bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in dive patterns of leatherback turtles with sea surface temperature and potential foraging habitats
Authors: Okuyama Junichi , Benson Scott R. , Dutton Peter H. , Seminoff Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMarine mesotherms are able to occupy broader thermal niches than ectotherms; however, this means they must thermoregulate according to diverse thermal conditions across the ocean. Knowledge remains limited about how differences in thermal conditions within the selected habitats affect the behavior and associated ecological traits in mesotherms. Here, we tested if a marine mesotherm, leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) generally maintain their body temperature by diving to greater depths to expose themselves to cold waters as sea surface temperature becomes warmer. Moreover, we investigate how such behavioral thermoregulation may influence their ecological traits (e.g., foraging and migration). We analyzed 49,461 dive profiles and 16,255 temperature‐depth profiles from 17 leatherback turtles migrating across the North Pacific using satellite‐linked data loggers. Our results showed that leatherbacks changed their dive behavior regionally, in response to sea surface temperature and potential foraging habitats. Dive type classification revealed that V‐shaped, presumably gliding dives, became deeper when the surface water was warmer, likely because leatherbacks dive to deep cold waters to avoid overheating. We found five hotspots of wiggle (up‐and‐down undulations in the depth profile) dives that are indicative of foraging behavior, ranging from tropical to cool‐temperate regions in the North Pacific. The dive patterns in potential foraging hotspots indicate that leatherbacks engage in behavioral thermoregulation in warmer regions. Such bioenergetics may affect the time available for foraging activity during migration phases. In cool‐temperate foraging areas, leatherbacks are indeed able to spend more time foraging due to mesothermy. However, the trade‐off between energy gain by foraging activity and additional migration cost of moving to higher latitude areas might not result in greater reproductive output for leatherbacks foraging in distant cool‐temperate regions. These patterns highlight that mesothermy represents a trade‐off: Leatherbacks can utilize cooler waters but must engage in additional behavioral thermoregulation (i.e., extremely deep dives) in warmer waters. Thus, mesothermy might not provide a direct fitness advantage to all individual leatherback turtles; rather, it affords a species‐level fitness advantage by allowing a greater diversity of habitats to be utilized.
Evolution of realized Eltonian niches acrossRajidaespecies
Authors: Shipley Oliver N. , Kelly Joseph B. , Bizzarro Joseph J. , Olin Jill A. , Cerrato Robert M. , Power Michael , Frisk Michael G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe notion that closely related species resemble each other in ecological niche space (i.e., phylogenetic dependence) has been a long‐standing, contentious paradigm in evolutionary biology, the incidence of which is important for predicting the ecosystem‐level effects of species loss. Despite being examined across a multitude of terrestrial taxa, many aspects of niche conservatism have yet to be explored in marine species, especially for characteristics related to resource use and trophic behavior (Eltonian niche characteristics, ENCs). We combined ENCs derived from stable isotope ratios at assemblage‐ and species‐levels with phylogenetic comparative methods, to test the hypotheses that benthic marine fishes (1) exhibit similar assemblage‐wide ENCs regardless of geographic location and (2) display phylogenetically dependent ENCs at the species level. We used a 12‐species sub‐set of the monophyletic groupRajidaesampled from three independent assemblages (Central California, Gulf of Alaska, and Northwest Atlantic), which span two ocean basins. Assemblage‐level ENCs implied low trophic diversity and high evenness, suggesting thatRajidaeassemblages may exhibit a well‐defined trophic role, a trend consistent regardless of geographic location. At the species level, we found evidence for phylogenetic dependence of ENCs relating to trophic diversity (i.e., isotopic niche width; SEAc). Whether individuals can be considered functional equivalents across assemblages is hard to ascertain because we did not detect a significant phylogenetic signal for ENCs relating to trophic function (e.g., trophic position). Thus, additional, complimentary approaches are required to further examine the phylogenetic dependence of species functionality. Our approach illustrates the potential of stable isotope‐derived niche characteristics to provide insight on macroecological processes occurring across evolutionary time, which could help predict how assemblages may respond to the effects of species loss.
Hybrid infrastructures: The role of strategy and compromise in grassroot governance
Authors: Schmid Benedikt 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContemporary trajectories of unsustainability and injustice require a profound restructuring of political, economic, and cultural institutions not sufficiently reflected in top‐down governance. Diverse bottom‐up actors and organizations that attempt to practice and institute more sustainable and just relations, in turn, have to tackle unfavorable conditions and generally lack the resources to take full effect. This paper critically discusses the role of strategy and compromise in facing this cycle of institutional inertia and lack of bottom‐up agency. To illustrate its argument, the paper draws on an ethnographic case study on community‐led initiatives in Stuttgart (Germany). It traces the ways in which a particular arrangement—an “open workshop”—supports individuals and organizations in their engagement in sustainability‐oriented activities while substantiating ethically and socially ambiguous practices. Building on these empirical insights, the paper develops a notion of strategy that revolves around the reflective construction of hybrid but transformative infrastructures to strike a balance between ethical congruency and transformative pragmatism.
M3B6O10NO3 (M = K, Rb): Two New Alkali Metal Borate‐Nitrates with Noncentrosymmetric Structures
Authors: Zhang Qiqi , Zhang Fangfang , Li Fuming , Han Shujuan , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTwo new alkali metal borate‐nitrates, M3B6O10NO3 (M = K, Rb), with noncentrosymmetric space groups P3121 and P3221, respectively, have been synthesized successfully through the high‐temperature solution method in sealed quartz tubes. Both crystals feature the
frameworks with large channels along the c‐axis, in which the
chains locate. K3B6O10NO3 presents a moderate phase‐matching powder second harmonic generation (SHG) response with a UV cut off edge of about 216 nm. The first principles calculations for both compounds have been executed to estimate the optical properties and deeply analyze the relationship between their structures and properties.
Application of Caseinate Modified with Maillard Reaction for Improving Physicochemical Properties of High Load Flaxseed Oil Microcapsules
Authors: Zhang Wenbin , Chen Zhengjun , Yang Ruijin , Hua Xiao , Zhao Wei , Guan Shuyi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHigh‐load flaxseed oil microcapsule is prepared with the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) of sodium caseinate and isomaltooligosaccharide as wall material. It is found that the emulsifying activity index and emulsion stability index of MRPs are increased by 31.32% and 34.11% respectively at the appropriate degree of graft (26.30%) compared with the mixture of sodium caseinate and isomaltooligosaccharide. Smaller droplet size and lower polydispersity index can be achieved in the flaxseed oil emulsions coated by MRPs, due to the change of sodium caseinate molecular weight and spatial structure. The microencapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules coated by MRPs is highly improved up to 98.22% at oil load of 58.43%, compared with the control group. Furthermore, MRPs as coating material can protect flaxseed oil against lipid oxidation at 50 °C for 4 weeks. More importantly, the smooth, round, and compact external surface structures of microcapsule powder support its physical necessity for industrial usage. Due to its high microencapsulation efficiency and good oxidation stability, MRPs formed with sodium caseinate and isomaltooligosaccharide show great application potential in preparing high load oil microcapsule.Practical Applications: Findings in this research could be utilized for developing microencapsulation loaded with higher concentration of flaxseed oil, a rich source of α‐linoleic acid and lignans. Application of MRPs (Maillard reaction products) formed through interaction between sodium caseinate and isomaltooligosaccharide by heating improved both its physicochemical properties and oxidative stability. It is a novel approach for developing microcapsule with higher percentages of oils with better oxidative stability.
Preparation, In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation, and Pharmacodynamic Study of DMY‐Loaded Self‐Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System
Authors: Wang Yaping , Chen Lin , Adu‐Frimpong Michael , Wei Chunmei , Weng Wen , Wang Qilong , Xu Xi‐Ming , Yu JiangNan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHyperlipidemia has become a common disease in modern society with its prevalence becoming relatively high in the world. A series of complications that accompany hyperlipidemia are seriously threatening individuals’ health. Dihydromyricetin (DMY) is a kind of polyphenol hydroxy (OH) dihydroflavonol extracted from the stems and leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata. It has a variety of pharmacological activities. This study aims to develop a self‐microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to improve the oral bioavailability of DMY, and to evaluate its hypolipidemic activity. The self‐microemulsion drug delivery system is composed of medium chain triglyceride (MCT, oil phase), Tween 80 (emulsifier), and PEG 200 (coemulsifier). The prepared DMY‐SMEDDS has stable physical and chemical properties, small droplet size (15.49 ±0.15 nm), good polydispersity index (PDI = 0.160 ± 0.010), negative zeta potential (−17.37 ± 0.09 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (98.04 ± 0.25%). The results of in vitro dissolution and in vivo pharmacokinetics show that the prepared DMY‐SMEDDS significantly improve the solubility of DMY in aqueous medium, while its oral bioavailability is 2.34 times higher than that of free drug. In conclusion, the DMY‐SMEDDS prepared in this study prospectively improves the solubility and oral bioavailability of DMY also enhance the therapeutic effect.Practical Applications: This study is relevant in the sense that SMEDDS may be used as a new strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. This novel nanocarrier could increase (by 2.34 times) the relative bioavailability of oral DMY‐SMEDDS in rats comparative to dihydromyricetin (DMY) suspension. Thus, DMY‐SMEDDS may prospectively be applied in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries in view of its biocompatible excipients and good stability.
Study of antagonism between some intestinal bacteria with high‐speed micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Huimin , Yu Xiufeng , Zhang Shaoyan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this work, high‐speed micellar electrokinetic chromatography with LIF detection was applied to study the antagonism between three intestinal bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). The fluorescent derivatization for the bacteria was performed by labeling the bacteria with FITC. In a high‐speed capillary electrophoresis (HSCE) device, the three bacteria could be completely separated within 4 min under the separation mode MEKC. The BGE was 1 × TBE containing 30 mM SDS and 1.5 × 10–5 g/mL polyethylene oxide. The limits of detection for E. coli, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis were 2.80 × 106 CFU/mL, 1.60 × 106 CFU/mL and 1.90 × 106 CFU/mL respectively. Lastly, the method was applied to investigate the antagonism between the three bacteria. The bacteria were mixed and cultured for 7 days. The samples were separated and determined every day to study the interaction between bacteria. The results showed that B. licheniformis and B. subtilis could not inhibit each other, but they could effectively inhibit the reproduction of E. coli. The method developed in this work was quick, sensitive and convenient, and it had great potential in the application of antagonism study for bacteria.
Trunk kinematic variability as a function of time during the early phase of a repetitive lifting task
Authors: Tetteh Emmanuel , Mirka Gary A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLift‐to‐lift variability occurs in repetitive lifting tasks due to alterations in the lifting techniques used by the lifter, resulting in variability in lower back tissue loading. Understanding how trunk variability changes with time in the initial phases of a lifting bout may provide insights into the risk of injury during work startup. The purpose of this study was to quantify the variation of lifting kinematics and kinetics during the initial phase of a lifting bout. Twenty participants performed a repetitive lifting task continuously for 30 min. The load was equivalent to 10% of each participant's body weight and lifting was done at a rate of six lifts/min. Kinematic variables (three‐dimensional range of motion, angular velocity, and angular acceleration) of the trunk were measured using the Lumbar Motion Monitor and a dynamic biomechanical model estimated peak L5/S1 moment and spine compression. The variances of these variables were compared across 10‐min intervals: 0–10 min, 10–20 min, and 20–30 min. Results indicate a significant reduction in the variance of the peak sagittal acceleration, the sagittal range of motion, the transverse range of motion, peak sagittal moment, and peak spine compression between the first and second time intervals, followed by no significant change in variance between the second and third intervals. The downward trend in variation of these kinematic and kinetic variables suggests an initial adjustment period as the lifters reach a steady state of their lifting technique. The reduced variance of spinal loading may reduce the probability that a tissue tolerance is exceeded.
Evaporation in Mediterranean conditions: Estimations based on isotopic approaches at the watershed scale
Authors: Mattei Alexandra , Huneau Frédéric , Garel Emilie , Santoni Sébastien , Vystavna Yuliya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn Mediterranean regions, the marked climatic seasonality and uneven precipitation distribution complicate the application of isotope mass balances to obtain meaningful basin‐wide annual average evaporation rates. In the present study, a mass balance approach carried out on the Tavignanu River watershed in Corsica (France), showed unrealistic evaporation rate estimates: 10% for 2017–2018 and 1% for 2018–2019. This suggests that not only does evaporation alter the seasonal isotopic composition in the river, but that there is complex variability of the dominant water reservoirs contributing to the streamflow. Therefore, we propose a modified mass balance approach, including monthly quantifications of different water sources contributing to the river discharge. This allows the discrimination of isotopic variation occurring by evaporation from that originating by mixing processes. By applying this modified approach, we estimated evaporation rates on the Tavignanu River watershed that were in good agreement with results obtained by hydrological modelling: 40% for 2017–2018 and 46% for 2018–2019, respectively. An uncertainty analysis showed that evaporation rates obtained with the modified isotopic approach are close to those obtained with the non‐modified approach. Therefore, we recommend using this modified isotope mass balance approach to estimate evaporation rates in such regions as the Mediterranean with high seasonality in hydrological processes.
Age diversity of audit committee financial experts, ownership structure and earnings management: Evidence from China
Authors: Komal Bushra , Bilal  , Ezeani Ernest , Shahzad Asim , Usman Muhammad , Sun Juncheng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe extant literature has shown the impact of demographic characteristics such as gender of audit committee members on earnings management but ignored the importance of the board room's age diversity. Going beyond the prior literature, our study aims to examine how the age diversity of audit committee financial experts (ACFEs) influences the financial reporting quality of Chinese non‐financial firms. We found a negative relationship between ACFEs' age diversity and earning management. Our findings also show that younger ACFEs mitigate earnings management as compared to older ACFEs. We further examined this relationship among state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) and privately owned enterprises in China and confirmed that the age diversity of ACFEs influences earnings management differently. However, younger ACFEs working in SOEs mitigates earnings management than their counterpart in privately owned companies. Our result maintains its robustness after controlling for endogeneity and employing a different measure of earnings management. Our result has relevance for selecting financial experts and the audit committee's overall composition, showing that including younger ACFEs will ensure more efficient control of firms' management. This finding is also relevant for policymakers, especially Chinese regulators, offering them insight into promoting audit committee effectiveness.
Transcranial low‐level laser therapy in an in vivo model of stroke: Relevance to the brain infarct, microglia activation and neuroinflammation
Authors: Vogel Débora D. S. , Ortiz‐Villatoro Nancy N. , Araújo Noemi S. , Marques Márcia Jonathas Guimarães , Aimbire Flavio , Scorza Fúlvio A. , Scorza Carla A. , Albertini Regiane 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStroke is the main cause of death and functional disability. The available therapy affects only 5% of patients, and new therapeutic approaches have been constantly tested. Transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM) is promising for its neuroprotective effect on brain injuries. Thus, the present study investigated the PBM effects in an in vivo model of ischemic stroke induced by photothrombosis (PT). Five different groups of Wistar rats were submitted or not to a daily dose of fish oil or/and laser sessions for 2 months. The ischemia volume was evaluated by stereology; GFAP, Iba and NeuN by immunohistochemistry; TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10 and TGF‐β by ELISA assay. PBM influenced both the lesion volume and the GFAP. Furthermore, PBM and Ω‐3 or both reduced Iba RNAm. PBM reduced TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, brain damage, neuroinflammation and microglial activation, and it increased astroglial activity in peri‐lesioned region after stroke.
Synthesis and molecular docking of some new 3,5‐bis‐(diazipine, pyrazolopyrimidine, pyrimidine, and pyrazole) pyridine derivatives and their in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation as potential antitumor agents
Authors: Soliman Nanees N. , Tag Yasmin M. , Bayoumy Nesma M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBis enaminone derivative 6 was reactive enaminone to synthesize new heterocyclic compounds containing diazipine, pyrazolopyrimidine, triazolopyrimidine, and pyrazole moieties by reaction with different bifunctional reagents. Structures of new compounds were confirmed by analytical and spectral data. Moreover, the new compounds were screened in‐vitro as antitumor agents for Ehrlich ascites at different concentration. The results showed the compounds 18, 19, and 20a have a good activity. In addition to, the molecular docking of these mentioned compounds was studied using vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
One‐pot two‐step synthesis of fused thiazinofuranone linked geminal bis 1,2,3‐triazole hybrids and their in vitro cytotoxic screening
Authors: Mupparapu Praveen Kumar , Thirukovela Narasimha Swamy , Gullapelli Sadanandam , Kurra Mohan , Gali Srinivas , Vaddiraju Namratha 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, a series of novel geminal bis 1,2,3‐triazoles linked to 2H‐furo[2,3‐d][1,3]thiazine‐2,4,5(1H,6H)‐trione (3a‐3m) were prepared in one pot starting from 5‐Acetyl‐4‐Hydroxy‐1,3‐thiazine‐2,6‐dione (1) to 6,6‐diazido‐2H‐furo[2,3‐d][1,3]thiazine‐2,4,5(1H,6H)‐trione (2) followed by Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition. The synthesized compounds were further explored for in vitro cytotoxic activity against PC3, A549, MCF‐7, and HeLa cell lines and results revealed that the five compounds 3c, 3d, 3g, 3l, and 3m have displayed comparable in vitro cytotoxic activity with the standard drug Etoposide.
Three salvianolic acids inhibit 2019‐nCoV spike pseudovirus viropexis by binding to both its RBD and receptor ACE2
Authors: Hu Shiling , Wang Jue , Zhang Yongjing , Bai Haoyun , Wang Cheng , Wang Nan , He Langchong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSince December 2019, the new coronavirus (also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS‐CoV‐2, 2019‐nCoV])—induced disease, COVID‐19, has spread rapidly worldwide. Studies have reported that the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza possesses remarkable antiviral properties; however, the anti‐coronaviral activity of its main components, salvianolic acid A (SAA), salvianolic acid B (SAB), and salvianolic acid C (SAC) is still debated. In this study, we used Cell Counting Kit‐8 staining and flow cytometry to evaluate the toxicity of SAA, SAB, and SAC on ACE2 (angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2) high‐expressing HEK293T cells (ACE2h cells). We found that SAA, SAB, and SAC had a minor effect on the viability of ACE2h cells at concentrations below 100 μM. We further evaluated the binding capacity of SAA, SAB, and SAC to ACE2 and the spike protein of 2019‐nCoV using molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance. They could bind to the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of the 2019‐nCoV with a binding constant (KD) of (3.82 ± 0.43) e−6 M, (5.15 ± 0.64)e−7 M, and (2.19 ± 0.14)e‐6 M; and bind to ACE2 with KD (4.08 ± 0.61)e−7 M, (2.95 ± 0.78)e−7 M, and (7.32 ± 0.42)e−7 M, respectively. As a result, SAA, SAB, and SAC were determined to inhibit the entry of 2019‐nCoV Spike pseudovirus with an EC50 of 11.31, 6.22, and 10.14 μM on ACE2h cells, respectively. In conclusion, our study revealed that three Salvianolic acids can inhibit the entry of 2019‐nCoV spike pseudovirus into ACE2h cells by binding to the RBD of the 2019‐nCoV spike protein and ACE2 protein.