bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimal important differences and self‐identifying treatment response in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Rajabally Yusuf A. , Afzal Saadia , Ghasemi Majid 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroduction/AimThe use of outcome measures is recommended for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Implications of minimal important differences (MID) to ascertain responder status are unknown. The reliability of patient‐reported treatment‐response in relation to clinically relevant change is also unknown.MethodsWe retrospectively studied 72 subjects with “definite” or “probable” CIDP evaluated at pre‐specified time‐intervals pre‐ and post‐treatment. We derived MID and the minimum detectable change with 95% confidence intervals (MDC95) for four scales. Scale sensitivities were determined with applicable MID‐defined cutoffs (aMIDc), to detect subjects with self‐identifying treatment response through a single question.ResultsThe use of MID was not valid for the Medical Research Council Sum Score, as MDC95 > MID. The aMIDc for the Overall Neuropathy Limitation Score (ONLS) was 1 (sensitivity: 84.7%). The aMIDc for the centile Inflammatory Rasch‐built Overall Disability Scale (cI‐RODS) was 8 (sensitivity: 62.3%). The aMIDc for grip strength was 4 kg (sensitivity: 79.1%). MID‐defined amelioration of any one scale among ONLS, cI‐RODS, or grip strength, significantly improved sensitivity to detect treatment‐responders compared with the ONLS alone (McNemar test: P = .008, odds ratio: 3.36 [95% confidence interval: 1.44–7.86]). Patient‐reported improvement was highly reliable in relation to MID‐defined amelioration on any one scale.DiscussionIn subjects with CIDP, MID‐defined amelioration of any one of three commonly used outcome measures offers optimum relevance and sensitivity to detect self‐identifying treatment‐responders. Patient reliability to single‐question ascertainment of response is high in relation to MID‐defined clinical relevance. These findings support use of multiple outcome measures in CIDP monitoring and justify enhanced patient involvement in the process.
Variables associated with distress amongst informal caregivers of people with lung cancer: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Cochrane Andy , Reid Olivia , Woods Siobhan , Gallagher Pamela , Dunne Simon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveInformal caregivers of people with lung cancer often experience a substantial care burden and associated negative consequences due to the often‐contracted course of the disease. The objective of this review was to systematically examine the evidence on the factors associated with lung cancer caregiver distress.MethodsFive databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsychINFO and Web of Science) were searched for studies investigating factors associated with distress amongst caregivers of people with lung cancer. Empirical studies published up to July 2020 were included if they measured distress using a valid and reliable measure and examined its association with at least one other factor, with a sample of 50 or more caregivers.ResultsThirty publications describing 27 studies (16 cross‐sectional; 6 prospective; 8 intervention) involving 3744 caregivers (primarily spouse or adult child) were included. A narrative synthesis of the findings is presented due to heterogeneity in study design, variables measured and analyses conducted. Patient variables associated with greater distress included: stage of cancer and quality of spousal relationship. Caregiver variables associated with higher distress included: social support, coping strategies and self‐efficacy.ConclusionsSeveral variables were associated with distress amongst lung cancer caregivers. Understanding these variables could inform the development of interventions that will enable caregivers to care effectively while maintaining their own well‐being. Screening for distress among caregivers may identify those caregivers who would benefit from early intervention.
Investigation of NH4NO3 formation by air plasma and wasted ammonia
Authors: Zhu Yu , Xiong Zilan , Li Mengqi , Chen Xingyu , Lu Chen , Zou Zhenping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study investigated NH4NO3 formation by air plasma and NH3 in three different reaction modes for nitrogen fixation and environmental protection. A DC‐driven needle–needle discharge was used. We found that NH4NO3 could be effectively formed by directly mixing NO
x
(generated by air discharge) and NH3 in Mode 1. In Mode 3, when discharging in the air/NH3 mixture, no NH4NO3 was detected. However, in Mode 2, when discharging in the NO
x
/air/NH3 mixture, NH4NO3 was first formed and then subsequently decreased as the discharging time increased. NH4NO3 was identified by white smoke observation and gas/aqueous‐phase Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Stable NH4NO3 formation may be affected by self‐thermal decomposition and NH3 decomposition through discharge.
The total solar eclipse of December 14, 2020 in southern South America and its effects on atmospheric variables
Authors: Piscitelli Franco M. , Saurral Ramiro I. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA total solar eclipse affected southern South America on December 14, 2020. Its occurrence close to the summer solstice in the Southern Hemisphere and around noon brought almost ideal conditions to study the effects of the sudden reduction in incoming solar radiation on different atmospheric variables. Interestingly, the astronomical phenomenon moved over a region that at that time was being affected by a cold front accompanied by significant cloudiness and cold air advection to the area. Therefore, the actual drop in surface temperature over the umbra region resulted from a combination of the radiative effect (i.e., the reduction in solar radiation due to the eclipse itself) and a circulation effect related to the injection of colder air. A quantification of both effects on the full temperature variation is provided, along with a discussion on the underlying mechanisms and the related effects on surface winds derived from the cooling. Results show that temperature drops associated with total solar eclipses in areas far away from the umbra can be as high as (or even higher than) those within the umbra, depending on the prevailing weather conditions.
Recent Advances in Paired Electrosynthesis
Authors: Marken Frank , Cresswell Alexander J. , Bull Steven D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractProgress in electroorganic synthesis is linked to innovation of new synthetic reactions with impact on medicinal chemistry and drug discovery and to the desire to minimise waste and to provide energy‐efficient chemical transformations for future industrial processes. Paired electrosynthetic processes that combine the use of both anode and cathode (convergent or divergent) with minimal (or without) intentionally added electrolyte or need for additional reagents are of growing interest. In this overview, recent progress in developing paired electrolytic reactions is surveyed. The discussion focuses on electrosynthesis technology with proven synthetic value for the preparation of small molecules. Reactor types are contrasted and the concept of translating light‐energy driven photoredox reactions into paired electrolytic reactions is highlighted as a newly emerging trend.
Electricity‐Driven Post‐Functionalization of Conducting Polymers
Authors: Kurioka Tomoyuki , Inagi Shinsuke 
Published: April 2021

AbstractElectrochemical doping of conducting polymers (CPs) generates polarons (radical ionic species) and bipolarons (ionic species) in their backbone via multi‐electron transfer between an electrode and the CP. In the electrochemical polymer reaction (ePR), these generated ionic species are regarded as reactive intermediates for further transformation of the chemical structures of CPs. This electrochemical post‐functionalization can easily be used to control the degree of reactions by turning a power supply on/off, as well as tuning the applied electrode potential, which leads to fine‐tuning of the various properties of the CPs, such as the HOMO/LUMO level and PL properties. This Account summarizes recent developments in the electrochemical post‐functionalization of CPs. In particular, we focus on reaction design for the ePR, with respect to the preparation and structure of the precursor polymers, applicable functional groups, efficient reaction conditions, and electrolytic methodologies.
Solving the Structural Puzzles of Amipurimycin and Miharamycins Enabled by Stereodivergent Total Synthesis
Authors: Yu Biao , Wang Shengyang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe efforts toward the synthesis of amipurimycin and miharamycin A/B, two peptidyl nucleoside antibiotics bearing a unique nine carbon C3‐branched pyranosyl amino acid core, are accounted. Highlighted is our stereodivergent total synthesis of all the possible diastereoisomers of amipurimycin, which has enabled us to solve the structural puzzles of amipurimycin and miharamycin A/B after ∼50 years of their discovery.
Application of Ketoreductase in Asymmetric Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals and Bioactive Molecules: An Update (2018–2020)
Authors: Li Zhining , Yang Haidi , Liu Jinyao , Huang Zedu , Chen Fener 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWith the rapid development of genomic DNA sequencing, recombinant DNA expression, and protein engineering, biocatalysis has been increasingly and widely adopted in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, bioactive molecules, fine chemicals, and agrochemicals. In this review, we have summarized the most recent advances achieved (2018–2020) in the research area of ketoreductase (KRED)‐catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of chiral secondary alcohol intermediates to pharmaceuticals and bioactive molecules. In the first part, synthesis of chiral alcohols with one stereocenter through the bioreduction of four different ketone classes, namely acyclic aliphatic ketones, benzyl or phenylethyl ketones, cyclic aliphatic ketones, and aryl ketones, is discussed. In the second part, KRED‐catalyzed dynamic reductive kinetic resolution and reductive desymmetrization are presented for the synthesis of chiral alcohols with two contiguous stereocenters.
Aspiration of a portion of endotracheal tube following patient bite upon recovery from general anaesthesia in a dog
Authors: Bennell Alison , Hughes Jodie , Bruniges Natalie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA Labrador Retriever underwent elective general anaesthesia for pinnectomy. The anaesthetic was uneventful until the recovery period where the dog rapidly regained consciousness and bit through the endotracheal tube, aspirating the distal portion. The dog was re‐anaesthetised and the tracheal foreign body was successfully removed with endoscopic guidance. The dog made a full and unremarkable recovery from anaesthesia.
Profiling of RNA Structure at Single-Nucleotide Resolution Using nextPARS
Authors: Chorostecki Uciel , Willis Jesse R. , Saus Ester , Gabaldon Toni 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRNA molecules play important roles in almost every cellular process, and their functions are mediated by their sequence and structure. Determining the secondary structure of RNAs is central to understanding RNA function and evolution. RNA structure probing techniques coupled to high-throughput sequencing allow determining structural features of RNA molecules at transcriptome-wide scales. Our group recently developed a novel Illumina-based implementation of in vitro parallel probing of RNA structures called nextPARS.Here, we describe a protocol for the computation of the nextPARS scores and their use to obtain the structural profile (single- or double-stranded state) of an RNA sequence at single-nucleotide resolution.
Integration des Radverkehrs in zukünftige urbane Verkehrsstrukturen mit automatisierten und vernetzten Fahrzeugen
Authors: Eichholz Lutz , Kurth Detlef 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungEine der größten Herausforderungen für die Entwicklung von automatisierten und vernetzten Fahrzeugen (avF) ist es zur Zeit, Bewegungen von anderen Verkehrsteilnehmenden vorauszusehen (Kahn 2018, Mingels 2019). Der ehemalige CEO von Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi, Carlos Ghosn, wird in Bezug auf Radverkehr und die fortschreitende Automatisierung von Kraftfahrzeugen (Kfz) mit den Worten zitiert: „One of the biggest problems is people with bicycles […], [they] don’t respect any rules usually […] from time-to-time they behave like pedestrians and from time-to-time they behave like cars“ (Reid 2018). Diese Aussage verdeutlicht die Konflikte, die durch ein Aufeinandertreffen zweier sowohl im Antrieb als auch in der Fahrweise stark abweichender Verkehrsmittel entstehen können.
Chancen vergangener Fehler: Flächenpotentiale am Weg zu einem automatisierten Mobilitätssystem
Authors: Mitteregger Mathias , Soteropoulos Aggelos 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDie technologische Entwicklung automatisierter und vernetzter Fahrzeuge wird in jüngerer Zeit deutlich zurückhaltender bewertet als in den frühen Jahren des Hypes. Ein revolutionäres Szenario, in dem es einem Marktakteur aus der IT-Industrie gelingt, abrupt ein automatisiertes Fahrsystem zu lancieren, das in allen Fahrsituationen besteht, die auch menschliche FahrerInnen meistern (Beiker 2015), wird mittelfristig weitestgehend ausgeschlossen. Anstelle der angenommenen Revolution steht heute die Herausforderung einer Jahrzehnte dauernden Übergangszeit, des „Langen Level 4“, währenddessen nur Teile des Straßennetzes automatisiert befahren werden können (Mitteregger et al. 2020, Soteropoulos et al. 2020).
Neue Governance-Konzepte für die Digitalisierung: Herausforderungen und Potentiale
Authors: Hamedinger Alexander 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungUnter dem Begriff „Governance“ versteht man grundsätzlich die Steuerung und Koordination von Handeln und umfasst im weiten Verständnis verschiedene Formen und deren Prozesse (vgl. Gailing/Hamedinger 2019). Diese reichen von hoheitlicher, d. h. staatlicher Top-down-Steuerung und -Koordination bis zu Formen der Selbststeuerung ohne staatliche AkteurInnen (Mayntz/Scharpf 1995, Blatter 2007). Dieses sozialtheoretisch fundierte Verständnis von Governance unterscheidet sich von einem engeren Verständnis, das den Wandel von staatlichen Steuerungs- und Koordinationsformen hervorhebt. Der Wandel, so die Argumentation, steht im Kontext der Veränderung von Akkumulationsregimen zunehmender Flexibilisierung. Der Staat als Teil der Regulationsweise wird modernisiert („Verwaltungsmodernisierung“) und unternehmerischer (Harvey 1989).
Wie steuern automatisierte Fahrzeuge die Raumentwicklung in der Schweiz?
Authors: Perret Fabienne , Abegg Christof 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Automatisierung im Verkehr wird unsere Mobilität schrittweise verändern. In dieser Hinsicht ist auch die Schweiz keine Insel in Europa. Forschung, Politik und Praxis setzen sich seit einigen Jahren mit zunehmender Intensität mit dem automatisierten Fahren auseinander.
Data-driven urbanism, digital platforms, and the planning of MaaS in times of deep uncertainty: What does it mean for CAVs?
Authors: Banerjee Ian , Jittrapirom Peraphan , Dangschat Jens S. 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungThis paper offers a critical review of three coevolving socio-technical paradigms: (a) “data-driven urbanism,” (b) digital platforms, and (c) “Mobility-as-a-Service” (MaaS). It explores the complex relationship unfolding between data-driven cities and digital platforms, while drawing on MaaS as a case to discuss the challenges of implementing mobility services via digital platforms. Inferences are drawn from the ongoing debate accompanying these three paradigms to identify potential criteria for the design of socially accountable governance models for the deployment of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs).
Selbstfahrende Wende oder automobile Kontinuität? Überlegungen zu Technologie, Innovation und sozialem Wandel
Authors: Manderscheid Katharina 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Automobil gehört zu den zentralen Kennzeichen moderner industrialisierter Gesellschaften und symbolisiert gesellschaftlichen Fortschritt und individuellen Wohlstand. In den Ländern der westlichen Welt nehmen die Anzahl privater Autos bezogen auf die EinwohnerInnen sowie die täglich mit dem Auto zurückgelegten Distanzen immer noch zu. Im Jahr 2018 gab es in Deutschland 568 Personenkraftfahrzeuge pro 1 000 EinwohnerInnen (Umweltbundesamt 2019b) und im Durchschnitt legte vor der Corona-Pandemie1 jede Person 29 von täglich 39 Kilometern mit dem Auto als FahrerIn oder BeifahrerIn zurück (Nobis/Kuhnimhof 2018: 46).
Automated Drivability und straßenräumliche Verträglichkeit im Stadt-Land-Kontinuum am Beispiel der Stadtregion Wien
Authors: Soteropoulos Aggelos 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungAutomatisierte Fahrzeuge werden unsere Mobilität und die Möglichkeit des Vorankommens stark verändern. Bereits in den nächsten Jahren sind hierdurch im Mobilitätsbereich hochdynamische Entwicklungen mit grundlegenden Veränderungen und Umbrüchen zu erwarten, die sowohl Chancen als auch Risiken mit sich bringen werden. Aus Sicht der Verkehrs-, Infrastruktur- und Stadtplanung braucht es daher Strategien, wo und wie automatisierte Fahrzeuge bestmöglich eingesetzt werden.
Steuerung und Gestaltung von räumlichen Schnittstellen der Mobilität
Authors: Bruck Emilia M. , Scheuvens Rudolf , Berger Martin 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich den Veränderungen im öffentlichen Raum, die mit der digitalin Vernetzung und Automatisierung im Mobilitätswesen einhergehen. Hierzu werden speziell räumliche Schnittstellen der Mobilität in den Fokus gerückt. Gemeint sind dabei Räume der Interaktion, der Verknüpfung unterschiedlicher Modi und des Übergangs im öffentlichen Raum. Aufgrund der zunehmenden Vielfalt an Mobilitätsangeboten und neuen Nutzungsanforderungen gewinnt schon heute die Gestaltung von räumlichen Schnittstellen an planerischer Bedeutung.
Transformations of European Public Spaces with AVs
Authors: Martin Robert , Bruck Emilia M. , Soteropoulos Aggelos 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungConnected and automated driving is one of several emerging mobility trends that will fundamentally impact the use and design of public spaces in the coming decades. The uptake of transportation network companies (TNCs), such as Uber, has shown that a greater use of shared modes adds more vehicles to the road and shifts pickup and drop-off locations onto the street, i.e., increasing activity at the curb (Larco 2018: 50; Erhardt et al. 2019). Similar effects were caused by recent waves of dockless micromobility options, such as free-floating bikes or e-scooters, which temporarily led to congested sidewalks and increased spatial demands in public space (Polis 2019).
The low-energy effective theory of axions and ALPs
Authors: Bauer Martin , Neubert Matthias , Renner Sophie , Schnubel Marvin , Thamm Andrea 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Axions and axion-like particles (ALPs) are well-motivated low-energy relics of high-energy extensions of the Standard Model, which interact with the known particles through higher-dimensional operators suppressed by the mass scale Λ of the new-physics sector. Starting from the most general dimension-5 interactions, we discuss in detail the evolution of the ALP couplings from the new-physics scale to energies at and below the scale of electroweak symmetry breaking. We derive the relevant anomalous dimensions at two-loop order in gauge couplings and one-loop order in Yukawa interactions, carefully considering the treatment of a redundant operator involving an ALP coupling to the Higgs current. We account for one-loop (and partially two-loop) matching contributions at the weak scale, including in particular flavor-changing effects. The relations between different equivalent forms of the effective Lagrangian are discussed in detail. We also construct the effective chiral Lagrangian for an ALP interacting with photons and light pseudoscalar mesons, pointing out important differences with the corresponding Lagrangian for the QCD axion.
Wissenstranslation am Beispiel Bewegungsförderung von älteren Menschen: Wie gelangen wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse in die kommunale Praxis?
Authors: Bußkamp Annalena , Vonstein Claudia , Tillmann Judith , Roßmann Christin , De Bock Freia 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse können eine Wissensquelle für kommunale Akteurinnen und Akteure der Bewegungsförderung sein, finden jedoch aufgrund von vielfältigen Barrieren selten Anwendung. Wissenstranslation kann diesen Prozess vereinfachen, setzt aber das Erfassen der bisher kaum erforschten Bedürfnisse der Akteurinnen und Akteure voraus.

Ziel der Arbeit
Ziel der qualitativen Studie ist es, die Zugangswege der Akteurinnen und Akteure zu Informationen und wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen zu erfassen, mögliche Barrieren zu identifizieren sowie die Bedürfnisse der praktisch Anwendenden bezüglich der Darstellung und Aufbereitung herauszustellen.

Material und Methoden
Es wurden leitfadengestützte Interviews mit 12 Kommunal- und Landesakteurinnen und -akteuren der Bewegungsförderung aus Nordrhein-Westfalen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen geführt. Die Auswahl der Interviewten fand durch Purposive Sampling (gezielte Auswahl der Personen) statt. Die Interviews wurden mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse
Der Nutzen wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse wird von den Interviewten betont, jedoch erschweren Ressourcenmangel in Kombination mit Informationsflut, hoher Komplexität und Fachsprache die Anwendung. Es besteht Bedarf an passgenauer Aufbereitung in Form von Zusammenfassungen, Filterfunktionen, Herausarbeiten von praxisrelevanten Elementen und Wegen der Bereitstellung.

Diskussion
Für eine erfolgreiche Wissenstranslation sind die Zusammenarbeit und der interaktive Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft, Politik und Praxis sowie die bedarfsgerechte Aufbereitung von wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen zentral. Das Vernetzen sowie Bündeln von Wissen auf einer Plattform sind wichtige Aufgaben für die Zukunft.
Employment effects of language training for unemployed immigrants
Authors: Lang Julia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractProficiency in the host country’s language is an important factor for the successful labor market integration of immigrants. In this study, I analyze the effects of a language training program for professional purposes on the employment opportunities of participants in Germany. I apply an instrumental variable approach and exploit differences in lagged local training intensities. Bivariate probit estimates show that 2 years after the program started, the employment probability of immigrants who were unemployed in 2014 and participated in the program had increased by more than nine percentage points as a result of language training.