bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed production and storage for endangered Morus boninensis using an ex‐situ living collection
Authors: Endoh K. , Itahana N. , Matsushita M. , Yamada H. , Ubukata M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Meaningful conservation techniques for the endangered Morus boninensis require seed production and storage, since in situ purebred seed production is infrequent in Ogasawara Islands (World Natural Heritage Site) in Japan.

Ex situ living M. boninensis specimens produced seeds by open‐ and artificial‐pollination in a greenhouse. Seed desiccation tolerance and storage characteristics were examined. Open‐pollinated seeds were dried at 75, 33 and 8% relative humidity (RH) for 5 days then cryopreserved at −170 °C. Artificially pollinated seeds were dried at 8% RH then stored cryogenically at −170 °C and in freezers at −80 or −20 °C for 6 months. Germination rates were compared among seeds before and after drying and storage.

Germination rates of undried seeds were 83% for open‐pollinated seeds and 65% for artificially pollinated seeds. M. boninensis seeds exhibited the characteristic high desiccation tolerance of orthodox seeds and maintained a high germination rate after drying to a moisture content of approximately 4%. Cryopreservation of open‐pollinated dry seeds with moisture contents of ca. 12, 7 and 4% maintained germination rates, while cryopreservation of undried seeds (moisture content ca. 44%) resulted in no germinability. Cryogenic and freezer storage of artificially pollinated dry seeds for 6 months resulted in maintenance of germination rates comparable to undried seeds before storage.

Seed production was enabled by ex situ M. boninensis collection. The present study also developed a method for low temperature seed storage. Ex situ living tree collection represents a feasible seed resource for reintroduction and restoration programmes for M. boninensis.
Connecting and considering: Electrophysiology provides insights into comprehension
Authors: Federmeier Kara D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe ability to rapidly and systematically access knowledge stored in long‐term memory in response to incoming sensory information—that is, to derive meaning from the world—lies at the core of human cognition. Research using methods that can precisely track brain activity over time has begun to reveal the multiple cognitive and neural mechanisms that make this possible. In this article, I delineate how a process of connecting affords an effortless, continuous infusion of meaning into human perception. In a relatively invariant time window, uncovered through studies using the N400 component of the event‐related potential, incoming sensory information naturally induces a graded landscape of activation across long‐term semantic memory, creating what might be called “proto‐concepts”. Connecting can be (but is not always) followed by a process of further considering those activations, wherein a set of more attentionally demanding “active comprehension” mechanisms mediate the selection, augmentation, and transformation of the initial semantic representations. The result is a limited set of more stable bindings that can be arranged in time or space, revised as needed, and brought to awareness. With this research, we are coming closer to understanding how the human brain is able to fluidly link sensation to experience, to appreciate language sequences and event structures, and, sometimes, to even predict what might be coming up next.
Beyond Unidimensional Poverty Analysis Using Distributional Copula Models for Mixed Ordered-Continuous Outcomes
Authors: Hohberg Maike , Donat Francesco , Marra Giampiero , Kneib Thomas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPoverty is a multidimensional concept often comprising a monetary outcome and other welfare dimensions such as education, subjective well-being or health that are measured on an ordinal scale. In applied research, multidimensional poverty is ubiquitously assessed by studying each poverty dimension independently in univariate regression models or by combining several poverty dimensions into a scalar index. This approach inhibits a thorough analysis of the potentially varying interdependence between the poverty dimensions. We propose a multivariate copula generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (copula GAMLSS or distributional copula model) to tackle this challenge. By relating the copula parameter to covariates, we specifically examine if certain factors determine the dependence between poverty dimensions. Furthermore, specifying the full conditional bivariate distribution allows us to derive several features such as poverty risks and dependence measures coherently from one model for different individuals. We demonstrate the approach by studying two important poverty dimensions: income and education. Since the level of education is measured on an ordinal scale while income is continuous, we extend the bivariate copula GAMLSS to the case of mixed ordered-continuous outcomes. The new model is integrated into the GJRM package in R and applied to data from Indonesia. Particular emphasis is given to the spatial variation of the income–education dependence and groups of individuals at risk of being simultaneously poor in both education and income dimensions.
Rurality and Crises of Democracy: What Can Rural Sociology Offer the Present Moment?*
Authors: Schafft Kai A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article discusses the growing political divide in the United States and how ideological polarization has increasingly assumed spatial dimensions, as rural areas have become strongly associated with Republican support, and urban areas have become associated with strong Democratic support. In the context of the recent Trump administration, marked not only by authoritarian tendencies, ethno‐nationalism, and hostility towards democratic institutions, but its denouement represented by the U.S. Capitol insurrection on January 6th, 2021 and the weeks that followed, what are the implications for growing spatialized civic and political divides, and indeed for democracy itself? I discuss several main approaches taken by social scientists to explain the relationship between spatial and political divides in the United States, including those that focus on shifting political geographies, cultural factors, economic anxiety, and racial resentment. Then, pointing to several recent exemplars, I identify theoretical, methodological, and perspectival strengths that the discipline of rural sociology can and should engage in developing explanatory frameworks for better understanding these social and spatial shifts – shifts that are simultaneously crises of democracy and crises of epistemology.
Colorectal cancer patients’ experiences with supervised exercise during adjuvant chemotherapy—A qualitative study
Authors: Hatlevoll Ingunn , Skolbekken John‐Arne , Oldervoll Line Merethe , Wibe Arne , Hofsli Eva 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer worldwide, with increasing numbers surviving and living with long‐term side effects from treatment. Physical exercise during or after treatment may have several beneficial effects, but knowledge of CRC patients’ reflections on exercising during adjuvant therapy is limited. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of CRC patients participating in a supervised exercise program during adjuvant chemotherapy.MethodsThis study included CRC patients participating in two intervention studies with individually tailored and supervised combinations of endurance, resistance, and balance exercises during adjuvant chemotherapy. Semi‐structured interviews performed at the beginning, during, and immediately after the intervention period from 15 participants were analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsFour main themes identified were “structuring life with cancer,” “motivation to exercise,” “training experiences,” and “effects of exercise.” Scheduled appointments gave structure to daily life and served as an external motivational factor. The individual adjustments of exercise gave a sense of security and helped improving adherence, especially when feeling depressed or fatigued. Common expectations were improvement of endurance and strength and counteracting negative effects of chemotherapy. Experienced positive effects from exercising, both mentally and physically, contributed to inner motivation and inspired continued exercising after the study period.ConclusionThis study offers important insights into CRC patients’ experiences of participating in a physical exercise program during adjuvant chemotherapy. Based on our findings, we recommend supervised and individually tailored physical exercise during adjuvant chemotherapy to this patient group.
Toxic masculinity in red blood cell units? Testosterone therapy in blood donors revisited
Authors: Hazegh Kelsey , Anawalt Bradley D. , Dumont Larry J. , Kanias Tamir 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundFDA guidelines limit the use of blood from donors taking testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) to red blood cell (RBC) concentrates, whereas plasma and platelets are discarded. The purpose of this study is to bring awareness to above‐average free testosterone concentrations in RBC units from TRT donors.Study designWe quantified the concentrations of free (bioavailable; pg/ml) and total (protein bound and free; ng/dl) testosterone in plasma (frozen within 24 h) and supernatants from 42‐day stored leukocyte‐reduced RBC units from 17 TRT male donors and 17 matched controls (no TRT). Total testosterone concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Free testosterone concentrations were quantified in the same samples using equilibrium dialysis/LC–MS/MS.ResultsPlasma free and total testosterone concentrations in TRT donors were 2.9 and 1.8 times higher than that of controls. Total testosterone concentrations in RBC supernatants were about 30% of that of plasma. In contrast, free testosterone concentrations in RBC supernatants were 80%–100% of that of plasma and were significantly (p = .005) higher in TRT compared with controls (252.3 ± 245.3 vs. 103.4 ± 88.2 pg/ml). Supraphysiological free testosterone concentrations (>244 pg/ml) in RBC supernatants were observed in five TRT donors and two control donors.ConclusionsRBC units from TRT donors may contain supraphysiological concentrations of free testosterone. This may be resolved by avoiding blood collections soon after testosterone dosing and by enhanced screening of TRT donors. These data establish a rationale for new studies and reexamination of the current guidelines concerning the utilization of blood components from TRT donors.
House dust mite‐derived serine protease upregulates gene expression of interleukin‐33 in canine keratinocytes via protease‐activated receptor‐2
Authors: Nishimura Rinka , Miyajima Masaki , Takahashi Kaho , Hirokawa Marin , Hara Yuna , Kimura Junpei , Ohmori Keitaro 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundThe involvement of interleukin (IL)‐33 produced by keratinocytes has been suggested in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). House dust mite (HDM)‐derived proteases induce the production of various cytokines and chemokines in keratinocytes via protease‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR‐2); however, their effects on IL‐33 mRNA expression in canine keratinocytes have not been determined.Hypothesis/ObjectiveTo clarify whether HDM‐derived proteases induce IL‐33 mRNA expression in canine keratinocytes via PAR‐2.Methods and materialsExpression of IL‐33 mRNA was quantified by real‐time PCR in a cell line of canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes (CPEK) stimulated with Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) whole body extract, Der f pre‐treated with cysteine protease and serine protease inhibitors, and trypsin. Trypsin and Der f‐mediated IL‐33 mRNA expression also was measured in CPEK cells treated with a PAR‐2 antagonist.ResultsDer f enhanced IL‐33 mRNA expression in CPEK cells in incubation time‐ and dose‐dependent manners. Der f pre‐treated with a serine protease inhibitor, and not a cysteine protease inhibitor, abrogated an increase in IL‐33 mRNA expression in CPEK cells. Trypsin also enhanced IL‐33 mRNA expression in CPEK cells. Trypsin‐mediated IL‐33 mRNA expression was completely abolished by a PAR‐2 antagonist, while Der f‐mediated IL‐33 mRNA expression was partially and significantly diminished by it.Conclusions and clinical relevanceDer f‐derived serine protease upregulated IL‐33 mRNA expression in CPEK cells at least in part via PAR‐2. These findings suggest that HDM may be involved in the development of CAD by increasing IL‐33 mRNA expression in keratinocytes.
Transient and reversible reduction of stratum corneum filaggrin degradation products after allergen challenge in experimentally mite‐sensitised atopic dogs
Authors: Olivry Thierry , Paps Judy S. , Amalric Nicolas 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundA defective skin barrier occurs in dogs with atopic dermatitis, and there is controversy over whether this defect pre‐exists, or is secondary to allergic inflammation.ObjectivesTo study if an allergen challenge decreases the natural moisturising factor (NMF), which contains the main filaggrin degradation products.AnimalsFour house dust mite (HDM)‐sensitised adult atopic dogs from a research colony.Methods and materialsDogs were challenged epicutaneously with HDMs on the right lateral abdomen while the left thorax served as control. We swabbed the skin surface before, and at days (D)1, D2, D3, D7 and D28 after challenge, on both selected sites; swabs were soaked in detergent and frozen until assayed. The NMF components were measured by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS‐MS).ResultsThe allergen challenge induced moderate skin lesions at the application sites, and also mild erythema at the control areas. The allergen provocation led to significant decreases in the total NMF and its components trans‐urocanic acid (t‐UCA), pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) and serine on both sites. Lesion scores abated by D7 and the NMF concentrations had re‐increased by D28. Skin lesion scores correlated negatively with the total NMF, t‐UCA and PCA concentrations.Conclusions and clinical importanceIn this experimental model, a single epicutaneous allergen challenge led to a transient and reversible decrease in skin surface NMF and its components, and concentrations were negatively correlated with skin lesion scores. These observations suggest that some of the skin barrier anomalies seen in atopic dogs likely develop secondarily to the underlying cutaneous allergic inflammation.
Considerations for the Extension of Gas Path Analysis to Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Systems
Authors: Simon Donald L. , Thomas Randy , Dunlap Kyle M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Aircraft operators rely on gas path analysis techniques for monitoring the performance and health of their gas turbine engine assets. This is accomplished by analyzing discernable shifts in measurement parameters acquired from the engine. This paper reviews the founding mathematical principles of gas path analysis, including conventional approaches applied for estimating engine performance deterioration. Considerations for extending the application of gas path analysis techniques to electrified aircraft propulsion (EAP) systems are also discussed, and simulated results from their application to an EAP concept comprised of turbomachinery and electrical system hardware are provided. Results are provided comparing the parameter estimation accuracy offered by taking a whole-system approach toward the problem setup versus that offered by analyzing each subsystem individually. For the latter, the importance of having accurate direct or inferred measurements of external mechanical torque loads placed upon turbomachinery shafts is emphasized.
Acoustic Pyrometry Robustness to Time-of-Flight Estimation Errors
Authors: Caposciutti Gianluca , Ferrari Lorenzo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Acoustic pyrometry is a widely used technique for contactless temperature measurement. It may be used in several applications, especially when high temperatures and harsh environments are involved. For instance, it has been applied to measure the temperature distribution at gas turbine outlet. This technique is based on the measurement of the time of flight of an acoustic wave through a medium. If multiple emitter-receiver couples are used, using a computational procedure a reconstruction of a temperature map is possible. On the other hand, a full assessment of the robustness of this technique to potential errors in TOF estimation is still missing. In this study, the impact of an inaccuracy in TOF estimation on the reconstruction of a correct temperature map is investigated by means of a statistical approach. As a general result, it was found that when the TOF was measured without inaccuracies, temperature estimation errors may be lowered by simply increasing the number of cells in which the estimation is performed. However, when the estimation of the TOF is affected by errors, an optimal configuration exists that minimize the temperature estimation errors.
Off-Design of a Pumped Thermal Energy Storage Based on Closed Brayton Cycles
Authors: Frate Guido Francesco , Paternostro Luigia , Ferrari Lorenzo , Desideri Umberto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The growth of renewable energy source requires reliable, durable, and cheap storage technologies. In this field, the pumped thermal energy storage (PTES) is drawing some interest as it appears not to be affected by geographical limitations and use very cheap materials. PTES is less efficient than pumped hydro and batteries, but it could achieve satisfactory efficiencies, show better economic performance, and be characterized by negligible environmental impacts. A PTES stores the electric energy as thermal exergy in solid packed beds, by operating two closed Brayton cycles, one for charging and the other one for discharging. Although PTES thermodynamical behavior is well understood, the interaction between the components is rarely investigated. This study investigates the impact of packed-bed behavior on turbomachines operating conditions. In this way, PTES off-design and part-load performance are estimated. A control strategy especially suited for closed Brayton cycles, i.e., the inventory control (IC), is used to control the system. As it resulted, PTES is characterized by an excellent part-load performance, which might be a significant advantage over the competing technologies. However, the off-design operation induced by the packed-bed thermal behavior might significantly reduce the system performance and, in particular, that of the discharge phase.
Numerical Methods for Calculating Component Modes for Geometric Mistuning Reduced-Order Models
Authors: Beck Joseph A. , Brown Jeffrey M. , Kaszynski Alex A. , Gillaugh Daniel L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGeometric mistuning models formulated from component mode synthesis methods often require the calculation of component modes, particularly constraint and fixed interface normal modes (FINMs), during substructuring. For integrally bladed rotors, these calculations are required for each sector. This paper proposes methods that reuse information garnered from solving the constraint modes of a single sector on the remaining sectors to reduce memory requirements and solution times. A mesh metamorphosis tool is used to ensure finite element models match geometry obtained from a three-dimensional optical scanner. This tool also produces a common mesh pattern from sector-to-sector. This is exploited to produce common permutation matrices and symbolic factorizations of sector stiffness matrices that are proposed for reuse in solving subsequent constraint modes. Furthermore, a drop tolerance is introduced to remove small values during constraint mode calculation to reduce memory requirements. It is proposed to reuse this dropping pattern produced from a single sector on the remaining sectors. Approaches are then extended to a parallel processing scheme to propose effective matrix partitioning methods. Finally, information gathered during the constraint mode calculations is reused during the solution of the FINMs to improve solution time. Results show reusing permutation matrices and symbolic factorizations from sector-to-sector improves solution time and introduces no error. Using a drop tolerance is shown to reduce storage requirements of a constraint mode matrix, while reusing the dropping pattern introduces minimal error. Similarly, reusing constraint mode information in calculating normal modes greatly improves the performance.
Coupled magmatic and host rock processes during the initiation of the Tuolumne Intrusive Complex, Sierra Nevada, California, USA: A transition from ephemeral sheets to long-lived, active magma mushes
Authors: Memeti Valbone , Paterson Scott R. , Mundil Roland 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The initiation of pluton formation is rarely preserved as the rock record is typically overprinted by younger intruding pulses. An exception is the 80 km2 Kuna Crest lobe, which marks the initiation of the 95–85 Ma, 1100 km2 Tuolumne Intrusive Complex in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. We present a detailed map of the lithologies and structure of the Kuna Crest lobe, associated sheeted complex and satellite plutons, and their host rocks, using chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry U-Pb zircon geochronology, element and isotope geochemistry, and Al-in-hornblende thermobarometry to conclude the following: (a) The 94.91 ± 0.53 Ma to 92.75 ± 0.11 Ma Kuna Crest lobe and its marginal sheeted complex preserved the oldest intrusive pulses and most mantle-like compositions of the entire Tuolumne Intrusive Complex. (b) Emplacement began with magma wedging of low volume magma pulses resulting in a sheeted complex that is compositionally heterogeneous at outcrop scales, but isotopically homogeneous. (c) These early magmas established a pre-heated pathway within just a few hundreds of thousands of years that gave way to the formation of the ~1.5 million-year-long active, compositionally more homogeneous but isotopically more heterogeneous magma mush across the Kuna Crest lobe. The host rocks and previously intruded magma were displaced largely vertically through downward flow. (d) The melt-interconnected mush zone in the lobe allowed for magma mixing and crystal-liquid separation at the emplacement level. We interpret this lobe to represent an upper- to mid-crustal, vertical magma transfer zone that likely fed shallower plutons and potentially volcanic eruptions. We propose a filter pressing mechanism driven by vertical magma transport through the lobe resulting in margin-parallel fabrics, plagioclase-rich crystal cumulates, inward draining and upward loss (of up to 40%) of interstitial melts. Some inward drained melts hybridized with later intruding Half Dome magmas at the transition to the main Tuolumne Intrusive Complex. Some of the lobe magmas, including fractionated melts, drained laterally into the strain shadow of the lobe to form the satellite plutons, further contributing to cumulate formation in the lobe.
This study documents that within only a few hundreds of thousands of years, arc magma plumbing systems are capable of establishing a focused magma pathway to build up to increasingly larger magma bodies that are capable of undergoing magma differentiation and feeding shallower plutons and volcanic eruptions.