bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commodities fluctuations, cross border flows and financial innovation: A stock‐flow analysis
Authors: Nalin Lorenzo , Yajima Giuliano Toshiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAt the beginning of the 2000s, Latin America countries experienced rising commodities prices and, in turn, foreign investors shifted part of their portfolio composition toward the region. Unlike past episodes, more integrated financial markets allowed international players to invest in a wider range of financial instruments, usually related to composite commodity indexes. We investigate the macroeconomic implications of such innovative practices, focusing in particular on currency swings, by adopting a stock‐flow consistent (SFC) framework. The element of novelty of our contribution consists in depicting a financial sector, which issues Commodity‐Linked Notes (CLNs) to be sold to households in the developed country.
Effect of different types of regular exercise on physical fitness in adults with overweight or obesity: Systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: van Baak Marleen A. , Pramono Adriyan , Battista Francesca , Beaulieu Kristine , Blundell John E. , Busetto Luca , Carraça Eliana V. , Dicker Dror , Encantado Jorge , Ermolao Andrea , Farpour‐Lambert Nathalie , Woodward Euan , Bellicha Alice , Oppert Jean‐Michel 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThis systematic review examined the effect of exercise training interventions on physical fitness in adults with overweight or obesity and compared the effectiveness of different types of exercise training. Four electronic databases were searched. Articles were included if they described randomized controlled trials of exercise training interventions and their effect on maximal oxygen consumption or muscle strength in adults with overweight or obesity. Changes in outcome parameters were analyzed using random effects meta‐analyses for different training types (aerobic, resistance, combined aerobic plus resistance, and high‐intensity interval training). Eighty‐eight articles satisfied the inclusion criteria of which 66 (3964 participants) could be included in the meta‐analyses. All training types increased VO2max (mean difference 3.82 ml/min/kg (95% CI 3.17, 4.48), P < 0.00001; I2 = 48%). In direct comparisons, resistance training was less effective in improving VO2max than aerobic training, HIIT was slightly more effective than aerobic training, and no difference between aerobic and combined aerobic plus resistance training was found. For muscle strength benefits, incorporation of resistance exercise in the training program is indicated. Exercise training increases VO2max and muscle strength in adults with overweight or obesity. Differences between training types should be weighed with other needs and preferences when health professionals advise on exercise training to improve physical fitness.
Proline‐Serine–Threonine Phosphatase‐Interacting Protein 2 Alleviates Diabetes Mellitus‐Osteoarthritis in Rats through Attenuating Synovial Inflammation and Cartilage Injury
Authors: Li Ming , Xiao Yan‐bo , Wang Xin‐tao , Zhuang Jin‐peng , Zhou Chang‐long 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo explore the possible way of proline‐serine–threonine phosphatase‐interacting protein 2 (PSTPIP2) influencing diabetes mellitus‐osteoarthritis (DM‐OA) progression.MethodsIn vivo, eight‐week‐old male Sprague Dawley rats were induced with DM‐OA by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin with high‐fat diet feeding and intra‐articular injection of monoiodoacetate. PSTPIP2 overexpression was achieved by intra‐articular injection of lentivirus vectors. PSTPIP2 expression was verified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Histological changes were examined by hematoxylin/eosin and safranin‐O/fast‐green staining. In vitro, rat synovial fibroblasts were induced DM‐OA by stimulation of high glucose (HG) and interleukin (IL)‐1β. PSTPIP2 overexpression was achieved by lentivirus infection. U0126 was added as an ERK inhibitor. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β were detected using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐3, MMP‐13, aggrecanase‐2 (ADAMTS‐5), intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1, extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and phospho‐ERK (p‐ERK) was detected by Western blotting.ResultsIn DM‐OA rats, PSTPIP2 relative messenger RNA (mRNA) level was significantly decreased compared to control rats. The protein expression was also decreased obviously. Inflammation score in synovium was dramatically increased, accompanying with increased TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β levels. Osteoarthritis research society international (OARSI) score in cartilage was markedly increased, along with increased MMP‐3, MMP‐13, ADAMTS‐5, ICAM‐1, ERK and p‐ERK expression. In PSTPIP2‐overexpressed DM‐OA rats, PSTPIP2 mRNA level and protein expression was increased compared to DM‐OA rats received negative‐control lentivirus vectors. The inflammation score, as well as TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β levels were dramatically decreased. Also, the OARSI score and protein expression of MMP‐3, MMP‐13, ADAMTS‐5, ICAM‐1, ERK and p‐ERK were decreased. In HG+IL‐1β‐treated rat synovial fibroblasts, PSTPIP2 protein expression was decreased compared to normal glucose (NG)‐treated cells. Levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β, as well as expression of MMP‐3, MMP‐13, ADAMTS‐5, ICAM‐1, ERK and p‐ERK were increased. After cells were infected with PSTPIP2‐overexpressed lentivirus, levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β, and expression of MMP‐3, MMP‐13, ADAMTS‐5, ICAM‐1, ERK and p‐ERK were obviously decreased compared to cells infected with NC lentivirus. In addition, ERK inhibitor U0126 treatment also decreased the TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1βlevels and MMP‐3, MMP‐13, ADAMTS‐5, ICAM‐1, ERK and p‐ERK expression in HG + IL‐1β treated rat synovial fibroblasts.ConclusionOverexpression of PSTPIP2 alleviates synovial inflammation and cartilage injury during DM‐OA progression via inhibiting ERK phosphorylation.
Specific and multiple‐target gene silencing reveals function diversity of BnaA2.NIP5;1 and BnaA3.NIP5;1 in Brassica napus
Authors: He Mingliang , Zhang Cheng , Chu Liuyang , Wang Sheliang , Shi Lei , Xu Fangsen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRapeseed (Brassica napus) is an economically important oilseed crop in the world, but its production is strongly dependent on boron (B) supplies. Major intrinsic protein NIP5;1 is essential for B uptake and plant development under B limitation. In this study, phylogenetic and expression analyses identified two NIP5;1 orthologue genes, BnaA2.NIP5;1 and BnaA3.NIP5;1, which are mainly expressed in roots of B. napus. Specific and multiple‐target RNAi was used to suppress BnaA3.NIP5;1 or both BnaA2.NIP5;1 and BnaA3.NIP5;1 expression in B‐efficient rapeseed Qingyou 10 (QY10), respectively, for revealing the roles of BnaA2.NIP5;1 and BnaA3.NIP5;1 in low‐B tolerance in B. napus. We found that both BnaA2.NIP5;1 and BnaA3.NIP5;1 are important for B. napus normal growth under low‐B conditions, while these two genes have distinct roles. BnaA2.NIP5;1 is mainly expressed in the epidermis cells, which is required for efficient B uptake into roots, hence for B translocation to the shoots. BnaA3.NIP5;1 is specifically localized in the distal part of lateral root cap cells to promoter root elongation under low‐B conditions, which is important for seed production in the maturity stage of B. napus. Taken together, our specific and multiple‐target RNAi strategy provides novel insights into the gene function diversification between BnaA2.NIP5;1 and BnaA3.NIP5;1, such an approach can be potentially applicable to other polyploid crops.
Social support reduces the risk of unintended pregnancy in a low‐income population
Authors: Feld Hartley , Barnhart Sheila , Wiggins Amanda T. , Ashford Kristin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlmost half of all pregnancies (45%) in the United States (US) are unintended, with the highest concentration in women with low incomes. Targeted research is warranted to identify risk and protective factors that influence pregnancy intention to improve maternal/child health.PurposeTo identify individual and interpersonal level associations to pregnancy intention to use as leverage points to build resilience.MethodA cross‐sectional, secondary analysis of Medicaid eligible pregnant women in Kentucky (n = 309).ResultsSixty‐two percent reported their current pregnancy was unintended. Older age, partnered, negative drug screen, and increased social support were associated with decreased odds of unintended pregnancy. For every 1 unit increase of belonging and tangible social support, women were 13% and 14% (respectively) less likely to have an unintended pregnancy (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78–0.97, p = .011, OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.77–0.95, p = .005). A positive drug screen was associated with an almost three‐fold increase in the odds of unintended pregnancy (OR = 2.88, 95% CI = 1.49–5.58, p = .002).Conclusion:Public health nurses can play a critical role in reducing unintended pregnancy rates by promoting social support, inclusion, and acceptance. There remains a critical need to identify barriers and facilitators to pregnancy planning for persons who use illicit drugs.
Efficacy of the parenting support program on child behavior problems
Authors: Eşkisu Mustafa , Kapçı Emine GÜl 
Published: May 2021

The study aimed to examine the efficacy of the Parenting Support Program (PSP) for reducing problem behaviors and increasing adaptive behaviors in young children aged 3 to 6. The PSP focuses on effective parenting skills and building positive interactions between parents and their children. Parents of children (n = 18 mothers and 11 fathers) were randomly assigned to an experiment group (EG) and a wait‐list (WL) group. The EG attended a total of 12 individually delivered sessions. Data was gathered via parent and teacher report measures, observation and semi‐structured interviews. The PSP was effective in increasing adaptive behaviors and decreasing behavior problems in children. The change in the children’s score which fulfills the Reliable Change Index criteria in the EG was found to be higher than the WL group. However, fathers reported fewer improvements than mothers in the EG. Qualitative data supported the experimental study results demonstrating the efficacy of the PSP, and met the expectations of parents. Consequently, the PSP could be used as an intervention tool to decrease behavior problems and increase adaptive behaviors in young children.
Disinfectant testing for veterinary and agricultural applications: A review
Authors: Wales Andrew D. , Gosling Rebecca J. , Bare Harriet L. , Davies Robert H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDisinfectants for veterinary and livestock use, plus skin antiseptics, are critical elements for the control of infectious agents, including zoonotic and antimicrobial‐resistant micro‐organisms, in managed animal species. Such agents impact animal welfare, economic performance and human health. Testing of disinfectants is needed for safety, efficacy and quality control. The present review examines the principal types of test (carrier, suspension, surface and field) that have been developed or attempted, plus the features inherent in the respective tests, particularly with respect to variability. Elements of testing that have to be controlled, or which can be manipulated, are discussed in the context of real‐world scenarios and anticipated applications. Current national and international testing regimes are considered, with an emphasis on the UK, continental Europe and North America, and with further detail provided in theSupporting Information. Challenges to disinfectant efficacy include: the nature of the biological targets (bacteria, fungi, yeasts, spores, viruses and prions), the need for economical and safe working concentrations, the physical and chemical nature of contaminated surfaces, constraints on contact times and temperatures, the presence of organic soil and other barrier or neutralising substances (including biofilms), and thoroughness of pre‐cleaning and disinfectant application. The principal challenges with veterinary disinfectant testing are the control of test variability, and relating test results to likely performance in variable field conditions. Despite some ambitions to develop standardised field tests for disinfectants, aside from skin antiseptic trials the myriad problems such tests pose with respect to cost, reproducibility and generalisability remain intractable.
Impact of acute changes in blood pressure and arterial stiffness on cerebral pulsatile haemodynamics in young and middle‐aged adults
Authors: Lefferts Wesley K. , Lefferts Elizabeth C. , Hibner Brooks A. , Smith Kurt J. , Fernhall Bo 
Published: May 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Does cerebrovascular pulsatility respond differently to acute increases in arterial stiffness in middle‐aged compared with young adults?
What is the main finding and its importance?
Compared with young adults, middle‐aged adults exhibited similar changes in cerebral pulsatile damping despite attenuated changes in carotid diameter and cerebrovascular pulsatility during blood pressure‐dependent, but not blood pressure‐independent, increases in large artery stiffness.
AbstractAcute manipulation of arterial stiffness through interventions that increase sympathetic activity might provoke cerebral pulsatility and damping and reveal whether cerebrovascular haemodynamics respond differently to transient elevations in arterial stiffness in middle‐aged compared with young adults. We compared cerebral pulsatility and damping in middle‐aged versus young adults during two different sympathetic interventions [cold pressor test (CP) and lower‐body negative pressure (LBNP)] that increase arterial stiffness acutely. Cerebrovascular haemodynamics were assessed in 15 middle‐aged (54 ± 7 years old; 11 female) and 15 sex‐matched young adults (25 ± 4 years old) at rest and during the CP test (4 min, 6.4 ± 0.8°C) and LBNP (6 min, −20 mmHg). Mean blood pressure was measured continuously via finger photoplethysmography. Carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and carotid stiffness were measured via tonometry and ultrasound. Blood velocity pulsatility index (PI) was measured at the middle cerebral (MCA) and common carotid artery (CCA) using Doppler, with pulsatile damping calculated as CCA PI divided by MCA PI. Increases in cfPWV were driven by changes in mean pressure during CP but not during LBNP in both groups (P < 0.05). Pulsatile damping decreased in both groups (P < 0.05) despite reductions in MCA PI and greater carotid dilatation during CP in young compared with middle‐aged adults (P < 0.05). Pressure‐independent increases in cfPWV during LBNP did not alter pulsatile damping but decreased MCA PI in both young and middle‐aged adults (P < 0.05). These data suggest that changes in carotid diameter and cerebrovascular pulsatility differ between young and middle‐aged adults despite similar changes in cerebral pulsatile damping during blood pressure‐dependent, but not blood pressure‐independent, increases in large artery stiffness.
Relation Between Cyclone Evolution and Fetch Associated With Extreme Wave Events in the South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Gramcianinov C. B. , Campos R. M. , de Camargo R. , Guedes Soares C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The goal of this work is to investigate the fetch patterns and configurations associated with extratropical cyclones that promote extreme wave events in the western portion of the South Atlantic Ocean. Cyclones are identified and tracked using an objective algorithm and linked to winter extreme Hs events in 10 years of ERA5. The results show the occurrence of 10.7 ± 3.2 winter storms associated with extreme waves within the domain. The cyclone size and intensity show that extreme waves occurring within the domain are mainly related to the intensification stage of the cyclones in the region. There is no relevant difference between mean wind and wave direction during the event, being the SW/W directions dominant. The analysis of the fetch evolution during the lifecycle of the cyclones associated with the most extreme events showed that the surface winds present their maximum usually 10 h–24 h before the maximum Hs. Although large fetches develop along the continental shelf, usually within the cold sector of the cyclone, the Hsmax are located northwestward from the cyclone's center, in the downwind end of the fetch. At the end of the event, the extreme region detaches from the cyclone fetch while still propagating northeastward. At this stage, the swell waves are dominant, with a large peak period and wave age.
A Four-Step Safety Integrity Level Analysis of Numerous Subsea Control System Components
Authors: Mahmoudi Jafar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a four-step safety integrity level (SIL) analysis is developed to analyze numerous components of the subsea control system based on the OREDA database. For this purpose, initially, a failure mode classification table is provided, aiming to identify the number of dangerous as well as the prevalent failure modes. Then, several parameters including component inventory, installation inventory, equipment units, failure events, and total time in service (per hour) are calculated. Also, failure rates are evaluated and the software checking is provided as the final step of the proposed framework. The results show that the dangerous failure modes occur in about 80 cases, and the leakage in the closed position is the failure mode occurring more than the other ones. Moreover, calculations indicate that the process isolation valve of the subsea X-mass tree has the largest values in all the referred parameters. Moreover, hydraulic coupling of the choke module and HC leak sensor are the two components with the highest value of failure rates.
Incidence and prevalence of moyamoya disease in urban China: a nationwide retrospective cohort study
Authors: Sun Yixin , Zhou Guoyu , Feng Jingnan , Chen Lu , Liu Guozhen , Wang Jinxi , Wang Qingliang , Yu Junyou , Yang Xiwang , Yang Zheng , Gao Pei , Wang Shengfeng , Zhan Siyan 
Published: May 2021

Background and objectiveMoyamoya disease (MMD) is an increasingly recognised cause of stroke, mainly described in East Asia. China is the largest nation in Asia, but few studies reported the epidemiology of MMD, especially at a national level. We aimed to estimate the incidence and prevalence of MMD in China.MethodsWe performed a population-based study using data from the national databases of Urban Basic Medical Insurance between 2013 and 2016, covering approximately 0.50 billion individuals. MMD cases were identified by diagnostic code (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision I67.5) or related diagnostic text.ResultsA total of 1987 MMD patients (mean age 44.45±14.30 years, female-to-male ratio 1.12) were identified, representing a national crude incidence of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.49 to 0.68) and a prevalence of 1.01 (95% CI: 0.81 to 1.21) per 100 000 person-years in 2016. Rates were higher in females than in males for the incidence (0.66 vs 0.52) and prevalence (1.05 vs 0.90). And the age-specific rates showed a bimodal distribution, with the highest peak in middle-aged group and the second peak in child group.ConclusionsOur results confirm that MMD is relatively common in East Asians, but the rates in China were lower than those in other East Asian countries such as Japan and Korea. The unique epidemiological features, including a relatively weak female predominance and a shift in the highest peak of incidence from children to adults, revealed new sight into MMD. Further research is expected to explore the potential pathogenesis of MMD.
Post hoc assessment of the relationship among coronary stenosis, electrocardiography, and ventricular function in patients with heart disease
Authors: Tur Jared , Patel Nidhi , Padawer Kimberly , Sunjic Igor , Kumar Siva K. , Bitetzakis Chris , Sadic Edin , Hamlin Wesley , Tipparaju Srinivas M. , Patel Aarti 
Published: May 2021

Cardiovascular diseases including cardiac arrhythmias lead to fatal events in patients with coronary artery disease; however, clinical associations from echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), and biomarkers remain unknown. We sought to identify the factors that may be related to elevated QRS intervals in patients with risk for coronary artery disease. In this study, we performed analysis of clinical data from 503 patients divided into two groups, i.e., patients with either <50% coronary artery stenosis or >50% coronary artery stenosis. We further examined patients with elevated ECG parameters such as QRS > 100 ms and QTc > 440 ms. Patients with >50% coronary artery stenosis exhibited significant increases in age, triglycerides, and troponin levels. Further, ECG parameters demonstrated increased QRS and QTc durations, while echocardiographic parameters highlighted a decrease in ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS). Patients with QTc > 440 ms exhibited increased brain natriuretic peptide and creatinine levels with a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate clearance rates. Patients with QRS > 100 ms had greater left ventricular (LV) mass and LV internal diameter in systole and diastole. Multimodal logistic regression showed significant relation between QTc, age, and creatinine. These findings suggest that patients with significant coronary stenosis may have lower EF and FS with prolonged QRS intervals, demonstrating greater risk for arrhythmic events.