bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS OF Parkia filicoidea AND Tephrosia bracteolata LEAF MEALS IN THE DIET OF THE GOAT
Authors: Adeloye A. A. 
Published: March 2021

Eight female, non-pregnant, non-lactating West African dwarf goats were in digestion trials in a preliminary evaluation of 2 legume orages viz Parkia filicoidea and Tephrosia bracteolata provided as leaf meals. Tephrosia sp. was well accepted at 4.14% of body weightand satisfied the requirement for production, resulting in 50g/d gains in weight. Parkiafilicoidea produced zero weight gain but its crude protein was 56.88% digested so also was ash (88.58%), even better (P<0.05) than Tephrosia bracteolata. The ash in Tephrosia sp. was 62.5% digested. Other nutrients were more than 70% digested. Nutrients were better (P<0.05) digested in Tephrosia sp. than Parkia sp. Tephrosia bracteolata leaf meal is thought good as sole feed for the goat. Parkia filicoidea Parkia filicoidea would require some supplementation.
INFLUENCE OF OVIPOSITION TIME ON SOME FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF EGG SHELL OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL KEPT IN WARM HUMID TROPICS
Authors: OGUIKE M. A. 
Published: March 2021

Investigations on the influence of oviposition time on the functional properties of egg shell of the domestic fowl were conducted. The eggs used for the study were laid by commercial Lohmann pullets - a temperate hybrid. The laying birds were managed singly in battery cages, fed a layer's diet of about 17% crude protein and supplied water. The results showed the mean shell thickness was 0.31, 0.33,0.34 and 0.35mm for eggs laid between 0600 - 0900, 0900 - 1200, 1200 - 1500 and 1500 - 1800 hours, respectively. Shell conductance was 11.93, 11.67, 11.72 and 1133 mg day-1 torr-1, respectively. The respective moisture losses were 3.80,3.75,3.80,3.72 mgcm -2 for 0600-0900, 0900 - 1200, 1200 - 1500 and 1500 - 1180 hours, respectively. In the same order, the pore counts were 15,096, 15,280, 14,668 and 14, 927 egg-1 while the respective pore diameters were 21.76, 21.17, 22.35 and 23.49µ at the different oviposition times. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed at the different oviposition times in these shell properties except for shell conductance and moisture loss. Shell conductance and moisture loss were found to be highly correlated (P <0.01). Eggs laid between 1500 - 1800 hours appeared to exhibit better shell functional properties.
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY WILD SUNFLOWER (Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl. A Gray) LEAF MEAL ON LAYERS PERFORMANCE AND EGG QUALITY
Authors: ODUNSI A. A. , FARINU G. O. , AKINOLA J. O. 
Published: March 2021

The performance of layers on various dietary levels of Wild Sunflower leaf meal (SLM) was investigated. Seventy-two Nera Black with commercial layers in their fourth month of lay of were randomised into six dietary treatments comprising a commercial layer mash (CLM) 05, 10, 15 and 20% SLM. Results revealed that egg production was appreciably supported even for layers on 15 and 20% SLM diets. Feed consumption ranged from 96.27 gms in layers fed 20% SLM to 106.86 gm for birds on CLM. Feed conversion efficiency in terms of kg feed South-western Nigeria up to the Middle Belt per dozen eggs was highest for 15% SLM while CLM had the highest cost of feed consumed per dozen eggs. All diets supported a net positive There is scanty report on the feeding value body weight gain on the birds. Haugh unit, yolk index, shell thickness and egg weight were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. Yolk colour was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by SLM (at all levels) over rabbits. These preliminary findings suggest either the control or CLM. There was no mortality throughout the 12 weeks experiment lasted.
EFFECT OF PROCESSING AND ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION OF CASSAVA ROOT MEAL ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS
Authors: OGBONNA J. U. , McCRACKEN K. J. , LILLEY J. , McALLISTER A. 
Published: March 2021

The effects of processing by mashing, cold-pelleting, bent- pelleting and extrusion, and enzyme applicatentation of diets containing 0200 and 400g cassava root meal (CRM)/kg on the performance of broiler chicks were studied. During the first week, DM intake was higher (P<0.05) for the chicks on Diet 1 and the absence of CRM while feeding mash as against pellets reduced feed intake from 7- 28d (P<0.05), weight gain (P<0.001) and feed to gain ratio (P<0.001). Heat -pelleted and extruded diets did not result in significantly, higher intakes (P>0.05) and weight gains compared with the cold-pellet diets. Supplementation with Enzyme premix improved feed to pain ratio (P<0.05) during the resistant starch at first week but had no effect over the 3 week period of the study. Ideal viscosity tests showed In Europe, dietary CRM inclusion had a significant effect (P<0.001) on the intestinal viscosity.
EVALUATION OF WATER HYACINTH (EICHORNIA CRASSIPES) AS FEED INGREDIENT AND YOLK COLOURING AGENT IN LAYERS DIETS.
Authors: Dairo F. A. S. 
Published: March 2021

Sixty-four Black Harco breed of laying hens, 39 weeks in lay were fed water hyacinth Eichhorria crassipes at dietary levels of 0, 5, 10, and 15% for 56 days. The experiment had eight birds in each of the 2 replicates per treatment with the E. crassipes levels of inclusion as treatment. Parameter study include body weight change, feed intake, egg weight, egg yolk coloration, egg shell thickness and feed conversion ratio (feed/kg egg). The mean feed intake significantly decreased (P<0.05) among the mean values of 126.98, 127.27, 127.27 and 122.59 g/day for 0, 5, 10 and 15% inclusion levels respectively. the egg shell thickness increased significantly (P<0.05) among the mean values obtained i.e from 0.51-0.67 mm. however, egg weight changes, egg yolk coloration and feed conversion ration did not show any significant difference (P>0.05) among the respective means. E. crassipes appears to be optimally utilized at 5% dietary level in layers ration and could be used as pigmenter for egg yolk coloration at this level.
REPLACEMENT VALUE OF POULTRY VISCERAL OFFAL MEAL IN THE DIET OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: Oyewole S. O. O. , Salami R. I. 
Published: March 2021

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the replacement value of poultry visceral offal meal (PVOM) substituting for fish meal (FM) on an equal protein basis in the diets of unsexed Ross-strain broiler chickens from day-old to 8 weeks of age. One hundred and fifty birds were allotted in groups of 10 into 15 equidimensional floor pens with floor space of 0.189m2 per bird. There were three replicates per treatment diet, with 10 birds per pen serving as a replicate. Five treatment diets, each for the starter and finisher phases of 5 and 3-week duration respectively were fed ad libitum. Diet A (control) contained 8% FM which was gradually replaced with PVOM at 2,3,4,6,6,90 and 9.20% in diets B, C, D and E respectively for both phases. All the diets were isocaloric (ca 12MJ ME/kg) for both phases and isonitrogenous with 23 and 20% dietary crude protein contents for the starter and finisher diets respectively. Feed intake and feed conversion rations (FCR) were similar (P >0.05) on all diets in support of complete substitution. However , weight gain for 8 weeks on the control diet was better (P <0.05) than those on FM/PVOM- and PVOM-diets whose weight gains were similar (P < 0.05). The mean feed intake values of 4.031, 3.936, 3.760, 3.870 and 3.715 kg/bird were obtained for birds receiving diets A,B,C,D and E respectively while the equivalent FCRs were 2.326, 2.352, 2.233, 2.326 and 2.340. The mean weight gains for birds on diets A,B,C,D and E for 8weeks were 1.824, 1.688, 1.689, 1.676 and 1.590 kg/bird respectively. The dressed weight and weight of back, drumsticks, things and wings were similar (P >0.05) for all diets in favour of complete substitution of FM with PVOM. Mean dressing percentages were 58.24 to 69.07% . It is concluded that PVOM could replace FM completely in broiler diets.
Are there memory effects on greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O and CH4) following grassland restoration?
Authors: Merbold Lutz , Decock Charlotte , Eugster Werner , Fuchs Kathrin , Wolf Benjamin , Buchmann Nina , Hörtnagl Lukas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. A 5-year greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange study of the three major gas
species (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from an intensively managed
permanent grassland in Switzerland is presented. Measurements comprise 2 years (2010 and 2011) of manual static chamber measurements of CH4 and
N2O, 5 years of continuous eddy covariance (EC) measurements
(CO2–H2O – 2010–2014), and 3 years (2012–2014) of EC
measurement of CH4 and N2O. Intensive grassland management
included both regular and sporadic management activities. Regular management
practices encompassed mowing (three to five cuts per year) with subsequent organic
fertilizer amendments and occasional grazing, whereas sporadic management
activities comprised grazing or similar activities. The primary objective of
our measurements was to compare pre-plowing to post-plowing GHG exchange
and to identify potential memory effects of such a substantial disturbance
on GHG exchange and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) gains and losses. In order to
include measurements carried out with different observation techniques, we
tested two different measurement techniques jointly in 2013, namely the
manual static chamber approach and the eddy covariance technique for
N2O, to quantify the GHG exchange from the observed grassland site. Our results showed that there were no memory effects on N2O and
CH4 emissions after plowing, whereas the CO2 uptake of the site
considerably increased when compared to pre-restoration years. In detail,
we observed large losses of CO2 and N2O during the year of
restoration. In contrast, the grassland acted as a carbon sink under usual
management, i.e., the time periods 2010–2011 and 2013–2014. Enhanced
emissions and emission peaks of N2O (defined as exceeding background
emissions 0.21 ± 0.55 nmol m−2 s−1 (SE = 0.02) for
at least 2 sequential days and the 7 d moving average exceeding
background emissions) were observed for almost 7 continuous months after
restoration as well as following organic fertilizer applications during all
years. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEECO2) showed a common
pattern of increased uptake of CO2 in spring and reduced uptake in late
fall. NEECO2 dropped to zero and became positive after each harvest
event. Methane (CH4) exchange fluctuated around zero during all years.
Overall, CH4 exchange was of negligible importance for both the GHG
budget and the carbon budget of the site. Our results stress the inclusion of grassland restoration events when
providing cumulative sums of C sequestration potential and/or global
warming potential (GWP). Consequently, this study further highlights the
need for continuous long-term GHG exchange observations as well as for the
implementation of our findings into biogeochemical process models to track
potential GHG mitigation objectives as well as to predict future GHG
emission scenarios reliably.
Big Brother Goes to School
Authors: Jenkins Ryan , Rentz Zachary I. , Abney Keith ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2021

Few sectors are more affected by COVID-19 than higher education. There is growing recognition that reopening the densely populated communities of higher education will require surveillance technologies, but many of these technologies pose threats to the privacy of the very students, faculty, and staff they are meant to protect. The authors have a history of working with our institution’s governing bodies to provide ethical guidance on the use of technologies, especially including those with significant implications for privacy. Here, we draw on that experience to provide guidelines for using surveillance technologies to reopen college campuses safely and responsibly, even under the specter of covid. We aim to generalize our recommendations, so they are sensitive to the practical realities and constraints that universities face.
Linguistics for the Age of AI
Authors: McShane Marjorie , Nirenburg Sergei 
Published: March 2021

A human-inspired, linguistically sophisticated model of language understanding for intelligent agent systems.
One of the original goals of artificial intelligence research was to endow intelligent agents with human-level natural language capabilities. Recent AI research, however, has focused on applying statistical and machine learning approaches to big data rather than attempting to model what people do and how they do it. In this book, Marjorie McShane and Sergei Nirenburg return to the original goal of recreating human-level intelligence in a machine. They present a human-inspired, linguistically sophisticated model of language understanding for intelligent agent systems that emphasizes meaning—the deep, context-sensitive meaning that a person derives from spoken or written language.
With Linguistics for the Age of AI, McShane and Nirenburg offer a roadmap for creating language-endowed intelligent agents (LEIAs) that can understand,explain, and learn. They describe the language-understanding capabilities of LEIAs from the perspectives of cognitive modeling and system building, emphasizing “actionability”—which involves achieving interpretations that are sufficiently deep, precise, and confident to support reasoning about action. After detailing their microtheories for topics such as semantic analysis, basic coreference, and situational reasoning, McShane and Nirenburg turn to agent applications developed using those microtheories and evaluations of a LEIA's language understanding capabilities.
McShane and Nirenburg argue that the only way to achieve human-level language understanding by machines is to place linguistics front and center, using statistics and big data as contributing resources. They lay out a long-term research program that addresses linguistics and real-world reasoning together, within a comprehensive cognitive architecture.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Predictors of treatment failure during the first year in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients: a retrospective, observational study
Authors: Sia Hon-Ke , Kor Chew-Teng , Tu Shih-Te , Liao Pei-Yung , Chang Yu-Chia 
Published: March 2021

Background
Diabetes patients who fail to achieve early glycemic control may increase the future risk of complications and mortality. The aim of the study was to identify factors that predict treatment failure (TF) during the first year in adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods
This retrospective cohort study conducted at a medical center in Taiwan enrolled 4,282 eligible patients with newly diagnosed T2DM between 2002 and 2017. Data were collected from electronic medical records. TF was defined as the HbA1c value >7% at the end of 1-year observation. A subgroup analysis of 2,392 patients with baseline HbA1c ≥8% was performed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis using backward elimination was applied to establish prediction models.

Results
Of all study participants, 1,439 (33.6%) were classified as TF during the first year. For every 1% increase in baseline HbA1c, the risk of TF was 1.17 (95% CI 1.15–1.20) times higher. Patients with baseline HbA1c ≥8% had a higher rate of TF than those with HbA1c <8% (42.0 vs 23.0%, p < 0.001). Medication adherence, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), regular exercise, gender (men), non-insulin treatment, and enrollment during 2010–2017 predicted a significant lower risk of TF in both of the primary and subgroup models.

Conclusions
Newly diagnosed diabetes patients with baseline HbA1c ≥8% did have a much higher rate of TF during the first year. Subgroup analysis for them highlights the important predictors of TF, including medication adherence, performing SMBG, regular exercise, and gender, in achieving glycemic control.
Catalytic Performance of TiO2–Carbon Mesoporous-Derived from Fish Bones in Styrene Oxidation with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxidant
Authors: Nurhadi Mukhamad , Kusumawardani Ratna , Wirawan Teguh , Sumari Sumari , Lai Sin Yuan , Nur Hadi 
Published: March 2021

The catalytic performance of titania-supported carbon mesoporous-derived from fish bones (TiO2/CFB) has been investigated in styrene oxidation with aqueous H2O2. The preparation steps of (TiO2/CFB) catalyst involved the carbonization of fish bones powder at 500 °C for 2 h. followed by impregnation of titania using titanium(IV) isopropoxide (500 µmol) precursor, and calcined at 350 °C for 3 h. The physical properties of the adsorbents were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption studies. The catalytic test was carried out using styrene oxidation with H2O2 as an oxidant at room temperature for 24 h. Its catalytic activity was compared with Fe2O3/CFB, CuO/CFB, TiO2, and CFB catalysts. It is demonstrated that the catalytic activity of TiO2/CFB catalyst has the highest compared to Fe2O3/CFB, CuO/CFB, TiO2, and CFB catalysts in the oxidation of styrene with styrene conversion ~23% and benzaldehyde selectivity ~90%. Kinetics of TiO2/CFB catalyzed oxidation of styrene has been investigated and mechanism for oxidation of styrene has been proposed. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
One‐Step 3D Printing of Heart Patches with Built‐In Electronics for Performance Regulation
Authors: Asulin Masha , Michael Idan , Shapira Assaf , Dvir Tal 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThree dimensional (3D) printing of heart patches usually provides the ability to precisely control cell location in 3D space. Here, one‐step 3D printing of cardiac patches with built‐in soft and stretchable electronics is reported. The tissue is simultaneously printed using three distinct bioinks for the cells, for the conducting parts of the electronics and for the dielectric components. It is shown that the hybrid system can withstand continuous physical deformations as those taking place in the contracting myocardium. The electronic patch is flexible, stretchable, and soft, and the electrodes within the printed patch are able to monitor the function of the engineered tissue by providing extracellular potentials. Furthermore, the system allowed controlling tissue function by providing electrical stimulation for pacing. It is envisioned that such transplantable patches may regain heart contractility and allow the physician to monitor the implant function as well as to efficiently intervene from afar when needed.
Laparoscopic living‐donor hepatectomy: Review of its current status
Authors: Marubashi Shigeru , Nagano Hiroaki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe laparoscopic living‐donor hepatectomy procedure has been developing rapidly. Although its use has increased worldwide, it is still only performed by experienced surgeons at a limited number of institutions. However, technical innovations have improved the feasibility of more widespread use of laparoscopic living‐donor hepatectomy. The advantages of laparoscopic living‐donor hepatectomy should not be overemphasized, and the fundamental principle of “living‐donor safety first” cannot be neglected. This review aims to summarize the current status of laparoscopic living‐donor hepatectomy and to emphasize that, while this procedure may soon be used as a reliable, donor‐friendly substitute for traditional open donor hepatectomy, its safety and efficacy require further substantiation first.
Improved Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazolium Salts via Oxidative [3+2] Cycloaddition of Triazenes with Alkynes and Their Deprotonative Functionalization
Authors: Sawaguchi Daiki , Hayakawa Shunsuke , Sakuma Masaaki , Niitsuma Kenta , Kase Daiya , Michii Shota , Ozawa Miyuki , Sakai Yusuke , Sakamaki Kentaro , Ueyama Kyohei , Haraguchi Ryosuke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract1,2,3‐Triazolium units are present in various functionalized molecules, including mesoionic carbenes, organocatalysts, and anion recognition receptors. While the oxidative [3+2] cycloaddition of triazenes with alkynes is one of the most efficient methods to construct the 1,2,3‐triazolium skeleton, the effect of reaction parameters and substrate scope in the reaction has not been fully studied. Herein, we developed a practical protocol for the synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazolium salts and significantly expanded the substrate scope of triazenes and alkynes. Also, an efficient method for the deprotonative functionalization of 1,2,3‐triazolium salts was achieved.
Improving Analytical Performance of Laser‐induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Strontium, the Minor Impurity Element, in Salts Using Multiple Filter‐Paper Sampling
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Ngo Van Tho , Park Jeong , Ham Kyung‐Sik , Singh Vivek K. , Nam Sang‐Ho , Lee Yonghoon 
Published: March 2021

Strontium (Sr) is an element of toxicological concern due to its close chemical proximity to Ca. In this work, Sr in sea salts collected from China and South Korea was analyzed by laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The precision could be improved by using multiple filter‐paper sampling and intensity normalization using a weak Na I line as a reference signal. The analyte signal variation between filter‐paper pieces as well as that within a single filter‐paper piece could be corrected by the suggested method. The limit of detection of ~2 ppm and the precision of ~5% could be obtained. As a measure of accuracy, the root‐mean‐square error was estimated to be 9 ppm. The multiple filter‐paper sampling can be performed easily on the salt production sites and improves the LIBS analysis precision resulting to sufficient quantification capability for minor metallic elements in edible sea salt products.
The Effect of Visible Light on the Catalytic Activity of PLP‐Dependent Enzymes
Authors: Gerlach Tim , Nugroho David Limanhadi , Rother Dörte 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPyridoxal 5’‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent enzymes are a versatile class of biocatalysts and feature a variety of industrial applications. However, PLP is light sensitive and can cause inactivation of enzymes in certain light conditions. As most of the PLP‐dependent enzymes are usually not handled in dark conditions, we evaluated the effect of visible light on the activity of PLP‐dependent enzymes during production as well as transformation. We tested four amine transaminases, from Chromobacterium violaceum, Bacillus megaterium, Vibrio fluvialis and a variant from Arthrobacter species as well as two lysine decarboxylases, from Selenomonas ruminantium and the LDCc from Escherichia coli. It appeared that five of these six enzymes suffered from a significant decrease in activity by up to 90 % when handled in laboratory light conditions. Surprisingly, only the amine transaminase variant from Arthrobacter species appeared to be unaffected by light exposure and even showed an activation to 150 % relative activity over the course of 6 h regardless of the light conditions.