bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: MAGNUSON PAUL B. 
Published: December 2021

When I received your kind invitation to give the annual Trimble lecture, I wrote Dr. Compton that I had several pretty sound medical papers worked up on the causes of pain in the lower back—I've been working in that field for more than 40 years—but that the ladies might be much more interested in some information on the President's Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation. So, in deference to the ladies, I am going to talk about the latter topic.
Last November, without a word of warning I got a call from the White House that the President of the United States wanted to see me. I took the train from Chicago that night, and the next morning met with the President. The President laid the cards right on the table. He said he was deeply concerned with the health of the American people in these trying days of all-out-mobilization. He said he had made certain proposals to bring more and better medical care to the people, but these proposals had precipitated an emotional argument which clouded the issue. The President said he was not necessarily committed to any one plan—if any group could come up with a better series of proposals than the ones he advocated, he would be the first to support them if they would insure better health for all the people.
For that reason, he said, he had decided after long deliberation to set up a Presidential Commission to get at the facts. He offered me the chairmanship, and promised me an absolutely free hand in choosing the members of the Commission.
Community Access to Child Health (CATCH) in the Historical Context of Community Pediatrics
Authors: Hutchins Vince L. , Grason Holly , Aliza Barbara , Minkovitz Cynthia , Guyer Bernard 
Published: December 2021

Objectives.As part of the evaluation of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Community Access to Child Health (CATCH), to 1) identify, retrospectively, the actual chronology of activities undertaken through CATCH, and 2) review its antecedents within the AAP, and its predecessor program—Healthy Children.Methods.Key informant telephone interviews with 14 national leaders in CATCH were conducted. Relevant program and administrative files and other documents were reviewed. AAP staff assisted the authors in preparing a detailed chronology of Healthy Children and CATCH activities and events from spring 1988 through summer 1996.Results and Conclusions.A decade of change in the AAP, under the acronym CATCH began in the late 1980s. The formation of the AAP's Partnership for Children and the Access to Care for Children Initiative, combined with the decision by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to transfer the funding of Healthy Children to the AAP, underpinned the changes. The Foundation's decision provided the resources and stimulus for the expansion and increased recognition of Community Pediatrics at the national AAP office, culminating in the establishment of the Department of Community Pediatrics in mid-1994. A national program of pediatrician-led, community-based programs and supportive services was launched, other resources were attracted, and a philosophical shift in defining the role of the pediatrician was put forward. A responsibility toward all children within the community was included in the role of the pediatrician, as well as caring for the individual child within a community context.
EXPERIENCES GAINED IN A THIRTY YEAR STUDY OF PREMATURELY BORN INFANTS
Authors: HESS JULIUS H. 
Published: December 2021

IF I were to discuss with you the general subject of the premature infant, I would probably bring you little that is new since most of us have gained similar results through our experiences. However, our greatest contribution lies in the fact that we are presenting a long range life history of our smallest graduates in a broad review of the results to date, leaving a more detailed description of the individual infants for future publication.
Much has been accomplished in our time in lowering mortality and morbidity among premature infants but it must be remembered that in these small infants, even with the best of nursing care and most modern equipment, the death rate cannot be cut beyond an irreducible minimum, largely because of their immature development at birth. I am sure it is obvious to all of us that, if we are going to reduce the number of premature deaths, our hope lies in the first week and especially in the first hours of life of these babies. In the general hospital this will require cooperation betwen the obstetrician, the pediatrician and the nursing supervisors of the two departments.
Our Premature Infant Station was started in 1922 with a capacity of eight cribs, the objective being to provide care for premature infants born in homes or in hospitals not equipped with the necessities for their complete care. The activities of the station have been made possible through the financial assistance and endowment of the Infants Aid Society of Chicago.
NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN CALORIC INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: COX WARREN M. , ELLINGSON RUDOLPH C. , MUELLER A. J. 
Published: December 2021

To determine whether a portion of ingested protein can be used for tissue growth when insufficient calories were fed, isocaloric and suboptimal amounts of calories in the form of dextrose or as dextrose and protein hydrolysate (amigen®) were fed to protein-depleted, partially starved, scalded and normal stock rats together with adequate vitamins and minerals. It is concluded that:
1. The greater the need for protein, the greater is the utilization of ingested nitrogen for new protein synthesis under conditions of caloric limitation. Protein-depleted rats are able to build new protein tissue even when basal energy requirements are not completely supplied.
2. Protein depleted, partially starved, scalded and stock animals retain or gain more weight when fed adequate or suboptimal quantities of the hydrolysate-dextrose diet than when fed isocaloric quantities of the dextrose diet.
3. Stock animals with no pre-existing protein loss, and in good nutritive condition, do not utilize dietary nitrogen for tissue building when the caloric intake is suboptimal.
4. When the caloric intake is less than that required to meet the estimated basal energy needs, a diet supplying approximately 20% of the calories as protein supported better growth than those supplying more or less than this amount.
TRENDS
Authors: DEISHER ROBERT W. 
Published: December 2021

A description has been given of the Child Health Center of the University of Washington, its staff and their functions, as well as the teaching program being conducted for medical students.
The student working in such a Center is better able to integrate some of the basic principles of pediatrics, public health and psychiatry, thus making these areas more acceptable and interesting.
The teamwork displayed by the staff who represent a variety of professional approaches is often remarked on by students. They seem to realize at last the functions of a public health nurse, a social worker, nutritionist, and others as represented by the Child Health Center staff and to recognize that they as physicians can benefit in terms of better understanding of their own patients from similar relationships with people from other fields. Perhaps even more significant, they begin to realize the other important phases which should be considered in following the growth and development of each child other than the physical.
It has been indicated that for the medical student to derive maximum benefit from a Child Health Conference experience, his time must be allotted carefully to various phases of the program in operation. Then each student's time must be planned so that certain pertinent information is obtained on experience furnished. To cover the many aspects desired we are fortunate to have an organization such as the Child Health Center in which staff members from several different special fields cooperate in teaching the growth and development of a total child. It is suggested, however, that even with a less elaborate child health conference plan many of the same points can be made if sufficient time is given for the students and a smaller, but interested staff is provided.
STUDIES OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTIONS
Authors: BUDDINGH G. JOHN , SCHRUM DAVID I. , LANIER JAMES C. , GUIDRY D. JOSEPH 
Published: December 2021

In a detailed study of 12 individuals with primary herpetic stomatitis the virus was recovered from the mouth and stools during the acute stage, convalescence, and for varying periods of time thereafter. The average time period during which virus could be recovered from these sources was 23 days after the onset of the disease. Virus could not be recovered from the blood or spinal fluid, but patients were not available for study before the third day of the disease.
Neutralizing antibodies to herpes simplex were first demonstrated in the serum from the fourth to seventh day of the disease. The antibodies attained a maximum level during the second or third week. Considerable differences in individual antibody levels were noted. The maximum antibody concentration was not maintained and dropped to relatively low levels over varying periods of time in each patient studied.
Herpes simplex virus was recovered from the mouths of many individuals presenting no clinical evidence of herpetic infection. The virus was recovered from 7% of 571 normal individuals of various ages. It was recovered from 1 infant out of 97 under 6 months of age, from 20% of 72 children of 7 months to 2 years, from 9% of 199 children 3 to 14 years of age and from 2.5% of the 185 adults. The incidence of normal carriers was found to be highest (26%) in Negro children in the 7 months to 2 year age group.
Neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in the serum of 43% of white and 71.4% of Negro children in the 7 month to 2 year age group. The serum of 84.7% of white and 86% of Negro children in the 3 to 14 year age group contained antibodies to herpes. In adults 90% of white and 96% of Negro individuals had antibodies to herpes in the serum. Natural active immunity appears to be established at an earlier age in the segments of the population in which the highest carrier rate was demonstrated.
Neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in the serum of 76% of white infants and in 90% of Negro infants 6 months of age and under. The placental transmission of neutralizing antibodies was demonstrated. Approximately the same level of antibody was found to be present in the maternal serum and in the serum obtained from the placenta.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: POWERS GROVER F. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Daniel C. Darrow, Hamden, Conn.: To me has fallen the pleasure and honor of presenting the second John Howland Medal to Grover Francis Powers. What I can say adds nothing to a life work which merits the highest recognition which American pediatricians can bestow on a colleague. Nevertheless those who have not had the opportunity to know and work with him would like to know something of the man.
He was reared and lived in Lafayette, Indiana, until he was graduated from Purdue. He received his medical degree at Johns Hopkins in 1913 and spent seven years at the Harriet Lane Home. During these years his friends and associates were the remarkable group of men who flocked to the first department of pediatrics in the United States which recognized that study of disease is the most important function. John Howland was assisted by Edwards A. Park, McKim Marriott, Kenneth Blackfan, James L. Gamble, Fred Tisdale, Graham Ross, Wilbur Davidson, Benjamin Kramer, Sam Clausen and others. What extraordinary careers stemmed from this outstanding opportunity to study diseases of children! Powers was influenced most by John Howland, McKim Marriott, Edwards Park, Kenneth Blackfan and Sam Clausen. Of his classmates George Washington on Corner was closest. Of all this galaxy of stars, Grover Powers became the greatest as pediatrician—as master of the science and art of the care of sick infants and children. It is, therefore, enlightening to see what the relatively pure pediatrician can achieve as professor of pediatrics.
He brought to pediatrics a good mind which would have assured success in a number of fields.
RECENT STUDIES ON IMMUNIZATION AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: SALK JONAS E. 
Published: December 2021

The simple fact is: That an experimental method for inducing measurable amounts of antibody for the three known poliomyelitis viruses, employing a killed-virus vaccine is available, and it now becomes possible to determine whether—and to what extent—the incidence of naturally occurring paralysis may be influenced.
All that should be inferred now is that studies are progressing satisfactorily; there have been no set-backs nor anything but revelations that shed more light on the course ahead. We must continue to regard the experimental developments to date as providing immunologic markers along the way that tell us whether we are on the right road. That there is more to do now than before indicates that we have not stumbled down a by-way but have selected a road, with many lanes, that seems long indeed. Our problem is to select not only the fast lane but the one that is safest and most certain.
INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI
Authors: BAMBRIDGE HONOR 
Published: December 2021

The salient features of the disease complex formerly known as incontinentia pigmenti are discussed and a brief review of the literature is given.
A further case is reported, that of a six months old female infant who has a characteristic history of inflammatory vesicular lesions present shortly after birth, and fading to leave a brownish marbling of the skin and warty areas on the phalanges. Other defects manifest in this infant include microcephaly, mental retardation, spastic tetraplegia (Little's disease), epileptiform seizures, vulval hirsutism and congenital dislocation of the right hip joint.
POLIOCIDAL ACTIVITY OF SOME COMMON ANTISEPTICS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LOCALIZED PARALYSIS
Authors: FABER HAROLD K. , DONG LUTHER 
Published: December 2021

Evidence herein presented that poliomyelitis virus may, in rare instances, be introduced into the body by penetrating local trauma (tonsillectomy, injections) emphasizes the importance not only of proper sterilization of instruments, needles and syringes but also of preparing the surface to be traumatized with an antiseptic capable of quickly destroying poliomyelitis virus, preferably within half a minute.
Of the local antiseptics tested, mild (2%) tincture of iodine was found to be highly effective; tincture of merthiolate moderately so; tincture of metaphen and 2% hexachlorophene only slightly effective; and ethyl alcohol (70%) and tincture of zephiran, ineffective, all within the stated time limit. The mild tincture of iodine is therefore recommended for routine use.
Antiseptic should also be applied to the stopper of the vial before withdrawing material for injection.
While the preventive prophylactic value of local antisepsis against poliomyelitis is undoubtedly limited, its routine use is clearly indicated and might prevent some occurrences of localized paralysis.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: HUBBARD JOHN P. 
Published: December 2021

My attention, rather belatedly, has been called to a rather startling evidence of confusion oven the terms social medicine and socialized medicine in the tribute paid to our beloved and highly esteemed friend, Dr. Joseph Wall. I refer to the "In Memoriam" at the bottom of page 232 of the August 1953 issue of Pediatrics. Here one notes the following:
"It would be impossible to evaluate his service to the Academy, and the medical profession generally. To him `social medicine' was as the setting sun to medical freedom. He fought `socialized medicine' in no unmistakable terms. The encroachment of Government in medicine, and pediatrics in particular, found a worthy opponent. He was never dismayed by the might of social interests, nor faltered in aggressive attacks on their activities."
Certainly no one could question Dr. Wall's vigorous attacks upon the encroachment of "socialized medicine." At the same time he would be the last one to wish to have "socialized medicine" confused with social medicine. He was, in fact, a leader among us in broadening the Academy's izonhorizon in the social implications of health services for children and the whole structure of community organization in behalf of improving child health.
THE WEAPON OF TRUTH
Authors: BEAVEN PAUL W. 
Published: December 2021

The first general meeting of the Academy of Pediatrics was held in Atlantic City in 1931. A year previously a meeting had been held in Detroit, at which time officers were elected and a constitution was adopted. The meeting at Atlantic City was a report of committees appointed the year before. This was followed by a business meeting. During this session Dr. Henry Gerstenberger, newly appointed head of the Committee on Hospitals, made a formal recommendation from his group. One of the first acts of the Academy, he stated, should be an evaluation of the current methods of teaching pediatrics in medical schools. The recommendation was also that an analysis should be made of the care of children in hospitals and other children's institutions. Such a survey should be repeated periodically.
Dr. Gerstenberger emphasized his suggestion by stating that only projects of this nature could justify a new pediatric society. He and his committee felt strongly that this new organization should not be just scientific and social, for other pediatric societies fulfilled that need. It should have as a goal the greater welfare of all children. This point also was the theme of the presidential address of Dr. Isaac Abt at this same meeting.
The suggestion of a Child Care Survey was referred to the Committee on Child Health Relations and to the Committee to Cooperate with Governmental and Non-medical Agencies. No continuing program ever followed this suggestion. Events described here show that it was a task no new organization could successfully have undertaken.
In 1935, four years later, Dr. Clifford G. Grulee, Secretary of the Academy, submitted what might be called a modification of the suggestion made by Dr. Gerstenberger.
THE ATHETOID SYNDROME IN CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: LAMM STANLEY S. , KOVEN LEO J. 
Published: December 2021

Athetosis in infancy and childhood is primarily the result of anoxia associated with the birth of the infant. A secondary factor is icterus and Rh incompatibility, especially in the deaf athetoid. The family background, and period of pregnancy appear to play no role in the etiology of athetosis. The order of pregnancy is highly significant, the risk of pathology being enhanced with the first delivery. The finding that anoxia plays the paramount role, is consistent with proven pathological studies which have revealed changes in the brain associated with anoxia.
The incidence of athetosis may be lessened if the primary factors which lead to anoxia, Rh incompatibility and icterus, are avoided or controlled.
PAROXYSMAL FUSSING IN INFANCY, SOMETIMES CALLED "COLIC"
Authors: WESSEL MORRIS A. , COBB JOHN C. , JACKSON EDITH B. , HARRIS GEORGE S. , DETWILER ANN C. 
Published: December 2021

The literature on "infantile colic" or "paroxysmal fussing" is reviewed.
The frequent occurrence of a regular evening fussy period in two groups of infants is reported as indicative that this is a normal physiological event of the first few weeks of life.
The longitudinal records of 98 infants who were study subjects of the Yale Rooming-In Project were analyzed with respect to incidence, duration, and severity of "paroxysmal fussing." Forty-eight of the infants were classified as "fussy" and 50 as "contented."
The "fussy" babies typically began to have their paroxysms in the second week of life and ceased to have them at about eight weeks. Almost all of them were more fussy in the evening hours than in the morning. The rationale of various methods of treatment is discussed.
The "fussy" group was similar to the "contented" group as regards details of feeding, birth weight, weight gain, sex, educational level of the mother, and family history of allergy.
Of the 48 "fussy" infants, family tension was judged to be an important contributing cause in 22 cases, allergy in six cases; both allergy and family tension together in nine cases; in 11 cases there was no apparent cause.
"Paroxysmal fussing" or "infantile colic" is possibly one of the earliest somatic responses to the presence of tension in the environment. The particular degree to which any infant reacts is probably determined by constitutional factors.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: LANMAN THOMAS H. 
Published: December 2021

IT IS a great honor to be asked to present the first William E. Ladd Lecture before the American Academy of Pediatrics. This I appreciate and as this is the first lecture in my former Chief's honor, I shall devote my time more to Doctor Ladd and what he accomplished during his long and devoted service as Chief of the Surgical Service of the Boston Children's Hospital than to the presentation of anything new.
In these days of great changes in the surgical field, it is very easy to overlook or even to forget the good things that were done in the past. I said "changes" rather than advances for some of the changes of today are not advances. It is easier to appreciate the extraordinary widening in the field of surgical endeavor that has been made possible by improvements in pre- and postoperative care, anesthesia, and the more effective means to combat infection than it is to remember what was done in a previous generation without such new and valuable aids.
When I began my service at the Boston Children's Hospital in 1919, most of the deaths on the Surgical Service were caused by infection. Long surgical procedures involving an open thoracotomy were impossible. Prolonged operations on the gastrointestinal tract carried a heavy mortality largely because of our lack of knowledge of fluid balance. In those earlier days, an operation that exceeded an hour in length was considered to be entering a very dangerous phase.
It is well, however, to review some of the types of cases done in those days and to keep in mind that the basic principles one had to follow at that time are still valid and that the good results of today are by no means entirely due to modern methods. Let me cite a few examples.
A NEW METHOD FOR ASSAY OF PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF DUODENAL FLUID COMPARED WITH OTHER METHODS IN THE STUDY OF FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF THE PANCREAS (MUCOVISCIDOSIS)
Authors: Leubner Hugo , Shwachman Harry 
Published: December 2021

(1) A modification of the gelatin viscosity method is described for routine use in determining proteolytic activity of duodenal fluid. This method is compared to the Andersen-Early method and to the method of Free-Myers which uses casein as a substrate.
(2) The sensitivity of the gelatin viscosity method is shown in the assay of commercial pancreatic preparation where a dilution of approximately 1/100,000 is within the optimal range of activity. In routine assay of duodenal fluid a 1/3,000 dilution is optimal.
(3) In a study of duodenal fluid from 3 groups of patients, the results with 3 methods; the viscosity method, the Andersen-Early method, and the Free-Myers modification of the Anson method, are compared. These 3 methods are in agreement when there is practically complete loss of pancreatic function. However, in patients with partial pancreatic insufficiency the Andersen-Early method is not sufficiently quantitative to detect these changes. It is pointed out that approximately 85 per cent of the substrate is used up before any change in activity is detected by the Andersen-Early method.
(4) The gelatin viscosity method and the Free-Myers method are sufficiently quantitative as a measure of proteolytic activity, although there are occasional discrepancies between measurements by these methods which are presumably due to the relative concentration of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the duodenal fluid.