bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of grazing adaptation on herbage intake, milk production, and body weight change in lactating dairy cows after turning out to pasture in early spring
Authors: Mitani Tomohiro , Nakajima Sawako , Oh Seongjin , Kawai Masahito , Ueda Koichiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe present study investigated the effects of adaptation to grazing in early spring on the herbage intake, milk production, and body weight changes in lactating dairy cows. The experiment included 12 Holstein lactating cows during early spring. Six cows were allowed to gradually adapt to grazing (ADP) over 10 days. They were allowed to graze on a pasture for 4 h during the first week and for 19 h during the remaining 3 days (adaptation period). During the 10‐day period, the remaining six cows were housed in a barn (CON). Cows in both groups received adequate silage, hay, and concentrate during the adaptation period. Subsequently, cows in both groups were allowed to graze together for 19 h for 4 weeks (experimental period). No cow received supplements during the experimental period. In the first week of the experimental period, the ADP cows showed a higher herbage intake than the CON cows. During the subsequent weeks, there were no differences in herbage intake between the two groups. At the start of the experimental period, milk production and body weight of the ADP cows were higher than those of the CON cows, and this difference lasted until the end of the experiment.
FGF5 and EPAS1 gene polymorphisms are associated with high‐altitude adaptation in Nepalese goat breeds
Authors: Sasazaki Shinji , Tomita Koichiro , Nomura Yuto , Kawaguchi Fuki , Kunieda Tetsuo , Shah Manoj Kumar , Mannen Hideyuki 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSeveral studies have reported the gene polymorphisms associated with high‐altitude adaptation in goats. The FGF5 gene is a regulator in the hair‐growth and a SNP c.‐253G>A located within 5′UTR has been reported to cause long‐haired phenotype. The EPAS1 gene is a transcription factor for various genes that have hypoxia‐adaptive functions and a nonsynonymous SNP (Q579L) located in exon 5 has been reported to be associated with the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Nepal has large difference in altitudes in the north–south direction and four indigenous goat breeds are bred depending on the altitude. We used a total of 130 animals in Nepal, Chyangra (n = 37), Sinhal (n = 24), Khari (n = 33), and Terai (n = 36), and genotyped these two gene polymorphisms to compare the gene frequencies among the breeds and investigate the associations between breeding altitudes and allele frequencies. The genotyping results revealed that the mutant allele frequency in both polymorphisms tended to increase, as the breeding altitude of each population increased. In addition, correlation coefficients showed a relatively strong positive correlation between the breeding altitude and the mutant allele frequencies (r = 0.87 in FGF5 and r = 0.68 in EPAS1). These results suggested that both polymorphisms would significantly contribute to the high‐altitude adaptation in Nepalese goat breeds.
Antihistamine use during breastfeeding with focus on breast milk transfer and safety in humans: A systematic literature review
Authors: Ngo Elin , Spigset Olav , Lupattelli Angela , Panchaud Alice , Annaert Pieter , Allegaert Karel , Nordeng Hedvig 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCurrent data on use of antihistamines during breastfeeding and risks to the breastfed infant are insufficient. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of studies measuring the levels of antihistamines in human breast milk, estimating the exposure for breastfed infants and/or reporting possible adverse effects on the breastfed infant. An additional aim was to review the antihistamine product labels available in the European Union (EU) and the United States. We searched seven online databases and identified seven human lactation studies that included 25 mother–infant pairs covering cetirizine, clemastine, ebastine, epinastine, loratadine, terfenadine and triprolidine. In addition, one study investigated the impact of chlorpheniramine or promethazine on prolactin levels among 17 women, and one study investigated possible adverse drug reactions in 85 breastfed infants exposed to various antihistamines. The relative infant dose was below 5% for all antihistamines, ranging from 0.3% for terfenadine to 4.5% for clemastine. Most product labels of the 10 antihistamines with available information in both the EU and the United States reported lack of evidence and recommended to avoid use during breastfeeding. The knowledge gap on antihistamines and lactation is extensive, and further human studies are warranted to ensure optimal treatment of breastfeeding women with allergy.
Targeting autotaxin impacts disease advance in the SOD1‐G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Gento‐Caro Ángela , Vilches‐Herrando Esther , Portillo Federico , González‐Forero David , Moreno‐López Bernardo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA preclinical strategy to broaden the search of potentially effective treatments in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) relies on identifying factors controlling motor neuron (MN) excitability. These partners might be part of still unknown pathogenic pathways and/or useful for the design of new interventions to affect disease progression. In this framework, the bioactive membrane‐derived phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) affects MN excitability through LPA receptor 1 (LPA1). Furthermore, LPA1 knockdown is neuroprotective in transgenic ALS SOD1‐G93A mice. On this basis, we raised the hypothesis that the major LPA‐synthesizing ectoenzyme, autotaxin (ATX), regulates MN excitability and is a potential target to modulate disease development in ALS mice. We show here that PF‐8380, a specific ATX inhibitor, reduced intrinsic membrane excitability (IME) of hypoglossal MNs in brainstem slices, supporting that baseline ATX activity regulates MN IME. PF‐8380‐induced alterations were prevented by a small‐interfering RNA directed against mRNA for lpa1. These outcomes support that impact of ATX‐originated lysophospholipids on MN IME engages, at least, the G‐protein‐coupled receptor LPA1. Interestingly, mRNAatx levels increased in the spinal cord of pre‐symptomatic (1–2 months old) SOD1‐G93A mice, thus preceding MN loss. The rise in transcripts levels also occurred in cultured spinal cord MNs from SOD1‐G93A embryos, suggesting that mRNAatx upregulation in MNs is an etiopathogenic event in the ALS cell model. Remarkably, chronic administration in the drinking water of the orally bioavailable ATX inhibitor PF‐8380 delayed MN loss, motor deterioration and prolonged life span in ALS mice. Treatment also led to a reduction in LPA1‐immunoreactive patches in transgenic animals mostly in MNs. These outcomes support that neuroprotective effects of interfering with ATX in SOD1‐G93A mice rely, at least in part, on LPA1 knockdown in MNs. Therefore, we propose ATX as a potential target and/or a biomarker in ALS and highlight ATX inhibitors as reasonable tools with therapeutic usefulness for this lethal pathology.
Design and development of novel fasudil derivatives as potent antibreast cancer agent that improves intestinal flora and intestinal barrier function in rats
Authors: Liang Jinghui , Tang Mu , Wang Lieliang , Huang Rui , Fu Ailong , Zhou Juying 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study was conducted to develop novel fasudil derivatives after incorporation of substituted thiazoles as potent anti‐breast cancer (BC) agents. The compounds were developed using a facile synthetic route in excellent yields. The entire set of developed compounds was tested for inhibitory activity against rho‐associated coiled‐coil kinase (ROCK; ROCK1 and ROCK2) kinase, where they exhibit potent and selective inhibition of ROCK1 as compared to ROCK2. The most potent ROCK2 inhibitor, compound6hsignificantly inhibited the viability of BC cells (MCF‐7). It also causes inhibition of migration and invasion of MCF‐7 cells. Moreover, the anti‐BC activity of compound6hwas studied in 7,12 dimethyl Benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)‐induced BC in female Sprague Dawley rats. Results suggest that it causes significant improvement in the bodyweight of the animals with a reduction in oxidative stress in the liver and mammary tissues of rats. It showed improvement in the intestinal barrier function of rats by restoring the level of Diamine oxidase,d‐lactate, and endotoxin. In western blot analysis, it showed improvement in (ZO‐1), occludin, and claudin‐1 in the colon tissue of the rat as compared to the DMBA group. Our study demonstrated the development of the novel class of fasudil derivatives potent anti‐BC agent that improves intestinal flora and intestinal barrier function in rats.
Dominant‐negative pathogenic variant BRIP1 c.1045G>C is a high‐risk allele for non‐mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer: A case‐control study
Authors: Flaum Nicola , van Veen Elke M. , Smith Olivia , Amico Stephanie , Newman William G. , Crosbie Emma J. , Edmondson Richard , Smith Miriam J. , Evans D. Gareth 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBRIP1 is a moderate susceptibility epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) gene. Having identified the BRIP1 c.1045G>C missense variant in a number of families with EOC, we aimed to investigate the frequency of this and BRIP1.2392C>T pathogenic variant in patients with breast cancer (BC) and/or EOC. A case‐control study of 3767 cases and 2043 controls was undertaken investigating the presence of these variants using Sanger sequencing and gene panel data. Individuals with BC and/or EOC were grouped by family history. BRIP1 c.1045G>C was associated with increased risk of BC/EOC (OR = 37.7; 95% CI 5.3–444.2; P = 0.0001). The risk was highest for women with EOC (OR = 140.8; 95% CI 23.5–1723.0; P < 0.0001) and lower for BC (OR = 11.1; 95% CI 1.2–106.5; P = 0.1588). BRIP1 c.2392C>T was associated with smaller risks for BC/EOC (OR = 5.4; 95%CI 2.4–12.7; P = 0.0003), EOC (OR = 5.9; 95% CI 1.3–23.0; p = 0.0550) and BC (OR = 5.3; 95%CI 2.3–12.9; P = 0.0009). Our study highlights the importance of BRIP1 as an EOC susceptibility gene, especially in familial EOC. The variant BRIP1 c.1045G>C, rs149364097, is of particular interest as its dominant‐negative effect may confer a higher risk of EOC than that of the previously reported BRIP1 c.2392C>T nonsense variant. Dominant‐negative missense variants may confer higher risks than their loss‐of‐function counterparts.
Multimodality imaging approach for the diagnosis of a left atrial mass
Authors: Mansour Layal , Bellouche Yahia , Mansour Mohamad Jihad , Le Ven Florent , Mansourati Jacques 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundCardiac masses may be incidentally found or in relation to the clinical presentation. Depending on the complexity of the lesion, a multimodality imaging approach may be necessary for a proper diagnosis.Case ReportWe report the case of a 64‐year‐old male patient who was referred for pre‐chemotherapy work‐up of a metastatic scrotal melanoma. Echocardiography showed incidental heterogeneous left atrial mass. Further investigation using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography angiography, and positron emission tomography confirmed the findings that were consistent with a left atrial myxoma vascularized by a left circumflex coronary‐cameral fistula.ConclusionsWhen the clinical context may be misleading, assessment of a cardiac mass with a multimodality approach is essential in order to define its exact benign or malignant nature.
Eight‐carbon volatiles are more toxic to wild‐type Drosophila melanogaster than to flies with blocked immune system mutations
Authors: Almaliki Hadeel S. , Drazanin Emina , Sadovnik Ratchell , Yin Guohua , Bennett Joan W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrevious work using a Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) bioassay suggested that the innate immune response of the fly might contribute to the toxicity of certain fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we exposed wild‐type or immune‐deficient strains (NOS, Imd, and Toll) of Drosophila male adults to two concentrations (0.02 and 0.1 µmol ml‐1) of volatilized chemical standards of 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 3‐octanone, and 3‐octanol, and their viability was monitored for 24 h. All fly strains were killed within 2 h when exposed to 1‐octen‐3‐ol at 0.1 µmol ml‐1. The wild‐type, red‐eyed (OregonR) strain was more resistant to all three compounds at both concentrations than the white‐eyed strain (w1118) with wild‐type immune genes. Of the three compounds tested, 3‐octanol at 0.02 µmol ml‐1 was the least toxic to all Drosophila strains. Of the white‐eyed fly mutants, the NOS mutant was more resistant to VOC exposure than the white‐eyed strains carrying no defects in the immune system. The white‐eyed RelE20 (Imd) mutant flies were more susceptible to 0.02 µmol ml‐1 of 1‐octen‐3‐ol than the red‐eyed spz6 (Toll) mutants. Unexpectedly, the most resistant to the eight‐carbon (8‐C) volatiles was displayed by double mutant flies carrying blocked immune system mutations in both the Imd and Toll pathways (RelE20spz6). These data suggest that components of the wild‐type innate immune system of Drosophila are responsible for causing death in flies exposed to 8‐C volatiles.
Invasive alien plants in plant health revisited: another 10 years
Authors: Starfinger Uwe , Schrader Gritta 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTen years ago, the authors gave an overview of the early history of invasive alien plants in plant health. In the last decade, the field has seen further development, which is reported here. This includes new activities at the global scale, e.g. in the International Plant Protection Convention and the Convention on Biological Diversity, on a regional scale, e.g. in the EU and the region of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, and on a national scale. New activities include a prioritization scheme for the pest risk analysis of invasive alien plants, new Standards and regulations, and a further development of the cooperation between the environmental and plant health sectors.
When leverage ratio meets derivatives: Running out of options?*
Authors: Haynes Richard , McPhail Lihong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of Basel III leverage ratio on the competitive landscape of US derivatives markets. Because the leverage ratio focuses on notional amounts and does not fully recognize offsetting positions and risk‐mitigating collateral, it is more likely the binding constraint for derivatives. The leverage ratio also put heterogeneous constraints on different types of institutions and activities. Using daily positions of clearing members and their customers on S&P 500 E‐mini futures options, we test the following four hypotheses when the public disclosure of the leverage ratio became mandatory in January 2015: (1) banks lose market share to nonbanks; (2) US banks lose market share to European banks; (3) banks' clearing activities shift away from customer accounts to house accounts; (4) low‐delta options are affected most by the leverage ratio. All hypotheses are confirmed in the data. Short‐dated US Treasury futures options, which receive zero exposure in the leverage ratio calculation, do not exhibit such behavior. Our evidence suggests that the leverage ratio requirement pushes derivatives activities toward less constrained institutions and market segments.
Soil microbial sensitivity to temperature remains unchanged despite community compositional shifts along geothermal gradients
Authors: Moinet Gabriel Y. K. , Dhami Manpreet K. , Hunt John E. , Podolyan Anastasija , Liáng Liyĭn L. , Schipper Louis A. , Whitehead David , Nuñez Jonathan , Nascente Adriano , Millard Peter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractClimate warming may be exacerbated if rising temperatures stimulate losses of soil carbon to the atmosphere. The direction and magnitude of this carbon‐climate feedback are uncertain, largely due to lack of knowledge of the thermal adaptation of the physiology and composition of soil microbial communities. Here, we applied the macromolecular rate theory (MMRT) to describe the temperature response of the microbial decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) in a natural long‐term warming experiment in a geothermally active area in New Zealand. Our objective was to test whether microbial communities adapt to long‐term warming with a shift in their composition and their temperature response that are consistent with evolutionary theory of trade‐offs between enzyme structure and function. We characterized the microbial community composition (using metabarcoding) and the temperature response of microbial decomposition of SOM (using MMRT) of soils sampled along transects of increasing distance from a geothermally active zone comprising two biomes (a shrubland and a grassland) and sampled at two depths (0–50 and 50–100 mm), such that ambient soil temperature and soil carbon concentration varied widely and independently. We found that the different environments were hosting microbial communities with distinct compositions, with thermophile and thermotolerant genera increasing in relative abundance with increasing ambient temperature. However, the ambient temperature had no detectable influence on the MMRT parameters or the relative temperature sensitivity of decomposition (Q10). MMRT parameters were, however, strongly correlated with soil carbon concentration and carbon:nitrogen ratio. Our findings suggest that, while long‐term warming selects for warm‐adapted taxa, substrate quality and quantity exert a stronger influence than temperature in selecting for distinct thermal traits. The results have major implications for our understanding of the role of soil microbial processes in the long‐term effects of climate warming on soil carbon dynamics and will help increase confidence in carbon‐climate feedback projections.
Decreased growth of wild soil microbes after 15 years of transplant‐induced warming in a montane meadow
Authors: Purcell Alicia M. , Hayer Michaela , Koch Benjamin J. , Mau Rebecca L. , Blazewicz Steven J. , Dijkstra Paul , Mack Michelle C. , Marks Jane C. , Morrissey Ember M. , Pett‐Ridge Jennifer , Rubin Rachel L. , Schwartz Egbert , van Gestel Natasja C. , Hungate Bruce A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe carbon stored in soil exceeds that of plant biomass and atmospheric carbon and its stability can impact global climate. Growth of decomposer microorganisms mediates both the accrual and loss of soil carbon. Growth is sensitive to temperature and given the vast biological diversity of soil microorganisms, the response of decomposer growth rates to warming may be strongly idiosyncratic, varying among taxa, making ecosystem predictions difficult. Here, we show that 15 years of warming by transplanting plant–soil mesocosms down in elevation, strongly reduced the growth rates of soil microorganisms, measured in the field using undisturbed soil. The magnitude of the response to warming varied among microbial taxa. However, the direction of the response—reduced growth—was universal and warming explained twofold more variation than did the sum of taxonomic identity and its interaction with warming. For this ecosystem, most of the growth responses to warming could be explained without taxon‐specific information, suggesting that in some cases microbial responses measured in aggregate may be adequate for climate modeling. Long‐term experimental warming also reduced soil carbon content, likely a consequence of a warming‐induced increase in decomposition, as warming‐induced changes in plant productivity were negligible. The loss of soil carbon and decreased microbial biomass with warming may explain the reduced growth of the microbial community, more than the direct effects of temperature on growth. These findings show that direct and indirect effects of long‐term warming can reduce growth rates of soil microbes, which may have important feedbacks to global warming.
Time trends in cancer incidence in Australian people living with HIV between 1982 and 2012
Authors: Wong Ian K. J. , Grulich Andrew E. , Poynten Isobel Mary , Polizzotto Mark N. , van Leeuwen Marina T. , Amin Janaki , McGregor Skye , Law Matthew , Templeton David J. , Vajdic Claire M. , Jin Fengyi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of the study was to describe time trends in cancer incidence in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Australia between 1982 and 2012.MethodsA population‐based prospective study was conducted using data linkage between the national HIV and cancer registries. Invasive cancers identified in PLHIV were grouped into AIDS‐defining cancers (ADCs), infection‐related non‐ADCs (NADCs), and non‐infection‐related NADCs. Crude and age‐standardized incidence rates of cancers were calculated and compared over five time periods: 1982–1995, 1996–1999, 2000–2004, 2005–2008 and 2009–2012, roughly reflecting advances in HIV antiretroviral therapy. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) compared with the Australian general population were calculated for each time period. Generalized linear models were developed to assess time trends in crude and age‐standardized incidences.ResultsFor ADCs, the crude and age‐standardized incidences of Kaposi sarcoma and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma substantially declined over time (P‐trend < 0.001 for all) but SIRs remained significantly elevated. For infection‐related NADCs, there were significant increases in the crude incidences of anal, liver and head and neck cancers. Age‐standardized incidences increased for anal cancer (P‐trend = 0.002) and liver cancer (P‐trend < 0.001). SIRs were significantly elevated for anal cancer, liver cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma. For non‐infection‐related NADCs, the crude incidence of colorectal, lung and prostate cancers increased over time, but age‐standardized incidences remained stable.ConclusionsContinuous improvements and high coverage of antiretroviral therapy have reduced the incidence of ADCs in PLHIV in Australia. Clinical monitoring of anal and liver cancers in people living with HIV should be performed, given the increasing incidence of these cancers.
Evaluation of an inner city HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis service tailored to the needs of people who inject drugs
Authors: Grimshaw Ceilidh , Boyd Lynsey , Smith Matt , Estcourt Claudia S. , Metcalfe Rebecca 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesHIV prevention strategies including pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) must reach all in need to achieve elimination of transmission by 2030. Mainstream provision may inadvertently exclude key populations. Incidence of HIV in people who inject drugs (PWID) in Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, is increasing, partly due to sexual transmission. Scotland provides publicly funded oral PrEP for individuals at sexual risk of HIV through sexual health services; however, uptake by PWID has been negligible. We developed a tailored outreach PrEP service based in the local homeless health centre. We used active case finding, flexibility of assessment location, supervised community daily dispensing and active follow‐up to optimise uptake and adherence. We describe a two‐year service evaluation.MethodsWe reviewed the case records of all PWID identified by the outreach team as being at higher risk of sexual acquisition for whom PrEP was considered between November 2018 and November 2020. Evaluation focused on PrEP uptake, adherence and monitoring. We conducted a descriptive statistical analysis.ResultsOf 41 PWID assessed as eligible, 32 (78.0%) commenced PrEP. The proportion of PrEP‐covered days was 3320/3400 days (97.6%); 31/32 (96.9%) had regular HIV serology monitoring. The service was feasible to run, but it relied on outreach provision and liaison with other services.DiscussionTailored PrEP services can reach PWID effectively. Uptake and adherence were high but the model was resource‐intensive. Appropriately tailored PrEP delivery may be required to meet the needs of this and other key populations who experience barriers to accessing mainstream services.