bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of Guggul Lipid Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Box-Behnken Design – An Evaluation Study
Authors: Murthy B. R. Srinivas , Yelavarthi Prasanna Raju , Devanna N. , Basha D. Jamal 
Published: March 2021

Aim: Guggul lipid, a lipophillic antihyperlipidemic moiety, undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism and has low bioavailability. In order to address this limitation, guggul lipid loaded chitosan nanoparticles (GNPs) were designed, optimized and processed by 3- factor 3- level Box- Behnken design (BBD).
Methodology: A 3-factor 3-level BBD was employed to investigate combined influence of formulation variables on percent entrapment efficiency (EE) and percent drug release (DR) of GNPs prepared by ionic gelation method. The generated polynomial equation was validated and desirability function was utilized for optimization. Optimized GNPs were evaluated for physicochemical, morphological, release characteristics, solid state characterization and in-vitro cell line studies.
Results: Amounts of chitosan, sodium tripolyphosphate and guggul were selected as independent variables had variably influenced EE and DR. Optimized GNPs were produced with an average size of 96.5 nm, electro kinetic potential of -15.4 mV, EE of 92.98% and DR of 95.12% in 24 h with sustained release. Physicochemical and in-vitro characterization revealed existence of guggul in amorphous form in GNPs without interaction and exhibited sustained release profile following first order with Higuchi kinetics. GNPs possessed lipase inhibition activity with IC50 value of 14.72 µg/ml and better viability against various cell lines with CTC50 values (256.24 to 321.27 µg/ml).
Conclusions: Design and optimization of GNPs by BBD proved to be an effective and promising approach. High entrapment of guggul followed controlled release were the outcomes of GNPs prepared by ionic gelation with improved cell viability.
Evaluation of the use of chlorpromazine for agitation in pediatric patients
Authors: Ahmed Rajwoana , Maroney Megan , Fahim Germin , Ghin Hoytin Lee , Mathis Andrew Scott 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Chlorpromazine is a first-generation antipsychotic used for behavioral problems in pediatric patients. However, other therapies may demonstrate both improved outcomes and fewer side effects. Within our institution, chlorpromazine has been the standard medication used for treatment of pediatric agitation. The study objective was to evaluate the appropriateness of chlorpromazine use (including efficacy, appropriate dosing, drug interactions, and tolerability) to optimize the treatment of pediatric agitation.

Methods
Data regarding drug interactions, patient behavior, dosing, and side effects was collected for each patient administered chlorpromazine from January 2019 through June 2019. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics assessing the incidence of drug-drug interactions (DDIs), incidences of inefficacy, inappropriate dosing, and side effects.

Results
A total of 70 patients and 130 administrations of oral or intramuscular chlorpromazine were evaluated. Of these administrations, 49 (38%) resulted in a DDI. Eighteen (14%) administrations were ineffective for managing symptoms of agitation. Eleven (8%) administrations were dosed inappropriately, and 46 (35%) administrations resulted in side effects possibly caused by chlorpromazine.

Discussion
Results from this study demonstrate opportunities for improvement in patient care due to instances of drug interactions, inefficacy, inappropriate dosing, and side effects with the use of chlorpromazine.
Impact of holding home stimulant(s) on agitation in a child and adolescent inpatient psychiatric population
Authors: Mathew Anupha M. , Robert Sophie , Ross Clint , Weeda Erin , Pruitt Adrienne 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Introduction
This study aimed to compare the rates of agitation-related interventions associated with initial holding versus continuation of home stimulant(s) in a child and adolescent population at the time of admission to an inpatient psychiatric facility.

Methods
This retrospective chart review included patients less than 18 years of age who were admitted to an academic medical center between July 1, 2017, and July 1, 2018. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those continued on their home stimulant(s) and those who had them held. We compared both groups on agitation-related outcomes by examining the difference in the number of level I or II events or as-needed medication administrations. Mechanical restraints and closed-door seclusions were grouped as level I events, and level II events consisted of nonmechanical restraint.

Results
The analysis included 169 patients. In total, 126 (75%) patients were continued on their home stimulant, and 43 (25%) had them held. The occurrence of the composite endpoint of level I or II events or as-needed intramuscular medication administration was numerically higher in the group that had their home stimulant held (27.9% vs 23%; P = .52). Level I events were also numerically higher but not statistically significant in the group that had their home stimulant held (16.3% vs 11.9%; P = .46).

Discussion
The composite outcome of as-needed intramuscular medication administration and level I or II events was numerically higher in the group that had their home stimulant held. Use of a larger sample size and adjusted analyses may help elucidate covariates that impact agitation-related outcomes.
Survey of prescriptive authority among psychiatric pharmacists in the United States
Authors: Lee Kelly C. , Silvia Richard J. , Cobb Carla D. , Moore Tera D. , Payne Gregory H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Despite the high prevalence of those with mental illnesses, there is a critical shortage of psychiatric providers in the United States. Psychiatric pharmacists are valuable members of the health care team who meet patient care needs, especially those practicing with prescriptive authority (PA).

Methods
A cross-sectional electronic survey was administered to Board Certified Psychiatric Pharmacists (BCPPs) and non-BCPP members of the College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists. The objective of this study was to compare demographic and practice characteristics between respondents with and without PA.

Results
Of the 334 respondents, 155 (46.4%) reported having PA. Those with PA, including those with Veterans Affairs (VA) affiliated PA, had fewer mean number of years of licensure than those without PA (P = .008 and P = .007, respectively). The majority with PA practiced in outpatient settings (53.5%). Respondents with PA (including those with VA-affiliated PA) were more likely to have their positions funded by practice sites (P &lt; .001). The most common referral source for medication management for those with PA were physicians although pharmacists also provided referrals in both VA and non-VA settings. Pharmacists with PA were more likely to track practice outcomes versus those without PA (P &lt; .001).

Discussion
The current study confirms the variability in PA among psychiatric pharmacists. Demographics of the respondents reflect changes in residency accreditation and increased numbers of psychiatric residencies within VA facilities. Psychiatric pharmacists with PA reported treating psychiatric and medical conditions, creating added value. Psychiatric pharmacists should be empowered to track outcomes and help meet the critical shortage of psychiatric providers.
Parent‐Reported Medication Side Effects and Their Impact on Health‐Related Quality of Life in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Chédeville Gaëlle , McGuire Katherine , Cabral David A. , Shiff Natalie J. , Rumsey Dax G. , Proulx‐Gauthier Jean‐Philippe , Schmeling Heinrike , Berard Roberta A. , Batthish Michelle , Soon Gordon , Gerhold Kerstin , Gerschman Tommy , Bruns Alessandra , Duffy Ciaran M. , Tucker Lori B. , Guzman Jaime ,   CAPRI Registry Investigators
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo describe the frequency and severity of parent‐reported medication side effects (SEs) in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) relative to physician‐reported actionable adverse events (AEs), and to assess their impact on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).MethodsNewly diagnosed JIA patients recruited between 2017 and 2019 to the Canadian Alliance of Pediatric Rheumatology Investigators (CAPRI) Registry were included. Parents reported presence and severity (0 = no problem, 10 = very severe) of medication SEs at every clinic visit. Physicians were asked to report any actionable AE. HRQoL was assessed using the Quality of My Life (QoML) questionnaire (0 = the worst, 10 = the best) and parent's global assessment (0 = very well, 10 = very poor). Analyses included proportion of visits with SEs or actionable AEs, cumulative incidence by Kaplan‐Meier methods, and HRQoL impact measured with longitudinal mixed‐effects models.ResultsSEs were reported at 371 of 884 (42%) visits (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 39, 45%) in 249 patients, with a median of 2 SEs per visit (interquartile range [IQR] 1–3), and median severity of 3 (IQR 1.5–5). Most SEs were gastrointestinal (32.5% of visits) or behavioral/psychiatric (22.4%). SE frequency was lowest with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs alone (34.7%) and highest with prednisone and methotrexate combinations (66%). SE cumulative incidence was 67% (95% CI 59, 75) within 1 year of diagnosis, and 36% (95% CI 28, 44) for actionable AEs. Parent global and QoML scores were worse with SEs present; the impact persisted after adjusting for pain and number of active joints.ConclusionParents report that two‐thirds of children with JIA experience SEs impacting their HRQoL within 1 year of diagnosis. SE mitigation strategies are needed in managing JIA.
Origin of Efficiency and Stability Enhancement in High‐Performing Mixed Dimensional 2D‐3D Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review
Authors: Mahmud Md Arafat , Duong The , Peng Jun , Wu Yiliang , Shen Heping , Walter Daniel , Nguyen Hieu T. , Mozaffari Naeimeh , Tabi Grace Dansoa , Catchpole Kylie R. , Weber Klaus J. , White Thomas P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPerovskite solar cells are a potential game changer for the photovoltaics industry, courtesy of their facile fabrication and high efficiency. Despite this, commercialization is being held back by poor stability. To become economically feasible for commercial production, perovskite solar cells must meet or exceed industry standards for operational lifetime and reliability. In this regard, mixed dimensional 2D‐3D perovskite solar cells, incorporating long carbon‐chain organic spacer cations, have shown promising results, with enhancement in both device efficiency and stability. Dimensional engineering of perovskite films requires a delicate balance of 2D and 3D perovskite composition to take advantage of the specific properties of each material phase. This review summarizes and assesses the current understanding, and apparent contradictions in the state‐of‐the‐art mixed dimensional perovskite solar cell literature regarding the origin of stability and performance enhancement. By combining and comparing results from experimental and theoretical studies it is focused on how the perovskite composition, film formation methods, additive and solvent engineering influence efficiency and stability, and identify future research directions to further improve both key performance metrics.
Enhancing Light and X‐Ray Charging in Persistent Luminescence Nanocrystals for Orthogonal Afterglow Anti‐Counterfeiting
Authors: Huang Kai , Dou Xiaojing , Zhang Yifan , Gao Xiuping , Lin Jing , Qu Junle , Li Yang , Huang Peng , Han Gang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPersistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) are an emerging type of optical nanomaterial that possess long‐lasting afterglow after the excitation has stopped. Recently, bottom‐up synthesis of PLNPs has offered uniform and small nanocrystals that are desirable for various bioapplications. However, the lack of a simple method to enhance the afterglow of these PLNPs is one of the key obstacles hindering their further development and applications. Herein, a simple strategy is demonstrated that can amplify both light and X‐ray charged persistent luminescence in monodispersed Zn2GeO4:Mn PLNPs via the non‐equivalency substitution of zinc ions with lithium ions in the lattice matrix and concomitant to the electron traps tailoring. It is significant that, in addition to increasing the intensity of the afterglow, this nanoscale atomic level substitution can preserve the desirable uniform size and morphology of the PLNPs. Furthermore, since the two excitations (light and X‐ray) are independent of each other, a light/X‐ray orthogonally encrypted spatio‐temporal dual‐dimensional afterglow anti‐counterfeiting is demonstrated via these nanoparticles. It is believed that this simple method offers a foundation for new opportunities to unleash the optical performance in PLNPs. This will also pave the way to the development of such PLNPs for numerous photonic and bioapplications, which are limited in existing methods.
Multifunctional Injectable Hydrogel Dressings for Effectively Accelerating Wound Healing: Enhancing Biomineralization Strategy
Authors: Zhang Hui , Sun Xinyu , Wang Jiao , Zhang Yalan , Dong Mengna , Bu Tong , Li Lihua , Liu Yingnan , Wang Li 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBacterial infection can cause chronic nonhealing wounds, which may be a great threat to public health. It is highly desirable to develop an injectable wound dressing hydrogel with multifunctions including self‐healing, remodeling, antibacterial, radical scavenging ability, and excellent photothermal properties to promote the regeneration of damaged tissues in clinical practice. In this work, dopamine‐modified gelatin (Gel‐DA) is employed for the first time as a biotemplate for enhancing the biomineralization ability of gelatin to synthesize dopamine‐modified gelatin@Ag nanoparticles (Gel‐DA@Ag NPs). Further, the prepared Gel‐DA@Ag NPs with antioxidant activity and near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation synergistic antibacterial behavior are fixed in the guar gum based hydrogels through the formation of borate/didiol bonds to possess remolding, injectable, and self‐healing performance. In addition, the multifunctional hydrogels can completely cover the irregular wound shape to prevent secondary injury. More importantly, these hydrogel platforms under NIR can significantly accelerate wound healing with more skin appendages like hair follicles and blood vessels appearing. Therefore, it is expected that these hydrogels can serve as competitive multifunctional dressings in biomedical field, including bacteria‐derived wound infection and other tissue repair related to reactive oxygen species overexpression.
A Bioinspired Elastic Hydrogel for Solar‐Driven Water Purification
Authors: Xu Xiaohui , Ozden Sehmus , Bizmark Navid , Arnold Craig B. , Datta Sujit S. , Priestley Rodney D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe global demand for clean and safe water will continue to grow well into the 21st century. Moving forward, the lack of access to clean water, which threatens human health and strains precious energy resources, will worsen as the climate changes. Therefore, future innovations that produce potable water from contaminated sources must be sustainable. Inspired by nature, a solar absorber gel (SAG) is developed to purify water from contaminated sources using only natural sunlight. The SAG is composed of an elastic thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogel, a photothermal polydopamine (PDA) layer, and a sodium alginate (SA) network. Production of the SAG is facile; all processing is aqueous‐based and occurs at room temperature. Remarkably, the SAG can purify water from various harmful reservoirs containing small molecules, oils, metals, and pathogens, using only sunlight. The SAG relies on solar energy to drive a hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase transformation at the lower critical solution temperature. Since the purification mechanism does not require water evaporation, an energy‐intensive process, the passive solar water‐purification rate is the highest reported. This discovery can be transformative in the sustainable production of clean water to improve the quality of human life.
ATP‐Responsive Smart Hydrogel Releasing Immune Adjuvant Synchronized with Repeated Chemotherapy or Radiotherapy to Boost Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Sun Lele , Shen Fengyun , Tian Longlong , Tao Huiquan , Xiong Zijian , Xu Jun , Liu Zhuang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCertain chemotherapeutics and forms of ionizing radiation can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). If there simultaneously exist immune adjuvants within the tumor, such antitumor immunity would be further amplified. However, as clinical chemo/radiotherapies are usually repeatedly given at low individual doses, it would be impractical to administrate immune adjuvants into tumors at each dose of chemo/radiotherapies. Thus, a smart hydrogel is developed that releases immune adjuvants in response to repeatedly applied chemo‐/radiotherapies. Herein, alginate is conjugated with an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐specific aptamer, which is hybridized with immunoadjuvant CpG oligonucleotide. Upon intratumoral injection, alginate‐based hydrogel is formed in situ. Interestingly, low doses of oxaliplatin or X‐rays, while inducing ICD of tumor cells, could trigger release of ATP, which competitively binds with ATP‐specific aptamer to trigger CpG release. Therefore, the smart hydrogel could release the immune adjuvant synchronized with low‐dose repeated chemo/radiotherapies, achieving remarkable synergistic responses in eliminating established tumors, as well as immune memory to reject re‐challenged tumors. Moreover, repeated radiotherapies assisted by the smart hydrogel could inhibit distant tumor metastases, especially in combination with immune checkpoint blockade. The study presents a conceptually new strategy to boost cancer immunotherapy coherent with repeated low‐dose chemo‐/radiotherapies following a clinically relevant manner.
Reconstructable Gradient Structures and Reprogrammable 3D Deformations of Hydrogels with Coumarin Units as the Photolabile Crosslinks
Authors: Zhu Chao Nan , Li Chen Yu , Wang Hu , Hong Wei , Huang Feihe , Zheng Qiang , Wu Zi Liang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMorphing hydrogels have versatile applications in soft robotics, flexible electronics, and biomedical devices. Controlling component distribution and internal stress within a hydrogel is crucial for shape‐changing. However, existing gradient structures of hydrogels are usually non‐reconstructable, once encoded by chemical reactions and covalent bonds. Fabricating hydrogels with distinct gradient structures is inevitable for every new configuration, resulting in poor reusability, adaptability, and sustainability that are disadvantageous for diverse applications. Herein, a hydrogel containing reversible photo‐crosslinks that enable reprogramming of the gradient structures and 3D deformations into various configurations is reported. The hydrogel is prepared by micellar polymerization of hydrophobic coumarin monomer and hydrophilic acrylic acid. The presence of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride micelles increases the local concentration of coumarin units and also improves the mechanical properties of the hydrogel by forming robust polyelectrolyte/surfactant complexes that serve as the physical crosslinks. High‐efficiency photodimerization and photocleavage reactions of coumarins are realized under 365 and 254 nm light irradiation, respectively, affording reversible tuning of the network structure of the hydrogel. Through photolithography, different gradient structures are sequentially patterned in one hydrogel that direct the deformations into distinct configurations. Such a strategy should be applicable for other photolabile hydrogels toward reprogrammable control of network structures and versatile functions.
Current Trends on Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensors
Authors: Zida Serge Ismael , Lin Yue‐Der , Khung Yit Lung 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe development of rapid biosensing platforms is an integral part for the detection of many diseases, as well as important clinical biomarkers. So far, many new biosensing technologies have been described in literature but many of these novel platforms remain noncommercializable due to challenges in fabrication process, operational conditions as well as other cost concerns. Hence, there is a need to develop efficient and cost‐effective biosensing platforms and of the types available from literature, surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensors have certain standout attributes. The simple manufacturing requirements of SAW‐based biosensor and its wide operating frequency range have produced promising outcome for bio‐detection and this has rendered this technological platform as a serious contender for point‐of‐care biosensor design. So far, SAW devices are reported for the detection of various bioactive targets of clinical importance and several designs are already commercialized. In this review, the latest development of SAW technologies in recent years for the detection of a broad range of biomolecules is presented and some of the challenges as well as potential future developments of SAW biosensors are highlighted.
Assembly of 5‐Aminoimidazoles via Palladium‐Catalysed Double Isocyanide Insertion Reaction
Authors: Wang Xu , Fu Jin‐Ping , Mo Jia‐Hui , Tian Yu‐Hong , Liu Chun‐You , Tang Hai‐Tao , Sun Zi‐Jun , Pan Ying‐Ming 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA palladium‐catalysed tandem cyclisation reaction of amidoximes, isocyanides and amines to produce 5‐aminoimidazoles was developed. Various 5‐aminoimidazoles were prepared in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. This elegant domino process involves the effective cleavage of the N−O bond and the formation of new C−C and C−N bonds in a single operation.magnified image
3D‐Printed Multi‐Channel Metal Lattices Enabling Localized Electric‐Field Redistribution for Dendrite‐Free Aqueous Zn Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Guanhua , Zhang Xianan , Liu Huaizhi , Li Jinhao , Chen Yiqin , Duan Huigao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRechargeable Zn ion batteries are regarded as a preferable candidate for next‐generation energy storage systems owing to their merits of environmental benignity, low cost, and high safety. Nevertheless, unsatisfactory cycling stability stemming from dendrite growth and undesired side reactions of Zn anodes prevent their widespread commercial adoption. Here, a novel 3D Zn metal anode with multi‐channel lattice structures employing the combined 3D printing and electroless plating/electroplating techniques is reported. The constructed 3D Ni–Zn anode with multi‐channel lattice structure and super‐hydrophilic surface can effectively ameliorate the electric‐field distribution and induce the uniform deposition of Zn without Zn dendrite growth, as confirmed by simulation of current density distribution of the electrode in electrolyte and in situ microscopic observation of Zn plating/stripping. As expected, the 3D Ni–Zn cell shows highly reversible Zn plating/stripping with satisfactory Coulombic efficiency due to the low Zn nucleation overpotential and homogeneous distribution of localized electric field. Consequently, a full cell built with a 3D printed Zn anode and polyaniline‐intercalated vanadium oxide cathode exhibits remarkable performance. The simple and cost‐effective fabrication of conductive metal lattices with tunable 3D multi‐channel architecture opens up new opportunities to develop other high‐performance metal (such as Li, Na, K, Mg, Al) batteries.