bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interfacial strength and microstructure of AlN/Cu joints produced by a novel brazing method facilitated by porous-copper layer and Ag foil
Authors: Huang Yilian , Fu Renli , Chen Xudong , Cheng Bo , Agathopoulos Simeon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The reliability of wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductors used as power electronics is closely related to the high thermal conductivity of AlN-metalized substrates. Thus, the bonding of AlN ceramics with metals is a key issue for the production of reliable AlN-metalized substrates. This paper reports on a new method for producing AlN/Cu joints by employing a novel film-metallization production process, which involves a porous network of Cu layer and Ag foil. The microstructure and the phases formed at the interface of the AlN/Cu joints produced at various brazing temperatures and times, were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Strong joints with shear strength of 48.5 MPa were produced after brazing at 850 °C for 10 min. The typical microstructure at the interfacial reaction zone was Cu / Ag(s) + Cu(s) / CuAlO2 + Al2O3 + Cu(s) / AlN. The experimental results manifest the crucial role of the Ag-Cu eutectic liquid phase, formed by the reaction between the Cu layer and the Ag foil, and of the porous network of the Cu layer deposited on the surface of the AlN ceramic substrate, since both of them effectively favor the reduction of the residual thermal stresses in the joint and result in strong ceramic/metal joins.
Presymptomatic viral shedding and infective ability of SARS-CoV-2; a case report.
Authors: Nissen Karolina , Hagbom Marie , Krambrich Janina , Akaberi Dario , Sharma Sumit , Ling Jiaxin , Hoffman Tove , Bondeson Kåre , Svensson Lennart , Salaneck Erik 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Reports of possible pre- or asymptomatic transmission have been reported, both from SARS-CoV and from MERS-CoV outbreaks, although this appears to be uncommon. In contrast, during the COVID-19 pandemic, an increasing number of studies and case reports indicate that pre- or asymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is not only possible but also occurs frequently. We report repeated rRT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a health care worker and demonstrate infective ability up to three days prior to mild COVID-19 symptoms. rRT-PCR indicated high viral levels approximately three days after exposure. Viral samples collected one and three days prior to symptoms exhibited infectivity on Vero E6 cells, confirmed by detection of double-stranded RNA by immunofluorescence, assessment of cytopathic effect (CPE) and rRT-PCR. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by day 9 and 15, respectively, after symptom onset. We propose that this provides evidence for potential early presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and that infectivity may be manifest shortly after exposure.
Phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis as sympathetic ophthalmia after corneoscleral injury
Authors: Leparskaya N. L. , Khoroshilova-Maslova I. P. , Voronin A. S. 
Published: March 2021

A penetrating corneoscleral injury case with the development of bilateral phacoanaphylactic inflammation of a sympathetic ophthalmia kind in a 59-year-old woman is described. The case reveals a difference between bilateral phacoanaphylactic inflammation and classical sympathetic ophthalmia. Unlike the latter, the clinical case showed on the “healthy” eye a sluggish inflammation of anterior uveitis type with a slowly progressing lens opacity, for which local and systemic corticosteroid therapy proved insufficiently effective. The morphological picture showed that the inflammation was located in the anterior part of the eye around the damaged lens with the formation of a macrophage-neutrophil abscess, which is typical for phacoanaphylactic inflammation, and the absence of granulomatous inflammation in the ciliary body, where plasmacellular infiltration prevailed.Conclusions. Phacoanaphylactic inflammation and sympathetic inflammation are autoimmune in their nature having different autoantigens. In phacoanaphylactic inflammation, autoantigen is the lens protein, while in sympathetic inflammation it is the uveoretinal antigen. The only method of treating phacoanaphylactic inflammation is to remove the cataract-altered lens. Our patient underwent phacoemulsification in her single eye, after which the symptoms of uveitis with hypertension disappeared completely and her vision was restored.
Assessment of Anti-inflammatory Activity of 3-Acetylmyricadiol in LPSStimulated Raw 264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Ahmad Gazanfar , Hassan Reyaz , Dhiman Neerupma , Ali Asif 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Pentacyclic triterpenoids are a biologically active class of
phytoconstituents with diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory action.

:
In the current study, we isolated 3-Acetylmyricadiol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, from
the ethyl acetate bark extract of Myrica esculenta and evaluated it for anti-inflammatory potential.

Methods:
The ethyl acetate bark extract of the M. esculenta was subjected to column
chromatography to isolate 3-Acetylmyricadiol. MTT assay was performed to check cell viability.
The production of proinflammatory mediators like nitric oxide, IL-6, TNF-α were observed after
the administration of 5, 10, 20 μM of 3-Acetylmyricadiol in LPS-activated raw 246.7 macrophages
by the reported methods.

Results:
MTT assay indicated more than 90% cell viability up to 20 μM of 3-Acetylmyricadiol.
The administration of 3-Acetylmyricadiol inhibited the production of nitric oxide, IL-6, TNF-α in
a dose-dependent manner significantly in comparison to LPS treated cells. The maximum effect
was observed at 20 μM of 3-Acetylmyricadiol which resulted in 52.37, 63.10, and 55.37 %
inhibition of nitric oxide, IL-6, and TNF-α, respectively.

Conclusion:
Our study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory action of 3-Acetylmyricadiol and can serve
as a potential candidate in the development of the clinically efficient anti-inflammatory molecule.
miR-666-3p Mediates the Protective Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes Against Oxygen-glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation-induced Cell Injury in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells via Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway
Authors: Kong Li-yun , Li Yan , Rao Ding-yu , Wu Bing , Sang Cheng-peng , Lai Ping , Ye Jun-song , Zhang Zu-xiong , Du Zhi-ming , Yu Jun-jian , Gu Liang , Xie Fa-chun , Liu Zi-you , Tang Zhi-xian 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Previous studies have reported that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-
derived exosomes can protect primary rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs)
against oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced injury.

Objective:
The aim was to identify the key factors mediating the protective effects of MSC-derived
exosomes.

Methods:
Primary rat BMECs were either pretreated or not pretreated with MSC-derived exosomes
before exposure to OGD/R. Naïve cells were used as a control. After performing small RNA
deep sequencing, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to
validate microRNA (miRNA) expression. The effects of rno-miR-666-3p on cell viability, apoptosis,
and inflammation in OGD/R-exposed cells were assessed by performing the Cell Counting Kit
8 assay, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Moreover, the
role of rno-miR-666-3p in regulating gene expression in OGD/R-exposed cells was studied using
mRNA deep sequencing. Lastly, to evaluate whether mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)
was the target of rno-miR-666-3p, western blotting and the dual-luciferase assay were performed.

Results:
MSC-derived exosomes altered the miRNA expression patterns in OGD/R-exposed
BMECs. In particular, the expression levels of rno-miR-666-3p, rno-miR-92a-2-5p, and rnomiR-
219a-2-3p decreased in OGD/R-exposed cells compared with those in the control; however,
MSC-derived exosomes restored the expression levels of these miRNAs under OGD/R conditions.
rno-miR-666-3p overexpression enhanced cell viability and alleviated the apoptosis of OGD/R-exposed
cells. Moreover, rno-miR-666-3p suppressed OGD/R-induced inflammation. mRNA deep sequencing
revealed that rno-miR-666-3p is closely associated with the MAPK signaling pathway.
Western blotting and the dual-luciferase assay confirmed that MAPK1 is the target of rnomiR-
666-3p.

Conclusion:
MSC-derived exosomes restore rno-miR-666-3p expression in OGD/R-exposed
BMECs. Moreover, this specific miRNA exerts protective effects against OGD/R by suppressing
the MAPK signaling pathway.
The Role of Machine Learning in Centralized Authorization Process of Nanomedicines in European Union
Authors: Santana Ricardo , Onieva Enrique , Zuluaga Robin , Duardo-Sánchez Aliuska , Gañán Piedad 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Machine Learning (ML) has experienced an increasing use, given the possibilities
to expand the scientific knowledge of different disciplines, such as nanotechnology. This
has allowed the creation of Cheminformatic models capable of predicting biological activity and
physicochemical characteristics of new components with high success rates in training and test partitions.
Given the current gaps of scientific knowledge and the need for efficient application of
medicines products law, this paper analyzes the position of regulators for marketing medicinal
nanoproducts in the European Union and the role of ML in the authorization process.

Methods:
In terms of methodology, a dogmatic study of the European regulation and the guidance
of the European Medicine Agency on the use of predictive models for nanomaterials was carried
out. The study has, as the framework of reference, the European Regulation 726/2004 and has focused
on the analysis of how ML processes are contemplated in the regulations.

Results:
As a result, we present a discussion of the information that must be provided for every
case for simulation methods. The results show a favorable and flexible position for the development
of the use of predictive models to complement the applicant's information.

Conclusion:
It is concluded that Machine Learning has the capacity to help improve the application
of nanotechnology medicine products regulation. Future regulations should promote this kind
of information given the advanced state of the art in terms of algorithms that are able to build accurate
predictive models. This especially applies to methods, such as Perturbation Theory Machine
Learning (PTML), given that it is aligned with principles promoted by the standards of Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Union regulations, and European
Authority Medicine. To our best knowledge, this is the first study focused on nanotechnology
medicine products and machine learning used to support technical European public assessment reports
(EPAR) for complementary information.
Restoration of Root Filled Teeth; Current Opinions and Techniques
Authors: Wahab Fouad Kadim , Mahasneh Sari Adel , Sawair Faleh Abdelhafeeth , Hamdan Mahmoud Anwar , Hattar Susan Nweiser , AL-Rabab’ah Mohammad Abdalla 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To examine current decision-making preferences of Jordanian dentists when Restoring Root Filled Teeth (RFT).

Materials and Methods:
834 Jordanian general dentists, prosthodontists and endodontists were invited to participate in a validated online survey with a 62% participation rate. Respondents were invited to answer 24 questions about their preferences for techniques and materials they use to restore RFT. The questions aimed at exploring restorative strategies commonly employed by Jordanian dentists when managing root filled teeth with extensive loss of tooth structure.

Results:
A minority of dentists consider direct resin restoration as the sole restoration for RFT with extensive loss of tooth structure. Full coverage metal-ceramic and all-ceramic crowns are more popular than endocrowns when restoring RFT with indirect restoration. Fiber posts are the most popular type of posts, followed by prefabricated metal posts. Glass ionomer is the most preferred cement for luting metal posts, while conventional dual resin cement with separate etch and rinse bonding strategy is the most employed when bonding fiber posts. The majority of dentists tend not to pretreat fiber posts. Loss of post/core retention or fracture of coronal tooth structure are the two most common reasons observed by dentists when RFT fail.

Conclusion:
Use of post and core is still preferred over more conservative approaches when restoring RFT with extensive loss of coronal tooth structure. Longevity of restorations can be enhanced by training practicing dentists on evidence-based adhesive strategies.
Harnessing the Natural Pool of Polyketide and Non-ribosomal Peptide
Family: A Route Map towards Novel Drug Development
Authors: Girija Aiswarya , Vijayanathan Mallika , Sreekumar Sweda , Basheer Jasim , Menon Tara G. , Krishnankutty Radhakrishnan E. , Soniya Eppurathu V. 
Published: March 2021

:
The emergence of communicable and non-communicable diseases has posed a health
challenge for millions of people worldwide and is a major threat to the economic and social development
in the coming century. The occurrence of the recent pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, caused by
lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is one such example. Rapid research and development
of drugs for the treatment and management of these diseases have become an incredibly
challenging task for the pharmaceutical industry. Although, substantial attention has been paid to
the discovery of therapeutic compounds from natural sources having significant medicinal potential,
their synthesis has made a slow progress. Hence, the discovery of new targets by the application
of the latest biotechnological and synthetic biology approaches is very much the need of the
hour. Polyketides (PKs) and non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) found in bacteria, fungi and plants are
a diverse family of natural products synthesized by two classes of enzymes: polyketide synthases
(PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). These enzymes possess immense biomedical
potential due to their simple architecture, catalytic capacity, as well as diversity. With the advent
of the latest in-silico and in-vitro strategies, these enzymes and their related metabolic pathways,
if targeted, can contribute highly towards the biosynthesis of an array of potentially natural
drug leads that have antagonist effects on biopolymers associated with various human diseases. In
the face of the rising threat from multidrug-resistant pathogens, this will further open new avenues
for the discovery of novel and improved drugs by combining natural and synthetic approaches.
This review discusses the relevance of polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides and the improvement
strategies for the development of their derivatives and scaffolds, and how they will be beneficial
for future bioprospecting and drug discovery.
Factors Affecting HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing Uptake among Usndergraduate Students of Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: Abdalla Ashraf Mohamed , Abusalih Howeida H. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) services provide an importatnt start to HIV/AIDS prevention and care. The literature showed that the uptake of VCT is very low, and it is affected by many factors among university students, which are considered as high-risk group for HIV/AIDS infection.

Objective:

The objective of this study is to identify the factors that affect the uptake of voluntary counseling and testing among the undergraduate students.

Methodology:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the undergraduate students from the faculty of sciences at the Khartoum university with a sample size of 192. The students were selected by systematic random technique. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection, and data were entered and analyzed by using the SPSS (computer program). IRB approval was obtained from the University of Science and Technology, and informed consent was taken from all participants.

Results:
A total of 192 students participated in this study 107 (55.7%) male and 85 (44.3%) female. Out of these, 100 (52.1%) were in the age group of 15-20, while 92 (47.9%) were in the age group of 21-25. Regarding the knowledge about VCT; 149 (78%) students had good knowledge. The study revealed that about 17 (9%) of the students took the HIV test, and 118 (62%) expressed their willingness to uptake VCT in the future. Reasons that hindered HIV testing during this study include: 1) Some students did not consider themselves at risk (84 i.e. 44%), some students did not know the place where the test is provided (74 i.e. 38.%), some of them did not hear about VCT (32 i.e. 17%) and some were afraid of the test results (17 i.e. 32%). The study found that VCT uptake is positively associated with age, sexual intercourse, and considering themselves self at
risk of HIV infection (p=0.05,0.00.0.03 respectively). Moreover, the study also found an association between willingness to uptake VCT in the future with sexual intercourse and considering themselves at risk of HIV of HIV infection (p = 0.03, 0.00 respectively).

Conclusion:
The uptake of VCT is very low among university students, and it is associated with age and risk perception and sexual intercourse. The most important factors include not considering themselves at risk or not knowing the place of testing or no knowledge about the test or the fear of being positive. On the other hand, willingness to uptake the test was considerably high.
Ethical Insight and Safety Principles of Working with Cadaver among the First-year Medical School Students-An Educational Research
Authors: Khorsandi Mahboobeh , Vakilian Katayon , Fadavi Mohsen , Bayat Parvindokht 
Published: March 2021

Background:
This study aimed to conduct a workshop to improve the ethics and safety of working with a cadaver.

Materials and Methods:
This interventional study was conducted on 37 freshmen medicine students working with a cadaver. A workshop was held by a medical ethics expert. Two weeks later, the questionnaires were again distributed among the participants. The data were analyzed by Paired-T and Wilcoxon test using SPSS 21 software.

Results:
The mean score of the ethical insight increased after the workshop (P=0.001). The insight on the safety did not show a significant variation (P=0.830).

Conclusion:
It is recommended to hold a workshop to teach the ethical points of working with the cadaver before the students’ entrance to the dissection hall.
The Effects of Meditation with a Biofeedback Program on Stress and Depression Levels among People with Mild Depression Diabetes
Authors: Patarathipakorn Ormanee , Ruchiwit Manyat , Smith Marlaine 
Published: March 2021

Background:
The increased amount of depression among people with diabetes is a burden on society. Biofeedback and meditation can impact the self-regulation of this group.

Objective:
This study aims to study the effect of combining meditation with a biofeedback training program on the stress and depression among diabetes people with mild depression.

Methods:
This study is based on a randomized controlled trial approach.
One hundred two participants were divided into three groups of 34 participants each, involving meditation, a combination of meditation and Skin Conductance (SC) with Skin Temperature (ST) biofeedback, and a control group. All three groups received routine nursing. Measurements were made using the Symptoms of Stress Inventory (SOSI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and MANOVA and MANCOVA. The duration of the study was from June 2018 to October 2019.

Results:
There were statistically significant differences in stress and depression among the three groups. Those receiving both meditation and biofeedback had the greatest reduction in the linear combination of stress and depression. Accordingly, the biofeedback program is a program that is capable of helping people learn how to relax, as biofeedback instruments feed information back to people through on-screen visual signals, thus enabling them to learn about their progress and success.

Conclusion:
In summary, a combination of meditation and SC and ST biofeedback can reduce stress and depression in people with mild depression diabetes.
Pharmacokinetics of Bio-shell-silver-core Nanoparticles (AgNP) in Sprague-Dawley Rats - In Vivo Study
Authors: Parveen Asra , Malashetty Vijaykumar B. , Marla Sushruta , Reddy Shanth , Sirsand Sidramappa , Yalagatti Manjunath , Abbaraju Venkataraman , Deshpande Raghunandan 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Silver nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of nanomedicine.
A comprehensive understanding of their pharmacokinetics is crucial for proper risk assessment and
safe biomedical applications.

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of silver nanoparticles by determining
their potential toxicity following 28 days of administration in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Methods:
The silver nanoparticles were administered by intravenous injection at the doses of 100,
200 and 500 μg/kg body weight for 28 consecutive days. Animals in the control group were received
sterile water for injection. Each group consists of 10 male and 10 female rats.

Results:
No treatment-related effects were seen in any of the parameters monitored in rats given
100, 200 and 500 μg/kg body weight/day of silver nanoparticles.

Conclusion:
The study proved that the use of up to 500 µg/kg body weight biosynthesized silver nanoparticles have no toxic effect in the target organs and found safe. However, the safety of the nanoparticles might be attributed to the covering of biological moieties on nanoparticles. Hence, the biofunctionalized nanoparticles can be safely used by selecting the required size and dose in medicines and drug delivery systems.