bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Rainfall May Induce Fungal Attack of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Leading to Regional Decline
Authors: Chandler Jennifer L , Elkinton Joseph S , Orwig David A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)) is the cause of widespread mortality of Carolina and eastern hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelmann and T. canadensis (L.) Carrière) throughout the eastern United States (U.S.). Since its arrival in the northeastern U.S., HWA has steadily invaded and established throughout eastern hemlock stands. However, in 2018, anecdotal evidence suggested a sharp, widespread HWA decline in the northeastern U.S. following above-average summer and autumn rainfall. To quantify this decline in HWA density and investigate its cause, we surveyed HWA density in hemlock stands from northern Massachusetts to southern Connecticut and analyzed HWA density and summer mortality in Pennsylvania. As native fungal entomopathogens are known to infect HWA in the northeastern U.S. and rainfall facilitates propagation and spread of fungi, we hypothesized high rainfall facilitates fungal infection of aestivating nymphs, leading to a decline in HWA density. We tested this hypothesis by applying a rain-simulation treatment to hemlock branches with existing HWA infestations in western MA. Our results indicate a regional-scale decline and subsequent rebound in HWA density that correlates with 2018 rainfall at each site. Experimental rain treatments resulted in higher proportions of aestivating nymphs with signs of mortality compared to controls. In conjunction with no evidence of increased mortality from extreme winter or summer temperatures, our results demonstrate an indirect relationship between high rainfall and regional HWA decline. This knowledge may lead to better prediction of HWA population dynamics.
Effect of Spatiotemporal Association and Trophic Interactions Between Aphidophagous Coccinellids Toward Aphid Control
Authors: Rocca Margarita , Díaz Lucas María Florencia , Greco Nancy Mabel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Predator diversity in a system can have different results on the biological control of pests. Positive results can arise if natural enemies have niche complementarity, whereas negative effects can occur when one enemy interferes with heterospecifics—e.g., via intraguild predation—resulting in weaker pest suppression. Nevertheless, a coexistence is possible if enemies use the resource differentially leading to resource partitioning, and/or if the intraguild prey has some competitive advantage over the intraguild predator—i.e., is better at exploiting the shared resource or exhibits avoidance behavior. In this study, we conducted a series of field-sampling and semifield experiments to elucidate the spatiotemporal association patterns of the coccinellids Eriopis connexa (Germar) and Cycloneda sanguinea L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and determine how the trophic interactions between them could affect the biological control of aphids. We found that both coccinellid species coexist in sweet-pepper crops over time, and this coexistence could be explained by a temporal niche complementarity. Despite cooccurring spatially, they were segregated at the leaf level, which segregation can be explained by an avoidance behavior to prevent negative trophic interactions, such as cannibalism and intraguild predation. Under semifield conditions, the possible negative trophic interactions did not affect the control of aphids when both species were present, but the density of C. sanguinea was reduced at the end of the experiment. These results suggest that biological control strategies that include both species would be positive for the control of aphids on the basis of these considerations.
Prognostic impact of different parameters of right ventricular systolic function in patients with significant tricuspid regurgitation. A cardiac magnetic resonance study
Authors: Hinojar Baydes R , Gonzalez-Gomez A , Garcia-Martin A , Monteagudo J M , Alonso-Salinas G , Hernandez-Jimenez S , Fernandez-Mendez M A , Garcia De Vicente A , Rajjoub Al-Mahdi E A , Pascual-Izco M , Zamorano J L , Fernandez-Golfin C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction represent an established criteria for intervention in patients with significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR). RV ejection fraction (RVEF) by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) is considered the gold standard of RV function; however it is influenced by changes of preload conditions and may remain unaffected until late stages in severe TR. Novel measures of RV function such as RV longitudinal shortening (RV-LS) and effective RV ejection fraction (eRVEF) may be earlier markers of RV dysfunction.

Purpose
To compare the prognostic impact of conventional and novel parameters of RV systolic function.

Methods
Consecutive patients in stable clinical condition evaluated in the Heart Valve Clinic with significant TR (severe, massive or torrential TR) undergoing a CMR study were included. In addition to conventional parameters of biventricular volume and function, RV-LS and eRVEF were assessed as novel parameters of RV function. RV-LS was assessed in the 4-chamber view by measuring the displacement of the tricuspid annulus during the cardiac cycle. The length between the epicardial border of the LV apex and the middle of a line connecting the origins of the tricuspid valve leaflets was measured in both end-systole and end-diastole. Effective RVEF (eRVEF) is a measure of RV global systolic function but corrected by TR volume. Both formulas are represented in figure 1. A combined endpoint of hospital admission due to right heart failure and cardiovascular mortality was defined

Results
75 patients were included in this study (age 75±8 years, 75% female, 91% functional TR) During a median follow-up of 3 years (IQR: 1.4–3.9 years), 39% of the patients (n=29) experienced the combined endpoint. RV-LS and eRVEF identified higher rates of RV dysfunction than RVEF. RV-LS of ≥−14% and eRVEF of ≤34% were associated with impaired prognosis (figure 2). After adjustment of age and LVEF, both eRVEF (adjusted HR per abnormal value: 5.29 95% CI, [2.25–12.4]) and RV-LS (adjusted HR per abnormal value: 3.46, 95% CI, [1.13–9.17]) were significantly associated with outcomes. Among all parameters of RV function, eRVEF was the strongest predictor of outcomes, incremental to RVEF (Δ C-statistic 0.139 [0.040–0.237], p=0.005).

Conclusion
RV function is crucial for determining optimal timing for TR intervention. RV-LS and eRVEF identify higher rates of RV dysfunction beyond RVEF. Among all measures of RV function, eRVEF held the strongest association with outcome, incremental to RVEF.

Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1. RV-LS and eRVEF calculationFigure 2. Kaplan Meier Curves
Natural variation in the transcriptional response ofDrosophila melanogasterto oxidative stress
Authors: Ramnarine Timothy J S , Grath Sonja , Parsch John 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBroadly distributed species must cope with diverse and changing environmental conditions, including various forms of stress. Cosmopolitan populations of Drosophila melanogaster are more tolerant to oxidative stress than those from the species’ ancestral range in sub-Saharan Africa, and the degree of tolerance is associated with an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 3′ untranslated region of the Metallothionein A (MtnA) gene that varies clinally in frequency. We examined oxidative stress tolerance and the transcriptional response to oxidative stress in cosmopolitan and sub-Saharan African populations of D. melanogaster, including paired samples with allelic differences at the MtnA locus. We found that the effect of the MtnA polymorphism on oxidative stress tolerance was dependent on the genomic background, with the deletion allele increasing tolerance only in a northern, temperate population. Genes that were differentially expressed under oxidative stress included MtnA and other metallothioneins, as well as those involved in glutathione metabolism and other genes known to be part of the oxidative stress response or the general stress response. A gene coexpression analysis revealed further genes and pathways that respond to oxidative stress including those involved in additional metabolic processes, autophagy, and apoptosis. There was a significant overlap among the genes induced by oxidative and cold stress, which suggests a shared response pathway to these two stresses. Interestingly, the MtnA deletion was associated with consistent changes in the expression of many genes across all genomic backgrounds, regardless of the expression level of the MtnA gene itself. We hypothesize that this is an indirect effect driven by the loss of microRNA binding sites within the MtnA 3′ untranslated region.
The relation of number of childbirths with age at natural menopause: a population study of 310 147 women in Norway
Authors: Gottschalk Marthe S , Eskild Anne , Hofvind Solveig , Bjelland Elisabeth K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
Does age at natural menopause increase with increasing of number of childbirths?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Age at menopause increased with increasing number of childbirths up to three childbirths; however, we found no further increase in age at menopause beyond three childbirths.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Pregnancies interrupt ovulation, and a high number of pregnancies have therefore been assumed to delay menopause. Previous studies have had insufficient statistical power to study women with a high number of childbirths. Thus, the shape of the association of number of childbirths with age at menopause remains unknown.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
A retrospective population study of 310 147 women in Norway who were 50–69 years old at data collection.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
The data were obtained by two self-administered questionnaires completed by women attending BreastScreen Norway, a population-based screening program for breast cancer. The associations of number of childbirths with age at menopause were estimated as hazard ratios by applying Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for the woman’s year of birth, cigarette smoking, educational level, country of birth, oral contraceptive use and body mass index.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Women with three childbirths had the highest mean age at menopause (51.36 years; 95% CI: 51.33–51.40 years), and women with no childbirths had the lowest (50.55 years; 95% CI: 50.48–50.62 years). Thus, women with no childbirths had higher hazard ratio of reaching menopause compared to women with three childbirths (reference group) (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI: 1.22–1.27). Beyond three childbirths, we estimated no further increase in age at menopause. These findings were confirmed in sub-analyses among (i) women who had never used hormonal intrauterine device and/or systemic menopausal hormonal therapy; (ii) women who were born before 1950 and (iii) women who were born in 1950 or after.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Information about age at menopause was based on self-reports.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
If pregnancies truly delay menopause, one would expect that women with the highest number of childbirths had the highest age at menopause. Our results question the assumption that interrupted ovulation during pregnancy delays menopause.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This work was supported by the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority [2016112 to M.S.G.] and by the Norwegian Cancer Society [6863294-2015 to E.K.B.]. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.
Completion lobectomy after anatomical segmentectomy
Authors: Takamori Satoshi , Oizumi Hiroyuki , Suzuki Jun , Suzuki Katsuyuki , Watanabe Hikaru , Sato Kaito 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Patient selection flowchart.

OBJECTIVES
Completion lobectomy (CL) after anatomical segmentectomy in the same lobe can be complicated by severe adhesions around the hilar structures and may lead to fatal bleeding and lung injury. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the perioperative outcomes of CL after anatomical segmentectomy.

METHODS
Among 461 patients who underwent anatomical segmentectomy (thoracotomy, 62 patients; thoracoscopic surgery, 399 patients) between January 2005 and December 2019, data of patients who underwent CL after segmentectomy were extracted and analysed in this study.

RESULTS
Eight patients underwent CL after segmentectomy. CL was performed via video-assisted thoracic surgery in 3 patients and thoracotomy in 5 patients. In each case, there were moderate to severe adhesions. Four patients required simultaneous resection of the pulmonary parenchyma and pulmonary artery. Thoracotomy was not required after thoracoscopic surgery in any patient. Two patients experienced complications (air leakage and arrhythmia). The median duration of hospitalization after CL was 6 (range, 5–7) days. No postoperative mortality or recurrence of lung cancer was observed. All the patients with lung cancer were alive and recurrence-free at the time of publication.

CONCLUSIONS
Although individual adhesions render surgery difficult, CL after anatomical segmentectomy shows acceptable perioperative outcomes. However, CL by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery may be considered on a case-by-case basis depending on the initial surgery.
Heat transfer and economic analyses of using various nanofluids in shell and tube heat exchangers for the cogeneration and solar-driven organic Rankine cycle systems
Authors: Mehrpooya Mehdi , Dehqani Meqdad , Mousavi Seyed Ali , Moosavian SM Ali 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis project attempts to evaluate the effect of nanofluids on thermal performance and the economic parameters of shell and tube heat exchangers. First, two thermodynamic processes including combined heat and power (CHP) system and solar-driven organic Rankine cycle (ORC) are simulated using the Aspen HYSYS. The CHP and ORC systems can produce 25 MW and 175.8 kW of electrical power, respectively. Thereafter, to use the nanofluids in the heat exchangers of these systems, the thermophysical specifications are modeled in the MATLAB software and validated with previous investigations. For this purpose, four kinds of nanofluids consisting of Al2O3/H2O, TiO2/H2O, Cu/H2O and Ag/H2O are utilized. According to the results, by adding the nanoparticles to the base fluid, the thermal conductivity, viscosity, heat transfer coefficient and density increase and the heat capacity reduces. The economic assessment and parametric analysis on concentration of the nanoparticles are conducted. The variations of concentration of nanoparticles are taken to be 0.5–4%. It was found that in ORC system, by employing 1% concentration of Ag/H2O, Cu/H2O, Al2O3/H2O and TiO2/water nanofluids, the overall cost is reduced by 3.1%, 1.9%, 1.2% and 0.9%, respectively. Also, in CHP system, at a concentration of 2% for Ag/water, Cu/water Al2O3/water and TiO2/water nanofluids, the total cost decreases by 4.4%, 3%, 1% and 0.5%, respectively. It was denoted that the utilization of nanofluids in thermodynamic cycles can considerably reduce the total cost of heat exchangers and the whole process.
Bone changes with candidate PrEP regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and/or maraviroc and/or emtricitabine in US men and women: HPTN 069/ACTG A5305
Authors: Brown Todd T. , Yuhas Krista , Mayer Kenneth H. , Landovitz Raphael J. , Marzinke Mark A. , Hendrix Craig W. , Chen Ying Q. , Klingman Karen L. , Chege Wairimu , Mccauley Marybeth B. , Gulick Roy M. , Wilkin Timothy J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been associated with decreases in bone mineral density (BMD), but the bone effects of other non-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate candidate PrEP regimens are not well described.

Methods
The HPTN 069/ACTG A5305 study randomized 406 US cisgender men and transgender women, and 188 cisgender women at risk for HIV infection to one of four double-blinded regimens: (i) maraviroc; (ii) maraviroc + emtricitabine; (iii) maraviroc + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; or (iv) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + emtricitabine. BMD was measured in a subset of participants at the lumbar spine (LS) and hip by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and 48 weeks. Percentage change in LS and hip BMD was compared between the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate- and non-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing arms by Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and multiple linear regression adjusting for sex, race and baseline BMI.

Results
At baseline (n = 307), the median age was 33 years, 56% male and 43% black. At the hip, the median percentage change in BMD at 48 weeks was –1.05% in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate arms and 0.0% in the non-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate arms (between group P = 0.001). No interaction by sex was observed. The median percentage change in LS BMD was not different between arms.

Conclusions
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing PrEP was associated with significantly greater bone loss compared with maraviroc ± emtricitabine PrEP at the hip, but not the LS. The BMD changes at the hip were similar in magnitude in men and women.
Ultra-deep long-read sequencing detects IS-mediated gene duplications as a potential trigger to generate arrays of resistance genes and a mechanism to induce novel gene variants such as blaCTX-M-243
Authors: Schuster Christopher F. , Weber Robert E. , Weig Michael , Werner Guido , Pfeifer Yvonne 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that can render their hosts resistant to various β-lactam antibiotics. CTX-M-type enzymes are the most prevalent ESBLs and the main cause of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae. The number of described CTX-M types is continuously rising, currently comprising over 240 variants. During routine screening we identified a novel blaCTX-M gene.

Objectives
To characterize a novel blaCTX-M variant harboured by a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolate of sequence type ST354.

Methods
Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined using broth microdilution. Genome and plasmid sequences were reconstructed using short- and long-read sequencing. The novel blaCTX-M locus was analysed using long-read and Sanger sequencing. Plasmid polymorphisms were determined in silico on a single plasmid molecule level.

Results
The novel blaCTX-M-243 allele was discovered alongside a nearly identical blaCTX-M-104-containing gene array on a 219 kbp IncHI2A plasmid. CTX-M-243 differed from CTX-M-104 by only one amino acid substitution (N109S). Ultra-deep (2300-fold coverage) long-read sequencing revealed dynamic scaling of the blaCTX-M genetic contexts from one to five copies. Further antibiotic resistance genes such as blaTEM-1 also exhibited sequence heterogeneity but were stable in copy number.

Conclusions
We identified the novel ESBL gene blaCTX-M-243 and illustrate a dynamic system of varying blaCTX-M copy numbers. Our results highlight the constant emergence of new CTX-M family enzymes and demonstrate a potential evolutionary platform to generate novel ESBL variants and possibly other antibiotic resistance genes.
Effects of neutral detergent fiber digestibility estimation method on calculated energy concentration of canola meals from twelve Canadian processing plants
Authors: Arce-Cordero J A , Paula E M , Daniel J L P , Silva L G , Broderick G A , Faciola A P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Our aim was to determine whether the method used to estimate truly digestible neutral detergent fiber (tdNDF) affects calculated concentrations of total digestible nutrients (TDN1x) and net energy of lactation (NEL3x) of canola meal (CM). Samples were collected from 12 CM processing plants in Canada over 4-years (2011-2014, n = 47) and analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (ADL) and neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP). Ruminal in situ incubation of CM samples was performed at 0, 24, 48, 96, and 288 h to determine NDF fractions (A, B and C), effective ruminal NDF digestibility (ERNDFD), and indigestible NDF (iNDF) of CM. Three tdNDF-estimation methods were evaluated: 1) NRC (National Research Council) = 0.75 × (NDF - NDICP - ADL) × {1- [ADL / (NDF - NDICP)] 0.667}; 2) iNDF = 0.75 × (NDF - NDICP – NDF remaining after 288 h in situ); and 3) ERNDFD estimated from in situ NDF digestion kinetics. Resulting tdNDF values were used for calculation of TDN1x and NEL3x according to NRC (2001) equations. Data were analyzed with MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 to determine the effect of processing plant on chemical composition, NDF degradation kinetics and NEL3x of CM. Effect of tdNDF estimation method on calculated TDN1x and NEL3x of CM was also evaluated. Model for analysis of processing plant included the fixed effect of plant and the random effect of year (plant) as replication, while analysis of tdNDF methods included the fixed effect of tdNDF estimation method and the random effects of processing plant and of year(plant) as replication. There was an effect of processing plant on DM (P = 0.03), CP (P &lt; 0.01), EE (P &lt; 0.01), and NDF (P &lt; 0.01) of CM. Processing plant also had an effect on NDF fractions A (P &lt; 0.01) and B (P = 0.02) but did not affect fraction C and ERNDFD. The tdNDF estimation method had an effect on tdNDF (P &lt; 0.01), TDN1x (P &lt; 0.01) and NEL3x (P &lt; 0.01) of CM, yielding average NEL3x values of 1.72, 1.87, and 2.07 Mcal/kg for NRC, iNDF, and ERNDFD, respectively. Our results indicate that calculated energy concentration of CM according to NRC (2001) equations varies depending on the method used for estimation of tdNDF. Further research will be needed to determine the most accurate estimation method.
High-Voltage Injuries by Contact With Overhead Lines: Case Reports of Two Young Girls
Authors: Günal Betül Y , Sokolovski Filipp , Neu Nikolaus , Schwabegger Anton Herbert , König Tatjana Tamara , Engel Veronika , Muensterer Oliver J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
High-voltage burn injuries are rare in the pediatric age group, but can lead to devastating, severe sequelae. We present the cases of two young girls who suffered high-voltage burn injuries due to direct contact with overhead power lines. Both patients came from difficult psychosocial backgrounds. The injuries resulted in severe long-term consequences and functional deficits.