bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing inclusive environments for people living with dementia: how much do we really know?
Authors: Evans Simon Chester , Waller Sarah , Bray Jennifer 
Published: November 2021

PurposeRecent years have seen a growing interest in and awareness of the importance of environmental design to the well-being of people living with dementia, in terms of both policy and practice. This trend has been accompanied by a plethora of advice, guidance and tools that aim to encourage and promote the development of inclusive environments. Not all of these are evidence-based, and even those that claim to be so are limited by a paucity of good quality, comprehensive research studies. This paper aims to consider the current state of knowledge in the field of dementia-friendly design and describes a project that refreshed and updated the suite of Environmental Assessment Tools originally developed by The Kings Fund and now managed by the Association for Dementia Studies.Design/methodology/approachThe mixed methods project reported on in this paper comprised a review of the literature, a survey of people who have used the five design assessment tools and an iterative process of updating the tools to make them as evidence-based and user-friendly as possible.FindingsThe suite of five assessment tools was refreshed and updated to reflect the latest evidence and the views of professionals and others who use the tools. The authors conclude that while a focus on dementia-friendly design is to be welcomed, there remains a need for relevant high-quality evidence to inform such work. In particular, there is a lack of research within people’s own homes and studies that include the perspectives of people living with dementia.Originality/valueFew assessment tools and guidelines for dementia-friendly environments are truly evidence-based. This paper reports on a project that combined a comprehensive literature review with the views of practitioners to update a widely used suite of tools that aim to make a range of settings more suitable for people living with dementia.
Phthalate hydrolase: distribution, diversity and molecular evolution
Authors: Bhattacharyya Mousumi , Basu Suman , Dhar Rinita , Dutta Tapan K. 
Published: November 2021

SummaryThe alpha/beta‐fold superfamily of hydrolases is rapidly becoming one of the largest groups of structurally related enzymes with diverse catalytic functions. In this superfamily of enzymes, esterase deserves special attention because of their wide distribution in biological systems and importance towards environmental and industrial applications. Among various esterases, phthalate hydrolases are the key alpha/beta enzymes involved in the metabolism of structurally diverse estrogenic phthalic acid esters, ubiquitously distributed synthetic chemicals, used as plasticizer in plastic manufacturing processes. Although they vary both at the sequence and functional levels, these hydrolases use a similar acid–base‐nucleophile catalytic mechanism to catalyse reactions on structurally different substrates. The current review attempts to present insights on phthalate hydrolases, describing their sources, structural diversities, phylogenetic affiliations and catalytically different types or classes of enzymes, categorized as diesterase, monoesterase and diesterase–monoesterase, capable of hydrolysing phthalate diester, phthalate monoester and both respectively. Furthermore, available information on in silico analyses and site‐directed mutagenesis studies revealing structure–function integrity and altered enzyme kinetics have been highlighted along with the possible scenario of their evolution at the molecular level.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, reduces heroin self‐administration and drug‐induced reinstatement of heroin‐seeking behaviour in rats
Authors: Douton Joaquin E. , Horvath Nelli , Mills‐Huffnagle Sara , Nyland Jennifer E. , Hajnal Andras , Grigson Patricia S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDrug addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by the uncontrolled use of a substance. Due to its relapsing nature, addiction is difficult to treat, as individuals can relapse following even long periods of abstinence and, it is during this time, that they are most vulnerable to overdose. In America, opioid overdose has been increasing for decades, making finding new treatments to help patients remain abstinent and prevent overdose deaths imperative. Recently, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists have shown promise in reducing motivated behaviours for drugs of abuse. In this study, we test the effectiveness of the GLP‐1 analogue, liraglutide (LIR), in reducing heroin addiction‐like behaviour, and the potential side effects associated with the treatment. We show that daily treatment with LIR (0.1 mg/kg sc) increases the latency to take heroin, reduces heroin self‐administration, prevents escalation of heroin self‐administration and reduces drug‐induced reinstatement of heroin‐seeking behaviour in rats. A 1‐h pretreatment time, however, was too short to reduce cue‐induced seeking in our study. Moreover, we showed that, while LIR (0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg sc) supported conditioned taste avoidance of a LIR‐paired saccharin cue, it did not elicit intake of the antiemetic kaolin in heroin‐naïve or heroin‐experienced rats. Further, 0.1 mg/kg LIR did not produce great disruptions in food intake or body weight. Overall, the data show that LIR is effective in reducing heroin taking and heroin seeking at doses that do not cause malaise and have a modest effect on food intake and body weight gain.
The association between involuntary alcohol treatment and subsequent emergency department visits and hospitalizations: a Bayesian analysis of treated patients and matched controls
Authors: Vuong Thu , Gillies Malcolm , Larney Sarah , Montebello Mark , Ritter Alison 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsMany nations have provisions for involuntary treatment of alcohol dependence where the person is at serious risk of harm to themselves. To date, there has been little thorough evaluation of its effectiveness. This study aimed to determine if there were differences between involuntary and voluntary treatment for alcohol dependence on subsequent emergency and hospital care.DesignA retrospective cohort design using linked routinely collected administrative data on health‐care utilization.SettingHospital and community‐based alcohol treatment, New South Wales, Australia.ParticipantsA total of 231 patients who were involuntarily treated for alcohol dependence and 231 matched controls who received treatment as usual within the period May 2012 to April 2018.Intervention and comparatorInvoluntary treatment comprised a 28‐day mandated hospital admission which included supervised withdrawal, comprehensive assessment, rehabilitation and support followed by voluntary aftercare support for up to 6 months. Treatment as usual comprised three not mutually exclusive forms of intensive voluntary alcohol treatment: withdrawal management, rehabilitation and pharmacotherapies for alcohol dependence.MeasurementsOutcome measures: changes in the number of emergency department (ED) visits and number of unplanned hospital admissions 12 months before and 12 months after completion of index treatment.FindingsBoth groups showed a reduction in ED visits (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.56, 95% credible intervals (CrI) = 0.39–0.78) and unplanned hospital admissions (IRR = 0.49, 95% CrI = 0.37–0.65). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (IRR = 0.77, 95% CrI = 0.58–1.03 for ED visits and IRR = 0.79, 95% CrI = 0.62–1.01 for hospital admissions). The Bayes factors were 0.925 and 0.936 for ED visits and unplanned hospital admissions, respectively, interpreted as weak evidence in support of the null hypothesis of no difference between the interventions.ConclusionsInvoluntary treatment of alcohol dependence was associated with reduced health service utilization in the year following treatment, and the outcomes did not differ from those of a matched control group.
Smoking trajectories from adolescence to early adulthood as a longitudinal predictor of mental health in adulthood: evidence from 21 years of a nationally representative cohort
Authors: Lee Boram , Levy Douglas E. , Macy Jonathan T. , Elam Kit K. , Bidulescu Aurelian , Seo Dong‐Chul 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimsTo measure the prospective relationship between smoking trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood and mental health in later adulthood and test whether this relationship was mediated by concurrent co‐use of alcohol and marijuana.DesignLongitudinal study using data drawn from rounds 1 to 18 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), a nationally representative cohort study spanning 21 years.SettingUnited States.ParticipantsThe analytical sample included those who completed survey items about smoking behaviors on at least half the data collection opportunities in adolescence and young adulthood (n = 8570, 48.9% female, 66.2% white).MeasurementsMental health in adulthood was measured using the five‐item Mental Health Inventory (MHI‐5; range = 0–100) at round 18. Seven trajectories of smoking from adolescence to young adulthood were identified by group‐based multi‐trajectory modeling, using data over 11 years from rounds 1 to 11.FindingsLate‐onset moderate smokers [β = −1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −3.61 to −0.29], late‐onset accelerated smokers (β = −2.53, 95% CI = −4.28 to −0.78), early‐onset heavy smokers (β = −3.72, 95% CI = −5.59 to −1.85) and early‐onset moderate smokers (β = −2.66, 95% CI = −4.48 to −0.84) showed poorer regression‐adjusted mean MHI‐5 scores in later adulthood than stable abstainers, even after controlling for baseline mental health and covariates. Whether or not a difference in MHI‐5 scores was present between quitters and stable abstainers was inconclusive. The concurrent co‐use of alcohol and marijuana in young adulthood significantly mediated the relationship between smoking trajectory and mental health.ConclusionsContinued smoking, especially early‐onset and heavy smoking from adolescence to young adulthood, appears to increase the risk of poor mental health later in mid‐adulthood, and quitting smoking in young adulthood may mitigate such risk even among early‐onset smokers. Mediation analyses underscore the role of using multiple substances in this pathway.
Altered cardiac autonomic function after recovery from COVID‐19
Authors: Kurtoğlu Ertuğrul , Afsin Abdulmecit , Aktaş İbrahim , Aktürk Erdal , Kutlusoy Ergün , Çağaşar Özlem 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundAutonomic dysfunction may occur during the acute phase of COVID‐19. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a useful tool for the assessment of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic balance. We aimed to evaluate cardiac autonomic function by using HRV in subjects after recovery from COVID‐19 who had previously symptomatic and were followed outpatiently.MethodsThe study group composed of 50 subjects with a confirmed history of COVID‐19 and the control group composed of 50 healthy subjects without a history of COVID‐19 and vaccination. All the study participants underwent 2‐dimensional, pulsed‐ and tissue‐Doppler echocardiographic examinations and 24‐hour Holter monitoring for HRV analysis.ResultsTime domain parameters of SDNN, SDANN, SDNNi, RMSSD, pNN50, and HRV triangular index were all decreased in the study group when compared with the control group. Frequency domain parameters of TP, VLF, LF, HF, and HFnu were also decreased in the study group in comparison with the control group. LFnu was similar between groups. Nonlinear parameters of HRV including α1and α2decreased in the study group. By contrast, Lmax, Lmean, DET, REC, and Shannon entropy increased in the study population. Approximate and sample entropies also enhanced in the study group.ConclusionsThe present study showed that all three domain HRV significantly altered in patients after recovery from COVID‐19 indicating some degree of dysfunction in cardiac autonomic nervous system. HRV may be a useful tool for the detection of preclinical autonomic dysfunction in this group of patients.
Rules versus principles for ethical market behaviour
Authors: Honohan Patrick 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn designing regulation, as has long been recognized in the academic literature, there is a tension between reliance on fixed mechanical “bright line” rules and the flexibility offered by granting a degree of discretion to the regulator subject to guiding principles. The failure of principles‐based financial regulation a decade ago reinforced a trend towards mechanical rules. This essay, drawing on practical experience gleaned in the years following the Global Financial Crisis, argues that both are needed; indeed, in many cases, the regulatory policymaker needs some discretion if it is to be sufficiently intrusive. Although regulatory discretion brings its own risks, the growing complexity of products and markets suggests a tilt towards granting greater discretion to the regulator in preference to over‐complicating mechanical rules.
Reproductive justice for the haunted Nordic welfare state: Race, racism, and queer bioethics in Finland
Authors: Sudenkaarne Tiia , Blell Mwenza 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Nordic welfare state aims to offer universal healthcare and achieve good health, bar none. We discuss past and present moral blind spots in welfare state bioethics through reproductive justice and queer bioethics, particularly focusing on race and racism, based on ethnographic data from Finland. Globally portrayed as aspirational and mostly uninterrogated, it is crucial to have a thorough bioethical evaluation of a Nordic model informed by Black and queer perspectives. We have come to conceptualize the Finnish welfare state as haunted. We fear that the seemingly non‐racial racial hygiene continues to haunt bioethics of the welfare state as structural racism. A key cause for this concern is the lack of racial awareness in public politics and the reluctance in discussing racism due to the national agenda of color‐blindness. This crucially compounds to our findings that medical professionals prefer to think they operate on “purely medical” reasoning as opposed to nuanced ethical contemplation, the latter associated with “social issues” that allegedly cannot be resolved and are outside medical interest. We discuss how the bioethical aftermath of eugenics remains unresolved. Racist, classist, sexist, ableist, and cis‐ and heteronormative stratification of reproduction requires a nuanced moral compass for Nordic welfare state bioethics, not “strictly medical practice.” We suggest queer bioethics as a moral theory for recalibrating this compass, joining forces with other justice movements to tackle racism in healthcare and further to interrogate racism, sexism, ableism and cis‐ and heteronormativity in bioethics.
Using the in vitro drug sensitivity test to identify candidate treatments for transient abnormal myelopoiesis
Authors: Yokosuka Tomoko , Ito Mieko , Yoshino Yuki , Hirose Ayana , Nakamura Wataru , Sakurai Yukari , Hayashi Akiko , Fujita Sachio , Miyagawa Naoyuki , Keino Dai , Iwasaki Fuminori , Hamanoue Satoshi , Yanagimachi Masakatsu , Goto Shoko , Nagai Jun‐ichi , Ueno Hiroo , Takita Junko , Tanaka Yukichi , Taga Takashi , Goto Hiroaki 
Published: November 2021

SummaryApproximately 20% of patients with transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) die due to hepatic or multiorgan failure. To identify potential new treatments for TAM, we performed in vitro drug sensitivity testing (DST) using the peripheral blood samples of eight patients with TAM. DST screened 41 agents for cytotoxic properties against TAM blasts. Compared with the reference samples of healthy subjects, TAM blasts were more sensitive to glucocorticoids, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K) inhibitor trametinib, and cytarabine. Our present results support the therapeutic potential of glucocorticoids and the role of the RAS/MAP2K signalling pathway in TAM pathogenesis.
Role of the Andean uplift as an asymmetrical barrier to gene flow in the neotropical leaf‐cutting ant Atta cephalotes
Authors: Muñoz‐Valencia Vanessa , Vélez‐Martínez Glever Alexander , Montoya‐Lerma James , Díaz Fernando 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNeotropical diversification by the Andean uplift is typically addressed on a large evolutionary scale (e.g., speciation), even though many species are still distributed in both sides of the mountains. The three parallel mountain ranges in the northern Andes (Colombia) impose a major geographical barrier to species’ migration from South to Central America. How important these barriers are for conspecific diversification of cross‐Andean species such as the leaf‐cutting ants remains largely unknown. To answer this question, we studied the mtCOI gene of Atta cephalotes, the most widely distributed leaf‐cutting ant species. Our hierarchical analyses evidenced substantial genetic structure among regions and populations, suggesting a more complex biogeographical history of Andean populations than previously thought. These mountains seem to isolate Central American and Western Colombian populations from the rest of A. cephalotes in South America. Population and migration modeling are consistent with the origin of this species in South America and a major role of the Eastern cordillera as a geographical barrier to historical gene flow, restricting dispersion from north to south. These findings provide insights into the role of the Andean uplift as barrier to gene flow in species of leaf‐cutting ants.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Atraumatic restorative treatments and oral health‐related quality of life and dental anxiety in Australian Aboriginal children: A cluster‐randomized trial
Authors: Arrow Peter , Piggott Susan , Carter Sheryl , McPhee Rob , Atkinson David , Brennan David Simon , Kularatna Sanjeewa , Tonmukayakul Utsana , Nanda Soniya , Mackean Tamara , Jamieson Lisa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe management of early childhood caries is challenging and the impacts of its treatment on child oral health‐related quality of life (COHRQoL) and dental anxiety among Australian Aboriginal children is relatively unknown. The aim of the study was to compare the impact on COHRQoL and dental anxiety after approximately 12 months among Aboriginal children treated for early childhood caries (ECC) using the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment and the Hall Technique (ART/HT: test) or standard care (control).MethodsConsenting Aboriginal communities in the North‐West of Western Australia were randomized into early (test) or delayed (control) intervention for the management of ECC. Children and parents/carers completed a questionnaire at baseline and at follow‐up. The questionnaire sought information on COHRQoL using the proxy‐reported Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and the self‐reported Caries Impacts and Experiences Questionnaire for Children (CARIES‐QC). The test group was provided with the ART/HT care at baseline while the control group was advised to seek care through the usual care options available within the community. At follow‐up, both groups were offered care using the ART/HT approach. Changes in the mean scores from baseline to follow‐up within groups were evaluated using appropriate paired (t‐test, Wilcoxon paired test), and between groups with unpaired tests (t‐test). Multivariate regression analysis after multiple imputations of missing data used generalized estimating equation (GEE) controlling for clustering within communities.ResultsTwenty‐five communities and 338 children (mean age = 3.6 years, sd 1.7) participated in the study (test = 177). One child was excluded from the analysis because of a missing questionnaire and clinical data at baseline and follow‐up. At baseline, test group children were older (test = 3.8 years, 95% CI 3.6–4.1;control = 3.3 years, 95% CI 3.1–3.6) and had higher caries experience (test dmft = 4.4, 95% CI 3.8–5.0;control dmft = 3.1, 95% CI 2.5–3.7), but there was no significant difference in COHRQoL or anxiety levels between the groups. At follow‐up, parents in the delayed intervention reported worsening of COHRQoL (70% worsening of the family impact section of the ECOHIS and 37% worsening of the total ECOHIS scale), and there was an 8% reduction in child dental anxiety among the early treatment group.ConclusionsThe application of the ART/HT approaches was feasible, effective, and impacted positively on child oral health‐related quality of life and child dental anxiety among Aboriginal children in remote communities. The model of care as tested in this study should be further developed for inclusion in main‐stream service delivery programmes.
Menstrual cycle regularity as a predictor for heart disease and diabetes: Findings from a large population‐based longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Kiconco Sylvia , Teede Helena J. , Earnest Arul , Loxton Deborah , Joham Anju E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveMenstrual cycle regularity underpins the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is linked to adverse cardio‐metabolic profile. However, links between menstrual disorders and metabolic conditions are often under‐appreciated and not considered when assessing cardio‐metabolic risk in women. We aimed to assess the risk of diabetes and heart disease in women with irregular menstrual cycles and those whose cycles were regular.MethodsThis was a community based longitudinal cohort study. We utilized the 1946 to 1951 birth cohort database (N = 13,714) of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) over a 20‐year follow‐up period. Data were analysed using Cox regression models.ResultsWomen with irregular menstrual cycles had 20% higher risk of developing heart disease [adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.43) compared with those with regular menstrual cycles. We also observed 17% higher risk of diabetes (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.00–1.38) in women who had irregular menstrual cycles than in women who had regular menstrual cycles. The diabetes risk was 30% higher (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.09–1.55) if women had irregular cycles and did not use hormone replacement therapy, but this was not significant on adjustment for all covariates.ConclusionHaving irregular menstrual cycles appears to be an early indicator for heart disease and diabetes. These findings suggest that irregular cycles among women in their forties may be linked to adverse cardio‐metabolic outcomes. These women may benefit from screening and prevention strategies as recommended by related guidelines such as the international evidence‐based guideline for the assessment and management of PCOS.