bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Solanum tuberosum
. The occasional reports of other plants attacked mostly involve confusion of identity with other species of
Erwinia
. Of numerous reports in the Review of Plant Pathology since 1922, all are unlikely except the occurrences on
Delphinium ajacis
and lupin. Graham (1972) does record the examination of 8 isolates originating from other plants, 6 from UK, all of which could produce blackleg in potato, and 2 from Japan that could not. Five agglutinated with
astroseptica
antiserum, 3 did not. The origins were: Chinese cabbage and carrot in Japan, and tomato, cauliflower,
Iris
rhizome and water from cress beds in UK. Many plants are infected by artificial wound inoculation, but most show soft rot rather than blackleg symptoms. DISEASE: Blackleg of potato. Affected plants are usually stunted, with pale or yellowish leaves. Upper leaves are stiff and erect, and curl upwards at their margins. The stems near the soil level are black or dark brown and rotted; sticky but not softened. In prolonged wet weather plants may wilt and collapse rapidly. The seedpiece rots rapidly, and in severe attacks young tubers rot from the stem end. In milder attacks most tubers may appear healthy at harvest, only to rot in storage. Spread of the rot to healthy tubers in storage can cause severe losses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Liable to be found in most places where potatoes are grown. CMI Map 131, ed. 3, 1973, lists 48 countries in all continents. TRANSMISSION: The disease is spread within an area and between areas in infected seed tubers that may appear healthy when planted. Tubers whose surfaces are contaminated with bacteria can also suffer infection either through wounds and growth cracks, or through the lenticels in the presence of free water, when cell proliferation is stimulated and ruptures the suberised plug at the lenticel opening. The bacteria do not penetrate the periderm directly. Transmission through the soil occurs at high inoculum and moisture levels (54, 4622), and the bacterium has been found to move with the ground water more than 3 m along a row away from infected seed tubers (51, 5e). Overwintering of the bacteria in soil is possible but varies between seasons and areas, and may not occur every season (30, 485; 53, 3597). Transmission by insects (54, 4624; 55, 5330) and by farm machinery (54, 4622) is also possible. In damp, poorly ventilated storage there is rapid spread directly from tuber to tuber. This can cause not only serious losses, but also widespread infection and contamination of seed potatoes for the following year.
Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide variety of plants affecting particularly their fleshy parts. Elliott (31: 105) lists species belonging to 44 genera as hosts. DISEASE: Bacterial soft rot, a rapidly progressing soft wet rot. The first sign is usually a small water-soaked area, which rapidly enlarges, the tissue becoming soft. In favourable conditions the whole infected organ may become a rotten mass in a few days. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide. TRANSMISSION: The bacteria are likely to be present in any natural soil in which there is decaying plant material. They can be transmitted by many different methods, including, rain splash, running water, insects, tools, hands and clothing of workers, machinery, in air-borne particles and aerosols. They may possibly be carried with seed in the attached debris, but this is unhkely to be important in normal agriculture. The organism requires a wound to gain entry, and usually a weakened or sickly plant if the rot is to proceed in the growing plant. Most healthy growing plants are able to exclude the bacteria by laying down corky tissue in response to the wounding.
Ploioderma lethale
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ploioderma lethale
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus clausa, P. echinata, P. elliottii, P. glabra, P. palustris, P. pungens, P. rigida, P. serotina
. DISEASE: Pine needle blight; hypoderma needle blight of southern pines (24, 118). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (eastern USA). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores discharged during wet weather from ascocarps on infected foliage.
Fusarium equiseti
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium equiseti
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fusarium equiseti
has been isolated from a wide range of hosts, especially tropical hosts belonging to the following genera:
Agave, Allium, Apium, Arachis, Beta, Brassica, Cajanus, Carica, Chrysanthemum, Cicer, Citrullus, Citrus, Cocos, Coffea, Cola, Crotalaria, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cupressus, Daucus, Dianthus, Elaeis, Eucalyptus, Ficus, Fragaria, Glycine, Gossypium, Helianthus, Hevea, Hordeum, Linum, Luffa, Lycopersicon, Macadamia, Mangifera, Manihot, Musa, Nicotiana, Oryza, Panicum, Papaver, Pennisetum, Phaseolus, Pinus, Pisum, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, Solanum, Sorghum, Theobroma, Trifolium, Triticum, Vicia, Vigna, Zea, Zingiber
; also widespread in soil. DISEASE: Pathogenic to cucurbits and avocado (54, 2536; 52, 2674; 50, 3350). Causes tuber rot of
Cycas
(54, 168) and stalk rot of maize (54, 4915). Also isolated from diseased
Piper
(52, 1993) and mung bean (
Phaseolus aureus
[Vigna radiata]
, 50, 397). Pathogenic to cereals during seedling stage (56, 3493) and also causing root rot (56, 2487). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide; very frequent in tropical and subtropical areas but occurs also in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Infection and stalk rot of maize caused by
F. equiseti
appears to be by air-borne spores (54, 4915) although in most occurrences wounding or damage to the host appears to be necessary for infection (53, 4642). Infected soil may cause seedling blight (50, 1397).
Cronartium flaccidum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cronartium flaccidum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus
spp. including
P. sylvestris, P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. halepensis, P. wallichiana
and most hard pines. Alternate hosts include species of
Asclepias, Impatiens, Loasa, Melampyrum, Nemesia, Paeonia, Pedicularis
,
Ruellia, Schizanthus, Tropaeolum, Verbena, Vincetoxicum; Vincetoxicum officinale
is an important alternate host in Europe. DISEASE: Scotch pine blister rust, resin canker. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout Europe and Asia to the Far East, wherever susceptible hosts occur. TRANSMISSION: Pycniospores by insects attracted by sugary exudate; other spores are directly air-borne.
Ramulispora sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramulispora sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum almum, S. bicolor, S. caffrorum, S. halepense, S. purpureosericeum, S. saccharatum, S. sudanense, S
.
vulgare
. DISEASE: Leaf spot, leaf stripe or sooty stripe. Elongated, elliptical or spindle shaped spots 5-14 × 1-2 cm with straw coloured necrotic centres and reddish-purple or tan borders appear on leaves and leaf sheaths. Spots coalesce to cause a leaf blight. Black sclerotia, which can be brushed off easily, are abundant on necrotic areas (Tarr, 1962). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (W. Africa, Ethiopia, Rhodesia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (China, India, Pakistan); Australia (Queensland); South America (Argentina); USA (Alabama, Nebraska, Texas). TRANSMISSION: Sclerotia and sporodochia on crop debris produce conidia in damp weather thus acting as sources of primary infection. Disease spread is favoured by wind and rain under warm and moist conditions which favour sporulation (Tarr, 1962). Sclerotia and sporodochia remain viable up to 2 years (Rawla
et al.
, 1974). The fungus is also transmitted through seeds (21, 286; 47, 807).
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Calopogonium, Erythrina, Centrosema, Glycine, Lablab, Pachyrhizas, Phaseolus, Physostigma, Pueraria
,
Teramnus, Vigna
. DISEASE: Brown rust of soyabean and other legumes, producing deep cup-shaped uredia usually on the underside of the leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australia, West Indies (see CMI Map 504, ed. 1, 1975). TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne urediospores. The function of the teliospore stage which occurs on soyabean is not known.
Saprolegnia diclina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Willoughby L. G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Saprolegnia diclina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Salmonids: Atlantic and Pacific salmon, brown and sea trout, char, skelly. Coarse fish: carp and tench, eel, perch, pike. Also on the lamprey. DISEASE: Animals: external parasite of freshwater fish. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North America, China, India, Japan. TRANSMISSION: Zoospores and possibly the abbreviated cycle thallus in audition.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. alfalfae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. alfalfae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Medicago sativa
, which it infects naturally. A Romanian strain naturally infects
Trifolium pratense
. By artificial inoculation
Melilotus indica, Pisum sativum
and
Trigonella foenum-graecum
are readily infected. Other hosts by inoculation are:
Lablab purpureus, Medicago truncatula, M. scutellata, Phaseolus vulgans, Trifolium incarnatum, Vicia benghalensis
and
Vigna mungo
(all reported by Moffett & Irwin),
Clitoria ternatea
and
Lupinus termis
(48, 3266), and
Glycine max, Medicago lupulina, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis, Trifolium pratense
and
Vicia sativa
(all reported by Stuteville & Sorensen, 1966). DISEASE: Leaf spot of lucerne. Small water-soaked spots enlarge, become brown and may coalesce to form areas of dead, dry, papery tissue. Lesions may be interveinal, along the midribs, or at the margins of the leaflets. Stem lesions also occur (36: 650; Moffett & Irwin, 1975). These start as water-soaked circular spots about 2 mm diameter. They usually coalesce to form long lesions which may extend from one node to the next. The colour of these lesions becomes dark purplish, with a greenish-yellow central region and a greasy margin. When seedlings are attacked in damp conditions post-emergence damping off occurs (Stuteville & Sorensen, 1966). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sudan (39: 3), India (Bombay State, 35: 287), Japan (51, 1579), USSR (Republic of Georgia, 53, 3747), Australia (Queensland, 55, 789), Romania (47, 1912), USA (Wisconsin, 14: 766; Kansas, 52, 3367; Iowa, 36: 650; probably Maryland, 57, 657), Nicaragua (42: 467). TRANSMISSION: By water-splash in the nursery and by wind-blown infested soil particles in the field (53, 2931). The pathogen survives in plant debris and soil from August to June in Kansas conditions, and in dry hay for many years (52, 3367).
Cercospora beticola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora beticola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Beta ciclae, B. maritima
(wild sea beet),
B. putternulaei, B. trigyna, B. vulgaris
(beet, sugar beet),
Chenopodium ambrosioides
(wormseed),
C. beticola, C. murale, C. polyspermi, C. urbicum, Spinacea oleracea
(spinach). DISEASE: Causing whitish, grey or pale brown spots usually surrounded by a narrow reddish-purple or brown border on living and wilting leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Asia (Hong Kong, India, Malaya, Nepal, Pakistan), East Indies (Borneo, Papua New Guinea), Europe (Channel Isles, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, England, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Poland, Roumania, Switzerland), Middle East (Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Oman, Turkey), North America (USA), South America (Venezuela), West Indies (Antigua, Cuba, Jamaica). TRANSMISSION: Wind dispersal of conidia showed diurnal periodicity with a peak at 10.00 hrs. The increase in concentration of conidia above the crop coincided with an increase in wind speed and temperature and a decrease in RH. The largest number of conidia were trapped on warm dry days following rain or overnight dew (50, 362). Epiphytotics were proceeded by periods of 6h at more than 90% RH for 3-4 successive days and at a temperature of more than 12.5°C (55, 1205).
Cercospora brassicicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora brassicicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Brassica alba
(white mustard),
B. alboglabra, B. campestris
(bird rape),
B. chinensis
(chinese cabbage, pak-choi),
B. juncea
(indian mustard),
B. nigra
(black mustard),
B. oleracea
(broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower),
B. oleracea
var.
rapa
(turnip),
B. parachinensis
(mock pak-choi),
B. pekinensis
(chinese cabbage, pe-tsai),
Crambe abyssinica
(syn.
B. abyssinica
: Abyssinian kale). DISEASE: Found associated with pale brown, often dark bordered leaf spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda), Asia (Burma, India, Malaya, Sri Lanka), East Indies (Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sabah, Sarawak, Solomon Islands), West Indies (Antigua, Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne and water-borne conidia and via insects (56, 1791).
Pleospora papaveracea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pleospora papaveracea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Papaver somniferum
, on seed and seedlings of other
Papaver
spp. DISEASE: Leaf blight of opium poppy (17, 96, 655; 25, 510; 30, 140; 31, 224; 56, 1223). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Australia (Tasmania), India, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa, Turkey, USA and Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Spread by seed (58, 5453 and see under disease); but the fungus seldom penetrates the outer seed layer (40, 423). Dispersal of ascospores has been referred to in the USSR (57, 2213) and Rumania (44, 1195).
Diaporthe capsici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Diaporthe capsici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Capsicum
spp. DISEASE: Dieback (Anon., 1972) and fruit rot of chillies, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria); Asia (India, Sabah, Sarawak, Western Malaysia, Philippines); Australasia & Oceania (Fiji, Solomon Is.); West Indies (Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported; presumably by conidia spread by rain splash although it is probable that the fungus might also be seed borne.
Physoderma maydis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Physoderma maydis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Maize (
Zea mays
) and teosinte (
Euchlaena mexicana
). DISEASE: Brown spot of maize, causing reddish-brown spots, streaks and pustules on blade, sheath and culm. The disease first appears as large round to oval spots along adjacent veins, eventually spreading on to the leaf sheaths. Confluence of the discrete sites results in the appearance of large brown streaks and pustules, which can be broken open to reveal numerous yellowish-brown resting sporangia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, the Americas and West Indies (CMI Map 106, ed. 3, 1974). TRANSMISSION: Tisdale (1919) has shown that resting sporangia are easily dispersed by wind when dried infected leaves are broken. Local dispersal by spores swimming in water films may also occur.
Synchytrium lagenariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Synchytrium lagenariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucurbitaceae (Cephalandra
spp.,
Citrullus
spp.,
Cucumis
spp.,
Cucurbita
spp.,
Lagenaria
spp.,
Luffa
spp.,
Trichosarthis
spp.). DISEASE: Gall disease of cucurbits. Galls develop on stems, leaves, petioles, tendrils, inflorescences and fruits of host plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). TRANSMISSION: Resting spores may be dispersed by movement of infected soil and local dispersal by zoospores swimming in water films may also occur.
Synchytrium phaseoli-radiati
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Synchytrium phaseoli-radiati
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leguminosae
(pigeon pea,
Cajanus cajan; Crotalaria juncea; Phaseolus radiatus; P. mungo
). DISEASE: Galls develop on leaves and stems of host plants and infected pigeon pea seedlings may suffer from wilting (52, 2790). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). TRANSMISSION: No reports, but presumably by dissemination of resting spores.
Phaeoseptoria musae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeoseptoria musae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa sapientum
and
Musa
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Musa
spp. Visible symptoms on mature leaves are elliptical lesions 1-2 cm wide, straw yellow in the centre with dark brown margins and yellow haloes. As the disease progresses the spots enlarge, coalesce producing large irregular necrotic lesions with whitish to straw centres. Young and growing leaves are unaffected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Tanzania: Zanzibar); Asia (India, Sabah); Central America and West Indies (Honduras, Trinidad); South America (Colombia, Guyana). These records are based on specimens in herb. IMI. TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; presumably by conidia dispersed by water during wet weather.
Dimeriella sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Dimeriella sacchari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Saccharum officinarum
. DISEASE: Red leaf spot of sugarcane (purple spot). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (Queensland), Bangladesh, Cuba, Fiji, Indonesia (Java), Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, Tanzania, Trinidad.
Hypoderma rubi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Hypoderma rubi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: This species has been reported on leaves, petioles and twigs of a wide range of woody plants, mostly dicotyledons, but even including one species of conifer. The principal host, however, and the one on which it is most commonly collected, is
Rubus
. DISEASE:
Hypoderma rubi
usually fruits only after the apparently normal senescence and death of the host plant, but on
Rubus idaeus
and related species ascocarp initials are occasionally found developing on current year's living floricanes in pale spots surrounding the point of peduncle attachment. The fruit on affected panicles is frequently then aborted, and it has been surmised that in these cases the fungus enters the biennial cane at the end of the first season through the petioles of senescent deciduous leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe and North America, apparently also occurring in temperate South America and Asia. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Lophodermium indianum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium indianum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus caribaea, P. glabra, P. patula, P. roxburghii, P. serotina, P. taeda
; previous reports of this species on
P. thunbergii
are incorrect. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Ascocarps of this species occur predominantly on dead needles in the litter, so that at first sight it appears to be saprophytic. Almost nothing is known of its ecology, however, and since many other species of this genus inhabitating pine needles are known to exist as endophytes in apparently healthy needles before producing ascocarps, this species should be regarded as a potential pathogen until shown to be otherwise. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh; Pakistan: Rawalpindi). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Lophodermium orientale
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium orientale
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus excelsa
. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Ascocarps of this species tend to occur in association with those of
Lophodermium pini- excelsae
Ahmad (
CMI Descripriptions
785), but the exact nature of that association is not known since the ecology of these more recently recognised pine-inhabiting species of
Lophodermium
is still unexplored. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (West Pakistan). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.