bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of the Independence Design Axiom As an Enhancement to QFD
Authors: Bascaran Eduardo , Tellez Carlos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In recent years, engineering design has been recognized as one of the areas with greatest potential for overall improvements on the life cycle cost of consumer products. Two key ideas that are recognized in modern design practice are the creative implementation of basic functional requirements as well as the incorporation of consumer perceptions of need in the initial stages of the design process.
The Quality Function Deployment Method, QFD, has been used by many companies to incorporate consumer needs and preferences in the design of products and services. The QFD method is based on the paradigm that engineering products are coupled by nature. This idea is not unique to QFD. What differentiates the method is the notion that coupling is desirable. Specifically, this notion seems to be in contrast with the bases of the theory of Axiomatic Design. According to this theory, one of the driving forces of a design process is the elimination of coupling conditions between product functions and their corresponding implementations.
In this paper we address the apparent inconsistency between QFD and Axiomatic Design. We specifically concentrate on the application of the Independence Design Axiom as an enhancement to the QFD process. A brief description of both methods is presented first, followed by a step by step description of how both concepts can be used in harmony to improve the conceptual product design process.
Transforming Design Practice in a Small Manufacturing Enterprise
Authors: Radcliffe David F. , Harrison Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Small manufacturing enterprises comprise the bulk of manufacturing industry yet little account is taken of such firms in the literature on design theory and methodology. This paper presents an account of the in-house design style of a small, innovative company that designed and manufactures an award winning range of hydraulic cylinders. With assistance from the University of Queensland this company is adopting more formal design methods as part of a major new product development project over three years. The company’s experience of learning about and adopting quality function deployment (QFD) concepts and procedures is presented as an example of this process. The transition to new methods has been accompanied by changes in personnel and responsibilities. Based on this shared experience, the process of transforming design practice in the company is not characterised by a linear model of technology transfer. Rather it is best described by an action research model of cyclic learning and mutual discovery focused on practice, research and teaching leading to a set of concurrent outcomes for each participant.
Diagnostic Modeling and Diagnosability Evaluation of Mechanical Systems
Authors: Clark Garrett E. , Paasch Robert K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Consideration of diagnosability in product design promises to increase product quality by reducing maintenance time without increasing cost or decreasing reliability. Methods for investigating the diagnosability of mechanical and electro-mechanical systems are described and are applied to the Bleed Air Control System (BACS) on the Boeing 747-400. The BACS is described and a diagnostic model is developed using information from the system Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. Emphasis is placed on the relationships between the system’s functions and its components. Two metrics for the evaluation of system diagnosability and two metrics for the evaluation of component diagnosability are defined. These metrics emphasize diagnostic ambiguity and are combined with the probability of different system failures to weight the affects of each failure. Three modified systems are produced by reassigning functions from one component to another. The resulting affects on the system and component diagnosability are evaluated. We show that by changing these relationships system diagnosability can be improved without adding sensors or other components.
A Support Tool for Constraint Processes in Embodiment Design
Authors: Thornton Anna C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Embodiment design of mechanical systems can be viewed as a process of constraint specification and satisfaction of highly coupled equality and inequality constraints. A set of methods and tools developed to support this process are described in this paper. These methods include a product model capable of supporting the necessary design information, the use of generic components to rapidly specify design constraints, and SANCS (Simulated Annealing Network Constraint Satisfier), an algorithm developed to automate the satisfaction of large sets of design constraints.
Re-Engineering Design Education: Design Process and Learning Activities
Authors: Sorensen Carl D. , Todd Robert H. , Magleby Spencer P. , Parkinson Alan R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To achieve superior product and process designs with “typical” engineering students requires careful attention to the design process that is taught and the teaching methods to be followed. The Integrated Product and Process Design (or Capstone) program at BYU has applied both. The Capstone program has been in operation for four years, with over 300 students having been through the program, and over 60 projects sponsored by industry.
The design process taught in Capstone starts with a rapid cycle through to preliminary concept selection. The process is then repeated, starting with the development of a functional specification, which is followed by formalized concept generation and selection methods, layout and detailed part design using solid modelers, experimental and analytical methods for answering design questions, simultaneous part and manufacturing process design, prototype, and production sample. This design process includes a high degree of concurrent involvement from each of the disciplines on the project team.
Non-traditional teaching methods that have proven useful in the class include the use of an industrial paradigm for the educational experience, the use of faculty coaches to mentor the student teams, the use of projects sponsored by industry with regular feedback from the industrial customer, just-in-time education so that students can see immediate application of what is taught, the use of skits and role-playing to teach interpersonal skills, and specific activities that help in the production of project deliverables.
The use of this design process and these teaching methods has led to successful design education. Students, faculty, and industrial customers have all been pleased with the success of the Capstone program in producing superior design engineers.
Integration Analysis of Product Decompositions
Authors: Pimmler Thomas U. , Eppinger Steven D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a methodology for the analysis of product design decompositions. The technique is useful for developing an understanding of the “system engineering” needs which arise because of complex interactions between components of a design. This information can be used to define the product architecture and to organize the development teams. The method involves three steps: 1) decomposition of the system into elements, 2) documentation of the interactions between the elements, and 3) clustering the elements into architectural and team chunks. By using this approach, development teams can better understand the complex interactions within the system, thus simplifying the development process for large and complex projects.
Producibility Analysis Using Metrics Based on Physical Models
Authors: Subramaniam Bala L. , Ulrich Karl T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an approach to evaluating producibility intended to enhance the ability of engineers to quickly design low-cost and high-quality parts. We divide all production processes into two categories: trajectory-dominated processes in which a generic tool is moved in a trajectory to form the part-shape and process-physics-dominated processes in which shaped tools are used to form similarly shaped parts. We focus on process-physics-dominated processes and on producibility problems that arise because of part shape. We argue that, for these processes, the currently popular approach of representing parts as collections of geometric features is inappropriate for evaluating producibility. We propose an alternative approach and representation. Our approach consists of first identifying the different failure modes of the process and then defining producibility metrics corresponding to the likelihood of encountering each failure mode. This set of metrics is used to represent the degree to which a part is easily manufactured. Finally, we demonstrate this approach by developing a set of metrics for evaluating the producibility of aluminum extrusions. We use extrusions from the Boeing 777 to validate the metrics.
Design Actor-Based Representation of Iterative Design Process for Embodiment Design
Authors: Ahn Jeong-Soo , Park Kyihwan , Crawford Richard H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Design activities consists not only of product design, but also of development of the process by which the product will be designed. However, development and documentation of computational design processes are largely unsupported by commercial CAD systems. This paper proposes a new computational architecture for procedural representation of embodiment design processes. A design actor is defined as an independent computational unit of the design process. The proposed architecture models a design process as a sequence of design tasks by representing individual parameters and tasks as design actors, and the sequence of design tasks as a network of design actors assembled according to their functional dependencies. The use of design actors promotes modularity in representing design problems and solution processes. Iterative design processes can be represented since the architecture provides explicit feedforward and feedback information exchange between design actors. The paper describes an object-oriented implementation of the design actor architecture, and demonstrates the approach with an example design of an air-core solenoid in an optical disk drive.
On Representation and Interpolation of Line-Segments for Computer Aided Geometric Design
Authors: Ge Q. J. , Ravani B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, three new representations of a line-segment are introduced that combine Plücker line coordinates with specifications of length and location of a line-segment. For each of the three line-segment representations, a right conoidal interpolant of two arbitrarily disposed line-segments is developed. These interpolants are then combined with deCasteljau-like algorithms for generating ruled surfaces. The results can be extended to develop new algorithms for computer aided geometric design of geometric shapes based on line geometry.
Optimizing Tolerance Allocation Based on Manufacturing Cost and Quality Loss
Authors: Krishnaswami Mukund , Mayne R. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a procedure for optimizing the allocation of tolerances considering manufacturing cost and product quality in a constrained optimization process. The procedure can utilize various existing models for relating manufacturing costs to part tolerances. It also includes a relationship between part tolerances and assembly tolerance to provide a quantitative measure of product quality using the Taguchi concept of quality loss. The two cost relationships are combined in a formulation which is convenient for solving the optimal tolerance allocation problem by nonlinear programming methods. Numerical optimization can then be directly applied to balance manufacturing cost and product quality allowing trade-offs to be explored.
A Kinematic Based Analysis for Tolerances Within Mechanical Assemblies
Authors: Ogot M. M. , Gilmore B. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Variation of dimensions within assemblies can unexpectedly displace parts from their intended location and therefore degrade the assembly’s performance. This paper presents a design tool based on the principles of kinematics to analyze nonlinear tolerance stackup, increase the reliability of the assembly without decreasing tolerances and where necessary, judiciously allocate tolerances such that the critical parts fit relative to each other with the specified precision.
Through an analytical sensitivity analysis, the procedure outlined in this paper alters the orientations of the parts to yield an assembly with the highest positional reliability. If the desired level of reliability is not met by the minimum sensitivity approach, a tolerance allocation method incorporating the above sensitivity analysis and the cost of manufacturing each dimension as a function of tolerance is applied. In addition, this approach allows the individual tolerances within the assembly to assume any distribution. The method shown by this paper allows the design engineer to consider manufacturing effects and provides an analytical basis to evaluate design function.
Form Feature Recognition Using Base Volume Decomposition
Authors: Coles James K. , Crawford Richard H. , Wood Kristin L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A new feature recognition method is presented that generates volumetric feature representations from conventional boundary representations of mechanical parts. Recognition is accomplished by decomposing the known total feature volume of a part into a set of smaller volumes through analytic face extension. The decomposed volumes are combined to generate an initial set of features. Alternative sets of features are generated by maintaining and evaluating information on intersections of the initial feature set. The capabilities of the method are demonstrated through both a hypothetical and a real world design example. The method’s ability to locate features despite interactions with other features, and its ability to generate alternative sets of features, distinguishes it from existing recognition techniques.
Constrained Reconstruction of Parametric Surfaces for Reverse Engineering
Authors: Puntambekar Nirant V. , Jablokow Andrei G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents techniques for reverse engineering of objects containing faces with multiple loops (faces with holes, slots, etc.) wherein these internal loops are specified as constraints on the underlying surface. Non Uniform Rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces are used for the representation of the faces with the constrained regions specified analytically. The algorithm for fitting of NURBS surfaces to a set of data points is first discussed and then the conditions necessary for joining two patches with the desired continuity (either C0, G1 or C1) are developed. Finally the concepts developed are illustrated with three examples. This paper thus brings together the initial results in the development of a constraints based system for reverse engineering of multiple loop faces in a B-Rep based modeler context.
Surface Approximation in Reverse Engineering
Authors: Mukherjee S. , Gurumoorthy B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the steps involved in generating a surface which interpolates a given set of input points. The approach presented departs from those reported in literature in two significant ways. The parametric values are assigned independently and not averaged over the row/column. This helps to localize changes during error optimization. The measure used for the interpolation error is the shortest distance between the input points and the surface and not the distance between the input point and its corresponding point as used in literature. This it is believed, is more intuitive physically and has been shown to result in a better interpolation.
Face Identification of Objects in Wireframe Representation
Authors: Yang D. C. H. , Lin Yu-Long 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper a method for the face identification of wireframe models has been proposed. The method is based on a new definition of the connectivity matrix. The main idea of this definition is that each element of the connectivity matrix carries the information of the number of faces adjacent to the element. A face identification algorithm is subsequently developed. The algorithm is based on graph theory, and two anomalous detection methods, namely, a remaining connectivity matrix method and an inner product method. The inner product method is used for identifying cross-intersected pseudo interior faces, and the remaining connectivity matrix method, for other types of pseudo interior faces. The results show that this method is systematic and comprehensive.
Modeling of a Hydraulic Lash Adjuster With Experimental Identification in Oil Refill Mechanism
Authors: Hsu Wensyang , Pisano Albert P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hydraulic lash adjusters can eliminate clearance between components in the automotive valve trains. A two-mode dynamic model for the adjuster is derived by including check valve motions at two operating modes. The oil refill mechanism controlled by the check valve is experimentally identified. The oil compressibility in the oil chamber and the oil leakage through the annular gap between the plunger and the body are also considered.
It is shown that motion of the adjuster plunger must satisfy a third-order, non-linear differential equation of motion. The differential equation is numerically integrated, and the experimental data in leak-down test provided by the manufacturer is shown to be in good agreement with the model.
The annular gap is found to be the key factor in controlling leak-down speed, and the effective orifice diameter is shown to be the key factor in describing the pump-up phenomenon. It is also found that one percent air entrainment in the oil chamber of the adjuster seriously compromises overall adjuster rigidity and reduces the natural frequency of the adjuster almost 50 percent.
Determination of Failure Probabilities and Sensitivity Factors Based on First Order Reliability Method
Authors: Parameswaran Nataraj , Kjerengtroen Lidvin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Traditionally, most engineering problems are modeled in such a manner that all the variables involved in the design equations are deterministic. By nature, however, seldom does such a phenomenon exist. Most of the variables involved are randomly distributed with a certain mean and standard deviation and follow a certain type of statistical distribution. This investigation compares two such statistical based design processes to evaluate failure probabilities of a one dimensional heat transfer problem with various statistically distributed parameters in its performance function.
The methods developed are the Monte Carlo simulation and First Order Reliability Method (FORM). Comparison is made between the Monte Carlo simulation and FORM based upon the investigated problem and the relative advantages and disadvantages of both methods are noted at the end of the investigation. The investigation demonstrates that FORM can be used effectively to determine failure probabilities and sensitivity factors in a manner better than Monte Carlo simulation.
Coding and Clustering of Design and Manufacturing Features for Concurrent Design
Authors: Xue D. , Dong Z. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this work, a mechanical design is represented using design features and manufacturing features. A design function based design feature representation is introduced. This representation allows design candidates to be generated by a pattern match search in the design feature library, according to given design requirements. A fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm has been used for organizing design features in a large feature library. A fast feature searching scheme has been developed for quick feasible design identification. The manufacturing feature representation is based upon the geometric primitives produced by various manufacturing operations. The representation can provide a useful design database for manufacturing tasks. It also provides a list of necessary manufacturing processes and their associated costs for manufacturing each design candidate. The method supports the generation of multiple design solutions and joint evaluation of design performance and manufacturing costs, thus providing the basis of concurrent engineering design. The design feature and manufacturing feature coding methods are tested using a prototype feature-based, integrated concurrent engineering design system.
Robust Parameter Design of the Precision Injection Molding Process
Authors: Leartcheongchowasak Sornkrit , Mehta Merwan , Al-Kadi Hamid , Sequeira Keith , Snow Brian , Ragsdell Kenneth W. , Baja Louis 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The most important problem, causing defective parts, in the injection molding process, is nonuniform shrinkage of molded parts. This leads to an iterative trial-and-error cycles of modification of mold cavity and core to arrive at the right dimensional size required which can occasionally to complete retooling. For this process, there are many factors that can be thrown out of control. Using the traditional scientific approach, engineers have longed to understand the mechanics of the process to control it, with limited success. In this paper, a design of experiments setup, using the Taguchi Methods, was done to reduce the nonuniform shrinkage. The company where the experiment was carried out is a precision parts molder for their own product lines. By using the internal experts from the company, a list of independent process parameters with no interactions which were thought the most responsible for dimensional size were listed. As there were 13 such parameters, it was decided to use the L27 orthogonal array. The optimum value that the company experts thought would produce the right part were used as the settings for the initial experiment. The 27 experiments were then performed, allowing sufficient time to let the machine stabilized between the experiments. The S/N ratio calculation for 27 experiments was explained. Next the calculations for the percentage that each parameter contributes to the dimension was determined. Finally, a confirmation experiment was performed to verify the results.
Parallel Disassembly by Onion Peeling
Authors: Chen Shiang-Fong , Oliver James H. , Chou Shuo-Yan , Chen Lin-Lin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
For some assembly structures, parallel disassembly of components is necessary in order to reach a particular internal component. Due to the large number of possible combinations, the parallel disassembly problem is not easily solved in a general form. This paper addresses parallel disassembly via geometrical reasoning and presents an algorithm for finding a sequence to disassemble a structure by an onion peeling procedure, from outside to inside. This algorithm takes Max{O(N3), O(E)} time to find an efficient sequence to reach a particular component, where N is the number of components and E is the number of mating faces. In this algorithm, the disassemblability of various combinations of components are determined by traversing the mating graph of the structure and testing the monotonicity of paths in the graph. Separability testing is incorporated to determine whether the query components can be disassembled and moved to infinity without obstruction.