bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and the Ambivalence of the Early English East India Company-State
Authors: Stern Philip J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article explores the various roles that alcohol played in defining the governance of East India Company fortifications and settlements in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It argues that, much like elsewhere in Europe, Asia, and the colonial world, alcohol was absolutely crucial to political and social life, as well as a source of great revenue and profit for both the Company and individuals who worked for it. At the same time, it was a cause of immense anxiety and concern for Company government, which understood the use (and overuse) of alcohol as a principal sign of potential disorder and disobedience. Far from a contradiction, this ambivalence towards alcohol formed a foundation for a variety of regulatory instruments, from tavern licences to taxation, that were crucial to the establishment of early Company governance and a prime reflection of the Company's very own ambivalent nature as both merchant and sovereign.
Replacement of grain maize with spineless cactus in the diet of dairy goats
Authors: Fonseca Pereira Genildo , Virgínio Emerenciano Neto João , Patrícia Alves Coelho Gracindo Ângela , Maria de Oliveira Silva Yhêlda , dos Santos Difante Gelson , Leandro Chaves Gurgel Antonio , de Souza Marinho Francisco José , da Costa Lima Guilherme Ferreira 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera) is widely used in animal feed in semi-arid regions, due to the adaptive characteristics to such conditions and for having high levels of soluble carbohydrates. This research article describes the effect of replacing grain maize with spineless cactus in the diet of dairy goats on dry matter intake, water intake, milk yield, milk physicochemical characteristics and diet production costs. Eight multiparous Anglo Nubian goats were fed diets in which grain maize was replaced with spineless cactus at four levels (0, 33, 66, and 100%) in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design. Milk yield was measured and samples collected in the last three days of each period for physicochemical analysis and for determining nutrient intake. Diet production costs were also determined. Replacing maize with spineless cactus did not influence dry matter intake. Water intake via the drinker decreased linearly in response to the increasing levels of spineless cactus in the diet. The replacement of maize with spineless cactus did not change milk yield or physicochemical parameters. Total feed cost and the percentage of revenue losses from feed decreased with the replacement. Therefore, spineless cactus can fully replace grain maize in the diet of dairy goats, as it does not change dry matter intake or milk yield, but rather reduces feed costs and the drinking-water intake of goats.
Diversity of yeasts and moulds in dairy products from Umbria, central Italy
Authors: Cenci-Goga Beniamino , Cruciani Deborah , Crotti Silvia , Karama Musafiri , Yıldırım Gamze , Bulut Menekşe , Marino Concetta , Grispoldi Luca 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this research communication we report on the diversity of yeast and mould species in 69 samples of milk and different dairy products from three plants located in Umbria, central Italy. Isolates were characterised both macroscopically and microscopically and then identified by PCR and genome sequencing of the ITS region and the D1–D2 domain of the large-subunit rRNA gene for filamentous fungi and yeasts, respectively. Out of the 69 samples analysed, 51 (73.9%) tested positive for the presence of yeasts, whereas moulds were detected in 25 (36.2%) samples. A total of 9 yeast species belonging to 8 different genera and 13 mould species belonging to 6 different genera were isolated. The most common genera isolated were Debaryomyces and Kluyveromyces among the yeasts and Penicillium and Galactomyces among the moulds. Microbiota play a key role in the formation of flavour, aroma, texture and appearance of dairy products. This complex microbial ecosystem includes both cultured and external bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Some of them have an important role in the production of cheeses, whereas others are responsible for dairy product spoilage, resulting in significant food waste and economic losses. Some species can produce mycotoxins, representing a potential hazard for the consumer's safety. This study provides interesting information on the diversity of fungi species in dairy products from central Italy that can be of major importance to identify these products and to develop adequate strategies for fungal spoilage control and consumer safety.
Production-based training benefits the comprehension and production of grammatical gender in L2 German
Authors: Keppenne Valérie , Hopman Elise W. M. , Jackson Carrie N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOngoing debate exists regarding the role of production-based versus comprehension-based training for L2 learning. However, recent research suggests an advantage for production training due to benefits stemming from the opportunity to compare generated output with feedback and from the memory mechanisms associated with language production. Based on recent findings with an artificial language paradigm, we investigated the effects of production-based and comprehension-based training for learning grammatical gender among beginning L2 German learners. Participants received production-based or comprehension-based training on grammatical gender assignment and gender agreement between determiners, adjectives, and 15 German nouns, followed by four tasks targeting the comprehension and production of the target nouns and their corresponding gender marking on determiners and adjectives. Both groups were equally accurate in comprehending and producing the nouns. For tasks requiring knowledge of grammatical gender, the production-based group outperformed the comprehension-based group on both comprehension and production tests. These findings demonstrate the importance of language production for creating robust linguistic representations and have important implications for classroom instruction.
An efficient self-motion scheme for redundant robot manipulators: a varying-gain neural self-motion approach
Authors: Zhang Pengchao , Ren Xiaohui , Zhang Zhijun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn order to achieve high efficient self-motion for a redundant robot manipulator, a novel quadratic programming and varying-gain recurrent neural network based varying-gain neural self-motion (VGN-SM) approach is proposed and developed. With VGN-SM, the convergence errors can be adaptively and efficiently converged to zero. For comparisons, a traditional fixed-parameter neural self-motion (FPN-SM) approach is also presented. Theoretical analysis shows that the proposed VGN-SM has higher accuracy than the traditional FPN-SM. Finally, comparative experiments between VGN-SM and FPN-SM are performed on a six degrees-of-freedom robot manipulator to verify the advantages of the novel VGN-SM.
Implementing epidemic intelligence in the WHO African region for early detection and response to acute public health events
Authors: Williams George Sie , Impouma Benido , Mboussou Franck , Lee Theresa Min-Hyung , Ogundiran Opeayo , Okot Charles , Metcalf Tatiana , Stephen Mary , Fekadu Senait Tekeste , Wolfe Caitlin M. , Farham Bridget , Hofer Cristina , Wicht Bertil , Tores Claudia Codeço , Flahault Antoine , Keiser Olivia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Epidemic intelligence activities are undertaken by the WHO Regional Office for Africa to support member states in early detection and response to outbreaks to prevent the international spread of diseases. We reviewed epidemic intelligence activities conducted by the organisation from 2017 to 2020, processes used, key results and how lessons learned can be used to strengthen preparedness, early detection and rapid response to outbreaks that may constitute a public health event of international concern. A total of 415 outbreaks were detected and notified to WHO, using both indicator-based and event-based surveillance. Media monitoring contributed to the initial detection of a quarter of all events reported. The most frequent outbreaks detected were vaccine-preventable diseases, followed by food-and-water-borne diseases, vector-borne diseases and viral haemorrhagic fevers. Rapid risk assessments generated evidence and provided the basis for WHO to trigger operational processes to provide rapid support to member states to respond to outbreaks with a potential for international spread. This is crucial in assisting member states in their obligations under the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005). Member states in the region require scaled-up support, particularly in preventing recurrent outbreaks of infectious diseases and enhancing their event-based surveillance capacities with automated tools and processes.
A scoping review of chronotype and temporal patterns of eating of adults: tools used, findings, and future directions
Authors: Phoi Yan Yin , Rogers Michelle , Bonham Maxine P. , Dorrian Jillian , Coates Alison M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCircadian rhythms, metabolic processes and dietary intake are inextricably linked. Timing of food intake is a modifiable temporal cue for the circadian system and may be influenced by numerous factors, including individual chronotype – an indicator of an individual’s circadian rhythm in relation to the light–dark cycle. This scoping review examines temporal patterns of eating across chronotypes and assesses tools that have been used to collect data on temporal patterns of eating and chronotype. A systematic search identified thirty-six studies in which aspects of temporal patterns of eating, including meal timings; meal skipping; energy distribution across the day; meal frequency; time interval between meals, or meals and wake/sleep times; midpoint of food/energy intake; meal regularity; and duration of eating window, were presented in relation to chronotype. Findings indicate that, compared with morning chronotypes, evening chronotypes tend to skip meals more frequently, have later mealtimes, and distribute greater energy intake towards later times of the day. More studies should explore the difference in meal regularity and duration of eating window amongst chronotypes. Currently, tools used in collecting data on chronotype and temporal patterns of eating are varied, limiting the direct comparison of findings between studies. Development of a standardised assessment tool will allow future studies to confidently compare findings to inform the development and assessment of guidelines that provide recommendations on temporal patterns of eating for optimal health.
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a patient with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricle septum following Fontan procedure: a rare complication
Authors: Takajo Daiji , Balakrishnan Preetha L. , Aggarwal Sanjeev 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLeft ventricular outflow tract obstruction in patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum has been rarely reported. Data are lacking on the impact and management of systemic ventricular outflow tract obstruction that developed following the Fontan procedure. We report a case of an 8-year-old male who developed left ventricular outflow tract obstruction 6 months after the Fontan procedure.
Membranous septal aneurysm causing severe right ventricular outflow obstruction in an adult with trisomy 18
Authors: Herron Christopher , Forbes Thomas J , Kobayashi Daisuke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMembranous ventricular septal aneurysm is a known entity but rarely causes severe right ventricular outflow obstruction. We report a 40-year-old female with trisomy 18 who developed severe right ventricular outflow obstruction caused by an enormous membranous septal aneurysm associated with unrepaired inlet ventricular septal defect with perimembranous extension.
A DEFENSE OF HUMEAN PROPERTY THEORY
Authors: Lindsay Ira K. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTTwo rival approaches to property rights dominate contemporary political philosophy: Lockean natural rights and egalitarian theories of distributive justice. This article defends a third approach, which can be traced to the work of David Hume. Unlike Lockean rights, Humean property rights are not grounded in pre-institutional moral entitlements. In contrast to the egalitarian approach, which begins with highly abstract principles of distributive justice, Humean theory starts with simple property conventions and shows how more complex institutions can be justified against a background of settled property rights. Property rights allow people to coordinate their use of scarce resources. For property rules to serve this function effectively, certain questions must be considered settled. Treating existing property entitlements as having prima facie validity facilitates cooperation between people who disagree about distributive justice. Lockean and egalitarian theories endorse moral claims that threaten to unsettle property conventions and undermine social cooperation.
Under Pressure: Intractable Trade Conflicts and Korea – Pneumatic Valves
Authors: Buzard Kristy , Claussen Kathleen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Appellate Body (AB) report in Korea–Pneumatic Valves is among the most structurally complex of recent trade remedies reports. The AB weaves a complicated web to explicate the intricacies of the relationship among the relevant provisions on injury determination in anti-dumping disputes in the midst of a contentious and long-running series of disputes between two close regional trading powers. This Article first examines the Korean investigation and its significance in economic terms. Second, it analyzes the AB's conclusions on Article 6.2 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding regarding the panel request and the significance of the AB's treatment. Third, it studies the AB's comments on the panel's anti-dumping calculations where the AB amplifies its prior pronouncements on the elements of injury and causation. Finally, the Article situates this dispute in the broader political debates playing out both at the AB and between the two disputing parties.
Knight, financial institutions, and entrepreneurship in developing economies
Authors: Nabisaalu Joyce K. , Bylund Per L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFinancial institutions in developing economies fail to provide entrepreneurs with access to finance to grow their businesses. This severely hampers economic development in these countries. We seek to explain why and develop an argument and model based on Knight's theory, which we augment in two ways. First, by describing problems embedded in financial institutions of developing economies, for which we use the Schumpeterian view that creative destruction requires new credit to fund entrepreneurial disruption and de Soto's finding that undocumented assets possessed by entrepreneurs in developing economies cannot be leveraged as collateral to access finance. Second, we use Williamson's hierarchical institutional model to distinguish vertical interactions. The model is illustrated using the case of Uganda, a developing country in Eastern Africa. Our analysis finds that Uganda suffers from intertwined and misaligned formal and informal institutions, limited extent of codified property, and sparse access to finance. The findings prompt policymakers in developing economies to consider problems with and within financial institutions.
A compact dual-band D-CRLH-based antenna with self-isolation functionality
Authors: Abdalla Mahmoud A. , El Atrash Mohamed , Abdel Aziz Ahmed A. , Abdelnaser Mohamed I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a compact dual-band filtering antenna without extra employing of filter structures. The antenna is designed using a planar dual-composite right/left-handed (D-CRLH) transmission line unit cell, where the filtering function is achieved through current cancellation between the D-CRLH resonators. The antenna is designed to function at 3.0 and 5.1 GHz, which can serve different WLAN applications. The antenna is a co-planar waveguide fed with a very compact size of only 30 × 16 mm2. Compared to the conventional patch antenna, the antenna size is only 17% at 3.0 GHz and 31% at 5.1 GHz. Despite the small size, the antenna preserves a good omni-directional radiation pattern at the two resonant frequencies with a measured realized gain of 2 and 2.7 dB, respectively. At the stopband in-between the two resonant bands, the reflection coefficient is almost 0 dB at 4.25 GHz and complete non-radiation is proved with a −11 dB measured realized gain. The different antenna filtering functions are verified by full-wave simulation and measurements.
Wavelet‐Based Characterization of Very‐Long‐Period Seismicity Reveals Temporal Evolution of Shallow Magma System Over the 2008–2018 Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano
Authors: Crozier Josh , Karlstrom Leif 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVery‐long‐period (VLP) volcano seismicity often encodes subsurface magma movement, and thus provides insight into subsurface magma transport processes. We develop a fully automated signal processing workflow using wavelet transforms to detect and assess period, decay rate, and ground motions of resonant VLP signals. We then generate a VLP catalog over the 2008–2018 open‐vent summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano containing thousands of events. Two types of magma resonance dominate our catalog: vertical sloshing of the open magma column in and out of the shallow magma reservoir, and lateral sloshing of magma in the lava lake. These events were triggered mainly from the surface and less commonly from depth. The VLP catalog is then combined with other geophysical datasets to characterize evolution of the shallow magma system. VLP ground motion patterns show both abrupt and gradual changes in shallow magma reservoir geometry. Variation in resonant periods and decay rates of both resonance types occurred on timescales from hours to years, indicating variation in magma density and viscosity that likely reflect unsteady shallow outgassing and convection. A lack of correlation between decay rates of the two dominant resonant modes suggests a decoupling between magma in the conduit and lava lake. Known intrusions and rift zone eruptions often represented change points for resonance characteristics and their relations with other datasets. This data synthesis over a 10‐year eruptive episode at Klauea Volcano demonstrates how VLP seismicity can sharpen insights into magma system evolution for use in monitoring and understanding eruptive processes.
Future Climate Change Hotspots Under Different 21st Century Warming Scenarios
Authors: Fan Xuewei , Miao Chiyuan , Duan Qingyun , Shen Chenwei , Wu Yi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIdentifying climate change hotspot regions is critical for planning effective mitigation and adaptation activities. We use standard Euclidean distance (SED) to calculate integrated changes in precipitation and temperature means, interannual variability, and extremes between different future warming levels and a baseline period (1995–2014) using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate model ensemble. We find consistent hotspots in the Amazon, central and western Africa, Indonesia and the Tibetan Plateau at warming levels of 1.5°C, 2°C, and 3°C for all scenarios explored; the Arctic, Central America and southern Africa emerge as hotspots at 4°C warming and at the end of the 21st century under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios, SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5. CMIP6 models show higher SED values than CMIP5, suggesting stronger aggregated effects of climate change under the new scenarios. Hotspot time of emergence (TOE) is further investigated; TOE is defined as the year when the climate change signal first exceeds the noise of natural variability in 21st century projections. The results indicate that TOEs for warming would occur over all primary hotspots, with the earliest occurring in the Arctic and Indonesia. For precipitation, TOEs occur before 2100 in the Arctic, the Tibetan Plateau and Central America. Results using a geographical detector model show that patterns of SED are shaped by extreme hot and dry occurrences at low‐to‐medium warming, while precipitation and temperature means and extreme precipitation occurrences are the dominant influences under the high emission scenario and at high warming levels.
Substantial Changes of Gaseous Pollutants and Health Effects During the COVID‐19 Lockdown Period Across China
Authors: Ling Chaohao , Li Yongfei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe human movement and economic activities have been drastically reduced due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak, leading to the sharp decreases of pollutant emissions and remarkable air quality improvement. Nevertheless, however, the changes of gaseous pollutant concentrations and health effects across China during the COVID‐19 lockdown period remained poorly understood. Here, a random forest model was applied to assess the impact of COVID‐19 lockdown on pollutant concentrations and potential health effects. The results suggested that estimated NO2, SO2, and CO concentrations in China during January 23–March 31, 2020 decreased by 13.68%, 25.71%, and 7.42%, respectively compared with the same periods in 2018–2019. Nonetheless, the predicted 8‐h O3 concentrations across China suffered from 1.29% increases during this period. The avoided premature all‐cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease (RD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortalities induced by NO2 decrease during COVID‐19 lockdown period reached 3,954 (3,076–4,832), 635 (468–801), 612 (459–765), and 920 (653–1,186) cases. However, the increases of all‐cause, CVD, RD, and COPD mortalities due to O3 increase during COVID‐19 lockdown period achieved 462 (250–674), 79 (29–129), 40 (−25–105), and 52 (−34–138) cases. The natural experiment demonstrated the drastic emission reduction measures could significantly decrease the NO2, SO2, and CO concentrations, while they significantly elevated the O3 concentration. It is highly imperative to propose more coordinated air pollution control strategies to control O3 pollution.
Global Dust Variability Explained by Drought Sensitivity in CMIP6 Models
Authors: Aryal Yog N. , Evans Stuart 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBoth the atmospheric and land surface conditions affect the dust cycle in the climate system. In particular, the occurrence of drought can modulate the emission of dust on interannual time scales. Studies have shown, however, that models generally do not represent dust variability, and that there is a large intermodel spread in the simulation of dust. In this study, we compare the relationship between drought and dust in 19 Global Circulation Models participating in Phase Six of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project for historical (1950–2014) and future (2050–2100: SSP585) scenarios and MERRA‐2 reanalysis. The relationships between drought and dust (dust sensitivity to drought) are based on linear regression analysis. Our results show that MERRA‐2 reanalysis highly underestimates models' average dust emission. The Standardized Soil Moisture Index better explains the dust variability over most regions than the Standardized Precipitation Index, highlighting the importance of the condition of the land surface. Across models, the strength of the dust‐drought relationship explains much of the spread in interannual variability of dust emission over Southern Africa, Sahel, India, Australia, and North America, indicating models that capture this relationship generate greater variability. We also find that the correlation between models' dust‐drought relationship and mean emission is generally weaker compared to that with dust variability. In future scenarios, the intermodel spread in the projected changes in the dust variability is correlated to the intermodel spread in the projected changes in the models' dust sensitivity to drought in Australia, India, Middle East, South America, and Southern Africa.