bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Detector Horizon: Forecasting Gravitational-Wave Strong Lensing
Authors: Wierda A. Renske A. C. , Wempe Ewoud , Hannuksela Otto A. , Koopmans Léon V. E. , Van Den Broeck Chris 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
When gravitational waves pass near massive astrophysical objects, they can be gravitationally lensed. The lensing can split them into multiple wave fronts, magnify them, or imprint beating patterns on the waves. Here we focus on the multiple images produced by strong lensing. In particular, we investigate strong lensing forecasts, the rate of lensing, and the role of lensing statistics in strong lensing searches. Overall, we find a reasonable rate of lensed detections for double, triple, and quadruple images at the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA design sensitivity. We also report the rates for A+ and LIGO Voyager and briefly comment on potential improvements due to the inclusion of subthreshold triggers. We find that most galaxy-lensed events originate from redshifts z ∼ 1–4 and report the expected distribution of lensing parameters for the observed events. Besides forecasts, we investigate the role of lensing forecasts in strong lensing searches, which explore repeated event pairs. One problem associated with the searches is the rising number of event pairs, which leads to a rapidly increasing false alarm probability. We show how knowledge of the expected galaxy-lensing time delays in our searches allow us to tackle this problem. Once the time delays are included, the false alarm probability increases linearly (similar to nonlensed searches) instead of quadratically with time, significantly improving the search. For galaxy cluster lenses, the improvement is less significant. The main uncertainty associated with these forecasts are the merger-rate density estimates at high redshift, which may be better resolved in the future.
Glycolonitrile (HOCH2CN) Chemistry in Star-forming Regions
Authors: Zhao Guoming , Quan Donghui , Zhang Xia , Feng Gang , Zhou Jianjun , Li Dalei , Meng Qingkuan , Chang Qiang , Yang Xue , He Mingwei , Ma Ming-Shuo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Glycolonitrile (HOCH2CN) is an attractive interstellar prebiotic molecule. Glycolonitrile is considered not only as a possible precursor for glycine but also as a key intermediate for adenine formation. Recently, HOCH2CN was detected toward IRAS 16293−2422 B with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). In this study we perform a comprehensive modeling study on HOCH2CN chemistry under the physical conditions of IRAS 16293−2422 B’s cold envelope and hot corino evolutions using the astrochemical code NAUTILUS and the updated gas-grain chemical network. Our studies not only give the main reactions and the favorable physical conditions for the formation of HOCH2CN but also uncover that the observed glycolonitrile in the cold envelope originates from the gradual accumulation of the gas-phase molecules during the ambient cloud, freefall collapse, and warm-up phases of the cold envelope evolution, and in the hot corino it mainly comes from the accumulated ices during the hot corino evolution. Using the updated chemical network, we also conduct chemical simulations under the physical conditions of Sagittarius (Sgr) B2(N) evolution. The simulation results show that varying the cosmic-ray ionization rate is needed to best reproduce the observational upper limits of HOCH2CN and the observed abundances of CNCHO and CH2CNH toward Sgr B2(N). Moreover, we predict that HOCHCNH, OCH2CN, HOCHCN, HOCCNH, OCCNH, and OCCN have high abundances and may be detectable toward IRAS 16293−2422 B and Sgr B2(N).
Fast Scalar Quadratic Maximum Likelihood Estimators for the CMB B-mode Power Spectrum
Authors: Chen Jiming , Ghosh Shamik , Liu Hao , Santos Larissa , Fang Wenjuan , Li Siyu , Liu Yang , Li Hong , Wang Jiaxin , Zhang Le , Hu Bin , Zhao Wen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Constructing a fast and efficient estimator for the B-mode power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is of critical importance for CMB science. For a general CMB survey, the Quadratic Maximum Likelihood (QML) estimator for CMB polarization has been proved to be the optimal estimator with minimal uncertainties, but it is computationally very expensive. In this article, we propose two new QML methods for B-mode power spectrum estimation. We use the Smith–Zaldarriaga approach to prepare the pure B-mode map and the E-mode recycling method to obtain a leakage free B-mode map. We then use the scalar QML estimator to analyze the scalar pure B map (QML-SZ) or B-mode map (QML-TC). The QML-SZ and QML-TC estimators have similar error bars as the standard QML estimators but their computational cost is nearly one order of magnitude smaller. The basic idea is that one can construct the pure B-mode CMB map by using the E–B separation method proposed by Smith & Zaldarriaga (SZ) or the one considering the template cleaning (TC) technique, then apply the QML estimator to these scalar fields. By simulating potential observations of space-based and ground-based detectors, we test the reliability of these estimators by comparing them with the corresponding results of the traditional QML estimator and the pure B-mode pseudo-C

ℓ
estimator.
Contaminante: A Tool for Automatically Finding a Close-to-optimal Aperture for Transiting Signals in Kepler, K2, and TESS Data
Authors: Hedges Christina , Saunders Nicholas , Martínez-Palomera Jorge 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Together, NASA’s Kepler/K2 and TESS missions have produced image data and time-series of millions of stars. These data have been used to identify thousands of transiting planet candidates. Unfortunately, some transiting signals do not originate from the target of the mission, and instead originate from background or blended eclipsing binaries. Exoplanet candidates can be vetted by searching for evidence that a detected transiting signal originates outside of the aperture. Centroiding tests, such as those employed by the Kepler Pipeline, have proved useful for vetting exoplanet candidates which have been falsely identified due to background contamination. However, centroiding tests are not able to provide a light curve of the true transiting target, which is valuable for vetting the origin of the signal. We present the contaminante Python tool which, given Kepler/K2 or TESS data, automatically builds a pixel aperture (An aperture is defined as a contiguous selection of pixels in a stack of imagettes, known as a Target Pixel File.) that maximizes the transiting signal at a given period, transit mid point and duration. In this research note, we describe the procedure we use to determine that optimal aperture, and show a demonstration of the contaminante tool on a Kepler false positive.
The Distribution of Silicon and Magnesium over the Surface of 21 Com
Authors: Monier Richard 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Inspection of 10 individual spectra taken over the 24 hr monitoring of 21 Com with International Ultraviolet Explorer on 1991 April 17 reveals variations of low excitation lines of Si ii between rotational phases ϕ = 0.18 and ϕ = 0.65 of the 2 days period, suggesting a inhomogeneous repartition of silicon over the surface of 21 Com. The silicon lines are weaker at rotational phase ϕ = 0.18. More recent optical high resolution high signal-to-noise ELODIE spectra taken in 2004 April confirm the variations of silicon lines from phase ϕ = 0.99 to ϕ = 0.47. The synthesis of the optical Si ii lines yields estimates of the abundances of silicon: 8 times solar at phase 0.99 and 10 times solar at phase 0.47. The large FUV variations of 21 Com appear then to be partly due to changes in the silicon line and continuous opacity as the star rotates. In contrast, the Mg ii lines do not show convincing variations between the two rotational phases observed in the optical.
Accuracy of Newer Generation IOL Power Calculation Formulas in Eyes With High Axial Myopia
Authors: Lin Lei , Xu Mengxiang , Mo Er , Huang Shenghai , Qi Xiaoliang , Gu Siyi , Sun Weijie , Su Qiudong , Li Jin , Zhao Yun-e 
Published: November 2021

PURPOSE:
To compare the accuracy of the Barrett Universal II, Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO), Haigis, Kane, and SRK/T formulas for intraocular lens power calculation in patients with high axial myopia.

METHODS:
In this retrospective study, 175 eyes (175 patients) that underwent uneventful cataract surgery were enrolled. According to the axial length (AL), the eyes were divided into long AL (26 ⩽ AL < 28 mm), super long AL (28 ⩽ AL < 30 mm), and extremely long AL (⩾ 30 mm). The mean absolute prediction errors (MAE) 3 months postoperatively and the percentage of eyes within different prediction error were compared, followed by subgroup analysis.

RESULTS:

The MAE and percentage of eyes within ±0.50 diopters (D) of the five formulas were as follows: Barrett Universal II (0.342, 74.9%), EVO 2.0 (0.314, 82.3%), Haigis (0.336, 74.9%), Kane (0.318, 78.9%), and SRK/T (0.398, 69.7%) (
P
= .552 and .071, respectively). Although no significant difference was found among the five formulas in the super and extremely long AL groups (
P
= .792 and .227, respectively), the EVO 2.0 formula achieved the highest accuracy (88.9%, 72 of 81) in the long AL group (
P
= .049). Moreover, the accuracy of the EVO 2.0 and Haigis formulas was stable, regardless of AL. The SRK/T formula showed a negative trend in the long and super long AL groups, whereas the Barrett Universal II, Kane, and SRK/T formulas showed positive trends in the extremely long AL group.

CONCLUSIONS:
Overall, the EVO 2.0 and Kane formulas achieved better results in patients with high axial myopia, whereas the other three formulas showed slightly poor outcomes.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2021;37(11):754–758.]
African Swine Fever Virus pI215L Negatively Regulates cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway through Recruiting RNF138 to Inhibit K63-Linked Ubiquitination of TBK1
Authors: Huang Li , Xu Wenjie , Liu Hongyang , Xue Mengdi , Liu Xiaohong , Zhang Kunli , Hu Liang , Li Jiangnan , Liu Xuemin , Xiang Zhida , Zheng Jun , Li Changyao , Chen Weiye , Bu Zhigao , Xiong Tao , Weng Changjiang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
African swine fever is a severe animal infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), and the morbidity and mortality associated with virulent ASFV isolates are as high as 100%. Previous studies showed that the ability of ASFV to antagonize IFN production is closely related to its pathogenicity. Here, we report that ASFV HLJ/18 infection induced low levels of type I IFN and inhibited cGMP-AMP–induced type I IFN production in porcine alveolar macrophages that were isolated from specific pathogen-free Landrace piglets. Subsequently, an unbiased screen was performed to screen the ASFV genes with inhibitory effects on the type I IFN production. ASFV pI215L, a viral E2 ubiquitin–conjugating enzyme, was identified as one of the strongest inhibitory effectors on the production of type I IFN. Knockdown of pI215L expression inhibited ASFV replication and enhanced IFN-β production. However, inhibition of type I IFN production by pI215L was independent of its E2 enzyme activity. Furthermore, we found that pI215L inhibited type I IFN production and K63-linked polyubiquitination of TANK-binding kinase 1 through pI215L-binding RING finger protein 138 (RNF138). ASFV pI215L enhanced the interaction between RNF138 and RNF128 and promoted RNF138 to degrade RNF128, which resulted in reduced K63-linked polyubiquitination of TANK-binding kinase 1 and type І IFN production. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel immune escape mechanism of ASFV, which provides a clue to the design and development of an immune-sensitive attenuated live vaccine.
Exploring Challenges to COVID-19 Vaccination in the Darfur Region of Sudan
Authors: Mohamed Alanood Elnaeem , Elhadi Yasir Ahmed Mohammed , Mohammed Nora Alnaeem , Ekpenyong Aniekan , Lucero-Prisno Don Eliseo 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected the ability of health systems to provide essential services globally. The Darfur region, located in the western part of Sudan, has been largely devastated by the war that began in 2003 and has been drawing considerable attention from the international community. The war, which erupted as a result of environmental, political, and economic factors, has led to tragic outcomes. Collapsing health-care infrastructures, health workforce shortages, lack of storage facilities for medicines and medical products, and inadequate access to health services are some of the effects of the war. After Sudan received the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine through the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access facility, significant challenges have been implicated in the delivery, storage, and use of the vaccine in the Darfur region. Lack of vaccine storage and transportation facilities, vaccination hesitancy, inequity in the distribution to health facilities, and shortage of health-care professionals resulting from insecurity and instability have added an extra layer of burden on local authorities and their ability to manage COVID-19 vaccinations in the region adequately. Addressing the impact of COVID-19 requires an effectively managed vaccination program. In the face of current challenges in Darfur, ensuring a fully vaccinated population might remain far-fetched and improbable if meaningful efforts are not put in place by all stakeholders and actors to address some of the challenges identified.
Detección de toxicidad subclínica por plomo en niños provenientes de la Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo
Authors: Galvagno María Inés , Vallejo Mario , Villafañe Silvia Teresa , González Daniel Enrique , Fernández María Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Introducción: El plomo es un contaminante ambiental frecuente, y la exposición crónica a bajos niveles produce alteraciones en el área cognitiva y neuroconductual. La población más vulnerable es los niños entre 6 meses y 6 años. Actualmente, valores de plombemia (Pbs) mayores a 5 ug/dl requieren de una intervención. Sin embargo, no existe límite de seguridad en lo que se refiere a plombemia y neurotoxicidad.Población y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, aleatorizado en el Hospital Garrahan entre agosto de 2010 y abril de 2011, incluyéndose los pacientes que concurrieron espontáneamente a la consulta ambulatoria (Bajo y Mediano Riesgo) provenientes de la Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo, entre 1 y 6 años de edad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 237 pacientes, 2,7 años de edad promedio. Casi el 36% de la población incluída presentó plombemias mayores a 5 ug/dl. Del cuestionario surgió, como diferencia significativa entre los grupos, la existencia de algún trabajo de riesgo RR 3,9 (IC 95% 1,7 a 8,6) p0.0004 (metalúrgicos, mecánicos, gasistas –litargirio-, recolección de chatarra). El 94% presentó disminución significativa de la Pbs después de la intervención.
Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la población estudiada fue 36% (n:85p) para valores mayores a 5ug/dl. Con el cumplimiento de las medidas higiénico-ambientales propuestas, se logró una disminución significativa de la Pbs de los niños expuestos. Identificar las fuentes ambientales potenciales e instar a su eliminación es de suma importancia en la consulta pediátrica.
Stolberg’s Typology of Religioscientific Frameworks and Science and Religion Education in Ghana
Authors: Appiah Simon Kofi 
Published: November 2021

This research took cue from Stolberg’s work on the typology of religioscientific frameworks in the teaching and learning of science and religion to examine the importance of the intense religious orientation of Ghanaians for developing science education curriculum for Ghanaian institutions of learning. Using group interview and qualitative survey, the study investigated the beliefs and preferred strategies for life used by students of the University of Cape Coast. It was found that participants were not unaware of scientific convictions and solutions, but their beliefs and strategies tended more towards the cultural religious construction of life, where religion would seem to constitute an important source of knowledge with science playing only a pragmatic role. The study concluded that it was important for science education curriculum developers to consider the religious frameworks of teachers and learners when designing science education curriculum.
Stent-graft and double-guiding catheter technique to rescue iatrogenic coronary perforation
Authors: Ostrowska Ewa , Gąsecka Aleksandra , Mazurek Tomasz , Kochman Janusz 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionCoronary artery perforation (CAP) is an infrequent, yet life-threatening complication of percutaneous coronary interventions, posing a major risk of cardiac tamponade and mortality.Material and methodsWe report on effective management of Ellis type III CAP with use of double-guiding catheter technique and stent-graft implantation.ResultsProlonged balloon inflation via the first guiding catheter allows for temporary closure of the bleeding site. At the same time, stent-graft is inserted via the second guiding catheter to seal the perforation. After rapid deflation of the balloon, the stent is immediately advanced and expanded.ConclusionsThe procedure minimises the time between deflation of the balloon and implantation of the stent-graft, allowing for successful bleeding cessation.
Developing a radiation field-based monitoring system for the transport and storage cask inventory during extended interim storage
Authors: Stephan Mira , Reinicke Sebastian , Kratzsch Alexander , Wagner Michael , Kobelt Sebastian , Hampel Uwe 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. High-level radioactive waste must be stored safely for a very long time but a
suitable site for long-term storage is yet to be found. Additionally, in
Germany the licence for transport and storage of casks is limited to 40 years,
beginning at the time of emplacement and begins to expire for the first
containers in the 2030s. To resolve the conflict between not having a final
repository in time and the licence expiring, the licence must be extended
while ensuring uninterrupted safe storage and safe transport. The DCS-Monitor
II research project supports this process by investigating approaches to
noninvasive, radiation field-based diagnostics that enable the observation of
potential geometric changes of the cask inventory. Previous feasibility
studies in the predecessor project DCS-Monitor I showed that cask monitoring
using gamma radiation, neutron fields and cosmic muons is promising. In the
ongoing research project presented here, the investigations on the
qualification of radiation field-based diagnostics are extended via
simulations. For muon imaging, a suitable procedure which solves the inverse
problem to monitor the cask inventory is implemented. In addition, a partially
automated gamma and neutron measurement system is being constructed and a muon
detector is being developed and built. Both systems will be tested in field
studies on large scale geometries and real containers.
Impact of Radiation-Induced Microstructures on the Integrity of Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) Elements in Long-Term Storage
Authors: Yanikömer Neslihan , Nabbi Rahim , Fischer-Appelt Klaus 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The current safety concept provides for a period in the range of 40 years for
interim storage of spent fuel elements. Since the requirement for proof of
safety for to up to 100 years arises, the integrity of the spent fuel elements
in prolonged interim storage and long-term repositories is becoming a critical
issue. In response to this safety matter, this study aims to assess the impact
of radiation-induced microstructures on the mechanical properties of spent
fuel elements, in order to provide reliable structural performance limits and
safety margins. The physical processes involved in radiation damage and the effect of
radiation damage on mechanical properties are inherently multiscalar and
hierarchical. Damage evolution under irradiation begins at the atomic scale,
with primary knock-on atoms (PKAs) resulting in displacement cascades (primary
damage), followed by the defect clusters leading to microstructural
deformations. In this context, we have developed and applied a multiscale
simulation methodology consistent with the multistage damage mechanisms and
the corresponding effects on the mechanical properties of spent fuel cladding
and its integrity. Within the improved hierarchical modelling sequence, the
effect of the radiation field on the fuel element cladding material
(Zircalloy-4) is assessed using Monte Carlo methods. A molecular dynamics
method is employed to model damage formation by PKAs and primary damage defect
configurations. The formation of clusters and evolution of microstructures are
simulated by extending the simulation sequence to a longer time scale with the
kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method. Transferring the calculated radiation-induced microstructures into macroscopic
quantities is ultimately decisive for the structural/mechanical behaviour and
stability of the cladding material, and thus for long-term integrity of the
spent fuel elements. Results of the multiscale modelling and simulations as
well as a comparison with experimental results will be presented at the
conference session.
Hydro-mechanical effects of seismic events in crystalline rock barriers
Authors: Kern Dominik , Magri Fabien , Malkovsky Victor I. , Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Under ideal conditions, owing to its extremely low matrix permeability, crystalline rock can constitute a suitable hydro-geological barrier. Mechanically, its high strength and stiffness provide advantages when constructing a repository and for long-term stability. However, crystalline rock usually occurs in a fractured form, which can drastically alter hydromechanical (HM) barrier functions due to increased permeability and decreased strength. Seismic events have the potential to alter these HM properties by activating faults, increasing their transmissibility, creating new fractures or altering network connectivity (De Rubeis et al., 2010). Therefore, it is of high importance to build computational models to allow assessment of the HM effects of seismic events in a Deep Geologic Repository (DGR) in crystalline rock, as illustrated in Fig. 1. For this purpose, we consider a DGR in Russia (Yeniseysky site) for high-level waste in crystalline rock (Proterozoic and Archaean gneiss complexes) that is located close to a potentially seismically active area (Jobmann, 2016). Here, we present a coupled HM simulation, using OpenGeoSys (Kolditz et al., 2012), of a large-scale, three-dimensional finite-element model of the Yeniseysky site to assess the consequences of seismically induced stress-field changes on the local stress field and the fluid flow. This research also provides an outlook of current model development geared towards a more detailed assessment of seismically induced hydro-mechanical processes in porous and fractured rocks.