bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Describing Data
Authors: Nolan Deborah , Stoudt Sara 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers how to write about data analyzed for a technical article. Examples are provided for writing a data description, including how to reference the source of the data, describe methods used to collect the data, summarize how the data were cleaned and prepared, and provide information about the variables used in the analysis. This chapter also provides tips on how to present summary statistics.
Writing the First Draft
Authors: Nolan Deborah , Stoudt Sara 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the typical structure of a formal article and provides guidance about what should be included and emphasized in each section of a paper. The particular importance of placing work in the context of others’ work, while distinguishing what sets the work apart, is emphasized. Examples of report elements show the variety of structures that a formal report could take, depending on the venue and audience, and are based on the emergency-department visits from the previous chapter.
Australia’s public utilities—an introduction to an era of reform
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a general account of the main economic reforms that have taken place in Australia since the 1980s and in doing so provide context for the changes that more specifically took place to the utilities sector during that period. As well as looking at the background for reform in Australia it also looks at how the prevailing economic and political environment impacted on the formulation of public policy. Finally, it touches on the impact that technological change and ideology had in formulating public policy, which in turn drove the changes that occurred to the major utilities companies in Australia.
National Competition Policy—its genesis and design
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks more specifically at the reform process leading up to the making of the Competition Principles Agreement in 1995. It also provides an examination of what this Agreement meant for the utilities sector more specifically. In doing so it explores the relationship between the state and federal governments and the impact that this had on the development of the National Competition Policy. The main principles of the Policy that were applicable to the utilities sector are explained, as well as the general background of the reform process and the Competition Principles Agreement 1995.
Registrations
Authors: Ferguson Rex 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
From the beginning of the Second World War until 1952, the UK maintained a National Register and issued all citizens with identity cards (one of only two times in which this has occurred—the other being during the First World War). The National Registration Identity Card was an intrinsic part of the logic of classification which guided life on the home front and organized individuals into categories of usefulness, vulnerability, and risk. Mirroring the simplistic basis of these categories, the National Registration Identity Card was notable for the paucity of information it contained. Rather than working as an authentic token which served to validate identity in itself, when it came to security, the card only really worked when read alongside the more richly detailed register to which it referred. Cross-checking between card and register and, more importantly, opening conversations which rested upon the potential for cross-checking, thus animated attempts to identity individuals in wartime Britain. In retreating from the radical subjectivity of modernist prose, writers of the period, such as Graham Greene and Elizabeth Bowen, produced characterizations that were as similarly shorn of depth as the categories that the home front pushed individuals into and the cards that identified them. In playing upon the genre of the espionage thriller, The Ministry of Fear (1943) and The Heat of the Day (1948) thus narrate identities that are defined by social position and by plots which confirm individuals as often precisely what they initially appear to be.
Secretions
Authors: Ferguson Rex 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
DNA profiling, in which individual being is identified by its cellular structures, was first developed by the geneticist Alec Jeffreys in the 1980s. That this source of identity also forms the instructions through which living organisms are generated has complicated profiling’s place in the cultural imaginary of the late twentieth century. So, while profiling actually deals only in non-coding regions of the genome—matter often referred to as ‘junk DNA’—the significance of DNA as a substance of forensic analysis, in the late twentieth century imaginary, is its resonance as the apparent blueprint of existence. The notable features that this blurring of concepts brings about include a conceptualization of identity as a mass of information; notions to do with codes and coding; the presence of the body in the fluids which spill beyond its bounds; and a sense of the body as an archive of heredity and primitivism. In writing specifically about genetic research, Richard Powers’s The Gold Bug Variations (1991) serves a dual function in this chapter, as both an explicatory document and thematic example. But the more substantive analysis is reserved for the work of J. G. Ballard which, from its science fiction origins in novels such as The Drowned World (1962), through the controversial era of Crash (1973), to its trilogy of autobiographical texts (Empire of the Sun (1984), The Kindness of Women (1991), and Miracles of Life (2008)) articulates a form of identity that has close, though often oblique, affinities with all the most prominent features of DNA profiling.
Introduction
Authors: Vrabec Helena U. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins with an introductory section on the data-driven economy and the risks this new type of economy imposes on individuals to provide readers with some necessary background information. It further explains how the regulator responded to the changes in the developing data economy, emphasising the importance of data subject rights within the updated regulatory framework. Subsequently, the chapter clarifies that the aim of this book is to provide a thorough analysis of data subject rights, with a particular concern for their application in the data-driven environments. The chapter also introduces three key concepts that will be used throughout the book: data subjects, data subject (control) rights, and the data-driven economy, as well as delineating the scope of the book and outlining its structure.
Data Subject Rights in Relation to Profiling
Authors: Vrabec Helena U. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 focuses on the provisions of Articles 21 and 22 of the GDPR in relation to profiling. The chapter first provides the reader with the essential context on profiling as a building block of the data economy. It then discusses how the GDPR tackles the risks of profiling, providing a legal analysis of the right to object and the right not to be subject to automated decision-making. These two rights, together with the right to information and access to the extent that they refer to automated decision-making, form a cluster of rights that can be referred to as a ‘choice architecture for data subjects’ and can be particularly useful to control profiling.
Introduction
Authors: Lang Gerald 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Introduction identifies the 1976 symposium between Bernard Williams and Thomas Nagel as the key moment in the development of the contemporary wide-ranging debate on moral luck. Despite Nagel’s proposal to proceed with an account of luck that can straddle the gap between ethics and epistemology, it is argued that the sort of luck relevant to moral and political philosophy need not be identical with the sort of luck pressed into service by epistemologists. The ‘Lack of Control Account’ of luck will serve adequately for normative issues, even if it leaves theoretical philosophers dissatisfied. Nagel’s familiar taxonomy of types of moral luck is outlined: resultant luck, circumstantial luck, constitutive luck, and causal luck. The treatment of moral luck in this book prescinds from any detailed engagement with issues of free will and responsibility, and also issues of blameworthiness and responsibility. Different views can be taken about these various issues, but the specific challenge of moral luck will still await resolution. That challenge is fundamentally distributive in character, and is typically focused on the apparatus of the pairwise comparison. The anti-luckist programme in normative ethics objects to different assignments of blameworthiness to agents whose acts turn out differently due to luck. The problem here lies with that prior investment in the pairwise comparison. That contention will be pursued across the early chapters of the book.
What Results from Resultant Luck?
Authors: Lang Gerald 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes, in a preliminary way, among different views on the role of luck in ascriptions of blameworthiness. First, there is the ‘Strict Liability Account’, which makes agents blameworthy if and only if their acts cause harm. Second, and in stark contrast, there is the ‘Anti-Luck Account’, which holds that any lucky differences between agents should be neutralized: any lucky differences between them should make no difference to how much agents are blamed. Third, there is the ‘Restricted Luck-Sensitive Account’, which appears to blend elements of these other views. The Restricted Account agrees with the Anti-Luck Account that agents are not eligible for blameworthiness unless they act either maliciously, or negligently, or recklessly. This is the ‘Internal Claim’. But the Restricted Account also contends that agents who have qualified for blameworthiness by satisfying the Internal Claim may then be blameworthy to different degrees, depending on how their acts turn out, even if the differences between them at this stage reflect luck. This is the ‘External Claim’. (The other chapters in Part I of the book will build up a case for the Restricted Account and against the Anti-Luck Account.) This chapter also searches for the fundamental constituents of the Anti-Luck Account, and identifies key roles for the ‘Irrelevance Intuition’ and ‘Fairness Intuition’, and for comparative luck. Finally, it takes issue with anti-luckist ‘accommodation strategies’, which attempt to explain away our habits of assigning different amounts of blameworthiness to agents who seem to be separated only by luck.
Justice, Luck, and Pairwise Comparisons
Authors: Lang Gerald 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter extends the anti-anti-luckist programme to political philosophy, and to the doctrine of luck egalitarianism in particular. Luck egalitarianism affirms that unchosen relative inequalities between agents are unjust. It condemns inequalities that are due to ‘brute luck’, and upholds inequalities that are due to ‘option luck’. Though it can be easily enough stated, luck egalitarianism is actually a complex theory with two separate components: egalitarianism and anti-luckism. Standard luck egalitarianism’s commitment to pairwise comparisons makes it vulnerable to what Susan Hurley calls the ‘Boring Problem’. The Boring Problem points out that any two agents in a pairwise comparison are bound to lack control over the relevant income gap between them, because each of them controls, at best, only one side of that comparison. Though Hurley herself is relatively dismissive of the Boring Problem, it is contended here that, when it is properly appreciated, it inflicts huge damage on luck egalitarianism, which needs in turn to be re-organized as a ‘baseline-sensitive’ theory that dispenses with pairwise comparisons. Baseline-sensitive luck egalitarianism makes decent progress on a number of critical fronts, particularly Saul Smilansky’s ‘Paradox of the Baseline’. But even this form of luck egalitarianism is still open to a worry about how it understands the relationship between its egalitarian default and its case for permissible inequalities, and it has less to say than it should about the structural aspects of a social system that generate inequalities.
Evolutionary Processes and Organizational Adaptation
Authors: Levinthal Daniel A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Strategists are encouraged to identify sustained competitive advantages. This volume takes a different tact and provides a perspective on how organizations adapt over time to changing circumstances. This process is characterized as not driven by the inspired wisdom of a grand strategist, but by an ecology of initiatives within the organization. A central role of the organization is to mediate between the market forces in which it operates and the culling and amplification of these initiatives within the organization. In this spirit, a useful touchstone is that of Mendel, who sits intermediate between the blind watchmaker of a purely Darwinian process and a “chess master” strategist as suggested by stylized rational choice approaches. The “Mendelian executive” operates with intentionality, but this intentionality is with respect to the design of the experimental process rather than the identification of specific pathways forward. The two core conceptual pillars of the work are that of path-dependence, what are the adjacent “spaces” to which an organization might move, and “artificial selection,” how the organization mediates aggregate immediate outcomes and the allocation of resources and rewards to the various initiatives and actors within the organization. Entities that have a sustained lifespan are not static, but engage in processes of renewal, whether cells in the human body or lines of business within a firm. A conceptual framework is provided to illuminate some of the fundamental mechanisms underlying this process.
Groupthink, Polythink and the Challenges of Decision-Making in Cabinet Government
Authors: Grube Dennis C , Killick Anna 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Chilcot report set out in detail its finding that the Blair Government had been prone to groupthink in its decision-making processes when leading Britain into the Iraq War. Subsequent British prime ministers have been in no hurry to change their style of governing in ways that might broaden decision-making circles and introduce the ‘challenge’ that Chilcot said had been lacking. This article draws on the literature on the psychology of group decision-making to examine the extent to which groupthink remains embedded in the processes of cabinet government in the UK. The article argues that the strongest driver of groupthink is the psychological disposition towards conflict of individual prime ministers. Drawing on interviews with ministers, civil servants and special advisers we suggest that the political authority of the prime minister interacts with their psychological predisposition towards debate to encourage groupthink, polythink or a more positive style of ‘vigilant’ decision-making.
Manipulating exudate composition from root apices shapes the microbiome throughout the root system
Authors: Kawasaki Akitomo , Dennis Paul G , Forstner Christian , Raghavendra Anil K H , Mathesius Ulrike , Richardson Alan E , Delhaize Emmanuel , Gilliham Matthew , Watt Michelle , Ryan Peter R 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCertain soil microorganisms can improve plant growth, and practices that encourage their proliferation around the roots can boost production and reduce reliance on agrochemicals. The beneficial effects of the microbial inoculants currently used in agriculture are inconsistent or short-lived because their persistence in soil and on roots is often poor. A complementary approach could use root exudates to recruit beneficial microbes directly from the soil and encourage inoculant proliferation. However, it is unclear whether the release of common organic metabolites can alter the root microbiome in a consistent manner and if so, how those changes vary throughout the whole root system. In this study, we altered the expression of transporters from the ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER and the MULTIDRUG AND TOXIC COMPOUND EXTRUSION families in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and tested how the subsequent release of their substrates (simple organic anions, including malate, citrate, and γ-amino butyric acid) from root apices affected the root microbiomes. We demonstrate that these exudate compounds, separately and in combination, significantly altered microbiome composition throughout the root system. However, the root type (seminal or nodal), position along the roots (apex or base), and soil type had a greater influence on microbiome structure than the exudates. These results reveal that the root microbiomes of important cereal species can be manipulated by altering the composition of root exudates, and support ongoing attempts to improve plant production by manipulating the root microbiome.
Patient and Provider Attitudes, Beliefs, and Biases That Contribute to a Marginalized Process of Care and Outcomes in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review—Part I: Clinical Care
Authors: Emerson Alicia J , Oxendine Riley H , Chandler Lauren E , Huff Corey M , Harris Gabrielle M , Baxter G David , Wonsetler Jones Elizabeth C 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) outcomes are affected by numerous variables, including the clinical conversation. When good therapeutic/working alliances are formed, congruent clinical conversations can lead to improved CMP outcomes. Identifying patient/provider attitudes, beliefs, and biases in CMP that can influence the clinical conversation, and thus clinical management decisions, is foundationally important.

Design
The aims of this systematic review were to 1) summarize the evidence of the attitudes and beliefs of patients and health care providers (HCPs) involved in the clinical conversation about CMP, and 2) examine whether and how these perceptions impacted the process of care.

Methods
A systematic search of CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, Sociology Database in ProQuest, and Web of Science used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Included studies were those investigating vulnerable adult populations with chronic pain. Study bias was examined with the Downs and Black tool.

Results
Seven retrospective studies were included. When making pharmaceutical management decisions, HCPs demonstrated negative implicit biases toward minorities and women. When making referrals to multidisciplinary care, HCPs demonstrated negative implicit biases toward women with lower educational attainment. Unmet patient expectations resulted in higher dropout rates at multidisciplinary pain management programs. Patients’ trust was influenced by the health care setting, and patients often had limited options secondary to health insurance type/status.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that patients with CMP may experience a marginalized process of care due to HCPs’ negative implicit biases, unmet patient expectations, and the health care setting. Results suggest several factors may contribute to inequitable care and the recalcitrant nature of CMP, particularly in vulnerable populations with limited health care choices.
Issues in Public Health in India - Keynote address by Keshav Desiraju, Former Secretary of Health and Family Welfare to the Government of India
Authors: Desiraju Keshav 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The state of public health in India can be studied in terms of disease burden, health human resources and health care financing. There are many regional variations within these broad areas, and many complexities. Communicable and non-communicable diseases remain major challenges, as do maternal and infant mortality. At every level, trained human resources are scarce. Government budgetary resources are inadequate and the current discussion in India on universal health care appears to be biased towards privately provided care. At the same time, there have been remarkable achievements, often diminished by the size of India’s population.
Public health is about social justice and the task before India today is to demonstrate the political will, the administrative ability and the democratic vision to achieve universal health care. Can this come about?
Fibromyalgianess and glucocorticoid persistence among patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Wallace Beth I , Moore Meriah N , Heisler Andrew C , Muhammad Lutfiyya N , Song Jing , Clauw Daniel J , Bingham Clifton O , Bolster Marcy B , Marder Wendy , Neogi Tuhina , Wohlfahrt Alyssa , Dunlop Dorothy D , Lee Yvonne C 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesOver one-third of patients with RA exhibit evidence of fibromyalgianess, which is associated with higher rates of disability and inadequate responsiveness to RA treatment. Patients with RA often remain on glucocorticoids long-term, despite the known risk of dose-dependent morbidity. We undertook this study to examine the relationship between fibromyalgianess and glucocorticoid persistence among RA patients.MethodsWe followed participants with active RA on oral prednisone for ∼3 months after initiating a new DMARD. Fibromyalgianess was measured using the Fibromyalgia Survey Questionnaire (FSQ), previously shown to correlate with key FM features often superimposed upon RA. Severity of fibromyalgianess was stratified as follows: FSQ &lt;8 low, FSQ 8–10 moderate and FSQ &gt;10 high/very high. The association between baseline fibromyalgianess and glucocorticoid persistence, defined as prednisone use at 3-month follow-up visit after DMARD initiation, was assessed using multiple logistic regression adjusted for baseline demographics, RA duration, serostatus and inflammatory activity assessed using swollen joint count and CRP.ResultsOf the 97 participants on prednisone at baseline, 65% were still taking prednisone at follow-up. Fifty-seven percent of participants with low baseline fibromyalgianess had persistent glucocorticoid use, compared with 84% of participants with high or very high fibromyalgianess. After adjustment for non-inflammatory factors and inflammatory activity, participants with high/very high baseline fibromyalgianess were more likely to be taking prednisone at follow-up relative to those with low fibromyalgianess [odds ratio 4.99 (95% CI 1.20, 20.73)].ConclusionHigh fibromyalgianess is associated with persistent glucocorticoid use, independent of inflammatory activity.