bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPINAL CORD TUMORS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Haft Harold , Ransohoff Joseph , Carter Sidney 
Published: December 2021

The case histories of 30 children (15 years of age and under) with spinal cord tumors have been analyzed.
There was no significant age or sex distribution.
A third of the tumors were intramedullary and a half were extradural. The lesions were largely in the thoracic cord.
Symptoms averaged 1½ years in duration prior to diagnosis, with shorter histories for malignant extradural tumors. The principal symptoms were abnormality of gait and pain. The principal signs were leg weakness, reflex changes and sensory deficits.
The most important diagnostic aids were plain roentgenograms, lumbar puncture and myelography.
Twenty-seven of the thirty tumors were confirmed at laminectomy.
X-ray therapy was given to 20 patients.
Fifty per cent of the patients have done well. Prognosis is poor in those with neuroblastoma or sarcoma and in those developing intracranial extension.
To avoid delay in the management of children with seemingly bizarre neurologic and other symptoms and signs, an awareness of the possible presence of a spinal cord tumor is essential. Once this is accomplished, further tests should make it possible to achieve early diagnosis and therapy.
Roentgenanatomie der Neugeborenenund Säuglingslunge
Authors: SCHWARZ GERHART S. 
Published: December 2021

This book is much more than its modest title implies. It deals not only with the lung of newborns and infants but with all parts of the thorax. It treats in 17 separate chapters the shoulder girdle, the ribs and spine, the sternum, development of the lung during fetal life, anatomy of the bronchial tree, the vascular system, the lymph duct system, the thymus, diaphragm, the pleura and several other pathologic or anatomic problems.
From this, one might deduce that it is merely a review of all that is known about the infant chest, bringing all of the better known papers on this subject under one roof. This is, however, not the case. This book is a report on the author's own investigation on the subjects enumerated above.
SURGICAL AND ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF INFECTIONS IN NEWLY BORN AND YOUNG INFANTS
Authors: Sieber William K. , Ferguson Albert B. 
Published: December 2021

Trends in Infecting Organisms
The relative frequency of various organisms recovered from superficial abscesses oven the years is shown in Table I. These data document the clinical impression that with the introduction of penicillin, the pneumococcus practically disappeared as a cause of abscesses; a gradual reduction of streptococcic infections occurred; and the staphylococcus emerged as the most common organism responsible for peripheral abscesses.
Minor Infections
Furunculosis and pyoderma have assumed importance with increased incidence of staphylococcic infections in nurseries.
Breast abscesses are peculiar to infants 2 to 3 weeks of age, in whom they owe their origin to estrogenic hypertrophy of the breast. Incision and drainage is often necessary and should not be delayed when a 3-to 4-day course of antibiotic therapy fails to cause recovery.
Paronychia, subungual abscess, and infected ingrown toenail are common, often slow to improve, and may be a source of septicemia. Infants who persist in pulling the feet up and down, while resting the stomach, will irritate the toes and cause ingrowing. Often the nail itself is slow to grow. Surgical excision, either a wedge or complete removal of the toenail, should not be done. The lateral mounds of granulation tissue can be removed by silver-nitrate cauterization and kept below the level of the nail by pressure with cotton and adhesive tape. Most important, the family must be cautioned against impatience. Actual abscesses must be drained.
Pneumonitis and Empyema
Pnemonitis and empyema in young infants have been occurring with increasing frequency in the past several years. Staphylococcic pneumonia with empyema in infants is not a new disease; even the nature of the disease has not altered. Since 1955, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase positive, has become the most common responsible organism in the empyema complicating bacterial pneumonia in young infants.
Embryonic Nutrition
Authors: VILLEE CLAUDE A. 
Published: December 2021

This little book contains six reports which were given at a conference held at Brown University, July 23-24, 1956. This was one of a series of ten conferences held that year under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council. The proceedings of each conference is being published separately.
This conference dealt primarily with the subject of how the growing embryo converts its food energy into the structures and functions peculiar to its species. The present state of knowledge in this field does not delineate the mechanisms involved. However, these articles summarize some of the basic information regarding the nutritional requirements and metabolism of the embryo, the formation and activity of enzymes, the synthesis of proteins, and the use of antigens as tracers of embryonic synthesis.
POSSIBLE ROLE OF HUMIDIFYING EQUIPMENT IN SPREAD OF INFECTIONS FROM THE NEWBORN NURSERY
Authors: Sever John L. 
Published: December 2021

Because of the increasing importance of the newborn nursery in the occurrence of nosocomial epidemic infections, an investigation was conducted on the role of humidifying equipment in this connection.
The results of this study indicate that an extremely high degree of gross contamination existed in the water of the humidifying devices in use in the newborn nursery. After the institution of the described procedures governing the care and cleansing of the humidification equipment, the degree of bacterial contamination was reduced to a low level.
Behavioral Analysis
Authors: ROSE JOHN A. 
Published: December 2021

This work of Dr. Levy's is the endpoint of a triumph in scientific discipline and the outcome of a long period of investigative work in maternal attitudes.
The material is presented in an interesting way, in that the reader is introduced step by step to the processes of logic and method which are used to solve the problems raised by accumulated observations of behavior. Thus, as mentioned by the author, the content of the book may be examined with equal interest and stimulation by people with interest in different facets of research in child development or general interaction research. As he says, "The reader can share the author's trials and predicaments and thereby attain a firmer grasp and a more valid critique of the data and the method of analyzing them.
THE EFFECTS OF A SOYBEAN PRODUCT ON THYROID FUNCTION IN HUMANS
Authors: Van Wyk Judson J. , Arnold Mary B. , Wynn James , Pepper Francis 
Published: December 2021

A 10-month-old infant reared on a soybean product (Mull-Soy®) from birth developed a goiter and hypothyroidism, which was cured by the administration of 4 drops of Lugol's solution and the replacement of the soybean product by whole cow's milk.
After this soybean product was withdrawn but while the patient was still hypothyroid, the thyroid had a high uptake of I131 with rapid discharge into the blood as PBI131. Reinstitution of this soybean product suppressed the thyroidal uptake of I131 and completely inhibited the appearance of PBI131 in the plasma.
Studies in normal adult subjects revealed that this soybean product did not interfere with the absorption of iodine, iodine uptake by the thyroid, oxidation of iodide to iodine or the release of PBI131 in most subjects. Two subjects, however, who had a high plasma level of PBI131 while receiving whole cow's milk had a significant suppression in the PBI131 while receiving this soybean product. This was not associated with a concomitant reduction in the plasma PBI127 thereby indicating that excessive loss of hormonal iodine bad not taken place.
These studies suggested that a goitrogenic agent was present in this particular soybean product, which interfered with thyroid hormone synthesis in susceptible individuals, and which raised the daily requirement for iodine.
HYPERKALEMIC FAMILIAL PERIODIC PARALYSIS
Authors: Egan T. J. , Klein R. 
Published: December 2021

The clinical histories of three families are described, who have a variant of familial periodic paralysis characterized by high concentration of potassium during paralytic episodes unassociated with diminished urinary excretion of potassium. Data are presented concerning five hospitalized patients from the three families. The data indicate that the rise in concentration of potassium in serum results from a shift of potassium into the extracellular phase. During the recovery period potassium travels in the opposite direction.
The administration of glucagon or epinephrine during an acute attack terminated the attack promptly. The administration of 10 to 15 mg of dextro-amphetamine sulfate daily in Spansule® form effectively controlled symptoms in two patients, and resulted in definite improvement in a third patient, treated for periods varying from 3 to 7 months.
A SIMPLE RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SMALL SAMPLES OF URINE
Authors: Goldman Allen S. 
Published: December 2021

THE THERAPY of infants with disturbances in fluid balance is greatly assisted by knowledge of the specific gravity of the urine. Frequently only a few milliliters can be collected at any one time, while a minimum sample of 25 ml is necessary for use of the smallest urinometers currently available. The existing methods of determining specific gravity of one drop of urine are somewhat laborious, and require expensive equipment and the services of a relatively skilled technician.
The present report describes a method which is rapid and simple and requires only a few drops of urine in its use. It is similar in principle to the determination of specific gravity of blood by the copper-sulfate method. For use with urine, mixtures are employed of two relatively nonvolatile liquids, immiscible with water, and with specific gravities nearly equally above and below the range in urine. The specific gravity of urine is determined by allowing one drop to fall into each of a series of tubes containing a mixture of the two liqquids made up to various specific gravities ranging from 1.005 to 1.030 (Fig. 1). That mixture in which the drop of urine comes most nearly to remaining still (neither rising nor falling after coming to rest) approximates the specific gravity of the urine. The total sample needed is only a few drops, which can be quite small if a dropper with a small opening (2 mm) is used. The determination takes a few minutes. A year's supply of the mixtures can be made in one afternoon and costs less than $6.00.
MATERIALS
The two solutions used were selected from the flotation method of Kirk, using a density gradient system. These are Liquid 1, dibutyl-n-phthalate (Eastman), specific gravity 1.04820°; and Liquid 2, kerosene, specific gravity 0.8220°. (Similar results were obtained by substituting California mineral oil, specific gravity 0.842-0.88420°, for kerosene.)
Skeletal Changes Associated with Increased Vitamin A Ingestion
Authors: WOOLLEY PAUL V. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. C. L. Mitchell, chief of the orthopedic section at the Henry Ford Hospital, has sent me a copy of the April, 1959, number of the Bulletin of the Hospital for Special Surgery containing an article by John B. Griffin entitled, Hypervitaminosis A.
This report describes briefly three children (twins [fraternal] aged 2 years; the other 19 months) with painful limps. Each is purported to have received about 200,000 units daily of "water soluble" vitamin A from roughly 4 months of age to the first birthday. The bony changes described and illustrated are limited to cupping of the metaphyses so that the distal epiphyses of the femurs (and in one illustration, of the tibia) appear imbedded within or sunken into the substance of the diaphysis.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Authors: Stuart Harold C. , Reed Robert B. 
Published: December 2021

IN 1929 the senior author initiated the "Center for Research in Child Health and Development" as a research activity of the newly organized Division of Child Hygiene at the Harvard School of Public Health. Subsequently, this Division became the Department of Maternal and Child Health. This "Center" was organized to provide staff and facilities for the periodic and broadly oriented follow-up of individual children from birth throughout childhood and of their mothers during pregnancy. The term "Center" was then used because the project was conducted in a building outside the School with the co-operation of the Children's Hospital, the Boston Lying-in Hospital, the Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children and members of their respective staffs. Early in 1930 the first prospective mother was enrolled at the Boston Lying-in Hospital for study of her family and the course and outcome of pregnancy. The program carried out at the hospital was designed to provide background for the subsequent enrollment of her infant at birth for continuing periodic studies during early childhood. The initial plans were gradually extended in respect to breadth of studies and the length of periodic follow-up was extended throughout adolescence and included a terminal, more comprehensive eighteenth-year examination. In 1939 the last mother was enrolled during pregnancy and in 1956 the last child still being followed was discharged because of having completed the terminal examination. One hundred and thirty-four children, 67 boys and 67 girls, were followed to 18 years. These constitute the Maturity Series upon which the present group of reports is based.
The nature of the studies originally carried out under this project and the progress made between 1930 and 1938 were described in a Monograph published by the Society for Research in Child Development, hereinafter referred to as Monograph I. This dealt in considerable detail with the children enrolled and their families, with the methods of selection and follow-up, with the composition and operations of the multidisciplinary staff and with the methodologies and techniques then employed in the collection and recording of data.
ASPECTS OF BILIRUBIN METABOLISM—BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH
Authors: DANCIS JOSEPH 
Published: December 2021

INTEREST in hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant has, over many years, resulted in the accumulation of a considerable amount of information. However it is only recently that advances in knowledge of the biochemistry involved have permitted bringing together the many clinical and laboratory observations into a meaningful picture. There are still important gaps in our knowledge, permitting some speculation and inviting further investigations, but many of the major features are now clear.
Bilirubin has limited solubility in water but is easily soluble in organic solvents. Conjugation with glucuronic acid reverses these solubility characteristics. Transport of unconjugated bilirubin ("indirect" bilirubin) within the body is facilitated by binding with protein which increases its water solubility. To excrete bilirubin into proteinpoor aqueous media, such as urine or bile, it must first be conjugated to increase its water-solubility.
USE OF AMINO ACIDS AS DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
Authors: MAY CHARLES D. 
Published: December 2021

A PREVIOUS Commentary on this subject (Pediatrics, 17:965, 1956) concluded that amino acid imbalance is "readily produced by an excess of lysine" and that its use as a supplement should not be generally accepted until there is convincing evidence for the need and for the safety of this practice. It should be carefully noted that two requirements must be satisfied before supplementation of the diet with an amino acid can be justified—it must certainly be harmless but it must also be beneficial.
The place of amino acid supplementation in practical human nutrition has continued to attract the attention of scientists and commercial enterprises. Authoritative guidance in this important and complex field has just been made available in a comprehensive report of the Committee on Amino Acids of the Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council.
THE FREQUENCY OF THE POSITIVE SEX-CHROMATIN PATTERN IN MALES WITH MENTAL DEFICIENCY
Authors: Mosier H. David , Scott Lawrence W. , Cotter Lloyd H. 
Published: December 2021

A survey of the sex-chromatin pattern in 1,252 males with mental deficiency revealed 10 apparent males with positive sex-chromatin patterns and with IQs ranging from 22 to 66. Nine of these are postpubertal and have findings characteristic of Klinefelter's syndrome. One patient is prepubertal and sexually immature. One of the patients has a few features suggesting mongolism. One patient is a twin; the other twin died at birth. He has an older halfbrother who has mongolism. Another patient has twin siblings, one of whom has mongolism.
Recent reports of similar surveys confirm that about 1% of mentally deficient males have Klinefelter's syndrome. However, our data indicate the incidence is lower than that among the severely retarded and rises two- or threefold above that among the mildly retarded. The best control data indicate the incidence in the general population is about 0.2% or less. On the basis of these data, it appears that Klinefelter's syndrome with positive sex-chromatin pattern is likely to be associated with some degree of mental deficiency. The relation of the brain disorder to the anomalous sex-chromatin pattern is unknown.
CIRCULATORY FAILURE (SHOCK) IN FULMINANT MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTION
Authors: May Charles D. 
Published: December 2021

NO OCCASION in medical experience makes the awful meaning of this aphorism more clear than the patient prostrated by the sudden onslaught of fulminant meningococcal infection. Prompt relief is imperative; the patient is in too precarious a state to tolerate a fumbling attack, too feeble to withstand meddlesome and overzealous treatment with drugs of uncertain action; and critical decisions must he made in the presence of extreme anxiety. Here, as in all medical care, the truly practical thing to do can best be determined by adequate comprehension of underlying processes.
The physician is not often faced with a patient overwhelmed by acute infection, but the alarming and distressing prospect makes so lasting an impression that the manifestations are familiar: pallor, cyanosis, disorientation or unconsciousness, cold extremities, rectal temperature greatly elevated, pulse rapid and feeble, cardiac sounds loud, veins collapsed and arterial pressure reduced. These are the signs of failure of the circulation.
In overwhelming infection it is this physiologic disturbance that deserves emphasis and demands first consideration, for it must be corrected promptly to forestall death or disastrous complications. Specific treatment of the infection is important but quite incidental—the patient must be kept alive long enough to reap the benefit of elimination of the causative organism.
To the signs of circulatory failure, add purpuric lesions in the skin, leukopenia progressing to leukocytosis and hyperglycemia, and the syndrome of fulminant meningococcal infection is complete. Viewed in their entirety, the manifestations are those of an intoxication affecting many organs and systems.
It is of particular interest that most often the circulatory failure precipitated by infection is associated with gram-negative, endotoxin-producing organisms. Meningococcus happens to be the most conspicuous offender in infants and children.
Pediatricians have reason for especial concern with this matter; 79% of all the deaths from meningococcal infections in the United States occur in childhood (Table I) and the continuing mortality is largely from the fulminant form, which accounted for 65% of the deaths in a recent series of cases in children.
To gain a clear understanding of the pathogenesis of all the manifestations of fulminant meningococcal infection, it will be necessary to consider the biologic effects of endotoxin, but first the nature of the physiologic disturbance of the circulation will be examined.
EARLY MEDICAL CARE OF DELINQUENT CHILDREN
Authors: Deisher Robert W. , O'Leary Jay F. 
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the pediatrician and other physicians in the lives of a selected group of delinquent children; the types of problems encountered during the preschool period; and the kind of medical care received.
The parents of 102 juvenile delinquents were interviewed at the King County Juvenile Court. By means of a structured questionnaire-type interview, an effort was made to determine: 1) whether these children had developmental problems which could be diagnosed; 2) whether the parent or parents were actively aware of existing problems; 3) whether professional guidance was sought in the attempt to remedy the problem; and 4) what type of patient-physician relationship existed.
The parents were questioned specifically about the type of medical care received by their children, the guidance obtained from physicians, and the active interest displayed by physicians toward developmental problems.
Objective data depicting the formative, early home life of the children were also obtained, including the incidence of working mothers and of fathers who were absent from the home for considerable lengths of time during the child's formative preschool years.
In general it was found that both the parents and the physicians showed little appreciation of emotional and developmental aspects of child development. Moreover, even when such problems were recognized, there was significant tendency to take no definitive therapeutic action to remedy this type of problem.
These parents were apparently satisfied with medical care given for specific illness or injuries. The most prominent deficiency in the parent-child-physician relationship appeared to be related to the lack of interest shown by some physicians in problems of child development, and the lack of time for discussion with the physician about the specific problems present.
THE INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS IRON ON FORMATION OF HEMOGLOBIN IN THE PREMATURE INFANT
Authors: Hammond Denman , Murphy Arlene 
Published: December 2021

Exogenous iron can be utilized by premature infants at an earlier age than is generally appreciated, at a time when the naturally acquired iron stores are not depleted.
The early administration of iron appears to accelerate recovery from the early anemia of prematurity, so that a significant increase in concentration of hemoglobin is seen by 3 months of age.
Iron administered in the neonatal period can prevent the late anemia of prematurity.
Dietary sources alone appear adequate for prevention of the late anemia in most premature infants receiving diets of superior nutritional quality.