bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of 3D fields on runaway electron mitigation in ASDEX Upgrade: a numerical test particle approach
Authors: Gobbin M. , Marrelli L. , Valisa M. , Li L. , Liu Y.Q. , Papp G. , Pautasso G. , McCarthy P.J. , Upgrade Team the ASDEX , MST1 Team the EUROfusion 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The data collected during ASDEX Upgrade experiments in which external 3D fields have been deployed in the attempt of mitigating runaway electrons (RE) are interpreted by a numerical test particle approach. To this end the Hamiltonian guiding center code ORBIT has been used, with the implementation of the magnetic perturbation spectrum modeled by the code MARS-F, which also takes into account the plasma response to the applied 3D fields. In agreement with the observed phenomenology, ORBIT simulations show that the configuration of the currents in the top/bottom arrays of error field coils, which maximizes the plasma response to the external perturbations, is the one that most affects the high energy test electron trajectories in the edge region, thus leading to an enhancement of the energetic electron losses. This occurs in particular during the disruption, i.e. taking into account the increased toroidal electric field associated with the fast plasma cooling. Used in a predictive way, the numerical results suggest which coil configuration could further improve the RE mitigation.
Organic optical agents for image-guided combined cancer therapy
Authors: Gao Zhiyuan , Li Cong , Shen Jing , Ding Dan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
As a promising non-invasive treatment method, phototherapy has attracted extensive attention in the field of combined cancer therapy. Among various optical agents, organic ones have been considered as a promising clinical phototheranostic agent due to its high safety and non-toxic property. In addition, due to the clear structure, facile processability, organic optical agents can be easily endowed with multiple imaging and phototherapeutic functions, significantly simplifying the relatively complex system of imaging-guided combined cancer therapy. This review summarizes the recent research on organic optical agents in imaging-guided combined cancer therapy. The application of organic optical agents in a variety of combined cancer therapeutic modes guided by imaging are introduced respectively, including photodynamic and photothermal combined therapy, phototherapy-combined cancer chemotherapy, and phototherapy-combined cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the concluding remarks and the future prospects are discussed.
Hydrogel from acellular porcine adipose tissue promotes survival of adipose tissue transplantation
Authors: Liu Peng-Cheng , Tan Qiu-Wen , Zhang Yi , Wang Hua , Zhou Li , Yang Qian-Ru , Xu Li , He Tao , Xie Hui-Qi , Lv Qing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Lipofilling is a popular technique for soft tissue augmentation, limited by unpredictable graft survival. This study aimed at exploring the effect of hydrogel from acellular porcine adipose tissue (HAPA) on angiogenesis and survival of adipose tissue used for lipofilling. The effect of HAPA on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) proliferation, adipogenic differentiation, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion were evaluated in hypoxia and normoxia in vitro. For the in vivo study, adipose tissue with phosphate buffered saline, ADSCs, and HAPA (with or without ADSCs) were co-injected subcutaneously into nude mice. HAPA–ADSCs mixture (tissue engineering adipose tissue) was also grafted. Gross observation, volume measurement, and ultrasound observation were assessed. For histological assessment, hematoxylin and eosin, perilipin, cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31), Ki67, and transferase-mediated d-UTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were performed. HAPA improved ADSCs proliferation, VEGF secretion, and adipogenic differentiation under normoxia and hypoxia conditions in vitro study. For the in vivo study, HAPA showed improved volume retention and angiogenesis, and reduced cell apoptosis when compared to ADSCs-assisted lipofilling and pure lipofilling. In conclusion, HAPA could maintain ADSCs viability and improve cell resistant to hypoxia and might be a promising biomaterial to assist lipofilling.
Remote sensing of lake ice phenology in Alaska
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Pavelsky Tamlin M , Arp Christopher D , Yang Xiao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The timing of lake ice breakup and freezeup are important indicators of climate change in Arctic and boreal regions because they respond rapidly and directly to variations in climate conditions. Despite its importance, lake ice phenology remains poorly documented in most lakes of Alaska. To fill this data gap, we constructed a remote sensing-derived lake ice phenology database covering all lakes in Alaska larger than 1 km2 (n = 4241) over the period 2000–2019. This dataset, which includes lake ice on/off dates and lake ice duration, was based on an automatic method using daily moderate resolution imaging spectroradiomenter (MODIS) imagery to measure lake ice fraction. This method extracts lake ice pixels from MODIS images using a dynamic threshold that was calibrated against Landsat Fmask. Different filters that account for clouds, polar night, and other sources of error were applied to increase the accuracy of lake ice phenology estimation. Trend analysis shows earlier breakup (−5.5 d decade−1) for 440 lakes and later breakup (7.5 d decade−1) for four lakes (p < 0.05). A total of 289 lakes had significant trends toward later freezeup (2.9 d decade−1) and 11 lakes towards earlier freezeup (−3.3 d decade−1). Most lakes with significant trends are north of the Brooks Range. This dataset can contribute to increased understanding of interactions between lake processes and climate change, and it supports the study of biogeochemical, limnological and ecological regimes in Alaska and pan-Arctic regions.
Years of life lost and life expectancy attributable to ambient temperature: a time series study in 93 Chinese cities
Authors: Ai Siqi , Qi Jinlei , Liu Jiangmei , Wang Lijun , Yin Peng , Li Ruiyun , Wang Chongjian , Lin Hualiang , Zhou Maigeng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although increasing evidence has reported that unfavorable temperature may lead to increased premature mortality, a systematic assessment is lacking on the impact of ambient temperature on years of life lost (YLL) and life expectancy in China. Daily data on mortality, YLL, meteorological factors and air pollution were obtained from 93 Chinese cities during 2013–2016. A two-stage analytic approach was applied for statistical analysis. At the first stage, a distributed lag non-linear model with a Gaussian link was used to estimate the city-specific association between ambient temperature and YLLs. At the second stage, a meta-analysis was used to obtain the effect estimates at regional and national levels. We further estimated the corresponding YLLs and average life expectancy loss per deceased person attributable to the non-optimum temperature exposures based on the established associations. We observed ‘U’ or ‘J’ shaped associations between daily temperature and YLL. The heat effect appeared on the current day and lasted for only a few days, while the cold effect appeared a few days later and lasted for longer. In general, 6.90% (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.62%, 9.18%) of YLLs could be attributed to non-optimum temperatures at the national level, with differences across different regions, ranging from 5.36% (95% CI: −3.36%, 6.89%) in east region to 9.09% (95% CI: −5.55%, 23.73%) in northwest region. For each deceased person, we estimated that non-optimum temperature could cause a national-averaged 1.02 years (95% CI: 0.68, 1.36) of life loss, with a significantly higher effect due to cold exposure (0.89, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.19) than that of hot exposure (0.13, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.16). This national study provides evidence that both cold and hot weather might result in significant YLL and lower life expectancy. Regional adaptive policies and interventions should be considered to reduce the mortality burden associated with the non-optimum temperature exposures.
The energy and carbon inequality corridor for a 1.5 °C compatible and just Europe
Authors: Jaccard Ingram S , Pichler Peter-Paul , Többen Johannes , Weisz Helga 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The call for a decent life for all within planetary limits poses a dual challenge: provide all people with the essential resources needed to live well and, collectively, not exceed the source and sink capacity of the biosphere to sustain human societies. We examine the corridor of possible distributions of household energy and carbon footprints that satisfy both minimum energy use for a decent life and available energy supply compatible with the 1.5 °C target in 2050. We estimated household energy and carbon footprints for expenditure deciles for 28 European countries in 2015 by combining data from national household budget surveys with the environmentally-extended multi-regional input–output model EXIOBASE. We found a top-to-bottom decile ratio (90:10) of 7.2 for expenditure, 3.1 for net energy and 2.6 for carbon. The lower inequality of energy and carbon footprints is largely attributable to inefficient energy and heating technologies in the lower deciles (mostly Eastern Europe). Adopting best technology across Europe would save 11 EJ of net energy annually, but increase environmental footprint inequality. With such inequality, both targets can only be met through the use of CCS, large efficiency improvements, and an extremely low minimum final energy use of 28 GJ per adult equivalent. Assuming a more realistic minimum energy use of about 55 GJ ae−1 and no CCS deployment, the 1.5 °C target can only be achieved at near full equality. We conclude that achieving both stated goals is an immense and widely underestimated challenge, the successful management of which requires far greater room for maneuver in monetary and fiscal terms than is reflected in the current European political discourse.
Initiatives for Formation and Effective Utilization of Underground Pedestrian Networks in Japan
Authors: Tsui Yuji Tsu , Ikeda Keigo , Kita Keigo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In recent years, cities in Japan have faced a strong demand for improving urban environment and securing disaster prevention functions in response to changes in the socio-economic situation such as rapid development of information technologies, globalization, declining birthrate and aging population. In this context, underground pedestrian networks has not only the purpose of alleviating chronic congestion aboveground, but is expected to play various roles such as improvement of convenience by directly connecting to offices and commercial facilities, and provision of temporary occupancy function in the event of a disaster. Furthermore, it is possible to promote sophistication of underground space and to enhance various functions as a city, and efforts for implementation have already started. This paper introduces examples of underground pedestrian network projects that are being implemented in line with urban renewal, as well as efforts on effective utilization of underground space with new technologies in major cities in Japan.
A Feasibility Study of Urban Underground Logistics System -- A Case Study of Shanghai
Authors: Lu B , Zhang M X , Fan Y Q 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With rapid development of e-commerce, new retail and other new Internet business models, the requirements of the higher package handling efficiency and lower delivery cost are put forward in logistics industry. However, due to the lack of logistics facilities, the limitation of ground roads and the land use, the service of express delivery cannot satisfy the logistics demand, which makes the express delivery a “bottleneck” that restricts the development of urban logistics. Underground Logistics System (ULS) can be a new way to handle it. ULS refers to a logistics system which uses specific vehicles to realize the seamless connection of automatic loading, unloading, transportation, sorting and delivery of goods in the underground based on information technology. Firstly, we have studied ULS and explored its system architecture and advantages. Then, we have combined it with Shanghai Master Plan 2017-2035 and its express facilities planning, and provided a forecast of the express delivery demands in Shanghai in 2035. Based on the findings, we have proven the necessity of ULS corridors in the city. It is likely that the increase of logistics demand will bring about some urban problems such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution and resource waste, if no timely action is taken. As a new mode of urban express delivery, ULS can reduce the above negative effects and promote the sustainable development of the city.
An Exploration of the Planning Approach for New Development Area with Underground Space in Hong Kong
Authors: Law K , Ng F , Kwan J , Wong J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Hong Kong is a densely populated city. Development of New Town or more recently called New Development Area (“NDA”) has been adopted to create more space for housing, working places and community facilities in the last few decades. But till now the planning of NDA remains focusing on above ground intervention without consideration in making use of underground strata and the opportunities for underground space development as a major land asset have not been fully explored. Whenever the potential use of underground spaces would arise, they are usually found to conflict with the established surface land development and difficult to be pursued.
With the public aspiration for better living and working environment, the demand for enhanced utilization of underground strata as one of the spatial solutions is ever increasing in Hong Kong. As a response, underground space is now considered by a government appointed task force as one of the medium-to-long term options in increasing land supply. This paper will endeavour to propose an integrated approach of land use planning incorporating underground space for the future NDA planning, drawing on the experiences from recent plans and projects in other cities.
Mapping subsurface qualities for planning purposes: a pilot study
Authors: Norrman J , Ericsson L O , Nilsson K L , Volchko Y , Sjöholm J , Markstedt A , Svahn V 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The subsurface can be used for a variety of purposes in the urban environment and the subsurface should ultimately be seen as a multifunctional resource, offering a multitude of benefits to humans and the society. Underground construction is commonly planned according to the first come, first served principle and later claims on other resources in the subsurface will have to adapt, often at high costs, or are made impossible. This pilot study is a first step in developing a method aiming to investigate a procedure for mapping an area’s subsurface resources, having the multifunctionality of the subsurface in mind, and integrating this information into urban planning processes. A mapping of the existing resources (supporting, provisioning, regulating, cultural) used at present and their future potential is presented, and an analysis, using an interaction matrix, of how the different subsurface resources can influence each other (conflicts and synergies) if the use(s) changes. Conclusions are that: 1) the concept of geosystem services can strongly support the communication about the subsurface between civil/geotechnical engineers and planners; 2) there is a need at the municipality or city level for systematised and digital 3D archives for easy access to information in relevant format; 3) planning based on the perspective that the subsurface has multiple resources, makes subsurface planning not only a metropolitan issue but also relevant for smaller municipalities. Further work is suggested to: i) explore the concept of geosystem services in a planning context; ii) suggest at which planning level different geosystem services can be optimally managed; and iii) develop tools to support planners for handling subsurface conflicts and acknowledge synergies.
Evaluation of Spatial Performance of Urban Underground Public Space: A Case Study of Wujiaochang Sub-center in Shanghai
Authors: Ma Chen-Xiao , Peng Fang-Le , Zhang Jun-Bo , Wang Tian-Qing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Urban underground public space (UUPS) creates extra open space for local citizens, increases neighborhood vibrancy and improves the walkability of local blocks. Recently, huge amounts of UUPS have been built in Shanghai with the rapid development of metro systems. Among them, construction of UUPS in Wujiaochang Sub-center has achieved a great success in spatial performance with a systematic planning and implementation for more than 15 years. This paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method for UUPS with 7 quantitative indices to assess the spatial performance in the aspects of social development, spatial structure development and traffic development. Evaluation results indicate that the UUPS in Wujiaochang Sub-center provides efficient public space for diverse activities to improve local vitality, improves urban compactness and dramatically increases the local pedestrian network efficiency and metro service scope. The study hopes to provide insights of a better UUPS planning and constructive suggestions for the future.
The implementation of network governance for sustainable urban underground usage, a comparative analysis of the case studies of the cities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Helsinki, Finland.
Authors: de M Raposo Luís Carlos M M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis research investigates how cities faced with the intensification of underground space usage to accommodate urban infrastructure are being required to change their traditional method of planning and management of underground space use. The shift is represented by the replacement of an uncoordinated approach to new forms of planning and management that respects the multiple interactions between stakeholders and takes into consideration the multiple relationships that are created with urban underground usage. The study works with the hypothesis that there is a need for a special form of governance of this layer that may contribute to the capacity of continuance of underground space usage for present and future generations, thus contributing for urban sustainability. Two case studies are developed to verify how the concepts are reflected in these cities’ lives and to compare the choices made by cities’ administrations, presenting their similarities or differences in order to assess how different initiatives may behave in different contexts. These case studies are theHelsinki Underground Master Plan-UMP, one of the world’s most comprehensive and advanced urban underground planning instrument and the Rio de Janeiro’sProjectGeoviasan initiative designed to map and register under one single database all the underground infrastructure existent in the urban area. aimed to make possible a more efficient arrangement of the city’s underground. The research suggests that the implementation of network governance tools centered on coordination and guidance of interactions and relationships according to shared objectives are examples of operational models of urban governance that modify the way cities plan and manage underground space usage more capable to provide the continuance of underground uses into the future what may be considered as a contribution for urban sustainability as most of these uses are vital for the satisfaction of the city’s essential needs.
Renovation mode for growing underground pedestrian system within station area: a case study of Shanghai Jing’an Temple Station
Authors: Zhang Z Y , Ma C X , Peng F L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The underground pedestrian system within Jing’an Temple Station area in Shanghai provides convenience for local pedestrians and promotes the compact development of surrounding urban area by building connections between the metro station and surrounding underground public spaces. On the other hand, deserted spaces and congested spaces still exist in this system. In this paper, based on the space syntax methodology, we first study the spatial configuration of this pedestrian system by conducting segment analysis. It is found that the system is roughly in a radial shape, with concentrated traffic pressure on the core and low accessibility on each end. Renovation alternatives are then developed towards those defects. By analyzing and comparing topological features, such as spatial configuration, accessibility and transit activity, among renovation alternatives, a renovating mode of the growing underground pedestrian system within station area is put forward that small walkable ringways are constructed successively and weaved into an underground walking network.
Re-promoting Sustainable Underground Urbanization for Developed and Developing Countries in Our Modern History
Authors: Li Amy Huanqing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
During recent decades of overwhelming exploration of underground resources (groundwater, geothermal energy, minerals) and underground spaces (tunnels, caverns, buildings), there has been a lack of in-deep investigation on international agenda to look at the degree of political awareness of sustainable underground development. International organizations advocating and debating the use of underground space and its innovative contribution to urban futures, have been sustained through intensive interaction through conferences and working groups. These active moves involved public and private actors from developed and developing countries, with a rapidly increasing interest to explore the various and viable usage of this natural resource – subsurface space. From 2014 to present, as an international consensus built up by a long-term advocating efforts addressed through a series of World Urban Forums, United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT) recognized the necessity of promoting best practices of the sustainable use of underground space for resilient urban development in modern era and for implementing the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of UN 2030 Agenda. This article will present a first retrospect on the modern history of research initiation and international promotional agenda for sustainable underground urbanization. Qualitative archive data analysis and city case study demonstration will be used to showcase international stakeholders’ awareness enhancement, policy promotion and universal implementation.
Study on Planning of New Underground Railway & New Station in The Yaesu-Kyobashi-Nihonbashi District (Part 2)
Authors: Ohmura Satoshi , Asano Hitoshi , Yokotsuka Masami 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Urban Underground Space Center of Japan (USJ), composed of public, private and academic sectors, aims at utilizing urban underground space through various activities like research, study etc. This paper is the second report of the Yaesu-Kyobashi-Nihonbashi Committee USJ’s Three - year project on planning of new underground railway station supposed to be constructed near Tokyo Station once the railway network is to be realized, connecting Tsukuba and Haneda Airport and running through near Tokyo Station, Tokyo Bay Area etc. This research is vital for Yaesu-Kyobashi-Nihonbashi district as many redevelopment projects are carried out vigorously in conjunction with sharp increase in the volume of passenger traffic passing this district.
This time, we mainly report the purpose and role of new underground railway, and the comparative study of route plans. The route plans of A, B and C are compared in terms of the three elements – construction costs, accessibility to the existing Tokyo Station and contribution to revitalization of the district.
As a result of the study, it was suggested that it would be desirable to build a new underground railway under the Chuo-dori street from the viewpoint of town development of this district.