bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy optimal motion planning of a 14-DOF biped robot on 3D terrain using a new speed function incorporating biped dynamics and terrain geometry
Authors: Kumar Jitendra , Dutta Ashish 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a new method is proposed to find a feasible energy-efficient path between an initial point and goal point on uneven terrain and then to optimally traverse the path. The path is planned by integrating the geometric features of the uneven terrain and the biped robot dynamics. This integrated information of biped dynamics and associated cost (energy) for moving toward the goal point is used to define the value of a new speed function at each point on the discretized surface of the terrain. The value is stored as a matrix called the dynamic transport cost (DTC). The path is obtained by solving the Eikonal equation numerically by fast marching method (FMM) on an orthogonal grid, by using the information stored in the DTC matrix. One step of walk on uneven terrain is characterized by 10 footstep parameters (FSPs); these FSPs represent the position of swinging foot at the starting and ending time of the walk, orientation, and state (left or right) of support foot. A walking dataset was created for different walking conditions (FSPs), which the biped robot is likely to encounter when it has to walk on the uneven terrain. The corresponding energy optimal hip and foot trajectory parameters (HFTPs) are obtained by optimization using a genetic algorithm (GA). The created walk dataset is generalized by training a feedforward neural network (NN) using the scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) algorithm. The Foot placement planner gives a sequence of foot positions and orientations along the obtained path, which is followed by the biped robot by generating real-time optimal foot and hip trajectories using the learned NN. Simulation results on different types of uneven terrains validate the proposed method.
Revisiting the Acquisition of Onset Complexity: Affrication in Québec French
Authors: GUZZO Natália Brambatti 
Published: May 2021

AbstractI investigate the acquisition of affrication in Québec French (QF), where affricates are in complementary distribution with coronal stops, being realized before high front vowels and glides. Previous research on other languages shows that affricates are acquired before branching onsets, which supports the idea that complexity at the level of the segment is acquired before complexity at the level of the syllable (Lleó & Prinz, 1997). In contrast, I hypothesize that affricates are acquired after branching onsets in QF, as learners are required to understand the constraints on their distribution. I examine longitudinal data from two QF-speaking children for whom the acquisition of branching onsets has been previously analyzed (Rose, 2000). Results show that affricates are indeed acquired after branching onsets, consistent with the hypothesis. Overapplication errors indicate that children make generalizations about the phonological constraints on affrication from an early age, which is expected for the acquisition of rules.
Epidemiological assessment of 5598 brucellosis inpatients in Spain (1997–2015)
Authors: Rodríguez-Alonso Beatriz , Almeida Hugo , Alonso-Sardón Montserrat , Velasco-Tirado Virginia , Romero-Alegria Ángela , Pardo-Lledias Javier , López-Bernus Amparo , Pérez Arellano José Luis , Belhassen-García Moncef 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Brucellosis remains one of the main zoonoses worldwide. Epidemiological data on human brucellosis in Spain are scarce. The objective of this study was to assess the epidemiological characteristics of inpatient brucellosis in Spain between 1997 and 2015. A retrospective longitudinal descriptive study was performed. Data were requested from the Health Information Institute of the Ministry of Health and Equality, which provided us with the Minimum Basic Data Set of patients admitted to the National Health System. We also obtained data published in the System of Obligatory Notifiable Diseases. A total of 5598 cases were registered. The period incidence rate was 0.67 (95% CI 0.65–0.68) cases per 100 000 person-years. We observed a progressive decrease in the number of cases and annual incidence rates. A total of 3187 cases (56.9%) came from urban areas. The group most at risk comprised men around the fifth decade of life. The average (±s.d.) hospital stay was 12.6 days (±13.1). The overall lethality rate of the cohort was 1.5%. The number of inpatients diagnosed with brucellosis decreased exponentially. The group of patients with the highest risk of brucellosis in our study was males under 45 years of age and of urban origin. The lethality rate has reduced to minimum values. It is probable that hospital discharge records could be a good database for the epidemiological analysis of the hospital management of brucellosis and offer a better information collection system than the notifiable diseases system (EDO in Spanish).
Giant NuthatchSitta magnadensity and habitat association in a potential stronghold in northern Thailand
Authors: TECHACHOOCHERT SUPATCHAYA , GALE GEORGE A. , KHUDAMRONGSAWAT JENJIT , SAFOOWONG MONGKOL , ROUND PHILIP D. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryPopulations of the globally endangered Giant NuthatchSitta magnahave declined significantly throughout their small world range in southern China and northern continental South-East Asia. Distance sampling and direct observations were used to estimate the density and habitat use of the Giant Nuthatch in a potential stronghold for the species, Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Thirteen line transects covering 6.2 km were established in open, pine-oak habitat favoured by the nuthatch, during November 2014 to December 2015. The mean density of Giant Nuthatch was 3.94±1.22 (95% CI = 2.15–7.22) individuals/km2. Hierarchical distance sampling models indicated that habitat use by Giant Nuthatch was strongly correlated with trees of large diameter. A pair of Giant Nuthatches was radio-tracked as they fed nestlings during the 2016 breeding season. The female’s home range, centred on the nest, was 7.79 ha (95% kernel home range), approximately one-fourth of that of the male, 32.01 ha. Giant Nuthatches showed a significant preference for foraging on pinesPinusspp. and used the fissured bark of mature pines in which to store acorns of deciduous tree species. Our research indicates the importance of large, mature trees in open pine-oak forest in supporting Giant Nuthatch populations.
Global E-Commerce Talks at the WTO: Positions on Selected Issues of the United States, European Union, China, and Japan
Authors: Abendin Simon , Duan Pingfang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThere is a broad consensus that global electronic commerce needs the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade rules to govern it. The current mandate of the WTO is merely to examine the various trade-related aspects of e-commerce. Nevertheless, in recent years, some WTO members have put forward a proposal to begin negotiations for global e-commerce rules which was impeded due to the differing positions of developed and developing members. This paper examines the positions of the United States, the European Union, Japan, and China on the e-commerce multilateral rules negotiation issues. It then takes a look at the prospect of the WTO being able to reach an agreement on e-commerce. The analysis shows that the United States and the European Union have varying views on consumer privacy, information protection, and internet taxation. Although Japan sides with the United States on these issues and China is on the same page as the European Union regarding consumer privacy, China holds a different position from the United States and the European Union on the other two matters. China is not making commitments on data localization, free data flow, and forced transfer of source codes. Therefore, the outlook of the current e-commerce talks is not favorable for concluding WTO e-commerce agreements.
Dragon King in a contentious sea: Sino–Japanese intercultural theatre in 1989
Authors: Stenberg Josh , Björk Tove 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInterculturalism in theatre, although much critiqued, is an inevitable category for understanding theatre practices and histories. Critical approaches have highlighted the complicity of “hegemonic” Euro-American-led theatre with imperialist structures. Newer critiques tend to focus on encounters in European languages in multicultural cities, and to posit multilateral non-Western collaborations as liberated from colonial power structures. This paper argues that it is necessary to fundamentally rethink interculturalism in theatre by taking seriously the long-standing major theatrical exchanges which do not reference, and are not principally influenced by, Western theatre's sphere. Considering a major example of Sino–Japanese collaboration from 1989,Ryū-Ō(Dragon King), we place it within the genealogy of the two countries’ long-standing theatrical practices of interculturalism. Ryu-O, a kabuki-jingjucollaboration, shows that intra-Asian interculturalism has its own genealogy and is neither new nor beholden to Euro-American models, nor necessarily characterized by the idealism easily invested in overtly counter-hegemonic projects. By examining the show's production process, performance and reception, we re-evaluate how interculturalism in theatre is conceived, urging serious engagement with areas of practice historically grounded and fully independent of both “hegemonic” and “new” intercultural theatre tendencies.
Why Women Earn High Marks: Examining the Role of Partisanship and Gender in Political Evaluations
Authors: Cormack Lindsey , Karl Kristyn L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe present the results of a randomized survey experiment demonstrating that the public evaluates women politicians more highly than men across multiple characteristic assessments. This finding is consistent with a recent wave of research indicating greater preferences for women politicians. Which respondents rate women politicians more highly, and why? We find that women and younger voters do not account for the greater marks given to women politicians. Instead, respondent partisanship and the presumed partisanship of the politician account for a great deal of our findings, with gender playing a complicating role. Democratic and Republican respondents are apt to project their own partisanship onto politicians, and across both parties, we find higher assessments for co-partisan politicians and for women politicians. On the whole, women politicians are evaluated on par with or significantly higher than men politicians across six characteristics, scoring especially well relative to men when politicians are presumed to be members of the opposing party and when traditionally feminine characteristics are assessed.
Representations of Political Leadership Qualities in News Coverage of Australian and Canadian Government Leaders
Authors: Wagner Angelia , Trimble Linda , Curtin Jennifer , Auer Meagan , Woodman V. K. G. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTHow do the media depict the leadership abilities of government leaders, and in what ways are these depictions gendered? Does the focus of leadership evaluations change over time, reflecting the increased presence of women in top leadership roles? To answer these questions, we examined news coverage of 22 subnational government leaders in Australia and Canada, countries in which a significant number of women have achieved the premiership at the state or provincial level since 2007. Analysis demonstrates that newly elected women and men leaders receive approximately the same number of leadership evaluations. Women are assessed based on the same criteria as men. All subnational political leaders are expected to be competent, intelligent, and levelheaded. That journalists prioritize experience and strength while downplaying honesty and compassion indicates a continued emphasis on “masculine” leadership norms in politics. Yet evaluations of new premiers have emphasized the traditionally “feminine” trait of collaboration as key to effective leadership and, over time, have given more attention to likability and emotions when covering male premiers. As our analysis reveals, media conceptualizations of political leadership competencies are slowly expanding in ways that make it easier for women to be seen as effective political leaders.
Seismic Velocity Variations in a 3D Martian Mantle: Implications for the InSight Measurements
Authors: Plesa A.‐C. , Bozdağ E. , Rivoldini A. , Knapmeyer M. , McLennan S. M. , Padovan S. , Tosi N. , Breuer D. , Peter D. , Stähler S. , Wieczorek M. A. , van Driel M. , Khan A. , Spohn T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe use a large data set of 3D thermal evolution models to predict the distribution of present‐day seismic velocities in the Martian interior. Our models show a difference between maximum and minimum S wave velocity of up to 10% either below the crust, where thermal variations are largest, or at the depth of the olivine to wadsleyite phase transition, located at around 1,000–1,200 km depth. Models with thick lithospheres on average have weak low‐velocity zones that extend deeper than 400 km and seismic velocity variations in the uppermost 400–600 km that closely follow the crustal thickness pattern. For these cases, the crust contains more than half of the total amount of heat‐producing elements. Models with limited crustal heat production have thinner lithospheres and shallower but prominent low‐velocity zones that are incompatible with Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) observations. Seismic events suggested to originate in Cerberus Fossae indicate the absence of S wave shadow zones in 25°–30° epicentral distance. This result is compatible with previous best fit models that require a large average lithospheric thickness and a crust containing more than half of the bulk amount of heat‐producing elements to be compatible with geological and geophysical constraints. Ongoing and future InSight measurements that will determine the existence of a weak low‐velocity zone will directly bear on the crustal heat production.
Scale‐Dependent Contributors to River Profile Geometry
Authors: Wapenhans Isabel , Fernandes Victoria M. , O’Malley Conor , White Nicky , Roberts Gareth G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA range of complex hydraulic and geomorphic processes shape terrestrial landscapes. It remains unclear how these processes act to generate observed drainage networks across scales of interest. To address this issue, we transform observed and synthetic longitudinal river profiles into the spectral domain with a view to interrogating the different scales at which fluvial landscapes are generated. North American river profiles are characterized by red noise (i.e., spectral power, ϕ ∝ k−2, where k is wave number) at wavelengths >100 km and pink noise (ϕ ∝ k−1) at shorter wavelengths. This observation suggests that river profile geometries are scale‐dependent and using small‐scale observations to develop a general understanding of large‐scale landscape evolution is not straightforward. At wavelengths >100 km, river profile geometries appear to be controlled by smoothly varying patterns of regional uplift and slope‐dependent incision. Landscape simulations, based upon stream power that are externally forced by regional uplift do not exhibit a spectral transition from red to pink noise because these simulations do not incorporate heterogeneous erodibility. Spectral analysis of erodibility extracted from patterns of lithologic variation along river profiles suggests that the missing spectral transition is accounted for by heterogeneous substrates, which are characterized by white or blue noise (ϕ ∝ k0 or k1). Our results have implications for the way by which rivers record large‐scale tectonic forcing while incising through complex lithologic patterns.
Disentangling the Impacts of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Terrestrial Carbon Cycle During 1850–2014
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Ciais Philippe , Boucher Olivier , Maignan Fabienne , Bastos Ana , Goll Daniel , Lurton Thibaut , Viovy Nicolas , Bellouin Nicolas , Li Laurent 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAerosols have a dimming and cooling effect and change hydrological regimes, thus affecting carbon fluxes, which are sensitive to climate. Aerosols also scatter sunlight, which increases the fraction of diffuse radiation, increasing photosynthesis. There remains no clear conclusion whether the impact of aerosols on land carbon fluxes is larger through diffuse radiation change than through changes in other climate variables. In this study, we quantified the overall physical impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on land C fluxes and explored the contribution from each factor using a set of factorial simulations driven by climate and aerosol data from the IPSL‐CM6A‐LR experiments during 1850–2014. A newly developed land surface model which distinguishes diffuse and direct radiation in canopy radiation transmission, ORCHIDEE_DF, was used. Specifically, a subgrid scheme was developed to distinguish the cloudy and clear sky conditions. We found that anthropogenic aerosol emissions since 1850 cumulatively enhanced the land C sink by 22.6 PgC. Seventy‐eight percent of this C sink enhancement is contributed by aerosol‐induced increase in the diffuse radiation fraction, much larger than the effect of the aerosol‐induced dimming. The cooling of anthropogenic aerosols has different impacts in different latitudes but overall increases the global land C sink. The dominant role of diffuse radiation changes found in this study implies that future aerosol emissions may have a much stronger impacts on the C cycle through changing radiation quality than through changing climate alone. Earth system models need to consider the diffuse radiation fertilization effect to better evaluate the impacts of climate change mitigation scenarios.
Associations of family income with cognition and brain structure in USA children: prevention implications
Authors: Tomasi Dardo , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPoverty, as assessed by several socioeconomic (SES) factors, has been linked to worse cognitive performance and reduced cortical brain volumes in children. However, the relative contributions of the various SES factors on brain development and the mediating effects between cognition and brain morphometry have not been investigated. Here we used cross-sectional data from the ABCD Study to evaluate associations among various SES and demographic factors, brain morphometrics, and cognition and their reproducibility in two independent subsamples of 3892 children. Among the SES factors, family income (FI) best explained individual differences in cognitive test scores (stronger for crystallized than for fluid cognition), cortical volume (CV), and thickness (CT). Other SES factors that showed significant associations with cognition and brain morphometrics included parental education and neighborhood deprivation, but when controlling for FI, their effect sizes were negligible and their regional brain patterns were not reproducible. Mediation analyses showed that cognitive scores, which we used as surrogate markers of the children’s level of cognitive stimulation, partially mediated the association of FI and CT, whereas the mediations of brain morphometrics on the association of FI and cognition were not significant. These results suggest that lack of supportive/educational stimulation in children from low-income families might drive the reduced CV and CT. Thus, strategies to enhance parental supportive stimulation and the quality of education for children in low-income families could help counteract the negative effects of poverty on children’s brain development.
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis shapes adaptation and improves stress response: a mechanistic and integrative perspective
Authors: Surget A. , Belzung C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAdult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) represents a remarkable form of neuroplasticity that has increasingly been linked to the stress response in recent years. However, the hippocampus does not itself support the expression of the different dimensions of the stress response. Moreover, the main hippocampal functions are essentially preserved under AHN depletion and adult-born immature neurons (abGNs) have no extrahippocampal projections, which questions the mechanisms by which abGNs influence functions supported by brain areas far from the hippocampus. Within this framework, we propose that through its computational influences AHN is pivotal in shaping adaption to environmental demands, underlying its role in stress response. The hippocampus with its high input convergence and output divergence represents a computational hub, ideally positioned in the brain (1) to detect cues and contexts linked to past, current and predicted stressful experiences, and (2) to supervise the expression of the stress response at the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological levels. AHN appears to bias hippocampal computations toward enhanced conjunctive encoding and pattern separation, promoting contextual discrimination and cognitive flexibility, reducing proactive interference and generalization of stressful experiences to safe contexts. These effects result in gating downstream brain areas with more accurate and contextualized information, enabling the different dimensions of the stress response to be more appropriately set with specific contexts. Here, we first provide an integrative perspective of the functional involvement of AHN in the hippocampus and a phenomenological overview of the stress response. We then examine the mechanistic underpinning of the role of AHN in the stress response and describe its potential implications in the different dimensions accompanying this response.
Evolutionary origin and ecological implication of a unique nif island in free-living Bradyrhizobium lineages
Authors: Tao Jinjin , Wang Sishuo , Liao Tianhua , Luo Haiwei 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The alphaproteobacterial genus Bradyrhizobium has been best known as N2-fixing members that nodulate legumes, supported by the nif and nod gene clusters. Recent environmental surveys show that Bradyrhizobium represents one of the most abundant free-living bacterial lineages in the world’s soils. However, our understanding of Bradyrhizobium comes largely from symbiotic members, biasing the current knowledge of their ecology and evolution. Here, we report the genomes of 88 Bradyrhizobium strains derived from diverse soil samples, including both nif-carrying and non-nif-carrying free-living (nod free) members. Phylogenomic analyses of these and 252 publicly available Bradyrhizobium genomes indicate that nif-carrying free-living members independently evolved from symbiotic ancestors (carrying both nif and nod) multiple times. Intriguingly, the nif phylogeny shows that the vast majority of nif-carrying free-living members comprise an independent cluster, indicating that horizontal gene transfer promotes nif expansion among the free-living Bradyrhizobium. Comparative genomics analysis identifies that the nif genes found in free-living Bradyrhizobium are located on a unique genomic island of ~50 kb equipped with genes potentially involved in coping with oxygen tension. We further analyze amplicon sequencing data to show that Bradyrhizobium members presumably carrying this nif island are widespread in a variety of environments. Given the dominance of Bradyrhizobium in world’s soils, our findings have implications for global nitrogen cycles and agricultural research.