bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Papilio butterfly vs. hawkmoth pollination explains floral syndrome dichotomy in a clade of Lilium
Authors: Liu Chang-Qiu , Niu Yang , Lu Qing-Biao , Chen Zhe , Cai Bo , Fang Ye , Gao Yun-Dong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Pollination niche shifts can drive remarkable floral divergence between closely related plant species. The Leucolirion clade of Lilium contains species with either tepal-recurved or trumpet-shaped flowers. The tepal-recurved flowers are bright orange and might be pollinated by butterflies and/or birds. The trumpet-shaped flowers are mostly pale and strongly fragrant and might permit visitation by a variety of hawkmoths. Lilium leucanthum has trumpet-shaped flowers, and some populations of this species show dark coloration on the floral outer surface, suggesting pollination by mammals. We identified pollinators and examined the dependence of reproduction on pollinators by floral visitor observations, pollen load analysis and pollination experiments. We also analysed floral traits to contrast the two floral syndromes involving different lepidopteran groups. The tepal-recurved lilies are specialized on a group of Papilio butterflies for pollination with pollen predominantly attached to the hindwings. The trumpet-shaped flowers are almost exclusively pollinated by hawkmoths, including diverse species with proboscises of different lengths. No mammal visitation was found to the populations of L. leucanthum with dark outer surfaces of flowers. Self-incompatibility prevails throughout the clade, including the populations in which pollinators were scarce. The butterfly- and hawkmoth-pollinated species display contrasting floral syndromes. Our findings confirmed that the dichotomy in floral syndrome in the Leucolirion clade is associated with Papilio butterfly vs. hawkmoth pollination, whereas intraspecific variation in colour of the floral outer surface of L. leucanthum many need a non-pollinator explanation.
Generalizations of genetic conservation principles in islands are not always likely: a case study from a Neotropical insular cactus
Authors: Franco Fernando Faria , Silva Felipe André , Khan Gulzar , Bonatelli Isabel A S , Amaral Danilo Trabuco , Zappi Daniela C , Taylor Nigel P , Moraes Evandro Marsola 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCereus insularis (Cereeae, Cactaceae) is an insular endemic and dominant element of the vegetation of Fernando de Noronha Islands (FNI), a Neotropical archipelago 350 km from mainland Brazil. Here, we estimate the levels of genetic diversity for C. insularis and investigate its genetic relationship with the closely allied C. fernambucensis, which is widespread along the Brazilian coast. We genotyped and analysed 112 individuals for ten nuclear microsatellite markers to understand genetic connectivity between insular and mainland populations. The levels of genetic diversity for this species indicate an absence of genetic erosion. Furthermore, the expected heterozygosity in C. insularis is consistent with a long-term colonization process of FNI. We identify signatures of recent and bilateral gene flow among mainland and insular populations. We explain our results taking into consideration the biogeographic hypothesis to explain the peripatric origin of C. insularis. Overall, this is a case study suggesting that the generalizations of genetic conservation principles in oceanic islands, such as low levels of genetic diversity, are not always the case. Rather than challenge these principles, we stress that island dynamism throughout time should be an important factor in explaining levels of genetic diversity in insular species.
Albumin is an interface between blood plasma and cell membrane, and not just a sponge
Authors: van de Wouw Jens , Joles Jaap A 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma and acts as a carrier for many circulating molecules. Hypoalbuminaemia, mostly caused by either renal or liver disease or malnutrition, can perturb vascular homeostasis and is involved in the development of multiple diseases. Here we review four functions of albumin and the consequences of hypoalbuminaemia on vascular homeostasis. (i) Albumin is the main determinant of plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Hypoalbuminaemia was therefore thought to be the main mechanism for oedema in nephrotic syndrome (NS), however, experimental studies showed that intrarenal mechanisms rather than hypoalbuminaemia determine formation and, in particular, maintenance of oedema. (ii) Albumin functions as an interface between lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and circulating factors (lipoproteins and erythrocytes) and the endothelium. Consequently, hypoalbuminaemia results in higher LPC levels in lipoproteins and erythrocyte membrane, thereby increasing atherosclerotic properties of low-density lipoprotein and blood viscosity, respectively. Furthermore, albumin dose-dependently restores LPC-induced inhibition of vasodilation. (iii) Hypoalbuminaemia impacts on vascular nitric oxide (NO) signalling by directly increasing NO production in endothelial cells, leading to reduced NO sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle cells. (iv) Lastly, albumin binds free fatty acids (FFAs). FFAs can induce vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis, uncouple endothelial NO synthase and decrease endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Unbound FFAs can increase the formation of reactive oxygen species by mitochondrial uncoupling in multiple cell types and induce hypertriglyceridemia in NS. In conclusion, albumin acts as an interface in the circulation and hypoalbuminaemia impairs multiple aspects of vascular function that may underlie the association of hypoalbuminaemia with adverse outcomes. However, hypoalbuminaemia is not a key to oedema in NS. These insights have therapeutic implications.
Randomized comparison of three high-flux dialyzers during high-volume online hemodiafiltration—the comPERFORM study
Authors: Ehlerding Götz , Ries Wolfgang , Kempkes-Koch Manuela , Ziegler Ekkehard , Erlenkötter Ansgar , Zawada Adam M , Kennedy James P , Ottillinger Bertram , Stauss-Grabo Manuela , Lang Thomas 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Dialyzers should be designed to efficiently eliminate uraemic toxins during dialysis treatment, given that the accumulation of small and middle molecular weight uraemic solutes is associated with increased mortality risk of patients with end-stage renal disease. In the present study we investigated the novel FX CorAL dialyzer with a modified membrane surface for performance during online hemodiafiltration (HDF) in a clinical setting.

Methods
comPERFORM was a prospective, open, controlled, multicentric, interventional, crossover study with randomized treatment sequences. It randomized stable patients receiving regular post-dilution online HDF to FX CorAL 600 (Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland), xevonta Hi 15 (B. Braun) and ELISIO 150H (Nipro) each for 1 week. The primary outcome was β2-m removal rate (β2-m RR) during online HDF. Secondary endpoints were RR and/or clearance of β2-m and other molecules. Albumin removal over time was an exploratory endpoint. Non-inferiority and superiority of FX CorAL 600 versus comparators were tested.

Results
Fifty-two patients were included and analysed. FX CorAL 600 showed the highest β2-m RR (75.47%), followed by xevonta Hi 15 (74.01%) and ELISIO 150H (72.70%). Superiority to its comparators was statistically significant (P = 0.0216 and P &lt; 0.0001, respectively). Secondary endpoints related to middle molecules affirmed these results. FX CorAL 600 demonstrated the lowest albumin removal up to 60 minutes and its sieving properties changed less over time than with comparators.

Conclusions
FX CorAL 600 efficiently removed middle and small molecules and was superior to the two comparators in β2-m RR. Albumin sieving kinetics point to reduced formation of a secondary membrane.
Role of 3-Carene in Host Location and Colonization by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Ross Darrell W , Neal Tiffany A , Wallin Kimberly F 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins) occasionally colonizes western larch [Larix occidentalis Nutt. (Pinales: Pinaceae)] growing in close proximity to its primary host, Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinales: Pinaceae)], but brood have never been found to survive in live western larch. Western larch produces the monoterpene 3-carene in higher concentrations than Douglas-fir. In this study, the toxicity and repellency of 3-carene to Douglas-fir beetle was evaluated in a series of laboratory and field tests. In a laboratory bioassay, 3-carene was one of the most toxic monoterpenes to Douglas-fir beetles among those tested. In a field trial, addition of 3-carene to multiple-funnel traps baited with frontalin (the primary component of Douglas-fir beetle aggregation pheromone) or frontalin and α-pinene significantly reduced the number of Douglas-fir beetles collected. In another field study, live western larch, felled western larch, live Douglas-fir, felled Douglas-fir, and live Douglas-fir surrounded by 3-carene releasers were baited with Douglas-fir beetle aggregation pheromones. There were significantly fewer Douglas-fir beetle entrance holes and egg galleries excavated on both live western larch and live Douglas-fir surrounded by 3-carene compared with live Douglas-fir. Most egg galleries excavated in live western larch were heavily impregnated with resin and no eggs hatched. There were no significant differences in egg galleries excavated or eggs hatched between felled western larch and felled Douglas-fir. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that 3-carene slows the colonization process in live western larch allowing more time for host trees to respond to a colonization attempt and a higher likelihood of successfully resisting infestation.
Screening and Signalling Non-Cognitive Skills: Experimental Evidence from Uganda
Authors: Bassi Vittorio , Nansamba Aisha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We study how employers and job seekers respond to credible information on skills that are difficult to observe, and how this affects matching in the labour market. We experimentally vary whether certificates on workers’ non-cognitive skills are disclosed to both sides of the market during job interviews between young workers and small firms in Uganda. The certificates cause workers to increase their labour market expectations, while high-ability managers revise their assessments of the workers’ skills upwards. The reaction in terms of beliefs leads to an increase in positive assortative matching and to higher earnings for workers, conditional on employment.
Prognostic impact of invasive exercise haemodynamics in patients with severe mitral regurgitation
Authors: Hein Manuel , Neu Julia , Doerken Sam , Schoechlin Simon , Dorfs Stephan , Zeh Wolfgang , Pingpoh Clarence , Neumann Franz-Josef , Minners Jan , Jander Nikolaus 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Abnormal invasive exercise haemodynamics in asymptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation were associated with higher regurgitation burden. We analysed the association between parameters of invasive exercise testing with mortality and valve surgery compared to guideline defined non-invasive criteria.

METHODS
This single centre, retrospective cohort study assesses the association of invasive exercise haemodynamics and mortality with and without surgery in patients with severe mitral regurgitation and normal ejection fraction (≥55%) as primary outcome. The secondary outcome was the need for mitral valve surgery in 113 asymptomatic patients primarily managed conservatively.

RESULTS
We identified 314 patients [age 59 years (standard deviation 13), 27% female] with available exercise haemodynamics with a median follow-up of 8.2 (interquartile range 5.2–11.2) years. Five-year survival rate was 93.0%. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at maximum exercise &gt;30 mmHg was the only parameter independently associated with mortality after adjustment for age and guideline criteria [hazard ratio (HR) 2.7 (1.3–5.6), P = 0.007]. In the 113 patients primarily managed conservatively, maximum pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was independently associated with mitral valve surgery during follow-up in multivariable analysis (HR 2.10 (1.32–3.34), P = 0.002; after adjustment for workload and weight: HR 1.31 (1.14–1.52), P &lt; 0.001], whereas systolic pulmonary artery pressure and current guideline criteria were not. Adding maximum pulmonary capillary wedge pressure &gt;25 mmHg improved the predictive power of current guideline criteria for surgery (area under the curve 0.61–0.68, P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS
Invasive exercise haemodynamics predict mortality and improve prognostic information about surgery during follow-up derived from current guideline criteria in asymptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation.
Effect of 5 years of exercise training on the cardiovascular risk profile of older adults: the Generation 100 randomized trial
Authors: Letnes Jon Magne , Berglund Ida , Johnson Kristin E , Dalen Håvard , Nes Bjarne M , Lydersen Stian , Viken Hallgeir , Hassel Erlend , Steinshamn Sigurd , Vesterbekkmo Elisabeth Kleivhaug , Støylen Asbjørn , Reitlo Line S , Zisko Nina , Bækkerud Fredrik H , Tari Atefe R , Ingebrigtsen Jan Erik , Sandbakk Silvana B , Carlsen Trude , Anderssen Sigmund A , Singh Maria A Fiatarone , Coombes Jeff S , Helbostad Jorunn L , Rognmo Øivind , Wisløff Ulrik , Stensvold Dorthe 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 5 years of supervised exercise training (ExComb), and the differential effects of subgroups of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), with control on the cardiovascular risk profile in older adults.

Methods and results
Older adults aged 70–77 years from Trondheim, Norway (n = 1567, 50% women), able to safely perform exercise training were randomized to 5 years of two weekly sessions of HIIT [∼90% of peak heart rate (HR), n = 400] or MICT (∼70% of peak HR, n = 387), together forming ExComb (n = 787), or control (instructed to follow physical activity recommendations, n = 780). The main outcome was a continuous cardiovascular risk score (CCR), individual cardiovascular risk factors, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). CCR was not significantly lower [−0.19, 99% confidence interval (CI) −0.46 to 0.07] and VO2peak was not significantly higher (0.39 mL/kg/min, 99% CI −0.22 to 1.00) for ExComb vs. control. HIIT showed higher VO2peak (0.76 mL/kg/min, 99% CI 0.02–1.51), but not lower CCR (−0.32, 99% CI −0.64 to 0.01) vs. control. MICT did not show significant differences compared to control or HIIT. Individual risk factors mostly did not show significant between-group differences, with some exceptions for HIIT being better than control. There was no significant effect modification by sex. The number of cardiovascular events was similar across groups. The healthy and fit study sample, and contamination and cross-over between intervention groups, challenged the possibility of detecting between-group differences.

Conclusions
Five years of supervised exercise training in older adults had little effect on cardiovascular risk profile and did not reduce cardiovascular events.

Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01666340.
Electrocardiogram monitoring in the prone position in coronavirus disease 2019 acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Roccia Hugo , Argaud Laurent , Le Goic Maëva , Guérin Claude , Cour Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
Prone positioning is increasingly used for treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In these high-risk patients for cardiovascular events who may spend more than 16 h a day in the prone position, an adequate monitoring of electrocardiogram (ECG) is mandatory. However, effects of prone positioning on the ECG are unknown as is the validity of the ECG recorded with electrodes placed dorsally. We aimed to compare ECG data obtained in the prone position from five electrodes positioned conventionally and dorsally, and to assess the effects of the change of position (from supine to prone) on the ECGs in patients with COVID-19 ARDS.

Methods and results
In patients with COVID-19 ARDS for whom the prone position was indicated, seven-lead ECG (frontal plane leads and V6) performed in the supine and the prone position with electrodes positioned conventionally and dorsally were compared. A total of 22 patients [20 (91%) males] were included. Among them, 10 (45%) patients had structural or ischaemic heart disease. After prone positioning, PR duration significantly increased and QRS duration significantly decreased whereas QT interval did not significantly change. In the prone position, there were excellent correlations between QRS axis, PR, RR, QRS, and QT intervals durations measured with electrodes placed on the torso and dorsally (with no change in the position of V6).

Conclusion
Prone positioning induced significant change in the ECG. In the prone position, ECG can be reliably monitored with four electrodes translated from conventional position to the back and with a precordial electrode left in V6 position.
New energy sources and technologies for atrial fibrillation catheter ablation
Authors: Boersma Lucas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ablation has become a cornerstone for the management of symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients where anti-arrhythmic drugs fail. Electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) is the basic step for every procedure but is still hampered by tools and energy sources that do not lead to durability of isolation. Novel therapies include high power short duration radiofrequency ablation in combination with optimal cooling of the electrode–tissue interface by irrigation or new electrode material to allow for optimal safe energy transfer. Novel tools include competitive balloon catheters using cryoenergy, laser, or radiofrequency current, or linear array ablation with ultralow temperature cryoablation to enhance durability of lesions. A novel energy source is rapidly evolving in the form of pulsed electrical field ablation resulting in irreversible electroporation of cardiac tissue, potentially without collateral side effects. Beyond PV isolation, ablation targets are still under study as standardized addition of lesion lines shows limited benefits. Mapping of the activation pattern during AF to guide patient-specific target ablation has been developing over the last decade, with mixed results by different platforms. The field of ablation for AF is evolving more rapidly than ever which will hopeful result in better long-term outcomes.
Sample Design and Estimation in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: Round 3 (2015–2016)
Authors: O’Muircheartaigh Colm , English Ned , Pedlow Steven , Schumm L Philip 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This article, and corresponding articles for the earlier rounds of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), provide the scientific underpinning for the statistical analysis of NSHAP data. The 2015–2016 round of data collection for NSHAP comprised the third wave of data collection for the original cohort born 1920–1947 (C1) and the first wave of data collection for a second cohort born 1948–1965 (C2). Here we describe (a) our protocol for reinterviewing C1; (b) our approach to the sample design for C2, including the frame construction, stratification, clustering, and within-household selection; and (c) the construction of cross-sectional weights for the entire 2015–2016 sample when analyzed at the individual level or when analyzed as a sample of cohabiting couples. We also provide guidance on computing design-based standard errors.

Methods
The sample for C2 was drawn independently of the C1 sample using the NORC U.S. National Sampling Frame. A probability sample of households containing at least one individual born 1948–1965 was drawn, and from these, each age-eligible individual was included together with their cohabiting spouse or partner (even if not age-eligible). This C2 sample was combined with the C1 sample to yield a sample representative of the U.S. population of adults born 1920–1965.

Results
Among C1, we conducted 2,409 interviews corresponding to a 91% conditional response rate (i.e., among previous respondents); the unconditional three-wave response rate for the original C1 sample was 71%. Among C2, we conducted 2,368 interviews corresponding to a response rate of 76%.

Discussion
Together C1 and C2 permit inference about the U.S. population of home-dwelling adults born from 1920 to 1965. In addition, three waves of data from C1 are now available, permitting longitudinal analyses of health outcomes and their determinants among older adults.
Remagnetization of the Jurassic limestones in the Zaduo area, Eastern Qiangtang Terrane (Tibetan Plateau, China): implications for the India–Eurasia collision
Authors: Fu Qiang , Yan Maodu , Dekkers Mark J , Guan Chong , Yu Liang , Xu Wanlong , Li Bingshuai , Feng Zhantao , Xu Zunbo , Shen Miaomiao , Zhang Dawen 
Published: October 2021

SUMMARYA series of terranes were accreted to Eurasia in the region of what is now the Tibetan Plateau, including the Qaidam-Qilian, the Songpan-Ganzi, the Qiangtang, the Lhasa and the Tethyan Himalaya terranes. The drift history of the Qiangtang Terrane and the timing of the Lhasa–Qiangtang collision are controversial. To contribute to this topic, here, we palaeomagnetically investigate the Middle-Upper Jurassic limestones of the Yanshiping group in the Zaduo area (32.5°N, 95.2°E), in the Estern Qiangtang Terrane. Twelve sites (133 samples) were processed. A major challenge in palaeomagnetism is the possibility of remagnetization that interferes with palaeogeographic reconstructions. Both thermal and alternating field demagnetizations were carried out to isolate the characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM). Despite the positive reversals test, rock magnetic information points to a remagnetized ChRM. The ChRM is residing in stable single-domain (SSD) magnetite grains with cogenetic superparamagnetic (SP) particles. The co-occurreance of SSD and SP magnetites generates distinct rock-magnetic properties often refer to as the ‘remagnetized fingerprint’ in limestones. This remagnetization process is also manifested by the widespread occurrence of gypsum veinlets in the limestones. The site-mean direction of the 12 sites after tilt-correction is Ds = 30.6°, Is = 35.6°, κs = 182.9, α95 = 3.2°, corresponding to a palaeolatitude of ∼19.7°± 2.8°N for the study area. The corresponding palaeopole (59.8°N, 202.7°E with A95 = 2.8°) points to an NRM acquired after the India–Eurasia collision. The original sediments were likely anoxic because of the high organic carbon fluxes that prevailed during their deposition. After the India–Eurasia collision, it is envisaged that conditions became more oxic, giving rise to oxidation of iron sulphides to authigenic magnetite and the CRM acquisition. The Zaduo area in the Eastern Qiangtang Terrane has experienced ∼15.7° ± 3.2° (∼1740 ± 350 km) of latitudinal crustal shortening since the Eocene. In addition, the clockwise rotation responding to the India–Eurasia collision is also detected in the Zaduo area.