bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiences, perceptions and potential impact of community‐based mentor mothers supporting pregnant and postpartum women with HIV in Kenya: a mixed‐methods study
Authors: Helova Anna , Onono Maricianah , Abuogi Lisa L. , Hampanda Karen , Owuor Kevin , Odwar Tobias , Krishna Sandhya , Odhiambo Gladys , Odeny Thomas , Turan Janet M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionCommunity‐based mentor mothers (cMMs) are women living with HIV who provide peer support to pregnant/postpartum women living with HIV (PWLWH) to enhance antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, retention in care and prevent perinatal transmission of HIV. The goal of this study was to explore the experiences, perceptions, mechanisms and health impact of cMMs on PWLWH in Kenya from the perspective of cMMs.MethodsWe conducted a prospective mixed‐methods study in southwestern Kenya in 2015–2018. In the qualitative phase, we completed in‐depth interviews with cMMs to explore their perceptions and experiences in supporting PWLWH. Transcripts were broad‐coded according to identified themes, then fine‐coded using an inductive approach. In the quantitative phase, we analysed medical record data from PWLWH who were randomized in the cMM intervention to examine the impact of cMM visits on optimal prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT). We used cluster‐adjusted generalized estimating equation models to examine relationships with a composite outcome (facility delivery, infant HIV testing, ART adherence and undetectable viral load at 6 weeks postpartum). Finally, qualitative and quantitative results were integrated.ResultsConvergence of findings from cMM interviews (n= 24) and PWLWH medical data (n= 589) revealed: (1) The cMM intervention was utilized and perceived as acceptable. PWLWH received, on average, 6.2 of 8 intended home visits through 6 weeks postpartum. (2) The cMMs reported serving as role models and confidantes, supporting PWLWH's acceptance of their HIV status, providing assurances about PMTCT and assisting with male partner disclosure and communication. cMMs also described benefits for themselves, including empowerment and increased income. (3) The cMM visits supported PWLWH's completion of PMTCT steps. Having ≥4 cMM home visits up to 6 weeks postpartum, as compared to <4 visits, was associated with higher likelihood of an optimal PMTCT composite outcome (adjusted relative risk 1.42,p= 0.044).ConclusionsWe found that peer support from cMMs during pregnancy through 6 weeks postpartum was associated with improved uptake of critical PMTCT services and health behaviours and was perceived as beneficial for cMMs themselves. CMM support of PWLWH may be valuable for other low‐resource settings to improve engagement with lifelong ART and HIV services among PWLWH.
Severity of Intracranial Large Artery Disease Correlates With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Wang Xue‐yang , Lyu Jin‐hao , Zhang Sen‐hao , Duan Cao‐hui , Duan Qi , Ma Xiao‐xiao , Zhang Ting‐yang , Zhang Jing , Tian Cheng‐lin , Lou Xin 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundSmall vessel disease (SVD) shares common vascular risk factors with large artery disease (LAD). However, little is known about the relationship between intracranial artery stenosis and SVD burden.PurposeTo investigate whether SVD burden correlates with severity of intracranial LAD.Study TypeRetrospective.PopulationFive hundred and sixteen patients with LAD of arterial circulation were enrolled from one hospital, including 384 males (59 ± 11 years) and 132 females (60 ± 12 years).Field Strength/Sequence3 T. T1‐weighted fast spin echo (T1W FSE), T2W FSE, T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion‐weighted imaging, susceptibility‐weight imaging, and time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance angiography.AssessmentThe LAD was divided into mild stenosis (<30%), moderate stenosis (30%–69%), and severe stenosis (≥70%). The Standard for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging criteria was used to rate the SVD burden according to the level of white matter hyperintensity (WMH), perivascular space (PVS), cerebral microbleed (CMB), and lacunes.Statistical TestsLilliefors test, ANOVA, chi‐squared test, Mann–Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Bonferroni test, Spearman's correlation, logistic regression, and Cohen's kappa test.ResultsThe grade scores for centrum semiovale PVS (CS‐PVS) were positively correlated with the degree of stenosis (R = 0.413), whereas the presence of severe basal ganglia PVS (BG‐PVS) was associated with CMB (R = 0.508), lacunes (R = 0.365), and severe WMH (R = 0.478). In multivariate analysis, severe CS‐PVS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9–4.8) and lacunes (aOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3–3.4) were associated with severe stenosis of LAD. In addition, CS‐PVS was related to severe stenosis in a dose‐dependent manner: when CS‐PVS score was 3 and 4, the aORs of severe stenosis were 1.9 and 7.7, respectively.Data ConclusionThe severity of LAD in anterior circulation is associated with SVD burden, which suggests that different SVD burden may be used for risk stratification in LAD.Evidence Level3Technical EfficacyStage 3
Adherence with direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation: Trends, risk factors, and outcomes
Authors: Arbel Anat , Abu‐Ful Zomoroda , Preis Meir , Cohen Shai , Saliba Walid 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdherence to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) remains a concern among non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. We aimed to assess patterns of adherence with DOACs and examine their association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism (SE).MethodsThis retrospective cohort study includes all adult members of Clalit Health Services, the largest healthcare provider in Israel, with newly diagnosed non‐valvular AF between January 2014 and March 2019, who initiated DOACs within 90 days of AF diagnosis and used DOACs exclusively. Adherence was assessed using the proportion of days covered (PDC) over the first year of treatment, and high adherence was defined as PDC ≥80%. Regression models were used to identify predictors of high adherence to DOACs and to examine the association between adherence and stroke or SE.ResultsOverall 15,255 patients were included in this study. The proportion of highly adherent (PDC ≥80%) DOACs users was around 75% and decreased slightly over the years. On multivariable analyses, the likelihood of high adherence to DOACs increased with age and across higher socioeconomic classes, and was more likely among females, Jews, statins users, and patients with CHA2DS2‐VASc score ≥2. Risk of stroke and SE was lower among highly adherent DOACs users; adjusted HR 0.56 (95% CI, 0.45–0.71), compared to users with PDC <80%.ConclusionsAdherence with DOACs is still sub‐optimal among non‐valvular AF patients, resulting in a higher risk of stroke and SE.
Effects of psyllium fiber on in vitro digestion and structure of different types of starches
Authors: Sevilmis Basak , Sensoy Ilkay 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDStarch digestibility in foods strongly depends on the structure, other ingredients and processing conditions used. This study aimed to investigate the effect of psyllium fiber on gelatinization, crystallinity and in vitro digestibility of starches having different crystalline structures (A, B and C). Wheat, potato and tapioca starches with and without added psyllium fiber were heated at 90 °C for 10 min at three different solid:water (w:v) ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:5). The added fiber content was 50% (dry base) in the solid fraction for the fiber‐added samples.RESULTSWheat, potato and tapioca starches showed different structural, morphological and starch digestibility properties. The effect of cooking and fiber addition on starch digestion differed for the starch types, mainly wheat starch. Psyllium addition during cooking decreased the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) fractions while increasing the slowly digestible starch (SDS) and remaining/resistant starch (RS) fractions. The effect of psyllium fiber addition was not limited to restricting the swelling and gelatinization of starch granules during heating. Psyllium fiber effectively restricted the mobility of digestive enzymes during digestion.CONCLUSIONUnderstanding the relationship between psyllium and starch digestibility for different types of starch could assist in designing food formulations with lower starch digestibility. These in vitro data, however, should be confirmed by in vivo studies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Quantification of transformation products of rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in air using solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Bukenov Bauyrzhan , Baimatova Nassiba , Kenessov Bulat 
Published: November 2021

AbstractQuantification of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in ambient air is important for assessing the environmental impact of heavy rocket launches. There are very little data of such analyses, which is mainly caused by the low number of analytes covered by the available analytical methods and their complexity. A simple and cost‐efficient method for accurate simultaneous determination of seven unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in air using solid‐phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was developed. The method was optimized for air sampling and solid‐phase microextraction from 20‐mL vials, which allows full automation of analysis. The extraction for 5 min by Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber from amber vials and desorption for 3 min provided the greatest analytes' responses, lowest relative standard deviations, linear calibration (R2 ≥ 0.99), and limits of detection from 0.12 to 0.5 μg/m3. Samples with concentrations 500 μg/m3 can be stored at 21 ± 1°C without substantial losses (1–11%) for up to 24 h, while air samples with concentrations 10 and 50 μg/m3 stored for up to 24 h can be used for accurate quantification of only two and four out of seven analytes, respectively. The developed method was successfully tested for the analysis of air above real soil samples contaminated with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine rocket fuel.
Clinical Perineural Invasion and Immunotherapy for Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wu Michael P. , Reinshagen Katherine L. , Cunnane Mary B. , Shalhout Sophia Z. , Kaufman Howard L. , Miller David , Emerick Kevin S. 
Published: November 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo describe outcomes of advanced head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) with clinical perineural invasion (cPNI) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, and to describe post‐treatment radiographic findings in the context of clinical response to treatment using a new grading system.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsRetrospective chart review was performed for 11 patients treated with ICI for head and neck cSCC with cPNI of large named nerves. The primary outcome was response to treatment as defined by radiographic and clinical evidence. Clinical responses were defined as improvement in symptoms of neuropathic pain, hypoesthesia, nerve weakness, or decrease in visible tumor. Imaging studies were graded based on a new classification system for perineural invasion and reviewed by two neuroradiologists since RECISTv1.1 is inadequate to adjudicate response in these patients.ResultsNine (82%) patients had radiographic perineural disease control on ICI. Eight patients had improved radiographic perineural disease and one had stable disease. Of these, complete resolution of radiographic evidence of perineural disease was seen in only one patient. Seven (64%) patients had clinical responses, with either improved or stable radiographic disease.ConclusionsICI therapy is a viable treatment option for head and neck cSCC with cPNI. Radiographic and clinical evidence of response correlate well, with improvement in neuropathic pain being the most sensitive clinical marker of response. Even with favorable findings on repeat imaging and stable clinical course, complete resolution of perineural thickening and enhancement is rare. A grading system for classifying changes in perineural disease over time is proposed.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 132:1213–1218, 2022
Effects of hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation on COVID‐19
Authors: Yilmaz Yetkin Zeki , Yilmaz Begum Bahar , Ozdemir Yusuf Emre , Kocazeybek Bekir Sami , Karaali Ridvan , Çakan Doğan , Ozdogan Hasan Ahmet , Batioglu‐Karaaltin Aysegul 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe causative agent of COVID‐19 is a novel member of coronaviridaes, SARS‐CoV‐2. It has been reported that the spike (S) protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 is responsible of infectivity. The S protein is demonstrated to be inactivated under environmental condition, such as hypertonicity and alkaline pH. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation (HANI) on SARS‐CoV‐2.MethodsSixty patients divided into two groups. The patients in Group 1 used hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and the patients in Group 2 used HCQ and HANI. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected at the beginning, on 3rd and 7th day of the PCR test positivity. The nasopharyngeal viral load (NVL) changes analyzed with quantitative PCR.ResultsNVL decrease in weekly period was statistically significant for both groups, when the difference between NVL day 0 and 3rd in Group 1 and NVL difference between day 0 and 3rd in Group 2 were compared. The difference between Groups 1 and 2 in terms of NVL change was statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionWe demonstrated a significant decrease in nasopharyngeal SARS‐CoV‐2 load with HANI solution and suggest that HANI may be promising modality for the COVID‐19 treatment.Level of evidenceIB
Targets for improving disparate head and neck cancer outcomes in the low‐income population
Authors: Entezami Payam , Thomas Bennett , Mansour Jobran , Asarkar Ameya , Nathan Cherie‐Ann , Pang John 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLow‐income patients have worse head and neck cancer outcomes than those with high‐income. Yet, few targets have been identified to specifically improve outcomes in the low‐income population. Here, we conduct a review on the current literature on head and neck cancer outcomes in the low‐income population and identify targets for intervention. The degree of disparity is in the range of 20%‐90% worse overall survival in the low‐income population. Eliminating smoking would have the greatest effect on head and neck cancer mortality rates in the low‐income population. Additionally, access to oral cancer exams, assistance with transportation, and continued expansion of telemedicine would facilitate early diagnosis and timely treatment in patients who develop head and neck cancer.
Some generalisations of Schur's and Baer's theorem and their connection with homological algebra
Authors: Donadze Guram , García‐Martínez Xabier 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSchur's theorem and its generalisation, Baer's theorem, are distinguished results in group theory, connecting the upper central quotients with the lower central series. The aim of this paper is to generalise these results in two different directions, using novel methods related with the non‐abelian tensor product. In particular, we prove a version of Schur–Baer theorem for finitely generated groups. Then, we apply these newly obtained results to describe the k‐nilpotent multiplier, for , and other invariants of groups.
A review of explainable and interpretable AI with applications in COVID‐19 imaging
Authors: Fuhrman Jordan D. , Gorre Naveena , Hu Qiyuan , Li Hui , El Naqa Issam , Giger Maryellen L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe development of medical imaging artificial intelligence (AI) systems for evaluating COVID‐19 patients has demonstrated potential for improving clinical decision making and assessing patient outcomes during the recent COVID‐19 pandemic. These have been applied to many medical imaging tasks, including disease diagnosis and patient prognosis, as well as augmented other clinical measurements to better inform treatment decisions. Because these systems are used in life‐or‐death decisions, clinical implementation relies on user trust in the AI output. This has caused many developers to utilize explainability techniques in an attempt to help a user understand when an AI algorithm is likely to succeed as well as which cases may be problematic for automatic assessment, thus increasing the potential for rapid clinical translation. AI application to COVID‐19 has been marred with controversy recently. This review discusses several aspects of explainable and interpretable AI as it pertains to the evaluation of COVID‐19 disease and it can restore trust in AI application to this disease. This includes the identification of common tasks that are relevant to explainable medical imaging AI, an overview of several modern approaches for producing explainable output as appropriate for a given imaging scenario, a discussion of how to evaluate explainable AI, and recommendations for best practices in explainable/interpretable AI implementation. This review will allow developers of AI systems for COVID‐19 to quickly understand the basics of several explainable AI techniques and assist in the selection of an approach that is both appropriate and effective for a given scenario.
Effects of composition and thermal treatment on VOC‐limiting defects in single‐crystalline Cu2ZnSnSe4 solar cells
Authors: Lloyd Michael A. , Ma Xiangyu , Kuba Austin G. , McCandless Brian E. , Doty Matthew F. , Birkmire Robert 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSingle‐crystalline Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) solar cells with open circuit voltages reaching 500 mV are achieved through a combination of composition control and a low‐temperature thermal ordering treatment. A comparison of the device results for Cu‐poor CZTSe with Cu/Zn + Sn ratios of 0.77 and 0.86 is presented with and without the implementation of a 130°C absorber annealing treatment. An increase in bandgap energy is observed via external quantum efficiency measurements with both the decrease in Cu content and the implementation of the order anneal, the latter of which also leads to a decrease in Urbach energy. Defect characterization performed with admittance spectroscopy on devices is demonstrated as insufficient because of low‐temperature current barriers. Photoluminescence (PL) on crystal surfaces however enables a qualitative comparison of the defect landscape between crystal compositions and annealing treatments. Both a highly compensated and a lightly doped defect model are used to fit PL as a function of laser fluence to identify defects contributing to each observed recombination channel. The PL signatures attributed to the ZnSn defect become unresolvable with a decrease in Cu/Zn + Sn ratio from 0.86 to 0.77. Furthermore, a decrease in Cu–Zn disorder is observed upon the implementation of the annealing treatment through both a comparison of potential fluctuation depths and of both PL models.
Wavelength‐dependent photochemistry of 1‐phenyl‐1‐diazopropane
Authors: Tokihiro Jodie , Fitzpatrick Caralyn , Platz Matthew S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract1‐Phenyl‐1‐diazopropane (PDP) was photolyzed in acetonitrile/methanol mixtures using either 520‐nm light or 350‐nm light. The main photoproducts were 1‐methoxypropylbenzene and E,Z‐1‐phenylpropene. With 520‐nm light, a plot of (1‐methoxypropylbenzene)/(E,Z‐1‐phenylpropene) versus methanol concentration was linear. These results are consistent with the visible light induced fragmentation of PDP to dinitrogen and closed shell singlet (S0) ethyl, phenylcarbene (1EPC) which partitions between 1,2 hydrogen migration to form alkene, and reaction with methanol to form ether. The same plot generated with 350‐nm light significantly deviates from linearity. It is proposed that 350‐nm light generates the carbene in a vibrationally excited, open shell S1 excited state (1EPC*). This state rearranges to E,Z‐1‐phenylpropenes in competition with relaxation to ground state 1EPC over a few tens of ps. As a result, methanol cannot completely suppress alkene formation upon photolysis of PDP with 350‐nm light. The carbene excited state is a “non‐trappable carbene” route to alkenes.
Conductivity of diblock copolymer system filled with conducting nano‐particles: Effect of copolymer morphology
Authors: Chervanyov A.I. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe explore the effect of temperature‐induced morphological changes in insulating diblock copolymer system (DBC) filled with conductive fillers on the conductivity of this composite. By making use of the developed method that relies on the consistent phase‐field model of DBC, Monte‐Carlo simulations of the filler distribution in DBC, and resistor network model, we quantitatively relate the morphology of filled DBC and its conductivity. In particular, we demonstrate that the order–disorder transition between the random and ordered microphases of DBC causes the conductor‐insulator transition in the network of conductive fillers immersed in this system. The order–order transition between the ordered lamellae and cylindrical microphases of DBC is found to co‐occur with a jump in the composite conductivity caused by restructuring of the conductive filler network.
Silencing of the BtTPS genes by transgenic plant‐mediated RNAi to control Bemisia tabaciMED
Authors: Gong Cheng , Yang Zezhong , Hu Yuan , Wu Qingjun , Wang Shaoli , Guo Zhaojiang , Zhang Youjun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundWhitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a typical pest that causes severe damage to hundreds of agricultural crops. The trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase (TPS) genes, as the key genes in the insect trehalose synthesis pathway, are important for insect growth and development. The whitefly TPS genes may be a main reason for the severe damage and may represent potential targets for the control of whiteflies.ResultsIn this study, we identified and cloned three TPS genes from B. tabaci MED and found that the BtTPS1 and BtTPS2 genes showed higher expression levels than the BtTPS3 gene. Then, RNA interference (RNAi) of BtTPS1 and BtTPS2 resulted in significant mortality and influenced the expression of related genes involved in energy metabolism and chitin biosynthesis in whitefly adults. Finally, the transgenic tobacco plants showed a significant effect on B. tabaci, and knockdown of BtTPS1 or BtTPS2 led to retarded growth and low hatchability in whitefly nymphs, and caused 90% mortality and decreased the fecundity in whitefly adults. Additionally, the transgenic tobacco with combinatorial RNAi of BtTPS1 and BtTPS2 showed a better efficacy against whiteflies than individual silencing.ConclusionOur results suggest that silencing of the BtTPS genes can compromise the growth and development of whiteflies, offering not only a new option for whitefly control but also a secure and environmentally friendly management strategy.
Flexible Wearables for Plants
Authors: Qu Chun‐Chun , Sun Xu‐Yang , Sun Wen‐Xiu , Cao Ling‐Xiao , Wang Xi‐Qing , He Zhi‐Zhu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe excellent stretchability and biocompatibility of flexible sensors have inspired an emerging field of plant wearables, which enable intimate contact with the plants to continuously monitor the growth status and localized microclimate in real‐time. Plant flexible wearables provide a promising platform for the development of plant phenotype and the construction of intelligent agriculture via monitoring and regulating the critical physiological parameters and microclimate of plants. Here, the emerging applications of plant flexible wearables together with their pros and cons from four aspects, including physiological indicators, surrounding environment, crop quality, and active control of growth, are highlighted. Self‐powered energy supply systems and signal transmission mechanisms are also elucidated. Furthermore, the future opportunities and challenges of plant wearables are discussed in detail.