bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Materials Causes Parallel Brittle‐Viscous Flow of Crustal Rocks: Experiments on Quartz‐Feldspar Aggregates
Authors: Pec Matej , Al Nasser Saleh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe brittle‐viscous transition in the lithosphere occurs in a region where many large earthquakes nucleate. To study this transition, we sheared bimineralic aggregates with varying ratio of quartz and potassium feldspar. We deformed the samples in a solid‐medium deformation apparatus at temperature, T = 750°C and pressure, Pc = 800 MPa under either constant displacement rate or constant load boundary conditions. Under constant displacement rate, samples reach high shear stress (τ = 0.4–1 GPa depending on mineral ratio) and then weaken. Under constant load, the strain rate shows low sensitivity to stress below τ ≈ 400 MPa, followed by a higher stress sensitivity (stress exponent, n = 9–13) at higher stresses irrespective of mineral ratio. Strain is localized along “slip zones” in a C and C′ orientation. The material in the slip zones shows extreme grain size reduction and flow features. At peak strength, 1–2 vol% of the sample is composed of slip zones that are straight and short. With increasing strain, the slip zones become anastomosing and branching and occupy up to 9 vol%; this development is concomitant with strain‐weakening of the sample. Slip zones delimit larger cataclastic lenses, which develop a weak foliation. Our results suggest that strain localization leads to microstructural transformation of the rocks from a crystalline solid to a fluid‐like material in the slip zones. The measured rheological response is a combination of viscous flow in the slip zones and cataclastic flow in coarser‐grained lenses and can be modeled as a frictional slider coupled in parallel with a viscous dashpot.
Assessing the Ability of WRF‐BEP + BEM in Reproducing the Wintertime Building Energy Consumption of an Italian Alpine City
Authors: Pappaccogli Gianluca , Giovannini Lorenzo , Zardi Dino , Martilli Alberto 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis work aims at assessing the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model, coupled with a multilayer urban canopy scheme and a building energy model (BEP + BEM), to simulate the building energy consumption in the city of Bolzano (Italy) during wintertime. Estimates of the actual energy consumption, to be adopted as a benchmark for evaluating model results, are obtained from observed total annual values, combined with load curves derived from real‐time measurements in various meteorological conditions and for different building types. The validation of numerical results highlights that the modeling set‐up adopted is able to well reproduce the spatial distribution of the energy consumption in the urban area and its dependence on the morphological characteristics of the city. In particular, it is found that energy consumption in the urban area is particularly influenced by the building height and the building surface area to plan area ratio, highlighting the importance of an accurate representation of the urban morphology in mesoscale meteorological models to obtain reliable estimates of citywide building energy consumption. Moreover, also the diurnal profiles of energy consumption are well captured by the model, especially in the residential area. Larger errors are found in the commercial‐industrial area: here various utilities display peaks of energy demand, that the model cannot reproduce correctly.
Depth‐Duration‐Frequency of Extreme Precipitation Events Under Internal Climate Variability: Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Upadhyay Divya , Mohapatra Pranab , Bhatia Udit 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUncertainty quantification and characterization in changing climate scenarios have a direct impact on the efforts toward mitigation and adaptation. The chaotic and nonlinear nature of atmospheric processes results in high sensitivity to initial conditions resulting in considerable variability. Multiple model ensembles of Earth System Models are often used to visualize the role of parametric uncertainties in mean and extreme attributes of precipitation trends in various time horizons. However, studies quantifying the role of internal variability in controlling extreme precipitation statistics in decadal and interdecadal scales are limited. Specifically, we quantify the relative contribution of uncertainty due to internal variability and model uncertainty in the depth and volatility of Indian Summer Monsoon rainfall extremes of different duration and frequencies. We establish that the role of internal variability in extreme precipitation indices such as 100‐years and 30‐years return levels are comparable to the uncertainty arising from structural differences in the model captured through bias‐corrected ensembles of multimodel outputs. From the regional analysis, we find that internal variability is not only comparable, but it also shows higher mean and uncertainty in estimating extreme precipitation indices in central India. The intensifying precipitation extremes have quantifiable impacts on Depth Duration Frequency (DDF) curves, which directly implicate hydraulic design and water resources planning and management. We show that combining outputs from multiple initial condition ensembles generated to span the range of internal climate variability can help us reduce uncertainty and provide the distinguished uncertainty bounds of DDF curves.
Implementation of Improved Parameterization of Terrestrial Flux in WRF‐VPRM Improves the Simulation of Nighttime CO2 Peaks and a Daytime CO2 Band Ahead of a Cold Front
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Ming , Gourdji Sharon M. , Davis Kenneth J. , Wang Qingyu , Zhang Yao , Xue Ming , Feng Sha , Moore Berrien , Crowell Sean M. R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEnhanced CO2 mole fraction bands were often observed immediately ahead of cold front during the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT)‐America mission and their formation mechanism is undetermined. Improved understanding and correct simulation of these CO2 bands are needed for unbiased inverse CO2 flux estimation. Such CO2 bands are hypothesized to be related to nighttime CO2 respiration and investigated in this study using WRF‐VPRM, a weather‐biosphere‐online‐coupled model, in which the biogenic fluxes are handled by the Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM). While the default VPRM satisfactorily parameterizes gross ecosystem exchange, its treatment of terrestrial respiration as a linear function of temperature was inadequate as respiration is a nonlinear function of temperature and also depends on the amount of biomass and soil wetness. An improved ecosystem respiration parameterization including enhanced vegetation index, a water stress factor, and a quadratic temperature dependence is incorporated into WRF‐VPRM and evaluated in a year‐long simulation before applied to the investigation of the frontal CO2 band on August 4, 2016. The evaluation shows that the modified WRF‐VPRM increases ecosystem respiration during the growing season, and improves model skill in reproducing nighttime near‐surface CO2 peaks. A nested‐domain WRF‐VPRM simulation is able to capture the main characteristics of the August 4 CO2 band and informs its formation mechanism. Nighttime terrestrial respiration leads to accumulation of near‐surface CO2 in the region. As the cold front carrying low‐CO2 air moves southeastward, and strong photosynthesis depletes CO2 further southeast of the front, a CO2 band develops immediately ahead of the front.
Unprecedented Spring 2020 Ozone Depletion in the Context of 20 Years of Measurements at Eureka, Canada
Authors: Bognar Kristof , Alwarda Ramina , Strong Kimberly , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Dhomse Sandip S. , Drummond James R. , Feng Wuhu , Fioletov Vitali , Goutail Florence , Herrera Beatriz , Manney Gloria L. , McCullough Emily M. , Millán Luis F. , Pazmino Andrea , Walker Kaley A. , Wizenberg Tyler , Zhao Xiaoyi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the winter and spring of 2019/2020, the unusually cold, strong, and stable polar vortex created favorable conditions for ozone depletion in the Arctic. Chemical ozone loss started earlier than in any previous year in the satellite era and continued until late March, resulting in the unprecedented reduction of the ozone column. The vortex was located above the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory in Eureka, Canada (80°N, 86°W) from late February to the end of April, presenting an excellent opportunity to examine ozone loss from a single ground station. Measurements from a suite of instruments show that total column ozone was at an all‐time low in the 20‐year data set, 22–102 DU below previous records set in 2011. Ozone minima (<200 DU), enhanced OClO and BrO slant columns, and unusually low‐HCl, ClONO2, and HNO3 columns were observed in March. Polar stratospheric clouds were present as late as 20 March, and ozonesondes show unprecedented depletion in the March and April profiles (to <0.2 ppmv). While both chemical and dynamical factors lead to reduced ozone when the vortex is cold, the contribution of chemical depletion (based on the variable correlation of ozone and temperature) was exceptional in spring 2020 when compared to typical Arctic winters. Mean chemical ozone loss over Eureka was estimated to be 111–126 DU (27%–31%) using April measurements and passive ozone from the SLIMCAT chemical transport model. While absolute ozone loss was generally smaller in 2020 than in 2011, percentage ozone loss was greater in 2020.
Polar Stratospheric Clouds: Satellite Observations, Processes, and Role in Ozone Depletion
Authors: Tritscher Ines , Pitts Michael C. , Poole Lamont R. , Alexander Simon P. , Cairo Francesco , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Grooß Jens‐Uwe , Höpfner Michael , Lambert Alyn , Luo Beiping , Molleker Sergey , Orr Andrew , Salawitch Ross , Snels Marcel , Spang Reinhold , Woiwode Wolfgang , Peter Thomas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPolar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play important roles in stratospheric ozone depletion during winter and spring at high latitudes (e.g., the Antarctic ozone hole). PSC particles provide sites for heterogeneous reactions that convert stable chlorine reservoir species to radicals that destroy ozone catalytically. PSCs also prolong ozone depletion by delaying chlorine deactivation through the removal of gas‐phase HNO3 and H2O by sedimentation of large nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and ice particles. Contemporary observations by the spaceborne instruments Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) have provided an unprecedented polar vortex‐wide climatological view of PSC occurrence and composition in both hemispheres. These data have spurred advances in our understanding of PSC formation and related dynamical processes, especially the firm evidence of widespread heterogeneous nucleation of both NAT and ice PSC particles, perhaps on nuclei of meteoritic origin. Heterogeneous chlorine activation appears to be well understood. Reaction coefficients on/in liquid droplets have been measured accurately, and while uncertainties remain for reactions on solid NAT and ice particles, they are considered relatively unimportant since under most conditions chlorine activation occurs on/in liquid droplets. There have been notable advances in the ability of chemical transport and chemistry‐climate models to reproduce PSC temporal/spatial distributions and composition observed from space. Continued spaceborne PSC observations will facilitate further improvements in the representation of PSC processes in global models and enable more accurate projections of the evolution of polar ozone and the global ozone layer as climate changes.
Tectonic Controls on the Sedimentation and Thermal History of Supra‐detachment Basins: A Case Study of the Early Cretaceous Fuxin Basin, NE China
Authors: Jia Jianliang , Wu Yanjia , Miao Changsheng , Fu Changlei , Xie Wenquan , Qin Jianyi , Wang Xiaoming 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA crustal‐scale detachment system, linking cooler hanging wall basins and the hotter footwall Yiwulüshan metamorphic core complex (MCC), is located in the Fuxin area of NE China. The relationship between detachment tectonism and sedimentation along supra‐detachment basins remains a challenging topic, and the effect of detachment tectonism on basin‐fill and thermal histories is poorly understood. Based on the detailed sedimentological, seismic, and geochemical analysis, we reconstruct the sedimentation and thermal history of the Fuxin Basin in the context of detachment tectonism. Two depositional systems, including a fan delta–shore‐shallow lake and a subaqueous fan–semi‐deep lake, developed during the early Cretaceous. The sedimentation history reveals that the lake‐basin scale started with expansion, and then gradually declined toward the eastern depocenter. During the early Cretaceous, a reconstructed dynamic model for basin‐range evolution reveals the three evolution phases of proto‐rift, fault subsidence, and transpression in the Fuxin area. We infer that the evolution of the supra‐detachment basin, sedimentation, and thermal records were controlled by detachment tectonism associated with the uplift and exhumation of the Yiwulüshan MCC. Thermal parameters and burial history indicate a general increase in the maximum paleotemperature toward the eastern part of the basin. Effects of sedimentary fill, shear heating, transpression, and fault displacement from detachment tectonism dominated the thermal evolution of this basin. Our results illustrate the importance of the dynamic evolution of the MCC in characterizing the sedimentation and thermal history of supra‐detachment basins that contribute to the understanding of subduction systems and their resource development.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: new targets and novel therapies
Authors: Cheson Bruce D. , Nowakowski Grzegorz , Salles Gilles 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNewer, more effective and non-cytotoxic therapies are an unmet need for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and other B-cell malignancies. Recently approved agents include polatuzumab with bendamustine and rituximab, selinexor, and tafasitamab plus lenalidomide. Three CAR-T cell products are currently approved by the FDA, with others in clinical trials. Additional agents in development include bispecific antibodies and antibody drug conjugates. Combinations of targeted therapies should lead to further improvement in the outcome of patients with B-cell malignancies.
A diffusiophoretic mechanism for ATP-driven transport without motor proteins
Authors: Ramm Beatrice , Goychuk Andriy , Khmelinskaia Alena , Blumhardt Philipp , Eto Hiromune , Ganzinger Kristina A. , Frey Erwin , Schwille Petra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe healthy growth and maintenance of a biological system depends on the precise spatial organization of molecules within the cell through the dissipation of energy. Reaction–diffusion mechanisms can facilitate this organization, as can directional cargo transport orchestrated by motor proteins, by relying on specific protein interactions. However, transport of material through the cell can also be achieved by active processes based on non-specific, purely physical mechanisms, a phenomenon that remains poorly explored. Here, using a combined experimental and theoretical approach, we discover and describe a hidden function of the Escherichia coli MinDE protein system: in addition to forming dynamic patterns, this system accomplishes the directional active transport of functionally unrelated cargo on membranes. Remarkably, this mechanism enables the sorting of diffusive objects according to their effective size, as evidenced using modular DNA origami–streptavidin nanostructures. We show that the diffusive fluxes of MinDE and non-specific cargo couple via density-dependent friction. This non-specific process constitutes a diffusiophoretic mechanism, as yet unknown in a cell biology setting. This nonlinear coupling between diffusive fluxes could represent a generic physical mechanism for establishing intracellular organization.
Clinical features and predictors of severity in COVID-19 patients with critical illness in Singapore
Authors: Puah Ser Hon , Young Barnaby Edward , Chia Po Ying , Ho Vui Kian , Loh Jiashen , Gokhale Roshni Sadashiv , Tan Seow Yen , Sewa Duu Wen , Kalimuddin Shirin , Tan Chee Keat , Pada Surinder K. M. S. , Cove Matthew Edward , Chai Louis Yi Ann , Parthasarathy Purnima , Ho Benjamin Choon Heng , Ng Jensen Jiansheng , Ling Li Min , Abisheganaden John A. , Lee Vernon J. M. , Tan Cher Heng , Lin Raymond T. P. , Leo Yee Sin , Lye David C. , Yeo Tsin Wen ,   Singapore 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak research team, Lim Poh Lian , Ang Brenda Sze Peng , Lee Cheng Chuan , Lee Lawrence Soon U. , Ng Oon Tek , Chan Monica , Marimuthu Kalisvar , Vasoo Shawn , Wong Chen Seong , Lee Tau Hong , Sadarangani Sapna Pradip , Lin Ray Junhao , Sadasiv Mucheli Sharavan , Ng Deborah Hee Ling , Choy Chiaw Yee , Tan Glorijoy Shi En , Tan Yu Kit , Ong Sean Wei Xiang , Sutjipto Stephanie , Lee Pei Hua , Tay Jun Yang , Ying Ding , Khoo Bo Yan , Tay Woo Chiao , Ng Gabrielle , Mah Yun Yuan , Tan Wilnard , Lew Sennen Jin Wen , Fong Raymond Kok Choon , Oh Helen May Lin , Chien Jaime Mei Fong , Shafi Humaira , Cheong Hau Yiang , Teo Darren Cheng Han , Tan Thuan Tong , Tan Ban Hock , Low Jenny Guek Hong , Wijaya Limin , Venkatachalam Indumathi , Chua Ying Ying , Cherng Benjamin Pei Zhi , Chan Yvonne Fu Zi , Phua Ghee Chee , Goh Ken Junyang , Soh Jade Xiao Jue , Zheng Shuwei , Lingegowda Pushpalatha Bangalore , Peh Wee Ming , Lee Yi Lin , Ho Jun Yang , Chia April Yu Jie , Lin Li , Ooi Say Tat , Anantharajah Tambyah Paul , Somani Jyoti , Oon Jolene Ee Ling , Yan Gabriel Zherong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe aim to describe a case series of critically and non-critically ill COVID-19 patients in Singapore. This was a multicentered prospective study with clinical and laboratory details. Details for fifty uncomplicated COVID-19 patients and ten who required mechanical ventilation were collected. We compared clinical features between the groups, assessed predictors of intubation, and described ventilatory management in ICU patients. Ventilated patients were significantly older, reported more dyspnea, had elevated C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase. A multivariable logistic regression model identified respiratory rate (aOR 2.83, 95% CI 1.24–6.47) and neutrophil count (aOR 2.39, 95% CI 1.34–4.26) on admission as independent predictors of intubation with area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.928 (95% CI 0.828–0.979). Median APACHE II score was 19 (IQR 17–22) and PaO2/FiO2 ratio before intubation was 104 (IQR 89–129). Median peak FiO2 was 0.75 (IQR 0.6–1.0), positive end-expiratory pressure 12 (IQR 10–14) and plateau pressure 22 (IQR 18–26) in the first 24 h of ventilation. Median duration of ventilation was 6.5 days (IQR 5.5–13). There were no fatalities. Most COVID-19 patients in Singapore who required mechanical ventilation because of ARDS were extubated with no mortality.
A general framework to model the fate of trace elements in anaerobic digestion environments
Authors: Maharaj Bikash Chandra , Mattei Maria Rosaria , Frunzo Luigi , van Hullebusch Eric D. , Esposito Giovanni 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDue to the multiplicity of biogeochemical processes taking place in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems and limitations of the available analytical techniques, assessing the bioavailability of trace elements (TEs) is challenging. Determination of TE speciation can be facilitated by developing a mathematical model able to consider the physicochemical processes affecting TEs dynamics. A modeling framework based on anaerobic digestion model no 1 (ADM1) has been proposed to predict the biogeochemical fate TEs in AD environments. In particular, the model considers the TE adsorption–desorption reactions with biomass, inerts and mineral precipitates, as well as TE precipitation/dissolution, complexation reactions and biodegradation processes. The developed model was integrated numerically, and numerical simulations have been run to investigate the model behavior. The simulation scenarios predicted the effect of (i) organic matter concentration, (ii) initial TEs concentrations, (iii) initial Ca–Mg concentrations, (iv) initial EDTA concentration, and (v) change in TE binding site density, on cumulative methane production and TE speciation. Finally, experimental data from a real case continuous AD system have been compared to the model predictions. The results prove that this modelling framework can be applied to various AD operations and may also serve as a basis to develop a model-predictive TE dosing strategy.
Ionizing radiation exposure of stem cell-derived chondrocytes affects their gene and microRNA expression profiles and cytokine production
Authors: Stelcer Ewelina , Kulcenty Katarzyna , Rucinski Marcin , Kruszyna-Mochalska Marta , Skrobala Agnieszka , Sobecka Agnieszka , Jopek Karol , Suchorska Wiktoria Maria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHuman induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be differentiated into chondrocyte-like cells. However, implantation of these cells is not without risk given that those transplanted cells may one day undergo ionizing radiation (IR) in patients who develop cancer. We aimed to evaluate the effect of IR on chondrocyte-like cells differentiated from hiPSCs by determining their gene and microRNA expression profile and proteomic analysis. Chondrocyte-like cells differentiated from hiPSCs were placed in a purpose-designed phantom to model laryngeal cancer and irradiated with 1, 2, or 3 Gy. High-throughput analyses were performed to determine the gene and microRNA expression profile based on microarrays. The composition of the medium was also analyzed. The following essential biological processes were activated in these hiPSC-derived chondrocytes after IR: "apoptotic process", "cellular response to DNA damage stimulus", and "regulation of programmed cell death". These findings show the microRNAs that are primarily responsible for controlling the genes of the biological processes described above. We also detected changes in the secretion level of specific cytokines. This study demonstrates that IR activates DNA damage response mechanisms in differentiated cells and that the level of activation is a function of the radiation dose.
Microcoulomb (0.7 ± $$\frac{0.4}{0.2}$$ μC) laser plasma accelerator on OMEGA EP
Authors: Shaw J. L. , Romo-Gonzalez M. A. , Lemos N. , King P. M. , Bruhaug G. , Miller K. G. , Dorrer C. , Kruschwitz B. , Waxer L. , Williams G. J. , Ambat M. V. , McKie M. M. , Sinclair M. D. , Mori W. B. , Joshi C. , Chen Hui , Palastro J. P. , Albert F. , Froula D. H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLaser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) driven by picosecond-scale, kilojoule-class lasers can generate particle beams and x-ray sources that could be utilized in experiments driven by multi-kilojoule, high-energy-density science (HEDS) drivers such as the OMEGA laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) or the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This paper reports on the development of the first LPA driven by a short-pulse, kilojoule-class laser (OMEGA EP) connected to a multi-kilojoule HEDS driver (OMEGA). In experiments, electron beams were produced with electron energies greater than 200 MeV, divergences as low as 32 mrad, charge greater than 700 nC, and conversion efficiencies from laser energy to electron energy up to 11%. The electron beam charge scales with both the normalized vector potential and plasma density. These electron beams show promise as a method to generate MeV-class radiography sources and improved-flux broadband x-ray sources at HEDS drivers.