bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns and motivations for method choices in suicidal thoughts and behaviour: qualitative content analysis of a large online survey
Authors: Marzano Lisa , Katsampa Dafni , Mackenzie Jay-Marie , Kruger Ian , El-Gharbawi Nazli , Ffolkes-St-Helene Denika , Mohiddin Hafswa , Fields Bob 
Published: February 2021

Background
Choice of suicide method can strongly influence the outcome of suicidal behaviour, and is an important aspect of the process and planning involved in a suicide attempt. Yet, the reasons why individuals consider, choose or discard particular methods are not well understood.

Aims
This is the first study to explore method choices among people with a history of suicidal behaviour and individuals who have experienced, but not enacted, suicidal thoughts.

Method
Via an online survey, we gathered open-ended data about choice of methods in relation to suicidal thoughts and behaviours, including reasons for and against specific means of harm.

Results
A total of 712 respondents had attempted suicide, and a further 686 experienced suicidal thoughts (but not acted on them). Self-poisoning was the most commonly contemplated and used method of suicide, but most respondents had considered multiple methods. Method choices when contemplating suicide included a broader range of means than those used in actual attempts, and more unusual methods, particularly if perceived to be lethal, ‘easy’, quick, accessible and/or painless. Methods used in suicide attempts were, above all, described as having been accessible at the time, and were more commonly said to have been chosen impulsively. Key deterrents against the use of specific methods were the presence of and impact on other people, especially loved ones, and fears of injury and survival.

Conclusions
Exploration of method choices can offer novel insights into the transition from suicidal ideation to behaviour. Results underscore the need for preventative measures to restrict access to means and delay impulsive behaviour.
Factors Associated With Colorectal Cancer Screening Via Immunochemical Fecal Occult Blood Test in an Average-Risk Population From a Multiethnic, Middle-Income Setting
Authors: Bujang Nur-Nadiatul-Asyikin , Lee Yu-Jie , Mohd-Zain Siti-Anis-Suraya , Aris Junita-Harizon , Md-Yusoff Fitri-Amalina , Suli Zailiza , Abu-Hassan Muhammad-Radzi , Bhoo-Pathy Nirmala 
Published: February 2021

PURPOSE The Malaysian Ministry of Health had launched free opportunistic screening for colorectal cancer using immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) targeting the average-risk individuals since 2014. This study aims to determine factors associated with colorectal cancer screening using iFOBT among the average-risk Malaysian population. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at five government-run health clinics in the state of Selangor. Adults with an average risk of colorectal cancer (age > 50 years, asymptomatic, and no family history of colorectal cancer) were recruited using systematic random sampling. An interviewer-administered questionnaire adapted from the Cancer Awareness Measure and Health Belief Model was used. RESULTS The median age of participants was 61 years (interquartile range, 56 to 66). Almost 60% of participants indicated their willingness to be screened. However, only 7.5% had undergone iFOBT. Good knowledge of risk factors of colorectal cancer, perceived susceptibility to the disease, and the doctor's recommendation were associated with increased willingness to be screened: adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.66 (95% CI, 1.12 to 2.46); aOR, 1.70 (95% CI, 1.08 to 2.70); and aOR, 5.76 (95% CI, 2.13 to 15.57), respectively. Nevertheless, being elderly (aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.99) and high negative perception toward the testing method (iFOBT) (aOR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.30) were independently associated with lower willingness to be screened. Multivariable analysis within the average-risk individuals who were willing to be screened for colorectal cancer showed that the doctor’s recommendations remained as an important cue for positive action, whereas negative perception toward the test was a significant barrier to the actual uptake of iFOBT. CONCLUSION The present findings must be factored in when tailoring colorectal cancer screening promotion activities in multiethnic, middle-income settings.
GPS Assay Association With Long-Term Cancer Outcomes: Twenty-Year Risk of Distant Metastasis and Prostate Cancer–Specific Mortality
Authors: Brooks Michael A. , Thomas Lewis , Magi-Galluzzi Cristina , Li Jianbo , Crager Michael R. , Lu Ruixiao , Abran John , Aboushwareb Tamer , Klein Eric A. 
Published: February 2021

PURPOSE To assess the association between the Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score (GPS) result and long-term oncological outcomes following radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS We evaluated the association of the GPS result assayed from the index lesion from RP tissue with the risk of distant metastases (DM) and prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM) over the 20 years following RP in a stratified cohort sample of 428 patients from 2,641 treated between 1987 and 2004. Cox regression of cause-specific hazards was used to estimate the absolute risk of both end points, with death from other causes treated as a competing risk. A correction for regression to the mean (RM) was applied since the GPS test was developed using this cohort. Exploratory analysis using presurgical parameters and the GPS test as prognostic variables was performed to assess the additional value of the GPS test on 20-year risk of DM and PCSM. Model discrimination was measured using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS The GPS test appears to be independently associated with both 20-year risk of DM and PCSM with a low false discovery rate. Per 20-unit increase in GPS, multivariable analysis with RM correction estimated hazard ratios of 2.24 (95% CI, 1.49 to 3.53) and 2.30 (95% CI, 1.45 to 4.36) for DM and PCSM, respectively. Accuracy of models including clinical risk factors alone appeared to improve when including the GPS test in assessing risk of both end points. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the GPS test provides information on the risk for the meaningful long-term outcomes of DM and PCSM.
Diving in hot water: a meta-analytic review of how diving vertebrate ectotherms will fare in a warmer world
Authors: Rodgers Essie M. , Franklin Craig E. , Noble Daniel W. A. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Diving ectothermic vertebrates are an important component of many aquatic ecosystems, but the threat of climate warming is particularly salient to this group. Dive durations typically decrease as water temperatures rise; yet, we lack an understanding of whether this trend is apparent in all diving ectotherms and how this group will fare under climate warming. We compiled data from 27 studies on 20 ectothermic vertebrate species to quantify the effect of temperature on dive durations. Using meta-analytic approaches, we show that, on average, dive durations decreased by 11% with every 1°C increase in water temperature. Larger increases in temperature (e.g. +3°C versus +8–9°C) exerted stronger effects on dive durations. Although species that respire bimodally are projected to be more resilient to the effects of temperature on dive durations than purely aerial breathers, we found no significant difference between these groups. Body mass had a weak impact on mean dive durations, with smaller divers being impacted by temperature more strongly. Few studies have examined thermal phenotypic plasticity (N=4) in diving ectotherms, and all report limited plasticity. Average water temperatures in marine and freshwater habitats are projected to increase between 1.5 and 4°C in the next century, and our data suggest that this magnitude of warming could translate to substantial decreases in dive durations, by approximately 16–44%. Together, these data shed light on an overlooked threat to diving ectothermic vertebrates and suggest that time available for underwater activities, such as predator avoidance and foraging, may be shortened under future warming.
Bioenergetics in environmental adaptation and stress tolerance of aquatic ectotherms: linking physiology and ecology in a multi-stressor landscape
Authors: Sokolova Inna 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Energy metabolism (encompassing energy assimilation, conversion and utilization) plays a central role in all life processes and serves as a link between the organismal physiology, behavior and ecology. Metabolic rates define the physiological and life-history performance of an organism, have direct implications for Darwinian fitness, and affect ecologically relevant traits such as the trophic relationships, productivity and ecosystem engineering functions. Natural environmental variability and anthropogenic changes expose aquatic ectotherms to multiple stressors that can strongly affect their energy metabolism and thereby modify the energy fluxes within an organism and in the ecosystem. This Review focuses on the role of bioenergetic disturbances and metabolic adjustments in responses to multiple stressors (especially the general cellular stress response), provides examples of the effects of multiple stressors on energy intake, assimilation, conversion and expenditure, and discusses the conceptual and quantitative approaches to identify and mechanistically explain the energy trade-offs in multiple stressor scenarios, and link the cellular and organismal bioenergetics with fitness, productivity and/or ecological functions of aquatic ectotherms.
Factors that influence the implementation of health and social care Standards: a systematic review and meta-summary protocol
Authors: Kelly Yvonne , O’Rourke Niamh , Flynn Rachel , Hegarty Josephine , O’Connor Laura 
Published: February 2021

Health and social care Standards are evidence-based statements that demonstrate a desired level of care. Setting Standards for health and social care is a mechanism by which quality improvements can be achieved. Limited evidence exists on appropriate implementation strategies to overcome challenges with implementing Standards. In order to inform the design of implementation strategies, there is a need to examine factors that influence their implementation. The aim of this protocol is to set out a comprehensive plan to undertake a systematic search, appraisal and mixed research synthesis of the international literature that examines implementation of health and social care Standards. A research question, “What are the enablers and barriers to implementing health and social care Standards in health and social care services?” was designed using the ‘SPICE’ (Setting, Perspectives, Interest phenomenon of, Comparison, Evaluation) framework. Electronic databases, grey literature and reference lists from included studies will be searched. Primary qualitative, quantitative descriptive and mixed methods studies reporting on enablers and barriers to implementing nationally endorsed Standards, will be included. The review will focus on experiences and perspectives from multi-level stakeholders including patient and public involvement. The quality of studies will be appraised using appropriate tools and findings used to weight interpretation of findings. Search outputs, data extraction and quality appraisal will be undertaken by two reviewers independently. Sandelowski meta-summary will be used to synthesise the data. Frequency and intensity effect sizes of enablers and barriers will be calculated to evaluate their prevalence across the studies. The Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (CERQual) approach will be applied to assess confidence in the findings of the review. Findings from this examination will inform influencing factors to implementation. Subsequently, this will contribute to pairing Standards with appropriate implementation strategies that will optimise the enabling factors and overcome challenges to implementation.
Mechanisms and impact of public reporting on physicians and hospitals’ performance: A systematic review (2000–2020)
Authors: Prang Khic-Houy , Maritz Roxanne , Sabanovic Hana , Dunt David , Kelaher Margaret 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundPublic performance reporting (PPR) of physician and hospital data aims to improve health outcomes by promoting quality improvement and informing consumer choice. However, previous studies have demonstrated inconsistent effects of PPR, potentially due to the various PPR characteristics examined. The aim of this study was to undertake a systematic review of the impact and mechanisms (selection and change), by which PPR exerts its influence.MethodsStudies published between 2000 and 2020 were retrieved from five databases and eight reviews. Data extraction, quality assessment and synthesis were conducted. Studies were categorised into: user and provider responses to PPR and impact of PPR on quality of care.ResultsForty-five studies were identified: 24 on user and provider responses to PPR, 14 on impact of PPR on quality of care, and seven on both. Most of the studies reported positive effects of PPR on the selection of providers by patients, purchasers and providers, quality improvement activities in primary care clinics and hospitals, clinical outcomes and patient experiences.ConclusionsThe findings provide moderate level of evidence to support the role of PPR in stimulating quality improvement activities, informing consumer choice and improving clinical outcomes. There was some evidence to demonstrate a relationship between PPR and patient experience. The effects of PPR varied across clinical areas which may be related to the type of indicators, level of data reported and the mode of dissemination. It is important to ensure that the design and implementation of PPR considered the perspectives of different users and the health system in which PPR operates in. There is a need to account for factors such as the structural characteristics and culture of the hospitals that could influence the uptake of PPR.
Association of SARS-CoV-2 viral load at admission with in-hospital acute kidney injury: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Paranjpe Ishan , Chaudhary Kumardeep , Johnson Kipp W. , Jaladanki Suraj K. , Zhao Shan , De Freitas Jessica K. , Pujdas Elisabet , Chaudhry Fayzan , Bottinger Erwin P. , Levin Matthew A. , Fayad Zahi A. , Charney Alexander W. , Houldsworth Jane , Cordon-Cardo Carlos , Glicksberg Benjamin S. , Nadkarni Girish N. 
Published: February 2021

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the associated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health emergency. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 although mechanisms underlying AKI are yet unclear. There may be a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the kidney; however, there is currently no data linking SARS-CoV-2 viral load (VL) to AKI. We explored the association of SARS-CoV-2 VL at admission to AKI in a large diverse cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Methods and findings
We included patients hospitalized between March 13th and May 19th, 2020 with SARS-CoV-2 in a large academic healthcare system in New York City (N = 1,049) with available VL at admission quantified by real-time RT-PCR. We extracted clinical and outcome data from our institutional electronic health records (EHRs). AKI was defined by KDIGO guidelines. We fit a Fine-Gray competing risks model (with death as a competing risk) using demographics, comorbidities, admission severity scores, and log10 transformed VL as covariates and generated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). VL was associated with an increased risk of AKI (aHR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.08, p = 0.02) with a 4% increased hazard for each log10 VL change. Patients with a viral load in the top 50th percentile had an increased adjusted hazard of 1.27 (95% CI: 1.02–1.58, p = 0.03) for AKI as compared to those in the bottom 50th percentile.

Conclusions
VL is weakly but significantly associated with in-hospital AKI after adjusting for confounders. This may indicate the role of VL in COVID-19 associated AKI. This data may inform future studies to discover the mechanistic basis of COVID-19 associated AKI.
The effects of wearing facemasks on oxygenation and ventilation at rest and during physical activity
Authors: Shein Steven L. , Whitticar Sofie , Mascho Kira K. , Pace Elizabeth , Speicher Richard , Deakins Kathleen 
Published: February 2021

Background
Facemasks are recommended to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but concern about inadequate gas exchange is an often cited reason for non-compliance.

Research question
Among adult volunteers, do either cloth masks or surgical masks impair oxygenation or ventilation either at rest or during physical activity?

Study design and methods
With IRB approval and informed consent, we measured heart rate (HR), transcutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) tension and oxygen levels (SpO2) at the conclusion of six 10-minute phases: sitting quietly and walking briskly without a mask, sitting quietly and walking briskly while wearing a cloth mask, and sitting quietly and walking briskly while wearing a surgical mask. Brisk walking required at least a 10bpm increase in heart rate. Occurrences of hypoxemia (decrease in SpO2 of ≥3% from baseline to a value of ≤94%) and hypercarbia (increase in CO2 tension of ≥5 mmHg from baseline to a value of ≥46 mmHg) in individual subjects were collected. Wilcoxon signed-rank was used for pairwise comparisons among values for the whole cohort (e.g. walking without a mask versus walking with a cloth mask).

Results
Among 50 adult volunteers (median age 33 years; 32% with a co-morbidity), there were no episodes of hypoxemia or hypercarbia (0%; 95% confidence interval 0–1.9%). In paired comparisons, there were no statistically significant differences in either CO2 or SpO2 between baseline measurements without a mask and those while wearing either kind of mask mask, both at rest and after walking briskly for ten minutes.

Interpretation
The risk of pathologic gas exchange impairment with cloth masks and surgical masks is near-zero in the general adult population.
Emergency mortality of non-trauma patients was predicted by qSOFA score
Authors: Li Yufang , Guo Yanxia , Chen Du 
Published: February 2021

Objective
This study was aimed to evaluate the performance of quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) in predicting the emergency department (ED) mortality of non-trauma patients and to expand the application scope of qSOFA score.

Methods
A single, retrospective review of non-trauma patients was conducted in ED between November 1, 2016 and November 1, 2019. The qSOFA score was obtained from vital signs and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. The outcome was ED mortality. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between the qSOFA score and ED mortality. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve, the best cutoff value, sensitivity and specificity were performed to ascertain the predictive value of the qSOFA score.

Results
228(1.96%) of the 11621 patients were died. The qSOFA score was statistically higher in the non-survival group (P<0.001). The qSOFA score 0 subgroup was used as reference baseline, after adjusting for gender and age, adjusted OR of 1, 2 and 3 subgroups were 4.77 (95%CI 3.40 to 6.70), 18.17 (95%CI 12.49 to 26.44) and 23.63 (95%CI 9.54 to 58.52). All these three subgroups show significantly higher ED mortality compared to qSOFA 0 subgroup (P<0.001). AUROC of qSOFA score was 0.76 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.79). The best cutoff value was 0, sensitivity was 77.63% (95%CI 71.7% to 82.9%), and specificity was 67.2% (95%CI 66.3% to 68.1%).

Conclusion
The qSOFA score was associated with ED mortality in non-trauma patients and showed good prognostic performance. It can be used as a general tool to evaluate non-trauma patients in ED. This is just a retrospective cohort study, a prospective or a randomized study will be required.
Writing in Collaborative Theatre-Making, Sarah Sigal (2016)
Authors: La Follette Tavia 
Published: February 2021

Review of: Writing in Collaborative Theatre-Making, Sarah Sigal (2016)
London: Palgrave Macmillan, 240 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-13733-170-0, e-book, €23.99
ISBN 978-1-13733-169-4, h/bk, €79.11
ISBN 978-1-13733-168-7, p/bk, €28.47
The Hodge-FVH correspondence
Authors: Liu Si-Qi , Yang Di , Zhang Youjin , Zhou Chunhui 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Hodge-FVH correspondence establishes a relationship between the
special cubic Hodge integrals and an integrable hierarchy, which is called the
fractional Volterra hierarchy. In this paper we prove
this correspondence. As an application of this result,
we prove a gap condition for certain special cubic Hodge integrals
and give an algorithm for computing the coefficients
that appear in the gap condition.
Contribution of the Pulvinar and Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to the Control of Visually Guided Saccades in Blindsight Monkeys
Authors: Takakuwa Norihiro , Isa Kaoru , Onoe Hirotaka , Takahashi Jun , Isa Tadashi 
Published: February 2021

After damage to the primary visual cortex (V1), conscious vision is impaired. However, some patients can respond to visual stimuli presented in their lesion-affected visual field using residual visual pathways bypassing V1. This phenomenon is called “blindsight.” Many studies have tried to identify the brain regions responsible for blindsight, and the pulvinar and/or lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are suggested to play key roles as the thalamic relay of visual signals. However, there are critical problems regarding these preceding studies in that subjects with different sized lesions and periods of time after lesioning were investigated; furthermore, the ability of blindsight was assessed with different measures. In this study, we used double dissociation to clarify the roles of the pulvinar and LGN by pharmacological inactivation of each region and investigated the effects in a simple task with visually guided saccades (VGSs) using monkeys with a unilateral V1 lesion, by which nearly all of the contralesional visual field was affected. Inactivating either the ipsilesional pulvinar or LGN impaired VGS toward a visual stimulus in the affected field. In contrast, inactivation of the contralesional pulvinar had no clear effect, but inactivation of the contralesional LGN impaired VGS to the intact visual field. These results suggest that the pulvinar and LGN play key roles in performing the simple VGS task after V1 lesioning, and that the visuomotor functions of blindsight monkeys were supported by plastic changes in the visual pathway involving the pulvinar, which emerged after V1 lesioning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMany studies have been devoted to understanding the mechanism of mysterious symptom called “blindsight,” in which patients with damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) can respond to visual stimuli despite loss of visual awareness. However, there is still a debate on the thalamic relay of visual signals. In this study, to pin down the issue, we tried double dissociation in the same subjects (hemi-blindsight macaque monkeys) and clarified that the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) plays a major role in simple visually guided saccades in the intact state, while both pulvinar and LGN critically contribute after the V1 lesioning, suggesting that plasticity in the visual pathway involving the pulvinar underlies the blindsight.