bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sigma-1 Receptor Activation Suppresses Microglia M1 Polarization via Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum–Mitochondria Contact and Mitochondrial Functions in Stress-induced Hypertension Rats
Authors: Ooi Kokwin , Hu Li , Feng Yi , Han Chengzhi , Ren Xiaorong , Qian Xinyi , Huang Haofeng , Chen Sijia , Shi Qi , Lin Hong , Wang Jijiang , Zhu Danian , Wang Rui , Xia Chunmei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Exposure to stress plays a detrimental role in the pathogenesis of hypertension via noninflammatory pathways. Microglial neuroinflammation in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) exacerbates stress-induced hypertension (SIH) by increasing sympathetic hyperactivity. Mitochondria of microglia are the regulators of innate immune response. Sigma-1R (σ-1R) localizes to the mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and regulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria communication, in part through its chaperone activity. The present study aims to investigate the protective role of σ-1R on microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. Methods Stress-induced hypertension (SIH) was induced in rats using electric foot shocks and intermittent noise. Arterial blood pressure (ABP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were measured to evaluate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activities. SKF10047 (100µM), an agonist of σ-1R, was administrated to rats, then σ-1R localization and MAMs alterations were detected by immuno-electron microscopy. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis was examined in primary microglia and/or BV-2 cells. The effect of SKF10047 treatment on the mitochondrial respiratory function of cultured microglia was measured using a Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Confocal microscopic images were performed to indicate mitochondrial dynamics. Results Stress reduced σ-1R in the MAMs localization, leading to decreased ER-mitochondria contact and IP3R-GRP75-VDAC calcium transport complexes expression in the RVLM of rats. SKF10047 promotes the length and coverage of MAMs in the prorenin treated microglia. Prorenin treatment increases mitoROS levels, and inhibits Ca2+ signaling between the two organelles, therefore negatively affects ATP production in BV2 cells, and these effects are reversed by SKF10047 treatment. We find that mitochondrial hyperfusion and M1 polarization in prorenin-treated microglia. SKF10047 suppresses microglial M1 phenotype and RVLM neuroinflammation, subsequently ameliorates sympathetic hyperactivity in stress-induced hypertensive rats.Conclusion Sigma-1 receptor activation suppresses microglia M1 polarization and neuroinflammation via regulating endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria contact and mitochondrial functions in stress-induced hypertension rats.
Evaluating the Influence of Music at Different Sound Pressure Levels on Medical Students’ Performance of Standardized Laparoscopic Box Training Exercises
Authors: Platzer Lisa Katharina , Grozinger Philipp , Orthmann Natalie , Deutsch Thomas Maximilian , Hennigs André , Domschke Christoph , Wallwiener Markus , Rom Joachim , Riedel Fabian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe influence of music on the performance of surgical procedures such as laparoscopy is controversial and methodologically difficult to quantify. Here, outcome measurements using laparoscopic box training tools under standardized conditions might offer a feasible approach. To date, the effect of music exposure at different sound pressure levels (SPL) on outcome has not been evaluated systematically for laparoscopic novices. MethodsBetween May 2017 and October 2018, n=87 students (49 males, 38 females) from Heidelberg University Medical School performed three different laparoscopy exercises using the “Luebecker Toolbox” that were repeated twice under standardized conditions. Time was recorded for each run. All students were randomly assigned to four groups exposed to the same music compilation but at different SPLs (50-80 dB), an acoustically shielded (earplug) group, or a control group (no intervention). ResultsBest absolute performance was shown under exposure to 70 dB in all three exercises (a, b, c) with mean performance time of 121, 142, and 115 s (p<0.05 for a and c). For the control group mean performance times were 157, 144, and 150 s, respectively. In the earplug group, no significant difference in performance was found compared to the control group (p>0.05) except for exercise (a) (p=0.011).ConclusionMusic exposure seems to have beneficial effects on training performance. In comparison to the control group, significantly better results were reached at 70 dB SPL, while exposure to lower (50 or 60 dB) or higher (80 dB) SPL as well as under acoustic shielding did not influence performance.
Effect of Three Different Needle Holders on Gastrointestinal Anastomosis Construction Time and Bursting Pressure in Equine Jejunal Segments
Authors: Averay Kate , Galen Gaby van , Ward Michael , Verwilghen Denis 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Equine small intestinal resection and anastomosis is a procedure where optimizing speed, without compromising integrity, is advantageous. There is a range of different needle holders available, but little is published on their impact on surgical technique in veterinary medicine. The objectives of this study were to investigate if the needle holder type influences the anastomosis construction time, and the anastomosis quality (estimated by bursting pressure), and whether the bursting pressure is influenced by the anastomosis construction time. Single layer end-to-end jejunojejunal anastomoses were performed on jejunal segments harvested from equine cadavers. These segments were randomly allocated to four groups. Three groups based on the needle holder type that was used: 16.5 cm Frimand (Group 1), 16 cm Mayo-Hegar (Group 2) or 20.5 cm Mayo-Hegar (Group 3) needle holders. One (Group 4) as control without anastomoses. Anastomosis construction time was recorded. Bursting pressure was determined by pumping green coloured fluid progressively into the lumen whilst recording intraluminal pressures. Maximum pressure reached prior to failure was recorded as bursting pressure. Construction times and bursting pressures were compared between needle holder, and the correlation between bursting pressure and construction time was estimated.Results: Construction times were not statistically different between groups. Yet, the mean construction time was shortest in Group 2 followed by Group 3, with Group 1 having the longest mean construction time but showing most consistency. Segments from Group 2 and Group 3 burst at a statistically significantly lower pressure than those from Group 4. Group 4 and Group 1 were not different. The mean bursting pressure was highest in Group 4, followed by Group 1 and Group 2, with Group 3 having the lowest mean bursting pressure. Anastomosis construction time and bursting pressure were not correlated.Conclusions: The tested needle holders had a significant effect on bursting pressure, but not on anastomosis construction time. The Frimand needle holder shows promise to be superior for anastomoses in a clinical setting. However, future studies need to confirm these findings.
Propagation of desert moss Syntrichia caninervis in peat pellet: a method for rapidly obtaining large numbers of cloned gametophytes
Authors: Liu Xiujin , Zhou Ping , Li Xiaoshuang , Zhang Daoyuan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Syntrichia caninervis is a typical desiccation tolerance moss, which is a dominant species forming biological soil crust in the Gurbantunggut Desert. This study investigated the effect of different explants on regeneration potential by propagating on peat pellet.
Result
Juvenile and green leaves can regenerate secondary protonema within one week and shoot in half a month in peat pellet. Rhizoid has strong ability to regenerate, like leaf regeneration, the secondary protonema is the dominant type of regenerant. The process of stem regeneration is similar with whole gametophyte. Stem is the most important integral body part when propagation. The whole gametophyte is the most optimal materials for rapidly propagating.
Conclusion
This article improves the state of our current knowledge in desiccation tolerance moss cultivation, highlighting efforts to effectively obtain large number of gametophytes through different parts of explant. This work provides a useful resource for the research of S. caninervis as well as biocrust restoration.
The Capacity and Organization of Gustatory Working Memory
Authors: Lim Xue Li , Höchenberger Richard , Ruda Iryna , Fink Gereon , Viswanathan Shivakumar , Ohla Kathrin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Remembering a particular taste is crucial in food intake and associative learning. We investigated whether taste can be dynamically encoded, maintained, and retrieved on short time-scales consistent with working memory (WM). We used novel single and multi-item taste recognition tasks to investigate the organization and capacity of gustatory WM. In Experiment 1, we show that a single taste can be reliably recognized despite multiple oro-sensory interferences suggesting active and resilient maintenance. When multiple tastes were presented, the resolution with which these could be maintained, depended on their serial position implying a role of attention. Participants reliably recognized up to three tastes, compatible with a limited capacity of gustatory WM. Lastly, recognition was better for match than foil trials likely due to increased stimulus similarity in foil trials. Together, the results advocate a hybrid model of gustatory WM with a limited number of slots where items are stored with varying precision.
The Global Body Size Biomass Spectrum is Multimodal
Authors: Tekwa Edward , Catalano Katrina , Bazzicalupo Anna , Pinsky Malin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Recent research provides an unprecedented account of the diversity and biomass of life, but the data also suggest unexplained patterns such as the co-dominance of very different life forms. We compile the planetary body size biomass spectrum across all taxa and investigate possible underlying forces. We find that small (10-14 g) and large (106 g) organisms vastly outweigh other sizes. The global spectrum reveals an allometric power exponent close to zero, with the marine spectrum in particular showing multiple closely packed modes that are compatible with metabolic food webs. All habitat realms share two distinct size modes that correspond well to the evolutionary innovations of unicellular and complex multicellular life forms, plus a smaller third mode representing unicellular endosymbiotic life. Each mode contains both producers and consumers. These findings show both differences and similarities across habitat realms and point to a size-based synthesis of microevolution, macroevolution, and macroecology.
Evolution of the Yangtze River reconstructed by the largest molecular phylogeny of Cyprinidae
Authors: Chen Feng , Xue Ge , Wang Yeke , Zhang Hucai , He Jun , Chen Jun , Xie Ping 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Yangtze River is the largest river in Asia, but its evolutionary history has long been debated. Diverse groups of endemic freshwater fishes have evolved in this river. Here we represent the historical spatiotemporal pattern of the endemic East Asian cyprinid clade based on the largest molecular phylogeny of Cyprinidae, including 1420 species and fossil records. Based on the evolution of egg types adapting to different hydrological conditions, we show that the ancestors of this endemic clade (laying adhesive eggs) were distributed in southern East Asia before ~24 Ma and subsequently dispersed to the Yangtze River basin to spawn semi-buoyant eggs at ~19 Ma. These results indicate that the Yangtze River reversed its flow direction from southward to eastward to form the present river system within the Oligocene-Miocene boundary (~24-19 Ma). Some East Asian cyprinids evolved into fishes producing adhesive eggs again at ~13 Ma, together with an increased net diversification rate, indicating that the river began to form a potamo-lacustrine system during the Mid-Miocene. The new sketch of the formation history of the Yangtze River system through Cyprinidae phylogeny, together with the evolution of egg types in endemic East Asia cyprinids, has better spatiotemporal integrity than traditional geological studies.
Characterization of the Mechanism of Action of Lanraplenib, a Novel Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, in Models of Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Pohlmeyer Christopher W. , Shang Ching , Han Pei , Cui Zhi-Hua , Jones Randall M. , Clarke Astrid S. , Murray Bernard P. , Lopez David A. , Newstrom David W. , Inzunza M. David , Matzkies Franziska G. , Currie Kevin S. , Paolo Julie A. Di 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background B cells are critical mediators of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN), and antinuclear antibodies can be found in the serum of approximately 98% of patients with SLE. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that mediates signaling from immunoreceptors, including the B cell receptor. Active, phosphorylated SYK has been observed in tissues from patients with SLE or cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and its inhibition is hypothesized to ameliorate disease pathogenesis. We sought to evaluate the efficacy and characterize the mechanism of action of lanraplenib, a selective oral SYK inhibitor, in the New Zealand black/white (NZB/W) murine model of SLE and LN.Methods Lanraplenib was evaluated for inhibition of primary human B cell functions in vitro. Furthermore, the effect of SYK inhibition on ameliorating LN-like disease in vivo was determined by treating NZB/W mice with lanraplenib, cyclophosphamide, or a vehicle control. Glomerulopathy and immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition were quantified in kidneys. The concentration of proinflammatory cytokines was measured in serum. Splenocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry for B cell maturation and T cell memory maturation, and the presence of T follicular helper and dendritic cells. Results In human B cells in vitro, lanraplenib inhibited B cell activating factor-mediated survival as well as activation, maturation, and immunoglobulin M production. Treatment of NZB/W mice with lanraplenib improved overall survival, prevented the development of proteinuria, and reduced blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Kidney morphology was significantly preserved by treatment with lanraplenib as measured by glomerular diameter, protein cast severity, interstitial inflammation, vasculitis, and frequency of glomerular crescents; treatment with lanraplenib reduced glomerular IgG deposition. Mice treated with lanraplenib had reduced concentrations of serum proinflammatory cytokines. Lanraplenib blocked disease-driven B cell maturation and T cell memory maturation in the spleen.Conclusions Lanraplenib blocked the progression of LN-like disease in NZB/W mice. Human in vitro and murine in vivo data suggest that lanraplenib may be efficacious in preventing disease progression in patients with LN at least in part by inhibiting B cell maturation. These data provide additional rationale for the use of lanraplenib in the treatment of SLE and LN.
Synergism between nonane and emanations from soil as cues in oviposition-site selection of natural populations of&nbsp;Anopheles gambiae&nbsp;and&nbsp;Culex quinquefasciatus
Authors: Mwingira Victor Saturnus , Mboera Leonard E.G. , Takken Willem 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundOlfactory cues have been shown to have an important role in guiding gravid mosquito females to selected sites for egg laying. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of emanations from soil from a breeding site and the putative oviposition pheromone nonane on oviposition-site selection of natural populations of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) and Culex quinquefasciatus.MethodsThis field-based study was conducted in Mvomero District in East-central Tanzania. In a dual-choice experimental set up, clay bowls were dug into the ground and filled with one of the following treatments: (i) distilled water + autoclaved soil (control), (ii) distilled water + soil from a natural mosquito breeding site, (iii) distilled water + nonane and (iv) distilled water + nonane + soil from a natural breeding site. Soil was dried and autoclaved or dried only before use. After five days of incubation, larvae were collected daily for 10 days. The median number of larvae per bowl per day was used as outcome measure.ResultsAutoclaved soil had a significant attractive effect on oviposition behaviour of Cx. quinquefasciatus (median values ± s.e: 8.0±1.1; P<0.005) but no effect on An. gambiae (median value ± s.e: 0.0±0.2; P = 0.18). Nonane and emanations from untreated soil significantly and positively influenced the selection of oviposition sites by both An. gambiae s.l. (median values ± s.e.: 12.0 ± 2.0 and 4.5 ± 1.5, respectively; P< 0.0001) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (median values ± s.e.: 19.0 ± 1.3 and 17.0 ± 2.0, respectively; P<0.0001). A mixture of nonane and untreated soil caused a synergistic effect on oviposition behaviour in An. gambiae s.l. (median value ± s.e.: 23.5 ± 2.5; P<0.0001) compared to either nonane (median values ± s.e.: 12.0 ± 2.0; P<0.0001) or untreated soil alone (median value ± s.e.: 4.5 ± 1.5; P<0.0001). A synergistic effect of nonane mixed with untreated soil was also found in Cx. quinquefasciatus (median value ± s.e.: 41.0 ± 2.1; P<0.0001) compared to either nonane (median value ± s.e. 19.0 ± 1.3; P<0.0001) or untreated soil alone (median value ± s.e.: 17.0 ± 2.0; P<0.0001). The oviposition activity index for An. gambiae was 0.56 (P< 0.001) and for Cx. quinquefasciatus 0.59 (P<0.0001).ConclusionThe larval pheromone nonane and emanations from breeding-site soil both induced oviposition in wild An. gambiae s.l. and Cx. quinquefasciatus, with a synergistic effect when both stimuli were present simultaneously. This is the first study in which nonane is shown to cause oviposition under natural conditions, suggesting that this compound can potentially be exploited for the management of mosquito vectors.
Access to and use of sexual and reproductive health services among street children and young adults in Kampala, Uganda: Does Migration matter?
Authors: Bwambale Mulekya Francis , Bukuluki Paul , Moyer Cheryl A. , Borne Bart H.W Van den 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: While the nexus of migration and health outcomes is well acknowledged, the effect of rural-urban migration on use of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services has received less attention. We assessed the effect of rural-rural migration on the use of SRH services while controlling for confounding and whether there is a difference in the use of SRH services among migrant and non-migrant street children and young adults.Methods: Data were collected among 513 street children and young adults aged 12 - 24 years using face‐to‐face interviews using venue-based time-space sampling (VBTS). Using STATA 16.00, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with SRH services use, with rural-urban migration status as the main predictor. Participants were further classified as new migrants (≤ 2 years of stay in city), established migrants (> 2 years of stay in city), or non-migrants (lifelong native street children) with no rural-urban migration history.Results: Overall, 18.13% of the street children and young adults had ever used contraception/family planning, 58.67% had ever tested for HIV and knew their status while 34.70% had ever been screened for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Non-migrant street children and young adults were 2.7 times more likely to use SRH services (HIV testing, STI screening and family planning) compared to the migrants (aOR = 2.7, 95%CI 1.23-5.97). Other factors associated with SRH services use among street children and young adults include age (aOR=4.70; 95%CI 2.87 - 7.68), schooling status (aOR = 0.33, 95%CI 0.15-0.76), knowledge of place of care (aOR = 2.71, 95%CI 1.64 - 4.46) and access to SRH information (aOR = 3.23, 95%CI 2.0 - 5.24). Conclusions: Access to and use of SRH services among migrant street children and young adults is low compared to the non-migrant street children and young adults and is independently associated with migration status, age, schooling status, knowledge of place of SRH care and access to SRH information. Our findings call for the need to design and implement multi-dimensional interventions to increase use of SRH services among street children and young adults while taking into consideration their migration patterns.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics and meteorological determinants of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Shaanxi Province, China: a county-level analysis
Authors: Ding Li , Zhang Ning , Zhu Bin , Liu Jinlin , Wang Xue , Liu Feng , Mao Ying 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is one of the common intestinal infectious diseases worldwide and has caused huge economic and disease burdens in many countries. The average annual incidence rate of HFMD was 11.66% in Shaanxi during the time span from 2009 to 2018. There are distinct differences within Shaanxi, as it is a special region that crosses three temperature zones. Hence, in this study, a spatiotemporal analysis of Shaanxi was performed to reveal the characteristics of the distribution of HFMD and to explore the meteorological determinants of HFMD.Methods: The county-level and municipal data from Shaanxi Province from 2009 to 2018 were applied to research the spatiotemporal characteristics of HFMD and its meteorological determinants. Time series and spatial autocorrelation analyses were applied to assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of HFMD. This study used spatial econometric panel models to explore the relationship between HFMD and meteorological factors based on the data of 107 counties and 10 municipalities.Results: The incidence rate of HFMD displayed no variable trend throughout the whole research period. A high incidence rate of HFMD was observed from June to September, corresponding to a time when the climate is characterized by heavy rain, high temperature, and high humidity. The high-incidence areas were mainly located in the central region in Shaanxi, whereas the low-incidence spots were mainly found in Northern Shaanxi. Regarding the meteorological factors analysed in this study, in general, the incidence rate of HFMD in specific regions was positively associated with the rainfall, temperature and humidity.Conclusion: These results could be applied by the government and the general public to take effective measures to prevent disease. Region-targeted policies could be enacted and implemented in the future according to specific situations in different areas and the relevant meteorological determinants. Additionally, meteorological conditions normally extend to a wide-ranging region; thus, cooperation among surrounding regions is necessary.