bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeling sick
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for a better understanding of how different placebo effects are related to different psychological factors taking part in the perception of a symptom, particularly nociception, whereby psychological modulation plays a crucial role in the global experience of pain. Interoceptive sensibility is at the very heart of the process of feeling sick. The insular cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex are key regions in interoceptive processing and in awareness. Different emotional states, such as anxiety and depression, or different cognitive tasks, like attention and distraction, may have profound effects on interoceptive awareness, such that perceptions can be reported in different ways from time to time. Pain is a representative symptom and is better understood compared with other symptoms, like nausea and fatigue. Overall, the process of feeling sick is an intricate combination of bottom-up and top-down processes.
The Cognitive Basis of Social Interaction Across the Lifespan
Authors: Ferguson Heather J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene of the book by providing key definitions of the concepts that underlie social interaction, and highlighting the importance of a lifespan approach. Traditionally, research on social interaction has focused on a very narrow age-range between 2 and 7 years old, when these skills are known to develop in typically developing children. However, over the last few years new paradigms and methodological advances have facilitated an exciting new body of research that has examined social interaction in infancy and beyond childhood. This chapter presents key theoretical models of social interaction, and considers the predictions that each makes about development across the lifespan, noting a particular role for cognitive mechanisms. It also introduces a range of methodological approaches that have been used to study social interaction, emphasizing the challenges that researchers face in applying these methods across the lifespan, and the opportunities that lie ahead thanks to new paradigms and technologies that enable more implicit and ecologically-valid research on this topic.
Social Interactions in Old Age
Authors: Brunsdon Victoria E. A. , Bradford Elisabeth E. F. , Ferguson Heather J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Social relationships play an important role in healthy ageing, with positive social interaction experiences predicting better mental and physical health. Research into social-cognitive abilities has often focused on the development of these abilities in childhood. This chapter will look at the other end of the lifespan, examining changes in social cognition abilities in older individuals as a result of healthy ageing. In particular, it focuses on several social processes, including Theory of Mind, empathy, emotion recognition, action understanding, and imitation, looking at reported changes in these abilities as a result of advancing age, and factors that may influence these changes across individuals. It also discusses potential intervention protocols aimed at reducing social-cognitive declines in older age, and how these reported abilities influence day-to-day functioning in the social world.
The Origins of Gandersheim
Authors: Greer Sarah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The establishment of the convent of Gandersheim c.852 is often seen as an origin point for its founding family as well, denoting the Liudolfings’ first use of a memorial centre to build up their power and political influence en route to securing the royal title. Consequently, studies of the origins of Gandersheim are often coloured by the later success of the Ottonian dynasty and the monastery’s role as a royal foundation. This chapter instead sets the early history of Gandersheim and its external relationships firmly in its late-Carolingian context. It uses the contemporary works written for the community of Gandersheim by Agius of Corvey to argue that there was considerable ambiguity around the monastery’s relationship to the Liudolfings after the death of the first abbess, Hathumoda.
The Origins of Quedlinburg
Authors: Greer Sarah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The foundation of a new convent at Quedlinburg fundamentally altered the history of Saxon female monasticism. However, the early years of the convent, from its establishment in 936 down to the accession of its first Ottonian abbess in 966, have often been overlooked. This chapter moves beyond seeing the convent as the pet project of the widowed Queen Mathilda to instead set the monastery back into the context of Otto I’s early reign. It argues that Quedlinburg was founded by Otto I himself over his father’s body as an aggressive attempt to prevent his brothers from claiming royal power for themselves. The monastery immediately became a place of incredible memorial significance within Ottonian politics. Its rule by Ottonian abbesses was not, however, a feature of its early history. Rather, it was only the result of a broader reorientation of the Ottonian family from 955 onwards that we see Ottonian daughters first enter convents to become their rulers.
Introduction
Authors: Sumner Andy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This book is about stalled industrialization, the spectre of premature deindustrialization, and tertiarization in the developing world. It discusses development since the 1960s/1970s and particularly since the 1990s. Four great transformations framing the evolution of the global system are presented, followed by a set of accompanying myths of economic development. The book culminates in the challenge that developing countries face in the ‘tertiary trilemma’ and the pursuit of national and equitable economic development in the years ahead. This introductory chapter sets out the rationale for the book, the existing literature, the intended contribution of the book, the methodology and analytical approach taken in the book, and the structure of the book.
The Two New Middles
Authors: Sumner Andy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene in a panoramic discussion of changes in the developing world, in particular the substantial economic growth since the 1990s. In doing so, the chapter focuses on the first great transformation outlined. It is argued that there is a new polarization in the developing world and that two new precarious ‘middles’—one of countries and one of people—that have emerged since the end of the Cold War. Both are threatened by stalled industrialization and the spectre of deindustrialization. The chapter discusses the related myth emerging from this first transformation—that economic development is ahistorical. The chapter focuses on why late development remains a crucial concept in understanding contemporary development.
A Critical Juncture
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter zeroes in on a series of events that helped Spain achieve a much higher degree of political stability than in previous decades. Having sided with the Axis, the end of World War II posed great danger to the regime of Spain’s dictator, General Franco. Yet as the Cold War intensified, the geostrategic value of Spain increased, helping shift American foreign policy interests. After the Korean War broke out, the US sought and achieved agreements with Spain to set up a series of military bases in its territory. The agreements helped solidify the Franco regime in power. The chapter shows how the achievement of political stability in Spain was unlikely, fast, and externally facilitated. Crucially, it also led to a significant increase in economic confidence among the business community in the country.
More Than Macro Stability
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFor economic growth to accelerate, as it did in Spain in the decade after 1950, requires more than just increased political stability. This chapter documents the drastic turnaround in economic policymaking that took place, from an autarkic and statist orientation to a more open and market-friendly one. It also provides a counterfactual exercise to help us gauge the impact of economic reforms. The analysis makes clear two important conclusions. First and foremost, the growth dividend from improving economic policies in Spain was large. The most impactful reforms were those that implied removing excesses that were causing large distortions, such as the misalignment in the exchange rate. The second conclusion is that this improved performance was the result of a decade-long reform process. The results from the counterfactual exercise suggest that the early reforms undertaken before 1959 played almost as much of a role as the 1959 Plan did in stoking growth. This finding is in contrast with most of the literature which, with few exceptions, has focused perhaps too much on the importance of the 1959 Stabilization Plan. This finding also raises important questions why reforms were undertaken and puts in doubt the existing mainstream view that a desperate economic situation had prompted the adoption of the 1959 Stabilization Plan.
Openness
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMuch of the growth dividend from policy reforms stemmed from increased openness. This chapter explores the way in which Spain became increasingly open to the world economy. The chapter discusses not only trade but also inflows of foreign capital as well as tourism and migrants’ remittances—all of which combined made possible a sharp rise in imports of equipment and machinery that embodied more updated technology. The increased interactions with the external world led not merely to technological adoption and catch-up but also to an increased outward orientation. Spanish businesses, from shoemakers to engineering firms, were able to build on their contacts with the international market to explore opportunities and achieve exporting success. From a comparative perspective, the economy experienced a fast and substantial diversification of exports, a remarkable development that had until recently been somewhat hidden due to the lack of comparable data across countries.
Introduction
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the history of Christianity in Ireland. Since the arrival of Palladius in Ireland in the year 431, the ‘land of saints and scholars’ has had a long and complex relationship with its dominant religion. Ireland's social, political and intellectual history has always been integrated with its experience of Christianity, for the religion that began to organize in 431 has shaped in powerful ways the island's cultures and languages, as well as its people's conceptions of what it means to be an individual, a family, a community, and a nation. Over one-and-a-half millennia, the Christian faith fashioned ideas about Irish-ness and Ireland, just as Irish missionaries, theologians, ideas, and experiences shaped Christianity as it expanded around the world. Nevertheless, the dominance of Christianity in Ireland was never complete and has never been uncontested.
Conversions
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the gradual expansion of the Christian movement into Ireland. Despite widespread fears, the fall of the Roman empire did not herald the end of Christianity. Instead, it encouraged its expansion. Christian missionaries in Ireland worked to ensure that an island with an unfamiliar language and culture beyond the edge of the western empire would accept Christianity more than 100 years before the Anglo-Saxons, and centuries before other northern European peoples. For the fall of Rome and the crisis of imperial Christianity were contexts for the emergence in Ireland, and elsewhere, of a new kind of faith. From the early fifth century, and over several hundred years, the Irish converted to Christianity, shaping their new faith, exporting their theological and missionary cultures, and working for the conversion of the Picts, the Northumbrians, and Anglo-Saxons, as their Christian culture expanded throughout Europe, saving souls, if not ‘saving civilization’, at the end of the Roman world.
Foundations
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the foundation of the Irish church. Irish monasteries did a great deal to protect Roman traditions of learning, as Roman power contracted. And, as a consequence, the Irish church grew in wealth and prestige, with Irish preachers, theologians and biblical scholars doing much to lead movements of evangelism and reform throughout western and central Europe. This work developed as the Irish church faced unprecedented threats. Among the most serious of these threats was the competition between monastic federations, as well as the arrival of the earliest Scandinavian pirates and the English invasion and partial conquest in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Deeper cultural changes were also afoot. Nevertheless, the Irish church was held together by its differences. At the end of the fifteenth century, there was no sign of religious discontent. The reformation that began before the invasion and accelerated in its aftermath consolidated the cultures of Christian Ireland.
Between Deflationism and Inflationism: A Moderate View on Truth and Reference
Authors: Moore Graham Seth 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis essay argues for a two-part thesis concerning the deflationist theories of truth and reference. First, I identify two points of contrast between the deflationist theories and their traditional inflationary opponents: (1) they each employ different orders of explanation for the variety of semantic phenomena, and (2) the inflationist is typically taken to be beholden to a reductive explanation of reference, whereas the deflationist is doubtful of this project. Secondly, I argue that these two points of contrast need not come together to exhaust the space of possible views. There is room for a plausible middle ground: a moderate version of inflationism. My moderate inflationism will reject the deflationist's order of explanation, so it counts as genuinely inflationary. However, it also rejects the reductionist ambitions of the earlier inflationists, so it isn’t an apt target for deflationary scepticism.
Lie–Nijenhuis Bialgebroids
Authors: Drummond Thiago 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We introduce Lie–Nijenhuis bialgebroids as Lie bialgebroids endowed with an additional derivation-like object. They give a complete infinitesimal description of Poisson–Nijenhuis (PN) groupoids, and key examples include PN manifolds, holomorphic Lie bialgebroids and flat Lie bialgebra bundles. To achieve our goal we develop a theory of ‘generalized derivations’ and their duality, extending the well-established theory of derivations on vector bundles.
Prothrombin complex concentrates in cardiac surgery: where are we?
Authors: Santana Jeans M. , Brovman Ethan Y. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Major bleeding in cardiac surgery is commonly encountered, and, until recently, most frequently managed with fresh frozen plasma (FFP). However, a Cochrane review found this practice to be associated with a significant increase in red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and costs. These findings have led to off-label uses of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) in cardiac surgery. The purpose of this review is to compare and contrast the use of FFP and PCC, review the components, limitations and risks of different types of PCCs, and discuss the latest evidence for the use of PCC versus FFP in cardiac surgery.

Recent findings
A recent review and meta-analysis suggests that PCC administration in cardiac surgery is more effective than FFP in reducing RBC transfusions and costs.

Summary
The current data supports the use of 4F-PCC instead of FFP as the primary hemostatic agent in cases of major bleeding in cardiac surgery. The use of PCCs is associated with reduced rates of RBC transfusions while maintaining a favorable safety profile. Clear advantages of PCC over FFP include its smaller volume, higher concentration of coagulation factors and shorter acquisition and administration times.
The Modified 11-Item Frailty Index and Postoperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Jung Jong-myung , Chung Chun Kee , Kim Chi Heon , Yang Seung Heon , Ko Young San 
Published: October 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to analyze postoperative complications and recovery patterns in different modified 11-item frailty index (mFI-11) groups after lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
The relationship between the mFI-11 score and LLIF surgery has not been previously reported.

Methods.
A single-center, consecutive series of patients who underwent LLIF with at least two years of follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Complications after LLIF surgery were recorded. Clinical outcomes, including the visual analog scale (VAS) for back/leg pain and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 and 2 years postoperatively. The proportions of patients who achieved substantial clinical benefit (SCB) for the VAS-B, VAS-L, and ODI were also analyzed.

Results.
One hundred fifty-two patients included in the present study were grouped according to their mFI-11 score: 0 (n = 39), 0.09 (n = 69), 0.18 (n = 31), and ≥0.27 (n = 13). An mFI-11 score ≥0.27 was a significant predictor of urinary complications (adjusted odds ratio: 3.829, P = 0.013). At 2 years postoperatively, patients in all frailty categories experienced improvements in the VAS for back pain, VAS for leg pain, and ODI, without significant differences between the four groups (p = 0.182, 0.121, and 0.804, respectively). There were also no significant differences in the proportions of patients achieving SCB for back/leg pain and the ODI between the four groups (P = 0.843, 0.957, and 0.915, respectively).

Conclusion.
An mFI-11 score was found to be independently associated with urologic complications in patients who underwent LLIF. Patients in all frailty categories experienced significant improvements in back pain, leg pain, and the ODI at 1 year and 2 years postoperatively. LLIF surgery may be useful for patients with high frailty index.

Level of Evidence: 4
A Review of Commercially Available Cellular-based Allografts
Authors: Pinter Zachariah W. , Elder Benjamin D. , Kaye I. David , Kepler Christopher K. , Wagner Scott , Freedman Brett A. , Sebastian Arjun S. 
Published: October 2021

Study Design:
This was a narrative review.

Objective:
This review discusses our current knowledge regarding cellular-based allografts while highlighting the key gaps in the literature that must be addressed before their widespread adoption.

Summary of Background Data:
Iliac crest bone graft is the gold-standard bone graft material but is associated with donor site morbidity. Commonly utilized bone graft extenders such as demineralized bone matrix and bone morphogenetic protein have conflicting data supporting their efficacy and lack the osteogenic potential of new cellular-based allograft options.

Methods:
An extensive literature review was performed. The literature was then summarized in accordance with the authors’ clinical experience.

Results:
There is not widespread evidence thus far that the addition of the osteogenic cellular component to allograft enhances spinal fusion, as a recent study by Bhamb and colleagues demonstrated superior bone formation during spine fusion in an aythmic rat model when demineralized bone matrix was used in comparison to Osteocel Plus. Furthermore, the postimplantation cellular viability and osteogenic and osteoinductive capacity of cellular-based allografts need to be definitively established, especially given that a recent study by Lina and colleagues demonstrated a paucity of bone marrow cell survival in an immunocompetent mouse posterolateral spinal fusion model.

Conclusions:
This data indicates that the substantially increased cost of these cellular allografts may not be justified.

Level of Evidence:
Level V.
The Health and Economic Benefits of Tests That Predict Future Progression to Tuberculosis Disease
Authors: Menzies Nicolas A. , Shrestha Sourya , Parriott Andrea , Marks Suzanne M. , Hill Andrew N. , Dowdy David W. , Shete Priya B. , Cohen Ted , Salomon Joshua A. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Effective targeting of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment requires identifying those most likely to progress to tuberculosis (TB). We estimated the potential health and economic benefits of diagnostics with improved discrimination for LTBI that will progress to TB.

Methods:
A base case scenario represented current LTBI testing and treatment services in the United States in 2020, with diagnosis via. interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Alternative scenarios represented tests with higher positive predictive value (PPV) for future TB but similar price to IGRA, and scenarios that additionally assumed higher treatment initiation and completion. We predicted outcomes using multiple transmission-dynamic models calibrated to different geographic areas and estimated costs from a societal perspective.

Results:
In 2020, 2.1% (range across model results: 1.1%–3.4%) of individuals with LTBI were predicted to develop TB in their remaining lifetime. For IGRA, we estimated the PPV for future TB as 1.3% (0.6%–1.8%). Relative to IGRA, we estimated a test with 10% PPV would reduce treatment volume by 87% (82%–94%), reduce incremental costs by 30% (15%–52%), and increase quality-adjusted life years by 3% (2%–6%). Cost reductions and health improvements were substantially larger for scenarios in which higher PPV for future TB was associated with greater initiation and completion of treatment.

Conclusions:
We estimated that tests with better predictive performance would substantially reduce the number of individuals treated to prevent TB but would have a modest impact on incremental costs and health impact of TB prevention services, unless accompanied by greater treatment acceptance and completion.
Orthokeratology Lenses Versus Administration of 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops for Axial Length Elongation in Children With Myopic Anisometropia
Authors: Ji Na , Niu Yan , Qin Jian , Fu Ai-Cun , Cui Can 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
To investigate the effect of orthokeratology (OK) lenses and that of 0.01% atropine eye drops on axial length (AL) elongation in children with myopic anisometropia.

Methods:
Ninety-five children with myopic anisometropia who used OK lenses (N=49) or 0.01% atropine eye drops (N=46) were enrolled in this retrospective 1-year study. For all children, the eyes with higher spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) were assigned to the H-eye subgroup, whereas the fellow eyes with lower SER were assigned to the L-eye subgroup.

Results:
After 1-year treatment, the mean change in the AL of H eyes and L eyes in the OK lenses group was 0.18±0.16 mm and 0.24±0.15 mm, respectively (P=0.15), and 0.28±0.20 mm and 0.25±0.18 mm, respectively (P=0.48), in the 0.01% atropine group. Multivariate regression analyses showed significant differences in AL change between H and L eyes after treatment with OK lens (P=0.03), whereas no significant difference in the 0.01% atropine (P=0.22). The change in the AL in the H-eye group was less with OK lenses than with 0.01% atropine (P=0.04), whereas there was no significant difference between the change in AL in the L-eye group between treatment with OK lens and 0.01% atropine (P=0.89).

Conclusions:
In myopic anisometropic children, AL differences between 2 eyes decrease by wearing OK lenses but do not change after administration of 0.01% atropine eye drops. The increased effect of OK lenses, but not 0.01% atropine, in reducing axial elongation at 1 year in the eye with higher SER in anisometropic children warrants further investigation.