bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Proletarian Turf War: The Rise and Fall of Barcelona's Sindicatos Libres, 1919–1923
Authors: Rodriguez Arturo Zoffmann , Bonnefoy Juan Cristóbal Marinello 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFrom 1919 to 1923, Barcelona experienced unprecedented levels of social conflict. The growth of the anarcho-syndicalist National Confederation of Labour (CNT) had awakened the spectre of social revolution among the city's conservative classes, and a broad constellation of reactionary forces lined up against it, the Sindicatos Libres (free trade unions) being the most formidable among them. Created in 1919 by Catholic workers, the Sindicatos Libres were able to capitalize on the exhaustion that had set in among certain working-class groups who had grown wary of reckless strike action. Using violence to fight back against the CNT, the Libres could claim 175,000 members by mid-1922. They mobilized the religious, corporatist, and regionalist sentiments harboured by sectors of the city's workforce and, by adopting a modern repertoire of action, they bypassed the traditional aversion to mass mobilization that had characterized the Catholic labour movement and Spanish conservative parties until then. In many ways, the ideology and tactics of the Libres adumbrated fascism, but their success was short-lived. In late 1922, an upswing in strike action and an abatement of state repression allowed the CNT to recover at the expense of the Libres. This article explores the rise and fall of an organization the study of which has been neglected, situating it in a European context of political polarization whereby the traditional right attempted to modernize its tactics and adapt them to a rising challenge from the revolutionary left. It will also serve as a window through which to examine the complex relationship between workers’ trade union affiliations and their political and cultural identity.
Imprecise credibility theory
Authors: Hong Liang , Martin Ryan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe classical credibility theory is a cornerstone of experience rating, especially in the field of property and casualty insurance. An obstacle to putting the credibility theory into practice is the conversion of available prior information into a precise choice of crucial hyperparameters. In most real-world applications, the information necessary to justify a precise choice is lacking, so we propose animprecise credibility estimatorthat honestly acknowledges the imprecision in the hyperparameter specification. This results in an interval estimator that is doubly robust in the sense that it retains the credibility estimator’s freedom from model specification and fast asymptotic concentration, while simultaneously being insensitive to prior hyperparameter specification.
Quasi-constitutional court of human rights for Europe? Comments on Geir Ulfstein
Authors: SADURSKI WOJCIECH 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis short comment offers two additional arguments, missing from Geir Ulfstein’s account, which may bolster the case for constitutionalisation of the ECtHR. The first is about the ‘pilot judgments’ through which the Court addresses systemic deficits in national legal systems and thus ensures a minimal synchronisation of human rights protection throughout the CoE system. The second manifestation of constitutionalisation of the ECHR system is the increasing role of the ECtHR in the implementation of its own judgments. Ultimately, the legitimacy for the constitutional ambitions of Strasbourg Court should be located primarily in the argumentative resources of the court and in its pursuit of ‘public reason’.
Transnational constitutional aspects of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: ULFSTEIN GEIR 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is an international court operating in the international legal order. Its judgments are not given direct effect in national law. In this sense we have a system of legal pluralism between international and national law. But the ECtHR has constitutional effects in national law through the weight placed on the Court’s practice by national courts. Therefore, constitutional principles are applicable in the interaction between the ECtHR and national courts. This article discusses the transnational constitutional aspects of the Court, and how this should guide the roles of, respectively, the ECtHR and national courts.
International human rights courts and the (international) rule of law: Part of the solution, part of the problem, or both?
Authors: FOLLESDAL ANDREAS 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCritics challenge international courts for their interference with domestic democratic processes and alleged violations of rule of law standards: they claim that these guardians of the rule of law are not well guarded themselves. These concerns should not be dismissed too quickly as mere disgruntled venting by populist politicians. This article focuses on regional human rights courts and argues that the same interests and values that justify rule of law standards of impartiality, independence and accountability domestically also justify similar standards for international courts. Focusing on the European Court of Human Rights and its doctrine of the margin of appreciation, the article demonstrates how this doctrine may contribute to fulfilling the rule of law but at the same time may also endanger it. This requires changes to the doctrine to ensure that the core rule of law standards of predictability and protection against arbitrary discretion are respected.
Counteracting Contributions of the Upper and Lower Meridional Overturning Limbs to the North Atlantic Nutrient Budgets: Enhanced Imbalance in 2010
Authors: Carracedo L. I. , Mercier H. , McDonagh E. , Rosón G. , Sanders R. , Moore C. M. , Torres‐Valdés S. , Brown P. , Lherminier P. , Pérez F. F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe North Atlantic Basin is a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) due in part to the extensive plankton blooms which form there supported by nutrients supplied by the three‐dimensional ocean circulation. Hence, changes in ocean circulation and/or stratification may influence primary production and biological carbon export. In this study, we assess this possibility by evaluating inorganic nutrient budgets for 2004 and 2010 in the North Atlantic based on observations from the transatlantic A05‐24.5°N and the Greenland‐Portugal OVIDE hydrographic sections, to which we applied a box inverse model to solve the circulation and estimate the across‐section nutrient transports. Full water column nutrient budgets were split into upper and lower meridional overturning circulation (MOC) limbs. According to our results, anomalous circulation in early 2010, linked to extreme negative NAO conditions, led to an enhanced northward advection of more nutrient‐rich waters by the upper overturning limb, which resulted in a significant nitrate and phosphate convergence north of 24.5°N. Combined with heaving of the isopycnals, this anomalous circulation event in 2010 favored an enhancement of the nutrient consumption (5.7 ± 4.1 kmol‐P s−1) and associated biological CO2 uptake (0.25 ± 0.18 Pg‐C yr−1, upper‐bound estimate), which represents a 50% of the mean annual sea–air CO2 flux in the region. Our results also suggest a transient state of deep silicate divergence in both years. Both results are indicative of a MOC‐driven modulation of the biological carbon uptake (by the upper MOC limb) and nutrient inventories (by the lower MOC limb) in the North Atlantic.
Analysis of Relationship Between Ionospheric and Solar Parameters Using Graphical Models
Authors: Podolská Kateřina , Koucká Knížová Petra , Chum Jaroslav , Kozubek Michal , Burešová Dalia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFor the investigation of time variations of critical frequency (foF2), solar radiation flux at 10.7 cm wavelength (F10.7index) and geomagnetic activity indexKp, we use conditional independence graphical models which describe and transparently represent the structure of relationships in the time series. We employ multivariate statistic methods applied to daily observational data obtained from midlatitude ionosondes within the period 1994–2009 (23rd Solar Cycle). It is demonstrated that conditional independence graphical models represent a robust method of multivariate statistical analysis, useful for finding a relation between one of the main ionospheric parameters and space weather conditions. This method appears to be more appropriate than correlation analysis betweenfoF2and the main geomagnetic and solar indices, especially for long‐term data for which the model characteristics may change or time series can be interrupted. We compare the results obtained by the graphical models method with cross‐correlation analysis. We found that the method is suitable for the analysis of the dependence betweenfoF2values and time‐shiftedF10.7time series. In particular, we clearly identified +0 day shift in all cases, and +1‐, +2–3‐, and +4–5‐day shifts in European, American, and East Asia sector, respectively. The conditional independence graphs method can be applied even in the case when classical parametric methods are not convenient.
Graph‐Partitioning Based Convolutional Neural Network for Earthquake Detection Using a Seismic Array
Authors: Yano Keisuke , Shiina Takahiro , Kurata Sumito , Kato Aitaro , Komaki Fumiyasu , Sakai Shin'ichi , Hirata Naoshi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe present a deep‐learning approach for earthquake detection using waveforms from a seismic array consisting of multiple seismographs. Although automated, deep‐learning earthquake detection techniques have recently been developed at the single‐station level, they have potential difficulty in reducing false detections owing to the presence of local noise inherent to each station. Here, we propose a deep‐learning‐based approach to efficiently analyze the waveforms observed by a seismic array, whereby we employ convolutional neural networks in conjunction with graph partitioning to group the waveforms from seismic stations within the array. We then apply the proposed method to waveform data recorded by a dense, local seismic array in the regional seismograph network around the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan. Our method detects more than 97% of the local seismicity catalog, with less than 4% false positive rate, based on an optimal threshold value of the output earthquake probability of 0.61. A comparison with conventional deep‐learning‐based detectors demonstrates that our method yields fewer false detections for a given true earthquake detection rate. Furthermore, the current method exhibits the robustness to poor‐quality data and/or data that are missing at several stations within the array. Numerical experiments using subsampled data demonstrate that the present method has the potential to detect earthquakes even when half of the normally available seismic data are missing. We apply the proposed method to analyze 1‐h‐long continuous waveforms and identify new seismic events with extremely low signal‐to‐noise ratios that are not listed in existing catalogs. We also show the potential portability of the proposed method by applying it to seismic array data not used for the training.
Recent Trends in the Waviness of the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Polar and Subtropical Jets
Authors: Martin Jonathan E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA feature‐based metric of the waviness of the wintertime, Northern Hemisphere polar, and subtropical jets is developed and applied to three different reanalysis data sets. The analysis first identifies a “core isertel” along which the circulation per unit length is maximized in the separate polar (315:330K) and subtropical (340:355K) jet isentropic layers. Since the core isertel is, by design, an analytical proxy for the respective jet cores, the waviness of each jet is derived by calculating a hemispheric average of the meridional displacements of the core isertel from its equivalent latitude—the southern extent of a polar cap whose area is equal to the area enclosed by the core isertel. Analysis of the seasonal average waviness over the time series of the various data sets reveals that both jets have become systematically wavier while exhibiting no trends in their average speeds. The waviness of each jet evolves fairly independently of the other in most cold seasons and the slow northward creep of the polar jet is statistically significant. Finally, comparison of the composites of the waviest and least wavy seasons for each species reveals that such interannual variability is manifest in familiar large‐scale circulation anomalies.
Uncertainties in Atmospheric River Lifecycles by Detection Algorithms: Climatology and Variability
Authors: Zhou Yang , O'Brien Travis A. , Ullrich Paul A. , Collins William D. , Patricola Christina M. , Rhoades Alan M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are long and narrow filaments of vapor transport that are responsible for most poleward moisture transport outside of the tropics. Many AR detection algorithms have been developed to automatically identify ARs in climate data. The diversity of these algorithms has introduced appreciable uncertainties in quantitative measures of AR properties and thereby impedes the construction of a unified and internally consistent climatology of ARs. This paper compares nine global AR detection algorithms from the perspective of AR lifecycles following the propagation of ARs from origin to termination in the MERRA2 reanalysis over the period 1980–2017. Uncertainties in AR lifecycle characteristics, including event number, lifetime, intensity, and frequency distribution are discussed. Notably, the number of AR events per year in the Northern Hemisphere can vary by a factor of 5 with different algorithms. Although all algorithms show that the maximum AR origin (termination) frequency is located over the western (eastern) portion of ocean basins, significant disagreements appear in regional distribution. Spreads are large in AR lifetime and intensity. The number of landfalling AR events produced by the algorithms can vary from 16 to 80 events per year, although the agreement improves for stronger ARs. By examining the ARs' connections with the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and El Niño Southern Oscillation, we find that the overall responses of ARs (such as changes in AR frequency, origin, and landfall activity) to climate variability are consistent among algorithms.
Extreme Aerosol Events Over Eastern North America: Part 2. Responses to Changing Emissions
Authors: Guo Yafang , Crippa Paola , Thota Abhinav , Pryor Sara C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Weather Research and Forecasting model with coupled Chemistry is used to study the impact of anthropogenic emission changes between 2005 and 2015 on historical extreme aerosol optical depth (AOD) events that occurred during 2003–2007 over the eastern USA. An ensemble of simulations is generated where individual and all combined emissions of SO2, NOx, and NH3 are perturbed relative to the 2005 levels for three subregions (Midwest, Northeast, and Southeast). These simulations are used to quantify fractional changes in the spatial and temporal characteristics of mean and peak AOD and near‐surface particulate matter (PM2.5), as well as changes in radiative forcing. Simulated AOD exhibits a spatially averaged decrease of 39%–63% during the six extreme events in response to the combined perturbed emissions. The impact on near‐surface PM2.5 concentrations is larger, with average decreases of ∼41%–69%. Peak AOD is reduced to below 1 in the perturbed simulations from initial values of 1.73–3.02 in the control runs driven by 2005 emissions. Radiative fluxes at the ground and top‐of‐the‐atmosphere exhibit considerably smaller and less consistent fractional changes across events, although changes in radiative fluxes during these extreme events are found to be larger than previously reported changes in seasonal mean values over the period 2005 to 2015.
Ice‐Nucleating Particle Concentrations and Sources in Rainwater Over the Third Pole, Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chen J. , Wu Z. J. , Wu G. M. , Gong X. D. , Wang F. , Chen J. C. , Shi G. L. , Hu M. , Cong Z. Y. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe ice‐nucleating particles (INPs) modulate the microphysics and radiative properties of clouds. However, less is known concerning their abundance and sources in the most pristine and climatic sensitive regions, such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Here, to our best knowledge, we conduct the first investigation on INPs in rainwater collected in the TP region under mixed‐phase cloud conditions. The value of INP concentrations varies from 0.002 to 0.675 L−1 air over the temperature range from −7.1 to −27.5°C. This is within the INP spectra derived from precipitation under worldwide geophysical conditions and is also comparable with INP concentrations in the Arctic regions. The heat‐sensitive INPs account for 57% ± 30% of the observed INPs at −20°C and become increasingly important at higher temperatures, indicating biological particles as major contributors to INPs at temperatures above −20°C over the TP, especially on the day with additional input of biogenic materials carried by dust particles. Chemical analysis demonstrates that the rainwater components are mixture of dust particles, marine aerosol, and anthropogenic pollutants. Combined with the backward trajectory analysis, we show that dust particles transported from the surrounding deserts and originated from ground surface of TP may contribute to the heat‐resistant INPs at temperatures below −20°C.
Improved Convective Ice Microphysics Parameterization in the NCAR CAM Model
Authors: Lin Lin , Fu Qiang , Liu Xiaohong , Shan Yunpeng , Giangrande Scott E. , Elsaesser Gregory S. , Yang Kang , Wang Dié 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPartitioning deep convective cloud condensates into components that sediment and detrain, known to be a challenge for global climate models, is important for cloud vertical distribution and anvil cloud formation. In this study, we address this issue by improving the convective microphysics scheme in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5.3). The improvements include: (1) considering sedimentation for cloud ice crystals that do not fall in the original scheme, (2) applying a new terminal velocity parameterization that depends on the environmental conditions for convective snow, (3) adding a new hydrometeor category, “rimed ice,” to the original four‐class (cloud liquid, cloud ice, rain, and snow) scheme, and (4) allowing convective clouds to detrain snow particles into stratiform clouds. Results from the default and modified CAM5.3 models were evaluated against observations from the U.S. Department of Energy Tropical Warm Pool‐International Cloud Experiment (TWP‐ICE) field campaign. The default model overestimates ice amount, which is largely attributed to the underestimation of convective ice particle sedimentation. By considering cloud ice sedimentation and rimed ice particles and applying a new convective snow terminal velocity parameterization, the vertical distribution of ice amount is much improved in the midtroposphere and upper troposphere when compared to observations. The vertical distribution of ice condensate also agrees well with observational best estimates upon considering snow detrainment. Comparison with observed convective updrafts reveals that current bulk model fails to reproduce the observed updraft magnitude and occurrence frequency, suggesting spectral distributions be required to simulate the subgrid updraft heterogeneity.
Assimilation of the Maximum Vertical Velocity Converted From Total Lightning Data Through the EnSRF Method
Authors: Gan Ruhui , Yang Yi , Qiu Xiaobin , Wang Ruichun , Qiu Xuexing , Zhu Lijuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA total lightning data assimilation (LDA) scheme is developed at the cloud‐resolving scale in this study. The LDA scheme assimilates total lightning data through the ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) method based on the relationship between the maximum vertical velocity and the instantaneous flash rate. To verify the effect of LDA, three assimilation experiments based on a convective activity on July 6, 2019 are performed. The results show that all LDA experiments can improve the forecast. LDA improves the water vapor field and provides a warm and moist environment in which convection can develop. LDA can also increase the convergence at low levels and the divergence at upper levels, which leads to intense convection development. However, the LDA experiment that does not consider vertical localization (LDA_no) shows excessive adjustments of the model variables, which leads to overestimation of precipitation. The LDA experiment which adjusts the state variables in the charge zone (LDA_CZ) underestimates the forecast. The LDA experiment using a global group filter (GGF) localization function (LDA_GGF) is optimal in theory and produces a better forecast. The results of LDA_GGF show that the interaction between the cold pool and the strong low‐level vertical wind shear in front of the cold pool is beneficial for triggering new convection in front of the convection, which leads to a rapid shifting in convective activity. In addition, the LDA_GGF scheme is evaluated further for a rainfall process on August 1, 2020 and obtains similar forecast improvements for composite reflectivity and accumulated precipitation.
Salt Marsh Light Use Efficiency is Driven by Environmental Gradients and Species‐Specific Physiology and Morphology
Authors: Hawman Peter A. , Mishra Deepak R. , O’Connell Jessica L. , Cotten David L. , Narron Caroline R. , Mao Lishen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLight use efficiency (LUE) of salt marshes has not been well studied but is central to production efficiency models (PEMs) used for estimating gross primary production (GPP). Salt marshes are typically dominated by a species monoculture, resulting in large areas with distinct morphology and physiology. We measured eddy covariance atmospheric CO2 fluxes for two marshes dominated by a different species: Juncus roemerianus in Mississippi and Spartina alterniflora in Georgia. LUE for the Juncus marsh (mean = 0.160 ± 0.004 g C mol−1 photon), reported here for the first time, was on average similar to the Spartina marsh (mean = 0.164 ± 0.003 g C mol−1 photon). However, Juncus LUE had a greater range (0.073–0.49 g C mol−1 photon) and higher variability (15.2%) than the Spartina marsh (range: 0.035–0.36 g C mol−1 photon; variability: 12.7%). We compared the responses of LUE across six environmental gradients. Juncus LUE was predominantly driven by cloudiness, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil temperature, water table, and vapor pressure deficit. Spartina LUE was driven by water table, air temperature, and cloudiness. We also tested how the definition of LUE (incident PAR vs. absorbed PAR) affected the magnitude of LUE and its response. We found LUE estimations using incident PAR underestimated LUE and masked day‐to‐day variability. Our findings suggest that salt marsh LUE parametrization should be species‐specific due to plant morphology and physiology and their geographic context. These findings can be used to improve PEMs for modeling blue carbon productivity.