bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Divergence Method to Quantify Methane Emissions Using Observations of Sentinel‐5P TROPOMI
Authors: Liu Mengyao , van der A Ronald , van Weele Michiel , Eskes Henk , Lu Xiao , Veefkind Pepijn , de Laat Jos , Kong Hao , Wang Jingxu , Sun Jiyunting , Ding Jieying , Zhao Yuanhong , Weng Hongjian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe present a new divergence method to estimated methane (CH4) emissions from satellite observed mean mixing ratio of methane (XCH4) by deriving the regional enhancement of XCH4 in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). The applicability is proven by comparing the estimated emissions with its known emission inventory from a 3‐month GEOS‐Chem simulation. When applied to TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument observations, sources from well‐known oil/gas production areas, livestock farms and wetlands in Texas become clearly visible in the emission maps. The calculated yearly averaged total CH4 emission over the Permian Basin is 3.06 (2.82, 3.78) Tg a−1 for 2019, which is consistent with previous studies and double that of EDGAR v4.3.2 for 2012. Sensitivity tests on PBL heights, on the derived regional background and on wind speeds suggest our divergence method is quite robust. It is also a fast and simple method to estimate the CH4 emissions globally.
Simultaneous Generation of EMIC and MS Waves During the Magnetic Dip in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Huang Zheng , Yuan Zhigang , Yu Xiongdong , Xue Zuxiang , Ouyang Zhihai 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Van Allen Probe B satellite simultaneously observed electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) and fast magnetosonic (MS) waves in a magnetic dip on April 29, 2017. During the magnetic dip, we found the coexistence of flux enhancements of ring current protons (∼11.2–∼51.7 keV) and flux reductions of relativistic electrons (∼1 MeV), which are identified as typical signatures of a magnetic dip in the inner magnetosphere. Based on linear theoretical calculations and observational analysis, the observed ring current protons show an anisotropic temperature distribution and partial shell distribution for different energies during the magnetic dip to provide free energies for the generation of EMIC and MS waves, respectively. Our findings indicate that the complex unstable distribution in the velocity phase space of ring current protons during the magnetic dip can trigger the simultaneous generation of EMIC and MS waves in the inner magnetosphere.
Suppressed Late‐20th Century Warming in CMIP6 Models Explained by Forcing and Feedbacks
Authors: Smith Christopher J. , Forster Piers M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFor the 1960–2000 period, the latest generation of climate models (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 [CMIP6]) shows less global mean surface temperature change relative to pre‐industrial than that seen in observations. In contrast, the previous generation of models (CMIP5) performed well over this period. It has been hypothesized that this suppressed late‐20th Century warming seen in CMIP6 is caused by a stronger aerosol forcing. However, we find this to be only part of the story. Not only is the aerosol forcing marginally more negative in CMIP6 compared to CMIP5, the greenhouse gas forcing in CMIP6 is also weaker than in CMIP5. These forcing differences are amplified by differences in climate sensitivity between the CMIP5 and CMIP6 ensemble, which leads to both a stronger aerosol cooling over 1960–1990 and a stronger greenhouse gas induced warming from 1990, returning the warming post‐2000 toward the observed level.
Machine Learning for Identification of Primary Water Concentrations in Mantle Pyroxene
Authors: Chen Huan , Su Cheng , Tang Yong‐Quan , Li An‐Zhou , Wu Sen‐Sen , Xia Qun‐Ke , ZhangZhou J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe approach of estimating the H2O content of basaltic magmas via clinopyroxene (cpx) phenocrysts is a potentially effective way to glimpse the deep Earth water cycle. However, it is difficult to ascertain using traditional geochemical methods whether hydrogen (H) measured in cpx phenocrysts represents a primary signature that can ultimately inform estimates of the mantle water content. In this study, we conducted machine learning on the major element compositions and H2O content of cpx phenocrysts (1904 samples in total). Using the support vector machine (SVM), we defined a classifier (overall accuracy >92%) that can separate cpx that have undergone H diffusion, and thus modification of their original water content, from those that have not experienced H diffusion. Our trained SVM model has broad implications for understanding the primary water content of magma, the variations in water content during magma evolution, and the water cycle in the deep Earth.
Impact of enzalutamide on patient-reported fatigue in patients with prostate cancer: data from the pivotal clinical trials
Authors: Tombal Bertrand F. , Freedland Stephen J. , Armstrong Andrew J. , Beer Tomasz M. , Stenzl Arnulf , Sternberg Cora N. , Hussain Maha , Ganguli Arijit , Ramaswamy Krishnan , Bhadauria Hemant , Ivanescu Cristina , Turnbull James , Holmstrom Stefan , Saad Fred 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Fatigue is a multifactorial symptom commonly reported by patients with prostate cancer as a result of disease and treatment. This study assesses the impact enzalutamide has on patient-reported fatigue (“fatigue”) by using patient-reported outcomes from four pivotal, placebo-controlled trials of enzalutamide (ARCHES (NCT02677896), PROSPER (NCT02003924), PREVAIL (NCT01212991), and AFFIRM (NCT00974311)).

Methods
Fatigue was assessed in the individual studies using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Prostate item GP1 at baseline, weeks 13 or 17, and every 12 weeks until disease progression. Longitudinal changes were assessed using mean scores and mixed-model repeated measures.

Results
The fatigue rates at baseline were higher in patients with later-stage disease (metastatic and/or castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)) and among patients who had already received prior treatment lines; rates ranged between 58% in PROSPER (nonmetastatic CRPC) and 86% in AFFIRM (post-docetaxel metastatic CRPC). Irrespective of disease state, initiation of enzalutamide or placebo resulted in an early increase of fatigue (by weeks 13 or 17), with fatigue levels stabilizing thereafter. At last assessment, ≥55% of patients reported fatigue improvement or stabilization in all trials compared to baseline. More patients reported fatigue worsening by ≥1 or ≥2 units with enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) than with placebo plus ADT in ARCHES, PROSPER, and PREVAIL, but the between-group difference was <10% in all trials.

Conclusions
The levels of fatigue were greater in mCRPC and lower in earlier states of disease. In all trials, patients reported a small increase in fatigue for the first 13–17 weeks after starting enzalutamide or placebo, with slightly greater fatigue with enzalutamide in all studies except AFFIRM, but fatigue stabilized or improved thereafter. This suggests a role for clinical management of fatigue to help patients cope early in treatment.
CUL5-ARIH2 E3-E3 ubiquitin ligase structure reveals cullin-specific NEDD8 activation
Authors: Kostrhon Sebastian , Prabu J. Rajan , Baek Kheewoong , Horn-Ghetko Daniel , von Gronau Susanne , Klügel Maren , Basquin Jérôme , Alpi Arno F. , Schulman Brenda A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn emerging mechanism of ubiquitylation involves partnering of two distinct E3 ligases. In the best-characterized E3-E3 pathways, ARIH-family RING-between-RING (RBR) E3s ligate ubiquitin to substrates of neddylated cullin-RING E3s. The E3 ARIH2 has been implicated in ubiquitylation of substrates of neddylated CUL5-RBX2-based E3s, including APOBEC3-family substrates of the host E3 hijacked by HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif). However, the structural mechanisms remained elusive. Here structural and biochemical analyses reveal distinctive ARIH2 autoinhibition, and activation on assembly with neddylated CUL5-RBX2. Comparison to structures of E3-E3 assemblies comprising ARIH1 and neddylated CUL1-RBX1-based E3s shows cullin-specific regulation by NEDD8. Whereas CUL1-linked NEDD8 directly recruits ARIH1, CUL5-linked NEDD8 does not bind ARIH2. Instead, the data reveal an allosteric mechanism. NEDD8 uniquely contacts covalently linked CUL5, and elicits structural rearrangements that unveil cryptic ARIH2-binding sites. The data reveal how a ubiquitin-like protein induces protein-protein interactions indirectly, through allostery. Allosteric specificity of ubiquitin-like protein modifications may offer opportunities for therapeutic targeting.
The critical role of natural history museums in advancing eDNA for biodiversity studies: a case study with Amazonian fishes
Authors: de Santana C. David , Parenti Lynne R. , Dillman Casey B. , Coddington Jonathan A. , Bastos Douglas A. , Baldwin Carole C. , Zuanon Jansen , Torrente-Vilara Gislene , Covain Raphaël , Menezes Naércio A. , Datovo Aléssio , Sado T. , Miya M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIchthyological surveys have traditionally been conducted using whole-specimen, capture-based sampling with varied but conventional fishing gear. Recently, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has emerged as a complementary, and possible alternative, approach to whole-specimen methodologies. In the tropics, where much of the diversity remains undescribed, vast reaches continue unexplored, and anthropogenic activities are constant threats; there have been few eDNA attempts for ichthyological inventories. We tested the discriminatory power of eDNA using MiFish primers with existing public reference libraries and compared this with capture-based methods in two distinct ecosystems in the megadiverse Amazon basin. In our study, eDNA provided an accurate snapshot of the fishes at higher taxonomic levels and corroborated its effectiveness to detect specialized fish assemblages. Some flaws in fish metabarcoding studies are routine issues addressed in natural history museums. Thus, by expanding their archives and adopting a series of initiatives linking collection-based research, training and outreach, natural history museums can enable the effective use of eDNA to survey Earth’s hotspots of biodiversity before taxa go extinct. Our project surveying poorly explored rivers and using DNA vouchered archives to build metabarcoding libraries for Neotropical fishes can serve as a model of this protocol.
ROV assessment of mesophotic fish and associated habitats across the continental shelf of the Amathole region
Authors: Button Rio E. , Parker Denham , Coetzee Vivienne , Samaai Toufiek , Palmer Ryan M. , Sink Kerry , Kerwath Sven E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how fish associate with habitats across marine landscapes is crucial to developing effective marine spatial planning (MSP) in an expanding and diversifying ocean economy. Globally, anthropogenic pressures impact the barely understood temperate mesophotic ecosystems and South Africa’s remote Amathole shelf is no exception. The Kei and East London region encompass three coastal marine protected areas (MPAs), two of which were recently extended to the shelf-edge. The strong Agulhas current (exceeding 3 m/s), which runs along the narrow shelf exacerbates sampling challenges. For the first time, a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) surveyed fish and their associated habitats across the shelf. Results indicated fish assemblages differed between the two principle sampling areas, and across the shelf. The number of distinct fish assemblages was higher inshore and on the shelf-edge, relative to the mid-shelf. However, the mid-shelf had the highest species richness. Unique visuals of rare Rhinobatos ocellatus (Speckled guitarfish) and shoaling Polyprion americanus (wreckfish) were collected. Visual evidence of rhodolith beds, deep-water lace corals and critically endangered endemic seabreams were ecologically important observations. The ROV enabled in situ sampling without damaging sensitive habitats or extracting fish. This study provided information that supported the Amathole MPA expansions, which extended protection from the coast to beyond the shelf-edge and will guide their management. The data gathered provides baseline information for future benthopelagic fish and habitat monitoring in these new MPAs.
Real-time geospatial analysis identifies gaps in COVID-19 vaccination in a minority population
Authors: Bauer Cici , Zhang Kehe , Lee Miryoung , Jones Michelle , Rodriguez Arturo , de la Cerda Isela , Reininger Belinda , Fisher-Hoch Susan P. , McCormick Joseph B. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 vaccination is being rapidly rolled out in the US and many other countries, and it is crucial to provide fast and accurate assessment of vaccination coverage and vaccination gaps to make strategic adjustments promoting vaccine coverage. We reported the effective use of real-time geospatial analysis to identify barriers and gaps in COVID-19 vaccination in a minority population living in South Texas on the US-Mexico Border, to inform vaccination campaign strategies. We developed 4 rank-based approaches to evaluate the vaccination gap at the census tract level, which considered both population vulnerability and vaccination priority and eligibility. We identified areas with the highest vaccination gaps using different assessment approaches. Real-time geospatial analysis to identify vaccination gaps is critical to rapidly increase vaccination uptake, and to reach herd immunity in the vulnerable and the vaccine hesitant groups. Our results assisted the City of Brownsville Public Health Department in adjusting real-time targeting of vaccination, gathering coverage assessment, and deploying services to areas identified as high vaccination gap. The analyses and responses can be adopted in other locations.
Impact of KRAS mutation status on the efficacy of immunotherapy in lung cancer brain metastases
Authors: Lauko Adam , Kotecha Rupesh , Barnett Addison , Li Hong , Tatineni Vineeth , Ali Assad , Patil Pradnya , Mohammadi Alireza M. , Chao Samuel T. , Murphy Erin S. , Angelov Lilyana , Suh John H. , Barnett Gene H. , Pennell Nathan A. , Ahluwalia Manmeet S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have resulted in improved outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, data demonstrating the efficacy of ICIs in NSCLC brain metastases (NSCLCBM) is limited. We analyzed overall survival (OS) in patients with NSCLCBM treated with ICIs within 90 days of NSCLCBM diagnosis (ICI-90) and compared them to patients who never received ICIs (no-ICI). We reviewed 800 patients with LCBM who were diagnosed between 2010 and 2019 at a major tertiary care institution, 97% of whom received stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for local treatment of BM. OS from BM was compared between the ICI-90 and no-ICI groups using the Log-Rank test and Cox proportional-hazards model. Additionally, the impact of KRAS mutational status on the efficacy of ICI was investigated. After accounting for known prognostic factors, ICI-90 in addition to SRS led to significantly improved OS compared to no-ICI (12.5 months vs 9.1, p < 0.001). In the 109 patients who had both a known PD-L1 expression and KRAS status, 80.4% of patients with KRAS mutation had PD-L1 expression vs 61.9% in wild-type KRAS patients (p = 0.04). In patients without a KRAS mutation, there was no difference in OS between the ICI-90 vs no-ICI cohort with a one-year survival of 60.2% vs 54.8% (p = 0.84). However, in patients with a KRAS mutation, ICI-90 led to a one-year survival of 60.4% vs 34.1% (p = 0.004). Patients with NSCLCBM who received ICI-90 had improved OS compared to no-ICI patients. Additionally, this benefit appears to be observed primarily in patients with KRAS mutations that may drive the overall benefit, which should be taken into account in the development of future trials.
Climate variables effect on fruiting pattern of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour × C. deliciosa Tenora) grown at different agro-climatic regions
Authors: Nawaz Rab , Khan Muhammad Azam , Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad , Khan Muhammad Faisal , Khalid Azeem 
Published: September 2021

AbstractKinnow orchards grown in different agro-ecological regions of Punjab, Pakistan, namely Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari districts, were selected to assess the effect of climate variables on fruit-bearing patterns. Experiment was laid out in RCBD while selecting identical features Kinnow plants and labeled twigs at analogous canopy positions in all three sites. Temperature was reported higher in TTS and Vehari areas, while relative humidity in Sargodha accounted for different levels of agrometeorological indices by computing more variations in warm districts. Climate variables influenced fruit-bearing habits and vegetative growth trend in all three flushes while recording heavy fruit-bearing plants during on-year and light fruit-bearing in off-year at Vehari. Similarly, three vegetative flushes were recorded unevenly in all three sites due to different fruit-bearing patterns induced by climate variables. Harvesting pattern of orchards began earlier in Sargodha, where maximum orchards were harvested before new flowering to add evenness to fruiting habits during on & off-years. In warm conditions, fruit ripening arrived in the peak of winter and mostly domestic market-driven harvesting resulted in late start of fruit picking with more erratic fruit-bearing habits. Both physiological and pathological fruit drops have been significantly affected by climate variables with a higher degree of physiological drop in warm regions and pathological effects in the humid conditions of Sargodha on heavy fruit-bearing plants. Fruit yield and grading quality were also affected in both seasons by showing more asymmetrical trend in yield and fruit grading in warm areas of TTS and Vehari due to an irregular fruiting pattern compared to Sargodha. From now on, the climate variables of the three sites directly influenced the fruiting patterns, vegetative flushes, fruit drops, yields and grades of Kinnow mandarin.
Fluorescent lamp tungsten filament thermionic emission gun as a novel humidity optical sensor
Authors: Torabi-Monfared Hossein , Sherafat Leila , Doroodmand Mohammad Mahdi , Eshghi Fazlolah 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDetecting humidity have been remained a continuing concern within some important areas such as structural health, food processing, industrial as well as agricultural products. In this study, a novel humidity optical sensor is introduced based on the thermionic emission of tungsten filament using the fluorescent lamp set-up. Estimated blue compliant using a charged coupling device camera in optical image of the tungsten filament was confirmed as an appropriate detection system for relative humidity (RH) sensing. The fabricated optical sensor has wide linear range (2.0–98% RH), improved detection limit (< 5.0% RH), acceptable saturated limit (> 99.0% RH), improved percentage of relative standard deviation (4.18%, n = 2), adequate hysteresis (< 4.0% RH) and a shorter rise time (< 5.0 s), respectively. The mechanism behind this detection system is based on the interaction between H2O and tungsten filament during formation of W$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$$

O
3

.x $${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$$

H
2

O (x = 1–2) in terms of some spectroscopic obtained evidences as well as Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction spectrometries.
Morphological changes in the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm’s canal after treatment with topical intraocular pressure-lowering agents
Authors: Park Ji-Hye , Chung Hyun Woo , Yoon Eun Gyu , Ji Min Jung , Yoo Chungkwon , Kim Yong Yeon 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGlaucoma treatment is usually initiated with topical medication that lowers the intraocular pressure (IOP) by reducing the aqueous production, enhancing the aqueous outflow, or both. However, the effect of topical IOP-lowering medications on the microstructures of the aqueous outflow pathway are relatively unknown. In this retrospective, observational study, 56 treatment-naïve patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were enrolled. Images of the nasal and temporal corneoscleral limbus were obtained using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). The conjunctival vessels and iris anatomy were used as landmarks to select the same limbal area scan, and the trabecular meshwork (TM) width, TM thickness, and Schlemm’s canal (SC) area were measured before and after using the IOP-lowering agents for 3 months. Among the 56 patients enrolled, 33 patients used prostaglandin (PG) analogues, and 23 patients used dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination (DTFC). After 3 months of DTFC usage, the TM width, TM thickness, and SC area did not show significant changes in either the nasal or temporal sectors. Conversely, after prostaglandin analog usage, the TM thickness significantly increased, and the SC area significantly decreased (all P < 0.01). These findings warrant a deeper investigation into their relationship to aqueous outflow through the conventional and unconventional outflow pathways after treatment with PG analogues.
BioInspired, BioDriven, BioMADE: The U.S. Bioindustrial Manufacturing and Design Ecosystem as a driver of the 4th Industrial Revolution
Authors: Rose Patrick P. , Friedman Douglas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhen we think about the potential that biology has to offer, the U.S. Bioindustrial Manufacturing and Design Ecosystem or BioMADE slogan could read, ‘we don't make the products you buy, we make the products that you buy, with biology’. BioMADE is a non‐profit public–private partnership between the U.S. government and the private sector to leverage the work already accomplished in industry, accelerate the bioindustrial revolution, and create a stronger, resilient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly manufacturing ecosystem. BioMADE endeavours to be a leader, an enabler, and a beacon for how contemporary manufacturing can be transformed with biology to mature the bioindustrial manufacturing ecosystem. The institute cannot go this path alone to solve all the problems and coalesce the existing ecosystem. It requires determination and commitment from the private sector, academia, non‐profit research institutions and national laboratories; the entire community. Many technical challenges and adoption hurdles still loom high. Industry and consumers need to start accepting that engineering biology has a critical role to play in the manufacturing of many of the materials and products we use today.