bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 multimodel simulated changes in near‐surface temperature properties over Ghana during the 20th century
Authors: Oduro Collins , Shuoben Bi , Ayugi Brian , Beibei Li , Babaousmail Hassen , Sarfo Isaac , Ullah Safi , Ngoma Hamida 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article investigates seasonal and annual trends of near‐surface temperature (NST) during the last century (1901–2018) over Ghana. The ability of 24 global climate models (GCMs) from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to simulate abrupt mean temperature changes in Ghana from 1980 to 2014 was assessed. The trends' magnitude and abrupt changes were detected using Sen Slope Estimator (SSE) and sequential Mann–Kendall (SQMK) tests, respectively. Root mean square difference, correlation coefficient, and mean bias (B) were used to determine the skilfulness of GCMs in simulating NST relative to Climatic Research Unit (CRU TS4.04) datasets. Ghana's Southern belt is characterized by low temperatures, averaging 25°C to 27°C, whilst the northern belt is characterized by high temperatures (29–31°C). The inter‐annual variability of temperature over Ghana exhibits an increasing trend. Findings depict a significant increase in both the annual and seasonal temperatures of Tmin and Tmean, with a steady increase in Tmax. Results revealed the rate of increase had been higher in the country's northern regions (0.5°C) than in the south (0.3–0.4°C) in recent decades. The model performances for the interannual variability of annual and FMAM temperatures are better than their JJAS seasonal performances. The study's overall model ranking shows that Ghana's best performing models for annual, FMAM and JJAS seasons are INM‐CM5‐0, NorCPM1, and KACE‐1‐0‐G, respectively. Observations and comparisons provide useful reference values for a comprehensive assessment of various applications.
Seasonal contrasts between tropical cyclone genesis in the South China Sea and westernmost North Pacific
Authors: Tu Jien‐Yi , Chen Jau‐Ming , Tan Pei‐Hua , Lai Tzu‐Ling 
Published: November 2021

AbstractClimatologically, tropical cyclone (TC) genesis in the South China Sea (SCS; 108°–120°E, 8°–22°N) and westernmost North Pacific (WmNP; 122°–140°E, 8°–22°N) exhibit different seasonal variability. Maximum TC genesis occurs in July over the WmNP, but in September over the SCS. Based upon genesis potential index (GPI) analysis for the period 1979–2018, the dominant cause of increased TC genesis in the SCS from July to September is a reduction of vertical wind shear of total winds (VWS), while decreased 600‐hPa relative humidity (RH600) acts to suppress TC genesis. Reduced VWS in the SCS is associated with weakening of southwesterly flows and cross‐equatorial southerly flows at 850 hPa and the Tibetan high at 200 hPa. In the WmNP, decreased TC genesis from July to September results from a minor increase in its northern section (north of 15°N) and a major decrease in its southern section (south of 15°N). Decreased TC genesis in the southern section is primarily affected by reduced RH600 and secondly by enhanced VWS. Reduced RH600 is associated with a decrease in total humidity and an increase in 600‐hPa temperature from July to September. Enhanced VWS is mainly caused by intensified entrances of 850‐hPa westerly/southwesterly flows from the SCS and cross‐equatorial flows from tropical oceans in company with weakening of the Pacific subtropical high. The effects of 850‐hPa absolute vorticity and potential intensity associated with the possible maximum wind speed on seasonal variability of TC genesis are insignificant and minor.
A regional view of the linkages between hydro‐climatic changes and deforestation in the Southern Amazon
Authors: Wongchuig Sly , Espinoza Jhan Carlo , Condom Thomas , Segura Hans , Ronchail Josyane , Arias Paola A. , Junquas Clementine , Rabatel Antoine , Lebel Thierry 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the last four decades, the Southern Amazon (south of 8°S) has shown changes in the spatial and temporal patterns of its hydro‐climatic components, leading to drier conditions. Due to climate and land‐use changes, this region is considered as a zone under biophysical transition processes. Previous studies have documented a complex interaction between climate and deforestation either on a large‐scale or based on limited in situ data, typically covering the Brazilian Amazon. In this study, we analyse the relationships between hydro‐climate, the surface water‐energy partitioning and an index of regional forest cover change for the period 1981–2018. Additionally, we discretized three regions covering the Bolivian Amazon and the southern portions of the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon due to their differences in the evolution of land use. In the Bolivian region, a high ratio of forest cover change, exceeding 40–50%, is related to a significant tendency to become water‐limited. This change is associated with decreased rainfall, increased potential evapotranspiration and decreased actual evapotranspiration. Regardless of the region analysed, those that are characterized by a high ratio of forest cover change (>40–50%) show growing imbalance between increasing potential and decreasing actual evapotranspiration. However, in the Peruvian and Brazilian regions, hydro‐climatic conditions remain energy‐limited due to minor rainfall changes. The observed differences in surface water‐energy partitioning behaviour evidence a complex dependence of both sub‐regional (i.e., land cover changes) and large‐scale (i.e., strengthening of the Walker and Hadley circulations) conditions. Our findings indicate a clear link between hydro‐climatic changes and deforestation, providing a new perspective on their spatial variability on a sub‐regional scale.
The effect of 3‐D printed polylactic acid scaffold with and without hyaluronic acid on bone regeneration
Authors: Yun Junseob , Lee Jungwon , Ha Cheol Woo , Park Seong Je , Kim Sungtae , Koo Ki‐Tae , Seol Yang‐Jo , Lee Yong‐Moo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThree‐ dimensional (3D) technology has been suggested to overcome several limitations in guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures because 3D‐printed scaffolds can be easily molded to patient‐specific bone defect site. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 3‐D printed polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds with or without hyaluronic acid (HA) in a rabbit calvaria model.MethodsA calvaria defect with a diameter of 15 mm was created in 30 New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups including no graft group (control, n = 10), 3D printed PLA graft group (3D‐PLA, n = 10), and 3D printed PLA with hyaluronic acid graft group (3D‐PLA/HA, n = 10). Five animals in each group were sacrificed at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery. Microcomputed tomography and histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed.ResultsOver the whole examination period, no significant adverse reactions were observed. There were no statistically significant differences in bone volume (BV) /tissue volume (TV) among the three groups at 4 weeks. However, the highest BV/TV was observed in the 3D‐PLA/HA group at 12 weeks. The new bone area for control, 3D‐PLA, and 3D‐PLA/HA showed no statistical differences at 4 weeks. However, the value was significantly higher in the 3D‐PLA and 3D‐PLA/HA groups compared to the control group at 12 weeks.ConclusionThe 3D printed PLA scaffolds was biocompatible and integrated well with bone defect margin. They were also provided the proper space for new bone formation. Therefore, 3D printed PLA/HA might be a potential tool to enhance bone augmentation.
Optimal machine learning methods for radiomic prediction models: Clinical application for preoperative T2*‐weighted images of cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Authors: Zhang Meng‐Ze , Ou‐Yang Han‐Qiang , Jiang Liang , Wang Chun‐Jie , Liu Jian‐Fang , Jin Dan , Ni Ming , Liu Xiao‐Guang , Lang Ning , Yuan Hui‐Shu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionPredicting the postoperative neurological function of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients is generally based on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns, but this approach is not completely satisfactory. This study utilized radiomics, which produced advanced objective and quantitative indicators, and machine learning to develop, validate, test, and compare models for predicting the postoperative prognosis of CSM.Materials and methodsIn total, 151 CSM patients undergoing surgical treatment and preoperative MRI was retrospectively collected and divided into good/poor outcome groups based on postoperative modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) scores. The datasets obtained from several scanners (an independent scanner) for the training (testing) cohort were used for cross‐validation (CV). Radiological models based on the intramedullary hyperintensity and compression ratio were constructed with 14 binary classifiers. Radiomic models based on 237 robust radiomic features were constructed with the same 14 binary classifiers in combination with 7 feature reduction methods, resulting in 98 models. The main outcome measures were the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and accuracy.ResultsForty‐one (11) radiomic models were superior to random guessing during CV (testing), with significant increased AUROC and/or accuracy (PAUROC < .05 and/or Paccuracy < .05). One radiological model performed better than random guessing during CV (Paccuracy < .05). In the testing cohort, the linear SVM preprocessor + SVM, the best radiomic model (AUROC: 0.74 ± 0.08, accuracy: 0.73 ± 0.07), overperformed the best radiological model (PAUROC = .048).ConclusionRadiomic features can predict postoperative spinal cord function in CSM patients. The linear SVM preprocessor + SVM has great application potential in building radiomic models.
Discrimination and technologies in tourism: Applying critical race theory to future studies
Authors: Johnson Abbie‐Gayle 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTechnology has been intertwined with hospitality and tourism from the 1940s. Current conversations on technology design, racial politics and ethics are almost absent from the tourism literature although wider technology literature focuses on this. Moreover, these technologies are still associated with the tourism industry and affect the business of practitioners and lives of tourists. This research note proposes the application of critical race theory to unravel these industry occurrences. As a result, technologies in tourism studies will not only focus on efficiency and empowerment but also inclusion, which can further enable an investigation into concepts of justice, equality and equity.
Temporal dynamics of symptom change among veterans receiving an integrated treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders
Authors: Badour Christal L. , Flanagan Julianne C. , Allan Nicholas P. , Gilmore Amanda K. , Gros Daniel F. , Killeen Therese , Korte Kristina J. , Brown Delisa G. , Kolnogorova Kateryna , Back Sudie E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe present study examined temporal patterns of symptom change during treatment for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs). We hypothesized that PTSD symptom severity would predict subsequent‐session substance use and that this association would be particularly strong among patients who received an integrated treatment versus SUD‐only treatment. Participants were 81 United States military veterans with current PTSD and an SUD who were enrolled in a 12‐week, randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of an integrated treatment called Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) compared with cognitive behavioral relapse prevention therapy (RP). Lagged multilevel models indicated that PTSD symptom improvement did not significantly predict the likelihood of next‐session substance use (likelihood of use: B = 0.03, SE = 0.02, p = .141; percentage of days using B = ‐0.02, SE = 0.01, p = .172. Neither substance use, B = 1.53, SE = 1.79, p = .391, nor frequency of use, B = 0.26, SE = 0.50, p = .612, predicted next‐session PTSD symptom severity in either treatment condition. Stronger associations between PTSD symptoms and next‐session substance use were expected given the self‐medication hypothesis. Additional research is needed to better understand the temporal dynamics of symptom change as well as the specific mediators and mechanisms underlying symptom change.
Endometrial Abnormalities
Authors: Detti Laura , Christiansen Mary E. , Peregrin‐Alvarez Irene 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesWe sought to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) saline infusion sonohysterogram (SIS), and hysteroscopy for diagnosing endometrial abnormalities and their correlation with histological findings. In addition, we sought to validate the subsistence of a more subtle abnormality called “redundant endometrium” (RE).MethodsRetrospective cohort study of patients presenting with infertility and diagnosed with endometrial abnormalities who underwent hysteroscopy and pathology evaluation. Each patient underwent TVUS at the first visit regardless of the cycle phase, followed by SIS during proliferative phase, and then hysteroscopy, which was performed when abnormal SIS findings were diagnosed. Endometrial abnormalities were categorized as polyps (EP), RE, or normal. Frequencies of the abnormalities were recorded for the 3 imaging modalities and their sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for each.ResultsA total of 105 TVUS and 73 SIS were performed. Because of the frequent association of EP with RE, when all endometrial pathologies were combined, the three diagnostic modalities showed high sensitivity (TVUS 88.9%, SIS 100%, hysteroscopy 82.9%, respectively), but they also showed low specificity (TVUS 56.7%, SIS 56.1%, hysteroscopy 58.2%, respectively). Pathological evaluation showed isolated RE (26 cases), to harbor polyps (19.2%), disordered endometrium (19.2%), and complex atypical hyperplasia (3.8%).ConclusionsThe three diagnostic modalities showed high sensitivity in diagnosing endometrial abnormalities. We identified RE as an independent endometrial abnormality. Benign endometrium is the predominant histology in RE, however, a small proportion harbors endometrial hyperplasia. Based on these results, we advocate further evaluation when this condition is diagnosed with TVUS, or SIS.
A simple‐wave damping model for flexible marsh plants
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxia , Lin Pengzhi , Nepf Heidi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMarsh plants are typically composed of leaves attached to a central stem. Both the leaves and the stem are flexible and contribute to wave attenuation. This study developed a model to predict wave damping within a marsh based on a simple representation of the wave‐induced drag on an individual, flexible marsh plant. Specifically, the drag force on the leaves and the stem was represented separately using a scaling law developed for an isolated plant element, and a sheltering coefficient was applied to account for drag reduction on the leaves due to the interaction among the leaves and stem. The wave damping model was validated against laboratory experiments. The model was also compared to measurements of wave dissipation made in the field.
Biotic and abiotic factors control the geomorphic characteristics of channel networks in salt marshes
Authors: Liu Zezheng , Gourgue Olivier , Fagherazzi Sergio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBiotic and abiotic processes control the formation and evolution of tidal channel networks. However, which factor regulates the planimetric geometry of the network remains unclear. Here, we compare the geometric properties of tidal channel networks in 14 salt marshes along the coasts of the United States and China. Significant difference in the geometric properties of tidal channel networks was found in salt marshes dominated by different vegetation species. Physical parameters better explained these differences, while vegetation parameters had a weaker effect on the network geometry. Mean marsh elevation and tidal range were found to be the best variables to explain the variability in drainage density, mean unchanneled path length and sinuosity (R2 values range from 0.239 to 0.465), while biotic parameters (i.e., aboveground biomass, stem density, height, and diameter) were only significant predictors for less geometric properties (R2 values range from 0.005 to 0.312). We used multiple regressions to develop sample models, explaining more than 60% of the variability in mean unchanneled path length. Our findings underline the key role of physical factors in shaping tidal channel networks. We conclude that physical processes are more important than vegetation species in determining the long‐term development of tidal channels.
Kerr Frequency Comb Interaction with Raman, Brillouin, and Second Order Nonlinear Effects
Authors: Lin Guoping , Song Qinghai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractKerr optical frequency comb as a novel microcomb source has found a variety of key applications from fundamental research to engineering applications. Generation of such microcombs require resonator platforms with small mode volumes and high quality factors, where the interaction of light and matter is resonantly enhanced. In these platforms, other nonlinear photonic effects can be simultaneously excited and interact with Kerr frequency combs. In this review, the focus is on recent progresses on the microcomb development involving its interaction with Raman, Brillouin scattering, and second‐order nonlinear processes such as second harmonic generation (SHG). The resulting transfer of Kerr frequency combs into other spectral windows as referred to Kerr–Raman, Kerr–Brillouin, Kerr–SHG combs is introduced. Additionally, other emerging novel microcombs in microresonators with second‐order nonlinearity including electro‐optical modulation microcombs and quadratic microcombs are reviewed. Challenges and opportunities brought along are also discussed.
Analogous Optical Activity in Free Space Using a Single Pancharatnam–Berry Phase Element
Authors: Liu Sheng , Qi Shuxia , Li Peng , Wei Bingyan , Chen Peng , Hu Wei , Zhang Yi , Gan Xuetao , Zhang Peng , Lu Yanqing , Chen Zhigang , Zhao Jianlin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIt is commonly believed that optical activity (OA) is manifested mainly in chiral media, but rare in non‐chiral structures. Here, an analog of OA in free space is experimentally demonstrated by using a single liquid‐crystal Pancharatnam–Berry phase element (PBPE), for which the mechanism is highly consistent with that of the traditional OA. The specifically designed PBPE supports the direction‐dependent polarization rotation of a Bessel beam with controllable “rotatory power.” Such a polarization rotation can be revoked by another PBPE with the same structure. Unlike in a chiral medium, this scheme shows simultaneous realization of equivalent leverotation and dextorotation merely by switching the optical element orientation, promising for applications non‐magnetic optical devices such as optical isolators.
Lasing in a Hybrid Rare‐Earth Silicon Microdisk
Authors: Miarabbas Kiani Khadijeh , Frankis Henry C. , Naraine Cameron M. , Bonneville Dawson B. , Knights Andrew P. , Bradley Jonathan D. B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSilicon photonics is an ideal platform for low‐cost, energy‐efficient, and high‐performance optical microsystems. However, because silicon is an inefficient light emitting material, the development of simple, inexpensive, and scalable monolithic amplifiers and light sources has been a significant challenge. Here, optical gain and lasing in an ultra‐compact hybrid rare‐earth silicon microdisk resonator are reported. The microdisk design is straightforward and compatible with the fabrication steps and device dimensions available in all silicon photonics foundries, while the thulium‐doped tellurite gain medium is added in a low‐temperature single‐step sputter deposition. This approach allows for low‐cost and high‐volume wafer‐scale manufacturing and co‐integration of rare‐earth amplifiers and light sources with silicon passive and active devices with no adjustment to standard process flows. The hybrid laser is pumped at standard telecom wavelengths around 1.6 µm and exhibits stable single‐mode emission at 1.9 µm, with an internal slope efficiency of 60% and >1 mW on‐chip output power. The laser is highly promising for emerging communications and sensing applications and opens new possibilities for the development of monolithic rare‐earth optical amplifiers and lasers directly on silicon.
Simplifying Molecular Transport in Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Thin Films
Authors: Pahal Suman , Boranna Rakshith , Prashanth Gurusiddappa R. , Varma Manoj M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe matrix properties of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films (PEM) are critical in making them a viable candidate for various biomedical applications. The location and ability of molecules to diffuse through the PEM architecture determines their encapsulation and release capabilities in a given matrix for various biomedical applications. The main aim of this review article is to provide a complete understanding of molecular transport on the surface as well as across the bulk of the PEM matrix. Different physiochemical strategies to promote or suppress the diffusivity of various molecules inside the PEM are mentioned in brief. A set of guiding principles is uncovered for getting a complete picture of loading and release of molecules across the PEM structure, which can play a key role in designing a desirable PEM assembly and have important implications for designing multicomponent, targeted and controlled drug‐delivery vehicles. Understanding the molecular diffusivity in PEM stack at the nano and micro scales will help to design superior host materials for biomedical engineering applications.