bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperlipidemia‐induced metabolic changes in regulatory T cells result in altered function
Authors: Hyde Michael , Bagley Jessamyn , Hinds Philip W. , Tsichlis Philip , Iacomini John 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in maintaining self‐tolerance and controlling inflammation. However, physiologically relevant conditions that alter Treg function and drive disease pathogenesis are poorly understood and few have been defined. We have previously shown that induction of hyperlipidemia in mice results in changes in Tregs that reduce their function. Here, we set out to examine mechanisms by which hyperlipidemia alters Tregs. Using live‐cell metabolic assays, we observed that induction of hyperlipidemia increases metabolism in Tregs but not conventional T cells. Increased metabolism resulted from preferential activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt2 (PKB‐β). Expression of a constitutively activated form of Akt2 in CD4 T cells was sufficient to increase glycolysis in Tregs and drive changes in Treg subsets. Induction of hyperlipidemia did not alter Treg metabolism in mice lacking Akt2. Activation of Akt2 was sufficient to drive the production of inflammatory cytokines by Tregs. We suggest that hyperlipidemia alters Treg function through effects on metabolism via Akt2 activation thereby promoting plasticity and decreased function of FoxP3+ T cells.
Evolution of Structural, Thermal, Optical, and Vibrational Properties of Sc2S3, ScCuS2, and BaScCuS3 Semiconductors
Authors: Azarapin Nikita O. , Oreshonkov Aleksandr S. , Razumkova Illaria A. , Aleksandrovsky Aleksandr S. , Maximov Nikolai G. , Leonidov Ivan I. , Shestakov Nikolai P. , Andreev Oleg V. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the present work, we report on the synthesis of Sc2S3, ScCuS2 and BaScCuS3 powders using a method based on oxides sulfidation and modification of their properties. The crystal structures and morphology of samples are verified by XRD and SEM techniques. Thermal stability has been studied by DTA which has revealed that Sc2S3 decomposes to ScS through melting at 1877 K. ScCuS2 and BaScCuS3 melt incongruently at temperatures of 1618 K and 1535 K, respectively. The electronic structure calculations show that the investigated compounds are semiconductors with indirect band gap (Eg). According to the diffuse reflection spectroscopy, Sc2S3, ScCuS2 and BaScCuS3 are wide‐bandgap semiconductors featured the Eg values of 2.53 eV, 2.05 eV and 2.06 eV, respectively. The band gap decreases with the introduction of copper (I) and barium cations into the crystal structure of the compounds. Variation of local structure has been verified by Raman and infrared spectroscopy. The calculated vibrational modes of ScCuS2 correspond to CuS4 and Sc−S layer vibrations, even though ScS6 octahedra‐like structural units can be found in the structure.
Base‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Click Cycloadditions (CuAAc) in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Green and Catalytic Reaction Media**
Authors: Giofrè Salvatore Vincenzo , Tiecco Matteo , Ferlazzo Angelo , Romeo Roberto , Ciancaleoni Gianluca , Germani Raimondo , Iannazzo Daniela 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe click cycloaddition of azides to alkynes affording 1,2,3‐triazoles is a widely used and effective chemical transformation, applied to obtain relevant products in medicine, biology, and materials science. In this work, a set of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) has been investigated in the copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reactions (CuAAc) as green and catalytic reaction media. The use of these innovative solvents has been shown to improve the reaction effectiveness, giving excellent yields. NADESs proved to be “active” in their reducing capabilities in several cases and for the absence of added bases in all the performed reactions: DFT calculations demonstrated in fact the involvement of H‐bonds between DESs and alkynes, as well as stabilization of copper catalytic intermediates. The green experimental conditions, the absence of a base, the low temperatures, the lowering of reagent amounts, and the possibility of recycling of the solvents, outline the great potential of NADESs for CuAAc.
An Efficient Construction of CF3‐Substituted Spirooxindole‐Fused Benzo[a]quinolizidines by a Three‐Component Cyclization
Authors: Hu Yijie , Ye Liufeiyang , Chen Jie , Zhang Hui , Deng Hongmei , Lin Jin‐Hong , Cao Weiguo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBenzo[a]quinolizidine is a key subunit in numerous natural products and pharmaceuticals, and therefore its synthesis has received much attention in resent years. Described herein is a convenient three‐component cyclization for the efficient construction of CF3‐substituted spirooxindole‐fused benzo[a]quinolizidines by using CF3‐propiolate as a building block. This attractive protocol may find great synthetic utility since CF3‐containing complex structures were installed by a one‐step cyclization under mild conditions.
Synthesis of Imidazolinium Salts by Pd/C‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Imidazolidines
Authors: Ando Shin , Xiao Bowen , Ishizuka Tadao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA method for the synthesis of imidazolinium salts through a catalytic dehydrogenation was developed using Pd/C as a catalyst with ammonium salt as an additive. Optimization of the reaction conditions revealed the existence of a proton source that was necessary to accomplish the reaction. Under the optimal conditions, oxidation‐sensitive components, such as an allyl, a furan, and a thiophene can be introduced into the corresponding imidazolinium salts. In addition to the varied N‐substituents, the presented method can be used to synthesize a series of 2‐substituted imidazolinium salts.
One‐Pot Synthesis of C3‐Alkylated Imidazopyridines from α‐Bromocarbonyls under Photoredox Conditions
Authors: Tong Jinwen , Zhan Yanling , Li Jingyu , Liu Ping , Sun Peipei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA convenient strategy is presented for the synthesis of C3‐alkylated imidazopyridines through one pot condensation and alkylation of α‐bromocarbonyl compounds with 2‐aminopyridines. A series of C3‐alkylated imidazopyridines were obtained in moderate to high yields. This strategy was also elaborated to enable the synthesis of zolpidem in short steps, which otherwise require multistep synthesis.
Metal/covalent‐organic frameworks for electrochemical energy storage applications
Authors: Chu Jun , Wang Yanxia , Zhong Faping , Feng Xiangming , Chen Weihua , Ai Xinping , Yang Hanxi , Cao Yuliang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany renewable energy technologies, especially batteries and supercapacitors, require effective electrode materials for energy storage and conversion. For such applications, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs) have been recently emerged as promising candidates. Their high surface area, organized channel, and multiple functions make them highly versatile and flexible as electrodes, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts in electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems. In addition, many MOFs/COFs‐derived materials tend to possess high conductivity and diverse nanoarchitecture, and can also serve as high‐performance electrodes. In this review, we summarize the extensive potentials of both frameworks and their derivatives in a range of devices, including lithium/sodium ion, lithium‐sulfur, lithium‐oxygen batteries, and supercapacitors. In addition, we discuss the remaining challenges in this area and propose potential solutions for them as well as outline a few possible directions for further development for EES applications.image
Multiobjective optimization of the cooling system of a marine diesel engine
Authors: Zhang Bo , Zhang Ping , Zeng Fanming 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn intelligent cooling system directly influences the thermal load of high‐temperature components, heat distribution, and fuel economy of a diesel engine. An optimal coolant pump rotational speed map is a key factor in intelligent cooling control strategies. In this study, we designed an experimental variable coolant flow system for a maritime diesel engine. Experiment design and D‐optimal designs were used to optimize the parameters of the diesel engine cooling system. The diesel engine speed, load, and freshwater rotational pump speed were selected as variables. The temperature of the high‐thermal‐load zone of the combustion chamber components, fuel consumption rate, effective power, and peak cylinder pressure were selected as response variables, and the D‐optimal method was used to sample the experimental points. Polynomial response surface models were obtained using a stepwise algorithm. A multiobjective optimization problem was converted into a simple‐objective optimization problem using the ideal point method. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the single‐objective function globally to obtain the optimal freshwater pump speed map for a diesel engine under all conditions. On average, the optimized cooling system decreased the fuel consumption by 1.901%. Six typical propulsive conditions were selected to confirm the validity of the optimization results. The experimental results indicate that the fuel consumption decreased by 2.35%, the effective power increased by 2.26%, and the power consumption of the water pump decreased by 17.83%. The combination of experiment design and D‐optimal designs offers the advantages of low cost, high efficiency, and high precision in solving multiobjective optimization problems involving strong coupling and nonlinear systems. The results of this research provide data support and a theoretical basis for intelligent cooling control strategies.
Splash detachment of sand particles under varying contact stress field of wind‐driven raindrop impact
Authors: Erpul Günay , Gabriels Donald , Pınar Melis Özge , Sagun Çağlar , Cornelis Wim 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe effects of wind‐driven rain (WDR) on sand detachment were studied under various raindrop obliquities. Results suggested a significant reduction in compressive stress on sand surfaces for a two‐dimensional experimental set‐up in a wind tunnel. During experiments, sand particles in splash cups were exposed to both wind‐free rain (WFR) and WDR driven by horizontal winds of 6.4, 8.9 and 12.8 m s−1and rainfall intensities of 50, 60, 75 and 90‐mm h−1to assess the sand detachment rate (D, in g m−2 s−1). The effects of sand moisture state (dry and wet) on the detachment of different‐sized particles (0.20–0.50 and 0.50–2.00 mm, respectively) were also tested. Factorial analysis of variance showed that shear and compressive stress components evaluated by horizontal and vertical kinetic energy flux terms (KExand KEy, respectively, in J m−2 s−1) along with their vector sum (KEr, in J m−2 s−1) explained the variation inD. Neither sand size nor sand moisture was statistically significant alone although binary interactions of KEr, KExand KEywith the sand size and three‐way interaction of KEx, sand size and moisture were statistically significant. These results can be explained by size‐dependent variation in sand compressibility and surface friction related to the total stress field developed by a given partition of shear and compressive stresses of wind‐driven oblique raindrops (KEx/KEy). Further analysis of the variation of the unit sand detachment rate (Du = D/KEr = g J−1) with rain inclination (α, in degrees) better revealed the effect of WDR obliquity onDuthat further changed with sand size class and moisture state. Finally, the difference in the resulting stress field differentiable by the oblique raindrop trajectories of the experiment over sand surface significantly affected the non‐cohesive particle detachment rates, to some extent interacted with size‐dependent compressibility and interface shear strength of sand grains.
Homo sapiensorigins and evolution in the Kalahari Basin, southern Africa
Authors: Wilkins Jayne 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Kalahari Basin, southern Africa preserves a rich archeological record of human origins and evolution spanning the Early, Middle and Late Pleistocene. Since the 1930s, several stratified and dated archeological sites have been identified and investigated, together with numerous open‐air localities that provide landscape‐scale perspectives. However, next to recent discoveries from nearby coastal regions, the Kalahari Basin has remained peripheral to debates about the origins ofHomo sapiens. Though the interior region of southern Africa is generally considered to be less suitable for hunter‐gatherer occupation than coastal and near‐coastal regions, especially during glacial periods, the archeological record documents human presence in the Kalahari Basin from the Early Pleistocene onwards, and the region is not abandoned during glacial phases. Furthermore, many significant behavioral innovations have an early origin in the Kalahari Basin, which adds support to poly‐centric, pan‐African models for the emergence of our species.
Stability analysis of discrete population balance model for bubble growth and shrinkage
Authors: Li Jiadong , Liao Yixiang , Lucas Dirk , Zhou Ping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe stability condition for solving the population balance equation (PBE) involving bubble growth and shrinkage within the Eulerian framework is proposed. The particle flux weighted average Courant number, , which reflects the propagation of particle state of the entire size classes on internal coordinates is first derived. Stability conditions of internal convection for PISO and PIMPLE algorithms are obtained by evaluating a series of tests concerning the constant bubble growth. The proposed stability conditions are then applied to simulate two kinds of laboratory experiments, that is, the bubble growth in stagnant liquid and condensing steam‐water pipe flows. The results show that the stable PBE solutions hold for the cases using either PISO or PIMPLE algorithms combined with the corresponding stability condition. Meanwhile, the conservation of the zeroth and first moments of the number density function can be guaranteed when the stability condition is satisfied. In addition, the effect of heat transfer coefficient correlations is also discussed.
Exogenous ethylene application on postharvest oil palm fruit bunches improves crude palm oil quality
Authors: Chew Chien Lye , Tan Bee Aik , Low Jaime Yoke Sum , Mohd Hakimi Noor Irma Nazashida , Kua Shwu Fun , Lim Chin Ming 
Published: August 2021

AbstractQuality and food safety are of paramount importance to the palm oil industry. In this work, we investigated the practicability of ethylene gas exogenous application on post‐harvested oil palm fruit bunches to improve the crude palm oil (CPO) quality. The bunches were first exposed to ethylene gas for 24 hr to induce abscission of palm fruits from bunches. The detached fruits were then subjected to heat treatment, mechanical extraction, clarification and drying to produce CPO. Critical quality parameters of CPO produced, that is free fatty acid, deterioration of the bleachability index and triacylglycerol showed improvement with ethylene gas treatment. Contaminant content that is phosphorus, chloride, iron, and copper also showed a reduction in the CPO derived from ethylene‐treated bunches. These findings corresponded with low levels of contaminants such as 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol esters and glycidyl esters in refined oil. The implementation strategy and practicability of this method is herein proposed and discussed. Ethylene application not only improves the CPO quality, but could potentially enhance the process sustainability of palm oil mills.
Multidecadal biological monitoring and abatement program\ assessing human impacts on aquatic ecosystems within the Oak Ridge Reservation in eastern Tennessee, USA
Authors: Matson Paul G. , Stevenson Louise M. , Griffiths Natalie A. , DeRolph Christopher R. , Jett R. Trent , Fortner Allison M. , Jones Michael W. , Jones Nikki J. , Mathews Teresa J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHuman activities can be powerful drivers of ecosystem change within catchments. While most long‐term catchment studies have been conducted at pristine sites, such studies are less common from sites more impacted by human activity. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) was developed in the mid‐1980s to (1) assess compliance with environmental regulations, (2) identify causes of adverse ecological impacts, (3) provide data for human and ecological risk assessments, and (4) evaluate the effectiveness of remedial actions taken to mitigate the impacts of contaminants in soils, groundwater, and surface water by documenting ecological recovery on the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), a federally owned 33 476‐acre site in eastern Tennessee, managed by the US Department of Energy. The ORR is composed of multiple watersheds containing many small to mid‐size streams. BMAP uses an integrated approach for determining stream health; its databases include long‐term seasonal records of contaminant concentrations in water and biota, data from aquatic toxicity testing, and surveys of macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages from impacted and reference streams. These long‐term data provide valuable records of degradation and recovery in catchment ecosystems. Our objective here is to describe our study system and data series in order to increase awareness of the availability of these long‐term data to the catchment science community.
Sustained expression of inflammatory monocytes and activated T cells in COVID‐19 patients and recovered convalescent plasma donors
Authors: Singh Ravinder , Hemati Hamed , Bajpai Meenu , Yadav Pushpa , Maheshwari Ashish , Kumar Suresh , Agrawal Sonal , Sevak Jayesh Kumar , Islam Mojahidul , Mars Jaswinder Singh , Sarin Shiv K , Trehanpati Nirupama 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionIntense monocyte activation and infiltration into the target tissues are the main mechanisms of lung injury in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. A reduction in the degree and nature of such cellular responses is expected following recovery. We aimed to investigate the immune responses in moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients and recovered patients.MethodsModerate COVID‐19 patients (n = 34) at Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, and COVID‐19 recovered patients (n = 15) from the mild disease who were considered for convalescent plasma (COPLA) donation at the Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi and healthy individuals (n = 10), were recruited. We have assessed 21 plasma cytokines using cytokine bead array, performed proteomics on serum proteins, and analyzed immune cells using a detailed multicolor flow cytometry.ResultsA significant increase in inflammatory markers such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1‐α, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, and Leptin was observed in the moderate patients. Nonsurvivors additionally showed increased interleukin (IL)‐6 levels. Consistently, the proteomics analysis showed the signatures of cytokine production and interferon‐γ response, and increased level of acute‐phase protein SAA1 in the serum of COVID‐19 patients. Despite the sustained expression of MIPs, the recovered COPLA donors showed a surge in MCSF and IL‐18 levels. Both the groups had increased CCR2, CX3CR1 positive monocytes, low CD8+ T cells, A proliferation‐inducing ligand, and B‐cell activating factor receptor+ B cells compared with healthy subjects.ConclusionsPatients who have recovered and considered for COPLA donations still have compromised immunity with sustained expression of inflammatory monocytes and activated T cells.
Retracted: Human psychology in the cities
Authors: S. Demidov Aleksandr 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article considers the concept of a city as an organized and complex system, the main inhabitant/consumer of which is a human being. The human being, in its turn, is also a complex organized system. Separately, the functioning of both these systems is well enough studied, however to date in science little attention has been paid to the interaction of these systems with each other. The main object of study in the article is the psychological state of a person in an urban environment. The concepts of interest, excitement, boredom, stress, and so forth are investigated and their impact on physical health. Moreover, the problem of interaction of the real world with virtual technologies—their confrontation and mutual help in an urban context is also considered. At the end, there are several assumptions about the return of full‐bloodedness to the streets of modern cities. It was concluded that the cities can help stimulate the brain cells of citizens and maintain their brain activity at a certain level of productivity.
Muscle strength is associated with COVID‐19 hospitalization in adults 50 years of age or older
Authors: Cheval Boris , Sieber Stefan , Maltagliati Silvio , Millet Grégoire P. , Formánek Tomáš , Chalabaev Aïna , Cullati Stéphane , Boisgontier Matthieu P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundWeak muscle strength has been associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Yet, whether individuals with weaker muscle strength are more at risk for hospitalization due to severe COVID‐19 is still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the independent association between muscle strength and COVID‐19 hospitalization.MethodsData from adults 50 years of age or older were analysed using logistic models adjusted for several chronic conditions, body‐mass index, age, and sex. Hand‐grip strength was repeatedly measured between 2004 and 2017 using a handheld dynamometer. COVID‐19 hospitalization during the lockdown was self‐reported in summer 2020 and was used as an indicator of COVID‐19 severity.ResultsThe study was based on the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and included 3600 older adults (68.8 ± 8.8 years, 2044 female), among whom 316 were tested positive for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (8.8%), and 83 (2.3%) were hospitalized due to COVID‐19. Results showed that higher grip strength was associated with a lower risk of COVID‐19 hospitalization [adjusted odds ratio (OR) per increase of 1 standard deviation in grip strength = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.45–0.87, P = 0.015]. Results also showed that age (OR for a 10 ‐year period = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.32–2.20, P < 0.001) and obesity (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.00–3.69, P = 0.025) were associated with higher risk of COVID‐19 hospitalization. Sensitivity analyses using different measurements of grip strength as well as robustness analyses based on rare‐events logistic regression and a different sample of participants (i.e. COVID‐19 patients) were consistent with the main results.ConclusionsMuscle strength is an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity in adults 50 years of age or older.