bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whole slide cervical image classification based on convolutional neural network and random forest
Authors: Su Limei , Huang Shenjiao , Wang Zhengyin , Zhang Zhiqin , Wei Huajiang , Chen Tongsheng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCervical cancer is a kind of common female malignancy ranking fourth for mortality worldwide. Traditional histopathological examination, an important diagnosis method of cervical cancer, is still manually performed by pathologists under the microscope, which is labor intensive and error‐prone. In this article, deep learning is used for whole slide cervical image (WSCI) analysis to explore an automatic and effective method for the diagnosis of cervical cancer. We combine convolutional neural network (CNN) and random forest (RF) classifier for whole slide cervical image classification. A new multilevel feature fusion strategy namedEnsembleis used for features extraction from the features extracted by CNN.Ensemblethat fuses features extracted by convolution layers with different depths in CNN together is capable of capturing fusional features which can describe patches at different levels from different convolutional layers. Principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm is introduced for feature reduction of the multilevel features. Our experiments are carried out on WSCI dataset which consists of a total of 163 WSCIs from 27 patients. We combineCNN + PCA + RFmodel andCNN + RFmodel, respectively, with four feature extraction strategies to conduct eight comparative experiments on the 163 WSCIs. Experimental results demonstrate that when using multilevel feature fusion strategy, the classification accuracy of theCNN + PCA + RFmodel reaches the highest to 99.39%. In addition, theCNN + PCA + RFmodel conducting the multilevel feature fusion strategy performs better than that conducting single‐level feature extraction strategies.
Evaluation of bone metabolism‐associated biomarkers in Tibet, China
Authors: Zou Yutong , Liu Zhijuan , Li Honglei , Hou Li’an , Pang Jinrong , Liu Xiaoxing , Zejipuchi  , Tian Liping , Zhang Qi , Ma Chaochao , Yu Songlin , Wang Danchen , Guo Xiuzhi , Cheng Xinqi , Yang Hongyan , Qiu Ling 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimTo measure and evaluate the distribution and possible contributing factors of seven bone metabolism‐associated biomarkers in Tibet, a plateau province of China.MethodsA total of 1615 individuals were recruited from Tibet at three different altitudes. The levels and possible contributing factors of serum calcium, serum phosphorus, ALP, 25OHD, PINP, CTX, and PTH were evaluated.ResultsIn total, 1246 Tibetan adults (males: n = 543) were eventually enrolled in this study. Multiple linear regression recognized age, sex, altitude, and BMI as the major effect factors. The levels of ALP, PINP, and CTX in males continuously decreased with age; however, those in females increased after approximately 39 years of age. Males had higher 25OHD levels (23.9 vs. 15.4 ng/ml) but lower levels of serum phosphorus (1.12 vs. 1.19 mmol/L) and PTH (41.3 vs. 47.4 pg/ml) than females. Before the age of 50, males had higher levels of calcium, ALP, PINP, and CTX than females, and the opposite trend was observed after the age of 50. The highest levels of serum calcium and phosphorus and the lowest levels of PINP and CTX were found in the Shigatse/Lhasa region, suggesting a better bone metabolism status. Compared with reports from plain areas of China, significantly higher levels of PINP (65.3 vs. 49.36 ng/ml) and CTX (0.46 vs. 0.37 ng/ml) were recorded in Tibetan adults.ConclusionA more active bone turnover status was found in Tibetan adults than in individuals from the plain areas of China.
Denitrifying bioreactor microbiome: Understanding pollution swapping and potential for improved performance
Authors: Hartfiel Lindsey M. , Schaefer Abby , Howe Adina C. , Soupir Michelle L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDenitrifying woodchip bioreactors are a best management practice to reduce nitrate–nitrogen (NO3–N) loading to surface waters from agricultural subsurface drainage. Their effectiveness has been proven in many studies, although variable results with respect to performance indicators have been observed. This paper serves the purpose of synthesizing the current state of the science in terms of the microbial community, its impact on the consistency of bioreactor performance, and its role in the production of potential harmful by‐products including greenhouse gases, sulfate reduction, and methylmercury. Microbial processes other than denitrification have been observed in these bioreactor systems, including dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). Specific gene targets for denitrification, DNRA, anammox, and the production of harmful by‐products are identified from bioreactor studies and other environmentally relevant systems for application in bioreactor studies. Lastly, cellulose depletion has been observed over time via increasing ligno‐cellulose indices, therefore, the microbial metabolism of cellulose is an important function for bioreactor performance and management. Future work should draw from the knowledge of soil and wetland ecology to inform the study of bioreactor microbiomes.
The effect of Activin pathway modulation on the expression of both pluripotency and differentiation markers during early zebrafish development compared with other vertebrates
Authors: Hasanpour Shaghayegh , Eagderi Soheil , Poorbagher Hadi , Angrand Pierre‐Olivier , Hasanpour Mohammad , Lashkarbolok Maryam 
Published: October 2021

AbstractActivin‐like factors control many developmental processes, including pluripotency maintenance and differentiation. Although Activin‐like factors' action in mesendoderm induction has been demonstrated in zebrafish, their involvement in preserving the stemness remains unknown. To investigate the role of maternal Activin‐like factors, their effects were promoted or blocked using synthetic human Activin A or SB‐431542 treatments respectively until the maternal to zygotic transition. To study the role of zygotic Activin‐like factors, SB‐431542 treatment was also applied after the maternal to zygotic transition. The effect of the pharmacological modulations of the Activin/Smad pathway was then studied on the mRNA expressions of the ndr1, ndr2, tbxta (no tail/ntl) as the differentiation index, mych, nanog, and oct4 (pou5f3) as the pluripotency markers of the zebrafish embryonic cells as well as sox17 as a definitive endoderm marker. Expression of the target genes was measured at the 16‐cell, 256‐cell, 1K‐cell, oblong, dome, and shield stages using the real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). Activation of the maternal Activin signaling pathway led to an increase in zygotic expression of the tbxta, particularly marked at the oblong stage. In other words, promotion of the maternal Activin/Smad pathway induced differentiation by advancing the major peaks of ndr1 and nanog, thereby eliciting tbxta expression. Whereas suppression of the maternal or zygotic Activin/Smad pathway sustained the pluripotency by preventing the major peaks of ndr1 and nanog as well as tbxta encoding.
Quantitative Assessment of Lung Ultrasound Grayscale Images Based on Shannon Entropy for the Detection of Pulmonary Aeration
Authors: Fang Jui , Ting Yen‐Nien , Chen Yi‐Wen 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveLung ultrasound (LUS) is a radiation‐free, affordable, and bedside monitoring method that can detect changes in pulmonary aeration before hypoxic damage. However, visual scoring methods of LUS only enable subjective diagnosis. Therefore, quantitative analysis of LUS is necessary for obtaining objective information on pulmonary aeration. Because raw data are not always available in conventional ultrasound systems, Shannon entropy (ShanEn) of information theory without the requirement of raw data is valuable. In this study, we explored the feasibility of ShanEn estimated through grayscale histogram (GSH) analysis of LUS images for the quantification of pulmonary aeration.MethodsDifferent degrees of pulmonary aeration caused by edema was induced in 32 male New Zealand rabbits intravenously injected with 0.1 mL/kg saline (the control group) and 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mL/kg oleic acid (mild, moderate, and severe groups, respectively). In vivo grayscale LUS images were acquired using a commercial point‐of‐care ultrasound system for estimation of GSH and corresponding ShanEn. Both lungs of each rabbit were dissected, weighed, and dried to determine the wet weight‐to‐dry weight ratio (W/D) through gravimetry.ResultsThe determination coefficients of linear correlations between ShanEn and W/D increased from 0.0487 to 0.7477 with gain and dynamic range (DR). In contrast to visual scoring methods of pulmonary aeration that use median gain and low DR, ShanEn for quantifying pulmonary aeration requires high gain and DR.ConclusionThe current findings indicate that ShanEn estimated through GSH analysis of LUS images acquired using conventional ultrasonic imaging systems has great potential to provide objective information on pulmonary aeration.
Temperature‐Stress Bimodal Sensing Conductive Hydrogel‐Liquid Metal by Facile Synthesis for Smart Wearable Sensor
Authors: Wang Chen , Li Jie , Fang Zhaozhou , Hu Zhirui , Wei Xiaotong , Cao Yang , Han Jing , Li Yingchun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractConductive hydrogels have attracted great attention due to their promising applications in wearable sensors. However, developing conductive hydrogels with excellent sensor properties and multiple stimuli responsiveness for smart wearable devices is still a challenge. This paper presents a facile synthetic method of a crosslinked chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and liquid metal (CHACC‐LM) composite hydrogel with temperature–stress bimodal sensing for smart wearable sensor. LM as liquid fillers toughen the hydrogel matrix (stress: 1.11 MPa) and enhance the hydrogel extensibility (strain: 233%). The CHACC‐LM hydrogel exhibits conductivity , excellent antibacterial properties (> 99%), an electrical self‐healing property, and strain sensitivity (GF = 1.6). In addition, the CHACC‐LM hydrogel can be used as wearable flexible sensors with the ability of monitoring human activities directly and the distinguished ability of discerning subtle motions (handwriting). It also shows sensitivity in the external environment such as low temperature, thermal response, and water solution. Importantly, the composite hydrogel simultaneous response to different stress and temperature stimuli. Furthermore, the CHACC‐LM hydrogel can be used for gesture recognition and to control the manipulator in human–computer interaction. All these properties provide a great scope for researchers to achieve practical advances in smart wearable sensors.
A Novel Schiff Base‐Modified Dialdehyde Cellulose‐Based Fluorescent Probe for Al3+ and Its Application in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Meng Zhiyuan , Yin Jie , Li Mingxin , Liang Yueyin , Wang Xiaoyuan , Wu Yangmei , Kou Jiali , Wang Zhonglong , Yang Yiqin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCellulose is the most abundant natural polymer with good biodegradability and biocompatibility. In this paper, a novel fluorescent probe DAC‐SD‐NA for aluminum (Al3+) detection is successfully synthesized based on dialdehyde cellulose (DAC). DAC‐SD‐NA exhibited a remarkable “turn‐on” fluorescence response to Al3+ in a wide pH range, and the fluorescence color of DAC‐SD‐NA solution turned from colorless to bright blue at the presence of Al3+. The detection limit for Al3+ is computed to be 6.06×10−7 m. The reaction mechanism of DAC‐SD‐NA towards Al3+ is confirmed by Job's plot, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In view of DAC‐SD‐NA exhibited good sensitivity and selectivity, it is applied to detect Al3+ in real water. What's more, DAC‐SD‐NA‐loaded fluorescent hydrogel can serve as a convenient tool for the detection of Al3+.
Analytical solution for distributed torsional low strain integrity test for pipe pile
Authors: Zhang Yunpeng , Jiang Guosheng , Wu Wenbing , El Naggar M. Hesham , Liu Hao , Wen Minjie , Wang Kuihua 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLow strain integrity tests (LSITs) are the most popular non‐destructive methods for pile testing. However, traditional LSITs have encountered unprecedented challenges as the need for long pile and existing pile testing keeps multiplying. Compared to traditional longitudinal excitations, the torsional wave is less influenced by the velocity attenuation effect and can be subjected at the pile shaft for existing piles. Distributed torsional LSIT is proposed in this article with the presentation of the corresponding analytical solutions that exhibiting the velocity responses along the pile shaft. The solution is verified with previous simplified theoretical and rigorous finite element method (FEM) answers. At the end, the application of this method is exhibited through the identification of necking and concrete segregation defects on pipe piles, which shows the advantage of this method on long pile testing.
Can we model cultural ecosystem services, and are we measuring the right things?
Authors: Jones Laurence , Boeri Marco , Christie Mike , Durance Isabelle , Evans Karl L. , Fletcher David , Harrison Laura , Jorgensen Anna , Masante Dario , McGinlay James , Paterson David M. , Schmucki Reto , Short Chris , Small Natalie , Southon Georgina , Stojanovic Timothy , Waters Ruth 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Cultural ecosystem services (CES), a key aspect of nature's contributions to people, remain a challenge to incorporate into decision making. One contributing factor is the difficulty of defining and describing these, due partly to: ongoing poor understanding of what drives people to interact with nature, a lack of appropriate data to quantify these interactions, and basic difficulties in measuring and modelling the complex array of social, psychological and behavioural attributes which help explain people's actions.

In this study we present a framework which develops the concepts of cultural capital, social capital and human capital as specific forms of human‐centred capital, in the context of their contribution to understanding CES. Each form of capital encompasses separate attributes of beneficiaries.

Testing the framework with data from a separate trans‐disciplinary study illustrated that the framework was readily applicable to specific situations. A measure of cultural capital, EcoCentrism, explained more variation than a suite of seven demographic variables.

Applying the framework also showed that despite using a wide range of explanatory variables, a large proportion of observed variation remained unaccounted for. This suggests that more work is needed to understand and to develop metrics which can measure additional factors which underlie peoples’ motivations to engage with nature. The framework is applicable to other types of ecosystem service, and may also be useful for exploring relational values.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Preparation of 3D porous cellulose‐chitosan hybrid gel macrospheres by alkaline urea system for enzyme immobilization
Authors: Sun Zhouquan , Su Hui , Zhong Yi , Xu Hong , Wang Bijia , Zhang Linping , Sui Xiaofeng , Feng Xueling , Mao Zhiping 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn order to find a low‐cost, green and sustainable immobilized enzyme carrier, cellulose material has been widely used in the field of immobilized enzyme, but the low specific surface area and apparent porosity limit its further application. In this article, cellulose and chitosan are dissolved in alkaline urea system through freeze–thaw cycle, then regenerate in weakly alkaline by sol–gel method and solvent exchange. A novel 3D porous cellulose‐chitosan hybrid gel macrospheres (CCMs) with high specific surface area (235.4–325.3 m2/g) are obtained after lyophilization. The cellulose‐chitosan macrospheres are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X‐ray diffractive analysis (XRD) and the size, surface, and internal morphology of CCMs are observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, it is found that α‐amylase (AMY) could be successfully immobilized on the hybrid gel microspheres by glutaraldehyde regent. Compared with free α‐amylases, immobilized enzymes exhibit higher thermal stability, more broadly pH adaptive, and improved storage stability. After 10 cycles, the immobilized enzymes retain 77.5% of their initial activity.
Brachytherapy in children, adolescents, and young adults: An underutilized modality in the United States?
Authors: Zakem Sara J. , Cost Carrye R. , Cost Nicholas G. , Robin Tyler P. , Milgrom Sarah A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundBrachytherapy (BT) delivers highly conformal radiation and spares surrounding tissues, which may limit late effects in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult (AYA) patients. We aimed to characterize trends in BT use for this population in the United States, focusing on patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS).MethodsThe National Cancer Database was queried to identify patients ≤ 21 who were treated for solid tumor malignancies in the United States from 2004 to 2016. We obtained disease, treatment, and outcome data for patients treated with BT, in particular for RMS.Results99 506 pediatric and AYA patients met study inclusion. Of these, 22 586 (23%) received radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy [EBRT] and/or BT) and 240 (0.2%) received BT. Among patients treated with BT, 139 (58%) underwent surgery and 58 (24%) received EBRT. A total of 3836 patients were treated for RMS during this period. Of these, 2531 (66%) received any radiation and 37 (1%) received BT (EBRT + BT in 3, BT in 34). Of patients treated with BT for RMS, 28 (76%) underwent surgery + BT. Survival data were available for 31 patients treated with BT for RMS. With a median follow‐up of 63 months, overall survival was 100% for patients with RMS of a favorable site treated with BT.ConclusionsBT is rarely used to treat pediatric and AYA patients in the United States. Patients treated with BT for RMS experienced favorable survival, suggesting that this approach may not compromise oncologic outcomes and warrants further study as a therapeutic option in pediatric and AYA patients, specifically in RMS.
Exploring primary breast cancer survivors' self‐management of sustained cancer‐related cognitive impairment in the workplace
Authors: Chapman Bethany , Derakshan Nazanin , Grunfeld Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveWork plays a central role in return to a more ‘normal’ life among women diagnosed with primary breast cancer. However, ongoing cancer‐related cognitive impairment (CRCI) and cancer‐related sequelae continue to detrimentally impact workability. Only a few studies have explored the long‐term consequences of CRCI and self‐management coping strategies applied in the workplace. This study explored women's experiences of sustained post‐treatment CRCI and its impact on workability beyond the initial return‐to‐work (RTW), as well as experiences of self‐management coping strategies.MethodForty employed women with a diagnosis of primary breast cancer who were between 6 and 60 months post‐active treatment completed a semi‐structured telephone interview. A ‘framework’ analysis approach was used.ResultsTwo superordinate themes were identified: ‘Sustained consequences of CRCI’ and ‘Self‐management coping strategies to support work‐related performance’. We found that the impact of CRCI extends beyond the initial RTW. The adopted self‐management coping strategies could provoke mixed emotions, including emotional distress. Reduced workability was experienced up to 5‐years post‐active‐treatment.ConclusionSustained CRCI induces negative emotions, fatigue and diminishes confidence reducing workability long into survivorship beyond RTW. The self‐management coping strategies implemented to manage these sequelae generate mixed feelings, with some describing the strategies as problematic and of little benefit.
Ellagitannins, promising pharmacological agents for the treatment of cancer stem cells
Authors: Senobari Zohre , Karimi Gholamreza , Jamialahmadi Khadijeh 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHuman tumors comprise subpopulations of cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) that possess stemness properties. CSCs can initiate tumors and cause recurrence, metastasis and are also responsible for chemo‐ and radio‐resistance. CSCs may use signaling pathways similar to normal stem cells, including Notch, JAK/STAT, Wnt and Hedgehog pathways. Ellagitannins (ETs) are a broad group of substances with chemopreventive and anticancer activities. The antitumor activity of ETs and their derivatives are mainly related to their antiinflammatory capacity. They are therefore able to modulate secretory growth factors and pro‐inflammatory mediators such as IL‐6, TGF‐β, TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IFN‐γ. Evidence suggests that ETs display their anticancer effect by targeting CSCs and disrupting stem cell signaling. However, there are still few studies in this field. Therefore, high‐quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the ETs on CSCs. This paper reviews the structures, sources and pharmacokinetics of ETs. It also focuses on the function of ETs and their effects on CSCs‐related cytokines and the relationship between ETs and signaling pathways in CSCs.
Interface Pattern Engineering in Core‐Shell Upconverting Nanocrystals: Shedding Light on Critical Parameters and Consequences for the Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Hudry Damien , De Backer Annick , Popescu Radian , Busko Dmitry , Howard Ian A. , Bals Sara , Zhang Yang , Pedrazo‐Tardajos Adrian , Van Aert Sandra , Gerthsen Dagmar , Altantzis Thomas , Richards Bryce S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAdvances in controlling energy migration pathways in core‐shell lanthanide (Ln)‐based hetero‐nanocrystals (HNCs) have relied heavily on assumptions about how optically active centers are distributed within individual HNCs. In this article, it is demonstrated that different types of interface patterns can be formed depending on shell growth conditions. Such interface patterns are not only identified but also characterized with spatial resolution ranging from the nanometer‐ to the atomic‐scale. In the most favorable cases, atomic‐scale resolved maps of individual particles are obtained. It is also demonstrated that, for the same type of core‐shell architecture, the interface pattern can be engineered with thicknesses of just 1 nm up to several tens of nanometers. Total alloying between the core and shell domains is also possible when using ultra‐small particles as seeds. Finally, with different types of interface patterns (same architecture and chemical composition of the core and shell domains) it is possible to modify the output color (yellow, red, and green‐yellow) or change (improvement or degradation) the absolute upconversion quantum yield. The results presented in this article introduce an important paradigm shift and pave the way toward the emergence of a new generation of core‐shell Ln‐based HNCs with better control over their atomic‐scale organization.