bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny, body morphology, and trophic level shape intestinal traits in coral reef fishes
Authors: Ghilardi Mattia , Schiettekatte Nina M. D. , Casey Jordan M. , Brandl Simon J. , Degregori Samuel , Mercière Alexandre , Morat Fabien , Letourneur Yves , Bejarano Sonia , Parravicini Valeriano 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTrait‐based approaches are increasingly used to study species assemblages and understand ecosystem functioning. The strength of these approaches lies in the appropriate choice of functional traits that relate to the functions of interest. However, trait–function relationships are often supported by weak empirical evidence.Processes related to digestion and nutrient assimilation are particularly challenging to integrate into trait‐based approaches. In fishes, intestinal length is commonly used to describe these functions. Although there is broad consensus concerning the relationship between fish intestinal length and diet, evolutionary and environmental forces have shaped a diversity of intestinal morphologies that is not captured by length alone.Focusing on coral reef fishes, we investigate how evolutionary history and ecology shape intestinal morphology. Using a large dataset encompassing 142 species across 31 families collected in French Polynesia, we test how phylogeny, body morphology, and diet relate to three intestinal morphological traits: intestinal length, diameter, and surface area.We demonstrate that phylogeny, body morphology, and trophic level explain most of the interspecific variability in fish intestinal morphology. Despite the high degree of phylogenetic conservatism, taxonomically unrelated herbivorous fishes exhibit similar intestinal morphology due to adaptive convergent evolution. Furthermore, we show that stomachless, durophagous species have the widest intestines to compensate for the lack of a stomach and allow passage of relatively large undigested food particles.Rather than traditionally applied metrics of intestinal length, intestinal surface area may be the most appropriate trait to characterize intestinal morphology in functional studies.
Community species diversity mediates the trade‐off between aboveground and belowground biomass for grasses and forbs in degraded alpine meadow, Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhou Tiancai , Sun Jian , Zong Ning , Hou Ge , Shi Peili 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough many empirical experiments have shown that increasing degradation results in lower aboveground biomass (AGB), our knowledge of the magnitude of belowground biomass (BGB) for individual plants is a prerequisite for accurately revealing the biomass trade‐off in degraded grasslands. Here, by linking the AGB and BGB of individual plants, species in the community, and soil properties, we explored the biomass partitioning patterns in different plant functional groups (grasses of Stipa capillacea and forbs of Anaphalis xylorhiza). Our results indicated that 81% and 60% of the biomass trade‐off variations could be explained by environmental factors affecting grasses and forbs, respectively. The change in community species diversity dominated the biomass trade‐off via either direct or indirect effects on soil properties and biomass. However, the community species diversity imparted divergent effects on the biomass trade‐off for grasses (scored at −0.72) and forbs (scored at 0.59). Our findings suggest that plant communities have evolved two contrasting strategies of biomass allocation patterns in degraded grasslands. These are the “conservative” strategy in grasses, in which plants with larger BGB trade‐off depends on gigantic roots for soil resources, and the “opportunistic” strategy in forbs, in which plants can adapt to degraded lands using high variation and optimal biomass allocation.
Age‐dependent patterns of spatial autocorrelation in fish populations
Authors: Marquez Jonatan F. , Sæther Bernt‐Erik , Aanes Sondre , Engen Steinar , Salthaug Are , Lee Aline Magdalena 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe degree of spatial autocorrelation in population fluctuations increases with dispersal and geographical covariation in the environment, and decreases with strength of density dependence. Because the effects of these processes can vary throughout an individual’s lifespan, we studied how spatial autocorrelation in abundance changed with age in three marine fish species in the Barents Sea. We found large interspecific differences in age‐dependent patterns of spatial autocorrelation in density. Spatial autocorrelation increased with age in cod, the reverse trend was found in beaked redfish, while it remained constant among age classes in haddock. We also accounted for the average effect of local cohort dynamics, i.e. the expected local density of an age class given last year’s local density of the cohort, with the goal of disentangling spatial autocorrelation patterns acting on an age class from those formed during younger age classes and being carried over. We found that the spatial autocorrelation pattern of older age classes became increasingly determined by the distribution of the cohort during the previous year. Lastly, we found high degrees of autocorrelation over long distances for the three species, suggesting the presence of far‐reaching autocorrelating processes on these populations. We discuss how differences in the species’ life history strategies could cause the observed differences in age‐specific variation in spatial autocorrelation. As spatial autocorrelation can differ among age classes, our study indicates that fluctuations in age structure can influence the spatio‐temporal variation in abundance of marine fish populations.
Quantitative evaluation of the joint disease prevention and control policy in China using the difference‐in‐difference method
Authors: Qin Qin , Sun Youhai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEmergent infectious diseases represent a real threat to global health, but their harmful effects can be reduced by implementing appropriate response policies. According to the panel data of 10 provinces in Northern China from 2009 to 2018, the disease prevention and control policy jointly implemented in the Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei region in 2013 was regarded as a ‘quasi‐natural experiment’. However, this policy has not yet been sufficiently evaluated. In this paper, we used the difference‐in‐difference method to quantitatively evaluate the net effects of applying the joint prevention and control policy against regional key notifiable infectious diseases. The results revealed that the joint disease prevention and control policy had a significant limiting effect and a time lag on the incidence rate of key infectious diseases. In conclusion, this policy is beneficial to the effective prevention and control of infectious diseases, which provides supporting evidence to interpret and improve the joint disease prevention and control mechanisms.
High spatial‐resolution monitoring to investigate nitrate export and its drivers in a mesoscale river catchment along an anthropogenic land‐cover gradient
Authors: Bujak Izabela , Müller Christin , Merz Ralf , Knöller Kay 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNitrate monitoring is commonly conducted with low‐spatial resolution, only at the outlet or at a small number of selected locations. As a result, the information about spatial variations in nitrate export and its drivers is scarce. In this study, we present results of high‐spatial resolution monitoring conducted between 2012 and 2017 in 65 sub‐catchments in an Alpine mesoscale river catchment characterized by a land‐use gradient. We combined stable isotope techniques with Bayesian mixing models and geostatistical methods to investigate nitrate export and its main drivers, namely, microbial N turnover processes, land use and hydrological conditions. In the investigated sub‐catchments, mean values of NO3− concentrations and its isotope signatures (δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) varied from 2.6 to 26.7 mg L−1, from −1.3‰ to 13.1‰, and from −0.4‰ to 10.1‰, respectively. In this study, land use was an important driver for nitrate export. Very strong and strong positive correlations were found between percentages of agricultural land cover and δ15NNO3, and NO3− concentration, respectively. Mean proportional contributions of NO3− sources varied spatially and seasonally, and followed land‐use patterns. The mean contribution of manure and sewage was much higher in the catchments characterized by a high percentage of agricultural and urban land cover comparing to forested sub‐catchments. Specific NO3− loads were strongly correlated with specific discharge and moderately correlated with NO3− concentrations. The nitrate isotope and concentration analysis results suggest that nitrate from external sources is stored and accumulated in soil storage pools. Nitrification of reduced nitrogen species in those pools plays the most important role for the N‐dynamics in the Erlauf river catchment. Consequently, nitrification of reduced N sources was the main nitrate source except for a number of sub‐catchments dominated by agricultural land use. In the Erlauf catchment, denitrification plays only a minor role in controlling NO3− export on a regional scale.
The importance of ethnicity: Are breast cancer polygenic risk scores ready for women who are not of White European origin?
Authors: Evans D. Gareth , van Veen Elke M. , Byers Helen , Roberts Eleanor , Howell Anthony , Howell Sacha J. , Harkness Elaine F. , Brentnall Adam , Cuzick Jack , Newman William G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPolygenic risk scores (PRS) for disease risk stratification show great promise for application in general populations, but most are based on data from individuals of White European origin. We assessed two well validated PRS (SNP18, SNP143) in the Predicting‐Risk‐of‐Cancer‐At‐Screening (PROCAS) study in North‐West England for breast cancer prediction based on ethnicity. Overall, 9475 women without breast cancer at study entry, including 645 who subsequently developed invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ provided DNA. All were genotyped for SNP18 and a subset of 1868 controls were genotyped for SNP143. For White Europeans both PRS discriminated well between individuals with and without cancer. For n = 395 Black (n = 112), Asian (n = 119), mixed (n = 44) or Jewish (n = 120) women without cancer both PRS overestimated breast cancer risk, being most marked for women of Black and Jewish origin (P < .001). SNP143 resulted in a potential mean 40% breast cancer risk overestimation in the combined group of non‐White/non‐European origin. SNP‐PRS that has been normalized based on White European ethnicity for breast cancer should not be used to predict risk in women of other ethnicities. There is an urgent need to develop PRS specific for other ethnicities, in order to widen access of this technology.
Emerging psychotherapeutic approaches to addressing self‐experience in schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Hasson‐Ohayon Ilanit , Cheli Simone , Lysaker Paul H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGrowing awareness that many who are diagnosed with schizophrenia recover has spurred the development of new psychosocial approaches to treatment. These new approaches include forms of individual and group psychotherapy whose focus extends beyond reducing symptoms and improving skills to subjective outcomes related to sense of self. This paper introduces an issue of In Session which presents six case reports which illustrating these approaches in differing international contexts. First, we explore the larger issues of subjective outcomes from schizophrenia. We then discuss each of the papers separately along with implications of these papers as a group for how treatment might promote the recapturing of a sense of self or place in the world.
Nutrition in cancer therapy: Overview for the cancer patient
Authors: Chapek Michael A. , Martindale Robert G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite significant advances in oncologic treatment, cancer‐associated metabolic derangements largely remain poorly understood and are often neglected in cancer care. Cancer cachexia and metabolic changes exhibited by neoplastic cells pose formidable barriers to improving outcomes and quality of life. Although cancer has traditionally been viewed as a proliferative disease caused by genetic mutations, newer perspectives suggest that it is primarily a metabolic disease. This paper discusses the etiology of cachexia and sarcopenia and nutrition interventions that can address these wasting disorders. The role of inflammation in cancer and the methods for preventing and resolving inflammation with nutrition intervention are also explored. Several nutrition recommendations aimed at overcoming cachexia, resolving inflammation, and improving cancer outcomes are provided based on current literature. This manuscript selected only a few areas on which to focus and is not all‐inclusive of the expansive literature available on the topic of cachexia.
Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles inhibit the invasion of Fusobacterium nucleatum into oral epithelial cells by downregulating FadA and FomA
Authors: Zhang Zhiying , Liu Sai , Zhang Shuwei , Li Yuchao , Shi Xiaoting , Liu Dongjuan , Pan Yaping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundPorphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) participate in the formation and progression of periodontitis. They can exert virulence by invading into host cells, but the interaction between them and their specific mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of P. gingivalis outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) on the ability of F. nucleatum to invade oral epithelial cells, and the reasons for the influence.MethodsThe invasion abilities of the two bacteria were detected separately after mixed infection of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. Next, P. gingivalis OMVs were extracted with the kit, and their influence on the invasion ability of F. nucleatum was tested. The effects of P. gingivalis OMVs on F. nucleatum were evaluated by assessment of bacterial morphology, growth curves, auto‐aggregation morphology, and the expression of adhesion‐related proteins FadA and FomA.ResultsOur results showed that P. gingivalis inhibited the invasion of F. nucleatum into oral epithelial cells but F. nucleatum promoted the invasion of P. gingivalis. In subsequent experiments, we extracted P. gingivalis OMVs successfully and revealed that proteases in P. gingivalis OMVs inhibited the invasion of F. nucleatum into oral epithelial cells. Furthermore, P. gingivalis OMVs did not affect the morphology and proliferation of F. nucleatum, but proteases inside decreased the auto‐aggregation of F. nucleatum. Additionally, proteases in P. gingivalis OMVs reduced the expression levels of F. nucleatum surface adhesion‐related proteins FadA and FomA.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that proteases in P. gingivalis OMVs inhibited the invasion of F. nucleatum into oral epithelial cells by downregulating FadA and FomA.
Proportion and severity of periodontitis and correlation of periodontal inflamed surface area with glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetic neuropathy with and without diabetic foot
Authors: Adhenkavil Radhakrishnan Raji , Joseph Vadakkekuttical Rosamma , Radhakrishnan Chandni 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe association between diabetic neuropathy with and without diabetic foot and periodontitis remains unaddressed in the literature. The present study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of patients with periodontitis and its severity, and to correlate clinical attachment loss (AL) and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) with HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetic Neuropathy (T2DN) patients with and without diabetic foot.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study 310 patients with type 2 diabetic neuropathy (T2DN) were randomly selected, and the study comprised of 120 patients with T2DN with diabetic foot and 155 patients with T2DN without diabetic foot. All patients were assessed for periodontal parameters (bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical AL, oral hygiene index‐simplified), plaque index, and PISA) and systemic parameters (HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, post prandial blood glucose, urinary albumin creatine ratio, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein).Unpaired t‐test and Chi‐Square test were used to analyze quantitative data and qualitative data, respectively.ResultsThe frequency of patients with periodontitis in patients with T2DN with and without diabetic foot was 91.7% and 88.4%, respectively. The severity of periodontitis, PISA, and clinical AL were higher in the diabetic foot group. Clinical AL and PISA were significantly related with HbA1c in patients with T2DN with and without diabetic foot.ConclusionsPercentage of patients with periodontitis and the severity of periodontal destruction were high in type 2 diabetic neuropathy with diabetic foot. A significant correlation of PISA, clinical AL with glycemic status was found in patients with T2DN with and without diabetic foot.
Effects of application of rapeseed cake as organic fertilizer on rice quality at high yield level
Authors: Zhou Tianyang , Chen Liang , Wang Weilu , Xu Yunji , Zhang Weiyang , Zhang Hao , Liu Lijun , Wang Zhiqin , Gu Junfei , Yang Jianchang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDApplying organic fertilizer coupled with chemical fertilizer has been widely adopted to improve crop productivity and quality and develop sustainable agriculture. However, little information is available about the effects of organic fertilizer on the grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.), especially nutritional quality and starch quality. In the present study, high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown in the field with three cultivation practices, including zero nitrogen application (0N), local high yielding practice with chemical fertilizer (T1) and T1 treatment with additional organic fertilizer (T2).RESULTSApplication of organic fertilizer synergistically improved rice production, nitrogen use efficiency, milling and appearance quality, and nutritional quality, including the contents of glutelin, essential amino acids and microelements, and also increased amylopectin and the ratio of the short chain of amylopectin, leading to a reduction in relative crystallinity, and decreased prolamin content. Application of organic fertilizer also increased the viscosity and breakdown values, whereas it decreased the pasting temperature and gelatinization enthalpy, resulting in better cooking and eating quality.CONCLUSIONOverall, application of organific fertilizer could synergistically improve nitrogen use efficiency and grain quality, including the structure and physicochemical properties of starch, contents of high value protein and amino acids, contents of microelements, and cooking and eating quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of well chamber altitude pressure corrections for cesium Blu 131Cs and CivaDot 103Pd brachytherapy sources
Authors: Lambeck Jacob , Kennan Wendy , DeWerd Larry A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposePrevious publications have described how the standard temperature and pressure correction will overcorrect measurements with a low‐energy photon low‐dose rate brachytherapy source at low ambient air pressures. To account for this effect, an additional correction factor is applied after the standard temperature and pressure correction. This additional correction is dependent on the source being measured and the chamber it is measured in. Well chamber corrections for two sources and findings regarding aspects that may affect the altitude response of the sources are presented.MethodsA purpose‐built pressure vessel was constructed previously, which could achieve pressures ranging from 74.661 to 106.66 kPa (560–800 mmHg). Three Cesium Blu sources (131Cs) from Isoray Inc. and three CivaDots (103Pd) from CivaTech Oncology Inc. were tested over this pressure range in increments of 2.7 kPa (20 mmHg) in three HDR 1000 Plus chambers, and the Cesium Blu sources were also tested in two IVB 1000 chambers. Both chamber models are air communicating well‐type ionization chambers produced by Standard Imaging Inc. Multiple runs of each source/chamber combination were completed, corrected with the standard temperature and pressure correction, normalized to the result at 101.325 kPa, and averaged with runs of the same combination. The chamber response was also simulated using MCNP6 to validate the experimental results.ResultsMeasurements of both sources in all chambers followed the expected power dependence on ambient pressure as seen in previous studies. The Cesium Blu source, however, demonstrated a significant difference in response in the HDR 1000 Plus chamber versus the IVB 1000 chamber. For an altitude correction factor of the form, PA = k1(P)k2, new coefficients are proposed for both sources for pressure units of kPa and mmHg. The Monte Carlo calculated chamber response agreed with the experimental results within 2% for all sources and chambers at all pressures.ConclusionsAltitude correction coefficients for two new low‐energy photon low‐dose rate brachytherapy sources are provided. The directional dependence of the CivaDot has no bearing on its dependence on pressure; however, the difference in construction materials from other 103Pd sources leads to unique correction coefficients. The higher energy of the Cesium Blu source with respect to 103Pd and 125I sources yields a difference in correction factors depending on which model chamber is used for air‐kerma strength calculations. Clinics must be careful to select the correct pair of coefficients for the chamber model they used.
Ontogenetic Dietary Changes and Thiamine Status of Lake Ontario Chinook Salmon, 2005–2006
Authors: Fitzsimons John D. , Honeyfield Dale C. , Rush Scott 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the Great Lakes, an Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus diet has been reported to cause thiamine deficiency in salmonines as a result of high thiaminase activity. The ontogeny of thiamine deficiency and its relationship to Alewife consumption have not been determined in Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha within this system. Using stable isotope mixing models along with muscle thiamine, we assessed ontogenetic changes in the diet and corresponding muscle thiamine status of Lake Ontario Chinook Salmon ranging in TL from 100 to 1,000 mm. Thiamine levels were highest in young of the year collected in a tributary of Lake Ontario but declined once Chinook Salmon entered Lake Ontario. In Lake Ontario, the diets of juvenile (200–400 mm; 97–99%) and adult (&gt;400 mm; 97–100%) Chinook Salmon consisted almost entirely of Alewives as estimated using mixing models. This Alewife diet was associated with an ontogenetic decline in muscle thiamine among Chinook Salmon. The asymptotic decline in thiamine concentration with increasing size plateaued at 720–758 pmol/g of muscle. The proportion of individuals below a thiamine threshold of 500 pmol/g (associated with a loss of equilibrium) increased with TL up to 799 mm and then declined between 800 and 1,000 mm. At these muscle concentrations, no outward signs of thiamine deficiency were observed. Calculation of total mass accumulation of body stores of thiamine (muscle concentration times body weight) showed an unexpected and significant increase with size. Although it appears that dietary Alewives affected thiamine status, there were undetermined factors, such as incomplete destruction of thiamine by thiaminase, gut synthesis of thiamine, gill absorption of water thiamine, and/or other factors, that contributed to the overall thiamine status of these Chinook Salmon.