bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trace of evanescent wave polarization by atomic vapor spectroscopy
Authors: MOSLEH M. , RANJBARAN M. , HAMIDI S. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Various efforts have been made to determine the polarization state of evanescent waves in different structures. The present study shows the reliability of magneto-optical spectroscopy of D1 and D2 lines of rubidium metal and polarization-dependent transitions to investigate and trace the changes in the polarization state of evanescent fields during total internal reflection over different angles. For this purpose, we design and fabricate atomic evanescent Rb vapor cells and examine the effect of polarization changes of evanescent waves, depending on the propagation direction of evanescent waves in anisotropic rubidium vapor media under different external magnetic field configurations theoretically and experimentally. The results confirm the dependency of allowed transitions on the magneto optical configuration as a tool to determine changes in the polarization of evanescent waves in more complicated wave states in anisotropic media.
Lake sediment DNA as a proxy in fish population studies: analytical challenges and opportunities
Authors: Huang Doreen Yu-Tuan , Bindler Richard , Bigler Christian , Ninnes Sofia , Olajos Fredrik , Lau Danny Chun Pong , Klaminder Jonatan , Wang Xiao-Ru 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Sedimentary environmental DNA (sed-eDNA) coupled with metabarcoding is increasingly exploited for ecological studies, but application of the method to resolve fish dynamics in lakes still needs better validation. This study (1) evaluated the sed-eDNA yields from the commonly used DNeasy PowerSoil DNA Kit from mineral-rich and organic-rich sediments and (2) examined the viability of fish sed-eDNA recovery and detection in surface sediment samples from 13 Swedish mountain lakes, with organic contents of 18–52%, by using conventional PCR and droplet digital PCR. Based on concurrent fish-population surveys these lakes contain arctic char and brown trout. We show that, compared to other specifically designed lysis buffers, the DNeasy PowerSoil DNA Kit is less effective to recover DNA from organic-rich sediments and almost 50% of the extracted DNA was lost during purification steps. The amplification of fish sed-eDNA using conventional PCR with teleo primers failed to detect positive signals; whereas ddPCR assays enabled quantification of amplifiable DNA in all the extracts. However, further molecular cloning of the positive ddPCR droplets from one sediment sample revealed amplified sequences of unidentified origin that cannot be aligned well to fish. Thus the performance of the teleo primers for quantification of fish sed-eDNA detection requires further examination. For detection of fish sed-eDNA for ecological studies, we suggest that DNA extraction methods and primers should be carefully selected and the performance of ddPCR to detect DNA at low quantities needs to be further scrutinized to circumvent the pitfalls of false positives.
Automatic Lung Segmentation in Chest X-ray Images Using Improved U-Net
Authors: Liu Wufeng , Luo Jiaxin , Yang Yan , Wang Wenlian , Deng Junkui , Yu Liang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Automatic and highly accurate lung segmentation in chest X-ray (CXR) images is the basis of computer-aided diagnosis systems, because the lung is the region of interest of many diseases, and it can show useful information through its contours. However, automatic lung segmentation is immensely challenging due to extreme variations in the shape, obscure lung area, or opacity caused by lung diseases reaches high-intensity values. In the face of these severe situations, the model may segment the lung boundary incorrectly. We designed an improved U-Net network: using the pre-training Efficientnet-b4 as the encoder, and the residual block and LeakyRelu activation function are used in the decoder. The network can not only extract features with high efficiency but also avoid the gradient explosion caused by the multiplication effect in gradient backpropagation. We constructed a CXR lung field segmentation dataset (Haut) based on the NIH CXR dataset. In particular, this lung segmentation dataset contains some serious abnormal cases, such as lung deformation, pleural effusion, covered by foreign matters, or CXR blur caused by severe lung disease. The improved U-Net is evaluated on Haut, JSRT, and Montgomery County (MC) datasets. Experimental results show that our network can achieve high-precision lung segmentation.
The image of the Roman Empire in American newspapers at the end of 19th century
Authors: Кондрашук Р.А. 
Published: August 2021

Конец XIX века стал для США эпохой многочисленных перемен. Это отразилось на переосмыслении образа Римской империи в американской культуре. В данной статье на материале американских газет конца XIX в. показано, какие сюжеты из истории Римской империи использовались в периодической печати, и как они актуализировались для читателей. Основное внимание сосредоточено на полемике по поводу главных общественных проблем: морального облика американцев, социального расслоения, империализма. Анализируется влияние географии издания, предполагаемой аудитории и политических пристрастий редакторов на использование римского опыта при оценке событий настоящего. Благодаря этому можно увидеть, какой образ Римской империи транслировали своим читателям разные американские газеты.
The end of the 19thcentury had been the era of multiple changes for the United States. This was reflected in the rethinking of the Roman Empire’s image in American culture. However, there have been no attempts to analyze widely available sources in historiography. This article considers the materials of various American newspapers of the late XIX century. On their basis, the research shows what examples from the Roman Empire’s history were used by journalists, and how they were updated this information for readers. The main focus is on the debates over the main social issues: the moral character of Americans, social inequality, imperialism. The survey analyzes the influence of the publication’s geography, intended audience and political views of editors on the use of the Roman experience in evaluating the current events. This could help to see the different forms Roman Empire’s image which presented to readers of the various American newspapers.
Muscular energy and water: Servants and cooling technologies in Colonial India
Authors: Сидорова С.Е. 
Published: August 2021

Во времена Британской Индии, попадая в колонию, британцы оказывались в трудно переносимых климатических условиях. В стремлении уберечься от зловредного воздействия окружающей среды, они воспроизводили элементы привычной им обстановки, одним из атрибутов которой была прохлада. В знойные и дождливые месяцы британцы тратили немало усилий на охлаждение воздуха вокруг них, для чего использовали приспособления разной степени сложности, а также приводивших их в действие специальных слуг. Сопротивляясь естественным природным условиям, европейцы организовывали локусы своей колониальной культуры, существовавшей по принципу разбросанных по субконтиненту оазисов, где искусственно создаваемый холод обеспечивал не только комфорт для работы и жизни, но и условия для поддержания достойного имиджа властителей.
In the days of British India, getting into a colony, the British found themselves in difficult climatic conditions. In an effort to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the heat, they reproduced elements of their familiar environment, one of the attributes of which was coolness. In the hot and rainy months, the British spent a lot of effort to cool the air in their homes, for which they used devices of varying degrees of complexity and special servants who powered them. Resisting natural conditions, the Europeans organized the loci of their colonial culture, which existed on the principle of oases scattered over the subcontinent, where the artificially created cold provided not only comfort for work and life, but also the conditions for maintaining a decent image of colonial rulers.
“We were aliens, but no longer outsiders”: the strategies of political adaptation of the Mensheviks in Germany in 1920s
Authors: Нечипорук Д.М. 
Published: August 2021

Автор исследует стратегии политической адаптации меньшевиков в Германии и их вовлеченность во внутриполитические процессы Веймарской республики. В зависимости от участия в международном социалистическом движении, места внутри Социал-демократической партии Германии, положения в Заграничной Делегации берлинских меньшевиков можно поделить на интернационалистов, «изоляционистов» и «интеграционистов». Политику Заграничной Делегации в 1920-е гг. определяли интернационалисты Ю.О. Мартов, Ф.И. Дан и Р.А. Абрамович. Полноценная адаптация политэмигрантов в Германии была бы невозможна без содействия меньшевиков-«интеграционистов», имевших хорошие связи в немецкой социал-демократии. Один из старых лидеров меньшевиков А.Н. Потресов находился в берлинской эмиграции в изоляции. Он контактировал с «интеграционистами», но из-за политических разногласий не взаимодействовал с Заграничной Делегацией.The article is devoted to a history of Menshevism in German exile in the 1920s. The author studies three strategies of political adaptation in Weimar Republic: Internationalism, Integration, and Isolation. A chosen strategy depended on the participation in the international socialist movement, a position either within the Social Democratic Party of Germany, or the position adopted in the Foreign Delegation, a governing body of Mensheviks’ party abroad. The Foreign Delegation Policy in the 1920s was led by the internationalists Martov, Dan, and Abramovich. The adaptation of Mensheviks-internationalists in Germany would not have been possible without the assistance of “integrationists” who worked as the specialists and experts in German Social Democracy Party. One of the leaders of the Mensheviks A.N. Potresov found himself in isolation in German exile. He maintained contacts with some "integrationists", but because of acute political differences with Dan, Potresov stayed away from the Foreign Delegation. This division came to an end after the collapse of the Weimar Republic in 1933, when Mensheviks moved to the other states.
Disappointment in the “Russian American”: the US press of 1917–1918 on political activities of P.N. Milukoff
Authors: Сапон В.П. 
Published: August 2021

Статья содержит анализ представлений американской прессы 1917–1918 гг. о политической деятельности известного российского либерального политика П.Н. Милюкова, который после Февральской революции получил почетное прозвище «русского американца». В ходе исследования выясняется, каким образом из любимого персонажа политических репортажей лидер кадетов превращается в персону нон-грата.
The article contains an analysis of the views of the US press in 1917–1918 on the political activities of the famous Russian liberal politician P.N. Milukoff, who after the February Revolution got the honorary nickname of “Russian American”. The research reveals in what way the Cadet leader turned from a favorite character of political reporting into a persona non-grata.
The “Anglo-Saxon schism”: a terminological discussion in the Anglophone mass media and current challenges to the medieval academic community
Authors: Сухино-Хоменко Д.В. 
Published: August 2021

Статья исследует публичную дискуссию по вопросу о допустимости академического использования термина «Anglo-Saxon». После выхода М. Рамбаран-Ольм из Международного Общества англо-саксонистов в сентябре 2019 г. медиевистическое сообщество раскололось. Критики термина «Anglo-Saxon» апеллируют к его расовым коннотациям и злоупотреблениям, защитники – к его историчности и устоявшейся традиции. Размежевание во многом связано с географией и локальным общественным дискурсом. Примирение сторон вряд ли достижимо в ближайшем будущем.The article aims at summarizing the recent debate concerning the term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ in the academic discourse. Following the resignation of Dr Mary Rambaran-Olm from the (former)International Society of Anglo-Saxonists in September 2019, the English-speaking medieval scholarly community split into critics of the continuous use of ‘Anglo-Saxon’ and its defenders. The former appeal to the term’s racist connotations and misuse, the latter point out the historical adequacy and long-standing tradition. The divide has a lot to do with geography and regional public discourses. No reconciliation seems likely in the nearest future.
Kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies of S2− adsorption by (SBA-15)-Hg (II)
Authors: Li Xiao-Dong , Zhai Qing-Zhou 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The nano-mesoporous material SBA (Santa Barbara Amorphous)-15 was synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Hg2+ was adsorbed by SBA-15 and then the S2− in the aqueous phase by (SBA-15)-Hg(II), with the hope that materials with better S2− adsorption properties can be obtained. The relevant materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, 77 K nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and related product characteristics were determined. In this work, the adsorption conditions of S2− onto (SBA-15)-Hg(II) were optimized. Adsorption efficiency reached about 92% and the adsorption capacity 55.02 mg/g. Studies of the system's adsorption kinetics showed that the pseudo-second-order equation applies. The thermodynamic results indicated that ΔG0 &lt; 0, ΔH0 = −28.56 kJ/mol, ΔS0 = −81.136 J/(mol·K), and that adsorption is exothermic, enthalpy decreases and the reaction is spontaneous. This accords with the Freundlich isothermal adsorption equation.
Combining Bevacizumab with Knocked-Down β-Catenin Reduces
VEGF-A and Slug mRNA in HepG2 but not in Caco-2 Cell Lines
Authors: Mebed Reem , Ali Yasser BM , Shehata Nahla , Gamal Nahla , El-Guendy Nadia , Zekri Abdel-Rahman , Sabet Salwa 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Bevacizumab (Bev) resistance is hypothesized to be overcome
by combining inhibitors of other signalling pathways.

Objective:
We aimed to study the effect of combining Bev with knocked down β-catenin
(Bev-β-cat-siRNA) on the expression of VEGF-A, Slug, NFкB, and its two target genes,
c-Flip and FasR, in HepG2. Expression of VEGF-A and Slug was also studied in Caco-2
cells.

Methods:
Cultured cells were divided into six groups 1) cells treated with Bev, 2) cells
treated with β-catenin-siRNA, 3) cells treated with Bev-β-cat-siRNA, 4) cells treated with
negative control, 5) cells treated with Bev-negative control, and 6) untreated cells.
Expressions were assessed using qPCR and western blotting.

Results:
Bev-β-cat-siRNA significantly reduced the mRNA level of VEGF-A, which was
initially increased in response to Bev alone in HepG2 but not in Caco-2. Additionally,
Bev-β-cat-siRNA significantly decreased Slug mRNA level compared to Bev treated
HepG2 cells. In contrast, VEGF-A and Slug mRNA levels in Bev group were remarkably
lower than Bev-β-cat-siRNA in Caco-2 cells. Distinct β-catenin and Slug protein
expressions were noticed in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. On the other hand, Bev-β-catsiRNA
remarkably reduced the level of NFкB, FasR, and c-Flip compared to Bev treated
HepG2 cells, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:
We conclude that combining Bevacizumab with knocked down β-catenin
reduces the expression of VEGF-A and Slug in HepG2 but not in Caco-2 cells.
Agricultural Production Factors and Their Effect on Agricultural Production and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from the Greater Mekong Subregion
Authors: Sampaothong Sonthaya , Attavanich Witsanu 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of agricultural production on economic output (agricultural production value) and the environment (carbon dioxide emissions) in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. These three countries, all located in the Mekong River region of Southeast Asia, are similar in terms of climate and agricultural potential, but the agricultural sector plays a different economic role in each of these three countries. While Thailand has had an export-oriented cash crop-based agricultural sector for decades, Cambodia and Vietnam continue to produce predominantly for domestic consumption. These differences have some implications for differences in economic productivity (output) and environmental effects (agricultural carbon emissions).

Methods:
This study investigates the effect of agricultural inputs, including the use of fertilisers, pesticide, agricultural land, irrigation, and agricultural employment, along with the rural population, GDP growth, exchange rates, and producer price indices, on agricultural output value and emissions using time series AR(1) analysis.

Results:
The results show different patterns for Thailand in comparison to Cambodia and Vietnam.

Conclusion:
This implies that no single agricultural policy can be used to promote agricultural growth in Mekong Delta countries.
Comparative Analysis and Controller Design for BLDC Motor Using PID and Adaptive PID Controller
Authors: Kaul Supriya , Tiwari Nitesh , Yadav Shekhar , Kumar Awadhesh 
Published: August 2021

This paper describes the Adaptive PID (APID) controller design for speed control preference
of Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor over the Proportional Integrative Derivative (PID)
controller. A methodology of the Adaptive PID controller is proposed, which tunes the parameters
automatically. Modeling of the BLDC motor was carried out using PID and Adaptive PID controller,
respectively. The behavior of the BLDC motor is analyzed without a controller and by using the
conventional PID controller and the new APID controller. Hence the result obtained is analyzed and
compared by taking two cases. In the first case of constant speed, the PID controller gave large variability
in the initial speed and could not track the desired speed. Also, applied torque could not track
the desired speed due to a significant deviation in the actual motor speed. Whereas, in the case of
APID, the controller gave small variability in the initial speed and could track the desired motor
speed. In the second case of variable speed, the PID controller produced a random response at a variable
speed. Whereas, in APID, the controller had an accurate response at variable speed, with no
deviation. The result obtained shows that the APID controller provides effective, easier, and fast
controlling of the BLDC motor. The output response of the BLDC motor is achieved, and the result
is analyzed with the help of utilizing MATLAB and SIMULINK.

Background:
The BLDC motor is considerably used in the home, transportation, and industrial application.

Objective:
Comparative analysis of modeling and control of BLDC motor drives for the variable
required speed.

Methods:
PID and APID controllers are used in this paper to operate the BLDC motor.

Results:
A Fixed and variable speed response of both APID and PID controlled BLDC motor is obtained.

Conclusion:
Response of the speed control of APID controlled BLDC motor is superior to PID controlled
BLDC motor at variable speed.
Campur Kode dan Alih Kode pada Proses Belajar Mengajar
Authors: Mualimah Eka Nurul 
Published: August 2021

Penelitian ini berkenaan dengan adanya perkembangan bahasa yang terjadi pada masyarakat khususnya Mahasiswa STKIP setia Budhi Rangkasbitung yang bilingual, mengakibatkan adanya campur kode dan peralihan kode. Permasalahan yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini berkenaan dengan, (1) bentuk campur kode, (2) bentuk alih kode, dan (3) faktor penyebab terjadinya campur kode dan alih kode. Metode yang dipergunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu suatu metode yang menginterprestasikan fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi pada tuturan Mahasiswa. Hasil peneltian menunjukan, bahwa dalam proses pembelajaran ditemukan 4 pencampuran kode dengan bentuk campur kode internal dan campur kode eksternal. Campur kode yang dilakukan Mahasiswa semester 1 dalam kegiatan belajar di temukan 11 serpihan kata. Faktor yang mempengaruhi campur kode dan alih kode yang dilakukan mahasiswa dan dosen kesulitan mencari padanan kata, kebiasaan, kesombongan, topik pembicaraan, hadirnya pihak ketiga, dan menghormati.
Digital Ruble of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
Authors: Zaporozhan A. Ya. 
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the study of a new ﬁnancial instrument — the digital currency of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The article examines the reason for the emergence of the Central Bank and its diﬀerence from cryptocurrency, analyzes the practice of central banks of foreign states in the development and implementation of digital currencies in the ﬁnancial system, analyzes the potential risks and beneﬁts associated with their emission, as well as its consequences for the banking sector and monetary politicians.The logic of the article is based on the format of the discussion of the report of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation “Digital Ruble. Public Consultation Report”. In the context of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation report, the article analyzes:two possible options for the emission of the Central Bank in the form of digital tokens and accounts on the settlement accounts of the Central Bank;several possible models of central bank digital currency and technologies for their imple-mentation;competitive advantages or disadvantages of the payment system of the Central Bank of Securities in comparison with traditional banking systems.The article substantiates the position that the payment system of the Central Bank of Securities in comparison with traditional banking systems has no competitive advantages. There-fore, the digital currency of the central bank is not very attractive for economic entities, which limits or even prevents its implementation into practice.The way out of the current situation is to use the Central Securities Market in the ﬁeld of government payments, thereby increasing the transparency of payments.The practical implementation of the digital currency of the central bank can start with state ﬁnancing of investment projects in digital rubles, and then on a broader scale with budget ﬁnancing, when all or a limited list of budget recipients will receive budget money in digital rubles. As a result, other economic actors will gradually be drawn into the payment system of the digital currency of the central bank.
Analysis the Aspect of Higher Order Thinking Skill on Fungi Content Assesment Instrument for Senior High School Grade 10
Authors: Haryanto Haryanto , Ahda Yuni , Darussyamsu Rahmawati 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT High order thinking skills is very important based 2013 Curriculum in Indonesia. High order thinking skills need to be developed so that learners not only receive the information provided, but can use it and convert it into new information to solve the problems they face. The type of research used is descriptive research, by collecting data in the form of assessment instruments used by teachers in assessing the learning process. The assessment instruments on fungi material made by teachers for daily tests are generally still at the C1-C3 cognitive level (C1 is 40%, C2 is 46,7% and C3 is 13,3%), whereas high order thinking skills can be trained by providing an assessment instrument that is at the C4-C6 level of cognition in learning. Researchers analyze students by processing student's value data when answering C1-C3 problem commonly used by biology teacher in school and the result of the average score of learners did not experience problems, but the result of the analysis of learners with the provision of high ability thinking ability showed not yet capable of students answer about high-order thinking skills. This is evidenced by the test results obtained in the form of the average value of the class that is 28.15. Therefore, the assessment instrument used by the teacher has not been able to measure the high order thinking ability of the learners.