bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on Properties of Energetic Plasticizer Modified Double‐Base Propellant
Authors: Zou Xiaobin , Zhang Wenguo , Zhang Zehao , Gu Yongjun , Fu Xiuchong , Ge Zhen , Luo Yunjun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo improve the low‐temperature mechanical properties of double‐base propellants, the effects of three energetic plasticizers (geminal dinitro aldehyde acetal plasticizer, azido‐terminated glycidyl azide polymer, and ester‐terminated glycidyl azide polymer) on the low‐temperature mechanical properties of nitrocellulose (NC)/nitroglycerin (NG) propellant were studied firstly in this article. It was found that azido‐terminated glycidyl azide polymer (GAPA) was the most effective plasticizer to improve the low‐temperature mechanical properties of NC/NG propellant. Then the effects of GAPA on the low‐temperature static tensile mechanical properties, thermal stability, dynamic thermomechanical properties, density, and heat of detonation of fully‐formulated double‐base propellant with ETPE were studied. It was found that the double‐base propellant with 1 % GAPA had the best comprehensive performance, and its maximum tensile strength and elongation at break at low temperature (−40 °C) were 56.16 MPa and 10.63 %, respectively. The elongation at break was increased by 10.2 % compared to the double‐base propellant without an energetic plasticizer. Meanwhile, the correlation between dynamic and static mechanical properties of the double‐base propellant with 1 % GAPA was also studied, and the relationship between the dynamic storage modulus and the static tensile strength was obtained.
Microhardness Indentation Studies of 2‐4‐6 Trinitrotoluene
Authors: Gallagher Hugh G. , Sherwood John N. , Vrcelj Ranko M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe microhardness of the {001} faces of 2‐4‐6 trinitrotoluene crystals has been investigated using both Vickers and Knoop indentation methods. The Vickers hardness number was found to be 22.5 kg mm−2 independent of crystal orientation and perfection. At ambient temperatures (∼20 °C) the Knoop hardness number varied between 20.5 kg mm−2 and 24.0 kg mm−2 with crystal orientation. At higher temperature (50 °C) the Knoop hardness anisotropy curve retained its shape, although the overall hardness decreased by 10 %. We interpret this change as reflecting a simple temperature dependant loosening of the crystal lattice rather than any change in deformation mechanism. No variation of Knoop hardness was evident with changing load. The hard direction was [010] and the soft [100]. The dominant operative slip system was defined to be {001}[010].
Glycoforms of human prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in human cells and prostate tissue
Authors: Yuan Wei , Liu Baoqin , Sanda Miloslav , Wei Renhuizi , Benicky Julius , Novakova Zora , Barinka Cyril , Goldman Radoslav 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionN‐glycosylation is a ubiquitous and variable posttranslational modification that regulates physiological functions of secretory and membrane‐associated proteins and the dysregulation of glycosylation pathways is often associated with cancer growth and metastasis. Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an established biomarker for prostate cancer imaging and therapy.MethodsMass spectrometry was used to analyze the distribution of the site‐specific glycoforms of PSMA in insect, human embryonic kidney, and prostate cancer cells, and in prostate tissue upon immunoaffinity enrichment.ResultsWhile recombinant PSMA expressed in insect cells was decorated mainly by paucimannose and high mannose glycans, complex, hybrid, and high mannose glycans were detected in samples from human cells and tissue. We noted an interesting spatial distribution of the glycoforms on the PSMA surface—high mannose glycans were the dominant glycoforms at the N459, N476, and N638 sequons facing the plasma membrane, while the N121, N195, and N336 sites, located at the exposed apical PSMA domain, carried primarily complex glycans. The presence of high mannose glycoforms at the former sequons likely results from the limited access of enzymes of the glycosynthetic pathway required for the synthesis of the complex structures. In line with the limited accessibility of membrane‐proximal sites, no glycosylation was observed at the N51 site positioned closest to the membrane.ConclusionsOur study presents initial descriptive analysis of the glycoforms of PSMA observed in cell lines and in prostate tissue. It will hopefully stimulate further research into PSMA glycoforms in the context of tumor staging, noninvasive detection of prostate tumors, and the impact of glycoforms on physicochemical and enzymatic characteristics of PSMA in a tissue‐specific manner.
In vitro investigations into the roles of CYP450 enzymes and drug transporters in the drug interactions of zanubrutinib, a covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Authors: Zhang Heather , Ou Ying C. , Su Dan , Wang Fan , Wang Lai , Sahasranaman Srikumar , Tang Zhiyu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractZanubrutinib is a highly selective, potent, orally available, targeted covalent inhibitor (TCI) of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). This work investigated the in vitro drug metabolism and transport of zanubrutinib, and its potential for clinical drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Phenotyping studies indicated cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A are the major CYP isoform responsible for zanubrutinib metabolism, which was confirmed by a clinical DDI study with itraconazole and rifampin. Zanubrutinib showed mild reversible inhibition with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4.03, 5.69, and 7.80 μM for CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, respectively. Data in human hepatocytes disclosed induction potential for CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C enzymes. Transport assays demonstrated that zanubrutinib is not a substrate of human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1/1B3, organic cation transporter (OCT)2, or organic anion transporter (OAT)1/3 but is a potential substrate of the efflux transporter P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp). Additionally, zanubrutinib is neither an inhibitor of P‐gp at concentrations up to 10.0 μM nor an inhibitor of BCRP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OAT1, and OAT3 at concentrations up to 5.0 μM. The in vitro results with CYPs and transporters were correlated with the available clinical DDIs using basic models and mechanistic static models. Zanubrutinib is not likely to be involved in transporter‐mediated DDIs. CYP3A inhibitors and inducers may impact systemic exposure of zanubrutinib. Dose adjustments may be warranted depending on the potency of CYP3A modulators.
FJU‐C28 inhibits the endotoxin‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines expression via suppressing JNK, p38 MAPK and NF‐κB signaling pathways
Authors: Jung Fang , Liu Jung‐Sen , Yang Shih‐Hsing , Tseng Hui‐Yun , Chou Shang‐Shing P. , Lin Jau‐Chen , Jow Guey‐Mei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDespite marked improvements in supportive care, the mortality rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome due to the excessive inflammatory response caused by direct or indirect lung injury induced by viral or bacterial infection is still high. In this study, we explored the anti‐inflammatory effect of FJU‐C28, a new 2‐pyridone‐based synthetic compound, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo models. FJU‐C28 suppressed the LPS‐induced mRNA and protein expression of iNOS, COX2 and proinflammatory cytokines. The cytokine protein array results showed that LPS stimulation enhanced the secretion of IL‐10, IL‐6, GCSF, Eotaxin, TNFα, IL‐17, IL‐1β, Leptin, sTNF RII, and RANTES. Conversely, the LPS‐induced secretion of RANTES, TIMP1, IL‐6, and IL‐10 was dramatically suppressed by FJU‐C28. FJU‐C28 suppressed the LPS‐induced expression of RANTES, but its parental compound FJU‐C4 was unable to diminish RANTES in cell culture media or cell lysates. FJU‐C28 blocked the secretion of IL‐6 and RANTES in LPS‐activated macrophages by regulating the activation of JNK, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB). FJU‐C28 prevented the LPS‐induced decreases in lung function including vital capacity (VC), lung compliance (C chord), forced expiratory volume at 100 ms (FEV100), and forced vital capacity (FVC) in mice with LPS‐induced systemic inflammatory responses. FJU‐C28 also reduced neutrophil infiltration in the interstitium, lung damage and circulating levels of IL‐6 and RANTES in mice with systemic inflammation. In conclusion, these findings suggest that FJU‐C28 possesses anti‐inflammatory activities to prevent endotoxin‐induced lung function decrease and lung damages by down‐regulating proinflammatory cytokines including IL‐6 and RANTES via suppressing the JNK, p38 MAPK and NF‐κB signaling pathways.
The relationship between vancomycin AUC/MIC and trough concentration, age, dose, renal function in Chinese critically ill pediatric patients
Authors: Chen Jihui , Huang Xiaohui , Bu Shuhong , Chen Xiaoxiao , Zhou Jia , Liu Xinzhu , Guo Xiaowen , Li Lixia , Zhang Jian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of vancomycin in Chinese critically ill pediatric patients, children treated with vancomycin, hospitalized in the intensive care unit were included. Samples to determine peak and trough serum concentrations were obtained on the third day of treatment. Half‐life was significantly longer in neonates and showed a decreasing trend in infants and children. In patients aged ≥1 month, AUC24/MIC ≥400 was achieved in 31.8% at the dose of 40 mg/kg/d, and in 48.7% at the dose of 60 mg/kg/d with an assumed MIC of 1 mg/L. Augmented renal clearance (ARC) was present in 27.3% of children, which was associated with higher vancomycin clearance and lower AUC values. A good correlation was observed between trough concentration and AUC24, and the trough concentration that correlated with AUC24 of 400 were varied according to the dosage regimens, 8.42 mg/L for 6‐hintervals, and 6.63 mg/L for 8‐h intervals. To conclude, vancomycin trough concentration that related to the AUC24 of 400 was much lower in critically ill children than that in adults. The dosage of 60 mg/kg/day did not enough for producing AUC24 in the range of 400–600 mg h/L in critically ill children, especially in those with ARC.
Temporary destudentification caused by COVID‐19: Motivations and effects on social relations in a Chilean university city
Authors: Prada‐Trigo José , Aravena‐Solís Natalia , Barra‐Vieira Pablo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe arrival of the coronavirus in 2020 brought major changes to education, with the rapid transition to online classes being the most significant. In the case of university students, the pandemic meant returning to their homes, which can be interpreted as a temporary destudentification. This manuscript analyses and interprets the motivations of university students from Temuco (Chile) to change their social relations and place of residence as a consequence of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Through a quantitative methodology that used more than 800 online surveys and a principal component analysis, it was concluded that the psychological well‐being and the security provided by the family were the main causes for changing accommodation; but a total of four main components related to material conditions, economic aspects, family and psychological and physical well‐being were identified. Similarly, although with the pandemic the family was the most reinforced dimension in terms of social relations, there were groups of students who were more connected to friends and colleagues or neighbours. The results point to a partial and temporary destudentification, explainable by the nature of the lease contract and the dependent role of the students with respect to the landlords.
Scalable Creation of Deep Silicon‐Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond by Ion Implantation through a 1‐μm Pinhole
Authors: Hunold Lukas , Lagomarsino Stefano , Flatae Assegid M. , Kambalathmana Haritha , Sledz Florian , Sciortino Silvio , Gelli Nicla , Giuntini Lorenzo , Agio Mario 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe controlled creation of quantum emitters in diamond represents a major research effort in the fabrication of single‐photon devices. Here, the scalable production of silicon‐vacancy (SiV) color centers in single‐crystal diamond by ion implantation up to m depths is presented. The lateral position of the SiV is spatially controlled by a 1‐m pinhole placed in front of the sample, which can be moved nanometer precise using a piezo stage. The initial implantation position is controlled by monitoring the ion beam position with a camera. Hereby, silicon ions are implanted at the desired spots in an area comparable to the diffraction limit. The role of ions scattered by the pinhole and the activation yield of the SiV color centers for the creation of single quantum emitters is also discussed.
An STM Perspective on Hexaborides: Surface States of the Kondo Insulator SmB6
Authors: Wirth Steffen , Schlottmann Pedro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCompounds within the hexaboride class of materials exhibit a wide variety of interesting physical phenomena, including polaron formation and quadrupolar order. In particular, SmB6 has recently drawn attention as it is considered a prototypical topological Kondo insulator. Evidence in favor of this concept, however, has proven experimentally difficult and controversial, partly because of the required temperatures and energy resolution. Here, a powerful tool is scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with its unique ability to give local, microscopic information that directly relates to the one‐particle Green's function. Yet, STM on hexaborides is met with its own set of challenges. This article attempts to review the progress in STM investigations on hexaborides, with emphasis on SmB6 and its intriguing properties.
Hospitalised versus outpatient COVID‐19 patients' background characteristics and comorbidities: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mattey‐Mora Paola P. , Begle Connor A. , Owusu Candice K. , Chen Chen , Parker Maria A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to systematically assess COVID‐19 patient background characteristics and pre‐existing comorbidities associated with hospitalisation status. The meta‐analysis included cross‐sectional, cohort, and case‐series studies with information on hospitalisation versus outpatient status for COVID‐19 patients, with background characteristics and pre‐existing comorbidities. A total of 1,002,006 patients from 40 studies were identified. Significantly higher odds of hospitalisation were observed in Black individuals (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04–1.70), males (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.43–1.76), and persons with current/past smoking (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.34–1.88). Additionally, individuals with pre‐existing comorbidities were more likely to be hospitalised [asthma (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02–1.45), COPD (OR = 3.68, 95% CI: 2.97–4.55), congestive heart failure (OR = 6.80, 95% CI: 4.97–9.31), coronary heart disease (OR = 4.40, 95% CI: 3.15–6.16), diabetes (OR = 3.90, 95% CI: 3.29–4.63), hypertension (OR = 3.89, 95% CI: 3.34–4.54), obesity (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.59–2.46) and renal chronic disease (OR = 5.84, 95% CI: 4.51–7.56)]. High heterogeneity and low publication bias among all factors were found. Age was not included due to the large variability in the estimates reported. In this systematic review/meta‐analysis for patients with COVID‐19, Black patients, males, persons who smoke, and those with pre‐existing comorbidities were more likely to be hospitalised than their counterparts. Findings provide evidence of populations with higher odds of hospitalisation for COVID‐19.
Spatio‐temporal sampled‐data control for delay reaction‐diffusion systems
Authors: Wang Yun‐Zhu , Wang Zhen , Wu Kai‐Ning , Wang Chen‐Xu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article considers the exponential stabilization and performance for delay reaction‐diffusion systems (DRDSs), with spatial sampled‐data controller (SSDC) and spatio‐temporal sampled‐data controller (STSDC). Firstly, an SSDC is designed to stabilize the DRDSs. Using Lyapunov functional and Wirtinger's inequality technique, we obtain sufficient conditions to ensure the exponential stability of DRDSs. When there exist external disturbances, performance is considered and criteria are provided for the disturbed DRDSs, under the designed SSDC. Then, an STSDC is adopted for DRDSs. Time discrete item brings new difficulties for the analysis of the desired properties. To overcome these difficulties, a novel Lyapunov functional is constructed and Halaney's inequality is used. Moreover, the descriptor method is adopted. Under these techniques, delay‐dependent conditions are obtained to guarantee the exponential stability. The performance is also considered for the disturbed DRDSs under the designed STSDC. A Razumikhin‐type method is introduced together with the Lyapunov‐like functional. Sufficient conditions are presented to achieve performance for DRDSs with STSDC. Our theoretical results show that the spatial sampling interval does affect the desired properties, the shorter the spatial sampling interval, the easier to achieve the desired properties. Moreover, the time delay also influences the exponential stability of DRDSs, and smaller time delay is beneficial to the achievement of the stability. Finally, examples are given to illustrate the validity of results.
An analysis of the spatial evolution and influencing factors of rural settlements along the Shandong section of the Grand Canal of China
Authors: Huo Xiaolong , Xu Xiwei , Tang Yue , Zhang Zhen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSince 1980s, the weakening of the transportation function of the Grand Canal and rapid urbanisation have generated significant changes in the spatial pattern of rural settlements along the Grand Canal. Analysing the changing characteristics of this spatial pattern, and exploring the natural, social, and economic factors influencing these changes are key to understanding the regional spatial structure and development law, and grasping the degree of influence of these factors. This study selected approximately 13,000 rural settlements in 27 county‐level units in the Shandong section of the Grand Canal, from 1980 to 2018, as the research object. The Grand Canal's distance buffer zone is divided into canal‐side, near‐canal, far‐canal, and further‐canal settlements. The correlation model with the canal is constructed through the controlled experiment. The distribution, scale, and form of the settlement are analysed quantitatively by applying the change of gravity centre model (CGC), average nearest neighbour analysis (ANN), landscape metrics (LM), and other methods. The quantitative analysis of geographic detectors in spatial pattern differentiation factors shows the relative importance and interaction within them. This study indicates that the spatial distribution shows ‘large dispersion and small concentration’ and ‘small‐scale agglomeration’ characteristics. The larger the scale of the settlement expands, the more the number of settlements decreases. The closer the settlement nears the river, the more complex the shape clusters. The total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, the total power of agricultural machinery, and the effective irrigation area are the main influencing factors. The grain area and the per capita disposable income of rural residents are the main auxiliary influencing factors.
From site to system: Approaches for producing system‐wide estimates of fish habitat in large rivers
Authors: Robinson H. Eve , Henderson Mark J. , Perry Russell W. , Goodman Damon H. , Som Nicholas A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWorldwide, many productive rivers are dam‐regulated and rely on flow management strategies that must balance support of ecological processes with human water use. One component of evaluating this balance is to understand ecological consequences of alternative flow management strategies, which has often been accomplished by coupling population dynamics models with models that relate streamflow to habitat availability and quality. Numerous methods assign habitat availability to locations within a river basin: These include fine‐scale field‐measured values that are extrapolated to other locations within the basin having similar physical characteristics or equation‐driven values created by functions of model‐predicted values of physical characteristics. The array of options for creating habitat models is evolving rapidly as high‐resolution remote‐sensing data becomes more accessible and computational capacity improves. Our objective was to identify trade‐offs among approaches that assign habitat relationships to large rivers and to create a decision support tool to supplement choices of extent and granularity. Using a selection of case studies that represent a breadth of scales and diverse trade‐offs, we demonstrate the need for a transparent process of data evaluation and assessment to determine the appropriate fit for model scope or context that best supports management needs and recognize sources of uncertainty. The structured approach proposed here aims at improving future model development and refine population dynamics models that inform the management of rivers.
The discrepancy of random rectangular matrices
Authors: Altschuler Dylan J. , Niles‐Weed Jonathan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA recent approach to the Beck–Fiala conjecture, a fundamental problem in combinatorics, has been to understand when random integer matrices have constant discrepancy. We give a complete answer to this question for two natural models: matrices with Bernoulli or Poisson entries. For Poisson matrices, we further characterize the discrepancy for any rectangular aspect ratio. These results give sharp answers to questions of Hoberg and Rothvoß (SODA 2019) and Franks and Saks (Random Structures Algorithms2020). Our main tool is a conditional second moment method combined with Stein's method of exchangeable pairs. While previous approaches are limited to dense matrices, our techniques allow us to work with matrices of all densities. This may be of independent interest for other sparse random constraint satisfaction problems.
Measuring shrinkage of undisturbed soil peds
Authors: Shockey Matthew C. , Stewart Ryan D. , Keim Richard F. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMethods to measure shrinkage curves typically either disturb natural aggregate structure or include difficult or slow volume measurement techniques. Additionally, most shrinkage curves are obtained by serial measurement of a few samples. We obtained shrinkage curves by collecting rapid, one‐off measurements of volume and moisture content for each of 200 undisturbed peds extracted from a field soil, taking measurements as peds slowly dried in the laboratory. The large sample size increased robustness of the shrinkage curve parameter estimates to noise generated by this rapid measurement technique, but a much smaller sample would have resulted in similar parameter estimates.