bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culturally Responsive and Sustaining Pedagogies
Authors: Gibson Rachel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Part 3: Beyond the Songs contains three chapters. “Culturally Responsive and Sustaining Pedagogies” presents summaries of these teaching approaches alongside strategies to responsibly integrate the repertoire into school curriculums. “Music in Central America” is a brief overview of the diverse and rich music genres of the region and how historic events introduced, shaped, and eradicated music traditions. Genres described include music in the classic Mayan period, folkloric dance, Spanish music, the marimba, Nueva Canción, Garifuna music, Miskitu music, and current traditions. “A Brief History of Central America” provides a historical context for the song collection. Beginning with the first civilizations and ending with current events, this chapter chronicles the political history of the region, including the involvement of the U.S. government in business affairs and civil wars. This overview allows the reader to develop an awareness of the effects of colonization, continued foreign involvement, current political situations, and a basic understanding of human migration patterns from Central America to North America.
Informal Accountability, Distrust, and Speaking Out
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Accountability did not operate solely through formal audits, institutions or legal processes; informal and public forms of accountability were also particularly important, not least as a pressure on Parliament, the East India Company and other institutions (often themselves seen as corrupt), to increase their oversight of officers. Such public accountability could take many forms but the chapter focuses on people (often officials themselves) who made public revelations when they felt that formal accountability mechanisms had failed. These men might now be called ‘whistle-blowers’ but in the pre-modern period their behaviour struggled to achieve legitimacy. The chapter surveys the variety of their motives and shows how they fought to expose and remedy corruption, often using print to do so, before sketching the negative ways in which their institutions reacted to their complaints and publicity.
National Identities and Nation-building
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates just how preoccupied contemporary liberal democracies are with the impact of immigration on social cohesion, and how they have responded to such concerns with nation-building policies and an emphasis on shared values. More specifically, four country cases are considered, namely Canada, Denmark, France, and the UK. Similarities and differences in how they have responded to concerns about diversity and social cohesion are explained. These responses invoke nation-building, relying to various degrees on nationalist, liberal, republican, and multicultural community conceptions, that is, conceptions of the social basis for intergroup relations and cooperation.
Social Justice
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to normative political philosophy and introduces and defends the liberal egalitarian framework that provides the normative basis for assessments of policies that aim to promote social cohesion in diverse liberal democracies. Apart from the basic liberties, this framework includes a concern for equality, where a distinction between equality of opportunity and luck egalitarianism is introduced, and versions of each are developed, and it is pointed out that both these egalitarian theories can be used to support the conclusions about immigration and integration policies that are developed in the book. It is also argued that both theories should be sensitive to inequality of religious and cultural opportunities and that the concern for equality sometimes speaks in favour of multicultural policies.
Global Justice
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns to a normative premise in the social cohesion argument for restrictive immigration policies, according to which states should bring about (substantive) equality. This premise assumes a particular version of egalitarianism, according to which equality has domestic scope only (the focus is, after all, only on the impact of immigration in the receiving society). However, it is argued that equality has global scope. It is also argued that immigration, and in particular South–North migration, has a positive impact on global equality, due to the fact that migrants can achieve a higher standard of living and tend to send back remittances to their families in their country of origin. A number of objections to this argument are also considered, and it is argued that while immigration policy is not the most important policy for improving global equality, more open borders nevertheless have a role to play.
Exiles as Stakeholders
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how much influence exiles are entitled to wield in the homeland. I situate this question in the broader boundary problem in democratic theory: how to determine who is entitled to participate in collective decision-making. I examine two leading principles of inclusion, and then elaborate on and apply the stakeholder principle: insofar as exiles have particular interests at stake, they are entitled to a correspondingly weighty say. The stakeholder principle admits of a hierarchy of stake and say, which protects against the moral hazards of ‘long-distance nationalism’ while reaffirming that identification alone entitles exiles to some say. I outline three types of interests exiles can have at stake and illustrate the competing interests within a stakeholder community, and the problem of some exiles having disproportionate influence. The stakeholder principle correctly diagnoses worries about ‘armchair revolutionaries’: the problem with exile influence is not when exiles have a say, but when they have too much of a say relative to others.
Conclusion
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes the argument: it outlines the roles exiles play in the homeland and the corrective functions these roles can perform. It explores two tensions that run through exile politics: first, between exiles’ duties to assist those in the homeland and their entitlement to pursue their own ideals and interests; and second, between exiles’ reliance on third parties to enable exiles’ different roles and their ability to correct asymmetries with third parties. It concludes by briefly considers the implications of exile politics for duties to exiles.
Kaplan’sSystem and Process
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this note Wight critically analyses Morton Kaplan’s System and Process in International Politics. While ‘positivist theorists’ aspiring to scientific rigour have belittled philosophical works on topics such as the just war or natural law as ‘tautologous or platitudinous’, these theorists have themselves constructed ‘new edifices of tautology and platitude’. Kaplan, for example, restates ‘simple and obvious truths, in the impressive special language of his theory’. Wight lists other shortcomings. Kaplan’s ‘historical limitedness’ reflects his ‘small range of historical reference’. Kaplan’s reliance on the abstractions of game theory leads to ‘the unintentional effect’ of ‘trivialization’ of ‘the awful issues of peace and war’. Furthermore, Kaplan’s ‘analytical jargon atomises and disintegrates reality’, and this results in ‘dehumanization’ and ‘hypostatization’ of the abstractions. Finally, ‘Objectivity becomes moral neutrality’, with ‘moral content … drained off, and then added again to the stew in pinches of recognition as “parameters” or “values”’.
The Causes of War
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis essay focuses on the various motives of decision-makers responsible for state policy. While smaller and weaker powers often choose to capitulate to threats, states prepared to use force have been inspired by distinct combinations of motives. These have included winning independence, imposing domination, promoting allegiance to an ideology, gaining economic advantages, and resisting the rise to supremacy of a political-military competitor. Fear of the loss of security and autonomy may lead to preventive war or intervention to maintain a favourable balance of power. While leaders as prominent as Napoleon and Bismarck have referred to deterministic models of causation in some circumstances, ‘the motive of mutual fear’ may predominate. Compared to their important role in medieval litigation, irredentist wars intended to settle legal and territorial claims have become vestigial, but they may be regarded as modern versions of wars for rights.
Correspondence about war inThe Listener, October–November 1955
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractJohn Connell responded to Martin Wight’s BBC broadcast, ‘War and International Politics’, published in The Listener, 13 October 1955, by asserting that Wight had presented a ‘misleading and incomplete definition’ of ‘the aim of foreign policy’—that is, in Wight’s words, ‘to preserve the balance of power’. In Connell’s view, ‘the basic purpose of foreign policy’ is ‘to preserve and enhance the security, prosperity, and welfare of this country’. Connell accused Wight of supplying ‘the very grammar of appeasement’ at a time ‘in which a whole new vast wave of appeasement is imminent’. Wight replied that Connell’s definition of the goal of foreign policy was ‘included’ in his own, because the balance of power is ‘the condition of the independence and liberties of states’. Wight observed that appeasement is ‘a language’ that he ‘never learned’, and that ‘western diplomacy at the moment does not lead’ him ‘to believe that “a whole new vast wave of appeasement is imminent”’.
Fortune’s Banter
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this essay Wight surveyed concepts and events from Graeco-Roman antiquity to modern times dealing with the impact on international politics of chance, destiny, fate, fortune, freedom, irony, luck, necessity, providence, tragedy, and will. The ancient sources cited include Horace, Plutarch, Polybius, Thucydides, and Virgil. The political philosophers considered range from Machiavelli to Burke and Marx. Among the reflective political leaders cited are Bismarck, Cavour, Cromwell, Gladstone, Lincoln, Lloyd George, and Napoleon. The twentieth-century decision-makers quoted extend from Adenauer, Churchill, de Gaulle, Dulles, and Roosevelt to Hitler and Mussolini. Wight distinguished between ‘opportunism of ends’ and ‘opportunism of means’. Opportunism that creates propitious circumstances may overlap with opportunism that waits for—and prepares for—a favourable time and seizes the chance at hand. Unintended, unexpected, and ironical consequences abound in international politics.
Review of Hugh Ross Williamson,Charles and Cromwell(London: Duckworth, 1946)
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWight notes that Williamson’s account of the English Civil War follows ‘the romantic view of history’ as ‘the relationship or interaction of characters’ in sometimes tragic circumstances. Williamson ‘shows a good dramatic sense’, Wight observes, in his narrative of events involving Cromwell and King Charles I of England; but the book fails to show insight on ‘the deeper dialectic of conservative and revolutionary psychology. It illuminates neither the particular clash between the Anglicanism of the King and the Independency of the Lieutenant-General, nor the general problem of political morals in a revolutionary situation.’ Cromwell and Charles were both ‘compelled to political methods which in private circumstances they would have condemned’. Owing in part to Williamson’s ‘life-long Cromwellian fervour’, the book does not attain ‘a high level of political literacy’, nor does it demonstrate deep discernment about the history of these conflicts.
Review of E. H. Carr,The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939(London: Macmillan, 1946)
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractProfessor Carr relies on an antithesis: ‘Every political situation contains mutually incompatible elements of Utopia and reality, of morality and power.’ Carr provides ‘the most comprehensive modern restatement, other than Marxist or Fascist, of the Hobbesian view of politics. It is from politics that both morality and law derive their authority. For Hobbes, the kingdom of the fairies was the Roman Catholic Church, seducing mankind with its enchantments. For Professor Carr, it is the League of Nations, which is no other than the ghost of the deceased Pax Britannica.’ Carr’s tome is ‘the one lasting intellectual monument of the policy of appeasement’. The first edition, published in 1939, praised Chamberlain’s policy as ‘a reaction of realism against Utopianism’, and defended the 1938 Munich agreement whereby Britain, France, Germany, and Italy agreed to the cession to Berlin of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. In the 1946 second edition ‘these passages are omitted’, Wight notes. ‘Wielding the realist critique at the expense of the moral critique, it is natural that Professor Carr should have moved since 1939 from support of collaboration with Germany to support of collaboration with Russia. But the Teheran–Yalta theory of world relationships is itself being swept from present realism into past Utopianism.’ In Wight’s view, ‘The student could have no better introduction to the fundamental problems of politics, provided always that he reads it side by side with Mr. Leonard Woolf’s deadly reply in “The War for Peace”.’
Review of Raymond Aron,Peace and War: A Theory of International Relationstranslated by Richard Howard and Annette Baker Fox (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967)
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWight suggests that Aron’s book, first published in 1962, has not won the recognition it deserves, owing in part to ‘Anglo-American intellectual insularity’ and ‘the massiveness of the book itself’. Wight praises Aron for grounding his work in history: ‘Rich in historical reference, it abounds equally in acute analysis.’ The book raises the questions of preventing and containing nuclear war. ‘Cautiously, tentatively, himself a political Clausewitz, Aron accumulates the considerations which may make it possible that a nuclear war would not expand to its fullest violence.’ Wight shares Aron’s judgement that, ‘if war should come, we can still seek to restrict violence. Aron repeatedly asserts the indeterminacy of politics. Diplomacy is the realm of the contingent and the unforeseen, and the statesman’s supreme virtue is prudence, which means acting in accordance with the concrete data of the particular situation.’
Religious Disagreement Is Not Unique
Authors: Turnbull Margaret Greta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses the fact that in discussions of religious disagreement, some epistemologists have suggested that religious disagreement is distinctive. More specifically, they have argued that religious disagreement has certain features which make it possible for theists to resist conciliatory arguments that they must adjust their religious beliefs in response to finding that peers disagree with them. The chapter considers what its author takes to be the two most prominent features which are claimed to make religious disagreement distinct: religious evidence and evaluative standards in religious contexts. It argues that these two features fail to distinguish religious disagreement in the ways they have been taken to. However, it shows that the view that religious disagreement is not a unique form of disagreement makes religious disagreement less, rather than more, worrisome to the theist who would prefer to rationally remain steadfast in her religious beliefs.
The Apologist’s Dilemma
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 considers how, in an intellectual setting that calls for humility, the religious apologist faces a dilemma about the rational force of her arguments. She will typically think that they render her own beliefs rational, even in the face of disagreement. Should the apologist think that those who disagree with her—even after hearing her arguments—are rational in denying her beliefs, or in suspending judgment about them? Both affirmative and negative answers to these questions come with potential costs—thus, the dilemma. One path subjects the apologist to charges of arrogance, suggesting she has “knockdown arguments” for her views. The second path threatens to make the apologist’s enterprise incoherent, undermining the very beliefs for which she argues. The chapter aims to show that the apologist cannot sensibly isolate her views about religious disagreement and apologetic strategy from her views about other issues in epistemology and the philosophy of religion.
Continuous Improvement
Authors: Toner John , Montero Barbara , Moran Aidan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
How do great athletes defy the power law of practice, according to which improvements in skill eventually plateau? To solve this puzzle, this book presents a theory of ‘continuous improvement’ which emphasizes the role that conscious processes play in maintaining and advancing skilled performers’ movement capacities. It argues that continuous improvement requires the use of processes such as abstract thought and bodily awareness in order to strategically alter and improve habitual movements in response to contextual demands. The book also elucidates a number of strategies that might be used to improve an athlete’s attentional control and help them switch their focus when they realize they have adopted task-irrelevant thoughts. Finally, it presents a range of methodological approaches that might be used by researchers to better understand the attentional flexibility that characterizes skilled action across training and performance contexts.
Deliberate practice
Authors: Toner John , Gail Montero Barbara , Moran Aidan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A large volume of research has shown that acquiring expertise in any domain is heavily influenced by the amount of deliberate practice (DP) the performer engages in over time. This chapter provides an overview of Ericsson’s highly influential theory of deliberate practice (DP) and argues that DP is essential if performers are to maintain and improve their skill levels over time. One of the primary goals is to distinguish between mechanical practice and DP. In doing so, the chapter posits that mechanical practice involves mindless repetition of well-learned skills while DP involves the use of reflective and self-regulatory processes to identify and correct errors (movement patterns that produce undesirable motor outputs) and to inspire exploratory behaviour. The chapter also argues that DP activities are often characterized by experimentation, playfulness, and enjoyment and that these are important components of expertise because they increase one’s motivation or desire to stick with difficult tasks.
Enforcement
Authors: Micheler Eva 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the rules governing the enforcement of the duties imposed on directors, distinguishing between private and public enforcement. Directors owe their duties to the company and so the company is responsible for enforcing these duties. The law prefers such litigation decisions to be taken by the company through its normal process. The courts only interfere if that process cannot be made to work independently of the wrong-doers. It is unlikely for a derivative claim to succeed against the wishes of an independent majority and so it is right to observe that the shareholders are the main focus of the law. But here too the law is more nuanced and integrates the interests of minority shareholders and creditors. The duties of the directors are also enforced through the means of public law. The chapter then shows that public law sanctions particularly attach in relation to duties that enhance the interest of third parties interacting with the company. This leads to the conclusion that these interests are at least formally better protected than those of the shareholders.
Introduction
Authors: Brooks Francesca 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Introduction situates David Jones’s work as a poet–artist within the broader currents of high and late modernism, particularly within the context of a tradition of medievalism in twentieth-century poetry. It draws on Alexander Nagel’s conception of the medieval modern to show how Jones approaches the culture and history of the early Middle Ages as a form of live material open to play and adaptation. The Introduction also reframes our understanding of David Jones’s perception of himself as Anglo-Welsh in relation to changing attitudes to early medieval Welsh (Celtic) and English (Anglo-Saxon/Teutonic) history over the course of his lifetime. This discussion introduces the monograph’s central argument: as a poet of the medieval modern, Jones plays with and reworks early medieval English histories, narratives, and artefacts in order to challenge the singularity and exceptionalism of an ‘Anglo-Saxon’ canon.
The New Constitutional Architecture of Intellectual Property
Authors: Mylly Tuomas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter sketches some of the central features of the transforming constitutional architecture of intellectual property. It studies the characteristics of this constitutional development from the perspective of social acceleration, in particular. This enables the discussion of novel developments of IP, beyond the traditional constitutional treatments and the idea that human rights could re-establish the lost balance of IP. The chapter argues that the prevailing new constitutionalist architecture of IP is best understood through the role of constitutional norms in both accelerating and decelerating change. In particular, it contends that the judicature, the executive, and the private sphere increasingly replace legislators as the key drivers of IP policies; that locking-in mechanisms like the three-step test and international investment agreements (IIAs) provide the needed stability for the acceleration developments; and that the notion of structural proprietarian bias captures the spirit of the prevailing multipolar IP constitutionalism.
The Second Transformation of the International Intellectual Property Regime
Authors: Yu Peter K 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the structural changes that international investment norms have posed to the international intellectual property regime. It begins by documenting the regime’s first transformation by the adoption of the TRIPS Agreement and the marriage of intellectual property and trade through the World Trade Organization. The chapter then explores the regime’s potential second transformation when bilateral, regional, and plurilateral agreements and new investor-state disputes have caused international investment norms to intrude into the intellectual property domain. It continues to identify three sets of problems that have emerged from such intrusion. The chapter concludes by proposing three solutions to curtail inappropriate and unnecessary intrusions and to improve the engagement of international intellectual property and investment norms.