bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Islands and Page curves in 4d from Type IIB
Authors: Uhlemann Christoph F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Variants of the black hole information paradox are studied in Type IIB string theory setups that realize four-dimensional gravity coupled to a bath. The setups are string theory versions of doubly-holographic Karch/Randall brane worlds, with black holes coupled to non-gravitating and gravitating baths. The 10d versions are based on fully backreacted solutions for configurations of D3, D5 and NS5 branes, and admit dual descriptions as $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM on a half space and 3d $$ {T}_{\rho}^{\sigma } $$

T
ρ
σ

[SU(N)] SCFTs. Island contributions to the entanglement entropy of black hole radiation systems are identified through Ryu/Takayanagi surfaces and lead to Page curves. Analogs of the critical angles found in the Karch/Randall models are identified in 10d, as critical parameters in the brane configurations and dual field theories.
CD27 expression on Treg cells limits immune responses against tumors
Authors: Muth Sabine , Klaric Annekatrin , Radsak Markus , Schild Hansjörg , Probst Hans Christian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses and thus contribute to immune homeostasis. On the downside, Tregs also limit immune responses against tumors promoting the progression of cancer. Among the many mechanisms implied in Treg-mediated suppression, the inhibition of dendritic cells (DCs) has been shown to be central in peripheral tolerance induction as well as in cancers. We have shown previously that the maintenance of peripheral T cell tolerance critically depends on cognate interactions between Tregs and DCs and that the CTL priming by unsuppressed steady state DCs is mediated via CD70. Here, we have investigated whether the CD70/CD27 axis is also involved in Treg-mediated suppression of anti-tumor immunity. Using a mixed bone marrow chimeric mouse model in which we can deplete regulatory T cells in a temporally controlled fashion, we show that Treg-expressed CD27 prevents the breakdown of peripheral tolerance and limits anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, ablation of Treg expressed CD27 acts synergistically with PD-1 checkpoint inhibition to improve CTL mediated immunity against a solid tumor. Our data thus identify Treg-expressed CD27 as a potential target in cancer immunotherapy.Key messagesTreg expressed CD27 maintains steady state DC tolerogenicTreg expressed CD27 limits anti-tumor immunityAblation of Treg expressed CD27 synergizes with PD-1 blockade to improve CTL mediated tumor control
Radikale pelvine Tumorchirurgie bei Patienten mit einem lokal fortgeschrittenen, symptomatischen kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinom
Authors: Kanzelmeyer Saskia , Bludau Mark , Pfister David Johannes Karl Paul , Heidenreich Axel 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Arbeit
Die retrospektive Evaluation der klinischen Ergebnisse nach palliativer pelviner Tumorchirurgie (ppTC) bei subvesikalen und supravesikalen Komplikationen eines lokal symptomatisch fortgeschrittenen kastrationsresistenten (CRPC) Prostatakarzinoms.

Patienten und Methoden
Insgesamt 84 Patienten mit lokal fortgeschrittenem und symptomatischem CRPC erhielten eine radikale Zystoprostatektomie (n = 71, 83,3 %) oder anteriore und posteriore Exenteration (n = 13, 16,7 %). Das lokale Staging erfolgte mittels MRT des Beckens, Zystoskopie und Rektoskopie. Ein systemisches Staging erfolgte mittels Computertomographie von Thorax, Abdomen, Becken sowie Skelettszintigraphie. Die perioperativen Komplikationen wurden nach Clavien-Dindo-Klassifikation evaluiert. Das primäre Studienziel war das symptomfreie Überleben (sÜL, Fehlen von Symptomen am unteren oder oberen Harntrakt, fehlende endoluminale oder perkutane Intervention).

Ergebnisse
Nach einem medianen Follow-up von 43,5 (3–139) Monaten betrug das sÜL nach einem und drei Jahren 95,2 % bzw. 86,7 %. Insgesamt 86,7 % der Patienten blieben für ihre gesamte verbleibende Lebensdauer bezüglich lokaler Symptome beschwerdefrei. Das OS nach einem und drei Jahren betrug 92,9 % bzw. 54,7 %. Clavien-Dindo-Grad-2-, -3- und -4-Komplikationen ergaben sich in 19 (22,6 %), 7 (8,3 %) bzw. 3 (3,6 %) Patienten.

Schlussfolgerungen
Die ppTC ist mit einer geringen Komplikationsrate möglich und führt zu deutlicher Symptomlinderung bei ca. 90 % der Patienten, von denen > 80 % für die verbleibende Lebenszeit beschwerdefrei verbleiben. Voraussetzung sind die Patientenauswahl, ein interdisziplinäres Vorgehen und eine entsprechende chirurgische Expertise.
Laparoscopic sacrohysteropexy versus vaginal hysterectomy and apical suspension: 7-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Izett-Kay Matthew L. , Rahmanou Philip , Cartwright Rufus J. , Price Natalia , Jackson Simon R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis
Laparoscopic mesh sacrohysteropexy offers a uterine-sparing alternative to vaginal hysterectomy with apical suspension, although randomised comparative data are lacking. This study was aimed at comparing the long-term efficacy of laparoscopic mesh sacrohysteropexy and vaginal hysterectomy with apical suspension for the treatment of uterine prolapse.

Methods
A randomised controlled trial comparing laparoscopic mesh sacrohysteropexy and vaginal hysterectomy with apical suspension for the treatment of uterine prolapse was performed, with a minimum follow-up of 7 years. The primary outcome was reoperation for apical prolapse. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported mesh complications, Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification, Patient Global Impression of Improvement in prolapse symptoms and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Vaginal Symptoms, Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-FLUTS) and PISQ-12 questionnaires.

Results
A total of 101 women were randomised and 62 women attended for follow-up at a mean of 100 months postoperatively (range 84–119 months). None reported a mesh-associated complication. The risk of reoperation for apical prolapse was 17.2% following vaginal hysterectomy (VH) and 6.1% following laparoscopic mesh sacrohysteropexy (LSH; relative risk 0.34, 95% CI 0.07–1.68, p = 0.17). Laparoscopic sacrohysteropexy was associated with a statistically significantly higher apical suspension (POP-Q point C −5 vs −4.25, p = 0.02) and longer total vaginal length (9 cm vs 6 cm, p < 0.001). There was no difference in the change in ICIQ-VS scores between the two groups (ICIQ-VS change −22 vs −25, p = 0.59).

Conclusion
Laparoscopic sacrohysteropexy and vaginal hysterectomy with apical suspension have comparable reoperation rates and subjective outcomes. Potential advantages of laparoscopic sacrohysteropexy include a lower risk of apical reoperation, greater apical support and increased total vaginal length.
Tactile spatial discrimination on the torso using vibrotactile and force stimulation
Authors: Jouybari Atena Fadaei , Franza Matteo , Kannape Oliver Alan , Hara Masayuki , Blanke Olaf 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThere is a steadily growing number of mobile communication systems that provide spatially encoded tactile information to the humans’ torso. However, the increased use of such hands-off displays is currently not matched with or supported by systematic perceptual characterization of tactile spatial discrimination on the torso. Furthermore, there are currently no data testing spatial discrimination for dynamic force stimuli applied to the torso. In the present study, we measured tactile point localization (LOC) and tactile direction discrimination (DIR) on the thoracic spine using two unisex torso-worn tactile vests realized with arrays of 3 × 3 vibrotactile or force feedback actuators. We aimed to, first, evaluate and compare the spatial discrimination of vibrotactile and force stimulations on the thoracic spine and, second, to investigate the relationship between the LOC and DIR results across stimulations. Thirty-four healthy participants performed both tasks with both vests. Tactile accuracies for vibrotactile and force stimulations were 60.7% and 54.6% for the LOC task; 71.0% and 67.7% for the DIR task, respectively. Performance correlated positively with both stimulations, although accuracies were higher for the vibrotactile than for the force stimulation across tasks, arguably due to specific properties of vibrotactile stimulations. We observed comparable directional anisotropies in the LOC results for both stimulations; however, anisotropies in the DIR task were only observed with vibrotactile stimulations. We discuss our findings with respect to tactile perception research as well as their implications for the design of high-resolution torso-mounted tactile displays for spatial cueing.
Do initial concentration and activated sludge seasonality affect pharmaceutical biotransformation rate constants?
Authors: van Bergen Tamara J. H. M. , Rios-Miguel Ana B. , Nolte Tom M. , Ragas Ad M. J. , van Zelm Rosalie , Graumans Martien , Scheepers Paul T. J. , Jetten Mike S. M. , Hendriks A. Jan , Welte Cornelia U. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Pharmaceuticals find their way to the aquatic environment via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Biotransformation plays an important role in mitigating environmental risks; however, a mechanistic understanding of involved processes is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential relationships between first-order biotransformation rate constants (kb) of nine pharmaceuticals and initial concentration of the selected compounds, and sampling season of the used activated sludge inocula. Four-day bottle experiments were performed with activated sludge from WWTP Groesbeek (The Netherlands) of two different seasons, summer and winter, spiked with two environmentally relevant concentrations (3 and 30 nM) of pharmaceuticals. Concentrations of the compounds were measured by LC–MS/MS, microbial community composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and kb values were calculated. The biodegradable pharmaceuticals were acetaminophen, metformin, metoprolol, terbutaline, and phenazone (ranked from high to low biotransformation rates). Carbamazepine, diatrizoic acid, diclofenac, and fluoxetine were not converted. Summer and winter inocula did not show significant differences in microbial community composition, but resulted in a slightly different kb for some pharmaceuticals. Likely microbial activity was responsible instead of community composition. In the same inoculum, different kb values were measured, depending on initial concentration. In general, biodegradable compounds had a higher kb when the initial concentration was higher. This demonstrates that Michealis-Menten kinetic theory has shortcomings for some pharmaceuticals at low, environmentally relevant concentrations and that the pharmaceutical concentration should be taken into account when measuring the kb in order to reliably predict the fate of pharmaceuticals in the WWTP.

Key points
• Biotransformation and sorption of pharmaceuticals were assessed in activated sludge.
• Higher initial concentrations resulted in higher biotransformation rate constants for biodegradable pharmaceuticals.
• Summer and winter inocula produced slightly different biotransformation rate constants although microbial community composition did not significantly change.

Graphical abstract
The effect of reproductive state on activity budget, feeding behavior, and urinary C-peptide levels in wild female Assamese macaques
Authors: Touitou Sonia , Heistermann Michael , Schülke Oliver , Ostner Julia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The source of maternal energy supporting reproduction (i.e., stored or incoming) is an important factor determining different breeding strategies (capital, income or mixed) in female mammals. Key periods of energy storage and allocation might induce behavioral and physiological shifts in females, and investigating their distribution throughout reproduction helps in determining vulnerable phases shaping female reproductive success. Here, we examined the effects of reproductive state on activity budget, feeding behavior, and urinary C-peptide (uCP) levels, a physiological marker of energy balance, in 43 wild female Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis). Over a 13-month study period, we collected 96,266 instantaneous records of activity and 905 urine samples. We found that early lactating females and non-gestating–non-lactating females follow an energy-saving strategy consisting of resting more at the expense of feeding and consuming mostly fruits which contributed to enhancing their energy intake and feeding efficiency. We found an opposite pattern in gestating and late lactating females who feed more at the expense of resting and consume mostly seeds, providing a fiber-rich diet. Storing food into cheek pouches increased throughout gestation while it decreased all along with lactation. Lastly, we found the highest uCP levels during late gestation. Our results reflect different feeding adaptations in response to the energetic costs of reproduction and suggest a critical role of fat accumulation before conception and metabolizing fat during gestation and lactation. Overall, our study provides an integrative picture of the energetics of reproduction in a seasonal species and contributes to our understanding of the diversity of behavioral and physiological adaptations shaping female reproductive success.

Significance statement
To offset their substantial energetic investment in reproduction, mammalian females may modify their behavior and the way they extract energy from their environment. In addition, as a result of heightened energy expenditure, female reproduction might trigger physiological shifts. To date, most studies investigated the energetic costs of female reproduction using either a behavioral or a physiological approach. To arrive at a more comprehensive picture, we combined behavioral data with a physiological marker of energy balance, i.e., urinary C-peptide, in a seasonal primate species in its natural habitat. Our results indicate that throughout the reproductive cycle, behavioral and physiological adaptations operate concomitantly, inducing modifications in female activity budget, feeding behavior, and suggesting shifts in fat use. Overall, our results illustrate the relevance of combining data on behavior and hormones to investigate breeding strategies in coping with the energetic costs of reproduction.
Interactive live-stream surgery contributes to surgical education in the context of contact restrictions
Authors: van Bonn Sara M. , Grajek Jan S. , Schneider Armin , Oberhoffner Tobias , Mlynski Robert , Weiss Nora M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Attendance teaching is the predominant teaching method at universities but needs to be questioned in the context of digital transformation. This study establishes and evaluates a method to accomplish electronic learning to supplement traditional attendance courses.

Materials and methods
Surgery was transmitted in real-time conditions via an online live stream from the surgical theater. Visualization was transferred from a fully digital surgical microscope, an endoscope or an environmental camera in high definition quality. Students were able to participate at home from their personal computer. After following the surgery, they participated in an online-evaluation.

Results
A total of 65 students participated in the live stream. The majority of students (61.54%) indicated a significant subjective increase in knowledge after participation. The majority of students (53.85%) indicated that live surgeries should be offered as a permanent component in addition to classroom teaching. Likewise, a broader offer was desired by many students (63.08%).

Conclusions
Live streaming of surgery is a promising approach as an alternative or supplement to traditional attendance teaching. An expansion of digital teaching can be explicitly supported on the basis of this study.
Ethical considerations in gene selection for reproductive carrier screening
Authors: Dive Lisa , Archibald Alison Dalton , Newson Ainsley J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGenetic carrier screening for reproductive purposes has existed for half a century. It was originally offered to particular ethnic groups with a higher prevalence of certain severe recessive or X-linked genetic conditions, or (as carrier testing) to those with a family history of a particular genetic condition. Commercial providers are increasingly offering carrier screening on a user-pays basis. Some countries are also trialing or offering public reproductive genetic carrier screening with whole populations, rather than only to those known to have a higher chance of having a child with an inherited genetic condition. Such programs broaden the ethical and practical challenges that arise in clinical carrier testing. In this paper we consider three aspects of selecting genes for population reproductive genetic carrier screening panels that give rise to important ethical considerations: severity, variable penetrance and expressivity, and scalability; we also draw on three exemplar genes to illustrate the ethical issues raised: CFTR, GALT and SERPINA1. We argue that such issues are important to attend to at the point of gene selection for RGCS. These factors warrant a cautious approach to screening panel design, one that takes into account the likely value of the information generated by screening and the feasibility of implementation in large and diverse populations. Given the highly complex and uncertain nature of some genetic variants, careful consideration needs to be given to the balance between delivering potentially burdensome or harmful information, and providing valuable information to inform reproductive decisions.
Research on coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical dynamic response characteristics of saturated porous deep-sea sediments under vibration of mining vehicle
Authors: Zhu Wei , Shi Xinyu , Huang Rong , Huang Liyue , Ma Wenbo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe excessive deformation of deep-sea sediments caused by the vibration of the mining machine will adversely affect the efficiency and safety of mining. Combined with the deep-sea environment, the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical problem for saturated porous deep-sea sediments subject to the vibration of the mining vehicle is investigated. Based on the Green-Lindsay (G-L) generalized thermoelastic theory and Darcy’s law, the model of thermo-hydro-mechanical dynamic responses for saturated porous deep-sea sediments under the vibration of the mining vehicle is established. We obtain the analytical solutions of non-dimensional vertical displacement, excess pore water pressure, vertical stress, temperature, and change in the volume fraction field with the normal mode analysis method, and depict them graphically. The normal mode analysis method uses the canonical coordinate transformation to solve the equation, which can quickly decouple the equation by ignoring the modal coupling effect on the basis of the canonical mode. The results indicate that the vibration frequency has obvious influence on the vertical displacement, excess pore water pressure, vertical stress, and change in volume fraction field. The loading amplitude has a great effect on the physical quantities in the foundation, and the changes of the physical quantities increase with the increase in loading amplitude.
Origin of friction hysteresis on monolayer graphene
Authors: Zhang Deliang , Zhang Yuge , Li Qiang , Dong Mingdong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLoad-dependent friction hysteresis is an intriguing phenomenon that occurs in many materials, where the friction measured during unloading is larger than that measured during loading for a given normal load. However, the mechanism underlying this behavior is still not well understood. In this work, temperature-controlled friction force microscopy was utilized to explore the origin of friction hysteresis on exfoliated monolayer graphene. The experimental observations show that environmental adsorbates from ambient air play an important role in the load dependence of friction. Specifically, the existence of environmental adsorbates between the tip and graphene surface gives rise to an enhanced tip-graphene adhesion force, which leads to a positive friction hysteresis where the friction force is larger during unloading than during loading. In contrast to positive friction hysteresis, a negative friction hysteresis where the friction force is smaller during unloading than during loading is observed through the removal of the environmental adsorbates upon in situ annealing. It is proposed that the measured friction hysteresis originates from the hysteresis in the contact area caused by environmental adsorbates between the tip and graphene. These findings provide a revised understanding of the friction hysteresis in monolayer graphene in terms of environmental adsorbates.
Neutrosophic entropy measures for the Weibull distribution: theory and applications
Authors: Sherwani Rehan Ahmad Khan , Arshad Tooba , Albassam Mohammed , Aslam Muhammad , Abbas Shumaila 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEntropy is a standard measure used to determine the uncertainty, randomness, or chaos of experimental outcomes and is quite popular in statistical distribution theory. Entropy methods available in the literature quantify the information of a random variable with exact numbers and lacks in dealing with the interval value data. An indeterminate state of an experiment generally generates the data in interval form. The indeterminacy property of interval-valued data makes it a neutrosophic form data. This research proposed some modified forms of entropy measures for an important lifetime distribution called Weibull distribution by considering the neutrosophic form of the data. The performance of the proposed methods is assessed via a simulation study and three real-life data applications. The simulation and real-life data examples suggested that the proposed methodologies of entropies for the Weibull distribution are more suitable when the random variable of the distribution is in an interval form and has indeterminacy or vagueness in it.
Hume’s guillotine and intelligent technologies
Authors: Saariluoma Pertti 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEmerging intelligent society shall change the way people are organised around their work and consequently also as a society. One approach to investigating intelligent systems and their social influence is information processing. Intelligence is information processing. However, factual and ethical information are different. Facts concern true vs. false, while ethics is aboutwhat should be done. David Hume recognised a fundamental problem in this respect, which is that facts can be used to derive values. His answer was negative, which is critical for developing intelligent ethical technologies. Hume’s problem is not crucial when values can be assigned to technologies, i.e. weak ethical artificial intelligence (AI), but it is hard when we speak of strong ethical AI, which should generate values from facts. However, this paper argues that Hume’s aporia is grounded on a mistaken juxtaposition of emotions and cognition. In the human mind, all experiences are based on the cooperation of emotions and cognitions. Therefore, Hume’s guillotine is not a real obstacle, but it is possible to use stronger forms of ethical AI to develop new ethics for intelligent society.
Why macroeconomics needs experimental evidence
Authors: Duffy John 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper discusses how macroeconomics can and already has begun to make use of controlled experimental methods to address the assumptions and predictions of macroeconomic models as well as to evaluate the impacts of macroeconomic policy interventions. Specific issues addressed include rational expectations and alternatives, intertemporal optimization with an application to household consumption and savings decisions and the efficacy of various monetary policies.