bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure Analysis of a Turbulent Jet by Means of Multiresolution Fluctuating Velocity Decomposition
Authors: Li Hui , Takei Masahiro , Ochi Mitsuaki , Saito Yoshifuru , Horii Kiyoshi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To evaluate coherent structures in the dimension of time and scale, a new procedure based on the multiresolution analysis and multiresolution auto-correlation analysis is developed in this paper. By analyzing u- and v-components of fluctuating velocity, the coherent structure and its scales can be identified when larger amplitude fluctuation and stronger autocorrelation are appeared at same wavelet level. For a turbulent jet at position of x/d = 6, the larger coherent structures with frequency 39Hz can be deduced around times 0.29, 0.53, 0.6 and 0.67s. This also represent the passing of eddies through the shear layer and concentration of the energy of the flow at these instants.
Numerical Investigation of Flow Field at the Rotor-Stator Gap Entrance
Authors: Tong Wei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The turbulent flow field at the rotor-stator gap entrance of a generator was investigated numerically. Predictions of the fluid dynamics characteristics for the present problem were made by adjusting boundary pressure conditions to match the prescribed flowrate allocation. The velocity field and pressure distribution at the rotor-stator gap entrance were presented. The mean values of pressure and velocity, obtained by integrating the local values across the flow cross-sectional lines, were applied to calculate pressure loss coefficient ß at the gap entrance.
Results show that because of the complex geometry at the air gap entrance and flow splits through the stator cooling ducts, the display of ß is rather complicated. Rotating body windage losses for the rotor and retaining rings were determined from calculated friction factors on these surfaces.
Experimental Study of Aerodynamics Around Co-Rotating Blades in a Lawn Mower Deck
Authors: Chon W. , Tetzlaff P. , Amano R. S. , Triscari A. , Torresin J. , Johnson K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A combination of computational and experimental studies was performed on a 1.1m wide side discharge double-spindle lawn mower deck. For the experimental portion of the study air velocities were measured by using a forward-scatter LDV system. Velocity measurements were collected at several different tangential and axial sections inside the deck. In order to simulate the flow in real operating conditions, a grass feeding system was constructed in the laboratory. LDV test data were also validated by the conducting high-speed video taping of the experiments in several different running conditions.
In the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) work, 2-D blade shapes at several arbitrary radial sections have been selected for flow computations around the blade model. The 2-D computational results were compared with the experimental results obtained in this study.
Prediction and Test Verification of Liquid Hammer in De-Energized Hydraulic Reaction Turbines
Authors: Kikuchi Hirohiko , Kimmel Hans E. , Smith Donald R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The transient behavior of radial inflow turbine generators for the case of a power failure during operation is studied for a performance model of a variable speed hydraulic reaction turbine and verified in full scale tests. Liquid hammer effects due to the change of rotational speed are studied and measured.
The performance model transforms into a nonlinear system of differential equations, which can be explicitly solved by quadrature. The analytical solution predicts the change of the turbine speed during the time after a power failure had occurred, and the predictions of the model are compared with measured test results on a cryogenic turbine generator with 1.0 MW rated power output. The predicted and the measured test results deviate with a maximum error of 1.5%.
Numerical Simulation of Two Phase Flows in a Bath With Top-Blowing Lance Injection
Authors: Xia J. L. , Ahokainen T. , Holappa L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Numerical simulation of two phase flows in a bath agitated by top blowing lance injection is carried out using the CFX code. An Eulerian-Eulerian two phase flow model is used. The drag, lift and turbulent dispersion forces are taken into account for the interface interactions. Calculations show that there exist different flow patterns with changing the operational conditions (Q, dn, and hn/H). The gas-liquid plume spreads radially, gradually in most of the plume region and extensively near the free surface. For the cases considered, bubbles in the central plume (r = 0.006 m) accelerate up to their terminal rising velocity, then move at this rising velocity, and thereafter decelerate when they approach the surface. A similar behaviour is demonstrated for the liquid rising velocity. Numerical results are compared with available experimental data, and a good agreement is achieved. Predictions provide insight into the flow behaviour and useful information for engineering design.
Using CFD to Improve Stall Margin
Authors: Hardin James R. , Boal Charles F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Centrifugal compressors for multi-stage industrial applications must have both high efficiency and stable operation over a wide flow range. CFD analyses were used to evaluate the stall margins of candidate impeller designs compared to a baseline semi-inducer design. With this guidance, a new full-inducer impeller was designed with predicted wider operating range and slightly higher peak efficiency. Prototype tests confirmed these predictions. This paper presents predictions from two CFD codes and test results, for both the original and the redesigned impeller, and discusses the application of CFD for predicting impeller stall.
New Design Features of Centrifugal Blower Systems to Improve its Airflow Performance and Power Consumption
Authors: Botros Monier B. , Beaudoin Thomas M. , Lai Ming-Chia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A parametric study is carried out to screen the effects of HVAC blower housing volute, scroll, design parameters on its performance. The results of statistic regression analysis, mathematical models and prediction correlation to test data are included and discussed.
Blower airflow field is inspected by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) to define its deficiencies. New design features for blower scrolls are developed to resolve the flow deficiencies, in order to minimize the blower energy losses, vibrations and air-rush noise. Flow field improvements are illustrated.
Blower performance with the new design features is compared to the performance of the previous design art known as “standard blower” designs. Airflow capacity of the new designs is higher than that of a standard design of one degree larger in size, within the operating range of automotive air-handling systems. Blower efficiency is increased by 3 to 8% over a wider airflow range. The effects of scroll size and exit design on the performance of the new scroll designs are illustrated and discussed.
High Performance Computing: Analytical Aerodynamics for Automotive Vehicles
Authors: Miller Ronald H. , Strumolo Gary S. , Hytopoulos Evangelos , Remondi Stephen A. , Watson Samuel M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
High Performance Computing (HPC) represents a significant resource whereby automotive manufacturers can utilize analytical methodologies to reduce experimental testing and design time, resulting in lower costs and higher quality. Optimization of styling and aerodynamics requires multiple CFD simulations which have been enabled by the commercial availability of parallel algorithms, as well as enhancements in computer architectures. We have developed a Virtual Aerodynamic Wind Tunnel (VAWT) which uses PowerFLOW® and can simulate conditions similar to experimental wind tunnels. One key element of this methodology is the use of PowerFLOW. Two of the major attributes of PowerFLOW are its inherent parallelization and automeshing capabilities. In this paper, we will focus on the scalability and feasibility of PoweFLOW, which is essential for the optimization of styling and aerodynamics. Timing and scalability results on an Origin 2000 server are presented for a number of different configurations.
Detection of Wrap-Up Incidents in a Napping Machine
Authors: Dad Shahzad A. , Kamarthi Sagar V. , Cullinane Thomas P. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the textile industry, a napping machine is used to raise pile on the surface of the web (knit or woven fabric). As a result of the napping machine’s high speed planetary motion, the web can get tangled in the machine and induces damage to both the machine and the web. By averting wrap-up incidents, it is possible to save maintenance costs, reduce machine downtime, and make the work environment safer. This paper introduces a method for predicting wrap-up incidents in a napping machine to avoid costly damage to the machine.
The task of detecting wrap-up incidents is achieved by using indirect sensing of vibration signals from the napping machine. The data collected from the napping machine are represented by discrete wavelet transforms. The features extracted from the coefficients of the discrete wavelet transforms are used as inputs to a multilayer neural network. Once the neural network is trained by using the data specific to the napping machine, data from the machine are processed and fed to the neural network for online wrap-up incident prediction.
Several experiments are conducted on a test napping machine, to verify and validate the proposed wrap-up detection scheme. It was found that the vibration signals along the horizontal direction of the main shaft of the napping machine provides an impressive 100% correct wrap-up detection signal.
Effects of Screen Time and Season on Cardiovascular System Indicators in Primary Schoolchildren
Authors: Pankova N. B. , Alchinova I. B. , Kovaleva O. I. , Lebedeva M. A. , Khlebnikova N. N. , Cherepov A. B. , Noskin L. A. , Karganov M. Yu. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Indicators of the cardiovascular system, including heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) variability parameters, were analyzed in primary school students with different computer screen times. The study included 4084 students of grades 1–4 (age 7–12 years) from 66 Moscow schools. The screen time at school and out of school was assessed by teachers, based on the national Sanitary Rules and Regulations: 0, no screen time; 1, screen time matching hygienic standards; 2, screen time at least twice greater than recommended. Physiological examinations were carried out by spiroarteriocardiorhythmography with a face mask, the conditions corresponding to the functional stress test (mild hypercapnia/hypoxia). Testing took place in spring and autumn (independent samples). Statistical data processing was performed using nonparametric criteria. It was revealed that the introduction of computer technologies in school lessons within the limits of hygienic standards was accompanied by an increase, within the normal range, of systolic BP in girls at the end of grade 2 and 4 and in boys at the beginning and end of grade 4. Screen time at least twice higher than the hygienic standard did not have an additional effect on BP, but provoked shifts in the function of autonomic regulation. Boys were more sensitive to the influence of this environmental factor. Their pattern of seasonal variability in total power (TP) of the HR variability spectrum was reversed compared to that of children who did not use computers at school; i.e., higher TP values were observed in spring. In grade 4, the process was accompanied by an increase in spontaneous arterial baroreflex sensitivity and a decrease in the relative power of the LF range in the variability spectrum of systolic BP. The changes were assumed to reflect the adaptive response to changes in educational environment.
Community health worker service delivery for maternal and child health: an observational study from Afghanistan
Authors: Kelly Clare B , Hemat Shafiqullah , Naziri Malalai , Yousufi Khaksar , Edmond Karen M 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveTo understand the reach of the community health worker (CHW) programme in remote and non-remote districts of Afghanistan.MethodsUsing data collected from the Ministry of Public Health’s National Health Management Information System, we conducted a population-based study from 2018 to 2019 in 401 districts across 34 provinces of Afghanistan. We assessed the availability of CHWs, antenatal visits (ANV) and postnatal visits (PNV) conducted by the CHWs, and the availability of CHW supplies. Districts were classified as remote if the district centre was >2 hours by any form of transport from provincial capital, and non-remote if <2 hours. Data were analysed using multivariable regression models.Results15 562 CHWs were working in the districts of Afghanistan, 13 482 (87%) in remote and 2080 (13%) in non-remote districts. The mean of the proportion of CHWs per pregnant woman was higher in remote (0.019 (SD 0.011)) compared with non-remote (0.012 (SD 0.006)) districts (adjusted mean difference (AMD) 0.008, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.01). The mean of the proportion of ANVs received from a CHW per pregnant women was higher in remote (0.88 (SD 0.82)) compared with non-remote (0.62 (SD 0.50)) districts (AMD 0.28, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.54). The mean of the proportion of PNVs received from a CHW per pregnant women was higher in remote (0.54 (SD 0.53)) compared with non-remote (0.36 (SD 0.25)) districts (AMD 0.19, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.36). The mean of the proportion of CHWs who reported that they had stocks of cotrimoxazole and oral contraceptives in the previous month per district was higher in remote compared with non-remote districts.ConclusionsIn Afghanistan, the CHW programme appears to be effective and proportionate to need in remote regions.
Universal architecture of corneal segmental tomography biomarkers for artificial intelligence-driven diagnosis of early keratoconus
Authors: Kundu Gairik , Shetty Rohit , Khamar Pooja , Mullick Ritika , Gupta Sneha , Nuijts Rudy , Sinha Roy Abhijit 
Published: December 2021

AimsTo develop a comprehensive three-dimensional analyses of segmental tomography (placido and optical coherence tomography) using artificial intelligence (AI).MethodsPreoperative imaging data (MS-39, CSO, Italy) of refractive surgery patients with stable outcomes and diagnosed with asymmetric or bilateral keratoconus (KC) were used. The curvature, wavefront aberrations and thickness distributions were analysed with Zernike polynomials (ZP) and a random forest (RF) AI model. For training and cross-validation, there were groups of healthy (n=527), very asymmetric ectasia (VAE; n=144) and KC (n=454). The VAE eyes were the fellow eyes of KC patients but no further manual segregation of these eyes into subclinical or forme-fruste was performed.ResultsThe AI achieved an excellent area under the curve (0.994), accuracy (95.6%), recall (98.5%) and precision (92.7%) for the healthy eyes. For the KC eyes, the same were 0.997, 99.1%, 98.7% and 99.1%, respectively. For the VAE eyes, the same were 0.976, 95.5%, 71.5% and 91.2%, respectively. Interestingly, the AI reclassified 36 (subclinical) of the VAE eyes as healthy though these eyes were distinct from healthy eyes. Most of the remaining VAE (n=104; forme fruste) eyes retained their classification, and were distinct from both KC and healthy eyes. Further, the posterior surface features were not among the highest ranked variables by the AI model.ConclusionsA universal architecture of combining segmental tomography with ZP and AI was developed. It achieved an excellent classification of healthy and KC eyes. The AI efficiently classified the VAE eyes as ‘subclinical’ and ‘forme-fruste’.
Measurement properties of the PBC-40 and PBC-27: a Dutch validation study
Authors: de Veer Rozanne C , da Silva Geraldine , van Hooff Maria C , Harms Maren H , Metselaar Herold J , Willemse José , Utomo Elaine , van der Meer Adriaan J 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivePatients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) have an impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Practice guidelines recommend evaluating the HRQoL in all patients with PBC. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of our Dutch translation of the PBC-40, a PBC-specific measure of the HRQoL.DesignThe PBC-40 was translated into Dutch following standardised forward–backward procedures. Participants received the Dutch PBC-40 and the RAND-36 (a validated Dutch version of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey) through postal mail. The PBC-27 is an abridged version of the PBC-40. Internal consistency between the items within the PBC-40/PBC-27 domains was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha. In addition, score distributions were analysed on floor and ceiling effects. Construct validity was assessed by hypotheses testing using Pearson’s correlation between the PBC-40/PBC-27 domains and RAND-36 scales.Results177 patients with PBC were included. The mean age was 61.1 (SD 9.9) years and the majority of patients was female (n=164, 92.7%). From the 7080 PBC-40 items, 61 items (0.9%) were missing and 342 items (4.8%) were answered with the ‘does not apply’ option. Each PBC-40 domain had a Cronbach’s α of >0.70, with the highest in the domain fatigue (0.95). For the PBC-27, the lowest Cronbach’s α was 0.69. Floor effects were present in three domains (cognition 19.3%, itch 27.0% and social 25.0% (only for PBC-27)). No ceiling effects were observed. All domains were significantly correlated with the corresponding RAND-36 scale(s) (p<0.001 for all). The strongest correlation was between the PBC-40 domain fatigue and the RAND-36 vitality scale (r=−0.834).ConclusionOur findings demonstrate the reliability and validity of the Dutch PBC-40 and PBC-27 for the assessment of the HRQoL in patients with PBC. This PBC-specific measure can be used in Dutch-speaking patients with PBC for both research and clinical purposes.
Long-term effects of payment for performance on maternal and child health outcomes: evidence from Tanzania
Authors: Borghi Josephine , Binyaruka Peter , Mayumana Iddy , Lange Siri , Somville Vincent , Maestad Ottar 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundThe success of payment for performance (P4P) schemes relies on their ability to generate sustainable changes in the behaviour of healthcare providers. This paper examines short-term and longer-term effects of P4P in Tanzania and the reasons for these changes.MethodsWe conducted a controlled before and after study and an embedded process evaluation. Three rounds of facility, patient and household survey data (at baseline, after 13 months and at 36 months) measured programme effects in seven intervention districts and four comparison districts. We used linear difference-in-difference regression analysis to determine programme effects, and differential effects over time. Four rounds of qualitative data examined evolution in programme design, implementation and mechanisms of change.ResultsProgramme effects on the rate of institutional deliveries and antimalarial treatment during antenatal care reduced overtime, with stock out rates of antimalarials increasing over time to baseline levels. P4P led to sustained improvements in kindness during deliveries, with a wider set of improvements in patient experience of care in the longer term. A change in programme management and funding delayed incentive payments affecting performance on some indicators. The verification system became more integrated within routine systems over time, reducing the time burden on managers and health workers. Ongoing financial autonomy and supervision sustained motivational effects in those aspects of care giving not reliant on funding.ConclusionOur study adds to limited and mixed evidence documenting how P4P effects evolve over time. Our findings highlight the importance of undertaking ongoing assessment of effects over time.
Sodium selenate as a disease-modifying treatment for mild–moderate Alzheimer’s disease: an open-label extension study
Authors: Vivash Lucy , Malpas Charles B , Hovens Christopher M , Brodtmann Amy , Collins Steven , Macfarlane Stephen , Velakoulis Dennis , O’Brien Terence J 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionSodium selenate is a potential disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) which reduces hyperphosphorylated tau through activation of the protein phosphatase 2A enzyme. We have shown sodium selenate to be safe and well tolerated in a 24-week, phase 2a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised controlled trial (RCT), also reporting sodium selenate reduced neurodegeneration on diffusion-weighted MRI. This study assessed the safety and tolerability of chronic sodium selenate treatment (up to 23 months) in patients with AD who had been enrolled in the RCT. Cognitive measures served as secondary outcomes of potential disease-modification.MethodsAn open-label extension study of sodium selenate (10 mg three times a day) in patients with AD who had completed the previous RCT. Twenty-eight patients were enrolled. Patients were regularly monitored for safety, adverse events (AEs) and protocol compliance. Cognitive tests were administered for measures of disease progression.ResultsSixteen patients were discontinued by the sponsor, and 12 discontinued for other reasons. Treatment duration ranged from 6 to 23 months. The majority of AEs were mild (83%), and 33% were treatment-related. Common treatment-related AEs were alopecia (21%) and nail disorder (32%), which both resolved either prior to or following cessation of treatment. Two serious AEs occurred, which were not treatment-related. Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale—Cognitive Subscale 11 score increased 1.8 points over 12 months.DiscussionChronic sodium selenate treatment is safe and well tolerated in patients with AD. Cognitive measures suggest a slowing of disease progression though this could not be confirmed as the study was not controlled. Further research into sodium selenate as a treatment for AD is warranted.