bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene expression level of renalase in the skeletal muscles is increased with high-intensity exercise training in mice on a high-fat diet
Authors: Tokinoya Katsuyuki , Ono Seiko , Aoki Kai , Yanazawa Koki , Shishikura Yasuhiro , Sugasawa Takehito , Takekoshi Kazuhiro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionExercise training is beneficial for reducing obesity. In particular, exercise training can lower the catecholamine concentration in circulation. Renalase, whose expression was first confirmed in the kidneys, is a physiologically active substance that decomposes circulating catecholamines; additionally, it has been reported to be present in the skeletal muscles. The aim of this study was to clarify the expression of renalase in the skeletal muscles and kidneys after high-intensity exercise training in obese mice.Material and methodsThe mice were divided into four groups: normal diet and sedentary, normal diet and exercise training, high-fat diet and sedentary, and high-fat diet and exercise training, and the test was performed for 8 weeks.ResultsBody weight and skeletal muscle wet weight were reduced by high-fat diet intake but were rescued by training. Skeletal muscle renalase gene expression was significantly increased by exercise training. However, in the kidneys the gene expression of renalase was significantly increased by high-fat diet intake and exercise training. No significant changes were observed in the gene expression of catecholamine-degrading enzymes, catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase A and B.ConclusionWe demonstrated that exercise training increased the gene expression of renalase in the skeletal muscles and kidneys, thus lowering circulating catecholamine levels. This may lead to amelioration of obesity as catecholamines are lipolytic.
Numerical Simulation and Design of Computer Aided Diabetic Retinopathy Using Improved Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Gupta Lokesh , Hiranwal Dr. Saroj 
Published: June 2021

The health sector is entirely different from other sectors. It is a high priority department with the highest quality of care and quality, regardless of cost. It does not meet social standards even though it absorbs a lot of budget. Health specialists interpret much of the medical evidence. Due to its subjectivity, complexity of images, broad differences among various interpreters and exhaustion, the image interpretation of human experts is very restricted. It also offers an exciting solution with good medical imaging accuracy following in-depth learning in other practical applications and is considered an important tool in future healthcare applications. This chapter addresses the most advanced and optimised deep learning architecture for segmentation and classification of medical pictures. We addressed the complexities of healthcare imaging and open science based on profound learning in the previous segment.
Diabetic retinopathy automated diagnosis is crucial because it is the primary cause of permanent vision loss in working-age people in developed countries. The early identification of diabetic retinopathy is extremely helpful in clinical treatment; although many different methods of extracting functions were suggested, the classification task of retinal images is still quite tedious for even those professional clinicians. Recently, in contrast with previous feature-based image-classification approaches, deep-convolutioned neural networks have demonstrated superior performance in image classification. Therefore in this research, we explored the use of deep-seated neural network techniques to identify diabetic retinopathy automatically with Color Fundus images in our datasets that are superior to classical ones.
Deep convolutionary neural systems have since late been seen better output in the analysed image arrangement than previous components which have combined image order techniques that are focused on the crafting method. In this investigation, we studied the use of profound convolutionary strategy of the neural system to naturally classify diabetic retinopathy, using shading fundus images to achieve high precision in our datasets.
Characterizing Ground-Motion Amplification by Extensive Flat-Lying Sediments: The Seismic Response of the Eastern U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain Strata
Authors: Pratt Thomas L. , Schleicher Lisa S. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTWe examine the effects that Atlantic Coastal Plain (ACP) strata have on ground motions in the eastern and southeastern United States. The ACP strata consist of widespread, nearly flat-lying sediments, the upper portions of which are unconsolidated or semiconsolidated. The ACP sediments are deposited primarily on crystalline basement rocks, creating large velocity and density contrasts with the underlying rocks. At 211 sites on ACP strata to thicknesses of 4000 m, we compute spectral ratios relative to the average of four bedrock sites west or northwest of the strata. Sites consist of stations of Earthscope’s USArray Transportable Array (TA), and temporary deployments in the Southeast Suture of the Atlantic Margin Experiment (SESAME), Eastern North American Margin (ENAM) experiment, and the DCShake deployment in Washington, D.C. For the TA and SESAME stations, we use signals from 13 teleseisms and three regional earthquakes as input, combining the north and east components of motion after taking the Fourier transforms. We also include similarly processed site responses from the ENAM and DCShake arrays that were computed in earlier studies. Results show prominent, fundamental resonance peaks at frequencies determined by reverberations in the entire sediment column, and that often define the largest amplifications for each frequency. As frequencies increase, these resonance peaks migrate to thinner ACP strata and increase in amplitude. The peaks are well defined at frequencies below about 1 Hz, but become narrower and less defined regionally at higher frequencies. We develop simple equations to characterize amplification versus ACP thickness, which we approximate by cosine and Gaussian curves with amplifications of 1 on bedrock and rising to the resonance peak, and then decreasing to an average amplification at thicknesses greater than twice the resonance peak. Comparisons with other site corrections for the central and eastern United States based on sediment thickness show similarities on thin ACP strata but divergence on thicker sediments. The results also demonstrate the effectiveness of using teleseismic arrivals to characterize the site responses of sedimentary sequences.
DisperNet: An Effective Method of Extracting and Classifying the Dispersion Curves in the Frequency–Bessel Dispersion Spectrum
Authors: Dong Sheng , Li Zhengbo , Chen Xiaofei , Fu Lei 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThe subsurface shear-wave structure primarily determines the characteristics of the surface-wave dispersion curve theoretically and observationally. Therefore, surface-wave dispersion curve inversion is extensively applied in imaging subsurface shear-wave velocity structures. The frequency–Bessel transform method can effectively extract dispersion spectra of high quality from both ambient seismic noise data and earthquake events data. However, manual picking and semiautomatic methods for dispersion curves lack a unified criterion, which impacts the results of inversion and imaging. In addition, conventional methods are insufficiently efficient; more precisely, a large amount of time is required for curve extraction from vast dispersion spectra, especially in practical applications. Thus, we propose DisperNet, a neural network system, to extract and discriminate the different modes of the dispersion curve. DisperNet consists of two parts: a supervised network for dispersion curve extraction and an unsupervised method for dispersion curve classification. Dispersion spectra from ambient noise and earthquake events are applied in training and validation. A field data test and transfer learning test show that DisperNet can stably and efficiently extract dispersion curves. The results indicate that DisperNet can significantly improve multimode surface-wave imaging.
What Is Fling Step? Its Theory, Simulation Method, and Applications to Strong Ground Motion near Surface Fault Ruptures
Authors: Hisada Yoshiaki , Tanaka Shinya 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the theory of the fling step and a theoretical method for simulating accurately the near-fault strong motions, and apply it to reproduce various strong-motion records near surface faults. Theoretically, the fling step is the contribution of the static Green’s function in the representation theorem (Hisada and Bielak, 2003), and we show that this theory holds for any seismic velocity structure. We first demonstrate the validity of this theory using theoretical solutions of a circular fault model in a homogeneous full-space. Next, we apply the theory to layered half-spaces, present a theoretical method based on the wavenumber integration method, and introduce various techniques to simulate the near-fault ground motions including fling steps with high accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by reproducing various strong-motion records near surface fault ruptures and discuss the characteristics of near-fault strong motions including the fling step and the forward directivity pulse. We made all of the software and data used in this article available on the internet.
Effects of delay shooting on the nature ofP-wave seismograms
Authors: Greenhalgh S. A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractP-wave spectra have been computed from several mine blast records. Amplitudes of the low frequency peaks were found to correlate with the total size of the explosion. This agrees with theoretical source spectra calculations for multiple-delayed shots. The theoretical calculations also show that at higher frequencies (excepting multiples of the delay frequency), the spectral amplitudes are determined by the maximum charge per delay and not by the total charge size. Synthetic seismograms have been computed for various source and absorption models. To obtain reasonable agreement with observed waveforms requires at least 10 shots delayed at intervals of 0.2 sec or more. These delays are much larger than those normally used between individual holes in a blast (i.e., 17 msec) but are typical of delays between rows of shots. Thus, it appears that the seismic waveforms are more sensitive to the number of rows and the row delay than they are to the total number of shots and the individual delays in a blast.
On the overparameterization of earthquake location algorithms
Authors: Lomnitz Cinna 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe standard regression model for hypocenter determination contains four parameters: latitude correction, longitude correction, focal depth correction, and origin time correction. Similarity between the function ∂t/∂Δ and ∂t/∂H for values of Δ &lt; 20° and again for Δ &gt; 25° causes linear dependence between the coefficient vectors, provided that the observations are contained within a relatively narrow azimuthal range. The regression is overparameterized, and nothing can be inferred about the solution even when the procedure does not diverge. A solution can always be obtained in such cases by reducing the number of parameters (e.g., by restricting the focal depth); but such a solution remains dependent on the error in focal depth.Because of the geometry of the Earth's subduction zones largely surrounding the continental masses, many earthquake observations are clustered within an azimuthal range of the order of 90°. Thus, the problem of overparameterization is inherent in the location model as set up originally by Geiger. For example, the data set for LONGSHOT is shown to contain 150 observations in the azimuth range 350° to 90°, including all European and North American stations. Hence, the LONGSHOT least-squares location is poorly conditioned. In order to obtain well-conditioned solutions, the hypocentral location model must be reformulated in such a way that the epicenter is determined independently of the focal depth, thus avoiding overparameterization.
Historical seismicity in the near and Middle East, North Africa, and Spain from Arabic documents (VIIth-XVIIIth century)
Authors: Poirier J. P. , Taher M. A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractA catalog of historical seismicity from the VIIth to the XVIIIth century A.D. was compiled from Arabic documents (many of which are unpublished manuscripts) for the near and Middle East, and in a lesser measure, for North Africa and Spain.In most cases, detailed descriptions have allowed us to assign Modified Mercalli intensities to the shocks for the localities where they were reported.The detailed chronology of a protracted episode of seismicity in northern Syria between 1156 and 1159 is given shock by shock from the relation of a Damascus chronicler.
Radiation patterns of body waves due to the seismic dislocation occurring in an anisotropic source medium
Authors: Kawasaki Ichiro , Tanimoto Toshiro 
Published: June 2021

abstractWe investigate body force equivalents for a seismic dislocation occurring in an anisotropic source medium and study radiation patterns of seismic body waves resulting from them. The point source representation of the equivalent body forces is obtained following a result of Kosevich (1962, 1965). Green's tensor for an anisotropic medium is calculated using a far-field approximate method by Kosevich and Natsik (1964). Radiation patterns of seismic body waves are obtained by a straightforward convolution operation on the equivalent forces with the approximate Green's tensor.The seismic dislocation occurring in an anisotropic source medium is equivalent in general to the sum of three orthogonal dipole forces with different magnitudes, for which the seismic moment tensor has a nonzero trace. Because of the third dipole force which never appears for an isotropic medium, a significant distortion of the radiation patterns occurs in a direction near the null vector. Nodal lines of P-wave radiation patterns are separated into isolated loops and/or secondary nodal lines appear. In directions where group velocity differs from the corresponding phase velocity, the effect of the medium transfer response on the polarities of body waves seems to be larger than that in other directions. The combination of the effects of source forces and medium transfer response distorts the radiation pattern.
The Livermore Valley, California, sequence of January 1980
Authors: Bolt B. A. , McEvilly T. V. , Uhrhammer R. A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractAt 19h00m09.46s UTC, on 24 January 1980, a strong earthquake (ML = 5.5) that caused a surprising amount of damage occurred north of Livermore Valley about 12 km to the southeast of Mt. Diablo, and was associated with surface rupture along the Greenville Fault. There was a foreshock (ML = 2.7) a minute and a half earlier and a sequence of 59 events (ML ≧ 2.5) in the ensuing 6 days. On 27 January at 02h33m35.96s, a larger magnitude earthquake occurred in the sequence (ML = 5.6). This second principal shock was located 14 km to the south of the first principal earthquake toward the southern end of the Greenville Fault. Preliminary estimates of the seismic moments of the two principal shocks are 5.3 × 1024 and 1.3 × 1024 dyne-cm, respectively. In addition to the lower seismic moment, the ML = 5.6 shock on 27 January exhibits a clearly focused radiation pattern, with large amplitudes toward the northeast.Field investigations after the first principal shock indicated surfaced rupture along the Greenville fault zone for at least 6 km, with both right-lateral strike-slip and some dip-slip motion with the northeast side up. Variable offsets on surface cracks suggested displacements of a few centimeters (with evidence of increases in some places after the second 27 January earthquake). There were eight earthquakes with ML ≧ 4.0 in the sequence up to 5 February 1980. No foreshocks near the Greenville Fault (ML ≧ 1.5) were observed by the University of California Seismographic Stations in the prior 3 months.Rapid deployment of field seismographs by a number of seismological organizations permitted precise locations and fault-plane solutions. Some results on seismicity are as follows.The rupture propagated over 15 km to the southeast along the Marsh Creek-Greenville faults on 24 January and stopped in the vicinity of Highway 580. This southern progression may have had some causal connection with the relatively high intensities reported near the southwest end of the Greenville Fault. The two principal shocks of the sequence have slight but significant differences in the fault-plane solutions; both are predominantly right-lateral strike-slip, but the strike of the northern one is N13°W, whereas the strike of the southern one is N39°W. This change in strike is not evident in the mapped strikes of the Marsh Creek and the Greenville faults. In contrast to the second principal earthquake, the first principal shock was followed by two others (ML &gt; 4.0) in rapid succession, one 53 sec and the other 97 sec after. This repetition gave a relatively long duration to the shaking on 24 January, and was commented on in felt reports. It may explain the greater intensity reported in many localities on 24 January compared to 27 January. The b value (0.64 ± 0.13) for the sequence is somewhat lower than the b = 0.70 ± 0.17 for the recent Coyote Lake earthquake sequence on the Calaveras Fault on 5 August 1979. There are fewer earthquakes than normal in the range 3.0 &lt; ML &lt; 4.0 in the Greenville sequence.
Focal mechanisms of earthquakes related to the 29 November 1975 Kalapana, Hawaii, earthquake: The effect of structure models
Authors: Crosson R. S. , Endo E. T. 
Published: June 2021

abstractInitial focal mechanism determinations for the 29 November 1975 Kalapana, Hawaii, earthquake indicated discrepancy between the mechanism determined from teleseismic data by Ando and the mechanism determined using data from the local U.S. Geological Survey network surrounding the epicenter region. The resolution of this difference is crucial to correctly understand this earthquake, as well as to understand the tectonics of the south flank of Kilauea volcano. When a model with a low-velocity layer at the base of the crust is used for projection back to the focal sphere for the local network mechanisms, the discrepancy vanishes. To further investigate this result, focal mechanisms were determined using several contrasting models for a set of well-recorded earthquakes. A large number of these earthquakes have mechanisms identical to the main shock when the low-velocity layer model is used. Dispersion of P and T axes is also minimized by use of this model. A low-angle slip direction, favored for the main shock and typical of most other solutions, exhibits remarkable stability normal to the east rift zone of Kilauea. Our results suggest a tectonic model, similar in nature to that proposed by Ando, in which the south flank of Kilauea consists of a mobile block of crust which is relatively free to move laterally on a low-strength zone at about 10 km depth. Forceful injection of magma along the rift zones provides the loading stress which is released by catastrophic failure in the weak, horizontal layer in a cycle of perhaps 100 yr.
Multi-mode analysis of Rayleigh-typeLg. Part 1. Theory and applicability of the method
Authors: Cara Michel , Minster J. Bernard 
Published: June 2021

abstractRayleigh-type Lg propagating in a laterally homogeneous continental crust can be synthesized by adding only a few overtones at periods greater than 2 sec. Under minimal assumptions, we show that wavenumber analysis of Lg recorded on a several hundred kilometers long linear array of 10 stations allow us to isolate the different overtones, providing a tool to study crustal structures and excitation of the overtones at the source. In this first paper, we use synthetic Lg seismograms to investigate the applicability of a time-frequency-wavenumber analysis technique (UC diagram algorithm) to realistic arrays of stations. The behavior of the algorithm in the presence of lateral heterogeneities is studied numerically by introducing either random or coherent phase perturbations. We find that (1) the method is tractable if random phase fluctuations from station to station are spread over less than half a cycle, and (2) coherent velocity changes between two halves of a profile are spatially averaged if they are too small to be resolved by the array.
A mantle wave magnitude for the St. Elias, Alaska, earthquake of 28 February 1979
Authors: Buland Ray , Taggart James 
Published: June 2021

abstractWe have investigated surface and mantle waves from the St. Elias earthquake (28 February 1979, 21:27:06.1 UTC) using standard time-domain techniques and highly automated procedure for frequency-domain analysis. Mantle wave spectral densities at periods of 100, 150, 200, and 250 sec were determined from R1 through R5 and G1 through G6 recorded by 10 stations of the Global Digital Seismograph Network using a method similar to one developed by Brune and Engen (1969) for 100-sec Love waves. For comparison we have generated synthetic seismograms by normal mode summation using two published fault plane solutions (Lahr et al., 1979; Hasegawa et al., 1980) and assuming a point source.For the St. Elias event we find that the precise orientation of the focal mechanism has a significant impact on the efficiency of mantle wave generation and hence on moment inference. Further, source finiteness effects, expressed as distortion of the radiation pattern and a disparity between moment estimates made using Love and Rayleigh waves, are clearly visible at all periods we examined. However, these effects decrease dramatically with increasing periods and are gratifyingly small by 250 sec allowing us to make a moment estimate.We have made the following measurements of the size of the St. Elias earthquake20-sec Rayleigh waves (30 observations) Ms = 7.08 20-sec Rayleigh waves Ms = 7.23 (30 observations azimuthally weighted) Seismic moment (dyne-cm) Mo = 2.36 x 1027 Moment magnitude Mw = 7.52.
Source parameters and scaling relationships of small earthquakes in the northeastern Caribbean
Authors: Frankel Arthur 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe seismic moments and stress drops of 23 earthquakes (1.1 ≦ M ≦ 2.4) that occurred during an earthquake swarm in the Virgin Islands were determined from the analysis of their P waveforms. The data consist of digitally recorded seismograms collected by a short-period seismic network operating in the northeastern Caribbean. The events of the swarm are particularly useful for comparing the relative stress drops of small earthquakes, because their source to receiver paths and focal mechanisms are very similar.The static stress drops calculated for these earthquakes varied from about 0.2 to 2 bars. The data clearly illustrate that the static and dynamic stress drops of these earthquakes generally increased with the size (moment) of the events. The fault radii for these shocks increased with seismic moment, but only by a factor of 2 for a 100-fold increase in seismic moment. The velocity waveforms of the larger events were systematically more impulsive than those of the smaller earthquakes. These observations imply that, for this set of earthquakes, the final fault radius is a function of the stress drop that occurs during the rupture process.