bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptualising factors impacting nutrition services coverage of treatment for acute malnutrition in children: an application of the Three Delays Model in Niger
Authors: Kodish Stephen R , Allen Ben GS , Salou Halidou , Schwendler Teresa R , Isanaka Sheila 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjective:The Three Delays Model is a conceptual model traditionally used to understand contributing factors of maternal mortality. It posits that most barriers to health services utilisation occur in relation to one of three delays: (1) Delay 1: delayed decision to seek care; (2) Delay 2: delayed arrival at health facility and (3) Delay 3: delayed provision of adequate care. We applied this model to understand why a community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) services may have low coverage.Design:We conducted a Semi-Quantitative Evaluation of Access and Coverage (SQUEAC) over three phases using mixed methods to estimate programme coverage and barriers to care. In this manuscript, we present findings from fifty-one semi-structured interviews with caregivers and programme staff, as well as seventy-two structured interviews among caregivers only. Recurring themes were organised and interpreted using the Three Delays Model.Setting:Madaoua, Niger.Participants:Totally, 123 caregivers and CMAM program staff.Results:Overall, eleven barriers to CMAM services were identified in this setting. Five barriers contribute to Delay 1, including lack of knowledge around malnutrition and CMAM services, as well as limited family support, variable screening services and alternative treatment options. High travel costs, far distances, poor roads and competing demands were challenges associated with accessing care (Delay 2). Finally, upon arrival to health facilities, differential caregiver experiences around quality of care contributed to Delay 3.Conclusions:The Three Delays Model was a useful model to conceptualise the factors associated with CMAM uptake in this context, enabling implementing agencies to address specific barriers through targeted activities.
Assessing the Church of England’s Leadership Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic: Listening to the Voice of Rural Lay People
Authors: McKenna Ursula 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to analyse the qualitative text written on the back page of a quantitative survey concerned with the Church of England’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Of the 1460 rural lay people in England who took part in the Coronavirus, Church & You survey, 501 wrote further (sometimes detailed) comments on the back page (34 per cent participation rate). This study analyses the comments made by a subsection of these 501 rural lay people, specifically the 52 participants who voiced their views on how the Church of England’s leadership responded during the first four months of the Covid-19 pandemic. Analysis identified a number of issues and concerns, including: a lack of quality leadership, comparing with other Churches, becoming irrelevant, centralizing action, closing rural churches, neglecting rural people, neglecting rural clergy, marginalizing rural communities, using the kitchen table, and looking to the future. Overall, rural lay people were disappointed with the response of church leadership to the first national lockdown. If these churchgoers are to be fruitfully reconnected with their churches after the pandemic, then leadership of the Church of England may need to hear and to take seriously their concerns.
Brief psychological interventions for anxiety and depression in a secondary care adult mental health service: an evaluation
Authors: Roberts Kate , Travers-Hill Emma , Coker Siân , Troup Jordan , Casey Stephanie , Parkin Katherine , Kim Youngsuk 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Due to continuing pressures on the UK National Health Service’s mental health services, there has been increased interest in the development of brief psychological interventions (BPIs). These interventions are usually defined as including selected components of established psychological interventions, delivered over fewer sessions, and by staff with less specialised training (paraprofessionals). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-based BPIs for anxiety and depression have been found to be helpful for clients with mild to moderate mental health problems. This project evaluates the introduction of BPIs for anxiety and depression in a secondary care adult mental health service, with clients experiencing moderate to severe mental health difficulties. The service developed CBT-based manuals for anxiety (anxiety management) and depression (behavioural activation) BPIs. The BPIs were delivered by mental health workers without core therapeutic training, who were offered training and group supervision by psychologists in the team. Measures of anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), wellbeing (SWEMWBS) and functioning (WSAS) were completed at the start and end of treatment. The data reported from a 2-year period suggest that BPIs are associated with reductions in symptoms of anxiety and low mood, and improvements in wellbeing and functioning. Whilst this is a small-scale initial evaluation, the results are promising for the potential benefit of BPIs for clients in secondary care settings. Given that this new way of working has possible additional benefits such as improving access to psychological treatment and cost-effectiveness, further research in the area is warranted and encouraged.

Key learning aims

(1)
To overview the current evidence for BPIs.

(2)
To outline a possible model for offering BPIs in secondary care.

(3)
To illustrate the potential positive effects of BPIs within a secondary care population.

(4)
To consider the need for future research and development of BPIs.
Moving beyond a ‘one-size-fits-all’ rationale in global mental health: prospects of a precision psychology paradigm
Authors: Purgato Marianna , Singh Rakesh , Acarturk Ceren , Cuijpers Pim 
Published: October 2021

AbstractResearch on the effectiveness of mental health and psychosocial support interventions for common mental disorders in global mental health provides controversial results. These results are based on mean values for different groups, often without due consideration of individual-level characteristics and contextual factors. Against this background, and based on the recent development of a precision theoretical framework in clinical psychology, which is calling for a renewed perspective on the development and implementation of trial designs, we propose to develop a precision psychology paradigm in global mental health, with emphasis not only on individual clinical and socio-demographic data, but also on the social determinants of mental health. A precision psychology paradigm would require a coordinated action of academics, stakeholders and humanitarian workers in planning a global mental health research agenda, including the design of trials aimed at reliably approximate prediction of intervention response at individual level.
From Machiavellianism to Unethical Behavior: A Cross-Level Examination of Cultural Factors
Authors: Hussain Ghulam , Samreen Farah , Ismail Wan Khairuzzaman Wan , Riaz Amir , Azhar Johaver 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study establishes the relationship between a manager’s Machiavellian personality and unethical behavior. It also tests the cross-level interaction effects of collectivism and power distance on the relationship between a Machiavellian personality and unethical behavior. The multi-level and multi-source data are collected from 22 public sector organizations from which 202 responses from managers about their personalities, power distance, and collectivism, and 626 subordinates’ ratings of the managers’ unethical behavior were received and used. The results show that Machiavellian personality has a positive relationship with unethical behavior. The cross-level interaction effects also show that cultural dimensions such as power distance, and collectivism—significantly and positively moderate the relationship between Machiavellian personality and unethical behavior. Based on the study’s findings, implications for theory and practice are offered.
Earthcasting: Geomorphic Forecasts for Society
Authors: Ferdowsi Behrooz , Gartner John D. , Johnson Kerri N. , Kasprak Alan , Miller Kimberly L. , Nardin William , Ortiz Alejandra C. , Tejedor Alejandro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOver the last several decades, the study of Earth surface processes has progressed from a descriptive science to an increasingly quantitative one due to advances in theoretical, experimental, and computational geosciences. The importance of geomorphic forecasts has never been greater, as technological development and global climate change threaten to reshape the landscapes that support human societies and natural ecosystems. Here we explore best practices for developing socially relevant forecasts of Earth surface change, a goal we are calling “earthcasting”. We suggest that earthcasts have the following features: they focus on temporal (∼1–∼100 years) and spatial (∼1 m–∼10 km) scales relevant to planning; they are designed with direct involvement of stakeholders and public beneficiaries through the evaluation of the socioeconomic impacts of geomorphic processes; and they generate forecasts that are clearly stated, testable, and include quantitative uncertainties. Earthcasts bridge the gap between Earth surface researchers and decision‐makers, stakeholders, researchers from other disciplines, and the general public. We investigate the defining features of earthcasts and evaluate some specific examples. This paper builds on previous studies of prediction in geomorphology by recommending a roadmap for (a) generating earthcasts, especially those based on modeling; (b) transforming a subset of geomorphic research into earthcasts; and (c) communicating earthcasts beyond the geomorphology research community. Earthcasting exemplifies the social benefit of geomorphology research, and it calls for renewed research efforts toward further understanding the limits of predictability of Earth surface systems and processes, and the uncertainties associated with modeling geomorphic processes and their impacts.
A Visual Tour of Carbon Export by Sinking Particles
Authors: Durkin Colleen A. , Buesseler Ken O. , Cetinić Ivona , Estapa Margaret L. , Kelly Roger P. , Omand Melissa 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo better quantify the ocean's biological carbon pump, we resolved the diversity of sinking particles that transport carbon into the ocean's interior, their contribution to carbon export, and their attenuation with depth. Sinking particles collected in sediment trap gel layers from four distinct ocean ecosystems were imaged, measured, and classified. The size and identity of particles was used to model their contribution to particulate organic carbon (POC) flux. Measured POC fluxes were reasonably predicted by particle images. Nine particle types were identified, and most of the compositional variability was driven by the relative contribution of aggregates, long cylindrical fecal pellets, and salp fecal pellets. While particle composition varied across locations and seasons, the entire range of compositions was measured at a single well‐observed location in the subarctic North Pacific over one month, across 500 m of depth. The magnitude of POC flux was not consistently associated with a dominant particle class, but particle classes did influence flux attenuation. Long fecal pellets attenuated most rapidly with depth whereas certain other classes attenuated little or not at all with depth. Small particles (<100 μm) consistently contributed ∼5% to total POC flux in samples with higher magnitude fluxes. The relative importance of these small particle classes (spherical mini pellets, short oval fecal pellets, and dense detritus) increased in low flux environments (up to 46% of total POC flux). Imaging approaches that resolve large variations in particle composition across ocean basins, depth, and time will help to better parameterize biological carbon pump models.
Air‐Sea Turbulent Heat Flux Feedback Over Mesoscale Eddies
Authors: Moreton Sophia , Ferreira David , Roberts Malcolm , Hewitt Helene 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAir‐sea turbulent heat fluxes play a fundamental role in generating and dampening sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. To date, the turbulent heat flux feedback (THFF) is well quantified at basin‐wide scales (20 ) but remains unknown at the oceanic mesoscale (10–100 km). Here, using an eddy‐tracking algorithm in three configurations of the coupled climate model HadGEM3‐GC3.1, the THFF over mesoscale eddies is estimated. The THFF magnitude is strongly dependent on the ocean‐to‐atmosphere regridding of SST, a common practice in coupled models for calculating air‐sea heat flux. Our best estimate shows that the mesoscale THFF ranges between 35 and 45 globally, across different eddy amplitudes. Increasing the ratio of atmosphere‐to‐ocean grid resolution can lead to an underestimation of the THFF, by as much as 80% for a 6:1 resolution ratio. Our results suggest that a large atmosphere‐to‐ocean grid ratio can result in an artificially weak dampening of mesoscale SST anomalies.
Ion Outflow and Escape in the Terrestrial Magnetosphere: Cluster Advances
Authors: Dandouras Iannis 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCluster was the first mission in the terrestrial magnetosphere to involve four spacecraft in a tetrahedral configuration, providing three‐dimensional measurements of the space plasma parameters. Cluster was also equipped with a very comprehensive instrumentation, allowing the measurement of the ion populations outflowing from the ionosphere, their circulation in the magnetosphere, and their eventual escape to outer space. The observations of the outflowing and escaping ion populations performed by Cluster are reviewed and the most prominent results highlighted. These show the dominance in the magnetotail lobes of cold plasma outflows originating from the polar caps. For the energetic heavy ion outflow, the cusps constitute the main source. Their transport and acceleration through the polar cap into the lobes and then into the plasma sheet has been characterized. The dependence of the polar outflow on the solar wind parameters and on the geomagnetic activity has been evaluated for both cold ion populations and heavy energetic ions. For the latter, outflow has been observed during all periods but an increase by two orders of magnitude has been shown during extreme space weather conditions. This outflow is adequate to change the composition of the atmosphere over geological timescales. At lower latitudes, the existence of a plasmaspheric wind, providing a continuous leak from the plasmasphere, has been demonstrated. The general scheme of the outflowing ion circulation in the magnetosphere or escape, and its dependence on the IMF conditions, has been outlined. However, several questions remain open, waiting for a future space mission to address them.
Electromagnetic Field Generated by an Earthquake Source Due to Motional Induction in 3D Stratified Media, and Application to 2008 Mw 6.1 Qingchuan Earthquake
Authors: Zhao Jie , Gao Yongxin , Tang Ji , Klemperer Simon L. , Wen Jian , Chen Chieh‐Hung , Chong Jiajun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMovement of the conductive subsurface medium in the Earth's magnetic field can generate electromagnetic (EM) disturbances. This phenomenon is referred to as the motional induction (MI) effect and, though previously proposed as a possible mechanism for the generation of earthquake‐associated EM signals, has not yet been well understood. In this study, we present a semianalytical method to derive the EM response to an earthquake due to the MI effect in a 3D horizontally layered model. We solve the coupled elastodynamic and Maxwell's equations in the frequency–wavenumber domain through the global matrix method and then compute the seismic and EM responses in the time domain. We first verify the proposed method by comparing results to the analytical solution in a full‐space model and then conduct numerical simulations to investigate the properties of the EM fields and their sensitivities to the rock conductivity. Finally, we use the proposed method to model coseismic EM data observed during the 2008 Mw 6.1 Qingchuan earthquake. The results show that the simulated coseismic electric fields can fit the observed electric signals well in both arrival time and amplitude, suggesting that the MI effect is a possible mechanism for the generation of the observed electric signals. The simulated magnetic fields are 1 order of magnitude weaker in amplitude than the observed magnetic data, implying that the observed magnetic fields are mainly generated by other mechanisms.
A Satellite‐Based Lagrangian Perspective on Atlantic Water Fractionation Between Arctic Gateways
Authors: Broomé S. , Chafik L. , Nilsson J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWarm Atlantic Water reaches the Arctic Ocean via two gateways: the Barents Sea Opening (BSO) and Fram Strait. Here, we study the near‐surface flow of the Atlantic Water in the Nordic Seas and its fractionation between these Arctic gateways, using simulated Lagrangian trajectories based on satellite altimetry for 1994–2018. Lagrangian particles are released in the eastern Nordic Seas, where Atlantic Water flows poleward in two current cores: an inner branch along the Norwegian Continental Slope and an outer sea ward branch. The trajectories toward Fram Strait and the BSO are, in an averaged sense, largely steered by the bottom topography, and on inter‐annual timescales we find an anticorrelation in the number of particles that reach the two gateways. Most of the particles released in the inner branch enter the Barents Sea and most of the particles seeded in the outer branch reach Fram Strait. However, there is a significant cross‐over of particles from the outer to the inner branch in the Lofoten Basin, and nearly half of the total number of particles entering the BSO originate in the outer branch. This cross‐over is accomplished solely by the time‐fluctuating part of the velocity field, and it becomes stronger when the eddy kinetic energy in the Lofoten Basin is anomalously high. Thus, the outer branch may, via processes in the Lofoten Basin, be important for Barents Sea climate variability.
Detection of Microorganisms and Metabolism in Dune Sand of a Low Organic Content
Authors: Rychert Krzysztof , Wink Lisa , Blohs Marcus , Kumpitsch Christina , Neumann Charlotte , Moissl‐Eichinger Christine , Wielgat‐Rychert Magdalena 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe main goal of astrobiological studies is the search for life beyond Earth. Developing life detection methods requires test locations that have similar environmental conditions to extraterrestrial sites or that simply have low organism abundances. In this study, we describe dune sand of a low organic matter content (0.11%) collected from a national park frequented by few people. It is located in temperate zone. We hypothesized that dune sand is characterized by the low abundance of microorganisms and metabolic rates that could be compared to analogs of extraterrestrial environments like the Antarctic McMurdo Dry Valleys or the Atacama Desert. Measurements of CO2efflux and ATP concentration demonstrated that hydrating dune sand with sterile distilled water initiated a short period of substantial microbial metabolic activity that lasted from 4 to 5 days. The maximum CO2efflux was 100 mgCO2 m−2 d−1, which was low compared to values reported for sandy dunes, deserts and poor soils, including McMurdo Dry Valleys. Microscopic observations demonstrated that the abundance of prokaryotic microorganisms in the dune sand was low at roughly one million per cm3of sand and was comparable to the abundance reported from the Atacama Desert. The microbial communities in the dune sand were studied based on 16S rRNA gene analyses. The most prominent bacterial genera wereMassiliaandBacillus. Study demonstrated that dune sand sampled from a national park area was as useful for testing life detection methods as are other well‐established analogs of extraterrestrial environments.
Advancing Artificial Neural Network Parameterization for Atmospheric Turbulence Using a Variational Multiscale Model
Authors: Janssens M. , Hulshoff S. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractData‐driven parameterizations offer considerable potential for improving the fidelity of General Circulation Models. However, ensuring that these remain consistent with the governing equations while still producing stable simulations remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose a combined Variational‐Multiscale (VMS) Artificial Neural Network (ANN) discretization which makes no a priori assumptions on the model form, and is only restricted in its accuracy by the precision of the ANN. Using a simplified problem, we demonstrate that good predictions of the required closure terms can be obtained with relatively compact ANN architectures. We then turn our attention to the stability of the VMS‐ANN discretization in the context of a single implicit time step. It is demonstrated that the ANN parameterization introduces nonphysical solutions to the governing equations that can significantly affect or prevent convergence. We show that enriching the training data with nonphysical states from intra‐time step iterations is an effective remedy. This indicates that the lack of representative ANN‐induced errors in our original, exact training inputs underpin the observed instabilities. In turn, this suggests that data set enrichment might aid in resolving instabilities that develop over several time steps.
A Comparison of the Topside Electron Density Measured by the Swarm Satellites and Incoherent Scatter Radars Over Resolute Bay, Canada
Authors: Larson B. , Koustov A. V. , Kouznetsov A. F. , Lomidze L. , Gillies R. G. , Reimer A. S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractElectron density measured at high latitudes by the Swarm satellites is compared with the measurements by the RISR incoherent scatter radars as the satellites fly by the radars' field of views near Resolute Bay, Canada between 2014 and 2019. More than 200 satellite passes crossing multiple radar beams are considered. Overall, the Swarm‐based electron densities are smaller than those measured by the radars by ∼30%. The values are closer to one another at electron densities between and , corresponding to plasma frequencies between 1.5 and 3.5 MHz. Swarm‐measured values are getting progressively smaller than those measured by radars at larger electron densities/plasma frequencies. For the entire range of measured electron densities, the slope of the best fit linear line to the data expressed in terms of electron density is ∼0.62 and offset is . Stronger differences between the instruments were found for observations at nighttime and dawn.