bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production Losses Attributable to Suicide Deaths in European Union
Authors: Łyszczarz Błażej 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Suicide is an important public health problem with multidimensional consequences for societies. One of the under-researched areas of suicide consequences are cross-country analyses of production losses associated with these deaths. The aim of this study was to estimate the production losses (indirect cost) of suicide deaths in 28 European Union states (EU-28) in 2015.Methods: The study used societal perspective and human capital approach to investigate production losses due to suicide mortality at working age. Eurostat’s data on the number of deaths was used to identify suicide mortality burden in terms of years of productive life lost. Labour and economic indicators were applied to proxy the discounted value of potential economic output lost. A one-way deterministic sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the robustness of the estimates.Results: The production losses attributable to suicide deaths in EU-28 in 2015 were €8.46 billion. The per suicide (per capita) indirect cost of these deaths was €215,579 (€16.60) for the whole EU-28 population; Luxembourg (Ireland) experienced the highest per suicide (per capita) burden of €573,760 (€45.18). The losses constituted an economic burden of 0.057% of EU-28’s GDP and this share ranged from 0.016% in Cyprus to 0.150% in Latvia. Most of the losses (71.2%-91.6%) were due to men’s deaths. The results of the sensitivity analysis exhibit a large variation of losses; the highest (lowest) cost was identified with no adjustment for lower employment rates among those committing suicide (adjustment for minimum productivity) and was 101.6% higher (58.1% lower) on average than in the base scenario.Conclusion: Public health actions aimed at prevention of suicides might reduce their health burden but also contribute to the economic welfare of European societies.
Study of Irradiation Temperature Effect on Change of Structural, Optical and Strength Properties of BeO Ceramics When Irradiated With Ar8+ and Xe22 Heavy Ions
Authors: Ryskulov A.E. , Zdorovets M.V. , Kozlovskiy Artem , Shlimas D.I. , Kislitsin S.B. , Uglov V.V. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of the study of the effect of irradiation temperature on structural and optical distortions and deformations, as well as the strength properties of BeO ceramics as a result of irradiation with Ar8+ and Xe22+ ions at a radiation dose of 5х1013 cm-2. The choice of radiation dose is due to the effect of overlapping defective areas arising along the trajectories of ions in ceramics, which makes it possible to model radiation damage caused by the effect of accumulation as a result of cascade collisions and overlapping damaged areas. The temperature range of 300-1000 K was chosen to simulate different operating conditions, as well as the possibility of simulating partial annealing of defects during irradiation at high temperatures. During the research it was established that high-temperature radiation reduces influence of size of electronic and nuclear power losses of ions of Ar8+ and Xe22+ with energy of 70 MeV and 231 MeV, respectively, on extent of radiation damage of ceramics of BeO. Irradiation at a temperature of 1000 K results in an equal 14% change in dislocation density for these particles, a comparable decrease in the yield intensity of optically stimulated luminescence by 5% and 15%, as well as microhardness by 25% and 30%, respectively.
Liver injury changed the biological characters of serum small extracellular vesicles and reprogramed hepatic macrophages in mice
Authors: Lv Xiufang , Li Jing , He Li , Cheng Li , Zhao Min , Liu Weiqi , Zhang Anqi , Sun Yufeng , Qin Gang , Lu Peng , Ji Yuhua , Ji Juling 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background

Serum small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their small RNA (sRNA) cargoes could be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of liver injury. However, the dynamic changes of serum sEVs and their sRNA components during liver injury and the biological functions of these liver-injury-serum sEVs have not been well characterized.
Methods

To identify serum sEV biomarkers for liver injury, we established a carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver injury model to simulate acute liver injury (ALI), chronic liver injury (CLI) and recovery. Serum sEVs were obtained and characterized. Serum sEV sRNAs were profiled. Differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNA) were compared to mouse liver enriched miRNAs and previously reported circulating miRNAs that related to human liver diseases. The biological significance was evaluated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of altered sEV miRNAs, and conditional culture of ALI serum sEVs with primary hepatic macrophages.
Results

We found that both ALI and CLI changed the concentration and morphology of serum sEVs. The proportion of serum sEV miRNA increased upon liver injury, with the liver as the primary contributor. The altered serum sEV miRNAs based on mice's study were consistent with those human liver diseases-related circulating miRNAs. Serum sEV miRNA signatures for ALI and CLI, and a panel of miRNAs as common marker for liver injury, were established. The differential serum sEV miRNAs in ALI mainly contributed to liver steatosis and inflammation, while those in CLI primarily contributed to hepatocellular carcinoma and hyperplasia. ALI serum sEVs decreased both CD86 and CD206 expression in monocyte-derived macrophages, but increased CD206 expression in resident macrophages.
Conclusion

Serum sEVs in the different stages of liver injury carried different sRNA messages and contributed to diverse pathological processes. ALI serum sEVs might alleviate liver damage by depolarizing monocyte-derived macrophages and educating resident liver macrophage to M2 like cells.
A Pilot Study on&nbsp;Autism Spectrum Disorders&nbsp;in Mali: Parental Concerns About Child Developmental Milestones and Late Diagnostic Age
Authors: Sangare Modibo , DIARRA Ya , Konate Djeneba , Haidara Mohamed Sanoussi , Karembe Adama , Keita Bourama , Dolo Housseini , Kouyate Modibo , Doumbia Fatoumata , Sidibe Oumar , Diakite Seidina A , Kayentao Kassoum , Traore Drissa , Toure Amadou , Doumbia Seydou , Diakite Mahamadou , Kim Hyung-Goo , Awandare Gordon A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundIn Mali, the health facility-based prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in Mali was 4.5% (105/2,343) and the age of first medical visit for autistic children was around 7 years old in 2018. Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities initiates the early autism detection and diagnosis. We aimed to assess the feasibility of a main study to associate parental concerns with early first medical visits and subsequent ASD diagnostic in Mali.MethodsWe conducted a pilot study from November 2017 to July 2019. We surveyed 57 parents of autistic children aged 3-14 years old.ResultsParents were concerned over verbal communication in 54.1% and reciprocal social interaction in 43.8%. Children with ASD had their first medical visit after 18 months old in 66.7%, ≥ two medical visits in 87.7%, and were identified after 36 months old in 76.8%.ConclusionParental concerns were not significantly associated with early first medical visit and ASD identification. This pilot study will help in the design of larger studies on the same topic in Mali.
Morphokinetic Analysis of Preimplantation Development of Mouse Oocytes Fertilised in Vitro Using a Non-humidifying Incubator With Time-lapse Cinematography (CCM-iBIS)
Authors: Watanabe Hiroyuki , Ito Haruka , Shintome Ayumi , Suzuki Hiroshi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Preimplantation development of mouse oocytes fertilised in vitro was assessed in a non-humidified incubator with time-lapse cinematography (CCM-iBIS). The developmental rates of embryos to the 4-cell and blastocyst stages under 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2 in CCM-iBIS were significantly higher than those under 5% CO2 in air in CCM-iBIS and a conventional CO2 incubator (CPO2-2301). The developmental speed of embryos was much faster in those cultured under lower oxygen tension in CCM-iBIS than in higher oxygen tension in CCM-iBIS and CPO2-2301. Embryonic development was much faster and more synchronised under lower oxygen tension. Non-humidified culture did not affect the development of the embryos. Mouse embryos cultured at lower oxygen tension reached 2-cell at 17 h, 3-cell at 39 h, 4-cell at 40 h, initiation of compaction at 58 h, morula at 70 h, and blastocyst at 82 h after insemination on average. Although compaction partially unravelled with cell division in compacting embryos, it appeared to complete depending on the timing of observation. Observation at a conventional 24-h interval 13 likely misjudges the developmental rate to morula. Determination of embryonic development 72 h after insemination may be more appropriate for “compacting morula” rather than “morula” in mice.
Global Analysis of the Apple Fruit Microbiome: Are All Apples the Same?
Authors: Abdelfattah Ahmed , Freilich Shiri , Bartuv Rotem , Zhimo  , Kumar Ajay , Biasi Antonio , Salim Shoshana , Feygenberg Oleg , Burchard Erik , Dardick Christopher , Liu Jia , Khan Awais , Ellouze Walid , Ali Shawkat , Spadaro Davide , Torres Rosario , Teixido Neus , Ozkaya Okan , Buehlmann Andreas , Vero Silvana , Mondino Pedro , Berg Gabriele , Wisniewski Michael , Droby Samir 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Apple is one of the most highly consumed fruits worldwide and is the largest fruit crop produced in temperate regions. Fruit quality, safety and long-term storage are issues that are important to growers, distributors, and consumers. We present the first worldwide study on the apple fruit microbiome that examines questions regarding the composition and the assembly of microbial communities on and in apple fruit. Results: Results revealed that the composition and structure of the fungal and bacterial communities associated with ‘Royal Gala’ apple fruit at harvest maturity vary and are highly dependent on geographical location. The study also confirmed that the spatial variation in the fungal and bacterial composition of different fruit tissues exists at a global level. Fungal diversity varied significantly in fruit harvested in different geographical locations and suggest a potential link between location and the type and rate of postharvest diseases that develop in each country. Although the geography, climatic conditions, and management practices may have a significant impact on the composition of fruit microbial communities, we were able to identify a 'core' microbiome that is shared in fruit across the globe. Conclusions: Results of this study provide foundational information about the apple fruit microbiome that can be utilized for the development of novel approaches for the management of fruit quality and safety, as well as for reducing losses due to the establishment and proliferation of postharvest pathogens. It also lays the groundwork for studying the complex microbial interactions that occur on apple fruit surfaces.
Pea Protein Reduce Serum Cholesterol Levels in Hypercholesterolemia Hamsters by Modulating Compositions of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites
Authors: Tong Li-Tao , Xiao Tianzhen , Wang Lili , Lu Cong , Liu Liya , Zhou Xianrong , Wang Aixia , Qin Wanyu , Wang Fengzhong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated that an increase of plant proteins in diets, as well as a substitution of red meat proteins or processed meat proteins with plant proteins, was closely associated with the reduction of cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality. One of the most important ways of plant proteins to reduce the incidence rate of CVD is to lowering cholesterol concentration in serum and liver. Mounting evidences have attributed this effect of plant proteins to their regulation of gut microbiota. However, it remains to be elucidated whether gut microbiota play decisive roles in modulating host cholesterol by dietary protein from diverse sources of plant or meat. This study attempted to clarify the relevant mechanisms by comparing the difference in cholesterol metabolism modulation between pea and pork proteins intake of hypercholesterolemia hamster, as well as its relationships with gut microbiome and metabolic pathway.Results: We have verified that there are significant differences in the regulations of serum and liver cholesterol levels among different proteins intake from plants (rice, oat, soybean, pea) or meat (chicken, pork, beef), and the corresponded differences in gut microbiota were also observed. The decisive roles of gut microbiota in regulating host cholesterol were illustrated by the findings that the differences in serum cholesterol level between pea protein and pork protein disappeared in the hamsters treated with antibiotics. The experimental results of cross-over intervention of pea and pork protein showed that the serum cholesterol level was reversed with dietary exchange. Most interestingly, the corresponded changes in abundance of dominant bacteria suggested that the “beneficial” microbe Muribaculaceae were responsible for the inhibitory effect of pea protein on serum cholesterol level, while the opposite effect of pork protein was due to the “harmful” microbe Erysipelotrichaceae. Moreover, dietary pea protein supplement altered cecal metabolites including changes in arginine/histidine pathway, primary bile acid biosynthesis, short chain fatty acids or other lipid-like molecules, which involved in cholesterol metabolism.Conclusion: Dietary pea protein exerted cholesterol-lowering effects through modulating the growth of selected gut microbiota in hamsters. The substitution of pork protein with pea protein could reshape the gut microbiota, affect the contents of metabolites in caecum, and thus regulate cholesterol metabolism. These findings suggest specific bacteria and metabolites can be potential therapeutic targets of hypercholesterolemia by plant protein intervention.
The Biomechanical Effect on the Adjacent L4/L5 Segment Under S1 Superior Facet Arthroplasty: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Shi Zewen , Shi Lin , Chen Xianjun , Liu Jiangtao , Wu Haihao , Wang Chenghao , Chen Zeming , Yang Fang , Yu Sheng , Pang Qingjiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background. The superior facet arthroplasty is important for intervertebral foramen microscopy. To our knowledge, no study about the postoperative biomechanics of adjacent L4/L5 segments after different methods of S1 superior facet arthroplasty. To evaluate the effect of S1 superior facet arthroplasty on lumbar range of motion and disc stress of adjacent segment (L4/L5) under the intervertebral foramina plasty.Methods. Eight finite element models (FEMs) of lumbosacral vertebrae (L4/S) had been established and validated. The S1 superior facet arthroplasty was simulated with different methods. Then, the models were imported into Nastran software after optimization. 500N preload was imposed on the L4 superior endplate and 10 Nm was given to simulate flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation. The range of motion (ROM) and intervertebral disc stress of L4-L5 spine were recorded.Results. The ROM and disc stress of L4/L5 increased with the increasing of the proportions of S1 superior facet arthroplasty. Compared with the normal model, the ROM of L4/L5 significantly increase in most directions of motion when S1 superior facet formed greater than 3/5 from ventral to dorsal or 2/5 from apex to base. The disc stress of L4/L5 significantly increase in most directions of motion when S1 superior facet formed greater than 3/5 from ventral to dorsal or 1/5 from apex to base.Conclusion. In this study, the ROM and disc stress of L4/L5 were effected by the unilateral S1 superior facet arthroplasty. It is suggested that the forming range from ventral to dorsal should be less than 3/5 of S1 upper facet joint. It is not recommended to form from apex to base.
Caffeine Consumption Among Orthopedic Residents is Higher Than the General Population
Authors: Garrett Christopher , Shaath Mohammed Kareem , Avilucea Frank 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background:Orthopaedic surgery residency can be quite demanding at times and leads many residents to consume stimulants, caffeine, to perform their work duties. Question/Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate caffeine consumption among orthopedic surgery residents. We hypothesized that compared to the general population, residents will consume more caffeine.Patients/Methods:An electronic survey consisting of 13 multiple-choice questions was created to query residents on their caffeine consumption. The survey link was e-mailed to all residency program coordinators in the United States who then forwarded the survey to their residents. A subgroup analysis was performed based on respondents’ post-graduate year (PGY), to identify variations in caffeine use.Results:We received 209 surveys which represents 5.4% of orthopedic residents in the country. Of those 209 residents, 189 (90.4%) indicated regular caffeine usage. Of those who consume caffeine 59.8% indicated that they need caffeine to perform their work while 64.6% indicated that they are dependent on caffeine. Nearly one-fourth (24.3%) of respondents indicated that they consume more than 400 mg of caffeine/day. There were no significant relationships across resident PGY groups.Conclusion:We have demonstrated a large proportion of orthopedic surgery residents consume caffeine. When used in moderation, caffeine can be beneficial by improving efficiency, alertness and memory however, in high doses it may have undesirable side effects.Level of Evidence:Level IV evidence
Transcriptomics and Co-expression Network Profiling of Effects of Levamisole Hydrochloride on Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus
Authors: Chen Jie , Wang Buyong , Hao Xin , Pan Jialiang , Ma Ling 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the most dangerous forest pathogens in the world, resulting in the devastating death of pine forests and causing great economic losses and forest ecological damage to the affected areas. To explore the effect of levamisole hydrochloride (LH) as an effective control agent on nematode.Results: The results indicated that 2.5 mg/mL and 3.5 mg/mL LH had the toxicological effect on B. xylophilus, and the mortality increased significantly with the increase of concentration (P<0.05). We found and studied Sodium / Chloride and other ion genes belonging nervous system were up-regulated and the ion signal transmitted to the muscle protein and cause disorders, producing body-wall muscle twitchin, paralysis, and ultimately death. In the other hand, 2 Senecionine N-oxygenase and 2 Alcohol dehydrogenase as the central genes in drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 (ko00982) and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 (ko00980), and 8 highly related genes including Cuticle collagen, Cystathionine beta-synthase, Endochitinase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, Aldehyde dehydrogenase, Lipase, Zinc metalloproteinase. Their expressions up-regulation significantly at low concentrations and were significantly related to the resistance of B. xylophilus to LH. Conclusion: This study has shown that B. xylophilus gene family expansions occurred in xenobiotic detoxification pathways through the degree of genes expression and potential horizontal correlated gene transfer with LH, and shed light on LH lethality and evolutionary mechanisms behind adaptations of B. xylophilus to the environment. These findings contribute in several ways to our understanding of B. xylophilus under LH and provide a basis for control of it.
Comparison of Machine Learning Methods for the Detection of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Lesions: Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Ganji Zohreh , Zamanpour Seyed Amir , Zare Hoda 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Accurate classification of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) has been challenging due to the problematic visual detection in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hence, recently, there has been a necessity for employing new techniques to solve the problem.Methods: MRI data were collected from 58 participants (30 subjects with FCD type II and 28 normal subjects). Morphological and intensity-based characteristics were calculated for each cortical level and then the performance of the three classifiers: decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN) was evaluated.Results: Metrics for evaluating classification methods, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the DT were 96.7%, 100% and 98.6%, respectively; It was 95%, 100% and 97.9% for the SVM and 96.7%, 100% and 98.6% for the ANN.Conclusion: Comparison of the performance of the three classifications used in this study showed that all three have excellent performance in specificity, but in terms of classification sensitivity and accuracy, the artificial neural network method has worked better.
Changes in Biothiol Levels are Closely Associated with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: han hui , Wang Feng , Chen Juanjuan , Li Xingxing , Fu Gaoqing , Zhou Jiawei , Zhou Dongsheng , Wu Wei , Chen Haimin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background：Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease of the brain. Serum homocysteine (Hcy) level is considered to be an important biomarker for AD, however, the status of Hcy in brain tissue and neuronal cells, and the association between brain and serum levels of Hcy in clinical AD patients currently remain unclear. Methods: The levels of Hcy and other biothiols such as cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) in clinical blood samples were evaluated using a non-cytotoxic and stable multi-signal fluorescent probe, ethyl (E)-3-(9-chloro-11-oxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H,11H-pyrano[2,3-f] pyrido[3,2,1 -ij]quinolin-10-yl)-2-cyanoacrylate (Probe 1), which were verified by ELISA. Results: Measurement by Probe 1 revealed a significant increase in Hcy level, and a decrease in Cys and GSH levels in PC12 cells treated with in Aβ1-42. The hippocampus and whole brain of APP/PS1 mice also showed a significant increase in Hcy level alongside the accumulation of age-related AD symptoms, while levels of Cys and GSH decreased simultaneously. This change was also observed in serum samples acquired from patients with AD. The upregulation of Hcy and the downregulation of Cys and GSH were reversed in the Aβ1-42-treated PC12 cells and the brain of APP/PS1 mice when supplemented with VB6, an important coenzyme in Hcy metabolism. Conclusions: Changes in Hcy, Cys and GSH levels in the brain of APP/PS1 mice and Aβ1-42-treated PC12 cells were observed in situ with a new fluorescent probe, which were consistent with the abnormal changes in Hcy, Cys and GSH levels in the serum of AD patients. VB6 supplementation was successful in ameliorating abnormal upregulation of Hcy in the brain of APP/PS1 mice and in Aβ1-42-treated PC12 cells.