bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Record tests to detect non-stationarity in the tails with an application to climate change
Authors: Cebrián Ana C. , Castillo-Mateo Jorge , Asín Jesús 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe analysis of trends and other non-stationary behaviours at the extremes of a series is an important problem in global warming. This work proposes and compares several statistical tools to analyse that behaviour, using the properties of the occurrence of records in i.i.d. series. The main difficulty of this problem is the scarcity of information in the tails, so it is important to obtain all the possible evidence from the available data. First, different statistics based on upper records are proposed, and the most powerful is selected. Then, using that statistic, several approaches to join the information of four types of records, upper and lower records of forward and backward series, are suggested. It is found that these joint tests are clearly more powerful. The suggested tests are specifically useful in analysing the effect of global warming in the extremes, for example, of daily temperature. They have a high power to detect weak trends and can be widely applied since they are non-parametric. The proposed statistics join the information ofMindependent series, which is useful given the necessary split of the series to arrange the data. This arrangement solves the usual problems of climate series (seasonality and serial correlation) and provides more series to find evidence. These tools are used to analyse the effect of global warming on the extremes of daily temperature in Madrid.
Model-based analysis of the limits of recycling for its contribution to climate change mitigation
Authors: Schäfer Philipp , Schmidt Mario 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe concept of Circular Economy (CE) and its main strategy recycling are seen as one of the most important measures to achieve sustainable development. Meanwhile, however, concerns are being raised in the scientific community about the conceptualization and orientation of CE. One major issue is that CE is in danger of becoming an end in itself, with the goal of completely closed material cycles. Its contribution to sustainable development is gradually fading into the background. To contribute to this ongoing discussion, we focus in our article on the recycling of metals as part of CE and its contribution to climate protection, as one of the main aspects of sustainable development. Based on life cycle assessment and substance flow modelling carried out in our previous works, we show that metal recycling in most cases requires much less energy and therefore results in much lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than primary production. However, this is by no means without limitations. We show empirically that metal concentration is a significant factor that determines the energy required for recycling. If the metals are too diluted in the technosphere, as it is indeed the case for several metal applications, their recycling require much more energy than the alternative primary production, and thus intensifying rather than mitigating climate change.
The concurrent stimulation of Wnt and FGF8 signaling induce differentiation of dental mesenchymal cells into odontoblast-like cells
Authors: Kimura Motoyoshi , Saito Akiko , Onodera Shoko , Nakamura Takashi , Suematsu Makoto , Shintani Seikou , Azuma Toshifumi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is known to be a potent stimulator of canonical Wnt/β-catenin activity, an essential factor for tooth development. In this study, we analyzed the effects of co-administration of FGF8 and a CHIR99021 (GSK3β inhibitor) on differentiation of dental mesenchymal cells into odontoblasts. Utilizing Cre-mediated EGFP reporter mice, dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1) expression was examined in mouse neonatal molar tooth germs. At birth, expression of Dmp1-EGFP was not found in mesenchymal cells but rather epithelial cells, after which Dmp1-positive cells gradually emerged in the mesenchymal area along with disappearance in the epithelial area. Primary cultured mesenchymal cells from neonatal tooth germ specimens showed loss of Dmp1-EGFP positive signals, whereas addition of Wnt3a or the CHIR99021 significantly regained Dmp1 positivity within approximately 2 weeks. Other odontoblast markers such as dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) could not be clearly detected. Concurrent stimulation of primary cultured mesenchymal cells with the CHIR99021 and FGF8 resulted in significant upregulation of odonto/osteoblast proteins. Furthermore, increased expression levels of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix, and osteocalcin were also observed. The present findings indicate that coordinated action of canonical Wnt/β-catenin and FGF8 signals is essential for odontoblast differentiation of tooth germs in mice.
A reformulation-linearization technique for optimization over simplices
Authors: Selvi Aras , den Hertog Dick , Wiesemann Wolfram 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study non-convex optimization problems over simplices. We show that for a large class of objective functions, the convex approximation obtained from the Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT) admits optimal solutions that exhibit a sparsity pattern. This characteristic of the optimal solutions allows us to conclude that (i) a linear matrix inequality constraint, which is often added to tighten the relaxation, is vacuously satisfied and can thus be omitted, and (ii) the number of decision variables in the RLT relaxation can be reduced from $${\mathcal {O}} (n^2)$$

O
(

n
2

)

to $${\mathcal {O}} (n)$$

O
(
n
)

. Taken together, both observations allow us to reduce computation times by up to several orders of magnitude. Our results can be specialized to indefinite quadratic optimization problems over simplices and extended to non-convex optimization problems over the Cartesian product of two simplices as well as specific classes of polyhedral and non-convex feasible regions. Our numerical experiments illustrate the promising performance of the proposed framework.
Convergence of the Nelder-Mead method
Authors: Galántai Aurél 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe develop a matrix form of the Nelder-Mead simplex method and show that its convergence is related to the convergence of infinite matrix products. We then characterize the spectra of the involved matrices necessary for the study of convergence. Using these results, we discuss several examples of possible convergence or failure modes. Then, we prove a general convergence theorem for the simplex sequences generated by the method. The key assumption of the convergence theorem is proved in low-dimensional spaces up to 8 dimensions.
Efficient techniques for fault detection and location of multiple controlled Toffoli-based reversible circuit
Authors: Kheirandish Davar , Haghparast Majid , Reshadi Midia , Hosseinzadeh Mehdi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIt is very important to detect and correct faults for ensuring the validity and reliability of these circuits. In this regard, a comparative study with related existing techniques is undertaken. Two techniques to achieve the testability of reversible circuits are introduced that have been improved in terms of quantum cost and fault coverage rate. Considering this aspect, the main focus of these techniques is on the efficient detection and location of faults with 100% accuracy. These techniques for fault detection in reversible circuit design, in addition to being able to produce the correct outputs, can also provide information for fault location that has already been done at a higher cost. Proposed approaches have been successfully tested for all types of SMGF, MMGF, PMGF, RGF, and SBF. In order to verify the functional correctness of the proposed scheme, it also has executed the testing over a reversible full adder circuit, and findings are checked. In the following, the proposed approach of reversible sequential circuits is presented for the first time so far. The cost metrics are evaluated for all the proposed designs and compared the estimated results against some existing design approaches of reversible circuits for better understanding.
Biochar Capacity to Mitigate Acidity and Adsorb Metals—Laboratory Tests for Acid Sulfate Soil Drainage Water
Authors: Kinnunen Niko , Laurén Annamari Ari , Pumpanen Jukka , Nieminen Tiina M. , Palviainen Marjo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA 96-h laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the potential of biochar as a water protection tool for acid sulfate soil runoff. Acid sulfate soils pose a risk to water bodies due to acid, metal-rich runoff, especially in drained peatland forests. New water protection methods, such as adsorption with biochar, are needed. We investigated the capability of spruce and birch biochar to adsorb metals and reduce acidity in the water. Water from an acid sulfate site was stirred with biochar, biochar with lime, and biochar with ash. We determined water Al, S, Fe, Cu, Co, Cd, Ni, and Zn concentrations periodically, as well as pH and total organic carbon at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The studied substances are considered the most abundant and environmentally harmful elements in the acid sulfate soils in Finland. Biochar surface characteristics were analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy. Concentration changes were used to parametrize adsorption kinetics models. Biochar adsorbed metals and increased pH, but lime and ash additives did not always improve the adsorption. Spruce biochar and ash addition had generally higher adsorption than birch biochar and lime addition. The adsorption was dominated by Al and Fe at lower pH, while increasing pH improved the adsorption of Cd and Zn. The results show that biochar can increase the water pH, as well as adsorb Al, Fe, Co, Cd, Ni, and Zn. Further work could include an actual-scale biochar reactor in a laboratory and field conditions.
Jugendliche und ihre Berufswahlpraktika: Determinanten des sozialen Status der gewählten Praktikaberufe
Authors: Hofmann Jan , Neuenschwander Markus P. 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag untersucht die Determinanten des sozialen Status jener Berufe, welche Jugendliche in Berufswahlpraktika ausprobieren (Praktikaberufe). Für die Auswertung wurde eine Längsschnittstichprobe von 232 Jugendlichen verwendet, die im fünften, siebten und neunten Schuljahr befragt wurden. Pfadmodelle zeigen, dass das Bildungsniveau und die beruflichen Aspirationen der Jugendlichen in Abhängigkeit der Operationalisierung des Bildungsniveaus teils einen direkten Einfluss auf den sozialen Status der gewählten Praktikaberufe haben. Der sozioökonomische Status der Eltern und die kognitiven Fähigkeiten der Jugendlichen haben hauptsächlich einen indirekten Einfluss auf den sozialen Status der Praktikaberufe über die schulischen Leistungen (Schulnoten), elterlichen Bildungserwartungen, die beruflichen Aspirationen und das Bildungsniveau. Bivariate Korrelationsanalysen verweisen auf einen hohen Zusammenhang zwischen dem sozialen Status der absolvierten Praktikaberufen und dem sozialen Status jener Berufe, welche die Jugendlichen in der beruflichen Grundbildung ausüben. Die Studie leistet einen Beitrag zur Erklärung des individuellen Erwerbsprozesses eines beruflichen Status in der ersten Berufswahl.
Effects of Zinc Glycinate on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indexes, and Intestinal Morphology of Yellow Feather Broilers
Authors: Zhu Xiaoping , Shang Xiuguo , Lin Guozhao , Li Haojie , Feng Xin , Zhang Huihua 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc glycinate (Gly-Zn) on growth performance, serum biochemical index, intestinal morphology, and hepatic metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression in the liver of yellow feather broilers. A total of 540 18-day-old yellow feather broilers were randomly divided into three groups: control group (basal diet), ZnSO4 group (basal diet plus 60 mg Zn/kg from ZnSO4), and Gly-Zn group (basal diet plus 60 mg Zn/kg from zinc glycinate). Each treatment group had 6 replicates with 30 birds in each replicate. The experiment lasted for 42 days (18 to 59 days of age). The results showed that Gly-Zn supplementation significantly improved the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of broilers during 18 to 39 days of age compared with that in the control group (P < 0.05) but not different from the ZnSO4 group. The Gly-Zn group had higher glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (P < 0.05) and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations than the broilers in the control and ZnSO4 group. It was also observed that zinc content in the tibia of Gly-Zn group broilers was higher than the control and ZnSO4 group (P < 0.05). The results of intestinal morphology parameters showed that the Gly-Zn group significantly increased the villus height in duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05) and decreased crypt depth in duodenum and ileum compared to the control group. However, there were no significant differences between the Gly-Zn group and ZnSO4 group in duodenum and ileum regarding intestinal morphology parameters. The Gly-Zn group significantly increased mRNA expression of MT in the liver than both control and ZnSO4 groups (P < 0.05). Collectively, the results indicated that supplementing 60 mg Zn/kg through zinc glycinate improved growth performance and serum indexes as well as intestinal morphology of yellow feather broilers. It also regulates MT gene expression more effectively than the ZnSO4 group at the transcriptional level.
Arrival or Return? Temporality and Materiality of Transit Sites in Overlapping Displacement Context in Border Cities of the Lake Chad Basin Region
Authors: Oginni Oyewole Simon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSince over a decade of conflicts in the Lake Chad Basin region, different measures have been adopted to regulate the mobility of displaced persons in border cities. Mubi—like other transit sites—is both a place of care and control, of incentivization and eviction and of inclusion and exclusion. To nuance these contradictions, I argue that we might have to pay attention to arrival practices in transit sites, particularly the encounter with infrastructures, which are intertwined and profoundly co-constitutive of the displaced persons’ realities. In transit sites, arrival is practised and lived temporally and relationally among the displaced persons, despite the conditions of exile and immobility. Urban infrastructures (such as marketplaces, transit camps and living rooms) transform and enact the strategy adopted by the displaced persons to navigate daily life and to ‘move on’ from conditions of exile and confinement. Moving on, in this sense, is a strategy to overcome the disruption of the temporality of arrival practices from the Nigerian state regulation of mobility through incentivization and encampment policies. I demonstrate that both incentivization and encampment aim towards a common goal, which is to render displaced persons invisible in urban centres while becoming a raw material for capital production. The regulation enables a new form of unplanned spaces to emerge that are hyper-visible and super-precarious at the urban margins. This paper calls for a critical perspective on humanitarian urbanism in the Global South.
Kupeantha yabassi (Coffeeae-Rubiaceae), a new Critically Endangered shrub species of the Ebo Forest area, Littoral Region, Cameroon
Authors: Alvarez-Aguirre Maria G. , Cheek Martin , Sonké Bonaventure 
Published: November 2021

SummaryA new species to science of evergreen forest shrub, Kupeantha yabassi M.G.Alvarez & Cheek (Coffeeae - Rubiaceae), is described, illustrated and compared morphologically with the closely similar species K. pentamera. Restricted so far to a single site in evergreen lowland forest near the Ebo Forest, Yabassi, Littoral Region, Cameroon, this species is Critically Endangered using the IUCN 2012 standard due to habitat clearance driven mainly by agriculture, adding to the growing list of threatened species resulting from anthropogenic pressure on Cameroon forests. A revised key to the six species of Kupeantha is presented. Two distinct geographical and ecological species groupings within the genus are identified and discussed. Notes are given on other narrowly endemic and threatened species in the Ebo Forest area, a threatened centre of diversity important for conservation in the Littoral Region.
A Range and Performance Optimized Version of the Computer-Aided Speckle Interferometry Algorithm for Real-Time Displacement-Strain Field Monitoring
Authors: Keene L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis work presents an optimized implementation of the Computer-Aided Speckle Interferometry algorithm which enables full-field determination of displacements and strains on commodity Graphics Processing Units at high resolution and frame rates. By combining careful control of the average speckle size in a laser speckle pattern with a simple sampling rate conversion scheme, a compact representation of the optical speckle is achieved. This allows for optimal use of Graphics Processing Unit architecture with robust range extension. The optimal mapping of the Computer-Aided Speckle Interferometry algorithm to Graphics Processing Unit architecture is shown in detail, and a straightforward method for disambiguating large displacements is illustrated. Lastly, this paper demonstrates a two-step subimage-tapering modification to the original algorithm that enables robust range enhancement while maintaining resolution. Results from numerical simulations on synthetic speckle patterns are shown, and runtime performance metrics are provided, with performance ranging up to 60 frames per second in some cases. The method is suitable for interactive experimental mechanics research, process and testing or any application where real-time high-resolution displacement-strain monitoring is needed. A .NET Framework class library enabling the incorporation of the algorithm into 3rd -party applications is available for download.
Evaluation of Phase One Scan Station for Analogue Aerial Image Digitisation
Authors: Schulz Joachim , Cramer Michael , Herbst Theresa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHistorical aerial photographs represent a special cultural asset for preserving information about land cover and land use change in the twentieth century with a high spatial and temporal resolution. A current topic is the digitisation of historical images to make them accessible to a wider range of users and to preserve them from age deterioration. For a photogrammetric evaluation, a high geometric stability and accuracy during the digitization process is required. In this work, the resolving power and geometric quality of a Phase One iXM-MV150F high-performance camera was investigated, which is used at the Landesamt für Geoinformation und Landentwicklung Baden-Württemberg in the project ‘Digitaler Luftbildatlas Baden-Württemberg’ for the digitisation of historical aerial photographs. The resolving power of the system was empirically measured and analysed. The required modulation transfer function was determined using Siemens stars. With this method, the significant influence of the focus setting and deviations of the plane-parallel alignment could be determined. Using a digitised aerial survey of the Vaihingen/Enz test field, the impact of the above-mentioned effects and the influence of the geometry of the scanning camera on the quality of the derived data products was shown in comparison to a photogrammetric scanner. The comparison showed that dedicated photogrammetric scanners still achieve a higher accuracy, even if a high-quality optical system is used for the digitising stand with the document camera. Further investigations are justified to improve the accuracy and stability of digitising the aerial image with a document camera.
Cosmological Vlasov–Poisson equations for dark matter
Authors: Rampf Cornelius 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe cosmic large-scale structures of the Universe are mainly the result of the gravitational instability of initially small-density fluctuations in the dark-matter distribution. Dark matter appears to be initially cold and behaves as a continuous and collisionless medium on cosmological scales, with evolution governed by the gravitational Vlasov–Poisson equations. Cold dark matter can accumulate very efficiently at focused locations, leading to a highly non-linear filamentary network with extreme matter densities. Traditionally, investigating the non-linear Vlasov–Poisson equations was typically reserved for massively parallelised numerical simulations. Recently, theoretical progress has allowed us to analyse the mathematical structure of the first infinite densities in the dark-matter distribution by elementary means. We review related advances, as well as provide intriguing connections to classical plasma problems, such as the beam–plasma instability.
Current status of simulation-based training tools in general surgery: A systematic review
Authors: Shah Salonee , Aydin Abdullatif , Fisher Rebecca , Ahmed Kamran , Froghi Saied , Dasgupta Prokar 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Background:
The use of simulation-based training tools within surgery is rapidly increasing and has demonstrated promising alternative training modalities allowing for surgical skill enhancement despite workplace pressures. Whilst many simulators have been investigated for their validity, this has not been demonstrated across all domains. This review aims to identify the status of simulation-based training tools in general surgery in the current literature, assess their validity and determine their effectiveness.

Methods:
OVID Medline and Embase databases were searched for English language articles describing the validation of a simulator for general surgery-specific procedures between 2000 and 2020. Studies were reviewed according to Messick's validity framework and rated in each domain. A modified version of translational outcomes described by McGaghie et al. were used to determine the level of effectiveness (LoE) of each simulator.

Results:
A total of 9653 articles were screened and 97 articles were identified to determine the LoE of the simulators. The highest rating for each validity domain was achieved by 30 models/training courses for content validity, 48 for response processes, 5 for internal structure, 40 for relations to other variables and 10 for consequences. Two simulators gained LoE >2 showing skill transfer downstream of the simulator.

Conclusion:
The varying ratings across each validity domain for the simulators show that evidence of complete validity is poor. Only 2 simulators were awarded LoE >2, indicating further research is needed in order to substantiate the use of simulation in improving patient outcomes.

Highlights