bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of copper on the photosynthesis and growth of Eichhornia crassipes
Authors: Jin M.‐F. , You M.‐X. , Lan Q.‐Q. , Cai L.‐Y. , Lin M.‐Z. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Although copper is essential for plant growth and development and plays an important role in many physiological processes, excess copper, resulting from industrial development and population expansion in the recent decades, leads to environmental pollution and has been a cause of wide concern for the adverse effects on photosynthesis, metabolism and growth of plants.

The growth properties (e.g. fresh weight, root length, height), photosynthetic properties (e.g. gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll content) and the physiological index (e.g. activity of antioxidant enzymes and osmotic regulators) of Eichhornia crassipes were assessed under various Cu2+ concentrations in hydroponic experiments.

The growth of E. crassipes was negatively affected by Cu2+ treatments, especially at higher Cu2+ concentrations; the Cu2+ treatments resulted in decreased photosynthesis because of a decrease in leaf chlorophyll content and damage to PSII functions, except the oxygen‐evolving complex. The physiological tolerance of E. crassipes to Cu2+ relies on osmotic regulation, anti‐lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant properties.

The results indicate that E. crassipes could be considered as a phytoremediation agent for Cu2+ pollution in aquatic environments. However, the benefit of E. crassipes for Cu2+ removal in a highly polluted aquatic environment will be limited, but it will be effective in remediating sites with low pollution (≤5 mg·l−1). The present results could provide not only a basis for understanding the effects of pollutants on photosynthesis in plants under heavy metal stress but also provide a basis for choosing plants for phytoremediation.
Misinterpreting the adaptive value of phenotypic plasticity in studies on plant adaptation to new and variable environments
Authors: Bonser S. P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism for plant adaptation to variable environments, and plant responses to changing climates. However, plasticity in fitness or performance traits (i.e. fecundity, biomass, growth rate) is generally not adaptive since plasticity in these traits would require low fitness or poor performance in some environments. I assessed the use of plasticity in fitness and performance traits in recent plasticity studies, and in studies where I have recently acted as a reviewer or editor. I found that approximately one third of studies include plasticity in fitness and/or performance traits in their assessment of potentially adaptive responses to environmental variability. Misinterpreting plasticity may be due the simplicity and power of plasticity to investigate adaptation to heterogeneous environments, but no guidelines of how to interpret plasticity in fitness and performance traits. This review highlights the extent of the problem of misinterpreting plasticity, and as a guide to interpreting adaptive and maladaptive plastic responses in plants.
Testicular shape, scrotal skin thickness and testicular artery blood flow changes in bulls of different ages
Authors: Claus Luís Afonso Marques , Barca Junior Flávio Antônio , Junior Celso Koetz , Pereira Gabriel Ribas , Fávaro Patrícia da Cruz , Ferreira Fabio Procópio , Galdioli Victor Hugo Gonçalves , Seneda Marcelo Marcondes , Ribeiro Edson Luís de Azambuja 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the biometric testicular characteristics, skin thickness and haemodynamics of the testicular artery of 12‐ and 24‐month‐old bulls using Doppler ultrasonography, the study was conducted using 48indicus‐taurusanimals. The scrotal circumference (SC) and biometry characteristics of the bulls were measured to calculate the testicular volume. Doppler ultrasonography was used to obtain the haemodynamic values of the testicular artery. The skin thickness and volume were lower (p<.01) in the younger bulls (12 months:4.68 ± 0.68 mm; 168.76 ± 47.96 cm3) versus 24 months (5.05 ± 0.89; 499.73 ± 129.24 cm3) animals (p<.01). During diastole, mean velocity was lower in the 12 months (7.98 ± 3.83) than in the 24 months (11.37 ± 4.15) animals (p<.05). The 12‐month‐old animals had higher pulsatility and resistivity indices (0.49 ± 0.02; 0.51 ± 0.20) compared to the 24‐month‐old animals (0.32 ± 0.16; 0.40 ± 0.15) (p< .05). The final testicular end velocity was lower in animals with long/moderate‐shaped (L/M) (7.31 ± 2.91) than in those moderate/oval‐shaped (M/O) (11.48 ± 3.88) testicles (p< .05). Animals with L/M testes presented higher pulsatility values and resistivity indices (0.51 ± 0.05; 0.55 ± 0.04) compared to animals with M/O shape (0.29 ± 0.20; 0.36 ± 0.15). We showed that the blood flow of the supra testicular artery between the two evaluated ages differed, and that 24‐month‐old bulls presented better thermoregulation capacity. Animals with a long/moderate testicular format presented a greater vascular resistance, which was imposed on the blood flow due to the anatomical differences in the testicular artery, resulting in lower velocity, and indicating better heat dissipation in this format.
Bilateral responsive regulation and international tax competition: Anagent‐basedsimulation
Authors: Gerbrands Peter , Unger Brigitte , Ferwerda Joras 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCountry‐by‐Country Reporting and Automatic Exchange of Information have recently been implemented in European Union (EU) countries. These international tax reforms increase tax compliance in the short term. In the long run, however, taxpayers will continue looking abroad to avoid taxation and, countries, looking for additional revenues, will provide opportunities. As a result, tax competition intensifies and the initial increase in compliance could reverse. To avoid international tax reforms being counteracted by tax competition, this paper suggests bilateral responsive regulation to maximize compliance. This implies that countries would use different tax policy instruments toward other countries, including tax and secrecy havens. Our agent‐based simulation finds that a differentiated policy response could increase tax compliance by 6.54 percent, which translates into an annual increase of €105 billion in EU tax revenues on income, profits, and capital gains. Corporate income tax revenues in France, Spain, and the UK alone would already account for €35 billion.
The interrelation between formal and informal institutions through international trade
Authors: Park Se Mi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper theoretically examines how country‐specific formal and informal institutions are interrelated through international trade within a two‐country general‐equilibrium framework. When formal and informal institutions collectively generate institutional quality, formal institutions endogenously arise based on exogenously given informal institutions. Institutional quality governs the productivity of an institutionally intensive sector that features increasing returns. I find that in open economies, formal institutions tend to improve with the quality of informal institutions. In contrast, under autarky, formal institutions deteriorate with informal institutional quality. These results reveal that trade opens up the opportunity for enhancing formal institutions of countries with rich informal institutions.
Relating seafloor geomorphology to subsurface architecture: How mass‐transport deposits and knickpoint‐zones build the stratigraphy of the deep‐water Hikurangi Channel
Authors: Tek Daniel E. , McArthur Adam D. , Poyatos‐Moré Miquel , Colombera Luca , Patacci Marco , Craven Benjamin , McCaffrey William D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMonitoring of modern deep‐water channels has revealed how migrating channel‐floor features generate and remove stratigraphy, improving understanding of how channel morphologies relate to their deposits. Here, seafloor and subsurface data are reconciled through an integrated study of high‐resolution bathymetry and three‐dimensional seismic data imaging aca150 km stretch of the trench‐axial Hikurangi Channel, offshore New Zealand. On the seafloor, terraced channel‐walls bound a flat, wide, channel‐floor, ornamented with three scales of features that increase then decrease in longitudinal gradient downstream, and widen downstream: cyclic‐steps, knickpoints and knickpoint‐zones (in increasing size). Mass‐transport deposits derived from channel‐wall collapse, are bordered by wide and flat reaches of channel‐floor upstream and by knickpoint‐zones (reaches containing multiple knickpoints) downstream. In the subsurface, recognition of ten seismofacies and five types of surface enables identification of four depositional elements: channel‐fill, sheet or terrace, levée, and mass‐transport deposits. Integration of subsurface and seafloor interpretations reveals that knickpoint‐zones initiate on the downstream margins of channel‐damming mass‐transport deposits; they migrate and incise through the mass‐transport deposits and weakly‐confined deposits formed upstream, as the channel tends towards equilibrium. Downstream of a knickpoint‐zone, a flat channel‐floor is bounded by newly‐formed terraces. Knickpoints migrate by eroding upstream and depositing downstream, generating filled concave‐up (cross‐sectional) surfaces in their wake. Within knickpoint‐zones, knickpoint‐generated surfaces are re‐incised by subsequently‐passing knickpoints to produce a composite bounding surface; this surface does not delineate the morphology of any palaeo‐conduit. The Hikurangi Channel’s subsurface architecture records the localized erosional response to mass‐transport deposit emplacement via knickpoint‐zone migration, showcasing how transient seafloor features can build channelized stratigraphy. This model provides an additional mechanism to conventional models of channel deposit formation through ‘cut‐and‐fill’ over long stretches of channel. These findings may aid subsurface interpretation in systems lacking a contemporary self‐analogue or with poor data coverage.
Revisiting Husserl’s Concept of Leib Using Merleau‐Ponty’s Ontology
Authors: Halák Jan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article reconsiders Husserl’s concept of Leib in light of Merleau‐Ponty’s interpretation of the human body as an ontologically significant phenomenon. I first analyze Husserl’s account of the body as a “two‐fold unity” and demonstrate the problematic nature of its four implications, namely, the ambiguous ontological status of the body as subject‐object, the view of “my body” as “my object,” the preconstitutive character of the unity of the body, and the restriction of the constitution of the body to touch alone. Building on this analysis, I explain how Merleau‐Ponty resolves the difficulties raised by Husserl’s account by reversing it. According to Merleau‐Ponty, “flesh” is not a two‐fold reality comprising subjective and objective aspects, but an ontological dimension from which these aspects can be abstracted through specific cognitive operations. Consequently, all subjective and objective aspects, even beyond the boundaries of one’s body, must be understood as founded in the indivisible unity of flesh. I argue that a thorough phenomenological description of the human body requires abandoning Husserl’s concept of Leib because it contributes to perpetuating subject‐object dualism. In contrast, Merleau‐Ponty’s notion of flesh reveals the circularity between subject and object and its general ontological significance.
Dealing with the loss of the village supermarket: The perceived effects two years after closure
Authors: Haartsen Tialda , Gieling Joost 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn 2015, the local supermarket of the depopulating village of Ulrum closed its doors. After a first survey around the closure, a second survey was conducted two years later, to investigate changes in the different meanings of the local supermarket and the perceived effects of its closure over time. The results show that respondents state that the liveability and status of the village have decreased because of the loss of the supermarket. This strongly relates to the symbolic and village level meanings of the supermarket: A village ‘needs’ a supermarket for the villages’ status and as a place to do groceries, and people feel that a village without a supermarket is a village without a heart. The article concludes by alleging that the symbolic meaning of facilities plays an important role in explaining the perceived effects of the loss of the local supermarket.
Ride to cell wall: Arabidopsis XTH11, XTH29 and XTH33 exhibit different secretion pathways and responses to heat and drought stress
Authors: De Caroli Monica , Manno Elisa , Piro Gabriella , Lenucci Marcello S. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are enzymes involved in cell wall assembly and growth regulation, cleaving and re‐joining hemicellulose chains in the xyloglucan–cellulose network. Here, in a homologous system, we compare the secretion patterns of XTH11, XTH33 and XTH29, three members of the Arabidopsis thaliana XTH family, selected for the presence (XTH11 and XTH33) or absence (XTH29) of a signal peptide, and the presence of a transmembrane domain (XTH33). We show that XTH11 and XTH33 reached, respectively, the cell wall and plasma membrane through a conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway, whereas XTH29 moves towards the apoplast following an unconventional protein secretion (UPS) mediated by exocyst‐positive organelles (EXPOs). All XTHs share a common C‐terminal functional domain (XET‐C) that, for XTH29 and a restricted number of other XTHs (27, 28 and 30), continues with an extraterminal region (ETR) of 45 amino acids. We suggest that this region is necessary for the correct cell wall targeting of XTH29, as the ETR‐truncated protein never reaches its final destination and is not recruited by EXPOs. Furthermore, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analyses performed on 4‐week‐old Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to drought and heat stress suggest a different involvement of the three XTHs in cell wall remodeling under abiotic stress, evidencing stress‐, organ‐ and time‐dependent variations in the expression levels. Significantly, XTH29, codifying the only XTH that follows a UPS pathway, is highly upregulated with respect to XTH11 and XTH33, which code for CPS‐secreted proteins.
Outcome of bilateral equid laparoscopic ovariectomies
Authors: Collar Elizabeth M. , Duesterdieck‐Zellmer Katja F. , Huber Michael J. , Semevolos Stacy A. , Parker Jill E. , Husby Kirsty A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess outcomes and behavior changes associated with bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomies.Study designRetrospective study.Sample populationFifty‐one equids.MethodsMedical records were evaluated from equid bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomies from January 2012 to October 2018 with a potential of 6 months follow‐up. Follow‐up information obtained by telephone interviews included behavior before and after surgery. Likelihood ratio chi‐square tests and odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI were calculated where applicable, with statistical significance atp < .05.ResultsBilateral ovariectomy was performed in 51 cases, with elective (no pathologic ovaries) ovariectomies performed in 41/51 cases. Occasional estrus‐like behavior was observed postoperatively in 14/51 (27%) mares, but the behavior was mild and manageable in all cases. There was no age effect on outcome in all bilateral (p = .56) or elective only (p = .36) cases. In 37/41 (90%) elective cases, improvement was observed in the reason for presentation. Some response to altrenogest administration for behavior modification was observed preoperatively in 12/18 (67%) elective cases. Response to altrenogest was not associated with (p = .31) or able to predict a beneficial response to surgery (OR = 5.5; 95% CI = 0.38–78.57;p = .21).ConclusionResponse to altrenogest in elective cases may not predict behavioral outcome with ovariectomy. Occasional estrus‐like behavior in mares postoperatively was not problematic for any owners. Bilateral ovariectomy is a viable treatment option for owners seeking to alleviate undesirable behavior in mares.Clinical significanceThis study should aid veterinarians and horse owners in case selection for bilateral ovariectomy.
Cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular reactivity and their influence on ventilatory sensitivity
Authors: Carr Jay M. J. R. , Caldwell Hannah G. , Ainslie Philip N. 
Published: May 2021

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?
Cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2, which is a principal factor in determining ventilatory responses to CO2 through the role reactivity plays in determining cerebral extra‐ and intracellular pH.

What advances does it highlight?
Recent animal evidence suggests central chemoreceptor vasculature may demonstrate regionally heterogeneous cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2, potentially as a protective mechanism against excessive CO2 washout from the central chemoreceptors, thereby allowing ventilation to reflect the systemic acid–base balance needs (respiratory changes in ) rather than solely the cerebral needs. Ventilation per se does not influence cerebrovascular reactivity independent of changes in .

AbstractAlveolar ventilation and cerebral blood flow are both predominantly regulated by arterial blood gases, especially arterial , and so are intricately entwined. In this review, the fundamental mechanisms underlying cerebrovascular reactivity and central chemoreceptor control of breathing are covered. We discuss the interaction of cerebral blood flow and its reactivity with the control of ventilation and ventilatory responsiveness to changes in , as well as the lack of influence of ventilation itself on cerebrovascular reactivity. We briefly summarize the effects of arterial hypoxaemia on the relationship between ventilatory and cerebrovascular response to both and . We then highlight key methodological considerations regarding the interaction of reactivity and ventilatory sensitivity, including the following: regional heterogeneity of cerebrovascular reactivity; a pharmacological approach for the reduction of cerebral blood flow; reactivity assessment techniques; the influence of mean arterial blood pressure; and sex‐related differences. Finally, we discuss ventilatory and cerebrovascular control in the context of high altitude and congestive heart failure. Future research directions and pertinent questions of interest are highlighted throughout.
The role of mitochondria in metabolic disease: a special emphasis on heart dysfunction
Authors: Federico Marilen , De la Fuente Sergio , Palomeque Julieta , Sheu Shey‐Shing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMetabolic diseases (MetDs) embrace a series of pathologies characterized by abnormal body glucose usage. The known diseases included in this group are metabolic syndrome, prediabetes and diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2. All of them are chronic pathologies that present metabolic disturbances and are classified as multi‐organ diseases. Cardiomyopathy has been extensively described in diabetic patients without overt macrovascular complications. The heart is severely damaged during the progression of the disease; in fact, diabetic cardiomyopathies are the main cause of death in MetDs. Insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia and increased free fatty acid metabolism promote cardiac damage through mitochondria. These organelles supply most of the energy that the heart needs to beat and to control essential cellular functions, including Ca2+ signalling modulation, reactive oxygen species production and apoptotic cell death regulation. Several aspects of common mitochondrial functions have been described as being altered in diabetic cardiomyopathies, including impaired energy metabolism, compromised mitochondrial dynamics, deficiencies in Ca2+ handling, increases in reactive oxygen species production, and a higher probability of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Therefore, the mitochondrial role in MetD‐mediated heart dysfunction has been studied extensively to identify potential therapeutic targets for improving cardiac performance. Herein we review the cardiac pathology in metabolic syndrome, prediabetes and diabetes mellitus, focusing on the role of mitochondrial dysfunctions.
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NAD+ and NAFLD – caution, causality and careful optimism
Authors: Dall Morten , Hassing Anna S. , Treebak Jonas T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide, and new treatments are sorely needed. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has been proposed as a potential target to prevent and reverse NAFLD. NAD+ is an important redox factor for energy metabolism and is used as a substrate by a range of enzymes, including sirtuins (SIRT), which regulates histone acetylation, transcription factor activity and mitochondrial function. NAD+ is also a precursor for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is an important component of the antioxidant defense system. NAD+ precursors such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) are available as over‐the‐counter dietary supplements, and oral supplementation with these precursors increases hepatic NAD+ levels and prevents hepatic lipid accumulation in pre‐clinical models of NAFLD. NAD+ precursors have also been found to improve hepatic mitochondrial function and decrease oxidative stress in pre‐clinical NAFLD models. NAD+ repletion also prevents NAFLD progression to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as NAD+ precursor supplementation is associated with decreased hepatic stellate cell activation, and decreased fibrosis. However, initial clinical trials have only shown modest effects when NAD+ precursors were administrated to people with obesity. We review the available pre‐clinical investigations of NAD+ supplementation for targeting NAFLD, and discuss how data from the first clinical trials can be reconciled with observations from preclinical research.
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