bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycogone perniciosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycogone perniciosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated mushrooms,
Pluteus
sp.,
Coprinus
sp.,
Panaeolus campanulatus, P. campestris
. DISEASE: Wet bubble disease, white mould. A serious mushroom disease appearing at an early stage as a white mycelial growth causing deformation of the gills and covering the cap. Total mycelial disorganization ensues with diseased carpophores exuding a brown malodorous liquid. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: In most parts of Europe, North America, Asia and Australasia where mushrooms are cultivated on a large scale. TRANSMISSION: By spread of spores and mycelial inoculum through watering and use of conlaminated compost, soil and implements. Air-borne spore dispersal is not considered important (47, 3661). Experimental inoculation through soil has been found to be more effective than direct application of the fungus to the sporophore (47, 1742).
Taphrina maculans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Taphrina maculans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Curcuma amada, C. angustifolia, C. longa, Hedychium acuminatum, Zingiber cassumunar, Z. mioga
and
Z. zerumbet
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of turmeric. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Burma and Japan. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores and conidia.
Erysiphe polygoni
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erysiphe polygoni
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Polygonum
and
Rumex
. DISEASE: Powdery mildew. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Initial infection is perhaps by persistent mycelium and wind-borne conidia. Ascospores from overwintered cleistothecia may also start new infections.
Corticium salmonicolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Corticium salmonicolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hevea brasiliensis
DISEASE: Pink disease of rubber (
Hevea brasiliensis
) and many other tropical woody plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the humid tropics. N. America (Mexico, USA (Florida)); Central America and West Indies; South America (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Surinam); Africa (Cameroon, Congo, Zaire, Gabon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo); Asia (Andaman Is., Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam); Australasia and Oceania, (Australia, New Zealand, British Solomon Islands, Fiji and other Pacific Islands); Europe (USSR (Caucasus)). TRANSMISSION: Believed to be transmitted by air-borne basidiospores and conidia.
Pestalotiopsis psidii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis psidii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Psidium guajava
. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot and post-harvest fruit canker of Guava. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Ecuador, India, Malaysia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies reported. Has been recorded from surface soil in a guava plantation (44, 192a) and isolated from mummified fruits (30, 185), and in India conidia have been shown to survive periods of high temperature so that they may provide inoculum at the onset of the monsoon (31, 390).
Potebniamyces coniferarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Potebniamyces coniferarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On living and dead branches, stems and leaves of conifers:
Picea excelsa, Abies grandis, A. alba, Cedrus atlantica
,
C. deodara, C. libani, Larix leptolepis, L. decidua, L. russica, L
. ×
eurolepis, L. occidentalis, Pinus strobus, P
.
sylvestris, P. radiata, P. canariensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, P. douglasii, P. glauca, P. taxifolia, Sequoia gigantea, S. wellingtonia, Tsuga heterophylla, T. canadensis
. DISEASE: A facultative pathogen which causes twig die-back and basal canker on young shoots and elongate cankers on older stems. The latter may be annual or may persist for three or four years.
Larix, Pinus
and
Pseudotsuga
are particularly susceptible. The fungus also causes blue sap stain of conifer timber. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, USSR, Romania, Iceland); North America (N.E. and N.W. USA, Canada); New Zealand. (CMI Map 320, ed. 2, 1968) TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed conidia and possibly by ascospores.
Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pisum sativum, Trifolium pratense
and other members of the
Leguminosae
. Also isolated abundantly from soil. DISEASE: Clover black stem; summer black stem and leaf spot of clover. Pycnidia on
Pisum
occur on upper taproots, stems and within spots on leaves and pods. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Netherlands, Germany, Poland and elsewhere); North America (USA, Canada). TRANSMISSION: Externally seed-borne in peas (Jones, 1927). Dispersed in the crop by splash-liberated conidia from infected tissues.
Botryodiplodia theobromae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Botryodiplodia theobromae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, on approximately 500 host plants (30, 181; Wellman, 1954; Goss
et al.
, 1961). Also isolated from ulcerated human cornea, lesions on nail and subcutaneous tissue. DISEASES: Causing or associated with damping-off, wilt, blight, die-back, root rot, collar rot, stem necrosis, panel necrosis of rubber, gummosis, black band disease of jute, stump rot, bole rot, rot of sugarcane, leaf spot, witches' broom, fruit blight, fruit rot, pod rot of cacao, boll rot of cotton, seed rot, storage rot of cassava, sweet potato and yams. Also causes loss of cuttings in cacao and budding failure in rubber. Blue staining of timber and blue spotting of crepe rubber. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide but mainly confined to an area 40° north to 40° south of the equator. TRANSMISSION: By wind and water from decaying plantations and orchards (Meredith, 1961; Stover, 1972). Seed-borne in cacao, cotton, groundnut, loquat,
Musa
spp., rubber and
Strophanthus intermedius
(Noble & Richardson, 1968). Also by soil-borne conidia. It may be disseminated by insects (48, 2007; 51, 2936). Conidia on seeds viable for 4 months and mycelium for 1 yr. (44, 1223).
Ramularia gossypii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia gossypii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium
spp. DISEASE: Grey mildew of cotton (
Gossypium
). The symptoms occur chiefly on the older leaves as the plants mature. The spots are hypophyllous, rarely amphigenous, pale at first, becoming darker, (1-) 3-4 (-10) mm diam., angular, irregular in shape, limited by the leaf veins; conidia in profusion give a frosted appearance to the spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with hosts (CMI Map 260, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported.
Rhizopus stolonifer
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizopus stolonifer
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soil, fruit and vegetables and decaying plant material, and associated with disorders of man and animals. DISEASE: Causes a wet, pale brown soft rot of many fruit and vegetables. Particularly severe in storage on sweet potatoes, peaches and strawberries. Known as 'whiskers' because of profuse mycelial growth or 'leek' because of soft watery rot. Mildly parasitic to maturing fruit before they are harvested but primarily a wound invading fungus. It is reported as poisoning man (RMVM 6, 1831) and cattle (RMVM 6, 2161) and, experimentally, rats (RMVM 6, 1831). This species has been reported from various phycomycoses of man (RMVM 7, 1885, 3081, 4440; 11, 406), from bovine mycotic abortion (RMVM 6, 2145) and is reported to be experimentally pathogenic to rabbits (RMVM 7, 4027). However, doubt is cast on the role of
R. stolonifer
as a pathogenic organism in warm-blooded animals as it does not grow at 37°C. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores and also by fruit flies (
Drosophila melanogaster
) associated with decaying fruits (43, 576).
Mucor pusillus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mucor pusillus
[Rhizomucor pusillus]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soil, air, mushroom compost, stored barley, fermenting cacao, bagasse, birds' nests and pathogenic to man and other warm-blooded animals (causing mycoses). DISEASE:
Plants
: causes storage rot and subsequent loss of stored grain which can be controlled by preventing heating of grain by adequate drying and ventilation and prevention of storage pests which often initiate heating and subsequent moulding.
Man and animals
: A commonly reported cause of phycomycosis in man and other warm blooded animals. It has been recorded from infections of many organs of the body including the alimentary tract, brain, heart, lungs, lymph nodes and nasopharynx of various hosts. The host range includes man (RMVM 2, 690; 9, 984, 469), cattle (RMVM 9, 473; 10, 1970), dog, harp seal (RMVM 3, 1664), horse (RMVM 3, 1249), pig, sheep (Borodenok, 1961) and wild fowl. It also causes mycotic abortion in cattle. It has been used in studies on experimental phycomycosis in mice (RMVM 3, 1566; 2, 1916), rabbits (RMVM 7, 4027; 2, 690), guineapig (RMVM 2, 690) and fowl (RMVM 7, 863). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably world-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores.
Mucor racemosus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mucor racemosus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soil, animal droppings, air, stored fruit and vegetables and associated with disorders of man and animals. DISEASE:
Plants
: Causes a spongy storage rot of various vegetables and fruit, e.g. sweet potatoes, potatoes and citrus, when kept at temperatures below 7°C (Chupp & Sherf, 1960).
Man and animals
: There are reports from bovine mycotic abortion (Austwick & Venn, 1962), avian pulmonary phycomycosis (RMVM 8, 596) and from skin in disease of guineapig (RMVM 7, 2000). However, doubt is cast on the role of
M. racemosus
as a pathogenic organism in warm blooded animals as it does not grow at 37°C. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Pezizella oenotherae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pezizella oenotherae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acer pseudoplatanus, Ampelopsis, Calluna, Castanea, Cercis, Cornus, Dianthus caryophyllus, Dissotis paucistellata, Duchesnia, Epilobium angustifolium, Eucalyptus robusta, E. saligna, Fagus sylvatica, Fragaria vesca, Gaultheria, Gaura, Hicoria, Jambosa, Lythrum, Nyssa, Oenothera, Paeonia suffruticosa, Pelargonium, Populus, Potentilla, Prunus, Quercus, Rhododendron, Rhus, Ribes, Rosa sentifolia, Rubus, Salix, Smilax, Ulmus, Vitis
. DISEASE: Black lesion root rot of strawberry, strawberry fruit rot, strawberry leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide. Europe (UK, Germany, Cyprus); Africa, (Malawi, Guinea, Zambia); N. America (USA, Canada); Asia (India, Singapore, Korea, Malaysia, Israel); Australia, New Zealand.
Cryptostroma corticale
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cryptostroma corticale
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acer campestris, A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, A. saccharum
and other species;
Tilia
spp.,
Carya alba
and on dead wood, sawn timber and pulp of sycamore. DISEASE: Sooty bark disease of sycamore. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, France, Germany, Italy); North America (USA, Canada) (CMI Map 272, ed. 2, 1971). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Gymnosporangium confusum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium confusum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on hawthorn (
Crataegus
), European quince (
Cydonia vulgaris
), Japanese quince (
Chaenomeles japonica
) and medlar (
Mespilus germanica
); also on
Cotoneaster
and
Sorbus
, and occasionally weak infections on pear (
Pyrus communis
). Telia on junipers of both the '
oxycedrus
' and '
sabina
' groups. DISEASE: Medlar rust. Aecia chiefly on the leaves but also on stems, calyces and fruit. Telia on slight fusiform swellings of twigs and branches of juniper. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout Europe, extending into Asia (India, Iran, Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey, USSR) and Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia). Also established in USA (California) (CMI Map 429, ed. 1, 1967).
Gymnosporangium globosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium globosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia chiefly on hawthorn (
Crataegus
), also on apple (
Malus sylvestris
) and other
Malus
spp., pear (
Pyrus communis
) and
Sorbus
. Telia on
Juniperus virginiana
and related species of the '
sabina
' group. DISEASE: American hawthorn rust. Aecia chiefly on the leaves, rare on fruit. Telia perennial on globoid stem galls on juniper. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in eastern states of Canada and the USA. Also recorded in Alaska (CMI Map 123, ed. 2, 1975).
Gymnosporangium libocedri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium libocedri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on apple (
Malus sylvestris
) and other
Malus
spp., pear (
Pyrus communis
) and quince (
Cydonia vulgaris
). Also on
Amelanchier, Chaenomeles, Crataegus
and
Sorbus
. Telia on
Calocedrus (Libocedrus) decurrens
. DISEASE: Aecia on leaves and fruits. Telia on leaves; usually not causing distortions but sometimes witches' brooms present. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Northwestern USA (Washington, Oregon to northern California and Nevada).
Gymnosporangium yamadae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium yamadae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on apple (
Malus sylvestris
) and other
Malus
spp. Telia on
Juniperus chinensis
. DISEASE: Japanese apple rust. Aecia on leaves rarely on stems and fruit. Telia on globoid swellings or galls of juniper. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Korea, China.
Erwinia chrysanthemi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia chrysanthemi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a number of widely different plants, including
Aechmea fasciata, Aglaonema pictum, Ananas comosus, Begonia bertini, Chrysanthemum
spp.,
Colocasia esculenta, Dahlia
spp.,
Dianthus caryophyllus, Dieffenbachia
spp.,
Euphorbia pulcherrima, Musa
sp.,
Parthenium argentatum, Philodendron
spp.,
Saccharum officinarum, Saintpaulia ionantha, Syngonium podophyllum
and
Zea mays
. DISEASE: Symptoms are stunting, yellowing, wilting, necrosis of parenchyma or soft rotting according to host plant, pathotype and environmental conditions. Stunting and wilting usually appear on
Begonia, Chrysanthemum
, carnation,
Dahlia
and poinsettia. Rots appear on leaves of
Aechmea, Philodendron
and
Saintpaulia
, while various other parts show rotting with other hosts. On sugarcane a leaf mottle is produced. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The species is probably world wide, but the different distributions of the strains or pathotypes (see below) must be distinguished as follows:
Dianthus
: Europe (CMI Map 425, ed. 1, 1967) to which should be added Italy (46, 3461), USA (47, 2498) and New Zealand (52, 3341);
Zea
: Egypt, Sudan, Rhodesia, S. Africa, India, USA, France, Italy, possibly Greece;
Chrysanthemum
: UK, Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, Japan;
Dahlia
: Netherlands, Romania;
Dieffenbachia
: Germany, Italy, USA;
Saintpaulia
: France, Germany, USA;
Begonia
: Netherlands;
Aechmea
: Italy;
Ananas
: Malaysia;
Colocasia
: Solomon Islands;
Musa
: Central America and probably most other banana-growing areas;
Philodendron, Parthenium, Euphorbia
and
Aglaonema
: all confined to USA;
Saccharum
: Australia (Qd., NSW). TRANSMISSION: Usually in or on vegetative propagating material. Cuttings and setts from infected plants are frequently infected. Cutting knives may carry inoculum to healthy material. Transmission in soil and planting medium is also possible. Serious outbreaks have occurred after holding a large number of cuttings together in water prior to planting. The sugarcane pathogen is rapidly spread by flood water (48, 2533). Maize stalk rot is carried by water splash. It is often associated with overhead irrigation (48, 1675; 55, 204).
Erwinia rhapontici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia rhapontici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rheum rhaponticum
and seed of
Triticum
sp. DISEASE: Crown rot of rhubarb. Infection usually occurs at soil level or a little below, begninning as a brownish rot that gradually extends into the centre of the root. A cavity may be formed, and the flesh below the crown turns brown, then black. The plant is steadily weakened until finally the crown decays or breaks away, and small spindly leaves grow from lateral buds. Pink grain of wheat. The grain is coloured pink and has an internal cavity below the hilum. Germination of the seed is reduced and plants are retarded by about 3 weeks (Luisetti & Rapilly, 1967). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: England, Wales and Poland are listed in CMI Map 145. To these should be added USA (Oklahoma) (19, 295) and possibly Norway (7, 700). On wheat, pink grain has been reported from England (55, 699), France (Luisetti & Rapilly, 1967), and possibly Australia where pink coloration of grain has been reported (33, 21). TRANSMISSION: In rhubarb the nematode
Anguillulina dipsaci
is known to assist the bacterium to enter the crowns (Metcalfe, 1940). It probably also transmits the organism. Wounding is needed for the bacteria to gain entry, and this undoubtedly occurs during the procedures connected with cultivation and vegetative propagation. Infected setts could transmit this disease into new areas.
Pseudomonas amygdali
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas amygdali
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Prunus amygdalus
[Prunus dulcis]
. Other stone fruits have been inoculated without success. DISEASE: Bacteriosis of almond. Perennial cankers are formed on branches and twigs, usually at leaf scars. They begin as swellings of the bark that crack open and become surrounded by swollen and darkened cortical tissue. They remain actively growing all the year round, reaching 3-5 cm long in 2 years and eventually up to 15-20 cm. If a branch is girdled by canker the part above dies. Buds near the cankers often fail to open in the spring and as the disease progresses trees steadily decline. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Greece (Crete), Turkey (55, 324). TRANSMISSION: This has not yet been reported, but as cankers are usually sited at leaf scars it seems likely that bacteria are carried to these scars in wet conditions at, or soon after, leaf fall.
Davisomycella ampla
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Davisomycella ampla
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. strobus, P. pinaster, P. radiata
. DISEASE: Jack pine needle blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (USA, Canada); South America (Brazil); New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Lophodermella sulcigena
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Millar C. S. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermella sulcigena
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus sylvestris, P. mugo, P. nigra
var.
maritima, P. contorta
. DISEASE: Pine needle blight, leading to premature needle cast; 'Swedish pine cast'. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Records from Czechoslovakia, Estonian SSR, Finland, Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid/wet weather.