bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Fuel Quality Using Statistical Regression-Based Analysis of Leidenfrost Droplets
Authors: Bhati Awan , Acharya Palash V. , Ezekoye Ofodike A. , Bahadur Vaibhav 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Accurate measurement of fuel quality is critical for automotive applications as it impacts engine performance and emissions. A number of techniques have been proposed to measure fuel quality including acoustic wave speed sensors, chemometric modeling, near-infrared spectrophotometry, Raman spectroscopy etc. All of these techniques are complex in nature and require expensive equipment. In contrast, we propose a novel, simple and rapid method for estimating fuel quality in field environments. This involves measuring the evaporation time of fuel droplets in the Leidenfrost state, and using the results of statistical data analysis conducted on an experimental data bank comprising evaporation time data for similar droplets. The Leidenfrost state refers to a liquid droplet hovering on its own vapor layer on a superheated surface. To showcase our approach, evaporation time was measured for droplets consisting of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and water blends with varying parameters such as IPA fraction (0-1), droplet volume (20–100μL) and surface temperature (200–340 °C). The resulting data bank (96 data points) was used to train and evaluate the performance of a polynomial regression (using a semilogarithmic transformation) model in predicting the evaporation time as a function of the above-mentioned parameters. R2 accuracies of 97.34% (training data), 96.82% (test data), 97.46% (total) and a relative error within ± 0.25% for the entire dataset was obtained using the regression model, which highlights the predictive capabilities of our approach.
Numerical Simulation and Flame Characteristics Analysis of Non-Premixed Swirling Combustion
Authors: Su Yi , Zhang Bin , Hou Junqing , Chen Yifeng , Jiang Jieyu , Li Wei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Swirling flames are important in practical industrial combustors. The dynamic characteristics of swirling flames form complex velocity and temperature fields, which indicate combustion efficiency and influence pollutant emission. A reliable numerical simulation that can calculate the entire velocity and temperature fields is required to understand and investigate the underlying combustion mechanism. The governing equations of the methane swirling combustion process consist of the mass conservation, Navier-Stokes, and energy equations, all of which are solved by the SIMPLE algorithm based on finite volume method. This study performed a simulation using the realizable k-ε and non-premixed models in conjunction with the GRI Mech 3.0 mechanism. The characteristics of swirling combustion were analyzed on the bases of visualizations of temperature distribution, velocity distribution, and streamlines. In each cross section with varying heights from the nozzle, the high velocity and high temperature areas showed similar closed or semi-closed annular structures. In the central longitudinal section, the V-shaped high temperature and high velocity regions showed the swirling structure of the combustion flow field. The high temperature area did not coincide with the high velocity area but was located relatively downstream. The high velocity area was in the periphery of the high temperature area. Furthermore, the effects of swirl blade position on methane combustion characteristics were discussed. The validity of the numerical simulation results was verified by the simultaneous laser measurement of 3D temperature and velocity fields in the swirling flame.
Study of Boiling Heat Transfer on Heterogeneous Wetting Surface With MD Simulation
Authors: Liu Zeyu , Liu Runkeng , Li Peng , Xu Anyi , Liu Zhenyu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Wettability has been proved as an important issue to the thermal transport at solid-liquid interface at different scales, however, its enhancement mechanism has not been clearly understood till now. In this study, the nucleate boiling behavior of argon fluid on heterogeneous wetting surfaces were examined with the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) method, the ring-patterned and stripe-patterned schemes were designed and analyzed, respectively. By comparing the boiling inception time and evaporation rate of liquid argon atoms, it is found that the ring-patterned surface shows an advantage in the nucleate boiling heat transfer compared with the stripe-patterned one. The differences in heat transfer characteristics for different surfaces can be explained through the qualitative analysis of fluid density distribution and solid-fluid interaction energy. Furthermore, the boiling phenomena on ring-patterned surfaces with alternated hydrophilic and hydrophobic intervals were simulated to study the influence of area fraction of hydrophilic region on the heat transfer performance. It is observed that bubble nucleus firstly appears over the hydrophobic region of the substrate. The substrate with more hydrophilic area will have a better heat transfer performance. It is also demonstrated that there is an optimal area fraction, which can make the evaporation rate of fluid reach the highest value. The findings in this work can contribute to the design and fabrication of nanocoating surface to enhance its heat transfer performance under high heat flux condition.
Numerical Investigation of Porosity Effect on Confined Round Impinging Jets of Nanofluids in Aluminum Foams
Authors: Buonomo Bernardo , di Pasqua Anna , Manca Oronzio , Nappo Sergio 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper a numerical study on mixed convection in confined impinging round jets in a porous media is carried out. Pure water and Al2O3/water based nanofluids are employed as working fluids; a single-phase model approach has been applied to evaluate their properties. A two-dimensional domain is analyzed and different Peclet are considered. The Rayleigh number is fixed equal to 30000. The thermal non-equilibrium energy condition (LTNE) is assumed to accomplish two-dimensional simulations on the metal foam section. The examined aluminum foams are characterized by distinct porosity (ε), from 0.90 to about 0.97, for different values of pores per inch (PPI), equal to 5, 10, 20 and 40. The particle volume concentrations range from 0% to 4% and the particle diameter is equal to 30 nm. The target surface is heated by a constant temperature value, calculated according to the value of Rayleigh number. The results show that the convective heat transfer coefficients increase with increasing of values of Peclet number and nanoparticle concentration. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient shows a different behavior at varying porosity for different Peclet and Rayleigh numbers. In addition, temperature profiles are presented for the fluid and solid phases of the porous zone.
Validation Of Multiphase Computational Model Using Experimental Study of Air/Mist Film Cooling
Authors: Abdelmaksoud Ramy , Wang Ting 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A numerical study has been performed to validate the multiphase CFD model (DPM) by comparing its results to the experimental data of an air/mist film cooling study. The complete experimental test section was simulated including all the details including all the five holes, side walls effect, partially opened top wall, the conjugate bottom wall, the initial droplet distributions from the actual data, and the long boundary layer developing region upstream of the cooling holes. The effects of different particle distributions, the breakup and coalescence models, and the conjugate wall on the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness were investigated. The multiphase CFD model employs an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. The Eulerian method is used for the continuous phase including air and water vapor and the Lagrangian method in terms of the discrete phase model (DPM) is used to simulate the dispersed phase (e.g., mist or liquid droplets) in a continuous phase (e.g., air). The overall consistency between the computational prediction and experimental data is within 0.2% for the air-only case and 7% for the mist case. The results showed that considering the wall using the conjugate heat transfer technique significantly provided better agreement with the experimental data than without including the wall. The non-uniform particle distribution provided better agreement with the experimental results near the film cooling hole exit.
Drying Characteristics and Quality of Fresh White Waxy Corn Under Different Drying Methods
Authors: He Yanling , Huang Dan , Chen Yongjia , Men Kaiyang , Sherif S. A. , Li Wei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The drying characteristics and drying quality of fresh white waxy corn were investigated under three different drying methods (sun drying, hot-air drying and far-infrared drying) and different drying temperatures (55 °C, 60 °C, 65 °C, 70 °C, 75 °C, 80 °C). The optimal drying method and drying condition were obtained by comparing the drying time and drying quality including damage rate, rehydration capacity and the contents of protein, fatty acid and starch. The results showed that the drying time of sun drying was the longest, while the drying quality was the best, i.e., the damage rate was the lowest and the nutrient retention was the highest. The far-infrared drying time was shorter and the quality was better than that of hot air drying. The higher the temperature, the faster the drying rate. The optimal drying temperature was 60 °C under far-infrared drying, which can effectively remove the water and keep the food quality. Besides, the drying rate was faster than hot air, and the color of the dried products was brighter. When hot air drying was used, the value of fatty acids did not change much below 65 °C, but it rose sharply above 65 °C. The optimal drying temperature was 65 °C, under which the drying rate was moderate and the quality was relatively good. If the production cost was considered, sun drying was the best, following the 60 °C far-infrared drying. This conclusion can provide a reference for the drying conditions of corn after harvest in agricultural production, and to a certain extent provide suggestions for the later drying treatment methods and treatment temperatures of fresh white waxy corn.
Effect of Build Angle on Additively Manufactured Aluminum Alloy Surface Roughness and Water Wetting Ability
Authors: Bailey Christopher M. , Thompson Scott M. , Derby Melanie , Morrow Jordan , Weeks Cameron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) allows for the fabrication of complex metallic specimens which are otherwise very difficult or impossible to create using traditional manufacturing methods. For multi-phase heat spreaders such as vapor chambers, complex internal geometry lends itself well to AM as new design features can be realized. The internal geometries of vapor chambers frequently involve several thin pillars, which act as wicking structures and support a small internal cavity in which the phase change of a liquid, usually water, provides a means to effectively ‘spread’ a high heat flux throughout a larger area. In this case study, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) AM was utilized to create a series of aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg) support pillars of fixed height with varying filet angles and build orientations (0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50° and 60° from the normal surface) to determine effects on surface roughness and resolution. Surface-to-water contact angles were measured on rinsed, un-polished surfaces, and microscopy was employed to obtain images demonstrating surface roughness profiles. This was done on both heated and unheated surfaces. Results clearly demonstrate that the surface roughness of upward and downward-facing surfaces during L-PBF depends on build orientation. The observational findings of this experiment showed that the surface roughness on surfaces representing horizontally oriented faces decreased as the printing orientation increased. This indicates that one must be cognizant of printing orientation for the L-PBF of capillary structures. A change in surface roughness as a result of printing orientation effects the heat transfer within an enclosed space due to a change in contact angles between the liquid and the heated surface. The results of this study will aid in future design considerations of heat pipes for their additive manufacture via current L-PBF technology.
Reduction of Fuel Utilization Through Oxygen-Enriched Combustion in a Reheat Furnace Pusher-Type
Authors: Martinez Zambrano Francisco J. , Silaen Armin K. , Tian Kelly , Maiolo Joe , Zhou Chenn 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Steelmaking is an energy-intensive process. Thus, energy efficiency is highly important. Several stages of steelmaking involve combustion processes. One of the most energy-consuming processes in steelmaking is the slab reheating process in a reheat furnace (RF). The energy released by fuel combustion is used to heat steel slabs to their proper hot-rolling temperature. The steel slabs move through the reheat furnace passing the three stages of heating called: Preheating Zone (PZ), Heating Zone (HZ), and Soaking Zone (SZ) to finally leave the discharge door at a rolling temperature of 2375 °F. One way to improve a reheat furnace’s fuel consumption is by implementing oxygen-enriched combustion. This study investigates the implementation of oxygen-enriched combustion in a pusher-type reheat furnace. The increment of oxygen in the combustion process allows for increasing the furnace gas temperature. Consequently, the oxygen enrichment approach allows for the reduction of fuel injection. The principal goal of this investigation is to model the combustion-based on oxygen-enrichment and develop parametric studies of fuel injection rates. The different simulations aim to match the slab heat flux profile of the industrial reheat furnace pusher-type. Computational fluid dynamics are used to generate the slab heat flux distribution. To reach more uniform slab heating, oxygen and fuel ports were alternated. Also, injection angles were modified to optimize slab heating and avoid the impact of hot spots. Thermocouple readings of the industrial reheat furnace are compared to simulation results. The results determined that 40–45% fuel reduction can be achieved.
Viscosity and Natural Evaporation Studies: Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants and Hydrotopes
Authors: Dikici Birce , Kaminis Angelos , Stirnweis Dakotah , Stollenwerk Lauren , Jiang Qi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Surfactants are known to affect evaporation performance of solutions. They are studied in relation to water loss prevention. In previous studies, evaporation suppressants have been effective in the laboratory and at small scales such as on swimming pools, ponds, and small lakes. Surfactants could be useful under drought conditions in arid areas of the world. Previous researchers conducted tests to estimate the spreading and coverage efficiencies of evaporation suppressants. Effectiveness of the suppressants in reducing evaporation is evaluated. Monolayers are one molecule thick films that form at a phase boundary such as the air-water interface. The optimal methods of spreading and reapplication of monolayers need to be determined. Hydrotopes are organic salt compounds and they improve the ability of water to dissolve other molecules. Hydrotropy is one of the solubility enhancement techniques which enhance solubility with use of hydrotropes.
The purpose of the research is to measure the viscosity and natural evaporation of selected aqueous surfactant and hydrotope solutions. The viscosity of the aqueous-surfactant solutions at various concentrations are measured with falling-ball viscometer. The surfactants are shown to increase viscosity when added to distilled water. Some surfactants and hyrotopes reduced natural convection water loss over five days showing an effect on evaporation rates.
Empirical Determination of the Design Influence of Large Industrial Rotary Kilns for Ferronickel Production on Heat Transfer and Energy Performance
Authors: Ruiz Janneth , Ardila Antonio , Rueda Bernardo , Castillo Andy , Pardo Yuleisy , Corredor Lesme , Maury Heriberto 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the industrial process of ferronickel production from lateritic minerals, the influence of design factors, constructive and dimensional aspects on the heat transfer and energy performance of the equipment have been little addressed. The literature focuses on cement kilns or iron and steel production applications. This work compares the influence of the approaches considered in the early phases of the design process on heat transfer and energy performance for two ferronickel rotary kilns. For this purpose, a retrospective analysis was realized identifying requirements, operating principles, and approaches applied in the definition of specification and conceptual design. This analysis was carried out, taking into account one operation year data of two rotary calcining kilns of 185 meters and 135 meters in length, both of 6 meters in diameter and similar feeding rate between 170,000 and 180000 kilograms per hour. The analysis showed that kiln 1 had a functional approach in the early phases of the design process, while kiln 2 additionally has an environmental and energy approach, which allowed to improve the heat transfer and energy performance. This was verified with software based on the AHP method. The software results showed that counter-current and cross-flow rotary kiln 2 is a better conceptual design alternative for environmental and energy requirements than counter-current rotary kiln 1.
Supervised Learning Algorithms Applied in the Zoning of Susceptibility by Hydroclimatological Geohazards
Authors: Aristizabal Jaime , Motta Carlos , Obregon Nelson , Capachero Carlos , Real Leonardo , Chaves Julian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cenit Transporte y Logística de Hidrocarburos (CENIT), operator of about 7000 km of hydrocarbon transport systems, which constitutes it the largest operator in Colombia, has developed a strategic alliance to structure an adaptive geotechnical susceptibility zoning using supervised learning algorithms. Through this exercise, has been implemented operational decision inferences with simple linguistic values.
The difficulties proposed by the method considers the hydroclimatology of Colombia, which is conditioned by several phenomena of Climate Variability that affect the atmosphere at different scales such as the Oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone - ITCZ (seasonal scale) and the occurrence of macroclimatic phenomena such as El Niño-La Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (interannual scale). Likewise, it considers the geotechnical complexity derived from the different geological formation environments, the extension and geographical dispersion of the infrastructure, and its interaction with the climatic regimes, to differentiate areas of interest based on the geohazards of hydrometeorological origin, when grouped into five clusters.
The results of this exercise stand out the importance of keep a robust record of the events that affect the infrastructure of hydrocarbon transportation systems and using data-guided intelligence techniques to improve the tools that support decision-making in asset management.
Risk Areas Zoning Using a New 3D Seismic Refraction Technique in the Gas Pipeline Right-of Way of a Gas and Condensed Field in the Peruvian Jungle
Authors: Luque Nereyda , León Oscar , Arriola Milagritos , Mariscal Carlos , Estofanero Greydy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The use of the new three-dimensional refraction technique was applied around the right-of-way (DDV) of the hydrocarbon gathering pipeline system (U-200), approximately 14.4 km long and 1.5 km wide. This technique included: a) processing of field seismic gathers data in conjunction with LIDAR-DTM topographic information, with which a 3D model of P-wave velocities was constructed; b) calibration of the P-velocity model with field data; and c) interpretation of the final P-velocity model.
The application of the new technique allowed the three-dimensional study of the subsurface around the U-200 by including the geological characterization of the velocities and the elaboration of several predictive geological maps (lithology, structural, topography, etc.). Correlations of these maps allowed the building of risk factor maps, in which areas with higher or lower geodynamic risk can be directly identified. These areas represented the zones where the pipeline/flowline was most prone to collapse.
Towards a Structured Maintenance and Integrity Management Program of Hydrocarbon Transport Systems - Emphasis on Geohazards
Authors: Chaves Agudelo Julián Fernando , Amórtegui Gil José Vicente 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The main objective of the integrity and maintenance professionals of hydrocarbon transportation companies is to ensure the integrity and availability of transportation systems by monitoring and controlling the risks to which they are exposed. This article presents a series of aspects that give scope to a structured maintenance and integrity management program, and that can be established in each company based on its organizational structure and culture. Some examples are presented to take into account in geohazard management and that focus on achieving a holistic and prospective view of the professionals who manage geotechnical risk.
‘Bhavishya Shakti: Empowering the Future’: establishing and evaluating a pilot community mobile teaching kitchen as an innovative model, training marginalised women to become nutrition champions and culinary health educators in Kolkata, India
Authors: Buckner Luke , Carter Harrison , Crocombe Dominic , Kargbo Sento , Korre Maria , Bhar Somnath , Bhat Shivani , Chakraborty Debashis , Douglas Pauline , Gupta Mitali , Maitra-Nag Sudeshna , Muhkerjee Sagarika , Saha Aparjita , Rajput-Ray Minha , Tsimpli Ianthi , Ray Sumantra 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundMalnutrition is a global emergency, creating an overlapping burden on individual, public and economic health. The double burden of malnutrition affects approximately 2.3 billion adults worldwide. Following 3 years of capacity building work in Kolkata, with assistance of local volunteers and organisations, we established an empowering nutrition education model in the form of a ‘mobile teaching kitchen (MTK)’ with the aim of creating culinary health educators from lay slum-dwelling women.AimsTo evaluate the piloting of a novel MTK nutrition education platform and its effects on the participants, alongside data collection feasibility.MethodsOver 6 months, marginalised (RG Kar and Chetla slums) women underwent nutrition training using the MTK supported by dietitians, doctors and volunteers. Preintervention and postintervention assessments of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP), as well as anthropometric and clinical nutritional status of both the women and their children were recorded. The education was delivered by a ‘See One, Do One, Teach One’ approach with a final assessment of teaching delivery performed in the final session.ResultsTwelve women were trained in total, six from each slum. Statistically significant improvements were noted in sections of KAP, with improvements in nutrition knowledge (+4.8) and practices (+0.8). In addition, statistically significant positive changes were seen in ‘understanding of healthy nutrition for their children’ (p=0.02), ‘sources of protein rich food’ (p=0.02) and ‘not skipping meals if a child is ill’ (p≤0.001).ConclusionThe MTK as a public health intervention managed to educate, empower and upskill two groups of lay marginalised women into MTK Champions from the urban slums of Kolkata, India. Improvements in their nutrition KAP demonstrate just some of the effects of this programme. By the provision of healthy meals and nutritional messages, the MTK Champions are key drivers nudging improvements in nutrition and health related awareness with a ripple effect across the communities that they serve. There is potential to upscale and adapt this programme to other settings, or developing into a microenterprise model, that can help future MTK Champions earn a stable income.