bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O impacto de mostras científicas no processo de alfabetização científica de crianças da educação infantil
Authors: Monteiro Marco Aurelio Alvarenga , Rolando Rodolfo , Teixeira Danielle Silva de Novais 
Published: June 2021

A sociedade atual, parametrizada pelo desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, oferece uma série de facilidades e melhorias para a vida do cidadão nas diferentes áreas da atuação humana, como nas comunicações, na saúde, nos transportes e até mesmo no lazer. Se essa realidade é bem-vinda pela comodidade e bem-estar que oportuniza, concomitantemente, gera demandas significativas em torno da escola e dos processos que formam os indivíduos para o exercício consciente, crítico e atuante da cidadania. Assim sendo, a educação científica se faz cada vez mais necessária ao cidadão e, por isso, deve iniciar cada vez mais cedo. O termo Alfabetização Científica foi cunhado no intuito de chamar a atenção para a necessidade que se tem de oferecer meios para que as pessoas sejam capazes de ler o mundo à sua volta a partir da linguagem científica, apropriando-se dela para participar das discussões que buscam maneiras de aperfeiçoá-lo. Neste trabalho apresentamos uma discussão sobre os resultados de uma pesquisa que estudou o impacto de mostras científicas para o processo de alfabetização científica de alunos da Educação Infantil. Para tanto, entrevistamos três turmas de alunos da Educação Infantil, cuja faixa etária variava entre 4 e 5 anos, totalizando 47 alunos, antes e após apresentarmos uma mostra de experimentos de demonstração de fenômenos físicos. A entrevista foi coletiva, envolvendo alunos de cada turma numa roda de conversa sobre os temas científicos abordados na mostra. Os resultados apontaram para a existência de uma ampliação significativa do repertório cultural dos alunos, o que pode auxiliar a formalização da aprendizagem em etapas posteriores de ensino.
On the question of the required foam expansion ratio for sublayer extinguishing of oil and oil products fires in vertical steel tanks
Authors: Молчанов Виктор Павлович , Бастриков Денис Леонидович , Макаров Сергей Александрович , Фещенко Александр Николаевич , Третьяков Алексей Владимирович , Апанасенко Игорь Алексеевич 
Published: June 2021

Возможность эффективного тушения резервуаров подслойным способом во многом зависит от подъема пены на поверхность горючей жидкости. Критически рассмотрены существующие методики испытаний высоконапорных пеногенераторов для подслойного пожаротушения. Предложены расчетные формулы для определения величины минимальной кратности пены, способной к подъему, в зависимости от состава и плотности горючей жидкости, высоты столба горючей жидкости, типа используемого пенообразователя. Обоснованы условия применения существующих систем подслойного пожаротушения для резервуаров с различной высотой стенки.
During the certification tests of high-pressure foam generators for sublayer oil and oil products fire extinguishing in the tanks there is created a conditional back pressure at the generator output, and the foam expansion ratio is measured when this back pressure is no longer present. In accordance with the standardized methodology the foam expansion ratio is measured in the measuring container by weight. The derived foam after passing throughout the pipeline is supplied to the measuring container where the foam expansion ratio is measured under the atmospheric pressure. In practice, during fire extinguishing the flammable liquid exerts a constant excess pressure on the formed foam. The expansion ratio of the foam decreases in proportion to the pressure value of the column. As a result, the foam expansion ratio can reduce to a value when the Archimedean buoyant force no longer occurs. In this case, the foam cannot be supplied to the surface of the flammable liquid and the fire cannot be extinguished. The back pressure created at the tank base depends on the height of the tank wall (level of the liquid fuel filling) and on its density. Foam rise is possible if the foam density is lower than the fuel density. Light oil products extinguishing requires greater expansion ratio foam than heavy oil products extinguishing. At the same time, heavy oil products cause greater back pressure and a decrease in the foam expansion ratio. Alcohols in the composition of modern high-octane gasolines produce an additional defoaming effect on the foam, which questions the feasibility of using a sublayer fire extinguishing system of modern high-octane gasolines. The article evaluates a set of parameters that affect the required foam expansion ratio for sublayer extinguishing of oil and oil products fires in tanks and justifies the minimum value of its expansion ratio.
Taking a crack at the dome: histopathology of a pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) frontoparietal dome
Authors: Dyer Aaron D. , LeBlanc Aaron R.H. , Doschak Michael R. , Currie Philip J. 
Published: June 2021

Recent studies have identified numerous pathologies in the cranial domes of pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs. These studies utilized CT images of domes to identify secondary woven bone and sclerosis associated with the pathologies. These features were critical for diagnosing post-traumatic osteomyelitis, which supported the head-butting behaviour hypothesis. However, conventional CT image resolution may not be sufficient to identify secondary woven bone or sclerotic bone in fossil specimens. UALVP 8504 (cf. Foraminacephale brevis), a dome possessing putative bone lesions, was thin-sectioned and micro-CT scanned. Thin sections revealed the lesions are lytic, without any secondary woven bone or sclerosis, falsifying the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. The morphology and histology of the lesions of UALVP 8504 are not diagnostic and resemble both post-traumatic and non-traumatic lesions. However, UALVP 8504 possesses shifted vascular canals (repositioning via remodeling, which maintains anatomical position throughout ontogeny) that are decoupled from growth (), and drifting osteons (secondary osteons where resorption occurs longitudinally and transversely). These demonstrate that the dome has sustained external mechanical loading, likely resulting from an impact or multiple impacts, consistent with the head-butting hypothesis. These impacts may have damaged overlying soft tissues and formed the lesions along the surface. Therefore, we suspect that the pathologies in UALVP 8504 are post-traumatic.
GE SiC Semiconductor Device Operation at Extreme Temperatures
Authors: Esler David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
GE Research has been working on the design, packaging, and testing of SiC Power semiconductors devices at junction temperatures up to 500°C for the past 5 years. Intrinsically, SiC power devices are able to endure and operate reliably at harsh environments. Limiting factors to packaged devices’ operation at high temperature are the contact metallization and packaging. While testing bare die power devices, probe contact resistance was found to be an issue for resistance measurements at very high temperatures. On the backside contact, traditional die attach solders have operational temperature limits. Using insulated metal substrates, sintered die attach, and wedge bond interconnect, GE Research tested its power devices up to 500°C junction temperature. GE Research also demonstrated various junction termination dielectric stackups which can block up to 1000V at 500°C junction and show improvements over traditional organic dielectric options (e.g. Epoxy, Silicone, Polyimide).
Package Design and Analysis for Vertical Gallium Nitride Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Harris John , Huitink David , Ewing Dan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a wide band gap semi-conductor with superior electron mobility to silicon carbide. These properties allow for the design of high temperature capable devices with excellent on resistance and breakdown voltage for their size. However, bulk GaN is difficult to fabricate and doping for field effect transistor (FET) control has been elusive, so vertical GaN devices are not commonplace. This paper measures the characteristics of vertical GaN FETs in the development stage and discusses packaging them for fabrication feedback and for future high temperature aplications.
A 300°C High Reliability HALT/HAST Screening/Sorting Procedure for Ceramic Capacitors – Part 2
Authors: Snyder Harold L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This is Part 2 of a study initially presented at HiTEC 2018, for context, some introductory material is duplicated. A highly accelerated life test (HALT) and highly accelerated stress test (HAST) procedure for ceramic capacitors developed by the author in the mid 1980’s to early 1990’s, and published in 1994, consists of a 400 Volt biased six (6) hour stress sort at 150°C (423K), a methanol current leakage test that located mechanical and structural cracks, a visual inspection at ten times (10X) magnification, and a capacitance and dissipation measurement before and after the test. In over thirty (30) years of use, there has never been a user reported in-circuit failure in industrial, military, and aerospace application at temperatures as high as 500°C (773K). However, reviewing user feedback, two concerns with the original sorting procedure are the stress is performed at 150°C (423K), and the lack of a more detailed ceramic capacitor electrical model. To address the first, the low aging temperature, the stress temperature was increased from 150°C to 300°C, in order to age ceramic solid state crystal mineral phases that may change with temperature. The test results for X7R and NP0/COG multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) at 300°C, are compared to the test results using the original HALT/HAST procedure at 150°C. Differences between X7R/NP0/COG and porcelain capacitors are discussed when applicable. Further, a more detailed ceramic capacitor electrical model that represents the physical and electrical characteristics of the ceramic capacitors is presented, including the electrical current leakage effects with temperature, and the carbonized residue effects from the manufacturing process.
About the supreme power of the Alans
Authors: Туаллагов А.А. 
Published: June 2021

Статья посвящена вопросам идеологического оформления верховной
власти в раннесредневековой Алании и ее непосредственного наследования. Пись-
менные источники позволяют предполагать, что в первом вопросе Алания следо-
вала общим традициям иранского мира, наследовавшего соответствующие обще-
индоевропейские представления. Во втором вопросе предполагается наследование
престола по линии младших сыновей правителей.
The article is devoted to the issues of the ideological design of the supreme
power in early medieval Alania and its direct inheritance. Written sources suggest that in the
fi rst question, Alania followed the general traditions of the Iranian world, which inherited the
corresponding common Indo-European ideas. In the second question, the succession to the
throne is assumed through the younger sons of the rulers.
AVALIAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES AMBIENTAIS DO RIO PREGUIÇAS NO MUNICÍPIO DE BARREIRINHAS, MARANHÃO, BRASIL
Authors: Nunes Costa Breno , Nunes Costa Bruno , de Mendonça Marques Adriana 
Published: June 2021

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as condições ambientais do Rio Preguiças em Barreirinhas, Maranhão, Brasil, através de análises ambientais feitas a partir da aplicação do instrumento conhecido como Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida. A ferramenta intitulada “Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida” consistiu-se com um instrumento avaliador das condições ambientais de corpos hídricos, tendo por características variáveis e pontuações (0, 1, 2 e 4 pontos) para cada aspecto avaliado. Esta pesquisa teve por objeto de estudo três pontos principais do rio problematizado: Porto da Avenida Beira Rio (Ponto - 1), o Porto do Amapá (Ponto - 2) e Porto do São Domingos (Ponto - 3), onde, de acordo com as pontuações alcançadas ao final da aplicação do formulário de avaliação, pode-se fazer as classificações dos trechos estudos como: Trecho impactado: 0 a 11 pontos; Trecho alterado: 12 a 22 pontos e Trecho natural: 23 a 44 pontos. No que se refere aos resultados levantados, o ponto 1 pode ser classificado como “Trecho com alteração ambiental”, por apresentar pontuações negativas em grande parte dos aspectos estudados. As outras áreas avaliadas receberam o status de Trecho Natural, apesar de possuírem alguns aspectos negativos em certos momentos. O ponto 1 apresentou caraterísticas, que apesarem de já impulsionarem certas preocupações, ainda é possível reverter. No que se diz respeita as demais localidades estudas, elas não manifestaram grandes aspectos que levam a imediata degradação ao corpo hídrico aqui enfatizado, porém, caso as variantes se agravarem, pode ser que haja comprometimento maior do meio ambiente aquático apontado.
TÜRKİYE’DEKİ İMALAT İŞLETMELERİNİN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR İNOVASYON FAALİYETLERİ
Authors: ÇALIK Eyüp 
Published: June 2021

Amaç: İmalat işletmelerinin, sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefi doğrultusunda rekabet avantajını sürdürebilmek ve daha verimli çalışabilmek için sürdürülebilir inovasyon faaliyetlerine kaynak ayırmaları gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki imalat işletmelerinin sürdürülebilir inovasyon faaliyetlerinin genel durumunu ortaya koymaktır.Yöntem: İmalat işletmelerinin sürdürülebilir inovasyon faaliyetleri, literatür temelli bir model üzerinden ele alınarak ekonomik, çevresel ve toplumsal sürdürülebilirlik boyutları, ürün ve süreç inovasyon türleri açısından sektörlere ve firma büyüklüklerine göre karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırma, imalat firmalarından web tabanlı bir anket yoluyla elde edilen 454 geçerli veri üzerinden basit ortalama yöntemi kullanılarak, ortalama puanlar üzerinden renk ölçeği yardımıyla yapılmıştır.Bulgular: İmalat firmalarının genelde süreç inovasyonu faaliyetlerine daha fazla odaklandığı görülmüştür. Sektörel olarak ise plastik sektörünün ön plana çıktığı, elektrik-elektronik imalatçılarının sürdürülebilir inovasyon faaliyetleri konusunda daha geride bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer yandan, firma ölçeği büyüdükçe sürdürülebilir inovasyon faaliyetlerinin artmakta olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Son olarak, sürdürülebilirlik boyutları açısından bakıldığında ise toplumsal boyut faaliyetlerinin daha yüksek değere sahip olduğu bulunmuştur.Özgünlük: Türkiye’deki imalat firmalarının sürdürülebilir ürün ve süreç inovasyonu faaliyetlerini saha verilerine dayalı olarak model temelli inceleyen ilk araştırmadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, imalat firmalarının bulundukları sektörlerin durumunu görmeleri yanı sıra imalat sanayii ile ilgili politika yapıcılar ve aracı kurumlar tarafından politika geliştirmek amacıyla kullanılabilir.
PENGARUH PELVIC ROCKING EXERCISE TERHADAP TINGKAT NYERI PRIMARY DYSMENORHEA PADA SISWI SMP MA’ARIF GAMPING YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Utami Intan Putri , Utami Istri 
Published: June 2021

Pendahuluan. Pelvic rocking exercise merupakan latihan fisik yang dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan dysmenorhea pada saat menstruasi yang berfungsi untuk memperkuat otot perut dan melancarkan aliran darah ke rahim. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelvic rocking exercise terhadap nyeri primary dysmenorhea pada siswi di SMP Ma’arif Gamping Yogyakarta. Metode. Metode eksperimen dalam penelitian ini adalah metode quasi eksperimen design (nondesign), dengan one-group pretest-posttest design. Teknik pengambilan data menggunakan purposive sampling, Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 18 siswi yang mengalami Primary Dysmenorhea. Bahan dan alat yang digunakan antara lain: kuisioner penelitian, dan gym ball. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik non parametrik dengan Wilcoxon. Hasil. Berdasarkan uji statistik non parametrik Wilcoxon dengan taraf signifikasi 0,05 nilai p (signifikasi) sebesar 0,000. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh nilai p (signifikasi) lebih kecil dari 0,05 (0,000<0,05). Kesimpulan. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan terdapat pengaruh pelvic rocking exercise terhadap penurunan nyeri primary dysmenorhea

Kata Kunci: pelvic rocking exercise, primary dysmenorhea, gymball
MACRO- AND MICRO-DISPERSION OF SILICA IN TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS: ARE THEY RELATED?
Authors: Jin J. , Kaewsakul W. , Noordermeer J. W. M. , Dierkes W. K. , Blume A. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
The dispersion of rubber fillers, such as silica, can be divided into two categories: macro- and micro-dispersion. Both dispersions are important; however, to achieve the best reinforcement of rubber, micro-dispersion of silica is crucial. The common view is that these filler dispersions are strongly related. The micro-dispersion is understood as the consequence of the continuous breakdown of filler clusters from macro-dispersion. Yet, a large problem is that an objective unequivocal direct measurement method for micro-dispersion is not available. In this study, a set of parameters is defined that are anticipated to have an influence on the micro- as well as the macro-dispersion. Mixing trials are performed with varying silanization temperature and time, different amounts of silane coupling agent, and by using silicas with different structures and specific surface areas. The degrees of micro- and macro-dispersion are evaluated by measuring the Payne effect as an indirect method for micro-dispersion and using a dispergrader for quantitative measurement of macro-dispersion. The results show that the filler dispersion processes happen simultaneously but independently. These results are supported by earlier work of Blume and Uhrlandt, who stated as well that micro- and macro-dispersion are independent. The major influencing factors on micro- and macro-dispersion of silica are also identified.
PROTEIN INFLUENCE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NR
Authors: Akahori Yayoi , Hiza Misao , Yamaguchi Soki , Kawahara Seiichi 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Effect of protein on vulcanization of NR, obtained from Hevea brasiliensis, was investigated by analyzing the crosslinking structure of the resulting vulcanizates prepared from untreated NR, deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR), and protein-free natural rubber (PFNR) by swelling methods and rubber-state NMR spectroscopy. The proteins present in NR were removed by three methods: deproteinization with enzyme, urea, or urea–acetone in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The amount of proteins present in NR, approximately 0.238 w/w%, was reduced to 0.000 w/w% by urea–acetone deproteinization, whereas it was reduced to approximately 0.003 and 0.019 w/w% by enzyme and urea deproteinizations, respectively. Hardness, swelling degree, and crosslinking structure depended on the amount of proteins. Changes in mechanical properties for the vulcanizates prepared from not only non-filler compounds but also carbon black–filled and silica-filled compounds were attributed to the amount of proteins.
FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF CARBON BLACK–REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Tunnicliffe Lewis B. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTFatigue crack growth behavior of carbon black–reinforced natural rubber is investigated. Rubber compounds of Shore A = 70 are prepared by varying the formulation loadings of a wide range of carbon black types based on their structure and surface area properties. The resulting fatigue crack growth behavior shows significant variation in β exponent values, depending on the properties of the carbon black. These variations are rationalized by considering the strain amplification of natural rubber by carbon black aggregates in the region of compound directly ahead of the crack tip. An assumption is made that little networking of the carbon black aggregates exists in this region of very high strain and that hydrodynamic calculations that consider occluded rubber can therefore provide realistic values for strain amplification. A reasonable scaling of power law crack growth parameters to calculated strain amplification factors is found, with the exponent, β, decreasing with increasing strain amplification. The implication here is that enhanced strain amplification promotes the formation of strain-induced crystallites in the crack tip region. Performance tradeoffs resulting from the crossover of crack growth data sets dependent on the carbon black type are discussed. Of practical significance is the fact that the strain amplification factors can be calculated directly from knowledge of carbon black type and loading in rubber formulations.
BUTADIENE RUBBER: SYNTHESIS, MICROSTRUCTURE, AND ROLE OF CATALYSTS
Authors: Kumar Amit , Mohanty Subhra , Gupta Virendra Kumar 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTButadiene rubber (BR) is one of the most useful and second most produced rubber worldwide. Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene (BD) is a highly stereospecific reaction that offers a wide variety of BR with different microstructures and influences the fundamental properties of the rubber. Since the first successful polymerization of conjugated diene using the Ziegler–Natta–based catalyst (TiCl4 or TiCl3 with aluminum alkyls) in 1954, the research on producing synthetic rubber with an appropriate catalyst system has been accelerated. Subsequently, various research groups are actively engaged in designing active catalyst systems based on a suitable combination of transition metal complexes with alkyl-aluminum and successfully using them in BD polymerization. Although various scientific inventions have proven their significance for the production of high-quality BR, with the rising demands in improving the quality of the product, research on developing new catalyst systems with enhanced catalytic activity and high stereoselectivity is still in progress. The present review focuses on the synthesis of BR using various transition metal catalysts and discusses their microstructures. The catalysts based on new-generation metal complexes with phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen donor ligands (e.g., phosphines, imines, 1,10-phenanthroline, and imino-pyridines) have been introduced. The role that catalysts play in the production of BR with different microstructures (i.e., high-cis, high-trans or low-cis, low-trans polybutadiene) has also been described. The combination of catalyst (transition metal complex) and suitable co-catalyst (alkyl-aluminum) is the major factor influencing the reaction and microstructure of the resulting polymer. This report focuses on the effect of transition metal catalysts (i.e., lithium [Li], titanium [Ti], zirconium [Zr], iron [Fe], cobalt [Co], nickel [Ni], and neodymium [Nd]) on the activity and stereoselectivity of polymers such as 1,4-cis-, 1,4-trans-, and 1,2-vinyl-polybutadiene.