bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetophoretic Micro‐Distributor for Controlled Clustering of Cells
Authors: Yoon Jonghwan , Kang Yumin , Kim Hyeonseol , Torati Sri Ramulu , Kim Keonmok , Lim Byeonghwa , Kim CheolGi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCell clustering techniques are important to produce artificial cell clusters for in vitro models of intercellular mechanisms at the single‐cell level. The analyses considering physical variables such as the shape and size of cells have been very limited. In addition, the precise manipulation of cells and control of the physical variables are still challenging. In this paper, a magnetophoretic device consisting of a trampoline micromagnet and active elements that enable the control of individual selective jumping motion and positioning of a micro‐object is proposed. Based on a numerical simulation under various conditions, automatic separation or selective clustering of micro‐objects according to their sizes is performed by parallel control and programmable manipulation. This method provides efficient control of the physical variables of cells and grouping of cells with the desired size and number, which can be a milestone for a better understanding of the intercellular dynamics between clustered cells at the single‐cell level for future cell‐on‐chip applications.
Mesoscale Interrogation Reveals Mechanistic Origins of Lithium Filaments along Grain Boundaries in Inorganic Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Vishnugopi Bairav S. , Dixit Marm B. , Hao Feng , Shyam Badri , Cook John B. , Hatzell Kelsey B. , Mukherjee Partha P. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSolid‐state batteries (SSBs), utilizing a lithium metal anode, promise to deliver enhanced energy and power densities compared to conventional lithium‐ion batteries. Penetration of lithium filaments through the solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) during electrodeposition poses major constraints on the safety and rate performance of SSBs. While microstructural attributes, especially grain boundaries (GBs) within the SSEs are considered preferential metal propagation pathways, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood yet. Here, a comprehensive insight is presented into the mechanistic interactions at the mesoscale including the electrochemical‐mechanical response of the GB‐electrode junction and competing ion transport dynamics in the SSE. Depending on the GB transport characteristics, a highly non‐uniform electrodeposition morphology consisting of either cavities or protrusions at the GB‐electrode interface is identified. Mechanical stability analysis reveals localized strain ramps in the GB regions that can lead to brittle fracture of the SSE. For ionically less conductive GBs compared to the grains, a crack formation and void filling mechanism, triggered by the heterogeneous nature of electrochemical‐mechanical interactions is delineated at the GB‐electrode junction. Concurrently, in situ X‐ray tomography of pristine and failed Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) SSE samples confirm the presence of filamentous lithium penetration and validity of the proposed mesoscale failure mechanisms.
Zimmermann–Laband syndrome in monozygotic twins with a mild neurobehavioral phenotype lacking gingival overgrowth—A case report of a novel KCNN3 gene variant
Authors: Schwarz Martin , Ryba Lukáš , Křepelová Anna , Moslerová Veronika , Zelinová Michaela , Turnovec Marek , Martinková Júlia , Kratochvílová Lenka , Drahanský Martin , Macek Milan , Havlovicová Markéta 
Published: December 2021

AbstractZimmermann–Laband syndrome is a rare, heterogeneous disorder characterized by gingival hypertrophy or fibromatosis, aplastic/hypoplastic nails, hypoplasia of the distal phalanges, hypertrichosis, various degrees of intellectual disability, and distinctive facial features. Three genes are considered causative for ZLS: KCNH1, KCNN3, and ATP6V1B2. We report on a pair of female concordant monozygotic twins, both carrying a novel pathogenic variant in the KCNN3 gene, identified using exome sequencing. Only six ZLS patients with the KCNN3 pathogenic variant have been reported so far. The twins show facial dysmorphism, hypoplastic distal phalanges, aplasia or hypoplasia of nails, and hypertrichosis. During infancy, they showed mild developmental delays, mainly speech. They successfully completed secondary school education and are socio‐economically independent. Gingival overgrowth is absent in both individuals. Our patients exhibited an unusually mild phenotype compared to published cases, which is an important diagnostic finding for proper genetic counseling for Zimmermann–Laband syndrome patients and their families.
Review of morphology, development, and evolution of the notarium in birds
Authors: Aires Alex S. , Reichert Leici M. , Müller Rodrigo T. , Andrade Marco B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe notarium is a rigid bony structure, which resulted from the fusion of thoracic vertebrae of some pterosaurs and birds. It is high variable, ranging from two to six fused thoracic vertebrae. In this study, we reviewed and analyzed approximately 270 specimens of neornithine birds (representing 80% of the living orders) and some fossils in order to identify the number of fused vertebrae, degree and sites of vertebral fusion, occurrence of sutures, and other structures of potential phylogenetic and functional significance. These data were analyzed using a recent time‐calibrated molecular phylogenetic tree and principal component analyses analysis evaluating the relationship with long bones in order to reconstruct macroevolutionary trends related to the evolution of the notarium. The occurrence of this structure shows a mosaic distribution over neornithine phylogeny, originating several times independently, especially during the Paleogene, in predominantly ground‐dwelling forms. The notarium of these groups is characterized by: neural spines fused into single structure, intervertebral openings small to absent, large ventral keels forming ventral plates, and fused transverse processes. Derived neornithines, such as aquatic forms and long‐legged birds, have a tendency to display a decreased degree of fusion between the vertebrae, which may indicate a reduction or disappearance of the notarium.
Invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast detected incidentally on computed tomography: A case report
Authors: Adachi Yasuhiro , Katsuki Takefumi , Sasaguri Takakazu , Hirata Keiji , Nagata Naoki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractInvasive cribriform carcinoma is a rare type of invasive breast carcinoma, and a few cases have been reported. Its features are a cribriform pattern resembling the histological structures of cribriform ductal carcinoma in situ and an excellent prognosis. However, the extent of progress for intraductal extension must be carefully evaluated.
S‐Scheme Heterojunction and Defect Site Engineering on CuxIn5S8−Cu2‐ySe for Highly Efficient Photoreduction of CO2 to methanol
Authors: Zhao Hui , Duan Jihai , Zhang Zisheng , Wang Weiwen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe conversion and utilization of CO2 is imminent. Herein, the CuxIn5S8−CuySe S‐scheme heterojunction catalyst was successfully synthesized by the MOF‐derived method and the strategy of surface hydrogenation. In a photocatalytic performance test, Cu1.5In4.5S7.5−Cu1.45Se has excellent catalytic activity, and the production rate of methanol is 5.250 umol g−1 h−1, and the methanol selectivity is about 100 %. In addition, through DFT calculation and in situ FT‐IR, a new mechanism for the catalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol by bimetallic sites or variable valence metal sites is revealed, which opens up a new strategy to conversion of CO2 into energy fuel. This research couples charge accumulation centers, active sites and adsorption sites on the exposed active interface to enhance the visible light‐driven photocatalytic performance of the catalyst through defect engineering, morphology engineering and heterojunction engineering, which provides a promising approach to facilitate the selective photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol.
Rearrangements in Scholl Reaction
Authors: Ponugoti Nagaraju , Parthasarathy Venkatakrishnan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRearrangements in Scholl reaction are mostly serendipitous. The design of molecular precursors is what seems to guide the course of rearrangement. This review consolidates different classes of precursors used in Scholl reaction and their accompanying rearrangements that include aryl migration, migration followed by cyclization and skeletal rearrangements involving ring expansion, ring contraction and both, under the reaction conditions. The attempt in collating heretofore‐reported examples in this review is to guide designing appropriate precursors to predictably achieve complex molecular structures or nanographenes or defect‐nanographenes via rearrangement.
Photochemical Sandmeyer‐type Halogenation of Arenediazonium Salts
Authors: Sivendran Nardana , Belitz Florian , Sowa Prendes Daniel , Manu Martínez Ángel , Schmid Rochus , Gooßen Lukas J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTrihalide salts were found to efficiently promote photochemical dediazotizing halogenations of diazonium salts. In contrast to classical Sandmeyer reactions, no metal catalysts are required to achieve high yields and outstanding selectivities for halogenation over competing hydridodediazotization. Convenient protocols are disclosed for synthetically meaningful brominations, iodinations, and chlorinations of diversely functionalized derivatives.
The effect of population and tourism factors on Covid‐19 cases in Italy: Visual data analysis and forecasting approach
Authors: Uğuz Sezer , Yağanoğlu Mete , Özyer Barış , Özyer Gülşah Tümüklü , Tokdemir Gül 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAt the beginning of 2020, the new coronavirus disease (Covid‐19), a deadly viral illness, is declared as a public health emergency situation by WHO. Consequently, it is accepted as pandemic that affected millions of people worldwide. Italy is one of the most affected countries by Covid‐19 disease among the world. In this article, our main goal is to investigate the effect of intensity of Covid‐19 cases based on the population size and tourism factors in certain regions of Italy by visual data analysis. The regions of Lombardia, Veneto, Campania, Emilia‐Romagna, Piemonte are the top five regions covering 58.50% of the total Covid‐19 cases diagnosed in Italy. It has been shown by visual data analysis that population and tourism factors play an important role in the spread of Covid‐19 cases in these five regions. In addition, a prediction model was created using Bi‐LSTM and ARIMA algorithms to forecast the number of Covid‐19 cases occurring in these five regions in order to take early action. We can conclude that these northern regions have been affected mostly by Covid‐19 and the distribution of the resident population and tourist flow factors affected the number of Covid‐19 cases in Italy.
Implementation and verification of a conservative,multi‐species,gyro‐averaged, full‐f,Lenard‐Bernstein/Dougherty collision operator in the gyrokinetic codeGENE‐X
Authors: Ulbl Philipp , Michels Dominik , Jenko Frank 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGyrokinetic simulations are among the main tools to predict turbulent transport in the core of fusion devices. Unlike the core, the plasma edge and scrape‐off layer are characterized by lower temperature and higher collisionality. To allow for realistic gyrokinetic modelling of edge and scrape‐off layer turbulence, it is crucial to include collisional effects into the simulations. In this work, we present a full‐f, gyro‐averaged, multi‐species, Lenard‐Bernstein/Dougherty (LBD) collision operator, for the use in the gyrokinetic turbulence codeGENE‐X. The operator accounts for exact particle density, momentum, and energy conservation, with collision frequencies chosen such that the momentum or temperature relaxation rates of the Boltzmann collision operator are recovered. We provide a conservative second‐order finite‐volume implementation of the operator and present a thorough verification. Due to the excellent conservation properties of the finite‐volume implementation, it is possible to use a coarser velocity space grid, save computational resources and, as a consequence, perform simulations of larger fusion devices.
Beyond illness: Variation in haemosporidian load explains differences in vocal performance in a songbird
Authors: Lopez‐Serna Salome , Gonzalez‐Quevedo Catalina , Rivera‐Gutierrez Hector Fabio 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn animal communication, signals are expected to evolve to be honest, so that receivers avoid being manipulated by signalers. One way that signals can evolve to be honest is for them to be costly, with only high‐quality individuals being able to bear the costs of signal expression. It has been proposed that parasites can introduce costs that affect the expression of sexually selected traits, and there is evidence to support the role of parasitism in modulating animal behavior. If host infection status or intensity is found to relate to differences in signal expression, it may indicate a fitness cost that mediates honesty of signals. Birdsong is a good model for testing this, and physically challenging songs representing complex motor patterns provide a good example of sexually selected traits indicating individual condition. We performed a field study to evaluate the relationship between song performance and avian malaria infection in a common songbird. Previous work on this subject has almost always evaluated avian malaria in terms of binary infection status; however, parasitemia—infection intensity—is rarely assessed, even though differences in parasite load may have profound physiological consequences. We estimated parasitemia levels by using real‐time PCR. We found that birds with higher parasitemia displayed lower vocal performance, providing evidence that this song trait is an honest signal of parasitic load of haemosporidian parasites. To our knowledge, this study links parasite load and the expression of a sexually selected trait in a way that has not been addressed in the past. Studies using song performance traits and parasitemia offer an important perspective for understanding evolution of characters via sexual selection.
Geographic variation in the matching between call characteristics and tympanic sensitivity in the Weeping lizard
Authors: Labra Antonieta , Reyes‐Olivares Claudio , Moreno‐Gómez Felipe N. , Velásquez Nelson A. , Penna Mario , Delano Paul H. , Narins Peter M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEffective communication requires a match among signal characteristics, environmental conditions, and receptor tuning and decoding. The degree of matching, however, can vary, among others due to different selective pressures affecting the communication components. For evolutionary novelties, strong selective pressures are likely to act upon the signal and receptor to promote a tight match among them. We test this prediction by exploring the coupling between the acoustic signals and auditory sensitivity in Liolaemus chiliensis, the Weeping lizard, the only one of more than 285 Liolaemus species that vocalizes. Individuals emit distress calls that convey information of predation risk to conspecifics, which may respond with antipredator behaviors upon hearing calls. Specifically, we explored the match between spectral characteristics of the distress calls and the tympanic sensitivities of two populations separated by more than 700 km, for which previous data suggested variation in their distress calls. We found that populations differed in signal and receptor characteristics and that this signal variation was explained by population differences in body size. No precise match occurred between the communication components studied, and populations differed in the degree of such correspondence. We suggest that this difference in matching between populations relates to evolutionary processes affecting the Weeping lizard distress calls.
Iridium‐Catalyzed β‐C(sp2)−H Borylation of Enamides – Access to 3,3‐Dihalogeno‐2‐methoxypiperidines
Authors: Gillaizeau Isabelle , Dondasse Ismaël , Nicolas Cyril , Mimoun Liliane , Sukach Volodymyr , Meudal Hervé 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn efficient catalytic preparation of synthetically useful new β‐borylated enamides was achieved under relatively mild conditions via a regioselective iridium‐catalyzed C(sp2)−H borylation. The method features broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance and efficient scale‐up. These C‐3 borylated enamides can be advantageously exploited in cross‐coupling reactions and converted into valuable 3,3‐dihalogeno‐2‐methoxypiperidines in very short reaction times.
The evolutionary significance of human brown adipose tissue: Integrating the timescales of adaptation
Authors: Levy Stephanie B. , Leonard William R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhile human adaptability is regarded as a classical topic in anthropology, recent work provides new insight into metabolic adaptations to cold climates and the role of phenotypic plasticity in human evolution. A growing body of literature demonstrates that adults retain brown adipose tissue (BAT) which may play a role in non‐shivering thermogenesis. In this narrative review, we apply the timescales of adaptation framework in order to explore the adaptive significance of human BAT. Human variation in BAT is shaped by multiple adaptive modes (i.e., allostasis, acclimatization, developmental adaptation, epigenetic inheritance, and genetic adaptation), and together the adaptive modes act as an integrated system. We hypothesize that plasticity in BAT facilitated the successful expansion of human populations into circumpolar regions, allowing for selection of genetic adaptations to cold climates to take place. Future research rooted in human energetics and biocultural perspectives is essential for understanding BAT's adaptive and health significance.
Allocation of Opportunities to Participate in Clinical Trials during the Covid‐19 Pandemic and Other Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Spector‐Bagdady Kayte , Lynch Holly Fernandez , Bierer Barbara E. , Gelinas Luke , Hull Sara Chandros , Magnus David , Meyer Michelle N. , Sharp Richard R. , Sugarman Jeremy , Wilfond Benjamin S. , Yearby Ruqaiijah , Mohapatra Seema 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCovid‐19 raised many novel ethical issues including regarding the allocation of opportunities to participate in clinical trials during a public health emergency. In this article, we explore how hospitals that have a scarcity of trial opportunities, either overall or in a specific trial, can equitably allocate those opportunities in the context of an urgent medical need with limited therapeutic interventions. We assess the three main approaches to allocating trial opportunities discussed in the literature: patient choice, physician referral, and randomization/lottery. As, we argue, none of the three typical approaches are ethically ideal for allocating trial opportunities in the pandemic context, many hospitals have instead implemented hybrid solutions. We offer practical guidance to support those continuing to face these challenges, and we analyze options for the future.
Crystalline Supramolecular Polymers: Dynamics, Chirality, and Function
Authors: Stupp Samuel I. , Palmer Liam C. , Sai Hiroaki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractInspired by biological systems, supramolecular polymers have emerged over the past three decades as an important way to form functional structures with potential to tune the internal order and dynamics and to create materials with the potential for responsiveness, reconfigurability, and recyclability. We focus here on several recent examples of ordered supramolecular polymers with a significant extent of internal order that results in crystalline molecular packing, or with dynamics that allow them to undergo structural reconfiguration. These examples highlight the spectrum of molecular mobility that the noncovalently bound constituents can experience. These materials have found interesting functions in their interaction with chiral biological systems and in their ability to form materials with interesting optoelectronic and photocatalytic behavior.
Osteodentin in the Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus): Dentin or bone?
Authors: Thangadurai Senthil , Brumfeld Vlad , Milgram Joshua , Li Ling , Shahar Ron 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe teeth of actinopterygian fish, like those of mammals, consist of a thin outer hyper‐mineralized layer (enamel or enameloid) that surrounds a core of dentin. While all mammalian species have a single type of dentin (called orthodentin), various dentin types have been reported in the teeth of actinopterygian fish. The most common type of actinopterygian fish dentin is orthodentin. However, the second most common type of actinopterygian fish dentin, called osteodentin, found in several teleost species and in many Selachians, is structurally radically different from orthodentin. Osteodentin, comprising denteons and inter‐denteonal matrix, is characterized by an appearance that is similar to mammalian osteonal bone, however, it lacks cells and a lacuno‐canalicular system. The current consensus is that although osteodentin is morphologically different from orthodentin, it is a true dentinal material, the product of odontoblast cells. We present the results of a study of osteodentin found in the teeth of the Atlantic wolffish, Anarhichas lupus. Using a variety of microscopy techniques, high‐resolution microCT scans, and micro‐indentation we describe the three‐dimensional structure of both its components (denteons and inter‐denteonal matrix), as well as their mineral density distribution and mechanical properties, at several length‐scales. We show that wolffish osteodentin is remarkably similar to the anosteocytic bone of the swords of several swordfish species. We also describe the three‐dimensional network of canals found in mature osteodentin. The high density of these canals in a metabolically inactive, acellular tissue casts doubt upon the accepted paradigm, that the canals house a vascular network.
Synthesis and Characterization of Functional Monomer N‐Vinyl Formamide (NVF)
Authors: Yao Kai , Wang Songlin , Wang Qian , Yang Xuxu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractN‐vinyl formamide (NVF) is successfully synthesized by using the intermediate polystyrene maleic anhydride ester. The prepared NVF owns high purity and the diacid as a by‐product of synthesis can be reused. N‐a‐hydroxyethyl formamide (NHEF) is synthesized by using acetaldehyde and formamide as raw materials in the presence of basic catalyst. Acetaldehyde is purified by distillation under reduced pressure and dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Low molecular weight styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) is synthesized by the reaction of styrene and maleic anhydride in the presence of benzoyl peroxide initiator using acetone as solvent. The intermediate polystyrene maleic anhydride ester (NHEF–ADDUCT) is synthesized with SMA and NHEF as raw materials. Finally, the obtained NHEF–ADDUCT is cracked and the target product NVF is isolated and purified. The NVF is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR. The purity of NVF is 86.7% as measured by iodometric method and GC internal standard method, indicating the small amount of impurity formamide in it.