bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vietnam: Marshalling State and Non-State Actors
Authors: Nguyen Cuong , Phan Thanh 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Vietnam’s campaign against Covid-19. When the coronavirus outbreak emerged in the Chinese city of Wuhan, the government of Vietnam considered it a highly contagious disease and immediately implemented all necessary measures to protect people from the emerging pandemic, even if these strict measures resulted in massive economic losses. The chapter then introduces the regulatory framework which enabled the government and other non-state actors in Vietnam to fight the epidemic effectively. It also discusses how Vietnam contained the spread of the virus in practice from the perspectives of health and medical policy, information and technology, economic policy, and international cooperation. Ultimately, Vietnam’s unique response derives from four factors: (1) the policy that prioritized public health over economic considerations; (2) Vietnam’s having been well prepared for dealing with contagious diseases since the SARS outbreak in 2003 and the government immediately introducing strict measures to prevent the spread of Covid-19 when it emerged in China; (3) the legal framework specifying the roles of the central and local governments to avoid any bureaucratic delays in making decisions in an epidemic; and (4) the government flexibly combining coercive means with deliberate action, public education, effective governance, and effective coordination with the community and the private sector.
Borders and Entry Controls in Asia
Authors: Neo Jaclyn L. , Lee Darius 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates a variety of movement and border control measures in Asia and considers how these responses demonstrate the persistence of territorial sovereignty and the nation-state in a highly globalized world. It situates the discussion within broader debates about borders—open, closed, even shifting. The chapter then provides a preliminary framework for analyzing movement and border control measures across Asia. This framework employs three binaries for analyzing state control: territoriality (internal/external controls); nationality (citizens/aliens); and directionality (entry/exit). Ultimately, governmental responses to Covid-19 highlight both the independence and interdependence of states in a globalized world. The widespread closure of borders to outsiders and insiders demonstrates that classical Westphalian notions of the nation and state borders persist, even while being transformed by ever-more-innovative technologies. The willingness of governments to shut their external and internal borders—and the exceptions they make—also tend to reaffirm the primacy of national interests, with public health and the continued flow of essential goods and services regarded as non-negotiable considerations.
Central Banks and Their Limits in a Pandemic
Authors: Hofmann Christian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter details the reactions of central banks to the current Covid-19 pandemic and contrasts them with their monetary policy operations during normal (non-crisis) times and their reactions to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2007–2009. It situates the response of central banks in Asia within a global context, examining and comparing the responses of central banks in the United States, the Euro area, the United Kingdom, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong. Moreover, the chapter explains why this crisis is unprecedented, making it dangerous in terms of financial stability and state finances and difficult for central banks to return to normality. In the current crisis, central banks find themselves in an ambiguous situation. On the one hand, they are better prepared than they were thirteen years ago when the GFC erupted. On the other hand, relying on experience from the GFC comes with risks. No two crises are ever the same, and this is especially true for the Covid-19 pandemic. Financial markets and economies are not the triggers of this crisis as they were in many previous crises when central banks had to react swiftly and forcefully; instead, they have fallen victim to a calamity that paralyzes society, trade, and business globally.
Governing through Contagion
Authors: Chua Lynette J. , Lee Jack Jin Gary 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the concept of “governing through contagion.” Flexing power over life, governing through contagion regulates subjects of a population to ensure their bodies are free from contagion, do not spread contagion to fellow subjects, and stay economically productive—or at least, avoid incurring economic costs of medicine and containment. In many territories, the legal strategies of control in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, such as quarantine orders and movement restrictions, grew out of earlier episodes of contagion that significantly shaped governing through contagion. The chapter then introduces three themes of governing through contagion: centralization and technology of law; normalization and technologies of moralization; and inter/dysconnectedness and the rearticulation of difference. The analysis draws on the historical ethnography of one British post-colony, Singapore, situated in three contexts: the colonial era (particularly 1868–1915), which was troubled by numerous epidemics such as plague, cholera, and smallpox; the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak; and the Covid-19 pandemic.
Thailand: Emergency Responses or More Social Turbulence?
Authors: Leelapatana Rawin , Tangthavorn Chompunoot 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses Thailand’s legal and regulatory responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. These responses clearly exposed the tension between two viewpoints: some regarded wide-ranging executive measures as expedient and necessary tools to combat Covid-19; others worried about their adverse effects on the rule of law and other negative socio-economic consequences. The chapter then considers whether the legal and regulatory measures applied by the Thai government have been suitable, necessary, and effective for a global challenge such as Covid-19, taking into account their legal and social consequences. It argues that the applications of these measures reflected the hegemony of the tradition of paternalistic nationalism. However, the unique nature of this pandemic has exacerbated, rather than mitigated, a social upheaval in a society already struggling with economic stagnation and intractable political polarization.
Can Technology and Privacy Co-Exist in a Pandemic?
Authors: Li Ze Shi , Phusamruat Visakha , Clear Tony , Damian Daniela 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses whether the short-term benefits of using digital technology to suppress the Covid-19 pandemic justify the detrimental long-term consequences for privacy. It addresses this complex question through an inevitably incomplete discussion of privacy data protection laws, technology design, and trust in governments and technology providers as well as cultural understandings of privacy. After outlining the technology-assisted measures in various regions in Asia, the chapter highlights major privacy concerns and looks at a number of trade-offs that emerge from the use of technology to contain the spread of the virus. These trade-offs exemplify the risks of adoption of just-in-time software technologies for public health purposes without fully understanding their impact on users and of potentially erroneous data-driven decisions and the involuntary collection of personal data. They also raise important policy questions in the dynamic and fast-shifting context of the Covid-19 pandemic.
South Korea: Democracy, Innovation, and Surveillance
Authors: Chung Sunghee , Lee Sujin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores South Korea’s responses to the Covid-19 pandemic, focusing on its innovative approach and regulatory background in implementing the so-called “test-track-treat strategy.” Years earlier, South Korea revised and introduced a regulatory framework to allow for effective responses and interventions against infectious disease outbreaks in the aftermath of its traumatic experiences with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2015. The chapter looks at how the amendments to regulations related to infectious diseases in the aftermath of the MERS outbreak have worked to South Korea’s advantage in fighting Covid-19. However, despite South Korea’s success in “flattening the curve,” its use of large-scale testing, and information and communication technology (ICT) to track patients raises controversial human rights and privacy issues. The extensive use of surveillance technologies to track and monitor individuals has the potential to infringe upon and limit fundamental human rights. The chapter then illuminates the dilemma facing South Korea between democratic governance and surveillance technology and discusses how to reconcile, through a South Korean lens, potential tensions between individual freedom and public health in a state of emergency.
Hong Kong: The Healthcare Professions and the Outbreak
Authors: Ho Calvin W.L. , Cheung Daisy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies Hong Kong’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Hong Kong’s experience with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 helped to prepare the health system for a pandemic, allowing it to avoid a complete lockdown of the city. Social-distancing measures, aggressive testing, and contact tracing have also been critical in controlling the local transmission of the disease. However, when historians and health policy researchers look back at the early days of the outbreak, they are likely to cite the impact of the five-day strike of healthcare professionals in February 2020 as a critical turning point in Hong Kong’s initially hesitant response. The chapter then focuses on this strike and the role of the healthcare profession in shaping public health policy. It argues that the striking healthcare professionals used their standing in Hong Kong to revive the city’s collective memory of the SARS outbreak, mobilizing public action, and possibly triggering a stronger public health intervention by the government.
Bhutan: The Role of the Constitutional Monarch in a Public Health Crisis
Authors: Tshering Sonam , Dorji Nima 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on Bhutan’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The people’s trust and confidence in the leadership of His Majesty the King, their government, strong Buddhist values to help each other, and the conscience of unity and solidarity proved their foremost strength in containing this pandemic as a nation. The king’s personal involvement helped guide, motivate, and encourage compliance with and support for the government’s response. However, Bhutan faced several challenges during the pandemic. Though most of the people are united, there are outliers who took advantage of the situation; there are reported cases of drug smuggling and one case of a person who escaped from quarantine. The government responded by increasing border patrols. In the long run, other solutions could be considered: installing a smart wall—using drones, sensors, and artificial intelligence patrols—would give Bhutan more control over its borders in the context of another epidemic while also enabling the government to better control smuggling.
Cambodia: Public Health, Economic, and Political Dimensions
Authors: Ly Ratana , Hing Vandanet , Soy Kimsan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the emergence of Covid-19 in Cambodia, the legal and regulatory responses, and the social dimensions of Cambodia’s Covid-19 response. By working with development partners to strengthen the public health system, Cambodia successfully managed the first wave of Covid-19 while tentatively preparing for more possible outbreaks. The Covid-19 pandemic raises the question of how a country susceptible to political manipulation and external economic shocks can balance the population’s health with the mantra of peace, stability, and economic growth. While the government put much effort into protecting the health of the population and curbing the spread of Covid-19, it was primarily inclined toward maintaining the economy and enforcing peace and stability. By adhering to its health and human rights obligations under international conventions, Cambodia stood to improve its relations with Western countries, boosting growth, and, in turn, fostering peace and stability.
Indonesia’s Response to the Pandemic
Authors: Hosen Nadirsyah , Hammado Nurussyariah 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the Jokowi government’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic and explains why it has not been capable of responding quickly to Covid-19. There were four main barriers: first, the unhealthy relationship between the Indonesian Medical Association and the recently appointed minister of health affairs; second, the political rivalry between Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s (known as Jokowi) administration and the current governor of Jakarta, the national capital of Indonesia; third, the incompetence of the Jokowi cabinet, where lack of leadership has been shown during the crisis; and finally, the conservative religious groups’ position, rejecting the request not to organize mass prayers. The combination of these four barriers contributed to the slow response and ineffectiveness of the government’s policies and regulations during the Covid-19 crisis. The response was too little, too late. The Jokowi administration was pushed into a corner, making unclear policies, uncoordinated responses, and conflicting statements.
Malaysia: Improvised Pandemic Policies and Democratic Regression
Authors: Tayeb Azmil , Hong Por Heong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with an overview of the emergence of Covid-19 cases in Malaysia, in particular, the clusters that spike up the infection rate. It then considers the regulations, laws, and socio-economic measures implemented by the Malaysian government. The chapter evaluates the effectiveness of these measures and the challenges faced by the government and the people in coping with this crisis, not just in seeking to reduce the number of positive cases but also in the larger context of democratic norms, human rights, and socio-economic justice. Chief among Malaysia’s measures to stem the spread of the pandemic is the Movement Control Order (MCO), which forces people to stay inside except to perform essential services, go out to buy food, or seek medical treatment. The MCO has been successful in some respects, particularly in flattening the curve, but in some areas, such as the rights of marginalized communities, clarity of instructions, and uniformity of enforcement, it has left much to be desired.
Governments and Business
Authors: Cheng-Han Tan , Wang Jiangyu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the deleterious effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on business enterprises in Asia. In these extraordinary and unprecedented circumstances, it was not surprising that governments stepped in to forestall a collapse of markets brought about by the simple fact that ordinary life had been disrupted. Beyond liquidity and stimulus measures taken by central banks that feature in many past recessions, many Asian jurisdictions saw unprecedented provision of financial support and measures to businesses and individuals to tide them over and lessen the risk of insolvency. These measures included temporary moratoriums on financial obligations and debt recovery, relief from other contractual obligations, employment support, increases to the debt thresholds for the commencement of insolvency proceedings, and infrastructure investments. These extraordinary measures, if effective, had the potential to become part of an expanded standard playbook to deal with future economic shocks, and the chapter focuses on them with particular reference to China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore.
The Conquest in Historical Writing from the Late Thirteenth Century
Authors: Garnett George 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 analyses three genres of historical writing about England in the later middle ages: histories of individual churches, universal histories, and histories of the kingdom. It confirms the provisional judgement reached in Chapter 4: that with respect to the Conquest and earlier England, historical writing fossilized. There were, however, exceptions, most of which could be categorized in the first genre. These are examined in great detail, and follow on from the treatment of the unusual episodes recorded during the thirteenth century at St Augustine’s, Canterbury and Burton Abbey which were considered in Chapter 4. The first is the problematic, neglected Historia Croylandensis attributed to (Pseudo-)Ingulf, which is for the most part a fabrication of the fourteenth or fifteenth century, but which masquerades as the work of the abbot at Crowland at the end of the eleventh century, and therefore as contemporaneous with the great post-Conquest histories of England. The second is the early fourteenth-century Lichfield Chronicle, written by Alan of Ashbourn. The third is a general history of England conventionally attributed to John Brompton, abbot of Jervaulx in the early fifteenth century, and perhaps written at the abbey. All three pay a great deal of attention to (different) twelfth-century compilations of Old English and immediately post-Conquest law. This unusual characteristic accounts for their exceptional interest in the Conquest. The chapter also includes a briefer discussion of the more conventional histories into which condensed earlier discussions of the Conquest were inserted.
The Actors
Authors: West-Harling Veronica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This is the first of two chapters to look at the inhabitants of each city, the actors of its history. Roman society is studied through the elites (including the popes as rulers of the city) and the populus. The study of the Roman aristocracy in the periods 750–900, then 900–1000, looks at individual members and their families, titles, status, and wealth; and at the popes themselves, individually and collectively, through their struggles in elections, riots, and conflicts. The populus (urban clergy, merchants, artisans, pilgrims, the poor) is next. The period saw power alternate between a secular aristocracy, first as members of the papal government in the ninth century, then as a separate entity in the tenth century. But the papacy’s role had become too important on the European scene, through the veneration for St Peter, for the city to be governed independently of its involvement in international affairs
The Actors
Authors: West-Harling Veronica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a study of the people in Ravenna and Venice. The elites of Ravenna (including its archbishops), as seen through their titles, status, anthroponymy, and wealth, show an increasing mix of the old ‘exarchal’ aristocracy with the new Carolingian-imported one. This elite is anti-papal and pro-imperial, as are the middle ranks, merchants, and artisans. The study of the Venetian actors follows the families of the doges, then those of the other nobles, as they all struggle with each other for control. Specific to Venice is the unusual status of the merchants, identical to the other aristocratic families whose wealth is sourced from both land and trade. While Ravenna preserved a strong awareness of its late antique heritage but gradually mixed into the rest of Italian politics, Venice, theoretically Byzantine in allegiance, in practice functioned, institutionally and culturally, much like the Italian society of the terraferma
Exercising Power in the City
Authors: West-Harling Veronica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows the exercising of power in action in the public space. It looks at who ‘owns’ this, the Christianization of it in Rome, and the increasing role of the papacy in appropriating and in running it, revalorizing it as part of Rome’s Christian past and present, expressed through pilgrimage. This appropriation is contested by the secular aristocracy, which in turn appropriates the public space and rewrites the topography of the city in the tenth century. The use of the public space as an area of either social cohesion or conflict is studied, through the ceremonies, elections, oaths, processions, assemblies, justice and defence meetings; but also riots, conspiracies, and contested elections. This space of cohesion or conflict is fundamental to the creation of the unity and sense of identity of the city, especially around the patron saint or, sometimes, around or indeed against an imperial ruler
Memory and the Construction of City Identity
Authors: West-Harling Veronica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The departure point of this book was the Roman past as a common ground in all three cities. This is confirmed through anthroponymy, law and notarial practices, art, titles, status, topography, and lifestyle. There is a preservation and construction of the past, based on Romanitas. But there is as much a construction of the present. In Rome this is made up of the idealized Romanness of the Carolingians, and of the veneration of St Peter by pilgrims. In Venice it is created by John the Deacon and through the cult of St Mark. Ravenna’s interest in its past, without a strong saint, makes it less successful in its present identity. Meanwhile, for the inhabitants of Rome, present and past remain strongly intertwined less through the outsiders’ interest in the papacy and St Peter than through the reminding power of everyday topography and visual presence of Romanitas on the ground
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: West-Harling Veronica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study has shown that, notwithstanding the strength of the ‘Roman’ past of these 3 post-Byzantine cities, there are considerable differences between them both quantitatively and qualitatively as to the understanding, use or interest. This tradition meant different things to different city actors, and in practice, it was often and increasingly mixed up with the other traditions, Lombard and Frankish especially, which made up the lifestyle of other Italian cities and regions. To what extent these cities were unique or different from other Byzantine ones, such as Naples, or to those without this tradition, such as Pavia or Milan, would be a most desirable follow-up in another study.
What’s New? How to Refine our Assessments of Party Novelty
Authors: Haughton Tim , Deegan-Krause Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Scholars have disagreed over how to assess and measure what constitutes a ‘new’ political party. The different understandings of newness matter because they are used in attempts to measure the overall instability of party systems, often producing widely varying results for volatility calculations. There are multiple approaches to assessing novelty. Some are rooted in studying party origins, while others are based on party attributes, and there is a wide range of views on the thresholds for what counts as new. Combining the origin and attribute approaches provides the best way of understanding the degree of change. The chapter assesses parties on a multi-level range of change from ‘Continuation’ through to ‘Inception’. This range permits both stricter and looser definitions to be used to determine the level and extent of newness in a political system, and thus works around the problem of inconsistent evaluations of parties and conflicting methods of classification.