bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parlamento, prensa y sistema político
Authors: Artiga-González Álvaro 
Published: July 2021

En este artículo, el autor hace una reflexión, desde el punto de vista de la ciencia política, sobre la relación que ha existido entre los diputados y la prensa salvadoreña, en el período legislativo 2001-2002. Analiza la relación como de tipo sistema-entorno, en donde los diputados son los elementos del sistema político y la prensa es parte del entorno, la cual ocupa una posición privilegiada porque regula insumas que potencialmente serán procesados y convertidos en productos del sistema. De acuerdo con su exposición, el conocimiento que la ciudadanía tiene sobre la Asamblea y los diputados ha sido adquirido a través de los medios masivos de comunicación. Lo que ha de ser noticia depende de actitudes, decisiones y rutinas de periodistas, editores y propietarios de los medios. Lo que al final se publica como noticia pasa primero por un proceso de elaboración del cual sólo los hombres y las mujeres de medios conocen. Por esta razón, su quehacer convertido en noticia no es transparente.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 57, No. 643, 2002: 407-417.
Pobreza y sociedad civil
Authors: González Luis Armando , Martel Roxana 
Published: July 2021

El objetivo del presente artículo es examinar, por un lado, los factores que inciden en la pobreza, haciendo que la misma se profundice y multiplique; y, por otro, la situación de la sociedad civil, sus niveles de organización y participación de cara a hacer frente al deterioro creciente de sus condiciones de vida. Su argumento de fondo es que el desarrollo de la sociedad civil salvadoreña supone la ciudadanización de sus miembros, la cual obviamente no puede alcanzarse mientras persistan mecanismos de exclusión socioeconómica, pero también mientras persistan el aletargamiento social, la resistencia a participar en los asuntos públicos y el rechazo a cualquier tipo de organización comunitaria.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 58, No. 659, 2003: 881-904.
Conflicto y reconciliación. Camino cristiano hacia una utopía
Authors: Sobrino Jon 
Published: July 2021

En este artículo, el autor trata el tema del conflicto y la reconciliación desde la perspectiva cristiana, lo cual significa analizar las causas últimas del conflicto y apuntar a su superación y transformación, pero significa también hacerse cargo de él, cargando con él y encargándose del camino que lleva a la reconciliación. El cristianismo, pues, invita a la "lucidez", pero también exige la "conversión" y anima a la utopía de una "revolución" que, en este caso, se expresa como "reconciliación". y así como Ellacuría mencionó, "el problema radical es la lucha de la vida en contra de la muerte", del mismo modo habrá que decir que el problema radical es "transformar el conflicto en reconciliación" .
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 58, No. 661-662, 2003: 1139-1148.
El sistema penal salvadoreño
Authors: Ramirez Amaya Atilio , Novais Josefa Noya 
Published: July 2021

Este artículo hace un análisis sobre el sistema penal salvadoreño, el cual tiene como base un nuevo proceso penal, diseñado como formalidad legitirnante, dentro del cual la policía, la fiscalía y los medios de comunicación escogen y determinan quiénes serán imputados y condenados como delincuentes. El señalamiento criminalizador lo efectúa la policía y la fiscalía, y se realiza diferencialmente sobre grupos vulnerables, calificados en general por su pobreza o por falta de protección política. La administración de justicia no pende de los jueces; estos están situados al final del camino que conduce a la prisión. El señalamiento criminalizador es producto de la policía-fiscalía; y se ejecuta de manera diferencial en las asociaciones vulnerables.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 58, No. 661-662, 2003: 1203-1219.
Dolarización y liquidez en El Salvador. Crisis en perspectiva
Authors: Lazo M. José Francisco 
Published: July 2021

El modelo de dolarización de El Salvador se asemeja al manejo monetario y del comercio exterior con un patrón monetario metálico puro. De acuerdo con el autor, la dolarización con baja competitividad, en los mercados internacionales, la globalización y la firma de tratados de libre comercio son una gran irresponsabilidad, las cuales pueden ocasionar una serie de trastornos económicos de incalculables consecuencias. De hecho, el país no cuenta con las condiciones para insertarse de forma adecuada y con ventajas en la globalización. Cualquier economía que pretenda dolarizarse debe tomar en cuenta que es imprescindible contar con una balanza en cuenta corriente positiva, con suficiente capacidad competitiva y que los beneficios sean a corto y mediano plazo, pues en el largo plazo puede tener consecuencias económicas que deriven en una crisis profunda. En tal sentido, recomienda buscar una moneda regional común con el consenso de todos sus participantes, de tal manera que todos sus integrantes puedan tener la capacidad para manejar una política monetaria.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 59, No. 663-664, 2004: 53-68.
El mito de una campaña de altura
Authors: González José Manuel 
Published: July 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es un análisis semiológico de las características visuales y de contenido, reflejadas en la campaña proselitista, proyectada en los mass media. El estudio comprende del 22 de noviembre de 2003 al 19 de mano de 2004. Es una interpretación de los elementos claves de imagen visual e imagen conceptual de la propaganda de los partidos políticos, desde el punto de vista de la semiótica estructuralista y del análisis actancial.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 59, No. 667, 2004: 407-417.
Contrasting effects of secondary organic aerosol formations on organic aerosol hygroscopicity
Authors: Kuang Ye , Huang Shan , Xue Biao , Luo Biao , Song Qicong , Chen Wei , Hu Weiwei , Li Wei , Zhao Pusheng , Cai Mingfu , Peng Yuwen , Qi Jipeng , Li Tiange , Wang Sihang , Chen Duohong , Yue Dingli , Yuan Bin , Shao Min 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Water uptake abilities of organic aerosol under sub-saturated conditions play critical roles in direct aerosol radiative effects and atmospheric
chemistry; however, field characterizations of the organic aerosol hygroscopicity parameter κOA under sub-saturated conditions remain
limited. In this study, a field campaign was conducted to characterize κOA at a relative humidity of 80 % with hourly time
resolution for the first time in the Pearl River Delta region of China. Observation results show that, during this campaign, secondary organic aerosol
(SOA) dominated total organic aerosol mass (mass fraction > 70 % on average), which provides a unique opportunity to investigate
influences of SOA formation on κOA. Results demonstrate that the commonly used organic aerosol oxidation level parameter O/C
was weakly correlated with κOA and failed to describe the variations in κOA. However, the variations in
κOA were well reproduced by mass fractions of organic aerosol factor resolved based on aerosol mass spectrometer measurements. The
more oxygenated organic aerosol (MOOA) factor, exhibiting the highest average O/C (∼ 1) among all organic aerosol factors, was the most
important factor driving the increase in κOA and was commonly associated with regional air masses. The less oxygenated organic
aerosol (LOOA; average O/C of 0.72) factor revealed strong daytime production, exerting negative effects on κOA.
Surprisingly, the aged biomass burning organic aerosol (aBBOA) factor also formed quickly during daytime and shared a similar diurnal pattern with
LOOA but had much lower O/C (0.39) and had positive effects on κOA. The correlation coefficient between
κOA and mass fractions of aBBOA and MOOA in total organic aerosol mass reached above 0.8. The contrasting effects of LOOA and aBBOA
formation on κOA demonstrate that volatile organic compound (VOC) precursors from diverse sources and different SOA formation
processes may result in SOA with different chemical composition, functional properties and microphysical structure, consequently exerting
distinct influences on κOA and rendering single oxidation level parameters (such as O/C) unable to capture those
differences. Aside from that, distinct effects of aBBOA on κOA were observed during different episodes, suggesting that the
hygroscopicity of SOA associated with similar sources might also differ much under different emission and atmospheric conditions. Overall, these
results highlight that it is imperative to conduct more research on κOA characterization under different meteorological and
source conditions and examine its relationship with VOC precursor profiles and formation pathways to formulate a better characterization and
develop more appropriate parameterization approaches in chemical and climate models.
Analysis of the microphysical properties of snowfall using scanning polarimetric and vertically pointing multi-frequency Doppler radars
Authors: Oue Mariko , Kollias Pavlos , Matrosov Sergey Y. , Battaglia Alessandro , Ryzhkov Alexander V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Radar dual-wavelength ratio (DWR) measurements from the Stony Brook Radar
Observatory Ka-band scanning polarimetric radar (KASPR, 35 GHz), a W-band
profiling radar (94 GHz), and a next-generation K-band (24 GHz) micro rain
radar (MRRPro) were exploited for ice particle identification using triple-frequency approaches. The results indicated that two of the radar
frequencies (K and Ka band) are not sufficiently separated; thus, the
triple-frequency radar approaches had limited success. On the other hand, a
joint analysis of DWR, mean Doppler velocity (MDV), and
polarimetric radar variables indicated potential in identifying ice particle
types and distinguishing among different ice growth processes and even in
revealing additional microphysical details. We investigated all DWR pairs in conjunction with MDV from the KASPR
profiling measurements and differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific
differential phase (KDP) from the KASPR quasi-vertical profiles. The
DWR-versus-MDV diagrams coupled with the polarimetric observables exhibited
distinct separations of particle populations attributed to different rime
degrees and particle growth processes. In fallstreaks, the 35–94 GHz DWR
pair increased with the magnitude of MDV corresponding to the scattering
calculations for aggregates with lower degrees of riming. The DWR values
further increased at lower altitudes while ZDR slightly decreased,
indicating further aggregation. Particle populations with higher rime
degrees had a similar increase in DWR but a 1–1.5 m s−1 larger
magnitude of MDV and rapid decreases in KDP and ZDR. The analysis
also depicted the early stage of riming where ZDR increased with the
MDV magnitude collocated with small increases in DWR. This approach will
improve quantitative estimations of snow amount and microphysical quantities
such as rime mass fraction. The study suggests that triple-frequency
measurements are not always necessary for in-depth ice microphysical studies
and that dual-frequency polarimetric and Doppler measurements can
successfully be used to gain insights into ice hydrometeor microphysics.
Efficient Bayesian inference for large chaotic dynamical systems
Authors: Springer Sebastian , Haario Heikki , Susiluoto Jouni , Bibov Aleksandr , Davis Andrew , Marzouk Youssef 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Estimating parameters of chaotic geophysical models is challenging due to their inherent unpredictability. These models cannot be calibrated with standard least squares or filtering methods if observations are temporally sparse. Obvious remedies, such as averaging over temporal and spatial data to characterize the mean behavior, do not capture the subtleties of the underlying dynamics. We perform Bayesian inference of parameters in high-dimensional and computationally demanding chaotic dynamical systems by combining two approaches:
(i) measuring model–data mismatch by comparing chaotic attractors and (ii) mitigating the computational cost of inference by using surrogate models. Specifically, we construct a likelihood function suited to chaotic models by evaluating a distribution over distances between points in the phase space; this distribution defines a summary statistic that depends on the geometry of the attractor, rather than on pointwise matching of trajectories.
This statistic is computationally expensive to simulate, compounding the usual challenges of Bayesian computation with physical models. Thus, we develop
an inexpensive surrogate for the log likelihood with the local approximation Markov chain Monte Carlo method, which in our simulations reduces the time required for accurate inference by orders of magnitude. We investigate the behavior of the resulting algorithm with two smaller-scale problems and then use a quasi-geostrophic model to demonstrate its large-scale application.
Microphysical features of typhoon and non-typhoon rainfall observed in Taiwan, an island in the northwestern Pacific
Authors: Janapati Jayalakshmi , Seela Balaji Kumar , Lin Pay-Liam , Lee Meng-Tze , Joseph Everette 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Information about the raindrop size distribution (RSD) is vital for
comprehending the precipitation microphysics, improving the rainfall estimation algorithms, and appraising the rainfall erosivity. Previous research has revealed that the RSD exhibits diversity with geographical location and weather type, which leads to the assessment of the region and weather-specific RSDs. Based on long-term (2004 to 2016) disdrometer measurements in northern Taiwan, this study attempts to demonstrate the RSD aspects of summer seasons that were bifurcated into two weather conditions, namely typhoon (TY) and non-typhoon (NTY) rainfall. The results show a higher concentration of small drops and a lower concentration of large-sized drops in TY compared to NTY rainfall, and this behavior persisted even after characterizing the RSDs into different rainfall rate classes. RSDs expressed in gamma parameters show higher mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) and lower normalized intercept parameter (Nw) values in NTY than TY rainfall. Moreover, sorting these two weather conditions (TY and NTY rainfall) into stratiform and convective regimes revealed a larger Dm in NTY than in TY rainfall. The RSD empirical relations used in the valuation of rainfall rate (Z–R, Dm–R, and Nw–R) and rainfall kinetic energy (KE–R and KE–Dm) were enumerated for TY and NTY rainfall, and they exhibited profound diversity between these two weather conditions. Attributions of RSD variability between the TY and NTY rainfall to the thermodynamical and microphysical processes are elucidated with the aid of reanalysis, remote sensing, and ground-based data sets.
A Bayesian network approach to modelling rip-current drownings and shore-break wave injuries
Authors: de Korte Elias , Castelle Bruno , Tellier Eric 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. A Bayesian network (BN) approach is used to model and predict shore-break-related injuries and rip-current drowning incidents based on detailed environmental conditions (wave, tide, weather, beach morphology) on the high-energy Gironde coast, southwest France. Six years (2011–2017) of boreal summer (15 June–15 September) surf zone injuries (SZIs) were analysed, comprising 442 (fatal and non-fatal) drownings caused by rip currents and 715 injuries caused by shore-break waves. Environmental conditions at the time of the SZIs were used to train two separate Bayesian networks (BNs), one for rip-current drownings and the other one for shore-break wave injuries. Each BN included two so-called “hidden” exposure and hazard variables, which are not observed yet interact with several of the observed (environmental) variables, which in turn limit the number of BN edges. Both BNs were tested for varying complexity using K-fold cross-validation based on multiple performance metrics. Results show a poor to fair predictive ability of the models according to the different metrics. Shore-break-related injuries appear more predictable than rip-current drowning incidents using the selected predictors within a BN, as the shore-break BN systematically performed better than the rip-current BN. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were performed to address the influence of environmental data variables and their interactions on exposure, hazard and resulting life risk. Most of our findings are in line with earlier SZI and physical hazard-based work; that is, more SZIs are observed for warm sunny days with light winds; long-period waves, with specifically more shore-break-related injuries at high tide and for steep beach profiles; and more rip-current drownings near low tide with near-shore-normal wave incidence and strongly alongshore non-uniform surf zone morphology. The BNs also provided fresh insight, showing that rip-current drowning risk is approximately equally distributed between exposure (variance reduction Vr=14.4 %) and hazard (Vr=17.4 %), while exposure of water user to shore-break waves is much more important (Vr=23.5 %) than the hazard (Vr=10.9 %). Large surf is found to decrease beachgoer exposure to shore-break hazard, while this is not observed for rip currents. Rapid change in tide elevation during days with large tidal range was also found to result in more drowning incidents. We advocate that such BNs, providing a better understanding of hazard, exposure and life risk, can be developed to improve public safety awareness campaigns, in parallel with the development of more skilful risk predictors to anticipate high-life-risk days.
Estimating the Absolute Salinity of Chinese offshore waters using nutrients and inorganic carbon data
Authors: Ji Fengying , Pawlowicz Rich , Xiong Xuejun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. In June 2009, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO released The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010 (TEOS-10 for short; IOC et al., 2010) to define, describe and calculate the thermodynamic properties of seawater. Compared to the Equation of State-1980 (EOS-80 for short), the most obvious change with TEOS-10 is the use of Absolute Salinity as salinity argument, replacing the Practical Salinity used in the oceanographic community for 30 years. Due to the lack of observational data, the applicability of the potentially increased accuracy in Absolute Salinity algorithms for coastal and semi-enclosed seas is not very clear to date. Here, we discuss the magnitude, distribution characteristics, and formation mechanism of Absolute Salinity and Absolute Salinity Anomaly in Chinese shelf waters, based on the Marine Integrated Investigation and Evaluation Project of the China Sea and other relevant data. The Absolute Salinity SA ranges from 0.1 to 34.66 g kg−1. Instead of silicate, the main composition anomaly in the open sea, CaCO3 originating from terrestrial input and re-dissolution of shelf sediment is most likely the main composition anomaly relative to SSW and the primary contributor to the Absolute Salinity Anomaly δSA. Finally, relevant suggestions are proposed for the accurate measurement and expression of Absolute Salinity of the China offshore waters.
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES AND VIOLATIONS IN THE IMMIGRATION ACT
Authors: Purwanti Maidah 
Published: July 2021

The mention of 'violations' in any criminal act that violates the criminal provisions of the Immigration Law, certainly cannot be allowed to go on, because the theory of criminal law has classified the distinction between Crime and Violation. Likewise, in the formulation of the Immigration Law Criminal Provisions, there has been a fairly clear distinction between crime and violation itself. Through a theoretical study of punishment, this short and simple writing provides a description of the location of the distinction, which is very easy to identify. The condition needed is re-habituation to differentiate the mention of immigration crime in accordance with its classification.
Construction of Legal Norm on Reporting of Multiple Positions for Foreign Workers
Authors: Saraswati Atika , Syahrin M. Alvi 
Published: July 2021

Year 2020 is the beginning of years for The Directorate General of Immigration to start its strategic planning for the next 5 (five) years compiled as document of Directorate General of Strategic Plan of 2020-2024. The Directorate General's Strategic Plan comply The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights Strategic Plan which sets to document of RPJMN-IV determined in accordance to the Vision and Mission of the Elected President. Reflected by the Vision, Mission and also the Government's Strategic/ National Priorities for the next 5 (five) years, President Jokowi hoped for development acceleration especially in aspects of human resource and regional development. Some methods are by inviting as much investment as possible and implementing bureaucratic reforms in governance. Sinergyzing with the Vision of the President, the Directorate General of Immigration formulated the direction with a change in its focus. Formerly, in year 2015-2015, focus of immigration policies are to strengthen immigration public service and law enforcement while for the next 5 years the focus is aimed to be slightly change to the effort to strengthen state security and facilitate public welfare development. Therefore this paper will describe efforts planned to be taken to strengthen immigration function as facilitator of public welfare development. Based on the description as mentioned before, the Research Question for this paper is : “How will the function of immigration as the facilitator of public welfare development will be directed in the strategic planning of the Directorate General of Immigration for 2020-2024?". The aim is to study and analyze immigration policy and its strategic objectives. This study uses descriptive qualitative method with the using of primary and secondary data gathered by the author.
TINJAUAN FILOSOFIS BUDAYA AGRARIS RERESIK LAK
Authors: Dikawati Reni 
Published: July 2021

Reresik lak menggambarkan bagaimana budaya agraris diproduksi masyarakat Dusun Ngiring melalui praktek konservasi air. Narasi air Lak dalam sistem mentalitas masyarakat Ngiring berkaitan dengan keyakinan akan keberadaan air sebagai sumber utama penghidupan (makrokosmos). Fokus penelitian ini membahas reresik lak sebagai bentuk cipta budaya sekaligus ritual agraris akan keberadaan air sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dinamika perkembangan reresik lak secara genealogis bukan semata bentuk cipta budaya agraris masyarakat Jawa. Reresik lak juga berkaitan dengan sistem mentalitas masyarakat dengan nilai filosofis religiusitas dan agraris yang dihayati sebagai etika dan kebijaksanaan hidup. Penelitian ini menjadi penting untuk dilakukan mengingat konservasi air menjadi bagian penting yang mendukung pertanian kerakyatan. Terseminasinya usaha konservasi air sebagai pendukung pembangunan pertanian yang dimulai dari Desa akan memberikan kontribusi bagi kuatnya ekonomi kerakyatan masyarakat Indonesia. Nilai-nilai filosofis yang terkandung dalam reresik lak akan membangun kesadaran pentingnya menjaga nilai-nilai luhur sebagai sebuah kebijaksanaan hidup. Implikasinya nilai filosofis agraris dalam budaya pertanian yang tersimbol dalam upacara ritual reresik lak tidak hanya sebagai upaya konservasi alam, melainkan juga mampu mendorong terwujudnya identitas budaya yang mempererat nasionalisme.