bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurochemistry of response inhibition and interference in gambling disorder: a preliminary study of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA+) and glutamate–glutamine (Glx)
Authors: Weidacker Kathrin , Johnston Stephen J. , Mullins Paul G. , Boy Frederic , Dymond Simon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundNeurobehavioral research on the role of impulsivity in gambling disorder (GD) has produced heterogeneous findings. Impulsivity is multifaceted with different experimental tasks measuring different subprocesses, such as response inhibition and distractor interference. Little is known about the neurochemistry of inhibition and interference in GD.MethodsWe investigated inhibition with the stop signal task (SST) and interference with the Eriksen Flanker task, and related performance to metabolite levels in individuals with and without GD. We employed magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to record glutamate–glutamine (Glx/Cr) and inhibitory, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA+/Cr) levels in the dorsal ACC (dACC), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and an occipital control voxel.ResultsWe found slower processing of complex stimuli in the Flanker task in GD (P < .001,η2p = 0.78), and no group differences in SST performance. Levels of dACC Glx/Cr and frequency of incongruent errors were correlated positively in GD only (r = 0.92,P = .001). Larger positive correlations were found for those with GD between dACC GABA+/Cr and SST Go error response times (z = 2.83,P = .004), as well as between dACC Glx/Cr and frequency of Go errors (z = 2.23,P = .03), indicating general Glx-related error processing deficits. Both groups expressed equivalent positive correlations between posterror slowing and Glx/Cr in the right dlPFC (GD:r = 0.74,P = .02; non-GD:r = .71,P = .01).ConclusionInhibition and interference impairments are reflected in dACC baseline metabolite levels and error processing deficits in GD.
MISTAKEN AUTHORITY AND OBLIGATION
Authors: Venezia Luciano 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMassimo Renzo argues that, as long as it is acting in good faith, an authority can issue orders that require subjects to act in ways that are morally wrong and still be acting within the scope of its jurisdiction, so that the orders are binding. This, however, is incorrect. If the authority is permitted to issue an order, it is acting within the scope of its jurisdiction and so the order creates an obligation. But if the authority is not permitted to issue the order, it is not acting within the scope of its jurisdiction and so the order does not create any obligation whatsoever. I develop my position and provide a model of mistaken authority through engagement with Renzo's view.
Adaptation, Validation and Preliminary Standardisation of the Frontal Systems Behaviour Scale – Apathy Subscale and the Dimensional Apathy Scale in Vietnamese Healthy Samples
Authors: Quang Halle , Sin Khanh , Kumfor Fiona , McDonald Skye 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjective:Apathy, the reduction of motivation and goal-directed behaviour, is a ubiquitous behavioural syndrome in many neurological disorders. However, apathy measures are limited in non-English speaking countries. The present study aimed to develop a culturally appropriate version of the Vietnamese Frontal Systems Behavioural Scale-Apathy subscale (V-FrSBe-A) and Dimensional Apathy Scale (V-DAS), examine their internal reliability and construct validity (i.e., factor structure, convergent and divergent validity) in a Vietnamese healthy sample and establish preliminary normative cut-offs for clinical and research applications.Method:In total, 112 healthy subjects and 64 informants completed the self-report and informant report V-FrSBe-A and V-DAS, developed using a translation, back-translation and cultural adaptation procedure. McDonald’s omega was applied to examine internal reliability. The internal structure of the V-DAS was evaluated using exploratory structural equation model. For both apathy scales, convergent validity was determined by correlations between scales and between informant and self-report versions. Regarding divergent validity, participants completed the Vietnamese Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 and V-FrSBe-Disinhibition for depression and disinhibition assessment.Results:Both the V-FrSBe-A and V-DAS were reliable (ωt ≥ .74). Dimensional manifestations of apathy in executive, emotional and initiation domains were confirmed on the V-DAS. Both scales were also valid, convergent with each other and divergent from depression and disinhibition symptoms. Cut-off scores for both scales were higher than their English versions.Conclusion:The adapted V-FrSBe-A and V-DAS have good reliability and validity for the potential application in clinical groups to advance current knowledge about apathy transculturally and direct more effective clinical care for Vietnamese individuals with neurological disorders.
An Ottoman Historian in Troubled Times. Five Letters from Paul Wittek to Sydney N. Fisher, 1938–1949: The Testimony of a Friendship
Authors: HEYWOOD COLIN 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present short study publishes five hitherto unknown letters written by the Ottoman historian Paul Wittek (1894–1978) to the American Middle Eastern historian Sydney Nettleton Fisher (1906–87). Fisher was a graduate student of Wittek for a few months in 1938; the letters were written during two short periods (1938–9 and 1946–9), when Wittek was attached firstly to the Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves at the Université Libre, Brussels, and secondly, from 1948 onwards, to the University of London. In the intervening years (1940–6), Wittek was a political refugee twice over in England. The letters manifest the development of a close friendship between Wittek and Fisher who, as two supplementary letters written to him by the British Arabist and Islamic scholar H. A. R. Gibb show, was also active during the war years in attempting—unsuccesfully—to facilitate Wittek's acceptance in the U.S.A. as a political refugee.
Does voluntary health insurance reduce the use of and the willingness to finance public health care in Sweden?
Authors: Kullberg Linn , Blomqvist Paula , Winblad Ulrika 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Voluntary private health insurance (VHI) has generally been of limited importance in national health service-type health care systems, especially in the Nordic countries. During the last decades however, an increase in VHI uptake has taken place in the region. Critics of this development argue that voluntary health insurance can undermine support for public health care, while proponents contend that increased private funding for health services could relieve strained public health care systems. Using data from Sweden, this study investigates empirically how voluntary health insurance affects the public health care system. The results of the study indicate that the public Swedish health care system is fairly resilient to the impact of voluntary health insurance with regards to support for the tax-based funding. No difference between insurance holders and non-holders was found in willingness to finance public health care through taxes. A slight unburdening effect on public health care use was observed as VHI holders appeared to use public health care to a lesser extent than those without an insurance. However, a majority of the insurance holders continued to use the public health care system, indicating only a modest substitution effect.
GROUPS OF WORLDVIEW TRANSFORMATIONS IMPLIED BY EINSTEIN’S SPECIAL PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY OVER ARBITRARY ORDERED FIELDS
Authors: MADARÁSZ JUDIT X. , STANNETT MIKE , SZÉKELY GERGELY 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn 1978, Yu. F. Borisov presented an axiom system using a few basic assumptions and four explicit axioms, the fourth being a formulation of the relativity principle, and he demonstrated that this axiom system had (up to choice of units) only two models: a relativistic one in which worldview transformations are Poincaré transformations and a classical one in which they are Galilean. In this paper, we reformulate Borisov’s original four axioms within an intuitively simple, but strictly formal, first-order logic framework, and convert his basic background assumptions into explicit axioms. Instead of assuming that the structure of physical quantities is the field of real numbers, we assume only that they form an ordered field. This allows us to investigate how Borisov’s theorem depends on the structure of quantities.We demonstrate (as our main contribution) how to construct Euclidean, Galilean, and Poincaré models of Borisov’s axiom system over every non-Archimedean field. We also demonstrate the existence of an infinite descending chain of models and transformation groups in each of these three cases, something that is not possible over Archimedean fields.As an application, we note that there is a model of Borisov’s axioms that satisfies the relativity principle, and in which the worldview transformations are Euclidean isometries. Over the field of reals it is easy to eliminate this model using natural axioms concerning time’s arrow and the absence of instantaneous motion. In the case of non-Archimedean fields, however, the Euclidean isometries appear intrinsically as worldview transformations in models of Borisov’s axioms, and neither the assumption of time’s arrow, nor the rejection of instantaneous motion, can eliminate them.
Der longitudinale Zusammenhang von Coparenting, Beziehungsqualität und kindlichen psychischen Störungen
Authors: Supke Max , Schulz Wolfgang , Hahlweg Kurt 
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Beziehungsqualität (BQ) zwischen den Eltern und deren Allianz in der Elternrolle (Coparenting [CP]) zählen zu den wichtigsten familiären Schutzfaktoren für die kindliche Entwicklung. Fragestellung: Wie hoch ist die Stabilität der BQ und des CPs über den Verlauf von zehn Jahren mit sechs Messzeitpunkten und inwiefern hängen beide Konstrukte zusammen? Sagen die BQ und das CP psychische Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter voraus? Methode: Die Daten von N = 219 zum ersten Messzeitpunkt verheirateten bzw. zusammenlebenden Familien mit einem Kindergartenkind wurden längsschnittlich ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Die Stabilität der BQ ( rMütter = .71; rVäter = .75) und des CPs ( rM = .67; rV = .71) sowie die BQ*CP Interkorrelation ( rM = -.60; rV = -.57) über den Verlauf von zehn Jahren sind als hoch zu bewerten. Insbesondere CP sagte psychische Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter voraus (β = .16 – .45). Diskussion: Aufgrund der Stabilität der beiden Konstrukte könnten frühzeitige Interventionen mit langfristigen positiven Effekten assoziiert sein.
Hemispheric Asymmetries in the Mid‐latitude Ionosphere During the September 7–8, 2017 Storm: Multi‐instrument Observations
Authors: Wang Zihan , Zou Shasha , Liu Lei , Ren Jiaen , Aa Ercha 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHemispheric asymmetries of the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) were observed during the first recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm on September 7–8, 2017. These asymmetries occurred at the mid latitudes at two different local times simultaneously: In the European‐African sector (early morning), the storm time VTEC in the southern/northern hemisphere was higher/lower than the quiet time value, suggesting the southern/northern hemisphere entered the positive/negative phase (N−S+). In the East Asian‐Australian sector (afternoon), the storm time VTEC change was positive in the northern hemisphere, but negative in the southern hemisphere (N+S−). The electron density profiles from digisondes demonstrated that the asymmetries appeared in the F region density as well. The plasma drifts data from digisondes, the column‐integrated [O]/[N2] ratio from GUVI onboard the TIMED satellite, and the detrended VTEC were utilized to study the drivers of the asymmetries. Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance (TID) signatures were identified in the digisonde drift and detrended VTEC data before the appearance of the asymmetry. The magnitude of TIDs was larger in the hemisphere where the negative phase occurred later. The storm time [O]/[N2] ratio change was positive in Africa (S+) and negative in Europe (N−). However, the [O]/[N2] measurements were not available in the East Asian‐Australian sector during the focused period. The hemispheric differences in the vertical drifts were also observed in both sectors. Therefore, the observed hemispheric asymmetries in both sectors are suggested to be due to the hemispheric asymmetries in the thermospheric composition change, vertical drift, and TID activity.
Surf Zone Waves at the Onset of Breaking: 2. Predicting Breaking and Breaker Type
Authors: Carini Roxanne J. , Chickadel C. Chris , Jessup Andrew T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis is the second of a two‐part series concerning remote observation and wave‐by‐wave analysis of the onset of breaking for spilling and plunging waves in the surf zone. Nearshore phase‐averaged and phase‐resolving wave models parameterize and directly simulate wave breaking and require realistic critical values of key wave parameters, such as the depth‐limited breaking index γ, steepness, or phase speed to initialize wave breaking. Using LIDAR line‐scans and infrared imagery, we observe over 1,600 breaking waves at the US Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility (FRF) in Duck, NC, and examine these parameters on a wave‐by‐wave basis at the onset of breaking for 413 spilling and 111 plunging waves. We find that γ is maximum near the onset of breaking at values consistent with those previously observed at the FRF, but that γ for plunging waves (0.73 ≤ γP ≤ 0.81) is greater than γ for spilling waves (0.63 ≤ γS ≤ 0.71). Direct estimates of wave face slope are maximum at the onset of breaking, approximately 22° for spilling and 30° for plunging waves. Using the relationship between γ and wave face slope, we develop a threshold for the onset of breaking that is a linear function of the two parameters. Wave face slope and γ are further used together to quantify whether a spilling‐ or plunging‐type breaker is more likely. We test the Miche steepness limit on our depth‐limited breaking data and find it correctly predicts only 10% of the plunging breakers and none of the spilling breakers in the surf zone.
The Relationship Between Topography, Bedrock Weathering, and Water Storage Across a Sequence of Ridges and Valleys
Authors: Pedrazas Michelle A. , Hahm W. Jesse , Huang Mong‐Han , Dralle David , Nelson Mariel D. , Breunig Rachel E. , Fauria Kristen E. , Bryk Alexander B. , Dietrich William E. , Rempe Daniella M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBedrock weathering regulates nutrient mobilization, water storage, and soil production. Relative to the mobile soil layer, little is known about the relationship between topography and bedrock weathering. Here, we identify a common pattern of weathering and water storage across a sequence of three ridges and valleys in the sedimentary Great Valley Sequence in Northern California that share a tectonic and climate history. Deep drilling, downhole logging, and characterization of chemistry and porosity reveal two weathering fronts. The shallower front is ∼7 m deep at the ridge of all three hillslopes, and marks the extent of pervasive fracturing and oxidation of pyrite and organic carbon. A deeper weathering front marks the extent of open fractures and discoloration. This front is 11 m deep under two ridges of similar ridge‐valley spacing, but 17.5 m deep under a ridge with nearly twice the ridge‐valley spacing. Hence, at ridge tops, the fraction of the hillslope relief that is weathered scales with hillslope length. In all three hillslopes, below this second weathering front, closed fractures and unweathered bedrock extend about one‐half the hilltop elevation above the adjacent channels. Neutron probe surveys reveal that seasonally dynamic moisture is stored to approximately the same depth as the shallow weathering front. Under the channels that bound our study hillslopes, the two weathering fronts coincide and occur within centimeters of the ground surface. Our findings provide evidence for feedbacks between erosion and weathering in mountainous landscapes that result in systematic subsurface structuring and water routing.
Selection of Multiple Donor Gauges via Graphical Lasso for Estimation of Daily Streamflow Time Series
Authors: Villalba German A. , Liang Xu , Liang Yao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA fundamental challenge in estimations of daily streamflow time series at sites with incomplete records is how to effectively and efficiently select reference/donor gauges from an existing gauge network to infer the missing data. While research on estimating missing streamflow time series is not new, the existing approaches either use a single reference streamflow gauge or employ a set of “ad hoc” reference gauges, leaving a systematic selection of reference gauges as a long‐standing open question. In this work, a novel method is introduced that facilitates a systematic selection of multiple reference gauges from any given streamflow network. The idea is to mathematically characterize the network‐wise correlation structure of a streamflow network via graphical Markov modeling and to further transform a dense network into a sparsely connected one. The resulted underlying sparse graph from the graphical model encodes conditional independence conditions among all reference gauges from the streamflow network, allowing determination of an optimum subset of the donor gauges. The sparsity is discovered by using the Graphical Lasso algorithm with an L1 norm regularization parameter and a thresholding parameter. These two parameters are determined by a multi‐objective optimization process. Furthermore, the graphical modeling approach is employed to solve another open problem in gauge removal planning decision (e.g., due to operation budget constraints): which gauges to remove would statistically guarantee the least loss of information by estimations from the remaining gauges? Our graphical model‐based method is demonstrated with daily streamflow data from a network of 34 gauges over the Ohio River basin region.
Unexpected Consequences of River Engineering on the Carbon Cycle
Authors: Repasch Marisa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRivers around the world have been heavily engineered, and these man‐made changes are affecting important biogeochemical cycles. Rivers play a key role in the global carbon cycle, by mobilizing organic carbon from land and delivering it to the oceans. River engineering techniques, like levees that prevent flooding, change the way carbon is cycled through rivers, but it is difficult to identify and quantify these changes. Shen et al. (2021) were able to quantify changes in river organic carbon fluxes induced by bank stabilization in the Mississippi River. The authors compared the age distribution of organic carbon in modern river sediment and old river sediment deposited before the construction of extensive levee systems. They found that bank stabilization significantly reduces the amount of time organic carbon spends in the river system before being exported to the Gulf of Mexico. As a result, less organic carbon is oxidized to CO2 and more organic carbon is exported to the ocean, ultimately reducing atmospheric CO2. This study highlights an important effect of anthropogenic activity on river carbon fluxes that should be considered in global carbon cycle models.
The accuracy of laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent) in assessing caries lesion activity on root surfaces, around crown margins, and in furcations in older adults
Authors: Mitchell Chelsea , Zaku Hiba , Milgrom Peter , Mancl Lloyd , Prince David B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe authors conducted a case series to assess accuracy of DIAGNOdent (DD) in assessment of activity of dental caries lesions in root surfaces and in furcations and at crown margins. The study was a prospective, single center case series. The patients were 123 adults (age ≥ 55 years). To be included, a patient needed to have at least one active root caries lesion. The study was conducted at the Roseman College of Dental Medicine in South Jordan, Utah, USA and at area nursing homes. Lesions were rinsed and dried with air, and DD readings were obtained. Lesions were then isolated and 38% silver diamine fluoride was applied repeatedly for two minutes with a microbrush. DD readings and treatments were repeated every six months. Mean DD values were significantly different between active (unarrested) and inactive (arrested) caries for all comparisons, p-value < 0.0001. The optimal cut-off values for DD were between 20 and 35 except optimal cut-offs were higher for furcation and crown margin surfaces, particularly in the posterior (optimal cut-offs 40–45). This study demonstrates DD is a potentially valuable tool for assessing lesion activity in root surfaces, at restoration margins, and in furcations.
The Groningen electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: a sex-specific analysis
Authors: van der Ende M. Yldau , Hendriks Tom , van de Vegte Yordi , Lipsic Erik , Snieder Harold , van der Harst Pim 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe sensitivity of electrocardiogram (ECG) criteria to detect left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is low, especially in women. We determined sex-specific sensitivities of ECG-LVH criteria, and developed new criteria, using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Sensitivities of ECG-LVH criteria were determined in participants of the UK Biobank (N = 3632). LVH was defined when left ventricular mass was > 95% confidence interval (CI) according to age and sex. In a training cohort (75%, N = 2724), sex-specific ECG-LVH criteria were developed by investigating all possible sums of QRS-amplitudes in all 12 leads, and selecting the sum with the highest pseudo-R2 and area under the curve to detect LVH. Performance was assessed in a validation cohort (25%, N = 908), and association with blood pressure change was investigated in an independent cohort. Sensitivities of ECG-LVH criteria were low, especially in women. Newly developed Groningen-LVH criterion for women (QV2 + RI + RV5 + RV6 + SV2 + SV4 + SV5 + SV6) outperformed all ECG-LVH criteria with a sensitivity of 42% (95% CI 35–49%). In men, newly developed criterion ((RI + RV5 + SII + SV2 + SV6) × QRS duration) was equally sensitive as 12-lead sum with a sensitivity of 44% (95% CI 37–51%) and outperformed the other criteria. In an independent cohort, the Groningen-LVH criteria were strongest associated with change in systolic blood pressure. Our proposed CMR sex-specific Groningen-LVH criteria improve the sensitivity to detect LVH, especially in women. Further validation and its association with clinical outcomes is warranted.