bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial Responsibility and Excuse
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractResponsibility and excuse are shown to be scalar. Though American criminal law is bivalent about responsibility and excuse, ideal criminal law theory should be scalar and pursue proportionate justice. Bivalence cannot be defended for non-ideal theory. Different feasible ways of recognizing partial responsibility and excuse are explored, including proportionate justice, trivalence, tetravalence and pentavalence. While there is anecdotal evidence against pentavalence, the remaining three models are all worth pursuing empirically.
Unfinished Reform of the Institutions Enforcing UK Competition Law
Authors: Lyons Bruce 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 on institutional reform written by Bruce Lyons notes that the period since 1998 has seen major changes in competition law, including: public interest was replaced by promotion of competition as the primary duty; anti-competitive agreements and abuse of a dominant position were prohibited, with significant penalties for breach; and the minister withdrew from case decisions, making the institutions determinative. There were also major organizational changes, including merger of the OFT and the Competition Commission to form the Competition and Markets Authority, and establishment of the Competition Appeal Tribunal as a specialist appeals body. In the chapter, Lyons considers the evolution of these institutions from the perspective of how they frame and influence the quality of first instance determinations. Institutions are hostages to their history, and he traces some of the problems faced by the CMA to its institutional roots. New challenges beyond its control are also identified. Reform is needed. The chapter concludes that some of the CMA’s suggestions for legislation are misguided, particularly in replacing its competition duty with ‘the consumer interest’ and reducing the standard of review by the CAT. Alternative proposals are appraised, including a potential change to a prosecutorial system. Lyons argues convincingly that genuinely independent decision-making within the CMA should be preferred and would permit a more limited standard of review.
Governmental Self-Restraint and Individual Self-Respect
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This pivotal chapter presents a novel justificatory foundation for the principle of freedom of expression. It elaborates a Stoical ideal of ethical strength as self-restraint, and it contends that a key element of the realization of that ideal by any system of governance lies in the system’s compliance with the principle of freedom of expression. Through arguments based on some of the ideas in Matthew Kramer’s 2017 book Liberalism with Excellence, the chapter then shows how the compliance with that principle by a system of governance crucially affects the levels of self-respect that are warranted for the members of the society over which the system presides. As a consequence, that compliance is essential for the fulfilment of the system’s paramount responsibility to bring about the political and social and economic conditions under which every member of its society can be warranted in feeling a strong sense of self-respect.
Conclusion: The Principle of Freedom of Expression in Practice
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter concludes Freedom of Expression as Self-Restraint by probing briefly a few of the knotty procedural issues that attend the efforts by any system of governance to implement the moral principle of freedom of expression (or, rather, to implement some constitutional or statutory guarantee that corresponds more or less closely to that moral principle). Among the issues at which the chapter glances are the scalar character of compliance by systems of governance with the principle of freedom of expression, the legal remedies that are apposite for giving effect to the moral obligations imposed by that principle, the location and stringency of the burden of proof in litigation where communicative liberties are at stake, and the location of the general legal powers to invalidate statutes and other laws. The chapter explains why these issues have been consigned to a fairly brief concluding portion of the book, instead of being treated in depth.
Early History of Archaeology Graphs
Authors: Lyman R. Lee 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The earliest archaeological spindle graph was published in 1883 by natural historian and avocational archaeologist Charles C. Abbott. Evidence that he obtained the idea from paleontology, which first published spindle graphs in the 1830s and 1840s, is circumstantial at best, and differences in graph styles weigh against such borrowing. Several spindle graphs published in the 1890s and early 1900s by archaeologist William Henry Holmes either depict his views on inevitable progressive evolution—a theory rapidly falling from anthropological favor—or were so speculative as to likely have had little influence on the discipline. During the first couple decades of the twentieth century, physicist/geographer/anthropologist Franz Boas (often referred to as the father of anthropology) published numerous line graphs of quantitative data. He influenced archaeologists Leslie Spier and Manual Gamio who used line graphs to display temporally varying frequencies of artifacts. About the same time, the wife and husband team of Madeleine Kidder and Alfred V. Kidder published several line graphs of relative frequencies of pottery types against stratigraphic provenience, seemingly largely as a result of Madeleine’s influence because Alfred never again published such a graph and instead favored phyletic seriation graphs of a type reminiscent of Sir William Flinders Petrie’s sequence dating graphs from the turn of the century.
Shaping a Concept of Terrorist Acts
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 is concerned with bringing some clarity to the widespread conceptual confusion around what terms like “terrorist,” “terrorist act,” and “terrorism” mean. Without being too rigid about definition, it is important to operate with some agreed definitional clarity in the area. The chapter defends the value of such a definitional enterprise and then provides what it calls a tactical definition of a terrorist act that aims to capture a central core involved in talk about terrorism, and opens discussion of terrorist acts to cogent moral assessment. The author’s definition of a terrorist act is: “A political act, ordinarily committed or inspired by an organized group, in which violence is intentionally directed at non-combatants (or ‘innocents’ in a suitable sense) or their significant property, in order to cause them serious harm.” The rest of the chapter discusses advantages of the definition and criticizes a number of objections to it.
Taking Stock: Hale, Heck, and Wright on Neo-Logicism and Higher-Order Logic
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTFour philosophical concerns about higher-order logic in general and the specific demands placed on it by the neo-logicist project are distinguished. The paper critically reviews recent responses to these concerns by, respectively, the late Bob Hale, Richard Kimberly Heck, and myself. It is argued that these score some successes. The main aim of the paper, however, is to argue that the most serious objection to the applications of higher-order logic required by the neo-logicist project has not been properly understood. The paper concludes by outlining a strategy, prefigured in recent work of Øystein Linnebo, for meeting this objection.
Phosphorylation of NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 affects photosensory adaptation during the phototropic response
Authors: Kimura Taro , Haga Ken , Nomura Yuko , Higaki Takumi , Nakagami Hirofumi , Sakai Tatsuya 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Photosensory adaptation, which can be classified as sensor or effector adaptation, optimizes the light sensing of living organisms by tuning their sensitivity to changing light conditions. During the phototropic response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the light-dependent expression controls of blue-light (BL) photoreceptor phototropin 1 (phot1) and its modulator ROOT PHOTOTROPISM2 (RPT2) are known as the molecular mechanisms underlying sensor adaptation. However, little is known about effector adaption in plant phototropism. Here, we show that control of the phosphorylation status of NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3) leads to effector adaptation in hypocotyl phototropism. We generated unphosphorable and phosphomimetic NPH3 proteins on seven phosphorylation sites in the etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis. Unphosphorable NPH3 showed a shortening of its retention time in the cytosol and caused an inability to adapt to very low fluence rates of BL (∼10−5 µmol m−2 s−1) during the phototropic response. In contrast, the phosphomimetic NPH3 proteins had a lengthened retention time in the cytosol and could not enable the adaptation to BL at fluence rates of 10−3 µmol m−2 s−1 or more. Our results indicate that the activation level of phot1 and the corresponding phosphorylation level of NPH3 determine the dissociation rate and the reassociation rate of NPH3 on the plasma membrane, respectively. These mechanisms may moderately maintain the active state of phot1 signaling across a broad range of BL intensities and contribute to the photosensory adaptation of phot1 signaling during the phototropic response in hypocotyls.
USE OF VACUUM MATTRESSES CAN REDUCE THE ABSORBED DOSE DURING PEDIATRIC CT
Authors: Masuda Takanori , Funama Yoshinori , Nakaura Takeshi , Sato Tomoyasu , Tahara Masahiro , Takei Yasutaka , Yamashita Yukari , Oku Takayuki , Masuda Shouko , Kiguchi Masao , Awai Kazuo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
To evaluate and compare the absorbed dose and image quality when applying a commercially produced fixation device (group A) and a vaccum mattress fixation device to pediatric patients (group B). We compared the absorbed dose and image noise between the groups at the phantom and clinical study. For phantom study, the measurement absorbed dose for a real time skin dosimeter was 3.0 mGy at the group A and 1.9 mGy at the group B (p &lt; 0.05). For clinical study, computed tomography dose index product, dose-length and effective radiation dose were significantly lower with the group B compared to the group A, (3.4 mGy, 27.0 mGy-cm, and 2.2 mSv vs 4.4 mGy, and 36.7 mGy-cm, and 3.0 mSv), p &lt; 0.05 for all comparisons. Compared to the commercially produced fixation device, the vaccum mattress fixation device composed of a less absorptive material enabled a reduction in the absorbed dose while maintaining the image quality during pediatric CT examinations.
Ethnic and Religious Discrimination in the Wedding Venue Business: Evidence from Two Field Experiments in Germany and Austria
Authors: Carol Sarah , Kuipers Coco , Koesling Philipp , Kaspers Milan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We add to the current debate on ethno-religious discrimination by studying to what extent discrimination in the wedding venue business is based on religious or ethnic grounds. Do the two reinforce each other? Does the explicit mentioning of a non-religious wedding help to reduce ethnic discrimination in a secularized society? We draw on two field experiments in Germany and Austria. We sent 805 valid emails to wedding venues. We randomly varied two traits, the names (Arabic-origin and native-origin) and whether the wedding was religious (Islamic or Free Church) or not. Using linear probability models and ordinary least squares regressions, we predicted the likelihood of receiving a confirmation, the response time from venues, the length, formality, and tone of the emails as well as the prevalence of mistakes in the emails. Our analyses showed that couples with Arabic-origin names, celebrating an Islamic wedding, received significantly fewer confirmations compared to couples with native-origin names. Celebrating a non-religious wedding of couples with Arabic-origin names reduced the disadvantage. The study suggests statistical discrimination based on religiosity that is inferred from Arabic-origin names.
Clinician and staff perspectives on potential disparities introduced by the rapid implementation of telehealth services during COVID-19: a mixed-methods analysis
Authors: Phimphasone-Brady P , Chiao J , Karamsetti L , Sieja A , Johnson R , Macke L , Lum H , Lee R , Farro S , Loeb D , Schifeling C , Huebschmann A G 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly altered ambulatory health care delivery and may have worsened disparities in health care access. To assess the telehealth implementation experiences of ambulatory personnel in different disciplines and their perspectives on potential telehealth disparities, and to make recommendations for more equitable telehealth delivery. We used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Clinic managers from geriatric medicine, internal medicine, and psychiatry e-mailed a survey to clinicians and staff regarding experiences with telehealth care delivery. Quantitative survey responses were analyzed with Fisher’s Exact tests. Qualitative responses were coded thematically. Recommendations were categorized by type of implementation strategy. Quantitative and qualitative findings on telehealth disparities were merged in a joint data display. Respondents (n = 147, 57% response rate) were distributed across three specialties: 66% internal medicine, 19% psychiatry, and 14% geriatric medicine. Prior to 2020, 77% of clinicians had never delivered telehealth services. By Spring 2020, 78% reported conducting more than half of clinic visits by telehealth. Among clinicians, 52% agreed/strongly agreed that rapid telehealth implementation exacerbated access to care disparities to: older adult patients, those with limited internet access, and those needing interpretation services. Staff expressed similar difficulties with telehealth set-up especially for these patients. To improve telehealth equity, clinicians recommended to: (i) change infrastructure; (ii) train and educate stakeholders; and (iii) support clinicians. Clinicians and staff reported specific subpopulations had challenges in accessing telehealth visits. To avoid perpetuating telehealth access disparities, further co-discovery of equitable implementation strategies with patients and clinics are urgently needed.
Health-related quality of life impact of scabies in the Solomon Islands
Authors: Lake Susanna J , Engelman Daniel , Sokana Oliver , Nasi Titus , Boara Dickson , Marks Michael , Whitfeld Margot J , Romani Lucia , Kaldor John M , Steer Andrew C , Carvalho Natalie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Scabies causes intense itching and skin lesions. A small number of studies have shown that scabies impacts health-related quality of life (HRQoL), but no studies have been conducted in the Pacific region. We assessed the impact of scabies on HRQoL in a high-prevalence setting using the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). We also assessed the validity of these tools in a Pacific Island population.

Methods
The study was conducted in the Solomon Islands. Participants with and without skin disease were randomly selected. HRQoL indices were scored on a scale of 0–30.

Results
We surveyed 1051 adults (91 with scabies) and 604 children (103 with scabies). Scabies had a small impact on HRQoL, with a median DLQI score of 2 (interquartile range [IQR] 0–6) and a CDLQI score of 2 (IQR 0–4). Scores increased linearly with severity. The greatest impact on QoL was due to itch, sleep disturbance and impacts on education and employment.

Conclusions
Scabies has a small but measurable impact on HRQoL. The DLQI and CDLQI scores were discriminated between the skin-related QoL of patients with scabies and the control group, indicating that these tools are appropriate to measure skin-related QoL in the Solomon Islands.
Political barriers in the ratification of international commercial law conventions
Authors: Hoekstra Johanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article analyses the ratification of international commercial law conventions. The Convention for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is almost 40 years old. In 2012, Switzerland proposed to the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) to evaluate the CISG and assess whether there was need for a new convention. While UNCITRAL decided not to pursue this further, the questions that Switzerland raised remain pertinent. This is not just with regard to the legal and commercial need of a new convention but also regarding the political viability of such a project. This article focuses on the latter question. It analyses the main considerations that play a part in the ratification process of international commercial law conventions. It concentrates on agenda setting and the key actors and analyses the main barriers encountered during ratification. While this article is written in the context of the aforementioned proposal, the analysis has broader applicability to the ratification process of international commercial law conventions. The main conclusions highlight the importance of raising the visibility of commercial law conventions through lobbying by key stakeholders, including trade associations, formulating agencies, and businesses. The importance of this article lies in understanding the political barriers in the ratification of international commercial law conventions.
Deficiency of urokinase plasminogen activator suppresses epithelial sodium channels in tracheal epithelial cells
Authors: JI HONG‐LONG , Chen Zaixing , Liang Xinrong , Zhao Runzhen , Zhao Meimi 
Published: June 2021

Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) govern transepithelial salt and fluid transport in tracheal, bronchi, and lungs. Fibrinolytic proteases play a crucial role in airway and lung injury and repair. We hypothesized that urokinase‐like plasminogen activator (uPA) regulates respiratory ENaC activity in primary mouse tracheal epithelial cells. The short‐circuit currents in confluent monolayer cells were compared between wild type and uPA null mice. Knockout of uPA led to depressed ENaC activity in both intact and permeabilized cells significantly. A significant decrease in Na+/K+‐ATPase activity was observed as well. Application of uPA and plasmin partially restored ENaC activity and increased cleavage of alpha ENaC proteins in confluent monolayers. ERK1/2 but not Akt phosphorylation was augmented in uPA−/− cells and lungs. Taken together, uPA may regulate ENaC activity via multifaceted mechanisms, including proteolytic cleavage of α ENaC proteins, reduction in vectorial Na+ driving force, and upregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation.Supported by NIH HL87017 and HL95435
Inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the mouse distal colon is mediated by SK and calcium activated chloride channels
Authors: Bhattarai Yogesh , Galligan James 
Published: June 2021

Neurogenic colonic smooth muscle relaxation is caused by inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs). We attempted to identify neurotransmitter, receptor and ion channel mechanisms that mediate IJPs in the mouse distal colon.MethodsIntracellular recordings were obtained from circular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Electrical field stimulation was used to evoke IJPs. Drugs were applied in the organ bath solution.ResultsThe P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS‐2179 (10 μM) reduced IJP amplitude (66 ± 4%) and area (24 ± 11%). The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L‐NNA (100 μM) reduced IJP area (33 ± 8%) but not amplitude. Co‐application of MRS‐2179 and L‐NNA blocked IJPs. The SK channel blocker, apamin (0.1 μM) reduced IJP amplitude (36 ± 5%) and area 41 ± 12%. The Ca2+‐activated Cl‐channel blocker, niflumic acid (50 μM) reduced IJP amplitude (52 ± 6%) and area (44 ± 6%). Co‐application of niflumic acid and apamin blocked IJPs. ATP (5 mM) produced a larger hyperpolarization (20 ± 2 mV) compared to β‐NAD (10 ± 3 mV). MRS‐2179 and apamin reduced the ATP response amplitude by 34 ± 8% and 31 ± 1% respectively. MRS‐2179 and apamin reduced the β‐NAD (5 mM) response by 71 ± 14% and 61 ± 5% respectively.ConclusionIJPs are mediated via P2Y1 and NOS mediated pathways, which involve SK and Ca2+‐activated Cl‐channels. Responses caused by β‐NAD more closely mimic the IJP compared to ATP. Supported by NIH (DK094932).
Effects of different sweeteners on incretin hormone secretion, gastric emptying, intragastric distribution and postprandial glycemia in healthy humans
Authors: Pereira Ricardo Motta , Secaf Marie , de Oliveira Ricardo Brandt 
Published: June 2021

The global rises in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus led to an increase of sweeteners consumption. Peptides called incretins, such as glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are able to regulate appetite, blood glucose (BG) and gastric emptying (GE) whereas the effects of sweeteners on this release are not well established.ObjectiveDetermine the effects of addition of sucrose, sorbitol, sucralose or stevia on a standard liquid test meal, on GE and intragastric distribution (ID), as well as on BG, plasma insulin, GIP and GLP‐1 in humans.DesignTen male healthy volunteers were studied on 4 separate occasions. Fifteen grams of each substance was added to the test meal one each occasion. GE and ID were determined by scintigraphy, BG, plasma insulin and incretins were determined at fasting until 120 min after the meal ingestion by a glucometer and specifics immunoassay kits.Results and conclusionsGE and ID are not different among meals prepared with sucrose or sweeteners. The addition of sucrose or stevia caused significant increases of BG. The addition of sucrose, sucralose and stevia caused significant increases of insulin. Plasma GLP‐1 was similarly increased after all meals eaten. Sucrose or sucralose led to increase of GIP concentration relative to fasting. This can explain the increase in plasma insulin after ingestion of test meal added sucralose.
Relationship of Cocaine Use with Markers of Body Mass Index and Body Composition and HIV Disease Progression
Authors: Pedamallu Santhipriya , Campa Adriana , Lai Shenghan , Li Yinghui , Page John Bryan , Martinez Sabrina Sales 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship of cocaine use with HIV disease progression and measures of nutritional status such as energy and protein storages.MethodsAfter consenting 231 HIV+ adults, they were given questionnaires on socio‐demographics, ART use and type and frequency of drugs of abuse. Body Mass Index and bioimpedance measures (fat mass [FM], lean body mass [LBM] and body cell mass [BCM]) were calculated. Blood was drawn for CD4 cell counts and HIV viral load.ResultsSeventy three percent of the participants used cocaine or crack cocaine and 62% were on ART. Linear regression analyses showed that frequency of cocaine use had deleterious effect on BCM (β=−6.805, p=0.01), LBM (β=−9.583, p=0.003) and FM (β=−6.418, p=0.01), after controlling for age, gender and ART. Moreover, frequency of cocaine use predicted lower CD4 cell count (β=−1.545, p=0.047) and higher HIV viral load (β=0.199, p=0.048).ConclusionOur findings show that cocaine use is associated with parameters of nutritional status and more rapid disease progression. The additive or synergistic effects of these relationships warrant further investigation to use results for treatment and programmatic decisions.Funded by NIDA