bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Mechanism of Ziyin Tongluo Formula in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis：based on Network Pharmacology and Ovariectomized Rat Model
Authors: Rongbin Chen , Yingdong Yang , Kai Sun , Shan Liu , Wei Guo , Jinxin Zhang , Yong Li 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
BackgroundAmending from ancient classic, Ziyin Tongluo Formula (ZYTLF) has been prescribed to treat Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) for decades and obtained beneficial effect. However, the possible mechanisms of it are still unknown. MethodsOvariectomized rat model were established to validate the therapeutic effect of ZYTLF on PMOP by Micro-CT bone analysis and pathological observation. Subsequently, active ingredients of ZYTLF and corresponding putative targets were identified by online databases. Overlapping genes were obtained by mining genes associated with PMOP and then overlapping them with the putative targets. Key genes were selected from the multiple constructed and analyzed networks. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed by importing the key genes to the DAVID database. Moreover, validation of the binding association between key targets and their corresponding active compounds were accomplished by AutoDock Tools and other softwares. Lastly, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) detection and Western blot analysis were utilized to further explore the possible mechanism of ZYTLF on PMOP. ResultsWith 129 target genes interacting with PMOP, 92 active compounds of ZYTLF corresponded to 243 targets, and 50 key genes were chosen. Network analysis revealed the top 10 active ingredients, such as quercetin, kaempferol and the top 50 key genes, such as ERα, p38 MAPK , p-AKT, TGF-β1. Enrichment analysis uncovered multiple signaling pathways, including estrogen signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, our finding of the foremost active compounds were tightly bound to the core proteins was verified by molecular docking analysis. We confirmed that the prescription of ZYTLF could ameliorate the OVX-induced bone loss, suppress the osteoclast activity and boost osteoblastg ability through experimental studies. ConclusionThe potential mechanisms and therapeutic effects of ZYTLF against PMOP may be ascribed to inhabit osteoclast activity, boost osteoblast activity and enhance the expression of ERα .
Prediction of Locations in Medical Images Using Orthogonal Neural Networks
Authors: Kim Jong Soo , Cho Yongil , Lim Tae Ho 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An orthogonal neural network (ONN), a new deep-learning structure for medical image localization, is developed and presented in this paper. This method is simple, efficient, and completely different from a convolution neural network (CNN). The diagnostic performance of ONN for detecting the location of pneumothorax in chest X-rays was assessed and compared to that of CNN. An area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.870, an accuracy of 85.3%, a sensitivity of 75.0%, and a specificity of 86.5% were achieved; the ONN outperformed the CNN. The diagnostic performance of the ONN with a sigmoid activation function for all the nodes obviously outperformed the ONN with the rectified linear unit (RELU) activation function for all the nodes other than the output nodes. In addition, by applying ONN and CNN to predict the location of the glottis in laryngeal images, we achieved accurate and adjacent prediction rates of 70.5% and 20.5%, respectively, with the ONN. The prediction accuracy of the ONN was compared favorably with that of the CNN. Compared to a CNN, an ONN required only approximately 10% of the computations using a CNN trained on images with an input resolution of 256 × 256 pixels. A fully-connected small artificial neural network (ANN), selected by comparing the test results of several dozens of small ANN models, achieved the best location prediction performance on medical images. This study demonstrated that an ONN can be used as a quick selection criterion to compare ANN models for image localization since an ONN performed well compared decently with the selected ANN model.
The FEED1 Trial: Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial of Full Milk Feeds Versus Intravenous Fluids with Gradual Feeding for Preterm Infants (30-33 Weeks Gestational Age)
Authors: Mitchell Eleanor Jane , Meakin Garry , Anderson Josie , Dorling Jon , Gale Chris , Haines Rachel , Kenyan Charlotte , Johnson Mark J. , McGuire William , Mistry Hema , Montgomery Alan , Oddie Sam , Ogollah Reuben , Pallotti Phoebe , Partlett Christopher , Walker Kate F , Ojha Shalini 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
BackgroundIn the UK, approximately 8% of live births are preterm (before 37 weeks gestation), more than 90% of whom are born between 30 and 36 weeks, forming the largest proportion of a neonatal units’ workload. Neonatologists are cautious in initiating full milk feeds for preterm infants due to fears of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). There is now evidence to dispute this fear. Small studies have shown that feeding preterm infants full milk feeds enterally from birth could result in a shorter length of hospital stay, which is important to parents, clinicians and NHS services without increasing the risk of NEC. This trial aims to investigate whether full milk feeds initiated in the first 24 hours after birth reduces the length of hospital stay in comparison to introduction of gradual milk feeding with IV fluids.MethodsFEED1 is a multi-centre, open, parallel group, randomised, controlled superiority trial of full milk feeds initiated on the day of birth versus gradual milk feeds for infants born at 30+0 to 32+6 (inclusive) weeks gestation. Recruitment will take place in around 40 UK neonatal units. Mothers will be randomised 1:1 to full milk feeds, starting at 60 ml/kg day, or gradual feeds, as per usual local practice. Mother’s expressed breast milk will always be the first choice of milk, though will likely be supplemented with formula or donor breast milk in the first few days. Feeding data will be collected until full milk feeds are achieved (>140 ml/kg/day for 3 consecutive days). The primary outcome is length of infant hospital stay. Additional data will be collected 6 weeks post-discharge. Follow-up at 2 years (corrected gestational age) is planned. The sample size is 2088 infants to detect a between group difference in length of stay of two days. Accounting for multiple births, this requires 1700 women to be recruited. Primary analysis will compare the length of hospital stay between groups, adjusting for minimisation variables and accounting for multiple births.DiscussionThis trial will provide high-quality evidence on feeding practices for preterm infants. Full milk feeds from day of birth could result in infants being discharged sooner.Trial RegistrationISRCTN, ISRCTN89654042 prospectively registered on 23 September 2019; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89654042
Text Data Augmentation for Deep Learning
Authors: Shorten Connor , Khoshgoftaar Taghi M. , Furht Borko 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is one of the most captivating applications of Deep Learning. In this survey, we consider how the Data Augmentation training strategy can aid in its development. We begin with the major motifs of Data Augmentation summarized into strengthening local decision boundaries, brute force training, causality and counterfactual examples, and the distinction between meaning and form. We follow these motifs with a concrete list of augmentation frameworks that have been developed for text data. Deep Learning generally struggles with the measurement of generalization and characterization of overfitting. We highlight studies that cover how augmentations can construct test sets for generalization. NLP is at an early stage in applying Data Augmentation compared to Computer Vision. We highlight the key differences and promising ideas that have yet to be tested in NLP. For the sake of practical implementation, we describe tools that facilitate Data Augmentation such as the use of consistency regularization, controllers, and offline and online augmentation pipelines, to preview a few. Finally, we discuss interesting topics around Data Augmentation in NLP such as task-specific augmentations, the use of prior knowledge in self-supervised learning versus Data Augmentation, intersections with transfer and multi-task learning, and ideas for AI-GAs (AI-Generating Algorithms). We hope this paper inspires further research interest in Text Data Augmentation.
Inhibition of Lactate-GPR81-PI3K/Akt Pathway May Exacerbate Aβ Aggregation in 3-Month-Old APP/PS1 Mice
Authors: Zhang Mao , Wang Yanyan , Chen Xuedan , Dai Limeng , Bai Yun , Yao Zhongxiang , Li Rongrong , Guo Hong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Lactate is not only an energy metabolite for neurons, but also serves as a molecule regulator affecting neuronal activity through its receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81). This receptor can trigger cellular signaling pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase /protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway. Particularly, lactate deficit and inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway were observed to be related with early synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, amyloid beta (Aβ) is toxic to neurons, while in vitro lactate administration of neurons can resist against this toxicity. Hence, this work focuses on the effect of lactate deficiency on Aβ production, suggesting that lactate decrease can inhibit GPR81-PI3K/Akt pathway, and then reduce deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression, further resulting in increase of beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and Aβ production. Based on the analysis of results, this study primarily proves that lactate reduction suppresses its downstream GPR81-PI3K/Akt pathway, which decreases the expression of DNMT1 through regulating cyclic-adenosine-monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB)/P300. Then, it is proved that DNMT1 reduction can lead to the increase of BACE1 and Aβ accumulation in AD. At last, in vitro experiment recognizes that lactate directly activates GPR81-PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, this study provides a novel insight in Aβ production in relation with lactate deficit at early stage of AD. Particularly, it is suggested that extra addition of lactate might be protective for neurons targeting Aβ clearance in early treatment of AD.
Genome-wide Association Study Revealed Loci Linked to Post-drought Recovery and Traits Related to Persistence of Smooth Bromegrass (Bromus Inermis)
Authors: Saeidnia Fatemeh , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Mirlohi Aghafakhr , Ahmadi Benyamin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Association analysis has been proved as a powerful tool for genetic dissection of complex traits. This study was conducted to identify marker–trait associations for recovery, persistence, and as well as finding stable associations. In this study, a diverse panel of polycross derived progenies of smooth bromegrass was phenotyped under normal and water stress, during three consecutive years. Association analysis was performed between nine important agronomic traits along with three seasonal growth activity indices based on 535 SRAP markers. Population structure analysis identified five main subpopulations possessing significant genetic differences. Association analysis using mixed linear mode1 identified 339 and 233 marker-trait associations under normal and water stress environments, respectively. Some of these markers were associated with more than one trait; which can be attributed to pleiotropic effects or to a number of tightly linked genes affecting several traits. If the effectiveness of these markers in genetic control of these traits is validated, they could be potentially used for initiation of marker-assisted selection and targeted trait introgression of smooth bromegrass under normal and water stress environments.
Metabolic Engineering of the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia Pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) for the Production of Β-alanine From Methanol
Authors: Miao Liangtian , Li Yin , Zhu Taicheng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
β-Alanine (3-aminopropionic acid), is the only naturally occurring β-amino acid and an important precursor for the synthesis of a variety of nitrogen-containing chemicals. Fermentative production of β-alanine from renewable feedstocks such as glucose has attracted significant interest in recent years. Methanol has become an emerging and promising renewable feedstock for biomanufacturing as an alternative to glucose. In this work, we demonstrated the feasibility of β-alanine production from methanol using Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) as a methylotrophic cell factory. Aspartate decarboxylases (ADCs) from different sources were screened and expressed in P. pastoris, followed by the optimization of aspartate decarboxylation by increasing the ADC copy number and C4 precursor supply via the overexpression of aspartate dehydrogenase. The production potential of the best strain was further evaluated in a 1-liter fermenter, and a β-alanine titer of 5.6 g/L was obtained. To our best knowledge, this is the highest chemical production titer ever reached in P. pastoris using methanol as the substrate.
Rifampicin-resistance Pattern of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Associated Risk Factors Among Presumptive Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Southeast Ethiopia
Authors: Kelecha Wakuman Taye , Teklegiorgis Solomon Gebra-Sellasie , Gemechu Mesay Mitiku 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background: Drug resistant M.tuberculosis is one of the serious public health trouble that intimidating progress made in tuberculosis cases and control in several countries. Early detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis is crucial for patient management and infection control. Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study design was conducted from October 2020 to February 2021. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and resistance to Rifampicin pattern was determined by using GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. Data were entered and analyzed by SPSS version 23.0. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Less than 0.05 P-value was used to show significance.Results: A total of 301 presumptive tuberculosis patients were included in the study; of these, 46 (15.3%) of them were identified as having Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 2/46 (4.35%) were resistant to Rifampicin and 4/46 (14.8%) patients were TB/HIV co-infected. From the total of M. tuberculosis detected 40 (16.7%) were identified in pulmonary and 6 (9.8%) were in extra-pulmonary presumptive patients. Rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis was detected in 2 patients who had a history of taking Anti-tuberculosis drugs. Conclusion: Previous history of tuberculosis treatment and having close contact history with tuberculosis patients were found as important associated factors that enhance the prevalence of tuberculosis among presumptive tuberculosis patients. This indicates the mandate to make better and oversee the treatment protocol to control the burden of drug resistant M.tuberculosis.
PRESSAFE-Disp: A Method For The Fast Seismic Assessment of Existing Precast RC Buildings After The Emilia Earthquake Of May 2012
Authors: Bovo Marco , Praticò Lucia , Savoia Marco 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The existing precast reinforced concrete structures, especially those not specifically designed against the earthquakes, have proved to be inadequate to withstand the remarkable seismic demands related to the presence of heavy roof elements. In fact, the cantilever columns entailing large top displacements and the poor devices adopted to connect different precast elements have shown high sensitivity to seismic actions. After the lesson learned from the recent Emilia earthquake of May 2012, causing many collapses and severe damage, reliable seismic design criteria have been established for the design of new precast structures and for the strengthening of the existing ones. Despite this, a large percentage of the existing precast buildings in the Italian territories actually has not been object of interventions and remains in an unsafe condition with regards to the seismic actions. In this context, the methods for a rapid seismic assessment can be very helpful both to estimate the current safety level of large building stocks and to plan the necessary strengthening interventions, possibly at the wide scale of an industrial area. To this aim, the paper proposes a new method, named PRESSAFE-disp (PRecast Existing Structure Seismic Assessment by Fast Evaluation-displacements), for the fast evaluation of the fragility curves of precast structures. The method follows the approach of the PRESSAFE method, but different damage criteria have been introduced in order to take into account the relative displacements and the sliding between different precast elements. The damage criteria considered, applicable to both structural elements and perimeter cladding elements conceived as non-structural elements, have been properly selected in order to capture the damage mechanisms observed during the several building inspections conducted by the authors in the aftermath of the 2012 Emilia earthquakes. In the present configuration, the method allows a comprehensive explanation of the seismic behaviour of the existing precast buildings and could be effectively adopted, for example, in earthquake loss estimations and seismic risk assessments of large Italian industrial areas, as well as of wide seismic-prone territories of the Mediterranean area.
Prophylactic Implantation of Biologic Mesh in Peritonitis (PROPHYBIOM): A Prospective Multicentric Randomized Controlled Trial.
Authors: Coccolini Federico , Tarasconi Antonio , Petracca Gabriele Luciano , Perrone Gennaro , Giuffrida Mario , Disisto Caterina , Sartelli Massimo , Carcoforo Paolo , Ansaloni Luca , Catena Fausto 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background. Patients undergoing emergency surgery for peritonitis are at increased risk of abdominal wall-related complications. In patients with peritonitis the risk of incisional hernia (IH) is extremely elevated. The evaluation of quality of life of patients with incisional hernia showed lower mean scores on physical components of health-related quality of life and body image. Furthermore, the arise of a post-operative abdominal wall complication (i.e. wound dehiscence, evisceration and IH) greatly increases morbidity and mortality rates and prolongs the hospitalization.Methods. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the use of a swine dermal collagen prosthesis implanted preperitoneally as a prophylactic procedure in urgency/emergency setting against abdominal wall complications in patients operated with contaminated/infected field in peritonitis. The sample size was defined in 90 patients divided in two arms (prosthesis positioning versus normal wall abdominal closure). The follow-up will be performed at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. The percentage of incisional hernias, wound infections, adverse events will be investigated by physical examination and ultrasound.Discussion. The objective is to evaluate the possibility to reduce the incisional hernia rate in patients undergoing urgent/emergent laparotomy in contaminated/infected field with peritonitis by using swine dermal collagen prosthesis preperitoneal positioning as a prophylactic procedure.Trial registration. The trial has been registered on clinicaltrials.gov (ID number: NCT04681326) from 23 December 2020.
Correspondences between parameters in a reaction-diffusion model and connexin functions during zebrafish stripe formation
Authors: Nakamasu Akiko 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Different diffusivities among interacting substances actualize the potential instability of a system. When these elicited instabilities manifested as forms of spatial periodicity, they are called Turing patterns. Simulations using general reaction-diffusion (RD) models have demonstrated that pigment patterns on the body trunk of growing fish follow a Turing pattern. Laser ablation experiments performed on zebrafish revealed apparent interactions among pigment cells, which allowed for a three-components RD model to be derived. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for Turing pattern formation in this system had been remained unknown. A zebrafish mutant with a spotted pattern was found to have a defect in Connexin41.8 (Cx41.8) which, together with Cx39.4, exists in pigment cells and controls pattern formations. Here, molecular-level evidence derived from connexin analyses was linked to the interactions among pigment cells described in previous RD modeling. Channels on pigment cells were generalized as “gates,” and the effects of respective gates were deduced. The model used partial differential equations (PDEs) to enable numerical and mathematical analyses of characteristics observed in the experiments. Furthermore, the improved PDE model included nonlinear reaction terms, enabled the consideration of the behavior of components.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Implementing a Secondary Prevention Programme in Those Patients Who Visited an Emergency Department for Drug-Related Problems
Authors: Ruiz Jesus , Juanes-Borrego Ana , Puig-Campmany Mireia , Blazquez-Andion Marta , Lopez-Vinardell Laia , Gilabert-Perramon Antonio , Guiu Josep María , Mangues-Bafalluy María Antonia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a secondary prevention programme in patients admitted to the Emergency department due drug-related problems (DRPs) Methods: A decision model compared costs and outcomes of patients admitted to the Emergency department with drug-related problems included in Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) groups A, B or C was designed, based on the results of a randomized clinical trial (NCT03607097). Model variables and costs, along with their distributions, were obtained from the trial results and the literature. The study was performed from the perspective of the National Health System including only direct costs. The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness ratio (ICER) was analysed regarding the ability of the programme to reduce emergency department revisits. Uncertainty in ICERs was evaluated with probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Results: According to the results of the proposed model, the implementation of a secondary prevention programme for DRPs reduces the cost associated with Emergency Department revisits, with an annual net benefit of €87,639. Considering a mortality rate attributable to readmission for DRPs of 4.7%, the cost per life-years gained (LYG) with the implementation of this program was €2,205. In the short term, the reduction in the number of revisits due to the implementation of the programme was the variable that most affected the model, with the benefit threshold value corresponding to a relative reduction of 12.4% of the number of revisits in patients with DRPs to obtain benefits with the implementation of this type of programme. Conclusions: Implementing a secondary prevention programme is cost-effective on patients admitted to the emergency department with DRPs. Implementation costs will be exceeded by reducing revisits to the emergency department.