bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General warrants, thematic warrants, bulk warrants: property interference for national security purposes
Authors: Scott Paul F 
Published: July 2021

This paper considers the powers of property interference under the Intelligence Services Act 1994 as they have been employed for the purpose of ‘equipment interference’ or ‘hacking’. It discusses in particular the granting of ‘thematic warrants’ under the relevant provisions, considering them in the specific context of the common law jurisprudence on ‘general warrants’. It argues that the national security context has seen the traditional common law suspicion of property interference evaded but shows that that the implications of that fact are felt also outside the national security context. It then considers these matters in relation to the new powers of equipment nterference found in the Investigatory Powers Act 2016.
(Re)conceptualising state secrecy
Authors: Morgan Lydia 
Published: July 2021

This paper seeks to reconceptualise state secrecy and asks whether it is adequately understood in the UK. It argues that state secrecy is systemic not exceptional and that it is supported by complex institutional structures and cultural practices. It analyses the legislative armoury of state secrecy, including investigatory powers (RIPA, DRIPA and IPA) and develops a tripartite model of state secrecy. Properly understood, state secrecy can be divided into three categories: esoteric, operational and efficient. Esoteric state secrecy restricts access to decision-making and information. It is a facet of power, utilised to control. Operational state secrecy protects techniques, procedures and investigations. It is not as all-encompassing as esoteric state secrecy, but can be cumulative where one demand for secrecy creates another. Finally, efficient state secrecy references the pragmatic sense in which secret conditions allow faster decision-making and the conceptual limits of transparency in a modern complex state. These categories illuminate how state secrecy’s true effects are masked because it is so entrenched.
Citizens of elsewhere, everywhere and . . . nowhere? Rethinking Union citizenship in light of Brexit
Authors: Coutts Stephen 
Published: July 2021

This article seeks to determine the extent to which the communitarian form of life expressed in the Brexit vote is compatible with Union citizenship. It is argued that, amongst other things, Brexit expressed a desire for a communitarian form of life, broadly speaking. Union citizenship is presented as a constitutionalised transnational status embodying values of integration and autonomy and displaying certain cosmopolitan features. Union citizenship thus conceived poses problems for a communitarian political community as expressed in Brexit. The conclusion reflects on broader global trends in citizenship and on possible avenues for the future direction of Union citizenship.
‘Benefit tourism’ post-Brexit: tackling the ghost by more EU social engagement
Authors: Von Papp Konstanze 
Published: July 2021

This article argues that welfare migration, although ill-defined and yet to be proven empirically, needs to be addressed by the EU. The negative perception of immigration has given rise to anti-EU, nationalist sentiment. Financial solidarity between EU citizens is subject to caveats, although there is hope for increased solidarity between pro-EU citizens post-Brexit. The EU should foster this by introducing ‘associate citizenship’. It can take guidance from the USA and provide for basic EU social standards while guaranteeing free movement for the rich and the poor.
Stealing ‘souls’? Article 8 and photographic intrusion
Authors: Moosavian Rebecca 
Published: July 2021

In Article 8 ECHR privacy right jurisprudence, photographs are deemed distinct forms of information that are particularly intrusive in nature. This article is concerned with explaining why this is so. Part 1 examines the notion of ‘intrusion’ itself. It argues that ‘intrusion’ functions as a legal metaphor and plays an important role in constructing a binary between an outer self presented to the world and a ‘spiritual’, emotional interior that privacy purports to protect from transgression. Part 2 argues that this ‘spiritual intrusion’ metaphor is influential in the continental personality right that informs the ECtHR’s approach to Article 8 protection for photographed individuals. This leads to potentially stronger protection for image, including a basic Article 8 right to control one’s image. Yet there is a divergence of approach in the English courts, where personality theory has limited influence; here there is traditional scepticism towards an image right and photographic capture is largely neglected. Part 3 argues that photography becomes a relevant factor at publication stage, where courts agree that the distinctive features of the medium may cause or exacerbate intrusion. This is because photography creates a permanent, infinitely replicable ‘truthful’ record of the individual’s image that can be disseminated to the objectifying gaze of a mass audience. But the medium also leads viewers to overlook its inherent complexities and ambiguities. Ultimately, Article 8 jurisprudence, particularly in the ECtHR, occasionally adopts reasoning that contains echoes of the ‘photographs steal souls’ mythology.
Causing controversy: interpreting the requirements of causation in criminal law and tort law
Authors: Turton Gemma , Kyd Sally 
Published: July 2021

The occurrence of a fatal road traffic collision may raise a number of legal issues and result in litigation both in the civil and criminal courts. The role of the different branches of law is distinct, with the aims of the litigation being quite different, but both require causation to be proved. Such cases are examined in this article as a vehicle for discussing how the principles of causation play out in each branch of law. It will be seen that the particular aims of the law dictate how doctrines of causation are applied, with particular problems caused by the legislature’s creation of strict liability offences. To resolve these problems, we propose that the criminal law borrow from negligence in adopting a test akin to the ‘harm within the risk’ test, adapting it to the role of the criminal law by formulating a ‘harm within the wrong’ requirement for causation.
Theses on the relationship between rights and social struggle
Authors: Kivotidis Dimitrios 
Published: July 2021

This article examines the relationship between rights and social struggle. This topic is revisited in light of the phenomenon of rising inequality in the aftermath of the last capitalist crisis, which reignited the debate on the role of rights in processes of social mobilisation. In this context, this paper examines three very recent contributions to this debate, namely Samuel Moyn’s Not Enough: Human Rights in an Unequal World, Radha D’Souza’s What’s Wrong with Rights, and Paul O’Connell’s work on a critique of the displacement thesis. In critically discussing these contributions it introduces and elaborates on six theses which describe the relationship between rights and social struggle. The argument focuses on the important role of rights in the struggle between different social forces, as well as their limitations in promoting a critique of the structural roots of social inequality.
What future for gender equality policy in the UK after Brexit?
Authors: Verdin Rachel , O'Reilly Jackie 
Published: July 2021

The evolution of gender equality policies in the UK prior to, and since, entering the Common Market in the 1970s illustrates the distinctive characteristics of the UK employment system. This can be understood as a movement between historically embedded voluntarism and periods of statutory compliance. European influence on British policies has been filtered through the interests and interaction of four key sets of actors: governments, the legal system, employers and unions. An historical analysis of gender equality policies suggests that the potential future consequences of Brexit are likely to be patterns of continuity, change and unintended consequences. Continuity indicates that existing regulations will persist, until they are challenged. Change will see a removal of appeal to EU-level adjudication. Some unintended consequences may emerge related to the impact of migration patterns and the behaviour of large-scale companies working in the UK which could have unexpected positive outcomes. The analysis in this paper suggests that this will remain a contested terrain.
A NOTE ON RECURSIVE ESTIMATOR OF THE DENSITY FUNCTION WHICH IS NOT NECESSARY CONTINUOUS
Authors: EL-FAHHAM M. M. 
Published: July 2021

Consider a sequence $X_1$, $X_2, \cdots , X_n$ of independent, identically distributed random variables with unkown density function $f$, which with its first derivative are not necessarily continuous, and let
\[f_n^*=(n^2h_n)^{-1/2}\sum_{j=1}^{n}h_j^{-1/2}K\left(\frac{x-X_j}{h_j}\right)\]

be the recursive kemel estimator of $f$. It will be shown, under certain additional regularity conditions on $K$ and $|h(n)|$, that, $MISE\ [f^*_n(x)] =o (n^{-4/5})$ if $f$ and $f'$ are continuous, whereas $MISE\ [f^*_{n_1}(x)] =o (n^{-3/4})$ if $f$ is continuous and $f'$ is not and $MISE\ [f^*_{n_2}(x)] =o (n^{-1/2})$ if $f$ and $f'$ ara not continuous.
Percepción y ansiedad de los estudiantes de Medicina en su rotación clínica en Obstetricia durante la pandemia por COVID-19
Authors: Piñel Pérez Carlos Santiago , Gómez-Roso Jareño María José , López Galián Juan José 
Published: July 2021

Introducción.La pandemia por COVID-19 supuso la interrupción de las rotaciones clínicas en España y en el resto del mundo. En varias Universidades los estudiantes han vuelto al entorno clínico en el primer cuatrimestre del curso académico 2020/2021. Nuestro trabajo pretende evaluar la percepción y el nivel de ansiedad ante el riesgo de contagio por SARS-CoV-2 de los estudiantes de la asignatura de Obstetricia (Sexto de Medicina) en su rotación clínica en el servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología en nuestro hospital. Métodos. Se diseñó un cuestionario basado en la versión breve de 6 ítems del cuestionario de ansiedad estado-rasgo (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) para evaluar el nivel de ansiedad de los alumnos ante el riesgo de infección en cada uno de los puestos de rotación: consultas, paritorio, urgencias y planta de hospitalización. Resultados. La participación fue del 100% de los alumnos matriculados en la asignatura. El 73,69% de los estudiantes se sintieron bastante o muy seguros durante la rotación y el 89,48% consideraron que su aprendizaje durante las prácticas no se vio reducido por la situación de pandemia. El nivel medio de ansiedad mostrado en cada uno de los puestos de rotación fue bajo. Conclusiones. Las rotaciones clínicas en un entorno de pandemia, con las medidas de seguridad adecuadas y una relación alumno-médico 1:1 son posibles, seguras y necesarias para la correcta formación del estudiante de Medicina.
Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic led to clinical rotations disruption in Spain anth the resto of the world. In several colleges, students have returned to the clinical environment in the first semester of 2020/2021 academic year. We aim to evaluate the students´ perception and anxiety caused by the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 in their clinical rotation at the Obstetrics and Gynecology department of our Hospital. Methods. A survey was designed based on the 6-item version of de State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to assesss the students´ anxiety level at each place of rotation: delivery room, emergencies, consultations and hospitalization. Results: Participation rate was 100%. 73.69% felt quite or very safe during the rotation and 89.48% thought their learning was not reduced by the pandemic situation. The average level of anxiety shown was very low. Conclusions. Clinical rotations in a pandemic environment, with the appropriate security measures and a 1:1 student-physician ratio are possible, safe and necessary for the correct training of the medical student.
Entre lo que se dice y lo que se calla: visitando el concepto de empatía en la atención integral a la salud del adulto mayor
Authors: Gutiérrez Murillo Roberth Steven , Kühl Svoboda Walfrido , Justina Gamarra Carmen , Ferreira de Souza Érica 
Published: July 2021

La atención integral a la salud del adulto mayor es considerada una de las tareas más dinámicas y complejas para los sistemas públicos de salud y de asistencia social. Esta revisión narrativa constituye un ensayo crítico-analítico, de reflexión gerontológica sobre la práctica empática en la producción de actos de salud direccionados a resolver los problemas socio-sanitarios del segmento poblacional envejecido. Con tal visión, se propone una comprensión conceptual y práctica de la empatía, a través de la identificación de sus potencialidades y limitaciones en el contexto de la clínica geriátrica-gerontológica.
Comprehensive health care for older adults is considered one of the most dynamic and complex tasks for public health and social care systems. This narrative review constitutes a critical-analytical essay of gerontological reflection on the empathic practice in the production of health acts aimed at solving the socio-health problems of the aging population segment. With such view, a conceptual and practical understanding of empathy is proposed, through the identification of its potentialities and limitations in the context of the geriatric-gerontological clinic.
A atenção integral à saúde do idoso é uma das tarefas mais dinâmicas e complexas dos sistemas de saúde pública e de assistência social. Esta revisão narrativa constitui um ensaio crítico-analítico, de reflexão gerontológica sobre a prática empática na produção de atos de saúde dirigidos a resolver os problemas sócio-sanitários do segmento populacional envelhecido. Com tal visão, propõe-se uma compreensão conceitual e prática da empatia, através da identificação das suas potencialidades e limitações no contexto da clínica geriátrico-gerontológica.
¿Qué piensan las Pacientes sobre la presencia de los Estudiantes de Medicina?
Authors: Piñel Pérez Carlos Santiago 
Published: July 2021

La interacción con el paciente real es indispensable para la formación del estudiante de Medicina, pero para que la experiencia clínica sea completamente inmersiva, es necesario que exista una adecuada relación paciente-estudiante. En esta sencilla experiencia se muestra cuál es la opinión de los alumnos en cuanto a qué piensan las pacientes de Obstetricia y Ginecología sobre su presencia en el entorno clínico, así como la percepción real de las pacientes. En líneas generales, las pacientes entienden la necesidad de formación de los profesionales médicos del futuro y les gusta formar parte de su aprendizaje. Sin embargo, hay una serie de detalles que hay que tener en cuenta para optimizar la relación paciente-estudiante y lograr una experiencia de rendimiento óptimo para el estudiante, pero que sea segura y confortable para los pacientes.
Interaction with the real patient is essential for medical students training, but an adequate patient-student relationship is necessary to obtain an inmersive and complete clinical experience. This article shows the opinion of the students about what the Obstetrics and Gynecology patients think about their presence in the clinical environment, as well as the real perception of the patients. In general, patients understand the need for training of future medical professionals, and they like to be part of their learning. However, there are several details that must be taken into account to optimize the patient-student relationship and achieve an optimal experience for the student, but that is safe and comfortable for the patients.
Condiciones formativas y laborales de los profesionales sanitarios en formación de la Región de Murcia.
Authors: Sánchez Martínez Domingo A. , Madrigal Laguía Pablo , Guardiola Olmos José Angel , Cañadilla-Ferreira Marta , Sánchez Martínez Eduardo , Serrano Porta Santiago 
Published: July 2021

En este estudio se pretende analizar, por medio de un estudio descriptivo, un análisis de las condiciones laborales del personal sanitario en formación del Servicio Murciano de Salud tras la implantación de las medidas acordadas entre el Comité de Empresa y el Servicio Murciano de Salud (SMS) durante el mes de noviembre de 2020. Para ello, se han recogido un total de 284 respuestas mediante formulario directo incluyendo de forma equitativa residentes de todos los años, especialidades y Áreas dentro del SMS. Una amplia mayoría del personal en formación es conocedor del acuerdo firmado por el que se mejoran sus condiciones laborales. Destaca entre los resultados que una importante mayoría no cuenta con un lugar de descanso adecuado durante las jornadas complementarias conocidas como guardias a pesar del acuerdo firmado, así como tampoco de descanso compensatorio de 36 horas semanales. Existen mejoras poco significativas en temas de investigación, asistencia a cursos y horas de formación autónoma. Conocer la realidad en la que viven los residentes tras la firma del acuerdo sirve de base para garantizar sus derechos, y que los servicios, responsables de docencia y unidades docentes, velen por su cumplimiento y con ello se eviten situaciones como las evidenciadas durante la crisis en la Formación Sanitaria Especializada en la Región de Murcia que condujo a la convocatoria de una huelga.
The aim of this study is to analyse, by means of a descriptive study, an analysis of the working conditions of healthcare staff in training in the Murcian Health Service after the implementation of the measures agreed between the Works Committee and the Murcian Health Service (SMS) during the month of November 2020. To this end, a total of 284 responses were collected by means of a direct form including residents of all years, specialities and areas within the SMS. A large majority of trainees are aware of the agreement signed to improve their working conditions. Among the results, it is worth noting that a significant majority do not have an adequate place to rest during the complementary working days known as on call, despite the agreement signed, nor do they have 36 hours of compensatory rest per week. There are insignificant improvements in terms of research, attendance at courses and hours of autonomous training. Knowing the reality in which the residents live after the signing of the agreement serves as a basis for guaranteeing their rights, and for the services, those responsible for teaching and teaching units, to ensure compliance and thus avoid situations such as those seen during the crisis in Specialised Healthcare Training in the Region of Murcia which led to the call for a strike.
Assessing the diversity of whiteflies infesting cassava in Brazil
Authors: Xavier Cesar A.D. , Nogueira Angélica Maria , Bello Vinicius Henrique , Watanabe Luís Fernando Maranho , Barbosa Tarsiane Mara Carneiro , Alves Júnior Miguel , Barbosa Leonardo , Beserra-Júnior José E.A. , Boari Alessandra , Calegario Renata , Gorayeb Eduardo Silva , Honorato Júnior Jaime , Koch Gabriel , Lima Gaus Silvestre de Andrade , Lopes Cristian , de Mello Raquel Neves , Pantoja Késsia , Silva Fábio Nascimento , Ramos Sobrinho Roberto , Santana Enilton Nascimento , da Silva José Wilson Pereira , Krause-Sakate Renate , Zerbini Francisco M. 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundThe necessity of a competent vector for transmission is a primary ecological factor driving the host range expansion of plant arthropod-borne viruses, with vectors playing an essential role in disease emergence. Cassava begomoviruses severely constrain cassava production in Africa. Curiously, begomoviruses have never been reported in cassava in South America, the center of origin for this crop. It has been hypothesized that the absence of a competent vector in cassava is the reason why begomoviruses have not emerged in South America.MethodsWe performed a country-wide whitefly diversity study in cassava in Brazil. Adults and/or nymphs of whiteflies were collected from sixty-six cassava fields in the main agroecological zones of the country. A total of 1,385 individuals were genotyped based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences.ResultsA high species richness was observed, with five previously described species and two putative new ones. The prevalent species wereTetraleurodes acaciaeandBemisia tuberculata, representing over 75% of the analyzed individuals. Although we detected, for the first time, the presence ofBemisia tabaciMiddle East-Asia Minor 1 (BtMEAM1) colonizing cassava in Brazil, it was not prevalent. The species composition varied across regions, with fields in the Northeast region showing a higher diversity. These results expand our knowledge of whitefly diversity in cassava and support the hypothesis that begomovirus epidemics have not occurred in cassava in Brazil due to the absence of competent vector populations. However, they indicate an ongoing adaptation process ofBtMEAM1 to cassava, increasing the likelihood of begomovirus emergence in this crop.
In vitro Digestibility, Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Extruded Breakfast Cereal from Maize Grits, Partially Defatted Peanut and Beetroot Flour
Authors: Ukeyima T. M. , Akor I. A. , Kyenge B. 
Published: July 2021

In-vitro digestibility, nutritional and sensory quality of extruded breakfast cereals from maize grits, partially defatted peanut and beetroot flour blends was investigated. Composite flour blends was prepared from maize, peanut and beetroot flour in the following proportions: A= (100% maize flour as control), B = (90:0:10), C = (90:10:0), D = (80:10:10), E= (70:20:10), F = (60:30:10), and G = (50:40:10). The breakfast cereals were analyzed for proximate, vitamins, in-vitro protein digestibility and sensory properties. There was significant (P<0.05) difference in the proximate composition, the values ranged from; 4.46 to 6.82%, 3.22 - 7.32%, 0.98 to 1.23%, 3.32 – 4.55%, 3.7 – 4.34% and 75.7 – 83.96% for moisture, protein, fat, fibre, ash, and carbohydrate respectively while energy ranged from 343.31 to 357.54Kcal. Vitamins A, B1, B2, B6 and C values ranged from 1.60–1671.84 IU, 0.95 – 1.43, 0.95 – 1.50, 1.09 – 1.75 and 8.77 – 16.22 respectively. There was increase in in-vitro protein digestibility of the samples with addition of defatted peanut and beetroot. Sensory evaluation results showed that sample C had the highest acceptability on 9-point hedonic scale.