bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Lecours André 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The first chapter explains the contributions of the book to the literature on nationalism. The first is to highlight the importance of the interplay between nationalist movements and the state for understanding a nationalist movement. The second is to emphasize temporality in the accommodation of nationalist movements as the key dimension for explaining why nationalism sometimes becomes strongly secessionist while other times it does not. The third contribution is to highlight the divided nature of nationalist movements. The book’s fourth contribution is a conceptual innovation about autonomy. It distinguishes between static autonomy, which corresponds to permanent autonomy arrangements, and dynamic autonomy, which features autonomy arrangements that are, or can be, laterally adjusted or enhanced in time. This conceptual distinction represents the building blocks for sketching a theory about secessionism in liberal democracies. Such a theory is the fifth contribution of this book. This theory is that static autonomy stimulates secessionism while dynamic autonomy staves it off.
Catalonia
Authors: Lecours André 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the first case study, Catalonia. By the mid 2010s, the traditional autonomism of Catalan nationalism had become a minority position. The basic argument of the chapter is that Catalonia’s autonomy within Spain, at least since 2010, is static, which means Catalans consider there is little chance that the current system can adapt to their national identity and take into consideration their evolving collective interests. The 2010 Spanish Constitutional Court’s judgment, that invalidated and narrowly interpreted many articles of the reform to the Catalan Stature of Autonomy negotiated four years earlier between the Catalan and Spanish governments, represented a clear statement of the static nature of Catalan autonomy. That statement generated mounting pressures by civil society on nationalist parties, particularly CiU, to adopt clear secessionist positions. The status quo and secession seem to be the only two possible constitutional options, and defending the status quo for Catalonia’s nationalist parties was an untenable political and electoral position. As such, the Catalan secessionist turn involved CiU’s own secessionist turn. As the Catalan government embarked on a process of self-determination, the Spanish state responded by declaring any independence referendum, as well as the act of secession itself, unconstitutional. In so doing, the Spanish state reaffirmed that Catalonia’s autonomy was static insofar as no Catalan political act could trigger a progressive change in the powers of the Generalitat. This stance consolidated the new secessionist pathway of Catalan nationalism.
South Tyrol
Authors: Lecours André 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The sixth chapter looks at another case, South Tyrol, where secessionism has remained weak. While there has not been in Italy a series of constitutional changes affecting regional autonomy, the long-time slogan of the SVP, dynamic autonomy, speaks to the nature of South Tyrol’s autonomy within the Italian state. A striking feature of the Second Autonomy Statute for South Tyrol is that its implementation took 20 years (1972–1992). During this period, which followed a decade, the 1960s, punctuated by secessionist and irredentist violence, there was virtually no reason to adopt and support secessionist positions, as autonomous measures were gradually put into place. Most crucially, the bilateral commissions tasked with the implementations of the Second Autonomy Statute continued their work after 1992, keeping South Tyrol’s autonomy on the move, adjusting it to new circumstances, and even expanding it. These two bodies, the Commission of Six and the Commission of Twelve, play central roles in the governance of both the region of Trentino-Alto Adige and the province of Bolzano/Bozen as their enactment degrees become Italian law. The fact that South Tyrol still develops its autonomy has kept secessionist forces at bay. Indeed, incentives to support independence or reintegration with Austria are virtually non-existent in a context where autonomy can be progressively adapted, fine-tuned, and even developed in a way that largely shields South Tyrol from the broader Italian politics and maximizes the prosperity of the Alpine community.
Government Policy in Multinational-Dominated Global Value Chains
Authors: Barnes Justin , Black Anthony , Monaco Lorenza 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Through a series of government plans, the South African automotive industry has achieved undeniable success, especially in terms of its export orientation. The industry uses efficient technologies and is integrated into global markets. However, major structural weaknesses exist. Export growth has not been accompanied by increasing local content, investment has been modest and employment creation insignificant. Vehicle and component imports into the domestic market are high and the industry runs significant trade deficits. Most core technologies are imported, including advanced power trains and electronics. This chapter considers the structural impediments to the industry’s development, as well as issues related to ownership and power relations between the state and multinational firms. Analysing the potential for further localization and the deepening of the supply chain, the chapter considers global technology developments, domestic productive capabilities, and power dynamics in the global value chain (GVC). The chapter argues that state–business bargaining dynamics have negatively affected this potential. While efforts to deepen the supply chain would allow for more sustainable growth, the achievement of such goals is impossible without concerted commitment from all stakeholders.
Predator Ecology
Authors: DeLong John P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPredator-prey interactions form an essential part of ecological communities, determining the flow of energy from autotrophs to top predators. The rate of predation is a key regulator of that energy flow, and that rate is determined by the functional response. Functional responses themselves are emergent ecological phenomena – they reflect morphology, behavior, and physiology of both predator and prey and are both outcomes of evolution and the source of additional evolution. The functional response is thus a concept that connects many aspects of biology from behavioral ecology to eco-evolutionary dynamics to food webs, and as a result, the functional response is the key to an integrative science of predatory ecology. In this book, I provide a synthesis of research on functional responses, starting with the basics. I then break the functional response down into foraging components and connect these to the traits and behaviors that connect species in food webs. I conclude that contrary to appearances, we know very little about functional responses, and additional work is necessary for us to understand how environmental change and management will impact ecological systems
Confession as Encounter with Early Modernity
Authors: Kizenko Nadieszda 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines confession in seventeenth-century Muscovy and Ukraine as part of the European ‘disciplinary revolution’. In their use of confession as a way of meeting challenges to religious and political harmony, seventeenth-century Russia and Ukraine resembled the broad European tendency to religious unification, social discipline, and control. First separately, and then together, Muscovite and Ukrainian clerics in the seventeenth century began to emphasize the sacraments in ways similar to that pursued in the Roman Catholic world. Their emphasis on confession created a new religious culture that brought Orthodox East Slavs into the religious and disciplinary framework of modern Europe. The Old Believer schism in the middle of the century gave confession a practical purpose: it was the most effective way of establishing who was Orthodox, and therefore broadly reliable, and who was schismatic, and therefore dangerous.
A Gendered Experience
Authors: Kizenko Nadieszda 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines confession in the first half of the nineteenth century through the lens of gender. As men often served in the military or held government positions, they were more likely to be suspected of conspiracies or treason and to experience confession as a means of discipline and surveillance. As a result, their depictions of confession showed its external, social, and political side. By contrast, women came to approach confession as an autobiographical narrative and a form of private literary production, seeking closer relationships with their father-confessors. Sacramental confession became part of a textual process of Russian women’s reading, devotion, and life-writing. Both in women’s going to confession in larger numbers and in their desire for a more meaningful confession, confession became an increasingly feminine phenomenon.
Discipline for the Masses
Authors: Kizenko Nadieszda 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores how state and Church finally reached their goal of enforcing confession among the Russian masses. Enforcement of confession over the Orthodox population became more extensive and more rigorous. Proof of having gone to confession became a routine component of getting married, getting divorced, or filing one’s business paperwork. Being caught shirking the sacraments itself called for penance. There were more attempts to use police to enforce confession and penances in the 1850s and early 1860s in the Russian empire than at any other time—and they worked. In the middle of the nineteenth century Church and state came far closer to getting the Orthodox Christian masses to reach the same baseline level of Christian performance as the elites had a century earlier.
Restrictions on Remedies
Authors: Daly Paul 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Whereas the discussion of remedial discretion in Chapter 5 was of individualised reasons for refusing to grant a remedy, in this chapter the issues discussed are general principles restricting the granting of judicial review remedies. These are systemic in nature and not specific to the circumstances presented by individual applicants and the decisions they wish to challenge. Some overlap is, of course, to be expected, but the procedural requirements of promptness and permission; the principle that an applicant must exhaust alternative remedies before seeking judicial review; the bar on collateral attack; privative clauses; the principles relating to ripeness and prematurity and the obligation to demonstrate standing to seek judicial review are all general, in that they apply to each and every application for judicial review regardless of the particular factual and legal matrix. This chapter argues that the law in relation to this wide range of restrictions on remedies can be understood in terms of administrative law values.
Same Rules, Higher Costs
Authors: Arriola Leonardo R. , Phillips Melanie L. , Rakner Lise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines whether women face fundamentally different challenges as they seek to become political leaders in Zambia. The chapter demonstrates that women largely use the same strategies as men to succeed in politics but face distinct costs due to their gender. The chapter provides a nuanced assessment of how women’s experiences differ from men’s across distinct political stages, from initial entry into politics to actual campaigning. The chapter shows, contrary to existing theories, that women candidates report the same sources of encouragement and equivalent qualifications as men. Women are also found to pursue the same partisan strategies as men when seeking a spot on the ballot. The chapter shows, for example, that women are as likely as men to use bribes during the nomination process. However, the chapter also reveals that women candidates are significantly less likely than men to give public speeches or participate in rallies during campaigning.
Who Speaks (for Women) on the Floor When Men Dominate Parliament?
Authors: Kang Alice J. , Fisher Rachel S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the question of substantive representation in one of Africa’s newest democratizing countries, Burkina Faso. Kang and Fisher’s study uses parliamentary records as a primary source in the study of women’s political participation and substantive representation. Contrary to critical mass theories that posit women will actively participate in legislative debate only when the proportion of women reaches a critical mass, Kang and Fisher find that women speak at somewhat higher rates than men in Burkina Faso’s legislature. Moreover, while women do serve as substantive representatives by raising women’s concerns on the floor of the legislature, they also participate on a wider range of issues and are chosen to speak by their parties just as often as men.
Public Opinion Polling in Mid-Century British Literature
Authors: Faragher Megan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Whereas modernist writers lauded the consecrated realm of subjective interiority, mid-century writers were engrossed by the materialization of the collective mind. An obsession with group thinking was fueled by the establishment of academic sociology and the ubiquitous infiltration of public opinion research into a bevy of cultural and governmental institutions. As authors witnessed the materialization of the once-opaque realm of public consciousness for the first time, their writings imagined the potentialities of such technologies for the body politic. Polling opened new horizons for mass politics. Public Opinion Polling in Mid-Century British Literature: The Psychographic Turn traces this most crucial period of group psychology’s evolution—the mid-century—when “psychography,” a term originating in Victorian spiritualism, transformed into a scientific praxis. The imbrication of British writers within a growing institutionalized public opinion infrastructure bolstered an aesthetic turn towards collectivity and an interest in the political ramifications of meta-psychological discourse. Examining works by H.G. Wells, Evelyn Waugh, Val Gielgud, Olaf Stapledon, Virginia Woolf, Naomi Mitchison, Celia Fremlin, Cecil Day-Lewis, and Elizabeth Bowen, this book utilizes extensive archival research to trace the embeddedness of writers within public opinion institutions, providing a new explanation for the new “material” turn so often associated with interwar writing.
The Morass of Morale
Authors: Faragher Megan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Ministry of Information (MoI) had a robust morale-research apparatus which, more often than not, failed to successfully appeal to the public in high-profile information campaigns. Cecil Day-Lewis, who worked in the Publications division of the MoI during the war, allegorized such failures through his detective fiction; in both Malice in Wonderland and Minute for Murder, he alludes to Ministry campaigns like the “Silent Column Campaign,” which failed to appropriately respond to public criticism elicited from Home Intelligence morale reports. Day-Lewis’s subtle critiques of MoI morale assessment are also mirrored in the wartime work of Elizabeth Bowen, who used her information work in Ireland to encourage the MoI to take on more sympathetic public stances towards the neutral nation during the war. While Bowen attempted to read and translate the desires of the Irish public to English officials, The Heat of the Day likewise emphasizes characters’ struggles in interpreting and mastering the desires of others. In both The Heat of the Day and in her wartime short stories, Bowen returns to early psychographic symbols of ghosts and apparitions to elucidate the precarious position of the public opinion worker during wartime. In this chapter, both Bowen and Day-Lewis remind readers that the desire to manifest interiority as material produces fear and anxiety amongst citizens who feel themselves spied upon and who see psychographics as just another means of control for governments and institutions against its citizens.
The Jim Crow Boomerang
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines the US military’s successful efforts to restrict black people’s access to the nation’s fighting forces during World War II, and blacks’—and some whites’—efforts to fight back. In part thanks to African Americans’ spirited struggle for the “right to fight,” black troops’ contribution to the war effort was unquestionably substantial—in all, more than one million men and women served. But it would have been considerably more substantial had military authorities—sometimes supported and other times opposed by President Roosevelt, members of Congress, and the courts—not placed countless enlistment barriers in African Americans’ way.
Conclusion
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The conclusion traces the ways that racist boundaries waxed and waned in the final stages of World War II military service and addresses the larger impact that these boundaries had on American troops, the American military, and the nation. In the end, black-white lines, if blurred some, still defined many troops’ last days in uniform. White-nonwhite lines also appeared here and there, but still lacked the same institutionalization, reach, and force. And this broader complex of lines fundamentally shaped postwar America in numerous, complicated, and too often forgotten ways. They politicized a varied and substantial group of veterans, who returned home prepared and determined to democratize the military and the nation. But the cost of these lines was enormous. They impeded America’s war effort, undermined the nation’s Four Freedoms rhetoric, traumatized, even killed, an unknowable number of nonwhite troops, further naturalized the very concept of race, deepened many whites’ investments in white supremacy, especially anti-black racism, and further fractured the American people and their politics.
From Christian to Jew
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The next crucial step in the siblings’ journey to gain the right to live and pray as they pleased came in 1811 when they moved to Suriname, a South American colony on the Caribbean Sea. In Suriname, Sarah and Isaac found their home among the largest multiracial Jewish community in the Americas and formally converted to Judaism. This community provided a spiritual home for Sarah and Isaac, but it also marked them as second-class citizens. Since their father, Abraham, had not married their mother, Surinamese law considered Sarah and Isaac people of color. This racial designation followed them into the synagogue, where they would sit separately from whites and couldn’t partake in synagogue honors. This chapter places the siblings’ experiences alongside that of other multiracial Jews who lived in Paramaribo at that time, highlighting their battles against oppression.
The Tumultuous Island
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The years following Sarah and Isaac’s conversion were ones of great change on the island, rife with controversies and rebellion. On the one hand the Brandon-Lopez-Gill clan was prospering, with both Brandon cousins and Lopez-Gill uncles making important marriages. Yet the synagogue was in disarray, with interracial sex often at the center of controversies. While unmarried Jewish men like Sarah and Isaac’s father suffered no penalties for extramarital affairs, married Jews and religious leaders found themselves repeatedly sanctioned by the synagogue, their intimate affairs laid open. Racial tensions on the island reached a peak in 1816 when a slave revolt broke out near the southern coast. In the years following the revolt, free people of color would seek compensation for their support in suppressing the insurrection. Petitions and religion, rather than open rebellion, became the new path to power.
Voices of Rebellion
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
While Moses Lopez sought acceptance in Philadelphia, Isaac Lopez Brandon fought his own battles in Barbados. Before leaving the island, Brandon signed the Jews’ 1819 petition to the island legislature asking it to make the synagogue a vestry and give Jews the vote. For lower middle-class Jews, the bill was deeply distressing: they lacked property to vote anyway, and they didn’t want pay the mandatory taxes the change entailed. They were also enraged that Isaac Lopez Brandon, a “man of colour,” would gain privileges that white Jews of a middling sort could never hope to attain. Eventually the bill passed, but only after Isaac had been demoted and lost his right to vote in the synagogue. Isaac’s battle was part of a larger religious war waged by the Gill family, a battle that underscored the intertwined role of minority religions and rights on the island.
A Woman of Valor
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Before they were wed even a year, Sarah and Joshua made their way back across the Atlantic, this time settling in New York. Sarah was pregnant with the first of ten children, and the couple quickly settled into family life on the tip of Manhattan in the streets surrounding the Mill Street synagogue. Having married into the synagogue’s wealthiest family, Sarah found herself at the center of New York Jewish life. Knowing people in New York mattered. She had lived in four cities in four countries before she reached the age of twenty, and New York was hardly the most racially progressive place she had resided. Her children’s births raised question of acceptance, and the young family strategically bound their children to the larger community and Sarah’s in-laws through names, godparents, and circumcision rituals.
Epilogue
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The epilogue shows how changes in the understanding of race between Sarah’s lifetime and that of her granddaughter Blanche Moses set the stage for the erasure of Sarah and Isaac’s African ancestry from family memory. The subsequent silence around Sarah and Isaac’s story reflects other losses in the larger story of American Judaism. Following World War II, the emerging field of Jewish American history struggled to place Jews in the ethno-racial landscape of the Americas, and the histories of non-white and multiracial Jews often went untold. Was it insecurity over their own whiteness that caused European-American Jewish historians to write Jews of color out of the story of American Judaism, or just that their own genealogies led them to create histories that mirrored their families’ experiences and self-understandings? The chapter ends by looking at how descendants of Sarah and Isaac today responded to the telling of their history.
Barriers to Ambition across Class, Race, Ethnicity, and National Origin
Authors: Rhode Deborah L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines barriers to ambition based on class, race, ethnicity, and national origin. It notes that many nations do a better job in delivering on the American Dream than America does. The United States has lower rates of intergenerational mobility than other comparable countries. The public radically underestimates barriers to ambition based on race, class, and ethnicity and the resource disparities in families, schools, and support structures that hobble disadvantaged youth. Americans also fail to address the racial barriers and biases that persist across class. Children of some recent immigrant groups are an exception to these patterns and have higher ambitions and achievements than children of similar backgrounds with American-born parents. But those advantages fade with each generation, and even members of “model minorities” confront disabling stereotypes and marginalization. Society pays a substantial price for the failure to address these inequalities, and the chapter closes with key reform priorities.