bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Street‐level bureaucrats in a relational state: The case of Bougainville
Authors: Peake Gordon , Forsyth Miranda 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe explore how street‐level bureaucrats (SLBs) as ‘agents of the state’ operate in circumstances where there is very little state, at least as state form is understood in the context in which street‐level bureaucracy theorising has developed. Using the example of post‐conflict Bougainville, we suggest SLBs actually construct the state through their wide‐flung and deep networks of relationality. We propose that SLBs in the majority world may be helpfully understood through utilising two different lenses of the state, both of which tell an accurate but only partial story. The first lens is the edifice of the Weberian or Bureaucratic state and the second lens is that we term the Relational state. We illustrate how these two lenses together provide a more complete understanding and analytical insights into the role of SLBs through drawing upon our empirical data.
Use of negative controls in a prescription sequence symmetry analysis to reduce time‐varying bias
Authors: Vouri Scott Martin , Jiang Xinyi , Morris Earl J. , Brumback Babette A. , Winterstein Almut G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeThere is an increased use in the (prescription) sequence symmetry analysis (PSSA); however, limited studies have incorporated a negative control, and no study has formally quantified and controlled for within‐patient time‐varying bias using a negative control. Our aim was to develop a process to incorporate the effect of negative controls into the main analysis of a PSSA.MethodsUsing a previously assessed dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (DH‐CCB) and loop diuretic PSSA, we directly compared the adjusted sequence ratios (aSRs) of DH‐CCBs to each of the two negative control index drugs (levothyroxine and angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor/angiotensin‐2 receptor blocker [ARB]) using the ratio of the aSRs to estimate a relative aSR with a Z test. Further, we utilized the relative aSR in stratum‐specific analyses and varying exposure windows.ResultsThe relative aSR of DH‐CCBs decreased from 1.87 to 1.72 (95% CI 1.66–1.78) using levothyroxine as a negative control index drug. ACE inhibitor/ARB negative control index drug resulted in an aSR of 1.27 thus reducing the relative aSR for DH‐CBB from 1.84 to 1.45 (95% CI 1.41–1.49). When restricting the exposure window to 180 and 90 days, the relative aSR of DH‐CCBs increased to 1.68 (95% CI 1.62–1.74) and 1.86 (95% CI 1.78–1.94), respectively, relative to the ACE inhibitor/ARB negative control index drug.ConclusionWe illustrated how to incorporate negative control index drugs into a PSSA and generate relative aSRs. Stratum‐specific assessments and varying the exposure windows while using negative control index drugs can yield more informative results.
Reduced alternative insulin dosing in hyperkalemia: A meta‐analysis of effects on hypoglycemia and potassium reduction
Authors: Moussavi Kayvan , Garcia Joshua , Tellez‐Corrales Eglis , Fitter Scott 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectiveRecent studies have identified that reduced alternative intravenous insulin doses, such as 5 units or 0.1 units/kg, may reduce the risk of hypoglycemia compared to standard doses of 10 units in patients treated for hyperkalemia. However, some studies suggest that these alternative doses may reduce the ability to lower serum potassium. This study was performed to determine the impact of alternative insulin dosing on hypoglycemia and potassium reduction in patients with hyperkalemia.DesignMeta‐analysis.Data SourcePubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Ovid, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception through November 2020.PatientsPatients treated with standard (10 units) or alternative (<10 units) insulin dosing strategies for hyperkalemia. Only studies that evaluated hypoglycemia (serum glucose <70 mg/dl), severe hypoglycemia (serum glucose <50 mg/dl), and potassium reduction post‐treatment were included in the meta‐analysis. All articles were assessed for bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool and Newcastle‐Ottawa scales for randomized prospective trials and retrospective trials, respectively.InterventionNone.Measurements and Main ResultsTen retrospective cohort studies (n = 3437) were included and had low‐ or moderate‐risk of bias. Alternative insulin dosing strategies included 5 units, 0.1 units/kg, and <10 units. Alternative dosing had lower pooled odds of hypoglycemia (odds ratio [OR] 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43–0.69, I2 = 8%) and severe hypoglycemia (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27–0.64, I2 = 0%). No difference in potassium reduction was detected (mean difference −0.02 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.11–0.07, I2 = 53%).ConclusionsAlternative insulin dosing strategies for hyperkalemia management resulted in less hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia without compromising potassium reduction compared to standard dose. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Preparation of oleic acid–carboxymethylcellulose sodium composite vesicle and its application in encapsulating nicotinamide
Authors: Guo Xiangnan , Yang Jisheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFatty acid vesicles are a kind of natural biological material, which have the advantages of good biocompatibility, low cost and easy self‐assembly in aqueous solution. However, vesicles formed of fatty acids have weak pH stability and thermostability, and poor divalent salt resistance, which limit their applications. In this work, the anionic surfactant sodium oleate and the polysaccharide carboxymethylcellulose sodium were mixed to form composite vesicles in a wide pH range, which can be close to the pH range of the physiological environment. The morphology of the composite vesicles was characterized using transmission electron microscopy and the particle size was determined by dynamic light scattering. Forces and aggregation behavior in the formation of the composite vesicles were investigated using surface tension and Fourier transform infrared observations combined with turbidity measurements. The composite vesicles were used to encapsulate nicotinamide. The encapsulation efficiency and sustained release behavior of nicotinamide loaded in the composite vesicles were evaluated. These results can provide theoretical guidance for the application of drug‐loaded vesicles in cosmetics. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Cryptochromes: Photochemical and structural insight into magnetoreception
Authors: Karki Nischal , Vergish Satyam , Zoltowski Brian D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCryptochromes (CRYs) function as blue light photoreceptors in diverse physiological processes in nearly all kingdoms of life. Over the past several decades, they have emerged as the most likely candidates for light‐dependent magnetoreception in animals, however, a long history of conflicts between in vitro photochemistry and in vivo behavioral data complicate validation of CRYs as a magnetosensor. In this review, we highlight the origins of conflicts regarding CRY photochemistry and signal transduction, and identify recent data that provides clarity on potential mechanisms of signal transduction in magnetoreception. The review primarily focuses on examining differences in photochemistry and signal transduction in plant and animal CRYs, and identifies potential modes of convergent evolution within these independent lineages that may identify conserved signaling pathways.
Structure memes: Intuitive visualization of sequence logo and subfamily logo information in a 3D protein‐structural context
Authors: Beitz Eric 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe number of available protein sequences covering virtually all known species is tremendous and ever growing due to the feasibility of the underlying nucleotide sequencing. The speed at which protein structures are being determined is increasing, and as a result of refined cryo‐electron microscopy the proportion of solved membrane protein folds is expanding. Sequence data are used to illustrate evolution and to group proteins into families with various levels of subfamilies. Structure data of prototypical proteins provide insight into function brought about by an interplay of specific amino acid residues that are dispersed throughout the sequence. Visually combining rich sequence information with structure data in an intuitively comprehensible way would enhance the process of elucidating key protein aspects regarding evolution, sequence relations, and function. Here, a method is described that projects the information contained in sequence logos and subfamily logos onto protein structures. The amino acid composition at a site is encoded by a mix color in the red‐yellow‐blue space and the information content is presented by the radius of a sphere at the α‐carbon position. The resulting display is termed “structure meme.” The underlying sequence and atom coordinate data are retained in the file for simple retrieval on demand using a molecular structure visualization program. Structure memes are recognizable and convey extensive information in a human‐discernable way that requires little training.
A novel measure to analyze protein structures: Aspect ratio in protein alpha shapes
Authors: Bagci Elife Z. , Senguler‐Ciftci Fatma , Ciftci Unver , Demir Ayhan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProteins' three‐dimensional (3D) structures are analyzed traditionally using geometric descriptors such as torsional angles and inter‐atomic distances. In this study a measure that is borrowed from computational geometry, aspect ratio of each tetrahedron in alpha shapes of proteins, is utilized. This geometric descriptor differentiates alpha and beta structural classes of proteins when combined with principal components analysis. The method converts the structures of individual proteins, 3D coordinates of the atoms, to points on a plane. It has a high degree of accuracy in differentiating R and T structures of hemoglobin. Therefore, it is anticipated that the geometric measure can be used successfully in a method that is extended to solve classification problems in machine learning.
IGPRED: Combination of convolutional neural and graph convolutional networks for protein secondary structure prediction
Authors: Görmez Yasin , Sabzekar Mostafa , Aydın Zafer 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThere is a close relationship between the tertiary structure and the function of a protein. One of the important steps to determine the tertiary structure is protein secondary structure prediction (PSSP). For this reason, predicting secondary structure with higher accuracy will give valuable information about the tertiary structure. Recently, deep learning techniques have obtained promising improvements in several machine learning applications including PSSP. In this article, a novel deep learning model, based on convolutional neural network and graph convolutional network is proposed. PSIBLAST PSSM, HHMAKE PSSM, physico‐chemical properties of amino acids are combined with structural profiles to generate a rich feature set. Furthermore, the hyper‐parameters of the proposed network are optimized using Bayesian optimization. The proposed model IGPRED obtained 89.19%, 86.34%, 87.87%, 85.76%, and 86.54% Q3 accuracies for CullPDB, EVAset, CASP10, CASP11, and CASP12 datasets, respectively.
Global finite‐time control for stochastic continuous nonlinear systems with FT‐SISS inverse dynamics and unknown control coefficients
Authors: Shao Yu , Xu Shengyuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article focus on the finite‐time control for a class of stochastic continuous nonlinear systems suffered from unknown control coefficients and unmeasured stochastic inverse dynamics. Based on the modified homogeneous domination and adding a power integrator approach, the finite‐time controller is constructed to assure the global finite‐time stability in probability of stochastic continuous nonlinear systems, in which the negative effects generated by unknown control coefficients are dominated by a control gain. In addition, the use of finite‐time stochastic input‐to‐state stability enables us to produce the theoretical analysis of the finite‐time stability of the closed‐loop system. Finally, a simulation example is supplied to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Influence of trimming, hoof angle and shoeing on breakover duration in sound horses examined with hoof‐mounted inertial sensors
Authors: Hagen Jenny , Bos Ramon , Brouwer Joris , Lux Stefan , Jung Franziska Theresa 
Published: May 2021

Objective: Aim of the current in vivo, observational study was to investigate the effect of trimming, heel elevation and different types of shoeing on breakover duration (BreakD) with a novel, hoof‐mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor system.Methods: Ten sound, crossbred horses were examined barefoot before and after trimming fitted with an IMU sensor at the dorsal hoof wall. Additionally, application of 5° heel wedges, plain steel shoes, rolled‐toe shoes and palmarly‐placed quarter‐clip shoes was tested. Horses were guided in a straight line on firm ground. Obtained data were speed corrected prior to calculations testing the influence of different manipulations for their significance on BreakD.Results: Trimming had no significant influence on BreakD. Heel elevation caused a significant decrease of BreakD in walk and trot. Shoeing with a plain steel shoe resulted in a significant increase in BreakD in walk. This could be rescinded by creating a rolled toe or placing the shoe palmarly.Conclusion: Obtained results emphasize the use of heel wedges or rolled‐toe and palmarly‐placed shoes to ease breakover in the context of therapeutic shoeing. Hoof‐mounted IMU sensors with high resolution seem to be a practical and valuable approach to accurately examine BreakD and factors influencing this parameter.
Effects of a single oral dose of gabapentin on storm phobia in dogs: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial
Authors: Bleuer‐Elsner Stephane , Medam Tiphaine , Masson Sylvia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground: Storm phobia in companion dogs is a common disorder that significantly impacts dogs' welfare. Gabapentin, the action of which is only partially understood, is widely used for its antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Only recently, the veterinary community began to use gabapentin to address phobia and anxiety in dogs. This study tested gabapentin to lower fear responses of dogs during a thunderstorm event.Methods: Eighteen dogs suffering from storm phobia completed our double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial. Each dog's behaviour was evaluated twice by his owner: once under placebo, once under gabapentin. The treatment was orally administered at least 90 min before the exposure. Gabapentin was given at a dose ranging from 25 to 30 mg/kg.Results: Our results indicate a significant reduction of the fear responses of dogs under gabapentin. The adverse effects were rare, and the most frequent amongst them was ataxia.Conclusion: In this trial, gabapentin appears to be an efficient and safe molecule that should be considered as part of the treatment plan of storm phobia in dogs.
Practising with an obstetric box and a dummy improves students’ confidence in performing obstetric procedures involving large animals
Authors: Ferreira Mayara Fonseca , de Araújo Sampaio Lima Rafaela , de Souza Amaral Rodrigo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground: Usually, the teaching process of eutocia and dystocia on large animals is supported by the use of photographs, videos, animations and texts with descriptions of the births and the difficulties of delivery, being not enough to provide an effective experiential learning process in veterinary obstetrics. This study aimed to evaluate the learning and the student's perception of the impact of using an obstetric box and an articulated dummy as a teaching resource in a dynamic game methodology on learning obstetric diagnoses and procedures.Methods: Veterinary students attended a theoretical class about foetal disposition and obstetrics manoeuvres and later attended a practical class about the same topic using an obstetric box and an articulated foal dummy. All students were evaluated by questionnaires and tests after each class addressing the topics of the objectives of this study.Results: The teaching methodologies facilitated students’ understanding of how to perform obstetric manoeuvres and significantly increased their test scores and their confidence to execute obstetric procedures in a real professional situation in the future.Conclusion: The use of obstetric box and dummy combined with a dynamic game methodology in practical classes stimulated the students’ learning process and helped graduate more confident professionals.
Thermomicrofluidics for biosensing applications
Authors: Tian Fei , Han Ziwei , Deng Jinqi , Liu Chao , Sun Jiashu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe accurate detection of biological systems containing biomolecules and bioparticles is increasingly important in diverse research fields, particularly in analytical and biological chemistry. Implementing thermophoresis in microfluidic devices (thermomicrofluidics) enables the manipulation and measurement of biomolecules and bioparticles in a label‐free and high‐precision manner, providing a promising avenue for biosensing. This review presents fundamentals of thermophoresis and its coupling with other thermal‐induced physical phenomena in the microfluidic setups. We overview the capabilities of thermomicrofluidics for diverse biosensing applications such as monitoring of biomolecular interactions, detection of nucleic acids, profiling of extracellular vesicles, and manipulation of cells. Biosensing by thermomicrofluidics provides insights into physiopathological processes and disease diagnostics. Current challenges and further directions of thermomicrofluidic detection are discussed.
A milk‐line sampling system to detect foodborne pathogens: A field case investigation from the United States and Argentina
Authors: Farcey Florencia , Bartolome Julian , Roeschmann Carlos , Chaves Javier , Naikare Hemant K. , Melendez Pedro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe objective of this short communication was to discuss two field case investigations to determine the usefulness of a milk‐line sampling device to detect bacteria either coming from a group of cows suffering from mastitis or from the milking line potentially contaminated with environmental bacteria. In Case 1, the in‐line sampling device was able to detect certain segments of the milk‐line contaminated with environmental bacteria, but not coming from the cows. In Case 2, 19 out of 25 pooled in‐line samples were in agreement with at least one of the individual sampled cows shedding either Staphylococcus or Streptococcus spp. or both, which accounted for 76% accordance between both methods. The in‐line system, although not perfect, provided a reliable method to detect individual cows shedding mastitis‐causing organisms. In conclusion, the milk‐line sampling device system was able to help identify foodborne pathogens. Regular monitoring of the microbial quality of milk through a milk‐line sampling device is recommended for groups of cows within the dairy herd to detect potential mastitis‐causing microorganisms. Furthermore, the sampling device was an effective tool to screen the efficacy of cleaning and disinfecting mechanisms of the milk lines to identify and control potential foodborne pathogens that are collected in the bulk tank.
Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle population of Chattogram, Bangladesh
Authors: Hasib Farazi Muhammad Yasir , Islam Mohammad Sirazul , Das Tridip , Rana Eaftekhar Ahmed , Uddin Mohammad Helal , Bayzid Mohammad , Nath Chandan , Hossain Mohammad Alamgir , Masuduzzaman Mohammad , Das Shubhagata , Alim Mohammad Abdul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundLumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important viral disease causing significant economic losses in commercial livestock production. In mid‐2019, an outbreak of LSD has been reported in cattle population from different parts of Bangladesh including Chattogram division. A cross‐sectional surveillance study was undertaken from August 2019 to December 2019 to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of LSD in cattle in Chattogram district.MethodsA total of 3,327 cattle from 19 commercial farms were examined for the LSD specific skin lesions and associated risk factors. A total of 120 skin biopsies were collected from the suspected animal for the confirmation of the disease using molecular detection and histopathological examination. Partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed on selected viral isolates.ResultsThe overall clinical prevalence of LSD in the study population was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.4%–11%) where the highest farm level outbreak frequency was 63.33% (95% CI: 45.51%–78.13%) and the lowest 4.22% (95% CI: 3.39%–5.25%). Crossbred and female cattle showed a significantly higher prevalence of the disease compared to their counterparts. Introduction of new animals in farms was found to be one of the most significant risk factors in the transmission of the disease. All suspected skin biopsies were positive for LSD virus (LSDV) infection with granulomatous and pyogranulomatous dermatitis was revealed on histopathology. Phylogenetic analysis based on the inverted terminal repeat region of the LSDV gene suggested that the locally circulating strain was closely related to the strains isolated from the Middle East and North African countries.ConclusionsThe data generated in this study would be beneficial to the field veterinarians and animal health decision makers in the country as well as it will aid in taking appropriate measures to prevent further relapse or outbreak of this disease in future.
Gastric dilatation‐volvulus in two North American river otters (Lontra canadensis)
Authors: O Cummings Charles , Pirie Gordon , Sasaki Emi , Wakamatsu Nobuku 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTwo adult, zoo‐housed, North American river otters (Lontra canadensis), a male and a female, presented emergently for profound lethargy. The second case had abdominal distension with tympany, tachypnoea, tachycardia and poor pulse quality noted. A single radiograph from that case showed dilated bowel loops and a caudodorsally‐deviated gastric axis but lacked the characteristic compartmentalized gas appearance common in canine gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV). Unfortunately, both animals died within approximately an hour, before other treatments or surgery could be performed. Necropsy in both cases revealed a 180‐degree volvulus of the stomach, resulting in infarcts to the gastric wall. In this first report of GDV in otters, both cases were from the same institution, 10 years apart, which suggests GDV may not be an uncommon presentation in otters. Consequential diagnostic and treatment delays may occur if veterinarians are not aware of the not‐so‐remote possibility of GDV occurring in otters.