bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fighting for Balance
Authors: Haines Avril 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
While the Pentagon Papers framework was a creative way to promote a balance between free speech principles and national security interests in 1971, and the objectives and interests weighed in the case remain basically the right ones, this essay argues that we must now rethink the framework to better promote that balance. Checks on the executive branch have weakened since 1971, so the framework needs to be adjusted to better promote transparency. Technological developments have rendered the framework less effective because we cannot rely on the press to be a separate actor capable of making a considered judgment regarding what is newsworthy. And the government overclassifies information, a problem that highlights the issues with relying on the existing system. The essay proposes mechanisms to restore and achieve the proper balance such as reforms in the classification system and the creation of a commission to address the issues.
The Growth of Press Freedoms in the United States since 9/11
Authors: Goldsmith Jack 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The number, frequency, and seriousness of leaks of classified information have grown sharply in the last two decades. The government has reacted to these leaks with several initiatives to stop or deter them. Journalists and their allies, in turn, have complained that these initiatives have narrowed press freedoms and damaged the First Amendment. This essay argues that the journalists are wrong. The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented growth in press freedoms in the national security context and greater protection for journalists in their reporting of national security secrets. The recent indictment of Julian Assange is no violation of this norm and in many ways confirms it.
A Thousand Years into One
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” speech is often seen as the founding story of atomic energy’s peaceful side. In fact, it was not such a dramatic break from the past. The Democrats had begun to use the atom in this way, first with radioisotopes and then with other intriguing ideas, such as irradiating seeds in the hope of generating wondrous mutations. The Democrats hatched the germ of the idea of “Atoms for Peace,” calling for a global atomic Marshall Plan, shortly after President Truman announced in 1949 his decision to pursue development of the hydrogen bomb. The idea of the peaceful atom was deployed rhetorically to mitigate the political consequences of significant escalations in weapons development. Eisenhower’s pledge delivered not a new program but American political consensus about how the atom should be discussed as a matter of state.
Turf Wars and Green Revolutions
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Behind the fiction of the IAEA’s non-political status was a tremendous amount of political maneuvering. The agency embarked on numerous programs in the developing world, backed by substantial financial commitments from the United States and other governments with robust weapons programs. The agency’s apparent status as a non-political technical agency obscured its role in propaganda, while its wide membership provided an illusion of global norms and consensus. The agency provided an authoritative international voice for a cornucopian vision of the atom that exaggerated the problem-solving aspects of atomic energy and constantly tried to identify success stories in health, agriculture, and other domains. In the early 1960s, the IAEA engaged in a turf war against two of these agencies, the World Health Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organization, and tried to claim a role in the so-called Green Revolution.
Rivers of the Sultan
Authors: Husain Faisal H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Rivers of the Sultan offers a history of the Ottoman Empire’s management of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the early modern period. During the early sixteenth century, a radical political realignment in West Asia placed the reins of the Tigris and Euphrates in the hands of Istanbul. The political unification of the longest rivers in West Asia allowed the Ottoman state to rebalance the natural resource disparity along its eastern frontier. It regularly organized the shipment of grain, metal, and timber from upstream areas of surplus in Anatolia and the Jazira to downstream areas of need in Iraq. This imperial system of waterborne communication, the book argues, created heavily militarized fortresses that anchored the Ottoman presence in Iraq, enabling Istanbul to hold in check foreign and domestic challenges to its authority and to exploit the organic wealth of the Tigris-Euphrates alluvium. From the end of the seventeenth century, the convergence of natural and human disasters transformed the Ottoman Empire’s relationship with its twin rivers. A trend toward provincial autonomy ensued that would localize the Ottoman management of the Tigris and Euphrates and shift its command post from Istanbul to the provinces. By placing a river system at the center of analysis, this book reveals intimate bonds between valley and mountain, water and power in the early modern world.
“Mike Fright”
Authors: Friedman Ryan Jay 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the racialization of sound and language during the transitional period in Hollywood. It argues that the studios’ interest in African American representation in the talkies participated in the ongoing construction in US popular culture of the “Black voice” and of ethnically marked ways of speaking as signifiers of substance and vitality. Tracing the genealogy of this “thrown” voice back through white radio comedians’ vocal mimicry, dialect fiction written by white authors, and blackface minstrelsy, the chapter demonstrates that the talkies were a technological medium of racial ventriloquism. Examining the popular RKO feature Check and Double Check (1930)—a complex product both of radio minstrelsy and the early sound era “vogue” for African American musical performance—the chapter centers on a highly revealing gesture of counter-ventriloquism by the members of the Duke Ellington Orchestra, who refuse to adopt the thrown “Black voice” scripted for them, appropriating white singers’ voices instead.
Epilogue: The Ventriloquism of Media
Authors: Cooren François , Higham Lise , Brummans Boris H. J. M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHistorically, media studies and interaction studies have been estranged from each other. As John Durham Peters noted, this unfortunate situation can be traced back to the quarrel between the Sophists and Socrates, which can be summarized as the perennial opposition between the doctrine of dissemination, today represented by media studies, and the doctrine of dialogue, represented by interaction studies. This chapter calls this opposition into question by proposing to study media from a ventriloquial perspective. Communication is not only a question of co-construction and co-orientation, aspects on which interaction studies often focus, but also of delegation and tele-action, aspects that highlight the mediated dimension of any communicative act. The chapter illustrates the value of this perspective by providing an in-depth analysis of a videorecorded conflict mediation session. More specifically, it shows how a mediator acts as a medium in third-party dispute resolution by giving each party an opportunity to recognize their interests and positions in the other’s expressed interests and positions. The mediator thus acts as a ventriloquist who aims to help parties say things that reflect the compatibility of their respective interests, which seem incompatible at the onset of the mediation.
Conclusion
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The chapter summarizes the three main innovations presented in this book. First, contrary to institutionalist theories, this book shows how to understand the main threats political corruption poses to the well-functioning of public institutions, one must look inside of those institutions, at the officeholders’ interrelated conduct. Second, contrary to consequentialist theories, by making political corruption itself—not just its consequences—an object of public ethics, the book brings out the constitutive dimension of the wrongness of political corruption as a kind of interactive injustice for which all officeholders are responsible in their interrelatedness. Third, contrary to legalistic and regulatory approaches to anticorruption, this book argues for the importance of internalizing answerability institutional practices as the components of a public ethics of office accountability capable of giving officeholders practical guidance for their institutional action.
Introduction to Quantum Field Theory with Applications to Quantum Gravity
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book focuses on quantum field theory and its application to gravitational physics, in both semiclassical and full quantum frameworks, with special attention paid to renormalization, gauge theories and, especially, effective action formalism. Part I provides both conceptual and technical introductions to quantum field theory, starting from elements of group theory, through classical fields, up to effective action formalism in general gauge theories. Compared to other books on this topic, this book describes the general formalism of renormalization in more detail and pays more attention to gauge theories. Part II discusses basic aspects of quantum field theory in curved spacetime and perturbative quantum gravity. More than half of this part is written with a full exposition of details, including well-explained examples with simple calculations. All chapters include exercises, which range from very simple ones to those requiring small original investigations. The material in the second part was selected on the basis of the “must-know” principle: while detailed expositions are provided for relatively simple techniques and calculations, it is expected that the interested reader will be able to learn more advanced issues independently after learning the basic material and working through the exercises provided. In some cases, when more complicated subjects were discussed, the book only provides references for the original publications, where the reader can find the full details of the calculations used.
The Demise of the Anglo-Nigerian Special Relationship
Authors: Wyss Marco 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although the defence agreement with Britain had been passed by the Nigerian parliament in late 1960, the Nigerian opposition intensified its campaign against it by portraying it as a neocolonial scheme that ran contrary to Nigeria’s official position of non-alignment. In this opposition it was supported by and galvanized radical movements, trade union members, students, and the youth more generally, who staged demonstrations and even riots in Lagos and other Nigerian cities. The Ghanaian leader joined in the campaign, which gained in strength against the background of the escalating Cold War in Africa and French atomic tests in the Sahara. The British thus questioned whether the defence agreement’s decreasing strategic benefits were worth the political backlash that undermined Britain’s and the West’s position in Nigeria and forced Lagos to demonstrate its non-alignment by cosying up to the Soviet Union. As a result, the defence agreement was eventually abrogated in early 1962.
Age of Promises
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Age of Promises explores the issue of electoral promises in twentieth century Britain—how they were made, how they were understood, and how they evolved across time. It does so through a study of general election manifestos and election addresses. The premise of the book is that a history of the act of making promises—which is central to the political process, but which has not been sufficiently analysed—illuminates the development of political communication and democratic representation. The twentieth century saw a broad shift away from politics viewed as a discursive process whereby, at elections, it was enough to set out broad principles, with detailed policymaking to follow once in office, following reflection and discussion. Over the first part of the century, parties increasingly felt required to compile lists of specific policies to offer to voters and detailed, costed pledges. We live in an age of growing uncertainty over the authority and status of political promises. In the wake of the 2016 EU referendum––during which an (alleged) promise was famously written on the side of a bus––controversy erupted over parliamentary sovereignty. Should ‘the will of the people’ as manifested in the referendum result be supreme, or did MPs owe a primary responsibility to their constituents and/or to the party manifestos on which they had been elected? Age of Promises demonstrates that these debates build on a long history of differing understandings about what status manifestos and addresses should have in shaping the actions of government.
Dispositional Evaluations and Defeat
Authors: Lasonen-Aarnio Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Subjects who retain their beliefs in the face of higher-order evidence that those very beliefs are outputs of flawed cognitive processes are at least very often criticizable. Many think that this is because such higher-order evidence defeats various epistemic statuses such as justification and knowledge, but it is notoriously difficult to give an account of such defeat. This paper outlines an alternative explanation, stemming from some of my earlier work, for why subjects are criticizable for retaining beliefs in the face of paradigm kinds of putatively defeating higher-order evidence: they manifest dispositions that are bad relative to a range of candidate epistemic successes such as true belief and knowledge. In particular, being disposed to only give up belief in response to higher-order evidence when that evidence is not misleading would require subjects to have dispositions that discriminate between cases in which their original cognitive processes is fine, and cases in which they merely seemed to be fine. But, I argue, such dispositions are not normally humanly feasible. I show that retaining belief in putative cases of defeat by higher-order evidence is problematic irrespective of whether veritism or some form of gnosticism is true. In the end I contrast my account of dispositional evaluations with similar-sounding ideas that have been put forth in the literature, such as consequentialist views that focus on instrumental means to success.
Workflow Demonstration part 2
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Beckerman Andrew P. , Cooper Natalie , Childs Dylan Z. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, we gain our first real insights about the data. We use visualizations and summarize the data to show how it is distributed and, among other things, that female bats eat larger prey on average than males. We also look at the data from a different perspective and show that the composition of prey species taken differs among female and male bats. This chapter covers a lot of new R, for example splitting our data into groups for summary statistics, and many new concepts. These will be explored in more detail in the following chapters.
Dealing with data 2
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Beckerman Andrew P. , Cooper Natalie , Childs Dylan Z. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we go through some miscellaneous R topics, all of which you experienced briefly in the bat diet workflow demonstration. These include pipes, a mechanism for moving data from one operation to another; strings, how words and text are represented in computers using ‘stringr’; dates and times, until recently a proper pain anywhere on a computer, but now much simpler and straightforward to deal with, using the lubridate package; and pivoting, changing data from long to wide format, and wide to long, using the ‘pivot_longer’ and ‘pivot_wider’ functions in the tidyr package.
The Inter-American Development Bank and the Washington Consensus
Authors: Babb Sarah 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces how the United States (US) Treasury engineered the major shift in the Inter-American Development Bank’s (IADB) policy and formal structure through negotiations over donor contributions to its financial resources. The US behaved as an ‘activist shareholder’—using its control over resources to bargain with management for organizational change. Yet in contrast to ‘shareholder value’ in private firms, international donors can use foreign aid to pursue a range of incommensurable goals. The IADB’s initiation into the Washington Consensus resulted from a historic and durable shift in US policy-makers’ conception of shareholder value, from one in which the banks were worthy of support because of their ability to promote US security and diplomatic goals, to one that valued the Banks’ ability to change national economic policies. US shareholder activism not only brought the development banks into alignment with Washington’s agenda, but also into alignment with one another.
Necessity and Proportionality and Armed Attacks by Non-State Actors
Authors: O'Meara Chris 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChapter 4 builds on the analysis of the previous chapters by considering how necessity and proportionality are adapted to apply to defensive action against NSAs. With a particular focus on international terrorism, including the ongoing Global Coalition intervention in Syria against Daesh and other terrorist groups, the potential and limitations of necessity and proportionality are brought to the fore. In particular, this chapter examines the position of the ‘host state’ (being the state in whose territory military action is taken), which includes a review of the controversial ‘unwilling or unable’ doctrine. The duration and geographical scope of the right of self-defence are also considered in this context. A worrying trend is identified regarding how states appear to take a more permissive attitude towards anti-terrorist operations. This state practice has serious implications for the meaningful application of proportionality, whilst highlighting the potential for specific necessity to act as a restraint on state action.
Corporate ethics
Authors: Lütge Christoph , Uhl Matthias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter aims to bring order to the multitude of different concepts that are discussed within corporate ethics. In the first part, compliance as a minimum ethical requirement is presented. Compliance risks are illustrated by examples from the fields of corruption, antitrust violations, and data privacy. Afterwards, the key tasks of compliance management are explained. In the second part, different perspectives on corporate responsibility are discussed: Friedman’s view, the honorable merchant, and the management of moral risks. In the third and largest part, different approaches to corporate social responsibility and their respective criticisms are presented. The chapter closes with some thoughts on corporate social irresponsibility and on the experimental approach to CSR.
Random walks and emergent properties
Authors: Sethna James P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Random walks and diffusion provide our most basic example of how new laws emerge in statistical mechanics. Random walks have fractal properties, with fluctuations on all scales. The microscopic nature of the random steps is unimportant to the emergent fractal behavior. The diffusion equation is the law which emerges when many random walks are combined; it describes the evolution of any locally conserved density at macroscopic distances and times. The chapter introduces powerful Fourier and Green’s function methods for solving for the resulting behavior. Exercises explore this emergence, with applications to perfume, polymers, stock markets, the Sun, bacteria, and flocking of animals.
Phase-space dynamics and ergodicity
Authors: Sethna James P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides the mathematical justification for the theory of equilibrium statistical mechanics. A Hamiltonian system which is ergodic is shown to have time-average behavior equal to the average behavior in the energy shell. Liouville’s theorem is used to justify the use of phase-space volume in taking this average. Exercises explore the breakdown of ergodicity in planetary motion and in dissipative systems, the application of Liouville’s theorem by Crooks and Jarzynski to non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, and generalizations of statistical mechanics to chaotic systems and to two-dimensional turbulence and Jupiter’s great red spot.
Abrupt phase transitions
Authors: Sethna James P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies abrupt phase transitions, familiar from boiling water, raindrops, snowflake formation, and frost. At these transitions, the properties change abruptly -- the ice cube and the water in which it floats are at the same temperature and pressure, but have quite different densities and rigidities. The chapter studies the coexistence between two phases by matching their free energies, and discover the Maxwell equal-area construction. It examines the barriers to raindrop formation and discovers nucleation and critical droplet theory. It examines how the transition proceeds after nucleation, and discovers coarsening (familiar from the segregation of oil and water in well-shaken salad dressing), dendrites (snowflakes and frost patterns), and martensitic structures (important in steel). Exercises explore nucleation of dislocations, of cracks, and of droplets in the Ising model; complex free energies and nucleation rates; dendrites in surface growth and snowflakes; and martensites, minimizing sequences, and origami.
The Revenge of Defaulters
Authors: Zendejas Juan Flores , Pénet Pierre , Suter Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines important changes in the way debtors and creditors settled sovereign debt disputes in the turmoil of the post–Second World War context. Post-war debt settlements represented an enormous task not only because of the sheer amount of debt in default but also because old methods of settlement no longer applied. Faced with the declining significance of bondholder committees, creditors increasingly sought the mediation of their governments. After 1945, the enforcement of sovereign debt claims was effectively transferred from creditor committees to creditor states. Drawing on archival data collected on several high-profile cases of debt restructuring, this chapter revisits the meaning of sovereign debt disputes in the age of interstate negotiations. First, we show that debt acquired a broader public and diplomatic meaning as states became the contractual enforcers of private debt claims. Second, we show that private creditors benefited from the active role of their states, but problems arose, notably in relation to equality of treatment between creditors. Third, we emphasize several cases of creditors attempting to elevate debt disputes to international legal forums. Although such attempts failed, they are nonetheless significant because they foreshadow many aspects and problems in the current debate on legal tools of debt dispute settlement. Section 4 assesses the efficiency of pre-1914, interwar, and post-war methods of debt settlements against several metrics of performance. Section 5 concludes.