bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diaspora Mobilization for Palestinian Statehood
Authors: Koinova Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter and the previous Chapter 6 are interconnected as they both discuss Albanian diaspora mobilizations. This chapter unpacks the typological theory through four causal pathways in the Palestinian field, one of them discussed twice as diaspora entrepreneurs were exposed to different non-state actors. All pathways occurred under host-state foreign policy divergence from the diaspora goals for Palestinian statehood, including refugees’ return. A non-contentious pathway exists but was rare when diaspora entrepreneurs acted under limited global influences. When lacking support from politicized homeland-based actors, diaspora entrepreneurs were less eager to launch contentious mobilizations on their own. Dual-pronged contentious mobilizations occurred: (a) when the homeland government was transnationally involved, under the PNA leadership, acting carefully while seeking to maintain international standing in difficult political circumstances; (b) when transnational left-wing movements were at play; many more diaspora entrepreneurs were on this pathway, seeking to counteract Israeli policies, quite often engaged in the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign; and (c) when diaspora entrepreneurs related to transnational Islamic networks. Issues related to humanitarian charities and refugees’ right of return have been emphasized, even if they also have concerned others in the diaspora. The most contentious pathway occurred in response to critical violent events in the original homeland or adjacent fragile states, most notably due to the recurring warfare in Gaza since 2008. This pathway engulfed all four types of diaspora entrepreneurs.
Insights from Data with R
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Beckerman Andrew P. , Cooper Natalie , Childs Dylan Z. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Knowledge of how to get useful information from data is essential in the life and environmental sciences. This book provides learners with knowledge, experience, and confidence about how to efficiently and reliably discover useful information from data. The content is developed from first- and second-year undergraduate-level courses taught by the authors. It charts the journey from question, to raw data, to clean and tidy data, to visualizations that provide insights. This journey is presented as a repeatable workflow fit for use with many types of question, study, and data. Readers discover how to use R and RStudio, and learn key concepts for drawing appropriate conclusions from patterns in data. The book focuses on providing learners with a solid foundation of skills for working with data, and for getting useful information from data summaries and visualizations. It focuses on the strength of patterns (i.e. effect sizes) and their meaning (e.g. correlation or causation). It purposefully stays away from statistical tests and p-values. Concepts covered include distribution, sample, population, mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, correlation, interactions, and non-independence. The journey from data to insight is illustrated by one workflow demonstration in the book, and three online. Each involves data collected in a real study. Readers can follow along by downloading the data, and learning from the descriptions of each step in the journey from the raw data to visualizations that show the answers to the questions posed in the original studies.
Searching for Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Duff Antony 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In her latest book, In Search of Criminal Responsibility, Nicola Lacey distinguishes four ‘more or less discrete ideational frameworks for the understanding of criminal responsibility’, focusing respectively on capacity, on character, on outcomes, and on risk; she traces the rise and fall (and rise) of each of these conceptions, and the complicated and shifting relationships between them. These are, she thinks, ‘competing’, ‘philosophically inconsistent conceptions of responsibility’, although they can sometimes ‘coexist’ with each other in the historically messy and conflicted practices of criminal law. This chapter responds to Lacey’s claims about the changing conceptions of responsibility that she finds in English criminal law: not to deny those claims, but to argue that they need to be qualified in the light of a more complex conceptual schema than she provides. It discusses just what these changing ‘conceptions of responsibility’ are conceptions of, and just what it is that changes between them; and it argues that the final change, which Lacey describes as the development of a risk-based conception of responsibility and as marking a ‘resurgence of character-based mechanisms’, is best understood not as a change in the conception of responsibility, but rather as an abandonment of responsibility (answerability), in favour of kinds of liability that are detached from responsibility.
Why Blame?
Authors: Gardner John 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ever since her first book, State Punishment, a recurring theme of Nicola Lacey’s scholarship has been a hesitancy about blame—what it is for, how to assign it, and whether to let it take hold. In her later work, Lacey has disaggregated the problem of blame from the problem of responsibility, and explored ways in which responsibility could be assigned without blaming. Her suggestions have centred on the possibility of forgiveness. I admire Lacey’s humane instinct in urging us to do less blaming. However I do not think that this instinct is all that is at work in her recurring doubts about blame. For it is possible to embrace forgiveness while holding those one forgives to be blameworthy? Arguably, indeed, forgiveness presupposes blameworthiness. The deeper puzzle is about blameworthiness itself. What is it for? Why does it matter? What is its place in the architecture of the human condition? It is no answer to say that blameworthiness matters because responsibility matters. There is responsibility without blameworthiness, and responsibility matters for reasons that have nothing to do with blameworthiness. Nor is it an answer to say that blameworthiness matters because blaming matters. Only when one works out why it matters that someone is blameworthy does one begin to show why people should ever do any blaming. Or so I will argue. I will suggest that the importance of blameworthiness is genuinely mysterious. That position is associated with Bernard Williams. I think that some of Williams’ worries are shared by Lacey. However, I will suggest that, in light of my remarks, they are not exactly the right worries.
In Whose Interests?
Authors: Jackson Emily 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter will argue that the core justification for the United Kingdom’s ‘blanket ban’ on assisted suicide—namely that it is necessary in order to protect ‘the vulnerable’—has tended to obscure two other important sets of interests. First, it has served to marginalize the interests of patients who are not vulnerable, and who have been used to exercising considerable control over their lives. There is evidence from countries which have legalized assisted dying that it is this non-vulnerable group of patients who are its principal users. Second, the core justification for the ‘blanket ban’ has deflected attention away from the interests of the medical profession itself, which in the United Kingdom has a long tradition of organized and powerful opposition to assisted suicide.
Rebecca West’s The Return of the Soldier (1918)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This is the first of four chapters that deal with the theme of impossible nostos in the context of war and its aftermath. Rebecca West’s Return of the Soldier was one of the first literary responses to the Great War and to the invisible wound of shell shock. The chapter argues that West also anticipated Joyce’s Ulysses by opening a dialogue between her own generation and Homer’s Odyssey. Less explicitly than Joyce, she has appropriated key elements of Odysseus’ nostos and either rearranged or inverted them. Although the novel announces itself in its title as a story of male nostos, what immediately strikes the reader is that it is told not from the perspective of the returning soldier, or Odysseus figure, but from that of a latter-day Penelope. The chapter also argues that West’s purpose is to highlight her society’s destabilized notions of home and homecoming, and challenge the prelapsarian reading of the last summer before the war and the Ithacan images of England used to recruit fighting men and mythologize the home front.
Seamus Heaney’s Seeing Things (1991), District and Circle (2006), and Human Chain (2010)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Seamus Heaney’s abiding preoccupation with the idea of nostos, focusing on three volumes of his poetry, Seeing Things (1991), District and Circle (2006), and Human Chain (2010). Heaney consistently associated the act of returning home with that of katabasis, of descending into the dark to meet one’s familiar dead, not least one’s father and literary fathers. His late poetry in particular is permeated by the theme of nostalgic descent and expressive of a filial odyssey that has Aeneas rather than Telemachus as its direct paradigm. The chapter considers how, in his nostalgic katabases, Heaney performed the roles of both pius Aeneas and pius vates, and how these twin functions reached their apotheosis in his posthumously published translation of Aeneid 6, a book Heaney had ‘internalized and lived with long and dreamily’.
Imaging Wavefunctions
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The concept of wavefunction was introduced in the first 1926 paper by Erwin Schrödinger as the central object of the atomic world and the cornerstone of quantum mechanics. It is a mathematical representation of de Broglie’s postulate that the electron is a material wave. It was defined as everywhere real, single-valued, finite, and continuously differentiable up to the second order. Nevertheless, for many decades, wavefunction has not been characterized as an observable. First, it is too small. The typical size is a small fraction of a nanometer. Second, it is too fragile. The typical bonding energy of a wavefunction is a few electron volts. The advancement of STM and AFM has made wavefunctions observable. The accuracy of position measurement is in picometers. Both STM and AFM measurements are non-destructive, which leaves the wavefunctions under observation undisturbed. Finally, the meaning of direct experimental7 observation and mapping of wavefunctions is discussed.
Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses various aspects of scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). It is an extension of the classical tunneling spectroscopy experiment to nanometer-scale or atomic-scale features on the sample surface. First, the electronics for STS is presented. The nature of STS as a convolution of tip DOS and sample DOS is discussed. Special tip treatment for the STS experiment, often different from the atomic-resolution STM, is described. The purpose is to produce tips with flat DOS, instead of special tip orbitals. Experimental methods to determine tip DOS is discussed. A detailed account of the inelastic scanning tunneling spectroscopy, or STM-IETS, is then discussed. It includes the principles, the electronics, and the instrumental broadening of the features. This chapter concludes with the STS study of superconductors, especially High-Tc supercondoctors.
Implied Licences on the Internet—Fundamentals
Authors: Mysoor Poorna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes certain fundamental aspects of applying implied licences to the internet. It begins by dividing the content on the internet between, on the one hand, that which is placed by or with the consent of the copyright owner and, on the other hand, that which is placed on the internet without the copyright owner’s consent. In the former category, it also examines the consequences of placing terms of use in relation to the content on the internet. This facilitates an orderly analysis since the bases on which a licence may be implied will differ, as also the arguments presented in support of these two categories. This classification is essential also because it lays the common structure and foundation to address browsing, hyperlinking, and indexing in each of the successive chapters.
From Manufacturing-Led Export Growth to a Twenty-First Century Inclusive Growth Strategy
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Success in economic development over the past half-century was based on manufacturing-led export growth. Because the share of global employment in manufacturing is set to continue to decline, manufacturing will not play the same role in the future. The author deconstructs what enabled manufacturing to generate growth and structural transformation. The strategy proposed is multi-pronged, addressing separately, in different sectors, the challenges of learning, foreign exchange, and employment. A carefully designed, coordinated multi-sector strategy, with sectoral policies in agriculture, natural resources, manufacturing, and especially services, has the prospect of attaining the same success as the old manufacturing-led export strategy. To implement it, countries will require active industrial policies based on a new understanding of dynamic comparative advantage. The creation of a global reserve system could help provide the finance required for success. New development strategies will require greater balance among the market, state, and community—a perspective articulated in the Stockholm Statement.
Moral Testimony and the Value of Moral Understanding
Authors: Wiland Eric 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses a distinct worry about accepting moral testimony: if you cannot gain moral understanding by means of moral testimony, it is better to believe moral truths for nontestimonial reasons than for testimonial reasons. There are two distinct sorts of reasons trusting moral testimony might be unable to deliver moral understanding. The first turns on the thought that it is intrinsically bad to lack moral understanding, and so if moral testimony cannot deliver moral understanding, then forming one’s moral views on the basis of testimony is problematic. The second reason for concern relies on the thought that a lack of moral understanding is fundamentally a practical worry: those who lack moral understanding cannot act as well as those who do understand. This chapter addresses the worry about moral understanding on multiple fronts. It argues that one can indeed get moral understanding from moral testimony: when you are unsure whether some action would be wrong, but are aware of the relevant considerations, testimony whether the action would be wrong can fill this epistemic gap, putting you in a position to have quite a bit of moral understanding. Next, this chapter questions whether any residual unavailable moral understanding is as important as pessimists about moral testimony typically make it out to be. The partial understanding that moral testimony affords is nearly as valuable as complete understanding is. Moreover, even if there is something virtuous about understanding morality entirely on one’s own, there might also be something virtuous about being epistemically dependent upon the moral testimony of others, a topic explored in the next two chapters.
An Economy beyond Instrumental Rationality
Authors: Bonnedahl Karl Johan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Treating technology in a broad sense, including elements of social organization, this chapter discusses the role of technology as part of the dominant economic discourse and the instrumental perspective which characterizes modern exploitative human–nature relations. A key point is that values and assumptions of the conventional economy are very influential in determining what development is and should be. As such, they also determine technology and drive unsustainability. Hence, the solutions proposed build on alternative values and assumptions which can lead to a new economy beyond instrumental rationality. Here, the role of technology as respectful and fair social organization increases. Artefacts that create distance between humans and nature are given much less room, while technology as expansionist and exploitative means is dismantled.
Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters, and Complexity
Authors: Sethna James P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This text distills the core ideas of statistical mechanics to make room for new advances important to information theory, complexity, active matter, and dynamical systems. Chapters address random walks, equilibrium systems, entropy, free energies, quantum systems, calculation and computation, order parameters and topological defects, correlations and linear response theory, and abrupt and continuous phase transitions. Exercises explore the enormous range of phenomena where statistical mechanics provides essential insight — from card shuffling to how cells avoid errors when copying DNA, from the arrow of time to animal flocking behavior, from the onset of chaos to fingerprints. The text is aimed at graduates, undergraduates, and researchers in mathematics, computer science, engineering, biology, and the social sciences as well as to physicists, chemists, and astrophysicists. As such, it focuses on those issues common to all of these fields, background in quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and advanced physics should not be needed, although scientific sophistication and interest will be important.
Humanitarian Intervention: Justifying War for a New International Order
Authors: Jahn Beate 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Beate Jahn follows on from Nina Wilén’s chapter: Contrary to the widely held belief that humanitarian intervention is the result of a gradual universalization of moral obligations, Jahn shows that classical authors—Francisco de Vitoria, Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine, and John Stuart Mill—as well as state practice regularly contemplated and often justified the use of force as measures to rescue citizens of other states from excessive violence. The authors dealt with, moreover, show that humanitarian action requires particular political arrangements—making regime change the direct aim of such wars. The meteoric rise of the concept of humanitarian intervention during the 1990s thus did not signify the advent of a new type of war. Instead, it functioned as a ‘doctrinal advance guard’ for a new international political order—which finds itself today in rapid decline.
In the Name of State Sovereignty? The Justification of War in Russian History and the Present
Authors: Robinson Paul , Antonov Mikhail 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows that the Russian philosophical and legal traditions regarding war have advanced along a number of different tracks. In Imperial Russia, some thinkers adopted pacifist positions; others regarded war as a necessary evil. A similar bifurcation of thought can be seen in the Soviet era. The Soviets expounded a belief in the principles of non-interference and peaceful coexistence. At the same time, they also sometimes portrayed war in a positive light. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian scholars and political leaders have generally supported state sovereignty and rejected attempts to justify humanitarian interventions, regime change, and preventive war (on these Western strategies, see Geis/Wagner, Stohl, and Jahn in this volume). Nevertheless, they have on occasion resorted to very similar language themselves. Russian narratives thus oscillate between favouring pacifism and sovereignty as means of preserving the status quo and, as an exception, supporting military interventions when these are required by the transient goals of Russian foreign policy.
Decolonization and Sovereign Debt
Authors: Waibel Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The complex state succession cases arising from decolonization generated intense debates within legal circles. This chapter examines the tension between two stylized schools on state succession into debt: the universal succession and clean slate theories. Universal succession refers to the automatic and complete assumption of the colonial power’s rights and obligations by the newly independent state as they relate to its territory. According to the competing clean slate theory, the former colonial power’s obligations (including debts) as they relate to the territory of the newly independent state are extinguished on independence. Because these obligations are personal to a state, they lapsed on independence. The successor state thus starts life with a clean slate. This chapter provides historical insights into this legal controversy by focusing on the two scholars and practitioners of international law who embodied these two schools of thought, Judge Mohamed Bedjaoui and Professor Daniel Patrick O’Connell. We show how the fundamental disagreements between the two schools (and their radically different implications for the conditions under which colonial entities can achieve independence) have left the law on state succession in flux. Ultimately, the solutions adopted in the decolonization context and in later succession disputes remained highly case-specific and typically involved an agreement between the states concerned.
The Practical Origins of Ideas
Authors: Queloz Matthieu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Why did such highly abstract ideas as truth, knowledge, or justice become so important to us? What was the point of coming to think in these terms? In The Practical Origins of Ideas, Matthieu Queloz presents a philosophical method designed to answer such questions: the method of pragmatic genealogy. Pragmatic genealogies are partly fictional, partly historical narratives exploring what might have driven us to develop certain ideas in order to discover what these do for us. The book uncovers an under-appreciated tradition of pragmatic genealogy which cuts across the analytic–continental divide, running from the state-of-nature stories of David Hume and the early genealogies of Friedrich Nietzsche to recent work in analytic philosophy by Edward Craig, Bernard Williams, and Miranda Fricker. However, these genealogies combine fictionalizing and historicizing in ways that even philosophers sympathetic to the use of state-of-nature fictions or real history have found puzzling. To make sense of why both fictionalizing and historicizing are called for, the book offers a systematic account of pragmatic genealogies as dynamic models serving to reverse-engineer the points of ideas in relation not only to near-universal human needs, but also to socio-historically situated needs. This allows the method to offer us explanation without reduction and to help us understand what led our ideas to shed the traces of their practical origins. Far from being normatively inert, moreover, pragmatic genealogy can affect the space of reasons, guiding attempts to improve our conceptual repertoire by helping us determine whether and when our ideas are worth having.