bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early intervention evidence for infants with or at risk for cerebral palsy: an overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Damiano Diane L , Longo Egmar 
Published: April 2021

AimTo perform an overview of systematic reviews and more recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on early motor interventions in infants aged 0 to 3 years with or at risk of cerebral palsy to inform current clinical and research efforts and provide a benchmark to assess future interventions ideally initiated within the first 6 months.MethodStandardized searches of the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were conducted for systematic reviews (2009–2020) and RCTs (2015–2020).ResultsFrom 840 unique records, 31 full texts were reviewed, yielding three systematic reviews encompassing 46 studies, 16 with comparison groups, and six additional RCTs that met the criteria. Two enrichment‐ and activity‐based approaches had medium effect sizes on motor development, only one with low risk of bias; two others had large task‐specific effect sizes but some bias concerns; and three enriched environment studies with some bias concerns had medium effect sizes on cognitive development. Most had small or no effect sizes, bias concerns, and uncertain diagnostic determinations.InterpretationData synthesis revealed limited data quantity and quality, and suggest, although not yet confirmed, greater benefit from early versus later intervention. Research efforts with greater early diagnostic precision and earlier intervention are accelerating, which may transform future outcomes and practices.What this paper adds

For over 50% of trials within the reviews, the intervention was compared to standard care with only two showing efficacy.

Similar to results in older children, constraint‐induced movement therapy (CIMT) emerged as efficacious with high effect sizes.

CIMT was not superior to similarly intense bimanual training or occupational therapy.

Goals‐Activity‐Motor Enrichment intervention initiated before 5 months of age was superior to equally intense standard care.

Several other enriched environment strategies promoted cognitive and/or motor development.
Cholesterol‐recognition motifs in the transmembrane domain of the tyrosine kinase receptor family: The case of TRKB
Authors: Cannarozzo Cecilia , Fred Senem Merve , Girych Mykhailo , Biojone Caroline , Enkavi Giray , Róg Tomasz , Vattulainen Ilpo , Casarotto Plinio C , Castrén Eero 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCholesterol is an essential constituent of cell membranes. The discovery of cholesterol‐recognition amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif in proteins indicated a putative direct, non‐covalent interaction between cholesterol and proteins. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of a CRAC motif and its inverted version (CARC) in the transmembrane region (TMR) of the tyrosine kinase receptor family (RTK) in several species using in silico methods. CRAC motifs were found across all species analyzed, while CARC was found only in vertebrates. The tropomyosin‐related kinase B (TRKB), a member of the RTK family, through interaction with its endogenous ligand brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a core participant in the neuronal plasticity process and exhibits a CARC motif in its TMR. Upon identifying the conserved CARC motif in the TRKB, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the mouse TRKB.TMR. The simulations indicated that cholesterol interaction with the TRKB CARC motif occurs mainly at the central Y433 residue. Our binding assay suggested a bell‐shaped effect of cholesterol on BDNF interaction with TRKB receptors, and our results suggest that CARC/CRAC motifs may play a role in the function of the RTK family TMR.
Neurodevelopmental origins of substance use disorders: Evidence from animal models of early‐life adversity and addiction
Authors: Levis Sophia C. , Baram Tallie Z. , Mahler Stephen V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAddiction is a chronic relapsing disorder with devastating personal, societal, and economic consequences. In humans, early‐life adversity (ELA) such as trauma, neglect, and resource scarcity are linked with increased risk of later‐life addiction, but the brain mechanisms underlying this link are still poorly understood. Here, we focus on data from rodent models of ELA and addiction, in which causal effects of ELA on later‐life responses to drugs and the neurodevelopmental mechanisms by which ELA increases vulnerability to addiction can be determined. We first summarize evidence for a link between ELA and addiction in humans, then describe how ELA is commonly modeled in rodents. Since addiction is a heterogeneous disease with many individually varying behavioral aspects that may be impacted by ELA, we next discuss common rodent assays of addiction‐like behaviors. We then summarize the specific addiction‐relevant behavioral phenotypes caused by ELA in male and female rodents and discuss some of the underlying changes in brain reward and stress circuits that are likely responsible. By better understanding the behavioral and neural mechanisms by which ELA promotes addiction vulnerability, we hope to facilitate development of new approaches for preventing or treating addiction in those with a history of ELA.
Defluoridation of drinking water using a ceramic filter decorated with iron oxide‐biochar composites
Authors: Mandoreba Cynthia , Gwenzi Willis , Chaukura Nhamo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile effective defluoridation methods have been developed, most of them are expensive and difficult to apply at a household level. One safe, low‐cost, decentralized water treatment method which is attracting research attention is the use of ceramic filters (CFs). Few studies have explored the use of biochar composites in CFs for defluoridation of water, with the bulk of them being based on batch and column experiments. The aim of this work was to develop, and evaluate a laboratory‐scale, low‐cost CF using clay, sawdust, and iron oxide‐biochar (FBC) for fluoride removal in synthetic and real water samples. Three CFs were fabricated with varying FBC content (0%, 5%, and 10%). Water absorption, apparent porosity, and flow rate decreased with decreasing FBC content, while the impact strength increased with decreasing FBC content. The CFs reduced the fluoride concentration of both the ground water, and synthetic water to below the WHO recommended limit (1.5 mg/L). While further studies are required to optimize the CF, the results demonstrate that a CF decorated with FBC composites is effective for defluoridation of drinking water.
An intersectional pathway penalty: Filipina immigrant women inside and outside Canada’s Live‐In Caregiver Program
Authors: Lightman Naomi , Banerjee Rupa , Tungohan Ethel , de Leon Conely , Kelly Philip 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study uses Statistics Canada's Longitudinal Immigration Database to examine the ‘intersectional pathway penalty’ experienced by immigrant women from the Philippines entering Canada between 1996 and 2016 through three immigration categories. Estimating a series of growth curve models of employment income for 642,885 women, we compare Filipina immigrants’ earnings trajectories with female immigrants from other source countries to highlight how country of origin intersects with entry class to affect immigrant women's post‐migration labour market integration. Viewed through the lens of intersectionality, our results indicate that processes of differentiation tied to race and immigrant status result in Filipina women outperforming comparable women from other sources countries within the Live‐in Caregiver Program, where earnings are consistently lowest. However, within the higher earning Federal Skilled Worker Program entry class, Filipinas experience downward labour market mobility relative to women from other source countries, ultimately emphasizing the devalued nature of care work.
Differentiating impacts of non‐pharmaceutical interventions on non‐coronavirus disease‐2019 respiratory viral infections: Hospital‐based retrospective observational study in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Andrew Po‐Liang , Chu Isaac Yen‐Hao , Yeh Mei‐Lin , Chen Yin‐Yin , Lee Chia‐Lin , Lin Hsiao‐Hsuan , Chan Yu‐Jiun , Chen Hsin‐Pai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhysical distancing and facemask use are worldwide recognized as effective non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against the coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19). Since January 2020, Taiwan has introduced both NPIs but their effectiveness on non‐COVID‐19 respiratory viruses (NCRVs) remain underexplored.MethodsThis retrospective observational study examined electronic records at a tertiary hospital in northern Taiwan from pre‐COVID (January–December 2019) to post‐COVID period (January–May 2020). Patients with respiratory syndromes were tested for both enveloped (eg, influenza virus and seasonal coronavirus) and non‐enveloped RVs (eg, enterovirus and rhinovirus) using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Monthly positivity rates of NCRVs among adult and pediatric patients were analyzed with comparison between pre‐ and post‐COVID periods.ResultsA total of 9693 patients underwent 12 127 multiplex RT‐PCR tests. The average positivity rate of NCRVs reduced by 11.2% (25.6% to 14.4%) after nationwide PHIs. Despite the COVID‐19 pandemic, the most commonly identified enveloped and non‐enveloped viruses were influenza virus and enterovirus/rhinovirus, respectively. Observed reduction in NCRV incidence was predominantly contributed by enveloped NCRVs including influenza viruses. We did not observe epidemiological impacts of NPIs on non‐enveloped viruses but an increasing trend in enterovirus/rhinovirus test positivity rate among pediatric patients. Our data were validated using Taiwan's national notification database.ConclusionsOur frontline investigation suggests that the current NPIs in Taiwan might not effectively control the transmission of non‐enveloped respiratory viruses, despite their protective effects against influenza and seasonal coronavirus. Health authorities may consider using hydrogen peroxide or chloride‐based disinfectants as additional preventative strategies against non‐enveloped respiratory viruses in the post‐COVID‐19 era.
Notopodial “spinning glands” of Sthenelanella (Annelida: Sigalionidae) are modified chaetal sacs
Authors: Tilic Ekin , Geratz Alicia , Rouse Greg W. , Bartolomaeus Thomas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSthenelanella is an unusual genus of tube‐dwelling scale worms, with fine fibrous threads that appear on either side of the body. These fibers emerge dorsally in long silvery bundles that are then tightly interwoven to construct the felt‐like material of the tube. In the literature, these fibers are described as the products of so‐called “spinning glands.” In this article, we investigated the ultrastructure of these notopodial fibers and show that they are annelid chaetae. Three or four dynamic microvilli of a basal chaetoblast form each of these feltage chaetae, making them the thinnest known annelid bristles. Our results show that the spinning glands of Sthenelanella uniformis are additional, highly modified notopodial chaetal sacs. We also show that the follicle cells, by their secretion of the enamel layer, play an active role in shaping the final chaeta. These findings not only increase the known morphological diversity of chaetae but also demonstrate the apparent plasticity of the machinery that form these chitinous structures. Our results are compared with chaetae in other annelids, with a particular focus on similar fibrous chaetae in Aphroditiformia.
Effects of acid leaching treatment of soda‐lime silicate glass on crack initiation and fracture
Authors: Sheth Nisha , Greenley Carl , Bermejo Raul , Mauro John C. , Pantano Carlo G. , Kim Seong H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWater or acid soaking surface treatments have been shown to increase the mechanical strength of soda‐lime silicate (SLS) glasses. This increase in strength has traditionally been attributed to effects related to residual stress or changes in fracture resistance. In this work, we report experimental data that cannot be explained based on the existing knowledge of glass surface mechanics. In dry environments, annealed and acid‐leached SLS surfaces have comparable crack initiation stress and fracture stress as measured by Hertzian indentation and biaxial bending tests, respectively. Yet, in the presence of humidity, acid‐leached surfaces have higher failure stress than the annealed surfaces. This apparent enhancement in the crack resistance of the acid‐leached surface of SLS glass in humid environments supports the hypothesis that acid‐leached surface chemistry can lower the transport kinetics of molecular water to critical flaws.
Totally peripheral approach for ICD lead vegetation removal in a GUCH patient
Authors: Tarzia Vincenzo , Tessari Chiara , Bagozzi Lorenzo , Migliore Federico , Pittarello Demetrio , Zanella Fabio , Bertaglia Emanuele , Fabozzo Assunta , Gerosa Gino 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAngioVac system (AngioDynamics) has already proved to be a useful tool in the treatment of thrombotic and endocarditic formations concerning the venous district. Herein, the AngioVac aspiration system combined with the bidirectional rotational Evolution mechanical sheath lead extraction was used for an effective and safety cardiac‐device‐related‐infective‐endocarditis removal in a grown‐up congenital heart disease patient through a totally peripheral approach.
Efficacy and tolerability of a detergent and care component for rosacea patients: A split‐face, vehicle‐controlled, randomized trial
Authors: Guertler Anne , Niesert Anne Charlotte , Wilhelm Klaus‐Peter , Knuhr Katrin , Brandt Marianne , French Lars E. , Reinholz Markus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe treatment of facial erythema and subjective symptoms of rosacea patients remains challenging in clinical practice. Cosmeceuticals, care components containing active ingredients such as phytochemicals, play a growing role in treatment plans. However, well‐designed studies on their efficacy and limitations are widely missing.ObjectiveA foam and a cream for rosacea patients were assessed based on objective and subjective methodology. The tolerability of skin and eyes was evaluated.MethodsA randomized, double‐blinded, split‐face, and vehicle‐controlled trial was conducted. At baseline and after four weeks of product use, dermatological and ophthalmological investigations were performed, employing image analysis of facial erythema, clinical assessments, and questionnaires.ResultsThe patient cohort comprised 33 females with persistent facial erythema due to rosacea. No significant differences were found between the vehicle and the verum. According to the analysis of facial erythema, a “less pronounced” or “much less pronounced” appearance was seen in two thirds of patients comparing V1 to V0. Especially, the dryness of the skin improved by the use of the vehicle and the verum. Adverse subjective skin sensations decreased by 61.3% for the verum side and by 58.6% for the vehicle side. Subjective and objective analysis of ocular manifestation differed, with subjective manifestations reported more frequently, thus highlighting underdiagnosis of ocular rosacea.ConclusionsAs no clear differences between the verum and the vehicle were found, an optimal skin care regime itself seems to have a superior effect in the relief of facial erythema and foremost of subjective symptoms, rather than certain active ingredients.
Evaluation of efficacy of intradermal injection therapy vs derma roller application for administration of QR678 Neo® hair regrowth formulation for the treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia—A prospective study
Authors: Shome Debraj , Kapoor Rinky , Vadera Sapna , Doshi Komal , Patel Ghanshyam , Mohammad Khan Temoor 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundNon‐surgical hair restoration is one of the most exciting and innovative fields in cosmetic surgery today. The addition of latest technique like derma roller seeks to achieve better results for delivering pharmaceutical solution for hair growth in comparison with topical administration.AimWe aim to compare intradermal injection vs. derma roller technique for administration of QR678Neo®hair regrowth therapy for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in male and female patients.MethodA sum of 50 patients in the age range of 20–70 years with AGA were included and divided into 2 groups; Group A (intradermal) and Group B (derma roller). Intradermal injection of QR678Neo® formulation and derma roller with superficial application of QR678Neo® was given in each group. Assessment was done using hair pull test, global photographic assessment, video‐microscopic assessment, and patient subjective assessment at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year.ResultsSignificant diminution in hair fall was seen in both the groups. All the video‐microscopic assessment factors were better in intradermal injection group compared to the derma roller group, but not significant. Erythema and pain were high in derma roller group in compare to intradermal.ConclusionDerma roller technique is more convenient and easy to perform, especially when the availability of a trained person to carry out intradermal injection is not feasible, it gives satisfactory results. It is also beneficial in needle phobic and apprehensive patients. Though the results are more efficacious with intradermal scalp injection technique, this study established satisfactory results with derma roller technique as well.
Role of FOXO protein's abnormal activation through PI3K/AKT pathway in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer
Authors: Shi Yun‐Yue , Meng Xiang‐Tian , Xu Ya‐Nan , Tian Xiu‐Juan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimPlatinum‐based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for ovarian cancer. However, tumor cells' resistance to platinum drugs often occurs. This paper provides a review of Forkhead box O (FOXO) protein's role in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer which hopefully may provide some further guidance for the treatment of platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer.MethodsWe reviewed a 128 published papers from authoritative and professional journals on FOXO and platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer, and adopts qualitative analyses and interpretation based on the literature.ResultsOvarian cancer often has abnormal activation of cellular pathways, the most important of which is the PI3K/AKT pathway. FOXOs act as crucial downstream factor of the PI3K/Akt pathway and are negatively regulated by it. DNA damage response and apoptosis including the relationship between FOXOs and ATM‐Chk2‐p53 are essential for platinum resistance of ovarian cancer. Through gene expression analysis in platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer cell model, it was found that FoxO‐1 is decreased in platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer, so studying the role of FOXO in the pathway on platinum‐induced apoptosis may further guide the treatment of platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer.ConclusionsThere are many drug resistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer, wherein the decrease in cancer cells apoptosis is one of the important causes. Constituted by a series of transcription factors evolving conservatively and mainly working in inhibiting cancer, FOXO proteins play various roles in cells' antitumor response. More and more evidence suggests that we need to re‐understand the role that FOXOs have played in cancer development and treatment.
Diverging trends for onset of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke and mortality in young males: role of changes in obesity and fitness
Authors: Åberg N. D. , Adiels M. , Lindgren M. , Nyberg J. , Georg Kuhn H. , Robertson J. , Schaufelberger M. , Sattar N. , Åberg M. , Rosengren A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAs opposed to the decreasing overall rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and overall cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, heart failure (HF) and stroke incidence are increasing in young people, potentially due to rising rates of obesity and reduced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).ObjectivesWe investigated trends in early major CVD outcomes in a large cohort of young men.MethodsSuccessive cohorts of Swedish military conscripts from 1971 to 1995 (N = 1,258,432; mean age, 18.3 years) were followed, using data from the National Inpatient and Cause of Death registries. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyse changes in 21‐year CVD event rates.Results21‐year CVD and all‐cause mortality and incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) decreased progressively. Compared with the cohort conscripted in 1971–1975 (reference), the hazard ratios (HRs) for the last 1991–1995 cohort were 0.50 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42‐0.59] for CVD mortality; 0.57 (95% CI 0.54–0.60) for all‐cause mortality; and 0.63 (95% CI 0.53–0.75) for AMI. In contrast, the incidence of ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage and HF increased with HRs of 1.43 (95% CI 1.17–1.75), 1.30 (95% CI 1.01–1.68) and 1.84 (95% CI 1.47–2.30), respectively. During the period, rates of obesity increased from 1.04% to 2.61%, whilst CRF scores decreased slightly. Adjustment for these factors influenced these secular trends only moderately.ConclusionSecular trends of young‐onset CVD events demonstrated a marked shift from AMI and CVD mortality to HF and stroke incidence. Trends were significantly, though moderately, influenced by changing baseline BMI and CRF.
Should we do more when we know less? The effect of technology risk on optimal effort
Authors: Li Lu , Peter Richard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTechnology risk arises when the effectiveness of self‐insurance and self‐protection activities depends on exogenous factors or is only imperfectly known. It affects optimal behavior via a preference channel and a technology channel. In this paper, we identify conditions for unambiguous comparative statics with respect to the presence of, as well as various stochastic changes in technology risk. These conditions involve prudence, relative risk aversion, relative prudence, and several new measures of mitigation efficacy. We highlight cases where technology risk raises the optimal level of effort, consistent with the precautionary principle. We discuss several applications of our results.
Religion Protected Mental Health but Constrained Crisis Response During Crucial Early Days of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Schnabel Landon , Schieman Scott 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study demonstrates that religion protected mental health but constrained support for crisis response during the crucial early days of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Data from a national probability‐based sample of the U.S. population show that highly religious individuals and evangelicals suffered less distress in March 2020. They were also less likely to see the coronavirus outbreak as a crisis and less likely to support public health restrictions to limit the spread of the virus. The conservative politicization of religion in the United States can help explain why religious Americans (and evangelicals in particular) experienced less distress and were less likely to back public health efforts to contain the virus. We conclude that religion can be a source of comfort and strength in times of crisis, but—at least in the case of the COVID‐19 pandemic—it can also undercut efforts to end the root causes of suffering.