bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic during the first lockdown in the Netherlands on the number of trauma-related admissions, trauma severity and treatment: the results of a retrospective cohort study in a level 2 trauma centre
Authors: van Aert Gijs J.J. , van der Laan Lijckle , Boonman-de Winter Leandra J.M. , Berende Cornelis A.S. , de Groot Hans G.W. , Boele van Hensbroek Pieter , Schormans Philip M.J. , Winkes Michiel B. , Vos Dagmar I. 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesTo determine the impact of the first lockdown in the Netherlands’ measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on the number and type of trauma-related injuries presenting to the emergency department (ED).DesignA single-centre retrospective cohort study.SettingA level 2 trauma centre in Breda, The Netherlands.ParticipantsAll patients with trauma seen at the ED between 11 March and 10 May 2020 (the first Dutch lockdown period) were included in this study. Comparable groups were generated for 2019 and 2018.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcomes were the total number of patients with trauma admitted to the ED and the trauma mechanism. Secondary outcomes were triage categories, time of ED visit, trauma severity (Injury Severity Score (ISS) >12), anatomical region of injury and treatment.ResultsA total of 4674 patients were included in this study. During the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a decrease of 32% in traumatic injuries at the ED (n=1182) compared with the previous years 2019 (n=1717) and 2018 (n=1775) (p<0.001). Sports-related injuries decreased most during the lockdown (n=164) compared with 2019 (n=386) and 2018 (n=367) (p<0.001). We observed more frequent injuries due to a fall from standing height (p<0.001) and work-related injuries (p<0.05). The mean age was significantly higher (mean 48 years vs 42 and 43 years). There was no difference in anatomical place of injury or ISS >12. The amount of patients admitted for emergency surgery was significantly higher (14.6% vs 9.4%; 8.6%, p<0.001). Seven patients (0.6%) tested positive for COVID-19.ConclusionsMeasures taken in the COVID-19 outbreak result in a predictable decrease in the total number of patients with trauma, especially sports-related trauma. Although the trauma burden on the emergency room appears to be lower, more people have been admitted for trauma surgery, possibly due to increased throughput in the operating theatres.
Impact of point-of-care testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis on genital tract inflammatory cytokines in a cohort of young South African women
Authors: Garrett Nigel , Mtshali Andile , Osman Farzana , Masson Lindi , McKinnon Lyle R , Singh Ravesh , Mitchev Nireshni , Ngobese Hope , Kharsany Ayesha B M , Abdool Karim Salim , Mlisana Koleka , Passmore Jo-Ann , Rompalo Anne , Mindel Adrian , Liebenberg Lenine 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesSTIs cause inflammation that is detrimental for both HIV risk and reproductive health. We assessed the impact of point-of-care (POC) STI testing, immediate treatment and expedited partner therapy (EPT) on genital tract cytokines among a cohort of young South African women.MethodsHIV-negative women underwent POC testing forChlamydia trachomatis(CT),Neisseria gonorrhoeae(NG) andTrichomonas vaginalis(TV) by Xpert CT/NG and OSOM TV, and for bacterial vaginosis (BV) by microscopy. Women with STIs and/or BV received immediate treatment, EPT for STIs and retested after 6 and 12 weeks. Concentrations of 48 cytokines were measured in cervicovaginal fluid at each visit using multiplex ELISA technology. The impact of STI treatment on cytokine concentrations was assessed by multivariable linear mixed models and principal component analysis.ResultsThe study enrolled 251 women with median age of 23 years (IQR 21–27). The prevalence of CT, NG and TV were 14.3%, 4.4% and 4.0%, and 34.3% had BV. Women with STIs or BV at baseline (n=94) had significantly higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF-β, IL-18 and macrophage inflammatory factor (MIF)) and chemokines (IL-8, IL-16, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, IFN-α2, monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-3, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted and eotaxin) compared with women without (n=157). STI treatment was strongly associated with reduced concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (p=0.004), IL-1β (p=0.013), TNF-α (p=0.018) and chemokines MIG (p=0.008) and growth-related oncogene (GRO)-α (p=0.025). A lower Nugent score was associated with a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α (p=0.003), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (p=0.004), MIF (p=0.010) and IL-18 (p<0.001), but an increase in chemokines MIG (p=0.020), GRO-α (p<0.001), IP-10 (p<0.001), MIP-1β (p=0.008) and MCP-1 (p=0.005). Principal component analysis showed differences in STI and BV-related inflammatory profiles, but that resolution restored a profile consistent with vaginal health.ConclusionsA comprehensive STI intervention effectively reduced genital inflammation among young women, thereby improving vaginal health and potentially reducing HIV risk.
$$\alpha $$-attractors from supersymmetry breaking
Authors: Aldabergenov Yermek , Chatrabhuti Auttakit , Isono Hiroshi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe construct new models of inflation and spontaneous supersymmetry breaking in de Sitter vacuum, with a single chiral superfield, where inflaton is the superpartner of the goldstino. Our approach is based on hyperbolic Kähler geometry, and a gauged (non-axionic) $$U(1)_R$$

U

(
1
)

R

symmetry rotating the chiral scalar field by a phase. The $$U(1)_R$$

U

(
1
)

R

gauge field combines with the angular component of the chiral scalar to form a massive vector, and single-field inflation is driven by the radial part of the scalar. We find that in a certain parameter range they can be approximated by simplest Starobinsky-like (E-model) $$\alpha $$
α
-attractors, thus predicting $$n_s$$

n
s

and r within $$1\sigma $$

1
σ

CMB constraints. Supersymmetry (and R-symmetry) is broken at a high scale with the gravitino mass $$m_{3/2} > rsim 10^{14}$$

m

3
/
2

≳

10
14

GeV, and the fermionic sector also includes a heavy spin-1/2 field. In all the considered cases the inflaton is the lightest field of the model.
Fierz–Pauli theory reloaded: from a theory of a symmetric tensor field to linearized massive gravity
Authors: Gambuti Giulio , Maggiore Nicola 
Published: February 2021

AbstractModifying gravity at large distances by means of a massive graviton may explain the observed acceleration of the Universe without Dark Energy. The standard paradigm for Massive Gravity is the Fierz–Pauli theory, which, nonetheless, displays well known flaws in its massless limit. The most serious one is represented by the vDVZ discontinuity, which consists in a disagreement between the massless limit of the Fierz–Pauli theory and General Relativity. Our approach is based on a field-theoretical treatment of Massive Gravity: General Relativity, in the weak field approximation, is treated as a gauge theory of a symmetric rank-2 tensor field. This leads us to propose an alternative theory of linearized Massive Gravity, describing five degrees of freedom of the graviton, with a good massless limit, without vDVZ discontinuity, and depending on one mass parameter only, in agreement with the Fierz–Pauli theory.
Warm inflation with non-comoving scalar field and radiation fluid
Authors: Harko Tiberiu , Sheikhahmadi Haidar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe consider a warm inflationary scenario in which the two major fluid components of the early Universe, the scalar field and the radiation fluid, evolve with distinct four-velocities. This cosmological configuration is equivalent to a single anisotropic fluid, expanding with a four-velocity that is a combination of the two fluid four-velocities. Due to the presence of anisotropies the overall cosmological evolution is also anisotropic. We obtain the gravitational field equations of the non-comoving scalar field–radiation mixture for a Bianchi Type I geometry. By assuming the decay of the scalar field, accompanied by a corresponding radiation generation, we formulate the basic equations of the warm inflationary model in the presence of two non-comoving components. By adopting the slow-roll approximation the theoretical predictions of the warm inflationary scenario with non-comoving scalar field and radiation fluid are compared in detail with the observational data obtained by the Planck satellite in both weak dissipation and strong dissipation limits, and constraints on the free parameters of the model are obtained. The functional forms of the scalar field potentials compatible with the non-comoving nature of warm inflation are also obtained.
Beam loss monitoring with unfolding techniques
Authors: Caresana M. , Ferrarini M. , Frosini M. , Reginatto M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSince the first particle accelerator’s construction in 1931, an exponential spread of these machines occurred worldwide, in different kinds of applications. Nowadays, these are mainly used for industrial (60%) and medical (35%) purposes and for scientific research (5%). High energy secondary mixed fields produced by the particle beams interaction with matter imply a complex environmental dosimetry and special radiation protection regulations able to guarantee workers and population safety. In the medical field, this aspect is particularly emphasized in hadrontherapy centres, where high energy charged particles such as protons and carbon ions modify environmental doses, with a significant increase in the neutron contribution. This work proposes a technique to identify points of losses of the primary particle beam around an acceleration ring and has been developed within the radiation protection section at the National Centre for Oncological Hadrontherapy situated in Pavia. In the first part, the radiation field produced by protons and carbon ions interactions with structural materials at different energies was investigated. The main instrument of analysis is the Monte Carlo code for particle transport FLUKA, supported by experimental measurements in the treatment room carried out with the rem counter LUPIN, designed for pulsed neutron fields dosimetry. This first step allowed an analysis of both the angular and energetic instrumental response and a comparison of experimental results with simulations. The second part proposes a description of the technique for beam loss positions reconstruction around the acceleration ring at CNAO based on the application of unfolding codes.
A new look at Levi-Civita connection in noncommutative geometry
Authors: Bhowmick Jyotishman , Goswami Debashish , Joardar Soumalya 
Published: February 2021

We prove the existence and uniqueness of Levi-Civita connections for strongly [Formula: see text]-compatible pseudo-Riemannian metrics on tame differential calculi. Such pseudo-Riemannian metrics properly contain the classes of bilinear metrics as well as their conformal deformations. This extends the previous results in [J. Bhowmick, D. Goswami and S. Mukhopadhyay, Levi-Civita connections for a class of spectral triples, Lett. Math. Phys. 110 (2020) 835–884] and [J. Bhowmick, D. Goswami and G. Landi, On the Koszul formula in noncommutative geometry, Rev. Math. Phys. 32(10) (2020) 2050032].
Pronociceptive Roles of Schwann Cell–Derived Galectin-3 in Taxane-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Koyanagi Madoka , Imai Satoshi , Matsumoto Mayuna , Iguma Yoko , Kawaguchi-Sakita Nobuko , Kotake Takeshi , Iwamitsu Yuki , Ntogwa Mpumelelo , Hiraiwa Ren , Nagayasu Kazuki , Saigo Mamiko , Ogihara Takashi , Yonezawa Atsushi , Omura Tomohiro , Nakagawa Shunsaku , Nakagawa Takayuki , Matsubara Kazuo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a severe dose-limiting side effect of taxanes such as paclitaxel and docetaxel. Despite the high medical needs, insufficient understanding of the complex mechanism underlying CIPN pathogenesis precludes any endorsed causal therapy to prevent or relieve CIPN. In this study, we report that elevation of plasma galectin-3 level is a pathologic change common to both patients with taxane-treated breast cancer with CIPN and a mouse model of taxane-related CIPN. Following multiple intraperitoneal injections of paclitaxel in mice, galectin-3 levels were elevated in Schwann cells within the sciatic nerve but not in other peripheral organs or cells expressing galectin-3. Consistent with this, paclitaxel treatment of primary cultures of rat Schwann cells induced upregulation and secretion of galectin-3. In vitro migration assays revealed that recombinant galectin-3 induced a chemotactic response of the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. In addition, perineural administration of galectin-3 to the sciatic nerve of naive mice mimicked paclitaxel-induced macrophage infiltration and mechanical hypersensitivity. By contrast, chemical depletion of macrophages by clodronate liposomes suppressed paclitaxel-induced mechanical hypersensitivity despite the higher level of plasma galectin-3. Deficiency (Galectin-3−/− mice) or pharmacologic inhibition of galectin-3 inhibited paclitaxel-induced macrophage infiltration and mechanical hypersensitivity. In conclusion, we propose that Schwann cell–derived galectin-3 plays a pronociceptive role via macrophage infiltration in the pathogenesis of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy. Therapies targeting this phenomenon, which is common to patients with CIPN and mouse models, represent a novel approach to suppress taxane-related CIPN.

Significance:
These findings demonstrate that the elevation of plasma galectin-3 is a CIPN-related pathologic change common to humans and mice, and that targeting galectin-3 is a therapeutic option to delay CIPN progression.
Molecular Determinants of Medulloblastoma Metastasis and Leptomeningeal Dissemination
Authors: Li Min , Deng Yuhao , Zhang Wangming 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain cancer in pediatrics consisting of four molecular subgroups, namely wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3, and Group 4. One of the biggest challenges in the clinical management of this disease is the leptomeningeal dissemination (LMD) of tumor cells with high morbidity and mortality. Many molecular regulators to date have been identified to participate in medulloblastoma metastasis. In the SHH subgroup, the co-upregulation of CXCR4 and PDGFR, as well as the activation of c-MET, show significant promigratory effects on medulloblastoma cells. Amplification or overexpression of genes on the long arm of chromosome 17, such as LASP1 and WIP1, facilitates tumor invasion in both Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastomas. PRUNE1, NOTCH1, and MYC interactor JPO2 are more specific genetic drivers of metastatic Group 3 tumors. The RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways are two crucial signal transduction pathways that may work as the convergent downstream mechanism of various metastatic drivers. Extracellular signals and cellular components in the tumor microenvironment also play a vital role in promoting the spread and colonization of medulloblastoma cells. For instance, the stromal granule cells and astrocytes support tumor growth and dissemination by secreting PlGF and CCL2, respectively. Importantly, the genetic divergence has been determined between the matched primary and metastatic medulloblastoma samples. However, the difficulty of obtaining metastatic medulloblastoma tissue hinders more profound studies of LMD. Therefore, identifying and analyzing the subclone with the metastatic propensity in the primary tumor is essential for future investigation.
Eurasia and Ancient Egypt in the Fourth Millennium BCE
Authors: Hansen Svend 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article focuses on technical innovations, new interregional networks, and social upheavals in the fourth millennium BCE. Similar trends in the iconography of the lion, the heraldic animal of power, can be observed in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Caucasus. This indicates that a process of concentration of power in the hands of strong rulers or kings took place relatively synchronously in these regions. The exchange of coveted raw materials such as copper and silver was connected with the transfer of knowledge between these regions, which can be seen in metal objects such as daggers and knives.
Maat and Tianxia: Building World Orders in Ancient Egypt and China
Authors: Moreno García Juan Carlos , Pines Yuri 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ancient China and pharaonic Egypt were two of the most long-lived polities of the ancient world. Both of them succeeded in integrating a diversity of regions and peoples under a single monarch and in creating unique self-referential cultures, which survived periods of political fragmentation and of conquest by foreign peoples. Under these conditions, key concepts emerged that served to express order, justice, harmony, and good government. They provided an indispensable ideological tool to legitimize royal authority as well as a world view that helped define Egyptian and Chinese values when compared to neighboring areas and peoples, usually regarded as the “Other.” Two of these concepts, Egyptian maat and Chinese tianxia, may prove particularly useful for comparing the very particular ways in which Egyptian and Chinese leaders thought about their role in the world, both as builders of cosmic order and as efficient rulers that held together the peoples they governed.
The Aarhus Convention and Polish Regulations Concerning Parties to Proceedings for Issuing the eia Decisions
Authors: Michalak Magdalena , Kledzik Przemysław 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters was adopted on 25 June 1998 in the Danish city of Aarhus. According to its provisions each state Part shall, within the framework of the national legal order, ensure that members of the public concerned have access to a review procedure before a court of law or another independent and impartial body established by law. At the same time, it contains regulations specifying the criteria that constitute the basis for determining persons enjoying rights to access justice with respect to national legal orders. Poland, being one of the state Parties, introduced into national legal order special provisions enabling implementation of the Aarhus Convention, including regulations concerning parties to proceedings in environmental matters. The aim of the study is to analyse and assess these regulations in the light of the requirements adopted in the Aarhus Convention and to formulate general conclusions in the field of key issues of the international and European environmental law and policy.
Toward a Systematic Evaluation of Warm Conveyor Belts in Numerical Weather Prediction and Climate Models. Part I: Predictor Selection and Logistic Regression Model
Authors: Quinting Julian F. , Grams Christian M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe physical and dynamical processes associated with warm conveyor belts (WCBs) importantly affect midlatitude dynamics and are sources of forecast uncertainty. Moreover, WCBs modulate the large-scale extratropical circulation and can communicate and amplify forecast errors. Therefore, it is desirable to assess the representation of WCBs in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models in particular on the medium to subseasonal forecast range. Most often, WCBs are identified as coherent bundles of Lagrangian trajectories that ascend in a time interval of 2 days from the lower to the upper troposphere. Although this Lagrangian approach has advanced the understanding of the involved processes significantly, the calculation of trajectories is computationally expensive and requires NWP data at a high spatial [], vertical [], and temporal resolution []. In this study, we present a statistical framework that derives footprints of WCBs from coarser NWP data that are routinely available. To this end, gridpoint-specific multivariate logistic regression models are developed for the Northern Hemisphere using meteorological parameters from ERA-Interim data as predictors and binary footprints of WCB inflow, ascent, and outflow based on a Lagrangian dataset as predictands. Stepwise forward selection identifies the most important predictors for these three WCB stages. The logistic models are reliable in replicating the climatological frequency of WCBs as well as the footprints of WCBs at instantaneous time steps. The novel framework is a first step toward a systematic evaluation of WCB representation in large datasets such as subseasonal ensemble reforecasts or climate projections.
Constraints from Invariant Subtropical Vertical Velocities on the Scalings of Hadley Cell Strength and Downdraft Width with Rotation Rate
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan L. , Hill Spencer A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWeak-temperature-gradient influences from the tropics and quasigeostrophic influences from the extratropics plausibly constrain the subtropical-mean static stability in terrestrial atmospheres. Because mean descent acting on this static stability is a leading-order term in the thermodynamic balance, a state-invariant static stability would impose constraints on the Hadley cells, which this paper explores in simulations of varying planetary rotation rate. If downdraft-averaged effective heating (the sum of diabatic heating and eddy heat flux convergence) too is invariant, so must be vertical velocity—an “omega governor.” In that case, the Hadley circulation overturning strength and downdraft width must scale identically—the cell can strengthen only by widening or weaken only by narrowing. Semiempirical scalings demonstrate that subtropical eddy heat flux convergence weakens with rotation rate (scales positively) while diabatic heating strengthens (scales negatively), compensating one another if they are of similar magnitude. Simulations in two idealized, dry GCMs with a wide range of planetary rotation rates exhibit nearly unchanging downdraft-averaged static stability, effective heating, and vertical velocity, as well as nearly identical scalings of the Hadley cell downdraft width and strength. In one, eddy stresses set this scaling directly (the Rossby number remains small); in the other, eddy stress and bulk Rossby number changes compensate to yield the same, ~Ω−1/3 scaling. The consistency of this power law for cell width and strength variations may indicate a common driver, and we speculate that Ekman pumping could be the mechanism responsible for this behavior. Diabatic heating in an idealized aquaplanet GCM is an order of magnitude larger than in dry GCMs and reanalyses, and while the subtropical static stability is insensitive to rotation rate, the effective heating and vertical velocity are not.