bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A1 and A2A adenosine receptors play a protective role to reduce prevalence of autoimmunity following tissue damage
Authors: Riff Reut , Naamani Oshri , Mazar Julia , Haviv Yosef S , Chaimovitz Cidio , Douvdevani Amos 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Adenosine is a potent modulator that has a tremendous effect on the immune system. Adenosine affects T cell activity, and is necessary in maintaining the T helper/regulatory T cell (Treg) ratio. Adenosine signalling is also involved in activating neutrophils and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which has been linked to autoimmune disorders. Therefore, adenosine, through its receptors, is extremely important in maintaining homeostasis and involved in the development of autoimmune diseases. In this study, we aim to evaluate the role of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in involvement of autoimmune diseases. We studied adenosine regulation by NETosis in vitro, and used two murine models of autoimmune diseases: type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) induced by low-dose streptozotocin and pristane-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We have found that A1R enhances and A2AR suppresses NETosis. In addition, in both models, A1R-knock-out (KO) mice were predisposed to the development of autoimmunity. In the SLE model in wild-type (WT) mice we observed a decline of A1R mRNA levels 6 h after pristane injection that was parallel to lymphocyte reduction. Following pristane, 43% of A1R-KO mice suffered from lupus-like disease while WT mice remained without any sign of disease at 36 weeks. In WT mice, at 10 days A2AR mRNA levels were significantly higher compared to A1R-KO mice. Similar to SLE, in the T1DM model the presence of A1R and A2AR was protective. Our data suggest that, in autoimmune diseases, the acute elimination of lymphocytes and reduction of DNA release due to NETosis depends upon A1R desensitization and long-term suppression of A2AR.
Optimization of indocyanine green angiography for colon perfusion during laparoscopic colorectal surgery
Authors: Ahn Hong‐min , Son Gyung Mo , Lee In Young , Park Sang‐Ho , Kim Nam Su , Baek Kwang‐Ryul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimThis study aims to evaluate the extrinsic effects of conditional factors affecting quantitative parameters and to establish the optimization of indocyanine green (ICG) angiography using in vitro experiments and a prospective observational study.MethodIn vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the correlation between conditional factors such as camera distance, surrounding lighting, fluorescence emission sources and ICG doses. The fluorescence intensity was measured from the ICG‐containing test tube in each condition. In the clinical study, ICG angiography was applied to patients with colorectal cancer (n = 164). The quantitative perfusion parameters were the maximal fluorescence intensity (FMAX), slope, T1/2MAX and perfusion time ratio (TR). Camera position, distance to colon, fluorescence emission source, surrounding lighting, site of angiography and ICG specific mode were considered as conditional factors and compared with the quantitative parameters to identify the optimal condition of ICG angiography.ResultsThe fluorescence intensity had an inverse correlation with distance, and the transitional zone was shown at a distance of 4–5 cm by slope differential. FMAX, T1/2MAX and slope were affected significantly by camera distance, site of angiography, fluorescence emission source and ICG mode as conditional factors. On multivariate analysis, FMAX was independently associated with spectral ICG mode with red inversion, laser mode and camera distance. Conversely, TR was not related to any conditional factors.ConclusionSince quantitative parameters of ICG angiography are influenced by various conditions, a standardized protocol is required. The application of ICG specific modes with a constant distance of 4–5 cm can provide optimized fluorescence images.
Regulation of tissue regeneration by the circadian clock
Authors: Ruby Christina L. , Major Robert J. , Hinrichsen Robert D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCircadian rhythms are regulated by a highly conserved transcriptional/translational feedback loop that maintains approximately 24‐hr periodicity from cellular to organismal levels. Much research effort is being devoted to understanding how the outputs of the master clock affect peripheral oscillators, and in turn, numerous biological processes. Recent studies have revealed roles for circadian timing in the regulation of numerous cellular behaviours in support of complex tissue regeneration. One such role involves the interaction between the circadian clockwork and the cell cycle. The molecular mechanisms that control the cell cycle create a system of regulation that allows for high fidelity DNA synthesis, mitosis and apoptosis. In recent years, it has become clear that clock gene products are required for proper DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression, and conversely, elements of the cell cycle cascade feedback to influence molecular circadian timing mechanisms. It is through this crosstalk that the circadian system orchestrates stem cell proliferation, niche exit and control of the signalling pathways that govern differentiation and self‐renewal. In this review, we discuss the evidence for circadian control of tissue homeostasis and repair and suggest new avenues for research.
Predicted climate‐induced reductions in scavenging in eastern North America
Authors: Marneweck Courtney J. , Katzner Todd E. , Jachowski David S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractScavenging is an important function within ecosystems where scavengers remove organic matter, reduce disease, stabilize food webs, and generally make ecosystems more resilient to environmental changes. Global change (i.e., changing climate and increasing human impact) is currently influencing scavenger communities. Thus, understanding what promotes species richness in scavenger communities can help prioritize management actions. Using a long‐term dataset from camera traps deployed with animal carcasses as bait along a 1881 km latitudinal gradient in the Appalachian Mountains of eastern USA, we investigated the relative impact of climate and humans on the species richness and diversity of vertebrate scavengers. Our most supported models for both mammalian and avian scavengers included climatic, but not human, variables. The richness of mammalian and avian scavengers detected was highest during relatively warm (5–10°C) and dry (100–150 mm precipitation) winters, when food was likely limited and both reliance on and detection of carrion was high. The diversity of mammalian and avian scavengers detected was highest under drier conditions. We then used these results to project the future species richness of scavengers that would be detected within our sampling area and under the climate scenario of 2070 (emissions level RCP8.5). Our predictions suggest up to 80% and 67% reductions, respectively, in the richness of avian and mammalian scavengers that would be detected at baited sites. Climate‐induced shifts in behavior (i.e., reduction in scavenging, even if present) at this scale could have cascading implications for ecosystem function, resilience, and human health. Further, our study highlights the importance of conducting studies of scavenger community dynamics within ecosystems across wide spatial gradients within temperate environments. More broadly, these findings build upon our understanding of the impacts of climate‐induced adjustments in behavior that can likely have negative impacts on systems at a large scale.
Syndemic in a pandemic: An autoethnography of a COVID survivor
Authors: Wasdani Kishinchand Poornima 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper provides my personal experience as a COVID‐19 survivor during and postrecovery periods. The stigma that my children and I underwent exposed us to the fragility of a social system that we struggle with all through our life to remain a part of. My story revealed a strong symbiotic relationship between the disease (COVID‐19) and the patient's low acceptance in society, primarily attributed to misinformation and xenophobia around the COVID‐19. This autoethnography speaks for several other COVID survivors who met with the same fate of being discriminated against and stigmatized. As a COVID patient and survivor, the traumatic experience was creating a fear psychosis in me, the effect of which I presume will stay beyond COVID‐19. This condition of a syndemic seems to linger and negatively affect my outlook toward society. If COVID survivors develop a syndemic condition in a pandemic situation, it will require significant efforts to reserve it or sometimes even become irreversible.
Management of patients receiving novel antithrombotic treatment in endodontic practice: Review and clinical recommendations
Authors: Lin Shaul , Hoffman Ron , Nabriski Omri , Moreinos Daniel , Dummer Paul M. H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCardiovascular diseases are a major component of non‐communicable diseases and death, with thrombosis constituting the most common underlying pathosis of the three major cardiovascular disorders: ischaemic heart disease (acute coronary syndrome), stroke and venous thromboembolism (VTE). The introduction of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in recent years has necessitated a more complex approach to periprocedural and perioperative anticoagulation management and the need for revised management strategies and protocols. Currently, patients taking classic oral anticoagulants are advised to stop taking the drugs and have their INR values checked 72 h prior to dental surgery (e.g., apical surgery, tooth extraction, and periodontal surgery) and checked again 24 h prior to the procedure to ensure it is within the therapeutic range. However, the current incorporation of these novel DOACs in routine medical practice requires changes in the way patients are managed preoperatively in dentistry, and specifically in endodontic surgery. The methodology applied in this review included searching for relevant articles in the PubMed database using keywords listed in the Entree Terms databases. Articles published on human blood clotting mechanism, antithrombotic drugs, as well as treatment guidelines and recommendations for dentistry were retrieved. In addition, textbooks and guidelines that may not have surfaced in the online search were searched manually. The aim of this paper was to review the mechanisms of action of classic and novel antithrombotic medications and their impact on endodontic treatment and the management of local haemostasis in endodontics.
Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Barriers to Nurses' Use of Physical Assessment scale
Authors: Turan Nuray , Özsaban Aysel , Aydın Gülsün Özdemir , Türkoğlu Meryem , Kaya Hatice , Acaroğlu Rengin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimThis study aimed to translate the Barriers to Nurses' Use of Physical Assessment Scale into Turkish and assess the new version's validity and reliability.MethodsThis was a methodological study to verify the linguistic equivalence of the scale through the translation/back‐translation method. Twelve experts in health assessment confirmed the scale's content validity. Along with the Barriers to Nurses' Use of Physical Assessment Scale, an information form, including socio‐demographic features, was distributed to 380 nurses, who consented to participate in the research. Data were collected between July 2017 and April 2018. Internal consistency, factor analysis and test–retest reliability were used to determine consistency over time and intraclass correlations.ResultsThe content validity index of the scale (0.963) was calculated following confirmation of its language equivalence. With the confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that the fit index values were at an acceptable level and the model was suitable. The factor analysis clustered factors in seven domains. The overall internal consistency coefficient was 0.822. All subscales and the overall scale showed high intraclass correlations.ConclusionThe Turkish version of the Barriers to Nurses' Use of Physical Assessment Scale is a valid and reliable instrument.
Factors affecting frontline Korean nurses’ mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Cho Mijung , Kim Oksoo , Pang Yanghee , Kim Bohye , Jeong Hyunseon , Lee Jisun , Jung Heeja , Jeong Sun Young , Park Hyun‐Young , Choi Hansol , Dan Hyunju 
Published: April 2021

AimTo identify the factors affecting fear, anxiety and depressive symptoms among frontline nurses working with COVID‐19 patients or are in charge of COVID‐19 screening in Korea.BackgroundNurses are at a higher risk of COVID‐19 infection because they are in closer, longer‐duration contact with patients. These situations can negatively affect the mental health of nurses.MethodsThis study analysed data from COVID‐19 module in the Korean Nurses’ Health Study. Data from 906 participants were analysed. To identify the factors influencing mental health, descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed.ResultsCaring for patients who are COVID‐19‐positive increased levels of fear, anxiety and depressive symptoms of nurses. The hospital safety climate influenced mental well‐being among nurses.ConclusionCaring for patients with COVID‐19 had a negative impact on fear, anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, the higher was the perceived hospital safety climate, the lower were the nurses’ psychological symptoms. Further research on the mental health of nurses is warranted.Implications for nursing and health policyInstitutions should manage human resources to enable periodic rotation of nurses’ work and working periods related to COVID‐19. In addition, hospital managers should provide sufficient personal protective equipment, related education, and safety climate.
Differences in indentation and wear behaviors between the two sides of thermally tempered soda lime silica glass
Authors: He Hongtu , Liu Hongshen , Lin Yen‐Ting , Qu Conghang , Yu Jiaxin , Kim Seong H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThermal tempering is an industrial process widely used to make soda lime silica (SLS) glass panels stronger and tougher. During the tempering process, the upper and bottom sides of the glass may experience different cooling rates, and thus, their properties could be different. This study characterized changes in surface composition and subsurface glass network structures as well as indentation and wear resistance properties of the air‐ and tin‐sides of 6‐mm‐thick SLS window panels faced toward the upper and sliding roller sides during thermal tempering. The results showed that although the chemical and structural differences detected with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and specular reflection infrared spectroscopy are subtle, there are large differences in nanoindentation behaviors and mechanochemical wear properties of the SLS glass surface. The findings of this study provide further insights into the performance difference between the air‐ and tin‐sides of the SLS glass panel treated with thermal tempering.
Mechanism study of the Mn‐substituted magnesium borate: Decreased sintering temperature and improved dielectric property
Authors: Peng Rui , Lu Yongcheng , Li Yuanxun , Su Hua , Shi Liang , Yu Guoliang , Lai Yuanming , Zhao Qiang , Shi Xiaolei , Zhang Huaiwu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe influence of manganese substitution on the sintering and dielectric properties of Mg3B2O6 (MBO) was studied, and the detailed mechanism of variation was discussed using density functional theory calculations. The characterization method involved a network analyser, differential–thermal analyses, thermomechanical analyses, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Manganese substitution formed a two‐phase system (MBO and Mg2B2O5), improved the dielectric property, densified the microstructure, lowered the activation energy, decreased the crystallite size, modified the band structure property, and strengthened the covalency of MgO6 octahedron. The 7% mole substitution of manganese to magnesium improved the dielectric properties of MBO to 7.06 for εr and 61 100 GHz at 15 GHz for Q × f, −54.8 ppm/°C for τf. The intrinsic densification temperature decreased from 1350 to 1175°C with 97.7% relative density.
Risk Capital: Theory and Applications
Authors: Erel Isil , Myers Stewart C. , Read James A. 
Published: April 2021

After a brief review of the current theory and practice of risk capital by financial firms, the authors define the concept of risk capital and identify the costs and benefits of using more or less of it. Next, they present their procedure for allocating risk capital to assets and lines of business on the basis of marginal default values, and in a way designed to prevent risk shifting and internal arbitrage. Then, they show how allocations of risk capital are likely to be affected by, and in turn influence, a financial firm's decisions about both the scale and composition of its portfolio of businesses. Finally, the authors present a number of applications and consider their implications for maximizing the value of financial firms.In so doing, the authors also show how their method produces very different allocations of risk capital than those based on two measures that have long been widely used by financial firms: value at risk (VaR) and risk‐adjusted return on capital (RAROC). Moreover, the adjusted present value (APV) rule for evaluating investment opportunities is shown to be workable for nonfinancial as well as financial firms.
A Practitioners’ Guide to Leverage through Downturns
Authors: Ruben Joshua 
Published: April 2021

There is extensive research addressing questions of optimal capital structure. Studies typically focus on estimating the appropriate level of debt and the factors associated with financial leverage. This paper addresses a slightly different question: how does a company's choice of leverage affect its performance through an economic downturn and ensuing recovery?This is precisely the question many companies were asking in 2019 when this paper was written, over a decade after the last recession. Corporate managers are increasingly trying to incorporate the possibility of a downturn in capital structure decisions today.The author summarizes the findings of his analysis of the relative performance of three large‐cap portfolios constructed on the basis of leverage: high, medium, and low. It focuses on measuring both financial (share price return) and fundamental (growth and margins) performance.During the period 2006‐2012, which aims to encompass a full downturn and recovery cycle, higher leverage had the expected effect of magnifying share price movements in both bull and bear markets. Nevertheless, these swings in share prices appear to have significantly exaggerated what amounted to negligible differences in the fundamental operating metrics that are most commonly associated with valuation.The author's policy prescription: Despite the temptation to reduce leverage to reduce potential share price declines, management teams should not prioritize debt reduction over investment in anticipation of economic downturns. Instead, articulate a clear leverage policy that supports an overall growth strategy and stick with it. The risk of short‐term share price declines pales in comparison to the risk of prolonged subpar growth from underinvestment.
Metastatic perioral melanoma in a wild mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Authors: Kambale Syaluha Eddy , Zimmerman Dawn , Ramer Jan , Gilardi Kirsten , Kabuyaya Martin , Cranfield Michael R. , Kent Michael S. , Corner Sarah M. , Yeh Natasha , Lowenstine Linda 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA 30‐year‐old free‐ranging female mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) developed a perioral mass that was surgically debulked and diagnosed as malignant melanoma. After tumor recurrence, a canine melanoma vaccine was administered. However, the gorilla died shortly thereafter, and metastases to lymph nodes, lung, liver, and kidney were found post‐mortem.
Inherited OKT4 epitope deficiency in a Chinese rhesus macaque
Authors: Liu Ben‐Bo , Zhao Ming‐Liang , Wang Yun , Hu Zheng‐Fei , Zheng Yong‐Tang , Tian Ren‐Rong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOKT4 is an important epitope of the CD4 molecular. Amino acid mutations in the CD4V3 region result in deficiency of the OKT4 epitope in human. Here, we firstly reported a case of hereditary deficiency of OKT4 epitope in an inbred Chinese rhesus macaque family. This epitope deficiency is due to cytosine to thymine transition and homozygote at the nucleotide position 793 of CD4 coding sequences, which leads to the replace of arginine at 265th position of CD4 molecule by tryptophan. The results reveal that OKT4 epitope deficiency is a very old phenotype and may be parentally inherited, and emphasize the importance of avoiding inbreeding in primate population breeding.
RNA editing‐mediated regulation of calcium‐dependent activator protein for secretion (CAPS1) localization and its impact on synaptic transmission
Authors: Shumate Kayla M. , Tas Sadik T. , Kavalali Ege T. , Emeson Ronald B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCalcium‐dependent activator protein for secretion 1 (CAPS1) is a SNARE accessory protein that facilitates formation of the SNARE complex to enable neurotransmitter release. Messenger RNAs encoding CAPS1 are subject to a site‐specific adenosine‐to‐inosine (A‐to‐I) editing event resulting in a glutamate‐to‐glycine (E‐to‐G) substitution in the C‐terminal domain of the encoded protein product. The C‐terminal domain of CAPS1 is necessary for its synaptic enrichment andCadpsRNA editing has been shown previously to enhance the release of neuromodulatory transmitters. Using mutant mouse lines engineered to solely express CAPS1 protein isoforms encoded by either the non‐edited or editedCadpstranscript, primary neuronal cultures from mouse hippocampus were used to explore the effect ofCadpsediting on neurotransmission and CAPS1 synaptic localization at both glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. While the editing ofCadpsdoes not alter baseline evoked neurotransmission, it enhances short‐term synaptic plasticity, specifically short‐term depression, at inhibitory synapses.Cadpsediting also alters spontaneous inhibitory neurotransmission. Neurons that solely express editedCadpshave a greater proportion of synapses that contain CAPS1 than neurons that solely express non‐editedCadpsfor both glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Editing ofCadpstranscripts is regulated by neuronal activity, as global network stimulation increases the extent of transcripts edited in wild‐type hippocampal neurons, whereas chronic network silencing decreases the level ofCadpsediting. Taken together, these results provide key insights into the importance ofCadpsediting in modulating its own synaptic localization, as well as the modulation of neurotransmission at inhibitory synapses in hippocampal neurons.image