bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Genetic Diversity and Relationship of 100 Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Lines Based on Morphological Characters
Authors: Heryanto R , Syukur C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is belong to family Zingiberaceae which the fruit is not rhizome. This plant is phenomenal in spice as called “queen of spices”. Cardamom is not only used as a food additive in cooking but also is used in traditional medicine. In Indonesia, cardamom has two types, namely Java cardamom (Amomum compactum) and small or true cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). This study aims to determine genetic diversity and relationship between 100 cardamom lines based on their morphological characteristics. This experiment was carried out conducted at the Manoko Research Station from January 2019 to December 2019. The seeds used are 100 lines from cross-pollination of cardamom parents. Seeds are planted in a 30 cm x 30 polybag filled with soil and manure. Morphological traits parameters observed divided into two categories are a quantitative and qualitative character. Morphological quantitative traits include plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf thickness. Whereas qualitative morphological characteristics are leaf color, leaf shape, leaf base shape, and leaf tip shape. The value of genetic diversity, which a big show by the morphology characteristics is the number of tillers, number of leaves, stem diameter, and leaf thickness where shows the coefficient variety value more than 25%. Cluster analysis created three major groups.
Survey of Cassava Anthracnose Disease Occurrence in Various Local Cultivars of Cassava Cultivated in Regency of Gunungkidul, Special Region of Yogyakarta
Authors: Aisyah S N , Hasbiyallah M S , Huzaeni A , Trisnawati D W , Nurkomar I , Jamsari J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cassava farmers in Regency of Gunungkidul prefer to cultivate local cultivars of cassava, hence allowing the region to have a high diversity of cassava germplasm. However, improper cultivation system applied by local farmers triggered the infection of several diseases, including cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) caused by Colletotrichum sp. This study was aimed to compare the disease occurrence of CAD infecting various local cultivars of cassava cultivated in Regency of Gunungkidul. This study was carried out through survey where samples were selected using purposive sampling method. Incidence of CAD was thoroughly observed from nine local cultivars (Gatotkaca, Adira, Jawa, Ketan Putih, Ketan Merah, Gambyong, Manalagi, Kirik and Bamban) cultivated in several sub districts in Regency of Gunungkidul. Each cultivars was represented by 18 plants. Cropping system applied in all cultivars was also observed. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance and the significance among cultivars was further assessed using DNMRT with a p<0.05. Results showed high incidence and severity of CAD were recorded from bitter cassava cultivars (Gatot Kaca, Kirik, Jawa, Gambyong, Bamban) where Gatot Kaca cultivar was assumed to be the most susceptible one. CAD infection in these bitter cassava cultivars was predicted to be transmitted through planting materials. The use of shady-stored stake from the previous planting season might be associated with this pathogen transmission, thus resulting in higher CAD severity.
The paclobutrazol application and pinching technique on Lisianthus plants (Eustoma grandiflorum)
Authors: Widyastuti T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The research concerns on the paclobutrazol application and the pinching technique on Lisianthus plants (Eustoma grandiflorum). This research aimed to determine the appropriate time to apply the paclobutrazol and pinching technique suitable for Lisianthus potted plants. This study was carried out using factorial experiments consisting of two factors, arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. The first factor was the time of application of paclobutrazol that consist of A0 (Without paclobutrazol application), A1 (Application of paclobutrazol 6 days after planting), A2 (Application of paclobutrazol 12 days after planting), A3 (Application of paclobutrazol 18 days after planting). The second factor of technique pinching was P0 (Without pinching), P1 (Single pinching technique), P2 (1½ pinching technique), P3 (Double pinching technique). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance at the 5% level and mean separations with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the application of paclobutrazol and pinching technique could shorten Lisianthus plants. The application of paclobutrazol decreased the number of flowers per plant and shortened the flower stalks. The pinching technique increases the number of branches, number of internodes, number of nodes, number of flowers per plant. The application of paclobutrazol 18 days after planting and double pinching techniques were able to shorten the height of lisianthus plants with dense branching and many flowers.
Comparative study of hot corrosion behavior of bare and plasma sprayed Al2O3-40%TiO2 coated T-91, A-1 boiler steel and Superfer800H superalloy in Na2SO4-60%V2O5 salt environment
Authors: Ansari Mohd Shadab , Bansal Amit , Chawla Vikas , Aggarwal Vivek 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the present study, the bi-layer NiCrAlY/Al2O3-40%TiO2 coating was deposited on the three substrates (A-1, T-91, & Superfer800H) by utilizing a plasma spray technique. NiCrAlY was used as a bond coat for ensuring a proper mechanical anchorage of the topcoat (Al2O3-40%TiO2) on to it. The hot corrosion behavior of the coated as well as uncoated substrate was evaluated in an aggressive environment of Na2SO4-60%V2O5 molten salt at 900 °C for 50 cycles (1 h of heating followed by 20 min of cooling at ambient temperature). Thermogravimetric analysis was done to establish the corrosion kinetics of the coated as well as the uncoated substrate. The surface morphology of the as-sprayed and corroded products was analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) system, and various phases formed were analyzed by utilizing an x-ray Diffraction (XRD) apparatus. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) is the principal phase formed in the tested uncoated substrate which is non-protective in nature; whereas the presence of Al, and Ti oxides along with some minor oxides of Ni, and Cr were observed in the oxide scale of the tested coated substrate, which are protective and remain stable even at harsh environment condition. The weight gain shown by the coated substrate is less as compared to the uncoated substrate, which indicates the usefulness of the coating.
Preparation of heat resistant boron-containing phenyl silicone oil and its initial degradation mechanism in air
Authors: Jiang Nianxin , Zhou Zhengfa , Xu Weibing , Ma Haihong , Ren Fengmei 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Boron-containing phenyl silicone oil (BCPSO) with terminal boronic hydroxyl groups was synthesized by acid-catalyzed balance condensation polymerization using phenylboric acid, dimethyldichlorosilane and diphenyldichlorosilane as raw materials. The structure of BCPSO was characterized by 1H, 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The thermal degradation behavior of BCPSO was tested by thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) analysis. The TG-FTIR results indicated that thermal decomposition of BCPSO had significant hysteresis over that of phenyl silicone oil. The empty electron orbital of boron atom could accept electron of peroxide free radical to generate conjugation effect at initial degradation stage of BCPSO, and this phenomenon was confirmed by 11B NMR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. As a result, temporarily stable intermediate was formed which increased the heat resistant of BCPSO.
Arc erosion resistance of CuCrMo films deposited via magnetron sputtering
Authors: Kai Li , Xiaojun Miao , Dan Qian , Li Yulou , Yu Meng , Yajuan Pang , Bo Yang , Yanhuai Li , Liucheng Hao , Yanyan Fan , Zhongxiao Song 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Copper-chromium (CuCr) alloys are widely used as electrical contact materials, and their arc erosion resistance can be improved by reducing the sizes of the Cu and Cr phases or by adding Mo. In this study, supersaturation solid solutions of CuCr and CuCrMo films were prepared via magnetron sputtering. After annealing at 773 K, the CuCr and CuCrMo films are composed of a small Cu-rich face-centred cubic phase and a Cr-rich body-centred cubic phase. Meanwhile, the addition of Mo reduces the diffusion rate during annealing. The lattice distortion of the CuCrMo thin film exceeds that of the CuCr film, and the elastic modulus and hardness increase. Compared with those of the CuCr film, the erosion area of the CuCrMo film is larger, and the depth of the erosion pit is lower. The arc erosion experiment proved that CuCrMo films exhibit satisfactory arc erosion resistance.
Characterization of Resistive Hotspots induced in Superconducting NbTi thin film by an electrical current pulse
Authors: Harrabi K , Mekki A , Bahlouli H , Mathieu P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We report on the creation of resistive states in NbTi superconducting filament on polished crystalline Al2O3 using the current driven pulse technique. A current pulse larger than the depairing current (Ic) initiates a dissipation in a localized spot. The non-equilibrium state described by the two dissipative mechanism pinpointed as hotspot and phase slip center. A time dependent voltage response exposes the collapse of superconductivity that occurs after a certain delay time td. We found that hotspots occur at temperatures much lower than the transition temperature. This can be clearly seen in a current versus temperature diagram. The thermal cooling and heat escape times were extracted from fitting the experimental data of the delay time to Tinkham’s amended version of the Time-Dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL). The temperatures reached at the core of hotspots were determined without any parameter adjustment.
Recent advances of single-atom electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Ma Zhixue , Niu Lijuan , Jiang Wenshuai , Dong Chenxi , Liu Guohua , Qu Dan , An Li , Sun Zaicheng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sustainable, renewable and scalable production of highly pure hydrogen gas through hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in electrochemical water splitting requires efficient and stable electrocatalysts. Single atom catalysts (SACs) with significant merits such as the maximum atom-utilization efficiency, unique electronic structure and fascinating properties, are considered as promising candidates electrocatalysts for HER. Based on this, recent developments of effective synthetic methodology toward SACs are summarized. Subsequently, the synergistic coupling interaction between the catalytic activity and SACs including the perspective of coordination environment, local structural identification and metal-support interaction are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities are briefly addressed to improve the performance of single-atom electrocatalysts for HER, which might offer some insights for applications in hydrogen production.
Light by design: emerging frontiers in ultrafast photon sciences and light–matter interactions
Authors: Carbajo Sergio 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Photon sciences and technologies establish the building blocks for myriad scientific and engineering frontiers in life and energy sciences. Because of their overarching functionality, the developmental roadmap and opportunities underpinned by photonics are often semiotically mediated by the delineation of subject areas of application. In this perspective article, we map current and emerging linkages between three intersecting areas of research stewarded by advanced photonics technologies, namely light by design, outlined as (a) quantum and structured photonics, (b) light–matter interactions in accelerators and accelerator-based light sources, and (c) ultrafast sciences and quantum molecular dynamics. In each section, we will concentrate on state-of-the-art achievements and present prospective applications in life sciences, biochemistry, quantum optics and information sciences, and environmental and chemical engineering, all founded on a broad range of photon sources and methodologies. We hope that this interconnected mapping of challenges and opportunities seeds new concepts, theory, and experiments in the advancement of ultrafast photon sciences and light–matter interactions. Through this mapping, we hope to inspire a critically interdisciplinary approach to the science and applications of light by design.
Lead-free halide perovskites, beyond solar cells and LEDs
Authors: Pareja-Rivera Carina , Morett Diego , Barreiro-Argüelles Denisse , Olalde-Velasco Paul , Solis-Ibarra Diego 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the last decade, halide perovskites have seen tremendous advancements, primarily in the field of solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, their remarkable optical and electronic properties are not only amenable for their use in solar cells and LEDs; as they can also be used for several other applications. While most research has focused on lead-based perovskites, their lead-free counterparts offer several potential advantages. Some of these advantages include reduced toxicity, improved stability, and a more diverse chemistry. Herein, we review some of the ‘other’ most notable applications of lead-free perovskites, including their use as photodetectors, photocatalysts, memristors, field-effect transistors, among others. We conclude by highlighting some of the pressing challenges and promising research avenues in the field.
Developing and evaluating a frailty index for older South Africans—findings from the HAALSI study
Authors: Barker Fred J , Davies Justine I , Gomez-Olive F Xavier , Kahn Kathleen , Matthews Fiona E , Payne Collin F , Salomon Joshua A , Tollman Stephen M , Wade Alisha N , Walker Richard W , Witham Miles D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
despite rapid population ageing, few studies have investigated frailty in older people in sub-Saharan Africa. We tested a cumulative deficit frailty index in a population of older people from rural South Africa.

Methods
analysis of cross-sectional data from the Health and Ageing in Africa: Longitudinal Studies of an INDEPTH Community (HAALSI) study. We used self-reported diagnoses, symptoms, activities of daily living, objective physiological indices and blood tests to calculate a 32-variable cumulative deficit frailty index. We fitted Cox proportional hazards models to test associations between frailty category and all-cause mortality. We tested the discriminant ability of the frailty index to predict one-year mortality alone and in addition to age and sex.

Results
in total 3,989 participants were included in the analysis, mean age 61 years (standard deviation 13); 2,175 (54.5%) were women. The median frailty index was 0.13 (interquartile range 0.09–0.19); Using population-specific cutoffs, 557 (14.0%) had moderate frailty and 263 (6.6%) had severe frailty. All-cause mortality risk was related to frailty severity independent of age and sex (hazard ratio per 0.01 increase in frailty index: 1.06 [95% confidence interval 1.04–1.07]). The frailty index alone showed moderate discrimination for one-year mortality: c-statistic 0.68–0.76; combining the frailty index with age and sex improved performance (c-statistic 0.77–0.81).

Conclusion
frailty measured by cumulative deficits is common and predicts mortality in a rural population of older South Africans. The number of measures needed may limit utility in resource-poor settings.
Global characterization of B cell receptor repertoire in COVID-19 patients by single-cell V(D)J sequencing
Authors: Jin Xiyun , Zhou Wenyang , Luo Meng , Wang Pingping , Xu Zhaochun , Ma Kexin , Cao Huimin , Xu Chang , Huang Yan , Cheng Rui , Xiao Lixing , Lin Xiaoyu , Pang Fenglan , Li Yiqun , Nie Huan , Jiang Qinghua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe world is facing a pandemic of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Adaptive immune responses are essential for SARS-CoV-2 virus clearance. Although a large body of studies have been conducted to investigate the immune mechanism in COVID-19 patients, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the BCR repertoire in patients. In this study, we used the single-cell V(D)J sequencing to characterize the BCR repertoire across convalescent COVID-19 patients. We observed that the BCR diversity was significantly reduced in disease compared with healthy controls. And BCRs tend to skew toward different V gene segments in COVID-19 and healthy controls. The CDR3 sequences of heavy chain in clonal BCRs in patients were more convergent than that in healthy controls. In addition, we discovered increased IgG and IgA isotypes in the disease, including IgG1, IgG3 and IgA1. In all clonal BCRs, IgG isotypes had the most frequent class switch recombination events and the highest somatic hypermutation rate, especially IgG3. Moreover, we found that an IgG3 cluster from different clonal groups had the same IGHV, IGHJ and CDR3 sequences (IGHV4-4-CARLANTNQFYDSSSYLNAMDVW-IGHJ6). Overall, our study provides a comprehensive characterization of the BCR repertoire in COVID-19 patients, which contributes to the understanding of the mechanism for the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Disrupting Human Rights: A Social Work Response to the Lockdown of Social Housing Residents
Authors: Robinson Kim , Briskman Linda , Mayar Ring 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe article probes the disproportionate impact on marginalised populations to reduce the spread of COVID-19 (COVID-19 is an acronym that stands for coronavirus disease of 2019).. It explores this problematic through research with refugees residing in social housing in Melbourne, Australia. The focus is on the specific pressures facing this cohort with the 2020 deployment, without notice, of armed police to enforce lockdown in the central Melbourne housing high rise tower estates. Our research methodology comprises narrating experiences of a community leader who had direct contact with residents and is a co-author of this article; accounts arising from an African community forum and a review of media sources that are attentive to voice. From a thematic analysis, we found consistency of narrative for a cohort whose voices had previously been excluded from the public domain. The themes were in three key areas: representation and employment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse social workers and community workers; restoration of human rights to those experiencing state-sanctioned violence; and the application of critical multicultural social work practice. We apply theorising derived from Helen Taylor and Jacques Derrida, and argue that responses to crises should be led by the wisdom of affected communities, in keeping with critical social work theories and practices.
New Methodology to Study the Dispersive Component of the Surface Energy and Acid–Base Properties of Silica Particles by Inverse Gas Chromatography at Infinite Dilution
Authors: Hamieh Tayssir 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A new methodology was proposed to determine the dispersive component of the surface energy ${\gamma}_s^d$ of a solid taking into account the effect of the temperature on the surface area of n-alkanes, methylene group (${a}_{- CH2-}$) and polar molecules, thus defeating the method used by Dorris–Gray Schultz et al. We determined the correct ${\gamma}_s^d$ of the surface energy, the specific free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption of polar molecules as well as the acid base constants of silica particles with an excellent accuracy. We confirmed the dependence of the dispersive component of the surface energy on the variations of the surface areas of organic molecules used in IGC technique at infinite dilution. The specific properties of interactions of silica particles were determined. The new proposed model took into account this thermal effect. Obtained results proved that the other used IGC methods gave inaccurate values of the specific parameters of silica surface, except for the vapor pressure method that led to excellent results of the specific free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption, and the acid–base constants of the silica particles.
Investigating the gill-oxygen limitation hypothesis in fishes: intraspecific scaling relationships of metabolic rate and gill surface area
Authors: Scheuffele Hanna , Jutfelt Fredrik , Clark Timothy D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many ectotherms have shown a reduction in maximum body size in the past decades in parallel with climate warming. Indeed, some models forecast a maximum body size decline of 14%–24% by 2050 for numerous fish species. The gill-oxygen limitation (GOL) hypothesis is perhaps the most prominent concept regarding the physiological mechanisms underlying the observed trends, implicating oxygen uptake limitations in driving the decline in fish body size with warming. Current scientific debates, however, demonstrate a clear need for a synthesis of existing empirical evidence to test the fundamental assumptions of the GOL hypothesis. Here, we perform a systematic literature review of the intraspecific allometry of gill surface area (GSA) and metabolic rate. Additionally, we introduce a new parameter, the ratio S, which provides a measure of GSA in relation to the metabolic requirements for maintenance (SSMR) and maximum activity (SAMR). Support for the GOL hypothesis would be evidenced by a universal decline in S with increasing body mass within each species, such that gills become less equipped to supply metabolic requirements as fish grow. In contrast to the predictions of the GOL hypothesis, we show that the scaling exponents for SSMR and SAMR are consistently close to zero, with only a few exceptions where S either increased or decreased. These findings suggest that the GSA of each species is sufficient to meet its oxygen requirements throughout life, and that growth is not universally restricted by oxygen uptake limitations across the gills. We identify the need to investigate hypotheses other than the GOL hypothesis to help explain the observed declines in maximum fish body sizes concurrent with climate warming, in order to facilitate accurate predictions of fish community structure and manage fisheries in the face of climate change.
Ileocolic Resection for Crohn Disease: The Influence of Different Surgical Techniques on Perioperative Outcomes, Recurrence Rates, and Endoscopic Surveillance
Authors: Click Benjamin , Merchea Amit , Colibaseanu Dorin T , Regueiro Miguel , Farraye Francis A , Stocchi Luca 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIleocolic resection (ICR) is the most common surgical procedure in Crohn disease (CD). There are many surgical techniques for performing ICRs and subsequent anastomoses. Recurrence of CD after ICR is common, often clinically silent, and thus requires monitoring including periodic use of endoscopy to detect early active disease. There is emerging evidence that surgical approaches may influence CD recurrence. This review explores the various surgical considerations, the data behind each decision, and how these techniques influence subsequent endoscopic surveillance.