bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grand Strategy of the Master Class
Authors: Karp Matthew 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of Southerners and slavery in US foreign policy from the antebellum era to the Civil War. Studies that explore slavery's specific impact on foreign policy have generally confined themselves to the ways that slaveholders worked to secure fugitive slave laws, enact restrictions on black sailors, or, at most, fight to add new slave states to the Union. However, the kind of domination that slaveholders desired went beyond the need to reinforce their narrow property rights, or even the desire to expand the amount of territory under slave cultivation. Antebellum slaveholders assumed national Cabinet posts to command the power of the entire United States, and then, crucially, to use that power to strengthen slavery in world politics. If grand strategy is “the intellectual architecture that gives form and structure to foreign policy,” slaveholding leaders were not merely provincial sectionalists but bold and cosmopolitan strategic thinkers. Their profound ideological commitment to slavery did not merely affect domestic politics within a divided republic; it left a deep imprint on the “strategic culture” of American foreign policy.
Woodrow Wilson, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Beyond
Authors: Nichols Christopher McKnight 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates Woodrow Wilson's long-term impact on American internationalism. By chronicling the powerful influence of Wilsonianism—and even more of the variously interpreted political, economic, and social “lessons” of World War I—on internationalist as well as on isolationist ideas, it examines some of the ways in which an expanded definition of grand strategy should apply to Wilson, Jane Addams, and W. E. B. Du Bois. This analysis highlights the centrality of the “moment” from roughly 1914 through 1920 and into the 1920s in the development of varied internationalisms. Peace internationalism, black internationalism, isolationist-internationalism, and of course Wilsonian internationalism amounted to grand strategies aiming to remake the organization of the world and the place of the United States in global relations, and seeking to transform international relations in response to what most of those living at the time considered the most cataclysmic event in human history: the Great War. That these and other internationalist ideologies, primarily aimed at finding solutions to nationalist rivalry and conflict, did not prevent another world war should in no way undermine one's understanding of the power and ambitions of these competing as well as complementary internationalisms.
Foreign Policy Begins at Home
Authors: Moore Michaela Hoenicke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on ordinary Americans, central figures in a foreign policy conditioned by democratic politics and popular opinion. It offers another look at World War II and its legacies with a view to broader societal debates about America's role in the world, highlighting the tension between grand strategy and democracy. Ordinary citizens were part of these debates to a much greater extent than is generally acknowledged. Apart from opinion and election polls, citizen voices have often been shunned by politicians and scholars, who have dismissed them as ineffective and marginal, deplored them as racist or sectarian, and criticized them as isolationist or detrimental to American strategic interests. Attending to what citizens had to say about their country's international role, especially over the course of the transformative 1940s, brings unsettling questions into clearer focus: what purpose and whose interests do grand visions of foreign policy serve?
George H. W. Bush
Authors: Engel Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates George H. W. Bush as a grand strategist. Determined above all else to preserve the elements of traditional American power amid a tumultuous world and to prevent as much as possible a rapidly transforming world from descending brinto chaos, Bush successfully achieved the markers he set in pursuit of this goal. These included sustaining relations with a reeling China, preserving the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), uniting Germany, negotiating a continental-wide free trade zone designed to counter the rise of Asian and European economic consolidation, and protecting the sanctity of international sovereignty and the import of the United Nations in a post–Cold War world. Ultimately, gauging Bush's success in 1991, or in 2001, or in 2011 produces different answers. A hero in the first instance, perhaps the reason Americans faced problems in the Middle East in the second, he was by the third date largely celebrated for the restraint his son never exhibited. Times changed, his actions in office did not, nor did the central tenets he embraced and embodied as a strategist: he faced instability, believed in the stream of history, and by acting to ensure the American stability he considered paramount to security, helped keep chaos at bay.
Foreign Missions and Strategy, Foreign Missions as Strategy
Authors: Conroy-Krutz Emily 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes how thinking about American foreign missions provides an essential reminder of the sometimes hidden or overlooked role of religion in the history of foreign relations and policy. Accordingly, attention to foreign missions reveals the multiple ways that religious belief and priorities could shape political strategies. In foreign missionaries, one can see a group of early nineteenth-century Americans who had a grand plan for the role of the United States in the world. The United States was, in their view, one of the two seats of “true religion” in the world and accordingly it had a duty to lead the rest of the world toward a particular type of Christianity and “civilization.” This can be seen in the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions’ (ABCFM) general process of location selection as well as their early efforts in China, which they saw as a key strategic location in the overall project of the conversion of the world. Similar dynamics were at work in all of the board’s mission stations, but the particular interest that missionaries, merchants, and diplomats had in relations with China make it a particularly apt location for considering missionary and grand strategy.
The Unbearable Whiteness of Grand Strategy
Authors: Lentz-Smith Adriane 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores grand strategy as an intellectual and cultural project by considering its willful unseeing of race as a political project. To ignore race is to misapprehend how power works in the United States and how domestic formulations of subjectivity, difference, and racialized power imbue American foreign relations. The chapter focuses on African Americans in the era of Cold War civil rights. For Carl Rowan and Sam Greenlee, the two African American veterans who provide concrete cases for thinking about the United States and the world, their blackness and ambitions for their people would color how they interpreted America's role in political and military struggles in the Third World and beyond. As with other people of color, their encounters with white supremacy shaped their understandings of liberation, violence, and the United States security project. Their perspectives challenge scholars’ conceptions of the Cold War as a period of “defined clear national interests” and “public consensus.” Centering the stories of Rowan and Greenlee highlights not simply ongoing contestation over the myth and history of the Cold War, but, more fundamentally, the unthinking whiteness of grand strategy itself.
National to Transnational Legal Pluralism
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies state law within the United States legal system(s), showing that law is not fully unified and hierarchically organized, a condition that also exists within highly developed national legal systems across Europe. It looks at pluralism internal to national legal systems before considering constitutional pluralism in the European Union, as well as global legal pluralism. Flowing through preceding chapters is the movement from decentralized community law to the consolidation of law within the territorial state—with regime law absorbing or trying to suppress or recognizing or accommodating or turning a blind eye to resilient forms of lived community law. The chapter leaves aside community law to center on the state legal system itself, and thereafter on manifestations of cross-polity laws. As with previous chapters, the focus is on legal pluralism while questioning the image of the monist law state. Unlike previous chapters, which have been largely descriptive, the last part of the chapter is more analytical and critical in discussing global legal pluralism.
Engineering Hollywood
Authors: Marzola Luci 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Engineering Hollywood tells the story of the formation of the Hollywood studio system not as the product of a genius producer, but as an industry that brought together creative practices and myriad cutting-edge technologies in ways that had never been seen before. Using extensive archival research, this book examines the role of technicians, engineers, and trade organizations in creating a stable technological infrastructure on which the studio system rested for decades. Here the studio system is seen as a technology-dependent business with connections to the larger American industrial world. By focusing on the role played by technology, we see a new map of the studio system beyond the backlots of Los Angeles and the front offices in New York. In this study, Hollywood includes the labs of industrial manufacturers, the sales routes of independent firms, the garages of tinkerers, and the clubhouses of technicians’ societies. Rather than focusing on the technical improvements in any particular motion picture tool, this book centers on the larger systems and infrastructures for dealing with technology in this creative industry. Engineering Hollywood argues that the American industry was stabilized and able to dominate the motion picture field for decades through collaboration over technologies of everyday use. Hollywood’s relationship to its essential technology was fundamentally one of interdependence and cooperation—with manufacturers, trade organizations, and the competing studios. Accordingly, Hollywood could be defined as an industry by participation in a closed system of cooperation that allowed a select group of producers and manufacturers to dominate the motion picture business for decades.
A Community of Engineers
Authors: Marzola Luci 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the motion picture industry, large East Coast manufacturers such as Kodak, GE, DuPont, and Bausch & Lomb produced materials such as lights, film stock, and lenses for production. Beginning with a brief history of the motion picture technology field before 1915, this chapter describes how the industry increasingly became reliant on these American industrial concerns. Beginning around 1916, the manufacturing side of the business was professionalized and unified by the Society of Motion Picture Engineers (SMPE), while continuing to isolate itself from the production side of the industry for another decade. SMPE emphasized standardization across companies in the manufacturing of motion picture tools, creating a stable industry and a community for knowledge sharing that had little contact with the production center in the west.
Between the Lines
Authors: Marzola Luci 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The film technicians who used and managed the technology within the Hollywood studios themselves, such as cameramen and electricians, take center stage in this chapter, focusing on how the technical work of motion picture production was understood, managed, and promoted within the new “factory” system of Hollywood. The primary case study here is the cameramen, who used their organization, the American Society of Cinematographers, and its publication, American Cinematographer, to establish their status as the chief technicians in motion picture production in the silent period, often by resisting unionization and by touting their special knowledge of the tools of the trade. The cinematographers positioned themselves as “engineers” within the studio, a position that the incursion of trained sound engineers into Hollywood challenged.
Inventing the Mazda Tests
Authors: Marzola Luci 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The second part of the book begins with chapter 4, which explores the key events of 1927–1928, in which the motion picture industry began to bring together companies and workers from the East and West around strategic technological shifts. While the shift to sound was in process, it was not sound but lights and film stock that served as the vehicles for these early collaborative endeavors. With the formation of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) in 1927, the studios united behind a single organization designed to standardize both labor and technology practices across all the major producers. In order to gain the cooperation and favor of the studio technicians, AMPAS focused many of its early activities on collaborative technical projects. In the spring of 1928, the Mazda tests united the studio technicians, manufacturers, independent labs, and trade organizations to standardize lighting and film stock technology across the industry. This first “scientific endeavor” of Hollywood, followed immediately by the first Society of Motion Picture Engineers (SMPE) convention in the area, created a model for the institutionalization of technological management and innovation in the industry.
Conclusion
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The concluding chapter explores the visions of the future that experts involved in advising the US Department of Energy developed, as formal parts of their planning documents. These narratives are almost the only place in the planning process where the specific local populations are mentioned. Turning to the question of the people who live in these areas, this chapter explores Native American responses to nuclear waste disposal planning. It contrasts the vision of the US West as an empty space appropriate for waste with indigenous ontologies in which space is full of animate force. The chapter explores the way fiction, narrative, and performances have been cited as possibly better ways to ward off intrusion in dangerous waste sites than any passive system of markers.
Aristocracy, Family, and Property
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes the senatorial aristocracy of Rome and divisions within its ranks. Even after the seat of western government left the city for safer territory, its aristocrats retained their pride of place. When Constantine founded Constantinople as his capital in the East, an entire senatorial aristocracy was created for it, although its members could not claim the ancient lineage and traditions of their Roman counterparts. The chapter details senatorial wealth, including that of Melania and Pinian. It explores the diverse meanings of “family” in ancient Rome and relevant inheritance law. It traces the family trees of Melania and Pinian and their extensive real estate—mansions, villas, and agricultural properties, spread across eight Roman provinces. It analyzes the fraught question of whether an excavated palace on Rome’s Caelian Hill was Melania and Pinian’s, and its probable fate.
Levels of Intelligence
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Intelligence is the ability to find solutions to complex problems a life faces in a complex and uncertain environment. This cannot be captured by a standardized numerical score, such as IQ, that focuses on a narrow range of cognitive capabilities, such as working memory or verbal fluency. Intelligence also cannot be separated from the most essential property of all life forms, which is self-replication. This chapter briefly reviews the evolutionary history and diversity of intelligence from single-cell organisms to humans. The chapter includes a definition of intelligence and a discussion of how the nervous system works, the simple behavior of reflexes and the limitations of reflexes, connectome (the comprehensive map of all the connections in an animal’s nervous system), the multiple controllers for muscles, and the social nature of many behaviors. The chapter also includes a case study on eye movements.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Compared to the human brain, current artificial intelligence technology is limited in that its goals are determined by human developers and users. Similarly, despite their superficial similarities, modern-day computers and human brains have many differences. Building blocks of human brain that are functionally equivalent to transistors, functional units of digital computers, have not been identified, and we do not know whether hardware and software are separable in the human brain. This chapter uses Mars rovers as a case study to illustrate the autonomy of intelligent robots, because machines dependent on human intelligence is not genuinely intelligent.
Religious Experience and the Theory of Signs
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe foundation of the psychology of religion in the work of William James and others is a major methodological breakthrough in the empirical study of religion. This psychology of religion focuses on experience, offering an alternative to the emphasis on religious doctrines or institutions. This chapter first presents a reconstruction of William James’s relevant writings. It then compares them to the theological writings of Friedrich Schleiermacher, who is sometimes seen as a source of inspiration for James. Finally it demonstrates the epochal achievement of Josiah Royce’s combination of pragmatist semiotics and the psychology of religion.
Multiple Forms of Ideal Formation or Process of Disenchantment?
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMore than any other authors around 1900, Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch developed a synthesis of the history, psychology, and sociology of religion. While in the conventional view the two thinkers were rather similar, this chapter contrasts them. I characterize Troeltsch’s views as a study of history that is open to ever new sacralizations. Weber’s notion of a world-historical process of disenchantment, meanwhile, I interpret and criticize as based on an ambiguous concept in urgent need of differentiation. If we do distinguish the different meanings of this highly ambiguous concept, the narrative of one world-historical process of disenchantment collapses.
Transcendence as Reflexive Sacredness
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the debate on the so-called Axial Age. It presents the major contributors from Karl Jaspers on, but also the predecessors in the 18th and 19th centuries. , It explores concepts such as the age of transcendence that have been used to characterize the fundamental innovation of that age. It particularly emphasizes the emergence of moral universalism in that period. The chapter also attempts to bring the different perspectives together by interpreting a reflexive view of the sources of sacredness as a major turning point in the global history of religion.
Fields of Tension
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMax Weber’s “Intermediate Reflection,” also known under the title “Religious Rejections of the World and Their Directions,” is usually interpreted as the classic text for a theory of the differentiation of value spheres. As such it has become part of the sociological canon. The new and very detailed interpretation presented in this chapter demonstrates that this view is problematic both with regard to Weber’s own intentions and in itself. An alternative reading shows what the fields of tension that Weber deals with really are. This is an important point of departure for an alternative to the narrative of disenchantment.
Linking HRM Systems with Public Sector Employees’ Performance
Authors: Gould-Williams Julian Seymour , Mostafa Ahmed Mohammed Sayed 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Early research exploring the link between HRM and performance primarily focused on private sector and organizational-level factors (the firm’s HR policy and financial performance). Although the evidence revealed a positive link between organizational approaches to HR practices and performance, the effect on employees was not considered. Although there is now emerging evidence across the private and not-for-profit sectors which includes the employee experience, theory advancement remains limited. The aim of this chapter is to address this issue by identifying relevant theories that explain why HR systems affect employees’ responses. Of the three theories identified, namely (1) ability, motivation, opportunity (AMO); (2) social exchange; and (3) self-determination theory (SDT), it is believed AMO is the least suited for the public sector context, even though the results of a review study show that AMO is the preferred choice for analysis by public sector scholars. This chapter expands on the rationale for this choice and highlights implications for management practice and research.
Leading Change in a Complex Public Sector Environment
Authors: Kjeldsen Anne Mette , Voet Joris Van der 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Successful organizational change depends on leadership, and this chapter reviews the literature on leadership in different types of public organization change processes. While transformational leadership is typically used more in planned processes of change, distributed leadership often accompanies emergent change processes. A key insight, however, is that the two leadership approaches should be viewed as complementary, depending on the characteristics of the different public organizations’ environments and structures. The bureaucratic structure and primacy of politics, the employment of public service professionals, and the environmental complexity with many stakeholders and complexity in tasks are all factors that affect the effectiveness of change leadership in public organizations. Future studies should address these characteristics in comparative and longitudinal studies that examine the mechanisms through which leadership contributes to the implementation of organizational change.
Value Conflicts in Public Organizations
Authors: Jensen Ulrich T. , Schott Carina , Steen Trui 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The public sector and all its entities are characterized by a plurality of values. As a result, public service professionals and public managers often find themselves in situations where different conceptions of what is deemed desirable conflict with one another and render a singular, unambiguous path to better performance a hallucination. This chapter reviews research on value conflicts in public organizations to offer three contributions. First, it identifies the consequences of value conflicts on professionals’ attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Second, the chapter discusses how individual service professionals and public managers can address value conflicts in organizational contexts. Third, and finally, the chapter outlines a series of critical questions on the antecedents and consequences of value conflicts the current literature has yet to address.
Berkeley and Locke’s Substance–Person Distinction
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Especially in his post-1720 works, Berkeley focuses his comments about Locke on general abstract ideas. He warns against using metaphysical principles to explain observed regularities, and he extends his account to include spiritual substances (including God). Indeed, by calling a substance a spirit, he emphasizes how a person is simply the will that ideas be differentiated and associated in a certain way, not some thing that engages in differentiation. In this sense, a substance cannot be conceived apart from its activity.