bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE OF HANDHELD NAI(TL) SPECTROMETERS AS DOSIMETERS BY LABORATORY AND FIELD DOSE RATE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Clouvas A , Xanthos S , Boziari A , Leontaris F , Kaissas I , Omirou M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the framework of the IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) J02012 on ‘Advancing Radiation Detection Equipment for Detecting Nuclear and Other Radioactive Material Out of Regulatory Control’, the properties of two commercial instruments (1) InSpector 1000 analyzer (Canberra), with a 2″ × 2″ NaI(Tl) scintillator and (2) RIIDEYE M-G3 analyzer (Thermo Scientific), with a 3″ × 3″ NaI(Tl) scintillator, were evaluated as dosimeters by laboratory and field measurements. In the Ionizing Radiation Calibration Laboratory (IRCL) of the Greek Atomic Energy Commission, the NaI(Tl) spectrometers were tested in order to measure Ambient gamma Dose Equivalent Rate (ADER). The NaI(Tl) scintillators were irradiated in a homogeneous field with 662 keV photons with different ADER values from 0.17 to 100 μSv h−1 at 0° incidence (irradiation field perpendicular to the detector’s front window) and at 90° incidence. For each irradiation, the measured ADER by the spectrometers and the ‘true’ ADER values (provided by the IRCL) were compared. In addition, the angular dependence (0–359°) of the ADER response of the spectrometers was studied with a 152Eu source placed at 1, 2 and 3 m from the spectrometers. The ADER dependence as function of the distance from the 152Eu source (at 0° incidence) measured by the two detectors was compared with the theoretical one. In the field studies, ADER was measured by the spectrometers at seven locations belonging to the Greek Early Warning System Network (which is based on Reuter-Stokes ionization chambers). These locations have different ADER values ranging from 20 to 120 nSv h−1. In these locations, gamma ADER were also deduced (1) by in situ gamma spectrometry measurements with portable Germanium HPGe detectors and (2) by the Reuter-Stokes ionization chambers (by subtraction of the cosmic radiation). Gamma dose measurements were also performed with the InSpector 1000 and RIIDEYE M-G3 detectors in 25 locations (beaches) of Northern Greece and compared with the ADER values deduced by sand sample analysis with gamma spectroscopy. Beaches with sand are good candidates for such type of measurements since they are commonly flat and in principle the natural radionuclides are homogenously distributed.
The new Uruguayan private international law: an open door to party autonomy in international contracts
Authors: Florio de León Eduardo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
On 17 November 2020, the General Law on Private International Law (Law 19.920) was approved. This Law resulted from a process of hard work that took over two decades of discussions and debates.1 With this Law, Uruguay becomes one of a group of countries that have already carried out this kind of reform, particularly in regard to international commercial law and international contracts. The new Law 19.920 allows parties to choose the applicable law (State or non-State law) to regulate their international contractual obligations. This reform has a real disruptive imprint since Uruguay leaves behind its old and anachronistic regulation of the matter. This article provides a general analysis of the regulation of international commercial law under Law 19.920 (Articles 13 and 51) and the new regime applicable to international contracts, including the parties’ right to choose the applicable law (Article 45) (State or non-State law), which increases their autonomy in comparison with the previous regime.
Should We Scan Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients? A Systematic Review of Radiologic Findings
Authors: Gutfilen-Schlesinger Gabriel , Lopes de Souza Sergio Augusto , Gutfilen Bianca 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To bring awareness and close gaps between dermatologists and radiologists about the contribution of imaging techniques for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).

DATA SOURCES
Investigators searched the PubMed database for articles on HS and radiology techniques.

STUDY SELECTION
Databases were searched up to December 2018. The query retrieved 257 publications, of which 103 were unique; of these, 7 were inaccessible. From the remaining 96, 33 were irrelevant (did not discuss HS lesion features). After applying the inclusion criteria, 63 studies were relevant to this study.

DATA EXTRACTION
A standardized form was constructed to extract data from eligible studies by two independent authors.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Imaging techniques are significant and useful tools in HS management. Imaging should be carried out to evaluate disease severity, subclinical features, treatment success, and intraoperative patient assessment. Providers should consider nonconventional radiology techniques, which are underused in clinical management of HS. Further, dermatology and radiology require a shared terminology of disease features to better understand patient status.

CONCLUSIONS
Publications on HS lesion imaging have increased over the years. Imaging techniques have proven useful for determining HS severity and treatment effectiveness, as well as intraoperative patient assessment. These authors strongly recommend the use of these techniques in routine clinical practice for patients with HS.
Induction of Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis in a Rat Hemisection Spinal Cord Injury Model With Combined Neural Stem Cell, Endothelial Progenitor Cell, and Biomimetic Hydrogel Matrix Therapy
Authors: Marrotte Eric J. , Johnson Khari , Schweller Ryan M. , Chapla Rachel , Mace Brian E. , Laskowitz Daniel T. , West Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Acute spinal cord injury is a devastating injury that may lead to loss of independent function. Stem-cell therapies have shown promise; however, a clinically efficacious stem-cell therapy has yet to be developed. Functionally, endothelial progenitor cells induce angiogenesis, and neural stem cells induce neurogenesis. In this study, we explored using a multimodal therapy combining endothelial progenitor cells with neural stem cells encapsulated in a bioactive biomimetic hydrogel matrix to facilitate stem cell–induced neurogenesis and angiogenesis in a rat hemisection spinal cord injury model.

DESIGN:
Laboratory experimentation.

SETTING:
University laboratory.

SUBJECTS:
Female Fischer 344 rats.

INTERVENTIONS:
Three groups of rats: 1) control, 2) biomimetic hydrogel therapy, and 3) combined neural stem cell, endothelial progenitor cell, biomimetic hydrogel therapy underwent right-sided spinal cord hemisection at T9–T10. The blinded Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan motor score was obtained weekly; after 4 weeks, observational histologic analysis of the injured spinal cords was completed.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Blinded Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan motor score of the hind limb revealed significantly improved motor function in rats treated with combined neural stem cell, endothelial progenitor cell, and biomimetic hydrogel therapy (p < 0.05) compared with the control group. The acellular biomimetic hydrogel group did not demonstrate a significant improvement in motor function compared with the control group. Immunohistochemistry evaluation of the injured spinal cords demonstrated de novo neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the combined neural stem cell, endothelial progenitor cell, and biomimetic hydrogel therapy group, whereas, in the control group, a gap or scar was found in the injured spinal cord.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study demonstrates proof of concept that multimodal therapy with endothelial progenitor cells and neural stem cells combined with a bioactive biomimetic hydrogel can be used to induce de novo CNS tissue in an injured rat spinal cord.
Predictors of Burden and Resilience in Family Caregivers of Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Tyo Mirinda Brown , McCurry Mary K. , Horowitz June Andrews , Elliott Kathleen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Family caregivers are an essential resource for individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). Overburdened caregivers often experience detrimental effects to their emotional and physical well-being.

Method
A cross-sectional, nonexperimental, correlational study was used to identify correlates and predictors of burden and resilience in caregivers of care recipients with OUD. Pearson product–moment correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to explore the relationships between caregiver characteristics, care recipient characteristics, the caregiver–care-recipient dyad characteristics, and burden and resilience among caregivers of individuals with OUD and to determine the best predictive model. Participants (N = 152) completed the study using an online electronic survey.

Results
The standardized regression coefficients indicated that supervision of care recipient behavioral problems (β = .29), dyadic interaction (β = .29), caregiver stress (β = .28), and care recipient opioid use (β = .12) were the strongest predictors of caregiver burden, whereas caregiver mental health (β = −.31) and physical health (β = .30) were the strongest predictors of caregiver resilience.

Conclusions
Caregiver and care recipient characteristics, and their dyadic interaction, directly influence the degree of burden and resilience reported by family caregivers. Caregivers experiencing increased stress who are tasked with supervising problematic care recipient behaviors are more likely to experience higher levels of burden. In contrast, caregivers with good physical and mental health and adequate resources showed higher levels of resilience.
Citalopram and Cannabidiol
Authors: Anderson Lyndsey L. , Doohan Peter T. , Oldfield Lachlan , Kevin Richard C. , Arnold Jonathon C. , Berger Maximus , Amminger G. Paul , McGregor Iain S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonintoxicating constituent of cannabis, exhibits anxiolytic properties in preclinical and human studies and is of interest as a novel intervention for treating anxiety disorders. Existing first-line pharmacotherapies for these disorders include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and other antidepressants. Cannabidiol has well-described inhibitory action on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) drug-metabolizing enzymes and significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between CBD and various anticonvulsant medications (eg, clobazam) have been described in the treatment of epilepsy. Here, we examined the likelihood of DDIs when CBD is added to medications prescribed in the treatment of anxiety.

Methods
The effect of CBD on CYP450-mediated metabolism of the commonly used antidepressants fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, and mirtazapine were examined in vitro. Cannabidiol-citalopram interactions were also examined in vivo in patients (n = 6) with anxiety disorders on stable treatment with citalopram or escitalopram who received ascending daily doses of adjunctive CBD (200–800 mg) over 12 weeks in a recent clinical trial.

Results
Cannabidiol minimally affected the metabolism of sertraline, fluoxetine, and mirtazapine in vitro. However, CBD significantly inhibited CYP3A4 and CYP2C19-mediated metabolism of citalopram and its stereoisomer escitalopram at physiologically relevant concentrations, suggesting a possible in vivo DDI. In patients on citalopram or escitalopram, the addition of CBD significantly increased citalopram plasma concentrations, although it was uncertain whether this also increased selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor–mediated adverse events.

Conclusions
Further pharmacokinetic examination of the interaction between CBD and citalopram/escitalopram is clearly warranted, and clinicians should be vigilant around the possibility of treatment-emergent adverse effects when CBD is introduced to patients taking these antidepressants.
The Association Between Traditional Chinese Medicine Body Constitution Deviation and Essential Hypertension: A Case–Control Study
Authors: LIAO Yung-Cheng , CHEN Li-Li , WANG Hsiao-Chiao , LIN Jui-Shan , LIN Tin-Kwang , LIN Shu-Chuan Amy 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
The prevention and treatment of hypertension is valued globally. The World Health Organization advocates combining traditional medicines in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) assumes that diseases originate from the attenuation of one's body constitution. A few studies have found that hypertension is correlated with TCM body constitution. However, body constitution is also affected by living environment. Therefore, investigating the correlation between deviations in body constitution and essential hypertension in different living environments is necessary to provide the basis for using TCM in combination with conventional Western medicine to prevent and treat hypertension.

Purpose
The aim of this study was to explore the association between TCM body constitution deviation and essential hypertension.

Methods
A case–control study was designed. Participants were selected from the outpatient clinics and neighboring communities of a regional teaching hospital in southern Taiwan. The study included 210 hypertension and 210 nonhypertension cases. Blood pressures were measured using an electronic sphygmomanometer to confirm the presence or absence of hypertension. The TCM Body Constitution Questionnaire, demographic datasheet, and hypertension-related factors questionnaire were used to collect data.

Results
A higher proportion of patients with body constitution deviation were found in the hypertension group than the nonhypertension group. The proportions of patients with Yin-Xu, Yang-Xu, and stasis constitution were 44.8%, 32.4%, and 30.6%, respectively, in the hypertension group and 28.6%, 25.2%, and 19.6%, respectively, in the nonhypertension group. After performing univariate analysis, the results showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of average body mass index; emotional traits of anger, worry, and fear; hyperlipidemia; hyperuricemia; Yin-Xu constitution; and stasis constitution. However, the multivariate analysis revealed having a Yin-Xu constitution to be a risk factor of essential hypertension after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, emotional traits, drinking habit, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice
The results suggest that Yin-Xu and stasis constitutions are respectively associated with essential hypertension. The findings offer a valuable reference to governments and healthcare professionals to prevent the risk of essential hypertension. Screening and healthcare measures for TCM Yin-Xu or stasis constitution may be included in related prevention plans to minimize public exposure to the risk factors of essential hypertension.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks From the Lateral Ventricle: A Case Series
Authors: Saltagi Mohamad Z. , Fraser Amy L. , Alwani Mohamedkazim M. , Mosier Kristine M. , Nelson Rick F. 
Published: June 2021

Objectives:
Describe the diagnosis and management of lateral skull base (LSB) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks originating from the lateral ventricle.

Study design:
Retrospective case review.

Setting:
Tertiary referral academic center.

Patients:
Patients with CSF leaks with direct communication to the lateral ventricle on preoperative imaging.

Intervention:
Surgical repair via the middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach.

Main outcome measures:
CSF leak patient characteristics (age, sex, body mass index [BMI]) and postoperative course (complications and CSF leak resolution) were collected.

Results:
Three patients had CSF leaks from the lateral ventricle and all patients demonstrated encephalomalacia of the temporal lobe on preoperative imaging. Encephalomalacia resulted from trauma in one case (age 5) and neurodegeneration in two cases (age 77 and 84). BMI ranged from 16.3 to 26.6 mg/kg2 and follow-up ranged from 4 to 21 months. Two patients presented with preoperative meningitis and all patients had resolution of CSF leaks after MCF repair. With the exception of the higher rate of meningitis, patient presentations did not differ from other spontaneous CSF leaks through middle fossa defects. There were no minor or major postoperative complications.

Conclusions:
CSF leaks from the lateral ventricle represent a rare subset of LSB CSF leaks and can occur in non-obese patients secondary to temporal lobe encephalomalacia. The MCF approach allows for repair of the dura and skull base in this cohort of patients with high-flow CSF leaks and loss of brain parenchyma.
Morphological Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency on Globular Substances in Mice
Authors: Song Penglong , Zhao Xianshu , Xu Yanjun , Zhao Zhigang , Liu Yang , Gao Qian 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
Many authors, including us, elucidated that vitamin D deficiency was a risk factor for benign paroxysmal position vertigo. We speculated vitamin D deficiency was likely to intervene otoconia formation by globular substance (GS).

Methods:
Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups: vitamin D sufficient group (12-wk standard control diet), vitamin D deficiency group (16-wk vitamin D deficiency diet), and vitamin D supplement group (16-wk vitamin D deficiency diet and followed 8-wk standard control diet). At 12, 16, and 24 weeks, blood was collected for measuring vitamin D and macula utriculi were obtained for research under scanning electron microscope (SEM). We randomly selected 10 SEM photographs of macula utriculi in each mouse, counted cilium and GS, and measured diameters of counted GS. The ratio of the number of GS to cilium in each SEM photograph was defined as density of GS.

Results:
The diameter and density of GS were larger and higher in vitamin D deficiency group than sufficient group (p < 0.05; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in density and diameters of GS between vitamin D deficiency and supplement group. The rough and grainy surface became smoother and smoother along with vitamin D deficiency, and reappeared after vitamin D supplement for 8 weeks.

Conclusion:
GS secreted as a precursor of mature otoconia is affected by vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D supplementation can mitigate the effects in mice. The density of GS, a quantitative method we designed, can quantify GS well.
Endoscopic Management of Early Stage Middle Ear Paragangliomas – An Australian Case Series
Authors: Quick Mark E. , Acharya Aanand , Friedland Peter , Kong Jonathan H. K. , Saxby Alexander J. , Patel Nirmal P. , Kadhim Latif 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
To analyze the outcomes of the endoscopic transcanal approach for removal of early stage middle ear paraganglioma tumors (MEPT).

Study design:
Cases series with chart review.

Setting:
Two tertiary Australian Otology centers.

Patients:
Adult patients with middle ear paraganglioma tumors treated with transcanal endoscopic approach from 2/2016 to 12/2019. Tumor staging was described using the Modified Fisch-Mattox (MFM). Inclusion criteria included patients with an MFM Class A or B. Exclusion criteria included higher staged or syndromic disease.

Intervention:
All tumors were managed with transcanal endoscopic approach.

Main outcome measures:
Primary outcome measures included disease clearance and hearing measured according to the AAO-HNS guidelines. Secondary outcomes included complications, duration of surgery, and length of stay.

Results:
Ten patients underwent totally endoscopic transcanal resection of MEPT (9 female, mean age of 45.5 years, 70% were left sided). Mean tumor size was 6.1 mm (SD 3.4 mm). Five cases (50%) were classified using the MFM system as class A1, two cases were class A2, and three cases were class B1. Three cases required canalplasty for access but were completed entirely endoscopically. Nine of the 10 cases had complete audiometric data. Pre- and postoperative mean air conduction remained stable with a decrease in mean air-bone gap of 2.84 dB. Postoperative complications include one pinhole perforation. There were no facial nerve complications. Mean follow-up period was 10 months (range 4–25 mo) with all cases having resolution of pulsatile tinnitus and no tumor recurrence.

Conclusion:
The transcanal endoscopic approach for early stage MEPT offers excellent visualization and permits safe and effective removal of disease with the advantages of a minimally invasive technique for patient recovery.
Demographics and risk factors for pediatric recurrent acute pancreatitis
Authors: Gariepy Cheryl E. , Ooi Chee Y. , Maqbool Asim , Ellery Kate M. 
Published: June 2021

Purpose of review
Approximately 20–30% of children who experience one episode of acute pancreatitis will have at least one additional episode. For some children, pancreatitis recurs multiple times and in a few years is followed by the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Identifying risk factors for recurrent episodes and disease progression is critical to developing therapeutic interventions.

Recent findings
Obesity is driving an increase in biliary stone disease and severe acute pancreatitis. Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) may lead to the development of diabetes through autoimmune mechanisms. Cystic fibrosis or CFTR-related disorders may present as RAP and CFTR modulator therapy can increase or decrease the risk of acute pancreatitis in these populations. Children with Crohn disease have a three-fold risk of acute pancreatitis over the general population while children with ulcerative colitis are at increased risk for pediatric autoimmune pancreatitis, a disorder that may be distinct from autoimmune pancreatitis described in adults. Obstructive jaundice in the absence of identified mechanical factors may be a presenting sign of pediatric autoimmune pancreatitis.

Summary
Pediatric RAP is a painful condition that leads to gland destruction and functional insufficiency. Risk factors are being clarified but preventive treatments remain elusive.
Awareness of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation as a Specialty Among US Medical Students
Authors: Jumreornvong Oranicha , Haque Abid , Tabacof Laura , Bolds Aaron , Sanchez Ashley , Martinez Claudia I. , Verduzco-Gutierrez Monica , Escalon Miguel X. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The objectives were to assess US medical students’ awareness about physical medicine and rehabilitation, their career goals that may align with physical medicine and rehabilitation, and their exposure to physical medicine and rehabilitation and to compare the demographics of those applying to, interested, or not interested in physical medicine and rehabilitation residency. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. An online survey was distributed to 76 medical schools, and 2067 students responded. First-generation and Hispanic/Latino students are less likely to know about physical medicine and rehabilitation. Medical students who heard about physical medicine and rehabilitation before or during college or who are first-generation students to attend medical school are more likely to be interested in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Medical students identified as female, Black or African American, and more advanced in medical training have lesser interest. Rotating in physical medicine and rehabilitation at their home institution and shadowing a physical medicine and rehabilitation physician also increase the likelihood of respondents to apply to physical medicine and rehabilitation residency. This study highlights that female students and underrepresented minorities in medicine are less likely to know about physical medicine and rehabilitation or be interested in physical medicine and rehabilitation. First-generation medical students know less about the field but the ones who do have increased interest in physical medicine and rehabilitation. These findings support the need for pipeline programs to improve exposure, recruitment, development, promotion, and retention of first-generation minorities and women into physical medicine and rehabilitation.