bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Snake Conservation State in the Reserves of the Volga Basin
Authors: Bakiev A G , Gorelov R A , Klenina A A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
There are 23 nature reserves in the Volga basin, all of them in the Russian Federation. According to our data and open access literature sources, ten out of the eleven species of snakes that are reliably known to be found in the Volga basin, inhabit and, therefore, are protected in 22 reserves. No snakes have been recorded in the Vishersky Reserve. One species inhabits the nature reserves “Basegi” and “Tsentralno-Lesnoy”, two species – in the reserves “Bolshaya Kokshaga”, “Darvinsky”, “Kaluzhskie zaseki”, “Kologrivsky forest”, “Nurgush”, “Prioksko-terrasny”, in the reserves “Bashkirsky”, “Visimsky”, “Volzhsko-Kamsky”, “Kerzhensky”, “Mordovsky”, “Oksky”, “Prisursky”, “Shulgan-Tash” and “Yuzhno-Uralsky” there are 3 species each, the reserves “Zhigulevsky” and “Volga forest-steppe” – 4 species each, in the reserves “Astrakhansky” and “Bogdinsko-Baskunchaksky” – 5 species each, in the reserve “Chornye Zemli” – 7 species. Eryx jaculus was not found in the reserves of the Volga basin. Species Eryx miliaris inhabits two reserves, Natrix natrix – 20, Natrix tessellata – 2, Coronella austriaca – 11, Elaphe dione – 4, Elaphe sauromates – 2, Hierophis caspius – 3, Malpolon monspessulanus – 1, Vipera berus – 19, Vipera renardi – 2. The latter species is represented in both reserves (Volga forest-steppe and Astrakhansky) only by the nominative subspecies Vipera r. renardi, and in the Volga Basin, by the endemic subspecies V. r. bashkirovi, which has no conservation status in regional reserves. Three species of snakes are the least prosperous in terms conservation in the Volga basin: Eryx jaculus, Eryx miliaris, and Vipera renardi.
Structural features of the main forest producers at the initial stages of ontogenesis
Authors: Egorova N N 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Based on the analysis and generalization of the research results, the authors draw conclusions about the adaptive reactions of dark coniferous species of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) and Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) during the forest formation process in the province of dark coniferous forests of the Southern Urals. Structural features are manifested in the modification of the xylorhizome, the duration of growth, the nature of rooting, and are a display of the mechanisms of morphological adaptation to ecological-coenotic conditions and to the influence of soil-ecological components of the substrate. The authors researched anatomical and morphological changes in xylotomic formations from juvenile to the beginning of the immature period of the adaptation process, leading to the viability of woody plants in contrasting natural conditions. Since the structural and functional organization of vegetative shoots, renewal is modified in the process of adaptation. It is shown that up to the moment of development of the trunk, differences in the lignified rhizome are more significant, based on anatomical sections, as well as the level of formation of plant tissues and the nature of age-related changes. The rates of formation of certain anatomical elements of wood as a whole are not the same for each species and depend on age-related changes, ecological plasticity, environmental conditions and many other internal and external factors
Limnological Conditions and Photosynthetic Pigments in Clearwater Lakes of the Volga-Vyatka Karst Province
Authors: Yu Gorbunov M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The features of summer stratification and vertical distribution of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls) in five karst lakes in the Middle Volga region (Republics of Tatarstan and Mari-El) are studied. The water of the investigated lakes has low color and sulfate concentration and low-to-medium total dissolved salts content. Anoxic conditions develop in the hypolimnion in all lakes after the establishment of summer thermal stratification. Reduced iron and sulfur compounds are found in the anaerobic zones of most lakes. In these lakes, deep maxima of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophylls are formed, indicating the presence of biomass maxima of microbial plankton, consisting of both oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs. The presented data demonstrate also a wide variety of features of both chemical stratification and vertical distribution of phototrophic organisms in the studied lakes, which are probably associated with differences in the limnological characteristics of lakes, their water composition, and the history of their existence.
Filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in water bodies of Middle and Lower Volga basin (European Russia): an overview
Authors: Yu Gorbunov M , Umanskaya M V 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
“Filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs” or “green non-sulfur bacteria” form a distinct lineage, order Chloroflexales (Chloroflexia: Chloroflexi) in broad polyphyletic group of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria have apparently important, though not fully understood functions in contemporary ecosystems and perhaps were much more significant in the Archaean. However, since their discovery in hot spring mats in the late 1960s, the extremophilic species of thermal, hypersaline and/or hyperalcaline habitats remain the most studied representatives of the lineage. In this overview, we show our representation of the history of finding and research of filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs, and current situation with their taxonomy, phylogeny and diversity. Some problems and uncertainties in these fields are also discussed. The special section is dedicated to the discovery and research of this group in the Volga River basin. Due to the small number of studies, the exact distribution of filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the region is unknown. For example, in small stratified lakes with high humic and/or ferruginous water in the basins of the Oka and the Upper Volga the development of planktonic filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs is very likely. Besides, the development of Chloroflexales, including new species, is quite expected in the microbial mats of saline rivers and hypersaline lakes of the Lower Volga region. Further progress in the field will be possible only with the use of molecular methods along or preferably in combination with traditional methods (polyphasic approach). Since their role in communities is far from elucidated, further studies of FAP may also provide new opportunities in the field of microbial biotechnology.
Area Size of Flora Identification for Species Diversity Assessment
Authors: Ivanova A V , Kostina N V 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The problem of the area of flora identification in a particular territory is one of the most difficult and little discussed. Flora as a list of species of higher vascular plants is inextricably linked with two most important parameters: the size of the territory (in sq. km) and the number of species. The number of species must be sufficient to represent the main features of the flora for the climatic zone and local characteristics. For this, it is necessary to survey areas of different nature conservation status and anthropogenic transformation. We studied ten floras of the Samara-Ulyanovsk Trans-Volga region. The species discovery curve shows that with an increase in area from 100 km2, the number of species continues to grow and the end of a significant increase corresponds to an area of 400 km2, which is optimal. This area can be considered as minimum range of species composition of flora. The species composition of vascular plants of the considered territories reflects the main characteristic features of the flora: the number of species of vascular plants (610-812 species); the leading families are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and genera: Carex, Galium, Salix, Artemisia, Potentilla. We have come to a conclusion that on the territory of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga it’s necessary to use test plots of at least 400 km2 when studying the geographical distribution of floras or carrying out their comparative analysis.
Morphological variability of Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Nematoda: Molineidae) in amphibians from European Russia
Authors: Yu Kirillova N , Kirillov A A , Chikhlyaev I V 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The morphological and morphometric variability of the nematode Oswaldocruzia filiformis from ten amphibian species (Pelophylax ridibundus, Pelophylax lessonae, Pelophylax esculentus, Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo, Bufotes viridis, Pelobates vespertinus, Bombina bombina and Lissotriton vulgaris) was studied. The sampling was performed during the period of 2018–2020 in fifteen localities of European Russia. We examined the following morphological features: the number of crests in mid-body level, the shape of lateral alae, the shape of cephalic vesicle, shape and structure of spicules in males, the shape and structure of male caudal bursa, the shape and structure of the dorsal ray of bursa; and the measurements of nine morphometric characteristics in nematode females and seven characters in males, subjected to variability. Significant differences in the variability of morphometric characteristics of O. filiformis of both sexes in different amphibian species and amphibians from various regions were revealed. Likewise, significant differences were revealed for most of morphometric features of O. filiformis from amphibians of the same species from different regions of Russia. The type of male caudal bursa and the structure and shape of spicules were identical in all O. filiformis males studied. Likewise, we have not found variability in the structure of the reproductive system in O. filiformis females. Variability was noted in the shape and size of the cephalic vesicle and lateral alae, in the number at the mid-body level, in the shape and structure of the dorsal rib of male caudal bursa. Differences in morphometric characteristics of O. filiformis from amphibians of the same species from different regions of Russia can be explained by the phenotypic plasticity of the species. While variations in the nematode morphology from different amphibian species are caused by the host-induced morphological variability of the parasite. Differences in the size of nematodes and their morphology in different regions of Russia studied may be caused by changes in ecological conditions in amphibian habitats. The broad morphological variability of the nematode O. filiformis increases the adaptive capabilities of the helminth and allows it to parasitize a wide range of hosts.
Role of Forests of the Volga River Basin in the Mitigation of Climate Fluctuations and of Forthcoming global Warming (Predictive Empirical-Statistical Modeling)
Authors: Kolomyts E G 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this article, the authors propose a predictive landscape-ecological analysis of the forest cover of the Volga basin, which highlights the problem of adsorption of greenhouse gases, which is included in the list of tasks set the Paris Climate Change Agreement (2015). As a result of the study, the authors established the adsorption potential of indigenous and derived boreal and nemoral forests, assessed their ability to mitigate climate change, including reducing anthropogenic warming. A quantitative assessment was also made of the loss of these ecological resources by the forests of the Volga basin since the beginning of intensive forest and land use in it. We have identified contrasting changes in the ecological resources of boreal and nemoral forests during their structural transformation in the course of global warming. We show that the process of thermal-arid transformation of forest ecosystems leads to a general decrease in the positive carbon balance in most groups of forest formations. The verification of the predicted calculations of the carbon balance, carried out by remote and ground measurements in the boreal forests of Central Canada in the first decade of modern warming, gave positive results.
Ecological potential of artificial stands of Scots pine in the Southern Urals
Authors: Koltunova A I , Simonenkova V A , Bastaeva G T , Simonenkov V S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The created artificial stands of Scots pine perform an extensive complex of ecological functions, in particular, carbon deposition. The accumulation of phytomass in artificial forest coenoses has certain features in comparison with other stands of trees. A comparison of the data obtained with the indicators of natural stands under similar conditions shows a more active accumulation of biomass by artificial coenoses. At the age of 11, with the number of trunks of 5,5 thousand copies/ha, the wood stock is 65 m3 / ha and phytomass (needles)-23 t / ha. It is possible to estimate the phytomass of pine forest crops on the territory of the Orenburg region at 2,8 million tons, respectively, the reserve of deposited carbon is 1,4 million tons. With increasing age of trees, the value of phytomass and plantings of the studied breed increases. Forest crops growing in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone, in one year, give an increase of 9,2 t / ha, or 13,1 m3/ha. The volume of total phytomass of forest crops of scots pine in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone at the age of 5-15 years is 2449,689 tons, and the reserve is 3250,511 m3. In the forest fund of the Orenburg region (according to the forest fund accounting data as of 01.01.2021), scots pine occupies 37,6 thousand hectares (without Buzuluksky Bor National Park), which is 9,3% of the total forest area. These are mainly forest crops, 99% of which are young and medium-aged plantings. The biopotential of scots pine crops in this region is quite high, but the sanitary condition of these stands is extremely poor. In order to improve the sanitary condition of common pine crops in the conditions of both forest-steppe and dry-steppe zones, to increase the biological productivity and stability of pine plantations, there is a need for timely forest pathology examinations with subsequent appointment of sanitary and health measures.
Assessment of the spread of pollution in the riverbed of the Neva River as a result of an emergency at a toxic waste landfill
Authors: Kondratyev S A , Shmakova M V 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The catchment area of the Neva River, which includes the largest European lakes Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen and Saimaa, located in Finland, has an area of 183,300 km2. The quality of water in the Neva River is determined by the characteristics of the water masses of Lake Ladoga, as well as by point and non-point sources of pollution on the tributaries of the Neva. One of the potential sources of pollution is the Krasny Bor landfill for storing highly toxic waste of hazard classes I – V. In the event of an emergency at the landfill, toxic wastewater can enter the Izhora River, and then into the Neva River, 7 km above the water intakes of St. Petersburg. Using the methods of mathematical modeling, the calculation of the spread of toxic substances in the hydrographic network of the catchment area, and then in the channel of the Neva River was carried out under various scenarios of the development of an emergency at the landfill. A full-scale experiment was carried out to confirm the adequacy of the model of impurity spreading in the channel of the Neva. An assessment of the features of the transport of suspended particles and dissolved impurities in the direction of the water intakes of St. Petersburg is given.
Environmental and economic model for sustainable development of a region (the case of Samara Oblast)
Authors: Kudinova G E , Kostina N V , Yurina V S , Khasaev G R 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Biodiversity in natural ecosystems, with the increasing anthropogenic transformation of the environment, is becoming an increasingly important direction of research every decade. We propose to consider the number of game animals as one of the indicators of biodiversity. Since they are the most steadily observed objects in specially protected and anthropogenically transformed territories. Biodiversity conservation ensures sustainable development. In this regard, using the example of Samara Oblast, we considered the principles of biodiversity conservation in environmental and economic systems, including anthropogenically modified and specially protected natural areas, in order to ensure sustainable development at the regional level. We selected some ecological and economic spatially distributed characteristics of the environmental-economic system and compiled equations of multiple linear regression of the dependence of the number of game animals on the factors that have the greatest influence. These are the following factors: the volume of industrial production, investments in fixed assets, the value of fixed assets of industry, payments for natural resources, fines for violation of legislation in the use of natural resources, species diversity of animals, generalized assessment of atmospheric air pollution, percentage of forest cover. We offer some management actions of influencing ecological and economic systems that ensure sustainable development. The authors determined that at the regional level it is necessary to revise and increase the normative fees for natural resources, as well as to increase the size of fines for violation of environmental legislation. We have carried out clustering of municipal districts by economic indicators affecting the number of biological resources, and we propose the necessary priority management actions based on the obtained models.
Population health as a basis for sustainable development of a region
Authors: Kuznetsova R S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A healthy life in harmony with the environment is one of the principles of sustainable development. We consider the incidence of the population as an indicator of the health of the environment. On the example of Samara region, we analyzed the infectious morbidity associated with natural conditions and diseases that depend on social interaction within the human population. The study was carried out on the basis of data on infectious morbidity in 35 administrative and municipal divisions of Samara region (8 cities and 27 municipal districts) provided by the Office of Rospotrebnadzor of the Russian Federation. On the basis of data on natural focal morbidity, we carried out zoning of the territory: 1) by the level of natural focal morbidity; 2) by the incidence of natural focal diseases. The authors, based on the data on the incidence of chronic viral hepatitis B and C, assess the age structure of the incidence. The authors analyze the relationship between the incidence rate of chronic hepatitis B and C with the level of socio-economic development in the region. The calculation of the socio-economic damage from the incidence of chronic hepatitis C was carried out. The statistical analysis of the influence of socio-economic indicators in the region on the incidence of tuberculosis was carried out. The research was carried out by methods of comparative and statistical analysis. Some formulas for calculating socio-economic damage are given.
Seasonal dynamics of phyto- and zooplankton and their relationships in a small urbanized reservoir, by the example of the Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe (Togliatti city, Samara region, Russia)
Authors: Mukhortova O V , Krivina E S , Tarasova N G 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The abiotic environmental factors and the composition of phyto- and zooplankton were homogeneous along the entire water body in a shallow polymictic hypereutrophic urbanized Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe (Togliatti city, Samara region, Russia). The species composition of phytoplankton was quite diverse and corresponded to the type characteristic of small water bodies of the middle and lower reaches of the Volga River. Zooplankton was represented quite poorly, mostly by eurybiont species, which were the indicators of a high degree of organic pollution. During theyear, the species composition of the entire phytoplankton and the complex of dominant forms of algae corresponded to a certain stage of the seasonal periodicity and successive change of hydro-climatic phases for shallow hypertrophic water bodies. We analyzed the communities of phyto- and zooplankton and their relationships under the influence of eutrophication and seasonal changes in abiotic environmental factors. Summer cycles of phyto- and zooplankton abundance and biomass dynamics had opposite dynamics. In autumn, there was a synchronous decrease in both abundance and biomass of phyto- and zooplankton, associated with the natural seasonal cycles of abiotic environmental factors. In winter, the abundance of warm-water zooplankton species was higher than that of typical cold-water species; the opposite patter was observed in summer. The method of the correlation pleiades of Terentyev revealed that phytoplankton was the main environment-forming component of the ecosystem in the Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe. It was also found that an increase in the level of trophicity of the Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe, including an increase in the concentration of biogenic elements (nitrogen, phosphorus), affected the zooplankton community through phytoplankton community indirectly.
Distribution of zooplankton in Lake Aslikul (South Urals, Russian Federation)
Authors: Mukhortova O V , Sabitova R Z 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Fauna of aquatic invertebrates from various biotopes of the mineralized Lake Aslikul of the Asly-Kul natural park was studied. Lake Aslikul is the largest body of water in the Republic of Bashkortostan, one of the largest lakes in the Middle Volga region. Crustaceans dominated (67%) in the zooplankton in terms of the number of species. Typical eurythermal species such as Keratella quadrata (Müller, 1786), Eudiaptomus gracilis (Sars, 1863), and E. graciloides (Lilljeborg, 1888) were recorded in the zooplankton, that thrived throughout the summer and autumn. Typical brackish-water species were encountered, for example, Hemidiaptomus ignatovi Sars, 1903. A specific community of zooplankters was formed in different biotopes of the lake: Daphnia galeata and Bosmina (E.) cf longispina (Leydig, 1860) were found in the pelagial; Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurne, 1820) and Eucyclops macruroides (Lilljborg, 1901) in macrophyte beds. The species inhabiting the deep-water part of the water body may be considered as indicators of oligo- and mesotrophic waters (Diaphanasoma brachyurum (Lievin, 1848), Bosmina (Eubosmina) cf. longispina Ley dig, 1860, and Bilpalpus hudsoni (Imhof, 1891)). Two rotifer species Rotaria rotatoria (Pallas, 1766) and Lecane (s. Str.) luna (Müller, 1776) were found only in macrophyte beds indicating mesotrophic conditions. In June and September 2010, the abundance of zooplankton throughout the entire lake varied from 1200 to 196 (on average, 484.3 ± 166.4) thousand individuals/m³, and the biomass from 13.6 to 0.9 (on average, 8.5 ± 2.5) g/m³. Crustaceans (78%) have also made the main contribution to the formation of quantitative indicators of zooplankton in various biotopes of the lake.