bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specialist versus Generalist at the Intraspecific Level: Functional Morphology and Substrate Preference of Mediodactylus kotschyi Geckos
Authors: Schwarz Rachel , Stark Gavin , Antonopolous Antonis , Itescu Yuval , Pafilis Panayiotis , Chapple David G , Meiri Shai 
Published: May 2021

Synopsis
Populations of the same species occupying different microhabitats can either exhibit generalized traits across them or display intraspecific variability, adapting to each microhabitat in order to maximize performance. Intraspecific variability contributes to the generation of diversity, following selection and adaptation, and understanding such variability is important for comprehending how individuals choose their microhabitats. Compared with interspecific variability, however, intraspecific variability in functional morphology and its relationship with microhabitat preference and use have been relatively little studied. Here we examined whether populations of the gecko Mediodactylus kotschyi that differ in the substrates they occupy display habitat-specific behaviors and differing morphologies associated with functional adaptation to their microhabitats. We collected 207 geckos from under or on rocks or on trees from seven populations in Greece. On large islands individuals occupy both substrates; whereas small islets are devoid of trees and the geckos are restricted to rocks, while on the mainland they are only found on trees. We determined gecko substrate preferences in the laboratory, together with their clinging abilities to the different substrates. We measured their limbs, digits, and claws and assessed how these measurements relate to clinging ability. Geckos from all populations preferred the tree made available to them, but this preference was not statistically significant. Geckos from both large and small islands clung better to the tree than to the rock in the laboratory, while those from the mainland clung similarly to both substrates. Geckos collected from trees had longer manual digits and hind limbs. Geckos collected from large and small islands had taller (longer on the dorso-ventral axis; henceforth “deeper”) claws. Longer digits and deeper but shorter claws were associated with a better ability to cling to rocks. Our findings suggest that while M. kotschyi is potentially preferentially arboreal, due to the great variation and plasticity it possesses, it can successfully also exploit the habitats available on the smallest, treeless islets in the Aegean Sea. Our study suggests that the dichotomous use of generalist versus specialist in describing species’ habitat use is oversimplified, and we suggest the use of a generalist–specialist gradient instead.
Critical domain sizes of a discrete-map hybrid and reaction-diffusion model on hostile exterior domains
Authors: Fazly Mostafa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We study a hybrid impulsive reaction-diffusion equation composed with a discrete-time map in bounded domain $\varOmega $ in space dimension $n\in \mathbb N$. We assume that the exterior of domain is not lethal (not completely hostile) but hostile. We consider Robin boundary conditions which are used for mixed or reactive or semipermeable boundaries. Given geometry of the domain $\varOmega $, we establish critical domain sizes for the persistence and extinction of a species. Specifically, for habitats with the shape of $n$-hypercube and ball of fixed radius, we formulate the critical domain sizes depending on parameters of the model, including $h$, i.e. a measure of the hostility of the external (to $\varOmega $) environment. For a general habitat, called Lipschitz domains, we apply isoperimetric inequalities and variational methods to find the associated critical domain sizes. We also provide applications of the main results in marine reserve, terrestrial reserve and insect pest outbreaks.
Including Distorted Specimens in Allometric Studies: Linear Mixed Models Account for Deformation
Authors: Wynd B M , Uyeda J C , Nesbitt S J 
Published: May 2021

SynopsisAllometry—patterns of relative change in body parts—is a staple for examining how clades exhibit scaling patterns representative of evolutionary constraint on phenotype, or quantifying patterns of ontogenetic growth within a species. Reconstructing allometries from ontogenetic series is one of the few methods available to reconstruct growth in fossil specimens. However, many fossil specimens are deformed (twisted, flattened, and displaced bones) during fossilization, changing their original morphology in unpredictable and sometimes undecipherable ways. To mitigate against post burial changes, paleontologists typically remove clearly distorted measurements from analyses. However, this can potentially remove evidence of individual variation and limits the number of samples amenable to study, which can negatively impact allometric reconstructions. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and major axis regression are common methods for estimating allometry, but they assume constant levels of residual variation across specimens, which is unlikely to be true when including both distorted and undistorted specimens. Alternatively, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) can attribute additional variation in a model (e.g., fixed or random effects). We performed a simulation study based on an empirical analysis of the extinct cynodont, Exaeretodon argentinus, to test the efficacy of a GLMM on allometric data. We found that GLMMs estimate the allometry using a full dataset better than simply using only non-distorted data. We apply our approach on two empirical datasets, cranial measurements of actual specimens of E. argentinus (n = 16) and femoral measurements of the dinosaur Tawa hallae (n = 26). Taken together, our study suggests that a GLMM is better able to reconstruct patterns of allometry over an OLS in datasets comprised of extinct forms and should be standard protocol for anyone using distorted specimens.
659 Non-Burn Etiologies Treated with Autologous Skin Cell Suspension: A Case Series Demonstrating the Efficacy in Complex Wounds
Authors: Qumsiyeh Yazen , Kopari Nicole M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Complex wounds (CW) resulting from necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) and soft tissue traumatic injuries create unique challenges. Radical debridement is often the first step in management but can result in disfigurement with impaired function and compromised cosmesis. The standard of care at our institution for full-thickness burn injuries of similar complexity is widely meshed autografting with application of autologous skin cell suspension (ASCS). Our study is a case series reviewing outcomes using ASCS for CW from non-burn etiology.

Methods
A retrospective chart review from March 2019 through July 2020 was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of ASCS and widely meshed autografting in CW. Patients presenting with CW underwent serial excisions of devitalized tissue by acute care and burn surgeons. Dermal substitute utilization for wound preparation was at the discretion of the surgeon. Definitive wound closure was achieved using ASCS in combination with a widely meshed autograft. The wounds were covered with a non-adherent, non-absorbent, small pore primary dressing along with bismuth-impregnated, petroleum-based gauze or negative pressure wound therapy dependent on wound bed contour. Further padding with gauze was applied along with compressive dressing.

Results
In total, 8 patients with CW were included in this review. The mean age was 58 years (range 27-85) with an equal number of males and females. Wound etiology included NSTI (n=5), degloving injury (n=2), and traumatic amputation (n=1). The average wound size measured 1,300cm2 (range 300-3,000). 50% of the patients were treated with a dermal substitute and negative pressure wound therapy prior to ASCS and autograft placement. 7 of 8 patients received split-thickness skin grafting in the ratio of 3:1 with one patient grafted at a 2:1 expansion. 7 of the 8 patients had &gt;90% wound closure within 8-10 days of ASCS and autograft application. One patient had significant graft failure after removing surgical dressings and autograft in the early post-operative period secondary to dementia. One patient expired during the follow-up period secondary to medical comorbidities. The 6 remaining patients had durable wound closure and acceptable cosmetic outcome. All patients were discharged within 10 days of ASCS application with 4 patients discharging home and 4 patients discharging to an acute inpatient rehabilitation.

Conclusions
This study is the first case series to review ASCS in combination with widely meshed skin grafts in the management of CW from a non-burn etiology. Durable, timely wound closure and an acceptable cosmetic outcome was achieved in these often-challenging CW.
A Dangerous Balance: Indiscriminate Counterterrorism Measures and Mobilization against the State
Authors: Mathieson Nicola 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

This paper explores the unintended consequences of counterterrorism measures by reconceptualizing them as forms of state repression. In line with the study of state repression, this paper distinguishes between two types of counterterrorism measures—selective and indiscriminate. Therefore, I argue the impacts of both forms of counterterrorism measures mirror those of selective and indiscriminate state repression. This paper is particularly concerned with the relationship between indiscriminate counterterrorism measures and consequent mobilization against the state. Drawing on cases of indiscriminate counterterrorism measures in Northern Ireland and Bosnia and Herzegovina, this paper argues that indiscriminate counterterrorism measures, like indiscriminate state repression, exacerbate divisions between the state and its citizens, increasing the risk of the violence that counterterrorism measures are assumed to prevent.

Résumé
Cet article explore les conséquences involontaires des mesures antiterroristes en les reconceptualisant en tant que formes de répression étatique. S'alignant sur l’étude de la répression étatique, cet article distingue deux types de mesures antiterroristes: les mesures sélectives et les mesures indiscriminées. Je soutiens donc que l'impact de ces deux formes de mesures antiterroristes reflète celui des deux formes de répression étatique: la répression sélective et la répression indiscriminée. Cet article s'intéresse particulièrement à la relation entre les mesures antiterroristes indiscriminées et la mobilisation contre l’État qui en résulte. Il s'appuie sur des cas de mesures antiterroristes indiscriminées qui ont été employées en Irlande du Nord et en Bosnie-Herzégovine et soutient que les mesures antiterroristes indiscriminées, tout comme la répression étatique indiscriminée, exacerbent les divisions entre l’État et ses citoyens, accroissant ainsi le risque de violence que les mesures antiterroristes sont supposées empêcher.

Resumen
En este artículo, se exploran las consecuencias imprevistas de las medidas antiterroristas al reconceptualizarlas como formas de represión estatal. En línea con el estudio de la represión estatal, en este documento se distinguen entre dos tipos de medidas antiterroristas: selectivas e indiscriminadas. Por lo tanto, sostengo que el impacto de ambas formas de medidas antiterroristas refleja el de la represión estatal selectiva e indiscriminada. En este documento, se aborda especialmente la relación entre las medidas antiterroristas indiscriminadas y la consiguiente movilización contra el Estado. En función de los casos de medidas antiterroristas indiscriminadas en Irlanda del Norte y Bosnia y Herzegovina, en este documento se argumenta que las medidas antiterroristas indiscriminadas, al igual que la represión estatal indiscriminada, exacerban las divisiones entre el Estado y sus ciudadanos, y potencian el riesgo de casos de violencia que se supone que las medidas antiterroristas deben evitar.
Interpretative Challenges in the Archive: An Introduction
Authors: Freije Vanessa , Nolan Rachel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The twenty-first century has already seen extensive handwringing over how disinformation, “fake news,” and conspiracy theories shape contemporary politics. While social media and new technologies have undoubtedly accelerated the dissemination of such information, the problem of how unauthorized, dubious, or discredited claims shape political subjectivities and historical events is not new. In Latin America and the Caribbean, as elsewhere, conflicts over credibility and truth abound in the historical archive, leaving traces of rumor, denunciation, and even outright forgery that pose interpretative challenges for historians. We argue that dubious or challenged claims, instead of unreliable narratives to be separated out and discarded, are an important constitutive part of the historical record and often altered material realities. Introducing readers to select historical cases from Latin America and the Caribbean, we argue that some especially resonant denunciations, forgeries, rumors, and counter-narratives behave less like plot than like event.
Overstable convective modes in rotating early-type stars
Authors: Lee Umin 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We calculate overstable convective (OsC) modes of 2-, 4-, and $20\hbox{-}{\rm M}_\odot$ main-sequence stars. To compute non-adiabatic OsC modes in the core, we assume $(\nabla \cdot \rm{\boldsymbol {F}}_{\rm C})^\prime =0$ as a prescription for the approximation called frozen-in convection in pulsating stars, where $\rm{\boldsymbol {F}}_{\rm C}$ is the convective energy flux and the prime ′ indicates Eulerian perturbation. We find that the general properties of the OsC modes are roughly the same as those obtained by Lee & Saio, who assumed $\delta (\nabla \cdot \rm{\boldsymbol {F}}_{\rm C})=0$, except that no OsC modes behave like inertial modes when they tend towards complete stabilization with increasing rotation frequency, where δ indicates the Lagrangian perturbation. As the rotation frequency of the stars increases, the OsC modes are stabilized to resonantly excite g modes in the envelope when the core rotates slightly faster than the envelope. The frequency of the OsC modes that excite envelope g modes is approximately given by σ ∼ |mΩc| in the inertial frame and hence σm = −2 ≈ 2σm = −1, where m is the azimuthal wavenumber of the modes and Ωc is the rotation frequency of the core. We find that the modal properties of OsC modes do not strongly depend on the mass of the stars. We discuss angular momentum transport by OsC modes in resonance with envelope g modes in the main-sequence stars. We suggest that angular momentum transfer takes place from the core to the envelope and that the OsC modes may help the stars rotate uniformly and keep the rotation frequency of the core low during their evolution as main-sequence stars.
A near-range plant invasion homogenizes riparian vegetation but leads to more productive bird communities
Authors: Stinson Lani T , Pejchar Liba 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBiological invasions are a leading driver of biodiversity loss and population declines worldwide. While much research has focused on understanding the effects of long-distance (e.g., cross-continental) invasion, the potential impacts of species that invade close to or within their native ranges are relatively understudied. We investigated the effects of the near-range introduction of a non-native plant, New Mexico locust (Robinia neomexicana), on riparian plant and bird communities in northwestern Colorado, USA. By surveying plant and bird communities and examining nest success and productivity in riparian forest with and without locust, we evaluated the following ecological responses to invasion: (1) tree and shrub richness and density; (2) bird species richness, occupancy, and abundance; and (3) avian reproductive success. Our results demonstrate biotic homogenization of the plant community with increasing intensity of locust invasion, yet we found little evidence for negative effects on avian habitat use or reproductive success. Instead, locust invasion showed a positive effect on nest productivity, with significantly higher brood sizes and numbers of young fledged for nests in invaded habitats compared to those where locust was absent. Because climate change is already leading to shifts in species distribution patterns, we suggest that understanding the ecological consequences of plant invasions that occur within or near historic ranges will advance the science and practice of invasive species biology in a changing world. Our findings of mostly neutral to positive effects of locust suggest that near-range plant invasions may not always negatively impact community structure.
Variation in incubation length and hatching asynchrony in Eastern Kingbirds: Weather eclipses female effects
Authors: Gillette Samantha M , Klehr Amanda L , Murphy Michael T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Incubation length and hatching asynchrony are integral elements of the evolved reproductive strategies of birds. We examined intra- and interpopulation variation in both traits for Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) populations from New York (NY), Kansas (KS), and Oregon (OR) and found that both incubation length and hatching asynchrony were not repeatable among females, after controlling for a repeatable trait, clutch size. Instead, incubation length and clutch size were influenced by ambient temperature and precipitation. Incubation length exhibited the same median (15 days) and range (13–17 days) at all sites. Model selection results indicated that incubation periods for the smallest and largest clutches were longer in NY than KS when rain was frequent throughout incubation, in replacement nests, and likely when ambient temperatures were low during egg-laying. Full hatching usually required 2 days (but up to 3), with synchronous hatching associated with small clutch sizes, short incubation periods, frequent rain during the egg-laying period, and low ambient temperatures during the first half of incubation. Nestling starvation was uncommon (5–9% of nestlings monitored) and not associated with greater hatching asynchrony. These results indicate that while clutch size, a repeatable female trait, contributed to variation in incubation length and hatching asynchrony in Eastern Kingbirds, weather was a greater source of variation, especially for incubation length.
“Screaming, ‘No! No!’ It was Literally Like Being Raped”: Connecting Sexual Assault Trauma and Coerced Obstetric Procedures
Authors: Morris Theresa , Robinson Joan H , Spiller Keridwyn , Gomez Amanda 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
How does the victimization of women’s bodies in medical interactions contribute to their experience of gendered violence? We answer this question by joining sexual assault and birth trauma literatures with the medical sociology conversation on the power of hospitals as organizations and the hierarchy of the doctor-patient relationship to analyze the interviews of 101 women who identify as having experienced a coerced, pressured, or forced labor or birth procedure. We find some respondents analogize their experiences to that of someone who has been sexually assaulted, and they and other respondents describe the aftermath effects in ways similar to those who have been victims of sexual assault. Our research demonstrates that clinicians and hospitals are harming patients, often through the normal application of established hospital protocols and behaviors, when women do not feel involved in decisions about their care.
Peritubular Macrophages Are Recruited to the Testis of Peripubertal Rats After Mono-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure and Is Associated With Increases in the Numbers of Spermatogonia
Authors: Gillette Ross , Tiwary Richa , Voss Jorine J L P , Hewage Shavini N , Richburg John H 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPeripubertal exposure of male rodents to the phthalate metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) causes testicular inflammation, spermatocyte apoptosis, and disruption of the blood-testis barrier. The MEHP-induced inflammatory response in the testis includes an infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, although the cause and purpose of this response is unknown. Recently, a population of testicular macrophages known as peritubular macrophages that are phenotypically distinct from those resident in interstitium was described in mice. Peritubular macrophages aggregate near the spermatogonial stem cell niche and are believed to stimulate their differentiation. We hypothesized that if testicular peritubular macrophages do indeed stimulate spermatogonial differentiation, MEHP exposure would result in an increase of peritubular macrophages to stimulate the replacement of lost spermatocytes. Male rats were exposed to 700 mg/kg MEHP or corn oil (vehicle control) via oral gavage at postnatal day 28 and euthanized at 48 h, 1 or 2 weeks later. Seminiferous tubules were stained with immunofluorescent markers for macrophages (major histocompatibility complex class II [MHC-II+]) and undifferentiated spermatogonia (PLZF). Peritubular macrophages were observed in rat testis: MHC-II+ cells on the surface of seminiferous tubules with heterogeneous morphology. Quantification of MHC-II+ cells revealed that, unlike in the mouse, their numbers did not increase through puberty (2-week period). MEHP increased macrophage presence by 6-fold 48 h after exposure and remained elevated by 2-fold 2 weeks after exposure. An increase of differentiating spermatogonia occurred 2 weeks after MEHP exposure. Taken together, our results suggest that peritubular macrophages play a crucial role in the testis response to acute injury and the subsequent recovery of spermatogenesis.
Baseline Sensitivity and Control Efficacy of Strobilurin Fungicide Pyraclostrobin AgainstSclerotium rolfsii
Authors: You Jingmao , Tang Tao , Wang Fanfan , Mao Ting , Yuan Bin , Guo Jie , Guo Xiaoliang , Duan Yuanyuan , Huang Junbin 
Published: May 2021

Sclerotium rolfsii is a fungi pathogen of southern blight with broad host range. The quinone outside inhibitor fungicide pyraclostrobin was officially approved for controlling many diseases in 2015. In this study, baseline sensitivity of S. rolfsii to pyraclostrobin was established by measuring the 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of 155 isolates of S. rolfsii. The EC50values ranged from 0.0291 to 1.0871 µg/ml, with a mean EC50of 0.4469 ± 0.2490 µg/ml (mean ± standard deviation). In a preventive fungicide in vitro experiment and a field experiment, pyraclostrobin preventive efficacy reached 90% and 80%, respectively, which were much higher than that of the control agent carbendazim. Curative efficacy of pyraclostrobin was significantly lower than its preventive efficacy. Pyraclostrobin at 0.1, 0.5, and 2 μg/ml significantly reduced the number of sclerotia produced on potato dextrose agar medium, but had no significant influence on their total weight. Pyraclostrobin had no significant influence on mycelial cell membrane permeability, but it significantly reduced oxalate secretion and protein synthesis of S. rolfsii. Our findings are of great significance for resistance monitoring of S. rolfsii and also provide new insight into the action mechanism of pyraclostrobin against S. rolfsii.
COVID-19 and the golden years
Authors: Kroll Nicole L. , Sanchez-Jones Tamika , Atchley Megan Danielle , Etcher LuAnn 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
The impact of COVID-19 on older adults may not be readily apparent. Personal protective and social distancing measures can reduce activity levels, increase feelings of isolation and loss, and result in lapsed medical care. NPs must recognize detrimental impacts on overall health and wellness and assist older adults in overcoming them.