bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Field Development Plan for X Field
Authors: Ibrahim Khadijah , Nzerem Petrus , Salihu Ayuba , Okafor Ikechukwu , Alonge Oluwaseun , Ogolo Oghenerume 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The development plan of the new oil field discovered in a remote offshore environment, Niger Delta, Nigeria was evaluated. As the oil in place is uncertain, a probabilistic approach was used to estimate the STOOIP using the low, mid, and high cases. The STOOIP for these cases were 95 MMSTB, 145 MMSTB and 300 MMSTB which are the potential amount of oil in the reservoir. Rock and fluid properties were determined using PVT sample and then matched to the Standing correlations with an RMS of 4.93%. The performance of the different well models were analyzed, and sensitivities were run to provide detailed information to reduce the uncertainties of the parameters. Furthermore, production forecast was done for the field for the different STOOIP using the predicted number of producer and injector wells. The timing of the wells was accurately allocated to provide information for the drillers to work on the wells. From the production forecast, the different STOOIP cases had a water cut ranging from 68-73% at the end of the 15-year field life. The recoverable oil estimate was accounted for 33.25 MMSTB for 95 MMSTB (low), 55.1 MMSTB for 145 MMSTB (mid) and 135 MMSTB for 300 MMSTB (high) at 35%, 38% and 45% recovery factor.
Based on the proposed development plan, the base model is recommended for further implementation as the recovery factor is 38% with an estimate of 55.1 MMSTB. The platform will have 6 producers and 2 injectors. The quantity of oil produced is estimated at 15000 stbo/day which will require a separator that has the capacity of hold a liquid rate of about 20000 stb/day. The developmental wells are subsequently increased to achieve a water cut of 90-95% with more recoverable oil within the 15-year field life. This developmental plan is also cost effective as drilling more wells means more capital expenditure.
Eco-Toxicity of 2-Di Methylamino Ethylmethacrylate 2-DMAEM as a Commercial Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor KHI
Authors: Elechi Virtue Urunwo , Ikiensikimama Sunday Sunday , Ajienka Joseph Atubokiki , Akaranta Onyewuchi Emmanuel , Okon Okon Efiong , Chris Davies Ibienebo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Gas hydrates are known impediments to flow. Mitigation of gas hydrates in deep offshore with accessibility issues is by chemical injection. This paper considers the effect of 2-Di(methylamino) ethylmethacrylate (2-DMAEM) a kinetic gas hydrate inhibitor and a Local Inhibitor (LI) on Clarias gariepinus, a marine organism. The assessment was done using Random Complete Block Design (RCBD), a standard method of toxicity testing. Its effect was compared to that of a local Inhibitor (LI). The test carried out showed that at the end of the exposure period, 2-DMAEM caused 100% mortality in concentrations of 10 and 100ml/L and had significant differences in water parameters across the row as concentration increased. The LI caused 0% mortality in same concentration ranges and had no significant differences as concentrations increased across the row. 2-DMAEM should be discarded as an inhibitor given its inherent danger while LI should be harnessed and developed as gas hydrate inhibitor.
African Continental Free Trade Agreement: the Pros and Cons on the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria
Authors: Ayodele Emmanuel , Akpogomeh Oshogwe , Amuah Freda , Maduabuchi Gloria 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Nigeria has oil and gas as her major source of revenue, accounting for more than 80% of her foreign exchange, with the AfCFTA, that has been signed and ratified not just by Nigeria but by other African countries taking away tariffs on goods and services produced across the continent irrespective of the market where it's been sold. The AfCFTA being the second largest free trade agreement in the history of World Trade Organization is aimed at uniting African markets. This paper aims to review the framework of the continental free trade agreement, it pros and cons, its grey area, and its impact on the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria. The impact of the agreement on the local industries servicing the oil and gas industry is considered as well. The paper reviews the possible advantage of the AfCFTA on the Nigerian oil and gas market. The possible threats to nationalization in the oil and gas industry due to the availability of cheap labour and technical expertise across the continent in the country is analyzed. Solutions to protect the oil and gas industry in Nigeria is recommended as well.
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Using Activated Carbon From Agro Waste-Waste Bamboo
Authors: Ayodele Emmanuel , Ezeagwula Victoria , Igbokwubiri Precious 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Bamboo trees are one of the fastest growing trees in tropical rainforests around the world, they have various uses ranging from construction to fly ash generation used in oil and gas cementing, to development of activated carbon which is one of the latest uses of bamboo trees. This paper focuses on development of activated carbon from bamboo trees for carbon capture and sequestration. The need for improved air quality becomes imperative as the SDG Goal 12 and SDG Goal13 implies. One of the major greenhouse gases is CO2 which accounts for over 80% of greenhouse gases in the environment. Eliminating the greenhouse gases without adding another pollutant to the environment is highly sought after in the 21st century. Bamboo trees are mostly seen as agricultural waste with the advent of scaffolding and other support systems being in the construction industry. Instead of burning bamboo trees or using them for cooking in the local communities which in turn generates CO2 and fly ash, an alternative was considered in this research work, which is the usage of bamboo trees to generate activated, moderately porous and high surface area carbon for extracting CO2 from various CO2 discharge sources atmosphere and for water purification. This paper focuses on the quality testing of activated carbon that can effectively absorb CO2. The porosity, pore volume, bulk volume, and BET surface area were measured. The porosity of the activated carbon is 27%, BET surface area as 1260m²/g. Fixed carbon was 11.7%, Volatility 73%, ash content 1.7%.
Flow Behavior of Horizontal Well Completed Within Two Sealing Faults Inclined at Right Angle
Authors: Johnson Johnson , Adewole Ezizanami 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
At inception of a production rate regime, a horizontal well is expected to sweep oil within its drainage radius until the flow transients are interrupted by an external boundary or an impermeable heterogeneity. If the interruption is an impermeable heterogeneity or sealing fault, then the architecture of the heterogeneity must be deciphered in order to be able to design and implement an effective work-over or well re-entry to boost oil production from the reservoir.
In this paper, therefore, the behavior of a horizontal well located within a pair of sealing faults inclined at 90 degrees is investigated using flow pressures and their derivatives. It is assumed that the well flow pressure is undergoing infinite activity, and each fault acts as a plane mirror.
The total pressure drop in the object well is calculated by superposition principle. Damage and mechanical skin and wellbore storage are not considered. The main objective of our investigation is to establish identifiable signatures on pressure-time plots that represent infinite flow in the presence of adjacent no flow faults inclined at 90degrees.
Results obtained show that the flowing wellbore pressure is influenced strongly by object well design, object well distance from each fault, and distance of each image from the object well. Irrespective of object well distance from the fault, there are three (3) images formed. Central object well location yields a square polygon, with two image wells nearer to the object well at equidistance from the object well, and the farthest image well to be 2d2. From the object well For off-centered object well location within the faults, a rectangular polygon is formed, with each image at a different distance from one well to another. Dimensionless pressure and dimensionless pressure derivative gradients during infinite-acting flow are (4.6052/LD) and 2/LD, respectively for all well locations within the faults.
Design and Development of a Solar-Powered Pump System with Liquid Level Sensor and Controller Using Internet of Things Iot Technology
Authors: Ejimuda Chinonyelum , Okoli Kingsley 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Renewable energy in our world today has greatly helped the ecosystem by reducing the amount of carbon content in the atmosphere. Recent studies have shown that the dependence on the National grid and fossil fuels for generating power for pumps is becoming alarming and as such, an alternative source for energy generation to power the pump system necessitated this research. The research relies on solar-generated power for driving pumps as opposed to fossil fuels. A submersible centrifugal pump was used because of its wide usage in various industries such as Oil and Energy, Pharmaceutical, Breweries, Production industries, Water corporations, Domestic and Commercial buildings, etc.
We designed and constructed an automatic solar-powered pump system, integrated, and programmed the sensors using Arduino microcontroller and C++ programming language, respectively. We analyzed the telemetry data from the sensors and predicted the illuminance of light on the solar panel and sent the information via a web server using a GSM module. The solar-based pumping system consists of a submersible centrifugal pump, solar panel, solar charge controller, battery, remote controller, GSM module, photo sensor and a liquid level sensor. The photo sensor returns values ranging from 0 to 1023. The higher values: 700 – 1023 indicate that the sensor is in darker surroundings. The lower values: 0 - 650 indicate lighter surroundings when there is sufficient light on the sensor or its surroundings on the web server which display the plotted values in real-time. The system has been found to be viable and economical in the long run compared to the conventional system which uses fossil fuels. The solar energy received from the sun is converted to electrical energy by the solar panel. A proportion of the energy is used during the day while some is stored in the battery to be used at night or when the weather is cloudy. The controller regulates the liquid level in storage with the aid of liquid level sensor and affords the user the opportunity to control the system remotely. This system can be used for small and remote applications.
Improving Water Injectivity Through Lateral Radial Drilling into the Reservoir
Authors: Essien Effiong , Onyejiaka Uchenna , Onwukwe Stanley , Uwaezuoke Nnaemeka 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Poor formation permeability and near well bore damage may limit water injectivity into the reservoir in a water injection project. This paper seeks to evaluate the effect of radial drilling technique on water injectivity and oil recovery in water flooding operation. Radial drilling technology utilizes hydraulic energy to create lateral perpendicular small holes through the casing into the reservoir. The holes may extend to 100 m (330 ft) into the reservoir to access fresh formations beyond the near wellbore, and damage zone. A black oil simulator (Eclipse 100) was used to modeling a lateral radial drill from the borehole into the reservoir, and that of a conventional perforation of the wellbore respectively. A simulation study was carried out using various presumed radial drill configurations in determining injectivity index, displacement efficiencies, recovery factor and water cut of the process. The determined results were further compared with that of the conventional perforation process case respectively. The results show a significant improvement in water injectivity in radial drill case with the increasing length and number of radials as compared to the conventional wellbore perforation case. The determined Recovery factor shows a progressive increase with increase in the numbers of radials drilled, irrespective of the radial length. However, it was observed that, the more the number and length of the radials drilled in to the reservoir, the higher the water cut from producer wells. Radial Drilling Technology, therefore, has a promising potential to improving water injectivity into the reservoir and thereby optimizing oil recovery in a water flooding operation.
Uncertainty Management Using Multi-Scenario Modeling in a Partially Appraised Field
Authors: Okechukwu Sedoo , Orekoya Adedoyin , Alamina Precious , Anyaehie James , Sonde Adekoyejo , Ozoemene Uchechukwu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Considering the imminent end of the ‘easy oil’ era, the increasing demand for energy and the global push towards the energy transition, oil and gas companies are more than ever interested in sustainable ways to develop marginal and complex hydrocarbon fields economically, through the application of technology and maximization of data analysis. In small partially appraised fields where the cost of drilling an appraisal well could derail the project economics, it becomes necessary to sweat the limited data available for reservoir modelling. The uncertainty analysis must be robust enough to ensure that the adopted field development strategy would yield a positive net present value despite the wide uncertainties associated with the field.
The conventional workflow for subsurface uncertainty modelling involves defining the uncertainty ranges of static and dynamic reservoir parameters based on a single reservoir model concept. This paper focuses on a marginal field case study where the multi scenario modelling approach was adopted. This approach considered alternate reservoir geologic concepts based on different interpretations of the reservoir architecture, taking full cognizance of the available data, reservoir uncertainties and regional geology knowledge.
Field Alpha is located onshore of Niger Delta in Nigeria. The geologic setting consists mainly of multi-storey, complex channel-belt systems, incising through Shoreface deposits. The reservoir of interest is an elongated structure with only two well penetrations located at the opposite distal part of the structure. The key reservoir uncertainties are reservoir structure, architecture, connectivity, and property distribution. Two possible distinct architecture were interpreted based on regional correlation and seismic. This paper focuses on how the interpretations and other information informed a robust development strategy that yielded significant (30 %) reduction in development cost and positive net present value.
Effect of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Delonix regia Sawdust on Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water Based Drilling Fluid
Authors: Imohiosen Odion Uvo-Oise , Akintola Sarah Abidemi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Over the past years, there has been an increase in the importation of Sodium Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), an important drilling mud polymer additive, in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. However, the ripple effects of the importation of this polymer and other oilfield chemicals on the Nigeria oil and gas industry includes rising cost of oil and gas field development, limited oil and gas industry growth, and capital flight. In order to mitigate this trend, studies on the use of local substitutes such as starch and its derivatives have gathered momentum with risk such as competition with food supply and increase in food cost. The use of sawdust wastes which offers a non-competing and a cheap source of feedstock in the production of CMC have rarely been investigated.
The study therefore investigated production of CMC from sawdust waste of a highly underutilized wood (Delonix regia), after which drilling mud tests were conducted to determine the rheological and filtration properties of mud treated with the CMC products. The CMC production adopted the Williamson ether synthesis process in a slurry medium involving two main reactions of mercerization and etherification. All reaction parameters were held constant except the etherifying agent concentration. The CMC products were characterized using FTIR Spectroscopy.
The synthesized carboxymethyl cellulose products yielded good filtration and rheological properties suitable for drilling fluid applications. The use of low concentrations of about 0.5g to 1.0g of the synthesized products per laboratory barrel of mud could reduce filtration volume by 11.4% to 32.9% at low temperature and pressure conditions. The synthesized CMC products obtained from this work can be used as local substitute of low viscosity foreign CMC products.
Application of LEAN Supply Chain Management as a Panacea to Sustainable Future Profitability in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Ugolo Obaro Jerry 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Nigeria oil and gas industry is a highly capital intensive market. with possibility of high profit or great losses. Oil price trends over the last 3 decades shows cyclical and relatively high volatility. This is due to geopolitical and economic factors including dollar value, governments and organizations (like OPEC's actions), that influence global supply and demand.
In 2020, due to the COVID-19 crises, public health became a key factor influencing oil price (due to its severe adverse impact on demand). Studies have shown that even an increase in production volumes will not be able to bring about profitability in the industry. Clearly, management of costs including a lean supply chain that ensures that material/services for production are available at the right price and time is critical for the profitability of future oil and gas supply.
Oil producing firms require an optimum supply level of material and services to competitively deliver its end-product. This paper discusses the effect of LEAN supply chain management on the profitability of oil & gas firms in Nigeria. It also appraises the relationship between lean processes and operational efficiency of oil and gas producing companies. Using quantitative and descriptive research design methods, an online survey has been used to gather information from respondents from different oil and gas companies. Secondary data was also obtained from annual reports of relevant companies to show their crude oil production levels vis-à-vis profitability over a five-year period.
Based on analysis of information received from the research conducted, it has been recommended that better supply related collaboration between the organizations in the industry is necessary for sustained profitability. Companies need to link upstream and downstream flows of products, services and information to help reduce costs, wastages and ensure profitability. In, line with this, steps have been proferred to establish lean processes for organization. The researcher concludes that established industry-wide lean supply chain management processes and practices and collaboration e critical to competiveness and sustainable profitability in the oil and gas industry.
Cerebral Chronological Corollary Perusal for Blitzing Fire Paroxysm and Pipeline Attrition in Nigeria
Authors: Egu Daniel Ikechukwu , Ilozobhie Anthony John 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Attrition and paroxysm of highly inflammable petroleum products in storage tanks, pipelines and/or haulage trucks is increasingly becoming a scourging socio-environmental quandary with a detrimental effect on the Nigerian economy. Non availability of a holistic response time analytic master plan is a major enigma while industrial disaster managers perhaps are the major culprits since they are mostly not time cognizant for spry and pragmatic delivery of service. The aim of this exposition is to ruminatively carry out cerebral chronological corollary perusal for blitzing fire paroxysms and pipeline attrition in Nigeria on Microsoft excel spread sheet. Comprehensive data validation was done for all models by substituting all solutions of matrix into the predicted time response model. Results of predicted time response model in minutes for case A gave; 101x1 + 79x2 + 59x3 + 45x4 + 24x5 = 358. The predicted time response model for case B gave 78x1 + 56x2 + 43x3 + 30x4 + 13x5 = 260. The predicted time response model for case C gave; 74x1 + 56x2 + 42x3 + 29x4 + 10x5 = 252. Results of these models shows that the average cumulative response time dropped from 3.58 minutes to 2.52 minutes from case A to case C while the coefficients all reduced in their values from model A to C. Improving the source of data gathering and computational processes is recommended for enhancement of this study.
Slug Frequency Prediction Model for Fluid Flow in Flowline Bends
Authors: Igbokwe Loveday , Edwin Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The prediction of slug frequency for two-phase slug flow during multiphase transportation of oil reservoir productions is crucial in the design of slug controllers for petroleum processing installations. Mechanistic based slug prediction models have not had much successful application due to the difficulty in modelling the non-linear interface motion during slug development. The mechanism of slugging in offshore flowline-riser is complicated and requires rigorous experimental sampling and testing. This process can be time-consuming and costly. In this study, a new correlation is developed for the prediction of severe slugging frequency. The new model is developed based on the results of scaled experimental design. Dimensional analysis approach using the Buckingham pi-theorem is used in developing the two-phase correlation. The model development involves non-dimensional empirical correlations in terms of relevant dimensionless groups, which are obtained based on the design of the experiment. A broad range of experimental data from 10 varied choke opening size was used. The new correlation predicts 92.3% of the measurements within ±8% absolute error and the mean absolute deviation of the correlation is about 6.13%. The newly developed correlation can be applied for flow rates between 0.1 kg/s and 0.6 kg/s and choke openings between 10-98%.
Combating Petroleum Movable Assets Theft Through Supply Chain Management System
Authors: Obi Chinyere , Ijomanta Henry , Ifeduba Ebuka , Okoh Oluchukwu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Niger Delta land and swamp operators have endured severe hostility, theft, and asset vandalism over time. The offshore assets seem insulated from these incessant thefts due to difficulty accessing the facility and the compactness of the operations resulting in efficient security surveillance. However, this is not the case for land and swamp assets, usually with wide asset footprints resulting from traditional, supposedly easy, and low-cost development concepts. These conventional concepts resulted in wells drilled from multiple locations with multiple flowlines/pipelines crossing many communities and making efficient surveillance a near impossible activity.
The attackers usually target movable assets like wellhead accessories, Christmas tree, and flowlines in low-activity areas, and the non-active wells/flowlines are good minimal risk candidates. This act increases the cost of operations and, in most cases, results in environmental pollution because the vandals do not take the necessary precautions as needed for environmentally safe operations. Interestingly, in most cases, these stolen assets find their way into the local market, where they are refurbished and resold to unsuspecting operators.
To curb this menace, an opportunity exists for industry collaboration by applying an intelligent supply chain and asset inventory management system. This paper reviews the current asset protection techniques, evaluates the value at risk, and proposes innovative ways of combating theft using digital technology and intelligent asset management techniques.