bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of using montelukast during acute wheezing attack in hospitalized preschool children on the discharge rate and the clinical asthma score
Authors: Demet Akbaş Emine , Razi Cem H. , Andıran Nesibe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn chronic asthma treatment, leukotriene receptor antagonists have been recommended, but it is not clear whether montelukast can be used in acute recurrent wheezing attacks in children.ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and effectiveness of oral montelukast in addition to standard treatment in hospitalized children aged between 6 and 72 months with acute recurrent wheezing attacks.MethodOne hundred patients aged between 6 and 72 months who had wheezing attacks with clinical asthma scores (CAS) ≥3 and were hospitalized were included in this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group clinical trial. All the patients included in the study were given 0.15 mg/kg (maximum 5 mg) nebulized salbutamol (8 L/min and with 100% O2) with 4 h of intervals, 1 mg/kg prednisolone (maximum 5 days), nebulized ipratropium bromide (total eight doses) with 6 h of intervals. In addition to this treatment, one group received 4 mg montelukast, and the other group received a placebo. The CAS of the patients were evaluated with 4‐h intervals.ResultsTotal hospital length of stay (LOS) was not different between the montelukast and placebo groups (p = 0.981). There was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups in terms of discharge time, CAS, and oxygen saturation (p ≥ 0.05).ConclusionAdding montelukast to standard treatment in patients hospitalized for moderate‐to‐severe wheezing attacks did not affect hospital LOS and CAS.
Tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific impacted by SST anomalies from other basins while El Niño decays
Authors: Yu Jin‐Hua , Ou Lijian , Chen Lin , Li Laurent , Sun Ming , Zhong Xiaoyao , Zhang Xuyu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the western North Pacific (WNP) in the TC active season July–October after El Niño peaks in the preceding December is revealed to be either deficient or excessive, depending on how El Niño is able to remotely create and maintain sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Atlantic and Indian Ocean during spring while El Niño decays. A reduction of TC genesis (Group 1) is coincident with a warming in the Indian Ocean and a positive tripolar SST pattern in the North Atlantic, while enhanced TC genesis (Group 2) corresponds to the configuration without significant SST anomalies in the North Atlantic and in the Indian Ocean. Relevant physical mechanisms are investigated through observational data analysis and confirmed with model simulations. In Group 1, El Niño SST anomalies enhance convection over the central‐eastern equatorial Pacific. The related latent heat release excites Rossby wave trains which can efficiently propagate energy from the eastern tropical Pacific into Central America and further into the subtropical North Atlantic. The warm SST anomalies found in the Indian Ocean and in the North Atlantic can force robust anomalous easterlies in the tropical WNP, producing unfavourable dynamic and thermodynamic conditions for TC genesis. Group 2 shows a quite distinct situation. Actually, the late winter anomalous westerlies are much weaker over Central America in Group 2, providing a configuration of inhibition for an efficient wave energy propagation from the tropics into the subtropical North Atlantic. The warm SST over the Maritime Continent is then responsible for the increase of TC genesis over the South China Sea and around the Philippines by exciting a cyclonic circulation in the TC active season.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5′‐Arylspiro[piperidine‐4,3′‐pyrrolo‐[2,3‐b]pyridin] Analogues
Authors: Mudasani Gopal , Paidikondala Kalyani , Gundla Rambabu , Joseph Maddirala Shambabu , Das Viswanath 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSpirooxindole motifs found in many natural products and biologically active molecules have become important skeletons given their promising therapeutic activities. In this study, we describe the synthesis of a novel series of spiro[piperidine‐4,3′‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridin]‐2′(1′h)‐one analogues and present the in vitro antiproliferative activity of these compounds against four human cancer cell lines. Synthesis of analogues was done using a rational designing approach in a seven‐step sequence, and the characterization of compounds was performed using 1H‐NMR, LC‐MS, and 13C‐NMR. Thirteen novel compounds were synthesized in moderate to good yields. The anti‐proliferation activity of the compounds against human breast MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231, leukemic K‐562, and lung A549 cancer cells was determined by a standard 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide assay. Two compounds among all the synthesized compounds had moderate IC50 values in MCF‐7 cells and thus were identified to have better antiproliferative activity against estrogen‐receptor‐positive cancer cells.
Crystallization of Diamond from Graphene Oxide Nanosheets by a High Temperature and High Pressure Method
Authors: Fukuda Masahiro , Islam M. Saidul , Sekine Yoshihiro , Shinmei Toru , Lindoy Leonard F. , Hayami Shinya 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHerein we report a high temperature and high pressure driven crystallization of two‐dimensional graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets to three‐dimensional diamond. The successful phase transformation was confirmed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The phase transition platform will available to utilize for a wide variety of diamond doping employing, for example, nitrogen or other light elements, in which the correspondingly doped GO is used as the starting material.
Synthesis and Structural Characterisation of Dinuclear Aluminium Complexes Supported by NNO‐Tridentate Schiff‐Base Ligands and Their Catalysis in the Ring‐Opening Polymerisation of ϵ‐Caprolactone
Authors: Yu Xiaofeng , Wang Zhongxia , Han Zhiyong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, we prepared a series of dinuclear aluminium complexes {Bis{2‐OAlMe2‐3‐CH=N[CH2CH2N(CH3)2]‐5‐CH3C6H2}CH2, Bis[2‐OAlMe2‐3‐CH=N(2‐PyCH2)‐5‐CH3C6H2]CH2, and Bis{2‐OAlMe2‐3‐CH=N[2‐N(CH3)2C6H4]‐5‐CH3C6H2}CH2} as well as their corresponding mononuclear aluminium compounds derived from NNO‐tridentate Schiff‐base ligands. The compounds were characterised by 1H and 13C spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Complexes 4 and 7 were additionally characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Their activities toward the ring‐opening polymerisation (ROP) of ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) were investigated. In the presence of benzyl alcohol (BnOH), these complexes are catalytically active for the ROP of ϵ‐CL. The kinetic studies for the polymerisation catalysed by these complexes indicated that the polymerisation was well controlled and produced polymers within a narrow molecular weight distribution. At low monomer concentrations, the catalytic activity of binuclear complexes is considerably greater than that of mononuclear complexes.
The detection rate of first trimester ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects: A narrative review
Authors: Dudnikov Oleksandr , Quinton Ann Elizabeth , Alphonse Jennifer 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCongenital Heart Defects (CHD) are the most common fetal abnormalities assessed by ultrasound during the second trimester. Improvements in ultrasound technology are allowing more thorough examinations of the fetal heart during the first trimester. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of detecting CHDs during first trimester ultrasound scans. A search for related studies was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. A total of n = 16 articles were included in the literature review, combining both retrospective and prospective studies throughout the high‐risk, low‐risk and unselected populations. An analysis of the studies found the detection rate of CHDs during the first trimester ultrasound scans was 77.5%. The mean sensitivity and the mean specificity across n = 10 articles that provided these values were 78.9% and 90.6% respectively, making CHD detection in the first trimester moderately sensitive and highly specific. This research demonstrates first trimester detection of CHD is possible, however, future research should assess detection rates by non‐cardiologists in low‐risk populations and should include the gestational age at which each CHD is detected and whether transabdominal or transvaginal approaches were used.
A previously missing link in the evolution of dasytine soft‐winged flower beetles from Cretaceous Charentese amber (Coleoptera, Melyridae)
Authors: Tihelka Erik , Huang Diying , Perrichot Vincent , Cai Chenyang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe soft‐winged flower beetles are a diverse cosmopolitan family of cleroid beetles with an unresolved higher classification, the adults of which feed on nectar and pollen. The fossil record of Melyridae is sparse, with only two described fossils known from the Mesozoic. Here we describe the first representative of the family from the Mesozoic of Europe, from early Cenomanian Charentese (French) amber. Due to the opaque nature of French amber, X‐ray microtomography was used to document fine morphological details of the fossil. Protodasytes cretaceus gen. et sp. nov. possesses a unique combination of characters within the subfamily Dasytinae, which is shared by the tribes Chaetomalachiini, Dasytini, and Listrini, namely the presence of a small antennal club, tarsomere 4 slightly shorter than 3 but not distinctly narrower, symmetrical claws, and a distinct pronotal and elytral fringe. This suggests that Dasytinae had begun to diversify by the Late Cretaceous, possibly in concert with the radiation of angiosperms. The fossil record of soft‐winged flower beetles is critically reviewed, and a checklist of extinct species is provided. The fragmentary Cenozoic fossils Troglops punctatissima and Malachius vertummni are removed from the family Melyridae, and the record of Attalus lusitanicus from Eocene–Oligocene Bembridge Marls is regarded as unlikely. The potential role of Protodasytes gen. nov. and Cretaceous melyrids as pollinators of early angiosperms is discussed.
Capillary electrophoresis method for simultaneous analysis of caffeine, vanillin and ethyl vanillin in beverages
Authors: Elbashir Abdalla Ahmed , Elgack Elgorashe Rafea Elamin , Alnajjar Ahmed O. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFast and simple capillary electrophoresis method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of caffeine, vanillin, and ethyl vanillin in beverages. The optimal separation conditions were 25 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.5, containing 10% (v/v) acetonitrile and UV‐absorption detection at the wavelength of 200 nm. Employing the optimum conditions, the three compounds were separated in less than 3 min. The procedure was validated with respect to linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantitation, (RSD%) accuracy (recovery), and precision (repeatability). Calibration curves with (r2 > 0.9986) in the concentration range of 5–80 μg/mL were obtained for the three analytes. The limits of detection and quantitation in the range of 2.6‐4.3 and 4.1‐5.2 μg/mL were obtained, respectively. Recoveries of analytes in range from 92.1 to 104.4%, (n = 3) were attained. The validated method was successfully utilized for the analysis of the analytes in beverage samples.
Structural behavior of prestressed self‐compacting concrete‐encased concrete‐filled steel tubes beams
Authors: Rahmani Zohreh , Naghipour Morteza , Nematzadeh Mahdi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConcrete‐encased concrete‐filled steel tubes (CFST) has extensive applications in the world. According to previous researches, if the CFST is placed in the compression zone, the confinement increases, and the compressive capacity of the concrete is completely used. The prestressed strands also increase the core concrete confinement and eliminate tension cracks. Therefore, in this paper, to achieve the benefits of CFST and prestressed strand, for the first time, a novel concept called prestressed concrete‐encased CFST (PCE‐CFST) beams were introduced. The main objective of the combination of steel tube and pre‐stressed strands is to increase the core concrete compressive strength and control the concrete crack in the tension zone. Six beams were constructed using self‐compacting concrete to investigate the influence of variations in the pre‐stressing force level of the pre‐stressed strands, the pre‐stressed strands eccentricity, and the steel tubes diameter‐to‐thickness ratio on the structural performance of these members. The specimens were tested under four‐point loading. The results showed that the pre‐stressed strands increased the confinement effect on the core concrete and improved the bearing capacity, ductility, and bending stiffness. The steel tubes improved the bearing capacity, ductility, and energy absorption, while they did not significantly affect the bending stiffness. Finally, it was shown that the pre‐stressed strands increased the bearing capacity, energy absorption, and bending stiffness in reinforced concrete beams.
π‐Conjugated Materials Derived From Boron‐Chalcogenophene Combination. A Brief Description of Synthetic Routes and Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Dhiman Ankita , Giribabu Lingamallu , Trivedi Rajiv 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFunctional materials composed of Boron‐chalcogenophene conjugates have emerged as promising ensemble featuring commendable optoelectronic properties. This review describes the categories, synthetic routes and optoelectronic applications of a range of boron‐chalcogenophene conjugates. Conjugation and linking of different types of tri‐ and tetra‐coordinated boron moieties with chalcogenophenes have remained an important strategy for constructing a range of functional materials. Synthetic protocols have been devised to efficiently prepare such chemically robust conjugates, often exhibiting a myriad of photophysical properties, redox capabilities and also solid‐state behaviors. Tin‐boron and silicon‐boron exchange protocols have been efficiently adapted to access these boron‐chalcogenophenes. Few other commonly used methods namely, hydroboration of alkynes as well as electrophilic borylations are also mentioned. The chemical and electronic properties of such boron‐chalcogenophene conjugates are directly influenced by the strong Lewis acid character of trivalent boranes which can further alter the intra‐ and inter‐ molecular Lewis acid‐base interactions. Apart from the synthetic protocols, recent advances in the application of these boron‐chalcogenophene conjugates towards analyte sensing, organic electronics, molecular switches and several other aspects will be discussed in this review.
On the function and relevance of alternative 3′‐UTRs in gene expression regulation
Authors: Pereira‐Castro Isabel , Moreira Alexandra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMessanger RNA (mRNA) isoforms with alternative 3′‐untranslated regions (3′‐UTRs) are produced by alternative polyadenylation (APA), which occurs during transcription in most eukaryotic genes. APA fine‐tunes gene expression in a cell‐type‐ and cellular state‐dependent manner. Selection of an APA site entails the binding of core cleavage and polyadenylation factors to a particular polyadenylation site localized in the pre‐mRNA and is controlled by multiple regulatory determinants, including transcription, pre‐mRNA cis‐regulatory sequences, and protein factors. Alternative 3′‐UTRs serve as platforms for specific RNA binding proteins and microRNAs, which regulate gene expression in a coordinated manner by controlling mRNA fate and function in the cell. Genome‐wide studies illustrated the full extent of APA prevalence and revealed that specific 3′‐UTR profiles are associated with particular cellular states and diseases. Generally, short 3′‐UTRs are associated with proliferative and cancer cells, and long 3′‐UTRs are mostly found in polarized and differentiated cells. Fundamental new insights on the physiological consequences of this widespread event and the molecular mechanisms involved have been revealed through single‐cell studies. Publicly available comprehensive databases that cover all APA mRNA isoforms identified in many cellular states and diseases reveal specific APA signatures. Therapies tackling APA mRNA isoforms or APA regulators may be regarded as innovative and attractive tools for diagnostics or treatment of several pathologies. We highlight the function of APA and alternative 3′‐UTRs in gene expression regulation, the control of these mechanisms, their physiological consequences, and their potential use as new biomarkers and therapeutic tools.This article is categorized under:
RNA Processing > 3′ End Processing
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein‐RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Metabolic-Endocrine
Authors: Bredella Miriam A. , Vande Berg Bruno C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAll components of the musculoskeletal system can be involved by metabolic disorders as a result of endocrine diseases, genetic alterations, and environmental or nutritional aspects, with important worldwide variations in prevalence and severity. Early detection of these disorders is crucial because of the efficacy of preventive measures and availability of treatments. The current chapter will focus on the imaging appearance of metabolic disorders of bone marrow and of the mineralized skeleton. Marrow and bone disorders in athletes, the elderly, and individuals with eating disorders will be reviewed.
Muscle Imaging
Authors: Palmer William , Jesse M. K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEvaluation and characterization of skeletal muscle pathology is a frequently encountered indication for musculoskeletal imaging. Causes of muscle pathology are diverse and include traumatic, autoimmune, infectious, inflammatory, neurologic, and neoplastic. Each etiology while dramatically different in the pathophysiology may present with similar imaging features. An understanding of the subtle differences in imaging features between the pathologic conditions may serve to guide diagnosis and treatment in these often complex cases. In this section, we will discuss the various skeletal muscle pathologies and the imaging features associated with each.
Rotator Cuff
Authors: Llopis Eva , Perez Alexeys , Cerezal Luis 
Published: April 2021

AbstractShoulder pain accounts for 16% of the musculoskeletal complaints and represents an important cause of absenteeism of work. Abnormalities of the rotator cuff, including tears, are frequently seen on imaging studies. Unfortunately, asymptomatic tears are frequent, up to 60% in patients older than 60 years old; therefore clinical correlation is essential.New anatomical concepts and new surgical techniques have evolved within the entire spectrum of lesions. It is essential to be aware of the information that is important for the decision-making as this information should stand out in our reports.In this course we will therefore review the different rotator cuff tears and its differential diagnosis.
The classical double copy for M-theory from a Kerr-Schild ansatz for exceptional field theory
Authors: Berman David S. , Kim Kwangeon , Lee Kanghoon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We construct the classical double copy formalism for M-theory. This extends the current state of the art by including the three form potential of eleven dimensional supergravity along with the metric. The key for this extension is to construct a Kerr-Schild type Ansatz for exceptional field theory. This Kerr-Schild Ansatz then allows us to find the solutions of charged objects such as the membrane from a set of single copy fields. The exceptional field theory formalism then automatically produces the IIB Kerr-Schild ansatz allowing the construction of the single copy for the fields of IIB supergravity (with manifest SL(2) symmetry).
Renormalization group improvement of the effective potential: an EFT approach
Authors: Manohar Aneesh V. , Nardoni Emily 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We apply effective field theory (EFT) methods to compute the renormalization group improved effective potential for theories with a large mass hierarchy. Our method allows one to compute the effective potential in a systematic expansion in powers of the mass ratio, as well as to sum large logarithms of mass ratios using renormalization group evolution. The effective potential is the sum of one-particle irreducible diagrams (1PI) but information about which diagrams are 1PI is lost after matching to the EFT, since heavy lines get shrunk to a point. We therefore introduce a tadpole condition in place of the 1PI condition, and use the renormalization group improved value of the tadpole in computing the effective potential. We explain why the effective potential computed using an EFT is not the same as the effective potential of the EFT. We illustrate our method using the O(N) model, a theory of two scalars in the unbroken and broken phases, and the Higgs-Yukawa model. Our leading-log result, obtained by integrating the one-loop β-functions, correctly reproduces the log-squared term in explicit two-loop calculations. Our method does not have a Goldstone boson infrared divergence problem.
The R-matrix bootstrap for the 2d O(N) bosonic model with a boundary
Authors: Kruczenski Martin , Murali Harish 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe S-matrix bootstrap is extended to a 1+1d theory with O(N) symmetry and a boundary in what we call the R-matrix bootstrap since the quantity of interest is the reflection matrix (R-matrix). Given a bulk S-matrix, the space of allowed R-matrices is an infinite dimensional convex space from which we plot a two dimensional section given by a convex domain on a 2d plane. In certain cases, at the boundary of the domain, we find vertices corresponding to integrable R-matrices with no free parameters. In other cases, when there is a one-parameter family of integrable R-matrices, the whole boundary represents integrable theories. We also consider R-matrices which are analytic in an extended region beyond the physical cuts, thus forbidding poles (resonances) in that region. In certain models, this drastically reduces the allowed space of R-matrices leading to new vertices that again correspond to integrable theories. We also work out the dual problem, in particular in the case of extended analyticity, the dual function has cuts on the physical line whenever unitarity is saturated. For the periodic Yang-Baxter solution that has zero transmission, we computed the R-matrix initially using the bootstrap and then derived its previously unknown analytic form.
Low-Energy Effective Field Theory below the Electroweak Scale: dimension-8 operators
Authors: Murphy Christopher W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We construct a complete basis of dimension-8 operators in the Low-Energy Effective Field Theory below the Electroweak Scale (LEFT). We find there are 35058 dimension-8 operators in the LEFT for two generations of up-type quarks and three generations of down-type quarks, charged leptons, and left-handed neutrinos. The existence of this operator basis is a necessary prerequisite for matching to the Standard Model Effective Field Theory at the dimension-8 level.