bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct visualization and correlation of liver stereotactic body radiation therapy treatment delivery accuracy with interfractional motion
Authors: Kuznetsova S. , Sinha R. , Thind K. , Ploquin N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study used the visualization of hypo‐intense regions on liver‐specific MRI to directly quantify stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) spatial delivery accuracy. Additionally, the interfractional motion of the liver region was determined and compared with the MRI‐based evaluation of liver SBRT spatial treatment delivery accuracy. Primovist®‐enhanced MRI scans were acquired from 17 patients, 8–12 weeks following the completion of liver SBRT treatment. Direct visualization of radiation‐induced focal liver reaction in the form of hypo‐intensity was determined. The auto‐delineation approach was used to localize these regions, and center‐of‐mass (COM) discrepancy was quantified between the MRI hypo‐intensity and the CT‐based treatment plan. To assess the interfractional motion of the liver region, a planning CT was registered to a Cone Beam CT obtained before each treatment fraction. The interfractional motion assessed from this approach was then compared against the localized hypo‐intense MRI regions. The mean ± SD COM discrepancy was 1.4 ± 1.3 mm in the left‐right direction, 2.6 ± 1.8 mm in an anteroposterior direction, and 1.9 ± 2.6 mm in the craniocaudal direction. A high correlation was observed between interfractional motion of visualized hypo‐intensity and interfractional motion of planning treatment volume (PTV); the quantified Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.96. The lack of correlation was observed between Primovist® MRI‐based spatial accuracy and interfractional motion of the liver, where Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from −0.01 to −0.26. The highest random and systematic errors quantified from interfractional motion were in the craniocaudal direction. This work demonstrates a novel framework for the direct evaluation of liver SBRT spatial delivery accuracy.
Large‐Scale Mapping of Moiré Superlattices by Hyperspectral Raman Imaging
Authors: Lin Kai‐Qiang , Holler Johannes , Bauer Jonas M. , Parzefall Philipp , Scheuck Marten , Peng Bo , Korn Tobias , Bange Sebastian , Lupton John M. , Schüller Christian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMoiré superlattices can induce correlated‐electronic phases in twisted van der Waals materials: strongly correlated quantum phenomena emerge, such as superconductivity and the Mott‐insulating state. However, moiré superlattices produced through artificial stacking can be quite inhomogeneous, which hampers the development of a clear correlation between the moiré period and the emerging electrical and optical properties. Here, it is demonstrated in twisted‐bilayer transition‐metal dichalcogenides that low‐frequency Raman scattering can be utilized not only to detect atomic reconstruction, but also to map out the inhomogeneity of the moiré lattice over large areas. The method is established based on the finding that both the interlayer‐breathing mode and moiré phonons are highly susceptible to the moiré period and provide characteristic fingerprints. Hyperspectral Raman imaging visualizes microscopic domains of a 5° twisted‐bilayer sample with an effective twist‐angle resolution of about 0.1°. This ambient methodology can be conveniently implemented to characterize and preselect high‐quality areas of samples for subsequent device fabrication, and for transport and optical experiments.
Upcycling to Sustainably Reuse Plastics
Authors: Zhao Xin , Boruah Bhanupriya , Chin Kek Foo , Đokić Miloš , Modak Jayant M. , Soo Han Sen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPlastics are now indispensable in daily lives. However, the pollution from plastics is also increasingly becoming a serious environmental issue. Recent years have seen more sustainable approaches and technologies, commonly known as upcycling, to transform plastics into value‐added materials and chemical feedstocks. In this review, the latest research on upcycling is presented, with a greater focus on the use of renewable energy as well as the more selective methods to repurpose synthetic polymers. First, thermal upcycling approaches are briefly introduced, including the redeployment of plastics for construction uses, 3D printing precursors, and lightweight materials. Then, some of the latest novel strategies to deconstruct condensation polymers to monomers for repolymerization or introduce vulnerable linkers to make the plastics more degradable are discussed. Subsequently, the review will explore the breakthroughs in plastics upcycling by heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalysis, as well as electrocatalysis, which transform plastics into more versatile fine chemicals and materials while simultaneously mitigating global climate change. In addition, some of the biotechnological advances in the discovery and engineering of microbes that can decompose plastics are also presented. Finally, the current challenges and outlook for future plastics upcycling are discussed to stimulate global cooperation in this field.
A Full‐Spectrum Porphyrin–Fullerene D–A Supramolecular Photocatalyst with Giant Built‐In Electric Field for Efficient Hydrogen Production
Authors: Yang Jun , Jing Jianfang , Zhu Yongfa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA full‐spectrum (300–850 nm) responsive donor–acceptor (D–A) supramolecular photocatalyst tetraphenylporphinesulfonate/fullerene (TPPS/C60) is successfully constructed. The theoretical spectral efficiency of TPPS/C60 is as high as 70%, offering the possibility of full‐solar‐spectrum light harvesting. The TPPS/C60 performs a highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 276.55 µmol h−1 (34.57 mmol g−1 h−1), surpassing many reported organic photocatalysts. The D–A structure effectively promotes electron transfer from TPPS to C60, which is beneficial to the photocatalytic reaction. Specifically, a giant internal electric field in the D–A structure is built via the enhanced molecular dipole, which dramatically promotes the charge separation (CS) efficiency by 2.35 times. Transient absorption spectra results show a long‐lived CS state TPPS•+–C60•− in the D–A structure, which effectively promotes participation of photogenerated electrons in the reduction reaction. Briefly, this work provides a novel approach for designing high‐performance photocatalytic materials via enhancing the interfacial electric field.
Self‐Powered Respiration Monitoring Enabled By a Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Su Yuanjie , Chen Guorui , Chen Chunxu , Gong Qichen , Xie Guangzhong , Yao Mingliang , Tai Huiling , Jiang Yadong , Chen Jun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn mammals, physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of inhaled and exhaled breaths, which has traditionally been an underutilized resource potentially encompassing a wealth of physiologically relevant information as well as clues to potential diseases. Recently, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been widely adopted for self‐powered respiration monitoring owing to their compelling features, such as decent biocompatibility, wearing comfort, low‐cost, and high sensitivity to respiration activities in the aspect of low frequency and slight amplitude body motions. Physiological respiration behaviors and exhaled chemical regents can be precisely and continuously monitored by TENG‐based respiration sensors for personalized health care. This article presents an overview of TENG enabled self‐powered respiration monitoring, with a focus on the working principle, sensing materials, functional structures, and related applications in both physical respiration motion detection and chemical breath analysis. Concepts and approaches for acquisition of physical information associated with respiratory rate and depth are covered in the first part. Then the sensing mechanism, theoretical modeling, and applications related to detection of chemicals released from breathing gases are systemically summarized. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of triboelectric effect enabled self‐powered respiration monitoring are comprehensively discussed and criticized.
Two‐Dimensional Metal Chalcogenide Heterostructures: Designed Growth and Emerging Novel Applications
Authors: Li Dongyan , Li Zexin , Chen Ping , Pi Lejing , Zuo Nian , Peng Qiaojun , Zhou Xing , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThere has been a renewed interest in 2D metal chalcogenide heterostructures (2DMCHs) in the context of their exceptional optoelectronic properties and potential for a wide variety of practical applications. However, the controllable synthesis of 2DMCHs remains a huge challenge. Recently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been proposed to be an efficient way to realize high‐quality, large‐scale, and layer‐controllable 2D materials and has also shown high feasibility in 2DMCHs. Here, the latest controllable CVD growth strategies of 2DMCHs are introduced. The designed growth techniques mainly focus on three vital factors in CVD: source supply, mass transport, and substrate engineering. Then, the emerging novel applications of 2DMCHs are also systematically reviewed with particular attention to memory, infrared photodetector, and moiré superlattice, which have demonstrated significant progress in recent years. Finally, future opportunities and remaining challenges concerning the developments of 2DMCHs are presented.
Well‐Defined Segment of Carbon Nanotube with Bright Red Emission for Three‐Photon Fluorescence Cerebrovascular Imaging
Authors: Qiu Zhen‐Lin , He Mu‐bin , Chu Ke‐Shan , Tang Chun , Chen Xuan‐Wen , Zhu Liang , Zhang Li‐Ping , Sun Di , Qian Jun , Tan Yuan‐Zhi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs the shortest segment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) offer a well‐defined alternative for CNTs as the fluorophores in bioimaging. However, most of CPPs emit blue or yellow light, the bright red‐emitting CPP materials required by bioimaging, particularly in vivo imaging, are still lacking. Here, it is shown that a CPP (TB[9]CPP) with red emission up to 650 nm is successfully synthesized and characterized. The fluorescence quantum yields of TB[9]CPP are measured up to 44% in chloroform and 17% as nanodots in aqueous media. Meanwhile, the water‐soluble nanodots present outstanding three‐photon fluorescence performances, thereby are utilized for in vivo probing of brain vessels by three‐photon fluorescence microscopic imaging technique, exhibiting a high penetration depth, good resolution, and clear image contrast.
Algorithm‐Designed Plasmonic Nanotweezers: Quantitative Comparison by Theory, Cathodoluminescence, and Nanoparticle Trapping
Authors: Li Neuton , Cadusch Jasper , Liu Amelia , Barlow Anders J. , Roberts Ann , Crozier Kenneth B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPlasmonic apertures permit optical fields to be concentrated into sub‐wavelength regions. This enhances the optical gradient force, enabling the precise trapping of nanomaterials such as quantum dots, proteins, and DNA molecules at modest laser powers. Double nanoholes, coaxial apertures, bowtie apertures, and other structures have been studied as plasmonic nanotweezers, with the design process generally comprising intuition followed by electromagnetic simulations with parameter sweeps. Here, instead, a computational algorithm is used to design plasmonic apertures for nanoparticle trapping. The resultant apertures have highly irregular shapes that, in combination with ring couplers also optimized by algorithm, are predicted to generate trapping forces more than an order of magnitude greater than those from the double nanohole design used as the optimization starting point. The designs are realized by fabricating precision apertures with a helium/neon ion microscope and are studied them by cathodoluminescence and optical trapping. It is shown that, at every laser intensity, the algorithm‐designed apertures can trap particles more tightly than the double nanohole.
Aligning Transition Dipole Moment toward Light Amplification and Polarized Emission in Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Qin Jiajun , Zhang Jia , Shen Tangyao , Wang Heyong , Hu Bin , Gao Feng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOrientational manipulation of transition dipole moment (TDM) plays an important role in controlling the polarization of excited states in light emission as well as lasing actions. The present work discovers vertically aligned TDMs in hybrid perovskite films through angle‐resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements, which show enhanced emission through the film edge. With increasing excitation intensity, the edge emission induced by these vertically aligned TDMs becomes dominant and eventually leads to amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) through the edge view. Meanwhile, polarized emission of both PL and electroluminescence (EL) provides further evidence for vertically aligned TDMs. Surprisingly, the degree of polarization (DOP) through the film edge is increased when grain boundary defects are passivated through either stochiometric engineering or self‐passivation by mobile ions under working conditions. With increasing DOP, ASE threshold of the perovskite film is reduced owing to enhanced collective behaviors of light‐emitting states. This work presents a useful method to manipulate TDMs in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites.
Large Anomalous Hall and Nernst Effects in High Curie‐Temperature Iron‐Based Heusler Compounds
Authors: Mende Felix , Noky Jonathan , Guin Satya N. , Fecher Gerhard H. , Manna Kaustuv , Adler Peter , Schnelle Walter , Sun Yan , Fu Chenguang , Felser Claudia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe interplay between topology and magnetism has recently sparked the frontier studies of magnetic topological materials that exhibit intriguing anomalous Hall and Nernst effects owning to the large intrinsic Berry curvature (BC). To better understand the anomalous quantum transport properties of these materials and their implications for future applications such as electronic and thermoelectric devices, it is crucial to discover more novel material platforms for performing anomalous transverse transport studies. Here, it is experimentally demonstrated that low‐cost Fe‐based Heusler compounds exhibit large anomalous Hall and Nernst effects. An anomalous Hall conductivity of 250–750 S cm−1 and Nernst thermopower of above 2 µV K−1 are observed near room temperature. The positive effect of anti‐site disorder on the anomalous Hall transport is revealed. Considering the very high Curie temperature (nearly 1000 K), larger Nernst thermopowers at high temperatures are expected owing to the existing magnetic order and the intrinsic BC. This work provides a background for developing low‐cost Fe‐based Heusler compounds as a new material platform for anomalous transport studies and applications, in particular, near and above room temperature.
Direction‐Selectable Ultra‐Highly Oriented State of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymer Induced by Slow Bar Coating Process
Authors: Yabuuchi Yuta , Minowa Yu , Kajii Hirotake , Nagano Shusaku , Fujii Akihiko , Ozaki Masanori 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe molecular orientation of π‐conjugated polymers is a significant factor for the electrical properties of polymer‐based printable devices, because π‐conjugated polymers exhibit a notable fast carrier transport property along their main chain. Although various coating processes are suggested, the challenge to realize high‐degree alignment by one‐step coating without pre‐ or post‐treatments still remains. In this paper, it is reported on the fabrication of an extremely highly aligned thin film by a slow bar coating process using a donor–acceptor π‐conjugated polymer with great aggregability. The 2D order parameter achieved is 0.9, which is the highest obtained among the alignment methods with a one‐step coating process. Furthermore, the direction of the main chain is selectively oriented parallel or perpendicular to the coating direction depending on the solution concentration with high orientation degree. This unique orientation phenomenon seems to be related to the nematic liquid crystallinity of poly[2,5‐(2‐octyldodecyl)‐3,6‐diketopyrrolopyrrole‐alt‐5,5‐(2,5‐di(thien‐2‐yl)thieno [3,2‐b]thiophene)] aggregates formed by the slow coating process. The orientation dynamics is discussed by taking the structure and behavior of the aggregates in the solution into account.
Unraveling the Technology behind the Frontrunner LIC ULTIMO to Serve as a Guideline for Optimum Lithium‐Ion Capacitor Design, Assembly, and Characterization
Authors: Caizán‐Juanarena Leire , Arnaiz María , Gucciardi Emanuele , Oca Laura , Bekaert Emilie , Gandiaga Iñigo , Ajuria Jon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe fast growth experienced by the field of lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) in the last five years led to tremendous progress in this technology. However, the authors have observed some parallelism with its ultracapacitor (UC) sister technology, where an over‐rapid growth in the last decade resulted in a loss of focus and the need of several tutorials for reconducting incorrect reporting habits. In the light of what may be coming, the authors aim to set this work as a direction to the scientific community and the new researchers in the field to serve as i) a retrospective analysis of the original target for LICs to prevent focus deviation and ii) a guideline for proper LIC design and assembly toward high energy, high power, and long cycle life, as well as for correct electrochemical characterization and reporting. The underlying thread throughout this report is the technology behind the frontrunner LIC ULTIMO, a reference device in the market that presents 3–4 times the energy density of an UC and can stand over 1 million cycles, unraveled by means of ante‐mortem analysis.
Expression stability of candidate RT‐qPCR housekeeping genes in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Zhou Lv , Meng Jian‐Yu , Ruan Hong‐Yun , Yang Chang‐Li , Zhang Chang‐Yu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractReverse‐transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) is commonly used to quantify gene expression. For normalization, the expression of each gene is compared with a reference “housekeeping” gene that is stably expressed under relevant stress. Unfortunately, there have been no reports on the stability of such reference genes under various treatments of the Spodoptera frugiperda. In this study, we used five tools (RefFinder, GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt methods) to evaluate the stability of 12 candidate reference genes (RPS18, β‐tubulin, GAPDH, RPS7, RPS15, RPL7, RPL32, Actin‐5C, EF1‐α, EF1‐γ, RPL27, and ACE) in different instars, tissues, and treatments (high and low temperature, UV‐A, and emamectin benzoate). Several ribosomal proteins (RPS7, RPS15, RPL32, RPS18, and RPL7), GAPDH, Actin‐5C, and β‐tubulin, were relatively stable, suggesting that they are ideal housekeeping genes for various treatments. ACE was extremely unstable under various experimental treatments, rendering it unsuitable as an internal reference. This study identified the reference housekeeping genes stably expressed by S. frugiperda under different treatments, thus setting a foundation for further exploration of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
Group controllability of discrete‐time second‐order multi‐agent systems with two‐time‐scale feature
Authors: Gu Mengqi , Jiang Guo‐Ping , Qian Juan , Wu Yayong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the group controllability of discrete‐time second‐order multi‐agent systems (MASs) with two‐time‐scale feature. The paper first provides a definition of the group controllability of discrete‐time second‐order MASs with two‐time‐scale feature. In view of the ill‐posedness problem that occurs when the classical control theory is used directly to manage the controllability of two‐time‐scale MASs with a singular perturbation parameter, we adopt a singular perturbation method based on iteration and approximation to decompose two‐time‐scale MASs into fast‐time‐scale and slow‐time‐scale subsystems. Subsequently, by combining the Kalman rank criterion and matrix theory knowledge, several additional easy‐to‐operate controllable criteria are proposed for these MASs. The validity is then demonstrated through simulations, and the influence of the singular perturbation parameter on the group controllability of discrete‐time second‐order MASs is discussed. This research complements existing situations in which only first‐order agents are considered.
A novel therapeutic phosphate‐based glass improves full‐thickness wound healing in a rat model
Authors: Taulescu Cristina A. , Taulescu Marian , Suciu Maria , Bolunduț Liviu C. , Pășcuța Petru , Toma Corina , Urda‐Cîmpean Andrada , Dreanca Alexandra , Șenilă Marin , Cadar Oana , Ștefan Răzvan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWound healing is a highly dynamic process and innovative therapeutic approaches are currently developed to address challenges of providing optimal wound care. In this study, phosphate‐based glasses in the (CuO)x·(KPO3)79.5‐x·(ZnO)20·(Ag2O)0.5system (CuKPO3ZnAg), with different CuO/ KPO3ratios were prepared by melt‐quenching technique. Constant Cu concentrations were released from the samples during immersion in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), while Zn concentrations were slightly decreased over time. Glass surface phosphatation leading to formation of Zn crystalline salts was revealed through spectroscopic techniques. This finding was supported by SEM images that illustrated new compound formation. Subsequent cytotoxicity evaluation on HaCaT Keratinocytes using the indirect MTT cell viability assay revealed a CuO concentration‐dependent cytotoxicity profile and excellent biocompatibility at low CuO concentrations, in all CuKPO3ZnAg glasses. Furthermore, the (CuO)5·(KPO3)74.5·(ZnO)20·(Ag2O)0.5sample (5CuKPO3ZnAg),demonstrated superior antibacterial potency againstS. aureus(ATCC 25923) strain compared to amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. In vivo full‐thickness wound healing evaluation showed a significantly higher regenerative effect of the 5CuKPO3ZnAg sample, in terms of angiogenesis, collagen synthesis and re‐epithelialization compared to non‐treated wounds. These findings advance our understanding of the therapeutic perspectives of phosphate‐based glasses, showing promising potential for wound‐healing applications.
Electronic characteristics of BRCA1 mutations in DNA
Authors: He Lijun , Zhang Jinsha , He Chengyun , Zhao Boyang , Xie Zhiyang , Chen Weizhong , Sonawane Mahadev R. , Patil Sunil R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe efficient and low‐cost way for gene mutation detection and identification are conducive for the detection of disease. Here, we report the electronic characteristics of the gene of breast cancer 1 in four common mutation types: duplication, single nucleotide variant, deletion, and indel. The electronic characteristics are investigated by the combination of density functional theory and non‐equilibrium Green's function formulation with decoherence. The magnitude of conductance of these DNA molecules and mutational changes are found to be detectable experimentally. In this study, we also find the significant mutation type dependent on the change of conductance. Hence these mutations are expected to be identifiable. We find deletion type mutation shows the largest change in relative conductance (~97%), whereas the indel mutation shows the smallest change in relative conductance (~27%). Therefore, this work presents a possibility of electronic detection and identification of mutations in DNA, which could be an efficient method as compared to the conventional methods.