bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the cracking of carbon anodes used in aluminium industry
Authors: Amrani Salah , Kocaefe Duygu , Kocaefe Yasar , Bhattacharyay Dipankar , Bouazara Mohamed , Côté Jules 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCarbon anodes are used in aluminium electrolysis. Their quality plays a major role in the stability of cell operation and energy consumption. The improvement of the quality of carbon anodes is essential to respond to the many challenges the aluminium industry is facing with respect to issues related to carbon loss, energy use, cell performance, and production cost, especially for high amperage cells. The presence of cracks increases the anode resistivity, and, as a result, power consumption, production cost, and greenhouse gas emissions also increase. Therefore, it is important to know how the cracks form during anode production. An industrial measurement campaign was carried out at the Aluminerie Alouette Inc. (AAI) plant in Sept‐Îles, Québec, Canada. The effect of raw materials (type of coke, pitch, and butts), vibro‐compaction (vibro‐compactor type, balloon pressure, and vibration time), and the position of anodes in the baking furnace on anode cracking was investigated. It was found that the anode centre is the region that contains the most cracks compared to other parts of the anode. The cracks in the horizontal direction are more predominant than those in other directions. The raw materials and the operating parameters of each anode production step affect anode cracking.
Methods of coating ceramic supports with carbon and Ni‐based catalytically active formulations
Authors: Achouri Inès E. , Chaouki Jamal , Abatzoglou Nicolas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNickel‐based catalysts have been widely investigated as they exhibit high activity for reforming reactions, particularly in order to produce syngas. Microwave‐assisted heating is gaining interest as an energy‐efficient heating solution for heterogenous catalytic reactions, and for its exciting prospects related to selective catalyst heating. The objective of this study is to partially or completely coat a fluidizable support with a carbon layer to enhance the support surface reactivity to microwaves, then deposit Ni/Al active species on the carbon‐coated silica surface. This configuration would provide a fine distribution of the catalyst on the surface and an enhanced heating performance with microwaves due to the presence of carbon. The following three synthesis methods have been studied: (a) plasma deposition, (b) hydrothermal synthesis, and (c) coating with organic compounds. The resultant materials have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDXS); specific surface area was determined using the multipoint Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method and elemental analysis for carbon quantification. The results show that the type of carbon deposited on the surface depends on the preparation method and that the latter is a factor influencing the active particle's deposition. Coating with organic compounds has proven to be the method that provides the best deposition of the active phase, while the hydrothermal technique shows the best carbon surface adherence.
Phosphinic Acid/NaI Mediated Reductive Cyclization Approach for Accessing the L‐1‐Deoxynojirimycin Using a Two‐Component Three‐Centered (2C3C) Ugi Type Reaction
Authors: Azad Chandra S , Shukla Pratibha , Olson Mark A , Narula Anudeep K 
Published: February 2021

Main observation and conclusionA catalytic two‐component three‐centered (2C3C) Ugi‐type reaction was developed for the synthesis of L‐1‐deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) isomers using a chiron approach. This new and quite mild catalytic system, comprised of phenylphosphinic acid/NaI, was used to synthesize both the L‐allo‐DNJ and L‐altro‐DNJ in high yield.
Electrochemical Analysis for Multiscale Single Entities on the Confined Interface†
Authors: Zhao Haipei , Ma Jinliang , Zuo Xiaolei , Li Fan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSingle entities detection reveals heterogeneity and random processes hidden in ensemble measurements. Obtaining accurate single‐entity information is challenging. The electrochemical analysis is at high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution to analyze single entities and measure the fast kinetics process. In this minireview, we will focus on the electrochemical strategies for single multiscale entities.
Impact of anemia on clinical outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation: The COOL‐AF registry
Authors: Krittayaphong Rungroj , Pumprueg Satchana , Thongsri Tomon , Wiwatworapan Weerapan , Choochunklin Thaworn , Kaewkumdee Pontawee , Yindeengam Ahthit ,   for the COOL‐AF Investigators
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo determine whether anemia is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke and major bleeding in patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).HypothesisAnemia in patients with NVAF increase risk of clinical complications related to atrial fibrillation.MethodsWe conducted a prospective multicenter registry of patients with NVAF in Thailand. Demographic data, medical history, comorbid conditions, laboratory data, and medications were collected and recorded, and patients were followed‐up every 6 months. The outcome measurements were ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), major bleeding, heart failure (HF), and death. All events were adjudicated by the study team. We analyzed whether anemia is a risk factor for clinical outcomes with and without adjusting for confounders.ResultsThere were a total of 1562 patients. The average age of subjects was 68.3 ± 11.5 years, and 57.7% were male. The mean hemoglobin level was 13.2 ± 1.8 g/dL. Anemia was demonstrated in 518 (33.16%) patients. The average follow‐up duration was 25.8 ± 10.5 months. The rate of ischemic stroke/TIA, major bleeding, HF, and death was 2.9%, 4.9%, 1.8%, 8.6%, and 9.2%, respectively. Anemia significantly increased the risk of these outcomes with a hazard ratio of 2.2, 3.2, 2.9, 1.9, and 2.8, respectively. Oral anticoagulants (OAC) was prescribed in 74.8%; warfarin accounts for 89.9% of OAC. After adjusting for potential confounders, anemia remained a significant predictor of major bleeding, heart failure, and death, but not for ischemic stroke/TIA.ConclusionAnemia was found to be an independent risk factor for major bleeding, heart failure, and death in patients with NVAF.
Synthesis of Carboxamide‐Containing Tranylcypromine Analogues as LSD1 (KDM1A) Inhibitors Targeting Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Teresa Borrello Maria , Benelkebir Hanae , Lee Adam , Hin Tam Chak , Shafat Manar , Rushworth Stuart A. , Bowles Kristian M. , Douglas Leon , Duriez Patrick J. , Bailey Sarah , Crabb Simon J. , Packham Graham , Ganesan A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLysine‐specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) oxidatively removes methyl groups from histone proteins, and its aberrant activity has been correlated with cancers including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We report a novel series of tranylcypromine analogues with a carboxamide at the 4‐position of the aryl ring. These compounds, such as 5 a and 5 b with benzyl and phenethylamide substituents, respectively, had potent sub‐micromolar IC50 values for the inhibition of LSD1 as well as cell proliferation in a panel of AML cell lines. The dose‐dependent increase in cellular expression levels of H3K4me2, CD86, CD11b and CD14 supported a mechanism involving LSD1 inhibition. The tert‐butyl and ethyl carbamate derivatives of these tranylcypromines, although inactive in LSD1 inhibition, were of similar potency in cell‐based assays with a more rapid onset of action. This suggests that carbamates can act as metabolically labile tranylcypromine prodrugs with superior pharmacokinetics.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity of New Amides Derived from 3‐Benzhydryl and 3‐sec‐Butyl‐2,5‐dioxo‐pyrrolidin‐1‐yl‐acetic Acid
Authors: Góra Małgorzata , Czopek Anna , Rapacz Anna , Giza Agnieszka , Koczurkiewicz‐Adamczyk Paulina , Pękala Elżbieta , Obniska Jolanta , Kamiński Krzysztof 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to design and synthesize two new series of pyrrolidine‐2,5‐dione‐acetamides with a benzhydryl or sec‐butyl group at position 3 as potential anticonvulsants. Their anticonvulsant activity was evaluated in standard animal models of epilepsy: the maximal electroshock (MES), the 6 Hz, and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) tests. The in vivo studies revealed the most potent anticonvulsant activity for 15 (3‐(sec‐butyl)‐1‐(2‐(4‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxoethyl)pyrrolidine‐2,5‐dione), with ED50 values of 80.38 mg/kg (MES) and 108.80 mg/kg (6 Hz). The plausible mechanism of action was assessed in in vitro binding assays, in which 15 interacted effectively with voltage‐gated sodium (site 2) and L‐type calcium channels at a concentration of 100 μM. Subsequently, the antinociceptive activity of compounds 7 and 15 was observed in the hot plate test of acute pain. Moreover, compounds 7, 11 and 15 demonstrated an analgesic effect in the formalin test of tonic pain. The hepatotoxic properties of the most effective compounds (7, 11 and 15) in HepG2 cells were also investigated.
In Silico Tandem Mass Spectrometer: an Analytical and Fundamental Tool
Authors: Carrà Andrea , Spezia Riccardo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this article, we summarize some aspects of the recently developed computational approach to model and predict collision induced dissociation mass spectra. In particular, we describe how initial conditions can be set to model fragmentation conditions and then obtain different results from the analysis of an ensemble of reactive trajectories. This approach was studied and validated on different systems, from small organic molecules to large biomolecules. Recently an iterative procedure was proposed to increase the fragmentation sampling, reducing computational time and providing a more comprehensive fragmentation pattern. All these fundamental developments are at the basis of the application of this approach to analytical problems. One important and possible outcome will be in creating an in silico data base which will be an useful complement to the experimental ones. This is discussed within other possible future outlooks.
Should colorectal cancer screening start at different ages for men and women? Cost‐effectiveness analysis for a resource‐constrained service
Authors: Thomas Chloe , Mandrik Olena , Whyte Sophie , Saunders Catherine L. , Griffin Simon J. , Usher‐Smith Juliet A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundMen have a greater risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) than women, but population screening currently starts at the same age for both sexes.AimThis analysis investigates whether, in a resource‐constrained setting, it would be more effective and cost‐effective for men and women to start screening for CRC at different ages.Methods and resultsAn economic modeling analysis was carried out using the Microsimulation Model in Cancer of the Bowel to compare sex‐stratification against screening everyone from the same age, taking an English National Health Service perspective. Screening men from age 56 and women from age 60, rather than screening everyone from age 58 using a Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) threshold of 120 μg/g is expected to produce an additional 0.0004 QALYs for a cost of £0.55 per person at model start (Incremental Cost‐effectiveness Ratio = £1392), and to reduce CRC cases and mortality by 25 and 19 per 100 000 people respectively, while using a similar amount of screening resources. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicates a 61% probability that sex‐stratification is more cost‐effective than screening everyone at age 58. Similar benefits of sex‐stratification are found at other FIT thresholds, but become negligible if mean screening start age is reduced to 50.ConclusionWhere resources are constrained and it is not feasible to screen everyone from the age of 50, starting screening earlier in men than women is likely to be more cost‐effective and gain more health benefits overall than strategies where men and women start screening at the same age.
Dense short connection network for efficient image classification
Authors: Yang Zhenkun , Ma Xianghua , Wang Kefan , An Jing 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWith the continuous development of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), image classification technology has entered a new stage in solving visual cognition tasks. Recent advances have shown that if containing short connections, convolutional networks can be more accurate and efficient to train. However, these short connections almost only exist between convolutional layers, which potentially make the feature information flow insufficiently. In addition, the multi‐scale representation ability of CNNs using short connections can be further explored. Thus, the dense short connection network (DSCNet) for efficient image classification is designed in this paper. In DSCNet, we propose a simple yet effective architectural unit, namely dense short connection (DSC) module, which allows hierarchical dense short connections for multi‐scale context information across different feature channels within a single convolutional layer. DSCNets have several noteworthy advantages: they improve the multi‐scale representation ability, enhance feature propagation, and reduce the number of parameters. To validate our DSC, we conduct comprehensive experiments on CIFAR‐100 and Tiny ImageNet datasets. Experimental results show that DSCNets achieve very competitive results with previous baseline models, whilst requiring less computation to achieve higher recognition accuracy. Further ablation studies show that our proposed method can achieve consistent performance gains in image classification tasks.
Understanding the Chloride Affinity of Barbiturates for Anion Receptor Design
Authors: Petelski Andre Nicolai , Marquez Josefina , Pamies Silvana Carina , Sosa Gladis Laura , Peruchena Nélida María 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDue to their potential binding sites, barbituric acid (BA) and its derivatives have been used in metal coordination chemistry. Yet their abilities to recognize anions remain unexplored. In this work, we were able to identify four structural features of barbiturates that are responsible for a certain anion affinity. The set of coordination interactions can be finely tuned with covalent decorations at the methylene group. DFT‐D computations at the BLYP‐D3(BJ)/aug‐cc‐pVDZ level of theory show that the C−H bond is as effective as the N−H bond to coordinate chloride. An analysis of the electron charge density at the C−H⋅⋅⋅Cl−and N−H⋅⋅⋅Cl−bond critical points elucidates their similarities in covalent character. Our results reveal that the special acidity of the C−H bond shows up when the methylene group moves out of the ring plane and it is mainly governed by the orbital interaction energy. The amide and carboxyl groups are the best choices to coordinate the ion when they act together with the C−H bond. We finally show how can we use this information to rationally improve the recognition capability of a small cage‐like complex that is able to coordinate NaCl.
Antigen Mass May Influence Trastuzumab Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid After Intrathecal Administration
Authors: Le Tilly Olivier , Azzopardi Nicolas , Bonneau Claire , Desvignes Céline , Oberkampf Florence , Ezzalfani Monia , Ternant David , Turbiez Isabelle , Gutierrez Maya , Paintaud Gilles 
Published: February 2021

Intravenous administration of monoclonal antibodies leads to low concentrations in the central nervous system, which is a serious concern in neuro‐oncology, especially in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis of HER2‐overexpressing breast cancer. Case reports of i.t. administrations of trastuzumab have shown promising results in these patients but dosing regimens are empirical in absence of pharmacokinetic (PK) study. With a population PK approach, we described the fate of trastuzumab after i.t. administration in 21 women included in a phase I–II clinical trial. Trastuzumab was administered by i.t. route every week for 8 weeks and both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were sampled to measure trough concentrations. Some patients showed noticeable CSF concentration fluctuations predicted using a target‐mediated drug disposition. This target was latent and produced with a delayed feedback. Apparent volumes of distribution were close to physiological volumes (V1 = 3.25 L, V2 = 0.644 L, for serum and CSF, respectively). Estimated (constant) transfer from serum to CSF was very slow (k12 = 0.264 mg/day) whereas estimated half‐life of transfer from CSF to serum was rapid (2.2 days). From the individual parameters of patients, a single i.t. administration of 150 mg of trastuzumab corresponded to median mean residence times of 3.8 days and 15.6 days in CSF and serum, respectively. Survival without neurological relapse was not related to trastuzumab exposure. This study confirms that transfer of trastuzumab from serum to CSF is very limited and that this monoclonal antibody, when administered by i.t. route, is rapidly transferred to the serum.
Generation of Neurosphere‐Derived Organoid‐Like‐Aggregates (NEDAS) from Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Watanabe Fumihiro , Schoeffler Austin , Fair Summer R. , Hester Mark E. , Fedorko Josh , Imitola Jaime 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNeurosphere cultures have been used to propagate and study the intrinsic properties of neural stem cells (NSCs) for more than two decades but this method has many limitations. It is well known that neurospheres fuse in culture, but the long‐term biological consequences of this phenomena are not well characterized. We leveraged the fusion behavior of human neurospheres to improve upon this technique with our Neurosphere‐derived organoid‐like aggregates (NEDAS) culture method, allowing the fusion of human NSCs at high density, which were maintained in orbital shaker conditions for 8‐12 weeks without passing leading to the formation of 3D organoid‐like aggregates without the use of Matrigel. NEDAS organoids proliferate and self‐organize into neural rosettes, expressing PAX6 and SOX2 in ventricular zone (VZ)‐like proliferative areas. Outside these rosettes, we identified corridors of migratory radial glial progenitors expressing Phospo‐vimentin, CRYAB. In addition to DLX2, CXCR4 + progenitors. Further, we found immature neurons within cortical‐like areas highly enriched for DCX and TUJ1, in addition to GABA+ and excitatory VGLUT1+ neurons. Here, we provide a protocol to generate NEDAS, additionally, we present a protocol for immunostaining of NEDAS organoids for confocal imaging. This protocol may be useful to dissect the self‐organization and morphogenetic programs of populations of human NSCs offering an advantageous alternative to the conventional neurospheres method, generating more cell type diversity, within tissue‐like aggregates over extended periods of time without dissociation or passing. NEDAS may be a complementary method to cerebral organoids protocols from IPSCs. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 19 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Preparation and expansion of cultures of human neural stem cells in reduced growth factor basement matrixBasic Protocol 2: Formation and fusion of neurospheres derived matrigel‐free organoid‐like aggregates (NEDAS)Basic Protocol 3: Harvest, cryosection, and imaging protocol for NEDAS
Realizing the promise of dialogue: Transformative dialogue in divided communities
Authors: Cleven Erik , Saul Judith A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article introduces an approach to conflict transformation called transformative dialogue. Building on transformative theory, it differs from other approaches in two important ways. First, it sees the ethical relation to conflict parties as of primary importance, taking priority over any analysis or conceptualization of conflict. Second, transformative dialogue posits a different relationship between conflict analysis and practice. Rather than prioritizing a particular mode of analysis, transformative dialogue starts from the primacy of human agency, prioritizing people's own experience and ways of understanding their conflicts. In this way, transformative dialogue addresses many of the weaknesses in current peacebuilding models.
Semidwarf winter wheat roots contain fewer organic acids than wild‐type varieties under phosphorus stress
Authors: McGrail Rebecca K. , Van Sanford David A. , McNear David H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOrganic acids are exuded by plant roots into the rhizosphere for a variety of reasons, including nutrient acquisition. The most frequently reported organic acids are those involved in the Krebs cycle and other important biochemical pathways that are responsible for the production of important plant metabolites, including oxalic, malic, and citric acid. Many studies report increased citric and malic acid exudation when plants are P‐deficient. Because plant breeding is typically carried out under heavily fertilized conditions, it is possible that wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeders have unintentionally selected for varieties with decreased nutrient acquisition capability from soil organic matter and soil colloids. In this study, we evaluated a diverse panel of 10 winter wheat cultivars, which included wild‐type (tall) and semidwarf varieties, for organic acid content. Plants were grown in solution culture with and without P for 24 d. Thirty 1‐cm root tips were bulked per sample and the extracts were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography for citric, malic, and oxalic acid content. Under P deficiency, total organic acid content differed between wild‐type and semidwarf varieties, with wild‐type cultivars containing more organic acids in the root tips. This difference in total production was driven by oxalic acid, whereas citric and malic acid concentrations were conserved. Unlike citric and malic acid, oxalic acid is not necessary for major metabolic processes and therefore may be expendable. Breeding for semidwarf wheat corresponds with unintentional changes to root system function that could impact nutrient acquisition and other rhizosphere processes.
Benzoic Anhydride as a Bifunctional Electrolyte Additive for Hydrogen Fluoride Capture and Robust Film Construction over High‐Voltage Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jiang Sen , Wu Haihua , Yin Junying , Wei Zhihua , Wu Jiahao , Wei Lai , Gao Dunfeng , Xu Xin , Gao Yunfang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHigh‐voltage LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)‐based Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) with enhanced performance can be achieved by properly tailoring the electrolyte systems. Benzoic anhydride (BA) was proposed here as a promising bifunctional electrolyte additive that can not only construct a robust cathode‐electrolyte interface (CEI) film on the electrode surface but also capture HF/H2O in the electrolyte effectively. Compared to the cell without the BA additive, the capacity of Li/NCM811 half‐cell with 1.0 wt % BA was increased from 128.5 to 149.6 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 C between 3.0 and 4.3 V. Even at a higher cut‐off voltage of 4.5 V, the BA‐containing Li/NCM811 half‐cell delivered a capacity retention of 69 % after 200 cycles, much higher than that of the half‐cell without the additive (56 %). Both theoretical calculation and experimental results verified that the BA additive could be preferentially oxidized to form a stable interface film with high conductivity that protected the NCM811 cathode and suppressed the decomposition of the electrolyte.