bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An understanding of trust, identity, and power can enhance equitable and resilient conservation partnerships and processes
Authors: Dietsch Alia M. , Wald Dara M. , Stern Marc J. , Tully Brooke 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConservation practitioners regularly engage in partnerships and processes to develop and achieve important conservation goals aimed at alleviating the biodiversity crisis. These processes, and the partnerships needed for success, are subject to complex social dynamics that can result in negative outcomes if not well understood and addressed. As an illustration, a heavy reliance on authority‐based power in a conservation process could lead to alliances with some groups and alienation of others. Such ingroup/outgroup dynamics can prompt threats to one's identity and distrust of others, which may lead to disengagement or active blocking of progress toward goals (e.g., legal action). To support practitioners in addressing the biodiversity crisis, we review key concepts and theory from the literature in relation to how trust, identity, and power operate in the context of conservation partnerships and processes. We further offer a list of considerations for conservation practitioners seeking to co‐develop goals that are achievable, equitable, and responsive to the needs of diverse interests, as well as sustainable over time given shifting social and ecological conditions.
Increasing compliance with alcohol service laws in community sporting clubs in Australia
Authors: Kremer Peter , Crooks Nicholas , Rowland Bosco , Hall Jessica , Toumbourou John W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionMany community sporting clubs in Australia sell alcohol, but many do not comply with laws that require verification of age and forbid underage alcohol sales. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an intervention that incorporated sales monitoring and community awareness raising to improve compliance with alcohol service regulations in community sporting clubs.MethodsNon‐randomised community trial in ‘matched’ intervention and comparison communities. A total of 50 sporting clubs from two metropolitan and two regional areas in Victoria, Australia, were selected, and baseline and follow‐up purchase observations completed during 2018. Youth who looked underage were monitored as they attempted to purchase alcohol. Intervention clubs received feedback letters regarding staff sales behaviour. Other intervention actions included building awareness of underage supply of alcohol and media coverage of baseline observations.ResultsObservations were completed at 46 clubs (intervention = 24; comparison = 22) at baseline and 39 (intervention = 24; comparison = 15) at follow up. Compliance was low but improved at follow up for both groups for age verification (intervention +12.5%; comparison +8.5%) and non‐supply of alcohol (intervention +12.5%; comparison +10.6%); but no significant intervention effects were found.Discussion and ConclusionsFindings indicated low compliance with age verification checks and underage alcohol sales laws at baseline. Promising improvements in compliance were observed at follow up; however, ‘spillover’ of intervention activities may have compromised ability to detect significant intervention effects. Further intervention effort and evaluation is recommended to encourage alcohol sales compliance in community sporting clubs.
Invasion success and impacts depend on different characteristics in non‐native plants
Authors: Ni Ming , Deane David C. , Li Shaopeng , Wu Yingtong , Sui Xinghua , Xu Han , Chu Chengjin , He Fangliang , Fang Suqin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimBiological invasions threaten biodiversity globally. Large‐scale studies of non‐native plant species invasiveness typically focus on identifying ecological differences between naturalized and invasive species that account for their spread from sites of initial establishment (i.e., invasion success). However, invasive species differ widely in the magnitude of their impacts, suggesting the characteristics that favour invasion success might not necessarily predict the consequences of that invasion. Here we test whether those factors that increase the probability of plant species invasion also explain the severity of impacts.LocationChina.MethodsWe compiled a database of the invasiveness, biogeographic origins, life history traits, and introduction history for 538 non‐native plants in China and modelled differences in (a) naturalized and invasive species; (b) the spatial extent of invasion; and, (c) the severity of invasion impacts among successful invaders.ResultsInvasion success and the spatial extent of invasion shared similar influencing factors. However, these clearly differed from the predictors of severe invasion impacts. Unintentionally introduced non‐native plants with shorter life cycles and longer residence times were more likely to become invasive and to invade a larger area, while taller plants introduced from the Americas tended to have more severe impacts on the native ecosystems of China.Main ConclusionsThese results illustrate the different roles of introduction history, biogeographical origin and biological traits in determining the invasion success and spatial extent of invasion versus the severity of invasive species impacts. We suggest that factors associated with evolutionary adaptation and population expansion might determine invasion success and extent, while traits related to the relative competitive ability of invasive species determine the severity of impacts. Identifying specific characteristics of species that distinguish among successful invaders most likely to result in more severe impacts could help with planning more effective interventions.
Introduced alien, range extension or just visiting? Combining citizen science observations and expert knowledge to classify range dynamics of marine fishes
Authors: Middleton Irene , Aguirre J. David , Trnski Thomas , Francis Malcolm , Duffy Clinton , Liggins Libby 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimDespite the unprecedented rate of species redistribution during the Anthropocene, there are few monitoring programmes at the appropriate spatial and temporal scale to detect distributional change of marine species and to infer climate‐ versus human‐mediated drivers of change. Here, we present an approach that combines citizen science with expert knowledge to classify out‐of‐range occurrences for marine fishes as potential range extensions or human‐mediated dispersal events.InnovationOur stepwise approach includes decision trees, scoring and matrices to classify citizen science observations of species occurrences and to provide a measure of confidence and validation using expert knowledge. Our method draws on peer‐reviewed literature, knowledge of the species (e.g. contributing to its detectability, and potential to raft with, or foul, man‐made structures or debris) and information obtained from citizen science observations (e.g. life stage, number of individuals). Using a case study of suspected out‐of‐range marine fishes in Aotearoa New Zealand, we demonstrate our approach to defining species’ ranges, assigning confidence to these definitions and considering the species detectability to overcome the data deficiencies that currently hinder monitoring the range dynamics of these species. Our classification of citizen science observations revealed that six of ten species had out‐of‐range occurrences; one of these was classified as an extralimital vagrant, four species had potentially extended their ranges and one species occurrence was likely due to human‐mediated dispersal.ConclusionThe case study of marine fishes in New Zealand validates our approach combining citizen science observations with expert knowledge to infer species range dynamics in real time. Our stepwise approach helps to identify data deficiencies important in informing scientific inferences and management actions and can be refined to suit other data sources, taxonomic groups, geographic settings or extended with new steps and existing tools.
When bigger isn’t better—Implications of large high‐severity wildfire patches for avian diversity and community composition
Authors: Steel Zachary L. , Fogg Alissa M. , Burnett Ryan , Roberts L. Jay , Safford Hugh D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimWildfires increasingly create large high‐severity patches with interior areas far from less disturbed habitats. We evaluated how these trends impact bird communities by investigating the effect of internal distance from lower‐severity areas, high‐severity patch size, and years since fire on avian alpha and beta diversity.LocationSierra Nevada, California, USA.MethodsBird occurrence data were collected during 2009–2017 within high‐severity patches of 27 wildfires representing 1–30 years since disturbance. A two‐step multispecies occupancy method was used to account for imperfect detection of 94 species and estimate effects of patch characteristics on community richness and dissimilarity.ResultsCommunity richness decreased with distance from patch edge and with patch size. Richness increased with years since fire, but this pattern was dependent on distance from edge with higher peak richness (23 species) near edges than interiors (18 species). Community dissimilarity was not associated with distance, indicating that large high‐severity patch interiors contain subsets of, rather than complements to, edge communities. Dissimilarity peaked later with increasing patch size. Guild richness of tree and primary cavity nesters was negatively associated with distance and patch size. Richness of ground and shrub nesters was insensitive to distance, while shrub nester richness increased somewhat with patch size. Due to declines among other species, ground and shrub nesters made up a greater percentage of the avian community within the interiors of large high‐severity patches.Main conclusionsAs fire activity increases due to accumulating forest fuels and accelerating climate change, high‐severity patches and their resulting early‐seral habitats are becoming more extensive with less edge and more interior area. Such changes are likely to decrease avian diversity locally and shift community composition away from forest‐associated species. Management actions that promote the full range of fire effects but limit high‐severity patch size may best conserve bird diversity within fire‐adapted ecosystems.
The duration of intrauterine development influences discrimination of speech prosody in infants
Authors: Alexopoulos Johanna , Giordano Vito , Janda Charlotte , Benavides‐Varela Silvia , Seidl Rainer , Doering Stephan , Berger Angelika , Bartha‐Doering Lisa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAuditory speech discrimination is essential for normal language development. Children born preterm are at greater risk of language developmental delays. Using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy at term‐equivalent age, the present study investigated early discrimination of speech prosody in 62 neonates born between week 23 and 41 of gestational age (GA). We found a significant positive correlation between GA at birth and neural discrimination of forward versus backward speech at term‐equivalent age. Cluster analysis identified a critical threshold at around week 32 of GA, pointing out the existence of subgroups. Infants born before week 32 of GA exhibited a significantly different pattern of hemodynamic response to speech stimuli compared to infants born at or after week 32 of GA. Thus, children born before the GA of 32 weeks are especially vulnerable to early speech discrimination deficits. To support their early language development, we therefore suggest a close follow‐up and additional speech and language therapy especially in the group of children born before week 32 of GA.
Hermann Cohen on the role of history in critical philosophy
Authors: Edgar Scott 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConsider two features of Hermann Cohen's critical philosophy. First, using what Cohen calls the transcendental method, critical philosophy aims to identify formal conditions of experience that are universally, and so timelessly, valid. Second, detailed, context‐sensitive surveys of the history of science and philosophy are ubiquitous in his accounts of those formal conditions. This paper argues for two claims about how those two features of Cohen's philosophy fit together. First, Cohen holds the striking view that, while philosophy aims to discover and investigate principles that are timelessly valid, it must nevertheless use historical investigation to do so. Second, Cohen has the resources to explain why, on his view, history must play this role in philosophy. This paper uses a genealogical strategy to locate that explanation in Cohen's writings: it traces views of history held by various of Cohen's teachers and shows that Cohen combines and develops those ideas to produce just the explanation needed. Ultimately, the underlying reasoning of Cohen's explanation is this. The history of science has a teleological structure, and as it unfolds, knowledge becomes increasingly universal. But then, elements of scientific theories that remain stable across a succession of increasingly universal theories will be plausible candidates for or approximations of the strictly universal formal conditions of experience. The critical philosopher is thus required to attend to the history of science to identify plausible candidates for those formal conditions.
State Assessment Score Reporting Practices for English Learner Parents
Authors: Rios Joseph A. , Ihlenfeldt Samuel D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study sought to investigate how states communicate results for academic achievement and English language proficiency (ELP) assessments to parents who are English learners (EL). This objective was addressed by evaluating: (a) whether score reports and interpretive guides for state academic achievement and ELP assessments in each state were translated for EL parents; and (b) if so, whether recommended score reporting guidelines were followed in practice. Results demonstrated that for state achievement tests, 29 states had translated score reports and 28 had translated interpretive guides. Nearly every state translated these materials for their ELP assessments in a wide variety of languages. Across ELP and state achievement assessments, most states were found to limit statistical jargon, utilize figures/graphics to communicate test results, and include follow‐up information for parents, which represent improvements observed in prior reviews. However, states rarely provided personalization, statements on intended score use, a student's score history, or a direct link to their interpretive guide in their score reports. Recommendations on making score reports and interpretive guides more accessible and interpretable for EL parents are discussed.
Neurovascular multiparametric MRI defines epileptogenic and seizure propagation regions in experimental mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Boux Fabien , Forbes Florence , Collomb Nora , Zub Emma , Mazière Lucile , de Bock Fréderic , Blaquiere Marine , Stupar Vasile , Depaulis Antoine , Marchi Nicola , Barbier Emmanuel L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveImproving the identification of the epileptogenic zone and associated seizure‐spreading regions represents a significant challenge. Innovative brain‐imaging modalities tracking neurovascular dynamics during seizures may provide new disease biomarkers.MethodsWith use of a multi‐parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis at 9.4 Tesla, we examined, elaborated, and combined multiple cellular and cerebrovascular MRI read‐outs as imaging biomarkers of the epileptogenic and seizure‐propagating regions. Analyses were performed in an experimental model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) generated by unilateral intra‐hippocampal injection of kainic acid (KA).ResultsIn the ipsilateral epileptogenic hippocampi, tissue T1 and blood‐brain barrier (BBB) permeability to gadolinium were increased 48‐72 hours post‐KA, as compared to sham and contralateral hippocampi. BBB permeability endured during spontaneous focal seizures (4‐6 weeks), along with a significant increase of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and blood volume fraction (BVf). Simultaneously, ADC and BVf were augmented in the contralateral hippocampus, a region characterized by electroencephalographic seizure spreading, discrete histological neurovascular cell modifications, and no tissue sclerosis. We next asked whether combining all the acquired MRI parameters could deliver criteria to classify the epileptogenic from the seizure‐spreading and sham hippocampi in these experimental conditions and over time. To differentiate sham from epileptogenic areas, the automatic multi‐parametric classification provided a maximum accuracy of 97.5% (32 regions) 48‐72 hours post‐KA and of 100% (60 regions) at spontaneous seizures stage. To differentiate sham, epileptogenic, and seizure‐spreading areas, the accuracies of the automatic classification were 93.1% (42 regions) 48‐72 hours post‐KA and 95% (80 regions) at spontaneous seizure stage.SignificanceCombining multi‐parametric MRI acquisition and machine‐learning analyses delivers specific imaging identifiers to segregate the epileptogenic from the contralateral seizure‐spreading hippocampi in experimental MTLE. The potential clinical value of our findings is critically discussed.
Educational attainment protects against epilepsy independent of cognitive function: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Wang Mengmeng , Zhang Zhizhong , Liu Dandan , Xie Wei , Ma Yazhou , Yao Jianrong , Zhu Linfeng , Liu Meng , Sheng Shiying , Lian Xuegan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveObservational studies have suggested that increased levels of education and cognition are associated with a reduced risk of epilepsy. However, such associations are easily influenced by confounding or reverse causality. Hence, we conducted a two‐sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the total and independent causal effects of educational attainment and cognition on epilepsy risk.MethodsWe performed MR estimates on International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Consortium genome‐wide association study (GWAS) data (15 212 epilepsy cases and 29 677 controls). We then validated the results in FinnGen (3424 epilepsy cases and 110 963 controls) and applied meta‐analysis to all the results.ResultsIn the meta‐analysis of the ILAE and FinnGen results, genetically determined increased educational attainment was associated with a reduced risk of epilepsy (odds ratio [OR] 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80‐0.88; P < .001). Similarly, genetically determined increased cognitive function was associated with a reduced risk of epilepsy (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.88‐1.00, P = .043). When educational attainment and cognitive function were included in the same multivariable MR, only educational attainment was still associated with a reduced risk of epilepsy (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81‐0.95, P = .002).SignificanceThis MR study provides evidence to support that increased educational attainment can reduce the risk of developing epilepsy independent of cognitive function.
Co‐occurrence of papillomas related to Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 and cutaneous habronemiasis
Authors: Vichi G. , Porcellato I. , Mechelli L. , Fantauzzo G. , Razzuoli E. , Modesto P. , Mecocci S. , Brachelente C. 
Published: April 2021

SummaryThe present report describes a case of cutaneous papillomatosis related to equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) with concomitant cutaneous habronemiasis. A 2‐year‐old female Pura Raza Española horse was referred for a dermatological evaluation because of the onset of cutaneous multifocal, nodular lesions on the face characterised by a warty and partially ulcerated overlying epidermis. Multiple biopsies were taken from these lesions, and cutaneous viral papillomas with a concomitant severe focal eosinophilic dermatitis with intralesional Habronematidae nematode larvae were diagnosed. Immunohistochemistry revealed papillomaviral capsid protein L1 in the epidermal proliferative lesion, confirming the presence of a productive infection. Rt‐qPCR confirmed the presence of EcPV type 2. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of EcPV2‐related papillomas with concurrent habronemiasis.
EGL‐4/PKG regulates the role of an interneuron in a chemotaxis circuit of C. elegans through mediating integration of sensory signals
Authors: Hino Takahiro , Hirai Shota , Ishihara Takeshi , Fujiwara Manabi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInterneurons, innervated by multiple sensory neurons, need to integrate information from these sensory neurons and respond to sensory stimuli adequately. Mechanisms how sensory information is integrated to form responses of interneurons are not fully understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, loss‐of‐function mutations of egl‐4, which encodes a cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG), cause a defect in chemotaxis to odorants. Our genetic and imaging analyses revealed that the response property of AIY interneuron to an odorant is reversed in the egl‐4 mutant, while the responses of two upstream olfactory neurons, AWA and AWC, are largely unchanged. Cell‐ ablation experiments show that AIY in the egl‐4 mutant functions to suppress chemotaxis. Furthermore, the reversal of AIY response occurs only in the presence of sensory signals from both AWA and AWC. These results suggest that sensory signals are inadequately integrated in the egl‐4 mutant. We also show that egl‐4 expression in AWA and another sensory neuron prevents the reversed AIY response and restores chemotaxis in the egl‐4 mutants. We propose that EGL‐4/PKG, by suppressing aberrant integration of signals from olfactory neurons, converts the response property of an interneuron to olfactory stimuli and maintains the role of the interneuron in the circuit to execute chemotactic behavior.
Unpaid care, welfare conditionality and expropriation
Authors: Klein Elise 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWelfare conditionality where social security payments are conditional on recipients undertaking tasks such as training, submitting job applications and taking part in “work‐like” activities, is an enduring punitive feature of contemporary welfare provision in global North economics. In Australia, welfare conditionality or mutual obligation as it is commonly referred to, is continually targeted at specific groups such as single women and First Nations women. Drawing on fifteen in‐depth interviews with women put on a mutual obligation program in Australia called ParentsNext, I examine the relationship between mutual obligation and the expropriation of women's unpaid care work. I argue that welfare conditionality targeted at First Nations women and non‐First Nations women, reinforces and intensifies the expropriation of women's unpaid care work, as well as settler colonial expropriation. The expropriation of women's unpaid care work intensifies under ParentsNext in four notable ways–through punitive mutual obligation requirements, stigma, the privatization of community services and assisting ongoing settler colonial expropriation.