bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Immunodetection of Global A‐to‐I RNA Editing Activity with a Chemiluminescent Bioassay
Authors: Knutson Steve D. , Arthur Robert A. , Johnston H. Richard , Heemstra Jennifer M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAdenosine‐to‐inosine (A‐to‐I) editing is a conserved eukaryotic RNA modification that contributes to development, immune response, and overall cellular function. Here, we utilize Endonuclease V (EndoV), which binds specifically to inosine in RNA, to develop an EndoV‐linked immunosorbency assay (EndoVLISA) as a rapid, plate‐based chemiluminescent method for measuring global A‐to‐I editing signatures in cellular RNA. We first optimize and validate our assay with chemically synthesized oligonucleotides. We then demonstrate rapid detection of inosine content in treated cell lines, demonstrating equivalent performance against current standard RNA‐seq approaches. Lastly, we deploy our EndoVLISA for profiling differential A‐to‐I RNA editing signatures in normal and diseased human tissue, illustrating the utility of our platform as a diagnostic bioassay. Together, the EndoVLISA method is cost‐effective, straightforward, and utilizes common laboratory equipment, offering a highly accessible new approach for studying A‐to‐I editing. Moreover, the multi‐well plate format makes this the first assay amenable for direct high‐throughput quantification of A‐to‐I editing for applications in disease detection and drug development.
Synthesis of Fluorinated Aminoalkylboronic Acids from Amphoteric α‐Boryl Aldehydes
Authors: Soor Harjeet S. , Diaz Diego B. , Burton Katherine I. , Yudin Andrei K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOur ongoing search for underdeveloped functional group combinations has brought to light α‐fluorinated aminoalkylboronic acids, a new class of molecules featuring the B‐CF linkage. These compounds can now be generated from secondary amines and α‐boryl aldehydes through electrophilic fluorination of boryl enamines or enamides. Fluorinated β‐aminoalkylboronic acids show no signs of degradation under ambient conditions. We present evidence for the involvement of chair‐like motifs, favored over the acyclic forms by up to 1.7±0.1 kcal mol−1 in water and held together by an amine‐boronate hydrogen bond. Fluorinated β‐aminoalkylboronic acids are stable over a wide pH range and are characterized by a pKa of 3.4, which is the lowest of any alkylboronic acid.
Synthesis of Cyclic Anhydrides via Ligand‐Enabled C–H Carbonylation of Simple Aliphatic Acids
Authors: Zhuang Zhe , Herron Alastair N. , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe development of C(sp3)–H functionalizations of free carboxylic acids has provided a wide range of versatile C−C and C−Y (Y=heteroatom) bond‐forming reactions. Additionally, C–H functionalizations have lent themselves to the one‐step preparation of a number of valuable synthetic motifs that are often difficult to prepare through conventional methods. Herein, we report a β‐ or γ‐C(sp3)–H carbonylation of free carboxylic acids using Mo(CO)6as a convenient solid CO source and enabled by a bidentate ligand, leading to convenient syntheses of cyclic anhydrides. Among these, the succinic anhydride products are versatile stepping stones for the mono‐selective introduction of various functional groups at the β position of the parent acids by decarboxylative functionalizations, thus providing a divergent strategy to synthesize a myriad of carboxylic acids inaccessible by previous β‐C–H activation reactions. The enantioselective carbonylation of free cyclopropanecarboxylic acids has also been achieved using a chiral bidentate thioether ligand
In Situ Formation of Ag2S Nanoparticles on a Paper‐Supported Wettable Microchip for High‐Throughput Photothermal Sensing of MicroRNA
Authors: Wu Tingting , Cao Yu , Chen Hanjun , Liu Zhihong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhotothermal biosensors have emerged as an attractive strategy for point‐of‐care testing (POCT). However, developing a photothermal biosensor with good accuracy to realize high‐throughput detection is still a big challenge. Herein, a photothermal biosensor comprised of a paper‐supported wettable microchip was proposed for sensitive, accuracy, high‐throughput detection of microRNA (miRNA). Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) products on the wettable paper induced by target miRNA were used as a template for in situ formation of Ag2S nanoparticles (NPs), which can translate miRNA concentration into temperature change. The developed photothermal biosensor with low sample volume exhibited high sensitivity with a detection limit of 49.7 pM. In addition, the biosensor showed excellent reproducibility and selectivity, and the miRNA content in cell lysates was successfully assayed. The proposed photothermal biosensor shows great potential in biomedical application and clinical diagnosis.
Mechanical properties and flame retardancy of PLA composites containing zinc oxide and chain extender
Authors: Chen Yajun , He Jingxiu , Xu Lifeng , Xu Bo , Qian Lijun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA micro‐cross‐linked structure had been constructed by the addition of zinc oxide with nanometer‐scale particle size (nano ZnO) and chain extender (ADR) into intumescent flame retardant poly (lactic acid) (FRPLA). Flame retardant properties, mechanical properties and thermal stabilities were studied. Limited oxygen index of the FRPLA composite with 1% nano ZnO and 0.8% ADR (FRPLA/0.8ADR/1ZnO) was a maximum (39.4%).Tmaxand residue at 800°C of FRPLA/0.8ADR/1ZnO was the highest in air. Tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength of FRPLA/0.8ADR/1ZnO was significantly higher than that which resulted with the addition of either individual filler, indicating that the synergistic effect between nano ZnO and ADR regulated the comprehensive performance of FRPLA. The synergetic effect between nano ZnO and ADR were further illustrated.
The information practices of law enforcement: Passive and active collaboration and its implication for sanctuary laws in Washington state
Authors: Tian Yubing , Gomez Ricardo , Cifor Marika , Wilson James , Morgan Henry 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough Washington state sanctuary policies of 2017 prohibit collaboration between local law enforcement and federal immigration enforcement in noncriminal cases, compliance with sanctuary policies has not been systematically studied. We explore information practices and collaboration between local law enforcement and federal immigration enforcement in Grant County, Washington, based on records from November 2017 to May 2019 obtained by the University of Washington Center for Human Rights through Public Records Act (PRA) requests. Qualitative analysis of over 8,000 pages reveals a baseline of passive and active information sharing and collaboration between local law enforcement and federal immigration agencies before Washington sanctuary laws went into effect in May 2019, a practice that needs to stop if agencies are to comply with the laws. We employ a systematic methodology to obtain (through PRA and other Access to Information requests) and analyze official records through qualitative content analysis, to monitor and hold local law enforcement accountable in their compliance with sanctuary laws. This method can be used to examine law enforcement information behaviors in other counties in Washington, and in other states that offer sanctuary protections, as a way to monitor compliance with sanctuary laws and strengthen the protection of immigrants' rights.
Interleukin‐9 deficiency affects lipopolysaccharide‐induced macrophage‐related oxidative stress and myocardial cell apoptosis via the Nrf2 pathway both in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Liang Zhishan , Pan Fuze , Yang Zicong , Wang Mengjie , Hu Changxing , Shi Lei , Ji Qingwei , Liu Ling 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrevious studies showed that interleukin‐9 (IL‐9) is involved in cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and cardiac fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the role of IL‐9 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced myocardial cell (MC) apoptosis. Mice were treated with LPS, and IL‐9 expression was measured and the results showed that compared with WT mice, LPS‐treated mice exhibited increased cardiac Mø‐derived IL‐9. Additionally, the effects of IL‐9 deficiency (IL‐9−/−) on macrophage (Mø)‐related oxidative stress and MC apoptosis were evaluated, the results showed that IL‐9 knockout significantly exacerbated cardiac dysfunction, inhibited Nrf2 nuclear transfer, promoted an imbalance in M1 and M2 Møs, and exacerbated oxidative stress and MC apoptosis in LPS‐treated mice. Treatment with ML385, a specific nuclear factor erythroid‐2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway inhibitor significantly alleviated the above effects in LPS‐treated IL‐9−/− mice. Bone marrow‐derived Møs from wild‐type (WT) mice and IL‐9−/− mice were treated with LPS, and the differentiation and oxidative stress levels of Møs were measured. The effect of Mø differentiation on mouse MC apoptosis was also analyzed in vitro. The results showed that LPS‐induced M1 Mø/M2 Mø imbalance and Mø‐related oxidative stress were alleviated by IL‐9 knockout but were exacerbated by ML385 treatment. The protective effects of IL‐9 deficiency on the MC apoptosis mediated by LPS‐treated Møs were reversed by ML‐385. Our results suggest that deletion of IL‐9 decreased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in Møs, which further aggravated Mø‐related oxidative stress and MC apoptosis. IL‐9 may be a target for the prevention of LPS‐induced cardiac injury.
Electrostatic Perturbations from the Protein Affect C−H Bond Strengths of the Substrate and Enable Negative Catalysis in the TmpA Biosynthesis Enzyme
Authors: Lin Yen‐Ting , Ali Hafiz Saqib , de Visser Sam P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe nonheme iron dioxygenase 2‐(trimethylammonio)‐ethylphosphonate dioxygenase (TmpA) is an enzyme involved in the regio‐ and chemoselective hydroxylation at the C1‐position of the substrate as part of the biosynthesis of glycine betaine in bacteria and carnitine in humans. To understand how the enzyme avoids breaking the weak C2−H bond in favor of C1‐hydroxylation, we set up a cluster model of 242 atoms representing the first and second coordination sphere of the metal center and substrate binding pocket, and investigated possible reaction mechanisms of substrate activation by an iron(IV)‐oxo species by density functional theory methods. In agreement with experimental product distributions, the calculations predict a favorable C1‐hydroxylation pathway. The calculations show that the selectivity is guided through electrostatic perturbations inside the protein from charged residues, external electric fields and electric dipole moments. In particular, charged residues influence and perturb the homolytic bond strength of the C1−H and C2−H bonds of the substrate, and strongly strengthens the C2−H bond in the substrate‐bound orientation.
Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Mono‐ and Bimetallic Lanthanide Tetraimido‐Sulfate S(NtBu)42− Complexes
Authors: Jung Jochen , Benner Florian , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Demir Selvan , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLanthanide ions are particularly well‐suited for the design of single‐molecule magnets owing to their large unquenched orbital angular momentum and strong spin‐orbit coupling that gives rise to high magnetic anisotropy. Such nanoscopic bar magnets can potentially revolutionize high‐density information storage and processing technologies, if blocking temperatures can be increased substantially. Exploring non‐classical ligand scaffolds with the aim to boost the barriers to spin‐relaxation are prerequisite. Here, the synthesis, crystallographic and magnetic characterization of a series of each isomorphous mono‐ and dinuclear lanthanide (Ln=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) complexes comprising tetraimido sulfate ligands are presented. The dinuclear Dy complex [{(thf)2Li(NtBu)2S(tBuN)2DyCl2}2 ⋅ ClLi(thf)2] (1c) shows true signatures of single‐molecule magnet behavior in the absence of a dc field. In addition, the mononuclear Dy and Tb complexes [{(thf)2Li(NtBu)2S(tBuN)2LnCl2(thf)2] (2b,c) show slow magnetic relaxation under applied dc fields.
Stable and Storable N(CF3)2 Transfer Reagents
Authors: Schneider Leon N. , Tanzer Krauel Eva‐Maria , Deutsch Carl , Urbahns Klaus , Bischof Tobias , Maibom Kristina A. M. , Landmann Johannes , Keppner Fabian , Kerpen Christoph , Hailmann Michael , Zapf Ludwig , Knuplez Tanja , Bertermann Rüdiger , Ignat'ev Nikolai V. , Finze Maik 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFluorinated groups are essential for drug design, agrochemicals, and materials science. The bis(trifluoromethyl)amino group is an example of a stable group that has a high potential. While the number of molecules containing perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkoxy, and other fluorinated groups is steadily increasing, examples with the N(CF3)2 group are rare. One reason is that transfer reagents are scarce and metal‐based storable reagents are unknown. Herein, a set of CuI and AgI bis(trifluoromethyl)amido complexes stabilized by N‐ and P‐donor ligands with unprecedented stability are presented. The complexes are stable solids that can even be manipulated in air for a short time. They are bis(trifluoromethyl)amination reagents as shown by nucleophilic substitution and Sandmeyer reactions. In addition to a series of benzylbis(trifluoromethyl)amines, 2‐bis(trifluoromethyl)amino acetate was obtained, which, upon hydrolysis, gives the fluorinated amino acid N,N‐bis(trifluoromethyl)glycine.
A deep learning system to diagnose the malignant potential of urothelial carcinoma cells in cytology specimens
Authors: Nojima Satoshi , Terayama Kei , Shimoura Saeko , Hijiki Sachiko , Nonomura Norio , Morii Eiichi , Okuno Yasushi , Fujita Kazutoshi 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundAlthough deep learning algorithms for clinical cytology have recently been developed, their application to practical assistance systems has not been achieved. In addition, whether deep learning systems (DLSs) can perform diagnoses that cannot be performed by pathologists has not been fully evaluated.MethodsThe authors initially obtained low‐power field cytology images from archived Papanicolaou‐stained urinary cytology glass slides from 232 patients. To aid in the development of a diagnosis support system that could identify suspicious atypical cells, the images were divided into high‐power field panel image sets for training and testing of the 16‐layer Visual Geometry Group convolutional neural network. The DLS was trained using linked information pertaining to whether urothelial carcinoma (UC) in the corresponding histology specimen was invasive or noninvasive, or high‐grade or low‐grade, followed by an evaluation of whether the DLS could diagnose these characteristics.ResultsThe DLS achieved excellent performance (eg, an area under the curve [AUC] of 0.9890; F1 score, 0.9002) when trained on high‐power field images of malignant and benign cases. The DLS could diagnose whether the lesions were invasive UC (AUC, 0.8628; F1 score, 0.8239) or high‐grade UC (AUC, 0.8661; F1 score, 0.8218). Gradient‐weighted class activation mapping of these images indicated that the diagnoses were based on the color of tumor cell nuclei.ConclusionsThe DLS could accurately screen UC cells and determine the malignant potential of tumors more accurately than classical cytology. The use of a DLS during cytopathology screening could help urologists plan therapeutic strategies, which, in turn, may be beneficial for patients.
Climate warming will increase chances of hybridization and introgression between two Takydromus lizards (Lacertidae)
Authors: Guo Kun , Zhong Jun , Xie Fan , Zhu Lin , Qu Yan‐Fu , Ji Xiang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCoexisting species may experience population and range changes alone or jointly in response to environmental change. Here, we used six climate variables and ten modeling algorithms to predict the distribution of two Takydromus species (T. septentrionalis and T. sexlineatus) in China. We identified the sympatric and allopatric areas by comparing projections between the two species based on habitat suitability under present and future climate scenarios. We constructed the hypervolumes of six climate variables for the two species and then evaluated overlaps between hypervolumes. From this study, we know the following. First, minimum temperature of coldest month contributes the most to the prediction of habitat suitability. Second, habitats suitable for the two species will shift northward in response to climate warming. Third, the range of T. sexlineatus will expand across the four future time intervals before 2,100, namely the 2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2061–2080, and 2081–2100 intervals, under both Shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) 245 and SSP585 scenarios, and the range of T. septentrionalis will also expand in the future except at the 2081–2100 interval under the SSP585 scenario. Fourth, the sympatric areas will contract or expand under the SSP245 scenario and expand across the four future time intervals before 2,100 under the SSP585 scenario. Fifth, the niche hypervolumes of the two species partially overlapped, and the differences in niche centroid show some degree of niche differentiation between the two species. These results allow to conclude that climate warming will not only drive the northward drift of sympatric areas but also increase the size of these areas if nothing is done to limit the emission of greenhouse gases. Given the existence of hybridization and introgression between T. septentrionalis and T. sexlineatus in the field where they coexist, we also conclude that climate warming will increase chances of hybridization and introgression between the two species.
Prior disturbance legacy effects on plant recovery post‐high‐severity wildfire
Authors: Bowd Elle J. , Blair David P. , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLarge, high‐severity wildfires are an important component of disturbance regimes around the world and can influence the structure and function of forest ecosystems. Climatic changes and anthropogenic disturbances have altered global disturbance patterns and increased the frequency of high‐severity wildfires worldwide. While the recovery of plant communities at different successional stages after fire is well known, the influence of prior disturbances and stand age is poorly understood. Despite this, high‐intensity wildfires can produce long‐lasting legacy effects, which can influence the resistance and resilience of ecosystems. Here, we quantified the influence of prior stand age and disturbance history on the recovery of plant communities in the Mountain Ash and Alpine Ash forests of south‐eastern Australia after high‐severity wildfire. Specifically, controlling for stand age, we compared the abundance (percent cover) of different plant life forms and reproductive strategies in forests that were, at the time of high‐severity wildfire in 2009, “young” (28–35 yr old and previously logged), “mixed” age (26, 70–83, >150 yr old), “mature” (70–83 yr old), and “old‐growth” (>150 yr old). We uncovered evidence that the legacy of prior disturbance and stand age at the time of high‐severity wildfire can influence the recovery of plant communities in early successional forests. Specifically, we found that “young” forests burnt in 2009 had a higher abundance of ruderal and graminoid species, but had a lower abundance of persistent, onsite seeders, includingAcaciaand eucalypt species, relative to “old‐growth” forests burnt in 2009. “Mature” aged forests burnt in 2009 also had a lower abundance ofAcacia, eucalypt, and shrub species, relative to “old‐growth forests” burnt in 2009. Our findings provide evidence of advanced recovery in forests that were older when burnt by high‐severity wildfire, relative to younger forests burnt by the same wildfire. Further, we also demonstrate the influence of different environmental conditions on plant communities. In a period of rapid, global, environmental change, our study provides insights into the recovery of plant communities post‐wildfire with implications for forest management. Further, our findings suggest that predicted increases in the frequency of high‐severity wildfires may have consequences for forest regeneration.
Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Shallow Groundwater and Their Implication for Poor Sanitation Facilities in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Do Quyen Thi Thuy , Otaki Masahiro , Otaki Yurina , Tushara Chaminda , Sanjeewa Ishara Wijesinghe 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Rudimentary on-site sanitation systems (OSSs) are extensively used in low-income countries despite the risk of groundwater contamination. The present study investigated the potential impact of community soak pits on sandy shallow aquifers in a rural area in Sri Lanka. Thirty-two groundwater samples were collected and measured for the traditional indicators fecal bacteria Escherichia coli, total coliforms, nitrate, and chloride; 7 pharmaceuticals were added as wastewater indicators. Analysis showed that the local groundwater is infected by fecal bacteria, but it was unable to determine whether the source of fecal bacteria is the OSSs. Similarly, nitrate and chloride provided unclear evidence. Conversely, detection of 3 pharmaceuticals at trace levels in groundwater evidenced wastewater impact from OSSs. Caffeine was detected in 89% of the sample at a maximum concentration 7.9 ng/L, indicating fecal pollution. Carbamazepine was detected in 42% of the samples with a concentration of up to 6.9 ng/L, whereas sulfamethoxazole was detected in only 2 samples. The presence of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole was also consistent with recorded drug use of the residents. Escherichia coli showed a moderate positive correlation with caffeine concentration (Kendall's τ = 0.38, p = 0.017), indicating concurring short-lifetime fecal bacteria and labile wastewater organic compounds. Nitrate showed a significant correlation with carbamazepine concentration (τ = 0.39, p = 0.016). Fecal bacteria and nitrate can be used in screening for micropollutants in domestic wells impacted by OSSs. The present case study emphasizes the potential impact of poor sanitation on groundwater resources and the necessity of sanitation improvement in achieving Sustainable Development Goals in developing countries. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:266–274. © 2021 SETAC
Abstract
Fecal bacteria and pharmaceuticals detected in shallow groundwater samples indicated the impact from poor sanitation to groundwater resource in this study.
Dynamic changes of volatile compounds and bacterial diversity during fourth to seventh rounds of Chinese soy sauce aroma liquor
Authors: Wang Lingchang , Zhong Kai , Luo Aimin , Chen Jian , Shen Yi , Wang Xi , He Qiang , Gao Hong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChinese soy sauce aroma liquor (CSSL) is a famous Baijiu. Multiple rounds of fermentation, the characteristic of CSSL processing, contributes to the differences in the quality of the liquor of different rounds. In this study, the grains on cooled, stacked, and fermented stages of 4th to 7th rounds were taken, of which the environmental factors, bacterial diversity, and volatile compounds were comprehensively analyzed. Lactobacillaceae, Bacillaceae, Thermoactinomycetaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae were the top four families, of which Lactobacillaceae dominated the fermented stage of each round. Principal component analysis (PCA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) supported the popular view that the liquors of 3rd to 5th rounds possess the best quality. Lactobacillaceae is an extremely critical bacterium for CSSL fermentation. This study provides comprehensive understanding regarding the dynamic changes in fermented grains during the 4th to 7th rounds, which could help to improve the processing technology of CSSL.