bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pleistocene species pump past its prime: Evidence from European butterfly sister species
Authors: Ebdon Sam , Laetsch Dominik R. , Dapporto Leonardo , Hayward Alexander , Ritchie Michael G. , Dincӑ Vlad , Vila Roger , Lohse Konrad 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Pleistocene glacial cycles had a profound impact on the ranges and genetic make‐up of organisms. While it is clear that the contact zones that have been described for many sister taxa are secondary and have formed in the current interglacial, it is unclear when the taxa involved began to diverge. Previous estimates based on small numbers of loci are unreliable given the stochasticity of genetic drift and the contrasting effects of incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow on gene divergence. Here, we use genome‐wide transcriptome data to estimate divergence for 18 sister species pairs of European butterflies showing either sympatric or contact zone distributions. We find that in most cases, species divergence predates the mid‐Pleistocene transition or even the entire Pleistocene period. We also show that although post‐divergence gene flow is restricted to contact zone pairs, they are not systematically younger than sympatric pairs. This suggests that contact zones are not limited to the initial stages of the speciation process, but can involve notably old taxa. Finally, we show that mitochondrial divergence and nuclear divergence are only weakly correlated and mitochondrial divergence is higher for contact zone pairs.
Nurse‐led counseling for coronary artery disease patients: A 1‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Nurmeksela Anu , Pihlainen Vuokko , Kettunen Tarja , Laukkanen Jari , Peltokoski Jaana 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNurse‐led counseling and systematic follow‐up have been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk factor levels. The study aims were to investigate if cardiovascular risk factor levels could be reduced in patients with coronary artery disease with a nurse‐led intervention and to report patients' evaluations of nurse‐led counseling. The study design was a real‐life longitudinal follow‐up counseling intervention. Data were collected from November 2017 to May 2020. The nurse‐led intervention and patients’ follow‐up time was 1 year. Of the 78 patients recruited, 74 completed the study. The most significant findings were in the levels of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides at every follow‐up visit compared to their baseline levels and that waist circumference decreased during the 1‐year follow‐up. Patients assessed the quality of nurse‐led counseling to be very good, though it decreased slightly during follow‐up. The results suggest the integrated care path and specialized and primary care for coronary artery disease patients need further development. More research is needed on how to strengthen patients’ self‐management and what kind of counseling would best promote it.
Cardiac autonomic regulation and joint hypermobility in adolescents with functional abdominal pain disorders
Authors: Kolacz Jacek , Kovacic Katja , Lewis Gregory F. , Sood Manu R. , Aziz Qasim , Roath Olivia R. , Porges Stephen W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundJoint hypermobility (JH) is associated with autonomic nervous system dysregulation and functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs). Understanding the neurophysiological processes linking these conditions can inform clinical interventions. Autonomic activity regulates gastrointestinal (GI) sensorimotor function and may be a key mechanism. The aims of this study were to examine the relation of JH with dynamic autonomic activity and parasympathetic regulation in adolescents with FAPDs and identify optimal JH cutoff scores that best index autonomic regulation in FAPDs.MethodsA total of 92 adolescents with FAPDs and 27 healthy controls (age 8–18 years; 80% female) were prospectively enrolled. JH was assessed by Beighton scores. ECG recordings were conducted during supine, sitting, and standing posture challenges. ECG‐derived variables—heart period (HP), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and vagal efficiency (VE)—were analyzed using linear regression and mixed effects modeling.Key ResultsBeighton scores of ≥4 optimally distinguished autonomic function. Adolescents with FAPD and JH had reduced VE compared to adolescents with FAPDs without JH (B = 18.88, SE = 6.25, p = 0.003) and healthy controls (B = 17.56, SE = 8.63, p = 0.044). These subjects also had lower and less dynamic RSA and HP values during posture shifts, with strongest differences in supine position and using the VE metric.Conclusions & InferencesSuboptimal autonomic regulation indexed by reduced vagal efficiency may be a mechanism of symptoms in hypermobile FAPD patients with Beighton score ≥ 4. Autonomic disturbance may serve as potential intervention target for patients with JH and functional GI disorders.
Behavioral therapy is superior to follow‐up without intervention in patients with supragastric belching—A randomized study
Authors: Punkkinen Jari , Nyyssönen Meri , Walamies Markku , Roine Risto , Sintonen Harri , Koskenpato Jari , Haakana Riikka , Arkkila Perttu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundBehavioral therapy (BT) has been proven effective in the treatment of supragastric belching (SGB) in open studies. The aim was to compare BT to follow‐up without intervention in patients with SGB in a randomized study.MethodsForty‐two patients were randomized to receive 5 sessions of BT, comprising diaphragmatic breathing exercises, or to follow‐up without intervention. Patients were evaluated at 6 months, at which point the control group was also offered BT and evaluated after another 6 months. The frequency and intensity of belching and mental well‐being were evaluated with a visual analog scale (VAS). Depression, anxiety, and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) were evaluated with four questionnaires: BDI, BAI, 15D, and RAND‐36.Key resultsThe frequency and intensity of SGB were significantly lower in the therapy group (n = 19) than in the control group (n = 18) at the 6‐month control (p < 0.001). When all patients (n = 36) were evaluated 6 months after BT, in addition to relief in the frequency and intensity of belching (p < 0.001), mental well‐being had also improved (p < 0.05). Of all 36 patients, 27(75%) responded to BT. Depression scores were lower after therapy (p < 0.05). Only minor changes occurred in anxiety and HRQoL.Conclusions and InferencesBehavioral therapy is superior to follow‐up without intervention in patients with SGB in reducing belching and depression; it also improves mental well‐being but has only a modest effect on anxiety and HRQoL.
Raman spectroscopy reveals high phloem sugar content in leaves of canopy red oak trees
Authors: Gersony Jess T. , McClelland Arthur , Holbrook N. Michele 
Published: May 2021

Summary

A robust understanding of phloem functioning in tall trees evades us because current methods for collecting phloem sap do not lend themselves to measuring actively photosynthesizing canopy leaves.

We show that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a quantitative tool to assess sucrose concentration in leaf samples. Specifically, we found that Raman spectroscopy can predict physiologically relevant sucrose concentrations (adjusted R2 of 0.9) in frozen leaf extract spiked with sucrose.

We then apply this method to estimate sieve element sucrose concentration in rapidly frozen petioles of canopy red oak (Quercus rubra) trees and found that sucrose concentrations are > 1100 mM at midday and midnight. This concentration is predicted to generate a sieve element turgor pressure high enough to generate bulk flow through the phloem, but is potentially too high to allow for sucrose diffusion from photosynthetic cells.

Our findings support the Münch hypothesis for phloem transport once the carbon is in the phloem and challenge the passive‐loading hypothesis for carbon movement into the phloem for red oak. This study provides the first ˜in‐situ (frozen in the functioning state) source sieve element sucrose concentration characterization in any plant, opening a new avenue for investigation of phloem functioning.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines: A concise review
Authors: Samaranayake Lakshman Perera , Seneviratne Chaminda Jayampath , Fakhruddin Kausar Sadia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe development of a successful vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), in an unmatched period of ten months, is a tribute to human ingenuity in the face of a vicious pandemic. A return to pre‐pandemic “normalcy” depends on the successful delivery of the vaccine to a majority (~70%) so as to develop herd immunity critical to arrest the community spread of infection. Vaccination against COVID‐19 is particularly important for dentistry as the dental team works in an environment replete with aerosol‐generating procedures (AGP) that facilitate virus spread. Hence, a COVID‐19 vaccine is likely to be an obligatory requirement for the dental practice, and the latest addition to the extensive list of vaccines required for dental professionals for the safe delivery of dental care. Here, we review the currently available major candidate vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2 and their benefits and risks. These include the vaccines developed on next‐generation platforms (mRNA, DNA, and viral vector vaccines), and the classic platforms (the live‐attenuated virus, and the protein subunit vaccines) The review concludes with a summary of impending issues and challenges facing the provision of COVID‐19 vaccines for all stakeholders in dentistry.
One‐year results of the Variation of Orthokeratology Lens Treatment Zone (VOLTZ) Study: a prospective randomised clinical trial
Authors: Guo Biyue , Cheung Sin Wan , Kojima Randy , Cho Pauline 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeTo present the 1‐year results of the Variation of Orthokeratology Lens Treatment Zone (VOLTZ) Study, which aims to investigate the myopia control effect of orthokeratology (ortho‐k) lenses with different back optic zone diameters (BOZD).MethodChildren, aged 6 to <11 years, having myopia −4.00 D to −0.75 D, were randomly assigned to wear ortho‐k lenses with 6 mm (6‐MM group) or 5 mm (5‐MM group) BOZD. Data collection included changes in refraction, vision, lens performance and binding, ocular health conditions, axial length and characteristics of the treatment zone (TZ) area.ResultsThe 1‐year results of 34 and 36 subjects (right eye only) in the 6‐MM and 5‐MM groups, respectively, are presented. No significant differences in baseline demographics were found between the groups (p > 0.05). The first‐fit success rates, based on satisfactory centration at the 1‐month visit, were 100% and 94% respectively. Horizontal TZ size was 0.92 mm and 0.72 mm smaller in the 5‐MM group at the 6‐month and 12‐month visits, respectively (p < 0.05). At the 12‐month visit, no significant between‐group differences were found in the incidence of corneal staining (low grade only), lens binding and visual performance (all p > 0.05). Axial elongation was slower in the 5‐MM group (0.04 ± 0.15 mm) than the 6‐MM group (0.17 ± 0.13 mm) (p = 0.001). A significant positive correlation was observed between the horizontal TZ size and axial elongation (r = 0.36, p = 0.006).ConclusionClinical performance of the two ortho‐k lenses was similar, indicating that a smaller BOZD (5 mm) did not affect lens performance or ocular integrity. However, a smaller BOZD led to a reduced TZ, with retardation of axial elongation by 0.13 mm compared to conventional 6 mm BOZD ortho‐k lenses after one year of lens wear.
Long‐term analgesic effects of peripheral nerve block in patients with central post‐stroke pain: A retrospective series
Authors: Choi Yoon‐Hee , Kim Dong Hyun , Paik Nam‐Jong , Park Jihong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundCentral post‐stroke pain (CPSP) has a detrimental effect on the quality of life of post‐stroke patients. However, no definitive and effective method has been established yet for the treatment of CPSP.ObjectiveWe aimed to examine the applicability of single‐injection peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) for the treatment of CPSP.SubjectsIn this retrospective study, we included 22 patients (mean age = 56.3 years; 13 men and 9 women) diagnosed with CPSP who visited an outpatient rehabilitation clinic in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital between December 2018 and April 2020.MethodsThe patients underwent ultrasound‐guided single‐injection PNB (lidocaine + epinephrine [1: 200,000]) according to the primary site of pain. The level of pain (measured using a numeric rating scale) was recorded before and after the PNB, and the occurrence of adverse events were also measured. The primary outcome of this study was the amount of pain reduction after PNB. Secondary outcome measures obtained 1 month after the PNB included the pain reduction rate 1 month after the PNB, the patient‐reported satisfaction and effectiveness regarding the PNB, intention for re‐injection, and the patients’ willingness to recommend this procedure to others.ResultsThe mean pain reduction after PNB was 3.3 ± 2.8. PNB was associated with pain reduction that persisted for greater than 1 month in 68% (15/22) of the patients. Thirteen of 22 patients reported a pain reduction of 50% or more. The mean pain reduction rate was 43.6%. Of the 22 patients, 13 were willing to undergo a second round of treatment with PNB. Nine of them underwent the procedure. No adverse events were observed in this study.ConclusionsOur study provides preliminary data suggesting that PNB could be an effective and feasible method to treat CPSP.
Effects of the new fasting standard on sedation in the pediatric emergency room
Authors: Hara Yutaro , Hagiwara Yusuke , Inoue Nobuaki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study compared adherence to the fasting‐time guidelines of the International Committee for the Advancement of Procedural Sedation (ICAPS) and the North American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) and complication rates in pediatric patients requiring procedure sedation and analgesia during treatment in the emergency room (ER).MethodsThis retrospective, single‐center study was performed between 2016 and 2020, and enrolled patients who received procedural sedation and analgesia in the ER with the fasting times recommended in the ICAPS and ASA guidelines.ResultsIn total, 857 patients were included. The most frequent indication for procedural sedation and analgesia was fracture reduction in 420 patients (49.0%). Ketamine, the most commonly administered drug, was given to 710 patients (82.8%). Adherence to the ICAPS guidelines was higher (P < 0.01), with 772 (95.7%) and 351 (41.0%) patients, respectively, adhering to the ICAPS and ASA recommendations for food and drink fasting times. Complications occurred in 130 patients (15.2%), including SpO2 <90% in 75 patients (8.7%) and vomiting in 20 patients (2.3%). No serious complications, such as aspiration, cardiac arrest, or death, occurred. The complication rate between the two groups did not differ significantly, with 50 (14.2%) and 127 (15.5%) patients experiencing complications according to the ICAPS and ASA guidelines, respectively (P = 0.586).ConclusionsThe fasting recommendations of the ICAPS guidelines, which propose risk stratification to determine the appropriate fasting time for procedural sedation and analgesia, are more tolerable to patients and the rate of adverse events did not appear to be different from that experienced when following the ASA guidelines.
Serum sodium level is inversely correlated with body temperature in children
Authors: Matsumura Hideki , Ashida Akira , Shirasu Akihiko , Okasora Keisuke , Nakakura Hyogo , Hattori Motoshi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have demonstrated that non‐osmotic antidiuretic hormone activity contributes to the development of hyponatremia in children with common febrile diseases. However, the relationship between hyponatremia and body temperature has remained unclear. We therefore examined this relationship in children with common diseases.MethodsIn this retrospective case study based on a chart review, 1,973 children presenting with acute illnesses at Hirakata City Hospital between November 2008 and October 2009, and for whom blood test data were available, were enrolled. The median age of this cohort was 2.7 years and the mean serum sodium concentration was 136.4 mEq/L; 454 patients showed hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L). The patients were classified into four groups on the basis of body temperature, <37 °C, 37 °C (37.0–37.9 °C), 38 °C (38.0–38.9 °C) and ≥39 °C, and their serum sodium concentration was compared.ResultsThe mean sodium level was significantly lower in febrile (135.9 mEq/L) than in non‐febrile (138.5 mEq/L) patients. The mean serum sodium levels in the four temperature groups were, in ascending order, 138.5 mEq/L (95% CI, 138.3–138.8 mEq/L), 137.3 mEq/L (137.1–137.5 mEq/L), 136.1 mEq/L (135.8–136.3 mEq/L) and 134.6 mEq/L (134.4–134.9 mEq/L), respectively. The serum sodium level in each individual temperature range became significantly lower as body temperature increased (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThere is a clear inverse correlation between serum sodium level and body temperature in children with common febrile diseases, and fever may play an important role in this relationship.
Issue Framing and U.S. State Energy and Climate Policy Choice
Authors: Jett Janel , Raymond Leigh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExperimental and case study research has highlighted the importance of issue framing to the adoption of state renewable energy and climate change policies. Yet this relationship has not been tested within broader models of state policy adoption. We fill this gap by exploring the relationship between issue‐framing patterns and climate/renewable energy policy activity across the 50 U.S. states, controlling for other well‐known determinants of state environmental policy choice. Our results confirm that framing patterns for these issues vary markedly between states and regions and that a higher proportion of frames highlighting the economic benefits of climate change and renewable energy policies is positively associated with state policy activity. These results further confirm the importance of new issue frames related to economic benefits in subnational climate and renewable energy politics.
What is Europe? The Meaning of Europe in Different Social Contexts in Switzerland*
Authors: Datler Georg , Rössel Jörg , Schroedter Julia H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrevious literature on European identification has often taken for granted what respondents understand by this term. The present article addresses this issue, and on the basis of a recent study in Switzerland seeks to identify the meanings that individuals associate with the concept of Europe. Furthermore, it examines how these meanings relate to their identification with Europe. It also explores the potential covariates of these various conceptions of Europe – particularly transnational experiences and networks. Our analyses identify six dimensions of the meaning of Europe, each of which is differently related to identification with Europe. Although EU citizens and non‐EU citizens in different types of (bi‐national) relationships assigned similar meanings to Europe overall, they differed with respect to the importance they accorded each of these meanings. Individuals who tend to benefit from the EU, i.e. EU citizens and persons with a higher level of education, attribute more positive meanings to Europe.
Silica‐rich seawater in the early Cambrian: Sedimentological evidence from bedded cherts
Authors: Zhou Xiqiang , Chen Daizhao , Zhang Liyu , Tang Dongjie , Guo Chuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe effects and timing of the evolution of siliceous sponge and radiolarians on the mode of silica burial and oceanic silica cycling in the early Cambrian are still controversial. Bedded cherts of the lower Cambrian Yurtus Formation deposited in a subtidal shelf environment. They display diagnostic sedimentary features, including intraclastic chert grains, edgewise chert breccias, weakly compacted grains and rip‐up clasts, and rapid silica cementation, collectively indicating primary and very early silicification at and near the sediment–water interface. This depositional mode contrasts with Phanerozoic biogenic cherts but is comparable with that of Precambrian cherts precipitated from silica‐rich seawater. The Yurtus cherts therefore provide direct and compelling sedimentological evidence of the continuation of silica‐rich seawater into the early Cambrian, consistent with the extensive coeval chert depositions elsewhere. These results contrast with the long‐held view of rapid decline in seawater silica concentrations in the earliest Phanerozoic, and elucidate coeval Si‐coupled geochemical cycling, silica‐biomineralization and fossil preservation.
Association of household wealth and education level with hypertension and diabetes among adults in Bangladesh: a propensity score‐based analysis
Authors: Gupta Rajat Das , Chakraborty Promit Ananyo , Hossain Md. Belal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the association of household wealth and education level with hypertension and diabetes in Bangladesh using propensity score (PS) analyses.MethodsA nationally representative sample of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18 was analysed to explore the research question. A weighted sample of 11 320 individuals was considered. Hypertension and diabetes were the outcomes of interest, and household wealth status (non‐poor and poor) and education level (secondary/higher education and no secondary/higher education) were the exposure variables of interest. A person was defined as hypertensive if their average blood pressure was ≥140/90 mmHg or self‐reported history of taking antihypertensive medications. Individuals were classified as diabetic if they had a Fasting Blood Glucose level of ≥7 mmol/l or reported taking prescribed medication for reducing high blood glucose or diabetes. We used the 1:1 nearest neighbour PS matching without replacement and PS weighting approaches to assess the association between the exposures and the outcome variables.ResultsWealth status was significantly associated with diabetes but not with hypertension, while education status was significantly associated with neither diabetes nor hypertension. We also observed a significant interaction effect between household wealth status and education level with diabetes. The odds of diabetes were approximately 60% higher among adults from non‐poor households and those without secondary/higher education.ConclusionDiabetes prevention and control programs should focus on non‐poor individuals, while hypertension prevention programs should target populations irrespective of educational attainment and wealth status.