bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ML-based group method of data handling: an improvement on the conventional GMDH
Authors: Amiri Mehdi , Soleimani Seyfollah 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMachine learning (ML) has been recognized as a feasible and reliable technique for the modeling of multi-parametric datasets. In real applications, there are different relationships with various complexities between sets of inputs and their corresponding outputs. As a result, various models have been developed with different levels of complexity in the input–output relationships. The group method of data handling (GMDH) employs a family of inductive algorithms for computer-based mathematical modeling grounded on a combination of quadratic and higher neurons in a certain number of variable layers. In this method, a vector of input features is mapped to the expected response by creating a multistage nonlinear pattern. Usually, each neuron of the GMDH is considered a quadratic partial function. In this paper, the basic structure of the GMDH technique is adapted by changing the partial functions to enhance the complexity modeling ability. To accomplish this, popular ML models that have shown reasonable function approximation performance, such as support vector regression and random forest, are used, and the basic polynomial functions in the GMDH are replaced by these ML models. The regression feasibility and validity of the ML-based GMDH models are confirmed by computer simulation.
The innovation gender gap in transition countries
Authors: Biscione Antonella , Boccanfuso Dorothée , Caruso Raul , de Felice Annunziata 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the sources of the possible gender ownership gap in innovativeness in a set of Transition economies by means of firm-level data coming from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS V) conducted in 2012–2014. Through the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition we highlight the factors explaining the differences in the propensity to innovate between female-owned and male-owned firms. We find that the innovation disparity between firms with females among their owners and those having only male owners is mainly due to the differences in endowment effects. Tangible and intangible assets affect the innovation gap between the two groups of firms.
Eine Krise in der Krise: Corona-Krisenkommunikation von Bürgermeister*innen in Deutschland
Authors: Habscheid Stephan , Vogel Friedemann 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungDas politische System in Deutschland wird gegenwärtig durch eine zweifache Krise herausgefordert: Zum einen gilt es, die Bedrohung durch die Pandemie und deren gesellschaftliche Folgen durch praktische und kommunikative Maßnahmen zu bewältigen, wobei der Rechtsstaat und das Regierungshandeln in diversen Politikfeldern an ihre Grenzen kommen. Zum anderen stellen bereits seit geraumer Zeit politische Akteure, die für »das Volk« zu sprechen beanspruchen und als »Populisten« bezeichnet werden, in Frage, dass in der etablierten repräsentativen Demokratie eine ausreichende Repräsentation der Bürger bzw. eines völkisch gedachten Kollektivs gewährleistet sei. Von dieser zweifachen Krise, die in öffentlichen Corona-Protesten kulminiert, betroffen sind nicht zuletzt auch Bürgermeister*innen, die – im Idealfall – kommunikativ in verschiedenen Aufgabenfeldern des demokratischen Rechtsstaats agieren. Der Beitrag gibt erste Einblicke in ein Forschungsprojekt, das sich der Kommunikation von, mit und über Bürgermeister*innen systematisch widmet. Exemplarisch untersucht wird im vorliegenden Beitrag erstens, wie Bürgermeister*innen im Kontext der doppelten Krise in Sozialen Medien sprachlich agieren können und welche Anschlusskommunikation mit und unter Bürger*innen sich in den Kommentarlisten entwickelt. Zweitens wird danach gefragt, wie sich das abstrakte Bild der Bürgermeister*innen in der Presseberichterstattung gestaltet und im Zuge der Corona-Krise entwickelt. Zum Zweck des Vergleichs sowie im Hinblick auf Verflechtungen zwischen den beiden Gegenstandsbereichen werden Methoden der linguistischen Praxeologie, der interaktionalen Schriftlinguistik, der Analyse von Textkommunikation und der Korpus- und Imagelinguistik kombiniert.
A proposed method of sample preparation and homogenization of hemp for the molecular analysis of cannabinoids
Authors: Morehouse Zachary P. , Ryan Gabriella L. , Proctor Caleb M. , Okparanta Akelachi , Todd Will , Bunting Derrick , White Taylor , Parez Steven , Miller Blessida , Colon Veronica , Easparro Brandon , Atwood James , Park YoungChul , Nash Rodney J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe use of Cannabis sativa, or Hemp, in commercial, recreational, and pharmacological applications is on the rise in the United States and worldwide. Many of these applications have guidelines associated with them dependent on the concentration of cannabinoid molecules that keep the products classified as hemp versus marijuana or that allow the producer to comment on the purity and potency of their product. Herein, we propose a method for homogenization of hemp that results in small particle sizes, uniform samples, and does not alter the cannabinoid concentrations during processing, allowing for optimal and reproducible potency testing. Using a novel “active grinding media” we homogenized commercially available hemp to analyze approximately 100 mg samples of homogenate via sieve analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography to assess the resulting size and potency of the sample when using this methodology. When processing hemp samples with our proposed methodology, we have demonstrated the ability to produce 60.2% of all particles < 1.25 mm with increased cannabinoid recovery compared to homogenates with larger average particle sizes. Maintaining sample temperatures below 35 °C during processing, we showed that our method does not thermally induce decarboxylation reactions that would result in major cannabinoid profile changes. We have developed a method for hemp processing via homogenization that does not alter the cannabinoid profile during processing, while consistently producing small particle sizes in a uniformly processed sample. This method allows for optimal and reproducible hemp processing when evaluating hemp and hemp-based products being brought to commercial markets.
Terahertz broadband polarization converter based on the double-split ring resonator metasurface
Authors: Xu Zhenhua , Sheng Hongyu , Wang Qiaolian , Zhou Liuping , Shen Yanchun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA terahertz broadband polarization converter based on the metasurface of a double-split ring resonator is proposed. The structural parameters of this device have been optimized in numerical simulations. The results show that in the frequency range from 0.49 to 1.88 THz (bandwidth of 1.39 THz) the proposed device rotates incident linearly polarized waves through 90°. The polarization conversion rate is more than 80%. The coefficient of reflection for cross polarization is greater than 90% with a transmission loss of 1 dB. The surface current distribution of this structure was simulated and analyzed at three frequencies that give high conversion rates of the polarization. The mechanism underlying this high conversion rate is presented, and the dependence of the conversion rate on incident angle and polarization angle is stimulated and analyzed. The results show that the conversion performance of this device is good for incidence angles ranging from 0 to 30° and polarization angles ranging from − 10 to 10°. Compared with previous designs, the polarization converter has a simple structure and a broad operational bandwidth. It has potential applications in the field of terahertz polarization modulation.
Cryptocurrency volatility markets
Authors: Woebbeking Fabian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBy computing a volatility index (CVX) from cryptocurrency option prices, we analyze this market’s expectation of future volatility. Our method addresses the challenging liquidity environment of this young asset class and allows us to extract stable market implied volatilities. Two alternative methods are considered to compute volatilities from granular intra-day cryptocurrency options data, which spans over the COVID-19 pandemic period. CVX data therefore capture ‘normal’ market dynamics as well as distress and recovery periods. The methods yield two cointegrated index series, where the corresponding error correction model can be used as an indicator for market implied tail-risk. Comparing our CVX to existing volatility benchmarks for traditional asset classes, such as VIX (equity) or GVX (gold), confirms that cryptocurrency volatility dynamics are often disconnected from traditional markets, yet, share common shocks.
An inter-disciplinary approach to the energy transition in South Africa
Authors: Todd Iain , McCauley Darren 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe compelling need to tackle climate change is well-established. It is a challenge which is being faced by all nations. This requires an approach which is truly inter-disciplinary in nature, drawing on the expertise of politicians, social scientists, and technologists. We report how the pace of the energy transition can be influenced significantly by both the operation of societal barriers, and by policy actions aimed at reducing these effects. Using the case study of South Africa, a suite of interviews has been conducted with diverse energy interests, to develop and analyse four key issues pertinent to the energy transition there. We do so primarily through the lens of delivering energy justice to that society. In doing so, we emphasise the need to monitor, model, and modify the dynamic characteristic of the energy transition process and the delivery of energy justice; a static approach which ignores the fluid nature of transition will be insufficient. We conclude that the South African fossil fuel industry is still impeding the development of the country’s renewable resources, and the price of doing so is being met by those living in townships and in rural areas.
The experience of close personal relationships after stroke: scoping review and thematic analysis of qualitative literature
Authors: Ford Amy , Douglas Jacinta , O’Halloran Robyn 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and Purpose:Psychosocial difficulties, including changed relationships are among the most pervasive and concerning issues following stroke. This study aimed to collate and thematically analyse qualitative literature describing the experience of close personal relationships from the perspective of stroke survivors.Method:Using a scoping review methodology, four databases (CINAHL/EBSCO, MEDLINE/Pubmed, Embase, Psychinfo) were systematically searched, yielding 3100 citations. Following exclusion of duplicates and screening against inclusion criteria at title/abstract and full text levels, 53 articles were included in the review. Data were charted and thematically analysed.Results:While research has increased since 2000, longitudinal designs are few. Four overarching themes and 12 subthemes were identified. ‘Social disruption’ described changing social worlds, lost social opportunities and shrinking networks. ‘Changed relationships’ included changed family and spousal relationships and changed parenting relationships. The third theme ‘relationships help’ highlighted positive aspects including belonging, support and a life worth living. The final theme was ‘coping with an altered social world’ and described adjustment and emotional responses.Conclusions:Relationships are an important aspect of life post stroke but are subject to changes and challenges. This article brings together a breadth of qualitative data to describe lived experiences. Further research, in particular, longitudinal research is required.
Social evolution as moral truth tracking in natural law
Authors: Faria Filipe Nobre , Campos André Santos 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMorality can be adaptive or maladaptive. From this fact come polarizing disputes on the meta-ethical status of moral adaptation. The realist tracking account of morality claims that it is possible to track objective moral truths and that these truths correspond to moral rules that are adaptive. In contrast, evolutionary anti-realism rejects the existence of moral objectivity and thus asserts that adaptive moral rules cannot represent objective moral truths, since those truths do not exist. This article develops a novel evolutionary view of natural law to defend the realist tracking account. It argues that we can identify objective moral truths through cultural group selection and that adaptive moral rules are likely to reflect such truths.
Zircon U–Pb–Hf snapshots on the crustal evolution of the Serbo-Macedonian massif: new insights from Ammouliani island (Northern Greece)
Authors: Papapavlou Konstantinos 
Published: August 2021

AbstractZircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope microanalysis was conducted in (meta)-igneous units of Ammouliani island to characterize crust-forming and reworking events in the Serbo-Macedonian massif. Zircon grains from an orthogneiss of the Vertiskos unit yielded a U–Pb crystallization age for the igneous precursor at 458.8 ± 11 Ma with dominantly subchondritic ϵHf values indicating reworking of Neoproterozoic basement. A weighted mean ϵHf value of 0.7 ± 2.4 from oscillatory zoned zircon grains of the Ouranoupoli granodiorite indicates juvenile crustal input at 52.1 ± 0.6 Ma. The U–Pb–Hf zircon archive records discrete stages in the crustal evolution of the Serbo-Macedonian massif.
How to understand diversity in citizens’ care attitudes: an exploratory study in the Netherlands
Authors: Wittenberg Yvette , de Boer Alice H. , de Klerk Mirjam M. Y. , Verhoeff Arnoud P. , Kwekkeboom Rick 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate Dutch citizens’ care attitudes by looking at care-giving norms and citizens’ welfare state orientation and to explore to what extent these attitudes can be explained by combinations of diversity characteristics. We combined two datasets (2016 and 2018, N = 5,293) containing citizens’ opinions regarding society and conducted multivariate linear and ordered probit regression analyses. An intersectional perspective was adopted to explore the influence of combinations of diversity characteristics. Results show that citizens’ care-giving norms are relatively strong, meaning they believe persons in need of care should receive help from their families or social networks. However, citizens consider the government responsible for care as well. Men, younger people, people in good health and people of non-Western origin have stronger care-giving norms than others, and younger people assign relatively more responsibility to the family than the government. Level of education and religiosity are also associated with care attitudes. Primary diversity dimensions are more related to care attitudes than secondary, circumstantial dimensions. Some of the secondary dimensions interact with primary dimensions. These insights offer policy makers, social workers and (allied) health professionals the opportunity to align with citizens’ care attitudes, as results show that people vary to a large extent in their care-giving norms and welfare state orientation.
A novel navigation system for an autonomous mobile robot in an uncertain environment
Authors: Chen Meng-Yuan , Wu Yong-Jian , He Hongmei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we developed a new navigation system, called ATCM, which detects obstacles in a sliding window with an adaptive threshold clustering algorithm, classifies the detected obstacles with a decision tree, heuristically predicts potential collision and finds optimal path with a simplified Morphin algorithm. This system has the merits of optimal free-collision path, small memory size and less computing complexity, compared with the state of the arts in robot navigation. The modular design of 6-steps navigation provides a holistic methodology to implement and verify the performance of a robot’s navigation system. The experiments on simulation and a physical robot for the eight scenarios demonstrate that the robot can effectively and efficiently avoid potential collisions with any static or dynamic obstacles in its surrounding environment. Compared with the particle swarm optimisation, the dynamic window approach and the traditional Morphin algorithm for the autonomous navigation of a mobile robot in a static environment, ATCM achieved the shortest path with higher efficiency.
Covid-19, non-Covid-19 and excess mortality rates not comparable across countries
Authors: Kelly Gabrielle , Petti Stefano , Noah Norman 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Evidence that more people in some countries and fewer in others are dying because of the pandemic, than is reflected by reported coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) mortality rates, is derived from mortality data. Using publicly available databases, deaths attributed to Covid-19 in 2020 and all deaths for the years 2015–2020 were tabulated for 35 countries together with economic, health, demographic and government response stringency index variables. Residual mortality rates (RMR) in 2020 were calculated as excess mortality minus reported mortality rates due to Covid-19 where excess deaths were observed deaths in 2020 minus the average for 2015–2019. Differences in RMR are differences not attributed to reported Covid-19. For about half the countries, RMR's were negative and for half, positive. The absolute rates in some countries were double those in others. In a regression analysis, population density and proportion of female smokers were positively associated with both Covid-19 and excess mortality while the human development index and proportion of male smokers were negatively associated with both. RMR was not associated with any of the investigated variables. The results show that published data on mortality from Covid-19 cannot be directly comparable across countries. This may be due to differences in Covid-19 death reporting and in addition, the unprecedented public health measures implemented to control the pandemic may have produced either increased or reduced excess deaths due to other diseases. Further data on cause-specific mortality is required to determine the extent to which residual mortality represents non-Covid-19 deaths and to explain differences between countries.
Vitamin D, liver-related biomarkers, and distribution of fat and lean mass in young patients with Fontan circulation
Authors: Hansson Lena , Sandberg Camilla , Öhlund Inger , Lind Torbjörn , Sthen Bergdahl Magne , Wiklund Urban , Rylander Hedlund Eva , Sjöberg Gunnar , Rydberg Annika 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroduction/aim:Young patients with Fontan circulation may have low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, an affected liver, and unhealthy body compositions. This study aimed to explore the association between vitamin D intake/levels, liver biomarkers, and body composition in young Fontan patients.Method:We collected prospective data in 2017 to 2018, obtained with food-frequency questionnaires, biochemical analyses of liver biomarkers, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans in 44 children with Fontan circulation. Body compositions were compared to matched controls (n = 38). Linear regression analyses were used to investigate associations of biomarkers, leg pain, and lean mass on serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Biomarkers were converted to z scores and differences were evaluated within the Fontan patients.Results:Our Fontan patients had a daily mean vitamin D intake of 9.9 µg and a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D of 56 nmol/L. These factors were not associated with fat or lean mass, leg pain, or biomarkers of liver status. The Fontan patients had significantly less lean mass, but higher fat mass than controls. Male adolescents with Fontan circulation had a greater mean abdominal fat mass than male controls and higher cholesterol levels than females with Fontan circulation.Conclusion:Vitamin D intake and serum levels were not associated with body composition or liver biomarkers in the Fontan group, but the Fontan group had lower lean mass and higher fat mass than controls. The more pronounced abdominal fat mass in male adolescents with Fontan circulation might increase metabolic risks later in life.
Leveling the Playing Field: Industrial Policy and Export-Contingent Subsidies in India–Export Related Measures
Authors: Dhingra Swati , Meyer Timothy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn India–Export Related Measures, the United States challenged a range of Indian measures as prohibited export-contingent subsidies, and a WTO panel largely agreed. This article examines the factors at play in the United States’ decision to bring the challenge. At the level of policy, the United States case reflects India's graduation from the protections afforded developing nations’ export-contingent subsidies under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. A closer examination, however, shows that India ramped up its export-contingent subsidies just as the SCM Agreement required it to wind those subsidies down. Moreover, the expanded Indian subsidies led to increased import competition with the politically influential metals and pharmaceutical sectors in the United States, which pushed the US challenge. We reflect on the larger implications of the challenge for the future of trade rules on industrial policy. In particular, we note that the United States pursued a trade enforcement policy that would have the effect of increasing pharmaceutical prices in the United States, by reducing subsidies for imported generic drugs, at a time when the Trump administration allegedly was trying to reduce the price of prescription drugs. This disconnect suggests the need for both greater transparency in trade policy and greater governmental coordination on the connection between trade policy and other policy priorities.
What is refugee history, now?
Authors: Banko Lauren , Nowak Katarzyna , Gatrell Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRefugee history at present lacks a conceptual framework, notwithstanding the proliferation of recent contributions that contribute to enlarging the field. Our article seeks to advance refugee history by drawing upon extensive research into historical case studies and proposing the framework of refugeedom. Refugeedom takes proper account of the states and other actors that defined the ‘refugee’ as a category and sought to manage refugees as figures of concern, but it also insists upon the need to consider refugees as an active and assertive historical presence in situations of crisis and constraint. It offers a promising approach for analysing episodes and sites of mass population displacement from the perspectives of governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Crucially, refugeedom incorporates the experiences of refugees and how they narrated displacement. Finally, the article outlines a direction for global history by drawing attention to past episodes of displacement in ways that capture not only its global scale, but also the multiple relationships and practices of refugeedom.