bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scattering and absorption coefficients measurements in silicone polymers used in fiber optics
Authors: Ismagilova R I , Shaidullin R I , Khramov I O , Kovalenko N A , Ryabushkin A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Scattering and absorption coefficients of organosilicon polymers (polysiloxanes) used in fiber optics were investigated. For this purpose a new measurement technique based on relocatable integrating spheres was implemented. A computer mathematical model of light propagation in a scattering medium was created based on the Monte Carlo method. The experimental results were approximated using this model in order to obtain absorption and scatterring characteristics of different polymer samples.
Understanding femtosecond optical tweezers: the critical role of nonlinear interactions
Authors: Goswami Debabrata 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Typical single-beam optical tweezers use continuous wave (CW) lasers, which can be explained through force balancing the light pressure from a tightly focused laser beam used for trapping microscopic particles. Recent years have also seen a surge in single-beam optical trapping research with high-repetition-rate femtosecond lasers that has shown certain differences from the CW tweezers, one of which is its sensitive detection capability of the ultrashort pulse induced background free two-photon fluorescence signals. The high peak power of each laser pulse is enough to provide instantaneous trapping potential, while the high repetition rate ensures sustained stable trapping from the successive pulses. Though the capability and usefulness of the optical-tweezers are well established, for both CW and pulsed lasers, simulating real-time scenarios to predict optical trapping behaviour remains a challenging problem. This is especially true for femtosecond laser tweezers since high peak powers are involved when the laser is tightly focused for achieving the tweezing action. The nonlinear optical effect and thermal nonlinearity become much more significant for femtosecond optical trapping. We demonstrate the importance of including these nonlinear interactions for femtosecond pulsed laser mediated optical trapping via their effect in scattering and gradient forces in the Rayleigh regime. Our optical-tweezers model includes thermal and optical nonlinear interactions, making it easier to predict the optical-trap stability in real optical trapping scenarios for both CW and pulsed lasers. Our model provides predictive metrics for choosing solvents, probes, and several optical parameters, which can be validated from our experiments.
Non-Isolated Converters for Low Temperature Plasma
Authors: Hakki A , Kashapov N 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The paper describes non-isolated converters for plasma torches. A high frequency was used in order to drive the pulse width modulation circuit. The average output current consumption (AOCC) was modified from (1A) up to (2A). The (AOCC) was increased from (1A) up to (2A) by increasing the duty ratio from (0.75) up to (0.88). The switching frequency of the non-isolated inverter was fixed at (18KHz), The maximum output power was (220W), The maximum efficiency of the designed converter was (0.90).
Characteristics and properties of nanolayer hafnium based PVD coatings
Authors: Mironov M M , Grebenshchikova M M , Mironova E A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The paper presents an experimental study of the characteristics of a multilayer coating made of titanium and hafnium nitrides. The thickness of layers formed by the ion-plasma coating method was calculated. It was found that the biologically active coating based on titanium nitride and hafnium has a layered structure. The calculated layer thickness is in the range from 6 to 10 nm, the determined thickness is in the range from 10 to 20 nm. The topography of the coating surface contains intergranular boundaries that are reproduced as empty slits with a size of less than 5 nm. The transverse dimensions of the crystals can be estimated at 5-30 nm.
Study of layered system Fe3Sn2-a-Fe(Sn) obtained by ion-plasma sputtering and thermal annealing
Authors: Zhubaev A K , Yerezhepova S K , Karassayeva A A , Kantarbay Ye A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Thin Armco Iron foils with a Tin coating deposited by ion-plasma sputtering and subjected to isothermal annealing at 650°C have been studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The formation of intermetallic compounds FeSn and Fe 3Sn 2, as well as a solid solution of Tin atoms in a-Fe(Sn), was revealed. The possibility of obtaining a thermally stable layered spatially inhomogeneous Fe 3Sn 2-a-Fe(Sn) system is shown.
Dynamics of spherical gas bubbles in a cluster under an increase in the surrounding liquid pressure
Authors: Aganin I A , Davletshin A I 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The influence of the hydrodynamic interaction of spherical gas bubbles in linear, circular and ball-shaped clusters under a sudden increase in the surrounding liquid pressure is studied. The centers of the bubbles are located at the nodes of a uniform one-dimensional mesh on a segment of a straight line in the linear clusters, at the nodes of a uniform two-dimensional mesh inside a circular region of a plane in the circular clusters and at nodes of a uniform three-dimensional mesh inside a spherical region in the ball-shaped clusters. Initially, the liquid and the bubbles are at rest, the liquid pressure is 1 bar, the bubble radius is 0.25 mm, and the size of the mesh cells is 5 mm. The pressure rises by 0.8 bar. A mathematical model is applied, in which the dynamics of bubbles is described by the second-order ODEs in the radii of the bubbles and the position-vectors of their centers. It is shown that the radial oscillations of the bubbles in the clusters are significantly different from those of a single bubble. In particular, the period of their oscillations is longer, their damping is non-monotonic (with beats). The amplitudes of the oscillations and their beats are much greater in the central bubbles of the clusters than in the peripheral ones. The process of decay of the radial oscillations of the central bubbles in the circular and ball-shaped clusters begins with the phase of their amplification, during which the bubble pressure maximum becomes higher than the maximum achieved during the oscillations of a single bubble. Moreover, with growing number of bubbles in these clusters, the rate of damping of their oscillations decreases, and the oscillation beat frequency of both the central and peripheral bubbles increases.
Numerical study of the effect of the dispersed particles properties on the electrically charged polydisperse gas suspension dynamics in a channel with electrodes on the walls
Authors: Tukmakov D A , Tukmakova N A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this article the flow of an electrically charged gas suspension in a channel is numerically simulated. It is assumed that the solid component of the gas suspension has a polydisperse composition. Solid component fractions may differ in particle size and density. For the velocity components of the mixture components on the channel surfaces, the Dirichlet boundary conditions were specified, thereby taking into account the wall viscosity. The dynamics of the carrier medium was described by the system of equations of a viscous compressible heat-conducting gas motion. Potentials of different signs are applied to the lateral surfaces of the channel. It was found that due to the action of an electric field, positively charged particles are deposited onto the channel wall with a negative potential. The article studies the effect of particle parameters on the deposition rate of fractions of an electrically charged solid component of the mixture.
Analytical and experimental research of nonlinear resonant gas oscillations in a cube
Authors: Nasyrov R R , Shaidullin L R , Kabirov A A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The gas pressure in a cubic resonator is studied experimentally and numerically at the first resonant frequency. Lagrange’s approach is used to analytical study of problem. Comparison of the pressure oscillations obtained experimentally and numerically at different amplitudes of piston oscillation is carried out.
Equation of the gas oscillation frequencies in a closed-circuit Helmholtz resonator type combustion chamber
Authors: Larionov V M , Iovleva O V , Semenova E V , Yunusova E A , Larionova I V 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A solid fuel combustion chamber of the Helmholtz-resonator-type is investigated. In previous works, the air supply tube and the combustion product outlet tube were open at the outlet. In this paper, we consider a device in which the tubes are connected by a total volume. The linearization of the conservation equations in the combustion chamber and the interference chamber gives four boundary conditions for acoustic disturbances. From these conditions, an equation follows that allows us to calculate the frequencies of gas vibrations in the device of the considered type.
Inventory reporting of livestock emissions: the impact of the IPCC 1996 and 2006 Guidelines
Authors: Amon Barbara , Çinar Gültaç , Anderl Michael , Dragoni Federico , Kleinberger-Pierer Magdalena , Hörtenhuber Stefan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The livestock sector is a major contributor to agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) and nitrogen (N) emissions and efforts are being made to reduce these emissions. National emission inventories are the main tool for reporting emissions. They have to be consistent, comparable, complete, accurate and transparent. The quality of emission inventories is affected by the reporting methodology, emission factors and knowledge of individual sources. In this paper, we investigate the effects of moving from the 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines on the emission estimates from the livestock sector. With Austria as a case study, we estimated the emissions according to the two guidelines, revealing marked changes in emission estimates from different source categories resulting from changes in the applied methodology. Overall estimated GHG emissions from the livestock sector decreased when applying the IPCC 2006 methodology, except for emissions from enteric fermentation. Our study revealed shifts in the relative importance of main emission sources. While the share of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management increased, the share of N2O emissions from manure management and soils decreased. The most marked decrease was observed for the share of indirect N2O emissions. Our study reveals a strong relationship between the emission inventory methodology and mitigation options as mitigation measures will only be effective for meeting emission reduction targets if their effectiveness can be demonstrated in the national emission inventories. We include an outlook on the 2019 IPCC Refinement and its potential effects on livestock emissions estimates. Emission inventory reports are a potent tool to show the effect of mitigation measures and the methodology prescribed in inventory guidelines will have a distinct effect on the selection of mitigation measures.
Sub-10 nm fabrication: methods and applications
Authors: Chen Yiqin , Shu Zhiwen , Zhang Shi , Zeng Pei , Liang Huikang , Zheng Mengjie , Duan Huigao 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Reliable fabrication of micro/nanostructures with sub-10 nm features is of great significance for advancing nanoscience and nanotechnology. While the capability of current complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip manufacturing can produce structures on the sub-10 nm scale, many emerging applications, such as nano-optics, biosensing, and quantum devices, also require ultrasmall features down to single digital nanometers. In these emerging applications, CMOS-based manufacturing methods are currently not feasible or appropriate due to the considerations of usage cost, material compatibility, and exotic features. Therefore, several specific methods have been developed in the past decades for different applications. In this review, we attempt to give a systematic summary on sub-10 nm fabrication methods and their related applications. In the first and second parts, we give a brief introduction of the background of this research topic and explain why sub-10 nm fabrication is interesting from both scientific and technological perspectives. In the third part, we comprehensively summarize the fabrication methods and classify them into three main approaches, including lithographic, mechanics-enabled, and post-trimming processes. The fourth part discusses the applications of these processes in quantum devices, nano-optics, and high-performance sensing. Finally, a perspective is given to discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with this research topic.
The State and Its People
Authors: Ekins Richard 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article considers the relationship between the state and its people, reflecting on Nick Barber’s principles of constitutionalism. The joint intention of the people is central to the social reality of the good state, which is an institutionally ordered people. Other forms of political order, including empire, are possible, but there is good reason for a people to form a state and to exercise political agency. While under some conditions non-democratic rule is legitimate, there is good reason for authority to be shared widely and for rulers to foster close connections with the ruled, which makes self-government possible. Barber’s account of subsidiarity risks neglecting social solidarity in general, and nationality in particular, which would undermine the joint intention of the people. The sovereign state is the means by which a people participates in the international realm, but sovereignty may be misused to alienate a people from the state.
Legal Ridicule in the Age of Advertisement: Puffery, Quackery, and the Mass Market
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article examines the origins of the doctrine of puffery in Britain, in the first decades of its development during the nineteenth- and early twentieth centuries. The doctrine is a curious legal construct. Usually invoked as a defence, it identifies futile speech, typically of a seller, which does not give rise to liability. It operated, as it still does, in several fields of law. The analysis is not a traditional doctrinal one but rather a cultural legal study, which places the doctrine within the history of mass advertising, with two interrelated goals. First, following a review of developments based on primary sources, required given the scant literature on puffery, this article proposes a new interpretation of the doctrine as a legal mode of ridicule. While traditionally viewed as an instance of caveat emptor that supported commerce, the doctrine also involved a legal inferiorization of advertisements - taken as the paradigmatic instance of the sales pitch. Second, this article explores the interrelations between the history of law and the history of advertising, and demonstrates its productive potential for legal analysis with cases concerned with quack medicines. In the process, it offers a new reading of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball and other cases. In conclusion, this article suggests that ridicule was a refusal to acknowledge the power of advertising and particularly its appeals to consumers’ imagination rather than reason, even as advertising was given legal licence.
X—Coincidence and Supervenience
Authors: Bader Ralf M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPluralists argue for the distinctness of coinciding objects on the grounds that they have different properties. The grounding problem is the problem of explaining how the supposed difference in properties can arise in the first place. This paper considers this problem as an instance of a more general phenomenon, namely, the problem of dealing with underdetermination in asymmetrical systems admitting of non-trivial automorphisms. It argues in favour of primitivism by developing an account of stochastic grounding that makes room for non-fundamental bruteness and substantially mitigates the costs of primitivism.
Dynamics of small non-coding RNAs in bovine scNT embryos through the maternal-to-embryonic transition
Authors: Cuthbert Jocelyn M , Russell Stewart J , Polejaeva Irina A , Meng Qinggang , White Kenneth L , Benninghoff Abby D 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (scNT) for production of viable offspring is relatively low as compared to in vitro fertilization (IVF), presumably due to deficiencies in epigenetic reprogramming of the donor cell genome. Such defects may also involve the population of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), which are important during early embryonic development. The objective of this study was to examine dynamic changes in relative abundance of sncRNAs during the maternal-to-embryonic transition (MET) in bovine embryos produced by scNT as compared to IVF by using RNA sequencing. When comparing populations of miRNA in scNT versus IVF embryos, only miR-2340, miR-345, and miR34a were differentially expressed in morulae, though many more miRNAs were differentially expressed when comparing across developmental stages. Also of interest, distinct populations of piwi-interacting like RNAs (pilRNAs) were identified in bovine embryos prior to and during embryonic genome activation (EGA) as compared bovine embryos post-EGA and differentiated cells. Overall, sncRNA sequencing analysis of preimplantation embryos revealed largely similar profiles of sncRNAs for IVF and scNT embryos at the 2-cell, 8-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages of development. However, these sncRNA profiles, including miRNA, piRNA, and tRNA fragments, were notably distinct prior to and after completion of the MET.
Pediatric Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Clinical Spectrum and Predictors of Poor Outcome
Authors: Campbell Anita J , Al Yazidi Laila S , Phuong Linny K , Leung Clare , Best Emma J , Webb Rachel H , Voss Lesley , Athan Eugene , Britton Philip N , Bryant Penelope A , Butters Coen T , Carapetis Jonathan R , Ching Natasha S , Coombs Geoffrey W , Daley Denise A , Francis Joshua R , Hung Te-Yu , Mowlaboccus Shakeel , Nourse Clare , Ojaimi Samar , Tai Alex , Vasilunas Nan , McMullan Brendan , Blyth Christopher C , Bowen Asha C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of bacteremia, yet the epidemiology and predictors of poor outcome remain inadequately defined in childhood.

Methods
ISAIAH (Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infections and Hospitalizations in children) is a prospective, cross-sectional study of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) in children hospitalized in Australia and New Zealand over 24 months (2017–2018).

Results
Overall, 552 SABs were identified (incidence 4.4/100 000/year). Indigenous children, those from lower socioeconomic areas and neonates were overrepresented. Although 90-day mortality was infrequent, one-third experienced the composite of: length of stay &gt;30 days (26%), intensive care unit admission (20%), relapse (4%), or death (3%). Predictors of mortality included prematurity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR],16.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–296.9), multifocal infection (aOR, 22.6; CI, 1.4–498.5), necrotizing pneumonia (aOR, 38.9; CI, 1.7–1754.6), multiorgan dysfunction (aOR, 26.5; CI, 4.1–268.8), and empiric vancomycin (aOR, 15.7; CI, 1.6–434.4); while infectious diseases (ID) consultation (aOR, 0.07; CI .004–.9) was protective. Neither MRSA nor vancomycin trough targets impacted survival; however, empiric vancomycin was associated with nephrotoxicity (OR, 3.1; 95% CI 1.3–8.1).

Conclusions
High SAB incidence was demonstrated and for the first time in a pediatric setting, necrotizing pneumonia and multifocal infection were predictors of mortality, while ID consultation was protective. The need to reevaluate pediatric vancomycin trough targets and limit unnecessary empiric vancomycin exposure to reduce poor outcomes and nephrotoxicity is highlighted. One in 3 children experienced considerable SAB morbidity; therefore, pediatric inclusion in future SAB comparator trials is paramount to improve outcomes.
Coronary Artery Disease–Associated and Longevity-Associated Polygenic Risk Scores for Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Events in Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Schoepf Isabella C , Thorball Christian W , Ledergerber Bruno , Engel Tanja , Raffenberg Marieke , Kootstra Neeltje A , Reiss Peter , Hasse Barbara , Marzolini Catia , Thurnheer Christine , Seneghini Marco , Bernasconi Enos , Cavassini Matthias , Buvelot Hélène , Kouyos Roger , Günthard Huldrych F , Fellay Jacques , Tarr Philip E ,   Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Anagnostopoulos A , Battegay M , B E , Boni J , Braun D L , Bucher H C , Calmy A , C M , Ciuffi A , Dollenmaier G , Egger M , Elzi L , Fehr J , F J , Furrer H , Fux C A , G H F , Haerry D , H B , Hirsch H H , Hoffmann M , Hosli I , Huber M , Kahlert C R , Kaiser L , Keiser O , Klimkait T , K R , Kovari H , L B , Martinetti G , de Tejada B Martinez , M C , Metzner K J , Muller N , Nicca D , Paioni P , Pantaleo G , Perreau M , Rauch A , Rudin C , Scherrer A U , Schmid P , Speck R , Stockle M , T P E , Trkola A , Vernazza P , Wandeler G , Weber R , Yerly S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is in part genetically determined. Aging is accentuated in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH). It is unknown whether genetic CAD event prediction in PLWH is improved by applying individual polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and by considering genetic variants associated with successful aging and longevity.

Methods
In the Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants of self-reported European descent, we determined univariable and multivariable odds ratios (ORs) for CAD events, based on traditional CAD risk factors, adverse antiretroviral exposures, and different validated genome-wide PRSs. PRSs were built from CAD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), longevity-associated SNPs, or both.

Results
We included 269 patients with CAD events between 2000 and 2017 (median age, 54 years; 87% male; 82% with suppressed HIV RNA) and 567 event-free controls. Clinical (ie, traditional and HIV-related) risk factors and PRSs, built from CAD-associated SNPs, longevity-associated SNPs, or both, each contributed independently to CAD events (P &lt; .001). Participants with the most unfavorable clinical risk factor profile (top quintile) had an adjusted CAD-OR of 17.82 (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.19–38.76), compared with participants in the bottom quintile. Participants with the most unfavorable CAD-PRSs (top quintile) had an adjusted CAD-OR of 3.17 (95% CI, 1.74–5.79), compared with the bottom quintile. After adding longevity-associated SNPs to the CAD-PRS, participants with the most unfavorable genetic background (top quintile) had an adjusted CAD-OR of 3.67 (95% CI, 2.00–6.73), compared with the bottom quintile.

Conclusions
In Swiss PLWH, CAD prediction based on traditional and HIV-related risk factors was superior to genetic CAD prediction based on longevity- and CAD-associated PRS. Combining traditional, HIV-related, and genetic risk factors provided the most powerful CAD prediction.