bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiviral application of colloidal and immobilized silver nanoparticles
Authors: Bharti Sharda , Mukherji Soumyo , Mukherji Suparna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study explored the application of colloidal and immobilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for inactivation of bacteriophages. Coliphages that are commonly used as indicators for enteric viruses, were used in this study. Colloidal AgNPs were synthesized via a chemical reduction approach using sodium borohydride as reducing agent and trisodium citrate as stabilizing agent. AgNP-immobilized glass substrate was prepared by immobilizing AgNPs on amine-functionalized glass substrate by post-immobilization method. The AgNP-immobilized glass substrate was also tested so as to minimize the release of AgNPs in the treated water. The characterization of AgNPs and the AgNP-immobilized glass surface was done using field emission gun-transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Studies conducted with varying concentrations of colloidal AgNPs displayed good antiviral activity for MS2 and T4 bacteriophage. Colloidal AgNPs at a dose of 60μg ml−1could completely inactivate MS2 and T4 bacteriophage within 30 and 50 min with an initial concentration of 103PFU ml−1. Contaminated water (100 ml) in an unstirred batch reactor with an initial bacteriophage concentration of 103PFU ml−1could be inactivated by the AgNP-immobilized glass substrate (1 cm × 1 cm, containing 3.7μg cm−2silver) suspended centrally in the batch reactor. Complete 3-Log bacteriophage inactivation was achieved within 70 and 80 min for MS2 and T4 bacteriophage, respectively, while the aqueous silver concentration was less than 25μg l−1. This is significantly lower than the recommended standard for silver in drinking water (i.e. 100μg l−1, US EPA). Thus, AgNP-immobilized glass may have good potential for generating virus-free drinking water.
Lead halide perovskite quantum dots based liquid scintillator for x-ray detection
Authors: Xu Qiang , Huang Jie , Liu Jun , Wang Juan , Zhou Shuai , Wang Xiang , Nie Jing , Guo Yong , Ouyang Xiaoping 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Lead halide quantum dots (QDs) have unique optical properties such as a tunable wavelength, narrow band, and high quantum efficiency, and have been used in optoelectronics such as light-emitting diode device, and photodetector. Recently, solution-processed perovskite has also attracted great attention for high sensitivity x-ray detector. Here, we have investigated the scintillation performances of Pb halide perovskite QDs solution. Both CH3NH3PbBr3 and CsPbBr3 QDs liquid scintillator exhibits the scintillation performances such as the linear relationship with the irradiation dose rate in a wide range, high radiation hardness, thermal stability, and fast counting speed. The scintillation performances of these liquid perovskite QDs solution provide a promising potential application for indirect radiation applications including fast gamma-ray counter and wide range dosimeter.
Ultrahigh hydrogen storage capacity of holey graphyne
Authors: Gao Yan , Zhang Huanian , Pan Hongzhe , Li Qingfang , Zhao Jijun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Holey graphyne (HGY), a novel two-dimensional (2D) single-crystalline carbon allotrope, was recently synthesized by Castro–Stephens coupling reaction. The naturally existing uniform periodic holes in the 2D carbon–carbon network demonstrate its promising potential in energy storage. Herein, we conduct density functional theory (DFT) calculation and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD) to predict the H storage properties of a single-layer HGY sheet modified by Li metal atoms. The DFT calculations demonstrate that Li atoms can bind strongly to the HGY sheet without forming clusters, and each Li atom can anchor four H2 molecules with an average adsorption energy of about −0.22 eV/H2. The largest H storage capacity of the doped HGY sheet can reach as high as 12.8 wt%, showing that the Li/HGY complex is an ideal H storage material at ambient conditions. In addition, we investigate the polarization mechanism of the storage media and find that the polarization originates from the electric field induced by both the ionic Li atoms and the weak polarized H2 molecules. Finally, the desorption mechanism of the adsorbed H2 molecules is thoroughly investigated using a kinetic AIMD method.
Rational design of hollow mesoporous titania nanoparticles loaded with curcumin for UV-controlled release and targeted drug delivery
Authors: Mai Zhuoxian , Chen Jiali , Cao Qingyun , Hu Yang , Dong Xianming , Zhang Hongwu , Huang Wenhua , Zhou Wuyi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Curcumin (Cur), appeared to provide huge potential in biomedical application. However, its therapeutic efficacy was greatly limited as the result of poor solubility and instability. To address these limitations, we create a new type of hollow mesoporous titania nanoparticle (HMTN) to encapsulate Cur. HMTN was decorated with a layer of hydrophilic polyethylenimine (PEI), which controlled the release rate of Cur inside the pore due to its dendritic structure. Combined with the folic acid (FA) mediated targeting effect, the potential multifunctional Cur loaded titania nanoparticle (Cur-FA-PEI-HMTN) showed excellent biocompatibility and bioavailability, as well as the UV-responsive drug release properties. The operating parameters to prepare hollow structure were studied and the Cur-FA-PEI-HMTN nanosystem had been fully characterized by Brunauer–Emmet–Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, thermal gravity analysis, differential thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential. In addition, the hemolytic test, as well as CCK8, flow cytometry, Hoechst 33342 staining experiment, were carried out to confirm the low cytotoxity and high biocompatibility. The confocal microscopy analysis results also revealed the increasing uptake of Cur@FA-PEI-HMTN by MCF-7 cells. The synthesized nanoparticles displayed great potential as drug nanovehicles with high biocompatibility.
Radiative characterization of supersonic jets and shocks in a laser-plasma experiment
Authors: Bohlin H , Brack F-E , Cervenak M , Chodukowski T , Cikhardt J , Dostál J , Dudžák R , Hubner J , Huo W , Jelinek S , Klír D , Kroll F , Krupka M , Krůs M , Pisarczyk T , Rusiniak Z , Schramm U , Nguyen-Bui T-H , Weber S , Zaraś-Szydłowska A , Zeil K , Kumar D , Schlegel T , Tikhonchuk V 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The interaction of supersonic laser-generated plasma jets with a secondary gas target was studied experimentally. The plasma parameters of the jet, and the resulting shock, were characterized using a combination of multi-frame interferometry/shadowgraphy, and x-ray diagnostics, allowing for a detailed study of their structure and evolution. The velocity was obtained with an x-ray streak camera, and filtered x-ray pinhole imaging was used to infer the electron temperature of the jet and shock. The topology of the ambient plasma density was found to have a significant effect on the jet and shock formation, as well as on their radiation characteristics. The experimental results were compared with radiation hydrodynamic simulations, thereby providing further insights into the underlying physical processes of the jet and shock formation and evolution.
Modified Schwarzschild metric from a unitary accelerating mirror analog
Authors: Good Michael R R , Linder Eric V 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present a modified Schwarzschild solution for a model of evaporation of a black hole with information preservation. By drawing a direct analogy to the quantum pure accelerating mirror (dynamical Casimir effect of a 1D horizon), we derive a Schwarzschild metric with not only the usual Schwarzschild radius but an additional length scale related to the Planck length. The black hole has thermal particle production that leads to complete evaporation of the black hole, resulting in non-divergent entanglement entropy, Page curve turn-over, and an asymptotic quantum pure state with no information loss.
Quasi-exact solution of the Dirac equation on curved space-time with Coulomb scalar and vector potentials and Mie-type tensor potential with pseudo-spin and spin symmetries
Authors: de Oliveira M D , Schmidt Alexandre G M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper we solve the Dirac equation with the Coulomb scalar U(r) and vector V(r) potentials and type-Mie tensor potential in curved space-time whose metric is of type

ds

2

=

(
1
+

α

2

U
(
r
)
)

2

(

dt

2

−

dr

2

)
−

r

2

d

θ

2

−

r

2

sin

2

θ
d

ϕ

2

with spherical symmetry. For this we consider two types of symmetry in the system, first spin symmetry with V(r) = U(r) and then with pseudo-spin symmetry V(r) = − U(r). In both cases we have a tensor potential A(r) that coupling through the electromagnetic field A

μ
= (V(r), cA(r), 0, 0). We find, quasi-exactly, the Dirac spinor and the energy spectrum of the system, and we sketch the probability densities and some energy spectra.
Light manipulation in three-dimensional photonic integrated circuits using vertically inserted metasurfaces
Authors: Wu Lin , Zhang Ziyang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The hybrid integration of silicon metasurfaces, in forms of insertable thin-film elements, into a multilayer polymer waveguide platform is introduced. Owing to the wavelength comparable thickness and high efficiency of the dielectric metasurfaces, the designed devices can manipulate beams in a relatively short distance with low insertion loss. They can also realize functions critical for three-dimensional (3D) photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that are difficult for conventional micro-optic elements. The designs of several key photonic components are presented in this work as proof-of-concept. Specifically, three applications based on the proposed platform are demonstrated numerically, including on-chip beam collimation, spatial mode (de)multiplexing, and focusing vertical out-coupling. These functionalities can be realized within a short propagating length. This work presents a theoretical study on the design principles and performances of the proposed devices, which can be implemented by adopting the existed technology of inserting classic thin-film elements into photonic chips in the near future. The results suggest a novel and general path for optical signal manipulations within the 3D photonic chips and may prove useful in the design of transceiver devices for optical communication, optical sensor chips, compact chips for optical computation, etc.
Evaluation of tritium production rate in a blanket mock-up using a compact fusion neutron source
Authors: Mukai Keisuke , Ogino Yasuyuki , Kobayashi Makoto I. , Mahmoud Bakr , Yagi Juro , Ogawa Kunihiro , Isobe Mitsutaka , Konishi Satoshi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We report a neutronics study of a blanket mock-up using a discharge-type compact fusion neutron source. Deuterium–deuterium fusion neutrons were irradiated to the mock-ups composed of tritium breeder and neutron reflector/moderator. The tritium production rate (TPR) per source neutron was measured by a single-crystal diamond detector with a 6Li-enriched lithium fluoride film convertor after the calibration process. Despite the low neutron yield, energetic alpha and triton particles via 6Li(n, t)α neutron capture as well as 12C via elastic scattering were successfully detected by the SDD with high signal to noise ratios. The TPRs were experimentally evaluated with errors of 8.4%–8.5% at the 1σ level at the positions with high thermal neutron fluxes where the errors were dominantly introduced by uncertainties in the monitoring of the neutron production rate. The calculated to experimental (C/E) values of TPR were evaluated to be 0.91–1.27 (FENDL-2.1) and 0.94–1.28 (FENDL-3.1). As the neutron source can generate 14 MeV neutrons using a mixed gas of deuterium and tritium, this approach provides more opportunities for blanket neutronics experiments.
Geomagnetic induced current modelling and analysis on high voltage power system
Authors: Khurshid Z M , Ab Aziz N F , Ab Kadir M Z A , Rhazali Z A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Geomagnetically induced current (GIC) has become a significant concern that can affect the electrical power grid by causing a half-cycle saturation of power transformers. This saturation leads to an increase in even and odd harmonic distortions and reactive power losses of transformers, which may consequence in improperly triggering relays, tripping reactive power (VAR) compensators and shunt capacitor banks. Also, these reactive losses, harmonic, and the stray flux resulted due to this saturation may lead to overheating windings and cores of power transformers and generators and hence blackout. In this paper, GIC analysis has been conducted on a modified IEEE-18 bus test system by using Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) and Power System Computer-Aided (PSCAD/EMTDC) software. The simulation results have been obtained by considering a worst-case scenario of geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) by applying uniform induced electric fields with values of 10 V/km and 20 V/km at different directions with and without GIC blocking devices. Also, the impact of grounding resistances of the substations on calculated GIC due same mentioned induced fields has been investigated. The results show that the highest total reactive power losses across the system are obtained due to related induced electric fields at 120° and 300° storm angle. After the connection of GIC blocking devices to the substations, these reactive losses have drastically reduced. In addition, simulation results of the same test system by using PSCAD platform are obtained to investigate hysteresis and harmonic results during system operation and the presence of GIC.
Image Processing Based Forest Fire Detection using Infrared Camera
Authors: Ya’acob Norsuzila , Syamirza Mohd Najib Mohammad , Tajudin Noraisyah , Laily Yusof Azita , Kassim Murizah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
When time goes by, human beings are advancing in technology, artificial and natural disasters are drastically increasing. The forest fire is one of the hazards. Forest fire incinerates trees that provide us with oxygen and if it is not detected early, it is very elusive to stop a forest fire from continue burns. The project’s objective is to capture infrared image of forest fire detection using the appropriate camera, detect fire with RGB and YCbCr colour model to isolate fire pixels from the background and separate luminance and chrominance from the original image, and filter image using MATLAB Analyzer to process images. The method is tested on a selected image, which captured by the camera that contains fire. Next method is used for calculating and analysing the fire image, which to differentiate between fire detection or false detection. Other method is used to process the fire image, which the image will compute and shown in terminal nodes and graphs by using Wavelet Analyzer 5.0. The results of this system are achieved fire detection and obtain data for the fire images.
A perfect prognosis downscaling methodology for seasonal prediction of local-scale wind speeds
Authors: Ramon Jaume , Lledó Llorenç , Bretonnière Pierre-Antoine , Samsó Margarida , Doblas-Reyes Francisco J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This work provides a new methodology based on a statistical downscaling with a perfect prognosis approach to produce seasonal predictions of near-surface wind speeds at the local scale. Hybrid predictions combine a dynamical prediction of the four main Euro-Atlantic Teleconnections (EATC) and a multilinear statistical regression, which is fitted with observations and includes the EATC as predictors. Once generated, the skill of the hybrid predictions is assessed at 17 tall tower locations in Europe targeting the winter season. For comparative purposes, hybrid predictions have also been produced and assessed at a pan-European scale, using the ERA5 100 m wind speed as the observational reference. Overall, results indicate that hybrid predictions outperform the dynamical predictions of near-surface wind speeds, obtained from five prediction systems available through the Climate Data Store of the Copernicus Climate Change Service. The performance of a multi-system ensemble prediction has also been assessed. In all cases, the enhancement is particularly noted in northern Europe. By being more capable of anticipating local wind speed conditions in higher quality, hybrid predictions will boost the application of seasonal predictions outside the field of pure climate research.
Soil organic matter protects US maize yields and lowers crop insurance payouts under drought
Authors: Kane Daniel A , Bradford Mark A , Fuller Emma , Oldfield Emily E , Wood Stephen A 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHigher levels of soil organic matter improve soil water retention, meaning they could mitigate agricultural yield losses from drought. Yet evidence to support such claims is mixed and incomplete. Using data from 12 376 county-years in the United States of America, we show that counties with higher soil organic matter are associated with greater yields, lower yield losses, and lower rates of crop insurance payouts under drought. Under severe drought, an increase of 1% soil organic matter was associated with a yield increase of 2.2 ± 0.33 Mg ha−1(32.7 bu ac−1) and a 36 ± 4.76% reduction in the mean proportion of liabilities paid. Similar, yet smaller, effects were found for less severe levels of drought and this effect was reduced as soil clay content increased. Confirmatory pathway analyses indicate that this positive association of soil organic matter and yields under drought is partially explained by positive effects of soil organic matter on available water capacity and cation exchange capacity, but that soil organic matter may be imparting yield protection via mechanisms not fully captured by those metrics. Overall, our results suggest soil organic matter predicts yield resilience at regional scales in the United States. We argue that data on soil organic matter should be used in agricultural policy and financial planning, with our analyses providing quantitative evidence of the co-benefits of soil organic matter believed fundamental to advancing soil health and carbon sequestration initiatives.
Increasing tropical cyclone intensity and potential intensity in the subtropical Atlantic around Bermuda from an ocean heat content perspective 1955–2019
Authors: Hallam Samantha , Guishard Mark , Josey Simon A , Hyder Pat , Hirschi Joel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe investigate tropical cyclone (TC) activity and intensity within a 100 km radius of Bermuda between 1955 and 2019. The results show a more easterly genesis over time and significant increasing trends in TC intensity (maximum wind speed (Vmax)) with a decadal Vmax median value increase of 30 kts from 33 to 63 kts (r= 0.94,p= 0.02), together with significant increasing August, September, October sea surface temperature (SST) of 1.1 °C (0.17 °C per decade)r= 0.4 (p< 0.01) and increasing average ocean temperature between 0.5 °C and 0.7 °C (0.08 °C–0.1 °C per decade)r= 0.3(p< 0.01) in the depth range 0–300 m. The strongest correlation is found between TC intensity and ocean temperature averaged through the top 50 m ocean layer (T50m‾)r= 0.37 (p< 0.01). We show how TC potential intensity (PI) estimates are closer to actual intensity by usingT50m‾as opposed to SST using the Hydrostation S time-series. We modify the widely used SST PI index by usingT50m‾to provide a closer estimate of the observed minimum sea level pressure (MSLP), and associated Vmax than by using SST, creating aT50m‾PI (T50m‾_PI) index. The average MSLP difference is reduced by 12 mb and proportional (r= 0.74,p< 0.01) to the SST/T50m‾temperature difference. We also suggest the index could be used over a wider area of the subtropical/tropical Atlantic where there is a shallow mixed layer depth.
Boat to bowl: resilience through network rewiring of a community-supported fishery amid the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Carlson Andrew K , Young Talia , Centeno Miguel A , Levin Simon A , Rubenstein Daniel I 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fisheries are coupled human–natural systems locally, regionally, and globally. However, human–nature interactions within and between adjacent and distant systems (metacouplings) are rarely studied in fisheries despite their prevalence and policy relevance. We filled this knowledge gap by using network models to identify how the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has rewired couplings and reshaped resilience of Fishadelphia, a community-supported fishery program (CSF) in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA. As abstractions illustrating interactions among supply-chain actors, networks are helpful for characterizing flows and assessing resilience to disturbances such as those induced by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Since Fall 2018, 18 seafood (finfish and shellfish) species totaling 6273 lbs have flowed from harvesters (n = 4), to processors (n = 2), to a distributor, to retailers (n = 2), and finally to customers (n = 183). The pandemic reduced the number of seafood harvesters and processors (−50%), seafood flow quantity (−25%), species diversity in the marketplace (−67%), and species per supplier (−50%) before stopping flows in mid-March 2020, when Fishadelphia closed for 3 months. Models of network optimality indicated that the pandemic fragmented metacouplings that previously allowed multiple seafood suppliers to provide diverse products to customers. However, demand-side resilience increased through dispersed, socially distanced, efficient seafood delivery that expanded the customer base and generally increased customer satisfaction. This resilience dichotomy—wherein the post-closure network was less resilient than the pre-closure network in supply-side species diversity, but more resilient in demand-side social distancing, delivery efficiency, and customer satisfaction—has implications for rewiring networks to sustain CSFs and other local food systems amid ecological and social disturbances.