bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micromachining of Vias Through Thermal-Sprayed Multilayer Structures Using Ultrafast Lasers
Authors: Sun J. , Fan C. H. , Longtin J. P. , Sampath S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Thermal spray is an economical, safe, and efficient technology for material processing and fabrication in which finely divided metallic or nonmetallic surfacing materials are deposited in a molten or semi-molten condition onto a substrate to form a spray deposit pattern. One of the major strengths of thermal spray is its ability to fabricate multilayer structures rapidly, which makes it a promising tool to fabricate multilayer circuits for electronic components. However, to compliment the additive nature of thermal spray, an efficient technique for material removal and modification of the multiplayer circuits is highly desired, which is difficult or impossible by using traditional manufacturing techniques. Laser ablation provides a practical alternative for precise micromachining of thermal-sprayed multilayer samples, especially using femtosecond lasers where materials can be removed through a melting-free mechanism with negligible thermal damage. In the present work, ultrafast laser micromachining is used to fabricate a via to electrically connect the top and bottom conductors in an inductor, which consists of eight thermal-sprayed layers. A 750 μm square via is machined with a femtosecond laser system, and then backfilled with more silver material to connect different conductor layers. This work demonstrates that femtosecond lasers are a promising tool for micromachining and modification of thermal sprayed multilayer structures.
Bias-Dependent Peltier Coefficient in Bipolar Devices
Authors: Pipe Kevin P. , Ram Rajeev J. , Shakouri Ali 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Temperature stabilization is important in many microelectronic devices due to thermal constraints on device operation and lifetime. The work described here is an investigation of thermoelectric phenomena in bipolar devices, specifically the p-n diode. Current injection can modify the Peltier coefficient at interfaces; this can give rise to thermoelectric cooling or heating depending on device parameters. The bias-dependent Peltier coefficient is modeled using self-consistent drift-diffusion, and implications for device design are examined. The different regimes of bias for which cooling is achieved are described, as well as the effects of device length, doping, and heterojunction band offset. Extensions of the model are given for applications such as the internal cooling of semiconductor laser diodes.
Experimental Demonstration of Heat Pipe/Two-Phase Flow Systems for Vehicle Passenger Cabin Cooling
Authors: Hendricks Terry J. , Thoensen Thomas 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has initiated projects to investigate the benefits and design challenges of using heat pipe/two-phase flow technologies to provide sub-system cooling and thermal management in future advanced vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and heavy-duty vehicles. The projects focus on vehicle instrument panel (IP) cooling and passenger seat thermal management, but will also begin investigating engine cooling, electric motor cooling, battery cooling, and fuel cell cooling in the future. Simulated vehicle cabin testing conducted at NREL has recently studied the effect of heat pipe IP cooling. Experimental results have demonstrated IP surface temperature reductions of 20–30°C during maximum solar intensity environments of 525–800 W/m2 (typical of Golden, CO from January to April) compared to uncooled conditions. The heat pipe cooling effect in the IP also reduced windshield temperatures by 9–12°C compared to the non-cooled configuration in April 2001 testing. The cooler IP and cooler windshield would significantly improve driver/passenger thermal comfort in a typical vehicle cabin. In addition, IP cooling also appears to dramatically reduce cabin air temperature by 4–10°C during long-term vehicle thermal soak conditions in these tests. Current estimates indicate that cabin air temperature reductions of 4–6°C may reduce vehicle air conditioning compressor sizing requirements by 16–25%, and increase vehicle fuel economy by 0.8–1.2 miles per gallon (mpg) and 1.6–2.5 mpg in current conventional vehicles with base fuel economies of 20 mpg and 30 mpg, respectively. IP temperature and cabin air temperature reductions may very well be larger in higher solar intensity conditions typical of summer months and more southern latitudes.
Freeze/thaw tests were also conducted on the heat pipe systems in the IP cooling demonstration at NREL. All the heat pipes survived the freezing event, and all but one heat pipe demonstrated the ability to start up and operate normally in both an evaporator-led thaw and a condenser-led thaw process.
An Analysis of Beam-Averaged Interferometric Heat Transfer Measurements
Authors: Naylor D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Laser interferometry can be used to measure the average temperature field in a fluid, integrated over the length of an experimental model. However, such measurements are inherently approximate when there is a temperature variation in the direction of the test/object beam. The present study examines the accuracy of beam-averaged interferometric measurements made in ideal gases. An analysis is performed to determine the accuracy of both beam-averaged temperature and heat transfer rate measurements. The heat transfer results are obtained for simulated measurements of forced convection from a plate with a power function temperature variation in the beam direction. The results show that the error in the beam-averaged temperature field is less small, even for the most adverse temperature distribution in the light beam direction. However, it was found that the error in the beam-averaged heat transfer rate can be greater than ten percent for some conditions.
Study of Corrosion Damage Under Protective Coatings
Authors: Khobaib Mohammad , Hoffmann Jochen , Sathish Shamachary , Donley Michael S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Polymer coatings provide an excellent corrosion barrier for Al-skinned military aircraft. However, the degradation and damage of the coatings in their service life over time leads to the initiation of corrosion damage at the substrate level. Early detection and negation of such activity can provide extensive cost savings. Several Electrochemical techniques and Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) show promise in detecting the onset of corrosion under such coatings. Current accelerated testing of aircraft coating systems for corrosion protection relies heavily on salt spray methods. Electrochemical techniques such as Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Electrochemical Noise Methods (ENM) provide insight into the global properties of a coating system, and both techniques are being used on a limited basis. However, there is a need to investigate corrosion events with greater spatial resolution under coatings at the metal/coating interface. Such corrosion activity may be related to coating defects and variations in the surface chemistry of the underlying metal. The Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET) has been developed to allow the investigation of localized corrosion activity with high spatial resolution. Such activity may be associated with coating defects or galvanic coupled regions of the metal surface.
Electrochemical and NDE techniques were used to investigate the early stage of corrosion activity under protective coatings. Coatings in this investigation ranged from a simple epoxy amine to commercially used military aircraft polyurethane coatings. SVET testing of panels with intact high-resistance barrier coatings could not reveal corrosion damage under normal testing conditions because of little or no corrosion activity within the limited exposure time. Chemical, mechanical, and electrochemical means of accelerating the corrosion damage were utilized to obtain results in a reasonable time frame. Corrosion initiation and its progress under the coating were studied in detail and the results are discussed here. Complimentary high-resolution NDE techniques, such as Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM) and Fan Thermography measurements were used to identify the corrosion sites. The overall objective of this investigation is to establish a correlation between the electrochemical and NDE techniques.
Cryogenic Heat Engines for Powering Zero Emission Vehicles
Authors: Ordonez C. A. , Plummer M. C. , Reidy R. F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Progress on advancing the technology of using cold thermal reservoirs for mobile energy storage applications is reported. A heat engine such as a Stirling engine can operate using the cold thermal reservoir as a heat sink and the atmosphere as a heat source. A heat engine as developed by the authors that operates employing a sub-atmospheric temperature thermal reservoir such as liquid nitrogen as a heat sink has been called a “cryogenic heat engine.” With sufficient work produced per unit mass of liquid nitrogen, such a cryogenic heat engine may be suitable for powering short range, non-polluting automobiles.
On a Model of a Ball in Cluster Impact Problems in Granular Mechanics
Authors: Vinogradov Oleg 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The nonlinear damping model introduced by Simon[1] combined with the Hertz model of contact elastic forces is applied to a two- and a multi-ball chain-type system (Newton’s Cradle). The numerical investigation is focused on inter-dependence between the numerical efficiency and accuracy for two- and a multi-ball system. An error control damping is introduced, which allows increased computational efficiency and at the same time error reduction.
Vibration Requirements for Signaling Equipment on Elevated Structures
Authors: Mirsky Martin M. , Cataldi Olga K. , Towey Michael F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper gives an approach for establishing of vibration requirements for qualification tests of signaling equipment designed to operate on elevated structures of NYCT subway lines. The findings of this paper are based on the results of recent vibration surveys on NYCT elevated structures.
Wheel Squeal Control With Keltrack Liquid Friction Modifier and Protector Trackside Application: Theory and Practice
Authors: Eadie Donald T. , Santoro Marco , Powell Ward 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Wheel squeal is a source of continuing concern for many railroads and transits, as well as for their neighbours. The underlying mechanism for squeal noise has been well understood in the literature for some time. However an integrated abatement method addressing the underlying cause of the problem has not previously been reported.
This paper describes practical experience using a water-based liquid High Positive Friction Modifier (Keltrack) applied using a Top of Rail trackside applicator (Portec Protector). This proprietary friction modifier and delivery equipment have been co-developed to provide an optimized product / delivery system that gives significant reduction of wheel squeal in curves.
Wheels experiencing lateral creep in curves are subject to roll-slip oscillations as a result of the frictional characteristics of the interface layer between the wheel and rail. These roll-slip oscillations are amplified in the wheel web leading to the familiar squeal. Providing a thin film of material between the wheel and rail with positive friction characteristics can both in theory and practice greatly reduce the magnitude of these oscillations. The friction control characteristics of Keltrack allow the material to be delivered to the top of both rails without compromising traction or braking.
Delivery of Keltrack to the contact patch is achieved with a proprietary top of rail electric trackside applicator, the Portec Protector. Key equipment features include top of rail bar design optimized for accurate and precise delivery, and control system features. The equipment is placed at the entrance to curves, and the friction modifier is carried down into the curve by the passing wheels. Application rate is optimized by control of the axle count between pump activations, and by the length of pump activation. The material is delivered to the top of both rails for optimum friction control.
The integrated product / equipment technology is now successfully controlling noise at more than twenty transit sites. Typical sound level reduction is 10–15 dB, in some cases as high as 20 dB, depending on the initial sound level. Two case studies are presented illustrating the effectiveness of this technology.
Vagally Derived Heart Rate Variability and Training Perturbations With Menses in Female Collegiate Rowers
Authors: Sherman Sara R. , Holmes Clifton J. , Demos Alexander P. , Stone Tori , Hornikel Bjoern , MacDonald Hayley V. , Fedewa Michael V. , Esco Michael R. 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: The parasympathetically derived marker of heart rate variability, root mean square of successive R-R differences (RMSSD), and the daily fluctuations as measured by the coefficient of variation (RMSSDCV) may be useful for tracking training adaptations in athletic populations. These vagally derived markers of heart rate variability may be especially pertinent when simultaneously considering a female athlete’s menstrual cycle. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe the perturbations in RMSSDCV, while considering RMSSD, across a season in the presence and absence of menses with training load in female collegiate rowers. Methods: Thirty-six (20 [1] y, 25.6 [3.4] kg·m−2) National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female rowers were monitored for 18 consecutive weeks across a full season. Seated, ultrashortened RMSSD measurements were obtained by the rowers on at least 3 mornings per week using a smartphone photoplethysmography device. Following the RMSSD measurement, athletes indicated the presence or absence of menstruation within the application. Individual meters rowed that week and sessions rate of perceived exertion were obtained to quantify training load. Results: Longitudinal mixed-effects modeling demonstrated a significant effect of menses and time, while also considering RMSSD, such that those who were on their period had a significantly greater RMSSDCV than those who were not (11.2% vs 7.5%, respectively; P < .001). These changes were independent of meters rowed, sessions rate of perceived exertion, body mass index, birth-control use, and years of rowing experience, which were all nonsignificant predictors of RMSSDCgV (P > .05). Conclusion: The presence of menses appears to significantly impact RMSSDCV when also considering RMSSD, which may allow coaches to consider individualized training plans accordingly.
Debunking highly prevalent health misinformation using audio dramas delivered by WhatsApp: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in Sierra Leone
Authors: Winters Maike , Oppenheim Ben , Sengeh Paul , Jalloh Mohammad B , Webber Nance , Pratt Samuel Abu , Leigh Bailah , Molsted-Alvesson Helle , Zeebari Zangin , Sundberg Carl Johan , Jalloh Mohamed F , Nordenstedt Helena 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionInfectious disease misinformation is widespread and poses challenges to disease control. There is limited evidence on how to effectively counter health misinformation in a community setting, particularly in low-income regions, and unsettled scientific debate about whether misinformation should be directly discussed and debunked, or implicitly countered by providing scientifically correct information.MethodsThe Contagious Misinformation Trial developed and tested interventions designed to counter highly prevalent infectious disease misinformation in Sierra Leone, namely the beliefs that (1) mosquitoes cause typhoid and (2) typhoid co-occurs with malaria. The information intervention for group A (n=246) explicitly discussed misinformation and explained why it was incorrect and then provided the scientifically correct information. The intervention for group B (n=245) only focused on providing correct information, without directly discussing related misinformation. Both interventions were delivered via audio dramas on WhatsApp that incorporated local cultural understandings of typhoid. Participants were randomised 1:1:1 to the intervention groups or the control group (n=245), who received two episodes about breast feeding.ResultsAt baseline 51% believed that typhoid is caused by mosquitoes and 59% believed that typhoid and malaria always co-occur. The endline survey was completed by 91% of participants. Results from the intention-to-treat, per-protocol and as-treated analyses show that both interventions substantially reduced belief in misinformation compared with the control group. Estimates from these analyses, as well as an exploratory dose–response analysis, suggest that direct debunking may be more effective at countering misinformation. Both interventions improved people’s knowledge and self-reported behaviour around typhoid risk reduction, and yielded self-reported increases in an important preventive method, drinking treated water.ConclusionThese results from a field experiment in a community setting show that highly prevalent health misinformation can be countered, and that direct, detailed debunking may be most effective.Trial registration numberNCT04112680.
Novel use of menstrual blood for monitoring glycaemic control in patients with diabetes: a proof-of-concept study
Authors: Naseri Sara , Brewster Ryan Charles Leung , Blumenthal Paul D 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundGlycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is the diagnostic and prognostic standard for clinical management of diabetes mellitus (DM). Unfortunately, patient adherence to guidelines for routine testing can be poor and there are significant gender-based disparities in DM management and outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that menstrual blood may be comparable to systemic blood for monitoring of common biomarkers. The objective of the present study was to assess the concordance of HbA1c levels between menstrual and systemic blood in healthy women and women with diabetes of reproductive age.MethodsIn this prospective, observational cohort study, we enrolled healthy and diabetic (type 1 and type 2 DM) reproductive-age women (aged ≥18 and ≤45 years). Menstrual blood and venous systemic blood specimens were simultaneously obtained at time of menstruation, and analysed for HbA1c levels. Participants self-collected menstrual blood using a QPad, a novel, modified menstrual pad with an embedded dried blood spot strip.ResultsAmong 172 participants, 57.6% were healthy and 42.4% had a diagnosis of either type 1 or type 2 DM. There were no significant differences in mean HbA1c values in menstrual and systemic blood across the overall cohort or within the diabetic subgroup. Furthermore, HbA1c levels between blood sources were robustly correlated and demonstrated a significant linear relationship.ConclusionsThere is a strong concordance in HbA1c levels between menstrual and systemic blood. Empowered by self-collection technologies, these findings suggest that menstrual blood may serve as a reliable, non-invasive and potentially cost-effective alternative to serum for HbA1c monitoring among reproductive-age women with DM.
Search for heavy resonances decaying into a pair of Z bosons using 139 fb−1 of p–p collisions at s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
Authors: Lagouri Theodota 
Published: November 2021

This paper presents the search for heavy resonances decaying into a pair of [Formula: see text] bosons leading to the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] final states, where [Formula: see text] stands for either an electron or a muon. The search uses proton–proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector from 2015 to 2018 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 [Formula: see text], which is the full data statistics collected during the Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The mass range for the hypothetical resonances considered spans from 200 GeV to 2000 GeV. In the absence of an observed significant excess, the results are interpreted as upper limits on the production cross-section of a spin-0 or spin-2 resonance. The upper limits for the spin-0 resonance are interpreted to exclusion contours in the context of Type-I and Type-II two-Higgs-doublet models (2HDM), while those for the spin-2 resonance are used to constrain the Randall–Sundrum (RS) model with an extra dimension giving rise to spin-2 graviton excitations.
Circulating Sex Hormones and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas and Serrated Lesions in Men
Authors: Figueiredo Jane C. , Gresham Gillian , Barry Elizabeth L. , Mott Leila A. , Passarelli Michael N. , Bradshaw Patrick T. , Anderson Carlton W. , Baron John A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background:
Sex hormones have been implicated in the etiology of colorectal neoplasia in women for over 40 years, but there has been very little investigation of the role of these hormones in men.

Methods:
Using data from an adenoma chemoprevention trial, we conducted a secondary analysis to examine serum hormone levels [testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)] and risk of colorectal precursors in 925 men. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit to evaluate adjusted associations between hormone levels and risk of “low-risk” (single tubular adenoma &lt; 1 cm) and “high-risk” lesions (advanced adenoma or sessile serrated adenoma or right-sided serrated polyp or &gt;2 adenomas of any size).

Results:
Overall, levels of free testosterone, total testosterone, androstenedione, DHEAS, or SHBG were not associated with either “low-risk” or “high-risk” early precursor lesions in the colorectum.

Conclusions:
These findings do not support the role of sex hormones in early colorectal neoplasia among men.

Impact:
This large prospective study address a missing gap in knowledge by providing information on the role of sex hormones in colorectal neoplasia in males.