bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bioequivalence Study of Avanafil in Healthy Chinese Male Subjects Under Fasting and Fed Conditions: Results of a Randomized, Open‐Label, Single‐Dose, 2‐Sequence, 2‐Period Crossover Study
Authors: Ren Xiuhua , Yu Hengyi , Qi Xingxing , Chen Qian , Yang Jingwen , Fang Yinian , Lei Yongfang , Zhang Donglin , Zuo Qin , Liu Dong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis bioequivalence study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics and safety profiles of an originator and a generic avanafil formulation in Chinese male subjects under fed and fasting conditions. Each eligible subject was initially randomly given avanafil (200 mg) in a test‐reference or reference‐test order, before being switched to another study drug sequence after 7 drug‐free days. The bioequivalence of test and reference avanafil were determined if the 90%CIs of the geometric mean ratio (GMR) for the area under plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) from time 0 to infinity (AUC0‐∞), AUC from time 0 to the last detectable concentration (AUC0‐t), and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) fell within the range 80%‐125%. Under fasting/fed conditions, the 90%CIs of GMR for AUC0‐∞, AUC0‐t, and Cmax were 98.9% to 109.5%/96.0% to 101.2%, 99.6% to 110.3%/96.6% to 102.4%, and 99.3% to 116.8%/94.3% to 106.7%, respectively, which were all within the 80%‐125% range. Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 20.8% of subjects under fasting conditions and 20.7% of subjects under fed conditions, with a severity of grade 1. No significant difference was found in the rate of occurrence of AEs and drug‐related AEs in the test and reference‐avanafil groups (all P > .05). We concluded that the test and reference avanafil were bioequivalent in healthy Chinese male subjects under fasting and fed conditions.
A Case Study on the Desired Selectivity in Solid‐State Mechano‐ and Slow‐Chemistry, Melt, and Solution Methodologies
Authors: Budny‐Godlewski Krzysztof , Leszczyński Michał K. , Tulewicz Adam , Justyniak Iwona , Pinkowicz Dawid , Sieklucka Barbara , Kruczała Krzysztof , Sojka Zbigniew , Lewiński Janusz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSolution‐based syntheses are omnipresent in chemistry but are often associated with obvious disadvantages, and the search for new mild and green synthetic methods continues to be a hot topic. Here, comparative studies in four different reaction media were conducted, that is, the solid‐state mechano‐ and slow‐chemistry synthesis, melted phase, and solution protocols, and the impact of the employed solvent‐free solid‐state versus liquid‐phase synthetic approaches was highlighted on a pool of products. A moderately exothermic model reaction system was chosen based on bis(pentafluorophenyl)zinc, (C6F5)2Zn, and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl oxide (TEMPO) as a stable nitroxyl radical, anticipating that these reagents may offer a unique landscape for addressing kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of wet and solvent‐free solid‐state processes. In a toluene solution two distinct paramagnetic Lewis acid‐base adducts (C6F5)2Zn(η1‐TEMPO) (1) and (C6F5)2Zn(η1‐TEMPO)2(2) equilibrated, but only2was affordable by crystallization. In turn, crystallization from the melt was the only method yielding single crystals of1. Moreover, the solid‐state approaches were stoichiometry sensitive and allowed for the selective synthesis of both adducts by simple stoichiometric control over the substrates. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to examine selected structural and thermodynamic features of the adducts1and2. Compound2is a unique non‐redox active metal complex supported by two nitroxide radicals, and the magnetic studies revealed weak‐to‐moderate intramolecular antiferromagnetic interactions between the two coordinated TEMPO molecules.
Cytomorphologic analysis of dyshormonogenetic goiter
Authors: Bhalekar Surekha , Shetty Divya , Mhatre Devarshi , Bhalekar Hemant 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDyshormonogenetic goiter is a rare cause for congenital hypothyroidism because of the lack of enzymes needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. They are usually treated with hormonal treatment. Cytomorphological features can lead to misdiagnosis of malignancy. Elaboration on the cytomorphological features of dyshormonogenetic goiter is scarce, with only four case reports in the literature. We present a case of a child with dyshormonogenetic goiter, highlighting its cytological features, and common differential diagnosis. We also compared cytomorphologic features with other cases reported in the literature.
New Variants of (110)‐Oriented Layered Lead Bromide Perovskites, Templated by Formamidinium or Pyrazolium
Authors: Guo Yuan‐Yuan , Elliott Clement , McNulty Jason A. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Lightfoot Philip 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFour new hybrid lead(II) halide perovskites, γ‐(FA)2PbBr4, (FA)1.5(AA)0.5PbBr4, (PY)(GA)PbBr4 and (PY)(TZ)PbBr4 ((FA)=formamidinium, (AA)=acetamidinium, (PY)=pyrazolium, (GA)=guanidinium and (TZ)=1,2,3‐triazolium), adopt (110)‐oriented layered perovskite structures. While (PY) is found to template the formation of ‘conventional’ (110)‐oriented structure types (i. e. containing staggered [PbBr4]∞ layers), (FA) is shown to facilitate formation of much less common variants based 3 : 1 ordering of the interlayer species or 3×2 step‐like corrugation of the perovskite‐like layers themselves.
Aryl Fluoroalkyl Sulfoxides: Optical Stability and pKa Measurement
Authors: Messara Amélia , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Diter Patrick , Elhabiri Mourad , Panossian Armen , Hanquet Gilles , Magnier Emmanuel , Leroux Frédéric R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe enantiomeric separation of aryl trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl sulfoxides was realized via chiral chromatography. The configurational stability of each set of enantiomers was then studied by thermal enantiomerization. The ΔG≠ values obtained cover a range of 38.2–41.0 kcal mol−1 at 214 °C, thus demonstrating their optical stability at room temperature. However, a shorter half‐life time has been observed for difluoromethyl sulfoxides. Furthermore, the acidities of six aryl difluoromethyl sulfoxides were determined in DMSO by an overlapping indicator method using UV‐visible spectrophotometric titrations. The pKa values fall in range of 20.3–22.5 and differ by about 10 log units compared to non‐fluorinated analogues.
The role of psychological flexibility, perceived injustice and body image in Vulvodynia: A longitudinal study
Authors: Chisari Claudia , Budhraja Mahira , Monajemi Mani B. , Lewis Fiona , Moss‐Morris Rona , Scott Whitney , McCracken Lance M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundWomen with Vulvodynia experience pain, related impacts on sex and daily functioning, and depression. While psychosocial factors are associated with outcomes in Vulvodynia, longitudinal data are limited, especially in mixed/spontaneous Vulvodynia. Broad psychological models such as psychological flexibility (PF) and content‐specific factors, such as body‐exposure anxiety (BEA) and avoidance during sexual activities and perceived injustice, have not been adequately investigated in Vulvodynia. The aim of this study was to explore whether these factors assessed at baseline predict pain severity, pain interference, sexual functioning and satisfaction and depression 3 months later.MethodsA longitudinal study of 349 women with Vulvodynia was conducted. Participants completed online self‐report measures of pain‐related and sexual outcomes, depression, BEA, perceived injustice and facets of PF (present moment awareness, pain acceptance, committed action) at baseline and after 3 months, overlapping with the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic.ResultsSeventy percent of women responded at both assessments (n = 244). There were significant decreases in pain severity, pain interference, present moment awareness, committed action and a significant increase in depression at 3 months. All the baseline psychosocial factors significantly correlated with at least one outcome at 3 months. When adjusting for baseline outcome and demographics, committed action significantly positively predicted depression at 3 months and pain acceptance significantly positively predicted pain interference at 3 months.ConclusionsAmong women with Vulvodynia, pain acceptance and committed action are prospectively associated with pain interference and depression. The reliability and generalizability of these results needs to be established given the overlap with the COVID‐19 pandemic. Future studies should investigate whether targeting these factors enhances outcomes in Vulvodynia.SignificanceThis longitudinal study explored the role of PF, perceived injustice and body image during sexual activities in predicting pain severity, pain interference, sexual functioning, sexual satisfaction and depression in women with Vulvodynia. The study findings reveal that two facets of PF (committed action and pain acceptance) predicted pain interference and depression over time. It may be important to incorporate these processes in treatments developed for Vulvodynia.
Electrochemical Fluorination of Dithiocarbonates Using a Triarylamine Mediator
Authors: Okuda Hirokazu , Taniguchi Kohei , Inagi Shinsuke , Fuchigami Toshio 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectrochemical oxidation of O‐(4‐chlorobenzyl) S‐methyl dithiocarbonate using tris(2,4‐dibromophenyl)amine as a redox mediator was studied by cyclic voltammetric measurements. The triarylamine mediated anodic fluorodesulfurization of O‐(4‐chlorobenzyl) and O‐(4‐bromobenzyl) S‐methyl dithiocarbonates provided 4‐chloro‐ and 4‐bromobenzyl fluorides, respectively in moderate yields. On the other hand, similar anodic fluorination of O‐(2‐phenethyl) S‐octyl dithiocarbonate and O‐(4‐bromophenyl) S‐methyl dithiocarbonate afforded 2‐phenethyl trifluoromethyl ether and difluoro(methylthio)methyl 4‐bromophenyl ether, respectively. Mechanistic aspects are also discussed.
The effects of ginseng on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review
Authors: Aminifard Tahereh , Razavi Bibi Marjan , Hosseinzadeh Hossein 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMetabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors including high blood glucose, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and high body weight. It can increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, which are the important reasons for death around the world. Nowadays, there are numerous demands for herbal medicine because of less harmful effects and more useful effects in comparison with chemical options. Ginseng is one of the most famous herbs used as a drug for a variety of disorders in humans. The antihyperlipidemia, antihypertension, antihyperglycemic, and anti‐obesity effects of ginseng and its active constituents such as ginsenosides have been shown in different studies. In this review article, the different in vitro, in vivo, and human studies concerning the effects of ginseng and its active constituents in metabolic syndrome have been summarized. According to these studies, ginseng can control metabolic syndrome and related diseases.
The lead of oil price rises on US equity market beliefs and preferences
Authors: Dark Jonathan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe find that oil price rises from a strengthening global economy have a state‐dependent lead on US equity market beliefs and preferences. When equity volatility is low, rising oil prices lead higher cashflow expectations, lower long‐run (LR) volatility, and increased LR risk aversion. When volatility is high, markets focus on the contractionary effects of higher input costs, with rising oil prices leading decreased cashflow expectations, higher LR volatility, and decreased LR risk aversion. Findings suggest important refinements for asset pricing, portfolio choice, and models that link financial markets to the macroeconomy.
Structural atrophy of the right superior frontal gyrus in adolescents with severe irritability
Authors: Seok Ji‐Woo , Bajaj Sahil , Soltis‐Vaughan Brigette , Lerdahl Arica , Garvey William , Bohn Alexandra , Edwards Ryan , Kratochvil Christopher J. , Blair James , Hwang Soonjo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSevere irritability is common in youths with psychiatric disorders and results in significant dysfunction across domains (academic, social, and familial). Prior structural MRI studies in the pediatric population demonstrated that aberrations of cortical thickness (CT) and gray matter volume (GMV) in the fronto‐striatal‐temporal regions which have been associated with irritability. However, the directions of the correlations between structural alteration and irritability in the individual indices were not consistent. Thus, we aim to address this by implementing comprehensive assessments of CT, GMV, and local gyrification index (LGI) simultaneously in youths with severe levels of irritability by voxel‐based morphometry and surface‐based morphometry. One hundred and eight adolescents (46 youths with severe irritability and 62 healthy youths, average age = 14.08 years, standard deviation = 2.36) were scanned with a T1‐weighted MRI sequence. The severity of irritability was measured using the affective reactivity index. In youths with severe irritability, there was decreased CT, GMV, and LGI in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) compared to healthy youths, and negative correlations between these indices of the SFG and irritability. Our findings suggest that structural deficits in the SFG, potentially related to its role in inhibitory control, may be critical for the neurobiology of irritability.
Epidemiologic distinctions between base of tongue and tonsil oropharyngeal carcinomas
Authors: Windon Melina J. , Fakhry Carole , Margalit Danielle N. , Dey Tanujit , Rettig Eleni M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive tonsil and base of tongue (BOT) cancers have been considered together. However, important differences may exist.MethodsDemographic and tumor characteristics, and survival, were compared by oropharyngeal cancer subsite from 2004 to 2016 in the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Trends in tonsillectomy from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 were examined.ResultsHPV‐positive BOT (N = 13 081) were older than HPV‐positive tonsil patients (N = 16 874; mean 61.5 vs. 58.4 years, p < 0.001), and individuals 70+ years were significantly more likely to have BOT tumors compared with individuals <50 (adjusted odd ratio [aOR] = 2.9, 95% confidence interval = 2.6–3.2). BOT patients were also more likely to be white, male, and have advanced tumor classification. Among 7418 NHANES participants, tonsillectomy was associated with older age and white race.ConclusionsThere are epidemiologic and tumor‐related differences among HPV‐positive tonsil and BOT carcinomas. Demographic differences may be attributable to tonsillectomy trends.
Feasibility of lateral sentinel lymph node biopsy in medullary thyroid cancer: Surrogate tool for determining prophylactic lateral neck dissection—A pilot study
Authors: Kim Min Jhi , Back Kyorim , Choe Jun‐Ho , Kim Jung‐Han , Kim Jee Soo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundsThis study aimed to evaluate usefulness of lateral sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in determining lateral neck dissection (LND) of patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC).MethodsSixteen patients with MTC were enrolled in the study from January 2013 to June 2019. Intratumoral injection of technetium (Tc)‐99m phytate followed by lymphoscintigraphy was performed preoperatively. Lateral sentinel lymph nodes were detected by a collimated gamma probe and underwent frozen analysis. Ipsilateral LND was performed in all patients to assess lateral LN status.ResultsThe identification rate of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) detected by radioisotope was 87.5% (14 of 16 patients). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of frozen analyses were 66.7%, 100%, 100%, and 91.6%, respectively. Based on final histopathology, however, the diagnostic values of lateral SLNB were all 100%.ConclusionsThis study showed that lateral SLNB can be a promising surgical tool for decisions on LND in patients with MTC.
Multimarket Equilibrium, Trade, and the Law of One Price
Authors: Laury Susan K. , Holt Charles A. 
Published: July 2021

This paper describes the setup of two classroom markets, one with a thin supply side and relatively higher prices. A comparison of the equilibrium price tendencies in the two markets helps students discover how to apply supply and demand analysis in this context. The introduction of speculators, who buy in one market and sell in the other, reduces or eliminates the price disparity. Class discussion can be focused on how “nonproductive” speculation can increase surplus measures of efficiency when price is permitted to convey the correct information about opportunity cost.Use: This experiment can be used in classes in the principles of economics, intermediate economics, or international trade to illustrate supply and demand analysis and the effects of inter‐market trade. In upper‐level classes, optimal bidding can be addressed as well.Time: Reading instructions and completing five trading rounds takes 30 to 40 minutes. Discussion lasts an additional 15 minutes.Materials: One deck of cards for up to 36 students, one copy of the instructions, and eight small blank slips of paper for each student.
Profiting from Smokers*
Authors: Bulow Jeremy 
Published: July 2021

In the late 1990s more than 40 state attorneys general sued the major tobacco companies for the excessive medical costs imposed on the states by smoking. In November 1998 this litigation was concluded with the companies agreeing to pay approximately $9 billion a year, to be adjusted for inflation, in damages and lawyers' fees. The deal was incredibly corrupt; had it been made in any other industry it would surely have been declared illegal. And the tobacco companies were not the only bad guys in this story. The trial lawyers, the politicians, and even the public health officials and antismoking advocates who believed that any means were appropriate to achieve their desired ends of massive fees, political victories, and higher cigarette prices were the ones who most abused the system.W. Kip Viscusi, an economist and professor at Harvard Law School, focuses on the merits of the state tobacco litigation, principally whether the companies were guilty of inadequately communicating the risk of their products to smokers, which links to youth smoking, and the economic damages the states suffered because of smoking. Viscusi, who has worked on these issues for many years, was hired by Philip Morris to testify on these two topics in the litigation. Nevertheless, he makes a credible case on both issues. Viscusi is substantially less interested in the actual structure and implications of the negotiated deal and spends only a limited amount of time exploring the policy implications of today's tobacco politics, though he does spend a concluding chapter advocating improved information about tobacco for smokers.
Inefficiency in Cadaveric Organ Procurement
Authors: Beard T. Randolph , Kaserman David L. , Saba Richard P. 
Published: July 2021

The shortage of cadaveric human organs made available for transplantation has reached critical proportions and is now causing over 6000 deaths each year in the United States alone. Economically, this shortage appears to stem from at least two principal underlying causes, both of which are attributable to the 1984 National Organ Transplant Act: (i) a legal prohibition on payments to organ donors and/or their surviving family members; and (ii) the legislatively mandated structure of the organ procurement industry, which specifies a group of nonprofit regional monopsonists as collection agents.Here, we focus' on some consequences of the latter restriction. Using a frontier methodology, we estimate the magnitude of the inefficiencies exhibited by the individual procurement agencies (relative to the most efficient) after controlling for exogenous factors. Our findings show that, even if these inefficiencies could (somehow) be completely eliminated, the organ shortage would still persist.
Posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD and subtypes of loneliness among older adults
Authors: Fox Robert , Hyland Philip , Coogan Andrew N. , Cloitre Marylène , McHugh Power Joanna 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesResearch examining the relationship between loneliness and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) is scarce, particularly among older adults. CPTSD includes the core symptoms of PTSD along with additional symptoms reflecting “disturbances in self‐organisation” (DSO). This study examined the cross‐sectional relationships between loneliness (emotional and social loneliness) and CPTSD symptoms (i.e., PTSD and DSO symptoms) in older adults.MethodsStructural equation modelling was used to examine these relationships in a nationally representative sample of US adults aged 60–70 years (n = 456).ResultsControlling for covariates, emotional loneliness was associated with PTSD (β = 0.31) and DSO (β = 0.57) symptoms whereas social loneliness was only associated with DSO symptoms (β = 0.25). The model explained 35.0% of the variance in PTSD symptoms and 71.3% in DSO symptoms.ConclusionThese findings have important implications for treating and understanding PTSD/CPTSD and their correlates among older adults.
Temperature effects on the jumping performance of house crickets
Authors: Deban Stephen M. , Anderson Christopher V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractInsect jumping and other explosive animal movements often make use of elastic‐recoil mechanisms to enhance performance. These mechanisms circumvent the intrinsic rate limitations on muscle shortening, allowing for greater power production as well as thermal robustness of the associated movements. Here we examine the performance and temperature effects on jumping in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, using high‐speed imaging and inverse dynamics analysis. We find that adult house crickets jumped with greater performance than would be possible using direct muscle shortening, generating a peak power of over 2000 W/kg of muscle mass and maintaining high performance across the entire tested range of body temperatures (12–32°C). Performance declined at the lowest temperature (12°C), yet jump power still exceeds available muscle power. These results reveal that Acheta domesticus makes use of an elastic‐recoil mechanism that enhances both the performance and thermal robustness of jumping.