bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and detection of early nail damage caused by nail enamel
Authors: Fan Guobiao , Jiang Changing , Wu Peilan , Zou Ying , Tan Yimei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundMany nail cosmetics have components that are considered irritants or allergens. Due to the current clinical assessment limitations, it is often too late to identify nail enamel hazards until they cause disease. Thus, it is essential to investigate effective methods of detecting minor changes and early lesions in nails before they worsen.ObjectivesTo provide a reliable method to investigate and evaluate nail enamel hazards on nails earlier using ultrasonic equipment.MethodsEighty‐three volunteers with smooth, lustrous nails were enrolled after being clinically examined. The thumbnails and middle nails were evaluated before and after using nail enamel for 2 weeks. Nail health was then assessed using three methods: clinical evaluation, nail surface image analysis, and an ultrasonic device.ResultsUsing clinical diagnostic and imaging methods for analyzing the nail surface showed no visible differences before and after using nail enamel for 2 weeks. However, there was a significant difference in the nails' depth and density (p < 0.001). The depth had increased 10% for thumbnails (about 20 μm), and the density had decreased by 3.0%. As for middle nails, the depth had increased by 9.4% (about 19 μm), and the density had decreased by 3.0%.ConclusionThe present study provided evidence that nail enamel can significantly irritate hyperplasia and decrease the density of the nails, but detecting that slow process of pathological changes cannot currently be assessed by conventional clinical evaluation and image analysis. Thus, our study provided a practical novel approach for evaluating these visually imperceptible nail changes.
Gamma‐Glutamyl Transferase (γ‐GT) – an old dog with new tricks?
Authors: Brennan Paul N. , Dillon John F. , Tapper Elliot B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGamma‐Glutamyl Transferase (γGT) is a key transferase involved in the transpeptidation of functional gamma‐glutamyl groups to various receptor moieties. It performs important roles in antioxidant defence mechanisms, particularly glutathione recycling, xenobiotic metabolism, but analogously may also have a pro‐oxidant role.γGT is very sensitive for the diagnosis of liver injury, although it has poor specificity for particular aetiologies. It has been used to reflect temporal changes as a form of monitoring depending on aetiology.Given its cellular role in antioxidant function, it has been investigated as a surrogate biomarker of oxidative stress. It has also been found to be a predictor of mortality across a spectra of non‐hepatic disease pathologies, from metabolic and cardiovascular risk to chronic kidney disease and neoplasia. Similarly, it also remains of interest to the insurance industry given an apparent ability to predict mortality, in addition to a historical interest from law enforcement as a marker of chronic alcohol ingestion.Here, we review some of the unique characteristics of this important enzyme, previously considered as a mere specific marker of liver dysfunction, but now with clear extra‐hepatic implications and novel applications and utility.
Autoimmune myositis—Mechanism and therapy development
Authors: Uruha Akinori 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOver the recent decades, notable progress has been made in the understanding of the pathomechanism of autoimmune myositis. Dermatomyositis is considered a type I interferonopathy, distinctive from antisynthetase syndrome despite some common clinical features. Immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy is related to complement‐mediated autoimmunity. In inclusion body myositis, myofiber invasion by highly differentiated cytotoxic T cells leads to myofiber damage. Based on the accumulated knowledge, targeted, more mechanism‐focused therapies are being developed.
Genomic prediction of the recombination rate variation in barley – A route to highly recombinogenic genotypes
Authors: Casale Federico , Van Inghelandt Delphine , Weisweiler Marius , Li Jinquan , Stich Benjamin 
Published: November 2021

SummaryMeiotic recombination is not only fundamental to the adaptation of sexually reproducing eukaryotes in nature but increased recombination rates facilitate the combination of favourable alleles into a single haplotype in breeding programmes. The main objectives of this study were to (i) assess the extent and distribution of the recombination rate variation in cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), (ii) quantify the importance of the general and specific recombination effects, and (iii) evaluate a genomic selection approach’s ability to predict the recombination rate variation. Genetic maps were created for the 45 segregating populations that were derived from crosses among 23 spring barley inbreds with origins across the world. The genome‐wide recombination rate among populations ranged from 0.31 to 0.73 cM/Mbp. The crossing design used in this study allowed to separate the general recombination effects (GRE) of individual parental inbreds from the specific recombination effects (SRE) caused by the combinations of parental inbreds. The variance of the genome‐wide GRE was found to be about eight times the variance of the SRE. This finding indicated that parental inbreds differ in the efficiency of their recombination machinery. The ability to predict the chromosome or genome‐wide recombination rate of an inbred ranged from 0.80 to 0.85. These results suggest that a reliable screening of large genetic materials for their potential to cause a high extent of genetic recombination in their progeny is possible, allowing to systematically manipulate the recombination rate using natural variation.
QTL mapping of genes related to Nod factor signalling using recombinant inbred lines of soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Ma Chao , Ma Shengnan , Kang Qinglin , Wang Yue , Sun Yutian , Qi Zhaoming , Zou Jianan , Liu Chunyan , Yang Mingliang , Xin Dawei , Chen Qingshan , Wang Jinhui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSoybean, which originated in China, is an important oil crop. The soybean–rhizobium symbiotic relationship provides soybean plants with abundant nitrogen. The Nod factor, which is an early signalling factor, affects the establishment of this symbiosis. In this study, the generated Sinorhizobium fredii HH103ΩNodB mutant exhibited defective Nod factor synthesis. The nodulation of 30 core collections, including ‘Dongnong594’ and ‘Charleston’, by the NodB mutant differed from the nodulation by the wild‐type strain. Soybean recombinant inbred lines derived from a ‘Dongnong594’ × ‘Charleston’ cross were used for mapping soybean genes related to the Nod factor signalling pathway. Eleven QTLs related to nodule number and eight QTLs related to nodule dry weight were revealed. On the basis of a qRT‐PCR analysis, Glyma.03G120700, Glyma.08G296000 and Glyma.15G21560 were identified as candidate genes influencing the NF interaction. These genes were differentially expressed following the inoculations with the wild‐type rhizobium and the NodB mutant. This study provides important insights into the mechanism mediating soybean responses to the NF after the soybean–rhizobium symbiosis is established.
Forty Years of Risk Analysis: A Scientometric Overview
Authors: Goerlandt Floris , Li Jie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRisk Analysis was first published in 1981, established with a vision to provide a platform for inquiry into fundamental risk‐related concepts and theories, and to disseminate new knowledge about methods and approaches for identifying, analyzing, evaluating, managing, and communicating risk. The journal has also contributed significantly to a scientific understanding of specific risks related to human health and safety, engineering, ecological, and social systems. Published on behalf of the Society for Risk Analysis, the journal has become a leading platform over its 40‐year history. Complementing recent celebratory overviews and perspectives on the evolution, achievements, and future challenges for Risk Analysis, this article presents a scientometric overview of the journal between 1981 and 2020. The study presents high‐level insights in the journal publication trends and structure and trends in the leading countries/regions, institutions, and authors, in relation to their respective collaboration networks. Furthermore, the structure and evolution of research focus issues is analyzed, and highly cited publications are identified. The findings are primarily intended to provide high‐level insights, which may be useful for early career academics and risk practitioners to understand the structure and development of the research domain, and its main contributors and topics, and for experienced researchers to reflect on the achievements and future developments.
Waste-Free Sequential Monte Carlo
Authors: Dau Hai-Dang , Chopin Nicolas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA standard way to move particles in a sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) sampler is to apply several steps of a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) kernel. Unfortunately, it is not clear how many steps need to be performed for optimal performance. In addition, the output of the intermediate steps are discarded and thus wasted somehow. We propose a new, waste-free SMC algorithm which uses the outputs of all these intermediate MCMC steps as particles. We establish that its output is consistent and asymptotically normal. We use the expression of the asymptotic variance to develop various insights on how to implement the algorithm in practice. We develop in particular a method to estimate, from a single run of the algorithm, the asymptotic variance of any particle estimate. We show empirically, through a range of numerical examples, that waste-free SMC tends to outperform standard SMC samplers, and especially so in situations where the mixing of the considered MCMC kernels decreases across iterations (as in tempering or rare event problems).
Inferential Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: Chen Yao , Gao Qingyi , Wang Xiao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGenerative adversarial networks (GANs) have been impactful on many problems and applications but suffer from unstable training. The Wasserstein GAN (WGAN) leverages the Wasserstein distance to avoid the caveats in the minmax two-player training of GANs but has other defects such as mode collapse and lack of metric to detect the convergence. We introduce a novel inferential Wasserstein GAN (iWGAN) model, which is a principled framework to fuse autoencoders and WGANs. The iWGAN model jointly learns an encoder network and a generator network motivated by the iterative primal-dual optimization process. The encoder network maps the observed samples to the latent space and the generator network maps the samples from the latent space to the data space. We establish the generalization error bound of the iWGAN to theoretically justify its performance. We further provide a rigorous probabilistic interpretation of our model under the framework of maximum likelihood estimation. The iWGAN, with a clear stopping criteria, has many advantages over other autoencoder GANs. The empirical experiments show that the iWGAN greatly mitigates the symptom of mode collapse, speeds up the convergence, and is able to provide a measurement of quality check for each individual sample. We illustrate the ability of the iWGAN by obtaining competitive and stable performances for benchmark datasets.
Transfer Learning for High-Dimensional Linear Regression: Prediction, Estimation and Minimax Optimality
Authors: Li Sai , Cai T. Tony , Li Hongzhe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper considers estimation and prediction of a high-dimensional linear regression in the setting of transfer learning where, in addition to observations from the target model, auxiliary samples from different but possibly related regression models are available. When the set of informative auxiliary studies is known, an estimator and a predictor are proposed and their optimality is established. The optimal rates of convergence for prediction and estimation are faster than the corresponding rates without using the auxiliary samples. This implies that knowledge from the informative auxiliary samples can be transferred to improve the learning performance of the target problem. When the set of informative auxiliary samples is unknown, we propose a data-driven procedure for transfer learning, called Trans-Lasso, and show its robustness to non-informative auxiliary samples and its efficiency in knowledge transfer. The proposed procedures are demonstrated in numerical studies and are applied to a dataset concerning the associations among gene expressions. It is shown that Trans-Lasso leads to improved performance in gene expression prediction in a target tissue by incorporating data from multiple different tissues as auxiliary samples.
“I haven't come a long way, and I'm not a baby”: Task assignment and diversity of the Supreme Court bar
Authors: Szmer John , Kaheny Erin B. , Sarver Tammy A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveGender disparities in litigation task assignment are not limited to the trial court context; they are present in even the highest of courts in the United States. We explore and seek to explain the gendered patterns of participation by lawyers arguing before the U.S. Supreme Court.MethodsAfter quantitatively describing participation by female attorneys in Supreme Court litigation, we use logistic regression and fractional logit, respectively, to identify factors that influence the degree to which women deliver oral arguments and participate in writing litigant briefs.ResultsDescriptively, we find that male attorneys present more oral arguments than female attorneys, and most litigant briefs are written by male‐dominated teams. In fact, more than a third of the briefs are only signed by men. In multivariate analyses of Supreme Court oral arguments and briefs, we find that women are more likely to argue and sign briefs on issues in which they are stereotypically perceived as more competent (women's issues) and less likely to participate in issue areas where they are perceived to be less competent, like economic issues. Similarly, women are less likely to orally argue in complex cases.ConclusionWhile occupational segregation and other factors may play a role, the participation of female attorneys in this forum is likely driven, in part, by stereotyped assessments of their competency.
Characterizing the canine and feline optic pathways in vivo with diffusion MRI
Authors: Andrews Erica F. , Jacqmot Olivier , Espinheira Gomes Filipe N. C. M. , Sha Megan F. , Niogi Sumit N. , Johnson Philippa J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe visual system is known to be vital for cognition and perception in the feline and canine and much behavioral research for these species has used visual stimuli and focused on visual perception. There has been extensive investigations into the visual pathway in cats and dogs via histological and neurobiological methods, however to date, only one study has mapped the canine optic pathway in vivo. Advanced imaging methods such as diffusion MRI (DTI) have been routinely used in human research to study the visual system in vivo. This study applied DTI imaging methods to assess and characterize the optic pathway of feline and canine subjects in vivo. The optic nerve (ON), optic tract (OT), and optic radiation (OR) were successfully delineated for each species and the average volume and FA for each tract is reported. The application of DTI to map the optic pathway for canine and feline subjects provides a healthy baseline for comparison in future studies.
Supersymmetric $$AdS_4$$ black holes from matter-coupled $$N=3,4$$ gauged supergravities
Authors: Karndumri Parinya 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study supersymmetric $$AdS_4$$

A
d

S
4

black holes in matter-coupled $$N=3$$

N
=
3

and $$N=4$$

N
=
4

gauged supergravities in four dimensions. In $$N=3$$

N
=
3

theory, we consider $$N=3$$

N
=
3

gauged supergravity coupled to three vector multiplets and $$SO(3)\times SO(3)$$

S
O
(
3
)
×
S
O
(
3
)

gauge group. The resulting gauged supergravity admits two $$N=3$$

N
=
3

supersymmetric $$AdS_4$$

A
d

S
4

vacua with $$SO(3)\times SO(3)$$

S
O
(
3
)
×
S
O
(
3
)

and SO(3) symmetries. We find an $$AdS_2\times H^2$$

A
d

S
2

×

H
2

solution with $$SO(2)\times SO(2)$$

S
O
(
2
)
×
S
O
(
2
)

symmetry and an analytic solution interpolating between this geometry and the $$SO(3)\times SO(3)$$

S
O
(
3
)
×
S
O
(
3
)

symmetric $$AdS_4$$

A
d

S
4

vacuum. For $$N=4$$

N
=
4

gauged supergravity coupled to six vector multiplets with $$SO(4)\times SO(4)$$

S
O
(
4
)
×
S
O
(
4
)

gauge group, there exist four supersymmetric $$AdS_4$$

A
d

S
4

vacua with $$SO(4)\times SO(4)$$

S
O
(
4
)
×
S
O
(
4
)

, $$SO(4)\times SO(3)$$

S
O
(
4
)
×
S
O
(
3
)

, $$SO(3)\times SO(4)$$

S
O
(
3
)
×
S
O
(
4
)

and $$SO(3)\times SO(3)$$

S
O
(
3
)
×
S
O
(
3
)

symmetries. We find a number of $$AdS_2\times S^2$$

A
d

S
2

×

S
2

and $$AdS_2\times H^2$$

A
d

S
2

×

H
2

geometries together with the solutions interpolating between these geometries and all, but the $$SO(3)\times SO(3)$$

S
O
(
3
)
×
S
O
(
3
)

, $$AdS_4$$

A
d

S
4

vacua. These solutions provide a new class of $$AdS_4$$

A
d

S
4

black holes with spherical and hyperbolic horizons dual to holographic RG flows across dimensions from $$N=3,4$$

N
=
3
,
4

SCFTs in three dimensions to superconformal quantum mechanics within the framework of four-dimensional gauged supergravity.
Holographic entanglement entropy and modular Hamiltonian in warped CFT in the framework of GMMG model
Authors: Setare M. R. , Koohgard M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study some aspects of a class of non-AdS holography where the 3D bulk gravity is given by generalized minimal massive gravity (GMMG). We consider the spacelike warped $$AdS_3$$

A
d

S
3

($$WAdS_3$$

W
A
d

S
3

) black hole solution of this model where the 2d dual boundary theory is the warped conformal field theory (WFCT). The charge algebra of the isometries in the bulk and the charge algebra of the vacuum symmetries at the boundary are compatible and this is an evidence for the duality conjecture. Further evidence for this duality is the equality of entanglement entropy and modular Hamiltonian on both sides of the duality. So we consider the modular Hamiltonian for the single interval at the boundary in associated to the modular flow generators of the vacuum. We calculate the gravitational charge in associated to the asymptotic Killing vectors that preserve the metric boundary conditions. Assuming the first law of the entanglement entropy to be true, we introduce the matching conditions between the variables in two side of the duality and we find equality of the modular Hamiltonian variations and the gravitational charge variations in two sides of the duality. According to the results of the present paper we can say with more sure that the dual theory of the warped AdS3 black hole solution of GMMG is a Warped CFT.
Wetting between Cassie–Baxter and Wenzel regimes: a cellular model approach
Authors: Mądry Katarzyna , Nowicki Waldemar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The cellular model with periodic boundary conditions was proposed for the study of liquid–solid interface properties of solid surfaces decorated by a regular pattern. The solid surface was represented by a mosaic of truncated pyramids of two different slopes of side walls equivalent to a surface covered with triangular grooves of different dihedral angles. On the basis of the computations performed for a single elementary cell, the components of the interfacial energies and the apparent contact angles have been found for different Young contact angles and different tilting angles of the pyramid walls. It was found that at certain sets of angles, the wetting takes place with the partial coverage of the pyramid sidewalls—in between the Cassie–Baxter and Wenzel regimes. The influence of the line tension on the studied surface wettability was also examined.

Graphic abstract
Tipping Cancer Cells Over the Edge: The Context-Dependent Cost of High Ploidy
Authors: Andor Noemi , Altrock Philipp M. , Jain Navami , Gomes Ana P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Tetraploidy is an aneuploidy-permissive condition that can fuel tumorgenesis. The tip-over hypothesis of cytotoxic therapy sensitivity proposes that therapy is effective if it pushes a cell's aneuploidy above a viable tipping point. But elevated aneuploidy alone may not account for this tipping point. Tissue microenvironments that lack sufficient resources to support tetraploid cells can explain the fitness cost of aneuploidy. Raw materials needed to generate deoxynucleotides, the building blocks of DNA, are candidate rate-limiting factors for the evolution of high-ploidy cancer cells. Understanding the resource cost of high ploidy is key to uncover its therapeutic vulnerabilities across tissue sites with versatile energy supplies.
Vaccination History and Risk of Lymphoma and Its Major Subtypes
Authors: Kleinstern Geffen , Larson Melissa C. , Ansell Stephen M. , Thompson Carrie A. , Nowakowski Grzegorz S. , Call Timothy G. , Robinson Dennis P. , Maurer Matthew J. , Mwangi Raphael , Feldman Andrew L. , Kay Neil E. , Novak Anne J. , Habermann Thomas M. , Slager Susan L. , Cerhan James R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background:
Vaccinations have been hypothesized to play a role in lymphoma etiology, but there are few studies, mixed results, and limited data on lymphoma subtypes. Herein, we investigate the association of vaccinations with risk of major lymphoma subtypes.

Methods:
We studied 2,461 lymphoma cases and 2,253 controls enrolled from 2002 to 2014. Participants self-reported history of vaccinations against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, yellow fever, and influenza. Polytomous logistic regression was used to estimate OR and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for potential confounders.

Results:
After multivariable adjustment, vaccination against influenza was inversely associated with lymphoma (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.66–1.02), which was stronger for last vaccination 1+ years before enrollment (OR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56–0.91) and for &gt;5 influenza vaccinations (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.46–0.68). Ever vaccination against hepatitis A (OR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66–1.00) but not hepatitis B (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.81–1.18) was associated with lymphoma risk, although more recent vaccinations were inversely associated with lymphoma risk for both hepatitis A (&lt;6 years before enrollment, OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.40–0.77) and hepatitis B (&lt;9 years before enrollment, OR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55–0.93). Ever vaccination against yellow fever was inversely associated with risk (OR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.55–0.96), and this did not vary by time since last vaccination. Although there was no overall statistical evidence for heterogeneity of vaccination history by lymphoma subtype, the only statistically significant inverse associations were observed for influenza and yellow fever vaccinations with diffuse large B-cell and follicular lymphoma.

Conclusions:
Selected vaccinations were inversely associated with lymphoma risk, with time since last vaccination relevant for some of these vaccines.

Impact:
Vaccinations against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, yellow fever, and influenza are unlikely to increase lymphoma risk.