bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The transitional care pathway following traumatic dental injuries: Patient perspectives
Authors: Morgan Emma , Fox Kathryn , Jarad Fadi , Albadri Sondos 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground and aimThe nature of complex traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) often means that management continues through paediatric to adult dental services. Evidence suggests that failure in transitional care can have detrimental impacts on health. There is limited evidence regarding patients' experiences of transitional care pathways (TCPs) in dentistry. The aim of this study was to investigate the views and experiences of the TCP from paediatric to adult care for individuals who have experienced TDIs.Materials and methodsSemi‐structured interviews were undertaken. Ethical approval was granted by the Health Research Authority and sponsored by the University of Liverpool. Inclusion criteria included individuals aged 16 to 21 years old who had received care in both paediatric and adult restorative dentistry departments at Liverpool University Dental Hospital following a TDI. Five purposively sampled patients were interviewed. Thematic analysis was undertaken using NVivo.ResultsThematic analysis identified 5 main themes with regard to transitional care experience: patient–clinician communication, impact of dental trauma, feelings of uncertainty, patient personal development and transitional care planning. Feelings of uncertainty with regard to the long‐term prognosis of traumatized teeth were highlighted. Clear communication and involvement of young people in decision‐making was identified as a vital factor to facilitate a successful TCP experience.ConclusionThe involvement of young people in decision‐making is essential for a successful TCP. Consideration should be given to development of TCP guidance, to allow for the provision of timely and consistent information regarding the process. Despite this, there needs to be adaptivity within the TCP to create a successful TCP for every young person.
Genomic evidence for host‐associated differentiation in an animal parasite, Dermacentor variabilis, the American dog tick
Authors: Tietjen Mackenzie , Esteve‐Gasent Maria D. , Castro‐Arellano Ivan , Medina Raul F. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe process responsible for the formation of genetically distinct populations associated with different host species is known as host‐associated differentiation (HAD). Many insect parasites of plants have been shown to exhibit HAD but there have been fewer studies of HAD in parasites of vertebrate animals. Previous to this study, HAD has been documented in at least three species of ticks. The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae) was chosen as the focal species for this study due to its importance as the vector of tularemia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Previous population genetic studies of this tick found the existence of various haplotypes but the tick’s host origins were unknown. In this study, ticks were collected from 15 vertebrate host species to test for HAD using single nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs). In total, 136 individual D. variabilis ticks were sequenced using ddRADseq. Genomic evidence was found to point to D. variabilis exhibiting HAD on eight different hosts. A STRUCTURE analysis showed that the highest posterior probability was obtained with a population size of eight and these populations correlated with host species. Pairwise FST values were as high as 0.622 and indicated a range of genetic distinction between host groups. In addition, ticks collected from the vegetation appeared as one homogenous distinct genotype suggesting the existence of nidicolous (nest dwelling) and non‐nidicolous genotypes. The identification of host race formation occurring in this animal parasite has implications for the understanding of D. variabilis pathogen transmission and targeted control efforts because genetically distinct populations can differ in traits relevant to these applications.
Transmission of Verticillium nonalfalfae via root contact from inoculated Ailanthus altissima in close‐to‐nature conditions
Authors: Dubach Vivanne , Schneider Salome , Vögtli Irina , Queloz Valentin , Stroheker Sophie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAilanthus altissima is an invasive alien species in Europe. Biological control of this tree species by Verticillium nonalfalfae is a potential alternative control approach. This study investigates host specificity, pathogenicity and transmission of V. nonalfalfae to neighbouring plants with root contact in mini‐ecosystems. V. nonalfalfae led to dieback of all inoculated Ailanthus trees. Furthermore, V. nonalfalfae was transmitted to neighbouring Ailanthus trees, causing wilt and dieback, and, in one case, to Quercus petraea, which did not display any disease symptoms. Lastly, V. nonalfalfae could not be detected in the soil, which suggests transmission via root contact.
Penetration of topically administered dexamethasone disodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate into the normal equine ocular fluids
Authors: Hermans Hanneke , van den Berg Els M. H. , Slenter Inge J. M. , Vendrig Dax J. C. , de Nijs‐Tjon Lilian J. L. , Vernooij Johannes C. M. , Brommer Harold , Boevé Michael H. , Gehring Ronette 
Published: October 2021

SummaryBackgroundTopical dexamethasone and prednisolone are currently the mainstay treatment for equine ophthalmic inflammatory diseases, such as equine recurrent uveitis. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies in horses are lacking and current guidelines are mainly based on empirical data and extrapolation from other species.ObjectivesTo investigate the penetration and local concentrations of topically applied dexamethasone and prednisolone in normal equine ocular fluids and serum.Study designProspective randomised experimental pharmacokinetic study.MethodsTwenty‐one Shetland ponies without ophthalmic disease were treated bilaterally topically every 2 hours during 24 hours to obtain steady state drug concentrations. One eye was treated with 0.15 mg of dexamethasone disodium phosphate (0.1%), and the other eye was simultaneously treated with 1.5 mg of prednisolone acetate (1%). Serum samples were taken prior to the induction of general anaesthesia. Aqueous and vitreous humour samples were taken during euthanasia at time points after administration of the last dose (t = 5 min,t = 15 min,t = 30 min,t = 60 min,t = 90 min,t = 120 min,t = 180 min). Each pony was randomly assigned to one time point, and three ponies were sampled per time point. Dexamethasone and prednisolone concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry.ResultsThe mean dexamethasone concentration in aqueous humour was 32.4 ng/mL (standard deviation [SD] 10.9) and the mean prednisolone concentration was 321.6 ng/mL (SD 96.0). In the vitreous and in serum samples concentrations of both corticosteroids were below the limit of detection (LOD 2.5 ng/mL).Main limitationsThe study group was limited to subjects without evidence of current ophthalmic disease. A limited number of time points were measured.ConclusionsPotentially effective dexamethasone and prednisolone concentrations were measured in the anterior chamber, but vitreal concentrations were negligible. Systemic uptake was low. Therefore, treatment with only topically administered corticosteroids is deemed insufficient in horses in cases of posterior uveitis. Further studies evaluating other routes of administration are warranted.
Exploring the impact of climate change on the global distribution of non‐spinose planktonic foraminifera using a trait‐based ecosystem model
Authors: Grigoratou Maria , Monteiro Fanny M. , Wilson Jamie D. , Ridgwell Andy , Schmidt Daniela N. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPlanktonic foraminifera are one of the primary calcifiers in the modern ocean, contributing 23%–56% of total global pelagic carbonate production. However, a mechanistic understanding of how physiology and environmental conditions control their abundance and distribution is lacking, hindering the projection of the impact of future climate change. This understanding is important, not only for ecosystem dynamics, but also for marine carbon cycling because of foraminifera's key role in carbonate production. Here we present and apply a global trait‐based ecosystem model of non‐spinose planktonic foraminifera (‘ForamEcoGEnIE’) to assess their ecology and global distribution under future climate change. ForamEcoGEnIE considers the traits of calcium carbonate production, shell size, and foraging. It captures the main characteristic of biogeographical patterns of non‐spinose species – with maximum biomass concentrations found in mid‐ to high‐latitude waters and upwelling areas. The model also reproduces the magnitude of global carbonate production relatively well, although the foraminifera standing stock is systematically overestimated. In response to future scenarios of rising atmospheric CO2(RCP6 and RCP8.5), on a regional scale, the modelled foraminifera biomass and export flux increases in the subpolar regions of the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean while it decreases everywhere else. In the absence of adaptation, the biomass decline in the low‐latitude South Pacific suggests extirpation. The model projects a global average loss in non‐spinose foraminifera biomass between 8% (RCP6) and 11% (RCP8.5) by 2050 and between 14% and 18% by 2100 as a response to ocean warming and associated changes in primary production and ecological dynamics. Global calcium carbonate flux associated with non‐spinose foraminifera declines by 13%–18% by 2100. That decline can slow down the ocean carbonate pump and create short‐term positive feedback on rising atmosphericpCO2.
“Conflicts of interests” within and between elite assemblages in the legal production of space: Indigenous cultural heritage preservation and the Dakota Access Pipeline
Authors: Horowitz Leah S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper represents a “studying‐up” of the controversy over federal regulatory processes regarding protection of Lakota and Dakota cultural heritage in permitting the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). To analyse this controversy, I engage with interest‐convergence theory, a component of Critical Race Theory, alongside a critique of its arguably simplistic definition of “white interests.” Agreeing that we need a finer‐grained understanding of elite interests as multiple, conflicting, and not always based purely in material self‐interest, I argue that interests should be understood as nonhuman components of elite assemblages, shaped by both emotions and societal ideologies yet constrained by – and in conflict with – top‐down, ideology‐driven missions and institutional cultural norms, as well as pressure from other assemblages. I use this framework to examine conflicts within and among various elite assemblages’ interests surrounding Lakota and Dakota cultural heritage. The US Army Corps of Engineers’ emotion‐ and ideology‐driven interests in demonstrating sensitivity to tribes’ concerns were constrained by their mission‐driven interests in accomplishing duties in a timely manner. These interests, in turn, conflicted with concerns (or lack thereof) manifested by other federal entities (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, DC District Court) about DAPL’s impacts on cultural heritage, and with the company’s and federal government’s financial interests in pressuring USACE to enable completion of the pipeline’s construction. I unpack power differentials and dynamics among these various groups, as realised through particular interpretations and implementations of relevant legislation. I suggest that examining such “conflicts of interests” within and between elite assemblages, within the legal production of space, can elucidate controversies over industrial expansion’s socio‐environmental threats.
Statin usage and cardiovascular risk among people living with HIV in the U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study
Authors: Larson Derek , Won Seung Hyun , Ganesan Anuradha , Maves Ryan C. , Kronmann Karl , Okulicz Jason F. , Chu Xiuping , Schofield Christina , O’Bryan Thomas , Agan Brian K. , Deiss Robert 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesUsing the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2013 atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) management guidelines, we conducted a retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of people living with HIV in the US Military HIV Natural History Study to determine whether individuals were receiving statins when indicated.MethodsPrescription data was taken from Military Health System data. Statin eligibility was defined by ASCVD guidelines. We used the 10‐year ASCVD pooled cohorts' equation to evaluate risk for each participant.ResultsAcross all categories, 31.9% (n = 390) of individuals met criteria for statin use, and when adding these subjects to the number of those already receiving statins (n = 96), 62.1% of all eligible subjects (n = 302/486) were actually receiving statin therapy. In multivariable analysis, individuals of African American race [odds ratio (OR) = 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31–0.73] or Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19–0.94) were less likely to receive statin prescriptions than white individuals. Individuals with a higher CD4 count (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05–1.20 per 100 cells/μL]) were significantly more likely to receive a statin prescription.ConclusionsThese data highlight discrepancies between ASCVD guidelines and primary care management of people living with HIV (PLWH) in the military health system, along with important racial differences. Targeted interventions are critical to identify and treat appropriate candidates for statin therapy among PLWH in the military and other settings.
Association of subtle alterations in thyroid function with presarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Li Ping , Ding Li , Zhen Jinyang , Hu Jingxin , Fan Yuxin , Liu Ming 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTAims/IntroductionTo investigate the association of subtle alterations in thyroid function with presarcopenia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and MethodsA total of 1,865 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study, excluding patients with overt thyroid dysfunction. Skeletal muscle mass measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry was used to assess presarcopenia. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of thyroid hormones on presarcopenia, and subgroup analyses were carried out in different strata of age, sex and body mass index, respectively.ResultsCompared with the euthyroid group (Euthy), the subclinical hyperthyroidism group had an increased odds of presarcopenia (multivariate‐adjusted odds ratio 1.99, 95% confidence interval 1.09–3.63), but the subclinical hypothyroidism group did not (P > 0.05). In the subclinical hyperthyroidism group, age and body mass index <24 kg/m2 were independent risk factors for presarcopenia. In the overall Euthy group, an increased odds of presarcopenia was correlated with the elevated free thyroxine : free triiodothyronine ratio (all P for trend <0.05), whereas not with increment in free triiodothyronine level (P for trend >0.05). Additionally, in Euthy subgroup analyses stratified by middle‐age, sex and body mass index, a similar association was noted (all P for trend <0.05), but not in the older‐aged patients (P for trend >0.05).ConclusionsSubclinical hyperthyroidism was an independent risk factor for presarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but subclinical hypothyroidism was not. In the Euthy group with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a high free thyroxine : free triiodothyronine ratio was a good index of presarcopenia in addition to older age.
Building kinetic models to determine moisture content in apples and predicting shelf life based on spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Penghui , Qiao Yichen , Hou Bingru , Xi Ziting , Hu Yaohua 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMoisture content (MC) directly affects the storage of apples. This study explored the prediction of MC and the shelf life of apples stored at room temperature. Using wavelengths selected by the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm and chemical kinetic reactions, a quantitative prediction model based on optical fiber spectroscopy and a kinetic model were established to determine the MC of apples stored at room temperature. The shelf life of apples was predicted based on the developed quantitative prediction and kinetic models. The determination coefficients of the calibration and prediction of the quantitative prediction model were determined as .9810 and .9686, with root mean square errors of .0020 and .0022, respectively, and a residual predictive deviation of 6.55. In addition, the correlation coefficient of the kinetic model was derived as .9957, with a root mean square error of .0011. Results demonstrate that when the MC of the fresh apples exceeds 85% and the initial MC of apples stored at room temperature equals 87%, the freshness preservation time of the apples should not exceed 28 days. The proposed quantitative and kinetic models are able to rapidly and accurately monitor the MC of apples, and the real‐time prediction of apple shelf life can be realized according to the difference in the spectral information pre‐ and post‐storage at room temperature.Practical ApplicationThis study provides a method for the determination of moisture content (MC) in apples and the prediction of shelf life based on kinetic models. According to the proposed method, enterprises can not only quickly and accurately detect the MC of apples to determine whether they are fresh, but can also easily predict the shelf life of apples to determine whether they are safe.
European Association of Oral Medicine 2021 Conference ‐ Crispian Scully Lecture: Applying Human Factors to Improve Patient Safety and Performance
Authors: Brennan Peter A , Jarvis Steve , Oeppen Rachel S 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis paper is a synopsis of the Crispian Scully Lecture, presented by one of the authors (PAB), at the 2021 European Association of Oral Medicine (EAOM) Conference in Lisbon, Portugal.It provides an overview of human factors that affect individuals and teams, highlighting ways to reduce the chances of error and improve patient safety.Discussion and ConclusionError is an inevitable and ‘normal’ part of being human, and it can never be completely eliminated, though learning from mistakes is essential.Human factor application in health care can greatly improve patient safety and lead to better team working and staff morale. Personal factors including tiredness, hunger, dehydration and stress can all reduce performance and raise the risk of clinical error. It is also important to understand and optimise interaction within the clinical team. Poor communication, steep hierarchy and loss of situational awareness can all potentially compromise patient safety.
Sociolinguists and their publics: Epistemological tension and disciplinary contestation over language in Catalonia
Authors: Erdocia Iker , Soler Josep 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article aims to investigate the relationship of sociolinguists with the publics in Catalonia and to disentangle the complex interrelationships among academics within the discipline. By examining material from mainstream media outlets and data from interviews with a selected number of sociolinguist scholars, we show how the public sphere is a site in which competing epistemological and disciplinary visions contest for discursive dominance in language‐in‐society matters, institutional authorization, and resources. Rather than seeing the engagement of sociolinguists with publics as a disinterested activity of knowledge dissemination and the provision of facts, we argue that the publics are better conceived as a terrain toward which sociolinguists direct institutional, disciplinary, and professional interests. Ultimately, our article contributes to a more encompassing understanding of ourselves as sociolinguists.
Factors associated with admission of children to an intensive care unit and readmission to hospital within 28 days of discharge: A population‐based study
Authors: Bond Diana M , Ampt Amanda , Festa Marino , Teo Arthur , Nassar Natasha , Schell David 
Published: October 2021

AimHospital readmissions within 28 days are an important performance measurement of quality and safety of health care. The aims of this study were to examine the rates, trends and characteristics of paediatric intensive care unit admissions, and factors associated with readmissions to hospital within 28 days of discharge.MethodsThis retrospective, population‐based record linkage study included all children ≥28 days and <16 years old admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) in a New South Wales (NSW) public hospital from 2004 to 2013. Data were sourced from the NSW Admitted Patients Data Collection and the NSW Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, Death Registration.ResultsWe identified 21 200 ICU admissions involving 17 130 children. Admissions increased by 24% over the study period with the greatest increase attributed to respiratory and musculoskeletal conditions. A higher proportion of children were <5 years, male, lived in major cities, were publicly insured and had chronic conditions. The median length of ICU stay was 42 h and overall hospital stay was 7 days. There were 905 deaths, two‐thirds during the index admission with the leading causes being injuries, cancer and infections. Twenty‐three per cent of ICU admissions were readmitted to hospital within 28 days of discharge. Associated independent factors were younger age, longer index hospital stay and emergency index admission. Children with chronic conditions of cancer and genitourinary disorders were more likely to be readmitted.ConclusionsIdentification of complex chronic conditions, consideration of long‐term health planning and interventions intended to reduce readmission is warranted in order to reduce the burden to families and the health‐care system.
Natural selection drives genome‐wide evolution via chance genetic associations
Authors: Gompert Zachariah , Feder Jeffrey L. , Nosil Patrik 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUnderstanding selection's impact on the genome is a major theme in biology. Functionally neutral genetic regions can be affected indirectly by natural selection, via their statistical association with genes under direct selection. The genomic extent of such indirect selection, particularly across loci not physically linked to those under direct selection, remains poorly understood, as does the time scale at which indirect selection occurs. Here, we use field experiments and genomic data in stick insects, deer mice and stickleback fish to show that widespread statistical associations with genes known to affect fitness cause many genetic loci across the genome to be impacted indirectly by selection. This includes regions physically distant from those directly under selection. Then, focusing on the stick insect system, we show that statistical associations between SNPs and other unknown, causal variants result in additional indirect selection in general and specifically within genomic regions of physically linked loci. This widespread indirect selection necessarily makes aspects of evolution more predictable. Thus, natural selection combines with chance genetic associations to affect genome‐wide evolution across linked and unlinked loci and even in modest‐sized populations. This process has implications for the application of evolutionary principles in basic and applied science.