bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virus‐induced plant volatiles mediate the olfactory behaviour of its insect vectors
Authors: Chang Xuefei , Wang Fang , Fang Qi , Chen Fei , Yao Hongwei , Gatehouse Angharad M. R. , Ye Gongyin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlant viruses can manipulate their hosts to release odours that are attractive or repellent to their insect vectors. However, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), either individually or as mixtures, which play a key role in the olfactory behaviour of insect vectors remains largely unknown. Our study focused on green rice leafhoppers (GRLHs) vectoring rice dwarf virus (RDV) revealed that RDV infection significantly induced the emission of (E)‐β‐caryophyllene and 2‐heptanol by rice plants, which influenced the olfactory behaviour of both non‐viruliferous and viruliferous GRLHs. (E)‐β‐caryophyllene attracted non‐viruliferous GRLHs to settle on RDV‐infected plants, but neither attracted nor repelled viruliferous GRLHs. In contrast, 2‐heptanol repelled viruliferous GRLHs to settle on RDV‐infected plants, but neither repelled nor attracted non‐viruliferous GRLHs. Suppression of (E)‐β‐caryophyllene synthase OsCAS via CRISPR‐Cas9 to generate oscas‐1 plants enabled us to confirm the important role played by (E)‐β‐caryophyllene in modulating the virus‐vector‐host plant interaction. These novel results reveal the role of these virus‐induced VOCs in modulating the behaviour of its GRLH insect vector and may facilitate the design of new strategies for disease control through manipulation of plant volatile emissions.
Resistance of Antarctic moss Sanionia uncinata to photoinhibition: chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of samples from the western and eastern coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Orekhova A. , Barták M. , Casanova‐Katny A. , Hájek J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Interspecific differences in sensitivity of the Antarctic moss Sanionia uncinata from King George Island (KGI) and James Ross Island (JRI) to photoinhibitory treatment were studied in laboratory conditions using chlorophyll fluorescence techniques.

Slow (Kautsky) and fast (OJIP) kinetics were used for the measurements. Samples were exposed to a short‐term (60 min) photoinhibitory treatment (PIT, 2000 μmol·m−2·s−1 PAR).

The photoinhibitory treatment (PIT) led to photoinhibition which was indicated by the decrease in FV/FM and ΦPSII in KGI but not in JRI samples. However, this decrease was small and full recovery was reached 90 min after PIT termination. Non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) was activated during the PIT, and rapidly relaxed during recovery. Early stages of photoinhibition showed a drop in FV/FM and ΦPSII to minimum values within the first 10 s of the PIT, with their subsequent increase apparent within fast (0–5 min PIT) and slow (5–50 min PIT) phases of adjustment. The PIT caused a decrease in the performance index (Pi_Abs), photosynthetic electron transport per reaction centre (RC) (ET0/RC). The PIT induced an increase in thermal dissipation per RC (DI0/RC), effectivity of thermal dissipation (Phi_D0), absorption per RC (ABS/RC) and trapping rate per RC (TR0/RC).

In conclusion, PIT led to only slight photoinhibition followed by fast recovery in S. uncinata from KGI and JRI, since FV/FM and ΦPSII returned to pre‐photoinhibitory conditions. Therefore, S. uncinata might be considered resistant to photoinhibition even in the wet state. The KGI samples showed higher resistance to photoinhibition than the JRI samples.
Subalpine dwarf shrubs differ in vulnerability to xylem cavitation: An innovative staining approach enables new insights
Authors: Ganthaler Andrea , Mayr Stefan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDwarf shrubs are a key functional group of the high‐elevation vegetation belt. Despite their ecological relevance and high sensitivity to environmental changes, the hydraulic adaptations and species‐specific variations in drought tolerance within this growth form are mostly unknown. Here, we assess the xylem vulnerability to cavitation of important character species of the Alpine dwarf shrub heaths in Central Europe. Due to the high percentage of nonfunctional xylem areas in these species, vulnerability curves were gained by an innovative staining approach with safranin, validated by hydraulic and xylem anatomical measurements. The loss of 50% conducting xylem area appeared in the range of −1.78 to −2.91 MPa. Midday plant water potential during an intense summer drought remained above these critical thresholds but was correlated with cavitation resistance. No trade‐off between hydraulic safety and efficiency was detected across analyzed species. We conclude that the characteristic clustered occurrence of species in the heterogeneous mountain terrain (mainly interpreted as a consequence of varying snow cover dynamics) is also reflected in species‐specific adjustments in xylem hydraulics. The interspecific variety in vulnerability thresholds and plant water potentials during summer drought indicates different hydraulic strategies and adjustments in water relations between these co‐occurring shrubs.
Aucubin ameliorates the LPS‐induced inflammatory response in bovine endometrial epithelial cells by inhibiting NF‐κB and activating the Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway
Authors: Gao Feng , Li Huatao , Feng Yanni , Tian Wenru , Cao Rongfeng , Fu Kaiqiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCows are susceptible to pathogenic bacterial infection after pregnancy, leading to inflammation of the endometrium. Aucubin (AU) has been proven to exhibit highly effective anti‐inflammatory activity, but its ability to protect against endometritis in dairy cows remains unclear. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of AU on the LPS‐induced inflammatory response of bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs). After pre‐treating BEECs with AU (10, 20 and 50 μM) for 6 hr, the cells were stimulated with LPS for 3 hr. Subsequently, BEECs apoptosis was analysed by flow cytometry, the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokine mRNA was detected by qRT‐PCR, and changes in NF‐κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signalling were analysed by western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses. The results showed that AU can reduce TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, COX‐2 and iNOS mRNA expression in BEECs and reduce cell apoptosis. Furthermore, AU significantly reduced the level of NF‐κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation and inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65. AU also activated the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, promoting the nuclear transfer of Nrf2 and increasing Keap1, Nrf2, HO‐1 and NQO1 mRNA and protein levels. Taken together, these results indicate that AU ameliorates the LPS‐induced inflammatory response by inhibiting NF‐κB and activating the Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway, which has a protective effect on BEECs.
Detection of BK polyomavirus genotypes to predict the development of BK polyomavirus‐associated complications in kidney transplant recipients: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Muñoz‐Gallego Irene , Díaz‐Madridano Nerea , Moral Noelia , Pascual Consuelo , Polanco Natalia , González Esther , Andrés Amado , Folgueira María Dolores 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study focused on the role that BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) genotypes can play in the development of BKPyV‐associated complications in renal transplant recipients.MethodsA retrospective observational study (January 2015 to April 2018) was conducted by analyzing BKPyV genotypes in 180 blood samples with detectable BKPyV viral load (VL) > 1000 copies/mL, from 63 renal transplant recipients. VL and BKPyV genotypes detections were based on real‐time PCR (rt‐PCR)‐specific assays.ResultsForty‐four patients (44/63 [69.8%]) were men, and the median age was 55.0 (interquartile range 49.0‐66.0 years). Eleven patients had clinical manifestations (11/63 [17.5%]). The most frequently detected genotypes were I (14/63 [22.2%]) and II (13/63 [20.6%]). Half of the patients (33/63 [52.4%]) had a mixed genotype, most with genotypes I and II (25/33 [75.8%]). Patients with infection by mixed genotypes showed VLs that were detected earlier (in the first year after transplantation) than those with a single genotype (25/33 [75.8%] vs 13/30 [43.3%], P = .009) and demonstrated greater risk of developing clinical manifestations associated with BKPyV (odds ratio 12.609, 95% confidence interval 1.503‐105.807). Moreover, patients with first BKPyV VL > 10 000 copies/mL more frequently presented mixed genotypes (12/16 [75.0%] vs 21/47 [44.7%], P = .036).ConclusionsThe probability of developing clinical manifestations is higher in infections by mixed genotypes. Therefore, the detection of BKPyV genotypes by rt‐PCR can provide relevant information to stratify patients' risk of BKPyV‐associated complications and guide the clinical management of BKPyV infection in kidney transplant recipients.
Cytomegalovirus events in high‐risk allogeneic hematopoietic‐cell transplantation patients who received letermovir prophylaxis
Authors: Chen Kaiwen , Arbona‐Haddad Esther , Cheng Matthew P. , McDonnell Anne M. , Gooptu Mahasweta , Orejas Jose L. , Timblin Kaitlyn , Silverman Emily , Al‐Hamed Rama , Soiffer Robert J. , Hammond Sarah P. , Marty Francisco M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLetermovir is approved for the prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and clinical disease in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic‐cell transplantation (HCT). However, there is uncertainty about letermovir's ability to prevent clinical events during the period of prophylaxis as well as after the discontinuation of prophylaxis in the post‐transplant setting. We performed a retrospective cohort study in CMV‐seropositive allogeneic HCT recipients at high risk of CMV events, who received letermovir for primary prophylaxis from November 2017 through December 2019. We analyzed CMV outcomes for these patients during and after prophylaxis was discontinued. Patient outcomes were followed through June 2020. Sixty patients received letermovir for a median of 13 weeks (range, 1‐72 weeks). Thirteen (22%) patients had quantifiable CMV DNAemia (reactivation) during letermovir prophylaxis a median of 9 days (range, 1‐59 days) after starting letermovir. Five (8%) of these patients discontinued prophylaxis and received preemptive therapy (PET) with valganciclovir; eight (13%) continued letermovir as prophylaxis and CMV DNAemia resolved without PET. Thirteen patients (22%) had post‐prophylaxis CMV reactivation a median of 33 days (range, 14‐109 days) after letermovir discontinuation. In four (7%) of these patients, CMV DNAemia resolved without PET, and nine (15%) received PET. No patient developed CMV disease. Patients who developed CMV reactivation during prophylaxis did so shortly after initiation of letermovir, and most patients who developed CMV reactivation post‐prophylaxis did so within 60 days after discontinuation of letermovir. Letermovir prophylaxis has changed the presentation of CMV infection in high‐risk HCT patients.
Relationship between symptoms, barriers to care and healthcare utilisation among children under five in rural Mali
Authors: Treleaven Emily , Whidden Caroline , Cole Faith , Kayentao Kassoum , Traoré Mohamed Bana , Diakité Djoumé , Sidibé Seydou , Lin Tracy Kuo , Boettiger David , Cissouma Souleymane , Sanogo Vincent , Padian Nancy , Johnson Ari , Liu Jenny 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo identify social and structural barriers to timely utilisation of qualified providers among children under five years in a high‐mortality setting, rural Mali and to analyse how utilisation varies by symptom manifestation.MethodsUsing baseline household survey data from a cluster‐randomised trial, we assessed symptom patterns and healthcare trajectories of 5117 children whose mothers reported fever, diarrhoea, bloody stools, cough and/or fast breathing in the preceding two weeks. We examine associations between socio‐demographic factors, symptoms and utilisation outcomes in mixed‐effect logistic regressions.ResultsAlmost half of recently ill children reported multiple symptoms (46.2%). Over half (55.9%) received any treatment, while less than one‐quarter (21.7%) received care from a doctor, nurse, midwife, trained community health worker or pharmacist within 24 h of symptom onset. Distance to primary health facility, household wealth and maternal education were consistently associated with better utilisation outcomes. While children with potentially more severe symptoms such as fever and cough with fast breathing or diarrhoea with bloody stools were more likely to receive any care, they were no more likely than children with fever to receive timely care with a qualified provider.ConclusionsEven distances as short as 2–5 km significantly reduced children’s likelihood of utilising healthcare relative to those within 2 km of a facility. While children with symptoms indicative of pneumonia and malaria were more likely to receive any care, suggesting mothers and caregivers recognised potentially severe illness, multiple barriers to care contributed to delays and low utilisation of qualified providers, illustrating the need for improved consideration of barriers.
Amplification dynamics of miniature inverted‐repeat transposable elements and their impact on rice trait variability
Authors: Castanera Raúl , Vendrell‐Mir Pol , Bardil Amélie , Carpentier Marie‐Christine , Panaud Olivier , Casacuberta Josep M. 
Published: April 2021

SummaryTransposable elements (TEs) are a rich source of genetic variability. Among TEs, miniature inverted‐repeat TEs (MITEs) are of particular interest as they are present in high copy numbers in plant genomes and are closely associated with genes. MITEs are deletion derivatives of class II transposons, and can be mobilized by the transposases encoded by the latter through a typical cut‐and‐paste mechanism. However, MITEs are typically present at much higher copy numbers than class II transposons. We present here an analysis of 103 109 transposon insertion polymorphisms (TIPs) in 738 Oryza sativa genomes representing the main rice population groups. We show that an important fraction of MITE insertions has been fixed in rice concomitantly with its domestication. However, another fraction of MITE insertions is present at low frequencies. We performed MITE TIP‐genome‐wide association studies (TIP‐GWAS) to study the impact of these elements on agronomically important traits and found that these elements uncover more trait associations than single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on important phenotypes such as grain width. Finally, using SNP‐GWAS and TIP‐GWAS we provide evidence of the replicative amplification of MITEs.
An Arabidopsis lipid map reveals differences between tissues and dynamic changes throughout development
Authors: Kehelpannala Cheka , Rupasinghe Thusitha , Pasha Asher , Esteban Eddi , Hennessy Thomas , Bradley David , Ebert Berit , Provart Nicholas J. , Roessner Ute 
Published: April 2021

SummaryMass spectrometry is the predominant analytical tool used in the field of plant lipidomics. However, there are many challenges associated with the mass spectrometric detection and identification of lipids because of the highly complex nature of plant lipids. Studies into lipid biosynthetic pathways, gene functions in lipid metabolism, lipid changes during plant growth and development, and the holistic examination of the role of plant lipids in environmental stress responses are often hindered. Here, we leveraged a robust pipeline that we previously established to extract and analyze lipid profiles of different tissues and developmental stages from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We analyzed seven tissues at several different developmental stages and identified more than 200 lipids from each tissue analyzed. The data were used to create a web‐accessible in silico lipid map that has been integrated into an electronic Fluorescent Pictograph (eFP) browser. This in silico library of Arabidopsis lipids allows the visualization and exploration of the distribution and changes of lipid levels across selected developmental stages. Furthermore, it provides information on the characteristic fragments of lipids and adducts observed in the mass spectrometer and their retention times, which can be used for lipid identification. The Arabidopsis tissue lipid map can be accessed at http://bar.utoronto.ca/efp_arabidopsis_lipid/cgi‐bin/efpWeb.cgi.
The novel pathogen‐responsive glycosyltransferase UGT73C7 mediates the redirection of phenylpropanoid metabolism and promotes SNC1‐dependent Arabidopsis immunity
Authors: Huang Xu‐Xu , Wang Yong , Lin Ji‐Shan , Chen Lu , Li Yan‐Jie , Liu Qian , Wang Guan‐Feng , Xu Fang , Liu Lijing , Hou Bing‐Kai 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYRecent studies have shown that global metabolic reprogramming is a common event in plant innate immunity; however, the relevant molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a pathogen‐induced glycosyltransferase, UGT73C7, that plays a critical role in Arabidopsis disease resistance through mediating redirection of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Loss of UGT73C7 function resulted in significantly decreased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, whereas constitutive overexpression of UGT73C7 led to an enhanced defense response. UGT73C7‐activated immunity was demonstrated to be dependent on the upregulated expression of SNC1, a Toll/interleukin 1 receptor‐type NLR gene. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo assays indicated that UGT73C7 could glycosylate p‐coumaric acid and ferulic acid, the upstream metabolites in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Mutations that lead to the loss of UGT73C7 enzyme activities resulted in the failure to induce SNC1 expression. Moreover, glycosylation activity of UGT73C7 resulted in the redirection of phenylpropanoid metabolic flux to biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamic acids and coumarins. The disruption of the phenylpropanoid pathway suppressed UGT73C7‐promoted SNC1 expression and the immune response. This study not only identified UGT73C7 as an important regulator that adjusts phenylpropanoid metabolism upon pathogen challenge, but also provided a link between phenylpropanoid metabolism and an NLR gene.
Anaemia in elderly patients at discharge from intensive care and hospital
Authors: Sinha Romi , Hakendorf Paul , Sobieraj‐Teague Magdalena , Roxby David 
Published: April 2021

Background and objectivesAnaemia is common in the elderly and is recognized as a risk factor for several adverse outcomes in older adults, including hospitalization, morbidity and mortality. The study aims were to examine the prevalence of anaemia in elderly patients at discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital.Materials and methodsPatient randomized under the INFORM trial and with an ICU admission were included. Two cohorts, Cohort 1 patients who were alive on discharge from ICU and Cohort 2 patients who were discharged alive from hospital to home. Prevalence of significant anaemia defined as haemoglobin levels, less than 100 g/l was measured at ICU and hospital discharge.ResultsOverall, 76·5% (683/893) of elderly admissions in Cohort 1 had a haemoglobin <100 g/l, and 44·1% (395/893) had a haemoglobin <90 g/l on ICU discharge. Nadir haemoglobin during ICU stay, length of stay in ICU and transfusion during ICU stay was associated with significant anaemia at ICU discharge. At hospital discharge, in Cohort 2, 54·8% (263/480) of elderly ICU admissions had Hb < 100 g/l, and 23·4% (112/480) had Hb < 90 g/l. Male gender, haemoglobin level at ICU discharge, and length of stay and nadir Hb between ICU and hospital discharge were associated with anaemia at hospital discharge.ConclusionsSignificant anaemia is highly prevalent in elderly patients on discharge from ICU and to a lesser degree at hospital discharge.
Proteinase‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR2) on blood pressure and electrolyte handling in the late pregnant rat
Authors: West David A. , Beck Steven D. , de Souza Aline M. A. , West Crystal A. 
Published: April 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Pregnancy requires marked renal sodium and potassium retention and cumulative plasma volume expansion, in the setting of reduced blood pressure. Research in male rodents has shown that activation of PAR2 can produce peripheral vasodilatation, stimulate renal sodium chloride reabsorption and inhibit renal potassium secretion. Here, we investigate PAR2 activation in virgin and normal pregnant rats.
What is the main finding and its importance?
PAR2 expression and sensitivity to activation are increased in pregnancy. This implicates a possible role for PAR2 in supporting the renal/vascular adaptations of pregnancy required for normal maternal plasma volume expansion.
AbstractA healthy pregnancy involves renal and systemic haemodynamic adaptations, which allow renal sodium and potassium retention and cumulative plasma volume expansion, accompanied by a decline in blood pressure attributable to a reduction in the total peripheral vascular resistance. When these adaptations do not occur, pregnancy is compromised. The mechanisms permitting these opposing adaptations are largely unknown. Research in male rodents has shown that activation of PAR2 can produce peripheral vasodilatation, stimulate renal sodium chloride reabsorption and inhibit renal potassium secretion. Here, we investigate PAR2 activation in female virgin and normal late pregnant (LP) rats. We measured the mRNA expression of PAR2 in the renal cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla of virgin and LP rats using quantitative real‐time PCR. We also measured in vivo blood pressure, natriuretic and kaliuretic responses to PAR2‐activating peptide (SLIGRL‐NH2) in anaesthetized virgin and LP rats. We found that PAR2 mRNA was increased in the inner medulla of LP rats. We also found that LP rats had larger decreases in blood pressure and increases in net sodium retention compared with virgin rats. These findings suggest that pregnancy enhances sensitivity to the blood pressure‐lowering and sodium‐retaining effects of PAR2.
Effect of jump exercise training on long‐term head‐down bed rest‐induced cerebral blood flow responses in arteries and veins
Authors: Ogoh Shigehiko , Sato Kohei , de Abreu Steven , Denise Pierre , Normand Hervé 
Published: April 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What is the effect of an exercise countermeasure on microgravity‐induced change in cerebral blood flow?
What is the main finding and its importance?
Jump exercise training as a countermeasure did not modify the heterogeneous cerebral blood flow response to head‐down bed rest, suggesting that this method is effective in preventing cardiovascular system deconditioning but is not good for cerebral haemodynamics.
AbstractThis study aimed to examine the effect of an exercise countermeasure on cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to long‐term −6° head‐down bed rest (HDBR) in all cerebral arteries and veins. Twenty male volunteers were exposed to HDBR for 60 days with (training group, n = 10) or without (control group, n = 10) jump exercise training as a countermeasure to spaceflight. The blood flow in the neck conduit arteries (internal carotid and vertebral artery; ICA and VA) and veins (internal jugular and vertebral veins; IJV and VV) was measured, using ultrasonography before (baseline) HDBR, on the 30th and 57th day of HDBR. Long‐term HDBR causes a heterogeneous CBF response between the anterior and the posterior brain or between arteries and veins. Long‐term HDBR decreased anterior cerebral arterial and venous blood flow, while posterior cerebral arterial and venous blood flows were well maintained. However, exercise jump training did not change each arterial and venous CBF responses to HDBR (control vs. training; ICA, P = 0.643; VA, P = 0.542; external carotid artery, P = 0.644; IJV, P = 0.980; VV, P = 0.999). These findings suggest that jump exercise training did not modify the heterogeneous CBF response to long‐term HDBR.