bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of raw kernel and peanut butter on glucose homeostasis in glucose‐intolerant obese women
Authors: Costa Neuza MB , Reis Caio EG , Ribeiro Daniela N , Totaro A S , Tonazio M C , Bressan Josefina , Mattes Richard D , Alfenas Rita CG 
Published: June 2021

The study aimed to investigate whether unprocessed (raw kernel) or processed peanut (butter) exert different effects on glucose homeostasis. Fifteen glucose‐intolerant obese women, in a randomized crossover clinical study, received a breakfast containing 75 g available carbohydrate, 42.5 g raw peanut (RP), peanut butter (PB) or no peanut ‐ Control meal. Blood sampling was performed at −10, 15, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 265, 295, 310, 340, 370, 430 and 490 minutes after the breakfast and after a lunch providing 75 g available carbohydrate at 240 min for the analysis of blood glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFA) and GLP‐1. Data were analyzed by ANOVA‐RM with the Bonferroni correction and ANOVA followed by Tukey test (p<0.05). The postprandial response (0–4h) of FFA and the glycemic response (4–8h) were lower in PB than the Control group. Higher insulin concentrations were observed 45 min after RP and at 120 and 370 min after PB, compared with the Control. Both peanut groups (RP and PB) had higher postprandial responses (0–8h) of GLP‐1 than the Control. The intake of 42.5 g peanut butter in the breakfast reduced the concentrations of FFA (0–4h) and postprandial glycemia (4–8h) even after the second meal intake. It is hypothesized that production of peanut butter disrupts cell walls, releasing the lipid content, which, in turn, reduces the gastric emptying time and thereby lower the glycemic response. Additionally, the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids provided by the peanuts may raise GLP‐1 secretion, improving insulin sensitivity and lowering blood glucose concentrations and the risk of type‐2 diabetes.Supported by Peanut Institute.
Maternal Height and child growth: intergenerational perspectives
Authors: Addo O. Yaw , Stein Aryeh D , Horta Bernardo L , Martorell Reynaldo ,   the COHORTS Group
Published: June 2021

We examined the association between maternal height and offspring birth weight and child growth in height using 6,853 mother‐child pairs from prospective birth cohort studies in 5 low‐to‐middle income countries (Brazil, Guatemala, India, Philippines and South Africa). We modeled conditional heights as height gains given prior heights and birth weight for the windows of birth, birth‐2y, 2–4y, and 4y‐adulthood.After adjusting for maternal SES, schooling and child sex, maternal height was linearly associated with child growth in both pooled and site stratified analyses. In pooled analysis, one SD unit increase in maternal height was associated with 0.16, 0.24, 0.17 and 0.32 SD units of offspring birth weight and conditional length at 2y; 4y, and adulthood windows respectively (each p<0.0001). Associations were consistent across the five sites.Even though offspring size is an outcome of genetic and environmental factors such as nutrition, maternal height appears to have comparable strengths of association with birth weight, conditional height gain for birth‐2y and 2–4y. This association is however, slightly higher for the 4y‐adulthood window of growth. Maternal height is significantly associated with child growth throughout the life course.COHORTS: Consortium of Health Oriented Research in Transitioning SocietiesGrant Funding Source : Wellcome Trust, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Endothelium‐dependent and independent effects of isoquercitrin in rat mesenteric bed involve nitric oxide production and direct activation of ATP‐sensitive K+ channels
Authors: Junior Arquimedes Gasparotto , Piornedo Rene dos Reis , Da Silva Santos Jose Eduardo , Assreuy Jamil 
Published: June 2021

The vascular effect of isoquercitrin (ISQ), a flavonoid with putative cardioprotective effects, was investigated in perfused mesenteric vascular bed removed from naïve Wistar rats (females, 3–4 months). The perfusion pressure (PP) was measured under continuous flux of physiological saline solution (PSS, 4 ml/min) containing phenylephrine (10 μM). In endothelium‐intact tissue, PP was reduced by ISQ around 13, 33 and 60% at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 1 μmol, respectively. Chemical removal of endothelium by sodium deoxycholate, as well as L‐NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and the K+ channel blockers tetraethylammonium or iberiotoxin, partially avoided (~40%) the effects of 1 μmol of ISQ. The ATP‐sensitive K+ channel blocker glibenclamide (GLB, 10 μM) vanished the effects of ISQ at 0.1 and 0.3 μmol, but was ineffective against 1 μmol. However, infusion of GLB + L‐NAME, or high K+ (40 mM) solution, fully prevented the effects of ISQ. These results suggest that, in addition to previously showed angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition, the vascular effects of ISQ includes direct opening of ATP‐sensitive K+ channels and increased production of NO in resistance arteries.Research support: DEGPP/UNIPAR and CNPq/Brazil.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress inhibition via S‐methyl‐N, N‐diethylthiocarbamate sulfoxide (DETC‐MeSO) in Focal Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rat
Authors: MohammadGharibani Payam , Modi Jigar , Menzi Janet , Prentice Howard , Tao Rui , Wu Jang Yen 
Published: June 2021

ER functions can be disturbed after excitotoxicity which leads to changes in calcium homeostasis. One approach for protecting neurons from excitotoxic damage is blocking of NMDA receptors with specific antagonists. We investigated the neuroprotective effect of DETC‐MeSO, a partial antagonist of NMDA receptors in the rat stroke model. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery for 2 hours. DETC‐MeSO (5.6 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously for 4 days, then rats were sacrificed and infarct size in the left hemisphere was measured by TTC staining. Western Blotting on the core and the penumbra tissue of both hemispheres was done for analysis of the expression of key proteins involved in apoptosis (Bax, Bcl‐2), heat shock proteins (HSP27, HSP70), GRP78, ER stress markers (IRE1, PERK and ATF6 pathways) and p‐AKT. TTC staining showed that DETC‐MeSO can decrease the lesion volume size in the left hemisphere. Up‐regulation of Bcl‐2 to Bax ratio was seen in the core and the penumbra of treatment group. HSP27 and p‐AKT protein expression were increased in the core and the penumbra of treated group, while HSP70 and GRP78 protein expression showed no changes. Our data indicated that the administration of DETC‐MeSO can attenuate ER stress, mostly via IRE1 pathway mediated by down‐regulation of IRE1α, Ask1, JNK and GADD34 proteins and up‐regulation of Bcl‐2 protein.Grant Funding Source: Florida Department of Health
Histological characteristics of mouse diaphragm lymphatics and their functional significance
Authors: Wang Wei , Zawieja David C. , Negrini Daniela 
Published: June 2021

Morphology and distribution of lymphatics in the mouse diaphragm were investigated using LYVE‐1, a lymphatic endothelial marker.Results1. Lymphatic networks were observed in the muscular (MP) and tendinous portions (TP) of the diaphragm. The density of small lymphatics (Φ ≤ 20 μm) in MP was much higher than in TP, while it was opposite for large (Φ ≥ 30 μm) lymphatics. 2. On the pleural side (PlS) most LYVE+ structures were tubular but scanty stomata. 3. On the peritoneal side (PeS), besides these same structures, there were LYVE+ membranous tissues that were ladder/lacy‐like structure with many stomata. 4. The same LYVE+ structure with stomata could be observed from both TP PlS and TP PeS. The TP PeS stomata were larger, rounder, and more open than the other side. This indicates that diaphragm lymph is mainly formed in MP and that diaphragmatic contraction may be a major force for lymph flow. Thus respiration may control diaphragmatic lymph flow. The stomata configuration suggests gated communication between the peritoneal and pleural cavities. The ladder/lacy‐like membranous structure may hold some still unclear cell components and provide an unveiled function of the diaphragm lymphatics. These findings provide evidence that the diaphragmatic lymphatic system may have special clinical significance in dialysis, metastasis, infection and nutrition. NIH HL70308, HL094269, & HL80526.
Susceptibility of the isolated female rat heart to ischemia‐induced ventricular fibrillation varies with estrous cycle stage
Authors: Clements-Jewery Hugh , Hatcher A.S. 
Published: June 2021

The vast majority of studies employing the isolated perfused rat heart model to study ischemic arrhythmias have used male rats only. The objective of this study was to determine the variation in susceptibility to ischemia‐induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) in isolated female rat hearts with the changing endogenous reproductive hormonal environment associated with the estrous cycle.Hearts were isolated from female rats under anesthesia and perfused with 3 mM K+ Krebs solution. Experiments were grouped according to estrous cycle stage that was determined by prior vaginal lavage (n=9–13 per group). A group of male rats was used as the control. Regional ischemia was induced by coronary ligation and maintained for 30 min. The incidence of VF was determined from the ECG.The incidence of VF in male hearts was 100%, while the incidence of VF in female hearts was also high but varied with stage of the estrous cycle (proestrus 89%, diestrus 78%, metestrus 100%, estrus 69%; p>0.05). There was no difference between groups in time to onset of VF or ischemic zone size (range 40–44% of total ventricular weight).In conclusion, the susceptibility of isolated female rat hearts to ischemic VF is comparable to that of male rat hearts. However, the variation in VF susceptibility in female rat hearts associated with the different stages of the estrous cycle may affect the statistical power of a study.Supported by a WVSOM intramural grant.
Expression of gastrin in the thin descending limb of Henle's loop in the mouse kidney: a molecular, localization, and functional study
Authors: Yang Yu , Evans Sarah , Escano Crisanto , Asico Laureano , Zhang Yanrong , Gonzalez Santiago Cuevas , Villar Van Anthony , Wang Xiaoyan , Pisegna Joseph R. , Wank Stephen A. , Armando Ines , Jose Pedro 
Published: June 2021

Gastrin is secreted mainly by G‐cells in the stomach and released into the circulation. It is taken up by renal tubules where it acts on cholecystokinin B receptors (CCKBR) to decrease sodium reabsorption. However, it is unknown whether or not gastrin can also be produced by the kidney and participate in the control of sodium homeostasis and blood pressure.We used real‐time RT‐PCR to determine the expression of gastrin mRNA in different areas of the mouse kidney and found the gastrin transcript in both medulla and papilla, indicating that gastrin may be synthesized in the kidney. Gastrin immunoreactivity was detected in the thin descending limb of Henle's loop (TDLHL), which was confirmed by colocalization with aquaporin 1, a marker of TDLHL. Expression of gastrin protein was also found in mouse kidney homogenates. In contrast, real‐time RT‐PCR, western blotting, and immunostaining revealed no expression of gastrin in the kidney of gastrin knock‐out (Gast −/−) mice. In addition, Gast−/− mice have higher blood pressure and lower sodium excretion than Gast+/+ mice.These results show for the first time that gastrin is expressed in the TDLHL of the mouse kidney. Furthermore, renal gastrin might contribute to increase sodium excretion and maintain normal blood pressure.
Impact of sleep disordered breathing and arousal state on the hypoxic ventilatory response and ventilatory long‐term facilitation
Authors: Syed Ziauddin , Lin Ho-Sheng , Mateika Jason H. 
Published: June 2021

PurposeTo examine the impact of sleep disordered breathing and arousal state on the magnitude of the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) and ventilatory long‐term facilitation (vLTF) during and after exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH), respectively.MethodsTen healthy males and 8 males with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were exposed to IH on two occasions; once during wakefulness and the other during sleep. The IH protocol consisted of 12‐2 min episodes of hypoxia (PETO2 – 50 mmHg) in the presence of PETCO2 levels sustained 3 mmHg above baseline. Each episode was followed by a 2 min normoxic recovery period with the exception of the last recovery period which was 30 min in duration.

Control
OSA

Wake
Sleep
Wake
Sleep

HVR
0.61±0.07*
0.46±0.06
0.64±0.10*
0.51±0.14

VE
1.19±0.03*§
1.09±0.03§
1.37±0.11*§†
1.13±0.05§†

VT
1.13±0.02*§
1.08±0.03§
1.27±0.07*§
1.09±0.05§

Bf
1.06±0.03§
1.00±0.01
1.08±0.04§
1.03±0.03

VE, VT, Bf ‐standardized to baseline. Significantly different from sleep (*) and baseline (§) p < 0.05. Trend toward a difference from control (†) p < 0.07.

Results & ConclusionsvLTF was evident during wake and sleep; however, the magnitude of vLTF as well as HVR was greater during wakefulness. The magnitude of vLTF tended to be greater in the OSA group compared to control. VT was the primary component responsible for vLTF during sleep while Bf also contributed to vLTF during wakefulness.Funding: VA Merit & NIH
Arcuate nucleus injection of anti‐insulin affibody prevents sympathetic response to circulating insulin
Authors: Luckett Brittany , Frielle Jennifer , Wolfgang Lawrence , Stocker Sean D. 
Published: June 2021

Insulin contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction by central actions to increase sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). The arcuate nucleus (ARC) abundantly expresses insulin receptors, and direct ARC injection of insulin raises lumbar SNA (LSNA). Therefore, we hypothesized that peripheral insulin acts on ARC neurons to increase LSNA and tested this by using an anti‐insulin affibody to neutralize insulin. To test the efficacy of the affibody, anesthetized Sprague‐Dawley rats received bilateral ARC injection (40nL) of either an anti‐insulin (1μg) or control affibody (1μg) ~10 min before ARC injection of insulin (4μU). The anti‐insulin vs control affibody abolished the increased LSNA (120 min: 99±1% vs 128 ±8%, n=4; P<0.05). Blood pressure and heart rate were similar between groups. Second, ARC injection of anti‐insulin vs control affibody prevented the increased LSNA during a hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp (7.5mU/kg/min, IV; 114±5% vs 153±15%, n=5–6; P<0.05). Yet, ARC injection of gabazine elevated LSNA in both anti‐insulin vs control animals suggesting the affibody does not generally inhibit ARC neurons. These results indicate circulating insulin acts directly on ARC neurons to increase SNA.Grant Funding Source : HL090826, APS UGSRF
Various types of branching patterns of celiac trunk
Authors: srivastava ajai kumar , sehgal Garima , Sharma Pradeep Kumar , Kumar Navneet , Singh Ragini , Parihar Anit , Aga Pallavi 
Published: June 2021

According to conventional anatomy, the celiac trunk divides into left gastric artery, common hepatic artery and splenic artery. The variations of branching patterns of celiac trunk may create surgical complications. Therefore the study has been carried out to identify and evaluate the spectrum of normal and variant anatomy of celiac axis by spiral computed tomography in the Departments of Anatomy and Radio‐diagnosis, C.S.M. Medical University, U.P., Lucknow, India. CT‐angiograms of 50 subjects were analyzed. In the present study, the celiac artery displayed classical trifurcation (28%), bifurcation (8%), quadrifurcation (36%), pentafurcation (20%) and hexafurcation (4%). Celiac trunk was absent in 4% cases. Knowledge of such variations can revolutionise successful surgical procedures around celiac trunk and the planning of image‐guided interventions.No financial support is obtained from any source.
Morphometry of nerves responsible for sensory innervation of the hind limbs in rats
Authors: da Silva Letícia Oliveira Neri , de Aguiar Mendes Vânia Alice , de Amorim Milena Menezes , Sanada Luciana Sayuri , Fazan Valéria Paula Sassoli 
Published: June 2021

The sensory innervation of the distal hind limb is achieved by branches of the sacral and lumbar plexuses. In rats, the skin of the dorsum of the foot is innervated mainly by the sural and saphenous nerves, with considerable overlapping between them. We aimed to compare the morphology and morphometry of the sural and saphenous nerves in young rats. Female Wistar rats (N=5) aged 30 days were perfused with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and had their right and left sural and saphenous nerves prepared for light microscopy and morphometry. Comparisons were made between segments (proximal and distal) and sides in the same nerves and between nerves of the same side. Both nerves are longitudinally symmetric on both sides. A lateral symmetry is also present on both nerves. In general, no differences were found between nerves, either for the fascicle or for the myelinated fibers morphometry. The similar number of myelinated fibers, associated with their similar size in both sural and saphenous nerves suggests that the innervation territory for both nerves is equally distributed. This information is useful for studies of sensory neuropathies, in particular, studies of pain.Grant Funding Source : FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and FAEPA
RICOM: a potential male contraceptive agent?
Authors: McNeil Rosie Thecla , Ekwere Ekwere Okon , Adebesin Abduljalil A , Okwuasaba Francis Kanayo , Ochigbo Adam John 
Published: June 2021

The minor seed variety of RICOM – 1013‐J, a local contraceptive agent among the Rukuba women of Central Nigeria was studied.The N‐hexane extract of RICOM has been shown to possess anti‐fertility properties in adult cyclic Sprague‐Dawley rats. The ether‐methanolic extract of the seeds has been proven to possess an oestrogen‐like effect on the female genital tract of adult Wistar rats. It induced vaginal opening in prenatal rat. However, the effect of RICOM on male fertility has not been documented.Thus the aim of this study is to assess the effect of RICOM on testicular structure and function; semen parameters in vivo and in vitro and, to compare its effect to that of a known drug (diane35, which contains 0.035g cyproterone acetate and 2mg of ethinyl oestradiol/tab).The semen parameters in vivo showed marked suppression of testicular function in both the groups treated with RICOM and diane35, when compared to that of the control.We concluded that Ricinus communis‐linn suppresses testicular function and is a potential male contraceptive agent. This possibility should however be investigated further.
Chronic effect of parathyroid hormone on Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 gene proximal promoter
Authors: Neri Elida Adalgisa , Queiroz-Leite Gabriella Duarte , Bezerra Camila Nogueira Alves , Rebouças Nancy Amaral 
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have shown that parathyroid hormone (PTH) chronically inhibits NHE3 in opossum kidney cells (OKP) by reducing total NHE3 protein and mRNA levels by modulation of the transcription. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms of PTH on the NHE3 gene promoter. Different segments of the proximal promoter (−157/+31; −85/+31; −65/+31 and −44/+31) were inserted in the pGL3‐ basic luciferase reporter vector, and point mutations were introduced in some regulatory elements, which were also evaluated by gel shift assays (GMSA). OKP cells were transiently transfect with the vector constructs and kept in serum‐free media for 24 h, then treated with 10−7M PTH for 24 h. PTH decreased the promoter activity of the fragments −65 and −44 (~21% and 31% respectively). Mutations on Sp1/Egr‐1 and AP2 elements completely abolished the PTH inhibitory effect. Inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway abolished the suppressor effect of PTH on fragment −65. In GMSA, PTH reduced the protein‐DNA affinity of the segment −44/+31.In conclusion, these data suggest that the cis‐element(s) required for PTH responsiveness must be localized in the proximal promoter and the JAK/STAT pathway is involved in this inhibitory response.Financial Support: FAPESP and CAPES
Nucleotide‐Dependent Conformational Changes in the N‐Ethylmaleimide Sensitive Factor (NSF) and their Potential Role in SNARE Complex Disassembly
Authors: Moeller Arne , Zhao Chunxia , Fried Michael G. , Wilson-Kubalek Elizabeth M. , Carragher Bridget , Potter Clinton S. , Whiteheart Sidney W. 
Published: June 2021

Homohexameric, N‐ethylmaleimide Sensitive Factor (NSF) disassembles Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptor (SNARE) complexes after membrane fusion, an essential step in vesicular trafficking. NSF contains three domains (NSF‐N, NSF‐D1, and NSF‐D2), each contributing to activity. We combined electron microscopic (EM) analysis, analytical ultracentrifugation (AU) and functional mutagenesis to visualize NSF's ATPase cycle. 3D density maps show that NSF‐D2 remains stable; whereas, NSF‐N undergoes large conformational changes. NSF‐Ns splay out perpendicular to the ADP‐bound hexamer and twist upwards upon ATP binding, producing a more compact structure. These conformations were confirmed by hydrodynamic, AU measurements. NSF‐ATP sediments faster with a lower frictional ratio (f/f0). Hydrodynamic analyses of NSF mutants define the structures underlying these conformational changes. Mapping mutations onto our 3D models allows interpretation of the domain movement and suggests a mechanism for NSF binding to and disassembly of SNARE complexes.The electron microscopy and image analysis presented here was conducted at the National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy which is supported by the National Institutes of Health though the National Center for Research Resources’ P41 program (RR017573). The work was also supported by grants HL56652 and HL091893 from the National Institutes of Health to SWW. AM received support from the NIH Roadmap Award P50 GM073197.
NAD(P)H oxidase‐dpendent H2O2 production and RyR‐IP3R activation are required for insulin induced GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Contreras-Ferrat Ariel , Vasquez Cesar , Espinosa Alejandra , Lavandero Sergio , Klip Amira , Jaimovich Enrique 
Published: June 2021

Insulin‐regulated GLUT4 traffic has been widely explored, but the role of calcium and ROS signaling in this process is poorly understood.We studied insulin‐induced GLUT4 traffic in GLUT4myc skeletal muscle cells.Insulin‐induced exofacial exposure of myc epitope, glucose uptake and Akt activation were independent of extracellular calcium. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA‐AM inhibited Akt, p70S6K and ERK1 activation but not p‐ERK2. p‐ERK1/2 was inhibited by 2‐APB, an IP3R inhibitor. Cytosol directed parvalbumin reduced insulin‐dependent exposure of myc. Moreover, ryanodine and 2‐ APB partly inhibited myc exposure with an additive effect. The calcium ionophore ionomycin induced an increase in extracellular exposure of myc and was additive to insulin. In myotubes maintained in calcium‐free media, the effect of insulin was totally inhibited by ionomycin. Insulin increased H2O2 production measured with the cytosolic molecular sensor HyPer which was inhibited by NAC. p47 subunit of NADP(H)ox labeled differentiated myotubes. Both antioxidant agents, NAC and trolox partly reduced the externalization of myc as did the NADP(H)ox inhibitor apocynin and overexpression of catalase.These data suggest that insulin induces an increase in NADP(H)ox‐dependent H2O2 production and RyR/IP3R calcium channels activation to foster GLUT4 translocation.FONDAP 15010006, FONDECYT 3110170