bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence and Relapse of Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: Meta-analysis
Authors: Veltkamp Floor , Rensma Leonie R. , Bouts Antonia H. M. 
Published: June 2021

CONTEXTIdiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in children is a disease with considerable morbidity, yet the incidence and risk for relapse have not been systematically reviewed.OBJECTIVETo estimate the overall pooled weighted incidence and risk for relapse of INS in children.DATA SOURCESMedline and Embase (until December 2020).STUDY SELECTIONAll studies reporting incidence (per 100 000 children per year) and/or risk for relapse (the proportion of patients who experience ≥1 relapse) of INS in children (age: &lt;18 years) were eligible.DATA EXTRACTIONAfter quality assessment, data were extracted: study (design, localization, and sample size) and patient (age, sex, steroid response, and ethnicity) characteristics, incidence, and risk for relapse.RESULTSAfter screening, 73 studies were included for analysis (27 incidence, 54 relapse). The overall pooled weighted estimate and corresponding prediction interval (PI) of the incidence was 2.92 (95% PI: 0.00–6.51) per 100 000 children per year. Higher incidences were found in non-Western countries (P &lt; .001). Incidence tended to be lower in white children, but this was not significant. The overall pooled weighted estimate of the risk for relapse was 71.9% (95% PI: 38.8–95.5). Between 1945 and 2011, incidence did not change (P = .39), yet the risk for relapse decreased significantly (P = .024), from 87.4% to 66.2%.LIMITATIONSThere was no full-text availability (n = 33), considerable heterogeneity, and limited studies from Africa, Latin America, and Asia.CONCLUSIONSINS has a low incidence with ethnic variation but high risk for relapse. Although corticosteroids have significantly reduced the risk for relapse, it remains unacceptably high, underscoring the need for alternative treatment strategies.
Changes to the playing field: A contemporary study of actual European online sports betting
Authors: Nelson Sarah E. , Edson Timothy C. , Louderback Eric R. , Tom Matthew A. , Grossman Alessandra , LaPlante Debi A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background and aims
Online sports wagering is a popular and still growing gambling activity around the world. Like other types of gambling, it can lead to problems that include devastating financial, social, and health-related harms. The first analysis of actual online sports wagering activity (LaBrie et al., 2007) suggested that levels of financial and time involvement were more moderate than anticipated from earlier self-report studies. However, these findings are now more than a decade old.

Methods
The current study examined actual online sports wagering activity of a similar cohort of 32,262 gamblers who subscribed to a European online betting platform in February 2015 to understand how sports betting might have changed in ten years. Measures included subscriber characteristics, betting activities, and transactional activities.

Results
Players placed a median of 15 bets during the 8-month study period, made a median of 2.5 bets per betting day, had a median bet size of 6.1 euros, and experienced a median net loss of 25 euros. We were able to distinguish highly involved bettors in the top 2% of total wagered, net loss, and number of bets, whose behavior differed from that of the rest of the sample.

Discussion and Conclusions
Sports wagering behavior has remained relatively stable over time despite legislative changes and an increase in popularity, with a small subset of subscribers exhibiting disproportionately high engagement, transactional activity, and in-game betting. Further investigation of individual trajectories of wagering behavior and engagement with different types of sports wagering products is merited.
Polydopamine-based biofunctional substrate coating promotes mesenchymal stem cell migration
Authors: Deng Zijun , Wang Weiwei , Xu Xun , Ma Nan , Lendlein Andreas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Rapid migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on device surfaces could support in vivo tissue integration and might facilitate in vitro organoid formation. Here, polydopamine (PDA) is explored as a biofunctional coating to effectively promote MSC motility. It is hypothesized that PDA stimulates fibronectin deposition and in this way enhances integrin-mediated migration capability. The random and directional cell migration was investigated by time-lapse microscopy and gap closure assay respectively, and analysed with softwares as computational tools. A higher amount of deposited fibronectin was observed on PDA substrate, compared to the non-coated substrate. The integrin β1 activation and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation at Y397 were enhanced on PDA substrate, but the F-actin cytoskeleton was not altered, suggesting MSC migration on PDA was regulated by integrin initiated FAK signalling. This study strengthens the biofunctionality of PDA coating for regulating stem cells and offering a way of facilitating tissue integration of devices.

Graphic abstract
Polydopamine-coated substrate induces increased fibronectin deposition of mesenchymal stem cells, and promotes cell migration via integrin-initiated FAK signaling, compared to non-coated polystyrene-based standard tissue culture surface. In this way, multifunctional PDA coating could support in vivo tissue integration on implant surface and promote in vitro organoid formation.
The phytochemical constituents and therapeutic uses of genus Aloe: A review
Authors: PUIA Aida , PUIA Cosmin , MOIȘ Emil , GRAUR Florin , FETTI Alin , FLOREA Mira 
Published: June 2021

Aloe, the largest genus in the Asphodelaceae family, comprises 548 species, with A. vera, A. arborescens and A. ferox being among the most widely studied species. Aloe species originated in arid climates and cover various habitats, from sea level up to 2700 m, and from desert to closed-canopy forests. For human health, Aloe species are the richest natural sources. The biological activity of Aloe sp. constituents covers a wide spectrum. Most of the indications come from traditional, folkloric use and several have been verified by in vitro or in vivo studies. Emodin, the main phenolic component, has showed anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and toxicological potential for use in pharmacology. Polysaccharides, with acemannan being the most important, are present in high abundance in Aloe gels. Acemannan has been reported to have applications in oral, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, oncology, dentistry and wound healing. The effectiveness of Aloe sp. constituents on colon, liver, duodenum, skin, pancreas, intestine, lungs and kidneys cancers was highly studied with remarkable findings. Regarding the metabolic syndrome, Aloe sp. can be used as an antidiabetic and reduces cholesterol and total body fat. Constituents of Aloe sp. are nontoxic in experimental acute oral studies and are widely used in cosmetology and as bitter agents or consistence modifiers in food and beverages. Traditional Aloe remedies cover most human diseases; however, in order to gain legitimacy, the Aloe-derived drugs must have a well-established composition, with thoroughly investigated adverse effects and conventional drug interactions.
THE EFFECT OF PRIMARY CARE POLICY CHANGES ON HOSPITALIZATION FOR AMBULATORY CARE SENSITIVE CONDITIONS: NOTES FROM BRAZIL
Authors: Guimarães Raphael Mendonça , Ribeiro Laís Pimenta , Pereira Aline Gonçalves , Graever Leonardo 
Published: June 2021

Objective: to assess the effect of changes on Primary Care policies on the trend in hospitalization rates for Ambulatory Conditions Sensitive to Primary Care in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Study design: It´s an ecological study with data from Brazilian National Health Information System. Methods: We performed interrupted time series analysis, comparing 3 different periods due to primary care policies in Brazil: 2008-2009; 2010-2017, and 2018-2019. Dataset included total ACSC and rates for 19 groups of conditions. Results: There was a non-significant increasing trend in baseline admissions. The reform impacted (policy #1) the change in trend, causing it to reduce in the period significantly. However, the change in the PNAB (policy #2) did not change the trend but reduced the rate of decline. Trends and differences among periods vary due to the ACSC group. Conclusion: Primary care is sensitive to changes in public health policies. The hospitalization rate for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions is an indicator that reflects the changes and the adaptability of the organization of the health service network to guarantee universal coverage and to attend to the population's demand.
LA-ICP-MS on hardened cement paste: laser-material interaction, signal formation and optimization of laser fluence
Authors: Decker M. , Siegel J. , Hilbig H. , Heinz D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn almost all applications of concrete components, both the transport of substances such as chlorides, sulphates, acids, CO2, etc. through the pore structure into the concrete and the resulting local chemical and physical processes have a negative effect on the lifetime of the structure. Most data are actually obtained from layer-by-layer mechanical sampling of, for instance, bore dust, followed by chemical analysis. Several groups have previously demonstrated the enormous potential of LA-ICP-MS for monitoring these multi element processes both qualitatively and quantitatively and with high spatial resolution. However, there has been no fundamental investigation of laser-material interaction, aerosol particle formation, fractionation analysis or the effect of cement-specific parameters such as the water to cement (w/c) ratio on signal intensity. This paper presents the ablation mechanisms of a frequently used 213 nm quintupled Nd:YAG ns laser operating on the HCP (hardened cement paste) multi-phase system in comparison with amorphous and well-characterized NIST 612 glass. It includes energy-signal considerations, crater evaluations after multiple shots using different energy densities and aerosol structures captured on filters. The investigation determined a linear energy to signal behavior in a range of 2–6 J/cm2, while the ablation mechanism is different to common mechanisms obtained for glass or brass. The aerosol captured on the filter material displays cotton-like structures as well as defined spherical particles, which is comparable to observations made with NIST glass aerosols.
Near-Real-Time Damage Estimation for Buildings Based on Strong-Motion Recordings: An Application to Target Areas in Northeastern Italy
Authors: Scaini Chiara , Petrovic Bojana , Tamaro Alberto , Moratto Luca , Parolai Stefano 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The rapid estimation of expected impacts in case of an earthquake is extremely important for emergency managers and first responders. Current near-real-time damage assessment methods rely on ground-motion estimates and exposure or fragility datasets, in some cases integrating the shaking recorded at the site (e.g., from strong-motion monitoring networks). We propose a method that estimates the expected damages on buildings based on strong-motion recordings of a seismic event. The damage assessment is based on the maximum drift (interstory) or the displacement, which is estimated by considering in a first approximation the behavior of a specific building typology as a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator. The oscillator is characterized based on the analysis of the building stock and a large number of ambient vibration measurements performed in buildings. A specific damage state occurs when the interstory drift or displacement limits available in the literature for the specific building typology are exceeded. The method, here applied to a case study in northeastern Italy, can be applied to other seismic areas worldwide to provide quick, first-level estimates of expected damages.
A MERMAID Miscellany: Seismoacoustic Signals beyond thePWave
Authors: Simon Joel D. , Simons Frederik J. , Irving Jessica C. E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMobile Earthquake Recorder in Marine Areas by Independent Divers (MERMAID) is a passively drifting oceanic diving float that transmits acoustic pressure records from global earthquakes within hours or days of their rupture. The onboard algorithm used for the detection and identification of signals from the hydrophone prioritizes the recovery of ∼1 Hz teleseismic P waves, which are useful for seismic imaging of Earth’s mantle. Two years into a mission that launched 50 MERMAIDs to map 3D mantle wavespeed anomalies with high resolution under the Pacific in French Polynesia, it is clear that the data returned contain much information beyond the first-arriving seismic P phases. These include acoustic conversions from S waves, surface waves, T waves, and inner- and outer-core phases, generated by earthquakes heard across the globe—and sounds from otherwise unidentified events occurring in remote and uninstrumented parts of the world’s oceans. Our growing database of automatically accumulating ∼240 s long-triggered segments contains a treasure trove for geophysicists interested in seismology beyond P-wave tomography. Furthermore, equipped with two-way communication capabilities, MERMAID can entertain requests to deliver data from its 1 yr buffer. In this article, we highlight the data classes and categories in MERMAID’s “extended-utility” catalog.
Contamination of Frequency–Magnitude Slope (b-Value) by Quarry Blasts: An Example for Italy
Authors: Gulia Laura , Gasperini Paolo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Artifacts often affect seismic catalogs. Among them, the presence of man-made contaminations such as quarry blasts and explosions is a well-known problem. Using a contaminated dataset reduces the statistical significance of results and can lead to erroneous conclusions, thus the removal of such nonnatural events should be the first step for a data analyst. Blasts misclassified as natural earthquakes, indeed, may artificially alter the seismicity rates and then the b-value of the Gutenberg and Richter relationship, an essential ingredient of several forecasting models.
At present, datasets collect useful information beyond the parameters to locate the earthquakes in space and time, allowing the users to discriminate between natural and nonnatural events. However, selecting them from webservices queries is neither easy nor clear, and part of such supplementary but fundamental information can be lost during downloading. As a consequence, most of statistical seismologists ignore the presence in seismic catalog of explosions and quarry blasts and assume that they were not located by seismic networks or in case they were eliminated.
We here show the example of the Italian Seismological Instrumental and Parametric Database. What happens when artificial seismicity is mixed with natural one?
Hybrid ray-mode formulation ofSHmotion in a two-layer half-space
Authors: Kamel A. , Felsen L. B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA hybrid ray-mode formulation is presented as an attractive alternative to the generalized ray formulation or normal mode formulation for the construction of synthetic seismograms. By the hybrid method, the motion is expressed as a combination of ray fields, modal fields, and a remainder. The number of retained ray fields can be chosen at will, and the required number of modes is thereby determined. Thus, the hybrid method quantifies the truncation effect of a ray series in terms of a certain number of modes, plus a remainder, and vice versa. The remainder field provides the fine tuning that ensures continuity of the total motion; its effect is greatest near the arrival time of the last retained ray and diminishes soon thereafter. The hybrid scheme incorporates within a single concise framework the advantages of a ray description for early observation times and of a modal description for later observation times. Therefore, over a prolonged range of observation times, it is numerically more efficient and physically more appealing than either the pure ray or pure mode formulations. These aspects are demonstrated on the simple example of a two-layer (sediment atop bedrock) half-space excited by a line source of SH waves in the semi-infinite bedrock. Numerical results are presented for parameters employed in a similar calculation by Heaton and Helmberger and by Swanger and Boore.
The correlation of peak ground horizontal acceleration with magnitude, distance, and seismic intensity for Friuli and Ancona, Italy, and the Alpide Belt
Authors: Chiaruttini C. , Siro L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA new sample of strong-motion data has been analyzed in this paper: namely 120 records from the 1976 Friuli earthquake, 40 from the 1972 Ancona swarm, and 64 from different Alpide Belt shocks. The sample is the result of the selection of peak recorded horizontal acceleration of every three-component record greater than 0.015 g. Linear regressions were applied to the data with the purpose of understanding the geography and the site-dependence. Separate analyses have been carried out, firstly taking into account acceleration (a), magnitude (ML), and distance (d), then computing a - IMM relationships and comparing the respective standard errors of the estimates. Finally, a - ML - d - IMM regressions for the total sample from Friuli, Ancona, and the Alpide Belt have been computed.The main result areThe Friuli data are 70 per cent lower than those of the Alpide Belt and Ancona. The Ancona set of data is closely related to the Alpidic set, at a magnitude level of 4.0. The expected accelerations in Friuli are close to the average values recorded in the Circumpacific Belt region (intermediate earthquakes excluded), while the Alpide Belt accelerations are close to the Circumpacific maxima. Site-dependence between data recorded in Friuli on thick consolidated alluvium (ThA) and on rock-like (RI) is not statistically significative. Friuli sites with thin alluvium (thA) exhibit stronger average accelerations and a significant difference in the ML coefficient (which is 0.47, with a standard error of 0.05) as regards the RI + ThA category (which has a value of 0.35, with a standard error of 0.04). The standard errors of the estimates of the regressions a - IMM in the case of Friuli and the Alpide Belt are close to the corresponding standard errors of the regressions a - ML - d. It may be concluded that a - IMM correlations are, in some cases, a valuable tool for seismic risk estimations, especially for being able to use the historical information.
Rayleigh wave synthetic seismograms from multi-dimensional simulations of underground explosions
Authors: Bache Thomas C. , Day Steven M. , Swanger Henry J. 
Published: June 2021

abstractA general method is presented for coupling the near-source wave fields, obtained from time-stepping numerical calculations, with analytically formulated methods for continuing the wave field to larger ranges. The source calculation may include a free surface and other material boundaries as well as arbitrary material behavior, as long as it is carried into a region where the material response is linearly elastic. The method, which is based on an elastodynamic representation theorem, is worked out in detail for the Rayleigh wave modes for an axisymmetric source in a plane-layered earth model and is demonstrated by a sample calculation for which the exact solution is known.Two realistic, axisymmetric simulations of nuclear explosions (20 and 150 kt at 1-km depth) are studied to estimate the effect of nonlinear interactions with the free surface on the far-field Rayleigh waves. The importance of these two-dimensional phenomena is quantified by comparing far-field Rayleigh waves computed from these simulations with Rayleigh waves computed from analogous one-dimensional (spherically symmetric) simulations. While the two-dimensional simulations exhibit substantial spallation associated with the free surface, the predicted effect on the Rayleigh wave peak amplitudes is negligible. Two-dimensional effects also alter the waveform very little, apart from some enhancement of very short-period components for the larger explosion.
Dynamic faulting studied by a finite difference method
Authors: Virieux Jean , Madariaga Raul 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe have developed a finite difference method that is especially adapted to the study of dynamic shear cracks. We studied a number of simple earthquake source models in two and three dimensions with special emphasis on the modeling of the stress field. We compared our numerical results for semi-infinite and self-similar shear cracks with the few exact solutions that are available in the literature. We then studied spontaneous rupture propagation with the help of a maximum stress criterion. From dimensional arguments and a few simple examples, we showed that the maximum stress criterion depended on the physical dimensions of the fault. For a given maximum stress intensity, the finer the numerical mesh, the higher the maximum stress that had to be adopted. A study of in-plane cracks showed that at high rupture velocities, the numerical results did not resolve the stress concentration due to the rupture front from the stress peak associated with the shear wave propagating in front of the crack. We suggest that this is the reason why transonic rupture velocities are found in the numerical solutions of in-plane faulting when the rupture resistance is rather low. Finally, we studied the spontaneous propagation of an initially circular rupture. Two distinct modes of nucleation of the rupture were studied. In the first, a plane circular shear crack was formed instantaneously in a uniformly prestressed medium. After a while, once stress concentrations had developed around the crack edge, the rupture started to grow. In the second type of nucleation, a preexisting circular crack became unstable at time t = 0 and started to grow. The latter model appeared to us as a more realistic simulation of earthquake triggering. In this case, the initial stress was nonuniform and was the static field of the preexisting fault.
Statistical examination of reservoir-induced seismicity
Authors: Baecher Gregory B. , Keeney Ralph L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The two purposes of this work are to better understand the correlates of reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS) and to develop a model for predicting RIS from reservoir characteristics. Data from 29 reservoirs associated with RIS and 205 reservoirs not associated are analyzed using statistical discriminant analysis. These analyses show significant correlations between RIS and reservoir depth and between RIS and reservoir volume, but lesser correlations of RIS with stress and with geology. Data on fault activity are too few to allow inferences of correlation.
A prediction model based on discriminant analysis and calibrated by the data provides a rough estimate of the probability of RIS for specific sites. This model does not allow precise estimates, but it does distinguish between probabilities of RIS in the range of, say 30 per cent from those of 5 per cent. The base-rate frequency of RIS, knowing nothing more than that reservoir depth exceeds 92 m (deep and very deep reservoirs), is about 14 per cent. Given the most favorable set of reservoir attributes, the present model would reduce this probability to about 3 per cent. Given the least favorable, the model would increase this probability to almost 70 per cent. The standard deviation of the larger estimates is on the order of 12 per cent (absolute).