bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of salt stress on the photosynthetic physiology and mineral ion absorption and distribution in white willow (Salix alba L.)
Authors: Ran Xin , Wang Xiao , Gao Xiaokuan , Liang Haiyong , Liu Bingxiang , Huang Xiaoxi 
Published: November 2021

Objective
The purpose of this study was to explore the adaptive mechanism underlying the photosynthetic characteristics and the ion absorption and distribution of white willow (Salix alba L.) in a salt stress environment in cutting seedlings. The results lay a foundation for further understanding the distribution of sodium chloride and its effect on the photosynthetic system.

Method
A salt stress environment was simulated in a hydroponics system with different NaCl concentrations in one-year-old Salix alba L.branches as the test materials. Their growth, ion absorption, transport and distribution in the roots and leaves, and the changes in the photosynthetic fluorescence parameters were studied after 20 days under hydroponics.

Results
The results show that The germination and elongation of roots are promoted in the presence of 171mM NaCl, but root growth is comprehensively inhibited under increasing salt stress. Under salt stress, Na+ accumulates significantly in the roots and leaves, and the Na+ content and the Na+/K+ and Na+/Ca2+ root ratios are significantly greater than those in the leaves. When the NaCl concentration is ≤ 342mM, Salix alba can maintain relatively stable K+ and Ca2+ contents in its leaves by improving the selective absorption and accumulation of K+ and Ca2+ and adjusting the transport capacity of mineral ions to aboveground parts, while K+ and Ca2+ levels are clearly decreased under high salt stress. With increasing salt concentrations, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) of leaves decrease gradually overall, and the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) first decreases and then increases. When the NaCl concentration is < 342mM, the decrease in leaf Pn is primarily restricted by the stomata. When the NaCl concentration is > 342mM, the decrease in the Pn is largely inhibited by non-stomatal factors. Due to the salt stress environment, the OJIP curve (Rapid chlorophyll fluorescence) of Salix alba turns into an OKJIP curve. When the NaCl concentration is > 171mM, the fluorescence values of points I and P decrease significantly, which is accompanied by a clear inflection point (K). The quantum yield and energy distribution ratio of the PSⅡ reaction center change significantly (φPo, Ψo and φEo show an overall downward trend while φDo is promoted). The performance index and driving force (PIABS, PICSm and DFCSm) decrease significantly when the NaCl concentration is > 171mM, indicating that salt stress causes a partial inactivation of the PSII reaction center, and the functions of the donor side and the recipient side are damaged.

Conclusion
The above results indicate that Salix alba can respond to salt stress by intercepting Na+ in the roots, improving the selective absorption of K+ and Ca2+ and the transport capacity to the above ground parts of the plant, and increasing φDo, thus shows an ability to self-regulate and adapt.
Impact of pre-operative breast magnetic resonance imaging on contralateral synchronous and metachronous breast cancer detection—A case control comparison study with 1468 primary operable breast cancer patients with mean follow-up of 102 months
Authors: Wu Wen-Pei , Chen Chih-Yu , Lee Chih-Wei , Wu Hwa-Koon , Chen Shou-Tung , Wu Yu-Ting , Lin Ying-Jen , Chen Dar-Ren , Kuo Shou-Jen , Lai Hung-Wen 
Published: November 2021

Background
Women with unilateral breast cancer are at an increased risk for the development of contralateral breast cancers. We hypothesis that combined breast MRI would detect more contralateral synchronous breast cancer than conventional imaging alone, and resulted in less contralateral metachronous breast cancer during follow-up.

Methods
We retrospectively collected two groups of breast cancer patients diagnosed from 2009 to 2013 for evaluating the effectiveness and value of adding pre-operative breast MRI to conventional breast images (mammography and sonography) for detection of contralateral synchronous breast cancer. The new metachronous contralateral breast cancer diagnosed during follow-up was prospectively evaluated and compared.

Results
Group A (n = 733) comprised patients who underwent conventional preoperative imaging and group B (n = 735) combined with MRI were enrolled and compared. Seventy (9.5%) of the group B patients were found to have contralateral lesions detected by breast MRI, and 65.7% of these lesions only visible with MRI. The positive predictive value of breast MRI detected contralateral lesions was 48.8%. With the addition of breast MRI to conventional imaging studies, more surgical excisions were performed in contralateral breasts (6% (44/735) versus 1.4% (10/733), P< 0.01), more synchronous contralateral breast cancer detected (2.9% (21/735) versus 1.1% (8/733), P = 0.02), and resulted in numerical less (2.2% (16/714) versus 3% (22/725), p = 0.3) metachronous contralateral breast cancer during a mean follow-up of 102 months.

Conclusions
Our study provides useful estimates of the pre-operative breast MRI for the increased detection of contralateral synchronous breast cancer and less subsequent contralateral metachronous breast cancer.
Risk of hospitalized and non-hospitalized gastrointestinal bleeding in ALLHAT trial participants receiving diuretic, ACE-inhibitor, or calcium-channel blocker
Authors: Du Xianglin L. , Simpson Lara M. , Tandy Brian C. , Bettencourt Judith L. , Davis Barry R. 
Published: November 2021

Objectives
This post-trial data linkage analysis was to utilize the data of Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) participants linked with their Medicare data to examine the risk of hospitalized and non-hospitalized gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding associated with antihypertensives.

Settings
ALLHAT was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial conducted in a total of 42,418 participants aged ≥55 years with hypertension in 623 North American centers. Data for ALLHAT participants who were aged at ≥65 have been linked with their Medicare claims data.

Participants
A total of 16,676 patients (4,480 for lisinopril, 4,537 for amlodipine, and 7,659 for chlorthalidone) with complete Medicare claims data were available for the final analysis.

Results
The cumulative incidences through March 31, 2002 of hospitalized GI bleeding were 5.4%, 5.8% and 5.4% for amlodipine, lisinopril, and chlorthalidone arms, respectively, but were not statistically significant among the 3 arms after adjusting for confounders in Cox regression models. The cumulative incidences of non-hospitalized GI bleeding were also similar across the 3 arms (12.0%, 12.2% and 12.0% for amlodipine, lisinopril, and chlorthalidone, respectively). The increased risk of GI bleeding by age was statistically significant after adjusting for confounders (HR = 1.04 per year, 95% CI: 1.03–1.05). Smokers also had a significantly higher risk of having hospitalized GI bleeding (1.45, 1.19–1.76). Hispanics, those who used aspirin or atenolol in-trial, had diabetes, more education, and a history of stroke had a significantly lower risk of having GI bleeding than their counterparts. Other factors such as gender, history of CHD, prior antihypertensive use, use of estrogen in women, and obesity did not have significant effects on the risk of GI bleeding.

Conclusion
There were no statistically significant differences on the risk of hospitalized or non-hospitalized GI bleeding among the 3 ALLHAT trial arms (amlodipine, lisinopril, and chlorthalidone) during the entire in-trial follow-up.
Determining the timing of pubertal onset via a multicohort analysis of growth
Authors: Syrjälä Essi , Niinikoski Harri , Virtanen Helena E. , Ilonen Jorma , Knip Mikael , Hutri-Kähönen Nina , Pahkala Katja , Raitakari Olli T. , Rodprasert Wiwat , Toppari Jorma , Virtanen Suvi M. , Veijola Riitta , Peltonen Jaakko , Nevalainen Jaakko 
Published: November 2021

Objective
Growth-based determination of pubertal onset timing would be cheap and practical. We aimed to determine this timing based on pubertal growth markers. Secondary aims were to estimate the differences in growth between cohorts and identify the role of overweight in onset timing.

Design
This multicohort study includes data from three Finnish cohorts—the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP, N = 2,825) Study, the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP, N = 711), and the Boy cohort (N = 66). Children were monitored for growth and Tanner staging (except in DIPP).

Methods
The growth data were analyzed using a Super-Imposition by Translation And Rotation growth curve model, and pubertal onset analyses were run using a time-to-pubertal onset model.

Results
The time-to-pubertal onset model used age at peak height velocity (aPHV), peak height velocity (PHV), and overweight status as covariates, with interaction between aPHV and overweight status for girls, and succeeded in determining the onset timing. Cross-validation showed a good agreement (71.0% for girls, 77.0% for boys) between the observed and predicted onset timings. Children in STRIP were taller overall (girls: 1.7 [95% CI: 0.9, 2.5] cm, boys: 1.0 [0.3, 2.2] cm) and had higher PHV values (girls: 0.13 [0.02, 0.25] cm/year, boys: 0.35 [0.21, 0.49] cm/year) than those in DIPP. Boys in the Boy cohort were taller (2.3 [0.3, 4.2] cm) compared with DIPP. Overweight girls showed pubertal onset at 1.0 [0.7, 1.4] year earlier compared with other girls. In boys, there was no such difference.

Conclusions
The novel modeling approach provides an opportunity to evaluate the Tanner breast/genital stage–based pubertal onset timing in cohort studies including longitudinal data on growth but lacking pubertal follow-up.
Association between inflammatory cytokines and immune–checkpoint molecule in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Matsumoto Haruki , Fujita Yuya , Asano Tomoyuki , Matsuoka Naoki , Temmoku Jumpei , Sato Shuzo , Yashiro–Furuya Makiko , Yokose Kohei , Yoshida Shuhei , Suzuki Eiji , Yago Toru , Watanabe Hiroshi , Kawakami Atsushi , Migita Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundAnti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) and inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). T cell immunoglobulin and mucin–domain containing–3 (TIM–3) is an immune-checkpoint molecule involved in inhibitory signaling. Galectin–9 (Gal–9) mediated ligation of TIM–3 induces the amelioration of autoimmune diseases. TIM–3 is expressed in synovial osteoclasts and involved in the rheumatoid bone destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between inflammatory cytokines and immune–checkpoint molecules in RA patients.MethodsSerum levels of interleukin–6 (IL–6), tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF–α), soluble TIM–3 (sTIM–3) and Gal–9 were determined by ELISA. Patients were stratified into two groups based on ACPA titers: low-medium ACPA (ACPA <200 U/mL) and high ACPA (ACPA ≥200 U/mL). Serum levels of cytokines or immune-checkpoint molecules were evaluated between RA patients with low-medium ACPA titers and high ACPA titers.ResultsElevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were correlated with DAS28–ESR in RA patients. Although serum levels of sTIM–3 were elevated in RA patients, significant correlations between sTIM–3 and cytokines (IL–6 or TNF–α) were observed exclusively in RA patients with low-medium ACPA titers (<200 U/mL). Serum levels of IL–6 and TNF–α levels were significantly correlated with elevated Gal–9 levels regardless of ACPA status. A significant correlation between IL–6 and Gal–9 was observed in RA patients without advanced joint damage. Conversely, a significant correlation between TNF–α and Gal–9 was observed in RA patients with advanced joint damage.ConclusionsOur data indicated that there are positive correlations between circulating inflammatory cytokines and checkpoint molecules in RA patients and these interactions can be modulated by ACPA status or joint damage stage.
ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN AUX RAW MATERIAL MENGGUNAKAN METODE MIN-MAX STOCK DI PT. MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL INDONESIA
Authors: Audina Salsabila , Bakhtiar Arfan 
Published: November 2021

PT. Mitsubishi Chemical Indonesia merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang industri polyester yang memproduksi Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) terbesar di Indonesia. PTA adalah suatu senyawa yang tidak tersedia di alam yang dibuat dari sintesa kimia. Terdapat auxiliary raw material yang diperlukan untuk membantu proses produksi PTA agar dapat berjalan dengan lancar, seperti Hydrobromic Acid (HBr) dan Soda Ash Dense (Na2CO3). Perusahaan belum memiliki jumlah safety stock padahal perusahaan harus mengendalikan persediaan auxiliary raw material agar dapat menghindari kekurangan dan kelebihan bahan baku yang menyebabkan perusahaan dapat mengeluarkan biaya lebih banyak. Hasil perhitungan memperlihatkan bahwa metode min-max stock menunjukan jumlah safety stock bahan baku Hydrobromic Acid yaitu sebesar 17,5 ton dan untuk Soda Ash Dense yaitu sebesar 5,41 ton. Penentuan jumlah persediaan antara kebijakan perusahaan dengan hasil perhitungan metode min-max stock memiliki beberapa perbedaan. Dari perbedaan tersebut, perusahaan dapat menghemat total biaya persediaan sebesar Rp 7.550.000,00 untuk Hydrobromic Acid dan Rp 11.221.224,16 untuk Soda Ash. Frekuensi pemesanan yang terlalu sering dengan ukuran pemesanan yang besar menyebabkan total biaya persediaan menjadi tinggi. Dari hasil tersebut perusahaan perlu menerapkan metode min-max stock untuk mengendalikan persediaan bahan baku supaya dapat menghemat biaya pengeluaran. Abstract[Inventory Control Analysis of Aux Raw Material Using Min-Max Stock Method in Mitsubishi Chemical Indonesia Company] Mitsubishi Chemical Indonesia is a company engaged in the polyester industry that produces the largest Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) in Indonesia. PTA is a compound that is not available in nature, so it is made by chemical synthesis. There are auxiliary raw materials that are needed to help the PTA production process, so it can run well, such as Hydrobromic Acid (HBr) and Soda Ash Dense (Na2CO3). The company don’t have the safety stock even though the company should control the aux raw material inventory to avoid the company to run out of stock or overstock, that causes the company to spend a lot of money. The calculations result shows that the amount of the safety stock for Hydrobromic Acid is 17.5 tons and for Soda Ash is 5.41 tons. The determined number of inventories between company policy and the calculation of the min-max stock method have several differences. From those differences, the company can save the total inventory cost amounted at IDR 7.550.000,00 for Hydrobromic Acid and IDR 11.221.224,16 for Soda Ash. High frequency of orders with a large order size can cause the total inventory cost to be high. From that result, the company needs to apply a min-max stock to control inventory and to save money on expenses.Keywords: inventory; min-max stock method; out of stock; overstock; TIC
Squatter Settlement: Costs and Contributing Factors in Jimma Town, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Authors: Akirso Nega Abera 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Urbanization and urban growth are considered as a modern way of life which manifests economic growth and development in many countries. On the other hand, it yields a number of evils, especially unplanned (squatter) settlement. The study conducted on the area of squatter settlement in Jimma town is aimed to explore the socioeconomic factors contributing for squatter settlement and its effect on social, economic and institutional conditions of settler and development of the town. The study was guided by qualitative research approach and employed cross-sectional and phenomenological design in which primary data required for the analysis was collected through key informant interview, focus group discussion, non-participant observation as well as secondary data from document and analyzed by thematic analysis. The findings of this study revealed that, the root cause identified for squatter settlement is shortage of residential house and its consequential high price of house rent, the need of holding large plot of land and inefficient land administration system. Other findings indicated that squatter settlement incur costs on both the government and the squatter. Squatter settlement creates fear and dearth of confidence on the land they hold illegally, poor infrastructure due to lack of government interventions and low social service delivery, and social distress within the community. The study also found out that squatting displaces the host ex-farmers from their farmland and leads to consequent poverty and livelihood disasters. It is recommended that, political will in accessing residential land and financial commitment of the government is required. Active participation of the public and abiding legal procedures in accessing residential land is vital.
The Fear of COVID-19, Demographic Factors, and Substance use in a Multinational Sample Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ogueji Ifeanyichukwu Anthony , Asagba Rachel Bolaji , Constantine-Simms Delroy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe global pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had mental health consequences such as fear. Scholars have argued that when people are fearful, they may use substances to escape from fear, and demographic variables can have implications on how to target interventions to people. To date, little is known about how the fear of COVID-19 and demographic factors may contribute to substance use amid the COVID-19 pandemic. From 3 June to 10 June 2020, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 202 residents (Mean age = 41.77 ± 11.85; age range = 18-70 years) in 14 countries. A standardized questionnaire was utilized for data collection, SPSS (version 22.0) was utilized for data analysis, and p < .05 implied statistical significance. Descriptive statistics revealed that residents in Canada scored the highest mean score in the fear of COVID-19 scale, while residents in Australia scored highest in the substance use scale. Further, fear of COVID-19 had a negative nonsignificant relationship with substance use (r = −.07; df = 200; p > .05). Males (Mean = 18.21) scored significantly higher than females (Mean = 14.06) in substance use [t (200) = 1.9; p < .05]. The younger age group (18-28 years) scored the highest mean score in substance use compared to older age groups (29-39 years, 40-50 years, 51-61 years, and 62-72 years); however, it was not significant [F (4, 197) = 2.04; p > .05]. These data contribute to informing future studies that add more questions regarding how different variables may contribute to substance use during subsequent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Analyzing the Impact of Large Dams on Seismicity Patterns around Their Locations
Authors: Parvizishad Mina , Naseri Simin , Nabizadeh Ramin , Bidar Abdollah Sohrabi , Mahvi Amir Hossein , Goodarzi Fatemeh 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDam construction is one of the most popular solutions for managing water resources. In recent years, changes in patterns of regional seismicity associated with large impoundment dams have raised concerns among environmentalists. In this study, five large dams located in Iran were studied from this perspective. The Gutenberg-Richter, linear regression and T-test were used to examine the seismic changes in the radius of 100 km of each of the dams during a twenty-five-year period before and after the construction of the dams. The results revealed that the seismicity level and relative density of large and small earthquakes in three of these dams have increased after dam construction. A significant difference between the magnitude of earthquakes, as well as the number of earthquakes before and after the construction of dams in the region, was recognized. However, the results of the T-test statistical analysis indicated that the mean depth of the earthquakes and their distance from the dams before and after construction have not changed significantly. Overall, these results indicated that the construction of large impoundment dams has been associated with some changes in patterns of regional seismicity. The findings would guide researchers to further investigate the type of impacts that dam construction may have on seismicity patterns.
Pitting and CO2 corrosion behavior of oil and gas pipeline welds
Authors: Xie Huan , Chen Xiang , Lu Yongxin , Zhang Qian , Wang Haitao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A finite element (FE) model is presented in this work that is used to analyze the effect of pitting corrosion on the CO2 corrosion behavior of oil and gas pipeline welds. The FE model contains two parts, i. e., stress calculation of the welded joint using Abaqus software, and of the chemical reaction at the welded joint using COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The effect of transportation pressure, pit depth and welding material on the CO2 corrosion behavior of weld metal was investigated using the FE model. It turned out that the FE model is helpful to instruct the management and to assess the remaining service life prediction of pipelines in the oil and gas industry.
Effects of rice husk ash on itself activity and concrete behavior at different preparation temperatures
Authors: Tian Erbu , Frank Chen Y. , Zhuang Yizhou , Zeng Wuhua 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the effects of rice husk ash (RHA) on itself activity and its concrete performance at different preparation temperatures for which three temperatures of 650 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C were considered. To find a reasonable particle size, the effect of the particle size of the RHA on the workability of concrete at various grinding times was studied. A series of experiments were carried out to study the characteristics of the RHA, including X-ray fluorescence, XRD, ESEM, and an activity test. The carbonation resistance and frost resistance of concrete incorporating RHA were also investigated, where 10 and 30 wt.-% of cement was considered. The results show that the surface area of the RHA first increases and then decreases with grinding time. When the RHA is ground for 30 min, its surface area is largest and the workability of its mixture is also best. The burning temperature has little effect on the amount of SiO2. Although the structure and activity of SiO2 in RHA change at different burning temperatures, the performance of concrete incorporating RHA is higher than that of control concrete without RHA. With the same content of RHA, both carbonization resistance and frost resistance decrease with an increasing burning temperature of RHA. At the same burning temperature, both carbonization resistance and frost resistance increase with an increasing amount of RHA. Among all types of mixtures, the mixture incorporating 30 % RHA burned at 650 °C (i. e., RHA650) yields the best performance.