bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body weight and premature retirement: population-based evidence from Finland
Authors: Viinikainen Jutta , Tikka Santtu , Laaksonen Mikko , Jääskeläinen Tuija , Böckerman Petri , Karvanen Juha 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Health status is a principal determinant of labour market participation. In this study, we examined whether excess weight is associated with withdrawal from the labour market owing to premature retirement.

Methods
The analyses were based on nationally representative data from Finland over the period 2001–15 (N ∼ 2500). The longitudinal data included objective measures of body weight (i.e. body mass index and waist circumference) linked to register-based information on actual retirement age. The association between the body weight measures and premature retirement was modelled using cubic b-splines via logistic regression. The models accounted for other possible risk factors and potential confounders, such as smoking and education.

Results
Excess weight was associated with an increased risk of premature retirement for both men and women. A closer examination revealed that the probability of retirement varied across the weight distribution and the results differed between sexes and weight measures.

Conclusion
Body weight outside a recommended range elevates the risk of premature retirement.
Mapping key components of community-oriented strategies to facilitate alcohol-related early identification and brief intervention in general practice: a scoping review
Authors: Pussig Bram , Vandelanotte Sarah , Matheï Catharina , Pas Leo , Aertgeerts Bert , Vermandere Mieke 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Hazardous alcohol use is one of the leading risk factors for morbidity and mortality in the world. Early identification and brief interventions (EIBIs) delivered in primary care is an effective but underutilized strategy to address this issue. Community-oriented strategies (COS) are suggested to facilitate EIBI delivery. COS are public health activities directed to the general population raising awareness and encouraging behaviour change. Unfortunately, it remains unclear what these COS should comprise and what their added value might be in EIBI delivery. To map the available information on COS aiming to facilitate alcohol-related EIBI delivery in general practice. A scoping review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping reviews guidelines, was used to map both grey and peer-reviewed literature. Of the 6586 information sources screened, 8 sources were retained in this review. Three COS are currently described in the literature, all with their different components. They include the use of mass media, self-assessment tools and waiting room actions. Waiting room actions comprising audio recordings or computerized self-assessment tools significantly increase the discussion on alcohol use in primary care. The effect of mass media and community-wide self-assessment tools on EIBI delivery remains to be determined. Currently, the described COS lack empirical justification to motivate their added value in facilitating EIBI delivery. However, a theoretical reflection showed the use of a limited set of behaviour change techniques, which might support the use of COS. There remains a lot of possible strategies to explore. This review highlights the current evidence gap and discusses the next steps.
Antibiotics for gastroenteritis in general practice and out-of-hour services in Norway 2006–15
Authors: Emberland Knut Erik , Wensaas Knut-Arne , Litleskare Sverre , Larsen Leo , Morch Kristine , Ruths Sabine , Rortveit Guri 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
When patients with gastroenteritis (GE) seek health care, they are generally managed in primary care. Little is known about the use of antibiotic treatment in these cases.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate time trends and patient characteristics associated with antibiotic treatment for GE in Norwegian primary care in a 10-year period.

Methods
We linked data from two nationwide registries, reimbursement claims data from Norwegian primary care (the KUHR database) and The Norwegian Prescription Database, for the period 2006–15. GE consultations were extracted, and courses of systemic antibiotics dispensed within 1 day were included for further analyses.

Results
Antibiotic treatment was linked to 1.8% (n = 23 663) of the 1 279 867 consultations for GE in Norwegian primary care in the period 2006–15. The proportion of GE consultations with antibiotic treatment increased from 1.4% in 2006 to 2.2% in 2012 and then decreased to 1.8% in 2015. Fluoroquinolones (28.9%) and metronidazole (26.8%) were most frequently used. Whereas the number of fluoroquinolones courses decreased after 2012, the number of metronidazole courses continued to increase until year 2015. The antibiotic treatment proportion of GE consultations was lowest in young children and increased with increasing age.

Conclusion
Antibiotic treatment is infrequently used in GE consultations in Norwegian primary care. Although there was an overall increase in use during the study period, we observed a reduction in overall use after year 2012. Young children were treated with antibiotics in GE consultations less frequent than older patients.
34S enrichment as a signature of thiosulfate oxidation in the “Proteobacteria”
Authors: Alam Masrure , Fernandes Svetlana , Mandal Subhrangshu , Rameez Maida Jameela , Bhattacharya Sabyasachi , Peketi Aditya , Mazumdar Aninda , Ghosh Wriddhiman 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTKinetics of thiosulfate oxidation, product and intermediate formation, and 34S fractionation, were studied for the members of Alphaproteobacteria Paracoccus sp. SMMA5 and Mesorhizobium thiogangeticum SJTT, the Betaproteobacteria member Pusillimonas ginsengisoli SBO3, and the Acidithiobacillia member Thermithiobacillus sp. SMMA2, during chemolithoautotrophic growth in minimal salts media supplemented with 20 mM thiosulfate. The two Alphaproteobacteria oxidized thiosulfate directly to sulfate, progressively enriching the end-product with 34S; Δ34Sthiosulfate-sulfate values recorded at the end of the two processes (when no thiosulfate was oxidized any further) were −2.9‰ and −3.5‰, respectively. Pusillimonas ginsengisoli SBO3 and Thermithiobacillus sp. SMMA2, on the other hand, oxidized thiosulfate to sulfate via tetrathionate intermediate formation, with progressive 34S enrichment in the end-product sulfate throughout the incubation period; Δ34Sthiosulfate-sulfate, at the end of the two processes (when no further oxidation took place), reached −3.5‰ and −3.8‰, respectively. Based on similar 34S fractionation patterns recorded previously during thiosulfate oxidation by strains of Paracoccus pantotrophus, Advenella kashmirensis and Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus, it was concluded that progressive reverse fractionation, enriching the end-product sulfate with 34S, could be a characteristic signature of bacterial thiosulfate oxidation.
Using magnetic techniques to calibrate hydrocarbon migration in petroleum systems modelling: A Case Study from the Lower Tertiary, UK Central North Sea
Authors: Badejo S A , Muxworthy A R , Fraser A , Neumaier M , Perkins J R , Stevenson G R , Davey R 
Published: June 2021

Summary
Magnetic minerals form or alter in the presence of hydrocarbons, making them a potential magnetic proxy for identifying hydrocarbon migration pathways. In this paper we test this idea by magnetically measuring core samples from the Tay Fan in the Western Central Graben in the Central North Sea. In a companion paper, 3D petroleum systems modelling has been carried out to forward model migration pathways within the Tay Fan. Rock magnetic experiments identified a range of magnetite, maghemite, iron sulphides, siderite, goethite and titanohematite, some of which are part of the background signal, and some due to the presence of hydrocarbons. Typical concentrations of the magnetic minerals were ∼10–200 ppm. Importantly, we have identified an increasing presence of authigenic iron sulphides (likely pyrite and greigite) along the identified lateral hydrocarbon migration pathway (east to west). This is likely caused by biodegradation resulting in the precipitation of iron sulphides, however, though less likely, it could alternatively be caused by mature oil generation, which subsequently travelled with the migrating oil to the traps in the west. These observations suggest mineral magnetic techniques could be a rapid alternative method for identifying the severity of biodegradation or oil maturity in core sample, which can then be used to calibrate petroleum systems models.
Structure and properties of the giant reed (Arundo donax) lectin (ADL)
Authors: Perduca Massimiliano , Bovi Michele , Destefanis Laura , Nadali Divina , Fin Laura , Parolini Francesca , Sorio Daniela , Carrizo Maria E , Monaco Hugo L 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Arundo donax lectin (ADL) is a 170 amino acid protein that can be purified from the rhizomes of the giant reed or giant cane by exploiting its selective binding to chitin followed by elution with N-acetylglucosamine. The lectin is listed in the UniProt server, the largest protein sequence database, as an uncharacterized protein with chitin-binding domains (A0A0A9P802). This paper reports the purification, structure and ligand-binding properties of ADL. The lectin is a homodimer in which the two protomers are linked by two disulfide bridges. Each polypeptide chain presents four carbohydrate-binding modules that belong to carbohydrate-binding module family 18. A high degree of sequence similarity is observed among the modules present in each protomer. We have determined the X-ray structure of the apo-protein to a resolution of 1.70 Å. The carbohydrate-binding modules, that span a sequence of approximately 40 amino acids, present four internal disulfide bridges, a very short antiparallel central beta sheet and three short alpha helices, two on one side of the beta sheet and one on the other. The structures of the complexes of the lectin with N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetyllactosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-N’diacetylchitobiose reveal that ADL has two primary and two secondary carbohydrate-binding sites per dimer. They are located at the interface between the two protomers, and each binding site involves residues of both chains. The lectin presents structural similarity to the wheat germ agglutinin family, in particular, to isoform 3.
Evaluating urban–rural access to pathology and laboratory medicine services in Tanzania
Authors: Iyer Hari S , Wolf Nicholas G , Flanigan John S , Castro Marcia C , Schroeder Lee F , Fleming Kenneth , Vuhahula Edda , Massambu Charles 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPlacement of pathology and laboratory medicine (PALM) services requires balancing efficiency (maximizing test volume) with equitable urban–rural access. We compared the association between population density (proxy for efficiency) and travel time to the closest facility (proxy for equitable access) across levels of Tanzania’s public sector health system. We linked geospatial data for Tanzania from multiple sources. Data on facility locations and other geographic measures were collected from government and non-governmental databases. We classified facilities assuming increasing PALM availability by tier: (1) dispensaries, (2) health centres, (3) district hospitals and (4) regional/referral hospitals. We used the AccessMod 5 algorithm to estimate travel time to the closest facility for each tier across Tanzania with 500-m resolution. District-level average population density and travel time to the closest facility were calculated and presented using medians and interquartile ranges. Spatial correlations between these variables were estimated using the global Moran’s I and bivariate Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation, specifying a queen’s neighbourhood matrix. Spatial analysis was restricted to 171 contiguous districts. The study included 5406 dispensaries, 675 health centres, 186 district hospitals and 37 regional/referral hospitals. District-level travel times were shortest for Tier 1 (median: [IQR]: 45.4 min [30.0–74.7]) and longest for Tier 4 facilities (160.2 min [107.3–260.0]). There was a weak spatial autocorrelation across tiers (Tier 1: −0.289, Tier 2: −0.292, Tier 3: −0.271 and Tier 4: −0.258) and few districts were classified as significant spatial outliers. Across tiers, geographic patterns of populated districts surrounded by neighbours with short travel time and sparsely populated districts surrounded by neighbours with long travel time were observed. Similar spatial correlation measures across health system levels suggest that Tanzania’s health system reflects equitable urban–rural access to different PALM services. Longer travel times to hospital-based care could be ameliorated by shifting specialized diagnostics to more accessible lower tiers.
Mitochondrial DNA disorders: from pathogenic variants to preventing transmission
Authors: Bernardino Gomes Tiago M , Ng Yi Shiau , Pickett Sarah J , Turnbull Doug M , Vincent Amy E 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders are recognized as one of the most common causes of inherited metabolic disorders. The mitochondrial genome occurs in multiple copies resulting in both homoplasmic and heteroplasmic pathogenic mtDNA variants. A biochemical defect arises when the pathogenic variant level reaches a threshold, which differs between variants. Moreover, variants can segregate, clonally expand, or be lost from cellular populations resulting in a dynamic and tissue-specific mosaic pattern of oxidative deficiency. MtDNA is maternally inherited but transmission patterns of heteroplasmic pathogenic variants are complex. During oogenesis, a mitochondrial bottleneck results in offspring with widely differing variant levels to their mother, whilst highly deleterious variants, such as deletions, are not transmitted. Complemented by a complex interplay between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, these peculiar genetics produce marked phenotypic variation, posing challenges to the diagnosis and clinical management of patients. Novel therapeutic compounds and several genetic therapies are currently under investigation, but proven disease-modifying therapies remain elusive. Women who carry pathogenic mtDNA variants require bespoke genetic counselling to determine their reproductive options. Recent advances in in vitro fertilization techniques, have greatly improved reproductive choices, but are not without their challenges. Since the first pathogenic mtDNA variants were identified over 30 years ago, there has been remarkable progress in our understanding of these diseases. However, many questions remain unanswered and future studies are required to investigate the mechanisms of disease progression and to identify new disease-specific therapeutic targets.
Examining Cultural Structures and Functions in Biology
Authors: Tanner Richelle L , Grover Neena , Anderson Michelle L , Crocker Katherine C , Dutta Shuchismita , Horner Angela M , Hough Loren E , Moore Talia Y , Rosen Gail L , S Whitney Kaitlin , Summers Adam P 
Published: June 2021

SynopsisScientific culture and structure organize biological sciences in many ways. We make choices concerning the systems and questions we study. Our research then amplifies these choices into factors that influence the directions of future research by shaping our hypotheses, data analyses, interpretation, publication venues, and dissemination via other methods. But our choices are shaped by more than objective curiosity—we are influenced by cultural paradigms reinforced by societal upbringing and scientific indoctrination during training. This extends to the systems and data that we consider to be ethically obtainable or available for study, and who is considered qualified to do research, ask questions, and communicate about research. It is also influenced by the profitability of concepts like open-access—a system designed to improve equity, but which enacts gatekeeping in unintended but foreseeable ways. Creating truly integrative biology programs will require more than intentionally developing departments or institutes that allow overlapping expertise in two or more subfields of biology. Interdisciplinary work requires the expertise of large and diverse teams of scientists working together—this is impossible without an authentic commitment to addressing, not denying, racism when practiced by individuals, institutions, and cultural aspects of academic science. We have identified starting points for remedying how our field has discouraged and caused harm, but we acknowledge there is a long path forward. This path must be paved with field-wide solutions and institutional buy-in: our solutions must match the scale of the problem. Together, we can integrate—not reintegrate—the nuances of biology into our field.
Hybrid Metachronal Rowing Augments Swimming Speed and Acceleration via Increased Stroke Amplitude
Authors: Ford Mitchell P , Ray William J , DiLuca Erika M , Patek S N , Santhanakrishnan Arvind 
Published: June 2021

SynopsisNumerous aquatic invertebrates use drag-based metachronal rowing for swimming, in which closely spaced appendages are oscillated starting from the posterior, with each appendage phase-shifted in time relative to its neighbor. Continuously swimming species such as Antarctic krill generally use “pure metachronal rowing” consisting of a metachronal power stroke and a metachronal recovery stroke, while burst swimming species such as many copepods and mantis shrimp typically use “hybrid metachronal rowing” consisting of a metachronal power stroke followed by a synchronous or nearly synchronous recovery stroke. Burst swimming organisms need to rapidly accelerate in order to capture prey and/or escape predation, and it is unknown whether hybrid metachronal rowing can augment acceleration and swimming speed compared to pure metachronal rowing. Simulations of rigid paddles undergoing simple harmonic motion showed that collisions between adjacent paddles restrict the maximum stroke amplitude for pure metachronal rowing. Hybrid metachronal rowing similar to that observed in mantis shrimp (Neogonodactylus bredini) permits oscillation at larger stroke amplitude while avoiding these collisions. We comparatively examined swimming speed, acceleration, and wake structure of pure and hybrid metachronal rowing strategies by using a self-propelling robot. Both swimming speed and peak acceleration of the robot increased with increasing stroke amplitude. Hybrid metachronal rowing permitted operation at larger stroke amplitude without collision of adjacent paddles on the robot, augmenting swimming speed and peak acceleration. Hybrid metachronal rowing generated a dispersed wake unlike narrower, downward-angled jets generated by pure metachronal rowing. Our findings suggest that burst swimming animals with small appendage spacing, such as copepods and mantis shrimp, can use hybrid metachronal rowing to generate large accelerations via increasing stroke amplitude without concern of appendage collision.
Impaired T-Lymphocyte Responses During Childhood Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Authors: Li Zhaotao , Beesetty Pavani , Gerges George , Kleinhenz Maureen , Moore-Clingenpeel Melissa , Yang Ching , Ahmed Luul B , Hensley Josey , Steele Lisa , Chong Anita S , Montgomery Christopher P 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Staphylococcus aureus infections are common throughout the lifespan, with recurrent infections occurring in nearly half of infected children. There is no licensed vaccine, underscoring the need to better understand how S. aureus evades protective immunity. Despite much study, the relative contributions of antibodies and T cells to protection against S. aureus infections in humans are not fully understood.

Methods
We prospectively quantified S. aureus-specific antibody levels by ELISA and T-cell responses by ELISpot in S. aureus-infected and healthy children.

Results
S. aureus-specific antibody levels and T-cell responses increased with age in healthy children, suggesting a coordinated development of anti-staphylococcal immunity. Antibody levels against leukotoxin E (LukE) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (LukS-PV), but not α-hemolysin (Hla), were higher in younger infected children, compared with healthy children; these differences disappeared in older children. We observed a striking impairment of global and S. aureus-specific T-cell function in children with invasive and noninvasive infection, suggesting that S. aureus-specific immune responses are dysregulated during childhood infection regardless of the infection phenotype.

Conclusions
These findings identify a potential mechanism by which S. aureus infection actively evades adaptive immune responses, thereby preventing the development of protective immunity and maintaining susceptibility to recurrent infection.
Social Determinants of Poor Outcomes Following Frostbite Injury: A Study of the National Inpatient Sample
Authors: Endorf Frederick W , Nygaard Rachel M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Severe frostbite injury can result in significant disability from amputation of limbs and digits which may be mitigated through prompt medical care. The reported rates of amputation vary widely between centers. Our aim was to describe the incidence and factors associated with amputation secondary to frostbite injury in the United States using a national sample of hospitalizations. Admissions for frostbite injury were identified in the National Inpatient Sample (2016–2018). Factors associated with amputation were assessed by multivariable logistic regression and clustered by hospital. The overall incidence of frostbite injury in the United States is 0.83 of 100,000 people. Of the social factors associated with frostbite injury, homelessness and the black race were independently associated with a higher likelihood of amputation at the primary admission. Diagnosis of cellulitis was a predictor of amputation. Homeless frostbite patients were more frequently discharged against medical advice and were less likely to discharge with supportive medical care, despite having a higher rate of more severe injury. Disability from amputation following frostbite injury affects at least 20% of frostbite-injured patients and disproportionally affects the homeless population. Further study is needed to ascertain the decision making that leads to early amputation following frostbite injury, especially in the homeless and black population. Outreach and education efforts should be initiated to promote salvage of functional limb length following frostbite injury.