bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CWOA: Hybrid Approach for Task Scheduling in Cloud Environment
Authors: Pradeep K , Ali L Javid , Gobalakrishnan N , Raman C J , Manikandan N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A cloud computing system typically comprises of a huge number of interconnected servers that are organized in a datacentre. Such servers dynamically cater to the on-demand requests put forward by the clients seeking solutions to their applications through an interface. The scheduling activity concerned with scientific applications is designated under the NP hard problem category since they make use of heterogeneous resources of dynamic capabilities. Recently cloud computing researchers had developed numerous meta-heuristic approaches for providing solutions to the challenges arising in the task scheduling activities. Scheduling of tasks poses a major concern in cloud computing environment. This decreases the efficiency of the system considerably, if not handled properly. Hence, an improvised task scheduling algorithm that enhances the performance of the cloud is needed. There are two factors that affect the cloud environment: service quality and energy usage. To increase the performance in above suggested factors (memory, makespan and energy efficiency), an efficient hybridized algorithm, obtained by integrating the Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), called the CWOA had been proposed in this work. The performance of our proposed CWOA algorithm had been compared with Ant Colony Optimization, CSA and WOA and it was found to produce an improvement of 5.62%, 4.36% and 2.27% with respect to makespan, 16.36%, 19.19% and 13.13% with respect to memory utilization and 19.08%, 19.34% and 16.75% with respect to energy consumption parameters, respectively. Comprehensive results have been tabulated in the result section of this article.
The Ambivalence of Disposable Time: The Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties At Two Hundred
Authors: Walker Tom 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Published in 1821, The Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties was an important influence on Marx’s analysis of ‘disposable time’ in a section of his Grundrisse notebooks known as the ‘fragment on machines.’ That analysis has inspired rethinking of Marx’s mature work by authors ranging from Raniero Panzieri, Antonio Negri, and Paolo Virno to Moishe Postone, yet those re-evaluations do not account for the contribution of the 1821 pamphlet. This article examines the neglect of the pamphlet and offers suggestions about what could be gained by attention to this foundational text.
The year in basic vascular biology research: from mechanoreceptors and neutrophil extracellular traps to smartphone data and omics
Authors: Evans Paul , Wojta Johann , Hoefer Imo E , Waltenberger Johannes , Guzik Tomasz , Badimon Lina , Weber Christian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
2020 has been an extraordinary year. The emergence of COVID-19 has driven urgent research in pulmonary and cardiovascular science and other fields. It has also shaped the way that we work with many experimental laboratories shutting down for several months, while bioinformatics approaches and other large data projects have gained prominence. Despite these setbacks, vascular biology research is stronger than ever. On behalf of the European Society of Cardiology Council for Basic Cardiovascular Science (ESC CBCS), here we review some of the vascular biology research highlights for 2020. This review is not exhaustive and there are many outstanding vascular biology publications that we were unable to cite due to page limits. Notwithstanding this, we have provided a snapshot of vascular biology research excellence in 2020 and identify topics that are in the ascendency and likely to gain prominence in coming years.
Low-rank approximations of nonseparable panel models
Authors: Fernández-Val Iván , Freeman Hugo , Weidner Martin 
Published: March 2021

Summary
We provide estimation methods for nonseparable panel models based on low-rank factor structure approximations. The factor structures are estimated by matrix-completion methods to deal with the computational challenges of principal component analysis in the presence of missing data. We show that the resulting estimators are consistent in large panels, but suffer from approximation and shrinkage biases. We correct these biases using matching and difference-in-differences approaches. Numerical examples and an empirical application to the effect of election day registration on voter turnout in the US illustrate the properties and usefulness of our methods.
Early Warning Systems as a Component of Integrated Pest Management to Prevent the Introduction of Exotic Pests
Authors: Noar Roslyn D , Jahant-Miller Chelsea J , Emerine Sherrie , Hallberg Rosemary 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When introduced to novel habitats, invasive alien plant pests have the potential to reduce fitness or cause aesthetic damage to naïve plant hosts, or to cause widespread mortality in both native and cultivated plant populations. Once established, the cost of mitigation, eradication, and damage and losses from invasive alien plant pests often exceeds the cost of preventing introductions from occurring. National plant protection organizations (NPPOs) have therefore implemented trade restrictions and regulations to minimize the introduction of alien plant pest species. To be effective, NPPOs must stay informed about pest species that may pose a threat to natural or agricultural systems. Early warning systems such as PestLens, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Reporting Service, and others collect relevant and current plant pest information and disseminate it to NPPOs, thereby facilitating informed regulatory decision-making. Herein, we describe the processes and goals of some of the existing plant pest early warning systems and how these systems may be used.
Intracranial complications after surgical removal of nasal polyps
Authors: Nowacka Agnieszka , Śniegocki Maciej , Smuczyński Wojciech , Woźniak-Dąbrowska Kamila 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Acute otitis media can be caused by viruses (nonsuppurative inflammation) and bacteria (suppurative inflammation). The suppurative inflammation is a risk factor for endocranial complications, including subdural empyema burdened with a high mortality. The authors present a clinical case of a 67-year-old man treated by surgery for a subdural empyema in the course of the acute suppurative otitis media.
The gender pay gap: what can we learn from Northern Ireland?
Authors: Jones Melanie , Kaya Ezgi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Northern Ireland (NI) forms an important outlier to the established international pattern of a pronounced gender pay gap (GPG) in favour of men. Using contemporary data from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey we provide a comprehensive analysis of the GPG in NI and make comparisons to the rest of the UK. Despite the relatively common institutional and policy context, the GPG in NI is found to be far smaller than in the rest of the UK. This can largely be attributed to the superior productivity-related characteristics of women relative to men in NI, which partially offset the influence of gender differences in the returns to these characteristics. Our analysis highlights the importance of occupation—both in terms of occupational allocation and the returns to occupations—in explaining the cross-country differential. This is reinforced by the impact of lower earnings inequality in NI.
The Paradox of Pearl Harbor
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The attack on Pearl Harbor united a country that had been reluctant to get fully and formally involved in World War II, but it also prodded many Americans to focus on defeating Japan, despite the Roosevelt administration’s determination to adopt a Germany-first strategy. This was the first paradox of Pearl Harbor, but it was largely resolved by a second one: while the very fact of the Japanese attack made the nation desperate for as much information as possible, its nature and outcome pushed officials toward their first major act of concealment. With the navy clamping down hard on details, a shroud quickly enveloped the Pacific War.
The Return
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
MacArthur finally returned to the Philippines in October 1944, accompanied by fifty-eight correspondents—the largest number to join a Pacific invasion at that stage of the war. Initially, the campaign to retake the island of Luzon did not go well, but a combination of MacArthur’s optimistic communiqués and a major naval victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf ensured that his return contributed to Roosevelt’s reelection victory a month later. After the invasion of Leyte in January 1945 led first to the liberation of the camps containing Bataan death march survivors and then to the bloody slaughter during the battle for Manila, the home front’s animosity toward Japan hardened.
Social Ecology of Police Resilience
Authors: Ghazinour and Mehdi , Rostami Arian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Research shows that police work is one of the most stressful professions in the world, and police officers typically suffer a variety of physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects and symptoms. Thus, constant exposure to stressful situations requires resilient police officers. Legislation, social support, organizational factors, and individual resources all play different roles in maintaining resilience among police officers. The aim of this chapter is to contribute to a multisystemic ecological theory of police resilience. By applying this analytical approach, the authors illustrate how systems on different levels interact with each other reciprocally. They conclude that resilience is necessary for officers to have the capacity to act authoritatively in uncertain situations. The use of multisystemic social-ecological theory provides a deeper understanding of the processes that contribute to positive development in professionally stressful contexts.
What Does It Take for Early Relationships to Remain Secure in the Face of Adversity?
Authors: Berástegui Ana , Pitillas Carlos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Attachment relationships as bipersonal, dynamic systems of interaction and meaning-making, can be understood as a resilient mechanism, a level of resilience in itself. A resilient early attachment relationship may facilitate resilience across development and interact with other factors to promote healthier, more resilient societies at different ecological levels. In this chapter, first, the concept of attachment resilience and its constituent factors are developed within the framework of resilience literature. Second, the ecological nature of attachment resilience is posited, and a set of four principles for the ecological study and enhancement of attachment resilience is presented and applied to a case study. Finally, a discussion of the implications of these ideas for interventions with families is developed.
A Socioecological Developmental Systems Approach for the Study of Human Resilience
Authors: Schoon Ingrid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces a socioecological developmental systems approach for the study of human resilience, conceptualizing the multiple contextual influences (ranging from the micro-to the macro context and including the ecosystem), and their interactions with individual functioning over time. It is argued that resilience is a multi-level, dynamic and relational process where individual and context mutually constitute each other through processes of co-regulation. The chapter gives a broad definition of key concepts, such as risk and adaptation, and describes developmental and resilience processes using examples from research on the transition from dependent childhood to independent adulthood.
Toward a Multisystemic Resilience Framework for Migrant Youth
Authors: Wu Qiaobing , Ou Ying 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter proposes an integrative framework to understand the resilience of youth in the context of migration. It first refines the concept of resilience and provides a definition particularly for this population—a process toward positive adaptation and development despite the challenging environmental changes and life transitions that occur during migration. Considering that this process is influenced by various factors embedded in multiple systems, the authors propose a Multisystemic Resilience Framework for migrant youth that uses the photosynthesis of green plants as an analogy to demonstrate in a leaf-shaped figure the dynamic process of resilience shaped by three interactive systems: intrapersonal microsystem, interpersonal mesosystem, and institutional macrosystem. Migrant youths are positioned as active agents in the center who mobilize resources from and facilitate interactions across multiple systems. The chapter concludes by illustrating the complex interplay between systems in the framework and discussing potential implications for research, policy, and practice.
Thinking Systemically About Transitional Justice, Legal Systems, and Resilience
Authors: Clark Janine Natalya 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Transitional justice refers to the set of judicial and non-judicial processes that societies may use to deal with legacies of past human rights abuses and atrocities. While the field is rapidly expanding, to date there are almost no systematic analyses of transitional justice within a resilience framework, or vice versa. The purpose of this chapter is to address that gap and to demonstrate why resilience is highly relevant for transitional justice theory and practice. It argues that resilience thinking can enhance the impact of transitional justice on the ground, by contributing to the development of more ecological approaches to dealing with the past that locate individuals within their broader social environments. The chapter also reflects on the conceptual and empirical utility of resilience as a concept that opens up a space for analyzing the wider societal and systemic impact of legal systems more generally.
Patterns for Achieving Resilience in Engineered and Organizational Systems
Authors: Jackson Scott , Hailey Victoria , Willett Keith D. , Ferris Timothy , Specking Eric A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how human-created systems in civil and organizational domains maintain their required capability to function effectively in the face of adversity and identifies the factors that enable these systems to remain resilient. Typical civil systems include power grid systems and transportation systems, such as aircraft. Organizational systems include enterprises and governments. Adversities include natural disasters and terrorist attacks. A recurring pattern in all domains is the ability to anticipate and prepare for adversity. Another recurring pattern is the ability for the system to adapt to the adversity. Some resilient systems can withstand adversity and then degrade gracefully to a satisfactory state, return to a prior state, or change to some new state. Both domains utilize a set of techniques to achieve resilience. These recurring patterns are common to both domains and are essential to the resilience of diverse systems.
Adaptive Management of Ecosystem Services for Multisystemic Resilience
Authors: Hogan Katharine F. E. , Nash Kirsty L. , Bennett Elena 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Globally, ecosystems provide the equivalent of trillions of dollars every year in the form ecosystem services. These include provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. People are dependent on ecosystem services, yet their sustainability is at risk due to increasingly rapid global change that impacts the resilience of social-ecological systems at multiple scales. In this chapter, the authors outline the concepts and theory of multisystemic social-ecological resilience. They discuss management principles that embrace cycles of change in social-ecological systems and work with these systems toward sustainability rather than pushing for increased efficiency and stability, which tends to undermine resilience across systems and scales. They explore adaptive management as a framework that supports improved understanding and management of ecosystem services for resilience in light of global change, outlining key topics for questions of research and practice.
Feeding and Nutrition of Crustacean Larvae
Authors: Jeffs Andrew , O’Rorke Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Among the Crustacea, there is an enormous diversity of species, range of sizes and body morphologies, habitats, lifestyles, and life cycles, which include a remarkable range of larval development pathways. Despite this divergence, there are commonalities in their larval nutrition. The majority of crustaceans have free-living larvae that will feed on live prey. Their feeding is typically opportunistic, with their behavior often directed toward ensuring they encounter suitable prey. Larval prey are usually proportionally smaller than their body size, with some notable exceptions. Consequently, modes of feeding in larval crustaceans include bacterivory, detritivory, herbivory of unicellular phytoplankton, the omnivory of a mix of phytoplankton and metazoan prey, and carnivory. Frequently, the diet of crustacean larvae changes markedly through their developmental stages as the size and feeding capabilities of the larvae increase. The articulated appendages and alimentary tracts of crustacean larvae show a remarkable range of morphologies, enabling the capture and processing of different food sources. A wide range of digestive enzymes are typically used to break down ingested food because of the limited capacity of the gut for physical processing, which is common among many larvae. The absorption of a wide range of nutrients makes use of the metabolic flexibility of crustaceans for using a variety of nutritional substrates and for converting biomolecules, as well as storing and redeploying nutritional resources. Regardless, some dietary nutrients, such as sterols, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and some minerals are essential dietary requirements. Much of our in-depth knowledge of larval nutrition in crustaceans comes from larger and commercially important crustaceans, especially crab, lobster, and shrimp species. A better understanding of the diversity of larval feeding and nutrition among crustaceans is required among a wider range of species, especially for those crustaceans that play major roles in many of our marine ecosystems.
Oogenesis in Crustaceans: Ultrastructural Aspects and Selected Regulating Factors
Authors: Jaglarz Mariusz K. , Bilinski Szczepan M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores ultrastructural aspects of crustacean oogenesis. It focuses on various cellular processes associated with female germline development in selected crustacean groups. Oogenesis in crustaceans comprises four stages: proliferation of germline cells, previtellogenesis, vitellogenesis, and formation of egg coverings. The greater part of oogenesis occurs in the ovary. In Crustacea, two structurally and functionally distinct types of ovary are recognized: panoistic and meroistic. In panoistic ovaries, all germline cells differentiate into oocytes, and this type of ovarian organization occurs in a great majority of crustaceans, including Malacostraca. In contrast, in the meroistic ovaries, oogonial cells are connected by intercellular bridges and form characteristic linear cysts. Within each cyst, only one cell becomes an oocyte, and the remaining cells differentiate into nurse cells. Meroistic ovaries are typical for Branchiopoda and Ostracoda: Podocopida. Ultrastructural studies reveal that the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles of the oocyte are highly synthetically active in the panoistic ovary, whereas in the meroistic type, oocyte development is supported, to some extent, by accompanying nurse cells. During previtellogenesis, oocytes accumulate large numbers of various organelles, e.g. ribosomes, mitochondria, and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The oocyte cytoplasm also contains characteristic disc-shaped bodies and cortical granules. A comparative analysis of the proteinaceous yolk formation in different crustaceans reveals two distinct types of vitellogenesis (autosynthesis and heterosynthesis), and indicates that a mixed type prevails in these arthropods. In most crustacean species, germline cells associate with somatic follicle cells that may fulfill several functions during oogenesis.
Introduction
Authors: Nichols Christopher McKnight , Preston Andrew 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of grand strategy. Grand strategy is best understood as a holistic and interconnected system of power, encompassing all aspects of society in pursuit of international goals “based on the calculated relationship of means to ends.” It is not simply about winning wars or attaining specific foreign-policy objectives, important as these priorities are; it is not only an answer to the question of what power is meant to achieve. Grand strategy is also about creating a durable peace that follows a war and then maintaining the stability of that peace long after the war has faded into a distant memory. It is—for the United States especially, with its global ambitions, widespread commitments, and enormous capabilities in all forms of power—about trying to shape world conditions so as to ensure the protection of national security and the flourishing of national values. The chapter then studies the grand strategies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Ultimately, this book argues for the relevance and usefulness of grand strategy, and builds on the concept of strategic culture.
Franklin Roosevelt, the New Deal, and Grand Strategy
Authors: Borgwardt Elizabeth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal. By 1941, FDR and his key advisers were distilling some hard-won wisdom from their trial-and-error approaches in devising what had become known as the New Deal, and applying them to the world's burgeoning international crises. The key, for Roosevelt, was a New Deal–inspired set of ideas and institutions that animated a capacious reframing of the national interest. Internationalizing the New Deal meant reconfiguring the playing field of world politics in three broad, institutional realms: collective security, economic stability, and rule of law institutions. These three institutional pillars are usually what contemporary international relations specialists mean when they refer to “the postwar international order.” What made this institutionally focused scaffolding into “grand strategy” was the way any resulting improvement to the functioning of the international order was dependent on negotiation and diplomacy.
The Misanthropy Diaries
Authors: Greenberg David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies George Frost Kennan's diaries that the historian Frank Costigliola published in 2014. Kennan has long been renowned for having formulated the containment doctrine that guided American policymakers as they lurched through the Cold War, as well as for his significant role in shaping US foreign policy as both a diplomat and thinker. Over many decades, biographers, foreign policy hands, politicians, intellectuals, and journalists have showered Kennan with praise and hailed him as the prime example of a grand strategist. For all the scholarly disputes about Kennan, there is general agreement that he was correct about many of the most vital issues of his time, and his “realism” has often been treated as a model from which subsequent American policymakers departed at their peril. Still, as Kennanologists have long known, there is more to the story. His acclaimed 1951 study, American Diplomacy, included disparaging statements about democracy, and his writing exhibited nasty, misanthropic, and aristocratic currents. The chapter then considers the relationship between Kennan's personal prejudices and his political ideas.