bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators and antibiotic utilization patterns among primary health care facilities in Ilala district, Tanzania
Authors: Kilipamwambu Amosi , Bwire George M , Myemba David T , Njiro Belinda J , Majigo Mtebe V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Antibiotic use requires regular monitoring to prevent emergence of antibiotic resistance.

Objectives
To assess antibiotic prescribing patterns at health care facilities (HCF) in Ilala district, Tanzania.

Methods
A 1 year retrospective study was conducted in four HCFs using WHO/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) core prescribing indicators. Factors associated with antibiotic prescription were analysed using logistic regression model.

Results
A total of 604 prescriptions were reviewed. Patients had median age (IQR) of 15 (4–31) years with majority having upper respiratory tract infection 33.3% (n = 201), urinary tract infection 31.1% (n = 188) or diarrhoea 21.2% (n = 128). Out of 624 prescribed antibiotics, amoxicillin was the most common (22.7%), followed by ciprofloxacin (13.6%) and metronidazole (11.6%). The studied HCFs had an average of 1.99 medicines prescribed per consultation (reference: 1.6–1.8). Of 1203 medicines prescribed, 51.9% (n = 624) were antibiotics (reference: 20.0%–26.8%). Additionally, 97.6% (n = 609) of the antibiotics appeared on the national essential medicines list, whereby 84.4% (n = 510) were prescribed by generic names (reference: 100%). Patients with peptic ulcers had a 4.4-fold higher chance of receiving antibiotics [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.918–10.13, P = 0.0001] while patients with diarrhoea had a 2.6-fold higher chance of receiving at least one antibiotic (aOR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.206–5.491, P = 0.015).

Conclusions
We found inappropriate use of antibiotics in the studied primary HCFs. Antibiotic stewardship programmes should be extended to primary HCFs found in Ilala district.
Development of a Colloidal Gold Immunochromatographic Strip for the Rapid Detection of Channel Catfish Virus
Authors: Jing Hongli , Li Xiaolin , Xu Lipu , Gao Longying , Lin Xiangmei , Zhang Min , Wang Na , Liu Xiaofei , Wu Shaoqiang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Channel catfish virus disease (CCVD) has resulted in great economic losses and has restricted the development of fisheries. There is therefore, a need for rapid and efficient diagnostic methods to control the spread of CCVD.

Objective
A colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip has been developed for the detection of CCVD.

Methods
In this study, a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip for channel catfish virus (CCV) detection was developed using the monoclonal antibody 8B6 conjugated with colloidal gold as the detector antibody. A rabbit anti-CCV antibody was used as the capture complex at the test line, and a goat anti-mouse IgG antibody was used as the capture antibody at the control line. The strip was characterized in its specificity, sensitivity, and stability. In addition, an infection experiment was performed to test the applicability of the test strip.

Result
The strip was able to detect concentrations of the virus (104 tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/mL) and showed analytical specificity when tested against other viral pathogens. The strips were still usable after 30 days of storage at 60°C. It was possible to detect CCV experimentally in infected fish within 10–15 min of using the strip.

Conclusions
The strip can be used as a rapid and convenient tool for on-site diagnosis to control outbreaks and the spread of CCVD.

Highlights
The immunochromatographic strip was the first to be developed and applied for the detection of CCVD.
D-Amino acid metabolism in bacteria
Authors: Miyamoto Tetsuya , Homma Hiroshi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Bacteria produce diverse d-amino acids, which are essential components of cell wall peptidoglycan. Incorporation of these d-amino acids into peptidoglycan contributes to bacterial adaptation to environmental changes and threats. d-Amino acids have been associated with bacterial growth, biofilm formation and dispersal and regulation of peptidoglycan metabolism. The diversity of d-amino acids in bacteria is primarily due to the activities of amino acid racemases that catalyse the interconversion of the d- and l-enantiomers of amino acids. Recent studies have revealed that bacteria possess multiple enzymes with amino acid racemase activities. Therefore, elucidating d-amino acid metabolism by these enzymes is critical to understand the biological significance and behaviour of d-amino acids in bacteria. In this review, we focus on the metabolic pathways of d-amino acids in six types of bacteria.
Bisecting-GlcNAc on Asn388 is characteristic to ERC/mesothelin expressed on epithelioid mesothelioma cells
Authors: Fujihira Haruhiko , Takakura Daisuke , Matsuda Atsushi , Abe Masaaki , Miyazaki Michiyo , Nakagawa Tomomi , Kajino Kazunori , Denda-Nagai Kaori , Noji Miki , Hino Okio , Irimura Tatsuro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mesothelioma is a highly aggressive tumour associated with asbestos exposure and is histologically classified into three types: epithelioid-type, sarcomatoid-type and biphasic-type. The prognosis of mesothelioma patients is poor and there is no effective molecular-targeting therapy as yet. ERC/mesothelin is a glycoprotein that is highly expressed on several types of cancers including epithelioid mesothelioma, but also expressed on normal mesothelial cells. This is a predicted reason why there is no clinically approved therapeutic antibody targeting ERC/mesothelin. In the present study, we focussed on the differential glycosylation between ERC/mesothelin present on epithelioid mesothelioma and that on normal mesothelial cells and aimed to reveal a distinct feature of epithelioid mesothelioma cells. Lectin microarray analysis of ERC/mesothelin using cells and patient specimens showed significantly stronger binding of PHA-E4 lectin, which recognizes complex-type N-glycans having a so-called bisecting-GlcNAc structure, to ERC/mesothelin from epithelioid mesothelioma cells than that from normal mesothelial cells. Further, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis on ERC/mesothelin from epithelioid mesothelioma cells confirmed the presence of a bisecting-GlcNAc attached to Asn388 of ERC/mesothelin. These results suggest that this glycoproteome could serve as a potential target for the generation of a highly selective and safe therapeutic antibody for epithelioid mesothelioma.
Artificial Intelligence for a Reduction of False Denials in Refugee Claims
Authors: Cameron Hilary Evans , Goldfarb Avi , Morris Leah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDeciding refugee claims is a paradigm case of an inherently uncertain judgment and prediction exercise. Yet refugee status decision-makers may underestimate the uncertainty inherent in their decisions. A feature of recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability to make uncertainty visible. By making clear to refugee status decision-makers how uncertain their predictions are, AI and related statistical tools could help to reduce their confidence in their conclusions. Currently, this would only hurt claimants, since many countries around the world have designed their refugee status determination systems using inductive inference which distorts risk assessment. Increasing uncertainty would therefore contribute to mistaken rejections. If, however, international refugee law was to recognize an obligation under the UN Convention to resolve decision-making doubt in the claimant’s favour and use abductive inference, as Evans Cameron has advocated, then by making uncertainty visible, AI could help reduce the number of wrong denied claims.
The Impact of COVID-19 Containment Actions on Extra-Analytical Phases of the Clinical Laboratory: A Case Report
Authors: Mahto Mala , Kumar Mukunda , Banerjee Ayan , Kumar Sushil 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Laboratory information systems need to adapt to new demands created by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has set up new normals like containment measures and social distancing. Some of these have negatively impacted the pre- and postanalytical phases of laboratory testing. Here, we present an intriguing finding related to the generation of the accession number/specimen number on the investigation module of a hospital management information system and its impact on the dissemination of reports resulting in the wrong release of reports on a female patient amidst the background of COVID-19 containment measures. We analyze the situation that led to this false reporting and the importance of the proper customization of information software in laboratories along with a robust postanalytical framework of laboratory work culture to avert such untoward incidents. This introspection has made us realize that COVID-19 has been a scientific, medical, and social challenge. We need to redefine our priorities in the days to come because SARS-CoV-2 is here to stay.
Medicine in theMonthly Review: Revealing public medical discourse with topic modelling
Authors: Arnold Whitney , Arnold Corey 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHistorians of science and medicine have long argued for the need to recover non-specialist views of medicine and health, as research has often concentrated on practitioner accounts. In this paper, we examine medical discourse in the British periodical the Monthly Review. Published monthly from 1749 to 1844, the Monthly was greatly influential in its time. However, it has received limited scholarly attention, due in part to the unwieldy size of its corpus, which spans 96 years and 246 volumes, each composed of three–six monthly issues. We employ statistical topic modelling to analyse the Monthly, revealing the presentation and prevalence of various public medical discourses, as well as how these discourses varied over the course of the periodical’s almost 100 years. As the Monthly aimed to review every published text, it provides records of and contemporary discussions about thousands of texts currently lost from archives. This analysis of the Monthly ultimately sheds light on the medical topics and texts that featured prominently in British public discourse during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
Road home: The role of ethnicity in the post-Soviet regional migration
Authors: Jang Youngook 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the role of ethnicity in determining migration patterns, by using a newly constructed late- and post-Soviet dataset. The members of various indigenous ethnic groups, who had been spread across the Soviet territories, had to decide whether or not to leave the land in which they suddenly became diaspora after the dissolution of the USSR. The post-Soviet case reveals that ethnicity played a crucial and independent role in migration decision and destination choice, as potential migrants were likely to move to the regions where their co-ethnics are prevalent and/or likely to stay if they are already in such regions. This trend of ‘ethnic unmixing’ is observed in a novel dataset regarding the regional migration patterns of major ethnic groups in the post-Soviet space. Econometric analyses using this dataset also confirm that ethnic composition of a region, along with wages and employment, has significant effects on the regional migration patterns. This article also shows that the post-Soviet migration trend was a complete reverse of pre-collapse migration which had been in the direction of ethnic mixing.
Evaluation of mid-term (6-12 months) neurotoxicity in B-cell lymphoma patients treated with CAR T cells: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Maillet Didier , Belin Catherine , Moroni Christine , Cuzzubbo Stefania , Ursu Renata , Sirven-Villaros Lila , Di Blasi Roberta , Thieblemont Catherine , Carpentier Antoine F 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundChimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR T) cells are profoundly changing the standard of care in B-cell malignancies. This new therapeutic class induces a significant number of acute neurotoxicity, but data regarding mid- and long-term neurological safety are scarce. We evaluated mid-term neurological safety, with special emphasis on cognitive functions, in a series of adults treated with CAR T cells.MethodsPatients treated in a single center with CD19-targeted CAR T cells for a relapsing B-cell lymphoma were prospectively followed up by neurologists. Before CAR T-cell infusion, all patients underwent neurological examinations with neuropsychological testing and filled out questionnaires assessing anxiety, depression, and cognitive complaints. Patients surviving without tumor progression were re-evaluated similarly, 6-12 months later.ResultsIn this prospective cohort of 56 consecutive adult patients treated with CAR T cells, 27 were eligible for mid-term evaluation (median time 7.6 months). Twelve patients developed an acute and reversible neurotoxicity with median duration time of 5.5 days. In all patients, neurological examination on mid-term evaluation was similar to baseline. In self-assessment questionnaires, 63% of patients reported clinically meaningful anxiety, depression, or cognitive difficulties at baseline, a number reduced to 44% at the time of mid-term evaluation. On cognitive assessments, no significant deterioration was found when compared to baseline, in any cognitive functions assessed (verbal and visual memory, executive functions, language, and praxis), even in patients who developed acute neurotoxicity.ConclusionIn this cohort of patients treated with CD19-targeted CAR T cells, we found no evidence for neurological or cognitive toxicity, 6-12 months after treatment.
CD8+ T-Cell Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals Target Conserved Epitopes From Multiple Prominent SARS-CoV-2 Circulating Variants
Authors: Redd Andrew D , Nardin Alessandra , Kared Hassen , Bloch Evan M , Pekosz Andrew , Laeyendecker Oliver , Abel Brian , Fehlings Michael , Quinn Thomas C , Tobian Aaron A R 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study examined whether CD8+ T-cell responses from coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent individuals (n = 30) potentially maintain recognition of the major severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants (alpha, beta, gamma; n = 45 mutations assessed). Only 1 mutation found in Beta variant-spike overlapped with a previously identified epitope (1/52), suggesting that virtually all anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-cell responses should recognize these newly described variants.
GLAXO WELLCOME UK LTD v SANDOZ LTD
Authors:   Chancery Division
Published: March 2021

Abstract
H1 Passing off – Prescription medication – Asthma inhalers – The colour purple – Distinctiveness – Misrepresentation as to source – Misrepresentation as to equivalence – Likelihood of confusion – Survey evidence – Damage – Recklessness – Joint tortfeasance
A metabolomic-based study on disturbance of bile acids metabolism induced by intratracheal instillation of nickel oxide nanoparticles in rats
Authors: Zhang Qiong , Chang Xuhong , Wang Xiaoxia , Zhan Haibing , Gao Qing , Yang Mengmeng , Liu Han , Li Sheng , Sun Yingbiao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nickel oxide nanoparticles (Nano NiO) evoke hepatotoxicity, while whether it affects the hepatic metabolism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the differential metabolites and their metabolic pathways in rat serum and to further verify the potential mechanism of bile acids’ (BAs) metabolism dysregulation after Nano NiO exposure. Sixteen male Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with Nano NiO (0.24 mg/kg body weight) twice a week for 9 weeks. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was applied to filter the differentially expressed metabolites in rat serum. Western blot was employed to detect the protein contents. Twenty-one differential metabolites that associated with BAs, lipid and phospholipid metabolism pathways were identified in rat serum after Nano NiO exposure. Decreased cholic acid and deoxycholic acid implied that the BAs metabolism was disturbed. The nickel content increased in liver after Nano NiO exposure. The protein expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) was down-regulated, and the bile salt export pump was up-regulated after Nano NiO administration in rat liver. Moreover, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphotransferase (SULT2A1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 were elevated in the exposure group. In conclusion, Nano NiO might trigger the disturbances of BAs, lipid and phospholipid metabolism pathways in rats. The diminished serum BAs induced by Nano NiO might be related to the down-regulation of synthetase and to the overexpression of transmembrane protein and detoxification enzymes in BAs metabolism.
Interannual dynamics, diversity and evolution of the virome in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from a single crop field
Authors: Jia Jichun , Fu Yanping , Jiang Daohong , Mu Fan , Cheng Jiasen , Lin Yang , Li Bo , Marzano Shin-Yi Lee , Xie Jiatao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mycovirus diversity is generally analyzed from isolates of fungal culture isolates at a single point in time as a snapshot. The stability of mycovirus composition within the same geographical location over time remains unclear. Not knowing how the population fluctuates in the field can be a source of unpredictability in the successful application of virocontrol. To better understand the changes over time, we monitored the interannual dynamics and abundance of mycoviruses infecting Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at a rapeseed-growing field for three years. We found that the virome in S. sclerotiorum harbors unique mycovirus compositions each year. In total, sixty-eight mycoviruses were identified, among which twenty-four were detected in all three successive years. These twenty-four mycoviruses can be classified as the members of the core virome in this S. sclerotiorum population, which show persistence and relatively high transmissibility under field conditions. Nearly two-thirds of the mycoviruses have positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes and were found consistently across all three years. Moreover, twenty-eight mycoviruses are newly described, including four novel, multi-segmented narnaviruses, and four unique bunyaviruses. Overall, the newly discovered mycoviruses in this study belong to as many as twenty families, into which eight were first identified in S. sclerotiorum, demonstrating evolutionarily diverse viromes. Our findings not only shed light on the annual variation of mycovirus diversity but also provide important virus evolutionary clues.
The Mother Baby Comfort Care Pathway
Authors: Czynski Adam J. , Souza Michelle , Lechner Beatrice E. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Traditionally, the provision of comfort care and support during the dying process for infants born with life-limiting diagnoses has occurred in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A major goal for the families of these infants is often the opportunity to spend as much time as possible with their infant in order to make memories and parent their infant.

Purpose:
The objective of the Mother Baby Comfort Care Pathway is to implement a program of family-centered care with logistically flexible care delivery, allowing mothers and their families to share as normal a postpartum care experience as possible with a focus on quality of life, memory making, and time spent together.

Methods:
The program was developed with the nucleus of care coordination and provision on the Mother Baby Unit (postpartum unit), with involvement from the labor and delivery room, NICU, and other units as necessary to provide the postpartum mother, her dying infant, as well as possible additional siblings (in the case of multiple gestation), postpartum care while rooming-in. The program was rolled out with training workshops for postpartum nurses.

Findings:
Nurses who took part in the workshops and the patient care program rated both highly.

Implications for Practice:
The Mother Baby Comfort Care Pathway aims to offer a framework for providing multidisciplinary family-centered comfort care to newborns during the postpartum period in a compassionate, evidence-based, and individualized manner in order to maximize quality time together for families with a dying infant.
Can C7 Slope Substitute the T1 Slope in Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients? A Radiographic Study
Authors: Fan Yonggang , Wang Jie , Cai Mandi , Xia Lei 
Published: March 2021

Background:
The aim of this study was to investigate whether C7 slope can be used as a substitute for T1 slope in idiopathic scoliosis.

Methods:
From January 2014 to October 2019, 101 patients who received posterior spinal internal fixation and fusion in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. After analyzing the visibility of vertebral endplates, 46 cases of C7/T1 vertebral endplates were visible, including 14 males and 32 females, aged 9 to 18 years (mean 14.6±2.0 y). The upper C7 slope, lower C7 slope, T1 slope, cervical lordosis and C2 to 7 sagittal vertebral axis were measured before and after operation and at the last follow-up. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation strength between upper C7 slope and T1 slope, and lower C7 slope and T1 slope. Through simple linear regression analysis, linear regression equations were generated from the upper and lower C7 slopes to predict T1 slope.

Results:
According to the 2 researchers’ judgment, the visibility rate of the upper C7 endplate was 93.1% before operation, 93.1% after operation, and 91.1% at the last follow-up. The lower C7 endplate’s visible rate was 72.3% before operation, 70.3% after operation and 68.3% at the last follow-up. The visible rate of T1 upper endplate was 52.5% before operation, 48.5% after operation and 50.5% at last follow-up. Linear regression analysis showed that the upper C7 slope and T1 slope in idiopathic scoliosis patients, regardless of preoperative (r=0.908, P<0.01), postoperative (r=0.0.886, P<0.01), follow-up (r=0.899, P<0.01), or overall (r=0.895, P<0.01), both have a close correlation; the lower C7 slope and the T1 slope are the same before surgery (r=0.882, P<0.01), after surgery (r=0.940, P<0.01), follow-up (r=0.952, P<0.01), or overall (r=0.929, P<0.01) all have statistical significance.

Conclusion:
When the upper endplate of T1 is not visible on standard radiographs, the upper or lower C7 slope can be used as a reliable alternative measurement parameter for sagittal balance assessment.