bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diskitis: A Prospective Diagnostic Analysis
Authors: Fischer Gerald W. , Popich Gregory A. , Sullivan Daniel E. , Mayfield Gerald , Mazat Bruce A. , Patterson Peter H. 
Published: December 2021

In a three-year prospective analysis of nine patients with suspected diskitis, seven were confirmed as having diskitis, one had sacroiliac septic arthritis, and one had Guillain-Barré syndrome. The mean age of the patients was 3.3 years, and four of the seven were girls. Routine lumbar spine roentgenograms were not diagnostic for three to eight weeks. Nuclear imaging procedures, however, produced abnormal scans in all nine studies. Technetium Tc 99m diphosphonate scans were abnormal within seven days of symptoms, gallium citrate Ga 67 scans within 14 days. Scans were abnormal on seven occasions when standard roentgenograms were not diagnostic. The diskitis patients had low-grade fever (seven), irritability (six), and leg or hip complaints (six). Early, rapid diagnosis is critical with this disease because some cases have been misdiagnosed as meningitis, appendicitis, or septic arthritis. Four of the seven patients had evidence of viral disease, white β-hemolytic streptococci and anaerobic diphtheroids were isolated from two disk space aspirates. Spica casts were used in six patients to encourage immobilization, antibiotics in two, and one patient received no specific therapy. All patients recovered regardless of therapy.
The present study is the first known prospective study of diskitis. The data thus far collected suggest that this disease is more common than previously recognized and that with the use of radiopharmaceuticals, cases previously missed may now be accurately diagnosed as diskitis. Pediatricians are urged to consider this diagnosis in any child with fever, irritability, and vague abdominal, leg, or back complaints whose origin is not identified.
Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess in Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Chusid Michael J. 
Published: December 2021

Five cases of childhood pyogenic hepatic abscess at Milwaukee Children's Hospital and 61 cases in the literature were reviewed. Hepatic abscess occurred most often in infants who had sepsis or umbilical infection. Cases in older children were associated with underlying host defense defects, particularly chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and leukemia.
Common clinical findings were fever, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly. Radionuclide scan was useful in diagnosis of lesions larger than 2 cm. Small or microscopic lesions were diagnosed at autopsy. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common etiologic agent. Mortality in all evaluable cases was 27% in patients with CGD and 42% in those without CGD. Open drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice and should lower the mortality of this infection.
Financial Compensation for Evaluation and Therapy of Children With Developmental Disabilities
Authors:   Committee on Children With Handicaps
Published: December 2021

A developmental disability is defined as an abnormality beginning in fetal life or early childhood which precludes or significantly impedes normal physical and/or mental development. Included in this definition are mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and other neurologically handicapping conditions, deafness, speech disorders, blindness, mental illness, autism, and disorders of comprehension or effective use of language.
Diagnosis and therapy of a developmental disability frequently require efforts of many disciplines (i.e., medicine, occupational and physical therapy, psychology, nursing, social service, speech pathology, and audiology). It is essential that appropriate financial compensation be provided by third-party payers for the services performed by all these disciplines. Non-physicians should receive compensation from thirdparty payers only if the diagnostic and theticapeuic measures are prescribed by a physician.
The most effective care for developmentally disabled persons necessitates coordination, staffing, and follow-up efforts. Physicians must receive third-party compensation for these efforts as well as for counseling and visits to schools on behalf of these patients. Such activities are all appropriate extensoins of the physician's primary care role in the diagnosis and management of developmental disabilities in children.
Early Development of Children with Sex Chromosome Aberrations
Authors: Haka-lkse Katerina , Stewart Donald A. , Cripps Mary H. 
Published: December 2021

A prospective study was made of 42 children who were found at birth to have sex chromosome aberrations. The mean developmental quotient of the XXY and XXX groups was in the dull-normal range, whereas developmental quotients of 3 XYY children were low normal. The commonest deficits were in language and gross motor skills, with highest incidence in the XXX group. Many of the children had behavior problems, but no specific pattern was associated with an individual chromosome aberration. The XXX group experienced a linear growth spurt after 4 years of age. With one exception there were only mild dysmorphic features, none of them specifically associated with any subgroup. Of 17 children followed up to school age, almost two thirds evidenced learning and/or behavior problems.
There was a high incidence of birth problems, particularly in XXX children (seven of ten), and of social problems, psychiatric illness and learning difficulties in their families. In 14 cases, the parent-child relationship was disturbed, resulting in behavior problems. These findings make it improbable that the children's generally poor developmental and behavioral performance were solely attributable to their chromosomal constitution.
Fluoride Supplementation: Revised Dosage Schedule
Authors: Barness Lewis A. , Dallman Peter R. , Anderson Homer , Forbes Gilbert B. , Nichols Buford L. , Roy Claude , Smith Nathan J. , Walker W. Allan , Winick Myron , Woodruff Calvin W. , Newburn Ernest 
Published: December 2021

Since the previous Committee on Nutrition statement on fluoride was issued in 19721, the value of providing fluoride supplements to help prevent dental caries has been supported by a growing body of experimental evidence.2 This statement has been prepared to recommend a new dosage schedule that decreases the dosage of fluoride in infancy and that is better adjusted to the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water.
Health authorities agree that, in communities where the fluoride concentration of the water is suboptimal, the most effective and inexpensive means of reducing dental decay is by adjusting the community water supply to an optimal fluoride concentration. In the absence of a fluoridated central water supply, alternative means of fluoride supplementation should be used. Fluoride in tablets, drops, lozenges, or in combination with vitamins can serve this purpose and have been shown to be effective.2 However, the success of these forms of fluoride supplementation depends on whether parents are sufficiently motivated to supervise the regular, daily intake of fluoride supplements by their children from shortly after birth until about 16 years of age. It should be emphasized that fluoride administration is strictly supplemental; it is intended to increase fluoride intake in approximately the amount that would be obtained from fluids in optimally fluoridated communities. Fluoride intake is primarily from water and liquid foods made with fluoridated water. There is relatively little fluoride in most foods3-5; exceptions are certain seafoods.
Dosage
In establishing an optimal dosage regimen for fluoride supplements, the age of the child and the existing fluoride concentration in the water supply are the two major considerations.
Developmental Aspects of an Infant With Transient Moderate to Severe Hearing Impairment
Authors: Beratis Stavroula , Rubin Martha , Miller Robert T. , Galenson Eleanor , Rothstein Arnold 
Published: December 2021

Very little is known about the effects of early deafness on later emotional and cognitive development, or about the span of time during which these effects may remain correctable. Adults who have had a profound or severe hearing impairment since infancy show a rather consistent pattern of personality development.1-3 A variety of behavioral deviations have been described in older children with congenital or early hearing impairment.3-5
There are very few observations, however, of the behavior of deaf children during their first two years of life. In this communication, we describe the behavior and some aspects of the development of a hearing-impaired infant during the period of moderate to severe hearing impairment (70 dB hearing loss) followed by resolution of hearing loss.
Albright's Syndrome Presenting as Thyrotoxicosis: Follow-up of a Case
Authors: Richton Samuel M. , Maclaren Noel K. , McLaughlin Judith V. , Raiti Salvatore 
Published: December 2021

In 1937, Albright and colleagues1 reported a syndrome triad consisting of precocious puberty, cutaneous pigmentation, and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bones. More recently, a number of hormone excess endocrinopathies have been described as part of the syndrome, as reviewed by Hall and Warrick2 and DiGeorge.3 The reason for the autonomous functioning of diverse endocrine glands remains unknown.
In 1970, Levitsky et al1 reported in this journal a 7-month-old who at that early age had symptoms of severe thyrotoxicosis. The purpose of this report is to present a follow-up of this interesting patient, in whom there developed findings consistent with Albright's syndrome.
l-Glutaric Acidemia: Investigation of a Patient and His Family
Authors: Whelan Donald T. , Hill Robert , Ryan Eamonn D. , Spate Marilyn 
Published: December 2021

A 5-month-old infant had an unusual combination of clinical signs and symptoms. These consisted of irritability, dystonia, lack of head control, grimacing, opisthotonos, choreoathetoid movements, delayed development, and severe metabolic acidosis. Metabolic investigation by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry detected urinary organic acids. This confirmed the diagnosis of l-glutaric aciduria.
The concentration of l-glutaric acid in the patient's plasma was 2.5 mg/dl (normal range, 0 to 0.1 mg/dl), and in the patient's urine was 4.6 mg/mg of creatinine (normal range, 0 to 0.05 mg/mg of creatinine),) but the concentration was not elevated in the plasma and urine of the infant's parents nor of two other family members.
No glutaryl-CoA dehvdrogenase activity was found in leukocytes taken from the patient. Three of the four family members, including the parents, demonstrated 38%, 42%, and 42% activity, respectively, compared with the activity of normal controls. These findings are consistent with an autosomal recessive disorder involving the Metabolism of ghitaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA.
Dietary restriction was instituted on two separate occasions. First, a low protein diet of 1.6 gm/kg of body weight per day was given, then a low lysine intake of 50 mg/kg/day. These dietary manipulations caused a decrease in the plasma and urine concentrations of L-glutaric acid and β-hydroxyglutaric acid. However, no effect on the clinical manifestations of the disease was noted.
Standard and Special Human Immune Serum Globulins as Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Stiehm E. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Human γ-globulin is a valuable and frequently prescribed biological used to provide passive immunity against microbial agents, toxins, or cells. γ-Globulin is most widely used for the short-term prevention of certain bacterial or viral diseases when active immunization is unavailable (eg, hepatitis A) or when active immunization has not been given before exposure (eg, tetanus, rabies). γ-Globulin is also indicated on a continuous basis in replacement therapy for persons with antibody immunodeficiency. It is also (mis)used by many physicians for colds, allergies, and recurrent infection despite lack of proved efficacy.
Two types of γ-globulin preparations are available: standard human immune serum globulin (HISG) for general use, and special human immune serum globulins with a known antibody content for specific illnesses (Table I).
In addition, certain animal sera and antitoxins are available for passive immunity (Table I). Although a discussion of these agents is beyond the scope of this review, it is important to emphasize that their use is associated with considerable risk of adverse side reactions (anaphylaxis and serum sickness). Accordingly, the physician should know the exact indications for their use, always institute sensitivity testing, and be ready to treat side reactions immediately.1
SOME PROPERTIES OF IgG GLOBULIN
The immunoglobulins or "γ-globulins" are the proteins of the plasma and tissue made in lymphoreticular tissues which have antibody activity.2 Although there are six classes of immunoglobulin—IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, and secretory IgA—only IgG is present in significant quantities in HISG.
IgG is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 150,000 daltons distributed equally between the serum and the tissues.
Respiratory Disease Associated With Gastroesophageal Reflux
Authors: Christie Dennis L. 
Published: December 2021

Several recent reports have emphasized the association between gastroesophageal reflux with tracheobronchial aspiration and recurrent episodes of bronchitis, asthma, pneumonitis, bronchiolitis, apnea, and even aborted sudden infant death syndrome.1-4 The majority of these papers have stressed the fact that infants and children with recurrent pulmonary symptoms, such as wheezing, tachypnea, fever, cough, and chest roentgenographic evidence of pneumonitis or pneumonia, may be aspirating gastric contents into the lungs during periods of recumbency or after feeding.
There has been enthusiasm for an antireflux surgical procedure to stop these suspected repeated episodes of aspiration.5 Investigators have relied on an indirect diagnosis of aspiration by demonstrating abnormalities in esophageal function associated with recurrent respiratory disease.
Continuing Medical Education: The Other Side of the Coin
Authors: Sumer Timur 
Published: December 2021

It is hard to disagree with Dr. Fisher about the problem of continuing medical education for foreign medical graduates (FMG) after they return to their countries (Pediatrics 61:133, January 1978). However, the other side of the coin should be exposed before expecting any action from the government on this matter.
As it looks from the FMG's point of view, the new immigration rule that limits the FMG's stay in the United States to two years is a reflection of the government's self-serving attitude.
Pediatricians' Immunization Consent Practice, Washington State
Authors: Marcuse Edgar K. 
Published: December 2021

The new requirement for obtaining written informed consent for routine childhood immunization in many publicly funded immunization programs prompted us to look at current immunization consent practices of pediatricians in Washington state.
We mailed a questionnaire (pp 420-421) to 338 pediatricians and allied health professionals on the mailing list of the Washington Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics. One hundred seventy-six (52%) responded. The results are summarized in the accompanying Table. Although each question was asked for each routine immunization-diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT), tetanus diphtheria toxoid (Td), oral polio vaccine (OPV), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)—there was almost no difference in consent procedure by type of vaccine.
THE RISE OF PROFESSIONALISM
Authors: Larson M. L. 
Published: December 2021

Professional work conditions (and not only the general ideology) foster individualism. The professional's sense of power and authority flows not only from his actual command over special knowledge but also from his control over interpersonal situations. The first established professions—medicine, law, the ministry, and architecture—were typically concerned with the problems of individuals. Only indirectly did they define society as their client. Today, individualized service becomes an ideological remedy for the ills of a social situation, a screen for the social problems caused by the bureaucratic systems through which services are delivered—most notably in the medical and teaching professions.
The ideological insistence on individual aspects, the neglect of the whole, merges with specialization to confine the professional in an ideological conception of his role: the importance of narrow responsibilities is consciously and unconsciously emphasized, exaggerating the "dignity" of the functions. The dominant ideology attributes to professionals and experts special prestige as well as "moral and intellectual superiority": sharing in this ideology, professionals can easily mystify to themselves their actual power. Moreover, they are locked into conformity with the role society offers them to play—locked in by their vocational choice, by the particular mystique of each profession, and by their whole sense of social identity.
Finally, the technocratic ideology of science and objectivity excludes from the specialist's concern the social and political consequences of his acts. Nowhere is this truer than in the technical and scientific fields.
Relationship of Blood Pressure to Blood Lead Concentrations in Small Children
Authors: Jhaveri Ramesh C. , Lavorgna Lorenzo , Dube Shiv K. , Glass Leonard , Khan Farida , Evans Hugh E. 
Published: December 2021

Elevated blood lead concentrations are associated with a variety of pathophysiologic changes in both children and adults, even in the absence of clinical symptoms. Although hypertension has been described in adults with elevated blood lead concentrations,1 there have been no systematic studies in infants and children in which lead levels were correlated with blood pressure measurements. In the present study, blood lead concentrations of greater than 40 µg/dl were associated with blood pressure elevations in infants and young children.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Thirty-four patients, age 1 to 3 years, who were referred to the Special Lead Clinic of the Jewish Hospital and Medical Center of Brooklyn because of blood lead levels of more than 40 µg/dl were subjects of the study.
Steroid-Associated Catatonia: Report of a Case
Authors: Sullivan Bradley J. , Dickerman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2021

Psychosis in a child is a problem that demands urgent diagnosis and, when appropriate, treatment Steroid therapy is an unusual cause of such a disturbance. There are few reports in the adult literature and none in the pediatric literature concerning steroid-associated personality disturbances We describe a child receiving steroid therapy who had an organic psychosis that progressed to catatonia.
CASE REPORT
A previously healthy 11-year-old boy, who was examined initially at another institution, had a facial rash and reported weakness of the proximal limb muscles. A clinical diagnosis of dermatomyositis was made by a dermatologist, although no electromyogram (EMG), muscle biopsy, or lupus erythematosus (LE) preparation was obtained.
THE INTERGENERATIONAL CHASM
Authors: Howard Maureen 
Published: December 2021

In these modern times, when neither economic advantage non the nation's good is well-served by fecundity, we reproduce mainly to project ourselves, in some form, into the future not via time machine but by the transmission of our own values, culture, and traditions. If the next generation rejects these in toto, we lose that rickety bridge to a kind of immortality that makes the often dreary business of child-rearing worthwhile.
What had turned the recent past into a nightmare for many middle-class parents was the loss of their future in just such terms. Here was the legend given flesh in which their own fine children were stolen from the hearth by the elf thieves of the counterculture who left in their place changelings—bewitched mystics, madmen, bombers and junkies—none of whom would take a place in the continuum of the traditional community....
The children of those changelings... [are being reared in] urban and rural communes, and institutes of the new religions (those of Lamas and Hare Knishnas). [In one] a 10-year-old girl managed to keep an immaculately conventional bedroom—gingham bedspread, curtains, mirror and hairbrushes carefully placed on a dressing table. "If you want to have a straight kid, then be a freaky mother," her mother everlastingly spaced, complained one day.
Submandibular Adenitis in a Newborn Caused by Mycoplasma hominis
Authors: Powell Dwight A. , Miller Karen , Clyde Wallace A. 
Published: December 2021

Despite frequent colonization of the newborn infant with genital mycoplasmas, morbidity due to these organisms has been cited on few occasions. This report describes an infant with suppurative submandibular lymphadenitis from whom Mycoplasma hominis was isolated in pure culture.
CASE REPORT
A 2,580-gm, firstborn, black, female twin was the product of a 36-week pregnancy in a 15-year-old primigravida in whom mild preeclampsia and fever developed one day prior to delivery. After spontaneous rupture of the membranes and a 12-hour labor, the infant was delivered without complication by low forceps and vacuum extraction. Apgar scores were 7 and 9 at one and five minutes, respectively; findings on routine newborn examination were unremarkable.
TESTING THE TEACHERS - THE DALLAS EXPERIMENT
Authors: Mitchell Richard 
Published: December 2021

Here is an excerpt from what may prove to be one of the more important unpublished works of 1978. It's something we'd all like to know more about these days, the credo of a teacher:
"I believe a role of a classroom teacher is to a leader of her class. She should be a leader in teaching her class knowledge to its full potentials. She should make sure that the children maximize in their subjects by having materials available for them at all times and that it is appropriate for them (the subject matter.) She should be patient and understanding with the children and know that all the children have different capabilities."
These words were written by a young woman looking for a job in the Dallas Independent School District (DISD). She was not hired, although she has probably taken a job someplace else by now. Maybe she's teaching your children to maximize in their subjects.
The schoolteacher's increasingly strident claim to be a professional is much less convincing than it used to be when teachers were more obviously intellectuals. Certainty teachers are the least trained of all the so-called professionals, and their training is the least likely to be scrutinized by anyone other than those who claim to provide it. Its effectiveness cannot be tested in the marketplace; the pay scale is the same for the best and the worst teachers. To be certified as a teacher in Texas, as in almost any state, all one needs to do is to graduate from college with passing grades in a certain number of education courses.