bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at waste landfill in Medan City
Authors: Suryati I , Farindah A , Indrawan I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Landfill is a place where waste reaches the final stage. The piles of waste can generate greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming the potential of climate change. The greenhouse gas emission generates from the piles of waste is CH4 emission. The research purpose is to count CH4 emission in the waste landfill in Medan city located in Terjun, projection CH4 emission for ten years later is 2020-2029 and decisive the effort reduction of CH4 emission. The scenarios of reducing CH4 emission in Terjun waste landfill reduce the potential CH4 emission for ten years later. The calculation of CH4 emission from the piles of waste in Terjun waste landfill using FOD method (First Orde Decay) by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2006. In 2019, CH4 emission in Terjun waste landfill was 12,350.750-ton CH4 and had an uplift in 2029 can reach 17,143.087-ton CH4. There are two scenarios for reducing CH4 emission in the Terjun waste landfill; the first is the processing of waste in the source (composting), and the second is reducing the waste by using incineration technology Terjun landfill. The first scenario (composting) can reduce CH4 emission by 14.80%. The second scenario can reduce by 63.37% the CH4 emission in Terjun waste landfill. The chosen alternative scenario for reducing CH4 in the Terjun waste landfill is the first scenario, the processing of waste in the source (composting).
Abatement cost for selectivity negative emissions technology in power plant Indonesia with aim/end-use model
Authors: Nurfajrin Z D , Satiyawira B 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Indonesian government has followed up the Paris Agreement with Law No. 16 of 2016 by setting an ambitious emission reduction target of 29% by 2030, and this figure could even increase to 41% if supported by international assistance. In line with this, mitigation efforts are carried out in the energy sector. Especially in the energy sector, it can have a significant impact when compared to other sectors due to an increase in energy demand, rapid economic growth, and an increase in living standards that will push the rate of emission growth in the energy sector up to 6. 7% per year. The bottom-up AIM/end-use energy model can select the technologies in the energy sector that are optimal in reducing emissions and costs as a long-term strategy in developing national low-carbon technology. This model can use the Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) approach to evaluate the potential for GHG emission reductions by adding a certain amount of costs for each selected technology in the target year compared to the reference technology in the baseline scenario. In this study, three scenarios were used as mitigation actions, namely CM1, CM2, CM3. The Abatement Cost Curve tools with an assumed optimum tax value of 100 USD/ton CO2eq, in the highest GHG emission reduction potential, are in the CM3 scenario, which has the most significant reduction potential, and the mitigation costs are not much different from other scenarios. For example, PLTU – supercritical, which can reduce a significant GHG of 37.39 Mtoe CO2eq with an emission reduction cost of -23.66 $/Mtoe CO2eq.
A review of anaerobic landfill bioreactor using leachate recirculation to increase methane gas recovery
Authors: Budihardjo M A , Ramadan B S , Yohana E , Syafrudin  , Rahmawati F , Ardiana R , Susilo D B , Ikhlas N , Karmilia A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) treatment with anaerobic landfill bioreactor utilizes landfill as a place of biodegradation and produces methane gas which can be used as renewable alternative energy source. Anaerobic landfill bioreactor technology is a landfill development method that can increase waste degradation and increase biogas production. The increase of biogas and the removal of pollutants from leachate needs to pay attention to the factors that influence the success of anaerobic landfill bioreactor, including pH value, temperature, water content, and COD concentration after recirculation, and methane production. The relationship between these factors was discussed in depth in this paper. The method used is a narrative review where metadata is obtained from Google Scholar and Web of Science. This study explains the development of an anaerobic landfill bioreactor and conducts a synthesis for future research development plans by leachate recirculation.
Wave transformation around breakwater (case study: tourism harbour, Eastern Bali, Indonesia)
Authors: Arsyad M N , Setyandito O , Kesuma L M , Armono H D , Anda M , Kusumadewi R A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An essential aspect in the sustainable design of breakwater is the determination of the design wave condition. It is predicted by utilizing severe wave conditions of the past 10 to 20 years. The tourism harbor at eastern Bali, Indonesia, is located where extreme wave condition occurs. Therefore, this research studies the wave height before and after constructing a breakwater in the harbor area. The wave height was simulated using numerical modeling. The methodology was performed by using the coastal modeling software of the SMS-CGWAVE model. The result shows the highest design wave height value of 3.9 m in the direction from the southeast. The design breakwater can reduce wave height up to 0.9 m or a 75.5% reduction. Further study is needed to simulate the extension of breakwater length to meet the criterion design of wave height in the harbor basin.
The kinetics of Fe2+ heavy metal adsorption by microalgae Desmodesmus sp. beads
Authors: Widyaningrum D A , Rinanti A , Hadisoebroto R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Industrial waste that contains high concentration of iron heavy metal (Fe2+) needs to be reduced into a safer limit for water ecosystem using an environmental-friendly, sustainable and low cost technology. This literature study was aimed to gather information on Fe2+ metal ion removal with biosorption method by mobilized beads-shaped Desmodesmus sp. green microalgae. Biosorbent beads are made of Desmodesmus sp. green microalgae powder binded with Na-alginate polymer. Desmodesmus sp. microalgae were cultivated in an Erlenmeyer flask with wastewater contains Fe2+ and Beijerinck growth media controlled in batch system. Analysis was conducted to study the influence of pH, size, beads, beads concentration, and Na-alginate concentration towards Fe2+ heavy metal removal efficiency on biosorption process. Research results revealed that Fe2+ heavy metal was effectively adsorbed by 1 mm beads up until 46% at maximum capacity on pH level of 6. These beads contain 8% gr/L of microalgae powder and 9% gr/L of Na-alginate. The involved function groups in Fe2+ sorption and the beads biosorbent morphology changes were analyzed by using FTIR and SEM. This biosorption research was following by analysis of Freundlich isotherm and reaction kinetics order two with linear approach. This was to shows the beads possess adsorption kinetics with optimum Fe2+ absorption capacity. Desmodesmus sp. beads are highly potential to be used as biosorbent since the heavy metal removal process was selectively conducted on wide pH level and temperature ranges, fast adsorption kinetics, and low operational cost. The smaller the beads size the wider the surface area, which leads to higher removal efficiency rate.
Agro-energetic efficiency of improved technologies of pasture fodder production in dry grasslands of the Non-Chernozem region
Authors: A Kutuzova A , Kosolapov V M , Privalova K N , Provornaya E E , Sedova E G , Karimov R R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Based on the modern method of agro-energetic evaluation of anthropogenic non-renewable energy sources and natural renewable resources, scientific evidence of high economic efficiency of green fodder production on cultivated pastures is presented. Two field experiments on improving the composition of grass herbage with the participation of domestic zoned varieties of ryegrass pasture and Festulolium, as well as similar grass mixtures with the inclusion of legumes: creeping clover and meadow clover were carried out. The total anthropogenic expenses were determined as well as the recoupment of their exchange energy by 3-4 and even 10 times in the produced forage. The role of natural factors in the structure of the received exchange energy was determined. This serves as a theoretical basis for the economic efficiency of indicators of cultivated pastures created by resource-saving technologies: mainly due to the longterm use of cereal grasses (for 14 years) or the receipt of biological nitrogen on legume-grass stands, which replaces the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizers in the dose N126-131 per year (average for 7 years) on dry grasslands of the Nonchernozem zone.
The influence of feed quality from peat soils on the productivity of cattle
Authors: Ulanov A N , Kovshova V N , Mokrushina O G , Smirnova A V , Glubokovskih A L , Kosolapova V G , Ulanov N A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the context of the implementation of environmental, resource-saving systems of agriculture, research in the system of biogeocenosis is very relevant: soil – plant-feed-animal-livestock products. Peatlands and developed peat soils are a kind of environment for human activity in this system. As a result of many years of research, it was found that perennial grasses grown on peat soils have differences in chemical composition compared to plants grown on mineral soils. They contain more organic matter and raw protein. However, their digestibility of nutrients is lower than in herbs grown on mineral soils. Therefore, for a full-fledged balanced feeding of cows, the realization of the genetic potential of animal productivity, and the preservation of their health, scientifically-based diets are necessary, developed on the basis of bulky feeds obtained from peat and developed soils, with the introduction of appropriate feed additives in them.
Use of factors of photoperiod duration and growth regulators to increase the yield of mixoploid plants in C0 generation in meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.)
Authors: Yu Novoselov M , Drobysheva L V , Starshinova O A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It has been established that the studied mode of cultivation of meadow clover under controlled environmental conditions, with continuous illumination with an intensity of 18-20 thousand lux and a constant temperature of + 25 °C, causes significant morphological changes in meadow clover. Compared with the optimal (control), the proposed growing regime halves the development time of plants and by the same amount reduces the severity of morphological traits, while simultaneously causing apical dominance in 54% of plants. Spraying plants with phytohormone in the form of naphthylacetic acid in all studied concentrations reduced the growing season by 4-8 days and increased pollen fertility by 8-10%. The optimal concentration of naphthylacetic acid (NLA) was revealed to suppress the growth of secondary meristems in meadow clover under the conditions of an experimental plant growing regime. The most significant effect on the manifestation of apical dominance was shown by the use of naphthylacetic acid at a concentration of 0.001%. The combined use of the proposed growing regime and treatment with naphthylacetic acid at a concentration of 0.001% increased the yield of plants with apical dominance from 54.5% to 76%. The developed method has shown high efficiency for the creation of tetraploid forms of meadow clover. When growing clover C0 generation and selection of mixoploid plants, the yield of mixoploids increased 5.4 times, the survival rate of seedlings increased by 21%, the time to obtain one generation and the selection of mixoploids decreased by 58%.
Some results of the study of alfalfa and meadow clover samples created by biotechnology methods
Authors: Agafodorova M N , Solozhentsev P D , Solodkaya L A , Lapotyshkina L I , Klimenko I A , Dushkin V A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The conditions for creating alfalfa samples MN-2 (from the Selena variety) and P-67 (from the Lugovaya variety) with increased resistance to Fusarium pathogens using the method of gamete selection are described. The method is based on the selection of gametes in vivo under the influence of a selective factor (culture filtrate) introduced into the generative organs at the early stages of their development using vacuum infiltration. The method was developed in the biotechnology department of the V.N. V.R. Williams. The accessions are included in the breeding process and are currently the accessory varieties. In order to identify differences at the genetic level between the created varieties and the original forms, a comparative analysis was carried out using 2 types of molecular markers based on the PCR method. DNA polymorphism was detected using SRAP primers, which may indicate a change in the structure of genes associated with economic and biological traits. Research is ongoing. When growing under the conditions of a selection and greenhouse complex of acid-tolerant plants of meadow clover, created using cellular technologies in vitro, the infestation by powdery mildew of 120 acid-tolerant plants was studied. No signs of damage were found in 10% of plants. The largest number of affected plants (36.7%) had a score of 3. It was found that a high infestation with powdery mildew (scores 4 and 5) significantly reduces the number of inflorescences in the bush to 83.4 and 75.7%, respectively. Therefore, in further studies to create a population of acid-tolerant plants, the genotypes of meadow clover were used without signs and with a low score of powdery mildew damage.
Characteristics Of The Population Of The Yaroslavl Breed Of Cattle Based On The Assessment Of Polymorphism Of Eab - Loci
Authors: Ilina A V , Evdokimov E G , Abramova M V , Konovalov A V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the characteristics of micropopulations of the Yaroslavl cattle breed based on the assessment of the polymorphism of the EAB-locus of blood groups. The presented dendrogram made it possible to identify the farms most distant from the main group. To identify the closest and most distant groups of animals, the Euclidean distance was calculated. The efficiency of division into groups was assessed using the Davis-Boldin index, which made it possible to distribute the population into three clusters with the most optimal value, where each group obtained has its own parent population from which it developed.
Growth and development of the wild-growing subshrub Salsola orientalis SG Gmel. in culture under conditions of the Central Asian desert
Authors: Shamsutdinova E Z , Sh Shamsutdinov Z 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In terms of life form Salsola orientalis S.G. Gmel. is a semi-shrub; its height reaches 40–60 cm; in terms of ecology, it is a haloxerophyte, extremely resistant to salt stress, air, and soil droughts. Salsola orientalis is a highly nutritious forage plant containing up to 20% protein in the budding phase. High resistance to environmental stress and good forage value allow us to consider it as a promising plant – its introduction into culture allowed restoring the forage productivity of degraded pastures in the Central Asian desert. The features of growth and development of Salsola orientalis were studied for ecological and biological characteristics and the possibility of introducing it into culture. It was found that the laboratory germination of seeds of the wild-growing half-shrub Salsola orientalis was quite high – 20–60%; field germination was very low – 0.1–1.7%. The survival rate of seedlings in young plants depends on environmental conditions and plant density. Under conditions of the Central Asian desert the plants basically die in the first year, especially in the germination phase; in the second year we registered insignificant losses; in subsequent years the number of plants stabilized. Salsola orientalis was found to be a fast growing plant, forming a normal half-shrub in the first year of life. The high ecological stability of Salsola orientalis in combination with its deeply penetrating and powerfully developed root system ensures vigorous and rapid growth. Under conditions of the Central Asian desert Salsola orientalis yields 1.3–1.7 t/ha of dry fodder mass, which is 4–5 times higher than the fodder productivity of natural desert pastures.
Hop-like alfalfa as an object of introduction into culture
Authors: Stepanova G V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It was found that the most promising strains of nodule bacteria XM1 and 412b are the most promising for inoculation of the Mira variety, the former increased the collection of dry matter by 96%, the latter by 81%, seeds by 115 and 73%. Strain XM1 was isolated from the nodules of the same wild population of alfalfa in the hop-like Moscow region from which the variety Mira was formed by the method of chemical mutagenesis. Strains 412b and XM 1 can be recommended for pre-sowing inoculation of the Mira variety when cultivated for feed and seeds, and the XM6 strain - when cultivated for seeds. The latter increases the seed yield by 84%, and the green mass by only 31%.
Strains XM2, XM5 and XM6 shift the metabolism of the alfalfa-rhizobial system towards an increase in the number of seeds. The proportion of seeds increases to 24-31% of the mass of the entire plant, in other symbiotic systems this figure is 19-22%.
A promising breeding number of hop alfalfa VIC 26 has been created, which is 58% more productive than the Mira variety when grown in the traditional way and by 65% when inoculated with the A2 strain.
Insectoacricides And Insecticides And Neoseiulus Californicus (Parasitiformes, Phytoseiidae) Safe And Great Application In Protected Ground
Authors: Glinyshkin A P , Yakovleva I N , Meshkov Yu I , Yu Fyodorovich V , Kuzmin N A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Toxicity study for predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus pesticides legally permitted for use against pests (aphids, thrips, whiteflies) in the Russian Federation on protected ground is an urgent task. The purpose of determining the possibility of safe use of chemical treatments with drugs (Vertimeca (abamectin), Clipper (bifenthrin), Novaktion (malathion), Admiral (pyriproxyfen), Aktara (thiamethoxam), Confidor (imidacloprid) and Bitoxibacillin (Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis) against the background of the acariphagus.
Review to Reasons and Desertification Control in Iraq
Authors: Ali K K , Abood N M , Hashim K I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Desertification is the loss of land for its green cover and the inability of the soil to produce agricultural crops. The causes of desertification are either erosion of the soil surface by water and winds, or the high concentration of salts, as well as the high level of ground water or the lack of sufficient water for agriculture. In addition to human activities, and for these reasons, we often talk about failed agricultural management or inappropriate environmental conditions. Desertification control lies by using modern irrigation methods such as drip and sprinkler irrigation, and that using these methods can provide water for cultivating of new lands and reclaiming desertified lands. Experience shows that modern irrigation methods can save about 50% of water and increase agricultural production by about 60% compared to convention irrigation methods. The study recommends training farmers and encouraging them to follow modern irrigation methods and introducing them to the danger of desertification and its economic, environmental and social impacts. The study also proposes the establishment of two rivers parallel to the Tigris and the Euphrates, one of which stems from Samarra and ends in the south of Kut, and the second stems from the Anbar Governorate and ends in the south of Najaf Governorate. This project will increase the efficiency of irrigation. Finally, controlling desertification leads to preventing environmental pollution, creating too many job opportunities, achieving food security and raising the standard of living for people.
Review on the Development of Drought Tolerant Maize Genotypes in Iraq
Authors: Abdulhamed Z A , Abas S A , Noaman A H , Abood N M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Stress is any physiological, physical or chemical change that leads to disturbance and imbalance in the plant. Water stress is one of the most important environmental stresses affecting plant growth and production. It is also known as the lack of available water in the soil to be absorbed by the plant at a stage of its growth, or the inability of the plant. On the absorption of water even if it is naturally present in the root environment due to the force affecting the holding of water molecules, as it was described as the state in which the amount of water absorbed by the roots is less than the water lost through transpiration from the vegetative system, meaning that it is the state in which the effort The water content of the plant and the fullness of its cells is low to a degree that affects the conduct of vital and physiological processes. During the occurrence of water stress, as the term “drought” is not accurate in the sense used, but it is sometimes expressed as the phenomenon of water shortage as a result of climatic elements of multiple weather conditions, As for the agricultural concept of drought (Agricultural Drought), it is according to the growth and formation of the crop, and it is assumed that it begins when the ready water is drained from the root zone, plant goes through three stages: First stage increases the water loss and the transpiration process until it reaches a point where the amount of water lost by transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorbed by the roots. On the water balance between these two processes in adaptation, and when the water stress intensifies, the plant moves to the third stage, after which the plants lose a large part of the water through transpiration, the stomata are closed and the photosynthesis process stops. Therefore water stress (drought) alone is one of the most influential environmental stresses in reducing maize productivity, Therefore, the role of the plant breeder came through the implementation of breeding programs for hybridization and selection until it obtains a plant adapted to drought through the occurrence of morphological changes that make plants phenotypically adaptable to conditions of lack of water and includes an increase in root size and reduction of leaf area.
Environmental and Climate Deterioration in Nineveh Governorate Tel Abtah District as a Model
Authors: Aatya K S , Khudher A T , Jasim N M , Ali M I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The decrease in the amounts of rainfall in the dry and semi-arid areas, which are fragile environments, the recurrence of the drought Phenomenon for successive years and the irresponsible Practices of the Population leads to the deterioration of the soil and its characteristics, the decline of the Vegetation cover and the transformation of lands from Productive agricultural, residential or Pastoral lands to barren and decertified lands, including the lands of Tel Abta district. Which became clear manifestations of desertification in large areas of them. The research aims to study the deterioration of soil, Vegetation covers and sand dunes, which began to creep into residential and agricultural areas and natural Pastures, which led to the migration of the inhabitants of those Villages to Other areas and these lands became decertified environments repelling Various human activities, especially agriculture and grazing. Then the research concluded with conclusions and suggestions.