bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educational classifications of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability among school‐aged children in North Carolina: Associations with race, rurality, and resource availability
Authors: Kim Eunsoo Timothy , Franz Lauren , Fannin Danai Kasambira , Howard Jill , Maslow Gary 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDisparities exist in the recognition of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States. This study examined whether rurality, race/ethnicity, and low resource availability are associated with disparities in primary educational classifications of ASD and ID in North Carolina (NC). Descriptive maps were created. Multilevel logistic regression models examined two separate outcomes (mild ID vs. ASD; moderate/severe ID vs. ASD). For the interaction term included in the model (race/ethnicity and residence), predicted probabilities were estimated and plotted. The effects of other covariates were also estimated. Rural counties had fewer students with ASD and a greater number of students with ID compared to urban counties. The majority of students with ASD were non‐Hispanic Whites, while the majority of students with ID were non‐Hispanic Blacks. Compared to non‐Hispanic White students, non‐Hispanic Black students were overrepresented in the ID classification and underrepresented in the ASD classification across urban and rural areas. Indicators of low resource availability were also associated with higher probabilities of ID vs. ASD classification. Differences in primary educational classification based on urban–rural divide, race/ethnicity, and resource availability are important to understand as they may point to disparities that could have significant policy and service implications. Because disparities manifest through complex interactions between environmental, socioeconomic and system‐level factors, reduction in these disparities will require broader approaches that address structural determinants. Future research should utilize disparity frameworks to understand differences in primary educational classifications of ASD and ID in the context of race/ethnicity and rurality.Lay SummaryRural counties in North Carolina had fewer students with ASD and a greater number of students with ID compared to urban counties. Compared to non‐Hispanic White students, non‐Hispanic Black students were over‐represented in the ID educational classification and underrepresented in the ASD classification. Differences in classification of ASD and ID based on urban–rural divide, race/ethnicity, and resource availability may point to disparities that could have significant policy and service implications. Autism Res 2021, 14: 1046–1060. © 2021 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Tolerogenic and immunogenic states of Langerhans cells are orchestrated by epidermal signals acting on a core maturation gene module
Authors: Polak Marta E. , Singh Harinder 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLangerhans cells (LCs), residing in the epidermis, are able to induce potent immunogenic responses and also to mediate immune tolerance. We propose that tolerogenic and immunogenic responses of LCs are directed by signaling from the epidermis and involve counter‐acting gene circuits that are coupled to a core maturation gene module. We base our analysis on recent genetic and genomic findings facilitating the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling these divergent immune functions. Comparing gene regulatory network (GRN) analyses of various types of dendritic cells (DCs) including LCs we integrate signaling‐dependent (TGFβ, EpCAM, β‐Catenin) and transcription factor (IRF4, IRF1, NFκB) regulated gene circuits that appear to orchestrate the distinctive LC functional states. Our model proposes, that while epidermal signaling in the steady‐state promotes LC tolerogenic function, the disruption of cell‐cell contacts coupled with inflammatory signaling induces LC immunogenic programing. The conceptual framework emphasizes the sensing of discrete epidermal and inflammatory cues by resident LCs in dictating their genomic programing and cell state dynamics.
Annotated functional decomposition
Authors: Tubić Stefan , Cvetanović Miloš , Radivojević Zaharije , Stojanović Saša 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExperiences gained from the domain‐specific courses showed that students focus mostly on how to implement solutions and less on what must be considered within the solution. In the case of information systems‐related courses, students focus on system development using specific languages and frameworks while often disregard the required logical checks and constraints. This paper introduces annotated functional decomposition (AFD) to assist students in overcoming the challenge of understanding the logic of an information system. AFD leverages methodological concepts from computational thinking and represents a problem decomposition approach that is extended with additional levels of decomposition. These levels of decomposition are orthogonal and implemented with annotations that enrich a decomposition with information regarding control and data flow, as well as reuse and implementation details. AFD could be exercised with a supporting AFD Tool developed as an Eclipse IDE plugin that performs syntax and semantic checks along with the generation of UML sequential diagrams. The AFD Tool and its source code are available free of charge. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations of AFD Tool usage during an information systems course revealed that students who used AFD achieved higher average grades than those who used UML for solving the same problems, and moreover that students perceived AFD as easy to understand and use.
Investigation of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 Hydroxylation by Kutzneria albida
Authors: Schmitz Lisa Marie , Kinner Alina , Althoff Kirsten , Rosenthal Katrin , Lütz Stephan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe active vitamin D metabolites 25‐OH−D and 1α,25‐(OH)2−D play an essential role in controlling several cellular processes in the human body and are potentially effective in the treatment of several diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The microbial synthesis of vitamin D2 (VD2) and vitamin D3 (VD3) metabolites has emerged as a suitable alternative to established complex chemical syntheses. In this study, a novel strain, Kutzneria albida, with the ability to form 25‐OH−D2 and 25‐OH−D3 was identified. To further improve the conversion of the poorly soluble substrates, several solubilizers were tested. 100‐fold higher product concentrations of 25‐OH−D3 and tenfold higher concentrations of 25‐OH−D2 after addition of 5 % (w/v) 2‐hydroxypropyl β‐cyclodextrin (2‐HPβCD) were reached. Besides the single‐hydroxylation products, the human double‐hydroxylation products 1,25‐(OH)2−D2 and 1,25‐(OH)2−D3 and various other potential single‐ and double‐hydroxylation products were detected. Thus, K. albida represents a promising strain for the biotechnological production of VD2 and VD3 metabolites.
Probing the Interaction of Huntingtin Exon‐1 Polypeptides with the Chaperonin Nanomachine GroEL
Authors: Wälti Marielle A. , Kotler Samuel A. , Clore G. Marius 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHuntington's disease arises from polyQ expansion within the exon‐1 region of huntingtin (httex1), resulting in an aggregation‐prone protein that accumulates in neuronal inclusion bodies. We investigate the interaction of various httex1 constructs with the bacterial analog (GroEL) of the human chaperonin Hsp60. Using fluorescence spectroscopy and electron and atomic force microscopy, we show that GroEL inhibits fibril formation. The binding kinetics of httex1 constructs with intact GroEL and a mini‐chaperone comprising the apical domain is characterized by relaxation‐based NMR measurements. The lifetimes of the complexes range from 100 to 400 μs with equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of ∼1–2 mM. The binding interface is formed by the N‐terminal amphiphilic region of httex1 (which adopts a partially helical conformation) and the H and I helices of the GroEL apical domain. Sequestration of monomeric httex1 by GroEL likely increases the critical concentration required for fibrillization.
Hierarchical Silica Inverse Opals as a Catalyst Support for Asymmetric Molecular Heterogeneous Catalysis with Chiral Rh‐diene Complexes
Authors: Deimling Max , Kousik Shravan R. , Abitaev Karina , Frey Wolfgang , Sottmann Thomas , Koynov Kaloian , Laschat Sabine , Atanasova Petia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe efficacy of heterogeneous catalysis relies heavily on diffusion and distribution of reactants within catalyst supports. However, the presence of confinement, essential for reaction selectivity, drastically slows down molecular transport. Here, macro‐mesoporous silica inverse opal (SiO2−IO) films were used as a model system to study the rather unexplored molecular infiltration behavior using a probe molecule resembling a catalyst via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). CLSM analysis revealed homogeneous tracer distribution in SiO2−IO and attachment to both transport and mesopores. Bulk macro‐mesoporous SiO2−IO support was used for the attachment of mono‐ and bis‐functionalized chiral Rh‐diene complexes, and the catalytic activity and selectivity with respect to the support was studied. Lower enantioselectivity was observed with the bis‐functionalized ligand due to ligand entanglement and reduced accessibility of the active site, while the mono‐functionalized ligand gave an excellent enantioselectivity of 94 %ee in the asymmetric 1,2‐addition of triphenylboroxine to N‐tosylimines and could be recycled up to three times.
Application of nanoparticles in chiral analysis and chiral separation
Authors: Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Bounoua Nadia , Rebizi Mohamed , Wagdy Hebatallah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChiral molecules in relation to particular biological roles are stereoselective. Enantiomers differ significantly in their biochemical responses in biological environment. Despite the current advancement in drug discovery and pharmaceutical biotechnology, the chiral separation of some racemic mixtures continues to be one of the greatest challenges, because the available techniques are too costly and time consuming for the assessment of therapeutic drugs in the early stages of development worldwide.Various nanoparticles became one of the most investigated and explored nanotechnology‐derived nanostructures especially in chirality where several studies are reported to improve enantiomeric separation of different racemic mixtures. The production of surface‐modified nanoparticles has contributed to these limitations in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and enantioselectivity that can be optimized and therefore makes these surface‐modified nanoparticles convenient for enantiomeric identification and separation.
Addressing Environmental Challenges of Porphyrin Mixtures Obtained from Statistical Syntheses
Authors: Hölzel Helen , Muth Maximilian , Lungerich Dominik , Jux Norbert 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInvited for this month's cover are the groups of Dominik Lungerich at the Yonsei University (Korea) and Norbert Jux at the Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuernberg (Germany). The cover picture shows a laboratory bench, with instruments, equipment, and a chalkboard. Here, the question arises if in academic research exists a way to implement the philosophy of “reduce, reuse and recycle”. The recycle sign underlines the rising awareness for this topic, which is steadily gaining in importance. Especially in porphyrin sciences, using semi‐automated flash chromatography can decrease significantly the cost of consumables, such as chlorinated solvents and silica gel. With a re‐usable glass column for preparative separation, even the purification of statistical reaction mixtures can be managed, while reducing the waste and thus the environmental factor significantly. Read the full text of their Full Paper at 10.1002/cmtd.202000055.
From Chain‐ to Graphene‐like Hydroxyl‐terminated (ZnO)n Clusters with n≤6 Obtained via Zinc Dimethoxide Hydrolysis and Condensation: Ab initio Structural, Electronic, Vibrational and Optical Properties Calculations
Authors: Romero Mariano , Mombrú Dominique , Pignanelli Fernando , Faccio Ricardo , Mombrú Álvaro W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecent reports are focusing on the structural evolution from the atomic‐scale and also at the expenses of alkyl zinc alkoxide precursors towards (ZnO)n clusters and nanostructures with different interesting motifs, but still not much is known about their electronic properties. In this manuscript, we present a theoretical study using DFT and TD‐DFT methodologies on the hydrolysis and condensation of zinc dimethoxide precursor in its monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms towards thermodynamically stable hydroxyl‐terminated (ZnO)n clusters with novel chain‐ and graphene‐like fashions. For all cases, distinct vibrational and optical spectra features were assigned evidencing a global monotonic decrease in the opto‐electronic gap with increasing oligomerization and cyclization stages. In addition, the electron‐affinity of all clusters was also observed to be enhanced with increasing oligomerization and cyclization stages and the electronic charge localization in ‐e charged clusters was observed to be strongly related to the presence of zinc‐oxo subunits and other particular structural features. Our calculations also indicate that the stabilization through hydroxyl termination of both chain‐ and graphene‐like ZnO clusters not only could be a promising driving force to obtain larger atomic‐scale 1D and 2D nanostructures but also envisage interesting properties, particularly as electronic acceptor materials for energy applications.
Perennial forages influence mineral and protein concentrations in annual wheat cropping systems
Authors: Clemensen Andrea K. , Grusak Michael A. , Duke Sara E. , Hendrickson John R. , Franco José G. , Archer David W. , Roemmich James N. , Liebig Mark A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAgricultural land management may influence crop nutritional quality. However, few studies have explored potential connections between crop quality with different land management strategies. We analyzed mineral and crude protein concentrations in spring wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.) samples from a study in Mandan, ND conducted from 2006 to 2014. The study introduced a perennial forage phase into an annual spring wheat cropping system, in three to four replicates, and previously found yield benefits and enhanced soil parameters in the perennial forage treatments. We determined whether integrating a perennial forage phase into continuous wheat would also affect crop nutritional quality by measuring wheat grain mineral and protein concentrations. Crude protein concentration was greater (p < .05) when wheat followed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and increased linearly after 2–5 yr of established alfalfa. We observed comparable wheat grain crude protein and mineral concentrations between continuous annually fertilized wheat and unfertilized wheat following perennial forages. Negative correlations (p < .001) were observed between wheat grain yield and crude protein, potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) concentrations. Discriminate multivariate analyses showed, with 96% predictive accuracy, that differences in crude protein and mineral concentration were largely driven by year of wheat harvest. Differences between harvest years were likely due to timely precipitation at critical Growth Stage 3, during spikelet development. Study outcomes highlighted the important role of perennial forages and environmental factors to influence protein and mineral concentration in spring wheat grain.
An analytical model for squirrel cage induction machine with broken rotor bars derived based on the multiple coupled circuit theory and the winding function approach
Authors: Fu Qiang , Guo Qing , Zhang Wei , Cui Weimin , Zhao Ling 
Published: March 2021

SummaryIn this paper, a squirrel cage induction machine (SCIM) with broken rotor bars is modeled by using the multiple coupled circuit theory and the winding function approach. This analytical model includes all the spatial harmonic components of air gap magnetomotive force and is applicable to the study of transient machine behaviors. Equivalent circuits that are consistent with the topologies of healthy and faulty cage rotors are developed. The equivalent circuit for the healthy rotor of a SCIM having an integer number of rotor bars per pole is simplified further by exploiting the symmetry of the winding functions of the stator. In the equivalent circuit for a healthy rotor, inserting an independent current source in the bar that breaks in the damaged rotor, whose current is the negative of the current through the same bar, and replacing all the voltage sources in the rest of the bars with short circuits result in an equivalent circuit that can be employed to solve for the deviations in rotor mesh currents caused by bar breakage. A simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink for a 2.2 kW, three‐phase, four‐pole SCIM with 28 rotor bars and a laboratory test rig is built. The effectiveness of the proposed model was validated by the good agreement of the simulation results with the experimental data.
Implementing an integrated multi‐technology platform for drug checking: Social, scientific, and technological considerations
Authors: Wallace Bruce , Hills Rory , Rothwell Jake , Kumar Deepak , Garber Ian , van Roode Thea , Larnder Ashley , Pagan Flora , Aasen Jarred , Weatherston Jorin , Gozdzialski Lea , Ramsay Margo , Burek Piotr , Azam Md. Shafiul , Pauly Bernie , Storey Margaret‐Anne , Hore Dennis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe illicit drug overdose crisis in North America continues to devastate communities with fentanyl detected in the majority of illicit drug overdose deaths. The COVID‐19 pandemic has heightened concerns of even greater unpredictability in the drug supplies and unprecedented rates of overdoses. Portable drug‐checking technologies are increasingly being integrated within overdose prevention strategies. These emerging responses are raising new questions about which technologies to pursue and what service models can respond to the current risks and contexts. In what has been referred to as the epicenter of the overdose crisis in Canada, a multi‐technology platform for drug checking is being piloted in community settings using a suite of chemical analytical methods to provide real‐time harm reduction. These include infrared absorption, Raman scattering, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and antibody‐based test strips. In this Perspective, we illustrate some advantages and challenges of using multiple techniques for the analysis of the same sample, and provide an example of a data analysis and visualization platform that can unify the presentation of the results and enable deeper analysis of the results. We also highlight the implementation of a various service models that co‐exist in a research setting, with particular emphasis on the way that drug checking technicians and harm reduction workers interact with service users. Finally, we provide a description of the challenges associated with data interpretation and the communication of results to a diverse audience.
Contemporary screen time modalities among children 9–10 years old and binge‐eating disorder at one‐year follow‐up: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Nagata Jason M. , Iyer Puja , Chu Jonathan , Baker Fiona C. , Pettee Gabriel Kelley , Garber Andrea K. , Murray Stuart B. , Bibbins‐Domingo Kirsten , Ganson Kyle T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prospective associations between contemporary screen time modalities in a nationally representative cohort of 9–10‐year‐old children and binge‐eating disorder at one‐year follow‐up.MethodWe analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 11,025). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate associations between baseline child‐reported screen time (exposure) and parent‐reported binge‐eating disorder based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS‐5, outcome) at one‐year follow‐up, adjusting for race/ethnicity, sex, household income, parent education, BMI percentile, site, and baseline binge‐eating disorder.ResultsEach additional hour of total screen time per day was prospectively associated with 1.11 higher odds of binge‐eating disorder at 1‐year follow‐up (95% CI 1.05–1.18) after adjusting for covariates. In particular, each additional hour of social networking (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.18–2.22), texting (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.08–1.82), and watching/streaming television shows/movies (aOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.14–1.69) was significantly associated with binge‐eating disorder.DiscussionClinicians should assess screen time usage and binge eating in children and adolescents and advise parents about the potential risks associated with excessive screen time.
Sandpipers go with the flow: Correlations between estuarine conditions and shorebird abundance at an important stopover on the Pacific Flyway
Authors: Canham Rachel , Flemming Scott A. , Hope David D. , Drever Mark C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEstuaries of major rivers provide important stopover habitat for migratory birds throughout the world. These estuaries experience large amounts of freshwater inputs from spring runoff. Understanding how freshwater inputs affect food supply for migrating birds, and how birds respond to these changes will be essential for effective conservation of critical estuarine habitats. We estimated trends over time in counts of Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri) and Pacific Dunlin (Calidris alpina pacifica) during northward migration on the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia, Canada, where shorebirds feed extensively on intertidal biofilm and invertebrates. We also examined whether counts were correlated with a suite of environmental variables related to local conditions (precipitation, temperature, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, tidal amplitude, and discharge rates from the Fraser River) during a total of 540 surveys from 1991 to 2019. Counts of Western Sandpiper declined ~54% (−2.0% per annum) over the entire study period, and 23% from 2009 to 2019 (−0.9% per annum). Counts of Pacific Dunlin did not show a statistically significant change over the study period. Counts of shorebirds were lower when discharge from the Fraser River was high, which we propose results from a complex interaction between the abrupt changes in salinity and the estuarine food web related to the quantity or quality of intertidal biofilm. Counts were also higher when tidal amplitude was lower (neap tides), potentially related to longer exposure times of the mudflats than during spring tides. Effects of wind are likely related to birds delaying departure from the stopover site during unfavorable wind conditions. The negative trend in migrating Western Sandpipers is consistent with declines in nonbreeding areas as observed in Christmas Bird Counts. Understanding causes of population change in migratory shorebirds highlights the need for research on mechanistic pathways in which freshwater inputs affect food resources at estuarine stopovers.