bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time spent by hospital personnel on drug changes: A time and motion study from an in-and outpatient hospital setting
Authors: Poulsen Joo Hanne , Nørgaard Lotte Stig , Dieckmann Peter , Clemmensen Marianne Hald 
Published: February 2021

Introduction
Medicines used at Danish public hospitals are purchased through tendering. Together with drug shortage, tendering result in drug changes, known to compromise patient safety, increase medicine errors and to be resource demanding for healthcare personnel. Details on actual resources required in the clinic setting to manage drug changes are unknown. The aim of the study is to explore time spend by hospital personnel in a drug change situation when dispensing medicine to in- and outpatients in a hospital setting in the Capital Region of Denmark.

Method
A time and motion study, using direct observation combined with time-registration tools, such as eye-tracking, video recording and manual time tracking. Data were obtained from observing nurses and social and health care assistants with dispensing authority while dispensing or extraditing medicine before and after the implementation of drug changes in two clinical setting; a cardiology ward and a rheumatology outpatient clinic.

Results
Hospital personnel at the cardiology inpatient ward spent 20.5 seconds on dispensing a drug, which was increased up to 28.4 seconds by drug changes. At the rheumatology outpatient clinic, time to extradite medicine increased from 8 minutes and 6 seconds to 15 minutes and 36 seconds by drug changes due to tender. Similarly, drug changes due to drug shortage prolonged the extradition time to 16 minutes and 54 seconds. Statistical analysis reveal that drug changes impose a significant increase in time to dispense a drug for both in- and outpatients.

Conclusion
Clinical hospital personnel spent significantly longer time on drug change situations in the dispensing of medicine to in- and outpatients in a hospitals. This study emphasizes that implementing drug changes do require extra time, thus, the hospital management should encounter this and ensure that additional time is available for the hospital personnel to ensure a safe drug dispensing process.
Defining a positive work environment for hospital healthcare professionals: A Delphi study
Authors: Maassen Susanne M. , van Oostveen Catharina , Vermeulen Hester , Weggelaar Anne Marie 
Published: February 2021

IntroductionThe work environment of healthcare professionals is important for good patient care and is receiving increasing attention in scientific research. A clear and unambiguous understanding of a positive work environment, as perceived by healthcare professionals, is crucial for gaining systematic objective insights into the work environment. The aim of this study was to gain consensus on the concept of a positive work environment in the hospital.MethodsThis was a three-round Delphi study to establish consensus on what defines a positive work environment. A literature review and 17 semi-structured interviews with experts (transcribed and analyzed by open and thematic coding) were used to generate items for the Delphi study.ResultsThe literature review revealed 228 aspects that were clustered into 48 work environment elements, 38 of which were mentioned in the interviews also. After three Delphi rounds, 36 elements were regarded as belonging to a positive work environment in the hospital.DiscussionThe work environment is a broad concept with several perspectives. Although all 36 elements are considered important for a positive work environment, they have different perspectives. Mapping the included elements revealed that no one work environment measurement tool includes all the elements.ConclusionWe identified 36 elements that are important for a positive work environment. This knowledge can be used to select the right measurement tool or to develop interventions for improving the work environment. However, the different perspectives of the work environment should be considered.
How clinician-patient communication affects trust in health information sources: Temporal trends from a national cross-sectional survey
Authors: Asan Onur , Yu Zhongyuan , Crotty Bradley H. 
Published: February 2021

Background
Understanding patients’ trust in health information sources is critical to designing work systems in healthcare. Patient-centered communication during the visit might be a major factor in shaping patients’ trust in information sources.

Objective
The purpose of this paper is to explore relationships between patient ratings of clinician communication during the visit and patient trust in health information sources.

Methodology
We conducted a secondary analysis of the nationally-representative Health Information National Trends Surveys; HINTS4 Cycle1 (2011), HINTS4 Cycle4 (2014), and HINTS5 Cycle1 (2017), and HINTS5 Cycle2 (2018). We created a composite score of patient-centered communication from five questions and dichotomized at the median. We created multivariable logistic regression models to see how patient-centered communication influenced trust in different information sources across cycles. Consecutively, we used hierarchical analysis for aggregated data.

Results
We analyzed data from 14,425 individuals. In the adjusted logistic models for each cycle and the hierarchical model, clinicians’ perceived patient-centered communication skills were significantly associated with increased trust in the clinicians as an information source.

Conclusion
Clinicians still represent an essential source of trustworthy information reinforced by patient-centered communication skills. Given that trust helps build healing relationships that lead to better healthcare outcomes, communication sets an essential foundation to establish necessary trust. Interpreting information from the internet sources for patients is likely to remain a vital clinician function.
Clinical significance of hypoalbuminemia in patients with scrub typhus complicated by acute kidney injury
Authors: Oh Ju Hwan , Lim Ji Hye , Cho A. Young , Lee Kwang Young , Sun In O. 
Published: February 2021

Background
This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of hypoalbuminemia (HA) in patients with scrub typhus complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI).

Methods
From 2009 to 2018, 611 patients were diagnosed with scrub typhus. We divided the patients into two groups [normoalbuminemia (NA) vs. HA] based on the serum albumin level of 3.0 g/dL and compared the incidence, clinical characteristics, and severity of AKI based on the RIFLE classification between the two groups.

Results
Of the total 611 patients, 78 (12.8%) were categorized into the HA group. Compared to patients in the NA group, patients in the HA group were older (73 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 14 years, P<0.001). The HA group had a significantly longer hospital stay (9.6 ± 6.2 vs 6.2 ± 3.1 days, p<0.001) and a higher incidence of complications in respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Furthermore, AKI developed significantly more in patients in the HA group (58% vs. 18%, p<0.001) as compared to the NA group. The overall incidence of AKI was 23.1%; of which, 14.9%, 7.0%, and 1.2% of cases were classified as Risk, Injury, and Failure, respectively. The serum albumin level correlated with AKI severity (3.4 ± 0.5 vs 3.0 ± 0.5 vs 2.6 ± 0.3, p<0.05). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis for predicting AKI, age, presence of co-morbidities such as chronic kidney disease, total bilirubin, leukocytosis, and hypoalbuminemia were significant predictors for AKI.

Conclusion
Serum albumin level is helpful to predict the development and severity of scrub typhus-associated AKI.
Higher SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in workers with lower socioeconomic status in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Shaw Jane Alexandra , Meiring Maynard , Cummins Tracy , Chegou Novel N. , Claassen Conita , Du Plessis Nelita , Flinn Marika , Hiemstra Andriette , Kleynhans Léanie , Leukes Vinzeigh , Loxton Andre G. , MacDonald Candice , Mtala Nosipho , Reuter Helmuth , Simon Donald , Stanley Kim , Tromp Gerard , Preiser Wolfgang , Malherbe Stephanus T. , Walzl Gerhard 
Published: February 2021

Background
Inequality is rife throughout South Africa. The first wave of COVID-19 may have affected people in lower socioeconomic groups worse than the affluent. The SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and the specificity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests in South Africa is not known.

Methods
We tested 405 volunteers representing all socioeconomic strata from the workforce of a popular shopping and tourist complex in central Cape Town with the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay. We assessed the association between antibody positivity and COVID-19 symptom status, medical history, and sociodemographic variables. We tested 137 serum samples from healthy controls collected in Cape Town prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, to confirm the specificity of the assay in the local population.

Results
Of the 405 volunteers tested one month after the first peak of the epidemic in Cape Town, 96(23.7%) were SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive. Of those who tested positive, 46(47.9%) reported no symptoms of COVID-19 in the previous 6 months. Seropositivity was significantly associated with living in informal housing, residing in a subdistrict with low income-per household, and having a low-earning occupation. The specificity of the assay was 98.54%(95%CI 94.82%-99.82%) in the pre-COVID controls.

Conclusions
There is a high background seroprevalence in Cape Town, particularly in people of lower socioeconomic status. Almost half of cases are asymptomatic, and therefore undiagnosed by local testing strategies. These results cannot be explained by low assay specificity.
Carbon emissions displacement effect of Finnish mechanical wood products by dominant tree species in a set of wood use scenarios
Authors: Poljatschenko Victoria , Valsta Lauri 
Published: February 2021

The carbon emissions displacement effect of Finnish logs for mechanical wood products by dominant tree species (Scots pine, L.; Norway spruce, (L.) H. Karst.; Birch, spp.) was assessed by combining information from previous studies of current consumption patterns with displacement factors (DF) for structural construction, non-structural construction, and energy usage. We did not conduct additional life cycle analyses compared to the current literature. Our aim was to identify the factors that most extensively influence the displacement effect and to estimate the overall climate effect of Finnish logs in light of current production levels of mechanical forest industry. The analyses were based on information from both statistics and proprietary sources. Contrary to previous studies, we provide DFs by main tree species in Finland, which has been an unidentified area of research to date. Additionally, we apply a more detailed classification of structural and non-structural wood products. This study did not include effects on the forest carbon sink, as they depend case-wise on forest resources and forest management. According to our results, with current production and consumption trends, the average displacement effects for domestic Scots pine, Norway spruce, and birch logs were 1.28, 1.16, and 1.43 Mg C/Mg C, respectively. The corresponding overall annual displacement effect caused by the current production of sawn wood and wood-based panels was 12.3 Tg CO for Finland for the BAU scenario and varied between 8.6 and 16.3 Tg CO depending on the wood use scenario.Pinus sylvestrisPicea abiesBetula22
COCO – Ein Versuchsaufbau zur Erprobung von Methoden der vernetzten Regelung
Authors: Schenk Kai , Lunze Jan 
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag beschreibt einen neuen Versuchsstand zur experimentellen Erprobung von Steuerungsmethoden für vernetzte Systeme. Der Aufbau besteht aus fünfzig Linearantrieben, die unter einer Latexfolie montiert sind. Über das Ein- und Ausfahren des Zylinders kann der Folie eine beliebige Form aufgeprägt werden. Für die Ansteuerung der Antriebe werden synchronisierende Regler, kooperative Vorsteuerungen sowie PI-Regler verwendet. Es wird ein Experiment vorgestellt, bei dem die Oberfläche eine Wanderwelle ausbildet, die gewünschte Form also zeitveränderlich ist. Die gezeigten Versuche demonstrieren die Leistungsfähigkeit des neuen Laboraufbaus.
Fast distributed model predictive control combining ADMM, IPM and Riccati iteration
Authors: Costantini Giuliano , Görges Daniel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In model predictive control, the control action is found at each sampling time by solving an online optimization problem. Computationally, this step is very demanding, especially if compared to the evaluation of traditional control laws. This has limited the application of model predictive control to systems with slow dynamics for many years. Recently, several methods have been proposed in the literature which promise a substantial reduction of the computation time by either running the computation in parallel (distributed model predictive control) or exploiting the problem structure (fast model predictive control). A combination of these methods has not yet been considered in the literature. To achieve this goal, different optimization techniques need to be employed at once. The order of how these methods are applied matters. This paper considers fast distributed model predictive control combining the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), the interior point method (IPM) and the Riccati iteration for a particular class of multi-agent systems for which the order of the methods can be arbitrarily changed. This leads to two different solver schemes where a trade-off arises between computation time and number of communications required to reach consensus. A simplified problem involving the formation control of a fleet of vehicles is considered at the end.
Der Sonntag – Orientierungspunkt im »Flickenteppich« gesellschaftlicher Zeitmuster?
Authors: Jähnichen Traugott 
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Gesellschaftliche Zeitrhythmen lassen sich bis in die Gegenwart weitgehend auf religiöse Deutungen und Prägungen von Zeit zurückführen. Dies gilt exemplarisch für den Sonntag mit der sonntäglichen Arbeitsruhe, der gegenwärtig auf Grund technischer und ökonomischer Entwicklungen, speziell angesichts der Globalisierung und des digitalen Wandels, schleichend unterminiert wird. Zwar ist der Schutz der Sonntagsruhe in Deutschland verfassungsrechtlich garantiert, dies steht jedoch in einem deutlichen Spannungsverhältnis zu lebensweltlichen Entwicklungen. Theologisch ist die Bewertung des Sonntags als eines qualitativ anderen Tages, wie die Kirchen in Stellungnahmen erklärt haben, gar nicht so eindeutig zu begründen, zumindest nicht in protestantischer Perspektive. Vor diesem Hintergrund argumentiert der Beitrag für eine neue Ausbalancierung des wöchentlichen Zeitrhythmus mit gewissen Öffnungen, um gerade so den Sonntag als besonderen Tag in der Woche zu schützen. Gemeinsam erlebte Arbeitsunterbrechungen ermöglichen eine Kultur gemeinschaftlichen Zusammenlebens und eröffnen die Perspektive, dass »Zeit« mehr ist als eine ökonomisch verwertbare Ressource.
Visible light-responsive photocatalyst of SnO2/rGO prepared usingPometia pinnataleaf extract
Authors: Sujatmiko Febrian , Sahroni Imam , Fadillah Ganjar , Fatimah Is 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe composite of tin oxide-reduced graphene oxide (SnO2/rGO) was prepared via a green synthesis of rGO usingPometia pinnataleaf extract followed by the dispersion of the SnO2precursor. The composite was employed as a photocatalyst for the removal of methylene blue (MB) under UV and visible light. A variety of spectroscopic and analytical techniques, consisting of X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, scanning transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and a transmission electron microscope, was used to characterize the physical properties of the photocatalyst. The characterizations represent the dispersed SnO2nanoparticles in the rutile phase with the mean particle size of 72 nm. The photocatalytic activity experiments revealed the superiority of the composite for photodegradation application under the visible light source compared to UV light. This visible light-responsive property is fit with photoluminescence intensity in the visible light range. It was found that SnO2/rGO yields the degradation efficiency of ca. 98.28% within 90 min.
Antihyperglycemic activity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. leaf ethanol extract SNEDDS in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Hayati Farida , Chabib Lutfi , Sekarraras Faiza Dea , Faizah Wan Syarifah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of SNEDDS of Pegagan Leaf Ethanol Extract (PLE) to reduce fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in zebrafish. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. or pegagan is among the medicinal plants widely used to treat diabetes in Indonesia. Maceration was employed with 70% ethanol to obtain a viscous extract for the formulation of SNEDDS with Capryol 90, Tween 80, and PEG 400 (1:6:3). Antihyperglycemic testing was conducted on five groups, consisting of normal, positive control, negative control, P I treatment, and P II treatment. On Day 1, all except the normal group was induced with 300 mg alloxan and soaked in 2% glucose solution for 7 days. On day 8, the treatment consisted of 25 mg/2 L metformin for the positive control, 100 mg/2 L SNEDDS for P I, 200 mg/2 L SNEDDS for P II, and no treatment for the negative control. The SNEDDS characterization obtained 100.6 ± 3.12 nm particle size and −7.93 ± 0.66 mV zeta potential, indicating that the SNEDDS had fulfilled the requirements of good preparation. The antidiabetic activity test found a 69.90% decline in FBG levels in 100 mg/2 L SNEDDS and 72.20% in 200 mg/2 L SNEDDS.
Frequency Effect of Formulaic Sequences on CAF in Academic Writing: Examples from L2 Master’s Theses
Authors: Ma Rong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the individual uses of formulaic sequence (FS) frequency and their effects on complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) in academic writing. Data was collected from the conclusion sections of a self-compiled corpus of 30 L2 master’s theses. Statistical analysis revealed several notable conclusions. 1) Student writers tend to make repetitive use of particular FSs in single texts. 2）FS use has a significant frequency effect on fluency, and the high-frequency group slightly outperforms the low-frequency group. 3) FS use has a certain frequency effect on accuracy, and the high-frequency group demonstrates the strongest correlation between FS frequency and accuracy. 4) FS use has a significant frequency effect on lexical complexity, and the low-frequency group slightly outperforms the high-frequency group. In the low-frequency group, FS use has a significant frequency effect on syntactic complexity as well. Finally, 5) The results support Skehan’s trade-off effect, a competition between CAF, which, to a certain degree, is affected by individual uses of FS frequency. The low-frequency group displays a greater trade-off effect than the high-frequency group.
Exploring young learners’ L2 development and perceptions of mixed-age and same-age peer interactions in EFL mixed-age classrooms
Authors: Kos Tomas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Although foreign language instruction in mixed-age (M-A) is gaining popularity (Heizmann and Ries and Wicki 2015; Lau and Juby-Smith and Desbiens, 2017; Shahid Kazi and Moghal and Aziz 2018; Thurn 2011), the research is scarce. Drawing from multiple data sources, this study investigated to what extent do peer interactions among M-A and same-age (S-A) pairs aid L2 development and how students perceive their interactions. In this study, the same learners (N=24) aged between 10 and 12 interacted with the same and different age partners during common classroom lessons in two EFL classrooms. The results suggest that both S-A and M-A peer interactions aided L2 development. Although S-A pairs outperformed M-A pairs on the post-test, the results are not statistically significant. The analysis of students’ perceptions revealed that the majority of students prefer working in S-A to M-A pairs. In addition to age/proficiency differences, factors such as students’ relationships and perceptions of one’s own and partner’s proficiency greatly impact how they interact with one another.
Motivational strategies in Chinese language classrooms: A comparative study of novice and experienced teachers
Authors: Shi Hongyang , Wang Tianmiao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Plenty of research in applied linguistics has confirmed that language teachers’ motivational strategies are playing a crucial role in relation to the learning motivation of their students. While previous research on motivational strategies has focused almost exclusively on teaching English as an international language (TESOL), this paper seeks to explore what motivational strategies are used by teachers of Chinese as a second language (CSL), and how their use differs between novice and experienced teachers in the Chinese cultural context in mainland China. The study was carried out in four Beijing universities with 90 novice and 85 experienced CSL teachers. The research instrument was adapted from the classical model developed by Dörnyei, Zoltán, & Kata Csizér. 1998. Ten Commandments for motivating language learners: Results of an empirical study. Language Teaching Research 2(3). 203–229. Participants were asked to rate the motivational strategies in terms of their perceived importance and the frequency by which they implemented them in their teaching practices. Following this, six participants also took part in semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study reveal a significant relationship between teachers’ preferences of motivational strategies and their cultural background, teaching objectives and the teaching contexts. Results also show a remarkable difference in motivational strategies between novice and experienced teachers at both macro and individual levels. The study suggests a few interpretations of the results and several implications for CSL teacher’s professional development based on its findings.