bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase‐Constrained Obligatory Late Adjunction
Authors: Zyman Erik 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIt has sometimes been argued that adjuncts can merge late. This article provides a new argument for late adjunction and a new analysis of it.Exactly(orprecisely) can adjoin to awh phrase, andwh movement can affect either the entire adjunction structure (What exactlyis it?) or only the host (Whatis itexactly?). Structures likewhat exactlycan be generated VP internally, but surprisingly—and despite appearances—exactlycannot be stranded VP internally. The article argues that this can be understood if adjuncts merge late obligatorily, at the phase level: for H a phase head with complement XP, all adjunction within the HP phase must occur immediately before XP spellout. Further predictions of this analysis are shown to be correct. The larger picture that emerges is one in which the syntax prioritizes satisfying featural requirements: if so, it is not surprising that it waits until the last possible moment (within each phasal subderivation) to add in adjuncts.
Online dating profiles, shifting intimacies and the language of love in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Dundon Alison 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I explore the privileging of the language of ‘love’ on dating profiles established by Papua New Guineans active on online dating sites. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), recent accessibility to the internet has led to people going online, with the aim of attracting partners and initiating relationships based on affection. I note that companionate ideals and the vocabulary of love are central to online dating, but also reflect a wider re‐imagining of intimate relationships across the country. The articulation of the vocabulary of love has a complex history in PNG, however, encompassing engagements with colonial agents, models of Christian intimacies, as well as the potent use of ‘love magic’. In this context, love can signify ambiguity or coercion as much as affection, companionship or romance. At the same time, the vocabulary of love can have a powerful and efficacious effect, generating connections and capacities, particularly associated with being ‘modern’ and Christian.
Comparison of response assessment in veterinary neuro‐oncology and two volumetric neuroimaging methods to assess therapeutic brain tumour responses in veterinary patients
Authors: Coppola Giovanni , Morris Joanna , Gutierrez‐Quintana Rodrigo , Burnside Shona , José‐López Roberto 
Published: November 2021

AbstractStandardized veterinary neuroimaging response assessment methods for brain tumours are lacking. Consequently, a response assessment in veterinary neuro‐oncology (RAVNO) system which uses the sum product of orthogonal lesion diameters on 1‐image section with the largest tumour area, has recently been proposed. In this retrospective study, 22 pre‐treatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from 18 dogs and four cats with suspected intracranial neoplasia were compared by a single observer to 32 post‐treatment MRIs using the RAVNO system and two volumetric methods based on tumour margin or area delineation with HOROS and 3D Slicer software, respectively. Intra‐observer variability was low, with no statistically significant differences in agreement index between methods (mean AI ± SD, 0.91 ± 0.06 for RAVNO; 0.86 ± 0.08 for HOROS; and 0.91 ± 0.05 for 3D slicer), indicating good reproducibility. Response assessments consisting of complete or partial responses, and stable or progressive disease, agreed in 23 out of 32 (72%) MRI evaluations using the three methods. The RAVNO system failed to identify changes in mass burden detected with volumetric methods in six cases. 3D Slicer differed from the other two methods in three cases involving cysts or necrotic tissue as it allowed for more accurate exclusion of these structures. The volumetric response assessment methods were more precise in determining changes in absolute tumour burden than RAVNO but were more time‐consuming to use. Based on observed agreement between methods, low intra‐observer variability and decreased time constraint, RAVNO might be a suitable response assessment method for the clinical setting.
Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Thermal Greenhouse System Combined With Earth Air Heat Exchanger for Hot Climatic Condition
Authors: Yadav Somil , Panda S. K. , Tiwari G. N. , Al-Helal Ibrahim M. , Alsadon Abdullah A. , Shady Mohammed R. , Tiwari Arvind 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal (SPVT) greenhouse system combined with an earth air heat exchanger (EAHE) has been developed to make the system sustainable. The system is designed to cultivate plants in a hot climatic condition, where green net is provided, which bifurcates the enclosed space of the greenhouse into zone-1 and zone-2, and this green net cut the solar radiation incident on the plants. The influence of air changes in zone-1, mass flowrate of air flowing through EAHE, and packing factor on photovoltaic (PV) cell, air of the greenhouse, and the plant temperatures is investigated for a typical harsh summer day by using periodic model of these parameters. Furthermore, for a holistic performance assessment of this SPVT greenhouse, exergy, thermal load leveling, and decrement factor are evaluated. Results indicate that the optimum temperature range for plant growth (30 °C–37 °C) within the greenhouse can be achieved through a combination of ventilation in zone-1 and integration of EAHE. The temperature of plants reduced by 9 °C for 30 air changes in zone-1, and the temperature reduces further by 24 °C when EAHE having a flowrate of 0.5 kg/s is operated. The SPVT greenhouse system also generates 128 kWh of daily overall exergy that makes the system sustainable.
Simulation of Turbulent Combustion in Gasoline Direct Injection Spark-Ignited Engines Using a Stochastic Reactor Model
Authors: Wilmer Brady M. , Northrop William F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this work, a stochastic reactor model (SRM) is presented that bridges the gap between multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models and zero-dimensional models for simulating spark-ignited internal combustion engines. The quasi-dimensional approach calculates spatial temperature and composition of stochastic “particles” in the combustion chamber without defining their spatial position, thus allowing for mixture stratification while keeping computational costs low. The SRM simulates flame propagation using a three-zone combustion model consisting of burned gas, flame front, and unburned gas. This “flame brush” approach assumes a hemispherical flame front that propagates through the cylinder based on estimated turbulent flame speed. Cycle-averaged turbulence intensity (u’) is used in the model, calibrated using experimental data. Through the use of a kinetic mechanism, the model predicts key emissions such as CO, CO2, NO, NO2, and HC from both port fuel injection (PFI) and gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, the latter through the implementation of a simplified spray model. Experimental data from three engines, two GDI and one PFI, were used to validate the model and calibrate cycle-averaged u’. Across all engines, the model was able to produce pressure curves that matched the experimental data. In terms of emissions, the simplified chemical kinetics mechanism matched trends of the experimental data, with the PFI results having higher accuracy. Pressure, burned fraction, and engine-out emissions predictions show that the SRM can reliably match experimental results in certain operating ranges, thus providing a viable alternative to complex CFD and single zone models.
A Numerical and Experimental Study of Soot Precursor and Primary Particle Size of N-Butylbenzene in Laminar Flame
Authors: Sun Mingshan , Gan Zhiwen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The current study analyzed the soot precursor of the n-butylbenzene found in diesel and kerosene in laminar flame, and integrated the corresponding poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) growth mechanism with the popular n-butylbenzene oxidation mechanisms to improve the soot formation prediction of n-butylbenzene. The size of soot precursor was determined by the fringe length in the core of soot particle since the nanostructure of the core of soot particle is similar with that of nascent soot particle formed by soot precursor nucleation. The geometric mean fringe length in core of soot particles was measured to be 0.67 nm approximating to the size of five-ringed PAH (A5). An A5 growth mechanism was added on a popular n-butylbenzene mechanism, and the combined mechanism was further reduced. After validation by the ignition delay time in literature, the combined mechanism was then validated by the primary particle diameter in laboratory and soot volume fraction of n-propylbenzene in literature. The calculated soot precursor concentration and PAH condensation rate of the combined mechanism are smaller than that of the base mechanism. The simulated primary soot particle diameter of proposed combined mechanism agrees well with the measure primary soot particle diameter. Comparing to the simulated soot volume fraction of base n-butylbenzene mechanism, the simulated soot volume fraction of proposed combined n-butylbenzene-A5 mechanism agrees well with the measure soot volume fraction of n-propylbenzene in literature. This study provides certain support for further investigation of soot formation of n-butylbenzene and its relative fuel like diesel and kerosene.
CFD Modeling of Low Temperature Ignition Processes From a Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge at Quiescent Conditions
Authors: Gururajan Vyaas , Scarcelli Riccardo , Biswas Sayan , Ekoto Isaac 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recent interest in non-equilibrium plasma discharges as sources of ignition for the automotive industry has not yet been accompanied by the availability of dedicated models to perform this task in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) engine simulations. The need for a low-temperature plasma (LTP) ignition model has motivated much work in simulating these discharges from first principles. Most ignition models assume that an equilibrium plasma comprises the bulk of discharge kernels. LTP discharges, however, exhibit highly non-equilibrium behavior. In this work, a method to determine a consistent initialization of LTP discharge kernels for use in engine CFD codes like CONVERGE is proposed. The method utilizes first principles discharge simulations. Such an LTP kernel is introduced in a flammable mixture of air and fuel, and the subsequent plasma expansion and ignition simulation is carried out using a reacting flow solver with detailed chemistry. The proposed numerical approach is shown to produce results that agree with experimental observations regarding the ignitability of methane-air and ethylene-air mixtures by LTP discharges.
Rack-Level Thermosyphon Cooling and Vapor-Compression Driven Heat Recovery: Compressor Model
Authors: Khalid Rehan , Amalfi Raffaele Luca , Wemhoff Aaron P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a novel thermal management solution coupling in-rack cooling and heat recovery system. System-level modeling capabilities are the key to design and analyze thermal performance for different applications. In this study, a semi-empirical model for a hermetically sealed scroll compressor is developed and applied to different scroll geometries. The model parameters are tuned and validated such that the model is applicable to a variety of working fluids. The identified parameters are split into two groups: one group is dependent on the compressor geometry and independent of working fluid, whereas the other group is fluid dependent. By modifying the fluid-dependent parameters using the specific heat ratios of two refrigerants, the model shows promise in predicting the refrigerant mass flow rate, discharge temperature and compressor shaft power of a third refrigerant. Here, the approach has been applied using data for two refrigerants (R22 and R134a) to achieve predictions for a third refrigerant’s (R407c) mass flow rate, discharge temperature, and compressor shaft power, with normalized root mean square errors of 0.01, 0.04 and 0.020, respectively. The normalization is performed based on the minimum and maximum values of the measured variable data. The technique thus presented in this study can be used to accurately predict the primary variables of interest for a scroll compressor running on a given refrigerant for which data may be limited, enabling component-level design or analysis for different operating conditions and system requirements.
Contact Angle Tuning of Copper Microporous Structures
Authors: Soroush Farid , Liu Tanya , Wu Qianying , Asheghi Mehdi , Goodson Kenneth E. , Marco Lorenz , Christian Egger , Martin Rittner 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Two-phase, capillary-fed cooling devices are appealing thermal management technologies due to their potential for high heat transfer performance and ease of system-level integration. While existing evaporative wicking structures such as copper inverse opals (CIOs) and copper wire meshes (CWMs) have shown promise for achieving target heat dissipation rates of 100 Wcm−2 or greater, the reliability of these structures for long-term device operation and optimal capillary-driven boiling performance has not received much attention. To ensure proper functionality of the evaporator wick, the microporous copper structures must retain a hydrophilic contact angle during device operation. Surface oxidation of the copper is a critical degradation mechanism that must be addressed to preserve the integrity of the wick. In this study, we systematically investigate the contact angle change of untreated copper and various copper oxides under different conditions. To avoid the formation of hydrophobic Cu2O, we pre-oxidize the copper micro porous wick to form hydrophilic cupric oxide CuO and study the effect of various thermal and chemical oxidation recipes on the hydrophilicity and morphology of the resulting structures. A chemical oxidation formula is implemented for the creation of a stable superhydrophilic surface at a low temperature (70°C) for copper inverse opals (CIOs) (5 μm pore size) and copper wire meshes (CWMs) (76 μm pore opening). The recipe has been optimized to create nano CuO needles with a length of &lt; 100 nm and keep the necks (∼1 μm diameter) open for better capillary wicking of the working fluid. The findings of this study potentially benefit the development of copper-based capillary-fed cooling devices.
Evolution of Potting-PCB Interfacial Reliability After Long Term High Temperature Operation
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Pandurangan Aathi Raja Ram , Blecker Ken 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fine Pitch Electronic Components are reinforced using epoxy potting compounds and underfills to improve reliability and survivability, in extreme environments. Potting of electronic components offers structural support, shock damping and protection for the components from environmental conditions like moisture. Potting is one of the cost-effective and viable way to improve the survivability of the electronic components. On dynamic shock loading, interfacial delamination occurs between the potting material and the PCB, which further propagates to solder interconnect failures. The interfacial properties change with long-term exposure to temperature during operating and storage conditions. Mechanics of interface delamination of the epoxy potted PCB samples with thermal aging is a primary focus on this paper. Determination of fracture parameters such as fracture toughness and strain energy release rate at steady state stress is important in selection of the potting material and the reliability study of the supplemental restraint systems. PCB/Epoxy specimens are prepared, and their fracture behavior is observed under quasi-static three-point and four-point bend loading. In three-point bending, the peak stress acts at the midpoint of the specimen. In four-point bend loading, the peak stress is along whole area of the specimen under load (load span). The curing temperature providing the best fracture resistance is selected and followed throughout the study. The samples are exposed to 100°C for 30days and 60 days. Under dynamic loading, damage at the interface is studied. The experimental results provide the peak critical load, from which the fracture toughness parameters are calculated. A comparison has been made on fracture toughness and crack initiation of the PCB/Epoxy systems, based on flexure method and thermal aging.
Characterization of Linear Viscoelasticity Evolution of Epoxy Molding Compound Subjected to High Temperature Long Term Aging
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Zhang Yunli , Wu Haotian , Suhling Jeff , Davis Edward , Williamson Jaimal 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Much of the electronics used to support power systems and enable safety systems resides underhood where operating temperatures are much higher than in traditional consumer applications. Underhood electronics may be subjected to sustained high temperature environment 150°C for long period of time during operation. However, there is insufficient information about the viscoelasticity of epoxy molding compound stored in sustained high temperature for long period of time. In this paper, two different types of epoxy molding compounds have been prepared and aged under two different temperatures: 100°C and 150°C. Multi-frequency scan dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) test has been conducted to study the viscoelasticity evolution from pristine, 40 days, 80 days, 120 days. The master curve has been obtained and the prony parameters of EMCs have been calculated. The aging effect of linear viscoelasticity has been discussed.
Reliability Evaluation of Cu-Al WB in High Temperature and High Current Applications
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Jung Sungmo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
High reliability harsh environment applications necessitate a better understanding of the acceleration factors under operating stresses. Automotive electronics has transitioned to the use of copper wire for first level interconnects. A number of copper wire formulations have emerged including palladium coated copper and gold-flash palladium coated copper. The corrosion reliability of copper wire bonds in high temperature conditions is not yet fully understood. The EMC used to encapsulate chips and interconnects can vary widely in formulation, including pH, porosity, diffusion rate, composition of contaminants and contaminant concentration. To realistically represent the expected wirebond reliability, there is need for a predictive model that can account for environmental conditions, operating conditions, and exposure to EMCs. In this paper, different EMCs were studied in a high-temperature-current environment with temperature range of 60°C–100°C under current of 0.2A–1A. The diffusion kinetics based on the Nernst-Planck Equation for migration of the chlorine ions has been coupled with the Butler-Volmer equation for corrosion kinetics to create a Multiphysics model. Polarization curves have been measured for copper, aluminum and intermetallics under a number of pH values, and chlorine-ion concentrations. Tafel parameters have been extracted through measurements of the polarization curves.
Measurement of Physical Activity Self-Efficacy in Adults With Obesity: A Latent Variable Approach to Explore Dimensionality, Temporal Invariance, and External Validity
Authors: Myers Nicholas D. , Bateman André G. , McMahon Adam , Prilleltensky Isaac , Lee Seungmin , Prilleltensky Ora , Pfeiffer Karin A. , Brincks Ahnalee M. 
Published: November 2021

The objective of this study was to improve the measurement of physical activity self-efficacy (PASE) in adults with obesity. To accomplish this objective, a latent variable approach was used to explore dimensionality, temporal invariance, and external validity of responses to a newly developed battery of PASE scales. Data (Nbaseline = 461 andN30 days postbaseline = 427) from the Well-Being and Physical Activity Study (ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03194854), which deployed the Fun For Wellness intervention, were analyzed. A two-dimensional factor structure explained responses to each PASE scale at baseline. There was strong evidence for at least partial temporal measurement invariance for this two-dimensional structure in each PASE scale. There was mixed evidence that the effectiveness of the Fun For Wellness intervention exerted a direct effect on latent PASE in adults with obesity at 30 days postbaseline (i.e., external validity) of this two-dimensional structure.
Detrital zircon sources in the Ordovician metasedimentary rocks of the Moroccan Meseta: Inferences for northern Gondwanan passive-margin paleogeography
Authors: Accotto* Cristina , Poyatos David Martínez , Azor Antonio , Talavera Cristina , Evans Noreen Joyce , Jabaloy-Sánchez Antonio , El Hadi Hassan , Tahiri Abdelfatah 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology has been widely used to constrain the pre-Carboniferous geography of the European and, to a lesser extent, the Moroccan Variscides. The latter have been generally considered as part of a long-lasting passive margin that characterized northern Gondwana from Ordovician to Devonian time, and was subsequently involved in the late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. We report detrital zircon ages for three Early to Late Ordovician samples from the Beni Mellala inlier in the northeastern part of the Western Moroccan Meseta in order to discuss the temporal evolution of the sources of sediments in this region. The detrital zircon spectra of these samples, characterized by two main populations with mean ages of 630–610 Ma and 2170–2060 Ma, are typical of Cambrian–Devonian rocks from the Moroccan Variscides and confirm their link to the West African craton. A minor Stenian–Tonian population (peak at ca. 970 Ma) suggests the influence of a distant and intermittent NE African source (Sahara metacraton), which was probably interrupted after Ordovician time. Our data support previous interpretations of the Moroccan Meseta (and the entire northern Moroccan Variscides) as part of the northern Gondwana passive margin. The main sources of these sediments would have been the West African craton in the western regions of the passive margin (Moroccan Meseta and central European Paleozoic massifs), and the Arabian-Nubian Shield and/or Sahara metacraton in the eastern areas (Libya, Egypt, Jordan, central and NW Iberian zones during Paleozoic time), where the 1.0 Ga detrital zircon population is persistent throughout the Ordovician–Devonian time span.
Dose–response relationship between urinary PAH metabolites and blood viscosity among coke oven workers: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wu Min , Liu Chengjuan , Wang Huimin , Nie Jisheng , Yang Jin 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proven to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in coke oven workers, and increased plasma viscosity is a signal for higher risk of catching up cardiovascular disease. We want to explore whether the plasma viscosity is affected by the concentration of PAHs.DesignOur study is a cross-sectional dose–response study.SettingParticipants in this study came from a coke plant in Taiyuan, Shanxi.ParticipantsWe used data of 693 coke oven workers in Taiyuan.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe assumed that plasma viscosity would increase as the concentration of PAHs metabolites in urine increases. We found that 2-hydroxyfluorene (OHFLU2) and plasma viscosity have a stable linear relationship in different statistical methods.ResultsWe found that plasma viscosity increased by 1.14 (mPa.s,30/s) for each ng/mL of 2-OHFLU urinary (correlation coefficient range: 0.54–1.74, p<0.05).ConclusionsThe results of this study could provide evidence for coke oven workers to prevent cardiovascular disease by checking whether plasma viscosity is elevated.