bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capturing the dynamics of small populations: A retrospective assessment using long‐term data for an island reintroduction
Authors: Armstrong Doug P. , Parlato Elizabeth H. , Egli Barbara , Dimond Wendy J. , Berggren Åsa , McCready Mhairi , Parker Kevin A. , Ewen John G. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

The art of population modelling is to incorporate factors essential for capturing a population's dynamics while otherwise keeping the model as simple as possible. However, it is unclear how optimal model complexity should be assessed, and whether this optimal complexity has been affected by recent advances in modelling methodology. This issue is particularly relevant to small populations because they are subject to complex dynamics but inferences about those dynamics are often constrained by small sample sizes.

We fitted Bayesian hierarchical models to long‐term data on vital rates (survival and reproduction) for the toutouwai Petroica longipes population reintroduced to Tiritiri Matangi, a 220‐ha New Zealand island, and quantified the performance of those models in terms of their likelihood of replicating the observed population dynamics. These dynamics consisted of overall growth from 33 (±0.3) to 160 (±6) birds from 1992–2018, including recoveries following five harvest events for further reintroductions to other sites.

We initially included all factors found to affect vital rates, which included inbreeding, post‐release effects (PRE), density‐dependence, sex, age and random annual variation, then progressively removed these factors. We also compared performance of models where data analysis and simulations were done simultaneously to those produced with the traditional two‐step approach, where vital rates are estimated first then fed into a separate simulation model. Parametric uncertainty and demographic stochasticity were incorporated in all projections.

The essential factors for replicating the population's dynamics were density‐dependence in juvenile survival and PRE, i.e. initial depression of survival and reproduction in translocated birds. Inclusion of other factors reduced the precision of projections, and therefore the likelihood of matching observed dynamics. However, this reduction was modest when the modelling was done in an integrated framework. In contrast, projections were much less precise when done with a two‐step modelling approach, and the cost of additional parameters was much higher under the two‐step approach.

These results suggest that minimization of complexity may be less important than accounting for covariances in parameter estimates, which is facilitated by integrating data analysis and population projections using Bayesian methods.
Diagnosis and localization of parathyroid adenomas using 16‐slice SPECT/CT: A clinicopathological correlation
Authors: Sankaran Sharanya J , Davidson Jennifer 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate a new 16‐slice SPECT/CT scanner at Auckland City Hospital for its use in the detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. The secondary outcome was to compare findings from SPECT/CT with ultrasound and operative findings.MethodsOne hundred patients who underwent a SPECT/CT scan for primary/secondary/tertiary hyperparathyroidism were included in this study. Of these patients, 45 received surgery. SPECT/CT and ultrasound findings were collated for each patient, and of those who received surgery, operative and pathological findings were compared with those on SPECT/CT.ResultsThe sensitivity of diagnosis and localization was 86.5% (95% CI: 71.2–95.5%). Specificity was 25.0% (95% CI: 3.2–65.1%). Comparison between SPECT/CT and ultrasound findings demonstrated a kappa coefficient of 0.203 (95% CI: −0.036 to 0.442), correlating with fair agreement. These figures are in line with other published series.ConclusionThe SPECT/CT scanner (and associated reporters) at Auckland City Hospital demonstrates high sensitivity in the detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas and is an effective first‐line investigation in patients with primary/secondary/tertiary hyperparathyroidism.
Preterm birth among women with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection
Authors: Blitz Matthew J. , Gerber Rachel P. , Gulersen Moti , Shan Weiwei , Rausch Andrew C. , Prasannan Lakha , Meirowitz Natalie , Rochelson Burton 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionStudies directly comparing preterm birth rates in women with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection are limited. Our objective was to determine whether preterm birth was affected by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection within a large integrated health system in New York with a universal testing protocol.Material and methodsThis retrospective cohort study evaluated data from seven hospitals in New York City and Long Island between March 2020 and June 2021, incorporating both the first and second waves of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic in the USA. All patients with live singleton gestations who had SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing at delivery were included. Deliveries before 20 weeks of gestation were excluded. The rate of preterm birth (before 37 weeks) was compared between patients with positive and negative SARS‐CoV‐2 test results. This analysis was performed separately for resolved prenatal infections and infections at delivery, with the latter group subdivided by symptom status. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and preterm birth, adjusting for maternal age, race‐ethnicity, parity, history of preterm birth, body mass index, marital status, insurance type, medical co‐morbidities, month of delivery, and wave of pandemic.ResultsA total of 31 550 patients were included and 2473 (7.8%) had laboratory‐confirmed infection. Patients with symptomatic COVID‐19 at delivery were more likely to deliver preterm (19.0%; adjusted odds ratio 2.76, 95% CI 1.92–3.88) compared with women with asymptomatic infection (8.8%) or without infection (7.1%). Among preterm births associated with symptomatic infection, 72.5% were medically indicated compared with 44.1% among women without infection (p < 0.001). Risk of preterm birth in patients with resolved prenatal infection was unchanged when compared with women without infection. Among women with infection at delivery, preterm birth occurred more frequently during the second wave compared with the first wave (13.6% vs. 8.7%, respectively; p < 0.006). However, this was not significant on multiple regression analysis after adjusting for other explanatory variables.ConclusionsPregnant women with symptomatic COVID‐19 are more than twice as likely to have a preterm delivery than patients without infection. Asymptomatic infection and resolved prenatal infection are not associated with increased risk.
Asbestos Contamination: Governance and Financial Reporting Issues in the Public, Private and Not‐for‐profit Sectors
Authors: McGregor Warren , Potter Brad , Soderstrom Naomi , Stevenson Kevin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe explore implications of asbestos for the measurement and reporting of liabilities, assets and expenses by diverse entities. We argue that entities in both public and private sectors are failing to recognise or appropriately measure liabilities related to asbestos and that the implications of asbestos for assets and expenses in financial statements are rarely reported. While we focus on recognition and measurement implications for Australian entities, we also examine relevant requirements in other jurisdictions and for sustainability reporting.
A survey of traditional Chinese medicine consumers to investigate the impact of China's legalization of rhino horn trade on stigmatization and likelihood of use
Authors: Cheung Hubert , Mazerolle Lorraine , Possingham Hugh P. , Biggs Duan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRhino poaching continues to threaten species survival despite decades‐long trade bans, with rhino horn use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) contributing to global demand. Conservationists have debated over policy alternatives like trade legalization, and insight into TCM stakeholders is needed to support policymaking. The need for more research became made more urgent with China's 2018 decision to initiate the process of legalizing domestic trade. In this study, we conducted a large‐scale online survey of TCM consumers in Guangdong province, China. We found that while stigmatization of rhino horn use is limited at present, it is likely to drop further with trade legalization. Prescription usage will be the most likely source of increased rhino horn demand if trade is legalized. Given the terms established in China's 2018 policy document, we stress the importance of engaging constructively with policymakers and TCM stakeholders to influence the process of establishing medical standards and regulatory mechanisms such that clinical access in a future legal trade is stringently controlled.
“We'll just draw the curtains!”: Military wives’ postures toward predeployment emotional preparation
Authors: Cafferky Bryan M. , Reyes Carmenoemi Angela D. , Beaver Sarah L. , Shi Lin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis research explored how 13 military wives emotionally prepared for deployments, and how their preparation affected the degree of emotional difficulty experienced on deployment day.BackgroundPrevious research has identified that military wives emotionally detach or withdraw in order not to become emotionally overwhelmed leading up to deployment, but this may affect their deployment‐day experience.MethodA grounded theory approach to analyze semistructured interviews yielded emergent themes regarding how these military wives perceived the efficacy of emotionally preparing for deployment and their accompanying preparatory approaches.ResultsWhen preparing for deployment, these wives primarily adopted either a protective emotional preparation (PEP) approach (characterized by tactics of emotionally retreating, psyching yourself out, and/or circumventing emotional conversations) or a connective emotional preparation (CEP) approach (characterized by preemptive preparation, relying on husbands’ initiative, sharing quality time, or some sort of spiritual connection).ConclusionThese PEP and CEP approaches seemed to influence the degree of emotional difficulty the wives reported experiencing on the day of deployment (traumatic vs. terribly difficult).ImplicationsThis PEP–CEP framework could help facilitate informed decisions about emotional preparation and Morse's emotional cycle of deployment. Implications and suggestions for policy and clinical considerations are discussed, including those pertaining to CFLEs, military organizations, and mental health professionals.
Spatio‐temporal analyses show conflicting evidence of the role of an invasive minnow in the decline of an endangered desert fish endemic to the south‐western U.S.A.
Authors: Trombley Carolyn A. , Schwalb Astrid N. , Hardy Thomas B. , Cottenie Karl 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Invasive species are often blamed for the declines of native species, although this is often based on anecdotal or incomplete evidence. In the Virgin River (U.S.A.), the red shiner minnow (Cyprinella lutrensis) has been identified as a major factor in woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus) decline, a critically endangered endemic minnow. We assessed the evidence for the hypothesis that negative interactions between these two fish drove this decline. We tested three predictions: (1) spatial and temporal patterns were significant predictors of assemblage structure; (2) red shiner would show opposite spatial and temporal patterns to native species; and (3) woundfin would show site‐specific decreases in abundance following red shiner invasion.

We used a long‐term (28 years) dataset of fish abundances in the Virgin River at 10 regularly monitored sites to test our predictions. Using principal coordinates of neighbour matrices with redundancy analysis, we tested our first two predictions by identifying the temporal and spatial structure of the fish assemblages and comparing the patterns of native fish species to those of the invasive fish species. To test our third prediction, we used a breakpoint analysis of site‐specific population data to determine if woundfin showed stable populations prior to red shiner invasion, followed by declines after invasion.

We found that 42% of variation in fish abundances in the river could be explained by spatial patterns, and 12% by temporal patterns. Red shiner showed opposite spatial and temporal patterns to woundfin (but not to other native species), and abundances of red shiner and woundfin were negatively correlated, yielding correlative evidence of negative interactions between red shiner and woundfin. However, our breakpoint analysis did not show the expected patterns and woundfin declined even in sites that did not experience red shiner invasion pointing to alternate mechanisms of decline such as effects of poor water quality.

Our analyses provided correlative but conflicting evidence of red shiner influence on woundfin but were unable to identify a definitive causal mechanism of woundfin decline. We discuss two possible explanations for the contemporary woundfin decline and red shiner invasion: displacement of woundfin via negative interactions, or replacement of woundfin by red shiner in a niche already vacated by woundfin due to environmental or anthropogenic disturbances.

This study demonstrates that the dynamics between native and non‐native species may not be straightforward and can be complicated by other factors such as anthropogenic activities and environmental changes. This research highlights that long‐term monitoring is essential to untangling interactions between native and invasive species to develop effective conservation methods that address underlying causes of decline.
Looking to Critical Criminology to Centre Gender and Violence Against Women in State Crime Studies
Authors: COLLINS VICTORIA E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe state is over‐represented as a perpetrator of violence against women, yet it receives little attention in the state crime/crimes of the powerful literature. In line with the goal of this special issue, the focus here will be to introduce state‐perpetrated gender‐based violence and demonstrate the utility of including gender as an analytic concept for understanding the pervasive and prolonged harms perpetrated by states that disproportionately harm women and girls. Furthermore, I argue for a more integrative approach to the study of state crime/crimes of the powerful, to better include other innovative critical criminological approaches such as queer perspectives, rural criminology, and more in‐depth race analysis to mention but a few.
Beyond the ‘Criminalisation’ of Immigrants: Critical Criminology and the Modern Deportation Regime
Authors: TOSH SARAH 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDespite a long‐standing body of research contradicting stereotypes that link migration with crime, the image of immigrant as criminal has routinely been used to buttress punitive policy across the globe – particularly within the past 30 years. While the United States is the world leader in rates of deportation, recent decades have also seen renewed anti‐immigrant sentiment, punitive immigration enforcement, and increased deportation in migrant‐receiving countries around the world. Expanding on existing scholarship that disentangles the mechanisms through which migrants are affected by processes otherwise reserved for ‘criminals’, this article demonstrates how the concepts and perspectives of critical criminology are vital to a full understanding of the modern deportation regime. Beyond effects on migrants themselves, I argue that the current deportation regime is harmful for all potential subjects of social control, in its uncritical acceptance and implicit reification of broader societal notions of who and what is ‘criminal’.
Exploring how key performance indicators influence nursing and midwifery practice: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Gray Olivia , McCance Tanya , Brown Donna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimsTo scope the key performance indicators (KPIs) used in nursing and midwifery across the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland and explore how they influence practice in healthcare organizations.DesignThe study adopted a sequential, exploratory mixed‐methods design.MethodsPhase 1 incorporated a multiple‐choice questionnaire completed by 77 Directors of Nursing recruited using voluntary response sampling. In phase 2, 35 nurses and midwives who were working at executive, senior manager and clinical levels, participated in semi‐structured interviews. Data collection of both phases was conducted from January 2016 to October 2016.FindingsQuantitative data revealed over 100 nursing and midwifery‐specific KPIs. National requirements were a deciding factor in KPI selection, while clinical involvement was mainly through data collection. Respondents stated that they used patient experience KPIs, but only one was assessed as valid. Thematic analysis identified two themes: The leadership challenge (including ‘voiceless in the national conversation’, ‘aligning KPIs in the practice context’ and ‘listening to those who matter’); and taking action (including ‘establishing ownership and engaging staff’, ‘checks and balances’ and ‘closing the loop’).ConclusionThe large volume of KPI measurement taking place makes meaningful evaluation of performance and quality of care difficult, both in and across organizations. Nurses and midwives require enhanced knowledge of the nature and purpose of KPIs, as evidence gained from KPI data collection is insufficient to lead to improvements in practice. A practice context that encourages collective leadership, where multiple sources of evidence are gathered and everyone is included in KPI evaluation and subsequent decision‐making, is key.ImpactThis study adds to the body of evidence on KPI understanding. It informs the future effective management of indicators that will facilitate the delivery of meaningful care and reduce the cost, time and effort invested in the implementation of KPIs and data management.
Association between ABHD1 and DOK6 polymorphisms and susceptibility to Hirschsprung disease in Southern Chinese children
Authors: Lan Chaoting , Wu Yuxin , Wang Ning , Luo Yun , Zhao Jinglu , Zheng Yi , Zhang Yan , Huang Lihua , Zhu Yun , Lu Lifeng , Zhong Wei , Zeng Jixiao , Xia Huimin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHirschsprung disease (HSCR) is an infrequent congenital intestinal dysplasia. The known genetic variations are unable to fully explain the pathogenesis of HSCR. The α/β‐hydratase domain 1 (ABHD1) interferes with the proliferation and migration of intestinal stem cells. Docking protein 6 (DOK6) is involved in neurodevelopment through RET signalling pathway. We examined the association of ABHD1 and DOK6 genetic variants with HSCR using 1470 controls and 1473 HSCR patients from Southern Chinese children. The results clarified that DOK6 rs12968648 G allele significantly increased HSCR susceptibility, in the allelic model (p = 0.034; OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.01~1.24) and the dominant model (p = 0.038; OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.01~1.25). Clinical stratification analysis showed that rs12968648 G allele was associated with increased risk of short‐segment HSCR (S‐HSCR), in the allelic model (p = 0.028; OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.01~1.28) and the additive model (p = 0.030; OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.01~1.28). ABHD1 rs2304678 C allele had higher risk to develop total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) in the allelic model (p = 7.04E‐03; OR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.15~2.43) and the dominant model (p = 4.12E‐03; OR = 1.93, 95%CI = 1.23~3.04). DOK6 rs12968648 and ABHD1 rs2304678 had significant intergenic synergistic effect according to logical regression (p = 0.0081; OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.63~0.93) and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR, p = 0.0045; OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.07~1.46). This study verified two susceptible variations of HSCR on ABHD1 and DOK6. Their roles in HSCR should be conducted in further studies.
Asymmetric viability in reciprocal crosses of zebrafish Danio rerio and pearl danio Danio albolineatus
Authors: Delomas Thomas A. , Dabrowski Konrad 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInterspecies hybrids have long been studied to further understanding of speciation. Reciprocal crosses sometimes have asymmetric viability, a phenomenon termed ‘Darwin's corollary to Haldane's rule’. It has been proposed that this asymmetry is caused by Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities between nuclear genes and cytoplasmic factors (e.g., maternal transcripts, mitochondrial genome). The molecular basis of this hypothesis has received little empirical investigation, presumably due to the lack of an appropriate model system. We report a case of extreme asymmetry in viability between reciprocal hybrids of zebrafish Danio rerio and pearl danio Danio albolineatus. Hybrids from D. rerio females × D. albolineatus males (n = 4 crosses) were viable, with 83.2 ± 9.6% surviving from fertilization to 5 days post‐fertilization (dpf) and 80.1 ± 14.4% surviving from 5 to 21 dpf. Hybrids from D. albolineatus females × D. rerio males (n = 6 crosses) were inviable after embryonic development. These hybrids developed pericardial oedema at 1 dpf and only 37.2 ± 18.0% survived from fertilization to 5 dpf. Of the 595 larvae alive at 5 dpf, only one juvenile with stunted growth survived to 21 dpf. We propose that given the resources available for the D. rerio model system and the strong asymmetry in viability between reciprocal crosses, these hybrids will allow investigation of the molecular basis for Darwin's corollary to Haldane's rule.
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of L‐glutamate signal central inflammatory neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Stampanoni Bassi Mario , Nuzzo Tommaso , Gilio Luana , Miroballo Mattia , Casamassa Alessia , Buttari Fabio , Bellantonio Paolo , Fantozzi Roberta , Galifi Giovanni , Furlan Roberto , Finardi Annamaria , De Rosa Arianna , Di Maio Anna , Errico Francesco , Centonze Diego , Usiello Alessandro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractExcessive extracellular concentrations of L‐glutamate (L‐Glu) can be neurotoxic and contribute to neurodegenerative processes in multiple sclerosis (MS). The association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) L‐Glu levels, clinical features, and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with MS remains unclear. In 179 MS patients (relapsing remitting, RR, N = 157; secondary progressive/primary progressive, SP/PP, N = 22), CSF levels of L‐Glu at diagnosis were determined and compared with those obtained in a group of 40 patients with non‐inflammatory/non‐degenerative disorders. Disability at the time of diagnosis, and after 1 year follow‐up, was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). CSF concentrations of lactate and of a large set of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory molecules were explored. CSF levels of L‐Glu were slightly reduced in MS patients compared to controls. In RR‐MS patients, L‐Glu levels correlated with EDSS after 1 year follow‐up. Moreover, in MS patients, significant correlations were found between L‐Glu and both CSF levels of lactate and the inflammatory molecules interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐6, and IL‐1 receptor antagonist. Altered expression of L‐Glu is associated with disability progression, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These findings identify CSF L‐Glu as a candidate neurochemical marker of inflammatory neurodegeneration in MS.
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