bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflow modeling for wind farm flows in RANS
Authors: Laan M. P. van der , Baungaard M. , Kelly M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Wind turbine interaction in wind farms can lead to energy loss and increased wind turbine loads, with the magnitude of these effects strongly depending on atmospheric conditions. One-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models are able to represent the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over a range of model fidelity, and can be used for steady-state inflow profiles in three-dimensional RANS simulations of wind farms. In the present work, an overview of existing and recently developed atmospheric inflow models is presented. The inflow models are applied to separately demonstrate impacts on the velocity deficit of a row of ten wind turbines, due to: turbulence intensity and atmospheric stability in the atmospheric surface layer; ABL depth; and Coriolis-induced veer.
Effects of upstream rotor tilt on a downstream floating wind turbine
Authors: Doubrawa P. , Sirnivas S. , Godvik M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This work quantifies the relationship between the design tilt of an upstream rotor and the structural response of a spar floating offshore wind turbine located in its wake. Three wind speed scenarios are considered: below, at, and above rated operation. The inflow is generated with the Mann model and the wake and loads are simulated with FAST.Farm. As the upstream rotor tilt goes from 0° to 6°, we find that the mean wake is displaced upward by more than 0.2 rotor diameters (D) by a downstream distance of 7 D. The vertical velocities increase by up to 35 cm/s in the center of the wake. As a result, the downstream rotor is partially waked and experiences a rotated velocity vector. With a higher upstream rotor tilt, the velocities and moments on the downstream turbine increase their mean axial value and their lateral and vertical standard deviation. These changes affect the blade and tower loading and the floater motion primarily in the out-of-plane direction: the damage-equivalent loads for the tower pitch moment and blade-root moment increase by up to 10% because of higher variability at the first mode for the tower and at one blade passing frequency for the blade root. Lesser effects are observed for the roll moments and for floater sway and heave. When the joint effect of rotor tilt and platform motion is considered, the load response on the downstream system is amplified primarily for tower pitch and blade out-of-plane moment.
Wind Farm Yield and Lifetime Optimization by Smart Steering of Wakes
Authors: Schmidt Jonas , Requate Niklas , Vollmer Lukas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Wake steering has an impact on both the wind farm energy yield and turbine loads. We evaluate these effects based on yaw-corrected power and thrust curves and tabulated turbine load simulation results. In a first step, wind direction and wind speed dependent yaw angles were determined by maximization of the wind farm power for an example wind farm. Secondly, the optimizations were repeated for the objective of minimal flapwise blade fatigue loads. The results were then combined such that the power optimized yaw angles dominate the partial load region while the load optimized results were chosen for higher wind speeds. We find that this combination increases the annual energy production in an example wind rose while simultaneously reducing the lifetime damage equivalent loads. The analysis was repeated including wind direction uncertainty into the optimization. This significantly reduced the benefit of wake steering on AEP but caused only a mild decrease of the overall load reduction.
Evaluating Global Blockage engineering parametrizations with LES
Authors: Centurelli G , Vollmer L , Schmidt J , Dörenkämper M , Schröder M , Lukassen L J , Peinke J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Under the term global blockage, the cumulative induction of wind turbines in a wind farm has been recently suspected to be responsible for observed overestimations of the energy yield in large-size wind farms. In this paper, the practice of modeling this effect after linear superposition of single turbine inductions, calculated with three of the most recent analytic models, is compared to Large-Eddy-Simulations of idealized wind farms. We compare the models across two different farms, composed of 9 and 49 turbines, with two different heights of the atmospheric boundary layer, 300 and 500 m. The results show that the differences between the analytical models are negligible while they substantially differ from the LES results. The linear superposition of induction consistently underestimates the upstream velocity deficit with an error that increases as the wind farm size grows and the ABL height decreases. Also when calculating the power output at the turbines of the farm, the analytical models considered do not agree well with the LES. These comparisons reveal that the farm interactions with the atmospheric boundary layer may highly outclass the turbine induction in determining the extent of the global blockage effect. Therefore, we present a first dimensional approach to the problem based on LES, aimed at simplifying its characterization.
One but not two grandmothers increased child survival in poorer families in west Bohemian population, 1708–1834
Authors: Havlíček Jan , Tureček Petr , Velková Alice 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Human childrearing is characterized by cooperative care and grandmothers are usually the most prominent alloparents. Nevertheless, it has been argued that limited resources may intensify competition among kin. The effect of grandmothers’ presence on child survival may thus crucially depend on the family’s socioeconomic status. We evaluate the impact of grandmothers’ presence on child survival using a large historical dataset from eighteenth to nineteenth-century western Bohemia (N = 6880) and assess the effects of socioeconomic status. We employed a varying effects model conditioned on relatedness between individuals because of possible genetically transmitted benefits. Proportional hazards showed that grandmothers had little or no impact on child survival in families of high and medium socioeconomic status (farmers and cottagers, respectively), whereas in families with the lowest socioeconomic status (lodgers), grandmothers’ presence increased the survival probability of children up to five years of age. The beneficial effect of grandmaternal care was strongest between the first and second years of life. Importantly, though, in families with low socioeconomic status, we also observed lower survival chances of children when both grandmothers lived in the same village. These findings suggest that the balance between kin cooperation in childrearing and competition over resources may depend on resource availability.
Opportunities to Enhance Linkage to Hepatitis C Care Among Hospitalized People With Recent Drug Dependence in New South Wales, Australia: A Population-based Linkage Study
Authors: Valerio Heather , Alavi Maryam , Law Matthew , McManus Hamish , Tillakeratne Shane , Bajis Sahar , Martinello Marianne , Matthews Gail V , Amin Janaki , Janjua Naveed Z , Krajden Mel , George Jacob , Degenhardt Louisa , Grebely Jason , Dore Gregory J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
People who inject drugs are at greater risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and hospitalization, yet admissions are not utilized for HCV treatment initiation. We aimed to assess the extent to which people with HCV notification, including those with evidence of recent drug dependence, are hospitalized while eligible for direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy, and treatment uptake according to hospitalization in the DAA era.

Methods
We conducted a longitudinal, population-based cohort study of people living with HCV in the DAA era (March 2016–December 2018) through analysis of linked databases in New South Wales, Australia. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to report HCV treatment uptake by frequency, length, and cause-specific hospitalization.

Results
Among 57 467 people, 14 938 (26%) had evidence of recent drug dependence, 50% (n = 7506) of whom were hospitalized while DAA eligible. Incidence of selected cause-specific hospitalization was highest for mental health-related (15.84 per 100 person-years [PY]), drug-related (15.20 per 100 PY), and injection-related infectious disease (9.15 per 100 PY) hospitalizations, and lowest for alcohol use disorder (4.58 per 100 PY) and liver-related (3.13 per 100 PY). In total, 65% (n = 4898) of those who were hospitalized had been admitted ≥2 times, and 46% (n = 3437) were hospitalized ≥7 days. By the end of 2018, DAA therapy was lowest for those hospitalized ≥2 times, for ≥7 days, and those whose first admission was for injection-related infectious disease, mental health disorders, and drug-related complications.

Conclusions
Among people who have evidence of recent drug dependence, frequent hospitalization—particularly mental health, drug, and alcohol admissions—presents an opportunity for engagement in HCV care.
Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Associated With Infective Endocarditis in Pregnancy
Authors: Dagher Michael M , Eichenberger Emily M , Addae-Konadu Kateena L , Dotters-Katz Sarah K , Kohler Celia L , Fowler Vance G , Federspiel Jerome J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but serious infection that complicates pregnancy. Little is known about IE management and outcomes in this population.

Methods
The National Readmissions Database was used to obtain data between October 2015 and October 2018. Billing codes identified admissions for IE in female patients of reproductive age. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes were compared between patients with maternity-associated and nonmaternity-associated IE and obstetric patients who delivered with and without IE. Weighted regressions were used to examine outcomes in adjusted models.

Results
We identified 12 602 reproductive-aged female patients with a diagnosis of IE, of which 382 (weighted national estimate, 748) were maternity-associated. Of these cases, 117 (weighted national estimate, 217) occurred during a delivery admission. Compared with patients with nonmaternity-associated IE, maternity-associated infection was associated with younger age (mean, 29.0 vs 36.6 years; P &lt; .001), Medicaid coverage (72.5% vs 47.2%; P &lt; .001), and drug use (76.2% vs 59.8%; P &lt; .001). Mortality was comparable (8.1% vs 10.6%; adjusted rate ratio [aRR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .71–1.48). Compared with patients who delivered without IE, IE complicating delivery was associated with worse maternal and fetal outcomes, including maternal mortality (17.2% vs &lt;0.01%; aRR, 323.32; 95% CI: 127.74–818.37) and preterm birth (55.7% vs 10.1%; aRR, 3.61; 95% CI, 2.58–5.08).

Conclusions
Maternity-associated IE does not appear to confer additional risk for adverse outcome over nonmaternity-associated infection. Patients who deliver with IE have worse maternal and fetal outcomes than those whose deliveries are not complicated by IE.
“One-Two Punch”: Synergistic ß-Lactam Combinations forMycobacterium abscessusand Target Redundancy in the Inhibition of Peptidoglycan Synthesis Enzymes
Authors: Nguyen David C , Dousa Khalid M , Kurz Sebastian G , Brown Sheldon T , Drusano George , Holland Steven M , Kreiswirth Barry N , Boom W Henry , Daley Charles L , Bonomo Robert A 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus is one of the most difficult pathogens to treat and its incidence in disease is increasing. Dual β-lactam combinations act synergistically in vitro but are not widely employed in practice. A recent study shows that a combination of imipenem and ceftaroline significantly lowers the minimum inhibitory concentration of clinical isolates, despite both drugs targeting the same peptidoglycan synthesis enzymes. The underlying mechanism of this effect provides a basis for further investigations of dual β-lactam combinations in the treatment of M. abscessus subsp. abscessus, eventually leading to a clinical trial. Furthermore, dual β-lactam strategies may be explored for other difficult mycobacterial infections.
Use of US Blood Donors for National Serosurveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibodies: Basis for an Expanded National Donor Serosurveillance Program
Authors: Stone Mars , Di Germanio Clara , Wright David J , Sulaeman Hasan , Dave Honey , Fink Rebecca V , Notari Edward P , Green Valerie , Strauss Donna , Kessler Debbie , Destree Mark , Saa Paula , Williamson Phillip C , Simmons Graham , Stramer Susan L , Opsomer Jean , Jones Jefferson M , Kleinman Steven , Busch Michael P ,   NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study-IV-Pediatric (REDS-IV-P), Cassetti C , Gerber S , Patton M , Havers F , Basavaraju S , Williams A E , Anderson S , Haynes J , McCain L , Hui A , Samuels C , Tanner H , Kaidarova Z , B M P , Norris P J , S M , Mathew S M , Stramer S , Kessler D , Konkle B A , Custer B , Ness P M , Kleinman S H , Josephson C D , Glynn S A , Malkin K 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
The Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study-IV-Pediatric (REDS-IV-P) Epidemiology, Surveillance and Preparedness of the Novel SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic (RESPONSE) seroprevalence study conducted monthly cross-sectional testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in blood donors in 6 US metropolitan regions to estimate the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infections over time.

Methods
During March–August 2020, approximately ≥1000 serum specimens were collected monthly from each region and tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using a well-validated algorithm. Regional seroprevalence estimates were weighted based on demographic differences compared with the general population. Seroprevalence was compared with reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case rates over time.

Results
For all regions, seroprevalence was &lt;1.0% in March 2020. New York, New York, experienced the biggest increase (peak seroprevalence, 15.8% in May). All other regions experienced modest increases in seroprevalence (1%–2% in May–June to 2%–4% in July–August). Seroprevalence was higher in younger, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic donors. Temporal increases in donor seroprevalence correlated with reported case rates in each region. In August, 1.3–5.6 estimated cumulative infections (based on seroprevalence data) per COVID-19 case were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Conclusions
Increases in seroprevalence were found in all regions, with the largest increase in New York. Seroprevalence was higher in non-Hispanic black and Hispanic than in non-Hispanic white blood donors. SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing of blood donor samples can be used to estimate the seroprevalence in the general population by region and demographic group. The methods derived from the RESPONSE seroprevalence study served as the basis for expanding SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence surveillance to all 50 states and Puerto Rico.
Associations between oral health and cancer in a national representative sample of Spanish adults
Authors: Jacob Louis , López-Sánchez Guillermo F , Smith Lee , Grabovac Igor 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
The goal of this study was to investigate the association between several oral health outcomes and cancer in adults living in Spain.

Methods
Data from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017 were analysed. Seven oral health outcomes (dental caries, dental extraction, dental filling, gingival bleeding, tooth movement, dental material and missing tooth) were assessed with questions with ‘yes’ and ‘no’ options. Cancer was assessed and defined with the following yes–no question: ‘Have you ever been diagnosed with malignant tumours?’. The relationship of each oral health outcome and the number of poor oral health outcomes with cancer was studied in regression models adjusted for sex, age, marital status, education, smoking and alcohol consumption.

Results
This study included 23 089 participants aged 15–103 years [45.9% of males; mean (standard deviation) age 53.4 (18.9) years]. The prevalence of cancer was 5.0% in the overall population. After adjusting for several potential confounding factors, all oral health outcomes except missing tooth were significantly and positively associated with cancer [odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.15 for dental filling to 1.48 for dental extraction]. In addition, there was a positive and significant association between the number of poor oral health outcomes and cancer (OR = 1.16, 95% confidence interval = 1.11–1.22).

Conclusions
On a nationally representative sample of 23 089 participants in Spain, poorer oral health outcomes were found in participants with history of cancer, with positive associations between several oral health outcomes as well as the number of poor oral health outcomes and cancer.
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis: shared genetic effect, pleiotropy and causality
Authors: Yu Xing-Hao , Yang Yi-Qun , Cao Rong-Rong , Cai Mu-Kun , Zhang Lei , Deng Fei-Yan , Lei Shu-Feng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased localized and generalized bone loss, but the complex genetic mechanism between them is still unknown. By leveraging large-scale genome-wide association studies summary statistics and individual-level datasets (i.e. UK Biobank), a series of genetic approaches were conducted. Linkage disequilibrium score regression reveals a shared genetic correlation between RA and estimated bone mineral density (eBMD) (rg = −0.059, P = 0.005). The PLACO analysis has identified 74 lead (8 novel) pleiotropic loci that could be mapped to 99 genes, the genetic functions of which reveal the possible mechanism underlying RA and osteoporosis. In European, genetic risk score (GRS) and comprehensive Mendelian randomization (MR) were utilized to evaluate the causal association between RA and osteoporosis in European and Asian. The increase in GRS of RA could lead to a decrease of eBMD (beta = −0.008, P = 3.77E-6) and a higher risk of facture [odds ratio (OR) = 1.012, P = 0.044]. MR analysis identified that genetically determined RA was causally associated with eBMD (beta = −0.021, P = 4.14E-05) and fracture risk (OR = 1.036, P = 0.004). Similar results were also observed in Asian that osteoporosis risk could be causally increased by RA (OR = 1.130, P = 1.04E-03) as well as antibodies against citrullinated proteins-positive RA (OR = 1.083, P = 0.015). Overall, our study reveals complex genetic mechanism between RA and osteoporosis and provides strong evidence for crucial role of RA in pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
Telling Stories about Sexual Violence, Victimization, and Agency in Militarized Settings
Authors: Steans Jill A 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this article, I contribute to a debate among feminist scholars on whether survivors of sexual violence should be seen as passive victims or as agents who possess the capacity to resist or actively fight back against their assailants. I probe this question in the context of militarized settings, following those scholars who have challenged the constructions of victimhood and agency as a binary and who have instead conceptualized survivors as both victimized and agential. My aim is to bring into conversation feminist analyses with key concepts drawn from Pierre Bourdieu's social theory. I argue that Bourdieu's work not only elucidates structural dimensions of lived experience, but also casts light on how survivors might infuse their actions with meaning in times of crisis. In so doing, I further confront objections that personal testimonies and stories fail to capture the structural, often invisible, forces that shape lived experience. I illustrate my argument through a reading of the wartime journal, A Woman in Berlin. By way of conclusion, I reflect on what Bourdieusian insights into power relations, agency, and narrative bring to feminist discussions on the constraints faced by those recounting survivor stories in public forums in pursuit of recognition and justice.
Are synthetic clinical notes useful for real natural language processing tasks: A case study on clinical entity recognition
Authors: Li Jianfu , Zhou Yujia , Jiang Xiaoqian , Natarajan Karthik , Pakhomov Serguei Vs , Liu Hongfang , Xu Hua 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
: Developing clinical natural language processing systems often requires access to many clinical documents, which are not widely available to the public due to privacy and security concerns. To address this challenge, we propose to develop methods to generate synthetic clinical notes and evaluate their utility in real clinical natural language processing tasks.

Materials and Methods
: We implemented 4 state-of-the-art text generation models, namely CharRNN, SegGAN, GPT-2, and CTRL, to generate clinical text for the History and Present Illness section. We then manually annotated clinical entities for randomly selected 500 History and Present Illness notes generated from the best-performing algorithm. To compare the utility of natural and synthetic corpora, we trained named entity recognition (NER) models from all 3 corpora and evaluated their performance on 2 independent natural corpora.

Results
: Our evaluation shows GPT-2 achieved the best BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy) score (with a BLEU-2 of 0.92). NER models trained on synthetic corpus generated by GPT-2 showed slightly better performance on 2 independent corpora: strict F1 scores of 0.709 and 0.748, respectively, when compared with the NER models trained on natural corpus (F1 scores of 0.706 and 0.737, respectively), indicating the good utility of synthetic corpora in clinical NER model development. In addition, we also demonstrated that an augmented method that combines both natural and synthetic corpora achieved better performance than that uses the natural corpus only.

Conclusions
: Recent advances in text generation have made it possible to generate synthetic clinical notes that could be useful for training NER models for information extraction from natural clinical notes, thus lowering the privacy concern and increasing data availability. Further investigation is needed to apply this technology to practice.