bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive resilience but not root architecture underpins yield improvement under drought in maize
Authors: Messina Carlos , McDonald Dan , Poffenbarger Hanna , Clark Randy , Salinas Andrea , Fang Yinan , Gho Carla , Tang Tom , Graham Geoff , Hammer Graeme L , Cooper Mark 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Because plants capture water and nutrients through roots, it was proposed that changes in root systems architecture (RSA) might underpin the 3-fold increase in maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield over the last century. Here we show that both RSA and yield have changed with decades of maize breeding, but not the crop water uptake. Results from X-ray phenotyping in controlled environments showed that single cross (SX) hybrids have smaller root systems than double cross (DX) hybrids for root diameters between 2465 µm and 181µm (P&lt;0.05). Soil water extraction measured under field conditions ranged between 2.6 mm d–1 and 2.9 mm d–1 but were not significantly different between SX and DX hybrids. Yield and yield components were higher for SX than DX hybrids across densities and irrigation (P&lt;0.001). Taken together, the results suggest that changes in RSA were not the cause of increased water uptake but an adaptation to high-density stands used in modern agriculture. This adaptation may have contributed to shift in resource allocation to the ear and indirectly improved reproductive resilience. Advances in root physiology and phenotyping can create opportunities to maintain long-term genetic gain in maize, but a shift from ideotype to crop and production system thinking will be required.
French lexis in the Auchinleck Manuscript: A digital-philological approach
Authors: Critten Rory G , Gay-Crosier Cyrille , Picca Davide 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Auchinleck Manuscript was produced in the 1330s in London and is best known to scholars of Middle English literature on account of the romances that it transmits. Several of these texts treat the establishment and defense of England and it has been argued that their interest in English history is matched by the language in which almost all of the manuscript’s texts are written: English. This article reconsiders the Englishness of the Auchinleck Manuscript via a quantitative analysis of its lexis. We show that a comparatively large proportion of the Auchinleck lexicon has connections to French and that, of these words with French connections, many do not appear to have been much used in English writing before the 1300s. Our statistics are derived via program scripts that match Auchinleck lexicon items to headword entries in the Middle English Dictionary and collect data pertaining to word etymology and earliest dates of citation from those entries. Where previous studies have emphasized the porous boundaries between English and French in 14th-century English contexts, we posit that some poets might aim to make creative capital out of the deliberate juxtaposition of the languages. The argument is supported by a series of visualizations; interactive versions of these visualizations and the data on which they are based are archived at our project website (https://solliryc.github.io/AuchinleckDataViz/).
Constraining the epoch of reionization with highly dispersed fast radio bursts
Authors: Pagano Michael , Fronenberg Hannah 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The period in which hydrogen in the intergalactic medium (IGM) is ionized, known as the epoch of reionization (EoR), is still poorly understood. The timing and duration of the EoR is expected to be governed by the underlying astrophysics. Furthermore, most models of reionization predict a correlation between the density and ionization field. Here we consider using the mean dispersion measure (DM) of high redshift fast radio bursts (FRBs) as a probe of the underlying astrophysics and morphology of the EoR. To do this, we forecast observational scenarios by building mock data sets of non-repeating FRBs between redshifts 8 ≤ z ≤ 10. In our forecasts we assume a fiducial inside-out reionization scenario with midpoint of reionziation z = 2.0, and duration (i.e. the duration between mean ionized fraction of 0.25 to 0.75) Δz = 7.8. It is assumed that all FRBs have accompanying spectroscopic redshift measurements. We find that samples of 100 high redshift FRBs, in the above mentioned narrow redshift range, can rule out uncorrelated reionization at 68 per cent credibility, while larger samples, ≥104 FRBs, can rule out uncorrelated reionization at $95{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ credibility. We also find 100 high redshift FRBs can rule out scenarios where the Universe is entirely neutral at z = 10 with $68{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ credibility. Further, with ≥105 FRBs, we can constrain the duration Δz of reionization to $\Delta z = 2.0^{+0.5}_{-0.4}$ and the midpoint of reionization to $z = 7.8^{+0.4}_{-0.2}$ at 95 per cent credibility.
Evaluation of the day-time ground-level turbulence at Mt Wumingshan with a microthermal sensor
Authors: Song Tengfei , Liu Yu , Cai Zhanchuan , Zhao Mingyu , Zhang Xuefei , Wang Jingxing , Li Xiaobo , Huang Shanjie , Song Qiwu , Du Zhimao 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Surface-layer turbulence, especially the turbulence close to the ground (ground-level, GL), critically determines the height at which to locate a ground-based telescope. It is also vital to assess the contribution of the GL to the total turbulence. To characterize the day-time turbulence at the GL at the Mt Wumingshan (Mt WMS) site (a candidate site for the Chinese next-generation large Solar Telescope), a microthermal sensor (MS) was installed to detect fluctuations of the temperature at the GL and estimate the contribution of the GL to the total turbulence. The MSs were placed at six levels on a 22-m-high tower to measure the refractive index $C_{n}^{2}$ configuration constant. This study presents the day-time optical turbulences due to the GL at the Mt WMS site and compares them with the integrated day-time seeing that was obtained by the Wumingshan Mountain Automated Solar Differential Image Motion Monitor (WMA-SDIMM). MS and WMA-SDIMM data were obtained simultaneously for a total of 16 d during June to October 2017. The average r0 of the GL was found to be $r_{0}^{\rm gl}(\rm {1\, m,16\, m})=11.04\, {\rm cm}$ and $r_{0}^{\rm gl}({\rm 16\,m,22\,m})=61.64\,{\rm cm}$. The contribution of the GL (8 to 22 m) to the total turbulence was $13.05{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ on average, complying with a $8.0{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ reduction of the total seeing. At the height of 22 m, most of the GL turbulence was produced below 16 m.
Differentiating modern and prebiotic Earth scenarios for TRAPPIST-1e: high-resolution transmission spectra and predictions for JWST
Authors: Lin Zifan , MacDonald Ryan J , Kaltenegger Lisa , Wilson David J 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The TRAPPIST-1 system is a priority target for terrestrial exoplanet characterization. TRAPPIST-1e, residing in the habitable zone, will be observed during the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) GTO Program. Here, we assess the prospects of differentiating between prebiotic and modern Earth scenarios for TRAPPIST-1e via transmission spectroscopy. Using updated TRAPPIST-1 stellar models from the Mega-MUSCLES survey, we compute self-consistent model atmospheres for a 1 bar prebiotic Earth scenario and two modern Earth scenarios (1 and 0.5 bar eroded atmosphere). Our modern and prebiotic high-resolution transmission spectra ($0.4\!-\! 20\, \rm{\mu m}$ at R ∼100 000) are made available online. We conduct a Bayesian atmospheric retrieval analysis to ascertain the molecular detectability, abundance measurements, and temperature constraints achievable for both scenarios with JWST. We demonstrate that JWST can differentiate between our prebiotic and modern Earth scenarios within 20 NIRSpec Prism transits via CH4 abundance measurements. However, JWST will struggle to detect O3 for our modern Earth scenario to $\gt 2\, \sigma$ confidence within the nominal mission lifetime (∼ 80 transits over 5 yr). The agnostic combination of N2O and/or O3 offers better prospects, with a predicted detection significance of $2.7\, \sigma$ with 100 Prism transits. We show that combining MIRI LRS transits with Prism data provides little improvement to atmospheric constraints compared to observing additional Prism transits. Though biosignatures will be challenging to detect for TRAPPIST-1e with JWST, the abundances for several important molecules – CO2, CH4, and H2O – can be measured to a precision of ≲ 0.7 dex (a factor of 5) within a 20 Prism transit JWST program.
Direct transformation of n-alkane into all-trans conjugated polyene via cascade dehydrogenation
Authors: Li Xuechao , Niu Kaifeng , Zhang Junjie , Yu Xiaojuan , Zhang Haiming , Wang Yuemin , Guo Qing , Wang Pengdong , Li Fangsen , Hao Zhengming , Xu Chaojie , Tang Yanning , Xu Zhichao , Lu Shuai , Liu Peng , Xue Guigu , Wei Yen , Chi Lifeng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Selective C(sp3) −H activation is of fundamental importance in processing alkane feedstocks to produce high-value-added chemical products. By virtue of an on-surface synthesis strategy, we report selective cascade dehydrogenation of n-alkane molecules under surface constraints, which yields monodispersed all-trans conjugated polyenes with unprecedented length controllability. We are also able to demonstrate the generality of this concept for alkyl-substituted molecules with programmable lengths and diverse functionalities, and more importantly its promising potential in molecular wiring.
Management of Mobile Thrombus With Distal Protection Devices During Carotid Artery Angioplasty: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Cohen-Cohen Salomon , Lanzino Giuseppe , Brinjikji Waleed ,   Endovascular Neurosurgery Research Group (ENRG), Arthur Adam , Bain Mark , Bendock Bernard , Binning Mandy Jo , Boulos Alan S , Crowley Webster , Fessler Richard , Grande Andrew , Guterman Lee , Hanel Ricardo , Hoit Daniel , Hopkins L Nelson , Howington Jay , James Robert , Jankowitz Brian , Kan Peter , Khalessi Alex A , Kim Louis , Langer David , Lanzino Giuseppe , Levitt Michael , Levy Elad I , Lopes Demetrius , Mack William , Mericle Robert , Mocco J , Ogilvy Chris , Pandey Aditya , Replogle Robert , Riina Howard , Ringer Andrew , Rodriguez Rafael , Saugaveau Eric , Schirmer Clemens , Siddiqui Adnan H , Spiotta Alex , Sultan Ali , Tawk Rabih , Thomas Ajith , Turner Raymond , Veznedaroglu Erol , Welch Babu , White Jonathan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Embolic protection devices (EPDs) have become a standard of care during internal carotid artery revascularization.
1,2
This video is about a 57-yr-old-male who presented with a wake-up stroke with a left hemispheric syndrome. Head computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed tandem occlusions of the proximal left internal carotid artery (ICA) and of the distal left middle cerebral artery (MCA) with an ASPECT (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score) score of 6. The patient underwent a cerebral angiogram and was treated with balloon angioplasty with a distal EPD and mechanical thrombectomy. The EPD became occluded with thrombus from the ICA and was retrieved through a 6-Fr Sofia (MicroVention) under continuous aspiration. Successful revascularization of the proximal ICA and distal MCA was achieved. No procedure-related complications occurred, and the patient's neurological exam improved. Tandem occlusions can occur in up to 15% of strokes. The optimal treatment can be controversial, but mechanical thrombectomy and ICA revascularization with a distal EPD appear to be safe and effective in selected patients.
3
Consent was obtained for the procedure and for the video production.
Hearing Preservation Surgery in the Sitting Position for Grade 3B Hannover Classification Vestibular Schwannoma: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: O’Donnell Devon , Dehdashti Amir R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Surgical treatment of large vestibular schwannomas is challenging. Both facial and cochlear nerves should be preserved in patients who have no neurological deficit preoperatively. In this 3-dimensional video, we present a 35-yr-old patient who presented with documented increase in the size of a known vestibular schwannoma over the span of 3 yr. Surgery was favored among all treatment options due to his young age and the tumor size. Informed consent was obtained. Semisitting surgery allowed for bimanual microdissection of the tumor capsule from the surrounding arachnoid and cranial nerves with 2 micro dissectors. The precision of microdissection is enhanced in the sitting position. Facial nerve stimulation remained stable at 0.05 mA. The auditory evoked potential remained unchanged during the surgery. Complete resection of the tumor and preservation of facial and cochlear nerves was achieved. The patient had a stable hearing grade B and a normal facial nerve function at 3-mo follow-up.
Entrepreneur Death and Startup Performance
Authors: Becker Sascha O , Hvide Hans K 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHow large is entrepreneurs’ personal importance to startups? We use the death of nearly 1,500 entrepreneurs as a source of exogenous variation, and find large and sustained negative effects on growth and profitability. For small startups, the effects go mainly via firm survival, while for larger startups the effects are mainly on firm growth. For larger startups, the mean effect on sales is about 60%. The effects appear to be driven by entrepreneur specialness rather than leadership transition; the effects of death of entrepreneur managers are economically and statistically stronger than the death of managers that are not entrepreneurs.
Infectivity of patent Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes: establishing capacity to investigate the infectious reservoir of malaria in a low-transmission setting in The Gambia
Authors: Ahmad Abdullahi , Soumare Harouna M , Camara Muhammed M , Jadama Lamin , Gaye Pa Modou , Bittaye Haddy , Bradley John , Achan Jane , Bousema Teun , D'Alessandro Umberto , Drakeley Chris , Moreno Marta 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Understanding the human malaria infectious reservoir is important for elimination initiatives. Here, we implemented mosquito membrane feeding experiments to prepare for larger studies to quantify the transmission potential and relative contribution of the human infectious reservoir.

Methods
Patients with clinical malaria attending four health facilities with at least 16 Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes per μL were recruited during the 2018 transmission season. Infectiousness to mosquitoes was assessed by direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA). We compared our results with a Bayesian predictive model to investigate the relationship between infectiousness and gametocyte density and explore the impact of fever on gametocyte infectivity.

Results
A total of 3177 suspected malaria cases were screened; 43.3% (1376) had microscopically patent P. falciparum parasites and 3.6% (114) of them had gametocytes. Out of 68 DMFAs, 38 (55.9%) resulted in at least one infected mosquito, with a total of 15.4% (1178/7667) of mosquitoes infected with 1–475 oocysts per gut. The relationship between mosquito infection prevalence and gametocytaemia was similar to other African settings and negatively associated with fever (OR: 0.188, 95% CI 0.0603 to 0.585, p=0.0039).

Conclusions
Among symptomatic malaria patients, fever is strongly associated with transmission failure. Future studies can use DMFA to better understand the human malaria reservoir in settings of low endemicity in The Gambia and inform malaria elimination initiatives.
Chiral Pharmacokinetics and Metabolite Profile of Prolonged-release Ketamine Tablets in Healthy Human Subjects
Authors: Hasan Mahmoud , Modess Christiane , Roustom Tarek , Dokter Anne , Grube Markus , Link Andreas , Rey Hélène , Adler Stefanie , Meissner Konrad , Siegmund Werner 
Published: May 2021

Background
The anesthetic ketamine after intravenous dosing is nearly completely metabolized to R- and S-stereoisomers of the active norketamine (analgesic, psychoactive) and 2,6-hydroxynorketamine (potential analgesic, antidepressant) as well as the inactive dehydronorketamine. Oral administration favors the formation of 2,6-hydroxynorketamines via extensive presystemic metabolism. The authors hypothesized that plasma exposure to 2,6-hydroxynorketamines relative to the psychoactive ketamine is greater after prolonged-release ketamine tablets than it is after intravenous ketamine.

Methods
Pharmacokinetics of ketamine after intravenous infusion (5.0 mg) and single-dose administrations of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg prolonged-released tablets were evaluated in 15 healthy white human subjects by means of a controlled, ascending-dose study. The stereoisomers of ketamine and metabolites were quantified in serum and urine by validated tandem mass-spectrometric assays and evaluated by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis.

Results
After 40 mg prolonged-release tablets, the mean ± SD area under the concentrations–time curve ratios for 2,6-hydroxynorketamine/ketamine were 18 ± 11 (S-stereoisomers) and 30 ± 16 (R-stereoisomers) compared to 1.7 ± 0.8 and 3.1 ± 1.4 and after intravenous infusion (both P < 0.001). After 10 and 20 mg tablets, the R-ratios were even greater. The distribution volumes at steady state of S- and R-ketamine were 6.6 ± 2.2 and 5.6 ± 2.1 l/kg, terminal half-lives 5.2 ± 3.4 and 6.1 ± 3.1 h, and metabolic clearances 1,620 ± 380 and 1,530 ± 380 ml/min, respectively. Bioavailability of the 40 mg tablets was 15 ± 8 (S-isomer) and 19 ± 10% (R-isomer) and terminal half-life 11 ± 4 and 10 ± 4 h. About 7% of the dose was renally excreted as S-stereoisomers and 17% as R-stereoisomers.

Conclusions
Prolonged-release ketamine tablets generate a high systemic exposure to 2,6-hydroxynorketamines and might therefore be an efficient and safer pharmaceutical dosage form for treatment of patients with chronic neuropathic pain compared to intravenous infusion.

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What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Rituximab Treatment for Chronic Idiopathic Axonal Polyneuropathy
Authors: Moussa Hussein , Sawaya Raja A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy is a disorder of unknown etiology resulting in progressive weakness and sensory disturbances predominantly in the hands and feet. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography confirm axonal damage in the nerves of the upper and lower extremities. The pathology is symmetrical with a distal predilection. Patients usually do not respond to the classical treatment with steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, or immunosuppressant drugs. We describe 2 cases of chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy who received intravenous rituximab as a last resort because of the severity of their symptoms. Both patients showed dramatic improvement in their weakness, muscle atrophy, numbness, and paresthesias only few weeks after the induction dose. Their daily functional activities improved to self-independence.
Clinical Features and Treatment Response in Immune-Mediated Small Fiber Neuropathy with Trisulfated Heparin Disaccharide or Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Antibodies
Authors: Zeidman Lawrence A. , Kubicki Konrad 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Novel antibodies to trisulfated heparin disaccharide (TS-HDS) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) have been recently described in otherwise cryptogenic small fiber neuropathy (SFN) cases. Our goal was to further describe clinical features in such cases and to analyze treatment responses.

Methods:
In a retrospective analysis, 40 cases of cryptogenic SFN in a university neuropathy clinic were identified. Of these, TS-HDS and FGFR-3 cases were identified, and clinical features and treatment responses were analyzed.

Results:
In this cohort, 95% were women, and 55% had either TS-HDS or FGFR-3 antibodies (77% of these had TS-HDS). Of the seropositive group, 41% had a nonlength dependent epidermal nerve fiber density on skin punch biopsy (OR = 1.80). In the seropositive group, 82% had neuropathic pain as their primary symptom (OR = 1.73). Also 32% of seropositive patients reported widespread pain (OR = 1.63). 63% of seropositive cases presented acutely (OR = 11.0). In the seropositive group, 23% had an initial erroneous diagnosis (OR = 1.47). Eight seropositive patients improved on intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, with a 42% reduction in pain scores (P = 0.02), a 44% reduction in the Utah Neuropathy Score, and improved epidermal nerve fiber density post-treatment.

Conclusions:
TS-HDS and FGFR-3 antibodies may be present in a high proportion of cryptogenic SFN cases with acute onset, nonlength dependent pathology, and primary neuropathic and widespread pain. They are often misdiagnosed as other conditions including fibromyalgia. These cases may be responsive to immune treatment, especially with intravenous immunoglobulin.
What is in the Literature
Authors: Bromberg Mark B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This edition of What is in the Literature focuses on chronic immune neuropathies as they represent treatable conditions. There are formal criteria to solidify the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), but patients are encountered who have clinical and electrodiagnostic features of CIDP but do not fulfill diagnostic criteria. These patients are addressed in recent publications. CIDP (and variants) and other forms of immune-mediated neuropathies (multifocal motor neuropathy) are responsive early on to treatment, but long-term factors are less well described, and a number of publications focus on extended consequences. Acute immune neuropathies have been described in the setting of viral illness, and recent publications look at the question as to whether they are associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, idiopathic sensory neuropathies are the most common polyneuropathy, and consensus efforts to codify features into subtypes can be used clinically for a more precise diagnosis.
Hsp90 Inhibitor Attenuates the Development of Pathophysiological Cardiac Fibrosis in Mouse Hypertrophy via Suppression of the Calcineurin-NFAT and c-Raf-Erk Pathways
Authors: Marunouchi Tetsuro , Nakashima Miyuki , Ebitani Saika , Umezu Sakiko , Karasawa Kasane , Yano Emi , Tanonaka Kouichi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
In the previous study, we showed that an Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), attenuates hypertrophic remodeling of cardiomyocytes during the development of heart failure. In this present study, we investigated the effects of 17-AAG on cardiac fibrosis during the development of heart failure. We used pressure-loaded cardiac hypertrophic mice prepared by constriction of the transverse aorta (TAC), which induces significant cardiac fibrosis without scar tissue. From the sixth week after the TAC operation, vehicle or 17-AAG was administered intraperitoneally twice a week. Eight weeks after the operation, the vehicle-treated animals showed chronic heart failure. On the other hand, cardiac deterioration of the 17-AAG–treated animals was attenuated. In 17-AAG–treated animals, when the degree of fibrosis was observed by histological staining, their volume of fibrosis was found to be reduced. The content of calcineurin, an Hsp90 client protein, and the level of dephosphorylated NFATc2, a transcription factor in the cardiac fibroblasts, in the TAC mice was reduced by treatment with 17-AAG. Furthermore, c-Raf and Erk signaling, indicators for cell proliferation and collagen synthesis, was also attenuated. In in vitro experiments, the proliferation and collagen synthesis of the cultured cardiac fibroblasts were attenuated by the presence of 17-AAG. When cardiac fibroblasts were incubated with angiotensin II, calcineurin–NFATc2 and c-Raf–Erk signaling in the cells were activated. These activations were attenuated by 17-AAG. Our findings suggest that suppression of the calcineurin–NFAT and c-Raf–Erk pathways may partially contribute to the attenuation of myocardial fibrosis caused by treatment with 17-AAG. Therefore, our data imply that the Hsp90 inhibitor may have potential for novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of heart failure.