bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of distancing and pattern of breathing on the filtering capability of commercial and custom-made facial masks: An in-vitro study
Authors: Ball Lorenzo , Alberti Stefano , Belfortini Claudio , Almondo Chiara , Robba Chiara , Battaglini Denise , Cravero Carlo , Pelosi Paolo , Caratto Valentina , Ferretti Maurizio 
Published: April 2021

Background
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemics, masking policies have been advocated. While masks are known to prevent transmission towards other individuals, it is unclear if different types of facial masks can protect the user from inhalation. The present study compares in-vitro different commercial and custom-made facial masks at different distances and breathing patterns.

Methods
Masks were placed on a head mannequin connected to a lung simulator, using a collecting filter placed after the mannequin airway. Certified, commercial and custom-made masks were tested at three different distances between the emitter and the mannequin: 40 cm, 80 cm and 120 cm. Two patterns of breathing were used, simulating normal and polypneic respiration. A solution of methylene blue was nebulized with a jet nebulizer and different mask-distance-breathing pattern combinations were tested. The primary endpoint was the inhaled fraction, defined as the amount of methylene blue detected with spectrophotometry expressed as percent of the amount detected in a reference condition of zero distance and no mask.

Findings
We observed a significant effect of distance (p < 0.001), pattern of breathing (p = 0.040) and type of mask (p < 0.001) on inhaled fraction. All masks resulted in lower inhaled fraction compared to breathing without mask (p < 0.001 in all comparisons), ranging from 41.1% ± 0.3% obtained with a cotton mask at 40 cm distance with polypneic pattern to <1% for certified FFP3 and the combination of FFP2 + surgical mask at all distances and both breathing pattern conditions.

Discussion
Distance, type of device and breathing pattern resulted in highly variable inhaled fraction. While the use of all types of masks resulted relevantly less inhalation compared to distancing alone, only high-grade certified devices (FFP3 and the combination of FFP2 + surgical mask) ensured negligible inhaled fraction in all conditions.
Natural substances in cancer—do they work?
Authors: Sobolewska Adrianna , Dunisławska Aleksandra , Stadnicka Katarzyna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOwing to anticancer properties of selected natural substances, it is assumed that they have potential to be used in oncological therapy. Here, the recently proven effects of the selected natural polyphenols, resveratrol and curcumin, are described. Secondly, the potential of probiotics and prebiotics in modulation of immunological response and/or enhancing the chemotherapeutic treatments is reported based on the recent clinical trials. Further, the chapter presents current knowledge regarding the targeted supplementation of the patient with probiotic bacteria and known efficacy of probiotics to support immunotherapy. The major clinical trials are listed, aiming to verify whether, and to which extent the manipulation of patient’s microbiome can improve the outcome of chemotherapies. In the end, a potential of natural substances and feed ingredients to pose epigenetic changes is highlighted. The chapter provides an insight into the scientific proofs about natural bioactive substances in relation to cancer treatment, leaded by the question – do they really work?
The Impact of Sex and Ancestry on Cranial Sutures in the Hamann Todd Collection
Authors: Sivakumaran Rajitha 
Published: April 2021

Cranial suture closure has been regarded as an unreliable method for age estimation due to the large amount ofvariability in the commencement, progression and termination of fusion. The Hamann Todd Osteological Collectionwas used to examine the sagittal, coronal and lambdoid sutures in an attempt to determine the impact of sex and ancestry on synostosis. The sagittal does not appear to be impacted by sex, but in the coronal and lambdoid sutures,significant sex-based differences were noted. Generally, females exhibited greater progression than males, butsynostosis was more strongly related to age in males. Stronger age-score correlations were present in black individuals compared to white individuals. This questions the application of current cranial aging methods, which do not address sex- and population-based differences in the commencement, progression and termination ofsutural fusion.
Weapon Carrying Among Boys in US Schools by Race and/or Ethnicity: 1993–2019
Authors: Jewett Patricia I. , Gangnon Ronald E. , Kafka Judith , Areba Eunice M. , Malecki Kristen , Borowsky Iris W. 
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND
High adolescent gun-related mortality, gun violence, pro-gun policies, white supremacy, and the long-term socioeconomic and other effects of racial oppression are intricately linked in the United States. Racist prejudice depicts male individuals of color as more prone to criminality than white male individuals. We described long-term patterns of weapon carrying in US schools among non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH Black/African American, and Hispanic boys, hypothesizing that in contrast to racist stereotypes, boys of color did not bring weapons into schools more often than NH white boys in recent years.

METHODS
We conducted a time series analysis using 1993–2019 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System data comparing boys’ self-reported weapon carrying in a nationally representative sample of US high schools by race and/or ethnicity, age, and self-reported experience of safety and violence at school.

RESULTS
Weapon carrying in schools has declined among all boys. Comparing all schools, we found no significant differences in weapon carrying (4%–5%) by race and/or ethnicity in 2017 and 2019. Boys who reported experiencing violence or feeling unsafe at school were at least twice as likely to bring a weapon into school, and such negative experiences were more common among boys of color (8%–12%) than among NH white boys (4%–5%). In schools perceived as safer, NH white boys have been more likely to bring weapons into schools than NH Black/African American or Hispanic boys in the past 20 years.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings contradict racist prejudice with regard to weapon carrying in schools, particularly in more favorable school environments. Making schools safer may reduce weapon carrying in schools where weapon carrying is most common.
The Effect of Tolvaptan on BP in Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Post Hoc Analysis of the TEMPO 3:4 Trial
Authors: Heida Judith E. , Gansevoort Ron T. , Torres Vicente E. , Devuyst Olivier , Perrone Ronald D. , Lee Jennifer , Li Hui , Ouyang John , Chapman Arlene B. 
Published: April 2021

Significance Statement
Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease are treated with tolvaptan, a V2 receptor antagonist, to slow progression toward ESKD. In theory, tolvaptan could have both BP-increasing and BP-decreasing effects. To investigate the magnitude and time course of the effect of tolvaptan use on BP, the authors conducted a post hoc analysis of data from the TEMPO 3:4 trial, which randomized 1445 patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease to tolvaptan or placebo. Their analysis shows that directly after start of tolvaptan therapy, BP does not change, but in the long term, BP gradually becomes lower in patients with tolvaptan compared with placebo. This observation might be attributed to the beneficial effect of tolvaptan on disease progression, a sustained natriuretic effect, or both.

Background
The V2 receptor antagonist tolvaptan is prescribed to patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease to slow disease progression. Tolvaptan may alter BP via various acute and chronic effects.

Methods
To investigate the magnitude and time course of the effect of tolvaptan use on BP, we conducted a post hoc study of the TEMPO 3:4 trial, which included 1445 patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease randomized 2:1 to tolvaptan or placebo for 3 years. We evaluated systolic and diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, hypertension status, and use and dosing of antihypertensive drugs over the course of the trial.

Results
At baseline, BP did not differ between study arms. After 3 weeks of tolvaptan use, mean body weight had decreased from 79.7 to 78.8 kg, and mean plasma sodium increased from 140.4 to 142.6 mmol/L (both P<0.001), suggesting a decrease in circulating volume. We observed none of these changes in the placebo arm. Nonetheless, BP remained similar in the study arms. After 3 years of treatment, however, mean systolic BP was significantly lower in participants receiving tolvaptan versus placebo (126 versus 129 mm Hg, respectively; P=0.002), as was mean diastolic BP (81.2 versus 82.6 mm Hg, respectively; P=0.01). These differences leveled off at follow-up 3 weeks after discontinuation of the study medication. Use of antihypertensive drugs remained similar in both study arms during the entire study.

Conclusions
Long-term treatment with tolvaptan gradually lowered BP compared with placebo, which may be attributed to a beneficial effect on disease progression, a continued natriuretic effect, or both.

Clinical Trial registry name and registration number:
TEMPO 3:4, NCT00428948
Principles of treatment of late rectal radiation damage in cancer patients
Authors: Pasov V. V. , Korotkov V. A. , Kasymov M. R. , Aferkina L. V. , Naumov N. Р. , Brycheva А. S. 
Published: April 2021

Malignant neoplasms of the pelvic organs in the structure of cancer incidence make up about 30 % of the adult population of our country. The widespread use of radiation therapy, unfortunately, has also increased the frequency of radiation damage to the pelvic organs, which, as a rule, take a chronic course. Late radiation damage to the pelvic organs is a fairly common complication of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. According to various authors, the frequency of such iatrogenic pathological changes is up to 25 %. In fact, some patients who are cured of a malignant neoplasm acquire a new disease that significantly reduces the quality of life and requires treatment. During radiation therapy of prostate cancer, various anatomical formations can fall into the zone of radiation fields: the bladder, rectum, intra-pelvic tissue, neurovascular bundles and pelvic bones. It should be noted that isolated lesions of one organ are rare and in most cases they are combined. A special place in clinical practice is occupied by cases of local radiation injuries of the rectum, including severe complications of radiation and combined treatment associated with the formation of fistulas against the background of radiation-induced intra-pelvic fibrosis in the absence of a relapse of the underlying disease. In addition, this situation is associated with a violation of the psycho-emotional status of patients, a sharp decrease in the quality of life, difficulties in social adaptation in society and family, pain syndrome, and problems of medical rehabilitation. Unfortunately, conservative measures for such local radiation injuries are not always effective, and the results of surgical interventions are far from ambiguous and require careful study of patients, search for an algorithm of indications and acceptable standardization of surgical manipulations. This paper presents the basic principles of diagnosis, comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation of patients with late radiation rectitis, depending on the severity of the pathological process. Given the growth of malignant neoplasms of the pelvic organs, we can assume a relative increase in the number of patients with complications associated with radiation therapy, which require rehabilitation measures. Such patients come to the attention of oncologists, radiologists, coloproctologists, gastroenterologists and therapists, etc. Currently, our country lacks a network of specialized regional departments that deal with this problem, as well as treatment standards, clinical recommendations, and an algorithm for diagnostic and rehabilitation measures for local radiation injuries. In connection with the above, it became necessary to summarize the data of clinical studies based on their own experience.
Clinical and bioimpedance features of manifestations of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis with an inflammatory component in young men
Authors: Vinnik Yu. , Kuzmenko А. V. , Amelchenko А. А. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Chronic prostatitis is the most common androurological disease affecting mainly young and middle-aged men. The variety of pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical manifestations, the tendency to recurrence necessitate the search for new methods of examination and monitoring of this disease. This can be facilitated by the study of bioimpedance parameters in patients with chronic prostatitis.Purpose of the study. To identify bioimpedance and clinical features of the manifestations of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis with an inflammatory component (CNPIC) in young men.Materials and methods. In the period from 2018 to 2020, on the basis of Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Clinical Hospital No 4, a comprehensive survey of 80 men with CNPIC of the first period of adulthood from 22 to 35 years was conducted using valid questionnaires. Bioimpedansometry was carried out using a complex KM-AR-01, grade “DIAMANT-AIST mini”.Results. Pain predominates in the clinical picture of CNPIC, dysuric disorders are less pronounced. The examined men had pronounced deviations of the component composition of the body due to an increase in fat mass and extracellular fluid volume, which, due to common pathogenetic mechanisms, can support chronic inflammation and influence treatment outcomes.Conclusion. Bioimpedansometry can be a promising method in complex diagnostics and subsequent objective monitoring of the course of CNPIC.
Sudden death from common diseases at workplace and preventive measures (on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan)
Authors: Karimova Lilya K. , Gimaeva Zulfiia F. , Bakirov A. B. , Muldasheva Nadezhda A. , Kaptsov Valery A. 
Published: April 2021

Objective. To study the causes of death from common diseases at the workplace and to develop the scientifically grounded programs aimed at their prevention and decrease. A sudden death of a person at workplace is a global issue of occupational medicine in all the countries. About 85 % of sudden deaths occur due to health status of workers, first of all, circulatory system diseases and only 15 % are caused by occupational accidents.
Materials and methods. To reach the aim, there were investigated the materials of investigation of the cases of death form common diseases at the workplace for 5 years (20142018) presented by the State Labor Inspection in the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Results. According to the analyzed data of medicolegal report of accidents with lethal outcome resulting from common diseases it was established that men aged 5660 years, workers, mostly of manufacturing industry, died more often (92.5 %). Program of preventive measures was worked out on the basis of the obtained results.
Conclusions. High death rate from circulatory system diseases at workplace needs a complex of treatment and preventive measures to be developed, which will decrease the risk of a sudden cardiac death among workers of industrial enterprises.
Source Characterization for Two Small Earthquakes in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada: Pushing the Limit of Single Station
Authors: Zhang Miao , Liu Min , Plourde Alexandre , Bao Feng , Wang Ruijia , Gosse John 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA pair of small earthquakes (MN 2.4 and 2.6, Earthquakes Canada) hit the city of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, in early March 2020. The events were recorded by three seismic stations within 200 km, but only one station (HAL, &lt;10  km) is close enough to offer high-quality broadband signals. In this study, we explore their source parameters using the nearest station through waveform modeling. A nearby quarry blast (MN 2.0) with known Global Positioning System coordinates is adopted as a reference for regional velocity model building and location calibration. We first build a half-space velocity model by estimating the P-S travel-time difference of the blast and determine the near-surface velocity through full-waveform modeling (i.e., comparing a set of synthetic waveforms with the observed blast). The velocity model is then used to evaluate the pair of earthquakes, in which waveform fitting and Rg/S amplitude ratios suggest source depths of ∼0.7  km. The epicenters of these two earthquakes are situated in a recently constructed commercial development. Lastly, single-station template matching finds no similar earthquakes near the hypocenters of the two events in the past decade and only three aftershocks in the following four months. Taking advantage of a ground-truth blast and waveform modeling, our study demonstrates the potential to construct a detailed regional velocity model and determine accurate earthquake source parameters in regions where only a single station is available.
Hubungan Antara Obesitas Dengan Peningkatan Kurva Lumbal Pada Mahasiswa
Authors: Rahmawati Fitriani , Sidarta Nuryani 
Published: April 2021

LATAR BELAKANG : Masalah kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan berat badan seperti obesitas telah berkembang semakin luas. Obesitas sendiri akan berdampak pada berbagai komplikasi kesehatan seperti gangguan sistem muskuloskeletal, kardiovaskular, gangguan kemampuan fisik dan lain-lain. Gangguan muskuloskeletal dikarenakan obesitas akan menjadi beban yang berlebih pada sendi lumbosacral sehingga akan menyebabkan pembentukan kurva lumbal yang abnormal (hiperlordosis).
TUJUAN : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara obesitas dengan peningkatan kurva lumbal pada mahasiswa dan melihat ada tidaknya hubungan antara lingkar pinggang dan peningkatan kurva lumbal.
METODE : Penelitian menggunakan studi observasional dengan desain cross-sectional yang mengikutsertakan 88 mahasiswa yang melakukan pemeriksaan kurva lumbal. Selama dilakukannya pengukuran kurva lumbal, para responden diposisikan berdiri tegak dalam posisi yang rileks tanpa menggunakan alas kaki. Kurva lumbal setiap responden diukur dengan alat ukur flexible ruler dan hasilnya disalin kedalam kertas putih polos. Dihitung derajatnya menggunakan rumus yang telah ditetapkan dan baku. Berat badan, tinggi badan dan lingkar pinggang juga dilakukan pengukuran.
HASIL : Terdapat hubungan antara obesitas dengan peningkatan kurva lumbal pada mahasiswa dan adanya hubungan antara lingkar pinggang dengan peningkatan kurva lumbal. Dibuktikan pada hasil uji chi square didapatkan p = 0,000 pada obesitas dengan peningkatan kurva lumbal dan p = 0,000 pada lingkar pinggang dengan peningkatan kurva lumbal. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan peningkatan kurva lumbal.
KESIMPULAN : Pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa berat badan obesitas dan lingkar pinggang yang berlebih memiliki hubungan dengan peningkatan kurva lumbal pada mahasiswa.
A infância sem terra em movimento na luta por escola, terra e dignidade
Authors: Barbosa Lia Pinheiro , Sales Mirna Sousa 
Published: April 2021

Na consolidação do projeto educativo-político do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), a Infância Sem Terra torna-se um dos pilares da subjetividade política das crianças acampadas e assentadas, resultado de um processo permanente de debate político, estudo e aprofundamento teórico sobre o significado da infância Sem Terra articulada à práxis política do MST. No presente escrito nos interessa apresentar alguns elementos reflexivos do processo de consolidação da Infância Sem Terra na organicidade do MST e o papel desempenhado pelos Sem Terrinha na histórica luta por escola, terra e dignidade que perpassa a resistência camponesa não só no Brasil, mas em toda América Latina. Organizamos o escrito em quatro seções: na primeira, apresentamos a essência do projeto educativo do MST na ruptura das cercas do latifúndio do saber e do conhecimento. Em seguida, adentramos à abordagem da Infância Sem Terra e a educação das crianças Sem Terrinha. Na terceira seção, apresentamos a experiência educativo-pedagógica das Cirandas Infantis e seu papel na subjetividade política dos Sem Terrinha. Finalizamos nossa reflexão destacando os avanços, os desafios e as bandeiras de luta que impulsam a práxis política dos Sem Terrinha na perspectiva da Infância Sem Terra no movimento da práxis educativo-política do MST. Realizamos pesquisa documental, com a análise de documentos produzidos pelo Setor de Educação do MST e que estruturam a concepção da Infância Sem Terra e as diretrizes filosóficas e pedagógicas de sua proposta educativa. Também realizamos pesquisa de campo em áreas de assentamento na microrregião dos Sertões de Crateús, Ceará.
Profile of Tinea Corporis and Tinea Cruris in Dermatovenereology Clinic of Tertiery Hospital: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Sanggarwati Selvia Yuliani Dwi Ratih , Wahyunitisari Manik Retno , Astari Linda , Ervianti Evy 
Published: April 2021

Background: Tinea corporis and cruris are dermatophytes that infect the skin, and they are caused by Trichophyton sp., Microsporum sp., and Epidermophyton sp. Dermatophyte fungal-infect keratin-containing skin classified by the body’s location, such as tinea corporis (skin besides haired area, body, hands, or feet) and tinea cruris (groin & perineal region). Purpose: To evaluate the clinical profiles and treatments of tinea corporis and cruris at Dermatology and Venereology (DV) outpatient clinic Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital in 2018. Methods: A retrospective-descriptive study based on medical records of DV outpatient clinic Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya. Data collected from August to December 2019. Tinea corporis and cruris profiles evaluation based on age, sex, occupation, precipitating factors, complaints, illness duration, family history, lesion’s location and description, and therapy. Result: A total of 164 patients (35 tinea corporis, 76 tinea cruris, and 53 tinea corporis and cruris), predominantly female, age 46–55 years, came treatment less-than-a-month cases, excessive sweating, itching, tinea corporis lesion’s location on the face and body, tinea cruris in groin, tinea corporis and cruris on body and groin, erythematous macules, firm borders, active margins, scales, central healing, positive KOH 10–20% examination, miconazole cream therapy 2%, griseofulvin therapy, griseofulvin oral and ketoconazole cream 2% combination therapy. Discussion: Tinea corporis and cruris are common in females as their history and symptoms supported by the characteristics of laboratory examination, the presence of hyphae in potassium hydroxide (KOH) 10–20%. Most patients were prescribed with oral griseofulvin, especially in large lesions cases.