bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐Dimensional Printing‐Assisted Masquelet Technique in the Treatment of Calcaneal Defects
Authors: Zhang Laifu , Lu Chengyin , Lv Yaqing , Wang Xiaohui , Guo Shaoyong , Zhang Hailong 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to summarize the clinical efficacy of three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology combined with the Masquelet technique in the treatment of calcaneal defects.MethodsFrom January 2018 to April 2019, 3D printing combined with induced masquelet technology was used to treat four patients with calcaneal defects, including two men and two women. The patients were aged 22–52 years old, with an average age of 36 years. There were two cases of traffic accident injuries, there was one case of a fall from height, and there was one case of crush injury. CT scans were used to reconstruct the bilateral calcaneus, mirror technology was used to construct the bone defect area, and Materialise 3‐matic software was used to design the calcaneus shaper mold and 3D print the mold. During the operation, the mold was used to shape the bone cement and fill the bone defect. In the second stage, the bone cement was removed and autologous bone was implanted to repair the bone defect. All patients were followed up to observe the effect.ResultsAll four patients were followed up for 14 months (range, 10–18 months). There were three cases of infectious bone defects: two cases of Escherichia coli and one case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The 3D printed mold was used to shape the bone cement. During the operation, it was found to have a high degree of matching with the defect area of calcaneus. There is no need to adjust it again, and the wound healed well after the first stage. In the second stage of surgery, it was found that the induced membrane formed was complete and of appropriate size; the bone cement was easily removed during the operation. The fracture healing time was 3–6 months, with an average of 4 months. At the last follow up, there was no pain and the patients walked with full weight bearing. The Maryland score was 94 points (range, 88–98 points); three cases were excellent and one case was good. The AOFAS score ranged from 86 to 98, with an average of 92.8 points; three cases were excellent and one case was good.ConclusionThree‐dimensional printing technology combined with induced membrane technology is an effective approach for treating calcaneal bone defects.
ECAP‐Controlled Closed‐Loop Spinal Cord Stimulation Efficacy and Opioid Reduction Over 24‐Months: Final Results of the Prospective, Multicenter, Open‐Label Avalon Study
Authors: Brooker Charles , Russo Marc , Cousins Michael J. , Taylor Nathan , Holford Lewis , Martin Rebecca , Boesel Tillman , Sullivan Richard , Hanson Erin , Gmel Gerrit Eduard , Shariati Nastaran Hesam , Poree Lawrence , Parker John 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionChronic pain is a major public health concern, as is the associated use of opioid medications, highlighting the importance of alternative treatments, such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Here, we present the final 24‐month results of the Avalon study, which investigated the use of the first closed‐loop SCS system in patients with chronic pain. The system measures the evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) elicited by each stimulus pulse and drives a feedback loop to maintain the ECAP amplitude near constant.MethodsFifty patients were implanted with the Evoke system (Saluda Medical) and followed over 24‐months. Pain, quality of life (QOL), function, sleep, and medication use were collected at baseline and each scheduled visit. ECAP amplitudes and programming adjustments were also monitored.ResultsAt 24 months, responder rates (≥ 50% pain reduction) and high responder rates (≥ 80% pain reduction) for overall pain were 89.5% and 68.4%, respectively, the latter up from 42.2% at 3 months. Significant improvements from baseline were observed in QOL, function, and sleep over the 24 months, including ≥ 80% experiencing a minimally important difference in QOL and > 50% experiencing a clinically significant improvement in sleep. At 24 months, 82.8% of patients with baseline opioid use eliminated or reduced their opioid intake. Over the course of the study, reprogramming need fell to an average of less than once a year.ConclusionOver a 24‐month period, the Evoke closed‐loop SCS maintained its therapeutic efficacy despite a marked reduction in opioid use and steady decrease in the need for reprogramming.
Genetic analysis and inheritance of floral and fruit traits in melon (Cucumis melo) in the full diallel cross
Authors: Shajari Moein , Soltani Forouzandeh , Reza Bihamta Mohammad , Alabboud Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo evaluate gene effects and heritability of fruit and flower characters in melon, three experiments were performed. In the first experiment, 48 genotypes of different melon groups were planted to choose the monoecious melon. To investigate the sex modification regarding fruit traits, seven parents, including a monoecious type and andromonoecious types, crossed in a full diallel scheme to obtain all possible combinations. Evaluation amongst all genotypes revealed one Cantaloupensis and all Flexuosus genotypes with monoecious flowers. Floral and fruit characters of F1 hybrids obtained from the diallel cross, were recorded. All hybrids that have been crossed with the monoecious parent revealed the monosexual progenies. Most of the floral characters with high GCA/SCA values remarked the additive gene effect. There were also cytoplasmic effects on flower and fruit traits. The significant GCA /SCA estimates observed for fruit traits such as yield, fruit length, fruit length to width, flesh thickness referred to the importance of additive gene effects. It could be demonstrated that classic hybridization holds great potential in controlling flowering habit and yield‐related fruit traits.
Plastid‐mediated singlet oxygen in regulated cell death
Authors: Bhatt M. , Pandey S. S. , Tiwari A. K. , Tiwari B. S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) generation within a cell is a natural process of specific subcellular components involved in redox reactions. Within a plant cell, chloroplasts are one of the major sources of ROS generation. Plastid‐generated ROS molecules include singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radical (O2–), hydroxyl radical (OH•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are produced mainly during photochemical reactions of photosynthesis and chlorophyll biosynthetic process. Under normal growth and developmental, generated ROS molecules act as a secondary messenger controlling several metabolic reactions; however, perturbed environmental conditions lead to multi‐fold amplification of cellular ROS that eventually kill the target cell. To maintain homeostasis between production and scavenging of ROS, the cell has instituted several enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidant machineries to maintain ROS at a physiological level. Among chloroplastic ROS molecules, excess generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) is highly deleterious to the cell metabolic functions and survival. Interestingly, within cellular antioxidant machinery, enzymes involved in detoxification of 1O2 are lacking. Recent studies suggest that under optimal concentrations, 1O2 acts as a signalling molecule and drives the cell to either the acclimation pathway or regulated cell death (RCD). Stress‐induced RCD is a survival mechanism for the whole plant, while the involvement of chloroplasts and chloroplast‐localized molecules that execute RCD are not well understood. In this review, we advocate for participation of chloroplasts‐generated 1O2 in signalling and RCD in plants.
Differential response of phytohormone signalling network determines nonhost resistance in rice during wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) colonization
Authors: Sahu Ranabir , Prabhakaran Narayanasamy , Kundu Pritha , Kumar Aundy 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat. Breakdown of host resistance under field conditions triggered by the evolution of new pathogenic races and pathotypes is a perennial threat for wheat cultivation. Rice, often grown in a rice–wheat cropping system, is immune to rust infection. Our microscopic studies revealed that P. graminis f. sp. tritici, although displaying nearly identical uredospore germination, stomatal entry, and epi‐ and endophytic mycelial growth in rice and wheat, failed to sporulate to cause rust disease in rice. We identified 18 key defence signalling genes in rice and unravelled their elicitation dynamics in time‐course studies during infection. ICS1, NPR1‐3, PRs, EDS1, PAD4, FMO1 (salicylic acid [SA] signalling), and ethylene‐related genes (ACO4 and ACS6) were strongly elicited in rice. However, genes from the jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway (LOX2, AOS2, MYC2, PDF2.2, JAZ8, JAZ10) showed a delayed response during colonization in rice compared to an early or no induction in wheat. However, the JA/ethylene marker gene PDF2.2 was strongly induced in wheat as early as 12 hr postinoculation. Furthermore, rice and wheat displayed specific profiles of accumulation of various phenolic acids during P. graminis f. sp. tritici 40A infection. We propose a model where a differential modulation of the SA/JA‐dependent defence network may modulate nonhost resistance. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism governing differential elicitation of defence signalling may provide a novel resistance mechanism for the sustainable management of rust diseases.
Characterizing the variation in aggressiveness and sporulation of the NA1 and EU1 lineages of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon
Authors: Søndreli Kelsey L. , Kanaskie Alan , Navarro Sarah M. , Reeser Paul , LeBoldus Jared M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPhytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death, is an invasive pathogen present in parts of coastal California and south‐western Oregon forests. The majority of these forest infestations have been caused by the NA1 clonal lineage. In 2015, the EU1 lineage of P. ramorum was isolated from a tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) tree located in a mixed‐conifer forest of Curry County, Oregon. In order to evaluate the threat to Oregon forests of the EU1 lineage relative to the established NA1 lineage, a series of experiments was conducted comparing aggressiveness and sporulation of NA1 and EU1 isolates on logs and seedlings in the growth chamber and forest. There was no significant difference in lesion size on logs inoculated with NA1 and EU1 isolates for any of the tree species tested. Across all seedling experiments differences among isolates within lineage, in terms of both aggressiveness and sporulation, were more commonly observed than differences among lineages. Site to site variation in tanoak sporulation, as measured by rain bucket baiting, appears to be correlated with the number of P. ramorum‐positive seedlings detected at each site.
Psychopathic traits, inhibition, and positive and negative emotion: Results from an emotional Go/No‐Go task
Authors: Fournier Lauren F. , McDonald Julia B. , Clayson Peter E. , Verona Edelyn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDifficulty stopping unwanted or inappropriate actions (i.e., inhibitory control) is implicated in antisocial behaviors, which are common in people high in psychopathic traits. Recent research indicates that, for those with antisocial personality, inhibitory control is impaired under negative emotional contexts; however, it is unclear whether this impairment extends to persons with psychopathic traits and to impairments under positive emotional contexts. Identifying some of these distinctions can point to therapeutics that target negative emotion specifically or emotion dysregulation broadly. We sought to identify unique relationships between distinct facets of psychopathy and inhibitory control in the context of positive, negative, and neutral stimuli. Using a community sample (N = 117), event‐related potentials were recorded during an emotional‐linguistic Go/No‐Go task. Results indicated distinct cognition–emotion relationships for each psychopathy facet. Higher interpersonal facet scores related to reciprocal interference between cognition and emotion. Higher callous affect facet scores related to reduced inhibitory and emotional processing, except when stimuli were most engaging (emotional No‐Go trials). Higher erratic lifestyle facet scores related to increased effort required to process both emotion and inhibition cues. Finally, higher antisocial facet scores related to poorer behavioral inhibition overall. This research challenges the theoretical accounts of psychopathy focused on specific deficits in negative emotion, such as fearlessness, while offering some support for theories related to attentional dysfunction. Results also highlight the importance of facet‐level theorizing, as results varied by facet. This study may inform efforts to reduce disinhibited behaviors, particularly in emotional contexts, among those high in certain psychopathic traits.
Voting Experiences, Perceptions of Fraud, and Voter Confidence
Authors: Alvarez R. Michael , Cao Jian , Li Yimeng 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveAssuring voter confidence is important for the legitimacy of democratic elections. In this article, we test four hypotheses about the correlates of voter confidence at various levels of election administration.MethodsWe take advantage of a large online survey of registered voters in a single election jurisdiction, Orange County (CA), which was implemented immediately after the November 2018 midterm elections. We measure voting experience and social media usage using item response theory as well as voters' perceptions of various election or voter fraud, and estimate their association with voter confidence via logistic regression models.ResultsOur results show that voters who cast mail ballots are less confident about their own votes being counted correctly than in‐person voters. For both types of voters, those who have poor experiences with the voting process are much less likely to report confidence in the election. We also find that voters who have strong concerns about election fraud are less likely to report being confident in the election. Our last result indicates that information from news and social media is associated with a decline in voter confidence in election administration at the national level.ConclusionGiven the many conversations about election fraud that have occurred since the 2016 presidential election, this research provides important implications for election administration in future elections in the United States.
Morphosyntax and Phonology of Agreement in Turkish
Authors: Güneş Güliz 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article offers a new morphosyntactic account of subject agreement in the Turkish verbal domain. The account is based on a combination of well‐known, novel, and overlooked observations about the distribution and prosody of verbal agreement. In Turkish, when certain morphosyntactic requirements are met and the verb is focused, as in fragment answers with ellipsis, the agreement morpheme can be parsed inside or outside of the prosodically prominent part of the verbal domain that constitutes the fragment answer. I claim that this optionality is a reflex of how the morphemes that constitute the verbal domain are postsyntactically concatenated. In particular, I argue that an agreement morpheme either lowers together with its host (full lowering) or is stranded when its host lowers (partial lowering). In full lowering, agreement is contained within the prominent part of the verbal domain, whereas in partial lowering, agreement falls outside of this prominence domain. I also show that the prosodic variability in question is observed only when two related noncanonical realizations of agreement are possible: medial agreement and double agreement. The Vocabulary Insertion rules that I postulate for the subject‐agreement paradigms of the Turkish verbal domain capture the acceptable cases of medial and double agreement and successfully predict in which environments medial agreement is optional and in which environments it is obligatory.
Global analysis of boron‐induced ribosome stalling reveals its effects on translation termination and unique regulation by AUG‐stops in Arabidopsis shoots
Authors: Sotta Naoyuki , Chiba Yukako , Miwa Kyoko , Takamatsu Seidai , Tanaka Mayuki , Yamashita Yui , Naito Satoshi , Fujiwara Toru 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYWe previously reported that ribosome stalling at AUG‐stop sequences in the 5′‐untranslated region plays a critical role in regulating the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana NIP5;1, which encodes a boron uptake transporter, in response to boron conditions in media. This ribosome stalling is triggered specifically by boric acid, but the mechanisms are unknown. Although upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are known in many cases to regulate translation through peptides encoded by the uORF, AUG‐stop stalling does not involve any peptide synthesis. The unique feature of AUG‐stops – that termination follows immediately after initiation – suggests a possible effect of boron on the translational process itself. However, the generality of AUG‐stop‐mediated translational regulation and the effect of boron on translation at the genome scale are not clear. Here, we conducted a ribosome profiling analysis to reveal the genome‐wide regulation of translation in response to boron conditions in A. thaliana shoots. We identified hundreds of translationally regulated genes that function in various biological processes. Under high‐boron conditions, transcripts with reduced translation efficiency were rich in uORFs, highlighting the importance of uORF‐mediated translational regulation. We found 673 uORFs that had more frequent ribosome association. Moreover, transcripts that were translationally downregulated under high‐boron conditions were rich in minimum uORFs (AUG‐stops), suggesting that AUG‐stops play a global role in the boron response. Metagene analysis revealed that boron increased the ribosome occupancy of stop codons, indicating that this element is involved in global translational termination processes.
BdFAR4, a root‐specific fatty acyl‐coenzyme A reductase, is involved in fatty alcohol synthesis of root suberin polyester in Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: Wang Yong , Xu Jiajing , He Zhaofeng , Hu Ning , Luo Wenqiao , Liu Xiaoyu , Shi Xue , Liu Tianxiang , Jiang Qinqin , An Peipei , Liu Le , Sun Yulin , Jetter Reinhard , Li Chunlian , Wang Zhonghua 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYSuberin is a complex hydrophobic polymer of aliphatic and phenolic compounds which controls the movement of gases, water, and solutes and protects plants from environmental stresses and pathogenic infection. The synthesis and regulatory pathways of suberin remain unknown in Brachypodium distachyon. Here we describe the identification of a B. distachyon gene, BdFAR4, encoding a fatty acyl‐coenzyme A reductase (FAR) by a reverse genetic approach, and investigate the molecular relevance of BdFAR4 in the root suberin synthesis of B. distachyon. BdFAR4 is specifically expressed throughout root development. Heterologous expression of BdFAR4 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) afforded the production of C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols. The loss‐of‐function knockout of BdFAR4 by CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene editing significantly reduced the content of C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols associated with root suberin. In contrast, overexpression of BdFAR4 in B. distachyon and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resulted in the accumulation of root suberin‐associated C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols, suggesting that BdFAR4 preferentially accepts C20:0 and C22:0 fatty acyl‐CoAs as substrates. The BdFAR4 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. BdFAR4 transcript levels can be increased by abiotic stresses and abscisic acid treatment. Furthermore, yeast one‐hybrid, dual‐luciferase activity, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that the R2R3‐MYB transcription factor BdMYB41 directly binds to the promoter of BdFAR4. Taken together, these results imply that BdFAR4 is essential for the production of root suberin‐associated fatty alcohols, especially under stress conditions, and that its activity is transcriptionally regulated by the BdMYB41 transcription factor.
Development of a Design Tool Incorporating Neural Networks
Authors: Mistry S. I. , Nair S. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A software environment is described which uses MS Windows and neural networks for design problems involving complex nonlinear relationships. This paper reports initial results in the development of the program using an example case of selection and design of coupler curves. The flexible user interface and fast neural network models described can be expanded to include the specific design features of a particular application.
Interaction-Based Schematics for Representing Mechanical Systems
Authors: Wohlsen R. C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An interaction-based schematic is an abstract graphical representation of the functional interactions within a device expressed in an unambiguous manner that does not require the observer to interpret a detailed picture or textual description of the device. Interaction-based schematics are expected to be of significant value in the development of automated tools for the design, testing, or repair of mechanical and electromechanical devices. They can simplify the process of entering and manipulating behavioral models of an existing or planned device. In this paper we describe the interaction-based schematic representation and provide examples of it in use. We compare it to existing representations. We also discuss why there is a need for such a representation and describe how it may be used.
Feature Based Assembly Modeling
Authors: Shah Jami J. , Tadepalli Ravi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Contemporary solid modeling based CAD systems provide poor support for defining mechanical assemblies. The assembly definition methods are awkward and cumbersome to use. The resulting model does not capture any associations between the parts mating features. Feature-based part description can not only enhance the assembly design environment, but can also capture assembly mating information. This association between features allows design changes to be made to component parts even after the parts have been put into an assembly. Assemblies can also be validated by means of user-defined procedures and rules based on feature parameters.
Complete Three-Dimensional Aerodynamic CAE System and Artificial Intelligence Control System for Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Fukao Yoshiteru , Baba Toshiaki , Inaba Takeshi , Kano Fumikata 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An advanced computer-aided engineering (CAE) system including a complete three-dimensional flow analysis has been developed for a centrifugal compressor. It is one of the most advanced computer fluid dynamics (CFD) in the world. Flow in compressor components is calculated and evaluated in this system in terms of the three-dimensional, viscous, compressible, turbulent and rotational flow. This aerodynamic CAE system has already been applied to the actual compressor design.
To improve efficiency, an automatic performance control system for a multi-stage centrifugal compressor was developed where the rotational speed and the vane setting angles were controlled by artificial intelligence (AI). Improved performance of a compressor with this computer control system was comfirmed under actual operation.