bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harnessing the Potential of Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Hoh Hui Ying , Zhang Yupeng , Zhong Yu Lin , Bao Qiaoliang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs an emergent 2D material, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) has attracted much attention, featuring many photochemical applications and showing several advantages (e.g., low cost, earth‐abundance, and stability) over rare metals. Although most studies focus on the photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications of g‐CN, its unique photophysical properties can also be exploited in optoelectronic devices such as light‐emitting diodes, photodetectors, photovoltaics, and solar batteries. This review presents the background of g‐CN, emphasizes the excitonic influence on its optical properties, discusses the recent advances in g‐CN‐based optoelectronics, and examines the challenges of high‐end applications, highlighting the new directions of g‐CN research and the related prospects.
Socially distanced, virtually connected: Faculty and resident perceptions of virtual didactics
Authors: Tsyrulnik Alina , Gottlieb Michael , Coughlin Ryan F. , Bod Jessica , Della‐Giustina David , Greenberger Sarah , von Reinhart Anna , Heinrich Scott , Rotoli Jason , Goldflam Katja 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, emergency medicine (EM) residency programs have transitioned from traditional in‐person to virtual synchronous didactics to comply with social distancing guidelines. This study explores the perceptions of EM residents and faculty regarding this new virtual format.MethodsThis was a multicenter, cross‐sectional study at five EM residencies using a mixed‐methods approach to investigate resident and faculty perceptions of virtual didactics. Institutions selected reflect different program lengths and geographic locations. Quantitative data measured on a Likert scale were summarized as percentages. Differences were calculated using Welch's t‐test and chi‐square, where p < 0.05 was significant. Open‐ended responses were analyzed qualitatively.ResultsOur response rate was 64% (n = 141) for residents and 48% (n = 108) for faculty. Fifty‐one percent of faculty and 54% of residents felt that they were more likely to attend virtually than in person. Among residents, 77% felt that they were more likely to attend virtual conferences during vacation or elective rotations. Perceived retention of information from virtual sessions was perceived to be the same or better for 69% of residents and 58% of faculty. Residents felt that they paid more attention in the virtual format (29% vs. 26%, p = 0.037). Both groups missed the social interactions of in‐person conference (86% of faculty, 75% of residents). Respondents from both groups felt that < 20% of total didactic time should remain virtual once social distancing recommendations are lifted. Qualitative analysis revealed recommendations from residents and faculty to optimize lecture style and interactivity. Decreased commute time and ability to multitask at home increased wellness for both groups.ConclusionsWhile benefits of virtual didactics were acknowledged, residents and faculty missed the social interaction of in‐person conference and preferred < 20% of future didactics to be virtual. Further research should assess the difference in knowledge acquisition and retention between conference models.
A 1‐year training program in emergency medicine for physicians in Karachi, Pakistan: Evaluation of learner and program outcomes
Authors: Kemmler Charles B. , Saleem Syed Ghazanfar , Ali Saima , Samad Lubna , Haider Kaniz F. , Jamal Mohammad I. , Aziz Tariq , Maroof Quratulain , Dadabhoy Farah Z. , Yasin Zayed , Rybarczyk Megan M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundPakistan has an underdeveloped and overburdened emergency care system, with most emergency departments (EDs) staffed by physicians not formally trained in emergency medicine (EM). As of January 2020, only nine Pakistani institutions were providing formal EM specialty training; therefore, a training program of shorter duration is needed in the interim.MethodsThe Certification Program in Emergency Medicine (CPEM) is a 1‐year training program in EM consisting of two arms: CPEM‐Clinical (CPEM‐C), which includes physicians from The Indus Hospital (TIH) ED, and CPEM‐Didactic (CPEM‐D), including physicians from EDs across Karachi. Both groups participate in weekly conferences, including didactics, small‐group discussions, workshops, and journal clubs. CPEM‐C learners also receive clinical mentorship from visiting international and TIH EM faculty. Both groups were assessed with preprogram, midterm, and final examinations as well as on clinical skills. Additionally, both groups provided regular feedback on program content and administration.ResultsTwenty‐five of the 32 initially enrolled learners completed the program in June 2019. Scores on a matched set of 50 questions administered in the pretest and final examination improved by an average of 15.1% (p < 0.005) for CPEM‐C learners and 8.5% (p < 0.0005) for CPEM‐D learners, with 93% of learners showing improvement. Clinical evaluations of CPEM‐C and CPEM‐D learners during the first and fourth quarters showed an average improvement of 1.1 out of 5 (p < 0.05) and 1.2 out of 9 (p < 0.0005) points, respectively. Learner evaluations of the program were overall positive.ConclusionsCPEM demonstrated significant improvement in test scores and clinical evaluations in both program arms. Evaluations also suggested that the program was well received. These data, along with CPEM’s ability to train physicians from multiple institutions using low‐cost, innovative educational strategies, suggest that it may be an effective, transferable mechanism for the expedited development of EM in Pakistan and countries where EM is developing as a specialty.
Aquifer lithology affects shallow groundwater quality more than nitrogen fertilizer form and placement method in an Iowa agricultural field
Authors: Schilling Keith E. , Streeter Matthew T. , Slater Brennan , Vogelgesang Jason , Clair Marty St. , Martin Anthony 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExcessive nutrient loss threatens local and regional water resources, and many midwestern U.S. states are adopting nutrient reduction strategies to reduce export of N and P. A common practice to reduce N loss is improved fertilizer management. In this study, we used a strip trial design to assess the effects of split N application form (urea and urea ammonium nitrate [UAN]) and placement method (broadcast, coulter, Y‐drop) on corn (Zea mays L.) yields and shallow groundwater quality at an agricultural field at Kirkwood Community College in Cedar Rapids, IA. Twelve shallow monitoring wells were installed within the production field and sampled 14 times across a corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Results showed that split application of UAN applied with either coulter injection or Y‐drop method produced approximately 8–11% higher corn yields than broadcast urea, but no statistically significant relation was found between groundwater quality and N form and placement method. Instead, we report that groundwater quality and levels were significantly influenced by variations in aquifer lithology. Groundwater within fine‐textured glacial till had significantly higher dissolved reactive P, SO4, and specific conductivity, whereas groundwater within the sand aquifer had a deeper water table and had higher NO3–N and dissolved oxygen. Study results suggest aquifer lithology can play a much larger role than varying the N form and application method on shallow groundwater quality in agricultural fields.
Postoperative helmet therapy following fronto‐orbital advancement and cranial vault remodeling in patients with unilateral coronal synostosis
Authors: Wolfswinkel Erik M. , Sanchez‐Lara Pedro A. , Jacob Laya , Urata Mark M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOut of all the synostotic corrective surgeries, fronto‐orbital advancement and cranial vault remodeling for patients with unilateral coronal synostosis is one of the hardest to maintain symmetric and proportional correction without some amount of relapse. Over the course of 20 years operating on these patients, the senior author has made multiple adjustments to compensate for relapse asymmetry, including overcorrection on the affected side, increased points of fixation, periosteal release, and scalp expansion with galeal scoring to minimize tension of the closure. As a result of these interventions, we have seen improved immediate results following surgery. However, we have continued to note clinically significant relapse postoperatively. As such, we have started to implement postoperative helmet therapy (PHT) to help maintain the surgical correction, improve secondary brachycephaly, and increase overall symmetry. PHT is a reasonable low‐risk complement to fronto‐orbital advancement and cranial vault remolding. Clinically, PHT appears to help minimize relapse and improve overall head symmetry. Further investigation and increased patient enrollment are required to determine the true benefits of PHT in this patient population.
Amine‐functionalized metal–organic frameworks/epoxy nanocomposites: Structure‐properties relationships
Authors: Jouyandeh Maryam , Vahabi Henri , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Serre Christian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAmine‐functionalized MIL‐101(Cr)‐NH2 metal–organic frameworks (MOF‐N)/epoxy nanocomposites with Excellent cure label and high thermal stability were developed. Structure–property relationship was discussed by comparison of the cure state, thermal and viscoelastic behavior of epoxy nanocomposites containing pristine MOF or MOF‐N applying differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Epoxy containing 0.3 wt% MOF‐N exhibited high glass transition temperature (Tg) of 96°C compared with 85°C observed for epoxy/MOF system. Thus, MOF‐N played the role of catalyst in epoxy/amine curing reaction. Correspondingly, a lower activation energy was obtained based on cure kinetics modeling based on DSC measurements. Besides, incorporation of low amount (0.5 wt%) MOF‐N induced an early‐state resistance against decomposition, featured by 11°C rise in decomposition temperature at 5% weight loss. This was ascribed to the formation of porous metallic oxides during thermal decomposition of MOF‐N in the epoxy system acting as a heat barrier, which increased the activation energy of decomposition. Amine‐functionalization considerably prevented from further oxidation of the inner part of the matrix.
Study on preparing of ultrahigh‐molecular weight polyethylene microporous materials by novel non‐dense injection molding method
Authors: Wang Guoyan , Gao Shujian , He Jimin , An Zijuan , Shao Cuiying , Ding Yun , Jin Zhiming 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this article, a novel method called non‐dense injection molding with higher efficiency was proposed to prepare ultrahigh‐molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) microcellular open porous materials. The characteristics and the basic principle of the molding process were described, and the effects of shot size, injection pressure, and injection speed on microstructure, average pore size, porosity, and pore size distribution were further studied. The results showed that under the parameters of the shot size, injection pressure and injection speed set as 60%, 63.9 MPa, and 100%, the microporous UHMWPE materials were obtained with the average pore size 38.9 μm and porosity 38.3 vol% respectively, which were close to the microporous structure and properties of the commercial filter products prepared by traditional powder sintering method.
Synthesis and characterization of bio‐based polyesters derived from 1,10‐decanediol
Authors: Wang Guoqiang , Song Jiaqi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTwo kinds of bio‐based polyesters were synthesized from 1,10‐decanediol (DD), dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) or 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDCA). Chemical structure, thermal properties and crystal structures, tensile properties and rheological properties were investigated. The glass transition temperature and melting temperature of poly(decamethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PDN) are higher than that of poly(decamethylene terephthalate) (PDT). Differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction results suggested that PDT and PDN were semi‐crystalline polymers. Equilibrium melting points of PDT and PDN were 129.5°C and 167.1°C, respectively. Compared with PDT, PDN exhibited the higher tensile strength (36.8 MPa) and lower elongation at break (224%) and the complex viscosity of PDN is more sensitive to temperature and oscillation frequency. Compared with the current available bio‐based plastic poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), PDT and PDN exhibit higher melting temperature, faster crystallization rate and comparable tensile properties.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Ethyl Chlorofluoroacetate with Aryl Bromides
Authors: Li Han , Sheng Jie , Wu Bing‐Bing , Li Yan , Wang Xi‐Sheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA combinatorial nickel‐catalyzed monofluoroalkylation of aryl bromides with the industrial raw regent ethyl chlorofluoroacetate has been developed. The two key factors to successful conversion are the combination of nickel with readily available nitrogen and phosphine ligands and the using of a mixture of different solvents. Mechanistic investigations indicated a new zinc regent might generated in situ and be involved in the reaction process.
Plasmonic Pollen Grain Nanostructures: A Three‐Dimensional Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)‐Active Substrate
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Kamal , Drmosh Qasem Ahmed , Mohamedkhair Amar Kamal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA new route has been developed to design plasmonic pollen grain‐like nanostructures (PGNSs) as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active substrate. The nanostructures consisting of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles along with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoclusters as spacers were found highly SERS‐active. The morphology of PGNSs and those obtained in the intermediate stage along with each elemental evolution has been investigated by a high‐resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy. The optical band gaps and crystal structure have been identified by UV‐vis absorption and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurements, respectively. For PGNSs specimen, three distinct absorption bands related to constituent elements Ag, Au, and ZnO were observed, whereas XRD peaks confirmed the existence of Ag, Au, and ZnO within the composition of PGNSs. SERS‐activity of PGNSs was confirmed using Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as Raman‐active dyes. Air‐cooled solid‐state laser kits of 532 nm were used as excitation sources in SERS measurements. SERS enhancement factor was estimated for PGNSs specimen and was found as high as 3.5×106. Finite difference time domain analysis was carried out to correlate the electromagnetic (EM) near‐field distributions with the experiment results achieved under this investigation. EM near‐field distributions at different planes were extracted for s‐, p‐ and 45° of incident polarizations. EM near‐field distributions for such nanostructures as well as current density distributions under different circumstances were demonstrated and plausible scenarios were elucidated given SERS enhancements. Such generic fabrication route as well as correlated investigation is not only indispensable to realize the potential of SERS applications but also unveil the underneath plasmonic characteristics of complex SERS‐active nanostructures.
Observer‐based decentralized robust H∞ output tracking control with preview action for uncertain and disturbed nonlinear interconnected systems
Authors: Yu Xiao , Liao Fucheng , Li Li , Lu Yanrong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe problem of observer‐based decentralized robust H∞ output tracking control with preview action in a class of uncertain and disturbed nonlinear interconnected systems is investigated in this study. The considered interconnected system consists of several subsystems with nonlinear interconnections, parametric uncertainties, and external disturbances. Based on the augmented error system approach combined with Lyapunov stability theory and special matrix inequality linearization techniques, a sufficient condition for the existence of a decentralized observer‐based robust H∞ output feedback preview controller is derived for the original interconnected system in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) formulations. The gain matrices of the tracking controller and state observer are derived using only a one‐step LMI procedure, which overcomes the drawbacks of some multistep iterative algorithms. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is validated using a numerical example.
Composite anti‐disturbance landing control scheme for recovery of carrier‐based UAVs
Authors: Xu Jianwei , Zhang Kunpeng , Zhang Dafa , Wang Shiling , Zhu Qian , Gao Xuegang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a disturbance‐observer‐based composite anti‐disturbance control method is proposed for landing control of the carrier‐based UAV subject to both external and internal disturbances. By the virtue of the composite control scheme, two nested loops are simultaneously designed. In the inner loop, disturbance observers are employed to estimate the effect of disturbances. On the other hand, in the outer loop, the sliding mode control (SMC) is designed to attenuate both the disturbance estimation error and guarantee the control performance. Then, with the disturbance estimation provided by the disturbance observer, the composite anti‐disturbance controller is designed to achieve disturbance compensation and attenuation using both the feed‐forward and feed‐back channels. Besides, the stability of overall closed‐loop is analyzed via Lyapunov theory. Finally, simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Brazilian biorefineries from second generation biomass: critical insights from industry and future perspectives
Authors: Chandel Anuj K. , Forte Marcus B.S. , Gonçalves Igor S. , Milessi Thais S. , Arruda Priscila V. , Carvalho Walter , Mussatto Solange I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTransitioning from gasoline and petroleum‐based products to biofuels and green chemicals is a paradigm shift that will lead to the development of the bioeconomy. In this sense, the role of biorefineries in countries like Brazil is very important as the country generates a huge amount of second generation (2G) biomass every year and also has an attractive consumable market. However, technological innovations are still required to unleash the fullest potential of biomass conversion to biofuels and biochemicals, although successful examples are already a reality. For example, Amyris Inc. has developed renewable products for cosmetics (squalene), healthcare (artemisinin), and flavors / fragrances, and Suzano Papel e Celulose has developed sustainable technologies for the production of pulp and paper, and lignin‐derived adhesives (Ecolig). First‐generation ethanol in Brazil is an established source of transportation fuel but 2G ethanol production with low production costs is still a challenge at commercial scale, and companies like Raízen and GranBio continue making efforts to improve the economic feasibility of the adopted processes. In this context, the RenovaBio Policy launched by the Federal Brazilian Government in December 2017 aims to boost the production and utilization of biofuels and green chemicals in the country. Considering the matters mentioned above, this paper discusses the Brazilian biorefinery developments, technological advances, and current industrial scenario for the production of biofuels and chemicals. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Continuous optical in‐line glucose monitoring and control in CHO cultures contributes to enhanced metabolic efficiency while maintaining darbepoetin alfa product quality
Authors: Lederle Mario , Tric Mircea , Roth Tatjana , Schütte Lina , Rattenholl Anke , Lütkemeyer Dirk , Wölfl Stefan , Werner Tobias , Wiedemann Philipp 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGreat efforts are directed towards improving productivity, consistency and quality of biopharmaceutical processes and products. One particular area is the development of new sensors for continuous monitoring of critical bioprocess parameters by using online or in‐line monitoring systems. Recently, we developed a glucose biosensor applicable in single‐use, in‐line and long‐term glucose monitoring in mammalian cell bioreactors. Now, we integrated this sensor in an automated glucose monitoring and feeding system capable of maintaining stable glucose levels, even at very low concentrations. We compared this fed‐batch feedback system at both low (< 1 mM) and high (40 mM) glucose levels with traditional batch culture methods, focusing on glycosylation and glycation of the recombinant protein darbepoetin alfa (DPO) produced by a CHO cell line. We evaluated cell growth, metabolite and product concentration under different glucose feeding strategies and show that continuous feeding, even at low glucose levels, has no harmful effects on DPO quantity and quality. We conclude that our system is capable of tight glucose level control throughout extended bioprocesses and has the potential to improve performance where constant maintenance of glucose levels is critical.
Recognition and pathological features of periampullary region adenocarcinoma with an indeterminable origin
Authors: Komine Ryuji , Kojima Motohiro , Ishi Genichiro , Kudo Masashi , Sugimoto Motokazu , Kobayashi Shin , Takahashi Shinichiro , Konishi Masaru , Kobayashi Tatsushi , Akimoto Tetsuo , Murakami Ayumi , Sasaki Motoko , Tanaka Mariko , Matsuzaki Akiko , Ohike Nobuyuki , Uchida Katsunori , Sugiyama Tomoko , Hirabayashi Kenichi , Tajiri Takuma , Ishida Kazuyuki , Kai Keita , Omori Yuko , Notohara Kenji , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Matsuda Yoko , Naito Yoshiki , Fukumura Yuki , Hamada Yoshihiro , Mihara Yumi , Masugi Yohei , Gotohda Naoto , Harada Kenichi , Fukushima Noriyoshi , Furukawa Toru 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDetermination of the primary tumor in periampullary region carcinomas can be difficult, and the pathological assessment and clinicopathological characteristics remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the current recognition and practices for periampullary region adenocarcinoma with an indeterminable origin among expert pathologists through a cognitive survey. Simultaneously, we analyzed a prospective collection of cases with an indeterminable primary tumor diagnosed from 2008 to 2018 to elucidate their clinicopathological features. All cases with pathological indeterminable primary tumors were reported and discussed in a clinicopathological conference to elucidate if it was possible to distinguish the primary tumor clinically and pathologically. From the cognitive survey, over 85% of the pathologists had experienced cases with indeterminable primary tumors; however, 70% of the cases was reported as pancreatic cancer without definitive grounds. Interpretation of the main tumor mass varied, and no standardized method was developed to determine the primary tumor. During a prospective study, 42 of the 392 periampullary carcinoma cases (10.7%) were considered as tumors with a pathological indeterminable origin. After the clinicopathological conferences, 21 (5.4%) remained indeterminable and were considered final indeterminable cases. Histological studies showed that the tumors spread along both the bile duct and main pancreatic duct; this was the most representative finding of the final indeterminable cases. This study is the first to elucidate and recognize the current clinicopathological features of periampullary region adenocarcinomas with an indeterminable origin. Adequate assessment of primary tumors in periampullary region carcinomas will help to optimize epidemiological data of pancreatic and bile duct cancer.