bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The management of deep caries in UK primary care: A nationwide questionnaire‐based study
Authors: Edwards David , Bailey Oliver , Stone Simon , Duncan Hal 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate current approaches and attitudes towards the management of deep caries in primary dental care within the United Kingdom (UK).MethodologyOpen distribution of an electronic questionnaire survey was undertaken to primary care dental professionals working in publicly funded National Health Service [NHS], privately funded, military and community dental services. Demographic variables investigated included the following: place of qualification, method of remuneration, level of restorative training, materials available, years qualified, appointment length and clinician type. Management variables focussed on case‐based scenarios. Univariate analyses of responses to questions were undertaken using χ2 tests with sequential Bonferroni correction. Variables with a statistical relationship of p ≤ .2 were selected for binary logistic regression modelling.ResultsA total of 657 responses were received. Practitioners with formal postgraduate qualifications (PGQ) were more likely (OR, 95%CI) to undertake further tests to aid diagnosis including: gaining a patient history (1.80, 1.01–3.20), periapical radiography (1.43, 1.01–2.03), cold pulp testing (2.079, 1.46–2.97) and electric pulp testing (1.65, 1.02–2.65). Rubber dam was infrequently used for deep caries management (29.2%). Non‐NHS practitioners were much more likely to use rubber dam (3.40, 2.15–5.37), as were those that had completed PGQ (2.24, 1.48–3.38). Non‐selective caries removal was used in deep caries by 41.4% of practitioners. Indirect pulp caps were carried out by 56.7% of practitioners. NHS practitioners were more likely to place calcium hydroxide (3.74, 1.97–7.15), whilst non‐NHS practitioners were more likely to place calcium silicate cements (CSCs) (3.303, 1.71–6.38) as were non‐UK graduates (5.63, 2.47–12.86) and those with PGQ (2.12, 1.17–3.87).ConclusionsThis UK survey highlights significant variation in the management of deep caries. There is lack of consensus regarding the use of a standard systematic approach to diagnosing disease, with a reliance on history and tests with poor specificity. Non‐selective caries removal for managing deep carious lesions remains common, with low rubber dam compliance underlining a lack of asepsis. Notably, a significant number of practitioners placed indirect pulp caps, but CSCs and GIC were not commonly used. At present, although clear guidelines are available this is not translating into consistent management approaches in practice, suggesting that better dissemination of current treatments is essential to undergraduate and postgraduate groups.
COVID‐19 vaccines and nanomedicine
Authors: Shapiro Robert S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID‐19 virus‐induced pandemic has been the deadliest pandemic to have occurred in two generations, besides HIV/AIDS. Epidemiologists predicted that the SARS‐Cov 2 pandemic would not be able to be brought under control until a majority of the world’s population had been inoculated with safe and effective vaccines. A world‐wide effort to expedite vaccine development was successful. Previous research for vaccines to prevent SARS and MERS, also coronaviruses, was vital to this success. Nanotechnology was essential to this vaccine development. Key elements are presented here to better understand the relationship between nanomedicine and the COVID‐19 vaccine development.MethodsNLM PubMed searches for COVID‐19 vaccines, nanotechnology and nanomedicine were done. There were 6911 articles screened, 235 of which were deemed appropriate to this subject and utilized here, together with two landmark nanomedicine texts used to expand understanding of the basic science of nanotechnology.ResultsSARS‐Cov 2, caused by the COVID‐19 virus, was first recognized in China in December of 2019 and was declared as a pandemic in March of 2020. The RNA sequence was identified in January of 2020. Within 4 months of the viral genome being released, over 259 vaccines had been in development. The World Health Organization (WHO) anticipated a vaccine with a 50‐80% efficacy to be developed within 1‐2 years. Ahead of schedule, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced the emergency authorization approval for two mRNA vaccines within 11 month’s time. Nanotechnology was the key to the success of these rapidly developed, safe and effective vaccines. A brief review of pertinent basic science principles of nanomedicine are presented. The development of COVID vaccines is reviewed. Future considerations are discussed.ConclusionsControl of the COVID‐19 SARS‐Cov2 pandemic benefitted from nanomedicine principles used to develop highly effective, yet very safe and relatively inexpensive vaccines. These nanovaccines can be much more easily altered to adjust for viral variants than traditional live or inactivated legacy‐type whole virus vaccines.
Urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio within the normal range and risk of hypertension in the general population: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Ren Fei , Li Mingzhu , Xu Hua , Qin Xiaowei , Teng Yanling 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInconsistent findings on the association between urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) and risk of hypertension have been reported. This meta‐analysis sought to evaluate the association between the elevated level of UACR within the normal range and incident hypertension in the general population. We comprehensively searched PubMed and Embase databases until July 31, 2020. All longitudinal observational studies that assessed the association of elevated baseline level of UACR within the normal range with incident hypertension in the general population were included. The predictive value was estimated by pooling risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the highest versus the lowest category of UACR level. Nine articles (10 studies) involving 27 771 individuals were identified and analyzed. When compared with the lowest category of UACR, individuals with the highest UACR had a 1.75‐fold (RR 1.75; 95% CI 1.47–2.09; p < .001) higher risk of hypertension in a random effect model. Gender‐specific analysis indicated that the impact of UACR on the development of hypertension seemed to be stronger in women (RR 2.47; 95% CI 1.10–5.55; p = .029) than in men (RR 1.88; 95% CI 1.35–2.61; p < .001). An increased UACR within the normal range is independently associated with a higher risk of hypertension in the general population. Baseline UACR can be served as a predictor of incident hypertension in the general population.
Gankyrin activates the hedgehog signalling to drive metastasis in osteosarcoma
Authors: Wang Chongchong , Jing Juehua , Hu Xuyang , Yu Shuisheng , Yao Fei , Li Ziyu , Cheng Li 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGankyrin is a regulatory subunit of the 26‐kD proteasome complex and promotes the occurrence and progression of many malignancies. However, the role of gankyrin in osteosarcoma (OS) metastasis remains unclear. Hedgehog signalling has been shown to regulate stem cell homeostasis and cancer metastasis, but the mechanisms that activate this pathway in OS are still poorly understood. Here, a series of in vitro and in vivo assays were carried out to explore the function and mechanism of gankyrin regulating Hedgehog signalling in OS. We demonstrated that gankyrin promotes migration, invasion and regulates the expression of some stemness factors by up‐regulating Gli1 in OS. Importantly, our data showed an interaction between gankyrin and Gli1. Moreover, gankyrin suppresses the ubiquitin‐mediated degradation of Gli1 protein in OS. Gankyrin also significantly promotes the lung metastasis of OS in vivo. Our findings suggest that gankyrin drives metastasis and regulates the expression of some stemness factors in osteosarcoma by activating Hedgehog signalling, indicating that drug screening for compounds targeting gankyrin may contribute to the development of novel and effective therapies for OS.
Narrow band imaging for detection of gastric intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Desai Madhav , Boregowda Umesha , Srinivasan Sachin , Kohli Divyanshoo R. , Al Awadhi Sameer , Murino Alberto , Yu Lawrence Ho Khek , Dinis‐Ribeiro Doutor Mário , Sharma Prateek 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsGastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), a precursor of gastric adenocarcinoma, is challenging to diagnose with white light endoscopy (WLE) and can be missed by random gastric biopsies. Narrowband imaging (NBI) may potentially improve the detection of GIM. However, pooled estimates from prospective studies are lacking.MethodsElectronic databases were searched for studies comparing NBI and WLE alone for detection of GIM and synchronous dysplasia. Primary outcome was pooled detection rate of GIM by NBI compared with WLE in prospective studies. The secondary outcome was concurrent dysplasia detection.ResultsTen studies were found eligible from 306 articles screened. Eight prospective studies were found eligible for primary endpoint of GIM detection. Two other retrospective studies were included for dysplasia detection. A total of 1366 subjects (694 males, 54.4 ± 5.08 years) underwent upper endoscopy. GIM was detected in 482 (35.3%) subjects. NBI detected GIM in 32% additional subjects (70% vs 38%, RR 1.79; 95% CI 1.34–2.37; P < 0.01). Subgroup analysis revealed newer NBI scopes (GIF260) detected significantly more GIM than WLE (RR 2.47; 95% CI 1.63–3.76; P < 0.01) but not the older (H180) NBI endoscopes (RR 1.33; 95% CI 0.93–1.88; P = 0.11). There was moderate heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 63%). In five studies (n = 628) that reported dysplasia, there was no significant difference between NBI and WLE in dysplasia detection (RR 1.09; 95% CI 0.81–1.47; P = 0.58).ConclusionNarrowband imaging can significantly increase the detection of GIM when used in addition to standard white light exam during an upper endoscopy.
Mucosal microbial microenvironment in early gastric neoplasia and non‐neoplastic gastric disease
Authors: Li Fudong , Zhu He , Tao Ke , Xia Yan , Liu Mingqing , Wang Yu , Sun Yu , Cao Tingting , Chai Jiannan , Ni Fengming , Shi Bing , Xu Hong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimThe biological characterization of microbial environment in early gastric cancer (EGC), other than Helicobacter pylori, is limited. This study aimed to explore the microbial microenvironment in chronic gastritis (CG), fundic gland polyps (FGPs), low‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), and EGC.Methods16S‐rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were performed on 63 individuals with 252 mucosal biopsies or endoscopic submucosal dissection margin samples from endoscopy.ResultsThe microbiota in gastric LGIN functions analogously to EGC in terms of functional prediction. Neoplastic lesions showed a significant difference to CG or FGPs in beta diversity of the microbiota. Bacteria genera including Paracoccus, Blautia, Barnesiella, Lactobacillus, Thauera, Collinsella were significantly enriched in gastric neoplastic mucosa (LGIN and EGC) compared with non‐neoplastic tissues (CG and FGPs). While Pseudomonas and Kingella were depleted in neoplastic tissues. FGPs showed a distinctive microbial network system that negatively interacted with Helicobacter.ConclusionsIn terms of the mucosal microbial microenvironment, gastric LGIN and EGC showed no significant difference as early neoplastic lesions. We observed a coordinated microbial microenvironment that correlated negatively with Helicobacter.
Early postoperative feeding following surgery for upper gastrointestinal cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Carmichael Lauren , Rocca Rose , Laing Erin , Ashford Phoebe , Collins Jesse , Jackson Luke , McPherson Lauren , Pendergast Brydie , Kiss Nicole 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNutrition post major upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer surgery is a significant consideration known to affect postoperative recovery and the ability to tolerate adjuvant treatment. This systematic review assessed the effect of early oral feeding (EOF), compared to traditional timing of oral feeding, following major surgery for UGI cancer on postoperative complications, postoperative length of hospital stay (LOS), nutritional status and quality of life (QOL). The literature was searched up to March 9th 2020 using CINHAL, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Quality assessment was completed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics quality criteria checklist. Fifteen articles were included, consisting of seven randomised controlled trials, six cohort studies and two non‐randomised trials, with a total of 2517 participants. The type and timing of EOF varied considerably across studies with limited reporting of energy and protein intakes from oral or enteral feeding. Fourteen studies assessed postoperative complications of which 13 reported no difference between EOF and standard care. Fourteen studies assessed postoperative LOS and of these, 13 reported a reduced length of stay in the EOF group. Four of 15 studies assessing nutritional status found no difference between groups. Three of 15 studies assessed QOL with inconsistent findings. This review found EOF reduced postoperative LOS and did not increase postoperative complications. However, the optimal timing for the introduction of EOF could not be established. Furthermore, the type of EOF varied considerably making comparison across studies challenging and demonstrates a need for internationally standardised definitions.
Auricular and periauricular melanomas have similar clinicopathologic factors and survival rates
Authors: Tas Faruk , Erturk Kayhan , Ferhatoglu Ferhat 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAuricular melanomas are rare malignancies, and conflicting reports regarding their clinical behaviors have been published so far.ObjectiveIn this study, we investigated the clinical features of the auricular melanomas and compared them with periauricular skin melanomas.MethodsData of 53 primary melanomas arising in auricular (n = 25) and periauricular regions (n = 28) were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsDemographic, histopathological, and clinical characteristics were found similar between auricular and periauricular melanomas (p > 0.05). Likewise, the recurrence rates for both groups were found to be similar (30%) (p = 0.9). The 5‐year relapse‐free survival rate of all patients was 57.4%, and no statistical difference was observed between the two groups—63.9% for auricular melanomas and 51.7% for periauricular melanomas (p = 0.5). Moreover, the 5‐year overall survival rate of all melanomas was 46.9%, and there was no statistical significance between the two groups—56.1% and 37.4% for auricular and periauricular melanomas, respectively (p = 0.4).ConclusionAuricular and periauricular melanomas share similar clinicopathologic features and outcomes.
Diabetic diarrhoea: A study on gastrointestinal motility, pH levels and autonomic function
Authors: Sangnes Dag A. , Dimcevski Georg , Frey Jakub , Søfteland Eirik 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundChronic diarrhoea is a common, but poorly investigated diabetes complication. Autonomic neuropathy is a leading pathophysiological theory founded on old, small studies. Studies of gastrointestinal motility and pH levels are lacking.ObjectivesUsing new diagnostic methods, we aimed to find out if diabetic diarrhoea was associated with alterations in gastrointestinal motility, pH levels and autonomic function.MethodsFifty‐seven patients (42 women, 46 with type 1 diabetes) were prospectively included. Symptoms were evaluated with the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale, defining ≥4 points as cases with diarrhoea. Patients scoring <4 were used as controls. We used the wireless motility capsule to measure gastrointestinal transit times, pH levels and contractility parameters. Autonomic function was assessed by measuring heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity and orthostatic hypotension.ResultsSeventeen patients (30%) had diarrhoea. Compared with controls, cases had slower gastric emptying (21:46 vs. 4:14, h:min, p = 0.03) and faster colonic transit (18:37 vs. 54:25, p < 0.001). Cases had increased intraluminal pH in the antrum (2.4 vs. 1.2, p = 0.009), caecum (7.3 vs. 6.4, p = 0.008) and entire colon (7.1 vs. 6.7, p = 0.05). They also had a decreased pH difference across the pylorus (3.3 vs. 4.9, p = 0.004) and ileocaecal junction (0.6 vs 1.0, p = 0.009). The groups did not differ in autonomic function, but diastolic blood pressure drop correlated rs = −0.34 (p = 0.04) with colonic transit time.ConclusionsPatients with diabetic diarrhoea had altered gastrointestinal transit and intraluminal pH levels, but minimal changes in autonomic function. Our results suggest that tests of gastrointestinal function are clinically useful in diabetic diarrhoea.
Plasmacytoma and plasma cell myeloma affecting the jaws: A multi‐institutional collaborative study
Authors: Souza Lucas Lacerda de , Cáceres Cinthia Verónica Bardález López de , Vargas Pablo Agustin , Lopes Márcio Ajudarte , Santos‐Silva Alan Roger , Silva Wagner Gomes da , Prado‐Ribeiro Ana Carolina , Brandão Thais Bianca , Pereira Juliana , Mesquita Ricardo Alves , Pontes Flávia Sirotheau Correa , González‐Arriagada Wilfredo Alejandro , Pedraza Ricardo Martinez , Andrade Bruno Augusto Benevenuto de , Romañach Mario José , Soares Ciro Dantas , Carvalho Maria Goretti Freire de , Pires Fabio Ramôa , Carlos Roman , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , Pontes Hélder Antônio Rebelo , de Almeida Oslei Paes 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundPlasma cell neoplasms are characterized by the proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells with production of a monoclonal immunoglobulin. They can manifest as a single lesion (plasmacytoma) or as multiple lesions (multiple myeloma).MethodsParaffin‐embedded tissue blocks of patients microscopically diagnosed with plasma cell neoplasms in the jaws were retrieved from five pathology files. Data including clinical, radiographic, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings, treatment employed and follow‐up status were retrieved from the pathology reports.ResultsFifty‐two cases were retrieved (mean age: 59.4 years) without sex predilection. The mandible was the most affected site (67.3%), usually associated with pain and/or paresthesia (53.8%). Lesions in other bones besides the jaws were reported for 24 patients (46.2%). Radiographically, tumours usually presented as poorly defined osteolytic lesions with unilocular or multilocular images, while microscopy revealed diffuse proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells with nuclear displacement and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Two cases were classified as anaplastic, and amyloid deposits were found in two other cases. Immunohistochemistry was positive for plasma cell markers and negative for CD20 and CD3, and monoclonality for kappa light chain predominated. The overall survival rate after 5 years of follow‐up was 26.6%.ConclusionPlasma cell neoplasms are aggressive tumours with a poor prognosis and involvement of the jaws may be the first complaint of the patient. Thus, oral pathologists, head and neck surgeons and dentists should be aware of their clinical, radiographic and microscopic manifestations.
Beyond trauma: Decolonizing understandings of loss and healing in the Indian Residential School system of Canada
Authors: Burrage Rachel L. , Momper Sandra L. , Gone Joseph P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIndigenous scholars and others who study the experiences of Indigenous communities have long criticized the psychocentric approach to trauma held by most clinical professionals. A recent example of this was the Canadian government's reparations for Indian Residential School system (IRS) survivors, which focused largely on individual psychological harms rather than broader effects of colonial oppression. Beginning in 1867 and continuing throughout the latter half of the twentieth century, Indigenous children were routinely removed from their home communities in Canada and placed into the IRS system, where they were frequently subject to physical, psychological, and sexual abuse. Using thematic analysis, this study draws on survivor testimonies from one residential school to explore how their descriptions of the effects and healing from IRS abuses differ from psychocentric understandings of trauma and loss. Results indicate that survivors describe IRS effects in sociocentric, ecocentric, and cosmocentric terms more so than psychocentric ones and place deep importance on healing through connection to family, culture, and community. To decolonize itself as a discipline and better serve Indigenous communities, the field of psychology must open up to understandings of trauma, loss, and healing that decentralize the individual, a difficult task given the discipline's psychocentric nature.
Population dynamics of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in Guadeloupe, French Caribbean: A mark‐recapture study from 2001 to 2013
Authors: Rinaldi Caroline , Rinaldi Renato , Laine Juliette , Barbraud Christophe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSperm whales are present along the Caribbean islands in family groups of mature females, juveniles, and newborns. Their abundance and demographic rates remain poorly known. Using photo‐identification data, we estimated the abundance and annual survival of sperm whales in Guadeloupe from January to April 2001–2013. A total of 1,492 photographs of tail flukes were scored (ranging from 1 to 5) in terms of quality (Q) and marking (M) level. A total of 789 photographs were selected with Q ≥ 3 and M ≥ 3, corresponding to 109 individually identified adult females or immatures of both sexes. Capture histories were built and analyzed using the Pollock's robust design capture‐mark‐recapture model. The study consisted of 13 primary periods sequenced in 5–8 secondary periods. Mean annual survival rate of residents was 0.945, 95% CI [0.864, 0.979]. Abundance varied between years from 75 to 35 individuals. The geometric growth rate over the period 2001–2013 was 0.938, 95% CI [0.878, 0.997], suggesting a population decline of −6.2%/year. Sperm whales are moving between Guadeloupe and Dominica, with a high temporary emigration rate (0.163) and 50% of the individuals of Guadeloupe resighted in Dominica. These results highlight the fragility of the population and the necessity to consider it as one unit.
‘Pizza every day – why?’: A survey to evaluate the impact of COVID‐19 guidelines on secondary school food provision in the UK
Authors: Rose Kelly , O’Malley Claire , Brown Laura , Ells Louisa Jane , Lake Amelia A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe nutritional requirements of adolescence and the reported poor UK eating behaviours of young people are a significant public health concern. Schools are recognised as an effective ‘place’ setting to enable improvement to nutrition outcomes. The COVID‐19 pandemic resulted in UK school closures from March 2020. In re‐opening in September 2020, schools were required to meet guidelines to ensure the minimised impact of COVID‐19 on the population (DfE 2020). We aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID‐19 school guidelines on secondary and post‐16 (16–18 years) food provision. An online survey was posted on 8th October to 1st December 2020, targeted at young people, parents and staff of secondary/post‐16 education establishments in the UK. Two hundred and fifty‐two responses were received, of which 91% reported a change in their school food provision, 77% reported time for lunch was shortened and 44% indicated the provision was perceived as less healthy during September 2020 (post‐lockdown school return) compared with March 2020 (pre‐lockdown). Analyses demonstrated that time, limited choice and healthiness impacted negatively upon young people's school food experience. The COVID‐19 pandemic has presented a huge challenge to the delivery of healthy school food to young people. Therefore, schools require more support in following national food standards and incorporating nutrition education and behaviour change strategies within current guidelines.