bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution, number, and certain neurochemical identities of infracortical white matter neurons in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) brain
Authors: Swiegers Jordan , Bhagwandin Adhil , Williams Victoria M. , Maseko Busisiwe C. , Sherwood Chet C. , Hård Therese , Bertelsen Mads F. , Rockland Kathleen S. , Molnár Zoltán , Manger Paul R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe examined the number, distribution, and immunoreactivity of the infracortical white matter neuronal population, also termed white matter interstitial cells (WMICs), throughout the telencephalic white matter of an adult female chimpanzee. Staining for neuronal nuclear marker (NeuN) revealed WMICs throughout the infracortical white matter, these cells being most numerous and dense close to the inner border of cortical layer VI, decreasing significantly in density with depth in the white matter. Stereological analysis of NeuN‐immunopositive cells revealed an estimate of approximately 137.2 million WMICs within the infracortical white matter of the chimpanzee brain studied. Immunostaining revealed subpopulations of WMICs containing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, approximately 14.4 million in number), calretinin (CR, approximately 16.7 million), very few WMICs containing parvalbumin (PV), and no calbindin‐immunopositive neurons. The nNOS, CR, and PV immunopositive WMICs, possibly all inhibitory neurons, represent approximately 22.6% of the total WMIC population. As the white matter is affected in many cognitive conditions, such as schizophrenia, autism, epilepsy, and also in neurodegenerative diseases, understanding these neurons across species is important for the translation of findings of neural dysfunction in animal models to humans. Furthermore, studies of WMICs in species such as apes provide a crucial phylogenetic context for understanding the evolution of these cell types in the human brain.
Differential expression of microRNAs in the developing avian auditory hindbrain
Authors: Saleh Ali Jason , Nothwang Hans Gerd 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe avian auditory hindbrain is a longstanding model for studying neural circuit development. Information on gene regulatory network (GRN) components underlying this process, however, is scarce. Recently, the spatiotemporal expression of 12 microRNAs (miRNAs) was investigated in the mammalian auditory hindbrain. As a comparative study, we here investigated the spatiotemporal expression of the orthologous miRNAs during development of the chicken auditory hindbrain. All miRNAs were expressed both at E13, an immature stage, and P14, a mature stage of the auditory system. In most auditory nuclei, a homogeneous expression pattern was observed at both stages, like the mammalian system. An exception was the nucleus magnocellularis (NM). There, at E13, nine miRNAs showed a differential expression pattern along the cochleotopic axis with high expression at the rostromedial pole. One of them showed a gradient expression whereas eight showed a spatially selective expression at the rostral pole that reflected the different rhombomeric origins of this composite nucleus. The miRNA differential expression persisted in the NM to the mature stage, with the selective expression changed to linear gradients. Bioinformatics analysis predicted mRNA targets that are associated with neuronal developmental processes such as neurite and synapse organization, calcium and ephrin‐Eph signaling, and neurotransmission. Overall, this first analysis of miRNAs in the chicken central auditory system reveals shared and strikingly distinct features between chicken and murine orthologues. The embryonic gradient expression of these GRN elements in the NM adds miRNA patterns to the list of cochleotopic and developmental gradients in the central auditory system.
Improved particle swarm optimized deep convolutional neural network with super‐pixel clustering for multiple sclerosis lesion segmentation in brain MRI imaging
Authors: Krishna Priya R. , Chacko Susamma 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA central nervous system (CNS) disease affecting the insulating myelin sheaths around the brain axons is called multiple sclerosis (MS). In today's world, MS is extensively diagnosed and monitored using the MRI, because of the structural MRI sensitivity in dissemination of white matter lesions with respect to space and time. The main aim of this study is to propose Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Segmentation in Brain MRI imaging using Optimized Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Super‐pixel Clustering. Three stages included in the proposed methodology are: (a) preprocessing, (b) segmentation of super‐pixel, and (c) classification of super‐pixel. In the first stage, image enhancement and skull stripping is done through performing a preprocessing step. In the second stage, the MS lesion and Non‐MS lesion regions are segmented through applying SLICO algorithm over each slice of the volume. In the fourth stage, a CNN training and classification is performed using this segmented lesion and non‐lesion regions. To handle this complex task, a newly developed Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) based optimized convolutional neural network classifier is applied. On clinical MS data, the approach exhibits a significant increase in the accuracy segmenting of WM lesions when compared with the rest of evaluated methods.
Hydroxyapatite‐Supported Polyoxometalates for the Highly Selective Aerobic Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural or Glucose to 2,5‐Diformylfuran under Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Wang Qiwen , Li Ying , Guan Hongyu , Yu Hang , Wang Xiaohong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract(NH4)5H6PV8Mo4O40 supported on hydroxyapatite (HAP) (PMo4V8/HAP (n)) was prepared through the ion exchange of hydroxy groups. This ion exchange favored the oxidative conversion of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) to 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF) in a one‐pot cascade reaction with 96.0 % conversion and 83.8 % yield under 10 mL/min of O2 flow. PMo4V8/HAP (31) was used to explore the production of DFF directly from glucose with the highest yield of 47.9 % so far under atmospheric oxygen, whereas the yield of DFF increased to 54.7 % in a one‐pot and two‐step reaction. These results indicated that the active sites in PMo4V8/HAP (31) retained their activities without any interference toward one another, which enabled the production of DFF in a more cost‐saving way by only using oxygen and one catalyst in a one‐step reaction. Meanwhile, the rigid structure of HAP and strong interaction in PMo4V8/HAP (31) allowed this catalyst to be reused for at least six times with high stability and duration.
Evaluation of humic fertilizers on a sand‐based creeping bentgrass putting green
Authors: Lindsey Alex J , Thoms Adam W. , McDaniel Marshall D. , Christians Nick E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTurfgrass with sand‐based root zones, such as golf course putting greens, are highly important economically and require intense management. However, problems are often associated with sand‐based root zones, such as low nutrient retention and limited microbial activity. Soil additives may increase soil biological activity, improve nitrogen (N) cycling efficiency, and thus reduce fertilizer N inputs. A 2‐yr experiment was conducted on a sand‐based creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) putting green to investigate whether humic products could increase soil biological activity and improve turfgrass quality. Treatments included humic‐coated urea (HCU; 2/3 rate and full rate), HCU + humic dispersing granules (HDG), HCU + black gypsum (BG), urea, HDG, and a nontreated control. Minimal differences were seen in microbial biomass and activity besides HCU + BG. The HCU + BG had 60% greater potentially net N mineralization relative to the HDG and the nontreated control. Overall, incorporating humic substances with N fertilizer did not increase turfgrass quality, cover, and clipping biomass compared with N fertilizer alone. However, the addition of BG to N fertilizer enhanced microbial activity (i.e., potentially net N mineralization).
Spatial patterns in the size of Chinese lizards are driven by multiple factors
Authors: Liang Tao , Zhang Zi , Dai Wen‐ya , Shi Lei , Lu Chang‐hu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundFor almost two centuries, ecologists have examined geographical patterns in the evolution of body size and the associated determinants. During that time, one of the most common patterns to have emerged is the increase in body size with increasing latitude (referred to as Bergmann's rule). Typically, this pattern is explained in terms of an evolutionary response that serves to minimize heat loss in colder climates, mostly in endotherms. In contrast, however, this rule rarely explains geographical patterns in the evolution of body size among ectotherms (e.g., reptiles).LocationChina.AimIn this study, we assembled a dataset comprising the maximum sizes of 211 lizard species in China and examined the geographical patterns in body size evolution and its determinants. Specifically, we assessed the relationship between body size and climate among all lizard species and within four major groups at both assemblage and interspecific levels.ResultsAlthough we found that the body size of Chinese lizards was larger in warmer regions, we established that at the assemblage level, size was correlated with multiple climatic factors, and that body size–climate correlations differed within the four major groups. Phylogenetic analysis at the species level revealed that no single climatic factor was associated with body size, with the exception of agamids, for which size was found to be positively correlated with temperature.Main conclusionsGeographical patterns in Chinese lizard body size are driven by multiple factors, and overall patterns are probably influenced by those of the major groups. We suggest that our analyses at two different levels may have contributed to the inconsistent results obtained in this study. Further studies investigating the effects of altitude and ecological factors are needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the evolution of ectotherm body size.
Visitation of artificial watering points by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in semiarid Australia
Authors: Roshier David A. , Signer Johannes , Carter Andrew 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) now occupies most of the Australian continent outside the tropics, including arid and semiarid ecosystems. Information on the water requirements of foxes is scant, but free water is not thought to be required if adequate moisture‐containing food is available. The frequency and duration of visits by foxes fitted with GPS collars to known artificial watering points in semiarid Australia were recorded for 22 individual foxes across four austral seasons between October 2015 and November 2017, providing >93,000 location fixes. We modeled home range and the distance traveled by range‐resident foxes beyond their home range to reach known water sources. We used recurse analysis to determine the frequency of visitation and step‐selection functions to model the speed and directionality of movement inside and outside the home range. Our study demonstrates that some foxes in this semiarid environment utilize free‐standing water. The findings suggest that artificial watering points can be used as a focal point for conducting strategic fox control in arid and semiarid environments. Additionally, strategies that restrict access to water by foxes may reduce their duration of occupancy and/or long‐term abundance in parts of the landscape, thus providing benefits for conservation and agriculture.
Weather conditions during hunting season affect the number of harvested roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
Authors: Baur Sophie , Peters Wibke , Oettenheym Tobias , Menzel Annette 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDue to human‐induced climate and landscape changes, distribution and abundance of many ungulate species have increased worldwide. Especially in areas where natural predators are absent, hunting is the essential management tool for regulating ungulate populations. Therefore, understanding the factors associated with harvest rates is the first step toward an adaptive management approach. Weather influences hunter and ungulate behavior and thus presumably harvest, but how and which meteorological parameters are linked to harvest numbers have rarely been evaluated. We used nearly 65,000 “sit and wait” and driven hunt harvests of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Bavaria, Germany, and weather data from 2008 to 2017 to test for factors affecting roe deer harvests (i.e., temperature, rain hours, wind speed, sunshine duration, snow depth, workdays vs. weekends, month) using zero‐inflated negative binomial mixed‐effect models. Our results reveal that, besides workdays, high temperatures and prolonged rain resulted in fewer harvested animals, whereas sunshine duration in summer and snow height in snow‐rich areas partially favored harvests during sitting hunts in summer and winter, respectively. The influence of wind speed varied over the course of the year. In summer and autumn, wind speed commonly had a negative effect, positively affecting harvests in winter in some regions. Daily harvest numbers decreased during the summer and autumn hunting periods (May till mid‐October), while they increased during the winter period (mid‐October till mid‐January). Interestingly, harvest success during driven hunts, which are planned well in advance and therefore take place largely independent of weather conditions, was similarly affected by the weather. This result suggests that the inferred weather influence is not only due to the hunters' decisions but also due to deer behavior. Since many ungulate populations may further benefit from climate change, building an understanding of the relationship between hunting success and weather will aid adaptive ungulate management.
Using comprehensive machine‐learning models to classify complex morphological characters
Authors: Teng Dequn , Li Fengyuan , Zhang Wei 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Recognizing and classifying multiple morphological features, such as patterns, sizes, and textures, can provide a comprehensive understanding of their variability and phenotypic evolution. Yet, quantitatively measuring complex morphological characters remains challenging.

We provide a machine learning‐based pipeline (SVMorph) to consider and classify complex morphological characters in multiple organisms that have either small or large datasets.

Our pipeline integrates two descriptors, histogram of oriented gradient and local binary pattern, to meet various classification needs. We also optimized feature extraction by adding image data augmentation to improve model generalizability.

We tested SVMorph on two real‐world examples to demonstrate that it can be used with small training datasets and limited computational resources. Comparing with multiple CNN‐based methods and traditional techniques, we show that SVMorph is reliable and fast in texture‐based individual classification. Thus, SVMorph can be used to efficiently classify multiple morphological characters in distinct nonmodel organisms.
Is 24/7 remote patient management in heart failure necessary? Results of the telemedical emergency service used in the TIM‐HF and in the TIM‐HF2 trials
Authors: Winkler Sebastian , Koehler Kerstin , Prescher Sandra , Koehler Magdalena , Kirwan Bridget‐Anne , Tajsic Milos , Koehler Friedrich 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimsTelemedical emergency services for heart failure (HF) patients are usually provided during business hours. However, many emergencies occur outside of business hours. This study evaluates if a 24/7 telemedical emergency service is needed for the remote management of high‐risk HF patients.Methods and resultsThe study included 1119 patients merged from the TIM‐HF and TIM‐HF2 trials [age 69 ± 11, 73% male, left ventricular ejection fraction 37% ± 13, 557 New York Heart Association (NYHA) II/562 NYHA III]. Patients received a 24/7 physician‐guided emergency service provided by the telemedical centre (TMC) in addition to remote management within business hours. During emergency calls, patient status, symptoms, electronic patient record, and instant telemonitoring data were evaluated by the TMC physician. Following diagnosis, patients were referred for hospital admission or instructed to stay at home. Apart from the TMC, patients could place a call to the public emergency service at any time.Seven hundred sixty‐eight emergency calls were placed over 1383 patient years (0.56 calls/patient year). Five hundred twenty‐six calls (69%) occurred outside business hours. There were 146 (19%) emergency calls for worsening HF, 297 (39%) other cardiovascular, and 325 (42%) non‐cardiac causes, with a similar pattern inside and outside business hours. Of the 1119 patients, 417 (37%) placed at least one emergency call. Patients with NYHA Class III, higher N‐terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (>1.400 pg/mL) levels, ischaemic aetiology of HF, implanted defibrillator, and impaired renal function had a higher probability of placing emergency calls. During study follow‐up, patients who made an emergency call had a higher all‐cause mortality (22% vs. 11%, P = 0.007 in TIM‐HF; 16% vs. 4%, P < 0.001 in TIM‐HF2) and more unplanned hospitalizations (324 vs. 162, P < 0.001 in TIM‐HF; 545 vs. 180, P < 0.001 in TIM‐HF2). Of the total 1,211 unplanned hospital admissions, 492 (41%) were initiated by a patient emergency call.Three hundred seventy‐nine calls (49%) were placed to the TMC, whereas 389 calls (51%) were made to the public emergency service. Three hundred twenty‐six (84%) of the calls to the public emergency service resulted in acute hospitalizations.The TMC initiated 202 (53%) hospital admissions; 177 (47%) patients were advised to stay at home. All patients that remained at home were alive during a prespecified safety period of 7 days post‐call. Diagnoses made by the TMC physician were confirmed in 83% of cases by the hospital.ConclusionA telemedical emergency service for high‐risk HF patients is safe and should operate 24/7 to reduce unplanned hospitalizations. Emergency calls could be considered as a marker for higher morbidity and mortality.
Stereodivergent Syntheses of All Stereoisomers of (−)‐Shikimic Acid: Development of a Chiral Pool for the Diverse Polyhydroxy‐cyclohexenoid (or ‐cyclohexanoid) Bioactive Molecules
Authors: He Yun‐Gang , Huang Yong‐Kang , Xu Zhang‐Li , Xie Wen‐Jing , Luo Yong‐Qiang , Li Feng‐Lei , Zhu Xing‐Liang , Shi Xiao‐Xin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNovel stereodivergent total syntheses of all the seven stereoisomers of (−)‐shikimic acid [(−)‐SA 1] have been systematically performed. (+)‐ent‐SA ent‐1 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 9 steps in 31 % overall yield; (−)‐3‐epi‐SA 2 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 5 steps in 66 % overall yield; (+)‐3‐epi‐ent‐SA ent‐2 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 7 steps in 43 % overall yield; (−)‐4‐epi‐SA 3 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 11 steps in 32 % overall yield; (+)‐4‐epi‐ent‐SA ent‐3 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 7 steps in 42 % overall yield; (−)‐5‐epi‐SA 4 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 6 steps in 56 % overall yield; and (+)‐5‐epi‐ent‐SA ent‐4 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 12 steps in 29 % overall yield. The stereochemistry of all the above seven stereoisomers of (−)‐SA 1 were further studied by two dimensional (2D) 1H NMR technique.
Elements of success to promote sustainability in the Utah‐Qinghai EcoPartnership through state‐province relationship
Authors: An Dingming , Bricker Kelly , Xiao Yanping , Wang Shuqin , Ma Lan , Mai Xueyan , Yang Juanli , Shi Hui 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the Utah—Qinghai Eco‐Partnership (UQEP), a joint program between the Utah, United States and the Qinghai Province, located in Western China. This unique collaboration supports research, academic exchange, and professional capacity building related to water resource utilization, wetland protection, and national park sustainability. This paper illustrates what the UQEP, and Utah‐Qinghai State‐Province Relationship (UQSR) has achieved among Eco‐Partnership peers in the past decade. Through a review of the UQEP, we identify major factors that have contributed to this relationship including protected areas such as the Sanjiangyuan National Park, located in Qinghai Province (China's first National Park), the Giant Panda National Park, located in Sichuan Province, and the Shanxi Province, noted for its rich coal deposits. Lastly, we explain how this multi‐stakeholder effort (e.g., government agencies, academic institutions, and private enterprise) and UQEP's priority programs have forged creative outcomes at the completion of the partnership in 2016.
Cognitive and metabolic workload assessment techniques: A review in automotive manufacturing context
Authors: Dadashi Nastaran , Lawson Glyn , Marshall Michael , Stokes Gary 
Published: June 2021

AbstractErgonomics assessment in the automotive industry has, to date, focused mainly on physical ergonomics, for example, manual handling and posture. However, workload and, in particular, metabolic and cognitive workload, contributes to worker efficiency but has not received sufficient attention to yield practical guidance for industry. Successful workload assessment requires in‐depth understanding of the context in which it will be conducted and of the various assessment techniques which will be applied, with consideration given to factors such as feasibility, resources, and skill of the assessor. These requirements are met with challenges within large and complex organizations and are often dealt with in a piecemeal and isolated matter (i.e., reactive workload assessment). The present paper explores these challenges within the automotive manufacturing industry and aims to develop a decision matrix to guide effective selection of workload assessment techniques focused on metabolic and cognitive demands. It also presents the requirements for time, equipment, and knowledge to implement these techniques as part of a participatory ergonomics approach. Early findings suggest that most assessment techniques reviewed require further development, for example, to establish the acceptance criteria for the specific workload scenario. However, five methods (Garg, Borg RPE, IPAQ, SWAT, and NASA‐TLX) are ready to use in certain applications. Ultimately, the findings suggest that it is possible to implement a participatory workload evaluation program within large and complex manufacturing plants.
HIV‐MSS: A user‐friendly management support system for better planning of HIV care services
Authors: Demir Eren , Adeyemi Shola , Kengne Andre Pascal , Kayode Gbenga A. , Adeoti Adekunle 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV infection from a deadly disease to a manageable chronic condition. The life expectancy of people living with HIV has been prolonged dramatically. Therefore, health systems are now confronted with new challenges, with ever‐increasing number of newly diagnosed cases, fuelling the pool of existing patients, with many comorbidities and requiring hospital admissions. Are health systems prepared to handle large and increasing numbers of people with HIV? We developed a HIV‐Management Support System (MSS) to support service evaluation and management using simulation by capturing individual patient's pathways within HIV services in the United Kingdom. Two scenarios were tested: (1) the impact of increasing the number of diagnosed cases in steps of 5% on human resources and (2) the impact of treating all patients with ART on hospital admissions. A 5% increase in newly diagnosed HIV cases increases human resource requirements between 4% and 8%, whereas the impact of treating all HIV patients with ART on hospital admissions is far greater. HIV services are under intense pressure and managing patient and service needs are far more important than ever, hence the development of our HIV MSS is timely, to support better planning of services. Note that the HIV simulation model presented in this study is the first of its kind.