bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encapsulation of 5‐Fluorouracil Treated Reduced Graphene Oxide in Sodium Alginate Matrix for Controlled and pH‐Responsive Drug Delivery
Authors: Boddu Adilakshmi , Obireddy Sreekanth Reddy , Subbarao Subha Marata Chinna , Rao Kummara Madhusudana , Venkata Krishna Rao Kummari Subba 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe present work encompasses the fabrication of sodium alginate microbeads embedded with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for pH‐responsive drug delivery. Initially, 5‐FU is treated with rGO and then encapsulated with an alginate matrix by a simple ionotropic gelation technique with different cross‐linking agents for the controlled release of 5‐FU. The resultant beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Besides, swelling andin vitrodrug release studies were also carried out at pH 1.2, 5.4, and 6.8 at 37 °C. The presence of rGO in the alginate matrix could greatly enhance the 5‐FU loading and accomplish sustained release of 5‐FU. The presence of Mg2+ions in the alginate matrix could greatly affect the swelling and release rate. The anticancer activity of the alginate beads was assessed using an MTT assay against MCF‐7 cells. The results findings that the developed alginate beads are probably to be effective drug carriers for drug delivery applications.
Ultrasonic Assisted Facile Synthesis of N‐Arylamides Using Nitriles and 1‐Aryltriazenes Precursors Promoted by Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Sutar Suraj M. , Kalkhambkar Rajesh G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUltrasonic assisted rapid and eco‐friendly synthesis of an array of N‐aryl amides is accomplished in good to better yields employing Brønsted acidic ionic liquid as promoter. The similar reaction also progressed under conventional mode of heating,but at relatively slower rate. Structurally varied 1‐aryltriazenes and aliphatic/aromatic nitriles are evaluated in this metal‐free approach and demonstrate the versatility of this protocol. A better functional group tolerance, mild reaction conditions, ultrasonic assistance, short reaction time, reuse and recycle of Brønsted acidic ionic liquid makes this method more practical and efficient to the existing methods.
Modulating Local Charge Distribution of Carbon Nitride for Promoting Exciton Dissociation and Charge‐Induced Reactions
Authors: Chen Guang , Zhang Zi‐Dan , Liao Ya‐Xian , Zhang Ze , You Ye‐Zi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe sustainable light can generate reduction and oxidation centers in situ through the generation of photoexcited electrons and holes in the presence of photocatalyst. However, the photoexcited electrons and holes have huge Coulombic attraction and high exciton binding energy due to the weak screening effect and dielectric properties in many low‐dimensional conjugated polymers, such as carbon nitride. Reducing the exciton binding energy of carbon nitride and promoting the conversion of excitons into free charge carriers are necessary for improving the activity of photocatalytic reactions but still very challenging. Here, by introducing amino‐cyano functional groups into carbon nitride, it is demonstrated that excitons can be effectively dissociated into electrons and holes by finely controlling the charge distribution of heptazine ring. It is found that carbon nitride with heptazine rings of positive charge distribution can greatly reduce the exciton binding energy to 24 from 71 meV. Compared with heptazine ring having negative charge distribution, heptazine ring with positive charge distribution can increase photocatalytic hydrogen production of carbon nitride by up to ten times. This work provides an easy way to promote the dissociation of excitons in carbon nitride by regulating the charge distribution.
Critical Role of Ti4+ in Stabilizing High‐Voltage Redox Reactions in Li‐Rich Layered Material
Authors: Cho Moses , Song Seok Hyun , Hong Seokjae , Kim Kyoung Sun , Avdeev Maxim , Yoo Jong‐Gyu , Ko Kyung‐Tae , Hong Jihyun , Kim Jongsoon , Lee Seongsu , Kim Hyungsub 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLi‐rich layered oxide materials are considered promising candidates for high‐capacity cathodes for battery applications and improving the reversibility of the anionic redox reaction is the key to exploiting the full capacity of these materials. However, permanent structural change of the electrode occurring upon electrochemical cycling results in capacity and voltage decay. In view of these factors, Ti4+‐substituted Li2IrO3 (Li2Ir0.75Ti0.25O3) is synthesized, which undergoes an oxygen redox reaction with suppressed voltage decay, yielding improved electrochemical performance and good capacity retention. It is shown that the increased bond covalency upon Ti4+ substitution results in structural stability, tuning the phase stability from O3 to O1′ upon de‐lithiation during charging compared with O3 to T3 and O1 for pristine Li2IrO3, thereby facilitating the oxidation of oxygen. This work unravels the role of Ti4+ in stabilizing the cathode framework, providing insight for a fundamental design approach for advanced Li‐rich layered oxide battery materials.
Doped Vertical Organic Field‐Effect Transistors Demonstrating Superior Bias‐Stress Stability
Authors: Qiu Xincan , Guo Jing , Chen Ping‐An , Chen Kaixuan , Liu Yu , Ma Chao , Chen Huajie , Hu Yuanyuan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBias‐stress stability is essential to the practical applications of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), yet it remains a challenge issue in conventional planar OFETs. Here, the feasibility of achieving high bias‐stress stability in vertical structured OFETs (VOFETs) in combination with doping techniques is demonstrated. VOFETs with silver nanowires as source electrodes are fabricated and the device performance is optimized by understanding the influence of device parameters on performance. Then, the bias‐stress stability of the optimized PDVT‐10 VOFETs is investigated and found to be superior to the corresponding planar OFETs, which is attributed to reduced trapping effects of gate dielectrics in the VOFETs. Moreover, the bias‐stress stability can be further improved by doping PDVT‐10 to passivate bulk traps. Consequently, the characteristic time of doped PDVT‐10 VOFETs extracted from stretched exponential equation is found to be over four times larger than that of the planar PDVT‐10 OFETs under the same bias‐stress conditions. These results present the promising applications of VOFETs as well as an effective strategy to achieve highly bias‐stress stable OFETs.
Solvent‐Mediated Shell Dimension Reconstruction of Core@Shell PdAu@Pd Nanocrystals for Robust C1 and C2 Alcohol Electrocatalysis
Authors: Gao Fei , Zhang Yangping , You Huaming , Li Zhuolin , Zou Bin , Du Yukou 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe core@shell structure dimension of the Pd‐based nanocrystals deeply impacts their catalytic properties for C1 and C2 alcohol oxidation reactions. However, the precise simultaneous control on the synthesis of core@shell nanocrystals with different shell dimensions is difficult, and most synthesis on Pd‐based core@shell nanocatalysts involves the surfactants participation by multiple steps, thus leads to limited catalytic properties. Herein, for the first time, a facile one‐step surfactant‐free strategy is developed for shell dimension reconstruction of PdAu@Pd core@shell nanocrystals by altering volume ratios of mixed solvents. The Pd‐based sunflower‐like (SL) and coral grass‐like (CGL) nanocrystals are obtained with different 2D hexagonal nanosheet assembles and 3D network shells, respectively. Benefitting from the clean surface shell of 2D ultrathin nanosheets structure, high atom utilization efficiency, and robust electronic effect. The PdAu@Pd SL achieves the ascendant methanol/ethanol/ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (MOR/EOR/EGOR) activities, much higher than Pd/C catalysts, as well as the improved antipoisoning ability. Notably, this one‐step construction shell dimension of PdAu@Pd core@shell catalysts not only provide a significant reference for the improvement of surfactant‐free synthetic routes, but also shed light on the advanced engineering on shell dimensions in core@shell nanostructures for electrocatalysis and so forth.
An Innovative Way to Turn Catalyst into Substrate for Highly Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Kim Hye Ri , Lee Gahyeon , Nam Gyeong Duk , Kim Dongyoung , Joo Jong Hoon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe energy‐efficiency loss with high overpotential during hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as well as economic inefficiencies including high‐cost materials and complicated processes, is considered the major challenge to the implementation of electrochemical water splitting applications. The authors present a new platform for electrocatalysts that functions in an unprecedented way to turn a catalyst into substrate. The NiFe alloy catalyzed substrate (NiFe‐CS) described herein is substantially active and stable electrocatalyst for both HER and OER, with low overpotential of 33 and 191 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for HER and OER, respectively. This structure enables not only the maximization of electrochemically active sites, but also the formation of hydroxyl species on the surface as the active phase. These outstanding results provide a new pathway for the development of electrocatalysts used in energy conversion technology.
Stochastic and Age‐Dependent Proteostasis Decline Underlies Heterogeneity in Heat‐Shock Response Dynamics
Authors: Vertti‐Quintero Nadia , Berger Simon , Casadevall i Solvas Xavier , Statzer Cyril , Annis Jillian , Ruppen Peter , Stavrakis Stavros , Ewald Collin Y. , Gunawan Rudiyanto , deMello Andrew J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSignificant non‐genetic stochastic factors affect aging, causing lifespan differences among individuals, even those sharing the same genetic and environmental background. In Caenorhabditis elegans, differences in heat‐shock response (HSR) are predictive of lifespan. However, factors contributing to the heterogeneity of HSR are still not fully elucidated. Here, the authors characterized HSR dynamics in isogenic C. elegans expressing GFP reporter for hsp‐16.2 for identifying the key contributors of HSR heterogeneity. Specifically, microfluidic devices that enable cross‐sectional and longitudinal measurements of HSR dynamics in C. elegans at different scales are developed: in populations, within individuals, and in embryos. The authors adapted a mathematical model of HSR to single C. elegans and identified model parameters associated with proteostasis—maintenance of protein homeostasis—more specifically, protein turnover, as the major drivers of heterogeneity in HSR dynamics. It is verified that individuals with enhanced proteostasis fidelity in early adulthood live longer. The model‐based comparative analysis of protein turnover in day‐1 and day‐2 adult C. elegans revealed a stochastic‐onset of age‐related proteostasis decline that increases the heterogeneity of HSR capacity. Finally, the analysis of C. elegans embryos showed higher HSR and proteostasis capacity than young adults and established transgenerational contribution to HSR heterogeneity that depends on maternal age.
Plasmonic metal‐organic frameworks
Authors: Zheng Guangchao , Pastoriza‐Santos Isabel , Pérez‐Juste Jorge , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPlasmonic metal‐organic frameworks are composite nanoparticles comprising plasmonic metal nanoparticles (NPs) embedded within a metal‐organic framework (MOF) matrix. As a result, not only the functionalities of the individual components are retained, but synergistic effects additionally provide improved chemical and physical properties. Recent progress in plasmonic MOFs has demonstrated the potential for nanofabrication and various nanotechnology applications. Synthetic challenges toward plasmonic MOFs have been recently addressed, resulting in new opportunities toward practical applications, such as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering, therapy, and catalysis. The impact of key parameters (thermodynamic vs. kinetic) on the synthetic pathways of plasmonic MOFs is reviewed, while providing insight into related progress toward structure‐derived applications.
Effects of moisture content and heating temperature on the thermal expansion deformation of concrete
Authors: Li Qingtao , Sun Hufei , Wang Minghua , Liu Pu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe thermal expansion deformation of concrete is significantly influenced by high temperature and moisture content. Before being heated at elevated temperatures of 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C, the initial moisture content of concrete specimens was maintained at 0%, 3.22%, and 6.55%, respectively. The temperature in the furnace was maintained at the constant temperature until the concrete center also reached the target temperatures. The effects of moisture content and heating temperature on the compressive strength, mass loss, the rate of linear expansion (RLE), and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were analyzed. The difference of the thermal deformation of concrete before and after the furnace was maintained at the constant temperature were compared. The results showed that when the target temperature was 100°C or 300°C, the relatively lower moisture content resulted in a larger thermal expansion behavior. The RLE and CTE of concrete with the moisture content of 3.22% were the largest when the temperature was up to 200°C, and the volume expansion of concrete rapidly increased under this circumstance. After being heated and maintained at the target temperature until the center temperature of the concrete specimen also reached the target temperature, the RLE and CTE of concrete could be increased by 50% and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the holding time of heating temperature significantly influenced the thermal expansion behavior of concrete.
Engineering practices on surface damage inspection and performance evaluation of concrete bridges in China
Authors: Chen Airong , Fang Xurui , Pan Zichao , Wang Dalei , Pan Yue , Peng Bo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract·This paper mainly demonstrates some experiences in China regarding surface damage inspection and performance evaluation of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. To begin with, the mechanisms of the major damages of RC bridges such as chloride attack, concrete carbonation, and rebar corrosion are briefly reviewed. A statistical result of concrete cracking that exists in (prestressed) concrete bridges is presented as well. Second, the inspection practices of surface damages such as crack by using computer vision and deep learning on the RC pylons of the Jiang‐Yin Yangtze River bridge are demonstrated. Third, the specifications used in China for the performance evaluation of RC bridges are introduced. Its general philosophy and framework are explained. The Xia‐Men bridge is taken as an example to illustrate how to conduct a quantitative performance evaluation by following the instructions in China specifications. Finally, some perspectives on more advanced and efficient inspection techniques and performance evaluation methods are provided.
Performance and future directions of transition metal sulfide‐based electrode materials towards supercapacitor/supercapattery
Authors: Das Arya , Raj Benjamin , Mohapatra Mamata , Andersen Shuang Ma , Basu Suddhasatwa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAdvanced and sustainable energy storage technologies with tailorable electrochemically active materials platform are the present research dominancy toward an urgent global need for electrical vehicles and portable electronics. Moreover, intensive efforts are given to screen the widely available low‐cost materials with a focus to achieve superior electrochemical performance for the fabrication of energy storage devices. Transition metal‐based sulfides have prodigious technological credibility due to their compositional‐ and morphological‐based tunable electrochemical properties. Here the significant advances and present state‐of‐the‐art of such assured materials in different energy storage devices are discussed. Assessment of the intensive work invested in the progress of transition metals such as V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn Mo, and W based sulfides along with their structural/compositional engineering and addressable aspects for electrochemical performance enhancement are highlighted. Additionally, discussions on critical strategies for decisive mechanistic and kinetic views for charge storage phenomena with key challenges, such as volume expansions, low stability, and sluggish kinetics, are discussed. Finally, the challenges and future prospects demands for strategic approaches of such materials with prominence in futuristic directions are concluded.This article is categorized under:
Energy Efficiency > Science and Materials
Energy Research & Innovation > Science and Materials
Sociology in the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Moebius Stephan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the GDR (German Democratic Republic), sociology did not emerge until the 1960s. In 1963, the party program of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED, Socialist Unity Party of Germany, SUPG) explicitly called for the establishment of sociological research. GDR sociology developed under completely different conditions than in West Germany. It was overshadowed by Marxist-Leninist philosophy and political economy as well as instrumentalized by economic policy. Its focus was on the basic categories of work and production. The connection to economic policy and historical materialism promoted the tendency to economic reductionism in sociology. Sociology in the GDR was not based on the general tradition of sociology, which was understood as “bourgeois.” Besides Marx, the founding figures of sociology were avoided; not only were they seen as “bourgeois sociologists,” but many of them had also focused on meaningful action and the understanding of social processes rather than on the analysis of the laws of social development. Methodologically, the main focus was on quantitative methods. Sociology had the function of confirming the social laws whose theoretical interpretation was then reserved for historical materialism. It was not until the late 1980s that the situation changed somewhat and the relative autonomy of the social came increasingly into focus. This also led to first approaches to study the social position of women and gender relations. Overall, sociology in the GDR remained committed to a canonizing interpretation of Marxism-Leninism. In addition, it placed itself largely at the service of political power. Because of this its performance was limited enormously. Only when the social processes and dynamics could no longer be adequately described within the conventional ideological framework did certain changes occur.
Sociology in Germany After 1990
Authors: Moebius Stephan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile far-reaching intellectual influences changed the face of sociology in the 1980s, the development of sociology in the 1990s was first and foremost shaped by a concrete social and political transformation, the fall of the Berlin Wall. Soon after the German reunification, East German sociology almost entirely disappeared and West German sociology extended to the East. The triumph of capitalist society fostered a brief comeback of modernization theory. As the system change came along with severe social problems, theories and research projects focusing on social exclusion, precarious work, and xenophobia moved to the center stage of sociological thinking. The first decade of this century again brought about major changes for society and sociology. Market logic increasingly dominated social and education policy; economic thinking and its involvement in political affairs was on the rise and may have contributed to a marginalization of the influence of sociology on policy making. Characteristic is a further specialization and differentiation, visible through the multiplication of special sociologies. The landscape of sociological theory in Germany continued to change: Earlier, grand theories were dominant, whereas nowadays a trend toward sociological diagnoses of contemporary society can be observed. Overall, contemporary sociology in Germany can be characterized by the following features: (1) historically and philosophically informed sociological theory has always been and still is important, (2) German sociology lacks self-confidence compared to US-American sociology, (3) German sociology has a critical attitude and a strong tradition of public sociology, (4) self-critical debates and internal controversies have always existed and still persist in the field of German sociology. Most recently, this could be observed in the splitting off of the Academy of Sociology from the German Sociological Association and the accompanying debates.
Legal Basis and Regulatory Applications of the Once-Only Principle: The Italian Case
Authors: Gorgerino Francesco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study presents how the OOP is related to the constitutional and institutional principles concerning the good performance and impartiality of public authorities and the protection of citizens’ rights against the action of public administration, with special regard to the Italian regulatory framework. The national path towards the implementation of the principle is examined, starting from the obligation of the use of self-certifications in place of certificates and the automatic acquisition of data and documents in administrative procedures down to the digitalization of administrations and the interoperability of public databases. A specific paragraph is devoted to the OOP in public procurement, as crucial for development of the European digital single market.
TOOP Trust Architecture
Authors: Boldrin Luca , Sellitto Giovanni Paolo , Tepandi Jaak 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile information security nowadays represents a core concern for any organization, Trust Management is usually less elaborated and is only important when two or more organizations cooperate towards a common objective. The overall Once-Only Principle Project (TOOP) architecture relies on the concept of trusted sources of information and on the existence of a secure exchange channel between the Data Providers and the Data Consumers in this interaction framework. Trust and information security are two cross-cutting concerns of paramount importance. These two concerns are overlapping, but not identical and they span all of the interoperability layers, from the legal down to the technical, passing through organizational and semantic layers. While information security aims at the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information, trust establishment guarantees that the origin and the destination of the data and documents are authentic (authenticity) and trustworthy (trustworthiness), and that data and documents are secured against any modification by untrusted parties (integrity). In this chapter, the TOOP Trust Architecture is presented, starting from a simple abstract model of interaction between two agents down to the detailed end-to-end trust establishment architecture, modeled onto the Toop Reference Architecture presented in the previous chapter.