bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stepwise artificial evolution of an Sw‐5b immune receptor extends its resistance spectrum against resistance‐breaking isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus
Authors: Huang Haining , Huang Shen , Li Jia , Wang Huiyuan , Zhao Yaqian , Feng Mingfeng , Dai Jing , Wang Tongkai , Zhu Min , Tao Xiaorong 
Published: May 2021

SummaryPlants use intracellular nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) to recognize pathogen‐encoded effectors and initiate immune responses. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which has been found to infect >1000 plant species, is among the most destructive plant viruses worldwide. The Sw‐5b is the most effective and widely used resistance gene in tomato breeding to control TSWV. However, broad application of tomato cultivars carrying Sw‐5b has resulted in an emergence of resistance‐breaking (RB) TSWV. Therefore, new effective genes are urgently needed to prevent further RB TSWV outbreaks. In this study, we conducted artificial evolution to select Sw‐5b mutants that could extend the resistance spectrum against TSWV RB isolates. Unlike regular NLRs, Sw‐5b detects viral elicitor NSm using both the N‐terminal Solanaceae‐specific domain (SD) and the C‐terminal LRR domain in a two‐step recognition process. Our attempts to select gain‐of‐function mutants by random mutagenesis involving either the SD or the LRR of Sw‐5b failed; therefore, we adopted a stepwise strategy, first introducing a NSmRB‐responsive mutation at the R927 residue in the LRR, followed by random mutagenesis involving the Sw‐5b SD domain. Using this strategy, we obtained Sw‐5bL33P/K319E/R927A and Sw‐5bL33P/K319E/R927Q mutants, which are effective against TSWV RB carrying the NSmC118Y or NSmT120N mutation, and against other American‐type tospoviruses. Thus, we were able to extend the resistance spectrum of Sw‐5b; the selected Sw‐5b mutants will provide new gene resources to control RB TSWV.
Higher frequency of circulating Vδ1 γδT cells in patients with advanced schistosomiasis
Authors: Zheng Li , Wang Lixia , Hu Yuan , Yi Jia , Wan Lun , Shen Yujuan , Liu Si , Zhou Xiaorong , Cao Jianping 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGamma‐delta (γδ) T cells are the bridge between natural and adaptive immunity. In the present study, peripheral blood was collected from 13 patients with advanced schistosomiasis (schistosomiasis group) and 13 uninfected people (control group) to investigate the γδ T cells and their subtypes in human schistosomiasis. Compared with the control group, the proportion of Vδ1 cells and CD27+Vδ1+ cells in the schistosomiasis group increased significantly, while CD27− cells and CD27−Vδ1− cells decreased. Only the level of IL‐17A differed between the groups, being significantly decreased in the schistosomiasis group. In the schistosomiasis group, there were no correlations between the liver fibrosis and subsets of γδ T cells, or the level of cytokines. Additionally, the level of IL‐17A correlated positively with the proportion of CD27− Vδ1− cells. Thus, there was a higher frequency of circulating Vδ1 γδT cells in patients with advanced schistosomiasis. The decreased IL‐17A might be related to the reduction in CD27−Vδ1− cell.
Oomycete species associated with Theobroma cacao crops in Colombia
Authors: Ramírez Martínez Julie , Cárdenas Toquica Martha , Guevara‐Suarez Marcela , Duarte Diannefair , Victorino Jimenez Laura Daniela , Argüello Bernal Bibian Katherine , Gutiérrez Rodríguez Edwin , Restrepo Restrepo Silvia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe study of oomycetes associated with crops is highly important due to the economic losses they might cause. In cacao, the genus Phytophthora has been extensively studied, but little is known about other genera and species of oomycetes associated with this plant. This study aimed to determine the oomycetes’ diversity present in Colombian cacao crops. A total of 146 isolates were obtained from diseased plants and soil in 11 departments. Analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (coxI) sequences was performed along with the assessment of morphological characteristics. Nine species were identified, distributed in four genera: Phytophthora (P. palmivora, 54%; P. nicotianae, 1%), Phytopythium (Phy. chamaehyphon, 15%; Phy. cucurbitacearum, 9%; Phy. vexans, 7%; Phy. helicoides, 1%), Globisporangium (G. splendens, 3%), and Pythium (Py. delicense, 1%; Py. inflatum,1%). Additionally, an unidentified and possibly new species of Phytophthora (5%) and three unidentified species of Phytopythium (3%) were found. This is the first report of Globisporangium, Phytopythium, and Pythium in cacao crops of Colombia and the first report of the species Phy. chamaehyphon in the country. Interestingly, some isolates of Phytopythium spp. were isolated from necrotic leaves and vascular section of stems, which may suggest a role in cacao diseases traditionally associated with Phytophthora. Also, it is proposed that the new species of Phytophthora may be contributing significantly to black pod disease in Colombian cacao crops, and we highlight that the study of P. palmivora is urgent because of its distribution all over the country.
Source‐to‐sink analysis for the mud and sand in the late‐Quaternary Qiantang River incised‐valley fill and its implications for delta‐shelf–estuary dispersal systems globally
Authors: Zhang Xia , Lin Chun‐Ming , Dalrymple Robert W. , Yang Shou‐Ye 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Changjiang (i.e. the Yangtze River) debouches a huge amount of sediment to the East China Sea and exerts a significant effect on the evolution of the down‐drift Qiantang River system. This study quantitatively documents the temporal change in the import of Changjiang sand and mud to the late Quaternary Qiantang River incised valley by establishing separate mixing models based on zircon U‐Pb ages for the sand and trace‐element compositions of the mud fraction. Results indicate that the Qiantang River provided all of the sediment to its valley before ca 8.0 cal kyr bp. However, its sediment proportion decreases upward due to the onset of export of sediment from the Changjiang after its delta had prograded sufficiently. Changjiang mud, a major component (ca 87%) of the Changjiang‐derived sediment, is considered to be primarily supplied through the resuspension and landward transportation of sediment from the inner‐shelf mud wedge in the East China Sea by flood‐tidal currents and waves. Changjiang sand, which arrived in the Qiantang River valley later than the mud, is interpreted to be derived from the reworking of older deposits on the East China Sea shelf and along the northern margin of the Qiantang River estuary. In the later part of the valley fill, Qiantang River sediment is only ca 9% of the Changjiang contribution, although Qiantang River mud has begun to be exported recently. The Changjiang contribution to the Qiantang River system constitutes ca 50% of the total sediment load discharged by the Changjiang during the 8–6 cal kyr bp period, but <4% since 6 cal kyr bp. This study illustrates the need to exercise caution when interpreting compositional data from linked coastal‐shelf sediment‐dispersal systems with significant along‐coast transport, and is expected to be applicable in a general way to other linked river–coastal‐shelf systems.
Redistribution and Insurance in Welfare States around the World*
Authors: Bartels Charlotte , Neumann Dirk 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRedistribution across individuals within the framework of a one‐year period is an empirically intensely studied question. However, a substantial share of annual redistribution might turn out to serve individual insurance in a longer perspective, reducing the level of actual redistribution across individuals. In this paper, we investigate to what extent long‐run redistribution diverges from annual redistribution in welfare states of different types. Exploiting panel data from the Cross‐National Equivalent File (CNEF) for Australia, Germany, South Korea, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, we find that welfare states such as Germany that are assumed to engage in a high level of redistribution actually achieve relatively less redistribution between individuals in the long run than the United Kingdom or the United States. Regression results show that a higher share of elderly in a country is associated with more annual redistribution, but with less long‐run redistribution between individuals. The results suggest that, in welfare states with aging populations, we might expect growing annual redistribution that, to a substantial extent, is in fact income smoothing for the elderly.
Pregnancy after CMV infection following uterus transplantation: A case report from the Dallas Uterus Transplant Study
Authors: Rosenzweig Matthew , Wall Anji , Spak Cedric W. , Testa Giuliano , Johannesson Liza 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUterus transplantation is a repeatedly proven treatment for women with absolute uterine‐factor infertility, which is the congenital or acquired absence of the uterus, who desire to carry, and ultimately deliver, a child. No stranger to the field of transplant or obstetrics is cytomegalovirus. Cytomegalovirus is both a frequent complication after transplant, presenting as an opportunistic infection, and a common congenital disease in the newborn child from pregnancy. To date, there have been no reported cases of pregnancy following uterus transplantation from cytomegalovirus‐positive donors into cytomegalovirus‐negative recipients. We present a case report describing our experience of a cytomegalovirus‐negative recipient, transplanted with a uterus from a cytomegalovirus‐positive living donor, and subsequently diagnosed with active cytomegalovirus infection despite prophylactic treatment. She was treated for infection prior to embryo transfer and carried a healthy child to term. This case suggests transplanting a cytomegalovirus‐positive uterus into a negative donor is possible to do safely.
Ectopic expression of the Arabidopsis florigen gene FLOWERING LOCUST in seeds enhances seed dormancy via the GA and DOG1 pathways
Authors: Chen Fengying , Li Yu , Li Xiaoying , Li Wenlong , Xu Jimei , Cao Hong , Wang Zhi , Li Yong , Soppe Wim J.J. , Liu Yongxiu 
Published: May 2021

SUMMARYEctopic expression of specific genes in seeds could be a tool for molecular design of crops to alter seed dormancy and germination, thereby improving production. Here, a seed‐specific vector, 12S‐pLEELA, was applied to study the roles of genes in Arabidopsis seeds. Transgenic lines containing FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) driven by the 12S promoter exhibited significantly increased seed dormancy and earlier flowering. Mutated FT(Y85H) and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) transgenic lines also showed increased seed dormancy but without altered flowering time. FT(Y85H) and TFL1 caused weaker seed dormancy enhancement compared to FT. The FT and TFL1 transgenic lines showed hypersensitivity to paclobutrazol, but not to abscisic acid in seed germination. The levels of bioactive gibberellin 3 (GA3) and GA4 were significantly reduced, consistent with decreased expression of COPALYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (CPS), KAURENE OXIDASE (KO), GIBBERELLIN 3‐OXIDASE2 (GA3ox2), and GA20ox1 in p12S::FT lines. Exogenous GA4+7 could recover the germination ability of FT transgenic lines. These results revealed that FT regulates GA biosynthesis. A genetic analysis indicated that the GA signaling regulator SPINDLY (SPY) is epistatic to FT in GA‐mediated seed germination. Furthermore, DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) showed significantly higher transcript levels in p12S::FT lines. Seed dormancy analysis of dog1‐2 spy‐3 p12S::FT‐2 indicated that the combination of SPY and DOG1 is epistatic to FT in the regulation of dormancy. Overall, we showed that ectopic expression of FT and TFL1 in seeds enhances dormancy through affecting GA and DOG1 pathways.
Use of convalescent plasma inCOVID‐19 patients with immunosuppression
Authors: Senefeld Jonathon W. , Klassen Stephen A. , Ford Shane K. , Senese Katherine A. , Wiggins Chad C. , Bostrom Bruce C. , Thompson Michael A. , Baker Sarah E. , Nicholson Wayne T. , Johnson Patrick W. , Carter Rickey E. , Henderson Jeffrey P. , Hartman William R. , Pirofski Liise‐anne , Wright R. Scott , Fairweather De Lisa , Bruno Katelyn A. , Paneth Nigel S. , Casadevall Arturo , Joyner Michael J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the absence of effective countermeasures, human convalescent plasma has been widely used to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causative agent of novel coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19), including among patients with innate or acquired immunosuppression. However, the association between COVID‐19‐associated mortality in patients with immunosuppression and therapeutic use of convalescent plasma is unknown. We review 75 reports, including one large matched‐control registry study of 143 COVID‐19 patients with hematological malignancies, and 51 case reports and 23 case series representing 238 COVID‐19 patients with immunosuppression. We review clinical features and treatment protocols of COVID‐19 patients with immunosuppression after treatment with human convalescent plasma. We also discuss the time course and clinical features of recovery. The available data from case reports and case series provide evidence suggesting a mortality benefit and rapid clinical improvement in patients with several forms of immunosuppression following COVID‐19 convalescent plasma transfusion. The utility of convalescent plasma or other forms of antibody therapy in immune‐deficient and immune‐suppressed patients with COVID‐19 warrants further investigation.
A multicenter retrospective study into endogenous causes of uveitis in cats in the United Kingdom: Ninety two cases
Authors: Wegg Michaela L. , Jeanes Emily C. , Pollard Danica , Fleming Lorraine , Dawson Charlotte 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the most common causes of endogenous feline uveitis in a UK referral population and to investigate associations based on signalment.MethodsRetrospective multicenter cross‐sectional study from 2010 to 2019 including cats presented to the Animal Health Trust and the Royal Veterinary College with clinical signs consistent with uveitis. Cats were included in analyzes if they had a full physical examination including an ophthalmic examination, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and infectious disease testing for at least two diseases unless the diagnosis was found on clinical examination (eg, neoplasia).ResultsA total of 92 cats were included in the study. The majority of cats presenting with uveitis were male (66.3%). The most common causes of endogenous uveitis were idiopathic uveitis (42/92 45.7%), feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) 15/92 16.3%), and lymphoma (10/92 10.9%). Fisher's exact test showed differences in breed across diagnosis groups (p = .002) with purebred cats being overrepresented in the lymphoma and FIP groups. Kruskal‐Wallis test showed differences in median age across diagnosis groups (p < .001) with cats in the FIP group having the youngest age (median 1.4 years, interquartile range (IQR) 0.4–1.8 years) and cats in the neoplasia (primary or paraneoplastic) group having the oldest age (median 12.8 IQR 10.8–13.8). Idiopathic uveitis was unilateral in 56.1% of cases, and infectious causes were unilateral in 47.8% of cases.ConclusionsThe most common cause of endogenous uveitis in a population of cats in the UK was idiopathic uveitis, followed by FIP and lymphoma.
Transmissibility Enhanced Inverse Chatter Stability Solution
Authors: Liu Yen-Po , Altintas Yusuf 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The structural dynamics of a machine tool at the tool center point characterizes its vibration response and machining stability which affects productivity. The dynamics are mostly dominated by the spindle-holder-tool assembly whose main vibration mode can change during machining due to centrifugal forces, thermal expansion, and gyroscopic moments generated at high spindle speeds. This paper proposes the identification of the spindle’s in-process modal parameters: natural frequency, damping ratio, and modal constant, by using a limited number of vibration transmissibility and critical chatter stability measurements. The classical inverse stability solution, which tunes the modal parameters to minimize prediction errors in chatter stability limits, is augmented with vibration transmissibility under two methods: (1) transmissibility-enhanced inverse stability solution: the modal parameters are updated to minimize prediction errors in chatter stability, and vibration transmissibility; (2) artificial neural network (ANN)-integrated inverse stability solution: the ANN uses vibration transmissibility to estimate the natural frequency and damping ratio, such that the inverse stability solution only needs to identify the modal constant. While both methods are experimentally validated, it is shown that the transmissibility-enhanced inverse stability solution is a more effective approach than the time-consuming ANN alternative for the estimation of in-process spindle dynamics.
FE analysis of the effects of process representations on the prediction of residual stresses and chip morphology in the down-milling of Ti6Al4V
Authors: Tounsi Nejah , El-Wardany Tahany 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Part I of these two-part papers will investigate the effect of three FEM representations of the milling process on the prediction of chip morphology and residual stresses (RS), when down-milling small uncut chips with thickness in the micrometer range and finite cutting edge radius. They are: i) orthogonal cutting with the mean uncut chip thickness t, obtained by averaging the uncut chip thickness over the cutting length, ii) orthogonal cutting with variable t, which characterizes the down-milling process and which is imposed on a flat surface of the final workpiece, and iii) modelling the true kinematics of the down milling process. The appropriate constitutive model is identified through 2D FEM investigation of the effects of selected constitutive equations and failure models on the prediction of RS and chip morphology in the dry orthogonal machining of Ti6Al4V and comparison to experimental measurements. The chip morphology and RS prediction capability of these representations is assessed using the available set of experimental data. Models featuring variable chip thickness have revealed the transition from continuous chip formation to the rubbing mode and have improved the predictions of residual stresses. The use of sequential cuts is necessary to converge toward experimental data.
Traditional Lègong Dance Training Is Superior to Moderate Aerobic Training on Physical Fitness Improvement Among Young Girls
Authors: Griadhi I Putu Adiartha , Adiatmika I Putu Gede , Tirtayasa I Ketut 
Published: May 2021

Background: Légong dance is a famous Balinese dance with a dynamic movement. It potentially becomes an exercise of choice to improve young girls’ physical fitness. This study aimed to evaluate légong dance training’s effect on physical fitness compared with aerobic training. Methods: Forty young girls were randomly assigned to the aerobic training (AG) and lègong dance (DG) group and trained with jogging and lègong dancing at moderate-intensity aerobic training. Each was carried out for 30 minutes, 3 times a week, for 6 weeks. Result: Aerobic capacity (estimated maximal oxygen consumption) improved significantly in AG and DG, with a mean difference and Cohen d effect size of 0.36 mL/kg/min and 0.68. The back- and leg-muscle strength increased significantly in DG and AG, with a mean difference of 5.55 kg and 6.67 kg, and an effect size of 0.69 and 0.77. Balance improved significantly in DG and AG, with a mean difference of 21.26 seconds and an effect size of 1.05. All significant values are reported at P < .05. There were no significant improvements in arm muscle strength, body fat percentage, and flexibility in either group (P > .05). Conclusion: Lègong dance training results in significant physical fitness improvement and better results than aerobic training.
Stress-Associated Molecular and Cellular Hippocampal Mechanisms Common for Epilepsy and Comorbid Depressive Disorders
Authors: Gulyaeva Natalia V. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The review discusses molecular and cellular mechanisms common to the temporal lobe epileptogenesis/epilepsy and depressive disorders. Comorbid temporal lobe epilepsy and depression are associated with dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Excessive glucocorticoids disrupt the function and impair the structure of the hippocampus, a brain region key to learning, memory, and emotions. Selective vulnerability of the hippocampus to stress, mediated by the reception of glucocorticoid hormones secreted during stress, is the price of the high functional plasticity and pleiotropy of this limbic structure. Common molecular and cellular mechanisms include the dysfunction of glucocorticoid receptors, neurotransmitters, and neurotrophic factors, development of neuroinflammation, leading to neurodegeneration and loss of hippocampal neurons, as well as disturbances in neurogenesis in the subgranular neurogenic niche and formation of aberrant neural networks. These glucocorticoid-dependent processes underlie altered stress response and the development of chronic stress-induced comorbid pathologies, in particular, temporal lobe epilepsy and depressive disorders.
AB0763 IGG4-RELATED CORONARY PERIARTERITIS: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW WITH OUR CASE SERIES
Authors: Ito T. , Fukui S. , Kanie T. , Nakai T. , Kidoguchi G. , Ozawa H. , Kawaai S. , Ikeda Y. , Koido A. , Haji Y. , Nomura A. , Tamaki H. , Yamaguchi K. , Okada M. 
Published: May 2021

Background:Coronary periarteritis is one of the clinical manifestations of IgG4-related disease. It can cause serious conditions such as angina and ruptured aneurysms. Therefore, it is important to recognize the clinical and radiological characteristics, which was little known.Objectives:We report four patients with IgG4-related coronary periarteritis with a systematic literature review.Methods:We identified four patients with IgG4-related coronary periarteritis at the St. Luke’s International Hospital in Tokyo, Japan from 2014 to 2020. A systematic literature review was conducted for English articles on IgG4-related coronary periarteritis cases with a full text or abstract available. We summarized patient demographics, IgG and IgG4 titers, the site and morphological type of coronary lesion, and other organ involvements.Results:Our 4 cases and 38 cases identified by the literature review were assessed. Coronary artery lesions were detected by a coronary CT in all but two cases. Wall thickening was the most common type of the lesion. Moreover, there were 32 (76.1%) patients with other organ involvements. The commonest other lesion was peri-aortitis in 21 (50.0%) patients. In cases with peri-aortitis, IgG and IgG4 titers were significantly higher than those without peri-aortitis (IgG4; 1540 [705.0, 2570.0] vs 246.0 [160.0, 536.3]; p = 0.001, IgG; 3596.5 [2838.3, 4260.0] vs 1779.0 [1288.3, 1992.8]; p =0.040). In addition, 15 (71.4%) patients of them had three or more IgG4 related organ involvements.Conclusion:Coronary CT was a useful imaging modality for the diagnosis of IgG4-related coronary periarteritis, and wall thickening was the most common lesion. Moreover, about half cases coexisted with peri-aortitis. Peri-aortitis and other organ involvements should be screened in those with higher IgG and IgG4.Table 1.Characteristics of our cases and the literature review cases.RCA: right coronary artery, LAD: left anterior descending artery, LCx: left circumflex arteryDisclosure of Interests:None declared