bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Lung Cancer on Computed Tomography Using Artificial Intelligence Applications Developed by Deep Learning Methods and the Contribution of Deep Learning to the Classification of Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Aydın Nevin , Çelik Özer , Aslan Ahmet Faruk , Odabaş Alper , Dündar Emine , Şahin Meryem Cansu 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Every year, lung cancer contributes to a high percentage deaths in the
world. Early detection of lung cancer is important for its effective treatment, and non-invasive
rapid methods are usually used for diagnosis.

Introduction:
In this study, we aimed to detect lung cancer using deep learning methods and determine
the contribution of deep learning to the classification of lung carcinoma using a convolutional
neural network (CNN).

Methods:
A total of 301 patients diagnosed with lung carcinoma pathologies in our hospital were
included in the study. In the thorax, Computed Tomography (CT) was performed for diagnostic purposes
prior to the treatment. After tagging the section images, tumor detection, small and non-small
cell lung carcinoma differentiation, adenocarcinoma-squamous cell lung carcinoma differentiation,
and adenocarcinoma-squamous cell-small cell lung carcinoma differentiation were sequentially
performed using deep CNN methods.

Result:
In total, 301 lung carcinoma images were used to detect tumors, and the model obtained
with the deep CNN system exhibited 0.93 sensitivity, 0.82 precision, and 0.87 F1 score in detecting
lung carcinoma. In the differentiation of small cell-non-small cell lung carcinoma, the sensitivity,
precision and F1 score of the CNN model at the test stage were 0.92, 0.65, and 0.76, respectively.
In the adenocarcinoma-squamous cancer differentiation, the sensitivity, precision, and F1 score
were 0.95, 0.80, and 0.86, respectively. The patients were finally grouped as small cell lung carcinoma,
adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell lung carcinoma, and the CNN model was used to determine
whether it could differentiate these groups. The sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score of this
model were 0.90, 0.44, and 0.59, respectively, in this differentiation.

Conclusion.:
In this study, we successfully detected tumors and differentiated between adenocarcinoma-
squamous cell carcinoma groups with the deep learning method using the CNN model. Due
to their non-invasive nature and the success of the deep learning methods, they should be integrated
into radiology to diagnose lung carcinoma.
In Vitro Metabolism of E2, G2: Novel Bile Acid-Coupling Camptothecin Analogues, in Rat Liver Microsomes
Authors: Zhang Xiangli , Shen Qin , Wang Yi , Zhou Leilei , Weng Qi , Li Qingyong 
Published: February 2021

Background:
E2 (Camptothecin - 20 (S) - O- glycine - deoxycholic acid), and G2
(Camptothecin - 20 (S) - O - acetate - deoxycholic acid) are two novel bile acid-derived camptothecin
analogues, modified deoxycholic acid at 20-position of CPT(camptothecin) with greater
anticancer activity and lower systematic toxicity in vivo.

Objective:
We aimed to investigate the metabolism of E2 and G2 by Rat Liver Microsomes
(RLM).

Methods:
Phase I and Phase II metabolism of E2 and G2 in rat liver microsomes were performed,
respectively, and the mixed incubation of phase I and phase II metabolism of E2 and G2 was also
processed. Metabolites were identified by liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometry.

Results:
The results showed that phase I metabolism was the major biotransformation route for
both E2 and G2. The isoenzyme involved in their metabolism had some difference. The intrinsic
clearance of G2 was 174.7 mL/min. mg protein, more than three times that of E2 (51.3 mL/min .
mg protein), indicating a greater metabolism stability of E2. 10 metabolites of E2 and 14 metabolites
of G2 were detected, including phase I metabolites (mainly via hydroxylations and hydrolysis)
and their further glucuronidation products.

Conclusion:
These findings suggested that E2 and G2 have similar biotransformation pathways except
for some differences in the hydrolysis ability of the ester bond and amino bond from the parent
compounds, which may result in the diversity of their metabolism stability and responsible
CYPs(Cytochrome P450 proteins).
Prediction of Microbe-drug Associations Based on Chemical Structures and the KATZ Measure
Authors: Zhu Lingzhi , Duan Guihua , Yan Cheng , Wang Jianxin 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Microbial communities have important influences on our health and disease.
Identifying potential human microbe-drug associations will be greatly advantageous to explore
complex mechanisms of microbes in drug discovery, combinations and repositioning. Until
now, the complex mechanism of microbe-drug associations remains unknown.

Objective:
Computational models play an important role in discovering hidden microbe-drug associations, because
biological experiments are time-consuming and expensive. Based on chemical structures of drugs and the KATZ
measure, a new computational model (HMDAKATZ) is proposed for identifying potential Human Microbe-Drug
Associations.

Methods:
In HMDAKATZ, the similarity between microbes is computed using the Gaussian Interaction
Profile (GIP) kernel based on known human microbe-drug associations. The similarity
between drugs is computed based on known human microbe-drug associations and chemical structures.
Then, a microbe-drug heterogeneous network is constructed by integrating the microbemicrobe
network, the drug-drug network, and a known microbe-drug association network. Finally,
we apply KATZ to identify potential associations between microbes and drugs.

Results:
The experimental results showed that HMDAKATZ achieved area under the curve
(AUC) values of 0.9010±0.0020, 0.9066±0.0015, and 0.9116 in 5-fold cross-validation (5-fold
CV), 10-fold cross-validation (10-fold CV), and leave one out cross-validation (LOOCV), respectively,
which outperformed four other computational models(SNMF,RLS,HGBI, and NBI).

Conclusion:
HMDAKATZ obtained the better prediction performance than four other methods in 5-fold CV, 10-fold CV,
and LOOCV. Furthermore, three case studies also illustrated that HMDAKATZ is an effective way to discover hidden
microbe-drug associations.
Genome-wide Characterization Deciphers Distinct Properties of Aquaporins in Six Phytophthora Species
Authors: Azad Abul Kalam , Ahmed Jahed , Al Hakim  , Hasan Md. Mahbub , Alum Md. Asraful , Hasan Mahmudul , Raihan Topu , Ishikawa Takahiro , Sawa Yoshihiro 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Aquaporins, also known as major intrinsic proteins (MIPs), facilitate the
membrane diffusion of water and some other small solutes. The roles of MIPs in plant physiological
processes are established and now their roles in plant-pathogen interactions are getting more
attention.

Objective:
To investigate the evolution, diversity, and structural insights of Phytophthora MIPs
(PhyMIPs) and to compare them to those in other domains of life.

Methods:
Bioinformatics approaches were used to identify and characterize the PhyMIPs. The
phylogenetic analysis was done with MEGA7.0 using maximum likelihood method. The prediction
of transmembrane α-helices was done by using SOSUI and TMpred servers, and that of subcellular
localization was performed with WoLF PSORT and Cello prediction system. The structure
of PhyMIP genes was predicted by GeneMark.hmm ES-3.0 program. The 3D homology models
were generated using the Molecular Operating Environment software and the stereochemical
quality of the templates and models was assessed by PROCHECK. The PoreWalker server was
used to detect and characterize PhyMIP channels from their 3D structural models.

Results:
Herein, we identified 17, 24, 27, 19, 19, and 22 full-length MIPs, respectively, in the genomes
of six Phytophthora species, P. infestans, P. parasitica, P. sojae, P. ramorum, P. capsici,
and P. cinnamomi. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PhyMIPs formed a completely distinct
clade from their counterparts in other taxa and were clustered into nine subgroups. Sequence and
structural properties indicated that the primary selectivity-related constrictions, including aromatic
arginine (ar/R) selectivity filter and Froger's positions in PhyMIPs were distinct from those in other
taxa. The substitutions in the conserved Asn-Pro-Ala motifs in loops B and E of many PhyMIPs
were also divergent from those in other taxonomic domains. The group-specific consensus sequences/
motifs deciphered in different loops and transmembrane α-helices of PhyMIPs were distinct
from those in plants, animals, and other microbes.

Conclusion:
This study represents PhyMIPs with distinct evolutionary and structural properties,
and the data collectively indicates that PhyMIPs might have novel functions.
Theory, Concepts and Future of Self Organizing Networks (SON)
Authors: Ibrahim Qutaiba , Qassab Mustafa 
Published: February 2021

:
The ever-developing technologies in wireless communication networks have the urge for integrating smartness
and automation into these networks. This survey paper presents the literature on the rising field of self-organization as a
new concept applied to wireless communication networks over the last two decades. We make an in-depth survey of the
current literature, standards as well as projects in self-organizing communication networks. Also, our objective is to show
a deep knowledge of this active field of research, by defining a simple taxonomy, algorithms, architectures, routing
protocols, and security aspects for the design and implementation of self-organizing techniques. Also, we discuss existing
solutions, compare their strength and weakness, point out assessment metrics and measurements, and mention the main
research scopes for subsequent evolution. This article may act as a starting point and guidance for anybody who seeks to
investigate the researches done on self-organization in the area of wireless communication networks.
Modelo de dispersión de polen de maíz transgénico en el municipio de Tierralta (Córdoba, Colombia)
Authors: Mazo Castaño Carolina , Rodríguez Susa Manuel 
Published: February 2021

Los cultivos transgénicos aparecen como respuesta a la preocupación por abastecer la gran demanda alimenticia derivada del crecimiento poblacional. Sin embargo, diferentes autores han argumentado que los transgénicos contaminan genéticamente los cultivos tradicionales y ocasionan la pérdida de la biodiversidad agrícola nativa. Aunque este trabajo no aborda la afectación de los cultivos tradicionales, explica la importancia de este tipo de estudios y su posible uso para investigaciones posteriores. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar mediante el programa Hysplit® la distancia promedio que alcanzaron los granos de polen de maíz transgénico durante el año 2016 en el municipio de Tierralta, Córdoba. En los resultados, la concentración fue de 10-9 mg/m3 y el promedio anual de la distancia alcanzada por lo granos de polen de maíz fue de 500 m. El promedio máximo se registró en el mes de mayo con un valor de 799 m y el promedio mínimo se obtuvo en marzo con un valor de 474 m. Para el análisis de los resultados, se consideró que a comienzos del año 2016, el fenómeno de El Niño en Colombia generó que los granos de polen de maíz viajaran menos que durante un año neutro o un año con el fenómeno de La Niña, debido a los vientos débiles que se presentaron en el Caribe colombiano. En caso de haberse presentado un año neutro o con La Niña, las partículas habrían viajado más porque la fuerza de los vientos estaría por encima de lo normal.
Predictive Modeling of 30-Day Emergency Hospital Transport of German Patients Using a Personal Emergency Response: Retrospective Study and Comparison with the United States
Authors: op den Buijs Jorn , Pijl Marten , Landgraf Andreas 
Published: February 2021

Background
Predictive analytics based on data from remote monitoring of elderly via a personal emergency response system (PERS) in the United States can identify subscribers at high risk for emergency hospital transport. These risk predictions can subsequently be used to proactively target interventions and prevent avoidable, costly health care use. It is, however, unknown if PERS-based risk prediction with targeted interventions could also be applied in the German health care setting.

Objective
The objectives were to develop and validate a predictive model of 30-day emergency hospital transport based on data from a German PERS provider and compare the model with our previously published predictive model developed on data from a US PERS provider.

Methods
Retrospective data of 5805 subscribers to a German PERS service were used to develop and validate an extreme gradient boosting predictive model of 30-day hospital transport, including predictors derived from subscriber demographics, self-reported medical conditions, and a 2-year history of case data. Models were trained on 80% (4644/5805) of the data, and performance was evaluated on an independent test set of 20% (1161/5805). Results were compared with our previously published prediction model developed on a data set of PERS users in the United States.

Results
German PERS subscribers were on average aged 83.6 years, with 64.0% (743/1161) females, with 65.4% (759/1161) reported 3 or more chronic conditions. A total of 1.4% (350/24,847) of subscribers had one or more emergency transports in 30 days in the test set, which was significantly lower compared with the US data set (2455/109,966, 2.2%). Performance of the predictive model of emergency hospital transport, as evaluated by area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC), was 0.749 (95% CI 0.721-0.777), which was similar to the US prediction model (AUC=0.778 [95% CI 0.769-0.788]). The top 1% (12/1161) of predicted high-risk patients were 10.7 times more likely to experience an emergency hospital transport in 30 days than the overall German PERS population. This lift was comparable to a model lift of 11.9 obtained by the US predictive model.

Conclusions
Despite differences in emergency care use, PERS-based collected subscriber data can be used to predict use outcomes in different international settings. These predictive analytic tools can be used by health care organizations to extend population health management into the home by identifying and delivering timelier targeted interventions to high-risk patients. This could lead to overall improved patient experience, higher quality of care, and more efficient resource use.
К вопросу присоединения Средней Азии к России (обзор некоторых башкирских письменных источников второй половины XIX в.)
Authors:   Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the RAS (71, Oktyabrya Ave., Ufa 450054, Russian Federation), Nadergulov Minlegali Kh. , Igdavletov Ilshat S. 
Published: February 2021

Introduction. The article studies southeastern policies of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century, its campaigns and the annexation of Central Asia. Goals. The work analyzes reasons for the activation of foreign policy in the region during the mentioned period. The course and goals of the conquest of the Khanates of Kokand and Khiva, Emirate of Bukhara are considered. Materials. The paper investigates data contained in reports by the State Councilor М. Bekchurin, and one more document ― Arabic-script travel records (manuscript) by a private soldier Husniyar currently stored at the Manuscript Collection of the Institute of History, Language and Literature (Ufa Federal Research Centre of the RAS) and for the first time studied as a historical source. Results. Messages about the beauty of Eastern cities and Asian wealth had long attracted attention of Russian monarchs. Finally, Russia’s attempts to penetrate into Central Asia were crowned with success. In just two decades, the vast country further extended its borders far to the south and became a neighbor of another one ― the British Empire. Nowadays, the study of the history of establishing relations with Kazakhstan and Central Asia, when the southeastern borders of Russia almost returned to those of the early 18th century, is relevant and practically expedient. Reports by State Councilor M. Bekchurin reveal the economic objectives of the government: Russian industry and trade were looking for new markets for their products. So, M. Bekchurin gives his suggestions how to facilitate the growth of trade. The manuscript of Husniyar’s travel notes contains observations of an ordinary soldier, his attitude and experience as a Muslim in the campaign against his co-religionists. The source makes it possible to present the set and route of one military formation. Both the documents provide an opportunity to depict this region in the late 19th century. Currently, there are independent countries across this territory with different state borders, and the ethnic composition of many settlements has changed significantly.
Стоянка среднего палеолита в пещере Иманай-1 на Южном Урале: предварительные итоги археологических исследований
Authors:   Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the RAS (71, Oktyabrya Ave., Ufa  450054, Russian Federation), Kotov Vyacheslav G. , Rumyantsev Mikhail M. , Gimranov Dmitry O. ,   Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the RAS (202, 8 Marta St., Yekaterinburg 620144, Russian Federation)
Published: February 2021

Introduction. Imanai-1 Cave is a new monument of the Middle Paleolithic in the Southern Urals. It was discovered by the authors in 2009 and is located in the west of the Ural mountain system, in the interfluve of the Belaya and Nugush Rivers, on the border of the mountain-forest and steppe zones. Goals. The paper aims to introduce preliminary results of archaeological investigations into scientific discourse. Results. The cave is of a tunnel type, its 70 m long passage ending with a far hall which contained bones of a small cave bear and a cave lion. The monument is multi-layered. The first cultural horizon contained 399 items of stone and bone. Tools make up to 60 % of all stone products, while cores and scales are absent, therefore, primary and secondary processing was carried out outside the far hall. The stone industry is characterized by the use of shards and amorphous flint chips. The working areas were made out with monofacial and bifacial retouching, incisal cleavage. The tools are of the following types: 3 Mousterian bifacial points, 4 convergent side-scrapers with bifacial processing, butt knives, some with bifacial processing ― 6 items, carvers on fragments and amorphous chips ― 229 items (59 %), points ― 19 items (5 %), tools with a thorn ― 13 items (3 %), incisors ― 21 items (5 %). At the base of the first cultural horizon, a skull of a small cave bear with an artificial hole made with a stone spearhead was found. The industry of the site has numerous analogies at the Ilskaya-1 site in the North Caucasus and in the materials of the upper layer of the Kiik-Koba grotto in the Crimea, as well as at other sites of the Middle Paleolithic of the Tayacian tradition. Three uncalibrated dates show the interval from 26 to 42 thousand years. This indicates the finale of the Mousterian era.
The Muslim Community of Republic of Tatarstan in 2020
Authors: Khabutdinov A. Yu. 
Published: February 2021

This article is devoted to the development of the Muslim community of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) in 2020. By this paper the author continues the series of publications that explore the Muslim community of Tatarstan in the 2000s and 2010s. The article concludes that stability in the religious sphere is generally maintained in the Republic of Tatarstan. Muslim spiritual boards of different regions of Russia do not coordinate their activity in general, therefore, their points of view become closer to those of local authorities. The same could be said about the Muslim Spiritual Administration of the Republic of Tatarstan. In the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as in other republics within the Russian Federation, the role of Islam in spiritual, educational and cultural aspects has to grow due to the loss of status of national values in secondary education. However, the number of students in the native language courses at the Muslim Spiritual Administration of the Republic of Tatarstan at the beginning of the 2020 academic year is approximately equal to the number of students of only one secondary school.The authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan continue to ﬁnd out activities of extremist organizations prohibited by the Russian law. Law enforcement agencies are actively ﬁghting them; it leads to the elimination of their groups in the Republic of Tatarstan, arrests, and sentencing to imprisonment.
Sintesis Zeolit A Dari Coal Bottom Ash Dengan Metode Step Change Of Synthesis Temperature Dengan Variasi Suhu Kalsinasi Diaplikasikan Untuk Dehidrasi Etanol
Authors: Ginting Simparmin Br. , Nurfiqih M. Yassien 
Published: February 2021

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pembuatan zeolit A yang diaplikasikan untuk dehidrasi etanol dengan menggunakan metode step change of synthesis temperature dengan temperatur awal 90oC selama 1,5 jam kemudian dinaikkan menjadi 95oC selama 2,5 jam. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah coal bottom ash PLTU Tarahan Lampung Selatan, yang dikalsinasi pada suhu yang bervariasi yaitu 500oC, 600oC, 700oC dan 800oC. Tahapan yang dilakukan adalah kalsinasi, sintesis dan adsorpsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan zeolit A sintesis dari variasi suhu kalsinasi agar didapatkan persen kristalinitas yang tinggi yang diharapkan dapat menyerap air dalam campuran etanol dengan optimal, sehingga etanol memiliki kemurnian >99% (Fuel Grade Ethanol). Karaktersiasi zeolit A sintesis menggunakan difraktometer sinar-x (XRD), spektrometer inframerah (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan brunnaur, emmet dan teller (BET). Berdasarkan analisis XRD didapatkan persen kristalinitas tertinggi pada variasi suhu kalsinasi 500˚C yaitu sebesar 34,79 %, hasil analisis FTIR menunjukkan telah terbentuk produk Zeolit A yang ditandai dengan adanya karakteristik Zeolit A pada bilangan gelombang 950-1250cm-1, 650-750cm-1, 500-650cm-1, 420-500cm-1 dan 300-400cm-1, hasil analisis SEM menunjukkan semua variasi suhu kalsinasi terlihat bahwa bentuk partikel didominasi bentuk kubus, berdasarkan analisis BET diketahui Zeolit A berukuran mesopori yang memiliki kisaran diameter 2-50 nm.
Analisis Tegangan Pada Mata Pahat Dalam Proses Pemesinan Bubut Menggunakan Software Autodesk Inventor 2016
Authors: Thamrin Ismail , Astuti Astuti , Ellyanie Ellyanie , Meizan Twista Herbian Al Fiqhi 
Published: February 2021

Pada proses bubut, seluruh energi yang digunakan untuk pembentukan geram diubah menjadi kalor. Hal ini menyebabkan suhu pada zona pemotongan akan meningkat. Kalor yang dibangkitkan selama proses pemesinan bergantung terutama pada jenis pahat, material benda kerja, dan parameter proses seperti kecepatan potong, kedalaman potong dan gerak makan. Temperatur tinggi yang terdistribusi dengan baik selama proses pembubutan, memiliki pengaruh yang penting terhadap tegangan pada mata pahat. Maka dari itu perlu dilakukan analisa pengaruh sudut geram terhadap tegangan pada proses pembubutan titanium dengan cara mengkomparasi hasil teoritis dan simulasi menggunakan Autodesk Inventor 2016.Pada penelitian ini, gaya pemotongan yang digunakan adalah pemotongan orthogonal. Variasi sudut utama pemotongan yang digunakan 5°, 10° dan 15°. Berdasarkan dari perhitungan secara teoritis, gaya potong maksimum (Fc) yaitu 1720 N untuk sudut geram (γ) 50, dan terjadi penurunan gaya potong setiap kenaikan sudut geram (γ). Dari hasil simulasi yang dilakukan, tegangan maksimum terjadi pada sudut potong 15°, sebesar 1368,462 N/mm2 , terjadi kenaikan tegangan setiap kenaikan sudut geram (γ)