bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
511Effects of educational activities prior to school entry are more important for socioeconomically disadvantaged children
Authors: Gialamas Angela , Haag Dandara , Mittinty Murthy , Lynch John 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
We examined whether time in educational activities at 2-3 years and language ability at school entry differed among children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds.

Methods
Data were drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4253). Educational activities were collected using time-use diaries. Household income was measured using parent self-report. Language ability was assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Marginal structural models with inverse probability of treatment weights were used to assess modification of the effect of time spent in educational activities on language ability by income.

Results
Children exposed to both &lt;30 minutes/day in educational activities and being in a low-income household were at greater risk of poorer outcomes than the simple sum of their independent effects. Compared with children who spent ≥30 minutes/day in educational activities and from higher-income households, children who experienced &lt;30 minutes/day from low-income households had a 2.30 (95% CI: 1.88, 2.80) higher risk of having lower language ability. The Relative Excess Risk Due to Interaction of 0.15 (95% CI:-0.15, 0.67) was greater than zero indicating a super-additive effect measure modification by income.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that boosting time in educational activities to 30 minutes/day would benefit the lower-income group relatively more than the higher-income group.

Key messages
If there was an intervention of sufficient dose to increase the amount of time spent in educational activities to 30 minutes/day for children in the lower-income group, the risk of children having lower language ability at school entry could be reduced by 45%.
388Investigating the utility of the customised fetal growth chart: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Authors: Gibbons Kristen , Beckmann Michael , Flenady Vicki , Gardenre Glenn , Gray Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
To determine if the routine use of a customised fetal growth chart, when compared to a standard growth chart, reduces the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome through increased detection of adverse growth.

Methods
A double-blind, single centre, randomised controlled trial was conducted. All women with a singleton pregnancy receiving routine antenatal care through hospital clinics were included and randomised to either a standard growth chart (SC) or a customised growth chart (CC). Serial measurements of symphyseal fundal height (SFH) were plotted onto the chart in the electronic clinical record; pre-programmed alerts notified the clinician when growth or size required review. The primary outcome measure was a composite perinatal morbidity/mortality outcome.

Results
3993 women were recruited; 45.4% nulliparous; 50.0% Caucasian, 17.8% Asian; 34.9% were overweight/obese prior to pregnancy; average 30 (SD 5.5) years old. The median (IQR) number of growth alerts was 2 (0-3) for both groups (p = 0.378); there was no difference in the total number of ultrasounds per pregnancy (median [IQR] 3 [2-4] for both groups, p = 0.266). There was no significant difference in primary composite outcome (CC 6.4%, SC 7.5%, p = 0.171) or individual components, apart from stillbirth (CC n = 1 0.05%, SC n = 8 0.4%, p = 0.039).

Conclusions
Use of a CC resulted in no difference in primary outcome, number of growth alerts or number of ultrasounds.

Key messages
In a large, pragmatic RCT use of a CC in conjunction with serial SFH measurements may infer some benefit over a SC, particularly in relation to stillbirth.
163Lunch establishments are associated to metabolic phenotypes in Brazilian adults: CUME project
Authors: Domingos Ana Luiza Gomes , Miranda Aline Elizabeth da Silva , Mattar Jéssica Bevenuto , Hermsdorff Helen Hermana Miranda , Pimenta Adriano Marçal , Bressan Josefina 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Studies have shown the relationship between food environment and obesity, but few explore metabolic phenotypes as outcomes.

Methods
We studied 4,311 adults (2,916 women, 1,395 men, with a mean age of 35.9 ± 9.4 y) from the Cohort of Universities in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Participants were classified as obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) or non-obese. Additionally, metabolic phenotypes were classified as healthy and unhealthy (≥ 1 conditions) based on the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. We also evaluated the type of food establishment where participants usually had lunch. Multinomial logistic regression analyzes were used to assess the relationship between lunch establishments and metabolic phenotypes, using the Metabolically Healthy Non-Obesity as reference category.

Results
The Metabolically Healthy Obese (MHO) phenotype represented 4.6% and 40.5% of the total sample and obese population, respectively. We found no associations between having lunch at home, in university restaurants or à la carte restaurants with metabolic phenotypes. Having lunch at large fast-food chains increased 1.88 (95% 1.22 - 2.90) times the chance of healthy obese phenotype and 1.56 (95% 1.03 - 2.37) times the chance of unhealthy obese phenotype.

Conclusions
The food habit of having lunch in unhealthy food establishments was associated with obesity, regardless of the classification of the metabolic phenotype.

Key messages
The habit of having lunch in fast food restaurants is associated with obesity.
Metabolically healthy obesity can be a transient state up to the unhealthy phenotype. This population must also be the target of nutritional interventions.
204Effects of adiposity on the human proteome: Mendelian randomization study using individual-level data
Authors: Goudswaard Lucy , Bell Joshua , Hughes David , Walter Klaudia , Soranzo Nicole , Butterworth Adam , Hers Ingeborg , Timpson Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Variation in body mass index (BMI) is associated with cardiometabolic health outcomes such as diabetes, but the mechanism(s) leading from BMI to disease remain unclear. This study used proteomic data measured by SomaLogic from healthy adults from the INTERVAL study to explore the effect of BMI on 3,622 unique plasma proteins using observational and genetically informed methods.

Methods
Linear regression models were used, complemented by one-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. A BMI genetic risk score (GRS) comprised of 654 SNPs from a recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of adult BMI was used in both observational and MR analysis.

Results
Observationally, BMI was associated with 1,576 proteins at p &lt;1.4x10-5 including leptin and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). The BMI-GRS was positively associated with BMI (R2=0.028) but not with reported confounders. MR analysis indicated a causal association between each standard deviation increase in BMI and eight unique proteins at p &lt;1.4x10-5, including leptin (0.63 SD, 95% CI 0.48-0.79, p = 1.6x10-15) and SHBG (-0.45 SD, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.25, p = 1.4x10-5). There was strong agreement in the direction and magnitude of observational and MR estimates (R2 = 0.33).

Finally, there was evidence that proteins which showed associations with BMI were enriched in cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions
This study provides evidence for a profound impact of higher adiposity on the human proteome. Such protein alterations could be important mechanistic drivers of obesity-related diseases.

Key messages
Changes in plasma proteins could be important intermediates between obesity and the onset of disease.
942Global Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Data Governance in Health Research: A systematic review
Authors: Griffiths Kalinda , Wallace Tessa , Vajdic Claire , Jorm Louisa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Despite a broad range of research using Indigenous specific data, there is limited research to describe what constitutes data governance. To identify priorities and monitor progress in health, data is critical. Accurate collection and appropriate analysis of population level data is necessary in understanding population distributions of health and wellbeing. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current literature describing Indigenous Data Governance (IDG) processes in health research.

Methods
A comprehensive a-priori search strategy has been developed and submitted for registration through PROSPERO(APP170033). Literature will be sourced from bibliographic databases, review articles, key journals, conference proceedings, grey literature and referrals by key experts up until 01/2020 and synthesised (through meta-study and meta-aggregation approaches) in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.

Results
Once completed, a descriptive overview along with discussion on IDG processes in decision making specific to health research will be synthesized. IDG 'interventions' may include, but are not limited to, community advisory committees, Indigenous leadership, or institutional and/or project policies pertaining to decision making processes in the use of data in health research.

Conclusions
This review will provide evidence of definitions and procedures specific to IDG in the literature and how IDG, as a process, is operationalised in Indigenous health research across the globe.

Key messages
Preliminary Key messages include the lack of IDG processes described in the literature and the need for the development of guidelines to support researchers in operationalising Indigenous Data Sovereignty.
261Can a physical activity supportive environment reduce socioeconomic inequities in incident coronary heart disease?
Authors: Gullon Pedro , Bilal Usama , Hirsch Jana A. , Rundle Andrew , Judd Suzanne , Safford Monika , Lovasi Gina S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
This research aims to: (1) explore the contribution of physical activity supportive environments to income inequities in coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence, and (2) investigate whether income inequities in CHD incidence are modified by physical activity supportive environments.

Methods
We used data from the REGARDS study, which recruited US-residents aged 45 or older between 2003 and 2007. Our analyses included participants at risk for incident CHD (n = 20808), followed until December 31st 2014. We categorized household income and treated it as ordinal: (1) $75,000+, (2) $35,000-$74,000, (3) $20,000-$34,000, and (4) &lt;$20,000. We operationalized physical activity supportive environments within a 1-km residential buffer as density of walkable destinations and physical activity facilities, and proportion green land cover. Cox models were estimated the adjusted association of income with incident CHD, and tested effect modification by environment variables.

Results
We found a 17% (95% CI 8% to 25%) increased hazard of CHD per decrease in household income category. After adjusting for physical activity environments, the HR was attenuated by 3% (HR = 1.15), and the income-CHD association was stronger in areas lacking walking destinations (HR = 1.54 vs 1.16).

Conclusions
Physical activity supportive environments, especially those with walking destinations, may moderate associations between household income and CHD.

Key messages
Low-income individuals have greater risk of developing CHD, however, the built environment has a small moderating effect on this association. Income inequities in CHD were also noted to be higher in areas with no walking destinations
1270The Contribution of Lifestyle Patterns to Clustering of Elevated Depressive Symptoms within Birth Cohorts
Authors: Gueltzow Maria , Bijlsma Maarten J , van Lenthe Frank J , Myrskylä Mikko 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Some birth cohorts experience a larger burden of depression than others. We hypothesize that lifestyle, i.e. BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity, are potential drivers of these generational differences.

Methods
We analyzed data from US adults aged 50-80 years enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study (N = 163,760 person-years). Birth cohort effects were estimated with the age-period-cohort model approach according to Carstensen. Consequently, we assessed the contribution of lifestyle factors by comparing the predicted probability of elevated depressive symptoms to a counterfactual scenario in which all birth cohorts are assigned the lifestyle factor distribution of the 1945 cohort (counterfactual decomposition analysis). We stratified all analyses by sex and ethnicity.

Results
BMI contributes to an increased probability of elevated depressive symptoms of up to 32.7% (95%CI: 190.9-11.23%, 1923 cohort) for cohorts born before 1927 and a decrease of up to 16.7% (95%CI: 0.5-26.8, 1964 cohort) for cohorts born after 1959. Contributions are most pronounced in females and white/Caucasians. Alcohol consumption contributes up to 20% (95%CI: 0.8%;45.3%, 1925 cohort) to cohort effects of elevated depressive symptoms, whereas the magnitude differs by ethnicity. We found no evidence for contributions of smoking or physical activity.

Conclusions
Birth cohort effects of elevated depressive symptoms can be partly explained by lifestyle. In particular, mental health of females and the white/Caucasian population may have suffered from the increase in obesity levels in the US.

Key messages
BMI and alcohol consumption, but not smoking or physical activity, contribute to birth cohort differences in depression risk.
701To estimate contraceptive prevalence rate and unmet need for family planning in rural Shimla
Authors: Gupta Anmol 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The utilization of family planning services has improved over the decade, but still the SDG’s health target to ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health care services is yet to be achieved.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was undertaken in the rural field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India, from July 2018 to June 2019. Total sample size calculated was 410. Random sampling was used to select eligible couple to whom a predesigned, pretested, semi-structured and anonymous interview schedule was administered after taking consent.

Results
The mean age of the participants was 28.9 ± 5.9 years. The modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) was found to be 67.7% among women of reproductive age group (15-49 years). Male condom (36%), followed by female sterilisation (30%) were the most common methods preferred.

Conclusions
Besides male condoms and female sterilisation, other methods of contraception were adopted by meagre number of women. Though, the unmet need for family planning was lesser in this study, still, efforts are needed to plunge it, for ameliorating the contraceptive prevalence rate. Also, the availability of basket of contraceptive choices in government sector need sheer assiduity.

Key messages
The continuing IEC activity related to family planning methods need to be upsurged, so that the available contraceptives reach the community by and large. The government system of provision of contraceptives may be made accessible and convenient, so that the beneficiaries are inclined to utilise these services.
268An online survey of sexual health, knowledge and behaviour of young South Australians
Authors: Harfield Stephen , Elliott Salenna , Housen Tambri , Ward James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Since 2010 rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs-chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis) have been increasing among young Australians. Most STIs are diagnosed in young people aged 16-29 and rates of diagnosis are higher among Aboriginal people than non-Aboriginal people. Little information exists to understand social and behavioural issues associated with increasing rate of STIs, especially in South Australia and among Aboriginal peoples.

Methods
We undertook an online cross-sectional survey of sexual health, knowledge and behaviour of young South Australians aged 16-29 years during a six-week period in 2019. Descriptive analysis, univariate and adjusted logistic regression models were used to compare Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal participants.

Results
In total 2,380 South Australians participated in the “Let’s Talk About It” (LTAI-2019); 52% were female, the median age was 20 years (IQR:17-24) and 10% of participants identified as Aboriginal. Regression analysis suggested among both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal participants being female (aOR 2.41, CI:1.07-3.51, & 3.03, 2.17-4.23 respectively) and not using a condom during last sexual encounter (2.33, 1.03-5.29 & 1.62, 1.15-2.27) were associated with ever being tested for an STI and having two or more sexual partners in the past 12 months (1.37, 0.67-7.45 & 3.13, 1.31-7.45) was associated with testing positive for an STI.

Conclusions
LTAI-2019 is the first study to describe factors associated with STIs among young South Australians. It is evident that young people are engaged in behaviours which increase their risk of acquiring STIs. Public health action which considers these behaviours particularly those that target young Aboriginal people is required.

Key messages
LTAI 2019 is the first study to describe current sexual health, knowledge, behaviours and access to health services for STIs and related issues amongst young South Australians. It provides evidence that is useful for informing both public health practice and policy, and the development of STIs preventative health programs.
264Antibiotic use associated with acute gastroenteritis in Australian primary care
Authors: He Wen-Qiang , Kirk Martyn , Hall John , Liu Bette 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Inappropriate antibiotic use is a global health concern as it increases antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are not routinely recommended for treating acute gastroenteritis, non-typhoidal salmonella and campylobacter infections. We investigated adherence to these recommendations in primary care.

Methods
We used a large electronic database of primary care records to identify presentations for acute gastroenteritis, non-typhoidal salmonella and campylobacter infections and antibiotic prescribing from 1st Jan 2013 to 31 December 2018. We estimated the proportions of cases prescribed antibiotics according to various characteristics and examined the antibiotics prescribed.

Results
A total of 86998, 1106, and 1952 participants were identified with acute gastroenteritis, non-typhoidal salmonella, and campylobacter infections and correspondingly 10% (8720/86998), 40% (437/1106), and 57% (1118/1952) of these cases were prescribed antibiotics in the period up to 5 days post-diagnosis. Patients residing in outer regional/remote areas and those from Northern Territory and Queensland were more likely to be prescribed antibiotics than those residing in major cities and those from other states (p &lt; =0.04). No dominant antibiotic class was prescribed for acute gastroenteritis. Quinolones (28.6%) and macrolides (27.0%) were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics for non-typhoidal salmonella, and macrolides (69%) were the predominant antibiotics prescribed for campylobacter.

Conclusion
The high proportion of antibiotics dispensed in the general population with acute gastroenteritis, non-typhoidal salmonella and campylobacter infections suggests that antimicrobial stewardship needs to include better education and awareness around treatment guidelines for such infections.

Key messages
Antibiotics use was common for Australian population with acute gastroenteritis, particularly those with non-typhoidal salmonella and campylobacter infections.
1503The association of work-related stress with aggravation of pre-existing disease during COVID-19 emergency in Japan
Authors: He Yupeng , Yatsuya Hiroshi , Chiang Chifa , Ota Atsuhiko , Okubo Ryo , Ishimaru Tomohiro , Tabuchi Takahiro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The job environment has changed since the sweeping of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The current study aimed to investigate the association between work-related stress and aggravation of pre-existing disease among workers during the first state of COVID-19 emergency in Japan.

Methods
Data were obtained from Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey (JACSIS) conducted between August 25 and September 30, 2020. Participants who reported had a job as well as current history of disease(s) (i.e., pre-existing conditions) were included (n = 3090). Work-related stress since the state of COVID-19 emergency (April 2020) was assessed according to the job demand-control model. Aggravation of pre-existing disease during the state of emergency was self-reported. Multivariable logistic regression models were adopted to demonstrate the association.

Results
334 (11%) participants reported with aggravation of pre-existing diseases. The numbers of participants with high demand and low control were 112 (18%) and 100 (14%), respectively. Compared to medium demand, high demand was significantly associated with aggravation of pre-existing diseases (odds ratio: 1.67, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-2.28). Low control was significantly associated with aggravation of pre-existing diseases (odds ratio: 1.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.95) compared to medium control.

Conclusions
Work-related stress during the first state of COVID-19 emergency was associated with aggravation of pre-existing disease during that period.

Key messages
Eleven percent of the working participants with pre-existing diseases reported its aggravation during the first state of COVID-19 emergency in Japan.
Job strain characterized by high job demand and low job control was associated with aggravation of pre-existing disease.
215Impact of Brazilian Family Health Strategy on Reproductive Health: Analysis at Individual and Population Levels
Authors: Hellwig Franciele , Parfitt Rafael , Weber Gabriel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Family Health Strategy (FHS) is the largest community-based health program in Brazil. There is limited evidence about its effectiveness, especially about adolescents. We aimed to access its effects on adolescents’ reproductive health.

Methods
We estimate its effects on contraception at individual level using data from a national health survey carried out in 2013 and applying propensity score matching combined with complex survey weights. We employed a differences-in-differences approach for evaluate its effects on adolescent maternity rate at municipal level between 1996 and 2016.

Results
FHS has positive effects on the probability of using contraceptives. The highest effect was over the concomitant use of pills and male condom (increase of 12 percentage points). For households with female adolescents, it was even higher (26 percentage points). We found a monotonous decrease on adolescent maternity rate following exposure time to FHS, especially in the poorest regions.

Conclusions
Even not being focused on reproductive health, FHS has positive effects on it. We interpret the negative impact on adolescent maternity rates to be linked to an increased use of contraceptive methods.

Key messages
Programs such as FHS can be extremely important in promoting knowledge about family planning, especially for adolescents living in social vulnerability. We believe our findings to be important inputs for the discussion in countries where early childbearing is more prevalent, and inequalities are particularly striking..