bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the WRF Model Rainfall Product for the Localized Flood Hazard Modelling in a Data-Scarce Environment
Authors: Umer Yakob M , Jetten Victor G , Ettema Janneke , Lombardo Luigi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Urban flood hazard model needs rainfall with high spatial and temporal resolutions for flood hazard analysis to accurately simulate flood dynamics in complex urban environments. However, in many developing countries, such high-quality data is scarce. Data that exist are also spatially biased towards airports and urban areas in general, where these locations may not represent flood-prone areas. One way to gain insight into the rainfall data and its spatial patterns is through numerical weather prediction models. As their performance improves, these might serve as alternative rainfall data sources for producing optimal design storms required for flood hazard modelling in data-scarce areas. To gain such insight, we developed WRF design storms based on the spatial distribution of high-intensity rainfall events simulated at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Firstly, three known events (i.e., 25 June 2012, 13 April 2016, and 16 April 2016) that caused the flood hazard in the study area are simulated using the WRF model. Secondly, the potential gridcell-events that are able to trigger the localized flood hazard in the catchment are selected and translated to the WRF design storm form using a quantile expression. Finally, three different WRF design storms per event are constructed: Lower, median, and upper quantiles. The results are compared with the design storms of 2 and 10-year return periods constructed based on the alternating-block method to evaluate differences from a flood hazard assessment point of view. The method is tested in the case of Kampala city, Uganda. The comparison of the design storms indicates that WRF design storms properties are in good agreement with the alternating block design storms. Mainly, the differences between the produced flood characteristics (e.g., hydrographs and the number of flood gird cells) when using WRFLs versus 2-year and WRFUs versus 10-year alternating block storms are very minimal. The calculated aggregated performance statistics (F scores) for the simulated flood extent of WRF design storms benchmarked with the alternating block storms also produced a higher score of 0.9 for both WRF lower quantiles versus 2-year and WRF upper quantile versus 10-year alternating block storm. The result suggested that the WRF design storms can be considered an added value for flood hazard assessment as they are closer to real systems causing rainfall. However, more research is needed on which area can be considered as a representative area in the catchment.
The effect of fluorine on reaction-rim growth dynamics in the ternary CaO-MgO-SiO2 system
Authors: Franke Mees Gijsbert , Joachim-Mrosko Bastian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGrowth of reaction rims is mainly controlled by a change in physical parameters such as pressure and temperature, a change in the chemical composition of the system, and/or by the presence of volatiles. In particular, the effect of volatiles other than water on reaction-rim growth remains poorly understood. To accurately model metamorphic and metasomatic processes, a quantification of the effect of volatiles on reaction-rim growth dynamics is necessary but hitherto missing.In this study, reaction rims were experimentally grown in a series of piston-cylinder experiments in the ternary CaO-MgO-SiO2 system at 1000 °C and 1.5 GPa with 0–10 wt% F for 20 min. In the fluorine-free system, a rim sequence of wollastonite (Wo) | merwinite (Mer) | diopside (Di) | forsterite (Fo) | periclase (Per) formed, complying with the stable phase configuration at water-saturated conditions. As soon as 0.1 wt% F was introduced into the system, humite group minerals (HGMs) and monticellite (Mtc) appeared, resulting in the multilayer rim sequence Wo | Mer | Mtc | Fo + HGMs | Per. In experiments with fluorine concentrations ≥0.5 wt%, cuspidine (Csp) appears in the layer sequence and represents the major fluorine sink. Our data show that the addition of fluorine may stabilize the fluorine-bearing phases cuspidine and HGMs to higher temperatures, which is in agreement with previous studies (Grützner et al. 2017). However, the appearance of the nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) monticellite and åkermanite (Ak) at this P-T condition suggests that the addition of fluorine may also affect the stability of nominally fluorine-free minerals. This may be explained by the effect of fluorine on the Gibbs free energies of fluorine-bearing phases, which in turn affects the relative Gibbs free energies and thus the stabilities of all phases. An increase in absolute rim thickness from 11.8(21) to 105.6(22) µm (1σ standard deviations in parentheses) in fluorine free and 10 wt% F experiments, respectively, suggests that fluorine enhances absolute component mobilities and thus results in faster rim growth rates. Additionally, due to the presence of fluorine, a change in relative component mobilities results in microstructural changes such as a phase segregation of diopside and cuspidine at high-fluorine (≥3 wt% F) concentrations.These results not only imply that reaction rims may be used as a tool to infer the amount of fluorine present during metamorphic reactions but also that we need to consider the role of fluorine for a correct interpretation of the P-T-t history of metamorphic and metasomatic rocks.
First find of merrillite, Ca3(PO4)2, in a terrestrial environment as an inclusion in lower-mantle diamond
Authors: Kaminsky Felix V. , Zedgenizov Dmitry A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Merrillite, ideally Ca18Na2Mg2(PO4)14 (Dana No: 38.03.04.04; Strunz No: 08.AC.45), an analog to synthetic tricalcium phosphate β-Ca3(PO4)2, was identified as an inclusion in lower-mantle diamonds from the Rio Soriso area, Brazil. It was associated with former bridgmanite, CaSi- and CaTi-perovskites, and ferropericlase. This is the first report of merrillite in a terrestrial environment; previously, it was known only in meteorites and lunar rocks. The compositions of merrillite vary in different localities; the Rio Soriso sample was enriched in SO3 (2.03 wt%). Merrillite from lower-mantle diamonds may be a retrograde phase of the tuite [γ-Ca3(PO4)2]. Owing to their crystal structures, both merrillite and tuite may be important potential hosts for rare earth elements (REE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE), including Sr and Ba, in the deep Earth. The find of merrillite suggests a larger variety of mineral species in the lower mantle than previously assumed.
Heavy metals in water and surface sediments of the Fenghe River Basin, China: assessment and source analysis
Authors: Luo Pingping , Xu Chengyi , Kang Shuxin , Huo Aidi , Lyu Jiqiang , Zhou Meimei , Nover Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper combines environmental science, inorganic chemistry, water quality monitoring and other disciplines to analyze and assess the heavy metals in the water bodies and sediments of the Fenghe River Basin (FRB) in Shaanxi Province, and reveal their sources. The Water Quality Index (WQI), Nemero Index (Pn), Geological Accumulation Index (I-geo) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI) are used to assess heavy metals in water and sediments. Pearson correlation analysis (CA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models are used to study the relationship and source of heavy metals. The results show that most of the residual heavy metals in the water are below the corresponding environmental quality standards for surface water. Most of the heavy metals in the sediment exceed the background value of the soil. The factors or sources of heavy metals in water and sediment are revealed in detail through PMF models. The main sources of pollution in the region are urban construction and transportation, the electronics industry, machinery manufacturing and tourism. In water, the average contribution rates of these four sources to heavy metals were 36.8%, 11.7%, 9.4% and 42.0%, and in sediments were 8.0%, 29.2%, 23.9% and 38.9%. Therefore, these sectors should be given sufficient attention.
Neutrophil Granule Proteins Inhibit Amyloid Beta Aggregation and Neurotoxicity
Authors: Kasus-Jacobi Anne , Washburn Jennifer L. , Land Craig A. , Pereira Heloise Anne 
Published: August 2021

Background:
A role for neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is
emerging. We previously showed that the neutrophil granule proteins cationic antimicrobial protein of
37 kDa (CAP37), cathepsin G (CG), and neutrophil elastase (NE) directly bind the amyloid-beta peptide
Aβ1-42, a central player in AD pathogenesis. CAP37, CG, and NE are serine proteases that can
cleave Aβ1-42 at different sites and with different catalytic activities.

Objective:
In this study, we compared the effects of these three proteins on Aβ1-42 fibrillation and neurotoxicity.

Methods:
Using mass spectrometry and in vitro aggregation assay, we found that NE and CG efficiently
cleave Aβ1-42. This cleavage correlates well with the inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation into fibrils.
In contrast, CAP37 did not efficiently cleave Aβ1-42, but was still able to inhibit its fibrillation,
most likely through a quenching effect. Inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation by NE and CG neutralized its
toxicity measured in cultured neurons. In contrast, inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation by CAP37 did not
inhibit its neurotoxicity.

Results:
We found that a peptide derived from CAP37 could mimic the quenching and inhibition of
Aβ1-42 aggregation effects of the full-length protein. Additionally, this peptide was able to inhibit the
neurotoxicity of the most toxic Aβ1-42 aggregate, an effect that was not found with the full-length
CAP37.

Conclusion:
These results shed light on the mechanisms of action of neutrophil granule proteins with
regard to inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation and neurotoxicity and open up a possible strategy for the
discovery of new disease-modifying drugs for AD.
The Relationship of Anxiety with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review
Authors: Patel Palak , Masurkar Arjun V. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
There is an increased effort to better understand neuropsychiatric symptoms
of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) as an important feature of symptomatic burden as well as potential modifiable
factors of the disease process. Anxiety is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). A growing body of work has emerged that addresses the epidemiology and
biological correlations of anxiety in AD.

Methods:
Here, we review human studies in research and clinical cohorts that examined anxiety in
AD. We focused on work related to prevalence across AD stages, correlation with established biomarkers,
relationship with AD neuropathology and genetic risk factors, and impact on progression.

Results:
Anxiety is prominent in the early stages and increases across the spectrum of functional
stages. Biomarker relationships are strongest at the level of FDG-PET and amyloid measured via PET
or cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Neuropathologically, anxiety emerges with early Braak stage tau pathology.
The presence of the apolipoprotein E e4 allele is associated with increased anxiety at all
stages, most notably at mild cognitive impairment. Anxiety portended a faster progression at all predementia
stages.

Conclusion:
This body of work suggests a close biological relationship between anxiety and AD that
begins in early stages and influences functional decline. As such, we discuss future work that would
improve our understanding of this relationship and test the validity of anxiolytic treatment as disease
modifying therapy for AD.
The Role of D2-like Dopaminergic Receptor in Dopamine-mediated Modulation
of Th17-cells in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Melnikov Mikhail , Sviridova Anastasiya , Rogovskii Vladimir , Kudrin Vladimir , Murugin Vladimir , Boyko Alexey , Pashenkov Mikhail 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Dopamine is one of the main mediators capable regulate the neuroimmune
interaction and is involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis.

Methods:
34 relapsing-remitting MS patients and 23 healthy subjects were examined. To assess the
effect of dopamine on Th17-cells, CD4+ T-cells were cultured in the presence of dopamine and antagonist
or agonist of D1- or D2-like dopaminergic receptors and stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28-
microbeads. The levels of cytokines in supernatants were assessed by ELISA.

Results:
Production of interleukin-17 (IL-17), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), granulocyte-colony stimulating
factor (GM-CSF), and IL-21 by CD4+ T-cells as well as dopamine were comparable between the
groups. Dopamine suppressed cytokine secretion by activated СD4+ T-cells in both groups. Blockade
of D1-like dopaminergic receptor with a specific antagonist SCH23390 did not affect dopaminemediated
cytokine suppression. In contrast, blockade of D2-like dopaminergic receptor by sulpiride
decreased dopamine's inhibitory effect on IL-17 secretion in both groups and GM-CSF and IL-21
production in MS patients. Blockade of D1-like dopaminergic receptor directly inhibited IL-17, IFN-
γ, GM-CSF in both groups and IL-21 production in healthy subjects, while blockade of D2-like dopaminergic
receptor had no effect on cytokine secretion. Finally, activation of D2-like dopaminergic
receptor with a specific agonist quinpirole decreased cytokine production in both groups.

Conclusion:
These data suggest an inhibitory role of dopamine on Th17-cells in MS, which could
be mediated by the activation of the D2-like dopaminergic receptor.
Optimal Dose of Erenumab for Preventive Treatment of Episodic Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yang Yanbo , Chen Mingjia , Wu Da , Sun Yue , Jiang Fan , Chen Zhouqing , Wang Zhong 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Erenumab is a novel monoclonal calcitonin gene-related peptide
receptor antibody that is used for the preventive treatment of migraine.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the overall safety, efficacy, and dose-response
relationship of erenumab in patients with episodic migraine and patients with prior migraine
treatment failures.

Objectives :
To evaluate overall safety and efficacy and dose-response relationship of erenumab in patients with episodic migraine and patients with prior migraine treatment failures.

Methods:
We searched randomized clinical trials on PUBMED, EMBASE database, and
Cochrane Library database. A pair-wise meta-analysis and Bayesian network analysis were
performed.

Results:
For efficacy outcomes, the network meta-analysis suggests that in comparison to
erenumab 70 mg, participants who received erenumab 140 mg reported a significant decrease
in monthly acute Migraine-Specific Medication Days (MSMD) and 50% increase in response
rate, and erenumab was most likely to be ranked first for Monthly Migraine Days (MMD),
MSMD, and 50% response rate. For safety outcomes, the network meta-analysis has found no
significant difference between the 70 mg group and the 140 mg group measured by adverse
events and serious adverse events. In the 140 mg erenumab group, a significant decreased in
MMD and MSMD and 50% and 75% increased in response rate were reported in patients with
≥ 2 treatment failures compared to placebo. For safety outcomes, no significant difference was
found between the 140 mg erenumab group and the placebo group.

Conclusion:
Erenumab was effective in patients with episodic migraine. A total of 140 mg
erenumab was associated with better efficacy outcomes without any increased risk for
developing adverse events compared to 70 mg erenumab. Furthermore, 140 mg erenumab was
effective in patients with prior migraine treatment failures.
Airway Fibroblast Secretory Products Enhance Cell Migration
Authors: Jaulin Nundisa , Idrus Ruszymah Hj , Saim Aminuddin , Wan-Ibrahim Wan Izlina , Abdul-Rahman Puteri Shafinaz , Lokanathan Yogeswaran 
Published: August 2021

Background:The nasal fibroblast secretome, which includes various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, promotes cell migration. Currently, the proteomics of Airway Fibroblast (AF) Conditioned Medium (AFCM) are being actively studied.Objective:This study was aimed at profiling and identifying the AF secreted proteins that can enhance wound healing of the airway epithelium and predict the potential pathway involved.Methods:Airway Epithelial Cells (AECs) and AFs were isolated from redundant human nasal turbinate and cultured. AFCM was collected by culturing the AFs either with serum-free airway epithelium basal medium (AECM) or with serum-free F12:DMEM (FDCM). For evaluating cell migration, the AECs were supplemented with airway epithelium medium and defined keratinocyte medium (1:1; AEDK; control), or with AEDK supplemented with 20% AECM or 20% FDCM. The mass spectrometry sample was prepared by protein precipitation, followed by gel electrophoresis and in-gel digestion.Results :AECM promoted better cell migration compared to the FDCM and the control medium. Bioinformatics analysis identified a total of 121, and 92 proteins from AECM and FDCM, respectively: 109 and 82 were identified as secreted proteins, respectively. STRING® analysis predicted that 23 proteins from the AECM and 16 proteins from the FDCM are involved in wound healing.Conclusion:Conditioned medium promotes wound healing by enhancing cell migration, and we successfully identified various secretory proteins in a conditioned medium that play important roles in wound healing.
Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Linezolid
Drug in Human Plasma by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography
Authors: Missoum Amina , Aboul-Enein Hassan Y. , Hamza Kahina , Malki Fatiha , Hamdi Abderrezak 
Published: August 2021

Objective:
Linezolid is a significant antibiotic used against severe infections initiated
by multi-resistant bacterial pathogens.

Method:
The aim of this study is to develop and validate a simple, selective and accurate highperformance
liquid chromatographic HPLC method for the analysis of linezolid LZD.

Method:
Linezolid extraction from plasma is obtained using methanol. Chromatographic separation
is achieved isocratically on a C18 column [Zorbax C18, 5 μm particle size, 150 mm˟ 4.6 mm]
making use of a mobile phase of acetonitrile / 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH = 4.5 (30: 70 v/v) at a
flow rate of 1.2 mL/min with photodiode array detector DAD, at a wavelength of 256 nm.

Results :
The retention time of linezolid was 2.5 min. The analytical method was linear (r2 >
0.998) over the calibration range of 0.30 to 50.0 μg/mL. The extraction recoveries of linezolid
range from 71.03 to 91.93 %. The limit of quantification and the limit of detection were 0.112 μg
and 0.037 μg, respectively. The RSDs for intraday and interday assays were < 7.77 and 4.32 %,
respectively. The intraday and interday accuracies were in the range 80.6-112 % and 77.44-
104.85 %, respectively.

Conclusion:
The applied method is precise, accurate and appropriate for pharmacokinetic studies
and therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in routine clinical practice.
An Update on Root Canal Preparation Techniques and How to Avoid Procedural Errors in Endodontics
Authors: El-Kishawi Mohamed , Khalaf Khaled 
Published: August 2021

Background:Effective root canal treatment involves cleaning and shaping root canals using a range of instrumentation procedures and techniques. The aim of this review was to provide an update on root canal hand instrumentation techniques and how to overcome iatrogenic errors.Methods:A comprehensive search was carried out using multiple databases, PubMed, Medline, Google scholar, and Scopus, to identify relevant studies addressing the objective of this study and to summarize the current evidence to readers. Keywords,i.e., endodontics, root canal preparation, hand instrumentation, techniques and procedural errors, as well as, MeSH terms,i.e. “endodontics”, “instrumentation”, “root canal preparation” were used to conduct our comprehensive search.Results:The hybrid technique is a commonly-used approach that combines the benefits of both the crown-down and step-back techniques and was reported to be one of the best techniques to produce an optimal root canal preparation outcome. Hand-instrument manipulation using the balanced forced technique is also favoured as it rapidly and safely permits removal of canal contents allowing irrigants and medications to reach deep inside canal spaces.Conclusion:The use of hand files is still recommended for initial canal negotiation and preparation and is essential for the correction of procedural errors. This study provided an update on several hand instrumentation techniques commonly used in endodontics. The correct and safe application of these techniques can prevent iatrogenic procedural errors from occurring which optimizes the quality of treatment outcome.
Value Orientations of Modern Kazakhstanis
Authors: Adilova Elnur , Aimaganbetova Olga , Kassymova Laura , Sadvakassova Zuhra , Ryskulova Madina , Sagnayeva Tolkyn 
Published: August 2021

Background & Objective:

Values are a good indicator for tracking social and individual changes due to historical, social and personal events. Therefore, it is important to explore the values of modern Kazakhstanis and determine the dialectical relationship of integrity, stability, and dynamics in the invariance of the system of value orientations during socio-economic, political, religious, aesthetic, and cultural-historical changes in post-Soviet society. Comprehending the problem of transformation and transmission of values will allow us to consider the underlying psychological processes influencing the formation of personal values. This research aimed to study the value orientations of modern Kazakhstanis of the post-Soviet period in the context of gender and age factors.

Methods:
The study involved 305 respondents, of which 192 were women and 113 were men, while the age of 202 respondents ranged from 18 to 25 years, and that of 103 respondents ranged from 50 to 65 years. For the study of value orientations, the “Modified Questionnaire of Values” (PVQ-R) by S. Schwartz was used.

Results:
In the system of value orientations of Kazakhstanis, an internal conflict can be traced between personal and social focus, and between self-determination and self-affirmation. Two generations are differentiated by the following values: the value of Achievement, Social complexity, and Control of fate. The two sexes are differentiated by values such as Social cynicism, Control of fate, Stimulation, Personal Security, Modesty, Universalism-Tolerance, Benevolence-Care and Benevolence-Sense of duty.

Conclusion:
Despite the late deep transformations of Kazakhstani society, the value orientations of modern Kazakhstanis tend to preserve the basic value component, which is a mechanism of transferring the stable elements of the value system of a highly collective culture from generation to generation. The value orientations of Kazakhstani people of both young and older generations are realized through mechanisms of growth and development, and self-defense.