bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Release of Different Neurotransmitters Emulated by a p–i–n Junction Synaptic Transistor for Environment‐Responsive Action Control
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Guo Kexin , Sun Lin , Ni Yao , Liu Lu , Xu Wenlong , Yang Lu , Xu Wentao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe design of the first p–i–n junction synaptic transistor (JST) based on n‐type TiO2 film covered with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and with a p‐type P3HT/PEO nanowire (NW) on top. Except for basic synaptic functions that can be realized by a single neurotransmitter, the electronic device emulates the multiplexed neurotransmission of different neurotransmissions, i.e., glutamate and acetylcholine, for fast switching between short‐ and long‐term plasticity (STP and LTP). This is realized by the special p–i–n junction with hole transport in the p‐type P3HT NW to form STP, and electron transport in the n‐type TiO2 layer and trapped under the PMMA inversion layer to form LTP. Altering the external input induces changes of the polarity of the charge carriers in the conductive channel, promoting fast switching between STP and LTP modes. When stimulated using two parallel inputs, the response of PMMA/TiO2 emulates the synergistic effect of taste and aroma on the control of food‐intake in the brain. Because of the bipolarity, the p–i–n JST has excellent reconfigurability, which importantly is attributed to simulate the plasticity of synapses and to mimic how distinct types of gustatory receptor neurons respond to different concentrations of salt. The electronic device lays the technical foundation for the realization of the future complex artificial neural networks.
Encapsulating Sn(OH)4 Nanoparticles in Micropores of Mesocarbon Microbeads: A New Anode Material for High‐Performance Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Bo , Zhou Juncheng , Sun Xiaoxuan , Luo Birong , Li Dejun , Gu Xingxing , Zhao Yang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA novel Sn(OH)4/mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) anode material has been successfully prepared by skillfully encapsulating the Sn(OH)4 nanoparticles into the micropores of MCMB via a simple vapor deposition approach. The electrochemical results demonstrate that the Sn(OH)4/MCMB anode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 904 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1, which is far higher than that of the SnO2/MCMB (501 mAh g−1) and Sn/MCMB (364 mAh g−1). Such transcendence can be attributed to the ultrasmall sizes of Sn(OH)4 nanoparticles and rapid lithium ions transport channels provided by micropores on the surface of MCMB. More importantly, the encapsulated Sn(OH)4 particles inside the micropores decrease the exposure to the electrolyte to ensure the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase films as well as accommodating electrode expansion during charge–discharge, which is beneficial to achieve a stable cycling performance. Therefore, the unique nanostructures of Sn(OH)4/MCMB ensure it becomes a novel promising anode material for the high‐performance lithium ion batteries.
Stretchable, Fully Polymeric Electrode Arrays for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Cuttaz Estelle A. , Chapman Christopher A. R. , Syed Omaer , Goding Josef A. , Green Rylie A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere is a critical need to transition research level flexible polymer bioelectronics toward the clinic by demonstrating both reliability in fabrication and stable device performance. Conductive elastomers (CEs) are composites of conductive polymers in elastomeric matrices that provide both flexibility and enhanced electrochemical properties compared to conventional metallic electrodes. This work focuses on the development of nerve cuff devices and the assessment of the device functionality at each development stage, from CE material to fully polymeric electrode arrays. Two device types are fabricated by laser machining of a thick and thin CE sheet variant on an insulative polydimethylsiloxane substrate and lamination into tubing to produce pre‐curled cuffs. Device performance and stability following sterilization and mechanical loading are compared to a state‐of‐the‐art stretchable metallic nerve cuff. The CE cuffs are found to be electrically and mechanically stable with improved charge transfer properties compared to the commercial cuff. All devices are applied to an ex vivo whole sciatic nerve and shown to be functional, with the CE cuffs demonstrating superior charge transfer and electrochemical safety in the biological environment.
Essential updates 2019/2020: Perioperative and surgical management of gastric cancer
Authors: Irino Tomoyuki , Matsuda Satoru , Wada Norihito , Kawakubo Hirofumi , Kitagawa Yuko 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPerioperative and surgical management of gastric cancer have been changing as pivotal phase II trials and landmark phase III trials offer new insights to the existing knowledge. The results of many landmark trials have been published or presented in the past year, many of which have changed or will change current clinical practice. For example, FLOT4 has completely changed the regimen of perioperative chemotherapy in Europe. Furthermore, evidence for minimally invasive surgery for clinical Stage I was firmly established by KLASS‐01 and JCOG0912 for distal gastrectomy and CLASS‐02, KLASS‐03, and JCOG1401 for total gastrectomy. Moreover, promising results were provided by CLASS‐01 and KLASS‐02 for locally advanced gastric cancer. For adjuvant chemotherapy, JACCRO GC‐07 (START‐2) has provided a new doublet regimen for pathological Stage III, which is often refractory to chemotherapy. Conversely, JCOG0501 poses a significant challenge for advanced tumors, such as large type 3 and scirrhous (type 4) tumors. In this review, we briefly review recent updates and discuss future perspectives of gastric cancer treatment.
A modified physiological strain index for workplace‐based assessment of heat strain experienced by agricultural workers
Authors: Mac Valerie V. , Elon Lisa , Smith Daniel J. , Tovar‐Aguilar Antonio , Economos Eugenia , Flocks Joan , Hertzberg Vicki , McCauley Linda 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundAs global temperatures rise, increasing numbers of individuals will work in hot environments. Interventions to protect their health are critical, as are reliable methods to measure the physiological strain experienced from heat exposure. The physiological strain index (PSI) is a measure of heat strain that relies on heart rate and core temperature but is challenging to calculate in a real‐world occupational setting.MethodsWe modified the PSI for use in field settings where resting temperature and heart rate are not available and used the modified physiological strain index (mPSI) to describe risk factors for high heat strain (mPSI ≥ 7) experienced by agricultural workers in Florida during the summers of 2015 through 2017. mPSI was calculated for 221 workers, yielding 465 days of data.ResultsA higher heat index (β = 0.185; 95% CI: 0.064, 0.307) and higher levels of physical activity at work (0.033; 95% CI: 0.017, 0.050) were associated with a higher maximum mPSI. More years worked in US agriculture (−0.041; 95% CI: −0.061, −0.020) were protective against a higher maximum mPSI. Out of 23 workdays that a participant experienced a maximum mPSI ≥ 7, 22 were also classified as strained by at least one other measure of high heat strain (core temperature [Tc] >38.5°C, sustained heart rate >(180 − age), and mean heart rate > 115 bpm).ConclusionsThis study provides critical information on risk factors for elevated heat strain for agricultural workers and suggests a practical approach for using PSI in field‐based settings.
The point‐of‐care use of a facial phenotyping tool in the genetics clinic: Enhancing diagnosis and education with machine learning
Authors: Marwaha Ashish , Chitayat David , Meyn M. Stephen , Mendoza‐Londono Roberto , Chad Lauren 
Published: February 2021

AbstractComputer‐assisted pattern recognition platforms, such as Face2Gene® (F2G), can facilitate the diagnosis of children with rare genetic syndromes by comparing a patient's features to known genetic diagnoses. Our work designed, implemented, and evaluated an innovative model of care in clinical genetics in a heterogeneous and multicultural patient population that utilized this facial phenotyping software at the point‐of‐care. We assessed the performance of F2G by comparing the suggested diagnoses to the patient's confirmed molecular diagnosis. Providers' overall experiences with the technology and trainees' educational experiences were assessed with questionnaires. We achieved an overall diagnostic yield of 57%. This increased to 82% when cases diagnosed with syndromes not recognized by F2G were removed. The mean rank of a confirmed diagnosis in the top 10 was 2.3 (CI 1.5–3.2) and the mean gestalt score 37.6%. The most commonly suggested diagnoses were Noonan syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Our qualitative assessment revealed that clinicians and trainees saw value using the tool in practice. Overall, this work helped to implement an innovative patient care delivery model in clinical genetics that utilizes a facial phenotyping tool at the point‐of‐care. Our data suggest that F2G has utility in the genetics clinic as a clinical decision support tool in diverse populations, with a majority of patients having their eventual diagnosis listed in the top 10 suggested syndromes based on a photograph alone. It shows promise for further integration into clinical care and medical education, and we advocate for its continued use, adoption and refinement along with transparent and accountable industrial partnerships.
Neurodevelopmental disorder in an Egyptian family with a biallelic ALKBH8 variant
Authors: Saad Ahmed K. , Marafi Dana , Mitani Tadahiro , Du Haowei , Rafat Karima , Fatih Jawid M. , Jhangiani Shalini N. , Coban‐Akdemir Zeynep ,   Baylor‐Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Gibbs Richard A. , Pehlivan Davut , Hunter Jill V. , Posey Jennifer E. , Zaki Maha S. , Lupski James R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlkylated DNA repair protein AlkB homolog 8 (ALKBH8) is a member of the AlkB family of dioxygenases. ALKBH8 is a methyltransferase of the highly variable wobble nucleoside position in the anticodon loop of tRNA and thus plays a critical role in tRNA modification by preserving codon recognition and preventing errors in amino acid incorporation during translation. Moreover, its activity catalyzes uridine modifications that are proposed to be critical for accurate protein translation. Previously, two distinct homozygous truncating variants in the final exon of ALKBH8 were described in two unrelated large Saudi Arabian kindreds with intellectual developmental disorder and autosomal recessive 71 (MRT71) syndrome (MIM# 618504). Here, we report a third family—of Egyptian descent—harboring a novel homozygous frame‐shift variant in the last exon of ALKBH8. Two affected siblings in this family exhibit global developmental delay and intellectual disability as shared characteristic features of MRT71 syndrome, and we further characterize their observed dysmorphic features and brain MRI findings. This description of a third family with a truncating ALKBH8 variant from a distinct population broadens the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of MRT71 syndrome, affirms that perturbations in tRNA biogenesis can contribute to neurogenetic disease traits, and firmly establishes ALKBH8 as a novel neurodevelopmental disease gene.
Fragile X syndrome full mutation in cognitively normal male identified as part of an Australian reproductive carrier screening program
Authors: Jarmolowicz Anna I. , Baker Emma K. , Bartlett Essra , Francis David , Ling Ling , Gamage Dinusha , Delatycki Martin B. , Godler David E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by CGG expansions of ≥200 repeats (full mutation: FM). Typically, FM causes abnormal methylation of the FMR1 promoter and silencing of FMR1, leading to reduction of FMRP, a protein essential for normal neurodevelopment. However, if unmethylated, these alleles cause over‐expression of FMR1 mRNA which has been associated with Fragile X Tremor and Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS), a late onset disorder. This report details the molecular and clinical profile of an asymptomatic male (29 years) identified as a result of cascade testing who was found to have a rare unmethylated FM (UFM) allele, as well as premutation (PM: 55–199 CGG) size alleles in multiple tissues. Full‐scale IQ was within the normal range and minimal features of autism were observed. Southern blot analysis identified FM smears in blood (220–380 CGG) and saliva (212–378 CGG). A PM of 159 CGG was identified in blood and saliva. FMR1 promoter methylation analysis showed all alleles to be unmethylated. FMR1 mRNA levels were greater than fivefold of median levels in typically developing controls and males with FXS mosaic for PM and FM alleles. Issues raised during genetic counseling related to risk for FXTAS associated with UFM and elevated FMR1 mRNA levels, as well as, reproductive options, with implications for future practice.
Total body and regional surface area: Quantification with low‐cost three‐dimensional optical imaging systems
Authors: Dechenaud Marcelline E. , Kennedy Samantha , Sobhiyeh Sima , Shepherd John , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesBody surface area (SA) is a widely used physical measure incorporated into multiple thermophysiology and evolutionary biology models currently estimated in humans either with empirical prediction equations or costly whole‐body laser imaging systems. The introduction of low‐cost 3D scanners provides a new opportunity to quantify total body (TB) and regional SA, although a critical question prevails: can these devices acquire the quality of depth information and process this initial data to form a mesh that has the fidelity needed to generate accurate SA estimates?Materials and methodsThis question was answered by comparing SA estimates calculated using images from four commercial 3D scanners in 108 adults to corresponding estimates acquired with a whole‐body laser system. This was accomplished by processing initial mesh data from all devices, including the laser system, with the same universal software adapted specifically for repairing mesh gaps, identifying landmarks, and generating SA measurements.ResultsTB SA measured on all four 3D scanners was highly correlated with corresponding laser system estimates (R2s, 0.98–0.99; all p < 0.001) with some small but significant mean differences (−0.19 to 0.06 m2); root‐mean square errors (RMSEs) were small (0.02–0.03 m2); and significant bias was present for one device. Qualitatively similar results (e.g., R2s, 0.78–0.95; mean Δs, −0.05 to 0.02 m2; RMSEs, 0.01–0.03 m2) were present for trunk, arm, and leg SA comparisons.DiscussionThe current study observations demonstrate that low‐cost and practical 3D optical scanners are capable of accurately quantifying TB and regional SA, thus opening new opportunities for evaluating human phenotypes and related physiological characteristics.
Sulfur in Amorphous Silica for an Advanced Room‐Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Zhou Jiahui , Yang Yue , Zhang Yingchao , Duan Shuaikang , Zhou Xia , Sun Wei , Xu Shengming 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe room‐temperature (RT) Na/S battery is a promising energy storage system owing to suitable operating temperature, high theoretical energy density, and low cost. However, it has a poor cycle life and low reversible capacity. In this work, we report a long‐life RT‐Na/S battery with amorphous porous silica as a sulfur host. The sulfur is loaded into amorphous silica by a dipping method; the optimal sulfur loading is up to 73.48 wt %. Molecular dynamics simulation and first‐principles calculations suggest that the complex pores, acting as micro‐containers and the formation of Na‐O chemical bonds between amorphous silica and sodium polysulfide, give the electrodes a strong ability to inhibit sodium polysulfide shuttle. This would give rise to effectively avoiding the loss of active sulfur, corresponding to a superior capacity and an excellent cyclability even at 10 A gsulfur−1 (nearly 100 % coulomb efficiency and high reversible capacity of 955.8 mAh gsulfur−1 after 1460 cycles).
Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclic Nitrones by Chemoselective Intramolecular Allylic Alkylation of Oximes
Authors: Sandmeier Tobias , Carreira Erick M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe enantio‐ and chemoselective iridium‐catalyzed N‐allylation of oximes is described for the first time. Intramolecular kinetic resolution provides access to cyclic nitrones and enantioenriched aliphatic allylic alcohols. Salient features of this transformation are its ability to employ E/Z‐isomeric mixtures of oxime starting materials convergently and high functional group tolerance. The implementation of N‐allylation/1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction sequences furnishes tricyclic isoxazolidines in highly enantio‐ and diastereoselective fashion. The synthetic utility of the approach is demonstrated by the efficient, formal synthesis of the marine natural product (+)‐halichlorine.
Divergent, Strain‐Release Reactions of Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Carbinols: Semipinacol or Spiroepoxy Azetidine Formation
Authors: Gregson Charlotte H. U. , Noble Adam , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe azetidine moiety is a privileged motif in medicinal chemistry and new methods that access them efficiently are highly sought after. Towards this goal, we have found that azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl carbinols, readily obtained from the highly strained azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (ABB), can undergo divergent strain‐release reactions upon N‐activation. Treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride or triflic anhydride triggered a semipinacol rearrangement to give keto 1,3,3‐substituted azetidines. More than 20 examples were explored, enabling us to evaluate selectivity and the migratory aptitude of different groups. Alternatively, treatment of the same alcohols with benzyl chloroformate in the presence of NaI led to iodohydrin intermediates which gave spiroepoxy azetidines upon treatment with base. The electronic nature of the activating agent dictates which pathway operates.
Zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) microgels for enzyme (chymotrypsin) covalent immobilization with extended stability and activity
Authors: Erfani Amir , Zarrintaj Payam , Seaberg Joshua , Ramsey Joshua D. , Aichele Clint P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere is emerging evidence that biocompatible zwitterionic materials can prevent nonspecific interactions within protein systems and increase protein stability. Here, a zwitterionic microgel was synthesized from poly (carboxybetaine methyl methacrylate) (pCB) using an inverse emulsion, free radical polymerization reaction technique. The microgel was loaded with a model enzyme, α‐chymotrypsin (ChT), using a post‐fabrication loading technique. A reaction scheme was developed and studied for covalent immobilization of ChT within the microgel. Confocal laser microscopy studies showed that immobilized ChT (i‐ChT) was distributed within the hydrogel. The enzyme‐immobilized microgels showed excellent reusability (72% of its initial activity after 10 uses) and could undergo several freezing/drying/rehydration cycles while retaining enzymatic activity. The i‐ChT activity, half‐life, and conformational stability were studied at varying pH and temperatures with results compared to free ChT in buffer. ChT immobilized within pCB hydrogel showed increased enzymatic stability as observed by a 13°C increase in the temperature at which i‐ChT loses activity compared to free ChT. Furthermore, enzyme half‐life increased up to seven‐fold for the pCB immobilized ChT, and the increased stability resulted in higher activity at elevated pH. The i‐ChT was most active at pH of 8.5 and was partially active up to the pH of 10.2.
Polymer matrices on the basis of polyacrylamide and β‐cyclodextrin‐containing pseudorotaxane for prolonged drug release: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Sinelnikov Sergii , Orel Luydmila , Kobrina Larisa , Boiko Valentyna , Riabov Sergii , Shtompel Volodymir , Povnitsa Olga , Zagorodnya Svetlana 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPolymer cross‐linked matrices based on polyacrylamide (PAA) and β‐cyclodextrin‐pseudorotaxane have been designed. The structure and properties of the objects synthesized were confirmed and studied by a series of methods, involving ultraviolet‐, Fourier transform infrared‐spectroscopy, thermal mass spectrometry, DSC, X‐ray diffraction analysis (WAXS and SAXS). Desorption kinetics (especially significant slowing of desorption process) of some drugs, like metoprolol succinate and loratadine from obtained polymer matrices is shown to be optimal with 10 wt% β‐CD‐pseudorotaxane in their structure.
Rational Synthesis of “Grape‐like” Ni2V2O7 Microspheres as High‐capacity Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Xia Dawei , Wang Dongdong , Liu Wenlong , Gong Feng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVanadates have received booming attention recently as promising materials for extensive electrochemical devices such as batteries and electrocatalysis. However, the enormous difficulties of achieving pure‐phase transition metal vanadates, especially for nickel‐based, hinder their exploitations. Herein, for the first time, by controlling the amount of ethylene glycol (EG) and reaction time, grape‐like Ni2V2O7 (or V2O5/Ni2V2O7) microspheres were rationally fabricated. It is demonstrated that the EG can chelate both Ni2+ and VO3− to form organometallic precursors. As anode in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), it could deliver superior reversible capacity of 1050 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g and excellent rate capability of 600 mAh/g at 4 A/g. The facile hydrothermal synthesis broadens the material variety of nickel vanadates and offers new opportunities for their wider applications in electrochemistry.
Axial ring‐down modes in general relativity and in its pseudo‐complex extension
Authors: Hess Peter O. , López‐Moreno Enrique 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe calculate the axial ring‐down frequencies of the merger of two black holes, using a modified version of the pseudo‐complex General Relativity (pc‐GR) and comparing it with the standard General Relativity (GR). The path, on how to determine the axial modes, serve as a starting point for more general extensions of GR, involving additions of r‐dependent functions to g00.
Primordial black holes and their formation
Authors: Erfani Encieh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWith the discovery of gravitational waves from merging pairs of massive black holes, the interest in the question of whether Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) could constitute the Dark Matter (DM) has recently been revived. I will review the different mechanisms for (DM) PBHs formation with a focus on inflation which can source the required large density fluctuations for PBHs formation. I will also explain the excursion set theory as a new formalism for the formation of DM PBHs.
Study of diffractive gluon jet production in electron‐ion collisions
Authors: Peccini Guilherme M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this work, we investigate the diffractive gluon jet production in electron‐ion collisions at the energies of the EIC, LHeC, HE‐LHeC, and FCC‐eA, assuming that the diffractive mass is much larger than the photon virtuality. In addition, we apply a model inspired in the GBW parametrization to describe the dipole amplitude, showing that the diffractive cross section is highly sensitive to the saturation scale. Furthermore, we verify that it is possible to extract this scale from the experiment.