bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thiamine fortification strategies in low‐ and middle‐income settings: a review
Authors: Whitfield Kyly C. , Smith Taryn J. , Rohner Fabian , Wieringa Frank T. , Green Tim J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential micronutrient in energy metabolism and cognitive and neurological health. Thiamine deficiency disorders (TDDs) have a range of clinical presentations that result in various morbidities and can be fatal if not promptly recognized and treated, especially in infants. To intervene, thiamine intakes by breastfeeding mothers and others at risk of thiamine deficiency should be increased to ensure adequate thiamine intake. Although thiamine fortification programs have a long history in high‐income countries, there are few mandatory fortification programs to address TDDs in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), particularly in the regions of greatest concern, South and Southeast Asia. This review highlights essential aspects for consideration in the development of a mandatory fortification program in LMICs, including an overview of the data required to model fortification dosing schemes, available thiamine fortificants, and potential fortification vehicles, as well as identifies current knowledge gaps.
Ancel Keys: The legacy of a giant in physiology, nutrition, and public health
Authors: Montani Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2021

SummaryAncel Keys, whose life spanned over 100 years (1904–2004), made a wealth of seminal scientific and public health contributions. As a physiologist, nutritionist, and public health scientist, he has left his mark on the 20th century by exploring different areas of physiology and nutrition, as well as by contributing to the understanding of basic public health issues. Among his major achievements one can mention in chronological order: studying adaptation to very high altitude, developing the K ration to enable the US military to survive with light but dense food, dissecting the physiology of starvation and nutritional rehabilitation to optimize recovery of functions, uncovering the link between serum cholesterol and heart disease, coordinating the first multi‐country epidemiological longitudinal study in nutrition and health, coining the word “body mass index” (BMI), which he showed to be the best body weight index to predict body fat, and promoting the Mediterranean diet for a healthy life style. This review examines the historical events and scientific intrigues that have surrounded Ancel Keys's major classical studies that have ensured him a central place in the history of medical science.
More stories to tell: NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED GENES1, a salicylic acid receptor
Authors: Chen Jian , Zhang Jingyi , Kong Mengmeng , Freeman Andrew , Chen Huan , Liu Fengquan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSalicylic acid (SA) plays pivotal role in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. Tremendous progress has been made in the field of SA biosynthesis and SA signaling pathways over the past three decades. Among the key immune players in SA signaling pathway, NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) functions as a master regulator of SA‐mediated plant defense. The function of NPR1 as an SA receptor has been controversial; however, after years of arguments among several laboratories, NPR1 has finally been proven as one of the SA receptors. The function of NPR1 is strictly regulated via post‐translational modifications and transcriptional regulation that were recently found. More recent advances in NPR1 biology, including novel functions of NPR1 and the structure of SA receptor proteins, have brought this field forward immensely. Therefore, based on these recent discoveries, this review acts to provide a full picture of how NPR1 functions in plant immunity and how NPR1 gene and NPR1 protein are regulated at multiple levels. Finally, we also discuss potential challenges in future studies of SA signaling pathway.
High‐resolution phenotyping of sorghum genotypic and phenotypic responses to low nitrogen and synthetic microbial communities
Authors: Chai Yen Ning , Ge Yufeng , Stoerger Vincent , Schachtman Daniel P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMuch effort has been placed on developing microbial inoculants to replace or supplement fertilizers to improve crop productivity and environmental sustainability. However, many studies ignore the dynamics of plant‐microbe interactions and the genotypic specificity of the host plant on the outcome of microbial inoculation. Thus, it is important to study temporal plant responses to inoculation in multiple genotypes within a single species. With the implementation of high‐throughput phenotyping, the dynamics of biomass and nitrogen (N) accumulation of four sorghum genotypes with contrasting N‐use efficiency were monitored upon the inoculation with synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) under high and low‐N. Five SynComs comprising bacteria isolated from field grown sorghum were designed based on the overall phylar composition of bacteria and the enriched host compartment determined from a field‐based culture independent study of the sorghum microbiome. We demonstrated that the growth response of sorghum to SynCom inoculation is genotype‐specific and dependent on plant N status. The sorghum genotypes that were N‐use inefficient were more susceptible to the colonization from a diverse set of inoculated bacteria as compared to the N‐use efficient lines especially under low‐N. By integrating high‐throughput phenotyping with sequencing data, our findings highlight the roles of host genotype and plant nutritional status in determining colonization by bacterial synthetic communities.
Germicidal UV Sources and Systems†
Authors: Bergman Rolf S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has generated great interest in reviving an old intervention technology, particularly for air disinfection—ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). Since UVGI was developed and refined more than 80–90 years ago, the ultraviolet source of choice has been almost exclusively the low‐pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp. Today, with new lamp technologies, there has been significant interest in the application of ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes and excimer lamps that emit in the UV‐C (180–280 nm) spectral band. This paper reviews these competing technologies with the aim of giving a sound basis for decisions on how to choose and install UV systems for disinfection of air and surfaces given the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Photosynthesis, fluorescence, and biomass responses of white oak seedlings to urban soil and air temperature effects
Authors: Sonti Nancy Falxa , Griffin Kevin L. , Hallett Richard A. , Sullivan Joe H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUrban forest patches can provide critical ecosystem services and their ability to regenerate native tree species is critical to their sustainability. Little is known about native tree seedling establishment and physiological function in urban ecosystems. This growth chamber study examined the effects of urban soil and air temperatures on white oak (Quercus alba L.) germination, seedling growth, and leaf‐level physiology. A split‐plot design tested effects of field collected soils from urban and reference forest sites in Baltimore, Maryland, and warm (urban) versus cool (rural) growth chamber temperature regimes. Seedlings were harvested at the end of the 23‐week experiment to assess foliar chemistry and biomass allocation. Seed germination was unaffected by treatments and was high in both soil types and temperature regimes. Urban soils supported significantly higher total seedling biomass and had a significant effect on leaf‐level physiological parameters, with seedlings grown in urban soils having greater Anet, Vcmax, ETRmax, Jmax, PNUE, gs, Anet/Rd, and PIabs (an integrated chlorophyll fluorescence parameter). PIabs measurements taken throughout the experiment revealed a significant time × temperature interaction effect. Baltimore urban forest patch soils were higher in nutrients than reference soils, but also higher in heavy metals. Despite higher levels of heavy metals, these results demonstrate that urban forest patch soils are able to support robust white oak seedling growth and enhanced seedling physiological parameters. However, interactions with temperature suggest that warming air temperatures may cause seedling stress and reduced growth.
Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America
Authors: Short Andrew Edward Z. , Girón Jennifer C. , Toussaint Emmanuel F. A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe water scavenger beetle subfamily Acidocerinae is a cosmopolitan, ecologically diverse lineage with more than 500 described species whose morphology and classification are poorly understood. We present the first phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily inferred from five loci (18S, 28S, H3, CAD, COI). We used secondary calibrations to estimate divergence times and employ this phylogeny to revise the classification and examine the historical biogeography of this lineage. Most genera are resolved as reciprocally monophyletic, with several exceptions:Horelophopsissyn. n.is recovered as a derived lineage of and placed in synonymy withAgraphydrus. The large genusHelochares, as well as its primary constituent subgeneraHelochares(s. str.) andHydrobaticusare found to be polyphyletic.Batocharesstat. n.andSindolusstat. rev.are elevated from subgenera ofHelocharesto generic rank.Crephelocharesstat. rev.is removed from synonymy withChasmogenus. We found that the crown Acidocerinae date to the mid‐Jurassic in South America + Africa (West Gondwana). South America and Africa remain important areas of endemism throughout the evolution of the lineage and are resolved either individually or in combination as the ancestral area for all but one clade that is older than 90 million years ago. Six of the seven lineages occurring in South America diverged more than 100 million years ago and are endemic to the region, suggesting the Neotropical acidocerine fauna became isolated following the breakup of West Gondwana. Conversely, lineages found on other Gondwanan fragments (India, Madagascar, Australia) are comparatively young and derived, with all being Cenozoic in age. The few taxa that occur in North America today are all the result of recent Cenozoic dispersal from South America, although North America may have played an important role as an ancestral area in the Mesozoic.
Research on Light-Weighting Mechanism of Pressure Strengthening for Austenitic Stainless Steels Cryogenic Vessels
Authors: Lu Qunjie , Zheng Jinyang , Huang Gai , Wu Yingzhe , Ding Huiming , Wang Yibo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pressure strengthening (PS) technology, also called cold stretching, is widely used to increase the allowable stress and reduce the weight of cryogenic pressure vessels (CPVs) made of austenitic stainless steels (ASSs). However, with taking accounts of the manufacturing process and service environment of CPVs, the main source of the strengthening effect for yielding strength improvement is still unclarified. Therefore, in this work, the effect of the 9% prestrain and low-temperature (−196 °C) on cryogenic mechanical properties of S30408 stainless steel was comparatively investigated by cryogenic tensile test and martensitic transformation measurement. After evaluating the main source of strengthening increments, the effect of prestraining on welded joints was studied by Vickers microhardness test. Then the engineering significance of performing the PS on a cryogenic inner vessel was explored based on finite element analysis (FEA). It revealed that at −196 °C, the strengthening effect of low-temperature plays a leading role for strength increments, though the yield strength can be increased obviously by prestraining at room temperatures. Meanwhile, the performing of 9% prestrain could enhance the distribution uniformity of the Vickers microhardness of welded joints. Furthermore, the prior operation of PS on inner vessels is beneficial to prevent further plastic deformation during the subsequent hydraulic test, avoid thermal insulation degradation of the vacuum jackets and even stress concentrations in roots of pipes, which is also of engineering significance to smooth the subsequent processes such as the assembly with outer containers and other product tests.
Laminar Flame Speed Measurements of Kerosene-Based Fuels Accounting for Uncertainties in Mixture Average Molecular Weight
Authors: Keesee Charles L. , Guo Bing , Petersen Eric L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
New laminar flame speed experiments have been collected for some kerosene-based liquid fuels: Jet-A, RP-1, and diesel fuel #2. Accurately understanding the combustion characteristics of these, and all kerosene-based fuels in general, is an important step in developing new chemical kinetics mechanisms that can be applied to these fuels. It is well known that the precise composition of these fuels changes from one production batch to the next, leading to significant uncertainty in the mixture average properties. For example, uncertainty in a fuel blend's molecular weight can have a noticeable effect on defining an equivalence ratio for a typical fuel–air mixture, of the order of 15%. Because of these uncertainties, fuel mole fraction, XFUEL, is shown to be a more appropriate parameter for comparison between different batches of fuel. Additionally, a strong linear correlation was detected between the burned-gas Markstein length and the equivalence ratio. This correlation is shown to be useful in determining the acceptability and accuracy of individual data points. Spherically expanding flames were measured over a range of fuel mole fractions corresponding to equivalence ratios of φ = 0.7 to φ = 1.5, at initial conditions of 1 atm and 403 K in the high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) constant volume vessel at Texas A&M University. These new results are compared with the limited set of laminar flame speed data currently available in the literature for this fuel.
Prediction of Rotor Burst Using Strain-Based Fracture Criteria to Comply With the Engine Airworthiness Regulation
Authors: Li Huihui , Wang Kaiming , Zhang Chuncheng , Wang Weiguo , Chen Guoguang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Relative to the rotor overspeed compliance governed by civil aviation airworthiness regulation, nowadays the Area-Average Stress method is commonly used approach. However, in order to effectively apply the Area-Average Stress method in analyzing burst speed, large amount of testing data is needed to define an important element of this method: a correction factor. This prerequisite hinders the use of this method for many companies that have limited test data. Meanwhile, analysis of rotor burst speed based on Strain-based Fracture Criteria using true stress–strain curves and burst tests has been done on the low-pressure turbine (LPT) rotor, and a work procedure obtaining the most critical burst speed for certification is proposed. The analysis results, which had a good correlation with test results, showed that Strain-based Fracture Criteria can accurately predict the burst speed considering the most adverse combination of dimensional tolerances, temperature, and material properties, and rotor dimensional growth under the overspeed condition. Both are required by the aircraft engine airworthiness overspeed regulation. Compared to the Area-Average Stress method, Strain-based Fracture Criteria reflects the physical essence of the rotor burst more realistically and can be simply verified without requiring too much test data, therefore it has a good application prospect in the aircraft engine airworthiness.
Design, Development, and Temporal Evaluation of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Compatible In Vitro Circulation Model Using a Compliant Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Phantom
Authors: Thirugnanasambandam Mirunalini , Canchi Tejas , Piskin Senol , Karmonik Christof , Kung Ethan , Menon Prahlad G. , Avril Stephane , Finol Ender A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Biomechanical characterization of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) has become commonplace in rupture risk assessment studies. However, its translation to the clinic has been greatly limited due to the complexity associated with its tools and their implementation. The unattainability of patient-specific tissue properties leads to the use of generalized population-averaged material models in finite element analyses, which adds a degree of uncertainty to the wall mechanics quantification. In addition, computational fluid dynamics modeling of AAA typically lacks the patient-specific inflow and outflow boundary conditions that should be obtained by nonstandard of care clinical imaging. An alternative approach for analyzing AAA flow and sac volume changes is to conduct in vitro experiments in a controlled laboratory environment. In this study, we designed, built, and characterized quantitatively a benchtop flow loop using a deformable AAA silicone phantom representative of a patient-specific geometry. The impedance modules, which are essential components of the flow loop, were fine-tuned to ensure typical intraluminal pressure conditions within the AAA sac. The phantom was imaged with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner to acquire time-resolved images of the moving wall and the velocity field inside the sac. Temporal AAA sac volume changes lead to a corresponding variation in compliance throughout the cardiac cycle. The primary outcome of this work was the design optimization of the impedance elements, the quantitative characterization of the resistive and capacitive attributes of a compliant AAA phantom, and the exemplary use of MRI for flow visualization and quantification of the deformed AAA geometry.
Aerodynamics of Boundary Layer Ingesting Fuselage Fans
Authors: Castillo Pardo Alejandro , Hall Cesare A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Boundary layer ingestion (BLI) potentially offers significant reductions in fuel burn and pollutant emissions. The propulsive fuselage concept features a fan at the back of the airframe that ingests the 360 deg fuselage boundary layer. Consequently, the distortion at the fan face during cruise is close to radial. This article aims to devise and test a fan design philosophy that is tuned to this inflow distortion. Initially, a free-vortex fan design matched to clean inflow is presented. The effects of BLI on the aerodynamics of this fan are investigated. A series of design steps are then presented to develop the baseline fan into a new design matched to fuselage BLI inflow. Both fan designs have been tested within a low-speed rig. The impact of the fan design changes on the aerodynamics and the performance with BLI are evaluated using the test results. This article presents the successful application of a unique experimental facility for the analysis of BLI fuselage fans. It shows that it is possible to design a fan that accepts the radial distortion caused by fuselage BLI with a modified profile of work input. The new fan design was found to increase the work input by 4.9% and to improve the efficiency by 2.75% relative to a fan designed for clean flow. This new fan design has reduced loading near the hub to account for the incoming distortion and increased mid span loading and negative incidence toward the tip for tolerance to circumferential distortion off-design.
Investigation of Rapid, Moderate Temperature Change Thermal Cycles of a Micro-Tubular Flame-Assisted Fuel Cell
Authors: Milcarek Ryan J. , Garrett Michael J. , Welles Thomas S. , Ghotkar Rhushikesh , Ahn Jeongmin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Despite many efforts and improvements over the last few decades, two of the major challenges facing solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are slow heating rates to operating temperature (typically &lt; 5 °C · min−1) and a limited ability to thermal cycle (&lt;200 cycles). Recently, a novel hybrid setup that combines a fuel-rich combustion reformer with a SOFC was developed and utilized to investigate rapid heating, cooling, and thermal cycling of a micro-tubular SOFC. In this work, 3000 moderate thermal cycles are conducted at a heating rate exceeding 140 °C · min−1 and a cooling rate that exceeded 100 °C · min−1. The open-circuit voltage (OCV) was analyzed over the 150 h test, and a low degradation rate of ∼0.0008 V per 100 cycles per fuel cell was observed in the absence of the current collector degradation. Unlike a previous test, which was conducted at lower temperatures, significant degradation of the current collector was observed during this test. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that degradation in the SOFC was due to increases in ohmic losses, activation losses at the cathode, and increased concentration losses.
Ammonia Borane and Its Applications in the Advanced Energy Technology
Authors: Li Haojie , Yan Yunfei , Feng Shuai , Chen Yanrong , Fan Hu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Ammonia borane (AB) is deemed to be the most promising energy storage material with varieties of exceptional properties, most reports mainly discuss its application in hydrogen storage and release as the hydrogen storage materials, which intends to address the hydrogen storage issues of on-board hydrogen fuel cell. However, some other promising applications of AB have also been confirmed by researchers, although these applications have not been intensively studied like its application of hydrogen storage materials. The article mainly introduce the synthesis, dehydrogenation (themolysis, hydrolysis, and methanolysis), and regeneration of AB and highlight the applications in green propulsion system of rocket, portable hydrogen source for on-board fuel cell, chemical catalysis, and electrochemical energy systems. In the meantime, the main achievements, current developments, limitations, and challenges in AB for advanced energy technology applications are briefly discussed. This article will provide inspiration for expanding the application of AB in the future.
Simplified Thermal Model for Absolute Radiometer Simulation
Authors: Lopes Andre Godoi , Irita Ricardo Toshiyuki , Berni Luiz Angelo , Vilela Waldeir Amaral , da Silva Savonov Graziela , Carlesso Franciele , Vieira Luis Eduardo Antunes , de Miranda Edson Luiz 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The study of solar radiation in space has become something necessary, motivating the launch of radiometers on board satellites dedicated to perform total solar irradiance (TSI) measurements and to build a record of their behavior over the years, thus making these data essential for meteorology and climatology. In this study, we propose a simplified model to understand the thermal behavior of absolute radiometers, which are used in this type of measurement. The model considers the heat transfer among parts through conduction and loss only by radiation since the instrument operates in a space environment. The goal is to understand how each component interferes with sensitivity and response time of the instrument depending on its design, material, volume, and thermal contact. The model was applied to data generated by a prototype for validation.