bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptomic insights into the effects of CytCo, a novel nematotoxic protein, on the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Chen Ye , Zhou Xiang , Guo Kai , Chen Sha-Ni , Su Xiu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe pine wood nematodeBursaphelenchus xylophilusis a destructive pest ofPinustrees worldwide and lacks effective control measures. Screening for nematotoxic proteins has been undertaken to develop new strategies for nematode control.ResultsThe results of the present study provided initial insights into the responses ofB. xylophilusexposed to a nematotoxic cytolytic-like protein (CytCo) based on transcriptome profiling. A large set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs = 1265) was found to be related to nematode development, reproduction, metabolism, motion, and immune system. In response to the toxic protein,B. xylophilusupregulated DEGs encoding cuticle collagens, transporters, and cytochrome P450. In addition, many DEGs related to cell death, lipid metabolism, major sperm proteins, proteinases/peptidases, phosphatases, kinases, virulence factors, and transthyretin-like proteins were downregulated. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the CytCo treatment substantially affected DEGs involved in muscle contraction, lipid localization, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. The pathway richness of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that the DEGs were concentrated in lysosomes and involved in fatty acid degradation. Weighted co-expression network analysis indicated that the hub genes affected by CytCo were associated with the nematode cuticular collagen.ConclusionsThese results showed that CytCo toxin interferes with gene expression to exert multiple nematotoxic effects, thereby providing insights into its potential use in pine wood nematode control.
Subcapsular hepatic hematoma: a case of chronic expanding hematoma of the liver
Authors: Ono Yasuyuki , Kariya Shuji , Nakatani Miyuki , Ueno Yutaka , Maruyama Takuji , Komemushi Atsushi , Kaibori Masaki , Ikeda Masatoshi , Tanigawa Noboru 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
A chronic expanding hematoma (CEH) enlarges as a result of slight bleeding over several months, and the tissue shows a mixture of blood breakdown products, granulation tissue with capillary ingrowth, and inflammatory tissue. This report presents a case of a subcapsular hepatic CEH that was treated with transarterial embolization (TAE) and hepatectomy.

Case presentation
A 56-year-old man presented with vomiting and right-sided abdominal pain. Plain abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a high-density area of fluid collection beneath the capsule of the right hepatic lobe, which was diagnosed as a hematoma. From its anatomical position on the CT images, a subcapsular hepatic hematoma was diagnosed. Though conservative therapy was provided, CT-guided percutaneous drainage and TAE were performed due to worsening symptom. Because the patient's abdominal symptoms re-appeared, extended right segmentectomy including the hematoma was performed. In the resected specimen, the hematoma was located beneath the capsule of the right hepatic lobe, and it was displacing the hepatic parenchyma. Microscopic examination showed a thick fibrous capsule around the hematoma, peripheral lymphocyte and plasmacyte invasion, and aggregations of histiocytes containing phagocytosed hemosiderin.

Conclusions
Anatomically, this was a case of a subcapsular hepatic hematoma, and pathologically it was shown to be a CEH. Complete surgical resection was effective treatment for this CEH.
Genetic alteration of Chinese patients with rectal mucosal melanoma
Authors: Li Huan , Yang Lujing , Lai Yumei , Wang Xintong , Han Xinyin , Liu Siyao , Wang Dongliang , Li Xiaojuan , Hu Nana , Kong Yan , Si Lu , Li Zhongwu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Rectal mucosal melanoma (RMM) is a rare and highly aggressive disease with a poor prognosis. Due to the rarity of RMM, there are few studies focusing on its genetic mechanism. This retrospective study aimed to analyze the genetic spectrum and prognosis of RMM in China and lay a foundation for targeted therapy.

Methods
36 patients with primary RMM from Peking University Cancer Hospital were enrolled in this study. The Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data of the tumor samples were fitted into the TruSight™ Oncology 500 (TSO500) Docker pipeline to detect genomic variants. Then, the univariate and multivariate Cox hazard analysis were performed to evaluate the correlations of the variants with the overall survival (OS), along with Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test to determine their significance.

Results
BRAF mutations, NRG1 deletions and mitotic index were significant prognostic factors in the univariate analysis. In multivariable analysis of the OS-related prognostic factors in primary RMM patients, it revealed 2 significant alterations: BRAF mutations [HR 7.732 (95%CI: 1.735–34.456), P = 0.007] and NRG1 deletions [HR 14.976 (95%CI: 2.305–97.300), P = 0.005].

Conclusions
This is the first study to show genetic alterations exclusively to Chinese patients with RMM. We confirmed genetic alterations of RMM differ from cutaneous melanoma (CM). Our study indicates that BRAF and NRG1 were correlated with a poor prognostic of RMM and may be potential therapeutic targets for RMM treatment.
Development of foot length in children with congenital clubfoot up to 7 years of age: a prospective follow-up study
Authors: Manousaki Evgenia , Esbjörnsson Anna-Clara , Hägglund Gunnar , Andriesse Hanneke 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Clubfeet are typically shorter than normal feet. This study aimed first to describe the development of foot length in a consecutive series of children with congenital clubfoot and second to relate foot length to development of relapse and motion quality.

Methods
Foot length was measured every 6 months in 72 consecutive children with congenital clubfoot (29 bilateral) aged from 2 to 7 years. The initial treatment was nonsurgical followed by standardized orthotic treatment. Foot length growth rate was calculated every half year. In children with unilateral clubfeet, the difference in foot length between the clubfoot and the contralateral foot was calculated. Motion quality was evaluated by the Clubfoot Assessment Protocol (CAP). Student’s t test, the Mann–Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlation were used for group comparisons. Bonferroni correction was used when multiple comparisons were performed.

Results
Clubfeet were smaller (P < 0.001) than reference feet at all ages but had a similar growth rate up to age 7. Unilateral clubfeet with greater difference in size compared with the contralateral foot at the first measurement, relapsed more frequently (P = 0.016) and correlated with poorer motion quality (r = 0.4; P = 0.011).

Conclusions
As previously reported, clubfeet were smaller than reference feet at all ages. The growth rate, however, was similar between clubfeet and reference feet. Children with unilateral clubfeet and greater foot length difference at 2 years of age had a higher tendency to relapse and poorer motion quality at 7 years of age, indicating that foot length could be used as a prognostic tool.
Implementing enhanced patient care to promote patient engagement in HIV care in a rural setting in Kenya
Authors: Wachira Juddy , Genberg Becky , Chemutai Diana , Mwangi Ann , Galarraga Omar , Abraham Siika , Wilson Ira 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Patient engagement is effective in promoting adherence to HIV care. In an effort to promote patient-centered care, we implemented an enhanced patient care (EPC) intervention that addresses a combination of system-level barriers including provider training, continuity of clinician-patient relationship, enhanced treatment dialogue and better clinic scheduling. We describe the initial implementation of the EPC intervention in a rural HIV clinic in Kenya, and the factors that facilitated its implementation.

Methods
The intervention occurred in one of the rural Academic Model Providing Healthcare (AMPATHplus) health facilities in Busia County in the western region of Kenya. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected through training and meeting proceedings/minutes, a patient tracking tool, treatment dialogue and a peer confirmation tool. Qualitative data were coded and emerging themes on the implementation and adaptation of the intervention were developed. Descriptive analysis including percentages and means were performed on the quantitative data.

Results
Our analysis identified four key factors that facilitated the implementation of this intervention. (1) The smooth integration of the intervention as part of care that was facilitated by provider training, biweekly meetings between the research and clinical team and having an intervention that promotes the health facility agenda. (2) Commitment of stakeholders including providers and patients to the intervention. (3) The adaptability of the intervention to the existing context while still maintaining fidelity to the intervention. (4) Embedding the intervention in a facility with adequate infrastructure to support its implementation.

Conclusions
This analysis demonstrates the value of using mixed methods approaches to study the implementation of an intervention. Our findings emphasize how critical local support, local infrastructure, and effective communication are to adapting a new intervention in a clinical care program.
Risk factors and clinical relevance of positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass
Authors: Deprey Julie , Baldinger Arnaud , Livet Véronique , Blondel Margaux , Taroni Mathieu , Lefebvre Cynthia , Goy-Thollot Isabelle , Moissonnier Pierre , Viguier Éric , Pouzot-Nevoret Céline , Carozzo Claude , Cachon Thibaut 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of the study was to report the incidence and risk factors associated with positive urine bacterial cultures as well as long-term outcome in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) devices.ResultsMedical records of cats that underwent SUB device placement were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment of the cat, laterality of the ureteral obstruction, surgery, anesthesia and hospitalization duration, bacterial culture results and follow-up data were retrieved.Thirty-two cats met the inclusion criteria. Four cats (12.5%) had a positive intraoperative culture, with two of them being treated successfully. Ten cats out of 28 (35.7%) were documented with a positive urine culture during follow-up period, with a median time between discharge and identification of the first positive urine culture of 159 days (range 8–703 days). Bacteriuria resolved in 60% of cats (6/10).Escherichia coliwas the most common organism, isolated in 4 out of 10 postoperative urine cultures. Overall, subclinical bacteriura was documented for 6 of 32 (18.8%) cats and 5 of 32 (15.6%) cats displayed clinicals signs suggestive of persistent UTI. One cat had subclinical bacteriuria. Three cats died during the follow-up period.There was a significant difference between negative and positive urine bacterial culture groups in median hospitalization duration (5 days versus 6 days,P = 0.022) and in median body condition score (5/9 versus 4/9,P = 0.03). Cats with a longer hospital stay and with a lower body condition score were more likely to have a positive urine culture during follow-up period.ConclusionsSUB device placement surgery is associated with complications such as chronic bacteriuria. Bacteriuria in our study resolved with appropriate antibiotic treatment in more than half of cats. Risk factors identified for positive urine culture were a longer hospitalization duration and a decreased body condition score.
Long-term differentiating primary human airway epithelial cell cultures: how far are we?
Authors: Bukowy-Bieryłło Zuzanna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Human airway epithelial (HAE) cellular models are widely used in applicative studies of the airway physiology and disease. In vitro expanded and differentiated primary HAE cells collected from patients seem to be an accurate model of human airway, offering a quicker and cheaper alternative to the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) models. However, the biggest drawback of primary HAE models is their limited proliferative lifespan in culture. Much work has been devoted to understand the factors, which govern the HAE cell proliferation and differentiation, both in vivo and in vitro. Here, I have summarized recent achievements in primary HAE culture, with the special emphasis on the models of conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRC), which allow longer in vitro proliferation and differentiation of HAE cells. The review compares the CRC HAE technique variants (feeder culture or HAE mono-culture), based on recently published studies exploiting this model. The advantages and limitations of each CRC HAE model variant are summarized, along with the description of other factors affecting the CRC HAE culture success (tissue type, sampling method, sample quality).

Conclusions
CRC HAE cultures are a useful technique in respiratory research, which in many cases exceeds the iPSCs and organoid culture methods. Until the current limitations of the iPSCs and organoid culture methods will be alleviated, the primary CRC HAE cultures might be a useful model in respiratory research.

Plain English summary
Airway epithelium (AE) is a type of tissue, which lines the whole length of human airways, from the nose to the bronchi. Improper functioning of AE causes several human airway disorders, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or cystic fibrosis (CF). Much work has been devoted to finding the best scientific model of human AE, in order to learn about its functioning in health and disease. Among the popular AE models are the primary in vitro cultured AE cells collected from human donors. Unfortunately, such human AE (HAE) cells do not easily divide (expand) in vitro; this poses a large logistic and ethical problem for the researchers. Here, I summarize recent achievements in the methods for in vitro culture of human AE cells, with special emphasis on the conditionally reprogrammed cell (CRC) models, which allow longer and more effective expansion of primary human AE cells in vitro. The review describes how the specific chemicals used in the CRC models work to allow the increased HAE divisions and compares the effects of the different so-far developed variants of the CRC HAE culture. The review also pinpoints the areas which need to be refined, in order to maximize the usefulness of the CRC AE cultures from human donors in research on human airway disorders.
Identification of tick-borne pathogens by metagenomic next-generation sequencing in Dermacentor nuttalli and Ixodes persulcatus in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Jiao Jun , Lu Zhiyu , Yu Yonghui , Ou Yangxuan , Fu Mengjiao , Zhao Yuee , Wu Nier , Zhao Mingliang , Liu Yan , Sun Yi , Wen Bohai , Zhou Dongsheng , Yuan Qinghong , Xiong Xiaolu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Hard ticks act as arthropod vectors in the transmission of human and animal pathogens and are widely distributed in northern China. The aim of this study is to screen the important tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) carried by hard ticks in Inner Mongolia using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and to estimate the risk of human infection imposed by tick bites.

Methods
The adult Dermacentor nuttalli (n = 203) and Ixodes persulcatus (n = 36) ticks feeding on cattle were collected. The pooled DNA samples prepared from these ticks were sequenced as the templates for mNGS to survey the presence of TBPs at the genus level. Individual tick DNA samples were detected by genus--specific or group-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of these TBPs and combined with DNA sequencing assay to confirm the results of mNGS.

Results
R. raoultii (45.32%, 92/203), Candidatus R. tarasevichiae (5.42%, 11/203), Anaplasma sp. Mongolia (26.60%, 54/203), Coxiella-like endosymbiont (CLE) (53.69%, 109/203), and Babesia venatorum (7.88%, 16/203) were detected in D. nuttalli, while R. raoultii (30.56%, 11/36), Anaplasma sp. Mongolia (27.80%, 10/36), and CLE (27.80%, 10/36) were detected in I. persulcatus. The double- and triple-pathogen/endosymbiont co-infections were detected in 40.39% of D. nuttalli and 13.89% of I. persulcatus, respectively. The dual co-infection with R. raoultii and CLE (14.29%, 29/203) and triple co-infection with R. raoultii, Anaplasma sp. Mongolia, and CLE (13.79%, 28/203) were most frequent in D. nuttalli.

Conclusions
This study provides insight into the microbial diversity of D. nuttalli and I. persulcatus in Inner Mongolia, China, reporting for the first time that Candidatus R. tarasevichiae had been found in D. nuttalli in China, and for the first time in the world that Anaplasma sp. Mongolia has been detected in I. persulcatus. This study proves that various vertically transmitted pathogens co-inhabit D. nuttalli and I. persulcatus, and indicates that cattle in Inner Mongolia are exposed to several TBPs.

Graphical Abstract
Revolution after Revolution
Authors: Abourahme Nasser 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
What is a revolution that neither overthrows a state order nor institutes a lasting one of its own? What happens if we disassociate revolution—the novel beginning, the break, the upending of order, the social transformation—from the movement of historical necessity that marks it even among the left, and open it instead onto those cases of anticolonial politics that did not play out, at least initially, as a desire for the forward march of progress and its terminus in the state form? In these cases, how do we move past the language, or more precisely, the grammar of failure when talking about revolution? What if the Palestinian Revolution, whose fate follows the rise and waning of tricontinental Third Worldism, might be read not as the defeated end of a revolutionary historical arc but as the start of a line of flight? This essay makes two points. First, what was revolutionary about the Palestinian anticolonial experience was neither the spectacularity of its armed insurrection nor its call for radical equality but its capacity to creatively make autonomous territory and declare communes. Second, reading this history poses questions about what a renewed encounter between the revolution concept and the anticolonial imperative might once again do.
One Health approach for elimination of human anthrax in a tribal district of Odisha: Study protocol
Authors: Bhattacharya Debdutta , Kshatri Jaya Singh , Choudhary Hari Ram , Parai Debaprasad , Shandilya Jyoti , Mansingh Asit , Pattnaik Matrujyoti , Mishra Kaushik , Padhi Shakti Prakash , Padhi Arun , Pati Sanghamitra 
Published: May 2021

Background
Anthrax is a major but neglected zoonotic disease of public health concern in India with Odisha contributing a major share to the disease burden. Bacillus anthracis spores can be found naturally in soil and commonly affect both animals and humans around the world. Domestic and wild animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and deer can become infected when they inhale or ingest spores from contaminated soil, plants, or water. Anthrax can be fatal if patients are not treated promptly with antibiotics. This protocol aims to describe the implementation and evaluation of the ‘One Health’ intervention model based on the principles of Theory of Change (ToC) to eliminate human anthrax from a tribal district in Odisha, India.

Methods
This study would test the effectiveness of a complex public health intervention package developed using the ToC framework for the elimination of human anthrax in Koraput district by a comparative analysis of baseline and end-line data. We plan to enroll 2640 adults across 14 geographically divided blocks in Koraput district of Odisha for baseline and end-line surveys. After baseline, we would provide capacity building training to stakeholders from the department of health, veterinary, forest, academic and allied health institutions followed by workshops on sensitization and awareness through IEC (Information Education Communication)/BCC (Behavior Change Communication) activities in the community. We would establish a state-level laboratory facility as a robust system for timely diagnosis and management of human anthrax cases. Surveillance network will be strengthened to track the cases in early stage and risk zoning will be done for focused surveillance in endemic areas. Advocacy with district level administration will be done for maximizing the coverage of livestock vaccination in the entire district. Interdepartmental coordination would be established for the effective implementation of the intervention package.

Conclusion
This would be a first study applying One Health concept for the elimination of human anthrax in India. The findings from this study will offer important insights for policy-making and further replication in other endemic regions of the state and country.

Trial registration
The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this intervention are prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India [CTRI/2020/05/025325] on 22 May 2020.
Association between longitudinal blood pressure and prognosis after treatment of cerebral aneurysm: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Kim Jinkwon , Kim Jang Hoon , Lee Hye Sun , Suh Sang Hyun , Lee Kyung-Yul 
Published: May 2021

Background
High blood pressure is a major risk factor for the development and rupture of cerebral aneurysm. Endovascular coil embolization and surgical clipping are established procedures to treat cerebral aneurysm. However, longitudinal data of blood pressure after the treatment of cerebral aneurysm and its impact on long-term prognosis are not well known.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study included 1275 patients who underwent endovascular coil embolization (n = 558) or surgical clipping (n = 717) of cerebral aneurysm in 2002–2015 using the nationwide health screening database of Korea. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of patients were repeatedly obtained from the nationwide health screening program. We performed a multivariate time-dependent Cox regression analysis of the primary composite outcome of stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause death.

Results
During the mean follow-up period of 6.13 ± 3.41 years, 89 patients suffered the primary outcome. Among the total 3546 times of blood pressure measurement, uncontrolled high blood pressure (systolic ≥140 mmHg or diastolic ≥90 mmHg) was 22.9%. There was a significantly increased risk of primary outcome with high systolic (adjusted HR [95% CI] per 10 mmHg, 1.16 [1.01–1.35]) and diastolic (adjusted HR [95% CI] per 10 mmHg, 1.32 [1.06–1.64]) blood pressure.

Conclusions
High blood pressure is prevalent even in patients who received treatment for cerebral aneurysm, which is significantly associated with poor outcome. Strict control of high blood pressure may further improve the prognosis of patients with cerebral aneurysm.