bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Narrow‐band ultraviolet B therapy attenuates cutaneous T‐cell responses in hapten‐induced, experimental contact dermatitis in beagles
Authors: Onishi‐Sakamoto Saki , Makishi Kiichi , Takami Kazumoto , Asahina Ryota , Maeda Sadatoshi , Nagata Masahiko , Moore Peter F. , Ide Kaori , Nishifuji Koji 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundIn human medicine, narrow‐band ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) phototherapy has been used to treat various T‐cell‐mediated skin diseases. However, the effect of NB‐UVB on inflamed canine skin remains uncertain.ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of NB‐UVB phototherapy on the skin of dogs with hapten‐induced contact dermatitis.AnimalsSeven healthy beagles without skin problems.Methods and materialsDogs were irradiated with varying doses of NB‐UVB to determine the minimal erythema dose (MED). After determining the MEDs of six dogs (excluding one of the seven whose skin did not show a visible reaction), we investigated the effect of NB‐UVB on their inflamed skin by topically applying 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), which causes type 1 helper T cell (Th1)‐ and cytotoxic T‐cell (Tc)1‐induced skin inflammation. We then irradiated the skin with NB‐UVB. We analysed the treated skin samples via histopathological and immunohistochemical methods, and TdT‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labelling (TUNEL) to demonstrate apoptotic cells. We also analysed the cytokine gene transcription via real‐time quantitative reverse transcription PCR.ResultsThe NB‐UVB MEDs caused mild inflammatory changes yet no severe epidermal exfoliations in the irradiated skin. In DNCB‐treated skin irradiated by the NB‐UVB MEDs, TUNEL‐positive dermal apoptotic cells were increased significantly compared with those of DNCB‐treated, nonirradiated skin. INF‐γ and TNF‐α transcription levels in DNCB‐treated, irradiated skin were significantly lower than those in the DNCB‐treated, nonirradiated skin.Conclusion and clinical relevancePhototherapy using NB‐UVB MEDs attenuated cutaneous Th1 and Tc1 cytokine responses with minimal skin damage in a canine model of hapten‐induced contact dermatitis.
Experimental Investigation of Effects of Split Diesel-Pilot Injection on Emissions From Ammonia-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine
Authors: Niki Yoichi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
NH3 has been investigated for its use as an alternative fuel including for use in internal combustion engines. In NH3 combustion, emissions of unburned NH3 with toxicity and N2O as a combustion product with high global warming potential (GWP) are important issues. However, few researchers have investigated NH3 and N2O emissions from NH3 assisted diesel engines operated using NH3–diesel dual fuel. We investigate a combustion strategy to reduce these emissions with a single-cylinder diesel engine mixed NH3 gas into the intake air. We found that an early diesel pilot injection reduced unburned NH3 and N2O emissions while HC and CO emissions increased. It was also reported that NH3 and diesel fuel work as low and high reactivity fuel for reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion (RCCI), respectively. Our previous study reports the aspects of RCCI on NH3–diesel dual fuel engine to some extent. The injection timing of diesel fuel and the quantity of NH3 govern the emissions and performance on RCCI combustion. These effects need to be investigated to manipulate the RCCI combustion and reduce emissions. This paper reports the efficiency and emissions for the diesel pilot injection timing sweep at various NH3 supply quantities and the effects of a split injection on the emissions and a combustion phase. In addition, we estimated the reduction in GHG emissions using a NH3–diesel dual fuel engine, which applied the early diesel pilot injection, compared with the diesel only operation, considering the N2O GWP.
Potentiality of Yellow Oleander (Thevetia Peruviana) Seed Oil as an Alternative Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines
Authors: Kakati Jyotirmoy , Gogoi Tapan K. , Pal Sukhamoy , Saha Ujjwal K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Biodiesel has been accepted as a clean and an eco-friendly green diesel fuel by the entire world. In India, various non-edible oils have been tested for exploring their suitability as a fuel in diesel engines. In the north eastern states of India, many oil bearing seeds such as Koroch (a variety of Pongamia glabra), Nahar (Mesua ferrea), Terminalia (Terminalia belerica Robx), Kutkura (Meyna spinosa Roxb), Amari (Amoora Wallichii King), Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) and others are found in abundance. In this article, the Yellow oleander seed oil (YOSO) has been investigated for biodiesel production and characterization. The oil content in Yellow oleander seed is found to be 63.87%. The free fatty acid (FFA) content in YOSO is measured, and is found to be 32.0%; hence the two-step acid-base catalysis transesterification process has been adopted for producing biodiesel from the YOSO. YOSO contains 5.03% palmitic, 6.92% stearic, 48.14% oleic and 31.37% linoleic acid. The density, calorific value and kinematic viscosity of Yellow oleander fatty acid methyl ester (YO-FAME) are 879.7 kg/m3, 40.159 MJ/kg and 4.63 mm2/s respectively. Most of the fuel properties of YO-FAME meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. The YO-FAME exhibits a low sulphur content of 13.0 ppm and a high cetane number of 58.3. Fire point and pour point of YO-FAME were found to be 158°C and 5°C respectively. The physio-chemical properties of YO-FAME has been compared with FAME of Yellow oleander, Ratanjot (Jatropha curcus), Terminalia (Terminalia belerica Robx.) and Nahar (Mesua ferrea).
An Experimental Study on a Dual-Fuel Generator Fueled With Diesel and Simulated Biogas
Authors: Dev Shouvik , Stevenson David , Yousefi Amin , Guo Hongsheng , Butler James 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Diesel fueled generators are widely used for power generation in remote and/or off-grid communities. In such communities, local organic waste streams can be used to generate biogas which can be used to replace diesel used by diesel generators to lower fuel cost and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Diesel powered generators can be easily retrofitted with a biogas dosing line in the engine intake to introduce biogas, but appropriate optimization would be of great help to further improve generator performance and reduce GHG emissions. The objective of this research is to demonstrate simplified optimization methods that can reduce GHG emissions (carbon dioxide and methane) from such retrofitted dual-fuel engines under various biogas compositions.
The study was conducted on a modern 30 kilowatt (kW) generator using an electronically controlled, four-stroke, four-cylinder, direct injection, turbo-charged diesel engine. The engine was operated with the factory electronic control unit (ECU) and a programmable ECU which allowed for control of the fuel injections and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve. Biogas was simulated by using natural gas (with more than 95% methane by volume) which was diluted with either carbon dioxide or nitrogen. This study consisted of two areas. The first one was the comparison of the engine performance when operating with biogas using the factory ECU and the programmable ECU with user optimized fuel injection. The second one was the influence of volume fraction of carbon dioxide or nitrogen in the biogas.
The test results reinforced the importance of optimizing the diesel injections when the engine was operated in the biogas-diesel dual-fuel mode to ensure complete combustion and achieve a reduction in GHG emissions. Increasing nitrogen fraction had a minimal effect on the emissions, but increasing carbon dioxide fraction caused the NOx and methane emissions to decrease, and the indicated thermal efficiency to increase.
Modeling and Control of a Hybrid Opposed Piston Engine
Authors: Drallmeier Joseph , Siegel Jason B. , Middleton Robert , Stefanopoulou Anna G. , Salvi Ashwin , Huo Ming 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the modeling and control of an opposed piston (OP) engine in a novel hybrid architecture. The OP engine was selected for this work due to the inherent thermody-namic benefits and the balanced nature of the engine. The typical geartrain required on an OP engine was exchanged for two electric motors, significantly reducing friction and decoupling the crankshafts. By using the motors to control the crankshaft motion profiles, this configuration introduces capabilities to dynamically vary compression ratio, combustion volume, and scavenging dynamics. To realize these opportunities, a model of the system capturing the instantaneous engine dynamics is essential along with methodology to regulate the crankshaft’s rotational dynamics utilizing the electric motors. The modeling presented here couples a 1D model capturing the gas exchange process during scavenging and a 0D model of the crankshaft dynamics and the heat release profile due to combustion. With the use of this model, a linear quadratic controller with reference feedforward was designed to track the crankshaft motion trajectory. Experimental results are used to validate the model and controller performance. These results highlight the sensitivity to model uncertainty at points with high cylinder pressure, leading to large differences in control input near minimum volume. The proposed controller is, however, still able to maintain tracking error for crankshaft position below ± 1 degree.
A Machine Learning Based Numerical Approach for Valve Seating Velocity Control in an Electromagnetic Camless System
Authors: Tripathy Srinibas , Babu M. Mithun , M. Kanupriya , Mittal Mayank 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Improving internal combustion engine performance is a significant concern over the past few decades for engine researchers and automobile manufacturers. One of the promising methods for improving the engine performance is variable valve actuation system with camless technology. In the camless system, the conventional spring-operated valve actuation mechanism is removed, and an actuator is used to independently control the valve events (lift, timing, and duration). Among different camless systems, electromagnetic variable valve actuation (EMVA) becomes more viable because of its faster valve operation. However, the major challenge is to control the valve seating velocity (velocity at which valve comes to rest during seating on the cylinder head) due to the absence of the cam mechanism. A sophisticated control system must be developed to achieve an acceptable valve seating velocity. In this study, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller was used to control the EMVA system. A machine learning tool, i.e., genetic algorithm, and an iterative method, i.e., Ziegler-Nichols, were used to optimize the PID controller’s gain values. The valve lift profiles obtained using the Ziegler-Nichols method and the genetic algorithm were compared. It was found that the developed algorithm for the EMVA system can achieve faster rise time compared to the experimental results [25] utilized inverse square method. A parametric investigation was performed to verify the robustness of the PID controller with a change in temperature. It is concluded that the temperature rise may increase the resistance and inductance, but the controller with the updated gain values can control the EMVA system without affecting the performance parameter. The simulation was performed for both forward and backward strokes to investigate the valve seating velocity. It was found that the controller can achieve an acceptable valve seating velocity. Hence, the machine learning tool helps in optimizing the PID controller’s gain values to achieve faster valve operation with an acceptable valve seating velocity.
LES Study on Spray Combustion With Renewable Fuels Under ECN Spray-A Conditions
Authors: Mira Daniel , Pérez-Sánchez Eduardo J. , Surapaneni Anurag , Benajes Jesús , García-Oliver José M. , Pastor José M. , De León Daiana 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Poly-Oxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers (OMEx) are being intensively investigated because of their potentially renewable synthesis path, which make them suitable as liquid fuels for low-carbon transport applications. In the present contribution, a computational study on the difference in combustion characteristics between dodecane and OMEx-type fuels under Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray A conditions is reported. In particular, a blend of different OMEx fuels have been investigated and compared to dodecane, which is a more conventional diesellike fuel. The modelling framework consists of a high-fidelity LES approach together with a Eulerian-Lagrangian spray model and flamelet-based turbulent combustion model. Results indicate ignition delay time and lift-off length according to the fuel reactivity properties, with the OMEx fuel performing similarly to dodecane. Flamelet calculations show that ignition of the oxygenated fuels is in general similar to that of dodecane, but it occurs at higher mixture fraction values due to the differences in stoichiometry. One of the most relevant outcomes of the study is the important effect that the oxygenated characteristics of OMEx has on the flame structure. Results show that for OMEx the reaction front is stabilized at distances closer to the nozzle than for dodecane, and that the flame shape as well as its internal structure is clearly affected.
Identification of tick species infesting livestock in Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Kashif Muhammad , Habibullah  , Mubeen Muhammad , Jelani Ghulam , Ullah Naimat , Tariq Ambrina , Rasheed Muhammad , Hussain Abid , Ali Mubarik 
Published: November 2021

Ticks are blood-feeding obligate ectoparasites that belong to order Arachnida with three main families (Ixodidae, Argasidae, and Nuttalleillidae). Ticks transmit viral, bacterial, and zoonotic diseases in humans, and animals (wild and domestic). Ticks directly and indirectly affect the livestock industry which plays an important role in the rural economy of Pakistan. These are the main source of income and a source of food for poor people. The current study was conducted to identify the tick species infesting livestock in Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan. For this purpose, different farms were randomly visited and 130 ticks were collected from 200 scanned animals. The collected ticks were identified to species level using morphological keys. In the current study, four tick species were identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma anatolicum, and Dermacentor marginatus were identified. The most dominant species were Hy. anatolicum (35.39%) followed by R. sanguineus (30.00%), Hy. marginatum (23.85%) and D. marginatus (10.77%). Hy. anatolicum was the predominant tick species and accounted for 35.39% of the ticks. Tick infestation was highest in buffaloes followed by cows, sheep, and goats. Tail and ear were the most preferable sites for tick infestation than other body parts.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Mucormycosis in Renal Transplant Patients
Authors: Downey Melissa Rachel , Taskar Varsha , Linder Daniel F , Baer Stephanie L , Waller Jennifer L , Bollag Wendy B , Kheda Mufaddal , Mohammed Azeem , Padala Sandeep 
Published: November 2021

Background Renal transplant patients are at increased risk for mucormycosis. Diabetes, neutropenia, deferoxamine therapy, and immunosuppressive medications have been associated with increased risk of mucormycosis in studies of solid organ transplant recipients. To focus on renal transplant patients, the US Renal Data System (USRDS) was queried to determine the incidence and risk factors for mucormycosis. Methods All renal transplant patients in the USRDS from 1988 to 2015 were queried for a diagnosis of mucormycosis after the first transplant date using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes, which currently exist in the ninth and tenth revisions, are a global system of classification used to code diagnoses, procedures, and symptoms. We defined proven mucormycosis by a histopathologic or fungal stain procedure code within 7 days of the diagnosis code. Logistic regression controlling for person-years at risk was used to examine demographic and clinical diagnosis risk factors for mucormycosis. Results Of the 306,482 renal transplant patients, 222 (0.07%) had codes consistent with proven mucormycosis. The incidence of mucormycosis increased from 1990 to 2000 (peak 17.6 per 100,000 person-years) and subsequently demonstrated more variability. Hispanic ethnicity (OR=1.45), age 65 years or greater (OR=1.64), other or black race compared with white race (OR=1.96 and 1.74), cadaver or other donor type (OR=2.41), and receiving tacrolimus (OR=2.09) were associated with increased risk. Comorbidities associated with decreased risk of mucormycosis included female sex (OR=0.68), iron overload (OR=0.56), and receiving mycophenolate mofetil (OR=0.67) or azathioprine (OR=0.53). Conclusions In renal transplant patients, age, deceased donor graft transplant, tacrolimus administration, race other than white, and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with increased risk of mucormycosis. Unexpectedly, iron overload was protective. Mucormycosis is a rare infection in renal transplant patients which should be considered in patients with the above risk factors after more common infections have been ruled out.
Treatment-free survival over extended follow-up of patients with advanced melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in CheckMate 067
Authors: Regan Meredith M , Mantia Charlene M , Werner Lillian , Tarhini Ahmad A , Larkin James , Stephen Hodi F , Wolchok Jedd , Postow Michael A , Stwalley Brian , Moshyk Andriy , Ritchings Corey , Re Sandra , van Dijck Wim , McDermott David F , Atkins Michael B 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundTreatment-free survival (TFS) characterizes disease control after discontinuation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) until subsequent therapy or death. We previously evaluated TFS in a pooled analysis of the CheckMate 067 and CheckMate 069 trials of the ICIs nivolumab and ipilimumab, alone or in combination, in patients with advanced melanoma after minimum follow-up of 36 months. This analysis investigated TFS differences between treatments in CheckMate 067 after a minimum follow-up of 60 months, and their relation to overall survival (OS) differences.MethodsData were from 937 patients who initiated treatment (nivolumab plus ipilimumab, nivolumab, or ipilimumab) in CheckMate 067 (NCT01844505). TFS was defined as the area between the Kaplan-Meier curves for time to protocol therapy cessation and time to subsequent systemic therapy initiation or death, each measured from randomization. TFS was partitioned as time with and without toxicity. Toxicity included persistent and late-onset grade ≥2 select treatment-related adverse events (ie, those of potential immunologic etiology). The area between Kaplan-Meier curves was estimated by the difference in 60-month restricted-mean times of the endpoints. Between-group differences were estimated with bootstrapped 95% CIs.ResultsAt 60 months from randomization, 39%, 24%, and 11% of patients assigned to treatment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab, nivolumab, and ipilimumab, respectively, had survived and were treatment-free. The 60-month mean TFS was approximately twice as long with the combination (19.7 months) than with nivolumab (9.9 months; absolute difference, 9.8 (95% CI 6.7 to 12.8)) or ipilimumab (11.9 months; absolute difference, 7.8 (95% CI 4.6 to 11.0)). In the respective groups, mean TFS represented 33% (8% with and 25% without toxicity), 17% (2% and 14%), and 20% (3% and 17%) of the 60-month period. Compared with 36-month estimates, mean TFS over the 60-month period represented slightly greater percentages of time in the nivolumab-containing regimen groups and a lesser percentage in the ipilimumab group. TFS differences between the combination and either monotherapy increased with longer follow-up.ConclusionsAlong with improved long-term OS with the nivolumab-containing regimens versus ipilimumab, TFS without toxicity was sustained with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus either monotherapy, demonstrating larger between-group differences with extended follow-up.
Subacute AMD3100 Treatment Is Not Efficient in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Rats
Authors: Spiess Daiane Aparecida , Campos Raquel Maria Pereira , Conde Luciana , Didwischus Nadine , Boltze Johannes , Mendez-Otero Rosalia , Pimentel-Coelho Pedro Moreno 
Published: November 2021

Background and Purpose:
Despite the advances in treating neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) with induced hypothermia, the rates of severe disability are still high among survivors. Preclinical studies have indicated that cell therapies with hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells could improve neurological outcomes in HIE. In this study, we investigated whether the administration of AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist that mobilizes hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells into the circulation, has therapeutic effects in HIE.

Methods:
P10 Wistar rats of both sexes were subjected to right common carotid artery occlusion or sham procedure, and then were exposed to hypoxia for 120 minutes. Two subcutaneous injections of AMD3100 or vehicle were given on the third and fourth day after HIE. We first assessed the interindividual variability in brain atrophy after experimental HIE and vehicle treatment in a small cohort of rats. Based on this exploratory analysis, we designed and conducted an experiment to test the efficacy of AMD3100. Brain atrophy on day 21 after HIE was defined as the primary end point. Secondary efficacy end points were cognitive (T-water maze) and motor function (rotarod) on days 17 and 18 after HIE, respectively.

Results:
AMD3100 did not decrease the brain atrophy in animals of either sex. Cognitive impairments were not observed in the T-water maze, but male hypoxic-ischemic animals exhibited motor coordination deficits on the rotarod, which were not improved by AMD3100. A separate analysis combining data from animals of both sexes also revealed no evidence of the effectiveness of AMD3100 treatment.

Conclusions:
These results indicate that the subacute treatment with AMD3100 does not improve structural and functional outcomes in a rat HIE model.
Vorapaxar as an Alternative for Ticagrelor Resistance in Neuroendovascular Intervention
Authors: Mamaril‐Davis James C. , Aguilar‐Salinas Pedro , Brasiliense Leonardo B. , Cosgrove Richard , Dawod Judy , Dumont Travis M. , El‐Ghanem Mohammad 
Published: November 2021

Background
Perioperative dual‐antiplatelet therapy for flow diversion limits thromboembolic complications. However, resistance to dual‐antiplatelet therapy medications remains a concern for neuroendovascular intervention. To date, there is no standardized approach for resistance to ADP receptor antagonists.

Methods
We report a case of ticagrelor resistance for flow diversion of an intracranial aneurysm treated with vorapaxar, as well as a narrative review of the literature for previous cases of ticagrelor resistance.

Results
Flow diversion with the Pipeline embolization device was deployed for a left internal carotid artery blister aneurysm and bilateral internal carotid artery dissecting pseudoaneurysms. The patient had 3 thromboembolic complications while on dual‐antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor or prasugrel, leading to transition of antiplatelet therapy to vorapaxar. At 84 days follow‐up, the patient was fully recovered with complete occlusion of the aneurysms.

Conclusion
Our case suggests that vorapaxar is a promising alternative for patients with ticagrelor resistance in flow diversion–treated intracranial aneurysms. High‐quality randomized controlled trials are needed to elucidate the safety and efficacy of vorapaxar in neuroendovascular procedures.