bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-judicial rights review of counterterrorism policies: The role of fundamental rights in the making of the counterterrorism database and the data retention legislation in Germany
Authors: Lang Andrej 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article analyzes the institutions, procedures, and mechanisms of non-judicial rights review in Germany, focusing on the policy field of national security. Although there is currently a fruitful constitutional debate about the virtues and vices of non-judicial review in the Anglo-Saxon legal world, this debate has virtually gone unnoticed in German scholarship, and the role of political actors in protecting fundamental rights is neglected. This article studies how rights considerations affect the making of antiterrorism policy in Germany and what mechanisms exist in the legislative process to ensure the creation of rights-respecting antiterrorism policy. It is methodologically designed as a case study and focuses on two controversial pieces of legislation: the Data Retention Act and the Anti-Terror Database Act. The article reveals that Germany features a bureaucratic model of rights review in which rights issues are primarily negotiated between the two constitutional ministries—the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of the Interior—which are mutually entangled in an institutionalized competitive relationship. This model complements the German strong-form model of judicial review and has the effect that the role of rights is mostly mediated through the Constitutional Court’s case law and the prospect of judicial review. The article further demonstrates that these non-judicial rights-review processes are surrounded by a legalistic and rather formalistic political culture that is not conducive to a principled and deliberative engagement with fundamental rights. Overall, rights are prominently considered and clearly have a constraining effect, however, often ultimately recede when weighed against the objective of ensuring collective security in the wake of the threat of terrorism.
A Leray Model for the Orlik–Solomon Algebra
Authors: Bibby Christin , Denham Graham , Feichtner Eva Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We construct a combinatorial generalization of the Leray models for hyperplane arrangement complements. Given a matroid and some combinatorial blow-up data, we give a presentation for a bigraded (commutative) differential graded algebra. If the matroid is realizable over $\mathbb {C}$, this is the familiar Morgan model for a hyperplane arrangement complement, embedded in a blowup of projective space. In general, we obtain a cdga that interpolates between the Chow ring of a matroid and the Orlik–Solomon algebra. Our construction can also be expressed in terms of sheaves on combinatorial blowups of geometric lattices. As a key technical device, we construct a monomial basis via a Gröbner basis for the ideal of relations. Combining these ingredients, we show that our algebra is quasi-isomorphic to the classical Orlik–Solomon algebra of the matroid.
Supremacy Smugglers? Islam in the Legacy of Theological Liberalism
Authors: Schmiedel Ulrich 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article interrogates the interpretation of Islam in the legacy of theological liberalism. Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923) has been labelled the figurehead of such liberalism. Islam is a recurrent referent in his thought, running through his theological and philosophical writings. Whereas studies such as Tomoko Masuzawa’s immensely influential The Invention of World Religions contend that Troeltsch’s conceptualization of religion smuggles assumptions of the supremacy of Christianity from theological into non-theological research on religion, I argue that Troeltsch’s characterization of Islam clarifies how he both constructs and collapses the supremacy smuggling for which he is criticized. For the current controversies about Islam in the European and the American public square, Troeltsch is instructive because he captures both the problems and the promises of the theological thinking that came to be called “liberal” for the study of religion.
Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix Reconstruction of Complex Perineal Burn Wound: A Case Report
Authors: Concannon Elizabeth , Coghlan Patrick , DamKat Thomas Lindsay , Solanki Nicholas S , Greenwood John E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This case report details our experience using a two-stage Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix (NovoSorb® PolyNovo Ltd) and autograft for acute reconstruction of a complex perineal burn wound in an elderly comorbid patient. A 77-year-old man sustained 42% full-thickness burns extending circumferentially from bilateral thighs and buttocks, across the entire perineal and genital regions up to his mid-trunk, following self-immolation using an accelerant. Early total burn wound excision was carried out with acute application of Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix to all affected sites. Excellent integration and vascularization of Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix took place despite the challenge of intermittent fecal contamination affecting the perineal and buttock burn sites and matrix colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms. Delamination and serial split-thickness skin autografting were carried out 42 days after the first matrix application with complete and robust graft take. Perineal burns present a reconstructive challenge due to the proximity of specialized structures such as the genitalia, urethral, and anal orifices. Restoration of complex anatomy and function may be required after debridement with increased risks of infection, contracture formation, and mortality compared with burns affecting other anatomical sites. Two-stage Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix represents a reliable reconstruction option for complex extensive perineal wounds in frail elderly patients, despite an unfavorable local microbial environment.
Genomic-, phenotypic-, and toxicity-based safety assessment and probiotic potency of Bacillus coagulans IDCC 1201 isolated from green malt
Authors: Bang Won Yeong , Ban O-Hyun , Lee Bo Som , Oh Sangki , Park Chanmi , Park Mi-Kyung , Jung Sung Keun , Yang Jungwoo , Jung Young Hoon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms, and the evaluation of their safety for human use in the food industry has become critical. This study examines the safety of Bacillus coagulans IDCC 1201 isolated from green malt by analyzing its genomic and phenotypic characteristics and determining its toxicity. The presence of antibiotic resistance and toxigenic genes and gene transferability were investigated using whole-genome analysis. The strain's hemolytic and enzyme activities, minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, and biogenic amine and D-lactate production were also examined. Furthermore, the principal properties of B. coagulans IDCC 1201 as probiotics, such as resistance to abiotic stress and intestinal adhesion, were studied. The whole-genome analysis demonstrated that B. coagulans IDCC 1201 had no antibiotic resistance or toxigenic genes; the strain was susceptible to the nine antibiotics proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. Moreover, this strain lacked hemolytic and β-glucuronidase activities. Additionally, it was confirmed that B. coagulans IDCC 1201 produced undesirable metabolites, including biogenic amines or D-lactate, at a safe level. Finally, the strain exhibited functional potential as a probiotic in terms of abiotic tolerance, such as bile tolerance and intestinal adhesion in in vitro experiments. In conclusion, B. coagulans IDCC 1201 can be considered as a safe probiotic with regard to human health.
Statement in Support of Revising the Uniform Determination of Death Act and in Opposition to a Proposed Revision
Authors: Shewmon D Alan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Discrepancies between the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) and the adult and pediatric diagnostic guidelines for brain death (BD) (the “Guidelines”) have motivated proposals to revise the UDDA. A revision proposed by Lewis, Bonnie and Pope (the RUDDA), has received particular attention, the three novelties of which would be: (1) to specify the Guidelines as the legally recognized “medical standard,” (2) to exclude hypothalamic function from the category of “brain function,” and (3) to authorize physicians to conduct an apnea test without consent and even over a proxy’s objection. One hundred seven experts in medicine, bioethics, philosophy, and law, spanning a wide variety of perspectives, have come together in agreement that while the UDDA needs revision, the RUDDA is not the way to do it. Specifically, (1) the Guidelines have a non-negligible risk of false-positive error, (2) hypothalamic function is more relevant to the organism as a whole than any brainstem reflex, and (3) the apnea test carries a risk of precipitating BD in a non-BD patient, provides no benefit to the patient, does not reliably accomplish its intended purpose, and is not even absolutely necessary for diagnosing BD according to the internal logic of the Guidelines; it should at the very least require informed consent, as do many procedures that are much more beneficial and less risky. Finally, objections to a neurologic criterion of death are not based only on religious belief or ignorance. People have a right to not have a concept of death that experts vigorously debate imposed upon them against their judgment and conscience; any revision of the UDDA should therefore contain an opt-out clause for those who accept only a circulatory-respiratory criterion.
Memories, Mementos, and Memorialization of Young Unaccompanied Afghans Navigating within Europe
Authors: LØnning Moa Nyamwathi , Kohli Ravi K S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article considers memories, mementos, and memorialization in stories by unaccompanied young people and their journeys within Europe. It looks at their ‘navigation’ of remembering and forgetting and how this intertwines with movement and stillness. It is based on a study about Afghan males aged 15–24 years in Norway and Greece. Participants differed in terms of their backgrounds, migration projects, and their legal status. In their various circumstances, their narratives point to how memories unfold, are shared, must be negotiated, and sometimes, forgotten as they navigate towards a sense of safety and a sustainable future. They also point to how mementos may take different forms while on the move, as traces along the migration trail that have the potential to become part of the memories of others who come across them. Finally, their narratives point to practices of memorialization, and how they too are intimately connected to remembering and forgetting.
Correlation and co-localization of QTL for stomatal density, canopy temperature, and productivity with and without drought stress inSetaria
Authors: Prakash Parthiban Thathapalli , Banan Darshi , Paul Rachel E , Feldman Maximilian J , Xie Dan , Freyfogle Luke , Baxter Ivan , Leakey Andrew D B 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMechanistic modeling indicates that stomatal conductance could be reduced to improve water use efficiency (WUE) in C4 crops. Genetic variation in stomatal density and canopy temperature was evaluated in the model C4 genus, Setaria. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a Setaria italica×Setaria viridis cross were grown with ample or limiting water supply under field conditions in Illinois. An optical profilometer was used to rapidly assess stomatal patterning, and canopy temperature was measured using infrared imaging. Stomatal density and canopy temperature were positively correlated but both were negatively correlated with total above-ground biomass. These trait relationships suggest a likely interaction between stomatal density and the other drivers of water use such as stomatal size and aperture. Multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for stomatal density and canopy temperature, including co-located QTL on chromosomes 5 and 9. The direction of the additive effect of these QTL on chromosome 5 and 9 was in accordance with the positive phenotypic relationship between these two traits. This, along with prior experiments, suggests a common genetic architecture between stomatal patterning and WUE in controlled environments with canopy transpiration and productivity in the field, while highlighting the potential of Setaria as a model to understand the physiology and genetics of WUE in C4 species.
Escaping from pollution: Air pollution and the settlement intentions of floating migrants in Chinese cities
Authors: Jia Kai , Chen Shaowei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying floating migrants’ settlement intentions is vital for guiding evidence-based policies for China’s urbanisation and regional economic development. While prior studies have identified various determinants of migrants’ settlement decisions, little attention has been paid to the effects of environmental pollution on these decisions. To fill this gap, this study utilises a unique data set combining individual-level data from a national survey and city-level data obtained from various sources to investigate the effects of air pollution on floating migrants’ settlement intentions in China. Using a novel instrumental variable, our regression results show significantly negative impacts of air pollution on both migrants’ permanent settlement intention and their expected length of settlement. Additionally, these impacts are stronger for the skilled migrants compared to the less skilled ones. These findings imply that environmental pollution should be seriously considered when promoting urbanisation in China and beyond.
Effects of solar flares and coronal mass ejections on Earth’s horizontal magnetic field and solar wind parameters during the minimum solar cycle 24
Authors: Syed Zafar S N A , Umar R , Sabri N H , Jusoh M H , Dagang A N , Yoshikawa A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Previous studies have reported that coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares lead to the development of huge storms and high-speed streams. Our aim in this paper is to investigate the response of the geomagnetic index SYM/H to the solar wind parameters, such as solar wind speed V, dynamic pressure P, input energy IE and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz component, associated with solar flares and CME events. The response of the ground geomagnetic field (H-component) to the solar wind parameters and the IMF Bz component at three low-latitude stations has also been analysed. Our findings show that the delay of the solar wind changes in the Earth’s magnetosphere in response to the weak geomagnetic storm (SYM/H = −30 nT) at the beginning of 2014 December 21. A weak storm of SYM/H = −30 nT in the middle of 2014 November 5 is suggested by a low magnetic reconnection process in the magnetosphere. In addition, the strong southward IMF Bz component and high solar wind changes in the magnetosphere system, which were a result of the X2.0 solar flare event and the CMEs on 2014 October 27, responded to the moderate storm (SYM/H = −60 nT) at the beginning of 2014 October 28. This dynamic physical process in the magnetosphere caused by solar wind variation is seen to excite the Earth’s H-component through ultra low frequency at the ground-based magnetometers at the BCL (Vietnam), TIR (India) and SCN (Indonesia) stations during the geomagnetic storm. This study relates to seismic investigations and geomagnetic-induced current on the ground.
A maximum X-ray luminosity scale of disc-dominated tidal destruction events
Authors: Mummery Andrew 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We develop a model describing the dynamical and observed properties of disc-dominated tidal disruption events (TDEs) around black holes with the lowest masses (M ≲ few × 106M⊙). TDEs around black holes with the lowest masses are most likely to reach super-Eddington luminosities at early times in their evolution. By assuming that the amount of stellar debris that can form into a compact accretion disc is set dynamically by the Eddington luminosity, we make a number of interesting and testable predictions about the observed properties of bright soft-state X-ray TDEs and optically bright, X-ray dim TDEs. We argue that TDEs around black holes of the lowest masses will expel the vast majority of their gravitationally bound debris into a radiatively driven outflow. A large-mass outflow will obscure the innermost X-ray producing regions, leading to a population of low black hole mass TDEs that are only observed at optical and UV energies. TDE discs evolving with bolometric luminosities comparable to their Eddington luminosity will have near constant (i.e. black hole mass independent) X-ray luminosities, of order LX, max ≡ LM ∼ 1043 − 1044 erg s−1. The range of luminosity values stems primarily from the range of allowed black hole spins. A similar X-ray luminosity limit exists for X-ray TDEs in the hard (Compton scattering dominated) state, and we therefore predict that the X-ray luminosity of the brightest X-ray TDEs will be at the scale LM(a) ∼ 1043 − 1044 erg s−1, independent of black hole mass and accretion state. These predictions are in strong agreement with the properties of the existing population (∼40 sources) of observed TDEs.
Posthumous trading patterns affecting artwork prices
Authors: De Silva Dakshina G , Kosmopoulou Georgia , Pownall Rachel A J , Press Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study aims to identify factors contributing to price fluctuations in artworks after an artist’s death. With access to information on seller characteristics from a historical dataset of all art auctions that took place in London between 1741 and 1913, we investigate how trading patterns and network effects at auctions affect art sales prices. Following an artist’s death, we capture dynamic effects in sales patterns and find that prices decline by 7%. We attribute this decline on the confluence of non-strategic and strategic effects, first on a frequent lack of access to professional consultation and secondly on changes in trading patterns of art dealers posthumously. Our results highlight the long-term influence of those factors on high valued art.
SARS-CoV-2 Viral Persistence Based on Cycle Threshold Value and Liver Injury in Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Wong Grace Lai-Hung , Yip Terry Cheuk-Fung , Wong Vincent Wai-Sun , Tse Yee-Kit , Hui David Shu-Cheong , Lee Shui-Shan , Yeoh Eng-Kiong , Chan Henry Lik-Yuen , Lui Grace Chung-Yan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Liver injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is common and prognostic. Direct viral tropism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors in hepatocytes may be one of the mechanisms of liver injury. We aimed to determine the role of viral persistence of SARS-CoV-2, based on cycle threshold (Ct) value, in liver injury in COVID-19.

Methods
This was a territory-wide retrospective cohort study of all public hospitals in Hong Kong. Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 was identified. Serial liver biochemistries and Ct values of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were analyzed.

Results
We identified 7622 COVID-19 patients (mean age, 47 years; 48.2% male) diagnosed from March 24 to January 1, 2021, who had serial liver biochemistries and Ct values. A total of 1363 (17.9%) COVID-19 patients had alanine transferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevations with 2 temporal patterns—early (within first 14 days of symptom onset) and late (&gt;14 days from symptom onset). COVID-19 patients with ALT/AST elevations had a lower Ct value at admission (23 vs 25; P &lt; .001), day 5 (24 vs 26; P &lt; .001), and day 20 (31 vs 32; P &lt; .001) after admission, compared with those without ALT/AST elevations. COVID-19 patients with ALT/AST elevations had a longer duration from first positive to first negative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 (13 vs 9 days; P &lt; .001). ALT/AST elevation and presence of diabetes were independent risk factors of viral persistence.

Conclusions
Liver injury in COVID-19 is linked to a higher SARS-CoV-2 viral load during the early phase of infection, signifying a possible direct viral injury to the liver. Prolonged viral persistence of SARS-CoV-2 is associated with liver injury.
Post-COVID-19 WHO Reform: Ethical Considerations
Authors: de Campos-Rudinsky Thana C 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study argues against the expansive approach to the WHO reform, according to which to be a better global health leader, WHO should do more, be given more power and financial resources, have more operational capacities, and have more teeth by introducing more coercive monitoring and compliance mechanisms to its IHR. The expansive approach is a political problem, whose root cause lies in ethics: WHO’s political overambition is grounded on WHO’s lack of conceptual clarity on what good leadership means and what health (as a human right) means. This study presents this ethical analysis by putting forth an alternative: the humble approach to the WHO reform. It argues that to be a better leader, WHO should do much less and have a much narrower mandate. More specifically, WHO should focus exclusively on coordination efforts, by ensuring truthful, evidence-based, consistent, and timely shared communications regarding PHEIC among WHO member-states and other global health stakeholders, if the organization desires to be a real global health leader whose authority the international community respects and whose guidance people trust.
Epidemiology of physical inactivity in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Adeloye Davies , Ige-Elegbede Janet O , Auta Asa , Ale Boni M , Ezeigwe Nnenna , Omoyele Chiamaka , Dewan Mary T , Mpazanje Rex G , Agogo Emmanuel , Alemu Wondimagegnehu , Gadanya Muktar A , Harhay Michael O , Adebiyi Akindele O 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhysical activity is crucial to preventing noncommunicable diseases. This study aimed to provide up-to-date evidence on the epidemiology of insufficient physical activity across Nigeria to increase awareness and prompt relevant policy and public health response.MethodsA systematic literature search of community-based studies on physical inactivity was conducted. We constructed a meta-regression epidemiologic model to determine the age-adjusted prevalence and number of physically inactive persons in Nigeria for 1995 and 2020.ResultsFifteen studies covering a population of 13 814 adults met our selection criteria. The pooled crude prevalence of physically inactive persons in Nigeria was 52.0% (95% CI: 33.7–70.4), with prevalence in women higher at 55.8% (95% CI: 29.4–82.3) compared to men at 49.3% (95% CI: 24.7–73.9). Across settings, prevalence of physically inactive persons was significantly higher among urban dwellers (56.8%, 35.3–78.4) compared to rural dwellers (18.9%, 11.9–49.8). Among persons aged 20–79 years, the total number of physically inactive persons increased from 14.4 million to 48.6 million between 1995 and 2020, equivalent to a 240% increase over the 25-year period.ConclusionsA comprehensive and robust strategy that addresses occupational policies, town planning, awareness and information, and sociocultural and contextual issues is crucial to improving physical activity levels in Nigeria.