bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TIP30 overcomes gefitinib resistance by regulating cytoplasmic and nuclear EGFR signaling in non–small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Shuai Shuai , Liao Xueyang , Wang Haixia , Liu Lusha , Mei Shiqi , Cao Jiaxin , Wang Senming 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (eg, gefitinib) exert potent therapeutic efficacy in non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR‐activating mutations. However, the resistance to EGFR TKIs limits their clinical therapeutic efficacy. TIP30, a newly identified tumor suppressor, appears to be involved in the regulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear EGFR signaling in NSCLC. Our previous study demonstrated that TIP30 regulated EGF‐dependent cyclin D1 transcription in human lung adenocarcinoma and suppressed tumorigenesis. In the present study, the involvement of TIP30 in combating gefitinib resistance in NSCLC was determined for the first time in vitro and in vivo. Gain and loss of function studies showed that overexpression of TIP30 effectively sensitized cells to gefitinib in vitro, whereas TIP30 inhibition promoted gefitinib cell resistance. Moreover, TIP30 negatively regulated the activation of the p‐AKT and p‐MEK signaling pathways in PC9/GR. Importantly, PC9/GR harbored high levels of nuclear EGFR, and overexpression of TIP30 restored irregular EGFR trafficking and degradation from early endosomes to the late endosomes, decreasing the nuclear accumulation of EGFR, which may partly or totally inhibit EGFR‐mediated induction of c‐Myc transcription. Xenographic tumors induced by overexpression of TIP30 by PC9/GR cells in nude mice were suppressed compared with their original counterparts. Overall, it was revealed that TIP30 overexpression restored gefitinib sensitivity in NSCLC cells and attenuated the cytoplasmic and nuclear EGFR signaling pathways and may be a promising biomarker in gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
A classification framework for interspecific trade‐offs in aquatic ecology
Authors: Smyth Eric R. B. , Drake D. Andrew R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn some cases, wildlife management objectives directed at multiple species can conflict with one another, creating species trade‐offs. For managers to effectively identify trade‐offs and avoid their undesirable outcomes, they must understand the agents involved and their corresponding interactions. A literature review of interspecific trade‐offs within freshwater and marine ecosystems was conducted to illustrate the scope of potential interspecific trade‐offs that may occur. We identified common pitfalls that lead to failed recognition of interspecific trade‐offs, including, single‐species management and limited consideration of the spatial and temporal scale of ecosystems and their management regimes. We devised a classification framework of common interspecific trade‐offs within aquatic systems. The classification can help managers determine whether the conflict is species based through direct relationships (i.e., predator–prey, competition, other antagonistic relationships) or indirect relationships involving intermediate species (i.e., conflict‐generating species) or whether the conflict is driven by opposing management objectives for species that would otherwise not interact (i.e., nontarget management effects). Once the nature and scope of trade‐offs are understood, existing decision‐making tools, such as structured decision‐making and real‐options analysis, can be incorporated to improve the management of aquatic ecosystems.Article Impact Statement: A synthesis of interspecific trade‐offs in aquatic ecosystems supports their identification and resolution.
Ethics and governance for internet‐based conservation science research
Authors: Thompson Ruth M. , Hall Jordan , Morrison Chris , Palmer Nicole R. , Roberts David L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInternet‐based research is increasingly important for conservation science and has wide‐ranging applications and contexts, including culturomics, illegal wildlife trade, and citizen science. However, online research methods pose a range of ethical and legal challenges. Online data may be protected by copyright, database rights, or contract law. Privacy rights may also restrict the use and access of data, as well as ethical requirements from institutions. Online data have real‐world meaning, and the ethical treatment of individuals and communities must not be marginalized when conducting internet‐based research. As ethics frameworks originally developed for biomedical applications are inadequate for these methods, we propose that research activities involving the analysis of preexisting online data be treated analogous to offline social science methods, in particular, nondeceptive covert observation. By treating internet users and their data with respect and due consideration, conservationists can uphold the public trust needed to effectively address real‐world issues.
A stepwise approach to laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with D2 excision. An illustrated video guide for training colorectal surgeons ‐ a video vignette
Authors: Walmsley James , Max Samuel , Hughes Gemma , Ahmed Jamil 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe present a stepwise approach to performing a laparoscopic right hemicolectomy along with D2 excision. The video illustrates a modular approach for set up and resection, performed on a 60‐year‐old male patient, with a cancer in the ascending colon. The procedure is divided into its key steps, which include patient position, port placement and anatomical exposure, medial to lateral dissection with vessel control, sub‐ileal dissection, lateral mobilization, hepatic flexure mobilization and extraction with extracorporeal anastomosis. The key regional anatomy is highlighted alongside diagrams illustrating standard anatomy and common anatomical variants. We believe this video provides a valuable resource for trainee surgeons to expand their understanding regarding steps of the procedure and associated anatomy.
Application of a PBPK model to elucidate the changes of systemic and liver exposures for rosuvastatin, carotegrast, and bromfenac followed by OATP inhibition in monkeys
Authors: Cheng Yaofeng , Liang Xiaomin , Hao Jia , Niu Congrong , Lai Yurong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe impact of organic anion‐transporting polypeptide (OATP) inhibition on systemic and liver exposures of three OATP substrates was investigated in cynomolgus monkeys. A monkey physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed to describe the exposure changes followed by OATP functional attenuation. Rosuvastatin, bromfenac, and carotegrast were administered as a single intravenous cassette dose (0.5 mg/kg each) in monkeys with and without predosing with rifampin (RIF; 20 mg/kg) orally. The plasma exposure of rosuvastatin, bromfenac, carotegrast, and OATP biomarkers, coproporphyrin I (CP‐I) and CP‐III were increased 2.3, 2.1, 9.1, 5.4, and 8.8‐fold, respectively, when compared to the vehicle group. The liver to plasma ratios of rosuvastatin and bromfenac were reduced but the liver concentration of the drugs remained unchanged by RIF treatment. The liver concentrations of carotegrast, CP‐I, and CP‐III were unchanged at 1 h but increased at 6 h in the RIF‐treated group. The passive permeability, active uptake, and biliary excretion were characterized in suspended and sandwich‐cultured monkey hepatocytes and then incorporated into the monkey PBPK model. As demonstrated by the PBPK model, the plasma exposure is increased through OATP inhibition while liver exposure is maintained by passive permeability driven from an elevated plasma level. Liver exposure is sensitive to the changes of metabolism and biliary clearances. The model further suggested the involvement of additional mechanisms for hepatic uptakes of rosuvastatin and bromfenac, and of the inhibition of biliary excretion for carotegrast, CP‐I, and CP‐III by RIF. Collectively, impaired OATP function would not reduce the liver exposure of its substrates in monkeys.
Exploring the Advantages and Disadvantages of the China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Haq Mirajul , Saeed Javeria , Akram Muhammad 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper explores whether the China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which entered into effect in 2007, has led to advantages or disadvantages for the participating countries. It assesses the gains and losses associated with the agreement rigorously using two different approaches. First, the revealed comparative advantage index is calculated for 10 commodity groups. This identifies the commodity groups in which the participating countries have a comparative advantage. Second, trade creation and trade diversion are estimated for overall imports and for the commodity‐group level imports. This analysis provides useful information about the commodity groups in which a particular party to the FTA is experiencing an advantage or a disadvantage. The findings of the study show that China has an advantage in producing capital‐intensive goods whereas Pakistan has a comparative advantage in the production of primary and semimanufactured goods. The empirical findings also indicate that, overall, the formation of the bilateral free trade agreement between Pakistan and China enhances trade with member countries as well as with nonparticipating countries.
Thermal flexibility and a generalist life history promote urban affinity in butterflies
Authors: Callaghan Corey T. , Bowler Diana E. , Pereira Henrique M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUrban expansion poses a serious threat to biodiversity. Given that the expected area of urban land cover is predicted to increase by 2–3 million km2 by 2050, urban environments are one of the most widespread human‐dominated land‐uses affecting biodiversity. Responses to urbanization differ greatly among species. Some species are unable to tolerate urban environments (i.e., urban avoiders), others are able to adapt and use areas with moderate levels of urbanization (i.e., urban adapters), and yet others are able to colonize and even thrive in urban environments (i.e., urban exploiters). Quantifying species‐specific responses to urbanization remains an important goal, but our current understanding of urban tolerance is heavily biased toward traditionally well‐studied taxa (e.g., mammals and birds). We integrated a continuous measure of urbanization—night‐time lights—with over 900,000 species' observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility to derive a comprehensive analysis of species‐specific (N = 158 species) responses of butterflies to urbanization across Europe. The majority of butterfly species included in our analysis avoided urban areas, regardless of whether species' urban affinities were quantified as a mean score of urban affinity across all occurrences (79%) or as a species' response curve to the whole urbanization gradient (55%). We then used species‐specific responses to urbanization to assess which life history strategies promote urban affinity in butterflies. These trait‐based analyses found strong evidence that the average number of flight months, likely associated with thermal niche breath, and number of adult food types were positively associated with urban affinity, while hostplant specialism was negatively associated with urban affinity. Overall, our results demonstrate that specialist butterflies, both in terms of thermal and diet preferences, are most at risk from increasing urbanization, and should thus be considered in urban planning and prioritized for conservation.
Comparison of whole‐head and split‐head design for the clinical evaluation of anti‐dandruff shampoo efficacy
Authors: Diao Yuanyuan , Matheson Jane R. , Pi Yingying , Baines Fiona L. , Zhang Shuliang , Li Yuanpei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveDandruff is a common scalp condition that can be improved by regular use of shampoos containing anti‐fungal actives. The efficacy of anti‐dandruff shampoos can be assessed by measuring scalp flaking, one of the important dandruff symptoms. A randomized, double‐blind trial is often used with one of two clinical designs: whole‐head parallel design and split‐head paired design. We aimed to explore the difference in product differentiation between these two designs using the same two test shampoos and the same scalp flaking assessment method (Total Weighted Head Score Adhered Flakes—TWHS AF).MethodsA clinical study was conducted with a 2‐ to 3‐week wash‐out phase and a 4‐week test phase, consisting of 2 cells: 120 subjects with whole‐head parallel design, divided into 2 subgroups (1:1) using on‐site controlled washing method (either wash their own hair at a study site, under the instruction of a study supervisor or wash their own hair at home, as per instructions, but without supervision) and 35 subjects with split‐head paired design using salon‐staff washing method. Both cells employed hair washing at frequency of three times a week and TWHS AF measurement once a week from the baseline assessment.ResultsBoth designs gave similar differences in TWHS AF between products: 5.6 units (95% CI: 4.1–7.0 units) in whole‐head design and 5.9 units (95% CI: 4.9–6.9 units) in split‐head design.ConclusionSplit‐head paired design shows a similar ability of detecting product difference as whole‐head parallel design, whereas it is a choice of more efficient and more cost‐effective, as only a quarter of the subjects are required to demonstrate the efficacy between anti‐dandruff shampoos.
Preparation of Zr3Al3C5 ceramic powder by molten salt synthesis
Authors: Chen Zihao , Gu Qiang , Ma Weikui , Qian Fan , Hao Xian , Liu Guoqi , Li Hongxia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMethods for synthesising Zr‐based MAX phases powder generally require high temperature and product processing such as milling, which can introduce impurities and high cost. A new method to syntheszse Zr3Al3C5 powder from Zr, Al, and C particles in NaCl‒KCl molten salt was reported. The effects of temperature, Al content, and type of carbon source on the formation of Al–Zr–C compounds were investigated. The results show that molten salt synthesis can be used to prepare Zr3Al3C5 powder at a low temperature. When additional Al was added to yield a Zr:Al ratio of 2:9 and resin carbon was used as the carbon source, the purity of the prepared Zr3Al3C5 reached 96%. ZrC is always present in the powder as an impurity, which is consistent with many commercial MAX phases.
Preparation of Cu3(BTC)2/PVC mixed matrix membrane for pomegranate seed storage
Authors: Wu Yuanyue , Wang Zhen , Zhu Liang , Xiao Kaijun , Yin Yurong , Wang Wenxia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractReducing respiratory intensity of fruits can effectively prolong their postharvest storage time. In this work, Cu3(BTC)2/PVC mixed matrix membrane (MMM) have been synthesized via a facile method and used for pomegranate seeds storage. Structural and properties of the Cu3(BTC)2/PVC MMM were investigated. Results revealed that Cu3(BTC)2/PVC MMM exhibit enhanced moisture permeability, hydrophilicity, and CO2 permeability relative to the PVC membrane. Meanwhile, CO2/O2 selection coefficient of Cu3(BTC)2/PVC MMM was higher than PVC membrane because that CO2 permeability was improved. Based on these results, weight loss of pomegranate seeds packed with Cu3(BTC)2/PVC MMM was reduced by inhibiting respiratory intensity. Meanwhile, Cu3(BTC)2/PVC MMM hindered the decline of total phenol content and nutrient content. We believe that our strategy demonstrate here paves the way to the design and synthesis of novel MMM for the preservation of fresh fruits and vegetables.Practical ApplicationsMixed matrix membrane has been recognized widely used in fruits and vegetables preservation. The effect of Cu3(BTC)2/PVC MMM on prolonging the storage time of pomegranate seeds was investigated. The moisture permeability and gas permeability of Cu3(BTC)2/PVC MMM were studied in detail. Cu3(BTC)2/PVC MMMs can effectively reduce respiratory intensity of pomegranate seeds, which helps to prolong the storage time of pomegranate seeds. The information of this study would help in the harvest preservation of pomegranate seeds, in order to make them fresh for a long time.
Microstructural, dehydration and rehydration properties of rice starch granules in noodles as affected by water and oil addition using vacuum impregnation
Authors: Leakhena On , Thong‐gnam Mas‐u‐bon , Jhoo Jin‐Woo , Boonsupthip Waraporn 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe objective was to understand the vacuum impregnation/infusion (VI) for the impregnation of water and oil into rice starch granules using different sequences to influence the granule structure and the mass transfer properties during noodle drying and rehydration. The proposed type of distribution of the oil and water inside the granules was discussed. Confocal micrographs of the raw starch granules revealed that VI forced water and oil into the granules. Without VI, a portion of water was impregnated while none of the oil was. Polarized‐light micrographs showed that the addition of water into the flour prior to the oil created large, long crystals in the dried noodles. However, when the oil was added first, the crystals were small and spherical. The dehydration rate of the cooked noodles was strongly affected by oil addition using VI. The rehydration rate of the dried, cooked noodles was governed more by the drying rate than the characteristics of the noodle components. The cooking quality [cooking time (330 s), cooking loss (1.40%) and water absorption (163.64%)] of the noodles was good following the addition of oil using VI prior to adding water. VI is a powerful tool for impregnating oil and water into rice starch granules.Practical ApplicationsConsumers are increasingly adopting more informed lifestyle habits, including eating healthy food. Rice is a main carbohydrate source and staple food in many countries. Lowering the glycemic index of rice products while maintaining their good quality is an ongoing challenge. The addition of water and oil into starch granules are likely stimulate starch gelatinization and oil‐starch complex formation which reduces starch digestibility. This study proved that vacuum impregnation/infusion is a powerful technique to impregnate liquids (e.g., water and oil) into rice starch granules and significantly alters the rice product properties (crystal properties, drying rate, rehydration rate, cooking time, cooking loss and water gain) in ways beneficial to the product quality. Similar benefits may apply to other starch sources, and other liquids can also be vacuum‐impregnated into starch granules. Industries using cereal‐based products can take advantage of these findings.
The association of nursing home quality ratings and spread of COVID‐19
Authors: Williams Christianna S. , Zheng Qing , White Alan J. , Bengtsson Ariana I. , Shulman Evan T. , Herzer Kurt R. , Fleisher Lee A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has severely affected nursing home residents. Given the continued high incidence of COVID‐19, and the likelihood that new variants and other infectious agents may cause future outbreaks, we sought to understand the relationship of nursing home quality ratings and measures of COVID‐19 outbreak severity and persistence.DesignWe analyzed nursing home facility‐level data on COVID‐19 cases and deaths, county‐level COVID‐19 rates, and nursing home data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), including ratings from the CMS Nursing Home Five‐Star Quality Rating System. We used regression analysis to examine the association between star ratings and cumulative COVID‐19 incidence and mortality as well as persistent high resident incidence.SettingAll nursing homes in the CMS COVID‐19 Nursing Home Dataset reporting data that passed quality assurance checks for at least 20 weeks and that were included in the January 2021 Nursing Home Care Compare update.ParticipantsResidents of the included nursing homes.MeasurementsCumulative resident COVID‐19 incidence and mortality through January 10, 2021; number of weeks with weekly resident incidence of COVID‐19 in the top decile nationally.ResultsAs of January 10, 2021, nearly all nursing homes (93.6%) had reported at least one case of COVID‐19 among their residents, more than three‐quarters (76.9%) had reported at least one resident death, and most (83.5%) had experienced at least 1 week in the top decile of weekly incidence. In analyses adjusted for facility and county‐level characteristics, we found generally consistent relationships between higher nursing home quality ratings and lower COVID‐19 incidence and mortality, as well as with fewer high‐incidence weeks.ConclusionNursing home quality ratings are associated with COVID‐19 incidence, mortality, and persistence. Nursing homes receiving five‐star ratings, for overall quality as well as for each domain, had lower COVID‐19 rates among their residents.
Spinal interleukin‐1β induces mechanical spinal hyperexcitability in rats: Interactions and redundancies with TNF and IL‐6
Authors: König Christian , Vazquez Enrique , Eß Sabrina , Ebbinghaus Matthias , Vorpahl Björn , Ebersberger Andrea , Schaible Hans‐Georg 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBoth spinal tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) contribute to the development of “mechanical” spinal hyperexcitability in inflammatory pain states. Recently, we found that spinal sensitization by TNF was significantly reduced by blockade of spinal IL‐6 signaling suggesting that IL‐6 signaling is involved in spinal TNF effects. Here, we explored whether spinal interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), also implicated in inflammatory pain, induces “mechanical” spinal hyperexcitability, and whether spinal IL‐1β effects are related to TNF and IL‐6 effects. We recorded the responses of spinal cord neurons to mechanical stimulation of the knee joint in vivo and used cellular approaches on microglial and astroglial cell lines to identify interactions of IL‐1β, TNF, and IL‐6. Spinal application of IL‐1β in anesthetized rats modestly enhanced responses of spinal cord neurons to innocuous and noxious mechanical joint stimulation. This effect was blocked by minocycline indicating microglia involvement, and significantly attenuated by interfering with IL‐6 signaling. In the BV2 microglial cell line, IL‐1β, like TNF, enhanced the release of soluble IL‐6 receptor, necessary for spinal IL‐6 actions. Different to TNF, IL‐1β caused SNB‐19 astrocytes to release interleukin‐11. The generation of “mechanical” spinal hyperexcitability by IL‐1β was more pronounced upon spinal TNF neutralization with etanercept, suggesting that concomitant TNF limits IL‐1β effects. In BV2 cells, TNF stimulated the release of IL‐1Ra, an endogenous IL‐1β antagonist. Thus, spinal IL‐1β has the potential to induce spinal hyperexcitability sharing with TNF dependency on IL‐6 signaling, but TNF also limited IL‐1β effects explaining the modest effect of IL‐1β.
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The impact of state earned income tax credit increases on material and medical hardship
Authors: Kondratjeva Olga , Roll Stephen P. , Despard Mathieu , Grinstein‐Weiss Michal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) provides substantial financial assistance to low‐ and moderate‐income workers and has been shown to reduce poverty and encourage employment. Many US states have also implemented their own EITCs to supplement the federal tax credits. Leveraging unique administrative and survey data and employing a difference‐in‐differences approach, this study investigates how changes in state EITC benefits between 2012 and 2016 impacted the levels of material and medical hardships in states that expanded or enacted state credits. We find that small changes in state EITC levels can alleviate medical hardship, but not most other types of hardship, especially when states experience a greater benefit increase or implement new state EITCs. Our research points to the limitations of using relatively modest tax credits to offset many of the economic challenges faced by low‐ and moderate‐income households.