bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iodine status of postpartum women and their infants aged 3, 6 and 12 months: Mother and Infant Nutrition Investigation (MINI)
Authors: Jin Ying , Coad Jane , Skeaff Sheila A. , Zhou Shao (Jo) , Brough Louise 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo alleviate the re-emergence of iodine deficiency in New Zealand, two strategies, the mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt (2009) and a government-subsidised iodine supplement for breast-feeding women (2010), were introduced. Few studies have investigated mother and infant iodine status during the first postpartum year; this study aimed to describe iodine status of mothers and infants at 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum (3MPP, 6MPP and 12MPP, respectively). Partitioning of iodine excretion between urine and breast milk of exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) women at 3MPP was determined. In total, eighty-seven mother–infant pairs participated in the study. Maternal and infant spot urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) were determined. The percentage of women who took iodine-containing supplements decreased from 46 % at 3MPP to 6 % at 12MPP. Maternal median UIC (MUIC) at 3MPP (82 (46, 157) µg/l), 6MPP (85 (43, 134) µg/l) and 12MPP (95 (51, 169) µg/l) were <100 µg/l. The use of iodine-containing supplements increased MUIC and BMIC only at 3MPP. Median BMIC at all time points were below 75 µg/l. Infant MUIC at 3MPP (115 (69, 182) µg/l) and 6MPP (120 (60, 196) µg/l) were below 125 µg/l. Among EBF women at 3MPP, an increased partitioning of iodine into breast milk (highest proportion 60 %) was shown at lower iodine intakes, along with a reduced fractional iodine excretion in urine (lowest proportion 40 %), indicating a protective mechanism for breastfed infants’ iodine status. In conclusion, this cohort of postpartum women was iodine-deficient. Iodine status of their breastfed infants was suboptimal. Lactating women who do not consume iodine-rich foods and those who become pregnant again should take iodine-containing supplements.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciensameliorates high-carbohydrate diet-induced metabolic phenotypes by restoration of intestinal acetate-producing bacteria in Nile Tilapia
Authors: Xu Rong , Li Miao , Wang Tong , Zhao Yi-Wei , Shan Cheng-Jie , Qiao Fang , Chen Li-Qiao , Zhang Wen-Bing , Du Zhen-Yu , Zhang Mei-Ling 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPoor utilisation efficiency of carbohydrate always leads to metabolic phenotypes in fish. The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in carbohydrate degradation. Whether the intestinal bacteria could alleviate high-carbohydrate diet (HCD)-induced metabolic phenotypes in fish remains unknown. Here, a strain affiliated toBacillus amyloliquefacienswas isolated from the intestine of Nile tilapia. A basal diet (CON), HCD or HCD supplemented withB. amy SS1(HCB) was used to feed fish for 10 weeks. The beneficial effects ofB. amy SS1on weight gain and protein accumulation were observed. Fasting glucose and lipid deposition were decreased in the HCB group compared with the HCD group. High-throughput sequencing showed that the abundance of acetate-producing bacteria was increased in the HCB group relative to the HCD group. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated that the concentration of intestinal acetate was increased dramatically in the HCB group compared with that in the HCD group. Glucagon-like peptide-1 was also increased in the intestine and serum of the HCB group. Thus, fish were fed with HCD, HCD supplemented with sodium acetate at 900 mg/kg (HLA), 1800 mg/kg (HMA) or 3600 mg/kg (HHA) diet for 8 weeks, and the HMA and HHA groups mirrored the effects ofB. amy SS1.This study revealed thatB. amy SS1could alleviate the metabolic phenotypes caused by HCD by enriching acetate-producing bacteria in fish intestines. Regulating the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites might represent a powerful strategy for fish nutrition modulation and health maintenance in future.
Experiences in academic publication among ENT trainees in the UK: results from a national survey
Authors: Shahidi S , Osborne M S , Jama G M , Bola S , Murphy J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to provide an objective means of identifying patterns in academic publication among ENT trainees during their higher surgical training.MethodA cross-sectional survey was distributed to ENT higher surgical trainees.ResultsA total of 153 ENT specialty trainees participated, giving a response rate of 46.5 per cent. Across all years of training, the mean number of first author publications was three and the mean number of non-first author publications was two. For trainees at specialty trainee year 8 level, these figures were nine and five, respectively. Participants with doctoral degrees and those in academic programmes published more papers but the mean difference was only significant for the doctoral subgroup (p < 0.0001). Those with additional undergraduate degrees and those in less than full-time training had an overall lower number of publications.ConclusionParticipants in the current survey achieved a higher average number of academic publications than is presently required to successfully complete higher surgical training in ENT. It is hoped that these results act as a guide for trainees planning the research component of their training to ensure that they remain competitive at consultant interview.
Stimulus valence, episodic memory, and the priming of brain activation profiles in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Szczepaniak Morgan , Chowdury Asadur , Soloff Paul H. , Diwadkar Vaibhav A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundBorderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by instability in affective regulation that can result in a loss of cognitive control. Triggers may be neuronal responses to emotionally valenced context and/or stimuli. ‘Neuronal priming’ indexes the familiarity of stimuli, and may capture the obligatory effects of affective valence on the brain's processing system, and how such valence mediates responses to the repeated presentation of stimuli. We investigated the effects of affective valence of stimuli on neuronal priming (i.e. changes in activation to repeated presentation of stimuli), and if these effects distinguished BPD patients from controls.MethodsForty BPD subjects and 25 control subjects (age range: 18–44) participated in an episodic memory task during fMRI. Stimuli were presented in alternating epochs of encoding (six images of positive, negative, and neutral valence) and recognition (six images for ‘old’ v. ‘new’ recognition). Analyses focused on inter-group differences in the change in activation to repeated stimuli (presented during Encoding and Recognition).ResultsRelative to controls, BPD showed greater priming (generally greater decrease from encoding to recognition) for negatively valenced stimuli. Conversely, BPD showed less priming for positively valenced stimuli (generally greater increase from encoding to recognition).ConclusionPlausibly, the relative familiarity of negative valence to patients with BPD exerts an influence on obligatory responses to repeated stimuli leading to repetition priming of neuronal profiles. The specific effects of valence on memory and/or attention, and consequently on priming can inform the understanding of mechanisms of altered salience for affective stimuli in BPD.
Developing students’ linguistic and digital literacy skills through the use of multimedia presentations
Authors: Yu Baohua , Zadorozhnyy Artem 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the immense presence of English language video content in the online digital environment and students’ everyday exposure to multimedia content, this project aims to explore how to replace traditional in-class presentation with video presentation within an autonomous learning environment, examine the impact of doing so on the development of English language and digital literacy skills, and develop assessment rubrics at both individual and group levels. The project was conducted as part of an English language course for undergraduate students majoring in English in the context of a higher education institution in Hong Kong. Data were collected through multiple methods: survey questionnaires, open-ended questions, and face-to-face interviews. The results showed that the video production mode of presentation could not only replace traditional in-class presentation but also improve students’ learning autonomy, and language, collaborative, and digital literacy skills. The analysis of videos elucidated how the video production (VPR) group of students use multimodal semiotic resources to design their relationships with viewers while simultaneously adapting their discoursal identities. In addition, the comparison between VPR- and non-VPR-group presentations demonstrates that constructing audio-visual resources in a collaborative environment contributes to a variety of aspects to a higher extent. Implications for foreign language curriculum and instructional design, as well as recommendations for future studies of digitalization of students’ oral assessment tasks, are discussed.
BMI and risk of all-cause mortality in normotensive and hypertensive adults: the rural Chinese cohort study
Authors: Zhou Qionggui , Liu Xuejiao , Zhao Yang , Qin Pei , Ren Yongcheng , Liu Dechen , Liu Leilei , Chen Xu , Liu Feiyan , Cheng Cheng , Guo Chunmei , Li Quanman , Tian Gang , Wu Xiaoyan , Qie Ranran , Han Minghui , Huang Shengbing , Xu Lidan , Zhang Ming , Hu Dongsheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:The impact of baseline hypertension status on the BMI–mortality association is still unclear. We aimed to examine the moderation effect of hypertension on the BMI–mortality association using a rural Chinese cohort.Design:In this cohort study, we investigated the incident of mortality according to different BMI categories by hypertension status.Setting:Longitudinal population-based cohort.Participants:17 262 adults ≥18 years were recruited from July to August of 2013 and July to August of 2014 from a rural area in China.Results:During a median 6-year follow-up, we recorded 1109 deaths (610 with and 499 without hypertension). In adjusted models, as compared with BMI 22–24 kg/m2, with BMI ≤ 18, 18–20, 20–22, 24–26, 26–28, 28–30 and >30 kg/m2, the hazard ratios for mortality in normotensive participants were 1·92 (95% CI 1·23, 3·00), 1·44 (95% CI 1·01, 2·05), 1·14 (95% CI 0·82, 1·58), 0·96 (95% CI 0·70, 1·31), 0·96 (95% CI 0·65, 1·43), 1·32 (95% CI 0·81, 2·14) and 1·32 (95% CI 0·74, 2·35), respectively, and in hypertensive participants were 1·85 (95% CI 1·08, 3·17), 1·67 (95% CI 1·17, 2·39), 1·29 (95% CI 0·95, 1·75), 1·20 (95% CI 0·91, 1·58), 1·10 (95% CI 0·83, 1·46), 1·10 (95% CI 0·80, 1·52) and 0·61 (95% CI 0·40, 0·94), respectively. The risk of mortality was lower in individuals with hypertension with overweight or obesity v. normal weight, especially in older hypertensives (≥60 years old). Sensitivity analyses gave consistent results for both normotensive and hypertensive participants.Conclusions:Low BMI was significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality regardless of hypertension status in rural Chinese adults, but high BMI decreased the mortality risk among individuals with hypertension, especially in older hypertensives.
Micro-Structural Stability of Micropropagated Plants ofVitex negundoL.
Authors: Manokari M. , Priyadharshini S. , Shekhawat Mahipal S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMicropropagation techniques allow producing large numbers of clones of genetically identical plants. However, there is evidence of disorders in internal structures due to sophisticatedin vitroconditions. Such variations are responsible for the mortality of plantlets in the field and cause huge loss to the tissue culture industry. Anatomical evaluation at different growth conditions allows for understanding structural repair ofin vitroraised plantlets. Therefore, the present study was aimed to identify the structural changes that occurred in micropropagated plants ofVitex negundounder heterotrophic, photomixotrophic, and photoautotrophic conditions. To achieve this, structural variations were analyzed in the plantlets obtained fromin vitro, greenhouse and field transferred stages using light microscopy. Underdeveloped dermal tissues, palisade cells, intercellular spaces, mechanical tissues, vascular bundles, and ground tissues were observed with the plants growing underin vitroconditions. The self-repairing of structural disorders and transitions in vegetative anatomy was observed during hardening under the greenhouse environment. Field transferred plantlets were characterized by well-developed internal anatomy. These findings showed that the micropropagated plantlets ofV. negundowere well-adapted through a series of self-repairing thein vitroinduced structural abnormalities at the subsequent stages of plant development.
ON MENTAL ILLNESS AND BROKEN BRAINS
Authors: Jefferson Anneli 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTWe often hear that certain mental disorders are disorders of the brain, but it is not clear what this claim amounts to. Does it mean that they are like classic brain diseases such as brain cancer? I argue that this is not the case for most mental disorders. Neither does the claim that all mental disorders are brain disorders follow from a materialist world-view. The only plausible way of understanding mental disorders as brain disorders is a fairly modest one, where we label brain differences we find in mental illness as pathological based on their link to mental dysfunction. How many mental disorders will turn out to be brain disorders on this understanding is an empirical question.
Zircon and Melt Extraction From a Long‐Lived and Vertically Extensive Magma System Underneath Ilopango Caldera (El Salvador)
Authors: Cisneros de León A. , Schmitt A. K. , Kutterolf S. , Schindlbeck‐Belo J. C. , Hernández W. , Sims K. W. W. , Garrison J. , Kant L. B. , Weber B. , Wang K.‐L. , Lee H.‐Y. , Trumbull R. B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Tierra Blanca (TB) eruptive suite comprises the last four major eruptions of Ilopango caldera in El Salvador (≤45 ka), including the youngest Tierra Blanca Joven eruption (TBJ; ∼106 km3): the most voluminous event during the Holocene in Central America. Despite the protracted and productive history of explosive silicic eruptions at Ilopango caldera, many aspects regarding the longevity and the prevailing physicochemical conditions of the underlying magmatic system remain unknown. Zircon 238U‐230Th geochronology of the TB suite (TBJ, TB2, TB3, and TB4) reveals a continuous and overlapping crystallization history among individual eruptions, suggesting persistent melt presence in thermally and compositionally distinct magma reservoirs over the last ca. 80 kyr. The longevity of zircon is in contrast to previously determined crystallization timescales of <10 kyr for major mineral phases in TBJ. This dichotomy is explained by a process of rhyolitic melt segregation from a crystal‐rich refractory residue that incorporates zircon, whereas a new generation of major mineral phases crystallized shortly before eruption. Ti‐in‐zircon temperatures and amphibole geothermobarometry suggest that rhyolitic melt was extracted from different storage zones of the magma reservoir as indicated by distinct but synchronous thermochemical zircon histories among the TB suite eruptions. Zircon from TBJ and TB2 suggests magma differentiation within deeper and hotter parts of the reservoir, whereas zircon from TB3 and TB4 instead hints at crystallization in comparatively shallower and cooler domains. The assembly of the voluminous TBJ magma reservoir was also likely enhanced by cannibalization of hydrothermally altered components as suggested by low‐δ18O values in zircon (+4.5 ± 0.3‰).
Influence of Europa’s Time‐Varying Electromagnetic Environment on Magnetospheric Ion Precipitation and Surface Weathering
Authors: Addison Peter , Liuzzo Lucas , Arnold Hannes , Simon Sven 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe combine the electromagnetic fields from a hybrid model with a particle‐tracing code to calculate the time‐varying spatial distribution of magnetospheric ion flux onto the surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa. The electromagnetic fields at Europa are perturbed by the sub‐alfvénic interaction of the moon’s ionosphere and induced dipole with the magnetospheric plasma. These perturbations substantially modify magnetospheric ion trajectories at all energies. We calculate spatially resolved surface flux maps of thermal and energetic ions for various distances between Europa and the center of Jupiter’s magnetospheric plasma sheet. The upstream ion distributions are constrained through in‐situ particle data from the Galileo and Juno spacecraft. These maps are then combined to obtain the average distribution of magnetospheric ion surface flux over a full synodic rotation. Our results show that the draping and pileup of the magnetic field reduce ion flux onto Europa’s trailing hemisphere by several orders of magnitude, while a significant number of the incident ions are deflected onto the leading hemisphere. Taking into account the deflection of energetic ions in the draped electromagnetic fields shifts the region of minimum energetic ion surface flux from Europa’s wakeside equator to its ramside equator. This generates an “inverted bullseye” pattern of energetic ion flux centered at the trailing apex. Despite drastic changes to the morphology of the ion surface flux when the alfvénic plasma interaction is included, we still find a strong correlation between variations of sulfuric acid concentration observed across Europa’s surface by Galileo and our modeled sulfur influx pattern.
Large Mesoscale Eddies in the Western Arctic Ocean From Satellite Altimetry Measurements
Authors: Kubryakov A. A. , Kozlov I. E. , Manucharyan G. E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEddies in the Western Arctic play an important role in transporting heat, salt, and biogeochemical tracers across the continental shelf and within the deep basins. However, comprehensive observations of the regional and temporal variability of the eddy field characteristics are difficult to obtain remotely due to the presence of sea ice, and the available in situ observations remain relatively sparse. Nonetheless, with continuing global warming, increasingly large areas of the Arctic Ocean become seasonally ice‐free and can be observed with remote sensing. Here, we use satellite altimetry data acquired between 1993 and 2018 over the seasonally ice‐free Western Arctic Ocean to detect the signatures and hot spots of large mesoscale eddies, validating their detection method using independent optical and infrared satellite observations. The altimetry measurements were most frequent from July to October, revealing signatures of over 2000 individual eddies that were roughly equally partitioned between cyclones and anticyclones, with radii between 20 and 60 km and characteristic orbital velocities of about 0.05–0.4 m/s. A maximum number of eddies were detected in October in the Beaufort Sea and in November in the Chukchi Sea. The interannual variability of eddies in the Beaufort Sea is correlated with variations of intensity and freshwater content in the Beaufort Gyre. Using the regional eddy statistics, we discuss the potential eddy formation mechanisms over the key regions of their observations in the Amundsen Gulf, the area adjacent to the Mackenzie River mouth, the western part of the Beaufort Sea, and the Chukchi Sea.
Estimation of Bottom Friction Coefficient in Multi‐Constituent Tidal Models Using the Adjoint Method: Temporal Variations and Spatial Distributions
Authors: Wang Daosheng , Zhang Jicai , Wang Ya Ping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe bottom friction coefficient (BFC) is critical for precisely determining hydrodynamic conditions and sediment transport rates, which are important for scientific research and coastal ocean engineering. The BFC varies spatially and temporally, as indicated by in situ observations, but it is difficult to accurately set this parameter in tidal models. In this study, based on a two‐dimensional multi‐constituent tidal model and its adjoint model, the harmonic constants of four principal tidal constituents (M2, S2, K1, and O1) obtained from TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data were assimilated to estimate spatially and temporally varying BFCs using the adjoint method in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas. The model performance was significantly improved after data assimilation, which was independently tested by harmonic constants at coastal tidal gauge stations. Through several sensitivity experiments, the spatial distributions of the temporally averaged BFCs were verified to be robust and not affected by model settings, while the temporal variations of the spatially averaged BFCs were also robust but related to the tidal constituents. The variations in the estimated BFCs with the current speed and water depth were nearly consistent with those in the observations. Overall, the temporal and spatial variations in the estimated BFCs are significantly correlated with the current speed and water depth, which is attributed to the erosion‐deposition of sediment on the seabed and the changes in seabed roughness under different current speeds. The results can be beneficial for determining reasonable parameters for the bottom stress and setting the BFC in multi‐constituent tidal models.
Physical Controls on the Macrofaunal Benthic Biomass in Barrow Canyon, Chukchi Sea
Authors: Pickart Robert S. , Spall Michael A. , Lin Peigen , Bahr Frank , McRaven Leah T. , Arrigo Kevin R. , Grebmeier Jacqueline M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA region of exceptionally high macrofaunal benthic biomass exists in Barrow Canyon, implying a carbon export process that is locally concentrated. Here we offer an explanation for this benthic “hotspot” using shipboard data together with a set of dynamical equations. Repeat occupations of the Distributed Biological Observatory transect in Barrow Canyon reveal that when the northward flow is strong and the density front in the canyon is sharp, plumes of fluorescence and oxygen extend from the pycnocline to the seafloor in the vicinity of the hotspot. By solving the quasi‐geostrophic omega equation with an analytical flow field fashioned after the observations, we diagnose the vertical velocity in the canyon. This reveals that, as the along stream flow converges into the canyon, it drives a secondary circulation cell with strong downwelling on the cyclonic side of the northward flow. The downwelling quickly advects material from the pycnocline to the seafloor in a vertical plume analogous to those seen in the observations. The plume occurs only when the phytoplankton reside in the pycnocline, since the near‐surface vertical velocity is weak, also consistent with the observations. Using a wind‐based proxy to represent the strength of the northward flow and hence the pumping, in conjunction with a satellite‐derived phytoplankton source function, we construct a time series of carbon supply to the bottom of Barrow Canyon.