bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fixture Reusability and Reconfigurability Analysis Using Similarity Index
Authors: Smithson Arlene G. , Kong Zhenyu , Ceglarek Dariusz 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Currently there is a lack of a formal method to utilize previous fixture information into the design of future product and production lines. The utilization of knowledge gained in the design of prior fixtures and the capability assessment of existing reconfigurable fixtures on the design of new product lines allow manufacturing system design for time and cost reductions. This paper presents the evaluation of a fixture design similarity index developed to assess the relevance of current fixtures design information for multi-model production (reconfigurability) or for future production lines design (reusability). The index developed decomposes N-2-1 fixture information into X, Y, and Z data with applicable constrains and part deflection requirements in the X, Y, and Z directions. This allows the evaluation and comparison of physical and performance attributes of any given fixture. An example demonstrating the methodology implementation to single fixture case analysis and conclusions are provided as part of the presentation.
On-Line Chatter Detection Using Wavelet-Based Parameter Estimation
Authors: Choi Taejun , Shin Yung C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new method for on-line chatter detection is presented. The proposed method characterizes the significant transition from high dimensional to low dimensional dynamics in the cutting process at the onset of chatter. Based on the likeness of the cutting process to the nearly-1/f process, this wavelet-based maximum likelihood (ML) estimation algorithm is applied for on-line chatter detection. The presented chatter detection index γ is independent of the cutting conditions and gives excellent detection accuracy and permissible computational efficiency, which makes it suitable for on-line implementation. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated through the tests with extensive actual data obtained from turning and milling processes.
Smart Giant Magnetostriction Actuator With Self-Sensing and Thermal Compensation Capability
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshio , Makino Takaaki , Matsui Hiro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recently giant magnetostriction materials have drawn a lot of attention because of their unique features which other materials, such as PZT, cannot provide. The features include outstanding magnetostriction, high energy density, high Curie temperature, and quick response. This paper presents two kinds of novel applications of giant magnetostriction materials: a compact fine positioner and a wire clamper. The former is able to achieve highly accurate positioning due to a novel structure design which substantially reduces the influence of Joule heat generated by the solenoid coil. The latter application is motivated by a great demand towards a wire-clamping device for semiconductor manufacturing, which is capable of maintaining a sufficient clamping force without fatigue.
Estimation of Crater Temperatures Using Infrared Camera
Authors: Kwon Patrick 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new technique is developed to estimate the average steady state chip-tool interface temperature during turning. An infrared (IR) video camera attached on the carriage of the lathe measures the transient cooling behavior on the rake surface of an insert after the feed motion is halted. This allows the zero heat flux boundary condition, where the transient Laplace heat conduction problem can be solved numerically to obtain the temporal and spatial temperature distribution. With the experimentally determined transient temperature distribution, the 1-D ellipsoidal model is used to estimate the average steady-state chip-tool interface temperature during machining. The results on turning Gray Cast Iron (GCI) and AISI 1045 steels with various coated and uncoated carbide inserts are presented.
Forming of Steels in Mushy States
Authors: Horský J. , Raudenský M. , Kotrbácek P. , Tseng Ampere A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Semisolid or mushy-state processing permits a material to partially solidify before shape making operations. The understanding of material behavior in the mushy state is critical for better control of various semisolid processes. The aim of the present study is to experimentally quantify the deformation behaviours of steel in mushy states. Semisolid specimens under indentation and upsetting deformation were evaluated at various forming speeds and mushy states. The temperature of specimens was carefully controlled to correlate the solid phase content. It has been found that the deformation resistance of steel in a mushy state was dependent on the deformation rate and the solid phase percentage. The relaxation of steel and stress reduction at mushy states were also observed and discussed.
Superplasticity and Microstructural Evolution of a Large-Grained Mg Alloy
Authors: Liu Yi , Shue Kelly , Wu Xin , Li Zhicheng , Xu Yongbo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Commercial Mg-3Al-Zn alloys (AZ31) with initial large grains (∼250μm) has been found superplastic at a strain rate of 0.5×10−2s−1 and at 350–500 C. The maximum elongation to failure of 170% at 500°C was obtained. Scanning electron microscope observations with electron back-scattering diffraction technique (SEM-EBSD) indicate that during deformation significant grain size reduction occurred, the average grain size reduced from about 250μm before deformation to about 50μm after deformation at temperatures from 300 C to 400°C, it reduced to about 100μm if deformed at above 400°C. The observed grain refinement at lower temperature and grain growth at higher temperature during the superplastic deformation is believed to be the result of the competing processes between dynamic recrystallization and dynamic grain growth, which are temperature and strain rate dependent. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations indicates that most of the grain boundaries are large-angle grain boundaries, though small amount of small-angle grain boundaries are also observed. The density of dislocations in the grains is very low in these superplasticlly deformed samples. It is evident that grain boundary played a role as the source and sink of the dislocation, being responsible for combined dislocation creep and diffusional creel. Therefore, the very large elongation obtained at the very high strain rates and high temperatures is attributed to dynamic dislocation hardening, recovery and recrystallization.
Computer-Aided Design and Simulation of Direct Cold Extrusion Processes
Authors: Wang Karen L. , Argyropoulos Vasilis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an approach on the design and simulation of direct cold extrusion processes for rapid tooling with the aid of process simulation technologies. The advantage of this approach is to find problems before a metal die prototype is made, and therefore reduces the time from die design to manufacturing. A direct cold drawing die has been designed using a design approach involving the results of analytical calculations from simplified mathematical models. This design is analyzed and modified using commercial process simulation software on digital computers in this paper. This paper presents the modeling techniques involved, the analysis procedure, presentation and evaluation of these results.
Integrated Quality System Oriented Product Life Cycle in CIMS Environment
Authors: Yuan Qing Ke , Chen Xin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Since the quality activities is through out the product whole life-cycle, the quality management should be a integrated quality system, facing the product life-cycle. In CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System), with the assistance of computer and its relative technologies, IQS (Integrated Quality System) can integrate the quality management technique cells into an organic whole, then the quality management will be more coherent and efficient. In this paper the concept, features, components and functions of IQS are been discussed and the key technologies are pointed out.
CAM Software Development for Laminated Tooling: Lamination Cutting Trajectory Algorithms
Authors: Im Yong-Tai , Walczyk Daniel F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper addresses the research and development of a Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software package used for fabricating Profiled-Edge Lamination (PEL) tooling. Background research in PEL tooling is reviewed and possible applications for PEL tooling in seven different manufacturing processes are examined. The general PEL tooling process is outlined and the fundamental role that the CAM software plays in this process are discussed. The CAM software is used to create and simulate appropriate line-of-sight cutting trajectories for an Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) cutting machine. Using this CAM software, PEL cutting trajectories and the resulting PEL tool shape can be compared with the original CAD tool shape. After the tool shape is evaluated, the CAM software exports CNC G-code to an AWJ cutting machine for cutting individual laminations. Four algorithms have been developed to create suitable cutting trajectories for PELs. Each algorithm is evaluated through simulation using the benchmark tool shape. As a result of this evaluation, one particular algorithm was found to be the most promising because it 1) successfully produces sharp edges with no loss of original shape, 2) allows unlimited tool orientation, and 3) better handles complicated tooling geometries. Finally, future work to validate the cutting trajectory algorithms is outlined.
Low Temperature Polymer Infiltration for Rapid Tooling
Authors: Kokkengada Monnappa , Zhou Jack G. , He Zongyan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The research presented in this paper is an effort toward developing a technique to produce injection mold inserts to handle small batch production of around a few thousand parts. Common infiltration methods used in rapid tooling have certain limitations viz., cracks, distortion and shrinkage caused by high temperature infiltration. Poor surface quality is also a limitation of conventional infiltration techniques. The high temperatures involved in conventional infiltration techniques make the process more expensive, complex and difficult to control. To overcome these difficulties, as well as to generate tooling for a small batch production, a low temperature polymer infiltration method is proposed in conjunction with existing rapid tooling techniques. Based on the curing principles of polymer materials, several infiltration materials were selected and their mechanical and chemical characteristics were investigated. To determine the necessary amount of polymer materials in the sintered mold an infiltration model is derived and results compared with experimental data. Testing results have shown significant improvements in the thermal resistance and mechanical properties of the rapid tool as a result of the resin infiltration.
Stamping Blank Optimal Layout and Coil Slitting Widths for Single and Dual Blanks
Authors: Nye T. J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In stamping, operating costs are dominated by raw material costs, which can typically reach 75% of total costs in a stamping facility. In this paper, material utilization efficiency is modeled by considering two primary sources of scrap: material cut away from the exterior of each blank on the strip and off-cuts of unusable narrow strips generated when wide master coils are slit into strips for subsequent stamping. Based on these, layout optimization techniques for minimizing raw material usage are described that predict the optimal blank orientation on the strip and the optimum slitting width for the strip. In addition, methods are given for determining optimal common strip widths for multiple parts, both for dependent and independent demand. These algorithms are ideally suited for incorporation into die design CAE systems.
Failure Analysis of Tubular Hydroforming
Authors: Xia Z. C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A mathematical analysis of failure developments for tubular hydroforming under combined internal pressure and end feeding is presented in this paper. Under considerations are two distinct failure modes, namely the bursting and the wrinkling. Bursting is an instability phenomenon where the tube can’t sustain any more tensile loading. Splitting usually follows due to extreme deformations in the bursting area. Wrinkling is due to high compression load, which deteriates the qulity of the final product. The deformation theory of plasticity is utilized in this study that takes into account of material anisotropy. The governing equations for the onset of both failure modes are established. The results are presented as Hydroforming Failure Diagram in the End Feed – Internal Pressure space. A parametric study of the failure criteria for a variety of materials and process parameters is performed. It is shown that the material anisotropy plays a significant role. The results provide guidelines for product designers and process engineers for the avoidance of failure during hydroforming. The validity and applicability of current study are also discussed.
Development of a Mini-LDH Test for Sheet Metal
Authors: Gerdeen James C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The literature on formability and LDH (Limited Dome Height) testing is reviewed. The LDH tooling uses a 4.0 inch (100 mm) diameter punch, and various widths of specimens are used to give various strain ratios. The strains are then plotted on forming limit curves (FLD’s).
In this paper, the development of a new mini-LDH test for thin sheet metal is described. The test involves a new geometry of specimens and a fixture which can be mounted in any universal testing machine with a low enough force range. The size effect is studied by conducting LDH tests with smaller diameter punches: 2.0 inch (50.8 mm), 0.50 inch (12.7 mm), and 0.25 inch (6.35 mm) diameters. Experimental results are presented for 0.010 inch (0.254 mm) thick 1100-H19 aluminum, and 5182-H19 aluminum.
An analysis is also presented for the fully biaxial case and the plane strain case in order to model the experimental results.
Degradation of a Synthetic Forging Lubricant
Authors: Olson Walter W. , Natarajan Sreekumar , Abraham Martin A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Synthetic forging fluids are marketed as environmentally friendly alternatives to water graphite emulsions. Since these fluids are generally dialkali metal salts of phthalic acids, a concern was the stability of the fluid under forging conditions. The objectives studied were how long does the fluid take to decompose, what are the products and what are the reactions that occur in the decomposition. The material chosen for study after review of patents of synthetic forging fluids was dipotassium orthophthalate which is stabilized by sodium silicate. The findings of the experimental work are that the fluid is quite stable under forging conditions and that the decomposition products are benzene and acetic acid. A proposed reaction from reactants to products has been proposed. The findings of benzene and acetic acid in the products challenges the claims for environmentally friendliness of this product.
Generic Simulation Approach for Multi-Axis Machining: Part II—Model Calibration and Feed Rate Scheduling
Authors: Bailey T. , Elbestawi M. A. , El-Wardany T. I. , Fitzpatrick P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This is the second part of a two-part paper presenting a new methodology for analytically simulating multi axis machining of complex sculptured surfaces. The first section of this paper offers a detailed explanation of the model calibration procedure. A new methodology is presented for accurately determining the cutting force coefficients for multi-axis machining. The force model presented in Part I of this paper is reformulated so that the cutting force coefficients account for the effects of feed rate, cutting speed, and a complex cutting edge design. Experimental results are presented for the calibration procedure. Model verification tests were conducted with these cutting force coefficients. These tests demonstrate that the predicted forces are within 5% of experimentally measured forces. Simulated results are also shown for predicting dynamic cutting forces and static/dynamic tool deflection. The second section of the paper discusses how the modeling methodology can be applied for feed rate scheduling in an industrial application. A case study for process optimization of machining an airfoil-like surface is used for demonstration. Based on the predicted instantaneous chip load and/or a specified force constraint, feed rate scheduling is utilized to increase metal removal rate. The feed rate scheduling implementation results in a 30% reduction in machining time for the airfoil-like surface.
Hemodynamics, Vascular Biology, and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Nerem Robert M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
During the latter half of this century biomechanics has made an enormous impact on medicine and biology. This started with the recognition that many tissues within the human body reside in a mechanical environment, i.e. they are subjected to mechanical stresses. Initially the intent was to apply existing knowledge of mechanics to problems arising from medicine and biology. As with all of bioengineering, what has evolved, however, is a true integration of the biology with the mechanics. With this biomechanics has emerged as an important field of endeavor in our attempt to understand basic biological mechanisms, the physiology of the human body, and disease processes. It also has contributed to the development of new clinical treatment strategies and to improved medical devices and implants.
Controlled Porosity Ceramics for Bone Graft Applications
Authors: Bose S. , Darsell J. , Kintner R. , Feely K. , Hosick H. L. , Bandyopadhyay A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Significant research has already been done for the development of bioceramic materials with controlled microstructures using inert, bioactive and bioresorbable ceramics. Microporous implants with controlled pore size in the range of 100-600 μm have proven to be osteoconductive. A minimum pore size of 100 μm is necessary for tissue in-growth and to provide blood supply to the connective tissues to keep them viable and healthy. Bone in-growth takes place within the inter-connected pore channels near the surface and maintains its vascularity and long term viability, and the implant serves as a structural bridge or scaffold for bone formation.
Controlled porosity ceramic scaffolds were fabricated using indirect fused deposition modeling (FDM), a commercially available rapid prototyping process, with alumina and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramics. Pore size and pore volumes were varied by changing road width, road gap and slice thickness of the polymeric molds. Mechanical tests were conducted to understand the influence of porosity parameters on strength degradation. In vitro tests were carried out with human osteoblast (HOB) cells to understand the effects of porosity parameters on cell growth. The paper describes the effects of porosity on the biocompatibility and bio-mechanical properties of controlled porosity alumina and TCP scaffolds.
Morphology and Mechanical Properties of a Novel Family of Porous Polymer Based on UHMW Polyethylene for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Ananthanarayan Venkatesh T. , Shutov Fyodor 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The objective of the research was to develop and study the properties of porous Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) Polyethylene for biomedical applications. The process, based on the leaching technique does not require any modification in the processing equipment, is environmentally friendly and use raw materials approved by the FDA for in vivo medical applications. It is possible to produce porous polymers having predetermined pore size, pore shape and porosity using the leaching technique. The pores are interconnected and well distributed throughout the three dimensional volume of the sample. The size, shape and content of the porogen in the molding mixture greatly affect the physical properties of the pores in the final porous sample. Maximum porosity of 60% was obtained. The developed porous UHMW polyethylene, which is permeable for liquids, can be used as a substrate matrix in bone regeneration and in hip and knee joint replacements. The porous implants with adequate lubrication would prevent the formation of polymer debris due to friction and thereby increase the life of the biomedical implants. The new generation of porous polymers developed could be used in a wide range of applications.
Strain Rate Effect on Dynamic Compressive Failures in Off-Axis Glass-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Tsai Jialin , Sun C. T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Dynamic compressive strength of off-axis S2/8552 glass-epoxy composite in the form of fiber microbuckling was studied. Based on the bifurcation buckling analysis, the microbuckling stress is approximately equal to the composite tangent shear modulus. Using a viscoplastic constitutive model to describe the composite tangent shear modulus, microbuckling stresses at various strain rates were predicted. Small angle off-axis composite specimens were tested to failure at various strain rates. For strain rates below 1/sec, the compression tests were conducted on an MTS machine, while higher strain rate tests were carried out using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). Fiber microbuckling was found to be the dominant failure mode for 5°, 10° and 15° specimens within the range of tested strain rates. Comparison of model prediction with experimental data shows that the rate-dependent microbuckling model can be used for predicting compressive strengths at strain rates up to 1100/s.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Failure Mechanisms of PVC Foams
Authors: Daniel Isaac M. , Rao Shiguo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Two closed-cell PVC foams were characterized at strain rates up to 1000 s−1. Experiments in the strain rate range between 10−4 and 1 s−1 were conducted on a servohydraulic testing machine and those in the range between 1 and 103 s−1 were conducted on a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus. The striker and input/output pressure bars in the latter were made of polycarbonate (Lexan) instead of metal. The polycarbonate material was tested at different strain rates and found to behave linearly for strain rates up to 1000 s−1. All stress-strain curves show typically five deformation stages, initial elastic deformation, nonlinear deformation up to a peak load, softening after the peak, a plateau and finally strain hardening corresponding to material densification. The initial modulus increases slightly with strain rate and both peak and plateau stresses increase with strain rate. The softening stage becomes longer with increasing strain rate, a fact attributed to heat generation during the adiabatic deformation. Failure mechanisms at different stages of deformation were identified by loading specimens to different strain levels and observing them by scanning electron microscopy. The initial elastic behavior corresponds to bending of the cell walls; nonlinear and softening behavior correspond to buckling of the cell walls; and densification results from collapse of the cells.