bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross-appeals
Authors: Naômé Caroline 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cross-appeals were not defined by the rules relating to appeals. They flourished with the development of the case-law and the needs of the parties. This chapter offers a classification of cross-appeals and tries to identify the difficulties faced by the parties which gave rise to cross-appeals. Among those difficulties, the chapter refers to the fact that a case in which the ECJ has quashed a judgment of the General Court may be referred back to the judges who had adopted that judgment and problems linked to the notion of res judicata, the authority of judgments of the Court, to the influence of rules of national law, or to the form and content of the judgments of the General Court. The chapter ends with a description of the attempts to improve the situation by adopting a recast of the Rules of Procedure and proposing advice to parties pleading before the Court.
Blackstone’s Guide to The Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act
Authors: Lodge Hugo D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Blackstone's Guide Series delivers concise and accessible books covering the latest legislative changes and amendments. Published soon after enactment, they offer expert commentary by leading names on the scope, extent, and effects of the legislation, plus a copy of the Act itself. They offer a cost-effective solution to key information needs and are the perfect companion for any practitioner needing to get up to speed with the latest changes. Following the UK withdrawal from the European Union, the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018 was enacted to enable the UK to continue to implement a regime originating in the EU. This book covers the implementation of a new system for the enforcement of sanctions, including a new mechanism for an appropriate minister to review listings of designated persons and a mechanism for review of that ministerial decision by the High Court. This guide covers the background and Parliamentary scrutiny through to enactment. It offers an approachable commentary to the statute, enabling practitioners to get to grips with the key provisions and the implications for practice. As with all Blackstone's Guides, this book will be in two parts; the first providing detailed commentary on the effects and scope of the Act and the second providing a full copy of the Act itself.
Review by Appropriate Minister
Authors: Lodge Hugo D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The 2018 Act introduces a strictly controlled ministerial review mechanism. The Act prevents designated persons from immediately challenging section 1 regulations before the courts, by way of judicial review. Rather, they must first request either variation or revocation of the designation from the appropriate Minister (at the Treasury or Secretary of State level). Only after that initial stage may a designated person seek judicial review of a sanctions-related decision; see Chapter 9 of this Guide. Thus, those who are subject to financial sanctions can challenge their listing, but financial sanctions will remain in place while the challenge or request is being considered.
Schemes of Arrangement: Law and Practice
Authors: O’Dea Geoff , Long Julian , Smyth Alexandra 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This new guide to schemes of arrangement draws together all of the elements of the law and practice concerning both creditor and member schemes. Member schemes of arrangement have become the preferred method of implementing takeovers in the UK. Creditor schemes of arrangement are increasingly used in restructuring matters and the trend in their usage in foreign companies is likely to continue as many credit documents across Europe are arranged and underwritten in London under English law. The book considers the effect given to an English scheme in foreign jurisdictions, and other Private International Law issues. A major issue for those considering a scheme for creditors is whether a scheme or CVA (Company Voluntary Arrangement) is more appropriate and this book assists the reader by including an analysis of the pros and cons of schemes and CVAs. There are very few sources of information on schemes of arrangement and the area takes much of its substance from case law. This book, addressing the law and practical issues faced by practitioners on a day-to-day basis, is a first in the field.
Choice of Law Rules
Authors: Fletcher Ian F 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the uniform rules of choice of law which are applicable to all proceedings governed by the original EC/EU Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings. It emphasizes Articles 4–15, which contain these rules. The uniform rules indicate, as between various Member States and also in relation to third states whose laws may potentially be applicable in a given situation, which state’s law shall govern. In most cases, the rules contemplate a choice only between the laws of different Member States. Article 4 expresses the basic principle of lex concursus which states that the law of the Member State in which proceedings are opened is to be applied, and shall determine their effects. The Article also states thirteen particular matters which these laws govern. The chapter concludes with a summary of particular changes once the RR comes into effect.
Financial Institutions
Authors: Haentjens Matthias 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the Insurance Directive and the Solvency II Directive, directives that concern the reorganization and winding-up of insurance undertakings. It examines how European regulation has been adopted so that financial institutions can and must make use of a single authorization granted by the home Member State’s supervisory authority. Both of the Directives apply to insolvency proceedings concerning national and legal persons; however, four categories of financial institutions are excluded: the insurance undertakings; credit institutions; investment firms and other firms, institutions and undertakings to the extent that they are covered by Directive 2001/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council; and collective investment undertakings. The chapter also discusses the Settlement Finality and Collateral Directive and the Credit Institutions Directive, where settlement in effect represents the satisfaction or payment of a monetary obligation owed or owing by a counterparty to a financial institution.
Social value orientation modulates fairness processing during social decision-making: evidence from behavior and brain potentials
Authors: Hu Xinmu , Mai Xiaoqin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSocial value orientation (SVO) characterizes stable individual differences by an inherent sense of fairness in outcome allocations. Using the event-related potential (ERP), this study investigated differences in fairness decision-making behavior and neural bases between individuals with prosocial and proself orientations using the Ultimatum Game (UG). Behavioral results indicated that prosocials were more prone to rejecting unfair offers with stronger negative emotional reactions compared with proselfs. ERP results revealed that prosocials showed a larger P2 when receiving fair offers than unfair ones in a very early processing stage, whereas such effect was absent in proselfs. In later processing stages, although both groups were sensitive to fairness as reflected by an enhanced medial frontal negativity (MFN) for unfair offers and a larger P3 for fair offers, prosocials exhibited a stronger fairness effect on these ERP components relative to proselfs. Furthermore, the fairness effect on the MFN mediated the SVO effect on rejecting unfair offers. Findings regarding emotional experiences, behavioral patterns and ERPs provide compelling evidence that SVO modulates fairness processing in social decision-making, whereas differences in neural responses to unfair vs fair offers as evidenced by the MFN appear to play important roles in the SVO effect on behavioral responses to unfairness.
Greatest changes in objective sleep architecture during COVID-19 lockdown in night owls with increased REM sleep
Authors: Pépin Jean-Louis , Bailly Sébastien , Mordret Ernest , Gaucher Jonathan , Tamisier Renaud , Ben Messaoud Raoua , Arnal Pierrick J , Mignot Emmanuel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
The COVID-19 pandemic has had dramatic effects on society and people’s daily habits. In this observational study, we recorded objective data on sleep macro- and microarchitecture repeatedly over several nights before and during the COVID-19 government-imposed lockdown. The main objective was to evaluate changes in patterns of sleep duration and architecture during home confinement using the pre-confinement period as a control.

Methods
Participants were regular users of a sleep-monitoring headband that records, stores, and automatically analyzes physiological data in real time, equivalent to polysomnography. We measured sleep onset duration, total sleep time, duration of sleep stages (N2, N3, and rapid eye movement [REM]), and sleep continuity. Via the user’s smartphone application, participants filled in questionnaires on how lockdown changed working hours, eating behavior, and daily life at home. They also filled in the Insomnia Severity Index, reduced Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaires, allowing us to create selected subgroups.

Results
The 599 participants were mainly men (71%) of median age 47 (interquartile range: 36–59). Compared to before lockdown, during lockdown individuals slept more overall (mean +3·83 min; SD: ±1.3), had less deep sleep (N3), more light sleep (N2), and longer REM sleep (mean +3·74 min; SD: ±0.8). They exhibited less weekend-specific changes, suggesting less sleep restriction during the week. Changes were most pronounced in individuals reporting eveningness preferences, suggesting relative sleep deprivation in this population and exacerbated sensitivity to societal changes.

Conclusion
This unique dataset should help us understand the effects of lockdown on sleep architecture and on our health.
The effect of non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics on CPAP adherence in patients with OSA: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Donghao , Tang Yongkang , Chen Yanghang , Zhang Sun , Ma Danjie , Luo Yateng , Li Shiwei , Su Xiaofen , Wang Xinni , Liu Chunli , Zhang Nuofu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesThis meta-analysis aimed to explore the effect of non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics (NBSH) on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) adherence in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).MethodsWe conducted a systematic search through PubMed, Medline, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Scopus and ClinicalTrials (all searched from inception to August 15, 2020). Publications were limited to articles, clinical conferences and letters, including randomized controlled trials and retrospective studies. We used a random-effects model to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with corresponding confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyses were conducted to analyze the sources of heterogeneity.ResultsEight studies fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria for patients newly diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. Overall, the use of NBSH was associated with increased use of CPAP per night (MD = 0.62 h; 95% CI = 0.26–0.98) and use for more nights (MD = 12.08%; 95% CI = 5.27–18.88). When a study seriously affecting heterogeneity was removed, more patients adhered well with CPAP use (pooled OR = 2.48; 95% CI = 1.75–3.52) with good adherence defined as CPAP use for &gt;4 h/night on &gt;70% of nights. Among prescribed NBSHs, eszopiclone showed the most significant effect on CPAP adherence.ConclusionCPAP adherence may increase in OSA patients treated with non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics especially eszopiclone. The effect of zolpidem and zaleplon on CPAP adherence requires further investigation by larger scale, randomized, controlled trials.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus velezensis EB14, an Endophytic Bacterial Strain Antagonistic to Poplar Stem Canker Pathogen Sphaerulina musiva and Its Interactions with the Endophytic Fungal Microbiome in Poplar
Authors: Naik Sachin , Palys Sylvester , Di Falco Marcos , Tsang Adrian , Périnet Pierre , Ramanan Uma Shaanker , Dayanandan Selvadurai 
Published: March 2021

Species of the genus Populus (commonly known as poplar) are one of the most widely used groups of forest trees in North America and Europe, and play a significant ecological role as a pioneer species in boreal forests and as a dominant species in the riparian forests that serve as wildlife habitats and watersheds. Natural and artificial hybrids of poplar are being extensively used in commercial plantations. However, many hybrid poplar trees are susceptible to Sphaerulina musiva, the pathogenic fungus that causes leaf spots and stem cankers and limits the utility of hybrid poplar as a plantation tree. We isolated an endophytic bacterial strain, Bacillus velezensis EB14, from a Populus hybrid which showed a strong antifungal activity against S. musiva. Through mass spectrometric analyses of cocultured B. velezensis EB14 and S. musiva, we identified five cyclic lipopeptides produced by B. velezensis EB14: iturin A1, iturin A2, iturin A9, subtulene A, and fengycin. In addition, B. velezensis EB14 produced four major unidentified compounds in cocultivation with S. musiva. The cyclopeptide production by B. velezensis EB14 was more pronounced (20- to 1,000-fold) in the cocultured plates due to elicitation by S. musiva. We also discovered that the native endophytic B. velezensis EB14 strain exhibited different levels of interactions against the endophytic fungal microbiomes of Populus sp. Overall, our results indicate that B. velezensis EB14 strain as a promising biocontrol agent that could be used against stem canker and leaf spot diseases caused by S. musiva in poplar plantations. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Biologics in eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Zhang Simin , Assa’ad Amal H. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oesophagus whose incidence is on the rise. Despite maximal use of guideline-based therapies including food elimination diets and steroids, many patients remain symptomatic. This review serves to summarize safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in treatment of EoE.

Recent findings
There has been an increasing number of biologics under consideration for EoE and several that have undergone clinical trials. mAbs that target specific effectors involved in the disease may offer additional clinical and histologic benefit. In addition, they offer a more benign adverse effect profile than traditional therapies.

Summary
Biologics for treatment of EoE may result in symptom and histologic improvement and has the potential to treat disease with minimal side effects.
Impulsivity and Decision-making Style Among Tramadol Drug Addicts and its Relation to Frontal Lobe Volume
Authors: Elbeh Khaled A. , Elserogy Yasser , Seifeldein Gehan S. , Mostafa Sayed , Yousef Hosam A. , Fawzy Mohamed 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
Drug addiction has its effects on different behavioral and personality traits including impulsivity and pattern of decision-making. The frontal lobe was the focus of many of these studies regarding its important role in decision-making and other higher cognitive processes. We aimed to detect the pattern of decision-making styles and impulsivity among people with tramadol addiction, and also to find out if tramadol addiction has effects on the volume of different regions of the frontal lobe.

Materials and Methods:
Two groups were included: group A included 12 patients with tramadol addiction and group B included 23 healthy cross-matching controls. Both groups were subjected to urine drug screening, Iowa gambling task (IGT), UPPS scales (negative urgency, lack of perseverance, lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking), and structural magnetic resonance imaging brain study.

Results:
The patients’ group has shown a significantly lower volume of the brain white matter, gray matter, and cortical thickness (P<0.001). This group has also shown a significantly higher scores of IGT-A and IGT-B (P<0.001 and P=0.02, respectively) and has shown a higher score of all subscales of UPPS.

Conclusions:
Tramadol addiction is associated with a reduced volume of the brain white matter, gray matter, and cortical thickness. All regions of the frontal lobe have shown significant volume reduction in the tramadol group. Tramadol addiction and its duration are associated with risky decision-making style and with higher impulsivity than nonaddicts.
Can We Predict the Need for Unplanned Reoperation After Nonunion Repair?
Authors: Landes Emma K. , Konda Sanjit R. , Davidovitch Roy , Egol Kenneth A. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
To identify factors associated with the need for reoperations in patients treated surgically for fracture nonunion.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
One urban Level 1 trauma center and an orthopaedic specialty hospital.

Patients/Participants:
This study included 365 patients who did not and 95 patients who did undergo a reoperation after nonunion repair.

Intervention:
All patients who underwent fracture nonunion repair were identified. Baseline demographic, injury, and surgical information were collected. These factors were compared between patients who did and did not require an unplanned reoperation.

Main Outcome Measurements:
An unplanned reoperation after index fracture nonunion surgery.

Results:
When compared with patients who did not undergo a reoperation after their index fracture nonunion surgery, patients who underwent at least 1 reoperation had a greater proportion of those who sustained an open fracture, a high-energy injury, initial neurologic or vascular injuries, the need for a flap or soft tissue graft at initial treatment, and lower extremity injuries with univariate analysis. Unplanned reoperation was also associated with diagnosis of “infected” nonunion at initial nonunion surgery. Multivariate analysis confirmed initial nerve or vascular injuries and positive infection status were statistically significant predictors of a reoperation.

Conclusions:
Initial injury characteristics such as nerve or vascular injury at initial injury and positive infection status at the index nonunion surgery were associated with the need for a secondary surgery after nonunion repair. Appropriate care of these patients should be aimed at adjusting expectations of unplanned reoperation in the future and potentially enhanced treatment strategies.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Effectiveness of Gravity and Manual Stress Radiographs and the Use of Lateral Talar Displacement in Determining Ankle Stability of Supination-External Rotation Type Ankle Fractures
Authors: Ali Raheel A. , Mitchell Wes , Bora Varun G. , Dawson John R. , Atassi Omar H. , Perkins Christopher H. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
(1) To evaluate adequacy and reproducibility of the gravity and manual stress imaging in the diagnosis of unstable ankle fractures and (2) to evaluate the diagnostic utility of lateral talar displacement ratio (LTDR) derived in relation to the talar body width on ankle stress imaging.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Level 1 Trauma Center.

Patients:
One hundred seventy consecutive patients who presented with supination-external rotation 2 ankle fractures (OTA/AO 44-B2.1) requiring dynamic stress testing.

Intervention:
Dynamic stress imaging to determine ankle stability.

Main Outcome Measure:
Ankle instability and subsequent need for surgical fixation as determined by dynamic stress imaging.

Results:
No statistical significant difference was found between the adequacy of gravity stress radiographs and manual stress images in regards to surgical decision-making (P = 0.595). Using manual and gravity stress images, receiver operating characteristic curves were generated for medial clear space (MCS) (area under the curve = 0.793, 0.901) and LTDR (0.849, 0.850), corresponding to thresholds of 10.5% and 10.2% for manual and gravity, respectively. Seventy-three of 105 patients (69.5%) with MCS > 5 mm and 62 of 75 patients (82.7%) with LTDR > 10% were offered surgical intervention. Sixty-two of the 77 patients (80.5%) offered surgery had both MCS > 5 mm and LTDR > 10%.

Conclusion:
This study shows that manual stress radiographs are just as effective as gravity stress radiographs in making an assessment of ankle fracture stability as there was no difference in diagnostic value between gravity and manual stress imaging in regards to surgical decision-making. Use of additional radiographic measurements such as the LTDR can provide additional information in determining stability when MCS is within a clinical gray area.

Level of Evidence:
Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Effect of Posterior Lumbar Spinal Surgery on Biomechanical Properties of Rat Paraspinal Muscles 13 Weeks After Surgery
Authors: Yamamoto Shun , Malakoutian Masoud , Theret Marine , Street John , Rossi Fabio , Brown Stephen H. M. , Saito Mitsuru , Oxland Thomas R. 
Published: March 2021

Study Design.
Preclinical study in rodents.

Objective.
To investigate changes in biomechanical properties of paraspinal muscles following a posterior spinal surgery in an animal model.

Summary of Background Data.
Posterior spine surgery damages paraspinal musculature per histological and imaging studies. The biomechanical effects of these changes are unknown.

Methods.
12 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into sham and surgical injury (SI) groups. For sham, the skin and lumbodorsal fascia were incised at midline. For SI, the paraspinal muscles were detached from the vertebrae, per normal procedure. Thirteen weeks postsurgery, multifidus and longissimus biopsies at L1, L3, and L5 levels were harvested on the right. From each biopsy, three fibers and three to six bundles of fibers (∼10–20 fibers ensheathed in their extracellular matrix) were tested mechanically to measure their passive elastic modulus. The collagen content and fatty infiltration of each biopsy were also examined histologically by immunofluorescence staining. Nonparametric statistical methods were used with a 1.25% level of significance.

Results.
A total of 220 fibers and 279 bundles of fibers were tested. The elastic moduli of the multifidus and longissimus fibers and longissimus fiber bundles were not significantly different between the SI and sham groups. However, the elastic modulus of multifidus fiber bundles was significantly greater in the SI group compared to sham (SI median 82 kPa, range 23–284; sham median 38 kPa, range 23–50, P = 0.0004). The elastic modulus of multifidus fiber bundles in the SI group was not statistically different between spinal levels (P = 0.023). For histology, only collagen I deposition in multifidus was significantly greater in the SI group (median 20.8% vs. 5.8% for sham, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion.
The surgical injury increased the passive stiffness of the multifidus fiber bundles. Increased collagen content in the extracellular matrix is the likely reason and these changes may be important in the postoperative compensation of the spine.

Level of Evidence: N/A