bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural Free Delivery, 1896–1913
Authors: Blevins Cameron 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the 1890s and early 1900s, the Post Office Department launched an unprecedented spatial reorganization of its postal network: Rural Free Delivery, when mail carriers started delivering mail to the doorsteps of individual homes. Chapter 7 details the rollout of Rural Free Delivery, which was put into motion through an alliance between department administrators and agrarian reformers. This initiative triggered a spatial and administrative shift in the US Post, as it altered the geography of the network while ushering in a more recognizably modern bureaucracy made up of professional civil servants. But mapping the spread of the service reveals that Rural Free Delivery did not initially extend to the rural West. There, the older agency model would continue to define mail service well into the twentieth century.
Distributive Justice
Authors: Schemmel Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops the implications of liberal relational egalitarianism for the distribution of goods produced by social cooperation. It shows that there are not only strong instrumental reasons to set stringent limits to inequality of income, wealth, and opportunity, on grounds of both non-domination and social status, but, contrary to what both many critics and proponents of relational equality argue, strong non-instrumental, expressive reasons to do so, as well: since participants in social cooperation are equals, all inequalities in social goods need to be justified by justice-relevant reasons even where they do not lead to domination or social status inequality. Rightly understood, relational egalitarianism thus requires a concentric attack on material inequality in society as well as on its sources in power inequality, through a plurality of rationales.
The New Immigrants and Religious Parenting
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Immigrant parents often encounter unique challenges in transmitting religious culture and beliefs to their children. Drawing on information from a range of immigrant parents, this chapter seeks to describe the cultures of faith transmission operating among immigrant parents, as they seek to pass on their distinct traditions in ways that are also consonant with their children’s experiences growing up in America. Focusing on four distinct groups of parents—Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, and Hispanic/Latino Catholics—this chapter addresses how these parents practice their religion in America today and how they perceive and engage with the American mainstream. The chapter illustrates immigrant parents’ unique challenges in transmitting faith to their children and their shared goals to preserve their values and traditions.
Shareholders and Takeover Bids: Revisiting the Poison Pill
Authors: Anand Anita Indira 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses change-of-control transactions and the use of the defensive tactic known as the poison pill, a governance tool that often puts boards, rather than shareholders, in charge of a corporation’s response to a takeover. Much as in the MVS context, this separation of ownership of the corporation from its control may invite conflicts of interest, here between boards and shareholders. The chapter then asks how shareholder-driven corporate governance (SCG) can and should inform regulation of this defensive tactic. It also considers management entrenchment theory and the shareholder-primacy norm in the context of changes of control. Both the normative and the positive aspects of SCG make it necessary to revisit the current legal balance between the interests of directors and the interests of target shareholders in takeovers.
Rousseau’s Silent Assemblies
Authors: Frank Jason 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the centrality of popular assemblies to Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s theory of popular sovereignty by taking seriously the role they play in “maintaining sovereign authority,” which can only be done by sustaining or reenacting the source of that authority: the living body of the people themselves. Rousseau’s sovereign assemblies are often taken to be the clearest expression of his investment in what Jacques Derrida called a “metaphysics of presence.” Even as Rousseau’s sovereign assemblies provide the foundation of collective self-rule, however, the occasion through which the people’s will is expressed as law, they also serve an underappreciated ritual function, giving reenacted form and continuity to the very people whose will is expressed through them. The assembly form is the necessary—and necessarily hidden—supplement from which the people’s seemingly unmediated will is derived. The sovereign assembly is at once the source of the people’s collective autonomy, and the heteronomic support which provides its ongoing conditions of possibility.
Afterword
Authors: Frank Jason 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Jacques Rancière’s democratic theory affirms not only an an-archic antifoundationalism, but also an everyday theory of political subjectivization and democratic appearance, through which “the power of the people” is “re-enacted ceaselessly by political subjects that challenge the police distribution of parts, places or competences, and that re-stage the anarchic foundation of the political.” This afterword focuses on Rancière’s conceptualization of the relationship between democracy as a politics without arche, and the singular acts of political subjectivization and democratic appearance that bring this contingency to light and enact it on the public stage. I turn first to Rancière’s work and then to an examination of a series of images created by the contemporary artist Glenn Ligon that critically engage with the Nation of Islam’s 1995 Million Man March. Ligon’s work provides an occasion for thinking in more historically and aesthetically detailed ways about the forms of everyday political speech and action that Rancière’s work brings into view as distinctive modes of democratic appearance.
Old Age Pensions
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses Article XXIV of the Colorado Constitution, which provides for old age pensions. A 1936 citizens’ initiative added the article to set up the Old Age Pension Fund in the state treasury and entitle the fund to specified revenues. A 1956 initiative amended the article to raise pension revenues, increase pensions, and add a health and medical care fund. It also allows surplus revenue to be used for other purposes. Section 3 sets qualifications for entitlement to a pension. Litigation and statutes have changed eligibility rules over time. Section 6 defines pension amounts, reduced by other retirement or pension income. In practice, because of availability of other pensions, the system has operated with surpluses paid into the general fund.
Nuclear Detonations
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes Article XXVI of the Colorado Constitution, which concerns nuclear detonations. A citizens’ initiative added the article in 1974 in response to detonations of nuclear devices in Colorado for the purpose of releasing natural gas. Citizens argued that the people of Colorado have the right to make the ultimate decision in a matter as important and controversial as nuclear detonations in the state. Sections 1 and 2 prohibit placement in the ground or detonation of any nuclear device unless approved by voters at a general election. Section 3 requires, before any nuclear detonation, a state agency or official must certify that sufficient financial resources exist to compensate for any damage caused by the detonation.
Introduction
Authors: Popkin Samuel L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In 2016, a businessman so discredited that he could no longer get a casino license or borrow money from an American bank was elected president of the United States of America. How did this happen? It is easy to mock and ridicule Donald Trump as if he is the problem. In fact, he is a symptom of a much larger issue that has been bedeviling the GOP for nearly two decades: an intraparty crackup of massive proportions. “Crackup” here refers to a breakdown of the fragile alliances between coalitions within a party that prevents its leaders from developing goals they can deliver on when they control the White House and majorities in the House and Senate. This introductory chapter explains why party crackups are inevitable in a federal system with national money and local primaries. But this is the first time—for either party—that no group within the party could create a synthesis of old orthodoxies and new realities that altered the party’s direction enough to build a new consensus. The straw that broke the elephant’s back is the unintended—yet predictable—consequence of changes in campaign finance (popularly known as the McCain-Feingold bill) and the Supreme Court’s Citizens United ruling. These changes limited the party of legislative leaders to reach intraparty consensus and bargain with the other party. The combination has stripped the parties of most of their power to enforce any collective responsibility on their legislative colleagues, or upon a president from their own party.
The Republicans Pivot
Authors: Popkin Samuel L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
President Trump’s inaugural speech, a dark vision of “American carnage,” foreshadowed the administration to come. He considered presidential power a monetizable asset to convert into a family fortune, and the GOP—in unified control of Congress but deeply divided as a party—needed him and his voters so much that they exercised only minimal checks and balances. Chapter 6 charts the tempestuous relationship between the president and GOP leaders during a term marked by chaos in the White House and complicity in Congress. Despite a fervent desire to disrupt government, Trump’s West Wing staff was woefully unprepared for the task. In two years of unified control, the one major accomplishment was a massive tax cut for the top 1 percent of the country. His trade wars damaged exports, bankrupted farmers, and hurt American steel producers. His preferences for dictators rattled NATO and set back efforts to control North Korea and Iran. The GOP could not even repeal Obamacare, let alone replace it with something better. Republicans were blown out in the midterm election, losing control of the House, but they maintained their loyalty to Trump, forsaking the rule of law in favor of the rule of public opinion, and acquitting him of impeachment charges in the Senate without calling a single witness. However, the self-inflicted wounds from Trump’s administration were nothing compared to his abdication of leadership in the face of a true global crisis: COVID-19. Soon, the country with the world’s best science and medicine had the most cases and the most deaths in the world.
Anthems of Whose Generation?
Authors: Mills Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses millennial Beatles fan culture and Beatles tribute bands, slash fiction, YouTube, heritage culture, Beatles walks, LeakyCon, and Potterverse. These manifestations of Beatles fandom epitomize the desires of millennials who want to inhabit Beatles art and twist the music and lyrics into new cultural forms. Millennial fans want to be playful with canons and reimagine songs and films. Millennials’ digital “cultural construction” and remix bricolage texts represent a desire to reorganize anthems of the past to make them relevant to the present. Millennials are active fans who mash fan vids, set up Facebook groups, bring personalized signs to McCartney concerts, and collect ’60s memorabilia. Unlike boomer fans, they are not content to be passive: millennial tribute bands, slash fiction, YouTube videos, conventions, and heritage culture make Beatles culture fresh, new, and exciting. This chapter includes interviews with millennials and postmillennials for insight into these fans’ new direction.
Introduction: Torture, Empire, and the Exception
Authors: Heath Deana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Colonial Terror begins with an examination of a historic case before the High Court of England and Wales in 2011 regarding torture in colonial Kenya that exposed facets of the brutal violence that sustained Britain’s empire, and argues that the case and its aftermath offer a number of insights into the role of extraordinary violence in the operation of colonial states, and with it to the maintenance of imperial and colonial sovereignties, in addition to the discourses and practices of denial regarding British culpability for torture and other forms of colonial violence. After elucidating the book’s key arguments regarding the centrality of the torture of Indian bodies to the law-preserving violence of British colonial rule in India the introduction then considers both the virtual absence of colonial violence from British historical memory and recent scholarship on such violence in former British colonial contexts that seeks to redress such an absence. Proposing that scholars of colonial violence need to broaden their understanding of, and approaches to, violence, as well as the impact of violence on both bodies and minds, the introduction goes on to examine the scholarly literatures on, and lacunae in, colonial policing, colonial law, the colonial state, colonial sovereignties, and the use of torture and terror to construct and maintain such sovereignties, and suggests ways in which Colonial Terror will address such omissions.
Escalation
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses how the civil rights campaign of the late 1960s gave way to escalating violence in the early 1970s as pragmatic local arrangements aimed at keeping the peace came under increasing pressure. It shows the extent of the shared interests and cooperation between the British state and Irish republicans and nationalists at this early stage and explains the bargaining failure that led to the breakdown of relationships and the closure of these early back-channels. Focusing on the role of mediators, it analyses the local networks of back-channel communication that would help to lay the foundations for subsequent high-level secret contacts.
Introduction
Authors: Crook Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Free and fair elections, on the basis of universal suffrage, are a relatively recent achievement, their development deeply controversial, and how ordinary people voted in the past, as opposed to who they elected, has become an important object of scholarly research of late. France represents an excellent case study for exploring the history of voting on account of the long, uneven, and contested process of experimentation that was undertaken there. The sovereignty of the people, enunciated in 1789, was expressed in the frequent election of numerous representatives, at local as well as national level, while an enduring tradition of direct democracy also encouraged the use of referendums. France became an influential electoral laboratory as a result and much was demanded of its citizens as they learned to vote in some challenging circumstances. Their ensuing apprenticeship seemed to have been completed in the twentieth century, with the belated advent of a female franchise and consistently high turnout in all elections, but declining participation over the last few decades has raised serious doubts. This fascinating subject is tackled here on a thematic basis, highlighting candidatures and campaigning, as well as who could vote, how they did so and to what extent, beginning in the Ancien Régime and ending in the present day.
A Matter of Persuasion
Authors: Crook Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
How did French voters decide whom to elect to office, or which option to support in referendums? Just as declared candidatures were long resisted, so overt campaigning was condemned by custom. Yet electioneering had always been conducted, albeit in a discreet fashion, by word of mouth among family and friends, or at the electoral assemblies in which voting was conducted until 1848. The advent of a mass suffrage would ultimately change the rules of the game, but the promotion of particular individuals was long regarded unfavourably. As new practices developed, so the boundary between simply canvassing for votes and using corrupt means to secure them became more blurred. The French case suggests that there is no simple equation between democratization and a reduction in electoral fraud, for a bigger electorate offered more scope for bribery and intimidation. However, demands for electoral integrity, together with greater secrecy of the vote, gradually curbed malpractice towards the end of the nineteenth century, though new forms of fraud have emerged in the age of the Internet.
Getting Out the Vote
Authors: Crook Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Measuring electoral turnout in the past was not a priority, but in France after 1789 it became quite apparent that awarding the franchise to a majority of adult males did not automatically lead to its employment. Voter fatigue soon took its toll, and exhortation usually fell on deaf ears, though electoral procedure was extremely long-winded, and the decade of Revolution was marked throughout by civil unrest and international war. When universal manhood suffrage was established in 1848, turnout was initially high, yet it was not sustained and mobilizing the electorate remained a huge challenge. It proved essential to enable and educate citizens to exercise their right to vote. As elsewhere, the electoral apprenticeship in France was thus a lengthy and uneven process, in geographical as well as chronological terms. Somewhat ironically, it was the authoritarian Second Empire that marked a vital turning point in this regard, when frequent and regular polling began to attract a consistently increasing degree of participation. By the turn of the twentieth century high levels of turnout had become the norm, not just in national elections, but also at the local level, where the habit of voting was deeply embedded.
Conclusion
Authors: Crook Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Since the turn of the twenty-first century, electoral turnout has been in general decline, not least in France, where the process of electoral acculturation has been called into question by plummeting levels of participation in legislative and municipal elections. Presidential polls are still attracting huge numbers, but in 2017 over four million voters spoiled their papers in the second round. These disturbing trends require some explanation, and they have been ascribed to disillusionment with the democratic process and a growing belief that casting a ballot achieves rather little. However, while the habit of voting is being lost, this apparent crisis of citizenship must be set in perspective, because this study has demonstrated that high turnout was not automatically generated by a mass franchise in the past. Moreover, recent research has revealed that those who never vote, or fail to register to do so, have remained in a small minority. Instead, increasing numbers are voting intermittently, choosing to exercise their right not to vote, an expression of vitality perhaps, compared to the somewhat mechanical behaviour of their predecessors. The same might be said of blank voting or annotating the ballot paper, while alternative forms of political engagement have been encouraged by the Internet. Above all, the development of women’s apprenticeship in voting has benefited from gender parity in candidatures and the number of females in elected office has increased enormously. In short, learning to vote remains a work in progress.
The Migrant Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Summarising a comprehensive review of six decades of case law published elsewhere, this chapter points out that the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) often privileges state sovereignty over migrants’ rights. This often leads to a deficit in protection whose origin can be traced to the so-called ‘Strasbourg reversal’ and the historical creation of jurisprudential lines which, in time, result in intellectually logical but ethically objectionable findings by the Court. Case law related to situations where migrants are left to live in perpetual limbo and immigration detention are provided as illustration. The chapter ends by highlighting jurisprudential avenues which the Court could adopt in order to remedy the identified shortcomings.
Remaking Families in Contemporary China
Authors: Qi Xiaoying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The book examines a number of emerging family-relations practices engaged in contemporary China. In doing so, it draws attention to new patterns of behavior and expectations related to transformation of the family since the advent of marketization. It also shows why exploration of family-related themes is important in understanding the nature of society, the forces that underpin social relationships more broadly, and the basis and nature of social change. It fills a gap in the literature by examining such heretofore unrecognized topics as the practices related to giving a child a surname. It also examines the previously unrecognized migratory movement of rural and small-town grandparents who join adult children who have relocated to urban areas for employment, providing childcare so that both of the child’s parents can earn an income—thus becoming part of the massive “floating” population that characterizes China’s workforce today. Three other aspects of family life that are underexplored in the literature are also examined—namely, spousal intimacy, divorce, and remarriage and cohabitation in later life. In all of these cases empirical material is refracted through new insights and theoretical developments. Research for this book is based on semistructured in-depth interviews with 178 men and women. The interviews were conducted between 2015 and 2017 in Beijing, Changshu, Dongguan, Guangzhou, Hefei, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong.
Philosophy of Well-Being for the Social Sciences
Authors: Fletcher Guy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the author provides an introduction to philosophical work on well-being. He begins by explaining the specific kinds of questions that philosophers are interested in when it comes to well-being. The author then seeks to explain the role of thought experiments in philosophical work on well-being. He explains why such cases are useful and nongratuitous and describes the methodological assumptions that underlie their use. Finally, the author explains how philosophers seek to preserve a common subject matter for debate—well-being—even in the presence of radical disagreement about which theory is correct.
Tradition-Specific Measures of Spiritual Well-Being
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Long Katelyn N. G. , Balboni Michael J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Spiritual well-being (SWB) is an often-overlooked aspect of a person’s overall well-being. Existing generic measures of SWB are not sufficiently specific to capture the principal ends and concerns of most particular religious communities; tradition-specific measures are needed. To that end, the authors provide conceptual background and develop a set of items for a measure of Christian SWB. Within the Christian religion, the measure is intended to be ecumenical in being broadly applicable across Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox traditions. The chapter discusses ways in which such a measure might be of use both for research purposes and for religious communities themselves to advance their own ends. The authors discuss the possible development of other tradition-specific measures of SWB in the context of a pluralistic society. These measures may be of use in ensuring that research on religion and well-being is not only of academic interest, but also serves the ends of religious communities themselves.