bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blue light‐emitting diodes for disinfection
Authors: Seme Bernd , Günther Kerstin , Winkler Norbert , Wipprich Walter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDisinfection processes are currently of particular interest due to growing concerns over illnesses caused by human pathogenic germs. Blue light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) can reduce the microbial load on surfaces, in liquids and in air. The high wall‐plug efficiency of the diodes, their additive‐free antimicrobial effect and the good tolerability of the light enable affordable and safe disinfection systems.
Effect of TiO2 layer thickness of TiO2/NiO transparent photovoltaics
Authors: Kumar Naveen , Patel Malkeshkumar , Nguyen Thanh Tai , Kim Sangho , Kim Joondong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe rapid growth in the transparent electronics industry has increased the need for transparent photovoltaic cells (TPCs) and transparent self‐powered devices. To make TPCs and transparent self‐powered devices more efficient, a detailed understanding of device structure is needed. In this study, TiO2/NiO heterojunction‐based TPCs were fabricated with different TiO2 layer thicknesses, and the effect of TiO2 layer thickness on the photovoltage and photocurrent was evaluated. All the fabricated TiO2/NiO heterojunction‐based devices had a high optical transparency (>50%) in the visible–near‐infrared (vis–NIR) region. The fabricated devices were illuminated with different power sources of different wavelengths. If the TiO2 layer was too thick or too thin, the TPC performance deteriorated. By growing the optimal 100‐nm‐thick TiO2 layer, a simultaneous tunability between high optical transparency and high photovoltaic performance was achieved. A TiO2/NiO heterojunction‐based device with an optimal 100‐nm‐thick TiO2 layer had the highest optical transparency (>60%) in the vis–NIR region, with the highest photovoltage of 685.00 ± 68.06 mV and the highest photocurrent of 4.42 ± 1.35 mA under the illumination of a light source with a power density of 70 mW/cm2 at a wavelength of 365 nm. The fabricated TPCs had a high sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) signals and demonstrated self‐powered behavior. This study clarified the role of TiO2 layer thickness optimization in improving the performance of TiO2/NiO heterojunction‐based TPCs.
Proteome reprogramming of endometrial epithelial cells by human trophectodermal small extracellular vesicles reveals key insights into embryo implantation
Authors: Poh Qi Hui , Rai Alin , Carmichael Irena Iśka , Salamonsen Lois A , Greening David W 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEmbryo implantation into the receptive endometrium is critical in pregnancy establishment, initially requiring reciprocal signalling between outer layer of the blastocyst (trophectoderm cells) and endometrial epithelium; however, factors regulating this crosstalk remain poorly understood. Although endometrial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to signal to the embryo during implantation, the role of embryo‐derived EVs remains largely unknown. Here, we provide a comprehensive proteomic characterisation of a major class of EVs, termed small EVs (sEVs), released by human trophectoderm cells (Tsc‐sEVs) and their capacity to reprogram protein landscape of endometrial epithelium in vitro. Highly purified Tsc‐sEVs (30–200 nm, ALIX+, TSG101+, CD9/63/81+) were enriched in known players of implantation (LIFR, ICAM1, TAGLN2, WNT5A, FZD7, ROR2, PRICKLE2), antioxidant activity (SOD1, PRDX1/4/6), tissue integrity (EZR, RAC1, RHOA, TNC), and focal adhesions (FAK, ITGA2/V, ITGB1/3). Functionally, Tsc‐sEVs were taken up by endometrial cells, altered transepithelial electrical resistance, and upregulated proteins implicated in embryo attachment (ITGA2/V, ITGB1/3), immune regulation (CD59, CD276, LGALS3), and antioxidant activity (GPX1/3/4, PRDX1/2/4/5/6): processes that are critical for successful implantation. Collectively, we provide critical insights into Tsc‐sEV‐mediated regulation of endometrial function that contributes to our understanding of the molecular basis of implantation.
In situ generation of Ag nanoparticles during photopolymerization by using newly developed dyes‐based three‐component photoinitiating systems and the related 3D printing applications and their shape change behavior
Authors: Chen Hong , Noirbent Guillaume , Liu Shaohui , Zhang Yijun , Sun Ke , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Gigmes Didier , Xiao Pu , Dumur Frédéric , Lalevée Jacques 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) play a crucial role in biology and medical research as their extensive and efficient antibacterial activity and high electrical and thermal conductivity. However, the generation of them with a certain morphology under mild conditions (under air, solvent‐free, room temperature, etc.,) is still a huge challenge. Herein, a simple one‐step method is proposed to generate AgNPs in situ at room temperature under air by combining the photopolymerization process with the formation process of AgNPs within a few minutes. In detailed, 12 different dyes based on 2,5‐diethylene‐cyclopentan‐1‐one were first synthesized and used as high‐performance type II photoinitiator. When using in conjunction of bis‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl) iodonium hexafluorophosphate (Iod) and ethyl 4‐dimethylaminobenzoate (EDB), they can effectively boost the free radical photopolymerization (FRP) of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG‐DA) and the cationic photopolymerization (CP) of 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl‐3,4‐epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (EPOX) upon irradiation with LED@405 nm. Furthermore, all the formulations containing/without AgNPs can be successfully used to perform the direct laser write experiment. However, even if all of the obtained 3D patterns exhibited reversible swelling performance and shape‐memory effects caused by swelling and dehydration for the access to 4D printing, the presence of AgNPs will affect these properties.
Preparation of Fine Ammonium Perchlorate by Employing Dual‐Sonic Premixer: Freeze‐Drying Method
Authors: Togashi Ryoto , Kohga Makoto 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmmonium perchlorate (AP)‐based composite propellant is the most widely used solid propellant. Fine AP is required to obtain a propellant with a high burning rate. To prepare fine AP, an emulsion was prepared by emulsifying toluene and the AP solution. The emulsion was frozen rapidly with liquid nitrogen and then freeze‐dried. Fine AP was prepared by this freeze‐drying method. In this study, the emulsion was prepared with the premixer adopted dual‐sonic technology and an attempt was made to prepare finer AP. By using a dual‐sonic premixer, the emulsion was efficiently prepared, and therefore, a fine AP sample was obtained, compared with the homogenizer that is commonly used. It was found that the AP sample could be used as a propellant oxidizer according to its impact and thermal sensitivities.
Development and validation of a rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to quantitate gabapentin and buprenorphine in human serum
Authors: Phillips Sarah J. , Oliveto Alison , Mancino Michael J. , Hendrickson Howard P. 
Published: April 2021

RationaleGabapentin has shown initial promise as an opioid‐sparing medication in pain patients as well as a treatment for opioid withdrawal and liquid chriomatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is often used for clinical monitoring. Despite reports of validated tandem mass spectrometric methods for the determination of gabapentin and buprenorphine, mechanisms for the collision‐induced fragmentation have not been adequetely described.MethodsA rapid analytical method has been developed to determine gabapentinoid, gabapentin, and the partial opioid agonist, buprenorphine, in 20 μL of human serum using LC/MS/MS with a chromatographic run time of 2 min. A simplified sample cleanup procedure using methanol precipitation of serum proteins/lipids followed by evaporation and reconstitution in mobile phase was demonstrated. Gabapentin and buprenorphine were detected following positive ion electrospray ionization using multiple‐reaction monitoring. The internal standard approach was used for quantitation with labeled gabapentin‐D10 and buprenorphine‐D4 serving as internal standards. Using organic reaction principals and stable isotope labels, collision‐induced fragmentation mechanisms for both gabapentin and buprenorphine are proposed. The method was validated according to the FDA Guidance for Industry – Bioanalytical Method Validation.ResultsAccuracy was demonstrated by error values ≤15% for buprenorphine and ≤6% for gabapentin. The inter‐day precision was ≤4.88% and 15.59% for gabapentin and buprenorphine and the intra‐day precision was ≤5.20% and 11.65% for gabapentin and buprenorphine. The lower limit of quantitation corresponded to 10 ng/mL for gabapentin and 1 ng/mL for buprenorphine in serum. Recoveries were 104 ± 2.55% and 85 ± 2.03% for gabapentin and buprenorphine, respectively.ConclusionsConcentrations of gabapentin and buprenorphine were determined for five authentic human serum samples to further validate the utility of the method and applicable to therapeutic drug monitoring beyond its use as a drug screening assay. Furthermore, new mechanisms for the collision‐induced dissociation of gabapentin and buprenorphine have been proposed.
The Effects of a Whole‐Class Kindergarten Handwriting Intervention on Early Reading Skills
Authors: Ray Karen , Dally Kerry , Colyvas Kim , Lane Alison E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe ultimate goal of reading is to comprehend written text, and this goal can only be attained if the reader can decode written words and understand their meanings. The science of reading has provided compelling evidence for the subskills that form the foundation of decoding. Decoding words requires understanding of the alphabetic principle and letter–sound, or grapheme–phoneme, correspondence. In the first year of formal schooling (kindergarten), this same understanding is also required for young learners who are learning to write the letters of the alphabet. In this article, we examine the effectiveness of a handwriting intervention, Write Start–K, that emphasizes the recall, retrieval, reproduction, and repetition (the 4Rs model) of grapheme–phoneme relations. We conducted a two‐group, pre/posttest study at two Australian schools across four kindergarten classes (n = 77 students). One school received the intervention, and the other continued with standard teaching. Participants (mean age = 5 years 8.45 months, standard deviation = 4.18 months) at both schools were assessed at baseline, immediately after the eight‐week intervention period, and at 12 weeks following the end of the intervention (follow‐up). We used linear mixed models to determine the statistical significance of effects over three time intervals. We identified statistically significant Group × Time effects for letter name knowledge and word reading, whereas changes in letter sound knowledge and nonsense word–reading fluency approached statistical significance. These results indicate that a handwriting intervention, incorporating repeated practice in recalling and reproducing letter forms, had a statistically significant impact on early reading skills.
Valence‐State Effect of Iridium Dopant in NiFe(OH)2 Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Min , Wang Jia‐Qi , Xi Cong , Cheng Chuan‐Qi , Kuai Chun‐Guang , Zheng Xue‐Li , Zhang Rui , Xie Ya‐Meng , Dong Cun‐Ku , Chen Yong‐Jun , Du Xi‐Wen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEngineering high‐performance electrocatalysts is of great importance for energy conversion and storage. As an efficient strategy, element doping has long been adopted to improve catalytic activity, however, it has not been clarified how the valence state of dopant affects the catalytic mechanism and properties. Herein, it is reported that the valence state of a doping element plays a crucial role in improving catalytic performance. Specifically, in the case of iridium doped nickel‐iron layer double hydroxide (NiFe‐LDH), trivalent iridium ions (Ir3+) can boost hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) more efficiently than tetravalent iridium (Ir4+) ions. Ir3+‐doped NiFe‐LDH delivers an ultralow overpotential (19 mV @ 10 mA cm−2) for HER, which is superior to Ir4+ doped NiFe‐LDH (44 mV@10 mA cm−2) and even commercial Pt/C catalyst (40 mV@ 10 mA cm−2), and reaches the highest level ever reported for NiFe‐LDH‐based catalysts. Theoretical and experimental analyses reveal that Ir3+ ions donate more electrons to their neighboring O atoms than Ir4+ ions, which facilitates the water dissociation and hydrogen desorption, eventually boosting HER. The same valence‐state effect is found for Ru and Pt dopants in NiFe‐LDH, implying that chemical valence state should be considered as a common factor in modulating catalytic performance.
Development of derivatization/air‐assisted liquid‐liquid microextraction procedure for analyzing short‐chain fatty acids; assessment of the analytes in fruit juice samples
Authors: Assadi Fatemeh , Afshar Mogaddam Mohammad Reza , Farajzadeh Mir Ali , Shayanfar Ali , Nemati Mahboob 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn air‐assisted liquid‐liquid microextraction method has been developed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection for the extraction, derivatization, and determination of five short chain fatty acids including acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, and caproic acid from different fruit juices. In this method, butyl chloroformate was used as extraction solvent and derivatization agent, simultaneously. For this purpose, sample solution was adjusted at pH 8 and then mixed with picoline (as a catalyst). Next, a few microliters of butyl chloroformate was added to the solution and after performing predetermined extraction cycles, the obtained cloudy solution was centrifuged. An aliquot of the sedimented phase was injected into the determination system. Low limits of detection (3.23–9.63 ng/mL) and quantification (10.8–32.4 ng/mL) were obtained. The method had a proper repeatability (relative standard deviations ≤ 7.38%) for intra‐ (n = 6) and interday (n = 5) precisions at a concentration of 50 ng/mL (each analyte). High enrichment factors (360–415), extraction recoveries (72–93%), and enhancement factors (1126–1852) were obtained. The developed method was successfully used in determination of the analytes in the studied samples.
Spectral analysis of networks with latent space dynamics and signs
Authors: Cape Joshua 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe pursue the problem of modelling and analysing latent space dynamics in collections of networks. Towards this end, we pose and study latent space generative models for signed networks that are amenable to inference via spectral methods. Permitting signs, rather than restricting to unsigned networks, enables richer latent space structure and permissible dynamic mechanisms that can be provably inferred via low rank truncations of observed adjacency matrices. Our treatment of and ability to recover latent space dynamics holds across different levels of granularity, namely, at the overall graph level, for communities of nodes, and even at the individual node level. We provide synthetic and real data examples to illustrate the effectiveness of methodologies and to corroborate accompanying theory. The contributions set forth in this paper complement an emerging statistical paradigm for random graph inference encompassing random dot product graphs and generalizations thereof.
Effect of Annealing on Structural, Physicochemical, and In Vitro Digestive Properties of Starch from Castanopsis sclerophylla
Authors: Shi Xiaofei , Ding Yueping , Wan Jie , Liu Chengmei , Prakash Sangeeta , Xia Xue 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnnealing is a hydrothermal treatment that changes the structural and functional properties of starches. This study investigates and compares the effects of one‐step annealing for 24 and 48 h, respectively, and two‐step annealing on the structural, physicochemical, and digestive properties of Castanopsis sclerophylla starch (CaS). Annealing has no effect on CaS morphology, crystalline pattern, and short‐range ordered structures. However, annealing decreases the swelling power, solubility, setback, and peak viscosity of CaS and increases its crystallinity and thermal stability. Post annealing, the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) of CaS decreases, the slowly digestible starch (SDS) increases while the resistant starch (RS) content of CaS remains unchanged. Comparing with One‐step annealing for 24 h, one‐step annealing for 48 h and two‐step annealing does not further change the RDS and SDS content of annealed CaS.
Managing R&D in Chinese listed firms: The interactive effects of ownership concentration and corporate governance
Authors: Wang Junmin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOwnership concentration remains a salient institutional feature among public listed firms in emerging and transitional economies. This study examines how a listed firm's ownership concentration interacts with its governance mechanisms in shaping corporate R&D investments. By analyzing panel data of Chinese listed firms between 2010 and 2012, I have three core findings. First, ownership concentration by the largest controlling shareholder negatively affects a firm's R&D intensity, but a small team of shareholders' ownership concentration plays a positive role. Second, a firm's monitoring mechanisms (measured by its sizes of the board and independent directors) and CEO stockholding positively affect the firm's R&D input. Third, CEO stockholding's positive role in promoting firm R&D is stronger in the firms with a more dispersed ownership structure. This study discloses the ways ownership concentration influences corporate governance and, in turn, affects corporate innovation.
Wavefunctions in dS/CFT revisited: principal series and double-trace deformations
Authors: Isono Hiroshi , Liu Hoiki Madison , Noumi Toshifumi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study wavefunctions of heavy scalars on de Sitter spacetime and their implications to dS/CFT correspondence. In contrast to light fields in the complementary series, heavy fields in the principal series oscillate outside the cosmological horizon. As a consequence, the quadratic term in the wavefunction does not follow a simple scaling and so it is hard to identify it with a conformal two-point function. In this paper, we demonstrate that it should be interpreted as a two-point function on a cyclic RG flow which is obtained by double-trace deformations of the dual CFT. This is analogous to the situation in nonrelativistic AdS/CFT with a bulk scalar whose mass squared is below the Breitenlohner-Freedman (BF) bound. We also provide a new dS/CFT dictionary relating de Sitter two-point functions and conformal two-point functions in the would-be dual CFT.
On Multimatrix Models Motivated by Random Noncommutative Geometry I: The Functional Renormalization Group as a Flow in the Free Algebra
Authors: Pérez-Sánchez Carlos I. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRandom noncommutative geometry can be seen as a Euclidean path-integral quantization approach to the theory defined by the Spectral Action in noncommutative geometry (NCG). With the aim of investigating phase transitions in random NCG of arbitrary dimension, we study the nonperturbative Functional Renormalization Group for multimatrix models whose action consists of noncommutative polynomials in Hermitian and anti-Hermitian matrices. Such structure is dictated by the Spectral Action for the Dirac operator in Barrett’s spectral triple formulation of fuzzy spaces. The present mathematically rigorous treatment puts forward “coordinate-free” language that might be useful also elsewhere, all the more so because our approach holds for general multimatrix models. The toolkit is a noncommutative calculus on the free algebra that allows to describe the generator of the renormalization group flow—a noncommutative Laplacian introduced here—in terms of Voiculescu’s cyclic gradient and Rota–Sagan–Stein noncommutative derivative. We explore the algebraic structure of the Functional Renormalization Group equation and, as an application of this formalism, we find the$$\beta $$β-functions, identify the fixed points in the large-Nlimit and obtain the critical exponents of two-dimensional geometries in two different signatures.
Chronisch-obstruktive Lungenerkrankung 2021 – die richtige Therapie für den richtigen Patienten
Authors: Olschewski Horst , Buhl Roland , Funk Georg Christian , Valipour Arschang , Vogelmeier Claus F. 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungIn den vergangenen Jahren wurden auf dem Gebiet der chronisch-obstruktiven Lungenerkrankung (COPD) große Therapiestudien publiziert, die 2020 um mehrere Post-hoc-Analysen ergänzt wurden. Die neuen Erkenntnisse flossen in das Update des Global-Initiative-for-Chronic-Obstructive-Lung-Disease(GOLD)-Report 2021 ein. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die aktualisierten Grundlagen und Empfehlungen zur Therapie der COPD beschrieben. Dabei wird auf die Indikationen von inhalativen Kortikosteroiden (ICS), lang wirksamen Muskarinantagonisten (LAMA) und/oder lang wirksamen β‑Mimetika (LABA) eingegangen. Die Therapie der COPD wird der des Asthma bronchiale gegenübergestellt. Diskutiert wird auch, wie sich eine gleichzeitig bestehende Asthmakomponente auf die Behandlungsstrategie bei COPD auswirkt. Ein Schwerpunkt des Beitrags liegt auf der Triple-Therapie mit LAMA, LABA und ICS. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die Studienlage und die Indikationen beschrieben. Die Bronchodilatation bleibt weiterhin die Grundlage der COPD-Therapie. Für Patienten mit gehäuften Exazerbationen bedeutet eine Triple-Therapie mit LAMA + LABA + ICS einen Mortalitätsvorteil. Weitere Analysen oder Studien sollen klären, ob dieser Effekt für spezifische Subgruppen stärker ausgeprägt ist.