bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caustics
Authors: Babu Kavita , Farrugia Lynn A 
Published: January 2021

A caustic is any substance capable of causing full-thickness damage on contact with healthy, intact tissue. Caustic agents are generally classified by pH as acids or bases. Irritants are those substances that do not produce true breakdown of tissue but cause discomfort and inflammation, such as vomiting, burning eyes, or coughing. This review covers caustic and irritant agents, dermal caustic exposure, caustic inhalation and pulmonary irritants, caustic ingestion, and ocular caustic exposure, along with special consideration of hydrofluoric acid, including hydrofluoric acid and dermal exposure, hydrofluoric acid ingestion, hydrofluoric acid inhalation, ocular hydrofluoric acid exposure, and systematic hydrofluoric acid toxicity. Figures show classification of burns; chemical burns; an autopsy specimen of the tongue, epiglottis, and esophagus after caustic ingestion; and an autopsy specimen of the stomach after caustic ingestion. Tables list common caustic and irritant agents, household products containing caustic and irritant agents, agents for which water or saline irrigation is not recommended, indications for endoscopy after caustic ingestion, ocular chemical burn management, and common chemicals and products containing fluoride.
Key words: caustic eye injury, caustic ingestion, caustic injury, chemical burn, hydrofluoric acid, pulmonary irritants
This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 53 references.
The Primary Glomerular Diseases
Authors: Glassock Richard J. , Sethi Sanjeev , Fervenza Fernando C. 
Published: January 2021

Glomerular disorders in which the manifestations of disease are primarily confined to the kidneys, without multisystem involvement, are not only common but very heterogeneous in terms of pathogenesis and clinical features. Typically, these primary glomerular diseases are characterized according to the findings on renal biopsy, as studied by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. The principal primary glomerular diseases are minimal change disease, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, C3 glomerulonephritis and dense deposit disease, IgA nephropathy, and renal-limited crescentic glomerulonephritis. These clinicopathologic entities are discussed according to epidemiology, clinical features, pathology, pathogenesis (and genetics if appropriate), prognosis, and treatment, emphasizing recent findings.
Key words: C3 glomerulonephritis, dense deposit disease, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, renal biopsy, renal-limited crescentic glomerulonephritis
Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
Authors: Riella Christian , Czarnecki Peter G , Steinman Theodor I 
Published: January 2021

The spectrum of cystic kidney diseases encompasses a wide range of genetic syndromes with different identified disease genes, modes of inheritance, extrarenal organ manifestations, and clinical progression. Depending on the given disease gene and type of mutation in a respective cystic kidney disease, the age of onset, pathologic characteristics, and rate of progression to end-stage kidney disease vary considerably. This review covers disease definitions, etiology and genetics, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of cystic kidney disease. Additionally, simple and complex renal cysts in adults are discussed. Tables list the epidemiology of polycystic kidney disease, gene locus, and encoded protein, unified criteria for ultrasonographic diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (APDKD), risk factors for progressive kidney disease in APDKD, differential diagnosis of cystic diseases of the kidney, Halt Progression of Polycystic Kidney Disease trial summary, and other extrarenal manifestations of ADPDK.
Key Words: Cystic kidney disease; Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; APDKD; Polycystic kidney disease; PKD; End-stage renal disease; Renal cysts; Progressive kidney disease
Cardiac Resuscitation
Authors: Pozner Charles N. , Martindale Jennifer L , Geyer Brian C. 
Published: January 2021

Over 1,000 people suffer sudden cardiac death every day in the United States. About half occur in the hospital, the remainder occurring in the home, outpatient medical environments, or public spaces. The ultimate goal of cardiac resuscitation is survival with full neurologic recovery. Interventions that have the greatest potential to provide this outcome are often those interventions that can be performed by trained laypersons. Delay in the initiation of compressions in a cardiac arrest is one of the leading predictors of mortality. This chapter deliberately opens with a discussion of one of the most vital, yet relatively under-appreciated aspects of cardiac resuscitation—teamwork. Following an overview of cardiac arrest, the chapter covers epidemiology and recognition of cardiac arrest, then activation of the emergency response system. Chest compressions, defibrillation and airway management are discussed, then end-tidal CO2, vascular access, rhythm analysis during cardiac arrest, and drugs used during cardiac resuscitation. The chapter concludes with a look at postresuscitation care, special considerations in cardiac arrest, and future directions. Figures include the foundations of cardiac resuscitation, a management algorithm for the initial treatment of cardiac arrest, coronary perfusion pressure as a function of time, an impedance threshold device incorporated into a bag-valve mask, a colorimetric CO2 detector, four basic phases of a capnogram, sample capnographs, a battery-powered intraosseous drill, electrocardiogram readouts of ventricular arrhythmias, a sonogram of large pericardial effusion, and electrocardiographic appearance of varying degrees of hyperkalemia. Tables summarize recommendations from the American Heart Association, the components of optimal and suboptimal chest compressions, and underlying causes of nonshockable rhythms and their management.
This chapter contains 11 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, 138 references, 5 MCQs.
Parkinson Disease: Treatment
Authors: Martinez-Ramirez Daniel , Okun Michael S. 
Published: January 2021

Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder affecting more than 4 million people worldwide. It is expected that this number will potentially double by 2030 due to the aging population, thus transforming PD into an even bigger worldwide health concern. As PD knowledge has expanded over the past three decades, it is now recognized that multiple brain neurotransmitters and circuits are altered and collectively contribute to a constellation of motor and nonmotor symptoms. The classic symptoms required for the clinical diagnosis of PD are bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and/or loss of postural reflexes. Due to the multiple brain circuits affected as the disease advances, the nonmotor manifestations become equally, or even potentially, more troublesome for patients and caregivers. This review covers general considerations and aspects of treatment of PD. Figures show expected phases of PD, how to start therapy, and the approach to levodopa-induced complications. Tables list suggested dosages of available medications for the treatment of motor symptoms in PD, classification of levodopa-induced complications, suggested dosages of available medications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and suggested dosages of available medications for the treatment of autonomic symptoms and sleep disorders.
Key words: levodopa, levodopa-induced complications, movement disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson disease

This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, and 226 references.
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Authors: Quiner Trevor E , Foley Michael R 
Published: January 2021

Amniotic fluid embolism remains a devastating and incompletely understood phenomenon of acute cardiopulmonary collapse and coagulopathy in labor and immediate postpartum period not explained by other diagnoses. It is rare in the general population but is a relatively frequent cause of maternal death and long-term neurologic deficit. Diagnosis should rely on the presence of classic clinical findings and not histopathologic findings of squamous cells in the vasculature of the deceased. Management relies on quick and aggressive support measures and advanced cardiac life support in cases of cardiac arrest. Coagulopathy and hemorrhage is best managed with massive transfusion protocols.

This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables and 65 references
Key Words: amniotic fluid, amniotic fluid embolism, anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy; massive transfusion, maternal cardiac arrest, obstetric hemorrhage, pregnancy, pulmonary embolism, respiratory distress
Connective Tissue Disorders: Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Chopra Pradeep 
Published: January 2021

Almost every physician is bound to come across patients with connective tissue disorders, especially Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). These patients present with a cluster of conditions, including chronic joint, muscle, and neuropathic pain; easy fractures; gastrointestinal symptoms; orthostatic intolerance; headaches; spinal pain; urinary symptoms; recurrent joint subluxations and dislocations; and aneurysm. The incidence of EDS is 10 in 100,000. These patients have a genetic defect in their collagen. A weak connective tissue makes the joints hypermobile, causes muscle fatigue, easy bruising, fragile skin, spinal pain, and headaches. The diagnosis is made clinically based on a medical history and clinical examination. It does not depend on genetic testing. The Beighton score has been the most widely accepted for diagnosing EDS. It has proven to be a very consistent screening tool. The most common symptom patients present with is pain. They have increased pain at different stages of their life; as adolescents, they have growing pains. These pains are usually worse during periods of growth spurt. The pain is intense and usually in the lower extremity around the knees, and they have leg cramps, especially at night. Concerned parents are told to ignore it, and no specific treatment is offered to these children. As adults, patients present with a more specific pain to either a region or the spine. Musculoskeletal pain is most commonly around the neck, upper back, hips, legs, and forearms. In most cases, the pain is around the weight-bearing muscles, such as the legs and spine. Patients with EDS present with both nociceptive (structural) and neuropathic pain; in some cases, the neuropathic pain component may be more prominent than the nociceptive component and vice versa. One of the major issues in EDS is a loss of proprioception, also known as joint position sense. Proprioception is the ability of a joint to determine its position, detect movement, and sense resistance to force. EDS is associated with other coexisting conditions, such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), Chiari malformation, and tethered cord syndrome. Significant fatigue is a common feature in EDS. The reason for fatigue may be an abnormality of the muscle structure, POTS, MCAS, and excessive dependence on muscles to maintain posture in light of ligamentous laxity.
Flexor Tendon Injuries
Authors: Long Chao , Moody Lisa C , Fox Paige M , Chang James 
Published: January 2021

Flexor tendon injuries are common hand injuries that can significantly affect hand function. Treatment of these injuries requires a thorough understanding of the intricate anatomy and biomechanics of flexor tendons. The goals of reconstruction include restoration of tendon continuity, preservation and reconstruction of the pulley system, maximizing tendon gliding, and minimizing adhesion formation. Surgical treatment, in conjunction with postoperative hand therapy, provides enhanced function. This review provides the surgeon with the relevant anatomy, pearls of clinical evaluation, necessary investigative studies, management algorithms, surgical techniques, rehabilitation protocols, and approaches to common complications. It ends with a discussion of basic and translational research currently being undertaken to address the challenges posed by flexor tendon injuries and how this research can potentially advance patient care.

This review contains 16 figures, 5 tables and 55 references
Key words: flexor tendon, flexor tendon injuries, flexor tendon reconstruction, flexor tendon repair, hand, hand surgery, injury, surgical technique, tendons
Male-to-Female Gender-Confirming Surgery
Authors: Morrison Shane D , Wilson Stelios C , Perez Marcelina G , Satterwhite Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Advances in male-to-female gender-confirming surgery enable acquisition of female secondary sexual characteristics for gender dysphoric patients desiring surgical transition. It is imperative for medical professionals caring for transgender patients to be informed of the current standards of care and the available surgical options. This review discusses male-to-female chest and genital reconstructive surgical approaches.

This review contains 27 figures, 5 tables and 52 references
Key words: augmentation mammoplasty, gender-confirming surgery, genital reconstruction, male to female, transgender, vaginoplasty
Neurobiology of Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
Authors: Maheu Marissa Elizabeth , Howie Joseph Hunter , Ressler Kerry James 
Published: January 2021

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder are precipitated by exposure to one or more traumatic events, and result in debilitating fear-related symptoms. Advances made over the past several years have greatly improved our understanding of these disorders, as well as the neurobiological and genetic factors that contribute to their emergence and progression. In this review, we provide an overview of this research, with a particular focus on recent developments in understanding the neurocircuitry underlying relevant aspects of fear learning, including acquisition, generalization, and the extinction of fear. Molecular regulators of stress response and candidate genes implicated in PTSD are also discussed. Although there remains a great deal to learn about these disorders, novel approaches, large-scale genomic studies, and new molecular techniques promise to help untangle the neurobiology of trauma- and stressor-related illness over the coming years.

This review contains 3 figures, 3 tables and 56 references
Key words: Posttraumatic stress disorder, fear, genetics, GWAS, HPA stress response, neurocircuitry models of trauma, generalization, extinction learning.
Cultural Diversity in Psychiatry
Authors: Chambers Joanna , Guerriero Austrom Mary , Harris Ryan , Patterson Danielle 
Published: January 2021

This purpose of this review is to provide general guidelines to practicing psychiatrists and psychologists on cultural diversity in the discipline. Diversity and mental health is a complex topic in a complex discipline, and our goal is to contribute to an understanding of how cultural identity affects our work. This review does not explicitly state how to treat any one cultural group. Rather, it is a tool for psychiatrists and other mental health providers to begin a sensitive and helpful conversation with patients of all backgrounds and a way to explore their own cultural identities. As our nation becomes increasingly diverse, providers are expected to understand how a patient’s cultural identity impacts the presenting problem and, ultimately, treatment. In addition, an ever-present opportunity remains for mental health professionals to explore their own cultural identity and how it may be involved in conscious and unconscious biases, which, in turn, also impact how they interpret, treat, and manage care. We explore key aspects of diversity with the goal of cultivating a deeper level of insight and awareness among psychiatrists in training and those currently in practice when caring for patients with diverse backgrounds. The guidelines offer a starting point toward delivering culturally competent care and, coupled with a commitment to lifelong learning from psychiatrists and other mental health professionals, can help minimize the stigma of traditionally marginalized groups.
This review contains 7 tables, and 67 references.
Key words: aging, diversity, LGBTQ, psychiatry, race, religion
Outbreaks and the management of ‘second-order friction’: Repurposing materials and data from the health care and food systems for public health surveillance
Authors: Boyce Angie M. 
Published: January 2021

In the US, the public health system plays a key role in identifying unsafe food in the food supply. This identification work (public health surveillance) entails piecing together and reworking materials and data from the health care and food sectors to identify the ultimate cause of the problem. As such, the public health system depends heavily on infrastructures built for other purposes to achieve its goals. Using the case of foodborne outbreak detection, this article enhances the ethnographic analysis of second-order systems by incorporating the concepts of ‘repurposing’ and ‘friction’ to analyze this dependent relationship, the challenges it entails, and the broader sociopolitical and ethical consequences of connecting heterogeneous infrastructures. I examine how actors within the second order system of public health conduct the practical work of repurposing materials and data from other sectors, and grapple with the inescapable presence of ‘second-order friction’ between their system and infrastructures built to achieve other goals.
Eliminasi Escherichia coli O157:H7 Yang Diisolasi Dari Daging Sapi Di Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Dan Pasar Tradisional
Authors: Wirathi Ni Wayan Purni , Kawuri Retno , Darmayasa Ida Bagus 
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas daging sapi di RPH dan pasar Tradisional di Denpasar, Badung, dan Klungkung ditinjau dari angka Escherichia coli dan E. coli O157:H7 yang dicurigai mencemari daging sapi. Penelitian eksperimen dilakukan di laboratorium dengan uji pemanasan terhadap E. coli O157:H7 untuk mengetahui ketahanan panas dari E. coli O157:H7. Daging sapi yang diambil di pasar Nyanggelan Panjer menunjukkan nilai angka E. coli paling tinggi yaitu 222,3 koloni/g, dan nilai E. coli paling rendah didapat pada daging sapi yang diambil di RPH Kaliunda yaitu 2,3 koloni/g. Hasil identifikasi pada 39 sampel daging sapi menunjukkan semua sampel daging sapi mengandung E. coli, sebanyak 24 sampel positif E. coli O157, dan 9 sampel lainnya menunjukkan positif E. coli O157:H7. Perlakuan pemanasan pada suhu 60? masih ada pertumbuhan koloni E. coli O157:H7 pada cawan Petri, namun telah terjadi penurunan dari jumlah koloni awal sebelum proses pemanasan. Seluruh lokasi pengambilan 100% terkontaminasi E. coli, 61.5% positif E. coli O157, dan 25.6% positif E. coli O157:H7. Pemanasan 65? selama 15 detik dan 70? selama 5 detik dapat membunuh E. coli O157:H7 pada daging sapi.

Kata kunci: E. coli O157:H7, daging sapi, RPH, pasar tradisional, proses pemanasan
POTENSI KEBERHASILAN KULIT UDANG SEBAGAI BAHAN DASAR POLIMER KITOSAN: STUDI LITERATUR
Authors: Setiati Rini , Siregar Septoratno , Wahyuningrum Deana , Fathaddin M. Taufik 
Published: January 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari potensi yang dimiliki oleh kulit udang sebagai bahan baku polimer kitosan. Penelitian ini diawali dengan proses pemisalahan kulit udang kitin dan proses kitin menjadi kitosan serta menguji karakteristiknya. Kulit udang dapat diolah menjadi kitosan karena kandungan kitin yang terdapat di dalamnya. Kitin merupakan bahan organik utama terdapat pada kelompok hewan crustacea, insekta, fungi, mollusca dan arthropoda. Cangkang kepiting, udang dan lobster juga merupakan sumber bahan dasar produksi kitin karena kandungan kitinnya cukup tinggi. Kitin merupakan biopolimer alam paling melimpah kedua setelah selulosa yang tidak beracun dan diproduksi dari limbah kulit udang. Kitosan diolah dari kulit udang melalui proses deproteinasi, demineralisasi dan deasetilasi. Reagen yang digunakan adalah NaOH dan KOH. Kemudian kitosan diuji sifat fisiknya melalui uji kadar air, kadar abu, kadar nitrogen, viskositas, derajat deasetilasi, analisis gugus fungsi dengan spektroskopi IR dan kristalinitas dengan difraksi sinar X. Sifat fisik kitosan dilihat dari bentuk fisik, analisis gugus fungsi dan kristalinitas. Potensi penerapan kitosan, sebagai turunan kitin yang terdeasetilasi, bersifat multidimensi, seperti dalam makanan dan gizi, bioteknologi, ilmu material, obat-obatan dan farmasi, pertanian dan perlindungan lingkungan. Isolasi kitin dari kulit udang dan sintesanya menjadi kitosan, menjadikan kulit udang lebih barmanfaat untuk bidang-bidang lain. Kulit udang yang diolah menjadi kitosan polimer dapat berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam bidang Enhanced Oil Recovery sebagai fluida injeksi kimiawi dalam upaya menaikkan produksi minyak.
Patriotismus in der Familie: Wert oder Identität
Authors: Celary Ireneusz Andrzej , Przybyłowski Jan 
Published: January 2021

Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema Patriotismus in polnischen Einwandererfamilien im Kontext soziokultureller Verhältnisse in Deutschland. Ziel der Studie war es, den in Familien kultivierten Patriotismus kennenzulernen und die Frage zu beantworten: Handelt es sich um einen Wert, der die Wahrung der nationalen Identität ermöglicht? In dem Artikel verwendete man die Ergebnisse einer soziologischen Studie (Umfrage), die bei der polnischen Mission in Deutschland durchgeführt wurde. Das zusammengetragene bibliografische Material wurde für die kritische Analyse der Studie verwendet.
Basierend auf den Forschungsergebnissen stellt man fest, dass der polnische Patriotismus, der von der deutschen Sozialkultur und Religion unter Berücksichtigung der herkömmlichen Umstände verifiziert wurde, bewahrt seine Authentizität und schützt vor nationalistischen Einstellungen. Daher bleibt der Zusammenschluss von Glauben und Polentum tief im polnischen Patriotismus verwurzelt, das authentische und universelle Erbe, das in polnischen Familien an nachfolgende Generationen weitergegeben wurde, vertretend. Aufgrund der durchgeführten Untersuchungen lässt sich bestätigen, dass Patriotismus in polnischen Familien in Deutschland gepflegt wird. Patriotismus sollte vor allem in der Familie eingeimpft werden, deswegen sollten Eltern die religiösen (Glaubenserziehung) und nationalen Traditionen (polnische Bräuche und Kultur) verbinden.