bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade-offs? The Impact of WTO Accession on Intimate Partner Violence in Cambodia
Authors: Erten Bilge , Keskin Pinar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study the impact of trade-induced changes in labor market conditions on violence within the household. We exploit the local labor demand shocks generated by Cambodia’s WTO accession to assess how changes in the employment of women relative to men affected the risk of intimate partner violence. We document that men in districts facing larger tariff reductions experienced a significant decline in paid employment, whereas women in harder-hit districts increased their entry into the labor force. These changes in employment patterns triggered backlash effects by increasing intimate partner violence, without changes in marriage, fertility, psychological distress, or household consumption.
Do Academically Struggling Students Benefit from Continued Student Loan Access? Evidence from University and Beyond
Authors: Chu Yu-Wei Luke , Cuffe Harold E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We estimate the effects of student loan access on educational attainment and labor market returns in New Zealand. We exploit the introduction of a national policy mandating a 50% pass rate for student loan renewals using a regression discontinuity design. Retaining loan access increases reenrollment for students around the threshold, and a majority eventually graduate with a bachelor's degree within seven years. We find that retaining student loan access leads to large labor market returns for struggling students. The additional debt from further borrowing is small relative to the earnings returns and declines quickly due to faster repayment.
National Human Rights Institutions and Access to Justice for National Minorities in Europe
Authors: Tudisco Vincenzo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article focuses on the role that National Human Rights Institutions play in guaranteeing access to justice for national minorities. Based on the osce hcnm Graz Recommendations on Access to Justice and National Minorities, this study aims at identifying commons issues and good practices by comparing rules and practices concerning minority representation in nhris, nhris’ focus on national minority issues, and nhris’ role in providing access to justice for national minorities. Separate subsections cover collective-groups’ complaints and the relevance of groups during investigations; regional offices; and websites, languages, and online complaints. The conclusion highlights that protecting access to justice for national minorities entails both more ‘focus’ and ‘access’. More focus should be guaranteed by relevant legislation and nhris’ annual reports through separate chapters or sections on minorities. More access includes minority representation in nhris, regional offices, groups’ complaints, multilingual and easy-to-access websites, as well as online tools for complaints.
The Limited Role of the European Union in the Management and Governance of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Grogan Joelle 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Building on two global Symposia hosted by the Verfassungsblog and convened by the author, the 2020 “COVID-19 and States of Emergency” and the 2021 “Power and the COVID-19 Pandemic”, in addition to the findings of the Democracy Reporting International ‘Rule of Law Stress Test’ which surveyed EU Member States’ responses to the pandemic, this article investigates the impact of the pandemic on governance and legal systems within the EU, and evaluates the actions taken by EU institutions and national governments in response to the health crisis against the standards of the rule of law.
Identifying Major Actors of Shi’i Revival in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan
Authors: Goyushov Altay , Rovshanoglu Kanan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article is an attempt to describe, analyze, and evaluate the major players who contributed to the rise of transnational Shi’i activism in post-Soviet Azerbaijan. The article is based on a chronology of the most important events, and internet resources, personal contacts, observations, and interviews have been the primary source of this research.
Georgian Israelites or Jews of Georgia
Authors: Kakitelashvili Ketevan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The paper explores the evolution of Georgian-Jewish identity in different political, ideological, and cultural contexts from the late nineteenth to the early twenty-first centuries. It is focused on the beginning of the twentieth century when religious and national dimensions of Georgian-Jewish identity were developed as competing identity models. This paper addresses the impact of these identity models on contemporary Georgian-Jewish identity.
Rapid Change in Surface-Based Temperature Inversions across the World during the Last Three Decades
Authors: Zeng Huiyu , Tian Pengfei , Zhang Min , Cao Xianjie , Liang Jiening , Zhang Lei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Surface-based inversions (SBIs) are significant and common natural phenomena in the planetary boundary layer, and they play essential roles in weather and climate. This study used radiosonde data from 493 radiosonde stations worldwide from the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive during 1989–2019 to investigate the variations in surface-based inversions from a global perspective. The results indicated that, from 1989 to 2019, the SBI frequency increased and the SBI strength variations with fluctuations and SBI depth decreased over the study period. However, the spatial distribution of frequency, strength, and depth did not have consistent trends. In comparison with the Southern Hemisphere, SBIs in the Northern Hemisphere occurred more frequently and were stronger and deeper. In terms of stations over land and the ocean, we found that the SBI frequency over the ocean has increased faster than that over land in the past 15 years and that the SBI strength over land was almost 2 times that of the ocean. The amplitudes of the annual cycle of SBI characteristics over land were greater than over the ocean in both hemispheres, and the frequency, strength, and depth were greater over land. This study investigated surface-based inversions from a global perspective and filled a gap in the current research on SBIs.
Linking Equatorial African Precipitation to Kelvin Wave Processes in the CP4-Africa Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Simulation
Authors: Ayesiga Godwin , Holloway Christopher E. , Williams Charles J. R. , Yang Gui-Ying , Stratton Rachel , Roberts Malcolm 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Observational studies have shown the link between convectively coupled Kelvin waves (CCKWs) and eastward-propagating rainfall anomalies. We explore the mechanisms in which CCKWs modulate the propagation of precipitation from west to east over equatorial Africa. We examine a multiyear state-of-the-art Africa-wide climate simulation from a convection-permitting model (CP4A) along with a parameterized global driving-model simulation (G25) and evaluate both against observations (TRMM) and ERA-Interim (ERA-I), with a focus on precipitation and Kelvin wave activity. We show that the two important related processes through which CCKWs influence the propagation of convection and precipitation from west to east across equatorial Africa are 1) low-level westerly wind anomalies that lead to increased low-level convergence, and 2) westerly moisture flux anomalies that amplify the lower- to midtropospheric specific humidity. We identify Kelvin wave activity using zonal wind and geopotential height. Using lagged composite analysis, we show that modeled precipitation over equatorial Africa can capture the eastward-propagating precipitation signal that is associated with CCKWs. Composite analysis on strong (high-amplitude) CCKWs shows that both CP4A and G25 capture the connection between the eastward-propagating precipitation anomalies and CCKWs. In comparison to TRMM, however, the precipitation signal is weaker in G25, while CP4A has a more realistic signal. Results show that both CP4A and G25 generally simulate the key horizontal structure of CCKWs, with anomalous low-level westerlies in phase with positive precipitation anomalies. These findings suggest that for operational forecasting, it is important to monitor the day-to-day Kelvin wave activity across equatorial Africa.
Large-Scale Environments of Successive Atmospheric River Events Leading to Compound Precipitation Extremes in California
Authors: Fish Meredith A. , Done James M. , Swain Daniel L. , Wilson Anna M. , Michaelis Allison C. , Gibson Peter B. , Ralph F. Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSuccessive atmospheric river (AR) events—known as AR families—can result in prolonged and elevated hydrological impacts relative to single ARs due to the lack of recovery time between periods of precipitation. Despite the outsized societal impacts that often stem from AR families, the large-scale environments and mechanisms associated with these compound events remain poorly understood. In this work, a new reanalysis-based 39-yr catalog of 248 AR family events affecting California between 1981 and 2019 is introduced. Nearly all (94%) of the interannual variability in AR frequency is driven by AR family versus single events. Usingk-means clustering on the 500-hPa geopotential height field, six distinct clusters of large-scale patterns associated with AR families are identified. Two clusters are of particular interest due to their strong relationship with phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). One of these clusters is characterized by a strong ridge in the Bering Sea and Rossby wave propagation, most frequently occurs during La Niña and neutral ENSO years, and is associated with the highest cluster-average precipitation across California. The other cluster, characterized by a zonal elongation of lower geopotential heights across the Pacific basin and an extended North Pacific jet, most frequently occurs during El Niño years and is associated with lower cluster-average precipitation across California but with a longer duration. In contrast, single AR events do not show obvious clustering of spatial patterns. This difference suggests that the potential predictability of AR families may be enhanced relative to single AR events, especially on subseasonal to seasonal time scales.
Interaction between Upper-Ocean Submesoscale Currents and Convective Turbulence
Authors: Verma Vicky , Pham Hieu T. , Sarkar Sutanu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The interaction between upper-ocean submesoscale fronts evolving with coherent features, such as vortex filaments and eddies, and convective turbulence generated by surface cooling of varying magnitude is investigated. Here, we decompose the flow into finescale (FS) and submesoscale (SMS) fields explicitly to investigate the energy pathways and the strong interaction between them. Most of the surface cooling flux is transferred to the FS kinetic energy through the FS buoyancy flux carried by the convective plumes. Overall, the SMS strengthens due to surface cooling. The frontogenetic tendency at the submesoscale increases, which counters the enhanced horizontal diffusion by convection-induced turbulence. Downwelling/upwelling strengthens, and the peak SMS vertical buoyancy flux increases as surface cooling is increased. Furthermore, the production of FS energy by SMS velocity gradients (the interscale transfer term, which mediates forward energy cascade) is significant, up to half of the production by convection. Examination of potential vorticity reveals that surface cooling promotes higher levels of secondary symmetric instability (SI), which coexists with the persistent baroclinic instability. The forward interscale transfer is found to increase in the regions with SI.
Inclusiveness of Poverty Reduction: A Study of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
Authors: Sahoo Priyabrata , Pradhan Kalandi Charan , Nayak Tapaswini 
Published: December 2021

This study examines the inclusiveness of poverty reduction among the newly formed states of undivided Andhra Pradesh by looking into the poverty among the different socio-religious groups both in the rural and urban regions during the 2000’s. The major proposition that has highlighted in this study: which socio-religious groups are more poverty ridden in the undivided Andhra Pradesh and its bifurcated states (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana)? The National Sample Survey Organisation unit level data (61st and 68th rounds) on Consumption Expenditure Survey have been used for the analysis. The result reveals that Telangana is having lower poverty level than Andhra Pradesh and records a faster reduction in poverty during 2004–2005 to 2011–2012. Andhra Pradesh constitutes around 70% of the total poor of the undivided Andhra Pradesh. This study found that most of the Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes among the social groups and Muslims among the religious groups are more vulnerable and having higher head count ratio than the state average. Although several welfare programmes and schemes have already been implemented to eradicate poverty and inequality, still it is not effective in the ground level. Based on this argument, our study suggests that the schemes should focus on different sections of the people irrespective of rural and urban sectors in both the recently bifurcated states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. JEL Codes: I 32, D 63, P 25
Evaluation of the T-SPOT.TB test, oxidation-related factors, and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ma Liangliang , Chen Xuelin , Weng Shengfeng , Yang Xinting 
Published: December 2021

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of the T cell spot (T-SPOT.TB) test, oxidation-related factors (ORF), and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) with type 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 560 patients with PTB admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to April 2021 were retrospectively included in this study. Of these, 232 patients with PTB and type 2 diabetes were assigned to the combined group, and 328 patients without complications were assigned to the PTB group. Results Areas under the curve (AUCs) for the number of spot-forming cells in CFP10 and ESAT-6 test panels detecting PTB with type 2 diabetes were 0.892 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.831–0.921) and 0.893 (95% CI 0.841–0.935), respectively. CFP10 combined with ESAT-6 had the highest diagnostic value, with sensitivity and specificity levels and an AUC of 87.73%, 88.93%, and 0.942 (95% CI 0.907–0.967), respectively. The levels of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the combined group were lower than in PTB and control groups. Conclusion The combination of T-SPOT.TB, ORF, and LL-37 in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with type 2 diabetes mellitus has a high diagnostic value and clinical application value.
Photovoice Exploration of Frontline Nurses’ Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Rana Ruhina , Kozak Nicole , Black Agnes 
Published: December 2021

Background The current COVID-19 global pandemic has had a profound impact on the health care system and on the physical and psychological well-being of nurses. Previous pandemics have led to nurses leaving the profession. Therefore, it is important that we hear the voices of nurses who experienced the pandemic on the frontlines to influence future planning and policy development. Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore frontline nurses’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic through photos, narratives, and group discussions. Methods Twelve nurses in two groups shared their lived experiences through Photovoice, a participatory action approach. Photos and narratives were collected over five weeks per group. One group at the beginning of the pandemic and the other group six months later. Focus group discussions were held following each group. Results Five themes emerged from the photovoice data: (1) The work of nursing; (2) Miscommunication; (3) Fatigue; (4) Resilience; and (5) Hope for the future. Various subthemes were noted within each theme to delineate the lived experience of frontlines nurses working in the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions The voices of nurses and their experiences on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic need to be considered in pandemic planning and integrated into health care policy, guidelines, and structural changes.
Dynamic assessment of agro-industrial sector efficiency and productivity changes among G20 nations
Authors: Feng Ying , Lu Ching-Cheng , Lin I-Fang , Lin Jia-Yan 
Published: December 2021

In this study, the Group of 20 (G20; excluding EU economies) were selected as the research objects, and the dynamic network slacks-based model (SBM) was used to evaluate the impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and forested area on the efficiency and productivity of the industrial and agricultural sectors from 2011 to 2015. Empirical results showed that: (1) The efficiency of the industrial sector was superior to that of the agricultural sector among the G20 countries. Argentina, Australia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, and the US maintained the best industrial sector efficiency values, falling on the efficiency boundary, whereas Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Indonesia, South Korea, Russia, and the US had the best agricultural sector efficiency values. (2) Argentina, Indonesia, and the US had the best overall efficiency value of G20 countries. Saudi Arabia (0.0303), China (0.2721), and the UK (0.2809) had the lowest efficiency values. (3) Only France and Germany had higher than average total factor productivity, while Indonesia and Saudi Arabia had declining industrial and agricultural sector productivity. (4) The proportion of forested area (546.02%) was the most important variable to be improved due to the influence of desert topography, followed by the proportion of agricultural output values (60.86%) and the proportion of industrial output values (38.02%) in some countries.
Infrastructures Development, Environmental Quality and Economic Growth in Nigeria
Authors: Ojo Ademola E. , Amassoma Ditimi 
Published: December 2021

The Earth as a planet supports human life, living and activities, attracting extensive and intensive socioeconomic influences on the economy. Such activities like infrastructures development exerts increasing and divers environmental quality concerns and hence the economic growth. While these variables appear interrelated due to many factors including population growth, urbanisation, etc. However, the relationship between infrastructures, environment and economic growth is not largely known especially in Nigeria. This study therefore investigated their relationship using time series data between 1990 and 2019 by adopting Co-integration estimation technique through the Bound test approach of auto regressive distributive lag method using percentage share of building and construction sector of gross domestic product (GDP), carbon dioxide, population growth GDP growth rate, etc. as variables. The study revealed that the infrastructures development and environmental quality explain economic growth and have both short and long run relationships while specifically population growth and agriculture, forestry, fishing, value added variables are positively significant to economic growth. The findings evidences of both short and long run relationships among the variables are significant and it is consequently recommended that new roles for infrastructure sets and production processes should consider environmental quality mindsets to achieve positive green economy outcomes in Nigeria. JEL Classifications: O18, O44, Q5
A pilot study about methods to reduce prescription errors in a chemotherapy day unit – Aspects to consider in pharmacist verification process
Authors: Kähkönen Asta , Eestilä Sanna , Kvarnström Kirsi , Nevala Riikka 
Published: December 2021

Introduction Prescribing errors can happen unintentionally during the prescribing process, or when choosing a treatment therapy. Prescribing errors have the highest prevalence amongst common error types related to chemotherapy medication in outpatient settings. According to the Joint Commission International (JCI), prescriptions should be reviewed for appropriateness by someone else than the prescriber or practitioner to prevent medication errors. Aim The study was aimed to map out the existing type and amount of occurring deviations in prescribing and to clarify the current chemotherapy prescribing practices at the Comprehensive Cancer Center at Helsinki University Hospital. Similar research has not been published in Finland before. Methods and patients The researcher selected patients randomly from the daily outpatient attendance list following a predetermined numerical order. Data was collected by conducting a medication verification review in line with the JCI guidance by a clinical pharmacist the day before the patient's clinic appointment using the available medical documentation. A clinical pharmacist evaluated findings from prescriptions and contacted an oncologist if the findings were considered clinically significant. Results A clinical pharmacist verified prescriptions from 101 patients for appropriateness and found discrepancies in four percent of the prescriptions ( n = 4/101). The oncologist approved 50 percent of the suggested amendments by the pharmacist as clinically significant ( n = 2/4). The study revealed that patient’s regular home medications were not always correctly recorded into the database, so verification of medicine interactions could not be trusted as completely accurate. It took on average 16 min per patient to perform a medication verification review. The process was slowed down by the lack of detailed enough protocols for this purpose and the current patient care record system not having structural formatting of data entry. Conclusions Verification of prescriptions provides a tool to identify prescribing discrepancies and to prevent unintended medication errors affecting patients. The development of detailed protocols and guidelines, as well as an appropriate training program, would support pharmacists in compiling clinical medication reviews for chemotherapy patients. More research is needed to further develop the operating model in Finland. Information gathered from this study can be used for identifying training requirements.