bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The consistency of arithmetic, continued
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBy assigning ordinal notations to proofs in classical arithmetic it is possible to show that each step in the simplification process making up the consistency proof, the complexity of proofs, as measured by the associated ordinal notation, successively decreases. Since the system of ordinal notations is well-ordered, it is not possible to have an infinite decreasing sequence. The reduction process described in Chapter 7 therefore must bring down the ordinal notations assigned to the successive transformed proofs, and must ultimately end with a proof whose ordinal notation is less than ω, i.e. a “simple” proof. Since “simple” proofs cannot be proofs of a contradiction, this establishes the consistency of classical arithmetic.
Attachment Theory and Moral Development
Authors: Thompson Ross A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Can attachment theory offer the basis for a new and contemporary portrayal of moral development? This chapter seeks to answer this question in several steps. First, the basic tenets of attachment theory are outlined, especially with respect to secure and insecure parent–child relationships and their implications for moral growth. Second, research on attachment relationships is summarized to assess the extent to which a secure attachment contributes to the characteristics supporting moral growth and virtuous character. Third, the empirical evidence concerning the attributes of parenting leading to a secure attachment is discussed to determine whether these attributes also promote moral development. The chapter closes with reflections on what an attachment theory of moral development might look like.
Beyond Virtue
Authors: Belsky Jay 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Modern evolutionary theory with its emphasis on inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism challenges the universalistic view of virtues promulgated by Aristotle. And this is because that which is virtuous depends upon contexts of development. This critique also applies to several classical and contemporary theories and perspectives on human psychology and development considered herein, as they, too, romanticize and idealize human nature. In support of this argument, theory and evidence is reviewed underscoring the fact that what could be considered virtuous depends on the degree of safety and security to which children and adults are exposed. Ultimately, humans are on this planet for the same reason that are all other life forms: to make more life that is genetically related to individuals alive at any point in time. Homo sapiens are thus not designed to realize some inherent—and admirable—nature, but to reproduce, again, just like all other living things. This does not mean that realizing Aristotelian virtues is a waste of time and effort. When cooperation with and care for those with whom we do not share genes yields the reciprocation of mutual benefit, then this is a reproductively strategic—and virtuous—way to behave. But as such enlightened conditions do not always characterize the human condition, then it is evolutionarily virtuous to behave differently. We may not like or prefer this theory of human nature, with its less romantic view of human virtues, but it is the one we have been bequeathed.
An Aetiology of Recognition
Authors: Denham A. E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the suggestion that early attachment underpins the human capacity for empathy, and that empathy, in turn, is a condition of moral competence. We are disposed by nature to seek intimacy with our human conspecifics: the securely attached child learns that, whatever perils the world may hold, his well-being is shielded within the private sphere of personal intimacy. But why should secure attachment also favour—as it does—recognition of moral obligations towards those with whom we have no special standing and share no personal destiny—recognition that the claims of persons as such merit our attention and regard? One answer to this question looks beyond the fact of secure attachment to a further psychological capacity, our capacity for empathy: secure attachment promotes susceptibility to empathy, and an appropriate susceptibility to empathy is a condition of basic moral competence. The chapter proposes that the deeper and more persisting significance of empathy to morality can be understood from a developmental perspective. Looking to mentalization-based attachment theory allows us to understand how empathic mirroring enters into our earliest intimate, interactions with other persons, securing our default commitment to recognizing their reality as bound up with our own. In this way, empathy constitutes one of the natural foundations on which the more complex architecture of moral experience is constructed. Attachment theory helps us to understand the indispensable role empathy plays at the beginning of the circuitous road to virtue.
The Virtual Other: Empathy in the Age of Virtuality
Authors: Fuchs Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn an age of growing virtual communication, the question arises what role human empathy plays in virtual relations. In order to answer this question, the paper distinguishes between: (1) primary, intercorporeal empathy; (2) extended empathy which is based perspective-taking; and (3) fictional empathy which is directed to imagined or fictitious persons. Based on these analyses, the paper investigates the impact of the growing virtualization in present culture. This is captured by the notions of: (1) “phantomization” as a media-based simulation of direct reality, and (2) disembodied communication which shifts the modes of empathy toward the fictional pole, at the risk of merely projecting one’s own feelings onto the other.
Healing through Self-Compassion
Authors: Sherman Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Greco-Roman Stoicism is a natural fit for the military. Yet it’s in tension with what many experts now acknowledge as a pervasive psychological fact of war and after war. And that is moral injury. Can a modern military Stoicism rooted in ancient teachings find room for moral injury and post-traumatic growth? Cicero, in dialogue with the Stoics in the Tusculan Disputations, insists that one needs to leave room for moral distress and the anguished emotions that go with it. He recalls the tears of Alcibiades, a military leader bent on too much glory, and feeling the shame of his missteps, especially in the presence of his teacher Socrates. Shame becomes a prod for taking responsibility to do better. But it can be an all too vigorous and punishing impulse, admits Cicero. Mercy is a way to temper it, and it is the theme of Seneca’s Trojan Women. Self-mercy or self-compassion can help heal the festering wounds of moral injury.
The No-brainer
Authors: Rohling Eelco J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the need for combined transition to renewable energy sources, reduction of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, and avoidance of any new emissions. Climate cannot be restored back to lower CO2 conditions than today if we don’t stop humanity’s enormous greenhouse gas emissions. But activating more and more emissions-reducing measures won’t suffice if we allow our total energy hunger and general consumerism, and thus emissions, to keep increasing year on year. Therefore, we also need strategies for avoiding addition of new emissions associated with the progressive growth and development of society, and with humanity's tendency for excessive consumerism. Finally, as with all large-scale developments, renewable alternatives have downsides and face challenges to their implementation. These are discussed in the final section of this chapter.
Reconsidering Reparations
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A consistent theme in movements for Black liberation is a focus on self-determination as an organizing principle. Despite this, much of the philosophical literature on reparations does not address this aspect of reparatory justice. In this chapter, the author first responds to existing arguments for reparations by philosophers and then briefly sketches the philosophical features of a distributive justice-based argument for reparations that articulates what is called the “constructive view” of reparations. The constructive view of reparations takes an approach to self-determination that is rooted in a historically informed perspective on distributive justice. The author draws from the Movement for Black Lives policy platform, Nkechi Taifa and the Republic of New Afrika, and others in the history of Black activism to sketch the constructive view.
Complicity and Solidarity
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The ethics of our individual consumer behavior regarding the work of immoral artists is complex. Some commentators claim that it is morally wrong to continue engaging with the work of artists who commit immoral acts. After dismissing consequentialist arguments in favor of this position, this chapter argues that we have considerable moral latitude when it comes to our private choices about art consumption. Our public art consumption, on the other hand, can have a social meaning that is independent of our intentions. The chapter argues that, ultimately, ethical consumption of art is about how we engage with art rather than what art we engage with.
Muslims and the Making of Modern Europe
Authors: Greble Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Muslims have lived in Europe for hundreds of years. Only in 1878, however, did many of them become formal citizens of European states. Muslims and the Making of Europe shows how this massive shift in citizenship rights transformed both Muslims’ daily lives and European laws and societies. Starting with the Treaty of Berlin and ending with the eradication of the Shari’a legal system in communist Yugoslavia, this book centers Muslim voices and perspectives in an analysis of the twists and turns of nineteenth- and twentieth- century European history, from early nation-building projects to the shattering of the European imperial order after World War I, through the interwar political experiments of liberal democracy and authoritarianism, and into the Second World War, when Muslims, like other Europeans, were caught between occupation and civil conflict, and the ideological programs of fascism and communism. Its focus moves from Ottoman Europe in the late nineteenth century to Yugoslavia, a multi-confessional, multi-lingual state founded after World War I. Throughout these decades, Muslims negotiated with state authorities over the boundaries of Islamic law, the nature of religious freedom, and the meaning of minority rights. As they did so, Muslims helped to shape emergent political, social, and legal projects in Europe.
Second- or Third-Class Citizens
Authors: Greble Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
After the First World War, the Paris Peace Treaties introduced a new legal order in Europe. Guided by ideas of self-determination, nationalizing states replaced Europe’s multi-confessional land empires in central and southeastern Europe. The new boundaries of nation-states created large classes of stateless, marginalized, and minority subjects. To respond to this, international statesmen created a system of minority rights and protections to manage and protect minorities. Where would Europe’s Muslims fit in this system? Were they a minority? Were they multiple minorities? Diverse communities of Muslims living in southeastern Europe and the Middle East responded differently to these questions. Focusing on Muslims living in the new state of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (often referred to by its later name, Yugoslavia), this chapter explores how Balkan Muslim leaders combined lessons from negotiating in Serbia, Montenegro, and Austria-Hungary with new international languages of minority rights and protections to secure confessional sovereignty and property rights. Yugoslavia, alone among European states, enshrined a Shari’a judiciary in its first constitution.
Islamic Legal Revivalism and the Crisis of Europe
Authors: Greble Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates how Islamic activist movements began to propose new ways of thinking about law and society in interwar Yugoslavia. Drawing from and participating in global conversations on the oppression of Muslims, these movements sought to centralize Islamic practice and the idea of what constituted Islamic values and norms. These movements were part of a global story of political Islam. They developed strategies for revising the place of Islam in politics and society. As these movements proliferated in Yugoslavia, they shifted Muslim political and religious thought toward socially conservative and Islamist ideas that decried modernization and assimilation and sought to limit the boundaries of the Muslim community in order to protect it.
Conclusion
Authors: Greble Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
If Muslims were always part of European history, why are they still so often depicted as outsiders to it: foreigners, migrants, interlopers, or vestiges of the Ottoman past? The answer lies in orientalist misrepresentations, both within European societies as they developed over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and within the writing of history. From the Enlightenment’s construct of the “East” to colonial civilizing missions that justified the subjugation of Muslims to European rule, Muslims were framed by a wide range of (non-Muslim) Europeans as anti-modern religious zealots who base their laws on seventh-century morals and are thus incompatible with European laws, societies, and ethics. This belief structure contributed to the evolution of distinct legal structures for Muslims, as well as the development of Islamic institutions that operated in parallel to or in opposition to other European legal structures. The conclusion calls attention to how and why Muslims have been erased from European histories and historiographies, and proposes a different way of thinking about Muslims’ place in European history. It also challenges existing paradigms for thinking about the relationship between European secularism, liberalism, and nation-building.
Prepare for Concurrent, Consecutive, and Compounding Disasters
Authors: Hill Alice C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how reinforcing and amplifying emergency preparedness could blunt the trauma that climate impacts spread. The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a warning that catastrophic risks do not honor geopolitical or jurisdictional boundaries. Thus, current approaches for disaster response require an overhaul to address climate change. Four crucial steps can help countries prepare for a future of concurrent, consecutive, and compounding disasters. First, acting before disaster strikes lessens damage and allows communities to bounce back faster. Second, protecting supply chains avoids panic and economic loss. Third, stockpiling acts as an extra level of insurance when compounding events occur. Fourth, bolstering emergency response capabilities to ensure that aid arrives earlier can lead to speedier recoveries. In addition, treating every disaster as a “no more” moment drives continuous improvement in disaster recovery capabilities. Taking these steps offers better protection for communities, including thwarting criminality that may take root when disaster response fails.
Jumpstart Resilience
Authors: Hill Alice C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
For those communities that can manage to muster the political will to act in the absence of “no more” moments, this chapter identifies the easy wins for building resilience. One crucial step is requiring companies to disclose climate risk, giving them a deeper understanding of what they are up against and what they might need to do to prepare. Another is using scenario analysis to test operations against different imagined futures. More generally, all investments, policies, plans, and programs should be routinely screened for climate resilience. At a minimum, to avoid wasting precious resources, any investments in long-lived infrastructure should both implement the lessons from past disasters and account for future climate-worsened calamities. Ultimately, the choices we make now—especially with regard to infrastructure and land use—can help us thrive even as climate change unleashes unfamiliar weather extremes on the planet.
The Press Fights Back
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes a coordinated, collective effort in August 2018 to produce newspaper editorials defending journalism, which provides a rare public moment of focused attention on the press’s roles and identities. Hundreds of newspapers, from small-town newspapers to large metro dailies, defended the role of the press against the attacks of Donald Trump. In this response, journalists fall back to the grand—yet flailing—narrative placing journalism at the heart of democracy. But in scrutinizing these missives, behind their facade of unity, the chapter identifies a fracturing of this narrative—reflective of a broader change that has been occurring for quite some time. It argues that journalists’ endeavors for relevancy must downplay their institutional ties to instead focus on community relationships. Importantly, this shift also should lead journalists to learn from their previous failings and make restitution to build trust with groups they have long ignored or misjudged.
Journalistic Moralities
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter questions the degree to which a professionalized adherence to objectivity has led journalists to engage in false equivalencies rather than identify Donald Trump’s statements as being lies or racist. This rhetorical void allows powerful actors—such as Trump, polarizing pundits, and other partisans—to shape political lies into “facts” by maligning the press. Journalists have publicly debated how they should respond, with some prominent journalists advocating for the traditional values that have propped up journalism for the past century, and others arguing that journalists need to be more willing to render moral judgments explicitly to avoid being the handmaidens of Trump and other anti-journalism leaders. These debates reveal larger fissures about how journalism ought to operate in a changing media culture and in response to constant political critiques. These political, cultural, and rhetorical fissures open up space to imagine how journalism might operate differently, with a moral code premised not on detached objectivity but on engaged problem-solving with communities, an assertive defense of democracy, and a willingness to challenge structural harms and inequities in society.
Anger ManagementAn Alternative View
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter is about anger management. It argues that since Lordean rage is appropriate, productive, and motivational, and breaks racial rules, then those with Lordean rage should strive to manage rather than banish their anger. The chapter begins by criticizing traditional anger management techniques for primarily focusing on the proportionality of anger. The text then suggests that taking anger management too far, as it’s typically understood, blocks some needed productive, important, justice-fighting forms of anger. The alternative view of anger management offered here is a cognitive and behavioral plan that helps us manage Lordean rage in ways that do not eliminate or reduce it but make use of its positive features. The techniques include the expression technique, solidarity technique, goals and plans technique, and resistance technique. The chapter ends by showing readers how to implement the techniques.
An Alternative to the Proof Paradigm for Ground-Level Rationality
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 5, the author uses the clues from previous chapters to begin the construction of a theory of epistemic rationality in which mistake-correcting reasoning is the paradigm for reasoning. On his account, cognitive models are composed of scenarios, which are themselves sets of propositions that have expectations for experience. Models are tested not by propositions describing experience but by experiences themselves because scenarios holistically generate expectations for experience which the agent’s actual experience can either satisfy or fail to satisfy. On the author’s theory, only scenarios with full or partial necessitation hypotheses can earn rational confidence. He identifies two main conceptual frameworks, the ordinary object framework and the person framework, both of which are causal frameworks. The imagination plays a crucial role in rationality in the author’s theory. He ends with informal statements of two principles of epistemic rationality, of which the formal versions are stated in Appendix A.
Bayesian Accounts of Epistemic Rationality
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 9, the author considers Bayesianism as a theory of mistake-correcting reasoning. He identifies seven kinds of mistake-correcting reasoning that Bayesianism could not explain because Bayesian agents could not make those kinds of mistakes. The author does not argue that it is a virtue of human beings to make those kinds of mistakes, but only that an adequate theory of rationality must be able to explain when it is rational for an agent to discover that they have made such a mistake and how they should correct it. This chapter is not just another rehearsal of the ways in which Bayesian agents are idealized. It is a compendium of ways that humans can learn that cannot be explained in a Bayesian framework. In the next chapter, the author provides an alternative framework that can be used to explain each of the seven examples.
Introduction
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Introduction begins with a discussion of the Nixon-Khrushchev Kitchen Debate as a frame for postwar consumerism as a strategic objective. In the debate, the two leaders asserted the superiority of their competing economic systems. Nixon described consumer choice as a foundational democratic value that distinguished American freedom from Soviet totalitarianism. Khrushchev boasted that the Soviets provided security for all citizens and promised that in the future they would also surpass the United States in producing consumer goods. Four decades later, facing the aftermath of September 11, 2001, George W. Bush cited the freedom to consume as a value threatened by terrorist extremism. Bush left Obama to face the dilemma of reviving a fossil fuel dependent consumer economy under the deepening threat of climate change.
Postwar Choices
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the choices that wartime and postwar planners made to avoid a recurrence of the depression crisis. They believed underconsumption was a root cause of the crisis, and that in the postwar era mass consumerism and the creation of a consumer democracy, sustained by Keynesian economics, would generate full employment and prosperity. The GI Bill was one key. Most conservatives supported the idea of consumer-driven prosperity, but opposed an expanded role for government to achieve it. Chester Bowles, head of the OPA, saw an improvement in housing stock as a way to promote prosperity and meet the needs of the post-war baby boom generation.