bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social isolation of goats: significance of visual contact with conspecifics on behavioral and physiological responses
Authors: Kannan Govind , Estrada-Reyes Zaira M , Batchu Phaneendra , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , Naldurtiker Aditya 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Social isolation can increase distress in goats, particularly when they cannot maintain visual contact with conspecifics. This experiment was conducted to determine the behavioral and physiological responses in goats during isolation with or without visual contact with conspecifics. Male Spanish goats (uncastrated, 8 mo old, average weight 29.4 ± 0.59 kg) were randomly assigned to a control (CO) group with no isolation or to one of four isolation treatment (TRT) pens (1.5 × 1.5 m) with: 1) open grill panels but with no visual contact with conspecifics (IO), 2) covered grill to prevent visual contact (IC), 3) open grill with visual contact (IV), or 4) covered grill with a 30 × 30 cm window to allow visual contact (IW), for 90 min of social isolation (n = 12 goats per TRT). Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min (Time) from isolated and control goats. The experiment was repeated 1 wk later using the same animals, with each goat being subjected to the same isolation TRT the second time to study the effect of prior exposure to isolation. Friedman’s two-way analysis of variance by Ranks test in SAS showed that the median frequency of vocalization (rank score) in goats was high in the IO group, low in the IV and IW groups, and intermediate in the IC group (P &lt; 0.01). The vocalization rank score was also higher (P &lt; 0.01) during the first 30 min of isolation in goats. The median frequency of visual contact was higher in the IW group than in the IV group (P &lt; 0.01). The frequency of climbing behavior was high in the IC and IO groups, low in the IV group, and intermediate in the IW group (P &lt; 0.01). Repeated measures analysis using general linear models procedures in SAS revealed that plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations tended (P &lt; 0.1) to be the highest in the IO group than in CO, IC, IV, and IW groups. Cortisol levels were also higher (Time; P &lt; 0.05) at 0 and 90 min compared with 30 and 60 min. Norepinephrine concentrations decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with Time, and plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were affected by TRT × Time interaction (P &lt; 0.01). Overall, epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucose, and NEFA concentrations were lower (P &lt; 0.01) and cortisol concentrations and lymphocyte counts were higher (P &lt; 0.01) when goats were exposed to isolation the second time. The results showed that goats with no visual contact with conspecifics during social isolation had greater physiological stress responses and spent more time vocalizing or trying to escape the pen, which may indicate distress.
Follow-up After Burn Injury Is Disturbingly Low and Linked With Social Factors
Authors: Karashchuk Irina P , Solomon Eve A , Greenhalgh David G , Sen Soman , Palmieri Tina L , Romanowski Kathleen S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
For medical and social reasons, it is important that burn patients attend follow-up appointments (FUAs). Our goal was to examine the factors leading to missed FUAs in burn patients. A retrospective chart review was conducted of adult patients admitted to the burn center from 2016 to 2018. Data collected included burn characteristics, social history, and zip code. Data analysis was conducted using chi-square, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests, and multivariate regression models. A total of 878 patients were analyzed, with 224 (25.5%) failing to attend any FUAs and 492 (56.0%) missing at least one appointment (MA). Patients who did not attend any FUAs had smaller burns (4.5 [8]% vs 6.5 [11]% median [inter quartile range]), traveled farther (70.2 [111.8] vs 52.5 [76.7] miles), and were more likely to be homeless (22.8% vs 6.9%) and have drug dependence (47.3% vs 27.2%). Patients who had at least one MA were younger (42 [26] vs 46 [28] years) and more likely to be homeless (17.5% vs 2.6%) and have drug dependence (42.5% vs 19.4%). On multivariate analysis, factors associated with never attending an FUA were distance from hospital (odds ratio [OR] 1.004), burn size (OR 0.96), and homelessness (OR 0.33). Factors associated with missing at least one FUA: age (OR 0.99), drug dependence (OR 0.46), homelessness (OR 0.22), and Emergency Department visits (OR 0.56). A high percentage of patients fail to make any appointment following their injury and/or have at least one MA. Both FUAs and MAs are influenced by social determinants of health.
Path dependency, regional variety and the dynamics of new firm creation in rooted and pioneering industries
Authors: Corradini Carlo , Vanino Enrico 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper explores regional firm entry connecting insights on the role of localised path dependency with the analysis of variety in regional sectoral structures. Using data on 700 SIC5 industries across 174 NUTS3 regions in the UK between 2000 and 2014, we provide evidence of positive complementarities between industrial path dependence and regional-related variety for firm entry in rooted pre-existing industries. These are negative for entry of pioneering firms in industries new to the region, pointing to lock-in effects and the role of unrelated variety in fostering linkages and knowledge spillovers away from established trajectories.
Foundational photographs
Authors: Repper Rebecca 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Overlooked among the collections of the Western Australian Museum and Art Gallery, opened in Perth in 1895, is a large cross-disciplinary photograph collection. Tracing the accumulation and use of this collection through the archival record reveals its integral role in the developing institution’s interaction with global social, intellectual and administrative centres. These interactions demonstrate the value of the photograph in the propagation of modernist ideas of progress within an institution geographically isolated from contemporary Western centres of knowledge and empire, and in the promotion and recognition of the burgeoning potential and identity of a developing state. The evidence of use within the institution demonstrates the integral, but often overlooked, role of photographs within early collecting institutions, and places them squarely as foundational to Western Australia’s collections.
China’s evolving biosafety/biosecurity legislations
Authors: Cao Cong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper represents a systematic effort to describe and assess China’s evolving biosafety/biosecurity legislative and regulatory regime. It catalogs and analyzes laws, regulations, and measures, including the newly passed Biosafety/Biosecurity Law. Various reasons are underlying China’s recently accelerating legislative process for such a law, from international attention increasingly turning biosafety/biosecurity governance into a more regular fixture; the emergence of infectious diseases and even pandemics linked with zoonosis; advances in the global frontier of the life sciences and biotechnology and their integration with other technologies, which, while holding great promise for advancements in global health, raises biosafety/biosecurity concerns; to the strengthening of biosafety/biosecurity governance in many countries. Chinese leadership’s ‘holistic view of national security’ encompasses broad areas of concerns of national security with biosafety/biosecurity being an integral part. However, having progressed alongside its development of the life sciences and biotechnology, China’s current biosafety/biosecurity legislative and regulatory regime is far from rising to the challenges and even the newly enacted Biosafety/Biosecurity law still has room for improvement. The paper’s findings have significant policy implications for further enhancing China’s biosafety/biosecurity legislation and governance and making them better serve domestic interests while converging with international norms.
The impact of common clients on employee mobility and organizational growth
Authors: Kim Yeongsu (Anthony) 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article examines how client overlap (i.e., common clients) between a sourcing (leaving) and a destination (hiring) firm influences employee mobility and how it subsequently restricts growth in a firm. The central argument of this article is that, since client overlap encourages individual mobility decisions, and hiring firms solicit employees from client-overlapping competitors, there will be more employee mobility between firms that have more clients in common. Furthermore, I suggest that losing employees to a client-overlapping competitor can potentially restrict the sourcing firm’s growth, but such a negative effect can be mitigated through the firm’s leverage ratio. By examining the employee mobility of US-based law firms, this study finds that client overlap facilitates employee mobility. Furthermore, this study also finds that a loss of human capital to a client-overlapping competitor restricts the growth of the sourcing firm. However, such a negative association can be mitigated by the internal allocation of human capital (i.e. leverage ratio).
“I am not a religious crackpot”:School Prayer, the Becker Amendment, and Grassroots Mobilization in 1960s America
Authors: Verhoeven Timothy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article investigates grassroots mobilization around the 1964 Becker Amendment, which aimed to guarantee the constitutionality of religious exercises in American public schools. The proposed amendment was at the heart of a bitter public debate that followed two landmark Supreme Court rulings banning mandated prayer and Bible-reading. Yet in line with church/state scholarship more broadly, scholars of the Becker Amendment have privileged the voices of the elite, from church leaders to journalists and politicians. This article focuses instead on an extraordinary archive of some 13,000 letters for and against the amendment that were written by ordinary Americans. These letters, which have been overlooked by historians, offer a revealing window into popular opinion concerning religion in schools and the relationship between faith and government. Focusing on the letters shifts our understanding of the school prayer controversy in several ways. It brings to light the central role of women as activists. It shows the kinds of issues that resonated at the community level. The letters also demonstrate the complex role of emotion in driving and shaping the public debate. Finally, close scrutiny of the letters offers a grassroots view of the shifting alliances within the American religious landscape that would help power the rise of the Religious Right.
Prospective prediction of clinical drug response in high-grade gliomas using an ex vivo 3D cell culture assay
Authors: Shuford Stephen , Lipinski Lindsay , Abad Ajay , Smith Ashley M , Rayner Melissa , O’Donnell Lauren , Stuart Jeremy , Mechtler Laszlo L , Fabiano Andrew J , Edenfield Jeff , Kanos Charles , Gardner Stephen , Hodge Philip , Lynn Michael , Butowski Nicholas A , Han Seunggu J , Redjal Navid , Crosswell Howland E , Vibat Cecile Rose T , Holmes Lillia , Gevaert Matthew , Fenstermaker Robert A , DesRochers Teresa M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Clinical outcomes in high-grade glioma (HGG) have remained relatively unchanged over the last 3 decades with only modest increases in overall survival. Despite the validation of biomarkers to classify treatment response, most newly diagnosed (ND) patients receive the same treatment regimen. This study aimed to determine whether a prospective functional assay that provides a direct, live tumor cell-based drug response prediction specific for each patient could accurately predict clinical drug response prior to treatment.

Methods
A modified 3D cell culture assay was validated to establish baseline parameters including drug concentrations, timing, and reproducibility. Live tumor tissue from HGG patients were tested in the assay to establish response parameters. Clinical correlation was determined between prospective ex vivo response and clinical response in ND HGG patients enrolled in 3D-PREDICT (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03561207). Clinical case studies were examined for relapsed HGG patients enrolled on 3D-PREDICT, prospectively assayed for ex vivo drug response, and monitored for follow-up.

Results
Absent biomarker stratification, the test accurately predicted clinical response/nonresponse to temozolomide in 17/20 (85%, P = .007) ND patients within 7 days of their surgery, prior to treatment initiation. Test-predicted responders had a median overall survival post-surgery of 11.6 months compared to 5.9 months for test-predicted nonresponders (P = .0376). Case studies provided examples of the clinical utility of the assay predictions and their impact upon treatment decisions resulting in positive clinical outcomes.

Conclusion
This study both validates the developed assay analytically and clinically and provides case studies of its implementation in clinical practice.
Red-light excited efficient metal-free near-infrared room-temperature phosphorescent films
Authors: Sun Siyu , Ma Liangwei , Wang Jie , Ma Xiang , Tian He 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A set of red-light-excited, metal-free room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) systems was constructed with brominated phenolsulfonephthaleine derivatives. The best metal-free RTP system has the reddest near-infrared (NIR) RTP emission (λp = 819 nm) with the highest phosphorescence quantum yield (ΦRTP = 3.0%) so far identified. The RTP emission can be switched ON-OFF by adding acid and alkali alternately. A logic operation with half-subtractor function and dual-channel response (visible light emission/NIR RTP emission) was also constructed based on these properties.
In-Hospital 30-Day Survival Among Young Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Cohort Study
Authors: Richardson Safiya , Gitlin Jordan , Kozel Zachary , Levy Sera , Rahman Husneara , Hirsch Jamie S , McGinn Thomas , Diefenbach Michael A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Our objective was to characterize young adult patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and identify predictors of survival at 30 days.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study took place at 12 acute care hospitals in the New York City area. Patients aged 18–39 hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 between March 1 and April 27, 2020 were included in the study. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were extracted from electronic health record reports.

Results
A total of 1013 patients were included in the study (median age, 33 years; interquartile range [IQR], 28–36; 52% female). At the study end point, 940 (92.8%) patients were discharged alive, 18 (1.8%) remained hospitalized, 5 (0.5%) were transferred to another acute care facility, and 50 (4.9%) died. The most common comorbidities in hospitalized young adult patients were obesity (51.2%), diabetes mellitus (14.8%), and hypertension (13%). Multivariable analysis revealed that obesity (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28–5.73; P = .002) and Charlson comorbidity index score (aHR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.07–1.35; P = .002) were independent predictors of in-hospital 30-day mortality.

Conclusions
Obesity was identified as the strongest negative predictor of 30-day in-hospital survival in young adults with COVID-19.
Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization of a Pediatric Patient With Progressive Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Authors: Shigematsu Tomoyoshi , Dier Evelyn , Yaeger Kurt A , Morgenstern Peter F , Glass Lauren D , Kellner Christopher P , Berenstein Alejandro 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Evidence suggests middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization benefits adult patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) at high risk for recurrence or hemorrhagic complications. Yet, there has not been any report discussing MMA embolization in the pediatric population. Thus, we present a case of an infant with CSDH successfully managed with MMA embolization without surgical management.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A 5-mo-old girl with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy underwent surgical implantation of a left ventricular assist device for a bridge to heart transplantation. This was complicated by left ventricular thrombus causing stroke. She was placed on dual antiplatelet antithrombotic therapy on top of bivalirudin infusion. She sustained a left middle cerebral artery infarction, but did not have neurological deficits. Subsequent computed tomography scans of the head showed a progressively enlarging asymptomatic CSDH, and the heart transplant was repeatedly postponed. The decision was made to proceed with MMA embolization at the age of 7 mo. Bilateral modified MMA embolization, using warmed, low-concentration n-butyl-cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) from distal microcatheter positioning, allowed the embolic material to close the distal MMA and subdural membranous vasculature. The patient underwent successful heart transplant and the CSDH improved significantly. She remained neurologically asymptomatic and had normal neurological development after the MMA embolization.

CONCLUSION
MMA embolization may represent a safe and effective minimally invasive option for pediatric CSDH, especially for patients at high risk for surgery or hematoma recurrence.
Phylogenomic analyses reveal non-monophyly of the antbird generaHerpsilochmusandSakesphorus(Thamnophilidae), with description of a new genus forHerpsilochmus sellowi
Authors: Bravo Gustavo A , Whitney Bret M , Belmonte-Lopes Ricardo , Bornschein Marcos R , Aristizábal Natalia , Beco Renata , Battilana Jaqueline , Naka Luciano N , Aleixo Alexandre , Pie Marcio R , Silveira Luís F , Derryberry Elizabeth P , Brumfield Robb T 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe family Thamnophilidae is a species-rich Neotropical radiation of passerine birds. Current classification of its 235 species is mostly based on morphological similarities, but recent studies integrating comprehensive phenotypic and phylogenetic data have redefined taxonomic limits of several taxa. Here, we assess generic relationships of Herpsilochmus, Sakesphorus, Thamnophilus, Biatas, and Dysithamnus using DNA sequences from the mitochondrion, nuclear exons, and ultraconserved elements, with further attention to interspecific relationships within Herpsilochmus. We show that Herpsilochmus and Sakesphorus are not monophyletic. We resolve Herpsilochmus sellowi as a deep-branch sister to the monotypic genus Biatas and Sakesphorus cristatus as sister to a clade comprising Herpsilochmus sensu stricto and Dysithamnus. These results are consistent across loci, obtained via concatenation and coalescent-based analyses, and supported by likelihood-ratio tests of the distribution of our sampled coalescent histories. The phenotypic distinctiveness of both H. sellowi and Biatas argues against merging them into a single genus. Because no generic name is available for H. sellowi, we describe a monotypic genus. The polyphyly of Sakesphorus warrants recognition of the available generic name Sakesphoroides for the distinctive and monotypic S. cristatus. Furthermore, we recover 6 well-supported species groups within Herpsilochmus sensu stricto. Within the context of the family as a whole, the ubiquity of long terminal branches representing monotypic genera points to extinction events among ancestors of these lineages. We suggest that retention of ancestral characters or random genetic drift coupled with extensive extinction could explain the high degree of morphological and ecological similarity across these taxa, but we highlight the potential role of the environment in driving adaptive phenotypic convergence. Finally, our results send a cautionary message against the blind use of phylogenies containing imputed data based on taxonomy due to the increasingly frequent mismatches between traditional taxonomic classification and molecular phylogenies.
A habitat-based approach to determining the effects of drought on aridland bird communities
Authors: Roberts Samuel G , Thoma David P , Perkins Dustin W , Tymkiw Elizabeth L , Ladin Zachary S , Shriver W Gregory 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aridland breeding bird communities of the United States are among the most vulnerable to drought, with many species showing significant population declines associated with decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature. Individual breeding bird species have varied responses to drought which suggests complex responses to changes in water availability. Here, we evaluated the influence of water deficit, an integrative metric of drought stress, on breeding bird communities within 3 distinct aridland habitat types: riparian, pinyon-juniper, and sagebrush shrubland. We used 12 years of breeding bird survey data from 11 national parks and monuments in the Northern Colorado Plateau Inventory and Monitoring Network (NCPN). We used a multivariate community-level approach to test for the effect of annual water deficit on the bird communities in the 3 habitats. We found that bird communities responded to water deficit in all 3 habitat types, and 70% of the 30 species–habitat combinations show significant relationships between density and variation in water deficit. Our analyses revealed that the direction and magnitude of species responses to water deficit were habitat-dependent. The habitat-specific responses we observed suggest that the adaptive capacity of some species depends on the habitat in which they occur, a pattern only elucidated with our habitat-based approach. The direction and magnitude of the relationships between predicted densities and annual water deficit can be used to predict the relative sensitivity of species within habitat climate changes. These results provide the first attempt to determine how the indirect effect of changes in water availability might affect aridland breeding birds in distinct habitat types. Linking breeding bird density to annual water deficit may be valuable for predicting changes in species persistence and distribution in response to climate change.
A desert songbird with no confamilials in the Western Hemisphere (Verdin,Auriparus flaviceps) investigates divergent conspecific songs
Authors: Greig Emma I , Kinnebrew Eva , Witynski Max L , Larsen Eric C 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMost birds that show geographic variation in their songs discriminate between local and foreign songs, which may help them avoid unnecessary conflicts with vagrant individuals or similar-sounding congeners. However, some species respond equally to foreign and local songs, which may be useful if foreign individuals present territorial threats or if there are no sympatric congeners to avoid. Species without sympatric congeners are not commonly tested in playback studies, but they offer an opportunity to see how song variation and recognition unfolds when the pressure to avoid similar congeners is absent. Here, we use Verdins (Auriparus flaviceps), a monotypic genus of songbird with no confamilials in North America, to explore song variation and recognition in a species living without close relatives. We assessed geographic variation in song across the Verdin range and conducted a playback experiment using exemplars from 2 acoustically divergent and geographically distant regions as treatments. We found significant geographic variation in song that mapped well onto ecologically distinct desert regions. We found that Verdins had stronger vocal responses to local-sounding songs, but had equal movement responses to local-sounding and foreign songs. These results are similar to results found in other species without sympatric congeners and provide an example of a species that investigates acoustically divergent conspecific songs, despite recognizing salient differences in those songs.