bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three LysM effectors of Zymoseptoria tritici collectively disarm chitin‐triggered plant immunity
Authors: Tian Hui , MacKenzie Craig I. , Rodriguez‐Moreno Luis , van den Berg Grardy C. M. , Chen Hongxin , Rudd Jason J. , Mesters Jeroen R. , Thomma Bart P. H. J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChitin is a major structural component of fungal cell walls and acts as a microbe‐associated molecular pattern (MAMP) that, on recognition by a plant host, triggers the activation of immune responses. To avoid the activation of these responses, the Septoria tritici blotch (STB) pathogen of wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, secretes LysM effector proteins. Previously, the LysM effectors Mg1LysM and Mg3LysM were shown to protect fungal hyphae against host chitinases. Furthermore, Mg3LysM, but not Mg1LysM, was shown to suppress chitin‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Whereas initially a third LysM effector gene was disregarded as a presumed pseudogene, we now provide functional data to show that this gene also encodes a LysM effector, named Mgx1LysM, that is functional during wheat colonization. While Mg3LysM confers a major contribution to Z. tritici virulence, Mgx1LysM and Mg1LysM contribute to Z. tritici virulence with smaller effects. All three LysM effectors display partial functional redundancy. We furthermore demonstrate that Mgx1LysM binds chitin, suppresses the chitin‐induced ROS burst, and is able to protect fungal hyphae against chitinase hydrolysis. Finally, we demonstrate that Mgx1LysM is able to undergo chitin‐induced polymerization. Collectively, our data show that Z. tritici utilizes three LysM effectors to disarm chitin‐triggered wheat immunity.
Effects of a Brazil nut‐enriched diet on oxidative stress and inflammation markers in coronary artery disease patients: A small and preliminary randomised clinical trial
Authors: Cardozo Ludmila Ferreira Medeiros de França , Mafra Denise , Tavares da Silva Ana Carla , Ermida Barbosa Jaqueline , Oliveira da Cruz Beatriz , Tinoco Mesquita Cláudio , Barcza Stockler‐Pinto Milena 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNutritional interventions can reduce complications associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) such as inflammation and oxidative stress. This small, preliminary study aimed to evaluate a Brazil nut‐enriched diet's effects on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in CAD patients. Twenty‐five CAD patients (13 male, 63.3 ± 6.7 years, BMI of 29.3 ± 5.6 kg/m2) were randomised to receive one unit of Brazil nut (5 g) per day for 3 months and were compared to 17 CAD patients (8 male, 63.3 ± 8 years, BMI of 28.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2) who served as control. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, processed and analysed for expression of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) and nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is involved with antioxidant synthesis, and the antioxidant enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Plasma thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and clinical parameters were also measured before and after supplementation. No significant differences were found in any of the analysed parameters. Supplementing the diet with one Brazil nut a day for 3 months did not mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress in CAD patients. A longer period of supplementation may be required for positive effects to be seen.
Translating evidence‐based nursing clinical handover practice in an acute care setting: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Hada Adriana , Jones Lee V. , Jack Leanne C. , Coyer Fiona 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEffective transfer of information during the nursing handover contributes to patient safety. This study aimed to translate the best practice nursing shift handover recommendations in an acute care setting using the Ottawa Model for Research Use and to explore its effect on patient adverse outcomes (falls, pressure injuries, and medication errors). Using a quasi‐experimental design, the study was conducted in four internal medicine wards in a major tertiary hospital. A total of 88 nurses and 110 patients participated in 152 handover observations. The findings showed clinically important increases in percentages and odds of nurses' compliance with shift handover recommendations after the intervention. The patient adverse outcomes after the intervention were compared to the corresponding period of previous year. A reduction was observed for all adverse patient outcomes with incident rate ratios of 0.762 (p = 0.027) for falls, 0.624 for pressure injuries (p = 0.010), and 0.782 for medication errors (p = 0.023). Replicating this study's methodology across multiple clinical settings will increase the generalizability of findings and provide further evidence to inform nursing practice and policy.
Asymmetric effects of oil revenue on government expenditure: insights from oil‐exporting developing countries
Authors: Hassan Adewale Samuel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study was aimed at investigating the asymmetric effect of oil revenue on government expenditures in developing oil‐exporting countries, as most previous studies on the subject had presumed a symmetric oil revenue–government expenditure nexus. Thus, a non‐linear panel ARDL was employed to determine how government expenditures respond to positive and negative shocks to oil revenue. Regression estimates indicated that both total and health government expenditures respond asymmetrically to positive and negative changes in oil revenue in the long run, while the responses are symmetric in the short run. The results bespeak the limitation in modelling long‐run oil revenue–government expenditure nexus models symmetrically and the need to consider asymmetry when modelling the relationship between the two variables. The findings also bring to the fore the need for developing oil‐exporting countries to diversify their economies in order to extend their revenue sources, as such would greatly reduce the susceptibility of government expenditure, especially health expenditure to oil revenue busts. Furthermore, stabilisation funds from oil revenue booms if used and properly managed can help to moderate the negative impact of oil revenue busts in these countries.
Bionic Tiger‐Bone Powder Improves Bone Microstructure and Bone Biomechanical Strength of Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Ren Shanwu , Jiao Guangjun , Zhang Lu , You Yunhao , Chen Yunzhen 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo study the curative effect of bionic tiger‐bone powder on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats and investigate its mechanism.MethodsOverall, a 120 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into Sham (sham‐operated group), ovariectomy (OVX, ovariectomized group), TB (bionic tiger‐bone powder treatment group after ovariectomy) and TB + VD groups (bionic tiger‐bone powder + vitamin D treatment group after ovariectomy). The osteoporotic rat model was established 3 months after ovariectomy, and rats were intragastrically administrated with the corresponding drugs. Serum and bone tissue samples were collected from 10 rats in each group at weeks 4, 12 and 24 after intragastric administration. The bone microstructure of L6 vertebrae was analyzed by MicroCT, the biomechanical strength of left femurs was measured by the three‐point bending test, and serum bone metabolism markers (P1NP and CTX) were detected by ELISA. Changes in bone collagen were analyzed by Masson's trichrome staining and hydroxyproline detection, and members of the BMP2/SMAD/RUNX2 and OPG/RANKL/RANK signal pathways were detected by immunoblotting.ResultsCompared with the OVX group, the serum level of P1NP in the TB and TB + VD groups was higher (P < 0.05), while the CTX level was lower (P < 0.05). Bone collagen fiber structures in the TB and TB + VD groups were repaired, and the collagen content was significantly higher than that in the OVX group (P < 0.05). In the TB group, BMP‐2, P‐SMAD1/5, RUNX2 and OPG levels were increased in bone tissue (P < 0.01), RANKL levels were decreased (P < 0.01), and the bone microstructure and biomechanical strength were improved.ConclusionBionic tiger‐bone powder promotes osteogenesis by activating the BMP2/SMAD/RUNX2 signaling pathway, suppresses osteoclasts by downregulating the OPG/RANK/RANKL signaling pathway, increases bone collagen content, and improves bone microstructure and bone biomechanical strength.
The Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus: a detailed review of structure, infectivity, host immunity, diagnosis and prevention
Authors: Chen Ken Fong , Tan Wen Siang , Ong Lin Kooi , Zainal Abidin Syafiq Asnawi , Othman Iekhsan , Tey Beng Ti , Lee Ronald Fook Seng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus causes white tail disease, which primarily infects giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The infection leads to almost 100% mortality in post‐larvae, causing significant economic losses in aquaculture farms. To develop effective measures against outbreaks, a good understanding of the virus is essential. In this review, we discuss key aspects of the Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus including its structure, mechanisms of transmission and infection and common strategies for detection and prevention of outbreaks. Structurally, cryogenic electron microscopy revealed that the nodavirus has a T = 3 icosahedral structure with dimeric blade‐like spikes on its surface. Homology modelling comparing wild‐type and enzymatically cleaved Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus‐like particles revealed the significance of these spikes or protruding domains for binding. In vitro and in vivo studies have identified key aspects of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus infectivity, including (i) the viral binding targets such as transglutaminase and caveolin‐1, (ii) utilisation of B2‐like proteins in promoting infectivity and intracellular migration, (iii) replication mechanisms and (iv) co‐infection with the extra small virus. Though susceptible at a post‐larvae stage, adult Macrobrachium rosenbergii is immune to Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus infection. During outbreaks, polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation‐based detection techniques are commonly used to identify infected populations. Currently, the most useful strategies for an outbreak are physical biosecurity measures and prophylaxis such as vaccination and immunostimulants. Finally, critical gaps in research include development of immortalised shrimp cell models, elucidation of time‐resolved protein changes post‐infection and development of therapies to treat infections to mitigate economic losses during outbreaks.
Geology, mineralization and short wave infrared alteration mapping of the Khan Altai Au deposit, Mongolia
Authors: Iderbat Khaliunaa , Ganbat Mandalbayar , Densmaa Nyamdorj , Khashgerel Bat‐Erdene , Dashbaatar Davaa‐Ochir , Kavalieris Imants 
Published: April 2021

AbstractKhan Altai Au deposit is located near the N margin of the Neoproterozoic‐Cambrian Lake terrain in SW Mongolia, about 5 km from its contact with the Proterozoic‐Archean Baydrag craton, and 18 km SE of the Khantaishir ophiolite, which was emplaced in the Late Cambrian. The host rocks are strongly deformed and metamorphosed to lower greenschist facies, and of uncertain age. They comprise a sequence of rhyolitic volcaniclastics and porphyritic flows interbedded with laminated siltstone, basaltic andesite and faulted against dolomite. Low‐grade gold mineralization (up to 2 ppm Au) is hosted mainly in rhyolitic volcanics and extends over an area of about 1,100 × 160 m with a vertical extent of about 200 m. It is associated with disseminated pyrite (2–10% by vol) but includes high‐grade zones (up to 183 ppm Au over 1 m) related to cm‐wide quartz‐native Au‐pyrite veins. The Au mineralized zone also encompasses VMS mineralization (currently of minor extent), characterized by massive pyrite‐sphalerite lenses and quartz‐chalcopyrite stringer zones. A larger VMS deposit (Ereen Budagt, about 10 Mt sulfide ore) is found 6 km to the SSE in a similar geological setting. The main alteration assemblage is quartz‐white mica‐albite, but with minor carbonate, chlorite, epidote‐actinolite and pyrophyllite‐diaspore‐dickite alteration. Gold mineralization is related to zones of strong tectonic foliation and formation of phengitic white mica, with an outward zonation to high Al white mica. Pyrite is typically euhedral, and exhibits concentric growth zones, as well as quartz pressure shadows to enclosing foliation, consistent with syngenetic growth during metamorphism and deformation. Other sulfides include arsenopyrite, sphalerite and possible marcasite. Preliminary LA‐ICPMS mapping shows pyrite rims are enriched in Au, As, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Ag, Mo and Se, the pyrite core is enriched in Co, Bi, Te, and rhyolitic host rock is enriched in K, Ba, V and Tl. Whole rock geochemistry of basaltic andesite to rhyolite, shows N‐MORB characteristics for basaltic andesite, as well as a subduction signature for all rocks, and high MgO (~8%), TiO2 (~1%) and low Ni, Cr content in basalt, compatible with a back arc tectonic setting.
Reconstructing the morphologies and hydrodynamics of ancient rivers from source to sink: Cretaceous Western Interior Basin, Utah, USA
Authors: Lyster Sinéad J. , Whittaker Alexander C. , Hampson Gary J. , Hajek Elizabeth A. , Allison Peter A. , Lathrop Bailey A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractQuantitative reconstruction of palaeohydrology from fluvial stratigraphy provides sophisticated insights into the response, and relative impact, of tectonic and climatic drivers on ancient fluvial landscapes. Here, field measurements and a suite of quantitative approaches are used to develop a four‐dimensional (space and time) reconstruction of palaeohydrology in Late Cretaceous palaeorivers of central Utah, USA – these rivers drained the Sevier mountains to the Western Interior Seaway. Field data include grain‐size and cross‐set measurements and span five parallel fluvial systems, two of which include up‐dip to down‐dip transects, across seven stratigraphic intervals through the Blackhawk Formation, Castlegate Sandstone and Price River Formation. Reconstructed palaeohydrological parameters include fluvial morphologies (flow depths, palaeoslopes, palaeorelief and planform morphologies) and various hydrodynamic properties (flow velocities, water discharges and sediment transport modes). Results suggest that fluvial morphologies were similar in space and time; median flow depths spanned 2 to 4 m with marginally greater flow depths in southerly systems. Meanwhile palaeoslopes spanned 10−3to 10−4, decreasing downstream by an order of magnitude. The most prominent spatio‐temporal change is an up to four‐fold increase in palaeoslope at the Blackhawk–Castlegate transition; associated alluvial palaeorelief is tens of metres during Blackhawk deposition and >100 m during Castlegate Sandstone deposition. This study observed no change in unit water discharges at the Blackhawk–Castlegate transition, which argues against a climatically driven increase in palaeoslope and channel steepness. These findings instead point to a tectonically driven palaeoslope increase, although one limitation in this study is uncertainty in palaeochannel widths, which directly influences total water discharges. These reconstructions complement and expand on extensive previous work in this region, which enables the efficacy of quantitative reconstruction tools to be tested. Comparison of results with facies‐based interpretations indicates that quantitative tools work well, but inconsistencies in more complex reconstructions (for example, planform morphologies) highlight the need for further work.
Mobilizing motherhood: The gendered burden of environmental protection
Authors: Cousins Elicia M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMaternalist framing has been a consistent part of a long history of powerful, often successful organizing for environmental protection and justice. Yet today's calls on individuals to simultaneously engage in proenvironmental behavior and to protect themselves from environmental threats through consumption have mobilized maternal discourse in a way that is likely demobilizing in the long run. Indeed, the increasing individualization of the environmental movement is intersecting with persistent, unequal gendered structures of labor in a way that places the burden of environmentalism and environmental risk management on women and mothers. I argue that precautionary consumption and other forms of individualized environmental risk management add to the “third shift,” on top of the disproportionate burden of household labor and care work that women already face. This phenomenon is concerning because it has the potential to (1) limit women's engagement in other forms of environmental advocacy and leadership, and to (2) reproduce existing gender inequalities not only between men and women but alsoamongwomen of different levels of race and class privilege. Thus, the increasing individualization of the environmental movement also potentially exacerbates environmental injustice at the household level. Despite such emerging concerns, the domestic scale remains an often overlooked site of environmental harm and gendered burden.
Polymorphism analysis of candidate risk genes for pressure injuries in older Japanese patients: A cross‐sectional study at a long‐term care hospital
Authors: Tsukatani Toshihiro , Minematsu Takeo , Dai Misako , Tamai Nao , Nakagami Gojiro , Sugama Junko , Takada Chika , Sanada Hiromi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAdvances in patient care for pressure injuries (PIs) have reduced the prevalence of PIs in Japan, although not in recent years. Several single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in genes potentially associated with PIs. However, individual variance among PI risks require targeted investigations that may lead to the identification of PI susceptibilities or preventive care options that directly influence PI development pathways. This cross‐sectional study examined the association between PIs and SNPs in genes related to tissue tolerance in patients in a long‐term care hospital in Japan. A total of 178 participants (130 control, 20 with superficial PI history, and 28 with deep PI history) were enrolled in this study of eight SNPs in hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF1A), vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC), heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 (HSP90AA1), myostatin (MSTN), and vitamin D receptor (VDR). The primary outcome was a history of superficial and deep PIs in the last 6 months. SNPs were examined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction, followed by multivariate logistic regression analyses of the associations between the SNPs and PI history. The results showed a significant association between VEGFC rs1485766 and the history of superficial PIs (odds ratio = 2.95; 95% confidence interval = 1.07–8.11; p = 0.04). Stratified analysis using the Braden Scale (≤14) indicated a significant association between HIF1A rs11549465 and deep PIs (p = 0.04). Our study demonstrated that VEGFC rs1485766 and HIF1A rs11549465 were associated with superficial and deep PI susceptibilities, respectively.
GETTING TO KNOW A GOD YOU DO NOT BELIEVE IN: PANENTHEISM, EXTERNALISM, AND DIVINE HIDDENNESS
Authors: Cawdron Harvey 
Published: April 2021

AbstractJ. L. Schellenberg's hiddenness argument is one of the key contemporary justifications for atheism and has prompted numerous responses from those defending the plausibility of belief in God. I will outline a recent counterargument from Michael C. Rea, who claims that relationships with God are far more widely available than Schellenberg assumes. However, I will suggest that it invites a response from proponents of the hiddenness argument because it leaves some nonbelievers unaccounted for. I will rectify this by suggesting that a model of panentheism in which God is embodied in the cosmos allows all, including all nonbelievers, to have a relationship with God. I will then claim that semantic externalism and externalism about beliefs can enable nonbelievers to get to know this God. I will then challenge the hiddenness argument by suggesting that these relationships can accommodate the key motivations behind Schellenberg's insistence on personal relationships without requiring subjects to recognize that they are in a relationship with God.
Performance of the Viscously Damped Vibration Absorber Applied to Systems Having Frequency-Squared Excitation
Authors: Sauer F. M. , Garland C. F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The effectiveness of the viscously damped vibration absorber is presented for the case in which the magnitude of the periodic exciting force acting upon the main system is proportional to the square of its frequency. Dimensionless expressions for the amplitudes of the main mass and absorber mass and for their phase relationships are derived as functions of frequency for three cases, namely, one in which the absorber is tuned to the natural frequency of the main system, one in which the absorber is tuned for maximum effectiveness over a wide range of forcing frequencies, and one in which the absorber is coupled to the main system by a viscous fluid only (the viscous Lanchester damper). The influence of main-system damping upon the amplitude of vibration of the main mass is shown for each case. Diagrams are presented showing the optimum damping, the maximum amplitude of the main mass, and the maximum relative amplitude between the main mass and absorber mass, as functions of the mass ratio. The performance of the absorber when applied to the system having velocity-squared excitation is compared with its performance when applied to the system having constant exciting force, published previously (1, 2). The tuning and damping for optimum performance are found to be different in the two cases. A model absorber with controllable tuning and damping, constructed for experimental work, is described and experimental data are presented for the case of most favorable tuning.
Stress Concentration Around a Triaxial Ellipsoidal Cavity
Authors: Sadowsky M. A. , Sternberg E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Previous investigations have been concerned with the stress concentrations around internal cavities in the shape of an ellipsoid of revolution. This paper contains an exact closed solution, in terms of Jacobian elliptic functions, for the stress distribution around a general triaxial ellipsoidal cavity in an infinite elastic body. The body at infinity is in a uniform state of stress whose principal directions are parallel to the axes of the cavity, the magnitudes of the principal stresses at infinity being arbitrary. The solution covers as limiting cases the known results for spherical and spheroidal cavities. The technically important aspects of the ensuing stress concentration are discussed in detail.
Dynamic Capacity of Rolling Bearings
Authors: Lundberg Gustaf , Palmgren Arvid 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper is a condensation of a comprehensive theory for fatigue failure in rolling bearings. The character of bearing fatigue failures is analyzed, and the effect of the volume of stressed material is assessed by means of modification of Weibull’s statistical theory of failure. The variables affecting bearing capacity are examined, and general formulas are set up relating the variables to the bearing capacity. Unknown exponents in the formulas are evaluated by means of extensive tests, and the final formulas are compared to experimental results.