bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Assessment and Care in Maxillofacial Trauma
Authors: Saigal Saurabh , Khan Manal M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe patient with maxillofacial trauma presents with serious challenges and requires the rapid assessment of injuries and institution of life-preserving therapy. It is essential to apply rapid and accurate systematic approach because the timing is crucial. This chapter highlights the correct sequence of priorities for assessment (primary and secondary surveys) and management of severely injured patients and also recognizes patients who will require transfer for definitive management.
Maxillary Fractures
Authors: Jacob Oommen Aju , Prathap Akhilesh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFacial trauma is often associated with severe morbidity with respect to loss of function and disfigurement. The maxilla is arguably the most anatomically intricate structure of the face and blunt trauma due to interpersonal violence, motor vehicle accidents, gunshot wounds, industrial accidents and falls contribute to etiology of maxillary fractures. Fractures of the midface are often challenging to the maxillofacial surgeon, due to wide variety of patterns of the fracture, diagnostic challenges and treatment dilemmas. The basic tenet in the management of these fractures is to reconstitute the vertical and horizontal buttresses of the midface, thus reestablishing structure and function. This chapter gives a comprehensive overview on the diagnosis, management and treatment of fractures of the Maxilla.
Gunshot Injuries of the Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Sharma Lt Col Rohit , Jose Maj Anson 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe current principles and pillars in the management of gunshot maxillofacial injuries have largely been the result of an exhaustive experimental approach spanning centuries of warfare. However, while medical professionals endlessly strive to revolutionize healthcare in combat injury, there are simultaneous efforts directed towards creation of new and ever more lethal arms and ammunition. Consequently, these doctrines continue to undergo significant transformations with a contemporary understanding of war injuries as well as the advent of new surgical materials and modern instrumentation. Previously accepted principles like external pin fixations without adequate exposure of bony fragments, fracture stabilization using intra-osseous wiring and inter-maxillary fixation, minimal attention to primary soft tissue closure and delay in definitive management have been sidelined for most of the part. On the other hand, new principles have evolved that including adequate exposure of fracture fragments and precise anatomic rigid fixation, immediate bone grafting, definitive soft tissue management and early definitive repair allowing for better return of patients to their pre-traumatic appearance.
Office-Based Anesthesia in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery-The American Model and Training
Authors: Verma Payal , Krishnan Deepak G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnxiety and pain control has been an inherent part of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon’s (OMS’s) armamentarium. In the United States, achieving competency in anesthesia is an integral part of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) training curriculum. Further, OMS’s maintain the highest of standards in their practice of anesthesia outside the operating theaters. OMS-anesthesia-team model emphasizes patient safety. This requires rigorous training and meticulous standards of practice, not only by the surgeons but by the entire supporting team of office personnel. The American Association of Oral Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) endorses several critical steps in promoting the safety of this model in OMS offices. Periodic review of parameters of care, mandated training for office team and a peer review for office anesthesia evaluation of fellow OMSs are some of the critical components. AAOMS has a simulation based training to train teams in the provision of safe anesthesia in a low risk environment. Emphasis on appropriate patient selection, impeccable advanced anesthesia monitoring, and periodic strong didactic and skills based training supports the OMS-anesthesia-team in being a valid, safe practice model of anxiety and pain control in an outpatient setting.
Anaesthesia for Maxillo Facial Surgery
Authors: Jacob Rebecca , Mahankali Subramanyam S. , Maria Renita , Ananathanarayana Suman , Sharma Garima , Thomas Mary 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMaxillofacial surgery presents unique challenges to the anaesthesiologist. The main challenges include working with multiple professionals; managing a shared airway; ensuring good surgical access; identifying difficult airway and choosing an appropriate airway management technique perioperatively; using measures to reduce bleeding and tissue oedema. To achieve this effectively and safely, there is a great need for good communication among anaesthesiologists, surgeons and other team members.
Premalignant Lesions and Conditions of the Oral Cavity
Authors: Mustafa El , Parmar Sat , Praveen Prav 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOral cancer develops in precursor lesions referred to as the group of premalignant disorders (PMDs) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Some lesions are relatively common affecting between 1 and 5% of the population (leukoplakia) and may resemble benign and prevalent mucosal disease. These lesions pose a risk for malignancy that is independent of tobacco or alcohol, with a wide range of transformation rates between 13 and 70%. The commonest types are white patches (leukoplakia), red patches (erythroplakia) and submucous fibrosis. Knowledge of the patterns of clinical presentation of PMDs is important in order to screen patients effectively, identifying those who benefit from a close observation, those who require from targeted biopsy and those who may be safely followed up in primary care. We describe clinical features of the most well-documented premalignant disorders discussing lesion-specific risk predictors and treatment options. We also present a brief outline of the less prevalent group or premalignant systemic conditions including those that predispose to the development of mucosal squamous carcinoma and those that associate with the development of cutaneous squamous carcinoma. Genetic pathways involved in the development and progression of PMDs are outlined, and finally, we describe best practices for carrying out a diagnostic tissue biopsy.
Chaos exponents of SYK traversable wormholes
Authors: Nosaka Tomoki , Numasawa Tokiro 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper we study the chaos exponent, the exponential growth rate of the out-of-time-ordered four point functions, in a two coupled SYK models which exhibits a first order phase transition between the high temperature black hole phase and the low temperature gapped phase interpreted as a traversable wormhole. We see that as the temperature decreases the chaos exponent exhibits a discontinuous fall-off from the value of order the universal bound 2π/β at the critical temperature of the phase transition, which is consistent with the expected relation between black holes and strong chaos. Interestingly, the chaos exponent is small but non-zero even in the wormhole phase. This is surprising but consistent with the observation on the decay rate of the two point function [1], and we found the chaos exponent and the decay rate indeed obey the same temperature dependence in this regime. We also studied the chaos exponent of a closely related model with single SYK term, and found that the chaos exponent of this model is always greater than that of the two coupled model in the entire parameter space.
Exotic Higgs decays into displaced jets at the LHeC
Authors: Cheung Kingman , Fischer Oliver , Wang Zeren Simon , Zurita Jose 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Profiling the Higgs boson requires the study of its non-standard decay modes. In this work we discuss the prospects of the Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC) to detect scalar particles with masses ,≳ 10 GeV produced from decays of the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson. These scalar particles decay mainly to bottom pairs, and in a vast portion of the allowed parameter space they acquire a macroscopic lifetime, hence giving rise to displaced hadronic vertices. The LHeC provides a very clean environment that allows for easy identification of these final states, in contrast to hadronic colliders where the overwhelming backgrounds and high pile-up render such searches incredibly challenging. We find that the LHeC provides a unique window of opportunity to detect scalar particles with masses between 10 and 30 GeV. In the Higgs Portal scenarios we can test the mixing angle squared, sin2α, as low as 10−5–10−7, with the exact value depending on the vacuum expectation value of the new scalar.Our results are also presented in a model-independent fashion in the lifetime-branching ratio and mass-branching ratio planes. We have found that exotic branching ratios of the Higgs boson at the sub-percent level can be probed, for the scalar decay length in the range 10−4 m ≲ cτ ≲ 10−1 m. The expected coverage of the parameter space largely exceeds the published sensitivity of the indirect reach at the high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider via the invisible Higgs branching ratio.
Estimating the quantum requirements for plant growth and related electricity demand for LED lighting systems
Authors: Schmierer Marc , Brueck Holger , Asch Folkard , Sauerborn Joachim 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIndoor plant production systems with artificial lighting are considered an emerging technology contributing to biomass-based value webs. The viability of this concept greatly relies on the energy requirements (ER, Watt) for lighting. We estimated the ER for plant growth by calculating the conversion efficiency of electricity to light of solid-state light-emitting diodes (LED) and the quantum requirements for plant growth of a fictional plant stand producing 2500 g of dry weight per m2 of ground during 100 days, representing a high productivity benchmark of field crops. The quantum output (µmol s−1 W−1) of eight LEDs of different colours varied between 0.78 for green and 2.54 for deep red. Uncertainty in the H+ demand for ATP synthesis during photosynthesis, the relative portion of photorespiration and the fraction of light intercepted by plant canopies (fabs) were considered in a pessimistic (PA) and optimistic (OA) approach of calculation of ER. Cumulative ER were 606 and 265 kWh m−2 for the PA and OA scenarios. The energy conversion efficiencies in the PA and OA scenarios were 2.07 and 4.72%. Estimates of energy savings by suppressing photorespiration and increasing fabs vary between 24 and 38%. The peak daily ER were 9.44 and 4.14 kWh in the PA and OA scenarios. Results are discussed in the context of the design of lighting in indoor plant production systems and commercial greenhouses where natural fluctuation in solar radiation could be balanced by dimmable LED panels.
Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress: a dynamic duo in multiple myeloma
Authors: Xiong Sinan , Chng Wee-Joo , Zhou Jianbiao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUnder physiological and pathological conditions, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to deal with the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy arising from immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. MM cells are subject to continual ER stress and highly dependent on the UPR signaling activation due to overproduction of paraproteins. Mounting evidence suggests the close linkage between ER stress and oxidative stress, demonstrated by overlapping signaling pathways and inter-organelle communication pivotal to cell fate decision. Imbalance of intracellular homeostasis can lead to deranged control of cellular functions and engage apoptosis due to mutual activation between ER stress and reactive oxygen species generation through a self-perpetuating cycle. Here, we present accumulating evidence showing the interactive roles of redox homeostasis and proteostasis in MM pathogenesis and drug resistance, which would be helpful in elucidating the still underdefined molecular pathways linking ER stress and oxidative stress in MM. Lastly, we highlight future research directions in the development of anti-myeloma therapy, focusing particularly on targeting redox signaling and ER stress responses.
Insect antimicrobial peptides: potential weapons to counteract the antibiotic resistance
Authors: Manniello M. D. , Moretta A. , Salvia R. , Scieuzo C. , Lucchetti D. , Vogel H. , Sgambato A. , Falabella P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMisuse and overuse of antibiotics have contributed in the last decades to a phenomenon known as antibiotic resistance which is currently considered one of the principal threats to global public health by the World Health Organization. The aim to find alternative drugs has been demonstrated as a real challenge. Thanks to their biodiversity, insects represent the largest class of organisms in the animal kingdom. The humoral immune response includes the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are released into the insect hemolymph after microbial infection. In this review, we have focused on insect immune responses, particularly on AMP characteristics, their mechanism of action and applications, especially in the biomedical field. Furthermore, we discuss the Toll, Imd, and JAK-STAT pathways that activate genes encoding for the expression of AMPs. Moreover, we focused on strategies to improve insect peptides stability against proteolytic susceptibility such as D-amino acid substitutions, N-terminus modification, cyclization and dimerization.
An unusual thioredoxin system in the facultative parasite Acanthamoeba castellanii
Authors: Leitsch David , Mbouaka Alvie Loufouma , Köhsler Martina , Müller Norbert , Walochnik Julia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii occurs worldwide in soil and water and feeds on bacteria and other microorganisms. It is, however, also a facultative parasite and can cause serious infections in humans. The annotated genome of A. castellanii (strain Neff) suggests the presence of two different thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), of which one is of the small bacterial type and the other of the large vertebrate type. This combination is highly unusual. Similar to vertebrate TrxRases, the gene coding for the large TrxR in A. castellanii contains a UGA stop codon at the C-terminal active site, suggesting the presence of selenocysteine. We characterized the thioredoxin system in A. castellanii in conjunction with glutathione reductase (GR), to obtain a more complete understanding of the redox system in A. castellanii and the roles of its components in the response to oxidative stress. Both TrxRases localize to the cytoplasm, whereas GR localizes to the cytoplasm and the large organelle fraction. We could only identify one thioredoxin (Trx-1) to be indeed reduced by one of the TrxRases, i.e., by the small TrxR. This thioredoxin, in turn, could reduce one of the two peroxiredoxins tested and also methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA). Upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide and diamide, only the small TrxR was upregulated in expression at the mRNA and protein levels, but not the large TrxR. Our results show that the small TrxR is involved in the A. castellanii’s response to oxidative stress. The role of the large TrxR, however, remains elusive.
Experimental tests of PVD AlCrN-coated planer knives on planing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) under industrial conditions
Authors: Nadolny Krzysztof , Kapłonek Wojciech , Sutowska Marzena , Sutowski Paweł , Myśliński Piotr , Gilewicz Adam , Warcholiński Bogdan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRaw pine wood processing and especially its mechanical processing constitute a significant share among technological operations leading to obtaining a finished product. Stable implementation of machining operations, ensuring long-term repeatable processing results depends on many factors, such as quality and invariability of raw material, technical condition of technological equipment, adopted parameters of work, qualifications and experience of operators, as well as preparation and properties of the machining tools used. It seems that the greatest potential in the search for opportunities to increase the efficiency of machining operations has the modification of machining tools used in it. This paper presents the results of research work aimed at determining how the life of cutting tools used in planing operations of wet pine wood is affected by the application of chromium aluminum nitride (AlCrN) coating to planar industrial planing knives in the process of physical vapour deposition. For this purpose operational tests were carried out under production conditions in a medium-sized wood processing company. The study compares the effective working time, rounding radius, the profile along the knife (size of worn edge displacement, wear area of the cutting edge), selected texture parameters of the planar industrial planing knife rake face and visual analyses of cutting edge condition of AlCrN-coated planar knives and unmodified ones. The obtained experimental results showed the possibility of increasing the life of AlCrN-coated knives up to 154% compared to the results obtained with uncoated ones. The proposed modification of the operational features of the knives does not involve any changes in the technological process of planing, does not require any interference with the machining station nor its parameters, therefore enabling rapid and easy implementation into industrial practice.
Aphasien bei lakunären Hirninfarkten
Authors: Kohlhase Konstantin , Schaefer Jan Hendrik , Lapa Sriramya , Jurcoane Alina , Wagner Marlies , Hok Pavel , Kell Christian A. 
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Aphasien gehören nicht zu den typischen klinischen Manifestationen lakunärer Hirninfarkte, sind jedoch im Rahmen seltener atypischer lakunärer Syndrome beschrieben.

Ziel der Arbeit
Beschreibung von Aphasiemustern und betroffener Fasertrakte bei lakunären Infarkten.

Material und Methoden
Fallserie von drei Patienten mit in der Magnetresonanztomographie nachgewiesenen lakunären Hirninfarkten und Aphasie. Identifikation betroffener Faserbahnen mittels Fasertraktographie der koregistrierten Schädigungsorte in Gehirnen zweier gesunder Probanden.

Ergebnisse
Radiologisch waren die Lakunen, die Aphasien hervorriefen, weit lateral im Marklager der linken Hemisphäre gelegen und befanden sich im Vergleich zu der Lakune eines nichtaphasischen Kontrollpatienten weiter rostrodorsal. Klinisch fand sich trotz Aussparung des Kortex, Thalamus und weiter Teile der Basalganglien eine leichte bis moderate nichtflüssige Aphasie mit syntaktischen Defiziten. In der Fasertraktographie zeigten die aphasischen im Vergleich zum nichtaphasischen Patienten eine stärkere Affektion der Fasern des linken Fasciculus arcuatus sowie eine Beteiligung des frontostriatalen und frontalen Aslant-Trakts.

Diskussion
Links lateral gelegene lakunäre Infarkte können durch Beteiligung sprachrelevanter Fasertrakte eine klinisch relevante Aphasie hervorrufen.
Autologe Chondrozytentransplantation nach penetrierender Messerstichverletzung am Kniegelenk
Authors: Exner Lisanne , Abdelhai Mohammed , Dalheimer Philipp 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungDie penetrierende Kniegelenkverletzung ist ein seltenes Trauma, welches jedoch nicht unterschätzt werden darf. In der Regel besteht die Indikation zur zeitnahen operativen Versorgung. Dieser Fallbericht handelt von einem 17-jährigen Patienten, der durch einen Messerstich eine Knorpelverletzung der lateralen Femurkondyle erlitt. Es folgte die Gelenkspülung mit Bergung des Knorpelflakes und endgültiger Versorgung mittels autologer Chondrozytentransplantation. Die Gewinnung von Knorpelzellen aus dem Flake unterblieb aufgrund des Risikos einer Keimbesiedlung sowie des Qualitätsverlustes der Chondrozyten.
Preventing NEETs during the Great Recession: the effects of mandatory activation programs for young welfare recipients
Authors: Cammeraat Emile , Jongen Egbert , Koning Pierre 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe study the impact of mandatory activation programs for young welfare recipients in the Netherlands. What makes this reform unique is that it clashed head on with the Great Recession. We use differences-in-differences and data for the period 1999–2012 to estimate the effects of this reform. We find that the reform reduced the number of welfare recipients but had no effect on the number of NEETs (individuals not in employment, education or training). The absence of employment effects contrasts with previous studies on the impact of mandatory activation programs, which we argue is due to the reform taking place during a severe economic recession.
Unusual eye injury related to abusive head trauma
Authors: Eddahabi Cordula , Djalali-Talab Yassin , Banaschak Sibylle , Feld Katharina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOphthalmological examination is an essential component in clinically diagnosing abusive head trauma (AHT). Typical of AHT injuries is retinal bleeding, with other parts of the eye sometimes also being affected. Visual impairment and blindness are long-term complications in this context. We present a case with unusual eye injuries after a diagnostically confirmed AHT.The ophthalmological findings on admission day showed a massive subhyaloid hemorrhage at the posterior pole and extensive flame-shaped intraretinal hemorrhages accented on the right side., A centrally localized vitreous hemorrhage appeared on both sides 3 weeks later, obscuring the optic disc and macula most probably due to a breakthrough of a sub-internal limiting membrane (ILM) hemorrhage into the vitreous cavity. Follow-up 4 weeks later revealed a dense and organized vitreous hemorrhage occupying the optic disc and macula so that a pars plana vitrectomy was performed on both eyes.The bilateral bleeding in different retinal layers, the vitreous hemorrhage and the proliferative vitreoretinal reaction (PVR) indicated massive damage caused by a significant acceleration-deceleration trauma. A two-phase vitreous hemorrhage in a child with AHT does not yet appear to have been described in the literature.