bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined heat and drought suppress rainfed maize and soybean yields and modify irrigation benefits in the USA
Authors: Luan Xiangyu , Bommarco Riccardo , Scaini Anna , Vico Giulia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Heat and water stress can drastically reduce crop yields, particularly when they co-occur, but their combined effects and the mitigating potential of irrigation have not been simultaneously assessed at the regional scale. We quantified the combined effects of temperature and precipitation on county-level maize and soybean yields from irrigated and rainfed cropping in the USA in 1970–2010, and estimated the yield changes due to expected future changes in temperature and precipitation. We hypothesized that yield reductions would be induced jointly by water and heat stress during the growing season, caused by low total precipitation (P
GS) and high mean temperatures (T
GS) over the whole growing season, or by many consecutive dry days (CDD
GS) and high mean temperature during such dry spells (T
CDD) within the season. Whole growing season (T
GS, P
GS) and intra-seasonal climatic indices (T
CDD, CDD
GS) had comparable explanatory power. Rainfed maize and soybean yielded least under warm and dry conditions over the season, and with longer dry spells and higher dry spell temperature. Yields were lost faster by warming under dry conditions, and by lengthening dry spells under warm conditions. For whole season climatic indices, maize yield loss per degree increase in temperature was larger in wet compared with dry conditions, and the benefit of increased precipitation greater under cooler conditions. The reverse was true for soybean. An increase of 2 °C in T
GS and no change in precipitation gave a predicted mean yield reduction across counties of 15.2% for maize and 27.6% for soybean. Irrigation alleviated both water and heat stresses, in maize even reverting the response to changes in temperature, but dependencies on temperature and precipitation remained. We provide carefully parameterized statistical models including interaction terms between temperature and precipitation to improve predictions of climate change effects on crop yield and context-dependent benefits of irrigation.
Extreme wet events as important as extreme dry events in controlling spatial patterns of vegetation greenness anomalies
Authors: Famiglietti Caroline A , Michalak Anna M , Konings Alexandra G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Understanding plant responses to hydrological extremes is critical for projections of the future terrestrial carbon uptake, but much more is known about the impacts of drought than of extreme wet conditions. However, the latter may control ecosystem-scale photosynthesis more strongly than the former in certain regions. Here we take a data-driven, location-based approach to evaluate where wet and dry extremes most affect photosynthesis. By comparing the sensitivity of vegetation greenness during extreme wetness to that during extreme dryness over a 34 year record, we find that regions where the impact of wet extremes dominates are nearly as common as regions where drought impacts dominate. We also demonstrate that the responses of wet-sensitive regions are not uniform and are instead controlled by multiple, often interacting, mechanisms. Given predicted increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme hydrological events with climate change, the consequences of extreme wet conditions on local and global carbon cycling will likely be amplified in future decades.
Study on experimental evaluation method of improvement of over-wet complex soil by cement
Authors: Wei Li , Pan Desheng , Yan Zhiming , Wei Yu , Zhou Zehua 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to ensure the over-wet complex soil excavated from Xinxu River Project in Nanning city of Guangxi Province can be used to fill the surrounding road embankment, cement soil specimens were prepared by adding different dosage of cement. The author studied the influence of cement contents on test evaluation method of improved soil by preparing the cement soil specimens and carrying out the comparative tests of CBR, cube and cylinder unconfined compressive strength. The experimental results show that the CBR test has high sensitivity to cement content and good strength correlation, should be selected for the evaluation method of cement stabilized over-wet complex soil. It is suggested that the improved soil with 3% ∼ 5% cement content should be used as the embankment filler under the road by taking the economy into consideration.
Defect Detection and Cause Analysis of Steel Tube Tunnel in Storage Power Station
Authors: Yuan Ganglie , Wu Peng , Che Ailan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Defects of draft tube such as void between steel liner and concrete will be formed for the influence of complex environment, resulting in the reduction of its bearing capacity. According to the characteristics of draft tube defects, a fast testing and evaluation method for draft tube structural defects was proposed combined with elastic wave imaging method. Taking the draft tube of a storage power station in Fujian Province as the research target, the field test was carried out using elastic wave test. Combined with waveform visualization and K-means clustering analysis method, the image recognition method was proposed, and defect types and distribution of the draft tube were obtained. Compared with results of the three-dimensional scanning, there is good consistency in the distribution of defects. An analysis was performed on the circumferentially coalescence area of the voids, and it is found that the load-bearing capacity of the draft tube in this area is reduced, the pressure it bears is greater than its own resistance, forming several cavities with large deformation.
Research on Spatial and Temporal Pattern Evolution of Large Color Steel Building in Yinchuan
Authors: Song He , Yang Shuwen , Gao Liya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Based on the large color steel building data of Yinchuan in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2019, this paper uses standard deviation ellipse, kernel density estimation, nearest neighbor index and multi-distance spatial clustering method to explore the clustering characteristics and spatial-temporal pattern evolution of large color steel building in Yinchuan. The results show that :(1) from 2005 to 2019, the spatial distribution direction of large color steel building in yinchuan presents a stable “northwest to southeast” direction, and the center of gravity has been shifted to the southwest, with the transfer distance becoming smaller and smaller.(2) With 4 national and provincial industrial parks as the core cluster areas, the cluster features are obvious. As time goes on, it spreads to the periphery and tends to stabilize.(3) All the four periods presented condensed distribution and gradually weakened agglomeration. In 2010, the agglomeration intensity and agglomeration scope reached the peak, which were significantly improved compared with 2005, but they were roughly the same and gradually weakened after 2015.
“Soviet suburbia”
Authors: Churakov S K 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The article discusses the applicability of the term “suburbia” to the mass housing development in the USSR in the 60-70s of the XX century. For this, the main features of suburbia are formulated as a phenomenon manifested in different cultures. The first of them is an ideological model that determines the peculiarities of the lifestyle in the suburbs and acts as the main city-forming and formative factor.
Being a special type of development of non-urban areas, suburbia is primarily determined by the type of the settlement, and not by the features of space-planning or urban planning solutions. From this point of view, suburbia is a mono-territory with a simplified approach to solving social, functional and planning tasks.
Being the product of a design approach which does not rely on the historical tradition of the surrounding landscape development, suburbia is not a self-sufficient territorial entity, being a part of the city “orbit” as an element of the network structure with its own complex structure of economic, social, cultural and other kinds of connections. Replacing the suburbs or suburban settlements in the vicinity of the city, the suburbia loses their properties as elements of the settlement network.
One of the main typological signs of suburbia is the massive, typical character of construction and urban planning solutions. At the same time, it is interpreted as the main place of residence of socially homogeneous population, the so-called “middle class”, defined not by local traditions, but by the standards of the mass consumers.
As a consequence of this approach, both in the American and Soviet versions of the suburbs of the 60-70s there are no complex zoning and functional density, no possibility of choice both in the typology of urban spaces and socially significant objects, no natural landscape and microlandscape identity.
Performative“ capitals: developing the capital of the capital city of Jerusalem
Authors: Ostapenko G I , Okunev I Y 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The article continues a new page in political geography related to the use of performative rules in the interpretation of spatial phenomena. The capital, in our case Jerusalem, as the brightest embodiment of spatial relations in the state, from the standpoint of performativity will be presented as a special symbolic system that contributes to the capital growth of the capital, which will allow deconstructing this phenomenon in a new and original way.
The case of Jerusalem appears through the prism of the manifestation of the capital of the capital. A performative approach to the capital city opens up new possibilities for interpreting the essential features of the symbolic and real capital.
Optimization and wear characteristics of TiAlN coated carbide when machining hardened high thermal conductivity (HTCS-150) die steel.
Authors: Abu Bakar Hadzley , Azhar Anis Afuza , Wahab Norfariza Ab , Azlan Umar Amani , Rashid Mohd Fairuz , Herawan Safarudin Gazali 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
High Thermal Conductivity Steel-150 (HTC-150) is a specific steel designed for use in the hot stamping process as a stamping die. HTCS-150 die steel was difficult to machine due to its high strength, hardened state, and high thermal conductivity characteristics, which necessitated parameter control for a fine surface finish and maximum tool life. The characteristics of tool wear when machining HTCS-150 hardened steel (52 HRC) with a ball nose end mill TiAlN coated carbide insert is presented in this study. Cutting speed, feed rate, and axial depth of cut have all been varied in machining trials. Response surface methodology experimental design was used to create a parametric optimisation model. The results indicate that the model develops an accurate prediction, with comparisons between measured and expected results suggesting that the model operates within the 90% prediction interval with an error of less than 10%. The lowest tool wear was achieved at 130 m min−1 cutting speed, 0.4 mm/tooth feed rate, and 0.1 mm axial depth of cut, according to the optimisation results. The most influenced cutting parameters were found to be feed rate and depth of cut, followed by cutting speed. The wear surface texture analysis revealed coating delamination, adhesion, built-up edge formation, and tool edge chipping. The findings of this experimental study can be used to machine the HTCS-150 for the longest possible tool life while maintaining a fine surface finish.
Influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion properties of the Inconel-625 clad deposited by microwave heating
Authors: Singh Gurbhej , Vasudev Hitesh , Bansal Amit , Vardhan Sachit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The present work explores the viability of using the microwave heating technique to apply Inconel-625 cladding to a stainless steel (SS-316) substrate. As-deposited clad specimens were subjected to various post-heat-treatments. These treatments included (1) a direct-aged (DA) treatment (2) solution at 981 °C followed by a DA treatment (981SHT) (3) solution at 1081 °C followed by DA treatment (1081SHT). Clad specimens displayed a gradual change in microstructure from planar to cellular to the dendritic depending upon the cooling rate experienced by the molten clad powder during the microwave cladding process. Due to precipitation of hardening particles (γ′), the heat-treated clad specimens displayed superior hardness than as-deposited clad specimen. In the interdendritic spaces/grain boundaries, heat-treatment at 981 °C induces a major reduction in the size of Laves process with a needle precipitation of δ (Ni3Nb) phase. Meanwhile, the heat-treatment at 1081 °C nearly dissolved the entire Laves phase in the microstructure. The corrosion test revealed that the coated samples at all conditions exhibit around 2 to 2.5 times more noble corrosion potential (corrosion resistance) than the uncoated samples. Moreover, the corrosion resistance of the post-treated sample decreases dramatically than that of the as-deposited clad sample, as heat-treatment improved the precipitate phase formation.
A multiscale insight into the growth of h-BN: effect of the enclosure
Authors: Ji Yanzhou , Momeni Kasra , Chen Long-Qing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge on the fundamental growth mechanisms governing the characteristics of 2D materials synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique and their correlation with experimentally controllable parameters, which hindered their wafer-scale synthesis. Here, we pursued an analytical and computational approach to access the system states that are not experimentally viable to address these critical needs. We developed a multiscale computational framework correlating the macroscale heat and mass flow with the mesoscale morphology of the as-grown 2D materials by solving the coupled system of heat/mass transfer and phase-field equations. We used hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as our model material and investigated the effect of substrate enclosure on its growth kinetics and final morphology. We revealed a lower concentration with a more uniform distribution on the substrate in an enclosed-growth than open-growth. It leads to a more uniform size distribution of the h-BN islands, consistent with existing experimental investigations.
Recrystallisation before austenitization for improved microstructure and properties in automotive steel sheets with high product of strength and elongation
Authors: Huang Fei , Zhang Heng , Qi Jialin , Chen Qiwei , Ding Hanlin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of recrystallization before austenitizing transformation (i.e., pre-recrystallization) on the microstructure and properties of 22Mn2Cr cold-rolled automotive steel sheets based on continuous annealing at 700 °C for various holding times. Subsequently, the samples were heated to an austenitizing temperature of ∼850 °C, which led to the formation of a fine austenite grains via nucleation at the dislocations during reheating. The austenite grain size was more refined when samples were pre-recrystallized at 700 °C for several minutes compared to those directly heated to 850 °C, which was attributed to combined grain refinement from recrystallization and austenite phase transformation. This refined austenite grain size led to a finer bainite grain size in the cooled final product. The strength of the steel decreased slightly (∼1200 MPa), but the elongation (∼19%) and product of strength and elongation (∼23 GPa%) were significantly enhanced by the pre-recrystallization treatment.
Optimizing entanglement generation and distribution using genetic algorithms
Authors: Ferreira da Silva Francisco , Torres-Knoop Ariana , Coopmans Tim , Maier David , Wehner Stephanie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Long-distance quantum communication via entanglement distribution is of great importance for the quantum internet. However, scaling up to such long distances has proved challenging due to the loss of photons, which grows exponentially with the distance covered. Quantum repeaters could in theory be used to extend the distances over which entanglement can be distributed, but in practice hardware quality is still lacking. Furthermore, it is generally not clear how an improvement in a certain repeater parameter, such as memory quality or attempt rate, impacts the overall network performance, rendering the path toward scalable quantum repeaters unclear. In this work we propose a methodology based on genetic algorithms and simulations of quantum repeater chains for optimization of entanglement generation and distribution. By applying it to simulations of several different repeater chains, including real-world fiber topology, we demonstrate that it can be used to answer questions such as what are the minimum viable quantum repeaters satisfying given network performance benchmarks. This methodology constitutes an invaluable tool for the development of a blueprint for a pan-European quantum internet. We have made our code, in the form of NetSquid simulations and the smart-stopos optimization tool, freely available for use either locally or on high-performance computing centers.
VIII—Gambling on Others and Relying on Others
Authors: Cornell Nicolas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Gambling on another person and relying on another person are similar but intuitively distinct phenomena. This paper argues that gambling is distinguished by the stance that it necessarily involves towards the bet-upon conduct. It then contends that, where one has gambled upon the conduct of another, one has no standing to complain against that person for losses that result. This small point may have significant implications for how we think about speculative economic losses.
O12: IHC ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL DISEASE POST NEOADJUVANT TRASTUZUMAB FOR EARLY STAGE BREAST CANCER REVEALS ER/HER2 CROSSTALK THROUGH INCREASED ER SIGNALLING
Authors: Flanagan M , Varšlija D , Charmsaz S , Purcell S , Cosgrove N , Cocchiglia S , Bane F , Sheehan K , Hill AD , Young LS 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Therapeutic pressure functionally affects oncogenes and related signalling pathways through dynamic alterations in transcriptional and epigenetic alterations. Altered receptor status occurs throughout tumour progression and may be influenced by adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies. Recurrent transcriptional remodelling events have been described in the progression of primary breast cancer to metastasis, including increased tyrosine kinase signalling, specifically Her2, and loss of ESR1 gene expression. We hypothesise that in the setting of tyrosine kinase inhibition, an increase in estrogen receptor (ER) signalling is observed.

Method
A database of patients recruited to ICORG trial 07/09 was queried to identify patients with histologically confirmed, Her2-overexpressing or Her2 amplified, nonmetastatic, invasive breast cancer who received neoadjuvant trastuzumab, alone or in combination with neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy. Clinicopathological characteristics recorded include age at diagnosis, clinical stage, receptor status and percentage positivity, and pathological complete response.

Result
A total of 55 patients identified on ICORG trial 09/07 received neoadjuvant trastuzumab. Of these, 27 achieved a complete pathological response (49%; n=27/55). In those with residual disease, a gain in mean ER staining percentage positivity was observed in the residual disease compared to diagnostic biopsy staining (59.22 vs 45.11; p=0.03). A corresponding loss in Her2 percentage staining positivity was also observed (p=0.006).

Conclusion
An inverse correlation was observed between loss of Her2 positivity and percentage gain in ER staining in patients with residual disease following treatment with neoadjuvant trastuzumab. Further study is needed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of ER/Her2 crosstalk, which may be epigenetically regulated through DNA methylation.

Take-home message
ER/Her2 crosstalk can be demonstrated clinically in IHC analysis of patients with residual disease post neoadjuvant trastuzumab. Tyrosine kinase inhibition in the form of neoadjuvant trastuzumab results in loss of Her2 signalling and corresponding gain in ER signalling.
O25: TARGETING THE RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIUM WITH ANTI-MIRNA THERAPY: A POTENTIAL MECHANISM FOR MINIMISING ISCHAEMIA REPERFUSION INJURY
Authors: Irwin E , Thompson E , Tingle S , Ezuma P , Matthews L , Bates L , Shuttleworth V , Ali S , Sheerin N , Wilson C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is an unavoidable, significant consequence of renal transplantation. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate multiple downstream mRNA targets. MiRNA-21-5p and miRNA-24-3p have been previously implicated in IRI. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) block specific microRNAs, with previous work by our group demonstrating their delivery to kidneys using normothermic machine perfusion. Imaging these kidneys revealed ASO localisation around proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). This project aimed to characterise ASO blockade against miRNA-21-5p and miRNA-24-3p in PTECs.

Method
HKC8 cells, a human PTEC cell line, were used throughout these experiments. Cells were placed in a hypoxic incubator for 24hrs, followed by 6hrs of reoxygenation to mimic IRI. HKC8s were transfected with ASOs using lipofectamine. RT-qPCR and Western Blots were used to evaluate expression of antioxidant targets, SOD2 and HMOX1.

Result
MiRNA-21-5p and miRNA-24-3p levels were high throughout hypoxia and reoxygenation. Single blockade with anti-miRNA-21-5p resulted in a significant increase in its downstream target SOD2 (P&lt;0.05). Anti-miRNA-24-3p treatment resulted in no change in either of its downstream targets, HMOX1 or SOD2. This was reflected in the failure of dual blockade to produce a synergistic effect on the shared target, SOD2.

Conclusion
Anti-miRNA-21-5p results in a significant increase of SOD2, which is well characterised as protective during IRI. Anti-miRNA-24-3p appears to have no effect on PTECs, contrary to previous work in endothelial cells, perhaps suggesting a cell specific response of microRNAs. Normothermic machine perfusion could be used to deliver dual ASOs; allowing simultaneous targeting of different kidney cell types.

Take-home message
The delivery of anti-miRNA-21-5p therapy pre-transplant, using normothermic machine perfusion, has the potential to reduce ischaemia reperfusion injury and improve kidney transplant outcomes.