bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expressive Timing in Bob Dylan's ‘With God on Our Side’
Authors: MURPHY NANCY 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTTo analyse the metre of popular song is an act of performance analysis. Without reference to a score, analysts must rely on recordings to determine metre, grouping, and timing fluctuations. When these fluctuations and groupings change (within a performance or between performances) a fixed representation of a song's metre is challenged.In this study, I explore how Dylan's early, folk‐influenced ‘singer‐songwriter’ music challenges traditional approaches to performance analysis through an investigation of expressive timing in his song ‘With God on Our Side’ (1964). The studio recording, from The Times They Are A‐Changin’, defies a fixed metre: timing fluctuations make it difficult to choose a tactus and tactus groupings will be inconsistent, switching between triple and quadruple hypermetre. Live performances between 1963 and 1965 often also feature unpredictable grouping structures.I begin this study with a brief contextualisation of the song within the early 1960s folk revival. Secondly, I investigate the inadequacies of published sheet music and guitar tablature as referential scores for a study of metre in popular songs. I then explore hypermetric structures of ‘With God on Our Side’ in live performances in the early‐to‐mid 1960s. Finally, I analyze the metric details of the opening phrases of the Times studio recording. These analyses demonstrate how changing metric structure expresses both lyrical meaning and the freedoms of Dylan's early 1960s performance practice. These findings, in their renegotiation of the roles of performance analysis (composer, performer, analyst and score), demonstrate how critical attention should be paid to expressive timing in flexibly timed popular music.
Clinical features and Outcomes of Cryptococcemia patients with and without HIV infection
Authors: Zhao Handan , Zhou Minghan , Zheng Qing , Zhu Mingjian , Yang Zongxing , Hu Caiqin , Xu Lijun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of cryptococcemia on patient outcomes in those with or without HIV remain unclear.MethodsOne hundred and seventy‐nine cryptococcemia patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Demographic characteristics, blood test results and outcome were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe diagnosis time of Cryptococcus infection was 2.0(0‐6.0) days for HIV‐infected patients, 5.0 (1.5‐8.0) days for HIV‐uninfected patients (p = .008), 2.0 (1.0‐6.0) days for cryptococcal meningitis (CM) patients and 6.0 (5.0‐8.0) days for non‐CM patients (p < .001). HIV infection [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) (95% confidence interval): 6.0(2.3‐15.9)], CRP < 15 mg/L [AOR:3.7(1.7‐8.1)) and haemoglobin > 110 g/L [AOR:2.5(1.2‐5.4)] were risk factors for CM development. Forty‐six (25.7%) patients died within 90 days. ICU stay [AOR:2.8(1.1‐7.1)], hypoalbuminemia [AOR:2.7(1.4‐5.3)], no anti‐cryptococcal treatment [AOR:4.7(1.9‐11.7)] and altered consciousness [AOR:2.4(1.0‐5.5)] were independent risk factors for 90‐day mortality in all patients. HIV infection did not increase the 90‐day mortality of cryptococcemia patients when anti‐Cryptococcus treatment was available. Non‐Amphotericin B treatment [AOR:3.4(1.0‐11.2)] was associated with 90‐day mortality in HIV‐infected patients, but age ≥ 50.0 years old [AOR:2.7(1.0‐2.9)], predisposing disease [AOR:4.1(1.2‐14.2)] and altered consciousness [AOR:3.7(1.1‐12.9)] were associated with 90‐day mortality in HIV‐uninfected patients who accepted anti‐Cryptococcus treatment.ConclusionHIV infection increased the incidence of CM rather than mortality in cryptococcemia patients. The predictive model was completely divergent in HIV‐infected and HIV‐uninfected patients, suggesting that novel strategies for diagnosis and treatment algorithms are urgently needed.
Transformed by contested digital spaces? Social media and Ukrainian diasporic ‘selves’ in the wake of the conflict with Russia
Authors: Kozachenko Ivan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has had a profound effect not only on the warring countries but also on diasporas that are related to them. Bringing together theories of diasporic identities and new media, this paper explores how Ukrainian diasporic ‘selves’ are affected by the ongoing conflict with the focus on the role of social media in the formation of their national and ethnic identities. With a series of in‐depth interviews conducted in Europe and North America, this study identifies the functions of social media in diasporic self‐understanding, representation of national culture and online commemoration and mourning. The findings reveal that social media provide diasporic subjects with a space for the negotiation and performance of ethnic and national identities. Within this space, however, they experience ongoing contestation that makes ‘new’ diaspora members more prone to relate to the radicalised discourses on national history, explanations of the conflict and Ukrainian monolingualism.
Caring for critically ill patients during interhospital transfers: A qualitative study
Authors: Dabija Marius , Aine Matilda , Forsberg Angelica 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus pandemic has resulted in an increased number of interhospital transfers of patients with artificial airways. The transfer of these patients is associated with risks and has been experienced as highly challenging, which needs to be further explored.Aims and objectivesTo describe critical care nurses' experiences of caring for critically ill patients with artificial airways during interhospital transfers.DesignA cross‐sectional study using a qualitative approach was conducted during spring 2020. Participants were critical care nurses (n = 7) from different hospitals (n = 2).MethodsThe data were collected through semi‐structured interviews based on an interview guide. A qualitative content analysis using an inductive approach was performed.ResultsThe analysis resulted in one main theme, “Preserving the safety in an unknown environment,” and three sub‐themes, “Being adequately prepared is essential to feel secure,” “Feeling abandoned and overwhelmingly responsible,” and “Being challenged in an unfamiliar and risky environment.”ConclusionsCritical care nurses experienced interhospital transfers of critically ill patients with artificial airways as complex and risky. It is essential to have an overall plan in order to prevent any unpredictable and acute events. Adequate communication and good teamwork are key to the safe transfer of a critically ill patient in that potential complications and dangers to the patient can be prevented.Relevance to clinical practiceStandardized checklists need to be created to guide the transfers of critically ill patients with different conditions. This would prevent failures based on human or system factors, such as lack of experience and lack of good teamwork.
Feeding on methoprene increases male accessory gland size and body protein in the Mexican fruit fly
Authors: Reyes‐Hernández Martha , del Castillo Ricardo Macías‐Díaz , Abraham Solana , Arredondo José , Pérez‐Staples Diana 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMethoprene, a juvenile hormone analog, accelerates male sexual maturation in some pest species controlled through the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). The SIT consists of the mass‐rearing, irradiation and release of insects into affected areas, where sterile males mate with wild females and render them infertile. Sterile males are held for 6 days in confinement before release, and they are often released before attaining sexual maturity. The use of methoprene during this time has been shown to increase male mating frequency. However, very little is known on the effects of methoprene on the reproductive physiology of tephritid pests, including male accessory gland size, whole body protein content, sperm transfer and female remating receptivity. Here we found that sterile Anastrepha ludens males fed methoprene with only a 1:24 protein to sugar diet had greater male mating frequency and bigger male accessory glands compared to males deprived of methoprene. Furthermore, positive effects of methoprene inclusion in the diet were found on the amount of sperm stored by females, and body protein content but only when males fed sugar only. Inclusion of methoprene in the diet did not affect remating propensity of wild females having mated with sterile males. Females mating with young 5‐day‐old males stored fewer sperm than females mating with older males regardless of diet. The use of methoprene as a pre‐release supplement can positively impact early sexual maturation, energy reserves and male reproductive organs of A. ludens males, thus supporting its use in SIT programmes controlling this pest.
Photochemistry of Tris(2,4‐dibromophenyl)amine and its Application to Co‐oxidation on Sulfides and Phosphines†
Authors: Bonesi Sergio M. , Mella Mariella , Merli Daniele , Protti Stefano 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The photochemistry of tris(2,4‐dibromophenyl)amine was investigated via time‐resolved nanosecond spectroscopy. The tris(2,4‐dibromophenyl)amine radical cation (“Magic Green”) was immediately detected after the laser pulse; this intermediate then cyclizes to N‐aryl‐4a,4b‐dihydrocarbazole radical cation. The latter transient reacted with molecular oxygen to provide the corresponding hydroperoxyl radical, which smoothly co‐oxidize sulfides into sulfoxides. On the other hand, the photogenerated “Magic Green” was exploited to promote the co‐oxidation of nucleophilic triarylphosphines to triarylphosphine oxides through an electron transfer process preventing the amine cyclization. In this case, the intermediate Ar3POO•+ was found to play a key role in phosphine oxide formation.
Growing Up as a European? Parental Socialization and the Educational Divide in Euroskepticism
Authors: Kuhn Theresa , Lancee Bram , Sarrasin Oriane 
Published: February 2021

Research consistently shows that individuals with higher levels of education express lower levels of Euroskepticism. This relationship has been explained by values and skills acquired in education and by higher labor‐market competitiveness. While these explanations assume a causal impact of education, previous research uses cross‐sectional data. This is problematic, as students self‐select into education. The contribution of this article is twofold. First, it provides a better test of the causal effect of education on Euroskepticism by using data from the Swiss Household Panel (1999–2011) that allow analyzing how Euroskepticism changes as students move through education from the age of 13 years onwards. Second, it advances theory by highlighting the role of parental socialization in explaining Euroskepticism. We argue that children of higher educated parents select into higher education and take over the pro‐European attitudes of their parents. We find a strong educational divide in Euroskepticism. However, longitudinal analyses show no change in Euroskepticism as individuals pass through education. Supporting the parental‐socialization hypothesis, parental Euroskeptic attitudes and education explain changes in youngsters' Euroskepticism. The results suggest that, rather than a genuine education effect, differences between educational groups are mostly a result of self‐selection due to family background.
Illusion of control affects ERP amplitude reductions for auditory outcomes of self‐generated actions
Authors: Seidel Alexander , Ghio Marta , Studer Bettina , Bellebaum Christian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe reduction of neural responses to self‐generated stimuli compared to external stimuli is thought to result from the matching of motor‐based sensory predictions and sensory reafferences and to serve the identification of changes in the environment as caused by oneself. The amplitude of the auditory event‐related potential (ERP) component N1 seems to closely reflect this matching process, while the later positive component (P2/ P3a) has been associated with judgments of agency, which are also sensitive to contextual top‐down information. In this study, we examined the effect of perceived control over sound production on the processing of self‐generated and external stimuli, as reflected in these components. We used a new version of a classic two‐button choice task to induce different degrees of the illusion of control (IoC) and recorded ERPs for the processing of self‐generated and external sounds in a subsequent task. N1 amplitudes were reduced for self‐generated compared to external sounds, but not significantly affected by IoC. P2/3a amplitudes were affected by IoC: We found reduced P2/3a amplitudes after a high compared to a low IoC induction training, but only for self‐generated, not for external sounds. These findings suggest that prior contextual belief information induced by an IoC affects later processing as reflected in the P2/P3a, possibly for the formation of agency judgments, while early processing reflecting motor‐based predictions is not affected.
Stimulus–response learning and expected reward value enhance stimulus cognitive processing: An ERP study
Authors: Molinero Sara , Giménez‐Fernández Tamara , López Francisco J. , Carretié Luis , Luque David 
Published: February 2021

AbstractReward affects our attention to stimuli, prioritizing those that lead to high‐value outcomes. Recently, it has been suggested that such reward‐related cognitive prioritization might be associated with the process of learning new stimulus–response (S‐R) associations, because both are acquired through extended reward training, and once established, they are hard to overcome. We used event‐related potentials (ERP) to analyze the contribution of S‐R links to the formation of reward‐related cognitive prioritization during reinforcement learning. Reward‐related cognitive prioritization was measured by comparing the ERP signals for stimuli predicting high‐value and low‐value outcomes. In addition, we compared a strong S‐R link (same stimulus, same response), with a weak S‐R link condition (same stimulus, two different responses). The participants’ performance was more accurate and faster when the procedure allowed for establishing strong S‐R links and for high‐value outcomes. Furthermore, those stimuli associated with strong S‐R links showed a larger P3 amplitude at parietal sites. Value effects (larger ERP activity for those stimuli predicting a high‐value outcome) were obtained at parietal and occipital sites in the P3 time window. However, value effects did not benefit from strong S‐R links in either the P1 or the P3 components. These results suggest that strong S‐R learning is not necessary to develop reward‐related modulations of ERP activity.
A comprehensive review on genetically modified fish: key techniques, applications and future prospects
Authors: Wang Yan , Hamid Naima , Jia Pan‐Pan , Pei De‐Sheng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGenetically modified fish is a general term used for whole fish whose DNA has been artificially altered by directly integrating (or deleting) single or multiple genes to introduce or modify a targeted character. Different techniques have been performed to produce genetically modified fish. Importantly, the introduction of various types of fluorescent proteins has dramatically expanded the range of applications of genetically modified fish. Currently, genetically modified fish have been widely employed as experimental models for medical science, pharmacology and environmental toxicology. The commercial application of genetically modified fish in aquaculture is still up for debate, although the first commercialization of genetically modified fish, GloFish, was in 2003, and further, the United States and Canada approved the commercial production and sale of the AquAdvantage Salmon. In this review, we discuss the principles and developmental history of fish transgenesis via gene transfer and gene‐editing techniques, and their applications in diverse fields. Further, challenges and prospects associated with the genetically modified fish are discussed.
The impact of conflict on the exchange rate of developing economies
Authors: Michail Nektarios A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the impact different types of conflict have on the nominal exchange rate (NER), using a panel of developing economies. Accounting for NER determinants, the evidence suggests that in addition to the depreciation caused by macroeconomic factors, intra‐state (civil) wars have a strong and significant depreciative impact on the exchange rate. In contrast, international wars do not appear to have any excess effect. A potential explanation of this phenomenon is that, unlike international wars where winners and losers are more difficult to distinguish a priori, in civil wars the country is much more likely to face economic deterioration, therefore promoting an over‐discounting effect. The findings provide insights for both investors and policymakers given that exchange rate devaluation can likely provide a negative feedback mechanism to the local economy, especially if they hold foreign currency debt. The depreciation could also potentially have strong effects on the long‐run growth potential, considering that most developing economies rely on imports of capital goods for research and development purposes.
How is sport participation related to mortality, diabetes and prediabetes for different body mass index levels?
Authors: de Boer Willem , Corpeleijn Eva , Dekker Louise , Mierau Jochen , Koning Ruud 
Published: February 2021

This study examined the association of sport participation with health outcomes and whether this relation differs between body mass index (BMI)‐level subpopulations. Research outcomes for sport participation were compared with other types of leisure‐time physical activity (PA). We used the Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess the associations of sport participation, and four other PA types (cycling, gardening, doing odd jobs, and walking), with the risk of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and all‐cause mortality in 97,212 individuals (58.4% women; mean age: 46.5 years) in the Dutch LifeLines cohort. Outcomes were stratified by three BMI levels: healthy weight (BMI: 18.5‐24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI: 25.0‐29.9 kg/m2), and obesity (BMI: 30.0 kg/m2 or above). Sport participation was associated with lower health risks, but only significantly so for prediabetes (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.81‐0.92). For healthy weight persons, sport participation was associated with the largest risk reductions, with significantly lower risks of prediabetes (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.68‐0.90) and all‐cause mortality (HR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.65‐0.96). Other PA types were not associated with significantly lower health risks, with the exception of cycling, for which significantly lower health risks for persons with overweight were found. Our findings show that sport participation is associated with lower health risks, especially prediabetes, but the effect varies between BMI levels, with the strongest link for persons with a healthy weight. Sport participation, together with cycling, is likely to be more effective in reducing health risks than other types of PA.
Policing cities: Incivility, disorder, and societal transformations
Authors: Pospěch Pavel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOver the past 30 years, we have been witnessing a rise in incivility policing across western but also non‐western cities. The term “incivility policing” refers to bans and exclusion aimed at drinking alcohol, begging, loitering, sitting in public, and many other kinds of subcriminal conduct. Scholars have observed an increasing readiness to demand legal “solutions” aimed against these kinds of conduct. In this paper, I review two major strands of scholarship dealing with the origins of these calls: First, a rising punitiveness and a “law and order” mentality, inspired by the Broken windows theory and Zero tolerance policies. Second, privatization of space and the rising influence of private actors over public spaces are discussed with references to the concepts of neoliberalism, revanchism, and the right to the city. The effect of incivility policing on vulnerable groups is examined using the example of homeless people in public space. In the final part, I suggest new factors which could help us understand the rise in incivility policing: These include general trust, everyday trust, and the imaginaries of community.
Withstanding the plague: Institutional resilience of the East Asian welfare state
Authors: Soon Suetgiin , Chou Chelsea C. , Shi Shih‐Jiunn 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs the origin place of the COVID‐19 outbreak, East Asian welfare states have largely survived the immediate health threats out of the pandemic shock but have yet to deal with its dire social consequences. This paper offers an institutionalist account—in terms of the institutional resilience of the welfare state—to grasp the policy dynamics in East Asia. We select four cases under scrutiny: China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan, to analyse the major trend of social policy responses in this region. With a systematic comparison of the policy responses, in particular reference to the unemployment protection and social assistance that have arisen as the major crisis responses, we identify striking similarities in institutional arrangements but also some variation in policy approaches. Given the effective containment of the pandemic spread and the comprehensive social safety nets, region‐wide measures such as consumption vouchers, prolonged unemployment benefits and emergency relief aids are of a one‐shot nature that will fall off once this crisis abates. The common trend of social policy responses to the crisis is largely an extension, not replacement or reinvention, of the existing institutional edifice of the East Asian welfare state. However, the pandemic crisis may offer a window of opportunity for gradual institutional change in light of the exacerbating social inequalities.
HIV transmission network analysis allows identifying unreported risk factors in HIV‐positive blood donors in France
Authors: Cappy Pierre , Chaillon Antoine , Pillonel Josiane , Essat Asma , Chaix Marie‐Laure , Meyer Laurence , Barin Francis , Tiberghien Pierre , Laperche Syria 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesAs sex between men is a major route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in most western countries, restrictive deferral rules for blood donation have largely been implemented regarding men having sex with men (MSM). Here, we sought here to assign unreported HIV risk factors in blood donors (BDs) and reevaluated the MSM‐associated fraction of HIV transfusion residual risk (%RRMSM).MethodsWe applied a genetic distance‐based approach to infer an HIV transmission network for 384 HIV sequences from French BDs and 1337 HIV sequences from individuals with known risk factors (ANRS PRIMO primary HIV infection cohort). We validated the possibility of assigning a risk factor according to clustering using assortative mixing. Finally, we recalculated the %RRMSM.ResultsA total of 81 of 284 (28.5%) male and 5 of 100 (5%) female BDs belonged to a cluster; 72 (88.9%) of the 81 male BDs belonged to MSM clusters. After cluster correction, 8 of 67 (11.9%), 4 of 21 (19.0%), and 19 of 88 (21.6%) HIV‐positive (HIV+) male BDs with heterosexual, other, or unknown risk factors could be reclassified as MSM, accounting for 10.9% of the total HIV+ male BDs. Overall, 139 of 284 HIV+ male donors (48.9%) could be considered MSM between 2000 and 2016 in France. Between 2005 and 2016, the %RRMSM increase varied from 0 to 19%, without differing significantly from the %RRMSM before reclassification.ConclusionNetwork inference can be used to complement declaration data on risk factors for HIV infection in BDs. This approach, complementary to behavioral studies, is a valuable tool to evaluate the effect of changes in deferral criteria on BD compliance.