bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giant white-light flares on fully convective stars occur at high latitudes
Authors: Ilin Ekaterina , Poppenhaeger Katja , Schmidt Sarah J , Järvinen Silva P , Newton Elisabeth R , Alvarado-Gómez Julián D , Pineda J Sebastian , Davenport James R A , Oshagh Mahmoudreza , Ilyin Ilya 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
White-light flares are magnetically driven localized brightenings on the surfaces of stars. Their temporal, spectral, and statistical properties present a treasury of physical information about stellar magnetic fields. The spatial distributions of magnetic spots and associated flaring regions help constrain dynamo theories. Moreover, flares are thought to crucially affect the habitability of exoplanets that orbit these stars. Measuring the location of flares on stars other than the Sun is challenging due to the lack of spatial resolution. Here we present four fully convective stars observed with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite that displayed large, long-duration flares in white-light which were modulated in brightness by the stars’ fast rotation. This allowed us to determine the loci of these flares directly from the light curves. All four flares occurred at latitudes between 55° and 81°, far higher than typical solar flare latitudes. Our findings are evidence that strong magnetic fields tend to emerge close to the stellar rotational poles for fully convective stars, and suggest that the impact of flares on the habitability of exoplanets around small stars could be weaker than previously thought.
Measuring cosmological parameters with a luminosity–time correlation of gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Hu J P , Wang F Y , Dai Z G 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), as a possible probe to extend the Hubble diagram to high redshifts, have attracted much attention recently. In this paper, we select two samples of GRBs that have a plateau phase in X-ray afterglow. One is short GRBs (SGRBs) with plateau phases dominated by magnetic dipole (MD) radiations. The other is long GRBs (LGRBs) with gravitational wave (GW) dominated plateau phases. These GRBs can be well standardized using the correlation between the plateau luminosity L0 and the end time of plateau tb. The so-called circularity problem is mitigated by using the observational Hubble parameter data and Gaussian process method. The calibrated L0 – tb correlations are also used to constrain Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) and w(z) = w0 models. Combining the MD–LGRBs sample from Wang et al. (2021) and the MD–SGRBs sample, we find $\Omega _{\mathrm{ m}} = 0.33_{-0.09}^{+0.06}$ and ΩΛ = $1.06_{-0.34}^{+0.15}$ excluding systematic uncertainties in the non-flat ΛCDM model. Adding Type Ia supernovae from Pantheon sample, the best-fitting results are w0 = $-1.11_{-0.15}^{+0.11}$ and Ωm = $0.34_{-0.04}^{+0.05}$ in the w = w0 model. These results are in agreement with the ΛCDM model. Our result supports that selection of GRBs from the same physical mechanism is crucial for cosmological purposes.
Witnessing history: sky distribution, detectability, and rates of naked-eye Milky Way supernovae
Authors: Murphey C Tanner , Hogan Jacob W , Fields Brian D , Narayan Gautham 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The Milky Way hosts on average a few supernova explosions per century, yet in the past millennium only five supernovae have been identified confidently in the historical record. This deficit of naked-eye supernovae is at least partly due to dust extinction in the Galactic plane. We explore this effect quantitatively, developing a formalism for the supernova probability distribution in space and on the sky, accounting for dust and for the observer’s flux limit. We then construct a fiducial axisymmetric model for the spatial supernova and dust densities, featuring an exponential dependence on galactocentric radius and height, with core-collapse events in a thin disc and Type Ia events including a thick disc component. When no flux limit is applied, our model predicts that on the sky, supernovae are intrinsically concentrated in the Galactic plane, with Type Ia events extending to higher latitudes. We then apply a flux limit and include dust effects, to predict the sky distribution of historical supernovae. We use well-observed supernovae as light-curve templates, and introduce naked-eye discovery criteria. The resulting sky distributions are strikingly inconsistent with the locations of confident historical supernovae, none of which lie near our model’s central peaks. Indeed, SN 1054 lies off the plane almost exactly in the anticentre, and SN 1181 is in the second Galactic quadrant. We discuss possible explanations for these discrepancies. We calculate the percentage of all supernovae bright enough for historical discovery: $\simeq 13{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of core-collapse and $\simeq 33{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of Type Ia events. Using these and the confident historical supernovae, we estimate the intrinsic Galactic supernova rates, finding general agreement with other methods. Finally, we urge searches for supernovae in historical records from civilizations in the Southern hemisphere.
Genetic Continuity of Bronze Age Ancestry with Increased Steppe-Related Ancestry in Late Iron Age Uzbekistan
Authors: Kumar Vikas , Bennett E Andrew , Zhao Dongyue , Liang Yun , Tang Yunpeng , Ren Meng , Dai Qinyan , Feng Xiaotian , Cao Peng , Yang Ruowei , Liu Feng , Ping Wanjing , Zhang Ming , Ding Manyu , Yang Melinda A , Amridin Berdimurodov , Muttalib Hasanov , Wang Jianxin , Fu Qiaomei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Although Uzbekistan and Central Asia are known for the well-studied Bronze Age civilization of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), the lesser-known Iron Age was also a dynamic period that resulted in increased interaction and admixture among different cultures from this region. To broaden our understanding of events that impacted the demography and population structure of this region, we generated 27 genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism capture data sets of Late Iron Age individuals around the Historical Kushan time period (∼2100–1500 BP) from three sites in South Uzbekistan. Overall, Bronze Age ancestry persists into the Iron Age in Uzbekistan, with no major replacements of populations with Steppe-related ancestry. However, these individuals suggest diverse ancestries related to Iranian farmers, Anatolian farmers, and Steppe herders, with a small amount of West European Hunter Gatherer, East Asian, and South Asian Hunter Gatherer ancestry as well. Genetic affinity toward the Late Bronze Age Steppe herders and a higher Steppe-related ancestry than that found in BMAC populations suggest an increased mobility and interaction of individuals from the Northern Steppe in a Southward direction. In addition, a decrease of Iranian and an increase of Anatolian farmer-like ancestry in Uzbekistan Iron Age individuals were observed compared with the BMAC populations from Uzbekistan. Thus, despite continuity from the Bronze Age, increased admixture played a major role in the shift from the Bronze to the Iron Age in southern Uzbekistan. This mixed ancestry is also observed in other parts of the Steppe and Central Asia, suggesting more widespread admixture among local populations.
Systematic review—Time to malignant transformation in low-grade gliomas: Predicting a catastrophic event with clinical, neuroimaging, and molecular markers
Authors: Satar Zabina , Hotton Gary , Samandouras George 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite an initially indolent course, all WHO grade II, LGGs inevitably transform to malignant, WHO grades III and IV, without current curative options. Malignant transformation (MT) remains unpredictable with limited prognostic markers to steer timing of interventions. The aim of this study was to review and assign predictive value to specific clinical, molecular, and radiological markers impacting MT, thereby justifying timely therapeutic interventions.MethodsSearches of MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were conducted from inception to April 28, 2021 and outputs were analysed in accordance with PRISMA protocol.ResultsFrom an initial 5,032 articles, 33 articles were included, totalling 5672 patients. Forty-three prognostic factors were registered to significantly impact MT. These were categorised as 7 clinical; 14 neuroimaging; 8 biological/molecular; 3 volumetric; 5 topological; 3 histological; and 3 treatment-related. Following analysis, 10 factors were highlighted: the pre-operative prognosticators were 1. presentation with epileptic seizures; 2. VDE &gt; 8 mm/y; 3. VDE &gt; 4 mm/y; 4. rCBV &gt; 1.75; 5. PTV ≥ 5 cm (65 ml); 6. PTV ≥ 100 ml; and 7. cortical involvement. The post-operative prognosticators were: (1) IDH-wt, (2) TP53 mutation, and (3) temozolomide monotherapy.ConclusionsThe management of LGGs remains controversial, as conservative and invasive treatment may be associated with MT and impaired quality of life, respectively. Our review indicates that MT can be predicted by specific metrics in VDE, PTV, and rCBV, alongside cortical involvement. Additionally, patients with IDH-wt tumours TP53 mutations, or receiving TMZ monotherapy are more likely to undergo MT. Our data may form the basis of a predictive scoring system.
Maize Brittle Stalk2-Like3, encoding a COBRA protein, functions in cell wall formation and carbohydrate partitioning
Authors: Julius Benjamin T , McCubbin Tyler J , Mertz Rachel A , Baert Nick , Knoblauch Jan , Grant DeAna G , Conner Kyle , Bihmidine Saadia , Chomet Paul , Wagner Ruth , Woessner Jeff , Grote Karen , Peevers Jeanette , Slewinski Thomas L , McCann Maureen C , Carpita Nicholas C , Knoblauch Michael , Braun David M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Carbohydrate partitioning from leaves to sink tissues is essential for plant growth and development. The maize (Zea mays) recessive carbohydrate partitioning defective28 (cpd28) and cpd47 mutants exhibit leaf chlorosis and accumulation of starch and soluble sugars. Transport studies with 14C-sucrose (Suc) found drastically decreased export from mature leaves in cpd28 and cpd47 mutants relative to wild-type siblings. Consistent with decreased Suc export, cpd28 mutants exhibited decreased phloem pressure in mature leaves, and altered phloem cell wall ultrastructure in immature and mature leaves. We identified the causative mutations in the Brittle Stalk2-Like3 (Bk2L3) gene, a member of the COBRA family, which is involved in cell wall development across angiosperms. None of the previously characterized COBRA genes are reported to affect carbohydrate export. Consistent with other characterized COBRA members, the BK2L3 protein localized to the plasma membrane, and the mutants condition a dwarf phenotype in dark-grown shoots and primary roots, as well as the loss of anisotropic cell elongation in the root elongation zone. Likewise, both mutants exhibit a significant cellulose deficiency in mature leaves. Therefore, Bk2L3 functions in tissue growth and cell wall development, and this work elucidates a unique connection between cellulose deposition in the phloem and whole-plant carbohydrate partitioning.
Reliability, Validity, Clinical Utility, and Responsiveness of Measures for Assessing Mobility and Physical Function in Patients With Traumatic Injury in the Acute Care Hospital Setting: A Prospective Study
Authors: Calthorpe Sara , Kimmel Lara A , Fitzgerald Mark C , Webb Melissa J , Holland Anne E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
The longer-term impact of injury is increasingly recognized, but the early phases of recovery are less well understood. The best tools to measure early recovery of mobility and physical function following traumatic injury are unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical utility, validity, reliability, and responsiveness of 4 mobility and physical function measures in patients following traumatic injury.

Methods
In this cohort, measurement-focused study (n = 100), the modified Iowa Level of Assistance Score, Acute Care Index of Function, Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care “6 Clicks” short forms, and Functional Independence Measure were completed during first and last physical therapy sessions. Clinical utility and floor and ceiling effects were documented. Known-groups validity (early vs late in admission and by discharge destination), predictive validity (using 6-month postinjury outcomes data), and responsiveness were established. Interrater reliability was assessed in 30 patients with stable mobility and function.

Results
Participants had a median age of 52 years (interquartile range = 33–68 years), and 68% were male. The modified Iowa Level of Assistance Score, Acute Care Index of Function, and “6 Clicks” short forms were quick to administer (an extra median time of 30 seconds–1 minute), but the Functional Independence Measure took much longer (extra median time of 5 minutes). At the last physical therapy session, ceiling effects were present for all measures except the Functional Independence Measure (18%–33% of participants). All had strong known-groups validity (early vs late in admission and by discharge destination). All were responsive (effect sizes &gt;1.0) and had excellent interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.79–0.94).

Conclusion
All 4 measures were reliable, valid, and responsive; however, their clinical utility varied, and ceiling effects were common at physical therapy discharge.

Impact
This study is an important step toward evidence-based measurement in acute trauma physical therapy care. It provides critical information to guide assessment of mobility and physical function in acute trauma physical therapy, which may facilitate benchmarking across different hospitals and trauma centers and further progress the science and practice of physical therapy following traumatic injury.
How Do Capital Requirements Affect Loan Rates? Evidence from High Volatility Commercial Real Estate*
Authors: Glancy David , Kurtzman Robert 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We investigate how capital requirements affect loan rates by studying the 50% increase in the risk weight for high volatility commercial real estate (HVCRE) loans under Basel III. Exploiting variation in loan terms and exposure to the period after the rule’s implementation, we find that a one-percentage-point increase in capital requirements raises loan rates by 8.5 basis points. Using a model of bank funding costs, we demonstrate the timing and scope of the HVCRE rule implies our estimate reflects the steady-state cost of capital requirements. (JEL G21, G28, G38)
A comparative analysis of innovation policies in Hong Kong and Shenzhen within the Greater Bay Area initiative
Authors: Sharif Naubahar , Chandra Kevin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCombining documentary analysis with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), we conduct a comparative study of innovation policies in two municipalities included in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) initiative—the Chinese government’s plan to link eleven cities into an economic and business hub. After identifying innovation policies/agencies in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, we apply the HCA to compare similarities and differences between their innovation policies and assess how these policies align with the ‘cross-border regional innovation system’ (CBRIS) conceptual approach. We find that Hong Kong’s innovation policies are multitudinous, fragmented, and overlapping, whereas Shenzhen’s innovation policies are more targeted and more clearly differentiated, with a strong focus on strategic emerging industries. The two cities could strengthen their developing but weakly integrated CBRIS by collaborating in four areas of innovation policy: talent recruitment, joint R&D activities, enterprise competitiveness, and support for start-ups. The GBA initiative can succeed by driving innovation from a CBRIS perspective.
Rejecting acceptance: learning from public dialogue on self-driving vehicles
Authors: Stilgoe Jack , Cohen Tom 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The investment and excitement surrounding self-driving vehicles are huge. We know from earlier transport innovations that technological transitions can reshape lives, livelihoods, and places in profound ways. There is therefore a case for wide democratic debate, but how should this take place? In this paper, we explore the tensions between democratic experiments and technological ones with a focus on policy for nascent self-driving/automated vehicles. We describe a dominant model of public engagement that imagines increased public awareness leading to acceptance and then adoption of the technology. We explore the flaws in this model, particularly in how it treats members of the public as users rather than citizens and the presumption that the technology is well-defined. Analysing two large public dialogue exercises in which we were involved, our conclusion is that public dialogue can contribute to shifting established ideas about both technologies and the public, but that this reframing demands openness on the part of policymakers and other stakeholders. Rather than seeing public dialogues as individual exercises, it would be better to evaluate the governance of emerging technologies in terms of whether it takes place ‘in dialogue’.
Genome Sequence Resource of Bacillus sp. RRD69, a Beneficial Bacterial Endophyte Isolated from Switchgrass Plants
Authors: Zhao Zhenzhen , Bokros Norbert , DeBolt Seth , Yang Piao , Xia Ye 
Published: July 2021

We report here the genome sequence of Bacillus sp. RRD69, a plant-growth-promoting bacterial endophyte isolated from switchgrass plants grown on a reclaimed coal-mining site in Kentucky. RRD69 is predicted to contain 3,758 protein-coding genes, with a genome size of 3.715 Mbp and a 41.41% GC content. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Pressure Injury Development, Mitigation, and Outcomes of Patients Proned for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Capasso Virginia , Snydeman Colleen , Miguel Karen , Wang Xianghong , Crocker Michelle , Chornoby Zachary , Vangel Mark , Walsh Mary Ann , Murphy John , Qualls Stephanie 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To describe trends and risk factors for pressure injuries (PIs) in adult critical care patients proned to alleviate acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to COVID-19 and examine the effectiveness of products and strategies used to mitigate PIs.

METHODS
The authors conducted a retrospective chart review between April 9 and June 8, 2020. Demographic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Differences between groups with and without PIs were analyzed.

RESULTS
Among 147 patients, significant PI risk factors included male sex (P = .019), high body mass index (>40 kg/m2; P = .020), low Braden Scale score (<12; P = .018), and low-dose vasopressor therapy (P = .020). Taping endotracheal tubes (ETTs) caused significantly fewer facial PIs than commercial ETT holders (P < .0001). Maximum prone duration/session was a significant risk factor for anterior PIs (P = .016), which dropped 71% with newer pressure redistribution products. d-Dimer greater than 3,200 μg/mL (P = .042) was a significant risk factor for sacrococcygeal PIs while supine. Mortality was 30%; significant risk factors included age older than 60 years (P = .005), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score greater than 11 (P = .003), and comorbid congestive heart failure (P = .016).

CONCLUSIONS
Taping the ETT, limiting the maximum duration of prone positioning to less than 32 hours, and frequent repositioning while supine may reduce the number of modifiable risk factors for PIs. Standardized methods for testing products for PI prevention will inform individualized patient care.
Shifting the Mindset: Incorporating Mindfulness Practice in the Graduate Online Nursing Classroom and Beyond
Authors: Bradley Holly B. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The concept of using mindfulness techniques in an online nursing education environment is an idea that has limited research. We have utilized some mindfulness exercises to facilitate course interaction and guide how faculty and students can foster an engaged, mutually beneficial environment in the classroom and beyond to leadership positions in the clinical setting. Faculty utilize these techniques to enhance teaching in the online environment. This article provides examples of how faculty can engage students in these behaviors.
Ketamine in depression and electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Rozet Irene 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
The antidepressant effect of subanesthetic doses of ketamine was recognized 20 years ago. This review briefly summarizes the current understanding of the antidepressant mechanisms and the available clinical research on the use of racemic ketamine and enantiomer esketamine for depression.

Recent findings
The antidepressant effect of subanesthetic doses of ketamine is currently considered to be predominantly mediated by improved neuroplasticity in cortico-limbic areas in the brain. Single dose of 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine infused intravenously over 40 min, or single intranasal dose of esketamine cause rapid antidepressant and antisuicidal effects within hours of administration, and the antidepressant effect may last up to a week. Repeated administration of nasal spray esketamine is considered to prevent relapse of depression. Longitudinal studies are currently insufficient. When used in various doses for anesthetic induction for electroconvulsive therapy, ketamine improves seizure quality and may possibly diminish posttherapy cognitive impairment.

Summary
A rapid onset antidepressive effect of ketamine and esketamine has been proven conclusively. The results of extensive basic science research of the mechanism of action of low-dose ketamine doses has led to an alternative hypothesis of the pathophysiology of depression and the development of a novel neurotrophic concept of depression. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to determine the safety and efficacy of repeated administration of ketamine and its analogs to prevent relapse and recurrence of depression.
Gender Differences in Psychiatric and Behavioral Health Burden Among Adults With Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders in the United States
Authors: Rhee Taeho Greg , Rosenheck Robert A. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives
Studies report that women with opioid use disorder experience more comorbid psychiatric disorders and behavioral health burdens than men. We broadened the study of this phenomenon to alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other substance use disorders (SUDs) using national epidemiologic data.

Methods
Data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave-III identified 2491 women and 3317 men with DSM-5 AUD or SUDs, and 30,501 men and women without such disorders. Women and men with AUD and SUDs were compared to those without such disorders on 22 measures of DSM-5 psychiatric disorders and behavioral histories (eg, incarceration and suicide attempt). The interaction of female sex and AUD in relation to these measures was evaluated and we repeated analyses for SUDs.

Results
Separate analyses of female and male adults with and without AUD or SUDs showed AUD and SUDs in both sexes were strongly associated with psychiatric disorders and behavioral histories. In pooled analyses, the interaction of female sex and AUD showed women with AUD had significantly greater likelihood than men of: borderline personality disorder, pain; parental history of incarceration; traumatic events; incarceration; and lifetime homelessness (P < 0.05 for all), but not for psychiatric diagnoses. Interaction of female sex with SUDs showed women had increased likelihood of all personality disorders, traumatic events, and past incarceration (P < 0.05 for all).

Conclusions
Certain personality disorders and behavioral histories, but not psychiatric diagnoses, may play a distinct role in leading to SUDs among women when compared to men.