bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active Working Memory and Simple Cognitive Operations
Authors: Kreither Johanna , Papaioannou Orestis , Luck Steven J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Working memory is thought to serve as a buffer for ongoing cognitive operations, even in tasks that have no obvious memory requirements. This conceptualization has been supported by dual-task experiments, in which interference is observed between a primary task involving short-term memory storage and a secondary task that presumably requires the same buffer as the primary task. Little or no interference is typically observed when the secondary task is very simple. Here, we test the hypothesis that even very simple tasks require the working memory buffer, but interference can be minimized by using activity-silent representations to store the information from the primary task. We tested this hypothesis using dual-task paradigm in which a simple discrimination task was interposed in the retention interval of a change detection task. We used contralateral delay activity (CDA) to track the active maintenance of information for the change detection task. We found that the CDA was massively disrupted after the interposed task. Despite this disruption of active maintenance, we found that performance in the change detection task was only slightly impaired, suggesting that activity-silent representations were used to retain the information for the change detection task. A second experiment replicated this result and also showed that automated discriminations could be performed without producing a large CDA disruption. Together, these results suggest that simple but non-automated discrimination tasks require the same processes that underlie active maintenance of information in working memory.
Art Work as Life Work: Lu Märten's Feminist “Objectivity”
Authors: Nachtigall Jenny , Stakemeier Kerstin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
“Art Work as Life Work: Lu Märten's Feminist ‘Objectivity’” highlights the feminist stakes of German feminist-materialist art historian Lu Märten's interventions in the interwar discourses on art and labor, on objectivity (Sachlichkeit), and the new media of film and radio. The essay argues that Märten's contributions to these areas sit squarely within more familiar narratives of materialist aesthetics and Weimar culture (from Walter Benjamin's epochal Artwork Essay to the Bauhaus) and that they do so on account of her heterodox reading of Marx and commitment to Spinoza's monism. In Märten's view, this non-binary materialism offered an alternative, non-Hegelian route to a materialist conception of art or as she preferred to say, form. In contrast to art history's academic formalism, Märten espouses a notion of form that does not maintain art's autonomy but instead connects art to other social fields. Here form always evolves out of informality. The essay traces the close bond between art work and life work across Märten's multiple publications, including her theoretical magnum opus Essence and Transformation of Forms/Arts and her studies on The Economic Conditions of Artists and The Female Artist. In so doing, the text contributes to revisiting the firm boundaries that art history has drawn between objects and communities.
Lubitsch, Shakespeare, and the Theatricality of Power
Authors: Moder Gregor 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Ernst Lubitsch's To Be or Not to Be (1942) was filmed during World War II and takes place in the early period of the Nazi occupation of Poland, yet it focuses on the story of a theater group, on actors, and on the metaphysical question of what makes up a convincing performance. Some early critics suggested that this was not the way to tackle a dire political situation, and that the portrayal of Nazis as humans, with their own sense of humor and theater, was disrespectful to the plight of the Poles and Polish Jewry. For the film, however, the political action and the tracing of the philosophical implications of a theatrical performance are not alternative procedures, but are closely linked to one another, and in this respect Lubitsch follows Shakespeare's own staging of power. The article pursues this argument, firstly, in the analysis of the series of Shylock monologues in the film (“Hath not a Jew eyes?”), focusing on the hyper-theatricality of each repetition. Secondly, it analyzes the series of encounters between two main characters, the Nazi Colonel Ehrhardt and the Polish actor Joseph Tura, especially their last encounter. The author compares the encounter between Ehrhardt and Tura to the Mousetrap scene in Hamlet and argues that it functions as the primal scene—in the Freudian meaning of the term—of the film as such. Their encounter is comical, yet at the same time both politically and metaphysically completely serious: The film shows us two visions of Hamlet, and with that, two visions of modernity, embodied in a Nazi colonel and a Polish actor. The film seems to suggest that there is no defeating Nazism without a thorough understanding of the theatricality of power as such—a Shakespearean lesson that is vital also for our contemporary moment.
Les désarrois du ministre Ḫayr al-Dīn : la faillite des dynasties ottomane et beylicale d’après les mémoires de Ṭāhar Bāšā (1921-1934)
Authors: Perrier Antoine 
Published: December 2021

Résumé
Ṭāhar Bāšā Ḫayr al-Dīn, né à Istanbul, officier ottoman, occupe le poste de ministre de la justice de la province de Tunis alors sous protectorat français de 1921 à 1934. Il a laissé un témoignage historique précieux : des mémoires, compilés sous forme de notes par des universitaires tunisiens et publiés dans leur langue originale, en arabe, en 1989. Cet article propose une traduction de quelques extraits et l’analyse d’une source historique de premier ordre, ignorée de l’historiographie française, utile à l’histoire des dynasties ottomane et tunisienne.
À travers la trajectoire singulière du fils de Ḫayr al-Dīn Bāšā, qui prend le chemin inverse de son père d’Istanbul à Tunis, et l’analyse des portraits de trois beys de Tunisie, nous voudrions souligner l’importance de cette source à trois égards. Par les portraits de la cour, ce document jette une nouvelle lumière sur une dynastie victime d’une damnatio memoriae en Tunisie après l’indépendance, en soulignant ses résistances et sa capacité d’adaptation à la période coloniale. Les mémoires de Ṭāhar Bāšā invitent ensuite à réfléchir à l’originalité et au statut d’une source « locale » en contexte colonial, depuis le regard d’un allié (critique) des Français. Enfin, cette source permet de réfléchir à l’émergence du genre des mémoires d’homme d’État et l’originalité d’un regard fondé sur un profond pessimisme.
A Papyrus Fragment Related to Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih’s al-ʿIqd al-farīd*
Authors: Muehlhaeusler Mark 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article presents an edition and a translation of a papyrus fragment from the Beinecke Library at Yale (P.CtYBR inv. 2598), together with a brief commentary. This literary fragment, containing two verses of poetry, is interesting because it provides an oriental source for a text until then known only through the famous Andalusian work of Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, al-ʿIqd al-farīd; it also serves as an example of an informal mode of written transmission of Arabic poetry.
Exploiting the Urban System? The Frictions of Military Finance and Diplomacy in the Dutch Republic, 1688–1714
Authors: Graham Aaron , Kamp Jeannette 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article examines how international military finance operated in the Dutch Republic between 1688–1714. The region’s unique urban geography in which the political and financial infrastructures crucial for military financing were geographically dispersed created stresses and strains. These inconveniences were overcome due to the Republic’s excellent intra-urban infrastructure – creating fast and reliable communication between the different urban centers – and their reliance on (semi-)private agents, the solliciteurs-militair. As a result, the urban system created a level of flexibility: credit for military purposes could be found both in The Hague and Amsterdam, rather than having to rely on a single city as was the case in London. This focus on the urban has broader historiographical importance because recent scholarship on early modern war and state formation is increasingly questioning whether the focus on political and financial centralization is necessarily the best way to understand these processes.
Procedural Developments at the International Criminal Court (2020)
Authors: Le Floch Guillaume , Lemey Marie , Paiola Lucie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The current column covers selected procedural developments at the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2020. During this particular year, the Court has undertaken a multi-layered response to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on its operations. The ICC temporarily closed its headquarters building in The Hague from March to June 2020. Nevertheless, the Court successfully implemented, in a short timeframe, new remote working arrangements to ensure business continuity. These measures have allowed it to maintain a certain productivity. As a result, during the reporting period, the ICC delivered numerous decisions, taking such opportunities to clarify specific aspects of proceedings before the Court.
Overview of Education in Ethiopia: Traditional Institutions and Language Perspectives
Authors: Chali Gemechis T. , Taverniers Miriam , Legesse Guta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article briefly introduces the phases of education in Ethiopia in the last 150 years and the impact of traditional institutions on languages. The intention of this report is to present the background section of a PhD (Gemechis, 2020) defended at Ghent University in September 2020. It is believed that the period of modern education in Ethiopia is shorter when compared with that of traditional education, which lasted for more than a century. Modern or “Western” education was launched in 1908, and Western educational ideas have flourished since the early twentieth century; but the traditional approach characterised Ethiopian education throughout the history of this ancient nation (Hoot, Szente and Mebratu, 2004). This article aims to review the past 150 years of education in Ethiopia in connection with historical trends and the influence of traditional institutions on education in general and languages in particular. Respondents discuss the fact that that, unlike the Orthodox and Missionary churches in Ethiopia, some of the traditional institutions such as the Waaqqeffannaa of Oromoo Institution were not allowed to reflect their values and languages. The study reveals that traditional institutions have played a crucial role in education in Ethiopia. Furthermore, understanding the impact of languages in education is important in teaching and learning in general. However, the findings confirm that there was no structure that could equally understand and accommodate all traditional institutions to contribute to the education of Ethiopia in the past. This article concludes with the recommendation that there should be a well-established implementation system on the languages and cultural institutions that could attract all nations and nationalities to promote their traditional institutions. For instance, there are no language and cultural policies aimed at sustainability.
The Impact of River Regulation on Downstream Socio-Hydrologic Systems in Ethiopia
Authors: Annys Sofie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In recent years, a renewed interest in large-scale hydraulic interventions has developed, frequently justified by the premise of making the agricultural and energy sectors climate-resilient. Despite this important climate effort, hydraulic interventions are controversial and have far-reaching impacts on river-dependent communities and the environment. Drawing on gis analyses of remote sensing images and qualitative and quantitative empirical evidence from the field, this PhD dissertation focused on the impact of two large dams and one inter-basin water transfer (ibwt) on downstream socio-hydrologic systems (coupled human-water systems) in Ethiopia. The results indicated that (i) downstream hydrogeomorphic systems drastically altered after the implementation of the hydraulic interventions, (ii) small-scale farmer-led irrigation systems more efficiently increased crop productivities than several large-scale irrigation projects, (iii) the newly induced hydrologic regimes strongly altered downstream social interactions due to impeded river crossing and (iv) ill-prepared land redistributions and resettlements left thousands of households with a high risk of impoverishment.
First Evidence of Stage III Verbal Negation in Tunisian Coastal Dialects
Authors: D’Anna Luca 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The present paper provides a preliminary description of verbal negation in the two neighboring dialects of Mahdia and Chebba, belonging to the groups of Tunisian coastal village dialects. This dialectal group has been, so far, dramatically understudied, despite its importance for the dialectal geography and history of North African Arabic. Like most other varieties of Maghrebi Arabic, the dialects of Mahdia and Chebba underwent the so-called Jespersen’s cycle, consisting in the doubling of the original prefixal negation, in dialectal Arabic mā (Stage I), with a suffixal negative particle -š, resulting in the circumfixal negation mā … š (Stage II) and, eventually, in the loss of the prefixal mā (Stage III). With regard to Arabic, Stage III was so far undocumented in North Africa, with the exception of Maltese. This paper provides samples of the three different stages in the dialects under investigation and offers some hypotheses concerning the possible locus of innovation with regard to Tunisian, contributing to our knowledge of negation in North African Arabic.
Pragmaštylistický profil a poverenia titulku v alternatívnej internetovej žurnalistike
Authors: Patráš Vladimír 
Published: December 2021

The Pragma-Stylistic Profile and the Purpose of Headlines in Alternative Internet Journalism Regardless of the type of carrier, the headline – a signal device and a gateway to a journalistic piece of communication – meets four corresponding criteria. The usual mission of the visually noticeable frame component is to attract the recipients’ attention, to encourage their readiness to respond to the actual piece of communication, to mediate leitmotifs, and to define an acceptable genre affiliation of a journalistic product. Current internet journalism is characterized by significant colloquialization. This manifests itself by blurring the borders between oralness and writtenness (printedness) in communication, in the style and in the ambiguity of the stylistic procedure, as well as by hybrid structures that are constantly being generated. Along with the primary functions of communication – stimulating, informative and persuasive function – genre volatility allows the application of other pre-determinations and functions in internet journalism: instructional, expressive, appellative, aesthetic, referential (descriptive), contact and meta-language. These can also be noticed in the pragma-stylistic profile and purpose of headlines. In the paper, the aforementioned processes, trends and consequences are explored using a databank of headlines from alternative internet journalism. Profil pragmastylistyczny i funkcje nagłówków w alternatywnym dziennikarstwie internetowym Niezależnie od rodzaju nośnika, nagłówek – zapowiedź i wstęp do dziennikarskiego przekazu – spełnia cztery odpowiadające sobie kryteria. Standardowym zadaniem widocznego wizualnie elementu ramy tekstowej jest przyciągnięcie uwagi odbiorców, zachęcenie ich do gotowości reakcji na dany fragment komunikacji, zapośredniczenie motywów przewodnich oraz określenie możliwej do zaakceptowania dla nich przynależności gatunkowej produktu dziennikarskiego. Współczesne dziennikarstwo internetowe cechuje się wysokim poziomem potoczności. Przejawia się to zacieraniem granic między charakterem oralnym a pisanym (drukowanym) komunikacji, stylem i niejednoznacznością środków stylistycznych, a także nieustannym generowaniem struktur hybrydycznych. Wraz z podstawowymi funkcjami komunikacji, stymulującej, informacyjnej i perswazyjnej – zmienność gatunkowa pozwala na odwołanie się w dziennikarstwie internetowym do innych predeterminacji i funkcji: instruktażowej, ekspresyjnej, konatywnej, estetycznej, referencyjnej (opisowej), kontaktowej i metajęzykowej. Potwierdzenie tych zjawisk można również zauważyć w profilu pragmastylistycznym i w roli nagłówków. W artykule wspomniane procesy zostały poddane analizie na materiale z korpusu nagłówków z alternatywnego dziennikarstwa internetowego.
Indications of a Decrease in the Depth of Deep Convective Cores with Increasing Aerosol Concentration during the CACTI Campaign
Authors: Veals Peter G. , Varble Adam C. , Russell James O. H. , Hardin Joseph C. , Zipser Edward J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn aerosol indirect effect on deep convective cores (DCCs), by which increasing aerosol concentration increases cloud-top height via enhanced latent heating and updraft velocity, has been proposed in many studies. However, the magnitude of this effect remains uncertain due to aerosol measurement limitations, modulation of the effect by meteorological conditions, and difficulties untangling meteorological and aerosol effects on DCCs. The Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions (CACTI) campaign in 2018–19 produced concentrated aerosol and cloud observations in a location with frequent DCCs, providing an opportunity to examine the proposed aerosol indirect effect on DCC depth in a rigorous and robust manner. For periods throughout the campaign with well-mixed boundary layers, we analyze relationships that exist between aerosol variables (condensation nuclei concentration > 10 nm, 0.4% cloud condensation nuclei concentration, 55–1000-nm aerosol concentration, and aerosol optical depth) and meteorological variables [level of neutral buoyancy (LNB), convective available potential energy, midlevel relative humidity, and deep-layer vertical wind shear] with the maximum radar-echo-top height and cloud-top temperature (CTT) of DCCs. Meteorological variables such as LNB and deep-layer shear are strongly correlated with DCC depth. LNB is also highly correlated with three of the aerosol variables. After accounting for meteorological correlations, increasing values of the aerosol variables [with the exception of one formulation of aerosol optical depth (AOD)] are generally correlated at a statistically significant level with a warmer CTT of DCCs. Therefore, for the study region and period considered, increasing aerosol concentration is mostly associated with a decrease in DCC depth.
Racial Disparity in the Surgical Management of Diverticular Disease
Authors: Akram Warqaa M. , Vohra Nasreen , Irish William , Zervos Emmanuel E. , Wong Jan 
Published: December 2021

Introduction Although minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has clearly been associated with improved colorectal surgery outcomes, not all populations benefit from this approach. Using a national database, we analyzed both, the trend in the utilization of MIS for diverticulitis and differences in utilization by race. Methods Colon-targeted participant user files (PUFs) from 2012 to 18 were linked to respective PUFs in National Surgical Quality Improvement Project. Patients undergoing colectomy for acute diverticulitis or chronic diverticular disease were included. Surgical approach was stratified by race and year. To adjust for confounding and estimate the association of covariates with approach, data were fit using multivariable binary logistic regression main effects model. Using a joint effects model, we evaluated whether the odds of a particular approach over time was differentially affected by race. Results Of the 46 713 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 83% were white, with 7% black and 10% other. Over the study period, there was a decrease in the rate of open colectomy of about 5% P < .001, and increase in the rate of utilization of laparoscopic and robotic approaches (RC) P < .0001. After adjusting for confounders, black race was associated with open surgery P < .0001. Conclusion There is disparity in the utilization of MIS for diverticulitis. Further research into the reasons for this disparity is critical to ensure known benefits of MIC are realized across all races.
The Perioperative Patient Experience During COVID-19
Authors: Dippre Andrew T. , Quinn Kristen M. , Walto Melinda , Mukherjee Rupak , Baliga Prabhakar K. , Abbott Andrea M. 
Published: December 2021

Background Access to elective surgical procedures has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We sought to understand the patient experience by developing and distributing an anonymous online survey to those who underwent non-emergency surgery at a large academic tertiary medical center between March and October 2020. Results The survey was completed by 184 patients; the majority were white (84%), female (74.6%), and ranged from 18 to 88 years old. Patients were likely unaware of case delay as only 23.6% reported a delay, 82% of which agreed with that decision. Conversely, 44% felt that the delay negatively impacted their quality of life. Overall, 82.7% of patients indicated high satisfaction with their care. African American patients more often indicated a “neutral” vs “satisfactory” hospital experience ( P < .05) and considered postponing their surgery ( P < .01). Interestingly, younger patients (<60) were more likely than older (≥60) patients to note anxiety associated with having surgery during the pandemic ( P < .01), feeling unprepared for discharge ( P < .02), not being allowed visitors ( P < .02), and learning about the spread of COVID-19 from health care providers ( P < .02). Discussion These results suggest that patients are resilient and accepting of changes to health care delivery during the current pandemic; however, certain patient populations may have higher levels of anxiety which could be addressed by their care provider. These findings can help inform and guide ongoing and future health care delivery adaptations in response to care disruptions.
The Management of Penetrating Neck Injury With Retained Knife: 15-Year Experience From a Major Trauma Center in South Africa
Authors: Kong Victor , Cheung Cynthia , Ko Jonathan , Xu William , Bruce John , Liang Grant , Manchev Vasil , Clarke Damian 
Published: December 2021

Background This study reviews our cumulative experience with the management of patients presenting with a retained knife following a penetrating neck injury (PNI). Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a major trauma center in South Africa over a 15-year period from July 2006 to December 2020. All patients who presented with a retained knife in the neck following a stab wound (SW) were included. Results Twenty-two cases were included: 20 males (91%), mean age: 29 years. 77% (17/22) were retained knives and 23% (5/22) were retained blades. Eighteen (82%) were in the anterior neck, and the remaining 4 cases were in the posterior neck. Plain radiography was performed in 95% (21/22) of cases, and computed tomography (CT) was performed in 91% (20/22). Ninety-five percent (21/22) had the knife or blade extracted in the operating room (OR). Formal neck exploration (FNE) was undertaken in 45% (10/22) of cases, and the remaining 55% (12/22) underwent simple extraction (SE) only. Formal neck exploration was more commonly performed for anterior neck retained knives than the posterior neck, although not statistically significant [56% (10/18) vs 0% (0/18), P = .096]. There were no significant differences in the need for intensive care admission, length of hospital stay, morbidities, or mortalities between anterior and posterior neck retained knives. Discussion Uncontrolled extraction of a retained knife in the neck outside of the operating room may be dangerous. Retained knives in the anterior neck commonly required formal neck exploration but not for posterior neck retained knives.