bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN TO ADMINISTRATION OF LOW- TEMPERATURE ADAPTED RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
Authors: Kim Hyun Wha , Arrobio Julita O. , Pyles Gloria , Brandt Carl D. , Camargo Ena , Chanock Robert M. , Parrott Robert H. 
Published: December 2021

Thirty-nine infants and children 6 months to 13 years of age received live 26°C grown respiratory syncytical (RS) virus (strain A2) by the oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal route. RS virus was recovered from 22 individuals and 17 of these showed a significant rise in CF and/or plaque reduction serum antibody. Twelve of those from whom virus was recovered and an additional three from whom virus was not recovered showed a threefold or greater rise of RS nasal neutralizing activity. Thus 26 of the total showed some evidence of having been infected with the ES strain. The rate of infection was significantly greater in infants and children under 2 years of age than in older children. Infection in individuals older than 8 months of age was asymptomatic. Three infants infected with the vaccine strain had relatively minor respiratory tract illness.
The findings from this study indicate that the low-temperature adapted virus retains a low level of virulence which is expressed only in individuals undergoing primary infection. Nonetheless, these studies have shown that it is possible to induce local and systemic immune responses to RS virus by means other than fully virulent natural infection.
NORMAL PRESSURE HYDROCEPHALUS: COMPLICATION OF POSTERIOR FOSSA SURGERY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Stein Bennett M. , Fraser Richard A. R. , Tenner Michael S. 
Published: December 2021

The occurrence of symptomatic normal pressure hydrocephalus in children as a complication of posterior fossa surgery is recorded here.
Diagnosis of this exceedingly treatable condition is essential since its syndrome can be confused with brain stem or cortical injury attributed to surgery.
All cases responded to shunting with marked improvement.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Mitchell Shiela , Blount S. Gilbert , Blumenthal Sidney , Jesse Mary Jane , Weidman William H. 
Published: December 2021

The incidence of premature disability and death from complications of atherosclerosis in the adult American is so high that pediatricians must accept the responsibility of finding the threatened child and, insofar as possible, reducing the future risk.
The Council of Rheumatic Fever and Congenital Heart Diseases of the American Heart Association formed a Committee which, during the past 2½ years, has met with a number of different experts in the field. These presentations have been supplemented by a selected review of the literature, and a workshop made up of experts in several related fields selected from the United States and a number of foreign countries to complement the above presentations.
STATEMENT ON MARIJUANA
Authors: Hazard Sprague W. , Allen V. Robert , Eisner Victor , Garell Dale C. , Hammar S. L. , Shaffer Thomas E. , Shen Jerome T. Y. , Tanner Natalia M. , Welty John Allen 
Published: December 2021

In October 1970, the Academy identified itself with those who favored Separating marijuana from the group of drugs subject to stringent narcotic laws. It recommended that individuals who were found to be in possession of the drug for personal use, or were present where the drug was being used, should be charged with a misdemeanor rather than a felony.1 Subsequently, the Committee on Drugs in a statement on drug abuse legislation noted its concern with marijuana.2
This position is based on the fact that marijuana is clearly not a narcotic and does not appear to have a potential for physical dependence. It should not be construed, however, as favoring the legalization of marijuana. A decision in this regard must await the development of further research on the properties of the drug.
The potency of marijuana has not been standardized and may vary widely. Furthermore, anecdotal accounts exist of the adulteration of marijuana with other chemical agents to produce a more profound effect. It has therefore been difficult to determine with precision the effects of marijuana as it is commonly used. The limited research findings that are currently available would not appear to indicate any significant harmful physical effects from the smoking by humans of moderate amounts of plain marijuana.
The recent report from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare3 states that "although the state of intoxication is frequently vivid as described by the (marijuana) user, an observer may see little change from a normal state. Mild states of intoxication often go completely undetected. Physiological changes are notably minimal."
MASSACHUSETTS METABOLIC DISORDERS SCREENING PROGRAM. I. TECHNICS AND RESULTS OF URINE SCREENING
Authors: Levy Harvey L. , Madigan Phyllis M. , Shih Vivian E. 
Published: December 2021

Screening of filter paper urine specimens for metabolic and transport disorders has been conducted in Massachusetts for the past few years. Disorders not identifiable by blood screening are detectable by this program. Specimens are obtained routinely by the parents on 3- to 4-week-old infants and mailed to a central laboratory. Testing is performed on discs punched directly from each specimen utilizing several methods of paper chromatography.
Cystinuria, histidinemia, Hartnup disease, and iminoglycinuria (Group I) is each approximately as frequent as is phenylketonuria (PKU) in Massachusetts (1:14,219). Other disorders identified, including the hyperglycinemias, argininosuccinic aciduria, hyperlysinemia, hyperornithinemia, and the Fanconi syndrome (Group II) each has a frequency that seems to be no greater than 1:200,000 of the population.
Transient abnormalities, such as tyrosinuria-tyrosyluria, generalized hyperaminoaciduria, iminoglycinuria, cystine-lysinuria, and others have been noted. Also diaper creme or fecal contamination of specimens as well as the ingestion of formulas supplemented with DL-methionine, of ampicillin, or of n-acetylcysteine may result in unusual amino acid patterns.
A program such as this requires multiple testing procedures, access to proper evaluative and investigative facilities, and cooperation among the various participating groups. The total expense of this program is about $80,000 per year or approximately $1.00 per infant tested.
KIDNEY FUNCTION IN YOUNG INFANTS
Authors: BARNETT HENRY L. 
Published: December 2021

IT IS with gratitude that I accept this second E. Mead Johnson Award, being fully aware of the honor it brings to all of us who have shared in the work. The progress of the work has been stimulated by the encouragement and guidance given previously by Dr. Alexis F. Hartmann in St. Louis and, more recently, by Dr. Samuel Z. Levine in New York. I also wish to thank the doctors, nurses, technicians, secretaries and laboratory helpers who have actively participated and especially Miss Helen McNamara who makes the editorial "we" a reality. The nature of our studies required substantial financial support and we wish to express appreciation to the U. S. Public Health Service and the New York Heart Association for supplementing the excellent facilities for research at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center.
It is the purpose of this paper to consider the development and present status of our knowledge of kidney function in young infants and to indicate some of its application to clinical problems. This knowledge is understandably incomplete because it is only during the last 10 years that the precise technics of kidney physiologists have been applied to the study of kidney function in young infants. The primary role of the kidneys in regulating the composition and volume of body fluids had been established earlier by an important series of observations, utilizing the technics of water and electrolyte balances. In many of these earlier observations there were already indications of an underdeveloped kidney function in young infants.
TREATMENT OF MALARIA IN CHILDREN WITH CHLOROQUINE
Authors: NELSON THOMAS L. , CONLIN GERALD J. 
Published: December 2021

Forty-nine children with 54 episodes of malaria were treated with chloroquine with four known relapses and one suspected treatment failure.
A dosage scale for children is offered (Table I).
Only minor toxic effects of chloroquine were observed.
Chloroquine did not prevent the presence of the gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in peripheral blood.
Nine cases severely ill with malaria responded well to this treatment.
AUREOMYCIN IN THE TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL INFECTIONS WITH H. INFLUENZAE, TYPE B
Authors: CHANDLER CAROLINE A. , HODES HORACE L. 
Published: December 2021

Aureomycin, in doses of 20 mg./kg. body weight, was as effective in the treatment of mice infected with H. influenzae, type B, as streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, and more effective than polymyxin or Q-19.
Two infants with H. influenzae, type B, meningitis were treated successfully with aureomycin and sulfadiazine. Spinal fluid cultures became negative and marked clinical improvement occurred within 48 hours. Both patients went on to complete recovery. Three children were treated with aureomycin alone. Although their response to treatment was not so rapid as that of the infants treated with aureomycin and sulfadiazine, rccovery was assured within four to seven days and subsequently there were no evidences of residual damage. No serious toxic reactions to aureomycin were apparent.
A sixth patient, desperately ill on admission, succumbed within 36 hours in spite of adequate treatment with combined aureomycin and sulfadiazine.
MEASLES ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: SPRAGINS MELCHIJAH , SHINNERS BURTON M. , ROCHESTER BETSEY 
Published: December 2021

The acute symptoms of onset of 31 cases of rubella complicated by encephalitis are presented. The correlation of the incidence of severe residua with the slow recovery from acute symptoms is pointed out.
The residual symptoms developing in 12 patients followed over a period of two years are described. It is emphasized that disturbances of personality, concentration and memory are most frequent in occurrence. The electroencephalographic changes occurring in these patients are described and a correlation between the clinical severity of residua and electroencephalographic changes is presented.
The need for close follow-up of the convalescing postencephalitic patient is stressed so that developing behavior difficulties may be recognized and intelligently managed. The value of the EEG in the evaluation of the difficulties of the postencephalitic patient is discussed.
Selected case reports are presented demonstrating the electroencephalographic changes and the associated clinical manifestations.
CHRONIC ACIDOSIS OF RENAL ORIGIN IN INFANCY
Authors: KELSEY WESTON M. , REINHART JOHN B. , FISHEL JOHN 
Published: December 2021

Two infants are described, both of whom had unexplained signs of anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, fever and acidosis. Both probably had defects in reabsorption of bicarbonate in the renal tubules without other evidence of anatomic renal disease.
The symptoms of both infants were relieved by the administration of alkaline salts. One patient, after a year of therapy, recovered and has developed normally without further treatment. The other still requires alkaline salts to prevent the development of acidosis.
RELATIONSHIP OF ABILITY TO BREAST FEED AND MATERNAL ATTITUDES TOWARD BREAST FEEDING
Authors: NEWTON NILES RUMELY , NEWTON MICHAEL 
Published: December 2021

Ninety-one mothers were interviewed shortly after delivery to ascertain their attitudes toward breast feeding. Independent judges divided the attitudes into three categories on the basis of written records of the interview.
Of the mothers who expressed positive attitudes toward breast feeding, 74% had enough milk by the fifth day after delivery to make formula supplementation unnecessary. Only 35% of those who expressed doubtful and 26% of those who expressed negative attitudes toward breast feeding had enough milk to make formula supplementation unnecessary by the fifth day.
Mothers with positive attitudes gave a larger average amount of milk on the fourth day, reported slightly more signs of let-down, and used nipple shields less frequently than the mothers with negative attitudes. Mothers with positive attitudes reported that their babies had less difficulty sucking and less frequently refused the breast, but more frequently refused the bottle than those mothers with negative attitudes.
The course of lactation in the mothers with doubtful attitudes although upon the whole more like that of the negative group did follow in some ways that of the positive group.
The incidence of crying at the breast and biting or chewing the nipple was the same in all three attitude categories.
The implications of this study on the management of breast feeding are discussed.
677 CONGENITALLY MALFORMED INFANTS AND ASSOCIATED GESTATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: STEVENSON STUART SHELTON , WORCESTER JANE , RICE ROBERT GERALD 
Published: December 2021

CONGENITAL malformations are defects which are present at birth. Lay persons have long ascribed them to a multitude of natural and supernatural prenatal influences and the medical profession, hampered by the difficulties of observing human fetal development within the uterus, has long ascribed them to defective inheritance and adopted a fatalistic attitude toward them. Studies in human teratology until recently have been confined largely to descriptions of frequencies and morphologies. Congenital malformations, as an unhappy result, have remained unchanged in incidence while fetal and infant morbidity and mortality due to many other causes have declined.
In 1940, Warkany announced the production of skeletal deformities in rats whose mothers had been reared on a deficient diet. Gregg's report was published the next year and teratology, as an etiologic science, was conceived with this proof that human congenital malformations can result from environmental insult. It is not necessary to summarize here the voluminous literature which has been published since these two papers, and the reader is referred for bibliography to two excellent recent reviews by Gruenwald and Warkany.
Wesselhoeft has named rubella the modern Flibbertigibbet, after Shakespeare's fiend who "squints the eye and makes the hare-lip." He writes, in an article which summarizes the literature on this disease, "The Flibbertigibbet of today responsible for at least some congenital defects seems to be the virus of rubella, which stalks unseen by day as well as by night in the house, the school room and crowded places and which until recently was quite unsuspected and unfeared." Numerous other diseases have been indicted, but only rubella seems to have been convicted.
SPECIAL REVIEWS
Authors: FABER HAROLD K. 
Published: December 2021

Application of experimental results to human problems in poliomyelitis is valid and helpful, especially when the modes of inoculation infection are similar.
The disease is spread largely by contact, probably much more often from pharyngeal than from fecal sources.
The concept that infection is introduced into and spreads by way of nerve fibers, with multiplication in the nerve cells, appears to explain adequately the various phenomena of the disease, without resort to hypothetic extraneural infection.
The usual site of entry is the upper respiratory and alimentary tract, notably the pharynx, rather than the intestine.
The usual primary site of infection is probably the peripheral ganglia supplying the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts and the usual primary focus of infection in the central nervous system is probably the lower brainstem, to which many of the earliest and most characteristic clinical manifestations can be traced, particularly to the reticular formation. This nonparalytic form of bulbar poliomyelitis is to be distinguished from the paralytic form.
The so-called constitutional symptoms of poliomyelitis are as readily referable to neural infection as to extraneural and presumably are due to the former.
In diphasic ("dromedary") cases, the onset of the first phase is essentially of a neurologic, not of a nonspecific or "systemic" character. The diphasic case is regarded as a simple example of remission and relapse.
Contributory factors are of two kinds: (1) those that serve to introduce virus into the body; (2) those that increase the severity of already established infection. Avoidance or minimization of these factors is of preventive value.
Sensitivity of a Nitrite Indicator Strip Method in Detecting Bacteriuria in Preschool Girls
Authors: Kunin Calvin M. , DeGroot Jane E. 
Published: December 2021

The nitrite indicator strip is an inexpensive and convenient method for detecting bacteriuria. Because it can be performed in the home by a parent without special equipment, it has proven to be particularly convenient for testing preschool children.1
A previous study2 showed that the nitrite indicator strip test performed on three consecutive first-morning voided urine specimens detected 85% of culture-confirmed bacteriuric adult women. This report indicates that the nitrite dipstrip test has a similar sensitivity in detecting bacteriuria in preschool girls.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-one of the 26 bacteriuric girls detected in the previously reported screening program were tested at three-month intervals for periods of three months to two years, using nitrite indicator strips (Microstix-Nitrite, Ames Laboratory, Elkhart, Indiana), and urine cultures were preformed, using dip-slides (Uricult, Orion Laboratories, Helsinki).
Injuries Resulting When Small Children Fall Out of Bed
Authors: HELFER RAY E. , SLOVIS THOMAS L. , BLACK MARY 
Published: December 2021

Children frequently fall out of bed but seldom incur serious injury. When such a fall raises parental concern, the pediatrician is consulted; even in this group, the child is rarely found to have a severe injury. There is a clinical impression that skull radiographs, when taken in these situations,are of extremely low yield and are not necessary as a routine.
Occasionally a child who is reported to have fallen out of bed presents with a skull fracture, cerebral edema, retinal hemorrhage, subdural hematoma,and/or epidural hemorrhage. These severe injuries are discrepant with the history; it is often this discrepancy
It Is Not an Abuse
Authors: FLOOD WILLIAM L. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
I wish to take exception to Dr. Gorlick's letter, which appeared in the November 1975 issue (Pediatrics 56:839, November 1975). In that letter Dr. Gorlick criticized pediatricians for resorting to a type of“child abuse” by giving shots to children in lieu of oral medications. He inferred that this might be done both to bolster one's personal income as well as in ignorance of children's suffering and fear of doctors. From personal
THE PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION: HEALTH CARE MEANS MORE THAN DOCTORS
Authors:   Student
Published: December 2021

Today, the governments of the Americas, together with organizations like the Pan American Health Organization, are working to extend health care to rural groups, as well as to the urban poor. The task is a difficult one, but health workers are now employing what they call a "multisectoral approach" to improve health services for such underserved people. It means that all sectors-education, agriculture, industry-are directed towards the common task of improving health conditions.
This multisectoral approach was devised after many years of experience of attempting-and very often failing-to solve health problems by the health sector alone. For example, much money and energy went towards increasing the numbers of doctors and hospital beds; the idea was to model health services after the examples of wealthy developed nations. However, as explained by Dr. Fortunato Vargas-Tentori, PAHO's coordinator for health care extension, other factors were found to influence the level of health of the population. They include poor living conditions, unsafe water, malnutrition, and unproductive agriculture. In the face of such conditions, doctors-even if they were available-could do little of lasting good.
Treatment, but with inadequate diagnosis?
Authors: Schubert William K. 
Published: December 2021

American pediatricians may be missing the diagnosis of celiac disease because they do not study patients who have diarrhea or malabsorption histologically prior to instituting a glutenfree diet. While evidence that the incidence of intestinal lymphoma is significantly increased in patients with celiac disease after 20 or 30 years is still accumulating, it is getting more solid all the time.
A more pertinent point to me, however, than the problem of lymphoma is the fact that celiac disease requires a gluten-free diet for life. When a patient is placed on a gluten-free diet without histologic confirmation, the diet is apt to be continued for a few months or one or two years and then stopped.
Simplified Urinary Microscopy to Detect Significant Bacteriuria
Authors: Corman Larry I. , Foshee William S. , Kotchmar George S. , Harbison Richard W. 
Published: December 2021

A rapid, inexpensive and simple method for detecting significant bacteriuria is highly desirable in a pediatric outpatient setting. Over the past four years we have used a method of urine microscopy similar to that described by Robins et al.1 It had been our impression that examining fresh, unspun, unstained urine for bacteria on a counting chamber was a highly accurate method for detecting significant bacteriuria. The present study was designed to confirm our impression and to define threshold numbers of bacteria that correlate with significant colony counts.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred urine specimens were obtained from children in our pediatric outpatient clinic who were either being evaluated for possible urinary tract infection (UTI) or were being followed up for previous UTIs.
Foster Care Children
Authors: MADDEN JOHN D. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Schor's article, "The Foster Care System and Health Status of Foster Children" (Pediatrics 1982;69:521) may well prove to be a landmark paper in social pediatrics. The related editorial by Sokoloff (Pediatrics 1982;69:649) provided invaluable advice as to how we, as pediatricians, can better serve children in foster care. One point in Sokoloff's editorial particularly caught my attention. He expressed the hope that pediatricians providing health care to the natural children within the family would also be willing to attend the needs of the foster child and that the fact that in some states Medicaid is responsible financially for these children would not deter the physician from doing so.