bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-speculum sampling approaches for cervical screening in older women: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Landy Rebecca , Hollingworth Tony , Waller Jo , Marlow Laura AV , Rigney Jane , Round Thomas , Sasieni Peter D , Lim Anita WW 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundCervical cancer disproportionately affects women ≥65 years, especially those not screened regularly. Speculum use is a key barrier.AimTo assess if offering non-speculum clinician-taken sampling and self-sampling increases uptake for lapsed attenders aged 50–64 years.Design and settingPragmatic randomised control trial conducted at 10 general practices in East London, UK.MethodParticipants were 784 women aged 50–64 years, last screened 6–15 years before randomisation. Intervention participants received a letter offering the choice of non-speculum clinician- or self-sampling. Control participants received usual care. The main outcome measure was uptake within 4 months.ResultsScreening uptake 4 months after randomisation was significantly higher in the intervention arm: 20.4% (n = 80/393) versus 4.9% in the control arm (n = 19/391, absolute difference 15.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.0% to 20.0%, P<0.001). This was maintained at 12 months: intervention 30.5% (n = 120/393) versus control 13.6% (n = 53/391) (absolute difference 17.0%, 95% CI = 11.3% to 22.7%, P<0.001). Conventional screening attendance within 12 months was very similar for both intervention 12.7% (n = 50/393) and control 13.6% (n = 53/391) arms. Ethnic differences were seen in screening modality preference. More White women opted for self-sampling (50.7%, n = 38/75), whereas most Asian and Black women and those from other ethnic backgrounds opted for conventional screening.ConclusionOffering non-speculum clinician-taken sampling and self-sampling substantially increases uptake in older lapsed attendee women. Non-speculum clinician sampling appeals to women who dislike the speculum but still prefer a clinician to take their sample. Providing a choice of screening modality may be important for optimising cervical screening uptake.
Tingkat Kecemasan, Stress Dan Depresi Pada Ibu Hamil Trimester II Dan III di PMB Ibu Alam Kota Salatiga
Authors: Veftisia Vistra , Afriyani Luvi Dian 
Published: October 2021

Tingkat kecemasan, dan depresi ibu hamil semakin akut dan intensif seiring dengan mendekatnya kelahiran bayi. Kecemasan sangat berpengaruh terhadap kesejahteraan ibu hamil maupun janin yang didalam kandungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui tingakat kecemasan, stress dan depresi pada ibu hamil TM II dan TM III. Metode penelitian menggunakan desain deskriptif kuantitatif dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah ibu hamil di PMB ibu Alam Kota Salatiga sebanyak 40 orang. Dengan teknik purposive sampling sampel 32 ibu hamil trimester II dan III. Alat pengumpulan kuesioner DASS 42. Analisa data menggunakan menggunakan tendensi sentral. Hasil penelitian didapatkan kecemasan ringan (11, 03), stress ringan (12, 81), depresi ringan (11, 25)
Hubungan Pengetahuan dengan Sikap Ibu Nifas Tentang Pijat Oksitosin di Puskesmas Bergas
Authors: Susi Purwanti  , Listiyaningsih Moneca Diah 
Published: October 2021

Referring to WHO program in 2025 targets exclusive breastfeeding of at least 50%. So nationally, the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding at the Bergas Health Center is 48%. The main reason for mothers not to exclusively breastfeed them is that in the first days after delivery the milk does not come out smoothly, so mothers prefer to give their babies formula milk. Oxytocin massage is an attempt to overcome the unsustainability of breast milk. The research objective was to determine the correlation between of knowledge and postpartum mothers' attitudes about oxytocin massage at the Bergas Health Center. Designof this research iscorrelation with the total population of postpartum mothers in October-November 2020 as many as 35 respondents, the study sample was 35 respondents with a total sampling technique. The instrumen used was a questionnaire with data analysis using the Chi Square test. The results of the univariate analysis of the knowledge variable showed that the respondents' knowledge was mostly good, namely 13 respondents (37.2%). And the attitude variable shows that 51.4% of respondents have negative attitudes. Bivariate analysis obtained sigifikansi value of 0,016 (α <0.05), so that H0 is rejected and Ha accepted. So it can be concluded that there is a relationship between knowledge and postpartum mothers 'attitudes about oxytocin massage at the Bergas Health Center in 2020. There is a relationship between knowledge and postpartum mothers' attitudes about oxytocin massage at the Bergas Health Center in 2020.
ABSTRAKMengacu pada program WHO pada tahun 2025 sasaran pemberian ASI eksklusif minimal 50%. Maka secara nasional cakupan ASI Eksklusif di Puskesmas Bergas sebesar 48% belum terpenuhi. Alasan utama Ibu tidak memberikan ASI secara eksklusif adalah pada hari-hari pertama pasca melahirkan ASI keluar tidak lancar, sehingga ibu lebih memilih memberikan bayinya susu formula. Pijat Oksitosin adalah upaya mengatasi ketidaklancaran ASI. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dengan sikap ibu nifas tentang pijat oksitosin di Puskesmas Bergas. Desain penelitian ini korelasi dengan jumlah populasi Ibu nifas pada bulan Oktober-November 2020 sebanyak 35 responden, sampel penelitian berjumlah 35 responden dengan tekhnik pengambilan sampel total sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner dengan analisis data menggunakan uji Chi Square.Hasil analisis univariat variabel pengetahuan menunjukkan pengetahuan responden sebagian besar baik, yaitu sebesar 13 responden (37,2%). Dan variabel sikap menunjukkan sebanyak 51,4% responden memiliki sikap negatif. Analisis Bivariat didapatkan nilai sigifikansi sebesar 0,016 (α<0,05), sehingga H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan pengetahuan dengan sikap ibu nifas tentang pijat oksitosin di Puskesmas Bergas Tahun 2020. Terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan dengan sikap ibu nifas tentang pijat oksitosin di Puskesmas Bergas Tahun 2020.
Isolasi dan Identifikasi Saponin dari Ekstrak Leunca (Solanium ningrum L) Secara Spektrofotometri Infra Merah
Authors: Rizkita Aden Dhana , Dewi Sintia Ayu , Wibowo Emas Agus Prastyo , Maulana Iham 
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi senyawa saponin dengan maserasi menggunakan etanol 95% sampai mendapat ekstrak kering sebanyak 20 gram dengan dipanaskan menggunakan evaporator. Ekstraksi kedua dilakukan menggunakan corong pisah dengan pelarut dietil eter dan n-butanol. Identifikasi saponin dilakukan dengan tiga parameter uji diantaranya uji busa, uji warna dan gugus fungsi menggunakan Spektrofotometer Infra Merah. Hasil pengukuran Spektrofotometri Infra Merah menunjukkan Ekstrak Daun Launca mengandung beberapa gugus fungsi sebagai berikut : gugus –OH (puncak yang lebar pada bilangan gelombang 3444,87 cm-1), regang –CH alifatik simetri (bilangan gelombang 2926,01 cm-1 dan2854,65 cm-1, regang C=C tidak terkonjugasi pada bilangan gelombang 1606,7 cm-1, adanya regang C-H (bilangan gelombang 1074,35 cm-1 dan 1045,42 cm-1), dan adanya vibrasi bengkokan simetris C-O pada bilangan gelombang 1386,82 cm-1.Kata kunci: Daun leunca; spektrofotometer infra merah; saponin Isolation and Identification of Saponin from Leunca (Solanium ningrum L) Extract by Infrared SpectrophotometryABSTRACTThis research was conducted to isolate and identify saponin compounds by maceration using 95% ethanol to obtain 20 grams of dry extract by heating using an evaporator. The second extraction was carried out using a separating funnel with diethyl ether and n-butanol as solvents. Saponin identification was carried out with three test parameters including foam test, color test and functional group using Infrared Spectrophotometer. Infrared Spectrophotometry measurement results show that the Launca Leaf Extract contains the following functional groups: -OH group (wide peak at wave number 3444.87 cm-1), aliphatic symmetrical -CH stretch (wave number 2926.01 cm-1 and 2854 ,65 cm-1, unconjugated C=C stretch at wave number 1606.7 cm-1, presence of CH stretch (wave number 1074.35 cm-1 and 1045.42 cm-1), and the presence of symmetrical bending vibration of CO at wave number 1386.82 cm-1.Keywords: Infrared spectrophotometer; leunca leaf; saponin
Role of Favipiravir on the Hematologic parameters in patients with COVID-19 infection
Authors: Ozbas Hasan Mucahit , Kayan Temel , Yakarisik Mustafa , Dulger Ahmet Cumhur , Ayvaz Muhammed Ali , Aydin Mesut 
Published: October 2021

Objective: Favipiravir is a novel, orally bioavailable, purine nucleoside analogue drug. Recent studies showed that it was related to faster viral clearance time and a significant improvement rate in chest imaging in patients with COVID-19. While the mechanism of action of Favipiravir is well characterized, there is insufficient data about its effects on haematological inflammatory parameters during COVID 19 infection.
Material and Methods: This observational study included 92 patients with COVID-19 (50 of them were female) with mild to moderate disease who taken Favipiravir in the Pandemic Center at Giresun University School of Medicine from April 2020 to October 2020. Patients with severe COVID-19 infection were excluded from the study.
Results: After the five days of Favipiravir administration, compared to before the treatment, it was observed that the neutrophil counts of the patients (before the treatment mean 5.97 109/L (5.1 - 6.84) and after treatment 4.82 109/L (4.29 - 5.35) p=0,039) and Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) markedly decreased (before the treatment mean 6.88 (5.33 - 8.42) and after treatment 4.67 (3.23 - 6.10) p=0,002), while the lymphocyte count increased and these alternations were statistically significant. Platelet count and MCV levels were slightly increased after the treatment also statistically significant (p<0.001, p=0.001). Although there was a significant decrease in CRP levels, no significant change was observed in other inflammatory markers (Ferritin, Sedimentation, Fibrinogen, D-Dimer, and Troponin). The overall mortality rate was 4%, with no deaths in ICU.
Conclusion: In our study; in addition to previous knowledge from recent studies; increasing in the platelet count and decreasing in CRP and MPV levels are remarkable findings. These data may guide in the follow-up of Favipiravir treatment and in determining the prognosis.
Wykorzystanie Google Scholar do identyfikowania najczęściej cytowanych badaczy i ich prac naukowych. Przypadek publikacji z zakresu nauki o informacji w języku polskim
Authors: Osiński Zbigniew 
Published: October 2021

Cel/Teza: Ustalenie, czy Google Scholar (GS) umożliwia wiarygodną identyfikację najczęściej cytowanych badaczy i ich prac naukowych opublikowanych w języku polskim. Określenie, czy liczba cytowań i stosowanie słów kluczowych są istotnymi kryteriami hierarchizacji wyników wyszukiwania w GS. Stworzenie rankingu najczęściej cytowanych polskich badaczy i prac z zakresu nauki o informacji w okresie 2010–2019. Weryfikacja hipotezy, sugerującej, że zarówno obecność danej pracy w wynikach wyszukiwania, jak i pozycję na liście tych wyników, zaburza problem słów kluczowych tej publikacji, np. ich brak.
Koncepcja/Metody badań: Weryfikacja i analiza ilościowa danych pobranych z Google Scholar. Próbę badawczą wyodrębniono za pomocą czterdziestu pytań wyszukiwawczych, którymi były wyrażenia kluczowe dla nauki o informacji oraz dodatkowo imiona i nazwiska badaczy z tej dyscypliny.
Wyniki i wnioski: W przypadku haseł wyszukiwawczych w języku polskim nie znajduje potwierdzenia teza mówiąca, iż wyszukiwarka Google Scholar nadaje się do niezawodnej identyfikacji najczęściej cytowanych prac i badaczy. Znacząca statystycznie część prac indeksowanych w GS nie pojawia się w wynikach wyszukiwania przy zastosowaniu wyrażeń związanych z nauką o informacji. Duża grupa często cytowanych tekstów umieszczona jest na bardzo dalekich miejscach w wynikach wyszukiwania. Nie znajduje także potwierdzenia teza mówiąca, że głównym kryterium szeregowania prac naukowych w wynikach wyszukiwania jest liczba cytowań. Zdecydowana większość pozycji bibliograficznych w wynikach wyszukiwania GS nie jest adekwatna do intencji wyszukującego. Właściwe zastosowanie słów kluczowych w metadanych publikacji nie zwiększa jej szansy na wyszukanie w Google Scholar za pomocą polskich terminów wyszukiwawczych.
Oryginalność/Wartość poznawcza: Praca obala coraz bardziej popularne przekonanie o tym, że Google Scholar można profesjonalnie wykorzystywać do wyszukiwania najbardziej wartościowych (a raczej stosunkowo często cytowanych) prac naukowych oraz do formułowania ocen (bazujących na cytowaniach) tychże opublikowanych w języku polskim i badaczy publikujących głównie w tym języku.
Context, attention, and the switch between habit and goal-direction in behavior
Authors: Bouton Mark E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article reviews recent findings from the author’s laboratory that may provide new insights into how habits are made and broken. Habits are extensively practiced behaviors that are automatically evoked by antecedent cues and performed without their goal (or reinforcer) “in mind.” Goal-directed actions, in contrast, are instrumental behaviors that are performed because their goal is remembered and valued. New results suggest that actions may transition to habit after extended practice when conditions encourage reduced attention to the behavior. Consistent with theories of attention and learning, a behavior may command less attention (and become habitual) as its reinforcer becomes well-predicted by cues in the environment; habit learning is prevented if presentation of the reinforcer is uncertain. Other results suggest that habits are not permanent, and that goal-direction can be restored by several environmental manipulations, including exposure to unexpected reinforcers or context change. Habits are more context-dependent than goal-directed actions are. Habit learning causes retroactive interference in a way that is reminiscent of extinction: It inhibits, but does not erase, goal-direction in a context-dependent way. The findings have implications for the understanding of habitual and goal-directed control of behavior as well as disordered behaviors like addictions.
Implicitly learning when to be ready: From instances to categories
Authors: Kruijne Wouter , Galli Riccardo M. , Los Sander A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere is growing appreciation for the role of long-term memory in guiding temporal preparation in speeded reaction time tasks. In experiments with variable foreperiods between a warning stimulus (S1) and a target stimulus (S2), preparation is affected by foreperiod distributions experienced in the past, long after the distribution has changed. These effects from memory can shape preparation largely implicitly, outside of participants’ awareness. Recent studies have demonstrated the associative nature of memory-guided preparation. When distinct S1s predict different foreperiods, they can trigger differential preparation accordingly. Here, we propose that memory-guided preparation allows for another key feature of learning: the ability to generalize across acquired associations and apply them to novel situations. Participants completed a variable foreperiod task where S1 was a unique image of either a face or a scene on each trial. Images of either category were paired with different distributions with predominantly shorter versus predominantly longer foreperiods. Participants displayed differential preparation to never-before seen images of either category, without being aware of the predictive nature of these categories. They continued doing so in a subsequent Transfer phase, after they had been informed that these contingencies no longer held. A novel rolling regression analysis revealed at a fine timescale how category-guided preparation gradually developed throughout the task, and that explicit information about these contingencies only briefly disrupted memory-guided preparation. These results offer new insights into temporal preparation as the product of a largely implicit process governed by associative learning from past experiences.
Unveiling Shrouded Oceans on Temperate sub-Neptunes via Transit Signatures of Solubility Equilibria versus Gas Thermochemistry
Authors: Hu Renyu , Damiano Mario , Scheucher Markus , Kite Edwin , Seager Sara , Rauer Heike 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The recent discovery and initial characterization of sub-Neptune-sized exoplanets that receive stellar irradiance of approximately Earth’s raised the prospect of finding habitable planets in the coming decade, because some of these temperate planets may support liquid-water oceans if they do not have massive H2/He envelopes and are thus not too hot at the bottom of the envelopes. For planets larger than Earth, and especially planets in the 1.7–3.5 R
⊕ population, the mass of the H2/He envelope is typically not sufficiently constrained to assess the potential habitability. Here we show that the solubility equilibria versus thermochemistry of carbon and nitrogen gases typically results in observable discriminators between small H2 atmospheres versus massive ones, because the condition to form a liquid-water ocean and that to achieve the thermochemical equilibrium are mutually exclusive. The dominant carbon and nitrogen gases are typically CH4 and NH3 due to thermochemical recycling in a massive atmosphere of a temperate planet, and those in a small atmosphere overlying a liquid-water ocean are most likely CO2 and N2, followed by CO and CH4 produced photochemically. NH3 is depleted in the small atmosphere by dissolution into the liquid-water ocean. These gases lead to distinctive features in the planet’s transmission spectrum, and a moderate number of transit observations with the James Webb Space Telescope should tell apart a small atmosphere versus a massive one on planets like K2-18 b. This framework thus points to a way to use near-term facilities to constrain the atmospheric mass and habitability of temperate sub-Neptune exoplanets.
The Tail of Late-forming Dwarf Galaxies in ΛCDM
Authors: Benitez-Llambay Alejandro , Fumagalli Michele 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We use a robust analytical model together with a high-resolution hydrodynamical cosmological simulation to demonstrate that in a Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) universe, a small fraction of dwarf galaxies inhabiting dark matter (DM) halos in the mass range 3 × 109 ≲ M
200/M
⊙ ≲ 1010 form unusually late (z < 3) compared to the bulk population of galaxies. These galaxies originate from the interplay between the stochastic growth of DM halos and the existence of a time-dependent DM halo mass below which galaxies do not form. The formation epoch of the simulated late-forming galaxies traces remarkably well the time when their host DM halos first exceeded a nontrivial (but well-understood) time-dependent critical mass, thus making late-forming dwarfs attractive cosmological probes with constraining power over the past growth history of their host halos. The agreement between our model and the simulation results demonstrates that the population of simulated late-forming dwarfs is a robust cosmological outcome and largely independent of the specific galaxy formation model included in the simulations provided: (1) the universe underwent cosmic reionization before

z

re

∼
8
;

(2) star formation proceeds in gas that self-gravitates; and (3) galaxy formation is largely restricted to atomic-cooling halos before z
re. The scarcity of massive late-forming dwarfs expected in ΛCDM implies that the great majority of bright, metal-poor, and actively star-forming dwarfs observed in our local universe—the most obvious candidates for these late-forming galaxies—cannot be undergoing their formation for the first time at the present day in a ΛCDM universe.
Nonthermal Particle Acceleration at Highly Oblique Nonrelativistic Shocks
Authors: Kumar Naveen , Reville Brian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The nonthermal acceleration of electrons and ions at an oblique, nonrelativistic shock is studied using large-scale particle-in-cell simulations in one spatial dimension. Physical parameters are selected to highlight the role of electron preheating in injection and subsequent acceleration of particles at high Mach number shocks. Simulation results show evidence for the early onset of the diffusive shock acceleration process for both electrons and ions at a highly oblique subluminal shock. Ion acceleration efficiencies of ≲5% are measured at late times, though this is not the saturated value.
Internal R-process Abundance Spread of M15 and a Single Stellar Population Model
Authors: Tarumi Yuta , Yoshida Naoki , Inoue Shigeki 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The member stars in globular cluster M15 show a substantial spread in the abundances of r-process elements. We argue that a rare and prolific r-process event enriched the natal cloud of M15 in an inhomogeneous manner. To critically examine the possibility, we perform cosmological galaxy formation simulations and study the physical conditions for the inhomogeneous enrichment. We explore a large parameter space of the merger event time and the site. Our simulations reproduce the large r-process abundance spread if a neutron-star merger occurs at ∼100 pc away from the formation site of the cluster and in a limited time range of a few tens of millions of years before the formation. Interestingly, a bimodal feature is found in the Eu abundance distribution in some cases, similarly to that inferred from recent observations. M15 member stars do not show the clear correlation between the abundances of Eu and light elements such as Na that is expected in models with two stellar populations. We thus argue that a majority of the stars in M15 are formed in a single burst. The ratio of heavy to light r-process element abundance [Eu/Y] ∼ 1.0 is consistent with that of the so-called r-II stars, suggesting that a lanthanide-rich r-process event dominantly enriched M15.
Was Venus Ever Habitable? Constraints from a Coupled Interior–Atmosphere–Redox Evolution Model
Authors: Krissansen-Totton Joshua , Fortney Jonathan J. , Nimmo Francis 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Venus’s past climate evolution is uncertain. General circulation model simulations permit a habitable climate as late as ∼0.7 Ga, and there is suggestive—albeit inconclusive—evidence for previous liquid water from surface geomorphology and mineralogy. However, it is unclear whether a habitable past can be reconciled with Venus’s inferred atmospheric evolution. In particular, the lack of leftover atmospheric oxygen argues against recent water loss. Here, we apply a fully coupled model of Venus’s atmospheric–interior–climate evolution from post-accretion magma ocean to present. The model self-consistently tracks C-, H-, and O-bearing volatiles and surface climate through the entirety of Venus’s history. Atmospheric escape, mantle convection, melt production, outgassing, deep water cycling, and carbon cycling are explicitly coupled to climate and redox evolution. Plate tectonic and stagnant lid histories are considered. Using this coupled model, we conclude that both a habitable Venusian past and one where Venus never possessed liquid surface water can be reconciled with known constraints. Specifically, either scenario can reproduce bulk atmospheric composition, inferred surface heat flow, and observed 40Ar and 4He. Moreover, the model suggests that Venus could have been habitable with a ∼100 m global ocean as late as 1 Ga, without violating any known constraints. In fact, if diffusion-limited water loss is throttled by a cool, CO2-dominated upper atmosphere, then a habitable past is tentatively favored by our model. This escape throttling makes it difficult to simultaneously recover negligible water vapor and ∼90 bar CO2 in the modern atmosphere without temporarily sequestering carbon in the interior via silicate weathering to enhance H escape.