bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fireside Corrosion of Heat Exchanger Materials for Advanced Solid Fuel Fired Power Plants
Authors: Mori Stefano , Pidcock Andy , Sumner Joy , Simms Nigel , Oakey John 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo address the challenge of climate change, future energy systems need to have reduced greenhouse gas emissions and increased efficiencies. For solid fuel fired combustion plants, one route towards achieving this is to increase the system’s steam temperatures and pressures. Another route is to co-fire renewable fuels (such as biomass) with coals. Fireside corrosion performance of two candidate superheater/reheater alloys has been characterised at higher heat exchanger surface temperature. Samples of the alloys (a stainless steel, Sanicro 25 and a nickel-based alloy, IN740) were exposed in fireside corrosion tests at 650 °C, 700 °C and 750 °C, in controlled atmosphere furnaces using the ‘deposit recoat’ test method to simulate superheater/reheater exposure for 1000 h. After exposure, the samples were analysed using dimensional metrology to determine the extent and distributions of corrosion damage in terms of surface recession and internal damage. At 650 °C, the stainless steel and nickel-based alloy performed similarly, while at 700 °C and above, the median damage to the steel was at least 3 times greater than for the nickel-based alloy. Optical and electronic microscopy studies were used to study samples’ damage morphologies after exposure. Intergranular damage and pits were found in sample cross sections, while chromium depletion was found in areas with internal damage. For high-temperature applications, the higher cost of the nickel-based alloy could be offset by the longer life they would allow in plant with higher operating temperatures.
Climate change risk assessment for the Republic of Korea: developing a systematic assessment methodology
Authors: Song Young-Il , Lee Seunghan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractClimate change risks have become a major concern of climate change adaptation, and a systematic risk assessment is required as the first step as well as a key principle of national adaptation policy processes. Although many countries conducted risk assessments, a debate over a systematic assessment process continues, and results of the risk assessment provide limited information to making adaptation policies. Based on a case study of South Korea, this research aims to establish a national-level risk assessment process which includes systematic methodologies given the current limited time/resource and insufficient climate change information. A four-step risk assessment process is proposed: (1) collecting scientific evidence, (2) making list of preliminary risks, (3) making lists of risks and prioritising the risks, (4) categorising the risks. Enough scientific evidence and data about climate change risks of Korea were retained through first two steps, and three components of risk (hazard, exposure, vulnerability) are systematically involved by assessing the magnitude and adaptive capacity of risks. As results of the risks assessment, 93 national-level climate change risks of Korea are identified, and most high priorities in risks have high risk magnitude but low adaptive capacity. This research provided insights for direction of national adaptation policy of each sector by categorising the risks into four categories.
Bacterial aerosol, particulate matter, and microclimatic parameters in the horse stables in Poland
Authors: Grzyb Jacek , Podstawski Zenon , Bulski Karol 
Published: December 2021

AbstractKeeping horses in good condition requires providing them with living conditions that meet welfare requirements. These animals should be accommodated with suitable space, access to high nutritional fodder and water, and a suitable microclimate in their shelters. When it comes to the environment in the stables, a serious problem is created by particulate matter (PM), which consists of bacteria. PM concentration may be responsible for developing multiple lower respiratory tract diseases in horses, including allergies and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). In turn, these ailments may lead to decreasing equine physical and mental fitness. Additionally, people who spend time in the stables are exposed to the same harmful factors. The study was conducted in Udórz Stud Farm located in the southern region of Poland. The study was carried out in 2 different types of stables: 3 runners (a type of stable where horses are housed together and occasionally linked up, e.g., for feeding or grooming) and 2 box stables. The research continued for 2 years and the samples were collected in each season. The bioaerosol samples were collected using a six-stage Andersen-Graseby cascade impactor to assess size distribution and concentrations of airborne bacteria. PM concentration was analyzed using the DustTrak™ II Aerosol Monitor 8530, while microclimate parameters were measured using the Kestrel 5000 Weather Meter. There are almost no studies concerning size distribution of airborne bacteria, individual PM fractions, and the impact of everyday handling on the changes in the bioaerosol and PM concentration. This preliminary study provided basic information on this subject. We have revealed a strong correlation between high PM and bacterial aerosol concentrations. Higher contamination levels were recorded in runners, as compared to box stables. The highest bacterial aerosol level was detected in the spring. The analysis of the fractions of the bacterial aerosol in the stables indicated the highest share of ultra-fine fraction (0.65–2.1 µm), while respirable fraction (below 4.7 µm) exceeded 75%. It was established that the concentration of the bacterial aerosol inside the stables was many times higher than outside. It depended significantly on everyday activities undertaken in the stables, like feeding or cleaning. Taking the above into account, a different cleaning system should be developed (a wet cleaning system, with the use of water) and excrement should be removed more frequently.
Association of rs3027178 polymorphism in the circadian clock gene PER1 with susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease and longevity in an Italian population
Authors: Bacalini Maria Giulia , Palombo Flavia , Garagnani Paolo , Giuliani Cristina , Fiorini Claudio , Caporali Leonardo , Stanzani Maserati Michelangelo , Capellari Sabina , Romagnoli Martina , De Fanti Sara , Benussi Luisa , Binetti Giuliano , Ghidoni Roberta , Galimberti Daniela , Scarpini Elio , Arcaro Marina , Bonanni Enrica , Siciliano Gabriele , Maestri Michelangelo , Guarnieri Biancamaria ,   Italian Multicentric Group on clock genes, actigraphy in AD, Cucchiara Federico , Schirru Alessandro , Lo Gerfo Annalisa , Lombardi Gemma , Arnaldi Dario , Mattioli Pietro , Nobili Flavio , Cerroni Gianluigi , Bartoli Antonella , Manni Raffaele , Sinforiani Elena , Terzaghi Michele , Arena Maria Grazia , Silvestri Rosalia , Di Perri Maria Caterina , Franzoni Ferdinando , Tognoni Gloria , Mancuso Michelangelo , Sorbi Sandro , Bonuccelli Ubaldo , Faraguna Ugo , Martucci Morena , Monti Daniela , Carelli Valerio , Franceschi Claudio , La Morgia Chiara , Santoro Aurelia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMany physiological processes in the human body follow a 24-h circadian rhythm controlled by the circadian clock system. Light, sensed by retina, is the predominant “zeitgeber” able to synchronize the circadian rhythms to the light-dark cycles. Circadian rhythm dysfunction and sleep disorders have been associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, we aimed at investigating the genetic variability of clock genes in AD patients compared to healthy controls from Italy. We also included a group of Italian centenarians, considered as super-controls in association studies given their extreme phenotype of successful aging. We analyzed the exon sequences of eighty-four genes related to circadian rhythms, and the most significant variants identified in this first discovery phase were further assessed in a larger independent cohort of AD patients by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The results identified a significant association between the rs3027178 polymorphism in the PER1 circadian gene with AD, the G allele being protective for AD. Interestingly, rs3027178 showed similar genotypic frequencies among AD patients and centenarians. These results collectively underline the relevance of circadian dysfunction in the predisposition to AD and contribute to the discussion on the role of the relationship between the genetics of age-related diseases and of longevity.
How Can I Contribute? Citizen Engagement in the Development of Nanotechnology for Health
Authors: Jansma Sikke R. , Dijkstra Anne M. , de Jong Menno D. T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractScholars and policymakers have increasingly advocated to engage citizens more substantially in the development of science and technology. However, to a large extent it has remained unknown how citizens can contribute to technology development. In this study, we systematically characterized citizens’ contributions in the development of nanotechnology for health. We explored to which technology aspects citizens are able to provide suggestions on and on which values their suggestions are based. Fifty citizens in the Netherlands were asked to discuss different applications of nanotechnology for health. They were divided over eight focus groups, which lasted approximately 6.5h each. The citizens were able to contribute to various technology aspects; they mainly focused on the technologies’ implementation and use, they paid some attention to the development and system aspects, and also addressed, but less, the design and communication aspects. Their suggestions were often derived from concerns about the potential effects of the technologies and were predominantly based on the values of well-being, autonomy, and privacy.
Obesity, Inflammation, and Severe Asthma: an Update
Authors: Sharma Varun , Cowan Douglas C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Obesity-associated difficult asthma continues to be a substantial problem and, despite a move to address treatable traits affecting asthma morbidity and mortality, it remains poorly understood with limited phenotype-specific treatments. The complex association between asthma, obesity, and inflammation is highlighted and recent advances in treatment options explored.

Recent Findings
Obesity negatively impacts asthma outcomes and has a causal link in the pathogenesis of adult-onset asthma. Imbalance in the adipose organ found in obesity favours a pro-inflammatory state both systemically and in airways. Obesity may impact currently available asthma biomarkers, and obesity-associated asthma specific biomarkers are needed. Whilst surgical weight loss interventions are associated with improvements in asthma control and quality of life, evidence for pragmatic conservative options are sparse. Innovative approaches tackling obesity-mediated airway inflammation may provide novel therapies.

Summary
The immunopathological mechanisms underlying obesity-associated asthma require further research that may lead to novel therapeutic options for this disease. However, weight loss appears to be effective in improving asthma in this cohort and focus is also needed on non-surgical treatments applicable in the real-world setting.
Growth and toxin production of phomopsin A and ochratoxin A forming fungi under different storage conditions in a pea (Pisum sativum) model system
Authors: Kunz Birgitta Maria , Pförtner Laura , Weigel Stefan , Rohn Sascha , Lehmacher Anselm , Maul Ronald 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPhomopsins are mycotoxins mainly infesting lupines, with phomopsin A (PHOA) being the main mycotoxin. PHOA is produced by Diaporthe toxica, formerly assigned as toxigenic Phomopsis leptostromiformis, causing infections in lupine plants and harvested seeds. However, Diaporthe species may also grow on other grain legumes, similar to Aspergillus westerdijkiae as an especially potent ochratoxin A (OTA) producer. Formation of PHOA and OTA was investigated on whole field peas as model system to assess fungal growth and toxin production at adverse storage conditions. Field pea samples were inoculated with the two fungal strains at two water activity (aw) values of 0.94 and 0.98 and three different levels of 30, 50, and 80% relative air humidity.After 14 days at an aw value of 0.98, the fungi produced 4.49 to 34.3 mg/kg PHOA and 1.44 to 3.35 g/kg OTA, respectively. Strains of D. toxica also tested showed higher PHOA concentrations of 28.3 to 32.4 mg/kg.D. toxica strains did not grow or produce PHOA at an aw values of 0.94, while A. westerdijkiae still showed growth and OTA production.Elevated water activity has a major impact both on OTA and, even more pronouncedly, on PHOA formation and thus, proper drying and storage of lupins as well as other grain legumes is crucial for product safety.
Per-unit versus ad-valorem royalty licensing in a Stackelberg market
Authors: Antelo Manel , Bru Lluís 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe consider licensing of a non-drastic innovation by a licensor that interacts with a potential licensee in a Stackelberg duopoly, comparing per-unit and ad-valorem royalty two-part contracts and showing why and when each licensing deal should be used. We contribute three findings to the literature. First, ad-valorem royalty is preferred when the licensor plays as leader in the marketplace, but per-unit royalty is preferred when the licensor plays as follower. Second, only innovations that do not hurt consumers are socially beneficial. Third, our model also suggests that both the licensor’s status as a leader or follower in the marketplace and the innovation size determine the incentive to engage in innovative activities.
Lab-like findings from online experiments
Authors: Buso Irene Maria , Di Cagno Daniela , Ferrari Lorenzo , Larocca Vittorio , Lorè Luisa , Marazzi Francesca , Panaccione Luca , Spadoni Lorenzo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLaboratory experiments have been often replaced by online experiments in the last decade. This trend has been reinforced when academic and research work based on physical interaction had to be suspended due to restrictions imposed to limit the spread of Covid-19. Therefore, data quality and results from web experiments have become an issue which is currently investigated. Are there significant differences between lab experiments and online findings? We contribute to this debate via an experiment aimed at comparing results from a novel online protocol with traditional laboratory settings, using the same pool of participants. We find that participants in our experiment behave in a similar way across settings and that there are at best weakly significant and quantitatively small differences in behavior observed using our online protocol and physical laboratory setting.
A case study of an experiment during the COVID-19 pandemic: online elicitation of subjective beliefs and economic preferences
Authors: Harrison Glenn W. , Hofmeyr Andre , Kincaid Harold , Monroe Brian , Ross Don , Schneider Mark , Swarthout J. Todd 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe convey our experiences developing and implementing an online experiment to elicit subjective beliefs and economic preferences. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated closures of our laboratories required us to conduct an online experiment in order to collect beliefs and preferences associated with the pandemic in a timely manner. Since we had not previously conducted a similar multi-wave online experiment, we faced design and implementation considerations that are not present when running a typical laboratory experiment. By discussing these details more fully, we hope to contribute to the online experiment methodology literature at a time when many other researchers may be considering conducting an online experiment for the first time. We focus primarily on methodology; in a complementary study we focus on initial research findings.
A Unification of Heterogeneous Data Sources into a Graph Model in E-commerce
Authors: Tuteja Sonal , Kumar Rajeev 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe incorporation of heterogeneous data models into large-scale e-commerce applications incurs various complexities and overheads, such as redundancy of data, maintenance of different data models, and communication among different models for query processing. Graphs have emerged as data modelling techniques for large-scale applications with heterogeneous, schemaless, and relationship-centric data. Models exist for mapping different types of data to a graph; however, the unification of data from heterogeneous source models into a graph model has not received much attention. To address this, we propose a new framework in this study. The proposed framework first transforms data from various source models into graph models individually and then unifies them into a single graph. To justify the applicability of the proposed framework in e-commerce applications, we analyse and compare query performance, scalability, and database size of the unified graph with heterogeneous source data models for a predefined set of queries. We also access some qualitative measures, such as flexibility, completeness, consistency, and maturity for the proposed unified graph. Based on the experimental results, the unified graph outperforms heterogeneous source models for query performance and scalability; however, it falls behind for database size.
Long-term use of CPAP in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a prospective longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Møkleby Margareta , Øverland Britt 
Published: December 2021

AbstractContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an efficient treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Reports of long-term usage vary, as do the factors that predict long-term usage. The aim of this study was to explore long-term CPAP usage and identify potential predictors. This prospective longitudinal cohort study included all patients referred to an outpatient clinic for CPAP treatment during an eight-month period. Clinical data were collected at baseline. Follow-ups were scheduled after one week, three months and two years. Use data were downloaded from the CPAP device at each follow-up. Of 163 included patients, 112 were available for long-term follow-up 2–4 years after starting CPAP, and use data were downloaded for 99 patients. Median duration of CPAP use was 6 h/night (IQR 4.2–7.1). The only significant variable predicting long-term usage was usage at three months. Nearly half (43%) of the patients needed extra consultations beyond the standard treatment plan. Most patients (69%) did not contact the clinic for their recommended two-year follow-up but were instead called into the clinic specifically for the study. There was no significant difference in long-term CPAP usage between patients who initiated contact themselves and those who were called in and would otherwise have been lost for follow-up. Most patients adhere well to CPAP in the long term, although many need extra follow-up. Patients lost for follow-up should not necessarily be considered non-adherent as their reason for not attending could be that they are managing treatment well on their own.
Simulation of air temperature and their influence on the potential distribution of Myracrodruon urundeuva, Copernicia prunifera and Cereus jamacaru in the Caatinga
Authors: de Sousa Vieira Luciana Cristina , de Paula Silva Filho Vicente , Satyamurty Prakki , de Almeida Dantas Vanessa , Santos Aldeize da Silva , Francisco Bezerra das Chagas Glayson 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAreas in the process of aridification in Caatinga phytogeographic domain in northeastern Brazil increase every year due to human intervention and increase in air temperature. The identification of long-term patterns and air temperature trends in the phytogeographic domain can express climate variability as well as a new phase of adaptation to some plant species. The temperature series from 1951 to 2018 obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction data sets in four conservation areas with native vegetation, located in the North (A1), East (A2), South (A3) and West (A4) regions of this phytogeographic domain, show an increase in temperature between 0.5 and 1.4 °C over the 68-year period with the highest warming occurring in the months of March, April and May. The Maxent model is used to identify the influence of this increase on the presence potential of three species in the Caatinga, Myracrodruon urundeuva (aroeira), Copernicia prunifera (palmeira) and Cereus jamacaru DC (cactus) in the future time interval of 2041 to 2060, considering IPCC projected climate changes. The results show that climate change can lead to a reduction as well as redistribution of the potential areas of occurrence of the three species. Notable changes are: in the case of Carnauba, the high potential area reduces from 25.3% in the present state to 19.6% in 2050, and potential area for Aroeira diminishes in central Bahia and increases in Rio Grande do Norte. The projected changes for all three species are discussed.
Control and understanding of metal contacts to β-Ga2O3 single crystals: a review
Authors: Kim Hogyoung 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGallium oxide (Ga2O3) is a promising semiconductor for high power devices and solar blind ultraviolet photodetectors due to its large bandgap, a high breakdown field, and high thermal stability. Recently, a considerable achievement has been obtained for the growth of high-quality β-Ga2O3 and high performance β-Ga2O3 based devices. However, rapid advance in device performance can be limited by the critical issues of metal contacts to β-Ga2O3 such as barrier height, leakage current, ohmic contact, and surface, interfacial and deep states. This article aims to provide a review on the recent studies in the control and understanding of metal contacts to β-Ga2O3, particularly in terms of the barrier formation. This review suggests that understanding the current transport mechanisms of metal contacts to β-Ga2O3 more thoroughly is necessary to enhance the performance, stability and reliability of β-Ga2O3 based devices.