bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms for computer-assisted reporting based on fully automated cross-lingual RadLex mappings
Authors: Maros Máté E. , Cho Chang Gyu , Junge Andreas G. , Kämpgen Benedikt , Saase Victor , Siegel Fabian , Trinkmann Frederik , Ganslandt Thomas , Groden Christoph , Wenz Holger 
Published: March 2021

AbstractComputer-assisted reporting (CAR) tools were suggested to improve radiology report quality by context-sensitively recommending key imaging biomarkers. However, studies evaluating machine learning (ML) algorithms on cross-lingual ontological (RadLex) mappings for developing embedded CAR algorithms are lacking. Therefore, we compared ML algorithms developed on human expert-annotated features against those developed on fully automated cross-lingual (German to English) RadLex mappings using 206 CT reports of suspected stroke. Target label was whether the Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (ASPECTS) should have been provided (yes/no:154/52). We focused on probabilistic outputs of ML-algorithms including tree-based methods, elastic net, support vector machines (SVMs) and fastText (linear classifier), which were evaluated in the same 5 × fivefold nested cross-validation framework. This allowed for model stacking and classifier rankings. Performance was evaluated using calibration metrics (AUC, brier score, log loss) and -plots. Contextual ML-based assistance recommending ASPECTS was feasible. SVMs showed the highest accuracies both on human-extracted- (87%) and RadLex features (findings:82.5%; impressions:85.4%). FastText achieved the highest accuracy (89.3%) and AUC (92%) on impressions. Boosted trees fitted on findings had the best calibration profile. Our approach provides guidance for choosing ML classifiers for CAR tools in fully automated and language-agnostic fashion using bag-of-RadLex terms on limited expert-labelled training data.
On the feasibility of hearing electrons in a 1D device through emitted phonons
Authors: Verma Amit , Nekovei Reza , Kauser Zahed 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis work investigates the vibrational power that may potentially be delivered by electron-emitted phonons at the terminals of a device with a 1D material as the active channel. Electrons in a 1D material traversing a device excite phase-limited acoustic and optical phonon modes as they undergo streaming motion. At ultra-low temperature (4 K in this study, for example), in the near absence of background phonon activity, the emitted traveling phonons may potentially be collected at the terminals before they decay. Detecting those phonons is akin to hearing electrons within the device. Results here show that traveling acoustic phonons can deliver up to a fraction of a nW of vibrational power at the terminals, which is within the sensitivity range of modern instruments. The total vibrational power from traveling optical and acoustic phonons is found to be in order of nW. In this work, Ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) simulations are used to model the behavior of a gate-all-around (GAA) field-effect transistor (FET), with a single-wall semiconducting carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as the active channel, and a free-hanging SWCNT between two contacts. Electronic band structure of the SWCNT is calculated within the framework of a tight-binding (TB) model. The principal scattering mechanisms are due to electron–phonon interactions using 1st order perturbation theory. A continuum model is used to determine the longitudinal acoustic (LA) and optical (LO) phonons, and a single lowest radial breathing mode (RBM) phonon is considered.
Inversing supramolecular chirality and boosting circularly polarized luminescence of pyrene moieties via a gel matrix
Authors: Bai Xue , Jiang Yuqian , Zhao Guangjiu , Jiang Jian , Yuan Chenhuan , Liu Minghua 
Published: March 2021

Alkyl-substituted l/d-glutamide derivatives (L/D-SG) were designed as gelators to fabricate host gel matrices. Pyrene-appended l/d-glutamide derivatives (Py-LG/Py-DG) were employed as guest luminophores to investigate chiral packing and emission behavior in gel matrices.
Mining the key genes for ventilator-induced lung injury using co-expression network analysis
Authors: Li Zhao , Xiao Yajun , Xu Li , Wang Qingxiu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mechanical ventilation is extensively adopted in general anesthesia and respiratory failure management, but it can also induce ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Therefore, it is of great urgency to explore the mechanisms involved in the VILI pathogenesis, which might contribute to its future prevention and treatment. Four microarray datasets from the GEO database were selected in our investigation, and were subjected to the Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify the VILI-correlated gene modules. The limma package in R software was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the VILI and control groups. WGCNA was constructed by merging the GSE9314, GSE9368, GSE11434 and GSE11662 datasets. A total of 49 co-expression network modules were determined as associated with VILI. The intersected genes between hub genes screened from DEGs for VILI and those identified using WGCNA were as follows: Tlr2, Hmox1, Serpine1, Mmp9, Il6, Il1b, Ptgs2, Fos and Atf3, which were determined to be key genes for VILI. Those key genes were validated by GSE86229 and quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiment to have significantly statistical difference in their expression between the VILI and control groups. In a nutshell, nine key genes with expression differences in VILI were screened by WGCNA by integrating multiple datasets.
Analysis of spectral efficiency for OFDM cooperative cognitive networks with non‐linear relay
Authors: Hadavi Samira , Hosseini Seyyed Saleh , Talebi Siamak 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper analyzes the downlink achievable spectral efficiency of an orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) cooperative cognitive network with a non‐linear relay. The analysis is carried out subject to the power amplifier's (PA) non‐linear effect on the relay node which operates in the amplify‐and‐forward (AF) mode. Specifically, an analytical expression for the power spectral density (PSD) of relay output in terms of its source power is derived. By using the obtained PSD, the power of relay's PA output is derived for each subcarrier and the 1 dB compression point is determined. Then, the adjacent channel power (ACP) of each subcarrier is analytically derived in terms of secondary user (SU) source input power. Next, the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) of each subcarrier at destination (SU receiver) is calculated by considering the non‐linear effect of PA at the relay. Having the SINRs of all subcarriers, a constrained optimization problem on the source's input power is formulated in which the achievable spectral efficiency is the objective function and all ACPs being less than the interference temperature limit are its constraints. Finally, we perform some simulations and show that the numerical results are consistent with the analytical findings.
Finite‐horizon optimal tracking control for constrained‐input nonlinear interconnected system using aperiodic distributed nonzero‐sum games
Authors: Duan Dandan , Liu Chunsheng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a distributed adaptive dynamic programming scheme to investigate the optimal tracking control problem for finite‐horizon non‐linear interconnected systems with constraint inputs under aperiodic sampling. A N‐player nonzero‐sum differential game system is constructed with the presented non‐linear interconnected system and the tracking error system by introducing the augment vectors. To address the problems of constrained‐input and finite‐horizon control, a non‐quadratic utility function and a finite‐horizon cost function are utilized which will arise in the time‐varying Hamilton–Jacobi (HJ) equation. Then, a periodic event‐triggered scheme is designed to realize aperiodic sampling, where the consumption of communication resources is reduced and the Zeno behavior is avoided. Under the designed periodic event‐triggered scheme, the time‐varying HJ equation is almost impossible to get an analytical solution due to its hybrid properties and non‐linearity. Therefore, the critic neural networks are used to estimate the optimal solution of the HJ equation, and the weight update law is constructed to guarantee the uniformly ultimate bounded of approximated errors. Further, the hybrid nonzero‐sum differential game is confirmed to be uniformly ultimate bounded by using the Lyapunov theory. Finally, the obtained distributed PET control strategy is successfully applied to dispose the missile‐target intercepter problem.
Operational range extension method for limited‐angle torque motors with irregular slot numbers
Authors: Ma Pengcheng , Wang Qian , Li Yong , Jiang Shanlin , Zhao Meng , Feng Ziliang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA modified model of a limited‐angle torque motor (LATM) with irregular slot numbers is proposed for developing an operational range extension method for LATMs. The modified model is derived by considering the effects of the asymmetrical winding structure and magnetic flux leakage, which are validated by finite element analysis and experimental measurements. Based on the modified model, accuracy and time consumption of the simulation can be improved. For the operational range extension method, extended angle range selection theory and constraint conditions are proposed, and the relationship between the sinusoidal tracking characteristic and leading parameters is established by theoretical analysis. A simulation and a prototype machine experiment on an LATM using the new method are carried out. The results show that the proposed operational range extension method can reduce the weight and volume of the LATM without changing sinusoidal tracking characteristics, which proves the feasibility of applying the new method in the oscillating scan system to realize lightness and miniaturisation of the system.
Interval type‐2 fuzzy‐model‐based fault‐tolerant sliding mode tracking control of a quadrotor UAV under actuator saturation
Authors: Kim Han Sol , Hwang Sounghwan , Joo Young Hoon 
Published: March 2021

In this study, a fault‐tolerant position tracking control of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is addressed by proposing a model reference interval type‐2 (IT‐2) fuzzy‐model‐based sliding mode tracking control methodology. Considering the underactuated characteristic of the quadrotor UAV, first, the authors separate the overall dynamics of the quadrotor into the attitude, altitude, and position subsystems. Moreover, each of them is represented via IT‐2 fuzzy model to deal with uncertainties of its membership functions. After then, a linear reference model supposed to be tracked by each subsystem is designed, on which each tracking error dynamics is derived. Given the tracking error dynamics and additive actuator faults, an IT‐2 integral fuzzy sliding surface is proposed to enhance the robust tracking performance of the entire system. As a result, a linear matrix inequality‐based sufficient condition is derived to guarantee the asymptotic stabilisation as well as satisfying an tracking performance. Furthermore, a reachability condition of the designed sliding surface is also proposed. Finally, the authors provide design examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed position tracking control methodology.
Bibliometric analysis of human factors in aviation accident using MKD
Authors: Wan Ming , Liang Ying , Yan Lixin , Zhou Tuqiang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study aims to provide a better understanding of human factors and human performance mechanism in aviation accident analysis by visualisation and taxonomy analysis using mapping knowledge domain (MKD). An overview of aviation accident analysis involving human factors is first conducted, followed by an introduction of several conceptual models and human reliability analysis methods. Finally, a specific framework for risk assessment of human factors in aviation is proposed. The human factors analysis and classification system structure combined with the quantitative method is the most frequently used mode in aviation accident analysis. From a macro ergonomic perspective, systematic consideration has been emphasised frequently in existing research. Pilots or individuals are thought to be associated with the organisations and environment they located in. On the other hand, the micro ergonomic aspect prefers a quantitative and probabilistic way to reveal the individual's failure mode or error rate. Based on previous studies, the proposed framework provides a systematic view to help with the evaluation of human performance in aviation, taking into account human issues as well as management and environmental factors.
Relativistic fluid modelling of gamma-ray binaries
Authors: Huber D. , Kissmann R. , Reimer O. 
Published: March 2021

Context. In the first paper of this series, we presented a numerical model for the non-thermal emission of gamma-ray binaries in a pulsar-wind-driven scenario.
Aims. We apply this model to one of the best-observed gamma-ray binaries, the LS 5039 system.
Methods. The model involves a joint simulation of the interaction between the pulsar wind and the stellar wind and the transport of electron pairs from the pulsar wind accelerated at the emerging shock structure. We compute the synchrotron and inverse Compton emission in a post-processing step while consistently accounting for relativistic beaming and γγ-absorption in the stellar radiation field.
Results. The wind interaction leads to the formation of an extended, asymmetric wind collision region that develops strong shocks, turbulent mixing, and secondary shocks in the turbulent flow. Both the structure of the collision region and the resulting particle distributions show significant orbital variation. In addition to the acceleration of particles at the bow-like pulsar wind and the Coriolis shock, the model naturally accounts for the re-acceleration of particles at secondary shocks that contribute to the emission at very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-rays. The model successfully reproduces the main spectral features of LS 5039. While the predicted light curves in the high-energy and VHE gamma-ray band are in good agreement with observations, our model still does not reproduce the X-ray to low-energy gamma-ray modulation, which we attribute to the employed magnetic field model.
Conclusions. We successfully model the main spectral features of the observed multi-band, non-thermal emission of LS 5039 and thus further substantiate a wind-driven interpretation of gamma ray binaries. Open issues relate to the synchrotron modulation, which might be addressed through a magnetohydrodynamic extension of our model.
Anisotropic turbulent transport with horizontal shear in stellar radiative zones
Authors: Prat V. , Mathis S. 
Published: March 2021

Context.Turbulent transport in stellar radiative zones is a key ingredient of stellar evolution theory, but the anisotropy of the transport due to the stable stratification and the rotation of these regions is poorly understood. The assumption of shellular rotation, which is a cornerstone of the so-called rotational mixing, relies on an efficient horizontal transport. However, this transport is included in many stellar evolution codes through phenomenological models that have never been tested.Aims.We investigate the impact of horizontal shear on the anisotropy of turbulent transport.Methods.We used a relaxation approximation (also known asτapproximation) to describe the anisotropising effect of stratification, rotation, and shear on a background turbulent flow by computing velocity correlations.Results.We obtain new theoretical scalings for velocity correlations that include the effect of horizontal shear. These scalings show an enhancement of turbulent motions, which would lead to a more efficient transport of chemicals and angular momentum, in better agreement with helio- and asteroseismic observations of rotation in the whole Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Moreover, we propose a new choice for the non-linear time used in the relaxation approximation, which characterises the source of the turbulence.Conclusions.For the first time, we describe the effect of stratification, rotation, and vertical and horizontal shear on the anisotropy of turbulent transport in stellar radiative zones. The new prescriptions need to be implemented in stellar evolution calculations. To do so, it may be necessary to implement non-diffusive transport.
A preserved high-z compact progenitor in the heart of NGC 3311 revealed with MUSE 2D stellar population analysis
Authors: Barbosa C. E. , Spiniello C. , Arnaboldi M. , Coccato L. , Hilker M. , Richtler T. 
Published: March 2021

Context. Massive early-type galaxies are believed to be the end result of an extended mass accretion history. The stars formed in situ very early on in the initial phase of the mass assembly might have originated from an extremely intense and rapid burst of star formation. These stars may still be found within the cores of such galaxies at z = 0, depending on their accretion and merger histories.
Aims. We wish to investigate the presence of a surviving high-z compact progenitor component in the brightest galaxy of the Hydra I cluster, NGC 3311, by mapping its 2D kinematics and stellar population out to 2 effective radii. Our goal is to understand the formation of its several structural components and trace their mass assembly back in time.
Methods. We combined MUSE observations, a customized and extended version of the state-of-the-art EMILES single stellar population models, and a newly developed parametric fully Bayesian framework to model the observed spectra using full-spectrum fitting.
Results. We present 2D maps and radial profiles of the stellar velocity dispersion, age, total metallicity, α-element, sodium abundance ([Na/Fe]), and the initial mass function (IMF) slope. All properties have significant gradients, confirming the existence of multiple structural components, also including a “blue spot” characterized by younger and more metal-rich stars. We find that the component dominating the light budget of NGC 3311 within R ≲ 2.0 kpc is the surviving z = 0 analog of a high-z compact core. This concentrated structure has a relatively small velocity dispersion (σ* ≈ 180 km s−1), is very old (ages ≳ 11 Gyr), metal-rich ([Z/H] ∼ 0.2 and [Na/Fe] ∼ 0.4), and has a bottom-heavy IMF (with slope Γb ∼ 2.4). In the outer region, instead, the line-of-sight velocity distribution becomes increasingly broad, and the stars are younger. They are also more metal and sodium poor but are richer in α-elements. The low-mass end of the IMF slope becomes Chabrier-like with increasing galactocentric distance.
Conclusions. The existence of multiple structural components in NGC 3311 from photometry, kinematics, and stellar populations confirms the predictions from the two-phase formation scenario for NGC 3311, according to which a first very short, high-z star-formation episode formed a compact stellar structure in its core, which then grew in size by the extended mass assembly of relatively massive satellites. Interestingly, the outer stellar population has an overabundant [α/Fe], most likely because NGC 3311, located at the center of the galaxy cluster, accreted stars from rapidly quenched satellites.
Clinical Implications of the New WHO Classification 2017 for Pituitary Tumors
Authors: Saeger Wolfgang , Koch Arend 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAccording to the WHO classification 2017 of Pituitary Tumors adenomas are classified not only by structure and immunostaining for pituitary hormones but also by expression of the pituitary transcription factors Pit-1, T-pit and SF-1. By these factors, three cell lineages can be identified: Pit-1 for the GH-, Prolactin- and TSH-cell lineage, T-pit for the ACTH-cell lineage, and SF-1 for the gonadotrophic cell lineage. By this principle, all GH and/or Prolactin producing and all TSH producing adenomas must be positive for Pit-1, all corticotrophic adenomas for T-pit, and all gonadotrophic for SF-1. In adenomas without expression of pituitary hormones immunostainings for the transcription factors have to be examined. If these are also negative the criteria for an endocrine inactive null cell adenoma are fulfilled. If one transcription factor is positive the corresponding cell lineage indicates a potential hormonal activity of the adenoma. So Pit-1 expressing hormone-negative adenomas can account for acromegaly, hyperprolactinemia, or TSH hyperfunction. T-pit positive hormone negative adenomas can induce Cushing’s disease, and SF-1 positive hormone negative tumors indicate gonadotrophic adenomas. Instead of the deleted atypical adenoma of the WHO classification of 2004 now (WHO classification 2017) criteria exist for the identification of aggressive adenomas with a conceivably worse prognosis. Some adenoma subtypes are described as aggressive “per se” without necessity of increased morphological signs of proliferation. All other adenoma subtypes must also be designated as aggressive if they show signs of increased proliferation (mitoses, Ki-67 index>3–5%, clinically rapid tumor growth) and invasion. By these criteria about one third of pituitary adenoma belong to the group of aggressive adenomas with potentially worse prognosis. The very rare pituitary carcinoma (0.1 % of pituitary tumors) is defined only by metastases. Many of them develop after several recurrences of Prolactin or ACTH secreting adenomas. The correlation of clinical findings and histological classification of pituitary adenomas is very important since every discrepancy has to be discussed between clinicians and pathologists. Based on data of the German Registry of Pituitary Tumors a table for examinations of correlations is shown in this review.
Weichteilmanagement bei komplexem Fußtrauma
Authors: Ochman Sabine , Milstrey Alexander , Evers Julia , Raschke Michael J. 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDas komplexe Fußtrauma ist selten und meist durch einen schweren Weichteilschaden gekennzeichnet. Hinzu kommen höhergradige knöcherne und neurovaskuläre Verletzungen sowie Gelenkbeteiligungen. Frühzeitig steht eine Entscheidung zwischen einer primären Amputation und Rekonstruktion in Vordergrund, in der Initialphase muss zwischen einer direkten definitiven Therapie und einem mehrzeitigen Vorgehen gewählt werden. Meist ist ein mehrzeitiges, interdisziplinäres Therapieregime erforderlich. Oberstes Ziel ist die Verhinderung des Fortschreitens der Ischämie mit Gewebeuntergang, Nekrose und Infektion. Operative Prinzipien beinhalten regelmäßige Débridements, frühzeitige plastische Weichteilrekonstruktionen und knöcherne Stabilisierungen meist durch externe Fixationen. Die knöcherne Rekonstruktion erfolgt von proximal nach distal mit anatomischer Rekonstruktion der Fußsäulen und stabiler innerer Fixierung.
Akute Paraplegie – ein Querschnitt ohne Trauma?
Authors: Hackner Danilo , Schneider Kurt , Trumm Christoph G. 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungSchlaganfälle stehen als eine der führenden Todesursache weltweit auf Platz zwei nach KHK/Herzinfarkt und gehören zu den häufigsten Ursachen für Invalidität im höheren Lebensalter. In der vorliegenden Kasuistik wird der Fall einer Patientin mit spinalem Schlaganfall aufgearbeitet. Bei plötzlich einsetzender Paraplegie mit dissoziierter Empfindungsstörung wurde ein arterioarteriell embolischer Arteria-spinalis-anterior-Infarkt diagnostiziert. Durch ein prä- sowie innerklinisch zielgerichtetes Vorgehen war es möglich, der Patientin in einem individuellen Heilversuch eine Lysetherapie anzubieten. Nach erfreulichem klinischem Verlauf war die Patientin 17 Tage nach dem Ereignis bereits auf kurzen Distanzen wieder gehfähig.