bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of Mercury Phytotoxicity with a High Nutritional Level of Nitrate in Alfalfa Plants Grown Hydroponically
Authors: Carrasco-Gil Sandra , Ortega-Villasante Cristina , Sobrino-Plata Juan , Barón-Sola Ángel , Millán Rocío , Hernandez Luis E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background and aims Mercury (Hg) is one of the most dangerous pollutant heavy metals to the environment, which causes several toxic effects in plants upon accumulation, such as induction of oxidative stress. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most limiting macronutrient for plants, being mostly assimilated as NO3─ which is reduced to NO2─ by the enzyme nitrate reductase (NR), prior its reduction to NH4+.Methods We studied the physiological alterations caused by Hg (0, 6 and 30 µM) in alfalfa plants grown at two different levels of NO3─: low, (2 mM; LN), and high (12 mM; HN) for one week using a semi-hydroponic culture system.Results Several parameters of oxidative stress such as lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll content, biothiol concentration and, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity showed that HN plants were less affected by Hg. Nitrate reductase activity and NO3─ concentration was altered under Hg stress, with lower impact in plants nourished with high NO3─. Conclusions Our results highlight the importance of the nitrogen nutritional status to improve tolerance to toxic metals like Hg.
The Characteristics of White Matter Hyperintensities in Patients With Migraine
Authors: Chong Catherine , Schwedt Todd J , Trivedi Meesha , Chong Brian W 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe presence of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in migraine is well-documented, but the location of brain WMH in patients with migraine are insufficiently researched. Although recent semi-automatic software packages have been developed for calculating WMH, visual inspection remains the gold standard for measuring WMH. The goal of this study was to assess WMH in patients with migraine using a modified version of the Scheltens visual rating scale, a semiquantitative scale for categorizing WMH in the following brain regions: periventricular, lobar (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital), basal ganglia, and infratentorial regions.Methods263 patients with migraine (31 male/232 female; mean age: 48.0) who were enrolled in the American Registry for Migraine Research from Mayo Clinic with a diagnosis of episodic (n = 46; 17.5%) or chronic migraine (n = 217; 82.5%) and who had brain magnetic resonance imaging were included in this study. Those with imaging evidence for gross anatomical abnormalities other than WMH were excluded. WMH were identified on axial T2 and FLAIR sequences by a board certified neuroradiologist. WMH were characterized via manual inspection and categorized according to the scale’s criteria.Results95 patients (36.1 %: mean age: 41.8) had no WMH on axial T2 and FLAIR imaging and 168 patients (63.9%, mean age: 51.4) had WMH. Of those with WMH, 94.1% (n = 158) had lobar hyperintensities (frontal: 148/158, 93.7%; parietal: 57/158, 36.1%; temporal: 35/158, 22.1%; occipital: 9/158, 5.7%), 13/168, 7.7% had basal ganglia WMH, 49/168, 29.1% had periventricular WMH, and 17/168, 10.1% had infratentorial WMH. 101/168 patients (60.1%) had bilateral WMH and 67/168 (39.9%) had unilateral WMH (34 right hemisphere /33 left hemisphere). 30.0% of patients with WMH did not have WMH reported in their clinical radiology reports.DiscussionNearly 2/3 of patients with migraine had WMH. They were most common in the lobar regions, specifically in the frontal lobe. The categorization of WMH in migraine using the modified Scheltens visual rating scale could help in future studies to clarify the relationship between WMH and headache features and might be a useful method for developing classifiers that differentiate between migraine-specific WMH and other causes of WMH.
Spin-excitation anisotropy in the nematic state of detwinned FeSe
Authors: Lu Xingye , Zhang Wenliang , Tseng Yi , Liu Ruixian , Tao Zhen , Paris Eugenio , Liu Panpan , Chen Tong , Song Yu , Yu Rong , Si Qimiao , Dai Pengcheng , Schmitt Thorsten 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The origin of the electronic nematicity in FeSe, which occurs below a tetragonal-to-orthorhombic structural transition temperature Ts ≈ 90 K, well above the superconducting transition temperature Tc = 9 K, is one of the most important unresolved puzzles in the study of iron-based superconductors. In both spin- and orbital-nematic models, the intrinsic magnetic excitations at Q1 = (1; 0) and Q2 = (0; 1) of twin-free FeSe are expected to behave differently below Ts. Although anisotropic spin fluctuations below 10 meV between Q1 and Q2 have been unambiguously observed by inelastic neutron scattering around Tc(<< Ts) , it remains unclear whether such an anisotropy also persists at higher energies and associates with the nematic transition Ts. Here we use resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) to probe the high-energy magnetic excitations of uniaxial-strain detwinned FeSe. A prominent anisotropy between the magnetic excitations along the H and K directions is found to persist to ~ 200 meV, which is even more pronounced than the anisotropy of spin waves in BaFe2As2. This anisotropy decreases gradually with increasing temperature and finally vanishes at a temperature around the nematic transition temperature Ts. Our results reveal an unprecedented strong spin-excitation anisotropy with a large energy scale well above the dxz/dyz orbital splitting, suggesting that the nematic phase transition is primarily spin-driven. Moreover, the measured high-energy spin excitations are dispersive and underdamped, which can be understood from a localmoment perspective. Our findings provide the much-needed understanding of the mechanism for the nematicity of FeSe and points to a unified description of the correlation physics across seemingly distinct classes of Fe-based superconductors.
Environmental conditions drive self-organisation of reaction pathways in a prebiotic reaction network
Authors: Robinson William , Daines Elena , Duppen Peer van , de Jong Thijs , Huck Wilhelm 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The evolution of life from the prebiotic environment required a gradual process of chemical evolution towards greater molecular complexity. Elaborate prebiotically-relevant synthetic routes to the building blocks of life have been established. However, it is still unclear how functional chemical systems evolved with direction using only the interaction between inherent molecular chemical reactivity and the abiotic environment. Here, we demonstrate how complex systems of chemical reactions exhibit well-defined self-organisation in response to varying environmental conditions. This self-organisation allows the compositional complexity of the reaction products to be controlled as a function of factors such as feedstock and catalyst availability. We observe how Breslow’s cycle contributes to the reaction composition by feeding C2 building blocks into the network, alongside reaction pathways dominated by formaldehyde-driven chain growth. The emergence of organised systems of chemical reactions in response to changes in the environment offers a potential mechanism for a chemical evolution process that bridges the gap between prebiotic chemical building blocks and the origin of life.
Variation in Trauma Team Response Fees in United States Trauma Centers: An Additional Undisclosed Variable Cost in Trauma Care
Authors: Neeki Michael , Serrano Jan , Fanglong Dong , Chan Hiu-Kwong Chan , Fernandez Danny , Neeki Arianna S. , Vara Richard , Wong David T. , Tran Louis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: The rising costs associated with trauma care in the United States is an important topic in today’s healthcare environment. Factors such as innovations in technology, increasing governmental and organizational regulations, and the specialization of care have led to increasing costs to the patient. A component of trauma cost is the one-time trauma team response fee (TTRF). The determination process of TTRF’s dollar amount is elusive as no apparent standardized process exists and the literature is scant regarding this aspect of trauma care. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional convenience sample was conducted using Survey Monkey. Surveys were sent to 525 trauma centers in the continental U.S, including Alaska and Hawaii. Responses obtained from October 8, 2019 through March 11, 2020 Results: Only 46 out of 525 trauma centers, or 18.2% of those surveyed shared their scheduled fees. Comparisons of TTRF’s among different trauma centers, activation levels, and geographical locations were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Understanding the true costs of trauma care and fees for patients in the U.S remains elusive due to inadequate data and low response rates. Trauma centers struggle to maintain financial viability as regulatory agencies and the public push for transparency of TTRF’s. Collaboration between TC’s and regulatory agencies is needed to ensure a balance between providing quality trauma care with justified associated charges and financial sustainability.
Unidirectional water pumping in zeta-potential modulated Nafion nanostructures
Authors: Esplandiu Maria Jose , Reguera David , Romero-Guzmán Daniel , Gallardo-Moreno Amparo Maria , Fraxedas Jordi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We report on a new and versatile self-driven polymer micropump fueled by salt which can trigger both radial recirculating and unidirectional fluid flows. The micropump is based on the ion-exchanger Nafion, which produces chemical gradients with the consequent local generation of electric fields capable to trigger interfacial electro-osmotic flows. By combining new nanofabrication strategies for Nafion structuring in microarrays with a fine tune modulation of the surface zeta potentials it was possible to redirect electro-osmotic flows into unidirectional pumping. The experimental data have been contrasted with numerical simulations accomplishing good agreement. Nafion micropumps work in a wide range of salt concentrations covering more than four orders of magnitude, from micromolar to the millimolar range, and can be regenerated for reusability. This novel micro-array of chemically powered Nafion pumps constitutes a very appealing proof of concept for a new generation of wireless micro/nanofluidic networks.
The Responses to CGRP in The Teritory of the Posterior Cerebral Artery in Migraine
Authors: Visocnik Darja , Zaletel Marjan , Žvan Bojana , Zupan Matija 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is important in trigeminovascular (TMV) sensitization with neurogenic inflammation which might be evolved in CGRP induced headache (CGRP-IH). Distribution of white matter lesions, migraine aura and functional neuroimaging indicate that posterior circulation is especially exposed to TMV sensitization. The transcranial doppler (TCD) is able to detect changes in posterior cerebral artery (PCA) during CGRP stimulation. Thus, we studied CGRP induced hemodynamic changes in PCA and CGRP-IH using TCD.
Methods

Twenty healthy subjects and 20 patients with migraine participated in our study. TCD was used to monitored mean arterial velocity in posterior cerebral artery (vm PCA). Simultaneously End tidal carbone dioxide (Et-CO2), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured. During experiment we monitored the frequency of CGRP-IH. We determined the values of vmPCA, Et-CO2, MAP and HR and calculate response of vmPCA, Et-CO2, MAP and HR to CGRP. To test the differences and relationships statistical methods were applied using SSPS.
Results

We found significant decrease of vmPCA in migraine and control groups and found the vmPCA response to be significant lower in migraine (p = 0.018). Et-CO2 decreases in both groups and it is significantly lower in migraine (p > < 0.001). MAP is significantly higher in migraine(p = 0.001), while HR is not significantly higher in migraine (p = 0.570). CGRP-IH is significantly associated with vmPCA responses (p = 0.003) and migraine (p < 0.001).
Conclusion

We concluded that hemodynamic changes in PCA are significantly related to CGRP-IH. The TMV sensitization might be pronounced in posterior circulation explaining clinical and morphologic issues in migraine.
Predicting Bilayer B50, B52, B56, And B58: Structural Evolution In Bilayer B48–B72 Clusters
Authors: Yan Qiao-Qiao , Pei Ling , Li Si-Dian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The successive experimental observations of planar, cage-like, seashell-like, and bilayer Bn–/0 clusters in the size range between n = 3–48 well demonstrate the structural diversity and rich chemistry of boron nanoclusters. Based on extensive global minimum search and density functional theory calculations, we predict herein the bilayer C1 B50 (I), C2h B52 (II), C1 B56 (IV), and C2v B58 (V) as the global minima of the systems to fill in the missing gap in the bilayer B2n series between B48–B72. These highly stable species all contain a B38 bilayer hexagonal prism at the center, with 2, 2, 3, and 3 effective interlayer B-B σ-bonds formed between inward-buckled atoms on the top and bottom layers, respectively. Our bilayer C1 B50 (I) and C1 B56 (IV) prove to be obviously more stable than the previously reported monolayer planar C2v B50 and C2v B56 with two adjacent B6 hexagonal holes. Detailed bonding analyses indicate that these bilayer clusters follow the universal bonding pattern of σ + π double delocalization, making them three-dimensionally aromatic in nature. The bilayer B2n species in the size range between B48–B72 evolve gradually on the waist around the B38 or elongated B46 bilayer hexagonal prism at the center.
Clinical Analysis of Transbronchial Cryobiopsy in Diagnosis of Diffuse Lung Disease
Authors: Zhu Yefei , Zhao Xuling , Zheng Haihong , Feng Jiaxi , Wu Zhenjie , Xu Youzu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Rapid advances in TBCB in recent years have allowed its gradual acceptance as a diagnostic method for DLD, and an alternative to surgical lung biopsy . However, the various guidelines have yet to provide clear recommendations for TBCB. This study investigated the diagnostic value of transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) for identifying diffuse lung disease (DLD) .Methods: The clinical data was reviewed of 34 patients who showed initial signs of diffuse lung lesions, interstitial pneumonia, bronchial asthma, lung cancer/infection, or pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; and underwent TBCB from December 2018 to March 2021. The safety and effectiveness of TBCB in identifying the etiology of DLD was analyzed.Results: Clear pathomorphological diagnoses were obtained for 27 (79.4%) patients, based on clinical characteristics and pathology: pulmonary fibrosis, adenocarcinoma, alveolar proteinosis, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, tuberculous granulomatous inflammation, and interstitial pneumonia. Four (11.8%) patients required multi-disciplinary discussion for diagnostic confirmation (of diffuse lesions, interstitial pneumonia, and lung infection). The etiology of 3 cases remained unknown. The rate of DLD diagnosis via TBCB was 91.2% (31/34). Associated with the TBCB procedure, 9 (26.5%) patients developed pneumothorax (6 mild, 3 moderate), and 29 (85.3%) post-biopsy bleeding (all grade 1, requiring suction and compression, but no other intervention or surgery). The average hospitalization cost and length of stay were 7988 RMB (1233 USD) and 5.48 days, respectively.Conclusion: TBCB is safe, cost-effective, requires a short hospitalization, and the diagnostic confirmation rate for DLD is high.
High Diversity of Small Insectivorous Mammals on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and First Description of Karyotype for four Endemics of China
Authors: Pavlova Svetlana V. , Lebedev Vladimir S. , Yakushov Vasily D. , Zhu Yongke , Fang Yun , Sun Yue-Hua , Sheftel Boris I. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Among seven species of the order Eulipotyphla (from southern Gansu and northern Sichuan Provinces, Central China) studied cytogenetically, karyotypes of one talpid species, Uropsilus aff. soricipes (2n = 36, NFa = 54), and three soricid species, Chodsigoa hypsibia (2n = 65, NFa = 66), Sorex cansulus (2n = 42, NFa = 64) and Sorex thibetanus (2n = 42, NFa = 60), are described cytogenetically for the first time. All four species are endemic to China with distribution ranges restricted to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent mountain ranges. The Ch. hypsibia karyotype consists of mostly acrocentric autosomes and one metacentric pair of autosomes; besides, a B chromosome was identified. No polymorphism was detected among karyotypes of other species, including shrews Sorex bedfordiae (2n = 26, NFa = 44), Anourosorex squamipes (2n = 48, NFa = 92) and Crocidura suaveolens (2n = 40, NFa = 44). The Chinese shrew mole U. aff. soricipes and three shrew species (S. bedfordiae, Ch. hypsibia and A. squamipes) represent autochthonous fauna of Central/Western China, whereas S. thibetanus, S. cansulus and C. suaveolens belong to phylogenetic groups occurring mostly to the north and west from China; therefore, they should be considered relatively recent colonisers. Thus, considering the relationships of the species within phylogenetic groups, our results on karyotypes are in good agreement with molecular genetic data.
Clinical and Imaging evaluation of rotator cuff tendons in Elite Waterpolo player
Authors: Ruberti Andrea , Callegari Leonardo , Ronga Mario 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Rotator cuff structural changes are common in overhead throwing athletes, such as baseball, javelin, swimming, volleyball, by increasing the risk of shoulder pain and injury. The structural alterations in elite waterpolo players are not well known. In elite waterpolo athletes there are structural alterations of rotator cuff tendons due to overuse of the dominant shoulder compared to the non-dominant, like in other overhead disciplines, identifiable by ultrasound (US).Methods: Asymptomatic elite men waterpolo players were selected. All athletes were evaluated with standardized scales of shoulder pain and function (Oxford Shoulder Score, Constant Shoulder Score) and provided data of training, injury and shoulder pain history. Each athlete underwent clinical evaluation of shoulders followed by US of rotator cuff, biceps and bursas. Results: Twenty-three athletes met the inclusion criteria, mean age 24.2±3.3. Fourteen athletes (61%) presented higher degeneration grade at the dominant supraspinatus compared to the contralateral, always in the same area in outfield players: anterior, lateral, pre-insertional. In twenty-two (95%) the biceps tendon was damaged: Twenty athletes (87%) bilaterally, two (9%) at the only dominant limb. The site was always at the bicipital groove in its insertion on the humerus. Power Doppler (PD) evidenced neovascularization in only five (22%) players at supraspinatus: four bilaterally, one only at the non-dominant. No statistical correlation was found between tendon degeneration and age, career years.Conclusion: Outfield waterpolo players have peculiar changes in supraspinatus at preinsertional level, as seen in other overhead throwing athletes. We found changes also in biceps, bilaterally, like in shoulders of elite swimmers. We suppose that these changes are predictive of shoulder pain and injury.
Feasibility Study of Implementing a Bio-Inspired Building Envelope for Energy Harvesting and Visual Comfort Improvement
Authors: Rizi Rana Abdollahi , Jahangiri Mehdi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A combination of sustainable architecture and renewable energy harvesting strategies are among promising path to sustainable development in construction sectors. This idea can be used on the building site and the building shell and on the scale of the building itself, which is exposed to renewable energy such as solar energy. This article aimed to analyze an adaptive façade inspired by insects’ eyes geometrical arrangement and to consider several less-attended issues, in current literature, in the process of adaptive facade design. First, there was a lack of economic objectives in adaptive façade optimization. Second, few pieces of researches attempted to include the space utility, and occupants’ activities in spaces while configuring adaptive façades towards comfort and building energy efficiency. Third, an integration of the previous items into solar water heaters was not taken into consideration through parametric approaches and Feresnel lenses materials while designing an adaptive façade for comfort and energy harvesting objectives. Given these, a parametric code was used for shaping the geometry, environmental analysis, and simulations for visual comfort consideration, heat gain, and economic analysis. Finally, after a multi-objective optimization for visual comfort, energy harvesting, and economic considerations, the best possible solution were proposed both in a kinetic and static mode. The results showed that there was 361.5 MWh annual energy harvesting potential using the proposed façade, while in comparison to the current condition of the façade, there was respectively 24.56, 15.04, and 18.23 times improvements in annual daylight performance in July, December, and March cases. Also, the economic analysis and the optimization showed that the payback time of the proposed system was 5.5 years.
TIMELAPSE Study Efficacy of Low Dose Amitriptyline Versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Chronic Insomnia In Patients With Medical Comorbidity: Study Protocol of A Randomized Controlled Multicenter Non Inferiority Trial.
Authors: Rauwerda N.L. , Knoop H. , Pot I. , Straten A. van , Rikkert M. , Zondervan A. , Timmerhuis Th.P.J. , Braamse A.M.J. , Boss H.M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background Insomnia is common in people with long-term medical conditions and is related to increased mortality and morbidity. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is first choice treatment and effective for people with insomnia and comorbid long-term medical conditions. However, CBT-I has some limitations as it might not always be available or appeal to patients with medical conditions. Furthermore, a small proportion of patients do not respond to CBT-I. Preliminary evidence and clinical experience suggest that low dose amitriptyline (AM) might be an effective alternative to treat insomnia in patients with medical comorbidity. In this randomized controlled trial we will determine whether AM is non-inferior to the first choice treatment for insomnia, CBT-I.Methods / design This study will test if treatment with low dose amitriptyline for insomnia in patients with medical comorbidity is non-inferior to CBT-I in a multicenter randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Participants will be 190 adults with a long-term medical condition and insomnia. Participants will be randomly allocated to one of two intervention arms: 12 weeks AM (starting with 10 mg per day, and if ineffective at 3 weeks, doubling this dose) or 12 weeks of CBT-I consisting of 6 weekly sessions and a follow up session 6 weeks later. The primary outcome is subjective insomnia severity, measured with the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The primary endpoint is at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes include sleep quality (e.g. sleep efficiency), questionnaires on daytime functioning (physical functioning and impairment of functioning) and symptoms (e.g. fatigue, pain, anxiety) at 12 weeks and 12 months post treatment and relapse of insomnia until 12 months after treatment. Discussion Irrespective of the outcome, this study will be a much-needed contribution to evidence based clinical guidelines on the treatment of insomnia in patients with medical comorbidity. Trail registration Dutch Trial Register, NTR NL7971, 18 August 2019