bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Necrotising otitis externa: a serious condition becoming more frequently encountered
Authors: Eweiss A Z , Al-Aaraj M , Sethukumar P , Jama G 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundNecrotising otitis externa is an aggressive infection of the external ear, which extends to the surrounding bone and soft tissue. In recent years, there has been an apparent increase in the number of patients admitted to our hospital with this condition.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of all patients admitted to our hospital with necrotising otitis externa between July 2012 and June 2020.ResultsAmong 39 patients included, only 9 were diagnosed in the first four years, and 30 were diagnosed in the last four years. There were 27 males and 12 females, and the mean age was 78.7 years. There were six non-diabetic immunocompetent patients. Cranial nerve palsies developed in 50 per cent of the patients. Disease-related mortality was 7.7 per cent. A favourable outcome was recorded in 66.7 per cent of the patients.ConclusionNecrotising otitis externa is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The incidence of the disease is rising in our local geographical area.
The end of tracheostomal stenosis? Introducing the fish mouth technique
Authors: Gendeh H S , Azman M , Mat Baki M , Mohamed A S 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundPost-laryngectomy tracheostomal stenosis is common and often results in an inadequate airway. Several techniques have been described to minimise tracheostomal stenosis. The star technique involves an ‘X’ incision with four flaps sutured into the trachea. The petal technique involves two inferior flaps on either side being sutured into the trachea. The authors combined the star and petal techniques, resulting in an innovative fish mouth technique.Methods and resultsThis innovation involves two lateral skin flaps being sutured into an incision on either side of the lateral wall of the trachea. This results in an elongated, broadened and elliptical tracheostoma, mimicking that of a fish mouth.ConclusionBenefits of the fish mouth technique include adequate stoma size for respiration, easier clearing of secretions, self-sufficiency without a stent, easier cleaning of a tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis, and stoma occlusion for voice production. The fish mouth technique is easily reproducible and suitable for those with a voice prosthesis.
Validation of a COVID-19 self-assessment tool for the prediction of COVID-19 in a primary health care setting in Egypt
Authors: Abd El-Wahab Ekram W. , Metwally Mohammed 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground:As SARS-CoV-2 infection is sweeping the globe, early identification and timely management of infected patients will alleviate unmet health care demands and ultimately control of the disease. Remote COVID-19 self-assessment tools will offer a potential strategy for patient guidance on medical consultation versus home care without requiring direct attention from healthcare professionals.Objective(s):This study aimed to assess the validity and interrater reliability of the initial and modified versions of a COVID-19 self-assessment prediction tool introduced by the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) early in the epidemic. The scoring tool was released for the public through media outlets for remote self-assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection connecting patients with the appropriate level of care.Methods:We evaluated the initial score in the analysis of 818 consecutive cases presenting with symptoms suggesting COVID-19 in a single-primary health care clinic in Alexandria during the epidemic in Egypt (mid-February through July). Validity parameters, interrater agreement and accuracy of the score as a triage tool were calculated versus the COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test.Results:A total of 818 patients reporting symptoms potentially attributable to COVID-19 were enrolled. The initial tool correctly identified 296 of 390 COVID-19 PCR +ve cases (sensitivity = 75.9%, specificity = 42.3%, positive predictive value = 54.5%, negative predictive value = 65.8%). The modified versions of the MoHP triage score yielded comparable results albeit with a better accuracy during the late epidemic phase. Recent history of travel [OR (95% CI) = 12.1 (5.0–29.4)] and being a health care worker [OR (95% CI) = 5.8 (2.8–11.9)] were major predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection in early and late epidemic phases, respectively. On the other hand, direct contact with a respiratory infection case increased the risk of infection by three folds throughout the epidemic period.Conclusion:The tested score has a sufficient predictive value and potential as a triage tool in primary health care settings. Updated implementation of this home-grown tool will improve COVID-19 response at the primary health care level.
Estimating the impact of child and early adolescent depression on subsequent educational attainment: secondary analysis of an existing data linkage
Authors: Wickersham A. , Ford T. , Stewart R. , Downs J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Aims
Depression is thought to be associated with lower subsequent educational attainment during school. But, without longitudinal studies which take account of prior attainment and other potential confounders, estimates of the impact of clinically recognised depression in childhood and early adolescence are unknown. We investigated whether a clinical diagnosis of depression is associated with lower subsequent educational attainment, and whether the association is modified by gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of an existing administrative data linkage between national educational data and a large mental healthcare provider in London, UK (2007–2013). Depression diagnosis before age 15 (exposure) was measured from electronic health records, and subsequent educational attainment at age 15–16 (outcome) was measured from educational records. We fitted logistic regression models and adjusted for gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, relative age in school year, neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosis and prior attainment. We investigated effect modifiers using interaction terms.

Results
In total, n = 63 623 were included in analysis, of whom n = 242 had record of a depression diagnosis before age 15. Depression was associated with lower odds of subsequently achieving expected attainment levels in national exams, after adjustment for all covariates (odds ratio = 0.60, 95% confidence interval = 0.43 to 0.84, p = 0.003). There was no evidence that gender, ethnicity or socioeconomic status modified this association.

Conclusions
These findings support a relationship between depression and lower subsequent educational attainment. This highlights the need for tailored educational interventions to support children and adolescents with depression, particularly in the lead up to key educational milestones.
Critical timing of weed removal in dry bean as influenced by the use of preemergence herbicides
Authors: Beiermann Clint W. , Miranda Joshua W.A. , Creech Cody F. , Knezevic Stevan Z. , Jhala Amit J. , Harveson Robert , Lawrence Nevin C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe critical timing of weed removal (CTWR) is the point in crop development when weed control must be initiated to prevent crop yield loss due to weed competition. A field study was conducted in 2018 and 2020 near Scottsbluff, NE, to determine how the use of preemergence herbicides affects the CTWR in dry bean. The experiment was arranged as a split plot, with herbicide treatment and weed removal timing as main and sub-plot factors, respectively. Herbicide treatments consisted of no-preemergence application, or pendimethalin (1,070 g ai ha–1) + dimethenamid-P (790 g ai ha–1) applied preemergence. Sub-plot treatments included season-long weed-free, weed removal at: V1, V3, V6, R2, and R5 dry bean growth stages, and a season-long weedy control. A four-parameter logistic model was used to estimate the impact of time of weed removal, for all response variables including dry bean yield, dry bean plants m–1 row, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight. The CTWR based on 5% yield reduction was estimated to range from the V1 growth stage [(16 d after emergence (DAE)] to the R1 growth stage (39 DAE) in the no-preemergence herbicide treatment. In the preemergence-applied treatment, the CTWR began at the R2 growth stage (47 DAE). Number of dry bean plants m–1 row was reduced in the no-preemergence treatment when weed removal was delayed beyond the R2 growth stage in the 2020 field season. The use of preemergence herbicides prevented a reduction in the number of pods per plant in 2020, and the number of seeds per pod in 2018 and 2020. In 2018, the number of pods per plant was reduced by 73% when no preemergence herbicide was applied, compared to 26% in the preemergence-applied treatment. The use of preemergence-applied soil-active herbicides in dry bean delayed the CTWR and preserved yield potential.
Evolution of a Shallow Volcanic Arc Pluton During Arc Migration: A Tectono‐Thermal Integrated Study of the St. Martin Granodiorites (Northern Lesser Antilles)
Authors: Noury Mélanie , Philippon Mélody , Cornée Jean‐Jacques , Bernet Matthias , Bruguier Olivier , Montheil Leny , Legendre Lucie , Dugamin Elza , Bonno Michael , Münch Philippe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA new data set combining thermobarometry, geo‐thermochronology, chronostratigraphic, and structural analyses highlights the tectono‐thermal evolution of the St. Martin granodiorite from its emplacement to its surface exposure. The described vertical motions in this part of the upper plate of the Lesser Antilles subduction zone since 30 Myrs are linked to the migration of the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc toward the plate interior. Results suggest that the St. Martin granodioritic pluton emplaced at 4–5 km depth and underwent a four‐step history: (a) 30–27 Ma, emplacement along N20–40° transtensive structures oblique to the trench followed by, (b) 27–24 Ma, rapid post‐emplacement cooling and exhumation (∼0.6 mm/yr) controlled by perpendicular to the trench N45° trending structures, (c) 24–9 Ma, slow subsidence (0.01 mm/yr) and development of carbonate platforms associated to tectonic quiescence, westward migration of the arc, and subsequent cooling of the crust, (d) 9 Ma to present‐day, exhumation (∼0.25 mm/yr) and uplift of Neogene carbonate platforms mainly along N45° faults that likely accommodate the progressive trench curvature since 30 Ma. Pecube forward modeling using this scenario reproduces both the observed present‐day geometry and thermochronometric ages. A similar sequence of events is observed in the Virgin Islands. Along with our new data, this suggests a southward migration of the deformation associated with the opening of the Anegada Trough.
Mantle Structure and Flow Across the Continent‐Ocean Transition of the Eastern North American Margin: Anisotropic S‐Wave Tomography
Authors: Brunsvik Brennan R. , Eilon Zachary C. , Lynner Colton 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLittle has been seismically imaged through the lithosphere and mantle at rifted margins across the continent‐ocean transition. A 2014–2015 community seismic experiment deployed broadband seismic instruments across the shoreline of the eastern North American rifted margin. Previous shear‐wave splitting along the margin shows several perplexing patterns of anisotropy, and by proxy, mantle flow. Neither margin parallel offshore fast azimuths nor null splitting on the continental coast obviously accord with absolute plate motion, paleo‐spreading, or rift‐induced anisotropy. Splitting measurements, however, offer no depth constraints on anisotropy. Additionally, mantle structure has not yet been imaged in detail across the continent‐ocean transition. We used teleseismic S, SKS, SKKS, and PKS splitting and differential travel times recorded on ocean‐bottom seismometers, regional seismic networks, and EarthScope Transportable Array stations to conduct joint isotropic/anisotropic tomography across the margin. The velocity model reveals a transition from fast, thick, continental keel to low velocity, thinned lithosphere eastward. Imaged short wavelength velocity anomalies can be largely explained by edge‐driven convection or shear‐driven upwelling. We also find that layered anisotropy is prevalent across the margin. The anisotropic fast polarization is parallel to the margin within the asthenosphere. This suggests margin parallel flow beneath the plate. The lower oceanic lithosphere preserves paleo‐spreading‐parallel anisotropy, while the continental lithosphere has complex anisotropy reflecting several Wilson cycles. These results demonstrate the complex and active nature of a margin which is traditionally considered tectonically inactive.
California's Volatile Hydroclimate: Lessons From the Paleoclimate Record
Authors: Johnson Kathleen R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractClimate change is expected to decrease mean precipitation in California, but changes in hydroclimate extremes are likely to have more immediate and significant impacts on California water resources, ecosystems, and economy. Paleoclimate records can provide valuable baseline data for constraining natural hydroclimate variability and improving climate projections, but quantitative precipitation records are limited. A new study by de Wet et al. (2021) provides the first semi‐quantitative record of early Holocene precipitation in central California, based on speleothem calcium isotope (δ44Ca) variations, that indicates that precipitation variability during and preceding the 8.2 kyr event approached or exceeded that of recent decades. This study outlines a new approach for developing more robust and quantitative hydroclimate records, and also highlights that precipitation “whiplash” is a ubiquitous feature of California's climate that we must prepare for, especially given the likelihood that human‐caused climate change is already increasing the frequency and severity of hydrologic extremes.
Electron Acceleration by Magnetosonic Waves in the Deep Inner Belt (L = 1.5–2) Region During Geomagnetic Storm of August 2018
Authors: Zhang Zhenxia , Xiang Zheng , Wang Yongfu , Ni Binbin , Li Xinqiao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe relativistic electron acceleration in the inner radiation belt have received little attention in the past due to sparse measurements. The 90° minimum pitch angle distributions of electrons in extremely low L‐shells during storms are speculated to be preferentially heated by fast magnetosonic waves. The high‐quality measurements of relativistic electrons by instruments onboard Van Allen Probes and ZH–1 provide a great opportunity to investigate the dynamics of relativistic electrons in the inner radiation belt. At extremely low L‐shells (L 2), a weak flux enhancement (increased by 2–3 times) of 100s keV electrons and the corresponding formation of butterfly PADs are observed during the major geomagnetic storm (minimum Dst ≈ −179 nT) occurred in August 2018. Simultaneously the magnetosonic waves, accompanied with weak hiss waves, were observed also in such low L‐shells. Combining with a numerical simulation of wave and particle interaction model, magnetosonic waves are thought to play an important role in electron acceleration and formation of butterfly PADs during this storm, which is the first direct observation in such low L‐shells.
Influences of Deep‐Water Seamounts on the Hydrodynamic Environment in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Jiang Xingliang , Dong Changming , Ji Yuxiang , Wang Chunsheng , Shu Yeqiang , Liu Lingxiao , Ji Jinlin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe presence of seamounts impacts the ocean's hydrodynamic environment. A 5‐year numerical simulation is conducted over the Northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWPO) to investigate the influence of seamounts. The results are validated against satellite remote sensing data and in‐situ measurements. Sensitivity experiments show that the presence of seamounts increases the complexity of the flow field, leading to enhanced relative vorticity, divergence, and strain rate. Additionally, eddy activity is enhanced while eddy propagation is suppressed. Five main physical processes that affect the hydrodynamic environment are examined around the Caiwei (CS), Weijia (WS) and Niulang (NS) seamounts. (a) Seamount‐induced negative vorticities are found above the three seamounts most of the time and extend to about 600 m above the summit of the seamounts; (b) density fronts, a few kilometers in width, are present in the bottom boundary layer of the three seamounts, with accompanying jets occurring at the same locations; (c) seamount‐induced topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) signals are extracted when a 7‐ to 10‐day band‐pass filter is applied to the temperature and velocity anomaly fields around CS (WS and NS) at 5,350 m (5,350 m and 4,500 m); (d) seamount‐eddy interactions result in abundant eddies generated and trapped around the three seamounts; and (e) lee waves are found at the three seamounts. The systematic discussion of these physical processes near the deep seamounts provides a new understanding of how these processes enhance biological connectivity among seamounts.
Roles of Terrain, Surface Roughness, and Cold Pool Outflows in an Extreme Rainfall Event Over the Coastal Region of South China
Authors: Li Huiqi , Huang Yongjie , Hu Sheng , Wu Naigeng , Liu Xiantong , Xiao Hui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn extreme rainfall event with maximum 12 hr accumulated rainfall of 464.8 mm associated with a quasi‐stationary mesoscale convective system occurred over the western coastal region of South China in June 2017. An observational analysis shows that early convective storms were initiated near the mountains and moved northeastwards. Moreover, a convergence line between cold northerly winds and warm southerly winds in the lower levels was formed, which favored the development of the quasi‐stationary system. Cold northerly winds were associated with land breeze, downslope winds as well as previous rainfall during earlier period, and cold pool outflows during later period. Cloud‐resolving simulations were performed to examine the roles of terrain, land‐sea surface roughness contrast, and cold pool outflows in the formation of heavy rainfall. Results demonstrate that land‐sea surface roughness contrast and mountains in the middle of Yangjiang and Jiangmen facilitated the formation of the convergence line during earlier period, and cold pool outflows sustained it during later period. Besides orographic lifting, coastal hills helped reduce the stability. Mountains in the middle of Yangjiang hindered the movement of the convective system, without which the associated heavy rainfall would shift farther north. Mt. Tianlu with westward concave morphology played a vital role in the formation of local convergence and the concentration of heavy rainfall. Without it, the total rainfall in the region of interest was reduced. This study suggests the importance of representing processes associated with the complex underlying surface in models for the prediction of heavy rainfall in coastal regions.
Improved Estimation of Glacial‐Earthquake Size Through New Modeling of the Seismic Source
Authors: Olsen Kira G. , Nettles Meredith , Cathles L. Mac , Burton Justin C. , Murray Tavi , James Timothy D. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe number of gigaton‐sized iceberg‐calving events occurring annually at Greenland glaciers is increasing, part of a larger trend of accelerating mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Though visual observation of large calving events is rare, ∼60 glacial earthquakes generated by these calving events are currently recorded each year by regional and global seismic stations. An empirical relationship between iceberg size and MCSF, a summary measure of glacial‐earthquake size, was recently demonstrated by Olsen and Nettles (2019), https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005054. However, MCSF is known to be sensitive to choices made in modeling the seismic source. We incorporate constraints on the seismic source from laboratory studies of calving and test multiple source time functions using synthetic and observed glacial‐earthquake waveforms. We find that a simple, fixed time function with a shape informed by laboratory results greatly improves estimates of earthquake size. The average ratio of estimated to true peak force values is 1.03 for experiments using our preferred source model, compared with an average of 0.3 for models used in previous studies. We find that maximum‐force values estimated from waveform modeling depend far less on model choices than does MCSF, and therefore prefer maximum force as a measure of glacial‐earthquake size. Using both synthetic and real data, we confirm a correlation between maximum force and iceberg mass. Our results support the possibility of developing useful scaling relationships between seismic observables and physical parameters controlling glacier calving.
Two‐Phase Relative Permeability of Rough‐Walled Fractures: A Dynamic Pore‐Scale Modeling of the Effects of Aperture Geometry
Authors: Gong Yanbin , Sedghi Mohammad , Piri Mohammad 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn accurate description of the relative permeability–saturation function is crucial for reliable predictions of multi‐phase flow behavior in subsurface applications. Although extensive efforts have been put forth to investigate the relative permeability behavior in different types of porous media, only few studies have focused on rough‐walled fractures. In this work, we present an entirely new, cost‐effective, heavily‐parallelized, dynamic pore‐network modeling framework that is employed to conduct a systematic study of relative permeability curves under two‐phase flow conditions in rough‐walled fractures. We first build a two‐dimensional (101.42 × 24.86 mm2) equivalent pore network of a Berea sandstone fracture from its x‐ray images. Subsequently, dynamic primary drainage and imbibition simulations are conducted in the fracture. We show that the two‐phase fluid occupancy maps predicted from the simulations agree well with the fracture fluid configurations obtained via X‐ray computed tomography. Afterward, the validated model is used to probe two‐phase flow properties in a series of synthetic aperture fields generated with a broad range of geometric characteristics including aperture spatial correlation length (normalized correlation length varying from 0.05 to 0.95), anisotropy factor (0.25–4), surface roughness (normalized fracture roughness varying from 0.05 to 0.4), and mean aperture size (50–800 μm). The generated results provide novel insights into the effects of these features on two‐phase flow properties such as fluid–fluid interfacial area, phase interference, and relative permeability. Moreover, based on the simulation results we propose two new correlations to describe the relative permeability curves for primary drainage and imbibition processes in rough‐walled fractures.