bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global meta‐analysis of tree decline impacts on fauna
Authors: Fleming Patricia A. , Wentzel Jacobus J. , Dundas Shannon J. , Kreplins Tracey L. , Craig Michael D. , Hardy Giles E. St.J. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTSignificant portions of the world's forests have been impacted by severe and large‐scale tree declines characterised by gradual but widespread loss of vigour and subsequent death of either single or several tree species. Tree deaths represent a threat for fauna that are dependent on forest habitats for their survival. Although tree declines have received considerable scientific attention, surprisingly, little is known about their impacts on fauna. In total, we calculated 631 effect sizes across 59 studies that quantified the impact of tree declines on animal abundance. Data representing 186 bird species indicated an overall increase in bird abundance in response to tree declines (meta‐analysis mean ± estimationg = 0.172 ± 0.053 [CI 0.069 to 0.275],P = 0.001); however, there was substantial variability in responses (significant heterogeneityP < 0.001) with a strong influence of diet as well as nesting guild on bird responses. Granivores (especially ground‐foraging species, e.g. Passerellidae species), bark‐foraging insectivores (e.g. woodpeckers), as well as ground‐ and cavity‐nesting species apparently benefitted from tree declines, while nectarivorous birds [and, although not significant, aerially foraging insectivores (e.g. flycatchers) and leaf‐gleaning insectivores (canopy‐feeding)] were less common in the presence of tree declines. Data representing 33 mammal species indicate a tendency for detrimental effects of tree declines on mammals that use trees as refuges, while aerial foragers (i.e. bats) may benefit from opening up the canopy. Overall the average effect for mammals was neutral (meta‐analysis mean estimationg = −0.150 ± 0.145 [−0.433 to 0.134],P = 0.302). Data representing 20 reptile species showed an insufficient range of responses to determine any diet or foraging effect on their responses. Data for 28 arthropod taxa should be considered with caution, as we could not adequately separate taxa according to their specialisations and reliance on key habitat. The data broadly suggest a detrimental effect of tree declines (meta‐analysis mean estimationg = −0.171 ± 0.072 [−0.311 to −0.031],P = 0.017) with ground‐foraging arthropods (e.g. detritivores and predators such as spiders and centipedes) more likely to be detrimentally impacted by tree declines. The range of responses to tree declines signifies substantially altered animal communities. In many instances, altered ecosystem function due to loss of key animal services will represent a significant threat to forest health.
Molecular docking‐guided synthesis of NSAID–glucosamine bioconjugates and their evaluation as COX‐1/COX‐2 inhibitors with potentially reduced gastric toxicity
Authors: Jones Lipinski Rachel A. , Thillier Yann , Morisseau Christophe , Sebastiano Christopher S. , Smith Brian C. , Hall C. Dennis , Katritzky Alan R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNon‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a powerful class of inhibitors targeting two isoforms of the family of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX‐1 and COX‐2). While NSAIDs are widely used in the management of pain, in particular as a treatment for osteo‐ and rheumatoid arthritis, their long‐term use has been associated with numerous on‐ and off‐target effects. As the carboxylic acid moiety present in common NSAIDs is responsible for some of their adverse effects, but is not required for their anti‐inflammatory activity, we sought to mask this group through direct coupling to glucosamine, which is thought to prevent cartilage degradation. We report herein the conjugation of commonly prescribed NSAIDs to glucosamine hydrochloride and the use of molecular docking to show that addition of the carbohydrate moiety to the parent NSAID can enhance binding in the active site of COX‐2. In a preliminary, in vitro screening assay, the diclofenac‐glucosamine bioconjugate exhibited 10‐fold greater activity toward COX‐2, making it an ideal candidate for future in vivo studies. Furthermore, in an intriguing result, we observed that the mefenamic acid‐glucosamine bioconjugate displayed enhanced activity toward COX‐1 rather than COX‐2.
PD‐L1 and beyond: Immuno‐oncology in cytopathology
Authors: Iaccarino Antonino , Salatiello Maria , Migliatico Ilaria , De Luca Caterina , Gragnano Gianluca , Russo Maria , Bellevicine Claudio , Malapelle Umberto , Troncone Giancarlo , Vigliar Elena 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOver the past decade, immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising cancer treatments. Several monoclonal antibodies targeting the programmed death 1 (PD‐1)/ programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) pathway have been integrated into standard‐of‐care treatments for a wide range of cancer types. Although all the available PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays have been developed on formalin‐fixed histological specimens, a growing body of research has recently suggested the feasibility of PD‐L1 testing on cytological samples. Although promising results have been reported, several important issues still need to be addressed. Among these are pre‐analytical issues, cyto‐hystological correlation, and inter‐observer agreement. This review will briefly summarise the knowledge gaps and future directions of cytopathology in the immuno‐oncology scenario.
Environmental DNA of preservative ethanol performed better than water samples in detecting macroinvertebrate diversity using metabarcoding
Authors: Wang Yu , Chen Kai , Gao Jin , Wang Meng , Dong Jie , Xie Yuwei , Giesy John P. , Jin Xiaowei , Wang Beixin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimHigh‐throughput pipelines supported by eDNA metabarcoding have been applied in various freshwater ecosystems. Both eDNA in ethanol (EtOH) samples (ES‐eDNA) and in water samples (WS‐eDNA) can provide comprehensive classification lists with good taxonomic resolution and coverage for determining freshwater biodiversity and biomonitoring. But, the advantages of ES‐eDNA metabarcoding over WS‐eDNA metabarcoding remain unclear for routine assessments of diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in streams.LocationQiantang River Basin, China.MethodsHere, we compared ES‐eDNA and WS‐eDNA metabarcoding to evaluate the performance of two eDNA workflows in determining biodiversity and recovery of damaged macroinvertebrate communities. All eDNA samples from the environment and bulk specimen of macroinvertebrates were processed into available molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and identified to the level of genus.ResultsWS‐eDNA detected more exact sequence variants (ESVs) (formerly referred to as operational taxonomic units; OTUs), than did ES‐eDNA (2,866 vs. 2,406), but fewer macroinvertebrate ESVs (381 vs. 481). Among sampling sites, the two eDNA workflows exhibited relatively large dissimilarity on inferred community composition (p < .001). Furthermore, ES‐eDNA metabarcoding exhibited more consistent with morphological identification approaches than did WS‐eDNA metabarcoding (24.24% vs. 17.63%,p = .002), especially for species identified by traditional morphology (morphotaxa).Main conclusionsBased on the attributes of ES‐eDNA and WS‐eDNA, it is suggested that ES‐eDNA metabarcoding performs better than does WS‐eDNA metabarcoding in detecting local biodiversity and was consistent with morphological results, while WS‐eDNA was more suitable for exploring biodiversity patterns on a broad scale, as it is the easiest and most convenient way to collect samples. Results of this study suggest ES‐eDNA metabarcoding could be an option in building molecular measurement biomonitoring programme based on EtOH sample used for preserving biological samples.
Fatigue response dependence of thickness measurement methods for additively manufactured E‐PBF Ti‐6Al‐4 V
Authors: Segersäll Mikael , Kerwin Annie , Hardaker Alex , Kahlin Magnus , Moverare Johan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLight weight metal parts produced with additive manufacturing have gained increasing interest from the aerospace industry in recent years. However, light weight parts often require thin walls which can have different material properties compared to thick bulk material. In this work, the fatigue properties of Ti‐6Al‐4 V produced by electron beam powder bed fusion have been investigated for samples with three different wall thicknesses ranging from 1.3 to 2.7 mm and in three different directions; 0°, 45°, and 90° relative to the build plate. Generally, the 90° specimens show worse fatigue life compared to both 0° and 45°. It was found that the fatigue strength is lower for thin samples compared to thicker samples when the stress is calculated from nominal thickness or calliper measurements. However, since materials produced by electron beam powder bed fusion often have a rough as‐built surface, the load bearing area is not easy to determine. In this paper, four different methods for determining the load bearing area are presented. It is shown that if the surface roughness is considered when calculating the stress levels, the influence from specimen thickness decreases or even disappears.
The territorial architecture of government
Authors: Tatham Michaël , Hooghe Liesbet , Marks Gary 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article sets the stage for a special issue that examines the interplay between subnational and supranational governance. It begins by discussing how the territorial architecture of government has become more multilevel as national governments have shifted authority both downwards to subnational governments and upwards to international and supranational institutions. Next, we argue that this multilevel structure emanates from a tension between the drive to reap the functional benefits of scale diversity in a globalizing economy and the pressures arising from collective self‐rule. We build on the research in this special issue to highlight some tangible effects of this tension for policy, politics, and polity. Subnational and supranational governance are conventionally perceived as separate phenomena with distinct consequences, and yet they are intimately connected in a fluid territorial architecture of multilevel governance.
The utility of c‐Met as a diagnostic tissue biomarker in primary colorectal cancer
Authors: Armstrong Gemma R. , Khot Mohammed Ibrahim , Tiernan Jim P. , West Nick P. , Perry Sarah L. , Maisey Tom I. , Hughes Thomas A. , Jayne David G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe transmembrane protein, c‐Met, is thought to be overexpressed and activated in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study explored its potential as a diagnostic tissue biomarker for CRC in a large human CRC tissue collection obtained from a randomized clinical trial.Tissue microarrays of matched normal colorectal epithelium and primary cancer were prepared from specimens obtained from 280 patients recruited to the MRC CLASICC trial (ISRCTN 74883561) and interrogated using immunohistochemistry for c‐Met expression. The distribution and intensity of immunopositivity was graded using a validated, semi‐quantifiable score, and differences in median scores analysed using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to measure the diagnostic accuracy of c‐Met as a biomarker in CRC.Epithelial cell membrane expression of c‐Met differed significantly between CRC and normal colorectal tissue: median 12.00 (Interquartile range (IQR) 6‐15) versus median 6.00 (IQR 2.70‐12.00) respectively (P = <.0001). ROC‐AUC analysis of c‐Met expression yielded a CRC diagnostic probability of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.61 to 0.70; P < .0001). A score of ≥14.50 showed high specificity at 85.32% (95% CI 80.33%‐89.45%) but sensitivity of only 30.92% (CI 25.37%‐36.90%).Thus c‐Met is consistently overexpressed in human CRC as compared to normal colorectal epithelium tissue. c‐Met expression may have a role in diagnosis and prognostication if combined with other biomarkers.
Effects of ısotretinoin on the growth rate and thickness of the nail plate
Authors: Özçelik Sinan , Kılıç Fatma A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundIsotretinoin has various effects on nails. However, the mechanism of how isotretinoin affects the nail plate is unknown. We aimed to investigate the effects of isotretinoin on morphology, growth rate, and thickness of the nail plate.MethodsA total of 70 acne vulgaris patients treated with isotretinoin and a control group consisting of 68 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Isotretinoin treatment was started at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg per day. Nail changes were noted; length and thickness of the nail plate were measured in all participants every month.ResultsThe medians of nail growth rates in the isotretinoin and control groups were 3.16 (2.87–3.57) mm/month and 2.89 (2.56–3.19) mm/month, respectively. The medians of nail thickness in the isotretinoin and control groups were 0.47 (0.38–0.53) mm and 0.50 (0.40–0.65) mm, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of nail growth rate and thickness (P < 0.01, P = 0.02, respectively). Nail findings were observed in nine out of 70 patients (12.8%), mostly onychoschizia.ConclusionIsotretinoin gradually increases the nail growth rate and thins the nail plate over time during the course of isotretinoin treatment. Dermatologists prescribing isotretinoin should also consider the nail changes, which may impact the life quality of patients.
Novel peptides from dried squid head by‐products obtained from snack process
Authors: Sukkhown Pattraporn , Pirak Tantawan , Jangchud Kamolwan , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe novel peptides were successfully produced with commercial protease hydrolysis (Alcalase® and Flavourzyme®) at the fixed concentration of 3%by weight of protein in substrate. The hydrolysis was performed at various hydrolysis times (0, 300, 450, 600 and 750 min) at the optimal pH and temperature. When the hydrolysis was performed until 750 min, the peptide solutions with high soluble protein content were resulted (47.58 and 42.53 mg protein per mL for Alcalase® and Flavourzyme® hydrolysis, respectively). After freeze drying, the peptide powder from Alcalase® and Flavourzyme® hydrolysis had degree of hydrolysis at 71.87% and 66.39%, respectively. Alcalase® hydrolysis provided the novel peptide fraction with DPPH scavenging, ABTS activity and ACE‐inhibitory activity at 64.20%, 102.50 µg mL−1 and 56.98%, respectively. This peptide fraction possessed the lowest molecular weight (m/z 807.418) as detected by MALDI‐TOF/MS, and the most potent peptide sequence was Arg‐Glu‐Gly‐Tyr‐Phe‐Lys which has the potential as functional ingredient in novel food, snacks and beverages.
Aflatoxins: Occurrence in red chilli and control by gamma irradiation
Authors: Ayob Omeera , Hussain Peerzada Rashid , Naqash Farah , Riyaz Lubna , Kausar Tahreem , Joshi Sweta , Azad Zulfiqarur Rashid Azaz Ahmad 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChilli is one of the valuable spices commercialised globally, added as condiments in various cuisines and is easily susceptible to aflatoxin contamination (produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus) during pre‐ and post‐harvesting stages. The important factors such as temperature, moisture content and humidity affect the growth of fungi producing aflatoxins. Chillies contaminated with aflatoxins could be carcinogenic and thus can pose a threat to the general population leading to the loss of international trade market. Therefore, to overcome this problem, there is a need for some effective and novel technologies such as gamma irradiation. Gamma irradiation minimises the toxicological effects of aflatoxins by inhibiting the growth as well as the proliferation of Aspergillus species. In this work, the natural occurrence of aflatoxins including the contribution of gamma irradiation on either eliminating or controlling the aflatoxins in red chilli is reviewed.
Comparative evaluation of the composition of vegetable essential and fixed oils obtained by supercritical extraction and conventional techniques: a chemometric approach
Authors: Piras Alessandra , Piras Cristina , Porcedda Silvia , Rosa Antonella 
Published: May 2021

SummaryWe compared by a chemometric approach the composition of essential (EO) and fixed (FO) oils previously obtained from several vegetable matrices by supercritical CO2 extraction (CO2‐SFE) and conventional techniques (n‐hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus and hydrodistillation). A multivariate approach, by determining the principal components analysis (PCA) applied to data of FO fatty acids and EO volatile compounds, generally indicated that the vegetable oils extracted with CO2‐SFE tightly clustered with those obtained by conventional methods. The graphical distances calculated in the PCA plots between the score of each SFE oil and the corresponding conventional oil revealed that the CO2‐SFE FO and EO profiles were quite similar to conventional oils, with the additional benefit of not having unwanted traces of solvent. SFE FO were more similar to conventional oils than SFE EO (mean values of calculated graphical distances were 0.83 and 1.46 for FO and EO, respectively). Our results strongly corroborate the role of CO2‐SFE as a suitable, environmentally safe and efficient method alternative to the traditional ones for the extraction of natural vegetable oils for food and pharmaceutical applications.
What are the potential strategies to achieve potentially more healthful meat products?
Authors: Guedes‐Oliveira Juliana M. , Brad Kim Yuan H. , Conte‐Junior Carlos A. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryIn recent years, much attention has been paid to the consumption of meat and processed meat, and their relationship with a healthy diet. This review provides an overview of the potential strategies, which can be used to provide the implications for producing healthy, wholesome and consistently high‐quality meat products. Genetic selection, nutrition and feeding management, and gene manipulation techniques have been used as the main strategies to induce beneficial changes in meat and meat composition. Besides, the incorporation of ingredients that play a technological role and are potentially health‐enhancing, such as fibre, fat substitutes, natural antioxidants and the reduction of sodium and nitrites, has a high potential in the development of healthier meat products. In this review, we have observed that many strategies have been successfully used to obtain products with low fat, reduced sodium and nitrite content, low cholesterol and absence of synthetic antioxidants. Another point to be highlighted is that some of these strategies also allow obtaining products with positive health effects that can be potential alternatives to improve consumer acceptance.
Pyrraline formation prevented by sodium chloride encapsulated by binary blends of different starches and gum Arabic in aqueous model systems and cookies
Authors: Liang Zhili , Chen Xu , Yang Zhao , Lu Jihuan , Huang Jiacheng , Liu Yingyi , Chen Lin , Xian Huiyi , Mo Jiajie , Huang Xiaosi , Chen Shaofu , Yang Jiabiao 
Published: May 2021

SummaryPyrraline is a common advanced glycation end product that is closely associated with various chronic diseases and frequently found in commonly consumed foods. In this study, pyrraline formation prevented by NaCl encapsulated by binary blends of different starches and gum arabic was investigated. The results show that in aqueous model systems with encapsulated NaCl addition, the reduction in pyrraline varied from 5.4% to 26.7%, with simultaneous decreases in the 3‐deoxyglucosone (3‐DG) concentration, which varied from 13.1% to 41.4%. In cookies with encapsulated NaCl addition, decreases in pyrraline varied from 10.2% to 31.6% accompanied by simultaneous decreases in 3‐DG, which varied from 14.2% to 39.4%. However, NaCl encapsulation had no impact on the browning extent in aqueous model systems and on the basic sensory indicators of the manufactured cookies, including colour and salty taste.
Fabrication of chitosan nanoparticles incorporated with Pistaciaatlantica subsp. kurdica hulls’ essential oil as a potential antifungal preservative against strawberry grey mould
Authors: Hesami Golnaz , Darvishi Sholeh , Zarei Mohammad , Hadidi Milad 
Published: May 2021

SummaryEssential oil was extracted from Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica hulls and encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) by an emulsion‐ionic gelation method. A desirable retention rate (43.3–61.5%) of P. atlantica subsp. kurdica hulls’ essential oil (PAHEO) encapsulated in chitosan NPs was confirmed. In addition, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis results revealed the success of PAHEO encapsulation. The formed NPs illustrated a shrunk and spherical shape with a size range of 187.2–632.5 nm as indicated by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The encapsulated PAHEO had a high antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea under both the in vitro and in vivo conditions. It also significantly decreased the incidence and disease severity of grey mould on strawberries during storage. The spoilage process was postponed by the 8th days of storage at 4 °C in the strawberry fruit treated by PAHEO‐incorporated chitosan NPs. These findings imply that NP‐encapsulated PAHEO will have promising novel applications in food industries.
Functional compounds in dragon fruit peels and their potential health benefits: a review
Authors: Le Ngoc Lieu 
Published: May 2021

SummaryRecovery of bioactive or functional compounds from fruit wastes is a current research trend, not only to lessen the waste disposal burden, but also to meet the increasing demand from the public for health‐beneficial plant‐based products. In this review, the main groups of functional compounds from dragon fruit peels including betalains, phenolics and dietary fibres are comprehensively scrutinised. The potential health benefits of these phytochemicals in individuals or in matrices are discussed, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐angiogenic, prebiotic, antibacterial, antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities, and blood lipid profile improvement. These analyses provide insights in the development of the products and bioactive compounds derived from dragon fruit peels for human consumption to prevent chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer.
Microencapsulation of camellia oil to maintain thermal and oxidative stability with focus on protective mechanism
Authors: Wang Chenjie , Chen Yanting , Cui Yanru , Zhang Tianqi , Zhang Dongliang , Ma Chengye , Chen Shanfeng , Li Hongjun 
Published: May 2021

SummaryCamellia oil (CO) microcapsules were developed using chitosan–soybean protein isolate (CS‐SPI) complexes as wall materials and transglutaminase (TGase) as the cross‐linking agent. Results indicated that CO/SPI under the ratio of 1:2 exhibited the highest microencapsulation efficiency and yield, possessing the best encapsulation effect. Morphology observation showed that CO microcapsules were intact, compact and nearly spherical. The microencapsulated CO exhibited the improved thermal resistance and significantly lower peroxide values after 3 days storage, demonstrating that the produced microcapsule was a promising way to maintain the thermal and oxidative stability of camellia oil. It could be found evidence from FTIR, which indicated that covalent cross‐linking and hydrogen bonding might be involved among wall materials, and physical interactions between the core and wall materials. Therefore, the produced CO microcapsules could be an effective way to protect camellia oil, which was helpful for improving the processing and storage qualities of camellia oil.