bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived representativeness, usefulness and impacts of using the nursing activities score as part of a workload readjustment initiative: A mixed methods study
Authors: Reda Dominique , Lavoie-Tremblay Mélanie , Primeau Marie-Douce 
Published: April 2021

Objective: Nursing workload has been shown to have negative impacts on job satisfaction, retention and turnover. The NAS is one of existing tools targeting nursing workload quantification. Although tested in multiple settings, few studies explored nurses’ perception of its representativeness of workload, and its impacts when used to readjust nurse/patient ratios. This study was conducted to validate nurses’ perception of representativeness and potential usefulness of the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) in regard to nurses’ perceived workload and explore its impacts as part of a workload readjustment initiative.Methods: A mixed method design was selected, combining semi-structured interviews (n = 13), and secondary analysis of project monitoring data for an entire intensive care unit (n = 139). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.22 software for quantitative data, and qualitative data was analyzed through NVivo 12 software using a thematic deductive-mixed content analysis, aiming for the emergence of recurring themes. Results: When taken as a whole, the NAS is perceived to be representative of nursing workload. However, validity concerns were identified at the tool completion level, notably in regard to improper documenting of events and fundamental understanding of the tool by nurses. Numerous impacts related to the use of the NAS were also identified.Conclusions: Although the NAS appears to adequately represent nursing workload, its pertinent utility remains debatable due to high subjectivity described in this study. The sole use of the tool for patient assignment is therefore questionable.
De Crowdfundingverordening, a brand new beginning
Authors: van Poelgeest J.M. 
Published: April 2021

De Crowdfundingverordening, a brand new beginning
Vanaf november 2021 is de Crowdfundingverordening van toepassing. Crowdfundingplatformen hebben dan een vergunning nodig om diensten te kunnen verlenen. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de wijzigingen als gevolg van de verordening voor de verschillende bij crowdfunding betrokken partijen.
Wanprestatie/onrechtmatige daad rechtspersoon = onrechtmatige daad bestuurder?
Authors: Vetter H.J. 
Published: April 2021

Wanprestatie/onrechtmatige daad rechtspersoon = onrechtmatige daad bestuurder?
De bestuurder van een rechtspersoon kan op grond van onrechtmatige daad aansprakelijk zijn tegenover een crediteur van de rechtspersoon en gehouden zijn diens schade te vergoeden. Bestuurdersaansprakelijkheid doet zich in de regel alleen voor bij aanwezigheid van een ‘persoonlijk ernstig verwijt’. Meestal is die aansprakelijkheid een subsidiaire aansprakelijkheid: biedt de rechtspersoon geen verhaal voor de vordering van de crediteur, dan richt hij zijn pijlen op de bestuurder, in de hoop daar wel verhaal te vinden. Zijn er gevallen waarin die aansprakelijkheid uit onrechtmatige daad niet pas aan de orde komt als de rechtspersoon geen verhaal biedt? De voorbeelden liggen niet voor het oprapen, maar het kan zich voordoen als de rechtspersoon door toedoen van de bestuurder zeer ernstig wanprestatie pleegt of de bestuurder de rechtspersoon opzettelijk onrechtmatig laat handelen. In dergelijke gevallen kan de crediteur de bestuurder dadelijk met de rechtspersoon aansprakelijk stellen, ongeacht of de rechtspersoon verhaal biedt of niet.
Het belang van de klassenindeling onder de WHOA
Authors: van der Zee M.R. , Gideonse B. 
Published: April 2021

Het belang van de klassenindeling onder de WHOA
De WHOA biedt de mogelijkheid om een dwangakkoord buiten surseance van betaling of faillissement op te leggen. De schuldenaar of herstructureringsdeskundige legt het akkoord ter stemming voor aan de schuldeisers en aandeelhouders en indien ten minste één klasse van schuldeisers of aandeelhouders vóór het akkoord stemt, kan de rechter het akkoord homologeren. Een juiste klassenindeling is cruciaal voor het al dan niet slagen van een WHOA-traject. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de vrijheid die de schuldenaar of herstructureringsdeskundige heeft bij het vormen van de klassenindeling, de rechterlijke toetsing daarvan en de mogelijke consequenties van die toets.
Conflicten, mensenrechtenschendingen en illegale mineralenhandel: een onderzoek naar (de doelstelling van) Verordening (EU) 2017/821
Authors: Kingdon S.J. , Koster H. 
Published: April 2021

Conflicten, mensenrechtenschendingen en illegale mineralenhandel: een onderzoek naar (de doelstelling van) Verordening (EU) 2017/821
Op 1 januari 2021 is Verordening (EU) 2017/821 in werking getreden. De doelstelling van de Verordening is de handel in conflictmineralen nader te reguleren, opdat het verband tussen gewapende conflicten, mensenrechtenschendingen en de illegale exploitatie van conflictmineralen doorbroken kan worden. In dit artikel onderzoeken de auteurs de effectiviteit van de Verordening met betrekking tot haar doelstelling.
A Bone Marrow Aspiration Study in Evaluation of Severe Anemia in Adults
Authors: Sithika T. Ayeesha , Prasaad Priavadhana Rajan , Sivastava Vindu 
Published: April 2021

Anemia is a global health challenge and is the most significant health problem encountered in the developing countries especially in India. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 1.62 million !! billion people per year are affected globally with anemia which constitutes 24.8% of the world population. To evaluate the clinical presenting features and the basic haematological parameters in adult patients with severe anemia, the morphological alterations of Bone marrow aspirates in these patients were studied. To correlate these morphological alterations of Bone marrow aspirates with the clinical and the basic haematological parameters in severe anemia.
One Transistor One Electrolyte‐Gated Transistor Based Spiking Neural Network for Power‐Efficient Neuromorphic Computing System
Authors: Li Yue , Xuan Zihao , Lu Jikai , Wang Zhongrui , Zhang Xumeng , Wu Zuheng , Wang Yongzhou , Xu Han , Dou Chunmeng , Kang Yi , Liu Qi , Lv Hangbing , Shang Dashan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNeuromorphic computing powered by spiking neural networks (SNN) provides a powerful and efficient information processing paradigm. To harvest the advantage of SNNs, compact and low‐power synapses that can reliably practice local learning rules are required, posing significant challenges to the conventional silicon‐based platform in terms of area‐ and energy‐efficiency, as well as computing throughput. Here, electrolyte‐gated transistors (EGTs) paired with transistors are employed to implement power‐efficient neuromorphic computing systems. The one‐transistor‐one‐EGT (1T1E) synapse not only alleviates the self‐discharging of EGT but also provides a flexible and efficient way to practice the important spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity learning rule. Based on that, an SNN with a temporal coding scheme is implemented for associative memory that can learn and recover images of handwritten digits with high robustness. Thanks to the temporal coding scheme and low operation current of EGTs, the energy‐efficiency of 1T1E‐based SNN is ≈30× lower than that of the prevalent rate coding scheme, and the peak performance is estimated to be 2 pJ/SOP (picojoule per synaptic operation) at the training phase and 80 TOPs−1 W−1 (tera operations per second per watt) at inference phase, respectively. These results pave the way for power‐efficient neuromorphic computing systems with wide applications for edge computing.
ZnO/CPAN Modified Contact Lens with Antibacterial and Harmful Light Reduction Capabilities
Authors: Zhu Zhenling , Jin Liguo , Yu Fen , Wang Feifei , Weng Zhenzhen , Liu Jia , Han Zhen , Wang Xiaolei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCompared with traditional glasses, the comfortable and convenient contact lens (CL) has seen an upsurge among the public. However, due to the lack of antibacterial properties of ordinary CLs, the risk of eye infection is greatly increased accordingly. On the other hand, ordinary CLs also cannot effectively reduce the short‐wavelength blue light emitted from electronic products, such as mobile phones and computers. Aiming at the above two problems, zinc oxide (ZnO)/cyclized polyacrylonitrile (CPAN) composites are developed for CL modification. After loading with ZnO/CPAN (ZC), the CL shows a broad‐spectrum antibacterial property. Further experiments also prove that it can block UVB, UVA, as well as blue light selectively, under the premise of ensuring hydrophilicity and certain transparency. Theoretically, this ZC‐decorated CL can fundamentally reduce the damage to the eyes from harmful light emitted by light‐emitting diodes and the secretion of pro‐inflammatory factors, which is thus a promising eye protection strategy for modern society.
Nucleophilic Halogenation of HeterocyclicN‐Oxides: Recent Progress and a Practical Guide
Authors: Malykhin Roman S. , Sukhorukov Alexey Yu. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis of C2‐halogenated nitrogen heterocycles via nucleophilic halogenation of corresponding N‐oxides as well as application of this methodology in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Both scientific and patent literature is reviewed mostly over the period of the last ten years. The review contains a practical guide (typical procedures and infographic based on extensive literature analysis), which can help practitioners in choosing optimal reagents/conditions for nucleophilic halogenation of N‐heterocycles of different types. The bibliography contains 199 references.magnified image
Flexible, Strong, Anisotropic Wood‐Derived Conductive Circuit
Authors: Sun Hao , Ji Tong , Bi Hongjie , Lin Xin , Chen Chen , Xu Min , Cai Liping , Huang Zhenhua 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFlexible electronics have attracted tremendous attention because of the potential applications in flexible sensors and wearable electronics. Herein, a wood‐derived conductive circuit is prepared through a simple top‐down wood nanotechnology. Wood scaffolds with layered structure and aligned micro‐nano channels are used as the flexible substrate and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used as the conductive materials. Driven by the hydroxyl groups‐induced hygroscopicity of wood scaffold, the MWCNTs are uniformly embedded into the wood scaffold. The conductive circuit exhibits excellent flexibility and high mechanical performance with the tensile strength of 66.07 MPa when the addition amount of MWCNT is 4.06 vol%. Moreover, the conductive circuit presents a high electrical conductivity and anisotropic conductivity. The high conductivity along the fiber direction is 132.42 S m–1 and the conductivity perpendicular to the fiber direction is 43 S m–1. Compared with the wood film, the conductivity of the wood circuit is significantly improved by 109. Therefore, the sustainable wood‐derived conductive circuit shows potential applications in the field of flexible electronics.
Directed Evolution of an Improved Aminoacyl‐tRNA Synthetase for Incorporation of L‐3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA)
Authors: Thyer Ross , d'Oelsnitz Simon , Blevins Molly S. , Klein Dustin R. , Brodbelt Jennifer S. , Ellington Andrew D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe catechol group of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) derived from L‐tyrosine oxidation is a key post‐translational modification (PTM) in many protein biomaterials and has potential as a bioorthogonal handle for precision protein conjugation applications such as antibody–drug conjugates. Despite this potential, indiscriminate enzymatic modification of exposed tyrosine residues or complete replacement of tyrosine using auxotrophic hosts remains the preferred method of introducing the catechol moiety into proteins, which precludes many protein engineering applications. We have developed new orthogonal translation machinery to site‐specifically incorporate L‐DOPA into recombinant proteins and a new fluorescent biosensor to selectively monitor L‐DOPA incorporation in vivo. We show simultaneous biosynthesis and incorporation of L‐DOPA and apply this translation machinery to engineer a novel metalloprotein containing a DOPA‐Fe chromophore.
Singlet Oxygen Generation in Dark‐Hypoxia by Catalytic Microenvironment‐Tailored Nanoreactors for NIR‐II Fluorescence‐Monitored Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Chen Tao , Hou Peidong , Zhang Yafei , Ao Rujiang , Su Lichao , Jiang Yifan , Zhang Yuanli , Cai Huilan , Wang Jun , Chen Qiushui , Song Jibin , Lin Lisen , Yang Huanghao , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSinglet oxygen (1O2) has a potent anticancer effect, but photosensitized generation of 1O2 is inhibited by tumor hypoxia and limited light penetration depth. Despite the potential of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) to circumvent these issues by exploration of 1O2‐producing catalysts, engineering efficient CDT agents is still a formidable challenge since most catalysts require specific pH to function and become inactivated upon chelation by glutathione (GSH). Herein, we present a catalytic microenvironment‐tailored nanoreactor (CMTN), constructed by encapsulating MoO42− catalyst and alkaline sodium carbonate within liposomes, which offers a favorable pH condition for MoO42−‐catalyzed generation of 1O2 from H2O2 and protects MoO42− from GSH chelation owing to the impermeability of liposomal lipid membrane to ions and GSH. H2O2 and 1O2 can freely cross the liposomal membrane, allowing CMTN with a built‐in NIR‐II ratiometric fluorescent 1O2 sensor to achieve monitored tumor CDT.
Site‐Specific Alkene Hydromethylation via Protonolysis of Titanacyclobutanes
Authors: Law James A. , Bartfield Noah M. , Frederich James H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMethyl groups are ubiquitous in biologically active molecules. Thus, new tactics to introduce this alkyl fragment into polyfunctional structures are of significant interest. With this goal in mind, a direct method for the Markovnikov hydromethylation of alkenes is reported. This method exploits the degenerate metathesis reaction between the titanium methylidene unveiled from Cp2Ti(μ‐Cl)(μ‐CH2)AlMe2 (Tebbe's reagent) and unactivated alkenes. Protonolysis of the resulting titanacyclobutanes in situ effects hydromethylation in a chemo‐, regio‐, and site‐selective manner. The broad utility of this method is demonstrated across a series of mono‐ and di‐substituted alkenes containing pendant alcohols, ethers, amides, carbamates, and basic amines.
A high‐efficient strategy for combinatorial engineering paralogous gene family: A case study on histidine kinases in Clostridium
Authors: Zhu Chao , Du Guangqing , Zhang Jie , Xue Chuang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMicroorganisms harbor bulks of functionally similar or undefined genes, which belong to paralogous gene family. There is a necessity of exploring combinatorial or interactive functions of these genes, but conventional loss‐of‐function strategy with one‐by‐one rounds suffers extremely low efficiency for generating mutant libraries with all gene permutations. Here, taking histidine kinases (HKs) in Clostridium acetobutylicum as a proof‐of‐concept, we developed a multi‐plasmid cotransformation strategy for generating all theoretical HKs combinations in one round. For five HKs with 31 theoretical combinations, the library containing 22 mutants within all the possible HKs‐inactivated combinations was constructed with 11 days compared to 242 days by conventional strategy, while the other 9 combinations cannot survive. Six mutants with the enhanced butanol production and tolerance were obtained with changes of cell development during fermentation, one of which could produce 54.2% more butanol (56.4% more solvents), while the butanol production of other mutants was unchanged or decreased. The cotransformation strategy demonstrated potentials for fast exploring pleiotropic function of paralogous family genes in cell survival, cell development, and target product metabolism.
Morphological and Chemical Differentiation between Tunisian Populations of Pinus halepensis, Pinus brutia, and Pinus pinaster
Authors: Khouja Mariem , Alves Rita C. , Melo Diana , Costa Anabela S. G. , Nunes M. Antonia , Khaldi Abdelhamid , Oliveira M. Beatriz P. P. , Messaoud Chokri 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe lipid fraction of seeds from different pine species and populations was studied regarding total lipid content, fatty acid profile and vitamin E composition. The investigated seeds contained a high percentage of lipid (13.6 to 31.5 %). Lipid fractions were found to be rich in vitamin E, which varied significantly among species and populations. P. halepensis (Ph−Hn) showed the highest content of vitamin E (256.3 mg/kg of seeds) and the uppermost content of α‐tocopherol (44 mg/kg). However, P. halepensis (Ph−Kas) was the richest in γ‐tocopherol (204.9 mg/kg). Lipid fractions had a low content of δ‐tocopherol (1.2 to 3.6 mg/kg. The highest content of γ‐tocotrienol (∼18 %) was determined for P. halepensis (Ph−Dc and Ph−Hn). Thirteen fatty acids were identified by GC‐FID with significant variation between the investigated species. The linoleic acid was the major fatty acid followed by oleic acid and palmitic acid. The chemical differentiation among species for the composition of fatty acids and vitamin E was confirmed by PCA. Significant correlations were observed between the content of vitamin E and fatty acids and ecological parameters of P. halepensis populations.
Efficient Non‐Precious Metal Catalyst for Propane Dehydrogenation: Atomically Dispersed Cobalt‐nitrogen Compounds on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Cao Tianlong , Dai Xueya , Li Fan , Liu Weijie , Bai Yunli , Fu Yu , Qi Wei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA hybrid catalyst comprising atomically dispersed cobalt‐nitrogen compounds anchoring on oxidized carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) is prepared and applied in propane dehydrogenation (PDH) reactions. The proposed non‐precious catalyst exhibits high initial conversion (∼20 %) and excellent selectivity of propene (>95 %), which is superior to those of metal‐free nanocarbon and some metal‐based catalysts. The chemical composition and structure of the proposed hybrid catalysts are elucidated by a series of characterizations and control experiments with a single component. These characterization results combined with the kinetic analysis indicate that the catalytic activity mainly originates from the cobalt‐nitrogen (Co−N) species supported on the OCNT surface. The present work sheds light on the structure‐function relationships of CoN catalysts, paving the way to develop non‐precious catalysts for PDH reactions.
Electrosynthetic Screening and Modern Optimization Strategies for Electrosynthesis of Highly Value‐added Products
Authors: Dörr Maurice , Hielscher Maximilian M. , Proppe Jonny , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnlike common analytical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, statistics‐based optimization tools are not yet often in the toolbox of preparative organic electrochemists. In general, experimental effort is not optimally utilized because the selection of experimental conditions is based on the one‐variable‐at‐a‐time principle. We will summarize statistically motivated optimization approaches already used in the context of electroorganic synthesis. We discuss the central ideas of these optimization methods which originate from other fields of chemistry in relation to electrosynthetic applications.
Multifunctional Materials Serving as Efficient Non‐Doped Violet‐Blue Emitters and Host Materials for Phosphorescence
Authors: Tang Shan‐Shun , Yang Guo‐Xi , Zhu Jie‐Ji , He Xin , Jian Jing‐Xin , Lu Feng , Tong Qing‐Xiao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEfficient multifunctional materials acting as violet‐blue emitters, as well as host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs, are crucial but rare due to demand that they should have high first singlet state (S1) energy and first triplet state (T1) energy simultaneously. In this study, two new violet‐blue bipolar fluorophores, TPA‐PI‐SBF and SBF‐PI‐SBF, were designed and synthesized by introducing the hole transporting moiety triphenylamine (TPA) and spirobifluorene (SBF) unit that has high T1 into high deep blue emission quantum yield group phenanthroimidazole (PI). As the results, the non‐doped OLEDs based on TPA‐PI‐SBF exhibited excellent EL performance with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 6.76 % and a violet‐blue emission with Commission Internationale de L′Eclairage (CIE) of (0.152, 0.059). The device based on SBF‐PI‐SBF displayed EQEmax of 6.19 % with CIE of (0.159, 0.049), which nearly matches the CIE coordinates of the violet‐blue emitters standard of (0.131, 0.046). These EL performances are comparable to the best reported non‐doped deep or violet‐blue emissive OLEDs with CIEy<0.06 in recent years. Additionally, the green, yellow and red phosphorescent OLEDs with TPA‐PI‐SBF and SBF‐PI‐SBF as host materials achieved a high EQEmax of about 20 % and low efficiency roll‐off at the ultra‐high luminance of 10 000 cd m−2. These results provided a new construction strategy for designing high‐performance violet‐blue emitters, as well as efficient host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs.
Hydrogel‐Stiffening and Non‐Cell Adhesive Properties of Amphiphilic Peptides with Central Alkylene Chains
Authors: Yaguchi Atsuya , Hiramatsu Hirotsugu , Ishida Atsuya , Oshikawa Mio , Ajioka Itsuki , Muraoka Takahiro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmphiphilic peptides bearing terminal alkyl tails form supramolecular nanofibers that are increasingly used as biomaterials with multiple functionalities. Insertion of alkylene chains in peptides can be designed as another type of amphiphilic peptide, yet the influence of the internal alkylene chains on self‐assembly and biological properties remains poorly defined. Unlike the terminal alkyl tails, the internal alkylene chains can affect not only the hydrophobicity but also the flexibility and packing of the peptides. Herein, we demonstrate the supramolecular and biological effects of the central alkylene chain length inserted in a peptide. Insertion of the alkylene chain at the center of the peptide allowed for strengthened β‐sheet hydrogen bonds and modulation of the packing order, and consequently the amphiphilic peptide bearing C2 alkylene chain formed a hydrogel with the highest stiffness. Interestingly, the amphiphilic peptides bearing internal alkylene chains longer than C2 showed a diminished cell‐adhesive property. This study offers a novel molecular design to tune mechanical and biological properties of peptide materials.
An approach to evaluating the efficiency of a solution for visualization problem
Authors: Le Truong Xuan 
Published: April 2021

SummaryIn recent years, various approaches to visualization have been adopted for decoding the significance implicit in data. Although the effectiveness of these approaches has been evaluated, scant attention has been paid to their efficiency. In this study, an interactive system was designed based on a two‐component visualization system. In the proposed model, resource libraries were installed on a computer, and correlations were drawn between human libraries and user characteristics. An interactive visualization system can be used to create different visualization problems. For each problem, the input is a dataset, and the output is the information or knowledge gleaned by the user from the visual pattern representing the dataset. Each visualization problem may be solved using many methods and various visual patterns, with varying cognitive loads. The efficiency of a solution is evaluated by comparing the output worth with the cognition cost of the solution. In this article, a quantitative algorithm was proposed to evaluate the efficiency of a visualization solution to enable the user in determining the most efficient solution according to the purpose of the visualization.