bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MALNUTRITION IN THE WORLD'S CHILDREN
Authors: Wheatley George M. , Diamond Louis K. , Gardner Lytt I. , Grulee Clifford G. , Hamburger Robert N. , Holt L. Emmett , Hughes James G. , Kagan Benjamin M. , Metcoff Jack , Schmidt William M. , Wegman Myron E. , Yankauer Alfred , Bain Katherine , Christopherson E. H. , M.D. Alvaro Aguiar , Gamba Jorge Camacho , Julio Meneghello R. 
Published: December 2021

Protein-Calorie malnutrition coupled with infection is the greatest killer of infants and young children and the major cause of retarded child growth and development in today world. It has been estimated that by 1968 there would be 276,000,000 child victims of serious malnutrition in 29 developing countries. Its greatest toll is during the weaning period and in children below the age of 2 years. Some of these young children will die. Others, who survive severe disease, may sustain brain damage which impairs learning, limits achievement, and condemns them to the fate of their parents, thus perpetuating a cycle which interferes with national development itself.
The occurrence of protein-calorie malnutrition is not limited to developing countries, particular ethnic groups, or tropical climates. This affliction is found in the United States, although less frequently and rarely in extreme degree when compared to developing countries. More accurate information about its prevalence in the United States will soon be available.
The causes of protein-calorie malnutrition can be described within a variety of different conceptual frameworks: political, economic, educational, socio-cultural, agricultural, industrial, and medical-nutritional. The interrelation of the size of the world population and its food supply is so vital a factor that inadequate programs of family planning increase the likelihood of malnutrition. Programs to eliminate malnutrition must be delineated within these different frameworks, and each must be brought into appropriate collaboration with the others.
Obviously, no statement of ours can cover this multiplicity of factors completely. We can speak only as pediatricians to whom any degree of malnutrition is unacceptable.
More on Poisoning
Authors: Coleman Allan B. 
Published: December 2021

Concerning chewable tablets and their relationship to the broad picture of the drug ingestion problem, I cannot allow Dr. Cohen letter (Pediatrics, 42:548, 1968) to pass without one more word, as well as to submit for publication a few pertinent extracts from correspondence between Dr. Wolf (Pediatrics, 41: 1009, 1968) and myself.
I repeat that I do not necessarily disagree with the point of view of Drs. Cohen and Wolf. I simply believe they are oversimplifying a complex problem.
Childhood Ecology and Child Development—As Training for Pediatric Practice
Authors: Thelander H. E. 
Published: December 2021

At the meeting of the Child Development Section of the Academy of Pediatrics in October 1968, one of the physicians asked why medical schools and pediatric departments failed to prepare pediatricians for the private practice of their specialty. When I was chief of the department of Children's Hospital in San Francisco, two special exercises were introduced to remedy this deficiency.
One of these was a weekly seminar in childhood ecology. It started in July of each year with discussion of fetology, perinatal problems, and the newborn; from there on we "grew up," as it were, with the child during the year, and by June we were discussing the adolescents.
ONE OF THE EARLIEST CLINICAL AND POSTMORTEM DESCRIPTIONS OF CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE REPORTED IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The first volume of the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery, which appeared in 1812, contained this succinct description of congenital cyanotic heart disease in a young girl:
S.R. when born was for a considerable time supposed to be dead-did not cry, or evince any living actions. The lungs were artificially inflated for several minutes and life at length appeared, but very feebly.-A livid countenance, with frequent syncope took place.-With great maternal care the infant was kept alive, and as she grew became remarkably sprightly and active. When two years old (she) was unusually intelligent and fond of exercise.-As she advanced in age her fondness for violent exercise in playing often exposed her danger, as these efforts never failed to produce syncope and a kind of convulsion, laughing, crying, any emotion of mind, also brought on the syncope, from which after falling into a horizontal position, she generally soon recovered.-Her countenance, all times blueish and livid, was in these fits extremely extremely so. Her nails were always of the colour of litmus, or perhaps a little nearer to violet.
After death the thorax was examined-it was of an unusual shape, being more cylindrical than common, and the lungs having less the form of a cloven hoof, when inflated, than they usually assume.-The heart was very small. In place of a right auricle was observed a small appendage like the edge of that portion of the heart, not capable of containing more than one fourth its usual contents.
RED HAIR AND RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

A widely held popular belief in this country and in England until recently was that children with red hair were especially prone to develop rheumatic fever. Physicians as distinguished as Sir George Frederic Still (1868-1941) also shared this view as is shown in the following quotation which is taken from his famous textbook, Common Dlsorders and Diseases of Children.
There is one further phenomenon which is noteworthy in rheumatic children and which is perhaps worth mentioning here, although it is necessarily noticeable also in adults-the association of red hair with rheumatism and rheumatic heredity. The following observation may serve to illustrate it. In four days there were amongst my out-patients eleven children with red hair. Of these, two were attending with articular rheumatism; one had occasional pain and swelling in the knees, his mother had red hair and frequent pain in the limbs, and her brother and sister had "rheumatic fever;" one had "pains in the knees" and his mother had "rheumatism;" three others showed a history of "rheumatic fever" in the mother or father; one was attending with chorea; one had a brother attending with articular rheumatism; only two out of the eleven showed no rheumatism or chorea in themselves or their families.
Amongst 80 children with red hair (including the 11 already mentioned) 24 were attending with definite manifestations of acute rheumatism, articulan or cardiac or chorea; 6 had pains in the limb which were almost certainly rheumatic, and of the remaining 50 cases 17 showed a family history of acute rheumatism (including chorea) in parents or brothers or sisters; so that there was rheumatism either in the child or the family in 47 out of 80; i.e. in 58 percent.
Diseases of Children, ed. 2, by Hugh Jolly, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., D.C.H. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company, 1968, 752 pp., $11.50
Authors: Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

Both of these books, one English the other German, will satisfy the needs of the reader who wants something more than a synopsis yet less than a detailed textbook of pediatrics. Each accomplishes this goal, but in a different way.
Dr. Jolly wrote his book entirely by himself, drawing on his long and varied clinical expenience in both England and West Africa. This in itself is a tremendous accomplishment because there are few pediatricians left in any country whose professional experience is broad enough for them to be able to write single-handedly a text of pediatrics in the classical tradition.
Genetics in Medical Pracfice, edited by Mihály Bartalos, M.D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1968, 244 pp., $10.75
Authors: Littlefield John W. 
Published: December 2021

This book consists of a series of seminars given by different people at Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C., in January 1967, plus five new chapters intended to connect and fill in the gaps, so the book may serve as an introductory text in medical genetics. However, because of the multiple authorship, the book is unevenly written, poorly coordinated, and frequently repetitive.
The first third of the text (eight chapters) is intended to convey basic concepts to "the physician who has had little or no previous exposure to medical genetics."
Handbook of Pediatric Medical Emergencies, ed. 4, edited by Charles Varga, M.D., and 13 contributors. Saint Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, 1968, 654 pp., $19.75
Authors: Levine Melvin D. 
Published: December 2021

In the fourth edition of the Handbook of Pediatric Medical Emergencies, Dr. Charles Varga succeeds in assembling a useful, easy to read, and practical volume, and at the same time one containing recommendations that are easy to locate when the physician needs on-the-spot guidance in treating a pediatric medical emergency.
With this edition Dr. Varga takes over as sole editor, following the death of his former, long-time collaborator, Dr. Adolph DeSanctis. This edition is considerably expanded and rewritten; the chapters on pediatric procedures and inhalation therapy are drastically revised, and the toxicology section has also been completely reorganized.
STUDIES IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS: DETERMINATION OF SWEAT ELECTROLYTES IN SITU WITH DIRECT READING ELECTRODES
Authors: Kopito Louis , Shwachman Harry 
Published: December 2021

An evaluation is made of newly developed specific-ion electrodes for determining sodium and chloride on the skin surface following the stimulation of the sweat glands by pilocarpine iontophoresis.
This procedure offers a rapid (5 to 6 minutes), convenient, and safe means for large-scale cystic fibrosis screening programs for screening infants and children.
Caution is urged in the evaluation of the reading since a failure to sweat may result in a misleading value.
A SCHEMATIC APPROACH TO ACID-BASE THERAPY IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Nelson N. M. , Riegel K. P. 
Published: December 2021

The overriding purpose of therapy for acid-base imbalance is to assist the body in its defense of pH. Outside of fairly narrow biologic limits of hydrogen ion activity, various critical enzyme systems may break down at the cellular level. At higher levels of integration, whole tissues and organ systems can become deranged when homeostatic limits are exceeded. Just as hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit express the state of balance between hematopoiesis, hemolysis, and blood volume, so also is pH an index of the state of balance between acid production, its neutralization by retention of base, and the body water spaces where such ions are distributed. The bicarbonate buffer system, operated upon by renal and pulmonary mechanisms, is the chief indicator and final mediator of the state of whole body buffer systems. Since the quantitative contributions of these other buffer systems are difficult to assess, especially at the bedside, any scheme of acid-base management based on measurements of the bicarbonate buffer system alone is necessarily imperfect. Hence, there will never be an adequate substitute for close monitoring of blood pH. However, pH measurements alone will never distinguish between the respiratory and inetabolic components of any acid-base disorders.
The primary disorders of acid-base balance are, of course, metabolic and respiratory acidosis as well as metabolic and respiratory alkalosis. If the primary disorder is metabolic in origin, the ideal correction is also metabolic; but, lacking this capability, the secondary compensation of the body is respiratory (e.g., Kussrnaul respiration in diabetic acidosis). diabetic acidosis). Similarly, if the Primary disturbance is respiratory, the ideal correction is respiratory (e.g., intermittent positive pressure therapy in emphysema); but, lacking this capability, the secondary compensation of the body is metabolic (e.g., the renal adaptation to chronic hypercapnea by retention of bicarbonate).
THE PEDIATRIC CONVALESCENCE HOSPITAL
Authors: Burke Frederic Gerard 
Published: December 2021

There are several compelling reasons to re-evaluate programs for hospitalized children. These derive from the varied behavioral and biologic requirements that assume importance based on the length of time necessary for a child to be in a hospital. There is a need to focus multidisciplinary staff attention on the child who requires 30 to 90 days, or more, extended care. The philosophy and programs of most acute, short-stay pediatric hospitals give little attention to these special needs because they are primarily concerned with immediate life-threatening situations.
The intermediate-stay convalescent hospital has as its primary focus the needs of chronically sick children. Another important factor is the reduced cost of such care, usually running about one-third to one-half the per diem cost of the acute, short stay. Also, the opportunities for conducting teaching and research programs with convalescent children are greatly expanded. Too many pediatric training programs today provide candidates with depth exposure to other than the initial effects of illness. Too often, the effects of prolonged illness on the child, his family, and community are ignored, leaving large gaps of knowledge in the preparation of the pediatricians of the future.
The Hospital for Sick Children in Washington, D.C., draws its patients from several acute, shortstay hospitals, and is a proposed model for this type of programming.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Swift D. L. , Wolfsdorf J. , Avery M. E. 
Published: December 2021

Several of the points raised by Drs. Matthews and Doershuk deserve further comment.
The experimental model used for our experiments was designed to prevent the dispersion of a radioactive aerosol, and as such did not permit convective back mixing with dry room air. The degree of mixing described by Drs. Matthews and Doershuk in the clinical situation situation would be almost completely convective; thus, the different diffusion co-efficients of oxygen and water vapor would be of almost no significance, we believe.
WHAT THE SCHOOL DAY WAS LIKE IN 1645 FOR THE YOUNG CHILD LIVING IN BOSTON
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The routine of our early colonial schools as described by Clifton Johnson in his delightful Old-Time Schools and School-Books1 makes one wonder how our colonial children tolerated such long hours in school. Also, one wonders, after reading passages like the following, how these children reacted to their master's harshness.
The early schools in . . . Dorchester [Boston] . . . of 1645, provided that for seven months in the warmer part of the year the master should every day begin to teach at seven o'clock in the morning and dismiss the scholars at five in the afternoon, while in the colder and darker months of the remainder of the year he was to begin at eight and close at four. There was to be a midday intermission from eleven to one, except on Monday, when the master shall call his scholars together between twelve and one of the clock to examine them what they have learned, at which time also he shall take notice of any misdemeanor or outrage that any of his scholars shall have committed on the Sabbath, to the end that at some convenient time due admonition and correction may be administered.
He shall diligently instruct both in humane and good literature, and likewise in point of good manners and dutiful behavior towards all, especially their superiors. Every day of the week at two of the clock in the afternoon, he shall catechise his scholars in the principles of the Christian religion.
He shall faithfully do his best to benefit his scholars, and not remain away from school unless necessary.
Prompt Reporting of Reactions to Vaccines
Authors: Smith Margaret H. D. 
Published: December 2021

I hope you can publish without delay this comment on the recent letter from Dr. Niv.
Dr. Niv's letter was referred to tile National Communicable Disease Center (NCDC) in Atlanta, and Dr. A. W. Karchmer, Chief of the Investigations and Evaluations Section of the Immunization Branch, replies as follows:
We have been and will continue to be interested in receiving reports of clinical illnesses in which a relationship to administration of a vaccine is questioned. To date we have received no report of significant clinical reactions temporally related to the administration of mumps vaccine (MUMPS-VAX)
THE PRESIDENT OF YALE IN 1760 DESCRIBES A PECULIAR ERUPTION OF THE SKIN IN A YOUNG CHILD
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Presidents of Yale—to my knowledge—no longer submit clinical descriptions of unusual illnesses supported with their microscopic observations of the responsible "pathogen" to newspaper editors for publication as front-page items. Perhaps this practice should be revived because few physicians have ever equalled Yale's President Thomas Clap's (1703-1767) captivating clinical note cited below, which was published in the September 1, 1760 issue of the Boston Gazette.1 Thomas Clap served as Rector from 1740-1745 and as President of Yale College from 1745-1766. He was known to be a dogmatic and obstinate Congregational clergyman and Newtonian scientist who was in constant touch with Benjamin Franklin and other colonial men of science concerning experiments here and abroad.2
New Haven, August 16 (1760)
A Few Days ago, a Child belonging to Mr. Moses Belcher of this Town, had a cutaneous Eruption, considerably resembling the Chicken Pox; the Pustules became very protuberant, near as big as a Duck shot, the Heads being dark colour'd and the rest yellowish. Upon opening Some of the Pustules, there Appeared to be a Great Number of Animals in them which were scarce discernable by the naked Eye, but seen to be Animals by their Swift Motion in crawling. One of them was brought to the College (Yale) and being viewed in the Microscope, it appeared to be a perfect Tortoise, or Turtle with upper and lower Shells, each divided into about ten Partitions which were beautifully coloured, red, yellow, and white.
The Head, Tail and Legs appeared very distinct; but the Eyes did not grow in the head, but as it were out of the Shoulders, and stood upon two Pillars very much resembling those of a Lobster.
A DAILY PLAN FOR THE DOMESTIC EDUCATION OF YOUNG GIRLS AS SUGGESTED BY A BOSTON MOTHER IN 1829
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The early school laws, at least in New England, did not provide for the education of young girls. In fact, these laws did not even recognize girls, expressly stating that "the word ‘children’ is to be interpreted to mean ‘boys.’ " There was no controversy on the subject. It simply appears that it was considered unnecessary that girls be instructed in the public schools.1 Nevertheless, either at dame schools or at home, most girls learned at least to read and sew. Writing was thought to be much less important; even at the time of the Revolution, many of the patriots' wives and mothers could not write. It was not until 1822 when Boston became a city that girls were permitted access to the common (public) schools.
See table in PDF file
One Boston mother who was bothered by this discrimination in the education of young girls wrote a popular book in 1829 on the domestic education of girls. From the examples cited in this book, girls had an active and, by our standards, a long day, with little time to themselves.2 The scheme given here, which was meant for a girl between 10 and 12 years of age, would seem too demanding to me for our girls of the same age.
The last question before going to sleep—What good have I done today?
STUDIES IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Verghese Kannarkat P. , Scott Roland B. , Teixeira Gertrude , Ferguson Angella D. 
Published: December 2021

Physical measurements were obtained from 2,632 healthy North American Negro children of low income families. Their ages ranged from 3 months to 17 years. Comparison with similar studies revealed the height and weight of the Negro children to be similar to those of North American Caucasian children. However, the head circumference and stem length were found to be consistently smaller than Caucasian children.
At 1 year of age the weight, head, and chest circumferences of Negro infants of this study were significantly smaller than the same measurements previously reported for infants of the same race from middle income families in the city.
Comparison is also made with studies on Negro children in West Africa and Jamaica.
Ambulatory Pediatricians of North America, Unite! Run, Do Not Walk to Your Nearest Grammar School
Authors: Goldbloom Richard B. 
Published: December 2021

The continuing "explosion" of scientific information and the arborization of medical specialties have caused physicians to invent names and catch phrases to define their new activities. Regrettably, much of this latter-day vocabulary is unmusical and clumsy. Some examples represent a downright assault on the English Ianguage. It is alarming that a profession whose members demand such precision in their work would tolerate such slapdash semantic shenanigans.
One has winced at such utterances as "examination of the chest showed no pathology;" one has cringed when otherwise esteemed colleagues have indulged in such semantic horrors as "coagulogram" and "febrile agglutinins;" but, in years to come the one atrocity whose promulgation may be remembered with particular mal de mer by the older pediatricians will be the term "ambulatory pediatrics."
Albumin Metabolism in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Johnson A. Myron 
Published: December 2021

It appears that Dr. Strober and I disagree on the implications of the word "cause" (Pediatrics, 44:144, 1969). The paper in question did not even consider the possibility that some other factor(s) could result in increased blood volume and decreased albumin synthesis concurrently. One possible third factor is the acute inflammatory response. If such be the case, even normal albumin synthesis may represent a compensatory response to the hypervolemia.
The arguments in Dr. Strober's reply are based, in part, on the speculation that the liver is incapable of producing albumin at a rate much above the normal, resting rate.
Pediatric Surgery, Vol. 1, ed. 3, edited by Orvar Swenson, M.D. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Education Division, Meredith Corporation (440 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10016), 1969, 768 pp
Authors: Kiesewetter William B. 
Published: December 2021

Ten years ago there were two standard textbooks of pediatric surgery in English, one of which had only recently been written by Dr. Swenson. Since that time, the whole field has been inundated by a variety of books on the entire field of pediatric surgery, as well as many of its sub-specialties. In spite of this, Dr. Swenson's third edition of his book will serve a very real purpose both for pediatricians and surgeons.
The current edition is an ambitious undertaking in two volumes by the members of the surgical staff of the Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago.
Let Children Be Children: How Modern Adults Can Give Wise, Loving Guidance to Boys and Girls from Infancy Through the Pre-teen Years, by Freda S. Kehm, Ph.D., and Joe L. Mini, Ed.D. New York: Roland E. Burdick (291 Broadway, New York, New York 10007), 1968, 160 pp., $4.95
Authors: Alpert Joel J. 
Published: December 2021

This interesting book, patterned after the senior author's apparently successful television program, contains a great deal of information written, for the most part, in an effective way. Some useful references are included.
The book has some serious limitations. First, the authors like to quote other people. The result of this is nonsense of the following kind: "Dr. Willis J. Potts in quoting Dr. T. Berry Brazelton's study, etc., etc. says;" "Dr. Peter H. Wolff found Burton L. White and Peter W. Castle discovered...."