bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistatic Interactions Between smell-impaired Loci in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Fedorowicz Grażyna M , Fry James D , Anholt Robert R H , Mackay Trudy F C 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Odor-guided behavior is a polygenic trait determined by the concerted expression of multiple loci. Previously, P-element mutagenesis was used to identify single P[lArB] insertions, in a common isogenic background, with homozygous effects on olfactory behavior. Here, we have crossed 12 lines with these smell impaired (smi) mutations in a half-diallel design (excluding homozygous parental genotypes and reciprocal crosses) to produce all possible 66 doubly heterozygous hybrids with P[lArB] insertions at two distinct locations. The olfactory behavior of the transheterozygous progeny was measured using an assay that quantified the avoidance response to the repellent odorant benzaldehyde. There was significant variation in general combining abilities of avoidance scores among the smi mutants, indicating variation in heterozygous effects. Further, there was significant variation among specific combining abilities of each cross, indicating dependencies of heterozygous effects on the smi locus genotypes, i.e., epistasis. Significant epistatic interactions were identified for nine transheterozygote genotypes, involving 10 of the 12 smi loci. Eight of these loci form an interacting ensemble of genes that modulate expression of the behavioral phenotype. These observations illustrate the power of quantitative genetic analyses to detect subtle phenotypic effects and point to an extensive network of epistatic interactions among genes in the olfactory subgenome.
Genetic Basis of Response to 50 Generations of Selection on Body Weight in Inbred Mice
Authors: Keightley Peter D 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A long-established inbred strain of mice was divergently selected for body weight for 50 generations. Selection of new mutations affecting the trait eventually led to a divergence of approximately three phenotypic standard deviations between the high and low lines. Heritability for body weight increased at a rate between 0.23% and 0.57% per generation from new mutations, depending on the genetic model assumed. About two-thirds of the selection response was in the upward direction. The response was episodic, suggesting a substantial contribution from the selection of mutations with large effects on the trait. A maximum likelihood procedure was used to estimate the number of factors contributing to the response using data from line crosses, with models of n equivalent gene effects (i.e., to estimate the Wright-Castle index), or n genes with variable effects. The results of the analysis of data from a cross between the selected high line and an unselected control line indicated that two major factors were involved, with the suggestion of an additional minor factor.
The Isolation and Characterization of nrc-1 and nrc-2, Two Genes Encoding Protein Kinases That Control Growth and Development in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Kothe Gregory O , Free Stephen J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Using an insertional mutagenesis approach, a series of Neurospora crassa mutants affected in the ability to control entry into the conidiation developmental program were isolated. One such mutant, GTH16-T4, was found to lack normal vegetative hyphae and to undergo constitutive conidiation. The affected gene has been named nrc-1, for nonrepressible conidiation gene #1. The nrc-1 gene was cloned from the mutant genomic DNA by plasmid rescue, and was found to encode a protein closely related to the protein products of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE11 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe byr2 genes. Both of these genes encode MAPKK kinases that are necessary for sexual development in these organisms. We conclude the nrc-1 gene encodes a MAPKK kinase that functions to repress the onset of conidiation in N. crassa. A second mutant, GTH16-T17, was found to lack normal vegetative hyphae and to constitutively enter, but not complete, the conidiation program. The affected locus is referred to as nrc-2 (nonrepressible conidiation gene #2). The nrc-2 gene was cloned and found to encode a serine-threonine protein kinase. The kinase is closely related to the predicted protein products of the S. pombe kad5, and the S. cerevisiae YNRO47w and KIN82 genes, three genes that have been identified in genome sequencing projects. The N. crassa nrc-2 gene is the first member of this group of kinases for which a phenotype has been defined. We conclude a functional nrc-2-encoded serine/threonine kinase is required to repress entry into the conidiation program.
Male Sterility and Meiotic Drive Associated With Sex Chromosome Rearrangements in Drosophila: Role of X-Y Pairing
Authors: McKee Bruce D , Wilhelm Kathy , Merrill Cynthia , Ren Xiao-jia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, deletions of the pericentromeric X heterochromatin cause X-Y nondisjunction, reduced male fertility and distorted sperm recovery ratios (meiotic drive) in combination with a normal Y chromosome and interact with Y-autosome translocations (T(Y;A)) to cause complete male sterility. The pericentromeric heterochromatin has been shown to contain the male-specific X-Y meiotic pairing sites, which consist mostly of a 240-bp repeated sequence in the intergenic spacers (IGS) of the rDNA repeats. The experiments in this paper address the relationship between X-Y pairing failure and the meiotic drive and sterility effects of Xh deletions. X-linked insertions either of complete rDNA repeats or of rDNA fragments that contain the IGS were found to suppress X-Y nondisjunction and meiotic drive in Xh−/Y males, and to restore fertility to Xh−/T(Y;A) males for eight of nine tested Y-autosome translocations. rDNA fragments devoid of IGS repeats proved incapable of suppressing either meiotic drive or chromosomal sterility. These results indicate that the various spermatogenic disruptions associated with X heterochromatic deletions are all consequences of X-Y pairing failure. We interpret these findings in terms of a novel model in which misalignment of chromosomes triggers a checkpoint that acts by disabling the spermatids that derive from affected spermatocytes.
Evidence for a Genomic Imprinting Sex Determination Mechanism in Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea)
Authors: Dobson Stephen L , Tanouye Mark A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Five different models have been proposed for the sex determination mechanism of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Except for the most recently proposed model (genomic imprinting sex determination; GISD), each of these models has required complicating additions to explain observed phenomena. This report provides the first experimental test of the GISD model while simultaneously examining the four previously proposed models of sex determination. This test utilizes the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis, crossing polyploid females with males harboring the paternal sex ratio chromosome (PSR). The results of this study support the GISD model as the mechanism of sex determination in Chalcidoidea. Specifically, crosses demonstrate that sex determination is independent of embryonic heterozygosity, ploidy, and gametic syngamy but is directly correlated with the embryonic presence of correctly imprinted chromosomes of paternal origin. These crossing experiments also provide information about the poorly characterized mechanisms of PSR, a supernumerary chromosome that induces paternal autosome loss in early embryos. The results demonstrate that the poor transmission of PSR through females is not a result of the ploidy of the host but of an alternative sex-dependent process. Crossing data reveal that PSR consistently induces the loss of the entire paternal complement that it accompanies, regardless of whether this complement is haploid or diploid.
Isolation and Characterization of Arabidopsis Mutants Defective in the Induction of Ethylene Biosynthesis by Cytokinin
Authors: Vogel John P , Schuerman Peter , Woeste Keith , Brandstatter Ingrid , Kieber Joseph J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cytokinins elevate ethylene biosynthesis in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings via a post-transcriptional modification of one isoform of the key biosynthetic enzyme ACC synthase. In order to begin to dissect the signaling events leading from cytokinin perception to this modification, we have isolated a series of mutants that lack the ethylene-mediated triple response in the presence of cytokinin due to their failure to increase ethylene biosynthesis. Analysis of genetic complementation and mapping revealed that these Cin mutants (cytokinin-insensitive) represent four distinct complementation groups, one of which, cin4, is allelic to the constitutive photomorphogenic mutant fus9/cop10. The Cin mutants have subtle effects on the morphology of adult plants. We further characterized the Cin mutants by analyzing ethylene biosynthesis in response to various other inducers and in adult tissues, as well as by assaying additional cytokinin responses. The cin3 mutant did not disrupt ethylene biosynthesis under any other conditions, nor did it disrupt any other cytokinin responses. Only cin2 disrupted ethylene biosynthesis in multiple circumstances. cin1 and cin2 made less anthocyanin in response to cytokinin. cin1 also displayed reduced shoot initiation in tissue culture in response to cytokinin, suggesting that it affects a cytokinin signaling element.
The Matter of Race: Brotherhood of St. Moses the Black and the Retelling of African American History through Orthodox Christian Forms
Authors: Kravchenko Elena V 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article looks at how contemporary African American converts to Orthodox Christianity, specifically the members of the Brotherhood of St. Moses the Black,1 use religion to understand and remember the struggle of Black people against racial discrimination in the United States. As I examine how practitioners interpreted and preserved African American history—the attempts to abolish slavery, the fight to end lynching, and the Civil Rights movement—through Orthodox forms of materiality, I demonstrate that African Americans drew on an established tradition to authorize new ways of practicing Orthodoxy and being Orthodox. I argue that by using icons of the Theotokos to tell stories about her intervention during a lynching, memorializing lives of Black American martyrs in cemetery stones, and engaging with relics of African American saints, these practitioners followed in the footsteps of other Orthodox people—who creatively adopted the ritual life of the Church to their own needs while making an effort to adhere to its traditional dogmatism—and therefore should be considered as a paradigmatic and not an exceptional example of Orthodox Christians.
Comparative analysis of Australian hospital antimicrobial utilization, using the WHO AWaRe classification system and the adapted Australian Priority Antimicrobial List (PAL)
Authors: Hillock Nadine T , Connor Erin , Wilson Courtenay , Kennedy Brendan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
In 2020 the Australian Priority Antibacterial List (PAL) was developed to support national surveillance of antibacterial usage.

Objectives
To compare the WHO AwaRe classification system with the Australian PAL to analyse antibacterial utilization in Australian acute care hospitals.

Methods
Monthly antibacterial usage rates (defined daily dose per 1000 occupied bed days) were calculated using pharmacy dispensing records together with patient occupancy data for all acute care hospitals contributing to the National Antimicrobial Utilisation Surveillance Program for 2015–19. Annual usage rates as a proportion were determined using the WHO AWaRe and Australian PAL categorization systems.

Results
In 2019, 70.0% of total-hospital aggregate antibacterial use in Australian acute-care hospitals fell into the WHO Access category, with 29.4% of usage in Watch and 0.6% in the Reserve category. Analysis using the PAL classification system showed 40.1% of hospital usage fell into the Access category, 55.6% in Curb and 3.8% in the Contain categories. On average, cefazolin usage comprised 12.5% of acute hospital usage.

Conclusions
Cefazolin, a first-line agent for surgical prophylaxis in Australia, was identified as a key antibacterial driving the differing results seen between the two classification systems. Data on the proportions of day surgery relative to inpatient surgical cases would assist the accuracy of benchmarking usage between hospitals using the PAL categorization system. The use of a targeted, nationally approved prioritized classification system can provide a focus for antimicrobial stewardship at a national level, however a clear understanding of the consumption metric used, as well as its limitations, are required for interpretation.
Workflow analysis for design of an electronic health record-based tobacco cessation intervention in community health centers
Authors: Gibson Bryan , Kramer Heidi , Weir Charlene , Fiol Guilherme , Borbolla Damian , Schlechter Chelsey R , Lam Cho , Nelson Marci , Bohner Claudia , Schulthies Sandra , Sieperas Tracey , Pruhs Alan , Nahum-Shani Inbal , Fernandez Maria E , Wetter David W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Quitlines are effective telephone-based tobacco cessation services but are underutilized. The goal of this project was to describe current clinical workflows for Quitline referral and design an optimal electronic health record (EHR)-based workflow for Ask-Advice-Connect (AAC), an evidence-based intervention to increase Quitline referrals.

Materials and methods
Ten Community Health Center systems (CHC), which use three different EHRs, participated in this study. Methods included: 9 group discussions with CHC leaders; 33 observations/interviews of clinical teams' workflow; surveys with 57 clinical staff; and assessment of the EHR ecosystem in each CHC. Data across these methods were integrated and coded according to the Fit between Individual, Task, Technology and Environment (FITTE) framework. The current and optimal workflow were notated using Business Process Modelling Notation. We compared the requirements of the optimal workflow with EHR capabilities.

Results
Current workflows are inefficient in data collection, variable in who, how, and when tobacco cessation advice and referral are enacted, and lack communication between referring clinics and the Quitline. In the optimal workflow, medical assistants deliver a standardized AAC intervention during the visit intake. Referrals are submitted electronically, and there is bidirectional communication between the clinic and Quitline. We implemented AAC within all three EHRs; however, deviations from the optimal workflow were necessary.

Conclusion
Current workflows for Quitline referral are inefficient and ineffective. We propose an optimal workflow and discuss improvements in EHR capabilities that would improve the implementation of AAC.
Differences and similarities between the impact of the first and the second COVID-19-lockdown on mental health and safety behaviour in Germany
Authors: Moradian Sheila , Bäuerle Alexander , Schweda Adam , Musche Venja , Kohler Hannah , Fink Madeleine , Weismüller Benjamin , Benecke Anke-Verena , Dörrie Nora , Skoda Eva-Maria , Teufel Martin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundGovernmental restrictions of daily life are key elements in reducing the transmission of COVID-19, but they have also put a strain on people’s mental health. Preventive policies differ all over the world as well as over different periods of time, and depend mostly on current infection rates. In Germany, there were two periods of restraint of varying severity, during which the government used different combinations of containment and mitigation measures to protect risk groups and to lower the number of hospitalizations.MethodsIn two online studies, we aimed to determine differences and similarities in COVID-19-related fear, generalized anxiety, depression and distress levels, as well as in the adherence to safety behaviour between the first lockdown in March and April and the second lockdown in November.ResultsThis study showed continued high psychological burden and even increased levels of depression symptoms, as well as less safety behaviour in the second phase of restrictions.ConclusionsThe results hint at a prolonged negative impact on people’s mental health and their safety behaviour despite lesser restrictions in the second lockdown, which may be interpreted as pandemic fatigue and hence strengthens the argument for a low-threshold access to psychological care.
The nature of beneficiaries’ rights—can there be a trust to observe a licence over property?
Authors: Wilde David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article considers the nature of a trust beneficiary’s rights. Specifically, it challenges a body of academic opinion that suggests it is not possible for a trust to exist where the only benefit conferred by the trust’s terms on its beneficiary is that the trustee must observe a licence for the beneficiary to use the trust property, given that a licence is only a personal right not a property interest.
Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children
Authors: Graff Kelly , Smith Christiana , Silveira Lori , Jung Sarah , Curran-Hays Shane , Jarjour Jane , Carpenter Lauren , Pickard Kasey , Mattiucci Michael , Fresia JoEllen , McFarland Elizabeth J. , Dominguez Samuel R. , Abuogi Lisa 
Published: February 2021

Background:
There are limited pediatric data regarding severe COVID-19 disease. Our study aims to describe the epidemiology and identify risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease in children.

Methods:
This is a retrospective cohort study among children with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR from March to July 2020 at Children’s Hospital Colorado. Risk factors for severe disease were analyzed as defined by hospital admission, respiratory support, or critical care. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted.

Results:
Among 454 patients identified with SARS-CoV-2, 191 (42.1%) were females, median age 11 years. Fifty-five percent of all patients identified as Hispanic compared with 29% among all hospital visits in 2019 (P < 0.0001). In multivariable analyses, age 0–3 months or >20 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 7.85; P < 0.0001 and aOR, 5.1; P = 0.03, respectively], preterm birth history (aOR, 3.7; P = 0.03), comorbidities [including immunocompromise (aOR, 3.5; P = 0.004), gastrointestinal condition (aOR, 2.7; P = 0.009), diabetes (aOR, 6.6; P = 0.04), asthma (aOR, 2.2; P = 0.04)], and specific symptoms at presentation were predictors for admission. Age 0–3 months or >20 years, asthma, gastrointestinal condition, and similar symptoms at presentation were also predictors for respiratory support. Elevated C-reactive protein was associated with the need for critical care with median of 17.7 mg/dL (IQR, 5.3–22.9) versus 1.95 mg/dL (IQR, 0.7–5.5) among patients requiring critical versus no critical care (OR, 1.2; P = 0.02).

Conclusions:
Extremes of age, comorbid conditions, and elevated CRP are predictors of severe disease in children. Findings from this study can inform pediatric providers and public health officials to tailor clinical management, pandemic planning, and resource allocation.
Repositioning surgery of different intraocular lens designs in eyes with late in-the-bag intraocular lens dislocation
Authors: Dalby Marius , Drolsum Liv , Kristianslund Olav 
Published: February 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety after intraocular lens (IOL) repositioning by scleral suturing of 1-piece IOL compared with other IOL designs in the treatment of late in-the-bag IOL dislocation.

Setting:
Patients referred to Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway.

Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Methods:
The study comprised 54 patients (54 eyes) with late in-the-bag IOL dislocation treated with IOL repositioning by scleral sutures (10-0 polypropylene). All operations were performed with an anterior approach and by 1 surgeon. The following IOL designs were repositioned: 1-piece foldable (n = 17), 3-piece foldable (n = 28), plate-haptic (n = 8), and 1-piece rigid (n = 1) IOLs. Patients were evaluated comprehensively preoperatively and at 6 months (80%), 1 year (67%), and 2 years (61%) postoperatively. The main outcome measures were efficacy regarding corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and spherical equivalent (SE) and safety regarding complications.

Results:
Postoperative visual acuity was similar for different IOL designs. The mean SE change to final observation was −0.08 (95% CI, −0.93 to 0.77) in the 1-piece IOL group (n = 11) and −0.98 (−1.73 to −0.23) in the 3-piece IOL group (n = 18) (P = .11). Regarding safety, no patients had uveitis–glaucoma–hyphema syndrome, retinal detachment, or endophthalmitis. The 3-piece IOL group had 1 case of redislocation and 1 case of iritis. No patients had symptoms related to clinical IOL decentration. Long-term intraocular pressure remained within normal limits with overlapping 95% CIs for different IOLs.

Conclusions:
Repositioning surgery of 1-piece IOLs seems as efficient and safe as that for other IOL designs in the treatment of late in-the-bag IOL dislocation.
In vitro study examining the effectiveness of antiseptic prophylaxis for antibiotic-resistant bacterial endophthalmitis
Authors: O'Rourke Micheal , Knowles Susan J. , Curry Anya , Kealy Nikita , Barry Peter , Khan Rizwana 
Published: February 2021

Purpose:
To assess the effectiveness of current antiseptic agents on multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates in an in vitro setting.

Setting:
Department of Microbiology, The National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.

Design:
Organisms were selected based on current review of endophthalmitis literature: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase Klebsiella pneumoniae, and vancomycin-resistant (VRE) Enterococcus faecalis.

Methods:
Samples were exposed to povidone–iodine (PVI) 5% and chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.05% for 0.5 minutes, 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes. After inactivation, organisms were incubated under standard conditions and growth assessed after 16 hours.

Results:
MRSA and MRSE responded to 3-minute PVI exposure. CHX eradicated MRSA growth after 5 minutes but failed to completely suppress MRSE. Pseudomonas and Klebsiella required 3-minute CHX exposure and 5-minute PVI exposure for complete clearance. Eradication of enterococci (VRE positive and negative) was not achieved at 10 minutes of CHX or PVI exposure. Comparison of PVI vs CHX showed a benefit for PVI in MRSA (P < .01) and MRSE (P < .001) eradication at 3 minutes.

Conclusions:
Current recommendations of 3 minutes of antisepsis prior to intraocular surgery are not sufficient for complete eradication of MDR organisms from the ocular surface. A bespoke approach is suggested to patients at risk for carriage of MDR organisms to minimize the risk of endophthalmitis.