bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High drug resistance levels could compromise the control of HIV infection in paediatric and adolescent population in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Rubio-Garrido Marina , Reina Gabriel , Ndarabu Adolphe , Rodriguez-Galet Ana , Valadés-Alcaraz Ana , Barquín David , Carlos Silvia , Holguín África 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundThe inadequacy of HIV viraemia and resistance monitoring in Africa leads to uncontrolled circulation of HIV strains with drug resistance mutations (DRM), compromising antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectiveness. This study describes the DRM prevalence and its therapeutic impact in HIV-infected pediatric patients from Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC).MethodsFrom 2016–2018, dried blood were collected from 71 HIV-infected children and adolescents under ART in two hospitals in Kinshasa for HIV-1 DRMpolanalysis, predicted ARV-susceptibility by Stanford and phylogenetic characterization.ResultsHIV-1 sequences were recovered from 55 children/adolescents with 14 years of median-age. All had received nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI, NNRTI), 9.1% protease inhibitors (PI) and only one integrase inhibitor (INI). Despite the use of ART, 89.1% showed virological failure and 67.3% carried viruses with major-DRM to one (12.7%), two (47.3%), or three (5.5%) ARV-families. Most children/adolescents harbored DRM to NNRTI (73.5%) or NRTI (61.2%). Major-DRM to PI was present in 8.3% and minor-DRM to INI in 15%. Dual-class-NRTI+NNRTI resistance appeared in 53.1% of patients. Viruses presented high/intermediate resistance to nevirapine (72.9% patients), efavirenz (70.9%), emtricitabine/lamivudine (47.9%), rilpivirine (41.7%), etravirine (39.6%), doravidine (33.3%), zidovudine (22.9%), among others. Most participants were susceptible to INI and PI. Great diversity of variants was found, with a high rate (40%) of unique recombinants.ConclusionThe high DRM prevalence observed among HIV-infected children and adolescents in Kinshasa could compromise the 95-95-95-UNAIDS targets in the DRC. It also reinforces the need for routine resistance monitoring for optimal rescue therapy election in this vulnerable population to control the spread of resistant HIV in the country.
OptiMissP: A dashboard to assess missingness in proteomic data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry
Authors: Arioli Angelica , Dagliati Arianna , Geary Bethany , Peek Niels , Kalra Philip A. , Whetton Anthony D. , Geifman Nophar 
Published: April 2021

Background
Missing values are a key issue in the statistical analysis of proteomic data. Defining the strategy to address missing values is a complex task in each study, potentially affecting the quality of statistical analyses.

Results
We have developed OptiMissP, a dashboard to visually and qualitatively evaluate missingness and guide decision making in the handling of missing values in proteomics studies that use data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. It provides a set of visual tools to retrieve information about missingness through protein densities and topology-based approaches, and facilitates exploration of different imputation methods and missingness thresholds.

Conclusions
OptiMissP provides support for researchers’ and clinicians’ qualitative assessment of missingness in proteomic datasets in order to define study-specific strategies for the handling of missing values. OptiMissP considers biases in protein distributions related to the choice of imputation method and helps analysts to balance the information loss caused by low missingness thresholds and the noise introduced by selecting high missingness thresholds. This is complemented by topological data analysis which provides additional insight to the structure of the data and their missingness. We use an example in Chronic Kidney Disease to illustrate the main functionalities of OptiMissP.
Diffusion weighted imaging in high-grade gliomas: A histogram-based analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient profile
Authors: Gihr Georg , Horvath-Rizea Diana , Hekeler Elena , Ganslandt Oliver , Henkes Hans , Hoffmann Karl-Titus , Scherlach Cordula , Schob Stefan 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
Glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma represent the most commonly encountered high-grade-glioma (HGG) in adults. Although both neoplasms are very distinct entities in context of epidemiology, clinical course and prognosis, their appearance in conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very similar. In search for additional information aiding the distinction of potentially confusable neoplasms, histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps recently proved to be auxiliary in a number of entities. Therefore, our present exploratory retrospective study investigated whether ADC histogram profile parameters differ significantly between anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma, reflect the proliferation index Ki-67, or are associated with the prognostic relevant MGMT (methylguanine-DNA methyl-transferase) promotor methylation status.

Methods
Pre-surgical ADC volumes of 56 HGG patients were analyzed by histogram-profiling. Association between extracted histogram parameters and neuropathology including WHO-grade, Ki-67 expression and MGMT promotor methylation status was investigated due to comparative and correlative statistics.

Results
Grade IV gliomas were more heterogeneous than grade III tumors. More specifically, ADCmin and the lowest percentile ADCp10 were significantly lower, whereas ADCmax, ADC standard deviation and Skewness were significantly higher in the glioblastoma group. ADCmin, ADCmax, ADC standard deviation, Kurtosis and Entropy of ADC histogram were significantly correlated with Ki-67 expression. No significant difference could be revealed by comparison of ADC histogram parameters between MGMT promotor methylated and unmethylated HGG.

Conclusions
ADC histogram parameters differ significantly between glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma and show distinct associations with the proliferative activity in both HGG. Our results suggest ADC histogram profiling as promising biomarker for differentiation of both, however, further studies with prospective multicenter design are wanted to confirm and further elaborate this hypothesis.
Can predicting COVID-19 mortality in a European cohort using only demographic and comorbidity data surpass age-based prediction: An externally validated study
Authors: Chatterjee Avishek , Wu Guangyao , Primakov Sergey , Oberije Cary , Woodruff Henry , Kubben Pieter , Henry Ronald , Aries Marcel J. H. , Beudel Martijn , Noordzij Peter G. , Dormans Tom , Gritters van den Oever Niels C. , van den Bergh Joop P. , Wyers Caroline E. , Simsek Suat , Douma Renée , Reidinga Auke C. , de Kruif Martijn D. , Guiot Julien , Frix Anne-Noelle , Louis Renaud , Moutschen Michel , Lovinfosse Pierre , Lambin Philippe 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo establish whether one can build a mortality prediction model for COVID-19 patients based solely on demographics and comorbidity data that outperforms age alone. Such a model could be a precursor to implementing smart lockdowns and vaccine distribution strategies.MethodsThe training cohort comprised 2337 COVID-19 inpatients from nine hospitals in The Netherlands. The clinical outcome was death within 21 days of being discharged. The features were derived from electronic health records collected during admission. Three feature selection methods were used: LASSO, univariate using a novel metric, and pairwise (age being half of each pair). 478 patients from Belgium were used to test the model. All modeling attempts were compared against an age-only model.ResultsIn the training cohort, the mortality group’s median age was 77 years (interquartile range = 70–83), higher than the non-mortality group (median = 65, IQR = 55–75). The incidence of former/active smokers, male gender, hypertension, diabetes, dementia, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic cardiac disease, chronic neurological disease, and chronic kidney disease was higher in the mortality group. All stated differences were statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. LASSO selected eight features, novel univariate chose five, and pairwise chose none. No model was able to surpass an age-only model in the external validation set, where age had an AUC of 0.85 and a balanced accuracy of 0.77.ConclusionWhen applied to an external validation set, we found that an age-only mortality model outperformed all modeling attempts (curated onwww.covid19risk.ai) using three feature selection methods on 22 demographic and comorbid features.
Experimental in-vitro investigation on Epi-Off-Crosslinking on porcine corneas
Authors: Boschetti Federica , Conti Debora , Soriano Elvira M. , Mazzotta Cosimo , Pandolfi Anna 
Published: April 2021

Aim
To evaluate quantitatively the effects of the Epi-Off-CXL irradiance dose on the stromal stiffening of pig corneas.

Setting
Laboratory of Biological structures (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.

Methods
Inflation tests have been carried on 90 excised and de-epithelized pig corneas, monitoring the change of configuration of the corneal dome at specific pressures. Test have been carried out twice on each cornea, once before and once after Epi-Off-CXL performed at a constant irradiance of 9 mW/cm2 and variable UV-A exposure times. Corneas were grouped according to the exposure time (2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min), proportional to the irradiation dose (1.35, 2.7, 5.4, 8.1, and 10.8 J/cm2). A theoretical model based on linearized shell theory has been used to estimate the increment of the corneal stiffness.

Results
The linearized shell theory allowed to establish a quantitative relation between the increment of the stiffness parameters and the irradiation dose. Relative to the pre-treatment values, in all experiments the post-treatment corneal stiffness revealed a pronounced increase. In general, the stiffness gain increased with the exposure time. No significant differences in stiffening was observed between tests conducted at 2.5, 5, and 10 min exposure.

Conclusions
Qualitatively, the effectiveness of accelerated CXL treatments observed in pig corneas complies very well with in-vivo clinical results in humans, suggesting that experimental data in pigs can be very useful for the design of the procedure in humans. A larger irradiation dose provides a larger increment of the corneal stiffness. Due to the biological variability of the tissues, however, it is difficult to distinguish quantitatively the level of the reinforcement induced by accelerated protocols (low doses with < = 10 min exposure), less prone to induce damage in the corneal tissue. Therefore, the definition of personalized treatments must be related to the actual biomechanics of the cornea.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in poorly controlled vs well controlled Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus patients: A case-control study in a district hospital in Ghana
Authors: Nkansah Charles , Addai-Mensah Otchere , Mensah Kofi , Owusu Michael , Ephraim Richard K. D. , Adu Patrick , Osei-Boakye Felix , Appiah Samuel K. , Serwaa Dorcas , Derigubah Charles A. , Debrah Alexander Yaw 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundHypofibrinolysis resulting from the up-regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) usually occurs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), rendering them hypercoagulable. This study assessed the plasma antigen and activity levels of the PAI-1 enzyme in T2DM patients in a district hospital in Ghana.MethodsThis was a hospital-based case-control study conducted from December 2018 to May 2019 at Nkenkaasu District Hospital. Sixty subjects with T2DM (30 T2DM subjects with good glycemic control and 30 with poor glycemic control), and 30 apparently healthy blood donors were recruited into the study. Blood specimens were collected for complete blood count, lipid profile, PAI-1 Ag and PAI-1 activity levels. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to obtain demographic and clinical information. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.0.ResultsElevated PAI-1 Ag and activity levels were observed in the T2DM subjects compared to the healthy controls, with the levels and activity significantly higher (PAI-1 Ag;p< 0.001, PAI-1 activity level;p= 0.004) in the T2DM subjects with poor glycemic control in comparison to those with good glycemic control. A significant positive correlation was observed between HbA1c and PAI-1 enzymes. PAI-1 Ag levels significantly increased along with increased total cholesterol (Β= 0.262,p= 0.033), triglyceride (Β= -0.273,p= 0.034) and HbA1c (Β= 0.419,p= 0.001). Similarly, PAI-1 activity level was associated with total cholesterol (Β= 0.325,p= 0.009), triglyceride (Β= -0.262,p= 0.042), HbA1c (Β= 0.389,p= 0.003) and VLDL-c (Β= -0.227,p= 0.029).ConclusionPAI-1 antigen/activity is enhanced in poorly controlled Ghanaian T2DM subjects. The hypercoagulable state of the affected individuals put them at higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Good glycemic control to regulate plasma PAI-1 levels is essential during T2DM lifelong management. Markers of fibrinolysis should be assessed in these individuals and appropriate anticoagulants given to prevent thrombosis and adverse cardiovascular diseases.
The Gospel of Climate Skepticism: Why Evangelical Christians Oppose Action on Climate Change, Robin Globus Veldman (2019)
Authors: Pasek Anne 
Published: April 2021

Review of: The Gospel of Climate Skepticism: Why Evangelical Christians Oppose Action on Climate Change, Robin Globus Veldman (2019)
Oakland: University of California Press, 332 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-52030-367-6, p/bk, $29.95
The Qaggiq Model: Toward a Theory of Inuktut Knowledge Renewal, Janet Tamalik McGrath (2019)
Authors: Ruiz Rafico 
Published: April 2021

Review of: The Qaggiq Model: Toward a Theory of Inuktut Knowledge Renewal, Janet Tamalik McGrath (2019)
Iqaluit: Nunavut Arctic College, 410 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-897568-58-3, p/bk, $29.95

The News at the Ends of the Earth: The Print Culture of Polar Exploration, Hester Blum (2019)
Durham: Duke University Press, 328pp.,
ISBN 978-1-47800-387-8, p/bk, $27.95
Evaluation of ceramic veneer adaptation by optical coherence tomography: a clinical report
Authors: Castello Luís Fellipe Moraes , Del Rio Lyra Graça Nathalia , Fernandes Luana Osório , Pedrosa Marlus da Silva , Gomes Anderson Stevens Leonidas , Da Silva Claudio Heliomar Vicente 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Ceramic veneers represent a treatment approach in aesthetic dentistry. They are indicated in cases of alterations in size, contour, form and color of the teeth. The clinical and radiographic examinations may not allow the correct identification of failures in the treatment with ceramic veneers. Objective: To report the use of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) for the evaluation and repair of an aesthetic oral rehabilitation involving ceramic veneers. Case report: A 24-year-old female patient complained of unsatisfied color change in the ceramic veneer placed on the right maxillary central incisor. The clinical examination showed color changes between the middle and incisal thirds of mesial surface of the tooth crown. The OCT sagittal images evidenced the presence of bubbles or gaps in the adhesive interface. The treatment consisted of repair of the restoration by infiltration of a composite resin. Conclusion: The OCT was found to be valid tool to evaluate the adaptation of the ceramic veneer placed on the maxillary central incisor.

Keywords
Esthetics, Dental; Dental Veneers; Tomography, Optical Coherence.
Antibacterial Potentials of some Toothpaste Products against some Oral Bacterial Isolates
Authors: Oluboyo Bernard Oluwapelumi , Charles Maihankali J , Akele Richard , Akinseye Funmilayo , Oluboyo Adeola 
Published: April 2021

Objetive: Manufacturers of toothpastes claim that their products are active against oral microbiome capable of causing tooth decay. The objective of this study was to investigate the manufacturers’ claim using some of the toothpaste products sold in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Material and methods: The antibacterial potentials of five commercialized toothpaste products (designated sodium fluoride-zinc sulphate, benzyl alcohol-sodium fluorophosphate, sodium fluoride-eugenol, sodium fluoridesodium laurylsulfate and sodium fluoridepotassium nitrate) were tested against six oral isolates of dental caries and periodontal origin – Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial potentials were evaluated using modified agar well diffusion method. Various dilutions of the toothpaste products from 1:1 to 1:16 were tested against each test microorganism. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the toothpastes were determined. Results: sodium fluoride-zinc sulphate, benzyl alcoholsodium fluorophosphate and sodium fluorideeugenol toothpastes showed inhibitory effects on S. aureus, S. mitis and S. salivarius. Sodium fluoride-sodium laurylsulfate and sodium fluoride-potassium nitrate toothpastes showed no inhibitory effect on the organisms except S. pyogenes. Only sodium fluoride-potassium nitrate toothpaste inhibited E. coli while none of the toothpastes inhibited P. aeruginosa. The MIC and MBC of sodium fluoride-zinc sulphate, benzyl alcohol-sodium fluorophosphate, and sodium fluoride-eugenol toothpastes showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on the organisms. Sodium fluoride-zinc sulphate, benzyl alcohol-sodium fluorophosphate, and sodium fluoride-eugenol toothpastes showed comparable effects on S. aureus, S. mitis and S. salivarius. Sodium fluoride-eugenol toothpaste was strongest against S. mitis, benzyl alcoholsodium fluorophosphates toothpaste was strongest against S. pyogenes, sodium fluoridezinc sulphate toothpaste was strongest against S. salivarius and only sodium fluoride-potassium nitrate toothpaste inhibited E. coli. Conclusion: The manufacturer’s claim is upheld by this study for sodium fluoride-zinc sulphate, benzyl alcohol-sodium fluorophosphate and sodium fluoride-eugenol toothpastes. However, sodium fluoride-sodium laurylsulfate and sodium fluoride-potassium nitrate toothpastes showed limited inhibitory potentials.

Keywords
Antibacterial; Caries; Oral isolates; Periodontitis; Toothpastes.
Study of crystallization, microstructure and mechanical properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics as a function of the sintering temperature
Authors: Campanelli de Morais Dayana , Ferreira Theotonio Santos Matheus , Moreira Bastos Campos Tiago , De Sousa Trichês Eliandra , Souto Borges Alexandre Luiz 
Published: April 2021

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to synthesize and characterize lithium disilicate glass-ceramics through the Li2 O-SiO2 system for determining the most satisfactory sintering parameter by evaluating the crystalline composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. Material and methods: The glass-ceramics were prepared from a glass precursor by means of the melting/cooling technique with a composition of 33.33 Li2 O and 66.67 SiO2 (mol.%). The specimens were compressed by the uniaxial pressing technique and three different thermal treatments were used for sintering: 850 °C (Group 1), 900 °C (Group 2), and 950 °C (Group 3), which were determined based on the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) result. The glass-ceramics were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Archimedes method, microhardness and biaxial flexural strength analyses. Results: The results regarding XRD predominantly showed lithium disilicate phase for all the heat treatments performed. Moreover, grains with a needle form were more predominantly observed in the SEM images for Group 3, as well as a higher densification and consequently higher mechanical properties. In contrast, Group 1 presented the lowest mechanical properties and densification, as well as the highest porosity. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated how extremely important it is to follow the heat treatment recommended by the manufacturers of ceramics, including time and temperature, which possess direct effects in the crystalline phase formation, as well as in the material’s microstructure and mechanical properties.

Keywords
Crystallization; Glass-ceramics; Lithium disilicate.
Anatomical characteristics of mandibular bone in skeletal Class I, II and III patients by using cone beam computed tomography images in an iranian population
Authors: Zandi Mohammad , Shokri Abbas , Mollabashi Vahid , Eghdami Zahed , Amini Payam 
Published: April 2021

Objetive: This study aimed to compare the anatomical characteristics of the mandible in patients with skeletal class I, II and class III disorders using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: CBCT scans of patients between 17 to 40 years taken with NewTom 3G CBCT system with 12-inch field of view (FOV) were selected from the archive. Lateral cephalograms were obtained from CBCT scans of patients, and type of skeletal malocclusion was determined (Class I, II or III). All CBCT scans were evaluated in the sagittal, coronal and axial planes using the N.N.T viewer software. Results: The ramus height and distance from the mandibular foramen to the sigmoid notch in class II patients were significantly different from those in skeletal class I (P < 0.005). Distance from the mandibular canal to the anterior border of ramus in class III individuals was significantly different from that in skeletal class I individuals (P < .005). Conclusion: Length of the body of mandible in skeletal class I was significantly different from that in skeletal class II and III patients. Also, ramus height in skeletal class I was significantly different from that in skeletal class II patients. CBCT had high efficacy for accurate identification of anatomical landmarks.

Keywords
Prognathism; Retrognathism; Mandible; Anatomy; Cone beam computed tomography.
The Role of Catechin Compounds and Its Derivates to Mitigate Methane Gas Production in the Rumen Fermentation
Authors: Aprilliza AM Mozart Nuzul , Anggraeny Yenny Nur , Wina Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

Enteric fermentation and its corresponding to methane emissions take place in many wild and domestic ruminant species, such as deer, buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep. Ruminant animals are different from other animals in that they have a rumen, a large fore-stomach with a complex microbial environment. A resulting of this process is methane (CH4), which has a global warming potential (25 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2)). Because the digestion process is not 100% efficient, some of the energy intake is lost in the form of methane. Recently, natural plant products, such as tea leaves which are often inexpensive and environmentally safe have been introduced in methane mitigation strategies. Tea leaves have potential for use as an additives in ruminant diets. The adding of catechin 10-40 g/Kg DM were able to declined methane emission 7.4–13.5%. Furthermore, catechin could decrease the methane production. Catechin decreased CH4 production both in vitro and in vivo. Catechin causes direct inhibition of methanogens as well as may act as hydrogen sinks during degradation by rumen microbes via cleavage of ring structures and reductive dehydroxylation reactions. The objective of this paper is to review existing knowledge related to discuss how catechins can act as methane-lowering agents from rumen fermentation on ruminants.