bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
El sistema económico internacional en 2020
Authors: Granell Trías Francesc 
Published: January 2021

El 2020 pasará a la historia como el año en el que la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha marcado una brusca caída de las ya limitadas perspectivas de crecimiento que se registraban al final de 2019 y a principios de 2020. El multilateralismo ha padecido en el último año de mandato del presidente Trump, y las fricciones comerciales han dejado a la Organización Mundial de Comercio en situación crítica. Ante la incertidumbre sanitaria y el desempleo generado por las medidas para evitar la difusión de la pandemia, los países han practicado políticas expansivas del gasto público aumentándo los niveles de deuda pública, lo cuál ha obligado al G20 a proponer condonaciones a los pobres. El mundo ha aprendido a teletrabajar, a obtener nuevas vacunas, a las ventas online, a nuevas tecnologías...
Europa y España han hecho un gran esfuerzo para impulsar la economía y evitar mayores caídas del PIB, frente a las incertidumbres del Brexit y los populismos.
The implication of bilingualism in EFL classroom: An investigation of teaching and learning in English department
Authors: Chairuddin Chairuddin , Aditya Maulana Yusuf 
Published: January 2021

Bilingualism is used as a cover term for multilingualism, too – speaking more than two languages. Some researchers use the term plurilingualism for speaking more than two languages. few bilinguals are as proficient in any second language as they are in their first language. This research aims to determine the implication of bilingualism in EFL classroom. Descriptive qualitative is used as a research approach and its application uses phenomenology methods. The findings showed that the implication of bilingualism to students’ speaking. The implication is about interact and apply the lecturer’ utterance. It can be said this implication related to the students’ understanding of the word meaning in speaking. Second implication from the observation data is about students’ comprehension in a certain word, such as compounding. The lecturer used bilingualism to explain the meaning of the word. By using Bahasa, the students were easier to understand the lecturer statement. In this case, the students knew what the lecturer’ uttered and finally they could know the meaning of the word. Keywords: bilingualism; implication; EFL classroom; teaching and learning
Effectiveness Differences of Green Betel Leaves (Piper Betle Linn) and Red Betel Leaves (Piper Crocatum Ruis & Pav) Extract in Second Degree Burns Treatment in Increasing Granulation Tissue Thickness on Male White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Strain Wistar
Authors: Nuryahya Mohammad Fendi 
Published: January 2021

Burn usually happened at home and the most common are second degree burns. Betel leaves is a natural subtances that have active ingredients such as saponin, tannin, flavonoid, and atsiri essential oil. Betel leaves is used to accelerate wound healing process. This study aims to find out effectiveness differences of green betel leaves (piper betle linn) and red betel leaves exstract (piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) on granulation tissue thickness in second degree burns treatmen on male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) strain wistar. This study method used is true experiment post-test only control design. The samples were 18 male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) strain wistar. Sampling method used simple random sampling which devided in two intervention group measuring granulation tissue thickness on 14th day under microscop OLYMPUS XC10 (40x). Data were analyzed using independent t-test. The results is statistically significant difference in granulation tissue thickness between two treatment groups (p=0,000). The mean for granulation tissue thickness in green betel leaves extract intervention group was 210,01 µm (131,03 µm – 267,25 µm) and 323,12 µm (267,58 µm – 381,70 µm) in red betel leaves extract. It can be concluded that there are a defference between green betel leaves (piper betle linn) and red betel leaves (piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) extract efectiveness in increasing of granulation tissue thickness in second degree burns. From this research there are opportunities in the use of red betel leaves extract on burns treatment, but advanced research should be done before applied to humans.
Keywords : Green betel leaves; red betel leaves; granulation tissue thickness; second degree burns.
UJI KANDUNGAN TIMBAL (Pb) PADA GORENGAN YANG DIJUAL DI PINGGIR JALAN SEPANJANG PANTAI GANDORIAH PARIAMAN SECARA SPEKTROFOTOMETRI SERAPAN ATOM
Authors: Yulia Mega , Syahrianti Dani , Yulis Rahma 
Published: January 2021

Lead is one of the heavy metal elements found in the air pollution which is produced together with motor vehicle fumes. Lead can cause various disorders in human body such as anemia, neurological damage, deformities and body functions, dental caries, impaired kidney function, effects on the heart and infertility. Lead can enter the human body through inhaled air, through the skin and ingested with food. The purpose of this study was to determine the lead content in fried foods (fried sala, fried crab, fried shrimp and fried fish) sale around of Gandoriah Beach, Pariaman. This research was conducted at Baristand Laboratory (Research and Standarirdization Industry Center) Padang from February until March 2020. This study was conducted on 4 samples taken randomly from the total population. The instrument used was atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results of 4 samples showed that the lead content in fried sala was 0.1618 mg/kg, with a maximum SNI limit is 0.3 mg/kg, fried crab was 0.4025 mg/kg with a maximum SNI limit is 0,5 mg/kg, fried shrimp was 0.4377 mg/kg with a maximum SNI limit is 0.5 mg/kg, fried fish was 0.2331 mg/kg with an SNI maximum limit is 0.3 mg/kg. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded all samples contain lead but the level is still below of maximum limit of SNI 7387-2009.
Reconstruction of Legal Protection for Aesthetic Clinic Patients
Authors: Sari Siska Diana 
Published: January 2021

The protection of aesthetic beauty clinic patients is important because of the increasing number and development of beauty clinic businesses, and the emergence of many problems and cases related to its implementation, as a result of implementing actions that are not in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations. This raises the need for protection against health risks arising from losses for services in beauty clinics that are not in accordance with statutory regulations in the field of health law and consumer protection law. The state is obliged to provide protection related to the implementation of constitutional rights to legal protection and the right to health, so that beauty clinic business actors obey all applicable regulations related to its implementation, increasing the responsibility as a business actor towards its consumers. In reality, the phenomenon of this beauty clinic case is like an iceberg, large but not visible on the surface, because the majority of patients from the middle to upper economic class feel ashamed and do not want to bother reporting it, ideally organizing aesthetic beauty clinics is based on applicable laws and regulations. The state must be able to provide legal certainty and protection to aesthetic beauty clinic patients with good regulatory and institutional and risk litigation.
Keywords: aesthetics; protection; law; patients; clinics
Petrogenesis of Mesoproterozoic Granites of the Swartoup Hills Region, Kakamas Domain, Namaqua Belt, South Africa
Authors: Büttner Steffen Hermann , Prevec Stephen Anthony , Schmeldt Graeme Alvin 
Published: January 2021

The Swartoup and Polisiehoek plutons in the Swartoup Hills (South Africa) formed during an episode of significant magma emplacement in the Mesoproterozoic Namaqua Sector of the Namaqua Metamorphic Province. They intruded into mid-crustal metasedimentary rocks of the metapelitic Koenap and mafic to carbonate-bearing Bysteek Formations during and shortly after the ∼1,200–1,220 Ma regional metamorphic peak that reached ultrahigh temperatures. Subsequent to pluton emplacement, the crust underwent regional high-temperature deformation during slow near-isobaric cooling. A further episode of pluton emplacement associated with fluid circulation truncated the first-order regional tectonic structures at ∼1,100 Ma. Based on their petrography, the Swartoup pluton is subdivided into leuco-granitoids with biotite as the sole mafic phase, pyroxene granitoids, and garnet-bearing granitoids, which may contain significant biotite. These subgroups display distinctive geochemical variations from one another, and from the Koenap Formation migmatites and the Polisiehoek granites, which are exposed nearby. Incompatible trace element distributions suggest that the Swartoup and Polisiehoek granitoids represent modified A-type granite magma, consistent with derivation from partial melting of quartzo-feldspathic crust. The magmas incorporated significant amounts of juvenile mantle-derived magma (εNd1200 of ∼−5, and LREE-depleted), but do not require older, early to late Paleoproterozoic crust. Particularly close to contacts to the calcic Bysteek Formation, localized contamination of the Swartoup granites by supracrustal carbonates is evident. A relatively pervasive alkali metasomatic effect is manifested strongly in the initial 87Sr/86Sr and LILE profiles of the Polisiehoek granites in particular, as well as in some of the Swartoup pyroxene granitoids, which could be either a symptom of CO2 metasomatism related to the Bysteek Formation carbonates, or to post-magmatic fluid metasomatism, perhaps linked to regional shearing. The comparison of our results with literature data suggests that similar sources, A-type granitic, Meso- to Paleoproterozoic crustal, and enriched mantle, have contributed, in locally differing proportions, to granites in most parts of the Namaqua Sector. Most likely, these plutons were generated during crustal and mantle melting in a long-lived hot continental back-arc environment.
Correlations Between MRI Biomarkers PDFF and cT1 With Histopathological Features of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Dennis Andrea , Kelly Matt D. , Fernandes Carolina , Mouchti Sofia , Fallowfield Jonathan A. , Hirschfield Gideon , Pavlides Michael , Harrison Stephen , Chakravarthy Manu V. , Banerjee Rajarshi , Sanyal Arun 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionLate stage clinical trials in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are currently required by the FDA to use liver biopsy as a primary endpoint. The well-reported limitations with biopsy, such as associated risks and sampling error, coupled with patient preference, are driving investigation into non-invasive alternatives. MRI-derived biomarkers proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and iron-corrected T1 mapping (cT1) are gaining traction as emerging alternatives to biopsy for NASH. Our aim was to explore the correlations between cT1 and PDFF (from LiverMultiScan®), with the histological components on the NAFLD-NASH spectrum in a large cohort of cross-sectional data, in order to calibrate the measurement to histology, and to infer what might constitute a clinically meaningful change when related to the FDA’s criteria.Materials and MethodsIn a retrospective analysis of data combined from three previously published observational NASH studies, in which adult participants who underwent liver biopsy on suspicion of NAFLD or NASH and had an MRI scan measuring cT1 and PDFF (LiverMultiScan®, Perspectum Ltd, UK), associations between imaging biomarkers and histology were tested using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs), and further exploration of the relationships between the imaging variables and histology were performed using linear regression.ResultsN = 264 patients with mean age of 54 (SD:9.9), 39% female, and 69% with BMI ≥ 30kg.m−2 were included in the analysis. cT1 and PDFF both correlated with all features of the NAFLD activity score (NAS). cT1 was also positively correlated with Kleiner-Brunt fibrosis. Partial correlations, adjusting for steatosis, revealed cT1 correlated with inflammation and fibrosis, whereas PDFF did not, and both were still associated with the NAS, but correlation was weaker with PDFF than cT1. An estimated difference of 88 ms in cT1, or 21% relative difference in PDFF was related to a two-point difference in overall NAS.ConclusionThe correlations between cT1 and PDFF with the histopathological hallmarks of NASH demonstrate the potential utility of both cT1 and PDFF as non-invasive biomarkers to detect a pharmacodynamic change in NASH, with cT1 showing superiority for detecting changes in inflammation and fibrosis, rather than liver fat alone.
A Diabetic Patient Complicated With Pancreatic Cancer After Using Liraglutide: A Case Report
Authors: Wu Shengjie , Wang Jiabing , Jing Li , Chen Liping 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundDiabetes and cancer are both multifactorial diseases, and epidemiologic evidence indicates that diabetes may be associated with the incidence of certain types of cancer. In diabetes the risk of pancreatic cancer is increased significantly. However, whether certain diabetes treatment being related with the risk of pancreatic cancer remains unclear. In this report, we presented a case of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a diabetic patient in China after being treated with liraglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog.Case reportA 71-year-old Han Chinese man who had had a type 2 diabetes for 25 years presented at the endocrinology department with discomfort in the left upper quadrant of abdomen for 10 days. The patient’s vital signs and laboratory findings were unremarkable except for the elevated level of carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9). The upper abdomen routine enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan showed low density of the pancreatic body and tail, and the histopathological result of the pancreatic biopsy samples was pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with regional lymph node metastasis. We reviewed his former medical records and found that liraglutide was added to his hypoglycemic treatment regimen 20 months ago. At that time, the level of tumor biomarkers and upper abdomen routine CT were unremarkable. We estimated the causality between liraglutide and pancreatic cancer by the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability scale and WHO-Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) system, and the causality turned out to be possible.ConclusionOur report suggests that liraglutide may be related with the genesis and development of pancreatic cancer and also highlights the importance of regular checkups in diabetic patients treated with liraglutide. However, our report has some notable limitations, and further longer-term follow-up trials with larger sample should be conducted in future to assess the causality between liraglutide and pancreatic cancer.
Effect of N6-Methyladenosine Regulators on Progression and Prognosis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Zou Xuan , Chen Yajie , Cho William C. , Zhou Xiang 
Published: January 2021

Background: The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays a critical role in cancer development. Little is known about the m6A modification in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer. Thus, the prognostic value of m6A RNA methylation in TNBC deserves exploration.Methods: The expression levels of the 13 m6A methylation regulators were compared between the 98 TNBC tumor samples and normal tissue samples based on the transcriptome profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The association between the m6A regulators and patients' overall survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis. Lasso regression analysis was conducted to construct a prognostic model based on the m6A methylation system. The prognostic performance of the identified model was validated in GSE88847 and GSE135565 datasets. A nomogram combining the TNM stage and the m6A prognostic model was further constructed for the survival prediction of TNBC patients.Results: The m6A regulator genes were remarkably dysregulated in TNBC tumor tissues, with ALKBH5, YTHDF2, HNRNPC, KIAA1429, and RBM15 significantly up-regulated and FTO, YTHDC1, YTHDC2, METTL3, METTL14, and ZC3H13 significantly down-regulated (P &lt; 0.01). The expression level of ALKBH5 was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor (HR = 3.327, P = 0.006), while METTL14 (HR = 0.425, P = 0.009) was an independent favorable prognostic factor for TNBC patients. A prognostic model consisting of ALKBH5 and METTL14 was therefore proposed displaying higher accuracy of risk prediction when combined with TNM stage with an AUC of 0.791. The prognostic value of the identified signature remained consistent within the two external validation datasets.Conclusion: The m6A methylation regulators were significantly dysregulated in TNBC tissues and could constitute a novel prognostic signature for the survival prediction of TNBC patients.
Effect of Convalescent Plasma in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: An Observational Study
Authors: Kurtz Pedro , Righy Cassia , Gadelha Monica , Bozza Fernando A. , Bozza Patricia T. , Gonçalves Bruno , Bastos Leonardo S. L. , Vale Andre M. , Higa Luiza M. , Castilho Leda , Monteiro Fabio L. , Charris Nestor , Fialho Fernanda , Turon Ricardo , Guterres Alexandro , Lyra Miranda Renan , de Azeredo Lima Carlos Henrique , de Caro Vanessa , Prazeres Marco Aurelio , Ventura Nina , Gaspari Clara , Miranda Fabio , Jose da Mata Paulo , Pêcego Margarida , Mateos Sheila , Lopes Maria Esther , Castilho Shirley , Oliveira Álvaro , Boquimpani Carla , Rabello Andréa , Lopes Josiane , Neto Orlando Conceição , Ferreira Orlando da C. , Tanuri Amilcar , Filho Paulo Niemeyer , Amorim Luiz 
Published: January 2021

Background: Convalescent plasma is a potential therapeutic option for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), yet its efficacy remains to be determined. The aim was to investigate the effects of convalescent plasma (CP) in critically ill patients with COVID-19.Methods: This was a single-center prospective observational study conducted in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from March 17th to May 30th, with final follow-up on June 30th. We included 113 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure. Primary outcomes were time to clinical improvement and survival within 28 days. Secondary outcomes included behavior of biomarkers and viral loads. Kaplan–Meier analyses and Cox proportional-hazards regression using propensity score with inverse-probability weighing were performed.Results: 41 patients received CP and 72 received standard of care (SOC). Median age was 61 years (IQR 48–68), disease duration was 10 days (IQR 6–13), and 86% were mechanically ventilated. At least 29 out of 41CP-recipients had baseline IgG titers ≥ 1:1,080. Clinical improvement within 28 days occurred in 19 (46%) CP-treated patients, as compared to 23 (32%) in the SOC group [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.91 (0.49–1.69)]. There was no significant change in 28-day mortality (CP 49% vs. SOC 56%; aHR 0.90 [0.52–1.57]). Biomarker assessment revealed reduced inflammatory activity and increased lymphocyte count after CP.Conclusions: In this study, CP was not associated with clinical improvement or increase in 28-day survival. However, our study may have been underpowered and included patients with high IgG titers and life-threatening disease.Clinical Trial Registration: The study protocol was retrospectively registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) with the identification RBR-4vm3yy (http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br).
Prevalence of Naturally-Occurring NS5A and NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Iranian Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Infection
Authors: Rahimi Pooneh , Sharafi Heidar , Bahramali Golnaz , SajadianFard FaridehSadat , Asadi Nafiseh Sadat , Alavian Seyed Moayed , Iranpur Mobarakeh Vahid , Moravej Seyedeh Zahra 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV), non-structural 5A (NS5A), and non-structural 5B (NS5B) resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) are the main causes of failure to direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). NS5A and NS5B RASs can occur in patients with HCV infection naturally and before exposure to DAAs.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate naturally-occurring NS5A and NS5B RASs in Iranian patients with HCV genotype 1a (HCV-1a) and -3a infections.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, viral RNA was extracted from serum specimens. NS5A and NS5B regions were amplified using RT-PCR followed by DNA sequencing. The results of nucleotide sequences were aligned against reference sequences of HCV-1a and -3a and the amino acid substitutions were analyzed using geno2pheno [hcv] web application.ResultsAmong 135 patients with hepatitis C, NS5A amino acid substitutions/RASs were identified in 26.4% and 15.9% of patients with HCV-1a and -3a infections, respectively. The identified amino acid substitutions/RASs in the NS5A region of patients with HCV-1a infection were M28T/V/I 11.1%, Q30R/H 4.2%, L31M 1.4%, and H58Y/P/C/D/Q/S/T 16.7%. Y93H substitution was not found in HCV-1a sequences. In patients with HCV-3a infection, NS5A amino acid substitutions/RASs were A30T/K 9.5%, L31F 1.6%, P58S/T/C 3.2%, Y93H 3.2%, and Y93N 3.2%. No resistance substitutions were identified in NS5B sequences from patients with HCV-1a and -3a infections.ConclusionIn this study, baseline amino acid substitutions/RASs were only identified in the NS5A region in Iranian patients with HCV-1a and -3a infections, and the prevalence of these amino acid substitutions/RASs were in accordance with similar studies. There were no RASs in the HCV-1a and -3a NS5B region.
Evolution of Apathy in Early Parkinson's Disease: A 4-Years Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ou Ruwei , Lin Junyu , Liu Kuncheng , Jiang Zheng , Wei Qianqian , Hou Yanbing , Zhang Lingyu , Cao Bei , Zhao Bi , Song Wei , Shang Huifang 
Published: January 2021

Objective: We investigated the prevalence, evolution, associated factors, and risk factors of apathy in a cohort of patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD), who underwent a 4-years prospective follow-up.Methods: This study included 188 patients with PD (baseline disease duration &lt;3 years) who underwent an annual evaluation using the Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS). Based on the cut-off value of −21 observed on the LARS, patients were categorized as PD with and without apathy. The generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was utilized to determine the factors associated with apathy, and the Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used to determine the predictors of apathy.Results: Apathy increased from a baseline rate of 18.6–28.8% after 4 years; notably, this rate was not persistent across patients' visits. The LARS score was independently associated with the male sex (B 8.131, p = 0.009), low Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) scores (B 0.567, p = 0.011), low attention scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) test (B 0.217, p = 0.026), high Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores (B 1.362, p &lt; 0.001), high Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III scores (B 1.147, p &lt; 0.001), and prolonged follow-up time (B 1.785, p = 0.048). A high HDRS score was the only predictor of apathy in PD [hazard ratio (HR) 1.043, p = 0.026].Conclusions: The risk of apathy is higher in men with progressive PD accompanied by disease-specific motor and non-motor symptoms. Depression during early-stage PD is a primary risk factor for apathy in PD.