bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Improvement of Picric Acid Synthesis Methodology
Authors: Chikhradze Nikoloz , Nadirashvili Merab , Iashvili Tamar , Gigineishvili Akaki , Beinashvili Giorgi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Explosives have the greatest importance in human practical activities, not only at time of war, but at tranquility as well. Nowadays, huge amount different type of explosives is synthesized, and fabricated for military and civilian applications. Nevertheless, this fact doesn’t exclude necessity of synthesis of new explosives for optimization of their characteristics, such as prime cost, power, safety during production, storage, transfer and etc. Picric acid is a fairly strong and energetic explosive, at the same time, beside to its explosive properties, it is characterized with antibacterial nature and it is the best yellow dye, especially for dyeing animal and plant tissues. The synthesis of picric acid structural analogues, is the main purpose of the research. One of the reasons of synthesis picric acid and further preparation of its structural analogues is safe nature of substances of this group, which makes them safe to various manipulations. On the other hand, it is well known that the synthesis and production of explosives is classified as high risk and costly technology. Therefore, even a small increase of their production productivity, is interesting from the economic effect point of view. During an investigation, changing of reaction conditions (temperature, concentrations and dosage of reagents) the improved method for syntheses of picric acid was developed. As result the significant increase of practical yield of picric acid, from 46% to 86% was achieved. Synthesized picric acid was placed in steel tube and tested on initiation of detonation in explosive camera. The description of modified method, comparisons to conventional technology, as well as explosion testing results is described in the paper.
On the Applicability of Laser Scanning for Evaluation of the Pavement Serviceability Parameters
Authors: Valaskova Veronika , Vlcek Jozef , Kowalska-Koczwara Alicja 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Pavement performance is influenced by man factors such as climate and environmental conditions, traffic and operational conditions and type of pavement. These factors cause a pavement deterioration what leads to the restriction of the pavement serviceability or pavement efficiency. The pavement serviceability is the ability of the pavement to fulfil the service function represented by the actual values of variable parameters such as pavement surface roughness, surface evenness, pavement surface condition. The state of the pavement is assessed using different performance indicators when International Roughness Index (IRI) is most used. This approach allows to classify the state of the pavement in the pavement management system as a most used indexing, generalizes the pavement surface to the response of the testing car tire and the pavement. Laser scanning presented in this paper is able to bring the knowledge about the real pavement surface considering the accuracy of the method and equipment. Realized laser scanning proved the applicability of this method for the measurement of the pavement surface. Because of the complex knowledge of the pavement surface morphology, we can evaluate the pavement serviceability in terms of roughness, surface evenness or even pavement surface condition (rutting or cracks).
Linkages of Active and Weakening MJO events to Seasonal Variations over the Maritime Continent
Authors: Lumbangaol A , Radjawane I M , Furqon A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a large-scale phenomenon of air-sea intra-seasonal variability in the equatorial area, particularly in the Maritime Continent (MC). This research focused on the analysis of the MJO propagation process in association with rainfall events and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) during seasonal variations, i.e., November, December, January February, and March (NDJFM), and May, June, July, August September (MJJAS). MJO events from 2010 to 2019 were classified as MJO active or MJO weakening according to propagation characteristics and amplitude changes in the RMM index. This research uses a dataset of 10-year series of daily Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) (3B42 V7 derived) measurements for detecting rain rates. Daily OLR data from the NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory and SSTA daily data from Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Centre (PODAAC) NOAA are considered for analysing MJO propagation. Composites of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) were also identified differences between the two events; active MJO events had consistently higher negative OLR anomalies than weakening MJO events. Active MJO events during NDJFM had a higher rain rate and positive SSTA than weakening MJO events. Furthermore, composite rain rates distribution over MC during NDJFM are mainly located in the south of the equator, contrarily when MJJAS are north of the equator.
Modelling sea surface currents in the eastern coast of Bawean Island, East Java
Authors: Hidayah Zainul , Wirayuhanto Harish , Norma Sari Zafa Roga , Wardhani Maulinna Kusumo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bawean Island is located in the middle of the Java Sea, approximately 80 km north of Gresik Regency, East Java Province. The coastal area of Bawean Island is famous for its potential as a marine tourism area because it has a well-preserved coral reef ecosystem. The potential for tourism development on this island requires the support of environmental suitability. The dynamics of ocean currents as an important parameter for small island development is important to be analyzed. This study aims to determine the characteristics of currents in the eastern coast of Bawean Island through the hydro-oceanographic model. The data used in this modelling was hourly wind and tide data from the period of 2020-2021. The results showed that the velocity of surface current speed in the study area was weak (<0,5 m/s). There was a significant difference of current direction during the west monsoon season and the first transitional season. Validation of model simulation and ADCP measurements produce MAE values 0,014 and 0,035 as well as MAPE values 12,75% and 27,48%.
Sea surface temperature variability in Indonesia and its relation to regional climate indices
Authors: Habibullah A. D. , Tarya A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Sea surface temperature (SST) is an essential indicator of ocean condition. It can reveal many physical processes interacting with it. The present study aims to investigate the spatial-temporal pattern of significant SST variability in Indonesia seas. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) are used to analyze monthly SST data from 1979 to 2021. These two methods are combined with correlation analysis to verify the underlying phenomena and their spatiotemporal distribution pattern using regional climate indices as the reference signal. The result shows that the most prominent feature is the annual and semi-annual oscillation due to the Asia-Australia monsoon system. The annual oscillation signature is found almost in the entire Indonesian seas, with an exception in the low-latitude area and the western Pacific region. The signature of semi-annual oscillation is also protrusive, extending across Indonesia from the Timor Sea to the South China Sea. There is also a variation of SST in correlation with Dipole Mode Index (DMI), localized on the western coast of Sumatra.
The Momentum Conserving Scheme Implementation for Simulating Dambreak Flow in a Channel with Various Contractions
Authors: Swastika P V , Pudjaprasetya S R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Rapid flow downstream due to dambreak has a detrimental effect on the surrounding environment or, more dangerously, can be life-threatening. From a practical point of view, these flows are important to studies due to the limited dambreak real case data. This paper discusses the numerical modelling of the dambreak flow through a channel with three different contractions. Our goal here is to investigate the performance of a numerical model for solving the Saint-Venant equations using a momentum conserving staggered grid scheme (MCS). The scheme is the conservative formulation of the governing equations. Flows across channels of various widths and depths have been successfully simulated using a version of this scheme. In this work, we extend our previous work by simulating dambreak flow in a wave tank through several forms of contraction; trapezoidal and triangular. Our simulation results show good agreement with the experimental data in the literature. This assessment shows the merit of the scheme, which is suitable for dambreak flows in channels of varying width.
Spatial Modeling of Sediment Export Rate with Rainfall Variability Scenario in Peusangan Watershed, Aceh Province
Authors: Djunarsjah E , Julian M M , Baskoro A A , Alfandi N R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The rainfall affects the environmental interaction of watersheds and coastal areas. The high intensity of rain and water runoff will lift and carry particles in the watershed environment in the erosion process. This study estimates the total exports of sediment in Peusangan Watershed in the period 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2018 with rainfall variability scenarios. Total sediment exports are calculated from the erosion rate and sediment delivery ratio (SDR). Erosion rate modeling uses the RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) that takes into account erosivity of rainfall, soil erodiability, topography, land cover, and land-use practices. While SDR is calculated based on its function as watershed area so that homogeneous value that causes the value of sediment export rate is directly proportional to the erosion rate value. The correlation between rainfall variability and sediment export rates is calculated based on rainfall variability correlation to erosion rate change. There is a direct relationship between rainfall variability and sediment export rates because the correlation coefficient is close to one. The rate of erosion in Peusangan watersheds falls into the light category based on the classification of erosion hazard levels according to the Ministry of Forestry in 1998. Based on the estimated rate of erosion and SDR, the total annual number of sediment exports obtained in the Peusangan watershed in 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2018 amounted to 1,066,027,426 tons, 909,914,623 tons, 1,075,759,133 tons, and 1,085,490,841 tons, respectively. Based on the spatial distribution of sediment export, Peusangan Watershed falls into the category of normal erosion.
Exposures of Building and Population to Tsunami Hazard in Pangandaran Beach, Indonesia
Authors: Alvianingsih Martha , Pradipta Willy Ivander , Hayatiningsih Intan , Hanifa Nuraini Rahma 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Pangandaran and Pananjung villages are located in the southern coast of Java Island, prone to tsunami hazard originating from a megathrust earthquake off south of Java Island. Those villages experience a tsunami earthquake on 2006 from an M7.8 earthquake. The National Center for Earthquake Studies released a map of the sources and hazards of Indonesia’s earthquake in 2017 with a potential earthquake of magnitude 8.7-9.2 in the megathrust of Java Island. This research aims to estimate the potential number of buildings and the population affected by tsunami inundation from two scenario; first scenario is based on historical event of a M7.8 intraplate earthquake, and second scenario is based on a plausible M8.7 intraplate earthquake. The first scenario tsunami modeling resulted an inundation of 108.606 ha, while in the second scenario estimate an 867.351 ha of inundation area. Building data is obtained by digitizing aerial photographs taken in November 2021. The calculation of potential affected buildings is carried out by overlaying the tsunami inundation data with the existing building data in the study area. Meanwhile, the population data used is obtained from the local government in 2021. To obtain the number of the affected population, population distribution is first carried out in each class of land cover, overlaid with the tsunami inundation data. The estimated number of buildings and population affected by scenario 1 and 2 in Pangandaran Village is 1,040 buildings along with 2,765 people, and 4,216 buildings with 11,209 people respectively. While in Pananjung Village, it is estimated a total of 149 buildings with 350 people affected, and 4,039 buildings with 9,493 people affected respectively. This indicate that scenario 2 impact is potentially 4 times greater than scenario 1 in Pangandaran village, and 27 times greater in Pananjung village, implying a different strategy of tsunami risk reduction should be taken to save more lives. The results of this study can be used as a basis for policymaking by the government in carrying out a more effective tsunami disaster mitigation efforts in Pangandaran and Pananjung Villages. This study also calls for reevaluation of coastal villages tsunami risk based on each plausible scenario.
Identification of Marine Debris and Its Distribution Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on the Cirebon Coastal Area, Indonesia
Authors: Yohanlis A D , Putri M R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Marine debris can be a significant problem when it enters the ocean. One of the areas, which has a marine debris problem is Cirebon Coast. Such a problem occurs due to the high human population and activities in this particular coastal area. An effective cleaning method is required to prevent this problem. However, to determine the cleaning method, comprehensive information about the debris condition is required. Therefore, this study aims to identify the dominant types of marine debris and analyze the effect of tides on the characteristics and distribution of debris on the Cirebon Coast. This study carried out marine debris identification by orthophoto obtained from a DJI Phantom 4 Pro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)/drone. The dominant types of marine debris on the Cirebon Coast are plastic and styrofoam. Based on the aerial imagery validation results, plastic and styrofoam larger than Ground Sample Distance (GSD) are easily detected. Visually, debris in Karang Anom more than in Rawa Urip. The change in tidal height can affect debris not visible on the orthophoto at the maximum water level. In addition, the tides can also move marine debris varying from 10 to 50 cm from its previous position. The debris area at Rawa Urip Beach when slack before flood tide (55.53 m2) is larger than the area when slack before ebb tide (52.71 m2). The debris area at Karang Anom Beach at low tide (129.89 m2) is larger than when slack before ebb tide (75.79 m2). This study revelaed that the factors affecting debris area on the Cirebon Coast comprise tidal height, seawater visibility, and the beach structure (slope and coast components).
Littoral drift analysis based on long-term observation of mesotidal beach profile in Kuta Beach, Bali for coastal retreat assessment
Authors: Rahmawati R. R. , Putro A. H.S. , Lee J.L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The beach profile survey in the intertidal zone is crucial for a temporal variability study of shoreline and beach profile change for coastal management. The combination of numerical modelling and field data has proven to be successful in identifying the primary hydrodynamic and sediment transport processes such as littoral and cross-shore drift. Those parameters are relevant to the sandbar migration process and shoreline changes. The purpose of the present study is to analyse the littoral drift that caused temporal variability shoreline change in mesotidal beach for coastal retreat mitigation. Beach profile data of Kuta Beach was analyzed by 7 years of long-term field observation data both east monsoon and west monsoon situation. The shoreline definition used mean sea level (MSL)1.3 m and high water level (HWL) 2.6 m as reference. By using the MeEPASoL program as a graphical user interface program, shoreline changes converging to an equilibrium state can be simulated by taking into account the existing breakwater. Temporal shoreline position resulting from littoral drift and beach width change from its initial position is estimated for coastal erosion analysis. The result showed that dominantly, the littoral drift pattern moved from south to north. Furthermore, this study can be used in the process of identifying the primary hydrodynamic analysis in erosion disaster management as assessment of the beach erosion.
The Impact of Tropical Cyclone Seroja to The Rainfall and Sea Wave Height in East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Kurniawan R , Harsa H , Nurrahmat M H , Sasmito A , Florida N , Makmur E E S , Swarinoto Y S , Habibie M N , Hutapea T F , Sudewi R S , Fitria W , Praja A S , Adrianita F 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Natural events following the activity of the Tropical Cyclone Seroja in April 2021 are investigated. During its active phase, Tropical Cyclone Seroja generated extreme rainfall events in some sub-provinces of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT): Ngada, Alor, Belu, Rote Ndao on 4 April, 2021, Kupang on 4 to 5 April, 2021, East Sumba on 4 to 6 April, 2021. Moreover, these extreme rainfall events triggered flood in Alor, East Flores, Lembata, The City of Kupang, Kupang, East Sumba, Malaka, Belu, and North Central Timor. The maximum sea wave height of the Indian Ocean at the Southern part of NTT was also increasing, from 4 meters on 1 to 2 April, 2021 up to 6 meters on 3 April, 2021, and rose to higher than 7 meters on 4 to 6 April, 2021. On 7 to 9 April, 2021, the sea wave height declined as the Tropical Cyclone Seroja moved to the Southwest of NTT.
Design and analysis of low-cost underwater glider for shallow water
Authors: Inprasetyobudi H , Darma Y Y E , Rinanto N , Wibowo G H , Utomo R E P 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to design a low-cost underwater glider to operate in shallow water. The proposed design was developed by manufacturing engineering software. Analysis of the hull using manufacturing engineering software and 3D computer-aided design (CAD). The analysis of hydrodynamics using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This glider was designed to operate in shallow water, coastal, lake and river for a maximum depth of 10 m and a maximum speed of current 12,96 km/h, or 3,6 m/s. To reduce and minimize the cost to manufacture this underwater glider, the mechanics, electrical, electronics, and power source were using common tools on the market, not on demand. Based on numerical model, the hull pressure had 30,127 psi or 0,2077162 MPa for maximum depth 10 m and max speed 12,96 km/h. Maximum pressure occurs on the nose and behind the wings. This unmanned vehicle was designed to be in 9 compartments. The first compartment and 8th compartment are used for ballast tanks. The others for: mechanics of ballast system, altimeter and attitude controller, payload, battery pack, main controller part, propulsion system, and propulsor.
Temporal Distribution and Characteristic Analysis of Oil Spill in Balikpapan Bay
Authors: Widiawan D A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Balikpapan Bay has an oil spill case that attracts many people because it is considered a serious environmental problem and is detrimental to the environment. One of the cases that occurred was the leak of an oil pipeline in Balikpapan Bay due to the wrong anchorage of a ship that occurred on March 31, 2018. Detection of oil spills for three months using Sentinel 1-A satellite data to determine the distribution and analysis of the same oil characteristics from the source of pipe leaks in the Gulf of Balikpapan. The multi-temporal distribution of oil spills in Balikpapan Bay in March, April, and May 2018 has a significant difference in the upstream and mouth of the bay due to a pipe leak on March 31, 2018. Characteristics of upstream oil spills represented by stations 4 and 5 have the anisotropy value is lower than at the mouth of the bay which is represented by stations 1 and 2. The characteristics of the oil spill in Balikpapan Bay have differences before and after the oil spill due to pipe leakage as indicated by the decrease in the anisotropy value.
Site productivity indices for native forests in southeast Queensland
Authors: Jay V A , Neumann M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Site productivity, or site quality, describes the potential biomass growth and yield of vegetation at a given location. Land managers have devised indices for site productivity using attributes related to plant yields or growth rates, and these have great utility when available spatially in maps. The main factors determining site productivity include climate, soil and terrain characteristics. Here we analysed four productivity indices (two based on remote sensing only, two based on modelling and algorithms using spatial datasets). The tested indices were available over a 150,000 km2 area of southeast Queensland Australia, a region dominated by Eucalyptus and Acacia species. We were interested in comparing the indices regarding underlying drivers, effects on vegetation types and the general distribution of site productivity across our study region. Our methods included histograms of spatial attribute intersection, and multivariate linear regression. Remote sensing has clear advantages in capturing current conditions, which potential productivity algorithms cannot depict. On the other hand, maps with productivity algorithms provide large-scale robust information on biomass growth/yield that is sensitive to the main drivers of plant growth (e.g. climate, soil).
Methods of using ecological sources of clean energy in the cultivation of bell pepper seedlings
Authors: Baizakov T , Yunusov R , Yusupov Sh , Kilichev Z , Xasanova Yu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Development of ways to use solar energy as a source of clean energy. Development of scientific foundations for the widespread use of solar cells, their new capabilities, development of methods for increasing efficiency. With the development of new innovative technologies, it is necessary to study the operating conditions of autonomous power sources that can be used by consumers, their period of operation, and their in-depth structure. This article describes the role of greenhouses in agricultural production and the structure of autonomous power sources and their principles of operation.
Study on modeling of the air ionization process in the technology of long-term storage of fruit and grape
Authors: Rakhmatov A , Sanbetova A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article presents the results of modeling the process of air ionization in the technology of long-term storage of fruits and grapes in fruit storage facilities.Also was determined the main forces acting on ions in the ionization zone, in the volume of the fruit storage and on the surface of the processed product in order to establish the ionization modes and design the discharge gap of the ionizer. Based on the results of the research, the issues of the ionizer placement in the volume of the fruit storage have been resolved. The results of theoretical studies have been verified experimentally and the corresponding dependencies of the parameters of ionized air was obtained.