bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Larinum in Cicero’sPro Cluentio
Authors: Robinson Elizabeth C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the social history that can be gleaned from a close reading of Cicero’s Pro Cluentio. After presenting the case against Cluentius, it discusses the chief elements of the social history of Larinum that appear in the oration. These include intermarriage between the domi nobiles of the town, links between Larinum and other Italian communities, links with Rome, travel and road networks, the effects of the Social War, and the patronage and wealth of the domi nobiles. Although Cicero’s speech is a work of rhetoric, the historical details that he includes can be considered largely accurate. This information cannot be obtained from any other source. The Pro Cluentio provides information about the leading families of the town that complements the prosopographical information found in the epigraphic record. When combined with the other evidence discussed in the rest of the book, it shows the ways that the citizens of Larinum were interacting with Rome and the effects of the town’s transition into the Roman state that could be seen in the middle of the first century bce.
Messaging and Branding to Engage Veterans as Employees
Authors: Gudmundsson Peter A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers suggestions on the two essential foundations of any veteran hiring initiative—branding (making the case for why a veteran would want to work for your organization) and engagement (ways to effectively connect with the veterans and attract them to work for your organization). Effective corporate branding to veterans includes a focus on the organization’s mission or higher purpose, a sense that the organization will provide veterans with momentum in their career as they transition into civilian employment, and mentorship to help veterans develop in their civilian careers. Recommendations are offered for effective messaging to veterans, including targeted emails, digital advertising, having a presence at veteran events, and corporate involvement in veteran philanthropy. Suggestions are offered on how to develop the metrics to measure the success of these initiatives are also presented.
Employer Misconceptions of Veterans and Veteran Misconceptions of Employers
Authors: Eversole Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the misconceptions that employers may have about hiring military veterans and the misconceptions that veterans might have about civilian employers and offers recommendations on how to overcome the misconceptions. Employer misconceptions are countered in this chapter by presenting data on veteran socioeconomic status, geography, income, and education to give employers a better understanding of the groups they are trying to hire. Recommendations are offered to employers on how they can address veteran misconceptions with examples of how to market and sell their company and industry, properly train recruiters and other employees on military culture, create networking and mentoring opportunities, and establish accurate expectations to veterans, recruiters, and other employees within the company.
Supporting the National Guard and Reservists as Civilian Employees
Authors: Kirchner Michael , Herd Ann M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Members of the military’s National Guard and Reserves acquire numerous competencies and technical skills through their training that could be valuable to civilian organizations. For employers seeking to hire and retain National Guardsmen and Reservists, understanding the challenges faced while managing dual employment can aid organizations that are striving to become or improve their support of employees also serving in a Reserve component. This chapter reviews distinctions between the National Guard, Reserves, and active duty before outlining legal rights of employers and service members who work for nonmilitary organizations. The chapter then provides a business case for employing National Guardsmen and Reservists while describing prominent corresponding challenges experienced by all stakeholders. It concludes with best practices for organizations striving to be military friendly to National Guardsmen and Reservists.
Retention of Veteran Employees
Authors: Goulart Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Instead of viewing veteran employment as simply the state of having a job, this chapter posits thinking about the issue more holistically by examining the employment life cycle, including recruiting, hiring/onboarding, and retention. As military veteran unemployment numbers remain low, this chapter argues that the primary question has now shifted from whether or not veterans have a job to whether they have the right job and how long they remain in that job (i.e., retention or attrition). It next examines why veteran employees in civilian organizations leave their jobs; the reasons for their dissatisfaction; differences between veteran and nonveteran employees; how this impacts attraction; the difference between positive and negative veteran attrition; and how underemployment is defined and addressed. Best practices for retaining veteran employees are offered.
Defending Representation Realism
Authors: Ramsey William 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The representations that are invoked by theorists and researchers in cognitive science allow for a variety of different ontological interpretations. Along with both straightforward realist and eliminativist positions, there are various forms of deflationism. Deflationist accounts deny that the explanatory value or even accuracy of representational theories depends upon the existence of objectively real structures or states that play a representational role in the brain. Alternatively, many deny the existence of any sort of representational content that is objectively real and independent of our explanatory goals or interpretative activities. This chapter argues that this sort of representational deflationism doesn’t really work. After spelling out what a robust sort of realism does or does not entail, the chapter offers some general reasons for thinking realism is preferable to deflationism. Then it looks at three versions of deflationism and argues that all three either fail to capture our scientific practice, or collapse into a more straightforward sort of realism or eliminativism.
Representing as Coordinating with Absence
Authors: Orlandi Nico 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter offers an account of mental representation that spells out the conditions for representational status. I argue that we should draw a distinction between issues concerning content and issues concerning representational role, and that the challenge of understanding representational role is at least as pressing as the more familiar challenge of giving an account of content. I then argue that we should understand representational role in terms of serving as a stand-in, and use the idea of structural isomorphism, with examples from animal cognition and from the literature on analog representation, to capture standing-in.
Situated Mental Representations
Authors: Newen Albert , Vosgerau Gottfried 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
If we want to account for mental representations (MRs) as being used in scientific explanations and realized by neural correlates in biological systems, then we have to give up the traditional Fodorian view of rigid symbolic MRs. However, we do not have to throw out the baby with the bathwater and accept anti-representationalism. Instead this chapter offers a new account of mental representations as real, nonstable, use-dependent, and situated. As such, they can be pivotal constituents of scientific explanations. The chapter demonstrates the empirical adequacy of this account by discussing cases of birds and rats relying on what-where-when memory. It argues that we need to involve nonlinguistic MRs to adequately account for their abilities. In this way, the alternative theory presented here provides a detailed description of situated mental representations: it combines a functionalist account of MR with a relational dimension that can vary with the situation type and that allows for nonstatic constructions of MRs in specific contexts.
Nonnatural Mental Representation
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between two types of representation, natural and nonnatural. It argues that nonnatural representation is necessary to explain intentionality. It also argues that traditional accounts of the semantic content of mental representations are insufficient to explain nonnatural representation and, therefore, intentionality. To remedy this, the chapter sketches an account of nonnatural representation in terms of natural representation plus offline simulation of nonactual environments plus tracking the ways in which a simulation departs from the actual environment. To represent nonnaturally, a system must be able to decouple internal simulations from sensory information by activating representational resources offline. The system must be able to represent things that are not in the actual environment and to track that it’s doing so; i.e., there must be an internal signal or state that can indicate whether what is represented departs from the actual environment. In addition, the system must be able to manipulate a representation independently of what happens in the actual environment and keep track that it’s doing so. In short, nonnatural representations are offline simulations whose departure from the actual environment the system has the function to keep track of. This is a step toward a naturalistic, mechanistic, neurocomputational account of intentionality.
We the Gamers
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The world is in crisis. The people of the world are all connected, and rely on one another to make ethical decisions and to solve civic problems together. Ethics and civics have always mattered, but it is becoming more evident how much they matter. Teaching ethics and civics is essential to the future. This book argues that games can encourage the practice of ethics and civics. They can help people to connect, deliberate, reflect, and flourish. They can help people to reimagine systems and solve problems. Games are communities and public spheres. Like all communities, they may encourage care, connection, and respect. They may also be used for hate, disinformation, and exclusion. Games reveal humanity’s compassion as well as its cruelty. We the Gamers provides research-based perspectives related to why and how people should play, make, and use games in ethics, civics, character, and social studies education. The book also shows how people are already engaging in ethics and civics through games. It systematically evaluates how to use games in classrooms, remote learning environments, and other educational settings, with consideration to different audiences and standards. This book also provides tips and guidelines, as well as resources, activities, and case studies. It includes examples of all different types of games—virtual reality, mobile, computer, and card games, and big-budget commercial games, indie games, and more. How can people play and design a new world, together?
How Do We Read and Evaluate Information?
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 describes how games may help people practice critical literacy skills such as reading, evaluating, and interpreting information. How is it determined which evidence and data are valid and reliable, and how might games support this? How might games help people to engage with news and current events, or to counter fake news? The chapter includes an overview of why reading and interpreting information matters in civics and ethics, and why games may support this. It also includes the limitations of using games to explore evidence and information, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to use games to practice literacy and information evaluation skills. It opens with the example of the game Factitious, and also shares three examples-in-action: Executive Command, Thoughts and Prayers, and Bad News.
On the Idea of and Necessity for a Metaphysics of Morals
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Section I of the general introduction to The Metaphysics of Morals in which Kant explains what a metaphysics of morals is, and why there must be one. To properly understand Kant’s views on these matters requires explaining Kant’s conception of philosophy and the place of metaphysics as a branch of philosophy. In spelling this out, the chapter discusses key distinctions between theoretical and practical cognition, empirical (a posteriori) versus rational (a priori) sources of cognition, and the analytic/synthetic distinction as Kant understood it. For Kant, a metaphysics of morals is that branch of philosophy concerned with those synthetic a priori propositions and principles fundamental to morality. The chapter also explains the role of anthropology in a metaphysics of morals.
Vascularization
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter gives an account of the vascularization of bioprinted constructs—that is, how scientists have found ways of providing a hierarchical network of blood vessels for bioprinted cells to supply the cells with oxygen and nutrients. The chapter calls attention to the particular obstacle of vascularizing so-called thick tissue. The dilemma is that cells must be within approximately 100–200 millionths of a meter (the so-called diffusion limit) of a source of blood or else they will die. So for tissue many millimeters thick, bioprinting researchers must build an extensive vasculature. One way in which the issue has been addressed is with an innovative fugitive ink that melts when cooled. The reason this ink is so critical is that other fugitive materials require high temperatures or other treatments for removal that would kill the cells nearby.
What’s in the Offing?
Authors: Douglas Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter attempts to peer into the possible future of bioprinting to consider two conceivable directions that bioprinting might take while also contemplating what we may be able to learn about bioprinting’s trajectory by reflecting on another biomedical quest—the twentieth-century’s attempt to conquer polio. In one study that might offer a route for bioprinting, a team created bioconstructs with cell densities approaching that of native tissue (about 108 cells/gram). The group used embedded 3D printing to create a branched, hierarchical network of vascular channels within a large, high cell density bioconstruct and perfused media through the channels that they created using fugitive ink. This was to provide nutrient support for the cells. They also built a high-density cardiac construct in which the cells beat synchronously and showed functional contractility. They quantitatively measured the deformation of the cardiac tissue during contraction.
Bullshit, Post-truth, and Propaganda
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The question addressed in this chapter is whether the concepts of post-truth and bullshit are useful tools of politico-epistemological analysis in relation to political events in the U.S. and U.K. since 2016. Bullshitters are understood as knowingly ignorant individuals who conceal their ignorance by pretending to know what they do not know or understand what they do not understand. This account is compared to other accounts of bullshit, including Frankfurt’s. Three notions of post-truth are distinguished. The concepts of post-truth and bullshit are shown not to provide for an adequate conceptualization of the political tactics that have come to the fore in recent years. An emphasis on bullshit and post-truth trivializes and misdescribes these tactics, which are more adequately conceptualized in terms of notions such as propaganda and hate speech.
Special Concern and Personal Identity
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs discussed by John Locke, Joseph Butler, and Thomas Reid, prudence involves a special concern for the agent’s own personal good that she does not have for others. This should be a concern for the agent’s overall good that is temporally neutral and involves an equal concern for all parts of her life. In this way, prudence involves a combination of agent relativity and temporal neutrality. This asymmetrical treatment of matters of interpersonal and intertemporal distribution might seem arbitrary. Henry Sidgwick raised this worry, and Thomas Nagel and Derek Parfit have endorsed it as reflecting the instability of prudence and related doctrines such as egoism and the self-interest theory. However, Sidgwick thought that the worry was unanswerable only for skeptics about personal identity, such as David Hume. Sidgwick thought that one could defend prudence by appeal to realism about personal identity and a compensation principle. This is one way in which special concern and prudence presuppose personal identity. However, as Jennifer Whiting has argued, special concern displayed in positive affective regard for one’s future and personal planning and investment is arguably partly constitutive of personal identity, at least on a plausible psychological reductionist conception of personal identity. After explaining both conceptions of the relation between special concern and personal identity, the chapter concludes by exploring what might seem to be the paradoxical character of conjoining them, suggesting that there may be no explanatory priority between the concepts of special concern and personal identity.
Separating Persons
Authors: Goodrich James 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In Reasons and Persons, Derek Parfit argues for a reductionist view of persons and that our ethical thinking should become more impersonal. While doing so, he argues that we may need to give up some widely shared intuitions about the Separateness of Persons and all of those views which crucially hinge upon it. However, this chapter argues that Parfit was mistaken. His reductionist views of persons and his more general claim that our ethical thinking should become more impersonal are in fact compatible with several plausible interpretations of the Separateness of Persons. Parfit’s project in Reasons and Persons should thus be understood not as undermining the Separateness of Persons, but as transforming our understanding of it. The chapter closes by considering the degree to which Parfit had reason by his own lights to accept some version of the Separateness of Persons.
Individualist Utilitarianism and Converging Theories of Rights
Authors: Ashford Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The paper develops two core themes of Derek Parfit’s philosophy. The first is his goal of unifying the two main rival impartial moral theories, Kantian deontology and consequentialism, therefore reinforcing their claim to pertain to objective moral truths. The second is his focus on the moral significance of the combined effects of many agents’ behaviour, and on the challenges this poses to ordinary moral thinking. This is a theme that runs throughout his work, that he returns to at the very end of volume iii of On What Matters. Kantianism and consequentialism have been thought to fundamentally diverge on the issue of rights and trade-offs. The chapter first outlines the version of consequentialism taken to be most plausible, calling it ‘individualist utilitarianism’, which differs from so-called ‘classical utilitarianism’ in taking the moral importance of well-being to be grounded on the moral importance of the persons whose well-being it is. This paves the way for a pluralist Kantian and utilitarian account of human rights, grounded on the moral significance both of persons’ well-being and their dignity as rational autonomous agents. The chapter then turns to the topic of the threat to access to the means of subsistence, both for the current poor and future generations, posed by global as well as domestic socio-economic structures and anthropogenic climate change. This harm is the combined effect of the ongoing patterns of behaviour of a vast number of agents. The chapter argues that individualist utilitarianism and Kantianism converge on the conclusion that the duty to avoid harms of this kind should be analysed as a shared duty of basic justice, non-fulfilment of which constitutes a structural human rights violation.
Parfit’s Reorientation
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to show that between Reasons and Persons and On What Matters the orientation of Derek Parfit’s philosophy underwent a significant change. The approach of Reasons and Persons is largely revisionist, which is exemplified by his reductionist account of personal identity. This account is omitted in On What Matters apparently because it does not fit in with the conciliationist project of this work. The aim of the first two volumes of that work is to show that, on the basis of a non-naturalist theory of normative reasons, three supposedly irreconcilable moral theories—rule-consequentialism, Kantian and Scanlonian contractualism—could converge to form a single Triple Theory. In the third volume, the conciliationist approach is carried further by Parfit’s attempt to show both that his metaethical position is in essential agreement with rivals, such as Gibbard’s expressivism, and to reconcile parts of common-sense morality and consequentialism in order to bring them together in the Triple Theory. This chapter argues that the failure of these attempts as well as the fact that the most controversial revisionist claims in Reasons and Persons are left out throw doubt on the feasibility of Parfit’s conciliationalist undertaking.
Parfit’s Final Arguments in Normative Ethics
Authors: Hooker Brad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper starts by juxtaposing the normative ethics in the final part of Parfit’s final book, On What Matters, volume iii (2017), with the normative ethics in his earlier books, Reasons and Persons (1984) and On What Matters, volume i (2011). The paper then addresses three questions. The first is, where does the reflective-equilibrium methodology that Parfit endorsed in the first volume of On What Matters lead? The second is, is the Act-involving Act Consequentialism that Parfit considers in the final volume of On What Matters as plausible as Rossian deontology? The third is, how is the new argument that Parfit puts forward for Rule Consequentialism supposed to work?
Nonlegislative Justification
Authors: Murphy Liam 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
If moral theorists who otherwise disagree, all approach moral theorizing as a search for a set of desirable moral principles for the general regulation of behavior, then there is a sense in which they are all, as Parfit says, climbing the same mountain. But it is the wrong mountain. Morality should not be understood as hypothetical legislation; it is a mistake to set about constructing morality as if we were making law. Real legislators evaluate possible legal rules by considering the effects they would have. They can do this because enforcement and acceptance of law ensure a high level of compliance. Moral legislators have no reason to assume any particular level of acceptance; the effects of counterfactual acceptance of a principle are not morally relevant. The argument targets rule consequentialism and Scanlon’s official version of contractualism. The paper begins in a positive mode by arguing that a nonlegislative version of Scanlon’s approach, that seeks justification for conduct of such-and-such a kind in such-and-such circumstances by comparing the reasons in favor and the reasons others have to object, is a very attractive way to think about what we owe to each other.