bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison Two Ridge Regression Using LAD method with Simulation
Authors: Mohammad Tamarah Wathib , Al-Dubaicy Awatif Rezzoky 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The multicollinearity is the one of the important and contained problems in regression analysis, because its effect on model estimators, the problem is that the independent variables are so closely related that the results of the regression are not clear, the aim of this research is to solve the problem of multicollinearity. one of the solutions get of this problem has deal with, which is the ridge regression of least absolute deviation (LAD) estimators, by adding a proposed a ridge parameter which is considered as contribution to solving the problem of multicollinearity by modify B M Golam Kibria (

K
^

M
E
D

) then compared it between them. The (

K
^

C
N

) is the best estimator by simulation study and mean square error (MSE) critical.
Analysis of the Focusing Ion Beam Microscope Ion Mirror Method for Studying Influence of the Measuring Chamber
Authors: Hazime Luna Basil , Muayyed Jabar Zoory 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Using the ion mirror image (IMIM) technique, a focused ion beam (FIB) microscope is used to investigate the charging phenomenon of Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The effect of the experimental chamber’s finite size is studied using classical scattering theory. We test the widely held belief that the method tests the radius of curvature of the equipotential by performing a thorough calculation of the Ion orbits in the presence of extended sources. We show that, near to the chamber walls, the field lines bend until they are normal to the walls, the field is small, and the ion orbit is unaffected, as well as how to get rid of the “mirror effect”.
Cross Sectional-Area Effect On The Optical Properties Of The CdS Nanoparticles Prepared By The Exploding Wire Technique
Authors: Abed Haneen T. , Humud Hammad R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The characteristics of the cadmium sulfide films prepared with the explosive wire were studied and the effect of changing the cross-sectional area of the wire on these properties was found. It was found that the energy gap is inversely proportional to the area where the greater the area, the lower the energy gap values (from 1.65 to 1.12) eV. Also, the absorption and its modulus were increased by increasing the cross-sectional area of the wire. The refractive index and extinction factor showed a clear response, as the value of both decreased due to the effect of this increase in the wire area.
Design and Simulation of Optical Logic Gates Based on (MIM) Plasmonic Waveguides and slot cavity resonator for Optical Communications
Authors: jasim Wissam Abed , Ali Faris Mohammed , Abdullah Ahmed Kareem , AbdulNabi Mohammed Ahmed 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the field of optics the tinier devices are the better; therefore, the diffraction limit of light seems like an essential limitation in the way of that field. In return, new methods have appeared to resolve this issue. One of these methods is the plasmonic technology which allows light pressure into nanostructures. The current study proposes all-optical logic gates based on metal insulator metal structures (mim) waveguide. This waveguide has an important characteristic which is restricting the applied light strongly far from the diffraction limit. The proposed structure is small compared to the applied wavelength. The optical plasmonic gates proposed are (OR, NOR, AND, NAND, NOT). The comsol multiphysics 5.5 software was used for simulation by the 2-D FDTD method. Hence, these five gates will be obtained by optical interference between the propagating signals through the input ports and the control ports, whose positions can be altered according to the gate needed. The implementation and simulation of the proposed gates were all in the same structure, with the same dimensions, the same wavelength and the same transmission threshold, with applicable wavelength of (1550 nm). The performance of the proposed plasmonic gates was tested by two criteria; the optical transmission ratio and the contrast ratio, which is the ratio between the ON and OFF states of the proposed gate..
Porous silicon fabrication by electrochemical and photo-electrochemical methods
Authors: Atta Taebaraek Safaa , Zoory Mauyyed Jabar , Abd Ahmed N. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
n and p types of porous silicon were fabricated using two methods electrochemical etching EC and photo-electrochemical etching PEC. Structural studies of both types of porous silicon were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction XRD getting 24.5 nm crystallite size in p-PSi and 28.05 nm in n-PSi, AFM, Fourior-Transformation InfraRed FT-IR.
Food Security in Terms of Economic Affordability of Food: Analysis, Opportunities and Prospects
Authors: Stezhko Nadiia , Obaid Ahmed J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article analyzes the access of population of Ukraine to food and the real financial opportunities of its citizens. Empirical coefficients of elastic demand for basic foodstuffs according to the average income of the population per household were determined. The average annual indicators of change in total income and food expenditure per household were calculated. These calculations showed that the indicator “Economic affordability of food” almost a third does not ensure food security of the population of Ukraine. Based on the methodology presented in this research, the necessary total income of the population to ensure food security by the indicator “Economic affordability of food” and scenarios for its provision by changing the structure of food costs, coefficients of elasticity of demand for household income and resources and other variables were determined.
Medical Image Watermarking Based on Secret Sharing and Integer Wavelet Transform
Authors: Mahdi Gaidaa S , Yousif NoorA , Shimal Abeer F 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In telemedicine, the medical data are shared and distributed between the whole world with different specialists and for many purposes through an unsafe medium. So protecting the medical data during the transmissions becomes an important issue. Many image secret sharing schemes with steganography have been proposed. Unfortunately, each of these schemes has one or more drawbacks. First, the large size of a stego images. Second, the visual quality of the stego images evaluated by the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is degraded too much. To overcome such drawbacks, a new scheme based on secret sharing and IWT is proposed in this paper. The new scheme can optimize both the size of the stego images and its quality. The proposal scheme involves a dispersion of medical image into shadow images using Lin and Thien’s technique. The size of each shadow size is reduces to 1/k from the overall of the secret image size and k is the number of shadows. After that, the shadows are embedded in a host image by using Integer wavelet transform (IWT) technique. In the reconstruction the secret medical image is reconstruct by pooling at least k shadows The experimental results of the proposed algorithm are shown for many medical images the effectiveness of analyzed with the help of the peak signal-to-noise ratio and normalized correlation.
Effects Of Reflectance And Shading On Parabolic Dish Photovoltaic Solar Concentrator Performance
Authors: Alaziz Hala L. Abd , Shneishil Alaa H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Photovoltaic concentrating systems have recently become one of the topics of interest to researchers around the world due to the high cost of semiconductors used in the manufacture of solar cells, as well as the wide area of traditional photovoltaic panels. The target can be met by compensating for the vast areas of solar cells with smaller cell areas made of reflective or refractive materials that concentrate higher intensity solar radiation to reach a higher outward power. In this research a parabolic dish solar photovoltaic concentrator is studied theoretically. The concentration ratio at the reflecting concentrator has been studied as a function of reflectance and shading losses under five different rim angles ( 45°, 55°, 65°,75° and 85°) using equations simulated in the MATLAB software. Following that, the total absorbed solar radiation and output power provided by CPV with multi-junction solar cells. the results indicated that the concentration ratio increase linearly with reflectance, while it increases as the rim angle decrease. The best value of concentration ratio is about 172 for rim angle 45° and reflectance 95%.
Successful Factors Determining the user behaviour in information system
Authors: Saleh Almahdy Alhaj , Alkhuwaylidee Ahmed Rashid , Thangiah Murugan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The aim of this research is to investigation and explore the factors that drive the e-governance implementation and affect the government performance further because the government-citizen relationship in Syria. In this respect it is important to embrace the e-governance system to decide how effective it can be. There is also query if the previously established IS recognition frameworks can be used to determine the acceptance by Syrian citizens of the e-governance system. The survey issued a total of 600 questionnaires to the citizens of Syria. The research obtained approximately 385 responses, indicating a return rate of 62.83%. In the analysis of the results, Structural equation model (SEM) was used with AMOS version 21.0 to analyse the data. The findings indicate that five core determinants, namely, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, system flexibility, Citizens-Centricity, and facilitating conditions significantly influenced user intention to use E-governance system.
Calculation maximum pressure of layers with using porosity mathematical model
Authors: Abdulla Enas Yahya , Jali Layla Ismet 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, discussion maximum pressure between layers of articular cartilage for of human ankle joint in Various walking styles and design mathematical model depended on the Reynolds equation and continuity equation. Non-Newtonian synovial fluid and elastic deformation is mathematically derived. Theoretical analysis maximum pressure with different stride length for human, porosity and regular velocity in daily active we provided The stride length that accompanies human movement with different walking speed is the most important influences that protect the joint and help accomplish daily activities
BS-algebra and Pseudo Z-algebra
Authors: Nouri Adel Hashem , Mahdi Layth Salah 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a new notion of algebra called BS-algebra and some of its properties are discussed in detail. Also, we define a S(a,b) of BS-algebra and discus of properties and theorems of it. Some of theorems of a new ideals of BS-algebra are introduced and proved. Also, we introduced some new types of ideals of Z-algebra and we linked these ideals with some theorems and properties. Also, we define the concept of pseudo Z-algebra and introduced some examples and new concepts in it, including the concept of pseudo b-subalgebra and introduced some theorems and properties in this new concepts.
Constructing of Some Special Maps on Orthoalgebra
Authors: Al-Gburi Athraa H. , Al-Adilee Ahmed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study concerned with a type of generalization of some algebraical statistics concepts on one of the quantum algebraic spaces, which is known by orthoalgebra (briefly OA). The main proposal consists of a definition of a special function called a bivariate qausi-copula which will be defined on OA. Also, this study focuses on illustrating maps that can be used to find solutions that deals with non-compatible problem, which does not exist on Boolean algebra. Several proofs, properties, and results have been shown with respect to this generalization. Afterwards, few examples have been illustrated to explain the situation related to compatibility and non-compatibility notion. Finally, we have presented conclusions that summarize this work and present the highlights within this study.
E-Learning in Data Analytics on Basis of Rule Mining Prediction in DM Environment
Authors: Nagarathinam T. , Elangovan V.R. , Obaid Ahmed J. , Akila D. , Tuyen Dang Quang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, most of the information science inquires about a spotlight on affiliation rule to decide explicit examples and rules from huge information. Affiliation guideline is worked by basic information duration device, for example, WEKA which incorporates arrangement, bunching, affiliation runs, etc. When all is said in done, the affiliation standard could be pertinent for enormous E-Learning datasets like they were pertinent towards the formless arrangement. Within this exam, the uses for affiliating rule after gathering under straight information for a considerable length of time from LMS have been explored. Intriguing quality measurements and other applicable understudy inclinations are caught in the wake of thinking about a few affiliation rule calculations. Some imagined introductions of rules and their applicable outcomes will be exhibited in wording reasonableness in eLearning conditions.
Feature Selection based Artificial Intelligence Techniques for the Prediction of COVID like Diseases
Authors: Dutta Pijush , Paul Shobhandeb , Obaid Ahmed J. , Pal Souvik , Mukhopadhyay Koushik 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Identification of disease from therapeutic statistical evidences area single confronted task which can make a point of importance in the field of medical science. But according to the literature survey, it has been seen that still there are some chances that this challenging task can be fulfilled. In this research a feature ranking algorithm Random Forest is used for ranked the features of the attributes & later on four machine learning algorithm has been used i.e. Random forest, decision Tree, support Vector Machine & XG Boost classification algorithm to classify similar disease datasets like Jaundice, Malaria, Covid, Common cold, Typhoid, Dengue & Pneumonia. Comparison between the classifier is done on the basis of with ranking with feature selection & ranking without feature selection with the help of parameters of confusion matrix, Matthews’s correlation coefficient (MCC), area under the curve (AUC), Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (ROC) & computational time. The results of the simulations shows the effectiveness of Covid like disease prediction is done by the feature selection ranking &classification algorithm.
A conceptual framework and a Review of AI-Based MPPT Techniques for Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Salim J A , Alwan M S , Albaker B M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Several Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques based on various Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms were recently developed due to the current availability of powerful computation controllers and adaptability of AI algorithms and their characteristic in handling non-linear problems. AI algorithms are perfectly suited to handle the problem of adverse conditions of rapid irradiance change and partial shading that the PV systems suffer. This paper presents a conceptual framework of the MPPT for photovoltaic systems and a comprehensive review of the current AI-based MPPT techniques. The paper also covers MPPT components, modeling, characteristics, affecting factors, and categories. The performance of different AI algorithms is evaluated and categorized based on many criteria including system complexity, tracking speed, cost, efficiency, accuracy, hardware implantation, sensory parameters, response to Partial Shading Conditions (PSC), etc. Finally, a summarizing comparison of performance of the main MPPT techniques is presented.
Stabilizability And Solvability Of Fuzzy Differential Equations Using Backstepping Method
Authors: Abbas Muna S. , Fadhel Fadhel S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Solution and stability of systems of fuzzy ordinary differential equations are of great important and may be sometimes difficult to carry out in the theory of fuzzy differential equations. Therefore, need for efficient approaches and techniques seem to be necessary for solving and stabilizing such type of problems. In this paper the backstepping method will be modified and used for analyzing systems of fuzzy ordinary differential equations. Such type of problems that might be encountered in studying the mathematical problems resulting from modeling complex physical or engineering real life phenomena’s. The topic of this paper is considered as a part of the control theory of fuzzy differential equations, in which the adaptive backstepping method based on constructing Lyapunove function in quadratic form will be combined with the so called the α-level sets in fuzzy set theory. The reliability of the proposed approach is presented by solving three examples, linear and nonlinear, in which the orginal system may be unstable.
Trust as a Pre-Defense Step for IoT Authorization
Authors: Al-Swed W R , Al-Wahah M A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
To order and provide services, IoT devices need to communicate and talk to many other devices before these services are provided. However, in complex and heterogeneous systems, certain devices need to trust each other. In this paper, we present an approach that is combined of two lines of defense to help build trust in IoT scenarios and to provide more secure interaction. The paper presents a precisely engineered ontology that serves as the main knowledge base for the definition and semantic registration for the entities within the IoT perimeter to facilitate their automated deployment. We show, in this paper, how trust can be used as a pre-defense step for authorization in flexible and an adaptive manner using semantic web technologies. We develop a proof of concept implementation and give the complexity analysis for our approach.
Survey of BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representation Transformer) types
Authors: Mohammed Athar Hussein , Ali Ali H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThere are many algorithms used in Natural Language Processing( NLP) to achieve good results, such as Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning(DL) and many other algorithms. In Natural Language Processing,the first challenges is to convert text to numbers for using by any algorithm that a researcher choose. So how can convert text to numbers? This is happen by using Word Embedding algorithms such as skip gram,bags of words,BERT and etc. Representing words as numerical vectors by relying on the contents has become one of the effective methods for analyzing texts in machine learning, so that each word is represented by a vector to determine its meaning or to know how close or distant this word from the rest of the other word. BERT(Bidirectional Encoder Representation Transformer) is one of the embedding methods. It is designed to pre-trained form left and right in all layer deep training. It is a deep language model that is used for various tasks in natural language processing. In this paper we will review the different versions and types of BERT.
Signal extraction in atmospheric shower arrays designed for 200 GeV–50 TeV γ-ray astronomy
Authors: Senniappan M. , Becherini Y. , Punch M. , Thoudam S. , Bylund T. , Kukec Mezek G. , Ernenwein J.-P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We present the SEMLA (Signal Extraction using Machine
Learning for ALTO) analysis method, developed for the detection of
E>200 GeV γ rays in the context of the ALTO
wide-field-of-view atmospheric shower array R&D project. The
scientific focus of ALTO is extragalactic γ-ray astronomy, so
primarily the detection of soft-spectrum γ-ray sources such
as Active Galactic Nuclei and Gamma Ray Bursts. The current phase
of the ALTO R&D project is the optimization of sensitivity for such
sources and includes a number of ideas which are tested and
evaluated through the analysis of dedicated Monte Carlo simulations
and hardware testing. In this context, it is important to clarify
how data are analysed and how results are being obtained. SEMLA
takes advantage of machine learning and comprises four stages:
initial event cleaning (stage A), filtering out of poorly
reconstructed γ-ray events (stage B), followed by
γ-ray signal extraction from proton background events
(stage C) and finally reconstructing the energy of the events
(stage D). The performance achieved through SEMLA is evaluated in
terms of the angular, shower core position, and energy resolution,
together with the effective detection area, and background
suppression. Our methodology can be easily generalized to any
experiment, provided that the signal extraction variables for the
specific analysis project are considered.
Averrhoa bilimbi fruit filtrate as the source and growth medium for lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Sugiharto S , Yudiarti T , Widiastuti E , Wahyuni HI , Sartono TA , Pratama AR , Mareta I 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the potential of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit filtrate as the source and growth medium for lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The ripe A. bilimbi fruit was thoroughly washed, drained, blended and filtered using cheesecloth. The fresh filtratewas stored in the freezer and used as control (T0). Another fruit filtrate was placed in an anaerobic jar and spontaneously incubated at room temperature (±25°C) for 4 days (T1). The rest of the filtrate was put in an anaerobic jar, added (1 g/100 mL) with shrimp paste (as a source of LAB) and incubated at room temperature for 4 days (T2). The number of LAB, pH values and antioxidant activity of the fruit filtrates were then determined. Results showed that fresh filtrate of A. bilimbi fruit contained substantial numbers of LAB (6.69 log cfu/mL), and after 4 days of spontaneous-anaerobic incubation the numbers of LAB increased significantly (25.2 log cfu/mL). The addition of shrimp paste further increased the LAB populations (30.4 log cfu/mL) in the incubated-fruit filtrate. pH values were substantially lower in T2 than that in T0 and T1. The antioxidant activity (percentage of inhibition of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl Hidrazil [DPPH]) did not differ among the groups. In conclusion, the ripe A. bilimbi fruit could be a good source and growth medium for LAB.
Effects of palm oil and palm oil zinc soap supplementation on feed intake, feed digestibility, and performance in lamb
Authors: Widayati W , Muktiani A , Widiyanto  
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This research aims to evaluate the effects of palm oil supplementation (PO) and palm oil zinc soap (POZS) supplementation on feed intake, feed digestibility, and performance of Indonesian local lambs. Fifteen male lambs with an initial body weight of 16.97 ± 1.99 kg in randomized block design were analyzed in three treatments. The diets included: basal diet (60:40 concentrate to forage) with no added supplement as control (CON), basal diet plus PO, and basal diet plus POZS. Rumen partial protected fats used in this research are POZS (75:25 zinc soap to palm oil). The treatment was analyzed for 70 days with two weeks of adaptation period. The data were analyzed statistically with analysis of variance using Minitab 16 after passing the assumption test. Tukey test is used (Honestly Significant Difference = HSD) for a significant difference. The data that did not pass the assumption test was processed using the Friedman nonparametric method. The results showed that the dry matter intake in both forage and concentrate were decreased in POZS even though the digestibility of feed and blood glucose levels were not affected by treatments. Daily weights gain significantly decreased compared to control, i.e. 93.25 g/day (CON) vs 78.43 g/day (PO) and 58.09 g/day (POZS) with low feed efficiency.