bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation and use of a qPCR protocol to quantify the spread of Ralstonia solanacearum in susceptible and resistant eucalypt plants
Authors: Freitas Rodrigo G. , Hermenegildo Pollyane S. , Cascardo Renan S. , Guimarães Lúcio M. S. , Santos Samuel A. , Badel Jorge L. , Alfenas‐Zerbini Poliane , Alfenas Acelino C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease of eucalypt in humid and high temperature areas worldwide. Spreading of the bacterium in the field or to other nurseries occurs mainly by symptomless infected plant material. The use of pathogen‐free propagating material as well as planting of resistant genotypes are currently the only strategies used for disease control. Therefore, a reliable and sensitive method for detection of low titres of R. solanacearum in infected plant tissue is essential for the success of management programmes. In this work, we adapted an efficient intercalating dye‐based real‐time PCR protocol to detect the bacterium in symptomless eucalypt plants as well as to investigate its movement in eucalypt clones CLR172 and CLR371, which exhibit resistant and susceptible phenotypes, respectively. We found that the bacterium translocates acropetally and basipetally in inoculated but symptomless cuttings of the resistant clone, as in cuttings of the susceptible clone displaying symptoms. Nevertheless, a smaller concentration of bacterial DNA was detected in tissues of the resistant clone. Mature biofilms occluding the xylem vessels were present in the susceptible clone whereas only single cells or small aggregates were observed in the resistant clone. This work contributes to improve our knowledge of the colonization process of R. solanacearum in eucalypt clones with different levels of susceptibility and to understand how the defence mechanisms against bacterial wilt in Eucalyptus work. Our findings could aid in the selection of the most resistant eucalypt clones to be used in wilt disease management programmes.
Chloroplast relocation movement in the liverwort Apopellia endiviifolia
Authors: Yong Lee‐Kien , Tsuboyama Shoko , Kitamura Rika , Kurokura Takeshi , Suzuki Tomohiro , Kodama Yutaka 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChanges in the subcellular localisation of chloroplasts help optimise photosynthetic activity under different environmental conditions. In many plants, this movement is mediated by the blue‐light photoreceptor phototropin. A model organism with simple phototropin signalling that allows clear observation of chloroplasts would facilitate the study of chloroplast relocation movement. Here, we examined this process in the simple thalloid liverwort Apopellia endiviifolia. Transverse sections of the thallus tissue showed uniformly developed chloroplasts and no air chambers; these characteristics enable clear observation of chloroplasts and analysis of their movements under a fluorescence stereomicroscope. At 22°C, the chloroplasts moved to the anticlinal walls of cells next to the neighbouring cells in the dark (dark‐positioning response), whereas they moved towards weak light (accumulation response) and away from strong light (avoidance response). When the temperature was reduced to 5°C, the chloroplasts moved away from weak light (cold‐avoidance response). Hence, both light‐ and temperature‐dependent chloroplast relocation movements occur in A. endiviifolia. Notably, the accumulation, avoidance and cold‐avoidance responses were induced under blue‐light but not under red‐light. These results suggest that phototropin is responsible for chloroplast relocation movement in A. endiviifolia and that the characteristics are similar to those in the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. RNA sequencing and Southern blot analysis identified a single copy of the PHOTOTROPIN gene in A. endiviifolia, indicating that a simple phototropin signalling pathway functions in A. endiviifolia. We conclude that A. endiviifolia has great potential as a model system for elucidating the mechanisms of chloroplast relocation movement.
Knowledge and attitude towards Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in a low‐ to middle‐income country: a cross‐sectional survey among Lebanese middle‐aged and older adults
Authors: Elbejjani Martine , Wahab Kamal , El Hachem Rita , Tanielian Maria , Feghali Lea , Assaf Georges 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundDespite the growing burden of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in low‐ to middle‐income countries (LMICs) and prior findings of important gaps in research on ADRD knowledge, very few studies have assessed ADRD knowledge in these populations. This study evaluates the knowledge and attitudes towards ADRD among Lebanese middle‐aged and older adults.MethodParticipants aged ≥ 40 (n = 215) attending primary care clinics at a large medical centre in Lebanon completed the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS), an attitude scale, and the Duke University Religion Index.ResultsADRD knowledge accuracy was 61.5% (mean score = 18.6 out of 30 (SD = 3.05)). Items with the least correct answers were related to caregiving and risk factors (≤9% and ≤28%). Overall, participants had tolerant views concerning ADRD; the least positive views were regarding living with people with ADRD. Older age, lower educational attainment, and higher religiosity scores were associated with poorer knowledge and attitudes.ConclusionResults highlight the need for awareness and preventive efforts that address misconceptions about modifiable risk factors and living with ADRD, especially given that the burden of caregiving for older adults often falls on family members in Lebanon and other LMIC countries.
Assessment of cube‐copying among community‐dwelling elderly living in Japan using the vertex criterion and parallelism
Authors: Yoshimura Takako , Osawa Aiko , Maeshima Shinichiro 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThe cube‐copying test is used to assess cognitive function. It is one of the methods used to distinguish healthy older individuals from those with cognitive impairment based on its 3 mm vertex criterion and parallel line errors. We sought to assess how: (1) precisely elderly community‐dwelling individuals draw cubes based on two different vertex criteria; and (2) they keep the parallelism of lines.MethodsThe cross‐sectional design study population comprised 121 adults ((outlier analysis excluded the results of three, resulting in 118 participants) ≥ 65 years (21 men and 100 women) who participated in an annual physical fitness circuit and who lived independently in their communities. We recorded the participants' ages, years of education, and the scores they obtained in the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Participants were instructed to draw the cube as precisely as possible. Cube drawings were assessed based on the correct position of the vertices using 1 and 3 mm criteria and parallel line errors.ResultsEighty‐nine percent of the participants were able to draw vertices within 3 mm distance from the correct position but found it difficult to draw them within 1 mm distance. Using the 3 mm vertex criterion, the mean score for correct vertices was six (out of a maximum of eight). Most of the participants made a maximum of one out of six possible parallel line errors.ConclusionsAlmost 90% of the elderly in our study drew the vertices within 3 mm of the correct position, and the parallel line errors were few. The 3 mm vertex and parallel line criteria by cube‐copying seem to be cleared by most community‐dwelling elderly. Further research should determine if participants aged ≥85 years with less than 6 years of education show different results.
Learning to deal with delayed outcomes: EEG oscillatory and slow potentials during the prefeedback interval
Authors: Bhangal Sabrina , Sharma Shreya , Valle‐Inclán Fernando , Ren Xi , Hackley Steven A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is well established that the stimulus‐preceding negativity (SPN) decreases in amplitude as a task is mastered, a phenomenon generally attributed to the reduction in anticipatory attention as feedback becomes less needed. Typically, the experiments supporting this assumption have used relatively short delays (<3 s). However, we found in a previous study that this decline in amplitude, although present during the 2.5‐s prefeedback delay of a patterned key‐pressing task, was absent with an 8‐s delay. We reexamined this finding using a 6‐s delay and found that the SPN diminished at frontal sites as participants learned a sequence of four keypress durations, but that this modulation was limited to the early half of the delay (maximum at 2 s). Decline of lateralized sensorimotor theta activity across trials was also limited to early portions of the delay. These findings suggest that processes other than anticipatory attention to feedback may be more relevant for explaining SPN diminution. Such processes could include adjustment and maintenance of action‐outcome expectancies (e.g., forward models) during the prefeedback interval.
Dynamic Fracture of Expanding Cavities in Nonlinear Soft Solids
Authors: Milner Matt P. , Hutchens Shelby B. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Recent experimental observation [Milner, M. P., and Hutchens, S. B., 2021, “Multi-Crack Formation in Soft Solids During High Rate Cavity Expansion,” Mech. Mater., 154, p. 103741] suggests that crack formation during rapid cavity expansion in low modulus, highly deformable solids depends on the ratio of the rate of expansion and the acoustoelastic wave speed, similar to observations in rock and metal [Grady, D., and Kipp, M., 1987, “Dynamic Rock Fragmentation,” Fracture Mechanics of Rock, Elsevier, p. 429475]. Here, we explore the effect of material nonlinearity on predictions of the number of cracks formed at the cavity surface. We find that nonlinearity influences crack formation only when the cavity size normalized elasto-fracture length is greater than one and the cavity’s rate of expansion is greater than the acoustoelastic wave speed. The sensitivity of these predictions for two idealized fracture geometries, either a spherical damaged zone or discrete cracks, suggests a direction for further experimentation that may illuminate crack formation mechanisms in soft solids under dynamic loading.
Australian impact cratering record: Updates and recent discoveries
Authors: Quintero Raiza R. , Cavosie Aaron J. , Cox Morgan A. , Miljković Katarina , Dugdale Allison 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
There are currently 31 confirmed structures of impact origin in Australia. More than 49 additional structures have been proposed to have formed due to asteroid impact but await confirmation. Many discoveries have been made in Australia in the time since the last comprehensive review of the Australian impact cratering record was published in a peer-reviewed journal in 2005. These include further expanding the record of confirmed craters, and providing new insights into a variety of impact-related processes, such as shock deformation, phase transitions in accessory minerals, new impact age determinations, studies of oblique impacts, and more. This update is a review that focuses principally on summarizing discoveries made since 2005. Highlights since then include confirmation of five new Australian impact structures, identification of Earth’s oldest recognized impact structure, recognition of shock deformation in accessory minerals, discovery of the high-pressure phase reidite in Australia, determination of the links between impact craters and some ore deposits, and publication of the first generation of numerical hydrocode models for some Australian craters.
Terrestrial and extraterrestrial chemical components of early Archean impact spherule layers from Fairview Gold Mine, northern Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa
Authors: Gonçalves de Oliveira* Grace Juliana , Reimold Wolf Uwe , Crósta Álvaro Penteado , Hauser Natalia , Koeberl Christian , Mader Dieter , Schmitt Ralf-Thomas , Mohr-Westheide Tanja 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Early Archean spherule layers, widely accepted to represent distal ejecta deposits from large-scale impact events onto the early Earth, have been described from several stratigraphic levels of the Barberton greenstone belt in South Africa. Recently, exploration drilling at the Fairview Gold Mine (25°43′53″S, 31°5′59″E) in the northern domain of the belt resulted in the discovery of a new set of spherule layer intersections. The Fairview spherule layers in drill cores BH5901, BH5907, BH5911, and BH5949 were intersected just a few meters apart, at about the same stratigraphic position within the transition from the Onverwacht Group to the Fig Tree Group. The Fairview spherule layers have petrographic and chemical similarities to at least three other well-known Barberton spherule layers (S2–S4), and multiple spherule layer bed intersections in drill cores BARB5 and CT3, all from about the same stratigraphic position. They are not uniform in composition, in particular with respect to abundances of highly siderophile elements. The highest concentrations of moderately (Cr, Co, Ni) and highly siderophile (Ir) elements are within the range of concentrations for chondrites and, thus, reinforce the impact hypothesis for the generation of the Fairview spherule layers. Iridium peak concentrations and Cr/Ir interelement ratios for spherule layer samples from drill cores BH5907, BH5911, and BH5949 suggest admixtures of 50%–60% chondritic material, whereas for the BH5901 spherule layer, only an admixture of 1% chondritic material is indicated. We discuss whether these four Fairview spherule layers represent the same impact event, and whether they can be correlated to any of the S2–S4, CT3, and BARB5 intersections.
Shock effects in feldspars: An overview
Authors: Pickersgill* Annemarie E. , Jaret Steven J. , Pittarello Lidia , Fritz Jörg , Harris R. Scott 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Feldspars are the dominant mineral in the crust of most terrestrial planetary bodies, including Earth, Earth’s moon, and Mars, as well as in asteroids, and thus in meteorites. These bodies have experienced large numbers of hypervelocity impact events, and so it is important to have a robust understanding of the effects of shock waves exerted on feldspars. However, due to their optical complexity and susceptibility to weathering, feldspars are underutilized as shock barometers and indicators of hypervelocity impact. Here, we provide an overview of the work done on shocked feldspars so far, in an effort to better frame the current strengths and weaknesses of different techniques, and to highlight some gaps in the literature.
Rampart craters on Earth
Authors: Wulf* Gerwin , Kenkmann Thomas 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Rampart craters are omnipresent features on volatile-rich solid planetary surfaces. This raises the question whether, and how many, rampart craters are present on Earth. We reviewed the terrestrial impact crater record with regard to possible rampart morphologies and present detailed morphological analyses of these terrestrial craters here. Our results show that the Ries crater in Germany, Bosumtwi crater in Ghana, Tenoumer crater in Mauritania, Lonar crater in India, and Meteor crater in the United States are terrestrial rampart craters. The Ries and Bosumtwi craters can be classified as double-layer ejecta (DLE) craters, whereas Tenoumer, Lonar, and Meteor craters can be classified as single-layer ejecta (SLE) craters. Tenoumer and Meteor craters show rampart as well as common lunar-like ejecta characteristics within their ejecta blankets and, thus, appear to be hybrid craters. In addition, we discuss seven crater structures that show at least some morphological or lithological peculiarities that could provide evidence for possible ejecta ramparts. Considering the low number of terrestrial impact craters with well-preserved ejecta blankets, the relatively high proportion of rampart craters is astonishing. Obviously, the formation of layered or rampart craters is a common and not a rare process on Earth.
Students’ perceptions of a university ‘No Smoking’ policy and barriers to implementation: a cross- sectional study
Authors: Al-Jayyousi Ghadir Fakhri , Kurdi Rana , Alsaei Shahd , AL-Kaabi Haya , Alrushdi Al Jaziya , Abdul Rahim Hanan F 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesEffective policies are an important tool for reducing tobacco use. We examine student perceptions of the existing no-smoking policy in the country’s largest national university and identify perceived barriers to its implementation. We explore student support for a 100% tobacco-free campus policy.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional survey using a self-administered on-line questionnaire.SettingThis study was conducted at Qatar University (QU), the largest national institution of higher education in Qatar.ParticipantsA total of 199 students participated out of a stratified random sample of students aged ≥18 years with active registration in the Spring 2020 semester.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe assessed students’ knowledge of and attitudes towards QU’s current no-smoking policy, the perceived barriers to its implementation, and support for a 100% tobacco-free policy.ResultsOnly 26% (95% CI 19.97 to 32.03) and 16.6% (95% CI 11.70 to 22.49) of respondents correctly identified the current policy on traditional and electronic cigarettes, respectively. Less than 30% of respondents held positive attitudes towards policy enforcement, and more male respondents reported positive attitudes towards compliance than women. Support for a 100% tobacco-free policy was at 77.2%, but it was significantly lower among tobacco users compared with non-users (35.9% and 91.8%, respectively; p<0.001). Failure to establish clear penalties, opposition from smoking students, and lack of cessation services were perceived as major barriers to implementation.ConclusionsClear and comprehensive tobacco-free policies are important tools for creating environments conducive to rejecting smoking and seeking cessation support. The findings underscore the need to increase awareness about the policy, advocate for clear penalties for violations, and promote cessation services on campus. Qualitative research is needed to further understand perceived barriers to successful enforcement of the policy.
Mental health disorders among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey from three major hospitals in Kenya
Authors: Shah Jasmit , Monroe-Wise Aliza , Talib Zohray , Nabiswa Alphonse , Said Mohammed , Abeid Abdulaziz , Ali Mohamed Mohamed , Mohamed Sood , Ali Sayed K 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundCOVID-19 is an international global health emergency and has posed a great challenge to mental well-being and resilience. Little is known about the mental health impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers (HCWs) in sub-Saharan Africa or other low-resource settings.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study between August and November 2020 among HCWs recruited from three major hospitals in Kenya. The survey questionnaire consisted of six components: demographic and work title characteristics; information regarding care of patients with COVID-19; and symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, distress and burnout, measured using standardised questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with mental health disorders.ResultsA total of 433 (65.2% response rate) individuals participated in the survey. Median age was 32.75 years, 58.4% were females and 68.8% were front-line workers. Depression, anxiety, insomnia, distress and burnout were reported in 53.6%, 44.3%, 41.1%, 31.0% and 45.8% of all participants, respectively. Front-line HCWs, females and doctors were at higher risk of mental health symptoms. Nearly half of participants reported inadequate resources or training to care for patients with COVID-19, and those in the government hospital were more likely to report mental health symptoms.ConclusionsThis is among the first studies examining mental health outcomes among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. Similar to other studies from around the world, HCWs directly involved with patients with COVID-19 reported higher rates of mental health symptoms. Mitigating strategies specific to Kenyan HCWs are urgently needed to help them cope with mental health symptoms during the pandemic.
Diet and physical activity in Greenland: genetic interactions and associations with obesity and diabetes
Authors: Senftleber Ninna Karsbæk , Overvad Maria , Dahl-Petersen Inger Katrine , Bjerregaard Peter , Jørgensen Marit Eika 
Published: June 2021

The Inuit in Greenland have gone through dramatic lifestyle changes during the last half century. More time is spent being sedentary and imported foods replaces traditional foods like seal and whale. The population has also experienced a rapid growth in obesity and metabolic disturbances and diabetes is today common despite being almost unknown few decades ago. In this paper, we describe and discuss the role of lifestyle changes and genetics for Inuit metabolic health. Novelty: Cardiometabolic disease risk has increased in Greenland. Lifestyle changes and possibly gene-lifestyle interactions play a role.
Heterogeneity in NECTIN4 Expression Across Molecular Subtypes of Urothelial Cancer Mediates Sensitivity to Enfortumab Vedotin
Authors: Chu Carissa E. , Sjöström Martin , Egusa Emily A. , Gibb Ewan A. , Badura Michelle L. , Zhu Jun , Koshkin Vadim S. , Stohr Bradley A. , Meng Maxwell V. , Pruthi Raj S. , Friedlander Terence W. , Lotan Yair , Black Peter C. , Porten Sima P. , Feng Felix Y. , Chou Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Enfortumab vedotin (EV) is an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) targeting NECTIN4 (encoded by the PVRL4/NECTIN4 gene) approved for treatment-refractory metastatic urothelial cancer. Factors that mediate sensitivity or resistance to EV are unknown. In this study, we sought to (i) examine heterogeneity of NECTIN4 gene expression across molecular subtypes of bladder cancer and (ii) determine whether NECTIN4 expression mediates EV sensitivity or resistance.

Experimental Design:
Molecular subtyping and NECTIN4 expression data from seven muscle-invasive bladder cancer clinical cohorts (n = 1,915 total specimens) were used to assess NECTIN4 expression across molecular subtypes. The outcome of the transcriptomic analysis was relative NECTIN4 expression in the consensus molecular subtypes of bladder cancer. Expression of NECTIN4 was validated in bladder cancer cell lines. NECTIN4 was stably overexpressed or knocked down in basal and luminal bladder cancer cell lines and EV drug sensitivity assays were performed, as measured by cell proliferation and clonogenic assays.

Results:
NECTIN4 expression is heterogenous across molecular subtypes of bladder cancer and significantly enriched in luminal subtypes. NECTIN4 expression is positively correlated with luminal markers GATA3, FOXA1, and PPARG across all cohorts. NECTIN4 expression is both necessary and sufficient for EV sensitivity in luminal and basal subtypes of urothelial bladder cancer cells. Downregulation of NECTIN4 leads to EV resistance.

Conclusions:
Sensitivity to EV is mediated by expression of NECTIN4, which is enriched in luminal subtypes of bladder cancer. These findings may have implications for biomarker development, patient selection, and the inclusion of molecular subtyping in ongoing and future EV clinical trials.
See related commentary by Teo and Rosenberg, p. 4950