bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐training with one‐shot stepwise learning method for person re‐identification
Authors: Xia Daoxun , Liu Haojie , Xu Lili , Li Jiawen , Wang Linna 
Published: April 2021

SummaryPerson re‐identification (Re‐ID) aims at identifying the same person across multiple non‐overlapping camera views. A number of existing methods have been presented for this task in a fully‐supervised manner that requires a large amount of training annotations. However, obtaining high quality labels is extremely time consuming and expensive. In this article, we focus on the semi‐supervised person Re‐ID and propose a one‐shot stepwise learning method to address the above issue. It exploits only one labeled data along with additional unlabeled samples to gradually but steadily improving the discriminative capability of the feature representation. Specifically, we first construct labeled data portion to train Re‐ID model. Then we fine‐tune the overall system by the following two steps iteratively: (1) assigning the estimated labels to the unlabeled portion; (2) updating the network parameters according to the selected data. During the propagation process, different from conventional sampling method, we propose a novel dynamic sampling strategy to enlarge the pseudo‐labeled subset step by step to make the pseudo labels more reliable. On Market‐1501, DukeMTMC‐ReID and MARS datasets, we conducted extensively experiments to demonstrate that our proposed method contributes indispensably and achieves a very competitive Re‐ID performance.
Considering sampling bias in close‐kin mark–recapture abundance estimates of Atlantic salmon
Authors: Wacker Sebastian , Skaug Hans J. , Forseth Torbjørn , Solem Øyvind , Ulvan Eva M. , Fiske Peder , Karlsson Sten 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGenetic methods for the estimation of population size can be powerful alternatives to conventional methods. Close‐kin mark–recapture (CKMR) is based on the principles of conventional mark–recapture, but instead of being physically marked, individuals are marked through their close kin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of CKMR for the estimation of spawner abundance in Atlantic salmon and how age, sex, spatial, and temporal sampling bias may affect CKMR estimates. Spawner abundance in a wild population was estimated from genetic samples of adults returning in 2018 and of their potential offspring collected in 2019. Adult samples were obtained in two ways. First, adults were sampled and released alive in the breeding habitat during spawning surveys. Second, genetic samples were collected from out‐migrating smolts PIT‐tagged in 2017 and registered when returning as adults in 2018. CKMR estimates based on adult samples collected during spawning surveys were somewhat higher than conventional counts. Uncertainty was small (CV < 0.15), due to the detection of a high number of parent–offspring pairs. Sampling of adults was age‐ and size‐biased and correction for those biases resulted in moderate changes in the CKMR estimate. Juvenile dispersal was limited, but spatially balanced sampling of adults rendered CKMR estimates robust to spatially biased sampling of juveniles. CKMR estimates based on returning PIT‐tagged adults were approximately twice as high as estimates based on samples collected during spawning surveys. We suggest that estimates based on PIT‐tagged fish reflect the total abundance of adults entering the river, while estimates based on samples collected during spawning surveys reflect the abundance of adults present in the breeding habitat at the time of spawning. Our study showed that CKMR can be used to estimate spawner abundance in Atlantic salmon, with a moderate sampling effort, but a carefully designed sampling regime is required.
A novel data mining application to detect safety signals for newly approved medications in routine care of patients with diabetes
Authors: Fralick Michael , Kulldorff Martin , Redelmeier Donald , Wang Shirley V. , Vine Seanna , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Patorno Elisabetta 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundClinical trials are often underpowered to detect serious but rare adverse events of a new medication. We applied a novel data mining tool to detect potential adverse events of canagliflozin, the first sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2 inhibitor) in the United States, using real‐world data from shortly after its market entry and before public awareness of its potential safety concerns.MethodsIn a U. S. commercial claims dataset (29 March 2013–30 Sept 2015), two pairwise cohorts of patients over 18 years of age with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who were newly dispensed canagliflozin or an active comparator, that is a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP4) or a glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP1), were identified and propensity score‐matched. We used variable ratio matching with up to four people receiving a DPP4 or GLP1 for each person receiving canagliflozin. We identified potential safety signals using a hierarchical tree‐based scan statistic data mining method with the hierarchical outcome tree constructed based on international classification of disease coding. We screened for incident adverse events where there were more outcomes observed among canagliflozin vs. comparator initiators than expected by chance, after adjusting for multiple testing.ResultsWe identified two pairwise propensity score variable ratio matched cohorts of 44,733 canagliflozin vs. 99,458 DPP4 initiators, and 55,974 canagliflozin vs. 74,727 GLP1 initiators. When we screened inpatient and emergency room diagnoses, diabetic ketoacidosis was the only severe adverse event associated with canagliflozin initiation with p < .05 in both cohorts. When outpatient diagnoses were also considered, signals for female and male genital infections emerged in both cohorts (p < .05).Conclusions and relevanceIn a large population‐based study, we identified known but no other adverse events associated with canagliflozin, providing reassurance on its safety among adult patients with T2D and suggesting the tree‐based scan statistic method is a useful post‐marketing safety monitoring tool for newly approved medications.
PHANE‐TetraPHOS, the First D2 Symmetric Chiral Tetraphosphane. Synthesis, Metal Complexation, and Application in Homogeneous Stereoselective Hydrogenation
Authors: Vaghi Luca , Cirilli Roberto , Pierini Marco , Rizzo Simona , Terraneo Giancarlo , Benincori Tiziana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPHANE‐TetraPHOS, a new D2 symmetric tetraphosphane based on the [2.2]paracyclophane scaffold, has been synthesized and characterized. The peculiarity of this system is the presence of four homotopic diphenylphosphane groups, exchangeable through C2 symmetry operations and consequently indistinguishable. Their spatial arrangement allows the simultaneous complexation of two metal atoms. Enantiomeric purity was attained at tetra‐phosphane oxide level by fractional crystallization of the diastereomeric adducts obtained from the racemate with enantiopure dibenzoyltartaric acids. Alkaline treatment of diastereomerically pure adducts followed by exhaustive P−O groups reduction with HSiCl3 gave both PHANE‐TetraPHOS antipodes in an enantiopure state. They were tested as rhodium ligands in the homogeneous enantioselective hydrogenation of some benchmark unsaturated compounds. Catalytic activity and enantiodiscrimination ability were found comparable to those exhibited by the complexes of the parent bidentate ligand PHANEPHOS, but only half a mole of precious chiral ligand was employed.
The Pseudotransannular Ring Opening of 1‐Aminocyclohept‐4‐ene‐derived Epoxides in the Synthesis of Tropane Alkaloids: Total Synthesis of (±)‐Ferrugine
Authors: Rodriguez Sandra , Uria Uxue , Reyes Efraim , Prieto Liher , Rodríguez‐Rodríguez Marta , Tejero Tomás , Merino Pedro , Vicario Jose L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe have optimized a synthetic approach to (±)‐Ferrugine in 8 steps starting from 5‐aminocyclohept‐1‐ene and using the Brønsted acid‐catalyzed pseudotransannular ring‐opening of the epoxide derived from this cycloheptene as the key step for the construction of the 8‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane central core. While attempting the enantioselective synthesis of this natural product from enantiopure 2‐hydroxy‐8‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane we have found that this compound shows a pronounced tendency to racemize via an achiral symmetric aziridinium intermediate. This racemization side process has been studied in detail using both experimental and computational methods.
Methoxy‐methylheptane as a cleaner fuel additive: An energy‐ and cost‐efficient enhancement for separation and purification units
Authors: Hussain Arif , Qyyum Muhammad Abdul , Minh Le Quang , Riaz Amjad , Haider Junaid , Naqvi Muhammad , Naqvi Salman Raza , Lee Moonyong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEnvironmental protection agencies have begun imposing stringent regulations on the existing refineries to control the levels of gasoline additives. In this context, a novel compound, 2‐methoxy‐2‐methylheptane (MMH), had drawn attention as fuel additive for cleaner combustion. The conventional process of MMH production features three distillation columns in a direct sequence. These columns are used to maintain the required product purities and to utilize the unreacted reactants through recycling streams. The distillation system of the existing MMH plant can afford significant energy savings, leading to a reduction in the total annual costs (TAC). The aim of this investigation is to demonstrate that the reported conventional process can be significantly enhanced by modifying the design and operational parameters and by replacing two distillation columns with an intensified dividing wall column (DWC) configuration. The DWC design is further optimized using several algorithms such as the modified coordinate method (MCD), robust particle swarm paradigm (PSP), and firefly (FF) with nonlinear constraints. Compared to conventional process, the optimized DWC resulted in 24% and 11.5% savings in the plant operating and total annual costs, respectively.
Multi‐agent spectrum access with sensing skipping based on reinforcement learning
Authors: Zeng Linghui , Zhang Jianzhao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe spectrum sharing among high‐density users in the dynamic spectrum environment of future mobile communication systems is analyzed in this article. First, the channel competitions of multiple users are modeled by multi‐player multi‐armed bandit. Then, a channel selection strategy based on the distributed reinforcement learning is proposed, with which the channel selection could be optimized online in accordance to the real‐time competition condition. Thus the collisions of channel access can be effectively reduced with relatively less cooperation overhead. Furthermore, a Bayesian estimation‐based spectrum sensing skipping scheme is designed, which avoids unnecessary spectrum sensing through predicting the idle time of channels. Simulation results demonstrate that the the spectrum sensing times can be reduced by at least 37% and the system throughput can be improved by 1.5 times compared to existing solutions.
Power control scheme for device‐to‐device communication using uplink channel in 5G mm‐Wave network
Authors: Sarma Subhra Sankha , Khuntia Pratap , Hazra Ranjay 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMm‐Wave communication ushers next‐gen communication to new heights guaranteeing higher speed and throughput. Enabling device‐to‐device (D2D) communication in next‐gen wireless communication is a Herculean task. This is due to introduction of pathloss attenuation by various environmental factors which deteriorates the signal. This article aims to minimize the effect of interference for quality reception of signals for D2D communication and increase system throughput. Thus, a power control scheme is proposed in underlay mode for uplink channel in mm‐Wave band. Here, D2D communication takes place through two modes namely, general mode and mm‐Wave mode. In presence of large number of proximity D2D users and increasing pathloss attenuation, it switches to mm‐Wave mode for communication. The formulated problem is converted to semiconvex form by expressing it into exponential form in Laplace domain. Our final objective is to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) of the proposed system under certain constraints. To reduce complexity of the problem, feasible regions of transmission power is introduced, that is, least and upper bounds which will ensure that power is maintained within a limit guaranteeing better throughput for D2D users. Enhanced EE and outage probability values also depict better performance of proposed system. Finally, fairness index (FI) shows that the proposed scheme yields better performance for the D2D users to communicate in the mm‐Wave band. A detailed comparison of FI for the proposed scheme is also done with other existing methods to prove the adequate performance of the proposed method. Simulation results also prove the efficacy of the proposed scheme.
A preliminary study on the effect of gender‐matched odours on the evaluation of emotional, cognitive and aesthetic characteristics of faces
Authors: Risso Paola , Maggioni Emanuela , Gallace Alberto 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFacial attractiveness plays an important role in everyday social interactions. In the present study, we investigated whether people's evaluation of attractiveness can be modulated by odours. In Experiment 1, twelve participants rated a series of odours on several perceptual and synaesthetic characteristics (gender, pleasantness, cheerfulness, intensity, arousal and association with food), along visual analogue scales. In Experiment 2, the participants judged the attractiveness of female and male faces, while smelling an odour that was rated in Experiment 1 as more feminine (caramel), masculine (licorice) or when odourless water was presented. The results showed that the participants evaluated female faces as more attractive when the caramel odour was concurrently presented. By contrast, the participants evaluated the male faces as more attractive when the licorice odour was presented. These results highlight the importance of the synaesthetic associations between “gender” and odours on people's judgements of facial attractiveness.
Insertion of an SVA element in MSH2 as a novel cause of Lynch syndrome
Authors: Yang Ciyu , Li Yirong , Trottier Magan , Farrell Michael P. , Rai Vikas K. , E. Salo‐Mullen Erin , Gallagher David J. , Stadler Zsofia K. , van der Klift Heleen M. , Zhang Liying 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGermline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes cause Lynch syndrome (LS). In this study, we identified and characterized a novel SINE‐VNTR‐Alu (SVA) insertion in exon 12 of MSH2 in an individual with early‐onset colorectal cancer and a very strong LS family history. RT‐PCR analysis indicated a larger aberrant MSH2 transcript in one of the family members. MSK‐IMPACT next‐generation sequencing and long‐range PCR analyses revealed an insertion in MSH2 exon 12 at the c.1972 position in an antisense orientation. The insertion was further characterized as an SVA element approximately 3 kb in length, belonging to the SVA_F1 family of retrotransposons. This variant also segregated with LS related cancers in four affected family members in this family. Based on this evidence, this MSH2 SVA insertion is considered pathogenic.
Hierarchical syntactic processing is beyond mere associating: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence from a novel artificial grammar
Authors: Chen Luyao , Goucha Tomás , Männel Claudia , Friederici Angela D. , Zaccarella Emiliano 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGrammar is central to any natural language. In the past decades, the artificial grammar of the AnBn type in which a pair of associated elements can be nested in the other pair was considered as a desirable model to mimic human language syntax without semantic interference. However, such a grammar relies on mere associating mechanisms, thus insufficient to reflect the hierarchical nature of human syntax. Here, we test how the brain imposes syntactic hierarchies according to the category relations on linearized sequences by designing a novel artificial “Hierarchical syntactic structure‐building Grammar” (HG), and compare this to the AnBn grammar as a “Nested associating Grammar” (NG) based on multilevel associations. Thirty‐six healthy German native speakers were randomly assigned to one of the two grammars. Both groups performed a grammaticality judgment task on auditorily presented word sequences generated by the corresponding grammar in the scanner after a successful explicit behavioral learning session. Compared to the NG group, we found that the HG group showed a (a) significantly higher involvement of Brodmann area (BA) 44 in Broca's area and the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG); and (b) qualitatively distinct connectivity between the two regions. Thus, the present study demonstrates that the build‐up process of syntactic hierarchies on the basis of category relations critically relies on a distinctive left‐hemispheric syntactic network involving BA 44 and pSTG. This indicates that our novel artificial grammar can constitute a suitable experimental tool to investigate syntax‐specific processes in the human brain.
A rare variant in EZH2 is associated with prostate cancer risk
Authors: Raspin Kelsie , FitzGerald Liesel M. , Marthick James R. , Field Matt A. , Malley Roslyn C. , Banks Annette , Donovan Shaun , Thomson Russell J. , Foley Georgea R. , Stanford Janet L. , Dickinson Joanne L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractProstate cancer (PrCa) is highly heritable, and although rare variants contribute significantly to PrCa risk, few have been identified to date. Herein, whole‐genome sequencing was performed in a large PrCa family featuring multiple affected relatives spanning several generations. A rare, predicted splice site EZH2 variant, rs78589034 (G > A), was identified as segregating with disease in all but two individuals in the family, one of whom was affected with lymphoma and bowel cancer and a female relative. This variant was significantly associated with disease risk in combined familial and sporadic PrCa datasets (n = 1551; odds ratio [OR] = 3.55, P = 1.20 × 10−5). Transcriptome analysis was performed on prostate tumour needle biopsies available for two rare variant carriers and two wild‐type cases. Although no allele‐dependent differences were detected in EZH2 transcripts, a distinct differential gene expression signature was observed when comparing prostate tissue from the rare variant carriers with the wild‐type samples. The gene expression signature comprised known downstream targets of EZH2 and included the top‐ranked genes, DUSP1, FOS, JUNB and EGR1, which were subsequently validated by qPCR. These data provide evidence that rs78589034 is associated with increased PrCa risk in Tasmanian men and further, that this variant may be associated with perturbed EZH2 function in prostate tissue. Disrupted EZH2 function is a driver of tumourigenesis in several cancers, including prostate, and is of significant interest as a therapeutic target.
Moderate mechanical stress suppresses the IL‐1β‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial dynamics
Authors: Zhang Jiaming , Hao Xiaoxia , Chi Ruimin , Qi Jun , Xu Tao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction contributes to osteoarthritis (OA) onset and progress. Mitochondrial dynamics, coupled with mitophagy, is critical for the maintenance of mitochondrial fitness, involving many cellular processes, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Excessive mechanical stress induces chondrocyte apoptosis; however, the effects of mechanical stress on mitochondrial dynamics remain elusive. In this study, we performed fluorescence staining, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscope, Western blot analysis, and RNA‐sequencing to assess the effects of different strength of mechanical stimulation on mitochondrial functions of chondrocyte treated with interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). We found that moderate mechanical stress reduced the IL‐1β‐induced apoptosis by maintaining mitochondrial function and scavenging the reactive oxygen species, while excessive mechanical stress induced strong mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Moreover, RNAsequencing revealed that mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics were involved in the regulation of mechanical stress on chondrocyte biology. In addition to the elevated mitophagy, moderate mechanical stress also promoted mitochondrial dynamics by enhancing the expression of MFN1/2 and OPA1 and the translocation of dynamin‐related protein 1 from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. However, an uncoupling of mitochondrial dynamics, characterized by strongly elevated fission, resulted in the unfavorable apoptosis of excessive mechanical stress‐stimulated chondrocytes. This study revealed the effects of mechanical stress upon mitochondrial dynamics in chondrocyte.
Characterization of extracellular vesicles and synthetic nanoparticles with four orthogonal single‐particle analysis platforms
Authors: Arab Tanina , Mallick Emily R. , Huang Yiyao , Dong Liang , Liao Zhaohao , Zhao Zezhou , Gololobova Olesia , Smith Barbara , Haughey Norman J. , Pienta Kenneth J. , Slusher Barbara S. , Tarwater Patrick M. , Tosar Juan Pablo , Zivkovic Angela M. , Vreeland Wyatt N. , Paulaitis Michael E. , Witwer Kenneth W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe compared four orthogonal technologies for sizing, counting, and phenotyping of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and synthetic particles. The platforms were: single‐particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing (SP‐IRIS) with fluorescence, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) with fluorescence, microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS), and nanoflow cytometry measurement (NFCM). EVs from the human T lymphocyte line H9 (high CD81, low CD63) and the promonocytic line U937 (low CD81, high CD63) were separated from culture conditioned medium (CCM) by differential ultracentrifugation (dUC) or a combination of ultrafiltration (UF) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western blot (WB). Mixtures of synthetic particles (silica and polystyrene spheres) with known sizes and/or concentrations were also tested. MRPS and NFCM returned similar particle counts, while NTA detected counts approximately one order of magnitude lower for EVs, but not for synthetic particles. SP‐IRIS events could not be used to estimate particle concentrations. For sizing, SP‐IRIS, MRPS, and NFCM returned similar size profiles, with smaller sizes predominating (per power law distribution), but with sensitivity typically dropping off below diameters of 60 nm. NTA detected a population of particles with a mode diameter greater than 100 nm. Additionally, SP‐IRIS, MRPS, and NFCM were able to identify at least three of four distinct size populations in a mixture of silica or polystyrene nanoparticles. Finally, for tetraspanin phenotyping, the SP‐IRIS platform in fluorescence mode was able to detect at least two markers on the same particle, while NFCM detected either CD81 or CD63. Based on the results of this study, we can draw conclusions about existing single‐particle analysis capabilities that may be useful for EV biomarker development and mechanistic studies.