bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chemistry of melting oxynitride phosphate glasses
Authors: Muñoz Francisco 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Oxide glasses are the most commonly studied non-crystalline materials in Science and Technology, though compositions where part of the oxygen is replaced by other anions, e.g. fluoride, sulfide or nitride, have given rise to a good number of works and several key applications, from optics to ionic conductors. Oxynitride silicate or phosphate glasses stand out among all others because of their higher chemical and mechanical stability and their research continues particularly focused onto the development of solid electrolytes. In phosphate glasses, the easiest way of introducing nitrogen is by the remelting of the parent glass under a flow of ammonia, a method that allows the homogeneous nitridation of the bulk glass and which is governed by diffusion through the liquid-gas reaction between NH3 and the PO4 chemical groupings. After nitridation, two new structural units appear, the PO3N and PO2N2 ones, where nitrogen atoms can be bonded to either two or three neighboring phosphorus, thus increasing the bonding density of the glass network and resulting in a quantitative improvement of their properties. This short review will gather all important aspects of the synthesis of oxynitride phosphate glasses with emphasis on the influence of chemical composition and structure.
The Effect of the Spanish Civil War on City Shares
Authors: González-Val Rafael , Silvestre Javier 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the effect of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) shock on city shares of population applying the methodology proposed by Davis, D. R., and D. E. Weinstein. 2002. “Bones, Bombs, and Break Points: The Geography of Economic Activity.” The American Economic Review 92 (5): 1269–89. We make use of an unexploited long-term, historical dataset of populations disaggregated at the city level. Our instruments, a key methodological issue, are based on dead and wounded data collected by historians. We show that the effect of the Spanish Civil War on capital cities was temporary, and argue that the locational fundamentals theory is the principal explanation.
A local green composite study: the effect of edible oil on the morphological and mechanical properties of PBS/bentonite composite
Authors: Phattarateera Supanut , Ausab Rudeerat , Jemkuntod Neungruthai , Wiriya-amornchai Atiwat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Composites of a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester, polybutylene succinate (PBS), with bentonite were investigated for morphological and mechanical properties. The bentonite was modified with soybean oil (SBO) and lard oil (LO) (2:98 clay:oil % by weight) by mechanical stirring and ultrasonication. The PBS/modified bentonite composite was prepared by using an internal mixer and processed by compression molding. Under bentonite modification conditions, XRD and SEM showed that the bentonite layers were broken into small layers, and the d-spacing between the layers was increased by edible oil molecules. A small plate like structure of modified bentonite composite was observed by SEM micrograph, which revealed short and long layer silicate structure non-directionally throughout the matrix phase. The mechanical properties of PBS were reinforced by this structure. The tensile modulus and elongation at break seem to depend on its directional bentonite. Interestingly, considerable improvement in impact strength was observed at over 2 wt% of clay. The impact strengths of PBS, PBS/modified BTN with SBO composite, and PBS/modified BTN with LO composite were increased from 1 to 1.5 and 2 kJ/m2, respectively. Comparatively, using LO modified bentonite had a better performance for increased interlayer and resulted in higher impact strength of the composite than that of SBO composite. The results demonstrated that PBS/modified bentonite using edible oil could be a potential alternative low cost, eco-friendly material with superior impact properties useful for further applications.
Status and progress of ion-implanted βNMR at TRIUMF
Authors: MacFarlane W. Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Beta-detected NMR is a type of nuclear magnetic resonance that uses the asymmetric property of radioactive beta decay to provide a “nuclear” detection scheme. It is vastly more sensitive than conventional NMR on a per nuclear spin basis but requires a suitable radioisotope. I briefly present the general aspects of the method and its implementation at TRIUMF, where ion implantation of the NMR radioisotope is used to study a variety of samples including crystalline solids and thin films, and more recently, soft matter and even room temperature ionic liquids. Finally, I review the progress of the TRIUMF βNMR program in the period 2015–2021.
Passive Capacity To Perform Juristic Acts As An Element Of Civil Active Capacity Of Minors
Authors: Heints R.M. 
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes the definition of civil active capacity of natural persons, reveals the existing approaches in the doctrine to its definition and understanding of passive capacity to perform juristic act as an element of civil active capacity.
The author positively perceives the position of the legislature on the formulation of the concept of civil active capacity through the term «ability», because the process of forming the will of natural persons has a biological nature and, accordingly, the basis for granting of natural persons an active capacity is its natural ability to adequately perceive and evaluate the surrounding reality, own actions, make independent decisions, implement them through own actions and be aware of the responsibility for such actions. Given that the basis of active capacity is the ability to independently perform legally significant lawful acts, the key element of active capacity is passive capacity to perform juristic act.
According to the results of the study, the author proposes to classify all juristic act performing by a minor by the criterion of «coordination of their commission with parents (adopter) or trustees» into three groups: 1) juristic act that can be performing without the consent of parents (adopter) or trustees; 2) juristic act that can be performing with the consent of parents (adopter) or trustees; 3) juristic act that can be performing with the consent of parents (adopter) or trustees and with the permission of the guardianship authority.
The consent of parents (adopter) or trustees to perform a juristic act by a minor should be considered as an additional requirement established by the legislature to the procedure of its performing by a minor and an additional guarantee to protect the interests of a minor who cannot fully assess the need to perform the juristic act and its legal consequences.
According to the current legislation, the consent of the parents (adopter) or trustees to perform a juristic act by a minor may be made orally, for default, or in writing by a notarized form.
Domestic And American Model Of Sanctions For Criminal Violations In The Economic Field: Critical Approach By A Comparativist
Authors: Kamenskyi D.V. 
Published: December 2021

The article critically reviews the models of criminal sanctions introduced in Ukraine and the United States for economic criminal offenses. It is emphasized that the meaning of the concept of punishment is inextricably linked to the fundamental category of criminal liability, which means the restrictions provided by criminal law for the exercise of the rights and freedoms of a person for committing a criminal offense.
It has been noted that most American courts do not practice “linear” philosophy in terms of sentencing, but on the contrary, take the whole set of unique facts and circumstances with legal significance into account in each criminal case. It has been established that this approach partially resembles the content of paragraph 3, part 1 of Art. 65 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine: the court imposes punishment, taking into account severity of the crime, identity of the perpetrator as well as mitigating and aggravating circumstances.
It has been also established that in comparison with the American domestic practice of sentencing in general and for economic crimes in particular seems unreasonably humane, such that it is not able to fully implement the purpose of punishment, declared in Art. 50 of the Criminal Code, and therefore, such as objectively unable to restrain the manifestations of illegal behavior in the economic sphere. The large- scale humanization of criminal liability for economic encroachments carried out by the Ukrainian legislator at the end of 2011, combined with the decriminalization of certain acts and the replacement of imprisonment with fines in sanctions of other norms, has intensified such negative trend.
Third, the analysis of the content and application of the federal Penal Code demonstrates not only the advantages of this act of the federal criminal law, but also its individual shortcomings. There is a lot of criticism against this document’s provisions in terms of sentencing for economic crimes. The main reason for criticism is the purely arithmetic relationship between the amount of punishment and the amount of material damage caused by such a crime.
Based on the results of elaboration of the American experience in terms of normative provision and practice of application of punishments for economic crimes, a position has been expressed on the expediency of introducing a model of limited formalization of punishments in Ukraine.
Zum Umgang mit Regressionsanalysen in Kartellschadensersatzfällen
Authors: Inderst Roman , Thomas Stefan 
Published: December 2021

Zusammenfassung
In seinem Urteil vom 13. April 2021 (KZR 19/20) hat sich der BGH im Rahmen von Schadensersatzklagen mit dem Instrument der Regressionsanalyse auseinandergesetzt und dabei drei Gütekriterien formuliert: eine hinreichend verlässliche Datengrundlage, die methodische Korrektheit sowie die Signifikanz der Ergebnisse. Wir gehen zunächst auf die allgemeinen Grundsätze dieses Instruments ein, was es sodann erlaubt, die drei Kriterien des BGH zu betrachten. Hierbei soll gezeigt werden, dass die Bewertung einer Regressionsanalyse nicht in einem festen Schema erfolgen kann, was sich auf die konkrete Anwendung der vom BGH formulierten Kriterien in der Tatsacheninstanz auswirkt. Insbesondere darf u. E. das vom BGH aufgestellte Prüfprogramm nicht als eine abschließende „Checkliste“ für die Berücksichtigungsfähigkeit der Aussagen einer Regressionsanalyse verstanden werden. So wäre ein Versuch, sich für eine Schadensschätzung allein auf statistische Gütemaße zu beschränken, einschließlich der Signifikanz der Ergebnisse, nicht sinnvoll. Stattdessen bieten sich gerade der in der Regel vergleichbare Aufbau der Regressionsanalysen der verschiedenen Gutachten in einem Verfahren dazu an, dass das Gericht die Ergebnisse dieser Regressionsanalysen differentialdiagnostisch bewertet, wobei es zwingend auch die Spezifika der Industrie, der vorhandenen Daten sowie des betrachteten Verstoßes im Auge behält. Dies stellt sicher, dass auch wesentliche Informationen, die sich nicht in das Raster einer Regressionsanalyse pressen lassen, im Rahmen einer umfassenden Schadensschätzung nach § 287 ZPO angemessen berücksichtigt werden können. Denn die Durchführung einer Regressionsanalyse ersetzt keine Gesamtbetrachtung aller verfügbaren Evidenz nach dem Maßstab der freien richterlichen Beweiswürdigung.
Concurrent Child Health Status and Maternal Recall of Events in Infancy
Authors: McCormick Marie C. , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne 
Published: December 2021

Background.Obtaining information on children's health and health events is heavily dependent on maternal report. Experience as to what factors influence accuracy of reporting varies, and few studies have examined the influence of current child health status on recall.Methods.A prospective cohort study involving 1833 children who were assessed in infancy and at 8 to 10 years of age was conducted to assess maternal reports of birth weight, gestational age, neonatal transport, length of neonatal hospitalization, and rehospitalizations in the first year compared with data collected in infancy overall, and as a function of concurrent child functional health status, socioemotional health, and ratings of child health.Results.Maternal recall of neonatal events was accurate but not that of rehospitalizations in the first year. Concurrent child health problems affected accuracy but not sufficiently to make information unusable.Conclusion.Maternal recall of neonatal events 8 to 10 years later is accurate; however, the influence of current child health status on recall may be important in research on the cognitive processes underlying health questionnaire responses.
A Systematic Review of Vision Screening Tests for the Detection of Amblyopia
Authors: Kemper Alex R. , Margolis Peter A. , Downs Stephen M. , Bordley W. Clayton 
Published: December 2021

Objective.To review the test characteristics and the quality of evidence regarding available screening tests for the detection of amblyopia in preschool-aged children to help primary care practitioners select a screening strategy.Design.Systematic review of published studies.Data Sources.The MEDLINE database was searched from 1966 through January 1999 using a broad and inclusive strategy. A total of 9551 citations were identified.Study Selection.All studies that compared the results of commercially available screening tests in preschool-aged children to ophthalmologic examination.Data Extraction.The setting of the study, the age of the population, the type of screening test, criteria for a positive screen, criteria for the ophthalmologic examination, test characteristics, and measures of reliability were abstracted by 2 reviewers for each selected study.Data Synthesis.Four eligible articles were identified that studied the test characteristics of 3 screening tests. None of these studies were performed in a primary care setting. Each study used different criteria for failure of the ophthalmologic examination. None of the studies measured observer or test reliability.Conclusions.Few high-quality data exist regarding the performance of preschool vision screening. Important future work should include the development of a consensus gold standard ophthalmologic examination and evaluation of screening tests in the primary care setting.
Management of Child and Adolescent Obesity: Attitudes, Barriers, Skills, and Training Needs Among Health Care Professionals
Authors: Story Mary T. , Neumark-Stzainer Dianne R. , Sherwood Nancy E. , Holt Katrina , Sofka Denise , Trowbridge Frederick L. , Barlow Sarah E. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate among health care professionals their attitudes, perceived barriers, perceived skill level, and training needs in the management of child and adolescent obesity.Methods. A national needs assessment consisting of a mailed questionnaire was conducted among a random sample of health care professionals. The survey was completed by 202 pediatricians, 293 pediatric nurse practitioners, and 444 registered dietitians.Results. The majority of all respondents felt that childhood obesity was a condition that needs treatment (75%–93%), and affects chronic disease risk (76%–89%) and future quality of life (83%–93%). The most frequent barriers were lack of parent involvement, lack of patient motivation, and lack of support services. Registered dietitians were less likely to identify barriers to treatment compared with pediatricians or pediatric nurse practitioners. The most common areas of self-perceived low proficiency were in the use of behavioral management strategies, guidance in parenting techniques, and addressing family conflicts. All 3 groups expressed high interest in additional training on obesity management of children and adolescents, especially in the area of behavioral management strategies and parenting techniques. Those practitioners with &gt;10 years of practice reported the greatest interest in training.Conclusions. Pediatric practitioners view child and adolescent obesity with concern and feel that intervention is important. However, several important barriers interfere with treatment efforts and will need to be addressed. There is also a need for increased training opportunities related to obesity prevention and treatment. The results of this study provide directions and priorities for training, education, and advocacy efforts.
Binge Drinking in the Preconception Period and the Risk of Unintended Pregnancy: Implications for Women and Their Children
Authors: Naimi Timothy S. , Lipscomb Leslie E. , Brewer Robert D. , Gilbert Brenda Colley 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To assess the relationship between unintended pregnancy resulting in a live birth and binge drinking (having 5 or more alcoholic beverages on 1 occasion) in the 3 months before pregnancy (the preconception period) and to characterize women who are of childbearing age and binge drink.Methods. A case-control study was conducted of women with pregnancies that resulted in a live birth, comparing those with unintended pregnancies with those with intended pregnancies. Data analyzed were from the 15 states that participated in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System from 1996–1999.Results. Of 72 907 respondents, 45% of pregnancies were unintended. Compared with women with intended pregnancy, women with unintended pregnancy were more likely to be young and black and to report preconception binge drinking (16.3% vs 11.9%; odds ratio [OR]: 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–1.54). After adjusting for potential confounders, preconception binge drinking was associated with unintended pregnancy for white women (adjusted OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.47–1.80) but not for black women (adjusted OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.77–1.20). Overall, 14% of women reported preconception binge drinking. Women who binge drank in the preconception period were more likely to be white and unmarried; to smoke and be exposed to violence in the preconception period; and to consume alcohol, binge drink, and smoke during pregnancy.Conclusions. Binge drinking in the preconception period was associated with unintended pregnancies resulting in a live birth among white women but not among black women. Preconception binge drinkers were more likely to engage in other risky behaviors, including drinking during pregnancy. Comprehensive interventions to reduce binge drinking may reduce unintended pregnancies, as well as other adverse maternal and pediatric health outcomes.
Do Multivitamin Supplements Attenuate the Risk for Diabetes-Associated Birth Defects?
Authors: Correa Adolfo , Botto Lorenzo , Liu Yecai , Mulinare Joseph , Erickson J. David 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To evaluate whether the risk for birth defects associated with maternal diabetes is attenuated by use of multivitamin supplements during the periconceptional period.Methods. In the population-based Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control Study, we identified case infants who had nonsyndromic birth defects that were reported to be associated with diabetes (n = 3278) and were born during 1968–1980 to residents of metropolitan Atlanta. Controls were infants without birth defects (n = 3029). Maternal diabetes was defined as reported diabetes with onset before the date of birth of the index infant, and periconceptional use of multivitamins was defined as reported regular use of multivitamin supplements from 3 months before pregnancy through the first 3 months of pregnancy.Results. Offspring of mothers with diabetes had an increased risk for selected birth defects. However, the increased risk was limited to offspring of mothers who had diabetes and had not taken multivitamins during the periconceptional period (odds ratio: 3.93; 95% confidence interval: 1.79–8.63). Offspring of mothers who had diabetes and had taken multivitamins during the periconceptional period had no increased risk for birth defects (odds ratio: 0.15; 95% confidence interval: 0.00–1.99).Conclusions. Periconceptional use of multivitamin supplements may reduce the risk for birth defects among offspring of mothers with diabetes.
Trends in Multiple Births Conceived Using Assisted Reproductive Technology, United States, 1997–2000
Authors: Reynolds Meredith A. , Schieve Laura A. , Martin Joyce A. , Jeng Gary , Macaluso Maurizio 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To examine trends in multiple births conceived using assisted reproductive technology (ART) in the United States between 1997 and 2000 and to estimate the proportion of all US multiple births attributable to ART use.
Methods. We analyzed population-based data of 109 519 live-born infants who were conceived in the United States using ART and born between 1997 and 2000 and population-based data of 15 856 809 live-born infants who were delivered in the United States between 1997 and 2000. Multiple birth rates (the number of live-born infants delivered in multiple gestation pregnancies per 1000 live births) and the proportion of all US multiple births attributable to ART were evaluated.
Results. The twin rate for ART patients increased between 1997 and 2000, reaching 444.7 per 1000 live births in 2000, whereas the triplet/+ rate declined substantially from 134.3 to 98.7 per 1000 live births from 1997–2000. From 1997–2000, the proportion of multiple births in the United States attributable to ART increased from 11.2% to 13.6%, whereas the proportion attributable to natural conception decreased from 69.9% to 64.5%. In 2000, the proportion of triplet/+ births attributable to ART and to natural conception was 42.5% and 17.7%, respectively. The contribution of ART to multiple births increased substantially with maternal age, from 11.6% for triplet/+ infants born to women aged 20 to 24 to 92.8% for women aged 45 to 49 years.
Conclusions. The contribution of ART to twin birth rates continues to increase, but the contribution of ART to triplet/+ birth rates has declined.
Contribution of Excess Weight Gain During Pregnancy and Macrosomia to the Cesarean Delivery Rate, 1990–2000
Authors: Rhodes Julia C. , Schoendorf Kenneth C. , Parker Jennifer D. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. After declining for many years, cesarean delivery rates recently increased. To explore whether this increase is associated with excess weight gain during pregnancy, resulting in macrosomic infants who require cesarean delivery, we examined trends in excess weight gain, macrosomia, and cesarean delivery.
Methods. Analysis of 1990–2000 US Natality Files of birth certificate data were restricted to first birth, singleton infants of 37 to 42 weeks’ gestation to avoid confounding by repeat cesarean delivery, complications of multigestational pregnancy, and preterm and postterm birth. Excess weight gain was defined according to current guidelines (41+ lb) and macrosomia as birth weight &gt;4000 g.
Results. From 1990–2000, excess weight gain rose steadily from 18.6% to 24.2%. There was a 19.3% decline in macrosomic infants among women who gained excess weight compared with an 11.9% decline among women who gained 15–40 lb, although the absolute risk remained substantially greater among women who gained excess weight (eg, 14.2% vs 7.2%, in 2000). From 1990–1997, cesarean delivery declined by 20.2% among women who gained excess weight compared with 15.7% among women who gained 15 to 40 lb. After 1997, cesarean delivery increased in all weight gain categories, and absolute risks in 2000 were 25.8% for women who gained excess weight compared with 21.6% for women who gained 15–40 lb. Overall, women who gained excess weight accounted for 24.1% of cesarean deliveries in 1990 and 28.1% in 2000.
Conclusions. Excess weight gain and macrosomia do not seem to be the primary factors that contribute to the recent increase in cesarean delivery because cesarean delivery rates have increased in all weight gain categories and macrosomia rates have decreased steadily from 1990–2000. Nonetheless, women who gain excess weight account for a growing proportion of cesarean deliveries because their relative numbers have grown.