bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy based on limited genomic markers may underestimate species diversity of rockhopper penguins and threaten their conservation
Authors: Frugone María José , Cole Theresa L. , López María Eugenia , Clucas Gemma , Matos‐Maraví Pável , Lois Nicolás A. , Pistorius Pierre , Bonadonna Francesco , Trathan Phil , Polanowski Andrea , Wienecke Barbara , Raya‐Rey Andrea , Pütz Klemens , Steinfurth Antje , Bi Ke , Wang‐Claypool Cynthia Y. , Waters Jonathan M. , Bowie Rauri C. K. , Poulin Elie , Vianna Juliana A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimDelimiting recently diverged species is challenging. During speciation, genetic differentiation may be distributed unevenly across the genome, as different genomic regions can be subject to different selective pressures and evolutionary histories. Reliance on limited numbers of genetic markers that may be underpowered can make species delimitation even more challenging, potentially resulting in taxonomic inconsistencies. Rockhopper penguins of the genusEudyptescomprise three broadly recognized taxa: northern (E. moseleyi), southern (E. chrysocome) and eastern rockhopper (E. filholi). Their taxonomic status has been controversial for decades, with researchers disagreeing about whetherE. chrysocomeandE. filholiare distinct species or conspecific. Our goal is to evaluate genome‐wide patterns of divergence to evaluate genetic differentiation and species delimitation in rockhopper penguins, and to assess which mechanisms may underlie previous discordance among nuclear versus mitochondrial analyses.LocationSub‐Antarctic and temperate coastal regions of the Southern Hemisphere.MethodsWe generated reduced‐representation genomic libraries using double digest restriction‐site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing to evaluate genetic differentiation, contemporary migration rates and admixture among colonies of rockhopper penguins.ResultsThe extent of genetic differentiation among the three taxa was consistently higher than population‐level genetic differentiation found within these and other penguin species. There was no evidence of admixture among the three taxa, suggesting the absence of ongoing gene flow among them. Species delimitation analyses based on molecular data, along with other lines of evidence, provide strong support for the taxonomic distinction of three species of rockhopper penguins.Main conclusionsOur results provide strong support for the existence of three distinct species of rockhopper penguins. The recognition of this taxonomic diversity is crucial for the management and conservation of this widely distributed species group. This study illustrates that widespread dispersive seabird lineages lacking obvious morphological differences may nevertheless have complex evolutionary histories and comprise cryptic species diversity.
Listening and spoken language outcomes after 5 years of cochlear implant use for children born preterm and at term
Authors: Robertson Jennifer , Simoes‐Franklin Cristina , Ferguson Olivia , Hussey Antonia , Costello Patsy , Walshe Peter , Glynn Fergal , Viani Laura , Gill Irwin 
Published: September 2021

AimTo compare listening and spoken language outcomes after cochlear implantation for children born preterm and at term, and to examine patterns associated with additional disabilities or gestational age.MethodChildren were included if they underwent cochlear implantation in 2013 or 2014 and had complete 5‐year follow‐up data available. An analysis of assessment data recorded annually was conducted, including outcomes as measured by the Category of Auditory Performance (CAP), the Speech Intelligibility Rating, Second Edition (SIR 2) scale, and the British Picture Vocabulary Scales, Third Edition (BPVS‐3). Analyses were conducted to measure the impact of preterm birth and of additional causes of disability on these outcomes.ResultsEighty‐two children (39 males, 43 females; median corrected age at first cochlear implantation 28.5mo [interquartile range 16.3–48.5]) were included in the study. Children who underwent cochlear implantation experienced significant improvements as measured by the CAP, SIR 2, and BPVS‐3. Comparable improvements were seen in the groups born at term and preterm. Children with additional disabilities experienced significant improvement in all measures but performed less well than children without additional disabilities.InterpretationInfants born preterm benefit from cochlear implantation to a degree comparable to their peers born at term. Additional disabilities may limit improvements in speech intelligibility, listening performance, and receptive vocabulary. Children with additional disabilities, nonetheless, derived significant benefit from cochlear implantation; additional benefits of cochlear implantation for this subgroup may go unmeasured by the outcome tools used in this study.
Echocardiographic evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A review of up‐to‐date knowledge and practical tips
Authors: Anwar Ashraf M. , tenCate Folkert J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most frequent cardiac disease with genetic substrate, affecting about .2%–.5% of the population. The proper diagnosis is important for optimal management and follow‐up. Echocardiography plays an essential role in the assessment of patients with HCM including diagnosis, screening, management formulation, prognosis, and follow up. It also helps to differentiate HCM from other diseases. The advancement of software and probe technology added many echo modalities and techniques that helped in refining the diagnostic and assessing the prognosis of patients with HCM. In this review, we briefly summarize how to integrate the different echocardiographic modalities to obtain comprehensive assessment supported by an updated knowledge of the latest guidelines and recently published articles. Many practical tips and tricks are included in this review to improve the diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography and minimize errors during interpretation.
Detection of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 in Cryphonectria parasitica isolates from Azerbaijan
Authors: Del Carratore Renata , Aghayeva Dilzara N. , Ali‐zade Valida M. , Bartolini Paola , Della Rocca Gianni , Emiliani Giovanni , Pepori Alessia , Podda Alessandra , Maserti Biancaelena 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) was detected by specific RT‐PCR in two strains of Cryphonectria parasitica from Azerbaijan in which reduction of laccase activity was also observed. This is the first report of a hypovirus in the chestnut blight fungus in Azerbaijan. Our work opens the way to further investigations devoted to characterizing the Azerbaijan CHV1 strain.
Trait anxiety effects on late phase threatening speech processing: Evidence from electroencephalography
Authors: Busch‐Moreno Simon , Tuomainen Jyrki , Vinson David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe effects of threatening stimuli, including threatening language, on trait anxiety have been widely studied. However, whether anxiety levels have a direct effect on language processing has not been so consistently explored. The present study focuses on event‐related potential (ERP) patterns resulting from electroencephalographic (EEG) measurement of participants' (n = 36) brain activity while they perform a dichotic listening task. Participants' anxiety level was measured via a behavioural inhibition system scale (BIS). Later, participants listened to dichotically paired sentences, one neutral and the other threatening, and indicated at which ear they heard the threatening stimulus. Threatening sentences expressed threat semantically‐only, prosodically‐only, or both combined (congruent threat). ERPs showed a late positivity, interpreted as a late positive complex (LPC). Results from Bayesian hierarchical models provided strong support for an association between LPC and BIS score. This was interpreted as an effect of trait anxiety on deliberation processes. We discuss two possible interpretations. On the one hand, verbal repetitive thinking, as associated with anxious rumination and worry, can be the mechanism disrupting late phase deliberation processes. Instantiated by inner speech, verbal repetitive thinking might be the vehicle of anxiety‐related reappraisal and/or rehearsal. On the other hand, increased BIS could be simply affecting an extended evaluation stage as proposed by multistep models, maybe due to over‐engagement with threat or to task‐related effects.
Do genetic differences in growth thermal reaction norms maintain genetic variation in timing of diapause induction?
Authors: Fossen Erlend I. F. , Raeymaekers Joost A. M. , Einum Sigurd 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn optimal timing for diapause induction through the sexual production of dormant propagules is expected in organisms with temporary populations. Yet, empirical studies often find high within‐population genetic variation in the sexual production of such propagules, suggesting that this is a common feature of such organisms.Here, we hypothesize that genetic variation in the propensity to produce dormant propagules,Pd, is maintained by a genotype‐by‐environment interaction in clonal reproductive rates, where fast‐growing genotypes within an environment should delay diapause relative to slow‐growing genotypes. From this, we derive two predictions. First, if reaction norms of clonal reproduction cross between two environments, the genetic correlation ofPdbetween these environments should be negative. Second, the correlation between plasticity values of clonal reproduction andPdshould be negative.We tested these predictions by quantifying ephippia production in genotypes of a population of the facultative sexual cladoceranDaphnia magnaat two temperatures. The population biomass at the onset of ephippia production was used as a measure ofPd, whereas juvenile somatic growth rate was used as a proxy for clonal reproductive rate. Plasticity for both measurements was derived from thermal reaction norms.Our results did not support either prediction, as neither the genetic correlation ofPdbetween environments, nor the correlation between plasticity values of growth andPdwere found to be significant.Our results suggest that genetic variation in the timing of diapause is not maintained by genetic differences in thermal clonal reproduction reaction norms. We propose as an alternative hypothesis that if there is variation across years in how the environment deteriorates over a season, fluctuating selection may favor genotypes with differentPdbetween years.
The effect of climate change on Galaxias maculatus thermal habitat availability in northern Andean Patagonian lakes
Authors: Milano Daniela , Rechencq Magalí , Lippolt Gustavo E. , Vigliano Pablo H. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Temperature is a prime driver of biological systems, and has implications for populations, community dynamics and stability across entire lake food webs. Galaxias maculatus is a keystone prey species in Patagonian lakes due to its trophic and habitat coupling roles. Adverse effects on this species could cascade through food webs, threatening the biotic integrity of Patagonian lakes. Our aim was to define the current use of available thermal habitats by three G. maculatus life stages in three morphologically dissimilar lakes of the Andean range and to simulate potential shifts in thermal habitat availability.

Thermal habitat availability simulations derived for the 4.5‐ and 8.5‐W/m2 radiative forcing values of greenhouse gas Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios up to 2099 were run for the three lakes. The availability of simulated thermal habitats for 2099 was used to analyse possible consequences for G. maculatus, using thermal habitat suitability index curves. The curves were defined from the temperature dependence of the maximum consumption of each life stage of G. maculatus considered.

Our results showed that thermoclines would form at greater depths in the two deep lakes and remain stable for longer periods than at present. For the shallow lake, which does not currently form a thermocline, Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios predict higher water temperatures and absence of winter freezing. Galaxias maculatus currently encounters better thermal habitat for food consumption in the shallow than the deep lakes. Simulations for the deep lakes indicated that future climate change will not be detrimental to any G. maculatus life stage. However, in shallow lakes its earlier life stages will encounter lower quality thermal conditions.

Lower quality thermal conditions in shallow lakes could result in a reduction in G. maculatus numbers, which could affect entire food webs given that this species is a keystone prey species. In turn, this could threaten the biotic integrity of these lakes.

Our results raise the question: what happens in other lakes around the world that have low food web complexity, dynamic processes, and structure, which depend on a single vulnerable keystone prey species? The lack of research addressing the role of keystone species in relation to global climate change suggests that this question has not been thoroughly addressed and requires further study around the world.
Pork liver protein hydrolysates as extenders of pork patties shelf‐life
Authors: Borrajo Paula , Pateiro Mirian , Munekata Paulo E.S. , Franco Daniel , Domínguez Rubén , Mahgoub Mohamed , Lorenzo José M. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryThe growing demand for the consumption of more natural products challenges the food industry to meet consumer expectations. In this regard, bioactive peptides obtained from flavourzyme, bromelain and alcalase activity were added to pork patties with the aim of improving their shelf‐life. Five treatments were prepared: control (CON, without enzymatic extract), positive control (ASA, with 150 mg kg−1 of ascorbic acid) and three batches with 250 mg kg−1 of different porcine liver hydrolysates [flavourzyme (FLA), bromelain (BRO) and alcalase (ALC)]. The analysis of raw burgers included proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat and ash contents), colour parameters (L*, a*, b*), metmyoglobin, lipid oxidation, volatile compounds profile and sensory evaluation. Hydrolysate obtained from bromelain enzyme showed the best a* parameter (5.15), the least lipid oxidation (0.63 mg MDA kg−1) and the lowest percentage of metmyoglobin (56.02%). Furthermore, this batch also presented the lowest content of aldehydes and alcohols resulting from lipid oxidation. Our results suggested that the hydrolysates obtained from bromelain activity possessed a good antioxidative activity, and therefore, they could be used as a natural antioxidant to extend the shelf‐life of pork burgers.
Microcephaly in Australian infants: A retrospective audit
Authors: Nunez Carlos , Morris Anne , Hansen Michele , Elliott Elizabeth J 
Published: September 2021

AimTo describe clinical characteristics, outcomes and causes of microcephaly in children whose condition was identified within the first year of life.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records of microcephalic children born between 2008 and 2018 and admitted for any reason during the same period to a tertiary paediatric hospital. Microcephaly was defined as occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) more than two standard deviations below the mean (>−2 SD).ResultsBetween January 2008 and September 2018, 1083 medical records were retrieved. Of the children, 886 were ineligible and 197 were confirmed cases of microcephaly. Of cases, 73 (37%) had primary microcephaly (at birth) and 72 (37%) had severe microcephaly (OFC > −3 SD). Of microcephalic children, 192 (98%) had congenital anomalies, of whom 93% had major anomalies, mostly cardiovascular or musculoskeletal. Neurological signs or symptoms were reported in 148 (75%), seizures being the most common. Of the 139 children with abnormal central nervous system (CNS) imaging, one or more structural brain abnormalities were identified in 124 (89%). Failure to reach developmental milestones was observed in 69%, visual impairment in 41% and cerebral palsy in 13%. Microcephaly was idiopathic in 51% and 24% had diagnosed genetic disorders. There was no association between developmental outcomes or structural brain anomalies and severity of microcephaly or timing of diagnosis.ConclusionOur results suggest the need for a systematic investigative approach to diagnosis, including a careful history, examination, genetic testing and neuroimaging, to determine the underlying cause of microcephaly, identify co‐morbidities, predict prognosis and guide genetic counselling and therapy.
Variability in Australian screening guidelines for developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Marriott Emily , Twomey Sarah , Lee Michael , Williams Nicole 
Published: September 2021

AimTo assess the variability in Australian screening guidelines for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).MethodsOvid MEDLINE®, EMBASE, EMB Reviews‐Cochrane, CINAHL, TRIP and grey literature were searched to identify screening guidelines for DDH. Key data items related to recommendations for timing and method of screening were extracted and summarised in a table format for qualitative analysis.ResultsSeventeen guidelines met inclusion criteria, comprising nine Australian DDH screening guidelines and eight Child Health Books. The guidelines showed variation in recommendations for the examiner, specific screening methods used for high‐risk groups, timing of examinations and recommendations for referral.ConclusionsVariability exists within Australian DDH screening guidelines. Lack of knowledge regarding local screening guidelines may contribute to the current trend of increased incidence of late diagnosed DDH in Australia, reported in New South Wales, South Australia, and Western Australia. An evidence‐based and consistent approach to DDH screening is necessary to minimise late detected cases.
The relevance of pedigrees in the conservation genomics era
Authors: Galla Stephanie J. , Brown Liz , Couch‐Lewis (Ngāi Tahu: Te Hapū o Ngāti Wheke, Ngāti Waewae) Yvette , Cubrinovska Ilina , Eason Daryl , Gooley Rebecca M. , Hamilton Jill A. , Heath Julie A. , Hauser Samantha S. , Latch Emily K. , Matocq Marjorie D. , Richardson Anne , Wold Jana R. , Hogg Carolyn J. , Santure Anna W. , Steeves Tammy E. 
Published: September 2021

Over the past 50 years conservation genetics has developed a substantive toolbox to inform species management. One of the most long‐standing tools available to manage genetics—the pedigree—has been widely used to characterize diversity and maximize evolutionary potential in threatened populations. Now, with the ability to use high throughput sequencing to estimate relatedness, inbreeding, and genome‐wide functional diversity, some have asked whether it is warranted for conservation biologists to continue collecting and collating pedigrees for species management. In this perspective, we argue that pedigrees remain a relevant tool, and when combined with genomic data, create an invaluable resource for conservation genomic management. Genomic data can address pedigree pitfalls (e.g., founder relatedness, missing data, uncertainty), and in return robust pedigrees allow for more nuanced research design, including well‐informed sampling strategies and quantitative analyses (e.g., heritability, linkage) to better inform genomic inquiry. We further contend that building and maintaining pedigrees provides an opportunity to strengthen trusted relationships among conservation researchers, practitioners, Indigenous Peoples, and Local Communities.
In Vitro Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Indocyanine Green Followed by 660 nm Photobiomodulation Therapy on Fibroblast Viability
Authors: Etemadi Ardavan , Imani Negar , Seyed Jafari Ehsan , Chiniforush Nasim 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTThis in vitro study sought to assess the effect of repetitive PBMT on the viability of fibroblasts following aPDT with indocyanine green (ICG). In this in vitro experimental study, human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were obtained and incubated in a culture medium. After reaching 10 000 cells cm−2, the cells were divided into five groups of control, aPDT with ICG and 808 nm (energy density of 24 J cm−2), PBMT immediately after aPDT, PBMT with 660 nm (energy density of 7.2 J cm−2) immediately and 24 h after aPDT and PBMT immediately and 24 and 48 h after aPDT in 48‐well plates. Cell viability was evaluated using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay after 1, 4 and 7 days of incubation. Statistical analyses were performed using one‐way ANOVA. Cell viability significantly decreased in group 2 (P < 0.002). We observed no significant increase in cell viability at any time point in group 3 (P > 0.05). Cell viability significantly increased in groups 4 and 5 after the first day of incubation (P < 0.000). Emission of 660 nm as PBMT for two and three times along with passage of time would increase the viability of HGFs following aPDT with ICG.
Socioecological factors related to aquaculture introductions and production of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) worldwide
Authors: Martínez‐García María Fernanda , Ruesink Jennifer L. , Grijalva‐Chon José Manuel , Lodeiros César , Arreola‐Lizárraga José Alfredo , de la Re‐Vega Enrique , Varela‐Romero Alejandro , Chávez‐Villalba Jorge 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) have been introduced worldwide for aquaculture, which can benefit food sovereignty and economic development; however, established non‐native populations may present risks for local organisms and habitats. We reviewed the documented introductions of C. gigas by country to evaluate factors related to introduction, establishment and production, and to determine impacts of feral populations. To date, C. gigas has been introduced in 64 countries and 10 territories, has been established in 32 and contributes to cupped oyster production in 36 (additionally, three native range countries). Oysters were more likely to be introduced and to establish in higher‐latitude countries, but the economic factor of per capita Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc) served as a stronger explanatory variable than latitude for introduction. Earlier introduction and the use for extended periods in aquaculture, not just in trials, further increased establishment. Commercial production increased with coastline length and when established populations were present, but in contrast to establishment, declined at higher latitude. Effects of feral populations have been studied in 11 countries, spanning a range from negative to facilitative as expected for an ecosystem engineer, while reaching levels of concern warranting removal from coastlines in the UK, Norway, Sweden Australia and South Africa. The use of GDPpc in analyses revealed a widespread inequity in terms of low investment in Pacific oyster aquaculture in poorer countries, while richer countries were able to invest not only in aquaculture but also in studies of environmental impacts of feral oysters.