bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fourier Series-Based Neural Networks for Vehicle System Identification
Authors: Haque Imtiaz , Schuller Juergen 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The use of neural networks in system identification is an emerging field. Neural networks have become popular in recent years as a means to identify linear and non-linear systems whose characteristics are unknown. The success of sigmoidal networks in parameter identification has been limited. However, harmonic activation-based neural networks, recent arrivals in the field of neural networks, have shown excellent promise in linear and non-linear system parameter identification. They have been shown to have excellent generalization capability, computational parallelism, absence of local minima, and good convergence properties. They can be used in the time and frequency domain. This paper presents the application of a special class of such networks, namely Fourier Series neural networks (FSNN) to vehicle system identification.
In this paper, the applications of the FSNNs are limited to the frequency domain. Two examples are presented. The results of the identification are based on simulation data. The first example demonstrates the transfer function identification of a two-degree-of freedom lateral dynamics model of an automobile. The second example involves transfer function identification for a quarter car model. The network set-up for such identification is described. The results of the network identification are compared with theory. The results indicate excellent prediction properties of such networks.
Spatial Multibody Modeling and Vehicle Dynamics Analysis of a High-Mobility, Heavy Cargo Transport Truck With Swing Arm Suspension
Authors: Letherwood Michael D. , Gunter David D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This document presents the results of a computer-based dynamic performance assessment of a TATRA Truck with a swing arm suspension. A fully three dimensional TATRA model was created using a commercially available modeling and simulation methodology called Dynamic Analysis and Design Systems (DADS) (1). Limited validation was performed by comparing model predictions with video recordings of field tests (2). The model was considered accurate enough to predict various aspects of ride quality and stability performance, critical to the US Army mission needs. Performance evaluations were made by analyzing state variable time histories and high definition computer-generated animations recorded on video tape. One-to-one comparisons of the TATRA and a standard, solid-axle, heavy tactical vehicle (HTV) operating in various terrain and obstacle negotiation conditions were performed.
Dynamic Interaction Between the Manipulator and Vehicle of a Mobile Manipulator
Authors: Meghdari A. , Durali M. , Naderi D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A manipulator mounted on a moving vehicle is called a mobile manipulator. A mobile manipulator with an appropriate suspension system can pass over uneven surfaces, thus having an infinite workspace. If the manipulator could operate while the vehicle is traveling, the efficiency concerning with the time and energy used for stopping and starting will be increased. This paper presents the kinematics and dynamic modeling of a one degree of freedom manipulator attached to a vehicle with a two degrees of freedom suspension system. The vehicle is considered to move with a constant linear speed over an uneven surface while the end effector tracks a desired trajectory in a fixed reference frame. In addition, the effects of dynamic interaction between the manipulator and vehicle (including the suspension system’s effects) have been studied. Simulation results from straight line trajectory are presented to illustrate these effects.
Techniques to Evaluate Heavy Truck Dynamics Using Multi-Body Simulation
Authors: Gunter David D. , Bylsma Wesley W. , Letherwood Michael D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper will describe the use of simulation at the US Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command – Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) to investigate the vehicle stability, handling, yaw stability and ride quality of large military trucks. The multi-body modeling methodology used to create the vehicle models as well as the characteristic data used to define the models and their subsystems will be described. The criteria used to evaluate the dynamic stability characteristics, and the truck yaw stability / handling performance are identified. Also, the “virtual” tests performed in simulation to evaluate these performance characteristics are discussed. Efforts to improve the vehicle’s performance through an iterative modify-simulate-evaluate procedure, and experiments using the computer models designed to identify parameter modifications that have the greatest impact the vehicle’s yaw stability performance are also described. Design parameter trade-offs between lateral stability and yaw stability influences are identified as well as efforts to balance these trade-offs to arrive at an optimum configuration.
Effects of Heavy Vehicle Speeds on the Structure and Vibration of Bridges
Authors: Sammartino Giuseppe , Amirouche Farid , Chen Zhen L. , Wang Ming L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Heavy Vehicles speeds and dynamic loads are critical factors to bridge’s structure fatigue and rapid deterioration. The proposed paper addresses the modeling and simulation of dynamic loads of heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses, on bridges and the effects of their speed on frequency response. In light of the above analysis, this paper proposes a method on how to minimize the structural vibrational of the combined vehicle and bridge system using semi-active suspension control. The vehicle dynamic load is minimized through an optimization scheme to yield an impact force with negligible bridge lateral deflection. The dynamic coupling between the vehicle and bridge are studied by examining the modes that are most likely to be excited by the vehicle speed and the roughness of the bridge surface.
The models consist of a bridge and a heavy vehicle. The bridge is modeled as continuos, lightly damped beam with different supports defined by the boundary conditions. The vehicle is a multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) system undergoing motion in one plane.
The methods of solution consist of a simple supported beam that closely simulates the first three beam modes of the Kishwaukee Bridge in Rockford, Illinois. The surface of the bridge generates some random excitation that serves as input to the vehicle, this is commonly known as the roughness of the bridge surface. The heavy vehicle is moving from left to right of the simply supported beam. The system is analyzed and optimized by semi-active control algorithms.
Close form numerical solution is obtained by a set of second order differential equations for the bridge-vehicle system. Experimental data obtained from the vibration testing of Kishwaukee Bridge (Illinois) were collected and validated with a FEM model. Only the first three beam modes were used due to the experimental limitations and the actual structural condition of the bridge. Using MATLAB a simulation is obtained by inputting the linear time-variant equations and optimizing the system.
Simulations of bridge vertical motion under different dynamic load conditions were examined and the results of bridge structure response were analyzed by comparing the effects of passive versus semi-active suspension controls. The method shows effectively how we can reduce the dynamic load force magnitude and its frequency of impact. The latter is usually associated with structural damage caused to the bridge.
Dynamics of a Three Wheeled Vehicle Driven by DC-Motors
Authors: Bestaoui Yasmina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents dynamics models of a conventionally driven tricycle. The derivation of dynamics models uses Lagrangian approach, introducing electro-mechanichal equations of the motors. If the inductance L cannot be ignored then combining motor equations with vehicle dynamics leads to a set of third order differential equations. Then analysis of these models is performed, generalizing some well-known properties of kinematics models.
Planar Dynamics and Control of a Two-Wheeled Single-Axle Vehicle
Authors: Abbott Michael S. , Soper R. Randall , Grove Donald E. , Reinholtz Charles F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A two-wheeled, uniaxial, differentially driven vehicle possesses many salient advantages when compared to traditional vehicle designs. In particular, high traction factor, zero turn radius, and inherent stability are characteristics of this configuration. Drive torque is provided via a swinging reaction mass hanging below the axle. While mechanically simple, the resulting nonlinear vehicle dynamics can be quite complex. This work develops a planar dynamic model for the two-wheeled vehicle using traditional Hamiltonian techniques. Numerical simulations of the system step response demonstrate behavioral bifurcation and other nonlinear characteristics. However, the simple linear proportional-derivative control designed herein provides robust performance over steady slopes.
Orientation-Regulated Platforms for Use in Biplanar Bicycles
Authors: Grove Donald E. , Soper R. Randall , Abbott Michael , Reinholtz Charles F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This work develops an active feedback control law that provides robust regulation for a pendulating platform attached to a new class of land vehicle. The biplanar bicycle is a novel two-wheeled single-axle differentially driven vehicle. The vehicle generates locomotive torques by driving against a reaction mass (comprised of the main chassis, motors, etc.), which is free to rotate. The lack of a fixed-orientation mount for peripheral and excitation-sensitive equipment may be a major disadvantage of this new vehicle class. However, active feedback control using a second reaction or proof mass to stabilize a platform fills this need. Here, the procedure for modeling and control of such a structure is demonstrated through the example of a camera spar for an autonomous biplanar bicycle. The dynamics of the example are developed using Lagrangian techniques. The application of optimal control theory to a linearized approximation of the plant is shown to provide robust regulation, with respect to perturbations and external disturbances, of the fully nonlinear system.
Design of a Tibio-Talar Joint Replacement Wear Test Machine
Authors: Suggs Jeremy F. , Petrella Anthony J. , Smolinski Patrick J. , Miller Mark C. , Conti Stephen F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Application of an ankle joint replacement has become more effective with new developments in surgical technique and biomaterials. Although clinical trials are proving successful, little literature is available concerning long-term wear characteristics. To address the issue of wear, a prototypical machine has been designed to model the force and displacement profile that the ankle undergoes during a normal walking cycle. Load application and joint rotation are both accomplished through the use of cams operating at 1 Hertz. With continuous operation, ten years worth of wear can be attained in about six months.
Component alignment and replication of the kinetic environment of the tibio-talar joint are the major issues in the design of the wear tester. Improper alignment of the components can lead to misleading results in both the wear pattern and magnitude. Incorrectly modeled ankle kinematics or load application can lead to similarly confounding results.
Capsulorrhexis Instrument Design for Use in Cataract Surgery
Authors: Turner Benjamin , Sulaiman Shamsul , Pidaparti R. M. , Valluri S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A cataract develops when the lens of the eye becomes opaque, clouding one’s vision. This can be corrected by cataract surgery, where the opaque lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens. During this surgery, it is necessary after entering the eye to cut the membrane covering the anterior capsule (Fig. 1) to allow access to the cataractous lens. The cutting of this membrane is known as capsulorrhexis.
An Assistive Device to Aid the Visually Impaired to Play Basketball
Authors: Murnyack Roberta , Viktoriany Khristi , Sediqe Ajmal , Chong Waiseng , Hefzy Mohamed Samir 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this project is to allow a visually impaired person to enjoy playing the sport of basketball in his/her driveway or yard. The project required adapting a portable basketball goal system so that a visually impaired person can experience this sport. The assistive technology developed consisted of instrumenting the pole with a custom built beacon to allow the person to know where the portable system is located, thus determining in which direction to shoot the basketball. The beacon, mounted on the pole, emits a continuous distinct beeping sound. Also, the hoop was instrumented with a sensor that allows the person to know if he/she makes a basket. A sound is triggered to signal when the basketball passes though the hoop successfully. Furthermore, the hoop was custom sized to increase the odds of making a basket.
Using Finite Element Analysis to Evaluate Countermeasures to Bone Demineralization During Long Duration Space Flight
Authors: Murphy Benjamin M. , Shackelford Linda C. , Todd Beth A. , Cuttino James F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
During long duration space flight, astronauts must exercise to prevent bone demineralization. Exercises are used as countermeasures to the bone mineral loss. The effectiveness of the countermeasures is closely related to the mechanical stress developed during the exercises. A finite element model of the human femur was developed to determine the stress distribution during weight bearing. The model was developed using serial, transverse magnetic resonance images. The finite element analysis performed on the femur model showed an area of high stress in the femoral neck of approximately 1,200 psi. The highest stress seen in the model was approximately 2,000 psi. This information will then be used to evaluate the proposed exercises to be used as countermeasures.
Evaluation of the Viscoelastic Properties of the Intact Medial Collateral Ligament in a Goat Model
Authors: Clineff Theodore D. , Debski Richard E. , Scheffler Sven U. , Withrow John D. , Woo Savio L.-Y. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The time and history dependent viscoelastic properties have been determined for the normal medial collateral ligament (MCL) of canine (Woo, 1981), porcine anterior cruciate ligament (Kwan, 1993), and human patellar tendon in a cadaver model (Johnson, 1994). The objective of this study was to use a combined experimental and analytical approach to quantify the viscoelastic properties of the intact MCL in a goat model. A thorough understanding of the viscoelastic properties at low strain levels is necessary to future studies of the healing MCL. The quasi-linear viscoelastic theory (QLV) (Fung, 1972) was used to characterize the properties of the MCL during stress relaxation.
Dependence of Yield Strain on Anatomic Site for Human Trabecular Bone
Authors: Morgan Elise F. , Arramon Yves P. , Kopperdahl David L. , Keaveny Tony M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The yield strain behavior of trabecular bone has gained increased importance as evidence accumulates that remodeling and failure criteria can be expressed as a function of strain alone (Turner et al., 1997; Silva et al., 1998). These findings rely on the results of previous studies in which yield strains were found to be isotropic and generally independent of volume fraction (Turner, 1989; Kopperdahl and Keaveny, 1998; Chang et al., 1999), although relatively little work has been done to substantiate these results for human trabecular bone. Thorough consideration of the dependence of yield strain on volume fraction should include analyses of trabecular bone from different anatomic sites since site-dependent differences in trabecular architecture have been well-correlated with mechanical properties (Goulet et al., 1994). However, differences in testing protocols and in definitions of modulus and yield point (Linde, 1994) have led to discrepancies in reported yield strain values in the literature (Kopperdahl and Keaveny, 1998). This prevents inter-study comparisons of the yield strain behavior of human trabecular bone across different anatomic sites, and yet characterizing this behavior is a fundamental step both. In the validation of uniform strain adaptation models and in the development of failure criteria.
A New Method for Determination of the Tensile Modulus of Articular Cartilage In Situ in a Free-Swelling Configuration
Authors: Narmoneva Daria A. , Wang Jean Y. , Setton Lori A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Studies of cartilage swelling have been used to demonstrate the effects of collagen network damage associated with osteoarthritis (OA) [1,7]. Elevated swelling, or increased hydration, is generally observed in fibrillated and degenerated cartilage where the integrity of the collagen network is insufficient to restrain the interstitial swelling pressure [8]. We recently developed an experimental method to quantify these swelling effects as components of a swelling-induced strain tensor in free-swelling tests of cartilage in situ [9]. Using this method, we were able to detect changes in swelling strains with cartilage degeneration in the meniscectomy model of OA [10]. In this study, we propose to quantify the material properties of canine and human cartilage studied in the free-swelling test and to compare them with site-matched values measured in uniaxial tensile testing. A triphasic constitutive model [6] was used to predict the components of strain in the free-swelling test for comparison with experimentally measured values. Values for the tensile modulus were found to compare well using the free-swelling and uniaxial testing methods. These findings demonstrate the potential of this new methodology for quantifying cartilage properties in small cartilage samples, such as in small animal models of OA.
Does the Load Carrying Capacity of Third Bodies Affect Contact Conditions in Total Knee Replacement (TKR)?
Authors: Wimmer Markus A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Third-body wear is a frequently reported phenomenon in TKR, however, little attention has been paid to the load carrying capacity of third bodies. It may be possible that these particles accumulate to a quantity, sufficient to separate the articulating surfaces of the bearing. To address this question, the particle number for a complete separation was theoretically determined and compared to realistic values. Based on the results, a total separation of the artificial knee articulation appears likely and should be considered when interpreting surface wear based on common stress analyses. This seems to be reflected by clinical observation that flat tibial components do not wear faster than dished ones.
Etiological Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) in Human Endothelial Cells With Hemodynamic Shear Stress
Authors: Chang Jun Keun , Han Dong Chul 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were investigated with the endothelial cell-extracellular matrix system and the laminar flow chamber appratus. Shear stress-induced polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton of HUVEC was summarized with the formation of the ‘dense peripheral band’ after 5 min exposure of flow, shear-induced focal contact formation at the proximal periphery, and the aligned actin microfilament formation to the direction of flow. In contrast to the intranucleous expression of hsp70 with the conventioanl heat shock, perinuclear expression of hsp70 was detected with the laser scanning confocal microscope and the western blotting of HUVECs exposed to 15 dyne/cm2 shear stress for 1 hour. Expression of hsp70 in perinuclear region increased with proportional to the magnitude of shear stress. The polymerization of cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton and the cytoplasmic expression of hsp70 may prevent the cellular damage from the pathophysiological stimulus that initiate vascular cell disease, such as the atherosclerosis. Consequently, three-dimensional intracellular expression and the localization of protein and organelles play an important role in the signal transduction generated by the mechanical cue, such as fluid shear stress.
The Effect of Branching on the Interaction of Airflow With a Viscoelastic Layer in a Channel
Authors: Hassan Amgad A. , Evrensel Cahit A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The interaction of airflow with a viscoelastic layer, Locust Bean Gum (LBG)/ Borax solution, in a branching channel is studied experimentally. The intent is to investigate, qualitatively, the effect of increased wall shear due to branching on the wave formation and clearance of mucus in pulmonary airways. The onset air velocity for wave initiation is compared to the previously published results for a straight channel without branching. Our preliminary investigation for the branch angle of 30° does not suggest any appreciable effect of the resulting locally increased shear on the wave initiation.
Research Contribution of Prosthetic Valve Manufacturers Interfacing Academic-Industry Research Efforts
Authors: Gong Xiao , Woo Yi-Ren , Yoganathan Ajit P. , Anayiotos Andreas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Prosthetic heart valve is one of the most successful implantable medical devices. However, introducing better performing and longer lasting prosthetic mechanical heart valves (MHV) into clinical use has been slow because predicting the long term performance of a new valve design is difficult.
Although significant progresses in many scientific fronts relevant to prosthetic heart valve development have been achieved, we still have an imperfect understanding of host responses to an implantable medical device and incomplete knowledge in associating hemodynamic characteristics of a valve design to clinical performance. Valve designers, frequently need to over design the valve components to ensure structural safety and thus, sacrifice the opportunity to optimize performance. Complications such as infection, thrombus formation, thromboembolic incidents, and hemorrhage associated to the use of prosthetic valves are still reported and valve designers are working hard to eliminate them.
Further advancing scientific knowledge in designing and evaluating prosthetic heart valves is of great interest to many Valve designers and manufacturers. Interfacing Industry and Academic research efforts has been thwarted due to predominantly proprietary issues. Considering the benefits of a better performing MHV to the patients, this industry session will bring researchers from various MHV companies and academic institutions to discuss how to share the results of scientific studies more effectively. This will help accelerate new MHV development without compromising the confidentiality of key valve design information. The issue of standardized MHV testing will also be addressed.