bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer materials science of electrical construction composite materials with specified properties
Authors: Ilyukhin A V , Zaripova I I , Abdulkhanova M Y , Marsova E V 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article is devoted to computer materials science of electrical construction composite materials for obtaining materials with specified properties. The idea, principles and distinctive features of computer materials science are given. An approach to solving a number of problems is described, which makes it possible to fully take into account the presence of random elements that are present in the process of forming composite materials. Implementation of algorithms is implemented, in which results obtained in previous stages affect progress of algorithms execution in subsequent stages. The radar absorbing material is considered in detail using the example of radar absorbing concrete. It has been proved that with multi-factor dependence, it is possible to optimize the composition only using an automated computer system that calculates the composition of the concrete mixture. One possible computer material science problem has shown that in order to increase absorption efficiency, it is necessary to substantially increase the effective absorption volume, which can be achieved by increasing the non-conductive layers in order to reduce the through conductivity of the radar absorbent concrete, i.e., as if to break the material into a large number of small electromagnetic screens. In this case, the volume of interaction of the material with the electromagnetic field extends deep into the material and is made commensurate with the size of the sample. In conclusion, a possible list of tasks and directions for the development of computer materials science is presented.
Main trends in digital transformation of passenger automobile transport
Authors: Bludyan N O 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Digitalization has entered many areas of the economy and life. The transport industry has not become an exception and is actively moving into the era of digitalization. However, the use of modern technologies requires regulation and definition of common standards. Unmanned vehicles must comply with safety standards and be capable of functioning. The regulation must be synchronized with the appearance of drones. Digitalization is a complex of devices and software products that ensure the functioning of such vehicles. Software products (applications) entered the sphere of transportation by passenger taxis and buses, providing passengers with new mobility. Despite all the positive aspects of digitalization, it also brought some difficulties. Therefore, mutual deliberate and timely regulation of digital technologies in transport is required.
Kinematic and power characteristics of the elastic wheel while rolling with camber and convergence
Authors: Balabina T A , Karelina M Yu , Mamaev A N 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Vehicles steering wheels are installed in such a way that the plane of the wheel makes a certain angle with vertical plane (so-called camber angle) and at the same time is located at an angle to machine movement direction (toe-slip angle). These angles result in lateral force, increased contact slip and increased wear on the wheel tread. In the article, from phenomena consideration occurring in the contact of an elastic wheel with a rigid base, kinematics and rolling mechanics issues of elastic wheels installed with camber and convergence are considered; dependences are derived that allow determining the wheel power and kinematic parameters, toe and camber angles optimal ratio from the point of view of reducing the wheel running track rolling resistance and wear is determined.
Problems of introducing capacitive fuel level sensors on city buses
Authors: Maksimov V A , Pozhivilov N V , Andrianov A E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper substantiates the need for a procedure for warming up buses in motor transport enterprises engaged in passenger transportation, and the procedure for its implementation. The necessity of regulation of fuel consumption for heating is determined. A comparative analysis of existing methods and means of measuring fuel consumption for use in the regulation of fuel consumption for heating in motor transport enterprises engaged in passenger transportation is carried out. A schematic diagram of a device of its own design based on a fuel level sensor for measuring fuel consumption for heating is proposed. Methodical recommendations on the regulation of fuel consumption for heating with the help of the device are given. The procedure for processing statistical data is described in detail. The process of standardizing fuel consumption for warming up the LiAZ-429260 bus at the State Unitary Enterprise “Mosgortrans” is described. The results of standardization of fuel consumption for heating are shown.
Theoretical aspects of assessing the residual engine oil resource
Authors: Laushkin A V , Khaziev A A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The article reflects issues related to changes in the properties of engine oil during operation. Proposals are considered for creating a methodology for assessing the residual resource of engine oil by the example of changing the kinematic viscosity. The operating conditions of cars vary greatly, which affects the change in the engine oil resource. Automotive manufacturers set the engine oil change interval in kilometers. The actual resource of the engine oil may differ significantly from that recommended by the manufacturer of the equipment and declared by the manufacturer of the oil. The article presents the factors that determine the resource of engine oil and theoretical aspects of assessing the residual resource of engine oil. To assess the residual life of the engine oil, it is proposed to select a diagnostic indicator that comprehensively evaluates the state of the operating oil, assign limit values for the diagnostic indicator, fix the values of the diagnostic indicator during daily maintenance of the car, replace the dependence by which the diagnostic indicator changes with an approximating straight line, determine the coefficients for the approximating direct based on the last and previous values of the diagnostic indicator and operating time, calculate the engine oil operating time to the limit state according to a linear relationship The results of testing and forecasting the residual resource of engine oil for a motor transport enterprise are presented. Calculations made it possible to establish that the frequency of engine oil change can be increased relative to that adopted at a motor transport company by 28.3%.
Application of digital modeling to determine design criteria for mobile frontal barriers
Authors: Mikheev P S , Karpov I A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The work is devoted to the issues of finite element modeling of mobile frontal barriers (MFB, truck mounted attenuators, mobile crash cushions), based on computer simulation of digital modeling of the behavior of elements in the MFB system, which includes a cover truck and a test vehicle designed to ensure the safety of road workers, when they are hit by cars in places of works on public roads that require temporary changes in the organization of traffic. It discusses various designs of trailer MFBs, the basic principles of damping devices, and defines the criteria for developing structures, based on digital mathematic modeling by the finite element method (FEM).
Comparative characteristics of wear resistance of electroplated copper coating and composite electrolytic coating obtained with use of lead bronze electroerosive materials
Authors: Ageev E V , Novikov A N , Karelina M Yu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study of the elemental composition of dispersed particles obtained from Brs30 waste, as well as their morphology. Samples of metal products with applied copper composite coatings with the obtained particles were experimentally made and their physical and mechanical properties were studied. It is noted that samples with composite coatings based on copper obtained from an electrolyte suspension with the addition of dispersed particles of electroerosive lead bronze of the Brs30 brand have the best wear resistance.
Lower-Resolution Retrieval of Scenes in Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Decline
Authors: Ruiz-Rizzo Adriana L , Pruitt Patrick J , Finke Kathrin , Müller Hermann J , Damoiseaux Jessica S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
Scenes with more perceptual detail can help detect subtle memory deficits more than scenes with less detail. Here, we investigated whether older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) show less brain activation and more memory deficits to scenes with more (vs. scenes with less) perceptual detail compared to controls (CON).

Method
In 37 healthy older adults (SCD: 16), we measured blood oxygenation level-dependent-functional magnetic resonance imaging during encoding and behavioral performance during retrieval.

Results
During encoding, higher activation to scenes with more (vs. less) perceptual detail in the parahippocampal place area predicted better memory performance in SCD and CON. During retrieval, superior performance for new scenes with more (vs. less) perceptual detail was significantly more pronounced in CON than inSCD.

Conclusions
Together, these results suggest a present, but attenuated benefit from perceptual detail for memory retrieval in SCD. Memory complaints in SCD might, thus, refer to a decreased availability of perceptual detail of previously encoded stimuli.
Damage from intraspecific combat is costly
Authors: Emberts Zachary , Somjee Ummat , Wiens John J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
When individuals engage in fights with conspecifics over access to resources, injuries can occur. Most theoretical models suggest that the costs associated with these injuries should influence an individual’s decision to retreat from a fight. Thus, damage from intraspecific combat is frequently noted and quantified. However, the fitness-related costs associated with this damage are not. Quantifying the cost of fighting-related damage is important because most theoretical models assume that it is the cost associated with the damage (not the damage itself) that should influence an individual’s decision to retreat. Here, we quantified the cost of fighting-related injuries in the giant mesquite bug, Thasus neocalifornicus. We demonstrate that experimentally simulated fighting injuries result in metabolic costs and costs to flight performance. We also show that flight costs are more severe when the injuries are larger. Overall, our results provide empirical support for the fundamental assumption that damage acquired during intraspecific combat is costly.
iDeepSubMito: identification of protein submitochondrial localization with deep learning
Authors: Hou Zilong , Yang Yuning , Li Hui , Wong Ka-chun , Li Xiangtao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMitochondria are membrane-bound organelles containing over 1000 different proteins involved in mitochondrial function, gene expression and metabolic processes. Accurate localization of those proteins in the mitochondrial compartments is critical to their operation. A few computational methods have been developed for predicting submitochondrial localization from the protein sequences. Unfortunately, most of these computational methods focus on employing biological features or evolutionary information to extract sequence features, which greatly limits the performance of subsequent identification. Moreover, the efficiency of most computational models is still under explored, especially the deep learning feature, which is promising but requires improvement. To address these limitations, we propose a novel computational method called iDeepSubMito to predict the location of mitochondrial proteins to the submitochondrial compartments. First, we adopted a coding scheme using the ProteinELMo to model the probability distribution over the protein sequences and then represent the protein sequences as continuous vectors. Then, we proposed and implemented convolutional neural network architecture based on the bidirectional LSTM with self-attention mechanism, to effectively explore the contextual information and protein sequence semantic features. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed iDeepSubMito, we performed cross-validation on two datasets containing 424 proteins and 570 proteins respectively, and consisting of four different mitochondrial compartments (matrix, inner membrane, outer membrane and intermembrane regions). Experimental results revealed that our method outperformed other computational methods. In addition, we tested iDeepSubMito on the M187, M983 and MitoCarta3.0 to further verify the efficiency of our method. Finally, the motif analysis and the interpretability analysis were conducted to reveal novel insights into subcellular biological functions of mitochondrial proteins. iDeepSubMito source code is available on GitHub at https://github.com/houzl3416/iDeepSubMito.
Whole-exome sequencing reveals a role of HTRA1 and EGFL8 in brain white matter hyperintensities
Authors: Malik Rainer , Beaufort Nathalie , Frerich Simon , Gesierich Benno , Georgakis Marios K , Rannikmäe Kristiina , Ferguson Amy C , Haffner Christof , Traylor Matthew , Ehrmann Michael , Sudlow Cathie L M , Dichgans Martin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are among the most common radiological abnormalities in the ageing population and an established risk factor for stroke and dementia. While common variant association studies have revealed multiple genetic loci with an influence on their volume, the contribution of rare variants to the WMH burden in the general population remains largely unexplored. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of this burden in the UK Biobank using publicly available whole-exome sequencing data (n up to 17 830) and found a splice-site variant in GBE1, encoding 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme 1, to be associated with lower white matter burden on an exome-wide level [c.691+2T&gt;C, β = −0.74, standard error (SE) = 0.13, P = 9.7 × 10−9].
Applying whole-exome gene-based burden tests, we found damaging missense and loss-of-function variants in HTRA1 (frequency of 1 in 275 in the UK Biobank population) to associate with an increased WMH volume (P = 5.5 × 10−6, false discovery rate = 0.04). HTRA1 encodes a secreted serine protease implicated in familial forms of small vessel disease. Domain-specific burden tests revealed that the association with WMH volume was restricted to rare variants in the protease domain (amino acids 204–364; β = 0.79, SE = 0.14, P = 9.4 × 10−8). The frequency of such variants in the UK Biobank population was 1 in 450. The WMH volume was brought forward by ∼11 years in carriers of a rare protease domain variant.
A comparison with the effect size of established risk factors for WMH burden revealed that the presence of a rare variant in the HTRA1 protease domain corresponded to a larger effect than meeting the criteria for hypertension (β = 0.26, SE = 0.02, P = 2.9 × 10−59) or being in the upper 99.8% percentile of the distribution of a polygenic risk score based on common genetic variants (β = 0.44, SE = 0.14, P = 0.002). In biochemical experiments, most (6/9) of the identified protease domain variants resulted in markedly reduced protease activity. We further found EGFL8, which showed suggestive evidence for association with WMH volume (P = 1.5 × 10−4, false discovery rate = 0.22) in gene burden tests, to be a direct substrate of HTRA1 and to be preferentially expressed in cerebral arterioles and arteries.
In a phenome-wide association study mapping ICD-10 diagnoses to 741 standardized Phecodes, rare variants in the HTRA1 protease domain were associated with multiple neurological and non-neurological conditions including migraine with aura (odds ratio = 12.24, 95%CI: 2.54–35.25; P = 8.3 × 10−5]. Collectively, these findings highlight an important role of rare genetic variation and the HTRA1 protease in determining WMH burden in the general population.
Keynes and Knight: risk-uncertainty distinctions, priority, coherence and change
Authors: O’Donnell Rod 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Concerning the risk-uncertainty distinctions deployed by J.M. Keynes and F.H. Knight, this paper poses three questions. Historically, who has priority in introducing the distinction? Analytically, are both conceptions logically coherent? Temporally, did changes in viewpoint occur? Careful analysis leads to conclusions departing from conventional views.
The Role of Parental Wealth in Children’s Educational Pathways in Germany
Authors: Dräger Jascha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this article, I evaluate whether educational attainment in Germany is stratified by parental wealth and at which transitions stratification emerges. I propose a four-stage model to capture the emergence of stratification in the German education system, which is characterized by early between-school tracking: (i) transition to the tracked secondary school, (ii) attended track in the last year of mandatory schooling, (iii) highest school-leaving certificate, and (iv) transition to vocational or tertiary education. Results suggest that stratification by parental wealth emerges at all four stages, and, therefore, accumulates over the stages. Children living in wealthy households are 20 per cent more likely to attend the highest track in fifth grade and to obtain the highest school-leaving certificate and are 40 per cent more likely to enroll in tertiary education compared to children at the bottom of the wealth distribution. Furthermore, parental wealth seems to be particularly effective in preventing negative outcomes like leaving school without a certificate or not finding a fully qualifying vocational training. Among those who do not obtain the formal requirements to enroll in tertiary education, those with wealthy parents are more likely to start dual vocational training.
Do Grandfathers Matter for Occupational and Earnings Attainment? Evidence from Swedish Register Data
Authors: Helgertz Jonas , Dribe Martin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A growing empirical and theoretical literature has investigated to what extent socioeconomic inequalities are influenced by the outcomes and characteristics of ancestors prior to the parental generation. This study contributes by examining multigenerational associations of adulthood earnings and occupational status in the entire Swedish population of boys and girls born 1968–1976, amounting to almost 400,000 three-generation lineages. The study population is followed until 2011, examining to which extent the strength of the grandfather–grandchild association depends on a set of characteristics describing the nature of the multigenerational relationship. More specifically, we investigate to what extent the transmission of attainment is influenced by the degree of overlapping lifespans, residential proximity, and competition for grandparental resources. While a robust multigenerational association exists net of the association between the attainment of parents and children, we do not find any support for the hypotheses that the strength of the association depends on neither the degree of social interaction between generations, nor on the number of siblings and cousins competing for grandparental resources.
A Eukaryote-Wide Perspective on the Diversity and Evolution of the ARF GTPase Protein Family
Authors: Vargová Romana , Wideman Jeremy G , Derelle Romain , Klimeš Vladimír , Kahn Richard A , Dacks Joel B , Eliáš Marek 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe evolution of eukaryotic cellular complexity is interwoven with the extensive diversification of many protein families. One key family is the ARF GTPases that act in eukaryote-specific processes, including membrane traffic, tubulin assembly, actin dynamics, and cilia-related functions. Unfortunately, our understanding of the evolution of this family is limited. Sampling an extensive set of available genome and transcriptome sequences, we have assembled a data set of over 2,000 manually curated ARF family genes from 114 eukaryotic species, including many deeply diverged protist lineages, and carried out comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses. These reconstructed as many as 16 ARF family members present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, nearly doubling the previously inferred ancient system complexity. Evidence for the wide occurrence and ancestral origin of Arf6, Arl13, and Arl16 is presented for the first time. Moreover, Arl17, Arl18, and SarB, newly described here, are absent from well-studied model organisms and as a result their function(s) remain unknown. Analyses of our data set revealed a previously unsuspected diversity of membrane association modes and domain architectures within the ARF family. We detail the step-wise expansion of the ARF family in the metazoan lineage, including discovery of several new animal-specific family members. Delving back to its earliest evolution in eukaryotes, the resolved relationship observed between the ARF family paralogs sets boundaries for scenarios of vesicle coat origins during eukaryogenesis. Altogether, our work fundamentally broadens the understanding of the diversity and evolution of a protein family underpinning the structural and functional complexity of the eukaryote cells.
Diploidy within a Haploid Genus of Entomopathogenic Fungi
Authors: Nielsen Knud Nor , Salgado João Felipe Moreira , Natsopoulou Myrsini Eirini , Kristensen Thea , Stajich Jason E , De Fine Licht Henrik H 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Fungi in the genus Metarhizium are soil-borne plant–root endophytes and rhizosphere colonizers, but also potent insect pathogens with highly variable host ranges. These ascomycete fungi are predominantly asexually reproducing and ancestrally haploid, but two independent origins of persistent diploidy within the Coleoptera-infecting Metarhizium majus species complex are known and has been attributed to incomplete chromosomal segregation following meiosis during the sexual cycle. There is also evidence for infrequent sexual cycles in the locust-specific pathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), which is an important entomopathogenic biocontrol agent used for the control of grasshoppers in agricultural systems as an alternative to chemical control. Here, we show that the genome of the M. acridum isolate ARSEF 324, which is formulated and commercially utilized is functionally diploid. We used single-molecule real-time sequencing technology to complete a high-quality assembly of ARSEF 324. K-mer frequencies, intragenomic collinearity between contigs and single nucleotide variant read depths across the genome revealed the first incidence of diploidy described within the species M. acridum. The haploid assembly of 44.7 Mb consisted of 20.8% repetitive elements, which is the highest proportion described of any Metarhizium species. The long-read diploid genome assembly sheds light on past research on this strain, such as unusual high UVB tolerance. The data presented here could fuel future investigation into the fitness landscape of fungi with infrequent sexual reproduction and aberrant ploidy levels, not least in the context of biocontrol agents.