bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le Général Augustin Dubail (1851-1934), grand chancelier de la Légion d’honneur
Authors: Grandhomme Jean-Noël 
Published: January 2021

Créé par Napoléon Bonaparte le 19 mai 1802, l’Ordre de la Légion d’honneur a compris et comprend encore de nombreux membres alsaciens à titre militaire. Parmi eux, Augustin Dubail, né à Belfort, dans le seul arrondissement du Haut-Rhin resté en majorité français en 1871. Désireux de récupérer les « Provinces perdues », il choisit la carrière des armes et arrive jusqu’au grade de général de division, commandant de la 1re armée en août 1914. Bien que battu à Sarrebourg, il est appelé par la suite au commandement d’un groupe d’armées, mais il s’enlise dans la guerre de positions et fait, pour finir, l’objet d’un « limogeage » avec les formes. Ses amis politiques radicaux lui ménagent alors deux portes de sortie successives : gouverneur militaire de Paris, puis grand chancelier de la Légion d’honneur. En quinze ans d’administration et de représentation, il s’implique beaucoup dans la politique commémorative – à l’occasion de la visite de prestigieux hôtes étrangers, des obsèques des principaux personnages de l’armée et de l’État, des inaugurations de monuments, et d’autres cérémonies extrêmement nombreuses. Dubail s’attache aussi à améliorer le fonctionnement de l’Ordre et de ses œuvres : instauration des décorations à titre posthume, réorganisation de l’enseignement dans les trois maisons d’éducation pour jeunes filles, création de la Société d’entraide des membres de la Légion d’honneur. Dubail meurt à la tâche en 1934, à deux pas du « reliquaire de la gloire », le musée qu’il avait également créé.
Le rôle des officiers Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives de l’armée américaine dans le sauvetage des œuvres d’art d’Alsace 1944-1945
Authors: Igersheim François 
Published: January 2021

Dans un rapport du début décembre 1944, le capitaine Marvin Chancey Ross décrit le soulagement, l’émotion, l’émerveillement de Hans Haug, découvrant dans ce demi-jour hivernal d’une pièce du Haut-Koenigsbourg, la Crucifixion du retable d’Issenheim dont il ne parvient pas à détacher les yeux. Tout près de là, contre un mur, la Vierge au buisson de roses. Et pourtant, souligne Ross, Haug a écrit un livre sur la Vierge au Buisson de roses. L’officier et conservateur américain avait associé son confrère français à la recherche des dépôts d’objets d’art des musées alsaciens. Depuis 1918, conservateur des musées que Strasbourg s’est fait un devoir et un honneur de développer après 1871, Haug a donné à sa mission un sens particulier qu’il exprime éloquemment dans son L’Art en Alsace : « A toutes ses grandes époques, l’Alsace a fait preuve d’un génie créateur : introduisant sa propre poésie, son propre humour, sa propre introspection dans l’esprit et la matière des choses […] elle voit périodiquement naître sur son sol des œuvres qu’on ne saurait voir ailleurs ». Et il ajoute, parlant de lui, « il a tenté de donner [dans les collections publiques] une image vivante de ce que fut l’Alsace artistique à travers les siècles ». Au mois d’août 1939, Haug avait présenté, dans la Revue du Touring Club de France, un article bilan de son œuvre pour les musées de Strasbourg. Mais dès décembre 1939, la Revue du Touring Club annonçait : « les trésors de l’art français sont à l’abri ». Les trésors de l’Alsace – vitraux de la cathédrale, tableaux et sculptures des musées de Strasbourg et de Colmar, manuscrits et incunables des bibliothèques – avaient été regroupés au château de Hautefort. Ils seront récupérés par les Allemands en octobre 1940, puis en décembre 1942, pour être ramenés en Alsace où ils restent en caisses, pour être à nouveau enlevés et emportés on ne savait où.De retour en Alsace, Haug participe avec les officiers Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives de l’armée américaine qui libère l’Alsace, à la recherche des trésors des musées alsaciens enlevés par les Allemands. C’est le rôle de ces officiers dans le sauvetage des trésors des musées alsaciens que se propose de décrire cet article.
Une caractérisation des indicateurs élaborés dans l’activité. Perspectives sémiotiques sur la formation professionnelle
Authors: Dépret Christian , Vadcard Lucile 
Published: January 2021

Nous nous intéressons ici à la notion d’indicateur dans le cadre de l’analyse de l’activité pour la formation. Cette notion permet, en échappant au piège dualiste, de concevoir un individu qui n’a pas un réel objectif sous les yeux, mais plutôt des éléments concrets potentiellement signifiants (signes ou indicateurs potentiels). Cette lecture sémiotique n’est pas exclusive, et doit être articulée avec les approches théoriques qui occupent le champ de la didactique professionnelle (l’articulation au constructivisme est en particulier défendue). Nous présenterons trois catégories d’indicateurs, et les questions inhérentes à leur validité. Nous développerons une « méthode des indicateurs » à travers la caractérisation des indicateurs en cinq dimensions : la relativité, la subjectivité, la sûreté, la responsabilité et la convertibilité. Chacune de ces dimensions relie les modalités du processus interprétatif aux aspects de l’activité qu’ils risquent d’influencer (par exemple, si la sûreté de la chaine indicielle doit toujours être suspectée, elle ne l’est, dans les faits, que pour certaines valeurs de l’indice). Nous mettons en évidence ces rapports par des exemples dans le domaine de la maïeutique (par exemple, les étudiantes sages-femmes sont rassurées par la technicité d’une chaîne indicielle longue – imagerie ou tracé – alors que les sages-femmes expérimentées cherchent à vérifier par accès direct – palpation ou toucher vaginal – la sûreté d’une imagerie ou d’un tracé).
The Ugly Duckling Turned to Swan: A Change in Perception of Bystander-Activated Memory CD8 T Cells
Authors: Maurice Nicholas J , Taber Alexis K , Prlic Martin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Memory T cells (Tmem) rapidly mount Ag-specific responses during pathogen reencounter. However, Tmem also respond to inflammatory cues in the absence of an activating TCR signal, a phenomenon termed bystander activation. Although bystander activation was first described over 20 years ago, the physiological relevance and the consequences of T cell bystander activation have only become more evident in recent years. In this review, we discuss the scenarios that trigger CD8 Tmem bystander activation including acute and chronic infections that are either systemic or localized, as well as evidence for bystander CD8 Tmem within tumors and following vaccination. We summarize the possible consequences of bystander activation for the T cell itself, the subsequent immune response, and the host. We highlight when T cell bystander activation appears to benefit or harm the host and briefly discuss our current knowledge gaps regarding regulatory signals that can control bystander activation.
Heads-up 3D viewing system in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy - A prospective randomized trial
Authors: Rani Deeksha , Kumar Atul , Chandra Parijat , Chawla Rohan , Hasan Nasiq , Agarwal Divya 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
To compare the outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery in patients with primary and recurrent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) on 3 dimensional digitally assisted visualization system (3D-DAVS) and conventional analogue microscope (CAM).

Methods:
68 patients with primary (50) and recurrent (18) RRD with PVR > C1 were included. One group underwent surgery on 3D-DAVS while the other on CAM. The parameters studied included detachment rate, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), duration of surgery, mean endo-illumination levels of 23 G (Gauge) micro incision vitrectomy system (MIVS) and microscope and satisfaction of surgeon and observers based on a framed questionnaire. The mean duration of follow up was three months.

Results:
68 eyes of 68 patients with median age 52.5 (range 18–68) years were included. 50 had primary RRD and 18 had recurrent RRD. Detachment rate at the end of three months was comparable in both groups of primary (P > 0.99) and recurrent (P = 0.21) RRD. Mean duration of surgery in minutes for 3D DAVS and CAM group was 61.8 (±22.07) and 58.04 (±12.33), respectively, in primary RRD and 37.22 (±10.27) and 36.55 (±5.92), respectively, in recurrent RRD group. Mean endo-illumination in 3D DAVS (14.5%) group was half of that in CAM (34.17%) group. Surgeon and observer satisfaction scores were significantly higher for 3D DAVS group.

Conclusion:
3D DAVS is a safe and effective modality or performing VR surgery in RRD with PVR. 3D DAVS allows lower endo-illumination levels provides superior surgeon ergonomics and offers better learning opportunities to the trainees.
Comparative analysis of safety and efficacy of Alcaftadine 0.25%, Olopatadine hydrochloride 0.2% and Bepotastine besilate 1.5% in allergic conjunctivitis
Authors: Ayyappanavar Shruti , Sridhar Sriya , Kumar Kiran , Jayanthi C R , Gangasagara Suresh Babu , Rathod B L Sujatha , Preethi B , Mittal Preeti 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
To compare the efficacy and safety of Alcaftadine 0.25%, Olopatadine hydrochloride 0.2%, and Bepotastine besilate 1.5% ophthalmic solutions in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

Methods:
This is a prospective, observer-masked, comparative study of 180 patients with mild to moderate allergic conjunctivitis, randomized into three groups of 60 patients each. Each group was assigned to be treated with one of the three treatment options namely Alcaftadine 0.25%, Olopatadine hydrochloride 0.2% and Bepotastine besilate 1.5% ophthalmic solutions. Patients were followed-up at regular intervals with relief and resolution of symptoms and signs noted using Total Ocular Scoring System (TOSS) and hyperaemia scale.

Results:
All three topical medications were effective in resolving symptoms of the patients with mild to moderate allergic conjunctivitis. Baseline mean TOSS scores for Alcaftadine group, Olopatadine group and Bepotastine besilate group were (7.68±2.32), (7.65±2.32) and (7.45±2.27) respectively as compared to the corresponding TOSS scores on 14th Day (4th visit) which were (0.2 ± 0.43), (0.4 ± 0.56) and (0.1 ± 0.36) respectively. The resolution of symptoms in the Bepotastine and Alcaftadine groups was significantly profound as compared to the Olopatadine group (p = 0.008). Bepotastine and Alcaftadine groups significantly reduced allergic conjunctivitis symptoms compared to Olopatadine group (p = 0.008).

Conclusion:
All three topical ophthalmic medications used in the study are safe and effective in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. However, Bepotastine and Alcaftadine appear to outweigh Olopatadine in resolving the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis.
Virus containment box for retinopathy of prematurity screening and laser
Authors: Nayak Sameera , Reddy Y P , Behera Shashwat , Adish T S , Satyanarayana D 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
Health care workers are susceptible to contracting infection with COVID-19 by aerosol transmission. This is a risk while examining and/or treating an un-sedated neonate in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening and treatment. But screening for neonates for ROP and treating with laser, when required, should not be delayed to avoid the blindness. We describe a cost-effective method of containing aerosols generated during such a procedure in an un-sedated baby.

Methods:
An acrylic transparent containment box was prepared to accommodate an average-sized infant. The box had four walls and a roof. The floor was open to place the container box over the baby. The walls have two types of openings, large ones to allow passage of hands to examine the baby, small ones to enable passage of oxygen tubing when required. A simulation was created to examine the impact of aerosol spray on examining healthcare personnel.

Results:
The cost of the acrylic box was negligible. It could be assembled locally with available acrylic sheets and craftsmen. It was not difficult to examine the baby inside the box, and the simulation demonstrated that it protected the health personnel from the aerosol contamination.

Conclusion:
The described method is likely to increase healthcare personnel's confidence not to delay or deny ROP screening and laser treatment and save the babies from blindness.
Resuming eye bank services during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Acharya Manisha , Biswas Saurabh , Das Animesh , Dave Abhishek , Mathur Umang 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to formulate a methodological approach for resuming eye bank services during COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:
Eye bank operations were temporarily halted in March after the government-mandated “Lockdown” in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Before restarting eye bank operations in May, we studied sources of exposure, performed risk assessment, instituted additional process validations and redefined the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in consultation with the guidelines published by the Eye bank Association of India and All India Ophthalmological Society. The eye bank staff were rigorously trained before and after operations were restarted. We conducted a survey at the end of July to gauge staff attitude and reaction.

Results:
Eye banks services resumed on 20th May 2020. Since reopening till the end of July total 41 keratoplasties have been done. 91.75% of all keratoplasties done were therapeutic surgeries and 17% of the surgeries were done using glycerine preserved tissues. No staff had COVID-19 symptoms when the operations restarted and none developed symptoms up to the end of July. All eye bank staff were aware of COVID-19 pandemic and 86% said they felt safe working at the eye bank. 86% of the staff said that they received adequate training and 66% of the staff expressed that they always received proper PPE and kits. Overall, 93% of the staff expressed that the measures taken by the eye bank ensured their safety.

Conclusion:
Based on our experience we suggest the following activities for planned resumption of eye bank services during the pandemic: Exposure Risk Analysis, Personal Protective Equipment usage training, SOP Revision and staff training on modified SOPs. Criteria based selection of donor sources, participatory planning involving the staff and double-checking at critical process junctions helped us in managing a smooth transition.
Resurgence of combined intravenous Ketamine and regional anesthesia in pediatric ocular surgery in COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Rajput Vimal K , Tuvar Subhash , Bhalsing Shweta , Bhalsing Snehal 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
The current pandemic of COVID-19 has made airway procedures like intubation and extubation, potential sources of virus transmission among health care workers. The aim of this work was to study the safety profile of combined ketamine and regional anesthesia in pediatric ocular surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:
This prospective study included pediatric patients undergoing ocular surgery under general anesthesia from April to October 2020. Children were premedicated with oral midazolam (0.25–0.50 mg/kg) or intramuscular ketamine (7-10 mg/kg), ondensetron (0.1 mg/kg) and atropine (0.02 mg/kg). Anesthesia was achieved with intravenous ketamine (4–5 mg/kg) and local anesthesia (peribulbar block or local infiltration). The patient's vital signs were monitored. Serious complications and postoperative adverse reactions related to anesthesia were documented.

Results:
A total of 55 children (62 eyes) were operated. Lid tear was the most common surgical procedure performed [n = 18 (32.7%)]. Dose of ketamine needed ranged from 30 to 120 mg (66.67 ± 30.45). No intubation or resuscitation was needed. Four children complained of nausea and two needed an additional dose of intravenous ondansetron due to vomiting in the post-operative period. Incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was not affected by age, duration of surgery or dose of ketamine used (P > 0.05). There was no correlation between increase in pulse and dose of ketamine.

Conclusion:
Combined ketamine and regional anesthesia is a safe and effective alternative to administer anesthesia in a child during ocular surgeries.
Ocular biometric measurements and optical coherence tomography parameters in children with refractive errors and emmetropia
Authors: Kavitha V , Mahesha S , Narendran B S , Heralgi Mallikarjun M 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the differences in ocular biometric measurements (OBMs), central macular thickness (CMT), and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) between children with refractive errors and those with emmetropia.

Methods:
A cross-sectional observational study of 205 children (334 eyes) aged between six and 18 years consisting of four groups (emmetropia, hypermetropia, myopia, and astigmatism) was carried out. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), a detailed ocular examination, OBMs, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) for RNFLT and CMT in both eyes were evaluated for each child.

Results:
Mean age of 205 children was 12.4 ± 3.2 years. 55.6% (n = 114) were girls and 44.4% (n = 91) were boys. There was a significant difference between the four groups for the parameters spherical equivalent (SE), keratometer readings K1and K2, axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and lens thickness (LT) (P < 0.0001). The mean central corneal thickness (CCT) was not significantly different between the four groups (P = 0.076). The mean RNFLT was thinner in the myopic group compared with the emmetropic group (P = 0.0048) There was no significant difference in the mean CMT across the four groups (P = 0.458).

Conclusion:
The data obtained are helpful in providing the normative as well as a comparative database on OBMs, RNFLT and CMT of the pediatric population. This also facilitates evaluation of RNFLT and CMT measurements in children with amblyopia, optic neuropathies, glaucoma, macular and retinal diseases.
Sleep-disordered breathing among Saudi children seeking orthodontic treatment
Authors: Al Ehaideb Ali A , Almufadhi Norah M , Ab Alhassn Ghaida M , Fallatah Amal A , Adnan Shazia , Alsubaie Areej A 
Published: January 2021

Aims:
The aim of this research is to assess the prevalence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and evaluate the risks and symptoms in children seeking orthodontic treatment in a Saudi dental center.

Settings and Design:
It is a cross-sectional survey-based study.

Methods and Material:
Pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) was used to survey 285 children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years old who are undergoing orthodontic screening in a Saudi Dental Center.

Statistical Analysis Used:
PSQ scores were tested with multiple variables including gender, parents' education, academic performance using Mann-Whitney-U test. Correlation of study sample scores with age were calculated using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rho).

Results:
In this study 136 (47.7%) of the participants were deemed to be high risk for developing SDB and 149 (52.3%) were low risk, males were significantly at higher risk compared to females (P ≤ 0.05). Participants with previous adenoidectomy surgery were more likely to be identified as high-risk for SDB (P-value = 0.000) as well as participants with a family history of snoring (P-value = 0.000).

Conclusions:
Sleep disordered breathing was prevalent among Saudi children seeking orthodontic therapy, it is important to screen children and adolescents in dental pediatric and orthodontic clinics for SDB risk as this is a prevalent disorder among this population, early detection of SDB will improve patients' quality of life and prevent future complications associated to this disorder.
Powassan Virus Experimental Infections in Three Wild Mammal Species
Authors: Nemeth Nicole M. , Root J. Jeffrey , Hartwig Airn E. , Bowen Richard A. , Bosco-Lauth Angela M. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTPowassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne virus maintained in sylvatic cycles between mammalian wildlife hosts and ticks (primarily Ixodes spp.). There are two currently recognized lineages, POWV-lineage 1 (POWV-L1) and deer tick virus (DTV; lineage 2), both of which can cause fatal neurologic disease in humans. Increased numbers of human case reports in the northeastern and north central United States in recent years have fueled questions into POWV epidemiology. We inoculated three candidate wildlife POWV reservoir hosts, groundhogs (Marmota monax), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and fox squirrels (Sciurus niger), with either POWV-L1 or DTV. Resulting viremia, tissue tropism, and pathology were minimal in most inoculated individuals of all three species, with low (peak titer range, 101.7–103.3 plaque-forming units/mL serum) or undetectable viremia titers, lack of detection in tissues except for low titers in spleen, and seroconversion in most individuals by 21 days postinoculation (DPI). Pathology was limited and most commonly consisted of mild inflammation in the brain of POWV-L1– and DTV-inoculated skunks on four and 21 DPI, respectively. These results reveal variation in virulence and host competence among wild mammalian species, and a likely limited duration of host infectiousness to ticks during enzootic transmission cycles. However, POWV can transmit rapidly from tick to host, and tick co-feeding may be an additional transmission mechanism. The rare and low-level detections of viremia in these three, common, wild mammal species suggest that vector–host dynamics should continue to be explored, along with eco-epidemiological aspects of enzootic POWV transmission in different regions and virus lineages.
Parental Family Violence and Mental Health among parents and their offspring in the Southern Province, Rwanda
Authors: Uwitonze Thérèse , Niyonsenga Japhet , Habumugisha Emmanuel , Mukarusanga Ignatiana , Mutabaruka Jean 
Published: January 2021

Background
Children who witness violence between parents have an elevated risk of developing mental disorders as well as being victims or perpetrator of family violence (FV) in their future relationships when compared with children from non-violent family.
Objectives
To assess links between both parental FV and mental disorders, and mental disorders in their offspring.
Methods
One hundred and thirty eight (138) participants dispatched in two categories: spouses/partners (N: 89; 40 Males) and offspring (N: 49; 20 Males) have been recruited from eight District Police Unities (DPU) of the Rwandan Southern Province to participate in this cross-sectional study during a 7 months period. This study used the student “t” to examine the links between parental FV and mental disorders in offspring.
Results
Parental FV was linked with PTSD, psychopathic and addiction behavior symptoms in offspring. Parental anxious attachment was linked with anxiety and addiction behavior symptoms in offspring and the risk of being perpetrator or victims of FV. Parental avoidant attachment was linked with depression symptoms in offspring. Further, both parental low self-esteem and PTSD were linked with depression and PTSD symptoms in offspring.
Conclusion
The results indicate that FV and mental disorders experienced by parents seem to affect offspring’s mental health and generate specific mental disorders. Therefore, the intervention programs should focus on the treatment of both parental and children mental disorders.
Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(3):291-314