bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Boron Addition on the corrosion behavior of Ni Cr Modental alloy prepared by powder metallurgy.
Authors: Haleem Ali Hubi , Jamal Al-Deen Haydar H.J. , Shanan Ban Ahmed 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe powder metallurgy (PM) method was used to create the alloy. The sintering process was carried out in an inert high-temperature tube furnace in the presence of inert gas at a temperature of 1000 ° C for 8 hours (Argon). In this article, the effect of (B) at three wt.% (0.4,0.8,1.2) on the corrosion rate, hardness, and microstructure of alloys was examined. X-ray diffraction (XRD), open circuit potential, electrochemical tests (Tafel extrapolation method), and Macro hardness Brinell were used to study the effect of adding (B) in various amounts to alloys. Saliva was utilized as the corrosion solution for the testing. The inclusion of the alloy element (B) increased hardness and a decrease in particle size, as seen by the microstructures. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of the master alloy improved next the addition, as shown by Corrosion potential has increased while corrosion current densities have decreased. The corrosion rate for A, A1, A2 and A3 was 14.50, 7.42, 2.03and 2.77 (mpy) respectively.
Influence of electrical discharge machining parameters by additives Nano [AL2O3] on surface roughness and material removal rate in machining of AISI 304
Authors: Ibrahim Abbas Fadhil 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Experimental investigation and optimization of machining parameters in electrical discharge machining (EDM) in terms adding particles Nano-reinforced among the various mechanical processes, the process of manufacturing in electrical discharge machines is one of the most effective and cost-efficient manufacturing processes in the manufacture of stainless steel. It has been dealt with in this article investigate each of operating parameters such as peak current (Ip), pulse on time (Pon) and pulse off time(Poff), insulating liquid with Nano powder (AL2O3) in EDM compounds AISI 304. In the present research work, the influences of certain process parameters on surface roughness(Ra) and material removal rate(MRR) were investigated on stainless steel carried out with powder mixture with particles size average of [5 nm]. Operating parameters are taking into consideration three factors based on the Taguchi method. The results from this work will be useful for manufacturing engineers to select appropriate set of process parameters to machine stainless steel.
Direct Oxidation of Antibiotics from Aqueous Solution by Ozonation with Microbubbles
Authors: Dawood Fadhil K. , Abdulrazzaq Nada N. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
in this research, antibiotics (tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and metronidazole) were removed in a batch reactor each one separately and together using ozone microbubbles (OMBs) method. The antibiotic removal efficiency was analyzed under different reaction conditions, including initial solution pH, ozonation time, ozone production rate, and initial antibiotic concentration. It was found from the experiments that the elimination of antibiotics by ozone microbubbles was higher at the basal medium between (7-8). In addition, as the ozone production rate was raised from (3.33-16.66) mg/min, the removal efficiency increased, as did the antibiotic concentration (1-100) PPM. Also, the removal tests were carried out under optimal conditions using the conventional ozonation method, and the microbubble technology and the results were compared under the same operating conditions. The microbubbles were found to save a lot of time and reduce the amount of ozone used.
Application of Statistical Control Charts for Monitoring the Textile Yarn Quality
Authors: Abdulghafour Amjad B. , Omran Salman H. , Jafar Mohaned S. , Mottar Murtadha M. , Hussein Osamah H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
At the current time, textile product quality is the most attractive factor for the consumer market. Iraqis’ textile yarn industries are facing a lot of difficulties and competition of cotton yarn products, which has been increased versus artificial fibers. The main problems include the physical and chemical characteristics of cotton yarn because of genetic, environmental, harvesting, and ginning factors. The Statistical control process is a powerful and useful methodology used to solve problems in textile yarn industries to achieve process stability, improve process capability, and reduce process variability. The main objective of this study is to apply control charts and comparison control chart performance of yarn spinning data for quick detection of process shifts that occur to take corrective action. Therefore, in this study, the control charts have been applied at the Wasit state company for textile industries to control the quality of cotton yarns produced. Applying control charts in all yarn spinning stages is a very important issue, especially in production cost and yarn quality. Quality control charts selected for variables that include (

X

¯

-R and

X

¯

-S charts) are constructed to describe tenacity, elongation, and the coefficient of variation. Thirty samples size of yarns with five reading of observations per sample of count 1/27Ne are drawn from spinning machine. Minitab is statistical software used to construct the control charts because of its good reputation which is confirmed by the results achieved in our research. The final results of this study will help us to distinguish yarns parameters in the points of the economy and the quality, by comparison, their above-mention parameters.
Predicting the scour depth downstream single step broad crested weirs
Authors: Suleiman Saleh J. , Ismael Adnan A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe main purpose of broad crested weir used in open channels is to raise and control upstream (U/S) water level. The most important problems for downstream of hydraulic structures are the local scour formed at the downstream of hydraulic structures. Scour control process considered as the main objective to ensure safety and economical design of hydraulic structures to prevent any serious failure in the future. In this study, four models of Single-Step-Broad-Crested weirs with different angles were tested under different flow intensity for duration of 6 hours. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) was used to investigate the velocity field. The results showed that, the model C reduces local scour hole volume was about 87.6%, 55.58% and 44.8% and the maximum depth of scour reduced 73.43%, 32.56% and 24.22% as compared with model D at each discharge.
Rheological Properties Of (NR/SBR/CMC/C.B) Nanocomposites
Authors: Al-Nesrawy Essam Filayyih , Hadi Al-Nesrawy Sameer Hassan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This research focuses on the impact of adding materials such as carbon black and polymer of carboxyl methylcellulose on the the rheological properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) which was studied as a matrix. The present study was a carried out by two groups according to the loading level of carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) and carbon black(C.B) its molecular weight (N660) which their used as stiffeners in the composites. on the other side, rheometer tests carried according to ASTM D 2705 For the purpose use these composites in various tire making and fender ship. All composites are consisting of carbon black (C.B) N660 (0, 10, 10, 10, 10) pphr and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) (0, 0, 10, 20, 30) pphr respectively for the first group (A) and (0, 20, 20, 20, 20) pphr for C.B, (0, 0, 10, 20, 30) pphr for CMC for the second group (B). The maximum torque, minimum torque, scorch time, viscosity and Tc90 optimum curing time were checked. The results revealed that the parameters differ according to the level of loading. Viscosity, lower torque, maximum torque and optimal curing were reduced for increasing loading ratio of the C.B and CMC. As well, an optimal curing time of the TC90 burning time was reduced as addition ratios of the carbon black (C.B) and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) increased.
Harvesting Energy by Solar Thermo-Electric Generation in Tropical Regions
Authors: Shibib Khalid Salem , Qatta Haqi I , Younis Sudad I 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Thermos-electric generation (TEG) is a promising technique that transforms heat into electric energy even it has low conservation efficiency. In this work. The finite element method (FEM) has been used to determine the temperature distribution in the soil also a parameter that already used to present the effectiveness of the TEG was obtained. The temperature of the soil surface and temperature at any depth was obtained together with the temperature of a plate located above the TEG device which served as a hot source. The developed sum of the square of the temperature difference between the plate and different depths multiplying by the time interval of the soil is obtained and the maximum sum is searched for to see at which time and depth should the TEG be fixed to obtain the maximum output from the TEG device. From the result of this work, it is found that the maximum sum occurred in May and at depth of 0.3 m, and also a verified program has been built and tested and can be used successfully in other regions by changing latitude, weather conditions, and soil properties.
Impact and Mechanical Properties Modifying for Below Knee Prosthesis Socket Laminations by using Natural Kenaf Fiber
Authors: Mechi Sumeia A , Al-Waily Muhannad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The main issue of this research to improve and develop the mechanical properties of the socket composite material for below-knee (BK) prosthesis; several composite materials were proposed, consisting of perlon, Kevlar and carbon fibers, and natural fibers were added as a new idea for the research. Making the theory calculations were for several layers of materials, by using mathematical model, to obtain the best lamination with and without kenaf by calculating the best modulus of elasticity and the best E/ρ ratio. So the experimental tests were carried out on the lamination with a total of 12 layers for thickness (4 mm) each of them, (Group G/withot kenaf) and (Group D/with kenaf). The experimental part included examining the samples by tensile test, bending test, impact test. The results of the tensile test results were for the first lamination and the second lamination for the ultimate tensile strength (134.47 MPa) and (187.39MPa) respectively. As for the elasticity modulus, it was as follows (16.78 GPa) without kenaf and (17.49 GPa) for kenaf lamination. Through the theoretical and experimental results, it was found that the use of natural kenaf fibers led to the improvement of the maximum tensile strength 39.35% and modulus of elasticity 4.23%. The impact resistance was improved by using kenaf by 8.8% due to its durability higher than perlon fiber.
Mechanical properties and durability for concrete using waste heat resistance glass (Pyrex Type) as coarse aggregate
Authors: Jabal Q. A. , Al-Baghdadi W. H. , Al-Hussaini O. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstractthis study aims to investigate some mechanical properties along with durability against several sever environmental conditions of concrete using waste heat resistant glass (Pyrex glass) as a replacement of coarse aggregate with several replacement ratios. Study shows higher mechanical properties improvements by using this type of aggregate, compressive, tensile and flexural strengths were improved by 20%, 54% and 230% respectively by 75% replacement. Moreover, modulus of elasticity was also investigated, it was found that it is also increased from 2.3234 GPa for reference mixes to 2.8452 GPa for mixes with 75% aggregate replacement. The study also includes durability investigations against several severe environmentally conditions which are: acid attack and fire exposure, study shows significant improvement in resistance of Pyrex aggregate concrete against both sulphuric acid attack and fire exposure comparing with normal concrete.
Evaluating the influence of silica fume on selected cement mortar properties
Authors: Muwashee Rawa Shakir , Eedan Al-Jameel Hamid Athab 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Due to the common and widespread use of cement in different engineering aspects; therefore, improving cement mortar properties from the main targets which were destined by different researchers. These properties include flow test, permeability, compressive strength, modulus of rupture of cement mortar, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. Therefore, this study has focused on using silica fume to enhance the aforementioned tests for cement mortar. Five percentages of silica fume have been used from 0.0% to 8%. The results indicate that the reduction in water permeation ratio is about 60 % when 2.5% of silica fume has been used as an admixture to cement mortar. At 2.5% of silica fume as an admixture, the magnitude of strength increase at 7 and 28 days is about 12.2 and 27.6 percent respectively. At 2.5% of silica fume, the increase in the strength is about 30 and 38 percent for 7 and 28 days respectively. The addition of silica fume to the cement mortar results in increasing the pulse velocity.
Features of feed concentration and temperature effects on membranes operation in electrodialysis systems – a review
Authors: Gubari M Q , Zwain H M , Alekseeva N V , Baziyani G I 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) is a significant method in saline water desalination and industrial wastewater treatment. Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are an important part of the electrodialysis process. An ion-exchange membrane is a semipermeable membrane that transports ions through an oppositely charged membrane and blocks the passage of a co-ion under an electric field. This review describes the effects of feed concentration and its operating temperature on different sides of IEMs in an electrodialysis system. The influence of feed solutions and temperature gradients on diffusion and osmatic membrane permeability was clarified. The distribution of feed concentration under thermostatic and thermodynamic conditions are also discussed. Temperature changes in ED systems may increase ion transport selectivity and charge separation efficiency. The rate of ions transport depends on the number of ions diffusion toward the membrane. To date, there are very few studies reporting diffusion and osmatic permeability of IEMs at high temperature.
Development an empirical formula to calculate the scour depth at different shapes of non-uniform piers
Authors: Khassaf S I , Ahmed S I 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The study of local scour around foundation of bridge piers is very important for safe design of piers and other hydraulic structures. Various studies about local scour around uniform bridge piers but a few studied non-uniform bridge piers, Non-uniform bridge pier is one for which the cross-sectional dimension varies over the length of pier (piers with footings). In this study, the effect of main parameters (pier shapes, foundations shapes, level of foundation, flow intensity, and Froude number) on local scour with different shapes of non-uniform piers were experimentally investigated with five different velocities 0.16, 0.18, 0.21, 0.24, and 0.27) m/sec. The tests were occurred using laboratory flume, operated under the clear water condition using sand as a bed material. The test program was done on five different piers Rectangular, Chamfered, oblong, Octagonal, and Hexagonal, foundation shapes were rectangular, oblong, and hexagonal. The results showed that the rectangular pier with rectangular foundation gives the maximum scour depth about 6.5 cm when foundation is placed above bed level, while the hexagonal pier with hexagonal foundation gives the minimum scour depth 2 cm, when foundation is placed below bed level.
Evaluation and development of Shatt Al-Diwaniya and the diversion canal of Shatt Al-Diwaniya
Authors: Al-Saadi Tasen S , Al-Thamiry Hayder A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Shatt Al-Diwaniya branches from Shatt Al-Hilla and extends for about 112 km until the Al-Rumaitha district within the study area located in Al-Diwaniya Governorate, Iraq. It is considered the main source for providing drinking water and supplying irrigation projects to the cities Al-Diwaniya and Al-Rumaitha. The study aims to evaluate, study, and develop Shatt Al-Diwaniya, as well as the new lined canal branching from Shatt Al-Diwaniya which. It is called Shatt Al-Diwaniya Diversion Canal. Field measurements of the discharge and water level were monitored, six sets for Shatt Al-Diwaniya and three sets for Diversion Canal. A one-dimensional model was developed by using HEC-RAS 5.0.7 software, the model was calibrated and verified according to the field measurements, the Manning’s coefficient (n) of Shatt Al-Diwaniya, and the Diversion Canal is 0.023 and 0.018, respectively. Five Scenarios were simulated to study the reach under the current conditions. it was found the discharge capacity in Shatt Al-Diwaniya is 60 m3/s and the Diversion canal is 22 m3/s. Other additional six scenarios were conducted for the modification of the reach included several cases, firstly, the development of Shatt Al-Diwaniya only, secondly, the development of the Diversion Canal only, as well as the development of the Shatt Al-Diwaniya with the development of Diversion. The results of development show that Shatt Al-Diwaniya can reach design discharge 96.2 m3/s, and for the Diversion will pass the maximum discharge 45.5 m3/s.
Selection of suitable PDF model and build of IDF curves for rainfall in Najaf city, Iraq
Authors: Majeed Ammar Rasheed , Nile Basim K. , Al-Baidhani Jabbar H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The models of the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves relationship is considered a significant represents of the rainfall intensities used in the water resources structures, in the planning, designing and projects operation. This paper aims to estimate the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves and find the equations of these curves for AL-Najaf city, Iraq. Also, to identify the distribution that gives the highest rainfall intensities from the three commonly distributions used in this field. The (IDF) curves explain the relationship between the rainfall intensity and different return intervals. The study investigates the maximum daily rainfall data of 30 years using the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) empirical formula to calculate the short durations rainfall intensity for 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, and with return periods of 2, 5, 10 and 25 years. The frequency analysis, which involves various statistical distributions, have been used to developing the relationship between rainfall intensities, durations, and return periods. The frequency analysis build based on the maximum daily rainfall data of the choosing interval (1989-2018), which had collected from the Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring Authority of Iraq. The used distributions are Gumbel, Lognormal and Log Pearson Type III distribution. The technique of the non-linear analysis has used to get the (IDF) curves equations. Also, Easy-fit software 5.5 involve the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which used to test the goodness of fit. The results showed that Gumbel distribution gave the best rainfall intensities for different return periods and different durations, where calculated rainfall intensities by Gumbel distribution had the highest values between the three applied distributions in this paper. The high values are more reliable to avoid the higher risks caused by sewer systems floods due to higher rainfall intensities due to climate change.
Optimum design of sewer networks with pump station using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Atiyah Ruqayya H. , Hassan Waqed H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The main aim of the current study is to develop a new model for the minimum cost of optimum design for a sewer network with pumping stations. The difficulty and relatively large number of nonlinear and discrete constraints in a sewer network with pump station design problems make their handling of extreme importance. For this purpose, an adaptive genetic algorithm (GA) model is proposed for the effective and efficient optimal design with a fixed layout so that each chromosome, consists of diameters, slopes of the pipes and pump indicators. In the present model, the pump locations are decided preliminary, then for each GA chromosome, the network characteristics including the diameters of pipes and slope for those pipes are determined. MATLAB code was used to perform the optimization model. Then a sewer network from previous literature was used to be designed as a benchmark example for the proposed method. It’s concluded that the proposed model has reached the optimal solution at the lowest cost and the fewest number of generations compared with previous methods in the literature.
Assessing land cover for Bahar Al-Najaf using maximum likelihood (ML) and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms
Authors: Al-Helaly Mustafa Hasan , Alwan I. A. , Al-Hameedawi Amjed Naser 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Change information of the earth’s surface is becoming more and more important in monitoring the local, regional and global resources and environment. In this paper, two algorithms maximum likelihood (ML) and artificial neural network (ANN) have been applied for a change detection at the Baher Al-Najaf from 2016 to 2020 and using two satellite imagery Landsat and sentinel. The accuracy assessment of these algorithms was based on the confusion matrix such as overall accuracy, and the kappa index were calculated for each created map. It was found (ANN) classifier is the better than (ML) classifier. As well as two different experiments were conducted to analyze the network depth and optimization of ANN classifier, and the results showed that the proposed classifier achieves higher overall accuracy and kappa index with pansharpening image. Finally, this study proved (ANN) classifier ability to extract useful high-level features in the classification process.
Determination of the optimum number and distribution of the ground control points in stereo imaging to achieve precise positions
Authors: Hilal A H , Jasim O Z , Ismael H S 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA precise location in aerial surveying can only be achieved using Ground Control Points GCPs. At least three point should be used and as the number increases the model will be more precise in X, Y and Z positions for a certain extent. The distribution of the GCPs also affect the precision of the 3D model resulted from the aerial imaging. This study aims to find the optimum number and distribution of the GCPs to achieve the minimal error in points location. 1.5 km2 of longitudinal area was imaged with a commercial UAV named DJI Mavic 2 pro with at nadir camera orientation at height of 100 m above the ground. A total of 1515 images were taken with average ground sampling distance (GSD) of 2.3 cm. Deferential Global Positioning System DGPS Leica GS 15 receiver were used to observe the 62 ground control points with PPK fashion. The project area was divided into two regions the first region has a parallel distribution of GCPs and the second region has a zigzag distribution. The images were processed using Pix4Dmapper and Agisoft Metashape software by applying a bundle adjustment process with an incremental number of GCPs starting with 3 and finishes with 26 for each distribution pattern, the remaining points were used as a check points to determine the precision of the model at each trial. The resulted coordinates of check points were compared with the coordinates observed with the DGPS. The comparison depicts the optimum number of GCPs required for the best location precision and the best distribution pattern.