bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurophysiological patterns of acute and post‐acute foodborne botulism
Authors: Boccagni Cristina , Prestandrea Caterina , D'Agostino Tiziana , Rubino Francesca , Renda Maurizio , Sesti Emanuele , Bagnato Sergio 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroduction/AimsNeurophysiological patterns in patients with foodborne botulism are rarely described after the acute phase. We report data from a large Italian outbreak of botulism, with patients evaluated at different timepoints after poisoning.MethodsEighteen male patients (mean age 47 ± 8.4 y) underwent 22 clinical and neurophysiological evaluations (4 patients were re‐evaluated). The resting compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, postexercise CMAP amplitude, CMAP change after high‐frequency (50 Hz) repetitive nerve stimulation (HFRNS), and motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) were assessed in the acute (4–8 days after poisoning; 5 patients), early post‐acute (32–39 days after poisoning; 5 patients), and late post‐acute (66–80 days after poisoning; 12 patients) phases.ResultsIn the acute, early post‐acute, and late post‐acute phases, respectively, reduced CMAP amplitudes were found in 100%, 20%, and 17% of patients; abnormal postexercise CMAP facilitation was observed in 100%, 40%, and 0% of patients; and pathological incremental responses to HFRNS were found in 80%, 50%, and 8% of patients. Baseline CMAP amplitudes, postexercise CMAP facilitation, and CMAP increases in response to HFRNS differed significantly between the acute and post‐acute phases. Small MUAPs were found in 100% of patients in the acute and early post‐acute phases and in 50% of patients in the late post‐acute phase.DiscussionThe neurophysiological findings of foodborne botulism vary considerably according to the evaluation time point. In the post‐acute phase, different neurophysiological techniques must be applied to support a diagnosis of botulism.
A fractional differential scheme for the effective transport properties of multiscale reactive porous media: Applications to clayey geomaterials
Authors: Cosenza Philippe , Giot Richard , Giraud Albert , Hedan Stephen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA new homogenization scheme is proposed to model the effects of surface phenomena occurring at the pore fluid/solid interface on the effective transport properties of multiscale and reactive geosystems, e.g., clayey geomaterials. This new scheme is a generalization of the so‐called differential scheme (DS) used to infer the effective properties of a composite made up of several materials. It is named the fractional differential scheme and is based on two key elements: (i) the concept of realizability of the DS itself and (ii) a fractional integral formulation of the DS for a porous medium considered as a two‐component composite. The formulation of the fractional DS introduces two parameters: a cementation exponent m and a fractional order α. The cementation exponent m is related to the microstructure of the material. The fractional order α accounts for the amplitude of the “surface” transport of ions resulting from the physico‐chemical interactions between hydrated cations and swelling clay minerals. Both parameters m and α are inverted from two sets of data: electrical conductivity measurements obtained on clayey rocks and effective diffusion coefficient measurements acquired from a Na‐montmorillonite geomaterial. The inversion results demonstrate that the fractional DS model is able to capture the dependence of the cation concentration on the effective transport properties of the clayey materials under study. Our results also show that the fractional order α can be considered an indirect indicator of the amplitude of physico‐chemical interactions between hydrated cations and swelling clay minerals occurring at the pore fluid/solid interface.
SSRIs: Applications in inflammatory lung disease and implications for COVID‐19
Authors: Meikle Claire Kyung Sun , Creeden Justin Fortune , McCullumsmith Cheryl , Worth Randall G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have anti‐inflammatory properties that may have clinical utility in treating severe pulmonary manifestations of COVID‐19. SSRIs exert anti‐inflammatory effects at three mechanistic levels: (a) inhibition of proinflammatory transcription factor activity, including NF‐κB and STAT3; (b) downregulation of lung tissue damage and proinflammatory cell recruitment via inhibition of cytokines, including IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐α, and IL‐1β; and (c) direct suppression inflammatory cells, including T cells, macrophages, and platelets. These pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID‐19. In this review, we will compare the pathogenesis of lung inflammation in pulmonary diseases including COVID‐19, ARDS, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), describe the anti‐inflammatory properties of SSRIs, and discuss the applications of SSRIS in treating COVID‐19‐associated inflammatory lung disease.
Immune cell analyses of the tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer highlight infiltrating regulatory T cells and macrophages as adverse prognostic factors
Authors: Andersen Line B , Nørgaard Maibritt , Rasmussen Martin , Fredsøe Jacob , Borre Michael , Ulhøi Benedicte P , Sørensen Karina D 
Published: July 2021

AbstractImproved risk stratification is needed for patients with localized prostate cancer. This study characterized and assessed the prognostic potential of distinct immune cell infiltration patterns in the prostate tumor microenvironment. Using tissue microarrays, multiplex immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence, and automated digital pathology, we analyzed radical prostatectomy specimens from two large patient cohorts (training: n = 470; validation: n = 333) to determine infiltration levels of seven immune cell types in malignant versus benign prostate tissue: CD3+CD8−FoxP3− T helper cells, CD3+CD8+FoxP3− cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), CD3+CD8−FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD20+ B cells, CD68+CD163− M1 macrophages, CD68+CD163+ M2 macrophages, and tryptase+ mast cells. Results were further validated by cell type enrichment analyses of bulk tumor RNAseq data from a third independent patient cohort (n = 99). Prognostic potential was assessed by Kaplan–Meier and uni‐/multi‐variate Cox regression analyses. Clinical endpoint was biochemical recurrence. All seven immune cell types were enriched in prostate cancer versus benign stroma, while there was selective enrichment for B cells, Tregs, M1 and M2 macrophages, and depletion of mast cells and CTLs in prostate cancer epithelium. In all three cohorts, high levels of infiltrating Tregs, M1, and M2 macrophages in stroma and/or epithelium were associated with biochemical recurrence (p < 0.05; log‐rank test). After adjustment for routine clinical variables, Tregs and M2 macrophages remained significant adverse predictors of biochemical recurrence (p < 0.05; multivariate Cox regression). Our comprehensive analyses of immune cell infiltration patterns in the prostate tumor microenvironment highlight infiltrating Tregs, M1, and M2 macrophages as adverse predictors of prostate cancer outcome. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plywood‐like structures of injection‐molded polypropylene
Authors: Wang Guanglong , Cao Junhui , Hou Shusen , Ding Peng , Yu Weixin , Yang Zhijun , Chen Jingbo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractN,N′‐dicyclohexyl‐2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxamide, a commercial nucleating agent, can dissolve into molten polypropylene (PP) and self‐organize into needle‐like crystals when the melt temperature reaches 260°C. As temperature decreases, PP molecules crystallize on the surface of the needle‐like crystals with their c‐axis perpendicular to the long axis of the crystal. Under a flow field in injection molding, PP chains are parallel or perpendicular to the flow direction at different depths owing to the difference in crystallization kinetics and applied shear rate in the melt, forming a plywood‐like material. This unique structure can simultaneously improve the toughness and strength of plastic parts. Herein, we present a novel method of producing high‐performance plastic articles based on general plastics by manipulating their morphology and structure.
Genetic polymorphisms at 19q13.33 are associated with [−2]proPSA (p2PSA) levels and provide additional predictive value to prostate health index for prostate cancer
Authors: Huang Da , Ruan Xiaohao , Wu Yishuo , Lin Xiaoling , Huang Jingyi , Ye Dingwei , Gao Yi , Ding Qiang , Xu Danfeng , Na Rong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundProstate health index (phi), a derivative of [−2]proPSA (p2PSA), has shown better accuracy than prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer (PCa) detection. The present study was to investigate whether previously identified PSA‐associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence p2PSA or phi levels and lead to potential clinical utility.MethodsWe conducted an observational prospective study with 2268 consecutive patients who underwent prostate biopsy in three tertiary medical centers from August 2013 to March 2019. Genotyping data of the 46 candidate genes with a ± 100 kb window were tested for association with p2PSA and phi levels using linear regression. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed and internally validated using repeated tenfold cross‐validation. We further calculated personalized phi cutoff values based on the significant genotypes. Discriminative performance was assessed using decision curve analysis and net reclassification improvement (NRI) index.ResultsWe detected 11 significant variants at 19q13.33 which were p2PSA‐associated independent of PCa. The most significant SNP, rs198978 in KLK2 (Pcombined = 5.73 × 10−9), was also associated with phi values (Pcombined = 3.20 × 10−6). Compared to the two commonly used phi cutoffs of 27.0 and 36.0, the personalized phi cutoffs had a significant NRI for PCa ranged from 5.23% to 9.70% among men carrying variant types (all p < .01).ConclusionRs198978, is independently associated with p2PSA values, and can improve the diagnostic ability of phi for PCa using personalized cutoff values.
Experimental Progress on Quantum Coherence: Detection, Quantification, and Manipulation
Authors: Wu Kang‐Da , Streltsov Alexander , Regula Bartosz , Xiang Guo‐Yong , Li Chuan‐Feng , Guo Guang‐Can 
Published: July 2021

AbstractQuantum coherence is a fundamental property of quantum systems, separating quantum from classical physics. Recently, there has been significant interest in the characterization of quantum coherence as a resource, investigating how coherence can be extracted and used for quantum technological applications. In this work, the progress of this research is reviewed, focusing in particular on recent experimental efforts. After a brief review of the underlying theory, the main platforms for realizing the experiments are discussed: linear optics, nuclear magnetic resonance, and superconducting systems. Experimental detection and quantification of coherence, experimental state conversion and coherence distillation, and experiments investigating the dynamics of quantum coherence are then considered. Experiments exploring the connections between coherence and uncertainty relations, path information, and coherence of operations and measurements are also reviewed. Experimental efforts on multipartite and multilevel coherence are also discussed.
Data‐enabled predictive control for quadcopters
Authors: Elokda Ezzat , Coulson Jeremy , Beuchat Paul N. , Lygeros John , Dörfler Florian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe study the application of a data‐enabled predictive control (DeePC) algorithm for position control of real‐world nano‐quadcopters. The DeePC algorithm is a finite‐horizon, optimal control method that uses input/output measurements from the system to predict future trajectories without the need for system identification or state estimation. The algorithm predicts future trajectories of the quadcopter by linearly combining previously measured trajectories (motion primitives). We illustrate the necessity of a regularized variant of the DeePC algorithm to handle the nonlinear nature of the real‐world quadcopter dynamics with noisy measurements. Simulation‐based analysis is used to gain insights into the effects of regularization, and experimental results validate that these insights carry over to the real‐world quadcopter. Moreover, we demonstrate the reliability of the DeePC algorithm by collecting a new set of input/output measurements for every real‐world experiment performed. The performance of the DeePC algorithm is compared to Model Predictive Control based on a first‐principles model of the quadcopter. The results are demonstrated with a video of successful trajectory tracking of the real‐world quadcopter.
Resilient control of cyber‐physical systems under sensor and actuator attacks driven by adaptive sliding mode observer
Authors: Nateghi Shamila , Shtessel Yuri , Edwards Christopher 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe problem of resilient control of linear cyber‐physical systems with cyber‐attacked sensor measurements and actuator commands is studied in this article. Online reconstruction of unknown cyber‐attacks is accomplished by an adaptive sliding mode observer with a novel injection term in the form of a dynamically extended equivalent control. Then, the attacked/corrupted sensor's measurements and the actuators are proposed to be cleaned up using the reconstructed attacks. The performance of the system prior to the attacks is shown to be retained after a transient response required for the attack reconstruction/estimation. The efficacy of the proposed algorithms is validated on an electrical power network.
Atomic Pyridinic Nitrogen Sites Promoting Levulinic Acid Hydrogenations over Double‐Shelled Hollow Ru/C Nanoreactors
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Ye Sheng , Lan Guojun , Su Panpan , Zhang Xiaoli , Price Cameron Alexander Hurd , Li Ying , Liu Jian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNitrogen‐doped nanocarbons are widely used as supports for metal‐heterogeneous catalytic conversions. When nitrogen‐doped nanocarbon supports are used to disperse metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), the nitrogen dopant can enhance MNPs electron density to reach higher catalytic activity and promote MNPs stability through anchoring effects. However, the precise identification of active nitrogen species between N‐dopants and reactants is rarely reported. Herein, a proof‐of‐concept study on the active N species for levulinic acid hydrogenation is reported. A double‐shell structured carbon catalyst (DSC) is designed with selectively locating ultrafine Ru NPs only on inner carbon shell, specifically, different N species on the external carbon shell. Through the design of such a nanostructure, it is demonstrated that the alkaline pyridinic N species on the outer shell serves as an anchor point for the spontaneous binding of the acidic reactant. The pyridinic N content can be modulated from 7.4 to 29.2 mg gcat−1 by selecting different precursors. Finally, the Ru‐DSC‐CTS (using chitosan as the precursor) catalyst achieves a 99% conversion of levulinic acid under 70 °C and 4 MPa hydrogen pressure for 1 h. This work sheds light on the design of nanoreactors at the atomic scale and investigates heterogeneous catalysis at the molecular level.
Type I AIE photosensitizers: Mechanism and application
Authors: Li Jianqing , Zhuang Zeyan , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) with plenty of advantages is expected to become a promising modality for cancer treatment, but challenges still remain. In the past decade, abundant photosensitizers (PSs) with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) property make the development of PSs enter upon a new phase, offering incomparable merits. Recently, Type I AIE PSs with capability of generating radical reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as strong candidates to overcome the inherent hypoxia nature of solid tumors. In this review, detailed discussions on the mechanisms of PDT are drawn to highlight the basic advantages of Type I pathway over Type II one in hypoxic PDT, followed by a summary of frequently‐used detection methods for the accurate distinguishing of the nature of ROS. Finally, the latest representative advances are summarized, and future perspectives of Type I AIE PSs are discussed.
Testing the EPIC Richards submodel for simulating soil water dynamics under different bottom boundary conditions
Authors: Longo Matteo , Jones Curtis Dinnen , Izaurralde Roberto César , Cabrera Miguel L. , Dal Ferro Nicola , Morari Francesco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMost biogeochemical models simulate water dynamics using the tipping bucket approach, which has been often found to be too simplistic to represent vadose zone dynamics adequately under shallow groundwater conditions. Recently, a solution to the Richards equation using the Mualem–van Genuchten model (Rich‐vGM) has been added into the EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) model to address this shortfall. Its performance was tested using lysimeters operating under free drainage (FD) and at a shallow water table (60‐ [WT60] and 120‐cm depth [WT120]). Model accuracy was also compared with the upgraded tipping bucket‐based method implemented into EPIC (the variable saturation hydraulic conductivity method [VSHC]). Soil water content (SWC) data were split into calibration and validation subsets. Model evaluation also included annual evapotranspiration (ET), percolation (PRK), and upward water movements to assess underlying soil water balance factors. The submodels provided accurate and similar results upon comparison with SWC measures under FD (Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient [NSE] = 0.26 and 0.61 using VSHC and Rich‐vGM, respectively). The Rich‐vGM model accurately reproduced observed SWC and ET (e.g., NSE = 0.70 and percentage bias [PBIAS] = −3.7% for WT120, respectively) although it slightly overestimated PRK (PBIAS = 47.8%, on average). Instead, VSHC proved unable to correctly simulate shallow groundwater conditions (e.g., NSE = −1.85 for WT60 SWC). Under shallow groundwater conditions, the Rich‐vGM method is recommended, despite the additional data required and the need to define the bottom boundary conditions according to water table fluctuations. In conclusion, the Richards solver introduced and tested in EPIC improved the model's ability to represent complex biophysical and biogeochemical processes in terrestrial ecosystems associated with the hydrological balance.
Endotoxin contamination of engineered nanomaterials: Overcoming the hurdles associated with endotoxin testing
Authors: Hannon Gary , Prina‐Mello Adriele 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNanomaterials are highly susceptible to endotoxin contamination due their large surface‐to‐volume ratios and endotoxins propensity to associate readily to hydrophobic and cationic surfaces. Additionally, the stability of endotoxin ensures it cannot be removed efficiently through conventional sterilization techniques such as autoclaving and ionizing radiation. In recent times, the true significance of this hurdle has come to light with multiple reports from the United States Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, in particular, along with our own experiences of endotoxin testing from multiple Horizon 2020‐funded projects which highlight the importance of this issue for the clinical translation of nanomaterials. Herein, we provide an overview on the topic of endotoxin contamination of nanomaterials intended for biomedical applications.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
Synthesis and properties of phosphate cancrinite (PO4‐CAN) a synthetic counterpart of depmeierite
Authors: Buhl J.‐Ch. , Petrov V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhosphate cancrinite (PO4‐CAN) has been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions at 473 K using kaolin, sodium orthophosphate‐dodecahydrate and strong alkaline conditions (8 M NaOH solution). Cancrinite crystals of rod‐like habit and maximum lengths up to 2 μm were observed and characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR) of the nucleus 31P, thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and heating experiments under open conditions in a furnace were additionally performed. The empirical formula Na8[SiAlO4]6(PO4)0.58(CO3)0.13(H2O)4.6 was calculated from EDXS analyses and TG data under consideration of a minor carbonate content, detected by FTIR spectroscopy. PO4‐CAN is stable up to 800 °C before thermal destruction rapidly occurs at 825 °C. The final product of TG analyses at 1000 °C is a mixture of a nepheline‐like phase and the phosphate content of the initial cancrinite sample. XRD and FTIR results of the synthesis product are in good agreement with literature data of the rare mineral depmeierite.
Hierarchical structure of physical Yukawa couplings from matter field Kähler metric
Authors: Ishiguro Keiya , Kobayashi Tatsuo , Otsuka Hajime 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We study the impacts of matter field Kähler metric on physical Yukawa couplings in string compactifications. Since the Kähler metric is non-trivial in general, the kinetic mixing of matter fields opens a new avenue for realizing a hierarchical structure of physical Yukawa couplings, even when holomorphic Yukawa couplings have the trivial structure. The hierarchical Yukawa couplings are demonstrated by couplings of pure untwisted modes on toroidal orbifolds and their resolutions in the context of heterotic string theory with standard embedding. Also, we study the hierarchical couplings among untwisted and twisted modes on resolved orbifolds.
Holography abhors visible trapped surfaces
Authors: Engelhardt Netta , Folkestad Åsmund 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We prove that consistency of the holographic dictionary implies a hallmark prediction of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture: that in classical gravity, trapped surfaces lie behind event horizons. In particular, the existence of a trapped surface implies the existence of an event horizon, and that furthermore this event horizon must be outside of the trapped surface. More precisely, we show that the formation of event horizons outside of a strong gravity region is a direct consequence of causal wedge inclusion, which is required by entanglement wedge reconstruction. We make few assumptions beyond the absence of evaporating singularities in strictly classical gravity. We comment on the implication that spacetimes with naked trapped surfaces do not admit a holographic dual, note a possible application to holographic complexity, and speculate on the dual CFT interpretation of a trapped surface.
Modular origin of mass hierarchy: Froggatt-Nielsen like mechanism
Authors: Kuranaga Hitomi , Ohki Hiroshi , Uemura Shohei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We study Froggatt-Nielsen (FN) like flavor models with modular symmetry. The FN mechanism is a convincing solution to the flavor puzzle in the quark sector. The FN mechanism requires an extra U(1) gauge symmetry which is broken at high energies. Alternatively, in the framework of modular symmetry the modular weights can play the role of the FN charges of the extra U(1) symmetry. Based on the FN-like mechanism with modular symmetry we present new flavor models for the quark sector. Assuming that the three generations have a common representation under the modular symmetry, our models simply reproduce the FN-like Yukawa matrices. We also show that the realistic mass hierarchy and mixing angles, which are related to each other through the modular parameters and a scalar vev, can be realized in models with several finite modular groups (and their double covering groups) without unnatural hierarchical parameters.