bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorous fractionation distribution in surface sediments of the Jobokuto Bay
Authors: Maslukah Lilik , Wirasatriya Anindya , Yusuf Muh , Sari Resy Sekar , Salma Ummu , Zainuri Muhammad 
Published: August 2021

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient that can limit primary productivity in waters. Phosphorus has significant impact on the biogeochemical cycle in marine ecosystems. Surface sediments play an important role in the nutrient dynamics. Riverine input is sources of P to the ocean and sediment plays an important role as a source or sink of P in the coloumn of water. Phosphorous (P) availability is regarded as the most important factor for determining the water quality in coastal waters. However, not all of the P fractions can be released from the sediment. This study was conducted to identify the distribution of phosphorus (P) fractionation in the sediment surface of Jobokuto Bay. Samples were collected from ten locations. Percentage of sedimentary parameters such as sand, silt, clay, and organic carbon were analyzed to find out their relation with various P fractions. The sediment found was mostly sand at the station near to the coast and mud (silt and clay) at offshore stations. The results showed that Ca-P dominant (56.03%) and percentages of Fe-P, OP, and Ads-P were 23.43, 17.41, and 3.2% respectively. Terrestrial inputs and biological deposits cause Ca-P dominant. The bioavailability of P fractions were ranged from 34.45 to 56.1% of the total P (TP) content. The high concentrations of the Ads-P was found in the mud fraction and located at offshore stations. The order of abundance of the major forms of P in the surface sediments of Jobokuto bay is as follows: Ca-P > Fe-P > OP > Ads-P
Light-induced synthesis of micron-sized metallic silver in aqueous extract of Rivina humilis L. fruits and its interaction with Corptotermes curvignathus
Authors: Yudha S Salprima , Falahudin Aswin , Adfa Morina , Gustian Irfan , Herlina Herlina 
Published: August 2021

The aqueous extract of Rivina humilis was suitable to reduce silver ions (Ag+) to form micron-sized metallic silver at room temperature and without any addition of external reducing agent or stabilizer compounds. The reduction process was assisted by light, indicated by the colour change of the reaction mixture and supported by the appearance of peak at 455 nm in spectrophotometric analysis when the reaction was carried out under room light. Based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the as-prepared metallic silver was in spherical form. The analysis results using particles size analyzer (PSA) show their particles distribution from micro to nano size (average size was 199 nm). The interaction behaviour of micron-sized metallic silver/extract solution with Corptotermes curvignathus termites shows that the silver gives small additional effects along with the activity of the extract.
الاجتهاد ودوره في فهم الواقع عند محمد إقبال الاجتهاد ودوره في فهم الواقع عند محمد إقبال (Al-Ijtihad wa Dauruhu fi Fahmi al- Waqi ‘Inda Muhammad Iqbal)
Authors: Bin Mujib Lalu Supriadi 
Published: August 2021

يتناول المقال الفكرة التي يدعو إليها علم من أعلام الإسلام الدكتور محمد إقبال عن دور الاجتهاد في فهم الواقع. يهدف المقال إلى تحليل وتوضيح حياة وشخصية محمد إقبال وآرائه الفكرية عن دور الاجتهاد في فهم الواقع. يعتمد المقال على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي المعتمد على الأسلوب المكتبي في جمع البيانات مستفيدا في ذلك من نتائج البحوث والكتابات والدراسات السابقة التي تم نشرها في حقل هذه الدراسة، وفي سبيل التوصل إلى ذلك يهتم هذا المقال بالرجوع إلى المصادر والمراجع الأصلية في مجال نظرية الاجتهاد والكتب التي تهتم بدراسة شخصية محمد إقبال. استكشف المقال أن محمد إقبال علم من أعلام الإسلام البارز الذي أسهم مساهمة ملموسة في مجال الاجتهاد حيث أنه تمتع بفكرة رائعة ورؤية مستقبلية، هذا الدافع هو الذي كون تجاربه وخبراته العلمية والعملية للمساهمة في حل القضايا والمشاكل التي تعانيها الأمة الإسلامية. إن الاجتهاد الذي يدعو إليه محمد إقبال هو الاجتهاد الجماعي الذي لا يتحدد بحدود فكرية أو مذهبية معينة من الفقه لكنه يجمع كل القدرات والمهارات والمعارف دينيا وفكريا للوصول إلى ما يحقق مصلحة الأمة الإسلامية. تجسدت فكرة محمد إقبال عن الاجتهاد الجماعي في صورة ظهور المجامع الفقهية التي تهتم بإصدار الفتوى سواء كانت في البلدان التي يكون المسلمون فيها ٱكثرية ٱو ٱقلية.
Gas-Lift Design: Importance of Well/Reservoir Full Life Cycle Consideration and Analysis
Authors: Onwuemene Onyeka 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses how production rates can be sustained and further increased from an indepth gas-lift design that considers the holistic properties associated oil and gas Well production lifecycles.
An example is shown of a Well 58 in a field onshore Nigeria which was shut-in for 2-days as part of scheduled Field shut-down. After several failed attempts to restart the Well post shut-down period, lessons learnt analysis indicated that while the affected Well had all the required gas-lift system installed, it's inability to flow may have been due to inadequate gas-lift design that did not account for the full life cycle of the reservoir, Well and surface facilities.
A major re-analysis is carried out on the gas-lift design technique, this time capturing key requirements and the resultant proposal is discussed in detail. The proposed gaslift design optimizes the depth of gas injection with consideration given to the latter production phase of the the Well.
Through the example of Well 58, this paper outlines and proposes a checklist of recommendations for gas lift design for new Wells and re-working or workover of existing gas-lift installations from which Well performance can be sustained and optimized.
Even if quality gaslift-production results can be achieved through a wide range of other activities such as; special training for production operators, optimizing gas injection rates, modifying surface piping systems, identifying and replacing defective wireline-retrievable gas-lift valves, the most important variable that will ensure the full benefit of the above listed range of activities is the improved gas-lift design technique.
Although Well 58 was revived via unconventional methods, the recorded 3-week downtime and the associated financial losses could have been avoided if an adequate gas lift design as proposed in this paper was explored during the Well planning and completion.
The Value Additions of Oil and Gas Industry Service Permit in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Edem Michael , Alfa Abdullahi , Nwankwo Okechukwu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Department of Petroleum Resources, Nigeria's oil and gas industry regulator, is an opportunity provider and business enabler. Using regulatory instruments such as Licenses, Approvals and Permits, the Department has enabled investors to unlock opportunities in the Upstream, Midstream and Downstream sectors of the industry. The Oil and Gas Industry Service Permit (OGISP) is a mandatory requirement for all service providers rendering or engaged to render technical service to the industry, in accordance with section 60A of the amended Petroleum (Drilling & Production) Regulations, 1988. Since its establishment, the Department has issued over a million permits to service providers in various areas of specialization. This paper examines the OGISP system framework; OGISP application process and requirements for permit issuance; benefits of OGISP to the industry and the Nigerian economy; and recommendations to improve the OGISP system.
Exploring the Suitability of Polymer Injection in the Niger Delta Sands Using 3-D Simulation and Experimental Analysis - A Case Study-Paper ID 28
Authors: Dennar Linda , Amro Mohammed , Kummer Nicolai-Alexeji , Arochukwu Elias , Suleiman Ahmed , Ekpeyong Okpo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Enhanced oil recovery has been gaining relevance over the years following success stories from already executed projects from various parts of the globe. The recoveries from such successful projects have tremendously increased the terminal life cycle recoveries from the subject reservoirs and subsequently the project Net Present Value and Value to Investment Ratio.
More than 90% of Field Development Plans in the Niger Delta have not considered Enhanced Recovery Mechanism as part of the field development options and as such Top Quartile Recovery Factors are never achieved.
In this study, the effectiveness of Enhanced Oil Recovery within the Niger-Delta reservoir sands via 3-Dimentional Dynamic Simulation, Economic models and Experimental investigations (temperature and pressure effects on polymer effectiveness) was done. The GN7000 reservoir was used as a case study for this work. This reservoir is the largest gas cap reservoir in the N-Onshore field within the Niger Delta area and it is at the mid-life stage.
This study tested the effectiveness of three Recovery mechanisms (Water Flood, Polymer Flood and Polymer Alternating Gas). Simulated and Experimental result suggests that Polymer flooding and Polymer Alternating Gas (PAG) yields greater Technical Ultimate Recovery, better economic indices but greater complexity in polymer selection due to inherent high reservoir temperature and low salinity that make the use of synthetic polymers inadequate. Experimental investigation showed that biopolymers are most suitable for this sand. The suitability of some biopolymers (Xanthan and copolymers containing high level of 2-acrylamido2-methyl propane sulfonate (AMPS) showed good results. Study results shows that with the deployment of biopolymers with high viscosifying power and high resistance to thermal degradation an incremental recovery of 8% from the natural flow could be achieved. Research findings indicate that biopolymers could yield good results for Niger Delta sands within the pressure and temperature ranges of 93°C and 290 Bar.
Management of Nigerian Marginal Oil Fields for Economic Sustainability in Niger Delta Region
Authors: Oruwari Humphrey Otombosoba 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The objective of the study was to examine the assertion that marginal oil field development remains one of the economic fortunes of Niger Delta region in Nigeria. This is evident with its shares in the region power output as well as its contribution to the industrialization. Multiple case studies of marginal oil field operations corroborate the relationship between marginal field development and economic fortunes of Niger Delta region. Marginal field firms provide electricity to the host communities where they operate. Also, industries are fed with natural gas from marginal field operating in the region. The marginal field operators ensures that host communities are getting electricity. Also cement factory is fed from natural gas operating in the area. However, the management of marginal field resources has been far from being optimally beneficial. The real issue is how to manage the marginal field for the welfare of the people. Against this background, the study findings suggested that the country marginal field wealth be used to implement people-oriented programmes for better welfare spread.
Examining the Carbon Trading Potential in Nigerian Oil Fields
Authors: Egbeyemi Abdurrafii , Eke Amobichukwu Jude , Yahaya Aminu Abba 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Nigeria holds reserves circa 200 TCF of gas, the largest gas reserve in Africa. With this comes the challenge of managing the environmental impacts of flaring associated with oil production. The Federal Government of Nigeria in recognition of the urgency to address the growing environmental concerns attending gas flaring in Nigeria and response to its commitment made further to the endorsement of UNFCC's Paris Agreement and the Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative by the World Bank declared a national flare out target of 2020. In 2016, the Federal Executive Council approved the implementation of the Nigerian Gas Flare Commercialization Programme (NGFCP) which was the flagship programme for the implementation of the Government's flare-out policy. The programme seeks to, via a competitive and transparent bid process, grant the right to access the gas at the flare-stack. The issues of relevance to this study include – The development and subsequent enactment of new regulations guiding the treatment of flare gas in Nigerian oilfields – The regulations implemented a new flare payment regime adopting the polluter pays principle which internalized to a significant extent the environmental cost of flaring thereby motivating a behavioral change by operators. Also, the recognition of the carbon benefits that will follow the implementation of projects under the NGFCP and the stance of the government that any such benefits will be vested in the state.
This study examines the carbon trading potentials of flare gas in Nigeria. This is key because players in the sector now seek all revenue opportunities that accrue to the implementation of flare down/ out project. In doing so, Carbon benefits now feature among potential revenue streams. This study models several composition scenarios to quantify the extent (if any) of any such benefits. The study also examines gas use cases and their carbon sequestration potentials to create a realistic band estimating the carbon benefits that will emanate from all use scenarios.
Prospects, Challenges and Way Forward in the Use of Hydraulic Fracturing For Oil and Gas Production From Igneous Rocks
Authors: Anuka Agnes , Udie Celestine , Aquah Grace 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Commercial accumulation of hydrocarbons occurs mostly in sedimentary rocks due to their high porosity and permeability. Increased global energy demand has necessitated the need for unconventional methods of oil production. The world is gradually moving away from reliability on conventional oils. The need to ensure global energy sustainability has necessitated an urgent diversion to unconventional oils. In recent times, hydrocarbon accumulations have been found in igneous rocks. Their low porosity and permeability however prevents commercial production as oil and gas found in these rocks will not flow. Hydraulic fracturing is useful in increasing rock porosity as it involves the breaking of rocks to allow oil and gas trapped inside to flow to producing wells. This method is useful in developing unconventional resources such as oil and gas found in igneous rocks. This research explores the prospects, challenges and way forward in the use of hydraulic fracturing to increase the porosity of igneous rock for commercial production of oil and gas.
Oil Polluted Soil Remediation Techniques Using a Complete Molecules Destruction Formulated Reagent
Authors: Udie Celestine , Faithpraise Fina , Anuka Agnes , Ana Ekpenyong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Crude oil pollution is a serious threat to both humans and agricultural trends in all ramifications. The effects include suffocation of humans, plants and other useful organisms in the polluted area. The resultant effect is that it is cost effective and provides an aerated soil environment for enough nutrient distribution. This research designed an effective reagent that has ability to destroy the crude oil molecules in the soil and reviewed highlights for crude oil molecule conversion into soil nutrient. The formulation is based on the principle of complete destruction or combustion of hydrocarbons (crude oil) molecules. The Reagent is called hydrocarbons polluted area sludge solution. The advantage is that the polluted soil is remediated and it is restored after the application of the reagent, with increase in its original fertility. The reagent was applied on a soil polluted by crude oil around Warri Refinery and the result showed a complete destruction of the sludge molecules. It converted the sludge molecules into organic salt, hydride and water molecules. It was equally used on samples sludge from Ogoni polluted area and the result was successful. The sludge was completely destroyed and converted into organic salts and acids. Soil and water samples around the polluted area analysis result revealed that contaminated soil and water were restored. It has been confirmed that the reagent has the ability to destroy sludge molecules in soil, effectively clean and restore the soil with added fertility.
Project 80KOPD: A Geologist's Perspective to a Successful Production Ramp-Up Effort.
Authors: Ihebuzor Valentine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Production ramp-up can be a tricky exercise, with a repertoire of challenges and surprises, which can threaten the proposed percentage of success. These challenges largely stem from paucity of data, change in reservoir dynamics, impact of unauthorized third-party activities and the compliment of skill sets/experience in the team. In addition, reservoir models are in some cases, ineffective tools for reservoir management and prediction. This is especially true in assets that are heavily bunkered by crude oil thieves and in geologically complex reservoirs with very few wells. Therefore, models must be updated with recent data and new understanding, to remain useful and accurate. Of great importance to a successful production ramp-up effort is assembling an integrated team of experienced sub-surface professionals and field executors. Unfortunately, in some teams and companies, the position and opinions of Geologists are often overlooked, resulting in mixed outcomes. Geologists do not only think in "millions of years" but can add value and contribute significantly to the overall project objective. This paper explores and explains the role of a geologist, as part of an integrated asset management team, in the successful ramp-up of production from 45KOPD to about 80KOPD, without drilling a single well or executing any rig activity. It also showcases some work methodologies adopted in the evaluation of candidate wells and the power inherent in adopting an integrated subsurface approach.
The Role of Digitalization in Decarbonizing the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Bello Peace 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
As the Oil & Gas industry journeys towards net zero carbon emissions, a lot needs to be done, one of which is the adoption of digital transformation across companies. Decarbonization requires a transformational shift in the way companies operate, how they source, use, consume and think about energy and feedstocks. If the Oil & Gas sector will continue to exist, it must carry out its activities in the safest possible way and digitalizing it will help in achieving this.
A survey by Newsweek shows that areas where transformative technologies are having the biggest impact are production-related, operations and maintenance, enhanced recovery, fracking/tight reservoirs, and exploitation at greater depths. Luis Abril of Minsait opined that digital technology enables companies to extract more value from data, using new platforms to share data with the entire organization, suppliers, contractors, and partners. The real-time visualization of data helps optimize decision making.
Big data can be analyzed to find answers to questions such as: What piece of equipment is showing signs of wear and should be replaced? What sort of predictive maintenance can be leveraged? What is the most effective fracking approach for this well? AI helps to reduce routine flaring, employ methane capture, optimize production and reservoir management using digital tools such as IoT sensors, digital twins, and virtual reality to model scenarios, monitor operations, track emissions, energy usage and proactively maintain equipment, produce lower-emission products by moving from one hydrocarbon to another (e.g., from coal to natural gas) or creating another product (such as biofuels or syngas).
Transformative technologies, particularly IoT, mobility and cloud applications are going to have a profound effect on the future of the oil and gas sector. Investment in these technologies cost a lot which might be difficult for private companies, but it is worth the money in the long run.
Development of a Real–Time Petroleum Products Aduteration Detector
Authors: Olotu Olabisi , Isehunwa Sunday , Asiru Bola , Elakhame Zeberu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Adulteration of petroleum products with the resultant safety, health, environmental and economic impact is a challenge in Nigeria and many developing countries. While the commonly used techniques by regulatory agencies and some end-users for quality assurance of petroleum products are time-consuming and expensive. This study was therefore designed to develop a device for real-time detection of petroleum products adulteration.
Samples of petrol, diesel and kerosene were collected; samples of water, naphtha, alcohol, pure and used lubricating oil, and High Pour Fuel Oil (HPFO) were collected and used as liquid contaminants while saw dust, ash and fine sand were used as solid particulates. At temperatures between 23-28°C (1°C interval), binary mixtures were prepared using the pure products with liquid contaminants (95:5, ..,5: 95 V/V) and with particulates (0, 2, 4, 6, 8,10 g). New mixing rules were developed for the SG and IFT of the binary liquid mixtures and compared with Kay mixing rule. Developed mathematical models of the physical-chemical properties were used to simulate a meter designed and constructed around a microcontroller with multiple input/output pins and a load cell sensor.
The SG and IFT of the pure liquid and solid binary mixtures ranged from 0.810 to 1.020, 25.5 to 47.2 dynes/cm and 0.820 to 1.080 and 26.3 and 50.2 dynes/cm respectively. For products contaminated with solid particulates, SG varied between 0.860 and 0.990. The new mixing rule gave coefficient of 0.84 and 27.8 for SG and IFT compared with 0.83 and 25.6 of Kay's model. Adulteration of products was detected at 20-30% by volume and 10-20% by mass of contamination, and displayed RED for adulterated samples, GREEN for pure samples and numerical values of SG in digital form which were within ±0.01 % of actual measurements.
A device for real-time detection of adulteration in petroleum products was developed which can be adapted to real-time evaluation of similar binary mixtures.
An Experimental Research on Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Local Polymers
Authors: Oyatobo Abiola , Muoghalu Amalachukwu , Ikeokwu Chinaza , Ekpotu Wilson 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ineffective methods of increasing oil recovery have been one of the challenges, whose solutions are constantly sought after in the oil and gas industry as the number of under-produced reservoirs increases daily. Water injection is the most extended technology to increase oil recovery, although excessive water production can pose huge damage ranging from the loss of the well to an increase in cost and capital investment requirement of surface facilities to handle the produced water. To mitigate these challenges and encourage the utilization of local contents, locally produced polymers were used in polymer flooding as an Enhanced Oil Recovery approach to increase the viscosity of the injected fluids for better profile control and reduce cost when compared with foreign polymers as floppan. Hence this experimental research was geared towards increasing the efficiency of oil displacement in sandstone reservoirs using locally sourced polymers in Nigeria and also compared the various polymers for optimum efficiency. Starch, Ewedu, and Gum Arabic were used in flooding an already obtained core samples and comparative analysis of this shows that starch yielded the highest recovery due to higher viscosity value as compared to Ewedu with the lowest mobility ratio to Gum Arabic. Finally, the concentration of Starch or Gum Arabic should be increased for optimum recovery.