bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shear Stress and Filtration Loss Properties Assessment of Nano-Silica Water-Based Drilling Fluid Using Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Ning Yee Cai , Ridha Syahrir , Ilyas Suhaib Umer , Krishna Shwetank , Abdurrahman Muslim 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA complete overview of the rheology and filtration properties of drilling fluids is essential to ensure an efficient transport process with minimized fluid loss. Silica nanoparticle is an excellent additive for rheology and filtration properties enhancement. Existing correlations are not available for nano-SiO2-water-based drilling fluid that can extensively quantify the rheology or filtration loss of nanofluids. Thus, two data-driven machine learning approaches are proposed for prediction, i.e., artificial neural network (ANN) and least square support vector machine (LSSVM). Parameters involved in the prediction of shear stress are SiO2 concentration, temperature, and shear rate, whereas SiO2 nanoparticle concentration, temperature, and time are the inputs to simulate filtration volume. A feed-forward multilayer perceptron is constructed and optimized using the Levenberg–Marquardt learning algorithm. The parameters for the LSSVM are optimized using couple simulated annealing (CSA). The performance of each model is evaluated based on several statistical parameters. The predicted results achieved R2 (coefficient of determination) value higher than 0.99 and mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value below 7% for both the models. The developed models are further validated with experimental data that reveals an excellent agreement between predicted and experimental data.
Gasification Kinetics of Victorian Brown Coal-Derived Char in Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Sayeed Imtenan , Kibria M. A. , Bhattacharya Sankar 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In a chemical looping combustion (CLC) system, gasification kinetics of char holds immense importance being the rate-limiting reaction in the fuel reactor. This paper studied the gasification kinetics of char derived from Victorian brown coal (VBC) in a fluidized bed reactor which mimics the fuel reactor conditions of a chemical looping combustion process. Mass of char, char particle size, and gas flow conditions were optimized to ensure the gasification reaction free from mass transfer limitations. Effect of oxygen carrier (OC), hematite, being the bed material was also studied. The experiments were conducted in the temperature range of 800 °C–950 °C, which is a typical range for fuel reactor. The experimental results were modeled with the help of grain model (GM) and random pore model (RPM) to analyze the kinetic parameters. Activation energy was found to be around 177 kJ/mol in sand bed and 175.5 kJ/mol in the hematite bed. Reaction in hematite bed was found to be 42% faster on average compared with the reaction in a sand bed. Fastest total conversion of char took as low as 4.1 min in hematite bed at 950 °C. While catalytic effect of hematite was ruled out due to insignificant change in activation energy, it was concluded that increase in CO2 partial pressure at the vicinity of char particle enhanced the reaction rate in the case of hematite bed. This study has generated relevant information for the CLC of Victorian brown coal with hematite as the oxygen carrier.
Computing Marginal Cost of Durability of Energy Systems Components by Structural Optimization With Fatigue Constraints
Authors: Pasquali Felipe M. , Hall John F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
There is a relationship between product durability and the effect the product has on the environment and economy. One approach that impacts this dynamic involves a circular economy. The idea of a circular economy is gaining more traction as some businesses have begun to shift toward a product as a service model in which they, the businesses, maintain ownership of the product. One example of this business model is emerging in the energy sector. Given this shift, the life of the product becomes more important as it directly impacts the bottom line of the business. This gives rise to the marginal cost of durability (MCD) metric. The MCD determines the cost of the product in relation to the life of the system. For longer life, the design generally necessitates more cost-intensive measures to ensure durability. In the context of sustainable design, system life is particularly important for renewable energy systems that promote sustainable living. These large structures often require a high volume of materials and the end-of-life disposal for those materials. The design requirements for material also increase as the design life increases. The additional materials provide a safeguard against failure phenomena, such as fatigue. The MCD metric has been used in previous studies. However, there is no formal method for determining the MCD. This article examines a method for measuring the MCD for the commercial class of wind energy production systems. A metamodel of the damage response is built in lieu of expensive computational models. Design optimization is used to search for the design parameters having fatigue damage as a constraint. This process is repeated for a set of system life values, yielding a set of designs. Curve fitting is used to find a mathematical relationship between life and cost. An example of this method is applied to the study of a wind turbine tower life. The study indicates that the wind turbine tower design for 80 years has 34% more mass and cost than a 20-year design. The results from the proposed method provide information that can be used to determine the design life of a system.
A Novel Signal Processing Method for Friction and Sliding Wear
Authors: Nagarajan Rajini , Subramanian Karthikeyan , Subramaniam Saravana Sankar , Krishnasamy Senthilkumar , Siengchin Suchart , Sukumaran Jacob , Ismail Sikiru Oluwarotimi , Mohammad Faruq , Al-Lohedan Hamad A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This current study proposed a new computationally efficient and comparatively accurate algorithm for calculating both static and dynamic coefficients of friction from high-frequency data. Its scope embraced an application in a real-time friction-based system, such as active braking safety systems in automobile industries. The signal sources were from a heavy-duty reciprocating dry sliding wear test platform, focused on experimental data related to friction induced by stick-slip phenomena. The test specimen was a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-coated basalt/vinyl ester composite material, tested at a large scale. The algorithm was primarily aimed to provide scalability for processing significantly large tribological data in a real-time. Besides a computational efficiency, the proposed method adopted to evaluate both static and dynamic coefficients of friction using the statistical approach exhibited a greater accuracy and reliability when compared with the extant models. The result showed that the proposed method reduced the computation time of processing and reduced the variation of the absolute values of both static and dynamic frictions. However, the variation of dynamic friction was later increased at a particular threshold, based on the test duration.
Mechanical Power Losses of Ball Bearings: Model and Experimental Validation
Authors: Dindar A. , Chimanpure A. S. , Kahraman A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A tribo-dynamic model of ball bearings is proposed to predict their load-dependent (mechanical) power losses. The model combines (i) a transient, point contact mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) formulation to simulate the mechanics of the load carrying lubricated ball-race interfaces and (ii) a singularity-free dynamics model and establishes the two-way coupling between them that dictates power losses. The dynamic model uses a vectoral formulation with Euler parameters. The EHL model is capable of capturing two-dimensional contact kinematics, velocity variations across the contact as well as asperity interactions of rough contact surfaces. Resultant contact surface shear distributions are processed to predict mechanical power losses of example ball bearings operating under combined radial and axial forces. An experimental setup is introduced for measurement of the power losses of rolling-element bearings. Sets of measurements taken by using the same example ball bearings are compared with those predicted by the model to assess its accuracy in predicting mechanical power loss of a ball bearing within wide ranges of axial and radial forces.
Fatigue Measured in Dynamic Versus Isometric Modes After Trail Running Races of Various Distances
Authors: Koral Jerome , Fanget Marie , Imbert Laurianne , Besson Thibault , Kennouche Djahid , Parent Audrey , Foschia Clément , Rossi Jérémy , Millet Guillaume Y. 
Published: August 2021

Purpose:Fatigue has previously been investigated in trail running by comparing maximal isometric force before and after the race. Isometric contractions may not entirely reflect fatigue-induced changes, and therefore dynamic evaluation is warranted. The aim of the present study was to compare the magnitude of the decrement of maximal isometric force versus maximal power, force, and velocity after trail running races ranging from 40 to 170 km.Methods:Nineteen trail runners completed races shorter than 60 km, and 21 runners completed races longer than 100 km. Isometric maximal voluntary contractions (IMVCs) of knee extensors and plantar flexors and maximal 7-second sprints on a cycle ergometer were performed before and after the event.Results:Maximal power output (Pmax; −14% [11%],P < .001), theoretical maximum force (F0; −11% [14%],P < .001), and theoretical maximum velocity (−3% [8%],P = .037) decreased significantly after both races. All dynamic parameters but theoretical maximum velocity decreased more after races longer than 100 km than races shorter than 60 km (P < .05). Although the changes in IMVCs were significantly correlated (P < .05) with the changes inF0andPmax, reductions in IMVCs for knee extensors (−29% [16%],P < .001) and plantar flexors (−26% [13%],P < .001) were larger (P < .001) than the reduction inPmaxandF0.Conclusions:After a trail running race, reductions in isometric versus dynamic forces were correlated, yet they are not interchangeable because the losses in isometric force were 2 to 3 times greater than the reductions inPmaxandF0. This study also shows that the effect of race distance on fatigue measured in isometric mode is true when measured in dynamic mode.
Linkage to primary-care public health facilities for cardiovascular disease prevention: a community-based cohort study from urban slums in India
Authors: Pakhare Abhijit , Joshi Ankur , Anwar Rasha , Dubey Khushbu , Kumar Sanjeev , Atal Shubham , Tiwari Ishan Raj , Mayank Vipul , Shrivastava Neelesh , Joshi Rajnish 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesHypertension and diabetes mellitus are important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Once identified with these conditions, individuals need to be linked to primary healthcare system for initiation of lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy and maintenance of therapies to achieve optimal blood pressure and glycaemic control. In the current study, we evaluated predictors and barriers for non-linkage to primary-care public health facilities for CVD risk reduction.MethodsWe conducted a community-based longitudinal study in 16 urban slum clusters in central India. Community health workers (CHWs) in each urban slum cluster screened all adults, aged 30 years or more for hypertension and diabetes, and those positively screened were sought to be linked to urban primary health centres (UPHCs). We performed univariate and multivariate analysis to identify independent predictors for non-linkage to primary-care providers. We conducted in-depth assessment in 10% of all positively screened, to identify key barriers that potentially prevented linkages to primary-care facilities.ResultsOf 6174 individuals screened, 1451 (23.5%; 95% CI 22.5 to 24.6) were identified as high risk and required linkage to primary-care facilities. Out of these, 544 (37.5%) were linked to public primary-care facilities and 259 (17.8%) to private providers. Of the remaining, 506 (34.9%) did not get linked to any provider and 142 (9.8%) defaulted after initial linkages (treatment interrupters). On multivariate analysis, as compared with those linked to public primary-care facilities, those who were not linked had age less than 45 years (OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.5)), were in lowest wealth quintile (OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.9), resided beyond a kilometre from UPHC (OR 1.7 (95% CI 1.2 to 2.4) and were engaged late by CHWs (OR 2.6 (95% CI 1.8 to 3.7)). Despite having comparable knowledge level, denial about their risk status and lack of family support were key barriers in this group.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates feasibility of CHW-based strategy in promoting linkages to primary-care facilities.
Effects of prematurity on long-term renal health: a systematic review
Authors: Sangla Ananya , Kandasamy Yogavijayan 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the literature and determine if prematurity has an impact on long-term adverse kidney outcomes.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesOVID Medline, PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL and EMBASE databases were searched for studies relating to the adverse outcomes of prematurity from 1990 to April 2021.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesAll articles published between January 1990 and April 2021 that investigated whether premature infants developed long-term adverse renal outcomes were included in this review. Articles must have been human studies and written in English. Case series with less than 20 participants and case studies were excluded.Data extraction and synthesisOne reviewer completed the database searches. Article selection was performed independently and in a non-blinded manner by both reviewers. Initial screening was by title and abstract. Full texts of remaining articles were reviewed. Articles for which inclusion was unclear were re-reviewed by both reviewers, and a unanimous decision was taken as to whether they should be included. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment of the included articles.ResultsThe literature search yielded 31 human studies, which investigated the short-term and long-term kidney outcomes of prematurity. These studies were conducted in 17 different countries. The most common outcomes measured were blood pressure (BP) and glomerular filtration rate. Other common outcomes measured included kidney size and mass, proteinuria, albuminuria, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and physical parameters such as height, weight and body mass index.ConclusionPrematurity is likely linked to increased risk of kidney dysfunction and high BP in childhood and into early adulthood. Premature birth conferred a twofold increased risk of CKD and extremely premature birth conferred a threefold increased risk of CKD. However, further larger multicentre studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions on the long-term kidney outcomes of prematurity.
Human leukocyte antigen class II-based immune risk model for recurrence evaluation in stage I–III small cell lung cancer
Authors: Chen Peixin , Zhao Lishu , Wang Hao , Zhang Liping , Zhang Wei , Zhu Jun , Yu Jia , Zhao Sha , Li Wei , Sun Chenglong , Wu Chunyan , He Yayi , Zhou Caicun 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundImmunotherapy has revolutionized therapeutic patterns of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA class II) is related to antitumor immunity. However, the implications of HLA class II in SCLC remain incompletely understood.Materials and methodsWe investigated the expression patterns of HLA class II on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by immunohistochemistry staining and its association with clinical parameters, immune markers, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in 102 patients with stage I–III SCLC with radical surgery. Additionally, an HLA class II-based immune risk model was established by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. With bioinformatics methods, we investigated HLA class II-related enrichment pathways and immune infiltration landscape in SCLC.ResultsHLA class II on tumor cells and TILs was positively expressed in 9 (8.8%) and 45 (44.1%) patients with SCLC, respectively. HLA class II on TILs was negatively associated with lymph node metastasis and positively correlated with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on TILs (p<0.001) and multiple immune markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, FOXP3; p<0.001). Lymph node metastasis (OR 0.314, 95% CI 0.118 to 0.838, p=0.021) and PD-L1 on TILs (OR 3.233, 95% CI 1.051 to 9.95, p=0.041) were independent predictive factors of HLA class II on TILs. HLA class II positivity on TILs prompted a longer RFS (40.2 months, 95% CI 31.7 to 48.7 vs 28.8 months, 95% CI 21.4 to 36.3, p=0.014). HLA class II on TILs, PD-L1 on TILs, CD4, and FOXP3 were enrolled in the immune risk model, which categorized patients into high-risk and low-risk groups and had better power for predicting the recurrence than tumor stage. Pathway enrichment analyses showed that patients with high HLA class II expression demonstrated signatures of transmembrane transportation, channel activity, and neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction. High-risk SCLC patients had a higher proportion of T follicular helper cells (p=0.034) and a lower proportion of activated memory CD4-positive T cells (p=0.040) and resting dendritic cells (p=0.045) versus low-risk patients.ConclusionsHLA class II plays a crucial role in tumor immune microenvironment and recurrence prediction. This work demonstrates the prognostic and clinical values of HLA class II in patients with SCLC.
CORRELATION BETWEEN DIAPHRAGM EXCURSION WITH BOTH THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND EXERCISE CAPACITY FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE STUDIED BY ULTRASOUND
Authors: AN PENG , QIN PING , WANG JIANRU , RONG ZHOU HE 
Published: August 2021

Objective: To study the correlation between diaphragm excursion and both the quality of life and exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by ultrasound and to reveal the factors affecting diaphragm excursion. Methods: A total of 42 COPD patients who were treated in our hospital from October 2015 to March 2020 and 42 healthy volunteers (control group) were included in the present study. The participants’ height, weight, and diaphragm excursion (the amplitude of diaphragm movement during deep breathing measured by M-mode ultrasound ([Formula: see text])), diaphragm movement time, degree of airflow obstruction (the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) as a percentage of its predicted level, FEV1%pred), and exercise capacity (six-minute walk distance, 6MWD) were measured. The St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was used to evaluate the patients’ quality of life. The correlation between the amplitude of diaphragm movement and lung function was analyzed. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to determine the COPD diagnosis efficacy of M-mode ultrasound, and its influencing factors were further analyzed. Results: During tidal breathing, the movement amplitudes of both hemidiaphragms in the COPD group were greater than those in the control group. During deep breathing, the movement amplitudes of both hemidiaphragms in the control group were greater than those in the COPD group. Moreover, during both tidal and deep breathing, the movement time of the right hemidiaphragm in the control group was longer than that in the COPD group (all P < 0.001). During deep breathing, the amplitude of diaphragm movement was positively correlated with FEV1 and FEV1%pred (both P < 0.001). During both tidal and deep breathing, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the diagnosis of COPD according to the diaphragm movement amplitude was 0.833 and 0.887, respectively, and the AUC for the diagnosis of COPD according to the diaphragm movement time was 0.625 and 0.732, respectively. The [Formula: see text] was correlated with the SGRQ score, symptom score, impact score, activity score, and 6MWD, with correlation coefficients of −0.474, −0.416, −0.432, −0.502, and 0.536, respectively. The factors affecting the [Formula: see text] were height ([Formula: see text], P < 0.001) and FEV1%pred ([Formula: see text], P < 0.001). Conclusion: The diaphragm excursion in COPD was closely related to patients’ quality of life. Height and FEV1%pred had the greatest impact on diaphragm excursion. The lower the diaphragm excursion of the patient, the worse their quality of life and the lower their exercise capacity.
Primary v. carbonate production in the Toarcian, a case study from the Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole, Wales
Authors: Menini Alessandro , Mattioli Emanuela , Hesselbo Stephen P. , Ruhl Micha , Suan Guillaume 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

The leading hypothesis for the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (T-OAE;
c.
183 Ma) and the associated negative C-isotope excursion is the massive release of
12
C favouring greenhouse conditions and continental weathering. The nutrient delivery to shallow basins supported productivity and, because of O
2
consumption by organic-matter respiration, anoxia development. However, several studies have shown that calcareous nannoplankton experienced a decrease during the T-OAE. Nannofossil fluxes measured in the Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole, Wales, UK, were the highest prior to the negative C-isotope excursion, along with high amounts of taxa indicative of nutrient-rich environments (Biscutaceae). Such conditions attest to high productivity. Fluxes show the lowest values in the core of the event, along with a size decrease of
Schizosphaerella
and a peak in Calyculaceae. The recovery of nannofossil fluxes and
Schizosphaerella
size occurred concomitant with the return of C-isotopes to more positive values. Concomitantly, deep dwellers (
Crepidolithus crassus
) dominated, indicating a recovery of the photic-zone productivity. These observations demonstrate that the cascade of environmental responses to the initial perturbation was more complex than previously considered. In spite of elevated nutrient delivery to epicontinental basins in the early Toarcian, carbonate and primary productions of nannoplankton were depressed in the core the T-OAE, probably because of prolonged thermohaline seawater stratification.
The Battle of Tigranokerta, Lucullus, and Cataphracts
Authors: Olbrycht Marek Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Rome’s campaign in Armenia in 69-67 BC is an exceptionally important chapter in military history, one which provides insights into the political arrangements, alliances, and strategies from both sides of the conflict. This article focuses on the culmination of this war, i.e. the battle of Tigranokerta, the comparison of armies, and the role of cavalry, in particular the cataphracts. In scholarly studies, the accounts of Sallust, Plutarch and some other sources on the encounter at Tigranokerta have become the starting point for numerous conclusions, often misleading, regarding the then military operation and the part played by the units of cataphracts. The evaluation of the source data leads to a re-assessment of the picture of the war in Armenia.