bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A sex‐reversing factor: insulin‐like androgenic gland hormone in decapods
Authors: Sun Rong , Li Yanhe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA large number of decapod crustaceans with sexual dimorphism in body size, most of which, are important economic animals. Besides, some of them such as the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii possess strong invasive ability and would damage ecosystem environment. Thereby, monosex culture of decapods would contribute to not only increasing yield and profits, but also reducing the risks of biological invasion. Insulin‐like androgenic gland hormone was reported to be a key regulator in sex differentiation. All‐male populations in Macrobrachium rosenbergii were successfully produced through insulin‐like androgenic gland hormone manipulation. In addition to sex differentiation, insulin‐like androgenic gland hormone was reported to be involved in male secondary sex characteristics maintenance, growth, metabolism, morphology change, ovary development and other functions. Considering its important application value for decapods, insulin‐like androgenic gland hormone has attracted much attention in recent years. This hormone was reported to have the structure and function similar to androgenic gland hormone of isopods. In this study, the origin of name of androgenic gland hormone and insulin‐like androgenic gland hormone was investigated, and the recent research on structure, function, application and molecular regulation mechanism of insulin‐like androgenic gland hormone of decapods was reviewed.
Melatonin and CIDR improved the follicular and luteal haemodynamics, uterine and ovarian arteries vascular perfusion, ovarian hormones and nitric oxide in cyclic cows
Authors: Abdelnaby Elshymaa A. , Abo El‐Maaty Amal M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study hypothesizes that melatonin with exogenous progesterone (CIDR) can improve follicular, luteal, ovarian and uterine haemodynamic of heat‐stressed cows. Holstein cows (N = 12) studied for two spontaneous oestrous cycles during winter then divided equally during summer into the CIDR group received CIDR for 7 days and the melatonin group (Mel) received three injections of melatonin (75 mg/head) at the CIDR insertion, removal and ovulation days. Blood samples were collected to assay oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and nitric oxide (NO). On day 0 (Ovulation), Mel had more small follicles (p < .05), higher ipsilateral and contralateral ovarian arteries (Ov.A.) peak systolic velocity (PSV), higher ipsilateral uterine artery (Ut.A.) PSV (p = .031) and blood flow volume (BFV), also Mel elevated contralateral Ut.A. PSV and BFV (p < .0001) but lowered contra Ut.A. pulsatility index (PI, p < .0001), E2 (p < .01) and NO (p < .0001). Mel increased the corpus luteum diameter (CL, p < .001), coloured area (p < .007) and P4 (p < .0001) on day 5 and reduced them (p < .05; p < .01) on Day 14. On day 10, Mel obtained CL diameter (p < .03) and coloured area (p < .002) of spontaneous that was higher than CIDR and decreased P4 (p < .003). Mel increased CL diameter, area and coloured area and decreased them thereafter. Mel increased the ipsilateral ovarian and uterine arteries PSV and BFV before ovulation and until day 8. Mel increased P4 and decreased NO until days 6 and 14. In conclusion, the improvement in follicular, luteal, ovarian and uterine haemodynamic and the decrease of NO production proved our hypothesis Melatonin doses higher than 75 mg/head is recommended to improve the heat‐stressed cow's fertility.
The Revised German Raw Materials Strategy in the Light of Global Political and Market Developments
Authors: Schmid Marc 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRaw material markets have proven to be challenging in recent years. The so‐called critical raw materials (CRMs), which are required for green technology, have particularly high environmental and supply risks. The revised German raw materials strategy attempts to address challenges of production and supply of CRMs and other mineral‐based raw materials. This contribution analyzes the motivation, measures, goals, and challenges of the German raw materials strategy in the light of global economic and political developments, applying the qualitative method GABEK®. Results show that the revised strategy is more ambitious and reaches farther than the initial strategy of 2010. Challenges that remain include the lack of willingness of the German industry to engage in mine production and the more pro‐active political approaches demonstrated elsewhere. As all major economic powerhouses outside of Europe pursue a hands‐on approach, it remains questionable if the revised German raw materials strategy will fundamentally be able to sustainably secure raw material supply for the German industry.
Analysis of brain functional response to cutaneous prickling stimulation by single fiber
Authors: Wang Qicai , Tao Yuan , Sun Tao , Sun Fengxin , Jiang Zhaohui , Jia Zhao , Ding Zuowei , Sun Jie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt is now well understood that, as an uncomfortable sensation evoked by special fabric, prickle derives from the mechanical stimulation of protruding hairiness from fabric surface against the human skin, in which some nociceptors are easy to be triggered by stiff fiber ends. However, up to now, the neural mechanism of the brain for perceiving fabric‐evoked prickle is still unclear.Materials and MethodsIn this work, A type of single‐fiber stimulus made from nylon filament was used to repetitively prick the skin of volar forearm at a specific frequency, and the technology of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was adopted to detect the brain response synchronously.ResultsThe results show that repetitive prickling stimulation from the single fiber applied to the volar forearm aroused distributed activation in several brain regions, such as primary somatosensory cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, bilateral occipital lobe, insular cortex, and ipsilateral limbic lobe. Although the brain activation distribution is similar to pain, the single fiber–evoked prickle sensation possesses unique activation characteristics in several brain regions.ConclusionIt is suggested that the sensation evoked by cutaneous prickling stimulation from single fiber belongs to a kind of multidimensional experience involving somatosensory, motor, emotional, cognitive, etc Our study constitutes an important step toward identifying the brain mechanism of fabric‐evoked prickle.
Stiffness of a type II external skeletal fixator and locking compression plate in a fracture gap model
Authors: Muro Noelle M. , Gilley Robert S. , Kemper Andrew R. , Benitez Marian E. , Barry Sabrina L. , McNally Craig 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the stiffness of constructs fixed with a type II external skeletal fixator (ESF) or a 3.5‐mm locking compression plate (LCP) in axial compression and bending with a fracture gap model.Study designQuasi‐static four‐point bending and axial compression tests.Sample populationTen LCP and 10 ESF immobilizing epoxy cylinders with a 40‐mm fracture gap.MethodsFive constructs of each type were tested in nondestructive mediolateral (ML) four‐point bending and then rotated and tested in nondestructive craniocaudal (CC) four‐point bending. Five additional constructs of each type were tested in nondestructive axial compression. Stiffness was compared between loading modes by construct type and between construct types by loading mode.ResultsType II ESF were stiffer than LCP in ML bending (difference, 1474 N/mm, P < .0001) and in axial compression (difference, 458 N/mm, P = .008) but not in CC bending (P = .1673). Type II ESF were stiffer in ML bending than in CC bending (difference, 999 N/m, P < .0001), while LCP were stiffer in CC bending than in ML bending (difference, 634 N/mm, P < .0001).ConclusionType II ESF generated stiffer constructs compared with LCP in ML bending and in axial compression without a difference in CC bending. External skeletal fixator and LCP bending stiffness varied by loading direction.Clinical significanceA type II ESF should be considered in a comminuted fracture requiring increased stability in ML and axial directions.
Are Changes in Walking for Transportation in Brazilian Older Adults Associated With Attributes of the Neighborhood Environment?
Authors: de Paiva Neto Francisco Timbó , Arins Gabriel Claudino Budal , d’Orsi Eleonora , Rech Cassiano Ricardo 
Published: January 2021

This study aims to examine the association between neighborhood environment attributes and changes in walking for transportation among older adults. Longitudinal analysis was performed considering a population-based study (EpiFloripa Idoso), carried out in 2009–2010 with follow-up in 2013–2014. Changes in walking, obtained with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire during both waves were associated with data from the environment perception, evaluated using individual items from the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (baseline only) performing multinomial logistic regression. A total of 1,162 older adults (65.2% women, mean age = 73.7 years) participated. Those who reported the presence of parks and squares (OR = 2.44, 95% confidence interval [CI; 1.70, 3.51]), sidewalks (OR = 1.66, 95% CI [1.03, 2.70]), crosswalks (OR = 1.69, 95% CI [1.05, 2.72]), illuminated streets (OR = 2.80, 95% CI [1.24, 6.33]), and safety for day walks (OR = 1.93, 95% CI [1.14, 3.24]) were more likely to remain active or become active when commuting (≥150 min/week). Older adults are more active in neighborhoods that present more favorable attributes regarding walking for transportation.
Blockade of AIM2 inflammasome or α1-AR ameliorates IL-1β release and macrophage-mediated immunosuppression induced by CAR-T treatment
Authors: Liu Dan , Xu Xiyue , Dai Yulian , Zhao Xuan , Bao Shunshun , Ma Wen , Zha Li , Liu Shuci , Liu Yuchen , Zheng Junnian , Shi Ming 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundInterleukin (IL) 1 released from monocytes/macrophages is one of the critical determinants in mediating the adverse events of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, including cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms of IL-1 production during CAR-T therapy remain unknown.MethodsThe roles of AIM2 and α1-adrenergic receptor (α1-AR) in CAR-T treatment-induced IL-1β release were evaluated by gene silencing, agonist or antagonist treatment. The phenotype switch of macrophages in response to CAR-T treatment was analyzed concerning cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells and proliferation of activated T cells.ResultsThis study provided the experimental evidence that CAR-T treatment-induced activation of AIM2 inflammasome of macrophages resulted in the release of bioactive IL-1β. CAR-T treatment-induced α1-AR-mediated adrenergic signaling augmented the priming of AIM2 inflammasome by enhancing IL-1β mRNA and AIM2 expression. Meanwhile, tumor cell DNA release triggered by CAR-T treatment potentiated the activation of AIM2 inflammasome in macrophages. Interestingly, an apparent phenotypic switch in macrophages occurred after interacting with CAR-T/tumor cells, which greatly inhibited the cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells and proliferation of activated T cells through upregulation of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the macrophages. Blockade of AIM2 inflammasome or α1-AR reversed the upregulation of PD-L1 and IDO and the phenotypic switch of the macrophages.ConclusionOur study implicates that CAR-T therapy combined with the blockade of AIM2 inflammasome or α1-AR may relieve IL-1β-related toxic side effects of CAR-T therapy and ensure antitumor effects of the treatment.
Operational based stochastic cluster regression-based modeling for predicting condition rating of highway tunnels
Authors: Hasan Sahar , Elwakil Emad 
Published: January 2021

Despite the higher capital costs of tunnels and supplementary cost of maintenance, fewer deterioration models have been built compared with other highway components. Most of these models were limited to structural defects, not operational conditions. Moreover, there are inherent subjectivity and inaccuracy of the developed models, which may affect the maintenance process. The aim of this research and proposed contribution are investigating and modeling the impact of explanatory variables and non-periodic maintenance effect on highway tunnel condition. The stochastic regression analysis has been conducted to come out with a realistic tunnel condition through the Monte Carlo simulation methodology. The research methodology consists of three phases: cluster analysis, regression modeling, and stochastic analysis. A dataset of 473 highway tunnels along 41 American states from the National Tunnels Inventory (NTI) has been used. Nine models have been developed with a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 90.8%). The obtained results and the models could help advance the development of tunnel deterioration models from a management perspective, not only from the structural view. The developed models help highway authorities to prioritize the maintenance and objectively make informed investment decisions based on the historical data. This research has come as a response to the significant problems facing the highway authorities regarding tunnels and asset management.
Normative and Equated Data of the Original and Basic Versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment among Community Dwelling Saudi Arabians
Authors: Muayqil Taim A. , Alamri Nada K. , Alqahtani Awyshah M. , Julaidan Sarah S. , Alsuhaibani Raya , Nafisah Ibrahim , Alkeridy Walid A. , Aljafen Bandar N. , Alanazy Mohammed H. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Currently, there are standard and basic versions of the MoCA, the latter designed for those with lower educational achievements. Community-based normative data on these versions of the MoCA from Arabic populations are deficient, and there is little data demonstrating how both scales perform in comparison. We aim to obtain normative performances from both versions and equate the measures of both scales. Methods. Community-based recruitment of

healthy

volunteers
≥
18

years of age. Participants underwent testing with both versions. Demographic data was collected with regard to age, gender, years of education, diabetes, and hypertension. Regression analysis was performed to determine significance of variables, and the circle-arc equating method was used to equate the two scores from each scale. Results. 311 participants were included in the study. The mean (sd) age was 45.8 (15.96), females were 184 (59.16%), and the duration of education was 12.7 (5.67) years. The mean scores on the MoCA-A and MoCA-B were 21.47 (4.53) and 24.37 (4.71) (

P
<
0.0001

), respectively. Multivariate regression showed significance of age and years of education in both versions (both variables with

P
<
0.0001

). Correlation coefficient between the two scales was 0.77 (

P
<
0.0001

). The largest equated difference between both MoCA versions was four points in those scoring from 10-20 on the MoCA-A. Conclusion. We present normative data from a large Saudi Arabian community-based sample with two different MoCA tests, and an equating graph is presented to determine the corresponding expected performance between the two scales.
CDK2-Mediated Upregulation of TNFα as a Mechanism of Selective Cytotoxicity in Acute Leukemia
Authors: Ding Husheng , Vincelette Nicole D. , McGehee Cordelia D. , Kohorst Mira A. , Koh Brian D. , Venkatachalam Annapoorna , Meng X. Wei , Schneider Paula A. , Flatten Karen S. , Peterson Kevin L. , Correia Cristina , Lee Sun-Hee , Patnaik Mrinal , Webster Jonathan A. , Ghiaur Gabriel , Smith B. Douglas , Karp Judith E. , Pratz Keith W. , Li Hu , Karnitz Larry M. , Kaufmann Scott H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Although inhibitors of the kinases CHK1, ATR, and WEE1 are undergoing clinical testing, it remains unclear how these three classes of agents kill susceptible cells and whether they utilize the same cytotoxic mechanism. Here we observed that CHK1 inhibition induces apoptosis in a subset of acute leukemia cell lines in vitro, including TP53-null acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and BCR/ABL–positive acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and inhibits leukemic colony formation in clinical AML samples ex vivo. In further studies, downregulation or inhibition of CHK1 triggered signaling in sensitive human acute leukemia cell lines that involved CDK2 activation followed by AP1-dependent TNF transactivation, TNFα production, and engagement of a TNFR1- and BID-dependent apoptotic pathway. AML lines that were intrinsically resistant to CHK1 inhibition exhibited high CHK1 expression and were sensitized by CHK1 downregulation. Signaling through this same CDK2–AP1–TNF cytotoxic pathway was also initiated by ATR or WEE1 inhibitors in vitro and during CHK1 inhibitor treatment of AML xenografts in vivo. Collectively, these observations not only identify new contributors to the antileukemic cell action of CHK1, ATR, and WEE1 inhibitors, but also delineate a previously undescribed pathway leading from aberrant CDK2 activation to death ligand–induced killing that can potentially be exploited for acute leukemia treatment.

Significance:
This study demonstrates that replication checkpoint inhibitors can kill AML cells through a pathway involving AP1-mediated TNF gene activation and subsequent TP53-independent, TNFα-induced apoptosis, which can potentially be exploited clinically.
Spontaneous ingestion of water by a free-ranging maned sloth, Bradypus torquatus, in the Ibura National Forest, northeastern Brazil
Authors: de Albuquerque Natasha Moraes , Ruiz-Esparza Juan , da Rocha Patrício Adriano , Beltrão-Mendes Raone , Ferrari Stephen Francis 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Water is an important limiting factor in the ecology of many animals, and even in rainforests, arboreal mammals, such as sloths, may have limited access to water sources. Here, we describe the spontaneous ingestion of water by a free-ranging three-toed sloth (Bradypus torquatus). The event occurred in the Ibura National Forest, in northeastern Brazil, where a sub-adult B. torquatus was monitored over three days in January, 2014. On the third day, the sloth was feeding on mature leaves and, at 16:22 h, it began raining heavily. Once the rain ceased, the sloth began to ingest the rainwater trickling down a vertical branch by licking it, and continued to ingest water for approximately 26 minutes. This behaviour indicates that the water was a valuable resource for this sloth, and sheds new light on the previous assumptions that these animals are able to satisfy their water requirements through their diet alone. This observation, together with an overview of the data on the ingestion of water by arboreal mammalian folivores, indicates that the direct ingestion of water may depend on specific local conditions, in particular, the availability of water sources, as well as the specific necessities of the mammal. As the lack of previous records of this behaviour in sloths is likely due to the cryptic behaviour of these animals, this finding highlights the importance of continuous, long-term behavioural monitoring for a more complete understanding of sloth ecology.
Multilateral Creeping Coastal State Jurisdiction and the BBNJ Negotiations
Authors: Molenaar Erik J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The interrelated notions of adjacency and creeping coastal State jurisdiction have been a key driver in the historical development of the international law of the sea. Although the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) managed to bring an end to unilateral coastal State claims to new and broader maritime zones, creeping coastal State jurisdiction per se continued, both unilaterally and multilaterally. This article focuses on so-called multilateral creeping coastal State jurisdiction – which originates predominantly from intergovernmental bodies – and in particular on the role of this phenomenon in the currently ongoing negotiations on an agreement on marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the LOSC (BBNJ Agreement). The article contains a detailed analysis of the relevant provisions in the draft BBNJ Agreement of 18 November 2019 and subsequent text proposals by delegations, in light of the historical development of the law of the sea.
Overturning Response to a Surface Wind Stress Doubling in an Eddying and a Non-Eddying Ocean
Authors: Lüschow Veit , Marotzke Jochem , Storch Jin-Song von 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, the overturning responses to wind stress changes of an eddying ocean and a non-eddying ocean are compared. Differences are found in the deep overturning cell in the low-latitude North Atlantic Ocean with substantial implications for the deep western boundary current (DWBC). In an ocean-only twin experiment with one eddying and one non-eddying configuration of the MPI ocean model, two different forcings are being applied: the standard NCEP forcing and the NCEP forcing with 2× surface wind stress. The response to the wind stress doubling in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is similar in the eddying and the non-eddying configuration, showing an increase by about 4 Sv (~25%; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). In contrast, the DWBC responds with a speedup in the non-eddying configuration and a slowdown in the eddying configuration. This paper demonstrates that the DWBC slowdown in the eddying configuration is largely balanced by eddy vorticity fluxes. Because those fluxes are not resolved and also not captured by an eddy parameterization in the non-eddying configuration, such a DWBC slowdown is likely not to occur in non-eddying ocean models, which therefore might not capture the whole range of overturning responses. Furthermore, evidence is provided that the balancing effect of the eddies is not a passive reaction to a remotely triggered DWBC slowdown. Instead, deep eddies that are sourced from the upper ocean provide an excess input of relative vorticity that then actively forces the DWBC mean flow to slow down.
Targeted Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Photothermal Therapy Combined with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: McKernan Patrick , Virani Needa A. , Faria Gabriela N. F. , Karch Clément G. , Prada Silvy Ricardo , Resasco Daniel E. , Thompson Linda F. , Harrison Roger G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe greatest contributors to cancer mortality are metastasis and the consequences of its treatment. Here, we present a novel treatment of metastatic breast cancer that combines photothermal therapy with targeted single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and immunostimulation with a checkpoint inhibitor. We find that the selective near-infrared photothermal ablation of primary orthotopic EMT6 breast tumors in syngeneic BALB/cJ mice using an annexin A5 (ANXA5) functionalized SWCNT bioconjugate synergistically enhances an anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4)-dependent abscopal response, resulting in an increased survival (55%) at 100 days after tumor inoculation. In comparison, there was no survival at 100 days for either photothermal therapy by itself or immunostimulation by itself. Prior to photothermal therapy, the SWCNT-ANXA5 bioconjugate was administered systemically at a relatively low dose of 1.2 mg/kg, where it then accumulated in tumor vasculature via ANXA5-dependent binding. During photothermal therapy, the average maximum temperature in the tumor reached 54 °C (duration 175 s). The mechanism of prolonged survival resulting from combinatorial photothermal ablation and immune stimulation was evaluated by flow cytometric quantification of splenic antitumoral immune effector cells and serum cytokine quantification.