bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Current State of Donor Human Milk Use and Practice
Authors: Bai Yeon , Kuscin Jennifer 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHuman milk contains nutrients and immune factors that promote health and growth of an infant. Donor human milk is recommended as the best alternative for infants whose mothers’ breast milk is unavailable. This article describes the current status of donor human milk practice and suggests the areas of educational and research needs. Articles published in the last 10 years were reviewed, and findings were summarized under 4 themes: (1) women's knowledge and concerns about donor human milk use, (2) hospital practices, (3) cost‐effectiveness, and (4) access and affordability of donor human milk. Women were concerned about donor human milk contamination, disease transmission, cost, and access to bank donor human milk, due to lack of knowledge and awareness of donor human milk benefits and its processing procedures. The absence of health care providers’ support for donor human milk adds to the confusion. There is a rising trend of donor human milk use in hospitals for both healthy and vulnerable newborns and infants with varying policies on screening for donor human milk use, cost coverage, or consent procedure. However, a shortage of safe and affordable donor human milk is a barrier to its adoption. A standardized guideline is needed for hospitals regarding donor human milk implementation and cost coverage. Education programs for health care providers are needed to improve knowledge and understanding of donor human milk benefits and safety to provide guidance to parents. It is crucial to develop legislation expanding insurance coverage to achieve donor human milk equity and optimizing long‐term human milk diet outcomes.
Another step toward understanding brain functional connectivity alterations in autism
Authors: Giona Federica , Pagano Jessica , Verpelli Chiara , Sala Carlo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVarious neuroimaging approaches have reported alterations in brain connectivity in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Nevertheless, specific cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations remain to be elucidated. In the present Editorial, we highlight an article in the current issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry that provides first evidence for the structural and cellular basis of an atypical corpus callosum long‐distance connectivity impairments observed in ASD patients. The authors used a juvenile valproic acid (VPA) rat model of ASD that presents with reduced myelin level, specifically in the corpus callosum, and with an altered myelin sheet structure that is closely associated with the behavioral alteration found in these rats. This hypomyelination occurs primarily during infancy prior to oligodendroglial alterations, implicating that axonal‐oligodendroglial connections are compromised in this model. Concomitant with the hypomyelination, the ASD rat model showed an atypical brain metabolic pattern, with hypometabolic activity across the whole brain, and hypermetabolism in brain areas related to autistic‐like behavior. These findings contribute to unravel the neurobiological basis underlying white matter alteration and altered long‐distance brain connectivity as described in ASD, paving the way to the development of new early diagnostic markers and toward developing future specific therapies for ASD.
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Relationship between instrumental and sensory texture profile of beef semitendinosus muscles with different textures
Authors: Pematilleke Nelum , Kaur Mandeep , Adhikari Benu , Torley Peter J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTexture of meat is a critical factor in oral processing and bolus formation, especially for people suffering from dysphagia. The present study evaluated and compared the texture changes of beef semitendinosus muscles upon cooking, using sensory panelists and instrumental texture profile analysis. Cooking losses were also estimated. The correlation between instrumental and sensory parameters were established. Training with sensory texture profile enabled panelists to clearly identify and describe meat textural attributes except cohesiveness and springiness. Increased cooking temperature (65–85°C) and time (30–60 min) significantly (p < .05) increased hardness, chewiness, and cook loss of beef whereas adhesiveness and juiciness decreased significantly. The correlation data showed significant positive correlations between instrumental and sensory hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness and poor correlations between cohesiveness and springiness. Results show that the texture profile analyzer has a possibility to replace sensory analysis for hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness; however, future work is needed to address cohesiveness and springiness of meat.
Efficacy of entecavir versus tenofovir in preventing hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B with maintained virologic response
Authors: Na Ji Eun , Sinn Dong Hyun , Lee Jeong‐Hoon , Jang Hee Joon , Baek Seon Yeong , Kim Kyung A , Kang Won Seok , Gwak Geum‐Youn , Paik Young‐Han , Kim Yoon Jun , Choi Moon Seok , Yoon Jung‐Hwan , Lee Joon Hyeok , Koh Kwang Cheol , Paik Seung Woon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsSeveral studies suggested that efficacy of tenofovir in reducing the risk of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) might be better than that of entecavir. It remains unknown whether a change in therapy can further reduce the risk of HCC in patients receiving entecavir therapy and achieved goal of antiviral therapy, a maintained undetectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level in the serum.MethodsA total of 1336 treatment‐naïve chronic HBV mono‐infected adult patients, who started entecavir or tenofovir treatment and achieved a maintained virologic response during follow‐up were analysed.ResultsDuring a median 4.4 years of follow‐up (range, 1.0–7.4 years) after achieving virologic response, 99 patients developed HCC. The 5‐year cumulative HCC incidence rate was 7.3% and 6.3% for the entecavir and tenofovir groups, respectively, with similar risk of HCC between the two groups (adjusted HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.52–1.29; p = 0.3). The risk of HCC was similar in the propensity score‐matched cohort (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.68–1.52; p = 0.94) and inverse probability treatment weighting analysis (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.74–1.66; p = 0.62). In the subgroup analysis, HCC risk was similar between the two drugs in both patients with and without cirrhosis.DiscussionIn patients showing maintained virologic response, no difference in the risk of HCC between entecavir and tenofovir was observed. This indicates entecavir might be as effective as tenofovir in the prevention of HCC among those patients and suggest that a change in therapy in anticipation of further reducing the risk of HCC might not be necessary for patients receiving entecavir and showing virologic response.
Using functional dissimilarity among species pools and communities to predict establishment of native and alien species
Authors: Bennett Jonathan A. , Pärtel Meelis 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsPredicting plant establishment and growth is a fundamental goal of community ecology, especially when studying invasion. Functional traits can infer a species’ environmental tolerances and competitive abilities and may help improve predictions, yet such models are limited by a lack of data on failed establishment. Filtering of species from regional pools to site‐specific pools to local communities provides abundant evidence of failed establishment represented by species excluded at each level of the hierarchy. We tested whether trait differences between observed and absent species among these pools can help predict species establishment.LocationSouthern Estonia.MethodsFor 31 semi‐natural grassland sites, we collected plant composition data at multiple spatial scales to estimate the regional species pool, site‐specific pool, and local community. We compared traits among these pools to model community assembly and predict which species could join the site‐specific pool and local community. We tested these models using an experiment in which we added seed and transplants of 15 species (9 native and 6 alien) to intact and disturbed plots at each site. We considered differences in plant performance between intact and disturbed sites to be indicative of competition.ResultsFor all performance metrics, we found significant positive relationships with model predictions. These relationships were stronger for seed establishment than growth and were generally weak when predicting competition. Seed establishment was also best predicted in sites with high local diversity and low root biomass, potentially because of more accurate estimates of species pool and community composition. Seed establishment was better predicted for alien than native species and, although predictive power remained low, the opposite was true for competitive effects on establishment.ConclusionsMulti‐scale models of community assembly may predict future establishment but must include other characteristics within such models. These models may perform poorly, however, when predicting biotic interactions.
A systematic review into the suitability of urban refugia for the Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris
Authors: Fingland Kathryn , Ward Samantha J. , Bates Adam J. , Bremner‐Harrison Samantha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Urban growth and intensification are projected to increase as the global human population increases. Historically, urban areas have been disregarded as suitable wildlife habitat, but it is now known that these areas can be biodiverse and that wildlife species can adapt to the environmental conditions. One such urban‐dwelling species is the Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris, which has suffered population declines in several countries throughout its range in recent decades.

The current published literature was systematically reviewed to determine whether or not urban habitats are suitable refugia for red squirrels, through identifying and discussing key topics regarding the urban ecology of red squirrels.

Urban environments can support higher population densities of red squirrels than rural areas, probably due to the widespread and reliable provision of anthropogenic supplemental food alongside natural food sources. The availability and quality of urban greenspaces are important determinants of the suitability of urban habitats for red squirrels, as they provide natural food sources and nesting sites. Despite the barriers present in urban landscapes (e.g. roads), red squirrels can still disperse and maintain gene flow at the population level.

Road traffic accidents appear to be a significant cause of mortality in some urban red squirrel populations, and seasonal peaks of mortality occur during the autumn months. Diseases (e.g. squirrelpox virus) can also be a significant cause of mortality, although effects differ between populations and depend on whether grey squirrels Sciurus carolinensis are present. Many of the predation events that affect red squirrels appear to be due to free‐ranging domestic and feral cats Felis catus, although there is currently little evidence to suggest that predation is a limiting factor for urban red squirrel populations.

We conclude that urban areas can be suitable refugia for red squirrels, provided that high‐quality greenspaces are maintained. Mitigation measures may also be necessary to reduce population mortality and to prevent disease outbreaks.
Phylogeographic reconstructions can be biased by ancestral shared alleles: The case of the polymorphic lichen Bryoria fuscescens in Europe and North Africa
Authors: Boluda Carlos G. , Rico Víctor J. , Naciri Yamama , Hawksworth David L. , Scheidegger Christoph 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLarge phylogeographic studies on lichens are scarce, and none involves a single species within which different lineages show fixed alternative dispersal strategies. We investigated Bryoria fuscescens (including B. capillaris) in Europe and western North Africa by phenotypically characterizing 1400 specimens from 64 populations and genotyping them with 14 microsatellites. We studied population structure and genetic diversity at the local and continental scales, discussed the post‐glacial phylogeography, and compared dispersal capacities of phenotypes with and without soralia. Our main hypothesis is that the estimated phylogeography, migration routes, and dispersal capacities may be strongly biased by ancestral shared alleles. Scandinavia is genetically the richest area, followed by the Iberian Peninsula, the Carpathians, and the Alps. Three gene pools were detected: two partially linked to phenotypic characteristics, and the third one genetically related to the American sister species B. pseudofuscescens. The comparison of one gene pool producing soredia and one not, suggested both as panmictic, with similar levels of isolation by distance (IBD). The migration routes were estimated to span from north to south, in disagreement with the assessed glacial refugia. The presence of ancestral shared alleles in distant populations can explain the similar IBD levels found in both gene pools while producing a false signal of panmixia, and also biasing the phylogeographic reconstruction. The incomplete lineage sorting recorded for DNA sequence loci also supports this hypothesis. Consequently, the high diversity in Scandinavia may rather come from recent immigration into northern populations than from an in situ diversification. Similar patterns of ancestral shared polymorphism may bias the phylogeographical reconstruction of other lichen species.
Tracking bacterial effector protein delivery into host cells
Authors: Cover Timothy L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBacterial Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are a functionally heterogeneous group of nanomachines that can deliver substrates into a wide range of target cells. The Helicobacter pylori Cag T4SS has an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. CagA, the only effector protein known to be secreted by the H. pylori Cag T4SS, enters human gastric cells and causes alterations in intracellular signaling that are linked to cancer pathogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which CagA is delivered into gastric cells has been hindered by the lack of robust methods for monitoring this process. A publication in this issue of Molecular Microbiology describes a split luciferase assay for monitoring T4SS‐mediated translocation of CagA into host cells. The use of this translocation reporter allowed the quantification of CagA translocation in real‐time assays, thereby facilitating the analysis of the kinetics of CagA delivery. This system also allowed the tracking of several types of CagA fusion proteins and confirmed that protein unfolding is important for secretion by the Cag T4SS. This commentary discusses T4SS‐dependent delivery of H. pylori CagA into host cells and the use of the split luciferase system for monitoring bacterial protein secretion and delivery into target cells.
Ten kHz spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic peripheral polyneuropathy: 12‐Month results from prospective open‐label pilot study
Authors: Galan Vincent , Scowcroft James , Chang Paul , Li Sean , Staats Peter , Subbaroyan Jeyakumar , Caraway David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of this study was to demonstrate that the paresthesia‐independent 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can provide long‐term pain relief in patients with peripheral polyneuropathy (PPN). Clinically diagnosed subjects with PPN refractory to conventional medical management were enrolled in this prospective, multicenter study between November 2015 and August 2016, after institutional review board approval and patient informed consent were obtained.MethodsSubjects underwent trial stimulation utilizing 2 epidural leads, and if successful, were implanted with a permanent 10 kHz SCS system and followed up for 12 months post‐implant. Outcome measures included adverse events, pain, neurological assessments, disability, function, quality of life, pain interference, sleep, satisfaction, and global impression of change. Data are presented as descriptive statistics. Permanent implant population results are reported as mean ± standard error.ResultsTwenty‐one of the 26 trialed subjects had a successful trial and 18 received a permanent implant. All subjects had the leads placed anatomically without the need for paresthesia. Subjects experienced significant and sustained pain relief (at least 65% at all timepoints) whereas physicians noted improvements in neurological function. Significant improvements in disability, function, sleep, sensory, and affective dimensions of pain were reported at all timepoints. All adverse events were resolved without sequelae.ConclusionFindings from this study suggest that 10 kHz SCS may provide sustained pain relief and disability improvements in patients suffering from PPN.
Studies of canker and dieback of oak tree in China, with two Cytospora species described
Authors: Pan Meng , Zhu Haiyan , Liang Lingyu , Tian Chengming , Fan Xinlei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOak (Quercus sp.) is an excellent tree species as a windbreak, for water conservation, and for fireproofing in forests in China. However, several trees of this genus were found to be suffering from various fungal diseases. In this study, we evaluated 15 fungal pathogens that can cause dieback and canker disease in oak in China, and discovered two Cytospora species. They were identified as Cytospora quercinum sp. nov. and C. vinacea, based on detailed morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU, act, rpb2, tef1‐α, and tub2 loci. This study is the first record of C. quercinum and C. vinacea as causal agents of dieback in oak based on pathogenicity tests conducted on 2‐year‐old plants in a greenhouse. In addition, this study also revealed the influence of different conditions on the growth rate of mycelia. Mycelial growth of C. quercinum and C. vinacea occurred at optimum temperatures of 20.1 and 20.8 °C, and optimum pH of 5.4 and 5.3, respectively. For these two species, utilization of glucose and fructose was highly efficient, and sucrose was the least efficient. The habitat of Quercus mongolica indicated that more attention and management are needed to prevent the occurrence of Cytospora disease in the summer in north‐eastern China, and in spring and autumn in eastern and northern China. This study contributes to the understanding of the species causing canker or dieback diseases in important economic forest trees, and provides useful information for effective disease management of oak trees in China.
Watanabeagreen microalgae (Trebouxiophyceae) inhabiting lichen holobiomes:Watanabea lichenicolasp. nova
Authors: Chiva Salvador , Dumitru Cristina , Bordenave César Daniel , Barreno Eva 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARYMicroalgae of the genusWatanabeaare widely distributed as free living in soil/subaerial and aquatic habitats. In this study, twoWatanabeaspp. were isolated from lichen thalli ofBuellia zoharyicollected on biocrusts in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. To ascertain their taxonomic position and phylogenetic relationships within the genusWatanabea, morphological observations were performed using light and confocal microscopy, combined with molecular analyses based on the phylogeny of small subunit ribosomal region (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) genes and the ITS2 secondary structure. One isolate matchesWatanabea acidophila, and the other, which has not been previously reported, is described here asWatanabea lichenicolasp. nov. Both molecular phylogenetic analyses (SSUandITS) suggest the division of theWatanabeaspp. into two well‐supported clades:Watanabeagroup I andWatanabeagroup II, to whichW. lichenicolaandW. acidophilabelong, respectively. Furthermore, an exclusive side loop in helix 3 of the ITS2 secondary structure ofWatanabeagroup II reinforces the use of this analysis as a molecular hallmark for this genus. The integrative approaches carried out in this study suggest lichen thalli as a new ecological niche for this genus, either as associated (not primary symbiont), epiphyte and/or endophyte microalgae inBuellia zoharyiholobionts.
Periodontal disease and the risk of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hu Xin , Zhang Jing , Qiu Yulan , Liu Zhaonan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundResults of studies on the association between periodontal disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are inconsistent, and a previous meta‐analysis published in 2017 included inadequate studies and is thus outmoded. This study aims to systematically evaluate the correlation between PD and the risk of AD or MCI.MethodsThe following electronic databases were screened by two investigators independently, without restriction of language: CENTRAL (Cochrane library), PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, China National Knowledge Interne, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Wanfang Data, www.ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Meta‐analysis was conducted using random‐effects model or fixed‐effects model according to the heterogeneity of included studies.ResultsThirteen eligible studies, of which eight reported AD (291 114 participants) and eight reported MCI (4805 participants), were included in this meta‐analysis. The pooled results showed that compared with the non‐PD population, the risk of AD and MCI in PD patients was significantly higher (for AD: odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, 95% CI 1.15–2.76; for MCI: OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.24–2.06), and especially in those with severe PD (for AD: OR = 4.89, 95% CI 1.60–14.97; for MCI, OR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.24–4.36).ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis indicated that PD was related to an elevated risk of AD and cognitive impairment, and that it should receive early intervention.
Using Linked Consumer Registers to Estimate Residential moves in the United Kingdom
Authors: van Dijk Justin T. , Lansley Guy , Longley Paul A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper argues that frequently updated data on the nature of residential moves and the circumstances of movers in the United Kingdom are insufficient for many research purposes. Accordingly, we develop previous research reported in this Journal to re-purpose consumer and administrative data in order to develop annual estimates of residential mobility between all UK neighbourhoods. We use a unique digital corpus of linked individual and household-level consumer registers compiled by the UK Consumer Data Research Centre, comprising over 143 million unique address records pertaining to the entire UK adult population over the period 1997–2016. We describe how records pertaining to individuals vacating a property can be assigned to their most probable residential destination, based on novel methods of matching names, assessing household composition, and using information on the date and probable distance of residential moves. We believe that the results of this analysis contribute highly granular, frequently updated estimates of residential moves that can be used to chart population-wide outcomes of residential mobility and migration behaviour, as well as the socio-spatial characteristics of the sedentary population.