bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Fenton-Glynn Claire 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter summarises how, as an instrument for the protection of children’s rights, the European Convention on Human Rights has come a long way from its limited beginnings in 1950, and the many achievements of the Court in enforcing and progressing children’s rights, both in terms of substantive rights and procedural safeguards. However, it also acknowledges the deficiencies of the Convention as a child rights instrument, noting in particular the lack of strong participation rights for children, the focus on ‘best interests’ rather than rights, and the emphasis placed on the margin of appreciation. Finally, the chapter outlines possible future challenges for children’s rights before the Court.
Neither Older nor Wiser? What Continual Party Change Means for the Quality of Democracy
Authors: Haughton Tim , Deegan-Krause Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
New party emergence poses major questions for the quality of democracy. New parties can help remove incompetent and corrupt politicians from power, re-engage citizens, represent neglected interests and issues, respond to changes in society, and provoke established parties to perform better. But new party emergence can also bring into public office inexperienced individuals offering easy and unworkable solutions to society’s woes. When they fail to deliver, they can further undermine trust in democracy, and fuel cynicism and disillusionment in politics more broadly. New parties may be responsive, but they are less likely to be responsible. Moreover, new parties tend to focus on the present, with a series of shorter-term goals. With their longer-term time horizons, well-developed and institutionalized parties are much more likely to help foster environments conducive to the innovation and technological progress integral to long-run economic development.
Unsupervised Sex Work and Prostitution as a Means of Survival
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on illegal prostitution, including street prostitution and private prostitution, during the German occupation of Poland. Although this sex work took place outside the organized brothels, it was not beyond official controls. The authorities kept a particularly close eye on established streetwalking sites, which were a metropolitan and urban phenomenon. Known prostitution sites of this kind were far easier to control, however, than private residences — also frequently used for paid sex between the occupiers and the occupied. The chapter then considers why numerous Polish women sold sexual services during the occupation. Ultimately, for Polish women, sex work was a means of earning money and thus of survival.
Fraternizing Women and Men
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the sociocultural characterization of fraternizing women. The majority opinion in Polish society was that women who socialized with German men did so for two clear reasons: money and social advancement. In fact, many of the relationships entered into during the occupation should be considered instances of survival sex. While historians and sociologists have long used the term “survival sex”, the more neutral parallel term “sexual barter” has been established in recent years as it concedes the women more agency. Indeed, many wartime relationships can be seen as complicated systems of interaction, into which the German and Polish partners brought different articles of exchange. The Germans were not always solely interested in the physical; they also sought human warmth. Other motivating factors, besides material advantages and romantic emotions, included protection and the need for human connection. Women sometimes also befriended the Germans for reasons of political sympathy, while some women thoroughly enjoyed the proximity to power. The chapter then considers the range of motives of the Reich German men in embarking on banned sexual and intimate relationships with Poles.
(Attempts at) Legalizing Relationships
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the attempts at legalizing relationships between German men and Polish women. One alternative that Reich German–Polish couples had to the kinds of prosecution described in the previous chapter was to legalize their relationships — however paradoxical this may seem at first glance. Regulating marriages was an important element of Nazi occupation policy as a whole. Numerous decrees had the aim of keeping the German, “neo-German”, and Polish populations apart. Accordingly, newly-recruited Germans should marry among themselves wherever possible, and certainly not marry Poles. This did not work well everywhere so the authorities sometimes changed tack and legitimized cohabitation. The racial planners also permitted such weddings in an attempt to hide the fact that it was not possible to entirely separate the populations in the occupied territories as they had intended. The chapter describes the process of marriage applications and the authorities involved, and introduces some examples of successful and denied marriage applications. It shows further that SS men were more likely to have longer relationships, but did rarely succeed in marrying Polish women.
Patterns of Sexual Violence in Occupied Poland
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the patterns of wartime sexual violence in occupied Poland. Emotional overload, shame, and the desire to avoid questioning or investigations all prevented Polish women from accusing the offenders during the Second World War. But the most important inhibiting factor was the marked imbalance in power between perpetrators and victims. The chapter then distinguishes between three time periods and five types of sexual violence, relating to the various phases of the German occupation. During the invasion in 1939, gang rapes and individual assaults were frequent, also during Warsaw Uprising in 1944 sexual violence was a frequent tool. During occupation, German men, made use of their power. One of the most frequent clusters had been sexual extortion at the workplace.
Dream to See Patterns
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
What is a dream? I think a dream identifies a complex pattern in experience and portrays this in a dream image. In other words, I argue for a complex pattern identification theory of dreaming. We can detect complex patterns in wake too, but our thought is convergent, sequential, and driven by more obvious associations, whereas, during dreaming, we see less obvious associations because we think in a divergent way. This chapter covers why, in our evolutionary past, we needed to detect complex, non-obvious, divergent patterns, and begins to explain why the dreaming state evolved to do this. I think complex pattern identification occurs during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with the pattern visualized in a REM dream.
Dream to Associate
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Dreams make non-obvious associations to depict complex patterns in past experience. These patterns are constructed from elements of different memories. This chapter illustrates this concept through a dream, ‘the white paper kite and the butterfly’. Dreams portray a complex, experiential pattern, but this pattern hasn’t been experienced, so dreams don’t depict what really happened. Memories can be semantic (for knowledge) or episodic (for experiences). They are held in brain networks composed of pathways and junctions. Episodic memories are represented along pathways. I argue rapid eye movement (REM) dream images, composed of elements of different experiences, are represented at junctions.
Dream to Decide (and to Act)
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Freud famously thought dreams to be the ‘royal road’ to the unconscious. Do retained dream associations, which depict a probabilistic pattern inherent in experience, drive unconscious decision making and consequent action? This chapter focuses on this question. I argue that, across evolutionary time, retained dream images prompted unconscious decision making and action, archetypically, to approach or avoid the waterhole. Unconscious decisions may still drive our decisions and actions but, perhaps surprisingly, only when the decision is complex, with several things to be taken into account. When the decision is simple, with few variables, conscious decisions are best.
Introduction
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the book’s practical purpose to be a useful and salient guide in the real life arena of commissioning and health services decision-making for better population health outcomes. The book is grounded in the experience of health services in England where the intention is to provide a comprehensive range of services on a whole population basis. The reader will be taken through the book using the main anchoring point of commissioning, the process of securing services for populations within finite resources. The book is structured in two parts. The first half (Part I) contains core topics to help build confidence about commissioning for health gain. It covers the purpose of commissioning, its health service context, and offers concepts that tangibly link commissioning actions with a population approach. Part II builds on that to cover more applied topics that commissioners will need to navigate in practice.
Windsor-Forest and the Politics of Panegyric
Authors: Hone Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers Pope’s most important early poem, Windsor-Forest, as a panegyric to Stuart monarchy. It traces the textual history of Windsor-Forest and investigates moments of contact between this poem and others by Pope’s friends and contemporaries, including Diaper, Higgons, Finch, Granville, and John Philips. It begins by exploring the enduring appeal of Stuart panegyric and the common motif of the renewed golden age before moving on to examine two of the most famous conceits of the poem: a fiat and a metamorphosis. Those motifs were frequently deployed by Pope’s contemporaries to reflect on current theories of monarchy. By studying the development of Windsor-Forest in context—and alongside parallel developments in contemporary politics—this chapter begins to explain when and why Pope’s political outlook turned from confidence to anxiety and disaffection.
Conclusion
Authors: Hone Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This conclusion draws together the findings of individual chapters. It establishes that the political animus behind Pope’s verse can be traced back to his engagement with poets who have been lost to posterity; that his allusions to the great authors of the seventeenth century—Waller, Denham, Dryden, and Cowley—were usually refracted through the literary critical judgements of his milieu; that he consistently returned to the topic of dynastic politics through his early poems; that he emerged from his milieu because, unlike some of his contemporaries, he was willing to distance himself from politics by constructing himself as an aloof literary author. The conclusion explores the significance of this shift from political authorship to literary authorship and its influence on our modern ideas about the literary canon.
Targeting Without Lawyers
Authors: Jones Craig 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter argues that the US-led war in Vietnam (1955–1975) paved the way for institutional changes in the US military, including the establishment of the US Law of War Program, which later precipitated the emergence of a new doctrinal approach to the laws of war called ‘operational law’. Military lawyers emerged from the Vietnam War better equipped and with a formal mandate to advise military commanders on the legality of targeting operations. Military lawyers performed a wide range of duties in Vietnam, especially around Prisoner of War (POW) issues, and were deployed in unprecedented numbers. Military lawyers were not involved in targeting, neither during ‘Operation Rolling Thunder’ nor ‘Operation Linebacker’, but the Vietnam War in general and the My Lai massacre of 1968 in particular helped to create the conditions for their involvement in subsequent wars.
The Birth of ‘Operational Law’
Authors: Jones Craig 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter analyses the invention and development of ‘operational law’ by US military lawyers and commanders in the decades following the Vietnam War. Operational law is a pragmatic, practitioner-oriented, and military-friendly framework for interpreting rights and responsibilities under international, domestic and military law. This chapter shows how operational law helped the US military to put these legal regimes to work in the service of achieving military objectives, as military lawyers helped create a broadly permissive albeit bounded legal environment for military operations. The birth of operational law laid the foundations for a new symbiosis between commanders and lawyers, providing them with a common vocabulary and a shared understanding of the mission—factors which were later crucial to the integration of military lawyers into targeting operations.
‘The Lawyers’ War’
Authors: Jones Craig 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter analyses the involvement of military lawyers in the planning and conduct of the US-led First Gulf War in 1990–1991. Contrary to representations of the First Gulf War as one of the cleanest, most precise, and limited wars the US military has ever fought, this chapter outlines the planning process and rationale behind the US military’s destruction of Iraq’s key infrastructure. The laws of war and military lawyers played no small part in the patterning of violence as key legal interpretations turned ‘dual use’ infrastructures into legitimate military targets—with cascading collateral consequences for civilian life in Iraq. The chapter considers how calculations of proportionality failed to properly consider the ‘slow violence’ of targeting, which enabled and legitimized forms of infrastructural violence and military destruction that might otherwise be considered impermissible.
Environmental Principles
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This book traces the evolution of environmental principles from their origins as vague political slogans reflecting fears about environmental hazards to their embodiment in enforceable laws. Since the early 1970s environmental issues have taken on an ever increasing profile. This has been due in part to a fundamental change in the type and scale of risk posed by industry. Issues such as global warming, GM food, and BSE typify the new kinds of risk: potentially catastrophic consequences could ensue yet there is no scientific agreement over their precise causation, duration, and other concerns. Environmental law has always responded to risks posed by industrial society but the new generation of risks have required a new set of environmental principles, emerging from a combination of public fears, science, ethics, and established legal practice. This book shows how three of the most important principles of modern environmental law grew out of this new age of ecological risk: the polluter-pays principle, the preventive principle, and the precautionary principle. The author examines the legal force of these principles and in the process offers a novel theory of norm formation in environmental law by unearthing new grounds of legality, comparing environmental laws across Europe, the Unites States, and Australia. The book will be of interest to all with an interest in environmental law and policy, in the relationship between law and science, and in the ways in which political and ethical values can become embodied in laws.
Introduction
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter situates the question of constituent power in the context of the recent crises of European integration and lays out the main argument of the book. The European Union’s constitutional development largely evades popular control. While this problem has recently been exacerbated by forms of constitutional mutation, citizens have started to reclaim the right to shape the EU for ‘the people’—in the course of a politicization from below that spans Eurosceptic and pro-European voices. Against this background, the books seeks to determine how citizens could exercise constituent power in the EU in an effective and legitimate manner. The chapter explains how this question will be addressed in terms of methodology—namely, based on a practice-oriented approach focused on public narratives, models, and rational reconstruction. Finally, the chapter outlines the structure of the book, which is composed of three parts, of which the first sets the stage, the second is dedicated to the exploration of competing models, and the third constructs a new theory of constituent power in the EU.
Citizens All the Way Down
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of the EU’s constituent subject. To that end, it conducts an analysis of the principles of democratic legitimacy that processes of constitutional politics in supranational polities should follow. Conducting a rational reconstruction of the established practice of EU constitutional politics, the chapter examines what (the citizens of) the member states have implicitly committed themselves to by embarking on the project of European integration. In a thought experiment, it takes the perspective of citizens of constitutional democracies who seek to found a supranational polity and asks what normative standards for the exercise of constituent power they would agree on in a rational discourse. In this way, the chapter identifies a set of principles of supranational constitution making, which form the normative core of the theory of constituent power in the EU proposed in this book. These principles imply a new model of dual constituent power. Instead of ascribing the member states or their peoples the status of (collective) co-holders of constituent power, they indicate that the EU’s pouvoir constituant mixte consists of citizens all the way down.
Why Do Animals Want What Is Not Good for Them?
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough animals do generally choose what is good for their health, this is not always so. Evolutionary time lags can give rise to a mismatch between the ancestral environment in which choices evolved and the current environment. This happens in wild animals if their environments change, but it is even more likely to happen in domesticated and captive animals as they are often kept in conditions very different from those of their wild ancestors but with a legacy of choice mechanisms more appropriate to the past than the present. They may therefore, like humans, sometimes want things that are bad for their health. As with humans, there is no simple answer to this conflict. However, as ‘wanting’ has in general been selected to deliver what is good for fitness and survival, what animals want usually delivers healthy outcomes.
Animal Welfare with and without Consciousness
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract‘Health and what animals want’ is a succinct and easy to understand definition of animal welfare but for many people it misses out the most important element of all—namely, what animals consciously feel. This chapter looks at the advantages and disadvantages of adding consciousness to the definition, starting with what we currently know about consciousness in ourselves and what it might tell us about the conscious experiences of other species. Despite major advances in understanding how brains work, consciousness itself remains the hardest problem in biology. Remarkably, it turns out that we humans do many complex behaviours quite unconsciously, making it more difficult than ever to be certain about consciousness in other species. In view of the continuing difficulties of understanding or even defining consciousness, adding it to the definition of animal welfare confuses rather than clarifies. While leaving open the possibility that many animals do indeed consciously experience pain, pleasure and suffering, the actual definition of welfare does not need consciousness and, most importantly, is more useful and practical without it.
Kant's Justification of Ethics
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Kant’s arguments for the reality of human freedom and the normativity of the moral law continue to inspire work in contemporary moral philosophy. Many prominent ethicists invoke Kant, directly or indirectly, in their efforts to derive the authority of moral requirements from a more basic conception of action, agency, or rationality. But many commentators have detected a deep rift between the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals and the Critique of Practical Reason, leaving Kant’s project of justification exposed to conflicting assessments and interpretations. In this major re-reading of Kant, Owen Ware defends the controversial view that Kant’s mature writings on ethics share a unified commitment to the moral law’s primacy. Using both close analysis and historical contextualization, Owen Ware overturns a paradigmatic way of reading Kant’s arguments for morality and freedom, situating them within Kant’s critical methodology at large. The result is a novel understanding of Kant that challenges much of what goes under the banner of Kantian arguments for moral normativity today.
Moral Skepticism
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter has three aims. The first is to give the reader an overview of Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, focusing on the transitions that link the book’s three sections. The second aim is to understand Kant’s argument in Groundwork III, focusing on his claim that the moral ‘ought’ has its source in our own ‘will.’ This argument is shown to address, not a theoretical form of doubt, but a practical problem of despair that Kant identifies with our tendency to rationalize against moral laws. A further aim of this chapter is to clarify Kant’s distinction between analytic and synthetic paths as a framework for understanding his project of moral justification.
‘The solitary saint walks forth to meditate at even-tide’
Authors: Stokes Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter illustrates a strong connection between prayer and what I term radical interiority—a self defined by the authenticity of a supposed depth or secrecy—across the work of Evangelical poet William Cowper. Expressing this inward and grace-filled self is always accompanied by and conceived on the model of intense prayer; by contrast, prayerlessness equals spiritual desolation. The connection is particularly torturous in melancholic early texts such as Adelphi (his spiritual autobiography) and the Olney Hymns. In his most famous poem The Task, a poetics interlinking prayer and interiority continues: despite an initial elision in favour of hymning the natural world and focusing outside the self, it is reasserted through a quietist turn. Cowper’s final praying self retreats from the world, meditatively into itself but also in occupying hidden physical spaces as prayer closets, a combination inspired by his translations of French mystic, Madame de Guyon.