bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Performance Lens
Authors: Boselie Paul , Schott Carina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter makes three important contributions to the literature on the relationship between human resource management (HRM) and public-sector performance. First, the chapter presents a nuanced Harvard model that is developed by blending contemporary general HRM insights with public administration and public management literature. This refined model is more meaningful for the specific context of the public sector because it highlights multiple stakeholder interests, situational factors, and mediating factors (HRM policy choices and HRM outcomes), as well as long-term consequences from a public-sector context perspective. Second, the chapter presents an overview of studies on HRM and public-sector performance. This overview summarizes what is already known about the added value of HRM in a public-sector context. Third, on the basis of this literature review, the chapter identifies five important gaps in the literature, thereby providing a research agenda for future research.
Incrementalism and Its Alternatives
Authors: Wegrich Kai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses how a classic perspective of public policy and public administration, incrementalism, contributes to questions of the politics of time. It argues that the contribution of incrementalism is not limited to emphasizing the advantages of small-scale and stepwise policy or institutional changes compared to comprehensive reform strategies. Beyond this, the chapter shows how contributions from diverse fields, ranging from comparative politics and behavioral insights to urban planning, develop the concept of incrementalism, and how these approaches can enrich debates on policy and institutional change. In particular, the common image of incrementalism as subservient to existing power structures is challenged. Linking the varieties of incrementalism to questions of politics of time helps to develop these insights.
Copy Rites
Authors: Vajjhala Rachana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers two contemporary versions of The Rite of Spring: Xavier Le Roy’s Le Sacre du Printemps and Jérôme Bel’s self-titled production. Because there is relatively extensive documentation of Nijinsky’s original choreography for the Rite, so-called reconstructions are widely known and available. But Le Roy and Bel seek to reimagine the ballet completely. Le Roy loosely “conducts” the score as it is piped out of speakers placed among the audience, thus inverting the traditional spatial and artistic dimensions of theatrical space. Bel drastically denudes his Rite, with naked dancers, a nearly bare stage, and a flimsy monophonic rendition of the gargantuan score. He embarks on a subcutaneous exploration of a dance performance to discover its most basic constituent parts. In reworking the ballet’s “original” materials, these artists expose some basic assumptions about music and dance as media, both as performance acts and as objects of study.
Segregated Landscapes in South Africa, 1800–1994
Authors: Weinberg Tara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the origins of the segregation in South Africa and analyzes how a white minority established political and economic hegemony over the country’s black majority. It recounts the establishment of the apartheid government in 1948, which intensified the processes of exclusion and segregation under colonialism and white rule. It also looks at historical work that highlights important facets of the history of land segregation and keeps sight of the power dynamics and violence that accompanied centuries of segregation in South Africa. This chapter looks at several streams of scholarship around land segregation, including the intersection of gender and land. It examines debates on South Africa’s highly segregated land system and massive landownership inequalities.
Transnational Space Law
Authors: Madders Kevin J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter applies the transnational law approach to the space field. It introduces the space-Earth relationship in society and law from ancient times and how this altered with revolutions in thought, science, and technology. It then describes how German wartime and postwar strategic developments culminated in the turning point Sputnik represented for geopolitics, science, and space norms formation. A transnational space science community arose, while a process of superpower Cold War diplomacy at the United Nations and outside it arrived at understandings amplified in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. This and the other UN space treaties, along with subsequent UN consensus principles, are reviewed, with discussion also of why the 1979 Moon Agreement failed to gain critical mass. The chapter identifies transnational regimes, forms of space cooperation, the centrality of space policy, and the status of national space lawmaking. Space debris and congestion as well as the potential for unilateralism are among current challenges as the “New Space” era opens. Such challenges engage us all, space activities being the province of all humankind.
With, Within, and Beyond the State: The Promise and Limits of Transnational Legal Ordering
Authors: Shaffer Gregory , Halliday Terence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Our theoretical framework provides a way to assess empirically how legal norms interact at the transnational, national, and local levels in terms of their construction, conveyance, and practice. For us, the term “transnational” thus does not suggest the disappearance of the state, the withdrawal of the state as a major actor, or processes autonomous of state law, as contended by others. Rather, the term “transnational” has three core attributes. First, it highlights that states (through state officials) are just one among many actors engaged in transnational legal ordering. Second, it points to the ways transnational legal ordering transcends and often transforms states through their participation in transnational legal processes. Third, it underscores that one needs to assess the interaction of state and nonstate actors at different levels of social organization, including international organizations and transnational networks, national institutions, and local practice, to understand transnational legal ordering.
Transnational Legal Education
Authors: Darian-Smith Eve 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Transnational legal education is increasingly understood as important to teaching law within the context of a global political economy and global flow of goods, people, services, and legal concepts. Transnational legal education has been driven by the need for primarily elite lawyers, often working in global law firms, to serve expanding capitalist needs. This shift in legal services has accompanied the decentralization of state power and correlative privatization and deregulation of legal norms over the past forty years. However, what is often not explicitly stated by those supporting transnational legal education is that its pedagogy, and the material practices of transnational law, intrinsically involve the concept of legal pluralism. This chapter strives to place the concept of legal pluralism front and center into the conversation on transnational legal education and in so doing highlight that all legal processes (at subnational, national, and transnational levels) are relational, dynamic, and deeply imbricated in culturally contingent contexts and diverse worldviews. The lessons learnt about legal pluralism in the teaching of transnational law are thus relevant and applicable to all kinds of legal education, be it explicitly engaged with legal practices operating beyond national borders or not.
Comic Culture
Authors: Alfie Fabian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The comic pervaded the culture around Dante, offering him a model of literature that he explored throughout his life. For centuries, medieval literary theorists had defined literature as a subset of ethics, with tragic literature communicating the praise of the virtuous, and comic literature conveying the blame of the sinful. The definitions of comic and satiric literatures overlapped such that the two genres could not be fully distinguished from each other. Comic elements appear throughout Dante’s literature, from his lyric poems to the derision of the Italian dialects in De vulgari eloquentia. Nowhere is the influence of comic literature clearer than when dealing with his masterpiece, the Commedia. From the invectives in Inferno to the tirades against ecclesiastical corruption in Paradiso, the author of the Commedia is committed to decrying the flaws of the sinful.
Reading
Authors: Carruthers Mary 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Focused on canto I of Inferno and the frame narrative of the Vita Nova, this essay examines the medieval cultural traditions and techniques involved in careful reading. These derive from two bodies of traditional education, ancient Greco-Roman and early Judeo-Christian. These were enhanced by reforms from the twelfth century, many disseminated from the abbey of St Victor by Augustinians and other monastic orders, and later by friars including St Bonaventure. Reading, remembering, and imagining are interdependent activities in the practices of contemplative thinking. Such reading has three characteristics. It is forcefully engaged and intense, not detached and objective. It is frequent, in the sense of being often re-visited, for creative meditation begins with something familiar and expands on it. And it is profoundly social. Medieval meditational reading is a set of continuing conversations, not intended to close off interpretation but to stimulate fruitful reflection and contemplation.
Florence and Rome
Authors: Milani Giuliano 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In more than one way, Dante’s trajectory goes from Florence to Rome. In Par. XXXI, he describes the movement of his life as a journey ‘from Florence to a people just and sane’, which he compares to Rome. This itinerary finds a correspondence in the evolution of his political thinking. Dante begins confronting politics as a Guelph, within the horizon of his own city-commune, and comes to a view—shared by some Ghibellines—in which universal empire is the only legitimate power. This chapter discusses the coherence of this trajectory by analyzing some passages of Dante’s works in which Florence and Rome are mentioned together, drawing out some of the tensions and contradictions.
Arabidopsis NF-YCs play dual roles in repressing brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling during light-regulated hypocotyl elongation
Authors: Zhang Wenbin , Tang Yang , Hu Yilong , Yang Yuhua , Cai Jiajia , Liu Hailun , Zhang Chunyu , Liu Xu , Hou Xingliang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Light functions as the primary environmental stimulus and brassinosteroids (BRs) as important endogenous growth regulators throughout the plant lifecycle. Photomorphogenesis involves a series of vital developmental processes that require the suppression of BR-mediated seedling growth, but the mechanism underlying the light-controlled regulation of the BR pathway remains unclear. Here, we reveal that nuclear factor YC proteins (NF-YCs) function as essential repressors of the BR pathway during light-controlled hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the light, NF-YCs inhibit BR biosynthesis by directly targeting the promoter of the BR biosynthesis gene BR6ox2 and repressing its transcription. NF-YCs also interact with BIN2, a critical repressor of BR signaling, and facilitate its stabilization by promoting its Tyr200 autophosphorylation, thus inhibiting the BR signaling pathway. Consistently, loss-of-function mutants of NF-YCs show etiolated growth and constitutive BR responses, even in the light. Our findings uncover a dual role of NF-YCs in repressing BR biosynthesis and signaling, providing mechanistic insights into how light antagonizes the BR pathway to ensure photomorphogenic growth in Arabidopsis.
Time of the day prioritizes the pool of translating mRNAs in response to heat stress
Authors: Bonnot Titouan , Nagel Dawn H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe circadian clock helps organisms to anticipate and coordinate gene regulatory responses to changes in environmental stimuli. Under growth limiting temperatures, the time of the day modulates the accumulation of polyadenylated mRNAs. In response to heat stress, plants will conserve energy and selectively translate mRNAs. How the clock and/or the time of the day regulates polyadenylated mRNAs bound by ribosomes in response to heat stress is unknown. In-depth analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana translating mRNAs found that the time of the day gates the response of approximately one-third of the circadian-regulated heat-responsive translatome. Specifically, the time of the day and heat stress interact to prioritize the pool of mRNAs in cue to be translated. For a subset of mRNAs, we observed a stronger gated response during the day, and preferentially before the peak of expression. We propose previously overlooked transcription factors (TFs) as regulatory nodes and show that the clock plays a role in the temperature response for select TFs. When the stress was removed, the redefined priorities for translation recovered within 1 h, though slower recovery was observed for abiotic stress regulators. Through hierarchical network connections between clock genes and prioritized TFs, our work provides a framework to target key nodes underlying heat stress tolerance throughout the day.
AUTOMATED QC FOR INTERVENTIONAL SYSTEMS AND MAMMOGRAPHY SYSTEMS
Authors: Visanuyanont Tanny , Gluchowski Paula , Hillberg Emanuel , Moberg Tomas , Svalkvist Angelica 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Quality control (QC) of X-ray equipment is an important task for patient safety. Periodic QC should not take long to perform, especially in a stressful clinical environment where downtime should be minimised. DOSESTAT-QC® is a new quick QC software with automatic image analysis that has been developed into a quality-assured and user-friendly tool for daily use. Trained X-ray personnel can easily perform the QC with selected image phantoms and immediately approve the results onsite before the equipment is used clinically. Image analysis includes visibility of contrast detail groups, homogeneity, signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio. In the event of unapproved QC, a message is automatically sent to medical physicists and/or medical engineers. The results are stored over time and are available for trend analysis. The present paper describes the DOSESTAT-QC® software and its application in QC of interventional X-ray systems and mammography systems.
Changing school start times: impact on sleep in primary and secondary school students
Authors: Meltzer Lisa J , Wahlstrom Kyla L , Plog Amy E , Strand Matthew J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
To examine the impact of changing school start times on sleep for primary (elementary school: ES) and secondary (middle and high school: MS/HS) students.

Methods
Students (grades 3–12) and parents (grades K-12) were surveyed annually, before and for 2 years after school start time changes (ES: 60 min earlier, MS: 40–60 min later; HS: 70 min later). Student sleep and daytime sleepiness were measured with school-administered student surveys and parent-proxy online surveys.

Results
Approximately 28,000 students annually completed surveys (~55% White, ~21% free/reduced lunch [FRL]). One-year post-change, weekday bedtimes and wake times were slightly earlier for ES students, with an 11-min decrease in sleep duration. MS and HS students reported slightly later weekday bedtimes, significantly later wake times, and significantly longer sleep duration (MS: 29 min; HS: 45 min). The percent of ES students reporting sufficient sleep duration, poor sleep quality, or daytime sleepiness did not change, but the percent of MS and HS students reporting sufficient sleep duration significantly increased and clinically significant daytime sleepiness decreased. All results were maintained at the 2-year follow-up. Benefits of later start times were similar across racial and free/reduced lunch groups.

Conclusions
This is the first large scale, longitudinal, and representative study to concurrently examine the impact of changing school start times across students in primary/secondary school. Findings suggest a minimal impact of earlier start times on ES students’ sleep or daytime sleepiness, while further supporting the significant benefits of delaying MS and HS start times on student sleep and daytime sleepiness.
Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Patient-Centered Wound Outcomes: A Literature Review
Authors: Bolton Laura L. , Faller Nancy , Kirsner Robert S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

GENERAL PURPOSE
To present a comprehensive review of patient-centered outcomes of topical or systemic interventions applied to those with shingles or postherpetic neuralgia to inform clinical practice and identify related research needs.

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this educational activity, the participant will be able to:
1. Explain the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of herpes zoster (HZ).
2. Identify interventions that have resulted in documented improvement of validated patient-centered outcomes in patients with HZ or postherpetic neuralgia.
3. Recognize the average per patient medical costs of HZ in the US.

BACKGROUND
One in three people endure herpes zoster (HZ; also known as shingles) during their lifetime, experiencing pain, secondary infections, postherpetic neuralgia, reduced quality of life, and considerable patient costs. These patient burdens remain to be reviewed.

OBJECTIVE
To perform a comprehensive review of patient-centered outcomes of topical or systemic interventions applied to those with shingles or postherpetic neuralgia to inform clinical practice and identify related research needs.

DATA SOURCES
The PubMed database was searched with supplementary Google Scholar searches for Medical Subject Headings “shingles” or “post-herpetic neuralgia” to find clinical studies documenting validated patient-centered outcomes: pain, secondary infection, healing, function, depression, social isolation, treatment costs, or quality of life. Six representative case studies were examined.

DATA SELECTION
Pertinent original and derivative clinical study references were included. Preclinical studies, reviews, or studies of non-HZ conditions were excluded.

DATA EXTRACTION
Two authors tabulated clinical efficacy evidence for interventions affecting patient-centered outcomes.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Evidence supported efficacy for systemic antiviral or topical anesthetic interventions improving pain, healing, sleep, vision, or quality of life for those with HZ or postherpetic neuralgia. Patient cases reported improved pain and/or sleep using occlusive dressings. Treatment costs and secondary infections were reported only in cases or cohort studies.

CONCLUSIONS
Randomized clinical research focused on medications improving patient pain, healing, sleep, or vision outcomes. Research is needed measuring outcomes of adding occlusive dressings to optimal care and effects on secondary infections and treatment costs.
Peripartum optimization and coordination of collaborative care practice: a critical role for the obstetric anesthesiologist in combating maternal morbidity and mortality
Authors: Gitterman Anna , Klaus Joseph , Williams Kayode , Murphy Jamie 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
Antenatal anesthesia clinics remain uncommon despite the rising incidence of maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States. The purpose of the present review is to outline the major considerations and challenges surrounding antenatal anesthetic evaluation.

Recent findings
Data from the general surgical population would suggest a mortality benefit associated with preoperative anesthesia evaluation, although no such data exists in the obstetric population.
Robust systems for case ascertainment and referral are needed. Recent publications on obstetric comorbidity indices may provide useful tools to ascertain high-risk parturients for a referral to antenatal obstetric anesthesiology clinics and higher levels of maternal care. Major obstetric organizations have identified and laid out criteria for maternal level of care. Anesthesiology resources also play a role in these designations and can help triage patients to facilities with appropriate resources.

Summary
Obstetric anesthesiologists have a critical role not only in preoperative patient optimization but also in coordinating multidisciplinary care for optimal patient outcomes.
Endocrine emergencies in anesthesia
Authors: Fernandez-Robles Claudia , Carr Zyad J. , Oprea Adriana D. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
An increasing number of patients with endocrine disorders will present to the operating rooms. In this review, we outline the common endocrine disorders that the anesthesiologist may face in the perioperative time span, review the controversies in optimal management, as well as summarize the recent literature for the management of these complex patients.

Recent findings
Perioperative management of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma has been facilitated by improved medical management and the adoption of minimally invasive surgical techniques. An improved understanding of the sequelae of carcinoid syndrome has resulted in safer perioperative management. Perioperative glycemic management requires a fundamental understanding of perioperative fluid resuscitation and adverse events associated with the new generation oral hyperglycemic agents to prevent avoidable complications.

Summary
Endocrine disorders will commonly present in the perioperative time period and the anesthesiologist plays a critical role in achieving good operative outcomes.
Anesthetic management for robotic hysterectomy in obese women
Authors: Yurashevich Mary , Habib Ashraf S. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
Obesity is a major health epidemic, with the prevalence reaching ∼40% in the United States in recent years. It is associated with increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and gynecologic conditions requiring surgery. Those comorbidities, in addition to the physiologic changes associated with obesity, lead to increased risk of perioperative complications. The purpose of this review is to highlight the anesthetic considerations for robotic assisted hysterectomy in obese patients.

Recent findings
In the general gynecologic population, minimally invasive surgery is associated with less postoperative fever, pain, hospital length of stay, total cost of care and an earlier return to normal function. This also applies to robotic surgery in obese patients, which is on the rise. The physiologic changes of obesity bring different anesthetic challenges, including airway management and intraoperative ventilation. Vascular access and intraoperative blood pressure monitoring can also be challenging and require modifications. Optimizing analgesia with a focus on opioid-sparing strategies is crucial due to the increased prevalence of OSA in this patient population.

Summary
Anesthesia for obese patients undergoing robotic hysterectomy is challenging and must take into consideration the anatomic and physiologic changes associated with obesity.