bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opera Inside and Out
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In three main sections, the discussion takes the reader from standard municipal opera in town theaters to the new phenomenon of open-air opera that started fitfully in the late 1860s but which became fashionable and important for decentralist and regionalist reasons from around 1900 onward. In the first case study, Wagner’s Lohengrin is detoxified in 1891 via seven municipal French stages, in advance of its successful appearance at the Paris Opéra. This provincial coup nevertheless indicates the stranglehold of French repertorial centralization, since it was possible only because Wagner was already embarrassingly famous and the violent history of his reception in Paris had paralyzed the capital’s ability to function as normal. Lohengrin was acclaimed in Lille as “local” but contained no audible couleur locale. It was through such “marked” music that opera acted as a vector for the “picturesque” presentation of the French provinces. Changing critical and audience attitudes to couleur locale from the 1830s onward prepared the conditions necessary for the development of regionalist operatic commentary, especially in Brittany and Provence. Identity, whether local and/or national, could also be enacted by audiences attending festival and commemorative performances of opera and stage spectacle in open-air venues. Catalyzed by performances at Orange, a tradition of open-air opera presented a distillation of meridional musical identity from around 1900 in ancient classical venues and their modern equivalents, while the new music it spawned remained stubbornly difficult to transplant to Paris.
The 1980s
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 tells the story of how AIDS created a health and political crisis in gay communities, which led to a rapid political mobilization and the forcible outing of many formerly closeted people. Many states had decriminalized sodomy, but in the 1986 Bowers v. Hardwick decision, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that criminalization of sodomy was not unconstitutional, a major setback for gay rights. Lewis Powell, who claimed he had never known a gay person was the deciding vote. After Bowers, Lewis Powell retired from the Supreme Court. President Reagan nominated Robert Bork to fill the empty Supreme Court seat, but the US Senate did not confirm Bork. Eventually Anthony Kennedy took Powell’s seat on the Supreme Court. Kennedy would go on to author majority decisions in four major gay rights cases.
Perry and Windsor
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A 2010 federal trial in California, Perry v. Schwarzenegger, ruled that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional and showed that the expert witnesses brought in to testify against marriage equality were either unconvincing or entirely lacking in credibility. Perry was a triumph for the social science consensus supporting gay rights. Moving up the federal court system at the same time was Edith Windsor’s challenge to DOMA, which prevented the federal government from recognizing Windsor’s marriage to Thea Spyer, and therefore prevented Windsor from enjoying the estate tax benefits that married heterosexual couples enjoy. The 2013 U.S. v. Windsor decision overturned a key provision of DOMA, the federal ban on recognizing same-sex marriages and opened the door to legal challenges to every state ban on same-sex marriage.
Authenticity, Respectability, and the Desire for Marriage
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
With marriage equality victorious, chapter 15 delves into the question of why so many on the political Left, in the gay rights movement and in academia, failed to appreciate how practical and radical marriage equality would be. Many social movement scholars and gay rights activists had claimed that same-sex couples did not really want to marry. Yet once same-sex couples had the option to marry, they voted with their feet and their hearts to get married by the hundreds of thousands. California same-sex couples chose marriage over domestic partnership by a 20-to-1 margin once they had the choice. Some critics from the Left had argued that marriage equality was not radical enough. The success of marriage equality suggests that there may be nothing as radical as a social change that is also practical and rooted in tradition.
Many Closets
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
If coming out of the closet was so effective for gays and lesbians, could the same strategy work for abortion rights, undocumented immigrants, and people who have been victims of sexual assault and harassment? Chapter 16 explores the potential and the potential limitations of coming out of the closet for different kinds of groups. Women victims of assault and harassment have organized around #MeToo and #TimesUp and have managed, by coming out of the closet in numbers, to force many prominent people to be held accountable for their actions. Undocumented immigrants face segregation and status disadvantages, so their ability to change minds by coming out of the closet is limited. Womens’ abortion experiences are almost entirely closeted and this veil of secrecy has allowed opponents of abortion to remain unaware of how many people in their personal circles have actually had abortions. The closet for abortion histories has constrained the ability of abortion rights activists to win a fierce and ongoing public debate with abortion opponents. Marriage equality also had the advantage of being nondisplacing while some other kinds of movements have to displace the rights of others in order to succeed.
Afterword
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Gay rights and marriage equality have advanced so far in the U.S. in the past decade that it would be all too easy to assume that the struggle is over. The opponents of gay rights, however, remain powerful. Readers can take inspiration from how dramatically attitudes toward gay rights have liberalized in the past two decades and how transformative the liberalization of attitudes has been. We live in a world where political lies often seem to have the upper hand. It is worth remembering that despite the many short term advantages that lies can yield in politics, the truth has some long term advantages as well. The way the marriage equality movement prevailed should be a lesson to anyone who wants to make progressive social change.
Traits, States, and Stories
Authors: Schultz William Todd 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the Big Five trait model combined with two additional layers of personality expression: states and stories. The author explains that personality starts with traits, simple compounds that are captured in language with words like shy, belligerent, outgoing, ambitious, and friendly. By sifting and simplifying, or what is called factor analysis, all such adjectives reduce to five dimensions, the so-called Big Five. These dimensions (the dimensions are the traits) reveal the why behind creativity as well as the how, the ways in which creativity functions. The Big Five traits are neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness. Writer Truman Capote is used as an illustration of how traits, states, and stories are related to the personality of the artist.
From the Local to the State
Authors: Warren Mark R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the campaign by Voices of Youth in Chicago Education (VOYCE) to pass SB100, the strongest state law at the time designed to combat the school-to-prison pipeline. It highlights the role of high school students in leading a struggle for their own liberation. It identifies key elements of VOYCE’s organizing strategy—elements that groups used across the country: personal storytelling to bring a human face and moral force to policy campaigns; participatory action research to demonstrate the systemic nature of racial inequities; and alliance building to provide greater resources to organizing efforts led by those most impacted. It also shows how the SB100 campaign emerged through an interaction between authentic, bottom-up concerns of VOYCE youth of color and national-level learning from the experiences of organizing groups across the country.
Conclusion
Authors: Warren Mark R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The concluding chapter documents the impact of the school-to-prison pipeline movement on reducing suspensions and challenging policing practices in schools. It then highlights the features that help explain the growth and success of the movement and its emerging intersectional nature—like centering the participation of people most impacted by injustice. It draws lessons from this study for reconceptualizing social justice movements as ones that “nationalize local struggles.” It considers the enduring challenges facing the movement to dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline, including the persistence of racial disparities in exclusionary discipline, tensions between local and national organizing, and the difficulties of implementing restorative alternatives that serve to transform deep-seated racialized processes. It ends with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities to building racial and educational justice movements powerful enough to fully transform entrenched systems of racial inequity and educational injustice, particularly in an era that has witnessed the rise of white nationalism.
What do newspapers talk about when they talk about Muslims?
Authors: Bleich Erik , van der Veen Maurits 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses topic modeling analysis to show that newspapers cover Muslims differently depending on the geographic context in which the stories are set. Reporting on Muslim-majority countries varies from that on Muslim-minority countries, where stories are more likely to highlight separatism, militancy, and extremism. In contexts where Muslims have been victimized by non-Muslim groups, we see an emphasis on Muslims as a vulnerable group or simply as civilians. The inductive approach used in the chapter also reveals that approximately a third of all stories are not primarily associated with the major themes identified by previous research. While almost no topic related to Muslim coverage is positive, several of these themes are linked with far less negativity than others, suggesting pathways for journalists to pursue if they are seeking more balanced coverage of Muslims and Islam over the longer term.
Foundation and Administration
Authors: Roche Helen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a concise account of the Napolas’ foundation, and the bureaucratic tasks involved in their administration by the NPEA-Inspectorate (Landesverwaltung der Nationalpolitischen Erziehungsanstalten in Preußen/Inspektion der Nationalpolitischen Erziehungsanstalten). It also investigates the schools’ relationship with other organizations within the Nazi state, including the SA, the SS, the Nazi Party, and the Hitler Youth. Among these institutions, the competition to gain power over the schools was constant, with Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer-SS, gradually gaining the upper hand. As such, the Napola administration provides a particularly apt case study of the constant polycratic wrangling which lay at the heart of the Nazi state, as well as mirroring the relative power and respective positions of the SA and SS within the dictatorship’s organizational hierarchy. The chapter concludes by exploring the Inspectorate’s methods of recruiting and controlling Napola headmasters (Anstaltsleiter) and teachers (Erzieher). Ultimately, Reich Education Minister Bernhard Rust, along with NPEA-Inspectors Joachim Haupt and August Heißmeyer, desired to create a cadre of ideologically sound and fanatically loyal staff who conformed completely to the National Socialist ideal of the ‘Führer personality’.
The Endkrieg and the Last of the Napolas
Authors: Roche Helen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
For pupils at the Napolas, the last few months of World War II heralded an inexorable transition from ‘total war’ to total chaos. Boys as young as 15 or 16 were called up into the armed forces, and many of the schools had to be evacuated wholesale in the face of the advancing Allied armies. This chapter explores the experiences of pupils from a range of different Napolas throughout the Third Reich, as Germany’s territories shrank around them. Some boys were forced to fight their ‘liberators’ to the last, having been drafted into makeshift units of the SS, the Wehrmacht, or the Volkssturm; others fought on willingly even after the armistice, unable to believe that the regime to which they had given their all had collapsed into utter ruin. Many were merely concerned to reunite themselves with their families, even if they were unsure whether any of their relatives remained alive, or if their homes would still be standing. Yet others simply wished to flee and avoid internment at all costs, once they knew that the war was truly lost. In this chapter, the last days of four different groups of NPEA are charted: Stuhm, Köslin, and Rügen, which had most to fear from the encroaching Red Army; Rottweil and Reichenau in south-west Germany, which fell into French hands; Göttweig, Traiskirchen, and Wien-Theresianum in Austria; and Berlin-Spandau and Potsdam, whose pupils were caught up in a series of desperate last stands as Hitler’s capital was finally reduced to rubble.
Epilogue
Authors: Roche Helen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the fates of NPEA staff and pupils after the end of the Third Reich. It begins with an account of how the schools’ former adherents fared under Allied denazification processes, and the ways in which these shaped later exculpatory narratives regarding the Napolas’ exact nature and relationship with the Nazi regime. It then describes the formation of the NPEA old boys’ networks (Traditionsgemeinschaften), and the various stages in the development of Napola memory culture, considering how successful the ‘Napolaner’ may have been in creating a unique strand of collective memory all their own, defined by their own specific identification as a ‘community of experience’. It also analyses former pupils’ reactions to the appearance of books, films, and TV programmes dealing with the NPEA in the post-war and post-Wall media landscape, including the psycho-historical study Das Erbe der Napola (1996), and Dennis Gansel’s film Napola: Elite für den Führer / Napola: Before the Fall (2005). The chapter concludes by siting these findings within the context of relevant literature on Allied denazification policy, veterans’ organizations in the Federal Republic, and post-war German memory.
Negative Properties
Authors: Mumford Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Some believe that there are negative properties, such as being non-red or non-circular. Armstrong had attempted a detailed refutation of negative properties since he did not want negativity to be a part of what there is. His arguments were unsuccessful. He thought that sharing a property meant having something in common, but two things could both be non-red because one was all blue and the other was all yellow. But this begs the question, since only if we have already ruled out non-red as a real property can we say that those two things do not share something. There seems no conclusive argument against negative properties, but nor are there conclusive arguments in their favour either. The question of their reality can only be settled after we have looked at other matters.
Individual-based models
Authors: Radchuk Viktoriia , Kramer-Schadt Stephanie , Berger Uta , Scherer Cédric , Backmann Pia , Grimm Volker 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Individual-based models (IBMs, also known as agent-based models) are mechanistic models in which demographic population trends emerge from processes at the individual level. IBMs are used instead of more aggregated approaches whenever one or more of the following aspects are deemed too relevant to be ignored: intraspecific trait variation, local interactions, adaptive behaviour, and response to spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments, which often results in nonlinear feedbacks. IBMs offer a high degree of flexibility and therefore vary widely in structure and resolution, depending on the research question, system under investigation, and available data. Data used to parameterise an IBM can be divided into two categories: species and environmental data. Unlike other model types, qualitative empirical knowledge can be taken into account via probabilistic rules. IBM flexibility is often associated with higher number of parameters and hence higher uncertainty; therefore sensitivity analysis and validation are extremely important tools for analysing these models. The chapter presents three examples: a vole–mustelid model used to understand the mechanisms underlying population cycles in rodents; a wild boar–virus model to study persistence of wildlife diseases in heterogeneous landscapes; and a wild tobacco-moth caterpillar model to study emergence of delayed chemical plant defence against insect herbivores. These examples demonstrate the ability of IBMs to decipher mechanisms driving observed phenomena at the population level and their role in planning applied conservation measures. IBMs typically require more data and effort than other model types, but rewards in terms of structural realism, understanding, and decision support are high.
Reproductive value and analyses of population dynamics of age-structured populations
Authors: Sæther Bernt-Erik , Engen Steinar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Many populations of especially long-lived species show large temporal variation in age structure, which can complicate estimating of important population parameters. This occurs because it can be difficult to disentangle whether variation in numbers is due to fluctuations in the environment or caused by changes in the age distribution. This chapter shows that fluctuations in the total reproductive value of the population, that is, the sum of all individual reproductive values, often provide a good description of the population dynamics but still is not confounded by fluctuations in age structure. Because the change in the total reproductive rate is exactly equal to the growth rate of the population, this quantity enables decomposition of the long-run growth rate into stochastic components caused by age-specific variation in demographic and environmental stochasticity. The chapter illustrates the practical application of this approach in stochastic demography by analyses of the dynamics of several populations of birds and mammals. It puts a strong focus on these methods being particularly useful in viability analyses of small populations of vulnerable or endangered species.
Adaptive management: making recurrent decisions in the face of uncertainty
Authors: Nichols James D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The key to wise decision-making in disciplines such as conservation, wildlife management, and epidemiology is the ability to predict consequences of management actions on focal systems. Predicted consequences are evaluated relative to programme objectives in order to select the favoured action. Predictions are typically based on mathematical models developed to represent hypotheses about management effects on system dynamics. For populations ranging from large mammals to plant communities to bacterial pathogens, demographic modelling is often the approach favoured for model development. State variables of such models may be population abundance, density, occupancy, or species richness, with corresponding vital rates such as rates of reproduction, survival, local extinction, and local colonisation. A key source of uncertainty that characterises such modelling efforts is the nature of relationships between management actions and vital rates. Adaptive management is a form of structured decision-making developed for decision problems that are recurrent and characterised by such structural uncertainty. One approach to incorporating this uncertainty is to base decisions on multiple models, each of which makes different predictions according to its underlying hypothesis. An information state of model weights carries information about the relative predictive abilities of the models. Monitoring of system state variables provides information about system responses, and comparison of these responses with model-based predictions provides a basis for updating the information state. Decisions emphasise the better-predicting model(s), leading to better decisions as the process proceeds. Adaptive management can thus produce optimal decisions now, while simultaneously reducing uncertainty for even better management in the future.
“The Taste of Life”
Authors: Davis Cynthia J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with a comparative analysis of pain’s importance to three prominent nineteenth-century literary modes: sentimentalism, naturalism, and realism. It then turns to the distinctive aesthetic and ethical priorities of the high realism practiced by William Dean Howells, Henry James, and Edith Wharton. It concludes with an extended analysis of Howellsian realism as the first of several examples of the high realist aesthetic. From the outset of his career, Howells explored the idea that a more refined literary sensibility hinges on a subtle sensitivity to suffering of various kinds, emphasizing a view of the elevated individual as possessing a heightened ability not just to experience pain but to manage his or her own reactions to it in a sophisticated fashion. Even in his most socially engaged fiction, Howells evinces a preference for a troubled, ruminative, and restrained affective response to others’ suffering over reactions his works portray as rash, boorish, or at best ill-conceived.
Philosophical Foundations of Evidence Law
Authors: Dahlman Christian , Stein Alex , Tuzet Giovanni 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Philosophical Foundations of Evidence Law presents a cross-disciplinary overview of the core issues in the theory and methodology of adjudicative evidence and factfinding, assembling the major philosophical and interdisciplinary insights that define evidence theory, as related to law, in a single book. The volume presents contemporary debates on truth, knowledge, rational beliefs, proof, argumentation, explanation, coherence, probability, economics, psychology, bias, gender, and race. It covers different theoretical approaches to legal evidence, including the Bayesian approach, scenario theory, and inference to the best explanation. The volume’s contributions come from scholars spread across three continents and twelve different countries, whose common interest is evidence theory as related to law.
The Naturalized Epistemology Approach to Evidence
Authors: Broughton Gabriel , Leiter Brian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Studying evidence law as part of naturalized epistemology means using the tools and results of the sciences to evaluate evidence rules based on the accuracy of the verdicts they are likely to produce. This chapter introduces the approach and addresses skeptical concerns about the value of systematic empirical research for evidence scholarship, focusing, in particular, on worries about the external validity of jury simulation studies. Finally, turning to applications, it discusses possible reforms regarding eyewitness identifications and character evidence.