bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A transnational judicial public sphere as an idea and ideology: Critical reflections on judicial dialogue and its legitimizing potential
Authors: TRAISBACH KNUT 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article sheds a critical light on judicial dialogue when its purpose and meaning are taken beyond cross-fertilization and comparative reasoning. It cautions against a conceptualization of judicial dialogue as a means to foster commonalities between courts and to legitimize judicial governance. The argument develops from an idealized notion of a ‘transnational judicial public sphere’. In this sphere, domestic, regional and international courts ideally form common opinions through dialogue and pursue common purposes. The danger of this understanding is to construct a new paradigm that not only overlooks important differences in the interest, influence and opinion of courts, but also overstates the socio-normative significance of exchanges between courts and of judicial governance in general. The critical potential of judicial dialogues lies less in the formation of commonalities or in the legitimization of judicial authority than in bringing alternatives and a plurality of opinions to the fore.
Changes in the Ultrasonographical Appearance of Intertwin-Dividing Membrane of Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Soga Eri , Murakoshi Takeshi , Terada Shuhei , Konno Hiroko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUltrasound determination of chorionicity in the first trimester has a high accuracy, but it is associated with some pitfalls. This report presents changes in ultrasound findings during a monochorionic pregnancy with chorionic membrane folding (CMF). The patient was a 32-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 0. Her transvaginal ultrasonography identified two gestational sacs (GSs) and two embryos at 7 weeks of gestation. At 9 weeks’ gestation, an ultrasound image showed a lambda sign at both sides and the interruption of chorionic membranes, resulting in the diagnosis of a monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancy with CMF. At 11 weeks’ gestation, an ultrasound image showed a lambda sign at one portion of the septum and a T sign at another portion. This change suggested that the folded chorionic membrane had partially flattened. At 35 weeks’ gestation, an emergency cesarean section was performed. Two healthy male neonates were delivered. Histological placental examination confirmed that the intertwin membrane was composed of two amniotic membranes without a folded chorionic membrane, confirming the diagnosis of a MCDA twin pregnancy. This case presents two important ultrasound chorionicity findings: a monochorionic pregnancy with CMF can show two GSs and a lambda sign and the CMF can flatten or change during the pregnancy.
Cenozoic Dynamic Topography of Madagascar
Authors: Stephenson S. N. , White N. J. , Carter A. , Seward D. , Ball P. W. , Klöcking M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIt has been proposed that Oligo‐Miocene regional uplift of Madagascar was generated and is maintained by mantle dynamical processes. Expressions of regional uplift include flat‐lying Upper Cretaceous‐Paleogene marine limestones that crop out at elevations of hundreds of meters along the western seaboard and emergent Quaternary coral‐rich terraces that rim the coastline. Here, we explore the history of subcrustal topographic support through a combined analysis of four sets of observational constraints. First, we exploit published receiver function estimates of crustal thickness and spectral admittance between gravity and topography. An admittance value of ∼+40 ± 10 mGal km−1 at wavelengths >500 km implies that ∼1 km of topography is supported by subcrustal processes. Secondly, new apatite fission‐track and helium measurements from 18 basement samples are inverted, constraining temperature and denudation histories. Results suggest that 0.5–1.6 km of regional uplift occurred after ∼30 Ma. Thirdly, we calculate a history of regional uplift by minimizing the misfit between observed and calculated longitudinal river profiles. Results suggest that topography was generated during Neogene times. Finally, inverse modeling of rare earth element concentrations in Neogene mafic rocks indicates that melting of the asthenospheric source occurred at depths of ≤65 km with potential temperatures of 1300–1370 °C. Melting occurred at higher temperatures beneath Réunion Island and northern Madagascar and at lower temperatures beneath the Comores and southern Madagascar. These inferences are consistent with shear wave velocities obtained from tomographic models. We conclude that Madagascar is underlain by thinned lithospheric mantle and that a thermal anomaly lies within an asthenospheric layer beneath northern Madagascar.
Ion Acceleration by Foreshock Bubbles
Authors: Omidi N. , Lee S. H. , Sibeck D. G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractForeshock bubbles (FBs) form as a result of the interaction between solar wind discontinuities and backstreaming ion beams in the foreshock. They are carried by the solar wind in the anti‐sunward direction and are associated with high energy ions. We employ electromagnetic hybrid (kinetic ions, fluid electrons) simulations and test particle calculations to investigate ion acceleration by FBs. Simulation results show that the maximum energies which the ions attain are not sensitive to the topology of the FBs, which varies from spherical to planar limits. However, the solar wind velocity does control the maximum energies reached by FB acceleration. Test particle calculations show that ion energization takes place through reflection of sunward moving ions from FBs through one or more collisions consistent with second‐order Fermi acceleration. The results also indicate that energy gain does not reach that expected for elastic reflections. Examination of ion energy spectra within different FBs shows a self‐similar pattern consisting of distribution peaked at the solar wind ram energy Esw with a distribution tail that reaches energies of ∼5.6 Esw. This behavior is consistent with second‐order Fermi acceleration and the inherent limitations on energy gain in this process. We also discuss the role of nonlinear structures called foreshock cavitons in the acceleration process.
Single‐Crystal Elasticity of MgSiO3 Bridgmanite to Mid‐Lower Mantle Pressure
Authors: Criniti Giacomo , Kurnosov Alexander , Boffa Ballaran Tiziana , Frost Daniel J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe combination of seismic observations and mineral physics data represents a unique tool to understand the structure and evolution of the deep Earth's interior. However, to date, elasticity data on both compressional (vP) and shear (vS) wave velocities of MgSiO3 bridgmanite are limited to shallow mantle conditions, hampering the resolution of mineral physics models. Here, we report the first single‐crystal measurements of vP and vS of MgSiO3 bridgmanite up to ∼79 GPa using high‐pressure Brillouin scattering and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell. At shallow lower mantle pressures, the elastic anisotropy of MgSiO3 bridgmanite was found to be similar, albeit smaller than that of Fe,Al‐bearing bridgmanite of Kurnosov et al. (2017) but differed significantly from that proposed in the recent study of Fu et al. (2019). Using the elastic stiffness coefficients of bridgmanite obtained in this study at different pressures, we calculate the pressure dependence of the adiabatic bulk modulus, KS0 = 257.1(6) GPa, K'S0 = 3.71(4), and of the shear modulus, G0 = 175.6(2) GPa, G'0 = 1.86(1). These elastic parameters are included in a self‐consistent thermodynamic model to calculate seismic wave velocities along a lower mantle adiabat for a primitive upper mantle bulk composition in the FeO‐CaO‐MgO‐SiO2 system, which is currently the most complex system for which sufficient data exist. This preliminary model provides a good match to the vS and vP of 1D seismic models, implying that the composition of the lower mantle may be closer to pyrolite, rather than being more bridgmanite rich.
Nature of the Mantle Plume Under the Emeishan Large Igneous Province: Constraints From Olivine‐Hosted Melt Inclusions of the Lijiang Picrites
Authors: Zhang Lei , Ren Zhong‐Yuan , Zhang Le , Wu Ya‐Dong , Qian Sheng‐Ping , Xia Xiao‐Ping , Xu Yi‐Gang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOlivine‐hosted melt inclusions have the potential to provide direct evidence about the nature of the mantle sources of magmas. In this study, we report the major and trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotope compositions of the Lijiang picrites from the Emeishan large igneous province, as well as major and trace element and Pb isotopic compositions of olivine‐hosted melt inclusions in the picrites. Using these data, we infer the nature of the mantle sources for the Lijiang high‐Ti picrites (Ti/Y = 645–654), and compare them with the Dali low‐Ti picrites (Ti/Y = 351–408). Lijiang melt inclusions have highly heterogeneous Pb isotope compositions (208Pb/206Pb = 2.015–2.201, 207Pb/206Pb = 0.812–0.882, 260 Ma age‐corrected) that overlap the majority of the fields from FOZO to enriched mantle 1 (EM1). The primitive mantle‐normalized trace element patterns of these melt inclusions reveal an enriched composition with depletions in Ba, Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf. We suggest that an old recycled GLOSS II‐like sediment was probably the main component that imparted the EM1 signature into the sources of the Lijiang picrites. Furthermore, we reverse calculated the mantle potential temperature (Tp) beneath Lijiang and Dali using the Al‐in‐ol temperature. The estimated mantle Tp beneath Lijiang is lower than Dali. We infer that the Lijiang picrites might have originated from the mantle plume with lower thermal energy, corresponding to the waning stage of the axis of the Emeishan mantle plume. Our study suggest that high‐Ti magmas of the Emeishan large igneous province were derived from those parts or stages of the mantle plume with lower thermal energy.
Reconciling Between Optical and Biological Determinants of the Euphotic Zone Depth
Authors: Wu Jinghui , Lee Zhongping , Xie Yuyuan , Goes Joaquim , Shang Shaoling , Marra John F. , Lin Gong , Yang Lei , Huang Bangqin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe conventional use of optically determined 1% of surface photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) depth (Z1%PAR, λ = 400–700 nm) as a metric for the euphotic zone depth (Zeu) has been a matter of debate for several decades because of frequent inconsistencies with the base of euphotic zone determined biologically, that is, the compensation depth (Zc). In this study, we attempt to reconcile between optical and biological determinants of the euphotic zone through the use of a large data set of coincidental profiles of downwelling irradiance and primary production. These measurements cover open ocean waters in the tropics, subtropics, temperate regions, and from two time‐series stations, the Hawaii Ocean Time‐series (HOT) and the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study (BATS). We report that, at least for these measurements, Z1%PAR is too shallow (by 14.1%) compared to Zc, while Z0.1%PAR is too deep (by 32.7%). Further, the irradiance at Zc (i.e., the compensation irradiance, Ic) varies by a factor of more than five, but its ratio to surface irradiance is relatively stable. In general, Ic corresponds to 0.48 ± 0.23% of surface PAR, or 0.87 ± 0.40% of surface usable solar radiation (USR, for λ = 400–560 nm), or 1.50 ± 0.67% of surface downwelling irradiance at 490 nm. These results suggest that Z0.5%PAR, or Z0.9%USR, or Z1.5%490 could be promising alternatives to bridge the optical and biological determinants of the euphotic zone depths for waters in the open ocean at low to middle latitudes.
Spontaneous and stimulated electron–photon interactions in nanoscale plasmonic near fields
Authors: Liebtrau Matthias , Sivis Murat , Feist Armin , Lourenço-Martins Hugo , Pazos-Pérez Nicolas , Alvarez-Puebla Ramon A. , de Abajo F. Javier García , Polman Albert , Ropers Claus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe interplay between free electrons, light, and matter offers unique prospects for space, time, and energy resolved optical material characterization, structured light generation, and quantum information processing. Here, we study the nanoscale features of spontaneous and stimulated electron–photon interactions mediated by localized surface plasmon resonances at the tips of a gold nanostar using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (CL), and photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM). Supported by numerical electromagnetic boundary-element method (BEM) calculations, we show that the different coupling mechanisms probed by EELS, CL, and PINEM feature the same spatial dependence on the electric field distribution of the tip modes. However, the electron–photon interaction strength is found to vary with the incident electron velocity, as determined by the spatial Fourier transform of the electric near-field component parallel to the electron trajectory. For the tightly confined plasmonic tip resonances, our calculations suggest an optimum coupling velocity at electron energies as low as a few keV. Our results are discussed in the context of more complex geometries supporting multiple modes with spatial and spectral overlap. We provide fundamental insights into spontaneous and stimulated electron-light-matter interactions with key implications for research on (quantum) coherent optical phenomena at the nanoscale.
Quantification of electron accumulation at grain boundaries in perovskite polycrystalline films by correlative infrared-spectroscopic nanoimaging and Kelvin probe force microscopy
Authors: Qin Ting-Xiao , You En-Ming , Zhang Mao-Xin , Zheng Peng , Huang Xiao-Feng , Ding Song-Yuan , Mao Bing-Wei , Tian Zhong-Qun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOrganic–inorganic halide perovskites are emerging materials for photovoltaic applications with certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 25%. Generally, the microstructures of the perovskite materials are critical to the performances of PCEs. However, the role of the nanometer-sized grain boundaries (GBs) that universally existing in polycrystalline perovskite films could be benign or detrimental to solar cell performance, still remains controversial. Thus, nanometer-resolved quantification of charge carrier distribution to elucidate the role of GBs is highly desirable. Here, we employ correlative infrared-spectroscopic nanoimaging by the scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy with 20 nm spatial resolution and Kelvin probe force microscopy to quantify the density of electrons accumulated at the GBs in perovskite polycrystalline thin films. It is found that the electron accumulations are enhanced at the GBs and the electron density is increased from 6 × 1019 cm−3 in the dark to 8 × 1019 cm−3 under 10 min illumination with 532 nm light. Our results reveal that the electron accumulations are enhanced at the GBs especially under light illumination, featuring downward band bending toward the GBs, which would assist in electron-hole separation and thus be benign to the solar cell performance.
Quantum-dot microlasers based on whispering gallery mode resonators
Authors: Zhukov A. E. , Kryzhanovskaya N. V. , Moiseev E. I. , Maximov M. V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe subject of this paper is microlasers with the emission spectra determined by the whispering gallery modes. Owing to the total internal reflection of light on the sidewalls, a high Q-factor is achieved until the diameter is comparable to the wavelength. The light emission predominantly occurs in the plane of the structure, which facilitates the microlaser integration with other elements. We focus on microdisk lasers with various types of the In(Ga)As quantum dots (QDs). Deep localization of charge carriers in spatially separated regions suppresses the lateral diffusion and makes it possible to overcome the undesirable effect of non-radiative recombination in deep mesas. Thus, using conventional epitaxial structures and relatively simple post-growth processing methods, it is possible to realize small microlasers capable of operating without temperature stabilization at elevated temperatures. The low sensitivity of QDs to epitaxial and manufacturing defects allows fabricating microlasers using III–V heterostructures grown on silicon.
Multi-platform omics analysis reveals molecular signature for COVID-19 pathogenesis, prognosis and drug target discovery
Authors: Li Yuming , Hou Guixue , Zhou Haibo , Wang Yanqun , Tun Hein Min , Zhu Airu , Zhao Jingxian , Xiao Fei , Lin Shanwen , Liu Dongdong , Zhou Dunrong , Mai Lang , Zhang Lu , Zhang Zhaoyong , Kuang Lijun , Guan Jiao , Chen Qiushi , Wen Liyan , Zhang Yanjun , Zhuo Jianfen , Li Fang , Zhuang Zhen , Chen Zhao , Luo Ling , Liu Donglan , Chen Chunke , Gan Mian , Zhong Nanshan , Zhao Jincun , Ren Yan , Xu Yonghao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDisease progression prediction and therapeutic drug target discovery for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are particularly important, as there is still no effective strategy for severe COVID-19 patient treatment. Herein, we performed multi-platform omics analysis of serial plasma and urine samples collected from patients during the course of COVID-19. Integrative analyses of these omics data revealed several potential therapeutic targets, such as ANXA1 and CLEC3B. Molecular changes in plasma indicated dysregulation of macrophage and suppression of T cell functions in severe patients compared to those in non-severe patients. Further, we chose 25 important molecular signatures as potential biomarkers for the prediction of disease severity. The prediction power was validated using corresponding urine samples and plasma samples from new COVID-19 patient cohort, with AUC reached to 0.904 and 0.988, respectively. In conclusion, our omics data proposed not only potential therapeutic targets, but also biomarkers for understanding the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19.
Consensus statement on standards and guidelines for the molecular diagnostics of Alport syndrome: refining the ACMG criteria
Authors: Savige Judy , Storey Helen , Watson Elizabeth , Hertz Jens Michael , Deltas Constantinos , Renieri Alessandra , Mari Francesca , Hilbert Pascale , Plevova Pavlina , Byers Peter , Cerkauskaite Agne , Gregory Martin , Cerkauskiene Rimante , Ljubanovic Danica Galesic , Becherucci Francesca , Errichiello Carmela , Massella Laura , Aiello Valeria , Lennon Rachel , Hopkinson Louise , Koziell Ania , Lungu Adrian , Rothe Hansjorg Martin , Hoefele Julia , Zacchia Miriam , Martic Tamara Nikuseva , Gupta Asheeta , van Eerde Albertien , Gear Susie , Landini Samuela , Palazzo Viviana , al-Rabadi Laith , Claes Kathleen , Corveleyn Anniek , Van Hoof Evelien , van Geel Micheel , Williams Maggie , Ashton Emma , Belge Hendica , Ars Elisabeth , Bierzynska Agnieszka , Gangemi Concetta , Lipska-Ziętkiewicz Beata S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe recent Chandos House meeting of the Alport Variant Collaborative extended the indications for screening for pathogenic variants in theCOL4A5, COL4A3andCOL4A4genes beyond the classical Alport phenotype (haematuria, renal failure; family history of haematuria or renal failure) to include persistent proteinuria, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), familial IgA glomerulonephritis and end-stage kidney failure without an obvious cause. The meeting refined the ACMG criteria for variant assessment for the Alport genes (COL4A3–5). It identified ‘mutational hotspots’ (PM1) in the collagen IV α5, α3 and α4 chains including position 1 Glycine residues in the Gly-X-Y repeats in the intermediate collagenous domains; and Cysteine residues in the carboxy non-collagenous domain (PP3). It considered that ‘well-established’ functional assays (PS3, BS3) were still mainly research tools but sequencing and minigene assays were commonly used to confirm splicing variants. It was not possible to define the Minor Allele Frequency (MAF) threshold above which variants were considered Benign (BA1, BS1), because of the different modes of inheritances of Alport syndrome, and the occurrence of hypomorphic variants (often Glycine adjacent to a non-collagenous interruption) and local founder effects. HeterozygousCOL4A3andCOL4A4variants were common ‘incidental’ findings also present in normal reference databases. The recognition and interpretation of hypomorphic variants in theCOL4A3–COL4A5genes remains a challenge.
Polyurethane-functionalized starch nanocrystals as anti-tuberculosis drug carrier
Authors: Desai Shivang K. , Mondal Dhananjoy , Bera Smritilekha 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudies related to loading ability and delivery of clinically used first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATDs) such as isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and streptomycin on the surface of starch-derived bulk and nanopolyurethanes (SBPUs and SNPUs) as drug delivery systems (DDS) have been focused to minimise or remove the drug-associated adverse effects. The efficiencies of nanopolyurethanes obtained from the differently substituted cyclic aliphatic and aromatic isocyanates have been studied for drug loading and release purposes. Different advanced instrumental techniques analysed the structural and morphological properties, thermal stability and crystallinity of the starch nanopolyurethans. Average particle sizes ranging from 27.35–42.38 nm to 126.89–218.60 nm for starch nanopolyurethans, SNPU3i and SNPU4i, respectively, were determined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Similarly, the loading efficiency of ATDs to the surfaces of SNPUs and SBPUs was observed in the range of 60–97% while ATDs-loaded SNPUs showed a sustainable release profile for all ATDs except for streptomycin. However, most SBPUs provided burst-release for all the above-mentioned ATDs in pH-dependent studies. The anti-tuberculosis assay against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain revealed that streptomycin-loaded SNPU4i and isoniazid-loaded SNPU7i are approximately 42 and 7 times more active than the native streptomycin and isoniazid, respectively.
Separating individual contributions of major Siberian rivers in the Transpolar Drift of the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Paffrath Ronja , Laukert Georgi , Bauch Dorothea , Rutgers van der Loeff Michiel , Pahnke Katharina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Siberian rivers supply large amounts of freshwater and terrestrial derived material to the Arctic Ocean. Although riverine freshwater and constituents have been identified in the central Arctic Ocean, the individual contributions of the Siberian rivers to and their spatiotemporal distributions in the Transpolar Drift (TPD), the major wind-driven current in the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean, are unknown. Determining the influence of individual Siberian rivers downstream the TPD, however, is critical to forecast responses in polar and sub-polar hydrography and biogeochemistry to the anticipated individual changes in river discharge and freshwater composition. Here, we identify the contributions from the largest Siberian river systems, the Lena and Yenisei/Ob, in the TPD using dissolved neodymium isotopes and rare earth element concentrations. We further demonstrate their vertical and lateral separation that is likely due to distinct temporal emplacements of Lena and Yenisei/Ob waters in the TPD as well as prior mixing of Yenisei/Ob water with ambient waters.