bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BETA-AMYLASE9 is a plastidial nonenzymatic regulator of leaf starch degradation
Authors: David Laure C , Lee Sang-Kyu , Bruderer Eduard , Abt Melanie R , Fischer-Stettler Michaela , Tschopp Marie-Aude , Solhaug Erik M , Sanchez Katarzyna , Zeeman Samuel C 
Published: October 2021

Abstractβ-Amylases (BAMs) are key enzymes of transitory starch degradation in chloroplasts, a process that buffers the availability of photosynthetically fixed carbon over the diel cycle to maintain energy levels and plant growth at night. However, during vascular plant evolution, the BAM gene family diversified, giving rise to isoforms with different compartmentation and biological activities. Here, we characterized BETA-AMYLASE 9 (BAM9) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Among the BAMs, BAM9 is most closely related to BAM4 but is more widely conserved in plants. BAM9 and BAM4 share features including their plastidial localization and lack of measurable α-1,4-glucan hydrolyzing capacity. BAM4 is a regulator of starch degradation, and bam4 mutants display a starch-excess phenotype. Although bam9 single mutants resemble the wild-type (WT), genetic experiments reveal that the loss of BAM9 markedly enhances the starch-excess phenotypes of mutants already impaired in starch degradation. Thus, BAM9 also regulates starch breakdown, but in a different way. Interestingly, BAM9 gene expression is responsive to several environmental changes, while that of BAM4 is not. Furthermore, overexpression of BAM9 in the WT reduced leaf starch content, but overexpression in bam4 failed to complement fully that mutant’s starch-excess phenotype, suggesting that BAM9 and BAM4 are not redundant. We propose that BAM9 activates starch degradation, helping to manage carbohydrate availability in response to fluctuations in environmental conditions. As such, BAM9 represents an interesting gene target to explore in crop species.
Incidence and Outcomes of Life-Threatening Events During Hospitalization: A Retrospective Study of Patients Treated with Naloxone
Authors: Valencia Morales Diana J , Laporta Mariana L , Meehan Anne M , Schroeder Darrell R , Sprung Juraj , Weingarten Toby N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
We describe the clinical course of medical and surgical patients who received naloxone on general hospital wards for suspected opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD).

Methods
From May 2018 through October 2020, patients who received naloxone on hospital wards were identified and their records reviewed for incidence and clinical course.

Results
There were 86,030 medical and 106,807 surgical admissions. Naloxone was administered to 99 (incidence 11.5 [95% confidence interval 9.4–14.0] per 10,000 admissions) medical and 63 (5.9 [95% confidence interval 4.5–7.5]) surgical patients (P &lt; 0.001). Median oral morphine equivalents administered within 24 hours before naloxone were 32 [15, 64] and 60 [32, 88] mg for medical and surgical patients, respectively (P = 0.002). The rapid response team was activated in 69 (69.7%) vs 42 (66.7%) and critical care transfers in 51 (51.5%) vs 30 (47.6%) medical and surgical patients respectively. The number of in-hospital deaths was 21 (21.2%) vs two (3.2%) and the number of discharges to hospice 12 (12.1%) vs one (1.6%) for medical and surgical patients, respectively (P = 0.001). Naloxone did not reverse OIRD in 38 (23%) patients, and these patients had more transfers to the intensive care unit and a higher 30-day mortality rate.

Conclusion
Medical inpatients are more likely to suffer OIRD than are surgical inpatients despite lower opioid doses. Definitive OIRD was confirmed in 77% of patients because of immediate naloxone response, whereas 23% of patients did not respond, and this subset was more likely to need a higher level of care and had a higher 30-day mortality rate. Careful monitoring of mental and respiratory variables is necessary when opiates are used in hospital.
Being Self-Deceived about One’s Own Mental State
Authors: Lynch Kevin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA familiar puzzle about self-deception concerns how self-deception is possible in light of the paradoxes generated by a plausible way of defining it. A less familiar puzzle concerns how a certain type of self-deception—being self-deceived about one's own intentional mental state—is possible in light of a plausible way of understanding the nature of self-knowledge. According to this understanding, we ordinarily do not infer our mental states from evidence, but then it's puzzling how this sort of self-deception could occur given that self-deception arises from the mistreatment of evidence. This article argues that to accommodate this kind of self-deception we should accept that sometimes ordinary self-knowledge is inferential, but that this idea needn’t be so unappealing. In particular, by showing that such inferential self-knowledge can be both ‘transparent’ and ‘direct’, the article argues that it need not imply having an abnormal, ‘alienated’ relation to the mental state.
Stressed and Distressed: Potential Underpinnings of Exercise-Related Inspiratory Distress in Adolescent Sport Performers
Authors: Kolnes Liv-Jorunn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Many adolescent sport performers present with exercise-related respiratory symptoms consistent with exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO). The pathogenic underpinnings of EILO are not fully resolved, and existing behavioral management includes therapies targeting laryngeal physiology whereas surgical interventions target laryngeal anatomical anomalies. Recent findings from research and clinical practice indicate that psychological stress and thoracic breathing co-occur with laryngeal tightness in adolescent sport performers with EILO. This Perspective article theorizes on this potential coexistence. It discusses possible underpinnings of respiratory symptoms (including EILO) and thoracic breathing in adolescent sport performers by considering the effects of various stressors to which adolescent sport performers are exposed, and the impact these may have on the breathing, including in terms of laryngeal narrowing. The effect of stress on the breathing is examined in light of the reciprocal communication between the brain and the body and the relationship between psychological stress and stress responses in the respiratory system mediated by the autonomic nervous system. To inform decision-making and clinical awareness in this area, it may be worth expanding the focus from targeting mainly laryngeal structures to also include constrictions of the airways and the effects of thoracic breathing on the larynx during exercise. The importance of considering respiratory distress from a multidimensional perspective, and of incorporating the complexity of sport performers’ psychological and physical experiences in the management of their health and well-being, is emphasized.

Impact
This Perspective adds to the understanding of respiratory distress in populations other than adults, which is important and necessary.

Lay Summary
Adolescent sport performers are exposed to a number of stressors that may affect breathing and laryngeal narrowing, which in turn may have implications for the management of their overall health and well-being.
Holistic Rehabilitation: Biological Embedding of Social Adversity and Its Health Implications
Authors: Snyder-Mackler Noah , Snyder-Mackler Lynn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Human health is affected by lived experiences, both past and present. The environments we encounter throughout our lives, therefore, shape how we respond to new challenges, how we maintain a healthy immune system, and even how we respond to treatment and rehabilitation. Early in life and throughout adulthood, social experiences—such as exposure to various forms of adversity—can alter how cells in our body function, with far-reaching consequences for human health, disease, and treatment. This Perspective highlights studies from an ever-growing body of literature on the social determinants of health, with a focus on exposure to social adversities, such as social isolation, discrimination, or low social status, experienced both early in life and adulthood and how they variably impact health. By focusing on recent observational studies in humans and experimental studies on social nonhuman animals, this article details how social adversity can become biologically embedded in our cells at the molecular level. Given that humans are social animals, it is no surprise that social adversity can negatively impact our health, and experimental animal studies have helped us to uncover some of the causal mechanistic pathways underlying the link between social adversity and health outcomes. These molecular consequences can have far-reaching implications and, when combined with our growing knowledge on the social determinants of health, should inform how we approach treatment and rehabilitation.
Very preterm brain at rest: longitudinal social–cognitive network connectivity during childhood
Authors: Mossad Sarah I , Young Julia M , Wong Simeon M , Dunkley Benjamin T , Hunt Benjamin A E , Pang Elizabeth W , Taylor Margot J 
Published: October 2021

AbstractVery preterm (VPT: ≤32 weeks of gestational age) birth poses an increased risk for social and cognitive morbidities that persist throughout life. Resting-state functional network connectivity studies provide information about the intrinsic capacity for cognitive processing. We studied the following four social–cognitive resting-state networks: the default mode, salience, frontal-parietal and language networks. We examined functional connectivity using magnetoencephalography with individual head localization using each participant’s MRI at 6 (n = 40) and 8 (n = 40) years of age compared to age- and sex-matched full-term (FT) born children (n = 38 at 6 years and n = 43 at 8 years). VPT children showed increased connectivity compared to FT children in the gamma band (30–80 Hz) at 6 years within the default mode network (DMN), and between the DMN and the salience, frontal-parietal and language networks, pointing to more diffuse, less segregated processing across networks at this age. At 8 years, VPT children had more social and academic difficulties. Increased DMN connectivity at 6 years was associated with social and working memory difficulties at 8 years. Therefore, we suggest that increased DMN connectivity contributes to the observed emerging social and cognitive morbidities in school age.
Systems of innovation, diversification, and the R&D trap: A case study of Kuwait
Authors: Arman Husam , Iammarino Simona , Ibarra-Olivo J Eduardo , Lee Neil 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe relationship between research and development (R&D) investment and economic development is well established. Yet, at a global scale, the resource-rich countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council are consistent outliers in this relationship, combining rich-world national incomes with R&D expenditure of developing countries. This paper uses a case study on Kuwait to illustrate a particular form of developmental trap, a version of the resource curse, which makes it irrational for private business firms to invest in R&D and innovation. Based on an analysis of the literature and secondary data, focus groups, and an original survey of large manufacturing firms, we argue that a narrow focus on R&D-led diversification of economic activity ignores the systemic problems faced by Kuwait and, particularly, the unsuitable supply of skills and capabilities provided by the national education and training system.
Racial Stratification and School Segregation in the Suburbs: Evidence from Los Angeles County
Authors: Schachner Jared N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Suburbanization helped fuel neighborhood and school segregation during the twentieth century, but many American suburbs have dramatically diversified since. How do White suburbanites respond? With residential mobility declining and educational choice increasing, White suburban families may emulate their core-city counterparts, leveraging school enrollment to buffer their children from disadvantaged minorities living nearby. Yet recent research suggests proximate nontraditional school options (e.g., magnet, charter, private) are a key ingredient facilitating this minority avoidance strategy, and they are scarce in the suburbs. I propose that strong racial preferences spur White suburban families living amongst Black and Latino children to enact them even in unfavorable circumstances: by sending children long distances to nonassigned schools. Logistic regressions employing Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey data on over 2,000 children linked to administrative data confirm this expectation. Spatial stratification research should supplement its longstanding focus on city-to-suburb residential flows and core-city educational flows out of traditional public schools with sharper scrutiny of suburban school sorting as a potential third path of segregation. This selection process may reveal racial preferences to be even stronger—and educational opportunity structures more malleable—than often assumed.
Can there be an unintentional estoppel by convention: the UK Supreme Court (incorrectly) says yes
Authors: Nitikman Joel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In a previous article, I discussed estoppel by convention. To summarize, that doctrine permits one person (the “estopper”—usually the plaintiff in a cause of action) from stopping another person (the “estoppee”—often the defendant) from asserting the truth of a fact or the correctness of a principle of law. The point I tried to make was that the estoppel is not nullified simply because the parties knew when entering into the contract or transaction that the fact or principle agreed on was not true; it is because they agreed to proceed on the basis of the convention, not the convention’s veracity, that the estoppel applies. In Tinkler, the United Kingdom Supreme Court held that the estoppel applied. In my respectful view, for the reasons discussed in this article, it erred in doing so.
Associations Between Residential Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Liver Injury Markers
Authors: Wahlang Banrida , Gripshover Tyler C , Gao Hong , Krivokhizhina Tatiana , Keith Rachel J , Sithu Israel D , Rai Shesh N , Bhatnagar Aruni , McClain Craig J , Srivastava Sanjay , Cave Mathew C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Occupational exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been associated with numerous health complications including steatohepatitis and liver cancer. However, the potential impact of environmental/residential VOC exposures on liver health and function is largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, the objective of this cross-sectional study is to investigate associations between VOCs and liver injury biomarkers in community residents. Subjects were recruited from six Louisville neighborhoods, and informed consent was obtained. Exposure biomarkers included 16 creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites corresponding to 12 parent VOCs. Serological disease biomarkers measured included cytokertain-18 (K18 M65 and M30), liver enzymes, and direct bilirubin. Associations between exposure and disease biomarkers were assessed using generalized linear models. Smoking status was confirmed through urinary cotinine levels. The population comprised of approximately 60% females and 40% males; White persons accounted 78% of the population; with more nonsmokers (n = 413) than smokers (n = 250). When compared with nonsmokers, males (45%) and Black persons (26%) were more likely to be smokers. In the overall population, metabolites of acrolein, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, 1,3-butadiene, crotonaldehyde, styrene, and xylene were positively associated with alkaline phosphatase. These associations persisted in smokers, with the exception of crotonaldehyde, and addition of N,N-dimethylformamide and propylene oxide metabolites. Although no positive associations were observed for K18 M30, the benzene metabolite was positively associated with bilirubin, irrespective of smoking status. Taken together, the results demonstrated that selected VOCs were positively associated with liver injury biomarkers. These findings will enable better risk assessment and identification of populations vulnerable to liver disease.
From 13 to 22 in a second stroke: revisiting the European Eumida sanguinea (Phyllodocidae: Annelida) species complex
Authors: Teixeira Marcos A L , Vieira Pedro E , Ravara Ascensão , Costa Filipe O , Nygren Arne 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Eumida sanguinea is a recognized polychaete species complex which, in previous studies, has been reported to have additional undescribed diversity. We detected nine additional lineages by analysing DNA sequence data (mitochondrial: COI, 16S rRNA and nuclear loci: ITS region and 28S rRNA) of E. sanguinea morphotype populations from a broader sampling effort in European marine waters. Traditional morphological features failed to provide consistent differences or unique characters that could be used to distinguish these Eumida species. However, by complementing DNA data with morphometrics, geographic range, colour and pigmentation patterns, we revealed five new species. Two of these undescribed species derived from the previously signalled Eumida lineages S21 and GB22, which are here named as E. schanderi sp. nov. and E. fenwicki sp. nov., respectively. Three other species are based on newly discovered lineages, namely E. fauchaldi sp. nov., E. langenecki sp. nov. and E. pleijeli sp. nov. From the six new lineages remaining, three are represented by fewer than two well-preserved specimens, which prevented further comprehensive analysis. The last three lineages were only distinct when using mitochondrial markers. Integrative taxonomy is essential to elucidate evolutionary phenomena and eventually allow informed use of species complexes exhibiting stasis in biomonitoring or other ecological studies.
Increasing Pediatric Residency Class Diversity to Improve Patient Outcomes and Address Structural Racism
Authors: Escalante Enrique , Smiley Yael , Agrawal Dewesh , Teach Stephen J. , Cora-Bramble Denice , Barber Aisha 
Published: October 2021

Problem
The racial and ethnic makeup of physicians in the United States does not reflect that of the communities they serve. Addressing this disparity may improve patient outcomes and combat structural racism.

Approach
Starting in 2014, the pediatric residency program at Children’s National Hospital deliberately worked to assemble residency classes with racial and ethnic diversity that was similar to that of the Washington, DC, community it served. This work consisted of 3 initiatives: the Minority Senior Scholarship Program (MSSP), a pipeline program for rising fourth-year underrepresented in medicine (UIM) medical students to expose them to careers in academic pediatrics; an enhanced applicant recruitment process for UIM applicants; and mechanisms like a diversity dinner series for UIM residents to find the support they need to succeed.

Outcomes
Since its inception in 2015, 73 participants have completed the MSSP, with 26% (19/73) going on to match at Children’s National Hospital. An additional 12 participants are completing the program during the 2022 Match cycle. The MSSP has also increased participants’ self-reported interest in pursuing a career in academic pediatrics, from 70% (14/20) before participation to 95% (19/20) after participation. In addition, the enhanced recruitment efforts have proven fruitful. The percentage of UIM interns at Children’s National Hospital has increased from 5% (2/40) in 2014 to 51% (21/41) in 2021.

Next Steps
The dimensions of diversity included in these initiatives will be expanded to include individuals from other marginalized populations, such as certain individuals of Southeast Asian descent, those who identify as LGBTQ+, and those with disabilities. An antiracism initiative has also been implemented in the residency program in collaboration with the hospital and partner medical schools.
Ambulatory Single-level Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy for Cervical Radiculopathy
Authors: Bovonratwet Patawut , Retzky Julia S. , Chen Aaron Z. , Ondeck Nathaniel T. , Samuel Andre M. , Qureshi Sheeraz A. , Grauer Jonathan N. , Albert Todd J. 
Published: October 2021

Study Design:
Retrospective cohort comparison study.

Objective:
The aim was to compare perioperative complications and 30-day readmission between ambulatory and inpatient posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF) in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database.

Summary of Background Data:
Single-level PCF for cervical radiculopathy is increasingly being performed as an ambulatory procedure. Despite this increase, there is a lack of published literature documenting the safety of ambulatory PCF.

Materials and Methods:
Patients who underwent PCF (through laminotomy or laminectomy) were identified in the 2005–2018 NSQIP database. Ambulatory procedures were defined as cases that had hospital length of stay=0 days. Inpatient procedures were defined as cases that had length of stay=1–4 days. Patient characteristics, comorbidities, and procedural variables (laminotomy or laminectomy performed) were compared between the 2 cohorts. Propensity score matched comparisons were then performed for postoperative complications and 30-day readmissions between the 2 groups.

Results:
In total, 795 ambulatory and 1789 inpatient single-level PCF cases were identified. After matching, there were 795 ambulatory and 795 inpatient cases. Statistical analysis after propensity score matching revealed no significant difference in individual complications including 30-day readmission, thromboembolic events, wound complications, and reoperation, or aggregated complications between ambulatory versus matched inpatient procedures. Overall 30-day readmissions after ambulatory single-level PCF were noted for 2.46% of the study population, and the most common reasons were surgical site infections (46%) and pain control (15%).

Conclusions:
The perioperative outcomes assessed in this study support the conclusion that single-level PCF for cervical radiculopathy can be performed for correctly selected patients in the ambulatory setting without increased rates of 30-day perioperative complications or readmissions compared with inpatient procedures.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Lung cancer screening: a critical appraisal
Authors: Kian Waleed , Zemel Melanie , Levitas Dina , Alguayn Wafeek , Remilah Areen A. , Rahman Nader Abdel , Peled Nir 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
The recently published large-scale NELSON trial showed a reduction in lung cancer (LC) mortality with the use of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in high-risk patients. This is the first such European-based trial to mirror the results of the US National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). The NLST was responsible for nationwide implementation of LC screening protocols which has shown a decrease in LC mortality. However, the implementation of such screening in Europe has been challenging. With the findings from the NELSON trial, implementation of LC screening throughout Europe should once again be evaluated.

Recent findings
This review article further elaborates on the advantages of LDCT in LC screening. It also discusses promising future approaches that can supplement the current LC screening guidelines.

Summary
Implementation of LC screening with LDCT should again be evaluated throughout Europe as it could substantially decrease LC-related mortality.