bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two approaches to natural kinds
Authors: Crane Judith K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhilosophical treatments of natural kinds are embedded in two distinct projects. I call these the philosophy of science approach and the philosophy of language approach. Each is characterized by its own set of philosophical questions, concerns, and assumptions. The kinds studied in the philosophy of science approach are projectible categories that can ground inductive inferences and scientific explanation. The kinds studied in the philosophy of language approach are the referential objects of a special linguistic category—natural kind terms—thought to refer directly. Philosophers may hope for a unified account addresses both sets of concerns. This paper argues that this cannot be done successfully. No single account can satisfy both the semantic objectives of the philosophy of language approach and the explanatory projects of the philosophy of science approach. After analyzing where the tensions arise, I make recommendations about assumptions and projects that are best abandoned, those that should be retained, and those that should go their separate ways. I also recommend adopting the disambiguating terminology of “scientific kinds” and “natural kinds” for the different notions of kinds developed in these different approaches.
Changes in organic matter composition caused by EDTA washing of two soils contaminated with toxic metals
Authors: Jez Erika , Bravo Carlo , Lestan Domen , Gluhar Simon , Martin-Neto Ladislau , De Nobili Maria , Contin Marco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTwo soils contaminated with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) contrasting in pH and mineralogy were remediated with CaEDTA, and changes in soil organic matter (SOM) composition were investigated. Previous studies showed no significant loss of SOM from CaEDTA-treated soils, but the results of our study reflected significant decreases (from 46 to 49%) in the free fraction of humic acids (HAs). Remediation affected the composition of the free HA fraction via disturbance of intermolecular bonds — an increase in phenolic and aromatic groups with a simultaneous decrease in carbohydrates — which was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy in both soils. Because non-radical molecules such as carbohydrates were selectively removed, the concentration of free radicals in the free HA fraction increased in acidic soil. The bound fraction of HAs and fulvic acids (FAs) in SOM, which are important due to their stability and the permanent effects they have on the soil’s physical properties, remained unchanged in both remediated soils. The effect of soil recultivation was observed only in the excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of HAs. In terms of SOM, CaEDTA soil washing can be considered moderately conservative; however, the restoration of free humic fractions is likely to be a long-term process.
NIR Laser Photobiomodulation Induces Neuroprotection in an In Vitro Model of Cerebral Hypoxia/Ischemia
Authors: Gerace Elisabetta , Cialdai Francesca , Sereni Elettra , Lana Daniele , Nosi Daniele , Giovannini Maria Grazia , Monici Monica , Mannaioni Guido 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBrain photobiomodulation (PBM) is an innovative treatment for a variety of neurological conditions, including cerebral ischemia. However, the capability of PBM for ischemic stroke needs to be further explored and its mechanisms of action remain currently unclear. The aim of the present research was to identify a treatment protocol capable of inducing neuroprotection and to investigate the molecular mechanisms activated by a dual-wavelength near infrared (NIR) laser source in an organotypic hippocampal slice model of hypoxia/ischemia. Hippocampal slices were exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 30 min followed by NIR laser light (fluence 3.71, 7.42, or 14.84 J/cm2; wavelengths 808 nm and 905 nm) delivered immediately or 30 min or 60 min after OGD, in order to establish a therapeutic window. Neuronal injury was assessed by propidium iodide fluorescence 24 h later. Our results show that NIR laser irradiation attenuates OGD neurotoxicity once applied immediately or 30 min after OGD. Western blot analysis of proteins involved in neuroinflammation (iNOS, COX-2, NFkB subunit p65, and Bcl-2) and in glutamatergic-mediated synaptic activity (vGluT1, EAAT2, GluN1, and PSD95) showed that the protein modifications induced by OGD were reverted by NIR laser application. Moreover, CA1 confocal microscopy revealed that the profound morphological changes induced by OGD were reverted by NIR laser radiation. In conclusion, NIR laser radiation attenuates OGD neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slices through attenuation of inflammatory mechanisms. These findings shed light on molecular definition of NIR neuroprotective mechanisms, thus underlining the potential benefit of this technique for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
The autoclaving and re-implantation of an infected prosthesis as a spacer during resection knee arthroplasty: a systematic review
Authors: Spinarelli Antonio , Bizzoca Davide , Moretti Lorenzo , Vicenti Giovanni , Garofalo Raffaele , Moretti Biagio 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Hofmann et al., in 1995, first described an articulating spacer made by cleaning and autoclaving the original femoral component, which is then re-implanted with a new tibial polyethylene. This systematic review aims to assess the state of existing evidence on the intraoperative autoclaving and re-use of an infected prosthesis, as a spacer, during a two-stage revision following Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJI).

Methods
A systematic review was conducted with methods described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. OVID-MEDLINE®, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar and PubMed were searched from 1995 to April 2020 to identify relevant studies.

Results
Fourteen studies were included in this systematic review: two prospective case series; six retrospective comparative studies and six retrospective case series. The reviewed studies included 567 patients (571 knees): 394 patients treated with autoclaved components and 173 with a spacer made of new components. The cumulative re-infection rate in patients treated with re-used autoclaved components was 13.7% (54 re-infections in 394 patients), whereas in control patients the re-infection rate was 13.3% (23 re-infections in 173 patients). The final Range of Movement in patients treated using the autoclaved components as a spacer, compared with patients receiving static spacers, was significantly higher in three out of four comparative studies.

Conclusion
There is a moderate level of evidence that the intraoperative autoclaving and re-use of an infected prosthesis as a spacer, during a knee resection arthroplasty, is an effective procedure in the management of knee PJI.
The role of collaborative, multistakeholder partnerships in reshaping the health management of patients with noncommunicable diseases during and after the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Monaco Alessandro , Casteig Blanco Amaia , Cobain Mark , Costa Elisio , Guldemond Nick , Hancock Christine , Onder Graziano , Pecorelli Sergio , Silva Mitchell , Tournoy Jos , Trevisan Caterina , Votta Mariano , Yfantopoulos John , Yghemonos Stecy , Clay Vincent , Mondello Malvestiti Franco , De Schaetzen Karine , Sykara Georgia , Donde Shaantanu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Policies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic have disrupted the screening, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of noncommunicable (NCD) patients while affecting NCD prevention and risk factor control.

Aims
To discuss how the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the health management of NCD patients, identify which aspects should be carried forward into future NCD management, and propose collaborative efforts among public–private institutions to effectively shape NCD care models.

Methods
The NCD Partnership, a collaboration between Upjohn and the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing, held a virtual Advisory Board in July 2020 with multiple stakeholders; healthcare professionals (HCPs), policymakers, researchers, patient and informal carer advocacy groups, patient empowerment organizations, and industry experts.

Results
The Advisory Board identified barriers to NCD care during the COVID-19 pandemic in four areas: lack of NCD management guidelines; disruption to integrated care and shift from hospital-based NCD care to more community and primary level care; infodemics and a lack of reliable health information for patients and HCPs on how to manage NCDs; lack of availability, training, standardization, and regulation of digital health tools.

Conclusions
Multistakeholder partnerships can promote swift changes to NCD prevention and patient care. Intra- and inter-communication between all stakeholders should be facilitated involving all players in the development of clinical guidelines and digital health tools, health and social care restructuring, and patient support in the short-, medium- and long-term future. A comprehensive response to NCDs should be delivered to improve patient outcomes by providing strategic, scientific, and economic support.
Numerical analysis of three-dimensional thermo-elastic rolling contact under steady-state conditions
Authors: Yu Yonghun , Suh Junho 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, a three-dimensional thermo-elastic model that considers the interaction of mechanical and thermal deformation is developed using a semi-analytic method for steady-state rolling contact. Creepage types in all directions are considered in this model. For verification, the numerical analysis results of shear traction and temperature increase are compared separately with existing numerical results, and the consistency is confirmed. The analysis results include heat flux, temperature increase, contact pressure, and shear traction. Under severe rolling conditions, the thermal effect changes the behavior of the contact interface significantly. Furthermore, the effects of creepage, rolling speed, and conformity under different rolling and creep conditions are investigated.
A Self-Report Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) for Face-To-Face or Telemedicine Encounters to Assess Clinical Severity (RAPID3) and Screen for Fibromyalgia (FAST) and Depression (DEP)
Authors: Gibson Kathryn A. , Pincus Theodore 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
To update the clinical value of a patient self-report multidimensional health assessment questionnaire (MDHAQ).

Recent Findings
The MDHAQ includes 10 individual quantitative scores for physical function, pain, patient global assessment, fatigue, sleep, anxiety, depression, morning stiffness, change in status, and exercise status, and 5 indices, RAPID3 (routine assessment of patient index data) to assess clinical status in all diseases studied, FAST3 (fibromyalgia assessment screening tool) and MDHAQ-Dep (depression) to screen for fibromyalgia and/or depression, RADAI self-report of specific painful joints and joint count, and a symptom checklist for review of systems, and recognition of flares and medication adverse events. The MDHAQ also uniquely queries traditional “medical” information concerning comorbidities, falls, trauma, new symptoms, illnesses, surgeries, hospitalizations, emergencies, medication changes, and medication side effects. Three MDHAQ versions include long for new patients, short for new and return patients, and telemedicine. An electronic MDHAQ (eMDHAQ) has been developed with software that can interface with any electronic medical record (EMR) through the HL7 FHIR standard. However, EMR collaboration and implementation have proven difficult.

Summary
An MDHAQ provides a quantitative overview of patient status with far more information and documentation than an interview, involving minimal extra work for the physician.
A federated approach for detecting the chest diseases using DenseNet for multi-label classification
Authors: Priya K. V. , Peter J. Dinesh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMulti-label disease classification algorithms help to predict various chronic diseases at an early stage. Diverse deep neural networks are applied for multi-label classification problems to foresee multiple mutually non-exclusive classes or diseases. We propose a federated approach for detecting the chest diseases using DenseNets for better accuracy in prediction of various diseases. Images of chest X-ray from the Kaggle repository is used as the dataset in the proposed model. This new model is tested with both sample and full dataset of chest X-ray, and it outperforms existing models in terms of various evaluation metrics. We adopted transfer learning approach along with the pre-trained network from scratch to improve performance. For this, we have integrated DenseNet121 to our framework. DenseNets have a few focal points as they help to overcome vanishing gradient issues, boost up the feature propagation and reuse and also to reduce the number of parameters. Furthermore, gradCAMS are used as visualization methods to visualize the affected parts on chest X-ray. Henceforth, the proposed architecture will help the prediction of various diseases from a single chest X-ray and furthermore direct the doctors and specialists for taking timely decisions.
Historic low stand of Great Salt Lake, Utah: I
Authors: Jewell Paul W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGreat Salt Lake of Utah is among the largest and most ecologically important water bodies in North America. Since the late 1950s, the lake has been divided into two hydrologically distinct water bodies by a rock-fill railroad causeway. Flux through the causeway is driven by two forces: differential surface elevation and differential density between the north and south arms. The south arm features episodic vertical stratification due to the influx of deep, dense brine from the north arm. The source of this brine (a breach, two culverts, or subsurface flow) has been investigated over the past 50 years. Quantification of subsurface water flux through the causeway has been problematic due to the heterogeneous and slowly compacting nature of the causeway fill over time. Between 2008 and 2015, enhanced gauging of various surface inflows and outflows and density measurements made throughout the lake permitted detailed water volume calculations of both lake arms. Results show that during high precipitation years, density-driven, north-to-south flow through the causeway predominates due to freshening of water in the south arm. At other times, south-to-north head gradient driven flow and north-to-south density-driven flow are approximately equal. The model suggests subsurface flux through the causeway is one important driver of the ecologically important deep brine layer in the south arm of the lake over the past 20 years.
Controlled urban sprawl in Auckland, New Zealand and its impacts on the natural environment and housing affordability
Authors: Xu Tingting , Gao Jay 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAuckland experienced phenomenal expansion since 1841. This study assesses the pace of urban sprawl and its control over the natural environment and housing affordability. After the urban built-up area was mapped, its change over time was detected, and correlated with population. From 1842 to 2014 built-up area in Auckland grew from 48 ha to 50,531 ha. The pace of growth was 151 ha/year during 1842–1945 but jumped to 989 ha per annum during 1975–2001. It dropped to only 249 ha per annum in this century. This unchecked sprawl is a direct response to population growth and facilitated by improved transportation. Since the late 1990s urban built-up areas experienced a subdued expansion despite continued population growth. This curtailed sprawl is attributed to the contentious planning regulations implemented to curtail sprawl. Consequently, population density rose to 28 persons/ha, the highest since a century ago. Urban growth has reduced biomass and green fields with mean vegetation index dropped from 129.5 to 118.7 during 2002–2014 with a smaller standard deviation, suggesting the landscape is increasingly homogenized. House prices rose slowly when the growth potential decreased slowly and vice versa (r = − 0.925) while the number of vacant sections suitable for single dwellings declined. Thus, controlled urban sprawl is largely responsible for the skyrocketed price of sections and declined housing affordability.
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF THE DECUMULATION OF A RETIREMENT PORTFOLIO WITH VARIABLE SPENDING AND DYNAMIC ASSET ALLOCATION
Authors: Forsyth Peter A. , Vetzal Kenneth R. , Westmacott Graham 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe extend the Annually Recalculated Virtual Annuity (ARVA) spending rule for retirement savings decumulation (Waring and Siegel (2015) Financial Analysts Journal, 71(1), 91–107) to include a cap and a floor on withdrawals. With a minimum withdrawal constraint, the ARVA strategy runs the risk of depleting the investment portfolio. We determine the dynamic asset allocation strategy which maximizes a weighted combination of expected total withdrawals (EW) and expected shortfall (ES), defined as the average of the worst 5% of the outcomes of real terminal wealth. We compare the performance of our dynamic strategy to simpler alternatives which maintain constant asset allocation weights over time accompanied by either our same modified ARVA spending rule or withdrawals that are constant over time in real terms. Tests are carried out using both a parametric model of historical asset returns as well as bootstrap resampling of historical data. Consistent with previous literature that has used different measures of reward and risk than EW and ES, we find that allowing some variability in withdrawals leads to large improvements in efficiency. However, unlike the prior literature, we also demonstrate that further significant enhancements are possible through incorporating a dynamic asset allocation strategy rather than simply keeping asset allocation weights constant throughout retirement.
First report ofAcanthochaetetes(Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Cretaceous Khalsi Formation, Ladakh Himalaya, India
Authors: Barman Prasenjit , Sánchez-Beristain Francisco , Mishra Shruti Ranjan , Ibrahim Mohd , Swami Narendra Kumar , Bamniya Mukesh , Singh Shailendra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Cretaceous chaetetid spongeAcanthochaetetes huauclillensisSánchez-Beristain and García-Barrera is reported for the first time from the Aptian–Cenomanian Khalsi Formation, Ladakh Himalaya, India. Its low- to high-domical growth form could suggest an adaptation to either an environment with constant sedimentation rates, or to an irregular substrate. However, these growth forms also may indicate an absence of important environmental/sedimentological changes during the lifespan of the sponges. In addition, the growth form of this species suggests a calm, non-turbulent, reef-like microenvironment. Along with the other faunal assemblages, such as the rudists, corals, and the gastropodNerinea,A.huauclillensisindicates a tropical to subtropical shallow marine carbonate platform setting. This new finding extends its stratigraphic range from the upper Hauterivian to the Aptian–Cenomanian interval in the eastern Tethyan realm.
Divisive jobs: three facets of risk, precarity, and redistribution
Authors: Pahontu Raluca L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA central challenge in understanding public opinion shifts is identifying whose opinions change. Political economists try to uncover this by exploring voters’ economic vulnerability, particularly the relationship between labor-market risk and redistribution preferences. Predominantly, however, such work imputes risk from occupational or sectoral characteristics. Due to within-occupational inequality in exposure to risk, considerable variation remains unexplored. I propose an individual-level, dynamic account of risk inferred from job tenure, contract type, and expectations of job security. These aspects, importantly, account for individual variation in risk and the possibility that one's experience of risk may change across time. The results indicate the usefulness of this approach to risk in understanding changes in social spending preferences.
Dinaric up-thrusts in the Pliocene evolution of the Central Apennines thrust belt of Italy: the Montagna dei Fiori structure
Authors: Calamita Fernando , Pace Paolo , Scisciani Vittorio , Properzi Fabiana , Francioni Mirko 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeveral orogenic belts exhibit regional-scale anticlines characterized by prominent faults in their crestal/forelimb zone. These faults are also a common feature in the Neogene fold-and-thrust belt of the Apennines, where they have been contrastingly interpreted as younger-on-older thrust faults, large-scale strike-slip faults, and pre- or syn-thrusting normal faults. In this study, we analysed a NW–SE-trending fault (Montagna dei Fiori Fault) that affects the hinge-zone/forelimb of the Montagna dei Fiori Anticline. This fold is the outermost exposed contractional structure within the Pliocene–Quaternary antiformal stack of the outer Central Apennines. The integration of stratigraphic and structural data collected during a field geological survey enabled us to reconstruct a multiphase reactivation and deformation along the Montagna dei Fiori Fault. From the novel field data, a different interpretation for the evolution of the Montagna dei Fiori Fault is proposed. The fault originated as a Late Cretaceous – middle Miocene, NE-dipping, Dinaric up-thrust and was later reactivated, displaced and rotated during Pliocene Apennine thrusting and related folding, until assuming a present-day SW-dipping attitude with an apparent normal fault character. This newly proposed Dinaric origin of the Montagna dei Fiori structure is compared with an analogous subsurface example of a Palaeogene–Quaternary structure imaged by seismic reflection profile in the Adriatic foreland. The outcome of this combined field and subsurface investigation provides new elements to unravel the complex evolution of the Apennine thrust belt that developed at the expense of a previously deformed foreland, ahead of the advancing Dinaric chain.
The impact of radical parotidectomy with immediate facial nerve reconstruction: a quality-of-life measure
Authors: Subramaniam N , Luu E , Asher R , Oates J , Clark J R , Low T-H 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveImmediate facial nerve reconstruction is the standard of care following radical parotidectomy; however, quality of life comparisons with those undergoing limited superficial parotidectomy without facial nerve sacrifice is lacking.MethodPatients who underwent parotidectomy were contacted to determine quality of life using the University of Washington Quality of Life and Parotidectomy Specific Quality of Life questionnaires. A total of 29 patients (15 in the radical parotidectomy and 14 in the limited superficial parotidectomy groups) completed and returned questionnaires.ResultsUsing the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire, similar quality of life was noted in both groups, with the radical parotidectomy group having significantly worse speech and taste scores. Using the Parotidectomy Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire, the radical parotidectomy group reported significantly worse speech, eye symptoms and eating issues.ConclusionThose undergoing radical parotidectomy with reconstruction had comparable overall quality of life with the limited superficial parotidectomy group. The Parotidectomy Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire better identified subtle quality of life complaints. Eye and oral symptoms remain problematic, necessitating better rehabilitation and more focused reconstructive efforts.