bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of dietary mercury intake during pregnancy on the health of neonates and children: a systematic review
Authors: Saavedra Steven , Fernández-Recamales Ángeles , Sayago Ana , Cervera-Barajas Antonio , González-Domínguez Raúl , Gonzalez-Sanz Juan D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Context
Growing evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to methyl mercury through the maternal diet could have great influence on the neurological and physical development of neonates and young children.

Objective
The aim of this review was to evaluate the clinical repercussions of maternal exposure to methyl mercury during pregnancy on the health of fetuses, neonates, and children up to 8 years of age.

Data Sources
The Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Dialnet Plus databases were searched for articles published in English or Spanish from 1990 to 2020.

Study Selection
Original articles published in English or Spanish from 1990 to 2020 were eligible for inclusion. All study designs were eligible. Animal studies were excluded. Two authors independently screened studies for inclusion. From the 971 records initially identified, 19 studies were included in the systematic review.

Data Extraction
PRISMA guidelines were followed. Outcomes extracted included maternal dietary exposure to methyl mercury during pregnancy, possible health repercussions in offspring up to 8 years of age, and quantitative measurement of mercury in a biological sample. All studies met the requirements established for assessing both study quality and risk of bias.

Results
Prenatal exposure to mercury was consistently associated with lower birth weight, but only one study reported a negative association with length at birth. Higher mercury levels were also related to lower scores in various neuropsychological and developmental tests.

Conclusion
The literature shows clear evidence of the adverse effects of maternal methyl mercury exposure on anthropometric variables and cognitive or physical development in children. It is noteworthy, however, that mercury toxicity may sometimes be mitigated by other essential nutrients in the maternal diet, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Worker surveillance capital, labour share, and productivity
Authors: Askenazy Philippe 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a basic model with two types of capital: productive capital directly involved in the production process and capital devoted to monitoring workers. Surveillance capital intensifies workers’ job strain, while wage recognition encourages their engagement. Firms face a double trade-off between the two types of capital, and between incentives and labour costs. Under simple assumptions, up to a certain threshold, technological innovation improves productivity, wages, and profits at the same pace, leading to a flat labour share in income. Then, once the threshold is breached, profit-maximization initiates a transfer from productive capital to monitoring tools. This progressive shift generates a decline in the labour share and a productivity slowdown, despite greater job strain. The model suggests the possibility of a third phase in which productivity recovers.
Ground Functionalism
Authors: Schaffer Jonathan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Can there be a materialist explanation for conscious experience? According to ground functionalism, there is a mind making principle such that Huma’s C-fibers firings ground her pain, and in general states playing the right role in a system ground mental states for that system. I have the bold ambition of reviving the hopeful materialist story, by adding a new chapter—ground functionalism—which integrates functionalist insights about the mind with ground-theoretic insights about explanation. The ground functionalist posits a mind making principle linking material states to mental states via functional role, such that a properly choreographed system dances out a mind. I argue that ground functionalism preserves the insights of functionalist conceptions of the mind, while enabling a materialist explanation for conscious experience. Minds are made by dancing, and even matter can dance.
The use of oral opioids to control children’s pain in the post-codeine era
Authors: Rieder Michael J , Jong Geert ’t 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Pain is a common problem for children, and pain management comprises both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures. For moderate to severe pain, oral opioids have been a popular choice for the last few decades. Codeine has historically been the best-known oral opioid for use in children. However, availability and use of codeine have sharply declined due to safety concerns. A variety of other opioids have been used in place of codeine, but data are limited regarding their efficacy and safety in children. While the same pathways metabolize oral oxycodone as codeine, oxycodone’s pharmacokinetics varies widely. There are also limited data on the safety and efficacy of oral hydromorphone and tramadol use for children. Oral morphine is the opiate alternative to codeine for which there is the most evidence of safety and efficacy in children. Research is needed to investigate both other opioids and non-opioid approaches to guide evidence-based analgesic therapy and treatment for moderate-to-severe pain in children.
Does reviewing experience reduce disagreement in proposals evaluation? Insights from Marie Skłodowska-Curie and COST Actions
Authors: Seeber Marco , Vlegels Jef , Reimink Elwin , Marušić Ana , Pina David G 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe have limited understanding of why reviewers tend to strongly disagree when scoring the same research proposal. Thus far, research that explored disagreement has focused on the characteristics of the proposal or the applicants, while ignoring the characteristics of the reviewers themselves. This article aims to address this gap by exploring which reviewer characteristics most affect disagreement among reviewers. We present hypotheses regarding the effect of a reviewer’s level of experience in evaluating research proposals for a specific granting scheme, that is, scheme reviewing experience. We test our hypotheses by studying two of the most important research funding programmes in the European Union from 2014 to 2018, namely, 52,488 proposals evaluated under three funding schemes of the Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA), and 1,939 proposals evaluated under the European Cooperation in Science and Technology Actions. We find that reviewing experience on previous calls of a specific scheme significantly reduces disagreement, while experience of evaluating proposals in other schemes—namely, general reviewing experience, does not have any effect. Moreover, in MSCA—Individual Fellowships, we observe an inverted U relationship between the number of proposals a reviewer evaluates in a given call and disagreement, with a remarkable decrease in disagreement above 13 evaluated proposals. Our results indicate that reviewing experience in a specific scheme improves reliability, curbing unwarranted disagreement by fine-tuning reviewers’ evaluation.
‘Deliver This Horse from Evil’: The Ritual Aspects of Responses to Veterinary Disease in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Harrison Sunny 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While the importance of religious and magical healing practices in the Late Middle Ages is well established, the ritual aspects of veterinary medicine have so far not been thoroughly explored. This article addresses this lacuna through analysis of a corpus of charms, prayers, and other rituals that were used to cure a group of devastating contagious diseases that afflicted horses: animals that were often afforded complex, professional medical care in this period. It considers the semantic aspects and common features of this group of disease rituals alongside discussions of contagious illness in veterinary treatises, identifying a distinctive set of healing rituals and explaining why they were such a common response to enzootic disease. It argues that magical and religious healing were significant elements of medieval horse-care and that veterinary medicine has been overlooked as one of the key manifestations of ritual healing.
Theorizing the Religious Habitus in the Context of Conversion to Islam among Polish Women of Catholic Background
Authors: Krotofil Joanna , Piela Anna , Górak-Sosnowska Katarzyna , Abdallah-Krzepkowska Beata 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article explores the conversion processes of Polish women of Catholic background to Islam. Data from participant observation of mosque-based, women-only weekend gatherings for converts and in-depth interviews with 29 Polish female converts to Islam are presented to illustrate the dialectic between the persistence and transformation of religious habitus. Our analysis demonstrates that in the conversion process, Catholic habitus remains pervasive, and shapes converts’ engagement with the new religion; however, some elements of it become reflexive and change. We make a case for extending the discussion on habitus transformation by drawing attention to what we term a “translation” of religious beliefs and practices. Women in our study translate the system of Islamic practices and beliefs into a specific Catholic logic that is more intelligible to them and, in the process, recognize some of the power dynamics inherent in the religious field.
Intracerebral hemorrhage after kratom ingestion
Authors: Regan Glenna A. , Papadakos Peter J. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Mitragyna speciosa, a tropical tree also known as kratom, is an emerging substance of abuse with dose-dependent stimulant and opioid-like effects. Kratom may be purchased legally in the United States and is marketed online as a safe alternative to opioids and a cheap alternative to opioid replacement therapy. However, adverse reactions to ingestion are largely unknown and may pose a significant public health risk. This article describes a man with an intracerebral hemorrhage possibly secondary to kratom ingestion.
On the hunt for a cure
Authors: de la Cruz Jennifer , Hwang Joseph 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Huntington disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric impairments. Although the typical patient has a positive family history and initially presents with chorea between ages 30 and 50 years, some patients do not have a typical presentation. Healthcare providers should know when to refer patients to neurology for testing for Huntington disease. The earlier the diagnosis is made, the earlier the patient and patient's family can receive education about the expected disease trajectory. A multidisciplinary approach is required to mitigate symptoms as the disease progresses. Although no cure exists, ongoing research is targeting genotypic abnormalities in hopes of finding a permanent treatment for Huntington disease.
An Anatomical Guide to the Terminal Facial Artery: Lumen Diameter and Associated Anatomy Relevant to Dermatologic Procedures
Authors: Money Silas M. , Wall Weston B. , Davis Loretta S. , Edmondson Anna C. 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND
Dermal filler injection in the vicinity of the terminal facial artery (FA) can lead to vascular compromise with devastating consequences, including tissue necrosis, blindness, and stroke.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine lumen diameter and other anatomical features of the terminal FA relevant to dermal filler injection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eighteen embalmed adult cadavers were dissected along the distribution of the terminal FA. Gross and microscopic measurements were taken at predetermined points in its course.

RESULTS
Mean lumen diameter was largest at the midpoint between the oral commissure and the lateral supra-alar crease (0.81 ± 0.36 mm; point P1) and smallest at the midpoint between the lateral supra-alar crease and the medial canthus (0.43 ± 0.23 mm; point P3). Mean cutaneous depth was deepest at the lateral supra-alar crease (5.06 ± 1.84 mm; point P2) and most superficial at the midpoint between the lateral supra-alar crease and the medial canthus (3.13 ± 2.07 mm; point P3).

CONCLUSION
The large-caliber lumen diameter of the terminal FA creates the potential for intra-arterial injection with commonly used filler needles and blunt-tipped cannulas at all points in its course in the nasolabial fold and midface.
Plasma Concentration After the First Hemoperfusion has a High Predictive Value in Medium Level Acute Paraquat-Poisoned Patients
Authors: Tang Yahui , Chen Hui , Qiu Weiyong , Zhou Yanxue , Hong Guangliang , Hu Lufeng , Zhao Guangju , Chen Xiaorong , Zhi Shaoce , Lu Zhongqiu 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Paraquat ( PQ) is very poisonous to humans and animals and there is no effective clinical antidote . The efficacy of hemoperfusion (HP) treatment for PQ poisoning remains controversial. To explore new ways to predict the prognosis of patients with acute PQ poisoning and assist in the development of better hemopurification treatment strategies.

Methods:
The clinical data of patients who were intoxicated with PQ through contact were diagnosed with PQ poisoning by high-performance liquid chromatography. Samples were collected by the Emergency Intensive Care Unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2012 to November 2016. Based on the prognosis, the patients were grouped into survival and death groups. Comparisons of the differences in the clinical indexes were performed, including the initial concentration of PQ at admission, PQ concentration after first HP, the number of HP cartridges used for the first hemoperfusion, whether HP was combined with continuous renal replacement therapy, and the number of concurrent organ injuries between the 2 groups. In addition, data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic curves. Moreover, prognostic factors in patients with acute PQ poisoning were analyzed.

Results:
Overall, 128 patients with acute PQ poisoning were enrolled in this study. The median plasma PQ concentrations of the patients at admission were 21 and 834 ng/mL (range: 50–1,099,118 ng/mL). The multiple logistic regression model revealed that the initial concentration of PQ and the PQ concentration after the first perfusion were independent risk factors for death in patients with acute PQ poisoning. The PQ concentration in the survival group after the first HP was <516 ng/mL and was mainly distributed at approximately 100 ng/mL. The percentage of patients whose concentration after the first HP was <516 ng/mL in the death group was only 19%.

Conclusions:
The initial plasma PQ concentration after admission and PQ concentration after the first HP are risk factors for death in patients with acute PQ poisoning. Moreover, PQ concentration after the first HP had a high predictive value for death. When the initial plasma PQ concentration after admission ranges from 50 ng/mL to 5000 ng/mL, the rapid reduction in plasma PQ concentration after HP treatment could improve the prognosis of patients with acute PQ poisoning.
Lower Extremity Combat Sustained Peripheral Nerve Injury in US Military Personnel
Authors: Eckhoff Michael D. , Craft Madison R. , Nicholson Tyler C. , Nesti Leon J. , Dunn John C. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Since the civil war, combat sustained peripheral nerve injuries (CSPNI) have been documented during wartime. Warfare has evolved and current combat involves a greater severity of blast injuries secondary to increased use of improvised explosive devices. The purpose of this study was to describe CSPNI and report outcomes after evaluation and treatment. We hypothesize that a shorter time to evaluation will improve outcomes.

Methods:
A database including all active duty service members who sustained a CSPNI and were treated by the PNC between 2004 and 2009 was used. Service member demographic information, injury mechanism, CSPNI description, and Medical Research Council (MRC) final motor and sensory outcomes were queried from this database.

Results:
One hundred and four military service members sustained 144 PNIs. The average age was 26.7 years, and nearly all were men (98.1%). There was no correlation between Sunderland classification and age, specific PNI, injury type, or time to evaluation. Higher Sunderland classifications were found to be correlated with worse final motor (r = 0.51, P < 0.001) and final sensory (r = 0.41, P < 0.001) scores. Final motor and sensory scores were not associated with specific nerve injury, mechanism of injury, initial EMG, or surgical procedure. Shorter time to initial assessment was associated with improved final motor and sensory scores, but was not found to be statistically significant.

Conclusions:
As the complexity of CSPNIs progress as combat weaponry evolves, a firm understanding of treatment factors is important. Our study demonstrates in recent conflict that military service members’ initial injury severity is a key factor in expected outcome.
Idiopathic Pediatric Tibial Nerve Palsy
Authors: Celano Emma , Fleury Christopher M. , Mantilla-Rivas Esperanza , Nasser Jacob S. , Phan Tiffany , Manrique Monica , Oh Albert K. , Keating Robert F. , Rogers Gary F. 
Published: March 2021

Summary:
Tibial nerve entrapment is uncommon in the pediatric population, and presents diagnostic and treatment challenges. We present the unusual case of a 3-year-old male child with progressive lower leg atrophy of an unknown etiology. Preoperative electrodiagnostic testing and magnetic resonance imaging suggested proximal tibial neuropathy. Surgical exploration showed compression of the tibial nerve at the inferior fascial edge of the long head of the biceps femoris and at the soleal sling. Release and external neurolysis led to improvement of distal leg motor function.
Adverse Discharge Outcomes Associated With the Medicare Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program Among Commercially Insured Adults
Authors: Alfandre David , Bipin Gandhi Aakash , Onukwugha Eberechukwu 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
It is unknown if changes in the rate of discharges against medical advice (DAMA) are related to the implementation of the Medicare Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP). We performed an interrupted time series analysis of monthly DAMA rates per 1,000 discharges of all enrolled individuals 18–64 years old with a hospitalization between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2015, in a commercially insured population. We performed a segmented linear regression with two interruptions: (1) April 2010 to coincide with the passage of the HRRP and (2) October 2012 to coincide with the implementation of HRRP penalties. There were 1,087,812 discharges representing 668,823 individuals over 120 months. The downward trend in monthly DAMA rates was reversed significantly after April 2010 with a sustained 0.1 increase in the monthly rate that continued after the implementation of penalties in October 2012. Allowing for the two interruptions, there was a statistically significant positive trend (0.10; 0.06–0.13, p < .01) in April 2010. Relative to the first interruption, there was no statistically significant change in the slope in October 2012; the estimated slope was −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.002). Monthly DAMA rates increased in anticipation of and after HRRP implementation, suggesting a potential relationship between the HRRP and DAMA.
Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition: Normative Reference Values in Demographically Diverse Youth
Authors: Kelshaw Patricia M. , Cook Nathan E. , Terry Douglas P. , Iverson Grant L. , Caswell Shane V. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
Examine sociodemographic differences (gender, age, and language spoken at home) on baseline Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition (Child SCAT5) scores and establish normative reference data for the Child SCAT5 among middle school student athletes.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Nine middle schools in Virginia.

Participants:
A sample of 1355 athletes playing competitive school-sponsored sports (ages 11-13, M = 12.3 ± 0.8; 40.1% girls, 59.9% boys) during the 2017 and 2018 school year. Certified athletic trainers administered the Child SCAT5 within the first 2 weeks of the sport season.

Independent Variables:
Self-reported gender, age, and language spoken at home.

Main Outcome Measures:
All Child SCAT5 outcome measures.

Results:
Gender, age, and language spoken at home were associated with Child SCAT5 scores, but the magnitude of differences was generally small. Specifically, girls endorsed more symptoms (girls: M = 8.4 ± 5.7, boys: M = 7.5 ± 5.7; P = 0.003) and greater symptom severity (girls: M = 11.6 ± 9.4, boys: M = 10.4 ± 9.3; P = 0.006) than boys and performed slightly better than boys on cognitive and balance tasks. Older students performed slightly better than younger students on tests of cognition (eg, SAC-C: 11-year-olds: M = 21.3 ± 2.1, 13-year-olds: M = 21.7 ± 2.1; P = 0.02). Total symptoms (P = 0.01), symptom severity (P = 0.01), immediate memory (P < 0.001), delayed recall (P = 0.001), and SAC-C total scores (P = 0.002) differed across language groups.

Conclusions:
Gender, age, and language spoken in the home are associated with baseline scores on multiple components of the Child SCAT5 among middle school students, although the magnitudes of observed differences are small. Normative reference values are provided for clinicians when interpreting Child SCAT5 scores.
Comparative Efficacy of Nonoperative Treatments for Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Gazendam Aaron , Ekhtiari Seper , Axelrod Daniel , Gouveia Kyle , Gyemi Lauren , Ayeni Olufemi , Bhandari Mohit 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
An evolved understanding of the pathophysiology of greater trochanteric pain syndrome has led to a number of proposed nonoperative management strategies. The objective of this review was to compare the efficacy of the various nonoperative treatments for greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS).

Design:
Systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Setting:
PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were searched to January 2020.

Patients:
Patients undergoing nonoperative treatment for GTPS.

Interventions:
Nonoperative treatment strategies for GTPS including injections of corticosteroids, platelet-rich plasma, hyaluronic acid, dry needling, and structured exercise programs and extracorporeal shockwave therapy.

Main Outcome Measures:
Pain and functional outcomes. Bayesian random-effects model was performed to assess the direct and indirect comparison of all treatment options.

Results:
Thirteen randomized controlled trials and 1034 patients were included. For pain scores at 1 to 3 months follow-up, both platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and shockwave therapy demonstrated significantly better pain scores compared with the no treatment control group with PRP having the highest probability of being the best treatment at both 1 to 3 months and 6 to 12 months. No proposed therapies significantly outperformed the no treatment control group for pain scores at 6 to 12 months. Structured exercise had the highest probability of being the best treatment for improvements in functional outcomes and was the only treatment that significantly improved functional outcome scores compared with the no treatment arm at 1 to 3 months.

Conclusion:
Current evidence suggests that PRP and shockwave therapy may provide short-term (1-3 months) pain relief, and structured exercise leads to short-term (1-3 months) improvements in functional outcomes.