bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A durable coating to prevent stress corrosion effects on the surface strength of annealed glass
Authors: Mariggiò Gregorio , Dalle Vacche Sara , Bongiovanni Roberta , Louter Christian , Corrado Mauro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe durability of an innovative polymeric coating recently developed by the authors to prevent stress corrosion in annealed glass is herein examined. The coating, having functional graded properties through the thickness, is optimised to provide a very good adhesion with glass and an excellent hydrophobic behavior on the side exposed to the environment, thus creating a good barrier to humidity, which is the triggering agent for stress corrosion. Three scenarios are analysed in terms of ageing: (i) cyclic loading, accomplished by subjecting coated samples to repetitive loading; (ii) natural weathering, performed by exposing coated samples to atmospheric agents; (iii) artificial weathering, carried out by exposing coated specimens to fluorescent UV lamps, heat and water. The durability of the coating is assessed indirectly, on the base of its residual effectiveness in preventing stress corrosion, by comparing the bending strength, obtained with the coaxial double ring test, of aged coated glass specimens with that of un-coated and freshly coated specimens. The obtained results prove that the proposed formulation is almost insensitive to cyclic loading, maintains a very good performance in case of natural weathering, whereas is slightly more sensitive to artificial weathering.
Chatbots to Support Mental Wellbeing of People Living in Rural Areas: Can User Groups Contribute to Co-design?
Authors: Potts C. , Ennis E. , Bond R. B. , Mulvenna M. D. , McTear M. F. , Boyd K. , Broderick T. , Malcolm M. , Kuosmanen L. , Nieminen H. , Vartiainen A. K. , Kostenius C. , Cahill B. , Vakaloudis A. , McConvey G. , O’Neill S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDigital technologies such as chatbots can be used in the field of mental health. In particular, chatbots can be used to support citizens living in sparsely populated areas who face problems such as poor access to mental health services, lack of 24/7 support, barriers to engagement, lack of age appropriate support and reductions in health budgets. The aim of this study was to establish if user groups can design content for a chatbot to support the mental wellbeing of individuals in rural areas. University students and staff, mental health professionals and mental health service users (N = 78 total) were recruited to workshops across Northern Ireland, Ireland, Scotland, Finland and Sweden. The findings revealed that participants wanted a positive chatbot that was able to listen, support, inform and build a rapport with users. Gamification could be used within the chatbot to increase user engagement and retention. Content within the chatbot could include validated mental health scales and appropriate response triggers, such as signposting to external resources should the user disclose potentially harmful information or suicidal intent. Overall, the workshop participants identified user needs which can be transformed into chatbot requirements. Responsible design of mental healthcare chatbots should consider what users want or need, but also what chatbot features artificial intelligence can competently facilitate and which features mental health professionals would endorse.
Sleep trajectories from early adolescence to emerging adulthood: Evidence from a nine‐year population‐based study
Authors: Chen Jen‐Hao , Chen Wei‐Lin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionAdolescence to emerging adulthood is a developmental period when individuals experience substantial biological changes and social transitions. In East Asian societies, this period is also marked by high pressure around college entrance exams. However, little is known about how young people's sleep changes over time, or how it is impacted by social institutions in the cultural context. This study fills this gap in the literature by examining sleep trajectories from adolescence to emerging adulthood using a population‐based, longitudinal sample from Taiwan.MethodsMultilevel models were applied to longitudinal data from the Taiwan Youth Project (N = 1,489) to estimate sleep trajectories from age 14 to 22 for total time in bed, bedtime, and wake‐up time by gender and by educational pathway, controlling for family background.ResultsAnalysis revealed that Taiwanese youth sleep less as adolescents than as emerging adults. Gender differences exist in adolescents’ sleep trajectories but narrow after age 18. Differences in weekday and weekend time in bed vary by gender and change as individuals emerge into adulthood. Finally, college attendees and high school only attendees display differences in sleep that begin in high school and continue through college.ConclusionsThe findings provide evidence of developmental changes in sleep from adolescence to emerging adulthood and demonstrate that sleep trajectories are gendered and socially patterned. The study is also one of the first to examine the sleep trajectories of East Asian youth and, as such, sheds light on the role of educational and cultural context as an influential factor.
Spanwise-coherent hydrodynamic waves around flat plates and airfoils
Authors: Abreu Leandra I. , Tanarro Alvaro , Cavalieri André V.G. , Schlatter Philipp , Vinuesa Ricardo , Hanifi Ardeshir , Henningson Dan S. 
Published: September 2021

We investigate spanwise-coherent structures in the turbulent flow around airfoils, motivated by their connection with trailing-edge noise. We analyse well-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) of the flow around NACA 0012 and NACA 4412 airfoils, both at a Reynolds number of 400 000 based on the chord length. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition performed on the data reveals that the most energetic coherent structures are hydrodynamic waves, extending over the turbulent boundary layers around the airfoils with significant amplitudes near the trailing edge. Resolvent analysis was used to model such structures, using the mean field as a base flow. We then focus on evaluating the dependence of such structures on the domain size, to ensure that they are not an artefact of periodic boundary conditions in small computational boxes. To this end, we performed incompressible LES of a zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer, for three different spanwise sizes, with the momentum-thickness Reynolds number matching those near the airfoils trailing edge. The same coherent hydrodynamic waves were observed for the three domains. Such waves are accurately modelled as the most amplified flow response from resolvent analysis. The signature of such wide structures is seen in non-premultiplied spanwise wavenumber spectra, which collapse for the three computational domains. These results suggest that the spanwise-elongated structures are not domain-size dependent for the studied simulations, indicating thus the presence of very wide structures in wall-bounded turbulent flows.
Relationship Between Positive Childhood Experiences and Psychological Resilience in University Students: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem
Authors: Kocatürk Metin , Çiçek İlhan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChildhood experiences can affect individuals’ self-esteem and psychological resilience during personality and psychosocial development in adolescence and adulthood. The effect of positive childhood experiences on adulthood has rarely been investigated, with most studies focusing on negative aspects of childhood. Evidence shows that they also influence the development of psychological resilience and self-esteem. This study examined the relationship between positive childhood experiences, self-esteem, and psychological resilience. A total of 570 university students completed the Positive Childhood Experience Scale, Brief Resilience Scale and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The results of structural equation modelling indicated that positive experiences significantly predicted self-esteem and resilience. Self-esteem also predicted psychological resilience. Most importantly, positive childhood experiences had an indirect effect on resilience through self-esteem. The results suggest that focusing on positive aspects of childhood is as important and functional as dealing with negative ones to contribute to self-esteem and resilience. We suggest that school psychologists and counsellors could integrate these results into intervention programs to improve resilience through increased self-esteem.
Regionalist Parties in Central Government: A Shift in Ministerial Portfolio Preferences?
Authors: Terrière Lorenzo , Bouteca Nicolas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article takes a closer look at the ministerial representation of peripheral elites in central state institutions. We assess the ministerial portfolios that regionalist parties hold once they enter national government. We use a novel dataset that consists of a large sample of ministerial posts (N=1880) allocated to regionalist parties across Western multilevel democracies throughout the post–World War II period. An empirical analysis shows that regionalist parties control a disproportionately high share of the minister posts, a proportionate share of the policy domains, and a disproportionately low share of the key leadership positions in national cabinets. They have a distinctive preference to hold territorial and institutional (that is, decentralization) responsibilities in their ministerial portfolios. In contrast, concerning secondary policy domains (social-economic and culture-identity) they appear to be highly flexible. Ministerial appointments are an important gateway for peripheral elites to get access to central state institutions. It is also one of the clearest manifestations of (policy) payoffs: portfolios are meaningful tools to defend the interests of a territorial subgroup. Yet, there is no straight line from portfolio distribution to policy outcomes at the end of a legislative term. Resolving this broader question of a party’s influence on public policy requires continued research.
Exploring the relationship between working history, retirement transition and women's life satisfaction
Authors: Tambellini Elisa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHow does the transition to retirement affect female subjective wellbeing? The major theoretical perspectives that have been applied as frameworks to study the heterogeneous adjustment to retirement include role theory and continuity theory. They have often been integrated with a lifecourse approach, which allows us to study retirement as a transition set inside a lifelong process. In this paper, I assess how working life courses are related to changes in subjective wellbeing before and after retirement, using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and concentrating on women. Firstly, I conduct sequence analysis and cluster analysis to identify groups of typical working lifecourses from ages 20 to 50. Secondly, regression models estimate how retirement transition is associated with changes in life satisfaction, according to the different working trajectories. The results show that some of the trajectories, constituted of discontinuity or part-time periods, exhibit a continuous increase in life satisfaction, passing from employment (or unemployment) to retirement. For other trajectories, such as the full-time one, retirement seems not to have implications for subjective wellbeing.
Modulating Electron Beam–Sample Interactions in Imaging and Diffraction Modes by Dose Fractionation with Low Dose Rates
Authors: Kisielowski Christian , Specht Petra , Rozeveld Steven J , Kang Joo , Fielitz Alyssa J , Barton David , Salazar Anthony C , Dubon Oscar D , Van Dyck Dirk , Yancey David F 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Technological opportunities are explored to enhance detection schemes in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that build on the detection of single-electron scattering events across the typical spectrum of interdisciplinary applications. They range from imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution to diffraction experiments at the window to quantum mechanics, where the wave-particle dualism of single electrons is evident. At the ultimate detection limit, where isolated electrons are delivered to interact with solids, we find that the beam current dominates damage processes instead of the deposited electron charge, which can be exploited to modify electron beam-induced sample alterations. The results are explained by assuming that all electron scattering are inelastic and include phonon excitation that can hardly be distinguished from elastic electron scattering. Consequently, a coherence length and a related coherence time exist that reflect the interaction of the electron with the sample and change linearly with energy loss. Phonon excitations are of small energy (&lt;100 meV), but they occur frequently and scale with beam current in the irradiated area, which is why we can detect their contribution to beam-induced sample alterations and damage.
Development of an Energy-Sensitive Detector for the Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Bacchi Christian , Da Costa Gérald , Cadel Emmanuel , Cuvilly Fabien , Houard Jonathan , Vaudolon Charly , Normand Antoine , Vurpillot François 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A position and energy-sensitive detector has been developed for atom probe tomography (APT) instruments in order to deal with some mass peak overlap issues encountered in APT experiments. Through this new type of detector, quantitative and qualitative improvements could be considered for critical materials with mass peak overlaps, such as nitrogen and silicon in TiSiN systems, or titanium and carbon in cemented carbide materials. This new detector is based on a thin carbon foil positioned on the front panel of a conventional MCP-DLD detector. According to several studies, it has been demonstrated that the impact of ions on thin carbon foils has the effect of generating a number of transmitted and reflected secondary electrons. The number generated mainly depends on both the kinetic energy and the mass of incident particles. Despite the fact that this phenomenon is well known and has been widely discussed for decades, no studies have been performed to date for using it as a means to discriminate particles energy. Therefore, this study introduces the first experiments on a potential new generation of APT detectors that would be able to resolve mass peak overlaps through the energy-sensitivity of thin carbon foils.
Unexpected Decrease in TW3 Amplitude During Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events as Revealed by SD‐WACCM‐X
Authors: Teng Chen‐Ke‐Min , Gu Sheng‐Yang , Qin Yusong , Dou Xiankang , Li Na , Tang Liang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe specified dynamics Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (SD‐WACCM‐X) was utilized to explore migrating tidal variabilities that occurred during the 2002, 2010, and 2019 Antarctic sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. All migrating tides show prominent day‐to‐day variations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere regions, which can be mainly attributed to each Antarctic SSW event. The westward propagating diurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 1 (DW1) and the westward propagating semidiurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 2 (SW2) show a distinct reduction and an increase during each Antarctic SSW event, respectively. Specifically, the westward propagating terdiurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 3 (TW3) shows an unexpected decrease, which is opposite to the behaviors of TW3 reported during Arctic SSW events. We conclude that the unexpected decrease in TW3 may be mainly caused by the nonlinear interaction between DW1 and SW2, in which DW1 may play a major role. In the ionosphere, the TW3 amplitudes also show a decrease during each Antarctic SSW event, which is in consistency with decreasing tidal amplitudes in the neutral atmosphere. Our study demonstrates that TW3 is also a considerable source for short‐term ionospheric variability during Antarctic SSW events.
Importance of Pressure Changes in High Cloud Area Feedback Due to Global Warming
Authors: Ohno Tomoki , Noda Akira T. , Seiki Tatsuya , Satoh Masaki 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHigh clouds have large impacts on the Earth's radiation balance, and a better understanding of their change in warmer climates is essential for climate projection science. Previous studies have focused on the role of large‐scale circulations in high cloud change, and little attention is paid to the local processes in high clouds. Here, we show that the evolution of ice clouds in the upper troposphere due to the cloud microphysical processes is dominated by the collection, sublimation, deposition, and sedimentation using a model with an explicit cloud microphysics scheme. Furthermore, we show that these processes can be enhanced and can lead to the reduction of high clouds in warmer climates through the pressure dependencies of fall speeds of ice particles and the molecular diffusivity of water vapor. Our results highlight the importance of change of the high cloud pressure level in the high cloud area feedback.
Enceladus' Tiger Stripes as Frictional Faults: Effect on Stress and Heat Production
Authors: Pleiner Sládková K. , Souček O. , Běhounková M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe propose a new model of Enceladus' tiger stripes in which the ice shell is modeled as an elastic system with Coulomb‐type frictional interfaces subjected to periodic tidal loading. We find that the diurnal tides produce a complex pattern of stress anomalies, characterized by a length scale of tens of km and the peak values exceeding 100 kPa. Friction delays the response of the system to tidal loading and leads to an asymmetry between the compression and extension phases. This asymmetry results in additional stress, constant in time and comparable in magnitude to the cyclic stress. This static stress field is characterized by compression in the direction perpendicular to the faults and may influence the evolution of the south polar region on geological time scales. The total heat flow generated by friction is 0.1–1 GW, accounting for only a small fraction of the heat power emitted from the tiger stripes.
The Essential Role of Cloud‐Radiation Interaction in Nonrotating Convective Self‐Aggregation
Authors: Fan Yiyuan , Chung Yu To , Shi Xiaoming 
Published: September 2021

AbstractConvective self‐aggregation in radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE) is a phenomenon of significant interest because of its potential relevance to the organization of tropical storms. However, some previous theories on RCE instability neglected or simplified cloud‐radiative interaction in theoretical models and suggested that water vapor‐radiation feedback is responsible for destabilizing a homogeneous RCE state. Here, through numerical experiments of nonrotating RCE, we first confirm that the predictions from these theories are valid insomuch that dry patches can form in an initially homogeneous domain with uniform sea‐surface temperature when cloud‐radiation interaction is suppressed or eliminated. However, sustained growth of those dry patches is not guaranteed. Developing deep convective circulation can engulf dry patches, and water vapor feedback is not sufficient for overcoming this barrier. Only when the early‐stage cloud radiative forcing is sufficiently strong can self‐aggregation fully develop. Therefore, cloud‐radiative feedback is essential for the eventual realization of self‐aggregation in nonrotating RCE.
Linking Southern Ocean Mixed‐Layer Dynamics to Net Community Production on Various Timescales
Authors: Li Zuchuan , Lozier M. Susan , Cassar Nicolas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMixed‐layer dynamics exert a first order control on nutrient and light availability for phytoplankton. In this study, we examine the influence of mixed‐layer dynamics on net community production (NCP) in the Southern Ocean on intra‐seasonal, seasonal, interannual, and decadal timescales, using biogeochemical Argo floats and satellite‐derived NCP estimates during the period from 1997 to 2020. On intraseasonal timescales, the shoaling of the mixed layer is more likely to enhance NCP in austral spring and winter, suggesting an alleviation of light limitation. As expected, NCP generally increases with light availability on seasonal timescales. On interannual timescales, NCP is correlated with mixed layer depth (MLD) and mixed‐layer‐averaged photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in austral spring and winter, especially in regions with deeper mixed layers. Though recent studies have argued that winter MLD controls the subsequent growing season's iron and light availability, the limited number of Argo float observations contemporaneous with our satellite observations do not show a significant correlation between NCP and the previous‐winter's MLD on interannual timescales. Over the 1997–2020 period, we observe regional trends in NCP (e.g., increasing around S. America), but no trend for the entire Southern Ocean. Overall, our results show that the dependence of NCP on MLD is a complex function of timescales.
AMOC Variability and Watermass Transformations in the AWI Climate Model
Authors: Sidorenko D. , Danilov S. , Streffing J. , Fofonova V. , Goessling H. F. , Scholz P. , Wang Q. , Androsov A. , Cabos W. , Juricke S. , Koldunov N. , Rackow T. , Sein D. V. , Jung T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUsing the depth (z) and density (ϱ) frameworks, we analyze local contributions to AMOC variability in a 900‐year simulation with the AWI climate model. Both frameworks reveal a consistent interdecadal variability; however, the correlation between their maxima deteriorates on year‐to‐year scales. We demonstrate the utility of analyzing the spatial patterns of sinking and diapycnal transformations through depth levels and isopycnals. The success of this analysis relies on the spatial binning of these maps which is especially crucial for the maps of vertical velocities which appear to be too noisy in the main regions of upwelling and downwelling because of stepwise bottom topography. Furthermore, we show that the AMOC responds to fast (annual or faster) fluctuations in atmospheric forcing associated with the NAO. This response is more obvious in the ϱ than in the z framework. In contrast, the link between AMOC and deep water production south of Greenland is found for slower fluctuations and is consistent between the frameworks.
Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD
Authors: Alexandra Kredlow M. , Fenster Robert J. , Laurent Emma S. , Ressler Kerry J. , Phelps Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder can be viewed as a disorder of fear dysregulation. An abundance of research suggests that the prefrontal cortex is central to fear processing—that is, how fears are acquired and strategies to regulate or diminish fear responses. The current review covers foundational research on threat or fear acquisition and extinction in nonhuman animals, healthy humans, and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, through the lens of the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in these processes. Research harnessing advances in technology to further probe the role of the prefrontal cortex in these processes, such as the use of optogenetics in rodents and brain stimulation in humans, will be highlighted, as well other fear regulation approaches that are relevant to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and involve the prefrontal cortex, namely cognitive regulation and avoidance/active coping. Despite the large body of translational research, many questions remain unanswered and posttraumatic stress disorder remains difficult to treat. We conclude by outlining future research directions related to the role of the prefrontal cortex in fear processing and implications for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.