bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and genomic adaptations to the extremely high elevation in plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi)
Authors: Zhang Tao , Chen Jie , Zhang Jia , Guo Yuan‐Ting , Zhou Xin , Li Meng‐Wen , Zheng Zhi‐Zhong , Zhang Tong‐Zuo , Murphy Robert W. , Nevo Eviatar , Shi Peng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe evolutionary outcomes of high elevation adaptation have been extensively described. However, whether widely distributed high elevation endemic animals adopt uniform mechanisms during adaptation to different elevational environments remains unknown, especially with respect to extreme high elevation environments. To explore this, we analysed the phenotypic and genomic data of seven populations of plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) along elevations ranging from 2,700 to 4,300 m. Based on whole‐genome sequencing data and demographic reconstruction of the evolutionary history, we show that two populations of plateau zokor living at elevations exceeding 3,700 m diverged from other populations nearly 10,000 years ago. Further, phenotypic comparisons reveal stress‐dependent adaptation, as two populations living at elevations exceeding 3,700 m have elevated ratios of heart mass to body mass relative to other populations, and the highest population (4,300 m) displays alterations in erythrocytes. Correspondingly, genomic analysis of selective sweeps indicates that positive selection might contribute to the observed phenotypic alterations in these two extremely high elevation populations, with the adaptive cardiovascular phenotypes of both populations possibly evolving under the functional constrains of their common ancestral population. Taken together, phenotypic and genomic evidence demonstrates that heterogeneous stressors impact adaptations to extreme elevations and reveals stress‐dependent and genetically constrained adaptation to hypoxia, collectively providing new insights into the high elevation adaptation.
Demographic history and patterns of molecular evolution from whole genome sequencing in the radiation of Galapagos giant tortoises
Authors: Jensen Evelyn L. , Gaughran Stephen J. , Garrick Ryan C. , Russello Michael A. , Caccone Adalgisa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhole genome sequencing provides deep insights into the evolutionary history of a species, including patterns of diversity, signals of selection, and historical demography. When applied to closely related taxa with a wealth of background knowledge, population genomics provides a comparative context for interpreting population genetic summary statistics and comparing empirical results with the expectations of population genetic theory. The Galapagos giant tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.), an iconic rapid and recent radiation, offer such an opportunity. Here, we sequenced whole genomes from three individuals of the 12 extant lineages of Galapagos giant tortoise and estimate diversity measures and reconstruct changes in coalescent rate over time. We also compare the number of derived alleles in each lineage to infer how synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation accumulation rates correlate with population size and life history traits. Remarkably, we find that patterns of molecular evolution are similar within individuals of the same lineage, but can differ significantly among lineages, reinforcing the evolutionary distinctiveness of the Galapagos giant tortoise species. Notably, differences in mutation accumulation among lineages do not align with simple population genetic predictions, suggesting that the drivers of purifying selection are more complex than is currently appreciated. By integrating results from earlier population genetic and phylogeographic studies with new findings from the analysis of whole genomes, we provide the most in‐depth insights to date on the evolution of Galapagos giant tortoises, and identify discrepancies between expectation from population genetic theory and empirical data that warrant further scrutiny.
Anti‐myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease presenting tumefactive demyelinating lesions and bilateral optic neuritis with chiasmatic lesion
Authors: Nukui Takamasa , Matsuda Noriyuki , Konishi Hirofumi , Hayashi Tomohiro , Yamamoto Mamoru , Shibuya Ryoko , Hirosawa Hiroaki , Tanaka Ryo , Dougu Nobuhiro , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Nakatsuji Yuji 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA 15‐year‐old girl presented with a headache accompanied by bilateral visual impairment. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed tumefactive lesions in the white matter of the right occipital lobe on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery images accompanied by open‐ring gadolinium enhancement and high‐intensity lesions in the bilateral optic nerve, including chiasma. Since anti‐myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody was detected by blood examination, the patient was diagnosed with anti‐MOG antibody‐associated disease (MOGAD) exhibiting overlapping characteristics with tumefactive multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs). Steroid pulse therapy and plasma exchange therapy completely improved her symptoms, and oral prednisolone therapy prevented relapse of the disease for at least 2 years. Since MOGAD exhibits overlapping characteristics with MS and NMOSD, it is important to screen anti‐MOG antibodies in patients with atypical MS and seronegative NMOSD.
Humoral and cellular immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 vaccination in haemodialysis and kidney transplant patients
Authors: Swai Joel , Gui Ming , Long Mao , Wei Zhu , Hu Zixuan , Liu Shaojun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEnd‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are amongst the vulnerable groups and thus prioritized in the Coronavirus disease‐2019 vaccination programmes. However, this cohort was excluded from vaccine‐trials and yet shares the same vaccination scheme with the general population. Here, we explore trends of immune response‐proportions amongst ESRD patients on renal replacement therapy for up to 4 weeks post‐vaccination completion with Pfizer/Moderna vaccines. From inception to 10 July 2021, we searched six online‐databases for articles reporting humoral and cellular immune response proportions for up to 4 weeks post booster‐vaccination. We pooled the responders' proportions by meta‐analysis and conducted a meta‐regression stratifying outcomes by significant confounders. Twenty‐seven eligible studies reported 2789 ESRD patients. 1337, 1452 and 477 were on haemodialysis, received kidney transplantation, and healthy controls, respectively. Haemodialysis patients' proportions of humoral and cellular immune responses varied from 87.29% (80.77–93.81)–88.78% (86.76–90.80) and 62.86% (56.56, 69.17)–85.78% (78.99, 92.57), respectively, between first‐ and fourth‐weeks. Kidney transplant patients' proportions of humoral and cellular immune responses ranged from 2.6% (0.06–13.48)–29.87% (27.68, 32.07) and 5.13% (0.63–17.3)–59.84% (54.57–65.10), respectively, between first‐ and fourth‐weeks. All healthy controls maintained ≥93% proportions of both responses throughout the follow‐up. Study design and country of study influenced the pooled response proportions. Conclusively, haemodialysis and kidney transplant patients have lower proportions of humoral and cellular immune responses than healthy controls. However, haemodialysis patients' response proportions improve, reaching near healthy‐control levels by the fourth week. Kidney transplant patients' lower responses' proportions also improve but remain significantly lower than healthy controls throughout four‐weeks. The “one‐size‐fits‐all” vaccination scheme might be inadequate for kidney transplant patients.
No fact of the middle
Authors: Khoo Justin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAmiddle factis a true proposition about what would have happened hadAbeen true (whereAis in fact false), whose truth isn't entailed by any non‐counterfactual facts. I argue that there are no middle facts; if there were, we wouldn't know them, and our ignorance of them would result in ignorance about whether regret is fitting in cases where we clearly know it is. But there's a problem. Consider an unflipped fair coin which is such that no non‐counterfactual fact determines that it would have landed heads had it been flipped (or tails had it been flipped). If there are no middle facts, it's not true that it would have landed heads had it been flipped nor that it would have landed tails had it been flipped. Yet each counterfactual is still possibly true for all we know. I argue that we can resolve this tension in the anti‐middle fact position, further strengthening the case against middle facts.
Preforming floral primordia converge on a narrow range of stages at dormancy despite multiple effects of temperature on development
Authors: Schaub Eileen P. , Mulder Christa P. H. , Diggle Pamela K. 
Published: September 2021

Summary

Phenological studies often focus on relationships between flowering date and temperature or other environmental variables. Yet in species that preform flowers, anthesis is one stage of a lengthy developmental process, and effects of temperature on flower development in the year(s) before flowering are largely unknown.

We investigated the effects of temperature during preformation on flower development in Vaccinium vitis‐idaea. Using scanning electron microscopy, we established scores for developing primordia and examined effects of air temperature, depth of soil thaw, time of year and previous stage on development.

Onset of flower initiation depends on soil thaw, and developmental change is greatest at early stages and during the warmest months. Regardless of temperature and time during the season, all basal floral primordia pause development at the same stage before whole‐plant dormancy.

Once primordia are initiated, development does not appear to be influenced by air temperature differences within the range of variation among our sites. There may be strong endogenous flower‐level controls over development, particularly the stage at which morphogenesis ceases before dormancy. However, the strength of such internal controls in the face of continuing temperature extremes under a changing climate is unclear.
Reading light: leaf spectra capture fine‐scale diversity of closely related, hybridizing arctic shrubs
Authors: Stasinski Lance , White Dawson M. , Nelson Peter R. , Ree Richard H. , Meireles José Eduardo 
Published: September 2021

Summary

Leaf reflectance spectroscopy is emerging as an effective tool for assessing plant diversity and function. However, the ability of leaf spectra to detect fine‐scale plant evolutionary diversity in complicated biological scenarios is not well understood.

We test if reflectance spectra (400–2400 nm) can distinguish species and detect fine‐scale population structure and phylogenetic divergence – estimated from genomic data – in two co‐occurring, hybridizing, ecotypically differentiated species of Dryas. We also analyze the correlation among taxonomically diagnostic leaf traits to understand the challenges hybrids pose to classification models based on leaf spectra.

Classification models based on leaf spectra identified two species of Dryas with 99.7% overall accuracy and genetic populations with 98.9% overall accuracy. All regions of the spectrum carried significant phylogenetic signal. Hybrids were classified with an average overall accuracy of 80%, and our morphological analysis revealed weak trait correlations within hybrids compared to parent species.

Reflectance spectra captured genetic variation and accurately distinguished fine‐scale population structure and hybrids of morphologically similar, closely related species growing in their home environment. Our findings suggest that fine‐scale evolutionary diversity is captured by reflectance spectra and should be considered as spectrally‐based biodiversity assessments become more prevalent.
Insect eggs trigger systemic acquired resistance against a fungal and an oomycete pathogen
Authors: Alfonso Esteban , Stahl Elia , Glauser Gaétan , Bellani Etienne , Raaymakers Tom M. , Van den Ackerveken Guido , Zeier Jürgen , Reymond Philippe 
Published: September 2021

Summary

Plants are able to detect insect eggs deposited on leaves. In Arabidopsis, eggs of the butterfly species Pieris brassicae (common name large white) induce plant defenses and activate the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. We previously discovered that oviposition triggers a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against the bacterial hemibiotroph pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.

Here, we show that insect eggs or treatment with egg extract (EE) induce SAR against the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea BMM and the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. This response is abolished in ics1, ald1 and fmo1, indicating that the SA pathway and the N‐hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) pathway are involved.

Establishment of EE‐induced SAR in distal leaves potentially involves tryptophan‐derived metabolites, including camalexin. Indeed, SAR is abolished in the biosynthesis mutants cyp79B2 cyp79B3, cyp71a12 cyp71a13 and pad3‐1, and camalexin is toxic to B. cinerea in vitro.

This study reveals an interesting mechanism by which lepidopteran eggs interfere with plant–pathogen interactions.
Why isn’t there an Uber for live music? The digitalisation of intermediaries and the limits of the platform economy
Authors: Azzellini Dario , Greer Ian , Umney Charles 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOnline platforms have disrupted parts of the capitalist economy, but assessing the magnitude of this effect is difficult. Much is known about major platforms, but less about the conditions under which they take over—or fail to take over—a given market. Unlike explanations emphasising slow take‐up by entrepreneurs or worker resistance, we argue that historical and organisational characteristics of markets make them resistant to the platform model. In Germany and the UK, intermediaries have digitalised to varying degrees. Three market characteristics have combined to limit ‘platformisation’: (1) irreducibly qualitative assessments of value; (2) the complexity and contingencies inherent in the task that resist unbundling (3) fragmentation of the organisational field. Hence we show how the dynamics of work in live music limit the traction of the platform model. However, partial and hybrid forms of digitalisation still contribute towards intensified discipline over live music workers, threatening pay and working conditions.
Favours within 'the tribe': Social support in coworking spaces
Authors: Wright Adrian , Marsh Dorota , Wibberley Gemma 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEmerging from the changing social, technological and cultural changes to work, coworking has been positioned as a new economic engine composed of collaboration and community, providing support for entrepreneurship, innovation and soft infrastructure for economic development. However, an alternative interpretation of coworking suggests it responds to the isolation and insecurity of self‐employment by the formation of ‘community’ to provide mutual support to navigate precarious work conditions. Faced with contrasting accounts of coworking, using in‐depth interviews and ethnography of a coworking space, this paper explores the support members of the community offer by drawing on the concept of social support. It contributes to our understanding of social support in an entrepreneurial context and explores a more nuanced and darker side to social support in coworking spaces. While coworkers engaged with others to provide emotional, informational and instrumental support, social support also revealed exchange relationships underpinned by reciprocity, which reinforced precarious work conditions.
Effect of CD146+ SHED on bone regeneration in a mouse calvaria defect model
Authors: Rikitake Kodai , Kunimatsu Ryo , Yoshimi Yuki , Nakajima Kengo , Hiraki Tomoka , Aisyah Rizky Putranti Nurul , Tsuka Yuji , Abe Takaharu , Ando Kazuyo , Hayashi Yoko , Nikawa Hiroki , Tanimoto Kotaro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveStem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have bone regeneration ability and potential therapeutic applications. CD146, a cell adhesion protein expressed by vascular endothelial cells, is involved in osteoblastic differentiation of stem cells. The effect of CD146 on SHED‐mediated bone regeneration in vivo remains unknown. We aimed to establish efficient conditions for SHED transplantation.Materials and methodsSHED were isolated from the pulp of an extracted deciduous tooth and cultured; CD146‐positive (CD146+) and CD146‐negative (CD146−) populations were sorted. Heterogeneous populations of SHED and CD146+ and CD146− cells were transplanted into bone defects generated in the skulls of immunodeficient mice. Micro‐computed tomography was performed immediately and 4 and 8 weeks later. Histological and immunohistochemical assessments were performed 8 weeks later.ResultsBone regeneration was observed upon transplantation with CD146+ and heterogeneous populations of SHED, with significantly higher bone regeneration observed with CD146+ cells. Bone regeneration was higher in the CD146− group than in the control group, but significantly lower than that in the other transplant groups at 4 and 8 weeks. Histological and immunohistochemical assessments revealed that CD146+ cells promoted bone regeneration and angiogenesis.ConclusionTransplantation of CD146+ SHED into bone defects may be useful for bone regeneration.
Ambulance clinicians’ attitudes to older patients’ self‐determination when the patient has impaired decision‐making ability: A Delphi study
Authors: Svensson Anders , Bremer Anders , Rantala Andreas , Andersson Henrik , Devenish Scott , Williams Julia , Holmberg Mats 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe proportion of older people is increasing and reflects in the demand on ambulance services (AS). Patients can be more vulnerable and increasingly dependent, especially when their decision‐making ability is impaired. Self‐determination in older people has a positive relation to quality of life and can raise ethical conflicts in AS. Hence, the aim of this study was to empirically explore attitudes among Swedish ambulance clinicians (ACs) regarding older patients’ self‐determination in cases where patients have impaired decision‐making ability, and who are in urgent need of care.Materials and methodsAn explorative design was adopted. A Delphi technique was used, comprising four rounds, involving a group (N = 31) of prehospital emergency nurses (n = 14), registered nurses (n = 10) and emergency medical technicians (n = 7). Focus group conversations (Round 1) and questionnaires (Rounds 2–4) generated data. Round 1 was analysed using manifest content analysis, which ultimately resulted in the creation of discrete items. Each item was rated with a five‐point Likert scale together with free‐text answers. Consensus (≥70%) was calculated by trichotomising the Likert scale.ResultsRound 1 identified 108 items which were divided into four categories: (1) attitudes regarding the patient (n = 35), (2) attitudes regarding the patient relationship (n = 8), (3) attitudes regarding oneself and one's colleagues (n = 45), and (4) attitudes regarding other involved factors (n = 20). In Rounds 2–4, one item was identified in the free text from Round 2, generating a total of 109 items. After four rounds, 72 items (62%) reached consensus.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the complexity of ACs’ attitudes towards older patients’ self‐determination. The respect of older patients’ self‐determination is challenged by the patient, other healthcare personnel, significant others and/or colleagues. The study provided a unique opportunity to explore self‐determination and shared decision‐making. AS have to provide continued ethical training, for example to increase the use of simulation‐based training or moral case deliberations in order to strengthen the ACs’ moral abilities within their professional practice.Implications for practiceAmbulance services must develop opportunities to provide continued training within this topic. One option would be to increase the use of simulation‐based training, focusing on ethical aspects of the care. Another option might be to facilitate moral case deliberations to strengthen the ACs’ abilities to manage these issues while being able to share experiences with peers. These types of interventions should illuminate the importance of the topic for the individual AC, which, in turn, may strengthen and develop the caring abilities within an integrated care team.
The “Sandwich Generation” Revisited: Global Demographic Drivers of Care Time Demands
Authors: Alburez‐Gutierrez Diego , Mason Carl , Zagheni Emilio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGenerational overlap affects the care time demands on parents and grandparents worldwide. Here, we present the first global estimates of the experience of simultaneously having frail older parents and young children (“sandwichness”) or young grandchildren (“grandsandwichness”) for the 1970–2040 cohorts, using demographic methods and microsimulations. We find that sandwichness is more prevalent in the Global South—for example, almost twice as prevalent in sub‐Saharan Africa as it is in Europe for the 1970 cohort—but is expected to decline globally by one‐third between 1970 and 2040. The Global North might have reached a peak in the simultaneous care time demands from multiple generations but the duration of the grandsandwich state will increase by up to one year in Africa and Asia. This increasing generational overlap implies more care time demands over the entire adult life course, but also opens up an opportunity for the full potential of grandparenthood to materialize.
Evaluation of distal radial artery cross‐sectional internal diameter in neonates and infants by ultrasound and adequate selection of an intra‐arterial catheter size
Authors: Mavarez Ana C. , Ripat Caroline , Char Steven , Abuchaibe Vanessa , Galarza Marta , Halliday Norman , Varga Eliane Q.S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundRadial artery catheterization in neonates, infants, and young children is a common and useful invasive procedure that brings technical placement challenges and potential complications due to the small diameter size of the radial artery in these patients. The aim of this study is to determine appropriate catheter sizes in infants up to 6 months of age.Materials and MethodsA total of fifty infants undergoing general anesthesia or hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit were included. Images of the radial artery diameter were obtained from the infant's wrist using Philips EPIQ Diagnostic Ultrasound System CVX Release 4.0. All images obtained were distal in the forearm, medial to the border of the styloid process of the radius, at the point of maximal impulse of the radial artery, and with the wrist at a 45‐degree angle position. We recorded postmenstrual age, chronological age, gender, weight, location, comorbidities, medications, weight, and vital signs of each individual.ResultsIn this single cohort study of 50 children whose ages ranged from 0 to 6 months chronological age, their radial artery diameters were averaged proportionally to their weight and age. Use of a 22G catheter would result in 100% occlusion of the diameter of the artery in most study subjects. Use of a 24G catheter would result in a range of 75%–99% occlusion depending on weight, postmenstrual age, and chronological age of the infants.ConclusionsIn view of these findings, we recommend using US to measure the diameter of the radial artery and choose the most appropriate catheter size before proceeding with US‐guidance for radial artery cannulation in infants. This will prevent inappropriate sizing of the catheter and the thrombotic complications this can incur.