bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wilms' tumor suppressor WT1 regulates Interleukin‐10 expression in macrophagocytic cells
Authors: Bondke Anja , Kirschner Karin M , Scholz Holger 
Published: June 2021

The Wilms' tumor gene, WT1, encodes a zinc finger transcription factor which functions both as a tumor suppressor and a key regulator of embryonic development. WT1 is also expressed in hematopoietic progenitor cells and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. However, expression of WT1 by mature monocytes/ macrophages and its potential role in immune function has not been studied previously.We show that WT1 is upregulated in monocytic cells in response to proinflammatory stimulation and enhances interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) expression.Silencing of WT1 by siRNA transfection of a mesonephric cell line reduced IL‐10 mRNA levels (cDNA microarray, real‐time PCR) by 80% compared to transfection with a non‐targeting siRNA.IL‐10 mRNA was increased >15‐fold in cells with inducible expression of the transcriptionally active WT1(‐KTS) protein. In contrast, the WT1(+KTS) isoform did not significantly change IL‐10 mRNA levels.Moreover, IL‐10 and Wt1 were detected in monocytes from healthy volunteers.Treatment of murine monocytic J774.1 cells with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to activate the innate immune response caused an approx. 5‐fold increase in Wt1 mRNA accompanied by an enhanced IL‐10 expression.These findings suggest a novel role of WT1 in the regulation of the innate immune response.
Progesterone (P4) modulates cytokines expression in temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Authors: Puri Jyoti , Bellinger Larry , Kramer Phillip 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVESEvidence suggests that symptoms of TMJD vary over menstrual cycle indicating that changes in steroid sex hormone modulate TMJ pain. The objective of the study is to determine modulatory role of P4 on cytokine/chemokine expression in TMJ.METHODSSprague Dawley ovariectomized female rats were divided in 2 groups with 1 group receiving progesterone pellets & subcutaneous P4 injections to recapitulate physiological plasma levels of progesterone. Groups were subdivided further & were given bilateral TMJ injections of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or saline within the superior joint space of TMJ during diestrous‐2 and proestrous phase. So 4 groups include P4/diestrous‐2/saline, P4/diestrous‐2/CFA, P4/proestrous/saline & P4/proestrous/CFA.Rats were sacrificed 24 hrs later. The cytokine/chemokine expression was analyzed in retrodiscal tissue, trigeminal ganglia & subnucleus caudalis using arrays.RESULTSThe transcript expression of cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐1<â > decreased by 50 & 82 fold &chemokines CCL3, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL3 decreased by 103, 91, 86, 118 and 155 fold, comparing the P4/diestrous‐2/saline group to P4/proestrous/saline group suggesting P4 modulates expression of these molecules in TMJ.CONCLUSIONThe data suggest that cyclical plasma levels of P4 in females can modulate cytokines/chemokines expression in TMJ. Supported by NIDCR DE016059‐01 (LLB) & DE15372 (PRK).
Validation of a totally implantable blood flow, blood pressure and temperature biotelemetry system
Authors: Pitsillides Koullis , Axelsson Michael 
Published: June 2021

The EndoGear totally implantable multichannel biotelemetry system was validated using standard bench‐top instruments. Although this biotelemetry system has already been used in a variety of animal models, it had not been validated over a wider range of heart rates, blood flow velocities, blood pressures and temperatures.Positive displacement pulsatile waveforms were generated using a bellows‐type pump and reference blood flow velocity was measured with a bench‐top Doppler flowmeter (Indus Instruments, 20MHz Doppler flowmeter module), while reference blood pressure was measured with a solid‐state blood pressure catheter (Millar Instruments, model SPR524). Similarly, reference temperature was measured with a calibrated temperature sensor. The pump rate, stroke volume and pressure‐chamber pressure were adjusted to simulate various physiological levels and were recorded on a computer. Temperature was varied separately, in a temperature controlled water bath, and the transmitted temperature data were recorded.The results show that the EndoGear implant is capable of accurately measure flow velocity, pressure and rate waveforms in a large physiological range. This makes it useful in studies where blood flow velocities are in the range of 5‐100 cm/s, blood pressures are in the range of 0 to 300 mmHg, heart rates are up to 250 bpm and temperatures are in the range of 0 to 50°C. The size and weight of this implant allow it to be used in animals with body weights = 2 kg.This research was supported by the Swedish Science Research Council Grants B‐DR 09856‐304 and 621‐2005‐2588
Solid‐phase tissue electrophoresis enhances sodium dodecyl sulfate‐based decellularization of xenogeneic bioscaffolds
Authors: Arai Shiori , Orton Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Treatment of xenogeneic bioscaffolds with ionic detergents does not completely remove soluble protein antigens from candidate xenogeneic scaffolds for tissue engineering. The study objective was to determine if solid‐phase tissue electrophoresis enhances removal of antigenic proteins from candidate bioscaffolds.METHODSPorcine aortic valve conduit (PAV) was subjected to hypotonic lysis and then treated with 0.25% or 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) overnight Tissues were mounted in 2% agarose gel and subjected 0 (sham), 60, or 120 V for 4 h. After treatment, soluble proteins were extracted from tissues and assayed for antigenicity by immunoblot analysis with rabbit immune serum.RESULTSSolid‐phase tissue electrophoresis enhanced removal of protein antigens from PAV compared to untreated (UT) or sham treated controls (figure).CONCLUSIONSolid‐phase tissue electrophoresis enhances SDS‐based bioscaffold decellularization. Supported by NIH HL081107.
Unexpected Severe Calcification After Myocardial Infarction Is Not Caused By Amniotic Fluid‐derived Stem Cells
Authors: Guan Xuan , Delo Dawn , Wang Zhan , Groban Leanne , Callahan Michael , Smith Tom , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Atala Anthony , Soker Shay 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionRecent data by Chiavegato et al. has suggested that amniotic fluid derived stem (AFS) cells cause chondro‐osteogenic masses in the infarcted heart. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the consequence of transplantation of human AFS cells in infracted rat heart.Materials and Methods8‐10 week old male nude and Sprague Dawley rats were used. 3 groups were examined: ligation only, ligation plus injection of AFS cells and injection of AFS without injury. At 3 months, hearts were analyzed by various histological methods.ResultsEchocardiography revealed regions of infarction and presence of echogenic structures in the left ventricular wall in rats of all groups. Histology analysis demonstrated regions of osteogenic and chondrogenic morphology by Hematoxylin and Eosin, Alizarin Red, Von‐Kossa, and Movat's Pentachrome stain. Immunostaining confirmed expression of osteocalcin, collagen II and Matrix‐Gla‐Protein. Based on the histological finding rats were divided into two groups: with chondro‐osteogenic masses and without. The former group had larger infracted tissue and worse heart function (p=0.01).ConclusionsOur study contradicts the study by Chiavegato et al. and indicates that chondro‐osteogenic masses can be found in the infarcted rat heart independent of cell transplantation.
Simultaneous integration of biosensor and EEG measurements in freely moving rodents
Authors: Johnson David A. , Aillon Daniel V. , Naylor Erik , Harmon Hans , Wilson George S. 
Published: June 2021

Second by second measurement of neurochemicals such as glutamate, glucose and lactate in the brain using electrochemical biosensors is a powerful tool that has been used to profile concentration changes due to pharmacological and behavioral interactions. Now this ability to measure metabolic changes in targeted regions of the brain has been integrated with a very low‐noise, turn‐key electroencephalograph (EEG) recording system.As an example of this system's strength, male C57 mice were simultaneously implanted with an intracerebral guide cannula targeting the prefrontal cortex and electrodes to measure cortical EEG. Real‐time, second by second measurements of glucose levels and EEG activity were recorded over a 24 hour period. Results showed that glucose levels in mice transitioning from waking to slow‐wave sleep rose an average of 116 ± 27.0 uM (n =57 episodes). Conversely, glucose levels in mice transitioning from sleep to wakefulness resulted in an average decrease of 121 ± 27.0 uM glucose. (n=54 episodes). Additional data will be presented demonstrating the system being used to monitor changes of neurotransmitters during normal sleep and periods of sleep deprivation.Funding through NIH SBIR Grant #5R44MH076318‐03.
Anatomic investigation of the origin and distribution of the internal pudendal artery in female cadavers
Authors: Beech Sarah , Adams Michael 
Published: June 2021

A formal understanding of female sexual anatomy is crucial for the evaluation and treatment of sexual dysfunction. Despite the higher prevalence of female compared to male dysfunction, there are limited investigations concerning the anatomy of female genital vasculature. In fact, a literature search on the internal pudendal artery (IPA), a vessel supplying the erectile tissue, found only 3 of 15 papers discussed female anatomy; and these focused on uterine arteries. A study of the IPA in female cadavers is long overdue and is lagging 30 years behind comparable male studies. The purpose of this study is to dissect and compare the architecture of the IPA bilaterally, with respect to vessel origin and distribution. Cadavers were selected based on quality of fixation and cause of death (COD); ie: vascular COD omitted. In most (4/5), the IPA was a branch of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac within the true pelvis. In one, a gluteopudendal trunk arose directly from the common iliac and the IPA did not start until the gluteopudendal trunk exited the true pelvis at the sacrotuberous ligament in another female. No consistent branching pattern was observed between or within subjects and there was substantial bilateral heterogeneity to the vasculature. These results indicate that the origin and distribution of the IPA is highly variable both within and between subjects. Research support source: Schulich Research Scholarship.Grant Funding SourceSchulich Graduate Scholarship
The anatomical basis of Z‐musculoplasty of the triceps brachii for longstanding dislocated elbows treated by open reduction
Authors: Gashegu Julien 
Published: June 2021

Patients presenting late with an unreduced posterior dislocation of the elbow are still a problem in developing countries and a challenge for surgeons. In developing countries, socio‐economical and cultural factors may affect the medical care of traumatic injuries.Due to misconception, ignorance and poverty, patients go to local bonesetters to tradition treatment such as massage and manipulation which only aggravate the situation. Unreduced is defined as those posterior dislocated elbow not treated within 3 weeks after injury. These elbows are often fixed in extension and have no sufficient ranges of movements which allow activities of daily living.Between January 2008 and June 2008, 15 cases of late‐presenting unreduced posterior dislocation of elbow were treated in the department of Surgery at Butare Teaching Hospital. They were 7 males and 8 were female, the age from 12 years to 72 years (mean, 31), the dislocated elbows were right for 7 patients and left for 8 patients. The time since the injury range 4 to 8 (mean, 5) months. All patients had no‐functional movements for the daily activities as the elbows were fixed in 10° to 50° (mean, 25°) of flexion.All patients were operated and open reduction were performed using the posterior approach of the elbow. The triceps was lengthened using a Z musculoplasty technique which, for our best of knowledge, is not yet described. In our previous cases we find difficulty to repair the triceps muscle when applying the common V‐Y musculoplasty technique. In this poster we present the anatomical basis of the Z musculoplasty of the triceps<
The vectorial decomposition in the skeletal striated muscle: a tool for muscular function learning in two planes
Authors: Duque Parra Jorge Eduardo , Moscoso Ariza Oscar Hernán , Morales Parra Genaro , Barco Rios John Jairo 
Published: June 2021

A method of vectorial decomposition for skeletal striated muscles is presented to allow providing and deducing the understanding of a given muscle function in two spatial planes.Grant Funding SourceNo
The anatomical role of Scarpa's fascia in the manifestation of clinical signs associated with retroperitoneal haemorrhage and bile leakage
Authors: Ullah Shahnoor Mohammed , Grant Robert , McAlister Vivian 
Published: June 2021

While the aetiology of eponymous surface signs of pancreatitis, retroperitoneal haemorrhage and bile leakage is known, it is unclear what causes their characteristic appearance. The location of Scarpa's fascia, the membranous layer of superficial fascia, makes it a potential candidate in understanding the pattern of these signs. The goal of this study was to assess the distribution of Scarpa's with respect to each sign. Dissections were performed on 7 embalmed cadavers, 3 males and 4 females, aged 63 to 92. Our results indicate that Scarpa's attaches where the umbilicus emerges from the external oblique aponeurosis providing a deficiency that can cause the bruising in Cullen's sign. As the membranous layer continues into the flanks, it creates a potential space which contributes to the pattern in Turner's sign. The continuation of the membranous layer into the axilla and chest forms another potential space for bile to form the pattern in Icterus Marginatus (demarcated truncal jaundice with retroperitoneal bile leakage). The anatomical characteristics of Scarpa's fascia described by this study support the hypothesis that it is involved in delineating the physical patterns seen in these clinical signs.Grant Funding SourceWestern Graduate Research
A Forensic Investigation of Human Cranial Remains Recovered From New York City via CT Imaging and Morphometric Analysis
Authors: Maciasz Rachael Maria , Delman Bradley N , Hong Simon , Lee Rosanna , Caceres Noel , Sawyer GJ , Márquez Samuel 
Published: June 2021

Cranial remains were discovered during construction activity in NYC. A forensic workup was undertaken to determine sex, race, age and manner of death. Cranial elements identified included a partial calvaria with spanchnocranium, a left zygoma, and a broken mandible. An almost complete neurocranium with missing portions of the cranial base and left segments of parietal and temporal bones was documented. Quantitative measures were taken using available craniometric points. Various methods used to assess skeletal elements permitted skull reconstruction followed by CT imaging performed at Mount Sinai Hospital. Size and overall rugose expression of cranial features (pronounced mastoid process, strong browridge) suggest a male identification. Calvaria shows excellent ectocranial and endocranial preservation with no distinctly noticeable taphonomic deformities, although three‐dimensional CT reconstructions revealed evident warping on the right side of the cranial vault suggesting the skull lied flat on that side. Race was determined to be Caucasian though a cranial index of 71 fell within the dolicocephalic range indicative of an African phenotype. Caucasoid affinities exhibited by skull included marked projection of nasal bones, narrow nasal breadth, and lack of facial prognathism. Craniodental analysis suggests an adult age at the time of death. Manner of death, however, remains undetermined.Grant Funding SourceNone
Comparison of hindlimb muscle attachment sites of Smilodon fatalis, Neofelis nebulosa, and Felis catus
Authors: Carlon Burcu , Hubbard C J 
Published: June 2021

Smilodon fatalis is the Rancho La Brea saber‐tooth cat with robust extremities and a short tail, and is believed to be an ambush predator. In this study, select pelvic, femoral, and tibial muscle attachment sites were determined for Smilodon fatalis based on osteological muscle scars and comparisons with muscle attachment site maps developed for Neofelis nebulosa (clouded leopard) and Felis catus (domesticated cat). Following careful dissection of several specimens of the cat and clouded leopard, the results showed that a comparison of the muscle attachment sites, proportional muscle weights, and muscle attachment site surface areas were remarkably similar. Comparison of Smilodon muscle scar locations and muscle scar surface areas with those of the cat and clouded leopard showed that all three species were also similar. Given these similarities, we are confident that our estimated recreation of the muscle attachment sites in Smilodon is reasonably accurate. In addition, we found that the attachment sites of the quadriceps femoris muscles in Smilodon had increased levels of rugosity compared to the clouded leopard and cat, supporting the concept that this animal may have been an ambush predator that required more robust muscles to leap at and grapple with prey.Grant Funding SourceNone
The Gaping Truth: A New Rationale for the Reconstruction of the Face of Smilodon fatalis
Authors: Koper Lindsey L , Naples Virginia L 
Published: June 2021

Smilodon fatalis is the best known saber‐toothed cat. It has often been reconstructed by artists and anatomists who presume that this animal closely resembled a modern conical‐toothed felid, with the addition of elongated canine teeth. However, saber‐toothed canines do more than affect the distance to which this animal must gape to clear these teeth to make a bite. Greater gape means that there must be an increased soft tissue mass of lip and mucosa surrounding the oral opening. These tissues would be stretched to their maximum at full gape; however when relaxed, with the mouth closed, or open to less than full gape, these features would still be of greater volume than in conical‐toothed felids. It is likely that the upper lip in Smilodon would show a greater degree of sag than is typical for modern cats. The soft tissues of the nose are not preserved in Smilodon, although past reconstructions assumed that the nasal profile is nearly vertical, as is the case in modern cats. We suggest, instead, that the nasal soft tissues in Smilodon are retracted to a degree commensurate with the retraction of the nasal bones. The lower incisor row of Smilodon is strikingly larger than in comparable‐sized modern Panthera tigris, and would therefore need to be more voluminous to stretch over such teeth It is also likely that the lower lip in Smilodon sagged; perhaps causing this felid to resemble a bloodhound more than a conical‐toothed felid.Grant Funding SourceAmerican Association of Anatomists
Development of Layered Structures of Normal Fetal Cerebral Cortex: A Study Using MR Imaging
Authors: zhonghe zhang , Sun Bo , Fan Lingzhong , Lin Xiangtao , Yu Taifei , Liu Shuwei 
Published: June 2021

PurposeTo analyze the developmental changes of the layered structures of normal fetal cerebral cortex using 3.0T MRI. Materials and Methods: Head of 30 fetal specimens of 14‐35 weeks gestational (GA) were scanned, and developmental changes of the layered structures were observed.ResultsCoronal T1 images of parieto‐occipital part of the brain are chosen to analyze. At 14 GA, 3 layers can be recognized. During 18‐23 GA, when the layered structures are typical, 7 layers of different signals including continuing periventricular fiber‐rich zone and external capsule fibers can be differentiated, which correspond to 5 zones in the histological staining slices. During 24‐27 GA, layered structures remains the same appearance as 18‐23 GA, but the borderlines among them become obscured and periventricular fiber‐rich zone and the external capsule fibers become discontinuous. After 30 GA, layered structures disappear and turn into mature‐like. The migrating thalamocortical fibers appeare as a high signal layer located at the lower, middle, and upper part of the subplate zone respectively at different GA.ConclusionThe development of layered structures of normal fetal cerebral cortex follows a specific spatio‐temporal law, and T1 images of parieto‐occipital part of the fetal brain obtained using 3.0T MRI are the best to show the developmental changes of layered structures of normal fetal cerebral cortex.
An isoform of actin is associated with the cancer status of ovarian and breast epithelial cells
Authors: Lanner Carita , Hobbs Hailey , Gauthier Nicole , Peltsch Heather , Cutuli Facundo , Boyle Amanda , Naryzhny Stanislav , Lee Hoyun 
Published: June 2021

An isoform of actin associated with non‐malignant ovarian and breast epithelial cells was detected in a study investigating cancer specific forms of PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) in ovarian and breast cancer materials. An antibody (B1 antibody) generated against ten residues from the interdomain connector loop in PCNA, detected not only PCNA, but a novel protein in non‐malignant cells. Immunoprecipitation was performed using the B1 antibody and proteins were cut from gels. In‐gel trypsin digestion was performed for MALDI‐TOF analysis. The novel protein was identified as a form of actin using Mascot peptide fingerprinting software. Immunoblotting with actin antibodies support the identification of the B1 protein as an isoform of actin. A local alignment between PCNA and beta‐actin was performed and found a ten‐residue area of overlap with 50% homology between PCNA and beta‐actin which corresponded to the antigen for the B1 antibody. This homology is likely the basis of the cross reaction with beta‐actin.To avoid the cross reaction with PCNA exhibited by the B1 antibody, a second antibody (ACTB358) was generated to 11 residues starting at residue 358 of beta actin The ACTB358 antibody is highly specific for a novel isoform of actin with a mass of 86 kDa and a pI of 5.5, but does not interact with cytoplasmic or other types of actin. We are investigating the sequence and expression of the novel isoform of actin in non‐malignant and malignant ovarian and breast cells.Support by NOSMFA Research Development Fund
Polyoxygenated cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides are proatherogenic components of minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein
Authors: Harkewicz Richard , Miller Yury , Almazan Felicidad , Witztum Joseph , Dennis Edward 
Published: June 2021

The oxidation of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) occurs in vivo and significantly contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. An important mechanism of LDL oxidation in vivo is its modification by 12/15‐lipoxygenase (LO) and we are currently working to determine the identities of bioactive components produced through the action of 12/15‐LO and that play a central role in atherogenesis. We have developed a model of minimally oxidized LDL (mmLDL) in which native LDL is modified by cells overexpressing 12/15‐LO. This mmLDL activates macrophages inducing cell spreading, activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and (protein kinase B) Akt signaling, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Employing both normal and reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry demonstrates the presence of polyoxygenated hydroperoxide cholesteryl ester species in mmLDL that are not observed in native LDL. Remarkably, many of these same polyoxygenated cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide species were observed in the extracts of atherosclerotic lesions isolated from hyperlipidemic apoE−/− mice.This work is supported by the LIPID MAPS Large Scale Collaborative Grant number GM069338 from the U.S. National Institutes of Health.