bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Jiang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Conclusion offers a reflection on the tragic fate of the Zhuangist idea of personal freedom in Chinese intellectual and political history. It scrutinizes the widely shared premise of self-cultivation, what the author calls the “regime of self-cultivation” in Chinese moral-political philosophy, among most classical thinkers including Zhuangzi, and explores its constraint on the development of personal freedom in the mainstream moral-political discourse as well as in the building of political institutions. In this respect, it was the fajia thinkers who built their theories on the givenness of ordinary human dispositions, instead of on the promissory note of moral transformation. The author reflects on a path that was not taken in Chinese history, i.e., the integration of the Zhuangist idea of personal freedom into the mainstream moral-political project in conceptualizing a polity that can accommodate the ideal of personal freedom institutionally.
Political Independence, Territorial Integrity, and Private Law Analogies
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops the Kantian conception of the state as a public legal order in which individual human beings can enjoy their rights in relation to each other. It then explains why things that are public in this sense must stand in horizontal, private-like relations to each other, generating distinctive rights to political independence and territorial integrity, even for states that are defective in many important respects. It articulates the international law analogs of the three titles of private right, explaining how territory differs from property and treaty from contract, and articulates the specific form of status relations between nations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ongoing relevance of these horizontal relations, even when international law becomes more nearly public.
Ius In Bello II
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of ius in bello, turning to the distinction between combatants and civilians. The targeting of noncombatants repudiates the distinction between war and peace, although in a different way than perfidy does. The distinction between combatants and civilians is required to make it possible for anyone to exit the condition of war; that possibility can only be realized if those who are not actively participating in a war are never acceptable targets. The same rationale explains why people engaged in civilian activities cannot be targeted even if they support an unjust war or their activities benefit the military. The chapter also explains how the prohibition generates the other familiar restrictions on the excessive use of force, including necessity, the prohibition of indiscriminate weapons, and proportionality.
Ius In Bello III
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains why violation of the in bello rules can be punished, but prisoners of war cannot be put on trial for fighting without just cause. Developing Kant’s argument that a punitive war cannot be legitimate, the chapter explains why a victory in war does not entitle the victor to punish the vanquished for fighting an unjust war, extending that argument to show that combatants cannot be punished for their participation in war. The same right to political independence and territorial integrity that makes aggressive war wrong entails that no state stands in a supervisory relation to another; as such it cannot punish another state’s combatants for accepting their own government’s determination about whether to go to war. It can, however, punish in bello violations. The Kantian account is distinguished from views that claim that an aggressor’s combatants cannot be punished because they are justified in killing.
Ius Post Bellum
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns to the question of right after war. The only fully rightful conclusion to a war is a return to the prior condition of peace. Kant conceives of the wrongfulness of conquest in juridical terms: conquest can never be a legitimate ground of war, but can, with the passage of time and consolidation of a rightful condition, give rise to a new situation that force may not be used to overturn. Kant regards colonialism as worse than annexation because it creates a situation in which one nation is subject to the public law of another. Historical cases of colonialism have failed to live up even to norms appropriate to the juridically defective condition that they are. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Kant’s brief but highly suggestive remarks about addressing historical wrongs.
The Structure of Peace
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the transition from an international order conceived entirely as a state of nature to one conceived as a public rightful condition. International institutions are not merely helpful tools in the service of achieving and maintaining peace; they are fundamentally constitutive of what it is for human beings and nations to live in peace. Kant argues that public right has three parts: the right of the state, the right of nations, and cosmopolitan right. The three forms of rightful condition provide the possibility of a complete determination of rightful relations so that everyone may enjoy their freedom under law. The Kantian limitations on a public international legal order reflect the already public nature of the state and the limitations on cosmopolitan right in terms of the requirement that everything be brought under law.
Reversing the Tide
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The tide turned in public health due to the fight for AIDS treatment access around the world. While prevention, not treatment was the focus of most health interventions in the 20th century, based on this SPHC model, AIDS resulted in a reversal of the gains made in the child survival revolution. Entire communities collapsed under the weight of AIDS which struck down mothers, fathers, teachers, farmer, and health workers. This chapter focuses on the AIDS pandemic, beginning in the 1980s, and traces the global spread of this deadly disease. Importantly, the chapter covers the emergence of the movement of people living with AIDS both in accelerating the discovery of antiretroviral and as a movement that focused the right to health for all. It is the force of this movement that resulted in novel funding of global health.
Health Financing
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As the world moves from vertical programs to universal health coverage, governments must address the gap in health financing available to them. Centuries of impoverishment and decades of neoliberal policies have hampered public financing for health in many countries. Yet, to develop robust systems with adequate personnel, supplies, and infrastructure financing is desperately needed. In the global health era marked by the AIDS movement and the MDGs, the notion that a country could only provide the health care that was sustainable on their meager budget was challenged. This chapter covers the evolution of health financing, from the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, the Gleneagles Summit of 2005, and the Abuja Declaration in 2001, to recent novel financing and insurance programs. The basic measures of macroeconomics are highlighted. Government, off-budget, and out-of-pocket expenditures are explained. Insurance and novel sources of health financing are discussed as they relate to financing and health as a human right.
Political Will, Leadership, and the Importance of Decolonization
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores political will. While political will is often cited as a critical component of health programs around the world, it is a poorly defined concept. Using the framework of the late Dr. Julius Richmond, former U.S. Surgeon General, political will is interrogated through the interconnected factors of social strategy and science to advance policy. The COVID-19 pandemic is used as an example of this framework. The chapter also discusses the impact of colonialism and capitalism on the actualization of political will and leadership of impoverished countries. Challenges to sovereignty are addressed through the framework of necropolitics and social theories and practices that can improve responses. The chapter gives examples of regional and national leadership in the COVID-19 pandemic that have fought to decolonize the locus of power.
What a (Negative) Universal Politics Might Look Like Today
Authors: Kapoor Ilan , Zalloua Zahi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter pursues further the stakes of a universal politics in a variety of case studies that serve as key global sites of resistance and antagonism, spanning the West and the East, or the global North and South. It considers the ways the diverse phenomena of climate change, refugee crises, Black Lives Matter, #MeToo, political Islam, Bolivia under Morales, the European Union, and Covid-19 open up emancipatory spaces when they manage to short-circuit the democratic liberal script, exhorting us to see to what extent the script works against (most of) us. To that end, the revolutionary potential of these events lies in their capacity to shake our postpolitical myopia by inciting us to read politically and dialectically—to read with an eye for capital and political economy, race and gender, and the libidinal economy that subtends their global circulation.
Introduction
Authors: Fèvre Raphaël 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The introduction outlines the purpose of the book, its perspective, and its approach. Having identified three chronological moments in the making of ordoliberalism, the author illustrates its main themes and objectives and their relations with the current debate on ordoliberalism. The author then summarizes the contents of the book and indicates its basic structure and features, briefly anticipating its main conclusions. He examines the contributions of several important figures in the ordoliberal arena, including Walter Eucken and Wilhelm Röpke, and gives a brief history of their works and their influence on modern economics as it pertains especially to Europe. A discussion of the concept of “power” in economics is also provided.
The Tyranny of Generosity
Authors: Lechterman Theodore M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The practice of philanthropy, which generously releases private property for public purposes, represents in many ways the best angels of our nature. But this practice’s noteworthy virtues often blind us to the exercises of private power that it represents. The Tyranny of Generosity argues that this private power threatens foundations of a democratic society. The deployment of private wealth for public ends rivals the authority of communities to determine their own affairs. And, in societies characterized by wide disparities in wealth, philanthropy combines with background inequalities to make public decisions overwhelmingly sensitive to the preferences of the rich. Allowing private wealth to control social outcomes collides with core commitments of a democratic society, a society in which persons are supposed to determine their common affairs together, on equal terms. But why exactly is democracy valuable? How should these values be weighed against the liberty of donors and the many social benefits that philanthropy promises? The Tyranny of Generosity explores these questions by applying tools of political philosophy to various topics in the practice of philanthropy: the respective roles of philanthropy and government, public subsidies for private giving, the use of donations for political speech, instruments of perpetual giving, the proliferation of giving by commercial corporations, and “effective altruism” as a guide for individual giving. These studies build to a surprising conclusion: realizing the democratic ideal may be impossible without philanthropy—but making philanthropy safe for democracy also requires radical changes to policy and practice.
Minimizing Data-Driven Targeting and Providing a Public Search Alternative
Authors: Phillips Angela , Maria Mazzoli Eleonora 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While the use of data to refine search for an individual has benefits, when that data is used to allow third parties to target individuals with unrequested advertising and propaganda, and to manipulate behaviour, then its use must be more closely questioned. Misuse of personal data is now a systemic problem online. It is baked into the commercial exploitation of the web, and antitrust and piecemeal regulatory interventions will not be enough to effect change. Only a systemic approach will have the necessary impact. This chapter argues for stricter implementation of the data minimization principle of the GDPR in order to end automated data targeting, along with the development of alternative search engines based on public service, rather than purely commercial principles.
The Disappearance of the Soul and the Turn against Metaphysics
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The book traces the anti-metaphysical orientation of (much of) analytic philosophy back to discussions in Austro-German philosophy in the second half of the nineteenth century. The starting-point of the book is the debate over the relation between empirical science (here: psychology) and metaphysics: does psychology need a metaphysics of mental substances? The negative answer informed Austrian philosophy in the second half of the nineteenth century and provided a model for ontologies that dispense with substances. The book introduces Brentano’s Intentionalism and Mach’s Neutral Monism as two anti-metaphysical views in the study of mental phenomena. It goes on to use the Austrian ‘psychology without a soul’ view as a vantage point from which to reconstruct and assess the immediate prehistory and formation of analytic philosophy (Ward, Stout, Moore, Russell). While Austrian philosophers retired the soul, early analytic philosophers were happy to introduce a successor, the subject, and conceive of the mental as constituted by subject–object relations. The final part of the book returns to the theme of anti-metaphysics from a different perspective. It focuses on Moritz Schlick’s arguments for the conclusion that metaphysics lies beyond the limits of knowledge, arguments that are rooted in the philosophy of mind discussed in previous parts.
Psychology, the Science of the Soul
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
What is psychology? What is it the science of? Psychology is the study of the functions and properties of the soul. The soul is supposed to be a simple substance. This answer set the agenda for research in psychology and philosophy of mind in the nineteenth century. It was developed by Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776–1841). According to him, psychology needs to be based on empirical research, mathematics, and a metaphysics of substances and properties because it cannot be an observational science. This conception of psychology was further supported in the work of Herman Lotze (1817–81). For ‘metaphysical psychologists’ like Herbart and Lotze psychology can only be a science if it helps itself to a substantial metaphysical assumption. The ‘new psychologists’ will try to free psychology from metaphysics. In this chapter I will introduce the motivation for the view that psychology is the science of the soul to prepare the ground for the following chapters.
The Mental and the Physical, Only a Matter of Perspective
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
If there is no soul, is there still a fundamental distinction between the mental and physical? The philosophers discussed in this chapter all answer NO. The chapter introduces and assesses different ways to spell out the idea that the distinction between the mental and the physical does not carve nature at its joints. I will start by expounding Fechner’s influential view that the distinction between the mental and the physical is one of two different standpoints from which the same fundamental reality appears differently. Fechner also introduced the basic tenets of what is now called ‘Neutral Monism’. I will then consider how Austro-German philosopher like Mach, Wundt, Lipps and Riehl articulated the idea that fundamental reality is neither mental nor physical. Neutral Monism turns out to be a popular philosophical view that, as Riehl argued, is in line with Kant’s philosophy.
The Mental and the Physical, an Intrinsic Distinction
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
According to Brentano, there is an intrinsic distinction between the mental and the physical: mental phenomena and only they are directed on something (have intentionality). The distinction between ‘thoughts and things’ is therefore not merely one between different perspectives. The chapter introduces Brentano’s empiricism that forms the background of his view of the mind. It then goes on to expound Brentano’s famous intentionality thesis. If the mental is distinguished from the physical by being directed on an object, what does it mean to ‘have an object’? I will outline Brentano’s answer to this question and discuss the distinction between the content and object of an act that was used by Brentano, Höfler and Meinong to systematise our intuitions about intentionality. The chapter concludes by tracing the diaphaneity challenge back to Lange’s response to Brentano.
Cambridge Psychology between Lotze and Brentano
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While Austro-German philosophers abandoned the soul, a successor of the soul—the subject or ego—made a comeback in early analytic philosophy. James Ward, inspired by Lotze, prepared the ground for this comeback. In this chapter I will introduce the basic tenets of Ward’s position and relate it to Brentano’s and Lotze’s views of psychology. I will give special attention to Ward’s argument for the existence of a subject, a metaphysically lightweight replacement of the soul. In contrast to Ward, his student George Frederick Stout gave up the subject and provided new ammunition for the ‘psychology without soul’ theorists. Stout developed an original take on the act/content/object distinction. The chapter will introduce Ward’s and Stout’s contributions to Anglo-Austrian Philosophy.
The Rise and Fall of the Subject: A Case Study
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter uses Ward’s student Bertran Russell’s view of acquaintance as a representative example of a ‘psychology with a self’. Russell started out as a believer in the subject or ego. In 1913 he defended the subject in an ingenious way against the Humean objection that we have no awareness of the self. Russell conceded this point, but argued that we have knowledge by description of our ego and this suffices to distinguish between mental and physical facts. However, it took not long for Russell to change his mind. In the end he followed the Neutral Monists in giving up the subject as a posit of psychology. The chapter argues that this is a case of ‘throwing the baby out with the bathwater’. One can maintain a mental/physical distinction independently of assumptions about the subject.
Act/Content/Object, Act/Object, or Just Object?
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Thus chapter revolves around the act/content/object distinction. Russell characterized Austrian Psychology, Cambridge Realism, Idealism, and Neutral Monism with respect to their different treatments of this distinction. The Cambridge Realists like Russell and Moore argued that the distinction between act and object is given introspectively, but that there is no distinction between content and object. The Neutral Monists (American Realists) like James argued that there is no act/object distinction and that, consequently, there is no intrinsic distinction between the mental and physical. Russell changed tack by arguing for the existence of the distinction on the basis of ‘hypotheses’. He held a hybrid position: there is no act/object distinction in sensation, but the full act/content/object distinction in thought. The chapter assesses arguments in favour of the act/object distinction and against the act/content/object distinction.
Beyond the Limits of Knowledge: Intuition and Value
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Intuition, Schlick argued, cannot provide knowledge of the truly real. But Schlick did not deny that we have intuitions. So what are they? The answer to this question can be found in Schlick’s Weisheitslehre. We take pleasure in perceiving and this pleasure, if generalizable, grounds the value of the objects perceived. Intuitions are evaluative ‘responses’ to objects. Such responses are non-conceptual and can therefore have only one term. Metaphysicians like Bergson or Lotze mistake immediate evaluation for insight. The chapter locates Schlick’s non-cognitive conception in the literature of his day and uses it to complete and, then, evaluate his argument against metaphysics.
Introduction
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Between the world wars, word and image in print was the primary medium of information and domestic entertainment. The chapter defines four major forms and directions of verbal-visual texts. Books of all kinds discussed the nature of the English countryside, seeing it largely as under threat by suburban building; the debate about housing produced an important government report and many books, so that reading architectural designs offered another kind of fiction. Books increasingly used illustrated dust jackets, or illustrations within, or used typography to reveal their contents; magazines of all kinds—of general interest, and those for men or women—became popular. At the period’s end, books and magazines contributed to Government preparations for war. A brief coda suggests ways in which the idea of England was constructed and challenged in such dual texts, and the ways in which the techniques of the decades were developed during the war years.
Imaging the Classics
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Works of English fiction considered as classics appeared in many illustrated editions during the inter-war years. Many reprinted earlier images, such as those of Hugh Thomson; others were limited editions with images by well-known artists, that, assuming their readers’ knowledge of the plots, became a form of literary criticism. Images for more general readers, often placing events in contemporary styles, were more common. Harold Copping’s illustrations for Dickens’ A Christmas Carol was very popular in the early 1920s, a time when soldiers were returning and many families came together after the War. Others included those of Rowland Wheelwright for Fielding’s Tom Jones, and Clare Leighton’s to Hardy’s Return of the Native. Others approached classics differently. Arthur Moreland’s Dickens Landmarks in London having images of the actual places where fictional events occurred.
The Ruralist and the Premier
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The novels of Mary Webb were relatively unknown until they were the subject of a speech by the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin. He praised their qualities as something uniquely English in their close relation between characters and nature. One result was an illustrated edition of Webb’s novels, most strikingly Seven for a Secret, illustrated by Norman Hepple and Precious Bane, with those by Rowland Hilder. Both stress the unity with nature, and reflect the books’ setting in an invented eighteenth century. The relationship with Baldwin continues in his later speech ‘On England’, which stresses the importance of nature to the English people. His particular emphasis on horse-drawn ploughing is reflected again in Webb’s novels and illustrations, building on aspects of Thomas Hardy’s poetry. Both these writings, and the sense of melancholy they often generate, are shown in the novels and their illustrators.