bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pyridinium Alkynylanthracenes as Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Fudickar Werner , Roder Phillip , Listek Martin , Hanack Katja , Linker Torsten 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a mild but effective method to treat certain types of cancer upon irradiation with visible light. Here, three isomeric methylpyridinium alkynylanthracenes 1o─p were evaluated as sensitizers for PDT. Upon irradiation with blue or green light, all three compounds show the ability to initiate strand breaks of plasmid DNA. The mayor species responsible for cleavage is singlet oxygen (1O2) as confirmed by scavenging reagents. Only isomers 1m and 1p can be incorporated into HeLa cells, whereas isomer 1o cannot permeate through the membrane. While isomer 1m targets the cell nucleus, isomer 1p assembles in the cellular cytoplasm and impacts the cellular integrity. This is in accordance with a moderate toxicity of 1p in the dark, whereas 1m exhibits no dark toxicity. Both isomers are suitable as PDT reagents, with a CC50 of 3 μm and 75 nm, for 1p and 1m, respectively. Thus, derivative 1m, which can be easily synthesized, becomes an interesting candidate for cancer therapy.
Evidence, ignorance, and symmetry
Authors: Lando Tamar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Principle of Indifference (POI) is a rule for rationally assigning precise degrees of confidence to possibilities among which we have no reason to discriminate. Despite criticism of the principle stemming from Bertrand's paradox, many have recently come to the defense of POI or adopted some restricted version of that principle, especially in discussions of self‐locating belief. I argue that POI in both unrestricted and restricted forms is untenable, and that arguments for the more restricted principles are hostage to problems similar to those that bedevil arguments for traditional POI.
To Blame is Human: A Quantitative Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Outcome Severity of Large‐Scale Crises and Attributions of Blame
Authors: Gilbert Christine 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn crisis situations, time is of the essence. Effective messaging to individuals at risk is critical to mitigating the most severe outcomes. Extant crisis communication literature has focused on differentiating crisis types based on perceived blame, particularly in cases of for‐profit company malfeasance, but less work has been done to understand how the public makes these types of attributions. This quantitative systematic review investigates the relationship between severity of a large‐scale crisis outcome and attributions of blame toward relevant entities. Moderators of interest include the attribution term used with participants (e.g., blame, responsibility), the type of crisis event, and the entity presented as at fault. Overall, a small but significant positive relationship is identified in the majority of studies between severity of a large‐scale crisis outcome and attributions of blame. Results suggest that while crisis type and entity to blame are moderators, the attribution term(s) used with participants plays a less significant role. Implications and future directions are considered.
Injuries in elite‐level women’s football—a two‐year prospective study in the Irish Women’s National League
Authors: Horan Dan , Blake Catherine , Hägglund Martin , Kelly Seamus , Roe Mark , Delahunt Eamonn 
Published: October 2021

We investigated the pattern of injuries in elite‐level women’s football in Ireland, during a two‐season prospective injury surveillance study in the Women’s National League (WNL). Seven out of the eight clubs (271 players) in the WNL were followed prospectively during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. The injury incidence rate in matches (19.2/1000 h) was 7.5 times higher than in training (2.5/1000 h). Players, on average, sustained 0.69 injuries per season (266 injuries/383 player seasons), which equates to 15 time‐loss injuries per season for a squad of 22 players. The majority of the injuries sustained by players were lower extremity injuries (85%), of which, 46% had a non‐contact injury mechanism. Muscle, ligament, and contusion injuries were the most common injury types, while the ankle, knee, and thigh were the most commonly injured body sites. The most common injuries sustained over the two seasons were lateral ankle sprains (13.9%), hamstring strains (12.4%), knee meniscus/cartilage injuries (7.5%), adductor strains (6%), quadriceps strains (4.5%), and ankle contusions (4.5%). The injuries with the highest injury burden were ACL injuries (59 days lost/1000 h), knee meniscus/cartilage injuries (23/1000 h), lateral ankle sprains (21/1000 h), hamstring strains (12/1000 h), MCL sprains (11/1000 h), and quadriceps strains (11/1000 h). There were 8 ACL tears documented over the 2 seasons, which accounted for 28% of all time lost to injury with a mean days lost per injury of 247. We recommend that clubs in the WNL in Ireland should implement injury risk mitigation strategies, with a particular focus on injuries with a high injury burden.
Magnetic Remanence of Stainless Steel and Titanium Alloy Orthopaedic Implants
Authors: Mat Jusoh Norhasiza , Mohd Noor Arif Faddilah , Mohamad Tajudin Suffian , Din Mohd Hadizie , Aziz Mohd Ezane , Kamil Wan Ahmad 
Published: October 2021

Stainless steel and titanium alloys are common materials for orthopaedic implants. However there is a lack of information and studies on magnetic remanence of implants used in clinical practice. The aims of this study are to investigate the composition and the presence of magnetic remanence for these two orthopaedic implant materials. These two factors may cause implant instability and heat problems as well as degradation of the images quality if the patients undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. The magnetic hysteresis loop and remanence status of stainless steel and titanium alloy orthopaedic implants were investigated with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Both samples of stainless steel and titanium alloy had been exposed to external magnetic fields up to 1 T (10000 G) and 1.4 T (14000 G), respectively. The compositions of these two orthopaedic implant materials were studied using a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The results of the study demonstrated that ferrous and nickel compositions in stainless steel alloy orthopaedic implants contributed to the residual magnetism, as shown in the hysteresis loop. The titanium alloy orthopaedic implant sample does not contain any ferromagnetic elements. After exposure to a magnetic field, the stainless steel values of retentivity, coercivity and magnetisation are significantly higher compared to those of the titanium alloy. The stainless steel orthopaedic implant sample demonstrates a typical hysteresis loop that suggests the existence of magnetic remanence. In contrast, the titanium alloy orthopaedic implant sample showed no significant remanence phenomenon. By considering the existence of magnetic remanence in the implant is important as potential effect on the MRI image quality.
Dementia and disadvantage in the USA and England: population-based comparative study
Authors: Arapakis Karolos , Brunner Eric , French Eric , McCauley Jeremy 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTo compare dementia prevalence and how it varies by socioeconomic status (SES) across the USA and England.DesignPopulation-based comparative study.SettingNon-Hispanic whites aged over 70 population in the USA and England.ParticipantsData from the Health and Retirement Study and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, which are harmonised, nationally representative panel studies. The sample includes 5330 and 3147 individuals in the USA and England, respectively.Main outcome measuresBetween country differences in age-gender standardised dementia prevalence, across the SES gradient. Dementia prevalence was estimated in each country using an algorithm based on an identical battery of demographic, cognitive and functional measures.ResultsDementia prevalence is higher among the disadvantaged in both countries, with the USA being more unequal according to four measures of SES. Overall prevalence was lower in England at 9.7% (95% CI 8.9% to 10.6%) than the USA at 11.2% (95% CI 10.6% to 11.8%), a difference of 1.4 percentage points (pp) (p=0.0055). Most of the between country difference is driven by the bottom of the SES distribution. In the lowest income decile individuals in the USA had 7.3 pp (p<0.0001) higher prevalence than in England. Once past health factors and education were controlled for, most of the within country inequalities disappeared; however, the cross-country difference in prevalence for those in lowest income decile remained disproportionately high.ConclusionsThere is inequality in dementia prevalence according to income, wealth and education in both the USA and England. England has lower dementia prevalence and a less steep SES gradient. Most of the cross-country difference is concentrated in the lowest SES group, which provides evidence that disadvantage in the USA is a disproportionately high risk factor for dementia.
Associations between urinary cysteine-rich protein 61 excretion and kidney function decline in outpatients with chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Lai Chun-Fu , Wang Jian-Jhong , Tu Ya-Chun , Hsu Chia-Yu , Wu Hon-Yen , Fang Cheng-Chung , Chen Yung-Ming , Wu Ming-Shiou , Tsai Tun-Jun 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTo examine whether urinary excretion of cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61), an acknowledged proinflammatory factor in kidney pathologies, increases in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with subsequent rapid kidney function decline.DesignAn observational cohort study.SettingIn the nephrology outpatient clinics of a tertiary hospital in Taiwan.ParticipantsWe enrolled 138 adult CKD outpatients (n=12, 32, 18, 18, 29 and 29 in stages 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4 and 5 CKD, respectively) between February and October 2014 and followed them for 1 year. Their mean age was 60.46±13.16 years, and 51 (37%) of them were women.Primary outcome measuresUrinary Cyr61 levels were measured by ELISA. Rapid kidney function decline was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline rate ≥ 4 mL/min/1.73 m2/year or developing end-stage renal disease during subsequent 3-month or 1-year follow-up period. Models were adjusted for demographic and clinical variables.ResultsThe urine Cyr61-to-creatinine ratio (UCyr61CR) increased significantly in patients with stage 4 or 5 CKD. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that log(UCyr61CR) was positively correlated with log(urine protein-to-creatinine ratio) (p<0.001) but negatively correlated with baseline eGFR (p<0.001) and hypertension (p=0.007). Complete serum creatinine data during the follow-up were available for 112 patients (81.2%). Among them, multivariable logistic regression identified log(UCyr61CR) was independently associated with rapid kidney function decline (adjusted OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.27 to 4.15) during the subsequent 3 months. UCyr61CR improved the discriminative performance of clinical models to predict 3-month rapid kidney function decline. In contrast, log(UCyr61CR) was not associated with rapid eGFR decline during the entire 1-year follow-up.ConclusionsElevated urinary Cyr61 excretion is associated with rapid short-term kidney function deterioration in patients with CKD. Measuring urinary Cyr61 excretion is clinically valuable for monitoring disease trajectory and may guide treatment planning.
Influencing factors of self-directed learning abilities of medical students of mainland China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Yang Chunhui , Zhu Yaxin , Jiang Hongkun , Qu Bo 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the level of medical students’ self-directed learning (SDL) ability in mainland China and to identify its modifiable influencing factors for medical educators to take measures to improve medical professionals’ ability in SDL.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study conducted between January and June 2019.SettingThis study involved students from five medical colleges located in the cities of Shenyang, Binzhou, Xuzhou, Shanghai and Guangzhou of mainland China.ParticipantsParticipants included 365 medical students and residents sampled by the stratified clustered random method from five medical colleges.MethodsThe t-test, F-test and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to test the association between personal and contextual factors of medical students and SDL.ResultsThe mean total SDL score was 76.12 (SD=10.96), implying that Chinese mainland medical students had moderate SDL ability. A univariate analysis found that the personal characteristics of confidence, students’ enjoyment of their specialty, utilisation of library resources, learning goals and habits and academic performance as well as the contextual factors of age, gender, learning resources, family income and group discussion were significantly associated with the total SDL score (p<0.05). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that academic performance, learning goals, confidence, learning resources, utilisation of library resources, family income and age were significantly associated with the total SDL score (p<0.05).ConclusionOur study indicated that the contextual factors of learning resources, family income and age as well as the personal factors of academic performance, learning goals, confidence and utilisation of library resources were associated with medical students’ SDL ability in mainland China. It may be advisable to implement appropriate teaching strategies to improve students’ confidence and assist them establish learning goals, as well as to amplify school learning resources and encourage students to use them fully.
Friedmann cosmology with decaying vacuum density in Brans–Dicke theory
Authors: Singh C. P. , Solà Peracaula Joan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we study Friedmann cosmology with time-varying vacuum energy density in the context of Brans–Dicke theory. We consider an isotropic and homogeneous flat space, filled with a matter-dominated perfect fluid and a dynamical cosmological term $$\varLambda (t) $$

Λ
(
t
)

, obeying the equation of state of the vacuum. As the exact nature of a possible time-varying vacuum is yet to be found, we explore $$\varLambda (t)$$

Λ
(
t
)

given by the phenomenological law $$\varLambda (t)=\lambda +\sigma H$$

Λ
(
t
)
=
λ
+
σ
H

, where $$\lambda $$
λ
and $$\sigma $$
σ
are positive constants. We solve the model and then focus on two different cases $$\varLambda _{H1}$$

Λ

H
1

and $$\varLambda _{H2}$$

Λ

H
2

by assuming $$\varLambda =\lambda $$

Λ
=
λ

and $$\varLambda =\sigma H$$

Λ
=
σ
H

, respectively. Notice that $$\varLambda _{H1}$$

Λ

H
1

is the analog of the standard $$\varLambda $$
Λ
CDM, but within the Brans–Dicke cosmology. We find the analytical solution of the main cosmological functions such as the Hubble parameter, the scale factor, deceleration and equation of state parameters for these models. In order to test the viability of the cosmological scenarios, we perform two sets of joint observational analyses of the recent Type Ia supernova data (Pantheon), observational measurements of Hubble parameter data, Baryon acoustic oscillation/Cosmic microwave background data and Local Hubble constant for each model. For the sake of comparison, the same data analysis is performed for the $$\varLambda $$
Λ
CDM model. Each model shows a transition from decelerated phase to accelerated phase and can be viewed as an effective quintessence behavior. Using the model selection criteria AIC and BIC to distinguish from existing dark energy models, we find that the Brans–Dicke analog of the $$\varLambda $$
Λ
-cosmology (i.e. our model $$\varLambda _{H1}$$

Λ

H
1

) performs at a level comparable to the standard $$\varLambda $$
Λ
CDM, whereas $$\varLambda _{H2}$$

Λ

H
2

is less favoured.
Parameter Estimation of the Photovoltaic System Using Bald Eagle Search (BES) Algorithm
Authors: Nicaire Ndongmo Fotsa , Steve Perabi Ngoffe , Salome Ndjakomo Essiane , Grégroire Abessolo Ondoua 
Published: October 2021

The global demand for renewable energy is growing, and one of the proposed solutions to this energy crisis is the use of photovoltaic systems. So far, they are a reliable solution, as they are nonpolluting and can be used almost anywhere on the planet. However, the design and development of more efficient photovoltaic cells and modules require an accurate extraction of their intrinsic parameters. Up to date, metaheuristic algorithms have proven to be the best methods to obtain accurate values of these intrinsic parameters. Hence, to extract these parameters reliably and accurately, this paper presents an optimization method based on the principle of bald eagle search (BES) during fish hunting. This search is divided into three steps: in the first stage (space selection), the eagle selects the space with the largest number of prey; in the second stage (space search), the eagle moves into the selected space to search for prey; in the third stage (dive), the eagle swings from the best position identified in the second stage and determines the best point to hunt. Thus, we used the proposed BES algorithm to determine the parameters of the single-diode model (SDM), the double-diode model (DDM), and the PV modules. This algorithm converges very quickly and gives a root mean square error (RMSE) of

9.8602
e
−
04

for the single-diode model and

9.8248
e
−
4

for the dual-diode model. The results obtained show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the other methods available in the literature, in terms of the better accuracy of the results obtained. The good harmony of the I-V and P-V characteristic curve of the calculated parameters with that of the measured data from a PV module/cell data sheet proves that the proposed BES should be used among the methods provided in the literature for the identification of PV solar cell parameters.
Experimental Solution of Chitosan and Nanochitosan on Wettability in Root Dentine: In Vitro Model Prior Regenerative Endodontics
Authors: Arias Alvarado Fernando , Iriarte Maira Rivero , Jordan Mariño Freddy , Quijano-Guauque Sara , Pérez León D. , Baena Yolima , García-Guerrero Claudia 
Published: October 2021

Context. The wettability of the chemically modified dentin substrate is a condition that intervenes in dentin-vascular and cellular interaction across regenerative endodontics. Aims. To compare the effect of CS and CSnp on the wettability in root dentine with other irrigation protocols with an experimental in vitro model prior regenerative endodontics. Methods and Material. An in vitro experimental study that included eighty hemisected human root distributed into 8 groups: G1- distilled water; G2- 1% NaOCl/17% EDTA; G3- hypochlorous acid 0.025% HOCl, G4- 1% NaOCl/0.025% HOCl/17% EDTA, G5- 0.2 g/100 mL CS, G6- 1% NaOCl/0.2 g/100 mL CS, G7- CSnp, and G8- 1% NaOCl/CSnp. The wettability analysis calculated the contact angle (θ) between a drop of a blood-like and root dentinal surface; topographic characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) quantified the diameter and number of tubules per area; spectroscopy infrared analyses (IR-S) identified chemical changes in the inorganic (phosphate/carbonate) and organic phase (amide/methyl). Statistical analysis: a linear mixed model, Kruskal–Wallis, and Holm–Bonferroni correction (

P

< 0.05) were used. Results. Significantly higher wettability for G2 (27.1 (

P

= 0.0001)) was found. A mean value of 67°±°for experimental groups (

P

= 0.07) was found, and we did not identify differences between them. The SEM identified greater tubular opening and erosion for G4 and greater dentinal permeability per area for NaOCl/CS. IR-S identified dentinal organic integrity with NaOCl-CS/CSnp compared to organic reduction promoted for NaOCl/EDTA. Conclusions. This in vitro dentin determined an indirect association between the wettability and organic contents. The oxidative effect of NaOCl could be neutralized by CS-CSnp, and consequently, the wettability of the substrate decreases.
Family Communication and Psychological Distress in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic: Mediating Role of Coping
Authors: Geçer Ekmel , Yıldırım Murat 
Published: October 2021

This study aims to examine the association between family communication and psychological distress with coping as a potential mediator. The study also developed and validated the Family Communication Scale (FCS) in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Participants ( n = 658; 74.9% female) were general public ranged in age between 18 and 58 years (mean age = 26.38, SD = 10.01). The results showed that family communication directly influenced psychological distress and indirectly influenced through approach coping. However, avoidant coping was not directly associated with psychological distress, nor did it mediate the association between family communication and psychological distress. The findings suggest that people, who have better family communication, highly engage in approach coping which in turn leads to better psychological health in face of adversity. The findings have important empirical and theoretical implications.
Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Review of Therapies in the Pipeline
Authors: Xu Jiashan , Ashjian Emily 
Published: October 2021

Background The 2018 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines and 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway recommend nonpharmacological interventions and initiation of statin therapy for patients with moderate hypertriglyceridemia and addition of fibrates or omega-3 fatty acids in severe hypertriglyceridemia. Although the association between triglyceride (TG) lowering and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk reduction remains controversial, patients with hypertriglyceridemia may represent a subgroup that require additional therapy to further reduce residual ASCVD risk. Moreover, medications that target novel pathways could provide alternative options for patients who are intolerant of existing therapies or doses needed to provide adequate triglyceride lowering. Objective: Assess recent evidence for TG-lowering agents including omega-3 fatty acid-based therapies, PPARα modulators, apoC-III mRNA antisense inhibitors, angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) antibodies, and herbal supplements. Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed with hypertriglyceridemia specified as a MeSH term or included in the title or abstract of the article along with each individual agent. For inclusion, trials needed to have a primary or secondary outcome of TG levels or TG lowering. Conclusion: Currently, the only US Food and Drug Administration approved medication for CV risk reduction in patients with hypertriglyceridemia is icosapent ethyl. Results from phase 3 trials for CaPre, pemafibrate, and volanesorsen as well as additional evidence for pipeline pharmacotherapies with novel mechanisms of action (e.g., ApoC-III mRNA antisense inhibitors and ANGPTL3 antibodies) will help to guide future pharmacotherapy considerations for patients with hypertriglyceridemia.