bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Political and Social Framework of United States Mineral Resource Development, 1905–1980
Authors: Cameron Eugene N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The period 1905 to 1980 brought many changes in mining law, land policy, mineral taxation, trade policy, and environmental regulation in the United States. In mining law, the chief changes affected mineral development on the public domain. The claim system of the Mining Law of 1872 was supplemented and partly replaced by a leasing system, an assertion of the doctrine of sovereign rights.
Despite changes, both claim and leasing systems were aimed at providing access to the public domain for purposes of mineral development. Land policy, however, placed increasing restrictions on access. By the end of 1979, large areas of the public domain were closed or effectively closed to mineral exploration and development, and additional withdrawals and restrictions were under consideration.
In 1905, taxation on the American mining industry was relatively light. Beginning in the 1910s, however, tax measures proliferated, and levels of taxation increased. By 1980, the burden of taxation had become a significant factor in decisions regarding mineral exploration and development.
United States trade policy affecting domestic mineral development varied greatly from 1905 to 1934. After 1934, however, trade policy made an effort to achieve the freest possible international trade. Deterioration of the mineral position of the United States became accepted as the price of providing mineral raw materials to the consumer at the lowest possible cost. In view of growing deficiencies in mineral supply from domestic sources, stockpiles of minerals were created to provide protection from interruptions in the flow of minerals from abroad. On occasion, stockpiles were used in efforts to influence mineral markets.
A growing concern over the impact of mining and mineral use on the environment and on public health and safety led in the 1960s and 1970s to increasingly stringent regulation. Great strides were made in protecting the environment, but the measures taken involved substantial costs to the American mining industry. As the 1970s closed, the nation was still struggling to achieve a suitable balance between its needs for environmental protection and its needs for mineral raw materials.
The changes cited above reflect changing social attitudes toward development of the mineral resources of the United States. The cumulative effect has been substantial alteration of the social and political framework within which mineral development must take place.
An Alternative Approach to the Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Rezetko Robert , Naaijer Martijn 
Published: May 2021

In 2014 Avi Hurvitz published A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period. In the present article we offer an alternative, quantitative interpretation of the data in the Lexicon. Our main conclusions are that the late language cataloged in the Lexicon is rare and idiosyncratic in late biblical writings and accordingly the value of the late language for linguistic periodization and linguistic dating is negligible.
Histologic Findings in Surgical Pathology Specimens From Individuals Taking Feminizing Hormone Therapy for the Purpose of Gender Transition
Authors: Andrews Alicia R. , Kakadekar Archan , Schmidt Robert L. , Murugan Paari , Greene Dina N. 
Published: May 2021

Context.—
Transgender women experience health disparities in all areas of medicine. Within surgical pathology, knowledge gaps relating to the concepts of transgender care exist. Medical transition for transgender women and transfeminine persons may involve hormone therapy and/or surgery to feminize the body. Understanding the common histologic changes in specimens from feminizing surgeries, as well as other specimens from patients on feminizing hormone therapy, will aid surgical pathologists in providing better care to this unique patient population.

Objective.—
To summarize histologic findings in surgical pathology specimens from transgender women taking feminizing hormones.

Data Sources.—
A systematic review of the OVID Medline and PubMed databases was performed to identify all studies describing histologic findings in surgical pathology specimens from transgender women from 1946 to 2019.

Conclusions.—
Much of the literature to date describing histologic findings in transgender women comes from the examination of genitourinary specimens removed during feminizing surgeries. Common benign changes associated with feminizing hormone therapy include the development of acini and lobules in the breast, testicular tubular changes, and squamous metaplasia of the prostate and urethra. Neoplastic cases include breast adenocarcinoma and fibroepithelial lesions, testicular germ cell tumors, prostatic adenocarcinoma, anal squamous cell carcinoma, pituitary adenomas, and meningiomas. Additional studies assessing the findings in other organ systems as well as population-based studies assessing rates of neoplasia are needed. However, future research relies on engagement within the surgical pathology community as well as collaboration with clinicians and patients to achieve optimal results.
Design and Experiment of Inerter-Rubber Vibration Isolator Based on Parallel Inerter-Spring-Damper System
Authors: Wen Huabing , Liu Wei , Guo Junhua , Zhang Kun , Li Yang , Liu Yue 
Published: May 2021

Since an inerter has been widely used in the field of vibration isolation, the combination of the inerter and the rubber part inevitably becomes a trend. In this work, a parallel inerter-spring-damper system (II-ISD) was introduced and analyzed for its performance on vibration isolation. Then, the optimal inertance-mass ratio and the frequency ratio at the minimum transmissibility were obtained. Based on the II-ISD system, an integrated vibration isolator was designed where the rubber part paralleled to the inerter, which was named as the inerter-rubber vibration isolator (IR). Then, its mechanical properties were simulated, and the mathematical model was established by considering the vibration isolation performance and the service life. Afterward, it was optimized by a programmed multi-objective genetic algorithm, and the optimal design parameters of IR were got finally. The experimental prototype of IR was processed, and its performance experiment was performed on the Mechanical Testing System (MTS) test bed. Experimental results show that the theoretical model of IR based on the II-ISD system is accurate; the resonant peak of IR is clearly lower than that of the rubber vibration isolator; the natural frequency decreases obviously. This work provides a design method for the serial product development, which has a practical engineering significance.

Introduction
With the development of machinery industry, vibrations (especially low frequency vibration) have become a big challenge for engineers (Xia et al. 2016a, 2016b; Sun et al. 2017). Scholars used various methods to weaken vibrations, such as the research of dynamic vibration absorber (Deng et al. 2006; Acar & Yilmaz 2012; Shen et al. 2016c, 2017) and rubber vibration isolator (Huang et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2014; Jin et al. 2015; Kim et al. 2015). In some special machinery areas, such as shipbuilding, wind power, and marine industry, the rubber vibration isolator has been commonly used and studied for years. However, a fatal shortcoming limits its development; that is, its vibration isolation performance at low frequencies is poor (Wen 2015). Therefore, the topic of solving this problem has been put on the agenda.
De l’expression d’un désir gay et du queer dans l’opéra contemporain : le cas d’Elia (2004) de Silvio Palmieri
Authors: Champagne Éric 
Published: May 2021

Avec son opéra de chambre Elia (2004), le compositeur Silvio Palmieri (1957-2018) fait figure de précurseur dans la représentation de l’homosexualité sur les scènes lyriques : pour la première fois dans un opéra québécois, des personnages gays expriment leur condition et leur désir. Dans un contexte où la représentation des réalités queers au sein du genre opératique est de plus en plus courante et explicite, cette analyse examine les stratégies créatrices qui permettent à Palmieri d’exprimer dans son oeuvre un désir homosexuel, mettant en lumière les choix dramatiques et musicaux qui contribuent à l’incarnation de cette notion de désir et, plus largement, les attributs queers de cette proposition artistique.
Des peuples de l’écrit aux peuples des écrans : entre copiage, complémentarité et remplacement
Authors: Le Ray Éric 
Published: May 2021

Plus Internet et le numérique se répandent et se démocratisent sur diverses interfaces mobiles et convergentes, plus l’écran prend une place centrale dans nos échanges et dans notre vie. Le livre numérique, après la musique, fut un des premiers secteurs touchés par cette révolution numérique avec le secteur de la presse.
Cet article fait le point sur l’écran et le marché du livre numérique aujourd’hui, et sur comment ce marché se développe au Québec et ailleurs dans le monde par rapport à celui des livres imprimés. On constate que le livre imprimé continue à se maintenir et surtout à progresser même si le livre numérique continue, lui aussi, à se développer et à progresser, mais plus lentement. Le temps des hommes devient le temps de la technologie et vice-versa, en particulier à l’ère de l’informatique cellulaire. Mais, paradoxalement, si l’écriture et la lecture numérique se développent, le livre numérique voit ses ventes reculer, car lire ne veut pas forcément dire acheter. On redécouvre le rôle fondamental des bibliothèques pour développer le goût de l’écriture et de la lecture. Elle offre une multitude de services, dont celui de prêt gratuit de livre numérique encouragé par l’impact de la pandémie qui force les gens à rester chez eux. Cela crée quelques conflits, mais aussi des opportunités de collaboration avec les éditeurs qui eux doivent vendre leurs publications.
Repenser le soutien des transitions scolaires pour les jeunes Autochtones en milieu urbain
Authors: Blanchet-Cohen Natasha , Robert-Careau Flavie , Pinsonneault Audrey 
Published: May 2021

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche collaborative ayant comme objectif la compréhension des transitions scolaires des élèves autochtones au primaire et au secondaire en milieu urbain. Au total, 117 personnes, soit 29 jeunes d’âge primaire et secondaire, 52 parents, 21 membres du personnel de Centres d’amitié autochtones et 15 intervenantes et intervenants scolaires ont participé à des entrevues ou à des groupes de discussion dans cinq villes du Québec. Les 71 lignes du temps réalisées par les participantes et les participants autochtones illustrant leur parcours scolaire et personnel mettent en lumière l’hypermobilité des jeunes. La majorité de ces derniers, soit près de 80 %, vivent d’ailleurs de multiples allers-retours entre les écoles en ville et celles en communauté, ainsi qu’entre différentes villes. Il en découle des transitions particulièrement complexes qui impliquent des enjeux qui vont bien au-delà des changements de cycles. Or, pour favoriser l’accueil des Autochtones au sein des écoles québécoises, il existe peu de services spécifiques. Cette étude fait valoir que soutenir les transitions « harmonieuses » nécessite une implication de la part des milieux urbain, scolaire et communautaire. Des pratiques prometteuses empreintes d’une sensibilisation, d’un rapprochement, d’un environnement pédagogique culturellement sensible et sécurisant, ainsi que d’un soutien du contexte familial et de la culture sont relevées pour faciliter ces transitions.
Cannabinoids from inflorescences fractions of Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Cannabaceae) against human pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Napiroon Tiwtawat , Tanruean Keerati , Poolprasert Pisit , Bacher Markus , Balslev Henrik , Poopath Manop , Santimaleeworagun Wichai 
Published: May 2021

Background
Cannabinoids; tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN), might show antibacterial activity. Trema orientalis is a species in the Cannabaceae that is closely related to Cannabis through plastome phylogenetic evidence. This species is widely distributed throughout tropical Asia and is used as traditional medicine, particularly for the treatment of infectious diseases. However, no studies on the antibacterial activity of cannabinoid-containing inflorescences extracts are available. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine cannabinoid content and antibacterial activity of inflorescences fractions from T. orientalis native to Thailand.

Methods
We hypothesized that inflorescences from T. orientalis might display cannabinoids similar to Cannabis because of their close taxonomic relationship. We extracted the mature inflorescences and infructescence of T. orientalis in three disparate populations from different Thailand floristic regions. Extractions were subsequently partitioned into hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions using distilled water and chloroform. The lipophilic extracts were further fractionated by the column chromatography with gradient elution and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Characterized cannabinoids were used in bioassays with multidrug-resistance bacteria.

Results
Lipophilic extracts and fractions of inflorescences from all Thailand floristic regions consistently displayed cannabinoids (THC, CBD and CBN) in various quantities. These extracts exhibited inhibitory activity for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values varying from 31.25 to 125 µg/mL.

Conclusion
Our study is the first to report cannabinoid detection in extracts from inflorescences of T. orientalis, a species in the Cannabaceae. These extracts and their fractions containing cannabinoids showed pronounced antibacterial activity. The use of analytic methods also demonstrated reproducible cannabinoid extraction.
Double Inlet Left Ventricle (DILV) with Mal-posed Great Vessels: A Challenge in a Developing World
Authors: Chinawa Josephat M. , Chinawa Awoere T. , Duru Chika O. , Aronu Ann E. 
Published: May 2021

Background: Double Inlet Left Ventricle (DILV) with transposition of the great vessels is rare in children with congenital heart disease. We present two cases seen at a paediatric echocardiography centre.
Baby ND is a 28-day old female who presented with respiratory distress and cyanosis from the first day of life. Echocardiography showed a double inlet left ventricle and mal-posed great vessels.
MB is a seven-month-old female who presented with breathlessness and cyanosis from the first day of life. Examination showed a soft pan-systolic murmur of grade 2 variety at the mid sternal boarder. ECG showed left ventricular dominance and abnormal T changes. Echocardiography revealed a double inlet left ventricle and mal-posed great vessels.
Conclusion: Double inlet left ventricle and mal-posed great vessels is a rare complex cardiac anomaly of univentricular physiology. A high index of suspicion (especially if the new born presents with first day history of cyanosis and breathlessness) is necessary for quick referral and surgical intervention.
Assessing the Current States of Logistics Management and Training on Family Planning Services in Nigerian Healthcare Facilities
Authors: Onoja Ali Johnson , Sanni Felix Olaniyi , Akogu Simon Peterside , Abiodun Paul Olaiya , Onoja Sheila Iye , Lemah Samuel Ayorinde 
Published: May 2021

Background: Management of Family planning (FP) commodities is a significant problem that is not limited to compromising the quality of FP services but also results in economic burden especially in developing countries. Some facilities may have ample FP commodities while others have a shortage if FP logistics are managed poorly. Hence, assessing the FP commodities logistic management is relevant to inform decision-makers.
Methods: This survey was a cross-section study of 763 public primary and secondary healthcare facilities in Nigeria. The study involved facility assessment and quantitative interview of key personnel in each facility, using a structured questionnaire. The study was conducted from May to July 2019. The data collected were analysed with IBM-SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive statistics were performed, Chi-Square and linear logistics regression were used to establish significant associations; p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: About half (51.4%) of primary and 33.5% of secondary healthcare facilities were not using forms for reporting FP supplies. Also, 23.8% of primary and 18.8% of secondary facilities waited for more than two months before receiving orders. The facilities have an average of 2-3 trained personnel on FP services. FP staff who were trained had their last training over a year ago (primary-31.9%); secondary-37.4%). Secondary facilities were 2.102(95% CI:1.567–2.820) times more likely to use log forms, 1.845(95% CI: 1.076–3.165) times more likely to have cold chains, and 4.785(95% CI: 3.207–7.139) more likely to have trained staff on insertion and removal of implants than primary facilities (p<0.05).
Conclusion: We advocate that the government and donor agencies carry out urgent interventions such as regular supply of contraceptives, regular training of FP service providers, provide sufficient manpower, carry out regular monitoring and evaluation of FP services and create awareness on the need to use FP services among grassroots citizens.
Estimation of Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphate (ALP) and Aspartate (AST) Irrespective of Dietary Supplementation, Body Mass Index and Nature of Exercise
Authors: Khan Alamgir , Butt Muhammad Zafar Iqbal , Manan Abdul , Asghar Ejaz , Jamil Muhammad , Khan Samiullah 
Published: May 2021

Purpose: This research study was conducted for the assessment of liver enzymes i.e. Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphate (ALP) and Aspartate (AST) irrespective of dietary supplementation, body mass index and nature of the exercise.
Methods: A randomized control trails were taken and thus Sixty (60) subjects ageing 20 to 30 years, (Twenty (20) from low-intensity exercise (EXG-II), Twenty (20) from high-intensity exercise (EXG-III) and Twenty (20) subjects as a control group (CG-III) were included in the study by using International Physical Activity Scale (IPAQ).5ml blood samples were collected from the subjects for the determination of liver functions and blood redox status. Each blood sample was marked with a separate identification mark. After the collection of blood samples, three particular liver enzymes tests i.e. ALT, ALP and AST were performed. The results of the samples test proceeded through the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 23.
Results: The P-Value of the low-intensity exercise group (EXG-II) in term of ALT was less than the high-intensity exercise group ( EXG-III) ( p >.05), The P-Value of the low-intensity exercise group (EXG-II) in term of ALP was less than the high-intensity exercise group ( EXG-III) ( p >.05). The P-Value of low-intensity exercise group (EXG-II) in term of AST was less than high-intensity exercise group (EXG-III) (p >.05).
Conclusion: Based on findings, it was concluded that low-intensity exercise with dietary supplementation positively affects the functions of the liver i.e. Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphate (ALP) and Aspartate (AST) as compared to high-intensity exercise. Similarly high-intensity exercise with dietary supplementation also positively influence as compared to performers of high-intensity exercise without dietary supplementation.
Toward Wafer‐Scale Production of 2D Transition Metal Chalcogenides
Authors: Wang Peijian , Yang Deren , Pi Xiaodong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract2D transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have attracted tremendous interest from both the scientific and technological communities due to their variety of properties and superior tunability through layer number, composition, and interface engineering. Wafer‐scale production of 2D TMCs is critical to the industrial applications of these materials. Extensive efforts have been bestowed to the large‐area growth of 2D TMCs through various approaches. In this review, recent advances in obtaining large‐area 2D TMCs by different methods such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), metal–organic CVD, and physical vapor deposition are first highlighted and their advantages and disadvantages are also evaluated. Then, strategies for the control of the grains, morphology, layer number, and phase to achieve controllable and uniform thicknesses and large crystal domains for 2D TMCs are discussed. Applications of large‐area 2D TMCs in electronics, optoelectronics, spintronics, etc., are also introduced. Finally, ideas and prospects for the future developments of wafer‐scale 2D TMCs are provided.
Translation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Elderly People (HoNOS65+)
Authors: Omranifard Victoria , Abounoori Mahdi , Babakhanian Masoudeh , Ebrahimi Amrollah , Akouchekian Shahla , Shafiei Katayoun , Khosravifar Shaghayegh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Elderly People (HoNOS65+) in Iran's elderly population.MethodsThe scale English version translated to Persian using a forward and backward translation method. The scale was filled for two elderly population groups (inpatient and outpatients) (N = 300). Simultaneously with HoNOS+65, the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI) was completed. Two separate therapists were filled HoNOS+65 for thirty‐one patients (inter‐rater reliability test). In general, content validity, consistency, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), convergent validity, and criterion validity were examined.ResultsUsing exploratory factor analysis, three factors were extracted. Inter‐rater reliability in some items has a slight agreement. Content validity ratio (0.75) and index (0.90) were calculated for each item. Cronbach's alpha total score was 0.82. According to the largest modification indices, CFA showed satisfactory fit indices. The convergent validity between HoNOS +65 and CGI was (r = 0/71, sig = 0.000). Finally, the optimal cut‐off point was achieved 13. Sensitivity and specificity for the HoNOS +65 were 88.89% and 81.16%, respectively, with the Youden index of 0.7005.ConclusionThe Persian version of HoNOS65+ has high reliability, validity, specificity, and sensitivity in multidimensional assessment of Iranian geriatric mental health.
The earliest depictions of a PIK3CA‐Related Overgrowth Spectrum disorder: 17th‐18th century prints of women with severe limb overgrowth
Authors: Heyne Thomas F. , Neri Giovanni , Lin Angela E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe report two prints (a woodcut from the 17th century and an engraving from the 18th century) that likely show individuals with PIK3CA‐Related Overgrowth Spectrum (PROS). These prints are likely the earliest known depictions of this complex condition.