bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bathsua Makin
Authors: Teague Fran 
Published: January 2021

Bathsua Makin (b. 1600–d. 1681?) was a child prodigy, writer, and noted educator. Her father Henry Reginald was a schoolmaster. Her first book, Musa Virginea, appeared when she was 16; a second published work on shorthand is undated, but appeared before 1619. She followed her father into education, working as tutor for the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Charles I, and later for the Countess of Huntingdon and her children. Makin’s specialty was languages, so she taught Princess Elizabeth Latin, Hebrew, Greek, French, and Italian by the time the child was nine, and she taught Latin, Greek, and Hebrew to the Huntingdon family. Finally, An Essay to Revive the Antient Education of Gentlewomen (Essay) is attributed to Makin by many scholars. The Essay says Makin planned to open a school in 1673, though nothing further is heard of the school. It also provides information about education, catalogues learned women, and offers a spirited defense of women’s abilities, as well as an attack on misogyny. Makin’s importance lies in the way she exemplifies the problems of research on early modern women writers, her work as a Latin poet, her essay on education, as well as her reception. Her brother-in-law John Pell once remarked that “she is a woman of great acquaintance.” Pell was one of Samuel Hartlib’s correspondence circle, and Hartlib mentions both Makin and her father in his papers. Surviving letters and the Hartlib papers link her to notable men: Sir Symonds D’Ewes, Carew Ralegh, Robert Boyle, and several prominent London physicians. Around 1640, Anna Maria van Schurman wrote Makin, and they continued corresponding until at least 1645 and possibly until 1648. Makin almost certainly knew other learned Englishwomen, including Rachel Speght, Anne Halkett, Dorothy Moore Dury, and Katherine Jones, Lady Ranelagh, though none of these is listed in her catalogues of learned ladies, perhaps because they demurred. Her influence on later women is less clear. The Countess of Huntingdon’s granddaughter, Lady Elizabeth Hastings, was Mary Astell’s sponsor; another was Lady Catherine Jones, daughter of Katherine Jones, Lady Ranelagh. This article does not include the many anthologies that include passages from the Essay speaking to such concerns as politics, women’s lives, conduct books, religion, classical studies, and so forth. Simply using a search engine like Google to find the search terms “Bathsua Makin” and “anthology” will yield around 9,000 results, and the range of topics is broad and varied.
Youssou N’Dour
Authors: Jensen Emma 
Published: January 2021

Youssou N’Dour (b. 1959) is a world-renowned Senegalese pop star. He was born into a devout Muslim home in Dakar to Elimane N’Dour and Ndèye Sokhna Mboup. His mother and grandmother (Marie Sène Mawo) come from a line of griots, a tradition which N’Dour carries on as a self-proclaimed “modern griot.” N’Dour began singing casually at the age of twelve at public celebrations (weddings, baptisms, and kassak ceremonies which celebrate the end of circumcisions), joined a local theater group (Sine Dramatique) at fourteen, and was recruited to Star Band de Dakar in 1975. After his first radio recording circulated widely in Senegal in 1978, N’Dour’s growing reputation allowed him to break off from Star Band with several other previous members to form Étoile de Dakar in 1979. Two years later, Étoile fractured once again with N’Dour creating Le Super Étoile de Dakar and El Hadji Faye leading Étoile 2000. N’Dour was among several musicians and groups who began experimenting with the mbalax sound but most scholars credit him with both naming the genre and making it famous by moving Senegalese drum parts (tama and sabar rhythms) to electronic instruments. Before he had gained any attention internationally, he had already been a part of at least thirty albums on cassette. N’Dour made his first appearance in Europe in 1983 and his reputation grew rapidly. Not long after, he collaborated with musicians such as Peter Gabriel and Paul Simon. He gained more attention for his albums Nelson Mandela (1985) and Immigrés (1988) and his presence in the Amnesty International “Human Rights Now!” tour in 1988, which marked the beginning of his history of activism. However, it was his 1994 single “7 Seconds” with Neneh Cherry that made him an international star. N’Doour’s newfound fame did not pull him away from Senegal. He invested in Dakar and opened the Thiossane night club, Xippi recording studio (formerly SAPROM production company), record label Jololi (now renamed Prince Arts), and Futurs Medias media group. In 2004 he won a Grammy for Egypt—an Islamic praise album made in collaboration with the Fathy Salama Orchestra. N’Dour has also been chosen as the winner of the Polar Music Prize (2013) and the Praemium Imperiale (2017). His most recent international albums are Africa Rekk (2016) and History (2019). Outside his musical career, N’Dour ran for Senegalese president in 2012, but was disqualified for not having enough signatures. However, he has held various ministerial positions under President Macky Sall.
Early Modern English
Authors: Nevalainen Terttu 
Published: January 2021

The English language spoken and written in the 16th and 17th centuries has many names: it is variously known as Renaissance English, as the language of Tudor and Stuart England, and as Shakespeare’s English. These labels reflect the various criteria used to identify the period. This bibliography follows the common practice of referring to it as Early Modern English (1500–1700), in distinction to Middle English (c. 1150–1500) and Late Modern English (1700–1900). The Middle English period is often characterized as an era of dialects because the textual evidence that has come down to us shows extensive regional variation. In the early modern period, the language of many forms of writing converged to the extent that it could no longer be localized. Cultural historians associate this development with “modernity,” which is also reflected in regional mobility, urban as opposed to rural residence, and contact with mass media, notably through the rise of printing. More people were able to read than those who could also write at the time, but full literacy increased as the period advanced. A related process was vernacularization, the expanding use of English in new registers, which shows in styles of writing and the linguistic means of expressing them. Many features of Standard English were consolidated in the 16th and 17th centuries. Standardization is visible particularly in spelling and the vocabulary that was created as a result of the spread of English into new specializations. Gradual developments were also under way in pronunciation, in processes such as the Great Vowel Shift, and in grammar, where changes often resulted in new means of expression and greater transparency. Word order, for example, became more fixed over time. Many of these processes had started well before the early modern period, and some have continued into the present day. Digital resources have promoted new research not only on the traditional levels of language but also on various other aspects of Early Modern English. Regional variation is increasingly discussed in its own right rather than in the context of language standardization. Furthermore, there is a growing body of work on the users and uses of Early Modern English. Sociolinguistic research has helped tackle the question of what kind of people were the driving force behind language change at the time and whose language was therefore preserved for posterity. Studies in historical pragmatics have, in turn, looked into the ways in which language was used at the time and how these uses gave rise to new means of expressing communicative needs.
IL-37—a putative therapeutic agent in cardiovascular diseases
Authors: McCurdy S , Yap J , Irei J , Lozano J , Boisvert W A 
Published: January 2021

Summary
Although it is a member of the Interleukin (IL)-1 family, IL-37 is unique in that it has wide-ranging anti-inflammatory characteristics. It was originally thought to prevent IL-18-mediated inflammation by binding to the IL-18-binding protein. However, upon discovery that it binds to the orphan receptor, IL-1R8, further studies have revealed an expanded role of IL-37 to include several intracellular and extracellular pathways that affect various aspects of inflammation. Its potential role specifically in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) stemmed initially from the discovery of elevated plasma IL-37 levels in human patients with acute coronary syndrome and atrial fibrillation. Other studies using mouse models of ischemia/reperfusion injury, vascular calcification and myocardial infarction have revealed that IL-37 can have a beneficial role in these conditions. This review will explore recent research on the effects of IL-37 on the pathogenesis of CVD.
Telemedicine in the management of rheumatoid arthritis: maintaining disease control with less health-care utilization
Authors: Müskens Wieland D , Rongen-van Dartel Sanne A A , Vogel Carine , Huis Anita , Adang Eddy M M , van Riel Piet L C M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to evaluate the use of an eHealth platform and a self-management outpatient clinic in patients with RA in a real-world setting. The effects on health-care utilization and disease activity were studied.

Methods
Using hospital data of patients with RA between 2014 and 2019, the use of an eHealth platform and participation in a self-management outpatient clinic were studied. An interrupted time series analysis compared the period before and after the introduction of the eHealth platform. The change in trend (relative to the pre-interruption trend) for the number of outpatient clinic visits and the DAS for 28 joints (DAS28) were determined for several scenarios.

Results
After implementation of the platform in April 2017, the percentage of patients using it was stable at ∼37%. On average, the users of the platform were younger, more highly educated and had better health outcomes than the total RA population. After implementation of the platform, the mean number of quarterly outpatient clinic visits per patient decreased by 0.027 per quarter (95% CI: −0.045, −0.08, P = 0.007). This was accompanied by a significant decrease in DAS28 of 0.056 per quarter (95% CI: −0.086, −0025, P = 0.001). On average, this resulted in 0.955 fewer visits per patient per year and a reduction of 0.503 in the DAS28.

Conclusion
The implementation of remote patient monitoring has a positive effect on health-care utilization, while maintaining low disease activity. This should encourage the use of this type of telemedicine in the management of RA, especially while many routine outpatient clinic visits are cancelled owing to COVID-19.
PMLA 2002’s Gremlins: Anatomizing the Labyrinth of Recent Amendments and Precedent
Authors: Lalli Jaideep Singh , Garg Nikita 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Enacted to regulate the incubus of organized crime, India’s Prevention of Money Laundering Act has quickly degenerated into interpretative chaos, with conflicting judicial opinions straining its otherwise sound provisions. Instead of chastening statutory mercuriality, close to eleven amendments to the Act have only fuelled incertitude further. The most damaging feature of the PMLA’s disarray is that the interpretive conflict eclipses the most basic punitive machinery of the Act. Part 2 of the article clarifies the relationship between the offence of money laundering and its predicate offences in the realm of how the latter ought to influence property attachment and prosecution proceedings for the former. Part 3 dissects the complication of Indian Criminal Procedure’s applicability to investigations under the PMLA and proposes an inventive two-step enquiry to determine the extent of said applicability in view of the provisions of both statutes. Part 4 chronicles the peculiar acquiescence of some Indian courts in not insisting upon furnishing written grounds of arrest to a detenu and explains why that jurisprudential course deserves to be abandoned. Lastly, Part 5 addresses the topical disputation of the effect of recent amendments on the potential revival of sui generis bail conditions under the PMLA that had previously been declared unconstitutional. The article presents a syncretism of recommended interpretative paths that the judiciary must take to remedy the recognized flaws.
Spinal Anesthesia Reduces Myocardial Ischemia–triggered Ventricular Arrhythmias by Suppressing Spinal Cord Neuronal Network Interactions in Pigs
Authors: Omura Yukiko , Kipke Jasmine P. , Salavatian Siamak , Afyouni Andrew Shea , Wooten Christian , Herkenham Robert F. , Maoz Uri , Lashgari Elnaz , Dale Erica A. , Howard-Quijano Kimberly , Mahajan Aman 
Published: January 2021

Background
Cardiac sympathoexcitation leads to ventricular arrhythmias. Spinal anesthesia modulates sympathetic output and can be cardioprotective. However, its effect on the cardio-spinal reflexes and network interactions in the dorsal horn cardiac afferent neurons and the intermediolateral nucleus sympathetic neurons that regulate sympathetic output is not known. The authors hypothesize that spinal bupivacaine reduces cardiac neuronal firing and network interactions in the dorsal horn–dorsal horn and dorsal horn–intermediolateral nucleus that produce sympathoexcitation during myocardial ischemia, attenuating ventricular arrhythmogenesis.

Methods
Extracellular neuronal signals from the dorsal horn and intermediolateral nucleus neurons were simultaneously recorded in Yorkshire pigs (n = 9) using a 64-channel high-density penetrating microarray electrode inserted at the T2 spinal cord. Dorsal horn and intermediolateral nucleus neural interactions and known markers of cardiac arrhythmogenesis were evaluated during myocardial ischemia and cardiac load–dependent perturbations with intrathecal bupivacaine.

Results
Cardiac spinal neurons were identified based on their response to myocardial ischemia and cardiac load–dependent perturbations. Spinal bupivacaine did not change the basal activity of cardiac neurons in the dorsal horn or intermediolateral nucleus. After bupivacaine administration, the percentage of cardiac neurons that increased their activity in response to myocardial ischemia was decreased. Myocardial ischemia and cardiac load–dependent stress increased the short-term interactions between the dorsal horn and dorsal horn (324 to 931 correlated pairs out of 1,189 pairs, P < 0.0001), and dorsal horn and intermediolateral nucleus neurons (11 to 69 correlated pairs out of 1,135 pairs, P < 0.0001). Bupivacaine reduced this network response and augmentation in the interactions between dorsal horn–dorsal horn (931 to 38 correlated pairs out of 1,189 pairs, P < 0.0001) and intermediolateral nucleus–dorsal horn neurons (69 to 1 correlated pairs out of 1,135 pairs, P < 0.0001). Spinal bupivacaine reduced shortening of ventricular activation recovery interval and dispersion of repolarization, with decreased ventricular arrhythmogenesis during acute ischemia.

Conclusions
Spinal anesthesia reduces network interactions between dorsal horn–dorsal horn and dorsal horn–intermediolateral nucleus cardiac neurons in the spinal cord during myocardial ischemia. Blocking short-term coordination between local afferent–efferent cardiac neurons in the spinal cord contributes to a decrease in cardiac sympathoexcitation and reduction of ventricular arrhythmogenesis.

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A Multisite Survey of NICU Healthcare Professionals' Perceptions About Family-Centered Care
Authors: Franck Linda S. , Cormier Diana M. , Hutchison Jennifer , Moore Dishon , Bisgaard Robin , Gay Caryl , Ngo Samantha , Kriz Rebecca M. , Lin Carol , Ekno Mary , Ribero Denise , Sun Yao 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Family-centered care contributes to improved outcomes for preterm and ill infants. Little is known about the perceptions of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) healthcare professionals regarding the degree to which their NICU practices or values family-centered care.

Purpose:
The aims of this study were to describe attitudes and beliefs of NICU healthcare professionals about family-centered care and to explore professional characteristics that might influence those views.

Methods:
Data were derived from the baseline phase of a multicenter quasi-experimental study comparing usual family-centered NICU care with mobile-enhanced family-integrated care. Neonatal intensive care unit healthcare professionals completed the Family-Centered Care Questionnaire—Revised (FCCQ-R), a 45-item measure of 9 core dimensions of Current Practice and Necessary Practice for family-centered care.

Results:
A total of 382 (43%) NICU healthcare professionals from 6 NICUs completed 1 or more of the FCCQ-R subscales, 83% were registered nurses. Total and subscale scores on the Necessary Practice scale were consistently higher than those on the Current Practice scale for all dimensions of family-centered care (mean: 4.40 [0.46] vs 3.61 [0.53], P < .001). Only years of hospital experience and NICU site were significantly associated with Current Practice and Necessary Practice total scores.

Implications for Practice:
Ongoing assessment of the perceptions of NICU healthcare professionals regarding their current practice and beliefs about what is necessary for the delivery of high-quality family-centered care can inform NICU education, quality improvement, and maintenance of family-centered care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Implications for Research:
Further research is needed to identify additional factors that predict family-centered care perceptions and behaviors.
Do We Really Need to Worry About Calcaneocuboid Subluxation During Lateral Column Lengthening for Planovalgus Foot Deformity?
Authors: Siebert Matthew , Hedrick Brittany N. , Zide Jacob R. , Thomas Danielle M. , Shivers Claire , Pierce William A. , Kanaan Yassine , Harris Mitchell C. , Riccio Anthony I. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Although lengthening of the lateral column through an osteotomy of the anterior calcaneus is an integral component of flatfoot reconstruction in younger patients with flexible planovalgus deformities, the procedure has been implicated in iatrogenic calcaneocuboid (CC) subluxation and subsequent degenerative changes at the CC articulation. The purpose of this study is to characterize alterations at the CC joint after lateral column lengthening (LCL) and determine if Steinmann pin stabilization of the CC joint before distraction maintains a normal relationship.

Methods:
Seven matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric feet underwent preprocedure plain radiography and cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) imaging. LCL by osteotomy through the anterior calcaneus was then performed. One foot of each matched pair had a single smooth Steinmann pin placed centrally across the CC joint before osteotomy distraction. Distraction across each osteotomy was then performed and maintained with a 12-mm porous titanium wedge. Repeat imaging was obtained and compared with preprocedure studies to quantify sagittal and rotational differences at the CC articulation.

Results:
Following LCL, plain radiography demonstrated statistically significant increases in the percentage of the calcaneal articular surface dorsal to the superior aspect of the cuboid in both the pinned (8.2% vs. 17.6%, P=0.02) and unpinned (12.5% vs. 16.3%, P=0.04) specimens. No difference in the percentage of subluxation was found between the 2 groups after LCL. CT imaging demonstrated statistically significant increases in rotation between the calcaneus and cuboid after LCL in both the pinned (7.6±5.6 degrees, P=0.01) and unpinned (17±12.3 degrees, P=0.01) specimens. The degree of rotation was greater in unpinned specimens after LCL (P=0.043).

Conclusions:
Both sagittal and rotatory subluxation seem to occur at the CC joint after LCL regardless of pin stabilization. As a single pin would be expected to limit pure translation while having little effect on rotation, it is possible that the rotational changes identified on 3-dimensional imaging are interpreted as dorsal translation when viewed 2 dimensionally using plain radiography. Consideration should therefore be given to CC stabilization with 2 pins during LCL to prevent this rotatory subluxation.

Level of Evidence:
Level V—cadaver study.
Does Interbody Support at L5-S1 Matter in Long Fusions to the Pelvis?
Authors: Lara Nina J. , Chung Andrew S. , Lockwood Donovan , Revella Jan , Crandall Dennis , Chang Michael S. 
Published: January 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Objective.
To determine if the addition of L5-S1 interbody support in long fusion deformity constructs is associated with superior long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes. To compare the 5-year clinical and radiographic outcomes and complications between long fusion constructs with L5-S1 interbody support versus posterolateral fusion (PLF) alone.

Summary of Background Data.
Cadaveric biomechanical studies have suggested that an interbody fusion at L5-S1 is beneficial in long fusion constructs with sacropelvic fixation. However, there is limited data reflecting the superiority of interbody support augmentation in optimizing arthrodesis and deformity correction relative to PLF alone.

Methods.
Eighty-eight consecutive adults with spinal deformity who underwent at minimum T11-pelvis posterior pedicle screw instrumentation with 5-year follow-up were included. Two cohorts were compared based on technique used at the lumbosacral junction (L5-S1): (A) no interbody (PLF; n = 23), or (B) interbody support at L5-S1 (IB; n = 65). Radiographic measurements and clinical outcome measures were compared at multiple time points. Complications were recorded and compared.

Results.
No differences in baseline patient characteristics between cohorts. One nonunion occurred at L5-S1 in the PLF group (P = 0.091). Initial postop sagittal alignment was better in the IB group (PLF: 6.46 cm, IB: 2.48 cm, P = 0.007); however, this was not maintained over long-term follow-up. No significant differences in proximal junctional kyphosis (PLF: 7/23, IB: 9/65, P = 0.076). Proximal junctional failure was more frequent in the PLF group (PLF: 6/23, IB: 6/65, P = 0.043). No significant differences in complications were found. Both cohorts had improvement from baseline pain and functional scores.

Conclusion.
There is no absolute long-term advantage for lumbar interbody support in adult spinal deformity patients undergoing spinal arthrodesis to the pelvis.

Level of Evidence: 3