations. The Shannon entropy is calculated based on distributions, which enables the direct evaluation from unsteady flow simulations or by post-processing. A turbulent channel flow and a planar turbulent jet are used as validation tests. The Shannon entropy is calculated for turbulent velocity- and scalar-fields and correlations with physical quantities, such as turbulent kinetic energy and passive scalars, are investigated. It is shown that the spatial structure of the Shannon entropy can be related to flow phenomena. This is illustrated by the investigation of the entropy of the velocity fluctuations, passive scalars and turbulent kinetic energy. Grid studies reveal the Shannon entropy as a converging measure. It is demonstrated, that classical turbulent-kinetic-energy-based quality measures struggle with the identification of insufficient resolution, while the Shannon entropy has demonstrated potential to form a solid basis for LES quality assessment.
Development and Psychometric Properties of a Computer-Based Standardized Emotional Competence Inventory (MeKKi) for Preschoolers and School-Aged Children
Authors: In-Albon Tina , Shafiei Maxim , Christiansen Hanna , Könen Tanja , Gutzweiler Raphael , Schmitz Julian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA computer-based emotional competence inventory for preschoolers and school-aged children (MeKKi) was developed to assess five components of emotional competence: emotion vocabulary, emotion identification (situational, visual, auditory), emotion understanding, emotion expression, and emotion regulation. Validity, reliability, and factor structure were examined in a community sample of 313 preschoolers and school-aged children (164 boys, 145 girls, 4 n.a.) age 4–11 years (M = 6.35 years, SD = 1.85). Item statistics and Cronbach’s α were calculated for the subscales. The unidimensionality of the subscales was additionally tested via item response theory or confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency (α) was overall satisfactory at 0.82, though the consistencies of the Visual and Auditory Emotion Identification subscales were lower. Unidimensionality was demonstrated for all subscales except Emotion Understanding. Results provide support for the use of the MeKKi in research and clinical settings to assess emotional competence.
Cultivating students’ computational thinking through student–robot interactions in robotics education
Authors: Qu Jing Ru , Fok Ping Kwan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis research focuses on student–robot interaction in the learning environment of robotics education (RE) and attempts to explore how it cultivates students’ computational thinking (CT). Different from child–robot interactions as investigated in the social robot field, student–robot (S–R) interactions focus mainly on the process of interaction between learners and programmable robot kits in RE settings. At a four-week robotics summer camp in China, mixed-methods research was conducted. Forty primary school students and one dedicated robotics teacher participated in this research, while 32 students and the teacher completed all the lessons and data collection procedures of the summer camp. Results indicated that students’ CT skill increased during the summer camp and that the change in their CT skill was positively correlated to the time spent on S–R interaction. Additionally, how three kinds of S–R interaction—programming-computing, observational investigation, and participatory investigation—cultivated students’ CT were found. Moreover, the hierarchy of three S–R interactions and students’ role-shifting in the hierarchy were discussed. Previous studies rarely discussed S–R interaction; however, this kind of interaction should be explored because it provides more information about students’ natural learning process, which might be meaningful to RE practice.
Does Faith Concordance Matter? A Comparison of Clients’ Perceptions in Same Versus Interfaith Spiritual Care Encounters with Chaplains in Hospitals
Authors: Liefbroer Anke I. , Nagel Ineke 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn religiously pluralized societies, caregivers frequently care for patients or clients with a religious, spiritual, or secular orientation that differs from their own. Empirical studies exploring the implications of this faith diversity for spiritual care interactions between caregivers and clients are scarce. Some literature suggests that similarities in faith orientation between caregivers and clients relate to better professional caring relationships than encounters with dissimilar faith orientations, while other studies suggest that faith similarities do not relate, or relate only under certain conditions, to the way in which professional caring relationships are perceived. This study supports the second line of thought. Based on a survey among 209 clients and 45 chaplains in hospitals in the Netherlands, it shows that clients in faith-concordant encounters evaluate the spiritual care encounter just as positively as do clients in faith-discordant encounters. This is in line with broader trends of secularization and blurring of boundaries between the religious, spiritual, and secular domains.