bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the Relationship Between Wound Complications and the Use of Resorbable Plates in Cranial Vault Reconstruction
Authors: Reilly Frank O.F. , Clinton Susan , Dillon Paul , Carr Shane , Bracken Shirley , Caird John , Murray Dylan J. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Resorbable plates are commonly used in cranial vault reconstruction surgery. There are few published papers examining their safety profile. The authors examined the prevalence of wound complications associated with the use of resorbable plates (Inion CPS Fixation System) in pediatric patients undergoing cranial vault reconstruction.

Methods:
A retrospective review of patients (n = 182) who underwent cranial vault reconstruction using resorbable plate fixation was undertaken. All procedures were performed by a single Craniofacial Surgeon at the National Pediatric Craniofacial Center from 2008 to 2016. Wound complications were identified from a prospectively maintained database and medical note review. Several key patient characteristics and surgical variables were also recorded and tested for associations with wound complications.

Results:
A total of 58.8% (107 of 182) of patients were male with a median age at surgery of 16.2 months. Overall, 12.1% (22 of 182) experienced a postoperative wound complication requiring hospital admission. A total of 2.73% (5 of 182) of the patients that returned to theatre had remnants of plates removed. The authors had a mean time from primary operation to secondary reoperation of 103 days. In univariate statistical analysis, females were more likely to develop a wound complication. However, in stratified analyses excluding patients with an underlying genetic syndrome, increasing age, and lower weight but not gender were associated with wound complications.

Conclusions:
A 12.1% (22 of 182) wound complication rate with the use of the Inion CPS Fixation System was observed. Inion plates appear to have an equivalent safety profile to other fixation devices. Increasing age and lower weight were associated with an increased risk of wound complications in nonsyndromic patients.
Safe Zone for Dissection in Frontotemporal Region to Avoid Injury to the Temporal Branch of Facial Nerve
Authors: Hashmi Asra , Zahed Adil , Hamamdjian Christopher , McGee Catherine , Barry Mohammad , Asali Danah , Khan Faraz Ali , Al-Mufarrej Faisal 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study is to provide a reliable roadmap for temporal branch of the facial nerve, in order to minimize, the risk of injury to the nerve during surgical dissections. A literature search was conducted on temporal branch of facial nerve. The date search range was 1950 to 2017. Databases searched included Medline, Web of science, Biosis, SciELO, Data Citation, and Zoologic Records. Data were collected on, author specialty, date of publication, and the relationship of the temporal branch of facial nerve to various landmarks in the frontotemporal region reported in human anatomic studies. Among the 48 studies reviewed, a total of 3477 anatomic dissections were performed in the craniofacial region. Temporal branch of facial nerve was located between 2.5 and 3 cm from lateral orbital rim. In relation to the zygomatic arch, it was found anywhere from the midpoint of the arch to 1 finger breath posterior to the arch. For the plane, it was most commonly described as being under the superficial temporal fascia (STF) or within the loose areolar tissue. Most anatomic dissections found 2 to 4 twigs of the temporal branch of facial nerve. In relation to the lateral canthus, it was found to be 2.85 +/– 0.69 cm superior and 2.54 +/– 0.43 cm lateral to the lateral canthus. Our study suggests consolidated data on surgical landmarks in order to ensure safe dissection in temporal region and prevent injury to the temporal branch of facial nerve.
The Epidemiology and Management of Maxillofacial Fractures at a Tertiary Care Hospital in a Conflict-Torn Region in Somalia
Authors: Tekin Ahmet M. , Ali Ismail M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The etiology of maxillofacial fractures (MFFs) varies according to the geographical location and density of the population. This study aimed to analyze the etiology, pattern, and treatment of MFFs. Epidemiological characteristics and treatment modalities of MFFs have never been evaluated in Somalia. The study included 45 patients who were operated on for MFFs at a tertiary care hospital in Somalia (2018–2019). Patient demographics, fracture causes, types, associated non-facial injuries, treatment modalities, and hospitalization-time were evaluated. The most common etiological factors of the MFFs were explosion (24.4%) and assault (24.4%), followed by gunshot (22.2%), sports accident (15.6%), motor vehicle accident (11.1%), and fall from height (2.2%) patients, respectively. The main site of injury was the mandible bone (64.4%) followed by nasal bone, maxilla, zygomatic, and orbital region. The most common non-facial injuries of the MFFs were soft tissue laceration (37.8%) followed by femoral fracture (6.7%), clavicle fracture (4.4%), and femoral fracture with chest injuries (2.2%). The most applied treatment was open reduction microplate +/− intermaxillary fixation (77.8%). Due to the size of the mandible fractures, an iliac autograft (6.7%) was performed. The mean length of the hospital stay was 11.8 ± 8.4 days (range, 1–45 days), and some patients (15.6%) needed intensive care due to severe injuries. This will be the first study aiming to analyze the etiology, pattern, and treatment of MFFs in Somalia. This study deals with the social aspects of Somalia, and it shows that MFFs develop as a result of highly interpersonal violence in a young man.
A Modified Minimally Invasive Approach for the Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Fracture
Authors: Yang Yao , Wang Piao , Jin Hexiu , Chen Renji , Wang Xuejiu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, we introduced a small “V” shaped incision around the ear lobe modified from fact-lift approach to treat the mandibular condylar neck and subcondylar fractures to further minimize and hide the postsurgical scars. A total of 15 cases with mandibular condylar fractures from low levels of condylar neck to high levels of subcondylar region were treated by this approach. An incision was designed from the posterior rim of the tragus down to the anterior skin wrinkle to the ear lobe, surrounding it, continually up and backward for a little distance, forming a “V”-like shape. After cutting and elevation of the skin flap, the remaining steps were the same as those in trans-parotid mini-invasive approaches. The surgical scars introduced in this study were more hidden than those in other mini-invasive approaches and all patients were satisfied with their aesthetic appearances. We suggested that the modified “V” shaped mini-invasive approach has an advantage in achieving aesthetic results and could be an alternative incision in treating some types of mandibular condylar and subcondylar fractures.
Teaching Physiotherapy Students Physical Examination Skills by Using Photogrammetry
Authors: Lo Chi Ngai , Abdelkader Tarek , Choi Yik Ming , Goff Anthony James , Suresh Krishnasamy , Carpio Guiller Augustin Cea , Soon Benjamin 
Published: April 2021

Introduction
Education research explains how healthcare professional training could be more efficient and effective by integrating simulation technology. Despite its relevance in training medical students, the evidence of its effectiveness in the manual skill training of physiotherapy students remains limited. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 3-dimensional (3D) images of real objects produced by photogrammetry and traditional 2-dimensional (2D) images when introducing manual therapy skills to undergraduate physiotherapy students via an online course.

Methods
In a randomized controlled trial, a group of first-year physiotherapy bachelor honor degree students participated in a 2-hour online course on 3 manual assessment skills: cervical compression, distraction, and flexion-rotation tests. They demonstrated 2 sets of learning materials, including either 3D images of real rotating objects using close-range photogrammetry (experimental group) or traditional 2D images (control group). After their respective training, an Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation procedure was conducted to demonstrate their knowledge about the techniques. A standardized 9-item practical performance test was used as the primary outcome measure for the analyses.

Results
Seventy-seven students participated in the study. The average Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation score for the experimental group (n = 40) was 41.3/50 (±3.9) and the control group (n = 37) was 39.1/50 (±4.5, P = 0.02).

Conclusions
For learning 3 cervical spine assessment skills, this study shows that photogrammetry creates 3D images of real rotating objects that are more effective than 2D images for first-year physiotherapy students.
Sutured Versus Mesh-augmented Hiatus Hernia Repair
Authors: Petric Josipa , Bright Tim , Liu David S. , Wee Yun Melissa , Watson David I. 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
This meta-analysis systematically reviewed published randomized control trials comparing sutured versus mesh-augmented hiatus hernia (HH) repair. Our primary endpoint was HH recurrence at short- and long-term follow-up. Secondary endpoints were: surgical complications, operative times, dysphagia and quality of life.

Summary Background Data:
Repair of large HHs is increasingly being performed. However, there is no consensus for the optimal technique for hiatal closure between sutured versus mesh-augmented (absorbable or nonabsorbable) repair.

Methods:
A systematic review of Medline, Scopus (which encompassed Embase), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed was performed to identify relevant studies comparing mesh-augmented versus sutured HH repair. Data were extracted and compared by meta-analysis, using odds ratio and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals.

Results:
Seven randomized control trials were found which compared mesh-augmented (nonabsorbable mesh: n = 296; absorbable mesh: n = 92) with sutured repair (n = 347). There were no significant differences for short-term hernia recurrence (defined as 6–12 months, 10.1% mesh vs 15.5% sutured, P = 0.22), long-term hernia recurrence (defined as 3–5 years, 30.7% mesh vs 31.3% sutured, P = 0.69), functional outcomes and patient satisfaction. The only statistically significant difference was that the mesh repair required a longer operation time (P = 0.05, OR 2.33, 95% confidence interval 0.03–24.69).

Conclusions:
Mesh repair for HH does not offer any advantage over sutured hiatal closure. As both techniques deliver good and comparable clinical outcomes, a suture only technique is still an appropriate approach.
Epigenetic inheritance and evolution: a historian's perspective
Authors: Loison Laurent 
Published: April 2021

The aim of this article is to put the growing interest in epigenetics in the field of evolutionary theory into a historical context. First, I assess the view that epigenetic inheritance could be seen as vindicating a revival of (neo)Lamarckism. Drawing on Jablonka's and Lamb's considerable output, I identify several differences between modern epigenetics and what Lamarckism was in the history of science. Even if Lamarckism is not back, epigenetic inheritance might be appealing for evolutionary biologists because it could potentiate two neglected mechanisms: the Baldwin effect and genetic assimilation. Second, I go back to the first ideas about the Baldwin effect developed in the late nineteenth century to show that the efficiency of this mechanism was already linked with a form of non-genetic inheritance. The opposition to all forms of non-genetic inheritance that prevailed at the time of the rise of the Modern Synthesis helps to explain why the Baldwin effect was understood as an insignificant mechanism during the second half of the twentieth century. Based on this historical reconstruction, in §4, I examine what modern epigenetics can bring to the picture and under what conditions epigenetic inheritance might be seen as strengthening the causal relationship between adaptability and adaptation. Throughout I support the view that the Baldwin effect and genetic assimilation, even if they are quite close, should not be conflated, and that drawing a line between these concepts is helpful in order to better understand where epigenetic inheritance might endorse a new causal role.This article is part of the theme issue ‘How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?’
The epiallelic potential of transposable elements and its evolutionary significance in plants
Authors: Baduel Pierre , Colot Vincent 
Published: April 2021

DNA provides the fundamental framework for heritability, yet heritable trait variation need not be completely ‘hard-wired’ into the DNA sequence. In plants, the epigenetic machinery that controls transposable element (TE) activity, and which includes DNA methylation, underpins most known cases of inherited trait variants that are independent of DNA sequence changes. Here, we review our current knowledge of the extent, mechanisms and potential adaptive contribution of epiallelic variation at TE-containing alleles in this group of species. For the purpose of this review, we focus mainly on DNA methylation, as it provides an easily quantifiable readout of such variation. The picture that emerges is complex. On the one hand, pronounced differences in DNA methylation at TE sequences can either occur spontaneously or be induced experimentallyen masseacross the genome through genetic means. Many of these epivariants are stably inherited over multiple sexual generations, thus leading to transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Functional consequences can be significant, yet they are typically of limited magnitude and although the same epivariants can be found in nature, the factors involved in their generation in this setting remain to be determined. On the other hand, moderate DNA methylation variation at TE-containing alleles can be reproducibly induced by the environment, again usually with mild effects, and most of this variation tends to be lost across generations. Based on these considerations, we argue that TE-containing alleles, rather than their inherited epiallelic variants, are the main targets of natural selection. Thus, we propose that the adaptive contribution of TE-associated epivariation, whether stable or not, lies predominantly in its capacity to modulate TE mobilization in response to the environment, hence providing hard-wired opportunities for the flexible exploration of the phenotypic space.This article is part of the theme issue ‘How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?’
Parent-of-origin effects, allele-specific expression, genomic imprinting and paternal manipulation in social insects
Authors: Oldroyd Benjamin P. , Yagound Boris 
Published: April 2021

Haplo-diploidy and the relatedness asymmetries it generates mean that social insects are prime candidates for the evolution of genomic imprinting. In single-mating social insect species, some genes may be selected to evolve genomic mechanisms that enhance reproduction by workers when they are inherited from a female. This situation reverses in multiple mating species, where genes inherited from fathers can be under selection to enhance the reproductive success of daughters. Reciprocal crosses between subspecies of honeybees have shown strong parent-of-origin effects on worker reproductive phenotypes, and this could be evidence of such genomic imprinting affecting genes related to worker reproduction. It is also possible that social insect fathers directly affect gene expression in their daughters, for example, by placing small interfering RNA molecules in semen. Gene expression studies have repeatedly found evidence of parent-specific gene expression in social insects, but it is unclear at this time whether this arises from genomic imprinting, paternal manipulation, an artefact of cyto-nuclear interactions, or all of these.This article is part of the theme issue ‘How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?’
Standard pleural interventions are not high-risk aerosol generating procedures
Authors: Arnold DT , Gregson FKA , Sheikh S , Hamilton FW , Welch H , Dipper A , Nava GW ,   AERATOR group, Dodd JW , Clive AO , Bzdek BR , Reid JP , Maskell NA 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNo evidence exists regarding the risk of aerosolisation from pleural procedures. This study used two discrete methodologies, in an environment with no background aerosol interference, to measure aerosol generation from 10 different pleural procedures (3 medical thoracoscopies, 3 indwelling pleural catheter insertions, 1 therapeutic thoracentesis, and 3 indwelling pleural catheter removals). The measurements indicated that, any aerosol production during these procedures was significantly lower than aerosols produced by the patient breathing or coughing. Pleural procedures should not be considered aerosol generating. We hope this study informs future iterations of guidelines on the appropriate use of PPE when performing these procedures.
Investigating the health effects of 3 coexisting tobacco and nicotine products using system dynamics population modeling: An Italian population case study
Authors: Camacho Oscar M , Hill Andrew , Fiebelkorn Stacy , Williams Aaron , Murphy James J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWith the proliferation of tobacco and nicotine products, there might be a need for more complex models than current two-product models. We have developed a three-product model able to represent interactions between 3 products in the marketplace. We also investigate if using several implementations of two-product models could provide sufficient information to assess 3 coexisting products. Italy is used as case-study with THPs and e-cigarettes as the products under investigation. We use transitions rates estimated for THPs in Japan and e-cigarettes in the USA to project what could happen if the Italian population were to behave as the Japanese for THP or USA for e-cigarettes. Results suggest that three-product models may be hindered by data availability while two product models could miss potential synergies between products. Both, THP and E-Cigarette scenarios, led to reduction in life-years lost although the Japanese THP scenario reductions were 3 times larger than the USA e-cigarette projections.
Interplay between nucleoid-associated proteins and transcription factors in controlling specialized metabolism inStreptomyces
Authors: Zhang Xiafei , Andres Sara N. , Elliot Marie A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTLsr2 is a small nucleoid-associated protein found throughout the actinobacteria. Lsr2 functions similarly to the well-studied H-NS, in that it preferentially binds AT-rich sequences and represses gene expression. InStreptomyces venezuelae, Lsr2 represses the expression of many specialized metabolic clusters, including the chloramphenicol antibiotic biosynthetic gene cluster, and deletinglsr2leads to significant upregulation of chloramphenicol cluster expression. We show here that Lsr2 likely exerts its repressive effects on the chloramphenicol cluster by polymerizing along the chromosome, and by bridging sites within and adjacent to the chloramphenicol cluster. CmlR is a known activator of the chloramphenicol cluster, but expression of its associated gene is not upregulated in anlsr2mutant strain. We demonstrate that CmlR is essential for chloramphenicol production, and further reveal that CmlR functions to ‘counter-silence’ Lsr2’s repressive effects by recruiting RNA polymerase and enhancing transcription, with RNA polymerase effectively clearing bound Lsr2 from the chloramphenicol cluster DNA. Our results provide insight into the interplay between opposing regulatory proteins that govern antibiotic production inS. venezuelae, which could be exploited to maximize the production of bioactive natural products in other systems.IMPORTANCESpecialized metabolic clusters inStreptomycesare the source of many clinically-prescribed antibiotics. However, many clusters are not expressed in the laboratory due to repression by the nucleoid-associated protein Lsr2. Understanding how Lsr2 represses cluster expression, and how repression can be alleviated, are key to accessing the metabolic potential of these bacteria. Using the chloramphenicol biosynthetic cluster fromStreptomyces venezuelaeas a model, we explored the mechanistic basis underlying Lsr2-mediated repression, and activation by the pathway-specific regulator CmlR. Lsr2 polymerized along the chromosome and bridged binding sites located within and outside of the cluster, promoting repression. Conversely, CmlR was essential for chloramphenicol production, and further functioned to counter-silence Lsr2 repression by recruiting RNA polymerase and promoting transcription, ultimately removing Lsr2 polymers from the chromosome. Manipulating the activity of both regulators led to >130× increase in chloramphenicol levels, suggesting that combinatorial regulatory strategies can be powerful tools for maximizing natural product yields.
Population genomics of Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden ST365, an emerging predominant causative agent of diarrheal disease
Authors: Zhang Jianmin , Peng Zhong , Chen Kaifeng , Zhan Zeqiang , Shen Haiyan , Feng Saixiang , Gou Hongchao , Qu Xiaoyun , Ziemann Mark , Layton Daniel S. , Wu Bin , Xu Xuebin , Liao Ming 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSalmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden is a recently emerged pathogen, and as such we lack a comprehensive knowledge of its microbiology, genomics, epidemiology and biogeography. In this study, we analyzed 174 novel S. Weltevreden isolates including 111 isolates recovered from diarrheal patients in China between 2006 and 2017. Our results demonstrate that the ST365 clone was the predominant causative agent of the diarrhea-outbreak during this period, as vast majority of the isolates recovered from diarrheal patients belonged to this sequence type (97.37%, 74/76). We also determined the ST365 clone as the predominant sequence type of S. Weltevreden from diarrheal patients globally from previously published sequences (97.51%, 196/201). In order to determine the possible antimicrobial genes and virulence factors associated with S. Weltevreden, we performed whole genome sequencing on our novel isolates. We were able to identify a range of key virulence factors associated with S. Weltevreden that are likely to be beneficial to their fitness and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we were able to isolate a novel 100.03-kb IncFII(S) type virulence plasmid that used the same replicon as pSPCV virulence plasmid. Importantly, we demonstrated through plasmid elimination a functional role for this plasmid in bacterial virulence. These findings are critical to further our knowledge of this high consequence pathogen.ImportanceSalmonella Weltevreden is a newly emerged foodborne pathogen and has caused several outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in some regions in the world. However, comprehensive knowledge of microbiology, genomics, epidemiology and biogeography of this newly emerged pathogen is still lack. In this study, we made an unexpected discovery that S. Weltevreden sequence type (ST) 365 is the causative agent in the diarrhea-outbreak in China and many other regions of the world. We also shown that this sequence type was widely recovered from animal, food, and environmental samples collected in different regions in the world. Importantly, we discovered a novel IncFII(S) type virulence plasmid commonly carried by S. Weltevreden strains of both human, animal, and food origins. These data facilitate future studies investigating the emergence of S. Weltevreden involved in diarrheal outbreaks and the global spread of S. Weltevreden strains.