bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Craniofacial Suture Fusion in Primates
Authors: Cray James , Smith Timothy , Burrows Anne 
Published: June 2021

Timing of craniofacial suture fusion is important to questions of demographics and primate ontogeny. There has been much work concerning the fusion of calvarial sutures over the last century, but little work focusing on facial sutures. Here we assess the relationships of facial suture fusion among primates. 1436 skulls of Homo, Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobates, Macaca and Papio were observed at 5 facial suture sites for stage of fusion. Calvarial volume (early) and dental eruption (late) were utilized as indicators of stage of ontogeny. Patterns of fusion were assessed by Gutmann scaling. Homogeneity of slopes and ANOVA were used to determine differences in timing of fusion. All groups demonstrated reproducible patterns of fusion within groups but variation suggesting slightly different sites of onset and termination of suture fusion between species groups. For calvarial growth, groups segregated by regression slopes, Homo having a very steep slope, indicating remodeling throughout ontogeny, less steep slopes for Pongo, Macaca, and Papio, and flat regression slopes Pan, Gorilla, and Hylobatiadae, indicating very early facial suture remodeling. Similar patterns are observed when dental eruption is used for staging. Thus, Homo appears to be unique in its delay and patency of sutures into late ontogeny. Only Gorilla and Hylobatidae are observed to, as a general rule, fuse all facial suture sites by senescence.Grant Funding Source: N//A
Palatal allometry of cercopithecines and hominoids
Authors: Hotzman Jennifer Lane 
Published: June 2021

Palate morphology influences mechanical environment since it affects load distribution. Body size also necessarily influences palate morphology, but what is the general effect of body size on palate size and shape? Palatal and facial dimensions from 23 species of cercopithecines and hominoids were measured and then subjected to allometric scaling analysis. Facial measurements were used as a proxy for body size since weight was unknown for these specimens. For the analysis, the species were grouped phylogenetically.Using skull length as the size proxy resulted in papionins and colobines having palatal dimensions disproportionate at larger body sizes given the results of positive allometry. Therefore their palates increased in size disproportionately to their skull. Some palatal dimensions of the hominoids also increased disproportionately compared to facial or skull size while others were proportionate. The phylogenetic groups scaled idiosyncratically, so there does not seem to be a general “anthropoid” scaling pattern based on the palate. Many species showed positive allometry for several palatal dimensions indicating the palates are increasing disproportionately to skull and facial size. However this statement must be made with caution since the facial dimension used as a size proxy affected the outcome of the results.Grant Funding Source: None
Mirroring human monoamine oxidases A and B: Similar structures with opposite mechanisms of C‐H bond cleavage
Authors: Orru Roberto , Aldeco Milagros , Edmondson Dale E 
Published: June 2021

Due to their importance in age‐related degenerative diseases, mammalian monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO A and B) have been the object of extensive studies. The mechanistic description for the MAO‐catalyzed oxidation of amines is controversial resulting in three different proposed mechanism including a hydride ion abstraction (Fitzpatrick, 2010), a proton abstraction involving an intermediate covalent adduct on the flavin (Miller and Edmondson, 1999), or a proton abstraction following a radical pair formation (Lu et al., 2002). It is largely assumed that MAO A and MAO B follow the same mechanistic pathway. Comparison of the influence of para substituents on reaction rates by steady‐state and stopped‐flow kinetic analysis has been used to determine electronic effects of various benzylamine analogs. Human MAO A exhibits a positive ρ (+1.4) characteristic of a H+ abstraction while human MAO B exhibits a negative ρ (−0.9) characteristic of a Habstraction. These results suggest the two enzymes follow differing catalytic mechanisms thus demonstrating the assumption they follow identical mechanisms is not correct.Supported by grant GM‐29344 from the NIH.
Differential roles of Opi1 and Pah1 in the metabolism and regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic genes
Authors: Gaspar Maria , Chang Yu‐Fang , Henry Susan 
Published: June 2021

In yeast, phosphatidic acid (PA), a common metabolic precursor to both phospholipids and triacylglycerol, influences the localization of Opi1, a negative regulator of transcription of phospholipid biosynthetic genes. PA levels are also regulated in part by the activity of the yeast lipin Pah1. We are investigating the extent to which Opi1 and Pah1 compete for the same PA pool in the endoplasmic reticulum. Since changes in PA levels regulate expression of phospholipid biosynthetic genes, such as INO1, we analyzed the derepression of this gene in wild type and pah1Δ strains during the transition from inositol supplementation to medium lacking inositol. Wild type cells exhibit a peak of INO1 derepression at about 3 hours after removal of inositol while the pah1Δ strain reaches its maximum at 5 hours. In both strains INO1 expression decreased precipitously after reaching its peak. We are currently exploring the relationships between changes in PA content and relocalization of Opi1 to the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum in wild type, pah1Δ and a series of Pah1 nonphosphorylatable alanine mutants from Carman laboratory.Supported by NIH grant GM‐19629 to SAH
HYPERGLYCEMIA INDUCES AN ANTI‐ANGIOGENIC MILIEU IN FIRST TRIMESTER CYTOTROPHOBLAST CELL
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Nasir , Horvat Darijana , Roth Amanda L. , Pringle Kirsty G. , Allen Steven R. , Jones Richard O. , Zawieja David C. , Kuehl Thomas J. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveGestational diabetes occurs in 3–14 % of all pregnancies and has a 3–12 fold increased risk of developing preeclampsia (PreE). The first trimester cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells are involved in the vascular remodeling during placental development and PreE is believed, in part, to be caused by the dysfunction of CTBs. The aim of this study is to determine whether excess glucose induces anti‐angiogenic effects in CTBs in vitro.MethodsHuman extravillous CTB cells (Sw.71), derived from first trimester placenta were treated with 90, 180, 450 and 900 mg/dl glucose for 72 h. Thereafter, the cell lysates were utilized to measure vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐1, angiotensin 1 (AT1) and AT2 receptor expression, while the levels of angiogenic and anti‐angiogenic factors were measured in the cell culture media.ResultsAT2 receptor expression was significantly upregulated in ≥ 180 mg/dl glucose‐treated CTBs compared to basal; however, the AT1 and VEGFR‐1 receptor expression were downregulated at ≥ 450 mg/dl. sFlt‐1 and sEnd secretion were increased while VEGF and PIGF were decreased in the culture media of CTB cells treated with ≥ 180 mg/dl glucose.ConclusionsExposure of CTB cells to glucose causes an induction of anti‐angiogenic profile by: (i) upregulating the AT2; and (ii) downregulating AT1 and VEGF‐1; (iii) increasing secretion of sFlt‐1 and sEnd; and (iv) decreasing secretion of VEGF and PlGF.
Eating attitudes, behaviors, and associated psychographic characteristics of college students: Are there differences in those with and without nutrition majors?
Authors: Quick Virginia , Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol 
Published: June 2021

Previous research has cautioned against including nutrition majors in health behavior studies based on the assumption that these students are more cognizant of health behaviors. Thus, this study examined whether eating attitudes, behaviors, and associated psychographic characteristics differ in students with and without nutrition majors. College students (n=2444; 56% White; 63% female) enrolled at 3 large, public U.S. universities completed an online survey that included reliable, valid instruments assessing eating behavior and associated psychographic characteristics. ANCOVA, controlling for weight status and gender, revealed few significant differences between those with (n=543) and without nutrition majors (n=1901). The only significant (p<0.05) differences were that non‐nutrition majors had greater weight concerns, more likely to measure themselves and their self‐worth by their appearance, tended to categorize food dichotomously (i.e., “good” or “bad”), and recalled more stress during childhood mealtimes than nutrition majors. Findings suggest that eating attitudes and behaviors are not significantly different between nutrition and non‐nutrition majors; however, psychographic characteristics associated with eating behaviors may differ. Future research should provide substantiated rationales for excluding nutrition majors in health behavior research.Grant Funding Source: This research was supported in part by the intramural research program of the National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Kappa Omicron Nu Research Fellowship.
Interdependency between physical education and food environment in school on students’ energy balance: an agent‐based model
Authors: Chen Hsin‐Jen , Xue Hong , Wang Youfa 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundRequiring students to attend physical education (PE) class can promote their physical activity (PA) in school, while vending machine and soda are prevalent in middle schools in the US.ObjectiveTo test the complex interactions between students’ PA, school environment, and students’ water/beverage drinking choices and energy intake.MethodsAgent‐based models (ABM), a system science model, simulated students’ energy expenditure (EE) during PE, their dehydration, and fluid intake through soda vending machine and/or water fountains. The models incorporated physiological dynamics of human body water during exercise and individual economical decision making rules.ResultsThe models showed higher prevalence of dehydration status for longer PE duration, which took time after PE to rehydrate. Average offset of EE due to the presence of vending machine in school ranged 40–70 kcal/person. The offset expanded with longer PE, but shrank with more water fountains in school.ConclusionsThe simulation revealed the benefit of extending PE on EE, its potential effect on students’ dehydration, and the competition between soda vending machines and water fountains on the offset of EE. Systems models can help evaluate the benefits and unintended consequences of environment intervention programs, by integrating behavioral rules on the complex relationships between environment and human behaviors.Grant Funding Source: NIH (3U54HD070725–02S1, 1R01HD064685–01A1)
Nutritional correlates of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States (1999–2000)
Authors: Yu Elaine A , Mehta Saurabh 
Published: June 2021

Nutritional status modulates immune response to infections and can alter risk of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis. We assessed correlations between nutritional status indicators (micronutrient serum biomarkers; anthropometry) and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000 (n=7386). LTBI was evaluated by mean induration in response to tuberculin skin test (TST). LTBI prevalence was 4.2%, as previously reported (5.1% males, 3.2% females). Positive TST was observed in 0.8% of individuals with low (<10th percentile), 4.0% of those with normal (10–75th percentile), and 5.8% of those with high (>;75th percentile) subscapular skinfold thickness. >; 75th percentile subscapular skinfold thickness was associated with positive TST (>;1.5‐fold increased odds), adjusting for known sociodemographic and health‐related risk factors, including foreign birth, household contact with TB case, and BCG scar. Available micronutrient serum biomarker levels and mid‐upper arm circumference were not associated with TST (p>;0.05), controlling for covariates. Smoking was also positively associated with LTBI (OR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.40–3.11).Grant Funding Source: None
Evaluation of a new whole room indirect calorimeter for measurement of resting metabolic rate
Authors: Whyte Kathryn J. , Rising Russell , Albu Jeanine J. , Pi‐Sunyer Xavier 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveCompare a new whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC) for measuring resting metabolic rate (RMR) against a metabolic cart (MC).MethodsSimulated RMR (kcal/d), RQ (VCO2/VO2) and air flow (L/min) were obtained by performing 10 one‐hour propane (99.5% purity) combustion tests within the new WRIC (Promethion GA‐6 and FG‐1, Sable Systems Intl, Las Vegas, NV) and then with a MC (Vmax Encore, Carefusion Inc, San Diego, CA) utilizing a modified canopy hood. The propane was weighed before and after each test. Both the WRIC and MC were calibrated prior to each test according to the respective manufacturer's instructions. Calculated RMR and RQ from propane combustion were compared to simulated metabolic values. All data were extrapolated to 24‐hours and analyzed using SPSS (Ver.13).ResultsCalculated and simulated RMR for the WRIC ranged from 1861.4 to 3021.1 and 1828.2 to 3067.8 while that for the MC were 1450.6 to 2082.6 and 1353.6 to 2304.0, respectively. RQ for the WRIC and MC from propane ranged from 0.59 to 0.62 and 0.57 to 0.60, respectively. Compared to propane simulated RMR for the WRIC and MC varied by 0.80±1.5 and 2.0±8.8%, respectively. However, in comparison to calculated individual values, there was greater variability of simulated RMR (−10.8 to +13.1%) across the 10 propane combustion tests for the MC versus that for the WRIC (−1.6 to 2.3%). Finally, air flow for the WRIC and MC were 98.95 ± 0.38 and 44.40 ± 1.50, respectively.ConclusionsThe WRIC was more precise than the MC. The imprecision of the MC may contribute to intermittent large errors of RMR thus possibly effecting outcomes when used for calorie prescription.
Association between ABCA1 R230C polymorphism, dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome
Authors: Medina‐Vera Isabel , Guevara‐Cruz Martha , Aguilar‐Lopez Miriam , Erazo‐Tapia Edmundo , Vazquez‐Manjarrez Natalia , Flores‐Lopez Adriana , Jimenez‐Rolland Edith , Lopez‐Romero Patricia , Tovar Armando R , Torres Nimbe 
Published: June 2021

Approximately, 20% of the adult Mexican population shows a polymorphism (SNP) in the ABCA1 gene (R230C) associated with low HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentration, obesity and diabetes. On the other hand, 40–50% of the adults have metabolic syndrome (MetS). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the presence of the ABCA1 polymorphism and food intake on blood lipids, anthropometric measurements, physical activity and energy expenditure in 298 Mexican subjects with and without MetS (71 men, 227 women). The frequency of the non‐common allele (T) was 11%. The frequency of homozygous for the non‐common allele (C230C) and heterozygous (R230C) was 19.3%. The frequency of R230C and C230C of ABCA1 gene was similar in patients with and without MetS. However, the subjects with and without MetS with R230C and C230C SNP, as the energy intake increased the serum HDL‐C increased. However, HDL‐C remained constant as the energy intake increased in women with MetS and R230C and C230C SNP. Grant CONACYT 181685 (to MGC).Grant Funding Source: CONACYT
The Effects of Various Consumption Levels of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) and Sucrose on Circulating Glucose, Insulin, Leptin, Active Ghrelin and Triglycerides.
Authors: Fullerton Zhiping , Lowndes Joshua , Sinnett Stephanie , Rippe James 
Published: June 2021

This study examined the metabolic effects of HFCS and sucrose on energy regulating hormones and metabolic substrates at three different levels of consumption.138 overweight or obese individuals aged 20–60 years old incorporated 1% fat milk sweetened with either sucrose or HFCS into their usual diet for ten weeks. Consumption levels were set so the added sugar contributed 8%, 18% or 30% of calories required for weight maintenance (25th, 50th or 90th percentile of adult fructose consumption levels respectively). Prior to and after the 10‐week intervention, 24 hour blood samples were collected. Area under the curve (AUC) for glucose, insulin, leptin, active ghrelin, and triglyceride were measured.AUC for the 24 hour duration was unchanged for glucose (p.0.05) and active ghrelin (p>;0.05), while there were increases for insulin (p<0.05), leptin and triglyceride (both p<0.001). The amount or type of sugar did not affect any of the observed responses (interaction p>;0.05).There is no difference in the metabolic effect of HFCS and sucrose at low, medium, and high levels of consumption. The impact of HFCS and sucrose on energy regulating hormones at these three doses is the same.
The Role of Substrate Oxidation on Food Intake Regulation in Normal‐Weight Boys and Men
Authors: Hunschede Sascha , El Khoury Dalia , Smith Chris , Antoine‐Jonville Sophie , Thomas Scott , Anderson Harvey 
Published: June 2021

The effect of metabolic flexibility and the associated changes in substrate oxidation (measured via respiratory exchange ratio; RER) on short‐term food intake (FI) is not well understood. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between RER after a glucose drink (GL) and exercise (EX) on FI and energy balance (EB) in normal body weight (BW) boys (N=15;age:9–12y) and men (N=15;age:20–30y). Subjects participated in 4 conditions in random order. They received either water or the GL followed by moderate EX or rest. Measures included RER, energy expenditure (EE), FI at a pizza meal and EB as the sum of GL+FI minus EE. FI/kg BW was lowered by GL (p<0.0001) and further reduced by GL with EX (GL by EX interaction p = 0.0025). EB/kg BW was reduced by EX (p<0.0001) and increased by GL (p=0.031). RER was higher after both GL (p<0.0001) and EX (p=0.004). The increase in RER, indicating higher carbohydrate oxidation, was negatively correlated with FI/kg BW (r=−0.20;p=0.029). It can be concluded that FI/kg BW is reduced when the portion of energy coming from carbohydrates is increased and that EB/Kg BW is lowered by EX induced anorexia at low to moderate EX intensities in both boys and men.Grant Funding Source: Canadian Institutes of Health Research ‐ CIHR
ARTEVISININ INFLUENCE ON MEMBRANOUS PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF BRAIN AND LIVER TISSUES OF WHITE RATS AT INTOXICATION BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Kazbekova Ainagul , Tuleshova Gulnara , Seitembetov Talgat , Dalenov Erbolat 
Published: June 2021

The aim of work is to study influence peculiarities of natural sesquiterpene lactone of artevisinin from Artemisia annua L., which is spread on the territory of Kazakhstan, in comparison with hepatoprotector carsil on a dynamics of phospholipids composition of brain and liver tissues of white rats at toxic damages of liver by carbon tetrachloride in vivo.It is known, that acute liver intoxication causes a growth of glycerophosphates, lysophosatidylcholines, phosphotidylserines, polyglycerophosphotides, phosphotide acids and decrease of sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholines and phosphotidylethanolamines. When carbon tetrachloride affects a brain, a total quantity of acidic phospholipids increases by 5,1 times and when it affects a liver, a total quantity of acidic phospholipids increases by 1,8 times in the relation of the total sum of neutral phospholipids. The preventive introduction of artevisinin reduces these values up to 1,5 and 0,3 times accordingly.For the first time it was calculated thermodynamic indicators ‐ entropy and redundancy for brain and liver phospholipids, which reflect a level of good organization and order of membranous phospholipids in good conditions and pathology. It is revealed, that entropy increases and redundancy decreases by influence of carbon tetrachloride. The preventive introduction of artevisinin reduces entropy by the growth of redundancy.
DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications of Wnt Genes by Genistein During Colon Cancer Development
Authors: Zhang Yukun , Li Qian , Chen Hong 
Published: June 2021

The current study elucidates the epigenetic mechanisms by which genistein maintains a normal level of WNT genes during colon cancer development. We have shown that SPI and GEN diets repressed WNT signaling, which correlated with the reduction of preneoplastic lesions in rat colon. Here we hypothesized that SPI and GEN induced epigenetic modifications on WNT genes, therefore suppressed the gene expression induced by AOM. We identified that in the post‐AOM period the acetylation of histone H3 was downregulated by SPI and GEN at the promoter of selected WNT genes, which is in parallel with the reduced binding of RNA Polymerase II at the same region. Meanwhile, nuclear histone deacetylase 3 was enhanced by SPI and GEN. The diets suppressed the trimethylation of histone H3 Lys 9 and the phosphorylation of Ser 10. Methylation of the specific region of Sfrp2, Sfrp5, and Wnt5a genes was increased by SPI and GEN, which was correlated with the reduction of gene expression. Bisulfite sequencing confirmed that dietary genistein induced DNA methylation of the promoter of Sfrp5, closely correlated with the reduced histone modifications at the same region. We present an epigenetic mechanism by which dietary genistein controls the responses of WNT genes during carcinogen induction, involving DNA methylation and histone modifications at the regulatory region of gene.Grant Funding Source: Illinois Soybean Association and NIH/NCI
Inwardly rectifying potassium channels 2.x contribute to endothelial hyperpolarization and vasorelaxation to P2Y receptor stimulation in murine cerebral artery
Authors: Kochukov Mikhail Y , Marrelli Sean P 
Published: June 2021

Inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir) 2.x are expressed in cerebral endothelial cells (EC) but little is known about their role in vascular tone control. We tested the hypothesis that endothelial Kir amplify membrane hyperpolarization and cerebral vasodilation to ATP and UTP.MethodsExpression of Kir 2.1 and 2.2 was demonstrated in freshly isolated EC from rat middle cerebral artery (MCA) by PCR. Vasorelaxation (pressure myography) and endothelial hyperpolarization (di‐8‐ANEPPS) were measured in pressurized MCA following intraluminal delivery of UTP. Membrane current and voltage changes were recorded from mouse cerebral EC using perforated‐patch voltage clamp and current clamp techniques.ResultsUnstimulated EC showed Kir‐like (sensitive to Ba2+ and Kir 2.x blocker ML 133) and transient outward KCa‐like currents. Stimulation with ATP activated large outward currents that were sensitive to SKCa and IKCa blockers (UCL1684 and TRAM34). The ensuing membrane hyperpolarization was significantly attenuated in cells pretreated with Ba2+ or ML 133. In pressurized MCA, intraluminal application of Ba2+ significantly decreased hyperpolarization and relaxation responses to UTP.ConclusionEndothelial Kir2.x channels play a significant role in cerebral vasorelaxation by maintaining endothelial hyperpolarization in response to P2Y receptor stimulation. Supported by R01HL088435 to SPM