bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards data‐driven quantification of skin ageing using reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Hames Samuel C. , Bradley Andrew P. , Ardigo Marco , Soyer H. Peter , Prow Tarl W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionEvaluation of skin ageing is a non‐standardized, subjective process, with typical measures relying coarse, qualitatively defined features. Reflectance confocal microscopy depth stacks contain indicators of both chrono‐ageing and photo‐ageing. We hypothesize that an ageing scale could be constructed using machine learning and image analysis, creating a data‐driven quantification of skin ageing without human assessment.MethodsEn‐face sections of reflectance confocal microscopy depth stacks from the dorsal and volar forearm of 74 participants (36/18/20 training/testing/validation) were represented using a histogram of visual features learned using unsupervised clustering of small image patches. A logistic regression classifier was trained on these histograms to differentiate between stacks from 20‐ to 30‐year‐old and 50‐ to 70‐year‐old volunteers. The probabilistic output of the logistic regression was used as the fine‐grained ageing score for that stack in the testing set ranging from 0 to 1. Evaluation was performed in two ways: on the test set, the AUC was collected for the binary classification problem as well as by statistical comparison of the scores for age and body site groups. Final validation was performed by assessing the accuracy of the ageing score measurement on 20 depth stacks not used for training or evaluating the classifier.ResultsThe classifier effectively differentiated stacks from age groups with a test set AUC of 0.908. Mean scores were significantly different when comparing age groups (mean 0.70 vs. 0.44; t = −6.62, p = 0.0000) and also when comparing stacks from dorsal and volar body sites (mean 0.64 vs. 0.53; t = 3.12, p = 0.0062). On the final validation set, 17 out of 20 depth stacks were correctly labelled.DiscussionDespite being limited to only coarse training information in the form of example stacks from two age groups, the trained classifier was still able to effectively discriminate between younger skin and older skin. Curiously, despite being only trained with chronological age, there was still evidence for measurable differences in age scores due to sun exposure—with marked differences in scores on sun‐exposed dorsal sites of some volunteers compared with less sun‐exposed volar sites. These results suggest that fine‐grained data‐driven quantification of skin ageing is achievable.
Influence of crystallinity on the corrosion rate of chemically vapor‐infiltrated SiCf/SiC composites under 310°C hydrothermal condition
Authors: Han Jangwon , Kim Daejong , Lee Hyeon‐Geun , Kim Weon‐Ju , Park Chan , Park Ji Yeon 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe rationale of this work was to investigate the effect of crystallinity on corrosion rate of chemically vapor‐infiltrated (CVI) SiCf/SiC composites. SiCf/SiC composites were fabricated from fabric preform with densifying by CVI. To evaluate the effect of crystallinity on the behavior of SiCf/SiC composite, the infiltration temperature was increased from 1000 to 1100°C with 25°C intervals. X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy results indicated the diffraction peaks, as the infiltration temperature elevated, become sharp and the transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) phonon peak of the composite increased, respectively. Hydrothermal corrosion tests were performed on the polished surface in a static autoclave at a DI water for 7 and 30 days to evaluate the relation of crystallinity and the microstructure of the composite. Low infiltration temperature revealed columnar growth structure at the matrix after corrosion while weight loss behavior had a linear decreasing tendency from 1000 to 1075°C. These findings are particularly important for determining the infiltration temperature which changes the crystallinity of the SiC phase, and hence the corrosion rate of SiCf/SiC composites.
Replacement migration on the edge of the European Union: Wasting human capital?
Authors: Janicki Wojciech , Ledwith Valerie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA great deal of research has examined the degree to which migration acts as a regulator of labour supply and demand. This research considers the economic development potential of migration by examining whether replacement migration can be harnessed in peripheral locations to offset the loss of human capital resulting from emigration. The analysis focuses on Eastern Poland and includes data from Ukrainian migrants, Polish emigrants and Polish nationals. Our results suggest that Ukrainian labour migrants have the potential to operate as replacement migrants, offsetting the loss of human capital associated with the out‐migration of Polish nationals. However, there are two important caveats. First, the legal‐administrative framework must place labour migrants on equal footing with host nationals and develop a comprehensive integration strategy. Second, the wasted human capital associated with replacement migration must be acknowledged as a central cost of utilizing replacement migration as a development strategy.
Do‐it‐yourself as a means for making assistive technology accessible to elderly people: Evidence from the ICARE project
Authors: Mettler Tobias , Daurer Stephan , Bächle Michael A. , Judt Andreas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNew assistive technology (AT) is at our disposal for improving the everyday life of people in need. Yet, the current way how AT is produced and provisioned is hindering certain marginalised groups in the population, particularly elderly people, to get access to it. To expedite time‐to‐market, reduce costs, and increase accessibility to otherwise unattainable AT, we explore if do‐it‐yourself (DIY) could be a feasible and desirable alternative to commercial applications. We provide answers to the following research questions: (1) For whom does the DIY approach work in the context of assistive technology? (2) Under which circumstances do DIY work? and (3) How can researchers make DIY a satisfying experience? The evidence we collected during the “iCare” project suggests that DIY attracts both, elderly people with a need‐based motive and a hedonic motive. It also shows that a participatory approach and an early engagement with potential users, their family members, and informal caregivers is beneficial for improving design and use‐related aspects of the AT and the DIY intervention.
Mortality trends of stroke and dementia: Changing landscapes and new challenges
Authors: Wu Harry , Le Couteur David G. , Hilmer Sarah N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground/ImportanceStroke and dementia are important causes of death in the United States and may be interrelated as competing risks for mortality. No previous studies have simultaneously compared age‐ and sex‐specific mortality trends between stroke and subtypes of dementia at a population level. Insights gained from this study can help identify high‐risk populations and inform healthcare service requirements for managing stroke and dementia in the United States.ObjectivesTo examine nationwide trends in mortality from stroke and subtypes of dementia in the United States by age group and sex.DesignPopulation‐based cross‐sectional study.SettingU.S. mortality data from 2007 to 2016.ParticipantsAll U.S. residents whose primary cause of death was stroke, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, or Lewy body dementia.MeasurementsAge‐adjusted mortality, mortality trends among men and women were analyzed separately using joinpoint regression.ResultsFrom 2007 to 2016, age‐adjusted stroke mortality fell by 21.6%. Age‐adjusted mortality (per 1,000,000) for Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia increased by 1.2‐fold, 2‐fold, and 3‐fold, respectively. Annual age‐adjusted stroke mortality decreased by an average rate of 2.67% per year, while annual age‐adjusted mortality for Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia increased by an average rate of 2.06%, 4.90%, and 12.13% per year, respectively. Mortality from stroke and dementia increased with age. Greater reductions in stroke mortality and greater increases in dementia mortality were seen in women than men; and in older than younger (<65 years) people.ConclusionsThere has been a striking rising trend in dementia mortality coincident with a reduction in stroke mortality in the United States. There are persistent age and sex disparities in stroke and dementia mortality trends. Our findings support the pathophysiological relationship between stroke and dementia, and have important implications for future research, healthcare planning, and provision.
Ganglioside GD3 is up‐regulated in microglia and regulates phagocytosis following global cerebral ischemia
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Quanguang , Lu Yujiao , Dong Yan , Dhandapani Krishnan M. , Brann Darrell W. , Yu Robert K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGangliosides, the major sialic‐acid containing glycosphingolipids in the mammalian brain, play important roles in brain development and neural functions. Here, we show that the b‐series ganglioside GD3 and its biosynthetic enzyme, GD3‐synthase (GD3S), were up‐regulated predominantly in the microglia of mouse hippocampus from 2 to 7 days following global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Interestingly, GD3S knockout (GD3S‐KO) mice exhibited decreased hippocampal neuronal loss following GCI, as compared to wild‐type (WT) mice. While comparable levels of astrogliosis and microglial proliferation were observed between WT and GD3S‐KO mice, the phagocytic capacity of the GD3S‐KO microglia was significantly compromised after GCI. At 2 and 4 days following GCI, the GD3S‐KO microglia demonstrated decreased amoebic morphology, reduced neuronal material engulfment, and lower expression of the phagolysosome marker CD68, as compared to the WT microglia. Finally, by using a microglia‐primary neuron co‐culture model, we demonstrated that the GD3S‐KO microglia isolated from mouse brains at 2 days after GCI are less neurotoxic to co‐cultured hippocampal neurons than the WT‐GCI microglia. Moreover, the percentage of microglia with engulfed neuronal elements in the co‐cultured wells was also significantly decreased in the GD3S‐KO mice after GCI. Interestingly, the impaired phagocytic capacity of GD3S‐KO microglia could be partially restored by pre‐treatment with exogenous ganglioside GD3. Altogether, this study provides functional evidence that ganglioside GD3 regulates phagocytosis by microglia in an ischemic stroke model. Our data also suggest that the GD3‐linked microglial phagocytosis may contribute to the mechanism of delayed neuronal death following ischemic brain injury.
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Peripheral glia diversity
Authors: Reed Chelsey B. , Feltri M. Laura , Wilson Emma R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecent years have seen an evolving appreciation for the role of glial cells in the nervous system. As we move away from the typical neurocentric view of neuroscience, the complexity and variability of central nervous system glia is emerging, far beyond the three main subtypes: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Yet the diversity of the glia found in the peripheral nervous system remains rarely discussed. In this review, we discuss the developmental origin, morphology, and function of the different populations of glia found in the peripheral nervous system, including: myelinating Schwann cells, Remak Schwann cells, repair Schwann cells, satellite glia, boundary cap‐derived glia, perineurial glia, terminal Schwann cells, glia found in the skin, olfactory ensheathing cells, and enteric glia. The morphological and functional heterogeneity of glia found in the periphery reflects the diverse roles the nervous system performs throughout the body. Further, it highlights a complexity that should be appreciated and considered when it comes to a complete understanding of the peripheral nervous system in health and disease.
Non‐Market Strategies and Credit Benefits: Unpacking Heterogeneous Political Connections in Response to Government Anti‐Corruption Initiatives
Authors: Fengyan Yu , Hongjuan Zhang , Tan Justin , Qi Liang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper explores how political connections influence firms’ credit benefits, especially when the political environment improves. The authors distinguish two types of political connections – connections to government officials and connections to council deputies – according to whether the political benefits they provide are exclusive and definite. Employing a panel data set comprised of Chinese listed firms’ bank‐loan contracts from 2008 to 2014, they find politically connected firms – and particularly firms with connections to government officials – enjoy significantly lower loan costs than their non‐connected counterparts. Moreover, they find that anti‐corruption efforts, which reflect improvement in the political environment, reduce the credit benefits of political connections, but only for firms that have connections to government officials. Results emphasize the value of unpacking the heterogeneity of political connections and illuminate the importance of more complete assessment of corporate political strategies in changing political environments.
Comparative transient expression analyses on two conserved effectors of Colletotrichum orbiculare reveal their distinct cell death‐inducing activities between Nicotiana benthamiana and melon
Authors: Chen Jinlian , Inoue Yoshihiro , Kumakura Naoyoshi , Mise Kazuyuki , Shirasu Ken , Takano Yoshitaka 
Published: June 2021

AbstractColletotrichum orbiculare infects cucurbits, such as cucumber and melon (Cucumis melo), as well as the model Solanaceae plant Nicotiana benthamiana, by secreting an arsenal of effectors that suppress the immunity of these distinct plants. Two conserved effectors of C. orbiculare, called NLP1 and NIS1, induce cell death responses in N. benthamiana, but it is unclear whether they exhibit the same activity in Cucurbitaceae plants. In this study, we established a new Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression system to investigate the cell death‐inducing activity of NLP1 and NIS1 in melon. NLP1 strongly induced cell death in melon but, in contrast to the effects seen in N. benthamiana, mutations either in the heptapeptide motif or in the putative glycosylinositol phosphorylceramide‐binding site did not cancel its cell death‐inducing activity in melon. Furthermore, NLP1 lacking the signal peptide caused cell death in melon but not in N. benthamiana. Study of the transient expression of NIS1 also revealed that, unlike in N. benthamiana, NIS1 did not induce cell death in melon. In contrast, NIS1 suppressed flg22‐induced reactive oxygen species generation in melon, as seen in N. benthamiana. These findings indicate distinct cell death‐inducing activities of NLP1 and NIS1 in these two plant species that C. orbiculare infects.
Limited asymptomatic colonization of apple tree shoots by Neonectria ditissima following infection of leaf scars and pruning wounds
Authors: Olivieri Leone , Saville Robert J. , Gange Alan C. , Xu Xiangming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEuropean apple canker, caused by Neonectria ditissima, is an important disease of apple (Malus domestica). The fungus may reside in the tree without causing symptoms for up to a few years, thus making canker control difficult. Asymptomatic infections established in the nursery can result in severe canker outbreaks in newly established apple orchards. It has been suggested that N. ditissima might colonize the tree beyond the infection point during the asymptomatic stage. We investigated whether N. ditissima can colonize the internal tissues of apple shoots, both prior to and after visual symptoms. Apple trees were artificially inoculated via pruning wounds and leaf scars; then the pathogen was tracked at the inoculation point and beyond with isolation or real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Before visual symptoms, N. ditissima could be detected in the infected pruning cut or leaf scar, but not at a distance of 10–15 mm from the entry point, or greater. Conversely, after symptom expression, the pathogen could be detected in the symptomless tissue at 10–15 mm from a canker lesion. This study demonstrated that the asymptomatic infection by N. ditissima can be detected using qPCR and that the pathogen does not grow systemically much beyond the initial entry point inside the plant before visual canker symptoms appear.
Epidemiology of Pierre‐Robin sequence in Europe: A population‐based EUROCAT study
Authors: Santoro Michele , Coi Alessio , Barišić Ingeborg , Pierini Anna , Addor Marie‐Claude , Baldacci Silvia , Ballardini Elisa , Boban Ljubica , Braz Paula , Cavero‐Carbonell Clara , de Walle Hermien E. K. , Draper Elizabeth S. , Gatt Miriam , Haeusler Martin , Klungsøyr Kari , Kurinczuk Jennifer J. , Materna‐Kiryluk Anna , Lanzoni Monica , Lelong Nathalie , Luyt Karen , Mokoroa Olatz , Mullaney Carmel , Nelen Vera , O’Mahony Mary T. , Perthus Isabelle , Randrianaivo Hanitra , Rankin Judith , Rissmann Anke , Rouget Florence , Schaub Bruno , Tucker David , Wellesley Diana , Zymak‐Zakutnia Nataliia , Garne Ester 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundPierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a rare congenital anomaly. Respiratory disorders and feeding difficulties represent the main burden.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of PRS using a cohort of cases from EUROCAT, the European network of population‐based registries of congenital anomalies.MethodsWe analysed cases of PRS born in the period 1998‐2017 collected by 29 population‐based congenital anomaly registries in 17 different countries. We calculated prevalence estimates, prenatal detection rate, survival up to 1 week, and proportions of associated anomalies. The effect of maternal age was tested using a Poisson regression model.ResultsOut of 11 669 155 surveyed births, a total of 1294 cases of PRS were identified. The estimate of the overall prevalence was 12.0 per 100 000 births (95% CI 9.9, 14.5). There was a total of 882 (68.2%) isolated cases, and the prevalence was 7.8 per 100 000 births (95% CI 6.7, 9.2). A total of 250 cases (19.3%) were associated with other structural congenital anomalies, 77 cases (6.0%) were associated with chromosomal anomalies and 77 (6.0%) with genetic syndromes. The prenatal detection rate in isolated cases was 12.0% (95% CI 9.8, 14.5) and increased to 16.0% (95% CI 12.7, 19.7) in the sub‐period 2008‐2017. The prevalence rate ratio of non‐chromosomal cases with maternal age ≥35 was higher than in cases with maternal age <25 for total (PRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.05, 1.51) and isolated cases (PRR 1.33, 95% CI 1.00, 1.64). Survival of chromosomal cases (94.2%) and multiple anomaly cases (95.3%) were lower than survival of isolated cases (99.4%).ConclusionsThis epidemiological study using a large series of cases of PRS provides insights into the epidemiological profile of PRS in Europe. We observed an association with higher maternal age, but further investigations are needed to test potential risk factors for PRS.
On the Bounds of Eigenvalues of a Clamped Plate in Tension
Authors: Kaul R. K. , Tewari S. G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper, use is made of Temple’s generalizations of Kato’s theorem for the determination of close lower bounds to the fundamental frequency of oscillation of a clamped square plate subjected to uniform biaxial edge tension. The success of the method depends upon the solution of an auxiliary problem governing the residual mode shape; and in the present case, this mode is determined by using the variational method of Ritz. The principle of computation of the number ϵV2 (which corresponds to the ratio of the elastic energies in the residual and the tentative mode) is explained, and the value of the lower bound is determined by using the inequality (1 − ρ/β)(ρ/α − 1) ≤ ϵV2. The results are compared with those obtained previously by Weinstein and Chien, and it is shown that the present method leads to much closer bounds.
Carrying Capacity of an Elastic-Plastic Cylindrical Shell With Linear Strain-Hardening
Authors: Hodge P. G. , Nardo S. V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The approximate capacity of a thin-walled closed circular cylindrical shell, simply supported at each end and subjected to a uniform hydrostatic pressure, is determined. Elastic and plastic strains are considered, and the latter are assumed to follow a linear law of isotropic hardening. The principle of minimum potential energy is used to determine an approximate solution for the stress resultants, displacements, and maximum load. In an example, it is found that the carrying capacity is considerably lower than that predicted by either rigid-plastic theory or elasticity theory.
Spherical Symmetry in the Theory of Elasticity
Authors: Goded F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Part 1 of the paper presents a study of the common characteristics of both plane symmetry and axial symmetry in the theory of elasticity; viz., the form of the stress tensor and the existence of further analogous symmetries. In Part 2, the subject deals with the possibility of the existence of further analogous symmetries which are found to be possible only in some specific cases. In particular, spherical symmetry is treated. The method of obtaining the stress function of this new symmetry and the equation which this function must satisfy also are discussed, together with the stresses expressed by means of this stress function. The paper ends with a brief review of a general solution of the stress function and an example of the application of this stress function to a given problem.
Effect of Finite Rotations on Gyroscopic Sensing Devices
Authors: Goodman L. E. , Robinson A. R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The well-known noncommutativity of three-dimensional finite rotations has long been a curiosity in mechanics since, in actual solution of dynamical problems, the angular velocity, which is conveniently representable as a vector, plays a more natural role. In modern inertial guidance systems, however, the orientation of a body in space, i.e., a rotation, is of primary engineering interest. In this paper a simple method of determining orientation from the time history of three body components of angular velocity is developed by means of a new theorem in kinematics. As a special case of this theorem it is shown that a gyro subjected to a regime of rotations which returns it to the original space orientation will, in general, produce a residual signal. It will have experienced a nonzero and easily calculated mean angular velocity about its input axis. Some implications of the theorem for the design of inertial guidance systems and for the testing of gyros are discussed.
Some Shock Spectra Characteristics and Uses
Authors: Fung Y. C. , Barton M. V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A shock spectrum is a plot showing the peak response of a linear variable-frequency oscillator (of single degree of freedom) to a specific shock wave, as a function of the frequency of the oscillator. Such a spectrum may be measured, for example, by multifrequency reed gages and is sometimes used as a basis either for specifying the shock wave or for computing the response of a multi-degree-of-freedom structure to such a shock. In this paper these applications of the shock spectrum are discussed. In particular, it is shown that, if the fundamental frequency (f1, cps) of the structure is sufficiently high, a close approximation of the peak response of a multi-degree-of-freedom system can be obtained by the algebraic sum (not the sum of absolute values) of the peak responses of the individual degrees of freedom. Numerical results for a uniform cantilever beam subjected to a shock load uniformly distributed over its span show that the high-frequency requirement is satisfied if 2f1tm ≥ 1, where tm(sec) is the rise time of the pulse.