bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curbing Drug Use in the Seychelles through Regulation beyond Legislation
Authors: Nourrice Amelie 
Published: May 2021

Curbing Drug Use in the Seychelles through Regulation beyond Legislation
This article was written with the intention of figuring out why the Seychelles has been unable to douse the drug epidemic despite apparent vigorous efforts on the part of the government and of finding a new way of curtailing drug abuse without relying entirely on legislation, which although in some ways are necessary, has on its own, been incapable serving efficacy.The article introduces a four step pyramid giving effect to a responsive approach which Braithwaite suggests lays ‘emphasis on the pyramidal regulatory structure, on regulation through engagement and dialogue rather than by dictat, on bringing third parties into what had been previously characterized as a binary regulator/regulatee interaction, and on the concept of the benign big gun.’Thus, by building a drug user’s capacity and providing the apt restorative treatment before labelling him as an offender and subjecting him to incapacitation, the drug user is offered an opportunity at restoration.The criteria featuring in the pyramid must work in conjunction with the law as this combination and the use of various actors at each tier is a significant way to effectively execute government policies without that strict and direct regulator/regulatee relationship whereby the former would otherwise lord it over the latter.
Reducing Ethnic Conflict in Guyana through Political Reform
Authors: Pierre Nicola 
Published: May 2021

Reducing Ethnic Conflict in Guyana through Political Reform
This article discusses using constitutional reform to reduce ethnic conflict in Guyana. I start by exploring the determinants of ethnic conflict. I next examine Guyana’s ethnopolitical history to determine what factors led to political alignment on ethnic lines and then evaluate the effect of the existing political institutions on ethnic conflict. I close with a discussion on constitutional reform in which I consider a mix of consociationalist, integrative, and power-constraining mechanisms that may be effective in reducing ethnic conflict in Guyana’s ethnopolitical circumstances.
If it was shared on Facebook and Twitter, then it must be true. Een kwantitatief onderzoek naar de relatie tussen fake news en angst voor criminaliteit
Authors: Vandaele Birte , Snaphaan Thom , Hardyns Wim 
Published: May 2021

If it was shared on Facebook and Twitter, then it must be true. A quantitative study of the relationship between fake news and fear of crime
The media are a main source of information on crime for citizens. Prior research shows that media and fear of crime are not independent of each other. Since fake news is spread through (social) media, the question arises what the relationship is between (perceived) fake news and fear of crime. To date, no large-scale representative research has been conducted on this topic. This study is based on a representative population survey (n = 1566) from 2019. This exploratory study shows a small but significant relation between the perceived prevalence of fake news and fear of crime.
Creating a Democratic Culture in Managing Classroom Contexts of Disability – Part 1
Authors: Alexander Gregg , Mhlongo Duma 
Published: May 2021

The Department of Basic Education (DBE) in South Africa ratified Education White Paper 6: Building an Inclusive Education and Training System- a policy document which made an explicit declaration to create inclusive classroom contexts within a targeted period of 20 years. Succinctly, this declaration has cast the year 2021, as a major social justice milestone for citizens with disabilities. The chapter strongly believes that this milestone deserves to attract both critical dialogue and empirical engagements as to determine the impact of the Education White Paper 6. Internationally, there are various policy guidelines available, in the quest to create a democratic classroom context with the objective of accommodating diversity, more specifically to address oppressive and non-inclusive disability contexts. The reader audience will be taken across various discourses on disability rights and literature readings responding to redress within the realm of the World Health Organisation and the International Labour Organisation, among others. Before the chapter concludes, a reflective activity is provided; together with a practical assessment activity where the authors create a democratic culture-centric lesson plan meant to support teachers in their inclusive education quest to create ideal democratic classroom contexts.
Sepsis Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Setyawati Titik , Aditya Ricky , Trihartini Maskoen Tinni 
Published: May 2021

AKI is a syndrome consisting of several clinical conditions, due to sudden kidney dysfunction. Sepsis and septic shock are the causes of AKI and are known as Sepsis-Associated AKI (SA-AKI) and accounted for more than 50% of cases of AKI in the ICU, with poor prognosis. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized by a sudden decline in kidney function for several hours/day, which results in the accumulation of creatinine, urea and other waste products. The most recent definition was formulated in the Kidney Disease consensus: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO), published in 2012, where the AKI was established if the patient’s current clinical manifestation met several criteria: an increase in serum creatinine levels ≥0.3 mg/dL (26.5 μmol/L) within 48 hours, an increase in serum creatinine for at least 1.5 times the baseline value within the previous 7 days; or urine volume ≤ 0.5 ml/kg body weight for 6 hours. The AKI pathophysiology includes ischemic vasodilation, endothelial leakage, necrosis in nephrons and microtrombus in capillaries. The management of sepsis associated with AKI consisted of fluid therapy, vasopressors, antibiotics and nephrotoxic substances, Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) and diuretics. In the analysis of the BEST Kidney trial subgroup, the likelihood of hospital death was 50% higher in AKI sepsis compared to non-sepsis AKI. Understanding of sepsis and endotoxins that can cause SA-AKI is not yet fully known. Some evidence suggests that renal microcirculation hypoperfusion, lack of energy for cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, endothelial injury and cycle cell arrest can cause SA-AKI. Rapid identification of SA-AKI events, antibiotics and appropriate fluid therapy are crucial in the management of SA-AKI.
Uykuda Solunum Bozukluğu Şikayeti Olan 60-75 Yaş Arasındaki Yaşlı Bireylerde Aşırı Kilo / Obezite ve Obstrüktif Uyku Apne Sendromu Arasındaki Epidemiyolojik İlişki
Authors: KAYABEKİR Murat 
Published: May 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı uykuda solunum bozukluğu şikayeti olan 60-75 yaş arasındaki yaşlı bireylerde aşırı kilo/obezite ile obstrüktif uyku apne sendromu (OUAS) ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi ve eşlik eden risk faktörlerinin araştırılmasıdır.
Yöntemler: Uyku ve Elektrofizyoloji Laboratuvarı’ na uykuda solunum bozukluğu şikayeti ile başvuran 300 hasta [E/K, 152/148; yaş ortalaması (±SD), 65,2 ± 4,0 yıl]’ ya ait 5 yıllık polisomnografi (PSG) kayıtları ve diğer tanısal verileri incelenmiştir.
Bulgular: Uykuda solunum bozukluğu şikayetleri olan 60 yaş üstündeki bireylerin sadece 27’ si (%9) OUAS tanısı almamıştır. Geri kalan 273 yaşlı hastanın 81’ i (%27) hafif, 56’ sı (%18,7) orta, 136 (%45,3)’ sı ise ağır derece OUAS tanısı almıştır. Ayrıca 22’ si (%7,3) normal vücut kitle indeksine sahip iken; 64’ ü (%21,3) aşırı kilolu, 161’ i (%53,7) obez, 53’ ü (%17,7) morbid obez olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Toplam morbidite oranlarına bakıldığında %51,3 hipertansiyon, %26,3 diyabet olduğu anlaşılmıştır.
Sonuç: Bu kesitsel çalışma uykuda solunum bozukluğu şikayeti olan 60 yaş üstü bireylerde; aşırı kilo/obezite/ OUAS sıklığının belirgin olduğunu, aynı yaş grubundaki normal populasyon ile karşılaştırma yapılamamış olsa da, hipertansiyon, diyabet gibi kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerinin bu vakalara eşlik ettiğini göstermiştir.
Deneysel Travmatik Omurilik Hasarında Thymbra Spicata L. Var Spicata ve Cyclotrichium Origanifolium’ un Böbrek Üzerine Koruyucu Etkisinin Araştırılması
Authors: KOÇ DİREK Figen 
Published: May 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata (zahter) ve Cyclotrichium origanifolium’ un (dağ nanesi) spinal kord travmasından sonra oluşan böbrek hasarı üzerine potansiyel tedavi edici ve koruyucu etkisi araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntemler: Ağırlıkları 250-300 gr arasında değişen 36 adet Wistar Albino erkek sıçan kullanıldı. Her bir grupta 6 adet olacak şekilde 6 gruba ayrıldı. 1.Grup; kontrol, 2.Grup; zahter, 3.Grup; dağ nanesi, 4.Grup; travma, 5.Grup; travma +zahter, 6.Grup; travma+dağ nanesi olacak şekilde oluşturuldu. Travma gruplarına spinal kord üzerine ağırlık düşürme metodu (Allen) uygulanarak travma oluşturuldu. Bir haftanın sonunda bütün sıçanlar Ketamin anestezisi altında kardiyak ponksiyonla kan örnekleri alındıktan sonra feda edilerek böbrek dokusu alındı. Dokuda histopatolojik değişiklikler incelendi. Serumda MDA, kreatinin, BUN (üre), Sodyum (Na) ve Potasyum (K) değerleri ölçüldü.
Bulgular: Böbrek dokusunda histopatolojik inceleme sonucu, travma grubunda glomerüler yapıların atrofiye uğradığı, tübüllerde dejenerasyon olup yapısının bozulduğu, damarlarda konjesyon olduğu ve mononükleer hücre infiltrasyonunun arttığı görüldü. Travma + zahter ile travma + dağ nanesi gruplarında ise travma grubuna göre glomerüler yapılarda düzelme olduğu, yer yer mononükleer hücre infiltrasyonunun düzeldiği görüldü. Serum MDA, BUN (üre), Na ve K değerlerinin travma grubunda diğer gruplara göre artığı (p< 0.05), travma+zahter ve travma+dağ nanesi gruplarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasa da azaldığı görüldü (p > 0.05). Serum kreatinin düzeyinin ise travma+zahter grubunda kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı düzeyde azaldığı görüldü (p< 0.05).
Sonuç: Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata (zahter) ve Cyclotrichium origanifolium’ un (dağ nanesi) omurilik yaralanmasına bağlı böbrek hasarına karşı kısmen etkili olduğu zahterin dağ nanesine göre etkinliğinin daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Morbid Obez Hastalarda Obezite Medikal Tedavi Başarısı ile Başlangıç HbA1c Düzeyi İlişkisi
Authors: GÜVEN Mehmet 
Published: May 2021

Giriş: Komorbiditelerin azaltılmasına yönelik başlangıçta %5-10 kilo kaybının obezitede önemli klinik yararları gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, yeni tanı morbid obezlerde üç aylık yaşam tarzı değişikliği ve farmakolojik tedavinin sonunda etkili kilo kaybının bazal klinik parametreler ile öngörülüp öngörülemeyeceği araştırıldı.
Yöntemler: Retrospesifik olarak yapılan bu çalışmada, daha önce bilinen komorbid hastalığı olmayan, 58 yeni tanı morbid obez hastanın üç aylık yaşam tarzı değişikliği ve farmakolojik tedavi sonrasında antropometrik ölçümler, kan basıncı, lipit profili, açlık glukoz ve insülin düzeyi, karaciğer enzimleri ve HBA1c düzeyinin tedavi öncesi ve tedavi sonrasındaki sonuçları karşılaştırıldı. Başlangıca göre kilo kaybı oranları hesaplanıp %5' in altında (grup 1, n = 13), %5–10 (grup 2, n = 24), %10' un üstünde (grup 3, n = 21) kilo kaybedenler olarak gruplandırıldı.
Bulgular: Başlangıç vücut-kitle indeksi medyan 42.78 kg/m2 iken üç ay sonunda medyan 39.96 kg/m2'ye gerilemişti. Medyan kilo kaybı 9 kg (çeyreklerarası aralık, 6–13 kg) bulundu. Ortalama bazal HBA1c düzeyi, grup 3' te en yüksek izlendi. Bazal ortalama HBA1c düzeyi ile kilo kaybı arasında Pearson korelasyon analizine göre pozitif yönde anlamlı korelasyon izlendi (rho: 0.468, p < 0.001). %10' dan fazla kilo kaybını öngörmek için bazal klinik ve laboratuar parametreleri ile multivaryant logistik regresyon analizi oluşturulduğunda sadece bazal HBA1c düzeyi anlamlı bulundu (Odds ratio = 5.2 [%95 Güven aralığı 1.03–26.15], p < 0.05).
Sonuç: Yeni tanı morbid obezlerde üç aylık yaşam tarzı değişikliği ile beraber farmakolojik tedavi verildiğinde başlangıç HBA1c düzeyi yüksek olanlarda daha etkili kilo kaybının olabileceği ön görülebilir.
Pragmatics of Asynchronous Computer‐Mediated Communication
Authors: Kitade Keiko 
Published: May 2021

Computer‐mediated communication (CMC) refers to communication that occurs when individuals interact with one another by sending messages via networked computers. Asynchronous CMC (ACMC) occurs when messages are exchanged while the users are not online; messages are stored until the user appears online. There are various ACMC modes, including text‐based one‐to‐one (e.g., e‐mail), multiple participants (e.g., Listserv, discussion forums, Twitter, and Wikipedia), and feedback‐oriented (e.g., blogs and Web pages). Furthermore, some audio‐ or audiovisual‐based ACMC media (e.g., Wimba and voicemail) are also available, and many sites enabling multimodal communication forms that combine various types of CMC (e.g., social networking sites [SNSs]) have become popular.
During the early development of ACMC, most studies in pragmatics focused on the specific characteristics of asynchronous media rather than traditional communication modes (e.g., face‐to‐face) and synchronous CMC. However, recent studies in ACMC are paying attention to the interactional practices in various types of ACMC communities, and also attempting to identify the contextually specific pragmatic features (e.g., speech acts and politeness) in each online community by using media affordances and constraints. The findings suggest that expected appropriate linguistic behaviors and innovative strategies for the acts are contextually dependent and that they contribute to widening the field of pragmatics, which has been predominantly developed with traditional communication modes. Furthermore, growing numbers of studies are investigating how bilinguals/multilinguals interact in digital spaces where participants with varied linguistic and cultural backgrounds are required to negotiate the language codes and their identities.
RETRACTED: Mechanism of ARPP21 antagonistic intron miR‐128 on neurological function repair after stroke
Authors: Chai Zhaohui , Zheng Peidong , Zheng Jiesheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveStroke is a cerebrovascular disorder that often causes neurological function defects. ARPP21 is a conserved host gene of miR‐128 controlling neurodevelopmental functions. This study investigated the mechanism of ARPP21 antagonistic intron miR‐128 on neurological function repair after stroke.MethodsExpressions of ARPP21 and miR‐128 in stroke patients were detected. The mouse neurons and astrocytes were cultured in vitro and treated with oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD). The OGD‐treated cells were transfected with pc‐ARPP21 and miR‐128 mimic. The proliferation of astrocytes, and the apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes were detected, and inflammatory factors of astrocytes were measured. The binding relationship between miR‐128 and CREB1 was verified. The rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established. ARPP21 expression in model rats was detected. The effects of pc‐ARPP21 on neuron injury, brain edema volume, and cerebral infarct in rats were observed.ResultsARPP21 expression was downregulated and miR‐128 expression was upregulated in stroke patients. pc‐ARPP21 facilitated the proliferation of astrocytes and inhibited apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes, and reduced inflammation of astrocytes. miR‐128 mimic could reverse these effects of pc‐ARPP21 on neurons and astrocytes. miR‐128 targeted CREB1 and reduced BDNF secretion. In vitro experiments confirmed that ARPP21 expression was decreased in MCAO rats, and pc‐ARPP21 promoted neurological function repair after stroke.ConclusionARPP21 upregulated CREB1 and BDNF expressions by antagonizing miR‐128, thus inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and promoting neurological function repair after stroke. This study may offer a novel target for the management of stroke.
Scalable Yielding of Highly Stable Polyelectrolyte‐Coated Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles by Flash Nanoprecipitation for Photothermal‐Chemotherapeutics
Authors: Jia Xianjing , Yan Yunfeng , Kayitmazer A. Basak , Li Yongsheng , Xu Yisheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhotothermal‐chemotherapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention and becoming more widely used for cancer therapy in the clinic due to their noninvasiveness, notable tissue penetration abilities, and low systemic adverse effects. However, functional ligands are conventionally modified onto photothermal NPs to well stabilize the inorganic particles suffering from complex chemical modifications, low productivity, and batch‐to‐batch inconsistencies, and thus significantly restricting their clinical applications. Herein, flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) is taken advantage of to afford rapid and uniform mixing for generating local supersaturated CuS clusters for small and highly stable CuS NPs effectively stabilized by polyacrylic acid through a continuous strategy. It greatly reduces the complexity for CuS NPs synthesis and functionalization in a facile intensified mixing process. These as‐synthesized particles are high‐drug loading, scalable, and most importantly, it is easy to control their sizes and charges through external conditions. Toxicity and tumor inhibition experiments confirm the high cell toxicity and good suppression of tumor growth under near‐infrared irradiation indicating a promising prospect of FNP in the large‐scale and continuous yielding of highly stable and high‐performing photothermal‐chemotherapeutic NPs for cancer therapy.
Deep Learning the Electromagnetic Properties of Metamaterials—A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Khatib Omar , Ren Simiao , Malof Jordan , Padilla Willie J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDeep neural networks (DNNs) are empirically derived systems that have transformed traditional research methods, and are driving scientific discovery. Artificial electromagnetic materials (AEMs)—including electromagnetic metamaterials, photonic crystals, and plasmonics—are research fields where DNN results valorize the data driven approach; especially in cases where conventional methods have failed. In view of the great potential of deep learning for the future of artificial electromagnetic materials research, the status of the field with a focus on recent advances, key limitations, and future directions is reviewed. Strategies, guidance, evaluation, and limits of using deep networks for both forward and inverse AEM problems are presented.
Engineering of Microcage Carbon Nanotube Architectures with Decoupled Multimodal Porosity and Amplified Catalytic Performance
Authors: Mannering Jamie , Stones Rebecca , Xia Dong , Sykes Daniel , Hondow Nicole , Flahaut Emmanuel , Chamberlain Thomas W. , Brydson Rik , Cairns Gareth A. , Menzel Robert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNew approaches for the engineering of the 3D microstructure, pore modality, and chemical functionality of hierarchically porous nanocarbon assemblies are key to develop the next generation of functional aerogel and membrane materials. Here, interfacially driven assembly of carbon nanotubes (CNT) is exploited to fabricate structurally directed aerogels with highly controlled internal architectures, composed of pseudo‐monolayer, CNT microcages. CNT Pickering emulsions enable engineering at fundamentally different length scales, whereby the microporosity, mesoporosity, and macroporosity are decoupled and individually controlled through CNT type, CNT number density, and process energy, respectively. In addition, metal nanocatalysts (Cu, Pd, and Ru) are embedded within the architectures through an elegant sublimation and shock‐decomposition approach; introducing the first approach that enables through‐volume functionalization of intricate, pre‐designed aerogels without microstructural degradation. Catalytic structure–function relationships are explored in a pharma‐important amidation reaction; providing insights on how the engineered frameworks enhance catalyst activity. A sophisticated array of advanced tomographic, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques reveal an intricate 3D assembly of CNT building‐blocks and their influence on the functional properties of the enhanced nanocatalysts. These advances set a basis to modulate structure and chemistry of functional aerogel materials independently in a controlled fashion for a variety of applications, including energy conversion and storage, smart electronics, and (electro)catalysis.
Polymer Photodetectors for Printable, Flexible, and Fully Tissue Equivalent X‐Ray Detection with Zero‐Bias Operation and Ultrafast Temporal Responses
Authors: Posar Jessie A. , Davis Jeremy , Alnaghy Saree , Wilkinson Dean , Cottam Sophie , Lee Donovan M. , Thompson Kristofer L. , Holmes Natalie P. , Barr Matthew , Fahy Adam , Nicolaidis Nicolas C. , Louie Fiona , Fraboni Beatrice , Sellin Paul J. , Lerch Michael L. F. , Rosenfeld Anatoly B. , Petasecca Marco , Griffith Matthew J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA new printable organic semiconducting material combination as a tissue equivalent photodetector for indirect X‐ray detection is demonstrated in this work. The device exhibits a higher optical‐to‐electrical conversion efficiency than any other reported printable organic systems for X‐ray photodetection while also operating efficiently with zero applied bias. Complete X‐ray detectors fabricated by coupling the photodiode with a plastic scintillator are among the first flexible and fully tissue equivalent X‐ray detectors capable of operating without external bias. The response to X‐rays is energy independent between 50 keV and 1.2 MeV, with a detection sensitivity equivalent to inorganic direct X‐ray detectors and one of the fastest temporal responses ever reported for organic X‐ray detectors. The materials can be printed into arrays with a pixel pitch of 120 μm, providing 2D spatial detection. The devices are found to be highly stable with respect to time, mechanical flexing, and large (5 kGy) radiation doses. The new materials and fully tissue equivalent X‐ray detectors reported here provide stable, printable, flexible, and tissue equivalent detectors with a high radiolucency that are ideally suited for wearable applications, where simultaneous monitoring and high transmission of the X‐ray absorbed dose into the human body is required.
The Beginner's Guide to Chiral Plasmonics: Mostly Harmless Theory and the Design of Large‐Area Substrates
Authors: Goerlitzer Eric S. A. , Puri Aniket S. , Moses Jebin J. , Poulikakos Lisa V. , Vogel Nicolas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChiral plasmonics is a fascinating research field that is attractive to scientists from diverse backgrounds. Physicists study light–matter interactions, chemists seek ways to analyze enantiomeric molecules, biologists study living objects, and material engineers focus on scalable production processes. Successful access to this emergent field for an interdisciplinary community depends on overcoming three main issues. First, understanding the physical background of chiral plasmonics requires proper introduction in easy language. Second, pitfalls in the characterization of chiroplasmonic features can prevent accurate interpretation. Third, simple and robust methods capable of covering macroscopic substrate areas must be available. This tutorial‐style review addresses these issues with the goal to provide a comprehensive introduction into chiral plasmonic nanostructures. It starts with a brief introduction of the relevant physics involved in chiral light−matter interactions. A brief guide about how to adequately characterize samples follows. Subsequently, an overview of fabrication techniques that produce chiral substrates over large areas is given, and the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches are discussed. The focus is on simple and robust processes that do not require clean room facilities and can be implemented by a much larger scientific audience.