bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students’ Reasoning About Whether to Report When Others Cheat: Conflict, Confusion, and Consequences
Authors: Waltzer Talia , Samuelson Arvid , Dahl Audun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNearly all students believe academic cheating is wrong, yet few students say they would report witnessed acts of cheating. To explain this apparent tension, the present research examined college students’ reasoning about whether to report plagiarism or other forms of cheating. Study 1 examined students’ conflicts when deciding whether to report cheating. Most students gave reasons against reporting a peer (e.g., social and physical consequences, a lack of responsibility to report) as well as reasons in favor of reporting (e.g., concerns about welfare, justice, and fairness). Study 2 provided experimental confirmation that the contextual factors referenced by Study 1 participants in fact influenced decisions about whether to report cheating. Overall, the findings indicate that students often decide against reporting peers’ acts of cheating, though not due to a lack of concern about integrity. Rather, students may refrain from reporting because of conflicting concerns, lack of information about school policy, and perceived better alternatives to reporting.
Reliability assessment of hyperspectral imaging with the HyperView™ system for lower extremity superficial tissue oxygenation in young healthy volunteers
Authors: Kleiss Simone F. , Ma Kirsten F. , El Moumni Mostafa , Schuurmann Richte C. L. , Zeebregts Clark J. , Haalboom Marieke , Bokkers Reinoud P. H. , de Vries Jean-Paul P. M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurpose: Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a noninvasive spectroscopy technique for determining superficial tissue oxygenation. The HyperView™ system is a hand-held camera that enables perfusion image acquisition. The evaluation of superficial tissue oxygenation is warranted in the evaluation of patients with peripheral arterial disease. The aim was to determine the reliability of repeated HSI measurements. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, HSI was performed on 50 healthy volunteers with a mean age of 26.4 ± 2.5 years, at the lower extremity. Two independent observers performed HSI during two subsequent measurement sessions. Short term test–retest reliability and intra- and inter-observer reliability were determined, and generalizability and decision studies were performed. Transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPo2) measurements were also performed. Results: The short term test–retest reliability was good for the HSI values determined at the lower extremity, ranging from 0.72 to 0.90. Intra- and inter-observer reliability determined at different days were poor to moderate for both HSI (0.24 to 0.71 and 0.30 to 0.58, respectively) and TcPo2 (0.54 and 0.56, and 0.51 and 0.31, respectively). Reliability can be increased to >0.75 by averaging two measurements on different days. Conclusion: This study showed good short term test–retest reliability for HSI measurements, however low intra- and inter-observer reliability was observed for tissue oxygenation measurements with both HSI and TcPo2 performed at separate days in young healthy volunteers. Reliability of HSI can be improved when determined as a mean of two measurements taken on different days.
Hero Turned Villain: Identification of Components of the Sex Pheromone of the Tomato Bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis
Authors: Hall David R. , Harte Steven J. , Bray Daniel P. , Farman Dudley I. , James Rob , Silva Celine X. , Fountain Michelle T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNesidiocoris tenuis(Reuter) (Heteroptera: Miridae) is a tropical mirid bug used as a biocontrol agent in protected crops, including tomatoes. AlthoughN. tenuispredates important insect pests, especially whitefly, it also causes damage by feeding on tomato plants when prey populations decline, resulting in significant economic losses for growers. The pest is now established in some all-year-round tomato crops in Europe and control measures involve the application of pesticides which are incompatible with current IPM programs. As part of future IPM strategies, the pheromone ofN. tenuiswas investigated. Volatile collections were made from groups and individuals of mated and unmated, females and males. In analyses of these collections by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic (EAG) recording from antennae of male bugs, two EAG-active components were detected and identified as 1-octanol and octyl hexanoate. Unlike other mirids, both male and femaleN. tenuisproduced the two compounds, before and after mating, and both sexes gave EAG responses to both compounds. Furthermore, only octyl hexanoate was detected in whole body solvent washes from both sexes. These compounds are not related to the derivatives of 3-hydroxybutyrate esters found as pheromone components in other members of the Bryocrinae sub-family, and the latter could not be detected in volatiles fromN. tenuisand did not elicit EAG responses. Nevertheless, experiments carried out in commercial glasshouses showed that traps baited with a blend of the synthetic pheromone components caught essentially only maleN. tenuis, and significantly more than traps baited with octyl hexanoate alone. The latter caught significantly moreN. tenuisthan unbaited traps which generally caught very few bugs. Traps at plant height caught moreN. tenuismales than traps 1 m above or at the base of the plants. The trap catches provided an indication of population levels ofN. tenuisand were greatly reduced following an application of insecticide.
A Comprehensive Deep Learning-Based Approach to Reduced Order Modeling of Nonlinear Time-Dependent Parametrized PDEs
Authors: Fresca Stefania , Dede’ Luca , Manzoni Andrea 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConventional reduced order modeling techniques such as the reduced basis (RB) method (relying, e.g., on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)) may incur in severe limitations when dealing with nonlinear time-dependent parametrized PDEs, as these are strongly anchored to the assumption of modal linear superimposition they are based on. For problems featuring coherent structures that propagate over time such as transport, wave, or convection-dominated phenomena, the RB method may yield inefficient reduced order models (ROMs) when very high levels of accuracy are required. To overcome this limitation, in this work, we propose a new nonlinear approach to set ROMs by exploiting deep learning (DL) algorithms. In the resulting nonlinear ROM, which we refer to as DL-ROM, both the nonlinear trial manifold (corresponding to the set of basis functions in a linear ROM) as well as the nonlinear reduced dynamics (corresponding to the projection stage in a linear ROM) are learned in a non-intrusive way by relying on DL algorithms; the latter are trained on a set of full order model (FOM) solutions obtained for different parameter values. We show how to construct a DL-ROM for both linear and nonlinear time-dependent parametrized PDEs. Moreover, we assess its accuracy and efficiency on different parametrized PDE problems. Numerical results indicate that DL-ROMs whose dimension is equal to the intrinsic dimensionality of the PDE solutions manifold are able to efficiently approximate the solution of parametrized PDEs, especially in cases for which a huge number of POD modes would have been necessary to achieve the same degree of accuracy.
Measurement Properties of the Full and Brief Version of the Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire in Persons with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Roels Ellen H. , Reneman Michiel F. , Post Marcel W. M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurpose The Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire (WORQ) is a self-report vocational rehabilitation assessment. A comprehensive (WORQ-FULL) and a brief version (WORQ-BRIEF) are available. The purpose of this study was to investigate measurement properties of both versions in persons with physical disabilities. Methods Cross sectional and test–retest design. Adults with physical disabilities in vocational rehabilitation were included. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), test–retest reliability (intra-class correlation; ICC), agreement between sessions (Bland–Altman Plots), criterion validity (ICC and agreement with Bland–Altman Plots between WORQ-FULL and WORQ-BRIEF) and convergent validity with the Work Ability Index -Single item (WAS) and the EuroQOL 5D-5L were analyzed. Results Out of the 91 individuals who agreed to participate, 74 (81%) returned questionnaire T1 and 49 (54%) participants returned questionnaire T2 within the maximum time interval (= 27 days). At T2, 28 (57%) participants reported no medical changes compared to T1. Median age was 49 (IQR 40–60), 57% were male, 47% had experienced a stroke and 27% a spinal cord injury (n = 49). Internal consistency was good: 0.95/0.95/0.94 for the WORQ-FULL and 0.88/0.89/0.85 for the WORQ-BRIEF (n = 74/n = 48/n = 28, respectively). Test–retest reliabilitywas good: ICC = 0.86/0.85 for the WORQ-FULL and ICC = 0.87/0.86 for the WORQ-BRIEF (n = 49/ n = 28). Bland Altman plots suggested a higher score at T1. As for criterion validity of the WORQ-FULL versus the WORQ-BRIEF, ICC was good (ICC = 0.84; n = 74), however Bland Altman plots indicated potential bias. Correlations with the WAS/EuroQOL 5D-5L were variable: r = -0.24/r = -0.57 (WORQ-FULL) and r = -0.28/-0.65 (WORQ-BRIEF). Conclusions The WORQ showed good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Agreement demonstrated large score differences are needed to indicate change beyond random chance at individual level, whereas small changes are sufficient at group level. Criterion validity of the WORQ-FULL versus the WORQ-BRIEF was supported, however, agreement demonstrated moderate to large score differences are needed to indicate change beyond random chance at individual level, whereas small changes are sufficient at group level. This indicates the WORQ-FULL and WORQ-BRIEF are better not used interchangeably. Correlation analyses provided better insight in the validity of the WORQ. Convergent validity was supported for the WORQ-BRIEF with the EuroQoL 5D-5L (r = -0.65).
There is nothing to identity
Authors: Fiocco M. Oreste 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSeveral have denied that there is, specifically, a criterion of identity for persons and some deny that there are, for any kind, diachronic criteria of identity. I argue, however, thatthere are no criteria of identity, either synchronic or diachronic, for any kind whatsoever(and could be none). I begin by elaborating the notion of a criterion of identity in order to clarify what exactly is being denied when I maintain there are none. I examine the motivation of those who qualify in some way the general claim that there are synchronic and diachronic criteria of identity for every kind, then present my direct and categorical argument against such criteria. I next evaluate the objections of those who argue that rejecting criteria of identity has untenable results. These objections are ineffective, each based on the incorrect assumption that if there is no criterion of identity for a kind, the identity of an instance of that kind is independent of its qualities. I conclude by considering some of the upshots of rejecting criteria of identity and the insight doing so provides into things in general and the limits of ontological inquiry.
Genome editing of polyploid crops: prospects, achievements and bottlenecks
Authors: Schaart Jan G. , van de Wiel Clemens C. M. , Smulders Marinus J. M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlant breeding aims to develop improved crop varieties. Many crops have a polyploid and often highly heterozygous genome, which may make breeding of polyploid crops a real challenge. The efficiency of traditional breeding based on crossing and selection has been improved by using marker-assisted selection (MAS), and MAS is also being applied in polyploid crops, which helps e.g. for introgression breeding. However, methods such as random mutation breeding are difficult to apply in polyploid crops because there are multiple homoeologous copies (alleles) of each gene. Genome editing technology has revolutionized mutagenesis as it enables precisely selecting targets. The genome editing tool CRISPR/Cas is especially valuable for targeted mutagenesis in polyploids, as all alleles and/or copies of a gene can be targeted at once. Even multiple genes, each with multiple alleles, may be targeted simultaneously. In addition to targeted mutagenesis, targeted replacement of undesirable alleles by desired ones may become a promising application of genome editing for the improvement of polyploid crops, in the near future. Several examples of the application of genome editing for targeted mutagenesis are described here for a range of polyploid crops, and achievements and bottlenecks are highlighted.
“I have Felt so Much Joy”: The Role of Emotions in Community Sponsorship of Refugees
Authors: Phillimore Jenny , Reyes-Soto Marisol , D’Avino Gabriella , Nicholls Natasha 
Published: April 2021

AbstractResettlement programmes are considered one solution to displacement following the so-called refugee crisis. Private or community-based sponsorship models enable volunteer groups to take responsibility resettling refugees. The UK Community Sponsorship scheme (CS) allows volunteer groups to support refugee families in their community. This paper explores the role of emotions in CS using Jaspers three-stage social action life cycle (1998) drawing upon Doidge and Sandri’s (Br J Sociol 70: 463–480, 2018) positive and negative emotions, Jaspers (Sociol Forum 13: 397–424, 1998) reactive and affective continuum and Hoggett and Miller’s (Community Dev J 35: 352–364, 2000) individual/group features to explore the role of emotions in CS work. Using interview data collected from 123 interviews with 22 sponsorship groups, we find across the life cycle that there is a shift from negative reactive emotions during group initiation to positive affective emotions during consolidation and finally a mix of negative and positive affective emotions as groups become sustained. Understanding the role of emotions in motivating and sustaining volunteers is essential to the success of the CS, to encourage group formation and reduce burnout.
Reducing Radiation Exposure to Paediatric Patients Undergoing [18F]FDG-PET/CT Imaging
Authors: Kertész Hunor , Beyer Thomas , London Kevin , Saleh Hamda , Chung David , Rausch Ivo , Cal-Gonzalez Jacobo , Kitsos Theo , Kench Peter L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the possibility of reducing the injected activity for whole-body [18F]FDG-PET/CT studies of paediatric oncology patients and to assess the usefulness of time-of-flight (TOF) acquisition on PET image quality at reduced count levels.

Procedures
Twenty-nine paediatric oncology patients (12F/17M, 3–18 years old (median age 13y), weight 45±20 kg, BMI 19±4 kg/m2), who underwent routine whole-body PET/CT examinations on a Siemens Biograph mCT TrueV system with TOF capability (555ps) were included in this study. The mean injected activity was 156 ± 45 MBq (3.8 ± 0.8 kg/MBq) and scaled to patient weight. The raw data was collected in listmode (LM) format and pre-processed to simulate reduced levels of [18F]FDG activity (75, 50, 35, 20 and 10% of the original counts) by randomly removing events from the original LM data. All data were reconstructed using the vendor-specific e7-tools with standard OSEM only, with OSEM plus resolution recovery (PSF). The reconstructions were repeated with added TOF (TOF) and PSF+TOF. The benefit of TOF together with the reduced count levels was evaluated by calculating the gains in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the liver and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in all PET-positive lesions before and after TOF employed at every simulated reduced count level. Finally, the PSF+TOF images at 50, 75 and 100% of counts were evaluated clinically on a 5-point scale by three nuclear medicine physicians.

Results
The visual inspection of the reconstructed images did not reveal significant differences in image quality between 75 and 100% count levels for PSF+TOF. The improvements in SNR and CNR were the greatest for TOF reconstruction and PSF combined. Both SNR and CNR gains did increase linearly with the patients BMI for both OSEM only and PSF reconstruction. These benefits were observed until reducing the counts to 50 and 35% for SNR and CNR, respectively.

Conclusions
The benefit of using TOF was noticeable when using 50% or greater of the counts when evaluating the CNR and SNR. For [18F]FDG-PET/CT, whole-body paediatric imaging the injected activity can be reduced to 75% of the original dose without compromising PET image quality.
Design of an Innovative Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Al Alloy for Selective Laser Melting to Produce Lighter Components for the Railway Sector
Authors: Sorci Roberto , Tassa Oriana , Colaneri Alessandro , Astri Alessandro , Mirabile Daphne , Iwnicki Simon , Demir Ali Gökhan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe railway industry can take advantage of additive manufacturing (AM) processes from several perspectives such as the production of spare parts on-demand or the use of lightweight structures for vibration and noise control. One of the key issues regarding the limitations of using these technologies is the scarcity of processable material types. Selective laser melting (SLM) is a metal AM process with industrial maturity where material development can open new prospects for the railway industry. In order to respond to such requirements, this study proposes a framework to study a new material from concept to the processability and finally to the preliminary mechanical characterization of alloy for SLM. The new material is an alloy based on AlSi7Mg reinforced by alumina nano-dispersoids. The powder feedstock was produced through VIGA (Vacuum Inert Gas Atomization) technology, while the mechanical alloying of the nano-dispersoids has been carried out through the ball-milling process. The obtained oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) powder has been used to produce samples by SLM. These samples have been characterized in terms of density, chemistry, and hardness. The obtained results showed that samples, produced by SLM were characterized by >1% porosity. Compared to the reference Al alloy, an increase up to 20% in microhardness was achieved for ODS samples made by the SLM process. The results show promise especially in terms of mechanical properties, even if additional work is needed concerning both the powder production and the AM process.
A Novel Approach to Predict the Process-Induced Mechanical Behavior of Additively Manufactured Materials
Authors: Kergaßner Andreas , Koepf Johannes A. , Markl Matthias , Körner Carolin , Mergheim Julia , Steinmann Paul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe grain structure and texture of additively manufactured materials depend strongly on the local temperature gradients during the solidification of the material. These grain structures and textures influence the mechanical behavior, ranging from isotropy to transversal and orthotropic symmetry. In the present contribution, a cellular automaton is used to model the grain growth during selective electron beam melting. The resulting grain structures and textures serve as input for a mesoscopic mechanical model. The mechanical behavior on the mesoscale is modeled by means of gradient-enhanced crystal plasticity, applying the finite element method. Computational homogenization is applied to determine the resulting macroscopic elastic and plastic properties of the additively manufactured metals. A general orthotropic yield criterion is identified by means of the initial yield loci computed with mesoscopic simulations of representative volume elements. The numerical results are partly validated with experimental data.
Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Stainless Steel 316L Lattice Structures
Authors: Carraturo M. , Alaimo G. , Marconi S. , Negrello E. , Sgambitterra E. , Maletta C. , Reali A. , Auricchio F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM), and in particular selective laser melting (SLM) technology, allows to produce structural components made of lattice structures. These kinds of structures have received a lot of research attention over recent years due to their capacity to generate easy-to-manufacture and lightweight components with enhanced mechanical properties. Despite a large amount of work available in the literature, the prediction of the mechanical behavior of lattice structures is still an open issue for researchers. Numerical simulations can help to better understand the mechanical behavior of such a kind of structure without undergoing long and expensive experimental campaigns. In this work, we compare numerical and experimental results of a uniaxial tensile test for stainless steel 316L octet-truss lattice specimen. Numerical simulations are based on both the nominal as-designed geometry and the as-build geometry obtained through the analysis of µ-CT images. We find that the use of the as-build geometry is fundamental for an accurate prediction of the mechanical behavior of lattice structures.
How to Handle Co-authorship When Not Everyone’s Research Contributions Make It into the Paper
Authors: Helgesson Gert , Master Zubin , Bülow William 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile much of the scholarly work on ethics relating to academic authorship examines the fair distribution of authorship credit, none has yet examined situations where a researcher contributes significantly to the project, but whose contributions do not make it into the final manuscript. Such a scenario is commonplace in collaborative research settings in many disciplines and may occur for a number of reasons, such as excluding research in order to provide the paper with a clearer focus, tell a particular story, or exclude negative results that do not fit the hypothesis. Our concern in this paper is less about the reasons for including or excluding data from a paper and more about distributing credit in this type of scenario. In particular, we argue that the notion ‘substantial contribution’, which is part of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship criteria, is ambiguous and that we should ask whether it concerns what ends up in the paper or what is a substantial contribution to the research process leading up to the paper. We then argue, based on the principles of fairness, due credit, and ensuring transparency and accountability in research, that the latter interpretation is more plausible from a research ethics point of view. We conclude that the ICMJE and other organizations interested in authorship and publication ethics should consider including guidance on authorship attribution in situations where researchers contribute significantly to the research process leading up to a specific paper, but where their contribution is finally omitted.