bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strange Objects
Authors: Harold Franklin M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
An introductory chapter, intended to set the tone for the entire book. Living things are passing strange. They are bound by all the laws that govern inanimate matter, yet they flaunt capacities that vastly exceed those of rocks, clouds, and water. Their basic building blocks are cells, either one cell or many, each of them an organized and purposeful entity that invariably arises by the reproduction of a previous cell. Life has a long history, nearly as long as that of earth itself, most of it microbial. To understand life one must begin with microorganisms, for the higher organisms that receive most of our attention are all latecomers.
From Egg to Organism
Authors: Harold Franklin M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
How an egg turns into an organism continues to baffle the imagination. We can describe how it happens and many of the particulars, but still struggle to comprehend how events at the levels of genes and cells produce a fruit fly, a sea urchin, or a baby. The fertilized egg, at bottom a single cell, undergoes multiple cycles of division with concurrent differentiation and transformations of shape, resulting in a multicellular embryo whose several regions are committed to develop into distinct organs. Differentiation relies on elaborate networks of control on gene expression that promote certain genes and silence others. Spatial organization of the embryo commonly involves diffusible “morphogens,” hormone-like substances that instruct cells as to their developmental fate. Chemical gradients are supplemented by diverse processes that draw on active transport, mechanical forces, and cell migration. Genes do not hold a comprehensive blueprint for development. They operate in the context of cells that are directed by both genes and self-organization, and there is no plan separable from its execution. How an egg turns into an organism may no longer be mysterious or miraculous, but it remains as wondrous as ever that an assemblage of lifeless molecules can build a butterfly.
Heidegger
Authors: Elgat Guy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that Martin Heidegger can be read as providing a synthesis of sorts of the views considered in the previous chapters. Specifically, it focuses on Heidegger’s analysis of Being-guilty in his Being and Time and argues that while for Heidegger we are indeed not causa sui, as the naturalists hold, we are nevertheless guilty as such or are characterized by ontological guilt, as the metaphysicians hold, and this is because for Heidegger, not being causa sui is a condition of our ontological guilt. Moreover, it is our Being-guilty that makes our factical or empirical guilt possible. After introducing some of the main concepts and themes of Heidegger’s discussion, the chapter turns to reconstruct Heidegger’s transcendental argument to the effect that our Being-guilty is a necessary condition of the possibility of factical guilt. It then turns to discuss Heidegger’s concepts of the call of conscience and of wanting-to-have-a-conscience.
Rorty and Peirce
Authors: Voparil Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a fuller, more accurate picture of Rorty’s early appreciation for and indebtedness to Peirce by establishing that Rorty was, by his own lights, at least for a time, a Peircean realist. This distinctive “Peircean” version of realism illuminates Rorty’s mature positions later expressed via a Davidsonian vocabulary. It also recounts how Rorty’s reading of Peirce’s end of inquiry and normative theory of self-controlled conduct enables him to grasp the dependence of epistemology on ethics and to see philosophical discourse as a rule-governed realm that necessitates choice of vocabulary and hence responsibility. Rorty turns out to be more of a realist, as traditionally understood, and Peirce less of one than we might expect. The “ethically-centered epistemology” aimed at the growth of knowledge Rorty sees in Peirce contrasts sharply with the view dominant among contemporary Peirceans, like Misak and Talisse, preoccupied above all with justification.
The Concept of an Islamic Reformation
Authors: Takim Liyakat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The first chapter defines reformation and examines what it means in a specifically Shi‘i context. It compares reformation in Islam and Christianity and argues that an Islamic reformation has to be an indigenous exercise, one that does not have to capitulate to the demands of a secular or exogenous religious tradition. The chapter considers why reformation in Shi‘ism started much later than it did in Sunnism. The chapter also examines juristic pluralism and the concept of hermeneutics and its effects on the reading of sacred texts. It argues that a hermeneutical approach is important to a discussion of Islamic reformation because of its insistence that the meaning of a text depends on various textual, contextual, and intertextual factors. The chapter demonstrates that a text requires multiple and continuous interpretations if it is to remain valid and able to respond to contemporary challenges.
The Neo-Ijtihadist Phenomenon
Authors: Takim Liyakat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates and reconsiders some of the interpretive strategies and epistemological foundations of the current form of ijtihad. The basic thesis is that the moral rationalist presuppositions of Muslim reformers are diametrically opposed to the traditional jurists’ text-centered epistemological assumptions. The chapter contends that the current form of inferential jurisprudence (al-fiqh al-istidlali) should be replaced by neo-ijtihadism and that, should this transition occur, it will engender major paradigmatic shifts in the genre of rulings pronounced. An Islamic reformation also requires a revision of the epistemological and methodological foundations that undergird the current Islamic legal system. These are the key principles and procedures that guide a jurist in his interpretation and application of the rulings he deduces. The chapter also suggests different exegetical and hermeneutical strategies that neo-ijtihadism could adopt and proposes solutions that synthesize hermeneutical strategies with current exigencies so as to make Islamic law more moral, rational, and practical.
Citizenship as an Aim of Higher Education
Authors: Martin Christopher 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on the merits of civic education as an aim of higher education. First, the chapter explains how a legitimate and justifiable liberal civic education for children must (and can) strike a balance between the goods of political stability and individual freedom. Second, it makes the make the case for extending civic educational goals to higher education. The third and fourth sections show how civic educational aims look like a promising foundation for the justification of higher education. But a closer look reveals that this justification cannot strike a balance between stability and freedom. The upshot is that while it makes sense to cherish the indirect benefits of higher education for the civic capacities of graduates, these benefits ought not be understood as the overarching aim that justifies state involvement in its management and provision.
Cavendish’s Anti-Hobbesian Materialism
Authors: Duncan Stewart 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the distinctive materialist philosophy of Margaret Cavendish. Cavendish gave a materialist account of the natural world, but departed in several ways from Hobbes’s materialism. Her view was a panpsychist one, on which some matter was fundamentally and irreducibly sensitive, and other matter was fundamentally and irreducibly rational. The chapter argues that Cavendish’s view lies in some ways between Hobbes’s view and Henry More’s. Cavendish’s view also reverses the mechanist model of explanation used by Hobbes and others: rather than explaining thought in terms of motion, Cavendish explains motion in terms of thought. The chapter also notes Cavendish’s sometime view that human beings have a divine, immaterial, supernatural soul, and examines her views about how, and to what extent, material beings can conceive of immaterial ones.
Locke, God, and Materialism
Authors: Duncan Stewart 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Locke’s discussion in Essay 4.10, focusing on his arguments that God cannot be material: that he can be neither an incogitative material first cause, nor a cogitative one. Perhaps Locke had Hobbes or even Spinoza in mind as targets of his arguments, but he did not focus on their views alone. Locke in 4.10 draws on a discussion in Cudworth’s True Intellectual System. The central thought behind several of Locke’s arguments is the metaphysical principle (also seen in Cudworth) that the less perfect cannot cause the more perfect. Locke uses this repeatedly in arguing against views on which God is material. Understanding the role of this principle also helps us understand what Locke meant when he said that we might be material thinking beings, because God could have superadded thought to the matter in us, even though God himself could not be a material being.
Conclusion
Authors: Payson Julia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter concludes by considering the broader welfare implications of city lobbying. The ability to pay for professional advocacy represents a double-edged sword for cities. Lobbying provides an essential tool for local leaders seeking to amplify their voices in the complicated and often hostile world of state politics. This is true for progressive urban areas—but also for high-income suburbs. However, while some states have recently debated measures to restrict local government lobbying, this chapter concludes that these efforts would likely do more harm than good in the absence of reform to the lobbying industry more generally. Otherwise, the influence of corporations and PACs will continue to grow, while local officials would unfairly lose one of the key channels through which they are able to advocate for local interests in state politics.
Change Seen Through the Lens of Social Psychology in Europe and the United States
Authors: Rizzoli Valentina , Tuzzi Arjuna , Contarello Alberta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors consider the theme both by browsing through seminal reference books and scholars’ contributions and by using digital methods, probing all the abstracts published in two key journals: the US Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and the European Journal of Social Psychology. The keyword change is explored in its frequency, concordances, and usage contexts and trends over time in the two journals. The results empirically support Marková’s claim that change has mostly been studied in social psychology as perturbation of patterns of stability and has focused on individuals as surrounded and affected by social contexts. To better understand and foster societal changes, a “more social” social psychology would be helpful, particularly adopting study designs and projects oriented by perspectives that can emphasize the mutual and constitutive relations between the individual and the social.
The Common Good
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4, which begins Part II, addresses the moral theory from the African tradition according to which one is obligated to promote the common good without violating individual rights. This principle has been advanced by Kwame Gyekye, one of the most widely discussed African moral philosophers of the past twenty-five years. His ‘moderate communitarian’ ethic, although focused on promoting well-being, differs from Western utilitarianism, such that one cannot argue against the former by invoking well-known criticisms of the latter. The chapter advances fresh reasons for rejecting Gyekye’s welfarist approach to morality, principally on the ground that it does a poor job of capturing several intuitions salient in the African tradition. Sometimes permitting great inequalities of wealth, being competitive in the economic sphere, and undermining cultures can best improve well-being without violating individual rights, yet many African philosophers would judge these actions to be wrong to some degree.
Research Ethics
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 addresses the duties of researchers, particularly those in the medical field, again contending that the relational moral theory is revealing relative to Western competitors. It first proffers a new account of the obligation to obtain free and informed consent to participate in a study, as something to be upheld not so much as a way to promote health (utilitarianism) or to avoid degrading autonomy (Kantianism), but more as a way to respect people as capable of communal or friendly relationship. Rightness as friendliness is next shown to entail duties of confidentiality, albeit, plausibly, ones not as stringent as what is common in Western ethical thought. Lastly, the chapter argues that the communal ethic grounds a powerful account of ancillary care obligations—duties to compensate for harms that have befallen study participants that the study did not cause—by giving an account that challenges an influential autonomy-based theory of them.
British Literature and the Life of Institutions
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Speculative States pursues two related goals, one reconstructive and literary-historical, the other conceptual. First, the book restores to view literature’s engagements with the slow politics of reform by linking the development of the institutional forms of the state to the aesthetic forms of literary writing. In doing so, it maps out a literary prehistory of the welfare state in Britain that spans the late Victorian and modernist periods. Second, the book also makes visible an ambitious reformist idiom which insists that we think about the state as an aspirational (speculative) figure—as a form of life in its own right rather than as a set of detached administrative procedures and bureaucratic processes. Placing literary studies in dialogue with political theory, philosophy, and the history of ideas, Speculative States marks a major contribution to current debates about literature and the state, but it also centrally intervenes in conversations in critical theory by urging a fuller engagement with the critical and speculative dimensions of the dialectical imagination.
‘Kinetic’ Reform
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The embedding of reformist politics in the medium of poetic form is a central feature of the reformist literary mode. Chapter 4 counterpoints the vision of class strife that haunts Wells’s scientific romances from the 1890s with the gradualist reformist impulse that came to the fore in tax debates in the early 1900s. The development of more nuanced forms of graduated taxation in the Edwardian period turned the tax system into a means of social integration, leading to the emergence of a new institutional idiom that can help us understand the generic hybridity of Wells’s works of this period. These books, notably Wells’s Edwardian ‘trilogy’ (Anticipations, 1901; Mankind in the Making, 1903; A Modern Utopia, 1905), responded to a new understanding of national wealth in terms of kinetic, redistributable ‘incomes’ rather than in terms of fixed private ‘wealth’.
Nationalization and Ethnicization
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The emerging world civil war is the subject of an extensive chapter on the interwar period and the Second World War. This phase was marked by a fundamental tension. On the one hand, there was the systematic codification and substantive expansion of political and social civil rights in the emerging democracies and social welfare states of Europe. Legal inequality between the sexes diminished; a social security net began to spread across all of Europe. On the other hand, these expanding rights were increasingly reserved for a country’s own citizens and thereby nationalized. This restrictive tendency escalated to the extreme with the race and class-based exclusion and extermination policies of the dictatorships in Europe’s “bloodlands” (Timothy Snyder) prior to the Second World War and intensified during its course. Citizenship changed its function and went from being an institution of governmental protection to one of discriminatory selection and extermination policy.
Conclusion
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The book comes to four main conclusions. Contrary to an influential theory (Rogers Brubaker), it is, first, not discursive idioms about the nation that primarily determine the inclusive or exclusive character of citizenship. Rather, it was changing politico-social constellations—economic, demographic, and foreign policy interests and conjunctions—that defined the political form and practice of citizenship. Second, contrary to a dominant narrative, the frequently alleged qualitative divide of legal culture from Western to Eastern Europe is called into question. Third, the book’s historical cross-section supports a critical review of the widespread theory of convergence between regimes of citizenship in Europe. It specifies, instead, the historical conditions for expectations of Europeanization through law and thus for European citizenship. Fourth, the history of citizenship in Europe since the nineteenth century cannot be told as an exclusively European one. The politics and colonial practices of affiliation in the European powers’ overseas and continental colonial empires remained in effect well into the postcolonial policies of citizenship and migration, thus also shaping the inheritance of a current policy of citizenship in Europe.
‘The Axile Tree’
Authors: Brooks Francesca 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 asks how Jones’s vision of an early medieval culture in which Welsh and English tradition are equally dominant resonates throughout the poem’s eight poetic sequences in the image of the cross. The chapter traces a history of Jones’s encounters with The Dream of the Rood, the Ruthwell monument, and the history of early medieval Northumbria during the 1930s, and explores how this experience of the landscape and history of Northumberland informed his reading of the Old English Dream of the Rood tradition. Jones’s visual and verbal engagement with the Ruthwell monument at the climax of The Anathemata in ‘Sherthursdaye and Venus Day’ allows for the creation of a new sign of the cross for the twentieth century, a sign which draws together the English and Welsh traditions that have informed the institution of the Catholic Church in England and Wales, as well as the poet’s own Catholicism.
Music
Authors: Brown Steven 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
2The defining feature of music as a cognitive function is tonality (scale structure), since rhythmic structure is a shared feature with dance and poetry. In this chapter, the author develops a 4T (tonality/timing/texture/text) model of music, which views music as a suite of coordinative features in which rhythm provides time slots for interpersonal coordination and scale structure provides pitch slots for coordination. An important topic for the study of music’s evolution is its connection with both speech and language. Music and speech share a significant number of prosodic properties. However, a unique feature of music that is not found in speech is the process by which scale types are able to convey emotional meanings. Such scale/emotion associations allow music to modulate the interpretive meaning of narrative artforms, such as film, dance, and written texts (i.e. songs).
The Innamorata Ignites
Authors: Brown Pamela Allen 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The bold “woman in love” evolved from trends in commedia erudita and commedia grave that ignited when actresses reshaped the role to showcase their stellar skills. This amorous agent was a radical change from the passive virgo of regular comedies that followed classical precedent. The ambitious diva created her own vehicles full of pathos and variety, and played tragedy and tragicomedy as well as comedy. Elizabeth and her court heard glowing reports about Italian players in Paris, and soon brought Italian actors and actresses to England. Several Italian troupes played in London in the 1570s, as more information streamed in from travelers, touring actors, foreign newsletters, and popular pamphlets. When paying theaters opened, audiences clamored for amorous and amusing Italian plots. Playwrights began to feature the imported innamorata, expanding the size and importance of the role, stressing her southern passions, and emulating the diva’s glamour, a strategy that “Italianated” the boy player.
Fatigue in early rheumatoid arthritis: data from the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Network
Authors: Ifesemen Onosi Sylvia , McWilliams Daniel Frederick , Norton Sam , Kiely Patrick D W , Young Adam , Walsh David Andrew 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesFatigue is a disabling symptom in people with RA. This study aims to describe the prevalence, risk factors and longitudinal course of fatigue in early RA.MethodsDemographic, clinical, quality of life (QoL), comorbidities and laboratory data were from the Early RA Network (ERAN), a UK multicentre inception cohort of people with RA. Fatigue was measured using the vitality subscale of the 36-item Short Form Health Survey, where higher values represent better QoL. Baseline prevalences of fatigue classifications were age and sex standardized. Linear regression, hierarchical growth curve modelling and group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) were utilized.ResultsAt baseline (n = 1236, 67% female, mean age 57 years), the mean vitality was 41 (s.d. 11) and disease duration was 11 months (interquartile range 7–18). Age- and sex-standardized prevalence rates of fatigue and severe fatigue were 44% (95% CI 39, 50) and 19% (95% CI 15, 23), respectively. Fatigue changed little over 3 years and five measurement occasions β = −0.13 (95% CI −0.23, −0.02). GBTM identified two subgroups, which we named ‘Fatigue’ (53%) and ‘No-fatigue’ (47%). Female sex, worse pain, mental health and functional ability were associated with greater fatigue and predicted Fatigue group membership (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve = 0.81). Objective measures of inflammation—swollen joint count and ESR—were not significantly associated with fatigue.ConclusionsFatigue is prevalent and persistent in early RA. Diverse characteristics indicative of central mechanisms are associated with persistent fatigue. Management of fatigue might require interventions targeted at central mechanisms in addition to inflammatory disease modification. People who require such interventions might be identified at presentation with early RA.