bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing geographies of fashion during COVID‐19: The Australian case
Authors: Brydges Taylor , Heinze Lisa , Retamal Monique 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 has impacted a range of industries, of which the fashion industry is no exception. Here, we examine the effects of COVID‐19 on the geographies of that industry in Australia. We use a path‐dependency framework to understand the evolution of the Australian fashion industry and to evaluate the impact of COVID‐19 as an external shock to this evolution. The Australian fashion industry has been hit particularly hard by the pandemic. Drawing upon a qualitative methodology and associated set of methods consisting of 24 semi‐structured interviews with key industry actors, we explore three key themes. First, we examine the impact of COVID‐19 on firm dynamics, investigating how fashion brands have navigated a period of significant uncertainty through a combination of highly nimble internal business practices and industry collaborations. Second, in light of unstable globalised supply chains, we consider the important role of local garment production in supporting industrial resilience. Third, we explore how changing consumption behaviours are altering the retail geographies of the Australian fashion industry in both physical and virtual spaces. Based on our analysis of preliminary results, we reflect on the suitability of an evolutionary approach in this context and outline a number of themes of future research.
Suicide prevention: The role of families and carers
Authors: Edwards Todd M. , Patterson Jo Ellen , Griffith James L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFamilies and carers can play an important role in helping prevent suicide. Unfortunately, silence and secrecy within the family environment have sometimes prevented family members from intervening to potentially change the course of suicide intent. This article describes a family‐oriented assessment process that can facilitate family‐involvement in care. Suicide risk assessment requires a skilled interview with the individual patient to determine accurately suicidal intent. However, family members provide a vital source of collateral information for assessing risk and the relational support needed to diminish risk. Strength‐based strategies for intervening with patients and family members to help prevent suicide are described.
A possible case of recipient anti‐neutrophil and anti‐human leukocyte antigen antibody‐mediated fatal reverse transfusion‐related acute lung injury
Authors: Jug Rachel , Anani Waseem , Callum Jeannie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundTransfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a transfusion complication often mediated by recipient exposure to plasma from donors with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and human neutrophil antigen (HNA) antibodies. Recipient anti‐donor HLA or HNA antibodies have rarely been implicated.Study Design and MethodsHerein, we describe a case of fatal TRALI mediated by recipient anti‐HLA and anti‐HNA antibodies. Cognate antibody–antigen match was confirmed with serologic and molecular assays.ResultsA 69‐year‐old G5P5 female with no prior transfusion history and metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with thromboembolic complications presented with heart failure and dyspnea. She was transfused 15 ml of a unit of Fya‐negative red blood cells and subsequently developed acute onset dyspnea, hypoxemia, hypotension, and fever. Clinical investigations revealed bilateral infiltrates on chest X‐ray and cognate recipient HLA and HNA antibodies to donor antigens. The patient died of acute respiratory failure within 24 h of transfusion. In total, the patient had Fya, HLA Class I, HNA, and human platelet antigen (HPA) alloantibodies. The 63‐year‐old female donor had detectable HLA class II antibodies (recipient class II genotype unavailable).ConclusionThe pathophysiology of TRALI has traditionally been ascribed to underlying conditions that put the recipient at risk in combination with donor biological response modifiers. This case illustrates alternative pathogenic mediators including alloantibodies to donor HLA and HNA. Additional studies to determine the contribution and frequency of recipient alloantibodies in TRALI may inform future mitigation strategies to further reduce the incidence of TRALI, particularly in female transfusion recipients.
Design for Manufacturability
Authors: Azam Mohammed A. , Holmes William P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Research has been carried out at Coventry University Centre for Integrated Design on the concept design process and it is funded by the Coventry University Research Fund.
An experiment, simulating product design in industry, was conducted by concept designers which were, in turn, acted by student industrial designers and student engineering designers.
In general the product design process is a sequential process. The first part of the process is the conceptual phase. This is followed by the engineering design phases which include all the manufacturing information. In this case the downstream engineering design focuses on designs for manufacture and process selection. Information on the requirements of conceptual designers in these areas was collected from these experiments. The information is ultimately to be incorporated into rules in a knowledge base which can be readily accessed by the industrial designer during concept development via a CAD system.
Optimal Design of Coupled Structures Subjected to Random Excitation
Authors: Sampath Arun M. , Nataraj C. , Ashrafiuon H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents optimization of the response of coupled structures subjected to random excitation. The dynamic system involves discrete and continuous models of coupled structures. The structures are assumed to be subjected to white noise excitation of known power spectral density. The mean square response of the structure is taken as the objective function. The physical properties such as length, thickness, stiffness and damping are taken as the design variables. The discrete system is assumed to be subjected to two kinds of excitation; band-limited white noise excitation and ideal white noise excitation. Coupling stiffness and damping characteristics are used as design variables. For the case of continuous coupled beam model, band-limited white noise excitation is considered and the root mean square response of the structure is minimized for a range of excitation frequency. Geometric properties of the structure are used as design variables.
Optimal Tolerance Band and Manufacturing Target for Monotonic Loss Functions With Functional Limits
Authors: Söderberg Rikard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Individual tolerances in a tolerance chain are often constrained by the tolerance of a critical dimension. This tolerance is often based on functional considerations with some economical constraints. For the customer, this may not be the optimal solution. This paper presents a method for tolerance allocation, based on trade-off analysis between manufacturing cost and quality loss. By considering both the economical loss due to poor quality and the manufacturing cost, it is possible to determine the combination of manufacturing target and tolerance band that minimizes the worst case total cost for the customer. This paper concentrates on critical dimensions, where the quality aspect studied can be described by a monotonic loss function with a functional limit.
An example of a radial journal bearing is used to describe the method.
Geometric Design of Smooth Composite Ruled Surface Strips Using Dual Spherical Geometry
Authors: Ge Q. J. , Kang Donglai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with geometric construction of smooth composite ruled surface strips. Oriented lines that constitute the rulings of the ruled surfaces are represented by unit vectors with three components over the ring of dual numbers. The problem of designing a smooth ruled surface is studied as that of designing a one-real-parametric curve on the unit dual sphere. Geometric conditions for piecing two ruled surfaces smoothly are developed using differential geometry of curves on the dual sphere. A coordinate-frame invariant method for line segmentation is also presented. Finally, a geometric algorithm is presented for constructing composite Bézier ruled surface strips with second-order geometric continuity. The resulting surface strips are coordinate-frame invariant and their rulings are more uniformly parameterized than those obtained with other methods.
Survey of Active Truss Modules
Authors: Williams Robert L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a survey of active truss modules (ATMs) which can be used to construct modular, long-reach, lightweight truss-based manipulators (TBMs). Theoretical classification is presented for candidate ATM geometries. A survey of the literature is presented to subjectively compare practical modules which have been proposed. Kinematically-equivalent serial analogies are given for each of the in-parallel-actuated ATMs; use of these analogies can simplify TBM control. The intent of this paper is to present ATM alternatives and discuss subjective criteria for design selection, rather than to choose one best module.
Mini Baja Off-Road Vehicle Design and Optimization Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Gjessing Anthony M. , Noorani Rafiqul I. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the design, analysis and optimization of a Mini Baja off-road vehicle which will be used to compete with other schools of the nation. The project is undertaken by a group of mechanical engineering students of Loyola Marymount University. The finite element software package used for the optimization is COSMOS/M from SAC in Santa Monaco, CA. Suggestions on how to best use the software to support design decisions is also given. The optimization is made based on material and weight of the vehicle.
Energy Approach for Multiaxial Fatigue Life Prediction Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Jadaan Osama M. , Boys Gregory 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A new approach, based on virtual strain energy, has recently been proposed and proven successful in collapsing all data for various loading conditions for a given material and environment into a single curve. Two energy parameters associated with two different physical modes of failure were used to predict the lifetime. The first parameter is a Mode I energy parameter associated with the critical plane where principal stress and strain take place, while the second parameter is a mode II energy parameter associated with the critical planes where maximum shear stresses and strains occur. The objective of this research is to incorporate this theory into a Finite Element Method (FEM) code in order to predict the lifetime of structural components subjected to complex loading. During the post processing stage of the program, the calculated stresses and strains will be used to evaluate the normal (Mode I) and shear (mode II) energy parameters, which subsequently can be used to predict the lifetime for the given structural component. Biaxial fatigue data obtained from the literature for SAE 1045 steel were used in this study to demonstrate the ability of incorporating this energy approach into FEM codes to predict the fatigue life of structural components. This ability is demonstrated by comparing the energy parameters calculated using FEM to those calculated using the experimental data.
Failure Analysis of Composite Materials and Multi Material Interfaces
Authors: Yosibash Zohar , Szabó Barna A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Composite materials and multi-material interface problem usually have one or more singular points. In the neighborhood of these points the solution of two-dimensional linear elastostatic problems is characterized by a series of eigenpairs and their coefficients, called the generalized stress intensity factors (GSIFs). Accurate and reliable computation of the eigenpairs and the GSIFs is important because failure theories directly or indirectly involve these quantities.
New efficient and accurate methods for numerical computation of the eigenpairs and the GSIFs, based on the p-version of the finite element method, are presented and demonstrated.
Examples, representing two different kinds of singular points demonstrate that the method works well and produces results of high accuracy. Importantly, the method is applicable to anisotropic materials, multi-material interfaces, and cases where the singularities are characterized by complex eigenpairs.
Transient Thermal Stresses in a Flat Plate With a Circular Opening
Authors: Lipp Stephen C. , Herrington Paul D. , Russo Edwin P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Solutions for stress distributions in a flat plate with a circular opening which is undergoing radial and temporal changes in temperature are presented. A typical example would be a hot pipe penetrating a wall or a welding process. The problem is formulated as a partial differential equation on an infinite-domain problem with inhomogeneous boundary conditions. As such, the solution of the problem is obtained through integral-transform methods involving integrals difficult to numerically evaluate. The problem may also be formulated as a finite-domain problem with eigenvalue solution. The results in this case depend on the number of eigenvalues calculated which depends on the time value chosen. Three types of thermal boundary conditions are considered: (1) convection on the boundary, (2) insulated boundary, and (3) sudden heating or cooling, that is, thermal shock. Some sample results comparing the integral-transform and eigenvalue methods are presented. The results indicate that temperature values computed by both methods for an aluminum sample with a 1.5 in (0.0381 m) hole at time 10 s are identical to four decimal places. The finite domain outer radius for the eigenvalue solution was taken to be 18 in (0.4572 m). However, there is a discrepancy when comparing radial and tangential stress. This difference is the stress caused by the constant temperature from the finite boundary to infinity when imposed on the finite-domain problem.
Understanding Design Information Handling Behavior Using Time and Information Measure
Authors: Baya Vinod , Leifer Larry 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Results from six verbal protocol experiments conducted to understand and characterize the information handling behavior of designers during conceptual design are reported in this study. Information handling behavior is categorized in the following categories: informational activity, information descriptor, information subject-class, information level-of-detail and information level-of-abstraction. The amount of information handled in each of the categories is quantitatively measured using design information measure (dim). Insights gained from the results are discussed. These insights will guide the development of computational tools which will improve the conceptual design process.
Apparent Stiffness of a Bolted Flange
Authors: McKee Robert B. , Reddy Harshavardhan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A flat steel flange clamped by 14 bolts was modelled by three dimensional finite element analysis to evaluate its stiffness in compression relative to each bolt. The bolt load was applied via an extremely stiff washer to eliminate the effect of bolt head deflection on the results. The dimensionless stiffness varied linearly with bolt aspect ratio d/L. The slope of this relation was equal to that predicted by a simple cylindrical model with outside diameter of 1.56 d. The pressure between flanges along the bolt circle was calculated for two values of bolt spacing.
Geometric Reasoning in the Analysis of Assemblies and Mechanisms
Authors: Ruiz O. E. , Ferreira P. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Geometric Reasoning ability is central to many applications in CAD / CAM / CAPP environments. An increasing demand exists for Geometric Reasoning systems which evaluate the feasibility of virtual scenes specified by geometric relations. Thus, the Geometric Constraint Satisfaction or Scene Feasibility (GCS/SF) problem consists of a basic scenario containing geometric entities, whose context is used to propose constraining relations among still undefined entities. If the constraint specification is consistent, the answer of the problem is one of finitely or infinitely many solution scenarios satisfying the prescribed constraints. Otherwise, a diagnostic of inconsistency is expected. The three main approaches used for this problem are numerical, procedural or operational and mathematical. Numerical and procedural approaches answer only part of the problem, and are not complete in the sense that a failure to provide an answer does not preclude the existence of one. The mathematical approach previously presented by the authors describes the problem using a set of polynomial equations. The common roots to this set of polynomials characterizes the solution space for such a problem. That work presents the use of Grobner basis techniques for verifying the consistency of the constraints. It also integrates subgroups of the Special Euclidean Group of Displacements SE(3) in the problem formulation to exploit the structure implied by geometric relations. Although theoretically sound, these techniques require large amounts of computing resources. This work proposes Divide-and-Conquer techniques applied to local GCS/SF subproblems to identify strongly constrained clusters of geometric entities. The identification and preprocessing of these clusters generally reduces the effort required in solving the overall problem. Cluster identification can be related to identifying short cycles in the Spatial Constraint graph for the GCS/SF problem. Their preprocessing uses the aforementioned Algebraic Geometry and Group theoretical techniques on the local GCS/SF problems that correspond to these cycles. Besides improving the efficiency of the solution approach, the Divide-and-Conquer techniques capture the physical essence of the problem. This is illustrated by applying the discussed techniques to the analysis of the degrees of freedom of mechanisms.
Vibration Response and Parametric Instability in Beams With Combined Quadratic and Cubic Material Nonlinearities
Authors: Chelidze David , Farhang Kambiz , Selstad Tyler J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Parametric stability in beams with combined quadratic and cubic material nonlinearities is examined. A general mathematical model is developed for parametrically excited beams accounting for their nonlinear material characteristic. Second- and forth-order nonlinear differential equations are found to govern the axial and transverse motions, respectively. Expansions for displacements are assumed in terms of the linear undamped free-oscillation modes. Boundary conditions are applied to the expansions for displacements to determine the mode shapes. Multiplying the equations of motion by the corresponding shape functions, accounting for their orthogonal properties, and integrating over the beam length, a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations in the time-dependent modal coefficients is obtained. Utilizing the method of multiple scales, frequency response as well as response versus excitation amplitude are obtained for two beams of different cross sectional areas. Results are presented for three boundary conditions. It is found that, qualitatively, the response is similar for all the boundary conditions. Quantitative comparison of the cases considered indicate that the highest response amplitude occurs for the cantilever beam with the end mass. The bifurcation points for simply supported beam occur at lower excitation parameter value. It is apparent that more slender columns have larger response amplitude.
Dynamics of a Nonlinear Parametrically-Excited Partial Differential Equation
Authors: Rand Richard H. , Newman William I. , Denardo Bruce C. , Newman Alice L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We investigate a nonlinear Mathieu equation with diffusion and damping, using both perturbation theory and numerical integration. The perturbation results predict that for parameters which lie near the 2 : 1 resonance tongue of instability corresponding to a mode shape cos nx the resonant mode achieves a stable periodic motion, while all the other modes are predicted to decay to zero. By numerically integrating the p.d.e. as well as a 3-mode o.d.e. truncation, the predictions of perturbation theory are shown to represent an oversimplified picture of the dynamics. In particular it is shown that steady states exist which involve many modes. The dependence of steady state behavior on parameter values and initial conditions is investigated numerically.
A Perturbation Method for the Forced Response of a Weakly Bilinear Oscillator
Authors: Bayly Philip V. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Closed-form analytical expressions are obtained for the response of a weakly bilinear oscillator to harmonic forcing. Bilinear systems are used to model cracked beams and rotors; the bilinear oscillator considered here is a lightly damped mass-spring assembly. The spring is linear except that its stiffness is slightly higher when the displacement of the mass is negative. The response is obtained for three ranges of forcing frequencies: far from resonances, and near primary and superharmonic resonances. The difference between the two linear stiffness coefficients is used as the small parameter, ϵ, in a modified perturbation analysis. Of all the behavior analyzed, the response near a super-harmonic resonance of order 2 is the most markedly affected by the weak bilinearity. These results provide insight into the observed behavior of cracked structural members and shafts.
Nonlinear Analysis of a Dynamically Balanced Cryorefrigerator
Authors: Minas Constantinos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A nonlinear model describing the dynamic, fluid dynamics and thermodynamics of a dynamically balanced Gifford-McMahon (G-M) cryorefrigerator was developed. The cryorefrigerator consists of two horizontally opposed first- and second-stage displacers, a first- and a second-stage thermal regenerator, and a rotary valve that cycles the compressor supply gas pressure. The model accurately describes the motion of the displacers and the refrigeration produced at the two stages of the cold head. The analytical model consists of a set of twelve first order nonlinear differential equations. The numerical solution of the system is presented in the form of pressure histories in each chamber, position and velocity histories of each displacer, and P-V diagrams of the two stages of the cold head. The performance of the cryorefrigerator is calculated under various conditions. It is clearly shown that the device can achieve non-impacting displacer motion with sufficient cooling capacities of the two stages. This non-impacting operation creates a very low vibration device, which is valuable in applications where low vibration is required, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. It was also shown that the cooling capacity of the device can be optimized over the operating frequency.