bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of extreme thermal gradients during in situ transmission electron microscope heating experiments
Authors: Vijayan Sriram , Wang Rongxuan , Kong Zhenyu , Jinschek Joerg R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStudies on materials affected by large thermal gradients and rapid thermal cycling are an area of increasing interest, driving the need for real time observations of microstructural evoultion under transient thermal conditions. However, current in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) heating stages introduce uniform temperature distributions across the material during heating experiments. Here, a methodology is described to generate thermal gradients across a TEM specimen by modifying a commercially available MEMS‐based heating stage. It was found that a specimen placed next to the metallic heater, over a window, cut by FIB milling, does not disrupt the overall thermal stability of the device. Infrared thermal imaging (IRTI) experiments were performed on unmodified and modified heating devices, to measure thermal gradients across the device. The mean temperature measured within the central viewing area of the unmodified device was 3–5% lower than the setpoint temperature. Using IRTI data, at setpoint temperatures ranging from 900 to 1,300°C, thermal gradients at the edge of the modified window were calculated to be in the range of 0.6 × 106 to 7.0 × 106°C/m. Additionally, the Ag nanocube sublimation approach was used, to measure the local temperature across a FIB‐cut Si lamella at high spatial resolution inside the TEM, and demonstrate “proof of concept” of the modified MEMS device. The thermal gradient across the Si lamella, measured using the latter approach was found to be 6.3 × 106°C/m, at a setpoint temperature of 1,000°C. Finally, the applicability of this approach and choice of experimental parameters are critically discussed.
Impact of qualitative endoscopic ultrasonography on fatty pancreas at a referral medical center
Authors: Kawamura Atsushi , Takakura Kazuki , Torisu Yuichi , Kinoshita Yuji , Tomita Yoichi , Nakano Masanori , Yamauchi Takashi , Suka Machi , Sumiyama Kazuki , Koido Shigeo , Saruta Masayuki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundTaking advantage of the current advances in diagnostic imaging modalities, including endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and due to the increased attention to ectopic fat accumulation in the pancreas following the rising trend of metabolic syndrome, we qualitatively assessed the clinical implication of pancreatic steatosis by EUS in this study.MethodsThe study included 243 patients that were divided into four groups. The correlation between the average echogenicity of the pancreas and that of the control organs and the key clinical data of all study patients were collectively analyzed. The cut‐off point of the pancreas‐control (PC) ratio in EUS and liver‐control (LC) ratio on abdominal ultrasound were determined from the population distribution and the obtained median values.ResultsWith the cut‐off point of 1.30 for the PC ratio and 1.20 for the LC ratio, sex, the Brinkman index, habitual alcohol drinkers, and fatty pancreas were significant factors. The associations between each relevant factor in fatty pancreas, metabolic syndrome in the fatty liver group, and age in the pancreatic cancer group were all significant in the analysis. In addition, we investigated whether the PC ratio differed according to age and staging in pancreatic cancer patients. Interestingly, the PC ratio was lower in the advanced stage group than in the early‐stage group.ConclusionOur results suggest that, irrespective of the degree, ectopic fat infiltration in the pancreas could be a specific clinical phenotype of serious pancreatic diseases, including pancreatic cancer, especially in high‐risk patients.
Validation of population‐level HIV‐1 incidence estimation by cross‐sectional incidence assays in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial
Authors: Klock Ethan , Wilson Ethan , Fernandez Reinaldo E. , Piwowar‐Manning Estelle , Moore Ayana , Kosloff Barry , Bwalya Justin , Bell‐Mandla Nomtha , James Anelet , Ayles Helen , Bock Peter , Donnell Deborah , Fidler Sarah , Hayes Richard , Eshleman Susan H. , Laeyendecker Oliver ,   the HPTN071 (PopART) study team
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionCross‐sectional incidence testing is used to estimate population‐level HIV incidence and measure the impact of prevention interventions. There are limited data evaluating the accuracy of estimates in settings where antiretroviral therapy coverage and levels of viral suppression are high. Understanding cross‐sectional incidence estimates in these settings is important as viral suppression can lead to false recent test results. We compared the accuracy of multi‐assay algorithms (MAA) for incidence estimation to that observed in the community‐randomized HPTN 071 (PopART) trial, where the majority of participants with HIV infection were virally suppressed.MethodsHIV incidence was assessed during the second year of the study, and included only individuals who were tested for HIV at visits 1 and 2 years after the start of the study (2016–2017). Incidence estimates from three MAAs were compared to the observed incidence between years 1 and 2 (MAA‐C: LAg‐Avidity <2.8 ODn + BioRad Avidity Index <95% + VL >400 copies/ml; LAg+VL MAA: LAg‐Avidity <1.5 ODn + VL >1000 copies/ml; Rapid+VL MAA: Asanté recent rapid result + VL >1000 copies/ml). The mean duration of recent infection (MDRI) used for the three MAAs was 248, 130 and 180 days, respectively.Results and discussionThe study consisted of: 15,845 HIV‐negative individuals; 4406 HIV positive at both visits; and 221 who seroconverted between visits. Viral load (VL) data were available for all HIV‐positive participants at the 2‐year visit. Sixty four (29%) of the seroconverters and 3227 (72%) prevelant positive participants were virally supressed (<400 copies/ml). Observed HIV incidence was 1.34% (95% CI: 1.17–1.53). Estimates of incidence were similar to observed incidence for MAA‐C, 1.26% (95% CI: 1.02–1.51) and the LAg+VL MAA, 1.29 (95% CI: 0.97–1.62). Incidence estimated by the Rapid+VL MAA was significantly lower than observed incidence (0.92%, 95% CI: 0.69–1.15, p<0.01).ConclusionsMAA‐C and the LAg+VL MAA provided accurate point estimates of incidence in this cohort with high levels of viral suppression. The Rapid+VL significantly underestimated incidence, suggesting that the MDRI recommended by the manufacturer is too long or the assay is not accurately detecting enough recent infections.
Broad‐spectrum prodrugs with anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 activities: Strategies, benefits, and challenges
Authors: Wang Zhonglei , Yang Liyan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this era, broad‐spectrum prodrugs with anti‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) activities are gaining considerable attention owing to their potential clinical benefits and role in combating the fast‐spreading coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. The last 2 years have seen a surge of reports on various broad‐spectrum prodrugs against SARS‐CoV‐2, and in in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical practice. Currently, only remdesivir (with many controversies and limitations) has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and additional potent anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 drugs are urgently required to enrich the defense arsenals. The world has ubiquitously grappled with the COVID‐19 pandemic, and the availability of broad‐spectrum prodrugs provides great hope for us to subdue this global threat. This article reviews promising treatment strategies, antiviral mechanisms, potential benefits, and daunting clinical challenges of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 agents to provide some important guidance for future clinical treatment.
Enteral nutrition in septic shock: A pathophysiologic conundrum
Authors: Patel Jayshil J. , Shukla Anuj , Heyland Daren K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSeptic shock is a public health burden and defined as a subset of sepsis whereby abnormalities in microcirculatory and cellular metabolism manifest as acute circulatory failure. At the level of the gut, septic shock impairs epithelial barrier function (EBF), and the gut initiates proinflammatory responses contributing to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The timing and dose of enteral nutrition (EN) in septic shock remains a conundrum. On the one hand, early EN preserves EBF. On the other hand, serious gastrointestinal complications such as bowel necrosis may limit EN initiation in septic shock. We (1) describe the pathophysiologic conundrum septic shock poses for EN initiation, (2) outline guideline‐based recommendations for EN in septic shock, (3) identify the role of parenteral nutrition in septic shock, and (4) identify and appraise postguideline literature on the timing, dose, and titration of EN in septic shock.
Current guidelines for nutrition therapy in cancer: The arrival of a long journey or the starting point?
Authors: Laviano Alessandro 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLarge epidemiological data reveal that cancer is progressively becoming a chronic and disabling disease. Implementation in daily practice of early therapies aiming at addressing patients’ needs is imperative. Nutrition is a major determinant of patients’ quality of life, yet it is frequently neglected. Hopefully, reverting this skeptical clinical approach to nutrition, clinical practice guidelines of nutrition care in patients with cancer have been developed and published by international oncology and nutrition societies. By analyzing the more recent guidelines, it appears that a number of issues may contribute to their insufficient implementation in daily practice. Among them are heterogeneity of recommendations across different guidelines and insufficient robustness of evidence, as well as questionable generalization of recommendations. Future guidelines should aim at providing tumor‐specific recommendations for the whole clinical journey of patients with cancer. Also, new, interesting areas should be covered, including fasting metabolism and circadian rhythmicity.
Registry‐based randomized clinical trials in surgery: Working with ACS‐NSQIP and the AHPBA to conduct pragmatic trials
Authors: Ecker Brett L. , Brajcich Brian C. , Ellis Ryan J. , Ko Clifford Y. , D'Angelica Michael I. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) represent the gold standard for evidence in clinical medicine because of their ability to account for the effects of unmeasured confounders and selection bias by indication. However, their complexity and immense costs limit their application, and thus the availability of high‐quality data to guide clinical care. Registry‐based RCTs are a type of pragmatic trial that leverages existing registries as a platform for data collection, providing a low‐cost alternative for randomized studies. Herein, we describe the tenets of registry RCTs and the development of the first AHPBA/ACS‐NSQIP‐based registry trial.
The wow effect and behavioral intentions of tourists to astrotourism experiences: Mediating effects of satisfaction
Authors: Rodrigues Áurea , Loureiro Sandra Maria Correia , Prayag Girish 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of awe on tourist behavioral intentions for astrotourism destinations. Awe is theorized as a multi‐dimensional concept with both cognitive and affective elements. A behavioral model depicting the relationships among awe, tourist satisfaction and behavioral intentions is proposed and examined among 304 tourists to the Dark Sky Party Alqueva in Portugal. Using partial‐least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM), the results indicate that awe directly affects tourist satisfaction and indirectly affects behavioral intentions when mediated by tourist satisfaction. Theoretical and managerial implications are presented.
Conversion between Arbitrary Amplitude, Phase, and Polarization with Minimal Degrees of Freedom of Metasurface
Authors: Bao Yanjun , Weng Qiang , Li Baojun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMetasurfaces are ultrathin optical elements that can manipulate the light at subwavelength scale. The light input on the metasurface can be converted into output with abrupt changes of amplitude, phase, and polarization (APP) properties. However, a simultaneous and arbitrary conversion of all the three optical properties is not yet realized. In this paper, a Jones matrix with minimal number of four degrees of freedom that enables the conversion between two optical states with arbitrary APP distributions is proposed. The Jones matrix is constructed with a dielectric metasurface and is experimentally verified for various conversions of the three optical properties. This work unlocks some unknown powerful abilities of metasurface even with the minimal design degree of freedom, which can expand the scope of meta optics.
Experimental Demonstration of Genetic Algorithm Based Metalens Design for Generating Side‐Lobe‐Suppressed, Large Depth‐of‐Focus Light Sheet
Authors: Fan Yulong , Chen Mu Ku , Qiu Meng , Lin Ren‐Jie , Xu Yunkun , Wen Jing , Tang Tianchen , Liu Xiaoyuan , Jin Wei , Tsai Din Ping , Lei Dangyuan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLight‐sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), sectioning biological samples by illuminating a thin slice of fluorescently labelled live cells or tissues typically with a Bessel beam, requires dithering the beam to form a two‐dimensional (2D) light sheet. It usually suffers from severe phototoxicity and low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) mainly caused by the side‐lobe illumination generating unfavorable bio‐fluorescence from the adjacent tissues. Here, the first proof‐of‐concept experimental implementation of genetic algorithm (GA) generated metalens is provided to address the above challenges. It is shown that a dithering‐free 2D light sheet produced by a GaN‐based metalens with GA‐generated prism‐like yet non‐analytical phase profile, can significantly suppress the side‐lobe intensity of the resultant light sheet down to 7.3% of the main lobe intensity and also extends its depth of focus up to 4 mm, surpassing the latest results reported in the literature. When applied under two‐photon excitation, the light sheet exhibits an enhanced axial resolution and SNR. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying artificial intelligence generated metalens in addressing some special issues encountered by conventional analytical design approaches, and the metalens device produced here could find an important role in fast‐LSFM‐based large‐scale bioimaging applications without mechanical dithering.
For you were hungry and I gave you food: The prevalence and treatment of malnutrition in patients with acute hip fracture
Authors: Morrison Chet A. , Morrison Maya M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHip fractures are a common clinical problem with substantial morbidity and difficult recovery. Preexisting malnutrition has been shown to be common in those patients and a substantial risk factor for poorer outcomes, increased length of stay, and mortality. Additionally, great variability exists in reported malnutrition prevalence rates owing to the variety of nutrition screening and assessment tools utilized globally to identify malnutrition in these patients. Although previous data and a recent Cochrane review have not proven the value of nutrition supplements, we highlight several articles that show an opportunity for improvement in the nutrition care of patients sustaining hip fractures along with a multicenter randomized trial demonstrating the value of carefully designed nutrition intervention. There is also evidence that malnourished patients with hip fracture are still being undertreated. Current guidelines are reviewed, and continued efforts on the part of the clinicians to follow the guidelines as well as lowering the barriers to high‐quality nutrition research is discussed.
A telephone support program for patients with home enteral nutrition contributes to nutrition status and quality of life maintenance and reduces health resource use
Authors: Cantón Blanco Ana , López Osorio Nuria , Gómez Vázquez Eva , Cao Sánchez Maria Pilar , Ferreiro Fariña Soraya , González Rodriguez María , Blanco Naveira Mercedes , Lizán Tudela Luis , Martínez Olmos Miguel Ángel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundAppropriate patient/caregiver training and continuity of care after hospital discharge are key factors for the success of home enteral nutrition (HEN). This study aims to assess the effects of a specific patient support program (PSP) on the nutrition status, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), and healthcare resource utilization and associated costs of patients with HEN.MethodsObservational study of adult patients with HEN enrolled in a PSP. Sociodemographic variables (baseline), HRQoL (NutriQoL) and nutrition status (Mini Nutritional Assessment [MNA]) (baseline, 6 months after PSP enrollment), and use of unplanned HEN‐related healthcare resources (6 months prior to or after PSP enrollment) were recorded. HEN‐related resource cost was estimated from total resources used (all patients) and each resource cost. Data were analyzed with Stata program (v. 14), considering P < 0.05 as significant.ResultsForty‐three patients were included in the study (mean age, 72 years [SD = 21]; 54% women; mean HEN duration, 4 years [SD = 5]). A total of 401 calls were recorded in the PSP, 7% made proactively by the patient. HRQoL and nutrition status remained stable during the study period (NutriQoL baseline, 64; 6‐months, 66; P = 0.3737; MNA baseline, 10; 6‐months, 10; P = 0.0675). Unplanned resources amounted to €6229 (US $5563) and €4711 (US $4207) before and after PSP enrollment, respectively. Cost savings, representing €1518 (US $1356), were related to fewer emergency visits.ConclusionsHealth advice provided through a PSP and close patient monitoring in the hospital can help to maintain patients’ nutrition status and HRQoL and to reduce the use of certain unplanned HEN‐related resources, leading to cost savings.
Omega‐6 and omega‐3 oxylipins as potential markers of cardiometabolic risk in young adults
Authors: Jurado‐Fasoli Lucas , Di Xinyu , Kohler Isabelle , Osuna‐Prieto Francisco J. , Hankemeier Thomas , Krekels Elke , Harms Amy C. , Yang Wei , Garcia‐Lario Jose V. , Fernández‐Veledo Sonia , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Rensen Patrick C. N. , Martinez‐Tellez Borja 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveOmega‐6 and omega‐3 oxylipins are known to play a role in inflammation and cardiometabolic diseases in preclinical models. The associations between plasma levels of omega‐6 and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid–derived oxylipins and body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults were assessed.MethodsBody composition, brown adipose tissue, traditional serum cardiometabolic risk factors, inflammatory markers, and a panel of 83 oxylipins were analyzed in 133 young adults (age 22.1[SD 2.2] years, 67% women).ResultsPlasma levels of four omega‐6 oxylipins (15‐HeTrE, 5‐HETE, 14,15‐EpETrE, and the oxidative stress–derived 8,12‐iso‐iPF2α‐VI) correlated positively with adiposity, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index and lipid parameters. By contrast, the plasma levels of three omega‐3 oxylipins (14,15‐DiHETE, 17,18‐DiHETE, and 19,20‐DiHDPA) were negatively correlated with adiposity, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index, and lipid parameters. The panel of seven oxylipins predicted adiposity better than traditional inflammatory markers such as interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor‐alpha. Pathway analyses revealed that individuals with obesity had higher plasma levels of omega‐6 and lower plasma levels of omega‐3 oxylipins than normal‐weight individuals.ConclusionPlasma levels of seven omega‐6 and omega‐3 oxylipins may have utility as early markers of cardiometabolic risk in young adults.
EHMT1 promotes tumor progression and maintains stemness by regulating ALDH1A1 expression in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Nachiyappan Alamelu , Soon Joshua Ling Jun , Lim Huey Jin , Lee Victor KM , Taneja Reshma 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is an aggressive pediatric cancer with poor prognosis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are seeds for tumor relapse and metastasis. However, pathways that maintain stemness genes are not fully understood. Here, we report that the enzyme euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) is expressed in primary and relapse ARMS tumors. EHMT1 suppression impaired motility and induced differentiation in ARMS cell lines and reduced tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model in vivo. RNA sequencing of EHMT1‐depleted cells revealed downregulation of ALDH1A1 that is associated with CSCs. Consistent with this, inhibition of ALDH1A1 expression and activity mimicked EHMT1 depletion phenotypes and reduced tumorsphere formation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that EHMT1 does not bind to the ALDH1A1 promoter but activates it by stabilizing C/EBPβ, a known regulator of ALDH1A1 expression. Our findings identify a role for EHMT1 in maintenance of stemness by regulating ALDH1A1 expression and suggest that targeting ALDH+ cells is a promising strategy in ARMS. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creative arts therapy in the United States school system: An integrative systematic review of empirically evaluated interventions from the past decade
Authors: Frydman Jason S. , Hyman Sarah , Caputo Sydney 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecently there has been an expansion of the literature on creative arts therapy (CAT) interventions in the United States (U.S.) school system. However, findings across studies in the field have yet to be systematically investigated on a national level. The present review is an integrative systematic review of empirically evaluated CAT intervention studies in U.S. schools from the past decade. This synthesis seeks to advance CATs in schools' evidence base and increase research and practice throughout the U.S. Three online databases were searched alongside a manual review of relevant journals. Inclusion criteria required studies to feature a CAT modality, implementation in a U.S. K‐12 school during the school day, and an empirical methodology. The systematic search yielded a total qualifying sample of six studies. General findings indicated that across studies, targeted improvement in psychosocial and behavioral domains was achieved, suggesting that CATs hold major promise due to their ecological responsiveness and versatility. Although the current scope of empirically evaluated CAT interventions in U.S. schools is minimal, findings suggest encouraging avenues for formulating a useful research trajectory and advancing practice. Further research recommendations for the promotion of CATs in schools are provided and situated within the school mental health literature.