bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF MINORS FOR EXTREMISM IN RUSSIA
Authors: Sirotkina T.G. 
Published: October 2021

The article examines the historical aspects and prerequisites for the emergence and development of criminal responsibility for extremism. The author draws attention to the fact that the definition of extremism in the science of criminal law causes certain difficulties, since it is close to terrorism and terrorist activity in its content, which does not allow distinguishing these crimes.
The analysis of social and legal grounds for criminalization of this social phenomenon is presented. The author conducted a historical and legal analysis of the legislation of the USSR times and the current criminal law, considered the features of sentencing minors, raised the question of the age of criminal responsibility. The study concluded that there are similar measures of responsibility for crimes directed against the foundations of the state structure, extremist and terrorist manifestations. The author notes that the criminal liability of minors for a long historical period of time is unchanged. The only difference is the age of bringing persons to criminal responsibility in the conditions of the development of law and society.
Las políticas contables como herramientas de gestión y sus efectos en los resultados esperados
Authors: Azabache de la Cruz Pedro Nicanor , Azabache de la Cruz Eulogio Ramiro 
Published: October 2021

El presente trabajo demuestra que toda institución pública cuenta con políticas
contables, las cuales son herramientas que permitirán la gestión y obtención de objetivos, los que se verán, finalmente, reflejados en los resultados. Para ello, el estudio será de tipo descriptivo, bajo el diseño no experimental y con recolección de datos.
Se demostrará que la existencia de políticas definidas constituye una base para el logro de objetivos. Pero también, que los efectos que corresponden a los resultados dependen del entendimiento y aplicación de los responsables.
Asimismo, se realizará un análisis genérico y explicativo de las razones por las cuales se aplican las políticas contables. Se presentará quiénes tienen la responsabilidad de su interpretación y aplicación con la finalidad que estas políticas se conviertan en instrumentos de gestión para la obtención de resultados óptimos.
Se establecerá que las políticas contables tienen un origen normativo de especialidad y de aplicación en áreas concretas. Pero también existen apreciaciones personales o institucionales que se adoptan bajo la modalidad de criterios, los cuales no siempre tienen coincidencias ni reflejan el espíritu de las políticas para lo cual fueron creadas.
Se buscará la obtención de un resultado positivo, ya que son un instrumento necesario e indispensable de gestión en toda entidad pública. Sin embargo, debe quedar establecido que, para la obtención de los resultados, es de gran importancia el potencial humano, ya que este es quien lo administra, interpreta y aplica.
Finalmente, el desarrollo y difusión del presente trabajo contribuirá con quienes tienen la responsabilidad de dirigir una entidad pública, así como con las agrupaciones de profesionales que los albergan.
La paz de Colombia en un incierto entorno internacional
Authors: Ahumada Consuelo 
Published: October 2021

Resumen: En el presente artículo se buscó establecer la interrelación existente entre el cambiante contexto internacional, regional y nacional, y la implementación del Acuerdo Final de Paz entre el Gobierno nacional y las antiguas FARC-EP, en los cuatro años y medio transcurridos desde su firma en noviembre de 2016. Se parte del planteamiento de que la coincidencia temporal entre los gobiernos de Obama en EE. UU. y Santos en Colombia fue fundamental para la concreción y avance de los puntos acordados. A su turno, la concurrencia de los gobiernos de Trump y Duque fue también determinante en la crisis y estancamiento, cuando no franco retroceso, en la imple- mentación del Acuerdo.
Colombia’s Peace in an Uncertain International Environment
Abstract: This article establishes a relationship between a changing international, regional and na- tional context and the implementation of the Final Agreement between the government and FARC, in the four years passed since it was signed. It argues that the temporal concurrence of the govern- ments of Obama and Santos was fundamental for the concretion and advance of the agreement. For its part, the coincidence between the governments of Trump and Duque was instrumental for the crisis, stagnation and even backsliding in its implementation.
Keywords: International and regional context, global order, final agreement, human rights.
Mujer, madre y conflicto: el caso de la “Sargento Matacho” (1933-1964)
Authors: Cardozo Óscar , Pachón Ximena 
Published: October 2021

Resumen: El interés por rastrear la figura de la madre bandolera, Rosalba Velásquez, conocida popularmente como la “Sargento Matacho”, detona en pleno desarrollo del trabajo de campo del proyecto “Recuerdos de infancia de antiguos niños guerrilleros”, patrocinado por la Convocatoria Orlando Fals Borda 2018. Allí, fuimos testigos de un sentido reencuentro entre miembros de la familia Velásquez, oriundos de Líbano (Tolima), quienes tras 49 años sin verse posibilitaron una serie de recuerdos y relatos en torno a la figura de la madre perdida: Rosalba Velásquez, la “Sargento Matacho”. Este escrito indaga sobre la figura de la bandolera, pero también sobre la madre desconocida, la mujer y la compañera, vista principalmente por el tercero de los hijos de Rosalba, William Velás- quez, durante su retorno junto con otros familiares a su natal Líbano, en septiembre de 2018. El texto busca, igualmente, registrar un suceso único: el reencuentro del hijo nacido de la guerra con las memorias de su madre perdida, la que un día salió al monte para jamás regresar.
Woman, Mother, and Conflict: the Case of “Sargent Matacho” (1933-1964)
Abstract: The interest in tracking the image of the guerrilla mother, Rosalba Velásquez, popularly known as Sergeant Matacho, triggers during the fieldwork of the “Childhood Memories of Former Guerrilla Children” project, supported by the Orlando Fals Borda 2018 sponsorship. There, we witnessed a meaningful reunion between members of the Velásquez family, native of Lebanon (Tolima), who after 49 years without seeing each other, enabled a runion and the emergence of a series of memories and narratives about the lost mother, Rosalba Velásquez, Sergeant Matacho. This paper inquiries about the image of the mother guerrilla, but also about the unknown mother, the woman, the affectionate caregiver, mainly seen by the third of Rosalba’s children, William Velásquez during his return along with other relatives, to Líbano (Tolima), in September 2018. The text also seeks to capture a unique event: The reunion of the son born of war, with the memories of his lost mother, who one day entered the Colombian mountains, to never return.
Keywords: violence, guerrilla, children, Colombia, Tolima, woman, mother.
Violencia en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1958-2018
Authors: Archila Neira Mauricio , Roncancio Esteban 
Published: October 2021

Resumen: El artículo hace parte de los esfuerzos que la sociedad colombiana, liderada por la Comi- sión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición (CEv), viene realizando por conocer lo ocurrido durante el conflicto armado colombiano, como un paso para entenderlo y así evitar su repetición. Busca contrastar estadísticas sobre violencia en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en todas sus sedes, entre 1958 y 2018, con las memorias elaboradas por diversos estamen- tos universitarios sobre lo ocurrido en ese lapso de tiempo. En consecuencia, consta de dos partes: inicialmente se hace un recorrido histórico en seis periodos de las luchas y la violencia en la Univer- sidad en esos 60 años, para luego analizar las tendencias de las violaciones de derechos humanos a la comunidad universitaria. Así se espera colaborar a la comprensión del conflicto armado en el país, como también alimentar la memoria de la propia Universidad Nacional, tal vez no la más afectada, pero sí muy representativa del trascurrir académico en una sociedad violenta como la colombiana.
Violence in the National University of Colombia, 1958-2018
Abstract: The article is part of the efforts that Colombian society, led by the Truth, Coexistence and Non-Repetition Commission, has been making to learn about what happened during the Colom- bian armed conflict, as a step towards understanding it and avoiding repetition. It seeks to contrast statistics on violence at the National University of Colombia in all its campuses, between 1958 and 2018, with the memories produces by students, professors and workers about what happened that period. It consists of two parts: first, it presents a historical analysis of six periods of struggles and violence at the University in those 60 years, second, it analyzes the trends of human rights viola- tions against the university community.
Keywords: National University of Colombia, student movements, violence, human rights
Teori Belajar Humanistik Dan Implikasinya Pada Maharah Istima'
Authors: Ma’rifatul Faiqoh Naning , Baroroh R. Umi 
Published: October 2021

Recently, many educational theories grow up based on the assumptions in some problems. This article explores humanistic learning theory and its implications for learning Arabic at maharah istima ', using library research, since the data and information were collected in the form of a continuous library with discussion, then the researcher analyzed the data using content analysis method. The results shows that the application of maharah istima ' learning Arabic includes learning objectives, learning models, using media, culture and students’ background. Carl Rogers' humanistic theory emphasizes deep humanity, does not contain selfish, individualistic elements or authoritarian, they do not have to follow our opinion, so this theory focuses on the student center, that focused on the cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects by giving students their rights, being humanized, recognized and accepted, from which students will be optimistic in voicing contents of their mind.
Anterior or Posterior Prostate Cancer Tumor Nodule Location Predicts Likelihood of Certain Adverse Outcomes at Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Hayee Amin , Lugo Isabella , Iakymenko Oleksii A. , Kwon Deukwoo , Briski Laurence M. , Zhao Wei , Nemov Ivan , Punnen Sanoj , Ritch Chad R. , Pollack Alan , Jorda Merce , Stoyanova Radka , Parekh Dipen J. , Gonzalgo Mark L. , Kryvenko Oleksandr N. 
Published: October 2021

Context.—
Effect of tumor nodule (TN) location in the prostate on adverse radical prostatectomy (RP) outcomes is not well studied in contemporary cohorts.

Objective.—
To investigate the significance of TN location with respect to extraprostatic extension (EPE), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), and positive surgical margin (SM+) in 1388 RPs.

Design.—
Each TN at RP was independently graded, staged, and volumetrically assessed. TNs with at least 80% of their volume occupying either the anterior or posterior part of the prostate were categorized accordingly and included in our study, while all other TNs were excluded.

Results.—
A total of 3570 separate TNs (median = 3 per RP; range = 1–7 per RP) were scored. There were 1320 of 3570 (37%) anterior TNs and 2250 of 3570 (63%) posterior TNs. Posterior TNs were more likely to be higher grade, and exhibit EPE (18% versus 9.4%) and SVI (4% versus 0.15%), all P &lt; .001. Anterior TNs with EPE were more likely to exhibit SM+ than posterior TNs with EPE (62% versus 30.8%, P &lt; .001). TN location, grade, and volume were significant factors associated with adverse RP outcomes in our univariable analysis. When we controlled for grade and tumor volume in a multivariable analysis using anterior TN location as a reference, posterior TN location was an independent predictor of EPE and SVI and was less likely to be associated with SM+ (odds ratio = 3.1, 81.5, and 0.7, respectively).

Conclusions.—
These associations may be useful in preoperative surgical planning, particularly with respect to improving radiographic analysis of prostate cancer.
Screening asylum seekers in Denmark for torture using a structured questionnaire
Authors: Munk-Andersen Ebbe , Toftgaard Bettina , Modvig Jens 
Published: October 2021

The United Nations Committee against Torture recommends systematic torture screening throughout the asylum process. The goal of this study is to evaluate the introduction of a structured questionnaire, coding for torture according to the definition from United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT). This screening for torture is now an integrated part of the medical reception of newly arrived asylum seekers
The screening was carried through during a 2 years period as a part of the routine health screening, and alleged torture victims were referred to further medical examination and offered assistance to carry information about the torture to the Immigration Service. The participation rate was 85.2%, and torture was reported among 27.8% of the males, with a mean of 21.2% among both sexes.
Key words: Torture, screening, questionnaire, asylum seekers, UNCAT
Forensci Case Series
Authors: Lin James , McVane Ben , Soley Berta 
Published: October 2021

Welcome to the Torture Journal Forensic Case Series, a new section of the Torture Journal. Through this Series, we aim to provide a source of information and continuing education for health and legal practitioners involved in the forensic evaluation of survivors of torture.

Cases in this section may describe unique or uncommon physical and psychological findings, illustrate barriers to a thorough evaluation, or present features that make effective articulation of a survivor’s claim challenging. Case discussions aim to provide further information about findings or reflections on how challenges were approached. We also aim to address common misconceptions about the clinical evaluation and the experience of torture. As one of the benchmarks for our discussions, we apply the principles and standards of the United Nation’s Istanbul Protocol.

We hope that you will find these case studies to be a useful resource for your work with survivors of torture.

Yours Truly,

Guest Editors:
Prof. Dr. Ben McVane, Senior Medical Educator, Libertas Center for Human Rights
Prof. James Lin, Istanbul Protocol Programme Coordinator, IRCT
The Effect of Educational Intervention on Rational Prescribing in Public Health Facilities in Selected Local Government Areas of Rivers State: An Interventional Study
Authors: Owhonda Golden , Emeka Anyiam Felix 
Published: October 2021

Background: Despite progress made so far in identifying intervention models to improve drug use, irrational use of drugs has remained a serious global health problem. The study intends to determine the effectiveness of an educational intervention on rational prescribing among prescribers in selected local government areas of Rivers State.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study that measured the effect of educational intervention on rational prescribing of drugs among prescribers in public health facilities in two selected Local Government Areas (LGA) of Rivers State: Ikwerre LGA (KELGA) which served as the control and Port Harcourt LGA (PHALGA) which served as the intervention by using cluster sampling with randomization. Paired data were analysed using McNemar’s Chi-square test and the paired t-test. The level of significance was set at P≤ 0.05. The EPI-INFO version 7.02 statistical software was used in the analysis.
Results: Findings showed that the largest category of prescribers was nurse/midwives representing 48.61% and 44.4% in the intervention and control LGA respectively. There was an improvement in the knowledge and attitude of respondents in the facilities in the intervention LGA at one month and three months post-intervention (P<0.05). The average number of drugs per encounter (ANDPE), the percentage encounters with an antibiotic (PEA), the percentage encounters with an injection (PEI) were lower for the interventions group compared to the control (P<0.05). Percentage generic drug prescription (PGD) was higher in the intervention group compared to the control (P=0.001).
Conclusion: Educational intervention was an effective and sustainable means of improving rational prescribing in the state. Update courses and continuing medical education on rational drug use should be held periodically for health care professionals by the State and National Primary Health Care Development Agency as well as other interested stakeholders.
CD4 and CXCR5 in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Abdelhameed Sara Zaghloul , Salah Mohamed Wesam , Mohamed Okasha Kamal , Kamal Zahra Mohamed 
Published: October 2021

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic condition characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin activity, or both. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus especially type 2 diabetes. Blood CXCR5+CD4+ T cells represent three subsets: T follicular helper 1 (Tfh1), Tfh2 and Tfh17 cells. Increasing the numbers of circulating Tfh cells and also stimulation of Tfh cells have been linked with autoimmune diseases and may have a role in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
Aim of the Work: Was to investigate CD4 and CXCR5 in diabetic nephropathy patients and assess their role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
Subject and Methods: This study was conducted on 20 diabetic patients without nephropathy (Group I), 20 diabetic nephropathy patients (Group II) and 20 apparently healthy control subjects (Group III). Complete history taking and full clinical examination were done. Assessments of CD4 and CXCR5 were done by flowcytometry (FACS caliber, BD, CA, USA).
Results: The present study revealed a statistically significant difference between diabetic patients (Group I), diabetic nephropathy patients (Group II) and healthy control (Group III) regarding CD4+CXCR5+T follicular helper cells level. CD4+CXCR5+T follicular helper cells levels were significantly higher in diabetic nephropathy patients than in diabetic patients without nephropathy and control subjects. CD4+CXCR5+T follicular helper cells level positively correlated significantly with fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, creatinine, urea and urinary protein level, and negatively correlated with estimated GFR in diabetic nephropathy patients.
Conclusions: This study showed that CD4+CXCR5+T follicular helper cells level might be a useful marker for prediction and diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy patients.
Effect of Toxoplasma gondii on Some Physiological Indicators in Women's Patients with Diabetic Mellitus Type 2
Authors: Mushattat Sukayna Jabbar , Beshboosh Nawras Noori , Hassan Adhraa Baqir 
Published: October 2021

Aims: Diabetes mellitus is thought to be caused by infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, although this is still debated, In order to better understand the potential link between toxoplasmosis and diabetes mellitus
Study Design: China's prevalence rate of diabetes has been gradually growing in recent years, as a result of the country's rising living standards.
Place and Duration of Study: 40 patients who suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus who were randomly chosen from the Diabetes Mellitus clinic in Al-Sadder Teaching City in Al-Najaf governorate.
Methodology: Prior research "on the link between T. gondii infection and diabetes mellitus has been conflicting, we performed matched case-control studies to see whether T. gondii seropositivity is linked" to type 2 diabetes, more research is required. To investigate T. gondii seroprevalence and recognize risk factors and potential transmital pathways of T. gondii infection in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), forty women's blood samples have been gathered and tested for anti-T. gondii IgG, IgM, and SOD. T. gondii seroprevalence in T2DM patients as a whole. Patients' information was collected through a questionnaire that included their age, weight, and blood pressure. Each patient and control participant had five milliliters of venous blood samples collected using a disposable needle and plastic syringes.
Results: Patients ranged in age about from (35 to 65) years old. The current investigation was performed on 40 patients who suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetic and T. gondii patientshad a significantly higher compared with control and Diabetic patients only. Also, there were significant differences between patients of diabetic mellitus and control.
Conclusion: Blood was permitted to clot for 10 minutes at room temperature before being centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes, after which serum was extracted and transferred into fresh disposable tubes. An ELISA test was performed on the blood samples earlier using commercially available kits (EIA-3519 IgG and IgM Germany) and SOD kits.
Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of BCS1L‐related mitochondrial disease
Authors: Hikmat Omar , Isohanni Pirjo , Keshavan Nandaki , Ferla Matteo P. , Fassone Elisa , Abbott Mary‐Alice , Bellusci Marcello , Darin Niklas , Dimmock David , Ghezzi Daniele , Houlden Henry , Invernizzi Federica , Kamarus Jaman Nazreen B. , Kurian Manju A. , Morava Eva , Naess Karin , Ortigoza‐Escobar Juan Darío , Parikh Sumit , Pennisi Alessandra , Barcia Giulia , Tylleskär Karin B. , Brackman Damien , Wortmann Saskia B. , Taylor Jenny C. , Bindoff Laurence A. , Fellman Vineta , Rahman Shamima 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo delineate the full phenotypic spectrum of BCS1L‐related disease, provide better understanding of the genotype–phenotype correlations and identify reliable prognostic disease markers.MethodsWe performed a retrospective multinational cohort study of previously unpublished patients followed in 15 centres from 10 countries. Patients with confirmed biallelic pathogenic BCS1L variants were considered eligible. Clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging and genetic data were analysed. Patients were stratified into different groups based on the age of disease onset, whether homozygous or compound heterozygous for the c.232A>G (p.Ser78Gly) variant, and those with other pathogenic BCS1L variants.ResultsThirty‐three patients were included. We found that growth failure, lactic acidosis, tubulopathy, hepatopathy and early death were more frequent in those with disease onset within the first month of life. In those with onset after 1 month, neurological features including movement disorders and seizures were more frequent. Novel phenotypes, particularly involving movement disorder, were identified in this group. The presence of the c.232A>G (p.Ser78Gly) variant was associated with significantly worse survival and exclusively found in those with disease onset within the first month of life, whilst other pathogenic BCS1L variants were more frequent in those with later symptom onset.InterpretationThe phenotypic spectrum of BCS1L‐related disease comprises a continuum of clinical features rather than a set of separate syndromic clinical identities. Age of onset defines BCS1L‐related disease clinically and early presentation is associated with poor prognosis. Genotype correlates with phenotype in the presence of the c.232A>G (p.Ser78Gly) variant.