bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factores de desigualdad en el empleo asalariado regular en la India, 1993–2012
Authors: MENON Rahul 
Published: September 2021

ResumenSe estiman mediante ejercicios de descomposición las contribuciones relativas de diferentes factores a la desigualdad de ingresos entre los asalariados regulares de la India de 1993‐1994 a 2011‐2012, distinguiendo entre efecto de coeficiente (rendimientos de los factores) y efecto de característica (proporción en la población analizada). El factor más determinante es el acceso a la educación superior. Sin embargo, factores institucionales como la afiliación sindical y el empleo en el sector público también son importantes, lo que indica que la desigualdad no se explica solo por cuestiones meramente demográficas o tecnológicas, sino también por la estructura institucional de una economía.
ESG in Emerging Markets: The Value of Fundamental Research and Constructive Engagement in Looking beyond ESG Ratings
Authors: Mobius Mark , Ali Usman 
Published: September 2021

The growth of ESG funds has been strong globally, but particularly within the emerging markets equity asset class. The founder and a partner of Mobius Capital Partners describe their differentiated approach to ESG investing in emerging markets using a series of case studies. Mobius Capital professes to be an emerging‐markets active ownership fund devoted to improving the ESG performance, while at the same time profiting from misleading ESG ratings and standards, in their portfolio companies. The authors discuss the pitfalls of using off‐the‐shelf ESG ratings and make a strong case for rigorous fundamental research combined with active ownership.Using a case study of Sunny Optical in China, the authors show that the mediocre external ESG rating of the company failed to reflect the company's ESG strengths. The authors also use the example of Yes Bank in India to demonstrate that a high ESG rating does not necessarily translate into high ESG standards. Third and last, the authors describe how a Taiwanese portfolio company's world‐class human capital and R&D capabilities were a core part of Mobius Capital's investment thesis.
Initial impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on time Japanese nursing faculty devote to research: Cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Yoshinaga Naoki , Nakagami Gojiro , Fukahori Hiroki , Shimpuku Yoko , Sanada Hiromi , Sugama Junko 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate how nursing faculties' perceived time devoted to research changed during the first wave of the pandemic in Japan (April–June 2020) compared to pre‐pandemic.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted online from July 1 to August 10, 2020 and involved 1,023 nursing faculties in Japan. Participants were asked to respond to a questionnaire based on their experiences from April to June 2020. We calculated descriptive statistics for several measures and examined associations between professional/personal demographic factors and declines in overall research time.ResultsOf the 1,023 participants, 71.1% were spending less time on overall research activity; 79.6% spent less time attending academic events/conferences, and 77.4% spent less time conducting experiments/surveys. In contrast, 81.2% spent more time teaching, a much greater proportion than the global scientific community in a previous survey. As for work time allocation during the pandemic, teaching was by far the one activity that participants spent the most time on. Logistic regression analysis revealed that declines in overall research time were associated with several professional demographic factors, such as type of university, current academic position, and acquisition status of Japan's major research grant (KAKENHI) (all p < .05).ConclusionsNursing faculties in Japan clearly spent less time on research, and more time on teaching during the first wave of the pandemic compared to pre‐pandemic. The initial impact of the pandemic on nursing faculties revealed through this study is an eye‐opener and a start for addressing the long‐term impact on the nursing scientific community.
Effect of jaw clenching on head acceleration during a predictable load impact
Authors: Sako Kazuki , Tanaka Yuto , Tomita Yosuke , Yoshida Tsuyoshi , Ono Yoshiaki , Kashiwagi Kosuke 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundJaw clenching is considered to reduce head acceleration while receiving a strong impact on the body during sport activities.ObjectiveThe present study aimed to clarify the effect of jaw clenching on reduction of head acceleration during a predictable load impact to the body.MethodsSeven healthy participants were exposed to a predictable load impact with and without jaw clenching. We recorded the electromyographic activity of the masseter (MA) and digastricus (DIG) muscles, occlusal pressure and head acceleration throughout the experiment.ResultsWhen participants were not instructed to clench their jaws, they naturally positioned their jaws without occlusal contact at the time of pendulum impact by co‐contracting the jaw opener and closer muscles. When participants were instructed to clench their jaws, neither the activity of the jaw opener muscle nor the head acceleration differed at the time of pendulum impact when compared with when participants were not instructed to clench their jaws.ConclusionsA slightly distanced jaw position (co‐contracting the jaw opener and closer muscles without occlusal contact) might serve inherently safety for reduction of head acceleration during predictable body impact, while jaw clenching does not contribute to reduction of head acceleration in response to pendulum impact more than the distanced jaw position does. Notably, DIG activation to minimise the head acceleration in response to pendulum impact was similar in clenching and no clenching positions. This suggests that DIG may play a crucial role in the reduction of head acceleration, regardless of MA muscle activity.
The Health Education Teacher Instructional Competency Framework: A Conceptual Guide for Quality Instruction in School Health
Authors: Szucs Leigh E. , Andrzejewski Jack D. , Robin Leah , Telljohann Susan , Pitt Barnes Seraphine , Hunt Pete 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTeacher instructional competency, the set of essential knowledge and skills needed to guide teaching practice, is critical to the successful implementation of school health education. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Health Education Teacher Instructional Competency (HETIC) framework, a new conceptualization describing teacher characteristics, essential knowledge, and essential skills, which can influence instructional practice and improve student learning outcomes in health education.METHODSData from 17 publicly available guidance documents, professional standards, published reports, and empirical studies relevant to the fields of public education, school health education, and sexual health education were abstracted and analyzed using qualitative thematic content analysis.RESULTSThe framework describes 3 domains: personal characteristics, essential knowledge, and essential skills, which are believed to contribute to teachers' instructional competencies in delivering health education. The knowledge domain asserts 5 key categories, while the essential skills domain includes 3 categories (learning environments, content and delivery, and collaboration and learning) and contains 11 unique skills. Collectively, these domains are influenced by the learner, school/community, and policy‐level factors that shape health education curriculum and instruction.CONCLUSIONSThe HETIC framework presents a conceptual roadmap to guide quality health education preparation, job‐embedded training, and delivery. Improving teachers' instructional competencies strengthens learning and prosocial environments that are inclusive, responsive, and affirming of students' health and learning needs. Teacher who demonstrate instructional competency can help students to achieve desired education and health outcomes, specifically acquiring the knowledge and skills needed to adapt, practice, and maintain healthy behaviors throughout their lifetime.
Leveraging End-User Data for Enhanced Design Concept Evaluation: A Multimodal Deep Regression Model
Authors: Yuan Chenxi , Marion Tucker , Moghaddam Mohsen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Design concept evaluation is a key process in the new product development process with a significant impact on the product's success and total cost over its life cycle. This paper is motivated by two limitations of the state-of-the-art in concept evaluation: (1) The amount and diversity of user feedback and insights utilized by existing concept evaluation methods such as quality function deployment are limited. (2) Subjective concept evaluation methods require significant manual effort which in turn may limit the number of concepts considered for evaluation. A Deep Multimodal Design Evaluation (DMDE) model is proposed in this paper to bridge these gaps by providing designers with an accurate and scalable prediction of new concepts' overall and attribute-level desirability based on large-scale user reviews on existing designs. The attribute-level sentiment intensities of users are first extracted and aggregated from online reviews. A multimodal deep regression model is then developed to predict the overall and attribute-level sentiment values based on the features extracted from orthographic product images via a fine-tuned ResNet-50 model and from product descriptions via a fine-tuned BERT model, and aggregated using a novel self-attention-based fusion model. The DMDE model adds a data-driven, user-centered loop within the concept development process to better inform the concept evaluation process. Numerical experiments on a large dataset from an online footwear store indicate a promising performance by the DMDE model with 0.001 MSE loss and over 99.1% accuracy.
Synergistic Regulation Mechanism of Selectin and Integrin on Leukocyte Adhesion Under Shear Flow
Authors: Kang Wei , Li Long , Wang Jizeng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the process of inflammation, the hydrodynamic process of circulating leukocyte recruitment to the inflammatory site requires the rolling adhesion of leukocytes in blood vessels mediated by selectin and integrin molecules. Although a number of experiments have demonstrated that cooperative effects exist between selectins and integrins in leukocyte rolling adhesion under shear flow, the mechanisms underlying how the mechanics of selectins and integrins synergistically may govern the dynamics of cell rolling is not yet fully resolved. To address this issue, here we theoretically investigate selectin and integrin jointly mediated rolling adhesion of leukocyte in shear flow, by considering two pairs’ binding/unbinding events as Markov processes and describing kinetics of leukocyte by the approach of continuum mechanics. Through examining the dynamics of leukocyte rolling as a function of relative fraction of selectin and integrin pairs, we show that, during recruitment, the elongation of intermittent weak selectin bonds consuming the kinetic energy of rolling leukocyte decelerates the rolling speed and enables the integrin pairs to form strong bonds, therefore achieving the arrestment of leukocyte (firm adhesion). The co-existence of selectins and integrins may also be required for effective phase transition from firm adhesion to rolling adhesion due to dynamic competition in pairs’ formation and elongation. These results are verified by the relevant Monte Carlo simulations and related to reported experimental observations.
Burstiness and Stochasticity in the Malleability of Physical Activity
Authors: Berardi Vincent , Pincus David , Walker Evan , Adams Marc A. 
Published: September 2021

This study examined whether patterns of self-organization in physical activity (PA) predicted long-term success in a yearlong PA intervention. Increased moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was targeted in insufficiently active adults (N = 512) via goal setting and financial reinforcement. The degree to which inverse power law distributions, which are reflective of self-organization, summarized (a) daily MVPA and (b) time elapsed between meeting daily goals (goal attainment interresponse times) was calculated. Goal attainment interresponse times were also used to calculate burstiness, the degree to which meeting daily goals clustered in time. Inverse power laws accurately summarized interresponse times, but not daily MVPA. For participants with higher levels of MVPA early in the study, burstiness in reaching goals was associated with long-term resistance to intervention, while stochasticity in meeting goals predicted receptiveness to intervention. These results suggest that burstiness may measure self-organizing resistance to change, while PA stochasticity could be a precondition for behavioral malleability.
Development of a Turbulent Cascade behind the Bow Shock under Quiet Conditions in the Solar Wind
Authors: Rakhmanova L. S. , Riazantseva M. O. , Zastenker G. N. , Yermolaev Yu. I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The bow shock crossing by the solar wind can lead in a number of cases to significant changes in the development of the turbulent cascade. Individual cases previously studied on the basis of experimental measurements of the characteristics of turbulence in the magnetosheath have not yet identified the factors that have the greatest influence on the modification of the turbulent cascade behind the bow shock. In this paper, we consider several observation cases of spectra of the compressible component in magnetosheath fluctuations on two satellites separated in space under calm conditions in the solar wind. This makes it possible to estimate the influence of the magnetosheath boundaries and the bow shock topology on the dynamics of a turbulent cascade when the plasma moves behind the bow shock. It is shown that there is a significant redistribution of energy in the turbulent cascade immediately behind the quasi perpendicular bow shock in the daytime part of the magnetosheath. This affects the magnetohydrodynamic scales, and the cascade properties are restored upon further propagation of the plasma towards the flanks. At the same time, behind the quasi parallel bow shock, the characteristics of the turbulent cascade upon the entry of plasma into the magnetosheath change only on subionic scales.
ГІСТОЛОГІЧНІ ЗМІНИ НАДНИРКОВИХ ЗАЛОЗ У ПІЗНІ ТЕРМІНИ ПІСЛЯ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЇ ТЕРМІЧНОЇ ТРАВМИ ТА ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПОДРІБНЕНОГО СУБСТРАТУ ЛІОФІЛІЗОВАНОЇ КСЕНОШКІРИ
Authors: Кульбіцька В. В. , Небесна З. М. , Шутурма О. Я. 
Published: September 2021

Резюме. Термічні травми за поширеністю, ускладненнями та летальністю займають лідируючі позиції серед інших захворювань у світі. Проте морфофункціональні зміни в надниркових залозах у пізні терміни після опікової травми не достатньо вивчені. На сьогодні важливим завданням є пошук ефективних чинників лікування опікових уражень. Одним із сучасних методів є використання ліофілізованої ксеношкіри.
Мета дослідження – встановити структурну реорганізацію компонентів надниркових залоз у пізні терміни після термічної травми та за умов застосування субстрату ліофілізованої ксеношкіри.
Матеріали і методи. Експериментальна термічна травма змодельована на 20 лабораторних білих щурах-самцях. Опік ІІІ ступеня наносили під тіопентал-натрієвим наркозом мідними пластинами, нагрітими у кип’яченій воді до температури 97–100 0С. Розміри ділянки ураження склали 18–20 % поверхні тіла тварин. Мікроскопічне дослідження структурних компонентів надниркових залоз вивчали за допомогою світлового мікроскопа MICROmed SEO SСAN.
Результати. Згідно з проведеними гістологічними дослідженнями надниркових залоз після експериментальної термічної травми за умов застосування субстрату ксеношкіри на 14 добу експерименту виявлено, що в кірковій речовині кількість некротично і деструктивно змінених клітин менша, порівняно із попередніми мікроскопічними дослідженнями надниркових залоз після опіку, які ми провели. Спостерігаються в невеликій кількості деструктивно змінені клітини з ознаками інтра- і перицелюлярного набряку. В мозковій речовині органа встановлені ознаки незначної деструкції хромафіноцитів, для гемокапілярів характерні розширені просвіти та помірне кровонаповнення. Результати гістологічного дослідження надниркових залоз на 21 добу показали, що структурна організація зон кори органа наближена до норми. Набряк стромального компоненту та паренхіми незначний. Виявлялись поодинокі ендокриноцити з ознаками ушкодження. Ендокриноцити мозкової речовини залоз малозмінені. Крововиливів та периваскулярного набряку не спостерігалось, також не виявлялися явища стазу та дистрофічні порушення.
Висновки. У пізні терміни експерименту за умов корекції відбувається відносна нормалізація структурної організації надниркових залоз, що свідчить про активізацію обмінних процесів в організмі.
ДИНАМІКА АКТИВНОСТІ ПРОЦЕСІВ ЛІПІДНОЇ ПЕРОКСИДАЦІЇ У ТКАНИНАХ ТОНКОЇ КИШКИ ЗА УМОВ ІШЕМІЇ-РЕПЕРФУЗІЇ КІНЦІВКИ, ГОСТРОЇ КРОВОВТРАТИ ТА ЇХ КОРЕКЦІЯ
Authors: Стрельбицька В. В. , Гудима А. А. , Походун К. А. 
Published: September 2021

Резюме. У структурі сучасного травматизму воєнного і мирного часу значно зросла частка вогнепальних уражень, які часто супроводжуються масивною зовнішньою крововтратою. Накладання за цих умов кровоспинного джгута вважається єдиним способом порятунку на полі бою. Гостра крововтрата та ішемія-реперфузія кінцівки стимулюють активізацію процесів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів (ПОЛ) у внутрішніх органах. Однак порушення вільнорадикальних процесів у стінці тонкої кишки за цих умов вивчені недостатньо.
Мета дослідження – зʼясувати динаміку активності процесів ПОЛ у тканинах тонкої кишки за умов ішемії-реперфузії кінцівки, гострої крововтрати та оцінити ефективність карбацетаму в корекції виявлених порушень.
Матеріали і методи. Експерименти виконано на 108 нелінійних щурах-самцях масою 200–220 г. Усіх тварин поділили на пʼять груп: контрольну та чотири дослідних. Під тіопентал-натрієвим наркозом у першій дослідній групі моделювали ішемію-реперфузію кінцівки, у другій – гостру крововтрату, в третій – ці ушкодження поєднували. У четвертій дослідній групі тваринам із гострою крововтратою та ішемією-реперфузією кінцівки внутрішньочеревно вводили карбацетам в дозі 5 мг на кілограм маси тварини. Через 1 і 2 год, а також через 1; 7 і 14 діб у гомогенаті тонкої кишки визначали вміст дієнових кон’югатів та реагентів до тіобарбітурової кислоти.
Результати. За умов ішемії-реперфузії кінцівки та гострої крововтрати посилюються процеси ліпідної пероксидації у стінці тонкої кишки з максимумом через 1 добу експерименту. За умов моделювання лише ішемії-реперфузії кінцівки вміст первинних і вторинних продуктів ПОЛ до 14 доби експерименту нормалізується, то під впливом крововтрати показник до 14 доби залишався суттєво більшим порівняно з конт­ролем. Поєднання ішемії-реперфузії кінцівки та гострої крововтрати вже з 2 год експерименту супроводжується більшим накопиченням продуктів ПОЛ, які до 14 доби статистично значуще перевищують інші дослідні групи. Карбацетам супроводжується позитивною антиоксидантною дією, який вже при семиденному застосуванні супроводжувався істотним зниженням вмісту первинних і вторинних продуктів ПОЛ у стінці тонкої кишки, що вказує на перспективність цього препарату за умов модельованої патології як засобу зниження проявів поліорганної дисфункції.
Висновки. Моделювання ішемії-реперфузії кінцівки на тлі гострої крововтрати супроводжується сумацією прооксидантного впливу обох патологічних втручань і викликає статистично вірогідно більше зростання вмісту ДК і ТБК-активних продуктів ПОЛ у стінці тонкої кишки, починаючи з 2 год експерименту. Застосування карбацетаму, порівняно з тваринами без корекції, вже через 7 діб реперфузійного періоду викликає істотне зниження активності ПОЛ у стінці тонкої кишки.
ESTIMATION OF TOLERANCE OF A DOMESTIC NON-STEROID ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD OF EXTRACTION OF CATARACTS
Authors: Bakhritdinova F. , Narzikulova Kumri Islamovna K. I. , Yusupov Sh. A. , Egamberdieva M. E. 
Published: September 2021

Summary. The article discusses the efficacy and tolerability of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory domestic drug after cataract extraction, the severity of side effects of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
The aim of the study – optimization of methods of postoperative treatment of cataracts using the domestic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Diclofenac drug, 0.1 % eye drops, produced by JV “Jurabek Laboratories” LLC.
Materials and Methods. The study included patients who were at inpatient treatment at the Clinic No. 2 of the Tashkent Medical Academy. The study group included 60 people: 21 men and 39 women, the age of patients was 18–73 years. In two groups, we compared the efficacy and tolerability of domestic and foreign NSAIDs after cataract extraction.
Results. The effectiveness of the complex treatment is confirmed by the reduction in the duration of relief of the main symptoms of inflammation in patients of both groups. Both drugs did not cause side effects and were well tolerated by patients. Tolerability of the treatment in the group receiving domestic NSAIDs was 93.4 %, in the group receiving foreign NSAIDs – 95.7 %.
Conclusions. According to the results of our studies, it was proved that therapy after cataract extraction with the use of a domestic-made NSAID is not inferior in efficiency and tolerability to a foreign-made drug and can be used in the postoperative period of cataract.
Causal Associations Between Blood Lipids and COVID-19 Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Zhang Kun , Dong Shan-Shan , Guo Yan , Tang Shi-Hao , Wu Hao , Yao Shi , Wang Peng-Fei , Zhang Kun , Xue Han-Zhong , Huang Wei , Ding Jian , Yang Tie-Lin 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. It has been reported that dyslipidemia is correlated with COVID-19, and blood lipids levels, including total cholesterol, HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels, were significantly associated with disease severity. However, the causalities of blood lipids on COVID-19 are not clear.

Approach and Results:

We performed 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to explore the causal effects of blood lipids on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Using the outcome data from the UK Biobank (1221 cases and 4117 controls), we observed potential positive causal effects of dyslipidemia (odds ratio [OR], 1.27 [95% CI, 1.08–1.49],
P
=3.18×10
−3
), total cholesterol (OR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.07–1.32],
P
=8.54×10
−4
), and ApoB (apolipoprotein B; OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.07–1.29],
P
=1.01×10
−3
) on COVID-19 susceptibility after Bonferroni correction. In addition, the effects of total cholesterol (OR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00–1.02],
P
=2.29×10
−2
) and ApoB (OR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00–1.02],
P
=2.22×10
−2
) on COVID-19 susceptibility were also identified using outcome data from the host genetics initiative (14 134 cases and 1 284 876 controls).

Conclusions:
In conclusion, we found that higher total cholesterol and ApoB levels might increase the risk of COVID-19 infection.

Graphic Abstract:
A graphic abstract is available for this article.
Wage Differentials in Malaysia: Public Employment,  Gender,  and Ethnicity
Authors: Clark Robert L. , Ogawa Naohiro , Mansor Norma , Abe Shigeyuki , Mahidin Mohd Uzir 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The study examines the earnings differentials between the public and private sector in the Malaysian economy in terms of the moderations of the gender and ethnic wage differences in the public sector. The study uses the annual earnings from the Salaries and Wages Survey for 2011 and 2016. The key findings are that public employees are paid higher wages compared with private sector employees and the overall gender and ethnic wage differentials have declined in recent years. We also find that both gender and ethnic wage differentials are much smaller in the public sector.