bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of N,N'-Diacylhydrazines and their Use in Various Synthetic Transformations
Authors: Baashen Mohammed A. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
N,N'-Diacylhydrazines are involved in many synthetic transformations.
The current work reviews the synthesis of N,N'-diacylhydrazines and their use in various
synthetic transformations.

Results:
Three synthetic routes are commonly used to produce N,N'-diacylhydrazines. They are
produced through the coupling of acyl chlorides and carbohydrazides, the reaction of hydrazine
hydrate and carboxylic acids or isocyanates, and the dimerization of carbohydrazides. They can
be oxidized to produce the corresponding esters and act as precursors in the synthesis of various
heterocycles such as 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, pyrazoles,
tetrazines, and crown ethers.

Conclusions:
Various synthetic procedures have been reported for the production of N,N'-
diacylhydrazines. N,N'-Diacylhydrazines are involved in the synthesis of various heterocycles.
Astaxanthin and Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: A Novel Target for New
Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Ashrafizadeh Milad , Ahmadi Zahra , Yaribeygi Habib , Sathyapalan Thozhukat , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
Astaxanthin (AST) is a naturally occurring compound isolated from various sources such as
fungi, plants, salmon, and crab. However, Haematococcus Pluvialis, a green alga, is the primary
source of this beta carotenoid compound. AST has several favourable biological and pharmacological
activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetes, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective
activities. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms of these protective effects of
AST are unclear yet. The Nrf2 signaling pathway is one of the critical candidate signaling pathways
that may be involved in these beneficial effects of AST. This signaling pathway is responsible for
maintaining the redox balance in the physiological state. Upon nuclear translocation, Nrf2 signaling
activates antioxidant enzymes to reduce oxidative stress and protect cells against damage. In the current
study, we have reviewed the effects of AST on the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which could potentially
be developed as a novel therapeutic approach for the management of various diseases.
Bioactive Compounds Effective Against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review
Authors: Egbuna Chukwuebuka , Awuchi Chinaza G. , Kushwaha Garima , Rudrapal Mithun , Patrick-Iwuanyanwu Kingsley C. , Singh Omkar , Odoh Uchenna E. , Khan Johra , Jeevanandam Jaison , Kumarasamy Suresh , Chukwube Vincent O. , Narayanan Mathiyazhagan , Palai Santwana , Găman Mihnea-Alexandru , Uche Chukwuemelie Z. , Ogaji Daprim S. , Ezeofor Nebechi J. , Mtewa Andrew G. , Patrick-Iwuanyanwu Chinyere C. , Kesh Shyam S. , Shivamallu Chandan , Saravanan Kaliyaperumal , Tijjani Habibu , Akram Muhammad , Ifemeje Jonathan C. , Olisah Michael C. , Chikwendu Chukwudi J. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Type 2 diabetes (adult onset diabetes) is the most common type of diabetes,
accounting for around 90% of all diabetes cases with insulin resistance and insulin secretion
defect. The key goal of anti-diabetic therapy is to increase the development of insulin, immunity
and/or decrease the amount of blood glucose. While many synthetic compounds have been produced
as antidiabetic agents, due to their side effects and limited effectiveness, their usefulness has
been hindered.

Methods:
This systematic review investigated the bioactive compounds reported to
possess activities against type 2 diabetes. Three (3) databases, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google
Scholar were searched for research articles published between January 2010 and October 2020. A
total of 6464 articles were identified out of which 84 articles were identified to be elligible for the
study.

Result and Discussion:
From the data extracted, it was found that quercetin, Kaempferol,
Rosmarinic acid, Cyanidin, Rutin, Catechin, Luteolin and Ellagic acid were the most cited bioactive
compounds which all falls within the class of polyphenolic compounds. The major sources of
these bioactive compounds includes citrus fruits, grapes, onions, berries, cherries, broccoli, honey,
apples, green tea, Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, green beans, cucumber, spinach, tea, Rosmarinus
officinalis, Aloe vera, Moringa oleifera, tomatoes, potatoes, oregano, lemon balm, thyme, peppermint,
Ocimum basilicum, red cabbage, pears, olive oil and walnut.
Green Synthesis of Benzoimidazopyrimidine, Benzimidazoloquinazolinone,
Triazolopyrimidine and Triazoloquinazolinone Derivatives Catalyzed by
Oxalic Acid Dihydrate
Authors: Sajadikhah Seyed Sajad , Liravi-Deylami Bagher 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
Benzoimidazopyrimidine, benzimidazoloquinazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, and triazoloquinazolinone
derivatives were synthesized via a one-pot multi-component reaction in the presence of
a catalytic amount of oxalic acid dihydrate. The reactions were performed in the mixture of EtOH:H2O
or under solvent-free conditions as green media. The advantageous features of these methodologies are
inexpensive starting materials and catalyst, high atom economy and good yields, and metal-free synthesis.
Moreover, all the products were obtained by simple filtration, and no need for column chromatography
or tedious separation procedures, which is very important in terms of reducing environmental
pollutions.
Low Cost Training Models for Videothoracoscopic Surgical Training
Authors: Bilgi Zeynep , Çetinkaya Çağatay , Batirel Hasan Fevzi 
Published: May 2021

Objective:
We designed novel practical simulation models for VATS lung nodule palpation
and vessel dissection, and subsequently evaluated the performances of the residents in our thoracic
surgery program to account for the appropriate level of difficulty and grade the learning experience.

Methods:
Artificial lung nodules were formed by injecting sheep heart lung blocks with either
cyanoacrylate or construction grade silicone diluted with synthetic thinner. Artificial lung and vessel
environment was formed using a sponge, with a tube balloon placed inside a tunnel within the
sponge and fixed with a flexible glue. Both models were placed in a standard laparoscopy training
box, and both conventional and minimally invasive surgery instruments were used as applicable
per the attendee's discretion.

Results:
In the lung nodule simulation, among 4 residents (postgraduate year (PGY) 1, 3, 4 and 4),
the average time to palpating the first nodule was 57 seconds,and the average time of whole lung
palpation was 7,7 minutes. In the vascular dissection model, of the five residents (PGY 4, 3, 3, 3,
1), median distance dissected at the first attempt was 3,1 cm (1-4,7), and it was shorter in the second
attempt, 2,5 cm (2-3,2). Median dissection duration was shorter in the second attempt (5 vs. 3
minutes). All residents were able to complete the dissection of the balloon from the sponge within
9 attempts.

Conclusion:
Surgical simulation models can be created with minimal resources, allowing for
enough difficulty to maintain engagement and accomplish progressive skill through practice. As
clinics shift case volume to minimally invasive procedures, resident exposure to open cases can become
more scarce; so simulation training in thoracic surgery can not be perceived as a luxury, it
has to be accessible even though the learning environment does not have resources to invest in virtual
reality sets or computerized simulators.
Utility of Lung Ultrasound in Decision-making to Prioritize Hospital Admission
for COVID-19 Patients: A Developing Country Perspective
Authors: Zaky Samy , Metwally Mohamed A. , El Badry Mohamed , Hasan Ali A. , Abd-Elsalam Sherief , El-Raey Fathiya , Eid Alshaimaa , Alboraie Mohamed , Elbahnasawy Mohamed , Elrefai Atef Wahdan , Elnaggar Alya A. , Moustafa Ehab F. , Abdelaziz Ahmed , Baki Amin Abdel , Elassal Gehan , Abdelbary Akram , Abdalmohsen Ahmad Said , Kamal Ehab , Asem Noha , Ibrahim Hamdy , Taema Khaled , Amin Wagdy , Kotb Fatma M. , Mohamed Ahmed Sh. , Abdelmageed Neamat A. , Elnady Mohamed , Masoud Hossam Hosny , Hassany Mohamed , Zaid Hala 
Published: May 2021

Background & Aims:
In the midst of this pandemic, planning the prioritization of hospital
admissions for patients affected with COVID-19 should be of prime concern, particularly in healthcare
settings with limited resources. Thus, in this study, we aimed to develop a novel approach to triage
COVID-19 patients and attempt to prioritize their hospital admission using Lung Ultrasonography
(LUS). The efficacy of LUS in triaging suspected COVID-19 patients and assessing the severity of
COVID-19 pneumonia was evaluated; the findings were then compared with those obtained by chest
computed tomography (CT).

Method:
This multicenter, cross-sectional study comprised 243 COVID-19 patients who presented to
the emergency department in 3 major university hospitals in Egypt. LUS was performed by an experienced
emergency or chest physician, according to the local protocol of each hospital. Demographic, clinical,
and laboratory data were then collected from each patient. Each patient was subjected to chest CT
scans and LUS.

Results:
The mean age of the 243 patients was 46.7 ± 10.4 years. Ground-glass opacity, subpleural consolidation,
translobar consolidation, and crazy paving were reported in the chest CT scans of 54.3%,
15.2%, 11.1%, and 8.6% of the patients, respectively. B-line artifacts were observed in 81.1% of the patients
(confluent pattern, 18.9%). The LUS findings completely coincided with the CT findings (Kappa
agreement value, 0.77) in 197 patients (81.1%) and offered a diagnostic sensitivity of 74%, diagnostic
specificity of 97.9%, positive predictive value of 90.2%, and negative predictive value of 93.6% for the
COVID-19 patients. Following the addition of O2 saturation to the lung imaging findings, the ultrasound
method was able to demonstrate 100% sensitivity and specificity in accurately differentiating between severe
and non-severe lung diseases.

Conclusion:
LUS with oxygen saturation might prove to be effective in prioritizing the hospital admission
of COVID-19 patients, particularly in healthcare settings with limited resources.
Nanostructure, Optical and Optoelectronic Properties of Silver Nanoparticle- based Chemical Etching on Monocrystalline Silicon for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Jemai Abdelbasset Bessadok , Rabha Mohamed Ben , Ali F. Abdulraqeb Ahmed , Mokraoui Salim , Khezami Lotfi 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-based chemical etching is applied to produce
silicon nanowires (SiNWs) on monocrystalline silicon.

Methods:
The effect of etching time on the production of silicon nanowires and on optical and optoelectronic
properties was studied.

Results:
Using this approach, surface recombination velocity (Seff) and the effective lifetime (τeff)
evolution of SiNWs after passivation were improved, and SiNWs obtained in the optimal time of 20
min, exhibited shallow reflection of 1% in the wavelength range of 300–1100 nm.

Conclusion:
Thus, passivated solar cell-based SiNWs in an HF/HNO3/H2O solution were essential
for increasing the efficiency of solar cell-based SiNWs from 9% to nearly 15%.
Moderate Hypofractionated Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer:
The Triumph of Radiobiology
Authors: Kougioumtzopoulou Andromachi , Platoni Kalliopi , Zygogianni Anna , Kounadis George , Syrigos Konstantinos N. , Psyrri Adamantia , Bamias Aristotelis , Kelekis Nikolaos , Kouloulias Vasileios 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Radiotherapy represents one of the main therapeutic modalities for localized
prostate cancer. In the last two decades, emerging data regarding the radiobiology of prostate
cancer suggests a very low α/β value,

Objective:
The aim of this manuscript is to present the rationale of prostate radiobiology and the
medical evidence of moderate hypofractionation for prostate cancer.

Methods:
Existing literature was reviewed, including data from prospective clinical trials dealing
with the efficacy and toxicity of hypofractionated radiotherapy. Fifteen prospective phase II
studies, nine randomized phase III studies and ten meta-analyses were selected. For every study included,
the equivalent dose was calculated for both biochemical control and late toxicity.

Results:
The efficacy of hypofractionated radiotherapy, compared to conventional radiotherapy, regarding
biochemical control, was evaluated in five superiority and four non-inferiority randomized
phase III studies. The majority of participants in these studies were patients with low- and intermediate-
risk prostate cancer. Even though the superiority criterion of the hypofractionation was not
met in all studies, the noninferiority criterion was met. Prospective phase II studies of hypofractionation
reported a low rate of acute and late toxicity. In randomized phase III studies, acute and late
toxicity grade 3 and higher for the bowel and bladder was comparable between hypofractionated
and conventional radiotherapy. The included meta-analyses showed no difference in efficacy and
toxicity.

Conclusion:
Moderate hypofractionation is feasible and safe, and may be considered as an alternative
option in low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients.
Highly Accurate Gene Essentiality Prediction with W-Nucleotide Z Curve Features and Feature Selection Technique in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zheng Wen-Xin , Wang Shu-Xuan , Liu Hong 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Many studies have been conducted on essentiality prediction in the Saccharomyces
cerevisiae genome, but the accuracy is not as high as those in bacterial or human genomes.
The most frequently used features are Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks combined
with some other features, such as evolutionary conservation, expression level, and protein domain
information. Sequence composition features are the least used features.

Objective:
To improve the accuracy of essentiality prediction in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome,
we proposed a highly accurate gene essentiality prediction algorithm.

Methods:
In this paper, we propose an algorithm based on a linear Support Vector Machine (SVM)
using sequence features only. The variables in this paper are derived from sequence data based on
the w-nucleotide Z curve format without any other information.

Results:
After feature selection, the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve
(AUC) was 0.944 for 5-fold cross-validation. From 1- to 6-nucleotide Z curve variables, feature extraction
can increase the AUC in all cases.

Conclusion:
The prediction on sequence composition is only promising, particularly when a feature
filtering method is used, and maybe a good complement for algorithms based on other features.
Anti-depressant, Anxiolytic, and the Muscle Relaxant Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Cissampelos pareira Linn. Leaves
Authors: Asif Mohammad , Dwivedi Jayesh , Yadav Sandeep 
Published: May 2021

Background:
The ethnopharmacological relevance suggests that the ethnic minorities
of India use leaves of Cissampelos pareira L. as a traditional medicine for curing various psychopharmacological
disorders.

Objective:
To evaluate anti-depressant, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant activity of hydro-alcoholic
extract of Cissampelos pareira.

Methods:
Leaves of Cissampelos pareira were extracted using a hydro-alcoholic solvent. The
safety of hydro-alcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira was assessed by acute oral toxicity
(OECD 423). The anti-depressant activity was measured using open field test, locomotor test,
despair swim test, tail suspension test. The anxiolytic activity was assessed using elevated plus
maze and hole board test, and skeletal muscle relaxant activity was assessed using rotarod, grip
strength, chimney, and inclined plane test.

Results:
No moribund status or mortality was observed in experimental mice up to 2000 mg/kg
dose of Cissampelos pareira hydro-alcoholic extract (CPHE). In the open field and actophotometer
tests, CPHE 200 and 400 mg/kg treated mice significantly abridged ambulation, number of
central squares crossed, total locomotion, and depicted less coordinated movements, and in despair
swim and tail suspension tests, CPHE 400 mg/kg treated mice significantly decreased duration
of immobility and increased number of climbing, confirming its anti-depressant effect. In an
elevated plus-maze test, CPHE 200 and 400 mg/kg increased the open arm exploration, while in the
hole board test, CPHE 400 mg/kg treated rats augmented the number of head dips, depicting its anxiolytic
effect. In rotarod, grip strength, and inclined plane test, CPHE 400 mg/kg treated mice decreased
the fall-off time on a rotating rod, suspended wire, or inclined plane. Furthermore, in the
chimney test, treatment with CPHE 400 depicted less coordinated movements in mice; the mice of
this group took more time to leave the cylinder, depicting its skeletal muscle relaxant effect.

Conclusion:
Based on the results, of this study, it can be concluded that CPHE 400 mg/kg exhibits
strong anti-depressant, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant effects, justifying its traditional uses.
Chi-Squared Test Analysis on Hybrid Cryptosystem
Authors: Munshi Najmul Hoque , Das Proteeti , Maitra Subhasis 
Published: May 2021

:
Nowadays, the internet has reached every aspect of our day-to-day life. The idea of cryptography
is to provide security. It is an encryption technique used for network security when different
networks are interconnected and become vulnerable to attacks and intrusions. Different algorithms, like
DES, 3-DES, Modified DES, RSA, and Modified RSA algorithms for encryption, have been reported.
In this paper, a hybrid cryptosystem which is the combination of the traditional DES and RSA has
been discussed. The performance analysis, such as the chi-squared test and then frequency analysis of
the hybrid algorithm have been discussed in this article to show the novelty of the combined DES and
RSA work, and a comparative study has been performed with the traditional DES and RSA techniques.
The chi-squared methodology is a statistical way of evaluating the quality of ciphertext. If the ciphertext
needs to be strong then a high value of chi-squared is desired.
From Reduction to Oxidation: pH Controlled Reaction of 1-hydroxyethyl Radical with Caffeic Acid Analogues
Authors: Das Laboni , Shukla Shashi P. , Chatterjee Suchandra , Satpati Ashis K. , Adhikari Soumyakanti 
Published: May 2021

Aims:
The aim is to search for newer and better antioxidants through kinetic
spectroscopic studies in combination with product analysis and computation.

Background:
Antioxidant effect of caffeic acid, its derivative, and analogues have been
well reported. The anti-oxidative efficiencies are related to their molecular structure,
and two reaction pathways are well accepted, H-atom transfer (HAT) or single electron
transfer. 1-hydroxy ethyl radical (1-HER) being ethanol-derived free radical might be
causing the onset of liver injury detected after alcohol administration. 1-HER has also
been reported to react with fatty acids and endogenous antioxidants such as glutathione,
ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol.

Objective:
The present study is an attempt to understand the reaction mechanism of 1-
HER with caffeic acid, its derivative and analogues in detail.

Methods:
Pulse radiolysis with kinetic absorption spectroscopy has been employed to
follow the reaction pathway and identify the intermediates produced in the reaction. The
reaction products have been detected using LCMS/MS. Based on these studies, a
consolidated mechanism has been proposed. Cyclic voltammetry measurements and
computational calculations have been used in support of the proposed mechanism.

Result:
In the reaction of 1-hydroxy ethyl radical (1-HER) with caffeic acid and its
oligomers, reduction takes place below the pKa1, while oxidation occurs with the
deprotonated phenolic moiety. The reduction of caffeic acid generates a carbon-centered
radical at the double bond of the side chain with a bimolecular rate constant of 1.4x1010
dm3 mol-1 s-1. Notably, a low concentration of oxygen is able to regenerate a part of the
caffeic acid molecules in the reduction process. At pH 10 a phenoxyl radical is formed
due to oxidation with a much lower bimolecular rate constant of (4.2x108 dm3 mol-1 s-1).
In the case of di-hydrocaffeic acid, only phenoxyl radical is formed at pH 10 and, no
reaction could be observed below pH 8.

Conclusion:
Change in reactive pattern from reduction to oxidation with change in pH
within same set of reactants has been evidently established in the present study. The
results point towards the importance of α−β unsaturation in the side chain of caffeic
acid oligomers for their reaction with 1-HER at neutral pH. The effect of oxygen
concentration on the antioxidative protection offered by this class of molecules might be
intriguing for the quest of the effectiveness of antioxidants at low concentration.

Other:
It may be inferred that the effect of pH on the reactivity pattern as observed is
not 1-HER, but substrate specific, in the present case phenolic acids. This study
generates further scope for in-depth studies on other polyphenols where unsaturation
exists in the side chain.
Essentials in the Treatment of COVID-19
Authors: Rad Fatemeh Mehrabi , Elyasi Hossein , Rahimi Hadis , Zamani Amir , Nafari Amirhossein 
Published: May 2021

Background:There are many coronaviruses, which can cause diseases in humans and animals. The new 2019 coronavirus is highly prevalent and contagious, infecting many people in almost all countries of the world. There are many problems involved in the treatment of COVID-19 that must be discussed and examined.Research Methods:A systematic review was conducted on double-blind studies found on such online databases as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Highwire, MD Consult, and Scopus by Internet-based search.Results and Conclusions:Many deaths attributed to COVID-19 are caused by mistakes made in the prescription of medications, leading to the deterioration of the conditions of the patients, the most serious of which is the prescription of corticoids. Additionally, it has not been properly researched whether some drugs such as NSAIDs are indicated for use in COVID-19 or not. On the other hand, the application of some valuable medicinal herbs, such as peppermint and chamomile, in the treatment of this disease has not received enough attention, despite the fact that they may have valuable and remarkable effects in the treatment of this disease.