bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Ionic Liquid System: Promising “Ideal Catalysts” for the Fixation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Li Zhuo‐Jian , Sun Jian‐Fei , Xu Qin‐Qin , Yin Jian‐Zhong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMassive emissions of CO2 have caused environmental problems all over the world. The fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates is regarded as an effective way of capturing and utilizing CO2. Ionic liquid catalysts (ILCs) have received great attention and been employed for catalyzing the above reaction in recent years due to their unique properties. However, there are still a few problems requiring solutions in order to finally find the “ideal catalyst”. Herein, we reviewed a number of recent related literature. The progresses of both homogeneous and heterogeneous ILCs were discussed to find out where we are and which directions to work on. The effects of cations and anions of ionic liquids (ILs), functional groups, reaction phase states, structures of supports, preparation methods of supported ionic liquids (SILs), and interactions between the ILs and supports were investigated systematically. Accordingly, basic principles of designing ILCs for the title reaction are summarized and directions of future investigations are highlighted.
Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation by a Zeolitic Octahedral Metal Oxide based on Iron Vanadomolybdates Under Mild Conditions
Authors: Zhu Qianqian , Yin Shanshan , Zhou Mengyuan , Wang Jie , Chen Chaomin , Hu Panpan , Jiang Xizhuo , Zhang Zhenxin , Li Yanshuo , Ueda Wataru 
Published: January 2021

AbstractZeolitic octahedral metal oxides are fully‐inorganic crystalline materials with the multi‐component redox property and the intrinsic microporosity. The redox active zeolitic iron vanadomolybdate acts as a catalyst for aerobic oxidation of primary aromatic alcohols. Molecular oxygen is able to be activated in the material due to the confinement effect of the micropore and the unique redox property of the framework. Different primary aromatic alcohols are oxidized by the material, and high alcohol conversion and aldehyde selectivity are achieved. The material is stable and able to be reused for 5 times without loss of activity.
Upscaling Effects on Alkali Metal‐Grafted Ultrastable Y Zeolite Extrudates for Modeled Catalytic Deoxygenation of Bio‐oils
Authors: Hernández‐Giménez Ana M. , de Kort Laura M. , Whiting Gareth T. , Hernando Héctor , Puértolas Begoña , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier , Serrano David P. , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A. , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDeveloping efficient solid catalysts is necessary when for example moving from batch chemistry to continuous flow systems. In this work, scale‐up effects of zeolite‐based catalyst materials have been tested in aldol condensation as a model reaction for bio‐oil upgrading via deoxygenation. For this purpose, shaped catalyst bodies were obtained via extrusion of ultrastable Y zeolite (USY) using either attapulgite (Att.) or bentonite (Bent.) as clay binder, followed by post‐alkali metal ion grafting of K+after (rather than before) extrusion. This approach proved essential to preserve the catalysts’ crystallinity. The Att.‐bound catalyst body was more active than its Bent.‐counterpart, correlating well with the observed changes in physicochemical properties. The K‐(USY/Att.) catalyst showed new basic oxygen and strong Lewis acidic sites resulting from clay incorporation, in addition to the Lewis acid (K+) and basic sites (K−OH) created upon grafting. For K‐(USY/Bent.), the grafting proved less efficient, likely due to pore blockage caused by the binder. Bent. addition resulted in acid sites of moderate Brønsted and strong Lewis acidity, but hardly any of the basicity desired for the aldol condensation reaction. The poor potassium grafting yet led to some cation exchange with the binder (likely with the Na+naturally present in the Bent. material). The results obtained demonstrate the critical importance of the choice of the binder material and the synthesis protocol adopted for upscaling solid base materials in the form of catalyst bodies.
Reductive Coupling of (Fluoro)pyridines by Linear 3d‐Metal(I) Silylamides of Cr–Co: A Tale of C−C Bond Formation, C−F Bond Cleavage and a Pyridyl Radical Anion
Authors: Müller Igor , Werncke Christian Gunnar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHerein, we disclose the facile reduction of pyridine (and its derivatives) by linear 3d‐metal(I) silylamides (M=Cr–Co). This reaction resulted in intermolecular C−C coupling to give dinuclear metal(II) complexes bearing a bridging 4,4′‐dihydrobipyridyl ligand. For iron, we demonstrated that the C−C coupling is reversible in solution, either directly or by reaction with substrates, via a presumed monomeric metal(II) complex bearing a pyridyl radical anion. In the course of this investigation, we also observed that the dinuclear metal(II) complex incorporating iron facilitated the isomerisation of 1,4‐cyclohexadiene to 1,3‐cyclohexadiene as well as equimolar amounts of benzene and cyclohexene. Furthermore, we synthesised and structurally characterised a non‐3d‐metal‐bound pyridyl radical anion. The reactions of the silylamides with perfluoropyridine led to C−F bond cleavage with the formation of metal(II) fluoride complexes of manganese, iron and cobalt along with the homocoupling or reductive degradation of the substrate. In the case of cobalt, the use of lesser fluorinated pyridines led to C−F bond cleavage but no homocoupling. Overall, in this paper we provide insights into the multifaceted behaviour of simple (fluoro)pyridines in the presence of moderately to highly reducing metal complexes.
Developments in the Dehydrogenative Electrochemical Synthesis of 3,3′,5,5′‐Tetramethyl‐2,2′‐biphenol
Authors: Gleede Barbara , Selt Maximilian , Franke Robert , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe symmetric biphenol 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐biphenol is a well‐known ligand building block and is used in transition‐metal catalysis. In the literature, there are several synthetic routes for the preparation of this exceptional molecule. Herein, the focus is on the sustainable electrochemical synthesis of 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐biphenol. A brief overview of the developmental history of this inconspicuous molecule, which is of great interest for technical applications, but has many challenges for its synthesis, is provided. The electro‐organic method is a powerful, sustainable, and efficient alternative to conventional synthesis to obtain this symmetric biphenol up to the kilogram scale. Another section of this article is devoted to different process management strategies in batch‐type and flow electrolysis and their respective advantages.
Clinical outcome of patients with recurrent or refractory localized Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors: A retrospective report from the Japan Ewing Sarcoma Study Group
Authors: Umeda Katsutsugu , Miyamura Takako , Yamada Kenji , Sano Hideki , Hosono Ako , Sumi Minako , Okita Hajime , Kumamoto Tadashi , Kawai Akira , Hirayama Junya , Jyoko Ryoji , Sawada Akihisa , Nakayama Hideki , Hosoya Yosuke , Maeda Naoko , Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Imai Chihaya , Hasegawa Daiichiro , Chin Motoaki , Ozaki Toshifumi ,   Japan Ewing Sarcoma Study Group
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients with Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) who experience relapse or progression have a poor prognosis.AimThis study aimed to identify the prognostic and therapeutic factors affecting overall survival (OS) of patients with recurrent or refractory localized ESFT.Methods and resultsThirty‐eight patients with localized ESFT who experienced first relapse or progression between 2000 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The 5‐year OS rate of the entire cohort was 48.3% (95% confidence interval, 29.9%‐64.5%). Multivariate analysis of OS identified time to relapse or progression, but not stem cell transplantation (SCT), as the sole independent risk factor (hazard ratio, 35.8; P = .002). Among 31 patients who received salvage chemotherapy before local treatment, 21 received chemotherapy regimens that are not conventionally used for newly diagnosed ESFT. The objective response rate to first‐line salvage chemotherapy was 55.2% in the 29 evaluable patients. Time to relapse or progression was significantly associated with response to first‐line salvage chemotherapy (P = .006).ConclusionsThe present study fails to demonstrate significant clinical benefit of SCT for recurrent or refractory localized ESFT. Recently established chemotherapy regimens may increase the survival rate of patients with recurrent or refractory localized ESFT while attenuating the beneficial effect of SCT.
Pharmacokinetics of Gepotidacin in Subjects With Normal Hepatic Function and Hepatic Impairment
Authors: Hossain Mohammad , Tiffany Courtney , Tao Yu , Barth Aline , Marbury Thomas C. , Preston Richard A. , Dumont Etienne 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGepotidacin is a novel triazaacenaphthylene bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor. This phase 1 nonrandomized, open‐label, multicenter, 2‐part study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral gepotidacin 1500 mg in 3 different hepatic settings (normal, moderate impairment, and severe impairment). Gepotidacin was safe and generally tolerated in all subjects. Compared to subjects with normal hepatic function, gepotidacin plasma area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0–∞) and maximum concentration significantly increased by 1.7‐ and 1.9‐fold, respectively, in severe hepatic impairment; increases in moderate impairment were not statistically significant. No significant effect was observed for gepotidacin plasma elimination half‐life (geometric mean range, 8.2–9.1 hours) across hepatic groups. Renal clearance increased in moderate (16%) and severe (52%) hepatic impairment vs normal. The mean fraction of gepotidacin dose excreted in urine increased with increasing hepatic impairment (normal, 7.5%; moderate, 11.2%; and severe, 19.9%). Urine gepotidacin concentrations remained high for 12 hours in all hepatic groups after dosing. Saliva gepotidacin concentrations displayed a linear relationship with plasma concentrations (R2 = 0.76). The ratio of saliva AUC to unbound plasma AUC and elimination half‐life were not affected by hepatic impairment. These data indicate that gepotidacin dose adjustment is not required in mild to moderate hepatic impairment; severe hepatic impairment may require increases in dosing interval or dose reduction.
A 3D‐Printed Open Access Photoreactor Designed for Versatile Applications in Photoredox‐ and Photoelectrochemical Synthesis**
Authors: Schiel Florian , Peinsipp Christoph , Kornigg Stefan , Böse Dietrich 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMost published photochemical reactions are still not performed under standardized conditions. It is well known that the control of light intensity, the exact reaction temperature and other parameters are crucial for the success of a photochemical reaction. However, for most reactions reported in the literature, these parameters are not precisely controlled and recorded. As a result, the reproduction of these reactions is difficult and the progress in the field of photoredox chemistry is hampered by this limitation. To address this problem, a 3D‐printed photoreactor was designed which can be easily replicated with a small number of inexpensive and easily available components. Equipped with thermoelectric coolers, the reactor can access and precisely control the temperature in the range of −17 °C to 80 °C, while reactions under high‐intensity irradiation are performed with LED lamps from Kessil or HepatoChem. The practical design of the vial holder allows a versatile use of different reaction vessels – in addition to fast reaction optimization with up to eight vials simultaneously, upscaling in batch and flow is easily possible. Due to the high light intensity, the catalyst loading can be reduced to 0.1 mol % for large‐scale reactions. The flexibility of the vial holder is demonstrated by combining IKA's ElectraSyn 2.0 with the photoreactor to perform photoelectrochemical reactions in a reproducible manner.
Specific adaptation for early maturity and height stability in Icelandic spring barley
Authors: Göransson Magnus , Hallsteinn Hallsson Jón , Bengtsson Therése , Bjørnstad Åsmund , Lillemo Morten 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCereal production in important growing regions is negatively influenced by climate change. This can be countered by expanding cereal production northwards in Scandinavia and Iceland, where today, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is primarily used as feed, as it rarely reaches malting quality. This study explores genetic factors underlying the ability of barley to mature fully in low temperature and long photoperiod. A panel of 84 spring barley lines were grown in controlled environments with different day lengths and temperatures, partially mimicking the target environment. The panel was screened for accumulated heat sum to heading, maturity, and height, all traits of importance for adaptation to the northern periphery. Subgroups with different stability and heat sum requirements were found, and day‐length‐neutral lines were identified. Height was temperature controlled, with lower temperature resulting in taller plants. The results were coupled to a genome‐wide association study (GWAS). Despite the small panel size, the Mat‐a locus was identified to have the strongest association with heat sum to heading; Ppd‐H1, Mat‐a, FT1, and DHAR2 with heat sum to maturity; and GA20ox1 with height. Early maturing lines with height stability have successfully been developed in Iceland, and this study confirms their performance in controlled environments for the first time. It provides insight to the mechanisms behind early maturity that will increase our ability to further adapt barley and other cereals to the northern climate. This will facilitate breeding work toward combining early maturity and height stability with traits such as quality, further enabling the northward expansion of grain production.
An improved approach for mining association rules in parallel using Spark Streaming
Authors: Liu Longtao , Wen Jiabao , Zheng Zexun , Su Hansong 
Published: January 2021

SummaryParallel computing is an effective method to solve computationally large and data‐intensive problems. The traditional data mining algorithm cannot mining association rules for large amounts of streaming data in a timely and effectively. In order to improve the speed and accuracy of association rules mining, distributed and parallel algorithms have become a research focus. This paper proposes a parallel FP‐growth approach using Spark Streaming, called SSPFP, which can parallel mining frequent itemsets and association rules in real‐time streaming data. In this paper, the proposed SSPFP algorithm is applied to mining the association rules between temperature and salinity in marine Argo data. The experimental results indicate that SSPFP algorithm is efficient for association rules mining.
Data from a microdosed recombinant human erythropoietin administration study applying the new biotinylated clone AE7A5 antibody and a further optimized sarcosyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protocol
Authors: Reichel Christian , Erceg Damir , Lorenc Barbara , Scheiblhofer Veronika , Farmer Letizia , Zanitzer Katharina , Geisendorfer Thomas , Gmeiner Günter , Thevis Mario 
Published: January 2021

AbstractErythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone, which stimulates the production of red blood cells. Due to its performance‐enhancing effect, it is prohibited by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). In order to reduce the detection window of EPO doping, athletes have been applying low doses of recombinant EPO (e.g., <10 IU/kg body weight, daily or every second day) instead of larger doses twice or more per week (e.g., 30 IU/kg). Microdoses of Retacrit (epoetin zeta), an EPO biosimilar, were administered intravenously and subcutaneously to human males and females. Urine and serum samples were collected and analysed applying the new biotinylated clone AE7A5 EPO antibody and a further optimized sarcosyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SAR‐PAGE) protocol. With the improved protocol, microdosed Retacrit (7.5 IU/kg body weight [BW]) was detectable for at least 52 h after intravenous administration. Detection windows were approximately the same for serum and urine and doubled after subcutaneous administration (~104 h). Previous studies applying different electrophoretic techniques and the not further optimized SAR‐PAGE protocol revealed considerably shorter detection windows for recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) microdoses. Because the new biotinylated antibody performed significantly more sensitive than the nonbiotinylated version, the new protocol will improve the sensitivity and hence detectability of recombinant EPO in doping control.
A review of nicotine‐containing electronic cigarettes—Trends in use, effects, contents, labelling accuracy and detection methods
Authors: Taylor Amelia , Dunn Keeley , Turfus Sophie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractElectronic cigarettes (ECs) are thought to be less harmful than traditional combustible cigarettes and were originally intended to help smokers quit. Over the past two decades, they have especially gained popularity with the younger generation. To date, there are over 7000 unique e‐liquid flavours available and over 400 different e‐cigarette brands. The accuracy of nicotine strength labelling in e‐liquids was assessed in this work. Twenty‐three studies from around the world were chosen to assess the level and frequency of nicotine mislabelling in 545 e‐liquid products. Nicotine strengths were most commonly mislabelled by between 5% and 20%, with the majority testing lower than what the label indicated. Fifteen European e‐liquids that were assessed were labelled as 20 mg/ml or less, yet when tested, they contained more than 20 mg/ml of nicotine. One e‐liquid that was supposed to contain no nicotine in fact contained 23.91 mg/ml of nicotine. Furthermore, the difference between the medians of the available labelled and experimental nicotine concentrations was significant (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Preliminary studies show that high nicotine levels delivered via aerosol increase the risk for nicotine poisoning and cause airway inflammation. Other EC ingredients, such as flavourings, contribute to EVALI and ‘popcorn lung’. There is evidence that certain flavourings, such as menthol, reinforce the effects of nicotine and modify drug absorption and metabolism. There is a global need for better quality control in EC products in order to make these safe for consumers.
Effect of retinoic acid signaling on Ripply3 expression and pharyngeal arch morphogenesis in mouse embryos
Authors: Okubo Tadashi , Hara Keiko , Azuma Sadahiro , Takada Shinji 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPharyngeal arches (PA) are sequentially generated in an anterior‐to‐posterior order. Ripply3 is essential for posterior PA development in mouse embryos and its expression is sequentially activated in ectoderm and endoderm prior to formation of each PA. Since the PA phenotype of Ripply3 knockout (KO) mice is similar to that of retinoic acid (RA) signal‐deficient embryos, we investigated the relationship between RA signaling and Ripply3 in mouse embryos.ResultsIn BMS493 (pan‐RAR antagonist) treated embryos, which are defective in third and fourth PA development, Ripply3 expression is decreased in the region posterior to PA2 at E9.0. This expression remains and its distribution is expanded posteriorly at E9.5. Conversely, high dose RA exposure does not apparently change its expression at E9.0 and 9.5. Knockout of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Raldh2), which causes more severe PA defect, attenuates sequential Ripply3 expression at PA1 and reduces its expression level. EGFP reporter expression driven by a 6 kb Ripply3 promoter fragment recapitulates the endogenous Ripply3 mRNA expression during PA development in wild‐type, but its distribution is expanded posteriorly in BMS493‐treated and Raldh2 KO embryos.ConclusionSpatio‐temporal regulation of Ripply3 expression by RA signaling is indispensable for the posterior PA development in mouse.
Variability in tree water uptake determined with stable water isotopes in an African tropical montane forest
Authors: Hahn Melanie , Jacobs Suzanne Robin , Breuer Lutz , Rufino Mariana C. , Windhorst David 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEcohydrological processes in tropical rainforests are insufficiently understood, and existing studies yield contradictory results. We investigated relative contributions of different soil depths to tree water uptake of 83 trees and possible species‐specific differences in a 50 × 50 m forest plot at four dates in a tropical montane forest in Kenya using stable water isotopes and the Bayesian mixing model framework MixSIAR. We found distinct individual tree differences (e.g. Drypetes gerrardii taking 75% of its water from <0.5 m, or a rather large shift in uptake patterns based on the climatic conditions, that is the fourth sampling date), but no consistent species‐specific or small‐scale spatiotemporal patterns in water uptake and depth contributions. Soil water δ18O showed a lateral variation of up to 6‰, which was accounted for by a spatial interpolation of soil water isotopes and enabled us to improve allocations of water uptake sources to individual trees. Our results show that ignoring the lateral variability of water isotope signatures in soils complicates the applicability of a mixing model in this context and might be a widespread constraint reducing the validity and comparability of mixing model results. Further research on underlying processes of water fluxes in forest ecosystems is urgently needed and we point out the need for considering large individual differences in water uptake patterns and small‐scale variability of soil water isotopic composition despite homogeneous soil characteristics.
2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ)‐Mediated Tandem Oxidative Annulation for Preparing 2,2‐Disubstituted 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones
Authors: Cheng Dongping , Yan Xianhang , Pu Yueqi , Shen Jing , Xu Xiaoliang , Yan Jizhong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAn efficient tandem oxidative annulation for the synthesis of 2,2‐disubstituted 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones via DDQ‐mediated dual cross‐dehydrogenative‐coupling (CDC) reactions is described. This transformation proceeds from easily available o‐aminobenzamides and 1,3‐diarylpropenes under mild conditions, and the corresponding products are obtained in moderate to excellent yields.