bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnóstico higiênico-sanitário de açougues e análise microbiológica da carne bovina “in natura” (coxão mole) comercializada nos municípios da microrregião Castanhal, estado do Pará
Authors: Damasceno Neto Manoel Soares , Moraes Carina Martins de , Oliveira Alessandra Fabianny Cunha de , Santos Neto José Gatinho dos , Pantoja Lorena Samara Gama , Silva Welligton Conceição da 
Published: April 2021

Objetivou-se avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos comercializadores de carne bovina “in natura” da microrregião Castanhal – Pará, assim como, determinar a carga microbiana da carne comercializada nos municípios dessa microrregião. Para tal, avaliação higiênico - sanitária de 68 estabelecimentos foi realizada nos municípios de Bujarú, Castanhal, Inhangapí, Santa Izabel do Pará e Santo Antônio do Tauá, através de preenchimento de “chek list” confeccionado de acordo com a legislação brasileira. Ainda, análises de Estaphylococcus coagulase positiva, coliformes a 35°C e a 45°C e Salmonella spp. foram realizadas em 63 amostras obtidas nos estabelecimentos visitados. Os resultados obtidos, demonstraram que 88,8% dos estabelecimentos analisados apresentaram condição higiênico - sanitária insatisfatória, 6,4% dos locais foram considerados regulares e somente 4,8% foram considerados satisfatórios. A presença de Salmonella spp. foi detectada em apenas uma amostra coletada no município de Santo Antônio do Tauá e uma amostra coletada em Inhangapi. Das amostras de carne analisadas 92% e 73% apresentaram coliformes a 35°C e 45°C, superiores a 1100 NMP/g, respectivamente, e as contagens de Estaphylococcus coagulase positiva variaram entre < 1,0 x 101 e 8,4 x 102 UFC/g. Segundo a legislação brasileira, é preconizado somente pesquisa de Salmonella spp. sendo considerado impróprias para o consumo humano, mesmo quando se evidenciam altos índices de microrganismos indicadores e falhas nas condições higiênico – sanitárias dos estabelecimentos comerciais. Conclui-se que os estabelecimentos que comercializam carne bovina “in natura” da microrregião Castanhal apresentaram condição higiênico-sanitária insatisfatória, confirmada pelas altas contagens de microrganismos indicadores encontradas nas amostras estudadas.
A Novel Diagnostic Model for Primary Adrenal Lymphoma
Authors: Yu Kai , Xue Qingping , Zhou Fangli , Tian Haoming , Xiang Qiao , Chen Tao , Ren Yan 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivePrimary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is easily misdiagnosed as other adrenal masses, such as adrenocortical carcinoma and pheochromocytoma, but patients with PAL benefit little from surgery. The diagnostic method for PAL thus far is limited to adrenal biopsy. In our study, we aimed to develop a quick and efficient diagnostic method for PAL.Methods and ResultsAt the same institution, 505 patients (between 2009 and 2019) and 171 patients (between 2019 and 2020) were separately included in the primary and validation studies. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and radiological characteristics. Four determinants (age, bilateral masses, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lactate dehydrogenase) were selected and further incorporated into a regression model to screen PAL. Accordingly, the nomogram was developed for clinical practice. In the primary study, the nomogram showed good discrimination, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 95.4% (95% CI, 90.6%–100.0%). Further validation study verified the efficacy of the nomogram, with an AUC of 99.0% (95% CI, 96.9%–100.00%) and 100.0% in all patients and patients with bilateral masses, respectively, and a sensitivity/specificity/positive predictive value (PPV)/negative predictive value (NPV) of 66.67%/99.40%/66.67%/99.40%, 66.67%/100%/100%/92.86%, 50%/99.20%/50%/99.20%, and 100%/100%/100%/100%, in all patients, patients with bilateral adrenal masses, patients with nonfunctional adrenal masses, and patients with positive catecholamine results, respectively. The validation study also revealed a diagnostic specificity of 99.35% and 100% for patients with a unilateral adrenal mass and functional PCC, respectively.ConclusionsThe presented nomogram is the first user-friendly diagnostic model for PAL that simplifies the complex diagnostic process into personalized numeric estimates. We deem that patients who score below 50 are less likely to have PAL. We suggest that clinicians should arrange adrenal biopsy and surgery for patients with nonfunctional tumors and overt catecholamine-secreting tumors, respectively, who receive a score of 50 points or higher to confirm the diagnosis as soon as possible.
Macro-Economic Variables and Stock Market: are they Co-integrated? - A Study on NSE India
Authors: Prasad Sahoo Aditya 
Published: April 2021

The stock market acts as a barometer for the economy. Stock Market Performance and Economic Growth go in hand in hand in the case of the Indian economy. While considering Indian economic growth, the stock market performance plays an essential role. The period of study ranges from 2000 to 2017. The tools used for the study are the ADF unit root test and Johansen co-integration test. The study concludes that Gross domestic product, FDI, Crude oil price, Inflation and Real interest rate have a significant relationship with the NSE stock market for the study period.
Determining the Financial Performance of Stock Market in India (With Special Reference to Derivatives)
Authors: Umamaheswari S 
Published: April 2021

The innovative practices always persuade concerned people, whereas ideas and innovation become the hallmark of progress. Even the Stock market is also not exempted from this, whereas financial derivatives have given the drastic change in the growth of the financial market. The major reason behind introducing derivatives is for minimizing or eliminating price risk through hedging. The Derivatives market has shown tremendous growth in recent years and has become multi-trillion dollar market. Marked with the ability to partially and fully transfer the risk by locking in asset prices, derivatives gain popularity among investors.
A series of acupuncture-related ocular injuries in Malaysia
Authors: Naffi Ainal Adlin , Ling Kiet Phang , Ratanam Mohanarasan , Kong Peter Vui Yin , Fong Kenneth Choong Sian , Bastion Mae-Lynn Catherine 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Acupuncture is a complementary medicine that has gained popularity in treating various systemic illness including the eye. However, there are few reported complications following acupuncture to the eye structures.
Purpose: To create awareness regarding the potential complications following acupuncture involving the eye and orbit.
Study design: Case series.
Materials and methods: We report six cases of ocular complications related to acupuncture procedures in Malaysia, from August 2019 until December 2019. The cases were compiled from a group of ophthalmologists who encountered the patients.
Results: The magnitude of the severity of complications ranges from non-sight-threatening complications to sight-threatening complications requiring evisceration. The complications compiled in this case series include preseptal cellulitis, subconjunctival haemorrhage, traumatic cataract, vitreous haemorrhage, macular hole, globe rupture, and panophthalmitis. Following the complications, patients who sustained sight-threatening complications required further surgical interventions.
Conclusion: Acupuncture has significant ocular morbidity if performed incorrectly in the eye or orbital area, ranging from mild to total loss of the eye.
DETERMINANT FATIGUE PADA PASIEN ESRD YANG MENJALANI HEMODIALISIS
Authors: Amelia Fitri , Safitri Kiki Hardiansyah , Suwanto Suwanto 
Published: April 2021

Latar Belakang: End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) merupakan penyakit ginjal kronik stadium akhir yang perlu dilakukan terapi dialysis. Saat terapi hemodialisis dampak yang paling dominan dirasakan adalah fatigue. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan fatigue adalah kadar hemoglobin, lamanya menjalani hemodialisis, perubahan tekanan darah, dan Inter Dialysis Weight Gain (IDWG). Tujuan: Menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berkorelasi dengan fatigue pada pasien ESRD yang menjalani hemodialysis. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan korelasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Jumlah responden sebanyak 30 dengan kriteria pasien telah menjalani hemodialisis kurang lebih 2 kali dan dalam keadaan sadar serta kooperatif. Pengukuran variabel dilakukan dengan pengukuran/observasi dan menggunkan kuesioner FACIT fatigue scale versi 4 secara online. Hasil: hasil penelitian ini didapatkan kadar hemoglobin nilai median 7,95 (min 5,00 max 13,50), lamanya menjalani hemodialisis median 14,00(min 2 max 96), tekanan darah sistol mean 155,76 (SD = 26,11), diastol mean 79,93 (SD = 12,39), IDWG mean 2,45 (SD = 1,169), fatigue median 44,0 (min 15 max 50). Uji korelasi fatigue dengan kadar hemoglobin (p value 0,379, r = -0,167), lamanya menjalani hemodialisis (p value 0,007, r = -0,479), tekanan darah sistol (p value 0,565, r = -0,109), diastol (p value 0,195, r = 0,234), IDWG (p value 0,525, r = -0,121). Kesimpulan: Yang artinya adanya korelasi bermakna untuk lamanya menjalani hemodialisis dengan fatigue. Tidak ada korelasi bermakna antara kadar hemoglobin, tekanan darah, dan IDWG dengan fatigue.
Effectiveness evaluation of extrapolation to frequency response of hydrophone sensitivity for measuring instantaneous acoustic pressure of diagnostic ultrasound
Authors: Chiba Yusuke , Yoshioka Masahiro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Precise measurement techniques of instantaneous acoustic pressure using the frequency response of hydrophone sensitivity have been investigated to evaluate the safety of diagnostic ultrasound. This technique requires the frequency range of sensitivities broader than bandwidth of the ultrasound. But available frequency range of sensitivities on a calibration certificate is limited. Extrapolation to the frequency range of certificated sensitivities might be an effective approach; however, the effectiveness of such extrapolation has not been sufficiently studied. In this paper, we propose a quantitative method for evaluating the effectiveness of such extrapolation, which is characterized by showing the narrowest frequency range of certificated hydrophone sensitivities necessary for precise measurement of instantaneous acoustic pressure in diagnostic ultrasound. The evaluation results showed that the extrapolation was generally effective for precise measurement using the certificated hydrophone sensitivity with a narrower frequency range than the bandwidth of the measured ultrasound.
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA FISIK TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PUSKESMAS PASAR BARU RANTAU PANJANG KECAMATAN TABIR
Authors: Yeni R Misra , Wariyadi Sukma 
Published: April 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan dan lingkungan kerja fisik terhadap kinerja pegawai Puskesmas Pasar Baru Rantau Panjang Kecamatan Tabir secara parsial maupun simultan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif- kuantitatif.Penelitian deskriptif adalah metode yang menggambarkan suatu data yang akan baik oleh peneliti sendiri maupun kelompok, sementara metode kuantitatif adalah metode mengunakan metode analisis kuantitatif, dimana hasil kuantitatif disajiakan dalam bentuk angka-angka yang kemudian dijelaskan dan diinterprestasikan dalam suatu uraian. Sampel berjumlah 60 orang yang merupakanpegawaipuskesmas pasar baru rantau panjang kecamatan tabirHasil penelitian ini, uji parsial variabel Gaya kepemimpinan (X1) didapatkan nilai thitung positif sebesar (3,684) > ttabel (2,002), nilai signifikansi 0,001 < 0,050, dan memiliki pengaruh sebesar 0,439 atau 43,9% sehingga H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima,dan variabel Lingkungan Kerja Fisik (X2) didapatkan nilai thitung positif sebesar (2,154) > ttabel (2,002), nilai signifikansi 0,035 < 0,050, dan memiliki pengaruh sebesar 0,274 atau 27,4% sehingga Secara parsial variabel Gaya kepemimpinan dan Lingkungan Kerja Fisik berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai.Uji simultan. Berdasarkan output Anova diketahui Bahwa nilai Fhitung positif sebesar 11,153 > Ftabel sebesar 3,160, nilai signifikansi 0,001 < 0,050, sehingga H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima, sehingga Secara simultan varibel Gaya Kepemimpinan (X1) dan Lingkungan Kerja Fisik (X2) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja (Y) pegawai. Berdasarkan output Model Summary didapat nilai R Square 0.256 atau 25,6%.. sedangkan sisanya sebesar 74,4% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lainya yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK KOMPOS KULIT KOPI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L) VARIETAS LEMBAH PALU
Authors: Hasnelly Hasnelly , Gatot Edi 
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Desa Tuo Kecamatan Lembah Masurai, selama 3 bulan yang dimulai pada tanggal 01Januari s/d 02 31 Maret 2017. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Kompos Kulit Kopi Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L)” Varietas Lembah Palu, dan untuk mengetahui dosis pupuk kompos kulit kopi yang tepat untuk pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 kelompok yaitu K0 = Tanpa Perlakuan Kompos Kulit Kopi, K1 = 45 g kompos kulit kopi, K2 = 90 g kompos kulit kopi, K3 = 135 g kompos kulit kopi K4 = 180 g kompos kulit kopi per petak. Hasil pengamatan dianalisis dengan menggunakan Statistik Analisis Ragam (Anova), apa bila berpengaruh nyata maka dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan New Multiple Range Tes’t (DNMRT) pada taraf 5 %. Parameter yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman (cm), jumlah daun (helai), berat umbi per rumpun (gr) dan Berat Umbi (Ton/ha). Dari hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian pupuk kompos kulit kopi berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman (cm), jumlah daun (helai), berat umbi per rumpun (gr) dan Berat Umbi (Ton/ha). Perlakuan terbaik yaitu K2 dengan pemberian perlakuan 90 g kompos kulit kopi Kata Kunci : Kompos Kulit Kopi, Pertumbuhan dan Hasil, Bawang Merah
EKSPLORASI DAN KARAKTERISASI MORFOLOGI TANAMAN KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea robusta L.) DI DATARAN MEDIUM KECAMATAN LEMBAH MASURAI KABUPATEN MERANGIN
Authors: Sopandi Acep , Herwanto Feri 
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter, keragaman, kemiripan karakter morfologi tanaman kopi robusta (Coffea robusta L.) sebagai langkah awal pelestarian plasma nutfah tanaman kopi robusta di dataran Medium Kecamatan Lembah Masurai Kabupaten Merangin. Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober sampai November 2019, dengan menggunakan metode survei dengan analisis deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel tanaman kopi robusta dilakukan secara purposive terhadap tanaman yang telah memenuhi kriteria. Data hasil pengamatan secara morfologi ditampilkan dalam bentuk tabel analisis keragaman dan gambar, analisis kemiripan menggunakan program NTSYSpc.v2.10e.Berdasarkan survei dan penggalian informasi dilapangan, didapat bahwa tanaman kopi robusta yang dikembangkan petani ditiga ketinggian berasal dari satu jenis yaitu genotif kopi robusta Ciari. Sampel yang memenuhi kriteria didapat sebanyak 21 aksesi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat karakter yang berbeda dan keragaman morfologi dari 21 aksesi. Variabilitas fenotif memiliki kriteria rata-rata sempit pada karakter bentuk daun, panjang daun, lebar daun, panjang tangkai daun, bentuk ujung daun, bentuk pangkal daun, warna daun muda, permukaan daun, bentuk tepi daun, warna matang buah, bentuk buah, diameter buah, warna biji, dan bentuk biji sedangkan pada karakter bentuk stipula dan warna biji menunjukkan variabilitas fenotif luas. Analisis kemiripan dengan menggunakan 11 karakter kualitatif yaitu bentuk stipula, bentuk daun, bentuk ujung daun, bentuk pangkal daun, warna daun muda, permukaan daun, bentuk tepi daun, warna matang buah, bentuk buah, warna biji, dan bentuk biji menghasilkan koefisien kemiripan pada angka 31% yang berarti memiliki tingkat kemiripan rendah. Kata kunci: Tanaman kopi robusta, Dataran medium, Karakterisasi, Morfologi, Keragaman, Kemiripan
Zeminlerde Sıvılaşma Analiz ve İyileştirme Yöntemleri
Authors: Mollamahmutoğlu Murat , Babuççu Fatih 
Published: April 2021

\"Zeminlerde Sıvılaşma Analiz ve İyileştirme Yöntemleri\" adlı kitap, zemin mekaniği konusunda önemli bir kaynak olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Kitap, Prof. Dr. Murat MOLLAMAHMUTOĞLU ve İnş. Y. Müh. Fatih BABUÇCU tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Bu kitap, zeminlerin sıvılaşma riski ve bu riskin nasıl analiz edileceği konularını ele almaktadır. Ayrıca, zeminlerin iyileştirilmesi için kullanılan yöntemleri de detaylı bir şekilde açıklamaktadır. Kitap, depremlerin yerel zeminlere olan etkisini de ele alarak, zemin mekaniği ile deprem mühendisliği arasındaki ilişkiyi vurgulamaktadır. Pratik bir yaklaşımla hazırlanan bu kitap, zemin mekaniği konusunda bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen mühendisler ve araştırmacılar için önemli bir kaynak niteliği taşımaktadır.

\"The book titled 'Liquefaction Analysis and Improvement Methods in Soils' stands out as an important resource in the field of soil mechanics. The book is written by Prof. Dr. Murat MOLLAMAHMUTOĞLU and Eng. M.Sc. Fatih BABUÇCU. This book addresses the liquefaction risk of soils and how this risk can be analyzed. Additionally, it provides detailed explanations of the methods used for soil improvement. The book also emphasizes the relationship between soil mechanics and earthquake engineering by discussing the impact of earthquakes on local soils. This practical approach makes the book a valuable resource for engineers and researchers who want to acquire knowledge in the field of soil mechanics.\"
FORTIFIKASI BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus costaricensis) PADA OPAK KASBI ( Manihot esculenta crantz )
Authors: Nereroan Yuliana , Rukmi Kuntjahjawati Susilo Adi , Masrukan Masrukan 
Published: April 2021

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang “ Fortifikasi buah naga merah (Hylocereus costaricensis) pada opak kasbi ( Manihot esculenta crantz ) ”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pada penambahan bubur buah naga merah pada pembuatan opak terhadap sifat fisik, kimia dan tingkat penerimaan panelis pada uji organoleptik. Rancangan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Data hasil pengamatan dari masing-masing parameter dianalisa statistik dengan uji F dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) pada taraf signifikansi 5%. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah fortifikasi bubur buah naga merah (Hylocereus costaricensis) dengan opak kasbi (Manihot esculenta crantz) dengan perlakuan fortifikasi opak kasbi yaitu dengan menambahkan bubur buah naga merah (Hylocereus costaricensis) (Kontrol, 5%,15%,25% dan 35%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fortifikasi bubur buah naga merah (Hylocereus costaricensis) pada opak kasbi (Manihot esculenta crantz) berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar air, kadar abu, pati, antioksidan, intensitas warna, ketebalan, pengembangan, warna, tekstur, flavor dan kesukaan. Berdasarkan hasil analisa uji organoleptik opak kasbi yang masih dapat diterima oleh panelis adalah pada perlakuan dengan penambahan bubur buah naga merah sebesar 35% yaitu dengan perbandingan antara bubur buah naga merah perlakuan (kontrol -35%) yang mempunyai sifat fisik yaitu dengan warna semakin merah kehitaman dan tekstur semakin rapuh. Sedangkan sifat organoleptik yang dimiliki yaitu dengan warna semakin merah kehitaman, tekstur semakin rapuh, dan flavor semakin terasa bubur buah naga merah dan rasanya semakin terasa bubur buah naga merah.
Analisis Pengaruh Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Lombok Utara
Authors: Kartika Shinta Eka , Sutianingsih Sutianingsih , Widowati Widowati 
Published: April 2021

This study aims to determine the level of growth, effectiveness, contribution, and prediction of revenue (PAD) in North Lombok Regency. The data collection technique uses documentation, namely data on regional retribution and PAD for the years 2014-2019. Data analysis using descriptive analysis. The results show that the growth of regional retribution has increased in 2014 and 2015 by 76.3 percent and 72 percent, respectively. Meanwhile, in 2016-2019, the realization of regional retribution decreased by 56.4 percent, 9 percent, 4.7 percent and 55.3 percent respectively. The level of effectiveness of the collection of regional retribution in 2014 was 114.4 percent (very effective). Meanwhile, in 2015 and 2016, respectively 89.1 percent and 88.2 percent (less effective). And in 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively 66.9 percent, 74 percent and 39.9 percent or included in the ineffective category. The contribution of regional retribution to PAD in 2014-2019 was 16.82 percent (not good), 22.83 percent (good enough), 7.88 percent, 6.16 percent, 6.76 percent and 2.69 percent respectively (not very good). The prediction of regional retribution for 2020-2022 is obtained by an average revenue for three years, namely IDR 19,474,844,122 or there will be an average increase of 33 percent per year. Meanwhile, the PAD prediction obtained an average revenue of IDR 342,948,257,802 or there will be an average increase of 33 percent per year.
METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING LINEAR CORRELATIONS BETWEEN INDICATORS OF POPULATION LIFE QUALITY IN REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND FIRE FATALITIES AMONG CHILDREN
Authors: Искалин Виктор Иосифович , Скибневская Тамара Гагиковна , Туз Наталья Владимировна , Васильева Людмила Викторовна 
Published: April 2021

В статье рассмотрено применение метода выявления значимости и важности линейных связей показателей качества жизни населения в регионах Российской Федерации и показателей гибели/травматизма детей на пожарах. Показано статистически достоверное наличие этих связей.
The article considers the application of method for identifying the significance and importance of linear correlation between indicators of the population life quality in regions of the Russian Federation and indicators of fire fatalities/injuries among children. The statistically significant presence of these correlations is shown.
Cosmic-Ray Diffusion Suppression in Star-forming Regions Inhibits Clump Formation in Gas-rich Galaxies
Authors: Semenov Vadim A. , Kravtsov Andrey V. , Caprioli Damiano 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Observations of the γ-ray emission around star clusters, isolated supernova remnants, and pulsar wind nebulae indicate that the cosmic-ray (CR) diffusion coefficient near acceleration sites can be suppressed by a large factor compared to the Galaxy average. We explore the effects of such local suppression of CR diffusion on galaxy evolution using simulations of isolated disk galaxies with regular and high gas fractions. Our results show that while CR propagation with constant diffusivity can make gaseous disks more stable by increasing the midplane pressure, large-scale CR pressure gradients cannot prevent local fragmentation when the disk is unstable. In contrast, when CR diffusivity is suppressed in star-forming regions, the accumulation of CRs in these regions results in strong local pressure gradients that prevent the formation of massive gaseous clumps. As a result, the distribution of dense gas and star formation changes qualitatively: a globally unstable gaseous disk does not violently fragment into massive star-forming clumps but maintains a regular grand-design spiral structure. This effect regulates star formation and disk structure and is qualitatively different from and complementary to the global role of CRs in vertical hydrostatic support of the gaseous disk and in driving galactic winds.