bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giovanni Pontano’s De bello Neapolitano
Authors: Celati Marta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical study of Giovanni Pontano’s De bello Neapolitano, the historical account of the ‘conspiracy of the barons’ against Ferdinando of Aragon, king of Naples, and the war that followed the rebellion (1459–65). Pontano’s work is contextualized in the historical and cultural scenario of the Aragonese monarchy and in the humanist’s broader literary and political activity, as a historian, political and literary theorist, and royal secretary. In particular the De bello Neapolitano can be placed in the realm of ‘political historiography’, a genre that enjoyed considerable fortune in Italian Renaissance. Pontano’s work is inspired by different models, both classical and contemporary, and continues the tradition of Aragonese historiography (inaugurated by Valla, Facio, and Panormita). Moreover, the chapter examines the text from a political angle by investigating its connections with Pontano’s most significant political-theoretical treatises: De principe and De obedientia. The analysis illustrates how the humanist’s princely ideology and his theory of statecraft is framed by means of different works, through the interplay of historical narrative and theoretical speculation. In this productive literary interaction, the topic of internal political conflict occupies a prominent position and its treatment in Pontano’s works reveals a developing idea of political realism. Pontano provides a concrete model of an ideal state that is based on the principle of obedience and on the hierarchical relationship between different social components: the prince, the barons, and the common people, components that play a key function, both narrative and exemplary, also in the humanist’s historical work.
Angelo Poliziano’s Coniurationis commentarium
Authors: Celati Marta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The fourth chapter focuses on Poliziano’s Coniurationis commentarium, the literary account of the Pazzi conspiracy against the Medici brothers, Lorenzo and Giuliano (1478). The critical analysis reconstructs the circumstances of composition of the text, its publication in two printed editions, and its circulation in the manuscript tradition, revealing that the work enjoyed widespread diffusion as the central pillar of pro-Medici propaganda. The investigation into the text shows that it totally adheres to the guidelines of Lorenzo de’ Medici’s cultural politics in the aftermath of the plot. The thorough examination of the changes made by Poliziano in the second version of the text confirms that its political perspective also mirrored the evolution of the political situation in Florence and in Italy in 1480. Despite being a highly propagandistic work, Poliziano’s Commentarium is also a sophisticated piece of literature produced by the eclectic combination of manifold sources drawn from the classical tradition: a conflation that reflects the humanist’s principle of docta varietas . The main prototype of Sallust is combined it with multiple references to a variety of models: other classical historians (Suetonius, Caesar, and Livy), poetry, comic authors (most of all Terence), and even technical literature (Celsus, Pliny the Elder, etc.). In particular, the extensive use of Suetonius, especially his biography of Caesar, conveys particular political overtones. One of the crucial ideological elements in the text is the representation of Lorenzo de’ Medici as an actual heroic prince, who is loved by his people and embodies the idea of the whole state.
The emergence of international parliamentary institutions
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, we provide statistical analyses of the establishment and empowerment of international parliamentary institutions (IPIs) in seventy-three relevant international organizations. We analyse whether IPI establishment was systematically associated with the conditions of parliamentarization and find robust and strong positive associations for general purpose and policy scope and robust but somewhat weaker positive correlations for diffusion. By contrast, neither authority nor democracy are systematically associated with the existence of IPIs. Governance failure is either insignificant or has a negative effect on IPI creation. Finally, we explore the correlation of the conditions of parliamentarization with IPI power and find a robust association of IPI authority with IPI legislative competencies.
Incurability and the Clinic
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how the hospitalization of cancer gave the care of the disease new legitimacy, tied it closely to the investigative and charitable projects of the metropolitan medical elite, and provided cancer with a presence in London’s built environment. It was in this early nineteenth-century moment that the disease moved out of the confines of the sickbed and entered the culture, politics, and social world of the early Victorian metropolis. The chapter reveals how, because of their new, concentrated, and hospital-based study of the disease, the capital’s medical elite defined cancer as an incurable malady and as a problem that they, as a collective, needed to overcome. It argues that the hospitalization of the disease codified cancer and transformed characteristics—such as incurability—that had long been observed by practitioners into essential, identifying features.
Cancer under the Microscope
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter reveals how mapping was only one of the tools deployed to decode the ‘cancer problem’ in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Running parallel to the activities of Haviland, Moore, and Green, biologists, pathologists, and histologists took up the microscope with gusto and spawned a vibrant debate among cell theorists, bacteriologists, and parasitologists. This chapter thus traces the introduction of the microscope into the landscape of cancer theory and practice, explores the development of cell theories of malignancy, and interrogates the many and various ‘germ theories’ of the disease. It argues that despite their close relationship with the microscope and its scientific and progressive associations, all three theories appealed in part because they recapitulated and reframed very old ideas about cancer’s causes and characteristics.
The Democratic Design Framework: Relational Elements and Guiding Precepts
Authors: Saward Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes key aspects of the building and explication of the new democratic design framework, extending the examination of the relations and interactions between the framework’s two core elements, principles and practices. In that context, the chapter explores procedure and proceduralism to ground subsequent accounts of procedural sequencing, ordering, phasing, and incentive effects for democratic designs. The chapter then offers a set of guiding design precepts—factors crucial to the deployment and character of the democratic design framework. The key precepts discussed are systemic design and reflexive design, the latter including the nature and importance of context to design. The complexities—the messiness—of both system and context in reality are covered in some detail.
Word and Image
Authors: Wyke Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The pioneering Italian film Quo vadis? (1913, dir. Enrico Guazzoni) is widely recognized as a turning point in both film history and the popular reception of the ancient world. Its feature-length adaptation of the Polish novel sought to nationalize the Italian public through the presentation of a common cultural heritage in the Roman past, to raise the commercial prestige of the Italian film industry in global markets, and to increase the artistic status of cinema and legitimate it as a respectable form of entertainment. Its use of nineteenth-century historical fiction also provided a radically new way of experiencing Neronian Rome, related to but distinct from the reconstruction of the Roman past in other high cultural forms. The film achieved substantial success, reaching spectators of all classes throughout Italy and across the world. Yet when it was first released, some critics deplored it as cheap, facile ‘wordless images’—a harbinger of a ‘cinema age’ that would threaten the survival of theatre, the book, and even literacy itself. This chapter draws on recent work in adaptation studies to reconceptualize the relationship between the Italian film and the Polish novel as more complex than image to word. And, through its analysis of the afterlife of Sienkiewicz’s novel on screen, this chapter explores cinema more broadly as a mode of expression that is not inferior to the book but more varied, and in possession of extensive ideological and aesthetic, as well as mass-market, reach.
‘A more permanent world’
Authors: Stubbs Jonathan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the long production history of Quo Vadis at MGM, beginning in the mid-1930s and including an unsuccessful attempt to bring Sienkiewicz’s novel to the screen during the Second World War. It examines the predominantly economic factors which led to the film being made as a ‘runaway’ production, initially bound for locations in Italy and studios in London but ultimately realized as an all-Italian production based at the revived Cinecittà studio. MGM’s need to repatriate revenues which had been temporarily blocked by the Italian government was instrumental in this decision: their money could not be withdrawn from Italy directly, but it could be invested in local production and then exported back to America as materials for a film. This chapter also considers the legacy of Quo Vadis, both in Italy and America. The film’s success not only propelled a cycle of highly profitable epic movies set in the ancient world but also established a model for relocating big-budget film production overseas. Giulio Andreotti later claimed that the film ‘did more for Italy than the Marshall Plan’, but others have been less sanguine about the industrial restructuring which occurred in its wake. More than sixty years later, overseas production (buttressed by an array of tax-incentive schemes) remains a key element in the American film and TV industry’s global reach. In this context, the transnational production history of Quo Vadis is perhaps more relevant than ever.
Ursus as a Serial Figure
Authors: Dall’Asta Monica , Faccioli Alessandro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article examines the transtextual legacy of Ursus in Italian cinema from the silent period to the popular ‘sword-and-sandal’ genre of the 1950s and 1960s. We discuss Ursus as a blueprint for Maciste, the iconic strongman created by Gabriele D’Annunzio for one of the biggest international hits of early Italian epic cinema, Giovanni Pastrone’s Cabiria (1914). We then discuss the persistence of the strongman icon in the following years, in relation to such topics as the emergence of physical culture during the first decades of the twentieth century, and the escalation of fascist culture and politics in the 1920s. The reappearance of Ursus in the late 1950s, in the second wave of the strongman genre, offers the opportunity to further discuss this figure in terms of both transnational reception and gender representation, exploring the multiple paths of its cultural circulation and appropriation.
International Courts as Coordination Devices for Opposition Parties
Authors: Gathii James Thuo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how opposition political parties have sought to overcome repressive practices in four of the six East African Community Member States: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and South Sudan. Opposition political parties and politicians from these countries have prodded the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) to use a treaty remedy for violations of rules governing the elections of members to the East African Legislative Assembly (EALA) in each of these countries. They have done so by pursuing a judicial remedy in the EACJ to resolve a coordination problem that opposition parties face when their opportunity to participate in an above-board election is compromised. These cases show how challenging the electoral malpractices of dominant parties in the EACJ facilitate opposition mobilization in ways that are not always possible, or even anticipated, in their home country. The EACJ has facilitated this coordination by consistently affirming that above-board elections are the only permissible mode of electing members of the EALA. This has helped opposition political parties to know when they have a factual basis with a likelihood of success so they could bring cases against dominant political parties in the EACJ. By contrast, the lack of cases from Burundi and Rwanda shows that the clamp down on organizational rights in these countries have made it impossible for opposition parties and politicians to bring election cases before the EACJ.
Reference Guide to Africa’s International Courts
Authors: Gathii James Thuo , Otieno Mbori Harrison 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a general introduction to the eight active international courts in Africa, and the ninth inactive court, the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) Judicial Organ. The international courts in Africa stem from two sources: from the sub-regional economic integration arrangements and the regional human rights system of the African Union. The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights is the regional human rights court in Africa. The chapter presents an overview of the general characteristics of these courts. First, excluding the AMU Judicial Organ, they all allow, or have allowed, cases from individuals and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in addition to states against states. Second, excluding the African Court for cases by individuals or NGOs, these courts have compulsory jurisdiction. Third, although all of these courts allow states to file cases against each other, bar one exception, there have been none. The guide starts with the human rights-oriented courts: East African Court of Justice (EACJ); Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS) Community Court of Justice (ECCJ); South African Development Community (SADC) Tribunal; and the African Court and Commission. It then discusses the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Court of Justice, and courts that focus on economic disputes: Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa Common Court Justice and Arbitration (OHADA CCJA); Court of Justice of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) Court of Justice; the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) Court of Justice; and the least active of them, the AMU Judicial Organ.
Introduction
Authors: Mendola Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This is an introductory chapter. It sketches the project of the book, which is to understand the ontology of a central class of particulars, and of their most basic and central properties and relations. This central class encompasses the commonsense entities that our experience seems naïvely to reveal. First of all, there are ordinary visible objects like balls and cars. The book investigates the kind of particularity they present in experience. Second, there are locations in space and time that such ordinary things occupy, and which have a somewhat different sort of particularity. Third, there are the material bits that make up the balls and cars. The proper understanding of both the particularity and the concrete properties and relations of ordinary concrete objects like these demands certain metaphysical novelties. It requires a return to the ancient conception that there is a difference between different ways of being, specifically between the existence of actual tables and chairs with their evident colors and shapes on one hand, and what might be called “the subsistence” of certain merely possible beings on the other. But it also requires the recognition of various sorts of unity relations less than strict identity, which for instance relate determinable and relevantly determinate properties. All these novelties involve distinctive forms of modal structure.
Problems of Individuation
Authors: Mendola Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to problems regarding the individuation of the ordinary concrete particulars of our experience. There are three problems of unity. These are what makes up the unity of the parts of a single particular at a time, what makes for the unity of a particular over time despite change, and what makes for its identity across possible worlds. There are also corresponding problems of difference, regarding what makes two otherwise identical particulars distinct. This chapter explore serious difficulties—especially modal difficulties—that arise when we place standing solutions to these problems in juxtaposition.
Haecceities
Authors: Mendola Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter is an account of the particularity of ordinary concrete objects like balls and bikes that appear within our experience. It argues that certain sorts of haecceities, which is to say irreducible individualities or bare particularities, are required to account for the particularity of such things. These haecceities involve modal structure of a distinctive sort. Various accounts are explored. But the central model developed involves haecceities of minimal spatial and temporal material bits, which help in turn to constitute the present time slice of a perceived object. This time slice could occur at different times or in different possible worlds, and instantiates a substantial form that constrains, in a perdurantist manner, available forms of identity over time rooted in concrete relations.
Capitalism Before Corporations
Authors: Televantos Andreas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This book considers to what extent English law was able to facilitate trade before the advent of general incorporation and modern securities law. It concentrates on the period from 1790 to 1827 — the period after Lord Mansfield's well-known contributions to commercial law, and examines the extent to which legal institutions of that time were sympathetic to the needs of merchants and willing to accommodate their changing practices and demands within established legal doctrinal frameworks and contemporary political economic thought. It concentrates on cases of fraud and business failure, and the extent to which the English courts would shield society and third parties from the harmful effects of agreements reached by traders with one another. More technically, it deals with the organisational law of the period: the extent to which traders were able to create funds of assets for the purposes of trade and security, and to ‘ringfence’ those funds from their other dealings, and so to create ‘workable organisational law’ out of the ‘basic concepts of contract, property and debt priorities’. This book thereby seeks to show that a key economic function of law is to split property into different pools which can be bonded to different creditors, with a close textured legal historical understanding of how lawyers and judges understood the law which played this function at a particularly crucial time in English commercial law's development.
The Use of Trusts in Business Structures
Authors: Televantos Andreas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which trusts could be used by stock traders to stabilise business structures and emulate some of the benefits of incorporation, and even limited liability in the testamentary context. One of these ways was settling legal title to the assets of the business on a fixed body of trustees, who acted as its legal personality, and held the assets for the benefit of the business owners. This chapter explores the way that traders could make use of this device to try and emulate some of the benefits of incorporation, despite the business's lack of its own legal personality, and in the face of the perception of the owner-run partnership as the most stable and moral form of trading. In that way, it examines the extent to which the law of trusts met the needs of traders in the Regency era and so facilitated trade. In so doing, it shows that Regency era trusts were not simply part of the law of real property, as has commonly been supposed, but could be used in two forms of business: the deed of settlement company and the testamentary trading trust.
Brexit and the Future of the European Union
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This book examines how the European Union has changed during Brexit and because of Brexit, while also reflecting on the developments of the EU besides Brexit and beyond Brexit. It argues that the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU—the first ever case of disintegration since the start of the European integration process—creates an urgent need to reform the EU. In fact, while the EU institutions and its Member States have remained united in their negotiations vis-à-vis the UK, Brexit has created transitional problems for the EU, and exposed other serious fissures in its system of governance which need to be addressed moving forward. As the EU goes through another major crisis in the form of the response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the case for increasing the effectiveness and the legitimacy of the EU grows stronger. In this context, the book analyses the plan to establish a Conference on the Future of Europe, considering its precedents and discussing its prospects.
Introduction
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of how the European Union has been affected by the United Kingdom’s decision to leave, and what this means for the future of European integration. The departure of a large, rich, and influential Member State must prompt a rethink of the EU constitutional settlement. Immediately after the Brexit referendum, the EU and its Member States started a debate on the future of Europe—and this process is now moving from rhetoric to reality with the institution of the Conference on the Future of Europe. The Conference on the Future of Europe can serve as an innovative means to reform the EU, tackling the transitional issues left by the UK’s withdrawal and addressing the more structural, substantive, and institutional weaknesses dramatically exposed by the plurality of other crises the EU has recently weathered. In fact, the Conference on the Future of Europe is made all the more urgent by Covid-19, and the exigencies of the EU post-pandemic recovery plan, which will entail important adjustments to the EU structure of powers and responsibilities. Ultimately, this book utilizes Brexit as a prism to shed light on the necessity and urgency of constitutional reforms in the EU.
Conclusion
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter explores the connections between Brexit and EU reforms. The case for reforming the EU is not new. In recent years, multiple national and supranational leaders have put forward proposals to overhaul the EU and make it fit for the new challenges it faces. Moreover, think tanks, public intellectuals, and academic scholars have increasingly been reflecting on the future of Europe and suggesting plans ahead. This book joins this lively debate, but seeks to go beyond it by contributing with ideas on how to move the EU forward, post-Covid-19. In particular, as the launch of the Conference on the Future of Europe approaches, this book not only supports this effort, claiming that this is an indispensable step following the UK’s withdrawal from the EU. It also provides insights for policy-makers involved in the process, especially suggesting that a Political Compact for a more democratic and effective union can represent the avenue to relaunch the project of integration and renew Europe’s future.