bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD59: A long-known complement inhibitor has advanced to a blood group system
Authors: Weinstock C. , Anliker M. , von Zabern I. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The blood group system number 35 is based on CD59, a 20-kDa membrane glycoprotein present on a large number of different cells, including erythrocytes. The major function of CD59 is to protect cells from complement attack. CD59 binds to complement components C8 and C9 and prevents the polymerization of C9, which is required for the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Other functions of CD59 in cellular immunity are less well defined. CD59 is inserted into the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. A defect of this anchor causes lack of this protein from the cell membrane, which leads to an enhanced sensitivity towards complement attack. Patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) harbor a varying percentage of red blood cell clones with a defect in GPI-anchored proteins, including CD59. The most characteristic symptoms of this disease are episodes of hemolysis and thromboses. Although CD59 has been classified as a membrane protein for more than 25 years, an alloantibody directed against CD59 was found only recently. So far, the first and sole alloantibody described was detected in a CD59-deficient child. In 2014, CD59 received the status of a blood group system by the International Society for Blood Transfusion Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology Working Party. Among a variety of almost 20 synonyms, the designation CD59 was chosen for the blood group system and CD59.1 for the wild-type protein. The only three alleles published to date are null alleles. All CD59-deficient individuals recognized so far were severely ill, two of whom have died. Most of the reported cases present with a typical clinical picture within the first year of life that includes neuropathy, strokes, and mild Coombs-negative hemolysis. In one published case, the application of the complement inhibitor eculizumab caused a pronounced improvement of the clinical situation.
Immunohematology

2015;31:145–151.
Suspected acute hemolytic transfusion reaction mediated by anti-Dia
Authors: Bennett A. , Boyapati R.K. , Hong F.S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anti-Dia can mediate hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, but it is unclear if it can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs). To date, there has only been one report of a possible immediate HTR attributed to anti-Dia. Our case report details an immediate HTR due to anti-Dia in a patient with pre-existing liver failure. This reaction triggered multi-organ failure, and the patient subsequently died. This case also highlights the importance of considering HTRs even when routine antibody screening has been unremarkable, particularly when electronic crossmatch is used, because of the potential for an alloantibody against a low-prevalence antigen.
Immunohematology

2015;31:163–165.
Drug-induced immune neutropenia/ agranulocytosis
Authors: Curtis B.R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell in blood and play a critical role in preventing infections as part of the innate immune system. Reduction in neutrophils below an absolute count of 500 cells/μL is termed severe neutropenia or agranulocytosis. Drug-induced immune neutropenia (DIIN) occurs when drug-dependent antibodies form against neutrophil membrane glycoproteins and cause neutrophil destruction. Affected patients have fever, chills, and infections; severe infections left untreated can result in death. Treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor can hasten neutrophil recovery. Cumulative data show that severe neutropenia or agranulocytosis associated with exposure to nonchemotherapy drugs ranges from approximately 1.6 to 15.4 cases per million population per year. Drugs most often associated with neutropenia or agranulocytosis include dipyrone, diclofenac, ticlopidine, calcium dobesilate, spironolactone, antithyroid drugs (e.g., propylthiouracil), carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, β-lactam antibiotics, clozapine, levamisole, and vancomycin. Assays used for detection of neutrophil drug-dependent antibodies (DDAbs) include flow cytometry, monoclonal antibody immobilization of granulocyte antigens, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, granulocyte agglutination, and granulocytotoxicity. However, testing for neutrophil DDAbs is rarely performed owing to its complexity and lack of availability. Mechanisms proposed for DIIN have not been rigorously studied, but those that have been studied include drug- or hapten-induced antibody formation and autoantibody production against drug metabolite or protein adducts covalently attached to neutrophil membrane proteins. This review will address acute, severe neutropenia caused by neutrophil-reactive antibodies induced by nonchemotherapy drugs—DIIN.
Immunohematology

2014;30:95–101.
A case of masquerading alloantibodies: the value of a multitechnique approach
Authors: Wennersten P.M.S. , Sutor L.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In an immunohematology reference laboratory, samples received for antibody identification react in many different ways requiring a variety of approaches. Sometimes, the clues from initial testing can lead to faulty assumptions and misdirection. Fortunately, a well-supplied reference laboratory will have access to a variety of techniques and reagents that, when used together, can reveal the true identity of the antibodies involved. We present a case of a patient sample with an apparent group AB, D+ blood type showing strong reactivity with all cells tested in the forward and reverse ABO, in the D testing as well as in a three-cell antibody screen. The initial assumption was that the plasma contained a cold autoantibody. Subsequent testing, including the use of gel column technology, ficin-treated cells, and antisera for phenotyping, showed the apparent cold autoantibody to be a red herring. Additional tube testing at immediate spin, 37°C, and indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) revealed the presence of four alloantibodies: anti-M and anti-E reacting at immediate spin, 37°C, and IAT plus anti-Fya and anti-Jkb reacting at IAT.
Immunohematology

2014;30:117–120.
Transfusion of D+ red blood cells to D– individuals in trauma situations
Authors: Tchakarov A. , Hobbs R. , Bai Y. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To conserve D– red blood cells (RBCs), our facility developed a policy for transfusion of D+ units to D– patients, particularly in trauma situations. To our knowledge, this is the first study looking at D-mismatched RBC transfusion in trauma patients. We developed guidelines for the transfusion of D-mismatched RBCs. Patients were followed by antibody screening and direct antiglobulin testing. Twenty-six patients were identified, and 57.7 percent of the cases were the result of trauma. Follow-up ranged from 7 to 455 days. The trauma cohort had a follow-up of 7 to 102 days. Overall, patients were transfused with 1 to 36 units of D-mismatched RBCs. Three patients produced alloanti-D, resulting in a 20 percent rate of antibody formation in trauma patients. We found an overall antibody formation rate of 11.5 percent compared with 21.4 to 30.4 percent in previous studies. Approximately 58 percent of our study population was composed of trauma patients. Within that cohort, the formation of anti-D was 20 percent, similar to the rate seen in previous studies looking at primarily non-trauma populations.
Immunohematology

2014;30:149–152.
Validation of a blood group genotyping method based on high-resolution melting curve analysis
Authors: Gong T. , Hong Y. , Wang N. , Fu X. , Zhou C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The detection of polymorphism is the basis of blood group genotyping and phenotype prediction. Genotyping may be useful to determine blood groups when serologic results are unclear. The development and application of different methods for blood group genotyping may be needed as a substitute for blood group typing. The purpose of this study is to establish an approach for blood group genotyping based on a melting curve analysis of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using DNA extracted from whole blood, we developed and validated a DNA typing method for detecting DO*01/DO*02, DI*01/DI*02, LU*01/LU*02, and GYPB*03/GYPB*04 alleles using a melting curve analysis. All assays were confirmed with a commercial reagent containing sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP), and a cohort of the samples was confirmed with sequencing. Results for all blood groups were within the range of specificity and assay variability. Genotypes of 300 blood donors were fully consistent with PCR-SSP data. The obtained genotype distribution is in complete concordance with existing data for the Chinese population. There are several advantages for this approach of blood group genotyping: lower contamination rates with PCR products in the laboratory, ease of performance, automation potential, and rapid cycling time.
Immunohematology

2014;30:161–165.
P1PK: The blood group system that changed its name and expanded
Authors: Hellberg Å. , Westman J.S. , Thuresson B. , Olsson M.L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The antigens in the P1PK blood group system are carried on glycosphingolipids. The system currently includes three different antigens, P1, Pk, and NOR. The P1 antigen was disovered in 1927 by Landsteiner and Levine, and Pkand NOR were described in 1951 and 1982, respectively. As in the ABO system, naturally occurring antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig) M or IgG class, against the missing carbohydrate structures, can be present in the sera of people lacking the corresponding antigen. Anti-P1 is generally a weak and cold-reactive antibody not implicated in hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn while Pkantibodies can cause HTR, and anti-NOR is regarded as a polyagglutinin. A higher frequency of miscarriage is seen in women with the rare phenotypes p, P1
k, and P2
k. Furthermore, the Pkand P1 antigens have wide tissue distributions and can act as host receptors for various pathogens and toxins. Why p individuals lack not only Pkand P expression but also P1 has been a longstanding enigma. Recently, it was shown that the same A4GALT-encoded galactosyltransferase synthesizes both the P1 and Pkantigens and that a polymorphism in a new exon in this gene predicts the P1and P2phenotypes.
Immunohematology

2013;29:25–33.
Thermal amplitude test
Authors: Hopkins C. , Walters T.K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The thermal amplitude test is performed to determine the reactivity of a cold autoantibody at varying temperatures: 4°C, 22°C, 30°C, and 37°C. Cold autoantibodies that are reactive at temperatures greater than 30°C have the potential to be clinically significant regardless of the antibody titer. Cold autoantibodies that are reactive at temperatures less than 30°C are not considered to be clinically significant.
Immunohematology

2013;29:49–50.
SC*994C>T causes the Scnull phenotype in Pacific Islanders and successful transfusion of Sc3+ blood to a patient with anti-Sc3
Authors: Hue-Roye K. , Velliquette R.W. , Larimore K. , Moscarelli S. , Ohswaldt N. , Lomas-Francis C. , Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Antigens in the SC blood group system are expressed by the human erythrocyte membrane-associated protein (ERMAP). Two molecular bases have been reported for the Scnullphenotype: SC*307del2and SC*994C>T.We report our investigation of the molecular background of five Scnullindividuals from the Pacific Islands and describe the successful transfusion of Sc3+ blood to a patient with anti-Sc3 in her plasma. SC (ERMAP)exons 2, 3, and 12 and their flanking intronic regions were analyzed. The SC*994C>Tchange introduces a restriction enzyme cleavage site for Tsp45I, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from exon 12 were subjected to this PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. The five samples had the variant SC*994T/T.One sample, from a first cousin of one Marshallese proband, was heterozygous for SC*1514C/T(in the 3′ untranslated region); the other four samples were SC*1514C/C(consensus sequence). Samples from white donors (n = 100) and African American donors (n = 99) were tested using the Tsp45I PCR-RFLP assay; all gave a banding pattern that was consistent with the SC*994C/Cconsensus sequence. In all five samples, our analyses showed homozygosity for the nonsense nucleotide change SC*994C>Tin an allele carrying the nucleotide associated with Sc1. Further investigation determined that one of the probands reported previously with the SC*994C>Tchange was from the Marshall Islands (which form part of the Micronesian Pacific Islands) and the other was from an unspecified location within the large collection of Pacific Islands. Taken together, the five known probands with the SC*994C>Tsilencing nucleotide change were from the Pacific Islands.
Immunohematology

2013;29:69–72.
Comparison of estimation of volume of fetomaternal hemorrhage using Kleihauer-Betke test and microcolumn gel method in D-negative nonisoimmunized mothers
Authors: Mittal K. , Marwaha N. , Kumar P. , Saha S.C. , Thakral B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this study we assessed the efficacy of the microcolumn gel method in the detection and quantification of the volume of fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) in comparison with the Kleihauer-Betke test (KB) in nonisoimmunized D– mothers. We collected blood samples from 80 D– indirect antiglobulin test–negative mothers over a span of more than 1 year. FMH was determined by KB and microcolumn gel method, and the results were compared. FMH was recorded as less than 4 mL by KB if no fetal cells were seen after examining 25 fields using 10× objective. If fetal cells were seen, slides were examined further to quantify FMH. By microcolumn gel method, FMH was reported as less than 0.1 percent, 0.1 percent, 0.2 percent, and 0.4 percent or greater. None of the patients had FMH greater than 15 mL by KB. Sixty-two patients (77.5%) had FMH less than 4 mL by KB. In all these cases, FMH was less than or equal to 0.2 percent (approximately 4 mL) by microcolumn gel method. The mean volume of FMH in the remaining 18 (22.5%) cases by KB was 8.3 ± 1.7 mL. Fifteen (83.3%) of these 18 cases had FMH of at least 0.4 percent (approximately 8 mL) by gel technology. Three cases (16.7%) that differed from KB results had FMH of 0.2 percent by microcolumn gel method with a maximal FMH of 6.4 mL by KB. FMH was significantly increased in cesarean delivery (mean FMH 9.5 ± 0.8 mL, range 7.9–10.4 mL, p = 0.001) and antepartum hemorrhage (mean FMH 9.5 ± 0.9 mL, range 7.9–10.4 mL, p < 0.001). Microcolumn gel method is an effective screening test. Technologies like KB and flow cytometry are better options for detecting a large volume of FMH. Antepartum hemorrhage and cesarean delivery are risk factors for FMH. The 300-µg dose appears to be excessive immunoprophylaxis in the majority of cases. We need to analyze the relative cost-effectiveness of universal administration of 300 µg of Rh immune globulin vs. FMH quantitation with subsequent administration of titrated doses.
Immunohematology

2013;29:105–09.
The LAN blood group system: a review
Authors: Peyrard T. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
LAN (Langereis) was officially recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion in 2012 as being the 33rd human blood group system. It consists of one single high-prevalence antigen, Lan (LAN1). The ABCB6 protein is the carrier of the Lan blood group antigen. The ABCB6gene (chromosome 2q36, 19 exons) encodes the ABCB6 polypeptide (ATP-binding cassette protein, subfamily B, member 6), known as a porphyrin transporter. The exceptional Lan– people do not express ABCB6 (Lan null phenotype), owing to several different molecular mechanisms affecting ABCB6:frameshift leading to a premature stop codon (deletion, insertion, or nonsense mutation of nucleotides); missense mutation; or intronic mutation responsible for RNA splicing defect. Despite the Lan antigen’s being reported to play a key role in erythropoiesis and detoxification of cells, Lan– people do not appear to demonstrate susceptibility to any disease or seemingly physiologic disorder. Anti-Lan has been described as having variable clinical significance, either for hemolytic transfusion reactions (none to severe) or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (none to mild). Despite challenging conditions caused by the scarcity of Lan– donors worldwide, Lan– blood should ideally be given to patients with anti-Lan, especially those with a high-titer antibody.
Immunohematology

2013;29:131–135.
Alloimmunization of patients by blood units harboring distinct DEL variants
Authors: St-Louis M. , Lebrun A. , Goldman M. , Lavoie M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The alloimmunization potential of many RHDvariants is unknown, and it can be explored by lookback and traceback studies. Héma-Québec (HQ) investigated the RHDstatus of 3980 D– repeat blood donors. Thirteen were found to be RHDpositive: 4 RHD*ψ,and 1 RHD*487delACAG,which show a D– phenotype; and 1 RHD*885Tand 7 RHD*(93–94insT)causing a DEL phenotype when C antigen is present. Lookback studies were done to verify the alloimmunization potential of these eight DEL donors. Coincidentally, Canadian Blood Services (CBS) performed a traceback study by investigating the RHDstatus of donors after a D– recipient developed anti-D after transfusion of two D– red blood cell (RBC) units. Donor genotyping was done either manually (HQ) or using the Progenika Bloodchip platform (CBS). Donations were traced through computer records. Letters were sent to hospital blood bank physicians to verify the presence of anti-D in recipients and to donors to request repeat samples. A total of 118 RBC units were transfused, 82 to D– recipients. Anti-D was found in three patients transfused with RHD*(93– 94insT)DEL red blood cells. One donor presenting the same DEL variant was involved in the traceback study. Even without strong evidence clearly demonstrating the alloimmunization potential of DEL variants, whenever HQ or CBS identifies a donor harboring a DEL phenotype, his or her D status will be changed from D– to D+ to protect against the potential alloimmunization risk.
Immunohematology

2013;29:136–140.
A Convenient Cascade Strategy Towards the Synthesis of Novel Substituted
Morpholinopyrimidines and Pyrimidooxazapines
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Pandey Sushil K. , Gupta Deepshikha 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
A simple and novel protocol for the facile synthesis of bicyclic hybrid molecular framework
of morpholinopyrimidines having six-membered pyrimidine ring fused with the morpholine unit
is established. The method has been successfully employed to synthesize both regioisomers of
the morpholinopyrimidine derivatives in good to high yields. The strategy is further extended
successfully to synthesize bicyclic pyrimidooxazapine derivatives bearing the six-membered
aromatic pyrimidine unit fused with seven-membered aliphatic oxazapine fragment.
Uncatalyzed Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Indole-substituted Methane
Derivatives via One-pot Multicomponent Reactions under Solvent-free
Conditions
Authors: Li Shiyin , Lin Xinru , Gao Xiling , Zeng Wangyu , Wu Xiaoyi , Shi Xuan , Chen Shengjie , Zhang Yan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
For the first time, one-pot multicomponent reactions containing indole, aromatic aldehydes,
and dimedone have been achieved in the absence of a catalyst under solvent-free conditions. A class of
unsymmetrical indole-substituted methane derivatives and symmetrical diindolylmethanes has been synthesized
through this green organic synthetic method. Based on experimental results, a reasonable mechanism
for this condensation is emphasized here.
Diminished Sphenous Compartment Connective Tissue Elasticity has Little Impact on Low Grade Venous Insufficiency: An Ultrasound Shearwave Elastography Study
Authors: Baltacioglu Nurten A. , Tureli Derya 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Greater Saphenous Vein (GSV) courses within saphenous compartment,
an adipose-filled space bound by fasciae provides structural support. Ultrasound Shear-Wave Elastography
(SWE) provides objective and quantitative data on tissue shear elasticity modulus.

Objective:
This study aims to analyze possible associations between early stage GSV insufficiency
and saphenous intracompartmental SWE measurements.

Methods:
Two-hundred consecutive patients, ages 22 to 81 (mean=44.3) years, with venous insufficiency
symptoms underwent Doppler and SWE examinations. Patients had no visible or palpable
sign of venous disease or had telangiectasia and reticular veins only. Analyses regarding patient
age, gender, presence of venous insufficiency of GSV proper and intracompartmental connective
tissue elasticity were performed.

Results:
Ninety-six patients had Doppler evidence for either bilateral or unilateral insufficiency of
GSV proper at mid-thigh level. Intracompartmental elasticity of patients with venous insufficiency
(mean=4.36±2.24 kilopascals; range 1.55 to 10.44 kPa) did not differ significantly from those with
normal veins (mean=4.82±2.61 kPa; range 2.20 to 12.65 kPa) (p=0.231). No threshold for predicting
the presence of venous insufficiency could be determined. Neither were there any correlations
between age, gender and intracompartmental elasticity. In patients with unilateral insufficiency,
however, elastography values around insufficient veins were significantly lower compared to contralateral
normal GSV (p<0.001).

Conclusion:
Many intrinsic and patient factors affect intracompartmental connective tissue elastography
measurements; thus, cut-off values obtained from specific populations have limited generalizability.
Nevertheless, statistically significant intrapatient differences of intracompartmental elasticity
among diseased and normal saphenous veins indicate that lack of elastic support from surrounding
connective tissues contributes to venous insufficiency in early stages.
Ring Cross-over Based GA for DFMB Chip Design and Medical Image
Compression
Authors: Brindha G. , Rohini G. 
Published: May 2021

:
Currently, the clinical data stored in the cloud is easily accessible, and the patient’s data can be shared among treatment centers. In such a case, to handle additional data, the cloud data must be of a lesser scale. A process of compression was introduced to minimize the data with no losing data in order to achieve this size reduction. This paper conducts the experiment in two approaches: fast routing operations and compression from the chip in the DMFB approach. To apply this process of compression, the collected data from the chip was transformed into an image, and then compression of the image was performed utilizing a genetic algorithm (GA) based on a ring crossover. Consequently, the biochip of the 8x8 array is integrated into the power and area with the ring cross-module for an effective energy consumption operation. The technique of the process is utilized by the Microfluidic (MF) feature to handle and maintain the droplets. Also, the optimization process is performed by combining related pin actuation segments in parallel and the control pin to prevent pin-actuation conflicts. Through the optimization process, it synchronizes the length. This proposed approach decreases the consumption of the power and area. The outcome of the simulation indicates an increase in dynamic power, static power, and delay. Image compression is performed with the aid of this algorithm. In addition, for better outcomes, this GA compression application was contrasted with wavelet compressions.