bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How many prison officers are ex‐military personnel? Estimating the proportion of armed forces leavers within the prison workforce of England and Wales
Authors: Moran Dominique , Turner Jennifer 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe prior employment history of prison officers has been overlooked within academic literatures and, in contrast with the prior military service of Veterans in Custody, the significance of their military experience has been almost completely disregarded. Since military service is known to be predictive of subsequent professional performance, this oversight, due in part to the lack of data, is potentially very significant in understanding the contribution made by ex‐military personnel as prison staff. This article presents novel empirical evidence from an online survey of UK prison officers suggesting that at least a quarter have military experience – a proportion which has fallen over time but still far exceeds the proportion of Veterans in the prisoner population. Based on these novel data, the article suggests future avenues of research to address the many unanswered questions about whether and how military experience influences prison work.
The influence of individual personality traits and team characteristics on training transfer: A longitudinal study
Authors: Deckers Marius , Altmann Tobias , Roth Marcus 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrevious research has established that the successful transfer of training content into daily work life depends both on the trainees’ individual characteristics and the characteristics of their work team. Specifically, multiple meta‐analyses and reviews have confirmed that individuals’ openness to experience, agreeableness, and neuroticism, as well as cohesion and transfer climate within the team, influence training transfer. The present study is the first to operationalise and measure both individual and team characteristics in the same sample with a longitudinal study design, enabling a comparison. Training transfer was operationalised as changes in psychological strain following an intervention. Using multilevel analysis techniques with a sample of 275 nurses, individual personality characteristics were not found to influence training transfer, but team cohesion and team members’ mean‐level conscientiousness did. However, these influences were not in the expected direction. This can be partially explained by the pattern of longitudinal development in the data, in which individuals with higher initial values on psychological strain experienced greater improvement; however, some aspects of the results remained unexplained. Generally, the results suggest that team characteristics are more important than individual characteristics for training transfer. Theoretical and practical implications for future studies are discussed.
Regulation of airway immunity by epithelial miRNAs
Authors: Johansson Kristina , Woodruff Prescott G. , Ansel Karl Mark 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe airway epithelium is essential to protect the host from inhaled pathogens and particles. It maintains immune homeostasis and mediates tissue repair after injury. Inflammatory diseases of the airways are associated with failure of epithelial functions, including loss of barrier integrity that results in increased tissue permeability and immune activation; excessive mucus secretion and impaired mucociliary clearance that leads to airflow obstruction and microbial overgrowth; and dysregulation of cellular signals that promotes inflammation and alters tissue structure and airway reactivity. MicroRNAs play crucial roles in mounting appropriate cellular responses to environmental stimuli and preventing disease, using a common machinery and mechanism to regulate gene expression in epithelial cells, immune cells of hematopoietic origin, and other cellular components of the airways. Respiratory diseases are accompanied by dramatic changes in epithelial miRNA expression that drive persistent immune dysregulation. In this review, we discuss responses of the epithelium that promote airway immunopathology, with a focus on miRNAs that contribute to the breakdown of essential epithelial functions. We emphasize the emerging role of miRNAs in regulation of epithelial responses in respiratory health and their value as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Updated profiles of everyday executive function in youth with Down syndrome using the BRIEF‐2
Authors: Csumitta K. D. , Stephan C. M. , LaQuaglia R. I. , Miller E. , Lee N. R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundExecutive function difficulties in youth with Down syndrome (DS) are well recognised using informant‐report measures. However, the profile of relative challenges and strengths has not yet been evaluated using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF‐2), which includes a new internal factor structure.MethodUsing the BRIEF‐2, profiles of everyday parent‐reported executive function (EF) were evaluated in youth with DS (n = 34) and compared with age‐based and sex‐based norms. EF profiles were also compared across raters (parent vs. teacher, n = 20) and relative to mental age‐matched typically developing controls (ns = 19 in each group).ResultsAlthough within‐group differences were not revealed on indexes, significant differences were found among BRIEF‐2 scales. Across raters, teachers reported significantly more difficulties than parents. Compared with mental age‐matched typically developing controls, the DS group was rated more poorly on some but not all BRIEF‐2 scales.ConclusionsAt the scale, but not the index level, the BRIEF‐2 identifies a variegated EF profile in children with DS. For several of the scales, significant differences were noted relative to both chronological age expectations (using norms) and mental‐age expectations (using a developmentally matched comparison group). At the scale level, the BRIEF‐2 continues to be a sensitive tool for identifying executive function difficulties as well as profiles of relative strengths and weaknesses in children with DS.
Sleep and perivascular spaces in the middle‐aged and elderly population
Authors: Lysen Thom S. , Yilmaz Pinar , Dubost Florian , Ikram M. Arfan , de Bruijne Marleen , Vernooij Meike W. , Luik Annemarie I. 
Published: September 2021

SummarySleep has been hypothesised to facilitate waste clearance from the brain. We aimed to determine whether sleep is associated with perivascular spaces on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a potential marker of impaired brain waste clearance, in a population‐based cohort of middle‐aged and elderly people. In 559 participants (mean [SD] age 62 [6] years, 52% women) from the population‐based Rotterdam Study, we measured total sleep time, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset and sleep efficiency with actigraphy and polysomnography. Perivascular space load was determined with brain MRI in four regions (centrum semiovale, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and midbrain) via a validated machine learning algorithm using T2‐weighted MR images. Associations between sleep characteristics and perivascular space load were analysed with zero‐inflated negative binomial regression models adjusted for various confounders. We found that higher actigraphy‐estimated sleep efficiency was associated with a higher perivascular space load in the centrum semiovale (odds ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.16, p = 0.0008). No other actigraphic or polysomnographic sleep characteristics were associated with perivascular space load in other brain regions. We conclude that, contrary to our hypothesis, associations of sleep with perivascular space load in this middle‐aged and elderly population remained limited to an association of a high actigraphy‐estimated sleep efficiency with a higher perivascular space load in the centrum semiovale.
Responses of aquaculture fish to climate change‐induced extreme temperatures: A review
Authors: Islam Md Jakiul , Kunzmann Andreas , Slater Matthew James 
Published: September 2021

AbstractClimate change‐induced extreme temperature events are becoming more intense and frequent. For fish, temperature is the master abiotic factor that controls and limits fish development and physiology at all stages of aquaculture. Major physiological constraints at the individual level underpin changes in fish growth, hemato‐physiology, metabolism, immune and molecular stress responses to extreme temperature events. Extreme temperature impacts on fish vary among and within the diverse species depending on stress magnitude and associated factors. This review synthesizes the impacts of climate change‐induced extreme temperature events on neuroendocrine, oxidative, metabolic, osmotic, molecular, hemato‐biochemical, and immune responses in fish related to aquaculture. Besides, overall aspects of extreme temperature impacts on fish growth and reproduction are also discussed. Possible mitigation measures to maintain the fish's physiological fitness during extreme temperature events are also addressed. However, studies on the interactive effects of extreme temperature events with other associated environmental stressors are needed across a broader range of species to gain a better understanding of fish response and aquaculture performance during extreme temperature events. Moreover, for fish, studies on alternative species, development of stress‐tolerant strains, and the possibilities of nutritional mitigation measures as a potential option to combat extreme temperature stress are promising and should be pursued in future studies.
The role of public expenditure on secondary and higher education for achieving inclusive growth in India
Authors: Ojha Vijay P. , Ghosh Joydeep , Pradhan Basanta K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe analyze the role of public expenditures on secondary and higher education for achieving inclusive growth, using a computable general equilibrium model of India. Our policy simulations show that increasing public education expenditure leads to higher growth and lower inequality. Expenditure on secondary education leads to better outcomes compared to equivalent expenditure on higher education. Exogenous technological progress enhances the positive effects of public education spending. The findings of the paper call for policy initiatives to boost spending on secondary education, as well as technological progress, for achieving inclusive growth in India.
Psychological symptoms in difficult‐to‐sedate critical care survivors
Authors: Castillejos Diana Gil , Rubio María Lourdes , Ferre Carmen , de los Ángeles de Gracia Mª , Bodí María , Sandiumenge Alberto 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundCritical care survivors often experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, or post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).AimsTo determine the prevalence and severity of psychological symptoms during the first 6 months after discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU) and to evaluate its association with patients who are difficult to sedate during admission.DesignDescriptive, prospective analysis of psychological symptoms in survivors from medicosurgical ICU over a 2‐year period.MethodsAll ICU survivors who required mechanical ventilation (MV) for more than 24 hours were followed for 6 months after their ICU discharge. ICU outcome and complications as well as the presence of psychological symptoms, 1 to 3 to 6 months after discharge were prospectively evaluated through phone interviews comparing the incidence and intensity of patients who were difficult to sedate during their ICU stay with those who were not. Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed.ResultsData were obtained for 195 patients, of whom 30% experienced difficult sedation (DS). Difficult‐to‐sedate patients were younger (P = .001), less critically ill (APACHE II scoreP = .002), and more likely to engage in harmful use of alcohol (P = .001) and psychoactive/psychotropic drug abuse. They also spent longer times on MV and in the ICU (P = .001). Anxiety incidence at 1 to 3 to 6 months post‐discharge was significantly higher in DS patients than in those who were not (87.7% vs 45.4%, 75.5% vs 29.0%, and 70.8% vs 23.7%;P < .01), respectively. Depression incidence was also significantly higher in the DS group (82.4% vs 43.1%, 66% vs 33.9%, and 60.4% vs 27.2%; [P = .001]) at 1 to 3 to 6 months, respectively. A higher percentage of patients in the DS group reported symptoms of PTSD at 1 month (28.1% vs 11.5%) (P = .007) when compared with non‐DS group.ConclusionsCritical care survivors who are difficult to sedate during their ICU stay are more likely to present psychological sequelae. Early identification of at‐risk patients is necessary to implement appropriate preventive strategies.Relevance to clinical practicePatients who are difficult to sedate in the ICU may develop psychological disorders upon discharge, which may negatively affect their recovery. The prevention of DS and the early detection of psychological disorders are essential to minimize its subsequent impact.
Mitigating Visible Light and Long Wavelength UVA1‐induced Effects with Topical Antioxidants
Authors: Lyons Alexis B. , Zubair Raheel , Kohli Indermeet , Nahhas Amanda F. , Braunberger Taylor L. , Mokhtari Mohsen , Ruvolo Eduardo , Lim Henry W. , Hamzavi Iltefat H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe role of topical antioxidants (AOs) on visible light plus ultraviolet A1 (VL+UVA1)‐induced skin changes were evaluated. Twenty subjects with skin phototypes (SPTs) I‐VI had placebo and concentrations of an AO blend applied to their back (AO 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%). Treated and control sites were irradiated with VL+UVA1. Colorimetric and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) assessments were performed immediately, 24 h and 7 days after irradiation. Subjects with SPT I‐III had erythema that faded within 24 h, while SPT IV‐VI had persistent pigmentation. SPT I‐III demonstrated significantly less erythema at the 2% AO site while SPT IV‐VI demonstrated significantly less immediate pigmentation at 2% AO site and less pigmentation (approaching significance, P = 0.07) on day 7 compared with control. Immunohistochemistry from biopsies of 2% AO and placebo at 24 h did not demonstrate a significant change in COX‐2 or MART‐1 for any SPT. There was a decrease in cyclin D1 for SPT IV‐VI which was approaching significance (P = 0.06) but not for SPT I‐III. The results indicate that topical AO inhibits erythema in SPT I‐III and reduces pigmentation in SPT IV‐VI caused by VL+UVA1. AO may help prevent worsening of pigmentary disorders and should be incorporated into photoprotection.
Comparing Patient- and Clinician-Administered Near Point of Convergence After Concussion
Authors: Stephenson Katie , Womble Melissa N. , Eagle Shawn R. , Schatz Philip , Gervase Tatiana , Gustman Brett , Castor Eric , Kontos Anthony P. , Elbin R.J. 
Published: September 2021

Objective:(1) To compare patient- and clinician-administered measurements of near point of convergence (NPC) distance including the percentage of patients exceeding clinical cutoffs among concussed adolescents and (2) to assess the reliability of patient- and clinician-measured NPC distances.Methods:A total of 762 patients (mean = 15.51, SD = 3.09 y) within 30 days of concussion participated. The NPC distance was measured consecutively with the patient and clinician controlling the fixation target. The differences between patient (PT) and clinician (CLIN) measurements and cases exceeding cutoffs (ie, ≥5 cm) were examined with a series ofttests and chi-square tests, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients and unbiased estimate of reliability were performed.Results:The NPC measurements were similar,t(761) = −.26,P= .79, between the PT (mean = 3.52, SD = 3.77 cm) and CLIN (mean = 3.54, SD = 3.97 cm) conditions. The number of measurements that exceeded cutoffs was similar among the PT (2.5%; 19/762) and CLIN conditions (3%; 23/762) (P = .10), and the number of measurements classified as abnormal/invalid was also similar among the PT (2.5%; 19/762) and CLIN conditions (3%; 23/762) (P = .10). There was excellent reliability between the methods (intraclass correlation coefficients = .85, unbiased estimate of reliability = .92).Conclusion:The findings support the application of this assessment in clinical settings where the clinician may not have direct contact with their patient and rely on the patient (eg, telehealth).
Retrospective cohort study of new-onset atrial fibrillation in acute pulmonary embolism on prognosis
Authors: Liu Dishiwen , Shi Shaobo , Liu Xin , Ye Tianxin , Wang Linglin , Qu Chuan , Yang Bo , Zhao Qingyan 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate the characteristics of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) and its impact on prognosis in acute pulmonary embolism (aPE).DesignA retrospective cohort studySettingThe study cohort included patients diagnosed with aPE who were admitted to the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2017 to January 2019.ParticipantsPatients were ≥18 years of age and hospitalised for aPE.Outcome measuresAF was diagnosed based on an ECG recording or a Holter monitor during hospitalisation. aPE was diagnosed by CT pulmonary angiography. The prescription was determined from the discharge medication list. All-cause mortality was observed after 6-month follow-up. The logistic regression model and Cox proportional hazards model were used to study the risk factor of the new-onset AF and the predictor of all-cause mortality, respectively.ResultsA total of 590 patients with aPE were enrolled, 23 (3.9%) in the new-onset paroxysmal AF group, 31 (5.3%) in the new-onset persistent AF group and 536 (90.8%) in the sinus rhythm (SR) group. The incidence of the new-onset AF was 9.2% (54/590). A significant difference in age, heart rate, cardiac troponin I ultra, amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, D-dimer, left atrial diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction, pulmonary infection, venous thromboembolism, congestive heart failure, chronic cor pulmonale and ischaemic heart disease was found among the three groups (p<0.05). Risk factors for the new-onset AF were massive PE, ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure. The survival rate of the paroxysmal and persistent AF group was significantly lower than that of the SR group within 6 months (60.9% and 51.6% vs 88.8%, p<0.001). New-onset persistent AF (OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.28 to 5.81; p=0.009) was an independent predictor affecting the 6-month survival in aPE patients.ConclusionsMassive PE, ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure are high-risk factors which were related to new-onset AF in aPE. New-onset persistent AF was an independent predictor for 6-month all-cause mortality in PE patients.
Strategies to enhance recruitment and consent to intensive care studies: a qualitative study with researchers and patient–public involvement contributors
Authors: Paddock Katie , Woolfall Kerry , Frith Lucy , Watkins Megan , Gamble Carrol , Welters Ingeborg , Young Bridget 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveClinical trials and studies in intensive care units (ICUs) have complex consent processes and often encounter problems in recruiting patients. By interviewing research team members about the challenges in critical care research, we aimed to identify strategies to enhance recruitment and consent to ICU studies.MethodsSemistructured interviews with UK-based researchers (N=17) and patient–public involvement (PPI) contributors (N=8) with experience of ICU studies. Analysis of transcripts of audio-recorded interviews drew on thematic approaches.ResultsSeven themes were identified. Participants emphasised the need for substitute decision-making processes in critical care studies, yet some researchers reported that research ethics committees (RECs) were reluctant to approve such processes. Researchers spoke about the potential benefits of research without prior consent (RWPC) for studies with narrow recruitment windows but believed RECs would not approve them. Participants indicated that the activity of PPI contributors was limited in critical care studies, though researchers who had involved PPI contributors more extensively were clear that their input when designing consent processes was important. Researchers and PPI contributors pointed to resource and staffing limitations as barriers to patient recruitment. Researchers varied in whether and how they used professional consultees as substitute decision-makers, in whether they approached families by telephone to discuss research and in whether they disclosed details of research participation to bereaved relatives.ConclusionCritical care research could benefit from RECs having expertise in consent processes that are suited to this setting, better staffing at research sites, more extensive PPI and an evidence base on stakeholder perspectives on critical care research processes. Guidance on professional consultee processes, telephoning relatives to discuss research, RWPC and disclosure of research participation to bereaved relatives could help to harmonise practice in these areas and enhance recruitment and consent to critical care studies.
Effect of virtual reality simulation training on the response capability of public health emergency reserve nurses in China: a quasiexperimental study
Authors: Zhang Dandan , Liao Hongwu , Jia Yitong , Yang Wenren , He Pingping , Wang Dongmei , Chen Yongjun , Yang Wei , Zhang Yin-Ping 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveTo develop a virtual reality simulation training programme, and further verify the effect of the programme on improving the response capacity of emergency reserve nurses confronting public health emergencies.DesignA prospective quasiexperimental design with a control group.ParticipantsA total of 120 nurses were recruited and randomly divided into the control group and the intervention group.InterventionParticipants underwent a 3-month training. The control group received the conventional training of emergency response (eg, theoretical lectures, technical skills and psychological training), while the intervention group underwent the virtual reality simulation training in combination with skills training. The COVID-19 cases were incorporated into the intervention group training, and the psychological training was identical to both groups. At the end of the training, each group conducted emergency drills twice. Before and after the intervention, the two groups were assessed for the knowledge and technical skills regarding responses to fulminate respiratory infectious diseases, as well as the capacity of emergency care. Furthermore, their pandemic preparedness was assessed with a disaster preparedness questionnaire.ResultsAfter the intervention, the scores of the relevant knowledge, the capacity of emergency care and disaster preparedness in the intervention group significantly increased (p<0.01). The score of technical skills in the control group increased more significantly than that of the intervention group (p<0.01). No significant difference was identified in the scores of postdisaster management in two groups (p>0.05).ConclusionThe virtual reality simulation training in combination with technical skills training can improve the response capacity of emergency reserve nurses as compared with the conventional training. The findings of the study provide some evidence for the emergency training of reserve nurses in better response to public health emergencies and suggest this methodology is worthy of further research and popularisation.