bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Anatomy of Human Otomandibular Soft Tissues and its Significance for the Origin of the Temporomandibular Joint Articular Disc
Authors: Frazier Kala , Holliday Casey 
Published: June 2021

Understanding the ligamentous and muscular connections between the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and middle ear ossicles is important for health sciences and ENT training and diagnosing comorbidity between TMD and otological pain, as well as exploring the developmental and evolutionary origins of the modern mammalian jaw joint and ear. Although we know the anterior mallear ligament (AML) is the vestige of the embryonic Meckel's cartilage, the developmental and evolutionary origins of the discomallear ligament (DML) are not well understood and may shed light on the origins of the TMJ disc itself. Like other authors, we hypothesize that the DML may be a vestige of the lateral pterygoideus muscles' primitive attachment to the articular bone, or malleus. To better appreciate the 3D anatomy of the connection between the human TMJ and middle ear, we built a 3D model of the jaw joint, ossicles, disc, ligaments and other important features of the region. We used diffusible iodine‐contrast enhanced CT scanning (diceCT) to visualize the anatomy of the temporal region of human cadaveric material. Iodine offers contrast to soft tissues using microtomography enabling anatomical detail in high‐resolution detail. We identified connections between the DML and the TMJ disc that complement previous investigations showing this approach offers promise for exploring the otomandibular ligaments of other species. We will expand our study to include additional human individuals, non‐human primates and mammals to better understand the muscular connections between the jaws and middle ear, and the origin of the TMJ articular disc. These data also provide unique visualizations of complicated, small, but important regions of the body useful for education and training.Support or Funding InformationNSF IOS 1457319, NSF EAR 1631684, Missouri Research Council, University of Missouri Department of Pathology and Anatomical SciencesThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A novel approach to resolving the brachial index issue of A.L. 288‐1 (“Lucy”) using 3D computer models of hominid forelimb bones
Authors: Szuster Debra A. , Patel Biren A. , Orr Caley M. 
Published: June 2021

Paleoanthropologists have had difficulty calculating the brachial index (radius length / humerus length X 100) of Australopithecus afarensis A.L. 288‐1, commonly known as “Lucy,” because bilateral segments of radial and ulnar diaphyses are missing. Conventional approaches to reconstruction have produced models of the upper limb ranging from “ape‐like” to “human‐like.” The aim of this study was to quantitatively estimate the brachial index of A. afarensis by aligning, scaling, and morphing a 3D surface model of a complete ulna from a larger A. afarensis individual (A.L. 438) to the A.L. 288‐1 ulna using a thin plate spline technique. To evaluate the potential effects of allometry and choice of “template” (i.e., the complete bone specimen used to reconstruct the incomplete specimen), the method was tested by simulating ulnar reconstructions in a sample of modern adult hominids exhibiting varying degrees of sexual dimorphism (Gorilla gorilla n=13, Pan troglodytes n=17, and Homo sapien n=14). The thin plate spline algorithm in Viewbox4 (dHAL) was used to transform models using 207 homologous landmarks on the proximal ulnae. Radius length was then estimated from the reconstructed ulna length. The resulting model of Lucy's ulna based on A.L. 438 measured 218 mm, and her radius was calculated as 206 mm. With an established humerus length of 237 mm, Lucy's brachial index was thus estimated to be 87. Although the simulation experiments show that error in the method could result in broad range of estimates depending on the template individual used, results are sufficiently constrained to indicate that Lucy's brachial index was probably unlike that of modern humans; rather, she most likely had a relatively long forearm giving a brachial index intermediate between that of chimpanzees and gorillas. This result has important implications for furthering discussion regarding A. afarensis locomotion and habitat use in the context of hominin evolution.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Quantifying Femoral Neck Torsion in Extinct and Extant Sloths
Authors: Harper Christine M , Sylvester Adam D , McAfee Robert K , Cooke Siobhán B 
Published: June 2021

The anteriorly‐projecting femoral head/neck of some extinct sloths has been noted; however, neck angle has never been quantified from a 3D perspective, despite its potential usefulness in taxonomic and functional interpretations. Here, we present a method to quantify femoral neck torsion in extinct and extant sloths.Seventy femora from four genera of extinct (n=49; Megalocnus, Parocnus, Neocnus, Acratocnus) and two genera of extant (n=21; Bradypus, Choloepus) sloths were scanned to create virtual surface models. These models were used to extract morphological and biomechanical axes, such as neck axis, shaft axis, transepicondylar axis (TEA), maximum shaft cross‐sectional dimension at 35% of bone length and an axis between the greater and lesser trochanters. The shaft axis was used to define a transverse plane through the bone to which all other axes were projected. The angles between the neck axis and other three axes were calculated. Multiple angles were calculated to prevent any particular region of the bone from biasing results. Genera were compared using ANOVAs with post hoc multiple comparisons and Bonferroni corrections.Significant differences among species exist for all angles (p<0.001). Multiple comparison results are the same for TEA and cross‐section angles for all but three genera. When Parocnus is compared to Megalocnus and Neocnus only the TEA angle is significant, however for the Megalocnus/Neocnus comparison only the cross‐section angle is significant. These results suggest the condyles are twisted relative to the shaft in these genera. Some genera were significantly different in only trochanter angle, suggesting this angle is capturing a different aspect of morphology.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The Primitive Arterial Connections within the Central Nervous System and their Neurological Implications in Everyday Medical Practice
Authors: Zarzecki Michał P. , Brzegowy Karolina , Pękala Jakub R. , Pękala Przemysław A. , Walocha Jerzy A. , Tomaszewski Krzysztof A. 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionThe primitive trigeminal artery (PTA) is an anastomosis between the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the basilar artery (BA), that runs close to the trigeminal ganglion (hence its name). Conversely, the primitive trigeminal artery variants (PTAV) connect the ICA with cerebellar arteries. The trigeminal artery is said to regress following the development of the posterior communicating artery during the foetal life. However, when it persists, it might cause neuralgia and nerve palsies due to its proximity and compression of the III, IV, V and VIth cranial nerves.AimThe following study aimed to find the pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) of the presence of the PTA and the PTAVs, their types, as well as probe for sources of heterogeneity.Materials and methodsThe authors conducted a thorough search of major medical online databases. The references of the primarily identified studies were screened for any other potentially eligible articles. Data from the studies that met the inclusion criteria was extracted and pooled into the Meta‐analysis. The quality of the included studies was evaluated by the AQUA tool.ResultsThe authors deemed eligible 39 studies (110 866 patients). The overall PPE of the PTA and PTAVs was found to be 0.39% (95% CI: 0.31–0.49), slightly more prevalent in females (0.7%, 95% CI: 0.5–0.8) than males (0.4%, 95% CI:0.3–0.6). The PTA was solely found in 0.3% (95% CI: 0.2–0.4), whereas the PTAV only was noted in 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1–0.3). The PTA and the PTAVs originated most commonly from the C4 of the ICA (97.6%, 95% CI:93.7–100.0), had the lateral (parasellar) course in 89.0% (95% CI: 84.2–93.1) and the medial (intrasellar) in 11.0% (95% CI: 6.9–15.8). The anastomosis between the ICA and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery predominated amongst the PTAVs (72.1%, 95% CI: 50.0–95.7). Hypoplasia of the BA was noted in 42.5% (95% CI: 23.0–63.1)of patients with the PTA or the PTAV.ConclusionsAlthough this study showed that both the PTA and PTAV are rare variants (0.3% and 0.2% respectively), a neurosurgeon should be vigilant of their presence especially during the transspehnoidal approach to the pituitary neoplasms. The medial (intrasellar) type might pose a higher risk of iatrogenic complications due to its proximity to the pituitary gland. Similarly, the lateral (parasellar) type might complicate the percutaneous gasserian ganglion procedure.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by “The Best of the Best! 3.0 (Najlepszy z Najlepszych! 3.0)” Grant of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Variations of the Fibularis Tertius
Authors: Hurley Mary 
Published: June 2021

Fibularis tertius, also called peroneus tertius, is a muscle located in the anterior compartment of the leg. It shares a synovial sheath with extensor digitorum longus and attaches at the base of the fifth metatarsal. It is noted in both Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy and Gray's Anatomy that the muscle is ‘not always present’. This study examined the dorsum of the feet of 16 cadavers for the presence of fibularis tertius tendons and variations of the tendon. Two cadavers were lacking the fibularis tendon on the right foot. Their left feet and the other 14 cadavers bilaterally had fibularis tertius tendons. Variations seen included insertion of the tendon on the shaft of the fifth metatarsal, tendons branching from the extensor digitorum longus tendon of the fifth digit, and multiple fibularis tertius tendons.Support or Funding InformationWork was supported by D'Youville College Department of Biology and Math.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Right to Left Crossed Fused Renal Ectopia: An Incidental Finding in Cadaveric Dissection
Authors: Syed Mohsin , Akhter Noor , Phelan Kevin D , Davies David L , Warren William C , Eltahawy Ehab , Whisman Michella K , Scott Hayden , Scott‐Kirchen Logan M , Sellers James T , Sharabura Anna , Shaw Collie M 
Published: June 2021

Development of the kidney begins in the sacral region during the 4th week of gestation. As the development progresses, kidneys ascend to reach their adult position in the upper portion of the posterior abdominal wall. During the complex process of ascension, several different congenital anomalies have been shown to develop.Congenital urinary tract and renal malformations are not uncommon. One such anomaly is the fusion of the kidneys during the early embryonic period called crossed fused renal ectopia (CFRE). CFRE is a rare type of congenital malformation where both kidneys are situated on one side of the midline. In about 90% of cases, the crossed ectopic kidney is fused with the normally placed contralateral kidney. Prevalence of CFRE is estimated to be 1:1300 to 1:7500 (Turkvatan et al 2009, Bauer SB 2002). This anomaly is usually detected as incidental finding as it is often asymptomatic.We present a case of a crossed fused renal ectopia (CFRE), discovered by freshman medical students during a cadaveric dissection in a gross anatomy course at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). The body donor was a middle‐aged Caucasian female whose death was attributed to natural causes. In this case, the right kidney was positioned inferiorly and transversely fused with the lower pole of the left kidney, resulting in a single fused L‐shaped kidney (MC Donald and MC Clellan, 1957) at the gross level. The renal vascular supply was also unusual. The left renal artery arose from the normal position as a lateral branch of the abdominal aorta. Whereas, the right ectopic kidney was supplied by three arterial branches: a branch from the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta, a second branch from the left common iliac artery and a third branch from the point of bifurcation of the abdominal aorta. In addition, the inferior mesenteric artery arose from the abdominal aorta at a much higher level than normal. It was at the level of the L1/L2 intervertebral disc. The ureteric openings in the bladder were more inferior than usual. Several small cysts were found on the kidney surface and microscopic examination of a biopsy samples from the ectopic right kidney revealed nephrosclerosis.CFRE with vascular anomalies can be clinically confusing as it would give rise to symptoms in the lower abdomen rather than in the loin. As such, surgeons who encounter this during abdominal procedures need to be aware of the multiple aberrant arteries that can make vascular control a challenge.Support or Funding InformationSupportTwo UAMS Departments: a) Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, b) PathologyThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Sexual Dimorphism and the Scaling of Intrinsic Thumb Muscle Physiological Cross‐Sectional Area and Trapeziometacarpal Joint Size
Authors: Kashyap Ritesh , Orr Caley 
Published: June 2021

The thumb is a common site for the development of osteoarthritis (OA) and studies show that there is greater prevalence of OA of the thumb joint in women. While a number of explanations have been proposed, the mechanism underlying the sex distribution of OA remains unknown. One possible contributing factor is the generally smaller size of females. Given constraints on size at the trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint (which is locked into the wrist complex), it is possible that stress (force per unit area) tends to be greater in smaller individuals. This may lead to quicker progression of the degenerative processes characteristic of OA. However, increased stress requires a similar muscle force acting on a relatively smaller joint, and this might be the case if females must maintain a minimum level of grip strength for day‐to‐day function. Thus, we hypothesize that females have higher TMC joint stress due to scaling constraints (small joint surfaces with relatively large muscles). To test this hypothesis, cadaveric samples from the University of Colorado School of Medicine were used to measure the physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) of intrinsic thumb muscles and scaled against the surface area of the TMC joint. Preliminary data suggest that females tend to have a higher total intrinsic thumb muscle PCSA compared to males, but a clear scaling pattern between the variables was not evident. This suggests a more complicated relationship between joint size and thumb muscle force potential. However, further data and analysis might reveal muscle and joint scaling patterns that could provide an explanatory mechanism for the higher prevalence of OA in women than men. In turn, this could provide a background for future research into methods of preventing OA.Support or Funding InformationModern Human Anatomy ProgramThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A Horseshoe Kidney with Unique and Rare Renal Vasculature—A Case Report
Authors: Zhang Guiyun , Schmidt Richard R 
Published: June 2021

Horseshoe kidney with variable vascular supply is of interest to clinicians and anatomists due to its immense surgical significance. A horseshoe kidney encountered during cadaveric dissection is reported here. It is L‐shaped with the left kidney vertical and the right kidney horizontal. The isthmus is narrow, 1.5cm inferior to the inferior mesenteric artery and is deviated away from the midline to the left. The hilum of the right kidney opens anteriorly and the left opens anteromedially. The ureters lie on the anterior surfaces of both kidneys. In addition to renal arteries arising from the aorta described in previous reports, a unique and rare renal artery (Renal Artery 3) was found supplying the right kidney. This RA3 originates from the aorta at L3 vertebral level and takes a long and tortuous course to reach the hilum of the right kidney. Such arterial variation is important for surgical procedures involving the abdominal aorta.Support or Funding InformationNoneThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A Cadaveric Study of Skeletal Facial Foramina in the Hispanic/Latino Population
Authors: Hester Kathylin Mei Li , Rahimi Omid , Fry Constance , Nation Haley 
Published: June 2021

Clinicians currently follow two surgical guidelines involving skeletal features of the orbit and face to optimize patient care. The first guideline states that along the medial wall of the orbit, the distances between the anterior lacrimal crest, anterior ethmoidal foramen, posterior ethmoidal foramen, and optic canal, follow a “24‐12‐6”mm guideline. The second guideline states that the supraorbital foramen/notch, infraorbital foramen, and mental foramen are equidistant from the midline. Previous studies suggest these two surgical guidelines are not applicable for all ethnicities; however, to our knowledge, no data has been published regarding the accuracy of these guidelines pertaining to the Hispanic/Latino population. A cadaveric study was performed to investigate these skeletal guidelines in the Hispanic/Latino population. Adult male and female cadavers, with no evidence of trauma to the orbit and face, donated to the Human Anatomy Program at UT Health San Antonio were used for this study. To investigate the medial orbital wall “24‐12‐6” guideline, distances between four orbital landmarks (anterior lacrimal crest, anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina, and optic canal) were measured using a 26‐gauge wire and a Vernier caliper. To investigate whether the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramen, lie within the same sagittal plane, we used a Vernier caliper to measure the distance between each foramen to midline. Our preliminary findings suggest these surgical guidelines may not accurately describe the morphologic characteristics of the Hispanic/Latino bony orbit and face. Preliminary results to date indicate the average distances from the anterior lacrimal crest to the anterior ethmoidal foramen, the anterior ethmoidal foramen to the posterior ethmoidal foramen, and the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the optic canal for Hispanic/Latino orbits (n =5) were 24.4 mm (± 0.686), 16.2 mm (± 2.190), 7.4 mm (± 0.661) respectively. This suggests the anatomy of the Hispanic/Latino boney orbit may differ from the currently accepted “24‐12‐6” surgical guideline. Meanwhile, preliminary data also indicates the average distances from the midline to the supraorbital foramen/notch, infraorbital foramen, and mental foramen for all cadavers studied (94 hemifaces, 47 cadavers) were 26.07 mm (± 3.88), 29.12 mm (± 4.30), 25.46 mm (± 3.15) respectively. This also suggests the currently practiced guideline may not apply to the Hispanic/Latino population. To optimize patient care, it is critical clinicians are aware of ethnic difference between anatomical structures. Our preliminary data is the first to report specific anatomical relationships in the medial orbital wall and facial foramina in the Hispanic/Latino population.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A Case Study of Case Studies: Writing Choose‐your‐own‐experiment Cases and Avoiding Common Pitfalls that Decrease Case Study Use
Authors: Hines Justin K 
Published: June 2021

Case studies are excellent learning tools and, across multiple online collections, case studies are actually quite numerous. Why then do many instructors who are aware of both the utility and existence of these resources report that they don't use them, or if they do, they write their own? I will present some of the commonly cited barriers to case study implementation as reported by biochemistry faculty in anonymous surveys and discuss methods to avoid creating these barriers to implementation in case study design. Additionally, I will discuss my own experiences creating more than a dozen biochemical case studies to address these issues which often include the use of two important additional design elements. The first is the use of an in‐class iterative cycle which I call “choose‐your‐own‐experiment” in which students choose from a set of experimental options, followed by the immediate acquisition of data, and the subsequent discussion before repeating the cycle with another decision. Cases involving iterative decision‐making and evidence gathering are common in medical education and games, but uncommon in undergraduate science education. Perhaps most notably this game‐like experience is implementable in the context of a regular lecture course by use of a limited set of authentic, but pre‐determined, experiment choices and results. An additional layer of complexity can be added by limiting the ability of students or groups to gather all the data, creating a “jig‐saw” type activity and an opportunity for genuine collaboration toward a common goal. The second notable design element is to avoid a common ‘pre‐ordained destiny’ aspect of many case‐based activities in which every step reveals information that deliberately leads students to the correct answer. Rather, in what I have called an “authentic inquiry approach” to case writing, the data is as real as possible which means it does not always help the student and sometimes investigation options fail. Like a real investigation, this unhelpful data must still be considered. The goal of this session is to aid others in the creation of easily implementable and authentic inquiry‐driven activities in the physical and life sciences.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.