bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug).
Authors: Watson Gillian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Paracoccus marginatus is a mealybug native to Central America. It has been spread accidentally outside its native range by trade in live plant material, such as papaya fruits. It became an invasive pest in the Caribbean Islands and USA (Florida) in 1994-2002; the West and Central Pacific islands in 2002-2006; South-East Asia and the Indo-Pacific islands in 2008-2010; West Africa in 2010-2016; East Africa from 2015; and Israel in 2016. The pest is expected to continue spreading, and climate warming is likely to increase the areas where it can establish. It is polyphagous and spreads rapidly, forming heavy infestations on aerial plant parts and killing some host-plants, including papaya. It poses a threat to commercial papaya plantations.
Plum pox virus (Sharka).
Authors: Damsteegt Vern 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Plum pox virus disease (Sharka) is one of the most destructive diseases of stone fruits. The causal agent, Plum pox virus (PPV) is easily transmitted by many aphid species in a non-persistent manner, by manmade grafting (nursery trade), and has a very wide host range among Prunus species. Infected plants may not show symptoms for several months and symptoms are often transient in appearance. The disease symptoms are often mistaken for other maladies and the virus can become established before the first recognition of the disease. Although spread is difficult to control within a local area because of aphid vectors, the long distance spread can be controlled by strict quarantine regulations and use of virus-free certified nursery stock.
Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass).
Authors: Riches Charlie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

A. myosuroides is an annual grass which is native to Eurasia and grows in moist meadows, deciduous forests, and cultivated or disturbed ground. A significant weed species in temperate cereal crops, it has become one of the most damaging weeds of winter cereals in Western Europe with the changes in agricultural practice over the past 30 years from regular ploughing to reduced tillage systems, suppression of broadleaf weeds in continuous cereals, and the move away from burning of stubbles. These changes have allowed the weed to invade well-drained lighter soils in addition to the heavier clay soils on which it is dominant. It has been introduced repeatedly as a weed of cultivation into many temperate and warm temperate regions but has not spread to a large degree out of cultivation. A. myosuroides has been listed as a noxious weed in the state of Washington, one of the states where winter wheat is a major crop. Due to its propensity to evolve resistance to herbicides it is a threat to the productivity of continuous cereal growing in high-input systems of temperate areas.
Puccinia gladioli.
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: March 2021

Abstract

P. gladioli is a heteroecious rust fungus, an obligate parasite with alternating life stages on different plants. The asexual form occurs on species of Valerianella, producing aeciospores that then infect Gladiolus species. The production of teliospores, the sexual stage, on Gladiolus, completes the cycle. Both stages are known in Europe, North Africa and southwestern Asia, but only the aecial form has been reported in North America, and only on the west coast. The fungus is a Regulated Pest for the USA (Wise et al., 2004) and is absent from South Africa and Australia, where other Gladiolus species are native or naturalized. Although not a significant problem in its native range, this rust fungus could be damaging as an invasive in other temperate areas. Small amounts of infection may be overlooked; therefore accidental introduction of the rust could occur through importation of infected germplasm by the horticultural industry or flower enthusiasts.
Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust).
Authors: Carnegie Angus J. , Giblin Fiona R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Austropuccinia psidii is a rust fungus with a wide and expanding host range within the Myrtaceae, with over 440 host species currently known (Carnegie and Lidbetter, 2012; Morin et al., 2012; Pegg et al., 2014). Like many rusts, urediniospores of A. psidii can be wind-dispersed over long distances. Viable spores have been detected on clothing and personal effects following visits to rust-affected plantations (Langrell et al., 2003), and this is a viable pathway for dispersal. Furthermore, there are several instances of (accidental) long-distance movement of A. psidii on diseased plants, both within and between continents (Loope et al., 2007; Kawanishi et al., 2009; Carnegie and Cooper, 2011; Zambino and Nolan, 2012). Under sub-optimal conditions, the rust can remain un-symptomatic within plants for more than a month (Carnegie and Lidbetter, 2012). This combination of wide host range and ease of long-distance dispersal make A. psidii a successful invasive pathogen. It has spread quickly once established in new countries, including Jamaica (MacLachlan, 1938), Hawaii (Uchida and Loope, 2009), Australia (Carnegie and Cooper, 2011; Pegg et al., 2014) and New Caledonia (DAVAR Nouvelle-Calédonie, 2014). Severe impact on a range of Myrtaceae has been recorded in amenity plantings, commercial plantations and the native environment. A. psidii was first identified as an invasive pathogen in the 1930s when it caused extensive damage to allspice (Pimenta dioica) plantations in Jamaica (Smith, 1935; MacLachlan, 1938). A. psidii has been identified as a quarantine risk for some time in many countries including Australia (Australian Quarantine Service, 1985; Grgurinovic et al., 2006), South Africa (Coutinho et al., 1998) and New Zealand (Kriticos and Leriche, 2008).
Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

A. mexicana is a widespread annual weed primarily associated with agricultural crops and wastelands. It is a major weed of a number of crops in the tropics and warm temperate regions and is persistent as it produces a seed bank. In India in particular, the species is a health hazard and because of its prickliness, is a nuisance to subsistence farmers. In South Africa the seeds of A. mexicana have been declared as 'noxious' as its seeds or bits of seeds may represent a hazard to human or animal health when consumed (NDA, 2001). It is reported as invasive in many countries in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Americas, and Oceania (Australia and a number of Pacific island states).
Acacia glauca (wild dividivi).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

A shrubby species (to 5 m tall) from tropical America, where it is common in parts of southern Central America and on many West Indian Islands, in particular on Curacao and Barbados. Since its introduction in the 1920s, it has become naturalized in the Philippines and Indonesia. Its habit is similar to shrubby forms of Leucaena leucocephala (the two species are sometimes confused, but the twigs of A. glauca are more reddish and its pods shorter and more rounded).
Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

G. sepium is an extremely versatile, fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing agroforestry tree that is adaptable to a wide range of humid and sub-humid climates and soil conditions including moderately acid and infertile. It is extremely easy to propagate and manage in a wide diversity of different smallholder farming systems to provide a multiplicity of high quality products and services and is a true multipurpose tree. It is one of the commonest and best-known trees in Central America and now has a pantropical distribution cultivated in villages, farms, backyards and along fence lines, paddy bunds, roadsides and terrace boundaries. It is probably the most widely cultivated multipurpose agroforestry tree after Leucaena leucocephala (Simons and Stewart, 1994) and has become increasingly popular due to the problems caused to Leucaena by the psyllid defoliator, Heteropsylla cubana. However, its value and benefits are not universally accepted as there is still debate over the quality of G. sepium forage.
Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

The Caribbean tree H. elatus, known as blue mahoe or majagua, is a highly valued, fast-growing timber species that has adapted to a wide range of sites and is often used in reforestation. It produces excellent timber for high-grade furniture, but can also be used as a windbreak. Ease of germination results in successful plantation establishment. It could be grown on a larger scale as a plantation crop but suffers from epicormic branching and sweep. H. elatus is also grown for ornamental and shade purposes and is the national tree of Jamaica.
Pinus pinaster (maritime pine).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

P. pinaster plantations have long been cultivated in the Mediterranean basin region (both Europe and North Africa), particularly to stabilise sand dunes, coastal areas and on low fertility soils; the tree has also been a major source of resin as well as general purpose timber. Its major disadvantages are its high susceptibility to fire, and the low quality of the resin compared to that from other pine species. Major research is needed into thinning procedures, especially in the Mediterranean region.
Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro , Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

S. campanulata is a medium-size tree up to 35 m tall and 175 cm in diameter. It is indigenous to Africa where it extends along the west coast from Ghana to Angola and inland across the tropical rain forest region to southern Sudan and Uganda. It grows naturally in secondary forests in the high forest zone and in deciduous transition and savanna forests. In Uganda, it is one of the trees that colonizes grasslands. It grows well in areas with an even distribution of rainfall but will tolerate a dry season of up to six months. It grows on a wide variety of sites, from poorly to excessively drained, but prefers fertile, deep and well-drained loams.
Syzygium cumini (black plum).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

S. cumini is a large evergreen tree 13 to 30 m tall. It is widely distributed in India, in all except the most arid regions, and its natural distribution probably includes Myanmar, Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia and Australia. However, it is widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics (including China, Africa, Brazil, Florida (USA) and the Caribbean).
Syzygium jambos (rose apple).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

S. jambos is considered one of the best, if not the best, Syzygium fruit; however, low yield, susceptibility to bruising and short shelf life are serious handicaps. Therefore, it is to be expected that it will remain a home garden tree, appreciated for its ornamental value as much as for its fruit. There is scope for the rose apple as an agroforestry species in denuded areas where soil conservation is important. In addition to producing timber, the stand could be used for the essential oil in the leaves, the pectin in the fruit, or as forage for bees. S. jambos is widely distributed pantropically, but is often rare where introduced and has now only limited economic value. S. jambos has been spreading on oceanic islands where it is viewed with concern because of its perceived high impact on biodiversity. S. jambos casts a heavy shade, is able to regenerate under forest canopy, and is often found in monotypic stands. It is poorly dispersed and as a result it does not spread rapidly further a field. Once established it reduces plant species richness but tends to favour some native species and produces a habitat conducive to some endemic bird species.
Bixa orellana (annatto).
Authors: Ventosa Eduardo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

B. orellana is a small, bushy tree 2-8 m tall, with maximum diameter at breast height 10-30 cm (Hensleigh and Holaway, 1988). The main product is a non-toxic organic dye obtained from the fruits, known as annatto or bixin. This dye is used commercially in foods, cosmetics, textiles, polish, wax and stains; locally it is used as an insect repellent and as a body paint. The bark exudes a gum and contains fibres which may be twisted into a cordage; the seeds and leaves have medicinal properties (Lemmens and Wulijarni-Soetjipto, 1991; Anon, 1986). B. orellana originated in tropical America (Hensleigh and Holaway 1988) and is now widely planted and naturalized in the tropics (Quisumbing 1951; Backer and Brink, 1963; Quimbo, 1980; Lemmens and Wulijarni-Soetjipto, 1991). It is a light-demanding species and grows well in warm, humid climates which are free from frost and strong winds (Lemmens and Wulijarni-Soetjipto, 1991). This species requires uniformly distributed rainfall, unless the land is irrigated (Bayot, 1986). B. orellana is often intercropped with agricultural crops, and is also grown as an ornamental bushy tree. B. orellana may be propagated from seeds. The pods are harvested once they begin to show a tinge of red or when they begin to split (Hensleigh and Holaway, 1988). Average annual yields of dry seed have been reported as 4.5-5 kg/tree or about 350-700 kg/ha (Brown, 1957; Hensleigh and Holaway, 1988). Seeds are soaked in water or scarified in order to enhance germination, and may be planted in nursery beds or directly in the field. However, propagation from cuttings is often more favourable, as cuttings from high-yielding cultivars yields may bear fruit within two years (Lemmens and Wulijarni-Soetjipto, 1991). This species can also be propagated by air layering. B. orellana grows well without fertilizers, provided the young plants are weeded.
Approximate Killing symmetries in non-perturbative quantum gravity
Authors: Brunekreef J , Reitz M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We study the notion of approximate Killing vector fields in several toy models of non-perturbative two-dimensional quantum gravity. Using the framework of discrete exterior calculus, we show how to formulate quantum observables related to such approximate Killing vector fields. Using these methods, we aim to investigate symmetry properties of the space–time geometry produced by the quantum gravitational model at hand. Since we expect quantum fluctuations to dominate at small scales, our goal is to construct a scale-dependent notion of symmetry that might be used to determine whether the emergent (semi-)classical geometry admits any approximate Killing symmetries. We have evaluated one particular choice of such an observable on three ensembles of discrete geometry. We find that the method is useful in the setting where fluctuations are small, but that more work is needed before these ideas can be applied in the deep quantum regime.
A pigment ratio index based on remotely sensed reflectance provides the potential for universal gross primary production estimation
Authors: Wu W , Epstein H E , Guo H , Li X , Gong C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Gross primary production (GPP) estimation usually involves a priori assumptions about biome-specific rules or climate controls, which hampers an objective analysis of driving mechanisms. Observation-based methods that are biome-invariant and globally uniform are thus highly desirable. To facilitate this, a reflectance index representing the ratio of chlorophyll to total pigments (R
chl) was proposed to consider the variation of energy conversion efficiency driven by different pigment contents in the canopy. Experiments based on simulated reflectance spectra showed that R
chl could explain over 83% of chlorophyll ratio dynamics. A model was then developed which approximates GPP as the product of R
chl, the normalized difference vegetation index, the near-infrared reflectance, and the photosynthetically active radiation. The model is simple, fast, with definite physical meaning and independent of climatic parameters such as temperature and humidity. Validated with over one hundred thousand field measurements, the model exhibited comparable accuracy to biome- and climate-based GPP models (r = 0.74 for both types of models), demonstrating satisfactory performance. It also achieved significantly better results compared with a regression model excluding R
chl, which emphasizes the important role of R
chl. By avoiding circular analyses in mechanism studies on GPP variations, this model may extend our previous understanding of global terrestrial carbon uptake.
Application of spectral imaging for safety inspection of fresh cut vegetables
Authors: Cho B K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Food safety remains a critical issue and receiving increasing attention in both developed and developing countries. Fresh-cut vegetables may contain foreign objects such as small plastic pieces or biological contaminants (bugs and worms). In order to comply with requirements for product safety and maintain consumer confidence, there is a need for high-throughput, non-invasive technique for foreign objects detection in and real-time sorting of fresh-cuts. In this work, a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) based spectral imaging system in the spectral range from 420 nm to 730 nm has developed and integrated with a conveyor unit. A software-interface was developed to collect the selected band images of moving samples and real time image processing for potential foreign materials detection on fresh cut vegetables. Spectral images throughout the whole spectral region were first collected for both fresh-cuts and foreign materials. The optimal wavebands for discriminating between foreign materials contaminated and sound fresh-cut were investigated. The optimal wavebands for each fresh-cut were selected and thus the developed system was used in multispectral imaging mode. Image processing algorithms were developed for detection of all potential foreign materials in fresh cut processing. The obtained results demonstrate that several kinds of foreign materials can be detected effectively despite being similar in color or nearly transparent. The ultimate advantage of a developed system is that it can be used either as in fluorescence mode or for collection of multispectral images in visible regions.
Analysis of land resources balance in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province
Authors: Putri R F , Rokhim A A , Prakosa M G , Hastari N R F , Adhesti Y M P , Junaedi R N , Ramdani H P , Omar R C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Land is an abiotic component that plays a role in providing space for human activity. Land utilization and land use will always be related to population development. If the population continues to grow, the need for land will continue to increase which means the population pressure on the land will also increase, while the land has limited properties. Nusa Tenggara Timur province is a province that has a population of about 4.3 million people with a total area of approximately 4.9 million hectares of which 1.7 million hectares are forests. This research is conducted with the aim of knowing and analyzing land-based resource balance of land resources in the province of East Nusa Tenggara so that it can be concluded about the supporting power of land in East Nusa Tenggara province. The balance of land resources in 2007-2012 and 2013-2017 showed that there was a reduction in an agricultural land area of 11,162 Ha, while non-agricultural land increased by 9,962 Ha. Agricultural land is reduced in the form of plantation land, while the increase in the field of rice fields, moor, and fields. The support of East Nusa Tenggara province has decreased by 0.01 annually due to increasing population. Urban areas such as Kupang City have a lower value for land capacity (DDL) than rural areas.
Economic development of south coastal region Purworejo Regency based on superior commodities
Authors: Puspitaningrum I N , Sudrajat  
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The diversity of superior potential that exists in the southern coastal region of Purworejo Regency is one of the basic capital in economic development. However, the reality is the diversity of superior commodity potentials from the agricultural sector has not become a basis in the economic development of the southern coastal region of Purworejo Regency. Based on this, the research is focused on examining various types of potential commodity as a basis in the economic development of the southern coastal region of Purworejo Regency. The data used in this study are secondary data. Secondary data were obtained through institutional studies from local government agencies. Data were analyzed using the LQ, Shift share and SWOT models. The results of the study found that there are various types of superior commodities that will be the basis for the development of the southern coastal region of Purworejo Regency.
Input orientation and output orientation: which one is more challenging? A study of agricultural co-operative
Authors: Siregar A P , Waluyati L R , Jamhari  , Dewi M P , Rohman M A A , Samsudin A , Masitoh D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Co-operatives have unique characteristics that are not found in other entities; namely, members are the owner and the user or consumer of its product. Therefore, Co-operative members have the right to determine the direction of co-operative development and at the same time, get optimal service from the co-operative. Every year, the co-operative holds an annual member meeting, and at that moment, the remaining income is distributed based on the contribution of each member. In connection with that matter, co-operatives need to earn positive income to serve members sustainably. To achieve a business surplus, a strategy is needed whether to optimize input or output optimization. The objective of this study is to measure the level of efficiency of agricultural co-operatives compared to other types of co-operatives from the perspective of input orientation and output orientation. The analytical method used is descriptive-analytical, using data from the Central Statistics Agency from 2010 to 2019. Data analysis uses Data Envelopment Analysis with the assumption of Variable Return to Scale. The results showed that based on input and output orientation, agricultural co-operatives were relatively inefficient compared to other co-operatives year by year. Between the two orientations, it is recommended that agricultural co-operatives choose output orientation to achieve its goal.
Rice cultivars responses to different salinity levels at coastal agricultural land of Yogyakarta
Authors: Kurniasih B , Hasanah U , Muflikhah N , Tohari  
Published: March 2021

Abstract
At present, the coastal sandy soil in special region of Yogyakarta has developed to be a potential agricultural field. Salinity has become one main obstacle in this specific field. The research aimed to examine the growth and yield responses of three rice cultivars in several salinity levels in this coastal sandy soil. The research was carried out in Srigading and Baros Villages, Bantul District of Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. A split plot design was applied, with salinity levels (0.1; 1.0 and 2.5) dS.m−1 as main plot and rice varieties (IR 64, Situbagendit and Dendang) as sub plot. The treatments were replicated three times. The results showed that there was hardly significant difference in most of the growth and yield variables in IR 64 and Situbagendit. However, at 2.5 dS.m−1 Dendang (the salt resistant rice) performed the highest chlorophyll content. With salinity up to 2.5 dS.m−1, there was an increase in stomatal conductance, shoot dry biomass and grain yield. Overall, adding salinity up to 2.5 dS. m−1 in coastal sandy soil promoted better growth and yield of rice. However, with higher salinity levels, grain yields decreased. The decrease in grain yield was larger in salt resistant variety, than in salt sensitive varieties.