bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Machine Learning Model for Image-based Email Spam Detection
Authors: Onova Christopher U. , Omotehinwa Temidayo O. 
Published: December 2021

Combatting email spam has remained a very daunting task. Despite the over 99% accuracy in most non-image-based spam email detection, studies on image-based spam hardly attain such a high level of accuracy as new email spamming techniques that defeat existing spam filters emerges from time to time. The number of email spams sent out daily has remained a key factor in the continued use of spam. In this paper, a simple convolutional neural network model, 123DNet was developed and trained with 28,929 images drawn from 2 public datasets and a Personally Generated dataset. The model was optimized to the least set of layers to have 1 input layer, 2 embedded Convolutional layers as a hidden layer, and 3 neural network layers. The model was tested with a total of 4,339 images of the three dataset samples and then with a separate set of 1,200 images to test performance on never-seen-before images. A Classification Performance analysis was carried out using the confusion matrix. Performance metrics including Accuracy, Precision, True Negative Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, and F1 Measure were computed to ascertain the model’s performance. The Model returned an F1 Score of 97% on a public dataset’s test sample and 88% on Never-seen-before test samples outperforming some pre-existing models while performing significantly well on the newly generated image test samples. It is recommended that a model that performed so well with new never-seen-before spam images be integrated into spam filtering systems. Keywords- Convolutional Neural Network, Deep Learning, Image-based Spam Detection
Structural Imposed Load Analysis of Isotropic Rectangular Plate Carrying a Uniformly Distributed Load Using Refined Shear Plate Theory
Authors: Onyeka Festus C. , Nwa-David Chidobere D. , Arinze Emmanuel E. 
Published: December 2021

This presents the static flexural analysis of a three edge simply supported, one support free (SSFS) rectangular plate under uniformly distributed load using a refined shear deformation plate theory. The shear deformation profile used, is in the form of third order. The governing equations were determined by the method of energy variational calculus, to obtain the deflection and shear deformation along the direction of x and y axis. From the formulated expression, the formulars for determination of the critical lateral imposed load of the plate before deflection reaches the specified maximum specified limit and its corresponding critical lateral imposed load before plate reaches an elastic yield stress is established. The study showed that the critical lateral imposed load decreased as the plates span increases, the critical lateral imposed load increased as the plate thickness increases, as the specified thickness of the plate increased, the value of critical lateral imposed load increased and increase in the value of the allowable deflection value required for the analysis of the plate reduced the chances of failure of a structural member. This approach overcomes the challenges of the conventional practice in the structural analysis and design which involves checking of deflection and shear after design; the process which is proved unreliable and time consuming. It is concluded that the values of critical lateral load obtained by this theory achieve accepted transverse shear stress to the depth of the plate variation in predicting the flexural characteristics for an isotropic rectangular SSFS plate. Numerical comparison was conducted to verify and demonstrate the efficiency of the present theory, and they agreed with previous studies. This proved that the present theory is reliable for the analysis of a rectangular plate. Keywords— Allowable deflection, critical imposed load, energy method, plate theories, shear deformation, SSFS rectangular plate
Impact of Climate Change on Runoff Prediction in Ogbese River Watershed
Authors: Obiora-Okeke Obinna A. , Adewumi James R. , Ojo Ochuko M. 
Published: December 2021

Increased rainfall amounts are projected in the humid southern parts of Nigeria due to climate change. The consequence of higher rainfall in future years would result to higher peak runoffs and flood stages in streams in these parts. The focus of this study is to simulate peak runoff at the outlet of Ogbese river watershed for future years of 2030, 2040, 2050 and 2060. Local twenty years (2000-2019) historical rainfall depths were used to statically downscale General Circulation Model outputs in the future for RCP 4.5 climate scenario. Downscaled rainfall depths were inputted in HEC-HMS model version 4.2 for rainfall-runoff simulation. The watershed was delineated with DEM in ArcGIS while four land use and land cover classifications were extracted with QGIS. Maximum rainfall depths projected in years 2030, 2040, 2050 and 2060 were 38.5mm/hr, 39mm/hr, 42mm/hr and 46mm/hr respectively. Peak runoff discharge simulated for RCP 4.5 climate scenario in years 2030, 2040, 2050 and 2060 are 1771m3/s, 1826 m3/s, 1897 m3/s and 2200 m3/s respectively. This represents 24.2% increase peak discharge between 2030 and 2060. Land area delineated for the catchment is 1946.2 km2. The LULC classification areas for urban area, forest, rock outcrop and bare land are 81.59 km2, 1721.84 km2, 146.27 km2 and 4.11 km2 respectively. The soil types are sandy clay loam (92.51 %), sandy loam (6.84 %), and clay (0.65 %). Curve Number and Initial abstraction parameter values are 70.27 and 2.89 respectively. Keywords- Climate change, GCM, HEC-HMS , Ogbese river, Peak runoff
ABDURRAHMAN ÖMERİ (Ö. 1933) VE AİLE HUKUKUNA DAİR MECELLE ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: MARAŞ İbrahim 
Published: December 2021

Ahmet Cevdet Paşa (ö. 1895)'nın başkanlığında hazırlanan Mecelle-i Ahkâmı Adliye adlı meşhur eserin Kazan bölgesindeki ceditçilik hareketine önemli bir tesiri bulunmaktadır. Mecelle, bölgedeki bazı medreselerde ders kitabı olarak da okutulmuştur. Kazan bölgesindeki dini yapılanma hiyerarşik bir yapıda değildi. Çarlık Rusya’sında Müslümanlar miras, evlenme ve boşanma gibi meselelerini kendileri çözmeye uğraşıyorlardı. Bölgede her mahalledeki imamlar, aynı zamanda kadılık görevini icra ediyorlardı. Bu da verilen dini hükümlerde ciddi farklılıklara neden oluyordu. Bu yüzden Osmanlı Mecelle’si gibi kodifike edilmiş hükümlerden oluşan bir el kitabı temel ihtiyaçtı. Bunu göze alan İdil Ural Müslümanları aile hukuku alanında yeni bir Mecelle yazılması gerektiğini savunmuşlardır. Çünkü İdil-Ural bölgesi Müslümanlarının temel ihtiyacı, aile hukuku alanındaydı. Hâlbuki Ahmet Cevdet Paşa başkanlığında hazırlanan Mecelle’de ise aile hukuku bölümü bulunmuyordu.
1917’deki Ulema Nedvesi toplantısında dönemin müftüsü Âlimcan Barûdi başkanlığında bir Mecelle hazırlanması doğrultusunda Ufa’daki müftülükte danışma meclisi oluşturulmuştur. Ancak dönemin şartları gereği bu ciddi adımlar da sonuçsuz kalmıştır. Bugüne kadar bu konuda Ufa’daki Diniye Nezareti bünyesinde bir Mecelle hazırlanıp hazırlanmadığı bilinmemekteydi. Meşhur âlim Abdurrahman Ömeri’nin el yazmalarının tasnif ve kataloğunun hazırlanması tarafımızdan yapılmıştı. Bu sırada Abdurrahman Ömeri tarafından hazırlanmış aile hukukuna dair bir Mecelle nüshasına rastladık. Mecelle’nin Abdurrahman Ömeri (ö. 1933) tarafından yazım tarihi 1345 Hicri/1926 Miladi tarihtir. Tebliğimiz, Kazan bölgesindeki Mecelle çalışmalarının kısa hikâyesini, tespit ettiğimiz Mecelle nüshalarının ilim dünyasına tanıtılmasını ve içeriğinin kısaca değerlendirmesini konu edinecektir.
Nutritional and physical fitness differences in children and adolescents from diverse socio-economic backgrounds (Diferencias nutricionales y de condición física en niños y adolescentes de contextos socioeconómicos diferenciados)
Authors: García-Merino Sonia , Rodríguez-Jiménez Rosa-María , Bustamante-Sánchez Álvaro , Burgos-Postigo Silvia 
Published: December 2021

Lifestyle affects the health of children and adolescents, especially those living with socio-economic disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutritional status, level of fitness, and diet in children and adolescents from different socio-economic environments. To evaluate nutritional status and nutritional habits, Body Mass Index Z-score, Waist-to-Height Index and the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index, were chosen. To measure physical fitness, Eurofit battery was used. Participants were 290 healthy children and adolescents of two groups. Group 1 (78) was part of a social integration project through sport; group 2 (212) belonged to a private school with a high socio-economic status. Differences between groups were found in the nutritional status and physical fitness tests. There were no differences in the total score of the Kid Med Test (p=.42), but data suggested a better quality of food consumption in group 2. Even though both groups exhibited healthy values, results were slightly more favorable for speed of movement and flexibility (p<.05), and for diet habits (better intake of olive oil, less sweet consumption, p < .05) in the group 2. The study, even with limitations, shows that there is still room for equal opportunities in promoting the quality of life of young people.
Resumen: El estilo de vida afecta a la salud de los niños y adolescentes, especialmente a los que viven en riesgo de exclusión social y económica. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el estatus nutricional, el nivel de condición física y la dieta en niños y adolescentes de diferentes entornos socioeconómicos. Para evaluar el estatus nutricional y los hábitos nutricionales, se eligió el índice de masa corporal z-score, el índice cintura-estatura y el índice de calidad de la dieta mediterránea. Para medir la aptitud física, se utilizó la batería Eurofit. Los participantes fueron 290 niños y adolescentes sanos de dos grupos. El grupo 1 (78) formaba parte de un proyecto de integración social a través del deporte; el grupo 2 (212) pertenecía a un colegio privado de alto nivel socioeconómico. Se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos en las pruebas de estatus nutricional y de aptitud física. No hubo diferencias en la puntuación total del Kid Med Test (p=.42), pero los datos sugirieron una mejor calidad del consumo de alimentos en el grupo 2. Aunque ambos grupos presentaban valores saludables, el grupo 2 obtuvo mejores resultados en la velocidad de movimiento y la flexibilidad (p<.05), y en los hábitos dietéticos (mejor consumo de aceite de oliva, menos consumo de dulces, p <.05). El estudio, aun con limitaciones, muestra que todavía hay espacio para la igualdad de oportunidades en la promoción de la calidad de vida de los jóvenes.
Study on the Social Consideration of Women in Athletics: Repeating the Stereotypes of Gender of the 21st Century (Estudio sobre la consideración social de la mujer en el atletismo: repitiendo los estereotipos de género del siglo XXI)
Authors: Rodríguez Fernandez Carmen , Ospina-Betancurt Jonathan 
Published: December 2021

If we try to focus on the analysis and understanding of females in the world of sports, particularly female athletes, we face major challenges. The main objective of this work is to analyse the gender stereotypes regarding the social consideration of women in athletics. The sample is made up of 362 undergraduate students of three universities in Andalusia, Spain. Nowadays, despite the progress made in recent years, women continue to be discriminated against in sports generally, and in high-performance sports specifically. 31.4% the response presented a gender stereotyping towards the assertion that athletic clubs and federations do not have more women coaches because they do not trust their dedication and performance. 31.9% of the students responded that male competitions provide more entertainment than female competitions.
Resumen. Si intentamos centrarnos en el análisis y la comprensión de las mujeres en el mundo del deporte, en particular las atletas femeninas, nos enfrentamos a grandes desafíos. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los estereotipos de género sobre la consideración social de la mujer en el atletismo. La muestra está formada por 362 estudiantes de grado de tres universidades de Andalucía, España. Hoy en día, a pesar de los avances logrados en los últimos años, las mujeres continúan siendo discriminadas en el deporte en general y en los deportes de alto rendimiento en particular. El 31.4% de las respuestas presentó un estereotipo de género hacia la afirmación de que, los clubes y federaciones de atletismo no tienen más entrenadoras porque no confían en su dedicación y desempeño. El 31.9% de los estudiantes respondió que las competencias masculinas proporcionan más entretenimiento que las competencias femeninas.
Estudio de las temáticas y contenidos de las tesis doctorales realizadas en España sobre Biomecánica Deportiva (Study of the themes and contents of the doctoral theses carried out in Spain on Sports Biomechanics)
Authors: Campos Granel Jose , Gutiérrez-Dávila Marcos , Campos Coll José María 
Published: December 2021

El objeto del estudio es conocer y valorar la evolución de las temáticas y contenidos de las tesis doctorales que se han leído en España sobre Biomecánica Deportiva durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 1980 y 2019. La muestra está compuesta de 233 tesis después de un proceso de selección con el uso de criterios de inclusión/exclusión y términos de búsqueda específicos. Los resultados demuestran que existe un crecimiento progresivo en la producción de tesis doctorales a lo largo del tiempo con incrementos progresivos, especialmente en el tercer y cuarto periodo. Los campos temáticos con mayor número de tesis leídas son los de Biomecánica de Apoyo y de Biomecánica Aplicada. El campo de Biomecánica Básica resulta residual, con tres tesis leídas a lo largo del periodo investigado. En la Biomecánica de Apoyo, el subcampo más representado y con un crecimiento constante, es el del Área Médica, con 73 tesis leídas que representa el 68,2% del total del campo temático. En la Biomecánica Aplicada, los subcampos con más tesis leídas son los de Análisis de la Técnica Deportiva y de Análisis del Movimiento con 35 y 32 tesis leídas, respectivamente, sin que se observe un crecimiento constante a lo largo del tiempo. El campo de Biomecánica-Tecnologías es el tercero con un 10,7% de las tesis leídas. El término más utilizado en los títulos de las tesis es el de la “marcha” que se convierte en un tema transversal que ha sido abordado desde diferentes perspectivas científicas.
Abstract: The purpose of the study is to know and assess the evolution of the themes and contents of the doctoral theses that have been read in Spain on Sports Biomechanics during the period between 1980 and 2019. The sample is made up of 233 theses after a selection process with the use of inclusion / exclusion criteria and specific search terms. The results show that there is a progressive growth in the production of doctoral theses over time with progressive increases, especially in the third and fourth periods. The thematic fields with the highest number of theses read are Support Biomechanics and Applied Biomechanics. The Basic Biomechanics field is a residual field with 3 theses read over time. In Support Biomechanics, the most represented subfield with constant growth is the Medical Area with 73 theses read, representing 68.2% of the total thematic field. In Applied Biomechanics, the subfields with the most theses read are the Analysis of Sports Technique and Analysis of Movement with 35 and 32 theses read, with no constant growth observed over time. The Biomechanics-Technologies field is the third with 10.7% of the theses read. The term most used in the thesis titles is "walking", which becomes a cross-cutting theme that has been approached from different scientific perspectives.
Efecto de la asignatura de educación física en la percepción de los estudiantes frente al desarrollo de competencias genéricas (Effect of Physical Education on the students' perception regarding the development of generic competences)
Authors: Jones - Jofré Jennifer , Müller- Pérez Sheyla , Barraza - Gómez Fernando 
Published: December 2021

El desarrollo de competencias por medio de la práctica sistemática de la actividad física se ha vuelto un desafío. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el efecto de las clases de educación física en el desarrollo de competencias genéricas mediante la percepción de los estudiantes, tras la aplicación del Cuestionario de las Competencias Genéricas de Educación Física, participando un total de 961 estudiantes de primer año pertenecientes a las diferentes carreras de la Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María de Valparaíso el año 2017. El Cuestionario fue diseñado para medir la variable de manera exhaustiva, considerando cuatro competencias genéricas: trabajo en equipo, recreación, inteligencia kinestésica y ética, las que forman parte de los programas de asignaturas de educación física. Según los resultados obtenidos se observa que en el caso de las competencias genéricas inteligencia kinestésica y ética, el valor obtenido fue de p<0,000. Para las competencias genéricas trabajo en equipo y recreación el valor fue p<0,002. Asimismo, el cuestionario presenta un 95% de confianza, evidenciando diferencias significativas, ya que el nivel de p-valor (Sig.) es p<0,05, y el valor obtenido fue de <0,000, concluyendo que los estudiantes reconocen que las clases de educación física permiten a través de la práctica sistemática de la actividad física el desarrollo de estas competencias genéricas, contribuyendo así a la formación integral del individuo.
Abstract. The development of skills throughout the systematic practice of Physical Education (PE) has become a challenge. This is the reason why the focus of this reasearch is to know the effects of Physical Education on the students' perception regarding the development of generic competences, applying the Questionnaire of Generic Physical Education Competences USM to 961 first year students from differents USM careers in 2017. The questionaire was designed to measure the variable exhaustively, considering four generic competences: teamwork, recreation, kinesthetic intelligence and ethics. These skills are part of the PE course outlines. The results showed that, in the case of the kinesthetic intelligence and ethics generic competences, the p-value was p<0,000. For the teamwork and recreation generic competences, the value was p <0.002.The Questionnaire holds a 95% of confidence and shows significant differences, since the significant p-value is p<0,05 and the obtained value was p<0,000. Therefore, it is concluded that students recognize that PE allow the development of generic skills throughout the systematic practice of physical activity, confirming that physical activity favors the development of generic competences and therefore, and contributes to the integral formation of the student.
Ejercicios físicos diarios de intensidad moderada en el interior del aula mejora la fuerza de tren inferior y la agilidad en escolares: un estudio cuasi experimental (Daily moderate-intensity physical exercises inside the classroom improves lower body str
Authors: Ibañez Rojas Gaston Eduardo , Leao Ribeiro Ivana , Inostroza Dominguez Patricio Andres , Vergara Rojas Daniela Margarita , Souza de Carvalho Ricardo 
Published: December 2021

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los cambios en la condición física y en el índice de masa corporal que se producen en una intervención de 16 semanas en escolares en . Setenta tres escolares (n=34 niñas; n=39 niños) con edad entre los 8 y 9 años recibieron las siguientes evaluaciones: flexibilidad de la musculatura dorsal de espalda (mediante la prueba de weels), fuerza muscular (mediante la prueba pararse y sentarse), agilidad (mediante la prueba 4x10m shuttle run) y índice de masa corporal (IMC) utilizando un estadiómetro y una balanza. Se aplicó un programa de entrenamiento con ejercicios de flexibilidad, fuerza y resistencia (30 minutos, 5x/semana). Hubo una disminución del IMC (diferencia de 0.60kg/cm2 en ambos géneros), aumento de la fuerza (10.4 repeticiones en niñas y 11.6 en niños) y mejora de la agilidad (0.91 segundos en niñas y 0.71 segundos en niños: p<0.05 en todas las comparaciones y tamaño de efecto entre 0.20-1.77 en niñas y 0.18-2.34 en niños). El índice de obesidad y sobrepeso entre el alumnado de la clase se vio reducido en un 5.3% y 5.9%, respectivamente. No hubo diferencias respecto a la flexibilidad (p>0.05). Un entrenamiento diario en el interior del aula sin implementación y en un espacio de un metro cuadrado , mejora la fuerza de tren inferior y la agilidad en escolares.
Abstract. The objective of the study was to determine the changes in physical condition and body mass index that occur in a 16-week intervention in schoolchildren inside the classroom. Seventy-three schoolchildren (n=34 girls; n=39 boys) between the ages of 8 and 9 received the following evaluations: flexibility of the dorsal back muscles, through the weels test, muscular strength, through the standing and sitting test, agility, through the 4x10m shuttle test run and body mass index (BMI) using a stadiometer and scale. A training program was applied with flexibility, strength and resistance exercises were performed (30 minutes, 5x/ week). There was a decrease in BMI, (difference of 0.60kg/cm2 in both genders), increase in strength (10.4 repetitions in girls and 11.6 in boys) and improvement of the agility (0.91 seconds in girls and 0.71 seconds in boys), p<0.05 in all comparisons and effect size between 0.20-1.77 in girls and 0.18-2.34 in boys. The rate of obesity and overweight among the students in the class was reduced by one 5.3% and 5.9% respectively. There were no differences in flexibility (p>0.05). A daily training in schoolchildren without implementation and in a space of one square meter decreases BMI, improves lower body strength and agility in schoolchildren.
La competencia motriz en estudiantes chilenos de 3° y 4° de educación básica. Aprendizajes esperados versus realidad (Motor competence in Chilean students in 3rd and 4th grade of primary school. Expected learning versus reality)
Authors: Rodríguez-Briceño Daniel , Castro-Vilugron Felipe , Díaz-Alvarado Mauricio , Carcamo Oyarzun Jaime 
Published: December 2021

Este estudio busca determinar los niveles de competencia motriz de estudiantes chilenos y las posibles diferencias en función del grado y del sexo. Participaron 377 estudiantes (37.7% niñas) de tercer y cuarto básico. La competencia motriz fue evaluada a través del test MOBAK 3-4. Se encontraron bajos niveles de competencia motriz. Los estudiantes de cuarto grado presentan un mejor desempeño motriz que los de tercero. Los niños presentan un mayor desempeño que las niñas en control de objetos, mientras que las niñas obtienen puntajes más altos que los niños en control del cuerpo, aunque con un tamaño del efecto irrelevante. Al contrastar estos resultados con los objetivos del currículum, muchos estudiantes no alcanzan los aprendizajes esperados, siendo necesario poner mayor énfasis en el fomento de la competencia motriz.
Abstract. This study aims to determine the levels of motor competence of Chilean students and possible differences according to grade and gender. 377 students (37.7% girls) of the third and fourth grade participated in the study. Motor competence was evaluated through the MOBAK 3-4 test. Low levels of motor competence were found. Fourth grade students showed a better motor performance than third grade students. Boys performed better than girls in object control, while girls scored higher than boys in self-movement, although with an irrelevant effect size. When these results are contrasted with the learning objectives stipulated in the curriculum, many students do not achieve the expected skills, what makes it necessary to place greater emphasis on the promotion of motor competence.