bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of on-going transmission of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 following a foodborne outbreak
Authors: Butt Saira , Smith-Palmer Alison , Shand Allan , McDonald Eisin , Allison Lesley , Maund Jane , Fernandes Anand , Vishram Bhavita , Greig David R. , Jenkins Claire , Elson Richard 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In August 2019, public health surveillance systems in Scotland and England identified seven, geographically dispersed cases infected with the same strain (defined as isolates that fell within the same five single nucleotide polymorphism single linage cluster) of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. Epidemiological analysis of enhanced surveillance questionnaire data identified handling raw beef and shopping from the same national retailer (retailer A) as the common exposure. Concurrently, a microbiological survey of minced beef at retail identified the same strain in a sample of minced beef sold by retailer A, providing microbiological evidence of the link. Between September and November 2019, a further four primary and two secondary cases infected with the same strain were identified; two cases developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome. None of the four primary cases reported consumption of beef from retailer A and the transmission route of these subsequent cases was not identified, although all four primary cases visited the same petting farm. Generally, outbreaks of STEC O157:H7 in the UK appear to be distinct, short-lived events; however, on-going transmission linked to contaminated food, animals or environmental exposures and person-to-person contact do occur. Although outbreaks of STEC caused by contaminated fresh produce are increasingly common, undercooked meat products remain a risk of infection.
The “Plague of Cyprian”: A revised view of the origin and spread of a 3rd-c. CE pandemic
Authors: Huebner Sabine R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractKyle Harper's article on the “Plague of Cyprian” that appeared in this journal in 2015 constitutes the only comprehensive study to date of this important disease outbreak in the third quarter of the 3rd c. CE. The current article revisits the main evidence for this epidemic and corrects and improves our understanding of its origin, timeline, and spread. It contends that the disease entered the Roman Empire via Gothic invasions on the Danube rather than traveling up the Nile from inner Africa. It further argues that the disease reached the Roman Empire only after the death of Decius and cannot be connected with the latter's edict commanding sacrifices to the Roman gods, issued in 249 CE. While the pestilence indubitably exacerbated the political and military crisis of the third quarter of the 3rd c. CE, it should probably not be considered as the root of the crisis itself, as Harper has suggested.
Early extubation strategy after congenital heart surgery: 1-year single-centre experience
Authors: Simeonov Lyudmil , Pechilkov Dimitar , Kaneva Anna , McLellan Mary C. , Jenkins Kathy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroduction:Our aim was to present the initial experience with a protocol-driven early extubation strategy and to identify risk factors associated with failed spontaneous breathing trials within 12 hours after surgery.Methods:A single institutional retrospective study of children up to 18 years of age was conducted in post-operative cardiac surgical patients over a 1-year period. A daily spontaneous breathing trial protocol was used to assess patients’ readiness for extubation. The study population (n = 129) was stratified into two age groups: infants (n = 84) and children (n = 45), and further stratified according to ventilation time: early extubation (ventilation time less than 12 h, n = 86) and deferred extubation (ventilation time more than 12 h, n = 43). Mann–Whitney U-test and binomial logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.Results:Early extubated infants had shorter ICU (4 versus 6 days, p = 0.003) and hospital length of stays (16 versus 19 days, p = 0.006), lower re-intubation rates (1 versus 7 patients, p = 0.003), and lower mortality (0 versus. 4 patients, p = 0.01) than deferred extubated infants. There was no significant difference in the studied outcomes in the children group. Malnourished infants and longer cardiopulmonary bypass times were independently associated with failed spontaneous breathing trials within 12 hours after cardiac surgery.Conclusions:Early extubated infants after cardiac surgery had shorter ICU and hospital length of stay, without an increase in morbidity and mortality, compared to infants who deferred extubation. Nutritional status and longer cardiopulmonary bypass times were risk factors for failed spontaneous breathing trial.
A novel parent selection strategy for the development of drought-tolerant cotton cultivars
Authors: Chattha Waqas Shafqat , Ahmad Hafiz Basheer , Farooq Muhammad Awais , Shafqat Waqar , Yaseen Muhammad , Ihsan Muhammad Zahid , Alghabari Fahad , Alzamanan Saleh Mahdi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDrought is a devastating factor for crop production worldwide. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to study genetics for some agro-physiological traits in cotton under drought stress. The 13 parental cotton genotypes along with their 30 F1 hybrids were planted under normal and drought conditions. The mean performance of the genotypes was assessed through principal component and heat map analyses. The principal component analyses revealed 53.99 and 53.15% in the first two principal components of variability for normal and drought conditions, respectively. Heat map analysis revealed that three cotton genotypes i.e. FH-207 × NS-131, FH-207 × KZ-191 and S-15 × AA-703 attained higher values for all the traits except for canopy temperature under drought conditions. These crosses may proliferate to further filial generations to identify transgressive segregates for drought tolerance. The heritable differences of F̅1 and mid-parent showed dominance and non-additive gene action under drought conditions. Heritable differences between F̅1 and P̅1 showed over dominance and partial dominance under drought conditions. Heritable differences between F̅1 and P̅2 indicated negative over dominance and partial dominance for all traits under drought conditions. Proline contents and the bolls per plant showed high heritability and genetic advance through additive gene action. Therefore, these two traits can be used as a means of selection in future breeding programmes of drought tolerance.
The labor-managed firm, Oliver Williamson, and me
Authors: Dow Gregory K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMore than 30 years ago, I engaged in a debate with Oliver Williamson over the theoretical structure of transaction cost economics (TCE). This debate had its origins in our conflicting views of the labor-managed firm (LMF). Williamson believed that such firms were rare due to their inefficiency while I believed they might be rare due to market failures. Here I clarify my criticisms of TCE and contrast Williamson's view of the LMF with my own approach. I discuss empirical evidence that can distinguish between these two approaches and take up Williamson's challenge to identify policy interventions that could yield net social gains.
The discursive construction of digitalization: a comparative analysis of national discourses on the digital future of work
Authors: Marenco Matteo , Seidl Timo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNew forms of work intermediation – the gig economy – and the growing use of advanced digital technologies – the new knowledge economy – are changing the nature of work. The digitalization of work, however, is shaped by how countries respond to it. But how countries respond to digitalization, we argue, depends on how digitalization is perceived in the first place. Using text-as-data methods on a novel corpus of translated newspaper and policy documents from eight European countries as well as qualitative evidence from interviews and secondary sources, we show that there are clear country effects in how digitalization is framed and fought over. Drawing on discursive–institutionalist and coalitional approaches, we argue that institutional differences explain these discursive differences by structuring interpretative struggles in favor of the social coalitions that support them. Actors, however, can also challenge these institutions by using the discursive agency to change these underlying support coalitions.
Prediction of parental alienation on depression in left-behind children: A 12-month follow-up investigation
Authors: Sun Xiaoxiao , Qin Xuemei , Zhang Mengjia , Yang Aigang , Ren Xiaomei , Dai Qin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimsAlienation towards parents often occurs when parents divorce; however, it can also occur when one or both parents leave for work for more than 6 months. Our previous investigation has confirmed a high level of feelings of alienation towards parents among Chinese left-behind children. However, the longitudinal prediction of alienation on children's mental health outcomes remains largely unknown. This study aims to observe the prediction of alienation towards parents on children's depression 12 months later and potential mediators and moderators.MethodsA total of 1090 Chinese left-behind children took part in this 12-month follow-up investigation, using the Chinese version of the Inventory of Alienation towards Parents (IAP), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Adolescent Self-Rating Life-events Checklist (ASLEC), and the Adolescent Resilience Scale.ResultsAlienation towards parents was high (16.42 ± 7.27 for mother, 15.63 ± 7.17 for father) in left-behind children, and 21.01% of children reported depression. Alienation towards parents predicted current depression of children directly and later depression indirectly; children's alienation toward their mothers was a stronger predictor of depression than alienation towards fathers. In models, stressful life-events acted as a risk mediator. Previous depression was the strongest risk predictor, resilience was the strongest protective factor, and duration of fathers’ absence and parents’ marital status moderated the predictive effects.ConclusionsThis study is among the first to longitudinally confirm that alienation towards parents is a predictor of children's later depression. The results provide important suggestions for families and schools; i.e. to prevent depression in left-behind children, parent−child bonds especially alienation towards mothers, should be carefully considered, and individuals with more negative life-events and weaker resilience need further attention.
Multispacecraft Current Density Estimates in the Low‐ and Mid‐Latitude F‐Region Ionosphere Using the Swarm Constellation
Authors: Fillion M. , Hulot G. , Alken P. , Chulliat A. , Vigneron P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe present a new application of a multispacecraft method which provides estimates of the full electric current density vector in the ionospheric low‐ and mid‐latitude F region. The method uses the three satellites of the Swarm constellation in configurations when they were close to each other. The current density is calculated inside triangular prisms defined by the satellite positions. The technique is inspired by similar approaches such as the curlometer. Here, we propose an alternative mathematical treatment, which involves the use of the well‐known curl‐B technique and a least squares minimization. The proposed formalism provides a rigorous way to propagate the errors through the problem and special care is taken to validate the algorithm and assess the relevance of the derived currents. Such techniques are powerful tools to study the F‐region ionosphere currents as they naturally exclude all the other contributions outside the considered volumes. The F region is known to host currents with a complex spatiotemporal variability. Besides the intrinsic interest of this system itself, understanding the dynamics of these currents is also critical for global geomagnetic field modeling as they are an important source of error in the models. In this paper, we present the full algorithm and test the method on both synthetic and real Swarm satellite data on February 15, 2014. Several sources of error are investigated. Additionally, the results reveal expected characteristics of F‐region interhemispheric field‐aligned currents. Some new characteristics of F‐region currents, potentially associated with dynamo and pressure currents, are also observed.
Simultaneous Bayesian Estimation of Non‐Planar Fault Geometry and Spatially‐Variable Slip
Authors: Dutta Rishabh , Jónsson Sigurjón , Vasyura‐Bathke Hannes 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLarge earthquakes are usually modeled with simple planar fault surfaces or a combination of several planar fault segments. However, in general, earthquakes occur on faults that are non‐planar and exhibit significant geometrical variations in both the along‐strike and down‐dip directions at all spatial scales. Mapping of surface fault ruptures and high‐resolution geodetic observations are increasingly revealing complex fault geometries near the surface and accurate locations of aftershocks often indicate geometrical complexities at depth. With better geodetic data and observations of fault ruptures, more details of complex fault geometries can be estimated resulting in more realistic fault models of large earthquakes. To address this topic, we here parametrize non‐planar fault geometries with a set of polynomial parameters that allow for both along‐strike and down‐dip variations in the fault geometry. Our methodology uses Bayesian inference to estimate the non‐planar fault parameters from geodetic data, yielding an ensemble of plausible models that characterize the uncertainties of the non‐planar fault geometry and the fault slip. The method is demonstrated using synthetic tests considering slip spatially distributed on a single continuous finite non‐planar fault surface with varying dip and strike angles both in the down‐dip and along‐strike directions. The results show that fault‐slip estimations can be biased when a simple planar fault geometry is assumed in presence of significant non‐planar geometrical variations. Our method can help to model earthquake fault sources in a more realistic way and may be extended to include multiple non‐planar fault segments or other geometrical fault complexities.
Monsoon‐Facilitated Off‐Shelf Transport of Dissolved Aluminum Across the East China Sea During Summer
Authors: Wang Zhaowei , Xuan Jiliang , Li Faming , Ren Jingling , Huang Daji , Zhang Jing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe continental shelf pump is believed to be important in transporting terrestrial materials across the East China Sea (ECS). More than 300 water samples collected from the ECS and a numerical model were used to identify the cross‐shelf exchanges of dissolved aluminum (Al) in the ECS in summer. The results indicated that dissolved Al concentrations ranged from <1.0 to 242 nM, with the highest concentrations observed in the Zhe‐Min coastal waters, while the lowest concentrations were determined to be in Kuroshio deep waters. The Kuroshio surface waters receive additional dissolved Al from the ECS continental shelf through a cross‐shelf exchange process. By using dissolved Al as a tracer, evidence was found about the cross‐shelf transport of Al in the ECS. Cross‐shelf transport of dissolved Al was associated with fluctuations in the Taiwan Strait Warm Water, and the driving mechanisms were analyzed using a momentum equation. Ekman transport promoted by the summer monsoon was the key physical mechanism controlling the off‐shelf transport of dissolved Al. Quantitative calculations showed that the ECS was a net source of dissolved Al to adjacent waters, of which almost 65% of the output entered the East/Japan Sea, while the remaining 35% entered the Kuroshio currents. Our results highlight the importance of cross‐shelf transport processes to the distribution and cycling of biogenic elements within the marginal seas of China, and highlight the wider implications for biogeochemical cycles throughout the western Pacific Ocean.
Characterization of the Multicellular Membrane‐Bearing Algae From the Kuanchuanpu Biota (Cambrian: Terreneuvian)
Authors: Zheng Yajuan , Tang Qingqin , Liu Ping , Sun Jie , Yao Xiaoyong , Hao Wenjing , Yang Xiaoguang , Guo Junfeng , Uesugi Kentaro , Komiya Tsuyoshi , Han Jian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe diversity of small shelly fossils (SSFs) demonstrates that multicellular organisms underwent large‐scale radiation at the beginning of the Cambrian, which is highlighted by the coexistence of various metazoans and the occurrence of their embryo fossils. However, little is known about early Cambrian eukaryotic multicellular algae, the primary producers that replaced oxygenic cyanobacteria and played a crucial ecological role in matter cycling and energy dynamics in marine ecosystems. In this study, hundreds of microscopic three‐dimensionally preserved multicellular aggregate fossils were obtained from the Kuanchuanpu Formation (Cambrian: Terreneuvian, ca. 535 Ma) in southern Shaanxi, South China, which consisted of several tightly packed multicellular clumps encapsulated in a thin organic membrane. Synchrotron tomography analysis further revealed that the cells of the whole aggregate, although partitioned into different clumps by a gelatinous membrane, were distinctly differentiated into an outer conical cell layer and an inner spherical‐cell layer, thus suggesting of a cortex‐medulla‐like differentiation. These characteristics resemble those of multicellular algae (e.g.,Wengania,Gremiphyca, andThallophyca) from the Weng'an biota (Ediacaran, South China) in morphology, size, and internal cell structure. Furthermore, a potential asexual life cycle for these membranous algae was proposed based on their morphological and structural characteristics.
Investigating the Plate Kinematics of the Bay of Biscay Using Deformable Plate Tectonic Models
Authors: King Michael T. , Welford J. Kim , Cadenas Patricia , Tugend Julie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe plate kinematics of the Iberian plate and their implications on the plate tectonic evolution of the Bay of Biscay during rifting and subsequent opening of the southern North Atlantic continue to be topics of scientific discussion and debate. Constrained by previous plate reconstruction, geophysical, and geological studies, deformable plate tectonic reconstructions of the Bay of Biscay‐Parentis rift system are created in this study using the GPlates software. These deformable plate models are used to investigate the kinematics of the Landes High, Le Danois High, and Ebro Block previously recognized as independent continental blocks within deformable regions. A comparison between results calculated via deformable plate models with previously published and newly presented gravity inversion crustal thickness estimates provided a good metric for delineating the most probable plate kinematic scenario for the Bay of Biscay‐Parentis system and investigating the effect of the plate kinematic scenarios on the present‐day structure. The preferred plate kinematic model implies a transtensional Bay of Biscay‐Parentis rift system from the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, with the onset of significant crustal thinning initiating during the Late Jurassic (∼150 Ma) induced by the motion of the Landes High and its interplay with the Ebro Block. Aside from demonstrating the role of the Landes High and its suggested interplay with structural inheritance on the deformation experienced within the Bay of Biscay, the timing and orientation of regional stress directions, and the velocities induced by the preferred deformable model provide good comparisons with previously calculated subsidence rates.
Regional Forecasting of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations: A Novel Hybrid Model Based on Principal Component Regression and EOF
Authors: Wu Xianghua , Xie Kang , Liu Jane , Liu Duanyang , Zhou Jieqin , Tang Lili 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhen many cities need quantitative forecasts of air quality to adjust industrial production plans and urbanization development, how to build an efficient forecast model remain a challenge. Methodology for quantitative prediction of air quality can no longer rely on single‐site observations, and thus approaches that require fewer input data and are more efficient and more reliable need to be explored. This paper proposes the principles and steps of a new model using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and principal component regression (PCR), which is a hybrid EOF‐PCR approach that decomposes the panel data of PM2.5 and predictors into spatial structures (EOFs) and time expansion coefficients (ECs) by EOF analysis, establishes the PCR of the ECs of PM2.5, and simulates the PM2.5 concentrations in each city by projecting the fitted ECs through EOFs. The very heart of the new model is the PCR modeling and projection. The results are presented for PM2.5 concentrations over Jiangsu Province in eastern China. The results show that this EOF‐PCR model, which is based on EC1s with a cumulative variance contribution rate above 90%, has an average prediction accuracy of 65%. The model performs best in spring and autumn, better in summer and worst in winter. Most predictors have a maximum lag of a week, and they are quite different among seasons. Considering the influence of the spatial distributions of predictors, rather than covariates at a single site, this model can reflect regional influences and effectively improve the simulation effect.
Role of the Summer Monsoon Variability in the Collapse of the Ming Dynasty: Evidences From Speleothem Records
Authors: Zhao Jingyao , Cheng Hai , Yang Yan , Liu Wen , Zhang Haiwei , Li Xianglei , Li Hanying , Ait‐Brahim Yassine , Pérez‐Mejías Carlos , Qu Xiaoli 
Published: June 2021

AbstractClimatic changes have played an important role in societal reorganizations. Particularly, the late 16th and early 17th century coincided with severely cold condition, extremely weak summer monsoon and widespread population decline in China. Here we present new speleothem oxygen isotope records across North and South China, which in concert with historical documents, allow us to characterize the “Late Ming Weak Monsoon Periods” (LMWMP) at an unprecedented annual temporal resolution. Our analysis suggests that as a weak summer monsoon event not seen for nearly 500 years in China, the LMWMP spatiotemporally coincided with the late Ming Dynasty peasant uprising (1627–1658 CE), and thus the transition from Ming to Qing Dynasty. This suggests a plausible role of climate change in shaping the important chapters of the Chinese history. In addition, both speleothem and historical documents reveal that the LMWMP appears to be a north to south time‐transgressive event on decadal‐timescale.