bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolonged oxygen exposure causes the mobilization and functional damage of stem or progenitor cells and exacerbates cardiac ischemia or reperfusion injury in healthy mice
Authors: Li Yu , Luo Na‐Chuan , Zhang Xu , Hara Tetsuya , Inadomi Chiaki , Li Tao‐Sheng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOxygen is often administered to patients and occasionally to healthy individuals as well; however, the cellular toxicity of oxygen, especially following prolonged exposure, is widely known. To evaluate the potential effect of oxygen exposure on circulating stem/progenitor cells and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, we exposed healthy adult mice to 100% oxygen for 20 or 60 min. We then examined the c‐kit‐positive stem/progenitor cells and colony‐forming cells and measured the cytokine/chemokine levels in peripheral blood. We also induced cardiac I/R injury in mice at 3 h after 60 min of oxygen exposure and examined the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the fibrotic area in the heart. The proportion of c‐kit‐positive stem/progenitor cells significantly increased in peripheral blood at 3 and 24 h after oxygen exposure for either 20 or 60 min (p < .01 vs. control). However, the abundance of colony‐forming cells in peripheral blood conversely decreased at 3 and 24 h after oxygen exposure for only 60 min (p < .05 vs. control). Oxygen exposure for either 20 or 60 min resulted in significantly decreased plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels at 3 h, whereas oxygen exposure for only 60 min reduced plasma insulin‐like growth factor 1 levels at 24 h (p < .05 vs. control). Protein array indicated the increase in the levels of some cytokines/chemokines, such as CXCL6 (GCP‐2) at 24 h after 60 min of oxygen exposure. Moreover, oxygen exposure for 60 min enhanced the recruitment of Ly6g‐ and CD11c‐positive inflammatory cells at 3 days (p < .05 vs. control) and increased the fibrotic area at 14 days in the heart after I/R injury (p < .05 vs. control). Prolonged oxygen exposure induced the mobilization and functional impairment of stem/progenitor cells and likely enhanced inflammatory responses to exacerbate cardiac I/R injury in healthy mice.
Reversibility of digit loss revisited: Limb diversification in Bachia lizards (gymnophthalmidae)
Authors: Kohlsdorf Tiana 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStrict interpretations of the Dollo's Law lead to postulation that trait loss is irreversible and organisms never recover ancestral phenotypes. Dollo, however, admitted the possibility of reversals in trait loss when predicted differences between reversed (derived) and ancestral forms. Phenotypic signatures from reversals are expected, as the historical context of a reversal in trait loss differs from the initial setting where the trait originally evolved. This article combines morphological and molecular information for Bachia scolecoides to discuss phenotypic and genetic patterns established during processes that reversed digit loss in Gymnophthalmidae (also termed microteiid lizards). Results suggest that pathways leading to the derived tetradactyl state of B. scolecoides comprise particularities in their origin and associated processes. Autopodial bones of B. scolecoides lack digit identity, and muscle anatomy is very similar between manus and pes. Gymnophthalmidae sequence patterns in the limb‐specific sonic hedgehog enhancer (ZRS) suggest that regulation of shh expression did not degenerate in Bachia, given the prediction of similar motifs despite mutations specific to Bachia. Persistence of developmental mechanisms might explain intermittent character expression leading to reversals of digit loss, as ZRS signaling pathways remain active during the development of at least one pair of appendices in Bachia, especially if some precursors persisted at early stages. Patterns of ZRS sequences suggest that irreversibility of trait loss might be lineage‐specific (restricted to Gymnophthalmini) and contingent to the type of signature established. These results provide insights regarding possible mechanisms that may allow reactivation of developmental programs in specific regions of the embryo.
Social withdrawal and gender differences: Clinical phenotypes and biological bases
Authors: Masi Gabriele , Berloffa Stefano , Milone Annarita , Brovedani Paola 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEvidence from everyday life suggests that differences in social behaviors between males and females exist, both in animal and in humans. These differences can be related to socio‐cultural determinants, but also to specialized portions of the brain (the social brain), from the neurotransmitter to the neural network level. The high vulnerability of this system is expressed by the wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with social dysfunctions, particularly social withdrawal. The principal psychiatric disorders with prominent social withdrawal are described, including hikikomori‐like syndromes, and anxiety, depressive, autistic, schizophrenic, and personality disorders. It is hypothesized that social withdrawal can be partially independent from other symptoms and likely reflect alterations in the social brain itself, leading to a similar, transdiagnostic social dysfunction, reflecting defects in the social brain across a variety of psychopathological conditions. An overview is provided of gender effects in the biological determinants of social behavior, including: the anatomical structures of the social brain; the dimorphic brain structures, and the modulation of their development by sex steroids; gender differences in “social” neurotransmitters (vasopressin and oxytocin), and in their response to social stress. A better comprehension of gender differences in the phenotypes of social disorders and in the neural bases of social behaviors may provide new insights for timely, focused, innovative, and gender‐specific treatments.
Projected changes in heat waves over China: Ensemble result from RegCM4 downscaling simulations
Authors: Xie Wenxin , Zhou Botao , Han Zhenyu , Xu Ying 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUsing the dynamical downscaling by the regional climate model RegCM4 from four global climate models, future changes in heat waves (HWs) over China under the RCP4.5 scenario are projected in terms of frequency and magnitude. The magnitude combines the duration and intensity together to characterize HW severity. The ensemble of RegCM4 downscaling simulations indicates a substantial increase in the frequency and magnitude of HWs over China toward the end of the 21st century relative to the current climate (1986–2005). The considerable changes occur in Southwest, South, North, and Northeast China for the frequency and in South, Southwest, East, and Central China for the magnitude. The prolonged HW duration plays a leading role in the enhancement of HW severity. In particular, an accelerated aggravation of the risk of extreme HWs is anticipated. Unusual HWs that never occurred in the current climate are expected to be usual phenomenon. For instance, by the end of the 21st century, the risks of the occurrence of extreme HWs (above the 99th percentile) in Southwest and South China are 64 and 53 times of the current, respectively, while the projected risks of the occurrence of mild HWs (below the 60th percentile) are much smaller and comparable in China. The HW frequency above the maximum of the current would appear once almost every year, and South, Central, and East China (North and Northeast China) would experience more severe HWs than the most extreme of the present every 1–2 (2–4) years.
Early defect identification for micro light‐emitting diode displays via photoluminescent and cathodoluminescent imaging
Authors: Behrman Keith , Fouilloux Julie , Ireland Terry , Fern George R. , Silver Jack , Kymissis Ioannis 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUltrahigh‐resolution micro light‐emitting diode (LED) displays are emerging as a viable technology for self‐emissive displays. Several of the critical issues facing micro LED displays with millions of pixels are fidelity, process control, and defect analysis during LED fabrication and transfer. Here, we investigate two non‐destructive test methods, photoluminescent and cathodoluminescent imaging, and compare them with electroluminescent images to verify LED fidelity and evaluate these methods as potential tools for defect analysis. We show that utilizing cathodoluminescent imaging as an analysis tool provides a rich data set that can identify and categorize common defects during micro LED display fabrication that correspond to electroluminescence. Photoluminescent imaging, however, is not an effective method for fidelity analysis but does provide information on dry‐etching uniformity.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Cohort of Pregnant Active Duty U.S. Military Servicewomen
Authors: Abramovitz Lisa M. , Lutgendorf Monica A. , Bukowinski Anna T. , Gumbs Gia R. , Conlin Ava Marie S. , Hall Clinton 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe present study aimed to describe the demographic and occupational characteristics, comorbidities, and psychotropic medication receipt associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis during pregnancy among a sample of active duty U.S. military servicewomen. Data from the U.S. Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Research program were used to identify pregnancies in active duty servicewomen from 2007 through 2014. Demographic and occupational data were linked with electronic medical and pharmacy records to capture mental health diagnoses and medication receipt dates. Cases of PTSD were identified by the presence of ICD‐9‐CM Diagnostic Code 309.81 on maternal records from 1 year before the date of the last menstrual period through the end of pregnancy. Of 134,244 identified pregnancies among active duty servicewomen, 2,240 (1.7%) met the case criteria for PTSD. Women with a PTSD diagnosis compared to those without a PTSD diagnosis were more likely to be White non‐Hispanic (51.3% vs. 47.4%), unmarried (33.3% vs. 28.2%), in the Army (49.6% vs. 35.8%) or Marine Corps (10.9% vs. 8.0%), in a service and supply occupation (18.2% vs. 13.6%), and to have a junior enlisted rank (56.3% vs. 50.1%) and have been previously deployed (51.2% vs. 39.6%), RRs = 1.15–1.75. Among PTSD cases, the most common mental health comorbidities were depressive disorder (60.9%), adjustment disorder (43.4%), and anxiety disorder (39.3%). During pregnancy, 44.2% of PTSD cases and 7.2% of noncases received psychotropic medications. Demographic and occupational characteristics, comorbidities, and psychotropic medication use differed substantially among PTSD cases and noncases in this large records‐based study.
Contributions of external nutrient loading and internal cycling to cyanobacterial bloom dynamics in Lake Taihu, China: Implications for nutrient management
Authors: Xu Hai , McCarthy Mark J. , Paerl Hans W. , Brookes Justin D. , Zhu Guangwei , Hall Nathan S. , Qin Boqiang , Zhang Yunlin , Zhu Mengyuan , Hampel Justyna J. , Newell Silvia E. , Gardner Wayne S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHarmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) are linked to increasing anthropogenic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs. However, CyanoHABs in many large lakes continue despite extensive abatement efforts, mostly focused on external P loading. Internal nutrient cycling can modify nutrient availability and limitation; thus, understanding the relative importance of external vs. internal nutrient loading is essential for developing effective mitigation strategies for CyanoHABs. We estimated long‐term nutrient budgets for Lake Taihu, China, from mass balance models using extensive monitoring of input and output nutrient data from 2005 to 2018 to quantify contributions from internal nutrient loading. The nutrient mass balance showed that 9% and 63% of annual external N and P inputs, respectively, were retained in the lake. Denitrification removed 54% of external N loading and can thus help explain rapid decreases in lake N concentrations and summer N limitation. Water columnregeneration can help sustain CyanoHABs over the short term and contributed 38–58% of potentialdemand for summer‐fall,Microcystis‐dominated blooms. Internal P release contributed 23–90% of CyanoHABs P demand, although Taihu was a net P sink on an annual scale. Our results show that internal nutrient cycling helps sustain CyanoHABs in Taihu, despite reductions in external nutrient inputs. Furthermore, N is leaving the lake faster than P, thereby creating persistent N limitation. Therefore, parallel reductions in external N loading, along with P, will be most effective in reducing CyanoHABs and accelerate the recovery process in this and other large, shallow lakes.
On thin ice: Linking elevation and long‐term losses of lake ice cover
Authors: Christianson Kyle R. , Loria Kelly A. , Blanken Peter D. , Caine Nel , Johnson Pieter T. J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDespite long‐term analyses of lake ice phenology globally, comparatively little is known about high‐elevation lakes, for which climate shifts are thought to be occurring faster than at lower elevations. Using a 36‐yr dataset (1983–2018) on alpine lakes (> 3000 m ASL) from the Green Lakes Valley, Colorado (GLV), we found that ice‐cover duration decreased by an average of ~ 24 d, due to both earlier ice‐off (9 d) and especially later ice‐on (15 d). Spring ice thickness also decreased by 0.88 cm yr−1. By comparison, ice‐cover duration in the GLV is decreasing ~ 50% faster than for Northern Hemisphere lakes (n = 215), which translates to an increase in open water duration ~ 2.5 times more in the GLV than the average of the Northern Hemisphere. Our analytical comparison demonstrated more rapid trends in this alpine region compared to lakes more broadly, and especially emphasized the influence of elevation on lake ice phenology.
Effect of high‐density current electropulsing on corrosion cracking of titanium aluminide intermetallic
Authors: Babutskyi Anatolii , Chrysanthou Andreas , Chyzhyk Ganna , de Cortázar Maider García , Egizabal Pedro , Smelina Marija 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe effect of electropulsing on the corrosion cracking of titanium aluminide produced by self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis has been investigated. The electropulsing treatment led to improved corrosion resistance in sodium fluoride solution and also eliminated corrosion cracking at the α2/γ interface during corrosion in a solution of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. This behavior was attributed to thermal and athermal effects resulting from electropulsing and leading to the interaction of conduction electrons with the defect structure. The effect of magnetic field accompanying electropusling on depinning of dislocations also has been discussed. Support for this is provided on the basis of X‐ray diffraction analysis and microhardness testing.
Acidification of the electrolyte during the galvanic corrosion of AA7075: A numerical and experimental study
Authors: Montoya Rodrigo , Ruiz‐García Allan G. , Ortiz‐Ozuna Alma , Ramírez‐Barat Blanca , Genesca Juan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe electrochemical interactions between aluminum alloy 7075 and low‐carbon steels under gelled electrolytes were studied. Such electrolytes provided the opportunity to investigate both thick and thin electrolyte systems. The electrolyte was chemically modified to visually track the acidic fronts during the anodic reaction and the subsequent hydrolysis process. Two mathematical models were validated for both thick and ultrathin electrolytes. The acidification of thick electrolytes was extended some millimeters beyond the aluminum alloy surface, whereas the acidic front was localized next to the metallic joint using ultrathin electrolytes. The combination of both numerical and experimental results allows proving (and explaining why) that the acidification process is more aggressive under dilute than under concentrated electrolytes.
Tuning the Properties of Shape‐Memory Polyurethanes via the Nature of the Polyester Switching Segment
Authors: Karasu Feyza , Weder Christoph 
Published: February 2021

AbstractShape‐memory polymers that contain semicrystalline domains with a melting temperature (Tm) above and a crystallization temperature (Tc) below physiological temperature as fixing elements are useful to create medical devices or implants that can be custom‐shaped inside or around the body. With the goal to expand the palette of materials that exhibit such properties, a series of segmented polyurethanes (PUs) containing different crystallizable polyester segments is investigated. The nature of the polyester, its molecular weight, and the ratio of hard to soft segments are systematically varied and the effect on the mechanical, thermal, and shape‐memory properties of the various PUs is studied. Poly(1,12‐dodecylene dodecanoate), poly(1,6‐hexylene dodecanoate), and poly(ethylene sebacate) (PES) are selected as crystallizable polyester segments. The PES‐based PUs display Tc values of 25–35 °C and a Tm of 60–63 °C, and allow good shape fixing at 37 °C.
Open books decompositions of links of minimally elliptic singularities
Authors: Bhupal Mohan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe present an explicit Milnor open book decomposition supporting the canonical contact structure on the link of each minimally elliptic singularity whose fundamental cycle Z satisfies . For the Milnor open books whose pages have genus less than three, we give a factorization of the monodromy which does not involve any left‐handed Dehn twists around interior curves. Necessary results regarding the roots of reducible, and irreducible elements in mapping class groups are proved, and some new relations in the mapping class groups are presented.
Negotiating political power and stigma around fragile X Syndrome in a rural village in Cameroon: A tale of a royal family and a community
Authors: Kengne Kamga Karen , Munung Nchangwi Syntia , Nguefack Séraphin , Wonkam Ambroise , De Vries Jantina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundFragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a neurogenetic condition that significantly impacts the lives of affected individuals and their families due to its association with intellectual disability (ID) and stigma.MethodIn this paper, we present the findings of an ethnographic study in the community of a patient who received a genetic diagnosis for FXS in Cameroon. This study builds on data from 28 participants of a royal family and 58 from the community who participated in 20 in‐depth interviews and nine focus group discussions.ResultsWe identified two types of stigma in this community: public stigma directed towards the royal family and associative stigma experienced by royal family members. We outline the stereotyping labels used for the family and its children with Fragile X Syndrome and describe the stigma‐power dynamic between the community members and the royal family. First, most villagers use less stigmatizing terms to addressing FXS children from the chieftaincy because of their position in society. Secondly, due to their social position, the royal family uses their status to negotiate marriages with community members. From these observations, we can suggest that the primary role of stigma in this community is to keep people away from FXS and keep them down through domination and exploitation.ConclusionWe advocate that other researchers examine if the same pattern exists in other inheritable forms of ID and conduct more qualitative research on FXS in Africa.
Sex‐Specific Effects of Myo‐Inositol Ingested During Lactation in the Improvement of Metabolic Health in Adult Rats
Authors: Castillo Pedro , Palou Mariona , Otero David , Núñez Paula , Palou Andreu , Picó Catalina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractScopeTo examine the effects of myo‐inositol supplementation during lactation in male and female rats on metabolic parameters and its potential to reverse metabolic alterations associated with a moderate gestational calorie restriction.Methods and resultsThe offspring of control and 25% gestational calorie‐restricted rats are supplemented with myo‐inositol or vehicle throughout lactation and exposed to a Western diet (WD) from 5 to 7 months of age. Blood parameters are measured and gene expression and protein levels in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT) and liver are analyzed. In male offspring, but not in females, myo‐inositol supplementation resulted in lower fasting triglyceride and insulin levels and HOMA‐IR at 7 months, and reversed the alterations in these parameters due to gestational calorie restriction. The expression pattern of key genes in metabolism in rWAT and liver support the beneficial effect of myo‐inositol supplementation in reversing metabolic alterations programmed by gestational calorie restriction in male rats.ConclusionsMyo‐inositol supplementation at physiological doses during lactation improves metabolic health and prevents the programmed trend to develop insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia in male rats acquired by inadequate fetal nutrition and exacerbated by a diabetogenic diet in adulthood. The absence of clear effects in females deserves further investigation.
Second Fin Ray Shows Promise for Estimating Ages of Juvenile but Not Adult Lake Sturgeon
Authors: Izzo Lisa K. , Parrish Donna L. , Zydlewski Gayle Barbin , Koenigs Ryan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The first marginal pectoral fin ray (fin spine) is the most common structure used for estimating the age of sturgeons, including Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. However, conflicting results from studies on the effects of fin spine removal have made some managers hesitant about the practice. We investigated whether the second pectoral fin ray, which can be removed in a less invasive procedure, could be used for estimating ages of Lake Sturgeon. Ages estimated from fin spine and second fin ray samples were compared for 53 wild (470 to 1,981 mm TL) and 16 stocked, known-age (ages 8–18) Lake Sturgeon. Mean coefficient of variation for all samples was 12.4% for the fin spine and 17.5% for the second fin ray. In known-age fish, 17% of estimated ages for the fin spine and the second fin ray matched true age. For the remaining estimates, the difference between the second fin ray and true age was greater than the difference between the fin spine and true age (P &lt; 0.05, Wilcoxon’s signed rank test). In juvenile fish (n = 24), 75% of ages estimated from fin spines and second fin rays were within ±4 annuli, which was similar to differences in reader agreement for the same fin spine. Age estimates for adult Lake Sturgeon (n = 45) were less when using the second fin ray relative to the fin spine (up to –34 years). Additionally, poor annulus clarity was observed in &gt;70% of the second fin rays sampled from adult fish. Our results suggest that the second fin ray does not provide reliable age estimates for adult Lake Sturgeon but may have some utility for estimating age of juvenile Lake Sturgeon. Additional research with a larger sample size would be required to provide more conclusive results.
Toward efficient and stable operation of perovskite solar cells: Impact of sputtered metal oxide interlayers
Authors: Cai Linfeng , Zhu Furong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PSCs) are an emerging photovoltaic technology. PSCs with a power conversion efficiency of 25.2% have been demonstrated. Apart from the encouraging progress made in the efficiency, continuous improvement in operational stability is essential if the PSC technology is to become one of the commercially viable photovoltaic options for applications in renewable energy. In parallel to the development of high‐performance PSCs using environmental‐friendly solution fabrication processes, incorporation of process‐compatible high‐quality metal oxide interlayers for enhancing the stability of PSCs, through passivating the interfacial defects at the perovskite/contact interfaces, enhancing charge extraction, and retarding of the moisture encroachment, is needed. This review discusses the recent research progresses made in the development of different metal oxide interlayers for applications in PSCs, highlighting the functions, process compatibility and advances in high performing stable PSCs.