bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Confinement Effects by Self-Assembled Coordination Cages
Authors: Takezawa Hiroki , Fujita Makoto 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
When substrates are confined in an isolated cavity, they experience circumstances that are distinctly different from those in a bulk solution. Molecular self-assembly has widened the potential of molecular confinement by offering synthetic cavities on the nanometer-scale and allowing chemists to treat molecular aggregates and larger molecules in the cavities. In this account, we introduce the molecular confinement effects of self-assembled cages as a strategy to discover new or hidden properties and reactivities from the confined substrates in the cages. By confining molecules, the cavity can gather, arrange, fold, compress, and twist the molecules. The molecular confinement thus becomes a powerful strategy to draw new aspects of molecules.
What are the long-term symptoms and complications of COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review
Authors: Michelen Melina , Cheng Vincent , Manoharan Lakshmi , Elkheir Natalie , Dagens Drew , Hastie Claire , O'Hara Margaret , Suett Jake C. , Dahmash Dania , Bugaeva Paulina , Rigby Ishmaela , Munblit Daniel , Harriss Eli , Burls Amanda , Foote Carol , Scott Janet , Carson Gail , Olliaro Piero , Sigfrid Louise , Stavropoulou Charitini 
Published: August 2021

Although the majority of people with Covid-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and will recover fully, there is now increasing evidence that a significant proportion will experience persistent symptoms for months after the acute phase of the illness. These symptoms include, among others, fatigue, problems breathing, lack of smell and taste, headaches, and depression and anxiety. It is also clear the virus has lasting fluctuating multiorgan sequelae, including affecting not only the respiratory system but also the heart, liver, and nervous system. We present a protocol for a living systematic review that aims to synthesize the evidence on the prevalence and characteristics of post-acute COVID-19. The living systematic review will be updated regularly, approximately every 6 months, as new evidence emerges. We will include studies that follow up at least 100 people with Covid-19 at 12 or more weeks post Covid-19 onset, with no restrictions regarding country, setting, or language. We will use descriptive statistics and, for outcomes reported in two or more studies, we will use meta-analyses to estimate prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the exact method. Heterogeneity between estimates will be assessed using the I2 statistic. Our findings will also be presented as infographics to facilitate transcription to lay audiences. Ultimately, we aim to support the work of policy makers, practitioners, and patients when planning rehabilitation for those recovering from Covid-19. The protocol has been registered with PROSPERO ( CRD42020211131, 25/09/2020).
Students’ perception of online learning amidst the Covid-19 pandemic: A study of junior, senior high school and college students in a remote area
Authors: Harefa Senida , Sihombing Grace Lamudur Arta 
Published: August 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about many changes in all sectors of life, especially in the field of education. These changes aim to make the learning process more effective in the pandemic environment. However, it can be challenging, as some students do not give positive responses to these changes, especially those in remote areas. This article aims to identify and report students' perceptions about the effectiveness of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in the remote North Tapanuli region of Indonesia. Methods: In this study, data were obtained using an online survey involving 30 students from three levels of education, namely junior high school, senior high school, and college. The data gathered from the survey were analyzed using quantitative descriptive methods. Results: Results show that online learning is considered less effective by students in remote areas; this happens because communication networks and infrastructure do not adequately support them to follow online learning. Conclusion: Teachers need to evaluate how to teach as well as re-design models and approaches to be applied in learning. This can be achieved by adjusting to the student’s current situation to generate interest and willingness to learn online.
Limitations of care and comorbidities are associated with increased mortality in patients treated with non-invasive ventilation: A retrospective observational study in a single-center ICU.
Authors: Svensk Erik , Tydén Jonas , Walldén Jakob 
Published: August 2021

Background:Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a common treatment for acute respiratory failure in intensive care units (ICU). While there is increasing data on outcomes after NIV treatment, there are large variations in staffing and monitoring where NIV is provided, making results hard to generalize. The aim of this study was to characterize patients treated with NIV, describe outcomes, and identify factors associated with outcome in an ICU at a Swedish county hospital.Methods:A single-centre retrospective observational study during 2018 of patients treated with NIV in a six-bed ICU at a Swedish county hospital. Patient characteristics, including comorbidities, details of ICU stay, simplified acute physiology score (SAPS-3), details of NIV treatment and 30-day mortality were collected, and the Charlson co-morbidity index (CCI) was calculated. Primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and associated factors.Results:92 patients with mean age (71,3, SD 12,1) were treated with NIV during the study period. 42 (46%) were women. Median CCI was 3 (25th-75thpercentiles 1.4)) and median SAPS-3 score was 66 (25th-75thpercentiles 58). The 30-day mortality was 37% and in the univariate analysis, SAPS-3 score >66, Charlson comorbidity index, CCI>=3, pCO2 <5.5 and limitation of care were factors associated with increased 30-day mortality. pH <7.35 and pO2<8 at admission showed no associations with 30-day mortality.Conclusions:We found that patients treated with NIV in ICU were a diverse population where comorbidities and presence of limitations of care might be considered as better predictors of 30-day mortality, rather than physiological parameters.
Technology readiness and UTAUT2 in e-wallet adoption in a developing country
Authors: Leong Min Yee , Kwan Jing Hui , Ming Ming Lai 
Published: August 2021

Background: An e-wallet is a digital equivalent of a physical wallet which plays an essential role in payment system transformation. To embrace the concept of a cashless society, the Malaysian Government and central bank have taken various steps to encourage the adoption of e-wallets. Despite the seamless services offered by the e-wallet, it is yet to reach high-scale adoption in Malaysia. This study aims to investigate Malaysians’ readiness towards the e-wallet and their perceptions of it by employing the UTAUT2 model. Methods: A total of 309 valid data were gathered and analysed with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results: The findings revealed that the respondents were confident about the new technology and tended to believe that e-wallet was somehow useful for them. The results also disclosed that e-wallet adoption intention was significantly influenced by performance expectancy, price value, facilitating conditions, and followed closely by social influence. Nonetheless, insecurity did not present significant impact on both performance expectancy and effort expectancy of e-wallet. Conclusions: This study provides a substantial contribution to the knowledge domain by combining system-specific and individual-specific models in an e-wallet context. The outcomes of this study would also benefit e-wallet service providers and policymakers by delivering holistic insight into Malaysians’ readiness and adoption behaviour of the e-wallet.
Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspension Rheological Properties Using a Rotational Viscometer
Authors: Peng Yucheng , Xia Changlei , Via Brian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Interest in cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) recently has been growing significantly. Many applications have been developed for CNC and appropriate procedures to handle the CNC suspensions are critical for these applications. In this study, we explored a method evaluating CNC suspensions based on rheological property characterization. We used a rotational viscometer to characterize CNC suspensions at concentrations of 3, 4, 5, and 6 wt.%. We collected primary readings from the rotational viscometer, including spindle rotation speed and torque, to generate apparent viscosity and shear rate for CNC suspensions. We applied three different methods summarized from the literature to calculate apparent viscosity and real shear rate. We critically analyzed differences among calculation results from the three methods. Shearing thinning behaviors obeyed the power law flow model for all CNC suspensions in the shear rate tested. At different concentrations, consistency and flow behavior indices in the model differed in the measured shear rate range. With the same shear rate, higher concentration CNC suspension had a higher apparent viscosity. The apparent viscosity of the CNC suspension was associated with its weight concentration in a power law relationship. This study indicated that a rotational viscometer can be used as a quality control tool for characterizing the rheological properties of the CNC suspensions. We made recommendations for using appropriate calculation methods to obtain shear rate and apparent viscosity of CNC suspensions from the primary readings of a rotational viscometer under different situations.
Millisecond exoplanet imaging: II. regression equations and technical discussion
Authors: Frazin Richard A. , Rodack Alexander T. 
Published: August 2021

The leading difficulty in achieving the contrast necessary to directly
image exoplanets and associated structures (e.g., protoplanetary
disks) at wavelengths ranging from the visible to the infrared is
quasi-static speckles (QSSs). QSSs are hard to distinguish from
planets at the necessary level of precision to achieve high contrast.
QSSs are the result of hardware aberrations that are not compensated
for by the adaptive optics (AO) system; these aberrations are called
non-common path aberrations (NCPAs). In 2013, Frazin showed how
simultaneous millisecond telemetry from the wavefront sensor (WFS) and
a science camera behind a stellar coronagraph can be used as input
into a regression scheme that simultaneously and self-consistently
estimates NCPAs and the sought-after image of the planetary system
(exoplanet image). When run in a
closed-loop configuration, the WFS measures the corrected wavefront,
called the AO residual (AOR) wavefront. The physical principle underlying the
regression method is rather simple: when an image is formed at the
science camera, the AOR modules both the speckles arising from NCPAs
as well as the planetary image. Therefore, the AOR can be used as a
probe to estimate NCPA and the exoplanet image via regression
techniques. The regression approach is made more difficult by the fact
that the AOR is not exactly known since it can be estimated only from
the WFS telemetry. The simulations in the Part I paper provide results
on the joint regression on NCPAs and the exoplanet image from three
different methods, called ideal, naïve, and bias-corrected estimators. The ideal estimator is not
physically realizable (it is useful as a benchmark for simulation
studies), but the other two are. The ideal estimator uses true AOR
values (available in simulation studies), but it treats the noise in
focal plane images via standard linearized regression. Naïve
regression uses the same regression equations as the ideal estimator,
except that it substitutes the estimated values of the AOR for true
AOR values in the regression formulas, which can result in problematic
biases (however, Part I provides an example in which the naïve
estimate makes a useful estimate of NCPAs). The bias-corrected
estimator treats the errors in AOR estimates, but it requires the
probability distribution that governs the errors in AOR estimates.
This paper provides the regression equations for ideal, naïve, and
bias-corrected estimators, as well as a supporting technical
discussion.
Design of a series-coupled microring resonator wavelength filter using the digital filter design method
Authors: Peng Zhifeng , Komatsubara Takuya , Yamauchi Mao , Arakawa Taro 
Published: August 2021

We propose a digital filter design method for high-order series-coupled microring resonator (MRR) filters considering coupling loss in coupling areas. This method makes it possible to design high-order MRR filters with desired parameters such as a 3 dB wavelength bandwidth, free spectral range (FSR), and center wavelength, which have been difficult to design so far. It is possible to apply the proposed design method to design MRR filters based on the Vernier effect with an expanded FSR. We demonstrate fourth-order Butterworth and Chebyshev silicon-based MRR filters designed with the proposed method. The 3 dB wavelength bandwidth, FSR, and center wavelength of the designed MRR filter are almost identical with the target values.
Identification of the asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocyte reservoir under different transmission intensities
Authors: Koepfli Cristian , Nguitragool Wang , de Almeida Anne Cristine Gomes , Kuehn Andrea , Waltmann Andreea , Kattenberg Eline , Ome-Kaius Maria , Rarau Patricia , Obadia Thomas , Kazura James , Monteiro Wuelton , Darcy Andrew W. , Wini Lyndes , Bassat Quique , Felger Ingrid , Sattabongkot Jetsumon , Robinson Leanne J. , Lacerda Marcus , Mueller Ivo 
Published: August 2021

Background
Understanding epidemiological variables affecting gametocyte carriage and density is essential to design interventions that most effectively reduce malaria human-to-mosquito transmission.

Methodology/Principal findings
Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax parasites and gametocytes were quantified by qPCR and RT-qPCR assays using the same methodologies in 5 cross-sectional surveys involving 16,493 individuals in Brazil, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands. The proportion of infections with detectable gametocytes per survey ranged from 44–94% for P. falciparum and from 23–72% for P. vivax. Blood-stage parasite density was the most important predictor of the probability to detect gametocytes. In moderate transmission settings (prevalence by qPCR>5%), parasite density decreased with age and the majority of gametocyte carriers were children. In low transmission settings (prevalence<5%), >65% of gametocyte carriers were adults. Per survey, 37–100% of all individuals positive for gametocytes by RT-qPCR were positive by light microscopy for asexual stages or gametocytes (overall: P. falciparum 178/348, P. vivax 235/398).

Conclusions/Significance
Interventions to reduce human-to-mosquito malaria transmission in moderate-high endemicity settings will have the greatest impact when children are targeted. In contrast, all age groups need to be included in control activities in low endemicity settings to achieve elimination. Detection of infections by light microscopy is a valuable tool to identify asymptomatic blood stage infections that likely contribute most to ongoing transmission at the time of sampling.
Missed opportunities for vaccination among children aged 0–23 months visiting health facilities in a southwest State of Nigeria, December 2019
Authors: Fatiregun Akinola Ayoola , Lochlainn Laura Nic , Kaboré Lassané , Dosumu Modupeola , Isere Elvis , Olaoye Itse , Akanbiemu Francis Adegoke , Olagbuji Yetunde , Onyibe Rosemary , Boateng Kofi , Banda Richard , Braka Fiona 
Published: August 2021

Background
Despite efforts to improve childhood immunization coverage in Nigeria, coverage has remained below the national acceptable level. In December 2019, we conducted an assessment of Missed Opportunities for Vaccination (MOV) in Ondo State, in Southwest Nigeria. The objectives were to determine the magnitude of, explore the reasons for, as well as possible solutions for reducing MOV in the State.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study using a mixed-methods approach. We purposively selected 66 health facilities in three local government authorities, with a non-probabilistic sampling of caregivers of children 0–23 months for exit interviews, and health workers for knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys. Data collection was complemented with focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with caregivers and health workers. The proportion of MOV among children with documented vaccination histories were determined and thematic analysis of the qualitative data was carried out.

Results
984 caregivers with children aged 0–23 months were interviewed, of which 869 were eligible for inclusion in our analysis. The prevalence of MOV was 32.8%. MOV occurred among 90.8% of children during non-vaccination visits, and 7.3% during vaccination visits. Vaccine doses recommended later in the immunization series were given in a less timely manner. Among 41.0% of health workers, they reported their vaccination knowledge was insufficient. Additionally, 57.5% were concerned about and feared adverse events following immunization. Caregivers were found to have a low awareness about vaccination, and issues related to the organization of the health system were found to contribute towards MOV.

Conclusions
One in three children experienced a MOV during a health service encounter. Potential interventions to reduce MOV include training of health workers about immunization policies and practices, improving caregivers’ engagement and screening of vaccination documentation by health workers during every health service encounter.
Associations between physical activity, sedentary time and cardiovascular risk factors among Dutch children
Authors: Velde Gabrielle ten , Plasqui Guy , Willeboordse Maartje , Winkens Bjorn , Vreugdenhil Anita 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionPhysical activity (PA) plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, especially in children. Previous studies which investigated the role of PA and sedentary time (ST) in cardiovascular disease used different measurements and found inconsistent results. The current study used recommended standardized measures and provides an overview of PA and ST among Dutch primary school children and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors.Methods503 children (55% girls, mean age (± SD) 10 ± 1y) were included. PA (total PA, lightPA and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA)) and ST were measured with the Actigraph GT3X accelerometer. PA in different domains was measured with the BAECKE questionnaire. Cardiovascular risk factors included BMI z-score, waist circumference, blood pressure (z-score) and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as measured with the 20 meter shuttle run test.ResultsChildren spent 57 ± 20 min/day (8%) on MVPA and 42% of the children reached the MVPA guideline of 60 min/day. Total PA and MVPA (h/day) were negatively associated with BMI z-score (B = -0.452, p = 0.011) and waist circumference (B = -3.553, p = 0.011) and positively associated with CRF (B = 2.527, p = <0.001). ST was positively associated with BMI z-score (B = 0.108, p = 0.048) and waist circumference (B = 0.920, p = 0.033). No significant associations were found between total PA or PA intensities and blood pressure.ConclusionThis study used standardized measures of PA and therefore created an accurate overview of PA, ST and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors. PA and ST were associated with BMI z-score, waist circumference and CRF. The findings emphasize the importance of promoting MVPA in children, but also highlight the potential benefits of reducing ST to improve cardiovascular risk factors.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT03440580.
Feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness of a reproductive patient reported outcome measure for cancer survivors
Authors: Gerstl Brigitte , Signorelli Christina , Wakefield Claire E. , D’Souza Chantelle , Deans Rebecca , Vaishnav Tejnei , Johnston Karen , Neville Kristen A. , Cohn Richard J. , Anazodo Antoinette 
Published: August 2021

Background
Cancer patients can experience a number of reproductive complications as a result of cancer treatment and may benefit from reproductive preventative health strategies. A Reproductive Survivorship Patient Reported Outcome Measure (RS-PROM) is not currently available but could assist patients address reproductive concerns.

Purpose
To develop and test the acceptability, feasibility and appropriateness of a RS-PROM tool to be used to assess reproductive needs of cancer survivors aged 18–45 years.

Methods
We reviewed the outcomes of a recently published audit of reproductive care provided in our cancer survivorship clinic to identify gaps in current service provided and used this along with available validated reproductive measures, to develop this pilot RS-PROM. Survivors aged 18–45 years either attending the SCH survivorship clinic over a 1-year period or participants on the Australasian Oncofertility Registry (AOFR) who had agreed to be contacted for future research studies were asked to complete the RS-PROM and a questionnaire on the acceptability, feasibility and appropriateness of content included.

Results
One-hundred and fifty patients participated (61.3% females). Median age at cancer diagnosis was 24.5 years (range: 2–45 years). Eighty percent of participants reported the length of the RS-PROM was “just right”, 92% agreed they would not mind completing the RS-PROM and 92.7% were willing to answer all questions, with 97% agreeing that the RS-PROM would be an important tool in addressing difficult sexual/reproductive topics concerning with healthcare professionals.

Conclusion
The large majority of survivors participating in our pilot study found the RS-PROM to be an acceptable, feasible and useful tool to assist discussions of their sexual and reproductive health concerns and experiences with their clinical team.
Clinical and phenotypical characteristics of submucosal invasive carcinoma in non-ampullary duodenal cancer
Authors: Matsueda Katsunori , Kanzaki Hiromitsu , Takenaka Ryuta , Nakagawa Masahiro , Matsueda Kazuhiro , Iwamuro Masaya , Kawano Seiji , Kawahara Yoshiro , Toji Tomohiro , Tanaka Takehiro , Yagi Takahito , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi , Okada Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2021

Objective
The rare incidence of submucosal invasive non-ampullary duodenal carcinoma has led to scant information in literature; therefore, we compared the clinicopathological features between submucosal invasive carcinoma (SM-Ca), mucosal carcinoma (M-Ca), and advanced carcinoma (Ad-Ca).

Materials
We retrospectively analyzed 165 patients with sporadic non-ampullary duodenal carcinomas (SNADCs) from four institutions between January 2003 and December 2018. The SNADCs were divided to three groups according to histological diagnosis: SM-Ca, M-Ca, and Ad-Ca. The clinicopathological characteristics and mucin phenotypes were compared between groups.

Results
Among the 165 SNADCs, 11 (7%) were classified as SM-Ca, 70 (42%) as M-Ca, and 84 (51%) as Ad-Ca. We found that all SM-Ca (P = 0.013) and most Ad-Ca (P = 0.020) lesions were located on the oral-Vater; however, an almost equal distribution of M-Ca lesions was found between the oral- and anal-Vater. No significant difference was observed between the tumor diameter of M-Ca and SM-Ca; however, 45% (5/11) of SM-Ca were ≤10 mm. A total of 73% (8/11) of SM-Ca were classified as gastric phenotype and no lesions were classified as intestinal phenotype; whereas most M-Ca were classified as intestinal phenotype (67%, 8/12).

Conclusions
SM-Ca lesions were all located on the oral-Vater and were highly associated with the gastric mucin phenotype, which were different from the features of most M-Ca.