bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dos cartas de Adam Smith sobre el libre comercio entre Irlanda y Gran Bretaña
Authors: Perpere-Viñuales Álvaro 
Published: July 2021

A finales de 1779, Adam Smith envió una serie de cartas a diferentes personalidades del gobierno británico respecto a una posible apertura del comercio de Inglaterra con Irlanda. En estas epístolas, Smith se manifestó claramente a favor de la apertura comercial, a la que consideraba positiva tanto para Inglaterra como para Irlanda, y presentó una serie de argumentaciones que buscaban probar estos beneficios. Una lectura de estas cartas muestra que en ellas el escocés desarrolló ideas y casos que luego reformuló y publicó como adiciones al momento de dar a conocer la tercera edición de La Riqueza de las Naciones.
El presente trabajo consiste en una traducción de dos de esos textos, hasta donde se ha podido comprobar, la primera al habla castellana. Junto con la traducción se presenta una introducción de las mismas, en orden a una mejor comprensión de su contexto y sentido. Con ello, se pretende dar a conocer aspectos que quizás todavía permanecen poco explorados del pensamiento de Adam Smith.
Reminiscence-Focused Music Therapy to Promote Positive Mood and Engagement and Shared Interaction for People Living With Dementia
Authors: Kelly Lisa , Ahessy Bill 
Published: July 2021

Although there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that combining music therapy and reminiscence in a structured and complementary way may yield positive well-being outcomes for people with dementia, there is a gap in the literature combining both in equal measure. Furthermore, there are no known studies exploring the use of ‘associative items’ as part of the combined intervention and no known standardised protocol or method currently exists. This mixed methods study aims to explore whether combining music therapy and reminiscence with associative items for people with dementia may promote positive mood and engagement levels and shared interaction through (a) musical expression, (b) reminiscence and (c) verbal interaction. Five weekly reminiscence-focused music therapy (RFMT) sessions with associative items were conducted with a group of five people with dementia living in a residential care unit. Results from the Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) revealed that the RFMT intervention was highly effective in promoting positive mood and engagement levels and shared interaction. Participants exhibited considerable positive mood and engagement (+3) 51.6%, and high positive mood and engagement (+5) 38.2%, of the total time observed. The three most frequent behaviours across the five RFMT sessions included musical expression, which was observed 53.2% of the time, reminiscence, observed 23% of the time, and verbal interaction, observed 34% of the total time observed. Data from the music therapist’s reflective journal and session summaries revealed that the associative items prompted reality orientation, verbal interaction, and cognitive stimulation. The music elements were found to increase group cohesion, stimulate cognition, and act as an anchor, re-orientating group members intermittently. Implications of practice are considered, and future recommendations of practice are outlined.
Conceptions of patient safety through the prism of social representations of intensive care nurses
Authors: Barreto Rejane Santos , Servo Maria Lúcia Silva , Vilela Alba Benemérita Alves , Fontoura Elaine Guedes , Souza Sinara de Lima , Santana Neuranides 
Published: July 2021

Objective. To analyze the concepts of patient safety from the perspective of the social representations of intensive care nurses.
Methods. An exploratory, qualitative and quantitative study, based on the Theory of Social Representations, was conducted in a large hospital in northeastern Brazil, with 20 intensive care nurses. Data collection took place in 2019, using the techniques of free word association test and semi-structured interview. The lexicons apprehended in the test were processed by the OpenEvoc software, by prototypical analysis of the evocations, and for the interview data, thematic content analysis was used.
Results. In the composition of the central nucleus, the elements of surveillance, knowledge, identification, communication, and quality stood out, and in the constitution of the peripheral system of the social representations of intensive care nurses permeate care, attention, attitudes, and normative aspects. The triangulation of the findings outlined three thematic categories: Central dimensions of critical patient safety; Attitudinal dimensions for patient safety in intensive care; Normative dimensions linked to the safe handling of the patient in the ICU.
Conclusion. The social representations of intensive care nurses reveal that the critical patient's conceptions of security involve effective surveillance and communication, promotion of a safe environment based on risk prevention, use of guides and protocols, teamwork, and the sense of responsibility and commitment to individuality of being cared for, elements that for this social group, are the differential for assertive and safe care.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for 35 earthquakes in Western North America (1977-1983)
Authors: Ekström Göran , Dziewonski Adam M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Seismic records from the GDSN (SRO, ASRO, DWWSSN, RSTN) and IDA networks were used to obtain long-period (T &gt; 45 sec) focal mechanisms for 35 earthquakes in Western North America (longitude: −140° to −110°; latitude: +30° to +60°) employing the centroid-moment tensor method of Dziewonski et al. (1981) and Dziewonski and Woodhouse (1983). The same algorithm was applied to all events, the smallest (M0 = 6.4 × 1023 dyne-cm) being an aftershock to the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake and the largest (M0 = 8.5 × 1026 dyne-cm), the 1980 Eureka, California, earthquake. All events were analyzed with and without the constraint Mrθ = Mrφ = 0 on the moment tensor; an ad hoc criterion on the relative variance reduction was employed to determine a favored solution. Our solutions show general agreement with other published results, as well as with tectonic structures. Agreement with results obtained using the abundant local and regional data confirms the adequacy of the method in determining long-period source parameters and verifies its applicability in regions where local and regional data are scarce or nonexistent.
In some cases, disagreement between our solution and results from first motion studies appears to be related to source complexities. Our moment tensor represents the total stress release of the composite event.
A consistent westward movement of the centroid locations reflects lateral heterogeneities in the crust and mantle.
Coupling of ocean bottom seismometers to sediment: Results of tests with the U.S. Geological Survey ocean bottom seismometer
Authors: Trehu Anne M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe response of an ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) to a transient pull that excites the natural OBS-sediment coupling resonance can be modeled as a mass-spring-dashpot system in which the resonant frequency and damping are functions of instrument mass and bearing radius and of the physical properties of the sediment (primarily the shear modulus). For the very soft sediments sometimes found on the sea floor, this resonance may be within the main frequency band of interest (2 to 15 Hz) for many common instrument configurations. To test the model and to find an anchor that would shift the coupling resonance to a higher frequency and decrease its amplitude, we conducted a series of tests which measured the response of the vertical and horizontal components of the U.S. Geological Survey OBS to transient pulls as a function of anchor configuration and sediment properties. The tested anchors included a concrete “flowerpot,” a tripod, a plate, and a perforated plate. Sites were on soft, organic-rich ooze and on firm sand. Several small shots were also fired at the ooze site in order to compare the response of the plate and “flowerpot” anchors to seismic signals. For a given anchor at a given site, the observed response was very repeatable. We found that the model predicts the vertical coupling response quite well and that good vertical coupling can be achieved with the plate or perforated-plate anchors. The response to the horizontal pulls, however, was similar and resonant for all anchors.
Focal mechanism analyses for Virginia earthquakes (1978-1984)
Authors: Munsey Jeffrey W. , Bollinger G. A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFocal mechanisms are presented for 11 earthquakes from the Giles County, Virginia, seismic zone and for 12 earthquakes from the central Virginia seismic zone. These earthquakes (0 ≦ M ≦ 4) were monitored by local networks between January 1978 and October 1984. In Giles County, six single-event focal mechanisms and five composite-event focal mechanisms were determined. In central Virginia, eleven single-event focal mechanisms and four composite-event focal mechanisms were obtained. A computer program, FOCMEC, that systematically searches the focal sphere for valid mechanism solutions, based on both P-wave polarities and (SV/P)z amplitude ratios, was used to determine the focal mechanism solutions.The results for the Giles County seismic zone show predominately strike-slip mechanisms on steeply dipping (73° ± 16°) NNE (right-lateral motion) and ESE (left-lateral motion) trending nodal planes. However, some (4/11) of the solutions show similar movement on nodal planes rotated 45° counterclockwise. The means and standard deviations for the trends and plunges of the P axes are N46°E ± 24° and 13.5° ± 20°, respectively, as computed from the six single-event focal mechanisms and two composite-event focal mechanisms.Focal mechanisms from central Virginia exhibit much more scatter in mechanism types and nodal plane orientations than observed in Giles County. The P axes in central Virginia are generally northeast-trending for shallow earthquakes (&lt;8 km) and northwest-trending for deeper ones (&gt;8 km). The focal mechanisms exhibit a mixture of reverse and strike slip faulting on planes that dip 62° ± 16°.The two Virginia seismic zones are separated by only 200 km, yet their seismogenic characteristics are very different. In Giles County, the earthquakes occur beneath the Appalachian decollement, and the faulting and inferred stress orientations are uniform. In central Virginia, however, the seismicity is occurring at and above the decollement and the associated fault planes and stress orientations are quite variable.
Elimination of near-source ellipticity corrections to body-wave travel times by use of equidistant latitudes
Authors: Brown R. James 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe use of equidistant latitudes has been proposed by the author to eliminate discrepancies between angular and kilometric epicentral distances. This is done in combination with a path-length correction which depends on the inclination of the great ellipse containing the epicenter-receiver path. If there were a one-to-one correspondence between source-receiver surface arc length (in kilometers) and, say, P-wave travel time (for constant focal depth) for a standard spheroidal Earth, the ellipticity (time) correction could then be replaced by the distance correction described. However, one would only expect this to be approximately valid for small epicentral distances Δ.In this paper, the travel-time corrections made by using equidistant latitudes (and the great-ellipse correction) are compared with the “true” ellipticity corrections due to Dziewonski and Gilbert. It is seen that the present equidistant-latitude method gives P-wave correction values that, for example, are always within 0.05 sec of the “true” values for Δ ≦ 14° and normal focal depth (h ≦ 40 km). For large Δ(⪞ 45°) and/or great focal depth (h⪞ 475 km), these values may differ by more than 0.2 sec. This equidistant-latitude method of correcting body-wave travel times is thus not recommended for routine use, but it could be used to advantage in special studies involving smaller Δ and h.
Diffraction of Love waves by a finite rigid barrier
Authors: Asghar S. , Zaman F. D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe diffraction of Love waves, traveling in a layer overlying a half-space, normally incident upon a finite rigid barrier is considered using the Wiener-Hopf technique. The transmitted waves are calculated analytically, and it has been observed that the case of the infinite rigid barrier can be obtained as a special case of this problem.
The seismic response of two-dimensional sedimentary deposits with large vertical velocity gradients
Authors: Bard Pierre-Yves , Gariel Jean-Christophe 
Published: July 2021

abstractAn extension of the Aki-Larner technique to vertically inhomogeneous media is presented, so that vertical velocity gradients may be taken into account in two-dimensional models. Only SH waves are considered here, but the theory is valid for P and SV waves as well.This method is applied to investigate the seismic response of two-dimensional sedimentary deposits with large velocity gradients. Three different cases are considered: a shallow, high-contrast valley, a deep, high-contrast valley, and a deep, low-contrast valley. In each case, a comparison is performed with the results of a two-dimensional model taking into account only homogeneous sediments and a one-dimensional model taking into account the vertical inhomogeneity of sediments.The presence of a large velocity gradient does not change a lot the qualitative behavior of a two-dimensional deposit: local surface waves and/or two-dimensional resonance patterns are observed as in the case of homogeneous sediments. Nevertheless, the surface waves are much more dispersive with lower phase and group velocities and larger amplitudes. Only very deep valleys give rise to the development of two-dimensional resonance.On the other hand, the amplifications obtained in such deposits may reach much larger values than those predicted with either two-dimensional, homogeneous models or one-dimensional, inhomogeneous models. Since these results have been obtained for realistic values of valley geometrical and mechanical considerations, they should find some application in earthquake engineering or seismic microzonation studies.
Relocation of the Koyna earthquakes with a new velocity model
Authors: Dube R. K. 
Published: July 2021

abstractHypocenter locations of 380 earthquakes of magnitude ≧ 3 in the Koyna region, recorded by the Central Water and Power Research Station Network of Seismological Observatories and the India Meteorological Department stations during the period December 1967 to December 1973, are determined after selection of an appropriate crustal model. The model is chosen from among the few available for the region on the basis of comparatively better hypocenter locations in terms of error parameters in the location of 32 events of magnitude ≧ 4 (master events). An epicenter map and hypocentral depth cross-section of the earthquakes in the region are presented. Least-squares fit through the best hypocentral locations along the line perpendicular to the strike of fault plane inferred by Tandon and Chaudhury (1968) gives a dip of 27° in the east-southeast direction and the surface manifestation of the fault 25 km to the west of the Koyna Dam. While the chosen strike direction of the fault is also in agreement with those obtained in a number of fault plane solutions and LANDSAT imagery (Lee and Rayleigh, 1969; Sykes, 1970; Banghar, 1972; Chandra, 1976; Rastogi and Talwani, 1980; Langston, 1981), the observed dip direction of the fault agrees only with the results of deep seismic sounding (Kaila et al., 1979) and the fault plane solution of Rastogi and Talwani (1980). The amount of dip is, however, much less than any of the values reported so far.
Application of the principal parameters method to the 1983 Coalinga, California, aftershock sequence
Authors: Michelini A. , Bolt B. A. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
A new technique, called the method of the principal parameters (Ebblin and Michelini, in press), to infer the orientations of active fault planes of an aftershock sequence has been applied to the sequence that followed the Coalinga, California, earthquake of 2 May 1983 (ML = 6.7).
The method is based on observed clustering in time and space. Clustering is a characteristic feature of aftershock sequences, and it suggests interdependence of the events. It follows that the spatial locations of time-successive foci may provide additional information about the geometries of the rupturing fault system. The method involves sliding of a temporal window of a fixed number of foci along the sequence and estimating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a spatial matrix for each window-set. This matrix can be interpreted as an ellipsoid which is fitted through the foci. During the earthquake sequence, the different trends of the seismicity pattern can be isolated by selecting and averaging the greatly flattened ellipsoids.
In the case of the Coalinga sequence, the trends are generally consistent with one of the focal planes obtained from the fault-plane solutions given in earlier published studies. The method appears to offer a simple way to infer average active fault geometries in complex areas from hypocentral locations only.
High-frequency seismic noise characteristics at the four United Kingdom-type arrays
Authors: Bache Thomas C. , Marshall Peter D. , Young John B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe noise spectra are described from 0.3 to 8 Hz for the United Kingdom (UK)-type medium aperture arrays EKA, YKA, GBA, and WRA. These arrays have been operating in the same configuration since the mid-1960's and therefore provide a unique source of high-quality data for frequencies in this range. The array noise spectra are compared to spectra recorded at sites (Lajitas, NORSAR, and RSTN) specifically selected for high-frequency signal recording. At nearly all of these stations and arrays (borehole or near-surface), the characteristic noise spectrum follows a linear trend above 2 Hz, with displacement amplitude slope varying from f−1.7 to f−2.5. The GBA spectrum is an exception in that it flattens above 4 Hz, apparently due to locally generated high-frequency noise trapped near the surface. This shows that spectral flattening is not an infallible indicator of system noise contamination. System noise imposes no significant limitation on the ability to recover seismic signal or noise spectra to at least 8 Hz for EKA, GBA, and YKA. The WRA seismic noise spectra are contaminated by system noise above 3 to 4 Hz, apparently due to transmission link problems. It seems likely that borehole seismometers at YKA, GBA, and WRA would achieve noise levels between those recorded at NORSAR and the very quiet Lajitas site; i.e., similar to those at the quieter RSTN sites RSNT, RSON, and RSSD.
Rupture history of the 1984 Morgan Hill, California, earthquake from the inversion of strong motion records
Authors: Hartzell Stephen H. , Heaton Thomas H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNear-source strong motion velocity records and teleseismic short-period P waveforms are modeled to obtain the spatial and temporal distribution of slip for the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake. Both forward modeling and constrained, least-squares inversion techniques are used to interpret the strong motion velocity waveforms in the frequency range of approximately 0.2 to 2.0 Hz. These data support a nearly unilateral rupture to the southeast with a rupture propagation velocity of nine-tenths of the local S-wave velocity. The majority of the slip occurs over a fault length of 25 km and to a first approximation can be interpreted as two main source regions, each with an extent of about 5 km with their centers separated by about 12 km. However, each of the sources has detailed structure of its own, and a simple two-point-source model is not an accurate representation of the Morgan Hill earthquake. The second source occurs about 4.5 sec after the first and is approximately 3 times larger. The maximum dislocation on the fault plane is about 1 m. The total moment of the earthquake is estimated to be 2.1 ×1025 dyne-cm. The Morgan Hill earthquake offers convincing evidence for very inhomogeneous slip and stress distributions on shallow strike-slip faults.
Direct inversion of slant-stacked seismic data. Part I. Synthetic seismogram results
Authors: Brysk Henry , McCowan Douglas W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Bube and Burridge (1983) have investigated direct inverse methods in the time domain for solving the acoustic equation in one space dimension for the impedance profile. Since every slowness in a proper slant stack is a rescaled plane wave component, the technique can legitimately be applied to each trace individually. We have developed a robust estimation procedure that combines the (overdetermined) set of solutions in the τ − p domain to invert not just the impedance profile but the density and wave velocity separately. We have successfully applied the method to synthetic seismogram data for which neither the density, the wave velocity, nor the impedance are monotone functions of depth. Satisfactory results have been obtained after convolution of the model seismograms with a variety of source wavelets and after addition of random noise of amplitude comparable in level to the rms signal. We note that our method and results are for an acoustic equation model which may be inappropriate for physical models which generate significant shear waves from interface conversions.
Crustal structure of the Washington continental margin from refraction data
Authors: Taber J. John , Lewis B. T. R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRefraction data were collected in an onshore-offshore experiment in 1978 near Grays Harbor, Washington. Two-dimensional raytracing and synthetic seismograms were used to model the data along the refraction lines. The resulting velocity model uses a broad-scale subduction zone geometry to explain the major features of the data. The three main contributions of the onshore-offshore model are: (1) evidence for an approximately 9° dip of the subducting oceanic lithosphere; (2) a clear indication of the point at which the subducting slab begins to bend beneath the margin; and (3) confirmation of the continuity of the slab from the buried trench offshore to beneath Puget Sound. The model also helps explain the distribution and stress orientation of earthquakes within the subduction zone.