bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for disequilibrium chemistry from vertical mixing in hot Jupiter atmospheres
Authors: Baxter Claire , Désert Jean-Michel , Tsai Shang-Min , Todorov Kamen O. , Bean Jacob L. , Deming Drake , Parmentier Vivien , Fortney Jonathan J. , Line Michael , Thorngren Daniel , Pierrehumbert Raymond T. , Burrows Adam , Showman Adam P. 
Published: February 2021

Aims. We present a large atmospheric study of 49 gas giant exoplanets using infrared transmission photometry with Spitzer/IRAC at 3.6 and 4.5 μm.
Methods. We uniformly analyze 70 photometric light curves of 33 transiting planets using our custom pipeline, which implements pixel level decorrelation. Augmenting our sample with 16 previously published exoplanets leads to a total of 49. We use this survey to understand how infrared photometry traces changes in atmospheric chemical properties as a function of planetary temperature. We compare our measurements to a grid of 1D radiative-convective equilibrium forward atmospheric models which include disequilibrium chemistry. We explore various strengths of vertical mixing (Kzz = 0–1012 cm2 s−1) as well as two chemical compositions (1x and 30x solar).
Results. We find that, on average, Spitzer probes a difference of 0.5 atmospheric scale heights between 3.6 and 4.5 μm, which is measured at 7.5σ level of significance. Changes in the opacities in the two Spitzer bandpasses are expected with increasing temperature due to the transition from methane-dominated to carbon-monoxide-dominated atmospheres at chemical equilibrium. Comparing the data with our model grids, we find that the coolest planets show a lack of methane compared to expectations, which has also been reported by previous studies of individual objects. We show that the sample of coolest planets rule out 1x solar composition with >3σ confidence while supporting low vertical mixing (Kzz = 108 cm2 s−1). On the other hand, we find that the hot planets are best explained by models with 1x solar metallicity and high vertical mixing (Kzz = 1012 cm2 s−1). We interpret this as the lofting of CH4 to the upper atmospheric layers. Changing the interior temperature changes the expectation for equilibrium chemistry in deep layers, hence the expectation of disequilibrium chemistry higher up. We also find a significant scatter in the transmission signatures of the mid-temperate and ultra-hot planets, likely due to increased atmospheric diversity, without the need to invoke higher metallicities. Additionally, we compare Spitzer transmission with emission in the same bandpasses for the same planets and find no evidence for any correlation. Although more advanced modelling would test our conclusions further, our simple generic model grid points towards different amounts of vertical mixing occurring across the temperature range of hot Jupiters. This finding also agrees with the observed scatter with increasing planetary magnitude seen in Spitzer/IRAC color-magnitude diagrams for planets and brown dwarfs.
Diabetes mellitus in der Anästhesie – optimale perioperative Blutzuckerkontrolle
Authors: Alscher Felix , Friesenhahn-Ochs Bettina , Hüppe Tobias 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungEngleiste Blutzuckerspiegel können in der perioperativen Phase gefährlich werden für Patienten mit Diabetes – insbesondere, wenn der Blutzucker 250 mg/dl überschreitet oder der aktuelle HbA1c-Wert über 8,5 – 9% liegt. Dieser Beitrag bietet eine Hilfestellung im perioperativen Umgang mit Patienten mit Diabetes und zeigt praktische Handlungsempfehlungen für eine optimale Blutzuckerkontrolle durch orale Antidiabetika und Insulin.
Free Flap Reconstruction of the Anterior Skull Base: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dang Rajan P. , Ettyreddy Abhinav R. , Rizvi Zain , Doering Michelle , Mazul Angela L. , Zenga Joseph , Jackson Ryan S. , Pipkorn Patrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives Given the limitations in the available literature, the precise indications, techniques, and outcomes of anterior skull base free flap reconstruction remain uncertain. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of published literature and evaluate indications, methods, and complications for anterior skull base free flap reconstruction.
Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed using a set of search criteria to identify patients who underwent free flap reconstruction of the anterior skull base. Articles were reviewed for inclusion based on relevance, with the primary outcome being surgical complications.
Results After a comprehensive search, 406 articles were obtained and 16 articles were ultimately found to be relevant to this review—79 patients undergoing free flap reconstruction were identified. Overall complication rates were 17.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.6–33.1%) for major complications and 19.0% (95% CI: 17.8–35.5%) for minor complications.
Conclusion Microvascular reconstruction of the anterior skull base is feasible with high reliability reported in the literature.
Neuroprotective Effects of Sildenafil on Traumatic Brain Injury in an Experimental Rat Model
Authors: Ercan Serdar , Aktaş Ayfer 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective Not only primary injuries, secondary injuries such as posttraumatic biochemical cascades, ischemia, and hypoxia also affect the morbidity and mortality of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Sildenafil released the vasodilatation by relaxing the smooth muscle of the systemic artery and vein. Also, the effects of sildenafil are evidenced in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and memory loss as a part of experimental studies. Sildenafil decreases oxidative stress by increasing the cGMP level. We aimed to examine the protective effects of sildenafil on TBI with histopathological and biochemical parameters.
Method 21 Sprague–Dawley rats were separated into three groups (n = 7). “The weight drop injury model,” which was described by Marmou, was used for the head injury. Group 1: nontraumatic sham group, Group 2: nontreated TBI group, Group 3: sildenafil (100 mg/kg) treated TBI group. The whole brain and serum were collected for histopathological and biochemical study. The histopathological sections were examined under a light microscope.
Results On comparison of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), nitric oxide (NO), and plasma nitrite/nitrate (PNOx) between groups, NO level was significantly high in group 3 (p = 0.013). Even though the TAS level was significantly high in group 3 (p = 0.02), there were no significant differences in TOS level in groups (p = 0.225). Disappearing Nissle granules occurred in a pyknotic situation in the cell nucleus, and acidophilic staining in neuron cells, which describe the neuron degeneration observed in the trauma group. The neuron degeneration markers were not seen in the sildenafil-treated trauma group.
Conclusion Our study has shown that sildenafil decreases the oxygen radicals and affects the recovery of experimental TBI in rats.
Effects of short birth spacing on birth-order differences in child stunting: Evidence from India
Authors: Dhingra Sunaina , Pingali Prabhu L. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
The question of whether firstborn children have a height advantage over later-born children is important, given the persistently poor height outcomes in developing countries. Using data on young Indian children, we show that later-born children lag behind firstborns in stunting outcomes. This is only true, though, if higher birth-order children were born within 3 y of the birth of their elder siblings. No difference in height-for-age is observed for children born with spacing of 3 or more years. India’s family planning interventions have largely focused on reducing the total fertility rate with less attention given to length of birth spacing between children. A stronger focus on increasing the time interval between births could prevent adverse stunting outcomes for surviving children.
Tissue folding at the organ–meristem boundary results in nuclear compression and chromatin compaction
Authors: Fal Kateryna , Korsbo Niklas , Alonso-Serra Juan , Teles Jose , Liu Mengying , Refahi Yassin , Chabouté Marie-Edith , Jönsson Henrik , Hamant Olivier 
Published: February 2021

SignificanceDuring development, growth deforms tissues and organs. This is notably the case during the formation of new flowers in plants, as the tissue folds during young floral bud emergence. Here, we provide further evidence that organogenesis compresses the cells at the boundary, separating the organ from the stem cell niche, and we show that this leads to nucleus compression and chromatin changes. While mechanical forces are well known to affect nucleus shape and chromatin in mammalian cells in culture, this demonstrates that such an effect also occurs in a developing organism and suggests that forces may help to define boundary domains through large-scale chromatin effects.
Investigation of edge states in artificial graphene nano-flakes
Authors: Zhang Qiushi , Wu Tsz Chun , Kuang Guowen , Xie A’yu , Lin Nian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Graphene nano-flakes (GNFs) are predicted to host spin-polarized metallic edge states, which are envisioned for exploration of spintronics at the nanometer scale. To date, experimental realization of GNFs is only in its infancy because of the limitation of precise cutting or synthesizing methods at the nanometer scale. Here, we use low temperature scanning tunneling microscope to manipulate coronene molecules on a Cu(111) surface to build artificial triangular and hexagonal GNFs with either zigzag or armchair type of edges. We observe that an electronic state at the Dirac point emerges only in the GNFs with zigzag edges and localizes at the outmost lattice sites. The experimental results agree well with the tight-binding calculations. Our work renders an experimental confirmation of the predicated edge states of the GNFs.
Regulating the interface defect of TiO2/Ag2O nanoheterojunction and its effect on photogenerated carrier dynamics
Authors: Zhou Yun , Zhu Hongfu , Chen Sichao , Ou Yang Xiaoping , Liu Lixin , Wang Yuan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the defects of TiO2/Ag2O nanoheterojunctions are regulated to evaluate the effect of the interface defects on carrier trapping and recombination dynamics by time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPL) and time-resolved terahertz (THZ) spectroscopy. TRPL spectra reveal that interface defects can act as a recombination center and have an accelerative effect on the recombination process of photogenerated carriers under ultraviolet light. Moreover, THZ spectroscopy results demonstrate that interface defects can effectively trap electrons and expedite the Auger recombination. Furthermore, the influence of interface defects on the photocarrier dynamics of TiO2/Ag2O nanoheterojunctions was comprehensively analyzed, providing a valuable experimental reference for the regulation and application of interface defect-fabricated nanoheterojunctions.
Manipulation of hot electron flow on plasmonic nanodiodes fabricated by nanosphere lithography
Authors: Kang Mincheol , Park Yujin , Lee Hyunhwa , Lee Changhwan , Park Jeong Young 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Energy conversion to generate hot electrons through the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in metallic nanostructures is an emerging strategy in photovoltaics and photocatalytic devices. Important factors for surface plasmon and hot electron generation are the size, shape, and materials of plasmonic metal nanostructures, which affect LSPR excitation, absorbance, and hot electron collection. Here, we fabricated the ordered structure of metal-semiconductor plasmonic nanodiodes using nanosphere lithography and reactive ion etching. Two types of hole-shaped plasmonic nanostructures with the hole diameter of 280 and 115 nm were fabricated on Au/TiO2 Schottky diodes. We show that hot electron flow can be manipulated by changing the size of plasmonic nanostructures on the Schottky diode. We show that the short-circuit photocurrent changes and the incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency results exhibit the peak shift depending on the structures. These phenomena are explicitly observed with finite difference time domain simulations. The capability of tuning the morphology of plasmonic nanostructure on the Schottky diode can give rise to new possibilities in controlling hot electron generation and developing novel hot-electron-based energy conversion devices.
Online teaching research on college physics by using different teaching tools
Authors: Huangqing Liu , Yanping Xiao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the epidemic period, online teaching has become the most important teaching form. On the basis of questions-centred massive open online courses (MOOCs) teaching, the online teaching mode of college physics was studied and discussed using the Tencent classroom, WeChat/QQ and Wisdom Tree Platform. MOOCs before class, Tencent classroom during class, WeChat/QQ in the whole process including solving problems after class, and Wisdom Tree Platform for quality inspection of online teaching were practiced in the teaching of each chapter including mass point kinematics. Due to the problem-oriented implementation of the three stages, the results of the online mock test were better than expected. In other words, the online teaching supported by various online tools could effectively guarantee the quality of teaching.
Proton therapy delivery method affects dose-averaged linear energy transfer in patients
Authors: Wilson Lydia J , Pirlepesov Fakhriddin , Moskvin Vadim , Li Zuofeng , Guo Yian , Li Yimei , Merchant Thomas E , Faught Austin M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The dosimetric advantages of proton therapy have led to its rapid proliferation in recent decades. This has been accompanied by a shift in technology from older units that deliver protons by passive scattering (PS) to newer units that increasingly use pencil-beam scanning (PBS). The biologic effectiveness of proton physical dose purportedly rises with increasing dose-weighted average linear energy transfer (LETD). The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which proton delivery methods affect LETD. We calculated LETD from simple, dosimetrically matched, and clinical treatment plans with TOPAS Monte-Carlo transport code. Simple treatment plans comprised single fields of PS and PBS protons in a water phantom. We performed simulations of matched and clinical treatment plans by using the treatment and anatomic data obtained from a cohort of children with craniopharyngioma who previously received PS or PBS proton therapy. We compared the distributions of LETD from PS and PBS delivery methods in clinically relevant ROIs. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests comparing single fields in water revealed that the LETD values from PBS were significantly greater than those from PS inside and outside the targeted volume (p < 0.01). Statistical tests comparing LETD-volume histograms from matched and clinical treatment plans showed that LETD was generally greater for PBS treatment plans than for PS treatment plans (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the proton delivery method affects LETD both inside and outside of the target volume. These findings suggest that PBS is more biologically effective than PS. Given the rapid expansion of PBS proton therapy, future studies are needed to confirm the applicability of treatment evaluation methods developed for PS proton therapy to those for modern PBS treatments to ensure their safety and effectiveness for the growing population of patients receiving proton therapy. This study uses data from two clinical trials: NCT01419067 and NCT02792582.
Dose-based optimisation for multi-leaf collimator tracking during radiation therapy
Authors: Mejnertsen Lars , Hewson Emily , Nguyen Doan Trang , Booth Jeremy , Keall Paul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Motion in the patient anatomy causes a reduction in dose delivered to the target, while increasing dose to healthy tissue. Multi-leaf collimator (MLC) tracking has been clinically implemented to adapt dose delivery to account for intrafraction motion. Current methods shift the planned MLC aperture in the direction of motion, then optimise the new aperture based on the difference in fluence. The drawback of these methods is that 3D dose, a function of patient anatomy and MLC aperture sequence, is not properly accounted for. To overcome the drawback of current fluence-based methods, we have developed and investigated real-time adaptive MLC tracking based on dose optimisation. A novel MLC tracking algorithm, dose optimisation, has been developed which accounts for the moving patient anatomy by optimising the MLC based on the dose delivered during treatment, simulated using a simplified dose calculation algorithm. The MLC tracking with dose optimisation method was applied in silico to a prostate cancer VMAT treatment dataset with observed intrafraction motion. Its performance was compared to MLC tracking with fluence optimisation and, as a baseline, without MLC tracking. To quantitatively assess performance, we computed the dose error and 3D γ failure rate (2 mm/2%) for each fraction and method. Dose optimisation achieved a γ failure rate of (4.7 ± 1.2)% (mean and standard deviation) over all fractions, which was significantly lower than fluence optimisation (7.5 ± 2.9)% (Wilcoxon sign-rank test p < 0.01). Without MLC tracking, a γ failure rate of (15.3 ± 12.9)% was achieved. By considering the accumulation of dose in the moving anatomy during treatment, dose optimisation is able to optimise the aperture to actively target regions of underdose while avoiding overdose.
Dissipative Josephson effect in coupled nanolasers
Authors: Fernández-Lorenzo Samuel , Porras Diego 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Josephson effects are commonly studied in quantum systems in which dissipation or noise can be neglected or do not play a crucial role. In contrast, here we discuss a setup where dissipative interactions do amplify a photonic Josephson current, opening a doorway to dissipation-enhanced sensitivity of quantum-optical interferometry devices. In particular, we study two coupled nanolasers subjected to phase coherent drivings and coupled by a coherent photon tunneling process. We describe this system by means of a Fokker–Planck equation and show that it exhibits an interesting non-equilibrium phase diagram as a function of the coherent coupling between nanolasers. As we increase that coupling, we find a non-equilibrium phase transition between a phase-locked (PL) and a non-phase-locked (NPL) steady-state, in which phase coherence is destroyed by the photon tunneling process. In the coherent, PL regime, an imbalanced photon number population appears if there is a phase difference between the nanolasers, which appears in the steady-state as a result of the competition between competing local dissipative dynamics and the Josephson photo-current. The latter is amplified for large incoherent pumping rates and it is also enchanced close to the lasing phase transition. We show that the Josephson photocurrent can be used to measure optical phase differences. In the quantum limit, the accuracy of the two nanolaser interferometer grows with the square of the photon number and, thus, it can be enhanced by increasing the rate of incoherent pumping of photons into the nanolasers.
Observation of heat scaling across a first-order quantum phase transition in a spinor condensate
Authors: Liang H-Y , Qiu L-Y , Yang Y-B , Yang H-X , Tian T , Xu Y , Duan L-M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Heat generated as a result of the breakdown of an adiabatic process is one of the central concepts of thermodynamics. In isolated systems, the heat can be defined as an energy increase due to transitions between distinct energy levels. Across a second-order quantum phase transition (QPT), the heat is predicted theoretically to exhibit a power-law scaling, but it is a significant challenge for an experimental observation. In addition, it remains elusive whether a power-law scaling of heat can exist for a first-order QPT. Here we experimentally observe a power-law scaling of heat in a spinor condensate when a system is linearly driven from a polar phase to an antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase across a first-order QPT. We experimentally evaluate the heat generated during two non-equilibrium processes by probing the atom number on a hyperfine energy level. The experimentally measured scaling exponents agree well with our numerical simulation results. Our work therefore opens a new avenue to experimentally and theoretically exploring the properties of heat in non-equilibrium dynamics.
Multiple-band terahertz perfect light absorbers enabled by using multiple metallic bars
Authors: Lou Pengcheng , He Yuanhao , Zhu Huaxin , Zhang Xiangyang , Hu Lian , Wang Ben-Xin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Triple-band terahertz metamaterial absorber with near 100% absorption is suggested in this paper. It is designed by two different lengths of Au bars and an Au substrate separated by an ultra-thin thickness of dielectric spacer. Three separated resonance absorption peaks (labeled A, B, and C) with narrow bandwidths and high absorption rates are realized. The first two peaks A and B are ascribed to the fundamental modes of the two Au bars, respectively, whereas the excitation of 3-order response in the longer Au bar results in the peak C. The field distributions of peaks A, B, and C are provided to verify their mechanisms. Independent frequency modulation of the three peaks (with slight change of absorption strength) can also be achieved, which is different from previous works that changes in parameters affect all absorption peaks. Further structure optimization allows for more absorption peaks, such as quad-band or penta-band. These suggested light absorbers could be designed for potential applications in terahertz technology related fields.
A Two-stage Deep Learning Detection Classifier for the ATLAS Asteroid Survey
Authors: Chyba Rabeendran Amandin , Denneau Larry 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present a two-step neural network model to separate detections of solar system objects from optical and electronic artifacts in data obtained with the “Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System” (ATLAS), a near-Earth asteroid sky survey system. A convolutional neural network is used to classify small “postage-stamp” images of candidate detections of astronomical sources into eight classes, followed by a multi-layered perceptron that provides a probability that a temporal sequence of four candidate detections represents a real astronomical source. The goal of this work is to reduce the time delay between Near-Earth Object (NEO) detections and submission to the Minor Planet Center. Due to the rare and hazardous nature of NEOs, a low false negative rate is a priority for the model. We show that the model reaches 99.6% accuracy on real asteroids in ATLAS data with a 0.4% false negative rate. Deployment of this model on ATLAS has reduced the amount of NEO candidates that astronomers must screen by 90%, thereby bringing ATLAS one step closer to full autonomy.
Pedestal stability analysis on MAST in preparation for MAST-U
Authors: Knolker M. , Osborne T. , Belli E. , Henderson S. , Kirk A. , Kogan L. , Saarelma S. , Snyder P.B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In preparation for the upcoming MAST-U campaign, pedestal stability of spherical tokamaks is revisited by investigating standard H-mode discharges on MAST. As a step beyond previous studies, both ion and electron profiles are used for obtaining equilibria and a diverse set of pedestals is evaluated. Stability analysis with the ELITE and CGYRO codes shows that MAST pedestals are constrained by kinetic ballooning modes and medium toroidal mode number peeling-ballooning modes, with most unstable modes ranging from n = 25 to n = 45. In discharges with a steep q profile at the edge a larger number of poloidal harmonics is excited for each toroidal mode. A comparison with discharges on DIII-D with matched shape and similar non-dimensional parameters indicates that the increased shear at lower aspect ratio stabilizes low n peeling modes.