bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Product Development
Authors: Ahrens Gritt , Tegel Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The importance of conceptual modelling more and more becomes recognized in the industrial practice, since it is commonly known that it is during that phase of the product development process where fundamental choices are made that have a strong influence on the result of the development — the process!
The process of product development can only be efficient if it is basically put into practice methodically. The time additionally invested in the first steps of the methodical process of product development as it is described in the German guideline VDI 2221 prevents from forgetting important specifications or even overseeing possible ways of solution. This way the phase of conceptual modelling can result in a saving of time needed for product development due to fewer iteration loops for the correction of mistakes in later phases of the process and an increase of the product quality, too.
The prerequisite of the efficiency of conceptual modelling is a definition of the product specifications which is as precise as necessary and as abstract as possible in order not to restrict the amount of solutions in an unnecessary way.
Looking at the functions a product to be developed has to fulfill, the requirements list serves as a basis for the definition of function structures in which all functions and the relationships amongst each other are defined. This function structure can be utilized not only for the description of the product in an abstract way, but also for structuring the development process as well. With the definition of interfaces between parts of the product, implicitly interface specifications for the work on different parts of the product are defined. The function structure, therefore, can be used as a tool for management in the product development process.
Because of this, the information summarised in these documents must be available throughout the entire development process the information technological support of these tools should be standard. Nevertheless, common CAD-Software does not support any step of conceptual modelling. In this paper an information technological support for conceptual modelling is also presented. Furthermore, it is shown what kind of changes in and extensions of common CAX-Systems would be necessary for the realisation of this theory.
Total Value Management: A New Trend Beyond Total Quality Management (TQM)
Authors: Prasad Biren 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
One of the pitfall of total quality management (TQM) is that it is based on a single measurement, which has mostly been “quality” or “quality-driven.” Today manufacturing sectors are much more fiercely competitive and global than ever before. Consumers are more demanding, competition is more global, fierce and ruthless, and technology is advancing (and changing) rapidly. The quality-based philosophy inherent in TQM does not account for the shrinking time factor inherent in today’s complex product design, development and delivery (PD3) process. The competitors are always finding better and faster ways of doing things. Catching up in quality is not enough to be a world-class leader in manufacturing. It only makes a company at par with its competitors in terms of inheriting some of their product’s quality characteristics. But relatively speaking it gets you there only after a few years later. What is required is a total control of one’s own process — that is to identify and satisfy the needs and expectations of consumers better than the competitions and to do so profitably faster than any other competitor.
Competition has driven organization to consider concepts such as time compression (fast-to-market), concurrent engineering, design for X-ability, and tools and technology (such as Taguchi, Value Engineering, QFD, etc.) while designing and developing an artifact. Quality — as in TQM — addresses aspects of “quality” with reference to the functions a product has to perform. But, this is one of the many value characteristics that need to be considered by a world-class manufacturer. With conventional TQM process, it is difficult to address all aspects of Total Values Management (TVM) such as X-ability, cost, tools and technology, responsiveness and organization issues. It is not enough to include “Quality” into a product or process and expect the outcome to be a world-class. TVM efforts are vital in maintaining a competitive edge in today’s global marketplace. The question is how to address all value aspects of this TVM? This is what discussed in this paper. A new concurrent PD3 process for TVM methodology is proposed, which accounts for concurrency — paralleling of value characteristics — along with a methodology for their systematic deployments.
A Comparison of Equality Constraint Formulations for Concurrent Design Optimization
Authors: Tappeta Ravindra V. , Renaud John E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates a concurrent approach for design optimization. The method of Simultaneous ANalysis and Design (SAND) is tested in application to three Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) test problems. A Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) optimizer and a Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) optimizer are compared with respect to their efficacy in handling three different forms of equality constraints referred to as compatibility constraints in the SAND based optimization procedure. Results highlight the need for both strategies in application of SAND based design to different engineering test problems. More importantly significant savings in the number of analyses required for design optimization are observed when using the SAND approach of concurrent design. SAND based design delivers on the promise of concurrent engineering, namely to develop optimal designs, working concurrently, while reducing design cycle time.
A Finite Element Model for Hydroforming Parts With Rigid Tolerances
Authors: An Jian , Soni A. H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For many key process parameters in such a hydroforming hole piercing operation, the fluid pressure and the piercing force might be the most important process parameters that determine a quality of hydroformed parts. However, designing such process parameters is still arrived at based on extensive trial-and-error activities and experiences. This situation prevents the hydroforming technology from being adopted further even though the benefits of using hydroforming as an alternative to the conventional stamping is obvious. In this study a finite element based simulation model is developed to investigate the effects of process parameters in a tubular part hydroforming process. The process parameters includes fluid pressure path and axial force path and the curvature of die profile. A simulation model developed for the study is based on an explicit nonlinear finite element code and includes three dimensional modeling of die, blank tube and hole piercing punch. The behaviors of the fluid pressure, axial force and die profiles on the deformation of a complex tubular part are predicted and the design of such process variables is achieved.
Kinematic Analysis and Singularity Loci of Spatial Four-Degree-of-Freedom Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Wang Jiegao , Gosselin Clément M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The kinematic analysis and the determination of the singularity loci of spatial four-degree-of-freeedom parallel manipulators with prismatic or revolute actuators are discussed in this article. After introducing the architecture of the spatial parallel four-degree-of-freedom manipulators, algorithms for the solution of the inverse kinematic problem are provided for the two kinds of manipulators considered. Two different methods are presented for the derivation of the velocity equations and the corresponding Jacobian matrices are derived. The numerical determination of the workspace boundaries is then briefly discussed. Finally, the determination of the singularity loci is performed using the velocity equations and examples are given to illustrate the results obtained. Spatial four-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulators can be used in several robotic applications as well as in flight simulators. The determination of their singularity loci is a very important design issue.
Alternative Inverse Kinematic Equations for General RRP and RRR Regional Structures of Manipulators
Authors: Riley Peregrine E. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Many manipulators with six degrees of freedom are constructed with two distinct sections, a regional structure for spatial positioning, and an orientational structure having a common intersection point for the joint axes. With this arrangement, inverse kinematic solutions for position and orientation may be found separately. While solutions for general three link manipulators have been available since the work of Pieper in 1969, this paper presents new forms of the inverse kinematic equations for general RRP and RRR regional structures. Cartesian coordinates of the F-surface (generated by movement of the outer two joints) together with the outer joint angle are used as the equation variables. In addition, a second degree polynomial approxiamation of the equation may be used for quick iteration to a solution. It is hoped that these new equations will be useful by themselves and in workspace regions where solutions using equations in terms of the joint variables are numerically inaccurate or impossible.
Real-Time Computation of the Actual Posture of the General Geometry 6-6 Fully-Parallel Mechanism Using Two Extra Rotary Sensors
Authors: Parenti-Castelli V. , Di-Gregorio R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The paper presents three algorithms for the determination of the actual configuration of the general geometry 6-6 fully-parallel mechanism by using two extra rotary sensors in addition to the six ones that are normally implemented in the servosystems of the six actuated legs. The three proposed algorithms provide a one-to-one correspondence between the sensor measurements and the configuration of the mechanism. Comparison of the three algorithms, that are all for real-time computation, is presented and one of them is shown to be a good compromise between precision and computation time.
A Workspace Analysis of RRP Manipulators
Authors: Ceccarelli Marco 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An Analytical procedure is proposed for determining the workspace boundary of general telescopic RRP manipulators. The algorithm has been developed by using the Theory of Envelopes providing an algebraic formulation. An analysis of the workspace of RRP chain has been carried out to enlighten a general topology and to investigate the effect of link parameters and telescopic stroke.
Acceleration Analysis of Platform-Type Manipulators
Authors: Mohamed Maher G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The screw algebra is used to efficiently derive expressions in compact form for both the angular accelerations of the moving links and the linear accelerations of points on the links of platform-type manipulators. The analysis employs the property that the acceleration state of the manipulator platform can be determined by considering the acceleration states of the links of only one — any one — of the manipulator legs. The obtained expressions provide an ease in symbolic and algebraic manipulation. The analysis is then extended to specify the acceleration center point of ithe nstantaneous motion of the manipulator platform. The acceleration center point is then used in expressing the distribution of the acceleration field of the platform instant motion which is important in manipulator synthesis. The special case of planar manipulators is studied and simpler expressions are derived. Numerical examples are presented for the analysis of a 3-DOF planar platform-type and of a 6-DOF spatial “Stewart Platform” manipulators to illustrate the analysis procedure.
Maximum Entropy Method for Optimal Linkage Function Generation
Authors: Hu Xinsheng , Zhou Ji , Yu Jun , Shi Baochang , Zong Zhijian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A new algorithm for solving optimal linkage function generation is proposed. The algorithm is simple in form, easily used and has much reliability and accuracy than any other algorithms reported on linkage synthesis. The existing standard software of unconstrained differential optimization can directly be used in it. Numerical experiments indicate the effectiveness of the new algorithm.
The Detection of Embedded Structure in Planetary Gear Trains
Authors: Hsu Cheng-Ho , Hsu Jin-Juh , Wu Yi-Chang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The detection of embedded structure is one of important steps in the structural synthesis of planetary gear trains. The purpose of this paper is to develop a computer program for the automatic detection of embedded structure in planetary gear trains. First, the graph representation of planetary gear trains are used to clarify the kinematic structure. Next, a method which is based on the concept of fundamental circuits for the detection of embedded structure in a planetary gear train. Using the notation of adjacency matrix, an interactive computer program has been developed such that embedded structure in a planetary gear train can be automatically analyzed by only entering the corresponding graph.
Camera Positioning Mechanism for ARIES: An Autonomous Mobile Robot
Authors: Rocheleau David N. , Moore Matthew M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
ARIES (Autonomous Robotic Inspection Experimental System) is under development for the Department of Energy (DOE) to survey and inspect drums containing low-level radioactive waste stored in warehouses at DOE facilities. This paper focuses on the development of CPS-II, the second generation camera positioning system used in the project. The first generation camera positioning system (CPS-I) positioned four identical but separate camera packages. CPS-II positions a single camera package which consists of vision cameras and other required sensors such as a bar-code reader and light stripe projectors. CPS-II is attached to the top of a mobile robot and consists of two mechanisms. The first is a lift mechanism composed of 6 interlocking rail-elements which starts from a retracted position and extends up and down to position the camera package to survey a column of drums four high. The second is a parallelogram special case Grashof four-bar mechanism which is used to deploy the camera package off the back of the robot. Both mechanisms are the subject of this paper.
Discretely Actuated Manipulator Workspace Generation by Closed-Form Convolution
Authors: Ebert-Uphoff Imme , Chirikjian Gregory S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We discuss the determination of workspaces of discretely actuated manipulators using convolution of real-valued functions on the Special Euclidean Group. Each workspace is described in terms of a density function that provides for any unit taskspace volume of the workspace the number of reachable frames therein. A manipulator consisting of n discrete actuators each with K states can reach Kn frames in space. Given this exponential growth, brute force representation of discrete manipulator workspaces is not feasible in the highly actuated case. However, if the manipulator is of macroscopically-serial architecture, the workspace can be generated by the following procedure: (1) partition the manipulator into segments; (2) approximate the workspace of each segment as a continuous density function on a compact subset of the Special Euclidean Group; (3) approximate the whole workspace as an n-fold convolution of these densities. We represent density functions as finite Hermite-Fourier Series and show for the planar case how the n-fold convolution can be performed in closed form requiring O(n) computation time. If all segments are identical the computation time reduces to O(logn).
Vibration Centers for Planar Motion
Authors: Blanchet Pat , Lipkin Harvey 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A novel analysis is presented for the planar free vibration of an elastically suspended rigid body. Vibration centers describe the modes shapes and are shown to be constrained to regions specified by the center-of-elasticity, center-of-mass, and stiffness principal directions. Responses are classified by the number of pure translational modes and conditions for existence are given. Numerical examples illustrate the results.
Remote Center of Compliance Reconsidered
Authors: Ciblak Namik , Lipkin Harvey 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Remote center-of-compliance devices have long been used to facilitate insertion for assembly operations. A new analysis with a more accurate model better characterizes the interesting properties of remote compliance. The center location and stiffnesses are presented as nondimensional ratios that are only functions of geometrical properties and Poisson’s ratio. Important results show: i) the high sensitivity of the center location and ii) the inverse relationship between linear and angular lateral stiffnesses.
Analytical Criteria for the Analysis of Design Propagations in Mechanisms
Authors: Zou Hong-Liu , Abdel-Malek Karim , Wang Jia-Yi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A broadly applicable formulation for investigating design propagations in mechanisms is developed and illustrated. Analytical criteria in terms of the variations of joint position vectors and orientation matrices for planar and spatial mechanisms are presented. Mechanisms are represented using graph theory and closed loops are converted to a tree-like structure by cutting joints and introducing new constraints. The Jacobian matrix in Cartesian space is then transformed to Joint coordinates space. Two cases are considered: a pair of bodies remain connected by one joint after cutting additional joints and a pair of bodies are disconnected after cutting joints. Using this method, a designer has the ability to study the propagated effect of changing a design variable on the design. The presented formulation is validated through a numerical example of a McPherson strut suspension system. The system is analyzed and an assembled configuration is computed after a change in design.
C
2 Piecewise Bézier Harmonics for Motion Specifications of High-Speed Cam Mechanisms
Authors: Ge Q. J. , Srinivasan L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the problem of specifying motions for high-speed cam mechanisms where reduction of vibration is a major concern, ft presents Bézier harmonic curves and C2 piecewise Bézier 3-harmonic curves for synthesizing cam-follower motions with low-harmonic content. As examples, these curves have been applied to the synthesis of Rise-Dwell-Return (RDR) cam motion program to demonstrate the flexibility and ease-of-use of the curves. It has also been shown that these curves have considerably lower harmonic contents than those of 3-4-5 polynomials at high frequencies. The results are useful for motion specifications of high-speed machinery including not only cam mechanisms but robot manipulators as well.
Trajectory Pattern Based Simultaneous Kinematic and Dynamic Optimal Design of High Speed Manipulators
Authors: Tai M. , Rastegar J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An integrated structure and motion pattern specific design approach is proposed for optimal design of high speed and accuracy computer controlled machines including robots. The approach is based on the Trajectory Pattern Method (TPM). The current approach to the design of such machines is to assume that the machine will be required to perform more or less any arbitrary and often unrealistic tasks. This assumption nearly always leads to designs based on the worst operating conditions. The proposed trajectory pattern based design methodology presented in this paper stems from a fundamentally new design philosophy. The philosophy behind the proposed approach is that machines in general and ultra-high performance machines in particular must only be designed to perform a class or classes of motions effectively. And that trajectory patterns, i.e., classes of parametric trajectories, exist with which high speed motions can be synthesized with minimal ensuing vibration and control problems. In the proposed approach, given the kinematic structure of the machine, its kinematic and dynamic parameters are optimized simultaneously with the parameters that describe a selected trajectory pattern. The controller parameters may also be included as design variables. In the present study, the optimality criterion employed is based on minimizing the higher harmonic portion of the actuating forces (torques) required for performing the selected class(es) of motion patterns. Trajectories that do not demand high frequency actuating torque harmonics are desirable since they reduce vibration and control problems in high performance systems and reduce settling time. Examples of the application of the proposed approach are presented.
Dynamic Response of Multi-Cylinder Engines As Spatial Elastic Linkage Systems
Authors: Bagci Cemil , Rajavenkateswaran Siva K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Dynamics of multi-cylinder engines have been performed by the conventional methods using lumped pure torsional systems. This article offers a finite element method of performing elastodynamic analysis of multi-cylinder engines considering them as spatial linkage systems with true spatial geometries of the crankshaft and the linkage loops. An engine can have any number of cylinders with linear offsets and angular orientations relative to each other. A three-dimensional finite-line element with isoparametric joint irregularity freedoms is developed and used. Consistent or lumped mass systems can be used. Elastodynamics of engines is considered in two forms: (a) kinetoelastostatics (KES) where all forces and torques acting on the system are considered except the vibratory motion effect; (b) kinetoelastodynamics (KED) where the forced and damped equations of motion of the system are solved. Matrix exponential method of solving equations of KED motions are presented and used. It is proven to be a very efficient and stable technique for the solutions of large systems of linear and nonlinear differential equations of any order. After solving for the generalized coordinates, time histories of the neutral coordinate displacements, forces, moments, stresses, bearing forces, and generated torque are determined for as many work cycles as desired. A generalized computer program performing KED and KES studies of any multi-cylinder engine is made available for industrial use. KED and KES analyses of a four-cylinder automobile engine are performed.