bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chorologie, Ecologie et Usages des espÃ¨ces sauvages apparentÃ©es aux lÃ©gumes feuilles cultivÃ©es du genre Solanum L. au SÃ©nÃ©gal : Cas de la zone des Niayes
Authors: Assogbadjo Cossi SosthÃ¨ne , Diop Doudou , KÃ©gbÃ© AhuÃ©fa Mauricel , Djihounouck Yves , Diouf Ndongo , Diouf Jules , Ngom Ablaye , Mbaye Mame Samba , Assogbadjo Achille Ephrem , Noba Kandioura 
Published: April 2021

Le genre Solanum est l'un des plus importants de la flore du SÃ©nÃ©gal tant par sa richesse spÃ©cifique que par sa valeur socio-Ã©conomique. Cependant, si les espÃ¨ces cultivÃ©es font lâ€™objet dâ€™Ã©tude sous diverses formes, les sauvages sont frÃ©quemment Ã©liminÃ©es. Lâ€™Ã©tude vise Ã renseigner sur la chorologie, lâ€™Ã©cologie et les usages des espÃ¨ces sauvages apparentÃ©es de lÃ©gumes feuilles cultivÃ©es. Des enquÃªtes ont Ã©tÃ© menÃ©es auprÃ¨s des populations et les rÃ©sultats obtenus ont Ã©tÃ© complÃ©tÃ©s par la recherche bibliographique et les informations mentionnÃ©es dans les parts dâ€™herbier. Lâ€™Ã©tude rÃ©vÃ¨le que ces espÃ¨ces occupent des milieux divers. Au SÃ©nÃ©gal, elles sont prÃ©sentes dans toutes les zones agroÃ©cologiques avec une grande diversitÃ© dans la zone des Niayes. Elles se rencontrent aussi bien en milieux arides oÃ¹ la vÃ©gÃ©tation est de type steppe quâ€™en milieux humides composÃ©es principalement de savanes et affectionnent mieux les sols ferrugineux tropicaux. Lâ€™Ã©tude ethnobotanique rÃ©alisÃ©e a rÃ©vÃ©lÃ© cinq types dâ€™utilisation : mÃ©dicinale (47,87%), alimentaire (27,66 %), culturelle (14,89%), fourragÃ¨re 8,51% et artisanale 1,06%. Les organes affectÃ©s Ã ces utilisations sont la feuille (43,36%) suivie de la racine (30,97%), du fruit (24,78%) et de la tige (0,88%). La connaissance des espÃ¨ces favorise une meilleure valorisation de celles qui vivent dans des Ã©cosystÃ¨mes en proie Ã une forte urbanisation.

The genus Solanum is one of the most important of the flora of Senegal both for its specific richness and its socio-economic value. However, while cultivated species are studied in various forms, wild species are frequently eliminated. The study aims to provide information on the chorology, ecology and uses of wild relatives of cultivated leafy vegetables. Population surveys were conducted and the results obtained were supplemented by literature search and information mentioned in the herbarium parts. The study revealed that these species occupy diverse environments. In Senegal, they are present in all agro-ecological zones with a great diversity in the Niayes zone. They are found in arid environments where the vegetation is steppe type as well as in humid environments composed mainly of savannah and are more fond of tropical ferruginous soils. The ethnobotanical study carried out revealed five types of use: medicinal (47.87%), food (27.66%), cultural (14.89%), fodder (8.51%) and artisanal (1.06%). The organs assigned to these uses are the leaf (43.36%) followed by the root (30.97%), the fruit (24.78%) and the stem (0.88%). The knowledge of the species favors a better valorization of those living in ecosystems in prey to a strong urbanization.
Campagne de Communication Â« ZÃ©ro Grossesse Ã€ Lâ€™Ã©cole Â» et ProblÃ©matique du Changement de Comportements Chez les Ã‰lÃ¨ves en MatiÃ¨re de SexualitÃ© en CÃ´te dâ€™Ivoire
Authors: JoÃ«l Sey Henri 
Published: April 2021

Cet article, sâ€™inscrivant dans le champ de la communication pour le dÃ©veloppement, Ã©tudie la stratÃ©gie de communication mise en Å“uvre par le ministÃ¨re ivoirien de lâ€™Ã©ducation nationale et ses partenaires en vue dâ€™endiguer le phÃ©nomÃ¨ne des grossesses en milieu scolaire. LancÃ©e en 2014, cette campagne dÃ©nommÃ©e Â« ZÃ©ro grossesse Ã lâ€™Ã©cole Â» cours en ce moment dans les Ã©tablissements secondaires en CÃ´te dâ€™Ivoire. La mÃ©thodologie appliquÃ©e procÃ¨de tout dâ€™abord Ã lâ€™analyse des documents (affiches et posters gÃ©ants) mis Ã la disposition des Ã©lÃ¨ves. Ensuite, un entretien semi-directif a Ã©tÃ© organisÃ© avec un Ã©chantillon de cent (100) Ã©lÃ¨ves constituÃ© selon la mÃ©thode dâ€™Ã©chantillonnage de volontaires. Ces Ã©lÃ¨ves proviennent de lâ€™ensemble du pays. Les rÃ©sultats obtenus montrent des insuffisances et incohÃ©rences dans les affiches et messages contenus dans la campagne Â« ZÃ©ro grossesse Ã lâ€™Ã©cole Â» dâ€™une part et de lâ€™autre, ces Ã©cueils occasionnent des incomprÃ©hensions chez les Ã©lÃ¨ves, et les exposent Ã des comportements Ã risques en rapport avec le sexe.

This paper, which is based on the field of communication and development, focuses on the communication strategy implemented by the Ivorian Ministry of Education and its partners with a view of confining the phenomenon of pregnancies in school. Launched in 2014, this campaign known as Â«Zero pregnancy at the schoolÂ» is currently underway in the secondary establishments in CÃ´te d'Ivoire. The methodology employed begins with the analysis of documents (posters and huge posters) which is first of all made available to the students. Thereafter, a semi-directive maintenance was organized with a sample of one hundred (100) students formed by using the volunteers' sampling method. These students came from across different countries. The results obtained show insufficiency and disconnectedness in posters and messages contained in the Â«Zero pregnancy at schoolÂ» campaign on one hand, while on the other hand, these pitfalls have caused students to misunderstand and expose themselves to risks related to sex.
Temperature-Dependent Irreducible Water Trapping in Heavy-Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Ji Dongqi , Wu Shuhong , Wang Baohua , Li Zhiping , Lai Fengpeng , Chen Zhangxin , Dong Mingzhe , Ge Chenqi 
Published: April 2021

SummaryTemperature-dependent irreducible water saturation has great implications for heavy-oil production. Especially in processes using thermal methods, the irreducible water saturation varies significantly when temperature rises from the initial reservoir condition to the temperature of injected hot fluids. In this work, the irreducible water saturation retained in a heavy-oil/oil-sands reservoir has been theoretically analyzed as a function of temperature in the view of thermodynamics. This analysis involves oil/water interactions, thermodynamic stability, pendular rings between particles, and a dense random-packing theory. The temperature-dependent irreducible water saturation in two heavy-oil reservoir samples (Coalinga and Huntington Beach) and two oil-sands reservoir samples (Cat Canyon and Peace River) have been analyzed using an oil/water/silica system. The computed results have been compared with published experimental data. The good agreements of the comparison demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed analysis to describe the irreducible water saturation in a heavy-oil/oil-sands reservoir up to 300°C. Through these analyses, the theoretical understandings of temperature-dependent irreducible water in a heavy-oil/oil-sands reservoir have been provided. As temperature increases, the mutual water/oil solubilities are increased by enhanced molecular interactions, as well as the surface energy at an oil/water connecting interface. As a result, the oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) decreases, which diminishes the contact angle and enlarges a water-filled pendular ring between particles at elevated temperatures. Thus, the irreducible water saturation is increased by the enlarged pendular rings in a dense packing porous medium. In addition, this study demonstrates the possibilities to alter the irreducible water saturation appropriately in a heavy-oil/oil-sands reservoir to enhance oil recovery, decrease water cut, save costs of surface oil/water separation, and reduce heat consumption.
Implementation of an Integrated Geochemical Approach Using Polar and Nonpolar Components of Crude Oil for Reservoir-Continuity Assessment: Verification with Reservoir-Engineering Evidences
Authors: Asemani Morteza , Rabbani Ahmad Reza , Sarafdokht Hashem 
Published: April 2021

Summary
The ability of geochemistry techniques in reservoir-continuity studies has already been proved. Most of the traditional methods mainly involve analyzing nonpolar components of crude oil and overlooking polar components. Despite valuable information obtained from nonpolar components, these compounds are sometimes affected by various alterations or likely provide only a piece of the reservoir-compartmentalization puzzle. In this paper, an integrated geochemical approach that uses nonpolar (i.e., saturates and aromatics) and polar (i.e., asphaltenes) components of crude oil was performed to evaluate reservoir continuity efficiently. The Shadegan Oil Field in the Dezful Embayment in southwest Iran was investigated for reservoir-continuity studies to show the efficiency of this proposed technique. The selected interparaffin peak ratios and light hydrocarbons [the C7 oil correlation star diagram (C7CSD)] from whole-oil gas chromatography (GC) (WOGC) chromatograms were used to obtain oil fingerprints from the nonpolar fraction of crude oils. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of asphaltenes was applied to obtain oil fingerprints from the polar fraction of crude oils. The pairwise comparison of studied wells by each technique was summarized in a similarity matrix with green, yellow, and red colors to show connectivity, limited connectivity, and disconnectivity according to oil fingerprints. Finally, a compartmentalization model was prepared from the integrated results of different techniques considering the worst-case scenarios regarding the occurrence or absence of reservoir continuity when relying on individual methods for the studied field. Results show that the Shadegan Oil Field comprises three zones in the Asmari Reservoir and two zones in the Bangestan Reservoir. Reservoir-engineering data, including pressure data and pressure/volume/temperature (PVT), completely corroborated the obtained results from the geochemical approach. The consistency of results suggested FTIR oil fingerprinting of asphaltene as a novel and straightforward technique, which is a complementary or even alternative method with respect to previous geochemical methods.
Prediction of machining deformation and reasonable design of gear blank for split straight bevel gear
Authors: Wang Bin , Yan Chenxiao , Feng Peiyao , Wang Shuaipu , Chen Shuo , Cao Xuemei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The deformation of gear blank is serious in the machining process of the split straight bevel gear,considering the material and the design of gear blank, the relationship between the change of additional stress and bending deformation of gear blank is studied, and the calculation model of the internal additional stress and additional torque during the gear cutting is established.According to the moment-area method, the calculation formula of the bending deformation of gear blank is derived, and combined with the time-varying stiffness, the mathematical model of the gear blank deformation is obtained. The theoretical calculation, finite element analysis and experimental results are highly consistent.Based on the above research, the internal relationships between the machining deformation and the geometric parameters such as the thickness, diameter and gear module of the split gear blank is analyzed, and the reasonable design of the geometric parameters of the split gear blank and the reasonable dividing law of the gear blank are explored.
Land use and landscape pattern impacts on water quality at multiple spatial scales in a subtropical large river
Authors: Shu Xiao , Wang Weibo , Zhu Mingyong , Xu Jilei , Tan Xiang , Zhang Quanfa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The coupling between land use/landscape pattern and water quality in river system varies across different spatial and temporal scales. It is important to understand the association between water quality and land use/landscape pattern across different spatial and temporal scales for the protection of water resources. Here, we measured seasonal water quality at 12 sub-basins in the upper reaches of the Han River (UHR) between 2010 and 2018. We conducted factor analysis and redundancy analysis to determine the links between land use and water quality at multiple spatial scales and to identify the main factors influencing water quality. We found that the concentration of nutrients, including total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate-N, and ammonium-N were higher during the wet season than the dry season. Total nitrogen was identified as the main driver of nutrient pollution of UHR, whereas total phosphorus was identified as another potential nutrient pollutant. We also found that water quality parameters had a stronger related to land use types over the wet season than the dry season. Croplands and urban lands increased phosphorus concentrations of river water, whereas forest and grass lands decreased the nitrogen concentrations of river water at the sub-basins scale. Land use at riparian zone scales better explained variations in water quality than land use at sub-basin scales. The explained variations in landscape metrics were generally higher over the dry season compared to that over the wet season. The largest patch index and Shannon's diversity index were the main predictors of river water quality in UHR.
Separation of virgin plastic polymers and post-consumer mixed plastic waste by sinking-flotation technique
Authors: Quelal Orlando Washinton Meneses , Velázquez-Martí Borja , Gisbert Andrés Ferrer 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The main objective of this research is to separate virgin polymers (PA, PC, PP, HDPE; PS and ABS) and post-consumer plastic waste from municipal solid waste (MSW) using the sinking-flotation technique. The separation was carried out on a pilot scale in a container of 800 l of useful volume with agitation of 160 rpm for one hour. Tap water, ethanol solutions and sodium chloride at different concentrations were used as the densification medium. The virgin polymers were separated into two groups, that is, a group of low-density polymers (HDPE and PP) and a group of high-density polymers (PS, ABS, PA, and PC). Polymers whose density was less than that of the medium solution floated to the surface, while those whose density was greater than that of the medium solution sank to the bottom. The experimental results showed that the complete separation of HDPE from PP was achieved at 23% v/v of ethanol. For the separation of the high-density polymers, up to 40% w / v sodium chloride was used. The recoveries of the polymers ranged from 70 to 99.70%. In post-consumer recycled plastic waste, fractions of 29.6% polyolefins, 37.54% PS, 11% ABS, 8% PA and 12% PC, PET and PVC were obtained. Finally, cast plates were made of the post-consumer waste to improve the identification of the type of polymer present in the separated fractions.
Biological elimination of a high concentration of hydrogen sulfide from landfill biogas
Authors: Ibrahim Rania , Hassni Abdessamad El , Navaee-Ardeh Shahram , Cabana Hubert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the main contaminants found in biogas which is one of the end products of the anaerobic biodegradation of proteins and other sulfur-containing compounds in solid waste. The presence of H2S is one of the factors limiting the valorization of biogas. To valorize biogas, H2S and other contaminants must be removed. This study evaluated the performance of a pilot-scale biotrickling filter system on H2S removal from landfill biogas. The biotrickling filter system, which was packed with stainless-steel pall rings and inoculated with an H2S-oxidizing consortium, was designed to process 1 to 10 SCFM of biogas and used to determine the removal efficiency of a high concentration of hydrogen sulfide from landfill biogas. The biofiltration system consisted of two biotrickling filters connected in series. Results indicate that the biofiltration system reduced H2S concentration by 94–97% without reduction of the methane concentration in the outlet biogas. The inlet concentration of hydrogen sulfide, supplied to the two-phase bioreactor, was in the range of 900 to 1500 ppmv. The hydraulic retention times (HRT) of the two biotrickling filters were 3.9 and 0.9 min, respectively. Approximately 50 ppmv of H2S gas was detected in the outlet gas. The maximum elimination capacity of the biotrickling filter system was found to be 272 g H2S.m− 3.h− 1. During the biological process, the performance of biotrickling filter was not affected when the pH of the recirculated liquid decreased to 2–3. The overall performance of the biotrickling filter system was described using a modified Michaelis–Menten equation, and the Ks and Vm values for the biosystem were 34.7 ppmv and 200 mg H2S/L.h− 1, respectively.
The inverse task solution for the calculation of sweeps of sheet parts by integral geometry
Authors: Mironenko Vladimir , Elovenko Denis , Graf Alexander , Kräusel Verena , Ledovskikh Catherine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article deals with the search for a rational semi-finished product for parts of the integral form. Here a variant of the solution of the given problem is described based on the inverse solution of the mathematical problem. The reasons and the nature of the problem occurring in standard approaches to the calculation of the semi-finished product are shown using the example of two parts with aerodynamic curvature. The material and sheet thickness of the components are selected to suit the application. The forming process is also the same as the initial situation. The rational shape of the part can be found using the optimization solution based on the discrepancy of the contours with respect to the sweeps of the dynamic calculation and the CAD model. The new shape of the blank makes it possible to realize the forming process of the parts with minimal deviations from the contour of the 3D model.
Decline in Body Size and Female Fraction in the Grass Snake (Natrix Natrix, Linnaeus 1758) Population After 40 Years (Southern Poland)
Authors: Bury Stanisław , Zając Bartłomiej , Okarma Henryk , Kolanek Aleksandra 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Depletion of free-living populations is often associated with changes in fitness-related traits, e.g. body size. Ongoing decrease in body size has been reported in most vertebrates, but reptiles remain understudied. Moreover, sexual size dimorphism, commonly observed in reptiles, indicates that environmental pressures on body size may appear sex-specific. This can also result in shifts in sex ratio, an aspect even less studied. We investigated body size and sex ratio in population of grass snake (Natrix natrix) surveyed over 40 years ago in comparison with the current state. We found that both sexes express similar magnitude in body size decline. The current sex ratio does not deviate from 1:1, while in the past females outnumbered males. The observed changes are likely an outcome of several non-mutually exclusive factors. In the studied area an increase in road traffic, human presence and a drop in prey availability has been documented. Both factors may exert higher pressure on larger individuals, particularly females, due to their high costs of reproduction. Recorded here increase in ambient temperatures and summer duration, may additionally enhance the mortality risk and resource requirements. Shifts in body size and sex ratio can catalyze further declines in abundance and reproductive potential of the population.
Coagulation Patterns and the Impacts on Traffic-Related Ultrafine Particle Dispersion in Road Tunnels Employing Dynamic Mesh Algorithms
Authors: Zhao Yu , Yang Wanning , Song Xiaocheng , Jiang Chaowen , Feng Yao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Following our simulation results in paper (Zhao et al., 2020). In this study we continue to analyze the diffusion mechanism of ultrafine particles and the particle coagulation phenomenon with the size range of 26 ~ 287 nm exhausted from the vehicles during the process of passing through a 100 m long tunnel using the Realizable k-ε model and the dynamic grid technique. In this paper, a three-dimensional model consisting of a 100 m highway tunnel and four side-by-side gasoline vehicles (L×W×H = 4.5 m×1.8 m×1.5 m) were established in the STAR-CCM + computational fluid dynamics software. The gasoline vehicles travelled simultaneously under the different situations of three driving speeds of 60 km h− 1, 40 km h− 1 and 20 km h− 1 during the simulation. Through data analysis and research, it is found that the coagulation process of particles is very complicated, especially at low speeds. When the vehicle speed is 20 km h− 1, the variation of particle concentration at the vehicle wake near the tailpipe (at the vertical plane located 0.1 m behind the exhaust pipe) will cause a large error if the coagulation action is not taken into account. The relative error of the average particle concentration at 0.5 s of the vertical section 0.1m away from the exhaust pipe is as high as 193.51%. The relative error in the whole tunnel is only 2.82%, less than 5%, thus the influence of coagulation can be ignored for the whole tunnel. This study clarified the importance of coagulation in different areas and its influence on the diffusion of particulate matter, which is conducive to further analysis of the diffusion characteristics of particulate matter and can appreciably reduce the pollution degree in the tunnel by changing the coagulation efficiency of particulate matter in the future.
Physicochemical Quality of Metformin Hydrochloride tablet Brands available in Jimma Town, South west, Ethiopia
Authors: Mekonnen Yimer , Bekele Anbessa , Suleiman Sultan , Chali Belachew Umeta 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Metformin hydrochloride, classified under the class of biguanide, is an oral anti-diabetic agent used in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. According to the biopharmaceutical classification system, metformin is classified as a Class III drug. This study aims to compare the quality of metformin hydrochloride 500 mg tablets available in Jimma town.Methods: The physical characteristic, packaging and labeling information of samples were evaluated according to the WHO guideline. In-vitro tests such as weight variation, friability, dissolution rate, and assay were performed on six brands of metformin hydrochloride tablets available in Jimma town following method outlined in USP. Experimental data were analyzed using SPSS- 20 and one-way ANOVA. To compare the dissolution profiles of the generic products with innovator product, a model-independent approach, similarity factor (f2), difference factor (f1) and dissolution efficiency (DE) were used.Results: All the tested brands were in line with the WHO specifications for physical characteristics, packaging and labeling of pharmaceuticals. Insumet had percent weight deviation more than 5% and failed to comply with the USP specification for uniformity of weight. Statistically, all brands had significant difference in their mean weight variation (P<0.001). The assay results range from 95.21% to 99.61% showing that all the brands met the USP requirement. Moreover, a single point dissolution test results of the brands ranged from 85.4% to 96.7% showing compliance to USP specification. Conclusion: No brand showed any sign of counterfeit and only Insumet failed to comply with the USP specification for weight variation test. All brands complied with the United States Pharmacopeia specification for the friability, assay and single point dissolution test. Furthermore, the model-independent approach and dissolution efficiency revealed that all the brands were interchangeable with the comparator product.