bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanded Auditor's Report Disclosures and Loan Contracting*
Authors: Porumb Vlad‐Andrei , Zengin‐Karaibrahimoglu Yasemin , Lobo Gerald J. , Hooghiemstra Reggy , de Waard Dick 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTStarting in October 2013, auditors of premium‐listed firms in the United Kingdom are mandated to prepare an expanded auditor's report that provides details on audit procedures, risks of material misstatement (RMMs), and materiality thresholds. This regulatory change is important to study, because it aims to increase the informational value of the traditional, highly standardized, pass‐or‐fail auditor's report. We examine whether the disclosures in the expanded auditor's report provide information that is relevant for adopting firms' loan contracting terms in the post‐adoption period. Our results indicate that the introduction of the expanded auditor's report is associated with reduced loan spread and longer maturity for loan facilities of adopting firms relative to non‐adopting UK firms. When we focus on adopting firms in the post‐adoption period, we find that the number of “unique RMMs” mentioned in the auditor's report, but not in the audit committee report, are positively associated with loan spread but are not associated either with loan maturity or the number of lenders in the loan syndicate. Additional tests show that the benefits, in terms of a reduced spread, of having a lower number of “unique RMMs” accrue mostly to adopters with a poor information environment. Taken together, our results provide preliminary evidence that the expanded auditor's report disclosures contain relevant information for loan contracting in the United Kingdom. This study highlights the unique role of the expanded auditor's report in providing information relevant to lenders and supports standard setters' efforts to enrich its informational content.
Age‐related telomere attrition causes aberrant gene expression in sub‐telomeric regions
Authors: Dong Xiao , Sun Shixiang , Zhang Lei , Kim Seungsoo , Tu Zhidong , Montagna Cristina , Maslov Alexander Y. , Suh Yousin , Wang Tao , Campisi Judith , Vijg Jan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTelomere attrition has been proposed as a biomarker and causal factor in aging. In addition to causing cellular senescence and apoptosis, telomere shortening has been found to affect gene expression in subtelomeric regions. Here, we analyzed the distribution of age‐related differentially expressed genes from the GTEx RNA sequencing database of 54 tissue types from 979 human subjects and found significantly more upregulated than downregulated genes in subtelomeric regions as compared to the genome‐wide average. Our data demonstrate spatial relationships between telomeres and gene expression in aging.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy outcome of assisted reproductive treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gao Rui , Zeng Rujun , Qing Pingying , Meng Cheng , Cheng Kemin , Zhang Sirui , Chen Hanxiao , Jin Xiaolei , Qin Lang , Li Tao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProblemAntiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are a group of autoantibodies associated with a variety of pregnancy complications, but the impact of aPL on the outcomes of assisted fertility treatment (ART) is controversial. This systematic review and meta‐analysis were designed to explore the association between aPL and ART outcomes and to explore in which stages does aPL play a role.Method of StudyPubMed and Cochrane database were systematically retrieved, and odds ratios (ORs) or risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in a random‐effect model or fixed‐effect model according to the heterogenicity assessed by the Cochran Q and I2 statistic test. Of 246 records identified by the search, 10 case‐control studies and 13 cohort studies that explored the association between aPL and in vitro fertilization (IVF) and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were analyzed.ResultsThe results showed that aPL positive rate was higher in females who failed in IVF/ICSI than those who succeeded in IVF/ICSI (OR: 3.62, 95% CI: 1.95–6.74). This study also indicated that females positive for aPL have a higher miscarriage rate (RR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24–2.28) than those negative for aPL, but live birth rate, biochemical pregnancy rate, and clinical pregnancy rate were similar between two groups (RR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.91–1.12; RR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.57–2.43 and RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.80–1.13).ConclusionsThere was higher aPL prevalence in females with adverse IVF/ICSI outcomes. It seems that aPL mainly affects the miscarriage rate, but has little effect on live birth rate, biochemical pregnancy rate, and clinical pregnancy rate. Routine detection of aPL before IVF/ICSI treatment is meaningful.
Resilience interventions in physicians: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Angelopoulou Paraskevi , Panagopoulou Efharis 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in promoting resilience among physicians. Previous reviews concerning resilience did not assess effectiveness in a systematic way using meta‐analytic methods. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to January 31, 2020. Randomized clinical trials, non‐randomized clinical trials, and repeated‐measures studies of intervention designs targeting at resilience in physicians were included. Eleven studies were included in the review (n = 580 physicians). Research findings suggest that interventions for resilience in physicians were associated with small but significant benefits. Subgroup analyses suggested small but significantly improved effects for emotional–supportive–coping interventions (Hedges's g = 0.242; 95% CI, 0.082–0.402, p = .003) compared with mindfulness–meditation–relaxation interventions (Hedges's g = 0.208; 95% CI, 0.131–0.285, p = .000). Interventions that were delivered for more than a week indicated higher effect (Hedges's g = 0.262; 95% CI, 0.169–0.355, p = .000) compared with interventions delivered for up to a week (Hedges's g = 0.172; 95% CI, −0.010 to 0.355, p = .064). Results were not influenced by the risk of bias ratings. Findings suggest that physicians can benefit in their personal levels of resilience from attending an intervention specifically designed for that reason for more than a week. Moreover, policy‐makers should view current results as a significant source of redesigning healthcare systems and promoting attendance of resilience interventions by physicians. Future research should address the need for more higher‐quality studies and improved study designs.
Does the length of time dried distillers' grain with solubles substitution for soybean meal affect physiological indicators and meat quality in finishing lambs?
Authors: Karaca Serhat , Erdoğan Sibel , Güney Mehtap , Çakmakçı Cihan , Sarıbey Muammer , Kor Aşkın , Ülker Hasan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study examined how inclusion of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) in finishing lamb diets for different periods affects some physiological indicators and meat quality. A total of 40 male lambs were divided into four groups according to feeding regimen during the 120‐day finishing period as follows: C120: no DDGS included in diet for 120 days; D120: DDGS included in diet for 120 days; D75: no DDGS included in diet for 45 days + DDGS included in diet for 75 days; D45: no DDGS included in diet for 75 days + DDGS included in diet for 45 days. Dietary inclusion rate of DDGS was 27.5%. Fattening performance and rumen parameters were not affected by treatment. Feeding regimens had no significant effect on meat quality except the instrumental tenderness and juiciness score. DDGS fed lambs had higher level of total trans fatty acids and n‐6/n‐3 ratio in meat. 10t‐C18:1, 11t‐C18:1 and 9c,11t conjugated linoleic acid contents of adipose tissue were higher in all the DDGS groups compared with C120 lambs (p < .001). These results suggest that soybean meal can be replaced with corn DDGS in lamb diets for up to 120 days during the finishing period with no adverse effects on some physiological response feedlot performance and meat quality.
Screening and monitoring of the BTKC481S mutation in a real‐world cohort of patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia during ibrutinib therapy
Authors: Bödör Csaba , Kotmayer Lili , László Tamás , Takács Ferenc , Barna Gábor , Kiss Richárd , Sebestyén Endre , Nagy Tibor , Hegyi Lajos László , Mikala Gábor , Fekete Sándor , Farkas Péter , Balogh Alexandra , Masszi Tamás , Demeter Judit , Weisinger Júlia , Alizadeh Hussain , Kajtár Béla , Kohl Zoltán , Szász Róbert , Gergely Lajos , Gurbity Pálfi Timea , Sulák Adrienn , Kollár Balázs , Egyed Miklós , Plander Márk , Rejtő László , Szerafin László , Ilonczai Péter , Tamáska Péter , Pettendi Piroska , Lévai Dóra , Schneider Tamás , Sebestyén Anna , Csermely Péter , Matolcsy András , Mátrai Zoltán , Alpár Donát 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib has revolutionised the therapeutic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Acquired mutations emerging at position C481 in the BTK tyrosine kinase domain are the predominant genetic alterations associated with secondary ibrutinib resistance. To assess the correlation between disease progression, and the emergence and temporal dynamics of the most common resistance mutation BTKC481S, sensitive (10−4) time‐resolved screening was performed in 83 relapsed/refractory CLL patients during single‐agent ibrutinib treatment. With a median follow‐up time of 40 months, BTKC481S was detected in 48·2% (40/83) of the patients, with 80·0% (32/40) of them showing disease progression during the examined period. In these 32 cases, representing 72·7% (32/44) of all patients experiencing relapse, emergence of the BTKC481S mutation preceded the symptoms of clinical relapse with a median of nine months. Subsequent Bcl‐2 inhibition therapy applied in 28/32 patients harbouring BTKC481S and progressing on ibrutinib conferred clinical and molecular remission across the patients. Our study demonstrates the clinical value of sensitive BTKC481S monitoring with the largest longitudinally analysed real‐world patient cohort reported to date and validates the feasibility of an early prediction of relapse in the majority of ibrutinib‐treated relapsed/refractory CLL patients experiencing disease progression.
Gynaecological and reproductive health of women with telomere biology disorders
Authors: Giri Neelam , Alter Blanche P. , Savage Sharon A. , Stratton Pamela 
Published: May 2021

SummaryReproductive health may be adversely impacted in women with dyskeratosis congenita (DC) and related telomere biology disorders (TBD). We evaluated gynaecological problems, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes in 39 females aged 10–81 years who were followed longitudinally in our DC/TBD cohort. Twenty‐six had bone marrow failure and 12 underwent haematopoietic cell transplantation. All attained menarche at a normal age. Thirteen women reported menorrhagia; ten used hormonal contraception to reduce bleeding. Nine experienced natural normal‐aged menopause. Gynaecological problems (endometriosis = 3, pelvic varicosities = 1, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia = 1, and uterine prolapse = 2) resulted in surgical menopause in seven. Twenty‐five of 26 women attempting fertility carried 80 pregnancies with 49 (61%) resulting in livebirths. Ten (38%) women experienced 28 (35%) miscarriages, notably recurrent pregnancy loss in five (19%). Preeclampsia (n = 6, 24%) and progressive cytopenias (n = 10, 40%) resulted in maternal‐fetal compromise, including preterm (n = 5) and caesarean deliveries (n = 18, 37%). Gynaecological/reproductive problems were noted mainly in women with autosomal‐dominant inheritance; others were still young or died early. Although women with TBDs had normal menarche, fertility, and menopause, gynaecological problems and pregnancy complications leading to caesarean section, preterm delivery, or transfusion support were frequent. Women with TBDs will benefit from multidisciplinary, coordinated care by haematology, gynaecology and maternal‐fetal medicine.
How do child welfare referrals in Sweden match children's self‐reporting of severe exposure?
Authors: Kalin Torbjörn , Persdotter Birgitta , Ahlgren Thorbjörn , Gerdner Arne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChild welfare services (CWS) rely on referrals from professionals and civilians to address maltreatment and behavioural problems. To our knowledge, no prior study explored to what extent children who self‐reported severe exposure to maltreatment or behavioural problems are referred to the CWS. This study is based on two data sets on a Swedish community sample of 1884 children: (i) self‐reports in four waves during adolescence, including indicators of severe exposure, and (ii) a retrospective systematic review of all children's CWS records at age 18. According to self‐reports, 445 matched one or more indicators of severe exposure. In total, 389 children of the total sample were referred, but only 169 of the self‐reported severely exposed. Severely exposed children were more likely to be referred than other children, adjusting for several background factors. Children who did not experience severe exposure but lived in single‐parent families, teenage parent families, poor families or immigrant families were more likely to be referred to CWS than other children. The findings are discussed from a children's rights perspective and inequity in relation to social work practice. In conclusion, although the referral rates are high, many children who are severely exposed to child maltreatment and behavioural problems remain undetected.
Naltrexone is neuroprotective against traumatic brain injury in mu opioid receptor knockout mice
Authors: Wang Yu‐Syuan , Hung Tsai‐Wei , Bae Eun‐Kyung , Wu Kuo‐Jen , Hsieh Wei , Yu Seong‐Jin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsNaltrexone is a mu opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist used to treat drug dependence in patients. Previous reports indicated that MOR antagonists reduced neurodegeneration and inflammation after brain injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of naltrexone in cell culture and a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI).MethodsThe neuroprotective effect of naltrexone was examined in primary cortical neurons co‐cultured with BV2 microglia. Controlled cortical impact (CCI) was delivered to the left cerebral cortex of adult male MOR wild‐type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice. Naltrexone was given daily for 4 days, starting from day 2 after lesioning. Locomotor activity was evaluated on day 5 after the CCI. Brain tissues were collected for immunostaining, Western, and qPCR analysis.ResultsGlutamate reduced MAP2 immunoreactivity (‐ir), while increased IBA1‐ir in neuron/BV2 co‐culture; both responses were antagonized by naltrexone. TBI significantly reduced locomotor activity and increased the expression of IBA1, iNOS, and CD4 in the lesioned cortex. Naltrexone significantly and equally antagonized the motor deficits and expression of IBA1 and iNOS in WT and KO mice. TBI‐mediated CD4 protein production was attenuated by naltrexone in WT mice, but not in KO mice.ConclusionNaltrexone reduced TBI‐mediated neurodegeneration and inflammation in MOR WT and KO mice. The protective effect of naltrexone involves non‐MOR and MOR mechanisms.
Does Infant‐Directed Speech Help Phonetic Learning? A Machine Learning Investigation
Authors: Ludusan Bogdan , Mazuka Reiko , Dupoux Emmanuel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA prominent hypothesis holds that by speaking to infants in infant‐directed speech (IDS) as opposed to adult‐directed speech (ADS), parents help them learn phonetic categories. Specifically, two characteristics of IDS have been claimed to facilitate learning: hyperarticulation, which makes the categories more separable, and variability, which makes the generalization more robust. Here, we test the separability and robustness of vowel category learning on acoustic representations of speech uttered by Japanese adults in ADS, IDS (addressed to 18‐ to 24‐month olds), or read speech (RS). Separability is determined by means of a distance measure computed between the five short vowel categories of Japanese, while robustness is assessed by testing the ability of six different machine learning algorithms trained to classify vowels to generalize on stimuli spoken by a novel speaker in ADS. Using two different speech representations, we find that hyperarticulated speech, in the case of RS, can yield better separability, and that increased between‐speaker variability in ADS can yield, for some algorithms, more robust categories. However, these conclusions do not apply to IDS, which turned out to yield neither more separable nor more robust categories compared to ADS inputs. We discuss the usefulness of machine learning algorithms run on real data to test hypotheses about the functional role of IDS.
Compositionality in a Parallel Architecture for Language Processing
Authors: Baggio Giosuè 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCompositionality has been a central concept in linguistics and philosophy for decades, and it is increasingly prominent in many other areas of cognitive science. Its status, however, remains contentious. Here, I reassess the nature and scope of the principle of compositionality (Partee, 1995) from the perspective of psycholinguistics and cognitive neuroscience. First, I review classic arguments for compositionality and conclude that they fail to establish compositionality as a property of human language. Next, I state a new competence argument, acknowledging the fact that any competent user of a language L can assign to most expressions in L at least one meaning which is a functiononlyof the meanings of the expression's parts and of its syntactic structure. I then discuss selected results from cognitive neuroscience, indicating that the human brain possesses the processing capacities presupposed by the competence argument. Finally, I outline a language processing architecture consistent with the neuroscience results, where semantic representations may be generated by a syntax‐driven streamandby an “asyntactic” processing stream, jointly or independently. Compositionality is viewed as a constraint on computation in the former stream only.
Testing the Reference of Biological Kind Terms
Authors: Devitt Michael , Porter Brian C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecent experimental work on “natural” kind terms has shown evidence of both descriptive and nondescriptive reference determination. This has led some to propose ambiguity or hybrid theories, as opposed to traditional description and causal‐historical theories of reference. Many of those experiments tested theories against referential intuitions. We reject this method, urging that reference should be tested against usage, preferably by elicited production. Our tests of the usage of a biological kind term confirm that there are indeed both descriptive and causal‐historical elements to the reference determination of some natural kind terms. We argue that to accommodate our results and earlier ones, we should abandon the common assumption that any one theory of reference fits all natural kind terms. Rather, it is likely that some terms are descriptive, some causal‐historical, some ambiguous, and some hybrid. This substantive conclusion is accompanied by a methodological one. Our experiments, like some earlier ones, found participants contradicting both each other and themselves. We argue that these contradictions indicate a lack of linguistic competence with the term. We conclude that these experiments have been faulty, because they test terms that are novel to participants and/or use fantastical vignettes. We provide some suggestions for future research.
Phonation Types Matter in Sound Symbolism
Authors: Akita Kimi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSound symbolism is a non‐arbitrary correspondence between sound and meaning. The majority of studies on sound symbolism have focused on consonants and vowels, and the sound‐symbolic properties of suprasegmentals, particularly phonation types, have been largely neglected. This study examines the size and shape symbolism of four phonation types: modal and creaky voices, falsetto, and whisper. Japanese speakers heard 12 novel words (e.g., /íbi/, /ápa/) pronounced with the four types of phonation and rated the size and roundedness/pointedness each of the 48 stimuli seemed to represent on seven‐point scales. The results showed that phonation types as well as consonantal and vocalic features influenced the ratings. Creaky voice was associated with larger and more pointed images than modal voice, which was in turn associated with larger and more pointed images than whisper. Falsetto was also associated with roundedness but not with smallness. These results shed new light on the acoustic approaches to sound symbolism and suggest the significance of phonation types and other suprasegmental features in the phenomenon.
The telediagnosis of double aortic arch using spatio‐temporal image correlation
Authors: Inamura Noboru , Taniguchi Takeshi , Takada Nori 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe diagnosed two cases of double aortic arch (DAA) remotely. In both cases, the right aortic arch was suspected, and a remote diagnosis was requested. We performed a remote diagnosis by the spatio‐temporal image correlation (STIC) method. DAA was diagnosed by detecting the left aortic arch in an axial transverse section in the three‐vessel trachea view. Since the STIC method can make multiple cross sections, making a diagnosis by the STIC method was useful for the remote diagnosis of these patients. In particular, HD flow render mode clearly showed left aortic arch, so it was possible to diagnose DAA.
Contesting the preferred creditor status of the League of Nations, 1931–3†
Authors: Zendejas Juan Flores 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article analyses the defaults of the League loans, which were private loans promoted by the League of Nations to support governments in central and eastern Europe in the 1920s. Previous works have argued that governments refused to grant these loans preferred status. However, this article shows that at the onset of the crisis, investors and governments treated these loans differently. It provides an empirical analysis to test whether there was a common element in the pricing of these loans and whether they enjoyed seniority compared to other, non‐League loans. The findings show that there was a common factor driving the bond prices of these loans at the onset of the 1931 banking crisis. This article demonstrates that while these loans were not legally senior, certain governments granted the League loansde factopreferred status under the assumption that averting default would foster renewed support from the League. Archival evidence is provided to show that governments ceased to grant the League loans exceptional treatment when the expected support from the League did not materialize, which further weakened the ability of the League to secure emergency lending.