bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visible photon generation via four-wave mixing in near-infrared near-zero-index thin films
Authors: Carnemolla Enrico G. , Jaffray Wallace , Clerici Matteo , Caspani Lucia , Faccio Daniele , Biancalana Fabio , Devault Clayton , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Boltasseva Alexandra , Ferrera Marcello 
Published: September 2021

Optical nonlinearities can be strongly enhanced by operating in the so-called near-zero-index (NZI) regime, where the real part of the refractive index of the system under investigation approaches zero. Here we experimentally demonstrate semi-degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) in aluminum zinc oxide thin films generating radiation tunable in the visible spectral region, where the material is highly transparent. To this end, we employed an intense pump (787 nm) and a seed tunable in the NIR window (1100–1500 nm) to generate a visible idler wave (530–620 nm). Experiments show enhancement of the frequency conversion efficiency with a maximum of 2% and a signal-to-pump detuning of 360 nm. Effective idler wavelength tuning has also been demonstrated by operating on the temporal delay between the pump and signal.
Trypanosome SL-RNA detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid to demonstrate active gambiense human African trypanosomiasis infection
Authors: Ngay Lukusa Ipos , Van Reet Nick , Mumba Ngoyi Dieudonné , Miaka Erick Mwamba , Masumu Justin , Patient Pyana Pati , Mutombo Wilfried , Ngolo Digas , Kobo Vincent , Akwaso Felix , Ilunga Médard , Kaninda Lewis , Mutanda Sylvain , Muamba Dieudonné Mpoyi , Valverde Mordt Olaf , Tarral Antoine , Rembry Sandra , Büscher Philippe , Lejon Veerle 
Published: September 2021

Background
Spliced Leader (SL) trypanosome RNA is detectable only in the presence of live trypanosomes, is abundant and the Trypanozoon subgenus has a unique sequence. As previously shown in blood from Guinean human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients, SL-RNA is an accurate target for diagnosis. Detection of SL-RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has never been attempted. In a large group of Congolese gambiense HAT patients, the present study aims i) to confirm the sensitivity of SL-RNA detection in the blood and; ii) to assess the diagnostic performance of SL-RNA compared to trypanosome detection in CSF.

Methodology/Principal findings
Blood and CSF from 97 confirmed gambiense HAT patients from the Democratic Republic of Congo were collected using PAXgene blood RNA Tubes. Before RNA extraction, specimens were supplemented with internal extraction control RNA to monitor the extraction, which was performed with a PAXgene Blood RNA Kit. SL-RNA qPCR was carried out with and without reverse transcriptase to monitor DNA contamination. In blood, 92/97 (94.8%) HAT patients tested SL-RNA positive, which was significantly more than combined trypanosome detection in lymph and blood (78/97 positive, 80.4%, p = 0.001). Of 96 CSF RNA specimens, 65 (67.7%) were SL-RNA positive, but there was no significant difference between sensitivity of SL-RNA and trypanosome detection in CSF. The contribution of DNA to the Cq values was negligible. In CSF with normal cell counts, a fraction of SL-RNA might have been lost during extraction as indicated by higher internal extraction control Cq values.

Conclusions/Significance
Detection of SL-RNA in blood and CSF allows sensitive demonstration of active gambiense HAT infection, even if trypanosomes remain undetectable in blood or lymph. As this condition often occurs in treatment failures, SL-RNA detection in blood and CSF for early detection of relapses after treatment deserves further investigation.

Trial registration
This study was an integral part of the diagnostic trial "New Diagnostic Tools for Elimination of Sleeping Sickness and Clinical Trials: Early tests of Cure" (DiTECT-HAT-WP4, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03112655).
Dosage individualization proposed for anti-gout medications among the patients with gout
Authors: Sapkota Binaya , Chaudhary Suraj , Gurung Prakash , Humagain Anisha , Sapkota Sujan 
Published: September 2021

Background
The conventional one-size-fits-all approach has been criticized for almost all drugs used especially for chronic diseases, including gout. The present study was aimed to explore the need of individualization and optimization of the dose of anti-gout medications among gout patients.

Methods
Cross-sectional study was carried out among 384 randomly selected new gout patients visiting two gout treatment centers at Lalitpur Metropolitan City, Nepal and who were taking antigout medications. Patients not taking anti-gout medications and not showing willingness to participate were excluded. The eGFR was calculated with the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation (2009). Doses to be individualized were decided based on the Renal Drug Handbook and verified with the BNF 80. Data were analyzed via R 4.0.3 by applying the multinomial logistic regression to analyze statistical significance of risk with various predictors, and considering a p-value <0.05 statistically significant. Comorbidities were coded as per the ICD-11 coding and medicines were coded according to the WHO Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment 2020.

Results
The high risk of progression to CKD increased in the age range 54–63 and ≥84 years by 17.77 and 43.02 times, respectively. Also, high risk increased by 29.83 and 20.2 times for the overweight and the obese respectively. Aceclofenac 100mg was prescribed for maximum patients (30.5%). Need of dose individualization was realized in 30 patients, with maximum (7) in case of etoricoxib 90mg. Various glucocorticoids were prescribed for 36.9% patients, out of whom 3.8%required dose individualization and 15.9% patients with xanthine oxidase inhibitors, out of whom 1.3% required dose individualization.

Conclusion
Thirty cases required dose individualization, which was although minimal but could have meaningful impact on the clinical success of the individual patient. Based on the recommendation on dose individualization, those patients could be optimized on their therapy on future follow ups.
Barriers and facilitators to the access to specialized female genital cutting healthcare services: Experiences of Somali and Sudanese women in Norway
Authors: Ziyada Mai Mahgoub , Johansen R. Elise B. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Girls and women subjected to female genital cutting (FGC) risk experiencing obstetrical, gynecological, sexual, and psychological health problems. Therefore, Norway has established low-threshold specialized healthcare services where girls and women with FGC-related health problems can directly seek medical attention. Nevertheless, we lack data about access to these services, especially for non-maternity-related purposes. In this article, we explore experiences of seeking medical attention for health problems that are potentially FGC-related, aiming to identify factors that hinder or facilitate access to FGC-specialized services.

Methods
We conducted a qualitative study in three Norwegian cities employing semi-structured repeat interviews with 26 girls and women subjected to FGC, participant observation, and three validation focus group discussions with 17 additional participants. We thematically analyzed the data and approached access as a dynamic process of interactions between individuals and the healthcare system that lasts from an initial perception of need until reception of healthcare appropriate to that need.

Findings
We identified several barriers to healthcare, including 1) uncertainty about FGC as a cause of experienced health problems, 2) unfamiliarity with FGC-specialized services, 3) lack of assessment by general practitioners of FGC as a potential cause of health problems, and 4) negative interactions with healthcare providers. In contrast, factors facilitating healthcare included: 1) receiving information on FGC-related health problems and FGC-specialized services from a non-profit immigrant organization, 2) referral to gynecologists with good knowledge of FGC, and 3) positive interactions with healthcare providers.

Conclusion
Assessing whether FGC is the cause for experienced health problems requires diagnostic competency and should not be left entirely to the patients. We recommend that Norwegian policymakers acknowledge the central role of GPs in the clinical management of patients with FGC-related health problems and provide them with comprehensive training on FGC.
Study protocol of the PEruvian Registry of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction II (PERSTEMI-II) study
Authors: Chacón-Díaz Manuel , Hernández-Vásquez Akram , Vargas-Fernández Rodrigo , Bendezu-Quispe Guido 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundMyocardial infarction (MI) is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease globally and is considered a public health problem. In Peru, MI is the second leading cause of death at the national level, with a mortality rate that exceeds 10% in the hospital setting. The study aims to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in tertiary care facilities belonging to the Peruvian public health system.Methods and analysisThis will be a prospective, observational, multicenter study, with baseline and two follow-up assessments: at admission to the health service, and 30 days and 12 months after admission. This multicenter study will be conducted in 27 hospitals located in the main cities of Peru. The patients included in the study will be over 18 years of age, of either sex, and will have been admitted to the health facility with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome with ST-segment elevation. The Kaplan-Meier method will be used to estimate the cumulative in-hospital mortality of patients at 30 days and 12 months of follow-up, and the log-rank test will be used to evaluate the differences between the survival curves between reperfused and non-reperfused patients. Subsequently, to evaluate the risk factors for successful reperfusion and cardiovascular adverse events, generalized linear models of the binomial family with log link function will be used to estimate the bivariate and multivariate relative risk (RR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals. This project was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the National Cardiovascular Institute (Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular “Carlos Alberto Peschiera Carrillo”—INCOR [in Spanish]; Approval report 21/2019-CEI).DiscussionAmong the strengths, the observational design will allow the inclusion of a large sample of patients, which will significantly contribute to the knowledge base on STEMI in Peru. It should be noted that this study is the first to examine the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of STEMI in high-resolution hospital centers in Peru with follow-up one year after the event, providing knowledge of these observable characteristics in daily clinical routine. Likewise, the multicenter nature of the study will increase the external validity of the findings. In terms of limitations, the observational design of the study can only describe associations and not causality. Furthermore, since data from medical records will be used, there could be imprecision in the data.
The Symmetry and Asymmetry of Bidder and Target Termination Fees in Acquisitions
Authors: Bannier Christina E. , Ewelt-Knauer Corinna , Khaled Mohamed Amin , Kölling Jan-Philipp 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Termination fees have become a frequently employed non-price term in acquisition contracts. They allow the breaking party to walk-away from the transaction after paying a fee to the remaining party. While the inclusion of termination fees has been shown to increase contracting efficiency, the fee size has received only scant academic interest. This is surprising as termination fees are often asymmetric, i.e., of unequal magnitude for the bidder and the target. Based on an international dataset of 25,026 global acquisitions between 2012 and 2015, we find that bidder and target characteristics influence the structure of termination fees. More precisely, we show that target termination fees are higher if the target is insolvent. Bidder termination fees are higher, in contrast, if the bidder is an institutional investor. Our study thus contributes to understanding the influence of bargaining power on non-price terms by examining the structure of termination fees.
The perceptions of translanguaging through English as a lingua franca among international students in Korean higher education
Authors: Ra Jaewon Jane 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article explores how translanguaging is perceived by a group of international students at a Korean university where not only different first languages (L1) and English (L2) are involved in the students’ daily lives but also the local language (L3) holds an important role in the community. Using ethnographic methods, four participants from Japan, Lithuania, Malaysia and South Africa were regularly observed and interviewed in-depth during one academic semester. The findings reveal that the participants had conflicting views towards translanguaging pertaining to their underlying ideologies, that is, whether they considered it as a struggle to use a language or as something natural, fun and cosmopolitan. However, it has been confirmed from this study that whether the participants were positive or negative about translanguaging, it inevitably happened in their daily lives which tells us that the multilingual phenomenon in the field of ELF is worth researching further.
English as an Academic Lingua Franca: discourse hybridity and meaning multiplicity in an international Anglophone HE institution
Authors: Alhasnawi Sami 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFactors of globalization have led to a constant rise of English as an academic lingua franca (ELFA). This is evidenced not only by the increasing use of English in scientific publications, but also in the attraction held by Anglophone countries as destinations of high-achieving international students and the rise of English-medium instruction (EMI) outside of Anglophone institutions. While ongoing research in ELF has shown that the native-only norms are being challenged through the changed realities of English use, little attention has so far been paid to how similarly or differently ELFA is conceptualized and practiced across academic disciplines within the same international Anglophone University. For this end, this work presents data on the English for Special Purposes/English for Academic Purposes and content teachers’ perceptions on English and how this, in turn, shapes their classroom discourse as a shared practice among members of the same academic discipline in a highly international UK-based university. Findings suggest that ELFA is characterized with its versatility and volatility as part of the dynamic nature of disciplinary norms for meaning-making and knowledge-construction practices.
Peptide-conjugated nanoparticles for targeted photodynamic therapy
Authors: Dhaini Batoul , Kenzhebayeva Bibigul , Ben-Mihoub Amina , Gries Mickaël , Acherar Samir , Baros Francis , Thomas Noémie , Daouk Joël , Schohn Hervé , Hamieh Tayssir , Frochot Céline 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular disease. Depending on the type and the location of the tumor, several cancer treatments are implemented. Among these, the three most conventional therapies are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, there are other therapeutic approaches such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT relies on the combined action of light, a photoactivable molecule called photosensitizer (PS) and molecular oxygen. Most of the PSs used for clinical applications are not cancer-cell specific. One of the solutions to overcome this problem is the use of nanoparticles (NPs) to induce a passive targeting. It is also possible to graft a vector onto the NPs to specifically target membrane receptors overexpressed in the tumor cells or neovessels surrounding the tumor. In this review, we focus on the NPs loaded with PSs and coupled to peptides for targeted PDT. We described nanosystems that targeted Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), αvβ3 integrins, nucleolin membrane receptor, epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, protein-glutamine-gamma-glutamyltransferase (TGM2), p32, transferrin, PD-1, and mitochondrial membrane. The use of a cell absorbing-peptide is also described.
Maximizing student learning through the use of demonstrations
Authors: Canal John P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As society becomes more technologically complex, post-secondary institutions have responded by incorporating science-based courses in the non-science curriculum. As chemist, we are often called upon to teach these courses and explain complex concepts to learners with limited science background. An effective method to engage students with the material is using demonstrations. In this study, we examine the use of science-based demonstration in our third-year science course for non-science students.
Exploring the frontier between polar intermetallics and Zintl phases for the examples of the prolific ALnTnTe3-type alkali metal (A) lanthanide (Ln) late transition metal (Tn) tellurides
Authors: Eickmeier Katharina , Steinberg Simon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Understanding electronic structures is important in order to interpret and to design the chemical and physical properties of solid-state materials. Among those materials, tellurides have attracted an enormous interest, because several representatives of this family are at the cutting edge of basic research and technologies. Despite this relevance of tellurides with regard to the design of materials, the interpretations of their electronic structures have remained challenging to date. For instance, most recent research on tellurides, which primarily comprise post-transition elements, revealed a remarkable electronic state, while the distribution of the valence electrons in tellurides comprising group-I/II elements could be related to the structural features by applying the Zintl-Klemm-Busmann concept. In the cases of tellurides containing transition metals the applications of the aforementioned idea should be handled with care, as such tellurides typically show characteristics of polar intermetallics rather than Zintl phases. And yet, how may the electronic structure look like for a telluride that consists of a transition metal behaving like a p metal? To answer this question, we examined the electronic structure for the quaternary RbTbCdTe3 and provide a brief report on the crystal structures of the isostructural compounds RbErZnTe3 and RbTbCdTe3, whose crystal structures have been determined by means of X-ray diffraction experiments for the very first time.
Synthesis, crystal and electronic structure of BaLi2Cd2Ge2
Authors: Baranets Sviatoslav , Ovchinnikov Alexander , Bobev Svilen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A new quaternary germanide has been synthesized and structurally characterized. BaLi2Cd2Ge2 adopts the rhombohedral CaCu4P2 structure type (Pearson code hR7; space group

R

3
‾

m

$R&#x203e;{3}m$

, Z = 3) with unit cell parameters a = 4.5929(6) and c = 26.119(5) Å. Structure refinements from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data demonstrate that the layered crystal structure can be regarded as an ordered quaternary variant of the ternary archetype; structural parallels to layered pnictides and binary germanides can also be drawn. The layered crystal structure is characterized by the absence of direct Ge–Ge and Cd–Cd homoatomic bonds, which suggests that BaLi2Cd2Ge2 should be classified as a Zintl phase, according to the formulation (Ba2+)(Li+)2(Cd2+)2(Ge4−)2. Electronic structure calculations show that the Fermi level crosses a distinct peak in the DOS, although the presence of an electronic band gap or a dip in the electronic density of states at the Fermi level is expected based on the electron partitioning.
Solving the puzzle of the dielectric nature of tantalum oxynitride perovskites
Authors: Kikkawa Shinichi , Masubuchi Yuji 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The dielectric properties of tantalum oxynitride perovskites are of interest because of the unique optical characteristics of these compounds based on their visible light absorption. Unfortunately, such perovskites are thermally metastable, which makes it challenging to prepare high-quality bulk samples for the study of dielectric properties. Recently, studies of small single crystals of BaTaO2N showed the compound to be ferroelectric, and this can be well explained based on the non-centrosymmetric crystal structure proposed previously using first-principles and molecular dynamic investigations.
El principio de la didáctica de la ciencia. Una investigación narrativa
Authors: Amar-Rodríguez Víctor 
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. La didáctica de la ciencia ha experimentado una considerable evolución. Y, en este sentido, el objetivo es explicar de otra manera, si cabe, los principios de la ciencia para lo cual se vale de la didáctica, la filosofía de la ciencia y, también, la narrativa. Metodología. La opción para conocer y comprender lo que el personal docente universitario, vinculado a esta área de conocimiento, piensa, vive o siente en relación con la ciencia y su didáctica es la narrativa. Con todo, la información de corte cualitativa inspirada en el diálogo y la subjetividad explica la experiencia profesional de este profesorado. Análisis de resultados. De este modo, se hace imprescindible saber interpretar el conocimiento científico para comprender el mundo y que los sujetos no se conviertan en neoexcluidos del siglo XXI. Se presenta una propuesta de didáctica de la ciencia de manera integral y que no establezca separación entre ciencia y humanidades, ya que la propia ciencia es una construcción humana y no un producto. Y, es por ello, que se plantea la necesidad de alfabetizar y educar, científicamente, a la ciudadanía de forma proactiva y participativa en conexión con la vida actual. Conclusión. Se presenta la necesidad de desarrollar un modelo de cultura científica para crecer como persona y que sea capaz de generar un conocimiento cercano a los valores (sociales y ambientales), alejado de la educación instrumental o de la instrucción. Se aboga por una educación y saber científico que supere el modelo transmisible por otro más comprensivo y cotidiano.
Calculation of the tense-deformed state of two ortogonal attended plates at the regional terms of symmetry through the matrices of Grina type
Authors: Levchuk S. , Shvydka S. , Khmelnytskyi А. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose. Calculate the tense-deformed state of two ortogonal attended plates through special the built matrices of Grina type.
Research methods. Bases of theory of laminas, apparatus of trigonometric rows of Fourier, methods: border-component tasks, variation of arbitrary permanent, matrices of Grina type.
Results. A task of elastic elastic equilibrium of plate pairs connected at right angle was considered. On parallel edges of component body to connection rib special edge conditions – conditions of symmetry – were chosen. From the physical point of view the probed body can be the model of lateral walls of parallelepiped. It is provided the special terms of symmetry on both edges of component body, which are parallel to the rib of connection of plates. The method of calculation allows to calculate the tense-deformed state of spatial construction consisting of two plates in edge conditions of arbitrary surface loading. The results of calculation (as lines of level) of basic characteristics of static deformation of considered rectangular connection of two plates are given.
Scientific novelty. The method of calculation of pair of plates, united at right angles was improved at the regional terms of symmetry, with subsequent graphic illustration of achived results.
Practical value. The task probed in-process designs the phenomena which take place, at deformation of elements of vulcanization equipment. Achived results allow to find pequliarities of elements work of construction of complext structure and to promote its efficiency by optimization of component parameters parts.