bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macroeconomic Outcomes
Authors: Mares Isabela , Pierson Christopher 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the consequence of larger welfare states on two macroeconomic outcomes: growth and employment. Much of the standard neoclassical literature predicts that large welfare states will necessarily have negative consequences for both growth and employment. This is not borne out by the empirical evidence. In part, this is because some welfare state measures, on education and health care, for example, have positive externalities in the wider economy. It also seems that national experience varies with differing institutional contexts, especially in relation to wage-bargaining institutions. After 2008, this argument played out in differing views about ‘austerity’, some suggesting that it was necessary to re-establish growth, with others dismissing it as a sort of economic primitivism.
Continental Western Europe
Authors: Palier Bruno 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyses the commonalities and transformations of the Bismarckian welfare systems of continental Western Europe. In these systems, social insurance is the primary delivery mechanism, access to benefits is mainly based on work and contribution record, benefits are mainly in cash and calculated as a proportion of past earnings, the biggest share of the financing comes from social contributions paid by employers and employees, and the governance and management of these systems is partly run by collective, compulsory social insurance funds. These features dominate the welfare systems of Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, and, to a lesser degree, the Netherlands. The first part of the chapter focuses on the origins of these systems, the main goals they tried to achieve through their historical development, and the specific principles on which they rely. The second part shows how these systems developed and functioned during their Golden Age, emphasizing their institutional traits and complementarities with certain forms of industrial capitalism. The third part analyses the specificities of the crises these systems are facing, especially the cost of labour. The final part presents the various sequences of welfare reform that have led these systems to adopt structural reforms, especially. The conclusion focuses on the dualization processes that characterize the main changes of Bismarckian welfare systems.
Religion and the Cold War in Europe
Authors: Kirby Dianne 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the religious Cold War, spawned by the West, and its impact throughout Europe. The religious Cold War was a diverse, multidimensional, complex global phenomenon whose salience varied according to the stage of the conflict, geographical location, cultural underpinnings, as well as national and local dynamics. Europe, where the Cold War began and ended, was a multiconfessional continent wherein Christianity, with its intimate historical, cultural, and indeed national links, was the dominant religion. The chapter focuses on the impact of the East–West power struggle on the churches and how they met its various challenges, especially fear of nuclear obliteration. During the Cold War religious organizations negotiated the arms race, détente, decolonization, globalization, secularization, and the growing importance of the developing world. The chapter examines their religio-political evolution as they encountered the Cold War, their contribution to ending it, and their position in the post-Cold War global order.
Religion and Law in the European Union
Authors: Doe Norman , Cranmer Frank 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
All three major European supranational institutions—the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe (CoE), and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)—acknowledge the importance of religion within European history and culture and give special recognition to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. As has been argued elsewhere, the attitude of both the EU and the CoE to ‘religion’ is characterized by seven principles—the value of religion and of non-religion; subsidiarity; religious freedom; religious equality and non-discrimination; the autonomy of religious associations; cooperation with religion; and the special protection of religion by means of privileges and exemptions—principles that may be induced from their laws and other regulatory instruments. In doing so, they seek to maintain a balance between Europe’s religious, humanist, and cultural elements. How that balance and recognition operate in practice, however, is far from clear-cut and is highly sensitive to individual circumstances.
Eastern Orthodoxy and Europe
Authors: Fokas Effie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between ‘Orthodoxies’ and ‘Europes’, highlighting the multiplicity of Eastern Christian Orthodox approaches and attitudes towards Europe, from one majority Orthodox national context to another and one historical period to another, ranging from anti-Europeanism (and anti-Westernism) to Europhilism. It also draws attention to differences in Orthodox stances on the idea of Europe, on the one hand, and the political reality of the European unification project, on the other. A temporal perspective is particularly relevant in changing attitudes to the European Union. Special attention is paid to external perspectives on the relationship between ‘Orthodoxy’ and ‘Europe’, often politicized and influenced by the political turmoil in the Balkans. The chapter closes with reference to the situation of flux characterizing contemporary conceptions of Europe, and the impact of the latter on ‘Orthodoxy’ in relation to ‘Europe’.
Central Europe
Authors: von Klimó Árpád 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Central Europe is still imagined as an area dominated by Christianity, for the most part the Catholic Church, in close alliance with Christian rulers who minimized the impact of both the Protestant Reformation and minorities such as Judaism. This idea rests, however, on an oversimplified picture of the religious history of the region. Recent research has shown that the reality was more complex, and that historians still know very little about what the overwhelming majority of people believed or how they practised their religion. Christianity has never completely monopolized the religious landscape of Central Europe and has itself been constantly changing. The history of Christianization, Reformation, empires, and nationalism present in Central Europe as well as state socialism, the Cold War and today’s relative pluralism give an idea of this complexity.
Criminalization of Abortion in Late Qing and Republican China
Authors: Xu Aymeric 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The offence of abortion was a Western legal disposition introduced into late Qing China in the 1900s and it remained in effect during the Republican period. In Imperial China, abortion did not constitute a criminal offence, and foetal life was generally considered inferior to human life. The widespread humanization of the foetus in early twentieth-century China was closely intertwined with the nationalist ideology that exhorted women to reproduce for the nation. In this narrative, the foetus was valued as a future citizen, and abortion came to be seen as a demographic calamity for the nation. Abortion was also condemned by conservatives who depreciated it as a scandalous act mostly attempted by women engaged in ‘illicit’ sexual relationships. Although the 1935 Criminal Code decriminalized therapeutic abortion, it was still illegal to terminate a pregnancy resulting from rape. In this regard, the vision of legal Orientalism that portrays Chinese law as the inferior other to modern Western law is problematic, as certain aspects of Chinese legal tradition may provide a more appropriate protection of personal choices.
Massive Transfusion Protocol Predictive Modeling in the Modern Electronic Medical Record
Authors: Lao William Shihao , Poisson Jessica L. , Vatsaas Cory J. , Dente Christopher J. , Kirk Allan D. , Agarwal Suresh K. , Vaslef Steven N. 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
Integrate a predictive model for massive transfusion protocol (MTP) activation and delivery in the electronic medical record (EMR) using prospectively gathered data; externally validate the model and assess the accuracy and precision of the model over time.

Background:
The Emory model for predicting MTP using only four input variables was chosen to be integrated into our hospital’s EMR to provide a real time clinical decision support tool. The continuous variable output allows for periodic re-calibration of the model to optimize sensitivity and specificity.

Methods:
Prospectively collected data from level 1 and 2 trauma activations were used to input heart rate, systolic blood pressure, base excess (BE) and mechanism of injury into the EMR-integrated model for predicting MTP activation and delivery. MTP delivery was defined as: 6 units of packed red blood cells/6 hours (MTP1) or 10 units in 24 hours (MTP2). The probability of MTP was reported in the EMR. ROC and PR curves were constructed at 6, 12, and 20 months to assess the adequacy of the model.

Results:
Data from 1162 patients were included. Areas under ROC for MTP activation, MTP1 and MTP2 delivery at 6, 12, and 20 months were 0.800, 0.821, and 0.831; 0.796, 0.861, and 0.879; and 0.809, 0.875, and 0.905 (all P < 0.001). The areas under the PR curves also improved, reaching values at 20 months of 0.371, 0.339, and 0.355 for MTP activation, MTP1 delivery, and MTP2 delivery.

Conclusions:
A predictive model for MTP activation and delivery was integrated into our EMR using prospectively collected data to externally validate the model. The model’s performance improved over time. The ability to choose the cut-points of the ROC and PR curves due to the continuous variable output of probability of MTP allows one to optimize sensitivity or specificity.
STROCSS 2021: strengthening the reporting of cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies in surgery
Authors: Mathew Ginimol , Agha Riaz 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
Strengthening The Reporting Of Cohort Studies in Surgery (STROCSS) guidelines were developed in 2017 in order to improve the reporting quality of observational studies in surgery and updated in 2019. In order to maintain relevance and continue upholding good reporting quality among observational studies in surgery, we aimed to update STROCSS 2019 guidelines.

Methods:
A STROCSS 2021 steering group was formed to come up with proposals to update STROCSS 2019 guidelines. An expert panel of researchers assessed these proposals and judged whether they should become part of STROCSS 2021 guidelines or not, through a Delphi consensus exercise.

Results:
A total of 42 people (89%) completed the DELPHI survey and hence participated in the development of STROCSS 2021 guidelines. All items received a score between 7 and 9 by >70% of the participants, indicating a high level of agreement among the DELPHI group members with the proposed changes to all the items.

Conclusion:
We present updated STROCSS 2021 guidelines to ensure ongoing good reporting quality among observational studies in surgery.
A short prokaryotic argonaute cooperates with membrane effector to confer antiviral defense
Authors: Zeng Zhifeng , Chen Yu , Pinilla-Redondo Rafael , Shah Shiraz A. , Zhao Fen , Wang Chen , Hu Zeyu , Zhang Changyi , Whitaker Rachel J. , She Qunxin , Han Wenyuan 
Published: December 2021

SummaryArgonaute (Ago) proteins are widespread nucleic acid-guided enzymes that recognize targets through complementary base pairing. While in eukaryotes Agos are involved in RNA silencing, the functions of prokaryotic Agos (pAgos) remain largely unknown. In particular, a clade of truncated and catalytically inactive pAgos (short pAgos) lacks characterization. Here, we reveal that a short pAgo protein in Sulfolobus islandicus, together with its two genetically associated proteins, Aga1 and Aga2, provide robust antiviral protection via abortive infection. Aga2 is a membrane-associated toxic effector that binds anionic phospholipids via a basic pocket, which is essential for its cell killing ability. Ago and Aga1 form a stable complex that exhibits RNA-directed nucleic acid recognition ability and directly interacts with Aga2, pointing to an immune sensing mechanism. Together, our results highlight the cooperation between pAgos and their widespread associated proteins, suggesting an uncharted diversity of pAgo-derived immune systems that await to be discovered.
Mitochondrial fission dysfunction alleviates heterokaryon incompatibility-triggered cell death in the industrial filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Lu Chan , Katayama Takuya , Mori Noriko , Saito Ryota , Iwashita Kazuhiro , Maruyama Jun-ichi 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTIn filamentous fungi, cell-to-cell recognition is a fundamental requirement for the formation, development, and maintenance of complex hyphal networks. Basically, self/compatible individuals within the fungal species are capable of fusing together, a step important for crossbreeding, which results in the formation of viable vegetative heterokaryons. Conversely, the fusion of incompatible individuals does not result in the formation of viable hyphal networks, but it often leads to growth inhibition or cell death. Even though a number of studies have been conducted to investigate such incompatibility, the understanding of the associated molecular mechanism is still limited, and this restricts the possibility of crossbreeding incompatible individuals. Therefore, in this study, the characteristics of compatibility/incompatibility in the industrial filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, were comprehensively investigated. Protoplast fusion and co-culture assays indicated the existence of a correlation between strain phylogeny and compatibility/incompatibility features. Time-course fluorescence observations were employed to investigate the types of incompatible responses that are induced at different cellular levels upon incompatible cell fusion, which eventually lead to cell death. Propidium iodide-indicated cell death, ROS accumulation, and mitochondrial fragmentation were identified as the major responses, with mitochondrial fragmentation showing the most significant subcellular change immediately after incompatible cell fusion. Furthermore, the deletions of mitochondrial fission-related genes Aofis1 and Aodnm1 in incompatible pairing alleviated cell death, indicating that mitochondrial fission is an important mechanism by which incompatibility-triggered cell death occurs. Therefore, this study provides new insights about heterokaryon incompatibility.IMPORTANCEFor a long time, it was believed that as an asexual fungus, A. oryzae does not exhibit any sexual cycle. However, the fungus has two mating types, indicating the potential for sexual reproduction besides a known parasexual cycle. Therefore, given that viable heterokaryon formation following cell fusion is an important step required for genetic crossing, we explored the mechanism of incompatibility, which restricts the possibility of cell fusion in A. oryzae. Protoplast fusion and co-culture assays led to the identification of various vegetative compatible groups. Mitochondrial fragmentation was found to be the most significant incompatible cellular response that occurred in organelles during incompatible pairing, while the deletion of mitochondrial fission-related genes was identified as a strategy used to alleviate incompatibility-triggered cell death. Thus, this study revealed a novel mechanism by which mitochondrial fission regulates incompatible responses.
Multiscale mechanical models of DNA nanotubes: A theoretical basis for the design and tuning of DNA nanocarriers
Authors: Liu Han-Lin , Zhang Neng-Hui , Lu Wei 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTDNA nanostructures are one of potential candidates for drug carriers due to their good biocompatibility and non-specificity in vivo. A reliable prediction about mechanical properties of artificial DNA structures is desirable to improve the efficiency of DNA drug carriers, however there is only a handful of information on mechanical functionalities of DNA nanotubes (DNTs). This paper focuses on quantifying the multiscale correlations among DNT deformation, packaging conditions and surrounding factors to tune mechanical properties of DNTs. By combining WLC statistical mechanics model, Parsegian’s mesoscopic liquid crystal model and Euler’s continuum beam theory, we developed a multiscale DNA-frame model; then theoretically characterize the initial packed states of DNTs for the first time, and reveal the diversity mechanism in mechanical properties of DNTs induced by interchain interactions and initial packed states. Moreover, the study of parameters, such as packaging conditions and environmental factors, provides a potential control strategy for tuning mechanical properties of DNTs. These conclusions provide a theoretical basis for accurately controlling the property and deformation of DNT in various DNT dynamic devices, such as DNA nanocarriers.
Spatial Meta-transcriptomes of human and murine intestines
Authors: Lv Lin , Feng Ru , Li Xue , Yu Xiaofei , Chen GuoQiang , Chen Lei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe developed an analysis pipeline that can extract microbial sequences from Spatial Transcriptomic data and assign taxonomic labels to them, generating a spatial microbial abundance matrix in addition to the default host expression one, enabling simultaneous analysis of host expression and microbial distribution. We applied it on both human and murine intestinal datasets and validated the spatial microbial abundance information with alternative assays. Finally, we present a few biological insights that can be gained from this novel data. In summary, this proof of concept work demonstrated the feasibility of Spatial Meta-transcriptomic analysis, and pave the way for future experimental optimization.
How specific investments influence NPD performance: exploring the roles of supplier involvement and IT implementation
Authors: Wu Aihua 
Published: December 2021

PurposeThe impact of specific investments to performance has mixed arguments. This paper aims to clarify how and under what conditions specific investments made by manufacturer tailored to supplier affect the new product development (NPD) performance of the manufacturer itself.Design/methodology/approachThis study develops a moderated mediation model, testing the roles of supplier involvement and information technology (IT) implementation by regression and bootstrap analyses from 378 NPD projects.FindingsThe results show both physical and human specific investments positively affect NPD performance. IT implementation strengthens the mediated role of supplier involvement, i.e. the mediator role of supplier involvement between specific investments and NPD performance link is significantly weaker while IT implementation is lower.Originality/valueThe findings contribute to identify IT implementation and supplier involvement as two important constructs, together demonstrating how and when specific investments affect NPD performance.
Exploring the role of age in workplace intimidation in the US restaurant industry
Authors: Yanson Regina , Doucet Jessica M. , Lambert Alysa D. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between employee age and intimidation in the workplace. Dysfunctional employee behaviors such as harassment and aggression are harmful to the organizational work environment. Such destructive behaviors have long been viewed as negatively impacting organizational success. Additionally, the age dynamics in organizations are rapidly changing as the “graying of America” progresses, older workers remain in the workforce and younger workers delay employment.Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), which is a national database containing information on crime in the US.NIBRS was used to measure the occurrence of workplace violence overall, and workplace intimidation specifically, in the restaurant industry, as well as the ages of both victims and perpetrators of work-related violence.Findings Results revealed that younger workers are more likely to perpetrate workplace intimidation than their senior counterparts. As victim age increases, employees are more likely to report intimidation than more serious crimes.Practical implications Workplace intimidation prevention programs do not typically include age as a factor. This study may be helpful to managers and HR managers charged with developing workplace training programs.Originality/value The results of this study contribute to the shared understanding of dysfunctional workplace dynamics. As the workforce collectively ages, organizations should acknowledge the potential impact age may have on violence in the workplace.
Do village leaders’ engagement, social interaction and financial incentive affect residents’ solar PV adoption? An empirical study in rural China?
Authors: Shi Yin , Ding Liping , He Chenchen , Zhang Fan , Zhang Zumeng , Dai Qiyao 
Published: December 2021

Purpose
This study aims to analyze those factors affecting the rural resident’s willingness to adopt solar photovoltaic (PV) which is important for accelerating the popularization of clean energy in China.

Design/methodology/approach
This study contained a sample of 653 households in 8 provinces/regions by stratified, and random sampling in rural China. Descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis techniques have been used for analytical purposes.

Findings
The empirical results indicate that financial incentive and social interaction have positive effects on rural residents’ adoption willingness, while village leaders’ engagement can indirectly influence their adoption willingness through social interaction and residents’ cognition.

Research limitations/implications
This study mainly considers external and internal factors but ignores the effect of technical factors. In addition, the samples are just selected from the residents who have adopted solar PV.

Practical implications
This study is expected to be useful for the government, regulators, village leaders, village leaders and other institutions.

Originality/value
This study conducts a systematic analysis and clarifies the relationship between factors (external and internal) and rural residents’ adoption willingness. The village leaders’ engagement is first added to the conceptual model as an external factor, which is very essential in rural residents’ adoption in China.