bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A historical overview of long-distance signalling in plants
Authors: Kondhare Kirtikumar R , Patil Nikita S , Banerjee Anjan K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Be it a small herb or a large tree, intra- and intercellular communication and long-distance signalling between distant organs are crucial for every aspect of plant development. The vascular system, comprising xylem and phloem, acts as a major conduit for the transmission of long-distance signals in plants. In addition to expanding our knowledge of vascular development, numerous reports in the past two decades revealed that selective populations of RNAs, proteins, and phytohormones function as mobile signals. Many of these signals were shown to regulate diverse physiological processes, such as flowering, leaf and root development, nutrient acquisition, crop yield, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. In this review, we summarize the significant discoveries made in the past 25 years, with emphasis on key mobile signalling molecules (mRNAs, proteins including RNA-binding proteins, and small RNAs) that have revolutionized our understanding of how plants integrate various intrinsic and external cues in orchestrating growth and development. Additionally, we provide detailed insights on the emerging molecular mechanisms that might control the selective trafficking and delivery of phloem-mobile RNAs to target tissues. We also highlight the cross-kingdom movement of mobile signals during plant–parasite relationships. Considering the dynamic functions of these signals, their implications in crop improvement are also discussed.
Economics of Overcharges
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter details some basic economics on how a sellers’ cartel sets its prices and volumes, and the losses these generate. In any damage action, the claimant must quantify the prices and volumes in the absence of the cartel. These are referred to as the ‘counterfactual’, ‘but for’, or to use the term in the Damages Directive, the ‘non-infringement’ prices and volumes. Overcharge, volume, and efficiency losses depend on demand and supply conditions, market structure, cost structure, and barriers to entry. The size of the overcharge and volume effect depends on the assumed counterfactual or non-infringement benchmark. If the benchmark is a competitive market, the losses will be largest. However, if the non-infringement situation are prices that would have been charged in a more concentrated market, then the overcharge and volume effects will be smaller.
Basic Elements of a Claim
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes on the basic elements of a damage claim. To succeed in a competition damage action in a national court, those harmed must first establish a breach of Article 101(1) TFEU or its national equivalent. The claimant must then prove that the alleged harm was causally related to the breach and then quantify their losses. A successful claimant is entitled to full compensation, which means the sum of money which puts the claimant in the same financial position it would have been had the law not been infringed. A successful claimant is also entitled to pre-judgment interest on the damages that are awarded. This is to compensate for the time cost of the money ‘taken’ from the claimant.
Getting and Describing Data
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the type of data that may be needed, its sources, and the initial descriptive analyses of prices that can guide the quantification of overcharge damages. The amount and type of data needed depends on the method used and the complexity of the facts facing the parties. The data will be of two types: prices and product variables; and control variables. There are several sources of data and information: the infringement decision; the files of the competition authority; the claimants; the defendants; and public and third-party data providers. Wherever the data comes from, great care must be taken to ensure it is reliable and consistent. The first step in any quantification of damages is to describe the data and understand the way prices have moved over time. Indeed, data on prices is the core of any damages claim.
Comparator Approaches
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the before and after and yardstick approaches, which use simple comparisons of prices and gross margins either over time or across markets, products, and/or regions. The most common method to estimate an overcharge is to use pre- and/or post-cartel prices as the non-cartel price, and to assume that the actual prices which exceed these prices during the cartel period represent the overcharge. This is known as the straight-line before-and-after price approach. The non-infringement price can be further adjusted during the cartel period by changes in costs and other fluctuations such as foreign exchange movements. The prices during price wars may also be used as a proxy for the non-infringement prices, but this requires an understanding of the causes of the price war to decide whether or not it affects the non-infringement prices. Where prices decline during the cartel period, the use of straight-line approaches is not appropriate. The yardstick approach is an alternative method, but requires that there be a comparator market with very similar characteristics to the cartel market so that the presence of the cartel is the only factor that explains its higher price.
Proving Pass-on
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the difficulty of establishing pass-on. Indeed, estimating pass-on is difficult and often impossible. Even where estimates of the pass-on rate can be generated, estimates of the overcharge are still required to quantify the amount of pass-on. For indirect purchasers, this will add to the difficulty because they may not have the necessary data and knowledge of successive upstream markets. There is also uncertainty to the standard of proof and evidential burden required to establish credible pass-on rates. However, there are a range of approaches that can be used to estimate or quantify the pass-on rate, which are set out in the European Commission’s Pass-on Guidelines. These include documentary evidence on firms’ pricing policies; economic theory/simulations; evidence on the way the direct and indirect purchasers have passed on cost increases in the past, arguing that they would react similarly to an overcharge; third party research on the way the industry has been passed on in the past; and statistical approaches either using multiple regression analysis, time series analysis, or event studies. The volume effect can be estimated using similar approaches although the Pass-on Guidelines suggest multiple regression analysis and the ‘elasticity approach’.
Collective Proceedings
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the requirements for certification of a collective action. As from 2015, new opt-out and opt-in collective proceedings can be brought for the award of aggregate damages. These require certification by a collective proceeding order (CPO) application to the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT) before they can proceed to trial. The requirements for a CPO are set out in the Competition Appeal Tribunal Rules 2015 (CAT Rules) and CAT Guide to Proceedings 2015 (CAT Guide). A collective action must be brought in the name of an appropriate representative, which can be an individual or a body which need not be a member of the proposed class. The CAT will consider the suitability of the representative as part of the certification process. The class representative must show that the action is suitable for the award of aggregate damages and that the members of the class have a sufficient common interest. Lawyers for the class representative will play the major role in managing the claim, making funding arrangements, and communicating with class members.
Costs, Funding, and Settlement
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter examines some aspects of the costs, funding, and settlement of damage claims in the UK. The costs of bringing a claim can be high. The most expensive jurisdiction is England, but other procedural rules counterbalance this expense to make suing in England attractive. In some jurisdictions, reforms have been put in place to reduce litigation costs such as conditional fee arrangements and damage-based agreements that share the risks between claimants and their lawyers. After the event insurance (ATE), third party litigation funding, and lawyers’ contingent fee arrangements all reduce the costs and risks associated with litigation. However, very few civil actions go to trial and most are settled out of court through direct negotiations among the parties or through mediation or arbitration.
Termination for Breach of Contract
Authors: Stannard John E , Capper David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aims of this book are to set out in detail the rules governing termination as a remedy for breach of contract in English law, to distil the very complex body of law on the subject to a clear set of principles, and to apply the law in a practical context. This book is divided into four parts. The first section sets out to analyse what is involved in termination and looks at some of the difficulties surrounding the topic, before going on to explain the evolution of the present law and its main principles. The second section provides a thorough analysis of the two key topics of breach and termination. The third section addresses the question when the right to terminate for breach arises. And the fourth and final section considers the consequences of the promisee's election whether to terminate or not. The final chapter examines the legal consequences of affirmation, once again both with regard to the promisee and the promisor, with particular emphasis on the extent of the promisee's right to enforce the performance of the contract by way of an action for an agreed sum or an action for specific performance.
The Nature of Termination
Authors: Stannard John E , Capper David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature of termination for breach. Termination for breach can be seen both as a process and as a remedy. Traditionally, the topic has been dealt with under the broader umbrella of ‘discharge’, alongside such topics as performance, frustration, and agreement. Problems arise, however, when the notion of discharge is pressed too far; in particular, the idea of the contract ‘coming to an end’ can be a misleading one, and has given rise to various errors and misconceptions. For this and other reasons, more emphasis is now given to termination in the context of remedies. Termination can be one of the most useful weapons in the armoury for the victim of a breach of contract, not least because, unlike many other remedies, it does not require recourse to the courts. However, this notion of termination as a remedy should not obscure the close relationship between termination and the other modes of discharge, most notably frustration. The chapter then looks at the problems in this area of the law, including problems of terminology, the different ways in which common law and equity have approached the question, and the relationship between discharge and damages. It also considers the most important aspects of the right to terminate, including the right to refuse performance.
Breach of Contract
Authors: Stannard John E , Capper David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the significance of breach of contract. A party seeking to exercise the right to terminate for breach of contract must prove that the other party has broken the contract in the first place. Proving that a breach of contract has occurred involves three basic elements: (1) the party in question must have been under a contractual obligation; (2) they must have failed to perform that obligation; and (3) there must be no lawful excuse for that failure. All of these elements involve complex issues of law. Where a breach of contract has occurred, there are various remedies that may be available to the injured party. They will in all cases be entitled as of right to an award of damages, though if the breach has caused no loss these will only be nominal.
Breach of Condition
Authors: Stannard John E , Capper David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on breach of condition. The first situation in which termination will be available is where the other party has broken a ‘condition’. A condition is a stipulation in a contract, be it a contract of sale or some other contract, the breach of which gives rise to the right to ‘treat the contract as repudiated’. When is a term a ‘condition’? A term can be made a condition either by express stipulation or by implication. The chapter then distinguishes condition from various other concepts with which it may appear to have similarities, but which work in different ways. It also looks at time stipulations and the divergent approaches of the common law and equity to time stipulations.
The Consequences of Affirmation
Authors: Stannard John E , Capper David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the situation where the innocent party with an option to terminate the contract instead decides to affirm it. What are the obligations of the innocent party in that situation and what are its rights? In particular, what remedies may the innocent party be entitled to in the event that it decides in effect to carry on with the contract? Broadly speaking, the innocent party affirming the contract would be required to continue performing its own primary obligations under the contract and would be entitled to sue for damages for losses caused by the other party's breach. However, the remedy of greater significance by far usually concerns the other party's continuing obligations, which the innocent party might be able to seek to enforce through an action for an agreed sum (the price) if they were money obligations or an order for specific performance if they involved non-monetary acts of performance.
From Cravat to Khaki: Gender, Sexuality, and Change in the Immigration of Fritz Wolf to Mandate Palestine
Authors: Alianov-Rautenberg Viola 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article offers an in-depth analysis of the relation of gender and change in the migration experience from National Socialist Germany to Mandate Palestine in the 1930s. Choosing a micro-perspective, this article draws on various unpublished writings of Dr. jur. Fritz Wolf (1908–2006). Concentrating on Wolf’s first encounter with Palestine, this article considers the different stages of migration—journey, arrival, and first year in a new homeland—to shed light on the crucial importance of gender in his observations, interactions, and self-perception in this process. While Fritz Wolf is at the centre of this case study, gender will be used in this article as a relational category, relating this case study to experiences of German-Jewish immigrants in general, both male and female. Therefore, this article provides a discussion of changing gender relations, different masculinities and femininities, and altered concepts of marriage and sexuality within the German-Jewish immigrant community in Mandate Palestine in general.
Current and emerging roles of Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) protein
Authors: Tiwari Vinod , Baptiste Beverly A , Okur Mustafa N , Bohr Vilhelm A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a segmental premature aging syndrome caused primarily by defects in the CSA or CSB genes. In addition to premature aging, CS patients typically exhibit microcephaly, progressive mental and sensorial retardation and cutaneous photosensitivity. Defects in the CSB gene were initially thought to primarily impair transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER), predicting a relatively consistent phenotype among CS patients. In contrast, the phenotypes of CS patients are pleiotropic and variable. The latter is consistent with recent work that implicates CSB in multiple cellular systems and pathways, including DNA base excision repair, interstrand cross-link repair, transcription, chromatin remodeling, RNAPII processing, nucleolin regulation, rDNA transcription, redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. The discovery of additional functions for CSB could potentially explain the many clinical phenotypes of CSB patients. This review focuses on the diverse roles played by CSB in cellular pathways that enhance genome stability, providing insight into the molecular features of this complex premature aging disease.
Some comments on 6D global gauge anomalies
Authors: Lee Yasunori , Tachikawa Yuji 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Global gauge anomalies in six dimensions associated with non-trivial homotopy groups $\pi_6(G)$ for $G=SU(2)$, $SU(3)$, and $G_2$ have been computed and utilized in the past. From the modern bordism point of view of anomalies, however, they come from the bordism groups $\Omega^\text{spin}_7(BG)$, which are in fact trivial and therefore preclude their existence. Instead, it was noticed that a proper treatment of the 6D Green–Schwarz mechanism reproduces the same anomaly cancellation conditions derived from $\pi_6(G)$. In this paper, we revisit and clarify the relation between these two different approaches.
Schwarzite nets: a wealth of 3-valent examples sharing similar topologies and symmetries
Authors: Hyde Stephen T. , Cramer Pedersen Martin 
Published: February 2021

We enumerate trivalent reticulations of two- and three-periodic hyperbolic surfaces by equal-sided
n
-gonal faces, (
n
, 3), where
n
= 7, 8, 9, 10, 12. These are the simplest hyperbolic generalizations of the planar graphene net, (6, 3) and dodecahedrane, (5, 3). The enumeration proceeds by deleting isometries of regular reticulations of two-dimensional hyperbolic space until the (
n
, 3) nets can be embedded in euclidean three-space via periodic hyperbolic surfaces. Those nets are then symmetrized in euclidean space retaining their net topology, leading to explicit crystallographic net embeddings whose edges are as equal as possible, affording candidtae patterns for graphitic schwarzites. The resulting schwarzites are the most symmetric examples. More than one hundred topologically distinct nets are described, most of which are novel.
Sustainable targeted interventions to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic: A big data-driven modeling study in Hong Kong
Authors: Zhou Hanchu , Zhang Qingpeng , Cao Zhidong , Huang Helai , Zeng Daniel Dajun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) for contact suppression have been widely used worldwide, which impose harmful burdens on the population and the local economy. The evaluation of alternative NPIs is needed to confront the pandemic with less disruption. By harnessing human mobility data, we develop an agent-based model that can evaluate the efficacies of NPIs with individualized mobility simulations. Based on the model, we propose data-driven targeted interventions to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong without city-wide NPIs. We develop a data-driven agent-based model for 7.55 million Hong Kong residents to evaluate the efficacies of various NPIs in the first 80 days of the initial outbreak. The entire territory of Hong Kong is split into 4,905 500m × 500m grids. The model can simulate detailed agent interactions based on the demographics data, public facilities and functional buildings, transportation systems, and travel patterns. The general daily human mobility patterns are adopted from Google’s Community Mobility Report. The scenario without any NPIs is set as the baseline. By simulating the epidemic progression and human movement at the individual level, we proposed model-driven targeted interventions, which focus on the surgical testing and quarantine of only a small portion of regions instead of enforcing NPIs in the whole city. The efficacious of common NPIs and the proposed targeted interventions are evaluated by extensive 100 simulations. The proposed model can inform targeted interventions, which are able to effectively contain the COVID-19 outbreak with much lower disruption of the city. It represents a promising approach to sustainable NPIs to help us revive the economy of the city and the world.
Clinical Prediction Models for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Validity in Independent Cohorts
Authors: Gulati Gaurav , Brazil Riley J , Nelson Jason , Klaveren David van , Lundquist Christine M. , Park Jinny G. , McGinnes Hannah , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Calster Ben Van , Wessler Benjamin S. , Kent David M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundClinical prediction models (CPMs) are used to inform treatment decisions for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to assess the performance of such CPMs in fully independent cohorts.Methods and Results63 models predicting outcomes for patients at risk of cardiovascular disease from the Tufts PACE CPM Registry were selected for external validation on publicly available data from up to 4 broadly inclusive primary prevention clinical trials. For each CPM-trial pair, we assessed model discrimination, calibration, and net benefit. Results were stratified based on the relatedness of derivation and validation cohorts, and net benefit was reassessed after updating model intercept, slope, or complete re-estimation. The median c statistic of the CPMs decreased from 0.77 (IQR 0.72-0.78) in the derivation cohorts to 0.63 (IQR 0.58-0.66) when externally validated. The validation c-statistic was higher when derivation and validation cohorts were considered related than when they were distantly related (0.67 vs 0.60, p < 0.001). The calibration slope was also higher in related cohorts than distantly related cohorts (0.69 vs 0.58, p < 0.001). Net benefit analysis suggested substantial likelihood of harm when models were externally applied, but this likelihood decreased after model updating.ConclusionsDiscrimination and calibration decrease significantly when CPMs for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease are tested in external populations, particularly when the population is only distantly related to the derivation population. Poorly calibrated predictions lead to poor decision making. Model updating can reduce the likelihood of harmful decision making, and is needed to realize the full potential of risk-based decision making in new settings.