bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro-fabrication of ceramics: Additive manufacturing and conventional technologies
Authors: Hassanin Hany , Essa Khamis , Elshaer Amr , Imbaby Mohamed , El-Mongy Heba H. , El-Sayed Tamer A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCeramic materials are increasingly used in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) as they offer many advantages such as high-temperature resistance, high wear resistance, low density, and favourable mechanical and chemical properties at elevated temperature. However, with the emerging of additive manufacturing, the use of ceramics for functional and structural MEMS raises new opportunities and challenges. This paper provides an extensive review of the manufacturing processes used for ceramic-based MEMS, including additive and conventional manufacturing technologies. The review covers the micro-fabrication techniques of ceramics with the focus on their operating principles, main features, and processed materials. Challenges that need to be addressed in applying additive technologies in MEMS include ceramic printing on wafers, post-processing at the micro-level, resolution, and quality control. The paper also sheds light on the new possibilities of ceramic additive micro-fabrication and their potential applications, which indicates a promising future.
Size and temperature effects on dielectric breakdown of ferroelectric films
Authors: Tong Sheng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe paper introduces a model of dielectric breakdown strength. The model integrated thermal breakdown and defect models, representing the relationship between the electric field of ferroelectric films and dimensional parameters and operating temperature. This model is verified with experimental results of the lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) films of various film thickness (d = 0.8–3 μm), electrode area (A = 0.0020–25 mm2) tested under a range of operating temperature (T = 300–400 K) with satisfying fitting results. Also learned is a relationship that the recoverable electric energy density is directly proportional to the square of breakdown electric field. This relationship is found viable in predicting the electric energy density in terms of variables of d, A, and T for the PLZT films.
Electrical transport in lead-free Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 ceramics
Authors: Suchanicz J. , Kluczewska-Chmielarz K. , Sitko D. , Jagło G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLead-free Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3(NBT) ceramics were prepared via a conventional oxide-mixed sintering route and their electrical transport properties were investigated. Direct current (DC, σDC) and alternating current (AC, σAC) electrical conductivity values, polarization current (first measurements) and depolarization current, current–voltage (I–U) characteristics (first measurements), and the Seebeck coefficient (α) were determined under various conditions. The mechanism of depolarization and the electrical conductivity phenomena observed for the investigated samples were found to be typical. For low voltages, theI–Ucharacteristics were in good agreement with Ohm’s law; for higher voltages, the observed dependences wereI–U2,I–U4, and thenI–U6. The low-frequency σACfollowed the formula σAC–ωs(ω is the angular frequency andsis the frequency exponent). The exponentswas equal to 0.18–0.77 and 0.73–0.99 in the low- and high-frequency regions, respectively, and decreased with temperature increasing. It was shown that conduction mechanisms involved the hopping of charge carriers at low temperatures, small polarons at intermediate temperatures, and oxygen vacancies at high temperatures. Based on AC conductivity data, the density of states at the Fermi-level, and the minimum hopping length were estimated. Electrical conduction was found to undergo p–n–p transitions with increasing temperature. These transitions occurred at depolarization temperatureTd, 280 ℃, and temperature of the maximum of electric permittivityTmis as typical of NBT materials.
Trends in thyroid function testing, neck ultrasound, thyroid fine needle aspiration, and thyroidectomies in North-eastern Italy
Authors: Dal Maso L. , Panato C. , De Paoli A. , Mattioli V. , Serraino D. , Elisei R. , Zoppini G. , Gobitti C. , Borsatti E. , Di Felice E. , Falcini F. , Ferretti S. , Francisci S. , Giorgi Rossi P. , Guzzinati S. , Mazzoleni G. , Pierannunzio D. , Piffer S. , Vaccarella S. , Vicentini M. , Zorzi M. , Franceschi S. , Fedeli U. ,   for the DEPTH Working Group, Avossa F. , De Palma R. , Vattiato R. , Polverino A. , Vittadello F. , Toffolutti F. , Fanetti G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Evidence of an increased diagnostic pressure on thyroid has emerged over the past decades. This study aimed to provide estimates of a wide spectrum of surveillance indicators for thyroid dysfunctions and diseases in Italy.

Methods
A population-based study was conducted in North-eastern Italy, including 11.7 million residents (20% of the total Italian population). Prescriptions for TSH testing, neck ultrasound or thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA), surgical procedures, and drugs for hypo- or hyperthyroidism were extracted from regional health databases. Proportions and rates of selected examinations were calculated from 2010 to 2017, overall and by sex, calendar years, age, and region.

Results
Between 2010 and 2017 in North-eastern Italy, 24.5% of women and 9.8% of men received at least one TSH test yearly. In 2017, 7.1% of women and 1.5% of men were prescribed drugs for thyroid dysfunction, 94.6% of whom for hypothyroidism. Neck ultrasound examinations were performed yearly in 6.9% of women and 4.6% of men, with a nearly two-fold variation between areas. Thyroid FNA and thyroidectomies were three-fold more frequent in women (394 and 85 per 100,000) than in men (128 and 29 per 100,000) with a marked variation between areas. Both procedures decreased consistently after 2013.

Conclusions
The results of this population-based study describe recent variations over time and between surrounding areas of indicators of ‘diagnostic pressure’ on thyroid in North-eastern Italy. These results emphasize the need to harmonize practices and to reduce some procedures (e.g., neck ultrasound and total thyroidectomies) in certain areas.
The Use of Tree-Related Microhabitats as Forest Biodiversity Indicators and to Guide Integrated Forest Management
Authors: Asbeck Thomas , Großmann Josef , Paillet Yoan , Winiger Nathalie , Bauhus Jürgen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose of the Review
The concept of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is an approach to assess and manage multi-taxon species richness in forest ecosystems. Owing to their provision of special habitat features, TreMs are of special interest as a surrogate biodiversity indicator. In particular, in retention forestry, TreMs have gained attention over the past decade as a selection criterion for retained structural elements such as habitat trees. This review seeks to (a) address the suitability of TreMs as biodiversity indicator in the context of retention forestry, (b) summarize drivers of TreM occurrence and the status quo of the implementation of TreM-based retention concepts in forest management, and (c) discuss current and future challenges to the use of TreMs as biodiversity indicator.

Recent Findings
The TreM concept originated in Europe where it is now increasingly implemented. Most studies of the quantity, quality, and diversity of TreMs are focused on tree species from this region, although it is increasingly applied in other contexts. In addition to tree species, tree dimensions and live status have been identified as the main drivers of TreM occurrence. One major remaining research challenge is to verify relationships between the occurrence and abundance of forest-dwelling species from different taxonomic groups and TreMs to improve the evidence basis of this concept and thus increase its integration in forest conservation approaches.

Summary
TreMs are not the “silver bullet” indicator to quantify biodiversity of forest dwelling species, but they provide an important tool for forest managers to guide the selection of habitat trees for the conservation of the associated biodiversity.
In-situ carbonization of ZIF-67 to fabricate magnetically Co/N-mC with high adsorption capacity toward water remediation
Authors: Zheng Zihao , Liu Qiye , Wang Fangxiao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCo and N co-modified mesoporous carbon composites (Co/N-mC) have been simply prepared at low cost from the carbonization of ZIF-67 wherein not only providing surface N-modification for promoting the adsorption behavior of acidic dyes, but also constructing a magnetic property for convenient separation. Co/N-mC composite presented the adsorption ability of MO (178 mg g−1) > RhB (141 mg g−1) (T = 25 °C, pH = 7.0, C0 = 20 mg L−1) because of its spacious porous structure (BET: 250.8 m2 g−1; pore size: 3.9 nm) and functional basic character (pyrrolic-N and pyridinic-N). Compared with basic dyes (RhB), mesoporous C doped with N improves the adsorption of acid dyes (MO). In addition, the magnetic properties introduced in the Co/N-mC make it easier to separate after adsorption and regeneration by an external magnetic field.
Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on vascular endothelial growth factor protein and mRNA in crush injury patients: A randomized controlled trial study
Authors: Oley Mendy Hatibie , Oley Maximillian Christian , Noersasongko Albertus Djarot , Hatta Mochammad , Philips Gerard G. , Agustine  , Faruk Muhammad , Kalangi Jane Angela , Rumampuk Irene M.A. , Tulong Marcella Tirza 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Limb injury is a major health concern that imposes a direct danger to both life and limb viability. At Kandou Hospital Manado, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been performed as an adjunctive treatment for crush injury although no study has yet directly compared outcomes of HBO versus conventional therapy. Documentation of the association between HBO therapy and the healing process of crush injury is necessary to reduce the gaps in the literature and to establish an evidence-based clinical use of HBO therapy.

Methods:
In this study, we assessed the changes in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) serum levels and VEGF mRNA expression as biomarkers of wound healing using ELISA and qRT-PC at four different measurement times: at baseline, after receiving initial treatment (debridement and limb-salvage surgeries), 2 h after the first session HBOT, and after a full 10 HBOT sessions. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was used to enroll patients subjected to crush injury who were admitted to the Surgical Emergency Department (ER) of Kandou Hospital Manado, Indonesia.

Results:
VEGF serum levels increased significantly in patients suffering from crush injury who received HBO therapy versus the control group. The increased VEGF serum is expected to result in an acceleration time of wound healing and a reduction in amputation rate.

Conclusion:
There was a significant difference between crush injury patients who received conservative therapy versus those receiving HBO therapies; thus, there was an increased likelihood of an accelerated wound healing and a reduction in the risk of amputation.

Highlights
Tumor Epigenetic Signature and Survival in Resected Gastric Cancer Patients
Authors: Woo Yanghee , Behrendt Carolyn E. , Yang Annie , Hahn Maria , Goel Ajay , Li Haiqing , Yuan Yate-Ching , Fong Yuman 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND:
Precision oncology can identify patient-specific molecular signatures to better inform the prognosis and management of surgical cancer patients. Specifically, microRNAs (miRs) hold promise as prognostic biomarkers because dysregulation of individual miRs is implicated in tumorigenesis, progression, and metastases of various malignancies, including gastric adenocarcinoma (GC).

STUDY DESIGN:
To identify miRs prognostic of survival after radical gastrectomy, we studied GC patients within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) who had undergone R0 or R1 resection and had data on clinical characteristics, overall survival (OS), and tumor miR expression. The miRs expressed by at least 15% of tumors were eligible for study. From 10 replicate samples, each with 80% of patients, miRs were selected using age-adjusted proportional hazards regression with stepwise selection. Cross-validated miRs (selected by multiple replicates) were retained if they optimized an accelerated failure-time model of OS using all patients.

RESULTS:
In this GC cohort (n = 270), half (916/1,870) of miRs screened met our criteria for evaluation. Cross-validation identified 20 miRs as prognostic, of which 14 (miR-129-1, miR-373, miR-490, miR-597, miR-1185-2, miR-3943, miR-4756, miR-5683, miR-6510, miR-6733, miR-6808, miR-6855, miR-6882, miR-8072) were independently informative. The age-adjusted 14-miRNA panel remained significantly associated with OS after adjustment for pathologic prognostic factors (number of lymph nodes examined, number of positive lymph nodes) and other clinical covariates (TNM stage, residual tumor, tumor microsatellite instability, targeted molecular therapy, sex, race, ethnicity). Panel-predicted survival estimates below the upper tertile cut-off were associated with worse outcome (30% vs 74% OS at 3 years, p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS:
In surgically resected GC patients, an epigenetic signature of miRs associated with survival has the potential to improve prognostication.
Global Britain's strategic problem East of Suez
Authors: James William D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhy did Britain withdraw from its military bases in the Arabian Peninsula and Southeast Asia midway through the Cold War? Existing accounts tend to focus on Britain's weak economic position, as well as the domestic political incentives of retrenchment for the ruling Labour Party. This article offers an alternative explanation: the strategic rationale for retaining a permanent presence East of Suez dissolved during the 1960s, as policymakers realised that these military bases were consuming more security than they could generate. These findings have resonance for British officials charting a return East of Suez today under the banner of ‘Global Britain’.
Non-existence of sublinear diffusion for a class of torus homeomorphisms
Authors: SILVA SALOMÃO GUILHERME , TAL FABIO ARMANDO 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe prove that, if f is a homeomorphism of the 2-torus isotopic to the identity whose rotation set is a non-degenerate segment and f has a periodic point, then it has uniformly bounded deviations in the direction perpendicular to the segment.
Infectivity of healthcare workers diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) approximately 2 weeks after onset of symptoms: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Longtin Yves , Charest Hugues , Quach Caroline , Savard Patrice , Baz Mariana , Boivin Guy , Farfard Judith , Villeneuve Jasmin , Roger Michel , De Serres Gaston 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe performed viral culture of respiratory specimens in 118 severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–infected healthcare workers (HCWs), ∼2 weeks after symptom onset. Only 1 HCW (0.8%) had a positive culture. No factors for prolonged viral shedding were identified. Infectivity is resolved in nearly all HCWs ∼2 weeks after symptom onset.
Risk factors for mortality and progression to severe COVID-19 disease in the Southeast region in the United States: A report from the SEUS Study Group
Authors: Hobbs Athena L. V. , Turner Nicholas , Omer Imad , Walker Morgan K. , Beaulieu Ronald M. , Sheikh Muhammad , Spires S. Shaefer , Fiske Christina T. , Dare Ryan , Goorha Salil , Thapa Priyenka , Gnann John , Wright Jeffrey , Nelson George E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective:Identify risk factors that could increase progression to severe disease and mortality in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Southeast region of the United States.Design, setting, and participants:Multicenter, retrospective cohort including 502 adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and May 8, 2020 within 1 of 15 participating hospitals in 5 health systems across 5 states in the Southeast United States.Methods:The study objectives were to identify risk factors that could increase progression to hospital mortality and severe disease (defined as a composite of intensive care unit admission or requirement of mechanical ventilation) in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Southeast United States.Results:In total, 502 patients were included, and 476 of 502 (95%) had clinically evaluable outcomes. The hospital mortality rate was 16% (76 of 476); 35% (177 of 502) required ICU admission and 18% (91 of 502) required mechanical ventilation. By both univariate and adjusted multivariate analyses, hospital mortality was independently associated with age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.03 for each decade increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-–2.69), male sex (aOR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.34–4.59), and cardiovascular disease (aOR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.15–4.09). As with mortality, risk of severe disease was independently associated with age (aOR, 1.17 for each decade increase; 95% CI, 1.00–1.37), male sex (aOR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.54–3.60), and cardiovascular disease (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.09–2.85).Conclusions:In an adjusted multivariate analysis, advanced age, male sex, and cardiovascular disease increased risk of severe disease and mortality in patients with COVID-19 in the Southeast United States. In-hospital mortality risk doubled with each subsequent decade of life.
A NEW ALGORITHM FOR DECOMPOSING MODULAR TENSOR PRODUCTS
Authors: BARRY MICHAEL J. J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLet p be a prime and let

$J_r$
denote a full

$r \times r$
Jordan block matrix with eigenvalue

$1$
over a field F of characteristic p. For positive integers r and s with

$r \leq s$
, the Jordan canonical form of the

$r s \times r s$
matrix

$J_{r} \otimes J_{s}$
has the form

$J_{\lambda _1} \oplus J_{\lambda _2} \oplus \cdots \oplus J_{\lambda _{r}}$
. This decomposition determines a partition

$\lambda (r,s,p)=(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\ldots , \lambda _{r})$
of

$r s$
. Let

$n_1, \ldots , n_k$
be the multiplicities of the distinct parts of the partition and set

$c(r,s,p)=(n_1,\ldots ,n_k)$
. Then

$c(r,s,p)$
is a composition of r. We present a new bottom-up algorithm for computing

$c(r,s,p)$
and

$\lambda (r,s,p)$
directly from the base-p expansions for r and s.
THE DIAMETER AND RADIUS OF RADIALLY MAXIMAL GRAPHS
Authors: QIAO PU , ZHAN XINGZHI 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA graph is called radially maximal if it is not complete and the addition of any new edge decreases its radius. Harary and Thomassen [‘Anticritical graphs’, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.79(1) (1976), 11–18] proved that the radius r and diameter d of any radially maximal graph satisfy
$r\le d\le 2r-2.$
Dutton et al. [‘Changing and unchanging of the radius of a graph’, Linear Algebra Appl.217 (1995), 67–82] rediscovered this result with a different proof and conjectured that the converse is true, that is, if r and d are positive integers satisfying

$r\le d\le 2r-2,$
then there exists a radially maximal graph with radius r and diameter

$d.$
We prove this conjecture and a little more.
Human–environment interactions at a short-lived Arctic mine and the long-term response of the local tundra vegetation
Authors: Kruse Frigga , Nobles Gary R. , de Jong Martha , van Bodegom Rosanne M. K. , van Oortmerssen G. J. M. (Gert) , Kooistra Jildou , van den Berg Mathilde , Küchelmann Hans Christian , Schepers Mans , Leusink Elisabeth H. P. , Cornelder Bardo A. , Kruijer J. D. (Hans) , Dee Michael W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractArctic mining has a bad reputation because the extractive industry is often responsible for a suite of environmental problems. Yet, few studies explore the gap between untouched tundra and messy megaproject from a historical perspective. Our paper focuses on Advent City as a case study of the emergence of coal mining in Svalbard (Norway) coupled with the onset of mining-related environmental change. After short but intensive human activity (1904–1908), the ecosystem had a century to respond, and we observe a lasting impact on the flora in particular. With interdisciplinary contributions from historical archaeology, archaeozoology, archaeobotany and botany, supplemented by stable isotope analysis, we examine 1) which human activities initially asserted pressure on the Arctic environment, 2) whether the miners at Advent City were “eco-conscious,” for example whether they showed concern for the environment and 3) how the local ecosystem reacted after mine closure and site abandonment. Among the remains of typical mining infrastructure, we prioritised localities that revealed the subtleties of long-term anthropogenic impact. Significant pressure resulted from landscape modifications, the import of non-native animals and plants, hunting and fowling, and the indiscriminate disposal of waste material. Where it was possible to identify individual inhabitants, these shared an economic attitude ofwaste not, want not, but they did not hold the environment in high regard. Ground clearances, animal dung and waste dumps continue to have an effect after a hundred years. The anthropogenic interference with the fell field led to habitat creation, especially for vascular plants. The vegetation cover and biodiversity were high, but we recorded no exotic or threatened plant species. Impacted localities generally showed a reduction of the natural patchiness of plant communities, and highly eutrophic conditions were unsuitable for liverworts and lichens. Supplementary isotopic analysis of animal bones added data to the marine reservoir offset in Svalbard underlining the far-reaching potential of our multi-proxy approach. We conclude that although damaging human–environment interactions formerly took place at Advent City, these were limited and primarily left the visual impact of the ruins. The fell field is such a dynamic area that the subtle anthropogenic effects on the local tundra may soon be lost. The fauna and flora may not recover to what they were before the miners arrived, but they will continue to respond to new post-industrial circumstances.
Between exploration and tourism: Carl Irminger’s Iceland travel diary 1826
Authors: Lisberg Jensen Ebba , Lisberg Jensen Ole 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the spring of 1826, the young Danish naval officer Carl Irminger and two of his friends sailed with a cargo ship from Copenhagen to Iceland to stay there during the summer. This article is based on Irminger’s unpublished travel diary. Irminger and his friends blended in with the local elite, which provided them with equipment and contacts to travel. Their journeys out from Reykjavik were adventurous and depended on local guides and the hospitality of residents along the way. The tales of hardships during the travels, combined with contacts established during the trip, became important credentials in Irminger’s future career. He was hired as an adjutant to the Danish prince, and the narrative of his summer in Iceland ignited a royal expedition there in 1834, of which Irminger was to be the trip leader. Irminger’s diary reflects a broader shift from Enlightenment exploration reporting into Romantic travel writing, with more emotional and aesthetic emphasis. His journey was a forerunner of the nature tourism that eventually was to sprout in Iceland.