bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imagining Ithaca
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
‘Though home is a name, a word, it is a strong one’, said Charles Dickens, ‘stronger than magician ever spoke, or spirit answered to, in strongest conjuration.’ The ancient Greek word nostos, meaning homecoming or return, has a commensurate power and mystique. Irish philosopher-poet John Moriarty described it as ‘a teeming word … a haunted word … a word to conjure with’. The most celebrated and culturally enduring nostos is that of Homer’s Odysseus who spent ten years returning home after the fall of Troy. His journey back involved many obstacles, temptations, and fantastical adventures and even a katabasis, a rare descent by the living into the realm of the dead. All the while he was sustained and propelled by his memories of Ithaca (‘His native home deep imag’d in his soul’, as Pope’s translation has it). From Virgil’s Aeneid to James Joyce’s Ulysses, from MGM’s The Wizard of Oz to the Coen Brothers’ O Brother, Where Art Thou?, and from Derek Walcott’s Omeros to Margaret Atwood’s Penelopiad, the Odyssean paradigm of nostos and nostalgia has been continually summoned and reimagined by writers and filmmakers. At the same time, ‘Ithaca’ has proved to be an evocative and versatile abstraction. It is as much about possibility as it is about the past; it is a vision of Arcadia or a haunting, an object of longing, a repository of memory, ‘a sleep and a forgetting’. In essence it is about seeking what is absent. Imagining Ithaca explores the idea of nostos, and its attendant pain (algos), in an excitingly eclectic range of sources: from Rebecca West’s The Return of the Soldier and Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, through the exilic memoirs of Nabokov and the time-travelling fantasies of Woody Allen, to Seamus Heaney’s Virgilian descent into the London Underground and Michael Portillo’s Telemachan railway journey to Salamanca. This kaleidoscopic exploration spans the end of the Great War, when the world at large was experiencing the complexities of homecoming, to the era of Brexit and COVID-19 which has put the notion of nostalgia firmly under the microscope.
Introduction
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To borrow Milan Kundera’s phrase, Imagining Ithaca treats Homer’s Odyssey as ‘the founding epic of nostalgia’. The Introduction, therefore, establishes the Odyssean paradigm of nostos and nostalgia and considers in some detail its subsequent influence. It provides a brief medical history of nostalgia, from the coinage of the term in 1688 by Basel physician Johannes Hofer, as well as a survey of the literary treatment, and cultural importance, of homecoming and nostalgia from the 1918 Armistice to the era of Brexit and Trump. In short, the Introduction serves as a guide to the six Parts of the volume and to the particular aspects of nostos and nostalgia examined in each. It explains the purpose and parameters of the book as well as its timeliness, and the choice and variety of texts discussed.
William Wyler’s The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 locates William Wyler’s The Best Years of Our Lives within a climate of problematized nostos in the concluding years of World War II. It approaches the film as a tripartite Odyssey about three returning serviceman and three corresponding Penelope figures. It shows that, in portraying the tensions involved in the characters’ personal nostoi, The Best Years exposes a broader anxiety about the post-war stability, and indeed survival, of both oikos and polis. Through these individual stories, the film manages to suggest an entire generation readjusting to what Willard Waller called ‘this estranged world of peacetime complexity’, and to represent millions of families in their struggle to resume communication at a civilian and domestic level. The chapter delves into the genesis, development, and reception of this modern Odyssey.
John Ford’s The Long Voyage Home (1940)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with the 1940 film The Long Voyage Home, directed by ‘America’s Homer’, John Ford, and critically received as ‘a modern Odyssey’. The film is an adaptation of four one-act plays by Eugene O’Neill, known as the Glencairn cycle, which are permeated by a tragic vision of unattainable nostos. Set in the contemporary context of World War II, it dramatizes the SS Glencairn’s perilous voyage home from the West Indies to England, with a cargo of munitions aboard. There is no obvious Odyssean figure in this nostos tale. Instead the members of the steamer’s ragtag international crew represent variations of the same Odyssean longing. Joseph McBride defines the film’s dramatic focus as ‘the archetypal Fordian male conflict between the urge to wander and the yearning for home’. But these men are not so much wanderers as lost souls purgatorially in thrall to the sea.
Tamar Yellin’s ‘Return to Zion’ (2006)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 offers a brief description and analysis of ‘Return to Zion’, the opening tale of Tamar Yellin’s collection of short stories, Kafka in Brontëland. Yellin overlays English suburbia and the Jewish identity with elements of the Odyssey, delicately weaving the mythical and the mundane. As a rewriting of Homer, it is manifestly a minor work, but it is nonetheless an affecting and thought-provoking piece, unsettling in its portrayal of Ithaca as an elusive and illusory destination, the figment of a restive grief. Told from the perspective of Telemachus, this allegorical story identifies an intimate, incurable nostalgia as central to the Jewish heritage. It is a nostalgia that Yellin’s own father knew and that she herself expressed when she said: ‘I belong in two places at once, which sometimes feels like I belong nowhere.’
Carson McCullers’s ‘Look Homeward, Americans’ (1940)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 11 takes a short essay by Carson McCullers as the basis for a discussion of America’s national trait of being ‘homesick most for the places we have never known’. It considers this phenomenon with reference to the writings of Mark Twain, Thomas Wolfe, and F. Scott Fitzgerald who made nostalgic wonder part of the American vernacular. It also draws a comparison between the forward-looking nostalgia McCullers analyses and Robert Sherwood’s 1935 play The Petrified Forest in which the young heroine dreams of returning to a home she has never known. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man—‘a veritable Ulysses of the black experience’—and a short story by McCullers called ‘The Aliens’, both of which urge a mature, hopeful, and inward-facing quest for ‘the homeness of home’.
George Orwell’s Coming Up for Air (1939)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines George Orwell’s novel Coming Up for Air, which is set in the crisis year of 1938, between Orwell’s service in the Spanish Civil War and the start of a fresh world conflict. Its hero, George Bowling, is a veteran of the Great War and now an oppressed suburban everyman wanting a week’s respite from the gathering storm. He embarks on an Ithacan quest to revisit the scenes of his Edwardian childhood in Lower Binfield, Oxfordshire and thus replenish his memories of peaceful summer days with which to meet the coming cataclysm. Unhappily he discovers that the remembered idyll has been despoiled by time, industry, and commercialism. In this parable of failed nostos, Orwell does not deny the magnetism of prelapsarian pastoral visions but he questions their worth and sustainability in a necessarily brave new world.
Alternative Voices
Authors: Carayannis Tatiana , Weiss Thomas G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The chapter details the growing inputs for UN deliberations from two distinct sets of “voices”: from within emerging powers that formerly were absent or largely hidden; and from for-profit businesses. The first part examines the political and economic changes brought about by rising and emerging powers that are altering the landscape for how to approach the pillars of UN activity. The second part reflects the arrival on the UN’s stage of TNCs, which formerly had only cameo roles despite their weight in the global economy because of their perceived role, within the popular rhetoric from the Global South, as exploiters and explanations for poverty. Both emerging powers and business are long-ignored partners that bring resources, expertise, new technologies, and energy to international problem-solving and to the Third UN; they also have challenged the multilateral system and led to calls for a new architecture of global governance.
Who draws the line?
Authors: Sutton Rebecca 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that international humanitarian actors take it upon themselves to assert distinction, in contexts in which international actors are encouraged to demolish boundaries and work together. Empirical findings from South Sudan reveal that safeguarding distinction involves managing the perceptions of an amorphous onlooker: the ‘phantom local’. This imagined local audience—which comprises armed actors, authorities, and beneficiaries—ultimately decides who is who amongst international actors. In the civil–military training spaces, humanitarian actors again emphasize the role of perceptions, and here they also extol the importance of IHL. Across these global sites, power struggles ensue as other international actors contest the vision of distinction that humanitarians promulgate. The exploration of the Intellectual realm focuses squarely on the figure of the humanitarian actor in IHL, examining the historical evolution of this figure and its treatment in the First Additional Protocol (AP I). It is argued that IHL projects a Red Cross fantasy, such that protections for humanitarian actors are grounded in a very particular vision of ‘humanitarianness’. This leaves other humanitarians with status anxiety, yet their efforts to emulate this vision serve to further entrench the Red Cross actor’s paradigmatic status.
Where is the line drawn?
Authors: Sutton Rebecca 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter pursues the ‘civilian plus’, ‘mere civilian’, and ‘civilian minus’ across the three realms, exploring where the line is being drawn within the civilian category. Adopting parallel structures, the discussions in the Kinetic and Pedagogical realm first consider the humanitarian actor as a ‘civilian plus’ figure, and then as a ‘civilian minus’ figure. It is shown that in everyday practice, humanitarian actors strive to escape the vulnerability of the ‘mere civilian’ and to disperse any qualities of combatantness that might swirl around them. They root their claims to the ‘civilian plus’ in their important professional role and in the risk of harm it exposes them to; they also emphasize the expertise required to carry out humanitarian work. Other international actors detect a humanitarian superiority complex at play, sensing that humanitarian actors look down on them from a virtuous perch. Intriguingly, it is the very same professional role that could legitimate a claim to a special status that also impugns the civilianness of humanitarian actors—as when they are accused of ‘feeding the enemy’. The discussion in the Intellectual realm conveys that these intra-civilian distinctions are not disturbing an otherwise stable binary framework. Attention is drawn to IHL targeting rules that trouble a bright-line distinction. It is further shown that before the civilian was defined in AP I, the category was disaggregated for purposes of protection and access to services. Revisiting the Red Cross fantasy, it is proposed that IHL sets some humanitarian actors apart from other civilians.
Historical-economic background
Authors: Lütge Christoph , Uhl Matthias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
First, this chapter distinguishes between an ethics of individual behavior that focuses on the individual’s actions and an ethics of conditions that focuses on the circumstances under which the individual is supposed to act. It is emphasized that much of today’s ethics was developed against the background of premodern societies, which implies the absence of economic growth and a high social control, both of which are in stark contrast to modern conditions. The ethical benefits of markets and competition are outlined. The market is interpreted as an instrument for the use of distributed and local knowledge, a method of discovery, an engine of innovation, a control mechanism, and an instrument of disempowerment and of self-discipline. Traditional concepts of business ethics are illustrated by the historical examples of the just price and the prohibition of lending money at interest.
Calculation and computation
Authors: Sethna James P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces Monte-Carlo techniques to simulate the equilibrium properties of complex systems, and perturbative techniques to calculate their behavior as an expansion about solvable limits. It uses the Ising model as a description of magnets, of binary alloys, and of the liquid-gas transition. It introduces Markov chains and detailed balance as providing a guarantee that Monte-Carlo methods converge to equilibrium. To analyze phases and phase transitions, it introduces a 27-term low-temperature expansion for the magnetization of the Ising model. Inside phases, perturbation theory converges; at phase transitions, it cannot. Exercises simulate the behavior of the Ising model and cellular function. They explore equilibration algorithms and calculation of low temperature expansions. And they apply Markov chains to coin flips, unicycles, fruit flies, chemical reaction rates, and DNA replication.
Princes’ Justifications of War in Early Modern Europe: The Constitution of an International Community by Communication
Authors: Tischer Anuschka 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Anuschka Tischer starts out with the historical analyses of the book by elaborating the dialectic of war discourses and international order in early modernity: according to Tischer, nearly every prince in early modern Europe came up with a ‘just reason’ when going to war. Whereas the theory of international law represented academic opinions, the political justifications offered the official view which fed into the public discourse. By referring to a general international law in their war declarations (and counter-declarations), the belligerent parties shaped the pattern of today’s modern international law. However, the early modern justifications represented the political and social values of pre-revolutionary Europe. While international law was regarded as universal, the European Christian powers distinguished between wars in and outside of Europe. The chapter reveals the contradictions inherent in this distinction by analysing how princes in early modern Europe justified their wars, which norms and orders were accepted, and how far international law was the result of elaborate discussions and power politics. Tischer’s findings are picked up by Hendrik Simon in his contribution on the nineteenth-century discourse of war and international order.
The Justificatory Potential of International Law: National Socialists’ Dreams of African Colonies
Authors: Lange Felix 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
While the other chapters in Part IV underline the self-contradictions of the universe of the Western international legal order, Felix Lange turns to the paradoxical legal justification strategies for regaining colonies of a political regime that was most hostile to liberal international law: even though Adolf Hitler’s foreign policy primarily aimed at gaining Lebensraum in the East, the recovery of the German colonies was also among the foreign policy goals of National Socialist Germany. Supporters of the colonial cause amply relied on the justificatory potential of international law to persuade other Western powers of Germany’s legal right to retake them. In particular, German international lawyers claimed that the provisions of the Versailles Treaty renouncing Germany’s titles over the colonial possessions violated key doctrines of international law. This contribution contextualizes the academic discourse on international law in the political debates of the time.
Justifying Interventions—The Case of ECOWAS in Liberia
Authors: Wilén Nina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In contrast to the other chapters in Part V, Nina Wilén’s focus is on multilateral military interventions at the regional level: She explores the relationship between sovereignty, intervention, and the international normative order, by examining how ECOWAS, an African regional organization, justified its intervention in Liberia’s civil war referring to international norms. Based on a critical discursive analysis of the speeches related to ECOWAS’ decision to intervene in Liberia in 1990, as well as the responses the justifications provoked from the UN and the United States, it is argued that ECOWAS’ intervention and the justifications which accompanied it were clearly influenced by an international normative order where sovereignty is the key constitutive norm and non-intervention the main regulative norm. Yet the fact that ECOWAS also violated the very same norms through its intervention, created a precedent for future regional interventions and implied long-term consequences for the international normative system.
Justified: Just War and the Ethics of Violence and World Order
Authors: Brown Chris 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This volume’s final Part VII on the impact of legal claims in war discourses is introduced by Chris Brown. In this chapter, he fundamentally questions the relevance of international law as a frame of reference for the justification and limitation of war. Brown turns our attention back to just war which we have discussed earlier in this volume (ch. 2 by Anthony Lang, Jr): Brown argues that, properly understood, the just war tradition can be defended against most of its critics, the exceptions being those Clausewitzian realists and Gandhian pacifists who refuse to make the kind of discriminations upon which the tradition is based. More problematic are some of the newer friends of the tradition, analytical political theorists who reject its praxis-oriented dimension, and focus on the rights and responsibilities of individuals, discounting the importance of collectivities. These writers are, in some respects, closer to the medieval tradition than are defenders of contemporary international humanitarian law, but their reliance on the ability of philosophers to decide matters of justice leads to a dogmatism uncharacteristic of the just war tradition, and their emphasis on the individual undermines the link between theory and practice. This chapter defends a traditional, albeit post-Christian, reading of the notion of justified war against both its overt opponents and its supposed friends.
Part II
Authors: Clark Samuel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Part II works from the point of view of the reader of autobiography, and asks: what should we learn from autobiography? It argues for a lesson about selfhood and the good life, and specifically about the roles of narrative and of self-realization in those targets of human self-knowledge. This investigation addresses four questions: given that autobiographies are narratives, should we learn something from them about the importance of narrative in human life? Could our narration of our lives explain how their parts relate to them as wholes? Could it retrospectively unify them and thereby make them good for us? Could it create self-knowledge by interpretatively making the self? In each case it answers: no. The lesson we should learn here is instead about the centrality of self-realization to selfhood and the good life. To make that case, this part argues for pluralist realism about self-knowledge: autobiographies of self-discovery, martial life, and solitude show that the ‘self’ which is created and known by self-interpretation is, at best, one part of what we can know about ourselves, and not the most interesting part. These modes of self-discovery reveal a self that is unchosen, initially opaque to itself, and seedlike, which could not be a self-interpretation, and whose good is its realization.
Concluding Remarks. (Neo)Colonialism, (Neo)Imperialism, and Hegemony
Authors: Lienau Odette 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter considers the political salience of choosing words and characterizations when discussing sovereign debt—in particular the terms neo-colonialism, neo-imperialism, and hegemony. It highlights that, at least in popular usage, the selection among these terms is often intended less as accurate description than as an expression of the desire to identify a responsible actor, highlight the unequal burdens of restructuring, or emphasize or construct a national narrative. It also raises the question of the degree to which scholars should be mindful in using these terms. Indeed, given the continued political salience of sovereign debt issues and the emotion they engender, it can sometimes be difficult to disentangle the scholarly from the popular, the descriptive from the performative, and the instrumental from the expressive.
Ideas as Remedies to Inconveniences
Authors: Queloz Matthieu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter locates the roots of the pragmatic genealogical tradition in David Hume’s explanations of artificial virtues as remedies to inconveniences. The motivation for Hume’s turn to genealogy is examined, and it is shown how viewing his accounts of the virtues of justice and fidelity to promises through the lens of pragmatic genealogy sets them apart from the Enlightenment genre of conjectural history. Four functions performed by Hume’s fiction of a counterpossible state of nature are identified, and it is shown how Hume introduces two key ideas: that under certain circumstances, the motivations to engage in a practice need to be non-instrumental motivations if the practice is to be stable; and that shared needs can give rise to practices that serve a point for participants even when those fail to grasp what that point is. This prevents genealogies from becoming overly intellectualist or circular.
Ideas Worth Having
Authors: Queloz Matthieu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter argues that pragmatic genealogies show us to what extent the ideas we live by merit our confidence by revealing whether and when they are ideas worth having. Returning to the opening contrast between Socratic and Pragmatic Questions, the chapter argues that the kind of pragmatic inquiry exemplified by pragmatic genealogies is something that Socratic inquiry can be grounded in and guided by. The answer to a ‘What is X?’ question cannot be the last word, because the authority of any answer to that question needs to be assessed in light of the merit of accepting it as authoritative. Finally, the chapter highlights how the method of pragmatic genealogy provides philosophy with a vessel for incorporating social, psychological, and historical understanding into philosophy, thereby offering philosophers a concrete model for how to pursue philosophy as a humanistic discipline, in integration with neighbouring human sciences.
The Legal Profession
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Judges, public prosecutors, and attorneys form a distinct group of professions which is called the hōsō. Japan has a uniform bar examination for judges, public prosecutors, and attorneys. Successful candidates go through a one-year training run by the Supreme Court. There are other professions such as tax attorneys and patent attorneys which perform the role covered by attorneys in other jurisdictions. Corporate legal counsels also play a significant role.