bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frailty assessed by administrative tools and mortality in patients with pneumonia admitted to the hospital and ICU in Wales
Authors: Szakmany Tamas , Hollinghurst Joe , Pugh Richard , Akbari Ashley , Griffiths Rowena , Bailey Rowena , Lyons Ronan A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe ideal method of identifying frailty is uncertain, and data on long-term outcomes is relatively limited. We examined frailty indices derived from population-scale linked data on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and hospitalised non-ICU patients with pneumonia to elucidate the influence of frailty on mortality. Longitudinal cohort study between 2010–2018 using population-scale anonymised data linkage of healthcare records for adults admitted to hospital with pneumonia in Wales. Primary outcome was in-patient mortality. Odds Ratios (ORs [95% confidence interval]) for age, hospital frailty risk score (HFRS), electronic frailty index (eFI), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and social deprivation index were estimated using multivariate logistic regression models. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was estimated to determine the best fitting models. Of the 107,188 patients, mean (SD) age was 72.6 (16.6) years, 50% were men. The models adjusted for the two frailty indices and the comorbidity index had an increased odds of in-patient mortality for individuals with an ICU admission (ORs for ICU admission in the eFI model 2.67 [2.55, 2.79], HFRS model 2.30 [2.20, 2.41], CCI model 2.62 [2.51, 2.75]). Models indicated advancing age, increased frailty and comorbidity were also associated with an increased odds of in-patient mortality (eFI, baseline fit, ORs: mild 1.09 [1.04, 1.13], moderate 1.13 [1.08, 1.18], severe 1.17 [1.10, 1.23]. HFRS, baseline low, ORs: intermediate 2.65 [2.55, 2.75], high 3.31 [3.17, 3.45]). CCI, baseline < 1, ORs: ‘1–10′ 1.15 [1.11, 1.20], > 10 2.50 [2.41, 2.60]). For predicting inpatient deaths, the CCI and HFRS based models were similar, however for longer term outcomes the CCI based model was superior. Frailty and comorbidity are significant risk factors for patients admitted to hospital with pneumonia. Frailty and comorbidity scores based on administrative data have only moderate ability to predict outcome.
Structural characterisation of inhibitory and non-inhibitory MMP-9–TIMP-1 complexes and implications for regulatory mechanisms of MMP-9
Authors: Charzewski Łukasz , Krzyśko Krystiana A. , Lesyng Bogdan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMMP-9 plays a number of important physiological functions but is also responsible for many pathological processes, including cancer invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. It is, therefore, crucial to understand its enzymatic activity, including activation and inhibition mechanisms. This enzyme may also be partially involved in the “cytokine storm” that is characteristic of COVID-19 disease (SARS-CoV-2), as well as in the molecular mechanisms responsible for lung fibrosis. Due to the variety of processing pathways involving MMP-9 in biological systems and its uniqueness due to the O-glycosylated domain (OGD) and fibronectin-like (FBN) domain, specific interactions with its natural TIMP-1 inhibitor should be carefully studied, because they differ significantly from other homologous systems. In particular, earlier experimental studies have indicated that the newly characterised circular form of a proMMP-9 homotrimer exhibits stronger binding properties to TIMP-1 compared to its monomeric form. However, molecular structures of the complexes and the binding mechanisms remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to fill in the gaps in knowledge. Molecular modelling methods are applied to build the inhibitory and non-inhibitory MMP-9–TIMP-1 complexes, which allows for a detailed description of these structures and should allow for a better understanding of the regulatory processes in which MMP-9 is involved.
Specificity of eccentric hamstring training and the lack of consistency between strength assessments using conventional test devices
Authors: Wiesinger Hans-Peter , Scharinger Manuel , Kösters Alexander , Gressenbauer Christoph , Müller Erich 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHamstring injuries are endemic, but influences of test-specific training and the application of different test methods on decision making remain elusive. Sport-students were randomised to isokinetic (IG) or Nordic hamstring (NG) exercise or a control group (CG) for six weeks. Training and testing procedures were matched to biomechanical parameters. Hamstring strength (EPT), work, muscle soreness (visual analogue scale (VAS)), biceps femoris (BFlh) muscle size and architecture were assessed. Anthropometrics and strength parameters did not differ at baseline. Yet, body mass normalised EPT, and work revealed a significant group × time × device effect, with a significant main effect for devices. Experimental conditions triggered meaningful increases in EPT compared to the control group, but the effects were higher when recorded on the training device. Despite significant group × time interactions, normalised average work on the NHD was only higher in the NG compared to CG of the left leg (+ 35%). No effects were found for BFlh parameters. Hamstrings showed a high training specificity, but adaptations likely remain undetected owing to the low sensitivity of conventional test devices. Moreover, strength increase of ~ 15% does not necessarily have to be reflected in BFlh parameters.
Ambient effect on the Curie temperatures and magnetic domains in metallic two-dimensional magnets
Authors: Tu Zhiyin , Xie Ti , Lee Yeonghun , Zhou Jinling , Admasu Alemayehu S. , Gong Yu , Valanoor Nagarajan , Cumings John , Cheong Sang-Wook , Takeuchi Ichiro , Cho Kyeongjae , Gong Cheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe emergent magnetic two-dimensional (2D) materials provide ideal solid-state platforms for a broad range of applications including miniaturized spintronics, nonreciprocal optics, and magnetoelectric sensors. Owing to the general environmental sensitivity of 2D magnets, the understanding of ambient effects on 2D magnetism is critical. Apparently, the nature of itinerant ferromagnetism potentially makes metallic 2D magnets insensitive to environmental disturbance. Nevertheless, our systematic study showed that the Curie temperature of metallic 2D Fe3GeTe2 decreases dramatically in the air but thick Fe3GeTe2 exhibits self-protection. Remarkably, we found the air exposure effectively promotes the formation of multiple magnetic domains in 2D Fe3GeTe2, but not in bulk Fe3GeTe2. Our first-principles calculations support the scenario that substrate-induced roughness and tellurium vacancies boost the interaction of 2D Fe3GeTe2 with the air. Our elucidation of the thickness-dependent air-catalyzed evolution of Curie temperatures and magnetic domains in 2D magnets provides critical insights for chemically decorating and manipulating 2D magnets.
Towards an integrated decision-support system for sustainable organic waste management (optim-O)
Authors: Vaneeckhaute Céline , Walling Eric , Rivest Sonia , Belia Evangelina , Chartrand Ian , Fortin Francis , Mostafavi Mir Abolfazl 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBiomethanation projects across the world struggle with multiple challenges related to the location selection and optimization of the treatment facilities. Important aspects such as treatment plant location and treatment process chain configuration depend on the waste sources to be treated, the required end-product type and quality, as well as its final use destination, all of which are variable in time and space. This research describes the development and use of an integrated decision-support software tool that allows setting up optimal organic waste value chains, named optim-O. Key features of the tool include a multidimensional spatiotemporal database, a model-based decision module for simulation and optimization, as well as a user-friendly interface. The availability of such a software tool will not only allow to save time and money on data collection and calculations, but will also induce more comprehensive decisions by simultaneously taking into account a variety of factors, thereby significantly facilitating and enhancing the decision-making process.
Bacterial communities in temperate and polar coastal sands are seasonally stable
Authors: Miksch Sebastian , Meiners Mirja , Meyerdierks Anke , Probandt David , Wegener Gunter , Titschack Jürgen , Jensen Maria A , Ellrott Andreas , Amann Rudolf , Knittel Katrin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Coastal sands are biocatalytic filters for dissolved and particulate organic matter of marine and terrestrial origin, thus, acting as centers of organic matter transformation. At high temporal resolution, we accessed the variability of benthic bacterial communities over two annual cycles at Helgoland (North Sea), and compared it with seasonality of communities in Isfjorden (Svalbard, 78°N) sediments, where primary production does not occur during winter. Benthic community structure remained stable in both, temperate and polar sediments on the level of cell counts and 16S rRNA-based taxonomy. Actinobacteriota of uncultured Actinomarinales and Microtrichales were a major group, with 8 ± 1% of total reads (Helgoland) and 31 ± 6% (Svalbard). Their high activity (frequency of dividing cells 28%) and in situ cell numbers of &gt;10% of total microbes in Svalbard sediments, suggest Actinomarinales and Microtrichales as key heterotrophs for carbon mineralization. Even though Helgoland and Svalbard sampling sites showed no phytodetritus-driven changes of the benthic bacterial community structure, they harbored significantly different communities (p &lt; 0.0001, r = 0.963). The temporal stability of benthic bacterial communities is in stark contrast to the dynamic succession typical of coastal waters, suggesting that pelagic and benthic bacterial communities respond to phytoplankton productivity very differently.
Man‐in‐the‐middle attacks and defence in a power system cyber‐physical testbed
Authors: Wlazlo Patrick , Sahu Abhijeet , Mao Zeyu , Huang Hao , Goulart Ana , Davis Katherine , Zonouz Saman 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMan‐in‐The‐Middle (MiTM) attacks present numerous threats to a smart grid. In a MiTM attack, an intruder embeds itself within a conversation between two devices to either eavesdrop or impersonate one of the devices, making it appear to be a normal exchange of information. Thus, the intruder can perform false data injection (FDI) and false command injection (FCI) attacks that can compromise power system operations, such as state estimation, economic dispatch, and automatic generation control (AGC). Very few researchers have focused on MiTM methods that are difficult to detect within a smart grid. To address this, we are designing and implementing multi‐stage MiTM intrusions in an emulation‐based cyber‐physical power system testbed against a large‐scale synthetic grid model to demonstrate how such attacks can cause physical contingencies such as misguided operation and false measurements. MiTM intrusions create FCI, FDI, and replay attacks in this synthetic power grid. This work enables stakeholders to defend against these stealthy attacks, and we present detection mechanisms that are developed using multiple alerts from intrusion detection systems and network monitoring tools. Our contribution will enable other smart grid security researchers and industry to develop further detection mechanisms for inconspicuous MiTM attacks.
Design, development, and evaluation of upper and lower limb orthoses with intelligent control for rehabilitation
Authors: Hung Kevin , Cheung Ho‐Yuen , Wan Nathan , Lee Eva , Lai Chi‐Nang , Pan Kun , Liang Rongle , Chu Carlin , Choy Sheung‐On , Ng Douglas , Chow Daniel H.K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWorld's ageing population, prevalence of chronic diseases, and shortage of healthcare resources have increased interest in home‐based physical therapy and rehabilitation. However, the standard equipment is often too bulky and unsuited for home use. This paper presents the design, development, and evaluation of a set of wearable orthoses for home‐based physical therapy. Originatively utilising miniature electromagnetic brakes, the system can deliver a low to moderate range of resistive torques suitable for isotonic, isometric, and open‐chain resistance exercises. In human tests with the orthoses, low‐level muscle activation and low‐ to moderate‐level energy expenditure were achieved. This suggests the system's potential for use in a wide range of applications, including postoperative treatments for muscle injury and the early stages of rehabilitation, and tele‐rehabilitation. The orthoses were integrated with a video game console to form a new research platform that can be used to study the effects of force haptics on muscle activation and energy expenditure in exergames. The data obtained aid the future development of exergame prescription standards.
ω-3-Fettsäuren in der Behandlung der gynäkologischen Onkologie
Authors: Katzler Olaf 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Mammakarzinom ist die häufigste Krebsart der Frau. Zu den Ernährungsrisiken, die die Karzinombildung begünstigen können, zählt u. a. ein gestörtes ω-3/ω-6-Verhältnis. Besonders die marinen ω-3-Fettsäuren EPA und DHA weisen Antiangiogenese- und Antitumor-Eigenschaften auf. Studien zufolge verringert der Konsum von 85 g Fisch täglich das Risiko für Brust- und Darmkrebs deutlich. Allerdings muss der zunehmende Schadstoffgehalt von Fischen beachtet werden. Als Alternative bieten sich gereinigte Fisch- oder Algenöle an. In zahlreichen Studien mit Karzinomen unterschiedlicher Lokalisation deutet sich an, dass die Supplementierung von EPA und DHA progressionsfreies Überleben sowie Gesamtüberleben erhöht und die Lebensqualität verbessert.
Das Polyamin Spermidin
Authors: Gröber Uwe 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungSpermidin ist ein Polyamin, das im Körper gebildet und mit der Nahrung zugeführt wird. Es ist in eine Vielzahl zellulärer Prozesse involviert und kann z. B. den zellulären Recyclingprozess der Autophagie aktivieren. Studienergebnisse zeigen zudem, dass die Polyamine Spermidin und Spermin die Infektion von Zellen mit SARS-CoV-2 konzentrationsabhängig hemmen kann. Allerdings ist die Datenlage noch unzureichend. Darüber hinaus gibt einen Zusammenhang zwischen Spermidin und reduziertem Mortalitätsrisiko sowie der Verbesserung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit bei älteren Menschen.
Free Tissue Transfer in Pressure Ulcer Reconstruction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Robertson Chelsi , Patterson Charles , Hilaire Hugo St. , Lau Frank H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background Pressure ulcers (PUs) affect 2.5 million people in the United States annually and incur health-care costs of 11 billion dollars annually. Stage III/IV PU often require local flap reconstruction. Unfortunately, PU recurrence is common following reconstruction; recurrence rates as high as 82% have been reported. When local flap options are inadequate, free tissue transfer may be indicated but the indications have yet to be delineated. To develop evidence-based guidelines for the use of free flaps in PU reconstruction, we performed a systematic review.
Methods A systematic review of the available English-language, peer-reviewed literature was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Articles were manually reviewed for relevance.
Results Out of 272 articles identified, 10 articles were included in the final analysis. Overall, this systematic review suggests that free-flap PU reconstruction yields fewer recurrences compared with local flaps (0–20 vs. 13–82%). Further, several types of free flaps for PU reconstruction were identified in this review, along with their indications.
Conclusion Free tissue transfer should be considered for recurrent PU. We offer specific recommendations for their use in PU reconstruction.
Pandoraea apista Bacteremia in a COVID-Positive Man: A Rare Coinfection Case Report from North India
Authors: Singh Sweta , Sahu Chinmoy , Patel Sangram Singh , Garg Atul , Ghoshal Ujjala 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pandoraea apista is a novel gram-negative bacillus usually isolated from respiratory specimens of cystic fibrosis patients. Few cases of bacteremia have also been reported due to this rare pathogen. Emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates of this bacillus is of grave concern. Here, we report a very interesting and unusual case of Pandoraea apista bacteremia in a coronavirus disease (COVID)–positive elderly diabetic man suffering from pneumonia. Prompt isolation and antibiotic sensitivity testing guided the patient’s treatment and yielded favorable outcome. The need of automated methods for identification and sensitivity testing limits the reporting of this rare but important pathogen in hospital settings. Detailed research work and studies are needed in this direction to better understand this pathogen and its clinical manifestations for better patient outcome.
Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. Coinfection in an HIV-Positive Homosexual Man
Authors: Khullar Swati , Rawre Jyoti , Yadav Deepika , Khanna Neena , Dhawan Benu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA 21-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-positive male patient presented with complaints of multiple hyperpigmented verrucous papules over his perianal area. He reported having unprotected anal and oral sex with multiple male partners. On examination, superficial ill-defined perianal erosions were present. A first void urine sample and clinician-collected rectal and oropharyngeal swabs were sent for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. Rectal swab tested positive for all the four pathogens. Oropharyngeal swab and urine samples tested positive for C. trachomatis. The patient was treated with doxycycline and moxifloxacin. This case underscores the importance of screening of men who have sex with men for possible coinfections with multiple sexually transmitted pathogens.
Anthracene-induced formation of highly twisted metallacycle and its crystal structure and tunable assembly behaviors
Authors: Chen Chongyi , Sun Yan , Zhao Yue , VanderLinden Ryan T. , Tuo Wei , Zhang Fengmin , Zhang Shuwei , Sepehrpour Hajar , Yan Chaoguo , Wang Jin , Li Dan , Stang Peter J. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Macroscale organisms maintain a high degree of orderliness on an extremely small scale. Inspired by natural assemblies, anthracene-based organoplatinum metallacycles were designed as building blocks. Instead of the expected planar rectangles, a highly twisted structure was generated due to strong π···π stacking interactions and steric hindrance between the two anthracene ligands. Enhanced emission of the metallacycle in solution was observed due to restrictions on the conformational change of anthracenes introduced by the intramolecular twist and aggregation of metallacycle. The as-prepared twisted metallacycle was used as a building block to construct suprastructures. The optical properties and self-assembly behavior of the metallacycle in different solvent systems were systematically investigated. This study facilitates the rational design of metallacycle-based emissive multifunctional materials.
Transient fluctuation-induced forces in driven electrolytes after an electric field quench
Authors: Mahdisoltani Saeed , Golestanian Ramin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Understanding how electrolyte solutions behave out of thermal equilibrium is a long-standing endeavor in many areas of chemistry and biology. Although mean-field theories are widely used to model the dynamics of electrolytes, it is also important to characterize the effects of fluctuations in these systems. We have recently shown that the dynamics of the ions in a strong electrolyte that is driven by an external electric field can generate long-ranged correlations manifestly different from the equilibrium screened correlations; in the nonequilibrium steady state, these correlations give rise to a novel long-range fluctuation-induced force (FIF). Here, we extend the Langevin analysis of the FIF by considering the dynamics of a strong electrolyte after it is quenched from thermal equilibrium by a constant electric field. We show that the asymptotic long-distance limit of both of the charge and density correlation functions is long-ranged and generally diffusive in time. These correlations give rise to long-ranged FIFs acting on uncharged confining plates with long-time regimes that are governed by slow power-law temporal decays toward the steady-state value of the force amplitude; at early times, the temporal variations of the FIF are non-monotonic with possible sign changes in some parameter regimes. These findings show that nonequilibrium fluctuations have nontrivial implications on the dynamics of objects immersed in a driven electrolyte, and they could be useful for exploring new ways of controlling long-distance forces in charged solutions.
Green valley galaxies in the cosmic web: internal versus environmental quenching
Authors: Das Apashanka , Pandey Biswajit , Sarkar Suman 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We analyze the SDSS data to classify the galaxies based on their
colour using a fuzzy set-theoretic method and quantify their
environments using the local dimension. We find that the fraction of
the green galaxies does not depend on the environment and
10%–20% of the galaxies at each environment are in the green
valley depending on the stellar mass range chosen. Approximately
10% of the green galaxies at each environment host an
AGN. Combining data from the Galaxy Zoo, we find that ∼ 95% of
the green galaxies are spirals and ∼ 5% are ellipticals at
each environment. Only ∼ 8% of green galaxies exhibit signs of
interactions and mergers, ∼ 1% have dominant bulge, and ∼ 6% host a bar. We show that the stellar mass distributions for the
red and green galaxies are quite similar at each environment. Our
analysis suggests that the majority of the green galaxies must
curtail their star formation using physical mechanism(s) other than
interactions, mergers, and those driven by bulge, bar and AGN
activity. We speculate that these are the massive galaxies that have
grown only via smooth accretion and suppressed the star formation
primarily through mass driven quenching. Using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov
test, we do not find any statistically significant difference
between the properties of green galaxies in different
environments. We conclude that the environmental factors play a
minor role and the internal processes play the dominant role in
quenching star formation in the green valley galaxies.
Reviving chaotic inflation with fermion production: a supergravity model
Authors: Roberts Michael A. , Sorbo Lorenzo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Processes of particle production during inflation can increase the amplitude of the scalar metric perturbations. We show that such a mechanism can naturally arise in supergravity models where an axion-like field, whose potential is generated by monodromy, drives large field inflation. In this class of models one generally expects instanton-like corrections to the superpotential.
We show, by deriving the equations of motion in models of supergravity with a stabilizer, that such corrections generate an interaction between the inflaton and its superpartner. This inflaton-inflatino interaction term is rapidly oscillating, and can lead to copious production of fermions during inflation, filling the Fermi sphere up to momenta much larger than the Hubble parameter. In their turn, these fermions source inflaton fluctuations, increasing their amplitude, and effectively lowering the tensor-to-scalar ratio for the model, as discussed in [1,2]. This allows, in particular, to bring the model where the inflaton potential is quadratic (plus negligibly small instanton corrections) to agree with all existing observations.