bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical research
Authors: Quarrell Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains some of the research activities which are currently in place. It describes the global research platform called ENROLL-HD. It also describes the process of undertaking a clinical trial. The current clinical trials are focusing on lowering the amount of huntingtin in the cells of the brain especially the caudate and putamen nuclei. The plan is to interfere with the chemical message between the gene and the protein-making machinery of the cell. These drugs are called anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASOs). It is not known if these treatments will result in an alteration of the natural history of Huntington’s disease (HD) but there is hope because the treatment does not rely upon an understanding of the abnormal function of the abnormal huntingtin protein. Currently, the treatments are developed by spinal injections but a future development will be to have drugs which do not have have to be given by spinal injection. This work is contrasted with ideas of gene editing. Brief mention is made to understand genetic factors other than the length of the CAG repeat which influence the age of onset because such an understanding can lead to new avenues for drug treatments.
Law and Love in Ovid
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In classical scholarship, the presence of legal language in love poetry is commonly interpreted as absurd and incongruous. Ovid’s legalisms have been described as frivolous, humorous, and ornamental. This book challenges this widespread, but ill-informed view. Legal discourse in Latin love poetry is not incidental, but fundamental. Inspired by recent work in the interdisciplinary field of law and literature, the book argues that the Roman elegiac poets point to love as the site of law’s emergence. The Latin elegiac poets may say ‘make love, not law’, but in order to make love, they have to make law. Drawing on Agamben, Foucault, and Butler, the book explores the juridico-discursive nature of Ovid’s love poetry, constructions of sovereignty, imperialism, authority, biopolitics, and the ways in which poetic diction has the force of law. The book is methodologically ambitious, combining legal theory with historically informed closed readings of numerous primary sources. It aims to restore Ovid to his rightful position in the history of legal humanism. The Roman poet draws on a long tradition that goes back to Hesiod and Solon, in which poetic justice is pitted against corrupt rulers. Ovid’s amatory jurisprudence is examined vis-à-vis Paul’s letter to the Romans. The juridical nature of Ovid’s poetry lies at the heart of his reception in the Middle Ages, from Boccaccio’s Decameron to Forcadel’s Cupido iurisperitus. The current trend to simultaneously study and marginalize legal discourse in Ovid is a modern construction that this book aims to demolish.
Love as a State of Exception
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In Latin love elegy, the disavowal of law for the sake of love is couched in courtroom rhetoric and is thus both a denial and an appropriation of legal discourse. The elegiac recusatio is a version of the recusatio imperii, Augustus’ strategy for establishing his sovereignty by setting himself outside or above formal procedures. Not unlike the prince, Ovid proclaims a sovereign exception; he controls the production of law by deciding what lies outside it. The chapter studies a number of key passages from Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid to show that the love poets anticipate Augustus’ claims to sacrosanctity and sovereignty. It further examines love elegy’s affinities with the Saturnalian spirit of Roman comedy in order to argue that the elegiac suspension of legal action affords space for the emergence of an alternative jurisprudence of love.
Property as Intangible Property
Authors: Wyman Katrina M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Historically, property theory has focused on real property as the premier example of property, reflecting the longstanding importance of land as a source of wealth and political power. This essay argues that it is time for property theorists to pay more attention to intangible property. It makes three main points. First, it emphasizes the contemporary economic importance of intangible property, as well as its increasing social importance in everyday life, especially in highly urbanized, developed countries. Second, it posits that the currently prevalent thing-based understanding of property is sufficiently capacious to embrace intangible property. Third, it speculates about why property theory has remained largely focused on tangible forms of property. It concludes by underscoring potential benefits of property theory paying greater attention to intangible property: an expanded focus on intangible property might lead to greater recognition of the constrained character of property in the modern urbanized world, and greater acknowledgment of the potential for property—albeit likely in a constrained form—to play a role in addressing the consequences of modern technology.
Third Party Effects in Private Law
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Televantos Andreas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter identifies and explores a core task of private law: to determine “third party effects” of transactions. We ask to what extent an A–B transaction may affect C, a party who enters into a subsequent transaction with A, or otherwise interferes with the right claimed by B. We show first that such third party effects are controlled not only by rules relating to legal property rights and equitable interests, but also by parts of the law of agency, of partnerships, and of tort. Secondly, whilst a range of doctrines thus share this function of controlling third party effects, it is important to distinguish between the precise legal form used by each doctrine. Thirdly, we argue that even when considering one particular form, such as that of a legal property right, third party effect is determined by the interaction of different types of rules, with the practical operation of one type of rule modified by the application of a different type. For this reason, attention must be paid to the interaction between the different forms used to govern third party effect. There is a question as to whether the law in this area is unduly complex, but we suggest that, so long as the range of forms tracks the diversity of ordinary transactions, private law usefully enhances party autonomy by offering parties these different means of casting their legal relations.
Tax Experts’ Response to Regulatory and Institutional Triggers
Authors: Killian Sheila , O’Regan Philip , Lynch Ruth , Laheen Martin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the situations in which tax experts are most likely to take an innovative or aggressive tax position, focusing on the self-perception of the experts themselves of the factors that may influence them in taking such a position. The results highlight the micro-influences on tax experts that may move them along the spectrum of tax avoidance, which has been acknowledged as posing a significant risk to public welfare, equality of opportunity, and the common good. The chapter presents findings from an international survey of tax professionals and experts and highlights some key risk factors. The factors that lead tax experts to take a position that pushes the envelope of regulation are explored in aggregate and compared across the jurisdictional boundary of high or low levels of financial secrecy. The findings have the potential to empower both regulators and professional bodies in addressing the problem of tax avoidance.
The Implications of Making Tax Crimes a Predicate Crime for Money Laundering in the EU
Authors: Rossel Lucia , Unger Brigitte , Batchelor Jason , Koningsveld Jan van 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter sheds light on the divergence of tax crimes and money laundering laws across Europe after the implementation of the 4th Anti Money Laundering Directive. Laws are a crucial part of the tax environment as they are one of the rules under which the tax ecosystem operates. Taxpayers should pay their taxes following the law, and tax experts should advise them within the realm of it. The chapter sees the 4th AMLD as a shock that put money laundering regulation inside the tax ecosystem, and the way that countries implement this in their regulation is the response to this shock; it uses an innovative comparative approach that involves the analysis of tax evasion through an empirical legal lens. The chapter includes a dataset built by the authors with the legislation of all European Union countries regarding tax crimes and money laundering, as well as other relevant legal variables.
Introduction
Authors: Collings Justin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of the book, which is how constitutional courts invoke historical evil as a reference and an aid in constitutional interpretation. The chapter sets forth the two principal modes by which courts do so: the redemptive mode, which treats the evil past as an aversive reference point against which the new constitutional order must aggressively define itself; and the parenthetical mode, which treats the evil past as an aberration from an otherwise noble tradition. It also discusses variations on these modes, as well as hybrid mergers of them. The chapter indicates how American mnemonic jurisprudence has tilted toward the parenthetical mode, South African toward the redemptive, and German toward a hybrid. The chapter also highlights the relationship of constitutional memory to topics such as constitutional identity, constitutional faith, and transitional justice.
Introduction
Authors: Kolb Laura 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fictions of Credit’s introduction lays out the book’s aims and methods. It argues for a revised understanding of England’s credit culture: the nexus of social relations, discursive forms, and economic practices to which the widespread use of monetary credit gave rise in the early modern period. To do this, it lays out the case made by economic historians that, because of cash shortages and expanding market activity in the period, the majority of transactions at all levels of society ran on credit. The introduction argues that the resulting social and economic indeterminacy gave rise to something more complex than either straightforward trust or blanket suspicion: rhetorical strategies intended to produce trust in one’s own soundness and interpretive strategies aimed at evaluating the trustworthiness of others. The introduction then turns to the book’s source texts and methods: plays by Shakespeare and his contemporaries and practical handbooks written by and for merchants, retailers, householders, and farmers.
Coda
Authors: Kolb Laura 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The coda tracks the afterlife of structures discussed earlier in the book, attending both to change and continuity. Today, personal creditworthiness is represented in numerical credit scores, and individuals often feel disconnected from the abstract, barely visible networks of global finance. Yet even within this economy—as different as it is from early modern England’s—the need for trust persists, and skills in rhetoric and interpretation remain valuable. The coda ends by linking classical theories of poetic and rhetorical efficacy to early modern practical literature, and both to modern advice on the importance of impression management in business and advertising.
The Spanish Attempt to Expand Unilateral Preferences
Authors: Guirao Fernando 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
After The Hague summit of the European Council in 1969 Madrid calculated that Spain’s terms of access to the Common Market would feasibly improve after the signing ceremony of the 1970 Agreement. The Spanish government was determined to continue the negotiations with the EEC for new concessions. First, the Spanish government battled for the EEC to grant them the benefits of the Generalized System of Preferences, which the French defeated. Second, Madrid requested further preference in agricultural trade, to the point of reaching a quasi-membership status in the CAP, without EEC membership. Third, Madrid pretended to use trade with Eastern Europe and closer relations with the EFTA to place pressure on EEC governments. The three attempts were unsuccessful because, as Chapter 7 shows, no alternative to the EEC existed for Spain to guarantee outlets for Spanish agricultural and industrial produce.
Violentologies
Authors: Olguín B. V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Violentologies: Violence, Identity, and Ideology in Latina/o Literature explores how various forms of violence undergird a wide range of Latina/o subjectivities, or Latinidades, from 1835 to the present. Drawing upon the Colombian interdisciplinary field of Violence studies known as violentología, which examines the transformation of Colombian society during a century of political and interpersonal violence, this book adapts the neologism violentology as a heuristic device and epistemic category to map the salience of violence in Latina/o history, life, and culture in the United States and globally. The term violentologies thus refers to culturally specific subjects defined by violence—or violence-based ontologies—ranging from Latina/o-warrior archetypes to diametrically opposed pacifist modalities, plus many more. It also signifies the epistemologies of violence: the political and philosophical logic and goals of certain types of violence such as torture, military force, and other forms of political and interpersonal harm. Based on one hundred primary texts and archival documents from an expansive range of Latina/o communities—Chicana/o, Puerto Rican, Cuban American, Salvadoran American, Guatemalan American, and various mixed-heritages and transversal hybridities throughout the world—Violentologies features multiple generations of Latina/o combatants, wartime noncombatants, and “peacetime” civilians whose identities and ideologies extend through, and far beyond, familiar Latinidades. Based on this discrepant archive, Violentologies articulates a contrapuntal assessment of the inchoate, contradictory, and complex range of violence-based Latina/o ontologies and epistemologies, and corresponding negotiations of power, or ideologies, pursuant to an expansive and meta-critical Pan-Latina/o methodology. Accordingly, this book ultimately proposes an antiidentitarian post-Latina/o paradigm.
{ Introduction }
Authors: Olguín B. V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The introduction uses the 2005 memoir of a Mexican American volunteer in the French Foreign Legion, along with accounts of other Latina/o soldiers who fought in France during WWI and WWII, to illustrate the inadequacy of extant paradigms and hermeneutic practices for explicating the expansive and ideologically discrepant range of Latina/o spatial ontologies and uniquely globalized identities from the midnineteenth to twenty-first centuries. It simultaneously introduces a new theory for Latina/o literature that draws upon the Colombian interdisciplinary field of Violence Studies—violentología—to adapt a flexible yet historically grounded method for identifying how Latina/o identities throughout time and place, or chronotopes, are undergirded by various forms of violence. These intersecting yet unique Latina/o formations extend through and beyond conventional theories of Latina/o citizenship, nationality, and history, as well as Latina/o identity, culture, and ideology—or Latininidades—and thus are identified as supra-Latina/o violentologies. This new and expansive category accommodates a fuller range of complex Latina/o modalities across geopolitical terrain and the ideological gamut. The subsequent introduction of proliferating and increasingly diverse Latinidades thus foregrounds a new era for Latina/o Studies.
Violence and the Transnational Question
Authors: Olguín B. V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 disentangles the distinct ideologies often conflated under the expansive and notoriously vague rubric of Latina/o “transnationalism.” It first interrogates the limits of Radical Regionalism Studies by explicating the specter of nationalism in Emma Pérez’s ostensibly contestatory Tejana lesbian feminist regionalist historical fiction. The chapter further deconstructs the Latina/o Studies fixation on hyperlocalities and celebratory transnationalisms by interrogating the various aestheticizations of violence in Latina/o literatures about Central American civil wars, femicide in the US-Mexico border, and revolutionary insurgencies throughout North, Central, and South America, in addition to the Caribbean. It closes by underscoring Pan-Latina/o political diversity through the recovery of testimonial prose and poetry from Latina/o internationalist partisans and combatants vis-à-vis the antitestimonial memoirs, novels, and poetry by and about right-wing Latina/o soldiers and CIA officers.
{ Conclusion }
Authors: Olguín B. V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The conclusion assesses the 2015 Broadway hit Hamilton: An American Musical by mixed-heritage (Puerto Rican, Mexican, black, and white) Lin-Manuel Miranda, which emerges as the quintessential violentological text and supra-Latina/o chronotope. This sui generis phenomenon models all the conceits and contradictions explicated throughout this book, while also consolidating the vexed and vexing Latina/o move from the margins to the center. My assessment of this spectacle as part of the ever-more discrepant Latina/o archive, which consists of widely diverging supra-Latina/o and even post-Latina/o violentologies, underscores the need for a paradigm shift in our understanding of the ontological and epistemological pasts, presents, and futures of Latina/o Studies.
Universalists and Jacobins in Judith Sargent Murray’s The Gleaner
Authors: Murphy Gretchen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes a perceived conflict between Judith Sargent Murray’s liberal religious Universalism and her identity as a Federalist. It argues that she attempted to address and resolve this perceived conflict in her writing. Drawing on legal discourse, newspaper writing, sermons, and letters, the chapter shows Murray situating her ideas in two related contexts. The first context is the debate around Massachusetts religious establishment, in which Universalists challenged orthodox ideas of divine justice and legally pursued religious equality, and the second is the transatlantic reaction to Jacobin de-Christianization during French Revolution. Responding to both conflicts in The Gleaner: A Miscellaneous Production, Murray seeks to differentiate Universalists from Jacobins, using the form of the miscellany to argue that privatized liberal Christianity can serve the public purpose that Federalists assigned to religion in a republic.
Lydia Sigourney in the Land of Steady Habits
Authors: Murphy Gretchen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Lydia Huntley Sigourney’s early writing (Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse and Sketch of Connecticut) and her life writing to understand her projects of affiliating with Connecticut Federalism and narrating continuity between Connecticut Federalism its political successors after the War of 1812. It examines her historical portrayal of conflicts over social class, religion, and government, including the Hartford Convention and the state watershed election of 1818, Congregationalism and religious toleration, and Mohegan evangelism and Samson Occum, as well as Sigourney’s autobiographical portrayal of her own shifting position in these conflicts. This analysis complicates two scholarly tendencies: to portray Sigourney as a democratic, working-class poet and to oppose mass market sentimental piety with the old order of New England Puritanism and established religion. It shows instead that Sigourney represented herself as a Federalist daughter harkening back to and adapting the vision of a classically republican organic society. Her treatment of religious tolerance is shown to be central to this project insofar as it was both a means to deflect criticism of the Federalists and to adapt arguments for state religion to a new era of religious privatization.
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Evangelical Story of Disestablishment
Authors: Murphy Gretchen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Harriet Beecher Stowe’s depiction of the separation of church and state in her regional New England novels, Oldtown Folks and Poganuc People, both set in the early republic. It argues that while Stowe’s evangelical vision of religion led her to praise the purification of religion from politics, her simplified story of disestablishment enables a more complicated intertwining of Christianity with democracy. Drawing on family lore and regional history for both novels, Stowe criticized the New England Federalists and Calvinists of her father Lyman Beecher’s generation for treating religion as a political tool, but she also credited them with safeguarding Christianity from the forces of secularization that she associated with the French Revolution. Her novels thus seek to adapt state religion by depicting sites of intense, irrational belief (Spiritualism in Oldtown Folks, Christmas wonder in Poganuc People) that leaven Federalist and Calvinist rationalism with enchantment for the purpose of democratizing Christianity. Stowe’s historical progress narrative depicts Christianity made more democratic when it is seized from the hands of elites and politicians, yet this shift transforms it into a more powerful tool for regulating society. Strengthening the moral efficacy of religion, Stowe’s vision depicts a weakening of the state and public polity, because in Stowe’s libertarian New England history, democracy of the “people” and the “folk” is reassigned to Christianity in the private sphere.
Conclusion
Authors: Murphy Gretchen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Departing from Alexis de Tocqueville’s discussion of American religion as a political institution that strengthens the moral tie as political ties are relaxed, the conclusion briefly restates the major arguments of the book: (1) that the authors discussed treated the issue of religion in a republic by using ideas and tropes drawn from New England anti-Jacobin sentiment during and after the French Revolution; (2) that this led them simultaneously to oppose and to reinforce secularity as it appeared in various forms: Enlightenment reason, pluralistic belief, and the technocratic utility of state church establishment; and (3) that their writings thus engage with enduring questions regarding whether and how morality and virtue should be fostered in a diverse republic for the common good, avoiding pitfalls of narrow-minded bigotry or neoliberal elevation of private individual interest. The conclusion also considers how these arguments and the book as a whole responds to two trends in literary scholarship: the study of women writers rooted in feminist recovery and the turn away from historicist critique seen in recent work by Rita Felski and others.
Introduction
Authors: Kettemann Matthias C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter introduces the book’s key themes. Regulating communicative spaces is shown to be a historical constant. The chapter then situates the study within internet scholarship and defines key concepts, such as internet, internet law, internet governance, and the concept of normative orders. Next, it sets out the six hypotheses that are tested, developed, and ultimately upheld in the study, followed by an explanation of the methodological approaches taken for the analysis contained within each chapter. The chapter also contains an overview of the study’s chapters, including sections on the genealogy, ontology, legitimacy, finality, and impact of the internet’s normative order.