bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and genomic organization of the insect sHSP gene cluster and coordinate regulation in phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Leask Megan , Lovegrove Mackenzie , Walker Abigail , Duncan Elizabeth , Dearden Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Conserved syntenic gene complexes are rare in Arthropods and likely only retained due to functional constraint. Numerous sHSPs have been identified in the genomes of insects, some of which are located clustered in close proximity. Previous phylogenetic analyses of these clustered sHSP have been limited to a small number of holometabolous insect species and have not determined the pattern of evolution of the clustered sHSP genes (sHSP-C) in insect or Arthropod lineages.

Results
Using eight genomes from representative insect orders and three non-insect arthropod genomes we have identified that a syntenic cluster of sHSPs (sHSP-C) is a hallmark of most Arthropod genomes. Using 11 genomes from Hymenopteran species our phylogenetic analyses have refined the evolution of the sHSP-C in Hymenoptera and found that the sHSP-C is order-specific with evidence of birth-and-death evolution in the hymenopteran lineage. Finally we have shown that the honeybee sHSP-C is co-ordinately expressed and is marked by genomic features, including H3K27me3 histone marks consistent with coordinate regulation, during honeybee ovary activation.

Conclusions
The syntenic sHSP-C is present in most insect genomes, and its conserved coordinate expression and regulation implies that it is an integral genomic component of environmental response in arthropods.
Tomato transcriptomic response to Tuta absoluta infestation
Authors: D’Esposito Daniela , Manzo Daniele , Ricciardi Alessandro , Garonna Antonio Pietro , De Natale Antonino , Frusciante Luigi , Pennacchio Francesco , Ercolano Maria Raffaella 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
The South America pinworm, Tuta absoluta, is a destructive pest of tomato that causes important losses worldwide. Breeding of resistant/tolerant tomato cultivars could be an effective strategy for T. absoluta management but, despite the economic importance of tomato, very limited information is available about its response to this treat. To elucidate the defense mechanisms to herbivore feeding a comparative analysis was performed between a tolerant and susceptible cultivated tomato at both morphological and transcriptome level to highlight constitutive leaf barriers, molecular and biochemical mechanisms to counter the effect of T. absoluta attack.

Results
The tolerant genotype showed an enhanced constitutive barrier possibly as result of the higher density of trichomes and increased inducible reactions upon mild infestation thanks to the activation/repression of key transcription factors regulating genes involved in cuticle formation and cell wall strength as well as of antinutritive enzymes, and genes involved in the production of chemical toxins and bioactive secondary metabolites.

Conclusions
Overall, our findings suggest that tomato resilience to the South America pinworm is achieved by a combined strategy between constitutive and induced defense system. A well-orchestrated modulation of plant transcription regulation could ensure a trade-off between defense needs and fitness costs. Our finding can be further exploited for developing T. absoluta tolerant cultivars, acting as important component of integrated pest management strategy for more sustainable production.
Relation between body composition and severe diarrhea in patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation with capecitabine for rectal cancer: a single-centre cohort study
Authors: van Rees J. M. , Hartman W. , Nuyttens J. J. M. E. , Oomen-de Hoop E. , van Vugt J. L. A. , Rothbarth J. , Verhoef C. , van Meerten E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Chemoradiation with capecitabine followed by surgery is standard care for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Severe diarrhea is considered a dose-limiting toxicity of adding capecitabine to radiation therapy. The aim of this study was to describe the risk factors and the impact of body composition on severe diarrhea in patients with LARC during preoperative chemoradiation with capecitabine.

Methods
A single centre retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary referral centre. All patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation with capecitabine for LARC from 2009 to 2015 were included. Patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer who received chemoradiation for the first time were included as well. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for severe diarrhea.

Results
A total of 746 patients were included. Median age was 64 years (interquartile range 57–71) and 477 patients (64%) were male. All patients received a radiation dosage of 25 × 2 Gy during a period of five weeks with either concomitant capecitabine administered on radiation days or continuously during radiotherapy. In this cohort 70 patients (9%) developed severe diarrhea. In multivariable logistic regression analyses female sex (OR: 4.42, 95% CI 2.54–7.91) and age ≥ 65 (OR: 3.25, 95% CI 1.85–5.87) were the only risk factors for severe diarrhea.

Conclusions
Female patients and patients aged sixty-five or older had an increased risk of developing severe diarrhea during preoperative chemoradiation therapy with capecitabine. No relation was found between body composition and severe diarrhea.
Invasive pneumococcal disease in persons with predisposing factors is dominated by non-vaccine serotypes in Southwest Sweden
Authors: Bergman Karin , Härnqvist Tor , Backhaus Erik , Trollfors Birger , Dahl Mats S. , Kolberg Helena , Ockborn Gunilla , Andersson Rune , Karlsson Johanna , Mellgren Åsa , Skovbjerg Susann 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV7 was introduced in Southwest Sweden in the child vaccination program in 2009, followed by PCV13 in 2010 and PCV10 in 2015. In this retrospective cohort study we assessed the pneumococcal serotype distribution in relation to predisposing factors, clinical manifestations and outcome during seven years after PCV introduction.

Methods
Clinical data from 1278 patients with 1304 episodes of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) between January 2009 and December 2015 in Region Västra Götaland, Sweden, were retrospectively collected from medical records. Pneumococcal isolates were serotyped by gel diffusion and/or Quellung reactions performed at the Public Health Agency in Sweden. Associations between serotypes and clinical characteristics were statistically evaluated by use of Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test and Logistic regression analysis, whereas IPD episodes caused by serotypes over time were analyzed by Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test.

Results
With the exception of serotype 3, the prevalence of PCV13 serotypes decreased during the study period, from 76% (n = 157) of all IPD episodes in 2009 to 25% (n = 42) in 2015 (p < 0.001) while non-PCV13 serotypes increased, mainly among patients ≥65 years and in patients with predisposing factors, including cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease and malignancy (p < 0.001 for all). Patients with predisposing factors, including those with malignancy, immune deficiency or renal disease, were more likely to have IPD caused by a serotype not included in PCV13 rather than a vaccine-included serotype. Serotype 3 was associated with intensive care unit admissions while serotype 1 and 7F caused IPD among healthier and younger patients. PCV13 serotypes were associated with invasive pneumonia, and non-PCV13 serotypes were associated with bacteremia with unknown focus and with manifestations other than pneumonia or meningitis.

Conclusions
Non-PCV13 serotypes caused the majority of IPD cases in Southwest Sweden, especially in patients ≥65 years and in patients with predisposing factors. Serotype 3, included in PCV13, was prevalent and often caused severe disease.
Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bunduki Gabriel Kambale , Heinz Eva , Phiri Vincent Samuel , Noah Patrick , Feasey Nicholas , Musaya Janelisa 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are amongst the most frequent causes of urinary tract infections. We report a systematic review and meta-analysis of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of UPEC isolated from urinary tract infections.

Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using PRISMA guidelines (Research Registry ref. 5874). Data were extracted from PubMed/MEDLINE and ScienceDirect databases for studies published from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019. Studies reporting antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of UPEC isolated in confirmed urinary tract infections (≥105CFU/ml) were eligible. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of UPEC were estimated using random-effects meta-analysis model. Estimates with 95% confidence intervals, I-square (I2) statistic, and Cochran’s Q test were computed using the score statistic and the exact binomial method by incorporating the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation of proportions.

Results
Our search returned 2504 hits, of which 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis, totalling 1888 UPEC isolates. Highest antimicrobial resistance rates were observed among the antibiotic class of tetracycline in 69.1% (498/721), followed by sulphonamides in 59.3% (1119/1888), quinolones in 49.4% (1956/3956), and beta-lactams in 36.9% (4410/11964). Among beta-lactams, high resistance was observed in aminopenicillins in 74.3% (1157/1557) and first generation cephalosporins in 38.8% (370/953). Meanwhile, virulence factors with highest prevalence were immune suppressors (54.1%) followed by adhesins (45.9%). Taken individually, the most observed virulence genes were shiA (92.1%), CSH (80.0%), fimH/MSHA (75.3%), traT (75.1%), sisA (72.2%), iucD (65.7%), iutA (61.8%), kpsMTII (60.6%), and PAI (55.2%).

Conclusions
The increased antibiotic resistance of UPEC isolates was demonstrated and suggested a need for reassessment of empirical therapies in urinary tract infections treatment caused by this pathogen. In addition, this pathotype exhibited diverse surface and secreted virulence factors.
A proof-of-concept sub-study exploring feasibility and preliminary evidence for the role of physical activity on neural activity during executive functioning tasks among young adults after cancer treatment
Authors: Wurz Amanda , Ayson Gladys , Smith Andra M. , Brunet Jennifer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Executive functioning (EF) deficits are troubling for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) after cancer treatment. Physical activity (PA) may enhance neural activity underlying EF among older adults affected by cancer. Establishing whether PA enhances neural activity among AYAs is warranted. As part of a two-arm, mixed-methods pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT), this proof-of-concept sub-study sought to answer the following questions: (1) is it feasible to use neuroimaging with EF tasks to assess neural activity changes following a 12-week PA intervention? And (2) is there preliminary evidence that a 12-week PA intervention enhances neural activity among AYAs after cancer treatment?

Methods
AYAs in the pilot RCT were approached for enrollment into this sub-study. Those who were eligible and enrolled, completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with EF tasks (letter n-back, Go/No Go) pre- and post-PA intervention. Sub-study enrollment, adherence to scheduled fMRI scans, outliers, missing data, and EF task performance data were collected. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) analyses, and paired sample t-tests.

Results
Nine eligible participants enrolled into this sub-study; six attended scheduled fMRI scans. One outlier was identified and was subsequently removed from the analytical sample. Participants showed no differences in EF task performance from pre- to post-PA intervention. Increases in neural activity in brain regions responsible for motor control, information encoding and processing, and decision-making were observed post-PA intervention (p < 0.05; n = 5).

Conclusions
Findings show that fMRI scans during EF tasks detected neural activity changes (as assessed by the BOLD signal) from pre- to post-PA intervention. Results thus suggest future trials confirming that PA enhances neural activity underlying EF are needed, though feasibility issues require careful consideration to ensure trial success.

Trial registration
clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03016728. Registered January 11, 2017, clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03016728.
Risk perceptions among high-risk pregnant women in Nepal: a qualitative study
Authors: Rajbanshi Sushma , Norhayati Mohd Noor , Nik Hazlina Nik Hussain 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundA woman’s perception of risk affects her decisions about seeking obstetric care and following prescribed regimens of care. This study explored the perceptions of high-risk pregnancy among women with high-risk factors.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted in the Morang district, Nepal. A phenomenological approach was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with 14 participants. Postpartum women with one risk factor for high-risk pregnancy who non-adhere to referral hospital birth were selected purposively. Thematic analysis was done to generate themes and categories.FindingsTwo main themes emerged in this study: (i) knowledge and understanding of risk and (ii) normalizing and non-acceptance of risk. The participants had inadequate knowledge of risk in pregnancy and childbirth. Their information source was their personal experiences of risk, witnessing their close relatives, and community incidents. The participants perceived pregnancy as a normal event and did not consider themselves as at risk. They tended to deny risk and perceived that everything was fine with their pregnancy.ConclusionsThe findings of this study provide a glimpse into how women perceived risk and the reasons that lead them to deny the risks and gave home birth. In the presence of risk factors in pregnancy, some women were not convinced that they were at risk. An antenatal check-up should be utilized as a platform to educate women, explore their intentions, and encourage safer births.
Alteration in the mRNA expression profile of the autophagy-related mTOR pathway in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine
Authors: Cui Fengwei , Gu Shuguang , Gu Yue , Yin Jiajun , Fang Chunxia , Liu Liang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
The mammalian target of rapamycin protein (mTOR) signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and the mechanism of extrapyramidal adverse reactions to antipsychotic drugs, which might be mediated by an mTOR-dependent autophagy impairment. This study aimed to examine the expression of mTOR pathway genes in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine, which is considered an mTOR inhibitor and autophagy inducer.

Methods
Thirty-two patients with acute schizophrenia who had been treated with olanzapine for four weeks (average dose 14.24 ± 4.35 mg/d) and 32 healthy volunteers were recruited. Before and after olanzapine treatment, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to evaluate the symptoms of patients with schizophrenia, and the mRNA expression levels of mTOR pathway-related genes, including MTOR, RICTOR, RAPTOR, and DEPTOR, were detected in fasting venous blood samples from all subjects using real-time quantitative PCR.

Results
The MTOR and RICTOR mRNA expression levels in patients with acute schizophrenia were significantly decreased compared with those of healthy controls and further significantly decreased after four weeks of olanzapine treatment. The DEPTOR mRNA expression levels in patients with acute schizophrenia were not significantly different from those of healthy controls but were significantly increased after treatment. The expression levels of the RAPTOR mRNA were not significantly different among the three groups. The pairwise correlations of MTOR, DEPTOR, RAPTOR, and RICTOR mRNA expression levels in patients with acute schizophrenia and healthy controls were significant. After olanzapine treatment, the correlations between the expression levels of the DEPTOR and MTOR mRNAs and between the DEPTOR and RICTOR mRNAs disappeared.

Conclusions
Abnormalities in the mTOR pathway, especially DEPTOR and mTORC2, might play important roles in the autophagy mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and effects of olanzapine treatment.
Association between food intake and obesity in pregnant women living with and without HIV in Cape Town, South Africa: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Madlala Hlengiwe P. , Steyn Nelia P. , Kalk Emma , Davies Mary-Anne , Nyemba Dorothy , Malaba Thokozile R. , Mehta Ushma , Petro Gregory , Boulle Andrew , Myer Landon 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Although global nutrition/dietary transition resulting from industrialisation and urbanisation has been identified as a major contributor to widespread trends of obesity, there is limited data in pregnant women, including those living with HIV in South Africa. We examined food-based dietary intake in pregnant women with and without HIV at first antenatal care (ANC) visit, and associations with maternal overweight/obesity and gestational weight gain (GWG).

Methods
In an urban South African community, consecutive women living with (n = 479) and without (n = 510) HIV were enrolled and prospectively followed to delivery. Interviewer-administered non-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake (starch, protein, dairy, fruits, vegetables, legumes, oils/fats) at enrolment. Associations with maternal body mass index (BMI) and GWG were examined using logistic regression models.

Results
Among women (median age 29 years, IQR 25–34), the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) at first ANC was 43% and that of excessive GWG (per IOM guidelines) was 37% overall; HIV prevalence was 48%. In women without HIV, consumption of potato (any preparation) (aOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.02–3.84) and pumpkin/butternut (aOR 2.13, 95% CI 1.29–3.49) for 1–3 days a week increased the odds of overweight/obesity compared to not consuming any; milk in tea/coffee (aOR 6.04, 95% CI 1.37–26.50) increased the odds of excessive GWG. Consumption of eggs (any) (aOR 0.52, 95% CI 0.32–0.86) for 1–3 days a week reduced the odds of overweight/obesity while peanut and nuts consumption for 4–7 days a week reduced the odds (aOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.14–0.80) of excessive GWG.
In women with HIV, consumption of milk/yoghurt/maas to drink/on cereals (aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18–0.68), tomato (raw/cooked) (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.30–0.84), green beans (aOR 0.41, 95% CI 0.20–0.86), mixed vegetables (aOR 0.49, 95% CI 0.29–0.84) and legumes e.g. baked beans, lentils (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28–0.86) for 4–7 days a week reduced the odds of overweight/obesity; tomato (raw/cooked) (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.24–0.96) and mixed vegetables (aOR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18–0.78) also reduced the odds of excessive GWG.

Conclusions
Diet modification may promote healthy weight in pregnant women living with and without HIV.
Fertility sparing surgery in malignant ovarian Germ cell tumor (MOGCT): 15 years experiences
Authors: Zamani Narges , Rezaei Poor Mohadese , Ghasemian Dizajmehr Sedigheh , Alizadeh Shima , Modares Gilani Mitra 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Aim
We aim to evaluate the reproductive outcome of fertility-sparing surgery and chemotherapy among young women diagnosed with MOGCT of any stage.

Methods
In the current retrospective study we evaluated 79 patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (MOGCT) who visited at Imam Center, Vali-e-asr Hospital, Gynecologic Oncology department during 2001–2016. Reproductive outcomes (menstruation status and childbearing) followed fertility-preserving surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy by filling questionnaires. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software, Chi-Square Tests were done, and significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Results among 79 young women who underwent fertility-sparing treatment, 72 patients followed up for reproductive outcome, and 7 patients excluded because of death (3 cases), XY genotyping (3 cases), and bilateral ovarian involvement (1 case). The mean age at presentation was 23 years. (Range: 19–33 years). The 5 and 10-year disease-free survival rate was 87% and 94.4%, respectively. The overall survival rate (OSR) was 94.4% at 5 and 10 years. Regular menstruation recovered in 60 of 72 patients after treatment (83%). All patients without adjuvant chemotherapy experienced regular menstruation, while normal menstruation was retrieved in 78% in the adjuvant chemotherapy group at the end of treatment. This retrieval of regular menstruation was not dependent on the age or number of chemotherapy cycles. 19 of 26 patients who attempted pregnancy were led to delivery (73%). No one required infertility treatments. The mean of chemotherapy cycles is related to a successful pregnancy.

Conclusion
We showed patients with MOGCT could become pregnant and give birth if they desire. The advanced tumor stage wasn't the convincing factor for avoiding fertility preservation. Fertility sparing surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy is a safe treatment and results in a high fertility rate.