bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corneal supply and the use of technology to reduce its demand: A review
Authors: Baird Paul N. , Machin Heather , Brown Karl D 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecovery and access to end‐of‐life corneal tissue for corneal transplantation, training and research is globally maldistributed. The reasons for the maldistribution are complex and multifaceted, and not well defined or understood. Currently there are few solutions available to effectively address these issues. This review provides an overview of the system, key issues impacting recovery and allocation and emphasises how end‐user ophthalmologists and researchers, with support from administrators and the wider sector, can assist in increasing access long‐term through sustaining eye banks nationally and globally. We posit that prevention measures and improved surgical techniques, together with the development of novel therapies will play a significant role in reducing demand and enhance the equitable allocation of corneas.
Resonance frequency analysis with two different devices after conventional implant placement with ridge preservation: A prospective pilot cohort study
Authors: Brouwers Joost E. I. G. , Buis Sharon , de Groot Philip G. , de Laat Bas , Remijn Jasper A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrimary and secondary implant stability is of high importance for survival and success of dental implants in the short and long term. Measurements of implant stability during healing provide the opportunity to monitor the course of the osseointegration process.PurposeTo compare implant stability quotient (ISQ) by resonance frequency analysis (RFA), recorded with two different devices after implant placement.Materials and methodsPatients with the need of single tooth extraction in posterior sites of the maxilla and the mandible were treated in a surgical center. All patients received additional augmentation with a bovine bone substitute and platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) after atraumatic tooth extraction. After a healing period of 10 weeks, 28 self‐tapping titanium‐implants were placed. Implant stability was recorded with two different devices (Osstell and Penguin) at the time of implant insertion (T0), 10 days later (T1), and after 7 (T2), or 17 weeks (T3).ResultsNo implant was lost, and no postoperative complication occurred during follow‐up. Patient cohort comprised 9 female (32.1%) and 19 male patients (67.9%), with a mean age of 52.8 years, 64.3 years, respectively. Mean overall insertion torque was 43.6 Ncm at implant placement with no significant difference between implant location, age, or gender. No patient dropped out. During observation period, a significant increase in mean ISQ was recorded with both devices. Significant positive correlations between insertion torque and ISQ were recorded with both devices at T0, T2, and T3. No significant differences were observed in ISQ‐values between both devices, and measuring directions at any point of measurement.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this cohort study, both devices were suitable for RFA‐measurement and revealed comparable results. Due to the cordless design, handling of the Penquin device was more comfortable. Reusability of the Penguin MultiPeg‐transducers may offer an additional benefit with regard on ecological aspects.
An umbrella systematic review of drain fluid analysis in colorectal surgery for the detection of anastomotic leak: Not yet ready to translate research studies into clinical practice
Authors: Clark David A. , Steffens Daniel , Solomon Michael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimAnastomotic leak (AL) is the most important complication of intestinal surgery with an anastomosis. Whilst a number of studies have defined risk factors for AL, frustratingly, low‐risk patients still develop AL. Studies have looked at drain fluid analysis for detection of AL, but these findings have failed to translate into routine clinical practice. This umbrella systematic review aims to provide an overview of the promising candidate biomarkers (BMs) that show potential to translate into clinical practice.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane, KSR Evidence and the Epistemonikos databases on the 14 April 2021. Only systematic reviews of cohort or controlled studies measuring drain fluid biomarkers in humans were included. The methodological quality of the reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR 2 instrument. Clinical trial registries were searched for trials actively investigating drain fluid BMs. Candidate BMs were classified, and threshold values investigated.ResultsNine systematic reviews, published between 2007 and 2020, met the inclusion criteria, and contained a total of 36 cohort studies. A total of 38 different BMs were studied. The most promising category of drain fluid BM was the extravasated intra‐luminal substances (EILS) and five registered trials of these BMs were found. Two of nine reviews were of moderate quality.ConclusionsThe majority of BMs show inconsistent threshold values and are in the experimental stage. A number are not readily available for adoption into routine clinical practice. Most do not state a cut‐off value to be considered as diagnostic.
Factors influencing engagement and utilisation of opium tincture‐assisted treatment for opioid use disorder: A qualitative study in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Noroozi Alireza , Conigrave Katherine M. , Mirrahimi Bahareh , Bastani Parsa , Charkhgard Nader , Salehi Mohammad , Narenjiha Hooman , Vaziri Alaleh , Kebriaeezadeh Abbas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionIn response to a high burden of opioid use disorder (OUD), Iran established a network of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) centres beginning in 2002. To increase treatment diversity, particularly for patients who use opium as their drug of choice, opium tincture (OT)‐assisted treatment was introduced to the network. This study aimed to explore factors influencing OT‐assisted treatment selection for OUD in Tehran, Iran.MethodsWe conducted 54 in‐depth interviews with patients with OUD (n = 33), family members of patients (n = 9) and drug treatment providers (n = 12). Participants were recruited from 12 drug treatment centres across Tehran, between September and November 2019. All interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed and coded in OpenCode 4.02 software and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsStudy participants more commonly reported individual‐level factors as facilitators (e.g. to reduce harms associated with illicit opioid use, achieve recovery through a gradual dose reduction regimen combined with Congress 60 recovery program) and structural level factors (e.g. low adoption by OAT system and lack of familiarity of treatment providers) as barriers for utilisation of OT‐assisted treatment regimens. OT was perceived to produce lower levels of physiological dependence than methadone, but the requirement for twice supervised dosing was restrictive. Low familial and community acceptance were also seen as barriers to access.Discussion and ConclusionsThis research identified a range of perceived benefits for OT‐assisted treatment ranging from harm reduction to an intermediate step to achieve recovery. However, several structural‐, individual‐, familial‐ and community‐level barriers impede its availability and acceptability.
Bridgehead effects distort global flows of alien species
Authors: Bertelsmeier Cleo , Ollier Sébastien 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimA major goal of invasion biology is to understand global species flows between donor and recipient regions. Our current view of such flows assumes that species are moved directly from their native to their introduced range. However, if introduced populations serve as bridgehead populations that generate additional introductions, tracing intercontinental flows between donor and recipient regions misrepresents the introduction history. Our aim was to assess to what extent bridgehead effects distort our view of global species flows.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe separately mapped “flows” of 252 alien ant species established on one to six continents, representing a gradient of relatively certain to completely unreliable flows. To assess the importance of bridgehead effects in distorting our view of global species flows, we first quantified the proportion of cosmopolitan species per country. A high proportion of such species would indicate that exclusively mapped flows from the native range to these countries are unreliable. We then tested if the global flows obtained mapping species exotic in one continent to six continents differed and tested if these flows can be linked to global trade flows.ResultsIn 83% of countries, more than 50% of alien ants were established on six continents, indicating that flows to these countries are unreliable. Flows of species established on a single continent were linked to global trade flows, while flows including cosmopolitan species were not linked to global trade.Main conclusionIt is crucial to account for bridgehead effects when assessing the biogeography and intercontinental flows of alien species. This is urgent for improving our understanding of how species are moved around the planet.
Quantitative proteomic analysis of human peripheral nerves from subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ising Erik , Åhrman Emma , Thomsen Niels O. B. , Eriksson Karl‐Fredrik , Malmström Johan , Dahlin Lars B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsDiabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common and severe complication to type 2 diabetes. The pathogenesis of DPN is not fully known, but several pathways and gene polymorphisms contributing to DPN are described. DPN can be studied using nerve biopsies, but studies on the proteome of the nerve itself, and its surrounding tissue as a whole, are lacking. Studies on the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) have proposed PIN a useful indicator of DPN.MethodsA quantitative mass spectrometry‐based proteomics analysis was made of peripheral nerves from age‐ and gender‐matched living human male tissue donors; nine type 2 diabetes subjects, with decreased sural nerve action potentials indicating DPN, and six controls without type 2 diabetes, with normal electrophysiology results.ResultsA total of 2617 proteins were identified. Linear regression was used to discover which proteins were differentially expressed between type 2 diabetes and controls. Only soft signals were found. Therefore, clustering of the 500 most variable proteins was made to find clusters of similar proteins in type 2 diabetes subjects and healthy controls.ConclusionsThis feasibility study shows, for the first time, that the use of quantitative mass spectrometry enables quantification of proteins from nerve biopsies from subjects with and without type 2 diabetes, which may aid in finding biomarkers of importance to DPN development.
Diabetes distress and glycaemic control in young adults with type 1 diabetes: Associations by use of insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors
Authors: Nagel Kathryn E. , Dearth‐Wesley Tracy , Herman Allison N. , Smith Hannah G. , Whitaker Robert C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsWe determined whether high diabetes distress (DD) in young adults with type 1 diabetes was associated with higher glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and whether this association was similar among those who were and were not using diabetes devices (insulin pumps and/or continuous glucose monitors [CGMs]).MethodsIn 2017, an online survey was completed by 423 of 743 (57%) young adults (19–31 years) with type 1 diabetes receiving care at a specialty clinic in New York City. HbA1c level was the primary outcome measure, and high DD (Diabetes Distress Scale score ≥3) was the primary exposure. Associations were adjusted for sociodemographic covariates.ResultsOf the 419 respondents with complete DD data, 59% were female and 69% were non‐Hispanic white. Both devices (pump and CGM) were used by 35%, either device by 42% and neither device by 24%. The mean (SD) HbA1c was 64 (19) mmol/mol (8.0 [1.7] %) and 24% had high DD. The adjusted mean (95% confidence interval) HbA1c was 10 (6, 14) mmol/mol (0.9 [0.5, 1.2] %) greater in those with high DD than in those without it. This HbA1c difference associated with high DD was similar regardless of device use: 9 (3, 15) mmol/mol (0.8 [0.3, 1.4] %) greater among those using both devices; and 9 (−0.9, 18) mmol/mol (0.8 [−0.1, 1.7] %) greater among those using neither device.ConclusionsHigh DD in young adults requires more attention because it is associated with higher HbA1c levels, even among those using insulin pumps and CGMs.
Gene drive strategies of pest control in agricultural systems: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Legros Mathieu , Marshall John M. , Macfadyen Sarina , Hayes Keith R. , Sheppard Andy , Barrett Luke G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent advances in gene‐editing technologies have opened new avenues for genetic pest control strategies, in particular around the use of gene drives to suppress or modify pest populations. Significant uncertainty, however, surrounds the applicability of these strategies to novel target species, their efficacy in natural populations and their eventual safety and acceptability as control methods. In this article, we identify issues associated with the potential use of gene drives in agricultural systems, to control pests and diseases that impose a significant cost to agriculture around the world. We first review the need for innovative approaches and provide an overview of the most relevant biological and ecological traits of agricultural pests that could impact the outcome of gene drive approaches. We then describe the specific challenges associated with using gene drives in agricultural systems, as well as the opportunities that these environments may offer, focusing in particular on the advantages of high‐threshold gene drives. Overall, we aim to provide a comprehensive view of the potential opportunities and the remaining uncertainties around the use of gene drives in agricultural systems.
Love in the time of COVID‐19: A brief report on relationship and individual functioning among committed couples in the United States while under shelter‐in‐place orders
Authors: Weber Danielle M. , Wojda Alexandra K. , Carrino Emily A. , Baucom Donald H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States has changed many aspects of people's daily life, including increased time at home in response to shelter‐in‐place orders, heightened stress about health effects of COVID‐19, and shifts in other domains of life (e.g., employment). These lifestyle changes are likely to impact the well‐being of individuals and their romantic relationships. This investigation examined how COVID‐19 influenced couple and individual well‐being in real‐time during the early phase of the pandemic. Data were collected in early May 2020 during shelter‐in‐place orders in the United States. Participants in committed relationships (n = 332) completed an online survey assessing their experiences currently and before the pandemic. Results suggested that while couple functioning overall maintained or even improved, individual well‐being was more negatively impacted by the pandemic. Moreover, some groups who are at higher risk of a poor health outcome from COVID‐19 or experience unique challenges as a result of COVID‐19 reported worse outcomes (e.g., those whose employment changed) while others did not decline in their psychological and couple functioning (e.g., Black individuals and older individuals). These findings suggest that the pandemic has had varied impacts on couples and individuals, as well as across different virus‐related risk factors. Further research is needed to understand the nuanced effects of this pandemic on couples and individuals across time.
Hydrology drives variation in spawning phenologies and diversity of larval assemblages of Australian wet–dry tropical fish
Authors: Tyler Kyle J. , Wedd Dion , Crook David A. , Kennard Mark J. , King Alison J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Setting ecologically based water‐extraction rules requires an understanding of the relationships between hydrology and the completion of aquatic organism life cycles. Successful reproduction of riverine fishes has been linked to hydrological variation across diverse climatic regions. However, the reproductive ecology for many species in wet–dry tropical northern Australia is poorly understood, and consequently there is little knowledge on how temporal (seasonal) and spatial hydrological variation influences fish reproduction in this region.

This study aimed to quantify the hydrology‐related reproductive ecologies of freshwater fish across the wet–dry seasonal cycle and between differing hydrological classes in a northern Australian river (Daly River, Northern Territory) subject to increasing interest in water extraction. Sampling of larval and juvenile fish was undertaken over 1 year at eight sites classified into perennial and intermittent flow types. Fish spawning phenologies were developed and spatial–temporal dynamics in larval fish assemblages were investigated using model‐based multivariate and univariate analyses.

Spawning occurred in all hydrological seasons, with low‐flow dry season periods identified as important for many fish taxa. For a different fish assemblage, spawning mostly occurred during high‐flow wet season periods. Larval assemblages in the wet season were more diverse than in the dry and wet–dry seasons. Perennial sites maintained higher diversity than intermittent sites year‐round; however, larvae were more abundant in intermittent sites for some taxa. Spatial and temporal differences in larval assemblages were largely explained by variation in the occurrence and relative abundance of three aseasonally spawning taxa (Craterocephalus spp., Melanotaenia spp. and Ambassis spp.) and the largely wet‐period spawning of Terapontidae spp.

These results add to growing evidence of variation in spawning phenologies among fish species and the use of multiple hydrological phases for aseasonal reproduction. The diverse range of hydrological conditions used for spawning and rearing, and the differences between hydrological river classes among taxa, suggests that water‐extraction and environmental flow rules should aim to maintain hydrological conditions catchment‐wide during both low and high‐flow periods to reduce the risk of impacting fish reproduction. In particular, the results suggest that if perennially flowing sites began to flow intermittently, such as through over‐extraction of water or due to climate change, less diverse fish assemblages may result.

This study expands our understanding of the relationships between hydrology and the reproductive ecology of freshwater fish in wet–dry tropical climates and may inform future ecologically based approaches to setting water‐extraction rules.
Drought stress mitigation by nitrogen in boreal forests inferred from stable isotopes
Authors: Dulamsuren Choimaa , Hauck Markus 
Published: July 2021

AbstractForest growth in most parts of the boreal zone is originally limited by low temperatures and low nitrogen availability. Due to the rapid climate warming at high latitudes, an increasing forest area is switching to drought limitation, especially in continental and southern parts of the boreal forest. Studies addressing this issue were mostly dendrochronological and remote‐sensing analyses focusing on climatic effects, but not answering the question whether drought is effective alone or in combination with nitrogen shortage at limiting the forests’ productivity and vitality. Here we show in a case study from larch forests of Mongolia with a combination of stable isotope analyses, tree‐ring analysis and bioindication of the local variability of livestock densities using epiphytic lichens that, in the studied highly drought‐prone forests at the southern fringe of the boreal forest in Inner Asia, the trees’ vulnerability to drought is modified by nitrogen fertilization from livestock kept in the vicinity and the edge of the forests. The most likely mechanism behind this drought‐nitrogen interaction is the reduction of stomatal conductance, which is known to be induced by low nitrogen levels in plants. Nitrogen fertilization by the livestock could, thus, shorten the times of stomatal closure and thereby increase tree growth, which we measured as radial stem increment. Even though the underlying mechanisms, which were so far examined in angiosperms, should be experimentally tested for conifers, our results indicate that focusing on water alone is not enough to understand the climate change response of drought‐limited boreal forests.
How biochar works, and when it doesn't: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar
Authors: Joseph Stephen , Cowie Annette L. , Van Zwieten Lukas , Bolan Nanthi , Budai Alice , Buss Wolfram , Cayuela Maria Luz , Graber Ellen R. , Ippolito James A. , Kuzyakov Yakov , Luo Yu , Ok Yong Sik , Palansooriya Kumuduni N. , Shepherd Jessica , Stephens Scott , Weng Zhe (Han) , Lehmann Johannes 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe synthesized 20 years of research to explain the interrelated processes that determine soil and plant responses to biochar. The properties of biochar and its effects within agricultural ecosystems largely depend on feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. We describe three stages of reactions of biochar in soil: dissolution (1–3 weeks); reactive surface development (1–6 months); and aging (beyond 6 months). As biochar ages, it is incorporated into soil aggregates, protecting the biochar carbon and promoting the stabilization of rhizodeposits and microbial products. Biochar carbon persists in soil for hundreds to thousands of years. By increasing pH, porosity, and water availability, biochars can create favorable conditions for root development and microbial functions. Biochars can catalyze biotic and abiotic reactions, particularly in the rhizosphere, that increase nutrient supply and uptake by plants, reduce phytotoxins, stimulate plant development, and increase resilience to disease and environmental stressors. Meta‐analyses found that, on average, biochars increase P availability by a factor of 4.6; decrease plant tissue concentration of heavy metals by 17%–39%; build soil organic carbon through negative priming by 3.8% (range −21% to +20%); and reduce non‐CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from soil by 12%–50%. Meta‐analyses show average crop yield increases of 10%–42% with biochar addition, with greatest increases in low‐nutrient P‐sorbing acidic soils (common in the tropics), and in sandy soils in drylands due to increase in nutrient retention and water holding capacity. Studies report a wide range of plant responses to biochars due to the diversity of biochars and contexts in which biochars have been applied. Crop yields increase strongly if site‐specific soil constraints and nutrient and water limitations are mitigated by appropriate biochar formulations. Biochars can be tailored to address site constraints through feedstock selection, by modifying pyrolysis conditions, through pre‐ or post‐production treatments, or co‐application with organic or mineral fertilizers. We demonstrate how, when used wisely, biochar mitigates climate change and supports food security and the circular economy.