bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artemisia Gentileschi
Authors: ffolliott Sheila 
Published: February 2021

In the expanding scholarship on Artemisia Gentileschi (b. 1593–d. c. 1654), accounts of her accomplishments and success have long tangled with considerations of her gender and biography. Most early modern women artists had artist fathers and acquired the requisite skills at home. In a Roman art world permeated with Caravaggism, Orazio Gentileschi, widowed when Artemisia was twelve, taught his daughter. In 1610, aged seventeen, she signed and dated a poignant narrative featuring a prominent female nude, Susanna and the Elders (Pommersfelden, Schloss Weissenstein). This accomplished work, to which Orazio may have contributed, presaged what would become her trademark: dramatic narratives featuring female protagonists, some nude. The next year her father’s associate, Agostino Tassi—who claimed that Orazio had him teach Artemisia perspective—deflowered her and, with expectations of marriage, their intimacy continued. In 17th-century Roman law, rape of a virgin was not a crime of violence, but an offense against family honor. Tassi was already married so Orazio initiated prosecution. After a trial in 1612, he was sentenced and Artemisia married Pierantonio Stiattesi. As Sofonisba Anguissola’s father had praised her to potential patrons, so Orazio promoted his daughter’s talent, writing Christine of Lorraine, dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany that nineteen-year-old Artemisia “had no peer.” Her honor recovered—essential to any future career—Artemisia and her husband moved to Florence, where she developed into an independent painter. She created her best-known work, the startlingly graphic Judith Decapitating Holofernes (Florence: Uffizi); forged patronage connections; and gained membership in the Florentine Academy. She bore five children, only one of whom survived childhood, and maintained a workshop, even while a single mother, using credit to purchase supplies and hire helpers. New evidence, including personal letters revealing her powers of verbal expression, has further illuminated her Roman and Florentine periods, and greatly expanded our knowledge of her professional maturation in Venice, London, and especially Naples, where she spent twenty years. She offered paintings and wrote letters to potential clients, sometimes asserting her artistic authority. Spanish, Italian, and English royalty; nobility; and connoisseurs commissioned and collected her work. Artemisia cleared a series of gender-based hurdles. Although women’s artistic ability was thought to suit them for less mentally taxing genres like still life or portraiture, Artemisia achieved professional success in narrative painting. She was the first woman to achieve a stature fully commensurate with her male counterparts. Her story of surviving rape and the public exposure of the trial, alongside scholars’ assertions that her paintings articulate a protofeminist viewpoint, have made her a modern feminist icon.
Precedent and the Rule of Law
Authors: Lewis Sebastian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Courts may reason using precedents in various ways, but not all of them satisfy the rule of law. This article provides two ways that are compatible with this ideal and one which is not. In doing so, the article aims to explain the practice of following precedent in law and to offer criteria for evaluating its value. Two claims are defended. First, courts always have a reason to decide precedent-governed disputes by following precedent. This reason is a minimum requirement of the rule of law, and in some cases this reason may be reinforced in the form of an obligation. Secondly, depending on whether courts have a reason or an obligation to follow precedent, two modes of precedential reasoning may be identified. The article explains them in detail. The modes, together with the considerations that are reasons in favour of them or against them, provide a valuable philosophical foundation of precedent-following in law.
Suzaku detection of solar wind charge exchange emission from a variety of highly ionized ions in an interplanetary coronal mass ejection
Authors: Asakura Kazunori , Matsumoto Hironori , Okazaki Koki , Yoneyama Tomokage , Noda Hirofumi , Hayashida Kiyoshi , Tsunemi Hiroshi , Nakajima Hiroshi , Katsuda Satoru , Ishi Daiki , Ezoe Yuichiro 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
X-ray emission generated through solar-wind charge exchange (SWCX) is known to contaminate X-ray observation data, the amount of which is often significant or even dominant, particularly in the soft X-ray band, when the main target consists of comparatively weak diffuse sources, depending on the space weather during the observation. In particular, SWCX events caused by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) tend to be spectrally rich and to provide critical information about the metal abundance in the ICME plasma. We analyzed the SN1006 background data observed with Suzaku on 2005 September 11 shortly after an X6-class solar flare, signatures of which were separately detected together with an associated ICME. We found that the data include emission lines from a variety of highly ionized ions generated through SWCX. The relative abundances of the detected ions were found to be consistent with those in past ICME-driven SWCX events. Thus, we conclude that this event was ICME driven. In addition, we detected a sulfur xvi line for the first time as one from an SWCX emission, which suggests that it is the most spectrally rich SWCX event ever observed. We suggest that observations of ICME-driven SWCX events can provide a unique probe to study the population of highly ionized ions in the plasma, which is difficult to measure in currently available in situ observations.
Association between intake of sweetened beverages with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Hongyi , Liang Huoyan , Yang Han , Zhang Xiaojuan , Ding Xianfei , Zhang Ruifang , Mao Yimin , Liu Zhangsuo , Kan Quancheng , Sun Tongwen 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundConclusions remain controversial between the consumption of sugar and artificially sweetened beverages (SSBs and ASBs) and mortality.MethodsWe systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases from their inception date to 1st January 2020, prospective cohort studies researching the mortality risk and SSBs or ASBs consumption were included. Random effects meta-analyses and dose–response analyses were performed to measure the association. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were further performed to explore the source of heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed by Funnel plots and Egger’s regression test.ResultsAcross all 15 cohorts, 1211 470 participants were included. High SSB consumption was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.19, P &lt; 0.001; and cardiovascular disease [CVD] mortality [HR 1.20, 95% CI, 1.05–1.38, P &lt; 0.001]), and high ASBs consumption showed similar result (HR 1.12, 95% CI, 1.04–1.21, P = 0.001 for all-cause mortality and HR 1.23, 95% CI, 1.00–1.50, P = 0.049 for CVD mortality), both showed a linear dose–response relationship.ConclusionsHigh consumption of both ASBs and SSBs showed significant associations with a higher risk of CVD mortality and all-cause mortality. This information may provide ideas for decreasing the global burden of diseases by reducing sweetened beverage intake.
Distributing Points On The Torus Via Modular Inverses
Authors: Humphries Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We study various statistics regarding the distribution of the points $$ \left\{\left(\frac{d}{q},\frac{\overline{d}}{q}\right) \in \mathbb{T}^2 : d \in (\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z})^{\times}\right\} $$ as q tends to infinity. Due to non-trivial bounds for Kloosterman sums, it is known that these points equidistribute on the torus. We prove refinements of this result, including bounds for the discrepancy, small-scale equidistribution, bounds for the covering exponent associated with these points, sparse equidistribution, and mixing.
Prenatal Kynurenine Elevation Elicits Sex-Dependent Changes in Sleep and Arousal During Adulthood: Implications for Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Rentschler Katherine M , Baratta Annalisa M , Ditty Audrey L , Wagner Nathan T J , Wright Courtney J , Milosavljevic Snezana , Mong Jessica A , Pocivavsek Ana 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan catabolism has been implicated in psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a KP metabolite synthesized by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) from its biological precursor kynurenine and acts as an endogenous antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate and α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Elevated KYNA levels found in postmortem brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid of patients are hypothesized to play a key role in the etiology of cognitive symptoms observed in psychotic disorders. Sleep plays an important role in memory consolidation, and sleep disturbances are common among patients. Yet, little is known about the effect of altered KP metabolism on sleep–wake behavior. We presently utilized a well-established experimental paradigm of embryonic kynurenine (EKyn) exposure wherein pregnant dams are fed a diet laced with kynurenine the last week of gestation and hypothesized disrupted sleep–wake behavior in adult offspring. We examined sleep behavior in adult male and female offspring using electroencephalogram and electromyogram telemetry and determined sex differences in sleep and arousal in EKyn offspring. EKyn males displayed reduced rapid eye movement sleep, while female EKyn offspring were hyperaroused compared to controls. We determined that EKyn males maintain elevated brain KYNA levels, while KYNA levels were unchanged in EKyn females, yet the activity levels of KAT I and KAT II were reduced. Our findings indicate that elevated prenatal kynurenine exposure elicits sex-specific changes in sleep–wake behavior, arousal, and KP metabolism.
Ursolic acid disturbs ROS homeostasis and regulates survival-associated gene expression to induce apoptosis in intestinal cancer cells
Authors: Rawat Laxminarayan , Nayak Vijayashree 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ursolic acid is a natural compound possessing several therapeutic properties including anticancer potential. In present study, cytotoxic and antimetastatic properties of ursolic acid were investigated in intestinal cancer cell lines INT-407 and HCT-116. The cells growth and number were decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner in both the cell lines. It also increases reactive oxygen species levels in the cells in order to induce apoptosis. Ursolic acid was found to be a significant inhibitor of cancer cells migration and gene expression of migration markers FN1, CDH2, CTNNB1 and TWIST was also downregulated. Ursolic acid treatment downregulated the gene expression of survival factors BCL-2, SURVIVIN, NFKB and SP1, while upregulated the growth-restricting genes BAX, P21 and P53. These results indicate that ursolic acid has anticancer and antimetastatic properties against intestinal cancer. These properties could be beneficial in cancer treatment and could be used as complementary medicine.
Low-cost chamber design for simultaneous CO2 and O2 flux measurements between tree stems and the atmosphere
Authors: Helm Juliane , Hartmann Henrik , Göbel Martin , Hilman Boaz , Herrera Ramírez David , Muhr Jan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Tree stem CO2 efflux is an important component of ecosystem carbon fluxes and has been the focus of many studies. While CO2 efflux can easily be measured, a growing number of studies have shown that it is not identical with actual in situ respiration. Complementing measurements of CO2 flux with simultaneous measurements of O2 flux provides an additional proxy for respiration, and the combination of both fluxes can potentially help getting closer to actual measures of respiratory fluxes. To date, however, the technical challenge to measure relatively small changes in O2 concentration against its high atmospheric background has prevented routine O2 measurements in field applications. Here, we present a new and low-cost field-tested device for autonomous real-time and quasi-continuous long-term measurements of stem respiration by combining CO2 (NDIR-based) and O2 (quenching-based) sensors in a tree stem chamber. Our device operates as a cyclic-closed system and measures changes in both CO2 and O2 concentration within the chamber over time. The device is battery powered with a &gt;1-week power independence, and data acquisition is conveniently achieved by an internal logger. Results from both field and laboratory tests document that our sensors provide reproducible measurements of CO2 and O2 exchange fluxes under varying environmental conditions.
Pelecanimimus(Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria) postcranial anatomy and the evolution of the specialized manus in Ornithomimosaurs and sternum in maniraptoriforms
Authors: Cuesta Elena , Vidal Daniel , Ortega Francisco , Shibata Masateru , Sanz José L 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPelecanimimus polyodon was discovered in 1993 in the Spanish Barremian fossil site of Las Hoyas, being the first ornithomimosaur described from Europe. So far, there has been no detailed description of the holotype of Pelecanimimus, which is composed of the anterior-half of an articulated skeleton. Here we report a new, detailed, revised and more accurate osteological description of its postcranial skeleton, comparing this new data to information about Ornithomimosauria from the last three decades. This osteological and phylogenetic analysis of Pelecanimimus shows several ornithomimosaur synapomorphies and a unique combination of characters that emend its original diagnosis. Pelecanimimus diverged early in Ornithomimosauria and reveals an enlargement trend of the manus, shared with derived ornithomimosaurians, due to a long metacarpal I and elongated distal phalanges. This evolutionary novelty, and other synapomorphies, has led to the definition of a new clade, Macrocheiriformes, including Pelecanimimus and more derived ornithomimosaurs. Pelecanimimus has the only ossified sternal plates among ornithomimosaurs and the first evidence of uncinate processes in a non-maniraptoran theropod, indicating a convergent appearance of these structures in Coelurosauria. The character combination in an early-diverging ornithomimosaur like Pelecanimimus found in this analysis provides a key step in the evolution of the manus and pectoral girdle in Ornithomimosauria.
Effects of clinicopathological factors on prognosis of young patients with resected breast cancer
Authors: Li Wen , Deng Yunfu , Wu Qiang , Chen Wenjie , Liu Zhengkun , Wang Ting , Ai Cheng , Chen Fang , Wang Zhu , Ma Guangzhi , Zhou Qinghua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study aims to analyze the relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and survival in young patients (≤35 years old) with resected breast cancer.
A total of 173 cases were included in this study. The clinicopathological factors potentially associated with prognosis were evaluated. Furthermore, we categorized patients into different groups to evaluate the prognosis according to hormone receptor status or important risk factors.
Younger age (≤30 years) was an independent predictor for poor disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Besides, PR negative status, tumor grade, and advanced lymph nodes postsurgery were independent prognostic factors of DFS, while PR negative status and advanced lymph nodes postsurgery were independent prognostic factors of OS. For hormone receptor-positive patients, people with ER+ or PR+ and HER2−/+ showed poorer prognosis than the other 2 levels. Risk factor grouping based on the ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67 status, tumor grade, and lymph nodes postsurgery showed that patients in highest score group received the poorest prognosis. Grading system based on the hormone status or the risk factor grouping may offer a useful approach to assess which subgroups of young breast cancer present poorer prognosis.
Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pancreatic cancer related pain
Authors: He Lihua , Tan Keping , Lin Xianming , Yi Hui , Wang Xueliang , Zhang Jiangsong , Lin Jietao , Lin Lizhu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background:
Up to 80% of patients with pancreatic cancer experience abdominal and back pain. Although pharmacologic medications provide some relief, many report inadequate analgesia and adverse effects. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive physical modality and had been widely applied for pain relieving, yet no study has investigated the effectiveness of TENS for pain in pancreatic cancer.

Methods:
Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to TENS group or control group. The primary outcome was percentage change of numerous rating scale (NRS) after treatment. Secondary outcomes included percentage change of analgesic medication consumption and effect on constipation and poor appetite.

Results:
One hundred seventy-one patients were recruited (84 to control group and 87 to TENS group). NRS in TENS group has been largely decreased 77.9% right after treatment and 27.1% in 2 hours, before applying any analgesic medication, while that in control group was slightly downregulated right after treatment but gave a trend to increase at 1, 2, and 3 hours. When comparing both groups, pain was significantly well controlled without analgesic medication supplement in TENS group at 0 hour (difference in mean percent change in NRS = 50.0 [95% CI, 50–51.4], P < .01) and 3 hours (difference in mean percent change in NRS = 134.0 [95% CI, 130.0–142.7], P < .01) after treatment, and this analgesic effect last to 3 weeks after treatment cycle (difference in mean percent change in NRS = 22.5 [95% CI, 17.6–27.3], P < .01) without increase of analgesic medication consumption.

Conclusions:
TENS reduces pain without increase analgesic medication consumption in patients with pancreatic cancer pain. It provides an alternative therapy for pain in pancreatic cancer.

Clinical Trial Registration:
This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03331055.
Clinical characteristics of 2,459 severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients
Authors: Zhong Zhimei , Li Hongyuan , Zhu Jieyun , Ji Pan , Li Bocheng , Pang Jielong , Zhang Jianfeng , Liang Xiangdong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Our study aims to summarize the clinical characteristics of patients with severe or critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Five databases were electronically searched to collect studies describing clinical characteristics of severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients and published between January 1, 2020 and April 12, 2020. Three reviewers independently collected the literature, extracted the required data, and assessed the risk of publication bias of the included studies before including the studies in the meta-analysis.
A total of 40 studies involving 2459 patients with severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that a greater proportion of severe or critically COVID-19 patients were male (62.3%), and the 2 main clinical symptoms were fever (87.4%) and cough (66.3%). Other common clinical symptoms included dyspnea (45.3%), chest tightness (37.4%), fatigue (36.6%), and expectoration (31.9%). Minor symptoms included myalgia (19.5%), dizziness (11.5%), headache (11.4%), diarrhea (11.2%), pharyngalgia (11.0%), nausea, and vomiting (5.9%). Most patients showed elevated levels of C-reactive protein (83.5%) and D-dimer (73.3%), lymphopenia (70.3%), and normal leukocyte counts (56.9%). Other findings included abnormal levels of liver function (39.8%), elevated procalcitonin (36.6%), leukocytosis (21.7%), thrombocytopenia (19.0%), and leucopenia (18.2%). Most patients showed acute respiratory distress syndrome (60.8%). Other complications included acute cardiac injury (37.1%), shock (32.0%), and acute kidney injury (22.0%).
The most common symptoms of severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients were fever and cough. Most patients showed lymphopenia, elevated levels of C-reactive protein and D-dimer. A large percentage of patients progress to ARDS, acute cardiac injury, acute kidney injury and shock were also common.
Prevalence and clinical characteristics of hospitalized children with community-acquired Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia during 2017/2018, Chengde, China
Authors: Su Meng , Wang Qian , Li Dan , Wang Ling-Ling , Wang Chun-Yang , Wang Jiang-Li , Zhang Qing , Du Luan-Ying , Liu Jian-Ying , Xie Guang-Cheng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Community acquired-pneumonia (CAP) has varying causative pathogens and clinical characteristics. This study investigated the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M pneumoniae) and evaluated the clinical characteristics in infected hospitalized children by disease severity.
From throat swabs of hospitalized children (5 months to 14 years) with CAP collected between November 2017 and May 2018, M pneumoniae and other CAP pathogens were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Differences in clinical and laboratory test data were compared between severe and mild case groups.
Of 333 hospitalized children enrolled, 221/333 (66.4%) tested positive for M pneumoniae and 24/221 (10.9%) patients were (n = 9, aged <5 years vs n = 15, ≥5 years) single infection by PCR, however, only 170/333 (51.1%) patients were presented with M pneumoniae IgM-positive. M pneumoniae detection rate by PCR was higher than by immunoglobulin (IgM) serology. In 123/221 (55.7%) M pneumoniae infected patients, coinfection with bacterial pathogens (n = 61, <5 years vs n = 62, ≥5 years) occurred. Children (aged 3–8 years) had most M pneumoniae infection. Severe M pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) in children occurred mostly in older age (7 [interquartile ranges {IQR}, 6–8] years; P < .0001), with longer cough days (14 [IQR, 10–19.5] days; P = .002) and hospitalization duration (9.5 [IQR, 7–12.3] days; P < .0001), lower lymphocyte ratio (24.1, [IQR, 20.0–31.1] %; P = .001), higher neutrophils ratio (66.0, [IQR, 60.2–70.3]%; P < .0001), and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level (3.8, [IQR, 1.3–10.9] mg/L; P = .027).

M pneumoniae is the most commonly detected pathogen in CAP. High coinfection prevalence increases diagnosis difficulty by clinically nonspecific characteristics. M pneumoniae detection by PCR with IgM may improve precise and reliable diagnosis of community-acquired MPP.