bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTERNATIONALIZATION OF SLOVAK FAMILY ENTERPRISES - TERRITORIAL APPROACH
Authors: Mura Ladislav 
Published: December 2021

Entrepreneurial activity is currently confronted with a large number of different influences, which affect the performance of business units. Businesses face new situations due to the changing market conditions they have to respond to. The small and medium-sized business sector responds dynamically as well as very sensitively to market changes, where many family businesses are also established. Competition between market players forces both the management and the family businesses to think about new opportunities in order to ensure their growth. As a result, small and medium-sized businesses gain increased importance in international markets. This study aims to identify the current trend in the international activity of family businesses in terms of their territorial activity. In addition to the theoretical background, the submitted study also introduces the results of our empirical survey. The questionnaire survey was applied as an appropriate research method. We decided to apply a dual approach: qualitative (mainly for the theoretical part) and quantitative for the empirical part of the study. The obtained results show family businesses' interest in operating in the international business environment.
The measures to protect public legal interests in the civil process
Authors:   Ural Branch, Russian State University of Justice, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, Burmistrova Svetlana A. 
Published: December 2021

Introduction. The civil legislation of Russia has a list of general ways to protect civil rights. There is comprehensive list of ways to protect public-law subjective rights and interests either in legislation or in legal science. As a result, some methods of protection that are explicitly named in the law are widely used in practice and have been sufficiently studied in science, while others that do not have direct legislative support are little or practically not used in practice, which leads to weak protection of rights and interests that could be protected by such methods. Theoretical Basis. Methods. In order to make the most complete list of the methods of protecting public-law subjective rights and interests and, if possible, bring such methods into the system, the author of the article proceeded from the following ideas: –	social interests regulated by law (legal interests) have a different probability of achieving the object (the social good they are aimed at) and are divided into three categories, namely interests with a maximum (subjective rights), minimum (legitimate interests) and intermediate probability of achieving the object (legitimate interests that can be transformed into subjective rights by an act of law enforcement); –	legal interests in the implementation process go through a number of stages, each of which can be violated in a special way. Knowing what constitutes a violation in each of the stages, allows an accurate choice of a method of protection from the range of availale measures; –	the importance of implementing legal interests for the society is not the same. General (public) significance leads to the fact that the interest is regulated by public law. The private significance of an interest entails its regulation by private law. Results. It is argued that public and private entities can be carriers of public legal interests. It is proved that relations arising from the implementation of public-legal interests can be based on subordination or equality, and therefore the subjects of public-legal relations can have a powerful, subordinate and equal status. The article presents a system of measures and measures that should be applied in cases of violations of public-legal interests of powerful, subordinate and equal participants in public-legal relations at various stages of the implementation of such interests. Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained can serve as a basis for improving the procedural means of protection and proceedings for the protection of public legal interests.
Autochthonous vitamin-bearing plants of the Kiev Plateau
Authors: Gritsenko Victoria 
Published: December 2021

Aim. To compile and analyze an annotated list of autochthonous vitamin-bearing plant species of the Kiev Plateau, which according to ethnobotanical traditions are often used by the population of this region. Methods. The research was carried out in 2002–2021 in natural phytocoenoses of the Kyiv Plateau and artificial phytocoenoses of M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). Research methods are field and cameral. Dozens of locals were surveyed to find out which autochthonous vitamin-bearing plant species are most commonly used by the region's population. Latin names of plants are given according to the generally accepted taxonomy (Mosyakin & Fedoronchuk, 1999). A linear system (Golubev, 1972) was used for biomorphological analysis. The classification scheme of florocoenotypes (Kamelin, 1973) was used for ecologo-coenotic analysis. Results. An annotated list of autochthonous vitamin-bearing plant species of the Kyiv Plateau, which is frequently used by the population of the region, is given. The spectrum of families, biomorphological and ecologo-coenotic spectra, and priority of use of certain parts of plants are analyzed. Conclusions. The annotated list describes 43 species of plants belonging to 36 genera and 21 families. Rosaceae (26%) has the largest share in the spectrum of families. The biomorphological spectrum is dominated by herbaceous plants (61%), namely, herbaceous polycarpics (49%). In the ecologo-cenotic spectrum, the largest share is occupied by species of forest (42%) and meadow (33%) florocoenotypes. For practical use, the population of the region most often collects aboveground parts of plants, in particular, aboveground shoots (46%) or aboveground shoots and fruits (33%). All plant species listed in the annotated list are presented ex situ in the NBG. More than half of them (65.1%) are exhibited on the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of the NBG.
Using Source Proper Motion to Validate Terrestrial Parallax: OGLE-2019-BLG-1058
Authors: Shin In-Gu , Yee Jennifer C. , Hwang Kyu-Ha , Udalski Andrzej , Gould Andrew ,   (Leading authors), Albrow Michael D. , Chung Sun-Ju , Han Cheongho , Jung Youn Kil , Kim Hyoun-Woo , Ryu Yoon-Hyun , Shvartzvald Yossi , Zang Weicheng , Cha Sang-Mok , Kim Dong-Jin , Kim Seung-Lee , Lee Chung-Uk , Lee Dong-Joo , Lee Yongseok , Park Byeong-Gon , Pogge Richard W. ,   (The KMTNet Collaboration), Mróz Przemek , Szymański Michał K. , Skowron Jan , Poleski Radek , Soszyński Igor , Pietrukowicz Paweł , Kozłowski Szymon , Ulaczyk Krzysztof , Rybicki Krzysztof A. , Iwanek Patryk , Wrona Marcin , Gromadzki Mariusz ,   (The OGLE Collaboration)
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We show that because the conditions for producing terrestrial microlens parallax (TPRX; i.e., a nearby disk lens) will also tend to produce a large lens-source relative proper motion (μ
rel), source proper motion (
μ

S) measurements in general provide a strong test of TPRX signals, which Gould & Yee (2013) showed were an important probe of free-floating planet (FFP) candidates. As a case study, we report a single-lens/single-source microlensing event designated as OGLE-2019-BLG-1058. For this event, the short timescale (∼2.5 days) and very fast μ
rel (∼17.6 mas yr−1) suggest that this isolated lens is an FFP candidate located in the disk of our Galaxy. For this event, we find a TPRX signal consistent with a disk FFP, but at low significance. A direct measurement of the
μ

S shows that the large μ
rel is due to an extreme
μ

S, and thus, the lens is consistent with being a very-low-mass star in the bulge and the TPRX measurement is likely spurious. By contrast, we show how a precise measurement of
μ

S with the mean properties of the bulge proper motion distribution would have given the opposite result; i.e., provided supporting evidence for an FFP in the disk and the TPRX measurement.
Catalog of Wide Binary, Trinary and Quaternary Candidates from the Gaia Data Release 2 (Region ∣b∣ > 25°)
Authors: Zavada Petr , Píška Karel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The occurrence of multiple stars, dominantly binaries, is studied using the Gaia-ESA DR2 catalog. We apply the optimized statistical method that we previously developed for the analysis of 2D patterns. The field of stars is divided into a mosaic of small pieces that represent a statistical set for analysis. Specifically, data input is represented by a grid of circles (events) with radius 0.°02 covering the sky in the field of galactic latitude ∣b∣ > 25°. The criteria for selecting candidates for multiple stars are based on two parameters: angular separation and collinearity of proper motion. Radial separation, due to limited accuracy, is used only as a weaker supplementary constraint. Due attention is paid to the accurate calculation of the background, which is a necessary input for evaluating the quality of the candidates. Our selection algorithm generates the catalog of candidates: 900,842 binaries, 5282 trinaries, and 30 quaternaries.
Magnetic Fields in Massive Star-forming Regions (MagMaR). II. Tomography through Dust and Molecular Line Polarization in NGC 6334I(N)
Authors: Cortés Paulo C. , Sanhueza Patricio , Houde Martin , Martín Sergio , Hull Charles L. H. , Girart Josep M. , Zhang Qizhou , Fernandez-Lopez Manuel , Zapata Luis A. , Stephens Ian W. , Li Hua-bai , Wu Benjamin , Olguin Fernando , Lu Xing , Guzmán Andres E. , Nakamura Fumitaka 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Here, we report ALMA detections of polarized emission from dust, CS(J = 5 → 4), and C33S(J = 5 → 4) toward the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334I(N). A clear “hourglass” magnetic field morphology was inferred from the polarized dust emission, which is also directly seen from the polarized CS emission across velocity, where the polarization appears to be parallel to the field. By considering previous findings, the field retains a pinched shape that can be traced to clump length scales from the envelope scales traced by ALMA, suggesting that the field is dynamically important across multiple length scales in this region. The CS total intensity emission is found to be optically thick (τ
CS = 32 ± 12) while the C33S emission appears to be optically thin (

τ

C

33

S

=
0.1
±
0.01

). This suggests that sources of anisotropy other than large velocity gradients, i.e., anisotropies in the radiation field, are required to explain the polarized emission from CS seen by ALMA. By using four variants of the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi technique and the angle dispersion function methods (ADF), we obtain an average of the estimates for the magnetic field strength on the plane of the sky of

B

pos

=
16

mG from the dust and

B

pos

∼
2

mG from the CS emission, where each emission traces different molecular hydrogen number densities. This effectively enables a tomographic view of the magnetic field within a single ALMA observation.
CLEAR: The Gas-phase Metallicity Gradients of Star-forming Galaxies at 0.6 < z < 2.6
Authors: Simons Raymond C. , Papovich Casey , Momcheva Ivelina , Trump Jonathan R. , Brammer Gabriel , Estrada-Carpenter Vicente , Backhaus Bren E. , Cleri Nikko J. , Finkelstein Steven L. , Giavalisco Mauro , Ji Zhiyuan , Jung Intae , Matharu Jasleen , Weiner Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We report on the gas-phase metallicity gradients of a sample of 238 star-forming galaxies at 0.6 < z < 2.6, measured through deep near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope slitless spectroscopy. The observations include 12 orbit depth Hubble/WFC3 G102 grism spectra taken as a part of the CANDELS Lyα Emission at Reionization (CLEAR) survey, and archival WFC3 G102+G141 grism spectra overlapping the CLEAR footprint. The majority of galaxies in this sample are consistent with having a zero or slightly positive metallicity gradient (dZ/dR ≥ 0, i.e., increasing with radius) across the full mass range probed (8.5 < log M
*/M
⊙ < 10.5). We measure the intrinsic population scatter of the metallicity gradients, and show that it increases with decreasing stellar mass—consistent with previous reports in the literature, but confirmed here with a much larger sample. To understand the physical mechanisms governing this scatter, we search for correlations between the observed gradient and various stellar population properties at fixed mass. However, we find no evidence for a correlation with the galaxy properties we consider—including star formation rates, sizes, star formation rate surface densities, and star formation rates per gravitational potential energy. We use the observed weakness of these correlations to provide material constraints for predicted intrinsic correlations from theoretical models.
The 6.2 μm PAH Feature and the Role of Nitrogen: Revisited
Authors: Ricca A. , Boersma C. , Peeters E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study revisits the role that nitrogen inclusion in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; those with nitrogen inclusion, PANHs) plays in their infrared (IR) spectral properties. We present spectra of pure PAHs, PANHs, and protonated PANHs, computed using density functional theory and basis sets that treat polarization. We investigate trends in peak position and relative intensities as a function of nitrogen position, charge, and geometry. We use Spitzer-IRS spectral map data of the northwest photodissociation region of NGC 7023 and a database-fitting approach, using exclusively the PA(N)H spectra computed in this paper, to assess their IR contribution to the cosmic PAH emission. We find that, by including the treatment of polarization, pure PAH cations can account for the class A 6.2 μm PAH emission, with the 6.2 μm band position being dependent on the molecular geometry. PANH cations are required to reproduce the most blueshifted 6.2 μm bands observed in class A sources, albeit PANH cations come with strong 11.0 μm emission. Blind database fits demonstrate that the restriction imposed by the 11.0 μm emission in the astronomical spectra limits the contribution of PANH cations and the fits have to use neutral PANHs to avoid inflating the 11.0 μm feature even further. By assuming that all of the 11.0 μm emission is due to PANHs, we derive an upper limit for the contribution of PANH cations to the astronomical 6.2 μm PAH band of ∼12%. The fits further show hydrogenated PANHs significantly contributing in NGC 7023's more benign region, supporting the view that shielded environments could sustain protonated PA(N)Hs.
DIISC-II: Unveiling the Connections between Star Formation and Interstellar Medium in the Extended Ultraviolet Disk of NGC 3344
Authors: Padave Mansi , Borthakur Sanchayeeta , Gim Hansung B. , Jansen Rolf A. , Thilker David , Heckman Timothy , Kennicutt Robert C. , Momjian Emmanuel , Fox Andrew J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We present our investigation of the extended ultraviolet (XUV) disk galaxy, NGC 3344, conducted as part of Deciphering the Interplay between the Interstellar medium, Stars, and the Circumgalactic medium survey. We use surface and aperture photometry of individual young stellar complexes to study star formation and its effect on the physical properties of the interstellar medium. We measure the specific star formation rate (sSFR) and find it to increase from 10−10 yr−1 in the inner disk to >10−8 yr−1 in the extended disk. This provides evidence for inside-out disk growth. If these sSFRs are maintained, the XUV disk stellar mass can double in ∼0.5 Gyr, suggesting a burst of star formation. The XUV disk will continue forming stars for a long time due to the high gas depletion times (τ
dep). The stellar complexes in the XUV disk have high-ΣH I and low-ΣSFR with τ
dep ∼ 10 Gyr, marking the onset of a deviation from the traditional Kennicutt–Schmidt law. We find that both far-ultraviolet (FUV) and a combination of FUV and 24 μm effectively trace star formation in the XUV disk. Hα is weaker in general and prone to stochasticities in the formation of massive stars. Investigation of the circumgalactic medium at 29.5 kpc resulted in the detection of two absorbing systems with metal-line species: the stronger absorption component is consistent with gas flows around the disk, most likely tracing inflow, while the weaker component is likely tracing corotating circumgalactic gas.
Very-high-energy Emission from Pulsars
Authors: Harding Alice K. , Venter Christo , Kalapotharakos Constantinos 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Air-Cherenkov telescopes have detected pulsations at energies above 50 GeV from a growing number of Fermi pulsars. These include the Crab, Vela, PSR B1706−44, and Geminga, with the first two having pulsed detections above 1 TeV. In some cases, there appears to be very-high-energy (VHE) emission that is an extension of the Fermi spectra to high energies, while in other cases, additional higher-energy spectral components that require a separate emission mechanism may be present. We present results of broadband spectral modeling using global magnetospheric fields and multiple emission mechanisms that include synchro-curvature (SC) and inverse Compton scattered (ICS) radiation from accelerated particles (primaries) and synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission from lower-energy pairs. Our models predict three distinct VHE components: SC from primaries whose high-energy tail can extend to 100 GeV, SSC from pairs that can extend to several TeV, and ICS from primary particles accelerated in the current sheet that scatter pair synchrotron radiation, which appears beyond 10 TeV. Our models suggest that H.E.S.S.-II and MAGIC have detected the high-energy tail of the primary SC component that produces the Fermi spectrum in Vela, Geminga, and PSR B1706−44. We argue that the ICS component peaking above 10 TeV from Vela has been seen by H.E.S.S. Detection of this emission component from the Crab and other pulsars is possible with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory and Cherenkov Telescope Array, and will directly measure the maximum particle energy in pulsars.
Stellar Populations of Galaxies in the LAMOST Spectral Survey
Authors: Wang Li-Li , Shen Shi-Yin , Luo A-Li , Yang Guang-Jun , Gai Ning , Tang Yan-Ke , Wang Meng-Xin , Qin Li , Han Jin-Shu , Rong Li-Xia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We first derive the stellar population properties: age and metallicity for ∼43,000 low redshift galaxies in the DR7 of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) survey, which have no spectroscopic observations in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We employ a fitting procedure based on the small-scale features of galaxy spectra so as to avoid possible biases from the uncertain flux calibration of the LAMOST spectroscopy. We show that our algorithm can successfully recover the average age and metallicity of the stellar populations of galaxies down to signal-to-noise ratio ≥5 through testing on both mock galaxies and real galaxies comprising LAMOST and their SDSS counterparts. We provide a catalog of the age and metallicity for ∼43,000 LAMOST galaxies online. As a demonstration of the scientific application of this catalog, we present the Holmberg effect on both age and metallicity of a sample of galaxies in galaxy pairs.
Preparing to Discover the Unknown with Rubin LSST: Time Domain
Authors: Li Xiaolong , Ragosta Fabio , Clarkson William I. , Bianco Federica B. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Perhaps the most exciting promise of the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) is its capability to discover phenomena never before seen or predicted: true astrophysical novelties; but the ability of LSST to make these discoveries will depend on the survey strategy. Evaluating candidate strategies for true novelties is a challenge both practically and conceptually. Unlike traditional astrophysical tracers like supernovae or exoplanets, for anomalous objects, the template signal is by definition unknown. We approach this problem by assessing survey completeness in a phase space defined by object color and flux (and their evolution), and considering the volume explored by integrating metrics within this space with the observation depth, survey footprint, and stellar density. With these metrics, we explore recent simulations of the Rubin LSST observing strategy across the entire observed spatial footprint and in specific Local Volume regions: the Galactic Plane and Magellanic Clouds. Under our metrics, observing strategies with greater diversity of exposures and time gaps tend to be more sensitive to genuinely new transients, particularly over time-gap ranges left relatively unexplored by previous surveys. To assist the community, we have made all of the tools developed publicly available. While here we focus on transients, an extension of the scheme to include proper motions and the detection of associations or populations of interest will be communicated in Paper II of this series. This paper was written with the support of the Vera C. Rubin LSST Transients and Variable Stars and Stars, Milky Way, Local Volume Science Collaborations.
Tant qu’il y aura des yeux
Authors: Costantini Michel 
Published: December 2021

L’utopie vise à rendre chacun de nous heureux sous le régime de l’ Omnis : on s’y applique à différencier le tout, à articuler la globalité du Multiple en ses manifestations particulières. Mais l’ Omnis glisse aisément sur la pente dysphorique du Totus , qui cherche à ramener la multiplicité des étants à l’Un, généralisant le Même. Le roman Nous d’Eugène Zamiatine, écrit à Moscou en 1920, nous fait ainsi découvrir un monde – anticipation fictionnelle, évocatrice pourtant de bien des réalités de notre époque comme de la sienne – régi par un État Unitaire qui, pour atteindre mêmeté et uniformité, ferme radicalement la voie à l’imagination, dangereuse source d’exception et d’évasion, colmate, rabote, contrôle et surveille à tout-va, bride la phusis au nom d’un fallacieux logos .
Le droit à l’avortement, la dignité humaine et la personnalité du fœtus
Authors: Cottereau Marc 
Published: December 2021

Dans son article « La controverse sur l’avortement aux États-Unis », Ronald Dworkin affirmait l’idée que le droit à l’avortement fait partie d’un « projet général ». Ce projet, nous dit-il, consiste en la construction d’une société « véritablement acquise à la cause de la liberté et de la dignité de l’individu » et tout l’objet de ce présent article sera de présenter une défense systématique de l’intuition tout juste esquissée par Dworkin. Il s’agira de montrer que la reconnaissance d’un droit effectif à l’avortement n’est nullement conditionnée par le statut que l’on accorde au fœtus, mais qu’il résulte plutôt du rôle que joue la dignité humaine au sein d’un système juridique libéral. La controverse ne devrait donc pas porter sur le statut du fœtus, mais sur le type de société que nous souhaitons construire. Or, la construction d’une société bridée et décente suppose de limiter ce que l’on est en droit de demander sur le fondement du droit à la vie.
La dignité de la condition humaine. Une réponse à Marc Cottereau
Authors: Dijon Xavier 
Published: December 2021

S’appuyant d’abord sur le rappel des deux écoles – classique (droit naturel) et moderne (contrat social) – qui divergent quant à la désignation de la source du droit, puis sur l’examen des rôles respectifs joués par l’intelligence et par la volonté dans la formulation des normes juridiques, l’article critique la référence que fait M. Cottereau à la dignité humaine conçue comme absence de cruauté pour justifier le droit de la femme à l’avortement. Mais cette critique peut-elle convaincre si la condition humaine n’est pas référée, comme telle, à une transcendance spirituelle ?