bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does muscular or mental fatigue have an influence on the nociceptive flexion reflex? A randomized cross‐over study in healthy people
Authors: Dhondt Evy , Danneels Lieven , Rijckaert Johan , Palmans Tanneke , Van Oosterwijck Sophie , Van Oosterwijck Jessica 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) is a spinally‐mediated withdrawal reflex occurring in response to noxious stimuli and is used as an electrophysiological marker of spinal nociception. Although it is well‐documented that the NFR is subject to powerful modulation of several personal factors, the effects of experimentally induced fatigue on the NFR have not yet been examined. Hence, this study aimed to characterize if and how fatigue affects spinal nociception in healthy adults.MethodsThe NFR of 58 healthy people was measured prior to and following rest and two fatiguing tasks performed in randomized order. The NFR was elicited by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the sural nerve and objectified by electromyographic recordings from the biceps femoris muscle. An isokinetic fatiguing protocol was used to induce localized muscle fatigue of the hamstrings. The modified incongruent Stroop‐word task was used to provoke mental fatigue. A linear mixed model analysis was performed to assess the influence of fatigue on the NFR.ResultsLow‐to‐moderate levels experimentally induced localized muscle and mental fatigue did not affect the NFR in healthy adults. These results suggest that descending pain inhibitory processes to dampen spinal nociception are resistant to the effects of localized muscle and mental fatigue.ConclusionsThe relative robustness of the NFR to fatigue may be beneficial in both clinical and research settings where the influence of confounders complicates interpretation. Furthermore, the findings possibly help enhance our understanding on why even demanding cognitive/physical exercise‐based treatment programs form effective treatment strategies for patients with chronic pain.SignificanceThe present study unraveled that low‐to‐moderate levels experimentally induced localized muscle and mental fatigue did not affect the NFR. These results suggest that descending pain inhibitory processes to dampen spinal nociception are resistant to the effects of localized muscle and mental fatigue. This relative robustness of the NFR may be beneficial in a clinical setting in which the evaluation of spinal nociception that is unaffected by clinical symptoms of fatigue may be useful (e.g. chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer‐related fatigue, etc.).
Measurement of the Antipsychotic Clozapine Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites‐Au/Pd/Pt Electrodes
Authors: Senel Mehmet , Durmus Zehra , Alachkar Amal 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEnhanced methods of drug monitoring are required to support the individualization of therapeutic drug dosing. Clozapine is one of the most important medications for managing schizophrenia, and timely measurement of serum clozapine levels has been identified as a barrier to the broader use of clozapine. For the first time, reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites were used to construct an electrochemical clozapine (Clz) sensor. The Reduced graphene oxide (Rego) nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized by using X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques. The Clz sensing electrode was fabricated by drop coating of Rego nanocomposites suspension and Nafion solution on the pencil graphite electrode, respectively. The electrochemical behavior and influence of various physicochemical parameters of sensing electrodes were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The designed sensor displayed decent linear range, detection limit, reproducibility, and reusability results. Under optimum experimental parameters a linear dynamic range of 0.05–10 μM clozapine was observed with actual detection limit of 50 nM. Furthermore, the designed sensing electrode was used to measure the amount of Clz in real samples.
Encapsulation of fragrances in zein nanoparticles and use as fabric softener for textile application
Authors: Pithanthanakul Usaraphan , Vatanyoopaisarn Savitri , Thumthanaruk Benjawan , Puttanlek Chureerat , Uttapap Dudsadee , Kietthanakorn Bangon , Rungsardthong Vilai 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFragrances, a mixture of various aromatic compounds, usually have low aqueous solubility and instability to the environment. This research aimed to fabricate the encapsulation of two fragrances in zein nanoparticles and apply it in fabric softener to sustain the fabric with long‐lasting fragrance. Pink fruity fragrances (PF) and white floral fragrances (WF) encapsulated zein nanoparticles (PF‐ZNs and WF‐ZNs) were prepared by the liquid–liquid dispersion method. Zein and fragrances were mixed and immediately poured under high‐speed homogenizer into citrate buffer containing Tween 20 as a surfactant, and ethanol was removed using a rotary vacuum evaporator. PF‐ZNs and WF‐ZNs obtained exhibited spherical shape with average sizes at 219.1 ± 7.7 and 301.1 ± 9.8 nm, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of PF‐ZNs, at 69.15 ± 1.31 %, was significantly higher than that of the WF‐ZNs, at 63.91 ± 1.40% (P < .05). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that both fragrances' thermal stability was improved after the encapsulation. The PF‐ZNs and WF‐ZNs were added to fabric softeners and applied to three types of fabrics: cotton, polyester (TK), and blends of cotton/polyester (TC), and the fragrance remaining in the fabrics for 30 days of storage were determined by gas chromatography. The retention of both PF and WF was improved in all fabrics, and significant effects were performed in the cotton fabric with PF‐ZNs. The results showed the potential to use the fragrances encapsulated in zein nanoparticles as fabric softener to improve fabrics' long‐lasting properties, especially for cotton.
Technisch‐biologische Ufersicherungen – Bemessungskonzept für die Ingenieurpraxis an Binnenwasserstraßen
Authors: Fleischer Petra , Gesing Carolin , Stelzer Oliver 
Published: March 2021

AbstractZur Verbesserung des ökologischen Zustandes an Binnenwasserstraßen sind in den nächsten Jahren umfangreiche Uferumgestaltungen vorgesehen. Naturnahe Ufersicherungen unter Verwendung von Pflanzen sollen dort, wo es möglich ist, die bisherigen Steinschüttungen ersetzen, um wieder mehr Lebensräume für Pflanzen und Tiere sowie mehr Strukturvielfalt zu schaffen. Mit diesen technisch‐biologischen Ufersicherungen gibt es an Wasserstraßen mit der heutigen Schifffahrtsbelastung noch relativ wenig Erfahrungen. Auf der Grundlage von verschiedenen Forschungsergebnissen und Erkenntnissen aus einem groß angelegten Naturversuch am Rhein bei Worms wurde unter Einbeziehung der Erfahrungen an kleineren Fließgewässern ohne Schifffahrt ein erstes Bemessungskonzept für die Ingenieurpraxis der Wasserstraßen‐ und Schifffahrtsverwaltung erarbeitet und in eine Software integriert. Damit können jetzt neben Schüttsteindeckwerken auch Ufersicherungen mit Pflanzen dimensioniert werden. Die Besonderheiten der lebenden Baustoffe, die hydraulischen Einwirkungen, die zu untersuchenden geotechnischen Versagensmechanismen und die einzelnen Dimensionierungsschritte werden im Folgenden vorgestellt.
A Leap of Faith: Is There a Formula for “Trustworthy” AI?
Authors: Braun Matthias , Bleher Hannah , Hummel Patrik 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTrust is one of the big buzzwords in debates about the shaping of society, democracy, and emerging technologies. For example, one prominent idea put forward by the High‐Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence appointed by the European Commission is that artificial intelligence should be trustworthy. In this essay, we explore the notion of trust and argue that both proponents and critics of trustworthy AI have flawed pictures of the nature of trust. We develop an approach to understanding trust in AI that does not conceive of trust merely as an accelerator for societal acceptance of AI technologies. Instead, we argue, trust is granted through leaps of faith. For this reason, trust remains precarious, fragile, and resistant to promotion through formulaic approaches. We also highlight the significance of distrust in societal deliberation, as it is relevant to trust in various and intricate ways. Among the fruitful aspects of distrust is that it enables individuals to forgo technology if desired, to constrain its power, and to exercise meaningful human control.
A Methodology to Generate Longitudinally Updated Acute‐On‐Chronic Liver Failure Prognostication Scores From Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Ge Jin , Najafi Nader , Zhao Wendi , Somsouk Ma , Fang Margaret , Lai Jennifer C. 
Published: March 2021

Queries of electronic health record (EHR) data repositories allow for automated data collection. These techniques have not been used in hepatology due to the inability to capture hepatic encephalopathy (HE) grades, which are inputs for acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) models. Here, we describe a methodology to use EHR data to calculate rolling ACLF scores. We examined 239 patient admissions with end‐stage liver disease from July 2014 to June 2019. We mapped EHR flowsheet data to determine HE grades and calculated two longitudinally updated ACLF scores. We validated HE grades and ACLF diagnoses by chart review and calculated sensitivity, specificity, and Cohen’s kappa. Of 239 patient admissions analyzed, 37% were women, 46% were non‐Hispanic white, median age was 60 years, and the median Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease–Na score at admission was 25. Of the 239, 7% were diagnosed with ACLF as defined by the North American Consortium for the Study of End‐Stage Liver Disease (NACSELD) diagnostic criteria at admission, 27% during the hospitalization, and 9% at discharge. Forty percent were diagnosed with ACLF by the European Association for the Study of the Liver– Chronic Liver Failure Consortium (CLIF‐C) diagnostic criteria at admission, 51% during the hospitalization, and 34% at discharge. From the chart review of 51 admissions, we found sensitivities and specificities for any HE (grades 1‐4) were 92%‐97% and 76%‐95%, respectively; for severe HE (grades 3‐4), sensitivities and specificities were 100% and 78%‐98%, respectively. Cohen’s kappa between flowsheet and chart review of HE grades ranged from 0.55 to 0.72. Sensitivities and specificities for NACSELD‐ACLF diagnoses were 75%‐100% and 96%‐100%, respectively; for CLIF‐C‐ACLF diagnoses, these were 91%‐100% and 96‐100%, respectively. We generated approximately 28 unique ACLF scores per patient per admission day. Conclusion: We developed an informatics‐based methodology to calculate longitudinally updated ACLF scores. This opens new analytic potentials, such as big data methods, to develop electronic phenotypes for patients with ACLF.
Mossy fiber sprouting into the hippocampal regionCA2in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Freiman Thomas M. , Häussler Ute , Zentner Josef , Doostkam Soroush , Beck Jürgen , Scheiwe Christian , Brandt Armin , Haas Carola A. , Puhahn‐Schmeiser Barbara 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHippocampal sclerosis (HS) in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) shows neuronal death in cornu ammonis (CA)1, CA3, and CA4. It is known that granule cells and CA2 neurons survive and their axons, the mossy fibers (MF), lose their target cells in CA3 and CA4 and sprout to the granule cell layer and molecular layer. We examined in TLE patients and in a mouse epilepsy model, whether MF sprouting is directed to the dentate gyrus or extends to distant CA regions and whether sprouting is associated with death of target neurons in CA3 and CA4. In 319 TLE patients, HS was evaluated by Wyler grade and International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) types using immunohistochemistry against neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Synaptoporin was used to colocalize MF. In addition, transgenic Thy1‐eGFP mice were intrahippocampally injected with kainate and sprouting of eGFP‐positive MFs was analyzed together with immunocytochemistry for regulator of G‐protein signaling 14 (RGS14). In human HS Wyler III and IV as well as in ILAE 1, 2, and 3 specimens, we found synaptoporin‐positive axon terminals in CA2 and even in CA1, associated with the extent of granule cell dispersion. Sprouting was seen in cases with cell death of target neurons in CA3 and CA4 (classical severe HS ILAE type 1) but also without this cell death (atypical HS ILAE type 2). Similarly, in epileptic mice eGFP‐positive MFs sprouted to CA2 and beyond. The presence of MF terminals in the CA2 pyramidal cell layer and in CA1 was also correlated with the extent of granule cell dispersion. The similarity of our findings in human specimens and in the mouse model highlights the importance and opens up new chances of using translational approaches to determine mechanisms underlying TLE.
The Rise of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: From Molecular Photovoltaics to Emerging Solid‐State Photovoltaic Technologies
Authors: Stojanović Marko , Flores‐Diaz Natalie , Ren Yameng , Vlachopoulos Nikolaos , Pfeifer Lukas , Shen Zhongjin , Liu Yuhang , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Milić Jovana V. , Hagfeldt Anders 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOver the past three decades, dye‐sensitized solar cells (i. e. Grätzel cells) have evolved from a pioneering concept of molecular photovoltaics to large‐scale industrial deployment. In this review article, we provide a historical overview of the developments with a focus on the scientific advancements that have set the stage for this technology to emerge and thrive. This involves insights into the (photo)electrochemistry of the underlying processes, molecular engineering of dyes, redox shuttles, and hole‐transporting materials, as well as their implementation into solar cells. We further outline applications and future perspectives, involving the long‐lasting objective to develop efficient solid‐state alternatives to conventional dye‐sensitized solar cells.
An examination of mediating processes of work and nonwork support for employee development
Authors: Xu Qiumei Jane , Yunlu Dilek G. , Kim Sungdoo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study examines the influence of supportive work and nonwork environment on employee self‐development. We further propose that career self‐efficacy and career motivation play mediating roles during the process. Cross‐sectional survey data were provided by 418 employees working in a variety of organizations. Confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling analysis and bootstrap analyses were performed to investigate the hypothesized relationships. Results show that work support and nonwork support for development made unique contributions to employee self‐development. The relationship between nonwork support for development and employee self‐development is mediated by career self‐efficacy and career motivation. The relationship between work support for development and employee self‐development is mediated by career motivation. This research expands the support for development from work environment to a broader social environment and clarifies how both work and nonwork supportive environment are positively related to employee self‐development. Finally, we discuss the practical implications for personnel selection and career development.
Computation of ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic nanofluid flow over a stretching cylinder with induction and curvature effects
Authors: Bin Mizan Md. Rezwan , Ferdows Mohammad , Shamshuddin MD. , Bég O. Anwar , Salawu Sulyman O. , Kadir Ali 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMotivated by enrobing processes in manufacturing technology with intelligent coatings, this study analyses the flow of an electroconductive incompressible nanofluid with heat distribution in a boundary layer containing metallic nanoparticles or ferroparticles along an extending cylindrical body with magnetic induction effects. The quasilinear boundary conditions for the partial derivative formulations connecting to the far stream and cylinder wall are converted to ordinary nonlinear derivatives by applying appropriate similarity transformations. The emerging system of derivatives is solved by a stable, efficient spectral relaxation method (SRM). The SRM procedure is benchmarked with special limiting cases in the literature and found to corroborate exceptionally well with other studies in the literature. Here, water is taken as the base liquid containing homogenously suspended nonmagnetic (Nimonic 80a, silicon dioxide [SiO2]) or magnetic nanoparticles (ferric oxide [Fe3O4] and manganese franklinite [Mn–ZnFe2O4]). The influence of all key parameters on the velocity and temperature distributions is displayed in graphs and tables with extensive elucidation. The wall local drag force (skin friction) and local temperature gradient (Nusselt number) are also visualized graphically for various parameters. The rate of convergence of the SRM convergence is compared with that of the successive over‐relaxation method, and it is observed to converge faster. Larger magnetohydrodynamic body force parameter and inverse Prandtl magnetic number induce flow deceleration and enhance temperature. Flow acceleration is computed for SiO2 nonmagnetic nanoparticles, and good heat conduction augmentation is produced with magnetic nanoparticle Fe3O4.
Renal function outcomes in patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer treated with neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and radical cystectomy in the PURE‐01 study
Authors: Trevisani Francesco , Di Marco Federico , Raggi Daniele , Bettiga Arianna , Vago Riccardo , Larcher Alessandro , Cinque Alessandra , Salonia Andrea , Briganti Alberto , Capitanio Umberto , Necchi Andrea , Montorsi Francesco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe use of pembrolizumab has been largely accepted in several advanced types of cancers. PURE 01 study (NCT02736266) enrolled consecutively 143 patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer who received 3 cycles of pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks before planned radical cystectomy (RC). Clinical, pathological and laboratory data were collected to investigate the relationship between renal function, immunotherapy and cancer‐related outcomes. Serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) creatinine‐equation 2009 were reported at baseline and after every cycle of pembrolizumab; the T stage from clinical classification TNM (cTNM) was stated before the treatment. Our analysis did not demonstrate a significant impairment of eGFR after any cycle of pembrolizumab, neither in the overall cohort nor in subgroups considering the T stages or the CKD G‐categories according to K‐DIGO 2012 classification. In conclusion, in neoadjuvant setting before RC our results suggest that pembrolizumab administration is safe for renal function preservation.
Suppression of β‐catenin signaling in colon carcinoma cells by a bacterial protein
Authors: Nadeem Aftab , Aung Kyaw Min , Ray Tanusree , Alam Athar , Persson Karina , Pal Amit , Uhlin Bernt Eric , Wai Sun Nyunt 
Published: March 2021

AbstractColorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer‐related death worldwide. The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is mutated in hereditary colorectal tumors and in more than 80% of sporadic colorectal tumors. APC mutations impair β‐catenin degradation, leading to its permanent stabilization and increased transcription of cancer‐driving target genes. In colon cancer, impairment of β‐catenin degradation leads to its cytoplasmic accumulation, nuclear translocation, and subsequent activation of tumor cell proliferation. Suppressing β‐catenin signaling in cancer cells therefore appears to be a promising strategy for new anticancer strategies. Recently, we discovered a novel Vibrio cholerae cytotoxin, motility‐associated killing factor A (MakA), that affects both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. It promotes bacterial survival and proliferation in invertebrate predators but has unknown biological role(s) in mammalian hosts. Here, we report that MakA can cause lethality of tumor cells via induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, MakA exhibited potent cytotoxic activity, in particular against several tested cancer cell lines, while appearing less toxic toward nontransformed cells. MakA bound to the tumor cell surface became internalized into the endolysosomal compartment and induced leakage of endolysosomal membranes, causing cytosolic release of cathepsins and activation of proapoptotic proteins. In addition, MakA altered β‐catenin integrity in colon cancer cells, partly through a caspase‐ and proteasome‐dependent mechanism. Importantly, MakA inhibited β‐catenin‐mediated tumor cell proliferation. Remarkably, intratumor injection of MakA significantly reduced tumor development in a colon cancer murine solid tumor model. These data identify MakA as a novel candidate to be considered in new strategies for development of therapeutic agents against colon cancer.
Identification of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the vaginal fluid and cervical exfoliated cells of women with active COVID‐19 infection: A pilot study
Authors: Khoiwal Kavita , Kalita Deepjyoti , Shankar Ravi , Kumari Reena , Dhundi Deepika , Bahadur Anupama , Panda Prasan Kumar , Chaturvedi Jaya 
Published: March 2021

SynopsisIn women with confirmed COVID‐19, a negative RT‐PCR test result does not rule out the possibility of a low level of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the female genital tract.
Cytotoxic effect of targeted biodegradable epothilone B and rapamycin co‐loaded nanocarriers on breast cancer cells
Authors: Zajdel Alicja , Wilczok Adam , Jelonek Katarzyna , Kaps Anna , Musiał‐Kulik Monika , Kasperczyk Janusz 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe new therapeutic solutions for breast cancer treatment are needed, for example, combined therapy consisted of several drugs that characterize different mechanisms of action and modern drug delivery systems. Therefore, we used combination of epothilone B (EpoB) and rapamycin (Rap) to analyze the cytotoxic effect against breast cancer cells (MCF‐7; MDA‐MB‐231). Also, the effect of drugs co‐delivered in bioresorbable micelles functionalized with biotin (PLA–PEG‐BIO; poly(lactide)‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐biotin) was studied. The comparison of effects of the mixture of free drugs and the micelles co‐loaded with EpoB and Rap revealed a significant decrease in the cell metabolic activity and survival. Moreover, the dual drug‐loaded PLA–PEG‐BIO micelles enhanced the cytotoxicity of EpoB and Rap against the tested cells as compared with the free drugs. The blank PLA–PEG‐BIO micelles did not affect the tested cells. We expect that mixture of EpoB and Rap may be promising in breast cancer treatment and PLA–PEG‐BIO micelles as carrier of these two drugs can be applicable for successful targeted delivery.
Judicious design functionalized 3D‐COF to enhance CO2 adsorption and separation
Authors: Yuan Fang , Yang Zhifang , Zhang Xiaoying , Tong Cuiyan , Gahungu Godefroid , Li Wenliang , Zhang Jingping 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe effects of functional groups (including OH, OCH3, NH2, CH2NH2, COOH, SO3H, OCO(CH2)2COOH(E‐COOH), and (CH2)4COOH(c‐COOH)) in 3D covalent organic frameworks (3D‐COFs) on CO2 adsorption and separation are investigated by grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations and density functional theory calculations. The results indicate that interaction between CO2 and the framework is the main factor for determining CO2 uptakes at low pressure, while pore size becomes the decisive factor at high pressure. The binding energy of CO2 with functionalized linker is correlated to CO2 uptake at 0.3 bar and 298 K on 3D‐COF‐1, suggesting functional groups play a key role in CO2 capture in microporous 3D‐COFs. Moreover, CO2 selectivity over CH4, N2, and H2 can be significantly enhanced by functionalization, where CH2NH2, COOH, SO3H, and E‐COOH enhance CO2 adsorption more effectively at 1 bar. Among them, SO3H is the most promising functional group in 3D‐COFs for CO2 separation.