bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research and Practice of AI Ethics: A Case Study Approach Juxtaposing Academic Discourse with Organisational Reality
Authors: Ryan Mark , Antoniou Josephina , Brooks Laurence , Jiya Tilimbe , Macnish Kevin , Stahl Bernd 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the ethical use of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies (BD + AI)—using an empirical approach. The paper categorises the current literature and presents a multi-case study of 'on-the-ground' ethical issues that uses qualitative tools to analyse findings from ten targeted case-studies from a range of domains. The analysis coalesces identified singular ethical issues, (from the literature), into clusters to offer a comparison with the proposed classification in the literature. The results show that despite the variety of different social domains, fields, and applications of AI, there is overlap and correlation between the organisations’ ethical concerns. This more detailed understanding of ethics in AI + BD is required to ensure that the multitude of suggested ways of addressing them can be targeted and succeed in mitigating the pertinent ethical issues that are often discussed in the literature.
Leverage points to foster human–nature connectedness in cultural landscapes
Authors: Riechers Maraja , Pătru-Dușe Ioana Alexandra , Balázsi Ágnes 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCalls for a reconnection to nature and the biosphere have been growing louder over the last decades. Cultural landscapes are rapidly changing, posing a threat to ecosystems and biodiversity, but also to human–nature connections. Human–nature connectedness may be a potential lever to shift the unsustainable trajectory that we are currently proceeding, but is also negatively influenced by it. To concretize the call for a reconnection to nature, we used the leverage points perspective on five empirical case studies with focus on human–nature connectedness. Based on the synthesis of our yearlong work, in this perspective paper, we propose four leverage points to foster a sustainability transformation: (1) maintain and enhance the structural diversity of landscapes, (2) maintain and enhance economically and ecologically sustainable small-scale agriculture, (3) strengthen sense of place and (4) strengthen sense of agency in actors. Intervening in these leverage points could be effective to foster human–nature connectedness and ultimately contribute towards a sustainable trajectory. We further argue that the interconnection between leverage points is equally important as their systemic depth.
Predictive factors of mortality in open abdomen for abdominal sepsis: a retrospective cohort study on 113 patients
Authors: Tartaglia Dario , Marin Jacopo Nicolò , Nicoli Alice Maria , De Palma Andrea , Picchi Martina , Musetti Serena , Cremonini Camilla , Salvadori Stefano , Coccolini Federico , Chiarugi Massimo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOver the past few years, the open abdomen (OA) as a part of Damage Control Surgery (DCS) has been introduced as a surgical strategy with the intent to reduce the mortality of patients with severe abdominal sepsis. Aims of our study were to analyze the OA effects on patients with abdominal sepsis and identify predictive factors of mortality. Patients admitted to our institution with abdominal sepsis requiring OA from 2010 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Primary outcomes were mortality, morbidity and definitive fascial closure (DFC). Comparison between groups was made via univariate and multivariate analyses. On 1474 patients operated for abdominal sepsis, 113 (7.6%) underwent OA. Male gender accounted for 52.2% of cases. Mean age was 68.1 ± 14.3 years. ASA score was > 2 in 87.9%. Mean BMI, APACHE II score and Mannheim Peritonitis Index were 26.4 ± 4.9, 15.3 ± 6.3, and 22.6 ± 7.3, respectively. A negative pressure wound system technique was used in 47% of the cases. Overall, mortality was 43.4%, morbidity 76.6%, and DFC rate was 97.8%. Entero-atmospheric fistula rate was 2.2%. At multivariate analysis, APACHE II score (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.05–1.32; p = 0.005), Frailty Clinical Scale (OR 4.66; 95% CI 3.19–6.12; p < 0.0001) and ASA grade IV (OR 7.86; 95% CI 2.18–28.27; p = 0.002) were significantly associated with mortality. OA seems to be a safe and reliable treatment for critically ill patients with severe abdominal sepsis. Nonetheless, in these patients, co-morbidity and organ failure remain the major obstacles to a better prognosis.
Antiretroviral Drug Treatment of Individuals that Used Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Before Diagnosis
Authors: van de Vijver David A. M. C. , Mukherjee Shreoshee , van Kampen Jeroen J.A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurpose of reviewThe antiretroviral drugs, tenofovir and emtricitabine used as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), are also used in treatment of HIV. Drug resistance due to PrEP can therefore jeopardize future treatment options. This review discusses treatment of individuals that used PrEP in whom viral mutations against tenofovir (K65R) or emtricitabine (M184I/V) are found.Recent findingsAlthough no studies systematically investigated the optimal treatment of individuals who used PrEP before diagnosis, there is anecdotal evidence that HIV including the K65R and/or M184I/V can be successfully treated using recommended first-line regimens.SummaryDrug resistance can be ascribed to use of PrEP while having an unrecognized acute HIV infection, partial adherence to PrEP, and transmission of HIV resistant to PrEP drugs. First-line antiretroviral drug treatment in individuals who used PrEP before diagnosis must be optimized based on genotypic resistance test results. Individuals in whom M184I/V and/or K65R is detected can be treated with dolutegravir-based, bictegravir-based, or darunavir-based regimens plus tenofovir plus lamivudine or emtricitabine. Dual therapy using dolutegravir plus lamivudine is not recommended for induction therapy in individuals with viral mutations against the drugs used as PrEP. There is an urgent need to confirm the anecdotal evidence for successful treatment using first-line regimens.
Does Self-rated Attractiveness Predict Women’s Preferences for Facial Masculinity? Data From an Arab Sample
Authors: Alharbi Sarah A. H. , Holzleitner Iris J. , Saribay S. Adil , Jones Benedict C. , Lee Anthony J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objectives
Because more attractive women may be better able to attract and/or retain masculine mates, many researchers have proposed that women who consider themselves to be more physically attractive will show stronger preferences for men displaying masculine facial characteristics. Empirical evidence for this putative association between women’s self-rated attractiveness and preference for facial masculinity has come almost entirely from studies of Western women. Thus, we investigated whether this pattern of results also occurs in a sample of non-Western women.

Methods
We investigated the relationship between self-rated attractiveness and facial-masculinity preferences in a sample of Arab women (N = 281). Facial-masculinity preferences were assessed from attractiveness judgments of masculinized versus feminized versions of face images.

Results
By contrast with previous findings for Western women’s self-rated attractiveness, we observed no compelling evidence that Arab women who considered themselves to be more attractive showed stronger preferences for masculine men.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that previously reported associations between self-rated attractiveness and masculinity preferences might be somewhat culture specific, potentially reflecting cultural differences in typical mating strategies.
An Empirical Assessment of the Contagion Determinants in the Euro Area in a Period of Sovereign Debt Risk
Authors: Altınbaş Hazar , Pacelli Vincenzo , Sica Edgardo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper uses learning methods and optimization techniques to investigate the determinants of shock propagation in the Euro area for the period 2001–2015. First, principal component analyses are used with country bond yields to identify sub-periods and country groups; second, influencing factors for country bond yields are investigated with random forest models; lastly, shock propagation among groups are examined with impulse response functions. Models in steps two and three are improved by using simulated annealing algorithm. The empirical findings achieved can be particularly relevant for both investors and policymakers. Shedding light on the determinants of financial contagion may be in fact useful for investors who can derive relevant information about countries which are less sensitive to be affected by shocks, orienting thus their investment strategies. At the same time, policymakers could draw worthwhile and preventive hedging strategies and design the most suitable crisis management policies.
Interface Engineering via Ti3C2Tx MXene Electrolyte Additive toward Dendrite-Free Zinc Deposition
Authors: Sun Chuang , Wu Cuiping , Gu Xingxing , Wang Chao , Wang Qinghong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractZinc metal batteries have been considered as a promising candidate for next-generation batteries due to their high safety and low cost. However, their practical applications are severely hampered by the poor cyclability that caused by the undesired dendrite growth of metallic Zn. Herein, Ti3C2Tx MXene was first used as electrolyte additive to facilitate the uniform Zn deposition by controlling the nucleation and growth process of Zn. Such MXene additives can not only be absorbed on Zn foil to induce uniform initial Zn deposition via providing abundant zincophilic-O groups and subsequently participate in the formation of robust solid-electrolyte interface film, but also accelerate ion transportation by reducing the Zn2+ concentration gradient at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Consequently, MXene-containing electrolyte realizes dendrite-free Zn plating/striping with high Coulombic efficiency (99.7%) and superior reversibility (stably up to 1180 cycles). When applied in full cell, the Zn-V2O5 cell also delivers significantly improved cycling performances. This work provides a facile yet effective method for developing reversible zinc metal batteries.
A Low gate count reconfigurable architecture for biomedical signal processing applications
Authors: Jain Nupur , Mishra Biswajit , Wilson Peter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA new reconfigurable architecture for biomedical applications is presented in this paper. The architecture targets frequently encountered functions in biomedical signal processing algorithms thereby replacing multiple dedicated accelerators and reports low gate count. An optimized implementation is achieved by mapping methodologies to functions and limiting the required memory leading directly to an overall minimization of gate count. The proposed architecture has a simple configuration scheme with special provision for handling feedback. The effectiveness of the architecture is demonstrated on an FPGA to show implementation schemes for multiple DSP functions. The architecture has gate count of $$\approx$$
≈
25k and an operating frequency of 46.9 MHz.
The impact of scoliosis surgery on pulmonary function in spinal muscular atrophy: a systematic review
Authors: Alhammoud Abduljabber , Othman Yahya , El-Hawary Ron , Mackenzie William G. , Howard Jason J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractScoliosis often occurs coincident with pulmonary function deterioration in spinal muscular atrophy but a causal relationship has not yet been reliably established. A systematic literature review was performed, with pulmonary function testing being the primary outcome pre- and post-scoliosis surgery. Levels of evidence were determined and GRADE recommendations made. Ninety studies were identified with only 14 meeting inclusion criteria. Four studies were level III and the rest were level IV evidence. The average age at surgical intervention was 11.8 years (follow-up 6.1 years). Post-operative pulmonary function progressively declined for the majority of studies. Otherwise, pulmonary function: improved (two studies), were unchanged (two studies), had a decreased rate of decline (three studies), declined initially then returned to baseline (two studies). Respiratory and spine-based complications were common. Given the available evidence, the following GRADE C recommendations were made: (1) surgery is most often associated with decreases in pulmonary function; (2) the impact of surgery on pulmonary function is variable, but does not improve over pre-operative baseline; (3) surgery may result in a decreased rate of decline in pulmonary function post-operatively. Given this lack of evidence-based support, the risk–benefit balance should be taken into consideration when contemplating scoliosis surgery.
Predictors of Anxiety and Depression in Medical Professionals During the Time of COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Ren Zhengjia , Xie Zhongyao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of sociodemographic data, mental disorder history, confusion and somatic discomfort triggered by social media on anxiety and depression symptoms among medical professionals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak.Methods:A total of 460 participants completed online questionnaires that included sociodemographic data, mental health disorder history, an assessment of confusion and somatic discomfort triggered by social media, and psychological disturbance. Hierarchical linear regression model was adopted to analysis the data.Results:The hierarchical linear regression model was able to explain 41.7% of variance in depression symptoms, including comorbidity with 1 mental disorder (B = 0.296; P < 0.001), confusion (B = 0.174; P < 0.001), and somatic discomfort (B = 0.358; P < 0.001) triggered by social media. The hierarchical linear regression model was able to explain 41.7% of variance in anxiety symptoms, including sex (B = -0.08; P < 0.005), comorbidity with 1 mental health disorder (B = 0.242; P < 0.001), confusion (B = 0.228; P < 0.001), and somatic discomfort (B = 0.436; P < 0.001) triggered by social media.Conclusions:These results suggest that it is important to provide adequate psychological assistance for medical professionals with mental health problems in COVID-19 to buffer the negative impact of social media.
Sustaining University Operations During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ryan Benjamin J. , Muehlenbein Michael P. , Allen Jon , Been Joshua , Boyd Kenneth , Brickhouse Mark , Brooks Bryan W. , Burchett Matthew , Chambliss C. Kevin , Cook Jason D. , Ecklund Adam , Fogleman Lori , Granick Peter , Hynes Sharra , Hudson Tonya , Huse Michelle , Lamb Micah , Lowe Tiffany , Marsh Jim , Nixon Niesha , Nolan Dennis , Nuñez George , Matthews Walter “Sparky” , Stern Sharon , Wheelis Meaghann , Brickhouse Nancy 
Published: March 2021

AbstractColleges and universities around the world engaged diverse strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Baylor University, a community of ˜22,700 individuals, was 1 of the institutions which resumed and sustained operations. The key strategy was establishment of multidisciplinary teams to develop mitigation strategies and priority areas for action. This population-based team approach along with implementation of a “Swiss Cheese” risk mitigation model allowed small clusters to be rapidly addressed through testing, surveillance, tracing, isolation, and quarantine. These efforts were supported by health protocols including face coverings, social distancing, and compliance monitoring. As a result, activities were sustained from August 1 to December 8, 2020. There were 62,970 COVID-19 tests conducted with 1435 people testing positive for a positivity rate of 2.28%. A total of 1670 COVID-19 cases were identified with 235 self-reports. The mean number of tests per week was 3500 with approximately 80 of these positive (11/d). More than 60 student tracers were trained with over 120 personnel available to contact trace, at a ratio of 1 per 400 university members. The successes and lessons learned provide a framework and pathway for similar institutions to mitigate the ongoing impacts of COVID-19 and sustain operations during a global pandemic.
Crisis signaling: how Italy's coronavirus lockdown affected incumbent support in other European countries
Authors: De Vries Catherine E. , Bakker Bert N. , Hobolt Sara B. , Arceneaux Kevin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is an unparalleled global crisis. Yet, despite the grave adversity faced by citizens, incumbents around the world experienced a boost in popularity during the onset of the outbreak. In this study, we examine how the response to the COVID-19 outbreak in one country affected incumbent support in other countries. Specifically, we leverage the fact that the first country-wide lockdown on European soil, in Italy on 9 March 2020, happened during the fieldwork of surveys conducted in four other European countries, France, Germany, Poland and Spain. This allows us to examine how an event abroad that alerted citizens to an imminent crisis—prior to a similar domestic government response—influenced incumbent support. Our results indicate a crisis signal effect of Italy's COVID-19 lockdown, as support for the incumbent increased domestically in other European countries after the lockdown. Importantly, these findings suggest that incumbents can benefit from a crisis unfolding in other countries, even when their own performance in response to the same crisis is not yet fully clear. They illustrate the importance of developments abroad for incumbent approval and the difficulty facing citizens seeking to disentangle performance signals from exogenous shocks.
The Epistemological Challenge of Truth Subversion to the Liberal International Order
Authors: Adler Emanuel , Drieschova Alena 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTruth-subversion practices, which populist leaders utilize for political domination, are a significant source of current pressure on the Liberal International Order (LIO). Truth-subversion practices includefalse speak(flagrant lying to subvert the concept of facts),double speak(intentional internal contradictions in speech to erode reason), andflooding(the emission of many messages into the public domain to create confusion). Aiming to destroy liberal truth ideals and practices, truth subversion weakens epistemological security; that is, the experience of orderliness and safety that results from people's and institutions’ shared understandings of their common-sense reality. It privileges baseless claims over fact-based opinions, thus creating communities of the like-minded between which communication becomes impossible. Truth subversion challenges the LIO's three key institutions: democracy, markets, and multilateralism. If truth-subversion practices prevail, societal polarization, inaccurate information, and emotional inflaming strain democracy and human rights protections. Markets that depend for their functioning on accurate information can falter, and multilateralism that relies on communication and reasoned consensus can decay. International relations (IR) scholarship has recognized knowledge production practices as a key feature underlying the LIO, but has not yet identified challenges to those practices as a threat for the LIO. We discuss what the discipline can do to alleviate its blind spots.
Sustained ventricular tachycardia in a paediatric patient with acute COVID-19 myocarditis
Authors: Tseng Yu-Shan , Herron Christopher , Garcia Richard , Cashen Katherine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough rare, children with active coronavirus disease 2019 are at risk of developing malignant arrhythmia. Herein, we present the first paediatric case of refractory ventricular tachycardia from acute fulminant myocarditis secondary to acute COVID-19 infection. This 5-year-old boy required venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, but made a complete recovery without significant morbidity.
Do nutritional warnings encourage healthier choices on food ordering websites? An exploratory experimental study in Uruguay
Authors: Gugliucci Vanessa , Machín Leandro , Curutchet María Rosa , Ares Gastón 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjective:To evaluate if the inclusion of nutritional warnings in food ordering websites can discourage consumers from purchasing foods with excessive content of nutrients associated with non-communicable diseases (NCD).Design:Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental conditions: control (n 225) or nutritional warnings (n 222). Nutritional warnings corresponded to separate black octagonal signs containing the word ‘Excess’ followed by the corresponding nutrient: total fat, saturated fat, sugars and sodium. Participants were asked to purchase a lunch for themselves using a simulated food ordering website.Setting:Online study in Uruguay.Participants:Convenience sample of 447 Uruguayan participants, recruited using social media.Results:In the control condition, 76 % of the participants selected a dish or a beverage with excessive content of at least one nutrient in the simulated food ordering website. When nutritional warnings were included, this percentage significantly decreased to 62 % (P = 0·002). In addition, nutritional warnings caused a significant reduction in the percentage of participants who selected dishes with excessive content of total fat: 50 % v. 62 % (P = 0·012).Conclusions:Results from the present work provide preliminary evidence that the inclusion of nutritional warnings in food ordering websites could discourage consumers from selecting dishes and beverages with excessive content of nutrients associated with NCD.
Economics of respiratory disease in dairy replacement heifers
Authors: Overton Michael W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a frequent disease concern in dairy cattle and is most commonly diagnosed in young dairy heifers. The impact of BRD is highly variable, depending on the accuracy and completeness of detection, effectiveness of treatment, and on-farm culling practices. Consequences include decreased rate of weight gain, a higher culling risk either as heifers or as cows, delayed age at first service, delayed age at first calving, and in some cases, lower future milk production. In this data set of 104,100 dairy replacement heifers from across the USA, 36.6% had one or more cases diagnosed within the first 120 days of age with the highest risk of new cases occurring prior to weaning. Comparison of the raising cost for heifers with BRD and those without a recorded history of BRD resulted in an estimated cost per incident case occurring in the first 120 days of age of $252 or $282, depending upon whether anticipated future milk production differences were considered or not. Current market conditions contributed to a cost estimate that is significantly higher than previously published estimates, driven in part by the losses associated with selective culling of a subset of heifers that experienced BRD.