bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vacancy Engineering of Ultrathin 2D Materials for Photocatalytic CO2Reduction
Authors: Ma Yingxin , Qiu Bocheng , Zhang Jinlong , Xing Mingyang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPhotocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction is a sustainable and green strategy for the conversion of CO2into hydrocarbon solar fuels, whereas its large‐scale application is severely restricted by lack of highly effective photocatalysts. Ultrathin 2D materials with tunable electronic structure display great potential towards photocatalytic CO2reduction. However, the photocatalytic performance still remains unsatisfied due to high activation energy of CO2molecules on catalytic sites. To this end, surface vacancy engineering can endow coordinately unsaturated sites as actively catalytic sites for CO2molecules chemisorption and activation. In this review, we focus on vacancy‐engineered ultrathin materials for CO2photoreduction. Different vacancies with classified anion vacancies, cation vacancies, vacancy pairs, voids, and their corresponding role in CO2photoreduction are proposed. The different strategies based on vacancy engineering, including direct modulation of vacancy concentrations, refining vacancy states by heteroatom, and vacancy‐engineered heterostructure, are presented. Finally, the future developments and their associated challenges concerning defective ultrathin 2D materials are discussed.
First‐in‐Human Study for a Selective Rearranged During Transfection Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, GSK3352589, to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Reedy Beth Ann , O'Connor‐Semmes Robin , Hacquoil Kimberley , Gorycki Peter , Verticelli Adeline , Molga Angela 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRearranged during transfection (RET), a neuronal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, regulates the development of sympathetic, parasympathetic, motor, and sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. The intended site of action for GSK3352589 is intestinal tissues. GSK3352589 is an RET kinase inhibitor that was administered in double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled single‐dose (SD) and repeat‐dose (RD) studies in healthy subjects to investigate its safety/tolerability and pharmacokinetics. In the SD study (n = 28), GSK3352589 was dosed from 2 to 400 mg, including a food effect arm (25 mg). In the RD study (n = 40), GSK3352589 was dosed for 14 days with food twice daily from 5 to 200 mg. With single (fed and fasted) and repeat (fed) doses, bioavailability was low and less than dose‐proportional. There was a food effect with 25 mg once daily but may not be clinically relevant. Elimination half‐life was ≥17 hours at SD ≥ 15 mg. Accumulation ratios for Cmax, AUCt, AUCtau, and AUC24 after twice‐daily dosing to steady state ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 for all doses except the 200‐mg dose, which had ratios between 1.9 and 2.7. Administration of GSK3352589 after SD and RD was well tolerated with no safety concerns in healthy subjects.
Modeling Small Structural and Environmental Differences in Solids with 15N NMR Chemical Shift Tensors
Authors: Wang Luther , Elliott Alexander B. , Moore Sean D. , Beran Gregory J. O. , Hartman Joshua D. , Harper James K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe ability to theoretically predict accurate NMR chemical shifts in solids is increasingly important due to the role such shifts play in selecting among proposed model structures. Herein, two theoretical methods are evaluated for their ability to assign 15N shifts from guanosine dihydrate to one of the two independent molecules present in the lattice. The NMR data consist of 15N shift tensors from 10 resonances. Analysis using periodic boundary or fragment methods consider a benchmark dataset to estimate errors and predict uncertainties of 5.6 and 6.2 ppm, respectively. Despite this high accuracy, only one of the five sites were confidently assigned to a specific molecule of the asymmetric unit. This limitation is not due to negligible differences in experimental data, as most sites exhibit differences of >6.0 ppm between pairs of resonances representing a given position. Instead, the theoretical methods are insufficiently accurate to make assignments at most positions.
The network structure of schema modes
Authors: Aalbers George , Engels Tiarah , Haslbeck Jonas M. B. , Borsboom Denny , Arntz Arnoud 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA fundamental question in psychotherapy is whether interventions should target client problems (i.e., problem‐focused approaches) or client strengths (i.e., strength‐focused approaches). In this study, we first propose to address this question from a network perspective on schema modes (i.e., healthy or dysfunctional patterns of co‐occurring emotions, cognitions, and behaviours). From this perspective, schema modes mutually influence each other (e.g., healthy modes reduce dysfunctional modes). Recent evidence suggests that changes in modes that are strongly associated to other modes (i.e., central modes) could be associated with greater treatment effects. We therefore suggest research should investigate the relative centrality of healthy and dysfunctional modes. To make an exploratory start, we investigated the cross‐sectional network structure of schema modes in a clinical (comprising individuals diagnosed with paranoid, narcissistic, histrionic, and Cluster C personality disorders) and non‐clinical sample. Results showed that, in both samples, the Healthy Adult was significantly less central than several dysfunctional modes (e.g., Undisciplined Child and Abandoned and Abused Child). Although our study cannot draw causal conclusions, this finding could suggest that weakening dysfunctional modes (compared to strengthening the Healthy Adult) might be more effective in decreasing other dysfunctional modes. Our study further indicates that several schema modes are negatively associated, which could suggest that decreasing one might increase another. Finally, the Healthy Adult was among the modes that most strongly discriminated between clinical and non‐clinical individuals. Longitudinal and experimental research into the network structure of schema modes is required to further clarify the relative influence of schema modes.
Traceless Staudinger Ligation for Bioconjugation of RNA
Authors: Kitoun Camélia , Fonvielle Matthieu , Arthur Michel , Etheve‐Quelquejeu Mélanie , Iannazzo Laura 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStaudinger ligation is an attractive bioorthogonal reaction for use in studying biomolecules due to its capacity to form a native amide bond between a tag and a biomolecule. Here, we explore the traceless variant of the Staudinger ligation for 3′‐end modification of oligoribonucleotides. The procedure involves (i) synthesis of phosphine‐containing reactive groups, affinity purification tags, or photoactivatable benzophenone probe, (ii) synthesis of 2′‐azido dinucleotides and 24‐nt RNA, and (iii) traceless Staudinger ligation experiments. Each phosphine was characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR and high‐resolution spectrometry and the functionalized nucleotides were characterized by LC/MS. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 19 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of phosphinesBasic Protocol 2: Synthesis of dinucleotides 4 and 5Basic Protocol 3: Synthesis of modified RNA 6Basic Protocol 4: Traceless Staudinger reactions on a dinucleotideBasic Protocol 5: Traceless Staudinger reaction on RNA
Atavisms in the avian hindlimb and early developmental polarity of the limb
Authors: Bonatto Paese Christian L. , Hawkins Michael Brent , Brugmann Samantha A. , Harris Matthew P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe naturally occurring chicken mutant talpid2 (ta2), best known for its limb and craniofacial defects, has long served as a valuable tool for developmental biologists studying growth and patterning of craniofacial structures and the limb. The mutant provides a unique tool to examine the molecular and cellular processes regulating limb development.ResultsThis mutant also provides unique insights into the evolution of developmental genetic programs. Previous work defined the appearance of atavistic dentition in ta2 embryos. Herein we describe the appearance of ancestral characters of the hindlimb in embryonic ta2 chicken embryos.ConclusionAs the ta2 phenotype arises as a result of mutation in C2CD3 and disrupted cilia function, this mutant provides genetic and developmental insight into the causes of asymmetry in the limb and also a model for the evolution of the avian hindlimb.
Climatic change drives dynamic source–sink relationships in marine species with high dispersal potential
Authors: Silva Catarina N. S. , Young Emma F. , Murphy Nicholas P. , Bell James J. , Green Bridget S. , Morley Simon A. , Duhamel Guy , Cockcroft Andrew C. , Strugnell Jan M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhile there is now strong evidence that many factors can shape dispersal, the mechanisms influencing connectivity patterns are species‐specific and remain largely unknown for many species with a high dispersal potential. The rock lobsters Jasus tristani and Jasus paulensis have a long pelagic larval duration (up to 20 months) and inhabit seamounts and islands in the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans, respectively. We used a multidisciplinary approach to assess the genetic relationships between J. tristani and J. paulensis, investigate historic and contemporary gene flow, and inform fisheries management. Using 17,256 neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms we found low but significant genetic differentiation. We show that patterns of connectivity changed over time in accordance with climatic fluctuations. Historic migration estimates showed stronger connectivity from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean (influenced by the Agulhas Leakage). In contrast, the individual‐based model coupled with contemporary migration estimates inferred from genetic data showed stronger inter‐ocean connectivity in the opposite direction from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean driven by the Subtropical Front. We suggest that the J. tristani and J. paulensis historical distribution might have extended further north (when water temperatures were lower) resulting in larval dispersal between the ocean basis being more influenced by the Agulhas Leakage than the Subtropical Front. As water temperatures in the region increase in accordance with anthropogenic climate change, a southern shift in the distribution range of J. tristani and J. paulensis could further reduce larval transport from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean, adding complexity to fisheries management.
Social movement strategy (nonviolent vs. violent) and the garnering of third‐party support: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Orazani Nima , Tabri Nassim , Wohl Michael J. A. , Leidner Bernhard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn emerging literature suggests that the success of social movements depends, partly, on their ability to garner support from third‐party groups. One factor that appears to predict support is social movements’ use of nonviolent (compared to violent) strategies to achieve their goals. However, this literature is not definitive. Herein, we report the results of a meta‐analysis of research that has assessed the effect of the use of nonviolence on third‐party support (k = 16, N = 4598). A small‐to‐moderate positive effect was observed, d = 0.25. Additionally, research that used a control or baseline comparison group suggested that using nonviolent strategies marginally (p = .090) increased people's willingness to help the movement (d = 0.17) while adopting violent strategies did not increase or decrease people's willingness to help the movement (d = −0.03). Publication bias was evidenced by bigger effect sizes of published (vs. unpublished) studies. Target (i.e., state vs. social issues) and location of the protest (i.e., domestic vs. foreign) were not significant moderators, whereas the context (i.e., real vs. hypothetical scenarios) was, although marginally. Results suggest that it behooves social movements to adopt nonviolent strategies if third‐party support is desired.
Pandemic hampers student engagement, highlights inequities
Authors: Hope Joan 
Published: February 2021

In early summer, nearly 70% of college students felt they were falling behind in their studies because of the COVID‐19 pandemic. That's one of the findings of State of Student Success and Trends in Higher Education: 2020 Global Research Study and Trends, a report by Canvas that reveals results of a survey of students. The findings also show major disparities in reported engagement among students of different economic classes, with 2.5 times more students from upper economic classes reporting feeling extremely engaged in the classes and coursework than their lower‐income peers.
Development of Fluorescent Chemosensors for Amino‐Sugars
Authors: Yadav Rohan , Kwamen Carel , Niemeyer Jochen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this account, we describe the application of a series of multidentate BINOL‐based phosphoric acids for the fluorescence‐based chemosensing of amino sugars. To this end, we developed a novel synthetic protocol for three isomerically pure phosphoric acid monoesters of the type ArOP(O)(OH)2. These were investigated with respect to their binding towards amino sugars (glucosamine, galactosamine and mannosamine) in comparison to the previously reported diesters of the type (ArO)2P(O)(OH). We could find that the diesters show no significant binding, while the monoesters can be used as hosts for amino sugars. Indeed, one host selectively binds to galactosamine, while a second host binds both glucosamine and mannosamine. This allows the fluorescence‐based detection and discrimination of the amino sugars by a novel class of phosphate‐based supramolecular hosts.
The application of harmony search and genetic algorithms for the simultaneous optimization of integrated reservoir–FARM systems (IRFS)*
Authors: Ranjbar N. , Anvari S. , Delavar M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOptimal irrigation allocation and reservoir operation are essential in combating water scarcity in arid and semi‐arid regions like Iran. Due to the huge number of decision variables in a reservoir–farm system, the inseparable nature of the crop yield function and the large variety of constraints, a genetic algorithm (GA) and harmony search (HS) are employed in the current paper to construct an integrated reservoir–farm system (IRFS). This integrated model can take into account crop sensitivity to water stress in order to maximize the net benefit of crops and to optimize crop areas and irrigation scheduling. This methodology is applied to the multi‐crop Aharchay irrigation system downstream of Sattarkhan Dam. The outputs include the optimal values of the cultivated area, irrigation depth, and water release from the reservoir in 10‐day periods. The results showed the speed of convergence, the optimal value of the total benefit and the slightly greater yield values of the HS algorithm compared to those of the GA. Both models also resulted in higher benefit amounts compared to the real and attainable benefit in the region. Finally, regarding the speed of convergence to the maximum value of the objective function, the HS algorithm demonstrated more promising results than the GA in the current case of interest.
Stem cell mobilization in multiple myeloma patients relapsing after previous autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A multicenter report by the Polish Myeloma Study Group
Authors: Drozd‐Sokołowska Joanna , Waszczuk‐Gajda Anna , Topczewska Magdalena , Mańko Joanna , Hus Iwona , Szmigielska‐Kapłon Anna , Nowicki Mateusz , Grygoruk‐Wiśniowska Iwona , Krawczyk‐Kuliś Małgorzata , Romejko‐Jarosińska Joanna , Frączak Ewa , Wróbel Tomasz , Piątkowska‐Jakubas Beata , Mądry Krzysztof , Boguradzki Piotr , Król Małgorzata , Kozioł Magdalena , Hus Marek , Kopińska Anna , Dmoszyńska Anna , Basak Grzegorz Władysław , Dwilewicz‐Trojaczek Jadwiga 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundSalvage autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT) may be used to treat relapse of multiple myeloma occurring after previous autoHSCT. When insufficient number of hematopoietic stem cells was stored from the initial harvest, remobilization of stem cells is necessary.PurposeThe analysis of stem cell remobilization after previous autoHSCT.Patients and MethodsFifty‐eight patients, 60% males, median 59 years, were included. Median time interval between autoHSCT and remobilization was 42 months. The first remobilization was performed mostly after chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide (33%), cytarabine (43%), and etoposide (19%).ResultsThe first remobilization was successful in 67% patients. About 19% patients required plerixafor rescue, among whom it allowed for successful harvesting in 14%. Use of cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and etoposide allowed for successful remobilization in 53%, 84%, and 55% patients, respectively. Patients treated with cytarabine had the highest yield of CD34+ cells (median 7.5 × 106/kg vs 5.8 and 2.4 for etoposide and cyclophosphamide, P = .001). Higher percentage of patients was able to collect ≥2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg during one leukapheresis after cytarabine (76% vs 21% for cyclophosphamide vs 36% for etoposide, P = .001). Cytarabine use was associated with lower risk of remobilization failure OR = 0.217, P = .02. Toxicity comprised mostly hematological toxicity (thrombocytopenia and neutropenia). One patient succumbed to septic shock.ConclusionRemobilization after previous autoHSCT is feasible only in a proportion of patients. Cytarabine is associated with the highest rate of successful mobilization and the highest yield of mobilized CD34+ cells. The toxicity requires careful surveillance of these patients.
Acute hypermethioninemia impairs redox homeostasis and acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum of young rats
Authors: de Moraes Meine Bernardo , Bona Natália Pontes , Luduvico Karina Pereira , Spohr Luiza , Pedra Nathalia Stark , Spanevello Roselia Maria , Stefanello Francieli Moro , Sandrielly Pereira Soares Mayara 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHypermethioninemia is characterized by high plasma concentrations of methionine (Met) and its metabolites, such as methionine sulfoxide (MetO), and neurological changes, such as cerebral edema and cognitive deficits. The aim of this study was to analyze the redox status and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum of young Wistar rats subjected to an acute hypermethioninemia protocol. The animals received, by subcutaneous injection, a single dose of Met (0.4 g/kg), MetO (0.1 g/kg), and Met + MetO, and 1 or 3 hr after administration, the animals were euthanatized for brain structure obtaining. In the hippocampus, an increase in lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was observed at 1 hr in the MetO and Met + MetO groups, and a reduction in the superoxide dismutase activity was found in the Met + MetO group. Met and/or MetO induced a decrease in the thiol content and GPx activity and enhanced the lipid peroxidation at 3 hr. In the striatum, a reduction in the thiol content and GPx activity, an increase in lipid peroxidation, and AChE activity were induced by Met and/or MetO at 1 or 3 hr. Additionally, in the cerebellum, an increase in the AChE in the MetO and Met + MetO groups 1 hr after administration was observed. These data help to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the neurological changes found in hypermethioninemia patients.
Influence of Protective Face Coverings on the Speech Recognition of Cochlear Implant Patients
Authors: Vos Teresa G. , Dillon Margaret T. , Buss Emily , Rooth Meredith A. , Bucker Andrea L. , Dillon Sarah , Pearson Adrienne , Quinones Kristen , Richter Margaret E. , Roth Noelle , Young Allison , Dedmon Matthew M. 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesThe objectives were to characterize the effects of wearing face coverings on: 1) acoustic speech cues, and 2) speech recognition of patients with hearing loss who listen with a cochlear implant.MethodsA prospective cohort study was performed in a tertiary referral center between July and September 2020. A female talker recorded sentences in three conditions: no face covering, N95 mask, and N95 mask plus a face shield. Spectral differences were analyzed between speech produced in each condition. The speech recognition in each condition for twenty‐three adult patients with at least 6 months of cochlear implant use was assessed.ResultsSpectral analysis demonstrated preferential attenuation of high‐frequency speech information with the N95 mask plus face shield condition compared to the other conditions. Speech recognition did not differ significantly between the uncovered (median 90% [IQR 89%–94%]) and N95 mask conditions (91% [IQR 86%–94%]; P = .253); however, speech recognition was significantly worse in the N95 mask plus face shield condition (64% [IQR 48%–75%]) compared to the uncovered (P < .001) or N95 mask (P < .001) conditions.ConclusionsThe type and combination of protective face coverings used have differential effects on attenuation of speech information, influencing speech recognition of patients with hearing loss. In the face of the COVID‐19 pandemic, there is a need to protect patients and clinicians from spread of disease while maximizing patient speech recognition. The disruptive effect of wearing a face shield in conjunction with a mask may prompt clinicians to consider alternative eye protection, such as goggles, in appropriate clinical situations.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2038–E2043, 2021
A quantitative assessment of dual energy computed tomography‐based material decomposition for imaging bone marrow edema associated with acute knee injury
Authors: de Bakker Chantal M.J. , Walker Richard E.A. , Besler Bryce A. , Tse Justin J. , Manske Sarah L. , Martin C. Ryan , French Stephen J. , Dodd Andrew E. , Boyd Steven K. 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThis study developed methods to quantify and improve the accuracy of dual‐energy CT (DECT)‐based bone marrow edema imaging using a clinical CT system. Objectives were: (a) to quantitatively compare DECT with gold‐standard, fluid‐sensitive MRI for imaging of edema‐like marrow signal intensity (EMSI) and (b) to identify image analysis parameters that improve delineation of EMSI associated with acute knee injury on DECT images.MethodsDECT images from ten participants with acute knee injury were decomposed into estimated fractions of bone, healthy marrow, and edema based on energy‐dependent differences in tissue attenuation. Fluid‐sensitive MR images were registered to DECT for quantitative, voxel‐by‐voxel comparison between the two modalities. An optimization scheme was developed to find attenuation coefficients for healthy marrow and edema that improved EMSI delineation, compared to MRI. DECT method accuracy was evaluated by measuring dice coefficients, mutual information, and normalized cross correlation between the DECT result and registered MRI.ResultsWhen applying the optimized three‐material decomposition method, dice coefficients for EMSI identified through DECT vs MRI were 0.32 at the tibia and 0.13 at the femur. Optimization of attenuation coefficients improved dice coefficient, mutual information, and cross‐correlation between DECT and gold‐standard MRI by 48%–107% compared to three‐material decomposition using non‐optimized parameters, and improved mutual information and cross‐correlation by 39%–58% compared to the manufacturer‐provided two‐material decomposition.ConclusionsThis study quantitatively evaluated the performance of DECT in imaging knee injury‐associated EMSI and identified a method to optimize DECT‐based visualization of complex tissues (marrow and edema) whose attenuation parameters cannot be easily characterized. Further studies are needed to improve DECT‐based EMSI imaging at the femur.