bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law Lost, Compliance Found: A Frontline Understanding of the Non-linear Nature of Business and Employee Responses to Law
Authors: Li Na , van Rooij Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper seeks to understand the transmission and reception of legal rules as a component of the regulatory compliance process. It adopts a frontline approach (Almond and Gray 2017) to regulatory compliance that traces the grassroot functioning of compliance processes from regulator, to compliance managers to individual employees. Through a multilevel and multi-sited ethnography of worker safety protection in Chinese construction industry, this paper shows that in the cases studied there is a fundamental disconnect in the transmission and reception of law from regulator to organization and within the regulated organization. Yet at the same time, the paper finds that employees did comply with the law, and that thus compliance can exist without a full transmission and reception of legal rules into and within the regulated organization. By expanding the frontline approach to study regulation and compliance to look at the grassroots operation across three different frontlines, this study has been able to assess the legal assumptions inherent in existing regulatory compliance research. Not only does it find that compliance in these cases was not a top-down process and that we need to look at the grassroots operation inside organizations, it also shows that law does not always play a central role in regulatory compliance and that we need to reassess the implicit focus on law in regulatory compliance scholarship.
Pancreatic cancer pathology viewed in the light of evolution
Authors: Noë Michaël , Hong Seung-Mo , Wood Laura D. , Thompson Elizabeth D. , Roberts Nicholas J. , Goggins Michael G. , Klein Alison P. , Eshleman James R. , Kern Scott E. , Hruban Ralph H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOne way to understand ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (pancreatic cancer) is to view it as unimaginably large numbers of evolving living organisms interacting with their environment. This “evolutionary view” creates both expected and surprising perspectives in all stages of neoplastic progression. Advances in the field will require greater attention to this critical evolutionary prospective.
DLBench: a comprehensive experimental evaluation of deep learning frameworks
Authors: Elshawi Radwa , Wahab Abdul , Barnawi Ahmed , Sakr Sherif 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDeep Learning (DL) has achieved remarkable progress over the last decade on various tasks such as image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language processing. In general, three main crucial aspects fueled this progress: the increasing availability of large amount of digitized data, the increasing availability of affordable parallel and powerful computing resources (e.g., GPU) and the growing number of open source deep learning frameworks that facilitate and ease the development process of deep learning architectures. In practice, the increasing popularity of deep learning frameworks calls for benchmarking studies that can effectively evaluate and understand the performance characteristics of these systems. In this paper, we conduct an extensive experimental evaluation and analysis of six popular deep learning frameworks, namely,TensorFlow,MXNet,PyTorch,Theano,Chainer, andKeras, using three types of DL architectures Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (Faster R-CNN), and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). Our experimental evaluation considers different aspects for its comparison including accuracy, training time, convergence and resource consumption patterns. Our experiments have been conducted on both CPU and GPU environments using different datasets. We report and analyze the performance characteristics of the studied frameworks. In addition, we report a set of insights and important lessons that we have learned from conducting our experiments.
A Segregated Approach for Modeling the Electrochemistry in the 3-D Microstructure of Li-Ion Batteries and Its Acceleration Using Block Preconditioners
Authors: Allen Jeffery M. , Chang Justin , Usseglio-Viretta Francois L. E. , Graf Peter , Smith Kandler 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBattery performance is strongly correlated with electrode microstructure. Electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries have complex microstructure geometries that require millions of degrees of freedom to solve the electrochemical system at the microstructure scale. A fast-iterative solver with an appropriate preconditioner is then required to simulate large representative volume in a reasonable time. In this work, a finite element electrochemical model is developed to resolve the concentration and potential within the electrode active materials and the electrolyte domains at the microstructure scale, with an emphasis on numerical stability and scaling performances. The block Gauss-Seidel (BGS) numerical method is implemented because the system of equations within the electrodes is coupled only through the nonlinear Butler–Volmer equation, which governs the electrochemical reaction at the interface between the domains. The best solution strategy found in this work consists of splitting the system into two blocks—one for the concentration and one for the potential field—and then performing block generalized minimal residual preconditioned with algebraic multigrid, using the FEniCS and the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation libraries. Significant improvements in terms of time to solution (six times faster) and memory usage (halving) are achieved compared with the MUltifrontal Massively Parallel sparse direct Solver. Additionally, BGS experiences decent strong parallel scaling within the electrode domains. Last, the system of equations is modified to specifically address numerical instability induced by electrolyte depletion, which is particularly valuable for simulating fast-charge scenarios relevant for automotive application.
Geophysics-Based Fluid-Facies Predictions Using Ensemble Updating of Binary State Vectors
Authors: Loe Margrethe Kvale , Grana Dario , Tjelmeland Håkon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFluid flow simulations are commonly used to predict the fluid displacement in subsurface reservoirs; however, model validation is challenging due to the lack of direct measurements. Geophysical data can be used to monitor the displacement of the fluid front. The updating of the fluid front location in two-phase flow problems based on time-lapse geophysical data can be formulated as an inverse problem, specifically a data assimilation problem, where the state is a vector of binary variables representing the fluid-facies and the observations are measurements of continuous geophysical properties, such as electrical or elastic properties. In geosciences, many data assimilation problems are solved using ensemble-based methods relying on the Kalman filter approach. However, for discrete variables, such approaches cannot be applied due to the Gaussian-linear assumption. An innovative approach for mixed discrete-continuous problems based on ensemble updating of binary state vectors is presented for fluid-facies prediction problems with time-lapse geophysical properties. The proposed inversion method is demonstrated in a synthetic two-dimensional simulation example where water is injected into a reservoir and hydrocarbon is produced. Resistivity values obtained from controlled-source electromagnetic data are assumed to be available at different times. According to the results, the proposed inversion method is to a large extent able to reproduce the true underlying binary field of fluid-facies.
A tsunamigenic delta collapse and its associated tsunami deposits in and around Lake Sils, Switzerland
Authors: Nigg Valentin , Wohlwend Stephan , Hilbe Michael , Bellwald Benjamin , Fabbri Stefano C. , de Souza Gregory F. , Donau Florian , Grischott Reto , Strasser Michael , Anselmetti Flavio S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLarge lacustrine mass movements and delta collapses are increasingly being considered as potential tsunamigenic sources and therefore hazardous for the population and infrastructure along lakeshores. Although historical reports document tsunami events in several lakes in Switzerland, and although the propagation of lake tsunamis has been studied by numerical wave modeling, only little is known about on- and offshore lacustrine tsunami deposits. In Lake Sils, Switzerland, a large prehistoric mass-movement deposit originating from the Isola Delta with a minimum estimated volume of 6.5 × 106 m3 and a basinal thickness of > 6 m in the seismic record has been identified by previous studies and radiocarbon dated to around 700 Common Era. Here, we combine (i) comprehensive sedimentological investigation of sediment cores recovered from the on- and offshore settings, (ii) mineralogical fingerprinting of the inflows from key catchments to characterize sediment provenance, and (iii) numerical tsunami modeling, to test the hypothesis of a tsunamigenic delta collapse in Lake Sils. We observe a clastic event deposit consisting of coarse-grained, fining-upward sand overlying an organic-rich peat deposit in the shallow water. This layer thins and fines landward on the coastal plain. Toward the deeper water (20–40 m), the deposit transforms into a thicker and more heterogeneous sediment package with multiple sequences of fining-upward sand and a well-pronounced clay cap at the top. Radiocarbon dating of the peat underlying the event deposit yields a maximum age of 225–419 calibrated Common Era. The tsunami models, which indicate wave heights reaching up to 5 m, simulate areas of inundation that coincide with the location of event deposits. Based on our results, we propose that the historically undocumented Isola Delta collapse generated a basin-wide tsunami that inundated the lakeshore, transporting large amounts of unconsolidated sediment along the lakeshore toward the coastal plain and into the deeper lake basin.
Temporal patterns of carbon flow from grassland vegetation to soil microorganisms measured using 13C-labelling and signature fatty acids
Authors: Birgander Johanna , Olsson Pål Axel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
We investigated how the C flow from plants to microorganisms varies throughout the year in a temperate grassland. Additionally, we investigated how the C flow relates to saprotrophic activity and vegetation changes.

Methods
In situ stable isotope pulse labelling (13CO2) was employed to estimate the flow of recently plant-derived C to soil microorganisms by using signature fatty acids. Bacterial and fungal growth was estimated using radio-labelling in laboratory incubations.

Results
The C flow from plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi peaked during the warmer parts of the year, but saprotrophic microorganisms showed little temporal variation in C flow. Also saprotrophic fungi received considerable amounts of C from plants throughout the year. Bacterial and fungal growth showed temporal variation with a growth peak in August for both. This suggests a shift in the C source from mainly rhizosphere C in colder parts of the year, to older C-sources in warmer parts of the year (August).

Conclusion
We conclude that AM fungi, saprotrophic fungi and bacteria differ in the amount of recently-fixed C they receive from plants throughout the year. Hence, temporal patterns need to be considered to understand ecosystem functioning. The studied plant community included winter annuals, which potentially maintain a high C flow to saprotrophic fungi during the cold season.
Quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes after switching to insulin degludec: results from a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Uzoigwe Chioma , Radin Michael , Hamersky Carol M. , DeKoven Mitch , Holt Cassie , Karkare Swapna , Polonsky William H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Five quality of life (QoL) domains are particularly important to patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using basal insulin—sense of physical well-being, sense of safety regarding hypoglycemia, sense of diabetes as burdensome, feelings of freedom and flexibility, and sleep quality.

Methods
An online survey assessed these QoL domains in adult patients with T2D in the USA who had switched from a previous basal insulin to insulin degludec (IDeg): modified versions of the World Health Organization (Five) Well-Being Index (WHO-5), Hypoglycemia Attitudes and Behavior Scale (HABS; confidence and anxiety subscales only), and Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS; emotional burden and regimen-related distress subscales only); three items assessing feelings of freedom and flexibility; and one item assessing sleep quality (hours of restful sleep). Patients rated each item for their previous basal insulin and currently while using IDeg. Correlations between sleep quality and the other QoL scales were also assessed.

Results
In total, 152 patients completed the survey and were included in the study sample. Patients reported significantly improved scores while using IDeg on all WHO-5, DDS, HABS, feelings of freedom and flexibility item scores, and total raw/mean subscale scores (P < 0.0001). Patients also reported a significantly greater number of hours of restful sleep [mean (SD) 6.6 (2.0) vs. 5.5 (1.8); P < 0.0001]. Better sleep quality statistically significantly correlated with improved QoL in all other domains assessed.

Conclusions
Treatment with IDeg after switching from a previous basal insulin was associated with statistically significant improvements in all QoL domains assessed.
Study of Rh/TiO2–SiO2 system in photolytic water splitting
Authors: Wasilewska Jolanta , Chmielarek Michał , Skupiński Wincenty 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTitania silicates (TiO2–SiO2) of various compositions were prepared by a sol–gel method. RhCl3was used in 0.2 wt% of Rh quantity on the gel surfaces, which were subsequently exposed to UV irradiation in water under a 355-W UV lamp. λ > 370 nm. Both Rh [I] and Rh [III] surface complexes were formed, depending on the gels composition. They also exhibited various efficiency in photo water splitting reaction, the photocatalysts possessing as supports titania-silica gels containing 40 and 50 mol % of TiO2, were the most effective. According to our proposal, the rhodium complexes took part in the oxidative addition and reductive elimination cycle, where two water molecules in photo water splitting reaction, yielding hydrogen – H2and two hydroxyl radicals. The two hydroxyls radicals, catalytically converted to oxygen atom and water, in the second cycle of the investigated water splitting reaction. Titanium octahedra and silicon tetrahedra linked by Ti–O–Si bridges were thought to be the grouping responsible for activity of the investigated catalysts. Their largest amounts are on the gels containing 40–58 mol % TiO2.
Techno-sovereignism: the political rationality of contemporary Italian populism
Authors: Maglione Giuseppe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article provides an original exploration of the self-identified populist coalition leading the Italian government between 2018 and 2019. The analysis, informed by a governmentality approach, starts by scrutinising the economic, social, and cultural issues framed as political “problems” by the coalition, also highlighting the tensions underlying such constructions. The second step charts how this political subject sought to address those problems by deploying an array of political technologies. From examining these two dimensions, the article then can discern the composite rationality—techno-sovereignism—that drove precariously the coalition’s art of government. Finally, the article sketches out some forms of contestation against the techno-sovereignist operations, whose significance may stretch beyond the Italian borders. Overall, although the Italian populist coalition turned out to be ephemeral, the dynamics that characterized its emergence and functioning could still be used heuristically to understand the interactions and reciprocal adjustments possibly used by right-wing and technocratic populist groups to exert political power conjointly.
Two-Way, One-Way or Dead-End Streets? Financial and Social Causes and Consequences of Generalized Trust
Authors: Leenheer Stefan , Gesthuizen Maurice , Savelkoul Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractScholars disagree on whether and to what extent adult life experiences can influence generalized trust and vice versa. Going beyond the methodological limitations of former studies, we aimed to answer the question as to what extent reciprocal causal relationships exist between generalized trust and the adult life experiences of financial success and (in)formal social contacts. We used two-wave cross-lagged panel models to identify those reciprocal causal relationships, and fixed-effects models to assess if they might be biased due to unaccounted time-invariant influences. Data from the Dutch NELLS panel study (age range 17–49) show that compelling empirical evidence is found for a reciprocal causal relationship between generalized trust and household income that does not suffer from bias due to unobserved heterogeneity. Furthermore, more trusting individuals experience a stronger decrease in material deprivation, but not vice versa. Trust and (in)formal social contacts are not causally related in any of our models.
What Makes Diets Political? Moral Foundations and the Left-Wing-Vegan Connection
Authors: Grünhage Thomas , Reuter Martin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThough meat-consumption is known to be a key factor in environmental damage, veganism and vegetarianism are still perceived to be left-wing-phenomena, ironically not penetrating to those who hold ideologies of conservation. Logical contradictions and historical counter-examples cast doubt on a substantive connection between political orientation and meat-eating. Instead, common psychological factors may predispose people toward both: left vs. right-wing political orientation and self-restrictive vs. omnivore eating preferences. Moral foundations have been shown to explain why even seemingly contradictory issue stances are brought forward in the context of the same ideological or political orientation. Here, we expand on these findings by showing the moral foundations to connect political orientation and vegan and vegetarian eating preferences as well as specific strategies of meat-eating justification in a large German sample. Specifically, the binding foundations authority and purity as well as avoidance tendencies are shown to differentially interact with meat-eating across the political spectrum with stronger effects for left-wing adherents and centrists than for the right-wing. Mediation analyses reveal that substantive parts of the association between political orientation and self-restriction in eating are attributable to differences in the moral makeup of left- and right-wing adherents. Connecting our results to prior work on the explanatory power of moral foundations for the political polarization of environmentalism, we discuss how our results may inform inter-ideologically appealing communications of reducing meat consumption, which is a worthwhile and necessary goal for mitigating climate change.
Multi-model Meteorological and Aeolian Predictions for Mars 2020 and the Jezero Crater Region
Authors: Newman C. E. , de la Torre Juárez M. , Pla-García J. , Wilson R. J. , Lewis S. R. , Neary L. , Kahre M. A. , Forget F. , Spiga A. , Richardson M. I. , Daerden F. , Bertrand T. , Viúdez-Moreiras D. , Sullivan R. , Sánchez-Lavega A. , Chide B. , Rodriguez-Manfredi J. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNine simulations are used to predict the meteorology and aeolian activity of the Mars 2020 landing site region. Predicted seasonal variations of pressure and surface and atmospheric temperature generally agree. Minimum and maximum pressure is predicted at$\text{Ls}\sim 145^{\circ}$Ls∼145∘and$250^{\circ}$250∘, respectively. Maximum and minimum surface and atmospheric temperature are predicted at$\text{Ls}\sim 180^{\circ}$Ls∼180∘and$270^{\circ}$270∘, respectively; i.e., are warmest at northern fall equinox not summer solstice. Daily pressure cycles vary more between simulations, possibly due to differences in atmospheric dust distributions. Jezero crater sits inside and close to the NW rim of the huge Isidis basin, whose daytime upslope (∼east-southeasterly) and nighttime downslope (∼northwesterly) winds are predicted to dominate except around summer solstice, when the global circulation produces more southerly wind directions. Wind predictions vary hugely, with annual maximum speeds varying from 11 to$19~\text{ms}^{-1}$19ms−1and daily mean wind speeds peaking in the first half of summer for most simulations but in the second half of the year for two. Most simulations predict net annual sand transport toward the WNW, which is generally consistent with aeolian observations, and peak sand fluxes in the first half of summer, with the weakest fluxes around winter solstice due to opposition between the global circulation and daytime upslope winds. However, one simulation predicts transport toward the NW, while another predicts fluxes peaking later and transport toward the WSW. Vortex activity is predicted to peak in summer and dip around winter solstice, and to be greater than at InSight and much greater than in Gale crater.
Lawful Humean explanations are not circular
Authors: Duguid Callum 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA long-standing charge of circularity against regularity accounts of laws has recently seen a surge of renewed interest. The difficulty is that we appeal to laws to explain their worldly instances, but if these laws are descriptions of regularities in the instances then they are explained by those very instances. By the transitivity of explanation, we reach an absurd conclusion: instances of the laws explain themselves. While drawing a distinction between metaphysical and scientific explanations merely modifies the challenge rather than resolving it, I argue that it does point us towards an attractive solution. According to Humeanism, the most prominent form of the regularity view, laws capture information about important patterns in the phenomena. By invoking laws in scientific explanations, Humeans are showing how a given explanandum is subsumed into a more general pattern. Doing so both undermines a principle of transitivity that plays a crucial role in the circularity argument and draws out a central feature of the Humean approach to scientific explanation.