bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The determinants of food security in Sudan: the case of Kassala state
Authors: Mohamed Nour Samia Satti Osman , Abdalla Eltayeb Mohamedain 
Published: April 2021

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss the determinants of food security in Kassala state using the measurement of Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). We use the measurement of HFIAS and use new primary data from a food security household survey in Kassala state (2019).Design/methodology/approachThis paper focuses on the determinants of food security in Kassala state using the measurement of Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), using new primary data from a food security household survey in Kassala state (2019) and using the multinomial logistic regression analysis and both ordered logit and ordered probit regression to examine the determinants of food security.FindingsOur results are in support of our hypothesis that the significant determinants of household food insecurity are family-owned production (that negatively affects the probabilities of household being food insecure), household income (that negatively affects HFIAS). We observe that the effects of family-owned production on household food insecurity are particularly significant in the case of mildly and moderately food insecurity. We explain that the other factors that affect the household food insecurity include improvement in the level of agricultural services, marketing, banking services and road characteristics that reduce HFIAS. We find a gender gap related to food security in the sense that male-headed households produce more food compared to female-headed households and also families headed by males are more likely food secure. Therefore, the major policy implication from our results is the importance of increasing households income and enhancing family own production of food to eliminate food insecurity.Originality/valueThis paper provides a significant contribution to the Sudanese and international literature because it discusses the determinants of food security in Kassala state. Different from the two other accompanying papers that focused on the incidence of food security in Kassala state using the measurement of Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the determinants of production of food and consumption of food in Kassala state, this paper focuses on the determinants of food security in Kassala state using the measurement of HFIAS and using new primary data from a food security household survey in Kassala state (2019). We fill the gap in the Sudanese literature because we provide a more interesting analysis of the determinants of food security in Kassala state. Our analysis is useful from policy perspective since we provide useful policy recommendations to enhance food security through agricultural development in Kassala state.
Healthcare professionals' perspectives on the role of dietitians within multidisciplinary head and neck cancer teams: A qualitative multi‐site study
Authors: Hazzard Emily , Walton Karen , McMahon Anne‐Therese , Milosavljevic Marianna , Tapsell Linda C 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimEvidence‐based guidelines provide recommendations on how dietitians should work with patients with head and neck cancer for best outcomes. Research with healthcare professionals from head and neck cancer teams would provide insight into how these recommendations are implemented in practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore how the role of the dietitian is perceived and enacted in different head and neck cancer teams from the perspective of healthcare professionals.MethodsThis qualitative study recruited radiation oncologists, nurses, dietitians and speech pathologists from four different head and neck cancer teams in Australia and the United States. Data were collected via semi‐structured interviews and analysed using a grounded‐theory approach.ResultsSeventeen radiation oncologists, 12 nurses, 11 dietitians and six speech pathologists participated. Perceptions on the role of dietitians were summarised by the category: “Providing expertise in nutritional care: A core role in head and neck cancer.” Five categories summarised perceptions of factors that can influence how the role of the dietitian is enacted in practice: “having experience in head and neck cancer”; “initiating nutritional care plans and the role of doctors and nurses”; “clinic structuring”; “an evolving culture in healthcare services” and “the presence of evidence‐based guidelines.”ConclusionsWhile dietitians can be perceived to be the experts in nutritional care, several factors influence how their role is enacted in head and neck cancer teams. Further research on patient nutritional outcomes and on clinic structures that best use dietetic expertise is required to strengthen recommendations on how dietitians should work with head and neck cancer patients internationally.
Seasonal surveillance of mosquitoes in three different habitats in Gyeongbuk Province, Republic of Korea, 2017–2019
Authors: Lee JaeSeok , Moon KyungHwan , Kim YeongHo , Jeon Ji Hyang , Park Ye eun , Kim Young Ho 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMosquitoes were collected biweekly from March to November for 3 years (2017–2019) in three different habitats, including a migratory bird refuge, cowshed, and an urban area. Among a total of 22,783 female mosquitoes comprising six genera and 13 species collected for 3 years, Aedes vexans nipponii (56.08%) was the dominant species, followed by Culex pipiens complex (14.26%), Anopheles spp. (11.57%), Culex orientalis (6.90%), Aedes albopictus (4.66%), Armigeres subalbatus (4.06%), and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (1.41%); the remaining six species comprised only 1.1% of all mosquito species collected. In the three habitats, 70.42% of mosquitoes were collected in the migratory bird refuge, whereas 10.68% and 18.90% were investigated in the cowshed and urban areas, respectively. The dominant species were Ae. vexans nipponii in the migratory bird refuge, Anopheles spp. in the cowshed, and Cx. pipiens complex in the urban area. The seasonal distribution of mosquitoes showed that most were obtained between May and September, with bimodal peaks in the third week of June and third week of August. Meteorological analysis revealed a high correlation between temperature and mosquito abundance. In the flavivirus detection analysis, no virus‐transmitting infectious diseases were amplified by PCR, but the Chaoyang virus was found in Ae. vexans nipponii. Considering that global warming is a major risk factor for the spread of vector‐borne diseases and that mosquito has been a fatal vector of infectious disease, our study of surveillance and analysis of seasonal/environmental mosquito population dynamics are essential for public health.
The complex relationship between metabolic syndrome and sweeteners
Authors: Gómez‐Fernández Andrea R. , Santacruz Arlette , Jacobo‐Velázquez Daniel A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMetabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disorder originating from central obesity through a high caloric intake and a sedentary lifestyle. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) disease, converting it to one of the costliest chronic diseases, which reduces life quality. A strategy proposed by the food industry to reduce this problem is the generation of low‐caloric products using sweeteners, which are compounds that can substitute sucrose, given their sweet taste. For many years, it was assumed that sweeteners did not have a relevant interaction in metabolism. However, recent studies have demonstrated that sweeteners interact either with metabolism or with gut microbiota, in which sweet‐taste receptors play an essential role. This review presents an overview of the industrial application of most commonly consumed sweeteners. In addition, the interaction of sweeteners within the body, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, gut microbiota metabolism, and excretion is also reviewed. Furthermore, the complex relationship between metabolic syndrome and sweeteners is also discussed, presenting results from in vivo and clinical trials. Findings from this review indicate that, in order to formulate sugar‐free or noncaloric food products for the metabolic syndrome market, several factors need to be considered, including the dose, proportions, human metabolism, and interaction of sweeteners with gut microbiota and sweet‐taste receptors. More clinical studies, including the metabolic syndrome, are needed to better understand the interaction of sweeteners with the human body, as well as their possible effect on the generation of dysbiosis.
Structural characterization and functional properties of CNPP, a byproduct formed during CPP preparation
Authors: Ren Li‐kun , Guo Qing‐qi , Yang Yang , Liu Xiao‐fei , Guan Hua‐nan , Chen Feng‐lian , Bian Xin , Zhang Xiu‐min , Zhang Na 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCasein nonphosphopeptide (CNPP), a byproduct formed during the preparation of casein phosphopeptide (CPP), is often discarded on a large scale. Although our previous studies have demonstrated the ameliorative effect of CNPP on muscle wasting disorders, its structure–function mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, considering the great influence of structural characteristics on function, this study aims to explain the potential mechanism by characterizing the physicochemical and functional properties of CNPP. The results of structural characterization indicated that CNPP was of low molecular weight and composed of the complete range of amino acids; it was particularly rich in leucine. Compared with casein, CNPP had a lower molecular size and total/free sulfhydryl content (reduced 2.44 and 2.02 µmol/g in CNPP, respectively). Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed that enzymatic hydrolysis caused protein unfolding, and the content of β‐turns and random coils reached 50.20% and 10.67%, respectively. Fluorescence‐dependent detection of CNPP indicated a reduction of spectral intensity and the occurrence of a red shift. The changes in the structure of CNPP significantly affected its functional characteristics. CNPP has better solubility, foaming, and digestion properties than those of casein and whey protein. Specifically, the foam stability and emulsification properties decreased in the order of casein > CNPP > whey protein. The present study can provide a substantial basis for future application of CNPP as a functional ingredient against sarcopenia.
Comparison of metabolic effects of the progestational androgens dimethandrolone undecanoate and 11β‐MNTDC in healthy men
Authors: Yuen Fiona , Thirumalai Arthi , Fernando Frances A. , Swerdloff Ronald S. , Liu Peter Y. , Pak Youngju , Hull Laura , Bross Rachelle , Blithe Diana L. , Long Jill E. , Page Stephanie T. , Wang Christina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundDimethandrolone (DMA) and 11β‐methyl‐19‐nortestosterone (11β‐MNT) are two novel compounds with both androgenic and progestational activity that are under investigation as potential male hormonal contraceptives. Their metabolic effects have never been compared in men.ObjectiveAssess for changes in insulin sensitivity and adiponectin and compare the metabolic effects of these two novel androgens.Materials/MethodsIn two clinical trials of DMA undecanoate (DMAU) and 11β‐MNT dodecylcarbonate (11β‐MNTDC), oral prodrugs of DMA and 11β‐MNT, healthy men received drug, or placebo for 28 days. Insulin and adiponectin assays were performed on stored samples. Mixed model analyses were performed to compare the effects of the two drugs. Student's t test, or the non‐parametric Kruskal‐Wallis test as appropriate, was used to evaluate for an effect of active drug versus placebo.ResultsClass effects were seen, with decrease in HDL‐C and SHBG, and increase in weight and hematocrit, with no statistically significant differences between the two compounds. No changes in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or HOMA‐IR were seen with either compound. There was a slight decrease in adiponectin with DMAU that was not seen with 11β‐MNTDC. An increase in LDL‐C was seen with 11β‐MNTDC but not with DMAU.DiscussionThere were no significant changes in insulin resistance after 28 days of oral administration of these novel androgens despite a mild increase in weight. There may be subtle differences in their metabolic impacts that should be explored in future studies.ConclusionChanges in metabolic parameters should be carefully monitored when investigating androgenic compounds.
Seminal plasma, and not sperm, induces time and concentration‐dependent neutrophil extracellular trap release in donkeys
Authors: Mateo‐Otero Yentel , Zambrano Fabiola , Catalán Jaime , Sánchez Raúl , Yeste Marc , Miro Jordi , Fernandez‐Fuertes Beatriz 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn several mammalian species, acute endometritis driven by the recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) occurs in response to semen. These PMNs release DNA to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in cattle, horse and human, leading to sperm entrapment. While there is no evidence of this phenomenon occurring in donkeys, artificial insemination (AI) with frozen‐thawed semen, which results in very poor pregnancy rates, leads to a large PMN recruitment to the uterus.ObjectivesTo investigate whether donkey semen can trigger NET release (NETosis) and if excessive NETosis occurs in response to frozen‐thawed semen.Study designIn vitro experiments.MethodsJenny PMNs were exposed to jackass fresh or frozen‐thawed semen, isolated sperm or seminal plasma (SP), over the course of three experiments. NET formation in response to different treatments was assessed through manual quantification of stained slides. A one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a post hoc Sidak test, was carried out to determine statistical significance.ResultsNET release occurred in a semen concentration‐ and incubation‐time‐dependent manner. Surprisingly, frozen‐thawed donkey sperm did not increase NETosis rate in comparison with the control (23 ± 2.5% vs. 31 ± 3.7%; P > .05), whereas fresh semen exposure did (78 ± 5.7% vs. 26 ± 3.2%, P < .01). NETosis increased in the presence of SP, regardless of the presence or absence of sperm, in comparison with the control in both fresh (84 ± 5.2% and 77 ± 5.0% vs. 12 ± 2.7%, respectively; P < .01) and frozen (95 ± 2.2% and 94 ± 2.9% vs. 14 ± 3.8%, respectively; P < .01) samples. Moreover, exposure of PMN to viable and motile sperm, in the absence of SP, did not increase NETosis rates (P > .05).ConclusionsDonkey SP, and not sperm‐intrinsic factors, is able to trigger NETosis in both time‐ and semen concentration‐dependent manner. The physiological relevance of such response against semen in the donkey remains to be elucidated.
Effect of plasma nitriding on high‐cycle fatigue properties and fracture behaviors of GJS700 nodular cast iron under cyclic bending loading
Authors: Aghareb Parast Mohammad Sadegh , Jamalkhani Khameneh Mohammad , Azadi Mohammad , Azadi Mahboobeh , Mahdipanah Mohammad Hadi , Roostaie Saied 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this article, the influence of plasma nitriding on the fatigue behavior and fracture mechanisms of the GJS700 nodular cast iron has been investigated. Factors contributing to this influence, which included the microstructure, the phase detection, the surface roughness, and the hardness of the plasma‐nitrided specimens were discussed. Moreover, rotating‐bending high‐cycle fatigue testing was also done on standard samples, and then the field‐emission scanning electron microscopy was also utilized to find the failure mechanism on fracture surfaces. Obtained results demonstrated that the average surface roughness and the Vickers micro‐hardness increased by plasma nitriding, compared to the base material. However, fatigue lifetimes decreased in plasma‐nitrided samples due to the increase in the surface roughness and the formation of a compound layer. On the fracture surface, micro‐cracks, cleavage planes, and fatigue striations were observed. Debonding of the graphite from the matrix in all specimens was a dominant cause of the failure.
Greening drylands despite warming consistent with carbon dioxide fertilization effect
Authors: Gonsamo Alemu , Ciais Philippe , Miralles Diego G. , Sitch Stephen , Dorigo Wouter , Lombardozzi Danica , Friedlingstein Pierre , Nabel Julia E. M. S. , Goll Daniel S. , O'Sullivan Michael , Arneth Almut , Anthoni Peter , Jain Atul K. , Wiltshire Andy , Peylin Philippe , Cescatti Alessandro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe rising atmospheric CO2 concentration leads to a CO2 fertilization effect on plants—that is, increased photosynthetic uptake of CO2 by leaves and enhanced water‐use efficiency (WUE). Yet, the resulting net impact of CO2 fertilization on plant growth and soil moisture (SM) savings at large scale is poorly understood. Drylands provide a natural experimental setting to detect the CO2 fertilization effect on plant growth since foliage amount, plant water‐use and photosynthesis are all tightly coupled in water‐limited ecosystems. A long‐term change in the response of leaf area index (LAI, a measure of foliage amount) to changes in SM is likely to stem from changing water demand of primary productivity in water‐limited ecosystems and is a proxy for changes in WUE. Using 34‐year satellite observations of LAI and SM over tropical and subtropical drylands, we identify that a 1% increment in SM leads to 0.15% (±0.008, 95% confidence interval) and 0.51% (±0.01, 95% confidence interval) increments in LAI during 1982‒1998 and 1999‒2015, respectively. The increasing response of LAI to SM has contributed 7.2% (±3.0%, 95% confidence interval) to total dryland greening during 1999‒2015 compared to 1982‒1998. The increasing response of LAI to SM is consistent with the CO2 fertilization effect on WUE in water‐limited ecosystems, indicating that a given amount of SM has sustained greater amounts of photosynthetic foliage over time. The LAI responses to changes in SM from seven dynamic global vegetation models are not always consistent with observations, highlighting the need for improved process knowledge of terrestrial ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration.
The association between apical periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Jakovljevic A. , Sljivancanin Jakovljevic T. , Duncan H. F. , Nagendrababu V. , Jacimovic J. , Aminoshariae A. , Milasin J. , Dummer P. M. H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe association between adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and maternal apical periodontitis remains unclear as it has not been examined rigorously or reviewed systematically.ObjectiveTo systematically review and critically evaluate the available evidence on the association of maternal apical periodontitis with several APOs.MethodsA literature search was conducted using the following electronic databases: Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), from inception to 25 February 2021, with no language restrictions. Observational studies including longitudinal clinical trials, cohort, case–control and cross‐sectional studies of prospective and retrospective design were included. Articles with duplicate or overlapping results, abstract‐only papers, case reports, case series, animal studies and reviews were excluded. Two independent reviewers were involved in study selection, data extraction and appraising the included studies; disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the adapted form of the NOS were used to assess the quality for case–control and cross‐sectional studies, respectively.ResultsTwo case–control and one cross‐sectional study were included in the current review. The included studies were published between 2015 and 2017, with a total of 1187 participating individuals with an approximate age range of 15 to 40 years. As the included studies reported different outcomes, the heterogeneity of data prevented a meta‐analysis being undertaken. The overall quality of the evidence was ‘Fair’ for two out of three included studies, while one study was categorized as ‘Good’.DiscussionTwo out of three included primary studies had a substantial number of methodological inconsistencies and flaws, and therefore caution should be exercised in interpreting the results of this systematic review because several important covariates were not considered in the original investigations.ConclusionBased on a limited volume and ‘Fair’ and ‘Good’ quality of evidence, a positive association between maternal apical periodontitis and APOs was observed. However, more ‘Good’ quality clinical studies are needed to confirm the results of the current review.FundingNoneRegistrationPROSPERO database (CRD42‐2191987)
Influence of heating rate during microwave pasteurization of ground beef products: Experimental and numerical study
Authors: De Albuquerque Clarissa Detomi , Curet Sébastien , Boillereaux Lionel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA finite element model coupling electromagnetism with standing‐wave propagation, heat transfer and microbial inactivation equations has been developed to study microwave food pasteurization with three heating rates (7, 10, and 13°C/min). Inactivation of a target microorganism was studied from a single temperature measurement at a given location. Electric fields, temperature distribution and inactivation kinetics were predicted as a function of time and space coordinates. Good agreement was found between experimental and predicted thermal and inactivation curves. The inactivation kinetics parameters (Dandz‐value) identified under water bath heating remained valid during the microwave process. Thus, theE. coliinactivation is mainly due to the thermal effect under lethal conditions. The differences between logarithmic reductions between both heating processes was attributed to the non‐uniform temperature distribution.Practical ApplicationsFrom the industrial point of view, temperature heterogeneity is known to be the main barrier impeding the development of microwave food pasteurization technology. The use of a multiphysics model that takes into account the real geometry of the microwave cavity made it possible to optimize the process and achieve a more uniform temperature distribution within the product. Therefore, the simulation of the electric field distribution can provide relevant information on the amplitude and shape of the electromagnetic field. The degrees of freedom of the model led to the optimization of parameters, such as cavity size, microwave frequency shifting, product mass, the position of the sample in the cavity, and the optimization of the shape of the product containers and supports. The combination of microwaves (with or without modulated power input) with other energy sources (i.e., hot air injection, immersion of the product in water) also seemed promising for pasteurization applications.
The Misallocation of Finance
Authors: WHITED TONI M. , ZHAO JAKE 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTWe estimate real losses arising from the cross‐sectional misallocation of financial liabilities. Extending a production‐based framework of misallocation measurement to the liabilities side of the balance sheet and using manufacturing firm data from the United States and China, we find significant misallocation of debt and equity in China but not the United States. Reallocating liabilities of firms in China to mimic U.S. efficiency would produce gains of 51% to 69% in real value‐added, with only 17% to 21% stemming from inefficient debt‐equity combinations. For Chinese firms that are large or in developed cities, we estimate lower distortionary financing costs.