bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum: A Possible Severe Condition in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia
Authors: Jacqmin Geoffrey , Pirotte Manuel , Caravaggio Carlo , Devaux Philippe 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SP) is the presence of free air into extra-alveolar tissues within the mediastinum, without notion of trauma. This rare condition may occur as a complication of an underlying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia. Higher rates of mechanical ventilation are reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with pneumomediastinum.
Case Description We report two cases of COVID-19 infected patients suffering from mild and severe SP and their outcome.
Discussion The objective of this report is to review the literature about this condition. We discuss about the pathological pathways underlying this complication and how it reflects the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia.
Conclusion Currently, it remains unclear if SP in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is a potential predictor of disease worsening, for it does not seem to be related with a higher rate of mortality.
15.1 Flow Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Part 1
Authors: O’Brien A. G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The use of flow chemistry in the single- and multistep synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients has been well demonstrated. The pharmaceutical industry is now taking the next steps towards integration of flow chemistry into large-scale commercialized processes, which can effectively supply patient populations. This chapter details advances in this area, and outlines the data and knowledge required to select, develop, scale, and commercialize an efficient flow process.
Effects of different thermal sintering temperatures on pattern resistivity of printed silver ink with multiple particle sizes
Authors: Yu Zhiheng , Huang Fengli , Zhang Tiancheng , Tang Chengli , Cui Xihua , Yang Chao 
Published: November 2021

Resistivity is considered a significant parameter for printing a conductive pattern and nano-ink. Nevertheless, the resistivity of a sintered printing pattern varies with the performance of the pattern and nano-ink. The cross section or non-uniformity of the printing pattern is not taken into consideration, and the changes in resistivity are not measured during the whole sintering process. In this work, the cross section uniformity of the pattern is improved, which is attributable to the standard sample template fabricated by laser engraving. First, the ink containing 50 wt. % silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with sizes ranging from 30 to 100 nm was prepared. Second, the prepared ink and commercial ink containing 50 wt. % AgNPs with an average size of 5 nm were separately injected into two standard sample templates. Finally, a four-probe platform was employed to carry out the sintering process at different temperatures. We studied the effects of sintering temperature on pattern resistivity and the subsequent performance of the prepared ink. Furthermore, the thermal conductivities of inks were calculated through the optimized Wiedemann–Franz law for different temperatures. The results showed that electrical resistivity of two inks changed after sintering, presenting the same trend of an initial linear increase, then a linear decrease, followed by a period of stability, and finally a linear increase as the sintering temperature increased. In addition, when the ink was sintered completely, the porosity observed using an optical microscope with 1000× magnification and resistivity and thermal conductivity of the prepared ink were 80.13%, 69.48%, and 66% smaller than those of commercial ink, respectively. The methods proposed in this paper lay the foundation for further research on nano-ink.
Simulation of nanoscale domain growth for ferroelectric recording
Authors: Fukuzawa Kenji , Hiranaga Yoshiomi , Cho Yasuo 
Published: November 2021

The growth process of nm-scale polarization domains is of great interest from a physical point of view and is also important in the design of ferroelectric recording, which is expected to be a high-density information recording method. To clarify the growth of nanoscale domains in probe-based ferroelectric recording, a simulation method based on the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equation has been developed. In this method, wall pinning is included in the phenomenological free energy by using a coercive field. The simulation results agreed with the experimental results for nanoscale domain writing using a probe. The developed method was used to determine the relationship between the smallest writable domain size and the material properties: smaller wall energy density and larger saturation polarization and coercive field enable writing smaller domains. The developed method is thus effective in designing ferroelectric recording systems for high-density information storage.
Induction of right open reading frame kinase 3 (RIOK3) during ovulation and luteinisation in rat ovary
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Chujing , Huang Ruiqi , Qiu Mengsheng , Li Fei-xue 
Published: November 2021

Atypical protein serine kinase RIOK3 is involved in cellular invasion and survival. The spatiotemporal expression pattern and regulatory mechanisms controlling expression of Riok3 were investigated in the rat ovary during the periovulatory period. Immature female rats (22–23 days old) were treated with pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin (PMSG) to stimulate follicular development, followed 48 h later by injection with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Ovaries, granulosa cells, or theca-interstitial cells were collected at various times after hCG administration. Both real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridisation analysis revealed that Riok3 was highly induced in both granulosa cells and theca-interstitial cells by hCG. Riok3 expression was induced in theca-interstitial cells at 4 h after hCG. However, the expression of Riok3 mRNA was stimulated in granulosa cells at 8 h. Both protein kinase C inhibitor (GF109203) and the protein kinase A inhibitor (H89) could block the stimulation of Riok3 mRNA by hCG. Furthermore, Riok3 induction is dependent on new protein synthesis. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis or progesterone action did not alter Riok3 mRNA expression, whereas inhibition of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathway downregulated Riok3 expression. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the induction of the RIOK3 may be important for ovulation and luteinisation.
Interdisciplinarity and the dilemmas of knowledge.
Authors: Frodeman Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

This chapter explores the underlying issues that affect attempts to make one's research relevant to wider-than-disciplinary audiences. It does so via reflections on the nature of interdisciplinarity, the growing contradictions of the modern university and the future of knowledge production generally. Overall, the chapter offers an environmental critique of knowledge production within the contemporary university.
Transient Phenomena from Gas Erupting Neutron Stars
Authors: Li Hui-Quan , Wang Jian-Cheng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Starquakes probably occur in rapidly spinning or ultra high field neutron stars. In this article, we argue that highly compressed gas containing electron–positron pairs could evaporate and erupt from inside the neutron star when a crack forms and then heals during a starquake. Under the influence of the existing oscillation modes of the star, the crack may have sufficiently large size and long lifetime. An appropriate amount of gas can erupt into the magnetosphere with relativistic and nearly uniform velocity, producing various transient and bursting phenomena.
Alpha/proton Instability in the Presence of Proton and Alpha Temperature Anisotropy and its Application to the Deceleration of Alpha Particles in the Solar Wind
Authors: Zhang Wen-Lu , Xiang Liang , Li Qiu-Huan , Lang Si-Yi , Yu Hong-Wei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Observations of solar wind plasma find that the drift velocity between alpha beams and protons, v

α
, is reduced with the heliocentric distance, but the ratio of v

α
to v

A
(the local Alfvén velocity) does not vary obviously and has a typical velocity ratio of v

α
/v

A
≤ 1. The alpha beam instability is believed to be responsible for the deceleration of alpha beams in the solar wind. However, the role of the temperature anisotropy of ions (protons and alpha particles) on the alpha beam instability has not been examined. Based on the kinetic theory of the PDRK solver, this study systemically investigates the alpha beam instability in the presence of proton and alpha temperature anisotropies and considers the effects of these temperature anisotropies on the instability at an arbitrary propagation angle relative to the ambient magnetic field. It is found that the real frequencies, growth rates and threshold conditions of the excited waves sensitively depend on the proton temperature anisotropy T

i⊥/T

i∥ and the alpha temperature anisotropy T

α⊥/T

α∥, as well as the parallel electron beta β

e∥. In particular, for both alpha beam and proton temperature anisotropy driven cases, the parallel magnetosonic/ whistler (PM/W), backward magnetosonic/ whistler (BM/W) and oblique Alfvén/ion cyclotron (OA/IC) waves arise when T

i⊥/T

i∥ < 1, and the PM/W, OA/IC, parallel Alfvén/ion cyclotron (PA/IC) and mirror waves occur when T

i⊥/T

i∥ > 1. The presence of anisotropic protons leads to a lower velocity threshold for the OA/IC and BM/W waves at T

i⊥/T

i∥ < 1 and for the OA/IC, PA/IC and mirror waves at T

i⊥/T

i∥ > 1. For both alpha beam and alpha temperature anisotropy driven cases, the PM/W and OA/IC waves are unstable when T

α⊥/T

α∥ < 1, and the PM/W, OA/IC, PA/IC, oblique magnetosonic/ whistler (OM/W) and mirror waves are likely to grow as T

α⊥/T

α∥ > 1. The presence of anisotropic alpha particles results in a lower threshold velocity for the PM/W wave at T

α⊥/T

α∥ < 1 and for the PA/IC, OM/W and mirror waves at T

α⊥/T

α∥ > 1. On account of the influences of the anisotropic proton and alpha, these alpha beam instabilities can effectively constrain the alpha-beam drift velocity to less than or equal to the local Alfvén velocity. These results may shed light on the evolution and deceleration mechanism of alpha particles in the solar wind.
Africa’s Revolutionary Nineteenth Century and the Idea of the “Scramble”
Authors: Reid Richard 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper seeks to position the Scramble for Africa in the context of the continent’s transformative, global nineteenth century. While imperial historiography develops apace, Africa-facing analyses of the continent’s partition and the processes which led to it are increasingly rare. European expansion into Africa was characterized by an aggressive dynamism, and millions of Africans experienced profound crisis in the process of the establishment of colonial rule. Yet Africa’s revolutionary nineteenth century was both driven by, and culminated in, complex processes of co-option on the part of Africans and Europeans. The paper proposes that a more Africa-centered assessment of the Scramble is possible, one which aims to contextualize the partition of the continent as part of an ongoing, endogenously shaped but often exogenously connected, transformation in political, economic, and social organization and behavior. While no single overarching theory can apply to the entire continent, it is possible to identify dynamics and processes for change that recur across Africa, from political and military reform to economic innovation. These point toward possibilities for reframing Africa’s development in the late precolonial period, and enable us to challenge the hegemony long enjoyed by scholars of European empires.
Addressing noise in co-expression network construction
Authors: Burns Joshua J R , Shealy Benjamin T , Greer Mitchell S , Hadish John A , McGowan Matthew T , Biggs Tyler , Smith Melissa C , Feltus F Alex , Ficklin Stephen P 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGene co-expression networks (GCNs) provide multiple benefits to molecular research including hypothesis generation and biomarker discovery. Transcriptome profiles serve as input for GCN construction and are derived from increasingly larger studies with samples across multiple experimental conditions, treatments, time points, genotypes, etc. Such experiments with larger numbers of variables confound discovery of true network edges, exclude edges and inhibit discovery of context (or condition) specific network edges. To demonstrate this problem, a 475-sample dataset is used to show that up to 97% of GCN edges can be misleading because correlations are false or incorrect. False and incorrect correlations can occur when tests are applied without ensuring assumptions are met, and pairwise gene expression may not meet test assumptions if the expression of at least one gene in the pairwise comparison is a function of multiple confounding variables. The ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to GCN construction is therefore problematic for large, multivariable datasets. Recently, the Knowledge Independent Network Construction toolkit has been used in multiple studies to provide a dynamic approach to GCN construction that ensures statistical tests meet assumptions and confounding variables are addressed. Additionally, it can associate experimental context for each edge of the network resulting in context-specific GCNs (csGCNs). To help researchers recognize such challenges in GCN construction, and the creation of csGCNs, we provide a review of the workflow.
Connecting Trauma-Sensitive Schooling and Social–Emotional Learning to Promote Educational Equity: One School’s Intentional Design
Authors: Ballin Amy Elizabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Equity in education begins with creating structures that support students inclusive of their social-emotional needs. Students exposed to trauma perform best in schools that adopt trauma-sensitive practices. Many of these trauma-sensitive practices naturally prepare students to learn social–emotional skills, as the trauma-informed staff also models social–emotional learning. Mastery of these skills leverages student success in school and adult life. This article focuses on one aspect of a larger qualitative case study of trauma-sensitive practices adopted by one elementary school to support all students, inclusive of students affected by trauma. The research presented in this article focuses on the intentional design of the school. The author uses the term intentional design to refer to specific structures and systems in place in the school to support a trauma-sensitive environment. This intentional design, which the author noted through observations and interviews, involved purposeful staffing, design of classrooms and other internal spaces, and schoolwide routines. These intentional design features, evolved from adopting trauma-sensitive practices, provide the framework and structure for students to build social–emotional competencies to help promote success in their schooling.
Optogenetics in bacteria – applications and opportunities
Authors: Lindner Florian , Diepold Andreas 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Optogenetics holds the promise of controlling biological processes with superb temporal and spatial resolution at minimal perturbation. Although many of the light-reactive proteins used in optogenetic systems are derived from prokaryotes, applications were largely limited to eukaryotes for a long time. In recent years, however, an increasing number of microbiologists use optogenetics as a powerful new tool to study and control key aspects of bacterial biology in a fast and often reversible manner. After a brief discussion of optogenetic principles, this review provides an overview of the rapidly growing number of optogenetic applications in bacteria, with a particular focus on studies venturing beyond transcriptional control. To guide future experiments, we highlight helpful tools, provide considerations for successful application of optogenetics in bacterial systems, and identify particular opportunities and challenges that arise when applying these approaches in bacteria.
The Effect of Low-Dose Aspirin on Frailty Phenotype and Frailty Index in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly Study
Authors: Espinoza Sara E , Woods Robyn L , Ekram A R M Saifuddin , Ernst Michael E , Polekhina Galina , Wolfe Rory , Shah Raj C , Ward Stephanie A , Storey Elsdon , Nelson Mark R , Reid Christopher M , Lockery Jessica E , Orchard Suzanne G , Trevaks Ruth , Fitzgerald Sharyn M , Stocks Nigel P , Chan Andy , McNeil John J , Murray Anne M , Newman Anne B , Ryan Joanne 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Frailty is associated with chronic inflammation, which may be modified by aspirin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether low-dose aspirin reduces incident frailty in healthy older adult participants of the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial.

Methods
In the United States and Australia, 19 114 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥70 and older (U.S. minorities ≥65 years) and free of overt cardiovascular disease, persistent physical disability, and dementia were enrolled in ASPREE, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 100-mg daily aspirin versus placebo. Frailty, a prespecified study end point, was defined according to a modified Fried frailty definition (Fried frailty) and the frailty index based on the deficit accumulation model (frailty index). Competing risk Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare time to incident frailty by aspirin versus placebo. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to include frailty data with and without imputation of missing data.

Results
Over a median 4.7 years, 2 252 participants developed incident Fried frailty, and 4 451 had incident frailty according to the frailty index. Compared with placebo, aspirin treatment did not alter the risk of incident frailty (Fried frailty hazard ratio [HR]: 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96−1.13; frailty index HR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.97−1.09). The proportion of individuals classified as frail, and the trajectory in continuous frailty scores over time, were not different between the aspirin and placebo treatment groups. The results were consistent across a series of subgroups.

Conclusions
Low-dose aspirin use in healthy older adults when initiated in older ages does not reduce risk of incident frailty or the trajectory of frailty.
Experiences with Childhood Cancer among Latinx Families: Identification of Informational and Support Needs
Authors: Lopez Kristina , Gutierrez Courtney , Martarella Patricia , Jimenez Gabriela 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Latinx children with cancer generally have poorer health outcomes than their non-Latinx White counterparts. The purpose of this study was to examine the experience of Latinx mothers whose children have been diagnosed with cancer at the onset of symptoms, the barriers surrounding the diagnostic process, and the resources families identify are needed post-diagnosis. The researchers conducted two focus groups (one in Spanish, one in English) with Latina mothers of children who have or experienced pediatric cancer in the United States. Two researchers conducted constant comparative analysis of the transcribed focus group audio recordings to identify themes. Themes included a sense of community support at the onset of symptoms, feelings of disbelief, helplessness, overload of information, and a need for advocacy in medical settings. Needs included more palatable and simplified information, financial assistance and resources, increased parental social support, accessible Spanish-speaking providers, and culturally informed care. Latina mothers indicated a range of challenges pertaining to childhood cancer diagnosis and treatment that may impact child and family outcomes. Implications for social work practitioners to reduce disparities and develop intervention programs for Latinx families of children with cancer are discussed.
On the Hölder Regularity of Signed Solutions to a Doubly Nonlinear Equation. Part III
Authors: Liao Naian , Schätzler Leah 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe establish the local Hölder continuity of possibly sign-changing solutions to a class of doubly nonlinear parabolic equations whose prototype is $$ \begin{align*} & \partial_t\big(|u|^{q-1}u\big)-\Delta_p u=0,\quad 1&lt;p&lt;2,\quad 0&lt;p-1&lt;q. \end{align*}$$The proof exploits the space expansion of positivity for the singular, parabolic $p$-Laplacian and employs the method of intrinsic scaling by carefully balancing the double singularity.
Direct observation of the moment of nucleation from a solution by TEM
Authors: Kimura Yuki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recent discoveries of various nucleation processes make understanding the initial processes of crystallization, where atoms and molecules come together to form a crystal nucleus, difficult. Herein, transmission electron microscopy is used to directly visualize the moment of nucleation from a solution and to show that the singular phenomena of nanoparticles are critical to understanding nucleation. Our work revealed that nanoparticles undergo precipitation and dissolution even in undersaturated and equilibrium conditions, that crystal polymorphs formed at different frequencies compete, that molecules follow various nucleation pathways in the same solution, and that the hydration layer plays a critical role in crystallization. The observations visually support the common belief that dehydration is the greatest barrier to crystallization in an aqueous solution. These results are expected to contribute to the development of a unified nucleation model.
Combat Deployment Experiences and Soldier Mental Health: Examining the Factor Structure of a Combat Experiences Scale
Authors: Sherman Haley , Frye-Cox Nicky , Lucier-Greer Mallory 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Researchers and practitioners are invested in understanding how deployment experiences impact the nearly 193,000 U.S. service members who deploy in a given year. Yet, there remains a need to adequately identify salient deployment experiences through survey measurement tools and understand how differential experiences are uniquely related to mental health outcomes. Therefore, this study examined the factor structure of an established combat experiences measure from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Service members (Army STARRS) dataset to identify underlying survey constructs that reflect nuanced deployment experiences. Then, we examined the association between diverse combat experiences and current mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depressive symptoms) and the mediating role of coping.

Materials and Methods
Data were drawn from the Army STARRS data (N = 14,860 soldiers), specifically the All Army Study component. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to examine the dimensionality of the combat experiences scale, and then a path model was conducted to examine the relationships between combat experiences, coping with stress following a deployment, and mental health symptoms while controlling for relevant individual and interpersonal factors.

Results
Results from the principal component analysis suggested that the Army STARRS combat experiences scale encompasses two components, specifically: “Expected combat experiences” and “Responsible for non-enemy deaths.” Both “Expected combat experiences” and “Responsible for non-enemy deaths” were associated with higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively, and “Responsible for non-enemy deaths” was also indirectly linked to these mental health outcomes through coping with stress after deployment.

Conclusions
These findings provide insight into the dimensionality of combat experiences and offer practitioners a more nuanced understanding of how to process unique combat experiences that differentially relate to mental health symptoms.