bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease burden and excess mortality from coal-fired power plant emissions in Europe
Authors: Kushta Jonilda , Paisi Niki , Van Der Gon Hugo Denier , Lelieveld Jos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We studied the contribution of coal-fired power plant (CPP) emissions (SO2 and NOx) to air pollution levels and annual excess mortality by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Europe, based on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations computed with a regional atmospheric chemistry-transport model. The health burden of European CPP emission-induced PM2.5, estimated with the Global Exposure Mortality Model, amounts to at least 16 800 (CI95 14 800–18 700) excess deaths per year over the European domain. We identified an underestimation of the emissions magnitude and correcting for it doubles CPP-attributed annual excess mortality to 33 900 (CI95 33 000–37 600) per year. Due to the non-linearity of exposure-responses, especially at relatively low concentrations, these estimates represent lower limits of possible health benefits for the EU-28 states. CPP emission phase-out would avoid 18 400 (CI95 16 000–20 500) excess deaths annually assuming background PM2.5 levels of 10 μg m−3, 25 500 (CI95 22 600–28 200) per year if pollution levels from other sources are reduced by 50% in parallel, and 105 900 (CI95 89 900–121 700) deaths by drastically reducing anthropogenic pollution from other sources to 2.4 μg m−3 that represents the threshold for health impacts. Depending on the emission scenario, large health gains can be achieved from the phase-out of CPP emissions, which calls for coordinated air pollution control strategies at the European level.
A review of indirect N2O emission factors from artificial agricultural waters
Authors: Webb Jackie R , Clough Tim J , Quayle Wendy C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) produced from dissolved nitrogen (N) compounds in agricultural runoff water must be accounted for when reporting N2O budgets from agricultural industries. Constructed (‘artificial’) water bodies within the farm landscape are the first aquatic systems that receive field N losses, yet emission accounting for these systems remains under-represented in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission factor (EF) guidelines and global N2O budgets. Here, we examine the role of artificial waters as indirect sources of agricultural N2O emissions, identify research gaps, and explore the challenge of predicting these emissions using default EFs. Data from 52 studies reporting dissolved N2O, nitrate (NO3), and EFs were synthesised from the literature and classified into four water groups; subsurface drains, surface drains, irrigation canals, and farm dams. N2O concentration varied significantly between artificial waters while NO3 did not, suggesting functional differences in the way artificial waters respond to anthropogenic N loading. EFs for the N2O–N:NO3–N concentration ratio were highly skewed and varied up to three orders of magnitude, ranged 0.005%–2.6%, 0.02%–4.4%, 0.03%–1.33%, and 0.04%–0.46% in subsurface drains, surface drains, irrigation canals, and farm dams, respectively. N2O displayed a non-linear relationship with NO3, where EF decreased exponentially with increasing NO3, demonstrating the inappropriateness of the stationary EF model. We show that the current IPCC EF model tends to overestimate N2O production in response to NO3 loading across most artificial waters, particularly for farm dams. Given their widespread existence, there is a need to: (a) constrain their global abundance and distribution; (b) include artificial waters in the global N2O budget, and (c) expand the study of N processing in artificial waters across a geographically diverse area to develop our biogeochemical understanding to the level that has been achieved for rivers and lakes.
Carbon cycling in mature and regrowth forests globally
Authors: Anderson-Teixeira Kristina J , Herrmann Valentine , Banbury Morgan Rebecca , Bond-Lamberty Ben , Cook-Patton Susan C , Ferson Abigail E , Muller-Landau Helene C , Wang Maria M H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Forests are major components of the global carbon (C) cycle and thereby strongly influence atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and climate. However, efforts to incorporate forests into climate models and CO2 accounting frameworks have been constrained by a lack of accessible, global-scale synthesis on how C cycling varies across forest types and stand ages. Here, we draw from the Global Forest Carbon Database, ForC, to provide a macroscopic overview of C cycling in the world’s forests, giving special attention to stand age-related variation. Specifically, we use 11 923 ForC records for 34 C cycle variables from 865 geographic locations to characterize ensemble C budgets for four broad forest types—tropical broadleaf evergreen, temperate broadleaf, temperate conifer, and boreal. We calculate means and standard deviations for both mature and regrowth (age < 100 years) forests and quantify trends with stand age in regrowth forests for all variables with sufficient data. C cycling rates generally decreased from tropical to temperate to boreal in both mature and regrowth forests, whereas C stocks showed less directional variation. Mature forest net ecosystem production did not differ significantly among biomes. The majority of flux variables, together with most live biomass pools, increased significantly with the logarithm of stand age. As climate change accelerates, understanding and managing the carbon dynamics of forests is critical to forecasting, mitigation, and adaptation. This comprehensive and synthetic global overview of C stocks and fluxes across biomes and stand ages contributes to these efforts.
Accidents that Occurred at Nuclear Power Plants in 1952-1972
Authors: Barbin N M , Titov S A , Kobelev M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article describes the main causes of emergencies at nuclear power plants. For the twenty-year period from (1952-1972), reviewed and described in which countries and at which nuclear power plants accidents and incidents occurred. The main objects of emergencies are considered. It was determined that more accidents occurred at NRX reactors.
The Use of the Expert Method in Solving the Issues of Choosing the Instrumentation of the Procedure for Controlling Production Factors
Authors: Borisova A V , Finochenko T A , Finochenko V A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ensuring safety at work largely depends on the quality of research on the factors of the working environment and the assessment of working conditions carried out at the workplace. The scientific paper deals with the problem of equipment for testing laboratories that control harmful production factors. In the absence of an integrated approach to the selection of instrumentation, when equipping a laboratory, there are costs associated with unjustified financial costs and incomplete functionality of the purchased equipment. At present, there are no convenient methods for practical use of choosing the instrumental support for instrumental control of harmful and hazardous production factors. To solve this problem, an approach is proposed to the choice of measuring equipment for measuring harmful production factors, which is based on the method of expert assessments. The results of studies of the application of the expert method to determine the possibility of using a group of devices for assessing physical and chemical factors in the control and monitoring system of harmful factors at the workplaces of a machine-building enterprise are presented. Information on the implementation of the obtained results of the implementation of the expert methodology in the selection of instrumentation in the management system of testing laboratories performing work in the field of labor protection and environmental safety is presented. Based on the results of the implementation, it can be concluded that the proposed approach to the selection of instrumental equipment based on the expert method is universal.
Characteristics of Agricultural Lands, the Estimation of Yield of Grain and Leguminous Crops Varieties and Parameters of Their Adaptability in the Tyumen Region
Authors: Sapega V A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The priority task of the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation is the production of food grain. The article describes the characteristics of agricultural lands for 2004-2018, the area of sowing and yield of the grain and leguminous crops for 2014-2018, as well as the assessment of yield and adaptive potential of the main varieties of the grain and leguminous crops for 2017-2019 in the Tyumen region. On average, in 2004-2018, the total area of agricultural lands amounted to 2352.6 thousand hectares, and the area of the field – 1119.1 thousand hectares. The time dynamics showed an increase of the total area of agricultural lands and a decrease of the area of the field. The area of sowing of the grain and leguminous crops averaged 689.4 thousand hectares in 2014-2018, and the average yield was 2.06 tons/ha. The leading grain crop is spring wheat. The average sowing area of spring wheat was 402.9 thousand hectares with an average yield of 1.95 tons/ha. The variability of grain and leguminous crops yield ranged from small to significant, while coefficient of yield stability ranged from 1.0 (winter wheat) to 5.3 (winter rye). The largest average yield of spring wheat was observed in the middle-early variety Tyumenskaya 25 (5.21 t/ha) and middle-season variety Aviada (5.00 t/ha), in the spring barley – Abalak (4.69 t/ha), in the oats – Foma (6.07 t/ha) and peas – Thomas (4.37 t/ha). In general, all varieties of grain and leguminous crops were characterized by low stress resistance, and their yield variability ranged from small to significant. The index of ecological plasticity of the majority of varieties was equal to and close to one, which characterizes them as plastic, i.e. the change in their yield fully corresponds to the change in growing conditions. The variety of spring wheat Tyumenskaya 25 was the best in terms of general adaptive ability (GAA = 0.20), the variety of spring barley – Abalak (GAA = 0.15), the variety of oats – Foma (GAA = 0.20) and the variety of peas – Thomas (GAA = 0.18). The variety of the spring barley Abalak (GAA = 0.15; Cv = 6.6%) and the pea variety Thomas (GAA = 0.18; Cv = 5.3%) were the best varieties combining a high level of general adaptive ability with a small yield variability.
Vein-rock in the «Dark kingdom» Marble Deposit (South Ural) and their Possible Connection with Gold Ore Mineralization
Authors: Georgievskiy A F , Bugina V M , Kotelnikov A E , Georgievskiy A A , Mahinja E , Gamil’ton Z A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
During the geological training of RUDN students in the Miass district of the Chelyabinsk region, one of the abandoned open stone quarry for the extraction of crushed marble was studied. Examination of the walls of the stone quarry revealed a wide development of vein and dike bodies spatially associated with the apical part of the Syrostan granitoid massif. The noted vein and dyke complexes are accompanied by halos of skarn, greisen, and pegmatite mineralization, which allows us to consider the Dark Kingdom deposit as a promising object for identifying valuable minerals, including gold.
Ways to Solve Problems in the Field of Land Relations at The Present Stage
Authors: Khakhulina N B , Popov B A , Trukhina N I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study examines the problems of geodetic support of cadastral works in terms of inaccuracies in determining the coordinates of land boundaries. The problems of the geodesic industry as a whole are also considered, in particular, in the section of engineering and geodetic surveys of the Voronezh region there are many flaws, contradictions, and shortcomings. In this paper, all these negative phenomena will be revealed, the causes will be identified, and a solution to these problems will be proposed. The paper reveals the concept of "infrastructure of geodetic works". The analysis of the current state of the infrastructure of geodetic works on the territory of the Voronezh region of the Russian Federation is performed. A regional program for reconstruction and improvement of the quality of coordinate descriptions of points in geodetic networks of the Voronezh region was proposed and developed. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions are given for the success of the reconstruction of the infrastructure of geodetic works in the Voronezh region
Modeling of Seismic Impacts on the Main Pipeline
Authors: Yalalov D V , Valeev A R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this article, a seismic calculation of a section of an underground pipeline is performed using the Ansys software package. The linear-spectral analysis of this calculation was based on the response spectrum obtained from a variety of real records of seismic ground vibrations at the Petropavlovsk seismic station. This method makes it possible to take into account the experience of past earthquakes, reducing the likelihood of exceeding the expected loads on the structure during a new earthquake. The results of the seismic calculation of the pipeline made it possible to form a complete picture of the distribution of stresses in the pipeline for various forms of the trench and the material of its backfill. A comparison is made of the maximum stresses in the pipeline for various methods of its seismic protection.
Experimental Study of the Sulphatizing Roasting of Flotation Tailings from Copper Slag Processing Using Iron Sulfates
Authors: Grudinsky P I , Zhiltsova E E , Grigorieva D D , Dyubanov V G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The present study focuses on the experimental investigation of sulphatizing roasting of flotation tailings from copper slag processing using iron (II) and (III) sulfates followed by water leaching. The effect of temperature, duration of sulphatizing roasting, as well as the amount of iron sulfates on the conversion of zinc, copper, iron and other components in the tailings into water-soluble sulfate compounds were studied. The experiments have shown that there is no significant difference between using of both iron sulfates. The extraction degree after more than 20 min of the roasting varied in the approximate ranges of 50-70% for Zn, 45-70% for Cu and 0.01-10% for Fe. The best results were the extraction of 69.2% Cu, 62.8% Zn and 1.2% Fe obtained by 180 min of the roasting at 625°C with addition of 150% FeSO4⋅7H2O to 100% of the tailings. Based on the mineralogic and microstructure investigations of the samples, the assumptions were made for the reasons of the deficient extraction degrees of copper and zinc, as well as high sulphatizing agent consumption.
Strategic Metals Contained in the Ilmenite Placers of the Sikhote-Alin Ultrabasic Rocks: Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics and the Peculiarities of the Extraction
Authors: Molchanov V P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The main mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, as well as the ore potential of titanium-bearing placers spatially and genetically associated with the Ariadne intrusion of ultrabasites (Primorye), were determined. The composition of ilmenite, gold and platinum was studied, and a complex of associated strategic metals was identified. The possibilities of industrial development of ilmenite placers applying environmentally safe methods of pyro-hydrometallurgy were evaluated. The proposed technical solutions will expand the prospects of the raw material base in the South of the Russian Far East.
Assessment of the Influence of Technological Risk Factors on the Undercut Parameters When Mining Kimberlite Using Block Caving
Authors: Kovalenko A A , Petrova O V , Mambetova Yu D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The use of block caving to mine ores and rocks of kimberlite deposits in Yakutia (Udachnaya, Yubileynaya Mir pipes) will ensure high economic efficiency and productivity, reduce damage to diamond crystals due to non-explosive technology of mining. At the same time, block caving creates high technological risks associated with the essence of the technique itself, as well as the mining, engineering and geological specifics of kimberlite deposits. To ensure the effectiveness of the block caving method and planned progression of block caving, it is necessary to assess the influence of technological risk factors at the stage when caving parameters are determined to reduce the consequences during the whole life cycle of the mine.
Scenario Analysis of the Risk of Gas Pipeline Failures in the North
Authors: Zakharova M I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Low temperatures and abnormal meteoconditions of the North have significant effect both on the accident frequency, and on accident development. Abnormal weather conditions of the North are characterized by the powerful temperature inversions arising at an anti-cyclone due to the emission of permafrost soil at extremely low temperatures of air and conditions of air stagnation. These abnormal conditions influence process of gas dispersion in the atmosphere, promoting its deceleration and formation of explosive concentration of gas at the Earth’s surface. Based on the results of gas pipeline failures analysis occurred in the North, the main causes of gas pipeline accidents were identified, the gas leakage “fault tree” from the gas pipeline was developed with estimation of failures frequencies, and the frequency of emergency situations in case of gas leakage from the gas pipeline was estimated. The most dangerous scenarios of gas pipeline accident evolution have been identified and their risk levels in the zone of the damage factors have been assessed on the basis of acceptable risk criteria. It is justified to increase the action range of damage factors in an explosion of methane -air mixture cloud in open space at presence of temperature inversion.
The Automation of the Mathematical Model of Heated Glasshouses
Authors: Savvinov I I , Kirillina M F , Shvetsov A V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The analysis of technical operations associated with growing vegetables in glasshouses shows that it is possible to reduce labor inputs and improve the efficiency of indoor growing structures through a specific set of technical solutions. The facilitation of the fundamental improvement of the glasshouse vegetable production technology requires stationary transportation systems and robot hardware. The glasshouses can be classified according to their functional and structural properties: intent, seasonality, growing practices, the type of transparent cover, the type of frame, and heating method. In this case, detailed thermophysical models should not be used. The lack of properly rationalized mathematical models for heated glasshouses holds back their development and improvement. When creating such models, it is necessary to consider heat and mass transfer processes taking place in the glasshouse, the distribution of their parameters, and the accidentality of external impacts. Additional problems arise because the requirements set for models rarely comply with the research goals set or do not reflect the conditions, under which it is used. The suggested balanced dynamic models allow for the extensive use of computers to research heat consumption patterns in glasshouses and synthesize temperature regulators. The mathematic methods for such calculations comprise vector-matrix algebra, for the respective software is widely available on various computers. Growing plants indoors during winters and springs requires the maintenance of climatic factors influencing the growth and development of plants. Due to this, automated control of such factors in compliance with agricultural practices receives great importance. To maintain temperatures automatically in hotbeds, two-position control systems are used. Large glasshouse businesses are currently introducing intensive vegetable growing technologies, and automated workflow control systems based on micro- and minicomputers. Key production activities include the watering and mineral fertilizer dressing of plants. These processes must be automated because they require large labor inputs during the preparation of the solution, the maintenance of the required content proportions, timely feed, and even distribution across all of the glasshouse under various external impacts.
Methods of Improving the Awnless Brome Productivity in Yakutia
Authors: Platonova A Z , Pavlov N E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article presents an author’s long term works results on the development of the agroecological technique for growing seeds and hay of awnless brome in permafrost floodplain soils on the Lena river middle reaches. The awnless brome Ammachaan and Kamalinskiy 14 varieties seeding rate and row space for cultivars are recommended. Varieties morphological changes in Oymakonya conditions are given. Recommended agroecological methods of cultivation provide guaranteed seed yield from 1.9 to 2.25 C/ha and hay yield up to 21-54 C/ha in conditions without irrigation and irrigation. It should be noted that the awnless brome Ammachaan and Kamalinskiy 14 varieties despite meteorological conditions during the research years showed excellent winter hardiness in the conditions of Central Yakutia, and the Pole of Cold of Yakutia (Oymyakonye). At the same time, it was conducted the agroecological assessment of the initial material (150 samples) in the Oymyakonye region. Mostly varieties from the world collection of VIR were presented. Also, the Yakut breeding hybrids and local populations from the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) were tested. As a result of the research, the local samples were selected that exceed the Kamalinskiy 14 variety by selection indicators. It was determined the potential of awnless brome’ seeds and green mass formation using a wide-row method of sowing with 60 cm row space and a seeding rate of three million pieces per one hectare. The conducted researches have shown that the Kamalinskiy 14 variety are well-prepared to the winter grazing of horses in Yakutia.
Safe Technologies in the Oil Industry: Opportunities and Prospects for the Use of Polysaccharide Structure-Forming Agents in Drilling Fluids
Authors: Flik E A , Tyaglivaya I N , Zhukova I Yu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
One of the possible ways to solve environmental problems in oil industry is the introduction of technologies that are safe for the environment. Of particular interest in this regard are technological liquids (drilling fluids) on a polysaccharide basis with use of natural polymers. The most accessible for the application of polysaccharides are starch, xanthan and guar gum, ritizan. These structure-forming biopolymers have a set of unique properties that allow to effectively manage the rheological characteristics of drilling fluids. The article analyses the results of research on the practical application of the most available biopolymers in oil production. The main characteristics of polysaccharides are considered, their influence on the efficiency of oil production is estimated. It shows the advantages of the rheological properties of drilling fluids based on xanthan gum and ritizan.