bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF ORAL POLIOVIRUS VACCINE IN NEWBORN CHILDREN
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Michaels Richard H. , Krugman Saul , Eiger Marvin E. , Berman Peter H. , Warren Joel 
Published: December 2021

The stools of 150 breast-fed newborn children who received either Type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine (total of 71) or a mixture of all 3 types (total of 79) during the first 11 to 59 hours after birth, as well as of 35 unvaccinated newborns in the same nurseries in a New York City hospital, were tested for virus. Neither poliovirus nor any other virus was recovered from the unvaccinated.
Among the infants who swallowed only Type 1 vaccine, in doses of 1 x 106.7 to 3 x 107.7 TCD50, the excretion rate was influenced by the titer of homotypic maternal antibody—82% among 22 infants with antibody titers of 128 or less, and 42% among 26 infants with titers of 192 or more. The infants who swallowed a mixture of all three types of vaccine excreted predominantly Type 2 poliovirus, and only rarely Types 1 or 3. In contrast to the findings with Type 1, the excretion rate of Type 2 poliovirus by 53 infants was not influenced by levels of maternal antibody ranging from 8 to 2,048. However while 90% of 20 infants who swallowed one or three doses of 107.7 TCD50 excreted Type 2 poliovirus, only 51% of 35 infants who swallowed one or three doses of 106.7 TCD50 excreted.
Analysis of our own data on breast-fed children and those of other studies carried out with aliquots of the same lots of vaccine, indicated that the titer of circulating placentally transmitted antibody did not by itself affect the multiplication of the ingested polioviruses in the intestinal tract. The ingestion of antibody-containing milk and the residual amniotic fluid, which may contain antibody especially when the level of maternal antibody is high, are factors of special importance. The very high gastric acidity present in most newborn infants during the first 24 hours appears to have no effect when very large doses of virus are swallowed, but cannot be disregarded when the smaller doses, ordinarily effective in older children are used.
When undiluted vaccine was merely swabbed on the posterior pharyngeal wall, 63% of 43 newborn infants excreted virus in the stools, but only 25% of 24 tested yielded small amounts of virus in swabbings obtained from the throat.
Only about 35% of 26 infants who excreted Type 1 virus and 59% of 29 infants who excreted Type 2 virus showed evidence of active antibody formation at 3 months of age—largely due to the low levels of antibody produced by the immunologically immature infants and the masking effect of the residual, placentally transmitted antibody.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: STERLING JULIAN A. 
Published: December 2021

I agree with Dr. Hays's observations but not his conclusions, particularly when these are based on premises drawn out of context.
It is unsatisfactory to assume that prolongation of survival time is the sole reason for use of any technique or procedure. We are all familiar with the fact that today all infants, given modern care, live longer than infants did with the same congenital defects 30 years ago. That they live longer is more reason to try to do more for them.
STUDIES ON HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE
Authors: Ambrus Clara M. , Weintraub David H. , Dunphy Donal , Dowd John E. , Pickren John W. , Niswander Kenneth R. , Ambrus Julian L. 
Published: December 2021

In the serum of normal prematures and premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome, plasminogen was absent. In mature newborns plasminogen levels were low, as compared to adults. In the euglobulin fraction of plasma, plasminogen level was highest in mature newborns, lower in healthy prematures, and lowest in prematures with respiratory distress syndrome. Antiplasmin level was exceptionally high in about a fourth of the premature infants with or without respiratory distress syndrome. Plasminogen activator activity was found more often in the blood of infants with respiratory distress syndrome than in normal infants. This may be due to the liberation of tissue activators as a consequence of hypoxia. Because of the absence of the substrate (plasminogen), this activator level may have no significance. Tissue activator activity was found in the lungs of premature infants whether they died of hyaline membrane disease or from other causes.
Forty-five infants with respiratory distress were treated in a therapeutic study. Twelve were treated in a preliminary series and 33 in a randomizd, double-blind investigation. Of the latter, 11 were treated with placebo, and 5 (45%) survived; 8 were treated with streptokinase activated human plasmin and 2 (25%) survived; 14 were treated with urokinase activated human plasmin and 12 (86%) survived. Among the infants who died, no definite hyaline membrane disease was found by histopathologic examination in two of the placebo group, one in the streptokinase-plasmin treated group, and the two who died in the urokinase-plasmin group. No significant side-effects of plasmin therapy were seen. Although considerable fibrinolytic and plasminogen-activator activity was generated in many treated patients, there was no significant fall in blood coagulation factors. Intracerebral hemorrhage, which appears to occur often in patients who die with hyaline membrane disease, was not more frequent in the plasmintreated group than in the placebo group.
SOME SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF HANDICAPPING
Authors: Richardson Stephen A. 
Published: December 2021

HELPING A PERSON with a handicap to maximize his assets and minimize the negative consequences of the handicap has long been the goal of rehabilitation. If we examine the practice of rehabilitation, however, we find that the early emphasis on physical restoration and the maximization of physical function is still dominant. More recently increasing emphasis has been given to minimizing economic dependency through vocational training and placement and, in the case of children, special educational training. Least systematic attention has been paid to the effect of handicapping on a person's social development and the learning of human relations skills.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the research and developing concepts bearing upon some of the social psychological consequences of handicapping. Two major questions exist. The first of these is whether handicapping has a blunting or sensitizing effect on a person. The second—in a sense the converse of the first—is whether the handicapped person develops certain specialized skills in managing his social relationships with the nonhandicapped.
By blunting effects of a handicap I mean the impoverishment of the individual's resources for dealing with other people and observing them; by sensitizing I mean the opposite. It has been argued—perhaps particularly on the basis of literary works—that a handicap tends to make a person especially sensitive. Some people believe, for example, that Byron's club foot on Elizabeth Barrett Browning's invalidism may have been partly responsible for their sensitivity as poets. Others have suggested that those who are forced to stand on the sidelines and watch life go by become sensitive as observers because so many of their satisfactions have to be derived vicariously rather than through direct involvement and participation.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RENAL GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Authors: Vernier Robert L. 
Published: December 2021

In the belief that sequential studies of the pathology of the kidney might improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of a variety of forms of renal disease in childhood, we began to perform percutaneous renal biopsies in children in 1955. Our studies were stimulated by the pioneering investigations of Iversen and Brun1 in Europe, and Muehrcke, Kark, and Pirani2 in the United States. Our experience3 now includes more than 500 kidney biopsy specimens obtained from approximately 400 children of all ages. The incidence of complications has been low, and the method has proved to be safe enough to justify the small risk entailed. Bleeding into the perirenal tissues, sufficient to cause pain, or a measurable fall in hemoglobin, or the appearance of a mass, has occurred in eight children. Gross hematuria of more than transient nature has occurred in six additional children. There has been no recognized permanent renal functional impairment or other chronic sequelae of these accidents. Surgical exploration of the biopsied kidney has never been necessary and no deaths have occurred as a consequence of the procedure.
The confusion which exists regarding classification and diagnosis of many renal diseases arises because of inadequate knowledge of their etiology, and is further compounded by conflicting use of terminology by clinicians and pathologists. The terms nephritis, nephrosis, mixed nephritis-nephrosis, and the modifying terms acute, subacute, and chronic, are, for example, applied by these two groups of physicians in circumstances which differ widely depending upon the experience of the user. Widespread use of the renal biopsy technique over the past 7 years has not eliminated the difficulties in use of terminology, but some progress has been made.
THE RESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
Authors: Mcllroy Malcolm B. 
Published: December 2021

THE pulmonary ventilation during mild or moderate muscular exercise in normal subjects is linearly related to the rate of doing work. In simple exercise involving large groups of muscles, as in walking on a treadmill or cycling on an ergometer, the efficiency of muscular exercise is constant. By efficiency is meant the relationship between the increase in oxygen consumption due to the work and the external work done. It may seem strange that all subjects, regardless of age, sex or disease, use almost the same amount of extra oxygen to do the same simple muscular task, but nevertheless it is true. This constant mechanical efficiency makes it possible to substitute external work rate for a measurement of oxygen consumption in exercise tests.
Before discussing exercise testing from a ventilatory point of view, the difference between the ventilatory response to mild or moderate exercise and the response to severe exercise will be considered. By severe exercise is meant exercise at a rate within 30 per cent or so of the maximum load that the subject can maintain for 6 minutes. The difference in normal subjects during steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer or on a treadmill is shown in Figure 1. This is an idealized graph based on a similar one from a review by Dejours and incorporating some data from our laboratory on directly measured arterial blood gas tensions corrected for changes in arterial or esophageal temperature.
The graph shows ventilation, blood lactic acid, arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions and pH, together with respiratory exchange ratio[R] plotted against oxygen consumption, rate of doing work in kg-m per minute, and pulse rate. The first part of the graph, marked A, shows the relationships existing during mild and moderate exercise, and the second part, B, shows what happens during severe exercise.
RENAL AMYLOIDOSIS RESULTING FROM A CHRONICALLY INFECTED BURN
Authors: Hoffman Saul , Simon Bernard E. , Fischel Robert A. , Gribetz Donald 
Published: December 2021

An interesting and unusual case of an 11-year-old white male with chronically infected burns of his lower extremities who developed amyloidosis and the nephrotic syndrome is reported. The case is considered from the following aspects: (1) the rarity of amyloidosis in burns, (2) the short duration between the onset of the primary disease and the amyloidosis, (3) the age of the patient, and (4) the striking clinical improvement of the renal manifestations after the treatment of the burn. The treatment of the burns, using homografts, and the importance of renal biopsy in the diagnosis and follow-up are also discussed.
Addendum: A third renal biopsy was performed in August, 1963, about one year following the second one. The amount of amyloid seen in the glomeruli did not seem to have diminished.
Lupus Erythematosus and Anticonvulsant Drugs
Authors: LEVINE MARK C. 
Published: December 2021

It is alleged in the article "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Childhood," by Jerry C. Jacobs, M.D. (Pediatrics, 32:257, 1963), that 7 of the 35 reported cases were induced by anticonvulsant drugs (diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione or methylphenylethylhydantoin). It is quite obvious that this group of patients were rendered acutely ill by reactions (presumably allergic) to a variety of commonly employed anticonvulsants, but whether the illness described was actually SLE is open to question.
Obviously, the key issue lies in the acceptance of the presence of the LE cell as ipso facto evidence of SLE.
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA UPON LUNG COMPLIANCE
Authors: Haddy Theresa B. , Haddy Francis J. 
Published: December 2021

Thirty-eight puppies were paired according to weight and one of each pair was infused intravenously with normal saline and levarterenol in order to produce acute pulmonary edema. The lungs were immediately excised and the relationship of gas volume to airway pressure was examined in either the natural or gas-free postmortem state. The edematous lungs consistently opened at lower pressures than did the nonedematous lungs. After opening had occurred, the rise in airway pressure for a given increase in gas volume was often, but not invariably, greater in the edematous lung.
The effect of change in pulmonary vascular volume was studied in eight excised adult dog lungs. In the absence of pulmonary edema, an increase in vascular volume [SEE FIG. 5. IN SOURCE PDF] caused a slight increase in airway pressure. In the same lungs, massive pulmonary edema increased airway pressure independent of vascular pressure. [SEE FIG 4 IN SOURCE PDF]
These findings suggest that changes in the bronchial mucus-alveolar lining layer complex, parenchyma, and vascular volume all contribute to the changes in compliance seen in acute pulmonary edema. The change in the bronchial mucus-alveolar lining layer complex is of such a nature as to increase compliance, whereas the changes in the parenchyma and pulmonary blood volume decrease compliance.
MULTIPLE CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN THE E1-TRISOMY (GROUP 16-18) SYNDROME
Authors: Rohde Russell A. , Hodgman Joan E. , Cleland Robert S. 
Published: December 2021

In this paper are described the clinical, necropsy, and cytogenetic findings in an infant with multiple congenital anomalies associated with autosomal trisomy in group E. Thirty-three previously recorded cases having a similar chromosomal abnormality are reviewed. Because of uncertainty in identifying the trisomic chromosome in group E, we propose that these cases be termed the "E1-trisomy syndrome." The clinical features of this syndrome are sufficiently distinctive to afford tentative diagnosis. Although absolute diagnosis currently rests upon complete cytogenetic analysis, dermatoglyphics and biochemical defects may eventually prove to be of diagnostic value. Despite a normal mean gestational age, these infants are usually premature in weight. All but three cases have been reported in Caucasians and thus far there has been a preponderance of affected females.
Most patients die in infancy from infection or congestive heart failure. The mean age at death has been 102 days. Grossly evident malformations of heart, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys are the most consistently reported abnormalities at necropsy. The infrequent reports of histologic abnormalities include instances of ectopic pancreas and isolated descriptions of dysplastic changes in various organs. A unique microscopic lesion of the pancreas seen in this and one other reported case deserves further study. Two previously unreported gross lesions, thyroglossal duct cysts and gluteal lipoma, were found in this patient.
Occasionally, the E1,-trisomy syndrome may, apparently, be associated with partial trisomy, trisomy-translocations, mosaicism, double trisomies, and in one instance, an apparently normal chromosome pattern. Pathogenesis of the chromosomal disturbance remains unknown, although advanced parental age appears important. The role of infection and radiation reported infrequently in this disorder is not clear.
Further reporting of the E-trisomy syndrome in extensio, is expected to elucidate many of the unsolved features of the chromosomal syndromes, particularly those relating to the causal relationship of chromosomal aberration and pathogenesis.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: USE AND MISUSE OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY IN CARE OF THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: Silverman William A. 
Published: December 2021

INFANTS delivered from the warm uterus into a cool environment invariably experience a considerable loss of body heat, and since the rate of cooling is almost always greater than the rate of heat production body temperature promptly falls. The rate of fall, the final level of equilibrium, and the distribution of temperatures of the various tissues and organs are quite dependent upon the ambient conditions of temperature and humidity which are provided for infants in the first minutes, hours, and days of life.
If the artificial climate is too warm and humid to allow for the dissipation of heat liberated by metabolic processes the newborn infant becomes febrile and tachypneic. This is particularly likely in small infants whose physiologic mechanisms of heat loss are easily overwhelmed. The environmental conditions must be adjusted because death from hyperthermia may ensue rather quickly. However, there is usually no problem of recognition when warm limits have been exceeded; as a result temperature and humidity are never deliberately misused in this way in the care of newborn infants. Induced hyperthermia is almost always the result of technical accidents.
Since there is now convincing evidence that newborn infants exhibit homeothermic responses to thermal stimuli and that the survival of small neonates can he improved by placing them in warm and moderately humid environments, it may also be said that physicians rarely misuse temperature and humidity in a manner which would permit uncontrolled heat loss. Thus, if we omit the issue of deep hypothermia for the moment the present-day questions about the proper use of temperature and humidity are concerned not with the extremes but with the middle of the climatic scale.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: GOLDMAN ARMOND S. , ANDERSON D. W. , HALPERN S. R. , SELLARS W. A. 
Published: December 2021

In the study of oral challenge of allergic patients with milk, the inclusion of patients with milk sugar intolerance was minimized by using lactose-free purified milk proteins for confirmatory oral challenge tests. These purified milk proteins did contain sucrose, but the possibility of sucrose intolerance was excluded because the soybean milk used during the asymptomatic periods of milk elimination also contained sucrose.
We agree with Dr. Ingall that in the absence of oral challenge with purified milk proteins, it is difficult to distinguish between milk protein hypersensitivity and lactose intolerance in those patients exhibiting solely gastrointestinal reactions when challenged with lactose-containing cow's milk.
Independent Adoptions, a Follow-up Study
Authors: RICE ELIZABETH P. 
Published: December 2021

The research in this follow-up study was the joint undertaking of the Florida Department of Public Welfare, the Russell Sage Foundation and the United States Children's Bureau.
The study, made during 1936 and 1957, deals only with independent adoptions or those which did not involve social agencies in the adoption placement. The study is concerned with the outcome of 484 white Florida children about ten years after the children were adopted. It attempted to determine the success of the independent adoption and to see if certain factors, especially at the time of adoption. are predicative of adoption outcome.
THE USE AND MISUSE OF THYROID HORMONE IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE
Authors: Bongiovanni Alfred M. 
Published: December 2021

THYROID PREPARATIONS constitute the most widely employed hormonal agents in pediatric practice today with the possible exception of the steroids. The available forms of this hormone for therapeutic use and the indications for its employment merit reconsideration.
Desiccated thyroid U.S.P. is a relatively crude extract of animal glands and is the least expensive preparation on the market. In the United States the employment of the hormone in this form has been generally satisfactory although on rare occasions there have been reports of inadequate potency. The dosage of desiccated thyroid is based upon the weight of the standard preparation and standardization is officially prescribed according to the iodine content of the extract rather than the quantity of specific active hormone per unit weight. Certain extracts of the animal thyroid gland are more highly purified than the U.S.P. standard, but it is doubtful that they represent any major advantage and their cost is considerably greater. With the availability of synthetic 1-thyroxine there has been a tendency to favor this chemically pure hormone in pediatric practice and although its cost is greater than the crude preparation it is hardly to be considered an expensive drug. A still more active hormone of the thyroid gland available in pure form is 1-triiodothyronine but to date there is no proof that this last compound has any basic superiority in the treatment of most appropriate conditions. It would seem, therefore, that the choice lies between desiccated thyroid, U.S.P., and 1-thyroxine. The relative potency of these two substances is such that 60 mgm of the former is equivalent to 0.1 mgm of the latter.
THE SYNDROMES OF TOTAL LIPODYSTROPHY AND OF PARTIAL LIPODYSTROPHY
Authors: Senior B. , Gellis S. S. 
Published: December 2021

The syndromes of partial and of total lipodystrophy have been reviewed and 27 further patients added, 25 with partial lipodystrophy and 2 with total lipodystrophy. For inclusion in the syndrome of partial lipodystrophy symmetrical loss of fat from the face with or without truncal loss, but with retention of distal adipose depots was required. In total lipodystrophy fat loss was generalized.
A number of additional features were commonly present in total lipodystrophy. These included increased height, advanced bone age, hirsuties, pigmentation, prominence of muscles, abdominal protuberance, penile or clitoridial enlargement, hepatomegaly, relatively insulin resistant hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia and hypermetabolism, as well as renal disease, disturbances of C.N.S. function and cardiomegaly.
Review of reports of patients with muscular hypertrophy suggested that several so described might have had total lipodystrophy.
A significant incidence of renal disease was encountered in the reports of partial lipodystrophy in the literature and more particularly in the group presented. Although much less frequently present, central nervous system dysfunction, hepatomegaly and a decreased glucose tolerance were also noted. It appears that there are features common to both syndromes other than disappearance of fat.
Possible pathogenetic mechanisms have been considered.
Phenylketonuria in Jews
Authors: LARON ZVI 
Published: December 2021

I am writing to you regarding the article "Phenylketonuria in Yemenite Jews" by B. E. Cohen et al., Pediatrics, 32:1069, 1963 (December).
In the introduction it is stated, apparently by mistake, that only two Jewish patients with phenylketonuria have been previously reported. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that we have reported in your journal (Pediatrics, 26:885, 1960) four cases of phenylketonuria occurring in a Jewish family from Iraq. The neurologic and psychologic findings in this family have also been published.