bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Rationale and Arguments
Authors: Chan Steve , Feng Huiyun , He Kai , Hu Weixing 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Despite realists’ emphasis on the role of national power in interstate relations, foreign policy analysis is fundamentally concerned with states’ intentions rather than their capabilities. Arguably, revisionism occupies a central place in the discourse on states’ intentions. Yet despite its analytic importance, existing discourse on this concept is fraught with serious problems. This chapter identifies various issues in the ways that it has been applied theoretically and substantively. It draws a distinction between international order and the interstate distribution of power and argues that revisionism pertains to the former but not the latter. It also presents a preview of the chapters to follow.
A Peaceful Transition of International Order?
Authors: Chan Steve , Feng Huiyun , He Kai , Hu Weixing 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter reviews and summarizes, reiterating the problematic aspects of current practice in applying the concept of revisionism. It introduces prospect theory to provide insights about prospective Chinese and US policies, and it offers caveats about the possible direction of these countries’ relations. Despite the recent escalation of tension between Beijing and Washington, the authors view the future with cautious optimism. They argue that to stabilize this important bilateral relationship, both sides should maintain mutual nuclear deterrence, avoid various forms of power politics (especially displays of military escalation), and dial back nationalist rhetoric contributing to tension and undermining trust. A transition of international order does not necessarily require a power transition between these countries, and it can come about peacefully.
Religious Anti-Semitism
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Topor Lev 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines and compares theories in the general political science literature to those in the anti-Semitism literature which posit that religion is a cause of discrimination against Jews. While the perspectives of the two literatures are different, the predictions and arguments are similar and predict religion to cause more discrimination. The authors use data on government support for religion from the Religion and State data set to test whether countries which are closely associated with a single religion discriminate against Jews more and confirm that this is the case. However, when using data from the World Values Survey measuring religiosity, the authors find that in countries where people are more religious there is less discrimination against Jews. This is an unprecedented finding. The authors theorize that this is due to the influence of secularism where religious Christians see religious Jews as potential allies in the fight against the common threat of secularism.
Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Topor Lev 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Conspiracy theories of Jewish power and world domination as well as blood libels have been persistently present for over a millennium. This chapter briefly discusses the history and nature of these conspiracy theories and evaluates them using a developing social science literature on conspiracy theories. Empirically the authors test the relationship between belief in conspiracy theories and discrimination against Jews using data from the ADL 100 survey. Their results show an extremely strong and significant correlation between belief in conspiracy theories about Jews and both societal and governmental discrimination against Jews. Conspiracy theories provide the strongest empirical predictor of discrimination against Jews among all indicators used on this study. Interestingly, to the authors’ knowledge, there has been no previous cross-country test as to whether belief in conspiracy theories causes real-world discrimination against the objects of those conspiracy theories (in this case, Jews).
Adopting the Imperial Idea Beyond Europe
Authors: Watanabe-O'Kelly Helen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
During the Napoleonic period, ‘the imperial idea’ spread to colonial territories far from Europe. This chapter discusses how Brazil became an empire when Pedro I declared independence from Portugal and how Mexico declared independence from Spain under Agustín de Iturbide. Pedro II succeeded his father as emperor of Brazil but abdicated in 1889. Agustín I was executed in 1824, as was the second emperor of Mexico, Maximilian of Austria, in 1867. These emperors also had to create symbolic power with courts, costumes, ceremonial, and coronations on the Napoleonic model, Queen Victoria was given the title of empress in 1876 and the British invented a ceremony of acclamation in 1877 which they called a ‘durbar’.
The Theory of Guanxi and Chinese Society
Authors: Barbalet Jack 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This is the first book to comprehensively and critically examine the nature and background of the Chinese phenomenon of guanxi. It does this by reviewing and taking account of the major theoretical frameworks that relate to these closely bonded long-term relationships that are developed in order to pursue instrumental advantage in a society marked by relatively weak legal and regulatory institutions. The book locates such theorizing in the major features of the rapidly evolving Chinese market society, whilst paying attention to the historical origins and cultural sources of this highly particularistic approach to the acquisition of social and material resources, an approach which relies on obligatory relations of favour exchange between persons who self-consciously and strategically select their associates and goals. The book goes on to develop an improved way of understanding this extremely significant and distinct feature of social, political and economic relations that are characteristic of mainland China’s relentlessly active population. The book uniquely proposes an inclusive approach to guanxi based on comprehensive theorizing which both challenges many conventions and at the same time introduces a research orientation which captures the pertinent psychological dispositions, cultural expressions, and institutional frameworks that underpin guanxi.
Introduction
Authors: Barbalet Jack 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Introduction situates the theme of guanxi in the particular treatment developed in the book. Guanxi is described in terms of its features, the highly personalized connection between those who participate in a guanxi, and its application for acquisition of social and material goods. It is also noted that as a social relation guanxi generates expectations of the participants which have characteristic emotional and ethical dimensions. As well as mentioning the broader literature on guanxi the Introduction indicates the nature of a sociological apprehension of guanxi, provided in this book, through a brief overview of the critical nature of sociology, in which social relations are subject to systematic investigation, historical contextualization, and in which the cultural framework through which interpretive orientations and sensibilities are conveyed is acknowledged. The introduction goes on to lay out a comprehensive summary of the six chapters which follow.
Renqing as Guanxi and in Guanxi
Authors: Barbalet Jack 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers guanxi-like practices in a number of historical and social contexts, from the 1880s to the 1980s, when the term guanxi is first used. By doing so, many aspects of instrumental particularism typically ignored become evident. In late imperial literati circles, and in rural China up to the present time, gift-giving occurs without expectation of reciprocation but in order to acquire ‘protection’, to be let alone. The use of money in renqing, thought by many theorists today as problematic for guanxi, was routine in these circumstances. Reciprocal gift exchange in rural China begins with Communist collectivization in the 1950s. It is shown that the vast increase in the numbers of officials from this time, and the relative empowerment of peasants, extended the incidence of guanxi-like practices. Concurrently, a number of distinctive terms were used to describe these practices, until guanxi gained widespread usage in the 1980s.
Imagining Ireland's Pasts
Authors: Canny Nicholas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The book describes how various authors addressed the history of early modern Ireland over four centuries, and explains why they could not settle on an agreed narrative. It shows how conflicting interpretations broke frequently along denominational lines, but that authors were also influenced by ethnic, cultural, and political considerations, and by whether they were resident in Ireland or living in exile. The book details how each set of authors extolled the merits of their progenitors, offered hope and guidance to the particular audience they addressed, and disputed opposing narratives. The author shows how competing scholars, whether contributing to vernacular histories or empirical studies, became transfixed by the traumatic events of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as they sought to explain either how stability had finally been achieved, or how the descendants of those who had been wronged might secure redress. Humanist, Apocalyptic and Enlightenment authors are treated separately. Greatest attention is given to the nineteenth century when some Protestant authors adopted a nationalist perspective inspired by European liberal ideology. It is explained how this was spurned by Catholic Church leaders no less than by conservative Protestants, and how each set their minds to composing an alternative grand narrative. The publications of Lecky and Froude are given special consideration before attention shifts to authors who, in the late nineteenth century, permitted happenings from the early modern past to flow into the present to produce an outpouring of historical publications that has not been fully appreciated by scholars of Ireland’s literary renaissance.
Composing Counter-Narratives in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Canny Nicholas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains how denigration of all Irish people by apocalyptic authors, and the conquest that it legitimized, proved traumatic for all Irish people whether at home or in exile. Annalists despaired of the future but Irish authors from Gaelic and English ancestries who had found refuge in Catholic Europe took inspiration from Catholic histories they encountered there to compose histories in Latin, Irish, and English defending Ireland’s reputation, and arguing from history that foreign powers should sustain Ireland and Catholicism. Divisions emerged between authors, notably Philip O’Sullivan Beare, who advocated renewed warfare, and those, notably David Rothe and Geoffrey Keating, who wrote conciliatory narratives. These argued from history that Catholics of both ancestries in Ireland had been bonded by religion into a single nation, and that Catholics who still prevailed in Ireland should owe allegiance to the British monarchy.
New Histories for a New Ireland
Authors: Canny Nicholas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Authors who approved of the conquest of Ireland ransacked history for clues on how the dominant Protestant minority might bring the majority Catholic population to conform to English civil and religious norms. Military historians, acknowledging the support the Crown had received from loyal Irish lords, suggested that these might be trusted to lead their subordinates towards reform. The lawyer Davies and the religious historians Ussher and James Ware disputed this, and argued from history that because Ireland’s population had just been conquered they stood ready to embrace reform provided they were protected from being tyrannized by their lords and by Catholic clergy. They also imagined Ireland returning to a lost golden age—for Davies to when Ireland had been a source of profit to the Crown, and for Ussher and Ware to when the true Christianity preached by St Patrick had been the envy of Europe.
From Neutrality to Intervention, 1914–15
Authors: Wilcox Vanda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
When the July Crisis erupted, Italy was allied to its neighbour Austria-Hungary, but most Italians had little interest in fighting for it. On 3 August 1914 Italy declared its neutrality with the support of most of the population. However, the prospect of joining the war on the other side was soon raised, and both the Entente and the Central Powers began to court the Italian government in hope of securing its allegiance. A small but vocal interventionist movement emerged as public opinion evolved. Irredentism motivated some interventionists, while others adopted pragmatic positions or embraced the rhetoric of a war for democracy; some placed the war in a wider imperial context right from the start, hoping to acquire as yet undefined territories beyond national borders. At last, in April 1915, Italy signed the Treaty of London, committing to join the Entente in pursuit of expansionist aims: it hoped both to complete national unification and to receive territorial compensation elsewhere.
Societies at War
Authors: Wilcox Vanda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With the mobilization of Italy’s society and economy for war, the lives of millions of men, women, and children were transformed. Whether emigrants, colonists, or mainland residents, Italians raised funds, worked in war industries, supported family members at the front, prayed for victory, and engaged in patriotic activities—or, alternatively, in anti-war politics. Anti-war sentiment, both real and imagined, encouraged the government to adopt increasingly harsh repressive measures—which in turn further alienated some sectors of the population. Socialists were particularly the object of official suspicion, while by contrast Catholics built an unprecedented bond with the nation. As the state sought to mobilize all available manpower, Italians overseas and in the colonies had a vital part to play. The authorities also sought to maximize the economic contribution, whether in money or materials, that Italy’s empire could make to the war effort—though with limited results.
Towards a Sociological Approach to Human Rights Law
Authors: Martin Richard 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
An overarching argument of the book, which connects its parts, is an epistemological one: to fully grasp the routine understandings, interpretations and practices that animate human rights law in policing, a sociological approach to law should be explored and experimented with. In sketching out what such an approach might look like, this chapter introduces the three conceptual foundations adopted and outlines the research methods deployed in the book. The first of these is how human rights law comes to be adopted and deployed as ‘vernacular’ beyond traditional legal forums and judicial audiences in order to both legitimate and challenge police power. The second is human rights law as a set of principles and standards that officers are socialized in, and engage in ‘sensemaking’ of, amidst their sub-cultures, everyday routines and organizational demands. The third is how human rights law comes to be ‘practiced’ by officers in specific roles in so far as they are professional actors required to bring a resolution to a specific factual issue through understanding, engaging with and applying human rights law principles and standards. Collectively, these features comprise the book’s sociological approach to human rights law.
Dirty Work
Authors: Martin Richard 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The PSNI have promoted human rights as a central and enduring hallmark of con-temporary policing, proffering to junior officers what Ravasi and Schultz (2006: 435) describe as ‘legitimate and consistent narratives that allow them to construct a collective sense of self’. The focus of this chapter’s analysis is on how junior officers performing routine work internalized human rights, with sensemaking providing the process through which this took place. Sensemaking is a situated practice, taking place amidst individuals’ working lives and occupational settings and drawing on resources from each. In this chapter, the focus is on the Tactical Support Group. Drawing on Hughes’ (1958) concept of ‘dirty work’, this chapter introduces the occupational context within which TSG officers were making sense of human rights as a vernacular of police work. With this conceptual scaffolding in place, the chapter proceeds to identify and examine a series of counter-narratives officers attached to human rights as a normative vision for policing and a regulatory standard in their everyday work. This entailed officers re-interpreting and modifying the official rights narrative in various ways, such that the content of the narrative varied even if it served similar sensemaking goals to the official narrative: making the complex orderly, fostering self-esteem and maintaining self-legitimacy.
Narrative Discourse, Literary History
Authors: Gingrich Brian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Scene and summary: these are the two primary units whose development and transformation guide the course of this study. This chapter examines their value as registers of pace, and it argues that they are truly valuable insofar as they are examined diachronically across literary history. Jane Austen, Gustave Flaubert, and Henry James at first appear in the foreground as guides for a history of pacing, but the goal of this study is to avoid any strict teleology and to instead imagine elliptical constructions of literary history that emerge in between distant focal points. The chapter ends by considering the large ellipsis within which this study takes place—“modernity”—and critiquing the methods by which one may relate pace to modernity while offering a way to examine history in pace as it creates themes.
Collapse of the Scenic Method
Authors: Gingrich Brian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Beyond the imperative or appearance of realism, some scenic impulse in nineteenth-century fiction determines narrative pace. One looks, then, to Charlotte Brontë, to Nathaniel Hawthorne, and even to the realist Balzac in his theatrical tendencies. This chapter reckons with how the scenic impulse that engenders scene-and-summary fiction also leads to its collapse. Chapters become scenes; chapter entries become rising curtains; summaries become prologues for a scene that waits beyond the threshold. One sees it in Zola, Howells, Kate Chopin …. But the seeming culmination appears when Henry James, in the 1890s, avows that he is bound to “the scenic method.” James’s career is one of the most illuminating representations of the arc of the scene-and-summary novel, and its climax appears at the end of the nineteenth century. From there, with late James, one senses a resurgence of romance in the form of narrative lyricism, and one begins to wonder whether pace will be dissolved in that lyrical expanse.
The Measure and Mismeasure of the Self
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the virtues and vices of intellectual self-evaluation that are the main topic of the book. It explains that humility consists in having the measure of one’s strengths and weaknesses, whilst arrogance, vanity, or servility are ways in which one fails to have such a measure because one’s self-appraisals are biased by needs for self-enhancement or for social acceptance. In addition, the chapter argues for thinking of vice epistemology as a form of social epistemology whose main aim is ameliorative because it offers concrete proposals to improve common epistemic predicaments. The chapter concludes with a summary of the book.
Attitude Psychology and Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Virtue ethicists and epistemologists have generally presumed that virtue and vices are real psychological states or traits amenable to empirical study. There is, however, no agreement on the psychological constructs that may play this role. This chapter introduces the apparatus of attitude psychology that, in the author’s view, supplies a theoretical framework suitable to understand those intellectual vices which in Chapter 2 have been described as defects in epistemic agency. The approach throws light on the affective, motivational, and cognitive dimensions of the vices which are under scrutiny in this book. The chapter provides an overview of key concepts in attitude psychology including that of an attitude as a summary evaluation of its object. It makes a case that attitudes are the causal bases of intellectual virtues and vices. It concludes by addressing various objections to the framework and briefly addresses the questions raised by the situationist criticism of virtue epistemology.
Teaching Intellectual Virtues, Changing Attitudes
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the prospects of interventions designed to weaken epistemic vices and promote virtues. The first section discusses the prospects of two strategies for the cultivation of intellectual virtues. These are: explicit education and the habituation of virtue. It concludes that both strategies encounter obstacles that make their success unlikely. The second section is dedicated to attempts to foster virtue by stimulating emulation when in the presence of role models or exemplars. It argues that despite its current popularity, and evidence of some success when educating cohorts of children, this strategy is unlikely on its own to be very effective for those who are most in need of virtue education. The third section describes self-affirmation techniques consisting in the affirmation of values and offers indirect empirical evidence that indicates that the self-affirmation strategy might be successful when trying to reduce the expression of vicious behaviour, and over time, might even lead to the development of more virtuous conduct.
Increase Your Ability to Interact with People and Ideas
Authors: Alessi Charles , Chambers Larry W. , Gray Muir 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to create new connections throughout the whole of an individual’s life course. Any intellectual activity is better than inactivity and the more challenging the intellectual activity the better. It is important to give priority to intellectual activity that involves engagement with other people. The benefits of being involved with other people and avoiding isolation is that it keeps the brain healthy and, for many people, prevents depression and feelings of loneliness. New findings about neurologic mechanisms from brain imaging studies help explain how uncorrected deficits in vision and hearing can lead to cognitive decline. By sustaining one’s hearing and improving vision it is possible to avoid or at least delay the consequences of hearing and vision loss that include communication difficulties, social isolation, depression, an increased risk of falls, decline in physical functioning, and decreased quality of life.