bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppression of charge trapping in ON-state operation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs by Si-rich passivation
Authors: Yang Feiyuan , Uren Michael J , Gajda Mark , Dalcanale Stefano , Karboyan Serge , Pomeroy James W , Kuball Martin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the charge trapping in power AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors which occurs in ON-state operation (V
DS = 40 V, V
GS = 0 V, I
DS = 0.18 A mm−1). By analysing the dynamic ON-resistance (R
ON) after OFF-state and ON-state stress in devices with different SiN
x
passivation stoichiometries, we find that this charge trapping can be largely suppressed by a high Si concentration passivation. Both potential probe and electroluminescence (EL) measurements further confirm that the stress can induce negative charge trapping in the gate–drain access region. It is shown that EL is generated as expected under the field plates at the gate edge, but is obscured by the field plates and is actually emitted from the device near the drain edge; hence care is required when using EL alone as a guide to the location of the high field region in the device. From temperature-dependent dynamic R
ON transient measurements, we determine that the apparent activation energy of the measured ‘trap’ response is around 0.48 eV, and infer that they are located in the heavily carbon-doped GaN layer. Using the leaky dielectric model, we explain the response in terms of the hopping transport from the same substitutional carbon acceptor buffer dopants.
Bianisotropic origami metasurfaces for mechanically controlled asymmetric radiation
Authors: Li Min , Hu Yan , Chen Qiaolu , Chen Hongsheng , Wang Zuojia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Bianisotropic metasurfaces have been attracting increasing attention due to their strong capability for magneto–electric coupling manipulation on electromagnetic fields. Bianisotropic effect is physically determined by the symmetries of structure and switching among various bianisotropic states is thus difficult by varying material properties. Here, we propose a reconfigurable bianisotropic metasurface by arranging meta-atoms in a Miura-ori lattice. The bianisotropic properties are dynamically controlled via the deformation of the Miura-ori pattern, i.e., zero bianisotropy at the unfolded state and enhanced bianisotropy in folded geometries. It is also demonstrated that asymmetric radiation performance can be flexibly controlled by changing only the folded angle of deformation. Our work provides an alternative pathway toward dynamically control over the bianisotropy of metasurfaces, which may provide potential applications for smart directional radiation and scattering.
Representation of total angular momentum states of beams through a four-parameter notation
Authors: Fu Shiyao , Hai Lan , Song Rui , Gao Chunqing , Zhang Xiangdong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
It has been confirmed beams carrying total angular momentums (TAMs) that consist of spin angular momentums (SAMs) and orbital angular momentums (OAMs) are widely used in classical and quantum optics. Here we propose and demonstrate a new kind of representation consisting of four real numbers to describe the TAM states of arbitrary beams. It is shown that any homogeneous polarization, scalar vortices and complex vectorial vortex field, all of which result from the TAMs of photons, can be well represented conveniently using our proposed four-parameter representation. Furthermore, the proposed representation can also reveal the internal change of TAMs as the conversion between SAMs and OAMs. The salient properties of the proposed representation is to give a universal form of TAMs associated with complicated polarizations and more exotic vectorial vortex beams, which offer an important basis for the future applications.
Interdisciplinary Quality Improvement Led by the Molecular Pathology Laboratory Expedites Diagnosis of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Asadbeigi Sepideh , Zhou Yaolin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) requires emergent treatment while definitive laboratory results are pending. Following the death of a patient whose diagnosis was delayed, we sought to improve our institution’s workflow by using the EPIDEM (Exploration, Promotion, Implementation, Documentation, Evaluation, Modification) quality improvement model.

Methods
APL is confirmed by identifying translocation t(15;17)(q24;q21) PML-RARA by using either molecular or cytogenetic methods on peripheral blood or bone marrow specimens. We used the EPIDEM model to decrease the turnaround time (TAT) of molecular diagnosis by improving communication and developing reflex testing. We additionally compared 32 APL cases against a control group of 18 suspected APL cases.

Results
Our review of 687 multiplex polymerase chain reaction orders and 33 PML-RARA orders (January 2012 to April 2021) showed an initial TAT decrease from 4.48 days to 2.71 days (P &lt; .0001), which further decreased to 0.64 days (P &lt; .0001) after implementation of the PML-RARA qualitative assay. Compared with patients suspected of having APL, patients with confirmed APL had higher dimerized plasmin fragment D (P = .0145), lower fibrinogen (P ≤ .0001), and lower WBC (P ≤ .0001).

Conclusions
By using the EPIDEM model, with its emphasis on local context, culture, and resources, improved communication and workflow changes enabled us to reduce the time needed to diagnose APL to 0.64 days and identify potential locally derived screening cutoffs.
Early-Life Exposure to Green Space and Mid-Childhood Cognition in the Project Viva Cohort, Massachusetts
Authors: Jimenez Marcia P , Shoaff Jessica , Kioumourtzoglou Marianthi-Anna , Korrick Susan , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L , Hivert Marie-France , Oken Emily , James Peter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The association between early-life greenness and child cognition is not well understood. Using prospective data from Project Viva (n = 857) from 1999–2010, we examined associations of early-life greenness exposure with mid-childhood cognition. We estimated residential greenness at birth, early childhood (median age 3.1 years), and mid-childhood (7.8 years) using 30-m resolution Landsat satellite imagery (normalized difference vegetation index). In early childhood and mid-childhood, we administered standardized assessments of verbal and nonverbal intelligence, visual-motor abilities, and visual memory. We used natural splines to examine associations of early life-course greenness with mid-childhood cognition, adjusting for age, sex, race, income, neighborhood socioeconomic status, maternal intelligence, and parental education. At lower levels of greenness (greenness &lt;0.6), greenness exposure at early childhood was associated with a 0.48% increase in nonverbal intelligence and 2.64% increase in visual memory in mid-childhood. The association between early-childhood greenness and mid-childhood visual memory was observed after further adjusting for early childhood cognition and across different methodologies, while the association with nonverbal intelligence was not. No other associations between early life-course greenness and mid-childhood cognition were found. Early childhood greenness was nonlinearly associated with higher mid-childhood visual memory. Our findings highlight the importance of nonlinear associations between greenness and cognition.
Clinical trials in skeletal dysplasia: a paradigm for treating rare diseases
Authors: Sabir Ataf , Irving Melita 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundGenetic skeletal dysplasia conditions (GSDs) account for 5% of all birth defects. Until recently, targeted treatments were only available for select few conditions; 1 however, opportunities arising from developments in molecular diagnostic technologies are now leading to unparalleled therapeutic advances. This review explores current GSD clinical trials, their challenges and the hopes for the future.Sources of dataA systematic literature search of relevant original articles, reviews and meta-analyses restricted to English was conducted using PubMed up to February 2020 regarding emerging GSD therapies.Areas of agreementWe discuss current clinical trials for in achondroplasia, osteopetrosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypophosphataemic rickets, hypophosphatasia and fibrous ossificans progressiva.Areas of controversyWe explore challenges in GSD drug development from clinician input, cost-effectiveness and evidenced-based practice.Growing pointsWe explore opportunities brought by earlier diagnosis, its treatment impact and the challenges of gene editing.Areas timely for developing researchWe horizon scan for future clinical trials.
Opposability and Non-Opposability in International Law
Authors: Bjorge Eirik 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In a given legal situation relating to one or more states, the most practically important question to be determined is not whether, in an objective sense, a legal act is or is not generally valid. It is instead whether, as far as the relationship between the states involved is concerned, the act is opposable by one state to another. Opposability is the capacity of a rule, a legal act, a right, or a legal fact to produce international legal effects vis-à-vis a state, including a state or states unconcerned by the obligations that arise directly from it. Rather than depending on whether an act is valid as against all the world, opposability operates in the relations between pairs of states. Opposability (like its opposite: non-opposability) is concerned with whether the act in question may be opposed to the state at issue; the basis for that opposability (or non-opposability) will be whether or not the state has given its recognition, tacitly or explicitly, of the act concerned.
The relationship between exchange rate and structural change: an approach based on income elasticities of trade
Authors: Marconi Nelson , Araujo Eliane , Brancher Marco Capraro , Porto Tiago Couto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe analyse the hypothesis that variations in the income elasticities of the demand for exports and imports are influenced by the difference between the actual and industrial equilibrium levels of real effective exchange rates. The industrial equilibrium is defined as the exchange rate level that equalises real unit labour costs between local producers of manufactured goods and their trading partners. To test our hypothesis, based on data between 1995 and 2014 from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), a sample of 43 countries was built. First, the actual and the industrial equilibrium real effective exchange rates were calculated; then, the income elasticities were estimated for each country during this period. A dynamic panel data model was adopted to estimate the relationship between these elasticities and the differences between those exchange rates. The results suggest that the magnitude of these differences modifies the income elasticities of trade, potentially contributing to structural change.
Partially linear models with endogeneity: a conditional moment-based approach
Authors: Antoine Bertille , Sun Xiaolin 
Published: July 2021

Summary
In a partially linear conditional moment model we propose a new estimator for the slope parameter of the endogenous variable of interest, which combines a Robinson’s transformation to partial out the nonlinear part of the model, with a smooth minimum distance approach to exploit all the information of the conditional mean independence restriction. Our estimator only depends on one tuning parameter, is easy to compute, consistent and $\sqrt{n}$-asymptotically normal under standard regularity conditions. Simulations show that our estimator is competitive with the generalised method of moments-type estimators and often displays a smaller bias and variance as well as better coverage rates for confidence intervals. We revisit and extend some of the empirical results in Dinkelman (2011b) who estimates the impact of electrification on employment growth in South Africa. Overall, we obtain estimates that are smaller in magnitude, more precise, and still economically relevant.
Minimally invasive surgery versus sternotomy in native mitral valve endocarditis: a matched comparison
Authors: Kofler Markus , Van Praet Karel M , Schambach Julie , Akansel Serdar , Sündermann Simon , Schönrath Felix , Jacobs Stephan , Falk Volkmar , Kempfert Jörg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The present study compared the clinical outcomes between minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and median sternotomy (MS) in patients with native mitral valve infective endocarditis.

METHODS
From 2009 to 2019, a total of 154 patients with acute (n = 131, 85%) or subacute (n = 23, 15%) native mitral valve infective endocarditis were included in the study. One-to-one nearest neighbour propensity score matching considering endocarditis severity using the dedicated De Feo score and 19 other clinically relevant baseline variables resulted in a population of 39 matched pairs. The matched cohort was investigated regarding operative and postoperative outcomes.

RESULTS
Both groups showed similar results regarding cardiopulmonary bypass time [MIS: 96 min (77–138), MS: 99 min (88–127); P = 0.780] and aortic cross-clamp time [MIS: 64 min (54–90), MS: 65 min (59–83); P = 0.563], whereas overall operative time was shorter through minimally invasive access [MIS: 138 min (112–196), MS: 187 min (175–230); P = 0.005]. Although the rate of revision for bleeding was similar in both groups [MIS: 12.8% (n = 5), MS: 10.3% (n = 4); P = 1.000], MIS was associated with fewer red blood cell unit transfusions [MIS: 1 unit (0–4), MS: 4 units (2–10); P = 0.001] and fewer fresh frozen plasma unit transfusions [MIS: 0 units (0–0), MS: 1 unit (0–5); P = 0.002]. MIS was associated with a shorter ventilation time [MIS: 708 min (429–1236), MS: 1440 min (659–4411); P = 0.024] and a lower rate of reintubation after extubation [MIS: 5.1% (n = 2), MS: 25.6% (n = 10); P = 0.021].

CONCLUSIONS
In patients suffering from native mitral valve infective endocarditis, MIS provides significant clinical benefits over sternotomy in selected patients.

Subject collection
117, 121.
Complex segmentectomy is not a complex procedure relative to simple segmentectomy
Authors: Okubo Yu , Yoshida Yukihiro , Yotsukura Masaya , Nakagawa Kazuo , Watanabe Shun-ichi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Segmentectomies can be classified as simple or complex and are increasingly performed for early-stage lung cancer. Complex segmentectomy requires the creation of multiple intersegmental planes and is considered a more arduous procedure with higher risks of postoperative complications, relative to simple segmentectomy.

METHODS
This retrospective study evaluated patients who underwent simple or complex segmentectomy for primary lung cancer during 2012–2018. Perioperative factors were compared according to the procedure type.

RESULTS
The 538 eligible segmentectomies included 251 complex segmentectomies and 287 simple segmentectomies. There were no significant differences in terms of age, sex, smoking history or comorbidities. The most common procedure in the complex segmentectomy group was upper-lobe segmentectomy (e.g. S1, S2, S3 and S1 + 2; n = 170), which was followed by S8 segmentectomy (n = 39) and two-segment segmentectomies (e.g. S7 + 8, S8 + 9 and S9 + 10; n = 24). Simple segmentectomies involved left upper division (n = 117), the lingular segment (n = 30) and the S6 segment (n = 140). Comparing complex and simple segmentectomies revealed equivalent median operative times (113 vs 113 min) and blood loss (20 vs 20 ml). Complex segmentectomy had fewer postoperative complications (2.0% vs 7.0%, P = 0.006), including prolonged air leak (0.8% vs 3.5%, P = 0.035) and shorter median postoperative stays (3 vs 4 days, P &lt; 0.001). However, median surgical margins were closer for complex segmentectomy (22 vs 25 mm, P = 0.005)

CONCLUSIONS
The perioperative outcomes of complex segmentectomy were satisfactory and comparable to those of simple segmentectomy. Surgeons should pay careful attention to the surgical margins during complex segmentectomy.
When I Was Growing Up: The Lasting Impact of Immigrant Presence on Native-Born American Attitudes towards Immigrants and Immigration
Authors: Eger Maureen A , Mitchell Jeffrey , Hjerm Mikael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractScholarship, including seminal research on prejudice, identifies adolescence as a critical period for the development of attitudes. Yet most sociological research on prejudice, especially in the form of anti-immigrant sentiment, focuses on the relationship between contemporaneous social conditions and attitudes towards out-groups while neglecting the demographic context during one’s impressionable years. Therefore, we design research to investigate the relationship among temporally distal and temporally proximal sub-national contexts and native-born attitudes towards immigration and immigrants. To do this, we merge geocoded data from the General Social Survey (1994–2016) with a unique US state-level dataset (1900–2015). Results from multilevel models reveal that immigrant presence during adolescence is a more consistent predictor of attitudes towards immigration and immigrants in adulthood. Thus, while the majority of sociological research on anti-immigrant sentiment asks if societal conditions matter, our results suggest that a more important question is when the context matters.
Coxsackievirus B4 sewage-isolate induces pancreatitis after oral infection of mice
Authors: Benkoova Brigita , Pospisilova Michaela , Kramna Lenka , Kissova Renata , Berakova Katarina , Klement Cyril , Cinek Ondrej , Bopegamage Shubhada 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTNumerous serotypes which belong to the genus Enterovirus (EV) show variability in their virulence and clinical manifestations. They are also known to undergo changes caused by mutations and recombination during their circulation in the environment and the population. Various EV serotypes are prevalent in groundwater, wastewater and surface waters. Our previous studies showed that oral infection induces pancreatitis depending on specific conditions, such as gravidity, in an outbred murine model. Our aim in the present study was to further explore the pancreatic histopathology in an outbred mouse model following oral infection with clinical isolates from a patient who had aseptic meningitis and an isolate from a treated-sewage sample recovered from the residential area of the patient. The isolates were identified as coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) in tissue culture. The CVB4 sewage-isolate induced pancreatitis after oral infection. In contrast, pancreatitis was absent following infection with the clinical isolates. Comparison of polyprotein sequences showed that the treated-sewage strains differed from the patient's isolates by 9 and 11 amino acids. We conclude that the isolates of clinical and environmental origin differed in their pathogenic properties and showed genetic variation.
Commensal Streptococcus mitis produces two different lipoteichoic acids of type I and type IV
Authors: Gisch Nicolas , Peters Katharina , Thomsen Simone , Vollmer Waldemar , Schwudke Dominik , Denapaite Dalia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus mitis possesses, like other members of the Mitis group of viridans streptococci, phosphorylcholine (P-Cho)-containing teichoic acids (TAs) in its cell wall. Bioinformatic analyses predicted the presence of TAs that are almost identical with those identified in the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, but a detailed analysis of S. mitis lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was not performed to date. Here, we determined the structures of LTA from two S. mitis strains, the high-level beta-lactam and multiple antibiotic resistant strain B6 and the penicillin-sensitive strain NCTC10712. In agreement with bioinformatic predictions, we found that the structure of one LTA (type IV) was like pneumococcal LTA, except the exchange of a glucose moiety with a galactose within the repeating units. Further genome comparisons suggested that the majority of S. mitis strains should contain the same type IV LTA as S. pneumoniae, providing a more complete understanding of the biosynthesis of these P-Cho-containing TAs in members of the Mitis group of streptococci. Remarkably, we observed besides type IV LTA, an additional polymer belonging to LTA type I in both investigated S. mitis strains. This LTA consists of β-galactofuranosyl-(1,3)-diacylglycerol as glycolipid anchor and a poly-glycerol-phosphate chain at the O-6 position of the furanosidic galactose. Hence, these bacteria are capable of synthesizing two different LTA polymers, most likely produced by distinct biosynthesis pathways. Our bioinformatics analysis revealed the prevalence of the LTA synthase LtaS, most probably responsible for the second LTA version (type I), among S. mitis and Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae strains.
Health promotion via Twitter: a case study of three medical centers in the USA
Authors: Kordzadeh Nima 
Published: July 2021

Summary
Healthcare institutions including hospitals and clinics are increasingly using social media platforms, such as Twitter, to raise awareness in the community about health and wellness topics. In line with this trend, this study seeks to understand how three leading medical centers in the USA use Twitter to share educational content about medical conditions, treatments, preventive measures and other health-related topics. A sample of tweets posted by Cleveland Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Mayo Clinic during a 6-month timeframe was collected and thematically analyzed. The first analysis, which focused on eight popular health topics, showed that diet and cancer were consistently the most and diabetes was the least frequently used topics in the tweets. The second analysis, which drew upon the health belief model to understand the educational themes embedded into the tweets, revealed that the three institutions mainly provided general health advice and information in their tweets and paid less attention to causes and consequences of diseases, preventive strategies and patient success stories. Accordingly, it is recommended that healthcare institutions adjust their tweeting activities and align them with society’s health education needs. Such revised content strategies can help medical institutions achieve their health promotion goals more effectively.
Expanding studies of chromosome structure and function in the era of T2T genomics
Authors: Miga Karen H , Sullivan Beth A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The recent accomplishment of a truly complete human genome has afforded a new view of chromosome structure and function that was limited 30 years ago. Here, we discuss the expansion of knowledge from the early cytological studies of the genome to the current high resolution genomic, epigenetic, and functional maps that have been achieved by recent technology and computational advances. These studies have revealed unexpected complexities of genome organization and function and uncovered new views of fundamental chromosomal elements. Comprehensive genomic maps will enable accurate diagnosis of human diseases caused by altered chromosome structure and function, facilitate development of chromosome-based therapies, and shape the future of preventative medicine and healthcare.