bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Design and Fabrication Methods for Nanoparticle Network Hydrogels for Biomedical, Environmental, and Industrial Applications
Authors: Campea Matthew A. , Majcher Michael J. , Lofts Andrew , Hoare Todd 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNanoparticle network hydrogels (NNHs) in which nanoparticles are used as a key building block to build the gel network have attracted significant interest given their potential to leverage the favorable properties of both hydrogels (e.g., hydrophilicity, tunable pore sizes, mechanics, etc.) and a variety of different nanoparticles (e.g., high surface area, chemical activity, independently tunable porosity, mechanics) to create new functional materials. Herein, recent progress in the design and use of NNHs is comprehensively reviewed, with an emphasis on defining the typical gel morphologies/architectures that can be achieved with NNHs, the typical crosslinking approaches used to fabricate NNHs, the fundamental properties and functional benefits of NNHs, and the reported applications of NNHs in electronics (flexible electronics, sensors), environmental (sorbents, separations), agriculture, self‐cleaning‐materials, and biomedical (drug delivery, tissue engineering) applications. In particular, the way in which the NNH structure is applied to improve the performance of the hydrogel in each application is emphasized, with the aim to develop a set of principles that can be used to rationally design NNHs for future uses.
3D Anisotropic Au@Pt–Pd Hemispherical Nanostructures as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Methanol, Ethanol, and Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Liang Wenkai , Wang Yawen , Zhao Liang , Guo Wei , Li Dong , Qin Wei , Wu Haihua , Sun Yinghui , Jiang Lin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAnisotropic 3D nanostructures exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity and stability due to their heterogeneous elemental distribution and unsymmetrical configuration. However, it is still a huge challenge to combine anisotropically distributed elements and anisotropic morphologies within one 3D nanostructure. Herein, 3D Au@Pt–Pd hemispherical nanostructures (Au@Pt–Pd H‐Ss) are fabricated as highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxidation reaction, which present heterogenous element distribution and anisotropic morphology. It is demonstrated that the non‐uniform adsorption of BO2− on Au‐CTA+ surface, as well as the simulated lower formation energy of Pt–Pd atoms for Au‐CTA+‐BO2‐, basically contribute to the eventual formation of Au@Pt–Pd H‐Ss. Impressively, the unique anisotropic Au@Pt–Pd H‐Ss exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity and durability for methanol, ethanol, and formic acid oxidation reaction compared with commercial Pt/C and previously reported noble‐metal based electrocatalysts. Especially, the mass activity of Au@Pt–Pd H‐Ss for MOR is 4.38 A mgPt+Pd‐1, which is about 2.0 and 4.7 times that of Au@Pt–Pd spherical nanostructures (Au@Pt–Pd Ss) and commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. This work provides an important reference for the design and preparation of 3D anisotropic and high‐efficiency electrocatalysts.
Recent Advancement for the Synthesis of MXene Derivatives and Their Sensing Protocol
Authors: Abbasi Nasir Mahmood , Xiao Yao , Peng Ling , Duo Yanhong , Wang Lude , Zhang Li , Wang Bing , Zhang Han 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe highly efficient, 2D material‐based sensing devices are well‐suited with the advanced production technology which provide the data that can be applied effectively for the monitoring of environmental and health‐related problems. Recently, MXenes considered as new blood in the form of 2D transition metal carbides (TMC), transition metal nitride or transition metal carbonitrides that are added first time to 2D nanomaterials family MXene which are compounds obtained as a result of chemical delamination of quaternary or (ternary) layered nitrides or carbides found as an outstanding member of 2D elemental materials. On behalf of rich chemistries and unique morphologies, the MXenes derivatives delivered efficient sensors, energy storage, catalysis, and water purification. The superior volumetric surface area provides improved sensor response and greater optic, electrical, and magnetic characteristics, which are important advantages in biological and biomedical applications over macroscale materials. In this review article, different synthetics strategies of Mxene derivatives are organized and discuss their availability in terms of caste, yield, physical properties, and simplicity. To keep in mind, the facile synthetic approach and stable physical properties, the Ti3C2Tx Mxene is chosen as a model Mxene derivative, and its application in the field of environmental and biological sensors is discussed in detail.
Current Development toward Commercialization of Metal‐Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Murugan Pachaiyappan , Hu Ting , Hu Xiaotian , Chen Yiwang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSolar cells based on organometal halide perovskites attract increasing research interest as an excellent source of renewable energy due to their inexpensive process, high power conversion efficiency, and availability of abundant raw material. The basic description, current research targets and status, and future perceptions of perovskite‐based photovoltaics along with the strategies toward the enhancement of both (intrinsic and extrinsic) stabilities of high‐efficiency devices are summarized and analyzed. This review provides the required knowledge for this design by studying various commercialized thin‐film technologies, analyzing large‐scale fabrication methods like physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, inkjet printing, doctor blading, spray coating, and roll‐to‐roll techniques. Addressing the present threat and opportunities for integrating the new material exploration, devices and large‐scale fabrication is conductive to the successful commercialization of the perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). This article presents the overview of the reports of the latest technological enhancement of cell stability, interfacial modification, replacement of electron and hole transport layers, techniques used for minimizing the lead‐based perovskites toxicity, and large‐scale fabrication. Finally, this provides an emphasis on organometal halide perovskite‐based solid‐state solar cell contacts that are believed to be the key factor for achieving highly stable PVSCs.
Deep Silicon Amorphization Induced by Femtosecond Laser Pulses up to the Mid‐Infrared
Authors: Garcia‐Lechuga Mario , Casquero Noemi , Wang Andong , Grojo David , Siegel Jan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDirect laser writing of amorphous lines in crystalline silicon has the potential for becoming a flexible alternative to silicon‐on‐insulator technology for photonic integrated circuits. Yet, the maximum amorphous layer thickness achieved is 60 nm, which is below the requirements for waveguiding at telecom wavelengths. Here, the authors report on different strategies to push the layer thickness beyond today's limit. To this end, irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses covering an extremely broad wavelength range (515 nm–4 µm) up to the yet unexplored near‐ and mid‐infrared region of silicon transparency is investigated. The results show that much thicker amorphous layers can be obtained upon multipulse irradiation at 3‐µm wavelength. The deepest amorphization is achieved in silicon wafers covered with a thick silicon dioxide layer that strongly assists the heat extraction, yielding steep index profiles with a maximum amorphous layer thickness of 128 nm. This superior thickness is compatible with single mode waveguiding for a symmetric waveguide configuration. This study also contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in laser‐induced amorphization.
Ce‐Modified Ni(OH)2 Nanoflowers Supported on NiSe2 Octahedra Nanoparticles as High‐Efficient Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalyst
Authors: Zai Shi Feng , Gao Xiang Yu , Yang Chun Cheng , Jiang Qing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExploring and developing high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is desirable yet challenging for cost‐effective transformation of renewable electricity into fuels and chemicals. Herein, a self‐supported electrode of nanoflower‐like Ce‐modified Ni(OH)2 grown on high‐conductivity NiSe2 octahedra nanoparticles is designed and fabricated for the first time. By virtue of i) the high conductivity of the NiSe2 support for favorable electron transfer; ii) the open porous structure from the nanoflower‐like Ce‐modified Ni(OH)2 for beneficial mass transport; iii) Ce doping for efficiently optimizing the energetics for OER intermediates based on density functional theory simulations; and iv) Ce(OH)3 embedding for efficacious oxygen ion exchange and electronic transmission, the electrode exhibits remarkable OER activity with a very low overpotential of 158 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 27 mV dec−1, which outperform almost all OER electrocatalysts.
Minimum size threshold of visiting bees of a buzz‐pollinated plant species: consequences for pollination efficiency
Authors: Mesquita‐Neto José N. , Vieira Ana Luísa C. , Schlindwein Clemens 
Published: June 2021

PREMISEFlowering plants with poricidal anthers are commonly visited by buzzing bees, which vibrate flowers to extract pollen. However, not all flower visitors are in fact pollinators, and features such as body size and duration of flower visits are important factors in determining pollination effectiveness. We tested whether bee‐to‐flower size relationships predict the pollination effectiveness of flower visitors of a buzz‐pollinated species (Chamaecrista ramosa, Fabaceae).METHODSWe sorted 13 bee taxa into three groups: smaller than, equivalent to (“fit‐size”), and larger than flower herkogamy (spatial separation between anthers and stigma). We expected the latter two groups to touch the stigmas, which would be an indicator of pollination effectiveness, more frequently than the first group. To test this hypothesis, we assessed contact with stigmas, foraging behavior, and duration of visits for the three size groups of bees.RESULTSOur data reveal that small bees scarcely touched the stigmas, while large and fit‐size bees were the most efficient pollinators, achieving high stigma‐touching rates, conducting much shorter flower visits, and visiting flowers and conspecific plants at high rates during foraging bouts.CONCLUSIONSThe results did not show size‐matching among bees and flowers, as expected, but rather a minimum size threshold of efficient pollinators. The finding of such a threshold is a nonarbitrary approach to predicting pollination effectiveness of visitors to herkogamous flowers with poricidal anthers.
Practicing Hope: Enhancing Empowerment in Primary Health Care through Community‐based Participatory Research
Authors: Chanchien Parajón Laura , Hinshaw Jessica , Sanchez Victoria , Minkler Meredith , Wallerstein Nina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe World Health Organization's (WHO’s) Declaration of Alma Ata in 1978 made Primary Health Care (PHC) the official health policy of all WHO member countries, stressing the importance of multisectoral collaboration and community empowerment as critical for delivering quality primary healthcare and public health services to achieve social justice and health equity. Over forty years later, a divide remains between seeing individual patients in the traditional biomedical model and addressing population‐level social determinants of health. One promising approach for the intentional and active integration of multi‐sectoral partnering practices and community empowerment into Primary Health Care is the use of community‐based participatory research (CBPR). The power of CBPR lies in its systematic approach to facilitating equitable collaboration of partners based on community priorities and strengths and is increasingly recognized for improving health equity outcomes. This paper highlights the use of CBPR as a promising practice for healthcare organizations to bridge the gap between the traditional individual patient focus and the comprehensive primary healthcare approach from WHO. We use a narrative case study from A Ministry of Sharing (AMOS) Health and Hope, a PHC organization in Nicaragua, to illustrate the use of the CBPR model as an implementation framework that facilitated the transformation of structures, policies, and practices as AMOS created multi‐sector partnerships and embraced community empowerment as part of its strategic and comprehensive approach to health equity.
Risk assessment for o‐toluidine and bladder cancer incidence
Authors: Park Robert M. , Carreón Tania , Hanley Kevin W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundElevated bladder cancer incidence has been reported in a cohort of 1875 workers manufacturing chemicals used in the rubber industry and employed any time during 1946–2006. o‐Toluidine (OT), an aromatic amine, was the prime suspect agent. Using the available environmental data and process characterization, previous investigators assigned ranks to volatile chemical air concentrations across time in departments and jobs, reflecting probabilities of exposure and use of personal protective equipment for airborne and dermal exposures. Aniline, another aromatic amine, was present at comparable concentrations and is known to be an animal carcinogen but produced lower levels in post‐shift urine and of hemoglobin adducts than OT in a group of workers.MethodsA quantitative risk assessment was performed based on this same population. In this study, cumulative OT exposures were estimated (a) based on previously assigned ranks of exposure intensity and reported actual exposures in jobs with the highest assigned rank, and (b) directly from the historical environmental sampling for OT. Models of bladder cancer incidence were evaluated taking into account possible healthy worker survivor effects.ResultsUnder various assumptions regarding workforce turnover, the excess lifetime risk of bladder cancer from OT exposure at 1 ppb was estimated to be in the range 1–7 per thousand.ConclusionsThe current ACGIH TLV and OSHA standards for OT are 2 and 5 ppm, respectively, 1000‐fold higher than the exposure estimated here for 1–7 per thousand excess lifetime risk.
Mosaic RASopathy due to KRAS variant G12D with segmental overgrowth and associated peripheral vascular malformations
Authors: Schmidt Vanessa Franziska , Wieland Ilse , Wohlgemuth Walter A. , Ricke Jens , Wildgruber Moritz , Zenker Martin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOncogenic RAS variants lead to constitutive overactivation and increased signal transduction into downstream pathways. They are found as somatic driver events in various types of human cancer. In a somatic mosaic status, the same RAS variants have been associated with a wide spectrum of focal or segmental tissue dysplasia and overgrowth including various types of congenital nevi, vascular malformations, and other changes (mosaic RASopathies). We present a 3‐year‐old male patient with segmental overgrowth of the subcutaneous fatty tissue of the right lower extremity with colocalized arteriovenous and capillary malformations and dysplastic draining veins in combination with talipes equinovarus of the right foot. In tissue biopsies of the affected extremity, we identified a mosaic KRAS variant, c.35G>A (p.Gly12Asp), while this variant was absent in the DNA extracted from a biopsy of the normal extremity. This report provides further evidence for the wide clinical and phenotypic variability associated with mosaic KRAS variants. The described pattern confirms that the combination of segmental overgrowth and vascular anomalies in the form of arteriovenous and capillary malformations is a possible manifestation of a mosaic RASopathy. The accurate genetic diagnosis is crucial for molecular‐targeted therapy, which might be a future therapeutic target for mosaic RASopathies.
Metal‐ and Additive‐Free C3‐Functionalization of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines with para‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Lafzi Ferruh , Kilic Haydar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMetal‐ and additive‐free C3‐alkylation of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines with para‐quinone methides (p‐QMs) has been realized. 1,6‐Nucleophilic addition of imidazopyridines to p‐QMs were carried out under mild conditions in very excellent yields. Furthermore, we performed late‐stage drug functionalization for zolimidine. All transformations proceeded with broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
Survivability‐aware design and optimization of distributed supply chain networks in the post COVID‐19 era
Authors: Tsolas Spyridon D. , Hasan M. M. Faruque 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPandemic‐induced lockdowns, restrictions on commercial activities, and natural disasters can disrupt a supply chain for prolonged time periods. These disruptions significantly impact the consumer demands, which in turn affect the capacity and profitability of a supply chain network. Economic survivability is the ability to maintain a net positive economic worth, or at least keeping it above a certain threshold, in the presence of sudden and prolonged disruptions that drastically reduce the product demands, prices, resource availability, or others. We address the economic survivability of geographically distributed interconnected networks under demand disruptions. We formulate and incorporate the necessary conditions for ensuring economic survivability in supply chain design. The overall problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer nonlinear program (MINLP). Increasing the economic survivability in general also increases the return‐on‐investment (ROI) and profitability. However, for multi‐regional, distributed and interdependent supply chains, a more balanced distribution of investment portfolio is important to improve the local survivability of each region, but it comes at the expense of overall or global profitability. We also observe that the economic survivability is negatively impacted by over‐designing a supply chain to meet excess demands (typically from spot markets). Decision‐makers should balance the trade‐offs between survivability and excess demand satisfaction by thoroughly assessing the probability of positive and negative demand fluctuations.
Research on Statistical Properties and Application of Off‐Axis Gaussian Schell‐Model Beams
Authors: Zhou Yujie , Zhao Daomu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe analytical expression of the average intensity of an off‐axis Gaussian Schell‐model beam during propagation is derived and such focused beam's ability to capture particles is analyzed. It is found that the spectral density along propagation direction in strongly nonlocal nonlinear media (SNNM), and in SNNM under off‐waist incident condition, both presents a periodical distribution. Further, the propagation trajectory of the beam center is quantitatively analyzed. Results show that the trajectory of the beam center upon propagation is a sinusoidal curve. This focused beam is helpful to capture high‐index particles. In addition, the linear factor and coherent length also have an effect on the distribution of radiation force.
Shadow Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Single Mitochondria
Authors: Ma Yumeng , Colin Camille , Descamps Julie , Arbault Stéphane , Sojic Neso 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMitochondria are the subcellular bioenergetic organelles. The analysis of their morphology and topology is essential to provide useful information on their activity and metabolism. Herein, we report a label‐free shadow electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy based on the spatial confinement of the ECL‐emitting reactive layer to image single living mitochondria deposited on the electrode surface. The ECL mechanism of the freely‐diffusing [Ru(bpy)3]2+ dye with the sacrificial tri‐n‐propylamine coreactant restrains the light‐emitting region to a micrometric thickness allowing to visualize individual mitochondria with a remarkable sharp negative optical contrast. The imaging approach named “shadow ECL” (SECL) reflects the negative imprint of the local diffusional hindrance of the ECL reagents by each mitochondrion. The statistical analysis of the colocalization of the shadow ECL spots with the functional mitochondria revealed by classical fluorescent biomarkers, MitoTracker Deep Red and the endogenous intramitochondrial NADH, validates the reported methodology. The versatility and extreme sensitivity of the approach are further demonstrated by visualizing single mitochondria, which remain hardly detectable with the usual biomarkers. Finally, by alleviating problems of photobleaching and phototoxicity associated with conventional microscopy methods, SECL microscopy should find promising applications in the imaging of subcellular structures.
Stability and Optical Absorption of a Comprehensive Virtual Library of Minimal Eumelanin Oligomer Models**
Authors: Wang Jun , Blancafort Lluís 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEumelanin is responsible for photoprotection in living organisms. It is made of 5,6‐dihydroxyindole (DHI) oligomers. However, lack of detailed structural knowledge limits understanding its function and exploiting its potential in material science. To uncover the relationship between structural stability and optical properties, we have studied a virtual library of 830 DHI dimers. We find a preference for oxidized, polycyclic structures which speaks in favor of graphite‐like structures for the larger oligomers, and propose an electrocyclic formation mechanism. Besides widely considered quinone oxidation patterns, also structures with interfragment double bonds and zwitterionic resonance structures are stable. Future theoretical melanine models will have to cover this diversity, and we introduce a new representative set of 49 stable dimers. Some stable oxidized dimers have absorption energies as low as 1.3 eV. They may be present as substructures in the naturally found oligomers and contribute to the absorption spectrum of the biopolymer.
American College of Rheumatology Guidance for the Management of Pediatric Rheumatic Disease During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Version 2
Authors: Wahezi Dawn M. , Lo Mindy S. , Rubinstein Tamar B. , Ringold Sarah , Ardoin Stacy P. , Downes Kevin J. , Jones Karla B. , Laxer Ronald M. , Pellet Madan Rebecca , Mudano Amy S. , Turner Amy S. , Karp David R. , Mehta Jay J. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo provide clinical guidance to rheumatology providers who treat children with pediatric rheumatic disease (PRD) in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic.MethodsThe task force, consisting of 7 pediatric rheumatologists, 2 pediatric infectious disease physicians, 1 adult rheumatologist, and 1 pediatric nurse practitioner, was convened on May 21, 2020. Clinical questions and subsequent guidance statements were drafted based on a review of the queries posed by the patients as well as the families and healthcare providers of children with PRD. An evidence report was generated and disseminated to task force members to assist with 3 rounds of asynchronous, anonymous voting by email using a modified Delphi approach. Voting was completed using a 9‐point numeric scoring system with predefined levels of agreement (categorized as disagreement, uncertainty, or agreement, with median scores of 1–3, 4–6, and 7–9, respectively) and consensus (categorized as low, moderate, or high). To be approved as a guidance statement, median vote ratings were required to fall into the highest tertile for agreement, with either moderate or high levels of consensus.ResultsTo date, 39 guidance statements have been approved by the task force. Those with similar recommendations were combined to form a total of 33 final guidance statements, all of which received median vote ratings within the highest tertile of agreement and were associated with either moderate consensus (n = 5) or high consensus (n = 28).ConclusionThese guidance statements have been generated based on review of the available literature, indicating that children with PRD do not appear to be at increased risk for susceptibility to SARS–CoV‐2 infection. This guidance is presented as a “living document,” recognizing that the literature on COVID‐19 is rapidly evolving, with future updates anticipated.