bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Static–dynamic features and hybrid deep learning models based spoof detection system for ASV
Authors: Mittal Aakshi , Dua Mohit 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDetection of spoof is essential for improving the performance of current scenario of Automatic Speaker Verification (ASV) systems. Empowerment to both frontend and backend parts can build the robust ASV systems. First, this paper discuses performance comparison of static and static–dynamic Constant Q Cepstral Coefficients (CQCC) frontend features by using Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) with Time Distributed Wrappers model at the backend. Second, it performs comparative analysis of ASV systems built using three deep learning models LSTM with Time Distributed Wrappers, LSTM and Convolutional Neural Network at backend and using static–dynamic CQCC features at frontend. Third, it discusses implementation of two spoof detection systems for ASV by using same static–dynamic CQCC features at frontend and different combination of deep learning models at backend. Out of these two, the first one is a voting protocol based two-level spoof detection system that uses CNN, LSTM model at first level and LSTM with Time Distributed Wrappers model at second level. The second one is a two-level spoof detection system with user identification and verification protocol, which uses LSTM model for user identification at first level and LSTM with Time Distributed Wrappers for verification at the second level. For implementing the proposed work, a variation in ASVspoof 2019 dataset has been used to introduce all types of spoofing attacks such as Speech Synthesis (SS), Voice Conversion (VC) and replay in single set of dataset. The results show that, at frontend, static–dynamic CQCC feature outperform static CQCC features and at the backend, hybrid combination of deep learning models increases accuracy of spoof detection systems.
The Effects of Ground and Treadmill Running on Energy Metabolism and Muscle Contractile Properties: A Randomized Cross-Over Study
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Chen Jian-gang , Li Xiao-long , Pan Xin-liang , Zhou Yi-zheng , Li Zheng-ao , Liang Zhi-cheng , Long Jia-min , Qin Ming-ze , Zhang Jing , Shi Bing , Wan Bing-jun , Chi Ai-ping , Zhu Wen-fei , Ning Ke , Sun Yu-liang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to compare the effects of ground and treadmill running on energy metabolism and muscle contractile properties, providing a basis for the general public to choose running venues.

Methods
Ten male college students (age, 20.10 ± 1.53 years; height, 176.20 ± 5.49 cm; weight, 72.14 ± 8.25 kg; body fat percent, 12.41% ± 4.65%) were recruited in this study. Energy expenditure (EE) was measured using the accelerometer (GT9X) combined with specific estimation equations. Average heart rate (HR) was measured using a heart rate band (Polar). Muscle contractile properties were assessed by measuring muscle displacement (Dm) and contraction velocity (Vc) using tensiomyography (TMG-S1). Blood glucose (Glu) and lactate (Lac) were measured by portable devices (eB-G and Lactate Scout). The running speed was 9 km/h and the duration was 25 min. Two-way ANOVA (protocol × time) was used to analyze the effect of running protocols on energy metabolism and muscle contractile properties.

Results
EE of treadmill running was significantly higher than EE of ground running (protocol main effect, P  < 0.001), and HR of treadmill running was significantly higher than that of ground running in the first testing time (protocol simple effect, P = 0.026; protocol × time interaction P = 0.043). The decrease in Dm of the rectus femoris after treadmill running was significantly higher than that of ground running (protocol main effect, P = 0.009). The interaction of different running protocols and testing times on Lac was significant (P = 0.025), but all results of the simple effects analysis were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Conclusion
Our study found a difference in energy expenditure between treadmill and ground running at 9 km/h with duration of 25 min. In addition, treadmills are more likely to cause a decrease in muscle displacement distance of the rectus femoris measured after exercise than ground running. Future studies are needed to further investigate whether the differences are induced by internal metabolism or the environmental conditions of running.
Plasma bubbles: a route to sustainable chemistry
Authors: Hong Jungmi , Zhang Tianqi , Zhou Renwu , Zhou Rusen , Ostikov Kostya , Rezaeimotlagh Adel , Cullen Patrick J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAtmospheric plasma discharges are finding increased applications in addressing environmental challenges including water purification, chemical synthesis and biotechnology. An effective means of interfacing the reactivity of plasma gas discharges with liquids is needed to enhance liquid phase chemical reactions. Plasma discharges in bubbles has been considered as an innovative solution for achieving this goal potentially offering electrically driven, sustainable chemistry with low energy consumption and the unique benefit of maintaining a large volume discharge under the liquid surface. Here we provide a concise review on the state-of-art for research on plasma-bubble interactions and a perspective for future research.
Online sexual harassment and cyberbullying in a nationally representative sample of teens: Prevalence, predictors, and consequences
Authors: Copp Jennifer E. , Mumford Elizabeth A. , Taylor Bruce G. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionThere are burgeoning bodies of research on cyberbullying and online sexual harassment. Yet existing work often fails to distinguish between these two unique forms of online victimization, is largely cross sectional, and based on convenience or specialized samples. We examined the prevalence, predictors, and mental health and behavioral consequences of cyberbullying and online sexual harassment using a large, representative sample of adolescents. We also considered the potential compounding effects of multiple forms of victimization, as well as gender differences in the effects of online victimization.MethodsWe used nationally representative, longitudinal data from the National Survey on Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence (STRiV) (n = 1,152), a US‐based sample of adolescents 10‐18 years old.ResultsApproximately 37% of participants reported being victims of cyberbullying, and nearly 15% reported online sexual harassment experiences. Despite cyberbullying being relatively more common, the risk factors for these two forms of online victimization were similar. In addition, cyberbullying and online sexual harassment victimization were independently associated with the full range of mental health and behavioral problems examined in this investigation. Nevertheless, our findings also provided some evidence of conditional effects, such that female adolescents, and adolescents who experienced both forms of online victimization, suffered greater deleterious outcomes.ConclusionsOnline sexual harassment and cyberbullying victimization have similar risk profiles, and both contribute to heightened risk of mental health and behavioral problems. Yet the prevalence and gendered nature of these experiences underscore the importance of making distinctions. We provide recommendations for future research and programmatic efforts.
Critical Democratic Education in Practice: Evidence from An Experienced Teacher's Classroom
Authors: Sibbett Lisa 
Published: November 2021

Ever-increasing numbers of teachers are expressing commitments to social justice education today, but few experienced critical or democratic education in their own schooling or in their teaching practicum. Thus, teachers’ critical democratic commitments can be difficult to put into practice, especially in classrooms where students with diverse and unequal positionalities are engaged in learning together – what I call “heterogeneous” classrooms. Education that is “democratic” (that includes a range of warranted perspectives) can seem to come into conflict with education that is “critical” (that elevates and centers marginalized perspectives). We have little research depicting how educators meet such challenges. This paper depicts an experienced and committed social justice educator wrestling with difficult problems in the enactment of critical democratic education. Mr. Crane regularly engaged his racially and linguistically heterogeneous students in discussions of social issues, and during these discussions regularly encountered practical facilitation challenges posed by inequality among students. He wrestled with how to elevate students of color's views without spotlighting them, and how to challenge dominant perspectives without shaming the students who voiced them. Drawing on qualitative data from classroom observations and interviews, I depict Mr. Crane making sense of and mobilizing emergent instructional responses to these challenges – with, by his own reckoning, mixed results. One instructional routine, an impromptu version of a critical inquiry, was flagged by Mr. Crane as a promising method for navigating some of the trickiest problems of critical democratic education practice. This paper's findings demonstrate that enacting critical democratic education is not easy. Even experienced and committed social justice educators struggle with how to put their critical values into practice. By making visible one experienced critical democratic educator's recurring problems of practice, my research acknowledges the difficulties of this work and contributes to problem-framing. Furthermore, by deconstructing a promising routine for impromptu critical inquiry during classroom discussions of social issues, this research contributes a model of effective critical democratic education in practice.
Knowledge prior to belief: Is extended better than enacted?
Authors: Farina Mirko , Lavazza Andrea 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this commentary, we argue that Phillips et al.'s findings can be used to provide new important insights in the debate between externalists’ theories of cognition. In particular, we claim that the results presented in this target article may offer us the conceptual palette needed for a sustained defence of an extended account of cognition over an enactive one.
Three cognitive mechanisms for knowledge tracking
Authors: Kampis Dora , Csibra Gergely 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We welcome Phillips et al.'s proposal to separate the understanding of “knowledge” from that of “beliefs.” We argue that this distinction is best specified at the level of the cognitive mechanisms. Three distinct mechanisms are discussed: tagging one's own representations with those who share the same reality; representing others' representations (metarepresenting knowledge); and attributing dispositions to provide useful information.
Attitude-Consistent Health Messages About Electronic Cigarettes	Increase Processing Time
Authors: Wilcox Shelby , Huskey Richard , DeAndrea David C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Online contexts are becoming a widely available space to disseminate health information and target specific populations for health campaigns. Limited evidence for health message engagement in these contexts exists. This study draws on the elaboration likelihood model and construal-level theory to predict processing time and recall when individuals are presented with messages for or against electronic cigarette use from socially close or distant sources. Participants ( N = 159) were shown messages about electronic cigarettes, designed to look like tweets, from socially close and socially distant message senders. Processing times were highest for pro-attitudinal messages while messages from socially close sources were more likely to be recalled, and furthering social distance increased the difference in processing times for pro- and counter-attitudinal messages. We demonstrate the applicability of behavioral measures in online studies, while finding that attitudes, social distance, and their interaction affect measures of message processing. These findings suggest further exploration may be needed to differentiate between processing time and counterarguing. From our findings, we offer applied practitioners guidance on how to develop messages that target audiences will spend more time considering and are more likely to remember.
An Unusually Large Electron Temperature Increase Over Arecibo Associated With an Intense Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Lv Xiedong , Gong Yun , Zhang Shaodong , Zhou Qihou , Ma Zheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe present an investigation of the F‐region electron temperature to an intense geomagnetic storm that occurred on 5 August 2011. The investigation is based on the incoherent scatter radar measurements at Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico (18.3°N, 66.7°W). The electron temperature exhibits a rapid and intensive enhancement after the commencement of the geomagnetic storm. The electron temperature increases by ∼800 K within an hour, which is seldomly reported at Arecibo. At the same time, a depletion of the electron density is also observed. The daytime perturbations of electron density and temperature are anticorrelated with the correlation coefficient, which is −0.88 and −0.91 on the day and the following day of the geomagnetic storm, respectively. According to the Global Ultraviolet Imager measurements, the ratio of atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen concentration () decreases dramatically during the storm. Our analysis suggests that the enhancement of the electron temperature is due to the depletion of the electron density, which is likely associated with the decrease of . The reduction of maybe caused by a prompt upward plasma motion after the commencement of the geomagnetic storm.
Seismic Source Migration During Strombolian Eruptions Inferred by Very‐Near‐Field Broadband Seismic Network
Authors: Sugimura Shunsuke , Nishimura Takeshi , Lacanna Giorgio , Legrand Denis , Valade Sébastien , Ripepe Maurizio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe analyze seismic waves excited by small Strombolian explosions to understand the source process of volcanic explosions. We deployed five broadband seismometers at only 100–300 m away from the active craters of Stromboli volcano, Italy. Moment tensor inversion of the entire seismic signals in the 0.05–0.2 Hz band locates the source at a depth of 170 and 150–200 m west/southwest of the crater where acoustic waves are excited. Contrary, the sources of seismic waves in the 0.2–0.5 and 0.5–1.0 Hz bands are excited almost at the explosion onset and are located close to the crater. We show for the first time that explosions are preceded of about 10–20 s by a small amplitude seismic phase. Semblance analysis shows that this phase is radiated from a depth of 170 m beneath the western part of the crater area. Our analysis indicates that the source moves about 50 m toward the active crater 10–20 s before the explosion occurs at the surface. At the explosion onset, the source moves back to the same location of the small preceding phase. These lateral migrations of the seismic source are estimated by moment tensor inversion and semblance analysis. We suggest that migration reflects the bending of the shallow feeding system toward northeast. Seismic waves are thus reflecting the history pressure generated by the rising of a gas‐rich pocket in the very shallow portion of a magma mush and by the following restoring force occurring after the explosion.
Controls on Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Slope Deformation in an Alpine Valley
Authors: Oestreicher N. , Loew S. , Roques C. , Aaron J. , Gualandi A. , Longuevergne L. , Limpach P. , Hugentobler M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA comprehensive surface displacement monitoring system installed in the recently deglaciated bedrock slopes of the Aletsch Valley shows systematic reversible motions at the annual scale. We explore potential drivers for this deformation signal and demonstrate that the main driver is pore pressure changes of groundwater in fractured granitic mountain slopes. The spatial pattern of these reversible annual deformations shows similar magnitudes and orientations for adjacent monitoring points, leading to the hypothesis that the annually reversible deformation is caused by slope‐scale groundwater elevation changes and rock mass properties. Conversely, we show that the ground reaction to infiltration from snowmelt and summer rainstorms can be highly heterogeneous at local scale, and that brittle‐ductile fault zones are key features for the groundwater pressure‐related rock mass deformations. We also observe irreversible long‐term trends (over the 6.5 years data set) of deformation in the Aletsch valley composed of a larger uplift than observed at our reference GNSS station in the Rhone valley, and horizontal displacements of the slopes towards the valley. These observations can be attributed respectively to the elastic bedrock rebound in response to current glacier mass downwasting of the Great Aletsch Glacier and gravitational slope deformations enabled by cyclic groundwater pressure‐related rock mass fatigue in the fractured rock slopes.
Genome-wide differentially methylated genes associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and longitudinal change in methylation in rape survivors
Authors: Nöthling Jani , Abrahams Naeemah , Toikumo Sylvanus , Suderman Matthew , Mhlongo Shibe , Lombard Carl , Seedat Soraya , Hemmings Sian Megan Joanna 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRape is associated with a high risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). DNA methylation changes may confer risk or protection for PTSD following rape by regulating the expression of genes implicated in pathways affected by PTSD. We aimed to: (1) identify epigenome-wide differences in methylation profiles between rape-exposed women with and without PTSD at 3-months post-rape, in a demographically and ethnically similar group, drawn from a low-income setting; (2) validate and replicate the findings of the epigenome-wide analysis in selected genes (BRSK2 and ADCYAP1); and (3) investigate baseline and longitudinal changes in BRSK2 and ADCYAP1 methylation over six months in relation to change in PTSD symptom scores over 6 months, in the combined discovery/validation and replication samples (n = 96). Rape-exposed women (n = 852) were recruited from rape clinics in the Rape Impact Cohort Evaluation (RICE) umbrella study. Epigenome-wide differentially methylated CpG sites between rape-exposed women with (n = 24) and without (n = 24) PTSD at 3-months post-rape were investigated using the Illumina EPIC BeadChip in a discovery cohort (n = 48). Validation (n = 47) and replication (n = 49) of BRSK2 and ADCYAP1 methylation findings were investigated using EpiTYPER technology. Longitudinal change in BRSK2 and ADCYAP1 was also investigated using EpiTYPER technology in the combined sample (n = 96). In the discovery sample, after adjustment for multiple comparisons, one differentially methylated CpG site (chr10: 61385771/ cg01700569, p = 0.049) and thirty-four differentially methylated regions were associated with PTSD status at 3-months post-rape. Decreased BRSK2 and ADCYAP1 methylation at 3-months and 6-months post-rape were associated with increased PTSD scores at the same time points, but these findings did not remain significant in adjusted models. In conclusion, decreased methylation of BRSK2 may result in abnormal neuronal polarization, synaptic development, vesicle formation, and disrupted neurotransmission in individuals with PTSD. PTSD symptoms may also be mediated by differential methylation of the ADCYAP1 gene which is involved in stress regulation. Replication of these findings is required to determine whether ADCYAP1 and BRSK2 are biomarkers of PTSD and potential therapeutic targets.
Emerging technologies and infection models in cellular microbiology
Authors: López-Jiménez Ana Teresa , Mostowy Serge 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe field of cellular microbiology, rooted in the co-evolution of microbes and their hosts, studies intracellular pathogens and their manipulation of host cell machinery. In this review, we highlight emerging technologies and infection models that recently promoted opportunities in cellular microbiology. We overview the explosion of microscopy techniques and how they reveal unprecedented detail at the host-pathogen interface. We discuss the incorporation of robotics and artificial intelligence to image-based screening modalities, biochemical mapping approaches, as well as dual RNA-sequencing techniques. Finally, we describe chips, organoids and animal models used to dissect biophysical and in vivo aspects of the infection process. As our knowledge of the infected cell improves, cellular microbiology holds great promise for development of anti-infective strategies with translational applications in human health.
COVID-19 genetic risk variants are associated with expression of multiple genes in diverse immune cell types
Authors: Schmiedel Benjamin J. , Rocha Job , Gonzalez-Colin Cristian , Bhattacharyya Sourya , Madrigal Ariel , Ottensmeier Christian H. , Ay Ferhat , Chandra Vivek , Vijayanand Pandurangan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCommon genetic polymorphisms associated with COVID-19 illness can be utilized for discovering molecular pathways and cell types driving disease pathogenesis. Given the importance of immune cells in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 illness, here we assessed the effects of COVID-19-risk variants on gene expression in a wide range of immune cell types. Transcriptome-wide association study and colocalization analysis revealed putative causal genes and the specific immune cell types where gene expression is most influenced by COVID-19-risk variants. Notable examples include OAS1 in non-classical monocytes, DTX1 in B cells, IL10RB in NK cells, CXCR6 in follicular helper T cells, CCR9 in regulatory T cells and ARL17A in TH2 cells. By analysis of transposase accessible chromatin and H3K27ac-based chromatin-interaction maps of immune cell types, we prioritized potentially functional COVID-19-risk variants. Our study highlights the potential of COVID-19 genetic risk variants to impact the function of diverse immune cell types and influence severe disease manifestations.
Cis-regulatory architecture of human ESC-derived hypothalamic neuron differentiation aids in variant-to-gene mapping of relevant complex traits
Authors: Pahl Matthew C. , Doege Claudia A. , Hodge Kenyaita M. , Littleton Sheridan H. , Leonard Michelle E. , Lu Sumei , Rausch Rick , Pippin James A. , De Rosa Maria Caterina , Basak Alisha , Bradfield Jonathan P. , Hammond Reza K. , Boehm Keith , Berkowitz Robert I. , Lasconi Chiara , Su Chun , Chesi Alessandra , Johnson Matthew E. , Wells Andrew D. , Voight Benjamin F. , Leibel Rudolph L. , Cousminer Diana L. , Grant Struan F. A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe hypothalamus regulates metabolic homeostasis by influencing behavior and endocrine systems. Given its role governing key traits, such as body weight and reproductive timing, understanding the genetic regulation of hypothalamic development and function could yield insights into disease pathogenesis. However, given its inaccessibility, studying human hypothalamic gene regulation has proven challenging. To address this gap, we generate a high-resolution chromatin architecture atlas of an established embryonic stem cell derived hypothalamic-like neuron model across three stages of in vitro differentiation. We profile accessible chromatin and identify physical contacts between gene promoters and putative cis-regulatory elements to characterize global regulatory landscape changes during hypothalamic differentiation. Next, we integrate these data with GWAS loci for various complex traits, identifying multiple candidate effector genes. Our results reveal common target genes for these traits, potentially affecting core developmental pathways. Our atlas will enable future efforts to determine hypothalamic mechanisms influencing disease susceptibility.