bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary mediastinal germ cell tumours: an immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostic approach
Authors: Fichtner Alexander , Richter Annika , Filmar Simon , Kircher Stefan , Rosenwald Andreas , Küffer Stefan , Nettersheim Daniel , Oing Christoph , Marx Alexander , Ströbel Philipp , Bremmer Felix 
Published: September 2021

AimsPrimary mediastinal germ cell tumours (PMGCTs) are rare mediastinal neoplasms, and their diagnosis can be challenging, owing to small biopsy samples. The aim of this study was to develop a diagnostic algorithm using immunohistochemical staining, with a focus on novel markers, and molecular analysis of isochromosome 12p [i(12p)].Methods and resultsParaffin‐embedded tissues of 32 mediastinal tumours were analysed with immunohistochemical staining for sal‐like transcription factor 4 (SALL4), Lin‐28 homologue A (LIN28), octamer‐binding transcription factor 3/4 (OCT3/4), D2‐40, cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117), sex‐determining region Y‐box 17, sex‐determining region Y‐box 2 (SOX2), cluster of differentiation 30, the β‐subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG), GATA‐binding protein 3 (GATA3), forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2), glypican‐3 (GPC3), α‐fetoprotein (AFP), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), nuclear protein of the testis (NUT), and pan‐cytokeratin. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed to investigate the i(12p) status. Fifteen seminomas, seven teratomas, one yolk sac tumour, one choriocarcinoma and seven mixed PMGCTs were diagnosed. Each entity had different immunohistochemical staining patterns, which helped to distinguish them: OCT3/4, D2‐40, CD117 and TdT for seminoma; OCT3/4 and SOX2 for embryonal carcinoma; FOXA2, GPC3 and AFP for yolk sac tumour; and β‐hCG and GATA3 for choriocarcinoma. Mature teratomas stained positively for pan‐cytokeratin in epithelial components and focally for SALL4, SOX2, GATA3, D2‐40, and FOXA2. Furthermore, a NUT carcinoma mimicking a PMGCT was diagnosed, showing strong nuclear SOX2 staining and speckled nuclear NUT staining. i(12p) was detected in 24 of 27 PMGCTs (89%).ConclusionA diagnostic algorithm is of great importance for a reliable diagnosis of PMGCT in, usually small, tissue biopsy samples. Therefore, a combination of three to four antibodies to identify the correct histological subtype is usually necessary, in addition to morphological features. The i(12p) status serves as an additional option to indicate a germ cell origin in selected cases.
Intracortical surface‐based MR diffusivity to investigate neurologic and psychiatric disorders: a review
Authors: Sampedro Frederic , Kulisevsky Jaime 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows the quantification of water diffusivity within the cerebral cortex. Alterations in cortical mean diffusivity (MD) have been suggested to reflect microstructural damage. Interestingly, microstructural changes can be detected in the absence of macrostructural alterations such as cortical thinning or gray matter volume loss. However, volume‐based neuroimaging techniques for the study of cortical MD have shown some limitations in terms of intersubject registration, partial volume correction, and smoothing artifacts. In this review, we summarize how a surface‐based approach for the assessment of intracortical MD has not only overcome these technical limitations, but also provided important contributions to the fields of neurology and psychiatry. Since its proposal in 2018, the use of this neuroimaging technique has revealed cortical microstructural alterations in a wide range of clinical contexts, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and primary progressive aphasia. In most cases, the detection of early intracortical MD alterations preceded the identification of macrostructural changes. Importantly, microstructural damage significantly correlated with cognitive performance and biomarker measures, suggesting a potential role for its use in clinical trials as a sensitive imaging marker of neurodegeneration. Given that DTI is a widely available imaging modality, these encouraging results motivate further research using this novel neuroimaging metric in other clinical contexts. Overall, this technique has shed light into the key role of early cortical degeneration in many diseases where cortical involvement was previously thought to have limited clinical and biological significance.
Mothers' Influence on the Body Dissatisfaction and Weight Loss Behaviors of their Preschool‐ to Junior‐High‐School‐Level Daughters: The Case of Japan
Authors: Suzuki Tomohiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study examined young girls enrolled in preschool to junior high school in Japan to clarify their mothers' influence on their body dissatisfaction and weight loss behaviors. The survey participants comprised 790 Japanese women aged 20 to 55 years (mean age 37.5 years, SD = 6.28 years) with daughters aged 3–14 years enrolled in preschool to junior high school. Results indicated that a mother's pressure affected her daughter's body dissatisfaction and ultimately her weight loss behavior. The association was confirmed in a wide range of ages from preschoolers to junior high school students. It can be suggested that the message from their mothers over a long period may lead to girls' body dissatisfaction and consequently weight loss behavior from a young age. Intervention for body dissatisfaction is needed for mothers and children starting at a very early age stage.
Farmer Suicide in Wisconsin: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Kohlbeck Sara , Schramm Andrew , deRoon‐Cassini Terri , Hargarten Stephen , Quinn Katherine 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeThere is a need to address suicide among farmers in the United States and understand what contributes to suicide among American farmers. The purpose of this qualitative study is to analyze narrative data to uncover circumstances that were present in the lives of farmers who died by suicide.MethodsThis study leverages data available in the National Violent Death Reporting System. For this study, we examined all suicides that occurred in Wisconsin between the years 2012 and 2016 and were extracted from the Wisconsin Violent Death Reporting System. Decedents were manually sorted by the “usual occupation” variable in order to identify farmers.FindingsDuring the study period, 73 farmers died, most of whom were White, non‐Hispanic males. Four themes were identified in the thematic analysis: stymied by physical health issues, grief from loss of relationships, ready access to firearms in rural Wisconsin, and the burden of farming and the farm.ConclusionsThe findings from this study demonstrate how unique contextual factors lead to suicide among farmers. This study has implications for suicide prevention among farmers. Primarily, there is a need to address the accessibility of firearms, as their availability in a time of crisis has lethal consequences. However, suicide prevention programming that addresses access to lethal means must take the sociocultural context of rural America into consideration. These findings should also be considered as applied to health care providers that serve rural communities. Suicide risk assessment and management should consider stressors unique to farmers.
Soil composition and plant genotype determine benzoxazinoid‐mediated plant–soil feedbacks in cereals
Authors: Cadot Selma , Gfeller Valentin , Hu Lingfei , Singh Nikhil , Sánchez‐Vallet Andrea , Glauser Gaétan , Croll Daniel , Erb Matthias , van der Heijden Marcel G. A. , Schlaeppi Klaus 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPlant–soil feedbacks refer to effects on plants that are mediated by soil modifications caused by the previous plant generation. Maize conditions the surrounding soil by secretion of root exudates including benzoxazinoids (BXs), a class of bioactive secondary metabolites. Previous work found that a BX‐conditioned soil microbiota enhances insect resistance while reducing biomass in the next generation of maize plants. Whether these BX‐mediated and microbially driven feedbacks are conserved across different soils and response species is unknown. We found the BX‐feedbacks on maize growth and insect resistance conserved between two arable soils, but absent in a more fertile grassland soil, suggesting a soil‐type dependence of BX feedbacks. We demonstrated that wheat also responded to BX‐feedbacks. While the negative growth response to BX‐conditioning was conserved in both cereals, insect resistance showed opposite patterns, with an increase in maize and a decrease in wheat. Wheat pathogen resistance was not affected. Finally and consistent with maize, we found the BX‐feedbacks to be cultivar‐specific. Taken together, BX‐feedbacks affected cereal growth and resistance in a soil and genotype‐dependent manner. Cultivar‐specificity of BX‐feedbacks is a key finding, as it hides the potential to optimize crops that avoid negative plant–soil feedbacks in rotations.
The strategy of protest against Covid‐19 containment policies in Germany
Authors: Plümper Thomas , Neumayer Eric , Pfaff Katharina Gabriela 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe article analyzes the epidemiological and political logics of protest against containment policies in Germany. To maximize the mobilization potential, protest organizers organize more protest events when Covid‐19 mortality rates are low, the stringency of containment policies is high, and in districts in which the vote share of mainstream parties is traditionally low.MethodUsing a negative binomial model, we analyze the number of protest events in a sample of 401 German districts over the period from March to May 2020.ResultsWe find robust positive predicted effects of the stringency of containment policies and negative predicted effects for the mortality rate and the strengths of mainstream parties.ConclusionWe interpret these findings as evidence of the strategic behavior of protest organizers that target protest participation and mobilization to keep the movement alive and potentially grow it.
Incidence rate of active tuberculosis in solid organ transplant recipients: Data from a nationwide population cohort in a high‐endemic country
Authors: Kwon Da Eun , Han Sang Hoon , Han Kyung Do , La Yeonju , Lee Kyoung Hwa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe management of active tuberculosis (TB) in solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients is challenging given the pharmacological interaction and the potential delays in diagnosis due to atypical presentation. The incidence rates (IRs) of post‐SOT TB from the whole recipients’ cohort in a high‐endemic country have not been evaluated.MethodsWe established a SOT cohort (n = 15 598) and confirmed cases of TB between 2011 and 2015 from the Korean National Health Insurance Database using ICD‐10 codes. After excluding 1302 and 180 SOT‐recipients due to age (<18 years) and presence of pre‐SOT TB and/or treatment for latent TB during wash‐out period between 2006 and cohort entry, we analyzed 14 116 SOT recipients and 70 580 individuals with no history of SOT matched by age and sex. The hazard ratios (HRs) of IRs were adjusted for age, sex, low‐income status, diabetes mellitus, chronic co‐morbidities, and anti‐TNF‐α therapy.ResultsThe IR of TB was significantly higher (adjusted HR [aHR]: 6.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.5–7.6) in SOT recipients (4.9/1000 person‐years) than in non‐SOT individuals (0.8/1000 person‐years). Of the transplanted organs, the pancreas (pancreas alone and simultaneous pancreas‐kidney) and lung had the highest IR (aHR: 16.3 [6.1–42.2] and 16.1 [5.9–43.8], respectively). The use of anti‐thymocyte globulin and azathioprine was associated with a higher IR (aHR: 1.53 [1.01–2.43] and 3.92 [1.21–12.47], respectively), but basiliximab was associated with a lower IR (aHR: 0.67 [0.48–0.98]).ConclusionThe IR of TB in SOT recipients, especially in the pancreas and lung, was significantly higher than that in the non‐SOT population.
Psychological intervention in children with transfusion‐dependent β‐thalassaemia
Authors: Wang Meichun , Huang Meixia , Hong Yijin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTransfusion‐dependent β‐thalassaemia can lead to severe psychological issues in paediatric and adolescent patients. However, the psychological interventions for these patients are limited in clinical practice. We aimed to investigate the impact of a 3‐month psychological intervention on the quality of life (QOL) of children with β‐thalassaemia (12–18 years old) who relied on blood transfusion in this study.Materials and MethodsIn the current randomized controlled trial, a total of 143 paediatric or adolescent patients (12–18 years old) with transfusion‐dependent β‐thalassaemia were recruited. They were randomized into the control group (n = 71) who received standard physiological treatment and the intervention group (n = 72) who received a 3‐month intervention in addition to standard physiological treatment. The effects of the interventions on the QOL and psychological outcomes of these participants were analysed.ResultsThe 3‐month intervention significantly improved the scores of PedsQoL 4.0 Generic Core Scales of paediatric patients with transfusion‐dependent β‐thalassaemia. It also significantly improved the psychological status and alleviated the depression among children and adolescent patients by alleviating anhedonia, negative mood and negative self‐esteem among them.ConclusionPsychological intervention has positive effects on the treatment for children with transfusion‐dependent β‐thalassaemia.
Assessing runoff and pollutant loading upstream of the Miyun Reservoir for sustainable water resources management
Authors: Zhang Jing , Qiao Rongrong , Song Yongyu , Lai Yuequn 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSediment deposition and intensified eutrophication of the Miyun Reservoir are directly affecting the water quality in Beijing, China, owing to water pollution issues in the Chaohe River Basin, which contains the main inflow river of the reservoir. This study analysed the runoff, sediment, total nitrogen and total phosphorus load simulation results from three observation stations using the Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN model (Nash efficiency coefficient [NSE] = 0.65–0.8, R2 = 0.62–0.92) and a statistical regression model (R2 = 0.55–0.79). Results indicate that applying these models in combination to basins from which pollution source data are difficult to obtain can fully utilize the advantages of both models. The parameter uncertainty analysis of the model's runoff and pollution‐related parameters is discussed from the basis of the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation analysis method. Further, using the Mann–Kendall test and the double cumulative curve method, an attribute analysis of climate change and human activities in the basin was carried out. Results show that in the context of global climate change, fundamental ways to achieve the goal of adaptive catchment management include adjusting the land use structure, optimizing the land use mode and carrying out comprehensive management of soil and water loss with vegetation restoration as the main body.
Water quality–quantity management in river–reservoir system using sustainability‐based simulation‐optimization meta‐model approach
Authors: Masoumi Fariborz , Najjar‐Ghabel Saeid , Bashi Azghadi Seyyed Nasser 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe present research, for the first time, introduces a sustainability‐based water quality–quantity management model in the river–reservoir system. Vulnerability, resiliency, reliability and maximum deficit are the factors that have been considered in the Sustainability Index (S.I.). The two‐dimensional hydrodynamics and water quality simulation model (CE‐QUAL‐W2) is linked to the multi‐objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) to develop a simulation‐optimization approach. Also, artificial neural network (ANN) model, substituted for the Ce‐QUAL‐W2 model, reduces the computational time in adaptive dynamically refined routine. The proposed methodology is applied to the Karkheh river–reservoir in Iran. The results showed that using ANN in an adaptive form, replacing CE‐QUAL‐W2, significantly impacts the computational time, considering accuracy in the developed simulation‐optimization model. Moreover, using the S.I. greatly reduces both the severity of failure periods in the water quantity–quality and the sequence of failure periods.
Numerical Study of Bubble Cloud and Thermal Lesion Evolution During Acoustic Droplet Vaporization Enhanced HIFU Treatment
Authors: Xin Ying , Zhang Aili , Xu Lisa X. , Fowlkes J. Brian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) has been proven to enhance high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) thermal ablation of tumor. It has also been demonstrated that triggering droplets before HIFU exposure could be a potential way to control both the size and the shape of the thermal lesion. In this paper, a numerical model is proposed to predict the thermal lesion created in ADV enhanced HIFU treatment. Bubble oscillation was coupled into a viscoelastic medium in the model to more closely represent real applications in tissues. Several physical processes caused by continuous wave ultrasound and elevated temperature during the HIFU exposure were considered, including rectified diffusion, gas solubility variation with temperature in the medium, and boiling. Four droplet concentrations spanning two orders of magnitude were calculated. The bubble cloud formed from triggering of the droplets by the pulse wave ultrasound, along with the evolution of the shape and location of the bubble cloud and thermal lesion during the following continuous wave exposure was obtained. The increase of bubble void fraction caused by continuous wave exposure was found to be consistent with the experimental observation. With the increase of droplet concentration, the predicted bubble cloud shapes vary from tadpole to triangular and double triangular, while the thermal lesions move toward the transducer. The results show that the assumptions used in this model increased the accuracy of the results. This model may be used for parametrical study of ADV enhanced HIFU treatment and be further used for treatment planning and optimization in the future.
EPFM Analyses of a Complex Crack in Dissimilar Metal Welded Pipes
Authors: Kang Ji-Hoon , Almomani Belal , Chang Yoon-Suk 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Accurate estimation of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) parameters for a crack in nuclear pipes was considered as an important factor for leak-before-break design and evaluation. Yet few EPFM studies have been made to predict the crack opening displacement and J-integral of dissimilar metal welded pipes, which consist of two-layered materials (TLMs), due to the difficulty of complicate analysis encompassing both through-wall crack and internal surface crack in radial and circumferential directions. In this study, a series of finite element analyses to determine the typical EPFM parameters were carried out considering idealized complex-cracked pipes with TLMs. The analyses were elaborated through applying three loading conditions of axial tension, bending moment, and internal pressure. Both J-integral and crack opening displacement values were calculated by assuming two kinds of equivalent materials based on weighted average concepts as well as two different materials. The proposed equivalent schemes can be utilized in not only improving the expansion to existing solutions but also in more accurate detailed leak-before-break assessment of complex cracked nuclear piping with TLMs.
Pitch and Pattern Effects on Streamwise Fluidelastic Instability in Tube Arrays
Authors: Hassan Marwan , Weaver David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Fluidelastic instability (FEI) is well known to be a critical flow-induced vibration concern for the integrity of the tubes in nuclear steam generators. Traditionally, this has been assumed to occur in the direction transverse to the direction of flow but the tube failures at San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) in Los Angeles proved that this assumption is not generally valid. A simple tube-in-channel theoretical model was previously developed to predict streamwise as well as transverse FEI in a parallel triangular tube array. This predicted that this array geometry was particularly sensitive to streamwise FEI for high mass-damping parameters and small pitch ratios, the conditions in which the SONGS failures occurred. The advantage of this simple modeling approach is that no new empirical data are required for parametric studies of the effects of tube pattern and pitch ratio on FEI. The tube-in-channel model has been extended to in-line square, normal triangular, and rotated square tube arrays and the stability of these geometric patterns are analyzed for the effects of varying pitch ratio and the mass-damping parameter. The results are compared with the available experimental data and conclusions are drawn regarding the relative vulnerability of these different tube array geometries to streamwise FEI.
System and Component Level Risk Assessment for SiC MOSFET Based Inverter for Traction Application at High Coolant Temperatures and Off-Road Mission Profile
Authors: Mohammad Nafis Bakhtiyar , Mahmud Mohammad , Wang Zhongjing , Wu Yuheng , Huitink David , Zhao Yue 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Monitoring and predicting temperatures at critical locations of a power electronic system is important for safety, reliability, and efficiency. As the market share of vehicles with electric powertrains continues to increase, there is also an important economic cost of failing electronic components. For inverters present in such a drive system, exceeding the temperature limit for certain critical components, such as DC-link capacitors and Silicon carbide MOSFETs, can lead to failure of the system. In such an application, extracting the temperatures using sensors from locations such as dies and capacitors require expensive modifications and poses technical challenges. It is therefore necessary to create a thermal model for the inverter system to estimate the temperature at various components in order to ensure operation within temperature limits. The model approach is also suitable for predicting the effect on the component temperature and reliability of boundary conditions such as coolant, ambient temperature, and mission profile. This study assesses the reliability of a 250 kW liquid cooled inverter system designed for traction application. The critical failure areas are the DC-link capacitors, and the SiC MOSFET dies, which are rated at 175 °C. The system is modeled as a compact system by reasonably considering each component as a lumped capacitance and estimating the thermal resistance using physical dimensions. Results from the model are then compared against experimental data from constant power testing, and good agreement is observed for the cold plate and gate driver temperatures. With the model fidelity established, the model is then used to implement drive cycles from the Environmental Protection Agency for nonroad applications. The resulting temperature profile for each component is a series of temperature peaks and troughs that contribute to damage and failure. Rainflow counting algorithm is then used to quantify the damage per mini-cycles and used to estimate the predicted life for each component based on their manufacturer provided reliability qualification, and the mission profile is executed on the test bench for validation. The results are then used to generate a system risk matrix that relates the failure risk associated with a certain mission profile and the cooling scheme. It therefore demonstrates that an automotive inverter with SiC switching devices can be credibly assessed for failure risk using a compact model that is independent of boundary conditions, in combination with established reliability correlations and techniques.