bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Church Planters
Authors: Pitt Richard N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Starting a new organization is a risky business. Most startups fail; half of them do not reach the five-year mark. Protestant churches are not immune to these trends. Most new churches are not established with denominational support—many are actually nondenominational—and, therefore, have many of the vulnerabilities other infant organizations must overcome. Research has revealed that millions of Americans are leaving churches, half of all churches do not add any new members, and thousands of churches shutter their doors each year. These numbers suggest that American religion is not a growth industry. Yet, more than 1,000 new churches are started in any given year. What are the forces that move people who might otherwise be satisfied working for churches to the riskier role of starting one as a religion entrepreneur? In Church Planters, sociologist Richard Pitt uses more than 125 in-depth interviews with church planters to understand their motivations. First he uncovers themes in their sometimes miraculous, sometimes mundane answers to the question “Why take on these risks?” Then he examines how they approach three common entrepreneurial challenges—recognizing opportunities, marshaling resources, and framing success—in ways that reduce uncertainty and lead them to believe they will be successful. The book combines their evocative stories with insights from research on commercial and social entrepreneurship to explain how these religion entrepreneurs come to believe that their organizational goals must be accomplished, that those goals are capable of being accomplished, and that they would accomplish those goals over time.
“Butts, Budgets, and Behaviors”
Authors: Pitt Richard N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how pastors match their own evaluation of themselves as “successful entrepreneurs” against external evaluations of them as “failures” based on conventional measures of success: large congregations, large bank accounts, and large sanctuaries. This chapter shows that an essential component of founding pastors’ beliefs that their churches are successful, even if they only have 30 members or are mortgaging their home to pay the church’s bills, is the ambiguous and difficult-to-quantify measure of “changed lives.” They argued the evidence of their success was the way parishioners’ souls have been revived, their lives have been rebuilt, and the communities around them have been revitalized. Sociologist Carl Bankston sees “religious environments as economies in which religious groups are firms competing for customers who make rational choices among available products.” With this in mind, this chapter also examines how pastors think about competition and their position in a competitive religious economy.
De-Sacralizing Religion Entrepreneurship
Authors: Pitt Richard N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter bookends the Introduction by returning to the three questions that motivated the book’s research: (1) Are church founders “entrepreneurs”? (2) What motivates religion entrepreneurship in a crowded and competitive field trying to appeal to an increasingly anti-institutional-religion customer base? (3) What factors reduce these entrepreneurs’ uncertainty and fear of failure? The chapter summarizes the findings of the book: (1) yes, church founders are entrepreneurs; (2) a mixture of self-efficacy heuristics, unexpected circumstances, and a belief in God’s direction motivates them; and (3) their ability to recognize an enduring set of needs/opportunities, their ability to marshal the necessary human and financial resources, and their ability to determine—in purely subjective ways—what success is reduce fear of failure.
Expertise and Aesthetic Liking
Authors: Skov Martin , Kirk Ulrich 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It has long been observed that experience influences aesthetic evaluations. Psychological research has found multiple examples of experts and nonexperts forming different liking responses to similar stimuli. It remains unclear, though, precisely why experts evaluate objects they are experts on differently from people who are not experts. In the article under discussion, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the authors demonstrated that, compared to non-architects, architects exhibited higher levels of neural activity in the reward systems when tasked with evaluating their liking of buildings but not when tasked with evaluating the attractiveness of faces.
The Role of Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices in Aesthetic Valuation
Authors: Munar Enric , Cela-Conde Camilo J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As discussed in both the original study and the current chapter, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a required neural player in the aesthetic appraisal and a basic stage of the aesthetic experience. As the distinct activation that the authors found in the neuroimaging study occurred when participants rated as beautiful natural, artistic, and decorative stimuli, we concluded that left DLPFC responded to aesthetic qualities in general and not to specific artistic qualities. More recent studies indicate that the function of the LPFC in relation to aesthetics may be to exercise cognitive control to direct attention with a proper aesthetic orientation. Other studies suggest that LPFC is part of a frontal “evaluative” network which supports an analysis of emotional response and personal relevance. Specifically, left DLPFC seems to affect the evaluation of different images, disengaging from a habitual mode of identifying objects in order to adopt an aesthetic perspective.
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex During Aesthetic Appreciation
Authors: Nadal Marcos , Cattaneo Zaira , Cela-Conde Camilo J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Several neuroimaging studies had shown that activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) was associated with aesthetic appreciation. But, was this a causal association? In the article under discussion, the authors used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to determine whether lDLPFC activity actually caused increased aesthetic appreciation. Their results showed that tDCS over lDLPFC caused liking for artworks and photographs to increase. They therefore concluded that the lDLPFC plays a causal role in visual aesthetic appreciation. The authors suggested that lDLPFC activity contributes to disengaging from a pragmatic orientation to stimuli, consisting mainly in identifying objects, adopting an aesthetic orientation, and focusing on those objects’ aesthetic qualities.
Is Artistic Composition in Abstract Art Detected Automatically?
Authors: Menzel Claudia , Kovács Gyula , Hayn-Leichsenring Gregor U. , Redies Christoph 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Most artists who create abstract paintings place the pictorial elements not at random, but arrange them intentionally in a specific artistic composition. This arrangement results in a pattern of image properties that differs from image versions in which the same pictorial elements are randomly shuffled. In the article under discussion, the original abstract paintings of the author’s image set were rated as more ordered and harmonious but less interesting than their shuffled counterparts. The authors tested whether the human brain distinguishes between these original and shuffled images by recording electrical brain activity in a particular paradigm that evokes a so-called visual mismatch negativity. The results revealed that the brain detects the differences between the two types of images fast and automatically. These findings are in line with models that postulate a significant role of early (low-level) perceptual processing of formal image properties in aesthetic evaluations.
Imaging the Subjective
Authors: Vessel Edward A. , Starr G. Gabrielle 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Aesthetic experiences can be deeply personal. Given this subjectivity, how can cognitive neuroscience characterize the neural mechanisms supporting intense aesthetic experiences? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, Vessel, Starr, and Rubin measured brain responses as observers viewed a diverse set of artworks and rated how aesthetically “moving” they found each artwork. Although individual observers expressed highly divergent aesthetic tastes, imaging results identified several regions consistently more engaged by moving artworks, including nodes of the default-mode network (DMN), a set of brain regions implicated in internally directed mentation. This work increased interest in the DMN and the role of internally directed thought in aesthetic experiences and helped to shift the focus of inquiry from single regions to network interactions. A result of close interaction between humanists and neuroscientists, the paper under discussion captured more of the richness of aesthetic experiences than was common in neuroimaging experiments. The authors hope that this legacy continues to inform future work.
Cultural Neuroaesthetics of Delicate Sadness Induced by Noh Masks
Authors: Osaka Naoyuki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As an investigator of how culture interacts with neuroaesthetics in Japanese art, the author’s goal in the article under discussion is to explore the neural mechanisms involved in the social, affective, and cognitive processes of sadness induced by the Noh mask. Why do seemingly negative emotions, such as sadness, play a critical role in aesthetic experiences in the Noh theater? What brain activity is involved in feeling delicate sadness? Sadness induced by faces involves cortical interactions among various brain areas such as the amygdala, striatum, fusiform face area, and insula. The expectation for reward, hidden in the appreciation of the sad mask, might be a social reward. If so, it may be that appreciating sadness masks engages a common system that drives the expectation of negative rewards. The author ran a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which participants’ brains were scanned while watching sad Noh masks. Results confirmed predictions, revealing activation of the right amygdala while viewing sad masks.
Artists, Artworks, Aesthetics, Cognition
Authors: Seeley William P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Skepticism about neuroaesthetics emerges from a contrast between aesthetic and cognitivist theories of art. Neuroaesthetics represents an aesthetic approach to understanding art. Aesthetic approaches identify the defining features of artworks by their aesthetic features and the affective profile of the experiences they engender. Cognitivist theories, in contrast, define artworks as communicative devices intentionally designed to convey some point, purpose, or meaning. In the article under discussion, the author argues that the conflict between these two views is overblown. He introduces a diagnostic recognition framework for understanding art grounded in a biased competition theory of selective attention. The framework defines artworks as attentional engines intentionally designed to orient perceivers to diagnostic features, including aesthetic features, that carry information about their point, purpose, or meaning. The artistic salience of aesthetic features of a work on this account, consistent with a cognitivist approach, lies in the semantic role they play in the expression of the work’s point, purpose, or meaning.
The Power of Poetry
Authors: Wassiliwizky Eugen , Menninghaus Winfried 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
From prehistory onward, poetic language has been widely used in the context of great personal, social, and emotional significance, reaching from large scale events, such as religious ceremonies, political occasions (including inaugurations of American presidents), and artistic contexts to more private gatherings, such as birthday parties, declarations of love, and parent–child interactions. Poetic language is capable of reaching deeply into the phylogenetically ancient structures of the human brain and providing profound aesthetic pleasures to its recipients. Yet a thorough scientific investigation of the workings of poetic language in the brain is only at its very beginnings. In the article under discussion, the authors review a study that focused on the emotional power of poetic language. In this project, they strived to integrate and interrelate perspectives from experimental psychology, neuroscience, rhetoric/poetics, psychophysiology, and philosophy. They argue that such a multidisciplinary approach is key to unraveling the mysteries of human aesthetic processing.
Vulnerability, Space, Communication: Three Conditions of Adequacy for Cosmopolitan Right
Authors: Niesen Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter argues that according to the Kantian completeness assumption, not only do we face a major unresolved systematic issue—all exercise of cosmopolitan right takes place in a state of nature between states and foreigners: a highly structured state of nature, to be sure, but a state of nature nonetheless—but we have too few options for fulfilling the conditions of explanatory adequacy. Niesen points out that in Kant and the Law of War no space is reserved for leaving normative issues undecided, to be resolved through politics and through additional, positive global institutions.
A Kantian Defense of Remedial Wars
Authors: Harel Alon 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter discusses how Ripstein differentiates among three types of wars: self-defense, remedial, and punitive. Harel then argues that Ripstein’s reasons for rejecting a right to remedial wars fail. The underlying Kantian principles guiding Ripstein’s own account dictate that remedial wars are permissible. There are very powerful consequentialist, intuitionist, and conventionalist arguments against recognizing a right to remedial wars. But the logic provided by Ripstein’s account of Kant cannot justify the prohibition on such wars. Precisely as the right to conduct defensive wars follows inevitably from our understanding of states as independent of each other, the right to conduct remedial wars follows from this very same principle. Harel argues that punitive and remedial wars are fundamentally different and that while Ripstein’s counterargument addresses successfully the case of punitive wars, it fails to address the case of remedial wars.
Kant and the Criminal Law of War
Authors: Thorburn Malcolm 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter focuses on Ripstein’s account of a doctrine that has caused a great deal of trouble to moral philosophers of law over the years: the equal criminal immunity of combatants. Thorburn sets out the contours of the Kantian approach to the morality of law, which begins with the relationship of public authority and only later proceeds to the evaluation of how that authority has been exercised. He then considers Ripstein’s application of that approach to the legal equality of combatants in war. Although Ripstein’s account suggests a comprehensive justification of the doctrine of equal criminal immunity, Thorburn shows that Ripstein’s chapter does not spell this out fully, though he outlines a way in which Ripstein can do so.
What Risk Resilience Measures Can I Use?
Authors: Falco Gregory , Rosenbach Eric 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The question “What resilience measures can I use?” addresses how to reduce the impact and consequences of successful cyberattacks. The chapter begins with a case study analyzing how Capital One recovered after being hacked and highlighting how your organization can use planning to facilitate cyber resilience. It illuminates the technical means for enabling resilience from an attack, including virtualization and maintaining backups. It defines a ten-step process for responding to cyberattacks: prevention, planning, preparation, detection, analysis, containment, communication, eradication, recovery, and post-event analysis. The chapter explains how an organization can build a computer security incident response team (CSIRT) to facilitate this process, and what role a cyber crisis communication plan should play. The chapter concludes with Rosenbach’s Embedded Endurance strategy experience supporting the White House in crafting a national cyberattack resilience and response plan.
Evangelical Worship
Authors: Ross Melanie C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Almost invariably, media stories with the word evangelical in their headlines are accompanied by a familiar stock photo: a mass of middle-class worshippers with eyes closed, faces tilted upward, and hands raised to the sky. Yet, despite the fact that worship has become symbolic of evangelicalism’s identity in the twenty-first century, it remains an understudied locus of academic inquiry. Historians of American evangelicalism tend to define the movement by its political entanglements (the “rise of the religious Right”), and academic trajectories (the formation of the “evangelical mind”), not its ecclesial practices. Theological scholars frequently dismiss evangelical worship as a reiteration of nineteenth-century revivalism or a derivative imitation of secular entertainment (three Christian rock songs and a spiritual TED talk). But by failing to engage this worship seriously, we miss vital insights into a form of Protestantism that exerts widespread influence in the United States and around the world. Evangelical Worship: An American Mosaic models a new way forward. Drawing together insights from American religious history and liturgical studies, and putting both in conversation with ethnographic fieldwork in seven congregations, this book argues that corporate worship is not a peripheral “extra” tacked onto a fully formed spiritual/political/cultural movement, but rather the crucible through which congregations forge and negotiate the contours of evangelicalism’s contested theological identity.
Violent Ideas Treated as Disease and Compassionate Reasoning as Treatment
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The tendency to obey bullies generates the most violent ideas, but they can be overcome by training in Compassionate Reasoning and elicitive peacebuilding. This entails drawing wisdom from each person, thus building peace between groups. Enter the sciences of medicine and public health. The helping professional—the nurse, the doctor, the epidemiologist, or the health official—makes moment-to-moment decisions in order to save lives. This includes honoring and listening to each patient and their unique needs. The practitioner looks at scientific studies of the human condition across cultures, and also contexts of mental health, family, community, and environment. Public health focuses on health more than illness. Compassion cultivation, imagination, self-control, meaningfulness, and a future orientation are essential. A focus on contagion and epidemiology can be applied by Compassionate Reasoning toward threats against compassion practice and moral reasoning, as well identifying opportunities for the positive “contagion” of compassion and collective reasoning.
Introduction to Music Psychology
Authors: Woody Robert H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Psychology and music can be complementary fields of study. Psychology is the study of the amazing human mind, and music comprises some of people’s most fascinating behaviors. Psychology promotes understanding of people: how they perceive and process the world around them, how they feel emotion, how they learn, and how they can skillfully perform certain behaviors, just to name several areas of interest. Music is made by human beings for human beings. Because people are the most important elements of music, aspiring musicians really cannot optimally advance their craft without considering the insights offered by psychology. This chapter introduces the psychology of music as a field of study. It covers a number of topics, including the cultural nature of music, the contributors to emotionally powerful music experiences, and the acquired skill explanation of musical ability.
Composing and Improvising
Authors: Woody Robert H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Creativity is often associated with great composers or performers of the past who have been ascribed some kind of "creative mystique." In order to attain better explanatory power, the psychological perspective usually begins by defining musical creativity not by divine inspiration but rather as a generative process, that is, the act of generating new musical material or new renderings of pre-existing music. Musical generativity is best understood as a component of basic musicianship, rather than part of a specialized skill set. Despite creativity being of great interest to scholars for a very long time, only recently has scientific study of creativity borne some useful insights for musicians. This chapter shows how broader principles of human creativity, revealed by research across many domains, are also specifically applicable to music. It also explains the specific processes of composing and improvising music, showing that both require musicians to investment time and energy to build these creative skills to an expert level. Finally, this chapter encourages nurturing the naturally creative behaviors of childhood and facilitating in young musicians a exploratory mindset as a basic part of their musicianship.
The Teacher
Authors: Woody Robert H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Most accomplished musicians can readily identify music teachers whose encouragement and instruction were instrumental in their skill development. Just as musicians must acquire a diverse set of skills to be succeed as performers, music teachers must develop their own range of specialized skills to be successful. Psychological research offers no support to the old saying that “Those can, do; those who can’t, teach.” Rather, those who can teach well typically do possess a skill set that is that differs from that of other musicians. This chapter explores the variety of factors that influence how effective musicians’ instructional efforts are. It explains the importance of building respectful relationships with students, planning instruction around specific learning objectives, and deliberately teaching generalizable music concepts. The chapter encourages teachers to support learner autonomy as to empower their students to have musically rich lives beyond the confines of their educational experience.
The Listener
Authors: Woody Robert H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Practically speaking, listening is the primary reason music exists at all. Providing a meaningful sonic experience for others is largely the reason that composers work so hard on their creations and performers enter the stage or recording studio. Human beings’ love of music can be seen in common music listening is in everyday life today. In this respect, it may seem strange to consider “the listener” as a musical role, let alone to regard music listening as a skill that people develop, even to specialized expert levels. Be that as it may, listening is an extremely important topic in the psychology of music. Many people would never consider themselves “musicians” still enthusiastically fill the role of serious listeners. This chapter offers in depth consideration of music listening, beginning with an examination of the processes of human hearing. It addresses the multiple types of listening in which people engage, from hearing music in the background while doing other things to focused listening for the purpose analyzing or evaluating the music heard. Special emphasis is given to music’s capacity to evoke strong emotions in music, sometimes to the point of physiological responses such as tears, shivers, and a racing heart.