bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unique strain of Bifidobacterium longum and its efficacy in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Plotnikova E. Yu. 
Published: January 2021

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders affecting between 5 and 15% of the general adult population worldwide. Over the course of many years altered intestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, immune changes and, as it has recently been found, impaired epithelial barrier function were meant to explain the origin of symptoms in the IBS. We have come to realize now that the IBS warrants serious clinical and scientific study. Not that long ago, the connections between the gut and the brain have been expanded to include a new entrant, the microbiota, resulting in the creation of a new concept of a microbiota-gut-brain axis.Microbiota is a risk factor for the irritable bowel syndrome. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms, which can alter the intestinal flora and regulate intestinal functions such as reduction of visceral hypersensitivity, improvement of mucosal barrier function, modulate immune responses and chronic inflammation, affect the central nervous system, gastrointestinal motility, etc. The correctness of this approach is confirmed by several studies of the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624, which is widely used in the treatment of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. The dietary supplement Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624 contains 1 × 109 colony-forming units, which provides a clinically effective level of these beneficial bacteria. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624 also reduces inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and has positive results in reducing abdominal symptoms (e.g. abdominal pain / discomfort and bloating) associated with the irritable bowel syndrome and other conditions.
The role of regulatory T cells in autoimmune thyroiditis
Authors: Zhukova S. I. , Kanner I. D. , Mamontova T. M. , Shelomentceva E. M. , Maximov M. L. 
Published: January 2021

Autoimmune thyroiditis is an organ-specific autoimmune disease caused by the activation of self-reactive CD4+ T cells. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a population of T cells that play a central role in immunological tolerance by suppressing selfreactive cells. CD4+ Tregs are divided into thymic (tTreg) and peripheral (pTreg). tTregs perform their functions through cytokine-independent mechanisms, pTregs – through IL-10, TGF-β and IL-35. Tregs perform a protective function against AIT. Studies of Treg level in AIT show different results, in most cases Treg level is increased, and their function is impaired. Treg function in AIT is affected by many factors, such as the level of thyroglobulin, vitamin D etc. Apart from the Treg level itself, the Th17/Treg ratio is also crucial in AIT. Activation of Tregs and modification of the Th17/Treg ratio can be used in AIT treatment.
Vasomotor menopausal symptoms: is it just hot flashes? Alternative non-hormonal methods of treatment with proven effectiveness (literature review)
Authors: Kasyan V. N. , Adamyan L. V. 
Published: January 2021

Taking into account the modern life expectancy, a third of their lives, on average, women live in conditions of estrogen deficiency, which negatively affects the quality of life and the level of morbidity in older people. For doctors of other specialties, besides ObGyn, the climacteric period is strongly associated exclusively with hot flashes. However, early menopausal symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood changes, the risk of depression and decrease in self-esteem, sexual dysfunction. The predominance of vegetative symptoms makes the patient seek help not only from the gynecologist, but also from other specialists, however, the lack of knowledge in menopause medicine leaves them unsatisfied. In this regard, a therapeutic approach requires a comprehensive understanding of the problem.The “gold standard” for managing patients with climacteric complaints is menopausal hormone therapy. However, there are women with contraindications to this group of drugs or the predominance of vegetative symptoms, when only hormonal correction is not enough. Among alternative non-hormonal agents, inhibitors of serotonin reuptake, in particular the most popular drug venlafaxine, hold a strong leadership with proven efficacy against a complex of symptoms. Also, other medications have been studied that can stop both vasomotor and vegetative symptoms of menopause. The review presents the literature data on the role of alternative agents in the correction of vasomotor symptoms of menopause, along with the known efficacy against autonomic complaints for increasing the effectiveness of counseling for older women.
Comparative characteristics of osmolarity, tear production and state of the corneal epithelium after instillations of the preparations Visomitin and hypromellose
Authors: Safonova T. N. , Surnina Z. V. , Zaitseva G. V. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface, characterized by changes in its homeostasis and accompanied by ocular symptoms, the etiology of which is associated with destabilization of the tear film, hyperosmolarity, inflammation, damage to the structures of the ocular surface and neurosensory disorders.Objective. To study the effect of a drug containing plastoquinonyldecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (PDTP, SkQ1) on dynamics of osmolarity and reparative properties of the cornea.Materials and methods. The study included 23 patients (46 eyes) aged 23 to 49 years. All patients presented complaints of dryness, burning sensation, cramps and discomfort in the eyes, increased sensitivity with instillation of drops, periodic blurred vision. Patients underwent standard and special ophthalmic examinations. The patients were divided into two groups comparable in gender and quantitative composition.Results. Based on the results of the examination at the starting visit, all patients were diagnosed with DES mild or moderate study. After one week of therapy, a significant decrease in subjective complaints was noted patients who received the drug with PDTF. All patients tolerated the drug well. In the group of patients who received a tear replacement therapy with hypromellose, in most patients, while complaints of dryness persist, decreased a feeling of pain in the eyes. A month later, complaints persisted only in patients of this group, but their intensity was known significantly reduced compared to the visit after a week. Against the background of therapy with the drug with PDTP, significant improvement of the Schirmer test, Norn test and corneal staining, as well as with the help of a in vivo confocal microscopy shows a decrease in the number of Langerhans cells.Conclusion. The results obtained indicate a positive effect of PDTP on the structure of the ocular surface even with its short-term use due to its keratoprotective and anti-inflammatory action.
Thrombotic diseases and conditions – diagnosis and monitoring of anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Melkumyan A. L. , Berkovskiy A. L. , Vasiliev S. A. , Sergeeva E. V. 
Published: January 2021

Laboratory methods are a very important part of the examination of patients with thrombotic diseases, often putting the final touches on the diagnosis, and in some cases even defining this diagnosis. The present review of thrombotic diseases and conditions, as well as the laboratory methods for their diagnosis, enables the differentiation of these conditions in the laboratory phase of the examination and the selection of the correct specific therapy, especially antithrombotic therapy.This review reflects the main nosological forms, causes of thrombotic diseases and conditions, as well as methods of their diagnosis using reagents and test systems of the leading domestic manufacturer of reagents for diagnostics of the hemostatic system SPD “Renam” ICPOD “Hemophilia Society”. The mechanisms of conditions and diseases such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary artery thromboembolism (PATE), hypercoagulability syndrome (HCS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hereditary and acquired thrombophilia (deficiency of antithrombin III, proteins C and S, factor Va resistance to activated protein C, etc.) and complications of anticoagulant therapy (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HITC), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), complications of anticoagulant therapy (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), coumarin-induced necrosis, etc.) are reviewed. Laboratory criteria for thrombotic conditions are presented. The most commonly used anticoagulant drugs and their control methods are reviewed, including vitamin K antagonists (oral anticoagulants, OAC), unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), fondaparinux, direct or new oral anticoagulants (DOACs or NOACs). Laboratory criteria for thrombotic conditions are presented. Methods for determining blood D-dimer are described in detail, as well as methods for measuring anti-Xa and anti-IIa heparin activity.This joint work of the leading employees of the Research and Production Department «Renam» of ICPOD «Hemophilia Society» and FSBI NMRC of Hematology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation reflects the need for scientific and practical cooperation of practitioners, laboratory doctors and manufacturers of reagents and test systems to develop the most sensitive, specific, accurate and convenient methods of disease diagnostics and control of therapy.
Drug-induced arrhythmias
Authors: Leonova M. V. 
Published: January 2021

The article provides a scientific review based on the proceedings of the 2020 American Heart Association consensus on drugs that may cause arrhythmias on a risk-sensitive basis and a guidance on strategies for monitoring, prevention methods and therapeutic approaches.The risk factors for drug-induced arrhythmias are divided into modifiable and non-modifiable. Among the non-modifiable risk factors are congenital anomalies (changes in the conduction system, ion channel polymorphism) and heart diseases (cavity dilatation, myocardial ischemia). Among the modifiable risk factors are various electrolyte disorders (hypo/hyperkalemia, hypo/hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia). Certain drugs can lead to electrolyte disorders, which require management with potassium and magnesium supplements. The drug-induced arrhythmias can be caused by conditions leading to altered drug pharmacokinetics and increased plasma concentrations and metabolites having proarrhythmogenic effects, as well as drug-drug interactions.Beta-blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, other antiarrhythmic drugs, ivabradine, digoxin, anesthetics (bupivacaine, propofol) are the most common culprits in causing drug-induced bradyarrhythmias. The drug-induced atrial fibrillation frequently occurs in patients receiving antiarrhythmics, various sympathomimetics, psychotropic and antineoplastic drugs, anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs, corticosteroids) and immunotropic agents (interleukin-2, fingolimod). Various sympathomimetics and inotropic drugs, some antipsychotic drugs can produce drug-induced atrial and nodal tachyarrhythmias.The drug-induced ventricular tachycardia can be caused by antiarrhythmics, inotropics and various sympathomimetics, antipsychotic and antineoplastic drugs, as well as herbal drugs (aconite, ginkgo biloba). The list of drugs that cause a long QT syndrome includes antiarrhythmics, antimicrobial drugs (macrolides, fluoroquinolones, aminoquinolines, fluconazole), antipsychotics, antineoplastic drugs, antiemetics, etc. For a complete list of drugs that prolong a QT interval, see the CredibleMeds website (Arizona, USA). The drug-induced arrhythmia prevention strategies include rising awareness among doctors about risk factors and potentially dangerous drugs, sufficient monitoring of patients at risk of developing arrhythmias (ECG monitoring, electrolyte balance, kidney and liver function), maintenance of electrolyte balance, primarily potassium and magnesium. The therapeutic approach includes discontinuation of a causative drug; relief and maintenance therapy are carried out based on the modern international clinical guidelines for various forms of arrhythmias.
Tolperisone in the combination treatment of muscular tonic syndrome in individuals with a high level of physical activity
Authors: Gutianskii O. G. , Zarubin A. N. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Dorsalgia is one of the most common diseases in individuals practising regular physical training and sports Rationale. Because of the growth of the number of physically active individuals expected to rise by 2024, the improvement of drug and physical rehabilitation methods comes into sharp focus.The objective of the study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the use of a centrally acting muscle tolperisone-containing relaxant in the combined treatment of dorsalgia accompanied by a muscular tonic syndrome.Materials and methods. In the study, two groups of patients (30 people each) with muscular tonic syndrome received therapy that included NSAIDs and a neurotropic vitamin complex (in the comparison group), and additionally a centrally acting muscle relaxant (in the treatment group).The treatment outcome was assessed by changes in complaints and the objective neurological status of patients, the degree of muscle soreness upon palpation, and the evaluation of pain syndrome using a visual analogue scale.The shear wave elastography (SWE) of defunct muscles was used as an objective assessment method.Earlier in clinical practice, muscle tension in patients was usually assessed using manual palpation, i.e., only qualitatively and subjectively. SWE is an operator-independent, relatively reproducible, and quantitative method for assessing tendons and muscles. SWE was used in this study to obtain more objective assessment and comparison of the elasticity of “affected” and “healthy” symmetrical back muscles before and after the use of drugs.Results. The study showed a high clinical efficacy of tolperisone in the combination therapy of the lower back pain accompanied by muscular tonic syndrome, which was confirmed by a more significant decreased muscle-tonic syndrome based on the evaluation of complaints and the degree of muscle soreness upon palpation, a more pronounced regression of pain syndrome according to VAS in the treatment group of patients vs the comparison group. According to the elastography findings before and after treatment, the group receiving tolperisone showed a more significant decrease in muscular tonic syndrome.Сonclusion. The study confirmed the clinical efficacy of tolperisone manufactured by Sotex pharmaceutical company. On these grounds we recommend that the drug is used in combination therapy for dorsalgias (dorsopathies) accompanied by a muscular tonic (myofascial) syndrome both in patients without a proper level of physical activity, and in those practising regular physical training and sports.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) and their Drug Interactions Involving CYP Enzymes, P-glycoprotein and OATP Transporters-An Overview
Authors: Balasubramanian Rajkapoor , Maideen Naina M.P. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (Statins) are used to
treat dyslipidemia. Generally, the statins are the substrates of CYP enzymes, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and organic
anion transporting polypeptides transporters (OATP1B1).

Objective:
This review article focuses on the clinical significance of statins, and their interactions in real practice.

Methods:
The databases like Medline/PubMed Central/PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane Library,
Directory of open access journals (DOAJ), and reference lists were searched to identify relevant articles.

Results:
Most of the drug interactions of statins result in elevated plasma concentrations and toxicity of statins
due to the inhibition of CYP3A4, P-gp and/or OATP1B1 transporters. The toxicity of statins includes myopathy,
rhabdomyolysis, elevated liver enzymes, acute kidney injury, and diabetes. The statins like simvastatin, lovastatin,
and atorvastatin are substrates of CYP3A4 enzyme and P-glycoprotein and their concomitant use with
the drugs inhibiting or inducing them would result in changes in plasma concentrations and toxicity/efficacy.
However, the statins like pravastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin are not substrates of CYP enzymes and
hence the concomitant use of CYP inhibitors or inducers does not affect them. Almost all the statins are the substrates
of OATP1B1 transporter, and the co-prescription of inhibitors of OATP1B1 elevates the plasma concentrations
and muscle toxicity of statins.

Conclusion:
Understanding the interacting potential of each statin will enable the prescribers, pharmacists, and
other health care professionals to use statins effectively without compromising patient safety.
Impact of Pharmacogenetic Determinants of Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate on Adverse Events in Renal Transplant Patients
Authors: Thishya Kalluri , Sreenu Boddupally , Raju Sree B. , Kutala Vijay Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Graft acceptance against immunity is one of the major challenges in solid organ transplant.
Immunosuppressive medications have effectively improved the post-transplantation outcome however, it
has its own limitations. Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes have been identified as the potential
targets in developing a pharmacogenetic strategy, to individualize drug dose and also in preventing the
adverse events.

Objective:
The rationale of the study was to explore polymorphisms in tacrolimus and mycophenolate
metabolic pathways that influence the adverse clinical outcomes in renal transplant recipients.

Methods:
A total of 255 renal transplant recipients were analyzed for the pharmacogenetic determinants of
tacrolimus (CYP3A5*3 ABCB1 1236 T>C ABCB1 2677 G>A/T ABCB1 3435 T>C) and mycophenolate
(UGT1A8*3 UGT1A9 IMPDH I IMPDH II c.787C>T ABCC2 -24 C>T and c.3972C>T) using Sanger sequencing.

Results:
Acute rejection (AR) was observed in 5.88% of the transplant recipients whereas acute tubular necrosis
(ATNs) was observed in 7.45% of the patients within early stage of the maintenance phase. Infections such
as urinary tract infection (UTI) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection were observed in 11.37% and 12.16% of
the patients. The AUC of mycophenolate was significantly higher in patients with increased risk for infections.
ABCC2 -24 C>T c.3972C>T polymorphisms and ABCB1 3435 C-allele were associated with reduced risk for
infections. ABCC2 rs3740066 was associated with 2.06-fold all-cause mortality risk. CYP3A5 AG- and
UGT1A9-440 CC-genotypes showed increased risk and ABCC 3972C>T CC-genotype showed protection
against adverse events.

Conclusion:
Genetic variants in tacrolimus and mycophenolate metabolic pathways were found to influence
the morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients.
Improved Lipid Target Level Attainment in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Dopheide Jörn F. , Adam Luise , Wiedmer Sebastian , Kaspar Mathias , Silbernagel Günther , Baumgartner Iris , Drexel Heinz 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) fall under the category of a
very high cardiovascular risk. Although consequent lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) is advised, only
sparse data on attained target level in PAD exists.

Objectives:
We aimed to analyse contemporary guideline recommendations for LLT in symptomatic PAD patients.

Methods:
A monocentric, prospective, observational study involving 200 symptomatic PAD patients
was conducted. Guideline target level attainment and LLT were analysed between 2017 and
2019.

Results:
Overall, 78.5% of the patients were on statin therapy, mainly of high intensity, with atorvastatin
in 50% and rosuvastatin in 33% of the cases. The average statin dosage adjusted for simvastatin
was 55 mg/d. Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) was <1.8 mmol/L in 53% and
<1.4 mmol/L in 34% of the cases. Mean LDL-C levels were at 1.85 ± 0.88 mmol/L. We observed
no difference in the treatment and the target level attainment of patients with a stable PAD (intermittent
claudication) or chronic critical PAD. However, patients with ≥ 1 vascular region affected
(i.e., coronary and/or cerebrovascular) were treated more intensively and had lower LDL-C levels
than patients with PAD alone.

Conclusion:
It appears that there are more awareness and improvement of previously documented
undertreatment of LDL-C levels in symptomatic PAD patients. Although statin treatment is initiated
in the majority of patients, our findings call for a continuously intensified LLT in symptomatic
PAD patients.
Evaluation of the Behavioural, Antioxidative and Histomorphological Effects of Folic Acid-supplemented Diet in Dexamethasone-induced Depression in Mice
Authors: Falade Joshua , Onaolapo Adejoke Y. , Onaolapo Olakunle J. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
The effect of folic acid in mitigating depression has remained pivotal in
research.

Objectives:
To determine the effects of folate supplementation on neurobehaviour oxidative stress
and cerebral cortex histomorphology in the dexamethasone mouse model of depression.

Methodology:
Male mice were assigned to six groups (A-F) of 10 mice each. Animals in groups A and
D were fed a standard diet, while those in B and E were fed folic acid supplemented diet (25
mg/kg of feed), while C and F were fed folate supplemented diet at 50 mg/kg of feed for 8 weeks.
At the beginning of the sixth 6th week, mice in groups A-C were administered distilled water,
while animals in groups D-F were administered dexamethasone (DEX) at 4 mg/kg body weight by
gavage. Open-field, forced swim, and tail-suspension tests were conducted at the end of the experimental
period, following which animals were euthanised and blood was taken for the estimation
of Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced Glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase, Catalase activity, and
Superoxide Dismutase. Sections of the cerebral cortex were prepared for histological examination.

Results:
Folic acid supplementation increased body weight, locomotor, rearing and self-grooming
behaviours, and decreased immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. There was
also a reduction of lipid peroxidation and an increase in the antioxidant status. Folic acid supplementation
was also found to be protective against the development of dexamethasone-induced
changes in body weight, open-field behaviours, behavioural despair, oxidative stress and cerebrocortical
morphology.

Conclusion:
Folic-acid supplementation improves the behavioral, some antioxidant, and cerebral
morphological parameters.
Chlorpyrifos with Age-Dependent Effects in Cardiac Tissue of Male Rats
Authors: Mesbahzadeh Behzad , Salarjavan Hossein , Samarghandian Saeed , Farkhondeh Tahereh 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Age-dependent toxic effects of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have
not been fully understood. The current study aimed to investigate the cardiotoxic damage of chlorpyrifos
(CPF) by evaluating oxidative modifications in young (2-month old), middle-aged (10-
month old), and aged (20-month old) rats.

Objective:
Five mg/kg of CPF was administered orally for 45 days to young, middle-aged, and
aged male Wistar rats. In the end, animals were anesthetized and the heart of each rat was dissected
for biochemical assay.

Methods:
Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity
(TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assessed in the cardiac tissue of rats.

Results:
The results indicated an increase in the levels of MDA and NO, and also a decline in the
levels of GSH and TAC as well as a decrease in the SOD activity in the heart of aged rats compared
with young rats. CPF administration deteriorated these changes in the heart of exposed rats
compared with the age-matched controls. Additionally, these oxidative modifications were more severe
in aged rats versus other age.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, advancing age may increase oxidative changes in the heart of animals
exposed to CPF. It is suggested that aging can affect cardiac toxicity induced by OPs.