bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the fish functional arrangement of two contrasting localities in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Aguilar‐Medrano Rosalía , Blanqueto‐Manzanero María D. , Vega‐Cendejas María E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA central objective of ecological research is to understand the causes and links of diversity. Trophic and morphological variation has been recognized as the baseline to determine communities’ functional arrangement; however, few morphological structures have been explored. In the present study, the fish assemblage of two contrasting localities within the Gulf of Mexico, the Campeche Bank (CB) and the Perdido Fold Belt (PFB), was examined to (1) analyse and compare the size, weight, trophic, and morphological (fish body and otolith) variation and (2) test if the otoliths morphological variation can be used to estimate the fish‐body variation. Fish and otolith size, fish and stomach–intestine weight, and stomach content were determined and geometric morphometric methods were applied to the fish body and otoliths. The fish body shows a relationship with the weight measurement and the otolith size, no differences in these variables were found between the two localities. In both localities Annelida, Mollusca, Osteichthyes, and Crustacean are the most common preys; however, the CB assemblage was more diverse in both diet and morphology and six trophic groups and 18 ecomorphological groups were determined, while in PFB, four trophic groups and 13 ecomorphological groups were determined. Finally, according to the morphological comparison in both localities, the otolith variation can be used to estimate the fish‐body morphological diversity. This study reports important information in the understanding of the links between morphological structures and highlights the importance of the otoliths as a morphological variable that reflects a wide range of ecomorphological variation of the fish body.
Miller Range 07687 and its place within the CM‐CO clan
Authors: Prestgard Trygve , Bonal Lydie , Eschrig Jolantha , Gattacceca Jérôme , Sonzogni Corinne , Beck Pierre 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMiller Range (MIL) 07687 is a peculiar carbonaceous chondrite officially classified as a CO3. However, it has been found to display unique petrographic properties that are atypical of this group. Moreover, Raman spectra of its polyaromatic carbonaceous matter do not reflect a structural order consistent with the metamorphic history of a type 3 chondrite. As a result, it has been suggested to be an ungrouped C2 chondrite with CO affinities, although it has not been fully excluded as a CO chondrite. The ambiguity of the meteorite’s classification is the motivation behind the present study. We conclude that MIL 07687 is a unique carbonaceous chondrite with possible affinities to CO, CM, and/or some ungrouped carbonaceous chondrites. The difficulty in classifying this meteorite stems from (1) its heavily weathered nature, which interferes with the interpretation of our oxygen (O‐)isotopic measurements; (2) the overlap in the petrographic and O‐isotopic descriptions of various COs, CMs, and ungrouped meteorites in the Meteoritical Society Database. Optical and infrared spectra are consistent with the meteorite’s unequilibrated nature and indicate that it is probably mildly aqueously altered. Despite traces of aqueous alteration having previously been described in MIL 07687, this is the first time that the presence of hydrated amorphous silicates is reported. In fact, our results show that its present hydration is beyond that of most CO3s, less than most CM2s, and comparable to primitive CR2s. Consequently, we support the meteorite’s C2‐ung label, although a CO2 or CM2 classification cannot be fully excluded.
Reappraisal of the historical myopia epidemic in native Arctic communities
Authors: Rozema Jos J , Boulet Charles , Cohen Yuval , Stell William K , Iribarren Luciano , van Rens Ger H M B , Iribarren Rafael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeThis study was developed to explain the extraordinary rise in myopia prevalence beginning after 1950 in Indigenous Arctic communities considering recent findings about the risk factors for school myopia development. Myopia prevalence changed drastically from a historical low of less than 3% to more than 50% in new generations of young adults following the Second World War. At that time, this increase was attributed to concurrent alterations in the environment and way of life which occurred in an aggressive programme of de‐culturalization and re‐acculturation through residential school programmes that introduced mental, emotional and physical stressors. However, the predominant idea that myopia was genetic in nature won the discussion of the day, and research in the area of environmental changes was dismissed. There may have also been an association between myopia progression and the introduction of extreme mental, emotional and physical stressors at the time.Recent findingsSince 1978, animal models of myopia have demonstrated that myopiagenesis has a strong environmental component. Furthermore, multiple studies in human populations have shown since 2005 how myopia could be produced by a combination of limited exposure to the outdoors and heavy emphasis on academic subjects associated with intense reading habits. This new knowledge was applied in the present study to unravel the causes of the historical myopia epidemics in Inuit communities.SummaryAfter reviewing the available published data on myopia prevalence in circumpolar Inuit populations in the 20th century, the most likely causes for the Inuit myopia epidemic were the combination of increased near work (from almost none to daily reading) and the move from a mostly outdoor to a much more indoor way of life, exacerbated by fewer hours of sunshine during waking hours, the lower illuminance in the Arctic and the extreme psychophysical stress due to the conditions in the Residential Schools.
Social media use and prospective suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents at high risk for suicide
Authors: Hamilton Jessica L. , Biernesser Candice , Moreno Megan A. , Porta Giovanna , Hamilton Edward , Johnson Kelsey , Poling Kimberly D. , Sakolsky Dara , Brent David A. , Goldstein Tina G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship between social media use and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents in the first 30 days of an intensive outpatient program (IOP) for depression and suicidality.MethodParticipants included 100 adolescents who enrolled in an IOP for depression and suicidality and completed baseline measures of social media and weekly measures of depression and suicidal thoughts and behaviors at clinical visits over the next month.ResultsLower levels of social media use (overall and messaging) were associated with a greater likelihood of having suicidal ideation with plan over the next 30 days. There was no effect on suicidal behavior. Multilevel modeling indicated no main effects of social media use on depression or average days of suicidal thoughts. However, individuals with lower levels of social media use maintained more depression symptoms and days with passive death wish across the first month of treatment.ConclusionsAmong adolescents at high risk for suicide, less engagement in social media may reflect social anhedonia or withdrawal, which may heighten risk for more severe suicidal ideation or impede initial treatment. Findings highlight the importance of considering social media as an additional context when assessing social dysfunction in treatment for depression and suicidality.
Short‐wavelength Bouguer gravity anomaly and active fault distribution in the northeastern Japan arc
Authors: Hirano Mitsuhiro , Nagahama Hiroyuki , Muto Jun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the northeastern (NE) Japan arc, active faults have a characteristic effect upon the short‐wavelength Bouguer anomaly (SWBA). Here, we create a SWBA map based on the Fourier analysis of the latest gravity dataset and evaluate the relationship between the SWBA and active faults in the arc. Ultimately, we found that active faults are associated with negative regions or grooves in the SWBA and that the SWBA does not clearly depend on underlying geology in the arc. Accumulated volumetric strain caused by faulting in the crust over the past 3 Ma of geological time has generated these negative gravity anomalies, estimated at around ‒10 mGal at a maximum. Strain concentration zones can have negative zones of gravity anomaly affecting the patterns of the SWBA throughout in the arc, and the SWBA reflects the amount of crustal deformation with the curvature.
Two-Dimensional Transient Heat Transfer Model for High-Temperature Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Liyanage Dasith , Moon Suk-Chun , Jayasekare Ajith S. , Basu Abheek , Du Toit Madeleine , Dippenaar Rian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
High-temperature laser-scanning confocal microscopy (HT-LSCM) has proven to be an excellent experimental technique through in situ observations of high temperature phase transformation to study kinetics and morphology using thin disk steel specimens. A 1.0 kW halogen lamp within the elliptical cavity of the HT-LSCM furnace radiates heat and imposes a nonlinear temperature profile across the radius of the steel sample. When exposed at the solid/liquid interface, this local temperature profile determines the kinetics of solidification and phase transformation morphology. A two-dimensional numerical heat transfer model for both isothermal and transient conditions is developed for a concentrically solidifying sample. The model can accommodate solid/liquid interface velocity as an input parameter under concentric solidification with cooling rates up to 100 K/min. The model is validated against a commercial finite element analysis software package, strand7, and optimized with experimental data obtained under near-to equilibrium conditions. The validated model can then be used to define the temperature landscape under transient heat transfer conditions.
Triggering Vortex Shedding for the Freestream Flow of Nanofluids Around Bluff Objects
Authors: Garai Sourav , Chatterjee Dipankar , Mondal Bittagopal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The freestream flow around a bluff object shows steady symmetric nature in the low Reynolds number laminar regime. However, when the Reynolds number increases to a critical value, the flow shows unsteadiness with alternate shedding of vortices. We show here numerically that the vortex shedding could be initiated for flow of a nanofluid over a bluff object even when the Reynolds number is lying in the steady regime (10≤Re≤30). Cu–H2O and Ag–H2O nanofluids are used and the volume fractions of Cu and Ag nanoparticles are gradually increased. At some critical values of the volume fractions, the flow shows unsteadiness with vortex shedding. The critical solid volume fraction is estimated from the convective stability analysis following the extended Landau model. The shedding phenomenon is established through contour plots, phase diagrams, and analysis of the time signals of lift coefficient. The critical volume fractions for the two different nanofluids for transition of steady to unsteady flow over circular and square-shaped bluff objects are observed to decrease with increasing Reynolds number.
Elasto-Hydrodynamic Model of Hybrid Journal Bearings for Aero-Engine Gear Fuel Pump Applications
Authors: Tacconi Jacopo , Shahpar Shahrokh , King Andrew , Olufeagba Johannes Paulus , Khan Raymarn , Sant Ian , Yates Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Gear pumps are largely employed in aero-engine fuel systems to provide the combustor with fuel at adequate pressure and flow rate. The radial load applied on the gears, as a consequence of the pump pressure rise, is entirely supported by the hybrid journal bearings. Lubrication of these is accomplished using low viscosity aviation fuel, which makes the design and analysis of journal bearings particularly challenging. A numerical model has been developed to support the analysis and future design of hybrid journal bearings for fuel pump applications. The primary objective of the tool is to characterise the equilibrium position of the journal during steady-state operation at part and full load, where the resultant elastic displacements are more significantly affecting the pressure distribution of the lubrication film. The developed method effectively combines Elrod's cavitation algorithm with the dimensionless pressure definition known as the Vogelpohl parameter, resulting in a simple and robust methodology to characterise the pressure distribution within the lubricant for different bearing designs and operating conditions. Six different multidimensional root-finding solvers have been implemented and their performance evaluated against robustness, accuracy and computational speed requirements. Newton-Raphson based methods have shown promising trade-offs for the problem at hand. Validation of the tool has been made comparing experimental film thickness measurements, performed on a fuel pump from a modern turbofan engine, with predicted data from the numerical model.
Loads on a Jacket-Supported Wind Turbine During Hurricane Sandy Simulation
Authors: Kim Eungsoo , Manuel Lance 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The dynamic response of a jacket-supported offshore wind turbine under coupled wind, wave, and current fields during Hurricane Sandy is the subject of this study. To illustrate the detailed procedure related to the response evaluation of a 5-MW offshore wind turbine with a jacket support structure, we consider a single site where the water depth is 50 m. Loads are computed using two simulation tools, fast and abaqus, with partial coupling. Aerodynamic loads on the turbine rotor are first evaluated using a wind turbine model in fast with a fixed base; then, these rotor aerodynamic loads are applied as point loads at the top of a model of a tower that is supported by a jacket structure in abaqus. On the basis of stochastic simulations, we discuss the applicability of the abaqus jacket modeling and describe the characteristics and comparisons of the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic effects on loads on the jacket members. Details related to the structural model and soil–pile interaction model employed in the analyses are also discussed.
The Development of a Partially Averaged Navier–Stokes KSKL Model
Authors: Klapwijk Maarten , Lloyd Thomas , Vaz Guilherme 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A new partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) closure is derived based on the k−kL (KSKL) model. The aim of this new model is to incorporate the desirable features of the KSKL model, compared to the k−ω shear stress transport model, into the PANS framework. These features include reduced eddy-viscosity levels, a lower dependency on the cell height at the wall, well-defined boundary conditions, and improved iterative convergence. As well as the new model derivation, the paper demonstrates that these desirable features are indeed maintained, for a range of modeled-to-total turbulence kinetic energy ratios (fk), and even for multiphase flow.
Categorising high-cost high-need children and young people
Authors: Punjabi Nikita , Marszalek Kathryn , Beaney Thomas , Shah Rakhee , Nicholls Dasha , Deeny Sarah , Hargreaves Dougal 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics of high-cost high-need children and young people (CYP) (0–24 years) in England.MethodsRetrospective observational study using data from the Clinical Practice Research Database linked to Hospital Episode Statistics in 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. Healthcare utilisation of primary and secondary care services were calculated, and costs were estimated using Healthcare Resource Group for secondary care and Personal Social Services Research Unit for primary care. High-cost high-need CYP were defined as the top 5% of users by cost.Results3891 of 73 392 CYP made up the top 5% that were classified as high-cost high-need, and this group accounted for 54% of total annual costs. In this population, 7.3% were males <5 years and 11.0% were females 20–24 years. Inpatient care (acute) accounted for 63% of known spending in high-cost high-need patients. Total mean monthly cost per patient was 22.7 times greater in the high-cost high-need group compared with all other patients (£4417 vs £195). 29% of CYP in the high-cost high-need group in 2014/2015 were also classified as high-cost high-need in the following year.ConclusionsThese findings indicate the importance of further understanding and anticipating trends in CYP health spending to optimise care, reduce costs and inform new models of care. This includes integrated services, a further look into societal factors in reducing health inequalities and a particular focus of mental health services, the demand of which increases with age.
Willingness of tobacco farmers to accept compensation for tobacco crop substitution in Lichuan City, China
Authors: Wan Xinyu , Jin Jianjun , Ran Shenghong 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveThis study, conducted in China, explores tobacco farmers’ willingness to accept (WTA) compensation for tobacco crop substitution.MethodsThe contingent valuation method was used to elicit farmers’ WTA compensation. A face-to-face survey was conducted with 280 tobacco farmers in Lichuan City, China. The standard logit regressions were used to identify the factors that influence farmers’ WTA.ResultsWithout compensation, most of the respondents were unwilling to implement tobacco crop substitution. However, if the government provided compensation, the proportion of respondents’ willingness for substitution increased to 86.7%. Male tobacco farmers are more likely to accept a given compensation value than female farmers. Older tobacco farmers have a higher probability of accepting compensation. The number of farmers engaged in tobacco growing in a family is negatively associated with the probability of accepting a given compensation amount. Tobacco farmers with greater confidence in the expected benefits of tobacco crop substitution tend to be more willing to accept compensation. The mean WTA estimate was achieved as US$2020.35/ha/year.ConclusionsIf appropriate compensation is provided for tobacco farmers, there is a potential to implement the tobacco crop substitution policy in the study area.
Probing dark matter clumps, strings and domain walls with gravitational wave detectors
Authors: Jaeckel Joerg , Schenk Sebastian , Spannowsky Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGravitational wave astronomy has recently emerged as a new way to study our Universe. In this work, we survey the potential of gravitational wave interferometers to detect macroscopic astrophysical objects comprising the dark matter. Starting from the well-known case of clumps we expand to cosmic strings and domain walls. We also consider the sensitivity to measure the dark matter power spectrum on small scales. Our analysis is based on the fact that these objects, when traversing the vicinity of the detector, will exert a gravitational pull on each node of the interferometer, in turn leading to a differential acceleration and corresponding Doppler signal, that can be measured. As a prototypical example of a gravitational wave interferometer, we consider signals induced at LISA. We further extrapolate our results to gravitational wave experiments sensitive in other frequency bands, including ground-based interferometers, such as LIGO, and pulsar timing arrays, e.g. ones based on the Square Kilometer Array. Assuming moderate sensitivity improvements beyond the current designs, clumps, strings and domain walls may be within reach of these experiments.
Evolution of virial clouds-I: from surface of last scattering up to the formation of population-III stars
Authors: Tahir Noraiz , Qadir Asghar , Sakhi Muhammad , De Paolis Francesco 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe analysis of WMAP and Planck CMB data has shown the presence of temperature asymmetries towards the halos of several galaxies, which is probably due to the rotation of clouds present in these halos about the rotational axis of the galaxies. It had been proposed that these are hydrogen clouds that should be in equilibrium with the CMB. However, standard theory did not allow equilibrium of such clouds at the very low CMB temperature, but it was recently shown that the equilibrium could be stable. This still does not prove that the cloud concentration and that the observed temperature asymmetry is due to clouds in equilibrium with the CMB. To investigate the matter further, it would be necessary to trace the evolution of such clouds, which we call “virial clouds”, from their formation epoch to the present, so as to confront the model with the observational data. The task is to be done in two steps: (1) from the cloud formation before the formation of first generation of stars; (2) from that time to the present. In this paper we deal with the first step leaving the second one to a subsequent analysis.
Revisiting neutron yield in table-top nuclear fusion driven by an intense femtosecond laser pulse interaction with the gas clusters
Authors: Chen Guanglong , Cao Yunjiu , Ren Li , Huang Jiehui , He Jianping 
Published: September 2021

With the development of femtosecond (fs) laser technology, an fs laser pulse with 10s of Joule, even 100s of Joule energy is available and the focused laser intensity can be expected to induce the pure Coulomb explosion of the cluster with a much larger average radius than before. Meanwhile, the production of gas cluster with an average radius of upto 10s of nanometer has been possible. In this case, it is necessary to reinvestigate the feasibility of 109 n/shot neutron yield for the practical application in the intense fs laser-driven nuclear fusion. In this work, the neutron yield from the explosions of the D2 clusters of 6–20 nm average radius at the 0.5–100 J pulse energy and the CD4 clusters was investigated theoretically. It is found that the optimum neutron yield of 109 n/shot can be obtained at the laser energy and the cluster radius currently available. However, a clustered-gas jet with a large cross-section is demanded to match the proper plasma diameter.