bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lake Charles, Louisiana, earthquake of 16 October 1983
Authors: Stevenson Donald A. , Agnew James D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOn 16 October 1983, at 19:40 (UTC), a magnitude 3.8 earthquake occurred near Lake Charles in southwestern Louisiana. The earthquake was felt over an area of 2600 km2 and had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of V. This was the first significant Louisiana Gulf Coast earthquake to be recorded and located by nearby microseismic networks. One possible foreshock and three aftershocks also were recorded and located using a velocity model developed for this study.The focal mechanism of the earthquake was determined based on P-wave first motions from 22 local and regional stations. The solution indicates a predominantly east-west trending, southeast-dipping normal fault with a small strike-slip component. The depth of this event (14+ km) provides the first significant evidence that normal faulting within the crystalline basement may control shallower growth faults along the Gulf Coast.
Three-dimensional records of surface displacement on the Superstition Hills fault zone associated with the earthquakes of 24 November 1987
Authors: Sharp Robert V. , Saxton John L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeven quadrilaterals, constructed at broadly distributed points on surface breaks within the Superstition Hills fault zone, were repeatedly remeasured after the pair of 24 November 1987 earthquakes to monitor the growing surface displacement. Changes in the dimensions of the quadrilaterals are recalculated to right-lateral and extensional components at millimeter resolution, and vertical components of change are resolved at 0.2 mm precision. The displacement component data for four of the seven quadrilaterals record the complete fault movement with respect to an October 1986 base. These data fit with remarkable agreement the power law U ( t ) = U f ( B t 1 + B t ) c , where U(t) is a displacement component at time t after the second main shock and Uf, B, and c are constants. This power law permits estimation of the final displacement, Uf, from the data obtained within the period of observation. Data from one quadrilateral, located near the epicenter of the second main shock and northeast-trending conjugate faults, allow that about 5 cm of right-lateral slip may have been associated with the first main shock there. Data from the other quadrilaterals confirm that the surface faulting on most of the Superstition Hills fault zone did initiate at the time of the second main shock of the 1987 earthquakes.The three-dimensional motion vectors all describe nearly linear trajectories throughout the observation period, and they indicate smooth shearing on their respective fault surfaces. The inclination of the shear surfaces is generally nearly vertical, except near the south end of the Superstition Hills fault zone where two strands dip northeastward at about 70°. Surface displacement on these strands is right reverse.Another kind of deformation, superimposed on the fault displacements, has been recorded at all quadrilateral sites. It consists of a northwest-southeast contraction or component of contraction that ranged from 0 to 0.1 per cent of the quadrilateral lengths between November 1987 and April 1988.
Displacement approach for generalized Rayleigh waves in layered solid-fluid media
Authors: Tan H. H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA finite-element method for the propagation of Rayleigh-type waves in layered solid-fluid media is presented. The method uses displacement as the only parameter to describe the solid and the fluid motions. A penalty function method and a selective integration technique are employed to change the elastic coefficient matrix of fluid from singular to nonsingular. Results obtained from the proposed method agree well with those obtained from available analytical solutions. The method can be used to study the propagation of Rayleigh-type waves in a two-dimensional, irregular solid-fluid system.
Pre-S observations at station SLK, NW of Long Valley caldera, California, and their relation to possible magma bodies
Authors: Peppin William A. , Delaplain Thomas W. , Lewis J. Scott 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The authors describe and catalog 280 observations of a seismic phase taken at the single station SLK, NW of Long Valley caldera. These observations are observed to precede S by a more or less constant 1.6 sec in the distance range 30 to 90 km, and are closely fit by the least-squares line TSLK = (0.2853 ± 0.0009)Δ − (0.9029 ± 0.052). These observations can only be explained in terms of laterally heterogeneous velocity structure near the caldera. The model proposed here—that these so-called “SLK phases” result from an S-to-P conversion across a dipping planar structure NW of the caldera in the vicinity of Inyo Craters—fits not only these observations, but is consistent with the data presented in two recent papers (Luetgert and Mooney, 1985; Zucca et al., 1987). On the other hand, the data presented here are inconsistent with the models proposed by those authors involving deep reflections from magma bodies associated with the caldera. Furthermore, these observations are not related to the magma bodies within the caldera proposed by Sanders (1984), as suggested in previous abstracts. The original vertical-component observations at SLK are supplemented by three-component observations obtained on a small (several hundred meters aperture) array near SLK, which identify the SLK phase unambiguously as having longitudinal particle motion, consistent with the proposal that it is a S-to-P conversion occurring NW of the caldera boundary.
Violence and Hopelessness in the Colombian Novels La Virgen de Los Sicarios and Satanás
Authors: Hartman Alan G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Colombia is a South American nation that has captured the imagination of the world. It is a land of beautiful colonial cities and towns, famous for coffee production, rich emerald mines, and the literature of José Asunción Silva and Gabriel García Márquez. Colombia’s beauty and rich literary history, however, are often overshadowed by the memory of Pablo Escobar, a notorious drug lord, and numerous deadly guerilla groups. Their roles in the international drug trade made Colombia the top producer and exporter of cocaine, which resulted in terrorism and violence that left the country one of the world’s most dangerous.1 In this article, I will explore how violence in Colombia has perpetuated the theme of hopelessness in the nation’s literature beginning in the mid-twentieth century. I will show this in three parts. Firstly, I will trace the history of violence in Colombia through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and show that a literary genre of violence was absent in the nation until 1946, when the period known as “la Violencia” commenced. Secondly, I will explore how hopelessness resulted from violence in Colombia beginning in the period of “la Violencia.” Thirdly, I will show how violence is depicted as an evil that traps the protagonists of the contemporary Colombian novels La Virgen de Los Sicarios and Satanás in a state of hopelessness due to their powerlessness to truly change themselves because of the frustrated society in which they live.
Recent development in applications of nano-science in incurable diseases: A review
Authors: Favas M Mohammed , Rashid VK Ahammad , Vajid K Abdul , Saheer K Mohamed 
Published: July 2021

Cancer is one amongst the key causes of mortality worldwide and advanced techniques for medical aid are desperately required. Hence, the most aim of this review is to supply info regarding the engineering in cancer medical aid. The development of novel nano materials and nanocarriers has allowed a serious drive to boost drug delivery in cancer. The major aim of most nanocarrier application has been to safeguard the drug from speedy degradation when general delivery and permitting it to achieve tumour at therapeutic concentration and avoiding drug delivery to traditional site the maximum amount as attainable to scale back ADRs. Nanotechnology is additionally employed in several incurable diseases like HIV, protozoal infection and Alzheimer apart from cancer. Hence, during this review we tend to target many nanotechnologies and improved ways in nanocarrier style for the cancer in addition as many incurable unwellness therapies.
MATERNAL OBESITY INCREASES RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA AND DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Kahayani Naura Ega , Tri Joewono Hermanto , Wironegoro Rio 
Published: July 2021

Background: Obesity in pregnant women has been linked to negative outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. Gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and postpartum haemorrhage are all threats for mothers during pregnancy. These may also affect labor outcomes because fat accumulation in the pelvis makes obese pregnant women more likely to have a caesarean section. Objective: To analyze the outcome of maternal obesity in pregnancy in 2017. Materials and Methods: This was an analytic cross-sectional, observational study in pregnant women with obesity in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, within the period of January 1st – December 31st 2017 using medical records. Sample size was determined using cross-sectional sample size calculation with the result of n=162. After receiving approval of ethical clearance, medical records were collected and analyzed. The statistical analysis was done using chi-square test. Results: From a total of 162 subjects, most of the patients were 21-34 y/o (56.8%), under graduate (90.7%) and 58% of the subjects worked. Proportion of grade I, II and III were 60.5%, 22.2%, and 17.3%, and 67% suffered from complications such as PE, DM, PE with DM with percentages as follows: 56.2%, 4.9%, and 6.2%. Neonatal complications were preterm 42.6%, macrosomia 4.3%, stillbirth 4.9%, and low Apgar score 48.1%. No association was identified between maternal age and complications in grade I (p=0.764) and grade III (p=0.716). Obesity grades I and III had correlation with complications (p=0.035). Conclusion: No significant association was found between age and complications in grade III obesity, while there was significant correlation between obesity levels (grade I and grade III) and complications.
Pengenalan Budidaya Sayuran Hidroponik dan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Fermentasi pada Kelompok Tani di Kecamatan Pelaihari
Authors: Saputra Riza Adrianoor 
Published: July 2021

Agricultural technology with a hydroponic system is an alternative in the use of narrow land to increase the availability of vegetables to be fulfilled in Pelaihari Sub-District, Tanah Laut Regency. Most of the land in Pelaihari District has a low level of fertility and the lack of knowledge of farmers in increasing soil fertility. Therefore, efforts to increase soil fertility are needed through counseling and training in the manufacture of fermented organic fertilizers made from agricultural waste, it is hoped that fertility will increase and agricultural waste can be utilized. This activities uses lecture methods, discussions and direct practice in the field based on the results of initial observations as the basis for determining the level of understanding and insight of farmers. Before the extension activities were carried out, a list of questions (questionnaires) was distributed and after the activity was completed, this list of questions was distributed again. Community service activities in the form of counseling and training on hydroponic system vegetable cultivation and the manufacture of fermented organic fertilizers. Based on the results of the pre-instruction and post-training questionnaires, it was found that an increase in the knowledge of activity participants was 12.73%. The hydroponic system used in this community service is a wick system and also a technique for making fermented organic fertilizer (bokashi) made from agricultural waste and livestock waste.
Investigation of the insulating properties of the Cherkasy deposit clays for the creation of underlying screens of radioactive waste at the ‘Vector’ site
Authors: Shabalin Borys , Lavrynenko Olena , Yaroshenko Kostiantyn 
Published: July 2021

The lack of scientifically substantiated requirements, comprehensively developed and approved in a prescribed manner, for the usage of clays as a barrier material poses risks for the safe disposal of radioactive waste in facilities at the ‘Vector’ site for the period of their operation and closure. The bentonite clay from Ukraine’s largest Cherkasy deposit of bentonite and palygorskite clays is considered the most durable as the main component of the insulating (underlying) screens of radioactive waste disposal facilities. The main properties and compositional features of the Cherkasy natural bentonite clay (Dashukovskaya site, layer II) and its variety such as alkaline earth bentonite (activated soda bentonite), which provide isolation of radioactive waste in disposal, are considered. It is shown that the Cherkasy field has good waterproofing and barrier properties, including a high sorption capacity with respect to 90Sr and 137Cs, which is one of the main characteristics that ensure the safe disposal of radioactive waste. The alkaline earth bentonite absorbs 90Sr and 137Cs more efficiently than natural bentonite does. However, 90Sr is sorbed in larger quantities than 137Cs on both types of bentonite. With increasing time of interaction with an aqueous solution, both types demonstrate a redistribution of the mobile (exchangeable) and immobile (non-replaceable) forms of radionuclides. The contribution of the stationary form that does not participate in migration processes also increases. A comprehensive analysis of the bentonite clays of the Cherkasy deposit was carried out, taking into account the significance of recoverable reserves and the potential for improving the technical and economic parameters of clays. Thus, the Cherkasy bentonite clays can be recommended as an additional anti-migration engineering barrier for ground/near-surface facilities for the disposal of radioactive waste. When choosing the type of bentonite clay for use as a barrier in a radioactive waste disposal facility, one could take into account the data published in the article, but the question of applying the bentonite clays of the Cherkasy deposit to ensure the safe disposal of radioactive waste remains to be further studied.
CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF Ni-V COATING IN THE PROCESS OF HYDROGEN RELEASE
Authors: Rudenko N. , Leshchenko S. , Kovalenko Yu. 
Published: July 2021

Solar and hydrogen energy play an important role in providing a variety of industrial facilities with electricity and heat. One of the priorities of modern industry is to increase the production of environmentally friendly energy source – electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen. Modern methods of electrolysis of water do not meet the need for its use, due to the high cost of electrosynthesis of water-alkaline electrolysis, which depends on the material and energy consumption of electrolysis.
The useful energy consumption for the production of energy – hydrogen at the cathode and "unnecessary" costs - for the release of oxygen at the anode, depend on the overvoltage of the respective reactions. Therefore, the most important problem of hydrogen energy is the synthesis of electrode materials with low overvoltage of O2 and H2. Electrode materials with low overvoltage will reduce the specific consumption of electricity in obtaining hydrogen by "classical" electrolysis.
The prospects of reducing the cathodic and anodic overvoltage, which is a significant part of the voltage at the terminals of the cell, for the development of highly efficient and competitive technologies for hydrogen production by low-temperature electrolysis of an alkaline solution have been theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed. To reduce the overvoltage of the cathodic hydrogen evolution, it is proposed to modify the surface of the cathodes. The application of a small amount of electrolytic alloys of metals of the iron family with molybdenum and tungsten on nickel, cobalt, titanium and steel electrodes significantly (by 40–50 %) reduces the overvoltage of cathodic release of hydrogen from alkali solution.
The use of steel electrodes, the surface of which is modified with vanadium and ni-ckel, reduces the voltage drop on the cell during the synthesis of H2 and O2 by 0.2–0.3 V, which creates conditions for reducing energy costs and energy savings.
Gender Bias Communication Among Santris in Pesantren
Authors: Nurhidayah Yayah Yayah , Nurhayati Eti 
Published: July 2021

<p>For decades, there has been a biased pattern of communication between genders in society, including among the Al-Ishlah <em>santri</em><em>s</em> (students) in <em>pesantren </em>(Islamic boarding school) in Cirebon - West Java, subject studied by the writers. The communication of male and female <em>santri</em><em>s</em> has unique ways. From the beginning, <em>pesantren</em> offers the different treatment to male and female <em>santri</em><em>s</em>, both in rules, ethics, sanctions, communication, and relationships in general. In addition, the teaching of classic <em>kitabs </em>(books/holy books) still contains a lot of gender biases. This study aims to identify several gender biases and stereotypes in various forms of communication between male and female <em>santris</em> in <em>pesantren</em>. This research used descriptive qualitative methods, data collection techniques using interviews and observations to <em>santris</em>, and data analysis techniques carried out qualitatively in the form of narrative descriptions. The results of the study show there are many gender biases and stereotypes in various forms of communication, such as: communication style, conversation initiatives, intensity of conducting conversation, intensity of interruption, dominance in conversation, intensity of making humor, eye contact, spatial distance, body language, smile, and touch.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> communication, gender bias, <em>pesantren</em><strong> </strong></p>
Primary Vascularized Bone Graft for the Extruded Scaphoid Proximal Pole
Authors: Tohyama Masahiko , Yamamoto Nobuo , Konishi Sadahiko 
Published: July 2021

Case:
A 52-year-old man sustained a radiocarpal dislocation with extrusion of the scaphoid proximal pole, which was completely detached from the soft tissue. To reduce the risk of avascular necrosis (AVN), treatment involved simultaneous anatomic reduction and internal fixation of the fracture and vascularized bone graft (VBG) for the scaphoid proximal pole. At 4 months, magnetic resonance imaging and 36 months of follow-up radiography showed a healed scaphoid and revealed no evidence of AVN in the scaphoid proximal pole.

Conclusion:
If the risk of AVN is high, we recommend considering the combination of internal fixation and VBG for the fresh scaphoid fracture.
Pengaruh Pemberian Kalium terhadap Pertumbuhan Beberapa Varietas Kelapa Genjah di Pembibitan pada Kondisi Kekeringan
Authors: Manambangtua Alfred P. , Runtunuwu Semuel D. , Wanget Sesilia A. 
Published: July 2021

<p>Kelapa merupakan tanaman serba guna, kelapa genjah sesuai dijadikan sebagai kelapa muda segar dan lebih potensial disadap niranya. Indonesia memiliki kondisi iklim yang unik, menyebabkan kekeringan. Kelapa genjah rentan terhadap kekurangan air, sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya mengatispiasi kekeringan. Salah satu upaya dalam menghadapi kekeringan dengan pemberian unsur kalium. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh dosis pemberian pupuk kalium terhadap respon pertumbuhan beberapa varietas kelapa genjah di pembibitan dalam menghadapi kekeringan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Rumah Kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Palma (Balit Palma) di Mapanget, Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Mei sampai November 2020. Menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) Faktorial yang terdiri dari dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah 4 varietas kelapa genjah. Faktor kedua adalah 5 perlakuan dosis pupuk KCl. Hasil penelitian diperoleh pemberian dosis pupuk kalium 110 g KCl menunjukan kecenderungan lebih baik pada parameter pertambahan tinggi tanaman pada 1 dan 2 bulan kekeringan. Dosis pupuk kalium 165 g KCl (P3) menunjukan kecenderungan lebih baik pada parameter pertambahan diameter batang pada 2 bulan kekeringan dan volume akar. Perlakuan kalium tidak berpengaruh nyata pada pertambahan diameter batang pada 1 bulan kekeringan, penambahan jumlah daun pada 1 dan 2 bulan kekeringan, kandungan klorofil, berat kering tajuk, dan berat kering akar. Pada perlakuan Varietas kelapa genjah tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara varietas pada semua parameter pengamatan dan hanya berbeda nyata pada kandungan klorofil. </p>
Novel Bayesian Additive Regression Tree methodology for flood susceptibility modeling
Authors: Janizadeh Saeid , Vafakhah Mehdi , Kapelan Zoran , Dinan Naghmeh Mobarghaee 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Identifying areas prone to flooding is a key step in flood hazard management. The purpose of this study is to develop and present a novel flood susceptibility model based on Bayesian Additive Regression Tree (BART) methodology. The predictive performance of new model is assessed via comparison with the Naïve Bayes (NB) and Random Forest (RF) based methods that were previously published in the literature. All models were tested on a real case study based in the Kan watershed in Iran. The following fifteen climatic and geo-environmental variables were used as inputs into all flood susceptibility models: altitude, aspect, slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, drainage density, distance from river distance from road, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TPI), topographic position index (TPI), curve number (CN), land use, lithology and rainfall. Based on the existing flood field survey and other information available for the analyzed area, a total of 118 flood locations were identified as potentially prone to flooding. The data available were divided into two groups with 70% used for training and 30% for validation of all models. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve parameters were used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the new and existing models. Based on the area under curve (AUC) the new BART (86%) model outperformed the NB (80%) and RF (85%) models. Regarding the importance of input variables, the results obtained showed that the altitude and distance from the river are the most important variables for assessing flooding susceptibility.