bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dynamic interplay of PIP2 and ATP in the regulation of the KATP channel
Authors: Pipatpolkai Tanadet , Usher Samuel , Vedovato Natascia , Ashcroft Frances , Stansfeld Phillip 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels couple the intracellular ATP concentration to insulin secretion. KATP channel activity is inhibited by ATP binding to the Kir6.2 tetramer and activated by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Here, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, electrophysiology and fluorescence spectroscopy to show that ATP and PIP2 occupy different binding pockets that share a single amino acid residue, K39. When both ligands are present, K39 shows a greater preference to co-ordinate with PIP2 than ATP. A neonatal diabetes mutation at K39 (K39R) increases the number of hydrogen bonds formed between K39 and PIP2, reducing ATP inhibition. We also find direct effects on nucleotide binding from mutating E179, a residue proposed to interact with PIP2. Our work suggests PIP2 and ATP interact allosterically to regulate KATP channel activity.
Analysis of Vaccine Supply and Demand in National Immunization Program for Children and the need for Establishing Vaccine Stockpiles in China
Authors: Ning Miao , Jian Cui , Yi Liu , Guomin Zhang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Introduction

The number of vaccines used in China's childhood immunization program had continued to increase, from four in 1978 to ten in 2019. We described the supply and demand of vaccines, and compared the ratio of vaccine supply and demand of each vaccine to illustrate the shortage of vaccines and the need of vaccine stockpiles in China.
Methods

We downloaded the manufacturers supplying vaccines and the vaccination requirements for the national immunization program for children from 2016 to 2019 in the National Immunization Program Information system, as well as the batch issue data of biological products from the official website of China Academy of Food and Drug Control (CFDA). Vaccine prices were obtained from Chinese Central Government Procurement (CCGP).The demand, supply, and the ratio of vaccine supply and demand of each vaccine were calculated respectively.
Results

On average, five out of ten vaccines were supplied by three or more enterprises, three kinds of vaccines were supplied by two enterprises and two kinds of vaccines were supplied only by one enterprise between 2016 to 2019. The ratio of vaccine supply and demand of Diphtheria-tetanus and Group A meningitis polysaccharide were 79.52% and 67.99% respectively, with a potential shortage. There were three vaccines with a supply-demand ratio below 80% in 2016–2018, and five in 2019. The number of potential vaccine shortage was increasing. The average price of vaccines with potential shortage was $ 0.28. The average price of other vaccines without shortage was $ 1.8.
Conclusions

Most vaccines used in the childhood immunization program are available to meet demand, but there are also some vaccines with the risk of shortage and the number of vaccines with the risk of shortage tends to increase. The next step is to develop a national stockpiling mechanism to avoid a shortage of vaccines.
Mechanical Properties and Pore Structure Characteristics of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Modified by Highland Barley Straw Ash
Authors: Cao Feng , Qiao Hongxia , Wang Penghui , Li Weijia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Highland barley straw ash contains a large amount of silica, and the ash calcined and ground under certain conditions has a higher pozzolanic effect. In order to study the effect of HBSA added into magnesium oxychloride cement mortar (MOCM) on the mechanical properties and pore structure, the activity of highland barley straw ash was studied firstly through the macroscopic mechanical properties test. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Brunner−Emmet−Teller (BET) were used to test the distribution of full pore and micropore for MOCM respectively. The microstructure of MOCM was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results illustrate that the highest activity of HBSA was obtained by calcining at 600℃ for 2h and grinding for 2h. The addition of HBSA has a significant effect on the mechanical properties and pore diameter distribution of MOCM. A large amount of M-S-H gel was generated in MOCM added with 10% HBSA content, and had a consequence of decreased proportion of larger pores and the increased proportion of micropores as well as the better mechanical properties and pore structure.
Characteristic variations of bacterial nanocellulose incorporated with different cellulosic additives
Authors: Bang Won Yeong , Kim Dong Hyun , Kang Mi Dan , Yang Jungwoo , Huh Taelin , Lim Young Woon , Jung Young Hoon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BNC) is a promising biocompatible material. Improvements of the BNC production and its surface characteristics should be attained to make it commercially viable. In this study, in-situ fermentation and production of BNC by addition of different cellulosic substrates such as Avicel and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were performed using Komagataeibacter sp. SFCB22-18. The addition of cellulosic substrates improved BNC production by a maximum of about 5 times and slightly modified its structural properties. The changes in morphological and structural changes of BNC were investigated by using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, a unique biological analysis approach for quantifying the surface crystallinity of the BNC surface was applied using a type-A cellulose-binding protein, CtCBD3. This result shows that since Avicel and CMC may attach on the microfibrils during the production or crystallization of BNC, cellulose-binding protein could be a feasible option for identifying the crystalline properties of BNC with high sensitivity.
Phase II Study of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy with Hydrogel Spacer for Prostate Cancer: Acute Toxicity and Propensity Score-matched Comparison
Authors: Ogita Mami , Yamashita Hideomi , Nozawa Yuki , Ozaki Sho , Sawayanagi Subaru , Ohta Takeshi , Nakagawa Keiichi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe efficacy of a hydrogel spacer in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has not been clarified. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of SBRT in combination with a hydrogel spacer for prostate cancer. MethodsThis is a prospective single-center, single-arm phase II study. Prostate cancer patients without lymph node or distant metastasis were eligible. All patients received a hydrogel spacer insertion, followed by SBRT of 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions with volumetric modulated arc therapy. The primary endpoint was physician-assessed acute gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity within 3 months. The secondary endpoints were physician-assessed acute genitourinary (GU) toxicity, patient-reported outcomes evaluated by the EPIC and FACT-P questionnaires, and dosimetric comparison. We used propensity score-matched analyses to compare patients with the hydrogel spacer with those without the spacer. The historical data of the control without a hydrogel spacer was obtained from our hospital’s electronic records. ResultsForty patients were enrolled between February 2017 and July 2018. A hydrogel spacer significantly reduced the dose to the rectum. Grade 2 acute GI and GU toxicity occurred in seven (18%) and 17 (44%) patients. The EPIC bowel and urinary summary score declined from the baseline to the first month (P < 0.01, < 0.01), yet it was still significantly lower in the third month (P < 0.01, P = 0.04). For propensity score-matched analyses, no significant differences in acute GI and GU toxicity were observed between the two groups. The EPIC bowel summary score was significantly better in the spacer group at 1 month (82.2 in the spacer group and 68.5 in the control group). ConclusionsSBRT with a hydrogel spacer had the dosimetric benefits of reducing the rectal doses. The use of the hydrogel spacer did not reduce physician-assessed acute toxicity, but it improved patient-reported acute bowel toxicity.Trial registrationTrial registration: UMIN-CTR, UMIN000026213. Registered 19 February 2017, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000029385
Unsupervised Machine Learning for Identifying Challenging Behavior Profiles to Explore Cluster-Based Treatment Efficacy in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Retrospective Data Analysis Study
Authors: Gardner-Hoag Julie , Novack Marlena , Parlett-Pelleriti Chelsea , Stevens Elizabeth , Dixon Dennis , Linstead Erik 
Published: April 2021

Background
Challenging behaviors are prevalent among individuals with autism spectrum disorder; however, research exploring the impact of challenging behaviors on treatment response is lacking.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to identify types of autism spectrum disorder based on engagement in different challenging behaviors and evaluate differences in treatment response between groups.

Methods
Retrospective data on challenging behaviors and treatment progress for 854 children with autism spectrum disorder were analyzed. Participants were clustered based on 8 observed challenging behaviors using k means, and multiple linear regression was performed to test interactions between skill mastery and treatment hours, cluster assignment, and gender.

Results
Seven clusters were identified, which demonstrated a single dominant challenging behavior. For some clusters, significant differences in treatment response were found. Specifically, a cluster characterized by low levels of stereotypy was found to have significantly higher levels of skill mastery than clusters characterized by self-injurious behavior and aggression (P<.003).

Conclusions
These findings have implications on the treatment of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Self-injurious behavior and aggression were prevalent among participants with the worst treatment response, thus interventions targeting these challenging behaviors may be worth prioritizing. Furthermore, the use of unsupervised machine learning models to identify types of autism spectrum disorder shows promise.
Animal models in antihypertensive drug development research
Authors: Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih  , Mia Munawarroh Yuniyanti  , Rahmi Ayu Wijayaningsih  , Mosa Rini Nurul Hidayati  , Setyo Purwono  
Published: April 2021

Hypertension is one of the most common diseases in the world. However, its pathogenesis is not fully understood and its treatment is not yet satisfying. Animal models of hypertension have been useful to understand the pathogenesis of hypertension and to test novel therapeutic agents. There are several kinds of hypertension animal models. Each model has different characteristics. Knowing the characteristic of each model is important to obtain valid research. This review will describe several available methods to develop animal model for hypertension.
Prevalence of HIV among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Erbil Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Al-Khayat Zakarea Abdullah Yaseen , Agha Nabaz Fisal Shakir , Majeed Pshtiwan Dhahir , Alharmni Kawthar Ibrahim Fatah , Agha Derin Nabaz Fisal 
Published: April 2021

Objectives: This study was accomplished with a purpose to determine the socio-demographic profile and the prevalence of HIV among TB patients.
Methods: This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology at the Chest and Respiratory Disease Specialized Centre in Erbil City (In collaboration with the Specialist physician) through a period from January 2017 to December 2019. New TB patients were interviewed on a predesigned questionnaire. Collected samples were processed in a special laboratory in TB center. The samples were subjected to microscopy with Ziehlâ€“Neelsen staining and inoculated on solid medium; the third sputum sample was tested directly by GeneXpert test. HIV testing was done using screening test and if the screening result was positive, the diagnosis was confirmed by Western Blot.
Results: A total of 397 approved new tuberculosis patients underwent HIV testing. Among them, forty one cases 41 (10.3%) were found to be positive on ELISA screening and subsequently they were all confirmed by the Western Blot test. The highest prevalence of HIV positivity according to gender, age range and occupation, were as follows : male (29 ; 70.7%) , 30-42 years ( 21 ; 51.2%) , laborers ( 13; 31.7%) respectively . The male to female ration is 2.7 statistically, the differences of distribution of the HIV positivity concerning the aboveâ€‘mentioned demography were as follows: gender: significant (P â‰¤ 0.05), age range: no significant, occupation: no significant. The highest prevalence of HIV positivity was among pulmonary TB ( 25 ; 61% ) .Rifampicin resistant prevalence was higher among HIV positive in comparison to HIV negative TB case ( 23 ; 56.1% ) (134 ; 37.4%) respectively . Statistically, the differences of distribution of the HIV positivity in relation to both TB pattern & rifampicin mono drug resistant were significant (P â‰¤ 0.05).
Conclusions: The prevalence of HIV infection in TB patients in current study was (10.3%). If HIV testing done by all TB patients then routine reporting of HIV status for all TB patients would provide even better information on which to base future planning.
Rates of depression, anxiety, and stress in King Abdulaziz University freshmen, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Alfakeh Sulhi A. , Alghamdi Khaled Mesfer , Hilal Rawan Mostafa , Abdelmoaty Marwa Mohamed 
Published: April 2021

Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the rates of depression, anxiety, and stress among first-year university students in Saudi Arabia.
Method: We distributed an online survey through to 861 first-year students, aged 17-25, at King Abdulaziz University. The survey used a validated Arabic short version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales, and sociodemographic factors.
Results: The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 80.4%, 71.8%, and 69.3%, respectively. A plurality showed extremely severe depression and anxiety, and severe stress symptoms. The frequency of exercise was inversely related to depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 8.2% of students had visited a psychiatrist at some point in their lives, and 40.5% of students had suicidal thoughts.
Conclusion: Programs to identify students suffering from mental illness and offer adequate care and support are essential.
Emotions and Managerial Judgment: Evidence from Sunshine Exposure
Authors: Chen Chen , Chen Yangyang , Pittman Jeffrey A. , Podolski Edward J. , Veeraraghavan Madhu 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We examine the role and economic consequences of emotions in shaping the judgment of corporate executives. Analyzing a large sample of U.S. public firms, we find that sunshine-induced good mood leads managers to make upwardly biased earnings forecasts. Importantly, our evidence implies that managers become less susceptible to the sunshine priming effect in unambiguous settings, when their forecasts are subject to stricter external monitoring, and when they have stronger incentives to issue accurate forecasts. Additional tests show that equity market participants discern less informative signals from forecasts influenced by sunshine and that managers prone to the sunshine priming effect impose costs on their firms in the form of higher information risk and equity financing costs. Reflecting that labor markets also play a disciplinary role, we find that mood-prone managers suffer adverse career outcomes. We provide the first large-scale analysis on the nuanced ways in which emotions affect top executives.
JEL Classifications: G02; G30; M40; M41.
KEBIJAKAN SURAT KEPUTUSAN BERSAMA 3 MENTERI (SKB 3 MENTERI) SEBAGAI IMPLEMENTASI PLURALISME DAN MULTIKULTURALISME DI INDONESIA
Authors: Roza Prima , Ramadhan Muhammad Hafizh , Ahmadi Fajar 
Published: April 2021

Indonesia is rich in diversity. The socio-cultural diversity in Indonesia is relatively abundant. This can be a strength, but at the same time it can also create friction ad conflict in the society. Recently, the government issued a Joint Decree of 3 Ministers (SKB 3 Menteri) in response to the friction. This decree organize dress procedures in the learning process at schools. As a result of this implementation, various responses emerged from the Indonesian people, either agreement or disagreement. Part of the society that may be relevant to this policy are students. This article will study the perspectives of undergraduate students of Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), especially of the School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development’s (SAPPK) on the Joint Decree. This article uses quantitative and qualitative methods by distributing questionnaires and interviews to SAPPK’s students. From the results of this study, the researchers are able to see the perspectives and the trends of SAPPK ITB Students towards the SKB 3 Ministerial Policy as a solution to social issues related to diversity. It is hoped that these results can be used as a reference for campus policy makers in overcoming the same problem.
Traditional Chinese herb, Astragalus: possible for treatment and prevention of COVID-19?
Authors: Law Siukan , Lo Chuiman , Han Jie , Leung Albert Wingnang , Xu Chuanshan 
Published: April 2021

Summary

Astragalus is a traditional herb which has been used in China for a long time. It regulates blood circulation (vital energy), invigorates body fluid circulation, protects the flow of blood to fight against the attack of pathogens, and strengthens “blood deficiencies” according to Bencao Congxin. Astragalus was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2009 as a dietary supplement for upper respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis (hay fever), asthma, chronic fatigue syndrome, and chronic kidney disease. Thirty journals published in the past ten years were reviewed by using library search engines such as SCI/SCIE, PubMed, and Scopus. In this mini-review, we focus on the anti-inflammatory of Astragalus features, discuss the background of Astragalus and its function in various diseases from water-extracted Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus saponins, and Astragalus polysaccharides. Based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory, Astragalus is a potential candidate to treat and prevent COVID-19.
Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cold-pressed and distilled essential oils of Origanum onites L. and Lavandula officinalis L. relationships evaluated by SEM microscopy
Authors: Ertürk Ömer , Aydin Gülçin , Ayvaz Melek Col , Başkan Ceren 
Published: April 2021

Summary

Introduction: In order to prevent increased bacterial resistance, it is important to use herbal medicines with less side effects.

Objective: In this study, the chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and SEM images of Lavandula officinalis and Origanum onites oils obtained in two different ways were determined.

Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the oils was determined against reference and multiple strains of foodborne and pathogenic bacteria. The each essential oil sample were analyzed by GC–MS. Antioxidant activities of the samples were examined through DPPH• and ABTS•+ radical scavenging and FRAP assays.

Results: The results indicate that the oils of obtained from Origanum onites and Lavandula officinalis exhibited relatively strong antibacterial and antifungal activity. In addition, the antioxidant activities detected were remarkable. Morphological changes in bacterial cells treated with essential oil samples were demon-
strated with SEM images. In addition, the chemical components of the oil samples obtained by both water steam and cold press were revealed by GC-MS analysis and compared.

Conclusion: When all the obtained results are evaluated together; these plants could be suitable for using as antimicrobial and antioxidative agents in several industries such as food, cosmetic, etc.
“A farmer’s time is expensive”: A qualitative study exploring the knowledge attitudes and perceptions of farmers regrading health and safety in Northern Ireland
Authors: Girvan Aoife , Mitchell Graeme 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The agricultural sector is important to Northern Ireland (NI) as it accounts for almost 10% of all jobs and 75% of all land usage. Despite a reduction in fatalities in other sectors, the number of fatalities in the agricultural sector in NI has remained stubbornly consistent. This research looked to use qualitative data to explore the knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and factors that influence health and safety measures and controls. Using a snowball sampling technique, a number of semi structure interviews were undertaken with participants to explore these areas. The findings of these semi-structured interviews identified six key themes: the importance of health and safety; the impact of poor health and safety; different generational attitudes; fear; time management and finance. This revealed that although participants feel they have some level of knowledge around health and safety, they felt this was lacking. However, a lack of knowledge did not mean they were unaware of the importance of health and safety and its potential impacts, although they perceived that farmers of a different generation to themselves were more at risk. Participants also indicated they were willing to make value judgements, where the need for action and cost of health and safety outweighs the importance implementing appropriate measures and control. Therefore, despite understanding the importance of health and safety, until the cost benefit equation is rebalanced for farmers in NI they still face significant risks to their health and safety.
Foundations of Ring Sampling
Authors: Ronge Viktoria , Egger Christoph , Lai Russell W. F. , Schröder Dominique , Yin Hoover H. F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A ring signature scheme allows the signer to sign on behalf of an ad hoc set of users, called a ring. The verifier can be convinced that a ring member signs, but cannot point to the exact signer. Ring signatures have become increasingly important today with their deployment in anonymous cryptocurrencies. Conventionally, it is implicitly assumed that all ring members are equally likely to be the signer. This assumption is generally false in reality, leading to various practical and devastating deanonymizing attacks in Monero, one of the largest anonymous cryptocurrencies. These attacks highlight the unsatisfactory situation that how a ring should be chosen is poorly understood.
We propose an analytical model of ring samplers towards a deeper understanding of them through systematic studies. Our model helps to describe how anonymous a ring sampler is with respect to a given signer distribution as an information-theoretic measure. We show that this measure is robust – it only varies slightly when the signer distribution varies slightly. We then analyze three natural samplers – uniform, mimicking, and partitioning – under our model with respect to a family of signer distributions modeled after empirical Bitcoin data. We hope that our work paves the way towards researching ring samplers from a theoretical point of view.