bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ghostwriters as a Legal Phenomenon: Features and Perspectives of Legal Regulation of Their Activity
Authors: Zaitseva N. V. 
Published: May 2021

The paper is devoted to the problem of using the work of another person in the intellectual field, primarily in literary activity. The involvement of ghostwriters in writing literary works has created a legal phenomenon when the subject matter of contractual relations represents the inalienable non-property right, namely: the right of authorship the transfer of which is not possible in many jurisdictions, and in others, despite the absence of an explicit prohibition, there is no legal regulation of such alienation. However, the existence of ghostwriters cannot be assessed as a unique phenomenon of modernity. In our time, they have only gained new forms and a special place not only in the literary, but also in the scientific field. In this regard, the establishment of legal mechanisms for attracting and regulating ghostwriters is more effective than the establishment of a system of prohibitions.In the conditions of changing publishing businesses and increasing ways and forms of proof, questions about the authenticity of a person's authorship began to arise increasingly, especially in the field of scientific and scholarly literature, where the work of "new" researchers is often used. The issue of assignment of the right of authorship (copyright) — a fundamental property right — is treated differently in different legal systems. The continental system of law relies on impossibility of transferring copyright from one entity to another as part of a civil law transaction. Therefore, instances of attribution of authorship are assessed in the context of criminal or administrative law. It forms the legal essence of the division of rights of authorship into property and nonproperty ones: any commercial rights to intellectual property can be ceded except the authorship.
ROSES: Remote Online Sessions for Emerging Seismologists
Authors: Dannemann Dugick Fransiska K. , van der Lee Suzan , Prieto Germán A. , Dybing Sydney N. , Toney Liam , Cole Hank M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In response to a pandemic causing the cancellation of numerous professional development programs for emerging seismologists, we successfully planned, promoted, and executed an 11 week online school for advanced graduate students worldwide during the summer of 2020. Remote Online Sessions for Emerging Seismologists included 11 distinct lessons focused on different topics in seismology. We highlight the course content, structure, technical requirements, and participation statistics. We additionally provide a series of “lessons learned” for those in the community wishing to establish similar programs.
On the size of the strained region prior to an extreme earthquake*
Authors: Bullen K. E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A previous formula of the author's has been adapted to give the volume V of the region in which the material is near breaking-point, just prior to an extreme earthquake, in terms of the released energy and breaking-strength near the focus. In the light of recent earthquake energy-magnitude data of Gutenberg, Richter, and Benioff, it is inferred that V is at least of the order of the volume of a sphere of radius 25 km. Comparison with other estimates of the size of strained regions in earthquakes suggests that V may possibly reach the order of the volume of a sphere of radius 50 km. It is suggested that a factor in the occurrence of extreme earthquakes is the existence, in the zone of strain, of strength rather greater than in the majority of major earthquakes of magnitude one unit or more less than the extreme value.
Use of amplitudes, Part I: Pn from 3° to 23°*
Authors: De Bremaecker J. Cl. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ten seisms with epicentral distances between 3° and 23° are studied.
Gutenberg's method to find the variation of Pn amplitudes with distance is applied. It results in observations too scattered to permit any conclusion.
The second method uses a combination of seisms, each observed in a limited range. A minimum is found around 7° and a maximum around 13⋅∘5.
The essence of the proposed theoretical explanation is the coexistence of “Muskat's rays”† (refracted rays) and of “direct rays” and the existence of “Muskat's rays” along the boundary of two media, in one of which the velocity increases with depth. The results are well explained by comparing the amplitudes due to these two rays.
The following structure of the earth's crust best explains the results: speed above the Mohorovičić discontinuity, 6.3 km/sec.; speed immediately below it, 8.1 km/sec.; speed at 80 km. depth, between 8.10 km/sec. and 8.128 km/sec.; around 80 km., decrease in the rate of increase of speed with depth, or decrease of speed with depth &lt; 0.001293 km/sec/km.; depth of the discontinuity, 35 km.; σ1 = σ2 = 0.25; density ratio = 1.103.
† Note added in proof: Since the time of this writing, various papers have been published by Macelwane's students using the term “head-wave” for what is here called “Muskat's rays.” As the former term is not ambiguous and is now in current use, it should be preferred.
Seismic study of crustal structure in Pennsylvania and New York*
Authors: Katz Samuel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Blasts at two quarries in northern New York and central Pennsylvania have been recorded to a distance of 309 km. The data indicate an essentially homogeneous, unlayered crust, with elastic wave velocities possibly increasing with depth. An average crustal thickness for the region is 34.4 km., with no indication of significant difference in thickness between the two areas. Observed compressional wave velocities for the crust are 6.39 and 6.31 km/sec. for New York, and 6.04 km/sec. for Pennsylvania. The corresponding shear wave velocities are 3.62 and 3.60 km/sec., and 3.61 km/sec. Average upper mantle velocities are 8.14 km/sec. for Pn and 4.69 km/sec. for Sn. The compressional wave velocity of anorthosite near Tahawus, N.Y., is 6.63 km/sec. No near-vertical reflections from the Mohorovičić discontinuity were observed.
Earthquakes off the north Pacific Coast of the United States*
Authors: Tocher Don 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Epicenters of most of the larger earthquakes occurring off the coast of northern California and Oregon lie in two zones. One zone includes the north-facing submarine Gorda Escarpment, which extends nearly due west from Punta Gorda, and the south-facing Mendocino Escarpment as far offshore as long. 127° W. The other zone extends northwestward from the region of Cape Mendocino, indicating a linear extension of the San Andreas Rift zone as far as lat. 44° or 45° N.
Phase change of PP and pP on reflection at a free surface*
Authors: Ingram R. E. , Hodgson J. H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The question of phase change on reflection at a free surface is investigated for all values of Poisson's ratio σ. It is shown once again that for σ &gt; 0.2631 there is always a phase change on reflection. For σ &lt; 0.2631 there are certain angles of incidence for which there is no phase change on reflection. These angles are determined for values of σ between 0.26 and 0.00. The results are also expressed, for various focal depths, in terms of the epicentral distances for PP and for pP between which there has been no phase change on reflection.
The transmission of Rayleigh waves across an ocean floor with two surface layers
Authors: Stoneley Robert 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The theoretical part of this paper is a discussion of the propagation of waves of Rayleigh type in an elastic medium with a horizontal double surface layer, above which is a uniform layer of liquid This model is based on seismic determinations of the velocities of explosion waves in the layers below the ocean bottom, and the equation giving the wave velocity as a function of wave length is derived as a determinantal equation of the eleventh order.
The numerical solution of this equation and the application to the propagation of Rayleigh waves across the ocean floor will be given in Part II.
Theory of the electromagnetic seismograph
Authors: Eaton J. P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Although the development of the first moving-coil electromagnetic seismograph and a primitive theory to account for its behavior date back almost fifty years, the responses of only a few simple types of these instruments have had adequate theoretical treatment. This lack of theory restricted, but did not stop, the development of other designs for which no adequate theory existed. Confusion and controversy have arisen over the behavior of these later designs. Some work has been done on obtaining magnification curves for these instruments directly by the use of shaking tables or other artificial driving devices. On the whole, however, instruments of this type now in use simply are not calibrated.
An attempt guided by the work of previous investigators has been made to clarify further the behavior of electromagnetic seismographs by extending the theoretical treatment. Three new types of seismographs (more properly “adjustments” of seismographs), each of which includes the classical Galitzin as a limiting case, are proposed. Methods for adjusting and calibrating these instruments are outlined.
Since overcritical damping is employed in two of the adjustments proposed, a method is given for determining the damping constant of an overdamped galvanometer or seismometer.
T phases at Bermuda and transformation of elastic waves
Authors: Shurbet D. H. , Ewing Maurice 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The T phases recorded at Bermuda from sixteen earthquakes are examined. The mode of propagation and the propagation paths of the phases are discussed, special attention being paid to the area of entrance into the water and the velocity through the rock. It is shown that the P phase, as it advances from the deep ocean toward a steep slope, is transformed to the T phase. It is also shown that Lg is sometimes transformed to the T phase.
Two phases recorded at Palisades, Halifax, and Ottawa are examined and it is shown that the phases observed at these stations result from transformation of a T phase to a phase traveling through the continent with a velocity of about 3.5 km/sec.
Engineering aspects of the Dixie Valley-Fairview Peak earthquakes
Authors: Steinbrugge K. V. , Moran D. F. 
Published: May 2021

abstract
Few man-made structures existed in the epicentral regions, since the population was fairly small. Damage to structures was generally minor or nonexistent despite the geologic and seismographic evidences of a major earthquake. It is curious that the major structural damage in terms of dollar loss appears to have occurred at Sacramento, California, which is about 185 air line miles from the surface faulting.
This study has been restricted to the building structures in the epicentral region plus significant structural damage elsewhere.
A study of earthquake mechanism using S wave data
Authors: Adams Wm. Mansfield 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to determine from the seismograms of a tectonic earthquake the line of the motion which generated the observed S waves (tectonically, the A axis). By noting certain geometrical relationships between the faulting motion and the emitted S waves, it is possible to derive a method which determines the line of the generating motion from observations of the generated S waves. The results of the application of the proposed method of S wave analysis should, theoretically, make it possible to determine which of the two solutions given by the P wave method of analyzing the tectonic mechanism of earthquakes is the correct solution. The proposed procedure is applied to data collected from the original seismograms of four earthquakes as recorded at seismic observatories throughout the world. There is such poor agreement between the S wave results and the previous P wave solutions that it is necessary to conclude that one or more of the following is true: either the mechanism assumed is not the type actually occurring; the phase identified as the S wave does not correspond to the first P wave motion; the P wave method is incorrect or inadequate; or the S wave method is incorrect or inadequate. To select among the various possibilities necessitates a discussion of the relative merits, defects, and potentialities of the two methods.
Attenuation, dispersion, and the wave guide of the G wave
Authors: Satô Yasuo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Using the strain seismograms of the New Guinea earthquake of 1938 and the Kamchatka earthquake of 1952, the decrement of the G wave in the mantle of the earth was determined from the comparison of the amplitude of Fourier components, which are obtained by analyzing the G phases at different epicentral distances. The value of 1/Q thus obtained is a little larger than that given by M. Ewing and F. Press using mantle Rayleigh waves, but is not much different. The phase velocity was also calculated using the argument of the Fourier transform. The dispersion curves obtained from (G1 and G3), (G2 and G4) of the New Guinea earthquake and (G1 and G3) of the Kamchatka earthquake agree quite well, giving a nearly constant group velocity 4.4 km/sec. as was anticipated. Theoretical consideration of the distribution of shear velocity that serves as the wave channel for the guidance of the G wave was given, and the shear velocity was calculated applying the method of T. Takahashi to the dispersion curve derived from the condition of constant group velocity, which is a direct consequence of the fact that the G wave shows almost no dispersion. The Vs(z)/V0 curve which was derived theoretically agrees well with the curve given by the distribution of shear velocity of Jeffreys-Bullen in the range between one and several hundred kilometers.
Wave velocities in the earth's core
Authors: Gutenberg B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMore than 700 seismograms of 39 shocks recorded mainly in southern California at epicentral distances between 105 and 140 degrees are used to investigate records of phases which have penetrated the earth's core. Properties of PKIKP, SKP, SKIKP, PKS, and PKIKS are discussed. Portions of travel-time curves of these phases are revised. Travel times of waves starting and ending at the surface of the core, and wave velocities in the core, are recalculated. Between about 1,500 and 1,200 km. from the earth's center in the transition zone from the liquid outer to the probably solid inner core, waves having lengths of the order of 10 km. travel faster than longer waves. This is probably caused by a rather rapid increase in viscosity toward the earth's center in this transition zone.
The effect of surficial sedimentary layers on continental surface waves
Authors: Oliver Jack , Ewing Maurice 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Surface waves in the 1/2-second to 12-second period range, recorded at several stations in eastern North America from the eastern Tennessee shock of June 23, 1957, are the bases for several deductions concerning the effect of sedimentary layers on continental surface wave propagation. These are: (1) The velocities of surface waves of the fundamental Love and Rayleigh modes having periods less than about 10 seconds may be strongly affected by sedimentary layers of average thickness. The decrease in velocity accounts, at least in part, for the prolongation of surface-wave trains in this period range when sedimentary layers of appreciable thickness have been traversed. (2) Higher-mode propagation for both types of surface waves is a possible explanation for the velocities, frequencies, and amplitudes of the phase Sg at moderate epicentral distances, and of its long-distance counterpart the high-frequency component of Lg. The lower-frequency components of Lg have been explained previously by other aspects of normal-mode propagation in the crust. (3) Study of dispersion of short-period surface waves can result in fairly detailed knowledge of velocity-depth relation within the sedimentary column and may also reveal information on anisotropy. (4) The results of this study must bear heavily on studies of microseism propagation. As an example, the increase of microseismic activity along the entire east coast of the United States when a storm moves onto the continental shelf may be attributed to channeling of the waves in the deep sedimentary trough beneath the shelf.
Seismic wave travel times from nuclear explosions
Authors: Carder Dean S. , Bailey Leslie F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A large number of seismograph records from nuclear explosions in the Nevada and Pacific Island proving grounds have been collected and analyzed. The Nevada explosions were well recorded to distances of 6°.5 (450 mi.) and weakly recorded as far as 17°.5, and under favorable circumstances as far as 34°. The Pacific explosions had world-wide recording except that regional data were necessarily meager.
The Nevada data confirm that the crustal thickness in the area is about 35 km., with associations of 6.1 km/sec. speeds in the crust and 8.0 to 8.2 km/sec. speeds beneath it. They indicate that there is no uniform layering in the crust, and that if higher-speed media do exist, they are not consistent; also, that the crust between the proving grounds and central California shows a thickening probably as high as 70 or 75 km., and that this thickened portion may extend beneath the Owens Valley. The data also point to a discontinuity at postulated depths of 160 to 185 km.
Pacific travel times out to 14° are from 4 to 8 sec. earlier than similar continental data partly because of a thinner crust, 17 km. or less, under the atolls and partly because speeds in the top of the mantle are more nearly 8.15 km/sec. than 8.0 km/sec. More distant points, at 17°.5 and 18°.5, indicate slower travel times—about 8.1 km/sec. A fairly sharp discontinuity at 19° in the travel-time data is indicated. Travel times from Pacific sources to North America follow closely Jeffreys-Bullen 1948 and Gutenberg 1953 travel-time curves for surface foci except they are about 2 sec. earlier on the continent, and Arctic and Pacific basin data are about 2 sec. still earlier. The core reflection PcP shows a strong variation in amplitude with slight changes in distance at two points where sufficient data were available.
Numerical integration of the equation of motion for surface waves in a medium with arbitrary variation of material constants
Authors: Satô Yasuo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The calculation of surface-wave dispersion is difficult when the waves propagate in media whose physical properties change with depth, and only a few solutions are available for fairly simple cases.
These computations may now be performed with the aid of high-speed computers, even for media whose material constants change arbitrarily with depth. The dispersion of both Love waves and Rayleigh waves has been obtained for such cases by the numerical specification of surface displacement followed by numerical solution of the equations of motion.
For example, with respect to the problem of Love waves, besides the ordinary boundary condition that the stress vanishes at the free surface, an extra condition is stated which requires that the displacement amplitude be unity at the surface. The equation of motion is then solved numerically for tentative values of frequency and wave number, and this solution produces the distribution of displacement amplitude in the half space. For all combinations of frequency and wave number which are not solutions, the values of computed displacement do not converge and tend to become positively or negatively infinite for increasing depth below the free surface. To obtain a solution, one of the parameters—for instance, wave number—is fixed, and frequency is varied in small steps until the computed displacement converges to zero at great depths. This combination of parameters fulfills all the standard boundary conditions and is the required solution. The problem of sound waves in an elastic liquid can also be solved with only a minor change in the physical properties.
The dispersion of Rayleigh waves propagating in a heterogeneous substance can also be obtained by a similar method. In this case, another parameter is needed, namely, the ratio of the amplitude of horizontal and vertical components of displacement at the free surface. Denote this quantity by a, and the phase velocity by c. Wave number is fixed, and a two-dimensional search in the a-c plane is used to locate the point that produces a convergent solution. For limited media a solution is required which satisfies the boundary conditions at the other surface.
Love waves in a medium with constant density and linearly increasing rigidity. Sound waves in a medium whose density and velocity are given by experimental curves. Rayleigh waves in a medium having constant density and equal rates of increase for λ and μ. Using an IBM “650,” it takes a few minutes to get a point for cases 1 and 2, and from thirty minutes to two hours per point for Rayleigh-wave dispersion.
Radiation from a strike-slip fault
Authors: Knopoff Leon , Gilbert Freeman 
Published: May 2021

abstract
Huygens' principle for elastodynamics has been applied to the problem of the radiation resulting from the introduction of a tear fault of finite length into an otherwise homogeneous medium. The fault has the following properties: (1) it is a surface across which the normal stresses vanish; (2) it has a rectangular shape with one dimension increasing at a constant rate in the direction of faulting; (3) the times of initiation and termination of the fault are both finite. The relative displacement on opposite sides of the fault is prescribed to be a step function of time. This configuration may be imaged in the earth's surface by symmetry, so that the problem is reducible to that of a propagating strike-slip fault of finite length in an infinite elastic medium. The observed events are the P and S waves from the two ends of the fault. Simplified “first motion” responses are computed and compared with solutions derived from the usual theory of force couples.
A note on the response of an elastic overburden of varying rigidity to an arbitrary ground motion
Authors: Ambraseys N. N. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The autofrequencies of an elastic layer of soil of finite depth and of linearly varying modulus of rigidity are found theoretically in the case (i) when the rigidity of the material increases, or (ii) decreases with depth. Also, it is shown that an approximate expression for the autofrequencies based on the mean of the limiting values of the rigidities holds within a few per cent of the true autofrequencies for small values of the rigidity ratio. The response equations for the overburden are also found in terms of the velocity spectrum of the region, or else in terms of a generalized disturbing function go(t).
Seismological interpretation of earthquake-induced water-level fluctuations in wells
Authors: Eaton J. P. , Takasaki K. J. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Magnitudes for normal-depth earthquakes computed from the amplitude of water-level fluctuations induced in a well tapping a confined aquifer in Honolulu, Hawaii, agree closely with those assigned by Pasadena. The maximum fluctuations in the well are produced by long-period Rayleigh surface waves. The response of the well to earthquake waves diminishes rapidly as wave length decreases.
A comment on the flattening of the group velocity curve of mantle Rayleigh waves with periods about 500 sec.
Authors: Takeuchi H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA scale-ratio consideration and a calculation on statical deformations of the earth by surface loads suggest that the flattening of the group velocity curve of mantle Rayleigh waves with periods about 500 sec. is not due to the existence of the earth's core, as has been suggested.