bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a complete mass spectrum of type-IIB flux vacua at large complex structure
Authors: Blanco-Pillado Jose J. , Sousa Kepa , Urkiola Mikel A. , Wachter Jeremy M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe large number of moduli fields arising in a generic string theory compactification makes a complete computation of the low energy effective theory infeasible. A common strategy to solve this problem is to consider Calabi-Yau manifolds with discrete symmetries, which effectively reduce the number of moduli and make the computation of the truncated Effective Field Theory possible. In this approach, however, the couplings (e.g., the masses) of the truncated fields are left undetermined. In the present paper we discuss the tree-level mass spectrum of type-IIB flux compactifications at Large Complex Structure, focusing on models with a reduced one-dimensional complex structure sector. We compute the tree-level spectrum for the dilaton and complex structure moduli,including the truncated fields, which can be expressed entirely in terms of the known couplings of the reduced theory. We show that the masses of this set of fields are naturally heavy at vacua consistent with the KKLT construction, and we discuss other phenomenologically interesting scenarios where the spectrum involves fields much lighter than the gravitino. We also derive the probability distribution for the masses on the ensemble of flux vacua, and show that it exhibits universal features independent of the details of the compactification. We check our results on a large sample of flux vacua constructed in an orientifold of the Calabi-Yau$$ {\mathbbm{W}\mathrm{\mathbb{P}}}_{\left[1,1,1,1,4\right]}^4 $$Wℙ111144. Finally, we also discuss the conditions under which the spectrum derived here could arise in more general compactifications.
A new approach to probe non-standard interactions in atmospheric neutrino experiments
Authors: Kumar Anil , Khatun Amina , Agarwalla Sanjib Kumar , Dighe Amol 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe propose a new approach to explore the neutral-current non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI) in atmospheric neutrino experiments using oscillation dips and valleys in reconstructed muon observables, at a detector like ICAL that can identify the muon charge. We focus on the flavor-changing NSI parameterεμτ, which has the maximum impact on the muon survival probability in these experiments. We show that non-zeroεμτshifts the oscillation dip locations inL/Edistributions of the up/down event ratios of reconstructedμ−andμ+in opposite directions. We introduce a new variable ∆drepresenting the difference of dip locations inμ−andμ+, which is sensitive to the magnitude as well as the sign ofεμτ, and is independent of the value of$$ \Delta {m}_{32}^2 $$Δm322. We further note that the oscillation valley in the (E, cosθ) plane of the reconstructed muon observables bends in the presence of NSI, its curvature having opposite signs forμ−andμ+. We demonstrate the identification of NSI with this curvature, which is feasible for detectors like ICAL having excellent muon energy and direction resolutions. We illustrate how the measurement of contrast in the curvatures of valleys inμ−andμ+can be used to estimateεμτ. Using these proposed oscillation dip and valley measurements, the achievable precision on|εμτ|at 90% C.L. is about 2% with 500 kt·yr exposure. The effects of statistical fluctuations, systematic errors, and uncertainties in oscillation parameters have been incorporated using multiple sets of simulated data. Our method would provide a direct and robust measurement ofεμτin the multi-GeV energy range.
Superselection of the weak hypercharge and the algebra of the Standard Model
Authors: Todorov Ivan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Restricting the ℤ2-graded tensor product of Clifford algebras $$ C{\mathrm{\ell}}_4\hat{\otimes}C{\mathrm{\ell}}_6 $$
C

ℓ
4

⊗
̂

C

ℓ
6

to the particle subspace allows a natural definition of the Higgs field Φ, the scalar part of Quillen’s superconnection, as an element of $$ C{\mathrm{\ell}}_4^1 $$
C

ℓ
4
1

. We emphasize the role of the exactly conserved weak hypercharge Y, promoted here to a superselection rule for both observables and gauge transformations. This yields a change of the definition of the particle subspace adopted in recent work with Michel Dubois-Violette [13]; here we exclude the zero eigensubspace of Y consisting of the sterile (anti)neutrinos which are allowed to mix. One thus modifies the Lie superalgebra generated by the Higgs field. Equating the normalizations of Φ in the lepton and the quark subalgebras we obtain a relation between the masses of the W boson and the Higgs that fits the experimental values within one percent accuracy.
Metastable strings and dumbbells in supersymmetric hybrid inflation
Authors: Buchmüller Wilfried 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study symmetry breaking and topological defects in a supersymmetric model with gauge group U(2), which can be identified with the right-handed part SU(2)R× U(1)B−L of an extended electroweak symmetry of the Standard Model. The model has two phases of hybrid inflation terminated by tachyonic preheating where either monopoles and strings or, alternatively, dumbbells are formed. In the first case a stochastic gravitational wave background is predicted in the LIGO-Virgo band, possibly extending to the LISA frequency band and to nanohertz frequencies, which is generated by a metastable cosmic string network. In the second case no topological defects survive inflation and no stochastic gravitational wave background is produced.
Robotification & ethical cleansing
Authors: Nørskov Marco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRobotics is currently not only a cutting-edge research area, but is potentially disruptive to all domains of our lives—for better and worse. While legislation is struggling to keep pace with the development of these new artifacts, our intellectual limitations and physical laws seem to present the only hard demarcation lines, when it comes to state-of-the-art R&D. To better understand the possible implications, the paper at hand critically investigates underlying processes and structures of robotics in the context of Heidegger’s and Nishitani’s accounts of science and technology. Furthermore, the analysis draws on Bauman’s theory of modernity in an attempt to assess the potential risk of large-scale robot integration. The paper will highlight undergirding mechanisms and severe challenges imposed upon our socio-cultural lifeworlds by massive robotic integration. Admittedly, presenting a mainly melancholic account, it will, however, also explore the possibility of robotics forcing us to reassess our position and to solve problems, which we seem unable to tackle without facing existential crises.
A year in pharmacology: new drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2020
Authors: Kayki-Mutlu Gizem , Michel Martin C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile the COVID-19 pandemic also affected the work of regulatory authorities, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a total of 53 new drugs in 2020, one of the highest numbers in the past decades. Most newly approved drugs related to oncology (34%) and neurology (15%). We discuss these new drugs by level of innovation they provide, i.e., first to treat a condition, first using a novel mechanisms of action, and “others.” Six drugs were first in indication, 15 first using a novel mechanism of action, and 32 other. This includes many drugs for the treatment of orphan indications and some for the treatment of tropical diseases previously neglected for commercial reasons. Small molecules continue to dominate new drug approvals, followed by antibodies. Of note, newly approved drugs also included small-interfering RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides. These data show that the trend for declines in drug discovery and development has clearly been broken.
Manifolds with Many Rarita–Schwinger Fields
Authors: Bär Christian , Mazzeo Rafe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Rarita–Schwinger operator is the twisted Dirac operator restricted to $$\nicefrac 32$$

3
2

-spinors. Rarita–Schwinger fields are solutions of this operator which are in addition divergence-free. This is an overdetermined problem and solutions are rare; it is even more unexpected for there to be large dimensional spaces of solutions. In this paper we prove the existence of a sequence of compact manifolds in any given dimension greater than or equal to 4 for which the dimension of the space of Rarita–Schwinger fields tends to infinity. These manifolds are either simply connected Kähler–Einstein spin with negative Einstein constant, or products of such spaces with flat tori. Moreover, we construct Calabi–Yau manifolds of even complex dimension with more linearly independent Rarita–Schwinger fields than flat tori of the same dimension.
Impact of Regular Physical Activity on Aortic Diameter Progression in Paediatric Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Authors: Monda Emanuele , Fusco Adelaide , Della Corte Alessandro , Caiazza Martina , Cirillo Annapaola , Gragnano Felice , Giugliano Maria Pina , Citro Rodolfo , Rubino Marta , Esposito Augusto , Cesaro Arturo , Di Fraia Francesco , Palmiero Giuseppe , Di Maio Marco , Monda Marcellino , Calabrò Paolo , Frisso Giulia , Nistri Stefano ,   Bicuspid Aortic Valve Consortium (BAVCon), Bossone Eduardo , Body Simon C. , Russo Maria Giovanna , Limongelli Giuseppe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPatients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) have an increased risk of aortic dilation and aortic dissection or rupture. The impact of physical training on the natural course of aortopathy in BAV patients remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of regular physical activity on aortic diameters in a consecutive cohort of paediatric patients with BAV. Consecutive paediatric BAV patients were evaluated and categorized into two groups: physically active and sedentary subjects. Only the subjects with a complete 2-year follow-up were included in the study. To evaluate the potential impact of physical activity on aortic size, aortic diameters were measured at the sinus of Valsalva and mid-ascending aorta using echocardiography. We defined aortic diameter progression the increase of aortic diameter ≥ 10% from baseline. Among 90 BAV patients (11.5 ± 3.4 years of age, 77% males), 53 (59%) were physically active subjects. Compared to sedentary, physically active subjects were not significantly more likely to have > 10% increase in sinus of Valsalva (13% vs. 8%, p-value = 0.45) or mid-ascending aorta diameter (9% vs. 13%, p-value = 0.55) at 2 years follow-up, both in subjects with sinus of Valsalva diameter progression (3.7 ± 1.0 mm vs. 3.5 ± 0.8 mm, p-value = 0.67) and in those with ascending aorta diameter progression (3.0 ± 0.8 mm vs. 3.2 ± 1.3 mm, p-value = 0.83). In our paediatric cohort of BAV patients, the prevalence and the degree of aortic diameter progression was not significantly different between physically active and sedentary subjects, suggesting that aortic dilation is unrelated to regular physical activity over a 2-year period.
Radiologists in the loop: the roles of radiologists in the development of AI applications
Authors: Scheek Damian , Rezazade Mehrizi Mohammad. H. , Ranschaert Erik 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To examine the various roles of radiologists in different steps of developing artificial intelligence (AI) applications.

Materials and methods
Through the case study of eight companies active in developing AI applications for radiology, in different regions (Europe, Asia, and North America), we conducted 17 semi-structured interviews and collected data from documents. Based on systematic thematic analysis, we identified various roles of radiologists. We describe how each role happens across the companies and what factors impact how and when these roles emerge.

Results
We identified 9 roles that radiologists play in different steps of developing AI applications: (1) problem finder (in 4 companies); (2) problem shaper (in 3 companies); (3) problem dominator (in 1 company); (4) data researcher (in 2 companies); (5) data labeler (in 3 companies); (6) data quality controller (in 2 companies); (7) algorithm shaper (in 3 companies); (8) algorithm tester (in 6 companies); and (9) AI researcher (in 1 company).

Conclusions
Radiologists can play a wide range of roles in the development of AI applications. How actively they are engaged and the way they are interacting with the development teams significantly vary across the cases. Radiologists need to become proactive in engaging in the development process and embrace new roles.

Key Points
• Radiologists can play a wide range of roles during the development of AI applications.
• Both radiologists and developers need to be open to new roles and ways of interacting during the development process.
• The availability of resources, time, expertise, and trust are key factors that impact how actively radiologists play roles in the development process.
Systematic review of research design and reporting of imaging studies applying convolutional neural networks for radiological cancer diagnosis
Authors: O’Shea Robert J. , Sharkey Amy Rose , Cook Gary J. R. , Goh Vicky 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To perform a systematic review of design and reporting of imaging studies applying convolutional neural network models for radiological cancer diagnosis.

Methods
A comprehensive search of PUBMED, EMBASE, MEDLINE and SCOPUS was performed for published studies applying convolutional neural network models to radiological cancer diagnosis from January 1, 2016, to August 1, 2020. Two independent reviewers measured compliance with the Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging (CLAIM). Compliance was defined as the proportion of applicable CLAIM items satisfied.

Results
One hundred eighty-six of 655 screened studies were included. Many studies did not meet the criteria for current design and reporting guidelines. Twenty-seven percent of studies documented eligibility criteria for their data (50/186, 95% CI 21–34%), 31% reported demographics for their study population (58/186, 95% CI 25–39%) and 49% of studies assessed model performance on test data partitions (91/186, 95% CI 42–57%). Median CLAIM compliance was 0.40 (IQR 0.33–0.49). Compliance correlated positively with publication year (ρ = 0.15, p = .04) and journal H-index (ρ = 0.27, p < .001). Clinical journals demonstrated higher mean compliance than technical journals (0.44 vs. 0.37, p < .001).

Conclusions
Our findings highlight opportunities for improved design and reporting of convolutional neural network research for radiological cancer diagnosis.

Key Points
• Imaging studies applying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for cancer diagnosis frequently omit key clinical information including eligibility criteria and population demographics.
• Fewer than half of imaging studies assessed model performance on explicitly unobserved test data partitions.
• Design and reporting standards have improved in CNN research for radiological cancer diagnosis, though many opportunities remain for further progress.
Quantity, quality, equality: introducing a new measure of social welfare
Authors: Enflo Karin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this essay I propose a new measure of social welfare. It captures the intuitive idea thatquantity,quality, andequalityof individual welfare all matter for social welfare. More precisely, it satisfies six conditions:Equivalence,Dominance,Quality,Strict Monotonicity,EqualityandAsymmetry. These state that (i) populations equivalent in individual welfare are equal in social welfare; (ii) a population that dominates another in individual welfare is better; (iii) a population that has a higher average welfare than another population is better, other things being equal; (iv) the addition of a well-faring individual makes a population better, whereas the addition of an ill-faring individual makes a population worse; (v) a population that has a higher degree of equality than another population is better, other things being equal; and (vi) individual illfare matters more for social welfare than individual welfare. By satisfying the six conditions, the measure improves on previously proposed measures, such as the utilitarianTotalandAveragemeasures, as well as different kinds ofPrioritarianmeasures.
Promoting intercultural competence in study abroad students
Authors: Tarchi Christian , Surian Alessio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUniversities have been promoting study abroad programmes for a long time to improve intercultural competence. However, the mere exposure to cultural differences while studying abroad does not ensure intercultural competence, unless study abroad students’ reflective processes are explicitly targeted. The article presents the results of a short intervention grounded in the problem-based approach aimed at improving intercultural competence in study abroad students. Students were assigned to three conditions: a video-log condition (in which they have to narrate a critical incident occurred to them), a reflection-induced video-logs (in which they were prompted to reflect on the video-logs produced), and an active control condition. The reflection-induced video-log intervention improved students’ perceived proficiency in Italian and perceived opportunities for cultural reflection, but it did not contribute to improve students’ applicable and conceptual knowledge of intercultural competence.
Functional diversity changes in native and alien urban flora over three centuries
Authors: Milanović Marija , Kühn Ingolf , Pyšek Petr , Knapp Sonja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlien species in urban areas have a large effect on overall species diversity. A suitable metric of flora’s response to environmental change is functional diversity (FD) that refers to the multivariate space of species’ trait compositions, reflecting their ecological niches. We studied how FD changed over 320 years of urbanization in the city of Halle (Saale), Germany. Selected functional traits (related to stress-tolerance, reproduction, competitiveness and phenology) were examined for the difference in FD between native and alien plant species, the latter specifically for archaeophytes, neophytes and invasive species. Functional diversity for each trait was calculated using Rao’s Q index followed by a linear model to test for changes in Rao’s Q over time between the groups. Over the 320 years, overall FD remained constant despite species turnover, but FD significantly increased for neophytes and invasive species compared to native species. Plant height was the only trait showing increase in FD as main effect, while for the other traits examined FD decreased over time. Considering invasive species separately, the majority of traits exhibit a significant increase in FD except for seed mass where it decreased. Finally, FD of multiple functional traits combined decreased over time. This can be due to homogenization of functional trait between native and alien species, as a consequence of habitats becoming more similar and subsequent habitat filtering. Our results demonstrate that during the last three centuries, urbanization influenced plant FD in various ways and may contribute to future uniformity of urban floras and greater invasiveness.
Intergroup Competition Mitigates Effects of Reward Structure on Preference-Consistency Bias and Group Decision Failure
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , de Wilde Tim R. W. , Ten Velden Femke S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGroup discussion often becomes one-sided and confirmatory, with poor decisions as the unfortunate outcome. Here we examine whether intergroup competition amplifies or mitigates effects of individual versus team reward on information sharing biases and group decision quality. Individuals (N = 309) in 103 interacting groups were given private information on four decision alternatives and discussed a joint decision. Private information was distributed such that groups faced a “hidden profile” in which pushing for initial preferences and commonly held information prohibits the group from finding the best alternative. Group members were rewarded for team or individual performance, and groups faced intergroup competition or not. Whereas intergroup competition did not influence common-information bias, we find that when intergroup competition is absent, groups under individual (versus team) reward have stronger preference-consistency bias and make poorer decisions. When intergroup competition is present, however, groups under individual reward perform as good as groups under team reward. Results resonate with the possibility that intergroup competition overshadows within-group rivalry, and can promote even-handed discussions within small groups of decision-makers.
Compromised Function of the Pancreatic Transcription Factor PDX1 in a Lineage of Desert Rodents
Authors: Dai Yichen , Trigueros Sonia , Holland Peter W. H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGerbils are a subfamily of rodents living in arid regions of Asia and Africa. Recent studies have shown that several gerbil species have unusual amino acid changes in the PDX1 protein, a homeodomain transcription factor essential for pancreatic development and β-cell function. These changes were linked to strong GC-bias in the genome that may be caused by GC-biased gene conversion, and it has been hypothesized that this caused accumulation of deleterious changes. Here we use two approaches to examine if the unusual changes are adaptive or deleterious. First, we compare PDX1 protein sequences between 38 rodents to test for association with habitat. We show the PDX1 homeodomain is almost totally conserved in rodents, apart from gerbils, regardless of habitat. Second, we use ectopic gene overexpression and gene editing in cell culture to compare functional properties of PDX1 proteins. We show that the divergent gerbil PDX1 protein inefficiently binds an insulin gene promoter and ineffectively regulates insulin expression in response to high glucose in rat cells. The protein has, however, retained the ability to regulate some other β-cell genes. We suggest that during the evolution of gerbils, the selection-blind process of biased gene conversion pushed fixation of mutations adversely affecting function of a normally conserved homeodomain protein. We argue these changes were not entirely adaptive and may be associated with metabolic disorders in gerbil species on high carbohydrate diets. This unusual pattern of molecular evolution could have had a constraining effect on habitat and diet choice in the gerbil lineage.
The Aporia of EU Citizenship
Authors: Lashyn Serhii 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEU citizenship finds itself in but a deadlock. Certainly no longer being just a symbol of European integration but still far away from a meaningful status of its holders, Union citizenship fails to find its place in the legal landscape of the EU. Having sketched out the current state of EU citizenship and some of its outstanding problems, this article suggests to analyse Union citizenship anew and free from the constraints of legal methodology. In order to do that, this piece employs the works of Jacques Derrida and, on the background of his views on Europe, deconstructs EU citizenship unravelling its aporia.