bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circadian Timekeeping in Anticancer Therapeutics: An Emerging Vista of Chronopharmacology Research
Authors: Puppala Alekhya , Rankawat Sourbh , Ray Sandipan 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Intrinsic rhythms in host and cancer cells play an imperative role in tumorigenesis and anticancer
therapy. Circadian medicine in cancer is principally reliant on the control of growth and development of cancer
cells or tissues by targeting the molecular clock and implementing time-of-day-based anticancer treatments for
therapeutic improvements. In recent years, based on extensive high-throughput studies, we witnessed the arrival of
several drugs and drug-like compounds that can modulate circadian timekeeping for therapeutic gain in cancer management.

Objective:
This perspective article intends to illustrate the current trends in circadian medicine in cancer, focusing on
clock-modulating pharmacological compounds and circadian regulation of anticancer drug metabolism and efficacy.

Scope and Approach:
Considering the critical roles of the circadian clock in metabolism, cell signaling, and apoptosis,
chronopharmacology research is exceedingly enlightening for understanding cancer biology and improving anticancer
therapeutics. In addition to reviewing the relevant literature, we investigated the rhythmic expression of molecular
targets for many anticancer drugs frequently used to treat different cancer types.

Key Findings and Conclusion:
There are adequate empirical pieces of evidence supporting circadian regulation of
drug metabolism, transport, and detoxification. Administration of anticancer drugs at specific dosing times can improve
their effectiveness and reduce the toxic effects. Moreover, pharmacological modulators of the circadian clock
could be used for targeted anticancer therapeutics such as boosting circadian rhythms in the host can markedly reduce
the growth and viability of tumors. All in all, precision chronomedicine can offer multiple advantages over
conventional anticancer therapy.
A Narrative Review of Recent Studies on the Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention of Cardiac and Renal Risk and Additional Considerations for COVID-19 Vulnerability
Authors: Panteli Aikaterini E. , Theofilis Panagiotis , Vordoni Aikaterini , Vlachopanos Georgios , Koukoulaki Maria , Kalaitzidis Rigas G. 
Published: November 2021

:The role of vitamin D in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular (CV) and the renal system has received increasing attention. Low vitamin D levels are associated with the incidence of hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and chronic congestive heart failure. Low vitamin D levels also influence renal disease progression and albuminuria deterioration. Moreover, recent research indicates that vitamin D deficiency can be a potential risk factor for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection and poorer outcomes. Data are inconclusive as to whether supplementation with vitamin D agents reduces CV disease risk or COVID-19 severity. Conversely, in patients with kidney disease, vitamin D supplementation is associated with an improvement in kidney function and albuminuria. This narrative review considers recent data on the effects of vitamin D on the CV and renal system, as well as its possible role regarding COVID-19 complications.
Diversity of HIV-1 Subtypes and Transmitted Drug-resistance Mutations
Among Minority HIV-1 Variants in a Turkish Cohort
Authors: Sarinoglu Rabia Can , Sili Uluhan , Hasdemir Ufuk , Aksu Burak , Soyletir Guner , Korten Volkan 
Published: November 2021

Background:
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the surveillance of
transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRMs) to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of
HIV treatment programs.

Objective:
Our aim was to determine the TDRMs and evaluate the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes
using and compared next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger-based sequencing (SBS) in a
cohort of 44 antiretroviral treatment-naïve patients.

Methods:
All samples that were referred to the microbiology laboratory for HIV drug resistance
analysis between December 2016 and February 2018 were included in the study. After exclusions,
44 treatment-naive adult patients with a viral load of >1000 copies/mL were analyzed. DNA sequencing
for reverse transcriptase and protease regions was performed using both DeepChek ABL
single round kit and Sanger-based ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System. The mutations and HIV-1
subtypes were analyzed using the Stanford HIVdb version 8.6.1 Genotypic Resistance software,
and TDRMs were assessed using the WHO surveillance drug-resistance mutation database. HIV-1
subtypes were confirmed by constructing a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree using Los Alamos
IQ-Tree software.

Results:
NGS identified nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-TDRMs in 9.1 % of
the patients, non-nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-TDRMs in 6.8 % of the patients,
and protease inhibitor (PI)-TDRMs in 18.2 % of the patients at a detection threshold of ≥ 1
%. Using SBS, 2.3 % and 6.8 % of the patients were found to have NRTI- and NNRTI-TDRMs, respectively,
but no major PI mutations were detected. M41L, L74I, K65R, M184V, and M184I related
to NRTI, K103N to NNRTI, and N83D, M46I, I84V, V82A, L24I, L90M, I54V to the PI sites
were identified using NGS. Most mutations were found in low-abundance (frequency range: 1.0 %
- 4.7 %) HIV-1 variants, except M41L and K103N. The subtypes of the isolates were found as follows;
61.4 % subtype B, 18.2 % subtype B/CRF02_AG recombinant, 13.6 % subtype A, 4.5 % CRF43_
02G, and 2.3 % CRF02_AG. All TDRMs, except K65R, were detected in HIV-1 subtype B
isolates.

Conclusion:
The high diversity of protease site TDRMs in the minority HIV-1 variants and prevalence
of CRFs were remarkable in this study. All minority HIV-1 variants were missed by conventional
sequencing. TDRM prevalence among minority variants appears to be decreasing over time
at our center.
Ambroxol Chaperone Therapy for Gaucher Disease Type I-Associated Liver
Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension: A Case Report
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zheng Mei-Fang , Cui Shi-Yuan , Zhang Wei , Gao Run-Ping 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Gaucher Disease (GD) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disease
caused by the deficiency of glucocerebrosidase and characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical
manifestations, including hepatosplenomegaly, bone infiltration, and cytopenia. Moreover, it is
even involved in the central nervous system. GD is classified into three phenotypes on the ground
of neurologic involvement: type 1 (GD1), the commonly adult-onset, non-neuropathic variant; type
2 (GD2), the acute neuropathic form; and type 3 (GD3), the severe chronic neuro-visceral form. Recently,
several studies have shown a promising outcome of ambroxol chaperone therapy for the
treatment of GD, but its therapeutic role in GD1-associated liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension
was not verified.

Case presentation:
A 36-year-old male patient was admitted for esophageal varices lasting for one
year with a 34-year history of liver and spleen enlargement. The patient was diagnosed with GD1
with cirrhosis and portal hypertension based on the identification of Gaucher cells and advanced fibrosis
in the liver biopsy tissue and two known pathogenic mutations on the glucocerebrosidase (GBA)
gene. The patient received 660 mg/d of ambroxol for up to two years. At his six-month follow-
up, the patient exhibited a remarkable increase in GBA activity (+35.5%) and decrease in liver
stiffness (-19.5%) and portal vein diameter (-41.2%) as examined by ultrasound elastography and
computer tomography, respectively. At two-year follow-up, the liver stiffness was further reduced
(-55.5%) in comparison with untreated patients.

Conclusion:
This case report suggests that long-term treatment with high dose ambroxol may play
a role in the reduction of hepatic fibrosis in GD1.
Development of a Genetic Method for X-ray Images Analysis based on a Neural Network Model
Authors: Fedorchenko Ievgen , Oliinyk Andrii , Stepanenko Alexander , Fedoronchak Tetiana , Kharchenko Anastasiia , Goncharenko Dmytro 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Modern medicine depends on technical advances in the field of medical instrumentation and the development of medical software. One of the most important tasks for doctors is determination of the exact boundaries of tumors and other abnormal formations in the tissues of the human body.

Objective:
The paper considers the problems and methods of machine classification and recognition of radiographic images, as well as the improvement of artificial neural networks used to increase the quality and accuracy of detection of abnormal structures on chest radiographs.

Methods:
A modified genetic method for the optimization of parameters of the model on the basis of a convolutional neural network was developed to solve the problem of recognition of diagnostically significant signs of pneumonia on an X-ray of the lungs. The fundamental difference between the proposed genetic method and existing analogs is in the use of a special mutation operator in the form of an additive convolution of two mutation operators, which reduces neural network training time and also identifies "oneighborhood of solutions" that is most suitable for investigation.

Results:
A comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed method and known methods was given. It showed an improvement in accuracy of solving the problem of finding signs of pathology on an X-ray of the lungs.

Conclusion:
Practical use of the developed method will reduce complexity, increase reliability of search, accelerate the process of diagnosis of diseases and reduce a part of errors and repeated inspections of patients.
RESEPSI ATAS PERUPA JERMAN PADA HARIAN KOMPAS DAN MAJALAH TEMPO EDISI 2000 – 2007
Authors: Swandayani Dian , Nurhadi Nurhadi , Santoso Iman 
Published: November 2021

Indonesian culture gets a big influence of foreign culture. The acculturation of the culture has been going on until today. Media becomes a vehicle for spreading the foreign culture in the modern era. In the media certain values are contested to gain major influence. One of the cultural aspects getting the foreign cultural influence is fine arts. In this field, Germany is one of the developed countries that develop fine arts and promote (penetrate) culture, particularly fine arts, to other countries in the world, including Indonesia. Regarding the fact, this article tries to explain the Indonesian society’s reception of German fine artists and their works as reflected in articles published in Kompas daily and Tempo magazine in 2000-2007 edition. Reception theory and content analysis were used in this study that tried to find the pattern and form of acculturation of German culture in Indonesia today
PERAN SERTA ORANG TUA DALAM PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER SECARA INFORMAL
Authors: Wiyarsi Antuni , Salirawati Das , Sulistyowati Eddy 
Published: November 2021

Tujuan pertama penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui besarnya peran serta orang tua yang berprofesi pendidik dalam penanaman karakter pada anak ditinjau dari enam karakter pokok yang ada. Tujuan kedua untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan cara pandang penanaman karakter kepada anak-anak antara ibu dan bapak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan metode survei. Variabel penelitian adalah peran serta orang tua yang berprofesi sebagai dosen dalam penanaman karakter pada anak. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 120 dosen yang diambil masing-masing 20 dosen dari enam fakultas di UNY. Sampel diambil secara area purposive sampling dengan mempertimbangkan rasio jumlah dosen laki-laki dan perempuan serta usia anak yang dimiliki dosen di bawah 15 tahun. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan teknik analisis deskriptif dan uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan besarnya peran serta orang tua yang berprofesi sebagai dosen dalam penanaman karakter ditinjau dari enam karakter pokok yang ada, yaitu untuk responden ibu (perempuan) berperan dalam penanaman karakter kereligiusan, kejujuran, kecerdasan, ketangguhan, kedemokratisan, dan kepedulian berturut-turut sebesar 4,4274 (dengan kriteria sangat tinggi); 4,2771 (sangat tinggi); 4,1117 (sangat tinggi); 4,1121 (sangat tinggi); 4,1606 (sangat tinggi); dan 4,1164 (sangat tinggi). Adapun untuk responden laki-laki (bapak) berturut-turut 4,2500 (sangat tinggi); 4,1229 (sangat tinggi); 4,0700 (sangat tinggi); 4,0848 (sangat tinggi); 4,0773 (sangat tinggi); dan 4,1159 (sangat tinggi). Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan cara pandang penanaman karakter kepada anak-anak antara ibu dengan bapak yang ditunjukkan dengan harga thitung sebesar 0,993 pada p sebesar 0,323.
POLITIK PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL DALAM BINGKAI UNDANG-UNDANG SISTEM PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Marzuki Marzuki 
Published: November 2021

Permasalahan pokok dalam penelitian ini adalah apa sajakah kebijakan- kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia di bidang pendidikan yang tertuang dalam Undang-undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang menyertainya. Di samping itu, penelitian ini juga ingin menemukan apa saja yang muncul seiring dengan pemberlakuan Undang-Undang tersebut dan bagaimana pemecahannya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian analisis konten (content analysis). Objek penelitian terfokus pada produk perundang-undangan nasional dalam bidang pendidikan yang lahir dalam rentang waktu 2003-2010 (pasca lahirnya UU No. 20 tahun 2003 tentang Sisdiknas) dalam bentuk undang-undang, peraturan pemerintah, permendiknas, maupun yang lain. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik dokumentasi. Dalam menganalisis data, peneliti menggunakan analisis kualitatif dengan pendekatan induktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa kebijakan pendidikan nasional yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dalam kurun waktu 2003 hingga 2010. Kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut adalah: seperti 1) wajib belajar sembilan tahun yang sering dianggap masyarakat sebagai sekolah gratis; 2) Standar Nasional Pendidikan yang kemudian menetapkan delapan standar nasional; 3) Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan yang didasarkan pada Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi dan semangat otonomi daerah; 4) sertifikasi bagi guru dan dosen; 5) pendanaan pendidikan; 6) pengelolaan pendidikan dalam bentuk Badan Hukum Pendidikan yang kemudian dibatalkan; 7) Kebijakan penataan dalam penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Agama dan Pendidikan Keagamaan. Permasalahan yang muncul seiring dengan pemberlakuan berbagai kebijakan nasional di bidang pendidikan di Indonesia juga cukup banyak. Berbagai pemecahan sudah ditempuh untuk menyelesaikan problem-problem tersebut. Karena perbedaan situasi dan kondisi di masing-masing daerah tempat pelaksanaan berbagai kebijakan pendidikan, maka masih banyak problem yang belum teratasi dengan tuntas dan masih terus diupayakan
PENGARUH PENGASUHAN DAN PENGETAHUAN ORANGTUA TENTANG NAPZA TERHADAP PERILAKU RELAPSE ANAK
Authors: Utami Sri Weni , Rahmawati Hetti , Kinanti Rias Gesang 
Published: November 2021

Peran orangtua penting dalam menanggulangi penyalahgunaan NAPZA remaja dan upaya pencegahan kekambuhan (relapse prevention) karena orangtua adalah subsistem sentral pengendali sebuah keluarga dengan anak-anak di dalamnya. Sehingga orangtua memerlukan kesempatan belajar ketrampilan dalam hal mengurangi risiko perilaku relapse anak. Parent Support Training sebagai salah satu alternatif edukasi bagi orangtua remaja penyalahguna NAPZA untuk belajar dan berlatih tentang: pengetahuan tentang NAPZA, adiksi, pencegahan perilaku relapse dan dimensi pengasuhan efektif serta belajar rencana tindakan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut dilakukan survei awal penjajakan untuk menguji pengaruh pola pengasuhan orangtua (variabel bebas) dan pengetahuan orangtua tentang NAPZA (variabel bebas) terhadap perilaku relapse anak kembali menyalahgunakan NAPZA (sebagai variabel tergantung). Metode pengambilan data dengan metode angket, analisis data angket dengan analisis regresi. Data tambahan diperoleh dari analisis kebutuhan pelatihan parent support training tentang urgensi pelatihan, karakteristik, bahan dan strategi pelatihan dengan metode wawancara. Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk mengolah hasil survei. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 60 orangtua dari remaja penyalahguna NAPZA yang berada di kota Malang, Yogyakarta dan Bogor. Hasil analisis regresi menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara pola asuh orangtua dengan perilaku relapse anak (p- value 0,05), pengetahuan orangtua tentang NAPZA tidak berpengaruh terhadap perilaku relapse subjek (p-value 0,05), secara bersama variabel pola asuh orangtua dan pengetahuan orangtua tentang NAPZA memberikan kontribusi sebesar 30,10% terhadap perilaku relapse anak (R2 = 0,301; p-value 0,000). Sumbangan sebesar 69,99% dijelaskan oleh faktor-faktor selain kedua variabel bebas tersebut. Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 60% menghendaki pelatihan mencegah kekambuhan/preventing relapse, 40% coping masalah anak, dan bahan pelatihan sebaiknya memberi pemahaman tentang dimensi pengasuhan, NAPZA, adiksi dan pencegahan kekambuhan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan peran penting pola pengasuhan orangtua dalam pencegahan perilaku relapse anak. Maka perlu pengembangan model parent support training untuk peningkatan ketrampilan pengasuhan efektif bagi orangtua yang memiliki anak recovering addict. Pengembangan media pembelajaran termasuk modul, panduan dan buku bacaan dengan mempertimbangkan hasil survei ini
MITIGASI BENCANA BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL MASYARAKAT BADUY
Authors: Suparmini Suparmini , Setyawati Sriadi , Sumunar Dyah Respati Suryo 
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) kearifan lokal masyarakat Baduy yang tinggal di Desa Kanekes, Kecamatan Leuwidamar, Kabupaten Lebak Provinsi Banten, dan (2) kearifan lokal yang berkaitan dengan mitigasi bencana alam gempa bumi, banjir, tanah longsor, dan kebakaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Analisis data secara kualitatif, melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, hingga pengambilan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Baduy, tetap memegang kuat kepercayaan dan adat istiadatnya serta meniti hari demi hari dengan penuh kearifan. Kepercayaan dan adat istiadat itu menjadi pikukuh (aturan) yang senantiasa menjadi falsafah hidup dan keseharian masyarakat Baduy. Kearifan lokal masyarakat Baduy berkaitan dengan mitigasi bencana gempa bumi, tanah longsor, banjir, dan kebakaran tercermin dalam (1) tradisi perladangan, yakni dengan aturan pemilihan lokasi ladang (huma), waktu berladang, tata cara membuka dan membakar lahan, hingga peralatan yang diperbolehkan untuk digunakan. Tradisi perladangan menghindarkan dari bahaya longsor, dan kebakaran. (2) Aturan dan pikukuh dalam membuat bangun bangunan rumah, jembatan, lumbung, dan sebagainya dengan bahan bambu, ijuk, dan kirey tanpa paku. Bangunan didirikan di atas tanah menyesuaikan kontur tanah, didirikan di atas umpak, tidak diperbolehkan mengubah kontur tanah. Hal itu merupakan mitigasi terhadap bencana gempa, longsor, banjir, dan kebakaran.(3) Pembagian zona hutan dalam tiga wilayah sebagai wujud nyata pelestarian ekosistem dan merupakan mitigasi terhadap bencana longsor, banjir, erosi, dan bencana lainnya.
POLA KEARIFAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL DALAM SISTEM SAWAH SURJAN UNTUK KONSERVASI EKOSISTEM PERTANIAN
Authors: Aminatun Tien , Widyastuti Sri Harti , Djuwanto Djuwanto 
Published: November 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola kearifan petani sawah surjan dalam mengkonservasi lahan pertanian dan hubungan pola kearifan petani sawah surjan dengan komponen-komponen ekosistem pertanian yang dapat dikonservasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan data sekunder dan angket. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pola kearifan petani sawah surjan dalam mengkonservasi lahan pertanian adalah secara turun temurun, seringkali tanpa memahami makna atau tanpa sadar; dan hubungan pola kearifan petani sawah surjan dengan komponen-komponen ekosistem pertanian yang dapat dikonservasi adalah membantu menciptakan ekosistem pertanian yang lebih stabil dengan adanya keragaman tanaman yang ditanam, sehingga tidak mudah terserang hama dan dengan adanya diversifikasi hasil panen dapat memberikan keuntungan lebih bagi petani
INVENTARISASI	MAKANAN	TRADISIONAL JAWA UNSUR SESAJI DI PASAR-PASAR TRADISIONAL KABUPATEN BANTUL
Authors: Nurhayati Endang , Mulyana - , Ekowati Venny Indria , Meilawati Avi 
Published: November 2021

This research aims to (1) inventories Javanessee traditional food in Bantul traditional market, (2) describes the name of traditional food as offerings which is related with Javanesee philosophy in Javanessee tradition. It employed the survey technique, it used ethnolinguistic approach. The data sources were collected from 27 traditional markets in Bantul. There were 45 kinds of jajan pasar in traditional market in Bantul region. The food were made from cassava, rice, corn, and lour. The coocking techniques were fried, boiled, steam and roasted. There were food made from peanut and tuber. The food used for offerings were ketan, kolak, apem, jenang, peyek, kacang-kacangan, pala kependhem, jadah, wajik and lemper
MODEL PEMBERDAYAAN EKONOMI KELUARGA MISKIN TERINTEGRASI DENGAN	WIRAUSAHA PRODUK	IKAN
Authors: Marwanti - , Hamidah Siti , Yuriani - 
Published: November 2021

This study aims to: (1) ind economic and noneconomic issues that constrain poor families in the region Kretek Bantul, Yogyakarta; (2) ind a way to develop models of economic empowerment of poor families is integrated with entrepreneurial ish products so as to improve the entrepreneurial attitude and skills of families in Kretek Bantul; and (3) produce models of empowerment of poor families in the form of guide books and learning tools that are practical to implement. This study uses qualitative and quantitative approaches. Development of a model using the approach R & D from Borg & Gall summarized into 3 construct a model: a preliminary study,development models, and testing models, which are arranged in two stages. The irst stage, in economic and noneconomic issues that constrain poor ishing families, inding ways of economic empowerment of poor families, and result in the model of economic empowerment of poor families in the form of guide books and learning tools. The second phase in the form of implementation models and socialization models in a broader scope
PENGEMBANGAN COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM SEBAGAI STRATEGI PEMBERDAYAAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DI KABUPATEN KULON PROGO, DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Rahayu Sugi , Dewi Utami , Fitriana Kurnia Nur 
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui upaya yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Kabupaten Kulon Progo dalam mengembangkan Community Based Tourism (CBT), (2) mengidentifikasi potensi wisata yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi CBT, (3) mendapatkan informasi faktor-faktor penghambat CBT di Kabupaten Kulon Progo, dan (4) merumuskan model pengembangan CBT sebagai strategi pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat di Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Upaya Pemerintah Kabupaten Kulon Progo dalam mengembangkan CBT sebagai strategi pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat dilakukan melalui: (a) Program pengembangan destinasi wisata, (b) Program pengembangan pemasaran pariwisata, dan (c) Program pengembangan kemitraan. Sementara itu, jenis pariwisata yang potensial untuk dikembangkan menjadi pariwisata berbasis masyarakat di Kulon Progo meliputi wisata alam, wisata agro, wisata religi, wisata pendidikan, budaya, kerajinan, dan kuliner. Terdapat beberapa faktor penghambat pengembangan CBT di Kabupaten Kulon Progo yaitu: (a) infrastruktur yang belum mendukung, (b) partisipasi masyarakat dalam mengembangkan pariwisata masih rendah, dan (c) kemitraan belum terjalin maksimal