bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of chopping raw material on composting result with the biopore infiltration hole method
Authors: Ruslinda Y , Aziz R , Sari N , Arum L S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This research aims to analyze the effect of chopping raw material on compost quality and quantity that was made with the biopore infiltration hole method. The composting was done in duplo on the backyard with clay soil type, and the water infiltration rate was 0.3 cm/hour. The holes were made with 10 cm of diameter, 100 cm of depth, and the distance between holes were 50 cm. There were four composition variations on this research i.e 50% yard waste and 50% food waste with and without chopping, 70% food waste and 30% yard waste with and without chopping. The chopping was using an organic waste chopping machine so that the waste size became 0.3-1.5 cm, while the size waste without chopping was ≥ 3 cm. The compost analysis was done toward maturity, compost quality (physical elements and macro elements), and compost quantity. The composting process took 65-80 days to get riped. The best variation was chosen by the scoring method. The result showed that compost with 50% yard waste and 50% food waste was the best variation because the compost quality has met the standard for physical elements and macro elements, it produced more compost quantity. The chopping process could speed up the composting time until 15 days.
The Sublethal Effects of Tannery Wastewater Exposure on Oxygen Consumption Levels and Operculum Movement of Indonesia Mahseer Fish
Authors: Ihsan T , Edwin T , Zupit J R , Ananda S F , Nofrita  
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effect of tannery wastewater exposure of Padang Panjang, Indonesia, on the level of oxygen consumption (OC) and the operculum movement of the Mahseer fish (Tor tambra CV). Mahseer is an endemic fish in the BatangAnai River in West Sumatra Province. The study is started by determining the acute toxicity value of LC50-96h using a static method within 96 hours of observation. Based on the results of the Probit Method, the LC50-96h amount of mahseer was 15.41%. Furthermore, variations in the wastewater concentration were 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of the LC50-96h value. Observations were carried out for 30 days in triplicate. Based on OC value, the concentration of 10%, 20% and 30% has decreased by 0.13 mg O2/g.hours; 0.18 mg O2/g.hours, and 0.27 mg O2/g.hours consecutively otherwise in control, treatment increased by 0.05 mg O2/g. While the operculum movement, the concentration of 10%, 20%, and 30% have increased by 90 times/minute, 108 times/minute, and 116 times/minute, respectively. In control, treatment has risen by 44 times/minute. OC’s correlation value and mahseer’s operculum movement ranged from 0.94 to 0.97, which means the correlation was reliable. The significance value obtained p <0.05, which means that there were significant differences in OC values and movements of the mahseer’s operculum.
The role of surfactant to enhance photocatalyst performance on phenol degradation in TiO2-CNT composite-modified CNT (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide)
Authors: Heltina D , Avisa U , Fermi M I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The TiO2-CNT composite – modified CNT (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) photocatalyst material was successfully prepared. The composites material was characterized by Scanning Electron Miscroscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), and Breneur Emmet Teller (BET). The TiO2-CNT composite-modification CNT (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) formation obtained are discussed in detail. The highest performance effectiveness of photocatalyst material composites for degrading phenol was obtained on phenol concentration 10 mg/L and degradation temperature at 50°C was 98,74 %
Comparison of Natural Fiber Types as Reinforcement Material on Composite Mechanical Properties via Carbon Nanotubes Addition
Authors: Yolanda Y , Wulan Praswasti P D K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Composites with natural fiber reinforcement have been widely used in various field. Natural fibers have the advantages of easy recycling, environmentally-friendly characters, renewable, non-toxic, inexpensive, high toughness, good insulation against heat and noise, and good thermal properties. The aim of this paper is compare natural fibers used as reinforcing material on composite with an epoxy matrix and the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNT). The natural fibers used are oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), bagasse, and hemp fiber. Alkalization treatment with NaOH was carried out on natural fibers to remove impurities on the fiber surface and activate hydroxyl groups. CNTs need to be functionalized to achieve the desired compatibility. Functionalization is carried out by the mild acid oxidation method using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Silane coupling agent treatment is carried out on natural fibers and CNTs to improve compatibility with the matrix. The result of the bending strength test of OPEFB, bagasse, and hemp fiber was 509.94 MPa, 36.22 MPa, and 18.12, respectively, in addition to CNT 0.5% mass. The bending strength of OPEFB fiberismore significant than bagasse and hemp fiber, so it has the opportunity to be developed in the automotive industry.
Improvement in the accuracy of the dynamic behaviour prediction of a bolted structure using a simplified finite element model and model updating
Authors: Omar R , Rani M N A , Yunus M A , Rusli M , Shah M A S A , Izhan W I , Mirza W I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Bolted joints in assembled structures contribute to the dynamic behaviour of the structures but also increase uncertainties in modelling and prediction of the dynamic behaviour. This paper presents a modelling scheme able to reduce uncertainties and increase the accuracy of the prediction. A finite element (FE) model of a bolted joint structure was developed using CBUSH, CBEAM and 3D elements representing the bolts, contacting interfaces, and structural components, respectively. Normal modes analysis was performed on the FE model to calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes. Sensitivity analysis was formulated and used in identifying the highly sensitive design parameters of the FE model. Model updating was adopted in correlating the FE model with experimental modal analysis (EMA) and producing an updated FE model. It was found that the updated FE model is capable of predicting the dynamic behaviour of the bolted joint structure with 95 per cent accuracy. This proposed scheme demonstrated potential for applicability to the dynamic behaviour analysis of complex bolted structures.
Andalas Medical Robot Assistance (AMIRA) serves Covid-19 isolation patients
Authors: Ridwan F , Syamsuddin S , Fathan A , Ananta A A , Bintang G A , Jordan A , Ningsih Eka M , Fadel M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The world is currently alert to the spread of a virus known as the coronavirus. Corona Virus or Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a collection of viruses that can infect the human respiratory system until death. The spread of the virus is very fast and easy just by coming in contact with sufferers until it has contaminated almost all countries. For places prone to being exposed to viruses, especially in isolation rooms for Covid sufferers, the medical staff is terrified so that they are always on their toes; moreover, dozens of medical workers have died in handling patients. For this reason, innovation is needed to reduce contact between medical personnel and Covid-19 patients by replacing the duty of humans with robots so that the risk of infected medical workers decreases and avoids the level of work fatigue on the medical worker. The team from Andalas University created and designed a robot that could solve these problems. The robot was designed to perform activities carried out by nurses in serving patient’s needs. This robot has the necessary features: food delivery, the patient room’s smart position, protecting certain areas with disinfectants, reading the patient’s body temperature, and a reminder of the patient’s medication schedule anti-collision and providing other smart features which needed by the hospital. This robot is called Andalas Medical Robot Assistant or abbreviated as AMIRA.
Blending Between Aged and Virgin Asphalt Binders in Recycled Pavements: A Review Study
Authors: Pirzadeh P , Kapilan S , Kriz P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is the intent of this work to provide a background on works on diffusion in asphalt binders and review the researches carried out at Imperial Oil and ExxonMobil Technology Centres which have investigated nature of diffusion in asphalt material. These investigations include diffusion between Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and virgin binders, progress of diffusion in laboratory-produced mix samples from rheology perspective, and impact of silo storage on diffusion progress between binders and its manifestation on the performance of plant-produced asphalt mix. RAP is a major component of manufacturing hot mix asphalt (HMA) in North America. RAP utilization promotes sustainability of asphalt industry with economic and environmental incentives for manufacturing process. Recent statistics in North America show that RAP content of HMA has increased from 15 to 20%. This RAP content increase further prompts development and implementation of science-based practices in manufacturing plants to achieve optimum quality of RAP containing mixes. Quality of blending between aged and virgin binders has been shown to significantly impact performance and durability of final mix in the field. It has been demonstrated that mechanical blending helps achieving effective contacts between RAP and virgin binder. However, diffusion is the dominant process to help blending between the binders. It has been demonstrated that binder diffusion follows Fick’s Law and the rate increases with temperature. Field verification indicated that around 12 hours is required to complete the diffusion at the typical hot mix production and silo storage temperatures. Mix samples with more-progressed diffusion exhibited improved rutting resistance and higher number of cycles to fatigue failure. Field work also validated that there is an optimum storage time during which diffusion is the dominant process impacting mix properties; but eventually mix hardening dominates due to oxidation, evaporation and absorption.
Characterization of pavement surface undulations using side view images
Authors: Jain Subham , Das Animesh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Pavement surface undulations affect friction, ride comfort, water drainage, noise etc. Various indices have been proposed in the literature to characterize the pavement surface undulations. The present paper compares a few pavement surface undulation indices in the spatial domain and the frequency domain. For this study, core samples of pavement surface were collected from freshly constructed pavements, which had not been opened to the traffic yet. The core samples were sliced using a high-speed diamond saw. Images of the side view of the slices were captured using a digital camera. Suitable image processing scheme was employed to detect the pavement surface profiles. Various indices were subsequently estimated and compared.
Utilization of jarosite in precast concrete paver blocks
Authors: Nandi S , Ransinchung G D R N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Sustainability has become the major concern for the construction industry in the recent era. Concrete stands as a versatile construction material, but cement being its main constituent poses a threat to the environment consuming a huge amount of energy and emanating CO2 and other greenhouse gases in its production process. On the other hand, the extraction of natural resources for construction works has been disrupting the environmental and ecological balance due to a huge accumulation of waste or by-products. So the major concern of the hour is the formulation of a mitigation strategy to fight this uncontrolled quantum of construction and its resulting consequences. The main objective of this present study is the utilization of jarosite, a hazardous solid waste, as a replacement of cement in concrete paver blocks. Six concrete mixes were prepared to keep the water-to-cementitious material ratio fixed at 0.43. The replacement of cement with jarosite was carried out at five replacement levels (0 – 25%) in an increment of 5%. Mechanical properties (compressive and flexural strength) and durability properties (water absorption and abrasion resistance) of the jarosite incorporated paver blocks were determined and compared to the control specimens. Experimental results indicate that mechanical and durability properties improve with the incorporation of jarosite, which could be attributed to a much developed packing of the jarosite concrete mix.
Development of structure model of hollow slab for solar pavement based on light-guide concrete
Authors: Zha X D , Hu H W , Wang Z W , Chen H P , Zhang C J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To develop a reasonable structure type of solar pavement, a kind of structure model of hollow slab was proposed for solar pavement based on light-guide concrete in this paper. It is composed of two parts: a rectangular hollow slab of light-guide concrete with an arch chamber as well as a solar panel which is installed in the arch chamber. Each light-guide body is compounded of a convex lens, a prism and a light-guide fiber. Through building a three-dimensional finite element model for the pavement structure of hollow slab, the mechanical responses of hollow slab were numerically simulated, thus the geometric sizes of arch chamber were optimized according to the requirements of bearing capacity. By establishing a simulation analysis model of light path for the light-guide body, the total solar energy of single day transmission for the light-guide body were numerically simulated, then the geometric sizes and optical parameters of light-guide body were optimized according to the condensing and light-guide performances. Accordingly, the steel shaping die was designed and manufactured, and the hollow slab model of light-guide concrete was prepared by taking self-compacting concrete as slab matrix. The mechanical properties and the power generation efficiencies were tested for the model. The results show that the developed hollow slab of solar pavement based on light-guide concrete has high strength, and its working voltage and maximum output power increase with the increase of the number of light-guide bodies. Therefore, the model can meet the dual function requirements of safe driving and clean power generation.
Continuously Separation of Sodium and Potassium Using an Adsorption Rotating Disc
Authors: Al-Falahi Hamed A , Awad E M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper is dealing with one of the applications of liquid chromatography using rotary disks. The research aims to study the effect of using distilled water (PH = 7) as a carrier phase and its absence on the practical results using NaOH and KOH at different speeds (2500, 3000, 3500 rpm). As well as choosing the best ratio of the diameter of the rotary disk nozzles that achieves the best displacement between the NaOH and KOH slides with paths separated from each other. Then propose a mathematical model that shows how the thickness of the slice sector behaves with changing the rotational speed. After that, calculating the pressure caused by the rotation and evaluating the results up to a speed of 12000 rpm. The practical results proved that the carrier fluid has an apparent effect on the displacement value between NaOH and KOH slides by changing the internal and external diameters of the rotating disk nozzles and the rotational speed from (500-3500 rpm). The effect of each of them was clear on the displacement of the injected slices from the center of the rotating disk and the convergence between the practical and theoretical results.
Integral Sliding Mode Control Design for a Quarter-Car Active Suspension System
Authors: Flayyih Mujtaba A , Hamzah M N , Hassan Jafar M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper utilizes the design of a robust integral sliding mode control (ISMC) for a quarter-car active suspension system. The main goal is to increase the ride comfort, whilst the road holding and rattle space remain within the safety bound. According to ISMC, the system state starts at the switch surface where the system nonlinearity, parameter changes, and road disturbances are rejected by a discontinuous control term present strongly in the suspension dynamics. This feature allows the design of a continuous controller, i.e. ideal controller during sliding motion from the first instant. Consequently, the car body is isolated from the wheel unit to perform the desired suspension requirements characteristics. The ISMC shows a high robustness control design of the suspension system, and can suppress chattering in the high-frequency band. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is performed by simulating the 2- DOF quarter car system with controlled and uncontrolled cases. The Matlab 2019a software is used to simulate the suspension models with bump road profiles as excitation disturbance.
An Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes using Vibration Isolator to Transport “Satellite Model–Plate Connecting Interface” System
Authors: Dahham Abbas Waheed , Taranenko Pavel Alexandrovich , Erpalov Aleksey Victorovich 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the natural frequencies and mode shape numerically and experimentally using vibration isolator for satellite model-plate connecting interface. The experiment was carried out using a modern software and hardware complex LMS. Vibration accelerations on the object were measured at 13 points in three mutually perpendicular directions using one-component and three-component PCB accelerometers with a sensitivity of 100 mV/g. Excitation was carried out with a PCB 086D50 m modal hammer. The SCADAS mobile data acquisition system was utilized to record the response from the sensors. While the numerical calculations were performed in the finite element package ANSYS Workbench. The result shows that the natural frequencies are less dependent on the system damping where the most considerable difference (about 10%) is observed in those forms, which plate makes flexural vibrations; the six natural modes of vibration of the satellite model (as a rigid body), the first three lowest forms correspond to vibrations in the plane. While the other oscillations were out of the plane, to reduce the oscillation frequency of the product from the plane (around the x and z axes), it is recommended to reduce the distance between the shock absorbers.
A Design Chart for Optimum Dimensions of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Beams
Authors: Al-Shammaa Abdel Kareem M , Al-Mamoori Sohaib K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This theoretical study focused on cantilever reinforced concrete beams with a rectangular cross-section (different dimensions) subjected to bending moments due to uniformly distributed loads. By creating an algorithm and using the Python 3.4 software, the beams’ length was calculated for each cross-section dimension to check the required immediate and sustained deflections according to ACI 318M-19. Based on the analysis output, a graphical relationship was developed between the dimensions of the cantilever beam’s cross-section versus the maximum length to control the allowable deflection of the beam. Finally, the author was able to draw a simplified novel graph to facilitate the selection of cross-sections required for specified lengths of cantilever concrete beams.
The Urban Capitals: A New Guide for Sustainable and Smart Development
Authors: Al-Khafaji Rashaa Malik Musa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Global attention is focused on transforming cities and urban areas and trying to trace their success path. This research assumes that cognitive development is based on what is termed knowledge capital, a framework that includes a combination of core capital for the operation of knowledge-based economic processes and mechanisms to enhance them in the areas of product development. This research aims to determine aspects of development and the foundations and mechanisms of knowledge cities. The indicators include the knowledge cluster, and knowledge diversity was identified as a product of the urban capital’s implementation, measured by indicators of urban, social, economic, and cultural dimensions of urban capital. The indicators derived from the theoretical framework were applied for research in several international and Arab experiments in the applied part of the research and applying these indicators within a local situation.
Spiral Flow Heat Exchanger Effect on Photovoltaic/Thermal System Performance
Authors: Al-Zubidi S M Dina , Sanaa A Hafith , Radhi Amera A , Mahdy Aedah M J , Ibrahim Sulafa I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The photovoltaic modules produce electricity directly by making use of sunlight. However, these modules are clearly affected by atmospheric conditions such as irradiation, temperature, relative humidity and dust. The greater part of the radiation is converted into heat which leads to the heating of the PV module resulting in degradation in the power productivity. In the present research, a spiral heat exchanger was added to the PV module to circulate water forming a PV/T system. This exchanger was welded to the back of the PV panel. The exchanger absorbs the excess heat from the panel and losing it through the cooling water in an outside exchanger. The tests were carried out in Baghdad weather conditions during May 2020. The highest solar radiation intensity measured during the measurement period was 823 W/m2 while the highest ambient air temperature was 44°C in the shade at 1:30 PM for the day 23/5/2020. The study focused on investigating the effect of the used heat exchanger on the PV/T system’s generated parameters. The most important results that were extracted from the study are that the studied PV/T system current was increased by 7.8%, the voltage by 3.3%, the power by 11.48%, and the efficiency up to 21.33% as compared to the photovoltaic panel. The PV/T system produced thermal efficiency ranging from 34.3% at 9 AM to the maximum value of 56.66% at 4 PM. The PV/T system’s electrical efficiency in this study was compared with the literature, and it was found that the studied system gave an acceptable electrical efficiency.
Performance Optimization of Hybrid ROFSO Link Using Hybrid Optical Amplifiers (RAMAN\EDFA) for Long-Haul Transmission with the C-band and L-band Comparison
Authors: Alnajjar Satea H , Zuhair S Esraa , Arif Fouad Abdul Razzaq 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a hybrid system is proposed consisting of a radio-frequency (RF) over free space optic/fiber optic (RFOFSO/FO). A free-space communication system is an alternative to optical fibers if it fails in performance or if it is difficult to propagate. This hybrid system is an effective solution for developing new generation networks, by transmitting the optical signal over long distances within the C-band, and L-band. The proposed system sends the radio frequency signal through the optical free-space link then extends to 80 km of optical fiber, of which 40 km is amplified by the Raman/EDFA hybrid optical amplifier. This paper aims to test the performance of the free space optic link under different weather conditions. The atmospheric attenuation, which reduces visibility, was considered as the main challenge. Several copies were sent in different paths in FSO to meet this challenge. The submitted system was implemented in the case of transmission in a wavelength within the C-band and also in L-band. The results of the hybrid system were compared by measuring the bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor under dust and fog conditions relative to Kim’s standard model by using Optisystem. The results obtained showed an effective sensation at a long haul, inn addition to not using an additional light source when transmitting for such long distances.