bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allelic and Genotypic Frequencies of NAT2, CYP2E1 and AADAC genes in a cohort of Peruvian Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: Levano Kelly S. , Jaramillo-Valverde Luis , Tarazona David D. , Sanchez Cesar , Capristano Silvia , Solari Lely , Mendoza-Ticona Alberto , Soto Alonso , Rojas Christian , Zegarra-Chapoñan Roberto , Guio Heinner 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe determined the frequency of genetic polymorphisms in three anti-TB drug metabolic proteins previously reported: N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) within a Peruvian population in a cohort of TB patients. We included 395 participants completed their anti-tuberculosis treatment.Results∼74% of the participants are carriers of slow metabolizer genotypes: NAT2*5, NAT2*6 and NAT2*7, which increase the sensitivity of INH at low doses and increase the risk of drug-induced liver injuries. ∼ 64% are homozygous for the wild-type CYP2E1*1A allele, which could increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. However, 16% had a NAT2 fast metabolizer phenotype which could increase the risk of acquiring resistance to INH, thereby increasing the risk of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or treatment failure. The frequency of rs1803155 (AADAC*2 allele) was higher (99.9%) in Peruvians than in in European American, African American, Japanese, and Korean populations.ConclusionsThis high prevalence of slow metabolizers for Isoniazid in the Peruvian population should be further studied and considered to help individualize drug regimens, especially in countries with a great genetic diversity like Peru. These data will help the Peruvian National Tuberculosis Control Program develop new strategies for therapies.
De novopurine nucleotide biosynthesis mediated by amidophosphoribosyl transferase is required for conidiation and essential for the successful host colonization ofMagnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Aron Osakina , Wang Min , Guo Jiayuan , Otieno Jagero Frankline , Zuriegat Qussai , Lu Songmao , Wang Zonghua , Tang Wei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAmidophosphoribosyl transferase catalyzes the first step of the purine nucleotide biosynthesis by converting 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate into 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine. In this study, we identified and characterized the functions of MoAde4, an ortholog of yeast Ade4 in the rice blast fungus. MoAde4 is a 537-amino acid protein containing the GATase_6 and pribosyltran domains. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showedMoADE4transcripts were highly expressed during conidiation, early-infection, and late-infection stages of the fungus. Disruption ofMoADE4gene resulted in ΔMoade4mutant exhibiting adenine, adenosine, and hypoxanthine auxotrophy on MM. Conidia quantification assays showed ΔMoade4mutant was significantly reduced in sporulation. The conidia of ΔMoade4mutant could still form appressoria but mostly failed to penetrate the rice cuticle. Pathogenicity test showed ΔMoade4was completely nonpathogenic on rice and barley leaves which was attributed by failure of its infectious hyphae to colonize the host cells. The ΔMoade4was defective in induction of strong host immunity and had its purine transporter genes repressed during in planta infection. Addition of exogenous adenine partially rescued conidiation and pathogenicity defects of the ΔMoade4mutant on the barley and rice leaves. Localization assays showed that MoAde4 is located in the cytoplasm. Taken together, our results demonstrate that purine biosynthesis orchestrated by MoAde4 is required for fungal development, conidiation, more importantly, we found it to be essential for fungal pathogenicity not because of the appressorial formation, but appressorium penetration and host colonization during the plant infection ofM. oryzae. Thus this findings suggests that purine biosynthesis could act as an important target for combating recalcitrant plant fungal pathogens.
Concurrent feature-specific reactivation within the hippocampus and neocortex facilitates episodic memory retrieval
Authors: Bone Michael B. , Buchsbaum Bradley R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe hippocampus is a key brain region for the storage and retrieval of episodic memories, but how it performs this function is unresolved. According to the hippocampal indexing theory, the hippocampus stores an event-specific index of the pattern of neocortical activity that occurred during perception. During retrieval, reactivation of the index by a partial cue facilitates the reactivation of the associated neocortical pattern. Therefore, event-specific retrieval requires joint reactivation of the hippocampal index and the associated neocortical networks. To test this theory, we examine the relation between performance on a recognition memory task requiring retrieval of image-specific visual details and feature-specific reactivation within the hippocampus and neocortex. We show that trial-by-trial recognition accuracy correlates with neural reactivation of low-level features (e.g. luminosity and edges) within the posterior hippocampus and early visual cortex for participants with high recognition lure accuracy. As predicted, the two regions interact, such that recognition accuracy correlates with hippocampal reactivation only when reactivation co-occurs within the early visual cortex (and vice-versa). In addition to supporting the hippocampal indexing theory, our findings show large individual differences in the features underlying visual memory and suggest that the anterior and posterior hippocampus represents gist-like and detailed features, respectively.
Direct and indirect contributions of energy consumption structure to carbon emission intensity
Authors: Yin Jiuli , Ding Qing , Fan Xinghua 
Published: February 2021

Purpose
Reductions in emissions intensity have been expressed in commitments of many countries’ intended nationally determined contribution. Energy structure adjustment is one of the main approaches to reduce carbon emissions. This paper aims to study the causal relationship between carbon emission intensity and energy consumption structure in China based on path analysis.

Design/methodology/approach
After data collection, this paper performs correlation analysis, regression and path analysis.

Findings
Correlation results display clear collinearity among energy structure variables. Regression finds that coal, oil, natural gas and technology can be used as indicators for carbon intensity while primary electricity has been excluded. Path analysis shows that coal had the largest direct and positive impact on emission intensity. Natural gas had a positive direct and negative indirect effect through its negative relationship with coal on emission intensity. Technology has the largest negative elasticity while all fossil energies are positive. Results indicate a negative effect of energy structure adjustment on China’s national carbon intensity.

Originality/value
Given the major role of China in global climate change mitigation, significant future reductions in China’s CO2 emissions will require transformation toward low-carbon energy systems. Considering the important role in mitigating global climate change, China needs to transition toward a low-carbon energy system to significantly reduce its carbon intensity in the future.
Damaged hardmen: Organized crime and the half‐life of deindustrialization
Authors: Fraser Alistair , Clark Andy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDespite frequent associations, deindustrialization features rarely in studies of organized crime, and organized crime is at best a spectral presence in studies of deindustrialization. By developing an original application of Linkon's concept of the “half‐life,” we present an empirical case for the symbiotic relationship between former sites of industry and the emergence of criminal markets. Based on a detailed case‐study in the west of Scotland, an area long associated with both industry and crime, the paper interrogates the environmental, social, and cultural after‐effects of deindustrialization at a community level. Drawing on 55 interviews with residents and service‐providers in Tunbrooke, an urban community where an enduring criminal market grew in the ruins of industry, the paper elaborates the complex landscapes of identity, vulnerability, and harm that are embedded in the symbiosis of crime and deindustrialization. Building on recent scholarship, the paper argues that organized crime in Tunbrooke is best understood as an instance of “residual culture” grafted onto a fragmented, volatile criminal marketplace where the stable props of territorial identity are unsettled. The analysis allows for an extension of both the study of deindustrialization and organized crime, appreciating the “enduring legacies” of closure on young people, communal identity, and social relations in the twenty‐first century.
Synthetic hair extensions causing irritant contact dermatitis in patients with a history of atopy: A report of 10 cases
Authors: Dlova Ncoza C. , Ferguson Nkanyezi N. , Rorex Jennifer N. , Todd Gail 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe present a case series of 10, atopic, African women who developed irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) from synthetic hair extensions.MethodsTen consecutive African female patients who presented with a pruritic cutaneous eruption on the neck over a period of 2 years are described. Patients underwent skin patch testing using both standard and hair commercial patch test panels and samples of their own hair extensions. Hair care products were not tested.ResultsAll 10 patients used synthetic hair extensions. A strong history of atopy was documented for all the patients and examination was significant for eczematous, lichenified plaques at the location of contact with the free end of the hair extension. Patch test results yielded no relevant reactivity and a diagnosis of ICD was made for all patients. The lesions resolved completely on removal of the hair extensions and the use of topical steroids and emollients, dependent on eczema severity.ConclusionsArtificial hair extensions should be considered as a potential irritant, resulting in ICD. Patients with a history of atopy are at risk of developing ICD from synthetic hair extensions.
Molecular phylogeography reveals two geographically and temporally separated floristic exchange tracks between Southeast Asia and northern Australia
Authors: Joyce Elizabeth M. , Pannell Caroline M. , Rossetto Maurizio , Yap Jia‐Yee S. , Thiele Kevin R. , Wilson Peter D. , Crayn Darren M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimExchange of plant lineages between Australia and Southeast Asia has had a substantial impact on the evolution of Australia's northern, tropical flora, with important ramifications for its conservation and biosecurity. Despite this, floristic exchange tracks between northern Australia and Southeast Asia remain poorly understood. To address this, we conducted a molecular phylogeographic case study to identify exchange tracks between Australia and Southeast Asia.LocationIndia, Southeast Asia, Australia and Pacific islands.TaxonThe widespread tropical monsoonal tree species Aglaia elaeagnoidea (Meliaceae).MethodsWe conducted a DArTseq phylogeographic study of 141 herbarium and silica‐dried samples sourced from across the range of A. elaeagnoidea. We analysed 176,331 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 90,456 loci using multivariate, admixture, genetic differentiation and coalescent methods to characterise phylogeographic and phylogenetic patterns. These analyses were considered in the context of an environmental niche model for the last glacial maximum.ResultsTwo exchange tracks were identified: one from New Guinea to Cape York Peninsula in north‐east Australia, and a second from Timor‐Leste to the Kimberley Plateau of north‐west Australia. The Cape York Peninsula track is contemporary, characterised by ongoing genetic exchange, whereas the Kimberley Plateau track is historic, facilitated by multiple past exposures of the Arafura Shelf during the Pleistocene. Overall, we suggest that phylogeographic patterns of A. elaeagnoidea have resulted from a combination of repeated range expansion and contraction cycles concurrent with Quaternary climate fluctuations and stochastic dispersal events.Main conclusionsThis study provides the first molecular phylogeographic evidence for two floristic exchange tracks between northern Australia and Southeast Asia. It also highlights the influence of Quaternary climate fluctuations on the complex biogeography of the region, and supports the idea that the Kimberley Plateau and Cape York Peninsula in northern Australia have separate biogeographic histories.
Different dung beetle diversity patterns emerge from overlapping biotas in a large mountain range of the Mexican Transition Zone
Authors: Joaqui Tatiana , Cultid‐Medina Carlos A. , Dáttilo Wesley , Escobar Federico 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimDifferent patterns of the species richness‐elevation relationship have been detected on mountains, however how these arise is unclear. Some patterns may be related to two different colonization processes: Lineages colonizing from adjacent lowlands (a ‘vertical’ model) or from different latitudes (a ‘horizontal’ model), or both. We aimed to test whether the predictions of the vertical and horizontal colonization models depend on the biogeographic affinity of species along an elevation gradient.LocationMexican Transition Zone.TaxonNeotropical and Holarctic dung beetles.MethodsWe sampled at 28 sites along an elevation gradient between 200 and 3450 m a.s.l. We assessed potential different shapes in the models describing the relationships between elevation and species richness, pooling all species together and also according to their biogeographic affinity (Neotropical, Holarctic). Moreover we used additive partitioning of beta‐diversity to investigate the changes in species composition along the elevation gradient, disentangling the contribution of richness differences and spatial replacement.ResultsFor all species together a mid‐plateau pattern between ~ 1200 and 2200 m a.s.l was observed. Neotropical species decreased rapidly with elevation, while Holarctic species showed a mid–elevation peak at ~2500 m a.s.l. We detected three groups of elevations based on species composition, with faunal mixing of Neotropical and Holarctic species in the middle zone of the elevation gradient. We found that richness differences and spatial replacement explained changes in species composition. However, the contribution of both beta diversity components depended on the biogeographic affinity of the species.Main conclusionsDung beetle diversity patterns are related to the biogeographic affinity of the species. The mid‐plateau pattern is the result of the mixture of Holarctic and Neotropical species in the middle of the elevation gradient. We were able to demonstrate the importance of the use of species’ biogeographic affinities in mountain diversity studies.
Development of the sympathetic trunks in human embryos
Authors: Kruepunga Nutmethee , Hikspoors Jill P. J. M. , Hülsman Cindy J. M. , Mommen Greet M. C. , Köhler S. Eleonore , Lamers Wouter H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough the development of the sympathetic trunks was first described >100 years ago, the topographic aspect of their development has received relatively little attention. We visualised the sympathetic trunks in human embryos of 4.5–10 weeks post‐fertilisation, using Amira 3D‐reconstruction and Cinema 4D‐remodelling software. Scattered, intensely staining neural crest‐derived ganglionic cells that soon formed longitudinal columns were first seen laterally to the dorsal aorta in the cervical and upper thoracic regions of Carnegie stage (CS)14 embryos. Nerve fibres extending from the communicating branches with the spinal cord reached the trunks at CS15‐16 and became incorporated randomly between ganglionic cells. After CS18, ganglionic cells became organised as irregular agglomerates (ganglia) on a craniocaudally continuous cord of nerve fibres, with dorsally more ganglionic cells and ventrally more fibres. Accordingly, the trunks assumed a “pearls‐on‐a‐string” appearance, but size and distribution of the pearls were markedly heterogeneous. The change in position of the sympathetic trunks from lateral (para‐aortic) to dorsolateral (prevertebral or paravertebral) is a criterion to distinguish the “primary” and “secondary” sympathetic trunks. We investigated the position of the trunks at vertebral levels T2, T7, L1 and S1. During CS14, the trunks occupied a para‐aortic position, which changed into a prevertebral position in the cervical and upper thoracic regions during CS15, and in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions during CS18 and CS20, respectively. The thoracic sympathetic trunks continued to move further dorsally and attained a paravertebral position at CS23. The sacral trunks retained their para‐aortic and prevertebral position, and converged into a single column in front of the coccyx. Based on our present and earlier morphometric measurements and literature data, we argue that differential growth accounts for the regional differences in position of the sympathetic trunks.
Whole‐genome alignment‐based development of molecular markers for detecting Leptosphaeria maculans and Leptosphaeria biglobosa, the causal agents of blackleg disease in Brassicas
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Rashed , Ferdous Mostari Jahan , Denison Michael Immanuel Jesse , Park Jong‐In , Jung Hee‐Jeong , Kim Hoy‐Taek , Nou Ill‐Sup 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAccurate diagnosis of the differentially aggressive fungi Leptosphaeria maculans ‘brassicae’ and L. biglobosa ‘brassicae’ causing blackleg disease in Brassica crops is crucial. Prior to the availability of fungal whole‐genome sequences, gene‐specific markers were designed on specific genes. But, the availability of the whole‐genome sequences of several isolates now offers a greater opportunity to develop more precise and novel markers. The draft genomes of L. maculans and L. biglobosa that are available in the repository were aligned, and species‐specific primers were designed from the variable sequences that encode for effector proteins. Three primer sets namely, Lm1, Lm2 and Lm5 and two primer sets namely Lb1’ and Lb3 specifically detected the isolates of target species in PCR assay. The primers Lm5 and Lb1’ were multiplexed for detection of L. maculans ‘brassicae’ and L. biglobosa ‘brassicae’, respectively, from a single PCR reaction. The markers were highly sensitive in amplifying target species from crude ‘pseudothecia and ascospore suspension’ without requiring DNA extraction. These markers, solitarily or in combination, could be used for precise, sensitive and rapid detection of L. maculans ‘brassicae’ and L. biglobosa ‘brassicae’ species and will be helpful for surveillance, management and transboundary quarantine of the devastating blackleg disease.
Resistance of Venturia inaequalis to multiple fungicides in Turkish apple orchards
Authors: Polat Zühtü , Bayraktar Harun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractApple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis is one of the most economically important diseases of apple worldwide. Disease management is largely based on the frequent applications of fungicides, but fungicide resistance is a common problem. In this study, we monitored the development of resistance to four MBC, DMI and QoI group fungicides with different modes of action in V. inaequalis from apple orchards in Turkey. Sensitivity of V. inaequalis from 27 orchards in six provinces was evaluated to thiophanate‐methyl, myclobutanil, difenoconazole and kresoxim‐methyl by mycelium growth assay and molecular tools. Baseline sensitivity was determined in wild isolates of V. inaequalis from apple trees that had never been treated with any fungicides. EC50 value for thiophanate‐methyl, myclobutanil, difenoconazole and kresoxim‐methyl was 0.0992, 0.0315, 0.0048 and 0.0192 μg/ml, respectively. Of the 470 single spore isolates evaluated, 93.4% was very highly resistant to thiophanate‐methyl, while 27.5% and 50.2% were resistant and moderately resistant to myclobutanil, respectively. Difenoconazole and kresoxim‐methyl resistance were confirmed in 7.45 and 97% of the isolates tested, respectively. Molecular studies revealed that resistance to MBC fungicide, thiophanate‐methyl resulted from a mutation at codon 198 in β‐tubulin gene, while the G143A mutation of cytochrome b caused resistant to the QoI, kresoxim‐methyl. This study represents the first report of V. inaequalis resistance to several fungicides from apple orchards in Turkey. The resistance risk to these fungicides should be taken into consideration in the management of apple scab in Turkey.
The synergistic effect of traditional Chinese medicine prescription and rumen‐protected γ‐aminobutyric acid on beef cattle under heat stress
Authors: Chen Jian , Mao Yaqing , Guo Kun , Wu Huansheng , Song Xiaozhen , Qu Mingren , Lan Lvtao , Luo Junrong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTraditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription or rumen‐protected GABA (RP‐GABA) can effectively relieve the heat stress (HS) in cattle, but the joint effects of TCM and RP‐GABA on HS in beef cattle are not fully clarified. To investigate the effects of TCM or/and RP‐GABA on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, serum parameters and heat shock proteins (HSPs) expression in beef cattle under HS ambient. A total of 40 Jinjiang yellow cattle were randomly divided into four groups: (a) control group (basal diet, BD), (b) TCM group (BD+TCM), (c) GABA group (BD+RP‐GABA) and (d) TCM+GABA group (BD+TCM plus RP‐GABA). Results indicated that the average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly elevated in the TCM+GABA group (p < 0.05), whereas, average daily gain (ADG) was elevated (p < 0.05) in the group of TCM (38.5%), GABA (35.4%) and TCM+GABA (41.5%) compared with the control group. Meanwhile, TCM+GABA exhibited prominently more positive effects in terms of SOD, BUN, T‐CHO, TG, HDL‐C and HSP70 (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) than the control and other treatment groups. Therefore, TCM or GABA can effectively moderate the HS response in beef cattle by ameliorating antioxidant capacity, serum parameters and HSPs expression, meanwhile, the combination of them exerts a synergistic effect on HS alleviation.