bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Levelized Cost of Energy Assessment for Offshore Wind Farms—An Examination of Different Methodologies, Input Variables, and Uncertainty
Authors: McAuliffe Fiona Devoy , Noonan Miriam , Murphy Jimmy 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Levelized cost of energy (LCoE) is the most common metric used in renewable energy assessments. However, this can be a very complex calculation with numerous methodologies depending on the perspective taken. Inputs including costs, energy production are generally forecasts and predictions based on publicly available information; therefore, they are key areas of uncertainty. Elements of the calculation are site or region specific such as the tax rate or inclusion of grid connection costs. The business case and financial assumptions applied will be very project specific, e.g., the discount rate applied. These numerous variables and uncertainties must be fully understood in order to effectively apply the metric or review and compare LCoEs. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive set of LCoE methodologies that provide a reference basis for researchers. A case study demonstrates the application of these methods and the variation in results illustrates the importance of correctly selecting the discount rate and cash flow based on the perspective and motivation of the user. Sensitivity studies further investigates the potential impact of key variables and areas of uncertainty on results. Analysis indicates that the energy production and discount rate applied will have the most significant impact on LCoE, followed by Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) costs. While the key areas of uncertainties cannot necessarily be solved, this paper promotes consistency in the application and understanding of the metric, which can help overcome its limitations.
State of Health Estimation Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network Model With Exogenous Input
Authors: Che Yanbo , Cai Yibin , Li Hongfeng , Liu Yushu , Jiang Mingda , Qin Peijun 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The working state of lithium-ion batteries must be estimated accurately and efficiently in the battery management system. Building a model is the most prevalent way of predicting the battery's working state. Based on the variable order equivalent circuit model, this article examines the attenuation curve of battery capacity with the number of cycles. It identifies the order of the equivalent circuit model using Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Based on the correlation between capacity and resistance, this article concludes that there is a nonlinear correlation between model parameters and state of health (SOH). The nonlinear autoregressive neural network with exogenous input (NARX) is used to fit the nonlinear correlation for capacity regeneration. Then, the self-adaptive weight particle swarm optimization (SWPSO) method is suggested to train the neural network. Finally, single-battery and multibattery tests are planned to validate the accuracy of the SWPSO-NARX estimate of SOH. The experimental findings indicate that the SOH estimate effect is significant.
Active faulting controls bedform development on a deep-water fan
Authors: Maselli Vittorio , Micallef Aaron , Normandeau Alexandre , Oppo Davide , Iacopini David , Green Andrew , Ge Zhiyuan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Tectonically controlled topography influences deep-water sedimentary systems. Using 3-D seismic reflection data from the Levant Basin, eastern Mediterranean Sea, we investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of bedforms on a deep-water fan cut by an active normal fault. In the footwall, the fan comprises cyclic steps and antidunes along its axial and external portions, respectively, which we interpret to result from the spatial variation in flow velocity due to the loss of confinement at the canyon mouth. Conversely, in the hanging wall, the seafloor is nearly featureless at seismic scale. Numerical modeling of turbidity currents shows that the fault triggers a hydraulic jump that suppresses the flow velocity downstream, which thus explains the lack of visible bedforms basinward. This study shows that the topography generated by active normal faulting controls the downslope evolution of turbidity currents and the associated bedforms and that seafloor geomorphology can be used to evince syn-tectonic deposition.
Collision dynamics of cytosine under proton irradiation
Authors: Qian Chaoyi , Wang Zhiping , Xu Xuefen , Wang Yanbiao , Zhang Fengshou 
Published: August 2021

In the framework of the time-dependent density-functional theory, applied to valence electrons, coupled non-adiabatically to molecular dynamics of ions, the collision dynamics of cytosine impacted by proton is studied. We especially focus on the effect of the collision orientations on the damage of cytosine by choosing two collision orientations taking the oxygen atom on the double bond CO as the collision site with the incident energy of proton ranging from 150 eV to 1000 eV. First, two collision dynamical processes are explored by analyzing the molecular ionization, the ionic position and the kinetic energy, the energy loss of proton and the electronic density evolution. The results show that the damage process of cytosine induced by proton impact is mainly the capture of electrons by proton, the departments of ions and groups as well as the opening of ring. It is found that the orientation has little effect on the loss of the kinetic energy of proton, which is about 21.5[Formula: see text] of the incident energy of proton. Although the scattering angle [Formula: see text] has a polynomial relationship with [Formula: see text] in both cases, it is greatly affected by the orientation. When [Formula: see text] eV, the scattering angle of proton colliding with O along the [Formula: see text]-axis is greater than that of proton colliding with O along the [Formula: see text]-axis. The orientation also has a great effect on the mass distribution of the fragments and the fragmentation route. When proton moves along the [Formula: see text]-axis, the fragmentation route is that O leaves the cytosine and the rest keeps on vibration, while products are not only related to the incident kinetic energy, but also show diversity when proton moves along the [Formula: see text]-axis.
Occupational Health Risk of Waste Pickers: A Case Study of Northern Region of South Africa
Authors: Uhunamure Solomon E. , Edokpayi Joshua N. , Shale Karabo 
Published: August 2021

In South Africa, waste pickers play a significant role in the management of waste at landfill sites. Waste picking is an income-generating venture for most people with low-income base. The activity of sorting waste at landfill sites is, however, associated with occupational health risks to waste pickers which this study has examined. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey with a convenience sampling method which was conducted among 114 waste pickers in three landfill sites in Limpopo Province of South Africa. A validated questionnaire was used in eliciting responses from the participants. The statistical technique employed includes the ANOVA, simple, and multiple regression. The results indicated that, in the last one year, waste pickers exposed to landfill sites were 1.7 times more likely to develop a common health disorder (AOR: 1.733; 95% CI: 1.069, 2.755;

P

value: 0.041). There was statistical significance between the number of days worked at the landfill and the health conditions of the waste pickers (

P

≤ 0.001). The cofounders were adjusted for age and years worked, and the result revealed that days worked by the waste pickers’ increased their chances of occupational health risks by 1.4 times. It is unlikely that waste pickers will have a risk-free environment, but supportive policies such as provision of adequate personal protective equipment and more awareness programmes on the health risks related to such enterprises will aid in abating the associated risks.
Polygenic Risk Score Improves Risk Stratification and Prediction of Subsequent Thyroid Cancer after Childhood Cancer
Authors: Song Nan , Liu Qi , Wilson Carmen L. , Sapkota Yadav , Ehrhardt Matthew J. , Gibson Todd M. , Morton Lindsay M. , Chanock Stephen J. , Neglia Joseph P. , Arnold Michael A. , Michael J. Robert , Gout Alexander M. , Mulder Heather L. , Easton John , Bhatia Smita , Armstrong Gregory T. , Zhang Jinghui , Delaney Angela , Hudson Melissa M. , Robison Leslie L. , Yasui Yutaka , Wang Zhaoming 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background:
Subsequent thyroid cancer (STC) is one of the most common malignancies in childhood cancer survivors. We aimed to evaluate the polygenic contributions to STC risk and potential utility in improving risk prediction.

Methods:
A polygenic risk score (PRS) was calculated from 12 independent SNPs associated with thyroid cancer risk in the general population. Associations between PRS and STC risk were evaluated among survivors from St. Jude Lifetime Cohort (SJLIFE) and were replicated in survivors from Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). A risk prediction model integrating the PRS and clinical factors, initially developed in SJLIFE, and its performance were validated in CCSS.

Results:
Among 2,370 SJLIFE survivors with a median follow-up of 28.8 [interquartile range (IQR) = 21.9–36.1] years, 65 (2.7%) developed STC. Among them, the standardized PRS was associated with an increased rate of STC [relative rate (RR) = 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.24–1.98; P &lt; 0.001]. Similar associations were replicated in 6,416 CCSS survivors, among whom 121 (1.9%) developed STC during median follow-up of 28.9 (IQR = 22.6–34.6) years (RR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.25–1.83; P &lt; 0.001). A risk prediction model integrating the PRS with clinical factors showed better performance than the model considering only clinical factors in SJLIFE (P = 0.004, AUC = 83.2% vs. 82.1%, at age 40), which was further validated in CCSS (P = 0.010, AUC = 72.9% vs. 70.6%).

Conclusions:
Integration of the PRS with clinical factors provided a statistically significant improvement in risk prediction of STC, although the magnitude of improvement was modest.

Impact:
PRS improves risk stratification and prediction of STC, suggesting its potential utility for optimizing screening strategies in survivorship care.
Functional Characterization of Brain Tumor-Initiating Cells and Establishment of GBM Preclinical Models that Incorporate Heterogeneity, Therapy, and Sex Differences
Authors: Garcia Cesar A. , Bhargav Adip G. , Brooks Mieu , Suárez-Meade Paola , Mondal Sujan K. , Zarco Natanael , ReFaey Karim , Jentoft Mark , Middlebrooks Erik H. , Snuderl Matija , Carrano Anna , Guerrero-Cazares Hugo , Schiapparelli Paula , Sarabia-Estrada Rachel , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults where tumor cell heterogeneity and sex differences influence clinical outcomes. Here, we functionally characterize three male and three female patient-derived GBM cell lines, identify protumorigenic BTICs, and create novel male and female preclinical models of GBM. Cell lines were evaluated on the following features: proliferation, stemness, migration, tumorigenesis, clinical characteristics, and sensitivity to radiation, TMZ, rhTNFSF10 (rhTRAIL), and rhBMP4. All cell lines were classified as GBM according to epigenetic subtyping, were heterogenous and functionally distinct from one another, and re-capitulated features of the original patient tumor. In establishing male and female preclinical models, it was found that two male-derived GBM cell lines (QNS108 and QNS120) and one female-derived GBM cell line (QNS315) grew at a faster rate in female mice brains. One male-derived GBM cell line (QNS108) decreased survival in female mice in comparison with male mice. However, no survival differences were observed for mice injected with a female-derived cell line (QNS315). In summary, a panel of six GBM patient-derived cell lines were functionally characterized, and it was shown that BTIC lines can be used to construct sex-specific models with differential phenotypes for additional studies.
Predictive Accuracy of a Clinical and Genetic Risk Model for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Khurshid Shaan , Mars Nina , Haggerty Christopher M. , Huang Qiuxi , Weng Lu-Chen , Hartzel Dustin N. ,   Regeneron Genetics Center, Lunetta Kathryn L. , Ashburner Jeffrey M. , Anderson Christopher D. , Benjamin Emelia J. , Salomaa Veikko , Ellinor Patrick T. , Fornwalt Brandon K. , Ripatti Samuli , Trinquart Ludovic , Lubitz Steven A. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) risk estimation using clinical factors with or without genetic information may identify AF screening candidates more accurately than the guideline-based age threshold of ≥65 years.

Methods:
We analyzed 4 samples across the United States and Europe (derivation: UK Biobank; validation: FINRISK, Geisinger MyCode Initiative, and Framingham Heart Study). We estimated AF risk using the CHARGE-AF (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology AF) score and a combination of CHARGE-AF and a 1168-variant polygenic score (Predict-AF). We compared the utility of age, CHARGE-AF, and Predict-AF for predicting 5-year AF by quantifying discrimination and calibration.

Results:
Among 543 093 individuals, 8940 developed AF within 5 years. In the validation sets, CHARGE-AF (C index range, 0.720–0.824) and Predict-AF (0.749–0.831) had largely comparable discrimination, both favorable to continuous age (0.675–0.801). Calibration was similar using CHARGE-AF (slope range, 0.67–0.87) and Predict-AF (0.65–0.83). Net reclassification improvement using Predict-AF versus CHARGE-AF was modest (net reclassification improvement range, 0.024–0.057) but more favorable among individuals aged <65 years (0.062–0.11). Using Predict-AF among 99 530 individuals aged ≥65 years across each sample, 70 849 had AF risk <5%, of whom 69 067 (97.5%) did not develop AF, whereas 28 681 had AF risk ≥5%, of whom 2264 (7.9%) developed AF. Of 11 379 individuals aged <65 years with AF risk ≥5%, 435 (3.8%) developed AF before age 65 years, with roughly half (46.9%) meeting anticoagulation criteria.

Conclusions:
AF risk estimation using clinical factors may prioritize individuals for AF screening more precisely than the age threshold endorsed in current guidelines. The additional value of genetic predisposition is modest but greatest among younger individuals.
The Effect of Rotation on Double Diffusive Convection: Perspectives from Linear Stability Analysis
Authors: Liang Yu , Carpenter Jeffrey R. , Timmermans Mary-Louise 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDiffusive convection can occur when two constituents of a stratified fluid have opposing effects on its stratification and different molecular diffusivities. This form of convection arises for the particular temperature and salinity stratification in the Arctic Ocean and is relevant to heat fluxes. Previous studies have suggested that planetary rotation may influence diffusive–convective heat fluxes, although the precise physical mechanisms and regime of rotational influence are not well understood. A linear stability analysis of a temperature and salinity interface bounded by two mixed layers is performed here to understand the stability properties of a diffusive–convective system, and in particular the transition from nonrotating to rotationally controlled heat transfer. Rotation is shown to stabilize diffusive convection by increasing the critical Rayleigh number to initiate instability. In the rotationally controlled regime, a −4/3 power law is found between the critical Rayleigh number and the Ekman number, similar to the scaling for rotating thermal convection. The transition from nonrotating to rotationally controlled convection, and associated drop in heat fluxes, is predicted to occur when the thermal interfacial thickness exceeds about 4 times the Ekman layer thickness. A vorticity budget analysis indicates how baroclinic vorticity production is counteracted by the tilting of planetary vorticity by vertical shear, which accounts for the stabilization effect of rotation. Finally, direct numerical simulations yield generally good agreement with the linear stability analysis. This study, therefore, provides a theoretical framework for classifying regimes of rotationally controlled diffusive–convective heat fluxes, such as may arise in some regions of the Arctic Ocean.
Learning Forecasts of Rare Stratospheric Transitions from Short Simulations
Authors: Finkel Justin , Webber Robert J. , Gerber Edwin P. , Abbot Dorian S. , Weare Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRare events arising in nonlinear atmospheric dynamics remain hard to predict and attribute. We address the problem of forecasting rare events in a prototypical example, sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). Approximately once every other winter, the boreal stratospheric polar vortex rapidly breaks down, shifting midlatitude surface weather patterns for months. We focus on two key quantities of interest: the probability of an SSW occurring, and the expected lead time if it does occur, as functions of initial condition. Theseoptimal forecastsconcretely measure the event’s progress. Direct numerical simulation can estimate them in principle but is prohibitively expensive in practice: each rare event requires a long integration to observe, and the cost of each integration grows with model complexity. We describe an alternative approach using integrations that areshortcompared to the time scale of the warming event. We compute the probability and lead time efficiently by solving equations involving the transition operator, which encodes all information about the dynamics. We relate these optimal forecasts to a small number of interpretable physical variables, suggesting optimal measurements for forecasting. We illustrate the methodology on a prototype SSW model developed by Holton and Mass and modified by stochastic forcing. While highly idealized, this model captures the essential nonlinear dynamics of SSWs and exhibits the key forecasting challenge: the dramatic separation in time scales between a single event and the return time between successive events. Our methodology is designed to fully exploit high-dimensional data from models and observations, and has the potential to identify detailed predictors of many complex rare events in meteorology.
How does trust affect help-seeking for Depression in Russia and Australia?
Authors: Cavanagh Daniel , Jurcik Tomas , Charkhabi Morteza 
Published: August 2021

Background: Depression is a major contributor to the global burden of disease that affects more than 300 million people worldwide. Cross cultural studies find that culture influences levels of trust which can impact upon an individual’s likelihood to seek psychological help when experiencing Depression. Aims: Help seeking is essential for improved mental health outcomes. This study aims to consider how trust affects help-seeking as well as examine the differences in stigma and social distance between participants in Russia and Australia. Method: Participants consisted of two separate samples from Australian ( n = 229) and Russia ( n = 259) which were recruited based on a vignette of a diagnostically unlabelled psychiatric case history with Depression using a cross-cultural research design. They completed items on the level of trust in health professionals, stigma and endorsement of help-seeking. Results: Findings suggest that trust can predict the endorsement of seeking help from a psychologist. Moreover, trust was lower for participants in Russia compared to those in Australia for mental health professionals. Participants in Russia had higher levels of stigma and social distance than their counterparts in Australia. Overall, participants in Australia were more likely to seek professional help than those in Russia. Conclusions: Trust can predict the endorsement of help-seeking from mental health professionals cross culturally. Barriers to help-seeking such as stigma continue to negatively affect mental health outcomes, particularly in Russia.
Idioms of resilience: Mental health and migration in India
Authors: Raghavan Raghu , Brown Brian , Coope Jonathan , Crossley Mark , Sivakami Muthusamy , Gawde Nilesh , Pendse Tejasi , Jamwal Saba , Barrett Andy , Dyalchand Ashok , Chaturvedi Santosh , Chowdary Abhijeet , Heblikar Dhanashree 
Published: August 2021

Background: Resilience has proved to be a versatile notion to explain why people are not defeated by hardship and adversity, yet so far, we know little of how it might apply to communities and cultures in low to middle income countries. Aim: This paper aims to explore the notion of resilience in cross-cultural context through considering the lived experience of internal migration. Methods: A sample of 30 participants with experience of migration was recruited from a low-income slum dwelling neighbourhood in the city of Pune, India. These individuals participated in biographical narrative interviews in which they were encouraged to talk about their experience of migration, their adaptation to life in their new environment and making new lives for themselves. Results: Participants referred to a variety of intra-individual and external factors that sustained their resilience, including acceptance of their circumstances, the importance of memory, hope for their children’s futures as well as kindness from family friends and community members and aspects of the physical environment which were conducive to an improvement in their lives. Conclusions: By analogy with the widely used term ‘idioms of distress’, we advocate attention to the locally nuanced and culturally inflected ‘idioms of resilience’ or ‘eudaemonic idioms’ which are of crucial importance as migration and movement become ever more prominent in discussions of human problems. The nature and extent of people’s coping abilities, their aspirations and strategies for tackling adversity, their idioms of resilience and eudaemonic repertoires merit attention so that services can genuinely support their adjustment and progress in their new-found circumstances.