bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural sciences at the service of art and cultural heritage: an interdisciplinary area in development and important challenges
Authors: Piñar Guadalupe , Sterflinger Katja 
Published: February 2021

SummaryOur cultural heritage is a common asset that tells the story of our shared past, is part of our origin and identity and has wide social relevance. Our works of art and our heritage must be enjoyed, appreciated and preserved for future generations. To this end, a wide and varied group of professionals, including conservators, restorers, curators, bibliographers, historians, archivists, but also scientists, such as biologists, chemists, physicists and bioinformaticians, work side by side to preserve our cultural heritage. Working together in this wide range of disciplines included in the so‐called ‘heritage sciences’ is the only plausible way to contribute to the sustainable preservation of our heritage. The great progress made in recent years in conservation and restoration work, but also in the natural sciences considered within heritage science, has provided powerful tools and strategies for analytical and experimental research into historical and cultural objects that open up new frontiers for their diagnosis, monitoring and protection. Here we highlight some of the advances and challenges faced by the natural sciences at the service of art.
Estimating abundance based on time‐to‐detection data
Authors: Strebel Nicolas , Fiss Cameron J. , Kellner Kenneth F. , Larkin Jeffery L. , Kéry Marc , Cohen Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMany studies in ecology and management aim at quantifying absolute abundance based on counts at a set of surveyed sites. As time for data collection is typically limited, methods for reliable estimation of occupancy or abundance from low‐cost data are desirable. Time‐to‐detection (TTD) models have shown promise for the estimation of occupancy. However, they remain heavily underutilized, and restricted to inference about occupancy, rather than abundance.We developed a binomial N‐mixture model for species‐level TTD protocols that allows estimation of abundance with multiple‐ or single‐visit data. An extension of the multi‐visit version allows estimating availability per visit, given temporary emigration is random. We provide JAGS code and a new function (nmixTTD) in the R packageunmarkedfor fitting a variety of such models.Simulations showed accurate parameter estimation from single‐visit species‐level TTD data if individual detection probability is high (≥~0.7) and the number of visited sites is in the hundreds (≥~300). Additional visits improved the accuracy of estimates considerably. A comparison with the Royle‐Nichols‐ and the classic binomial N‐mixture‐model revealed that the performance of our model is between these two, but requires data that are less expensive and less error‐prone than count data required for binomial N‐mixture‐models. In a case study, we found similar results when analysing data with the Royle‐Nichols‐, the binomial N‐mixture‐model or the multi‐visit version of our TTD model. Analysing single‐visit data with our model yielded lower abundance and higher detectability estimates. Presumably these differences are due to temporary emigration, as the single‐visit method estimates the abundance of individuals available at one sampling occasion, whereas the multi‐visit methods refer to the superpopulation, that is, the number of individuals present over the study period.Our new TTD‐N‐mixture model shows promise because it enables estimation of abundance, corrected for imperfect detection, for single‐ and multiple‐visit data, based on data that are less expensive and that will be available in large quantities in the near future thanks to technical advances like autonomous recording units. The effects of unmodelled heterogeneity in detection rate and imperfect availability require further study.
Dopamine neurons gate the intersection of cocaine use, decision making, and impulsivity
Authors: Hynes Tristan J. , Hrelja Kelly M. , Hathaway Brett A. , Hounjet Celine D. , Chernoff Chloe S. , Ebsary Sophie A. , Betts Graeme D. , Russell Brittney , Ma Lawrence , Kaur Sukhbir , Winstanley Catharine A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGambling and substance use disorders are highly comorbid. Both clinical populations are impulsive and exhibit risky decision‐making. Drug‐associated cues have long been known to facilitate habitual drug‐seeking, and the salient audiovisual cues embedded within modern gambling products may likewise encourage problem gambling. The dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are exquisitely sensitive to drugs of abuse, uncertain rewards, and reward‐paired cues and may therefore be the common neural substrate mediating synergistic features of both disorders. To test this hypothesis, we first gained specific inhibitory control over VTA dopamine neurons by transducing a floxed inhibitory DREADD (AAV5‐hSyn‐DIO‐hM4D(Gi)‐mCherry) in rats expressing Cre recombinase in tyrosine hydroxylase neurons. We then trained rats in our cued rat gambling task (crGT), inhibiting dopamine neurons throughout task acquisition and performance, before allowing them to self‐administer cocaine in the same diurnal period as crGT sessions. The trajectories of addiction differ in women and men, and the dopamine system may differ functionally across the sexes; therefore, we used male and female rats here. We found that inhibition of VTA dopamine neurons decreased cue‐induced risky choice and reduced motor impulsivity in males, but surprisingly, enhanced risky decision making in females. Inhibiting VTA dopamine neurons also prevented cocaine‐induced changes in decision making in both sexes, but nevertheless drove all animals to consume more cocaine. These findings show that chronic dampening of dopamine signalling can have both protective and deleterious effects on addiction‐relevant behaviours, depending on biological sex and dependent variable of interest.
Support can increase use of the AUDIT‐C in Australian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services: a cluster randomized trial
Authors: Conigrave James H. , Harrison Kristie H. , Lee K. S. Kylie , Dobbins Timothy A. , Hummerston Beth , Hayman Noel , Perry Jimmy , Ivers Rowena , Haber Paul S. , Wilson Scott , Johnson David , Conigrave Katherine M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsUnhealthy alcohol consumption is a key concern for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (‘Indigenous’) communities. It is important to identify and treat at‐risk drinkers, to prevent harms to physical or social wellbeing. We aimed to test whether training and support for Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service (ACCHS) staff would increase rates of alcohol screening and brief intervention.DesignCluster randomized trial.SettingAustralia.Cases/Intervention/MeasurementsTwenty‐two ACCHSs that see at least 1000 clients per year and use Communicare as practice management software. The study included data on 70 419 clients, training, regular data feedback, collaborative support and funding for resources ($9000). Blinding was not used. The comparator was waiting‐list control (equal allocation). Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT‐C) screening and records of brief interventions were extracted from practice management software at 2‐monthly intervals. Observations described the clinical actions taken for clients over each 2‐month interval. The baseline period (28 August 2016–28 August 2017) was compared with the post‐implementation period (29 August 2017–28 August 2018). We used multi‐level logistic regression to test the hypotheses that clients attending a service receiving active support would be more likely to be screened with AUDIT‐C (primary outcome) or to receive a brief intervention (secondary outcome).FindingsWe observed an increase in the odds of screening with AUDIT‐C for both groups, but the increase was 5.52 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.31, 7.07] times larger at services receiving support. We found little evidence that the support programme increased the odds of a recorded brief intervention relative to control services (odds ratio = 2.06; 95% CI = 0.90, 4.69). Differences in baseline screening activity between treatment and control reduce the certainty of our findings.ConclusionsProviding Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services with training and support can improve alcohol (AUDIT‐C) screening rates.
Comparison of e‐cigarette use prevalence and frequency by smoking status among youth in the United States, 2014–19
Authors: Tam Jamie , Brouwer Andrew F. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTBackground and aimsReports of youth e‐cigarette use often do not disaggregate by underlying smoking status. This study compared annual 2014–19 youth estimates of past 30‐day e‐cigarette use prevalence and frequency by smoking status in the United States.DesignNationally representative, cross‐sectional, school‐based survey [National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS)]. General linear models accounting for complex survey design compared e‐cigarette use prevalence by smoking status by year, overall and stratified by frequency, separately for high school (HS) and middle school (MS) students. The 2019 survey was analyzed separately because of its change in survey methodology.SettingMSs and HSs in the United States.ParticipantsA total of 116 704 students from 1268 schools, ages 9–19.MeasurementsStudents self‐reported (paper 2014–18, electronic 2019) ever and past 30‐day (current) use of e‐cigarettes and cigarettes, as well as frequent use (20–30 days of month).FindingsFrom 2014 to 2018, current e‐cigarette use prevalence increased among never, current and former smokers in HS, but only among never and current smokers in MS (each P‐value < 0.001). E‐cigarette use increases for current HS smokers were primarily among frequent e‐cigarette users. In 2018, the absolute number of HS frequent users who were never or former smokers (420 000 combined) surpassed current smokers (370 000). In 2019, current e‐cigarette use prevalence for never, former and current smokers was 17.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 16.0–19.0], 53.6% (95% CI = 45.2–61.9) and 85.8% (95% CI = 81.6–89.9) for HS students, respectively, and 6.8% (95% CI = 5.9–7.7), 40.8% (95% CI = 34.7–47.0) and 78.0% (95% CI = 71.9–84.2) for MS students. That year, the number of HS never (420 000) and former smokers (570 000) using e‐cigarettes frequently eclipsed that of current smokers (390 000).ConclusionsE‐cigarette use prevalence and frequency among youth vary by smoking status, with highest levels of use among current smokers. However frequent e‐cigarette use among never smokers and former smokers has increased.
Inferences with spatial autocorrelation
Authors: Pawley Matthew David McDonald , McArdle Brian H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSpatial autocorrelation is a general phenomenon within biogeographical studies. However, considerable confusion exists about how to analyse spatially autocorrelated data collected using classical sampling methods (e.g. simple random sampling). We show that the two common discordant views about autocorrelated data depend upon the desired scale of inference. Although inferential statistics seeking to generalise to different unsampled spatial areas need to be adjusted for autocorrelation, if the inference is restricted to the area from which samples have been taken, then standard tests are applicable. In the latter case, incorporating autocorrelation into the model may actually improve the precision and power of the analysis. We found that the scale of spatial inference is rarely discussed, despite being of central importance to any spatial analysis. We suggest that spatial inference should rarely be formally generalised to unsampled areas, since it typically requires some assumption of stationarity and is thus vulnerable to accusations of ‘pseudo‐replication’.
Majority world successes and European and American failure to contain COVID‐19: Cultural collectivism and global leadership
Authors: Liu James H. 
Published: February 2021

United Nations and World Health Organization data show a positive correlation, r = .53, p < .0001, N = 189, between COVID‐19 infection rates and the human development index (HDI). Less wealthy, less educated countries with lower life spans were also more successful in maintaining lower fatality rates, r = .46, p < .0001, N = 189 whereas 9 of the top‐10 countries in the world in per capita fatalities due to COVID‐19 were Western societies high in HDI. Similar positive correlations were found between COVID‐19 infection and fatality rates and a smaller sample of 76 countries measured on Schwartz intellectual autonomy (or individualism), and negative correlations of similar magnitude were found for embeddedness (or collectivism). East Asia was a global leader in preventing the spread of COVID‐19 because of a vigilant public concerned for public safety and compliant with public safety measures. African Union leaders coordinated their responses, and bought into a continent‐wide African Medical Supplies Platform that prevented panicked competition for scare supplies. Western global media and scholars have not paid attention to the successes of East Asia, Africa, and the South Pacific in fighting the pandemic. It is worth asking why this should be the case; understand the weaknesses of extreme individualism in fighting a pandemic requiring coordinated and unified public response, and consider the lessons for global scholars from the pandemic for doing research in the future.
Looking ahead to the future of GeogEd: Creating spaces of exchange between communities of practice
Authors: Finn Matt , Hammond Lauren , Healy Grace , Todd Jay J. D. , Marvell Alan , McKendrick John H. , Yorke Lynda 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs part of the special issue marking the transition of the Higher Education Research Group to the Geography and Education Research Group, in this final paper we argue that the reformed group has a key role to play in promoting spaces of exchange between the communities of practice that have a stake in the shared endeavours of geography and education. We draw on structured conversations from the group’s launch event, existing literature, and our particular vantage points to identify a range of influences – both heritages that we work with and challenges that we face – that shape the interplay of geography and education in our pedagogical contexts. We argue that the GeogEd Research Group can create spaces of productive exchange between three communities of practice: geographies of education research, geography education research, and pedagogic research. As the research group brings these communities of practice together, it facilitates dialogue, creates new avenues for research, and connects and enhances geography teaching practice across education levels.
Real‐world outcomes with bortezomib‐containing regimens and lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for the treatment of transplant‐ineligible multiple myeloma: a multi‐institutional report from the Canadian Myeloma Research Group database
Authors: Jimenez‐Zepeda Victor H. , Venner Christopher , McCurdy Arleigh , Masih‐Khan Esther , Atenafu Eshetu G. , Sebag Michael , Stakiw Julie , Song Kevin , LeBlanc Richard , Reiman Tony , Louzada Martha , Kotb Rami , Gul Engin , Reece Donna 
Published: February 2021

SummaryBortezomib‐containing regimens (BCRs) represented standard, first‐line therapy for transplant‐ineligible multiple myeloma (TIMM) in Canada until the introduction of lenalidomide and low‐dose dexamethasone (Ld). However, little comparative data exist to inform the selection of regimens. We assessed the outcomes for TIMM patients treated with cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone or prednisone (CyBorD/P), bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone (VMP), bortezomib and dexamethasone or prednisone (VD/P) and lenalidomide and low‐dose dexamethasone (Ld) using the Canadian Myeloma Research Group database. Of 1156 TIMM patients evaluated, 82% received bortezomib combinations while 18% received Ld. Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 21·0, 21·1, 13·2 and 28·5 months (P = 0·0002) and median overall survival (OS) was 52·0, 63·6, 30·8 and 65·7 months (P < 0·0001) in the CyBorD/P, VMP, VD/P and Ld groups respectively. There was no significant difference in PFS and OS between the two triplet bortezomib regimens (VMP and CyBorD/P). Ld was associated with a longer PFS but not a significantly superior OS to date. Outcomes with the bortezomib‐steroid doublet were inferior (VD/P). However, multivariable analysis identified features related to disease biology as the most important prognostic factors for PFS and OS. Such factors, as well as those affecting the physician’s choice of regimen, are likely to influence the results observed with different regimens. This study demonstrated real‐world outcomes in TIMM similar to those reported in clinical trials.
Achieving better outcomes for schizophrenia patients in Hong Kong: Strategies for improving treatment adherence
Authors: Lo William Tak‐Lam , Ki‐Yan Mak Daniel , Ming‐Cheuk Wong Michael , Chan Oi‐Wah , Mo‐Ching Chui Eileena , Wai‐Sau Chung Dicky , Suk‐Han Ip Glendy , Lau Ka‐Shing , Lee Che‐Kin , Mui Jolene , Tam Ka‐Lok , Tse Samson , Wong Kwong‐Lui ,   the Hong Kong Association of Psychosocial Rehabilitation (HKAPR)
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recent research on second‐generation long‐acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI SGAs) has proven its effectiveness in minimizing medication nonadherence problem and reducing relapses. Administered by medical professionals, making quick detection of nonadherence possible, long‐acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) facilitate immediate intervention and recovery process, and thus are favored by psychiatrists. Despite a higher initial cost with LAIs, the subsequent schizophrenia‐related health costs for hospitalizations and outpatients are greatly reduced. With reference to guidelines published by psychiatric associations around the globe, this article looks at scenarios in Hong Kong on the management of severe mentally ill patients with regard to the use of a host of psychosocial interventions as well as LAI SGAs as a preferable treatment. In particular, it examines the benefits of using LAI SGAs for Hong Kong patients who demonstrated high nonadherence treatment rates due to their social environment. It assesses the rationale behind the early usages of LAI SGAs, which help to provide better recovery outcomes for patients.
Albumin‐to‐alkaline phosphatase ratio: A novel prognostic index for patients with driver mutation‐negative advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Liu Xiaoqin , Li Yan , Zhao Qi , Jiang Hanyi , Ni Jun , Cai Hourong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionAlbumin‐to‐Alkaline Phosphatase Ratio (AAPR), a novel developed prognostic index for cancers. Chemotherapy was the only method for driver mutation‐negative advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (DANSCLC).ObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical significance of AAPR in these patients.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 167 DANSCLCs and 58 healthy controls. Associations of clinicopathological characteristics and survival analysis were conducted.ResultsSignificantly decreased AAPR level was uncovered in DANSCLC patients compared to healthy controls. The correlation analysis revealed that the low AAPR level in DANSCLCs was correlated with poor differentiation (P = .024). Cox regression analysis showed that N stage, M stage, and different levels of AAPR were the independent risk factors of PFS and OS. The median PFS and OS survival ratio in patients with high and low AAPR level was, respectively, 17 months and 8 months, and 23 months and 13 months. The AUC of AAPR for both PFS and OS were higher than that of albumin and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05). The low AAPR was associated with much shorter PFS and OS than the high AAPR (mPFS: 8 vs. 25 months; mOS: 12 vs. 36 months). In the AP cohort, the low AAPR group experienced significantly shorter PFS and OS than the high AAPR (mPFS: 7 vs. 25 months; mOS: 12 vs. 36 months). Meanwhile, there was no significance in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) patients and GP regimens cohort.ConclusionAAPR significantly decreased in patients with DANSCLC, and it affects the prognosis of patients with DANSCLC and is a biomarker for DANSCLCs prognosis and treatment choice.
Time elapsed between choices in a probabilistic task correlates with repeating the same decision
Authors: Jabłońska Judyta , Szumiec Łukasz , Zieliński Piotr , Rodriguez Parkitna Jan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractReinforcement learning causes an action that yields a positive outcome more likely to be taken in the future. Here, we investigate how the time elapsed from an action affects subsequent decisions. Groups of C57BL6/J mice were housed in IntelliCages with access to water and chow ad libitum; they also had access to bottles with a reward: saccharin solution, alcohol, or a mixture of the two. The probability of receiving a reward in two of the cage corners changed between 0.9 and 0.3 every 48 hr over a period of ~33 days. As expected, in most animals, the odds of repeating a corner choice were increased if that choice was previously rewarded. Interestingly, the time elapsed from the previous choice also influenced the probability of repeating the choice, and this effect was independent of previous outcome. Behavioral data were fitted to a series of reinforcement learning models. Best fits were achieved when the reward prediction update was coupled with separate learning rates from positive and negative outcomes and additionally a “fictitious” update of the expected value of the nonselected choice. Additional inclusion of a time‐dependent decay of the expected values improved the fit marginally in some cases.
CD36 – A novel molecular target in the neurovascular unit
Authors: Ioghen Octavian , Chițoiu Leona , Gherghiceanu Mihaela , Ceafalan Laura Cristina , Hinescu Mihail Eugen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCD36 is an integral membrane protein primarily known for its function as a fatty acid transporter, yet also playing other biological roles from lipid metabolism to inflammation modulation. These pleiotropic effects are explained by the existence of multiple different ligands and the extensive distribution in numerous cell types. Moreover, the receptor is related to various pathologies and it may prove to be a good target for prospective therapeutic strategies. In the neurovascular unit (NVU), CD36 is expressed in cells like microglia, microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. In the normal brain, CD36 was proven to be involved in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, oro‐sensory detection of dietary lipids, and fatty acid transport across the blood brain barrier (BBB). CD36 was also acknowledged as a potentially important player in central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as Alzheimer Disease‐associated vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress and the neuroinflammatory response in stroke. Despite continuous efforts, the therapeutic arsenal for such diseases is still scarce and there is an increasing interest in discovering new molecular targets for more specific therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the role of CD36 in the normal function of the NVU and in several CNS disorders, focusing on the dysregulation of the NVU and the potential therapeutic modulation.