bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D mitochondrial network formation during postnatal skeletal muscle development of mice
Authors: Kim Yuho , Lindberg Eric , Bleck Christopher KE , Glancy Brian 
Published: June 2021

Mitochondrial connectivity plays an important role for muscle energy distribution. However, it is obscure how their structural formation is developed during postnatal muscle growth. Here, using a high‐resolution electron microscopy (i.e., FIB‐SEM), we have sought to examine three dimensional (3D) mitochondrial network formations in oxidative (soleus) and glycolytic (gastrocnemius) muscles of C57BL/6N mice at postnatal (P) 1, 7, 14, 21, and 42 day, respectively. After semi‐automated machine learning process, 3D mitochondrial reticulum formations were rendered and quantitatively analyzed by ImageJ software. Both types of skeletal muscles showed similarly fiber parallel mitochondrial network formations during early days (P1–P7). After P14, oxidative muscles developed grid‐like mitochondrial reticulum, while glycolytic muscle mitochondria were found as perpendicular formations along the Z‐lines. Unlikely to glycolytic muscles where individual mitochondrial volumes were similarly maintained across the development, oxidative muscles significantly increased those volumes by P14 and then largely decreased to the level comparable to glycolytic muscles. After P14, oxidative muscles maintained notably higher total mitochondrial volumes as compared to glycolytic muscles. Furthermore, we observed that at P14, glycolytic muscles showed remarkably higher ratio of mitochondrial surface area to volume, as well as sphericity, than oxidative muscles. Another interesting point was that during early muscle growth (P1–P7), mitochondrial elongation, aspect ratio, and length were all shown to be higher in glycolytic muscles than in oxidative muscles. In conclusion, this preliminary study provides how 3D mitochondrial networks are changed over the course of postnatal muscle development, and also suggests that P14 may be a critical time point for the mitochondrial transformation. However, further studies are needed to better understand 3D muscle mitochondrial development along with contractile components and other subcellular elements such as lipid droplets and sarcoplasmic reticulum.Support or Funding InformationThis work is supported by the Division of Intramural Research of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Astragaloside IV Increases Phosphorylation of GSK‐3β And S6K1 via The AKT Pathway in C2C12 Muscle Cells
Authors: Tuohy Kyle , Abboud Mohamad , Sitnick Mitchell 
Published: June 2021

Astragaloside IV (AsIV) is the primary active component of the Astragalus membranaceus herb, used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat metabolic disorders. Through in vitro and in vivo experimentation, this saponin phytochemical has been shown to regulate glycogen synthesis through protein kinase B (AKT)‐mediated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK‐3β). Phosphorylation of GSK‐3β at Ser9 downregulates the enzyme's activity and promotes glucose uptake and responsiveness. Along with control of glucose homeostasis, AKT activation is an important regulator of protein synthesis via the downstream phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta‐1 (S6K1). While AsIV has been shown to exhibit metabolic benefits, there is little data investigating the possible effect of this compound on protein synthesis. In order to determine the effect of AsIV on protein synthetic pathways, C2C12 murine muscle cells were treated with AsIV and the phosphorylation levels of key enzyme were assessed.We found that AsIV induced phosphorylation of key protein synthetic targets in a time and dose‐dependent manner. By two hours of AsIV treatment, C2C12 cells had the greatest increase in AKT phosphorylation. These cells also had a 1.6‐fold increase in GSK‐3β phosphorylation and a 4‐fold increase in S6K1 activation, compared to controls. These results suggest that AsIV can phosphorylate AKT in a time‐dependent manner, with subsequent activation of S6K1 and inactivation of GSK‐3β. This suggests that AsIV may be capable of increasing the rate of protein synthesis in muscle cells. These findings help to further understand the molecular changes that occur in muscle cells and serve as a potential therapeutic mechanism to combat muscle loss.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the Wehner Student Research Program at Montclair State UniversityThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Immuno‐stimulating Activities of Purple Corn Stems
Authors: Kim Heeyeon , Park A‐Reum , Lee Hyo‐Young , Kwon Soon‐Bae 
Published: June 2021

Maize hybrid grain, Saekso 1 was developed in 2008 by Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services in Korea and registered in 2011. A single‐cross hybrid, Saekso 1 is a semi‐flint deep‐purple corn. Kernels are yellow, while the husks, cobs and stems are purple. Due to the Saekso 1 sensitivity to the excess moisture after seeding, water supply should be carefully managed, and it should be harvested at the suitable time to obtain the best anthocyanin pigment content. In this study, in order to enhance immune activities of Saekso 1 corn stems (S1S). Balb/c mice were feed daily for two weeks at S1S 1%, 10% and 15%. Treatment were to normal (general feed and saline), control (general feed and LPS) and treatment 1 (S1S 1% and LPS), treatment 2 (S1S 10% and LPS) and treatment 3 (S1S 15% and LPS). To measure body weight growth rate, the growth of splenocytes, the serum TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐10 level. The level of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐10 production was detected by the ELISA assay when using the cytokine kit. Cytokine was statistically increased at supplemented groups with LPS and treatment with S1S significantly decreased the LPS‐induced TNF‐α and IL‐6 production. The results of this study may suggest that supplementation with S1S increases the immune function by regulating cytokine production capacity for activated macrophages. Further studies are needed to identify the stimulative and immunomodulating components of purple corn stems.Support or Funding InformationPurple CornThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Baclofen Does Not Modify the Gastric and Colonic Transits in Mice while It Inhibits Contractions of the Isolated Guinea Pig Ileum
Authors: Murad Hussam AS 
Published: June 2021

Baclofen inhibits the transient lower esophag‐eal sphincter relaxations and thus it could be a potential treatment for the gastroesophageal reflux disease. The present work was conducted to study effects of baclofen on the gastrointestinal motility in experimental animals in three sets of experiments. In the first and second sets, 32 mice randomly divided into four groups (n=8) were used to evaluate effects of baclofen (4.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally) on the gastric transit (assessed by the charcoal meal test) and the colonic transit (assessed by the colonic bead expulsion time). In the third set, 16 guinea pigs randomly divided into two groups (n=8) were used to assess effects of baclofen (10 mM) on the electrically‐induced contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum. Baclofen produced non‐‐significant changes in the gastric and colonic transits while it significantly inhibited the electrically‐induced contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum. It is concluded that baclofen has favorable effects on the gastrointestinal motility supporting its potential value in treatment for the gastroesophageal reflux disease.Support or Funding InformationNoneThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
High fat diet does not affect ADMA levels or ADMA regulatory enzymes in female Borderline Hypertensive Rats (BHR)
Authors: White Leslie Dallas , Mitra Anaya , Sasser Jennifer M , Wagner Laszlo , Rowland Neil E. , Baylis Chris 
Published: June 2021

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a HF diet increases ADMA levels in female BHR. Litters from male spontaneously hypertensive rats crossed with female Wistar rats that were maintained on either a HF diet (60% fat) or low fat diet (LF, 10% fat) for 6‐8 weeks prior to mating were used in this study. Offspring were divided into two groups: HHH (gestated in and suckled by a HF dam and weaned onto a "junk food" diet; n=6) and LLL (gestated in and suckled by a LF dam and weaned onto a standard chow diet; n=6). Rats were maintained on the respective diet for over 10 months, and then plasma levels of ADMA were measured by HPLC. HF diet increased body weight (499±32 vs 412±19 g, p<0.05 vs LF) but had no effect on blood pressure (118±7 vs 128±4, anesthetized direct arterial measurement). Analysis showed no significant changes in plasma ADMA levels (HHH: 0.18±0.02, LLL: 0.19±0.01 μmol/L). Kidney cortex abundance of the ADMA‐generating and degrading enzymes, protein methyltransferase‐1 (PRMT‐1) and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), respectively, and endothelial NOS (eNOS) were measured by Western blot. No differences in protein expression for any of the proteins were observed between groups (Table). Female BHR fed a HF diet did not express changes in plasma ADMA levels or DDAH, PRMT‐1 and eNOS expression.(Western Blot data expressed as IOD/Ponceau red/Positive Control ± SEM)
Relationship between Endogenous Fecal Zinc and Zinc Absorbed Revisited
Authors: Hambidge K Michael , Miller Leland V , Krebs Nancy F 
Published: June 2021

Knowledge of the relationship between the quantity of endogenous zinc (Zn) excreted in the feces (EFZ, mg/d) and the quantity of exogenous Zn absorbed (TAZ, mg/d) at that time is necessary for estimating physiologic requirements for Zn. The objective of this project was to reevaluate this relationship utilizing all available total diet data (means), including new data since the publication of Dietary Reference Intakes for Zn. There were 30 datum including 11 male (M), 18 female (F) and 1 mixed gender. Results of linear regression analysis of EFZ vs TAZ and of TAZ at intercepta are summarized in the table:aintercept of regression line for EFZ + other endogenous Zn losses versus TAZ with line of equality; bintercept based on using F other endogenous losses.Lack of significant positive slope for F data is offset by higher y‐intercept resulting in similar intercepts for the F and combined data. The resulting difference in estimation of physiologic requirement for F is only 0.2 mg Zn/d, with actual figures depending on constants used for secondary routes of endogenous Zn excretion. The observed difference between M and F slopes and intercepts has no apparent physiologic explanation but could be attributable in part to limited range of TAZs for F data.
Dendrimer‐Based Nanomedicine: Its Impact on Biology, Pharma Delivery, MRI Imaging and Polyvalent Targeted Therapies
Authors: Tomalia Donald Andrew 
Published: June 2021

In view of the importance of critical biological nanostructures such as: proteins, DNA/RNA, antibody‐antigen complexes, viral particles, etc., it is safe to make the following statement:"The positive management of human health, disease and longevity will likely be determined and controlled by a deeper understanding of critical parameters in the nano‐length scale, namely: nanomedicine."This theme will be used to present the use of precise, synthetic nanostructures (i.e., dendrimers/dendrons) as critical nanoscale building blocks in a variety of nano‐diagnostic, drug delivery and nano‐pharma applications [1‐2]. Dendrimers are now referred to as artificial proteins based on their close scaling and mimicry of protein dimensions, shapes and surface chemistries [3‐4]. Important features exhibited by dendrimers/dendrons such as nano‐scaffolding, nano‐container and nano‐chemistry features have led to the development of many well recognized commercial products (i.e., nano‐diagnostics (Stratus®, Siemens, Germany), nanoscale gene vectors‐ (Superfect®, Qiagen, Germany) and siRNA vectors (PrioFect®, Starpharma/Dendritic Nanotechnologies, Inc., Australia) [5]. Presently, a polyvalent dendrimer‐based nano‐pharmaceutical (VivaGel®, Starpharma, Australia) is in Phase II clinical trial development as an HIV/genital herpes microbicide. These successful developments portend the future evolution of many new dendrimer‐based nano‐devices/prototypes of importance to nanomedicine. Those possibilities will be overviewed in this lecture.
Length‐tension relationship of human thoracic ducts
Authors: Telinius Niklas , Drewsen Nanna , Kold‐Petersen Henrik , Pilegaard Hans , de Leval Marc , Aalkjaer Christian , Hjortdal Vibeke , Briggs Boedtkjer Donna 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionActive force produced in vessels is directly related to smooth muscle length. Length‐tension relationship is important for characterization of vessels in vitro. We here present a length‐tension curve of isolated human thoracic ducts.Materials and methodsThoracic ducts were harvested from 10 patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery at the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, University Hospital in Aarhus. The vessels were freed from any surrounding tissue and cut into 2 mm long segments and mounted in a wire myograph for isometric recordings.We used a 10 μM noradrenaline in a K‐PSS (123mM K) solution as an activator to produce maximum force.ResultsLength‐tension relationship was determined from non linear regression fits. Fig 1 shows length‐tension relationship from 45 vessel segments from 10 vessels (n=10). The vessels produced an average total and passive tension of 10.79 and 3.19 N/m, equaling a pressure of 65 ± 7 and 20.8 ± 3 mmHg according to Laplace's law.ConclusionWe have shown it is possible to harvest the thoracic duct from humans and perform in vitro experiments. By using a passive normalization procedure we can now quickly determine the diameter which produces maximal active tension. The results are fundamental for our further physiological and pharmacological studies of these vessels.This research was funded by the Danish Research Council
Vitamin E Deficiency in Children with Long‐chain 3‐hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD)
Authors: Gillingham Melanie B , Harding Cary O , Leonard Scott W , Traber Maret G 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundRecommended treatment for LCHADD, an inherited defect in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, is based on fasting avoidance and following a very low fat diet (<10% of energy from long‐chain fat). A chronic complication of this disease is areflexia with progressive peripheral neuropathy similar to that observed in patients with vitamin E deficiency associated neuropathy.ObjectiveWe hypothesized children with LCHADD have an iatrogenic vitamin E deficiency that is associated with peripheral neuropathy.MethodsNeurological exam and plasma Vitamin E concentrations were measured in 5 subjects with LCHADD and 2 controls.ResultsAll 5 subjects with LCHADD had areflexia. One subject had severe peripheral neuropathy with loss of mobility. Four of five subjects were vitamin E deficient as defined by plasma α‐tocopherol concentrations < 20 μM. Controls had normal neurological exam and plasma vitamin E concentrations.ConclusionsVitamin E deficiency was observed in subjects with LCHADD who had areflexia. Further study is needed to determine if vitamin E supplementation will improve neurological function.Supported by the Am. Diabetes Association 1‐06‐JF‐19, PHS Grant UL1 RR024140 & K01 DK071869.
Stunting and wasting rates in diverse settings in developing countries
Authors: Krebs Nancy F. , Mazariegos Manolo , Chomba Elwyn , Tshefu Antoinette , Pasha Omrana , Goco Norman , Das Abhik , Kindem Mark , Wright Linda L , Hambidge Michael 
Published: June 2021

Stunting, which often develops during the first 2 yr of life, is very difficult to reverse. The Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research obtained pilot data on growth and feeding practices prior to undertaking a multi‐country (Guatemala, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Zambia) intervention trial of complementary feeding.METHODSEach country identified 10‐18 clusters, and from each a convenience sample of 20‐40 children aged 12‐24 months was enrolled. After standardized training, anthropometric measures were obtained and a feeding practice questionnaire was administered to mothers of the participants. Growth data were compared to the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference; stunting was defined as length‐for‐age (LAZ) < ‐2 SD; wasting as weight‐for‐length (WLZ) < ‐2 SD.RESULTSA total of 1,758 children were included; mean (SD) age was 17.2 (3.5) mo; 74% of children were still breastfed. Mean (SD) anthropometric data for each site (n):Stunting rates are strikingly high in these settings, while wasting is much less prevalent. Intervention studies to improve the quality of complementary feeding are warranted. Support: NIH/NICHD, Bill & Melinda Gates Fdn, NIH/ODS
Influence of gender on muscle strength, power and body composition in healthy subjects and mobility‐limited older adults
Authors: Reid Kieran F , Doros Gheorghe , Cloutier Gregory , Clark David , Carabello Robert , Phillips Edward , Fielding Roger 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo explore the gender differences in lower‐limb strength, power and body composition in a cross‐sectional study on 31 healthy middle‐aged adults (47.2 ± 5 yrs, 14 males), 28 healthy older adults (74 ± 4 yrs, 16 males), and 34 older adults with mobility impairments (77.8 ± 5 yrs, 16 males).MethodsOne repetition maximum (1RM) strength and peak power were estimated using the bilateral leg press. Computed tomography was used to assess mid‐thigh body composition.ResultsMales demonstrated higher values for muscle strength, power, muscle cross sectional area, and intermuscular adipose tissue across all groups (p < 0.05) (table). Female gender was associated with greater deposits of subfascial and subcutaneous adipose tissue across all groups (p < 0.0001).ConclusionGender exerted a consistent influence on the differences in lower‐limb muscle performance and body composition among healthy middle‐aged, healthy older, and mobility‐limited elders. Hormonal factors may explain the divergent gender‐specific differences in muscle size and adipose tissue accumulation.*Significant overall gender effect (p < 0.05)NIA AG‐18844 and the USDA 58‐1950‐7‐707
Inhibition of enterocyte NFκB exacerbates intestinal barrier dysfunction in a murine model of sepsis
Authors: Clark Jessica A. , Samocha Alexandr J. , Coopersmith Craig M. 
Published: June 2021

Inhibition of enterocyte NFκB augments sepsis‐induced gut apoptosis and increases mortality. It is unknown if enterocyte NFκB contributes to alterations in intestinal barrier function.We hypothesized that inhibition of enterocyte NFκB exacerbates intestinal permeability in sepsis.Mice lacking enterocyte IKKβ (resultant NFκB inhibition) were created via Cre/lox recombination under control of the villin promoter. Wildtype (WT) and IKKβ null (Vil‐Cre/IkkβF/Δ) mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture or sham laparotomy (n=5‐10/group). At 24 hr, intestinal permeability was measured in vivo with FD4. Claudin‐2, occludin, and ZO‐1 were evaluated by qRT‐PCR and fluorescent staining.Septic WT mice had increased permeability compared to shams (495.1±46.5 vs. 297.8±15.7 ng/ml; p<0.01), while septic Vil‐Cre/IkkβF/Δ mice had augmented permeability (665.0±95.1 ng/ml; p<0.01). Claudin‐2 mRNA was increased in septic WT mice compared to shams (1.9±0.3 vs. 1.0±0.2; p<0.05) and septic Vil‐Cre/IkkβF/Δ mice had further increased claudin‐2 (3.22± 0.5; p<0.05). Claudin‐2 staining revealed a similar pattern. There were no differences in occludin or ZO‐1.Inhibition of enterocyte NFκB exacerbates permeability and is associated with parallel changes in claudin‐2. Since inhibition of enterocyte NFκB augments gut apoptosis in sepsis, changes in permeability may be apoptosis‐dependent.
Aging increases susceptibility to western diet‐induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in mice
Authors: Russell Molly J , Folian Brian J , Durrant Jessica R , Connell Melanie L , Seals Douglas R , Lesniewski Lisa A 
Published: June 2021

Aging may increase vulnerability for developing glucose‐insulin dysfunction with consumption of a high fat or "western" diet (WD). Young (Y, 6‐8 mo, N=4‐8/group) and old (O, 29‐31 mo, N=4‐8/group) B6D2F1 mice were fed normal chow (NC, 14% fat by kcal) or WD (40% fat) for 8 weeks. On NC during glucose tolerance tests the areas under the curves for glucose (AUCg) and insulin (AUCi) were not different (15815±665 vs. 14611±1261 mg/dl*min, Y vs. O, P=0.2) and greater (38.1±4.4 vs. 28.1±1.1 ng/ml*min, P<0.05), respectively, in O mice, but there were no age‐group differences (P=0.49) in glucose infusion rates (GIR) during hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamps (6 mU/kg/min). WD increased AUCg in both Y and O (to 18175±653 and 19947±1889 mg/dl*min, respectively, both P=0.01), but increased the insulin response to a glucose challenge only in O mice (AUCi: 79.1±7.3 ng/ml*min, P<0.01 vs. ONC). Compared with NC, WD markedly reduced GIR in O mice (30±6 vs. 51±5 mg/kg/min, P< 0.05), but only tended to do so in Y mice (37±3 vs. 51±8 mg/kg/min, P< 0.1). The ratio of phosphorylated (ser307) to total insulin receptor substrate‐1, a cellular marker of insulin resistance, was greater after WD vs. NC in adipose tissue of O mice (0.99±0.1 vs. 0.75±0.1, P=0.07), but did not differ with diet in Y (P=0.4). Using two distinct methods for assessing glucose‐insulin function, our results offer strong evidence that aging increases susceptibility to WD‐induced development of insulin resistance. Impaired insulin signaling in adipose tissue may be an important mechanism underlying this effect.NIH AG013038, AG006537, AG015897
Low salt intake during pregnancy and lactation causes growth delay and modifies lipid profile in adult female Wistar rat offspring.
Authors: Lopes Karen Lucasechi , Furukawa Luzia Naoko Shinohara , Heimann Joel Claudio 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate body size and lipid profile in adult female offspring (off) in Wistar rats whose dams were fed low salt diet during pregnancy and lactation.MethodsFemale Wistar rats were fed low (LSD: 0.15%) or normal (NSD 1.3% NaCl) salt diet from 8 to 18 weeks of age. At 12 weeks of age, they were mated. Body weight (BW) was measured on the day of birth and since weaning all off groups were fed NSD. With 40 days of age, off from LSD and NSD groups were ovariectomized (OVX) or not (SHAM). At 12 weeks of age, OVX or SHAM rats were housed in 4oC or at room temperature (RT) during 24 hours and triacilglicerols (TG), cholesterol (CHO), naso‐anal length (NA) were measured.Results(mean±SEM, p<0.05, n= 5/group: BW (g) was lower at the birth in LSDoff (5.1±0.2) than in NSDoff (5.9 ±0.1). In SHAM, the NA (cm) was lower in LSDoff (20.3±0.1) than in.NSDoff (21.1±0.2). In OVX, NA in LSDoff (22±0.5) and NSDoff (22±0.2) were higher compared to the SHAM. TG (mg/dL) was lower at 4oC than at RT in LSDoff SHAM (25±3 vs. 96±23), however in NSDoff SHAM low temperature did not alter TG. In OVX groups, TG was lower in 4°C, both in NSDoff (RT = 122±19, 4°C = 45±7) and LSDoff (RT = 72±14, 4±C = 41±6). CHO decreased in response to 4ºC only in SHAM and OVX NSDoff.ConclusionsLow salt diet during pregnancy and lactation causes growth delay and lipid alterations in response to low temperature. These effects are modified by OVX.Supported by FAPESP