bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hittite ‘Theogony’ or Song of Going Forth (CTH 344): Stratification of Mythical Traditions
Authors: Zgoll Christian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The present paper deals with the controversially discussed relationships between the gods Alalu, Anu, Kumarbi, and Tarḫunnaš in the Hittite Song of Going Forth (CTH 344). On the basis of a new philological analysis, of comparisons with theogonies or succession myths in other ancient cultures and on the background of considerations on the cross-cultural stratification of various mythical traditions in the surviving Hittite text, various proposals on the genealogical relationship of the deities in question are weighed against each other and reasons are presented for the plausibility of the proposed new translation and general reconstruction that the divine kingship always passes from father to son within a single genealogical line.
History at Sea
Authors: Bishara Fahad Ahmad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article invites readers to rethink the work that routes can do in world history by braiding together the spatial and historical imaginaries of an itinerant community: the dhow captains (nakhodas) of Kuwait. Through a close reading of two genres of nakhoda writings, logbooks and nautical manuals, it explores the deliberate process by which they constructed their movement across the sea. It suggests that for dhows, travel across the Indian Ocean was a voyage through world history itself—a route along a recent and distant past, entangled with an imperial present. Through these materials historians can move towards a sense of space and time that foregrounds the imaginative processes that produce the Indian Ocean as an historical arena on the part of those who spent their lives traversing it.
Afrasian Aesthetics in M.G. Vassanji’s The Magic of Saida
Authors: Makokha J.K.S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Magic of Saida by M.G. Vassanji (2012) centres on the central figure of the novel’s story, Kamal. He is the son of an African mother and an Asian (read Indian) father, who grows up in Tanzania and then relocates to Canada where he becomes an established doctor. The novel tackles themes of African-Asian (read Afrasian) racial identity, belonging, and the effects of the past on the present. Kamal identifies mainly as an African when residing with his mother in Kilwa during his childhood; he is then urged to embrace an Indian identity when he is sent to live with his uncle in Dar es Salaam in his early adolescence. Decades after moving to Edmonton, Canada, Kamal decides to come back to Kilwa. This paper explores the tension and ambiguity in Kamal’s identity by analyzing the way he defines himself—or is defined—in Kilwa and Dar es Salaam, and then investigating, through an eclectic psychochriticism lens, how that in turn affects him as he ages and drives him to return in seach of what it means to be both an Asian and an African in the context of East African cultural landscapes.
The Making and Remaking of a National People’s Hero and Exemplar in Mongolia’s Socialist, Nationalist and Democratic Mobilisations
Authors: Enkhtur Munkh-Uchral 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the case of Ard Ayush [the commoner Ayush], a widely recognised national hero constructed in the socialist movement and an exemplar who survived the post-socialist rejection of socialist heroes and was reconstructed within the post-socialist democratic and nationalist movements. The paper’s title borrows the notion of a ‘national people’ from David Sneath and the notion of the ‘exemplar’ from Caroline Humphrey. Extending Sneath’s discussion of ard [commoner and/or people] and ard tümen [national people], this paper shows how the concept of ard that was constructed through the use of exemplars has become ard tümen. Then, extending Humphrey’s discussion of the moral influence of exemplars, this paper shows how some exemplars constructed during socialism helped the socialist government shape and govern a national people.
Transgressing National ‘Green Culture’ and the Moral Authority of Nature in ‘Age of the Market’ Mongolia
Authors: Turk Elizabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article explores the concept of nature (baigal) and the natural world (baigal delkhii, baigal khangai) as cosmological ‘beyond’ (tsaana) that derives particular moral authority in contemporary Mongolia. Interlocutors detailed an agentive nature, able to punish and save, cause illness and restore health that has become increasingly fierce (dogshin) and distant from humans in recent years. This trend was narratively linked to increased disorderly and ‘uncultured’ actions that disrupt the balance between humans and the natural environment which Mongolians’ ‘nature culture’ (baigaliin soyol) notionally upholds. Although notions of natural and nomadic culture were transformed during the twentieth century from concepts associated with ‘backwardness’ to celebration of unique forms of heritage, culture’s fundamental tie to nature endured. As ideas of nature uphold social order and ‘stand in’ for order itself, baigal normatively governs, reacting to lack of moral guidance and state-led regulation today.
The Shugden-Controversy in Contemporary Mongolia
Authors: Batmunkh Mungunchimeg 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Since the political upheavals in Mongolia in 1989, the traditional Tibetan-Mongolian protective deity Dorj-Shugden has been rediscovered. Today the Buddhist monasteries Delgeriin khiid, Amarbayasgalant Monastery and Tögsbayasgalant töv venerate him. This paper analyses the role of this deity with particular emphasis on Gungaachoilinig datsan in Gandandegchilin and the Amarbayasgalant Monastery in Mongolia, based on ethnographic fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with monks from six monasteries and visitors of Amarbayasgalant conducted in 2016, 2019 and 2020. The paper also outlines the current state of research, including recent Mongolian literature. Finally, it presents findings about him sourced from social media. By exploring pro- and anti-Shugden religious practices, this article sheds some light on the Shugden controversy in contemporary Mongolian Buddhism.
Statistical Cluster Analysis of Global Aerosol Optical Depth for Simplified Atmospheric Modeling
Authors: Plymale Noah T. , Szekely Joshua E. , Rubinstein Anna H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols originating from natural and anthropogenic sources have important implications for modeling atmospheric phenomena, but aerosol conditions can change significantly and rapidly because of their dependence on local geography and atmospheric conditions. In this work, we applied a computational k-means clustering algorithm to a global set of data obtained from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), to yield a set of 25 clusters that discriminate on the basis of land type, elevation, and atmospheric conditions to predict statistical aerosol optical depth (AOD) information. We considered different subsets of MERRA-2 data, consisting of all the data averaged over a single year (2016) as well as data averaged by meteorological season over a span of five years (2012–16), arriving at five separate sets of 25 clusters. We make the clustered AOD information available with decision trees, qualitative cluster descriptions, and color-coded cluster maps to assist in identifying which cluster to use in retrieving AOD information. The results of this analysis have applications in atmospheric modeling where knowledge of approximate or typical aerosol conditions is needed in lookup-table form without requiring access to large atmospheric databases or computationally intensive aerosol models; such applications could include quick-turnaround or large-volume analyses of atmospheric conditions required to inform decision-making that affects national security, such as in modeling remote sensing and estimating upper and lower bounds for visible and infrared photon transport.
On the Tropospheric Response to Transient Stratospheric Momentum Torques
Authors: White Ian P. , Garfinkel Chaim I. , Hitchcock Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An idealized model is used to examine the tropospheric response to sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), by imposing transient stratospheric momentum torques tailored to mimic the wave-forcing impulse associated with spontaneously occurring SSWs. Such an approach enables us to examine both the ∼2–3-week forcing stage of an SSW during which there is anomalous stratospheric wave-activity convergence, as well as the recovery stage during which the wave forcing abates and the stratosphere radiatively recovers over 2–3 months. It is argued that applying a torque is better suited than a heating perturbation for examining the response to SSWs, due to the meridional circulation that is induced to maintain thermal-wind balance (i.e., the “Eliassen adjustment”); an easterly torque yields downwelling at high latitudes and equatorward flow below, similar to the wave-induced circulation that occurs during spontaneously occurring SSWs, whereas a heating perturbation yields qualitatively opposite behavior and thus cannot capture the initial SSW evolution. During the forcing stage, the meridional circulation in response to an impulse comparable to the model’s internal variability is able to penetrate down to the surface and drive easterly-wind anomalies via Coriolis torques acting on the anomalous equatorward flow. During the recovery stage, after which the tropospheric flow has already responded, the meridional circulation associated with the stratosphere’s radiative recovery appears to provide the persistent stratospheric forcing that drives the high-latitude easterly anomalies, whereas planetary waves are found to play a smaller role. This is then augmented by synoptic-wave feedbacks that drive and amplify the annular-mode response.
The Role of Continental Topography in the Present-Day Ocean’s Mean Climate
Authors: Stouffer R. J. , Russell J. L. , Beadling R. L. , Broccoli A. J. , Krasting J. P. , Malyshev S. , Naiman Z. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Climate models of varying complexity have been used for decades to investigate the impact of mountains on the atmosphere and surface climate. Here, the impact of removing the continental topography on the present-day ocean climate is investigated using three different climate models spanning multiple generations. An idealized study is performed where all present-day land surface topography is removed and the equilibrium change in the oceanic mean state with and without the mountains is studied. When the mountains are removed, changes found in all three models include a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated SST cooling in the subpolar North Atlantic. The SSTs also warm in all the models in the western North Pacific Ocean associated with a northward shift of the atmospheric jet and the Kuroshio. In the ocean interior, the magnitude of the temperature and salinity response to removing the mountains is relatively small and the sign and magnitude of the changes generally vary among the models. These different interior ocean responses are likely related to differences in the mean state of the control integrations due to differences in resolution and associated subgrid-scale mixing parameterizations. Compared to the results from 4xCO2 simulations, the interior ocean temperature changes caused by mountain removal are relatively small; however, the oceanic circulation response and Northern Hemisphere near-surface temperature changes are of a similar magnitude to the response to such radiative forcing changes.
Snow Depth Trends from CMIP6 Models Conflict with Observational Evidence
Authors: Zhong Xinyue , Zhang Tingjun , Kang Shichang , Wang Jian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this study, we compiled a high-quality, in situ observational dataset to evaluate snow depth simulations from 22 CMIP6 models across high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere over the period 1955–2014. Simulated snow depths have low accuracy (RMSE = 17–36 cm) and are biased high, exceeding the observed baseline (1976–2005) on average (18 ± 16 cm) across the study area. Spatial climatological patterns based on observations are modestly reproduced by the models (normalized root-mean-square deviations of 0.77 ± 0.20). Observed snow depth during the cold season increased by about 2.0 cm over the study period, which is approximately 11% relative to the baseline. The models reproduce decreasing snow depth trends that contradict the observations, but they all indicate a precipitation increase during the cold season. The modeled snow depths are insensitive to precipitation but too sensitive to air temperature; these inaccurate sensitivities could explain the discrepancies between the observed and simulated snow depth trends. Based on our findings, we recommend caution when using and interpreting simulated changes in snow depth and associated impacts.
A Multidecadal Analysis of Reservoir Storage Change in Developing Regions
Authors: Kumar Biswas Nishan , Hossain Faisal 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The limited amount of shared reservoir monitoring data around the world is insufficient to quantify the dynamic nature of reservoir operation with conventional ground-based methods. With the emergence of the Reservoir Assessment Tool (RAT) driven by a multitude of Earth-observing satellites and models, historical observation of reservoir operation spanning 35 years was made using open-source techniques. Trends in reservoir storage change were compared with trends of four critical hydrologic variables (precipitation, runoff, evaporation, and Palmer drought severity index) to understand the potential role of natural drivers in altering reservoir operating pattern. It was found that the reservoirs in Africa were losing active storage at a rate of more than 1% per year of total storage capacity. Smaller reservoirs (with a capacity of less than 0.5 km3) in Southeast Asia were found to experience a sharp gain in storage of 0.5%–1% per year of total storage capacity. Storage change trends of large reservoirs with multiple years of residence time that are designed for strategic water supply needs and drought control were found to be less affected by precipitation trends and influenced more by drought and evaporation trends. Over Africa, most reservoir storage change trends were dictated by evaporation trends, while South Asian reservoirs appear to have their storage change influenced by drought and evaporation trends. Finally, findings suggest that operation of newer reservoirs is more sensitive to long-term hydrological trends and the regulated surface water variability that is controlled by older dams in the upstream.
Mesoscale, Tidal, and Seasonal/Interannual Drivers of the Weddell Sea Overturning Circulation
Authors: Stewart Andrew L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Weddell Sea supplies 40%–50% of the Antarctic Bottom Water that fills the global ocean abyss, and therefore exerts significant influence over global circulation and climate. Previous studies have identified a range of different processes that may contribute to dense shelf water (DSW) formation and export on the southern Weddell Sea continental shelf. However, the relative importance of these processes has not been quantified, which hampers prioritization of observational deployments and development of model parameterizations in this region. In this study a high-resolution (1/12°) regional model of the southern Weddell Sea is used to quantify the overturning circulation and decompose it into contributions due to multiannual mean flows, seasonal/interannual variability, tides, and other submonthly variability. It is shown that tides primarily influence the overturning by changing the melt rate of the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS). The resulting ∼0.2 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) decrease in DSW transport is comparable to the magnitude of the overturning in the FRIS cavity, but small compared to DSW export across the continental shelf break. Seasonal/interannual fluctuations exert a modest influence on the overturning circulation due to the relatively short (8-yr) analysis period. Analysis of the transient energy budget indicates that the nontidal, submonthly variability is primarily baroclinically generated eddies associated with dense overflows. These eddies play a comparable role to the mean flow in exporting dense shelf waters across the continental shelf break, and account for 100% of the transfer of heat onto the continental shelf. The eddy component of the overturning is sensitive to model resolution, decreasing by a factor of ∼2 as the horizontal grid spacing is refined from 1/3° to 1/12°.
Increased resting heart rate and glucose metabolism in a community population
Authors: Wenting Wei , Yeran Jia , Wenfeng Zhan , Faping Li , Pingyou Zhang , Hongxuan Zhang 
Published: November 2021

Objective Resting heart rate (RHR) independently predicts cardiovascular death. Increased RHR is related to chronic diseases, but community-based studies are rare. We investigated this population and factors related to RHR. Methods In total, 374 participants underwent medical examinations from March 2019 to December 2019. Participants were divided into groups with low RHR (LRHR; <65 beats/minute) and high RHR (HRHR; ≥65 beats/minute). RHR was judged using resting electrocardiogram at physical examination. We conducted laboratory examinations, including glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and blood lipids, among participants with chronic diseases. We used Cox proportional risk regression and multivariate analyses for the following covariates: previous chronic diseases, body mass index (BMI), smoking, blood lipids, and FPG. Results The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and HbA1c values were both significantly higher in the HRHR group than in the LRHR group. Spearman correlation analysis showed RHR had a positive correlation with low-density lipoprotein, BMI, FPG, and HbA1c (r = 0.104574, 0.117266, 0.116041, and 0.311761, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis showed age, hypertension, T2DM, and HbA1c were factors influencing RHR. Conclusion RHR showed strong correlation with T2DM and HbA1c in our community population, suggesting that RHR may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Meningitis: Predictors for Poor Neurologic Outcome at 18 Months
Authors: Fister Petja , Peček Jerneja , Jeverica Samo , Primec Zvonka Rener , Paro-Panjan Darja 
Published: November 2021

Aim To find early predictors for poor neurodevelopmental outcome after neonatal group B streptococcal meningitis. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical characteristics of 23 patients with neonatal group B streptococcal meningitis and their neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 months. Available group B Streptococcus strains were serotyped and their genomes characterized. Results We found several differences between patients with early- (n = 5) and late-onset (n = 18) disease. Nine children had neurologic abnormalities at 18 months and 4 had epilepsy, all of them after late-onset disease. Most important risk factors for poor outcome were impaired consciousness at admission, hemodynamic instability, seizures, or abnormal electroencephalogram during the acute illness and abnormal neurologic and ophthalmologic examination at the end of treatment, whereas abnormalities in laboratory and imaging studies were not predictive. Hypervirulent serotype III, multilocus sequence type 17 group B Streptococcus was the predominant pathogen. Conclusions Neurodevelopmental impairment after neonatal group B streptococcal meningitis is likelier in those with clinical and neurophysiological features indicating worse disease severity.
Utilization of glucocorticoids among White and Black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Observations from the enrollment visit of a prospective registry
Authors: Sullivan James K , Littlejohn Emily A 
Published: November 2021

Background Black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) face higher rates of morbidity and mortality compared to White patients. Long-term glucocorticoid use has been associated with worse health outcomes among patients with SLE. We sought to quantify chronic glucocorticoid use among Black and White patients with SLE within a prospective registry. Methods Using enrollment data from a registry at a large academic institution, we compared glucocorticoid use among Black and White patients with SLE. Multivariable logistic regression of race and glucocorticoid use was performed, adjusting for covariates exhibiting a bivariate association with glucocorticoids at significance level p < 0.10. Results 114 White participants (mean age 45; standard deviation (SD) 15) and 59 Black participants (mean age 42; SD 14) were analyzed. White participants had mean SLEDAI-2K score of 3.7 (SD 5.2). Black participants had mean SLEDAI-2K scores of 6.3 (SD 6.0). Among Black participants, 43 (72%) utilized glucocorticoids compared to White participants 39 (34%) (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 5.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.59–10.33). We did not observe differences between unadjusted hydroxychloroquine (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.28–1.65) or conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (cDMARD) (OR 1.07; 95% CI 0.57–2.01) utilization among Black and White participants. SLEDAI-2K, disability, recent hospitalization, and past or present hydroxychloroquine or cDMARD use were included in a logistic regression model. Adjusting for covariates, Black participants were more likely to be on glucocorticoids (adjusted OR 5.69; 95% CI 2.17–14.96); p = 0.0004). Conclusion Adjusting for disease activity and other medications, Black patients had more exposure to chronic glucocorticoids than White patients in the Cleveland Clinic SLE registry. These patients may face increased glucocorticoid-related morbidity, which could contribute significantly to long-term health outcomes and utilization of health care resources. Future research in larger, more diverse registries should be conducted to further characterize patterns of glucocorticoid use.