bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimized nitrogen fertilizer application strategies under supplementary irrigation improved winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and grain protein yield
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Yu Zhenwen , Zhang Yongli , Shi Yu 
Published: June 2021

Background
Exploring suitable split nitrogen management is essential for winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China (HPC) under water-saving irrigation conditions, which can increase grain and protein yields by improving nitrogen translocation, metabolic enzyme activity and grain nitrogen accumulation.

Methods
Therefore, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate these effects in HPC. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a constant total rate (240 kg/ha), split between the sowing and at winter wheat jointing growth stage in varying ratios, N1 (0% basal and 100% dressing fertilizer), N2 (30% basal and 70% dressing fertilizer), N3 (50% basal and 50% dressing fertilizer), N4 (70% basal and 30% dressing fertilizer), and N5 (100% basal and 0% dressing fertilizer).

Results
We found that the N3 treatment significantly increased nitrogen accumulation post-anthesis and nitrogen translocation to grains. In addition, this treatment significantly increased flag leaf free amino acid levels, and nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, as well as the accumulation rate, active accumulation period, and accumulation of 1000-grain nitrogen. These factors all contributed to high grain nitrogen accumulation. Finally, grain yield increase due to N3 ranging from 5.3% to 15.4% and protein yield from 13.7% to 31.6%. The grain and protein yields were significantly and positively correlated with nitrogen transport parameters, nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity levels, grain nitrogen filling parameters.

Conclusions
Therefore, the use of split nitrogen fertilizer application at a ratio of 50%:50% basal-topdressing is recommended for supporting high grain protein levels and strong nitrogen translocation, in pursuit of high-quality grain yield.
Nicotine smoking is associated with impaired cognitive performance in Pakistani young people
Authors: Riaz Tuba , Murtaza Ghulam , Arif Areej , Mahmood Shahid , Sultana Razia , Al-Hussain Fawaz , Bashir Shahid 
Published: June 2021

Nicotine smoking is the most common mode of tobacco smoking among young people. It affects the areas of the brain associated with memory, attention, and learning. This study has investigated the effect of nicotine smoking on cognitive performance. One hundred male volunteers (50 nicotine smokers and 50 nonsmokers) aged 18–30 years with similar socioeconomic backgrounds were recruited for this study. Clinical history of participants was obtained using a questionnaire. Their brain health and handedness were determined using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI), respectively. The dependent variables examined in the study were attention-switching tasks (AST), pattern recognition memory (PRM), and choice reaction time (CRT). These parameters were assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Battery (CANTAB). The average ages of participating smokers and nonsmokers were 24.02 ± 3.41 years (mean ± standard deviation) and 22.68 ± 1.87 years, respectively. MMSE and EHI scores of smokers were 28.42 ± 1.09 and 99.75 ± 1.77, respectively; for nonsmokers, these scores were 28.54 ± 1.34 and 98 ± 1.91, respectively. The mean score for AST correct latency/delay was significantly higher (p = 0.050) in smokers (620.26 ± 142.03) than in nonsmokers (570.11 ± 108.39). The percentage of correct AST trials was significantly higher (p = 0.000) in nonsmokers (96.95 ± 2.18) than in smokers (83.75 ± 11.22). The PRM percent correct were significantly higher (p = 0.000) of nonsmokers (93.42 ± 8.34) than of smokers (79.75 ± 13.44). The mean correct latency for CRT was significantly higher (p = 0.009) in smokers (509.87 ± 129.83) than in nonsmokers (455.20 ± 65.73). From this data, it can be concluded that nicotine smoking is linked with impaired cognitive functions in smokers.
The gut microbiome of the Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) reveals its adaptation to specialized myrmecophagy
Authors: Zhang Fuhua , Xu Na , Wang Wenhua , Yu Yishuang , Wu Shibao 
Published: June 2021

Background
The gut microbiomes of mammals are closely related to the diets of their hosts. The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) is a specialized myrmecophage, but its gut microbiome has rarely been studied.

Methods
Using high-throughput Illumina barcoded 16S rRNA amplicons of nine fecal samples from nine captive Sunda pangolins, we investigated their gut microbiomes.

Results
The detected bacteria were classified into 14 phyla, 24 classes, 48 orders, 97 families, and 271 genera. The main bacterial phyla were Firmicutes (73.71%), Proteobacteria (18.42%), Actinobacteria (3.44%), and Bacteroidetes (0.51%). In the PCoA and neighbor-net network (PERMANOVA: pangolins vs. other diets, weighted UniFrac distance p < 0.01, unweighted UniFrac distance p < 0.001), the gut microbiomes of the Sunda pangolins were distinct from those of mammals with different diets, but were much closer to other myrmecophages, and to carnivores, while distant from herbivores. We identified some gut microbiomes related to the digestion of chitin, including Lactococcus, Bacteroides, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus species, which confirms that the gut microbiome of pangolins may help them to digest chitin.

Significance
The results will aid studies of extreme dietary adaption and the mechanisms of diet differentiation in mammals, as well as metagenomic studies, captive breeding, and ex situ conservation of pangolins.
Aquaculture Recovery in Shizugawa Bay, Japan: Post Tsunami Recovery
Authors: Wilson Peter W. , Park Tanya L. , Harrison-Day Beatrice , Hinton Davis , Nilssen Laura , Rose Matthew , Isles Stuart 
Published: June 2021

This report outlines a study undertaken at Minamisanriku, a small coastal village on the East Coast of Honshu, Japan, in late 2018. The area relies heavily on fisheries and aquaculture for economic stability. While there, scientists, community leaders and individuals involved in the fisheries and aquaculture industry were interviewed to gain a qualitative understanding of the impacts of the 2011 tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake, particularly on the oyster industry and aquaculture in general in the region.
The tsunami completely disrupted aquaculture operations, with a 93% loss of infrastructure. Consequently, stakeholders were presented with an opportunity to restructure in some way as they rebuilt the industry. The resulting 66% reduction in some species densities within aquaculture lots has subsequently led to increased sustainability and increased product quality. Those gains, paired with reduced material cost and efforts, have together resulted in a more socio-ecologically responsible aquaculture operation. This operation now generates at least same amount of revenue as pre-tsunami.
Isolation and Identification of Resistant Bacteria from Petroleum Producing Vicinity by Gene Amplification and Sequencing
Authors: Aleruchi O. , Obire O. 
Published: June 2021

This investigation focuses on molecular identification of antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from petroleum producing vicinity using 16S rRNA sequencing based technique. The bacterial 16s rRNA gene sequences were amplified using polymerase chain reaction, sequenced, characterized and compared by using primers which has been compared to national center for biotechnology information (NCBI) sequence database. The presence of the plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance determinants CTX-M and QNRB genes in the bacterial isolates were analyzed. A total of four bacterial isolates that were resistant to all the antibiotic agents used were identified molecularly. The BLAST results showed 100 % similarity and phylogenetic study indicated that the genes were evolutionarily related to Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas xiamenensis, Chryseobacterium cucumeris and Staphylococcus sp., respectively. The genes obtained were submitted to the NCBI gene bank and were assigned accession number; MN094330, MN094331, MN094332 and MN094333, respectively. CTX-M and QNRB genes were however absent in the bacterial isolates. The result identified some peculiar abilities of the bacterial isolates to be resistant to antibiotics and suggests a correlation with resistance and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria. The level of resistance could be as a result of the disinfection process during wastewater treatment procedure or the same adaptive mechanisms possessed by the isolates to control the hydrocarbon concentration in their cell. The study also clearly indicates that these wastewaters, when discharged into the environment directly may pose a risk for the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Composite Separators for Robust High Rate Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Yuan Botao , Wen Kechun , Chen Dongjiang , Liu Yuanpeng , Dong Yunfa , Feng Chao , Han Yupei , Han Jiecai , Zhang Yongqi , Xia Chuan , (Xueliang) Sun Andy , He Weidong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLithium ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most potential energy storage devices among various rechargeable batteries due to their high energy/power density, long cycle life, and low self‐discharge properties. However, current LIBs fail to meet the ever‐increasing safety and fast charge/discharge demands. As one of the main components in LIBs, separator is of paramount importance for safety and rate performance of LIBs. Among the various separators, composite separators have been widely investigated for improving their thermal stability, mechanical strength, electrolyte uptake, and ionic conductivity. Herein, the challenges and limitations of commercial separators for LIBs are reviewed, and a systematic overview of the state‐of‐the‐art research progress in composite separators is provided for safe and high rate LIBs. Various combination types of composite separators including blending, layer, core–shell, and grafting types are covered. In addition, models and simulations based on the various types of composite separators are discussed to comprehend the composite mechanism for robust performances. At the end, future directions and perspectives for further advances in composite separators are presented to boost safety and rate capacity of LIBs.
Recent Developments in Nanomaterial‐Based Shear‐Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Wang Yi , Pisapati Avani V. , Zhang X. Frank , Cheng Xuanhong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNanomaterial‐based drug delivery systems (DDSs) increase the efficacy of various therapeutics, and shear stress has been shown to be a robust modulator of payload release. In the past few decades, a deeper understanding has been gained of the effects of flow in the body and its alteration in pathological microenvironments. More recently, shear‐responsive nanomaterial DDSs have been developed. Studies on this subject mainly from the last decade are reviewed here, focusing on innovations of the material design and mechanisms of the shear response. The two most popular shear‐controlled drug carriers distinguished by different release mechanisms, that is, shear‐deformable nanoparticles (NPs) and shear‐dissociated NP aggregates (NPAs), are surveyed. The influence of material structures on their properties such as drug loading, circulation time, and shear sensitivity are discussed. The drug development stages, therapeutic effects, limitations, and potential of these DDSs are further inspected. The reviewed research emphasizes the advantages and significance of nanomaterial‐based shear‐sensitive DDSs in the field of targeted drug delivery. It is also believed that efforts to rationally design nanomaterial DDSs responsive to shear may prompt a new class of diagnostics and therapeutics for signaling and rectifying pathological flows in the body.
Size‐Tunable Gold Aerogels: A Durable and Misfocus‐Tolerant 3D Substrate for Multiplex SERS Detection
Authors: Zhou Lin , Peng Yunyi , Zhang Na , Du Ran , Hübner René , Wen Xinglin , Li Dehui , Hu Yue , Eychmüller Alexander 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe research on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) continuously draws wide attention because of its high detection sensitivity. However, the commonly investigated 2D SERS substrates cannot fully utilize the 3D active focal volume and require a tight focus on the correct plane, retarding signal enhancement and flexible use. Here, self‐supported gold aerogels of centimeter‐dimension with tunable ligament sizes are designed as 3D SERS substrates, featuring hot spots throughout the entire network. Unveiling a universal ligament‐size‐effect, the optimized gold aerogel showcases much larger enhancement factors compared to a 8 nm Au film toward dyes, pesticides, and carcinogens (up to 109). Aside from an excellent reusability and an exceptional stability (> 1 month), an outstanding misfocus tolerance (>300 µm along the z‐axis) is also demonstrated for such aerogel‐based SERS substrates for multiplex detection. This work may expand the application scope of metal aerogels and lay the foundation for designing next‐generation 3D SERS substrates.
Polarization‐Sensitive Photodetector Using Patterned Perovskite Single‐Crystalline Thin Films
Authors: Zhang Jinshuai , Zhao Jiajia , Zhou Yongfeng , Wang Yufei , Blankenagel Karen Silva , Wang Xuechun , Tabassum Madeeha , Su Lei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHybrid organic–inorganic perovskite single crystals, compared with their polycrystalline counterparts in thin films, are free from grain boundaries and have fewer defects, and therefore are promising in high‐performance optoelectronic devices. Recently, the crystal‐structure anisotropy in perovskites has been utilized to achieve polarization‐sensitive photodetectors. Here, it is shown that under 532 nm linearly polarized illumination, although MAPbBr3 (MA=CH3NH3+1) single crystals possess weak in‐plane anisotropy, nanogratings made on the crystal surface lead to high polarization photodetection sensitivity of ≈2.2 comparable with that of the isotropic perovskite crystals and nanowires, while enhancing both the photodetection responsivity and external quantum efficiency. The surface nanopattern induced polarization sensitivity may find interesting applications in future optoelectronic devices.
Uniform and Anisotropic Solid Electrolyte Membrane Enables Superior Solid‐State Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Guo Zumin , Pang Yuepeng , Xia Shuixin , Xu Fen , Yang Junhe , Sun Lixian , Zheng Shiyou 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRational structure design is a successful approach to develop high‐performance composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) for solid‐state Li metal batteries. Herein, a novel CSE membrane is proposed, that consists of interwoven garnet/polyethylene oxide‐Li bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide (LLZO/PEO‐LiTFSI) microfibers. This CSE exhibits high Li‐ion conductivity and exceptional Li dendrite suppression capability, which can be attributed to the uniform LLZO dispersion in PEO‐LiTFSI and the vertical/horizontal anisotropic Li‐ion conduction in the CSE. The uniform LLZO particles can generate large interaction regions between LLZO and PEO‐LiTFSI, which thus form continuous Li‐ion transfer pathways, retard the interfacial side reactions and strengthen the deformation resistance. More importantly, the anisotropic Li‐ion conduction, that is, Li‐ion transfers much faster along the microfibers than across the microfibers, can effectively homogenize the electric field distribution in the CSE during cycling, which thus prevents the excessive concentration of Li‐ion flux. Finally, solid‐state Li||LiFePO4 cells based on this CSE show excellent electrochemical performances. This work enriches the structure design strategy of high‐performance CSEs and may be helpful for further pushing the solid‐state Li metal batteries towards practical applications.
Sandwiched Cathodes Assembled from CoS2‐Modified Carbon Clothes for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Xu Jun , Yang Likun , Cao Shoufu , Wang Jingwen , Ma Yuanming , Zhang Junjun , Lu Xiaoqing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStructural design of advanced cathodes is a promising strategy to suppress the shuttle effect for lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs). In this work, the carbon cloth covered with CoS2 nanoparticles (CC‐CoS2) is prepared to function as both three‐dimensional (3D) current collector and physicochemical barrier to retard migration of soluble lithium polysulfides. On the one hand, the CC‐CoS2 film works as a robust 3D current collector and host with high conductivity, high sulfur loading, and high capability of capturing polysulfides. On the other hand, the 3D porous CC‐CoS2 film serves as a multifunctional interlayer that exhibits efficient physical blocking, strong chemisorption, and fast catalytic redox reaction kinetics toward soluble polysulfides. Consequently, the Al@S/AB@CC‐CoS2 cell with a sulfur loading of 1.2 mg cm−2 exhibits a high rate capability (≈823 mAh g−1 at 4 C) and delivers excellent capacity retention (a decay of ≈0.021% per cycle for 1000 cycles at 4 C). Moreover, the sandwiched cathode of CC‐CoS2@S/AB@CC‐CoS2 is designed for high sulfur loading LSBs. The CC‐CoS2@S/AB@CC‐CoS2 cells with sulfur loadings of 4.2 and 6.1 mg cm−2 deliver high reversible capacities of 1106 and 885 mAh g−1, respectively, after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. The outstanding electrochemical performance is attributed to the sandwiched structure with active catalytic component.
Assessing factors related to yield gaps in flooded rice in southern Brazil
Authors: Ghisleni Ribas Giovana , Streck Nereu Augusto , da Rosa Ulguim André , Selau Carlos Filipe , Maus Alberto Cleber , Mazzuco de Souza Pablo , Bercellos Tuira , Puntel Simone , Zanon Alencar Junior 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIdentifying the causes of the yield gap (Yg) is essential to understand and take proactive measures to improve crop management factors. Brazil is the country in the Americas with the highest area of flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state accounts for 73% of the Brazilian rice production. The objective was to determine yield potential (Yp) and Yg in flooded rice and identify key factors associated with high yield (HY) and low yield (LY) farms across the rice production regions in RS, Brazil. Yield and management practices data from farmers were collected by a survey that included 324 site‐year observations fields covering the five major RS production regions during three growing seasons (2016–2018). The Yp was simulated by Oryza crop model. The Yg was calculated as the difference between Yp and the average yield from farmers. Factors related between tertiles were studied by identifying management practices that were associated with high‐ and low‐yielding fields. Rice Yp ranged from 14.2 to 15.9 Mg ha−1 and the Yg was 48% of the estimated average Yp (15.1 Mg ha–1). Our findings indicated that HY fields had 33% higher productivity, rotated more area with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (77%), controlled pre‐sowing weeds by only herbicides (56%), sowed 20 d early with lower seeding rate (6%) and had early onset irrigation (5 d) compared to LY fields. These findings are applicable to rice farmers worldwide, and can help to define priorities in research and extension programs at both local and regional levels.
Adapting natural language processing for technical text
Authors: Dima Alden , Lukens Sarah , Hodkiewicz Melinda , Sexton Thurston , Brundage Michael P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite recent dramatic successes, natural language processing (NLP) is not ready to address a variety of real‐world problems. Its reliance on large standard corpora, a training and evaluation paradigm that favors the learning of shallow heuristics, and large computational resource requirements, makes domain‐specific application of even the most successful NLP techniques difficult. This paper proposes technical language processing (TLP) which brings engineering principles and practices to NLP specifically for the purpose of extracting actionable information from language generated by experts in their technical tasks, systems, and processes. TLP envisages NLP as a socio‐technical system rather than as an algorithmic pipeline. We describe how the TLP approach to meaning and generalization differs from that of NLP, how data quantity and quality can be addressed in engineering technical domains, and the potential risks of not adapting NLP for technical use cases. Engineering problems can benefit immensely from the inclusion of knowledge from unstructured data, currently unavailable due to issues with out of the box NLP packages. We illustrate the TLP approach by focusing on maintenance in industrial organizations as a case‐study.
Demographic, clinical, and ancestry characterization of a large cluster of mucopolysaccharidosis IV A in the Brazilian Northeast region
Authors: dos Santos‐Lopes Simone Silva , de Oliveira Jessica Maria Florêncio , de Queiroga Nascimento Denise , Montenegro Yorran Hardman Araújo , Leistner‐Segal Sandra , Brusius‐Facchin Ana Carolina , Eufrazino Gondim Cátia , Giugliani Roberto , de Medeiros Paula Frassinetti Vasconcelos 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IVA is a rare autosomal recessive disease with a highly variable distribution worldwide. Discrepancies in the incidence of MPS IVA among populations of different ethnicities are mostly attributed to founder effects. Demographic and clinical data from 28 MPS IVA patients, followed at a single center, and ancestry (Y chromosome and mitochondrial markers) of a subsample of 17 patients, most with the p.Ser341Arg (c.1023C>G) mutation were analyzed. Parental consanguinity was observed in 15/20 couples; a rare homozygous N‐acetylgalactosamine‐6‐sulfatase (GALNS) mutation was found in 7/16 families with intra‐familial phenotypic heterogeneity. Paternal ancestry was 94.2% (16/17) European, 5.8% (1/17) African, and 0% Amerindian. The European paternal haplogroups R1a, R1b, and R* accounted for 94.2% (16/17) of the patients. The R1b haplogroup, identified in 59% (10/17) of the patients, is frequently found in populations from the Iberian Peninsula. European, Amerindian, and African maternal ancestry was observed in 46.9% (8/17), 35.4% (6/17), and 17.7% (3/17) of the patients, respectively. Study of a cluster of MPS IVA patients from Northeastern Brazil, with high parental consanguinity and phenotypic heterogeneity showed predominantly European parental ancestry. This ancestry finding corroborates historical data on the local settlement, formed predominantly by European men.