bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entry of antiepileptic drugs (valproate and lamotrigine) into the developing rat brain
Authors: Toll Samuel J. , Qiu Fiona , Huang Yifan , Habgood Mark D. , Dziegielewska Katarzyna M. , Nie Shuai , Saunders Norman R. 
Published: May 2021

Background:Women with epilepsy face difficult choices whether to continue antiepileptic drug treatment during pregnancy, as uncontrolled seizures carry great risk to mother and fetus but continuing treatment may have adverse effects on baby’s development. This study aimed at evaluating antiepileptic drug entry into developing brain.Methods:Anaesthetised pregnant, non-pregnant adult females, postnatal and fetal rats were injected intraperitoneally with different doses, single or in combinations, of valproate and lamotrigine, all within clinical range. Injectate included3H-labelled drug. After 30min, CSF, blood and brain samples were obtained; radioactivity was measured using liquid scintillation counting. Some animals were also exposed to valproate in feed throughout pregnancy and into neonatal period. Drug levels were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results are given as CSF or tissue/plasma% as index of drug entry.Results:Entry of valproate into brain and CSF was higher at E19 and P4 compared to adult but was not dose-dependent; placental transfer increased significantly at highest dose of 100mg/Kg. Lamotrigine entry into the brain was dose dependent only at E19. Chronic valproate treatment, or combination of valproate and lamotrigine had little effect on either drug entry, except for reduced valproate brain entry in adult brain with chronic treatment. Placental transfer decreased significantly after chronic valproate treatment. LC-MS measurement of valproate in adults confirmed that rat plasma values were within the clinical range and CSF/plasma and brain/plasma ratios for LC-MS and3H-valproate were similar.Conclusion:Results suggest that entry of valproate may be higher in developing brain, the capacity of barrier mechanism is mostly unaffected by doses within the clinical range, with or without addition of lamotrigine. Chronic valproate exposure may result in upregulation in cellular mechanisms restricting its entry into the brain. Entry of lamotrigine was little different at different ages and was not dose dependent.
Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of nutrition standards for school food: a mixed-methods systematic review protocol
Authors: O'Mahony Breda , Kerins Claire , Murrin Celine , Kelly Colette 
Published: May 2021

Background: The importance of nutrition during childhood and the high prevalence of child and adolescent obesity has resulted in several countries implementing nutritional standards for school food as a way of providing healthy school food environments. Yet, there has been less focus on the barriers and facilitators influencing the process of implementing school food standards. This mixed-methods systematic review aims to address this evidence gap by synthesising the empirical evidence on the factors that may influence the implementation of school food standards. Methods: This mixed-methods systematic review will use qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods evidence from peer-reviewed publications retrieved from the following databases; PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Grey literature will be accessed through Google Scholar, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, OpenGrey, RIAN, EThOS, ProQuest, WorldCat, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, and public health organisation websites will also be accessed. Screening reference lists and citation chaining of all included studies will also be undertaken. No restrictions on publication date or language will be applied, however, only primary research studies relevant to supply-side stakeholders will be eligible for inclusion. Study quality will be assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Study titles and abstracts will be screened to decide whether the full-text manuscript should be retrieved. For screening reliability, a second review author will assess a random sample of 20%. Kappa statistics will be used to assess inter-rater reliability, with values of 0.75 and higher representing high agreement. Two authors will independently extract data and factors reported to influence implementation. This will be synthesized using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Discussion: A comprehensive understanding of these factors can provide guidance to relevant stakeholders to enhance the adoption, implementation and sustainability of nutrition standards for school meals. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42019117904
A protocol for analysing the effects on health and greenhouse gas emissions of implemented climate change mitigation actions
Authors: Hassan Syreen , Cuevas Garcia-Dorado Sol , Belesova Kristine , Murage Peninah , Whitmee Sarah , Huxley Rachel , Green Rosemary , Haines Andrew 
Published: May 2021

Background: It is crucial to understand the benefits to human health from decarbonisation to galvanise action among decision makers. Most of our existing evidence comes from modelling studies and little is known about the extent to which the health co-benefits of climate change mitigation actions are realised upon implementation. We aim to analyse evidence from mitigation actions that have been implemented across a range of sectors and scales, to identify those that can improve and sustain health, while accelerating progress towards a zero-carbon economy. Objectives: To understand the implementation process of actions and the role of key actors; explain the contextual elements influencing these actions; summarise what effects, both positive and negative, planned and unplanned they may have on emissions of greenhouse gases and health; and to summarise environmental, social, or economic co-benefits. Data: We will review evidence collected through partnership with existing data holders and an open call for evidence. We will also conduct a hand search of reference lists from systematic reviews and websites of organisations relevant to climate change mitigation. Screening: Screening will be done by two reviewers according to a pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Analysis: We will identify gaps where implementation or evaluation of implementation of mitigation actions is lacking. We will synthesise the findings to describe how actions were implemented and how they achieved results in different contexts, identifying potential barriers and facilitators to their design, implementation, and uptake. We will also synthesise their effect on health outcomes and other co-benefits. Quantitative synthesis will depend on the heterogeneity of outcomes and metrics. Conclusions: Findings will be used to identify lessons that can be learned from successful and unsuccessful mitigation actions, to make inferences on replicability, scalability, and transferability and will contribute to the development of frameworks that can be used by policy makers.
Importation, circulation, and emergence of variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the South Indian state of Karnataka
Authors: Pattabiraman Chitra , Prasad Pramada , George Anson K. , Sreenivas Darshan , Rasheed Risha , Reddy Nakka Vijay Kiran , Desai Anita , Vasanthapuram Ravi 
Published: May 2021

Background:As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, the selection of genomic variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated with higher transmission, more severe disease, re-infection, and immune escape are a cause for concern. Such variants have been reported from the UK (B.1.1.7), South Africa (B.1.351) and, Brazil (P.1/B.1.1.28). We performed this study to track the importation, spread, and emergence of variants locally.Methods:We sequenced whole genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from international travellers (n=75) entering Karnataka, South India, between Dec 22, 2020 and Jan 31, 2021, and from positive cases in the city of Bengaluru (n=108), between Nov 22, 2020- Jan 22, 2021, as well as a local outbreak. We present the lineage distribution and analysis of these sequences.Results:Genomes from the study group into 34 lineages. Variant B.1.1.7 was introduced by international travel (24/73, 32.9%). Lineage B.1.36 and B.1 formed a major fraction of both imported (B.136: 20/73, 27.4%; B.1: 14/73, 19.2%), and circulating viruses (B.1.36: 45/103; 43.7%, B.1: 26/103; 25.2%). The lineage B.1.36 was also associated with a local outbreak. We detected nine amino acid changes, previously associated with immune escape, spread across multiple lineages. The N440K change was detected in 45/162 (27.7%) of the sequences.Conclusions:Our data support the idea that variants of concern spread by travel. Viruses with amino acid replacements associated with immune escape are already circulating. It is critical to check transmission and monitor changes in SARS-CoV-2 locally.
Inglês à mão: prática online de língua inglesa em tempos de distanciamento social
Authors: Muriana Marina Borges , Costa Solange Lopes Vinagre 
Published: May 2021

A pandemia do Covid-19 acentuou a urgência, já observada no contexto escolar presencial, do desenvolvimento de atividades e práticas docentes que possam abarcar estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem profícuas para um ambiente educacional exclusivamente virtual. Evidenciou também a importância de que as práticas de ensino reflitam as necessidades da contemporaneidade para a construção de um conhecimento in vivo (NICOLESCU, 2013), que é fluido, adaptável, em movimento. Trouxe, ainda, a necessidade de tratarmos aspectos da vida muitas vezes apartados do ambiente educacional, como a incerteza e a imprevisibilidade (MORIN, 2015). Nesse contexto, desenvolvemos a pesquisa apresentada neste artigo, a qual interpretamos a partir da abordagem metodológica hermenêutico-fenomenológica complexa (FREIRE, 2017). Articulando elementos da aprendizagem móvel (SACCOL et al., 2011) aos construtos da complexidade (MORIN, 2015) e da transdisciplinaridade (NICOLESCU, 2013), foi desenvolvida a situação de ensino-aprendizagem de inglês objeto desta pesquisa. Realizada no ambiente virtual do WhatsApp, contou com a participação de sete alunos adultos com níveis de proficiência diferentes durante duas semanas.
O ensino e a reforma provincial de 1845: a Instrução Pública na província do Piauí (1834-1852)
Authors: Sousa Neto Marcelo de 
Published: May 2021

O presente artigo discute a Instrução Pública na Província do Piauí e sua expansão, adotando como recorte temporal o período entre os anos de 1834, com o Ato Adicional à Constituição, que pôs fim ao modelo educacional implantado com as Aulas Régias, e 1852, com a transferência da capital da Província de Oeiras para Teresina, recorte em que se assistiu a tentativas limitadas de institucionalização de uma educação pública durante a Regência e primeiros anos do Segundo Império. Metodologicamente, trata-se de pesquisa histórica de base bibliográfica que, além da literatura existente sobre o tema e a legislação vigente no período, apoiou-se na documentação pertencente ao Arquivo Público do Estado do Piauí – APEPI, sobremaneira, a documentação expedida pela Presidência da Província e pela Assembleia Provincial, o que permitiu a construção de um diálogo que possibilitou novos olhares a respeito da história da educação no período, bem como a reflexão sobre outras dimensões do tecido social local. De maneira geral, com a pesquisa, verificou-se uma lenta expansão da Instrução Pública, como consequência do pequeno interesse dos poderes públicos em seu desenvolvimento, resultando em limitados investimentos, aliado a um modelo produtivo que pouco demandava do saber formal em suas práticas cotidianas.
“Esse negócio de padrão é muito retrógrado”: o corpo como superfície de inúmeras interpretações
Authors: Lopes Julia Da Fonseca , Beck Dinah Quesada 
Published: May 2021

À luz dos Estudos Culturais e dos Estudos de Gênero, ambos em suas vertentes pós-estruturalistas de análise, este artigo reúne alguns dados de pesquisa com os quais buscamos dialogar no intuito de identificar quais representações estão sendo construídas sobre corpo e gênero em relação às práticas de sociabilidade virtual na mídia social Instagram. Metodologicamente, caracteriza-se como um estudo etnográfico virtual, no qual realizou-se um grupo focal online no WhatsApp com 17 mulheres usuárias do Instagram. Das análises, foi possível identificar que o Instagram tem se tornado um espaço no qual são investidas, de diferentes formas, estratégias que nos convocam ao consumo e à fabricação de nossos corpos e aparências.
Inclusão em educação: desafios do público-alvo da educação especial na educação profissional
Authors: Siqueira Maria Leilza Pires , Andrade Patrícia Ferreira de , Damasceno Allan Rocha 
Published: May 2021

Essa pesquisa objetivou caracterizar as concepções e ações político-pedagógicas sobre a inclusão em educação do público-alvo da educação especial na educação profissional técnica do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Roraima (IFRR) - Campus Boa Vista (CBV). Assim, essa pesquisa teve como investigação central analisar as políticas públicas de inclusão em educação, buscando compreender os desafios à escolarização profissional desse público pertencente à educação profissional. Esse estudo fundamentou-se na Teoria Crítica da educação com ênfase ao pensamento de Theodor Adorno. Quanto aos instrumentos e procedimentos metodológicos de pesquisa, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com os sujeitos participantes do estudo e também aplicamos questionário de caracterização com esses participantes da pesquisa. Foram entrevistados sete gestores que contribuíram com a pesquisa na identificação das concepções e ações político-pedagógicas/inclusivas. Constatou-se que há iniciativas no Campus de ações inclusivas, porém a pesquisa revelou barreiras que obstaculizam a implementação da educação especial na perspectiva inclusiva.
Sentidos da/para a formação de professoras coordenadoras: lições da experiência
Authors: Cunha Renata Cristina Oliveira Barrichelo , Pinto Keila Santos 
Published: May 2021

promovido pela Secretaria Municipal da Educação de um município paulista. A pesquisa teve como objetivos compreender os sentidos atribuídos a essa formação e os modos de estar na escola como professoras coordenadoras. Os dados de análise são compostos de cartas endereçadas às formadoras apontando os sentimentos, expectativas e necessidades formativas. As análises, orientadas pelo paradigma indiciário, evidenciaram que a formação foi compreendida como um momento de interrupção da rotina e possibilidade de deslocamento do olhar e, consequentemente, atribuição de sentido para o trabalho. Estar entre os colegas compartilhando ideias e sentimentos contribuiu com o sentimento de pertencimento no grupo e valorização da função.
Metodologias criativas no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem na educação básica
Authors: Dos Santos Bettina Steren 
Published: May 2021

Durante muito tempo, a intenção da educação escolar esteve fortemente vinculada com a reprodução de modelos de mundo existentes. Com o surgimento das tecnologias da informação e comunicação, as mudanças culturais e sociais ficaram mais evidentes, exigindo das instituições de ensino mais mobilização para repensar sua postura diante das necessidades contemporâneas. O objetivo desse artigo é compreender a aplicabilidade das metodologias criativas através do Design Thinking, nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem na educação escolar básica. O estudo, de abordagem qualitativa, com suporte da técnica de observação participativa, baseia-se em relatos de uma experiência de que envolveu estudantes, professores, pais e gestores de uma escola privada do Rio Grande do Sul-Brasil em seis oficinas de Design Thinking. Os resultados apontam para o desenvolvimento da colaboração e criatividade entre os participantes e o planejamento de novas ações para qualificar os processos de ensino e aprendizagem e as relações entre as pessoas que fazem parte do ambiente escolar.
Oral Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): An Overview
Authors: Samaranayake Lakshman , Fakhruddin Kausar Sadia , Bandara Nihal 
Published: May 2021

The grim milestone of three million deaths due to the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reached a few weeks ago. COVID-19 is a multi-system all-pervasive disease with protean manifestations, and its major signs and symptoms, such as the incessant dry cough, fever, and pneumonia, are well known. Yet, its mucocutaneous manifestations, particularly those of the oral cavity, appear to be little recognized. This may be due either to the rarity of oral manifestations of COVID-19, or poor detection of such symptoms by attending physicians who may do only a cursory examination of the oral mucosa because of the overwhelming gravity of the other major systemic presentations. Nevertheless, there are now a considerable number of reports, including systematic reviews, on oral manifestations of COVID-19 in the literature. These, apart from the now well-known dysgeusia of COVID-19, range from ulcers, erosions, bullae, vesicles, mucosal pustules, macules, papules and pigmentations, as well as haemorrhagic manifestations including petechiae, crusts and spontaneous bleeding. Unfortunately, the majority of these reports are anecdotal in nature and remain to be substantiated. Here, we provide a brief overview of the reported oral manifestations of COVID-19, and their management protocols. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To raise awareness of the currently reported major and minor oral manifestations of COVID-19 and their management protocols.
A cross-sectional workforce survey of three traditional and complementary medicine professions in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Ijaz Nadine , Welsh Sandy , Zhang Qi , Brule David , Boon Heather 
Published: May 2021

Background
Workforce studies about traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) occupations in industrialized countries are scant; and, these occupations’ position within the broader occupational workforce remains unclear. This study aims to address these gaps using a comparative approach.

Methods
Naturopaths, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) / acupuncture practitioners, and homeopaths in Ontario, Canada were surveyed regarding their demographics, practice characteristics and self-reported income. Results were compared with parallel data from within and outside of Ontario.

Results
Study response rate: 23.3% (n = 1205). While predominantly female (57.9%), Ontario’s TCM/acupuncture profession was less feminized than the naturopathic (77.1%) and homeopathic (78.3%) groups. Naturopaths were significantly younger than, and reported fewer years of clinical experience than, the other two groups. About half of TCM/acupuncture practitioners, and almost one-third of homeopaths had trained outside of Canada, predominantly in East and South Asia, respectively. More TCM/acupuncture practitioners (58.9%) and homeopaths (57.6%) had multilingual clinical practices than naturopaths (19.1%). Homeopaths worked fewer hours and saw fewer patients per week than the other occupations. Self-reported mean incomes varied across groups, with naturopaths earning more on average ($63,834, SD $57,101) than did TCM/acupuncture practitioners ($45,624, SD $44,081) or homeopaths ($29,230, SD $41,645). Holding other variables constant, internationally-trained practitioners reported earning one-third less than their Canadian-trained counterparts.

Discussion & conclusions
Study findings echo occupationally-specific data from other industrialized jurisdictions; and, affirm that different T&CM occupations have distinctive demographic and practice characteristics. The demographic makeup of Ontario’s TCM/acupuncture and homeopathy occupations suggests a role for these groups in delivering culturally-responsive care within Asian ethnic communities. T&CM practitioner incomes, in particular for internationally-trained practitioners, fell below the provincial population income median, and in many cases below the poverty line. T&CM occupations’ relative socio-political marginality may be impacting clinicians’ ability to earn a viable living.
Primary health care and social isolation against COVID-19 in Northeastern Brazil: Ecological time-series study
Authors: Costa de Assis Sanderson José , Lopes Johnnatas Mikael , Guedes Marcello Barbosa Otoni Gonçalves , Sanchis Geronimo José Bouzas , Araujo Diego Neves , Roncalli Angelo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2021

Background
Brazil is witnessing a massive increase of corona virus disease (COVID-19). Its peculiar primary health care (PHC) system faces a burden due to the contagion occurring in the community environment. Then, the aim is to estimate the effect of the coverage of primary health care and social isolation on the evolution of confirmed cases and deaths by COVID-19, controlling sociodemographic, economic and health system aspects.

Methods
A time series design was designed with data on diagnosed cases of COVID-19 and their deaths as outcomes in the capital cities of the Northeast region of Brazil. Independent variables such as PHC coverage, hospital beds, social isolation, demographic density, Gini index and other indicators were analyzed. A Autoregressive Generalized Linear Model method was applied for model the relationship.

Results
We identified an exponential growth of cases (y = 0.00250.71x; p-value<0,001). However, there is a high variability in the occurrence of outcomes. PHC coverage≥75% (χ2 = 9.27; p-value = 0.01) and social isolation rate (χ2 = 365.99; p-value<0.001) proved to be mitigating factors for the spread of COVID-19 and its deaths. Capitals with hospital beds ≥ 3.2 per thousand inhabitants had fewer deaths (χ2 = 9.02; p-value = 0.003), but this was influenced by PHC coverage (χ2 = 30,87; p-value<0.001).

Conclusions
PHC mitigates the occurrence of Covid-19 and its deaths in a region of social vulnerability in Brazil together with social isolation. However, it is not known until when the system will withstand the overload in view of the low adhesion to social isolation, the lack of support and appropriate direction from the government to its population.