bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Levels and Practice Regarding Breastfeeding among Mothers with Children under 2 Years Admitted in the Pediatric Ward at Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Zanzibar
Authors: Said Fat-hiya Abdallah , Okafor Chukwuma J. , Yusuf Said Ali , Ali Amina A. , Abeid Khamis A. , Mahmoud Salma Abdi , Chukwuani Ufuoma , Hussein Ayan Ahmed , Khamis Sabahi Salum , Hamid Amina Abdi 
Published: June 2021

Breastfeeding (BF) has been a proven means of providing young infants with the nutrients required for healthy growth and development. The process has also been known to reduce common childhood infections, which are the causes of high mortality and morbidity. Hence in achieving the best practice of BF, both knowledge and techniques are essential. Therefore, the study aims to assess the knowledge and practice on BF among mothers whose children were admitted at Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Zanzibar. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive hospital-based carried out in the pediatric ward of MMH from April 2020 to July 2020 after approval by the hospital's health and ethics committee. Questionnaires were deployed to interview all consenting participants who were mothers aged from 18 to 50 years, breastfeeding a child, and having at least one previous child who had been breastfed earlier (Above 2 years) at the time of the study. Selected questions were used to assess and categorized a total of 199 mothers who were recruited into the study as those with knowledge, those without knowledge on Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), breastfeeding (BF) for 2 years, and breastfeeding techniques (BFT). Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16. Differences at P < 0.05 were considered significant. About 76.9% of the mothers studied had knowledge of EBF, while 65% had knowledge of BF for two years. A total of 42 (21.1%) had children below 6 months and were still BF, with the remaining 157(78.9%) having children above 6 months. Among the 157, only 58 (37%) practice EBF for 6 months. Also, 130 (65.3%) mothers breastfed their children up to 2 years in their previous child's upbringing. Most of them (42%) stopped because they became pregnant. The breastfeeding technique (BFT) was affected by the mother's age but not education level, as more of the older mothers had good positions and attachments than the younger ones. On overall techniques, 58.5% had good attachment compared to 49.7% who had proper position. Although most mothers were aware of the knowledge of EBF for 6 months, the practice is still low. However, older mothers, particularly the age group 31-40, have good BFT compared to younger mothers. There is a need for more education on EBF, BF, and BFT among women during Antenatal Clinic (ANC) and after delivery during the monthly clinic.
Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided Fine Needle Aspiration in the Diagnosis of Cystic Pancreatic Lesions
Authors: Elsefy Ahmed Metawea , Elnady Mohamed Ali , Elkhateb Mervat Abd El-Hamed , Hegazy Hegazy Mohammed 
Published: June 2021

Background: The diagnosis and management of cystic lesions of the pancreas is an increasingly recognized problem in clinical practice and many of the cystic pancreatic lesions are neoplastic and asymptomatic. Despite the significant advances occurred over the last decades, it remains difficulty to accurately distinguish between benign (serous cystic lesions) and malignant or potentially malignant (mucinous cystic lesions) pancreatic cysts before resecting them. Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), intrapapillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) and serous cystic neoplasms (SCNs) can display differences when examined by imaging modalities, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and cytological and biochemical analyses of cyst fluid. The performance characteristics of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in making these distinctions are, however, disappointing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) in diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions and its accuracy in discrimination between benign, malignant and potentially malignant cysts.
Methods: The study was organized as a prospective study and conducted over 51 patients with identified cystic pancreatic lesions from prior radiological imaging (CT or MRI).
Results: EUS guided FNA has shown superior sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value in comparison to EUS alone in discriminating mucinous from non-mucinous cysts. This difference was remarkable specially for malignant cysts (mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma) and cystic lymphangioma. EUS-FNA associated with chemical and physical analysis of cyst fluid was 100% sensitive and specific. Cyst fluid CEA revealed significant importance in differentiating mucinous from non mucinous cysts. Cyst fluid amylase was significantly high in pseudocysts while mucin stain was important to discriminate mucinous from non-mucinous cystic lesions.
Conclusion: EUS-FNA has proven greater sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive, negative predictive value in differentiating mucinous and non-mucinous pancreatic cystic lesions as well as pathological categorization into subtypes.
Surface Modification of Optimized Asenapine Maleate Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Using Box-Behnken Design
Authors: Devi A. Rekha , Vidyavathi M. , Suryateja S. P. 
Published: June 2021

Aim: The aim of the present study was to design and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles of Asenapine maleate (<2% bioavailability) to enhance its oral bioavailability and surface modification for brain targeting.
Methods: A modified solvent injection method was used to produce Asenapine maleate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. A RSM 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design was applied to study the effect of three independent variables, concentrations of lipid (A), drug (B) and surfactant (C) on three dependent variables, particles size (Y1), entrapment efficiency (Y2), and drug release (Y3). 3-D surface response plots were drawn and optimized formulation was selected based on desirability factor. Then it was coated with tween 80 for ease of permeability through blood brain barrier due to intact absorption of solid lipid nanoparticles.
Results: The results of coated optimized formulation showed average particle size of 108.9 nm, entrapment efficiency of 78.62%, and in vitro drug release of 98.88±0.102% at 36 hr at pH 7.4. Morphologically, particles were almost spherical in shape with uniform size distribution. Targeting of coated optimized formulation to brain after oral administration was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy studies on male albino wistar strain rats. This research also envisaged that there is a >85% cell viability up to 125µg/ ml concentration of coated solid lipid nanoparticles by MTT assay.
Conclusion: Thus, the current study successfully designed, developed an optimized SLN formulation of Asenapine maleate using a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design for brain targeting to treat Schizophrenia by bypassing the first pass metabolism with enhanced oral bioavailability.
A Newly Developed Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Assay of Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate with PDA
Authors: Talari Subrahmanyam , Anuradha V. , Boddapati S. N. Murthy , Ayithabotla Komala Sai Prathuyasa 
Published: June 2021

Aims: The present application is a Newly Validated Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Assay of Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate with PDA.
Study design: Mentioned study is a quick, rapid, economical, precise, and accurate reverse phase- high performance liquid chromatographic method for estimating Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate.
Place and duration of study: The present assay was carried out at the Shree icon Pharma laboratories PVT.ltd, Vijayawada, AP, and India, from December 2020 to February 2021.
Methodology: The stationary phase Agilent C18 column with dimensions of 150x4.6mm, 3.5 was used for chromatography and pH-2.5 ammonium acetate buffer with orthophosphoric acid: acetonitrile in a 50:50 ratio used as a buffer. The detection wavelength was 265nm, and the flow rate was 1mL/min. The strategy was justified according to ICH guidelines
Results: Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate had retention periods of 4.258 and 5.629 minutes, respectively. For the estimation of Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate, the method has been validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, stability tests, and forced degradation studies including acid, base, hydrolysis, peroxide, and thermal degradation. By multiplying the quality six times, the system's suitability parameter was investigated, and they were well within reasonable limits. The regression coefficient of the two drugs was found to be 0.999 during the linearity study, which was performed at 10% to 150 percentage points. Precision results for Dexmethylphenidate and Serdexmethylphenidate were 0.54 and 1.24, respectively. The drugs were recovered at a rate of 98-102 percent, which is within the acceptable range.
Conclusion: The validation results were found to be satisfactory. It was clear that the proposed method was suitable for routine quality control and analysis of pharmaceutical preparations.
Overweight and Obesity Prevalence and Predictors in People Living in Karachi
Authors: Ibrahim Sadaf , Akram Zuneera , Noreen Aisha , Baig Mirza Tasawer , Sheikh Samina , Huma Ambreen , Jabeen Aisha , Lodhi Muneeza , Khan Shahzada Azam , Hudda Ajmal , Shahid Uzma , Syed Nayel 
Published: June 2021

Objective: This study was aimed to establish the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related its factors among the citizens of Karachi.
Methodology: From Jan 2018 to August 2018. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted to obtain information from 772 persons using a validated questionnaire and traditional height and weight evaluation methods have been used. Overweight and obesity were described by South Asian cut-off points as 23 ≥ BMI (Normal), 25.0 - 29.9 BMI (Overweight) and 30 ≤ BMI (Obese) respectively. For data processing, version 21.0 of SPSS was used.
Results: In this sample study men was 44.5% and women was 55.5%.Age group 20-39 was the most numerous group which was 55.70%. Among Overweight and obesity were found to be higher in men than in women. About 23.3% of the people were smokers, 1.42% was alcohol consumer, while 20.3% had vegetarian diet, 55.8% had semi-vegetarian diet, and 23.8% had non-vegetarian diet. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among individuals with co-morbidities is 33.96 %, p=0.000. There were 38.5% of people who performed physical activity for at least 30 minutes every day.
Conclusion: Overweight and obesity prevalence was found to be high among Karachi individuals, particularly in men than in women. The predictors of obesity were sedentary lifestyle, including diet and lack of physical exercise, smoking, alcohol intake, and presence of co-morbidities. Preventive steps to avoid overweight and obesity may be recommended for people.
A Cross-sectional study on Metamemory in Primigravid Women of South Indian population
Authors: Sangeetha A. , Priyanka G. , Kumaresan M. , Harshitha T. , Vijayalakshmi B. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Metamemory awareness refers to our feelings or experiences of our own memory. For example, if a person feels certain that he or she will remember later something just learned now, that person is having a metamemory experience. Metamemory is a subarea of metacognitions.
Aim: The aim is to assess metamemory in primigravid individuals.
Materials and methods: A study was conducted among 120 pregnant female of south Indian population. The participants were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire on metamemory. It includes multifactorial memory questionnaire (MMQ), developed to assess separate dimensions of memory ratings that are applicable to clinical assessment and intervention, includes scales of Contentment, Ability, and Strategy.
Results: Association between corresponding subscale scores and gestational period indicates a weak correlation for satisfaction (r = -.09), ability (r = -.12) and strategy (r = -.17). In addition, the MMQ subscales and the total score showed good internal consistency (αs = 0.81-0.89). Conclusion: The results would conclude metamemory components were found to be generally poorer in pregnancy particularly less in third trimester. These impact in pregnant female on quality of life and everyday functioning requires further investigation.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Core Scaffold Pyrazolone Fused Thiazolidinone Derivatives as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Arunachalam Sumathy , Ramalingam Suresh , Lachmanan Gowrishankar Narayanasamy , Nagarajan Srinivasan 
Published: June 2021

Background: Cancer is the world's second leading cause of death, accounting for an estimate of more than 10 million deaths annually. The most common type of cancers in women are breast, endometrial, cervical, ovarian, colorectal, lung, and skin cancers.Among these, breast cancer is the most common in women of all ages. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 breast cancer is widely seen in women which test positive for the protein HER2. This protein is present in one-fifth of every breast cancer cell, which promotes the growth of cancer cells. There are several compounds available for the treatment of HER2 breast cancer in the market with varying promise in their efficacy and safety on HER2 treatment.
Objective: To design synthesis and evaluation of core scaffold pyrazolone fused thiazolidinone derivatives as anticancer agents.
Methods: In this study, the core scaffold pyrazolone fused thiazolidinone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and analyzed for the anticancer activity using breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7), against the standard drug Doxorubicin.
Results: Many thiazoles, fused thiazole, and pyrazole derivatives have been found to have anti-cancer and other properties. In this study, the compound 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolones was allowed to react with diverse benzoyl chloride as well as primary amine derivatives and transformed into ’A series of Pyrazolone fused Thiazolidinone derivatives 4A1-4A10 and 4B1- 4B10. Computational studies by Schrodinger Glide XP using the Protein 3RCD which act on the human epidermal growth factor receptor’’ was performed on the selected scheme initially and further from the docked score data the synthesis of pyrazolone fused thiazolidinone was performed.
Conclusion: Among the compounds synthesized, five compounds (4A6 − 3.4 kcal/mol, 4B4 − 3.0 kcal/mol, 4A3 − 2.2 kcal/mol, 4B2 − 1.6 kcal/mol, and 4A9 − 1.3 kcal/mol) shown promising binding affinities against epidermal growth factor receptor kinase. The cytotoxic potential of the compounds was examined using a breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7), which shown cytotoxicity close to Doxorubicin (standard drug). Our findings are an important step forward in the development of novel anticancer agents.
Knowledge, Risk Perceptions and Depression Related to COVID-19: The Comparison between Nurses and other Professionals in Nanjing, China
Authors: Lee Tsorng-Yeh , Zhong Yaping , Li Fan , Tao Zijiao , Shi Tao , Ji Ji 
Published: June 2021

Background: COVID-19 is a deadly infectious disease that dramatically affects the safety of hospital professionals. Their knowledge, risk perception, and depression levels towards COVID-19 need to be understood.
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the differences in knowledge, risk perceptions, and depression related to COVID-19 between nurses and other professionals in hospital settings.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Nanjing, China at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic with four standardized questionnaires, including (a) demographic data, (b) knowledge about COVID-19, (c) risk perceptions, and (d) depression. Data from the two groups of participants were analyzed by Chi-square tests, correlations, and t-tests.
Results: The mean correct answer rate of knowledge for nurses was 76.42%, and for other professionals was 73.94%. T-tests indicated significant differences in total mean knowledge score and mean scores in four out of five subscale scores (p<.05). All significant differences in scores showed that nurses' knowledge was higher than other professionals, except one subscale score, which revealed that nurses' knowledge of pets could spread COVID-19 was lower than other professionals. The highest perceived risk scores in both groups were contracting influenza. The second highest was scores on COVID-19 and H1N 1 the third. T-tests indicated significant differences between these two groups in scores of contracting these three infectious diseases, with nurses higher than other professionals (p<.001). T-test also showed that the depression of nurses was higher than other professionals (p<.000). Positive relationships existed between risk perceptions and depression (p<.001).
Conclusions: More education is needed to improve hospital professionals' knowledge of COVID-19. Since nurses' risk perceptions of contracting COVID-19 and dying from this deadly infection were higher than other professionals; further studies might help researchers understand the underlying reasons better. Hospital leaders should pay attention to workers' mental health and initiate proper strategies to reduce their depression related to COVID-19. Further investigation is needed since few publications mention the relationship between the perceived risk of hospital professionals and home and food accidents.
Tweaking Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)‐Cycling Plants for Crop Productivity Improvement in View of a Bioenergy Crop,Jatropha curcasLinn
Authors: Govender Nisha , Dorairaj Deivaseeno , Mohamed‐Hussein Zeti‐Azura , Osman Normaniza , Ratnam Wickneswari 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCrassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)‐cycling plants display both the C3and CAM photosynthetic pathways at various extents in response to environmental and plant physiological conditions. Evolved from the C3metabolism, CAM is a photosynthetic adaptation specialised to improve plant water‐use efficiency by shifting/extending the CO2uptake from the day to the night. Obligate CAM plants such as the Agave species, pineapples, orchids, and prickly pears are highly productive and respond favourably to extreme heat and drought, and water‐limited environments. In comparison to the C3and C4plants, agricultural CAM crops can thrive in semi‐arid and arid lands, making them an ideal and sustainable commercial crop for food and energy. Very few plants exhibit the CAM‐cycling pathway, while the fairly well‐known examples includeMesembryanthemum crystallinum(ice plant) andJatropha curcas(physic nut). In such plants bestowed with the ability to interchange different photosynthetic metabolisms, little is known on how each unique photosynthetic metabolism is likely to contribute to overall plant growth and development. This article explores the utilisation of CAM for biomass and yield improvement in a bioenergy crop (J. curcas) conferred with CAM‐cycling photosynthetic machinery. TheJ. curcasphotosynthetic‐associated parameters, yield components in relation to transcriptomic data analyses from previous studies are described and discussed to benefit plant breeding programs targeted for productivity enhancement.
Assiros, Macedonia
Authors: Wardle Ken 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Excavation at the prehistoric settlement mound (toumba) at Assiros in Greek Central Macedonia by the British School at Athens and the University of Birmingham between 1975 and 1989 has provided important evidence about social organization and agricultural production in this region during the Late Bronze Age, and about its connections with Mycenaean Greece and the Balkans. Robust 14C determinations have provided absolute dates for different phases of the Aegean Late Bronze Age and, for the first time, for the transition from Bronze to Iron Age in the Aegean as a whole.
Social structure and mobility, Byzantine
Authors: Pazdernik Charles F. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe principal horizontal division in society between the fourth and seventh centuriescewas between those whose wealth, privilege, and status placed them in the category of “the powerful” or “the notable,” and everyone else. This division has conventionally been expressed in terms of a distinction betweenhonestioresandhumiliores, but equivalent expressions appear in a variety of contexts.
Apellai
Authors: SAMOTTA IRIS 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Apellai
refers to the religious Apellai festival of Apollo (“Apellon” in the Dorian dialect) held every year in the month of Apellaios in Delphi and probably in Lakonia, or to the Spartan political citizens’ assembly as indicated in the
Great Rhetra
of ca. 700
bce
, the constitutional document ascribed to the mythical lawgiver Lycurgus.
Abgar Legend
Authors: Karaulashvili Irma 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The plot of the apocryphal Legend of Abgar revolves around the story of the first royal conversion to Christianity. The Legend, the importance of which was underlined first by citing a letter supposedly written by Jesus to king Abgar (which soon became regarded as a protective amulet), and later by the inclusion of an account of an image of Christ not made by human hands, became so popular in the Christian world that it not only constituted a part of its historical writings and ecclesiastical collections but is still alive today thanks to debates about the erroneous connection with the Turin Shroud.
Incuse coinage
Authors: Cunnally John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A coin is said to be incuse when the impression on one side is concave or intaglio instead of in relief, in contrast to the double‐relief fabric commonly used for coins throughout antiquity and still employed today. In one area of the Hellenic world—the Greek colonies of southern Italy—the early silver coinage displayed an idiosyncratic format, a relief image on the obverse repeated in a concave impression on the reverse. These incuse coins of Magna Graecia are also distinguished by a wider, flatter body than corresponding denominations struck by other Greek cities.
Technological change
Authors: Lucas Adam R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article provides a survey of technological change from the late Bronze Age (ca. 1550bce) to the seventh centuryce. It discusses the independent inventions of agriculture, writing, numbers, astronomy, and calendars in the ancient Middle East, Asia, and Mesoamerica, and the development of various technologies by the Greeks and Romans which are now part of the western technical tradition. Narratives of evolution, revolution, stagnation, progress, and development are outlined in relation to various authors, periods, cultures, and technologies. Attitudes toward technological change among different schools of thought in ancient Greece and Rome are also briefly explored.
Villa
Authors: Marzano Annalisa 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Roman villas were mansions located outside the urban perimeter, which included land (called either
fundus
or
praedium
), and were provided with a luxurious residential part (
pars urbana
) and service quarters (
pars rustica
) with agricultural production facilities. While being for the most part working farms, villas were also the seat for the pursuit of a particular type of lifestyle by the elite (
otium
).
Weights and measures, Greek
Authors: Kroll John H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Necessary for the valuation and exchange of all commodities and property – land, agricultural produce, raw materials including metals and wood, manufactured goods such as cloth – the maintenance of common units for measuring weight, volume, length, and area was a fundamental concern of every established community. Within the highly particularized world of the hundreds of Greek city‐states, a number of these units were especially influential; it is these that are surveyed here. Nevertheless, diversity was common, and often in flux, as cities changed their local standards of measurement in response to changing political and economic circumstances.