bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro/nano-structural evolution in spruce wood during soda pulping
Authors: Wagih Ahmed , Hasani Merima , Hall Stephen A. , Theliander Hans 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Alkaline delignification of wood tissue is the core of the global pulping technology and the most prominent large-scale separation of the main wood components. This work aims at improved understanding of the interplay between the topochemistry of alkaline pulping and the associated morphological changes. Morphology and chemical structure of partially soda-delignified wood chips were studied combining X-ray tomography (XRT), X-ray diffraction analysis and compositional characterization (lignin and carbohydrate content). The XRT studies of wet samples (providing 3D structural information without interfering drying effects), allowed observation of the cell wall separation as an increasing amount of lignin was removed with the increasing pulping time. Comparison between the microstructure of the surface and the central parts of the treated chips showed a more delignified microstructure at the surface, which highlights the dependence of the delignification process on the mass transport (hydroxide ions and lignin fragments) through the wood tissue. The crystallite size of cellulose increased in the <200> crystal planes during the early stage of pulping while there was little effect on the <110> plane.
A novel fractal model for the prediction and analysis of the equivalent thermal conductivity in wood
Authors: Zhao Jingyao , Guo Liangyan , Cai Yingchun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study proposes a new fractal model to improve the accuracy of equivalent thermal conductivity (ETC) prediction for wood and determine how the wood’s pore structure influences ETC. Using fractal theory and mercury injection porosimetry data, a fractal model for the geometry of the wood’s pore structure was built. The geometric model was then transformed into an equivalent thermal resistance model to calculate ETC. The calculations produced an explicit expression for ETC derived from the wood’s structural parameters including the minimum and maximum pore apertures, aperture distribution, porosity, and fractal dimension. The model also includes a probability factor. The simulated ETC produced by the model was validated by experiments and it was found to be in good agreement with these. These simulation results will be used to study the influence of several factors on ETC. The proposed model has the potential to be able to predict and analyzing other wood properties such as its electrical conductivity, diffusivity, and permeability and the model can likely also be used to analyze other porous materials.
Thermal modification kinetics and chemistry of poplar wood in dry and saturated steam media
Authors: Marcon Bertrand , Tondi Gianluca , Procino Lorenzo , Goli Giacomo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis research work presents a modelling strategy to analyse thermal conversion rates of two thermal wood modification processes based on time-temperature superposition method. It gathers in a single study different original and bibliographic experimental works analysing the dry mass variation that occurs during thermal and hydro-thermal wood modification processes. The mass loss kinetic was successfully modelled using a modified Arrhenius approach. The time-temperature superposition method allowed to define for each wood modification process a master curve and its time shift depending on the treatment temperature. The analysis of ventilated oven and saturated steam treatments pointed out the existence of a continuous single kinetic for the ventilated oven which became more complex for saturated steam since a second kinetic stage appeared. This kinetic difference was sustained by infrared spectra chemical analysis which showed that hemicelluloses degraded much faster in presence of steam while lignin degradation occurred in both conditions.
Oak wood drying: precipitation of crystalline ellagic acid leads to discoloration
Authors: Felhofer Martin , Bock Peter , Xiao Nannan , Preimesberger Christoph , Lindemann Martin , Hansmann Christian , Gierlinger Notburga 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Oak heartwood usually darkens during and after drying. This darkening can be heterogeneous, leaving non-colored areas in the wood board. These light discolorations have been linked to heterogeneous distribution of tannins, but compelling evidence on the microscale is lacking. In this study Raman and fluorescence microscopy revealed precipitations of crystalline ellagic acid, especially in the ray cells but also in lumina, cell corners and cell walls in the non-colored areas (NCA), which also had higher density. In these denser areas free water is longer present during drying and leads to accumulation of hydrolyzed tannins. When eventually falling dry, these tannins precipitate irreversible as non-colored ellagic acid and are not available for chemical reactions leading to darkening of the wood. Therefore, pronounced density fluctuations in wood boards require adjusting the drying and processing parameters so that water domains and ellagic acid precipitations are avoided during drying.
Prediction and analysis of redox-sensitive cysteines using machine learning and statistical methods
Authors: Keßler Marcus , Wittig Ilka , Ackermann Jörg , Koch Ina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are produced by a number of stimuli and can lead both to irreversible intracellular damage and signaling through reversible post-translational modification. It is unclear which factors contribute to the sensitivity of cysteines to redox modification. Here, we used statistical and machine learning methods to investigate the influence of different structural and sequence features on the modifiability of cysteines. We found several strong structural predictors for redox modification. Sensitive cysteines tend to be characterized by higher exposure, a lack of secondary structure elements, and a high number of positively charged amino acids in their close environment. Our results indicate that modified cysteines tend to occur close to other post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylated serines. We used these features to create models and predict the presence of redox-modifiable cysteines in human mitochondrial complex I as well as make novel predictions regarding redox-sensitive cysteines in proteins.
Advances in layered double hydroxide-based ternary nanocomposites for photocatalysis of contaminants in water
Authors: Sun Hao , Heo Young-Jung , Park Ji-Hye , Rhee Kyong Yop , Park Soo-Jin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Recently, photocatalysis technology has been widely considered as an effective method for solving environmental pollution issues and addressing the energy crisis. Hybrids of layered double hydroxide (LDH) exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties for use in the field of wastewater treatment due to the large interlayer spaces, chemical stability, and low cost. However, pristine LDH suffers from numerous limitations, such as insufficient visible light utilization and a high recombination rate of electron–hole pairs, resulting in degradation of photocatalytic performance. Recent advancements have demonstrated that LDH-based hybrids are suitable nanocomposites for photocatalytic applications when combining LDH with other semiconductors. This article summarizes the progress in the field of LDH-based ternary composites with emphasis on the removal of organic pollutants and heavy metal ions from aqueous media. Moreover, the applications and synthesis of LDH-based ternary composites, including corresponding examples, are discussed. In addition, the interaction mechanisms between photocatalysts and contaminants in water are comprehensively explained. Finally, the review provides insights into the challenges and prospects for the advancement of LDH-based photocatalysts.
Unsteady nano-bioconvective channel flow with effect of nth order chemical reaction
Authors: Md Basir Md Faisal , Naganthran Kohilavani , Azhar Ehtsham , Mehmood Zaffar , Mukhopadhyay Swati , Nazar Roslinda , Jamaludin Anuar , Baleanu Dumitru , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Khan Ilyas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Nanofluid bioconvective channel flow is an essential aspect of the recent healthcare industry applications, such as biomedical processing systems. Thus, the present work examined the influence of nth order chemical reaction in an unsteady nanofluid bioconvective channel flow in a horizontal microchannel with expanding/contracting walls. The suitable form of the similarity transformation is exercised to transform the governing boundary layer equations into a more straightforward form of system to ease the computation process. The Runge–Kutta method of fifth-order integration technique solved the reduced boundary layer system and generated the numerical results as the governing parameters vary. It is found that the destructive second-order chemical reaction enhances the mass transfer rate at the lower wall but deteriorates the mass transfer rate at the upper wall. The upper channel wall has a better heat transfer rate than the lower wall when the Reynolds number increases.
On the flow of MHD generalized maxwell fluid via porous rectangular duct
Authors: Farooq Aamir , Kamran Muhammad , Bashir Yasir , Ahmad Hijaz , Shahzad Azeem , Chu Yu-Ming 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this proposed investigation is to study unsteady magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) mixed initial-boundary value problem for incompressible fractional Maxwell fluid model via oscillatory porous rectangular duct. Considering the modified Darcy’s law, the problem is simplified by using the method of the double finite Fourier sine and Laplace transforms. As a limiting case of the general solutions, the same results can be obtained for the classical Maxwell fluid. Also, the impact of magnetic parameter, porosity of medium, and the impact of various material parameters on the velocity profile and the corresponding tangential tensions are illuminated graphically. At the end, we will give the conclusion of the whole paper.
Analytical approaches and preparation of biological, food and environmental samples for analyses of zearalenone and its metabolites
Authors: Gadzała-Kopciuch Renata , Kuźniewska Anna , Buszewski Bogusław 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that occurs in all stages of plant growth and development and exerts harmful effects on humans and animals. Zearalenone is easily absorbed in the digestive tract, and it is metabolized in the intestinal wall and the liver. Zearalenone has several derivatives: zearalenone, zearalanone (ZAN), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL). These substances have a high affinity for estrogen receptors, and they can gradually affect the endocrine system. Excess ZEN and its metabolites are excreted with urine and bile. This paper analyzes ZEN metabolism and investigates the presence of ZEN and its metabolites in urine. Since the isolation of ZEN and its metabolites from different matrices still poses a significant problem, the paper also presents various sample preparation methods (including liquid-solid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and other techniques) as well as sensitive and specific chromatographic techniques, including liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence and mass spectrometry detection, gas chromatography (GC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
Detection of broken rotor bars of induction motors based on the combination of Hilbert envelope analysis and Shannon entropy
Authors: Kabul Ahmet , Ünsal Abdurrahman 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Broken rotor bar (BRB) is one of the most common fault types of induction motors. One of the common methods to detect the broken rotor bars is the observation of the characteristic sideband frequencies in the stator current. If the motor is lightly loaded, the sideband harmonics are attached to the fundamental frequency of the main supply and the amplitudes of these harmonics are quite low. Therefore, it is difficult to detect the broken rotor bars under light loading conditions by using conventional motor current signature analysis (MCSA) methods. Moreover, in some cases, the sideband harmonics of fundamental frequency may exist although there is no rotor fault in induction motors due to load oscillations. Therefore, there is a risk for false broken rotor bars alarm with the existence of lower amplitude of harmonics. This paper provides an alternative approach for the detection of broken rotor bars by applying Hilbert envelope analysis along with Shannon entropy to stator current signals. The proposed method includes two-stage evaluation system to eliminate false BRB alarms such as detecting sidebands from envelope spectrum and calculating entropy rates from envelope signals. The results are verified experimentally under 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % loading conditions.
Pemberlakuan Perda Syari’ah dalam Perspektif Sosiologi Hukum Islam (Studi Kasus Penanggulangan Eksploitasi Seks Komersial di Surakarta)
Authors: Mundakir Mundakir 
Published: January 2021

<p><em>This paper raises the issue of whether the enactment of Islamic Sharia in Indonesia should be a form of law and/or local regulation that binds the community (formalization of Islamic law) or is sufficiently enforced persuasively. This research takes the object of surakarta people who have enacted Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2006 on Tackling Commercial Sexual Exploitation. Formil the regulation of this area does not mention the word sharia but the substance of the material stipulated in the regulation is entirely sharia material or fiqh.</em><em> </em><em>The </em><em>existence</em><em> of this government is acceptable to all elements of Surakarta people who have a background and a hiterogen religion. With grounded research and participatory observational data collection techniques, researchers found evidence that Surakarta people fail to cope with the rise of prostitution and commercial sexual exploitation persuasively, they require government involvement (formalization of Islamic law).</em><em> </em><em>By </em><em>looking</em><em> at the religious characteristics of Surakarta people whose religion is not so strong, the formalization of Islamic law into local regulations finds its significance. For areas where religion is strong enough, the enactment of Islamic Sharia is sufficient with a persuasive pattern based on the religious awareness of the community.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Paper ini mengangkat permasalahan apakah pemberlakuan Syari’ah Islam di Indonesia perlu menjadi suatu bentuk undang-undangdan/atau peraturan daerah yang mengikat masyarakat (formalisasi hukum Islam) atau cukup diberlakukan secara persuasif. Penelitian ini mengambil obyek masyarakat Kota Surakarta yang telah memberlakukan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 3 Tahun 2006 tentang Penanggulangan Eksploitasi Seksual Komersial. Secara formil peraturan daerah ini tidak menyebut kata syari’ah tetapi substansi materi yang diatur dalam perda tersebut sepenuhnya materi syari’ah atau fiqh. Keberadaan perda ini dapat diterima oleh seluruh elemen masyarakat Kota Surakarta yang memiliki latarbelakang dan pemeluk agama yang hiterogen. Dengan <em>grounded research</em> dan teknik pengumpulan data observasi partisipatoris, peneliti menemukan bukti bahwa masyarakat Kota Surakarta gagal menanggulangi maraknya prostitusi dan eksploitasi seks komersial secara persuasif, mereka membutuhkan keterlibatan pemerintah (formalisasi hukum Islam). Dengan mencermati karakteristik keberagamaan masyarakat Kota Surakarta yang keberagamaannya tidak begitu kuat, formalisasi hukum Islam menjadi peraturan daerah menemukan signifikansinya. Untuk wilayah-wilayah yang keberagamaannya cukup kuat, pemberlakuan syari’ah Islam pada cukup dengan pola persuasif yang didasarkan atas kesadaran beragama masyarakat.</p><p><em><br /></em></p>
Technology as the Key to Women’s Empowerment: A Scoping Review
Authors: Mackey April , Petrucka Pammla 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: With women’s empowerment and information and communication technologies (ICTs) being the subject of global discussions for many decades, there is a need for a clearer and deeper understanding of existing gender gaps. Despite these prolonged discussions, there remains limited in-depth understanding of the use of ICTs for women’s empowerment. ICTs having made communication and networking a possibility between and among people on a global scale, a digital divide has emerged. Research Objectives: To determine how the concept of empowerment is defined, utilized, and measured in research studies; explore existing evidence regarding the use of ICTs as interventions towards achieving women’s empowerment; and explore the gaps in knowledge and research on this topic from an individual, community, and global perspectives. Methods: We conducted a scoping review using the Arksey and O’Malley methodology. The search identified papers from ten databases, including Scopus, Embase, ABI Inform, Soc Index, Sociological Abstracts, Gender Studies, Springer Link, PsychInfo, Science Direct, and Academic Search Complete over the period of 2012-2018. Search criteria included articles that focused on women’s empowerment and utilized technologies as interventions. Out of a total of 4481 articles that were initially identified, 51were included in the final review. Results: Technology played a variety of roles in supporting the development of women’s capacities and resources. Results revealed the use of ICT interventions in the following areas: outreach, education, lifestyle, prevention, health challenges, perceptions of barriers. However, despite the positive use of technology to support women in their daily lives, there was a lack of consensus regarding the definition and use of the term empowerment. The concept of empowerment was also inconsistently and poorly measured among individual studies which led to issues in measuring whether or not empowerment was achieved. Conclusion: This scoping review provides a comprehensive review of current and emerging efforts to use ICTs to empower women, as well as highlighting opportunities for collaborative efforts between researchers, program implementers and policy makers to address the persistent gender disparities with respect to ICTs.
Bacterial inhibition of CD8+ T-cells mediated cell death promotes neuroinvasion and within-host persistence
Authors: Lecuit Marc , Maudet Claire , Kheloufi Marouane , Levallois Sylvain , Gaillard Julien , Huang Lei , Gaultier Charlotte , Tsai Yu-Huan , Disson Olivier 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Central nervous system infections are amongst the most severe, yet the mechanisms by which pathogens access the brain remain poorly understood. The model microorganism Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a major foodborne pathogen that causes neurolisteriosis, one of the deadliest central nervous system infections. While immunosuppression is a well-established host risk factor for neurolisteriosis, little is known regarding the bacterial factors underlying Lm neuroinvasion. We have developed a clinically-relevant experimental model of neurolisteriosis, using hypervirulent neuroinvasive strains inoculated in a humanized mouse model of infection, and we show that the bacterial protein InlB protects infected monocytes from CD8+ T-cells Fas-mediated cell death, in a c-Met/PI3-kinase/FLIP-dependent manner. This blockade of anti-Lm specific cellular immune response lengthens infected monocytes lifespan, favoring Lm transfer from infected monocytes to the brain. The intracellular niche created by InlB-mediated cell-autonomous immunosuppression also promotes Lm fecal shedding, accounting for its selection as a Lm core virulence gene. Here, we have uncovered an unanticipated specific mechanism by which a bacterial pathogen confers to the cells it infects an increased lifespan by rendering them resistant to cell-mediated immunity. This promotes Lm within-host persistence and dissemination to the central nervous system, and transmission.
Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Neolamarckia Cadamba Leaves and Its Metabolite Profile
Authors: Razali Shakirah , Khan Al’aina Firus , Khatib Alfi , Ahmed Qamar Uddin , Hassan Habibah , Murugesu Suganya , Jalal Tara , Ichwan Muhammad , Selamat Jinap , Khalifa Shaden , Abdel-Daim Mohamed , El-Seedi Hesham , Wahab Ridhwan Abdul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Neolamarckia cadamba (NC) leaf is traditionally used for the treatment of breast cancer, however this claim is unverified. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer activities of NC leaf ethanol extract on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 cells) using in vitro cell viability, cytotoxicity and gene expression assays followed by gas chromatography analysis. Results revealed inhibition concentration (IC50) against MCF-7 at 0.2 mg/mL. The extract exerted a dose and time dependent inhibitory effect against MCF-7 cells. The cell cycle assay showed that the extract arrested MCF-7 cells in G0/G1 phase, and apoptosis were observed after 72 hours by Annexin-V assay. The gene expression assay revealed that the cell cycle arrest was associated with the down-regulation of CDK2 and subsequent up-regulation of p21 and cyclin E. The extract induced apoptosis via mediation of the mitochondrial cell death pathways. Chromatography analysis revealed the contribution of d-pinitol and myo-inositol to the activity observed as the two major bioactive compounds. Overall, the study demonstrated that NC exerts anti-cancer effect on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest thus justifying its traditional use for breast cancer treatment in Malaysia.
Impacts of GHG emissions abatement measures on agricultural market and food security
Authors: Fujimori Shinichiro , Wu Wenchao , Doelman Jonathan , Frank Stefan , Hristov Jordan , Kyle Page , Sands Ronald , Zeist Willem-Jan van , Havlík Petr , Domínguez Ignacio Pérez , Sahoo Amarendra , Stehfest Elke , Tabeau Andrzej , Valin Hugo , Meijl Hans van , Hasegawa Tomoko , Takahashi Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-use (AFOLU) are thought to play a vital role in long-term GHG emissions reduction, especially for their importance in non-CO2 emissions, bioenergy supply and carbon sequestration realized by afforestation. Several studies have noted potential adverse impacts of land-related emissions mitigation on food security, due to food price increases, but these studies have not disaggregated the individual aspects of land-related emissions mitigation that impact food security. Here, we show the extent to which three factors—non-CO2 emissions reduction, bioenergy production, and afforestation—change the food security and agricultural market conditions under 2 °C climate stabilization scenarios, using six global agro-economic models. The results show that afforestation, often implemented in the models by imposing carbon prices on land carbon stocks, causes the largest impacts on food security, followed by non-CO2 emissions policies, generally implemented as emissions taxes. Respectively, these measures put an additional 41.9 and 26.7 million people at risk of hunger in 2050. This study highlights the need for better coordination of emissions reduction and agricultural market management policy.