bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence and copyright
Authors: Prylypko Daryna 
Published: July 2021

Key words: copyright, work, artificial intelligence, computer program
In the article, the problemsof legislation of Ukraine regarding the issues of copyright on works created due to artificialintelligence were analyzed. Particularly, who is the owner of copyright ofworks created due to artificial intelligence. On the one hand, it could be a developer ofa computer program, from the other hand, it could be a client or an employer. Because,it could happen that there is a situation when robots created something newand original, e.g., how it happened with the project “New Rembrandt”. In this case,computers created a unique portrait of Rembrandt. And here is a question, where isin this portrait original and intellectual works of developers of these computers andprograms. In the contrast, this portrait could be created without people who developedspecial machines, programs, and computers. The article’s author proposes to addinto Ukrainian legislation with following norm: the owner of the copyright createddue to artificial intelligence should be a natural person who uses artificial intelligencefor these purposes within the official relationship or on the basis of a contract. In caseof automatic generation of such work by artificial intelligence, the owner of copyrightshould be the developer.Also, another question arises, particularly, who will be responsible for the damagecaused by the artificial intelligence. As an example, of the solution for this issue Resolution2015/2103 (INL) was given, where is mentioned that human agent could be responsiblefor the caused damage. Because, it is not always a developer is responsiblefor the damage.Also, the legislation and justice practice of foreign countries was explored. Theways of overcoming mentioned problems in legislation of Ukraine were proposed.Such as changing our legislation and giving the exact explanation in who is the ownerof copyright on works created due to artificial intelligence and in which cases this personcould become an owner of the copyright. However, probably, these issues shouldbe resolved at international level regarding globalization.
Artificial intelligence: economy, intellectual property, threats
Authors: Androshchuk Hennadii 
Published: July 2021

Keywords: artificial intelligence, economic impact, intellectual property, regulation,cybersecurity, risks, threats, national security
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the spread of which is based on thewidespread use of digital information and the rapid growth of computing power, areleaving the realm of purely theoretical research and becoming one of the segmentsof the world market that can have truly revolutionary consequences. The paper provideseconomic and legal analysis of the state and trends of AI, identifies its impacton the economy, the importance of the role of intellectual property (IP), assesses therisks, threats and dangers of criminal use of AI, developed mechanisms to counterthem. The development of AI technologies as an integral part of «Industry 4.0» isconsidered, the main provisions of the «White Paper on Artificial Intelligence» ofthe EU are studied.Over the next decade, the EU plans to spend $20 billion a year on AI development.At the same time, the protection of IP rights in the context of AI development and relatedtechnologies has been unconsidered by the Commission, despite the key importanceof these rights. In legal regulation, AI is seen as a new challenge for the economyand the legal system, a new phenomenon that has a multiplier effect, a legal phenomenonin the structure of legal relations, a new object for legal regulation.
The introduction of AI in the field of IP creates new legal and economic problems.The creation of AI works is an integral area of activity in the modern digital economy.These circumstances bring to the fore the problem of recognition of authorship in thecreation of AI works, the possibility of authors to dispose of their rights and their useof mechanisms for legal protection of IP. The analysis of the cases considered bycourts connected with a problem of legal personality of AI is carried out, legislative activityon this question is studied. Possibilities and dangers of criminal use of AI areshown. They are ranked in order of their level of danger — depending on the harmthey may cause, the potential benefit or the benefit of crime. Prospects for the developmentof AI in Ukraine are shown, the Concept of development of artificial intelligencein Ukraine is analysed. It is concluded that AI should become one of the key driversof digital transformation and overall growth of Ukraine's economy.
Occult adenocarcinoma in adenomas. Possibilities of diagnostic methods
Authors: Chernyshov S. V. , Khomyakov E. A. , Sinitsyn R. K. , Vaganov Yu. E. , Trubacheva Yu. L. , Eligulashvili R. R. , Maynovskaya O. A. , Rybakov E. G. 
Published: July 2021

Aim: to analyze the diagnostic value of the digital rectal examination, colonoscopy, MRI and ERUS for detecting occult adenocarcinoma in rectal adenomas.Patients and methods: the study included 100 patients with newly identified epithelial rectal neoplasms, which undergone transanal endoscopic microsurgery from December 2019 to December 2020. All the patients underwent digital rectal examination, colonoscopy, ERUS with sonoelastography, and pelvic MRI. The diagnostics value of this methods was estimated with determination of sensitivity and specificity.Results: the study included 67 (67%) females and 33 (33%) males. The mean age of the patients was 64.4 ± 10.7 years. The median distance from the tumor to the anal verge was 6.0 ± 2.9 cm. The sensitivity of the digital rectal examination in the occult malignancy verification was 0.44 (95% CI 0.24–0.65), specificity — 0.93 (95% CI 0.85–0.97). The sensitivity of the colonoscopy — 0.56 (95% CI 0.34–0.75), the specificity — 0.84 (95% CI 0.73–0.91). The sensitivity of MRI — 0.40 (95% CI 0.21–0.61), specificity — 0.89 (95% CI 0.80–0.95). The sensitivity of ERUS was 0.48 (95% CI 0.27–0.68), the specificity — 0.73 (95% CI 0.61–0.82). Pair wise comparison of diagnostic methods revealed the absence of significant differences in their diagnostic value (p > 0.05).Conclusion: at least one of diagnostic methods allows to verify the presence of malignant transformation in 100% of cases. So, only combination of diagnostic methods can help to choose the optimal treatment option.
Factors limiting the endoscopic submucosal dissection in colorectal tumors
Authors: Likutov A. A. , Mtvralashvili D. A. , Nagudov M. A. , Yugai O. M. , Vaganov Yu. E. , Chernyshov S. V. , Mainovskaya O. A. 
Published: July 2021

Aim:to identify the risk factors for conversion of endoscopic submucosal dissection to abdominal surgery.Patients and methods: the prospective cohort study included 405 patients: 166 (40.9%) males and 239 (59.1%) females. The median age was 66 (59; 72) years old; the patients underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection of colorectal epithelial neoplasms.Results:the median size of the removed neoplasms was 3.0 (2.4; 4) cm, tumor was removed en bloc in 324/363 (89.2%) cases; and R0 resection margins were detected in 218/324 (67.3%) cases. Significant risk factors for conversion were: the tumor size ≥ 3.2 cm (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2–7.1, p = 0.017), lifting ≤ 3 mm (OR 41, 95% CI 15–105, p = 0.000002) and the tumor vascular pattern IIIa according Sano’s capillary pattern classification (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.3–11.9, p = 0.013).Conclusion:endoscopic submucosal dissection is a safe way to remove colorectal neoplasms. However, the presence of conversion risk factors can influence the outcome of endoscopic treatment.
Rehabilitation of patients with low anterior resection syndrome
Authors: Nafedzov I. O. , Chernyshov S. V. , Ponomarenko A. A. , Fomenko O. Yu. , Alekseev M. V. , Khomyakov E. A. , Belousova S. V. , Rybakov E. G. 
Published: July 2021

Aim: to develop a conservative rehabilitation program for patients with severe symptoms of LARS.Patients and methods: since January 2019, 50 patients after low anterior resection were included in the study. The main group included 25 patients who underwent biofeedback therapy and tibial neuromodulation in 3–6 months after surgery. Functional results before and after treatment were evaluated by anorectal manometry. The control group included 25 patients, according to the Propensity score matching.Results: the median score on the LARS scale, in the main group was 41.0 ± 2.8 points, in the control — 38 ± 4. With sphincterometry, the median pressure at rest before treatment was 30.0 ± 7.8, with a voluntary contraction of 140.6 ± 56.0 mm Hg. After the conservative treatment, patients in the main group had significantly better results: the median score on the LARS scale decreased from 41 ± 2.8 to 17 ± 8 points (p < 0.0001), the median pressure after treatment increased from 30.0 ± 7.8 to 36.0 ± 8.0 (p = 0.004), with a voluntary contraction from 140.6 ± 56.0 to 157.5 ± 53.2 mmHg (p = 0.008). Comparing the results of the questionnaire of the main group with the control group after the stoma closure and after 12 months, it turned out that in the main group there was a significant decrease in the severity of LARS: 17.0 ± 8.0 scores vs. 35.0 ± 4.5 (p = 0.0003), which shows an improvement in the tone and contractility of the sphincter after conservative treatment.Conclusion: comprehensive biofeedback therapy and tibial neuromodulation improves the functional results of patients with severe LARS.
Population characteristics of colorectal cancer in the Ulyanovsk region according to the regional cancer register
Authors: Bogomolova I. A. , Antoneeva I. I. , Abakumova T. V. , Gening T. P. 
Published: July 2021

Aim:to analyze the structure and changes of colorectal cancer (CRC) epidemiology in the Ulyanovsk region in 2005–2019 according to the regional cancer register.Materials and methods:the study is based on statistical data on the primary detection of CRC in the districts of the Ulyanovsk region (form No. 7) in 2005–2019. Standardized rates of morbidity and mortality were evaluated. Data on the number, gender and age of the regional population were obtained in Ulyanovsk State Statistics Service.Results:the incidence of CRC in the region increased by 1.51 times over the analyzed period (from 31.12 to 49.58 per 100 thousand people). From the total number of newly diagnosed CRC in 2019, the urban population was 25%, and the rural population — 75%. The incidence rates in the districts of the region were assessed. The highest morbidity in males was detected at the age of 60–64 years old, and it was 1.58 times higher than in females. In the adult population under 30 years old, only few cases of colorectal cancer were detected. The main histological type of tumors was adenocarcinoma. Poorly differentiated tumors accounted for about 3%. The highest age-standardized rates for rectal tumors were 10.1 and 12.8 per 100 thousand people in 2005 and 2019, respectively; for the recto sigmoid tumors — 0.9 and 2.3 per 100 thousand people; and for the anal cancer — 0.4 cases per 100 thousand people in 2019. The male/female ratio of deaths from CRC in 2019 was 1.005:1.000.Conclusion:there has been a trend to an increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer among the Ulyanovsk region population in the period from 2005 to 2019. We identified some areas of the region that significantly differ in the incidence of colorectal cancer.
Conformational Change of H64 and Substrate Transportation: Insight Into a Full Picture of Enzymatic Hydration of CO2 by Carbonic Anhydrase
Authors: Fu Yuzhuang , Fan Fangfang , Zhang Yuwei , Wang Binju , Cao Zexing 
Published: July 2021

The enzymatic hydration of CO2 into HCO3− by carbonic anhydrase (CA) is highly efficient and environment-friendly measure for CO2 sequestration. Here extensive MM MD and QM/MM MD simulations were used to explore the whole enzymatic process, and a full picture of the enzymatic hydration of CO2 by CA was achieved. Prior to CO2 hydration, the proton transfer from the water molecule (WT1) to H64 is the rate-limiting step with the free energy barrier of 10.4 kcal/mol, which leads to the ready state with the Zn-bound OH−. The nucleophilic attack of OH− on CO2 produces HCO3− with the free energy barrier of 4.4 kcal/mol and the free energy release of about 8.0 kcal/mol. Q92 as the key residue manipulates both CO2 transportation to the active site and release of HCO3−. The unprotonated H64 in CA prefers in an inward orientation, while the outward conformation is favorable energetically for its protonated counterpart. The conformational transition of H64 between inward and outward correlates with its protonation state, which is mediated by the proton transfer and the product release. The whole enzymatic cycle has the free energy span of 10.4 kcal/mol for the initial proton transfer step and the free energy change of −6.5 kcal/mol. The mechanistic details provide a comprehensive understanding of the entire reversible conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate and roles of key residues in chemical and nonchemical steps for the enzymatic hydration of CO2.
Open-Source Code-Based Tidal Modeling of Tropical and Temperate Waters
Authors: Srikanth Narasimalu , Kannappan Lakshmanan 
Published: July 2021

Tidal energy is the most reliable and predictable form of renewable energy capable of ensuring energy security in coastal regions of the world. Many developing countries are prone to energy self-sufficiency due to a lack of tidal data, expensive commercial tidal modeling tools, and program codes. In the present study, an open-source finite element code along with available open-source data was used to predict the tidal resource potential of sites in both temperate and coastal waters. This paper also investigates the suitability of open-source code towards accurate tidal resource prediction and provides a comparative study on tidal resource prediction of sites in both temperate and coastal waters. Based on knowledge gained from tidal experts all around the globe, the straits of the Alderney race were selected as a temperate water site because of their high tidal flow conditions and high tidal energy resource potential. Singapore was selected as a tropical water site because of its low tidal flow conditions and lack of open-source tidal resource data in the tropical belt. From the results, temperate waters such as Alderney Race experience high tidal velocity in the range of 3.5–4.5 m/s with an average power density of about 15 kW/m2 in comparison with tropical waters such as Singapore that experiences tidal velocity in the range of 1–1.5 m/s with an average power density of about 1.5 kW/m2. The thrusting force behind the coastal dynamics is mainly due to tides, their interactions, and changes in seabed topography. The seabed roughness profile creates a drag force on the flow on the velocity field. Lack of understanding of the effects of seabed friction on tidal modeling might reduce the accuracy of the model prediction. Thus, the present study also focuses on the effects of seabed roughness on tidal prediction of Alderney race straits using the open-source finite element-based 2-dimensional depth average ocean model. It can be found that an increase in seabed friction reduces the flow velocity and thus the average power density of the location due to its major energy dissipating phenomenon for the energetic ocean flow.
A Pan-Cancer Analysis of CD161, a Potential New Immune Checkpoint
Authors: Zhou Xiaohan , Du Jun , Liu Chengdong , Zeng Hanyi , Chen Yuting , Liu Li , Wu Dehua 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundCD161, encoded by killer cell lectin-like receptor B1 gene, is a newly reported candidate inhibitor of tumour-infiltrating T cells. Antibody-mediated CD161 blockade enhances T cell-mediated killing of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in several tumour types. We evaluated the role of CD161 using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Pan-Cancer Data.MethodsCD161 expression was analysed using RNAseq data from TCGA and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. HPA, GeneCards, and String database were used to explore the protein information of CD161. The prognostic value of CD161 was analysed using clinical survival data from the TCGA. Enrichment analysis of CD161 was conducted using the R package “clusterProfiler”. We downloaded the immune cell infiltration score of TCGA samples from published articles and online databases and performed a correlation analysis between immune cell infiltration levels and CD161 expression. We further assessed the association between CD161 and immune checkpoints, immune activating genes, immunosuppressive genes, chemokines, and chemokine receptors.FindingsCD161 was differentially expressed and predicted better survival status in most tumour types in TCGA. In addition, CD161 expression was significantly associated with immunoregulatory interactions between lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. CD161 expression was closely correlated with T cell infiltration, immune checkpoints, immune activating genes, immunosuppressive genes, chemokines, and chemokine receptors.InterpretationOur results suggest that CD161 is a potential cancer biomarker. CD161 might synergize with other immune checkpoints to regulate the immune microenvironment, which could be applied in the development of new-targeted drugs for immunotherapy.FundingThis work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 81773008, 81672756, 81872399, 81972897), the Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme (2015), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (grant number 2017A030311023), the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program: 2017BT01S131 and the Guangzhou Technology Project (grant number 201804010044), National Key R&amp;D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2020YFC2006400), Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B020227004).
Enhanced Dry Process Method for Modified Asphalt Containing Plastic Waste
Authors: Radeef Hasanain Radhi , Abdul Hassan Norhidayah , Abidin Ahmad Razin Zainal , Mahmud Mohd Zul Hanif , Yusoffa Nur Izzi Md. , Idham Mohd Satar Mohd Khairul , Warid Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd 
Published: July 2021

In recent years, the proliferation of plastic waste has become a global problem. A potential solution to this problem is the dry process, which incorporates plastic waste into asphalt mixtures. However, the dry process often has inconsistent performance due to poor interaction with binder and improper distribution of plastic waste particles in the mixture skeleton. This inconsistency may be caused by inaccurate mixing method, shredding size, mixing temperature and ingredient priorities. Thus, this study aims to improve the consistency of the dry process by comparing the control asphalt mixture and two plastic waste-modified asphalt mixtures prepared using the dry process. This study used crushed granite aggregate with the nominal maximum aggregate size of 14 mm whereas the shredded plastic bag is in the range of 5–10 mm. Quantitative sieving analysis and performance tests were carried out to examine the effects of plastic waste added into the asphalt mixture. The volumetric and performance properties combined with image analysis of the modified mixtures were obtained and compared with the control mixture. In addition, the moisture damage, resilient modulus, creep deformation and rutting were evaluated. This study also highlighted in detail the distribution of plastic particles in the final skeleton of the asphalt mixture. Based on the analysis, an enhanced dry process of mixing procedure was proposed and evaluated. Results showed that the addition of plastic particles using the conventional dry process leads to the deviation in the aggregate structure as high plastic content is added. Furthermore, the enhanced dry process developed in this study presents substantial enhancement in the asphalt performance, particularly with plastic waste that accounts for 20% of the weight of the asphalt binder.
Prevalence and Correlates of Social Stigma Toward Diabetes: Results From a Nationwide- Survey in Singapore
Authors: Subramaniam Mythily , Abdin Edimansyah , Bhuvaneswari S. , AshaRani P. V. , Devi Fiona , Roystonn Kumarasan , Wang Peizhi , Samari Ellaisha , Shafie Saleha , Vaingankar Janhavi Ajit , van Dam Rob M. , Lee Eng Sing , Sum Chee Fang , Chong Siow Ann 
Published: July 2021

Aims: To examine the extent of social stigma toward diabetes among Singapore's multi-ethnic general population and determine whether this differs across socio-demographic sub-groups.Methods: Data for this study came from a nationwide cross-sectional study. A diabetes stigma questionnaire comprising Social Distance Scale and Negative Attitudes and Stereotyping Scale was administered to those respondents who had not been diagnosed with diabetes. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the dimensionality of the instruments and validated using confirmatory factor analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between socio-demographic factors and measures of diabetes stigma.Results: In all, 2,895 participants were recruited from the general population giving a response rate of 66.2%. Factor analyses found that a one-factor model resulted in an acceptable fit for both stigma scales, which measured social distance and negative attitudes and stereotyping, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses identified Indian ethnicity (vs. Chinese), higher personal income (≥SGD2000 vs. &lt; SGD 2000) and having close friends or family members who had been diagnosed with diabetes to be significantly associated with lower social distance scores while those aged 50–64 years and those with secondary and vocational education (vs. degree and above) were significantly associated with higher social distance scores. Those with a personal income of SG$2,000–3,999 and SGD $6,000 and above, and those with close friends or family members diagnosed with diabetes were significantly associated with lower negative attitudes and stereotyping scores. In contrast those aged 35 years and above, those with primary education and below, and those of Malay ethnicity were significantly associated with higher negative attitudes and stereotyping scores.Conclusions: The study found a relatively low level of stigma toward diabetes in the general population of Singapore, although some stigmatizing beliefs emerged. While greater knowledge of diabetes could reduce stigma, anti-stigma messaging should be incorporated into the “War on Diabetes” programme in Singapore.