bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microearthquakes in the Tihamat-Asir region of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Merghelani H. M. , Gallanthine S. K. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
During the course of a seismic refraction investigation in Saudi Arabia, an unexpected high level of microearthquake activity was detected near the border of the Red Sea and near the transition from oceanic to continental crust. The data is not adequate to determine fault plane solutions nor to relate the earthquakes to specific structures, but the existence of microearthquakes at this location suggest that there is a significant level of tectonic activity at a point 200 km from an axial trough of the Red Sea. These data, combined with other recent geological observations, may be an important clue to the understanding of continental rifting. The data suggest the need for a more thorough investigation of the earthquake hazard along the shores of the Red Sea.
Seismic history of Minnesota and its geological significance
Authors: Mooney Harold M. , Morey G. B. 
Published: June 2021

abstractTwelve earthquakes have been documented in Minnesota in the last 120 yr. The first nine were felt, whereas the last three (all in 1979) were detected instrumentally by a six-element seismic array which has recently been put into operation. Estimated magnitudes range from 0.1 (instrumental only) to 4.8, with four of magnitude 4.3 or greater. The highest intensity values were VI to VII. Depths where obtainable are estimated at 5 to 20 km. The best documented event occurred on 9 July 1975 near Morris, Minnesota, with a magnitude of 4.6, a maximum intensity of VI, and a felt area of 82,000 km2 covering parts of four states. The event was recorded to epicentral distances of at least 38°.The epicenters show a clear relationship to tectonic features of the state. Four epicenters lie along the newly defined Great Lakes Tectonic Zone, an east-northeast-trending belt extending across several states and into Canada. The zone separates 3,000 to 3,600 m.y. rocks of a gneissic terrane to the south from 2,700 m.y. rocks of a greenstone-granite terrane to the north. Four other events lie on known major northwest-trending faults in the greenstone-granite terrane. Two and possibly three events are associated with the western margin of the Midcontinent Rift System.
Strain accumulation near the epicenters of the 1978 Bishop and 1980 Mammoth Lakes, California, earthquakes
Authors: Savage J. C. , Lisowski M. , Prescott W. H. , King N. E. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe Bishop, California, earthquake (ML = 5.8) of 4 October 1978 occurred virtually beneath one of the stations in a trilateration network used by the U.S. Geological Survey to monitor strain accumulation in northern Owens Valley. Subsequently (late May 1980), three earthquakes (ML = 6.0, 6.3, and 6.0), the Mammoth Lakes sequence, occurred on the edge of the trilateration network 10 to 20 km from the Bishop earthquake epicenter. The deformation of the network observed in the epoch 1976 to mid-1979 was not significantly different from that observed in the epoch 1973 to 1976. Thus, the Bishop earthquake itself did not produce a measurable deformation, nor was anomalous deformation detected prior to the Mammoth Lakes earthquakes. The deformation of the trilateration network between July 1979 and September 1980 indicates significant extension (50 mm in 25 km) in the direction N65°E, essentially perpendicular to the alignment of the epicenters of the Mammoth Lakes earthquakes. This deformation suggests normal faulting, whereas the preliminary nodal-plane solutions seem to require left-lateral slip. Secular strain accumulation was detected in northern Owens Valley (latitude 37°15′ to 37°45′) in the 1972 to 1979 interval. The principal strain rates with standard deviations were 0.08 ± 0.02 μstrain/a N83°E ± 15° and 0.02 ± 0.02 μstrain/a N07°W ± 15°, extension reckoned positive. The observed strain accumulation is consistent with normal faulting along the Sierra escarpment in Owens Valley north of Bishop. This accumulation appears to contrast with southern Owens Valley where strain accumulation is primarily right-lateral shear acorss the axis of the valley.
Determination of seismograph constants from the calibration curve
Authors: Gershanik Simón , Gershanik Carlota 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe explicit expression of the long-period WWSSN calibration curve can be obtained solving the differential equations of the seismograph system in terms of ew and identifying the characteristic equation to a product of polynomials of the second degree. The coefficients of these polynomials are the equivalent constants. These and a scale factor can be obtained from the calibration curve. The frequency response of the seismograph system is fully determined by these elements provided that the reduced motor constant and the calibration current are known. The explicit knowledge of the seismograph partial constants is not necessary.Newton-Raphson's method is generally efficient to obtain the elements from the calibration curve, but it may fail some times. Levenberg's method (slightly modified) and also simple step reduction can be helpful in such cases. The unknowns can be obtained either freely or under the constraint that some of the partial constants have the values assigned to them. The latter may be convenient when the behavior of parts of the system is affected by some trouble.
Spatial-temporal variations in seismicity preceding the May 1980, Mammoth Lakes, California, earthquakes
Authors: Ryall Alan , Ryall Floriana 
Published: June 2021

abstractAnomalous temporal variations in the southern part of the Sierra Nevada-Great Basin boundary zone (SNGBZ) from 1977 to 1980 followed a pattern that several authors have identified as precursory to strong earthquakes. From January 1977 to September 1978, a general decrease in seismicity was observed in the southern part of the zone, followed by a burst of moderate earthquakes from Doyle in the northern part of the SNGBZ to Bishop in the south. The 1977 to 1979 variations are particularly noteworthy because they occurred over the entire SNGBZ, indicating a regional, rather than local cause. In the southern part of the zone, a magnitude 5.7 shock 25 km northwest of Bishop on 4 October 1978 was followed by an earthquake swarm in the Mammoth Lakes area, with peaks in activity during late 1979 and the spring of 1980. The Mammoth Lakes activity spread gradually to the west during the first year of this sequence, apparently involving several northerly-trending fracture zones in an area of about 900 km2. Bursts of activity from December 1979 to April 1980 had increasingly dense spatial clustering. Temporal clustering showed monthly peaks in the spring of 1980, and intense swarming occurred in mid-May, about 10 days before the largest events in the sequence.A search for changes in P-wave velocity changes within the SNGBZ, based on recordings of Nevada Test Site explosions at pairs of stations, has so far produced negative results.
Patterns of local seismicity preceding the petatlan earthquake of 14 March 1979
Authors: Gettrust J. F. , Hsu V. , Helsley C. E. , Herrero E. , Jordan T. 
Published: June 2021

abstractLocal seismic activity (M &gt; 2.3) during the 412-day period preceding the Petatlan earthquake of 14 March 1979 (Ms = 7.6) was monitored by a seismic network deployed by the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics. These data allow us to revise the location of that event, and to study its pattern of foreshocks. The foreshock hypocenters are concentrated above the ocean/continent plate boundary and landward of the hypocenter of the main shock. The spatial distribution of foreshocks suggests that the foreshocks occurred along existing zones of weakness within the continental plate. During the 112-day period preceding the Petatlan event, foreshocks were concentrated within 100 km of the epicenter of that earthquake. The pattern of precursory seismic activity we observed during that period is similar to that observed during the same time period prior to the Oaxaca earthquake of 29 November 1978. However, the 17-hr period of seismic quiescence (for events with M &gt; 2.8) preceding the Oaxaca earthquake is not found in our data where a magnitude 4 foreshock occurs within 28 min of and 2 km from the Petatlan event. This suggests that the spatially larger set of foreshocks may have greater diagnostic value than does the sequence of precursory events within 30 km of the main shock.
Geodetic determination of horizontal deformation associated with the Guatemala earthquake of 4 February 1976
Authors: Lisowski M. , Thatcher W. 
Published: June 2021

abstractA 15-station geodetic control network extending 10 km north and 40 km south of the Motagua fault in Guatemala was reobserved 2 yr after the 4 February 1976 MS = 7.5 earthquake. The initial first-order triangulation was observed in two parts: the Guatemala-Honduras border arc completed in 1935 and the Motagua valley arc completed in 1953. Both angles and distances were observed in the 1978 resurvey. The angle changes between the combined 1935 to 1953 survey and the 1978 resurvey were used to calculate earthquake-related fault slip on two dislocation models of the rupture surface. Left-lateral slip of 1.3 ± 0.1 m is calculated for a model fault with constant displacement from 0 to 15 km. For a model fault divided into three successively deeper sections, the calculated left-lateral slip is 0.8 ± 0.1 m near the surface, increasing to 2.1 ± 0.5 m in the intermediate 5- to 15-km section, and is undetermined at greater depths. Both models are consistent with the 0.9 to 1.1 m of accumulated slip and afterslip observed near the network by Bucknam et al. (1978). The second model is in better agreement with the 2 m of slip derived by Kanamori and Stewart (1978) from a long-period seismic surface wave estimate of the seismic moment.
A study of Puget Sound strong ground motion
Authors: Langston Charles A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractAn attempt was made to model strong motion velocities and displacements from the 1965 Puget Sound earthquake. Teleseismic P waves recorded at Tumwater, Washington, were also examined to place constraints on allowable interface contrasts and to determine whether lateral heterogeneity is a major factor affecting wave propagation. Although strong motion models qualitatively showed many of the characteristics of near-vertical wave propagation in layered structures, the amplitude behavior of individual stations was quite complex. Data from Tacoma and Seattle sites attained lower velocities and acceleration compared to Olympia. The amplitude behavior is consistent with higher attenuation under Tacoma and Seattle although this is not strictly required. The short-period P data recorded at Tumwater show evidence of large velocity contrast interfaces under the station consistent with those assumed in the crustal models. The teleseismic data also indicated that dipping structure or other lateral heterogeneity is important for Olympia structure. Irrespective of these wave propagation problems, the largest single factor which has affected the level of strong ground motions in Puget Sound is the large source depth of past earthquakes. Thus, estimates of seismic hazard based on a direct interpretation of the strong motion data of the 1965 and 1949 events will be erroneously biased toward less hazard if there is potential for shallow faulting in the Puget depression.
Some seismological features from an analysis of the recent seismic activity in the Messina Strait
Authors: Bottari A. , Federico B. , Neri G. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
An analysis of the recent seismic activity at the Strait of Messina during the last 30 yr, made on the basis of collected observation data, is reported. For about 2 yr this activity has been better observed since a short-period seismic network [Messina Strait Network (MSN)] has been installed on both sides of the strait.
The use of a compatible crustal model and of the HYPOSTRE program, elaborated to determine the hypocentral parameters of local events, gives results which can be correlated with the structural characteristics of the graben of the strait. Besides, some elements arising from a previous seismological analysis, made in the same area before the MSN had been activated, are confirmed. In particular, the existence of a microearthquake source, having its epicenter situated a little south of Messina, is here reproposed.
Furthermore, the increase in the number of stations on both sides of the reveals that the absorption of the seismic energy propagating parallel to the graben structures is different from that observed when the energy travels orthogonally to them. This fact, together with the results obtained using HYPOSTRE for calculating the focal depth of some local events, suggest the existence of an “energy trap” affecting the more superficial crustal layers. This is correlated with the existence of the dynamic discontinuity of the strait.
On the correlation of the components of strong ground motion—Part 2
Authors: Hadjian A. H. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
The correlation coefficient of the two horizontal components of strong ground motion is studied as an aid in specifying characteristics of synthetically generated motions to be used simultaneously in the dynamic response of structures. The recorded available data is “extended” by recognizing certain properties of the components of ground motion such that the statistical data used includes all possibilities of the orientation of recording accelerographs. The probability density function of the correlation coefficients is derived numerically, which could be used for further studies of the characteristics of ground motion. From this distribution, an approximate yet simple description of the correlation coefficient of the components of ground motion is derived for use in seismic design codes: it is shown that the value of the correlation coefficient of the components of ground motion can be approximated by a rectangular distribution ranging from −0.32 to 0.32. For all practical purposes the correlation coefficient varies from −0.5 to +0.5.
Short-range distance measurements along the San Andreas fault system in central California, 1975 to 1979
Authors: Lisowski M. , Prescott W. H. 
Published: June 2021

abstractPeriodic measurements of fault-crossing networks with a side length of 1 to 3 km are being made to monitor deformation across fault zones in California. The distance measurements are made with a Hewlett-Packard 3800 or 3808 electronic distance meter and have a maximum standard deviation of 5 mm. Deformation measured within networks that span the San Juan Bautista-Cholame segment of the San Andreas fault in central California yields slip rates similar to those measured across a 100- to 300-m-wide zone by repeated alinement array surveys. Fault slip rates increase from near 0 to 32 mm/yr between San Juan Bautista and Bitterwater Valley in step-like increments. From Bitterwater to Slack Canyon slip rates vary between 26 and 32 mm/yr. Slip rates decrease southwestward of Slack Canyon to 3 mm/yr at Cholame. In contrast, Geodolite measurements of deformation across a 20-km-wide zone are consistent from San Juan Bautista to Slack Canyon and imply a 32 ± 2 mm/yr slip rate. Deformation across the Calaveras fault accounts for the difference between Geodolite and near-fault slip rates between San Juan Bautista and Bear Valley, although the zone of deformation is wider than 2.5 km just south of Hollister. At Bear Valley, measurements of a short-range network crossing the Paicines fault imply a slip rate of 10 ± 3 mm/yr during the period 1976 to 1979. From Slack Canyon to Cholame, Geodolite measurements show a constant decrease in the rate of shallow slip.
Impact of COVID-19 infection on maternal near miss cases in tertiary care centre
Authors: Chavan Niranjan , Mahapatra Shalini , Venkateswaran Sneha , Ponkshe Jui , Nayak Arun H. 
Published: June 2021

Background: The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has exposed vulnerable populations to a health crisis. Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 outbreak, it has been argued whether pregnant women are at increased risk of severe infection.1 The objective of this study was to summarize the effect of COVID-19 on maternal near miss cases.Methods: This single-centre prospective observational study, included all consecutive pregnant women with COVID-19 infection admitted to Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital (Mumbai, India), a tertiary referral hospital, from 1 April 2020, to 20 December 2020. In this study, a total of 46 patients were included in near miss cases, who required ICU admission with severe morbidity. Of these, 8 patients were COVID-19 positive and remaining 38 patients were included in control group (COVID-19 negative). The course of each of their stay in ward was noted and findings were compared in both the groups. Results: During their course in ICU it was found that 6 COVID-19 patients had maternal death representing 75% and 12 non-COVID-19 patients had maternal death representing 31.57%. Conclusions: The mortality rate from the above results concludes that in this study mortality appeared to be higher in COVID-19 infection. Multi-centre retrospective analysis with larger population size is required in order for this to be statistically significant.
Comparison of efficacy of injection ferric carboxymaltose and iron sucrose in moderate anaemia in pregnancy
Authors: Ram Kishna , Arya Kavita , Hooja Nupur , Singh Neha , Jaiswal Aditi 
Published: June 2021

Background: Prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women is 14% in developed and 58-89.6% in pregnant Indian women. Parenteral iron is seems to be an option in the treatment of moderate iron deficiency anaemia which allow high doses of iron to be administered rapidly, in those who are intolerant to oral iron, have poor compliance to oral iron or gastrointestinal disorder. The objective was to compare the efficacy of newer drug, inravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) with intravenous iron sucrose.Methods: Group A were given injection FCM and group B were given injection iron sucrose. FCM was given in one or two sittings depending on iron requirement and iron sucrose was given in divided doses. Haemogram was done at baseline and on day 3 and 21 and at 12 weeks. All the observations were tabulated and analysed.Results: The mean rise in haemoglobin values from baseline in the FCM group was 0.20±0.06 at 3rd day, 2.03±0.47 at 3 weeks, 3.86±0.53 at 12 weeks compared to iron sucrose group, which was 0.11±0.08 at 3rd day, 1.51±0.39 at 3 weeks, and 3.22±0.54 at 12 weeks, which was statistically significant and showed that the haemoglobin levels were increased more in FCM group. Target haemoglobin was achieved in 92% women in FCM group and 78% women in iron sucrose group.Conclusions: Women in the FCM group achieved significantly higher haemoglobin level than in iron sucrose group. It was given in fewer sittings, hence was more convenient with better efficacy.
Colocación con funciones de base radial para la solución de modelos matemáticos en fenoménos de transporte
Authors: Flórez-Escobar Whady Felipe 
Published: June 2021

En este trabajo se presentan los principales métodos con funciones de base radial, para la solución de modelos matemáticos en fenómenos de transporte, basados en ecuaciones diferenciales parciales. Como casos de aplicación, se presentan algunos ejemplos de la solución de problemas acoplados de dinámica de fluidos, para ilustrar la potencia, generalidad y simplicidad de estas técnicas.
Recursos léxico-pragmáticos en los titulares de la prensa deportiva digital
Authors: Bień Janusz 
Published: June 2021

Mechanizmy leksykalno-pragmatyczne w nagłówkach elektronicznej prasy sportowej
Artykuł stanowi analizę mechanizmów leksykalno-pragmatycznych oraz zjawisk pochodnych, jakie można zaobserwować w nagłówkach elektronicznej prasy sportowej. Analiza została przeprowadzona na tematycznym korpusie 320 nagłówków zebranych na kilku portalach sportowych: madryckich, katalońskich i polskim. Ocena wydarzeń, zwłaszcza sukcesów i porażek dwóch wielkich klubów, Realu Madryt i FC Barcelony, jest często różna i subiektywna, w zależności od tego, czy opisuje je dziennik madrycki, czy barceloński. Polski portal przedstawia zdarzenia w sposób bardziej obiektywny, neutralny i zdystansowany. Jedną ze strategii dyskursywnych, wykorzystywanych częściej przez dzienniki katalońskie, jest skierowanie uwagi czytelnika na aspekty, które nie są centralną częścią wiadomości. Różnice pomiędzy prasą ze stolicy Hiszpanii a prasą katalońską wyrażają się również w formalnym i semantycznym typie nagłówka oraz w środkach językowych najczęściej w nich stosowanych.

Recursos léxico-pragmáticos en los titulares de la prensa deportiva digital
El presente texto constituye un análisis léxico formal y semántico-pragmático de los titulares digitales censados en los más grandes periódicos deportivos madirleños y catalanes. Con este fin se ha elaborado un corpus temático monolingüe, manualmente anotado, y los ejemplos censados en un portal digital polaco funcionan en calidad de tertium comparationis. Entre los medios digitales madrileños y catalanes se observan notables diferencias en cuanto a la presentación de los acontecimientos deportivos protagonizados por clubes pertenecientes a campos rivales. En cambio, el medio polaco adopta una postura objetiva aportando, en función de las circunstancias, una valoración objetiva, negativa, positiva o neutra de los acontecimientos deportivos. Una de las estratagemas discursivas que se usa con frecuencia a fin de disminuir el valor de los éxitos deportivos del campo ajeno consiste en focalizar la atención del lector en los eventos y personajes del segundo plano en detrimento del mero contenido de la noticia. Este fenómeno va relacionado con un hecho muy relevante en el plano lingüístico que diferencia la prensa catalana y la madrileña: predilección por un tipo de titular concreto o recursos formales empleados con más frecuencia.
Formuły powitalne z czasownikiem besar ‘całować’ w historii języka hiszpańskiego
Authors: Zielinski Andrzej 
Published: June 2021

Celem studium jest diachroniczna analiza hiszpańskich formuł powitalnych, rozumianych jako spragmatykalizowane jednostki dyskursywne, właściwe ekspresywnemu aktowi mowy i służące do otwarcia kanału komunikacyjnego. W oparciu o teksty z epistolarnej tradycji dyskursywnej (VI-XIX wieku), autor podejmuje próbę ukazania paradygmatycznego pochodzenia, ewolucyjnej ścieżki oraz socjopragmatycznego uwarunkowania wyrażeń z czasownikiem besar ‘całować’ w historii języka hiszpańskiego.