bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventive Medicine in World War II. Vol. IV: Communicable Diseases
Authors: KRUGMAN SAUL 
Published: December 2021

This book is the 4th volume of a series of the official history of the Medical Department, U.S. Army in World War II. It is the first of 3 volumes which will deal with the problems of communicable disease in military practice.
This excellent book is written from the viewpoint of preventive medicine by 21 highly qualified authorities in the field of infectious diseases. It is divided into three sections: Part I—an introduction dealing with general considerations of modes of transmission; Part II—discussion of diseases transmitted chiefly through the respiratory tract; and Part III— diseases transmitted chiefly through the alimentary tract.
It is an attractive, cleanly printed text, amply and cleanly illustrated with 91 tables and 48 charts.
DIVERTICULUM OF THE BLADDER IN CHILDREN
Authors: Forsythe Ian W. , Smyth Brian T. 
Published: December 2021

Thirteen children with diverticulum of the bladder are described. Twelve were boys and one a girl. The children form two groups—those with infravesical obstruction and those with no obstruction.
Eight children with diverticulum of the bladder were among 487 children investigated for persistent urinary incontinence.
The incidence, pathology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis and treatment of diverticula of the bladder are discussed. In eight cases the diverticulum was not removed. The results of treatment are reviewed.
SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY OF SERUM
Authors: BESSMAN SAMUEL P. 
Published: December 2021

THE MEASUREMENT of enzyme activity of serum as an indicator of disease has a long history in medicine. In the past, it has been the aim of the designers of these methods to make them as specific as possible for assay of an enzyme characteristic of a particular system or group of similar organs. Examples of these venerable tests are those for amylase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and choline esterase in the serum.
Warburg made the first departure from this specificity by demonstrating that the activity of triosephosphate dehydrogenase in the serum of animals with cancer was much greater than that of controls. This test was partially specific, for as Warburg had earlier shown, the glycolytic activity of tumors is much greater than that of normal tissues.
The non-specific approach became extreme with the introduction of the measurement of the glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase reaction in the diagnosis of acute coronary disease.
STUDIES OF VARIATIONS OF GLUTAMIC-OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE IN SERUM IN INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
Authors: Schneider A. J. , Mosley James W. 
Published: December 2021

Comparison of the incidence of abnormal variability in activity of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in the serum (S-GOT) in two groups of children who were household contacts of infectious hepatitis with the incidence in suitable control groups, demonstrated differences with a high degree of statistical significance.
This difference was interpreted as evidence that a person with: a) a range of variation in S-GOT in excess of 22 Karmen units, b) exposure to a clinically recognized case of infectious hepatitis, and c) no other condition known to cause abnormality of S-GOT, may be considered to have infectious hepatitis himself, whether symptomatic or not.
Immune globulin apparently prevented the abnormality in S-GOT expected in hepatitis contacts in one epidemic, but did not do so in another.
Both in the presence and in the absence of jaundice, a significant percentage of patients with infectious hepatitis are characterized by persistent or recurring abnormalities in S-GOT for periods of at least several months. No correlation between magnitude and duration of abnormality in S-GOT and degree of clinical illness was observed.
The ratio of icteric to non-icteric cases of infectious hepatitis was found to be a function of the age of the patient. The ratio was greater than one in the 10 to 14-year age group and less than one at other ages.
ACTIVITY OF GLUTAMIC-OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND PLASMA OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Lending Miriam , Slobody Lawrence B. , Stone Martin L. , Hosbach Richard E. , Mestern Joan 
Published: December 2021

The activity of the enzymes, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase, in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma was studied in 54 normal full-term newborn infants from 2½ to 240 hours of age, and in 20 newborn infants suspected to have intracranial pathology.
The normal range of activities of these enzymes in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma are described. In the infants with suspected intracranial pathology, the average glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity of cerebrospinal fluid was 82% higher than in the normal newborn infant, and plasma glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity, had an 18% mean increase over normal.
In the cerebrospinal fluid of the abnormal infants, lactic dehydrogenase activity had a mean increase of 309% over normal, and plasma lactic dehydrogenase activity revealed an increase of 11% over normal.
Enzyme determinations in cerebrospinal fluid, particularly lactic dehydrogenase, may be useful in the study of newborn infants suspected of intracranial pathology.
STUDY OF THE VALUE OF BACTERIAL VACCINES IN THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
Authors: Johnstone Douglas E. 
Published: December 2021

A controlled study of the value of bacterial vaccines in 118 infants and children subject to repeated episodes of asthma associated with respiratory infections is described. Both vaccine-treated and a control group, treated similarly except for omission of bacterial vaccines from hyposensitization therapy, were compared before and at the end of a 3½-year period.
When the maximum dose of vaccine was administered every 28 days, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups with regard to the following criteria: 1) number of asthmatic episodes per year; 2) average number of days wheezing per year; 3) average number of days school missed per year during asthmatic episodes; 4) number of children with 100%, 50-100% or 0-50% reduction in number of asthma attacks per year.
In the vaccine-treated group the type of vaccine used did not appear to influence the degree of improvement as reflected in number of asthmatic attacks per year in the last year of the study compared to the year preceding the study.
The incidence of positive skin tests to stock bacterial vaccines and a commercially prepared vaccine was approximately the same in both groups.
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF THE PULMONARY VASCULAR BED IN PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION ASSOCIATED WITH LEFT TO RIGHT SHUNTS
Authors: Crittenden I. Hunter , Adams Forrest H. , Latta Harrison 
Published: December 2021

Eighteen patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with left to right cardiac shunts have been studied using acetylcholine injected into the pulmonary artery to determine the distensibility of the vascular bed. The response is considered as an index of severity of vascular disease and of operative risk.
Six cases failed to respond to the drug. One of these had received atropine, and the data may not be reliable. Five were 6 years of age or older and had relatively less left to right shunting than the others. Surgery was performed in two of this group of six, and it proved fatal. The small pulmonary arteries in both patients had marked intimal disease.
All of the 12 cases that responded to acetylcholine had shunting of at least 140% of the systemic flow, and in five patients tested the shunt increased following injection of the drug. The five cases operated upon from this group had hypertrophy of the media of the small pulmonary arteries and in two cases minimal proliferation of the intima was present. The pulmonary artery pressures were similar in both groups. These observations suggest that the severity of pulmonary vascular disease may be predicted by the method described.
DELAYS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DEAFNESS AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Schweinitz Louise de , Miller C. Arden , Miller June B. 
Published: December 2021

Data from the histories of 48 deaf preschool children revealed that parents usually suspected deafness before the physician who cared for the child openly considered the possibility. Parents frequently suspected deafness by the first birthday and nearly always by the second birthday. In seeking medical opinion concerning the possibility of deafness, the parents frequently complained of delayed speech rather than hearing disorder. Long delays in establishing the diagnosis occurred after the first consultation with a physician. In nearly half of the children deafness was not adequately diagnosed until after the third birthday.
Medical conditions, such as meningitis, which might have altered the physician to the possibility of deafness as a sequella did not always result in prompt recognition of this complication. The diagnosis was made in retarded children at a later age.
Presence of a hearing loss can usually be determined by simple testing procedures before the first birthday. Skilled audiologists can estimate the severity of hearing losses in the first years of life and can obtain a fairly complete audiogram by 3 years of age.
The importance of early diagnosis in planning for the deaf child and his family is emphasized.
SUCROSURIA AND MENTAL DEFICIENCY: A COINCIDENCE
Authors: Perry Thomas L. , Lippman Richard W. , Walker Dorothy , Shaw Kenneth N. F. 
Published: December 2021

The results of an oral sucrose loading test carried out with 25 normal children, 37 normal adults, and 37 mentally defective subjects are presented. Sucrosuria occurred in most of these subjects, and was as common a finding in normal subjects as in mentally defective individuals.
Sucrose was present in the urine of some infants fed a commonly-used formula containing cane sugar. The degree of sucrosuria produced in many normal individuals by the ingestion of 1.0 gm/kg of sucrose was of the same order as that reported previously for patients having mental defect, hiatus hernia and sucrosuria.
It seems clear that the presence of sucrose in the urine after this sugar has been ingested is entirely physiologic and is unrelated causally to mental deficiency.
PATTERNS OF GROWTH IN HEIGHT AND WEIGHT FROM BIRTH TO EIGHTEEN YEARS OF AGE
Authors: Reed Robert B. , Stuart Harold C. 
Published: December 2021

In this report is displayed the range of variation observed in the growth curves of height and weight in a series of 134 children observed from birth to 18 years. For purposes of simplification the individuals have been classified on the basis of their rates of growth during three successive 6-year intervals.
Even in terms of this crude classification several basic facts about individual growth patterns of height and weight are apparent. The wide range of differences between individuals applies not only to facts about size at specific ages but also to the pattern of change followed from age period to age period.
The rate of growth during early childhood, i.e. before 6 years of age, is associated with, but not specifically predictive of, size at maturity and timing of the adolescent growth spurt. Individuals with rapid growth before 6 years of age tend to have large mature size and early adolescent growth spurt.
It will be the objective of future reports from this research project to determine the manner in which the individual differences in growth demonstrated and classified here are related to aspects of physical development, to environmental influences such as dietary intake and to the level of health of the child.
PREDNISONE IN CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA
Authors: Hyman Carol B. , C Eduardo Borda , Brubaker Charles , Hammond Denman , Sturgeon Phillip 
Published: December 2021

Thirty children with acute lymphatic leukemia were treated with 2.2 mg/kg/day of prednisone for 28 days. After this initial course, they were alternately given interrupted or continuous therapy. In the group receiving the interrupted therapy, the dose was gradually discontinued over the succeeding 5 to 7 days. In the continuous therapy group, prednisone was continued, but at a reduced dose of 0.55 mg/kg/day. Both groups were followed by serial evaluation of the bone marrow, blood, physical findings and symptoms. The therapy period was considered terminated when relapse occurred as judged by the bone marrow.
The groups did not differ significantly in the number of remissions induced, their duration, or the duration of clinical control. One patient in each group failed to obtain a remission of any degree.
These studies do not indicate any advantage for continuous therapy over interrupted therapy with prednisone. On the other hand, with continuous therapy, there are the disadvantages of increased side-effects, higher cost, and the probability of permanent refractoriness to the drug.
RECOGNITION OF SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX IN PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Lubchenco Lula O. 
Published: December 2021

An analysis of the clinical records of 27 infants who developed spontaneous pneumothorax in the neonatal period is presented; 17 (63%) were premature infants.
The age at onset of the disease varied with the birth weight. The infants with birth weights of 1,500 grams or less averaged 24 days of age at the onset of spontaneous pneumothorax, and the full-term infants developed the disease in the immediate newborn period.
The diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax was suspected when symptoms of respiratory distress alternated with unusual activity, with an increase of symptoms when the infant was fed or removed from oxygen.
The immature infant showed cyanosis or apneic spells, alternating with alertness or apparent hunger. The more mature infant manifested greater respiratory distress and greater activity. The activity assumed the form of irritability, restlessness and, at times, opisthotonus. These symptoms were considered to be due to a persistent lowgrade hypoxia caused by the pneumothorax rather than being manifestations of a vigorous, healthy infant. Signs of infection were minimal or absent. The importance of roentgenograms in establishing the diagnosis is emphasized.
Treatment should include relief of hypoxia by administration of oxygen in low concentration and prevention of acute respiratory embarrassment due to distention of the stomach by feedings. Removal of air from the pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum is necessary in severe cases.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF PRODUCTION OF A NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN RATS BY A NUCLEOSIDE
Authors: Wilson S. G. F. , Heymann Walter , Goldthwait D. A. 
Published: December 2021

The dimethyl adenosine derivative originally isolated from Puromycin® produced a nephrotic syndrome in rats, but not in guinea pigs or rabbits. The urinary excretion products in these species were examined after injection of this compound.
All species excreted the dimethyl- and the monomethyl adenosine derivatives. The rat and rabbit excreted the adenosine derivative and the rabbit also excreted the inosine derivative. All species excreted monomethyl adenosine and/or dimethyl adenosine derivatives substituted most likely on the sugar.
The nephrotic syndrome was produced by injection of the monomethyl-, the methyl propyl-, and the diethyl adenosine derivatives, but not by the adenosine, inosine or dipropyl adenosine derivatives.
The dimethyl-, monomethyl-, and adenosine derivatives inhibited to approximately the same extent a crude adenosine kinase enzyme obtained from yeast. These three compounds were also converted to nucleotides by this preparation. The dimethyl adenosine derivative was the least effective nucleotide precursor.
It seems probable that several derivatives are capable of producing the nephrotic syndrome. The enzymatic locus of action may be adenosine kinase, but action at the nucleotide level has not been ruled out.
Methods are indicated for the isolation and characterization of this series of nucleosides and nucleotides.
INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN AND FAT CONTENT OF DIET ON THE BODY COMPOSITION OF PIGLETS
Authors: Filer L. J. , Baur L. S. , Rezabek Helen 
Published: December 2021

Varying the level of dietary protein from 11 to 39% of the calories in a high-fat diet is without effect on body composition of the 8-week-old pig.
Varying the level of dietary protein from 17 to 62% of the calories in a low-fat diet is without effect on body composition of the 8-week-old pig.
With low-fat diets, the carcasses contained a higher percentage of protein, calculated from micro-Kjeldahl determinations, on a fat-free, dry-tissue basis.
Liver and kidney weights were greater as percentage of protein in the diet increased. With the exception of three animals on Diet 5, electrolyte content of the carcass did not vary significantly.
Highest and lowest protein content of the liven occurred with low-protein diets containing low and high percentage of fat, respectively.
Extrapolation of these data to the nutrition of human infants is discussed.
NITROGEN METABOLISM IN CHILDREN WITH KWASHIORKOR RECEIVING MILK AND VEGETABLE DIETS
Authors: Hansen John D. L. , Schendel Harold E. , Wilkins Joachim A. , Brock John F. 
Published: December 2021

The nitrogen metabolism of 43 children admitted to the hospital with kwashiorkor has been investigated during the early and convalescent phases of recovery by means of 168 nitrogen balance studies. These observations have been supplemented by clinical assessment, including weight gain and serial estimations of serum albumin. Milk diets were used as a standard for comparison with diets in which maize meal was the sole source of protein. The effects of supplementation of maize meal with glycine, or with pea flour with or without maize germ have been evaluated.
With milk diets nitrogen retention was significantly higher in the first 2 weeks of treatment than after that time. The better retentions of the earlier phase of treatment take place in the presence of impaired absorption of nitrogen from the gastrointestinal tract. These findings indicate that degree of protein depletion is an important variable in the interpretation of nitrogen balance in the early recovery phase of kwashiorkor.
Nitrogen retention with pure maize meal diets was significantly less than that resulting from an equicaloric and equinitrogenous milk diet. With maize diets during convalescence, concentration of serum albumin decreases and weight gain is less consistent than with milk diets. Maize meal is not improved by a supplement of glycine. While absorption of nitrogen (as a percentage of nitrogen intake) from maize diets is less than from milk diets, the data also indicate less efficient tissue utilisation of nitrogen from maize protein.
Supplementation of maize with pea flour, (Pisum sativum) with or without maize germ, resulted in significant improvement of nitrogen retention. These supplemented maize diets are capable of curing mild cases of kwashiorkor and maintaining a satisfactory concentration of serum albumin and weight gain for as long as 150 days. It is concluded that while these simple vegetable mixtures are not as efficient sources of protein as diets containing milk, they are effective in maintaining nitrogen retention and growth under metabolic ward conditions. They may therefore prove of value in the prevention of kwashiorkor.
PATTERNS OF FAT EXCRETION IN FECES OF PREMATURE INFANTS FED VARIOUS PREPARATIONS OF MILK
Authors: Davidson Murray , Bauer Charles H. 
Published: December 2021

Four groups of infants were fed diets containing various types and amounts of fat.
The per cent of fat absorbed was not significantly different, irrespective of amount of fat or protein in the diet, in three groups in which the source was animal fat.
In a fourth group, in which corn oil was substituted for animal fat, there was a significantly greater degree of fat absorption.
The usually observable improvement in the ability of prematurely born infants to absorb fat with increasing age and weight did not appear to play a role in the differences observed in this study.
There was a relatively constant output of saturated fatty acid with each of the diets, the per cent of the stool being made up of these acids varying more with the type of diet than with the per cent fat being absorbed.
The last finding suggests that the source of fat in the stool of the premature infant is virtually all exogenous in origin and that the wide variations in fat output in the stools normally encountered cannot be accounted for on the basis of endogenous losses.
EPILEPSY, LIGHT-SENSITIVITY AND LEFT-HANDEDNESS IN A FAMILY WITH MONOZYGOTIC TRIPLETS
Authors: Herrlin Karl-Magnus 
Published: December 2021

A family consisting of monozygotic, now 14-year-old triplets, their elder brother and parents are described. One triplet is right-handed and the other two are left-handed, as are a number of their relatives. After an analysis of the probable course in cleavage of the embryos, the hypothesis is put forward that the different handedness is due to a mirror-image mechanism in cleavage of one or possibly of both embryos. It is suggested that such a mechanism can also explain the reversed asymmetry in the papillary pattern of their hand prints in the hypothenar region.
In the mother, myoclonic jerks are elicited by intermittent sunlight. During photic stimulation with the stroboscope, they are synchronous with the light flashes. The elder son has photogenic epilepsy. In his case, as in the triplets, intermittent light flashes from the stroboscope elicit a clinical seizure. It is postulated that the sensitivity to light in this family is due to a probably dominant, genetically determined cerebral dysfunction, which can be manifested clinically in different ways.
Neurology of Infancy
Authors: HAMMILL JAMES F. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Dekaban states that his purpose in writing this excellently printed and illustrated text is to provide those concerned with anatomic and developmental landmarks of the maturation of the central nervous system during the first 2 years of life, and to outline the principles and clinical manifestations of neurologic disorders occurring during infancy, stressing the differences between the mature patient and infants in these regards.
The text fulfills the author's aims in scope encompassing the neurologic spectrum from metabolic to neoplastic and degenerative disorders.
Ciba Foundation Study Group. No. 1. Pain and Itch
Authors: Low NIELS L. 
Published: December 2021

Pain and Itch is a booklet which constitutes the proceedings of a Ciba Foundation conference on the nervous mechanisms of pain and itch. This publication is described as experimental but the reviewer hopes that this experiment will be continued and become regular practice. The very prompt printing following the conference is commendable.
The meeting was opened with introductory remarks by Lord Adrian who pointed out that pain was a central and crucial point in medicine but that not much was known about its mechanism.
The Dentition of the Growing Child: A Longitudinal Study of Dental Development Between 3 and 18 Years of Age
Authors: MEREDITH HOWARD V. 
Published: December 2021

This research monograph is based on dental casts for 184 white children residing in Massachusetts and Delaware. The topics discussed pertain to tooth size, dental arch size, and positional interrelationships of the teeth in the two arches.
On each subject, the investigator had available a series of dental casts "covering the transition from the primary to the secondary dentition" (p. 40). The casts were amassed in part at the Center for Research in Child Health and Development, Boston (Dr. Harold C. Stuart), and in part at a public school in Wilmington, Delaware (Dr. Richard H. Stucklen).