bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced Automation in the Heat Treat Industry
Authors: Esteve Vincent 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the growing use of automation in heat treating and some of the benefits that have been realized in early applications. It provides examples showing how articulated robots are used to load and unload parts on fixtures, how inline 3D cameras facilitate dimensional and distortion control, and how test coupons placed by robots at strategic locations throughout a load are weighed before and after heat treatment to determine if parts in different areas of the load are likely to be carburized to the same degree. It also includes an example of an automatically generated report and explains how binary codes on base trays can be used to automatically upload recipes for specific heat treatments.
Milling-Induced Residual Stress and Distortion Under Variations of Bulk Residual Stress
Authors: Jonsson Julianne E. , Hill Michael R. , Chighizola Christopher R. , D’Elia Christopher R. , Linke Barbara S. , Weber Daniel , Kirsch Benjamin , Aurich Jan C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Undesired distortion can arise during machining of metals from two main mechanisms: 1) release of bulk residual stress in the pre-form, and 2) deformation induced by the cutting tool. The interaction between these two mechanisms is explored herein using aluminum plate-shaped samples that have a large surface with variations of bulk residual stress (BRS), where that surface is subsequently milled and we observe milling-induced residual stress (MIRS) and distortion. Plate samples are cut from two kinds of large blocks, one kind stress-relieved by stretching and a second kind that had been solution heat treated, quenched, and aged. MIRS is measured following milling using hole-drilling with fine depth increments. Distortions of thin wafers cut at the milled surfaces are used to show how the interactions between BRS and MIRS change milling-induced distortion. Data from the study show that the directions of MIRS and distortion relative to the milling direction are changed when milling in samples with high BRS magnitude (roughly ±100 MPa), with the direction of maximum curvature rotating toward or away from the milling direction depending on the sign and direction of BRS. High magnitude BRS increased distortion, nearly doubling the amount found compared to milling in samples free of BRS.
Characterization of the Role of Post-Build Heat Treatment on the Localized Corrosion Susceptibility of Laser Powder Bed Fused Inconel 718 Parts
Authors: James Joshua P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As more industries look toward additively manufactured (AM) components to combat lead times, re-design, cost of complexity, etc., those industries are faced with re-evaluating the performance of AM-based materials as compared to their well-documented wrought or machined counterparts. A particular alloy of interest to many industries including aerospace and energy/power generation is Inconel 718 due to its resistance to oxidation and high temperature degradation [1]. Additively manufactured Inconel 718 parts typically receive a series of post-build heat treatments prior to deployment. If not properly controlled, these post-build treatments may introduce secondary precipitates and other inhomogeneities that will affect the parts’ mechanical properties and susceptibility to corrosion. This is specifically true of susceptibility to localized corrosion mechanisms that may lead to crack initiation, accelerated crack growth and ultimately premature failure. By utilizing electrochemical parameter testing to analyze for localized breakdown potentials, this work investigates the variation in tolerance to localized corrosion that results from common post-build heat treatment steps and the secondary phase precipitation that can ensue in Inconel 718 AM parts.
Optimization of the Post Heat Treatment of Additively Manufactured IN718
Authors: Sadek Alber 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
IN718 has good fabricability, high strength at elevated temperature, and corrosion resistance, and it is widely deployed in many aerospace and other high-performance applications. With the molten pool rapid solidification during laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), the resulting microstructure is anisotropic and inhibits macro-segregation. The as-built condition usually exhibits lower mechanical properties. Four different heat treatment procedures were designed and tested to study the effect of different heat treatment parameters on the type of precipitates and grain size. The investigated heat treatment procedures showed the formation of equiaxed grain size and a significant amount of γ' and γ" particles at the grain boundary in addition to primary carbide types (MC). Three types of microstructure characteristics and grain size were achieved. Coarse grain size suitable for creep application was achieved by increasing the soaking time at the aging cycle. The formation of serrated grain boundaries suitable for good fatigue and creep properties was achieved by decreasing the stress relief cycle's soaking time and temperature. Fine-grain size, which is preferable for fatigue properties, was achieved by decreasing the soaking time at the solution annealing cycle.
On the Benefits of High-Pressure Heat Treatment Additively Manufactured CoCr
Authors: Denlinger Derek 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) processes are becoming more viable in place of traditional castings in a variety of industries. To compete, novel material grades are being considered with additive manufacturing (AM). In maximizing performance and manufacturing efficiency through AM, a novel approach to heat treatment and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) processing needs to be considered. It has been shown that combining key heat treatment processes with (HIP) by utilizing fast cooling rates can benefit static properties as well as improve turn-around time for HIP processing [1,2]. Argon pressures up to 207 MPa with cooling rates above 170°C per minute are now available in production sized HIP systems to design ideal HIP cycles for high pressure heat treatment. Additive manufacturing with high pressure heat treatment is in need of further investigation for establishing new qualification standards. This study investigates designed High-Pressure Heat Treatment cycles to consider mechanical performance on LPBF CoCr. The combined cycles investigate possible alternatives to historically accepted two step HIP then heat treat processing by combining densification with homogenization treatment into one step. Tensile, fatigue, hardness, microstructure and Charpy impact performance are explored to seek optimal properties and with streamlined thermal processing. It was found that all trial conditions exceeded Electron Beam Melted (EBM) AM CoCr expectation, but traditional processing provided a slight advantage in ultimate tensile stress. One of the novel processes explored, “common” was found to provide a slight improvement on yield stress and direct hardness. Published fatigue data is rare for CoCr, however data generated from this study showed a slight advantage to the “common” HPHT process primarily for lower applied stress levels. Microstructures were comparable across all trial processes. It is recommended that each novel processing route be considered as viable alternatives to traditional processing, but that the “common” processing may prove advantageous for both mechanical properties and streamlined manufacturing.
High Pressure Heat Treatment for L-PBF Hastelloy X
Authors: Beamer Chad , Denlinger Derek , Rao Suraj , Dinh Christina 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Hastelloy X is used in turbomachinery and petrochemical applications as it is designed for excellent oxidation and stress corrosion cracking resistance, strength, and stress rupture behavior. This alloy is now being printed via powder bed fusion processes as many industries have developed interests in the benefits additive manufacturing (AM) offers. However as-printed Hastelloy X suffers from material defect formation such as hot cracking. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is often applied to improve performance and reliability. Although the conventional HIP process has been shown to eliminate defects, the equipment is unable to cool at desired rates allowing the formation of excessive carbide precipitation, negatively influencing corrosion resistance and toughness. In turn the product is solution treated at a similar temperature while applying rapid gas cooling for performance requirements. With use of uniform rapid cooling available in modern HIP equipment, a high-pressure heat treatment can be applied offering the ability to perform both HIP and heat treatment in one piece of equipment. Microstructure and tensile properties are evaluated and compared to the conventional processing routes. The results demonstrate that the novel high pressure heat treatment approach offers a processing route that is equivalent to or better than conventional methods.
Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing of Quenched and Tempered Steels
Authors: Yang Mei , You Haoxing , Sisson Richard D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A physics-based software model is being developed to predict the nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing (FNC) performance of quenched and tempered steels with tempered martensitic microstructure. The microstructure of the nitrided and FNC steels is comprised of a white compound layer of nitrides (ε and γ’) and carbides below the surface with a hardened diffusion zone (i.e., case) that is rich in nitrogen and carbon. The composition of the compound layer is predicted using computational thermodynamics to develop alloy specific nitriding potential KN and carburizing potential KC phase diagrams. The thickness of the compound layer is predicted using parabolic kinetics. The diffusion in the tempered martensite case is modeled using diffusion with a reaction. Diffusion paths are also developed on these potential diagrams. These model predictions are compared with experimental results.
Heat Treatment Design of Martensitic Alloys for Engine Valvetrain Component Application – Phase Transformation and Temper Response
Authors: Qiao C Paul , Doll David , Kempka Levi , Borski Blake , Schreiner Joe , Schmitz Steve 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Phase transformation and temper response of three martensitic alloys were investigated as an important portion of fundamental metallurgical information database related to heat treatment design for engine component applications. A limited metallographic evaluation has also been carried out with selected temper response run samples in this study. Basic descriptions on adequate hardening and tempering parameter design were provided in terms of optimizing the intended performance with these alloys.
Ball Spalling in Rolling Element Bearings: Decrease in Rolling Contact Fatigue Life Due to Inferior Microstructure and Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Keep Graham , Wolka Mark , Brazitis Beth 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Through hardened steel ball fatigue failure is an atypical mode of failure in a rolling element bearing. A recent full-scale bench test resulted in ball spalling well below calculated bearing life. Subsequent metallurgical analysis of the spalled balls found inferior microstructure and manufacturing methods. Microstructural analysis revealed significant carbide segregation and inclusions in the steel. These can result from substandard spheroidized annealing and steel making practices. In addition, the grain flow of the balls revealed a manufacturing anomaly which produced a stress riser in the material making it more susceptible to crack initiation. The inferior manufactured balls caused at least an 80% reduction in rolling contact fatigue life of the bearing.
Determining Deformation Behavior of AISI 9310 Steel Varying Temperature and Strain Rate for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Akoma Adanma , Sala Kevin , Sheeley Chase , Frame Lesley D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Determination of flow stress behavior of materials is a critical aspect of understanding and predicting behavior of materials during manufacturing and use. However, accurately capturing the flow stress behavior of a material at different strain rates and temperatures can be challenging. Non-uniform deformation and thermal gradients within the test sample make it difficult to match test results directly to constitutive equations that describe the material behavior. In this study, we have tested AISI 9310 steel using a Gleeble 3500 physical simulator and Digital Image Correlation system to capture transient mechanical properties at elevated temperatures (300°C – 600°C) while controlling strain rate (0.01 s-1 to 0.1 s-1). The data presented here illustrate the benefit of capturing non-uniform plastic strain of the test specimens along the sample length, and we characterize the differences between different test modes and the impact of the resulting data that describe the flow stress behavior.
On the Construction of Analytical Cooling Curves from ASTM D6200 Data Using Multi-Variable Gradient Descent Method
Authors: Jan James , MacKenzie D. Scott 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
ASTM D6200 is a standard test method to evaluate cooling characteristics of quench oils. The test produces six discrete numbers representing the cooling characteristics: three temporal scales (time to cool to 600°C, 400°C, and 200°C), two cooling rates (max cooling rate and cooling rate at 300°C), and one temperature scale (at max cooling rate). One of the main purposes of ASTM D6200 is to monitor the oil quality to ensure gears are properly quenched. The current standard only includes specifications for gear quenching oil and its applications are limited to physical testing. The intent of this research is to explore the possibility of broadening the support for more quenchants and extending applications to virtual engineering. This research includes two parts. The first part is the development of a systematic method to identify the characteristic points of a cooling curve. The second part is the construction of an analytical cooling curve based on the characteristic points. The analytical cooling curve is a mathematical function of temperature versus time that can provide temperature at any given time in the quenching process. In addition, the curve is differentiable to provide the cooling rate information at any given time as well.
Flow Effects on the Transient Behavior of Vapor Film and Bubbles During Forced-Convective Quenching Experiments
Authors: Cruces-Reséndez R. , Hernández-Morales B. , Guzmán J.E.V. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The transient behavior of boiling phenomena during quenching of an AISI 304 stainless steel, conical-end, cylindrical probe in flowing water at 60 °C was studied. Two free-stream velocities (0.2 and 0.6 m/s) and two initial probe temperatures (850 and 950 °C) were investigated. From high-speed video recordings, undulations of the liquid vapor interface that appear periodically and propagate in the direction of the flow stream were observed during the vapor film stage. After the collapse of the vapor film, a wetting front is formed which consists of many small bubbles that coalesce rapidly in a small area while fewer and larger bubbles nucleate and grow below it. The initial temperature has a marginal effect on the size and half-life of the large bubbles. However, the water flow rate produces larger values of maximum diameter and half-life time for water flowing at 0.2 m/s than their equivalents for 0.6 m/s.
Characterization of Quenchants to Reduce Distortion Using Numerical Simulation and Validation
Authors: Scott MacKenzie D. , Poulain Nicolas , Lasne Patrice , Antipolis Marc 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Excessive distortion was observed in many small components made from 1080 steel that was neutral hardened following stamping. A study was then undertaken to determine how to reduce the distortion of the heat-treated parts while maintaining proper hardness and microstructure. A numerical simulation based on Simheat software was conducted to determine the effect of elevated temperature on the quenching oil used and its impact on distortion and microstructure. A second oil designed to operate at higher temperatures was also examined. Using Simheat software, the two oils were compared based on predicted distortion, hardness, and microstructure and the results were subsequently validated using empirical methods. It was concluded that a significant improvement in distortion could be achieved by using a different oil and higher quench temperatures.
To the Question of the Origin of the Concept of «Day of the Lord» in the Prophetic Books of the Old Testament
Authors: Брегеда Александр Вячеславович 
Published: September 2021

Автор статьи выявляет основные вехи в изучении происхождения концепта «День Господень» в Ветхом Завете и указывает возможные причины его появления. На основе проведённого анализа автор приходит к заключению, что, несмотря на многообразие мнений среди исследователей относительно «Дня Господня», есть основания полагать, что идея теофании являются основой для возникновения концепта «День Господень».
The author of the article reveals the main milestones in the study of the origin of the concept of the «Day of the Lord» in the Old Testament, indicates the possible reasons for its occurrence and identifies their main features. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the diversity of opinions among researchers regarding the «Day of the Lord», there is reason to believe that the ideas of Theophany are the basis for the emergence of the concept of «Day of the Lord».
Holistic Soteriology of St. Symeon the New Theologian
Authors: Горшенин Максим Александрович 
Published: September 2021

Статья посвящена малоизученной стороне учения прп. Симеона Нового Богослова - его сотериологии. В рамках имманентно-текстуального (контекстуального) и системно-аналитического подходов предпринимается попытка реконструировать принципы, лежащие в основе сотериологической системы прп. Симеона (исцеление человеческой природы через восстановление богообщения, отношения свободы и благодати) и проанализировать специфику этой системы: холизм, христоцентричность, евхаристичность, экклезиологичность; значение личного подвига, мистического опыта и участия в таинствах Церкви. В понимании прп. Симеона Христово домостроительство предстаёт как приготовление евхаристической чаши. С другой стороны, будучи переживаемо в личном мистическом опыте и воспроизводимо в конкретном человеке, оно составляет содержание его частного спасения, совершаемого, однако, в органическом единстве тела Церкви. Учение прп. Симеона о спасении представляет собой оригинальную систему, в которой процессы общего и личного спасения рассматриваются как единое целое.
This article is concerned with an underexplored aspect of St. Symeon the New Theologian’s teaching, viz., his soteriology. Intrinsic textual (contextual) and systemic analytical approaches are used in attempt to reconstruct the basic principles of St. Symeon’s soteriological system (such as healing of the human nature through restoration of the communion with God, the relation between freedom and grace), as well as to analyse the specifics of this system, viz. holism, Christocentricity, Eucharist-centeredness, ecclesiological centeredness; the meaning of personal ascesis, mystical experience and participation in the sacraments of the Church. St. Symeon regards Christ’s Economy of Salvation as preparation of the Eucharistic chalice. On the other hand, this economy, becoming part of a person’s mystical experience and reproduced in a particular person, constitutes the essence of his personal salvation. However, this happens in the organic unity of the Church’s body. St. Symeon’s doctrine of salvation is an original system representing the processes of general and personal salvation as a single whole.
Modern Meditative Practices in Western Christianity: A Search for “The New Spirituality” or a Return to the Sources?
Authors: Гуляев Денис Александрович 
Published: September 2021

Данная статья посвящена современным медитативным практикам, которые применяются западными христианами: как католиками, так и протестантами. Целью исследования является попытка определить, являются ли они нововведениями или это возврат к древней христианской практике. Выполненные в работе анализ различных практики их классификация демонстрируют их существенное разнообразие. Для понимания, являются ли они новыми или это возврат к древней традиции, используется сравнение с практикой Иисусовой молитвы. При ответе на данный вопрос помогает проведённая классификация, которая позволяет отнести каждый вид практик к определённому религиозному опыту. В конце определяются темы дальнейшего более глубокого исследования.
This article is devoted to modern meditative practices used by Western Christians, both Catholics and Protestants. The purpose of the study is to try to determine if these practices are innovations or a return to ancient Christian traditions. Analysis and classification of various practices demonstrate their substantial diversity. To understand whether they are new or a return to an ancient tradition, a comparison with the practice of Jesus prayer is performed. To help answering this question, a classification was developed allowing to refer each type of practice to a specific religious experience. In the conclusion the author determines directions for further research.
Rambu Solo’ Menurut Perspektif Eksistensialisme Sartre dalam Masyarakat Modern di Lembang Saloso, Kecamatan Rantepao, Kabupaten Toraja Utara
Authors: Tulaktondok Glory , Lolo T.R. Andi , Abdullah Suparman 
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pelaksanaan upacara pemakaman Rambu Solo’ di kalangan masyarakat Toraja yang semakin tahun semakin meriah, dan mewah meskipun hal tersebut membutuhkan biaya yang cukup besar, masyarakat tetap berusaha keras untuk dapat melaksanakan upacara pemakaman yang meriah, mewah, dan mahal. Dan Rambu Solo’ yang dilakukan masyarakat modern saat ini sudah mulai bersifat kekinian dan ada nilai-nilai adat Rambu Solo’ yang sudah mulai ditinggalkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang eksistensi Rambu Solo’ menurut perspektif Sartre yang terdiri dari pandangan masyarakat terhadap strata sosial dalam pelaksanaan Rambu Solo’, pengetahuan, antusias, dan penilaian masyarakat terhadap upacara pemakaman Rambu Solo’ di Lembang Saloso Kecamatan Rantepao Kabupaten Toraja Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan campuran konvergen . Masyarakat dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 78 orang dan 2 orang informan yaitu masyarakat yang terdiri dari kepala keluarga yang ada di Lembang Saloso dan Pemangku adat serta Ketua Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN) Toraja. Teknik Sampling menggunakan metode disproportionate stratified random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik melalui kuesioner (angket), observasi, wawancara semiterstruktur dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Rambu Solo’ menurut Eksistensialisme Sartre dalam Masyarakat Modern di Lembang Saloso berada pada kategori sedang yang menandakan bahwa Rambu Solo’ yang eksis dilakukan oleh masyarakat modern saat ini bersifat kekinian dan ada nilai-nilai adat Rambu Solo’ yang sesungguhnya yang sudah mulai hilang. Hal ini dibuktikan dari hasil penilitian fokus masalah penelitian yaitu pandangan terhadap strata sosial dalam Rambu Solo’, pengetahuan, antusias, dan penilaian yang masuk dalam kategori sedang. Sehingga diperlukan peranan pemangku adat setempat dalam rangka penguatan nilai-nilai adat dan peningkatan pengetahuan tentang Rambu Solo’ kepada masyarakat Lembang Saloso.