bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fenton and photo‐Fenton pretreatments on solubilization of lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: De la Rosa Shadid Fernanda 
Published: June 2021

Non‐edible lignocellulosic biomass materials are attracting increasing attention as renewable, economical, and abundant resources to reduce dependency on petroleum resources and minimize energy and material feedstock costs. Despite their potential, the complex and rigid structures of these materials limit their use in such applications. Biomass materials must first be broken down into components with smaller molecular weights (e.g., oligo‐ and monosaccharides) in order to be efficiently converted into a wide range of value‐added products. Hydrolysates from biomass can be used for producing various value‐added products, including biofuels (ethanol, hydrogen, etc.), industrially important chemicals (e.g., solvents), and food products (sugar and sugar alcohols, etc.).Success of using lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels and other useful chemical productions depend largely upon pretreatment and break down methods applied as well as physical and chemical properties of the biomass. The pretreatment is an essential prerequisite to make biomass accessible and reactive by altering its structural features such as, removal of lignin and reduction of cellulose crystallinity, which thereby increases in porosity. The goal of this project was to evaluate Fenton and photo‐Fenton processes as pretreatments methods for biomass (corn stover and corn husk) solubilization and reduce extensive use of toxic and hazardous chemicals or energy inputs in the hydrolysis process. Fenton and Fenton‐UV experiments were carried out in a glass reactor using 100 mL pH=3 solution (HCl). The biomass (2.5g) and 1mmol Fe2+ were added as well as freshly prepared H2O2 solution (3 × 0.7 mmol H2O2; 15 min intervals). In the Fenton‐UV reaction, light source (Pen Ray 254 nm, 40W) was placed in the center of the reactor. Further hydrolysis of Fenton and Fenton‐UV treated samples occurred using mild acid hydrolysis (4% H2SO4) to calculate hydrolysis percentage of each filtered mixture and biomass residue. IR and SEM measurements were performed on solid biomass residue and hydrolysate was analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC) content. The hydrolysis percentage between different pretreatments showed that Fenton in corn stover and corn husk resulted in 3.8% and 1.6% hydrolysis respectively while the Fenton‐UV‐Acid hydrolysis treatment in corn stover and corn husk resulted in 32.4% and 51.8% hydrolysis. From this we concluded that Fenton‐UV‐Acid hydrolysis was the best pretreatment for the solubilization of corn biomass.Support or Funding InformationUniversity of Nebraska‐Lincoln: Undergraduate Creative Activities and Research Experience.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Characterization of a Short Form of Perilipin 5
Authors: Dalton Rebekah C. , Tansey John T. 
Published: June 2021

Many modern health issues arise from aberrant lipid metabolism. Among these are type II diabetes and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. One commonality these diseases share is neutral lipid metabolism and storage. Perilipins are a family of five conserved proteins that are found on the surface of lipid storage droplets and play a central role in the regulation of cellular neutral lipid metabolism. Perilipin 5 is expressed in tissues with a high capacity for fatty acid oxidation such as heart, oxidative muscle, and fasting liver. Using western blotting and reverse transcriptase PCR we have identified a shortened form of perilipin 5 we have termed perilipin 5B. This short form of the protein retains the amino terminal 35 kDa of the protein but lacks the 4 helix bundle found in the C‐terminus. Based on reports in the literature, this protein would lack the carboxy terminal domains reported to be necessary for interactions with lipases and other proteins but would retain serine 155 that is requisite for PKA phosphorylation and translocation to the nucleus. We have constructed a carboxy terminal truncation of perilipin 5 and are expressing it in CHO cells to further define the function of this protein. Like the full length protein, this truncation targets to lipid storage droplets. Collectively these studies indicate that perilipin 5B plays a role in lipid storage, but its function is still unknown.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Elucidation of the N‐terminal Structure and Characteristics of Perilipin 5
Authors: Wei Derek T. , Tansey John T. 
Published: June 2021

The United States and other nations are experiencing an epidemic of lipid‐related diseases. Understanding the etiologies of these diseases is an increasingly imperative objective. Finding the function and mechanisms of the molecules involved in these lipid‐related diseases could show new and enhanced treatments for those suffering from these conditions. The perilipins, a family of five conserved lipid droplet proteins, are a chief subject of study in this field. However, an abundance of structural data is absent and would facilitate major strides in clarifying perilipin function. There is three‐dimensional structural data on the carboxyl terminus of one member in the perilipin family, perilipin 3, but not for other family members. The current study is aimed to characterize and determine the structure of the N‐terminal domain of perilipin 5. Perilipin 5 is of interest because of its implications in numerous of the metabolic conditions observed in the population. The N‐terminus is the concentration of the project because the C‐terminus of the protein has a high sequence homology with that of perilipin 3. Therefore, the C‐terminus of perilipin 5 is predicted to take on a similar structure to the C‐terminus of perilipin 3. A cDNA fragment coding for the N‐terminal region of perilipin 5 was PCR amplified from the full‐length Mus musculus perilipin 5 gene. It was then transformed into Escherichia Coli to produce the protein fragment of interest. Isolation of the protein fragment is undergoing via nickel affinity chromatography. Theoretical secondary and tertiary structures of the N‐terminal fragment of perilipin 5 have been obtained using the programs Phyre2, SCRATCH, GOR4, CFSSP, and Jpred. Computer models predict the sequence's secondary structure to contain numerous alpha helices with increasing frequency near the back half of the fragment. In conclusion, determination of the N‐terminal structure of perilipin 5 will further enable research into the functions of the perilipin family.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
In utero therapy for hemophilia A using EGFP amniotic fluid stem cells
Authors: Kao Yung‐Tsung , Chen Yen‐Ting , Lan Ying‐Wei , Chen Chuan‐Mu 
Published: June 2021

Hemophilia A is an X chromosome recessive genetic disease, that causes clotting factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency leading to blood coagulation dysfunction. The activity of coagulation factor in serious hemophilia patients is less than one percent. The current therapeutic methods of hemophilia A are mainly for giving either the coagulation factor supplementary injection or gene therapy. However, both methods have some shortcomings. Therefore, an alternative potential treatment might be desired. The amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) are derived from amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid is the medical waste and it don't involve in ethical issues. Moreover, AFSCs can differentiate to diverse cells of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm lineages. In utero transplantation (IUT) of AFSCs is an approach used to cure inherited genetic fetal defects during the gestation period of pregnant. In human, certain disease, such as osteogenesis imperfect, was successfully treated by using this method. By transplanting AFSCs into fetus, the AFSCs can directly involve in the development of the fetus and achieve therapeutic effect. The aim of this research is to assess therapeutic effect of hemophilia A after in utero transplantation by amniotic fluid‐derived EGFP‐stem cells (EGFP‐AFSCs) into the liver of FVIII knockout mice. In this study, the B6;129S‐F8tm1Kaz/J knockout mice was used as a hemophilia A animal model. The C57BL/6 mice was used as a normal control and untreated hemophilia A mice was used as a negative control. To establish IUT animal model, the pregnant CD‐1 mice (14.5 days) underwent abdominal surgery and transplanted EGFP‐AFSCs (5 × 104 cells per fetus) into the liver of fetus. Three weeks after birth, the mice were sacrificed and the EGFP signal in organs were analyzed by RT‐PCR, histological examination and flow cytometry. Results showed that EGFP signal can be detected in the liver and intestine. Furthermore, we used several methods including activated partial thromboplastin time, FVIII activity assay, tail clip survival rate, and hemoglobin concentration to analyze whether the FVIII activity in the hemophilia A mice can be restored or not after IUT operation by EGFP‐AFSCs. By conducting this research, we expect to solve the hemophilia patient's therapeutic problems and increase better quality of life.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Correlating Increased Mechanical Forces with Tissue Lesions in Equine Navicular Disease
Authors: Uhl Elizabeth W. , Blas‐Machado Uriel , Kirejczyk Shannon GM. , Osborn Michelle L. 
Published: June 2021

Navicular disease is a common form of chronic lameness in horses that currently can only be managed but not effectively treated. The navicular apparatus is a functional enthesis organ very similar to the human Achilles, and is highly adapted to dissipate forces away from the osteotendinous junction between the deep digital flexor tendon and the distal phalanx. Force analyses using 3D models constructed from CT scans of a horse's forelimb indicate that an exaggerated dorsiflexion of the foot, a posture commonly observed in horses with navicular disease, puts the deep digital flexor tendon under greater tension. With this in mind, tissue lesions in the navicular enthesis organ in horses euthanized for navicular disease were correlated with the force analysis. Areas of tension in the deep flexor tendon and underlying adipose tissue were identified by differential histological staining of stretched versus relaxed collagen using Masson's trichrome and picrosirius red. These areas correlated with tendon lesions documented by MRI and were in line with compressive lesions in the navicular bone. The dorsiflexed position of the foot was also found to increase forces on the impar and suspensory ligaments in which enthesial loss and disruption of collagen fibers and deposits of cartilage and bone was documented. These findings confirm the primary mechanical pathogenesis of navicular disease and indicate that rehabilitative therapy focused on decreasing dorsiflexion of the foot by reducing overloading of the forelimb is likely to be an effective treatment for many cases of navicular disease.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Small Molecule ER Proteostasis Regulators Rescue Activity of ATF6 Disease Mutants
Authors: Chiang Wei‐Chieh , Chan Priscilla , Paxman Ryan , Kelly Jeffery W. , Wiseman R. Luke , Lin Jonathan H. 
Published: June 2021

ATF6 encodes a transcription factor that mediates the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) to maintain protein folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In response to ER stress, ATF6 migrates from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and undergoes regulated intramembrane proteolysis to release its cytosolic bZIP transcriptional activator domain, which upregulates chaperones and enzymes necessary for ER protein folding and homeostasis. We previously identified novel ATF6 mutations in patients with hereditary vision loss diseases by whole exome sequencing. Class I ATF6 mutants exhibit impaired ER‐to‐Golgi trafficking under ER stress conditions and therefore, impaired production of cytosolic bZIP domain through regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Class II ATF6 mutants are truncated ATF6 proteins that contain the entire cytosolic bZIP domain and they are constitutively active, even when the cells are not under ER stress. Class III ATF6 mutants have a defective or absent bZIP domain, resulting in the loss of ATF6 signaling.To identify potential treatments to address the molecular defects found in these ATF6 mutants, we tested a recently discovered small molecule ER proteostasis regulator that selectively promotes the activation of ATF6 signaling. We found that treating the cells expressing ATF6 mutant with this molecule restores the ATF6 signaling pathway. Furthermore, treating patient fibroblasts carrying ATF6 mutations with this molecule also reduced cell death under experimentally induced protein misfolding. These findings indicate that targeting ATF6 signaling pathway with a small molecule ER proteostasis regulator may be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent disease caused by ATF6 mutations.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Salivary Cortisol Levels and Body Composition in Mexican College Students
Authors: Suarez Paola Algara , Medina Elisa Rodriguez , Martinez Josefina Gallegos , Martinez Monica Lucia Acebo , Hernandez Jaime Reyes 
Published: June 2021

Obesity is a serious public health problem worldwide, generating almos 82% of health care expenses in México. A growing young population is presenting overweight and excesive body fat mass wich in the long term evolves in metabolic syndrome. Cortisol plays a pivotal role in the generation of obestiy and inflammation, which leads to further endocrinological disorders as is insulin and leptin resistance. Therefore, it is imperative to study the association between body fat mass and cortisol levels, which can be studied in fasting saliva as a non‐invasive method.The aim of this study was to characterize body composition and fasting salival cortisol levels in a population of mexcian college students. This protocol was accepted by the Ethics Comittee of Nursing School of UASLP.150 female and 82 male college students aged 18–24 years were included in this study. Body composition was measured using a bioelectrical impedance scale (InBody, Korea), stadiometer and measuring rod as recomended by WHO procedures. Saliva samples were collected in a sterile plastic tube in fasting conditions, freezed and used for cortisol determination using a specific ELISA kit (Salimetrics, PA). For salivary cortisol studies, a cohort of 42 samples from women and 34 from men were selected representing all BMI categories. Psychological stress was measured in order to contol cortisol production due to anxiety.This population showed a lower percentage of obesity and overweight than that presented for this age group. BMI: 58.2% normal, 24.1% overweight, 12% obesity and 5.6 % low weight. Nevertheless, fat body mas was elevated in 63.8% of the population, concentrated mainly in the abdominal region (71.5% showed high degrees of abdominal fat mass, 25.4 % was normal and 3 % was low). Parameters for categorization of anthropometry were based on WHO standards. Skeletal muscle mass was normal in 53.4% of the population and low in 39.2% and basal metabolic rate was low for 64.2% . Regarding cortisol, a mean value of 0.40 ± 0.19 μg/dL was found for women and 0.41 ± 0.26 μg/dL for men. Higher levels of salivary cortisol were found in the high fat mass percentaje in the male population but not among BMI categories or in the female population. Psychological stress had no significant effect on cortisol levels in either population.We conclude that fat mass is altered earlier than BMI in this young population considered healthy. Morning cortisol levels are not significantly increased in women but are increased in men, and are neither affected by physchological stress.Support or Funding InformationCONACYT Scholarship 793437 to ERMUASLP Grant C17‐FAI‐06‐36.36 to PASThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Low Intensity Ultrasound Can Affect Cell Behavior And Can Promote Drug Delivery
Authors: Lucchetti Donatella , Perelli Luigi , Colella Filomena , Scoarughi Gianluca , Barbato Gaetano , De Maria Ruggero , Sgambato Alessandro 
Published: June 2021

Ultrasounds (US) represent a new frontier for medical biotechnologies for their potential applications in therapy. Several studies have shown that cellular biomechanical and biophysical changes are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as cancer. For this reason, the study of the biological effects induced by exposure of both normal and neoplastic cells to the US is important to understand the effects of these changes on cellular functions and to evaluate and justify their potential applications in oncology.Aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of low‐intensity US on the proliferation, motility and differentiation of a human colon‐adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29). Moreover, we evaluated the effects of US on the delivery of oxaliplatin and on the uptake of exosomes.Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT viability test, while cell motility using the scratch test. Cell differentiation was evaluated assessing alkaline phosphatase activity and by Western blot. Exosomes were isolated by differential centrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Dynamic Light scatter and Western Blot to evaluate the expression of exosomal markers (CD63‐CD81‐CD9). Uptake of exosomes was evaluated by flow cytometry.All experiments were performed at four different ultrasonic frequencies (KHz), and at three acoustic intensities. Twelve hours after the treatment, the application of medium‐low intensity and frequencies US led to an increase in cell proliferation of HT29 (Fig. 1A). An inhibitory effect was observed at higher intensities. The proliferative effect was less evident at 24 hours from treatment. US exposure increased cell motility at all frequencies with a greater effect at high frequencies (Fig.1B and C). It has been described that treatment with sodium butyrate (NaBu) induces differentiation of HT29 cells, as assessed by an increased phosphatase alkaline activity, together with a reduction in the expression of the cancer stem cell marker CD133. We have shown that US treatment increases the differentiating effect of sodium butyrate by promoting alkaline phosphatase activity (Fig.2A) and CD133 reduction (Fig.2B). We also observed that USs promotes oxaliplatin‐induced cell toxicity (data not shown) and increases the uptake of exosomes likely through an ERK‐integrinβ4‐dependent mechanism (Fig. 2C and data not shown).US treatment can affect several cells functions. US could be used to promote drug as well as exosome‐mediated drug delivery. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of US is essential for their future use in clinical practice alone and/or in combination with chemotherapeutics.Support or Funding InformationPromedica Bioelectronics srlThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Combined Laser Capture Microdissection and Mass Spectrometry (LCM‐MS) to Identify, Localize and Quantify Biologics in Specific Anatomic Microenvironments
Authors: O'Neil Shawn P. , Quazi Shakey A. , Dufield Dawn R. , Wei Benjamin 
Published: June 2021

Biologics represent over 30% of approved drugs and have been used to treat a broad range of diseases. The toxicological effects of several biologics have been reported in preclinical studies; however, the pathogenesis for these toxicities is often poorly understood. Correlating the precise spatial biodistribution of biologic test articles with the histopathological pattern of toxicological lesions observed in exploratory toxicity studies is helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of toxicity; however, the frequent absence of test article‐specific antibodies precludes the use of immunohistochemistry, which would normally be used to localize proteins in tissues. Here, a tissue proteomics approach (LCM‐MS) that combines laser capture microdissection (LCM) and mass spectrometry (MS) was developed to identify, localize, and quantify biologics in specific anatomic microenvironments in tissue sections.A therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb‐Y) that had been associated with glomerulopathy in cynomolgus monkeys was used as the substrate for developing LCM‐MS methods. Lysates prepared from glomeruli that had been collected from kidney cryosections by LCM were enriched for mAb‐Y by immunoprecipitation, digested with trypsin and injected into a ThermoFisher LTQ orbitrap mass spectrometer for identification and quantification. Two proteotypic peptides for mAb‐Y were identified and a calibration curve was generated by adding a fixed amount of “heavy‐labeled” (13C, 15N) peptide to different amounts of intact mAb‐Y and measuring the ratio of mAb‐Y light/heavy peptide concentration versus the ratio of the peak areas under the curve from heavy and light peptide spectra generated by multiple reaction monitoring MS. The calibration curve was linear, with a correlation coefficient of 0.994 (p<0.0003), and the lower limit of quantification for mAb‐Y was 2.5 ng/ml. LCM‐MS was then used to measure mAb‐Y concentrations in lysates of LCM‐captured glomeruli from six mAb‐Y‐dosed versus six vehicle‐dosed monkeys. Glomerular lysates (2.5 μg) were immunoprecipitated with biotinylated goat anti‐human Fc antibody, and the protein eluted from streptavidin dynabeads was trypsinized and injected into a Sciex QTRAP 5500 mass spectrometer. mAb‐Y was identified and quantified in glomeruli from 2 of 6 monkeys in the high‐dose group (4.0 and 5.2 ng/ml, respectively) after a six month recovery period but not in 6 vehicle controls. The LCM‐MS approach can be used to identify and quantify other protein biologics in specific anatomic microenvironments to facilitate understanding of the toxicity of biotherapeutics in development.Support or Funding InformationPfizer, Inc.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.