bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation on Hydrogen embrittlement of EN47 Spring steel
Authors: Basukumar H K , Arun K V 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Carbon steel is one of the significant engineering materials used in industrial and automotive sector. Most of the engineering metals are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). It is an inherent phenomenon, which will occur during the course of service life and leads to pre mature failure of the component. In view of this, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the failure behavior of EN47 in a hydrogen simulated environment. The immersion type hydrogen charging method was adopted. The effect of HE was explored through conventional tensile testing. Experimentations were carried out according to ASTM E8 Standards. The tensile behavior of spring steel and effect of hydrogen interaction with materials was studied. The treated test material experience brittle to ductile transition exhibiting mixed mode fracture morphology on fracture surfaces, often considered being confirmation of failure through HE. Hydrogen charging causes the samples to become brittle, and reduced the plastic deformability. From the test results it can be interfered that the hydrogen charged specimen exhibits loss of ductility and also reduced the ultimate strength.
CBR Characteristics of Cementitious Graded Gravel Soils by Curing Methods
Authors: Chandra Ganja Sekar , Satyanarayana P.V.V. , Naidu P.Ganapati 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The service life and performance of pavements mainly depends on the quality of materials used in the construction, Majority of local soils in their natural form lack in desired strength and durability required for the intended constructions, they are to be improved through the standard process of stabilization to make them suitable as one of the construction material, The cement treated soils are widely used in granular base and sub-base courses of pavements as construction material due to batter strength and durability. The current study there are three different locally available gravel soils has been selected and tested for their physical properties, compaction and strength characteristics, as per the test results the soils were classified as GM-GC, GC-1 and GC-2 and CBR% values were 28, 26 and 25 respectively, as per MORTH specifications CBR%>35 to use as base course material, hence the selected soils could not be used as base course material due to its low CBR values, so that cement stabilization has been used to improve the CBR% values. The different percentages of cement 0%, 1 %, 2% 15% were added to GM-GC, GC-1 and GC-2 soils with gradation of G-50%(26.5 mm to 4.75mm IS-Sieves) and G-50% (4.75mm to 0.002mm IS-Sieves) and tests were conducted to assess the compaction and strength characteristics by varying curing methods as 7days moisture, 7days water and 7days partial curing (3days maisture+4days water). As per the experimental results, it observed that among selected soils GM-GC soil has achieved CBR% of 85-101 with addition of 6-7% of cement under the partial curing (3M-4W) for 7days, it is more than appropriate to use this soil as base course material in road construction as per the MORTH (CBR %> 35)specifications.
The Waste Management of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Waste: A Review
Authors: Thachnatharen N , Shahabuddin S , Sridewi N 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper reviews on the current techniques used for the management of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic waste. The increasing amount of PET wastes and growing environmental concern had placed emphasis on various recycling methods such as chemical and mechanical recycling of PET waste. The focus of this review is on the various mechanical and chemical recycling methods for PET wastes. The conclusion with suggestion to the involved authority on the proper PET waste management to avoid pollution to the environment have been presented in last section.
2-D Study of Near-field Generated by Surface Plasmon Resonance of Short Axis of Gold Nano-rods on SiO2 and CeO2/SiO2 Substrates for Optimisation of Water Splitting Reaction
Authors: Idris M N S M , Chiang H P , Chou Chau Y F , Mahadi A H , Lim C M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Distinguishing near-field intensity distribution and plasmon resonance peak wavelength of surface plasmon resonance of gold nano-rods (AuNRs) can provide information for the optimisation of localised surface plasmon and gap plasmon resonances of gold nano-rods. This work, shows the influence of how refractive indexes of the surrounding medium and adjacent surface, as well as, AuNRs pair inter-particle gap contributes to the generation of surface plasmon resonances. The simulation model presented consists of AuNRs pair situated on silicon dioxide (SiO2) and cerium dioxide/silicon dioxide (CeO2/SiO2) substrates with air and water as the surrounding media. The results show high near-field intensities at AuNRs/CeO2 interfaces with CeO2 refractive index (n = 2.38), and the near-field intensities contributed by the gap resonance is minimal between the AuNRs of inter-particle gap of 10 nm, however, the near-field intensities become significant near to the AuNRs/CeO2 interfaces because of reduced near-field interference. The simulation set-up provides the conditions for water splitting in thermochemical redox reaction of CeO2/CeO2-x resulting in the production of hydrogen. AuNRs pair with inter-particle gap of 5 nm situated on 10 nm thick CeO2 of CeO2/SiO2 substrate shows the most favorable conditions for water splitting.
Comparative analysis of the performance of cabinet solar dryer and open sun drying for Banana slices
Authors: Naing Than Tun , Soe Cho Thandar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sun-drying is the traditional method of preservation fruits, crops and vegetables. It is also an alternative way to prevent the shortage of natural resources. But traditional sun drying causes damage to food quality and cannot prevent dust, any other insets and birds. For this reason, this paper represents the design calculation of cabinet solar dryer for 1kg of banana slices and the comparative investigation of cabinet solar dryer and open sun drying. The thickness of a banana slice is taken 4mm. After 14 hours of drying time in two days experiment, moisture content of banana slices inside of the cabinet dryer is 14% meanwhile open sun drying is still 40%. As a result, the desired moisture content of banana slice can be received quickly in cabinet solar dryer. And then, it can easily construct with locally cheap and environmentally acceptable, non-hazard materials. Cabinet solar dryer can also reduce the loss of food due to high temperature, insects, and birds. Hence, it is more effective than open sun drying.
Investigation on wind energy for grid connection in Bangladesh: Case study
Authors: Madlool N A , Hossain M S , Alshukri M J , Selvaraj Jeyraj , Taher Ahmed A , Gupta Vaskar Das , Mazumder Prasun , Rahim Nasrudin Abd 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The increasing demand for energy in Bangladesh as well as all over the world is continuously growing unabated because of the increase of the world population and the countries’ fast-developing industrialization programs. In this critical stage of energy crisis, renewable energy is a highly welcome reliable energy source wherein wind energy is the cheapest replenishable and available energy source of the time. Regarding this particular energy source, a feasibility study of the wind energy in Chittagong has been done by analyzing the wind speed data. It is estimated that the maximum practical power output generated can be 124.53 MW at Parky beach. The number of wind turbines, operation and maintenance cost and pay-back period of those sites are also calculated.
A Newly-Developed Control Method for Harmonic Mitigation in PV Grid-Connected Inverters Under Electric Arc Furnaces in Industrial Microgrids
Authors: Naderipour Amirreza , Abdul-Malek Zulkurnain , Nowdeh Saber Arabi , Guerrero Josep. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A microgrid (MG) is a discrete energy system consisting of distributed generation (DG) and loads or nonlinear loads that is able to operate at the same time the main grid is operating. The DG units can operate in parallel with the main grid or in an MG mode. The unbalanced and nonlinear characteristics of numerous loads that are in connection with the power system have the potential to bring about some problems, in terms of power quality, which can affect other consumers. For instance, the electric arc furnaces (EAFs) cause considerable problems for power quality. The instantaneous power theory (pq) and the coordinate formulation (dq) are proposed in this paper for harmonic current compensation for PV grid-connected inverters and EAF in MGs. With the proposed control strategy under EAF conditions, the total harmonic distortions of the system current were decreased from 38.24% to 3.25%, which duly satisfies the IEEE 519-1992 standard.
Series Motor Four Quadrants Drive DC Chopper Part3:Field Weakening mode
Authors: Arof Saharul , Diyanah N.H.N. , Noorsal Emilia , Mawby Philip , Arof H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the operation of a field weakening mode of a new four quadrants DC chopper (FQDC) that can be used to extend the speed of an Electric Car (EC). A mathematical model and real experiment are used to verify the effectiveness of the field weakening mode of the proposed FQDC. First, Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate the system under study and the results indicate that the proposed approach is effective. This is followed by a real experiment using a prototype electric vehicle driven by a DC series motor. The results of the experiment show that the proposed FQDC successfully performed the operation as intended.
Design and Analysis of Multilevel Inverter based on Cascaded Half-Bridge and Three-Phase Unfolder Circuit
Authors: Rosli Farhana N. , Elias M. F. M. , Rahim N. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a multilevel inverter based on cascaded half-bridge and three-phase unfolder is proposed. The proposed inverter design is simulated by using MATLAB Simulink. The converter is designed with four series-connected half-bridge cells and a three-level neutral-point-clamped inverter. The proposed converter is able to produce an output voltage of 230V and a frequency of 50 Hz. There are two modulation techniques implemented for the proposed inverter topology namely; phase-shifted modulation and phase opposition disposition modulation. The basic principle of operations using both modulation techniques including the performance analysis are presented.
A note on singular equivalences and idempotents
Authors: Shen Dawei 
Published: April 2021

Let

Λ
\Lambda

be an Artin algebra and let

e
e

be an idempotent in

Λ
\Lambda

. We study certain functors which preserve the singularity categories. Suppose

pd
⁡
Λ

e

e
Λ
e

>
∞

\operatorname {pd} \Lambda e_{e\Lambda e}>\infty

and

id
⁡

Λ

Λ

/

⟨
e
⟩

r
a
d
Λ

/

⟨
e
⟩

>
∞

\operatorname {id}{_\Lambda \frac {\Lambda /\langle e\rangle }{rad\Lambda /\langle e\rangle }} > \infty

, we show that there is a singular equivalence between

e
Λ
e

e\Lambda e

and

Λ
\Lambda

.
Unrequested Benefits, Damages Assessment, and Information Acquisition
Authors: Liu Zhiyong (John) , Avraham Ronen , Qiao Yue 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We investigate the interaction between the law’s prohibition of recovery for unrequested benefits (but provision of damages for unrequested harms) imposed on third parties, and parties’ incentives at the ex ante stage to acquire information about the harms or benefits of the activities they consider engaging in. We analyze the impact of these interactions on the efficiency ranking of two prevalent damages regimes: ex ante damages and ex post damages. We show that ex post damages induce information acquisition, thus potentially leading to more efficient decision-making. However, under an ex post regime, the existence of, and the prohibition of recovery for, unrequested benefits distort parties’ incentives to acquire information and engage in the activity. Taking into account the tradeoff between these effects, we show that the relative efficiency of ex ante versus ex post damages depends on the size of potential unrequested benefits, and how the ex ante damages are calculated by courts, specifically, whether they are truncated or not. The larger the potential unrequested benefits, the more likely nontruncated ex ante damages outperform ex post damages. In contrast, ex post damages are always more efficient than truncated ex ante damages.
Transgenerational effects of polychlorinated biphenyls: 2. Hypothalamic gene expression in rats
Authors: Gore Andrea C , Thompson Lindsay M , Bell Mandee , Mennigen Jan A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with well-established effects on reproduction and behavior in developmentally-exposed (F1) individuals. Because of evidence for transgenerational effects of EDCs on the neuroendocrine control of reproductive physiology, we tested the hypothesis that prenatal PCB exposure leads to unique hypothalamic gene-expression profiles in three generations. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were treated on gestational days 16 and 18 with the PCB mixture Aroclor 1221 (A1221), vehicle (3% DMSO in sesame oil), or estradiol benzoate (EB, 50 μg/kg), the latter a positive control for estrogenic effects of A1221. Maternal- and paternal-lineage F2 and F3 generations were bred using untreated partners. The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and arcuate nucleus (ARC), involved in the hypothalamic control of reproduction, were dissected from F1 to F3 females and males, RNA extracted, and gene expression measured in a qPCR array. We detected unique gene-expression profiles in each generation, which were sex- and lineage-specific. In the AVPV, treatment significantly changed 10, 25, and 11 transcripts in F1, F2, and F3 generations, whereas 10, 1, and 12 transcripts were changed in these generations in the ARC. In the F1 AVPV and ARC, most affected transcripts were decreased by A1221. In the F2 AVPV, most effects of A1221 were observed in females of the maternal lineage, whereas only Pomc expression changed in the F2 ARC (by EB). The F3 AVPV and ARC were mainly affected by EB. It is notable that results in one generation do not predict results in another, and that lineage was a major determinant in results. Thus, transient prenatal exposure of F1 rats to A1221 or EB can alter hypothalamic gene expression across three generations in a sex- and lineage-dependent manner, leading to the conclusion that the legacy of PCBs continues for generations.
Real-World Experience of Bamlanivimab for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Case-Control Study
Authors: Kumar Rebecca N , Wu En-Ling , Stosor Valentina , Moore William J , Achenbach Chad , Ison Michael G , Angarone Michael P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has strained healthcare systems with patient hospitalizations and deaths. Anti-spike monoclonal antibodies, including bamlanivimab, have demonstrated reduction in hospitalization rates in clinical trials, yet real-world evidence is lacking.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective case-control study across a single healthcare system of nonhospitalized patients, age 18 years or older, with documented positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing, risk factors for severe COVID-19, and referrals for bamlanivimab via emergency use authorization. Cases were defined as patients who received bamlanivimab; contemporary controls had a referral order placed but did not receive bamlanivimab. The primary outcome was 30-day hospitalization rate from initial positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Descriptive statistics, including χ 2 and Mann-Whitney U test, were performed. Multivariable logistic regression was used for adjusted analysis to evaluate independent associations with 30-day hospitalization.

Results
Between 30 November 2020 and 19 January 2021, 218 patients received bamlanivimab (cases), and 185 were referred but did not receive drug (controls). Thirty-day hospitalization rate was significantly lower among patients who received bamlanivimab (7.3% vs 20.0%, risk ratio [RR] 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .21–.64, P &lt; .001), and the number needed to treat was 8. On logistic regression, odds of hospitalization were increased in patients not receiving bamlanivimab and with a higher number of pre-specified comorbidities (odds ratio [OR] 4.19 ,95% CI: 1.31–2.16, P &lt; .001; OR 1.68, 95% CI: 2.12–8.30, P &lt; .001, respectively).

Conclusions
Ambulatory patients with COVID-19 who received bamlanivimab had a lower 30-day hospitalization than control patients in real-world experience. We identified receipt of bamlanivimab and fewer comorbidities as protective factors against hospitalization.
Bamlanivimab’s role in preventing hospitalization associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. In a real-world, retrospective study of 403 high-risk, ambulatory patients with COVID-19, receipt of bamlanivimab compared to no monoclonal antibody therapy was associated with lower 30-day hospitalization.
Influence of lighting environment on social preferences in sticklebacks from two different photic habitats. II. Shoaling and mate preferences of lab-bred fishes
Authors: Hiermes Meike , Marder Michael B , Reher Stephanie , Rick Ingolf P , Vitt Simon , Bakker Theo C M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDifferent environmental conditions may lead to diverse morphological, behavioral, and physiological adaptations of different populations of the same species. Lighting conditions, for example, vary vastly especially between aquatic habitats, and have been shown to elicit adaptations. The availability of short-wave ultraviolet (UV) light is especially fluctuating, as UV wavelengths are attenuated strongly depending on water properties. The island of North Uist, Scotland, comprises 2 differential habitat types, tea-stained and clear-water lakes, varying considerably in UV transmission. In previous studies, wild-caught 3-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus populations (3 populations of each habitat type) were tested with respect to their shoaling and mate preferences for fish viewed under UV-present and UV-absent conditions. The results revealed a habitat-dependent preference of UV cues during shoal choice (tea-stained populations: preference for UV-absent condition in tea-stained water; clear-water populations: no preference in clear-water) but an overall preference for UV-present conditions during mate choice. To assess genetic influences on these behavioral patterns, similar experiments were conducted with lab-bred F1-generations of the same stickleback populations that were raised in a common environment (i.e. standardized clear-water conditions). Offspring of sticklebacks from tea-stained lakes tended to prefer shoals viewed under UV-absent conditions (only in tea-stained water), while sticklebacks from clear-water lakes showed a significant preference for the shoal viewed under UV-present conditions in clear-water but not in tea-stained water. Mate-preference experiments demonstrated that females from the tea-stained lakes significantly preferred and females from the clear-water lakes preferred by trend the male viewed under UV-present conditions in the clear-water treatment. The results for both shoaling- and mate-preference tests were largely similar for wild-caught and lab-bred sticklebacks, thus hinting at a genetic basis for the preference patterns.
Matrix Metalloproteinase MMP-12 Promotes Macrophage Transmigration Across Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junctions and Increases Severity of Experimental Colitis
Authors: Nighot Meghali , Ganapathy Ashwinkumar Subramenium , Saha Kushal , Suchanec Eric , Castillo Eliseo F , Gregory Alyssa , Shapiro Steven , Ma Thomas , Nighot Prashant 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsMatrix metalloproteinases [MMPs] play an important role in extracellular matrix regulation during cell growth and wound healing. Increased expression of MMP-12 [human macrophage elastase] has been reported in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] which is characterised by the loss of epithelial tight junction [TJ] barrier function and an excessive inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MMP-12 in intestinal TJ barrier function and inflammation.MethodsWild type [WT] and MMP-12-/- mice were subjected to experimental acute or chronic dextran sodium sulphate [DSS] colitis. The mouse colonic permeability was measured in vivo by recycling perfusion of the entire colon and ex vivo by Ussing chamber studies.ResultsDSS administration increased colonic permeability through modulation of TJ proteins and also increased MMP-12 expression in the colonic mucosa of WT mice. The acute as well as chronic DSS-induced increase in colonic TJ permeability and the severity of DSS colitis was found to be markedly attenuated in MMP-12-/- mice. The resistance of MMP-12-/- mice to DSS colitis was characterised by reduced macrophage infiltration and transmigration, and reduced basement membrane laminin degradation. Further in vitro and in vivo studies show that macrophage transmigration across the epithelial layer is MMP-12 dependent and the epithelial TJ barrier is compromised during macrophage transmigration.Conclusions: Together, these data demonstrate that MMP-12 mediated degradation of basement membrane laminin, macrophage transmigration, and associated loss of intestinal TJ barrier are key pathogenic factors for intestinal inflammation.
Landscape Effects on Native Bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) Captured in Pheromone Traps for Noctuid Crop Pests (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Parys Katherine A , Elkins Blake H , Little Nathan S , Allen K Clint , Crow Whitney , Cook Don , Wright Karen W , Zhu Yu Cheng , Griswold Terry 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Noctuid pests, including tobacco budworm (Chloridea virescens (Fab.)) and bollworm (Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)), are significant pests of southern row crops including cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Moench.). This pest complex is seasonally monitored through Hartstack traps that are baited with synthetic lepidopteran pheromones across the southern United States. We examined bycatch from the noctuid traps deployed across the Mississippi Delta in 2015, 2016, and 2017 for the presence of bees. The most abundant species collected were honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), bumble bees (Bombus spp.), and long-horned bees (Melissodes spp.); these three genera accounted for 82.4% of specimens collected. We also evaluated the proportion of local- and landscape-level habitats on the abundance and richness of the bees caught as bycatch. The proportion of natural and semi-natural habitat affected the abundance and richness of bees collected at the landscape level, but not at more local scales. Additional research is needed to better understand these interactions between bycatch and landscape factors to minimize non-target collections.