bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic variability in cotton germplasm: predicting the agro physiological markers for high-temperature tolerance
Authors: Farooq Amjad , Shakeel Amir , Chattha Waqas Shafqat , Khan Tariq Manzoor , Azhar Muhammad Tehseen , Saeed Asif 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHigh temperature negatively affects cotton production worldwide. In Pakistan, cotton crop faces high temperature at peak flowering during June–July, which is a major reason for yield losses. The present study was conducted to find some agro-physiological markers for high-temperature tolerance. Fifty cotton genotypes were raised under normal sown (high-temperature stress) and late sown (optimum temperature) conditions for 2 years. Data were recorded for relative cell injury percentage (RCI), chlorophyll content (CC), canopy temperature (CT), boll retention percentage (BR), bolls per plant (BP), boll weight (BW), hundred seed weight (HSW), sympodial branches per plant (SBP), plant height (PH) and seed cotton yield (SCY). A large amount of variability was found among cotton genotypes as proved by descriptive statistics. Stable genotypes were selected based on higher SCY and yield components (BP, BW, HSW, SBP, PH and SCY) performance along with less RCI%, high CC and low CT. The results of heatmap analysis showed that the six cotton genotypes viz., FH-Noor, FH-Lalazar, FH-458, FH-466, NIAB-545 and NIAB-878 performed better under high-temperature stress. These selected genotypes can be a source for breeding high-temperature tolerance. Furthermore, the results from correlation analysis confirmed that the traits such as RCI%, CC and CT can be considered as early selection criteria due to their positive association with SCY. Whilst some other parameters such as BP, BW, BR, SBP and PH might be used as direct selection indices for SCY under high-temperature stress.
Payton v. Abbott Laboratories: An Analysis of the Massachusetts
DES Class Action Suit
Authors: Silbersweig Susan E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In Payton v. Abbott Laboratories, U.S.
District Court Judge Walter J. Skinner recently granted class certification
to an action brought by twentyseven Massachusetts women against major
manufacturers of DES. This is the first case in which a judge has
interpreted the requirements of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure to allow women exposed in utero to DES
to sue as a class to determine liability for their injuries.
This Note reviews the Payton certification in
light of prior class action decisions involving DES and other types of
claims, and of legal commentary on Rule 23. This Note contends that Judge
Skinner’s application of the Rule 23 requirements in
Payton was procedurally correct, and
recommends the class action device as an effective method for litigating
such controversies. Finally, this Note analyzes the implications of this
landmark ruling for plaintiffs seeking class certification in DES suits and
in suits presenting analogous factual situations.
Tax Policy and Health Maintenance Organizations: The Case for a Section
501(c)(3) Tax Exemption
Authors: White Anne J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Internal Revenue Service typically grants health maintenance
organizations (HMOs) an I.R.C. section 501(c)(4) exemption from federal
income taxation. If these prepayment group medical providers were classified
as section 501 (c) (3) tax exempt organizations, however, they would receive
many additional advantages including increases in private funding and
decreases in material and operating costs.
This Note contends that most nonprofit HMOs—whether or not they have
qualified under the federal HMO Act—should be granted 501(c)(3) status
because they conform with all the specific requisites and general
theoretical justifications of a “charitable purpose” tax exempt
organization. Specifically, HMOs serve a tax exempt purpose by providing
health care, by benefiting the community as a whole, and relieving the
government of some of its public health burdens. HMOs comply with further
requirements of section 501 (c)(3) and its accompanying I.R.C. regulations
by serving a broad membership while avoiding insider control or commercial
dealings. Therefore, if an organization is a nonprofit prepayment group
practice health provider that serves a broad community and provides health
benefits without insider control, it should receive a 501 (c)(3) tax
exemption.
Vitek v. Jones: Transfer of Prisoners to Mental Institutions
Authors: Gottlieb Nancy R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn Vitek v. Jones, the United States Supreme Court interpreted the due process clause as requiring that certain procedures be followed before transferring prisoners to mental institutions. This Note analyzes the Court's reasons for concluding that the existing transfer procedures embodied in the state's commitment statutes infringed on the prisoner's liberty interests and, therefore, were constitutionally inadequate. It finds that not only was one of the grounds used by the Court to find a constitutionally protected liberty inappropriate, but the calculus that the Court employed in mandating additional procedures was incorrect. This Note suggests alternative methods of holding the statutes unconstitutional, methods that would not lead to markedly different procedures for committing prisoners and civilians. Finally, die Note examines the procedures that the Court actually prescribed and discusses their implementation.
“Reasonable Cost” Reimbursement for Inpatient Hospital Services Under Medicare and Medicaid: The Emergence of Public Control
Authors: Weiner Stephen M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn 1965 Congress, through amendments to the Social Security Act, established the Medicare and Medicaid programs and mandated that hospitals participating in those programs be reimbursed for the “reasonable cost” of providing inpatient services to Medicare and Medicaid patients. In this Article, the Chairman of the Massachusetts Rate Setting Commission contends that HEW—which, like Congress, was anxious to stimulate the voluntary participation of hospitals in the Medicare and Medicaid programs—interpreted “reasonable cost” with excessive liberality toward participating hospitals and created a fiscally burdensome and inflationary reimbursement system lacking principles of efficiency and planning. The author then describes a series of attempts—varying in scope and success—to reformulate “reasonable cost,” as applied to Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, in a manner more consistent with the author's concept of sound public policy. The culmination of these attempts to date, he states, was Public Law 92-603 (Social Security Amendments of 1972), which introduced to the reimbursement system the concepts of (1) tough evaluation of the reasonableness of hospital costs, with emphasis on efficiency, utilization, and planning; (2) shifting de facto power over reimbursement rates away from the hospitals and into the hands of the agencies that purchase their services; and (3) increased public scrutiny of hospital operations. The author contends that this law, and the philosophy which underlies it, represents a healthy balancing of the needs of hospitals and the needs of the public; that the trend toward cost control and public control which the law embodies has been substantially furthered in those states which have statutorily established hospital budget or charge review programs; and that such trend will continue and profoundly affect any national health insurance plan enacted in the future.
The “Brave New Baby” and the Law: Fashioning Remedies for the Victims of In Vitro Fertilization
Authors: Cohen Mark E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe birth of the world's first “test-tube baby,” a child conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF), raises serious medical, ethical, and legal problems. This Note explores the present controversy over the use of IVF and advocates federal regulation of the technique. Furthermore, this Note argues that, in order to deter unduly hazardous use of IVF and to compensate its victims, an experimenter should be subject to civil liability for either negligent, or willful and nonconsensual, destruction of an IVF conceptus, and held strictly liable when an IVF child is born with severe defects that are attributable to the use of the technique.
Age Discrimination in Retirement: In Search of an Alternative
Authors: Rowland Adam Bruce 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmerican employers have traditionally relied on age as the criterion for mandatory retirement. Yet advances in medicine indicate the inadequacy of age as a measure of job competence and suggest the potential for a more reliable measure. With current social and economic conditions pressing many employees to seek to work beyond mandatory retirement ages set by their employers, transition to more reliable measures has become a vital matter.This Note explores the potential for implementing medically-based alternatives to the age proxy. It initially addresses problems of medical feasibility and economic practicality, and considers how the divergent interests of employees and employers can be accomodated. The balance of the Note examines the present roles of Congress, agencies, and courts in facilitating age-blind mandatory retirement policy. It suggests the need for reform of the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act and recommends a more effective distribution of roles among governmental institutions.
The Massachusetts Malpractice Plaintiff's New Hurdles: The Expanding Role of the Medical Malpractice Screening Tribunal
Authors: Ossyra James D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe medical malpractice crisis of the early and mid-1970s prompted many states to enact legislation creating medical malpractice screening tribunals. This legislation often failed to define clearly the role and jurisdiction of the tribunals. The lack of statutory definition is particularly apparent where a claim before a tribunal raises primarily nonmedical issues. The changing doctrines of hospital liability, involving both medical and nonmedical determinations, illuminate this jurisdictional difficulty.This Note examines the Massachusetts courts' attempts to define the tribunal's role when the tribunal is confronted with issues of hospital liability and other unsettled areas of the substantive law of medical malpractice. The Note suggests that tribunals should be limited to deciding issues concerning medical treatment and the professional conduct of physicians and hospitals.
Does the lag time between radicle and epicotyl emergences in acorns of pedunculate oak (Quercus roburL.) depend on the duration of cold stratification and post-stratification temperatures? Modelling with the sigmoidal growth curves approach
Authors: Jastrzębowski Szymon , Ukalska Joanna , Walck Jeffrey L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine how the current (10–16 weeks) and predicted future (2–8 weeks) length of cold stratification and current and predicted future post-stratification temperatures influence radicle and epicotyl emergence in acorns ofQuercus robur. We tested radicle and epicotyl emergence at two temperatures corresponding to the current (15/6°C) and predicted future early autumn and spring temperatures (25/15°C) in Poland. We fitted models to describe and derive parameters for radicle and epicotyl emergences over time. The parameters included maximum percentage, rate of emergences, time to achieve the maximum emergence rate, emergence delay and time to 50% emergence. In most cases, the Gompertz model was the best fit, but in a few cases, the logistic model was the best. Richard's model for most of the cases did not converge. This model, according to both information criteria values, was the best fit for epicotyl emergence at 15/6°C following 8 weeks of cold stratification. Richard's model was also the best fit for epicotyl emergence at 25/15°C following 14 weeks of stratification.. Our results indicate that at temperatures typical for early autumn (15/6°C), the time necessary for radicle emergence from 50% of acorns was longer than that from acorns placed at 25/15°C. Four weeks of cold stratification extended 50% radicle emergence at 15/6°C to 70 d, whereas 12 weeks of stratification shortened the time to 11 d. When the acorns were incubated at 25/15°C, radicle emergence occurred faster than at 15/6°C and the time lag between radicle and epicotyl was shorter.
The nutritive value of banana (Musa acuminata L.) by-products for
maintaining goats
Authors: Pieltain M. C. , Castan J. I. R. , Ventura M. R. , Flores M. P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The nutritive value of banana by-products (leaves, pseudostems and raceme
stems) for goats was studied by rumen degradability and in vitro digestibility
techniques, voluntary intake and maintenance trials. Banana by-products had both a
relatively low degradability and digestibility, with derived metabolizable energy
content (MJ ME per kg dry matter (DM)) of 6·54 for leaves, 6·66 for pseudostems
and 8·24 for raceme stems. Daily voluntary intake (g DM per kg
M0·75) was 66·4 for leaves, 19·3 for pseudostems, and 15·3
for raceme stems. On these results, pseudostems and raceme stems would provide
less than 0·30 of maintenance ME needs of goats. However, rations based only on
banana leaves should meet more than 0·85 of the maintenance energy needs.
Timeline of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) invasion and eradication in Minnesota
Authors: Yu Eric , Blair Shane , Hardel Mari , Chandler Monika , Thiede Denise , Cortilet Anthony , Gunsolus Jeffrey , Becker Roger 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPalmer amaranth–a fast-growing, challenging-to-control noxious weed that significantly reduces crop yields—was first found in Minnesota in September 2016 in conservation plantings sown with Palmer amaranth contaminated seed mixes. Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) designated Palmer amaranth as a Prohibited Noxious Weed in 2015 and listed it as a Noxious Weed Seed in 2016 by emergency order. A genetic test to identify Palmer amaranth was simultaneously developed by multiple laboratories, providing a tool to limit its spread as a contaminant in seed. Seed companies adopted genetic testing methods for labeling seed for sale, thus reducing introductions via the seed pathway. Additionally, MDA determined that manure spread on crop fields from contaminated screenings fed to livestock resulted in new infestations. Limiting spread via these and other potential pathways was critical to successfully reducing the impact of Palmer amaranth. MDA, University of Minnesota (UMN) Extension, Conservation Corps Minnesota and Iowa (CCMI), farmers, and other partners are working to eradicate these infestations before they can spread. In 2016, 35 sites were sown with Palmer amaranth–contaminated seed mixes. Palmer amaranth was found at eight (23%) of these sites. Management with intensive scouting, torching, prescribed burning, and herbicide application was implemented in 2016 and 2017. By 2018, no Palmer amaranth was found at any of these sites. Similar success to newer infestations in 2018, 2019, and 2020 was achieved using the same methods. MDA recorded management activities and documented a comprehensive timeline of Palmer amaranth in Minnesota. This timeline provides a story of success and challenges in combating and eradicating Palmer amaranth.
Dynamical Differences Between Short and Long Blocks in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Drouard Marie , Woollings Tim , Sexton David M. H. , McSweeney Carol F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBlocking events are persistent weather systems that strongly impact daily weather and more importantly our societies. One reason behind their strong impact is their potential long duration, as blocking events can last from 5 days up to four‐five weeks. However, the mechanisms explaining this difference of duration have not been properly studied yet. Here, we investigate the differences between short blocks, which last 5 days, and long blocks, which last at least 10 days. We take a broad hemispheric and annual approach to this question, while recognizing that other specific factors may play a role in particular region and seasons. We show that long blocks often involve cyclonic Rossby wave breaking, while short blocks are equally associated with cyclonic and anticyclonic wave breaking. This main result is reproduced in a coupled climate model ensemble. The lower number of long anticyclonic blocks might be due to three main reasons: One/the anticyclone is reinforced on the downstream side during anticyclonic blocks which is less conducive to persistence; two/positive synoptic eddy feedback tends to force the mean zonal wind toward a more northward position during anticyclonic blocks, whereas it forces the mean zonal wind to the south of the block during cyclonic blocks, which has been previously shown to be associated with more persistent weather patterns; three/particularly sustained eddy feedback is needed to maintain long anticyclonic blocks.
Avoiding transduction-induced heating in suspended microchannel resonators using piezoelectricity
Authors: Maillard Damien , De Pastina Annalisa , Abazari Amir Musa , Villanueva Luis Guillermo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCalorimetry of single biological entities remains elusive. Suspended microchannel resonators (SMRs) offer excellent performance for real-time detection of various analytes and could hold the key to unlocking pico-calorimetry experiments. However, the typical readout techniques for SMRs are optical-based, and significant heat is dissipated in the sensor, altering the measurement and worsening the frequency noise. In this manuscript, we demonstrate for the first time full on-chip piezoelectric transduction of SMRs on which we focus a laser Doppler vibrometer to analyze its effect. We demonstrate that suddenly applying the laser to a water-filled SMR causes a resonance frequency shift, which we attribute to a local increase in temperature. When the procedure is repeated at increasing flow rates, the resonance frequency shift diminishes, indicating that convection plays an important role in cooling down the device and dissipating the heat induced by the laser. We also show that the frequency stability of the device is degraded by the laser source. In comparison to an optical readout scheme, a low-dissipative transduction method such as piezoelectricity shows greater potential to capture the thermal properties of single entities.
Potential impact of celiac disease genetic risk factors on T cell receptor signaling in gluten-specific CD4+ T cells
Authors: Bakker Olivier B. , Ramírez-Sánchez Aarón D. , Borek Zuzanna A. , de Klein Niek , Li Yang , Modderman Rutger , Kooy-Winkelaar Yvonne , Johannesen Marie K. , Matarese Filomena , Martens Joost H. A. , Kumar Vinod , van Bergen Jeroen , Qiao Shuo-Wang , Lundin Knut E. A. , Sollid Ludvig M. , Koning Frits , Wijmenga Cisca , Withoff Sebo , Jonkers Iris H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCeliac disease is an auto-immune disease in which an immune response to dietary gluten leads to inflammation and subsequent atrophy of small intestinal villi, causing severe bowel discomfort and malabsorption of nutrients. The major instigating factor for the immune response in celiac disease is the activation of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells expressing T cell receptors that recognize gluten peptides presented in the context of HLA-DQ2 and DQ8. Here we provide an in-depth characterization of 28 gluten-specific T cell clones. We assess their transcriptional and epigenetic response to T cell receptor stimulation and link this to genetic factors associated with celiac disease. Gluten-specific T cells have a distinct transcriptional profile that mostly resembles that of Th1 cells but also express cytokines characteristic of other types of T-helper cells. This transcriptional response appears not to be regulated by changes in chromatin state, but rather by early upregulation of transcription factors and non-coding RNAs that likely orchestrate the subsequent activation of genes that play a role in immune pathways. Finally, integration of chromatin and transcription factor binding profiles suggest that genes activated by T cell receptor stimulation of gluten‑specific T cells may be impacted by genetic variation at several genetic loci associated with celiac disease.
Interactive effects of incentive value and valence on the performance of discrete action sequences
Authors: Adkins Tyler J. , Gary Bradley S. , Lee Taraz G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIncentives can be used to increase motivation, leading to better learning and performance on skilled motor tasks. Prior work has shown that monetary punishments enhance on-line performance while equivalent monetary rewards enhance off-line skill retention. However, a large body of literature on loss aversion has shown that losses are treated as larger than equivalent gains. The divergence between the effects of punishments and reward on motor learning could be due to perceived differences in incentive value rather than valence per se. We test this hypothesis by manipulating incentive value and valence while participants trained to perform motor sequences. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that large reward enhanced on-line performance but impaired the ability to retain the level of performance achieved during training. However, we also found that on-line performance was better with reward than punishment and that the effect of increasing incentive value was more linear with reward (small, medium, large) while the effect of value was more binary with punishment (large vs not large). These results suggest that there are differential effects of punishment and reward on motor learning and that these effects of valence are unlikely to be driven by differences in the subjective magnitude of gains and losses.