bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acupuncture for Combat Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Trial Development and Methodological Approach for a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Hollifield Michael , Hsiao An-Fu , Carrick Kala , Munoz Andrea Gory , Calloway Teresa , Cocozza Karen , Smith Besa , Smith Tyler , Jovanovic Tanja , Norrholm Seth , Sokhadze Estate , Reist Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a significant public health problem, affecting approximately 7% of the general population and 13 – 18% of the combat Veteran population. The first study using acupuncture for PTSD in a civilian population showed large pre- to post-treatment effects for an empirically developed verum protocol, which was equivalent to group cognitive behavior therapy and superior to a wait-list control. The primary objective of this study is to determine both clinical and biological effects of verum acupuncture for combat-related PTSD in treatment-seeking U.S. Veterans.Methods: This is a two-arm, parallel-group, prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. The experimental condition is verum acupuncture and the placebo control is sham (minimal) acupuncture in 1-hour sessions, twice a week for 12 weeks. Ninety subjects will provide adequate power and will be allocated to group by an adaptive randomization procedure. The primary outcome is change in PTSD symptom severity from pre- to post-treatment. The secondary biological outcome is change from pre- to post-treatment in psychophysiological response, startle by electromyographic (EMG) eyeblink. Assessments will be conducted at pre-, mid-, post-, and 1-month post-treatment, blind to group allocation. Intent-to-treat analyses will be conducted.Discussion: The study results will be definitive because both clinical and biological outcomes will be assessed and correlated. Issues such as number needed for recruitment and improvement, use of sham acupuncture, choice of biological measure, and future research need will be discussed.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02869646
The analysis of the relationship between CO2 level and economic growth
Authors: Zoltán Szira , Kinga Ilona Bárdos , Hani Alghamdi , Tumentsetseg Enkhjav , Varga Erika 
Published: April 2021

2019 was Earth's second warmest year since 1850. In 2019 the global mean temperature was cooler than in 2016, but warmer than any other year explicitly measured. Consequently, 2016 is still the warmest year in historical observation history. Year-to-year rankings are likely to reflect natural fluctuations in the short term, but the overall pattern remains consistent with a long-term global warming trend. This would be predicted from global warming caused by greenhouse gases, temperature increase across the globe is broadly spread, impacting almost all areas of land and oceans. Climate change" and "global warming" are often used interchangeably but are of distinct significance. Global warming is the long-term heating of the Earth's climate system observed since the pre-industrial period as a result of human activities, mainly the combustion of fossil fuel, which raises the heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in the Earth's air. The term is often used interchangeably with the term climate change, as the latter applies to warming caused both humanly and naturally, and the impact it has on our planet. This is most generally calculated as the average increase in global surface temperature on Earth. Carbon dioxide emission is one of the main reasons for global warming. Since the Industrial Revolution, human sources of carbon dioxide emissions have been growing. Human activities such as the burning of oil, coal and gas, as well as deforestation are the primary cause of the increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. In our research, let’s examine the relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide emissions and the GDP/capita in developed and developing countries.
Medios de almacenamiento de dientes para estudios de color
Authors: Torres-Rodríguez Carolina , Santiago Medina Ana Milena , Delgado-Mejía Edgar 
Published: April 2021

Todos los medios de almacenamiento usados para ensayos de investigación alteran las propiedades físicas y/o químicas de los dientes, especialmente el color dental. El objetivo es establecer cual el medio de almacenamiento más indicado para dientes que van a ser usados en estudios de color basados en una revisión sistematizada, y proponer un protocolo específico. Mediante las palabras clave ¨storage, medium¨, ¨teeth¨, ¨color¨, ¨stability¨, ¨saliva¨, ¨formalin¨, ¨thymol¨, ¨ethanol¨conectadas por AND o OR y consultando las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Scopus, Scielo, Lilacs y Google Scholar, se seleccionaron artículos con nueve criterios de evaluación a tres niveles de evidencia (alto, medio y bajo). Se realizó el análisis, síntesis de la literatura y como producto se establecieron los parámetros para el protocolo de almacenamiento. El resultado final arrojó 8 artículos, dos con nivel de evidencia alto para la saliva natural y/o saliva artificial sin carboximetilcelulosa. Tres con nivel de evidencia medio para el timol 0,1%, cloramina T 0,5%, glutaraldehido 2% y formalina 10%. Tres con nivel de evidencia bajo para el etanol, óxido de etileno o hidróxido de potasio. El medio de almacenamiento más indicado es saliva humana seguida por saliva sintética sin carboximetilcelulosa y se estableció con estos parámetros el protocolo del almacenamiento.
Quantifying the potential impacts of land-use and climate change on hydropower reliability of Muzizi hydropower plant, Uganda
Authors: Bahati Hilary Keneth , Ogenrwoth Abraham , Sempewo Jotham Ivan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ugandan rivers are being tapped as a resource for the generation of hydropower in addition to other uses. Studies on the reliability of these hydropower plants due to climate and land-use/land cover changes on the hydrology of these rivers are scanty. Therefore, this study aimed to model the impact of the changing climate and land-use/cover on hydropower reliability to aid proper planning and management. The hydropower reliability of Muzizi River catchment was determined from its past (1998–2010) and midcentury (2041–2060) discharge at 30 and 95% exceedance probability under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) of 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. The past and projected hydropower were compared to determine how future climate and land-use changes will impact the discharge and hydropower reliability of Muzizi River catchment. Six LULC scenarios (deforestation, 31–20%; grassland, 19–3%; cropland, 50–77%; water bodies, 0.02–0.01%; settlement, 0.23–0.37%, and Barren land 0.055–0.046% between 2014 and 2060) and three downscaled Regional Climate Model (REMO and RCA4 for precipitation and RACMO22T for temperature from a pool of four CORDEX (Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) Africa RCMs) were examined. A calibrated SWAT simulation model was applied for the midcentury (2041–2060) period, and a potential change in hydropower energy in reference to mean daily flow (designflow ≥ 30% exceedance probability), firm flow (flow ≥ 95% exceedance probability), and mean annual flow was evaluated under the condition of altered runoff under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios for an average of REMO and RCA4 RCM. The future land use (2060) was projected using the MOLUSCE (Module for Land Use Change Evaluation) plugin in QGIS using CA-ANN. Three scenarios have been described in this study, including LULC change, climate change, and combined (climate and LULC change). The results suggest that there will be a significant increase in annual hydropower generation capacity (from 386.27 and 488.1 GWh to 867.82 and 862.53 GWh under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively) for the combined future effect of climate and land-use/cover changes. Energy utilities need to put in place mechanisms to effectively manage, operate, and maintain the hydropower plant amidst climate and land-use change impacts, to ensure reliability at all times.
Study on association solubilization and inhibition of scale in recirculating cooling water system under S-HGMF
Authors: Zhao Xin , Li Suqin , Han Shuaishuai , Jin Jianjiang , Zhang Peng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The present study conducted an investigation on the effect of a superconducting high gradient magnetic field (S-HGMF) on the association solubilization of recirculating cooling water and the crystal form change of scale. The effects of magnetic flux density, flow rate and cycle-index on the solubility of scale-forming ions were investigated, and the effects of viscosity and surface tension on the molecular internal energy and order degree of the circulating water were analyzed. The scale was ground and mixed with water and placed in an S-HGMF system to study the effect of S-HGMF on the crystal form change of CaCO3. The experimental results showed us that S-HGMF could increase the solubility of scale-forming ions. It could enhance the interaction between water molecules by increasing viscosity and reducing surface tension, so as to improve the stability of water quality, reduce ion precipitation, and achieve the effect of scale inhibition. At the same time, it could also change the crystal structure of CaCO3, promote the transformation of calcite to aragonite, and realize the purpose of scale inhibition. In a word, S-HGMF treatment can effectively solve the scaling problem of a recirculating cooling water system, which provides a reference for scale inhibition of recirculating cooling water.
Sleep, Narcolepsy, and Sodium Oxybate
Authors: Mamelak Mortimer 
Published: April 2021

:
Sodium oxybate (SO) has been in use for many decades to treat narcolepsy with cataplexy. It functions as a weak GABAB agonist but also as an energy source for the brain as a result of its metabolism to succinate and as a powerful antioxidant because of its capacity to induce the formation of NADPH. Its actions at thalamic GABAB receptors can induce slow wave activity while its actions at GABAB receptors on monoaminergic neurons can induce or delay REM sleep. By altering the balance between monoaminergic and cholinergic neuronal activity, SO uniquely can induce and prevent cataplexy. The formation of NADPH may enhance sleep’s restorative process by accelerating the removal of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) which accumulate during wakefulness. SO improves alertness in patients with narcolepsy and in normal subjects. SO may allay severe psychological stress - an inflammatory state triggered by increased levels of ROS and characterized by cholinergic supersensitivity and monoaminergic deficiency. SO may be able to eliminate the inflammatory state and correct the cholinergic/ monoaminergic imbalance.
Kurpiowszczyzna w badaniach naukowych Cykl: Kurpiowszczyzna. Przekształcenia krajobrazu osadniczego do czasu przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Starzyk Agnieszka 
Published: April 2021

Kurpiowszczyzna to jeden z ciekawszych regionów etnograficznych, z ośrodkiem oryginalnej, świetnie zachowanej i pieczołowicie kultywowanej kultury ludowej Kurpiów. Obraz wsi kurpiowskiej jest wynikiem wielowiekowych działań człowieka. Na przestrzeni stuleci następowały przekształcenia krajobrazu, oparte na przystosowywaniu środowiska przyrodniczego do uprawy ziemi i stopniowym zakładaniu siedzib ludzkich, które dały obraz współczesny. Tradycyjna kultura ludowa kurpiowskiej grupy etnograficznej oraz wysoka wartość środowiska przyrodniczego były inspiracją do podjęcia badań z zakresu transformacji otwartego krajobrazu osadniczego regionu kurpiowskiego. Celem pracy było zbadanie procesów decydujących o przekształceniach krajobrazu naturalnego i kulturowego Kurpiowszczyzny. Zakres terytorialny pracy obejmuje obszar Kurpiowszczyzny położony między Omulwią i Szkwą, który w XV w. znalazł się w powiecie ostrołęckim i w nim pozostał. Zakres czasowy badania obejmuje okres od pierwszych wzmianek o zasiedlaniu obszaru do czasu przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej. Przyjęte zostały następujące metody badawcze: analizy bibliograficznej i piśmiennictwa dotyczącego tematu pracy, analizy historycznej obejmującej rozwój osadnictwa na badanym terenie, analizy kartograficznej porównawczej w zakresie osadnictwa i przekształcania krajobrazu, analizy statystycznej w zakresie infrastruktury społecznej i technicznej. W pracy posługiwano się także inwentaryzacją krajobrazową i urbanistyczno-ruralistyczną. Struktura cyklu, zawarta w siedmiu artykułach, obejmuje zagadnienia związane z kształtowaniem i rozwojem osadnictwa na obszarze Kurpiowszczyzny: 1) Kurpiowszczyzna w badaniach naukowych, 2) Kurpiowszczyzna w kulturze ludowej, 3) Kurpiowszczyzna – zarys kształtowania funkcji osadniczo- rolniczych i krajobrazu, 4) Kurpiowszczyzna – charakterystyka krajobrazu osadniczego, 5) Kurpiowszczyzna – dominujące zmiany w krajobrazie pod wpływem czynników społeczno-ekonomicznych w okresie 45-lecia powojennego, 6) Kurpiowszczyzna – dominujące zmiany w krajobrazie pod wpływem czynników społeczno-ekonomicznych w okresie transformacji ustrojowej. Cykl zamyka artykuł dotyczący współczesności: 7) Kurpiowszczyzna – 18 lat od wstąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej (publikacja w 2022).
A Formação inicial dos professores para trabalhar nas Escolas do Campo
Authors: Americano Renata Queiroz de Moraes , Silva Anamaria Santana da 
Published: April 2021

RESUMO
Esse artigo tem como foco a apresentação e análise dos dados de uma pesquisa a respeito da formação inicial de professores para trabalharem nas escolas do campo. O objetivo da referida pesquisa foi compreender como os cursos de pedagogia têm feito a formação inicial dos professores que irão trabalhar nas escolas do campo e nas escolas ribeirinhas. A pesquisa foi realizada nos sites das Universidades públicas brasileiras, federais e estaduais. O levantamento de dados considerou a oferta de disciplinas nos cursos de pedagogia das universidades federais e estaduais relacionadas à educação do campo: quantidade de disciplinas, carga horária, nome e ementas das disciplinas. Em 263 cursos de pedagogia analisados foram encontradas 112 disciplinas relacionas à educação do campo. No entanto, percebeu-se que, geralmente são ofertadas apenas 1 disciplina por curso e com uma carga horária irrelevante. Além disso, as temáticas encontradas privilegiam as questões mais gerais em detrimento das questões relacionadas às práticas pedagógicas.
PALAVRAS CHAVE: Educação do Campo; formação de professores; pedagogia
App-Based Versus Standard Six-Minute Walk Test in Pulmonary Hypertension: Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Salvi Dario , Poffley Emma , Tarassenko Lionel , Orchard Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

Background
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease of the pulmonary vasculature that can lead to heart failure and premature death. Assessment of patients with PAH includes performing a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in clinics. We developed a smartphone app to compute the walked distance (6MWD) indoors, by counting U-turns, and outdoors, by using satellite positioning.

Objective
The goal of the research was to assess (1) accuracy of the indoor 6MWTs in clinical settings, (2) validity and test-retest reliability of outdoor 6MWTs in the community, (3) compliance, usability, and acceptance of the app, and (4) feasibility of pulse oximetry during 6MWTs.

Methods
We tested the app on 30 PAH patients over 6 months. Patients were asked to perform 3 conventional 6MWTs in clinic while using the app in the indoor mode and one or more app-based 6MWTs in outdoor mode in the community per month.

Results
Bland-Altman analysis of 70 pairs of conventional versus app-based indoor 6MWDs suggests that the app is sometimes inaccurate (14.6 m mean difference, lower and upper limit of agreement: –133.35 m to 162.55 m). The comparison of 69 pairs of conventional 6MWDs and community-based outdoor 6MWDs within 7 days shows that community tests are strongly related to those performed in clinic (correlation 0.89), but the interpretation of the distance should consider that differences above the clinically significant threshold are not uncommon. Analysis of 89 pairs of outdoor tests performed by the same patient within 7 days shows that community-based tests are repeatable (intraclass correlation 0.91, standard error of measurement 36.97 m, mean coefficient of variation 12.45%). Questionnaires and semistructured interviews indicate that the app is usable and well accepted, but motivation to use it could be affected if the data are not used for clinical decision, which may explain low compliance in 52% of our cohort. Analysis of pulse oximetry data indicates that conventional pulse oximeters are unreliable if used during a walk.

Conclusions
App-based outdoor 6MWTs in community settings are valid, repeatable, and well accepted by patients. More studies would be needed to assess the benefits of using the app in clinical practice.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04633538; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04633538
AÇÕES DO PODER PÚBLICO E DAS COMUNIDADES NA LUTA PELO FECHAMENTO DE ESCOLAS NO CARIRI PARAIBANO
Authors: Farias Danilo de Souza , Silva Maria do Socorro 
Published: April 2021

O presente trabalho resulta da pesquisa de conclusão do curso de licenciatura em Educação do Campo, cujo objeto de estudo foram as ações do poder público e da comunidade no fechamento de escolas no município de Sumé (PB). A abordagem dialética contribuiu para compreender as ações realizadas no processo de fechamento e de resistência, a partir dos procedimentos de análise documental e de entrevista com os sujeitos diretamente envolvidos no processo. Para a análise das informações usamos o método de Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011), o que contribuiu para identificar, da parte do poder público, a ênfase nos argumentos econômicos para manter a escola com poucos alunos no campo, o argumento pedagógico de que a escola seriada na sede do município melhora a qualidade da aprendizagem e o argumento do fechamento das escolas como solução para extinguir as turmas multisseriadas. No que se refere às comunidades, identificamos ações de questionar o fechamento como algo natural, a visão da escola na comunidade como direito e a compreensão da escola como um espaço coletivo de vivência cultural, social e afetiva para a comunidade.
LOS DESAFÍOS DE LA EDUCACIÓN RURAL EN TIEMPOS DE NEOLIBERALISMO, POLÍTICAS DE AJUSTE Y POBREZA
Authors: Olmos Alicia , Fernández Pablo 
Published: April 2021

En este artículo nos proponemos analizar algunos efectos de las políticas neoliberales en el sector educación y, especialmente, en la educación rural. Desde finales del primer decenio de este siglo comienza a verificarse en América Latina un desplazamiento a la derecha en los gobiernos de la región. Luego de un comienzo de siglo que estuvo signado por un avance de gobiernos cuyas orientaciones generales pueden agruparse bajo la imprecisa designación de progresistas, gobiernos que buscaron ampliar el espacio de derechos de los pueblos, mejorar la distribución del ingreso, universalizar los servicios e incrementar la participación del sector educación en el PIB, se pasó a un proceso de restauración conservadora, sea por vía electoral o por vías violentas o fraudulentas. En esos contextos la Argentina, más tempranamente que casi todos ellos sufrió la desarticulación y el desfinanciamiento del sector educación, en un contexto de licuación de los ingresos de las familias, pauperización y, recientemente, pandemias, con efectos sobre la inclusión de vastos sectores de población. En este trabajo sostenemos que en este período sociohistórico la educación rural fue objeto de un embate disimulado en la penumbra de un proyecto de mejora diseñado y gestionado por gobiernos progresistas.
The Implementation of Project-Based Learning’s Speaking Skill for Tenth Grade Vocational High School Students
Authors: Kusumawati Iin 
Published: April 2021

Project-Based Learning (PBL) is one of strategies which English teachers use in teaching oral activities. The activities which can be implemented in PBL are discussion, conversation, presentation (individual or group), role-play, and others. It also can be an aid in studying and teaching. Based on previous research, using PBL technique can improve students’ speaking ability for second graders of SMPN 1 Kawedanan, Magetan by Permatasari (2013). Because of that, the researcher implements the teaching of speaking using PBL at SMK Dian Indonesia, Sidoarjo. The descriptive qualitative is used as a design of this research. The subject of the research is 20 first-grade students of nursery class, from the academic year 2015/2016. There are three instruments used to collect the data. First is the documentation of related lesson plan and syllabus, second is the observation of field-notes, third is a questionnaire for the students. PBL in teaching speaking is found helpful to regulate students’ ideas and stimulates the group presenter to extend the statement using their own words. PBL was interesting for them, because the researcher gives occasion for them to choose their own topics. They found themselves interested, happy, joyful, and comfortable during the implementation of the PBL because the process of teaching and learning is designed appropriately with the students’ ideas. To gain an effective teaching speaking using PBL, students needed to be active in making collaborative discussions, and giving feedbacks to each other, so that they can build social relationship. The PBL activities have made students build knowledge and think critically.
O 11 de setembro, 20 anos depois: impactos na religião e na cultura ocidental
Authors: Campos Breno Martins , Nogueira Paulo Augusto De Souza , Mariani Ceci Maria Costa Baptista 
Published: April 2021

O dia 11 de setembro de 2001 foi um marco na história contemporânea. O ataque de terroristas às Torres Gêmeas, em Nova Iorque, e ao Pentágono, em Washington D.C., que causou milhares de mortes, pegou os Estados Unidos e o mundo de surpresa. Os poderes que estavam estabelecidos se viram sacudidos, minados por dentro, vulneráveis. O mundo nunca mais seria o mesmo. Medidas drásticas de combate ao terror foram adotadas, dentro e fora dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA), culminando com a invasão ao Iraque e com a execução de Bin Laden. No entanto, estes trágicos eventos não apenas expuseram as tensões, antigas e novas, da política internacional. Eles reavivaram estruturas imagéticas e sensibilidades religiosas do passado, da compreensão da história como um perscrutar por inimigos, por identificar seus agentes, de fornecer subsídios ideológicos para a luta do bem contra o mal, para aniquilação do chamado eixo do mal. Novas formas de pensamento dualista e fundamentalista emergiram inspirados de suas raizes religiosas ocidentais, de imagens adormecidas prontas para serem atualizadas. Neste dossiê da revista Reflexão, perguntamo-nos pelas mudanças no campo religioso 20 anos depois do 11 de setembro. Como passamos a perceber os conflitos políticos a partir de esquemas dualistas da imaginação apocalíptica após a experiência da visão concomitante da catástrofe? A experiência de testemunhar uma “praga do final dos tempos”, ao vivo, nos tornou mais vigilantes, inquietos, insones? Esse olhar vigilante nos tornou mais sensíveis à presença sempre iminente do inimigo? Nossos padrões de identificação dos agressores de nossas estruturas sociais se tornaram mais rigorosos, intransigentes? Com essas questões colocadas, buscamos abrir o debate.