bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant growth: the What, the How, and the Why
Authors: Hilty Jonas , Muller Bertrand , Pantin Florent , Leuzinger Sebastian 
Published: July 2021

SummaryGrowth is a widely used term in plant science and ecology, but it can have different meanings depending on the context and the spatiotemporal scale of analysis. At the meristem level, growth is associated with the production of cells and initiation of new organs. At the organ or plant scale and over short time periods, growth is often used synonymously with tissue expansion, while over longer time periods the increase in biomass is a common metric. At even larger temporal and spatial scales, growth is mostly described as net primary production. Here, we first address the question ‘what is growth?’. We propose a general framework to distinguish between the different facets of growth, and the corresponding physiological processes, environmental drivers and mathematical formalisms. Based on these different definitions, we then review how plant growth can be measured and analysed at different organisational, spatial and temporal scales. We conclude by discussing why gaining a better understanding of the different facets of plant growth is essential to disentangle genetic and environmental effects on the phenotype, and to uncover the causalities around source or sink limitations of plant growth.
Canopy occupation volume as an indicator of canopy photosynthetic capacity
Authors: Liu Fusang , Song Qingfeng , Zhao Jinke , Mao Linxiong , Bu Hongyi , Hu Yong , Zhu Xin‐Guang 
Published: July 2021

Summary

Leaf angle and leaf area index together influence canopy light interception and canopy photosynthesis. However, so far, there is no effective method to identify the optimal combination of these two parameters for canopy photosynthesis.

In this study, first a robust high‐throughput method for accurate segmentation of maize organs based on 3D point clouds data was developed, then the segmented plant organs were used to generate new 3D point clouds for the canopy of altered architectures. With this, we simulated the synergistic effect of leaf area and leaf angle on canopy photosynthesis.

The results show that, compared to the traditional parameters describing the canopy photosynthesis including leaf area index, facet angle and canopy coverage, a new parameter – the canopy occupation volume (COV) – can better explain the variations of canopy photosynthetic capacity. Specifically, COV can explain > 79% variations of canopy photosynthesis generated by changing leaf angle and > 84% variations of canopy photosynthesis generated by changing leaf area.

As COV can be calculated in a high‐throughput manner based on the canopy point clouds, it can be used to evaluate canopy architecture in breeding and agronomic research.
Integrated 3D intracardiac ultrasound imaging with detailed pulmonary vein delineation guided fluoroless ablation of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Antolič Bor , Kajdič Nina , Vrbajnščak Mojca , Jan Matevž , Žižek David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has become an all‐round tool for ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) since it plays an important role in all procedural steps. The key upgrade to the usefulness of ICE is its integration into three‐dimensional (3D) electroanatomic mapping (EAM) system (ICE/EAM automatic integration system). The aim of this single‐center retrospective study was to evaluate feasibility, safety and acute efficacy of ICE/EAM automatic integration system guided fluoroless ablation of AF.MethodsThe study included patients with symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF undergoing first pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation (RFCA) from September 2017 to August 2020. All procedures were performed without the use of fluoroscopy. A detailed 3D virtual anatomy of the left atrium (LA) and structures relevant to AF ablation was constructed from ultrasound contours obtained with ICE probe inside the LA. Pulmonary veins (PVs) and antral regions were additionally mapped with fast anatomical mapping (FAM). PVI was performed with contact force (CF) sensing catheter. Procedural endpoint was successful PVI.ResultsA total of 98 consecutive patients underwent RFCA (34.7% females, median age 64.4 years, 64.3% paroxysmal AF). Acute PVI was achieved in all patients (100%). Forty‐three patients (43.9%) underwent additional ablations for concomitant arrhythmias. Adverse events were detected in four patients (4.1%). The median procedure duration was 130 min (IQR 103.8‐151.3). If only PVI was done the median procedure duration was 110.5 (IQR 100.0‐133.8)ConclusionsICE/EAM automatic integration system guided fluoroless ablation of AF is feasible, safe and acutely effective method for treatment of symptomatic AF.
Gibberellins orchestrate panicle architecture mediated by DELLA–KNOX signalling in rice
Authors: Su Su , Hong Jun , Chen Xiaofei , Zhang Changquan , Chen Mingjiao , Luo Zhijing , Chang Shuwei , Bai Shaoxing , Liang Wanqi , Liu Qiaoquan , Zhang Dabing 
Published: July 2021

SummaryPanicle architecture is a key determinant of grain yield in cereals, but the mechanisms governing panicle morphogenesis and organ development remain elusive. Here, we have identified a quantitative trait locus (qPA1) associated with panicle architecture using chromosome segment substitution lines from parents Nipponbare and 9311. The panicle length, branch number and grain number of Nipponbare were significantly higher than CSSL‐9. Through map‐based cloning and complementation tests, we confirmed that qPA1 was identical to SD1 (Semi Dwarf1), which encodes a gibberellin 20‐oxidase enzyme participating in gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis. Transcript analysis revealed that SD1 was widely expressed during early panicle development. Analysis of sd1/osga20ox2 and gnp1/ osga20ox1 single and double mutants revealed that the two paralogous enzymes have non‐redundant functions during panicle development, likely due to differences in spatiotemporal expression; GNP1 expression under control of the SD1 promoter could rescue the sd1 phenotype. The DELLA protein SLR1, a component of the GA signalling pathway, accumulated more highly in sd1 plants. We have demonstrated that SLR1 physically interacts with the meristem identity class I KNOTTED1‐LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) protein OSH1 to repress OSH1‐mediated activation of downstream genes related to panicle development, providing a mechanistic link between gibberellin and panicle architecture morphogenesis.
When agency “fits” regardless of gender: Perceptions of applicant fit when job and organization signal male stereotypes
Authors: Dutz Regina , Hubner Sylvia , Peus Claudia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEvaluators’ fit assessments are not only influenced by applicants’ qualities, but also by stereotypes, especially in recruitment for high‐status jobs in male‐dominated fields. The unidimensional agentic stereotype of these work contexts signals agentic job and organizational requirements (stereotypically male qualities such as achievement orientation), although the actual requirements usually also include communality (stereotypically female qualities such as interpersonal skills). In five experiments, we investigate the relevance of perceived applicant agency for perceived applicant fit, the influence of recruitment material, contextual differences, and the role of applicant gender. Our findings indicate that perceived applicant agency drives perceived person‐job and person‐organization fit in strictly male stereotyped work contexts, regardless of gender, and agentic recruitment material enhances this effect. Contrasting different contexts (high‐ with low‐status jobs and a male‐dominated with a gender‐balanced and female‐dominated field) revealed that the relevance of perceived agency increases with perceived job status, and the relevance of perceived communality decreases with the expected share of men. Although women were perceived as highly agentic in strictly male stereotyped work contexts, their need to be perceived as agentic also was higher than for men, due to the perceived lack of fit between women and high‐status jobs.
The effects of child anxiety and depression on concordance between parent‐proxy and self‐reported health‐related quality of life for pediatric liver transplant patients
Authors: Grant Amy , Ng Vicky L. , Nicholas David , Dhawan Anil , Yazigi Nada , Ee Looi C. , Stormon Michael O. , Gilmour Susan M. , Schreiber Richard A. , Carmody Erin , Otley Anthony R. ,   PeLTQL Study Group
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundHRQOL is a key outcome following pediatric LT. Parent‐proxy reports may substitute for patients unable to report their own HRQOL. This study compared parent‐proxy and self‐reported HRQOL in children who have undergone LT.MethodsPediatric LT recipients between the ages of 8 and 18 years, and a parent, completed self and proxy versions of the PeLTQL questionnaire, PedsQL Generic and Transplant modules, and standardized measures of depression and anxiety.ResultsData from 129 parent–patient dyads were included. Median parent age was 44 years, and most (89%) were mothers. Median patient age was 2.5 years at LT and 13.6 years at the time of study participation. Parents had significantly lower scores than patients on PedsQL total generic (70.8 ± 18.5 and 74.3 ± 19.0, p = .01), PeLTQL coping and adjustment (63.0 ± 15.6 and 67.3 ± 16.2, p < .01), and social‐emotional (66.3 ± 14.9 and 71.9 ± 15.6, p < .001) domains. Higher patient anxiety and depression were related to larger absolute differences between parent‐proxy and self‐reported scores on all HRQOL measures (all p < .05). In this disparity, parents reported higher HRQOL scores than their child as self‐reported anxiety and depression scores increased.ConclusionsDifferences in concordance between parent‐proxy and self‐reported HRQOL scores can be more prominent when children have more symptoms of anxiety and depression. Children's mental health symptoms should be queried, if feasible, when interpreting differences in parent and child reports of HRQOL.
‘Varieties of Skeptical Invariantism I & II’
Authors: Kyriacou Christos 
Published: July 2021

AbstractI review proposed skepticisms in recent literature (or skeptical invariantisms, if we understand skepticism semantically), contrast their basic commitments and highlight some of their comparative theoretical attractions and problems. To help set the scene for the discussion, I start with Unger’s (1975) modern classic of global skepticism about knowledge (and justification). I then distinguish three extant categories of skepticism in the recent literature: two non‐traditional and one more traditional. On the non‐traditional side are fallibilist science‐based skepticism (which relaxes thestringencyof the standard of knowledge) and practical skepticism (which questions theintellectualcharacter of the standard of knowledge) and on the traditional side high‐standard/infallibilist. I then briefly present and discuss representatives of each category.
Behavioral problems in the children of women who are victims of intimate partner violence
Authors: Pahn Jihyon , Yang Youngran 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the maternal experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) and children's behavioral problems.SampleThe secondary data of the National Survey on Women's Health and Life Experience, which included 980 Cambodian children aged 6–12 years whose mothers responded to questions, were analyzed.MeasurementsIPV was measured as any experience of physical or sexual violence against a woman by her husband. The children's behavioral problems were indicated by nightmares, bed‐wetting, timidity, and aggressive behavior as reported by their mothers.ResultsThe children of the women who had experienced sexual violence had a higher prevalence of nightmares (adjusted OR (aOR) = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.421–3.470), bed‐wetting (aOR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.398−3.308), and timidity (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.075–3.019) than those without reported IPV. The children of mothers who had experienced physical violence had a higher rate of aggression (OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.321–3.630).ConclusionThe Cambodian children exposed to IPV against their mothers experienced more behavioral problems. This study presents evidence to support changes in current policy to prevent violence and alleviate behavioral problems.
Developing and implementing a co‐curricular IPE program: AHEC Scholars Program
Authors: Moreno‐Vasquez Andrea , Gandara Eduardo , Idar Annette Z. , Recto Pamela , Zapata Jose , Lesser Janna 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs part of a new directive, the Human Resources Services Administration (HRSA) mandated Area Health Education Center (AHEC) Programs across the nation to implement an interprofessional education (IPE) program for health professional students, with the goal of fostering collaborative practice among health profession students and motivating students to work in medically underserved areas post‐graduation. The South Texas AHEC Program collaboratively developed and implemented a co‐curricular IPE initiative, the AHEC Scholars Program, including didactic and practicum components, focused on the needs of communities in our area. A pre‐post quasi‐experimental design was used to evaluate the student outcomes related to IPEC Competencies and knowledge and preparation for the practice of core topic areas mandated by HRSA. Student outcomes showed statistically significant improvement in all measures. In order to obtain more detailed accounts of students’ practicum experiences, students were asked to complete reflective journals after each practicum. The AHEC Scholars Program provides students with opportunities to work with underserved populations and enables students to explore the benefits of team‐based care. This article summarizes the collaborative process of the development and implementation of the AHEC Scholars Program; secondly, it details student outcomes from a 3‐month pilot study.
Building k‐partite association graphs for finding recommendation patterns from questionnaire data
Authors: Maduako Iyke , Gong Yaqi , Wachowicz Monica 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGraph‐pattern association rules have been explored for detecting frequent subgraph structures in real‐world network data, which can reveal new insights for decision‐making, recommender systems, and predictive models. However, questionnaire data have been neglected so far even though they are one of the most affordable ways to gather quantitative data. Questionnaires can cover every aspect of a topic, generating new strategies and trends for many organisations. The challenge is twofold: develop a model for handling nominal/Boolean data and ordinal data simultaneously, as well as multiple values assigned to a single item. In this article, the synergy between the well‐known Apriori algorithm and k‐partite graph modelling is proposed to discover frequent recommendation patterns from questionnaire data. Using graph centrality and similarity measures, the large number of association rules are further analysed to discover meaningful spatial structures in non‐metric spaces. Counting triangles is also used to uncover hidden thematic structures of link recommendations. We demonstrate how our proposed approach can be applied to a tourism questionnaire survey to reveal frequent patterns in k‐partite graphs, which can further be used for recommender systems.
Unraveling the relationship between geomorphodiversity and sediment connectivity in a small alpine catchment
Authors: Bollati Irene Maria , Cavalli Marco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMountain regions are characterized by a spatial geomorphic heterogeneity that confers on the environment a significant geomorphodiversity. A methodology based on a different scale/spatial/resolution approach is proposed to evaluate the relationship existing among geomorphodiversity, geomorphological processes. and sediment connectivity. Starting from the geomorphological mapping of the Veglia Devero Natural Park (Lepontine Alps), indexes of fragmentation (IFrm) and geomorphodiversity (IGmf) were computed. The results were used to select a meaningful sub‐area (Buscagna stream catchment) for calculating the index of connectivity (IC). The relationships among these three indexes are discussed, using a semi‐quantitative approach including descriptive statistics (i.e., box plot) and analysis of the different geomorphoconnectivity sectors, testifying to the role of geomorphic processes in regulating sediment fluxes and, consequently, controlling landscape units. IGmf turned out to be more conservative than IFrm and more management‐oriented for protected areas, while IC was confirmed to be particularly suitable to characterize connectivity in small mountain catchments featuring different geomorphic processes and a complex topography. This study suggests that coupling the sediment connectivity with the geomorphology and geomorphodiversity of a given area represents a quite novel approach that could be usefully applied in the framework of protected areas to investigate also biodiversity patterns and consequently environmental evolution in space and time.
Tools for Transport: Driven to Learn With Connected Vehicles
Authors: Morris Nichole , Craig Curtis , Mirman Jessica Hafetz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVehicle automation and assistance technologies have been touted as a means to reduce traffic collisions by minimizing or eliminating “error‐prone” and inefficient human operators. In concept, automation exists on a continuum that includes engaged driving by a human operator augmented by automated support features, vigilant driver monitoring of vehicle behavior with the possibility of driver take‐over, to full automation with no active monitoring by a human operator. Moreover, the degree of automation varies by vehicle features (e.g., lane centering, emergency braking, adaptive cruise control, parking), by setting, meaning that automated features may or may not be available depending on specific attributes of the traffic environment (e.g., traffic volume, road geometry, etc), and by implementation (e.g., haptic vs. auditory warnings). Thus, these automotive “transportation tools” are highly heterogeneous and pose unique challenges and opportunities for driver training. In this paper, we report the results of an experimental study (n = 36) to determine if enhanced vehicle feedback influences driver trust, effort, frustration, and performance (indexed by reaction time) in a virtual driving environment. Results are contextualized in the extant literature on learning to operate motor vehicles and outline key research questions essential for understanding the processes by which skilled performance develops with respect to a real‐world practical tool: the increasingly automated automobile.
Identification and characterization of xanthone biosynthetic genes contributing to the vivid red coloration of red‐flowered gentian
Authors: Sasaki Nobuhiro , Nemoto Keiichirou , Nishizaki Yuzo , Sugimoto Naoki , Tasaki Keisuke , Watanabe Aiko , Goto Fumina , Higuchi Atsumi , Morgan Ed , Hikage Takashi , Nishihara Masahiro 
Published: July 2021

SummaryCultivated Japanese gentians traditionally produce vivid blue flowers because of the accumulation of delphinidin‐based polyacylated anthocyanins. However, recent breeding programs developed several red‐flowered cultivars, but the underlying mechanism for this red coloration was unknown. Thus, we characterized the pigments responsible for the red coloration in these cultivars. A high‐performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, including flavones and xanthones, as well as the accumulation of colored cyanidin‐based anthocyanins. The chemical structures of two xanthone compounds contributing to the coloration of red‐flowered gentian petals were determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The compounds were identified as norathyriol 6‐O‐glucoside (i.e., tripteroside designated as Xt1) and a previously unreported norathyriol‐6‐O‐(6′‐O‐malonyl)‐glucoside (designated Xt2). The copigmentation effects of these compounds on cyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside were detected in vitro. Additionally, an RNA sequencing analysis was performed to identify the cDNAs encoding the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these xanthones. Recombinant proteins encoded by the candidate genes were produced in a wheat germ cell‐free protein expression system and assayed. We determined that a UDP‐glucose‐dependent glucosyltransferase (StrGT9) catalyzes the transfer of a glucose moiety to norathyriol, a xanthone aglycone, to produce Xt1, which is converted to Xt2 by a malonyltransferase (StrAT2). An analysis of the progeny lines suggested that the accumulation of Xt2 contributes to the vivid red coloration of gentian flowers. Our data indicate that StrGT9 and StrAT2 help mediate xanthone biosynthesis and contribute to the coloration of red‐flowered gentians via copigmentation effects.
The d‐mannose/l‐galactose pathway is the dominant ascorbate biosynthetic route in the moss Physcomitrium patens
Authors: Sodeyama Tsubasa , Nishikawa Hitoshi , Harai Kenji , Takeshima Daiki , Sawa Yoshihiro , Maruta Takanori , Ishikawa Takahiro 
Published: July 2021

SummaryAscorbate is an abundant and indispensable redox compound in plants. Genetic and biochemical studies have established the d‐mannose/l‐galactose (d‐Man/l‐Gal) pathway as the predominant ascorbate biosynthetic pathway in streptophytes, while the d‐galacturonate (d‐GalUA) pathway is found in prasinophytes and euglenoids. Based on the presence of the complete set of genes encoding enzymes involved in the d‐Man/l‐Gal pathway and an orthologous gene encoding aldonolactonase (ALase) – a key enzyme for the d‐GalUA pathway – Physcomitrium patens may possess both pathways. Here, we have characterized the moss ALase as a functional lactonase and evaluated the ascorbate biosynthesis capability of the two pathways using knockout mutants. Physcomitrium patens expresses two ALase paralogs, namely PpALase1 and PpALase2. Kinetic analyses with recombinant enzymes indicated that PpALase1 is a functional enzyme catalyzing the conversion of l‐galactonic acid to the final precursor l‐galactono‐1,4‐lactone and that it also reacts with dehydroascorbate as a substrate. Interestingly, mutants lacking PpALase1 (Δal1) showed 1.2‐fold higher total ascorbate content than the wild type, and their dehydroascorbate content was increased by 50% compared with that of the wild type. In contrast, the total ascorbate content of mutants lacking PpVTC2‐1 (Δvtc2‐1) or PpVTC2‐2 (Δvtc2‐2), which encode the rate‐limiting enzyme GDP‐l‐Gal phosphorylase in the d‐Man/l‐Gal pathway, was markedly decreased to 46 and 17%, respectively, compared with that of the wild type. Taken together, the dominant ascorbate biosynthetic pathway in P. patens is the d‐Man/l‐Gal pathway, not the d‐GalUA pathway, and PpALase1 may play a significant role in ascorbate metabolism by facilitating dehydroascorbate degradation rather than ascorbate biosynthesis.