bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of Competition in U.S. Markets
Authors: Drobak John N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 shows that many product markets in the United States are not competitive, resulting in the firms’ ability to earn excess profits by charging higher prices to consumers. It analyzes the competitiveness of U.S. markets in four different ways. First, it examines the profitability of business firms to determine if their profits are so high that we can conclude that they operate in markets lacking competition. It uses the profits of the iPhone and the airline companies to illustrate this. Second, it looks at the increasing consensus by many economists that markets are becoming less competitive. These commentators include President Barack Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers, Joseph Stiglitz, and Paul Krugman. Third, it shows how an examination of the conduct of the firms in an industry can help us assess the competitiveness of that industry. Finally, it analyzes the concentration of the firms in a market as a way to determine competitiveness, examining the many studies over the past few years that show greatly increased concentration in many markets. Based on these four perspectives, the chapter argues that there is strong evidence of a lack of competition in many markets, which shifts the burden to those who oppose government regulation to demonstrate that there actually is viable competition that sufficiently constraints the firms.
Postscript
Authors: Drobak John N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 shows the commonality between other economic propositions and the two economic beliefs that are at the heart of this book, that U.S. markets are competitive and that the primary responsibility of corporations is to make money for its shareholders. Many people believe statements just because economists make them. Some people take these statements to be absolute truths, even though they are only opinions drawn from economic narratives disputed by many economists. Yet, despite this rejection, policymakers, members of the media, and laypeople still believe that they are true. John Quiggin and other economists refer to these views as “zombie economics” because they “still walk among us.” The chapter considers three of these: trickle-down tax policy, austerity, and privatization. No serious economist supports trickle-down tax policy, while the benefits of the other two propositions are disputed by a good number of economists. One of the lessons of this book is the need to question economic propositions put forth by policymakers as the absolute truth.
On God as an Agent
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter contains the central contention of this volume, namely, that Christian theology and philosophy should conceive of God as an agent. It briefly outlines the intellectual and spiritual territory in which the claim “God is an agent” appears, some of which has been discussed in previous volumes: thus the chapter offers a recapitulation. Then it portrays the claim that God is an agent schematically, in dialogue with Thomas Reid. Then it discusses the motivation for thinking about God as an agent that recurringly appears in Christian theology and philosophy. Next, it raises a caution for thinking about God as an agent, and then it concludes by responding to central objections to this view.
Particular Providence and Divine Actions
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws on the logic of personal agency to cast light on one dimension of particular providence, namely, cases where God acts to bring good out of good and to bring good out of evil. It argues that certain special acts of God exhibit a certain purposiveness visible to the outsider as coincidences and interpreted by believers as divine actions. It argues that attention to the details of specific divine actions like the shocking stories in the introduction to the chapter helps us resolve the enigma of particular providence and its relation to human freedom.
Salvation, Baptism in the Holy Spirit, and Experience of God
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by charting the failure of Herbert Asbury’s conversion, using this as a point of departure to review two classical ways to provide a taxonomy of divine action for the Christian life, especially the experience of the Holy Spirit. The Christian tradition imparts a variety of concepts like sanctification, theosis, holiness, baptism in the Spirit, and union with Christ to speak of the experience of the Christian believer. Furthermore, the tradition speaks of the action of the church and the action of other believers on Christians. By attending to the concepts of divine and human agency, this chapter provides a way forward through this debate.
Learning and Memory
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the process of learning and memory in the animal and human brain. Learning is central to the development of a child into an adult, but also to the progression of human culture over time. But the ability to learn is also bound up with the capacity to remember. Speculation about the nature of human memory stretches back at least 2,400 years to Plato's attempts to understand this process. However, the eighteenth century English philosopher David Hartley was the first to link memories to the nervous system. While changes to the synaptic structure of a neuron clearly play an important role in the initial formation of memories, there is increasing evidence that altered expression of genes underpins long-term memory formation. The chapter then considers the role of the hippocampus in memory. The dynamic interaction of the hippocampus and the cortex may be key to the ability of the brain to form new associations between people, places, and objects.
Fact and Fiction
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses how much novels can reveal about the various mechanisms underlying human consciousness. Some might say, very little, and argue that only scientific study can uncover such mechanisms. However, because language plays such a key role in shaping human consciousness, the fictional explorations of the human condition that we find in novelistic literature can greatly add to our scientific understanding by concretizing that condition in its diverse forms. The chapter also explores a related question: how much do novels draw on new insights about the nature of consciousness, so increasing their ability to inform us about the human condition, and its relationship to changing forms of society? The best novels have a complexity and ambiguity of meaning that itself reflects the many contradictions in society and the individual psyche within that society. Importantly, this means there can be multiple readings of great novels, with different readers interpreting them in various ways. The chapter then examines several novels that have multiple interpretations and which also illuminate and enhance our understanding of different aspects of consciousness. These include Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights (1847), Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw (1898), William Golding’s Pincher Martin (1956), and Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Unconsoled (1995).
Pulling Apart
Authors: Casal Bértoa Fernando , Enyedi Zsolt 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe ninth chapter considers polarization as a systemic property, manifested by the proportion of votes collected by anti-political-establishment parties. We find that virtually all party systems that collapsed had high levels of polarization. We also detect a clear tendency towards increasing polarization during the last half century, with important regional variations. According to our data, the degree of polarization is negatively related to closure, even though the systems that combined openness with high anti-political-establishment support have typically collapsed in the past in Europe. Low polarization appears to help the development of closure even in fragmented systems.
Conclusion
Authors: Casal Bértoa Fernando , Enyedi Zsolt 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAfter comparing the different indicators (i.e. party institutionalization, fragmentation, polarization, volatility and closure) employed in the book, we show how the Cold War period (1945–1989) was exceptionally stable, especially in contrast to the inter-war and post-Berlin Wall periods. We also show how currently the West looks increasingly like the East in terms of the level of party institutionalization, while the East increasingly resembles the West in terms of closure. Actually, the West is becoming more polarized and fragmented than the East. In terms of parliamentary fragmentation, the party systems of the South and the East are converging towards each other, while the West is diverging from the rest of Europe with its increasingly high number of parties. Finally, the chapter summarizes the main findings of the book.
Quantum Field Theory and Critical Phenomena
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Introduced as a quantum extension of Maxwell's classical theory, quantum electrodynamic (QED) has been the first example of a quantum field theory (QFT). Eventually, QFT has become the framework for the discussion of all fundamental interactions at the microscopic scale except, possibly, gravity. More surprisingly, it has also provided a framework for the understanding of second order phase transitions in statistical mechanics. In fact, as hopefully this work illustrates, QFT is the natural framework for the discussion of most systems involving an infinite number of degrees of freedom with local couplings. These systems range from cold Bose gases at the condensation temperature (about ten nanokelvin) to conventional phase transitions (from a few degrees to several hundred) and high energy particle physics up to a TeV, altogether more than twenty orders of magnitude in the energy scale. Therefore, although excellent textbooks about QFT had already been published, I thought, many years ago, that it might not be completely worthless to present a work in which the strong formal relations between particle physics and the theory of critical phenomena are systematically emphasized. This option explains some of the choices made in the presentation. A formulation in terms of field integrals has been adopted to study the properties of QFT. The language of partition and correlation functions has been used throughout, even in applications of QFT to particle physics. Renormalization and renormalization group (RG) properties are systematically discussed. The notion of effective field theory (EFT) and the emergence of renormalizable theories are described. The consequences for fine-tuning and triviality issue are emphasized. This fifth edition has been updated and fully revised.
Locus genii
Authors: Marr Alexander 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOver the course of the early modern period, genius was transformed in criticism from a commonplace of ‘inclination’ into a powerful tool of aesthetic classification, signalling heightened creativity in a person or work of art. This chapter argues that genius as a concept emerges with particular strength in the writings of the Roger de Piles, specifically in his accounts of Peter Paul Rubens. Investigating the language, conceptual, and formal properties that de Piles associates with esprit and génie, it concludes that in his hands early modern ‘ingenuity’ was transformed into ‘genius’.
The Cultural Evolution of Creative Ideas and Social Innovations
Authors: Unrau Mike , Gabora Liane 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We apply complex systems science to the study of social systems and show how a complex-systems-inspired theory of creativity, which is referred to as ‘honing theory’, provides insight into social innovation. We propose that creativity and social innovation are processes of self-organization that yield a lower-entropy state in worldviews, which are self-organizing webs of understanding. This allows us to offer a novel perspective on the evolution of technology, the role of creativity in cultural evolution and the manner in which creativity drives innovation in social systems, such as the economy. We also introduce creative destruction as having metaphoric relevance for a social system transition from entropy to negentropy, and offer a social innovation example addressing economic collapse and resilient reorganization. We conclude that concepts from complex systems theory, and particularly entropy, shed light on both creativity and social innovation and further our understanding of how innovation affects social systems, such as in cultural and economic change.
Superconducting State
Authors: Kresin Vladimir , Ovchinnikov Sergei , Wolf Stuart 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
For the past almost fifty years, scientists have been trying to explain the phenomenon of superconductivity. The mechanism is the key ingredient of microscopic theory, which was developed by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957. The theory also introduced the basic concepts of pairing, coherence length, energy gap, and so on. Since then, microscopic theory has undergone an intensive development. This book provides a very detailed theoretical treatment of the key mechanisms of superconductivity, including the current state of the art (phonons, magnons, plasmons). In addition, the book contains descriptions of the properties of the key superconducting compounds that are of the most interest for science and applications. For many years, there has been a search for new materials with higher values of the main parameters, such as the critical temperature and critical current. At present, the possibility of observing superconductivity at room temperature has become perfectly realistic. That is why the book is especially concerned with high-Tc systems such as high-Tc oxides, hydrides with record values for critical temperature under high pressure, nanoclusters, and so on. A number of interesting novel superconducting systems have been discovered recently, including topological materials, interface systems, and intercalated graphene. The book contains rigorous derivations based on statistical mechanics and many-body theory. The book also provides qualitative explanations of the main concepts and results. This makes the book accessible and interesting for a broad audience.
Normative Belief and Motivation
Authors: Gregory Alex 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter begins by explaining and endorsing the view that normative beliefs can motivate us to act. Views in this vicinity are normally labelled as versions of ‘judgement internalism’, but I argue that that view has often been understood in ways that render it less plausible. The chapter then combines this claim about the motivational power of normative belief with ODM (Only Desires Motivate) in order to show that desires and reasons beliefs are the same state of mind. This argument is often thought to be an argument for non-cognitivism, which reduces normative beliefs to desires, but the chapter shows that non-cognitivism makes poor sense of normative beliefs about other people, and so the argument instead strongly favours desire-as-belief. The chapter ends by briefly showing how this argument against non-cognitivism and in favour of desire-as-belief connects in a natural way to the Frege-Geach problem for non-cognitivism.
Fair Opportunity and Responsibility
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFair Opportunity and Responsibility lies at the intersection of moral psychology and criminal jurisprudence and analyzes responsibility and its relations to desert, culpability, excuse, blame, and punishment. It links responsibility with the reactive attitudes but makes the justification of the reactive attitudes depend on a response-independent conception of responsibility. Responsibility and excuse are inversely related; an agent is responsible for misconduct if and only if it is not excused. Consequently, we can study responsibility by understanding excuses. We excuse misconduct when an agent’s capacities or opportunities are significantly impaired, because these capacities and opportunities are essential if agents are to have a fair opportunity to avoid wrongdoing. This conception of excuse tells us that responsibility itself consists in agents having suitable cognitive and volitional capacities—normative competence—and a fair opportunity to exercise these capacities free from undue interference—situational control. Because our reactive attitudes and practices presuppose the fair opportunity conception of responsibility, this supports a predominantly retributive conception of blame and punishment that treats culpable wrongdoing as the desert basis of blame and punishment. We can then apply the fair opportunity framework to assessing responsibility and excuse in circumstances of structural injustice, situational influences in ordinary circumstances and in wartime, insanity and psychopathy, immaturity, addiction, and crimes of passion. Though fair opportunity has important implications for each issue, treating them together allows us to explore common themes and appreciate the need to take partial responsibility and excuse seriously in our practices of blame and punishment.
The Fair Opportunity Conception of Responsibility
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe fair opportunity conception of responsibility is articulated and defended by appeal to common assumptions about the nature of excuses. Fair opportunity requires agential capacities and opportunities in the form of normative competence and situational control. The cognitive and volitional capacities constitutive of normative competence require reasons-responsiveness, which comes in degrees. The person is the locus of responsibility
Fair Opportunity, Capacities, and Possibilities
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThough some compatibilists deny that responsibility requires alternate possibilities, fair opportunity requires the ability of wrongdoers to do otherwise. However, these alternate possibilities are not the ones precluded by determinism. Different kinds of capacities are distinguished—actual and potential, specific and general. We should be interested in actual capacities that are relatively specific. The relevant capacities can be identified via counterfactuals. In this chapter, Pereboom’s influential incompatibilist manipulation argument is examined and rejected.
Blame, Punishment, and Predominant Retributivism
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBlame is a directed attitude that involves a core aversive reaction based on a belief that the target is blameworthy but gives rise to a syndrome of familiar expressive and communicative functions. Punishment involves blame and sanctions. Retributivist essentials are explained and defended, and it is argued that retributivism must be part of the truth about the justification of punishment. Predominant retributivism should be preferred to pure retributivism.
Immaturity and Fair Opportunity
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere is a moral asymmetry between juvenile and adult offenders if, all else being equal, juveniles should be punished less for their offenses than their adult counterparts should be punished. The trend to transfer juveniles to adult criminal court denies this asymmetry. Developmental and democratic rationales for the asymmetry are distinguished, and the developmental rationale is shown to be more basic. The developmental rationale for the asymmetry is reflected in Supreme Court cases in the United States recognizing constitutional limitations on sentences for juvenile offenders. These cases pose interesting questions about the tension between categorical sentencing rules and individualized justice.
The Draughtsmen
Authors: Payk Marcus M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Little is known about the formal crafting of the Paris Peace Treaties in 1919/20 and the set of international lawyers that was tasked to draft the hundreds and thousands of articles of one of the most contested peace settlements of all times. Taking a fresh look behind the scenes of the negotiations in Paris, this chapter unearths role and influence of the drafting committee, offers a characterization of the in-house lawyers involved, and examines how they transformed political bargaining into legally binding rules and treaty provisions. The broader aim is to explore what international legal advisors do in government service and how they operate along the blurred the boundary between law and politics.
Changing Hats
Authors: Priemel Kim Christian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The war crimes tribunals at Nuremberg are well known as key arenas of judicial retribution after the Second World War and for institutionalizing international criminal justice. Their personnel, the ‘Nuremberg lawyers’, have been credited with advancing the cause of international law and (re)building the post-war global order. Critics, though, have chastised what they conceive of as the mistaken recourse to legal ideas and legal language as an either naïve or outright hypocritical, but in any case inadequate way of addressing the challenges of power politics in the Cold War era and beyond. Common to both sides are sweeping, often implicit notions of who the ‘Nuremberg lawyers’ actually were, what drove them, and how they interacted. By categorizing academic training and practical experience, national and biographical contexts, normative inclinations, individual ambitions, and practical functions, this chapter offers a classification of Nuremberg’s lawyers which provides a helpful taxonomic tool for international tribunals more generally.
Agents of Constitutionalism
Authors: Rasmussen Morten 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Why did European law experience a constitutional breakthrough in 1963–1964 when the political and institutional development of European integration had moved in the direction of an increasingly intergovernmental approach based on international treaties in the late 1950s? By employing a biographical approach to five key agents of European constitutionalism during the founding years of European law, the chapter argues that this handful of jurists from different countries was able to secure a constitutional breakthrough in the interpretation of European law despite the political trend. The key motivation shared by them all was grounded in the recent European past of the interwar crisis and the Second World War, which led them to support federalism as the best way to organize European cooperation. The five held very different positions both in the European institutions and at member state level, but managed to influence the development of European law through participation in the negotiations of the founding treaties, constitutional reforms at the national level and the agency of the European Commission and the European Court of Justice.
Introduction
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This Introduction sets the background and scenario for the chapters that follow. It begins by sketching the public impact that terrorist acts have had in the past few decades and how that impact has been affected by the terrible coronavirus of 2020 with its staggering worldwide death toll. It then charts the development of philosophical responses to the dangers of terrorism that begin surprisingly slowly in the 1970s, increase in volume in the 1980s and 1990s, and accelerate dramatically in the wake of the September 11, 2001 hijacked plane attacks on New York and Washington. It also gives an indication of the broader sense of “meaning” in the book’s title that underpins much of the discussion in the later chapters that relies upon but goes beyond the very necessary conceptual clarifications developed in the early chapters. Finally, there are summaries of the themes and arguments in the book’s eight chapters, concluding with a note on the doctrine of double effect and the role of intention in the moral discussion of terrorist acts.