bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biopolitics of Cattle Methane Emissions Reduction: Governing Life in a Time of Climate Change
Authors: McGregor Andrew , Rickards Lauren , Houston Donna , Goodman Michael K. , Bojovic Milena 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper we analyse ongoing attempts to mitigate cattle methane emissions through the lens of biopower. Drawing on IPCC and FAO reports as well as the scientific literature, we detail how the problem of cattle methane has been made visible and the subsequent efforts that have emerged to govern human and non‐human life from molecular to global scales. Such efforts have been thwarted by the liveliness of cattle, farmers and consumers. Rather than mitigating emissions, production‐oriented cattle methane research has assisted the expansion of cattle emissions by promising an immanent solution that is never realised. More recent consumption‐oriented strategies are overdue but limited by a hesitancy to fully address the political problems associated with transitioning away from beef and dairy. More direct and transparent responses are needed to confront the contradictions between the expansion of animal agriculture and global efforts to mitigate climate change in fair and just ways.
Efficient error variance estimation in non‐parametric regression
Authors: Li Zhijian , Lin Wei 
Published: February 2021

SummaryError variance estimation plays a key role in the analysis of homogeneous non‐parametric regression models. For a random design model, most methods in the literature for error variance estimation assume the independence between the predictor variable X and the error ε. In this work, we derive the optimal semi‐parametric efficiency bound for the error variance without such an independence assumption. A residual‐based efficient estimator for is proposed and its asymptotic normality is established. An extensive simulation study is conducted, which shows that our proposed estimator works very favourably against competitors. A simple real‐data example is also presented.
Insights into adolescent well‐being from computerised analysis of written language
Authors: Shearer Natalie J. , Gillespie Alanna N. , Olds Tim S. , Mensah Fiona K. , Edwards Ben , Fernando Julian W. , Wang Yichao , Wake Melissa , Lycett Kate 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimTo examine associations between patterns of language use and early adolescent well‐being.MethodsParticipants were 1763 Australian 11‐ to 12‐year‐olds in the Child Health CheckPoint. Six patterns of language use were identified from a writing activity using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count and factor analysis: Acting in the present and future, Positive emotion, Gender and relationships, Self‐aware, Inquisitive and time focused, and Confident. Well‐being measures represented a spectrum from negatively to positively framed psychosocial health. Associations between language use and well‐being were estimated using linear regression adjusted for age, sex and social disadvantage.ResultsPositive emotion (high emotional tone, positive emotion) was associated with better general well‐being (standardised regression coefficient (SRC) 0.05; 95% confidence interval 0.00 to 0.11; p = 0.04), life satisfaction (0.06; 0.01 to 0.11; p = 0.03), psychosocial health (0.07; 0.02 to 0.12; p = 0.01) and quality of life (QoL) (0.06; 0.01 to 0.11; p = 0.02). Similarly, Self‐aware (high first person singular pronouns, authentic, low clout) was associated with better general well‐being, life satisfaction and psychosocial health (SRC 0.05, 0.09, 0.08), but Confident (high clout, first person plural pronouns, affiliation) was associated with worse life satisfaction, psychosocial health and QoL (SRC −0.06, −0.09, −0.06).ConclusionIf replicated in ‘real‐world’ settings (e.g., social media), language patterns could provide naturalistic insights into early adolescents’ well‐being.
The Oxford Catalogue of Opioids: A systematic synthesis of opioid drug names and their pharmacology
Authors: Richards Georgia C. , Sitkowski Konrad , Heneghan Carl , Aronson Jeffrey K. 
Published: February 2021

AimThe growing demand for analgesia, coupled with an increasing need to treat opioid dependence and overdose, has escalated the development of novel opioids. We aimed to quantify the number of opioid drugs developed and to catalogue them based on their pharmacology.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of seven sources in November 2020, including the WHO's Anatomical Therapeutic Classification index, the British National Formulary, the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology, the International Narcotics Control Board Index of Names of Narcotic Drugs, the WHO's International Nonproprietary Names MedNet service, Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia and the Merck Index, to include opioid drugs that targeted or had an effect or coeffect at one or more opioid receptors. We extracted chemical and nonproprietary names, drug stems, molecular formulas, molecular weights, receptor targets, actions at opioid receptors and classes based on their origins. We used descriptive statistics and calculated medians and interquartile ranges where appropriate.ResultsWe identified 233 opioid drugs and created an online resource (https://www.catalogueofopioids.net/). There were 10 unique drug stems, and “‐fentanil” accounted for one‐fifth (20%) of all opioids. Most of the drugs (n = 133) targeted mu‐opioid receptors and the majority (n = 191) were agonists at one or more receptors. Most (82%) were synthetic opioids, followed by semisynthetic opioids (16%) and alkaloids (3%).ConclusionThis catalogue centralizes and disseminates information that could assist researchers, prescribers and the public to improve the safe use of opioids.
Sin sectors and negative screening
Authors: Muñoz Fernando 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this research, I analyse how exposure to sin sectors impacts the financial performance of socially responsible (SR) funds. I also analyse the question of whether or not these funds keep their word and are less exposed to the controversial sectors that they claim to exclude in their prospectuses. Additionally, I analyse how local political and religious factors exert an influence on the exposure of SR funds to sin sectors. Consequently, I analyse a sample comprising 136 SR mutual funds that were domiciled in the U.S. market in the period March 2017–April 2020 and who invest in domestic and global equity, of which 92 implement negative screens on at least 1 of 12 controversial activities. My results show that for seven (three) of the controversial sectors that were analysed, the exposure of SR funds to these sectors jeopardises (improves) their financial performance. Furthermore, SR mutual funds who perform negative screens tend to live up to their name and are less exposed to the sector/s that they claim to exclude. In addition, SR mutual funds managed by companies located in Democrat‐leaning states are less exposed to sin sectors, and that the effect of local religiosity depends on the specific sector analysed.
Cultivating conscience: Moral neurohabilitation of adolescents and young adults with conduct and/or antisocial personality disorders
Authors: Tuck Nancy , Glenn Linda MacDonald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIndividuals diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD) in childhood and adolescence are at risk for increasingly maladaptive and dangerous behaviors, which unchecked, can lead to antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in adulthood. Children with CD, especially those with the callous unemotional subgroup qualifier (“limited prosocial emotions”/DSM‐5), present with a more severe pattern of delinquency, aggression, and antisocial behavior, all markings of prodrome ASPD. Given this recognized diagnostic trajectory, with a pathological course playing out tragically at the individual, familial, and societal level, and lack of effective remediation via current standards of care, we posit an alternate treatment approach; case‐specific compulsory moral habilitation aimed at rectifying the undeveloped affective domain of adolescents and young adults suffering from these disorders. We begin with a brief historical overview of response to mental illness, review CD and ASPD diagnostic criteria and treatment limitations, and posit a unique neurohabilitative approach that focuses on the absent affective moral development of these populations. Next, we invoke a public health safety argument to justify case‐specific compulsory moral habilitation, discuss neurotechnologies to be considered in treatment, and conclude with ethical considerations and suggestions for further research.
Evolution of palaeo‐sea‐surface conditions and sediment dynamics over the last 2700 years on the Mackenzie Slope, Beaufort Sea (Canadian Arctic)
Authors: Kutos Omnain , Rochon André , Montero‐Serrano Jean‐Carlos 
Published: February 2021

A box core and a trigger weight core were recovered from the Mackenzie Slope (Canadian Beaufort Sea) and combined into a composite sequence (AMD0214‐03BC/TWC: 03CS) to investigate dinocyst assemblages and the mineralogical and geochemical compositions. This allowed the estimation of sea‐surface conditions and documentation of changes in detrital inputs related to Late Holocene ocean‐climate variability over the last 2700 years. The trends of detrital proxies and freshwater palynomorphs were similar to the reconstructed changes in large‐scale ocean–atmosphere climate modes, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO). The palynological data reveal four distinct time intervals. The first period from 700 to 0 BCE was characterized by high surface and benthic productivities. This and the high freshwater palynomorph flux recorded in this period imply considerable freshwater input from the Mackenzie River with northern Mackenzie Basin sediment sources and enhanced transport of nutrient‐rich Pacific water along the Mackenzie Slope. From 0 to 1500 CE, the weather conditions were possibly drier, with a decrease in the Mackenzie River discharge and nutrient supply. Milder sea‐surface conditions associated with the Medieval Warm Period (800–1525 CE) likely promoted more prolonged seasonal sea‐ice melting. The period from 1500 to 1900 CE featured increasing fresh water and a mixed provenance of detrital particles (with most particles originating from the northern Mackenzie Basin and a minor contribution from the southern basin). Colder conditions associated with the Little Ice Age period (1525–1865 CE) likely promoted longer sea‐ice durations on the Mackenzie Slope. The final period, from 1900 CE to the present, has been dominated by taphonomic processes rather than climatic variations. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the evolution of land–ocean interactions on the Mackenzie Slope.
G‐CSFR antagonism reduces mucosal injury and airways fibrosis in a virus‐dependent model of severe asthma
Authors: Wang Hao , Aloe Christian , McQualter Jonathan , Papanicolaou Angelica , Vlahos Ross , Wilson Nick , Bozinovski Steven 
Published: February 2021

Background and PurposeAsthma is a chronic disease that displays heterogeneous clinical and molecular features. A phenotypic subset of late‐onset severe asthmatics has debilitating fixed airflow obstruction, increased neutrophilic inflammation and a history of pneumonia. Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important viral cause of pneumonia and asthmatics are frequently hospitalised during IAV epidemics. This study aims to determine whether antagonising granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (G‐CSFR) prevents pneumonia‐associated severe asthma.Experimental ApproachMice were sensitised to house dust mite (HDM) to establish allergic airway inflammation and subsequently infected with IAV (HKx31/H3N2 subtype). A neutralising monoclonal antibody against G‐CSFR was therapeutically administered.Key ResultsIn IAV‐infected mice with prior HDM sensitisation, a significant increase in airway fibrotic remodelling and airways hyper‐reactivity was observed. A mixed granulocytic inflammatory profile consisting of neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils was prominent and at a molecular level, G‐CSF expression was significantly increased in HDMIAV‐treated mice. Blockage of G‐CSFR reduced neutrophilic inflammation in the bronchoalveolar and lungs by over 80% in HDMIAV‐treated mice without altering viral clearance. Markers of NETosis (dsDNA and myeloperoxidase in bronchoalveolar), tissue injury (LDH activity in bronchoalveolar) and oedema (total bronchoalveolar‐fluid protein) were also significantly reduced with anti‐G‐CSFR treatment. In addition, anti‐G‐CSFR antagonism significantly reduced bronchoalveolar gelatinase activity, active TFGβ lung levels, collagen lung expression, airways fibrosis and airways hyper‐reactivity in HDMIAV‐treated mice.Conclusions and ImplicationsWe have shown that antagonising G‐CSFR‐dependent neutrophilic inflammation reduced pathological disruption of the mucosal barrier and airways fibrosis in an IAV‐induced severe asthma model.
Father involvement in the care of children born small and sick in Rwanda: Association with children's nutrition and development
Authors: Oryono Andrew , Iraguha Boniface , Musabende Ancille , Habimana Epimaque , Nshimyiryo Alphonse , Beck Kathryn , Habinshuti Placide , Wilson Kim , Itangishaka Cécile , Kirk Catherine M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about father's involvement in the care of children born with perinatal risk factors. This study aimed to understand father's involvement in the care of children born preterm, low birth weight (LBW) and/or with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in rural Rwanda and assess child and home environment factors associated with father involvement.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of children born preterm, LBW or with HIE who were discharged from Kirehe District Hospital neonatal unit from May 2015 to April 2016 and those enrolled in a neonatal unit follow‐up programme from May 2016 to November 2017. Interviews were conducted when the children were ages 24–47 months in the child's home. Primary caregivers reported on father involvement in parenting, home environment, child disability, and child development outcomes. Children's nutritional status were directly measured. Only children whose fathers were living in the home were included in the sample. Bivariate analyses were conducted using Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test.ResultsA total of 236 children aged 24–47 months were included in this study, 66.4% were born preterm or LBW with a mean age of 33.3 months. 73.5% of children were at risk of disability and 77.7% had potential delay in overall child development. 15.5% of fathers reported engaging in four or more activities with their child in the last 3 days. Factors associated with father involvement included smaller household size (p = 0.004), mother engaged in decision‐making (p = 0.027), being on‐track in developmental milestones for problem solving (p = 0.042) and mother's involvement in learning activities (p = 0.043); the number of activities a father engaged in was significantly associated with the child's overall development (p = 0.032).ConclusionWe found that father involvement in activities to support learning was low amongst children born preterm/LBW and/or with HIE. Programme interventions should encourage fathers to engage with their children given the benefits for children's development.
The intergenerational transmission of family violence: Mothers' perceptions of children's experiences and use of violence in the home
Authors: Meyer Silke , Reeves Ellen , Fitz‐Gibbon Kate 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntimate partner violence (IPV) on average affects one in four women, with the majority of victim survivors identifying as mothers in national survey data. Children experiencing parental IPV are now equally understood as victims. Extensive research documents the short‐ and long‐term impacts of children's experiences of IPV on their safety and wellbeing. More recently, research has started to examine adolescent children's use of violence in the home as adolescent family violence (AFV). Contributing to this emerging body of research, we draw on narrative interview data from mothers who participated in a larger study on IPV, help‐seeking and the perceived impact on children to better understand how mothers make sense of children's use of violence in the home. Mothers identified an emergence of AFV in male children with childhood experiences of adult IPV. Although mothers' experiences of adult and adolescent violence highlight their dual victimisation, mothers frame their abusive children as victims rather than perpetrators. Implications for future research, policy and trauma‐informed practice are discussed.
FARS1‐related disorders caused by bi‐allelic mutations in cytosolic phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase genes: Look beyond the lungs!
Authors: Schuch Luise A. , Forstner Maria , Rapp Christina K. , Li Yang , Smith Desiree E. C. , Mendes Marisa I. , Delhommel Florent , Sattler Michael , Emiralioğlu Nagehan , Taskiran Ekim Z. , Orhan Diclehan , Kiper Nural , Rohlfs Meino , Jeske Tim , Hastreiter Maximilian , Gerstlauer Michael , Torrent‐Vernetta Alba , Moreno‐Galdó Antonio , Kammer Birgit , Brasch Frank , Reu‐Hofer Simone , Griese Matthias 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (ARSs) catalyze the first step of protein biosynthesis (canonical function) and have additional (non‐canonical) functions outside of translation. Bi‐allelic pathogenic variants in genes encoding ARSs are associated with various recessive mitochondrial and multisystem disorders. We describe here a multisystem clinical phenotype based on bi‐allelic mutations in the two genes (FARSA, FARSB) encoding distinct subunits for tetrameric cytosolic phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase (FARS1). Interstitial lung disease with cholesterol pneumonitis on histology emerged as an early characteristic feature and significantly determined disease burden. Additional clinical characteristics of the patients included neurological findings, liver dysfunction, and connective tissue, muscular and vascular abnormalities. Structural modeling of newly identified missense mutations in the alpha subunit of FARS1, FARSA, showed exclusive mapping to the enzyme's conserved catalytic domain. Patient‐derived mutant cells displayed compromised aminoacylation activity in two cases, while remaining unaffected in another. Collectively, these findings expand current knowledge about the human ARS disease spectrum and support a loss of canonical and non‐canonical function in FARS1‐associated recessive disease.
The expression pattern of N‐acetyltransferase 1 in healthy human skin
Authors: van Amerongen Cynthia C. A. , Kramer Duco , Pas Hendri H. , Schuttelaar Marie L. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundN‐acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) is an enzyme expressed among others in keratinocytes in human skin. NAT1 is important in the biotransformation of aromatic amines, an important example being p‐phenylenediamine (PPD), a hair dye molecule. Unoxidized PPD penetrates the skin and is N‐acetylated by NAT1.ObjectivesTo investigate in detail the expression pattern of NAT1 in human skin.Materials and MethodsCryosections obtained from healthy human skin were stained for NAT1 and expression patterns were observed. NAT1 double stainings were performed with antibodies against different cellular organelles to determine expression patterns.ResultA speckled, granular expression of NAT1 was seen predominantly in the stratum basale. NAT1 was expressed in a cytoplasmic pattern, perinuclear, and in the nucleus. No co‐localisation was seen with the selected cellular organelles. Local differences in NAT1 expression patterns were observed between donors and between different biopsies obtained from the same donor.ConclusionsNAT1 is expressed predominantly in the stratum basale and can be found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and perinuclear in human skin. Further studies should be performed to investigate expression of NAT1 in a larger sample size.
What about the children? How opioid use affects child well‐being
Authors: Bullinger Lindsey Rose , Ward Benjamin C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe study the relationship between opioid use and child well‐being. We combine data on legal opioid prescriptions, opioid‐related emergency department visits, and opioid‐involved mortality with foster care entrance records and child maltreatment reports. We find that increases in opioid‐related mortality and emergency department visits are associated with increased foster care entry, particularly among young children. We find no significant relationship between legal opioid distribution quantities and home removals. Finally, we examine the relationship between opioid‐related public policies and child welfare outcomes, finding mixed relationships between various policies and removal from the home.
A comparative study of ozonation on aqueous reactive dyes and reactive‐dyed cotton
Authors: Li Mengru , He Zhenglei , Xu Jie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOzonation is increasingly being used and reported in recent years. This paper investigates ozonation on aqueous reactive dyes and their dyed cotton comparatively. The effects, including pH, temperature and initial dye concentration (for aqueous dyes)/water pick‐up (for dyed cotton), on Reactive Blue FL‐RN, Reactive Red FL‐2BL and Reactive Yellow FL‐2RN, were studied via Fourier Transform–infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet‐visible absorption and k/s curves. The kinetic results indicated that all the aqueous dyes were of pseudo‐first order kinetics, while dyed cotton represented pseudo‐secondary or pseudo‐third order kinetics. Based on their different mechanisms, there was a dramatic gap between dyes and dyed cotton in ozonation performance. The curve of rate constant vs pH of dye ozonation exhibited a U‐shape with the minimum value at pH 7, but for dyed cotton ozonation, the curve showed a Λ‐shape optimised at pH 10. Also, high temperature resulted in hydrolysis of dyes in aqueous solution, whereas this was not applicable to dyed cotton. The effect of pick‐up (0%‐150% with an interval of 75%) on reactive‐dyed cotton was greater than the effect of initial dye concentration (which varied from 120 to 40 mg/L) on the colour yield of aqueous reactive dyes.
Farnesoid X receptor promotes renal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury by inducing tubular epithelial cell apoptosis
Authors: Xu Yao , Li Dawei , Wu Jiajin , Zhang Minfang , Shao Xinghua , Xu Longmei , Tang Lumin , Zhu Minyan , Ni Zhaohui , Zhang Ming , Mou Shan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeWe investigated the role of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a ligand‐dependent transcription factor, in renal ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury.Materials and MethodsWe performed unilateral renal I/R model in FXR knockout (Fxr−/−) and wild‐type (WT) mice in vivo and a hypoxia‐reoxygenation (H/R) model in vitro. The pathways by which FXR induces apoptosis were detected using a proteome profiler array. The effects of FXR on apoptosis were evaluated using immunoblotting, TUNEL assays and flow cytometry.ResultsCompared with WT mice, Fxr−/− mice showed improved renal function and reduced tubular injury scores and apoptosis. Consistent with the in vivo results, the silencing of FXR decreased the number of apoptotic HK‐2 cells after H/R, while FXR overexpression aggravated apoptosis. Notably, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and immunohistochemistry experiments revealed the involvement of FXR in the tubular epithelium rather than in inflammatory cells. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that FXR deficiency increased phosphorylated Bcl‐2 agonist of cell death (p‐Bad) expression levels and the ratio of Bcl‐2/Bcl‐xL to Bax expression in the kidney. Treatment with wortmannin, which reduced p‐Bad expression, inhibited the effects of FXR deficiency and eliminated the tolerance of Fxr−/− mouse kidneys to I/R injury.ConclusionsThese results established the pivotal importance of FXR inactivation in tubular epithelial cells after I/R injury. FXR may promote the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting PI3k/Akt‐mediated Bad phosphorylation to cause renal I/R damage.