bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Translation of an Insertion Tool for Minimally Invasive Cochlear Implant Surgery
Authors: Riojas Katherine E. , Tran Emily T. , Freeman Michael H. , Noble Jack H. , Webster Robert J. , Labadie Robert F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to describe the development of a minimally invasive cochlear implant surgery (MICIS) electrode array insertion tool concept to enable clinical translation. First, analysis of the geometric parameters of potential MICIS patients (N = 97) was performed to inform tool design, inform MICIS phantom model design, and provide further insight into MICIS candidacy. Design changes were made to the insertion tool based on clinical requirements and parameter analysis results. A MICIS phantom testing model was built to evaluate insertion force profiles in a clinically realistic manner, and the new tool design was evaluated in the model and in cadavers to test clinical viability. Finally, after regulatory approval, the tool was used for the first time in a clinical case. Results of this work included first, in the parameter analysis, approximately 20% of the population was not considered viable MICIS candidates. Additionally, one 3D printed tool could accommodate all viable candidates with polyimide sheath length adjustments accounting for interpatient variation. The insertion tool design was miniaturized out of clinical necessity and a disassembly method, necessary for removal around the cochlear implant, was developed and tested. Phantom model testing revealed that the force profile of the insertion tool was similar to that of traditional forceps insertion. Cadaver testing demonstrated that all clinical requirements (including complete disassembly) were achieved with the tool, and the new tool enabled 15% deeper insertions compared to the forceps approach. Finally, and most importantly, the tool helped achieve a full insertion in its first MICIS clinical case. In conclusion, the new insertion tool provides a clinically viable solution to one of the most difficult aspects of MICIS.
Cyclic Ramberg–Osgood Parameters of 316SS Weld Metal Under In-Air and PWR-Water Environments
Authors: Park Jae Phil , Mohanty Subhasish , Bahn Chi Bum 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
At present, the available Ramberg–Osgood (R–O) parameters for different metals (e.g., in ASME code and other literatures) are static (generally based on a tensile curve). These static R–O parameters cannot accurately model the cyclic plasticity behavior. This work presents the cyclic R–O material hardening parameters for 316 stainless steel similar metal welds. The parameters were estimated under various conditions (in-air at room temperature, 300 °C in-air, and in-air at primary water conditions for a pressurized water reactor (PWR)). It is anticipated that the reported results would be useful for computational mechanics-based shakedown analysis and fatigue life estimation of PWR components.
Effect of Expansion Ratio and Wall Thickness on Large-Diameter Solid Expandable Tubular After Expansion
Authors: Shi Changshuai , Chen Kailin , Zhu Xiaohua , Cheng Feilong , Qi Yuekui , Li Jianan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The large-diameter solid expandable tubular (SET) with a smaller wall thickness faces the risk of internal pressure burst and external squeeze collapse in repairing damaged casing well. The internal pressure and external squeezing resistance calculation of the tubes using the analytical method require many expansion experiments and postexpansion tensile experiments, resulting in high costs and low efficiency. This paper gives a set of laboratory expansion and postexpansion performance test, which is based on the laboratory experiment and mechanical properties of material expansion. Two materials are studied: 316 L and 20G. Then it analyses the error and causes of the error in the traditional analytical algorithm. Besides, it establishes an accurate finite element (FE) model to study the quantitative influence of expansion ratio and wall thickness on the burst strengths and collapse strengths of the tube. The results show that the toughness and hardening ratio of 316 L is better than 20G at the same expansion ratio. The numerical simulation results of the model can effectively simulate the expansion process and the mechanical properties of SET in good agreement with the laboratory test results. The expansion ratio and wall thickness affect the mechanical properties after expansion. Thus the quantitative laws of the expansion driving force, internal pressure resistance, and external squeezing resistance under different variables are summarized. To ensure the integrity of the reinforced wellbore, the expansion ratio should not exceed 12.7%. The current study lays a theoretical basis and technical support for optimizing SET and preventing downhole accidents.
Experimental Investigation on an Ultra-High Temperature Air Source Heat Pump Water Heater
Authors: Xu Yu , Zhu Zihang , Fu Chunda , Xia Wenqing 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To generate boiling water beyond 100 °C via heat pump technology, the prototype of an ultra-high temperature air source heat pump water heater (ASHPWH) based on a single-stage compression cycle of R134a was established, and an experimental investigation on it was conducted under an environment temperature of 25 °C. Then, thermodynamic analyses were carried out on the basis of the experimental results, especially when the prototype produced 95.9 and 100.3 °C water. The experimental and analytical results indicate that water beyond 100 °C was achieved through the prototype. When producing 100.3 °C water, the discharge temperature and compression ratio of the compressor of the prototype are only 108.4 °C and 4.07, respectively, which are in moderate levels. Correspondingly, the work input of the compressor is 0.622 kW, the heating capacity is 2.786 kW, and the heating coefficient of performance is 4.48. In addition, when producing 95.9 and 100.3 °C water, the system exergy efficiencies of the prototype are 50.76% and 49.73%, which are larger than those of the existing ASHPWHs, demonstrating that dividing the condensing process into two parts of high-grade exergy and low-grade exergy and utilizing them separately is effective. That is the essential reason of generating boiling water beyond 100 °C as expected only through the single-stage compression cycle.
Implicit Contact Model for Discrete Elastic Rods in Knot Tying
Authors: Choi Andrew , Tong Dezhong , Jawed Mohammad K. , Joo Jungseock 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Rod–rod contact is critical in simulating knots and tangles. To simulate contact, typically a contact force is applied to enforce nonpenetration condition. This force is often applied explicitly (Euler forward). At every time-step in a dynamic simulation, the equations of motions are solved over and over again until the right amount of contact force successfully imposes the nonpenetration condition. There are two drawbacks: (1) Explicit implementation brings numerical convergence issues. (2) Solving equations of motion iteratively to find this right contact force slows down the simulation. In this article, we propose a simple, efficient, and fully implicit contact model with high convergence properties. This model is shown to be capable of taking large time-steps without forfeiting accuracy during knot tying simulations when compared to previous methods. We introduce a new contact potential, based on a smoothed segment–segment distance function, that is an analytic function of the four endpoints of the two contacting edges. Since this contact potential is differentiable, we can incorporate its force (negative gradient of the energy) and Jacobian (negative Hessian of the energy) into the elastic rod simulation.
Steering Flexural Waves by Amplitude-Shift Elastic Metasurfaces
Authors: Su Guangyuan , Zhang Yunhao , Liu Yongquan , Wang Tiejun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As 2D materials with subwavelength thicknesses, elastic metasurfaces show remarkable abilities to manipulate elastic waves at will through artificial boundary conditions. However, current elastic metasurfaces are still far away from arbitrary wave manipulations since they just play a role of phase compensator. Herein, we present the next generation of elastic metasurfaces by incorporating amplitude discontinuities as an additional degree of freedom. A general theory predicting target wave fields steered by metasurfaces is proposed by modifying the Huygens–Fresnel principle. As examples, two amplitude-shift metasurfaces concerning flexural waves in thin plates are carried out: one is to transform a cylindrical wave into a Gaussian beam by elaborating both amplitude and phase shifts, and the other one is to focus incident waves by metasurfaces of amplitude modulations only. These examples coincide well over theoretical calculations, numerical simulations, and experimental tests. This work may underlie the design of metasurfaces with complete control over guided elastic waves and may extend to more sophisticated applications, such as analog signal processing and holographic imaging.
The Heriot-Watt FeatureFinder: A Graph-Based Approach to Recognition
Authors: Little G. , Tuttle R. , Clark D. E. R. , Corney J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the functionality of a Feature Recognition system, known as FeatureFinder. The system’s algorithm has been developed from a graph-based approach to feature recognition and is now capable of identifying a variety of features on a wide range of machined components. The system has been designed to be used within a solids machining package and identifies features from a specified tool approach direction. The paper details the result of applying the algorithm to the CIE97 test pieces. Features are identified on all of the components and the paper concludes with a brief description of on-going work designed to extend the range of components FeatureFinder’s algorithm can analyse.
Synthesis of Distributed Compliant Mechanisms for Adaptive Structures Application: An Elasto-Kinematic Approach
Authors: Saggere Laxminarayana , Kota Sridhar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Compliant mechanisms are a class of mechanisms that achieve desired force and motion transmission tasks by undergoing elastic deformations as opposed to rigid-body displacements in the conventional rigid-link mechanisms. Most of the previously reported synthesis studies in compliant mechanisms related to either partially-compliant mechanisms or fully-compliant mechanisms with joint compliance. Methods developed for fully-compliant mechanisms with link compliance addressed the issue of topology generation for desired deflections at discrete points on the mechanism. This paper presents a new, first-principles based synthesis procedure for fully-compliant mechanisms with link compliance — that is, distributed-compliant mechanisms — for continuous shape change requirements in a particular segment of a mechanism.
The general approach presented in this paper for the synthesis of distributed compliant mechanisms is shown to be well suited for application in the design of adaptive structures, an emerging class of high-performance structural systems. The current trend in the design of adaptive structures is to embed structures with force or strain inducing “smart” materials to serve as distributed actuators. Potential advantages of using the distributed compliance scheme over the distributed actuation scheme in the design of adaptive structures include a significant reduction in the number of required actuators and controls.
Multiobjective Flywheel Design: A DOE-Based Concept Exploration Task
Authors: Lautenschlager Uwe , Eschenauer Hans A. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In structural design, expensive function evaluations can be replaced by accurate function approximations to facilitate the effective solution of multiobjective problems. In this paper we address the question: How can we solve multiobjective shape optimization problems effectively using a Design-of-Experiments (DOE) -based approach? To answer this question we address issues of creating non-orthogonal experimental designs, when dependencies among the parameters that represent shape functions are present. A screening strategy is used to gain knowledge about the structural behavior within the design space and the trade-off among multiple design objectives is efficiently modeled through employing response surfaces during design optimization. The shape optimization of a flywheel where two conflicting design goals are present is used to illustrate the approach. Our focus is on the method rather than the results per se.
Vibration Control by Active Tuned Liquid Damper Using Magnetic Fluid
Authors: Abé Masato , Fujino Yozo , Sano Yasuyuki 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To enhance the performance of tuned liquid dampers (TLD), active TLD which contains magnetic fluid activated by electromagnet is proposed. At the first half of the paper, characteristics of sloshing motion of magnetic fluid subject to dynamic magnetic field is experimentally studied. Sloshing motion and base shear force are found to be effectively controlled by magnetic force. Then, a rule-based control law is constructed and applied to the vibration control of a model building. Vibration suppression effect of passive TLD is improved by applying appropriately scheduled dynamic magnetic field.
Updating of Non-Conservative Systems Using Inverse Methods
Authors: Starek Ladislav , Musil Milos , Inman Daniel J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Several incompatibilities exist between analytical models and experimentally obtained data for many systems. In particular finite element analysis (FEA) modeling often produces analytical modal data that does not agree with measured modal data from experimental modal analysis (EMA). These two methods account for the majority of activity in vibration modeling used in industry. The existence of these discrepancies has spanned the discipline of model updating as summarized in the review articles by Inman (1990), Imregun (1991), and Friswell (1995). In this situation the analytical model is characterized by a large number of degrees of freedom (and hence modes), ad hoc damping mechanisms and real eigenvectors (mode shapes). The FEM model produces a mass, damping and stiffness matrix which is numerically solved for modal data consisting of natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. Common practice is to compare this analytically generated modal data with natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios obtained from EMA. The EMA data is characterized by a small number of modes, incomplete and complex mode shapes and non proportional damping. It is very common in practice for this experimentally obtained modal data to be in minor disagreement with the analytically derived modal data. The point of view taken is that the analytical model is in error and must be refined or corrected based on experimented data.
The approach proposed here is to use the results of inverse eigenvalue problems to develop methods for model updating for damped systems. The inverse problem has been addressed by Lancaster and Maroulas (1987), Starek and Inman (1992,1993,1994,1997) and is summarized for undamped systems in the text by Gladwell (1986).
There are many sophisticated model updating methods available. The purpose of this paper is to introduce using inverse eigenvalues calculated as a possible approach to solving the model updating problem. The approach is new and as such many of the practical and important issues of noise, incomplete data, etc. are not yet resolved. Hence, the method introduced here is only useful for low order lumped parameter models of the type used for machines rather than structures. In particular, it will be assumed that the entries and geometry of the lumped components is also known.
Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation
Authors: Shabana Ahmed A. , Hussien Hussien A. , Escalona José L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There are three basic finite element formulations, which are used in multibody dynamics. These are the floating frame reference approach, the incremental method and the large rotation vector approach. In the floating frame of reference and incremental formulations, the slopes are assumed small in order to define infinitesimal rotations that can be treated and transformed as vectors. This description, however, limits the use of some important elements such as beams and plates in a wide range of large displacement applications. As demonstrated in some recent publications, if infinitesimal rotations are used as nodal coordinates, the use of the finite element incremental formulation in the large reference displacement analysis does not lead to exact modeling of the rigid body inertia when the structures rotate as rigid bodies.
In this paper, a new and simple finite element procedure that employs the mathematical definition of the slope and uses it to define the element coordinates instead of the infinitesimal and finite rotations is developed for large rotation and deformation problems. By using this description and by defining the element coordinates in the global system, not only the need for performing coordinate transformation is avoided, but also a simple expression for the inertia forces is obtained. Furthermore, the resulting mass matrix is constant and it is the same matrix that appears in linear structural dynamics.
It is demonstrated in this paper, that this coordinate description leads to exact modeling of the rigid body inertia when the structure rotate as rigid bodies. Nonetheless, the stiffness matrix becomes nonlinear function of time even in the case of small displacements.
The method presented in this paper differs from previous large rotation vector formulations in the sense that the inertia forces, the kinetic energy, and the strain energy are not expressed in terms of any orientation coordinates, and therefore, the method does not require interpolation of finite rotations. While the use of the formulation is demonstrated using a simple planar beam element, the generalization of the method to other element types and to the three dimensional case is straightforward. Using the finite element procedure presented in this paper, beams and plates can be treated as isoparametric elements.
Energy Recovery Unit Using Phase Change Materials
Authors: Elsharafi Mahmoud , Elmozughi Ali , Vidal Kelton , Thomas Rumelia , Almutairi Saleh , Senevirathne Thilanka , Lambright Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Energy recovery can benefit from phase change materials. A phase change material is a substance with a high heat of fusion, melting, and solidifying at a certain temperature, which is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. The objective of this research is to enhance the efficiency of a system by performing experiments with corrugated plates within the recovery unit and paraffin as the PCM (Phase Change Material). This research focuses on understanding Thermal Energy Storage (TES) at melting temperature for heating. This research used corrugated plates as an advanced material and channels of media which carry the thermal fluid (water) to the back plate of the unit which was occupied with the PCM or in this case paraffin. The experiment measured the temperature in and out from the unit to estimate how much kWh (power) that unit can save in the molten wax and also, monitor the temperature inside the PCM using implanted thermocouples. The approach of this work is to collect temperature as a function of time to find how much energy units are used to reach the charging point and reverse the flow to retrieve energy from the unit.
Extraordinary Enhancement of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in Dilute Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Authors: Liu Fang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, flow and heat transfer characteristics of the dilute oil-in-water emulsions containing micrometer-sized dimethyl silicone oil droplets with different concentrations are investigated experimentally in a helically coiled tube. Forced convective heat transfer of emulsions can be enhanced significantly by low-concentration oil droplets although thermal conductivity of oil is much lower than that of water. Pressure drop of low-concentration emulsions can be lower than that of the water base fluid in laminar flow region. Early onset of transition to turbulence for oil-in-water emulsions occurs compared to pure water in a heated tube. The largest thermal performance factor is 1.044 at oil mass fraction of 0.5% and at Re around 3500. This study could be helpful for exploring a new heat transfer media with large heat transfer enhancement at a slight or even negative increase of pumping energy consumption by adding low-concentration oil droplets.
Compact Design of High-Contact-Ratio Spur Gears
Authors: Nguyen Tuan H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study presents a computer simulation for the dynamic design of compact high-contact-ratio spur gear transmissions.
High contact ratio gears have the potential to produce lower dynamic tooth loads and minimum root stress but they can be sensitive to tooth profile errors. The analysis presented in this work was performed by using the NASA gear dynamics code DANST (Dynamic Analysis of Spur Gear Transmissions). In the analysis, the addendum ratio (addendum/diametral pitch) was varied over the range 1.30 to 1.40 to obtain a contact ratio of 2.00 or higher. The constraints of bending stress limit and involute interference provide the main criteria for this investigation. Compact design of high-contact-ratio gears with different gear ratios and pressure angles was investigated. Comparison of compact design between low-contact-ratio and high-contact-ratio gears was conducted. With the same operating parameters, high-contact-ratio gears appear to have much more compact design than low-contact-ratio gears. For compact design of high-contact-ratio gears, a diametral pitch of 6.00 appears to be the best choice for an optimal gear set.
Experimental Methods for Road Tankers: A Critical Review
Authors: Otremba Frank , Romero Navarrete José A. , Lozano Guzmán Alejandro A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The transportation of liquids involves several situations derived from the curved shape of the cargo containers, including a comparatively high center of gravity, which negatively shifts when the container is partially loaded, and the vehicle is subjected to steering or braking accelerations. Aiming at reducing these effects several experimental approaches have been applied, involving different tank shapes and the use of baffles, tested under laboratory or field conditions, at full scale or at a down-scale. However, the scope of such approaches has been limited, mainly because the potential effect of other components of the vehicle on the road tanker behavior, has been neglected. In this paper, a critical review is presented of the experimental approaches considered so far, identifying specific experimental needs to improve the performance of the vehicles, from both the road safety and the environmental perspective.